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SYS
GE(
All till lito Iniportaiit 1
(■ Vbr.-.tol C'Ol.rMIU
W
KMIMRKS, KINGD
CO! NTIUKS,
cniKs,
TOWNS,
EUROPE
Tngfllicr Willi tlifir irrprc'tuf Si
MiiK-., Met;
\\'itli ;iii Alt (111 111 (i( the Rtli.'Mu-,
TIlfM .Uts, !
Ahd c.\.ii"t f)cli ri|itioii
Complete HIS'].\
A!ui 111 Accmiiit ul thi' r
IIP WHOI [, roUMINc
U ivui.h ii :n/r:<.t.,. /\ to ti
\ coiupktc (it iDi; tc
►
I..K.«i|.' ,
Captain CO<
B\ ion, Cart
With .! |Mrtii.iil,ir
COLLEC
^TBy iIk' Rtv. TIK
% *''^
;
tiiibcUilhtil ».■,. t,..., K^u Hi.n.liiMi e
ij^f
NDON: I'KiNTH) to
lA 1 II, umsrot,
i-LuuchSi y
NLVVI
^^'^
\ NEW A^Tr) AUTHENTIC
SYSTEM OF UNIVERSAL
GEOGRAPHY,
A N r I !•: NT AND MOD E R N :
1 N (■ 1 f n I N I.
All till l.ito liniiortaiU DmtuviRir-.s niailc l\v tlu- Enclijii, aiul other i.i.lobr.ucd Navioator-j vi
v;iri()U.s N.\ 1 i(;N , in the ciiti'crciit Hcniiluliercs,
IRON 1 il 1.
( ■ 'vbrr.tcd CO 1,1 \i HI S, iIr' i i ;< , i Disiii\ i h i:r mj Ami;r ic \, tn tlu- Wm\\ ri lur no Ids tcli;brati.il
(.ouiitrvm.ui t'Ai' I mn COOK, Jvii.
CiEM^lNE HISTORY AND bESCRIITlON
W H O L E W O R L D,
E.NH'IRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, REPIHUCS, PRON INC F.S, CONTINENTS.
ISLANDS, OCEANS, \:c.
i\
rOlNTRn-.S, 1 I'ROMON lORU-lS,
CIIIKS. i lAl'KS,
TOWNS, ( r.AVS,
I'KNINSl'LAS,
ISIIIMUSSI-.S,
GLLl'US,
I H K (1 r <^ H <) r r
RIVKRS, , MOl NTAIXS,
IIARHOLKS, \'()l.(ANOS.
LAKhS, DKShRl.s, ;<...
EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA:
Tiijjotlicr with tlitir rrl|)fo"tnf Sitiiati.in^, l-.\ti:i', L.ititiuli-, Loi:- Huk-, liouiuiai ic, Climates, ^ojl, iiatiir:il ;iiui art.iiMil Curio;it:f>,
Mine, Metal,, Mim-cil-, Trcfs, Shriihs, Flints, Flowc.s, Htrlis, aiul Venctablo l'ii)itv.i->ioiis
XX'iti'i an Anniint of the Rtln'inr, Law ,(. iiUmiib, Manners, liiiii in, Halm^, Amiilemcnts amtCtreniuniCj ot the refpcaivc Inhabitants.
Then .\it>., Sciences, Miiuilaitiirci, Trade, Cnnmicue, Mihtaiy ami Civil CiDveinnienti, A:i..
Alli) rx.u'l Detuiplion, iif tlic variou . Kinds of Hearts liirils, I illie, aiiiphihious Creatures, Rcptilc), Infcfti, &;c
CompktcHlSTCRY of every EMPIRE, KINGDOM, and ST ATE.
Alli) 111 Atciiiint ul the molt uin;irk,i'.i!>- l!\TTi.i ^, Sirci,, Si >-nr.ini, anJ various Rt von; i uins that have taken
I'hup in ditfeifnt I'arts ot the WoiKI.
I 111 WH'II I. ruHMlNC AN M'TIIINTIC ASP INTTUT INIM; ACfOlNT OF lA I R . rHIN(^ \M)KlliY 01' NOTtC^
THKIM ciiorr Tllh WHOM 1AC1-. OK NArl'KF, BOril BY LAND AND U ATI R
U u-'ii^li il ;niix!..<-. ./, n illufrMe th, U'diI, a <o'tlt.liahU- ^■t. />•■..• of t''f nt-i ru\:ir.iii- WHOLE SIlEli t M.I I'll, /jiriinf
A COMPLE^J E ATLAS.
T. .i' . .i(l,!,-,(
A coir.plctc (it 11)11 toGKoi.i'. M'liv, AhTRONOMV, the Use of the Globes, Maps, &:c.
Ri/r, I'lrpcfs, and ptr lent Stiitc, of Xuvtv^at'inn^ ihioug/ynt! the knoii'n H'oilJ.
I.i„~»il.' ...iil.r.M.i. . i' .in;» :mi';, .ntrK-lt".,;. 31U1 . ,: ,i . 1 1 1 St I )\ I K V iIii.hu' I. . n : 1 .• W IIOI.I' . I
Captain COOK's VOYAGES Round the World.
Toi^eihu wi'Ji iliou ii: otlitr Mopik , Ci ki i. mn svn, a i ohs, paititiilarlv '<
B\ ion, Caiti-R't, W'aUls, Gierke, Gore, King, Forrell, ;ind Wihbn.
PEl'eXV i'SLAN DS.
Latejl Accoimts of the Enirlijb Cnlom of BOTAKV BAY:
With .'. iMitieular Dincuiption ot POR'l' JACKSON, NORFOLK ISLAND, &..
Win.Rl. IHK CONVICIS" AKK NOW SKriLKD.
nil XWI'HI VD'.MIN'J A coMri.rii.
COLLECTION of VOYACiES and TRAVELS.
*By the Rev. 'rilONL\S BANKKS, Vieiu of Dixton, in Monmouthshire,
/■'./ .'./' / /■:. Ci:',J>h:,i-, F.:'-r!y IhhU.
I l>\\ \R1) W \KRF:\ Br.AKK, Lk;.
AI.KXANDi.K COOK, Klu.
■ Ami TIJOM \S I.I.OVI).'
I i: !!'i
O L
I'' art , \c- r^ffutcd in x niuL!i fiipcriui Sw'x Ihaii .my \\ .<iit \.\ ific like KitTct that tus v\tx .ippcin-il m il.is Kingdom
...^
;L)0N; i'KiNii-,1) ton (". COOKK, No. 17, I'a 1 kr-nosirr-Row, and soid ky iiik nooKstLLr rs s>f
r \ 1 11, IIKISTOL, BIRMINGHAM, t A Nl K K 111' R V, lAMBRlUGK, (OVENrRV, IHI.ilKR, I'l.RUV, tKIln,
(.LOUlkSlKR, HI. Rtl URII, IHII.L, UIV U II, I. tlMls, lIVtRI'UUL, I.Kll rSTTR, MANCIll - 1 I 1 ,
NliWCAIIIl, NORWICH, NO I riNllHAM, NOR 1 11 A M 1' TO N , O.MOKl), R li A I ,
SAMIIUKY, SHtRRORN, SHtlhlMK, SHRI: VVSIUI K V, WORlt TtR,
wiNeiirsi hR, YORK: and rv am. oihsr
BOOksH.LKRS IN tNlilANP,
SCOTI VNP, ANU
lie LAND.
I'l
UNL
1
Including
i
' -H.
V / ■"> u
IN treating of thri
h;iM", with pcci
dcfcriptions ot Our
America will alVurd
10 rentier our ;\cto
a defcription of ilu
bii.ig to view new c
f)lk-nis. Hut [irev
important lii(l«.ri( a
nude of A 11. erica li
v\\h due propriet
down, as well as ti
FIRST
As few or nodil
figaf.'.ti' and
n-orc .m^jOiunt co
deem it expedient t
llaniial detail of th
This was made i
clofc of which, Vc
the means of thei
the greatelt marit
\oyag''s, fome of >
veral i iprovement
but the knowledge
hardly extending 1
true lyftem of the
pc fctt notions ent(
magnitude of the «
conjc(fturc.
In this ftatc oft
live of Genoa, a m
ledge of the m.itli
foraric"! in genera
ndies by an unki
his country a new I
plan being prilent
rcjcdlcii a-^ v.ii;iie a
rated at their iingi
touiu of I raiirc,
No. 4?.
w^
'^s*
A NEW, ROYAL AUTHENTIC,
And COMPLETE SYSTEM of
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY;
BOOK IV.
AMERICA,
Including the New Difcovcrics on the Continent and iHands off the Coaft.
INTRODUCTION.
IN tri'atinp; of thofi- parts of tlie worlil which have alrcaJy come under ronfidcration, viz. Ada and Africa, we
ha\e, with peculiar care, collected, and, in full ciilpliy, prcfentcd, bo'.h the New Difcovcrics, and the Itriking
defcriptions of our cclel'rated countryman Cnpijiii Cook, am), we truft, td the fatisfadtion ot our numerous readers.
America will aft'urd us no Ids fiope liir i;ratifuation, nor llial! we be lefs attentive, or lefs remifs in our endeavours,
to rentier our ;iccouni of thi-. part of the world as inlhucti>e an I entertaining as either of the former; to which
a defcription of the dirtlrcnt countries therein explored by our eminent Navigator will much conduce, as it will
bii.igto view new countries, new men, and new m.inners, as well as exhibit novelty in the ariimal and vegetable
f\ lU-ii's. Hut previous to this and in conformity to the order of our plan, as well as our defire to prefervc every
important liilurK al event, it is expedient that we lliouiu iniroduce a circumftantial narrative of the lirft difcovery
m idc of All. erica by the great Columbus together with a general defcription of the country; to which will ("ucceed,
vith due proprict), the difcovcrics of our no Id's celebrated countryman explain Cook', and tend to hand him
down, as Well as the former, to future ages, as a character worthy of univerliil admiration.
C H A P.
I.
FIRST DISCOVERY of AMERICi\ by COLUMBUS.
As few or no difcoveries havedifplaycd more human
figac.ti' and relolution, or been attended with
rore in^oiunt confequences than that of America, we
deem it expedient to prefent our readers with a circum-
tlantial detail of that intcrelling event.
This was made in the fifteenth century, towards the
clofc of which, Venice and Genoa were become, thro'
the means of their commerce with the eallein worlil,
the greatell maritime powers in Europe. I'requent
voyag'"s, fomeofwhidi were of extent, intnxJucid II-
veral i iprovements in the practical part of nivif^r-ujon j
but the knowledge of mankind was lUll very in ,)ci feci,
hardly cxtcndmg beyond their lenlible horizon. The
true lyftcm of the world was unknown; and the im-
pc fcdt notions entertained with regard to the ligurc and
magnitude of the earth, had no other foundation than
conjciflurc.
In this ftatc of things Chriflophcr Columbus, a na-
tive of Genoa, a man ol afpiring genius, whole know-
ledge of the matheiiKUiC:. exceeded that of lus cotem-
foraries in general, conceived a plan ot f.iling to the
ndies by an unknown route, and thereby o|iening to
his country a new fojice of opulence and pinver. '1 his
plan bcitig prcfentcd to his louiitiymen, and by them
rcjeilted a-^ \.i);ue and chiiiurical, L'olumlHi-, cxal|'e-
rated at their ungenerous treatment, laid it hetore iiic
touns of I ian( e, England, and I'ortu^al, who like-
No. 4:.
ur\-^V^
M ife fpurncdat it as imaginary, and reprobated the prin-
ciples on which it was founded as abiiird an I illu;ive.
His lall rcfource was the court of Spain, where, after
e;ght years attendance, he furceeded t'>iough the fpe-
cial patro:iagc of (.Jueen Ifabclla, confort of King p"cr-
dinand. This priiv efs raifed money nccelliirv tor the
detigii upon her own jewels; fo that lie fail.d, to his
inexpreinhle joy, wuh three lliips, in thc\ear 1492,00
a voyage, in the event of which the nihabitanrs of two
worlds were concerned.
In this arduous attempt Columbus had many diffi-
culties to eiKountcr. He had no chart to dife(5t him,
no lii;his from firmer navigators ; to which was added
the dcfpon.iency of his faiiors, who, on their vo\age,
threateiic i to throw him overhoa.-d, and inliflcd on
their r. turn. At length, however, when his own in-
vention a, id hopes were ncaily exhaufted, they fir"
nately dilciueied lani., alter a voyage of 73 da.s, whiw.
put an er.d to the commotion, fu that h;s comm..nds
were obe\ed with alacrity.
Columbis firll landed on one of the Uaiiama Illes.
The pco, !e, on the i ith of October, 1+9:, difcovered
a lig ii upon ihc llland Guanahani, which theadniiial
called St. Sal \ador, as it delivered him and his crew
from .mpendiir.; deHru^tion. Here he f iwled the roval
llandarJ, and took poIfelTion of the illjnd, by the ap-
pellation of St. Salvador, in the name of thsir Catholic
6 .V Majefties.
•^,
!
I
.'V
'•l.'iul:
!l'
I u
46i A NCW. ROYAL and AUini-NTIC SVSTI-M ok UNIVKKSAL (il.OC.IiAl'HY.
Ma ediff. llii' lidiaiis, ii;n.onint of his iiitciHion, ^
nude n) opj-olition, Ix-mg aiiiutVil \*it!i ihc -Kni-ky ,
jn 1 ^ I'.tiT ifiimrs toy. .iiui tiiiikifs win. h filumlnis
orJcreJ to I'c diilribut^.i ;iii.o:i;j; rh -m. 1 hill- p.-iplc ^
wxic rnurilv niikcil. ( t ihc ini.'Ak Ihturf. aiul an ol'Vf
c.>i-. pli'Mon'. Ihcir icitur;.'! were rceular, cxcti.tini; '
thcii loril-.catls, which \ure rather out ot propuri ion.
Thfir hair, wiich, as v.ill a; ihcir lyr., \. isMuk, ,
vas innllly cropj-td arout their c.irs. home |\»in"i) i
ihcT uholc l-(5Jic3, othcrj only their faces, with a kii.d i
ot'f.iin'ilh n\l. M'i\y ol' thi-m haJ onvmuiUi p n laii: i
f'oni thf iv>il- over tiic ii;>|ht hp. Tl.cy t. I'o.\,J the
fl rangers lo their liiips, foim.- U imining, a:ul(:iher'in
canoes. 'Ihc arulcs c( cxcha:ii;e thev hrini,h: on
heard were parrots a:id cctton yarn. 'I'hr/ e:>preirai
the h'ghtft r,it;sJ"a:tioii with the luropeaiU'iiiiro.lir.es; |
but ).azed with peculiar deiii;ht at the;r f.w r.:i and |
fliining arms, beiiii^ at that time ignorant n: the iiie of i
jion. !
Having t.ikcn a fiirvcv ofthi- and fewri! I'lher ill.in.i-. ^
adiarcnt, and being coaviined, tViiii the [iLcity "I
the inhabitants, thu thefe could not be the Indies he |
vas 111 quell ct', Cokin.hus lleeied lo t!'.e I'lnitlinaid,
and diftdvcred t!;c ifiin.i (ailed by him 1 1 IpaiiK'la,
abirnding in all the nece(r.;rii.J of hCe, inhabited 'n a
hiimaiu- and hofpitable [copl.-, and, what \.a^ ol (lill ,
greater confeqiience, I'lomili: j?;, tioni fomc lan.phs he
had rrceiv(d, coiifuicrable iiuai'tities ot i^old and pre-
cious llnnes. This illand, thereiiire, he pro; Mid to
make the cent;r of his tuture d;l',l)vene^ ; and havmi; ,
erected a foi:, and plai id in i: a fimll irairiiini, he faded
for S; am, to prociin r.ecellaiv reinloieenunr:; t. r ella- .
blillun.- h.> iiifint colony, an ii miipletinghisdilVdUTies.
'1 he .'^p^.nilh KUirt «as then at r.aneiona, w'lM'.li he
had entered aniidll tl'.e ai ci.imat'ons ol the pco; le, at-
tended by fomc of the .Xii.eruar.s, aruned in the Lold,
the arms, an.l ornaii ent.--, of the New Woild jiill dil-
co'. cred. He had the h mom of |)rcfentin,n to the king
and queen, in the i>ref nee ot the «h(.lc court, u paiti-
cidar aciount of his difeoveries, and received the uiii-
verl'.d ai'plaiile ol t! e [vdillc.
hut re.'ardlefs ot liono. rs, the pri feiirion of his
ma.n dJign cn;.',roli'cd the attennoa (,f Loh.niiiiis; .niii
as his late fuccefs lad ()b\iaied toinier pri j.dii u, a
fleet of 17 lail was in,med ately eq.iipped, uith ail ne-
cciraiits for conqiielt or dilcovir. , ai.d isoo iiv n cin-
baikcd, amonir whom were fon-.c of the b-lt families in
Spain. Thus prepared, he lit fail a licon.' time, in
Sept.mher 149 j, wndi an ample conmiilTii)n, as ^;)\cr-
no;' ol all the Cl)unt!!e^ he lI'.oiiLI dil':o\er.
On Ids arrival at f Iifp mob, he fonnd th.e fort he h.id
crc:ttd dcinililind, an.l moft of the Span'ards mur-
dered. It appcarid u|.on ec.mimatinn, tl.ar thev had
vio a;ed tne la.vs ot decency and j.irtu c in tlxir beha-
viour towards the natives, to whole tefentmei't ti.ev ha.)
thert'ore fillen victmis. ('(uumbus, however, fo.ir.l
means to conciliate the mind', of the lndi.in>, v.hich
being ellectcd, he chofe a m^ire commodious Italion lor
his colony, erected Ihoni^er fonilications th.in the for-
mer, encouraged aj.'^ricuhiire, and e.\cited every elfoit
for the ell ibhihn.ent of the r lio.ny.
In his firll voyage he h.id touched at t'lilu; but
w i-,cthcr It WMs an illand, cr part <il fcmie extentivc i on-
tinciit, could njt tlien be afcertained; tl'.eveforc, to
determine this was now iiis grar.d obje.t. !n coaliiny
along the foiithern Ihore of Cuba, he found a multitude
of Imall illaiuls, molf of tlum plcalant, aii.l will inha-
bited. I his archipelago he (ailed Jardin dc la Re\ ;ia,
the f^icen s CJarden, in gratitude to hi, henefactiels
Cjuecn Kiibella. In this voyage he difcovcred the lllind
nf l.imaica; and, aft( r a firiesot the greatell tlaniv rs
and dillrifs, pnt into I Iifpaniola, witliout accomplilh-
in,; his giand di-li_ii rifpeeting Cuba.
liut as there is no dilViculiy in finding fpecious
grounds for aecufation againll fuch as are employed in
the execution of extenlive and co.iiplicaiedi plans, thro"
the b.ife inlinuation ot his enemies, an ollicer was dil*-
pat^ lied from .S;)ain, whole pvcl'eiicc dcm nilliated tj
Colim.biis the necellitv «f retiirniii;^ to I'aiiope. to <■!)-
viate the lalummes ol his eiuniies.
Haviii): furmounied thife oillaile-, lie fet out, in
i4i(S, on a thud i.xpedit.on. Hi 1 11 ore impciria.it th.^n
the lormer. In thi.s navi;; itii 11, a'ter being long bu-
riid m a thick lo;;, and lulVeri"g iv.m.brlels hardlhipi
fror.i th.e c\celii\e hc.iis and rai;;. i etweeii the trojiiLv,
heitdc.iuicd the ci'n:in( nt ot .\ni( lU'a. '!>.c I'lril I.iiul
he made w.is th.e 1(1 '.ml of I linid.iila, on the cmtl of
(iuiana. After p.ii'ing this ill itvd, and two (ifh.cis 1) ing
at the II oiith ol the river Onion ?ko, the aiimiral wu
furpiizcvl at lindiiig his lliip agitate.! by a dreadful con-
tlut ot Mavcs, o((alioned betvwen the tide ol the fca,
and the tapid > tiiient ot' that imii.enl'e liver. Intrepid-
ly piirliiiiig lii.s coiiife, he loon pcneived ll at thev
Were ;n lulli «aier; and judging rig.hilv, tha' no dl uul
could hipl'ly fo \all a ruer, he l)(f.a.i to I'lfj.ia he luul
(life ovfnd tiie continent ; but «h(ii he h It the iivcr,
I'nd foiinil rl'.'t the land continued on to the wcllward
for a great w.i}, he was convin e.l ol it. Sati>tie.l, in
fume I! eafure, vvithtiis dileovei), he \ieldid to the
cries of his liiltrclfed crew, and borcawav f.ir Hifna-
ii!(.la. In the coiT.c ot the p.alia e ie Lmdeil at tevei.iL
pla. ■ •., a'lvl traded with the inhabitants tor gold ai.u
prail.
In a fubfcijiient \.vn;;e, being ilie fourth, '"olim l)i'
dil'(o\( lid .11 ll eco.ill ( I I'eria lirnui to the 11(1 nitisot
Panen, «l'.ere he "nope.! to have found a p.illiige intr
the ^'outh Sea. In this he was dil'app.iinnd -. but he
was not fo in the otiier p.ut of ius pioj.cl ; f.)r every
wl ere, as he ad.an. ed, he 1 ecaine 11 ore Icndlile ot the
value ot his diieoveries on ti;e coiKiiKiit. lleto;.:id a
peo] le more civili/id, and more abouniii.ng m g.,1.1,
I tuan tl e lllanlers with whom he had hci n a. ijuaiiud.
I 'i he liuiels 1)1 Columbus roul' d a ipirit 01 iliin)'. en ;
] and advinturers in divers parts ot hurope, l!i., u.ated
j bv a thirl! for gold, equipi id lli ps at their own cx-
! pence. '1 he moll remaiLible ot thel'e was .\menc..s
j Vefpiicio, a merchant ol Morence, who tailed to the
' fouthern contneiit ot .Ammica, and benig a man i.f ad-
, drels, found means to acijiiire th.e h.oi-.o.ir o! givm.; lis
I 11 inu- ro half the globe. Hut no one is now im|.o!ii1o;»
I by the r.ai.e, 1 r th.e g!ory ol the ui!'co\er\ is a'.-.aucJ
, by the wltolc uorld to Columbia.
.■"i.ih, h.ovvcvcr, wcrettieii'a iiimtions of ii-al ce and
envy, a!'..l lui h the ell'ect of thecal ■mnv ol his t iv mie.s
at t i cwirt (.f S[)ain, in depriC.atiii ; the nuiits o' il>.i.s
gr..'.' m..:i, th it h.- was fent lor to I'.urope i^^nomin oullvr
I i.ute.l v.i'.h teiteis. The ((un ot S).aiil, liovuvir, on
his a.iiV.d, oideied him to be let at hliertv, and difa-
vo'.ed the pro.-ee.ling. Columhiis re-ired i;\ dil';ull to
\a lido'id, vih-rehedied in 1 coft, alter hav i-v^ render-
I ed fiiJi imporiant I'ervices to mankind, as viill iranf-
'■">t hii nan.e wit'i honour to tiie latcd |V)lleritv.
.SiKCceding adventurers purl" ci no form or plan in
their U!.deitaking«, gohl being their object, to obtain
wldch they followed loitune whoriver the led them.
'lh\v co;-,trib;ited, houcver, to augment the power
: and riches of the Spnnilli monni( hv, tl'oiii'h at the ex-
' pence of the blooil ot millions. Thus the kini'sof
Spain, without any exertion of policv, or the kalt
public cliarge, were, by private adventurers aicoiig
; their luhjcct';, put in poU'eiiion ot a greater, and more
I wealthy teriitorv, than ever tne moli renowned heroes
; h.id obtained by their valour or their vv ifelom. This
I conv]ueiV is the more extr.ioidinary for the lliortnels of
' the time in which it wa.s elleeted ; for, fiom t'.u- .lepar-
lure ot (..oinmlnis in 141^:, to the ei.tiie reduetioii ot'
Chill, whiih happened in i!;4i, fi veial co.uideial-Ie
, kingdoms were brought to liibmit to the Spani.h voke.
, We Ih.ill poiii: m.t by whom, and the ma mer i 1 uhicli
thefe exjiloits were pcrlormed, iin.ler the head* of eacli
relpevtive country, and after havini; treated of \merica
in geiier.d, began with the difcovciies, dcl'criptions, (Xe.
ofourBntilh Columbus, (Ji>iMn Cnk.
C II A 1\
"•;■<".• to ( i).
ic fiT ();ir, in
i;'('i;;;.it [lun
KK il.iiillliipj
'lit- iriiji;i.^,
■|>.i- lirll l.iiul
tfif I I'll) (if
I'rr.T.it'ulcon-
'*■-■ nt th,' (en,
Ii;ir4j)ni-
I tl at tiKV
a- i:o lOartl
^1, 111 lu- liail
It tllC IIMT,
\i;i-l!L'.l, III
;i!.l.(J Id tl'.c
av f..r Hilpa-
>in! .1! tVMj.iI
'', '"hI'.iii l)r 1
1 • lit nr.iiot'
pili.'ij;c iiuc
Uui; "LuI h =
i ; t.ir ticry
e:i.;:)Ii.- el ciic
iii:iK inh-,.l.i.
n .!• ijti.iiii!iiJ.
I'l iliko'. crv;
•. If I.. u..itcd
hc:r (ivwi IX-
WIS \llKliC, S
lailcj III the
j;aiiia'i..f ail-
■ "I ^;;w;i^' Im
'« lllij.olul ();|
r\ li a « a: Jed
iirira) i\- and
>l his ( rv niK-s
MU Ills ()' l|;i,S
giuiiuiii oudv'
iiottixir, on
y, a-u) (!ii'a-
' i.i (!ii;;ii(l to
avin<_f rcnilcr-
s «ill iraii!-
h-rin.
in or pi in i-i
'. fo oluaiii
ii." Inl ihiiii.
i t'.i' |o\itr
■h at tlu- ex-
ilic kiiK.'sof
or tiK' kaft
iicrs anontr
fi and iii'irr
«IK<1 heroes
III""). This
I'liortiicls of
II the .lepar-
rtvluvtio.i (,f
eoiii.lcial'li"
pani;h vokc.
'lor i'l «hic!i
fail< (ircacli
(if America
■HJtioiis, oic.
1 1 A 1'.
[ ^"J ]
c II A r
II.
G E N K R A L D E S C R 1 P T I O N of A AI i: R I C A.
'^r'HiS vail iraek, frequently ilonoiTiinated the New
A \Vo:lJ, eKtiT,i.l< lioi.i laiitiulc 7S de;4i;ei north,
to !aiitale 31) ile^iees fouth, that i> ijf lie ice^.
vhich, taken in a (tiaiL line, anwiunts to S04O 1111 ■.« in
Icnyt). lis hicadth is various, l)emL', in lonie I'laees,
■j6.p iniles, and in Mihers not al-.ovc ho or --o. It
io Ills a part of ivith hetnilpiiei'-, .nit l)oa!i . all ihe
difi'eient climates of the catth. It is bounde.l on the
iv)it.: by nnknouii linils. on the fouth by the Southern
(Xean, on the -all by the Atlin;!i: Oecan, an.) on the
well In the liiea i'.icitii C)< can. IK means of thelc
fcis it 1 allies on a il:re:t coii.nieiec \wtii ihc other iiu\e
pan. of ilic worl.!.
Aiiierii 3, );e;.era!ly confidercil, eonfi'.ls of t«o cxtcn-
five tiiiitineiUs, tOiiKvi to:.>t'KT by a iiarro.» I'.e.k o!
land, called the lllhiini/ot Ivarien, and dilbii nnilud
by the appellanoin of North and .•^t;u;ii. A f^ieat va-
riety of iilanJ. are fjafcrjd on borh lidrs of Aiiicnca.
Severtl on the i;oith-\*<U coa;t \\c\x d^lcoveivd by
('.!p:,vn C'^'k. 0.1 a iiri'e j^iii;>li, loiincd by tlie eoills
»)f ihe noith rn mii loiitiieni (Mntments, an 1 iLole ot
the llh.nius i)( l),i:.n, lie a muli.i ;deol ill.nds 11, any
<if tl.eiii lar.Lf.', and null of l':em fertile. They are
calleJ the \Veil Indies, an.i v-i!', as well s.i .ill the lell,
be defer. bcil in then' proper I'idtr.
■ihiuiiih .\nu rica i-; not, in ^';encral, a ni,;i!n:ai 1-
onse.iuntry, it i as tlej^reatcll inountain>in the ".uriJ.
\n .^:,' ith .\iiieii a tlu .\i.de, run .'nnn ivitli :■> loiiih
alon"; t e eoall ot the IV.ilic Ocean. Tl.ey excnd
from the i,"'iiii.b I f !).ir:en t.i the .Straits ot Niaj. Han,
t!!' -fie the foiulieMi pai:s o. .\mer.ea, .uiii run a kiij^tti
ol I). . • ;. and s(X)o Knt^iiili nules. In Nouli
America aie fe . n dli .i-ui .\(nl:\e chains, tl.e
principal ol \^ll,^-ll a.^ ca.Lu i.ie Ai^'.enna;, o: .'ipai.i-
cliian inou.it i.'.s.
Ni rtii Ainer.e.i i; \vi:ercd by many rivc:s, tl.e moil
If larka'-.le ot uiueh «.li be iltlVribed in tiuir relpei -
tiv i'Hnince-i. Tl.e iiver Min.iiipp:, i.liii<; fiom un-
kncwn fources, nn.s a pidthg o...s court-- t.o.u n :'rt!i to
fouth. I'lerc are live j'reat laki..., win h, connnuni-
catin'/ with laeh other, atfiMd a m.ill id- ni a_i:,e;)'.is in-
It for ciMunuice. Manv pait. .ire, iniltai, Io nucr-
luted with n.ivig.ible rivets and creek-, th.it numbers
of [it inters may lie taid to ha\e e.u:h an latiumr at his
OM II itoor.
.Siiitii An. erica ha< three rf t;-,e laif.'eH r .ers in the
uorid, ilic rivir ot the .\ma/.on^, li.e river I'la'a, and
the ii\v r Oio.iiioko.
A eouiUty of lueii pn.ilijflous extent as America on
each file ot the ei]u nor, .mill n-;ellaril) iiave a v.M.ety
ol'foil> as well as i iim.ite--.
It IS very renuiikablc that che climates of Nortli
Anicrica a/e colder, by many degree-, ti.aa any ol
the CD.intric.s in the fame la itudc in l-.urope, 1 bus
New nri:ain, wlich is nearly in the famclatit.idc with
Gieat Britain, is alnmtl mfuiieiably cold to an huio-
pean. The '!;ie itJt part of the tro/.cn couniry ot Neu-
founvllind, t'le Fuy ot .St, Laurence, and tape ISuton,
lie oppolite lo the coiil of I ranee. Nova .Scwtia and
New hnglanii are in the lame latitiule as the Bay cf
Bifcav. New York and IVnnfylvania lie oppoii'.e to
Spam' and Portugal. I lenre the coldelt winds ot Ni rth
America bhv.v fioni the nortli and the well, as they do
lleir from the n ordi and cad.
If we excejt the moll northern and foutlvrn nans,
whuh aie natural'.v uildanl bar;en, the relt pro luce,
in abundince, molt of the imtals, minerals, pl.inis,
fruits, ticcs, and woods, to be met with in the other
f^arts ot the world, and fomc of them in greater quanti-
tjcs, and higher jjeifection. America alio products
diamonds, pearls, rnu raids, anetliyfls, and other
valuable llones. To ihcle 11 ay be avldid a gria'. inmi-
1 cr ot <iihcr i '.mniodit cs. w liieii, tl".uu:;h o! let's ; 1;. e,
are ol much j'reat.r t.fe.
."^hcep, goats, cov. s, afles, and liorfcs, were aot
t'mir.d here upon ilic liill 1 1 .ill .got' the I'm' | c.in.s, !)ut
I aving l-.een brougiu in [ leniy, incrc.ded fo lail 111 lir-
tile patiurcs, as 10 ail'iT-i an ample fiippl).
I fere is .1 valt vaiiet) ol birds, furp.nling all that
.ire to be touii 1 n any other p.if o; the wo;l.l, lor
beauty, fli ipe, and colour, which will be defcnbed in
ihvir j'lOjier places.
The teas, I kr,, an.lriveis, abojiul with the greatefl
pleiit', aiui v:irKt. 01 lilh.
Bifore the aruval of tl.c I'uropcnns, th- natives of
.'\nicrica !iad ana of tiieir ou n. '1 hev ha.i tome notion
of pain'.iiv:, and alio formed (vctur. . bv tlie b' autiful
arrange!! < Ills ot leathers ol all coliurs; and in ti-u-e
parts eieUed llatel> l-uild.ngs. Tlioogli the ufc of iron
was unknown, tl-.ey polilhcl precious Itoncs, cut duwn
trees, ai'.il made not only In ail ca!".c.es, l)tit boats (if
conliderable b d:.. fhcir ha:c!ie:s v.cre headed with
a llaii 11. nt; and <f linrs they in;.de knuti. thus
a: the arrival ol th: liuropians, they peleiKed a lively
picture of the (late of mankind 111 ihe earli il: ages.
Anil rica is chieHy diwdeJ between tiie S;.:ui.lh, Lin:-
litli, roitugucle, anJ, the L'ni;ed Staics. 1 ne Ircn^h
and Uutcli ha\e, indeed, Ictlemins in South .-Xme-
ri. a, called Ciuiani aivl Siir'n.'.m, but ti.efe .n.of I :!j
impoitar.ce. 'llic) i.ive .id'o colonies in North .\ii.er: a.
'I he liiwians are in quiet ,>oli'eliion ot man}- lar/e iid i:,!
ir.icks. Ihc .S[ ui aids, wio i!ilcn\cred the Nc'V
Vvoild, Itill eiiioy the l.irg- II and richell poitiv.'n of it,
and ilicncediaw imii.enle wealtli.
Next to ."-pain, the moll conli.lcralile ];roprieroi- of
.-\meriia was d'rr.it Britan, wliich iterived a cl-iin to
Nonh Amerii.i from .he lint dilVoviry o: that conti-
ne.u by .s.b.illiai Cdior, in the n.iii.c ot Heriry VII.
about Ik. \ea:s i.ter the difcovery of .South America iiy
Loliiml us, in tl'.e niioe of tl e king of Spun. 'Ihii
noiiliern country w,i>, m i-.neial, call, ^1 New tin', ;d.
land, a name no.e appio; riated fulely to :mi illand upon
lis (oa'.l. It was a long time before any attempt was
m 'lie to fetrle a colony in it. Sir W.Llrer Ralei.;h, of
iilj-ictable memory, full llicwcd the wa), b\ bxingthc
I'.n^^hlli llai'.daul in t! at put w|.,eh he called Virginii,
in lioioui (it his toyal mitliets (^een l-.ii.^a! eth.
'1 lie Briiilli nation had, at an immeiil'' cxpcnce,
an.l with tl;c lofs (f ihoular.ds of gall int lubjert', pre-
t'eived, lecured, .iiul extei.dcd it. col >n cs to far, as to
render it ititiicult to.ilccriain the jneL I'e bouni's of its
empire in North Amcri a, to the ii'irthern and wcllein
tides: Bat, alas; thole Hatrcrin;^ pro!pe;h have been
annihilated b> a moll unhappy c<i:-.tell bct^\een the
mother cour.tiy and the coliiiies, uhich, alter a con-
tinuiiv.e ol ei;! t \ears, at |',iiat evpence of blood and
tre.irure, teiminiicvl m tlie ellabiiiiiment of a new re-
public, tilled, " 'I'lie Ihirteen Uaue.l States of Ame-
rica."
We [Mopofe to divide the New World into three
parts :
I. NORTH AMI IlICA, prelixing to orr account
finhpiit^, (oniiiient.d, inlulir, i>:c. a^ lia\e been dif-
covcied, vifuid, or iletcrilcd, by <.'it/li::i! C-.jk.
II. Wl'.ST INDIAN and AMERICAN
ISLANDS.
Hi
V
H
1-
lih.'bi
i " '1 1
M>- it
Mii
HI. SOUTH AMERICA.
C II A P,
4r,4 A NFW. ROYAL, Axn AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
CHAP. HI.
NORTH AMERICA.
Particular Parts of North America, continental, infular, &c. &c. difcovcrcd, vifitcd
and ddtribcd by Captain Cook, on his third and laft Voyage.
CAPTAIN COOK, with a pcrrcvcrencc and intre-
pitlitv pi-culiar to himl'cU, cxpK'rcd tin' coatl ot
North America till he rcaUicil to the latitude ol -^o deg.
44. min. when all further attempts to proceed were
fniftrated by a prodigious mafs ot ice, which extended
I'roni continent to continent.
'I'he nioft extreme point he mentions is Cape Lif-
biirnc. It is fituatcd in the latitude of (yq deg. j min.
north. He fays it appeared to be tolerably high land,
even down to the fea. In alnioft every other part, as
our navigators advanced to the north, they had found a
low coalt, from which the land rofc to a moderate
height. The coalt now before them was free from
fnow, except m one or two places, and had a grecnilh
hue, but tliey could not difcern any wood upon it.
'i'o the foiiihward of Cape l.ilhurne is a point, nam-
ed by Cjpuiiii Cook Point Mul^jrave. It is lituatcd in
lat 67 det;. 45 min. north. The land fecmed to be very
low near the fca, but a little farther it rofc into hills of
a niodciate height : the whole was free from fnow, and
apparently dcltitute of wood.
The weltern extreme of America, hitherto known,
is a point of land, which (.'.;/>/<;/'; Cook dilHiitruillied hy
the name of Cape Prince ot Wales. I: Hands in the
lat. of 6j deg. 46 min. north.
Sledge Island lies in lat. 64 deg. 30 min. north,
and is about 12 miles in circumference. The furface
of the ground |)rinripally conli. o of large loofe (tones,
covered in many pl.ices with mo!"s, and other vegetables,
of which 20 or 30 different fpccies were oblerved, ami
moft of them in flower. Hat nor a ticc or (lirub was
feen, cither 0.1 the illand, or upon the neighb.iuring
coii;inent. Near the beach where our people landed
was a coniidcrable (Quantity of w ild purflanc, long-wort,
peale, iy;c. fume of which they took on board lor bo 1-
ing. They faw feveral plovers, and other fmall birds,
alio a fox. They met with (ome dcciyetl huts, built
partly under ground. It appeared forne people had been
lately on the idand, and it was more than probable thai
they often came thither, there being a beaten pith from
one end to the other. At a fmnli diltance from that
part of the (liore where our people landeil the\- found a
fledge, which induced C,i/:'i!ii! Cos/- to give the illand
the name of .Sledge Ifland. It appc.ircd to be fuch a
one as is ufed by the Ruffians in Kamtfchatka, for the
purpofe of convoying goods from one place to another
over the fnow and ice. Its conlhuchon was admirable,
and its various parts were put together with great ncat-
refs, fome with wooden pins, but for the moil part m ith
thongs or luhings of whalebone ; in confequence of
which, ('itptait! Co'A imr.gincd that it was entirely the
workmanfliip of the natives.
King's K^and, fo called by Captain C'^ok, is a fmall
inand, which was dcfcricd at the dillance of eight or
nine leagues from the former.
Clerk's Island, which alfo received its appella-
tion from Captain Cook, lies in lat. 0( deg. 15 mm.
north. It fcimed to be an ifland cf coniidcrable extent',
in which were fevcial hills, all conneacd by low ground,'
fo that it looked at a dilhmre like a group of illands!
Near its eadern part is a little ill.ind, which is remarka
ble for liaviiig on it three elevated rocks. ISoth the
greater ifland, and this fmaller one, were apparently
mliabitcd.
Gore's Uland lies in ncailv the fame latitude as th»
former. It is about 30 miles in extent, and p.iit,ciil iily
narrov, at the low necks of land, bv ^^hlch the I. ills arc
connected. Captain Cook found aftemaids that it was
entirely unknoAn to the Kullians, and tl e.itorc con-
fidcring it as a difcovery of his own, named it Corel
Kland. It appeared to be barren, and delli;ute of in-
habitants, at leaft our navigators faw none. Near
Gore's Iflands a fnull ifland, «hofc loftv fummit termi-
nates in Ic-veral pinnacle rocks, for which reali'n r. ob-
tained the name of Pinnacle Island.
Anderso.s'.s Island, fo called by Captain C.o'fk, to
perpetuate the memory of Mr. Anderlon, furgeoii of
the Rcfolution, who departed this life juft belore the
diicovery of it, lies in lat. 6j deg. j4 min. noith. This
is the only circumftancc worthy of mention concern-
ing It.
NORTON'S SOUND.
Silnaticn, Survey of the Country. Into-iicic "<iib the
Nniives. ArtuUs of Barter. Diirn lnriJii;l>. l\r-
hii., Drrfi, Habitations, k'ci^et.iliif PrJitilion , o'c.
THIS inlet, to which C.iplaui C.k gave the nunc
of Norton's Sound, in honour of Sir rietcher
Norton, afterwards Lord CJrantlei., lies between the
latitudes of 64 and 65 deg. nortli. The bav wluiein
the (hips lay at anchor is lituated on the louth-eall lidc
of ir, and by the natives denominated Chack.o.jle. It
is not a very gooil Itaiion, nor is an harbour tj be met
with in all this found.
Qipt.nn Ciok, at firft fight, imagined th's fpot of
land to be two illands, but afterwards f.iun.l that it was
a peninfula connected with the ccnineiit bv a I.jw llfi-
nuis, on each litie of which a hay is lomud by the coaU.
Having call anchor at about a league's dillance from
the point of the pcninfula, to which fpot the appcllaiion
of Cape Denbigh was given, they obfervel feveiial of
the natives on the |5eninfula, and one of them came off
in a I'liiall canoe. Cjp:.iin Cock give this nr.n a knife
and fome beads, with whch he appeared to be well
pleafed. Our people made li^ns to him to bring them
fome provifions, upon which he inllantl; tiuitted t'.cm,
and paddled towaius the (horc. Happening to meet
another man coming off, who had two di led fdinons,
he got them fioni him; and when he returned to the
fliip, 1 c retufed to give them to any body except Copt,
Cook. Some of our pe.>ple fancied that he alkcd lor
him under the name oi capitatne, but in this they were
perhaps millakcn. Othei-s of the inhabitants came oft'
i(X)n afterwards, and gave them a few dried (1(1), in ex-
change for fiich tritlesas they hud to bir:cr wi'.h them.
They Ihcwcd no didikc to tobacco, but were motl dc-
firous of knives.
iVlr. Goic wasdifpatchcdrothcpeninfula, 10 procure
wood an J water, of the lormcr of which ariicle> the
people obfcrved great pi nsy upon the beach. At the
lame time a boat from each of the fliips was fent to
found round iiie bay; and at three o'clock, the wind
frefliening at north-eaft they weighed anchor, and en-
deavoured to work 'further in : but that was quickly
found to be impracticable, by reaf.m of the flioals,
which extended entirely round the '•■ v, to the dillance
of upwards of twomiks from the liiurc.
<li^- • - :'\,' Captain
l./A/J,
\ <•:>
y "nil",,,/ Ni<i liT
{ I.SH.1V Yiabii.<
• < .Ifl''^
T f.: i
tl, vifitcd
itituilc .IS tli»
I [).iit.i.°iil Illy
ihf Mils .lie
U th.ac It was
Ciitorc loii-
icil It Corel
Hiute of in-
lonc. Near
immit tirmi-
rcal'i'H r. ob-
taiii C.ci'ik, to
I, furgcoii of
lit biliirc the
noith. This
ion conccrn-
D.
/>:;' ?;•,//> ibe
ilion , iJc.
ivc the nunc
Sir riftilicr
bctwicn the
bay wluiciu
)uth-ra!l lide
itk.o.)!i-. It
ur tj be nice
th's fpot of
I.I that It «'as
IV a I,)W ill'i-
by thf c oull.
iiOanci- from
eappcllaiioii
I fLAwal of
:in caiiif off
m-.n a knife
1 to be well
I bring them
uittccrt'.cm,
ing to meet
icj filinuns,
urncd to tiic
except Ct'ft.
le alkcd lor
lis they were
nts came oft'
fifl), in ex-
wi'.h ihcin.
ere moll lic-
, to procure
anicles the
:h. At the
I was fv-vit to
k, the wind
lor, and en-
was quickly
the llioals,
the diiUncc
Captain
/f',/ /yi'/liy,// //„//,./,/,
'/
,,«/
- kT,-.-v- ■^■mmt- -y^.^^- „,.„^-
LJSII
i .I.SB..v^,al.ii.« ^, ^'- «> \ \ 1
7" /'.: Ji X f^ (' ■^'■- -' •^'
• ■/
("o/t/f/:cf. M.I r '
trxiTEB States. >
\()RTU ^ / \n:iu(\i. ^
/m/at^ifit/ '/" /inli.'/i ,i"J S/m/us/i
'/'irnfi'/iis itrrr/////t, fni(/ ,/rrr>i
|^ ,w'riti//i f<'l/ii 7'rniti/ f/ 17!! I
/// 'I'ltdHcn li'r.i,/'
#
m
f ,fyr,n,y/r/ liWKI'S s' ) , ./ . /y.V, /,/ ,/ //„,,,,..■/ (1|U)(,|{ \ 1. 1
I'n;./^,,-, «•
,/,
III
/ //„... .../ i, ,;„,; I, A nrv, '/;,//,. y/y:il'/ //,„/,..„
464
Particul/
]
CAPTA'
pitiity
North \m^
44. min. '.
fii;aratcd K
ironi tontij
I'lic 1110;
biirnc. It
north. Hin
even tiownf
our navi^jatt
low coalt, !
Iieight. '^
fnow, cxc(J
hue, but till
'I'o the fc
cii by Cipt,
lat. 67 dot,'. 1
low near thl'"
a moderate fc
appareutls a
The uelU
is a point of|
the na.iie off
lat. of 63 dei
Sledof. Is
aiid is about
of the );roijn«,
covered in n*^
of which 20 ■i|
mod 01' thci
fec;\. cither C;
con;inent. V
was aconlidev
peafe, 6>;c. it*
inp. They f:
alio a i'o\.
partly under {
lately on the ;
they often car
one end to tl^
})art of the flit'*'^
fledge, Mhicrt"'
the name of '
one as is ufcd fn
purpofe of co.v
over the fnovvfT
and its various'
nefs, feme u it^
thonus or LilK"
which, dt'.pluh
uorkmanfhip ^
King's Isi..^
ifland, which
nin;- leagues ir(
Qlt.rk's IsiT
tioii irom Cnp,
north. It feuntr
in wiiich were (>
To that it loc.kc'
Near i;sea(lern|'j
ble for l.a\mp;'
greater illand, i
inhabited.
r
%
.-W^^"
"?^-^
»
'A
J:
s|
^'
'.^*
In'
I M u---.\':. r>
• ^
•^
■^
^ ■;
i
>
y-1
- p
A -
\
V.'. ui, ji> .iiiuii'.!
(jt v.ini li li.iil p'.ci
{:',le |)iiiit w.ib in
ImixIi, ;i!^iiTs, an.;
vcrv tniulililoiiic
1^ tiu'f, niul iii.iir
iiiflirs il' iluincti.:
tlie l)'Mi 11, tli.u V
tint," uiHul |i rn ill
A i.uiiily of the
jH'Oj If VM'rt i)CCii|
t.iii law (inly il'.c
In- i !(.•> ;i (mirth
III]';../ iu- hail t
hiiiul i ind nrirhc
ill!' [n-oj'k- as iiiai
t,:is c i.iiK Boch
tf : ; .ukI tlu'v wf
iirciiiblin;^ iliole ;
iici.'hlv.iui^. Ir in
I'l.i tour knives,
iroi; ll'H)p, thf C
p'u.rvis wciglit of
[■iciii. S line of
w.M rcfpcr'; K) li,
ri. j,' .iiiil a iiiullft
thi- Cilild, -.vi,.) w
iiii.iK.hatriy Liurl
liiin the crijiple,
t(j the rohcerl, tl
not of lorg tlur.ui
1 .iciiti nant K.i
tl.e fiiTK taiiiily.
the fwll(nving pur
partv, a canne, I
N\hitl: an rlilcrl
wife above- nieni
iiniiti a fiiiall k
give luT a nun.
blu" mailc (igiis
jiioi eiikil w ;ih I
as he was troli'in
III' toot very in
ll'ip, up'in V.!.'
t-ye--, '.\hiih ssi n
;i!rti ii.iiu... !.■ pt c
]i e 1,1111 'it l!. •
a 1 1 iLl i.'i; Ik ; b
l.Kuit, Alter V
at an o|.cn fKiu
tilt. I II. I \ p.ni
lei VI' (or tiie li.J
]'e-i:ii!iiieil a rcn
i U s'.as (all tli'ii
on liic dillenipi
them. The \\.
Kini,', xii! prill
them t!ierc for
meianeliiily l.ill
pi')iniin{5 to her
at other tinUo t'
Ml. King piiri^^l
filK'.l of exeell
'I'heU Hfii were
ior them.
The wnniaii
I'li'mp and rnun
Ihiii, with a larj
''he was puh.lii
binil was well I
lieii'ht. Ifis h,
little t)eai'd. I
«ai>. He ha.l
h jwever, he in
them were bl.i
down level will
No. .1.,.
K
1 MiC"u-:;Ri:.s.
o r. T 11 A :\i F. R
■< c — ' ::.
1-3 \ V
v.
> - : t
y.
-
''■ 1
■j
■y.
>
■■'i
'^
-■
"' II
—
- \
v^
■ -
z t
,,_
y-
- L'
(.'•■■;■ lilt C.oi'k wfiit al] 'ire, and tnt.k a v, alk inro tli ■ ;
C'lCiiuv, v'iii'i., in tL.ii' jurts wiinr rii^ri: w.i.s i', > '
v.'.ni, .u- iiiuic-.i with liciiii, and oi.niT [jl.mt', li.v';r\'l j
(it v.;,'m1i li.ni I'li'iir-' ol mirii'., ,iil ri,)c. Si.nr.;c' a lin-
{;le |>ii!ir w.is in ll iwcr. 1';;l- iiiid'.TWodil, Idcli \\,
l)ir(.li, iikiiTS, aii;l williw,, nicalioncd walking to Iil- j
vcrv trouUIclomc iinn'ii"; Ikl- trees, w!)ii.:h \^cre all
rpiR-f, :iik1 m.'i'.r ot « huh cxifdlcd Itvcn or eii.'ht
iiiclirs if duiiu-r(.ri bur loiinr wcie ol)rfrvt-d lyini; uii
tlif I) .11 h, that were above rwiec that fi/.c. All the
»int; u.Hnl lien in thete iiortJuMii [larts was tir.
A i.imily of flie native:, tani-- near the Ipat wh'-re our
jH'Ojle \verc occupied in t.i\i:i!.; oT wood. TIk' I'ap-
tai 1 law only tl.e h'llhi.-id and wife, and the'r cluld,
liellde^ a (oiiitii perfon, v.\\n was the moil deiornKii
eripple lie had ever leen. I'he huflianti was nearly
biiiul i and neither he nor \w wi.e were Inch well lii.k-
iiii' people as many oi tiiole whom he had met with on
tr.is c KiiV. Both of them had their lower lips perfora-
te 1 i and they were in polleifinn of fome glals beads,
rdemlilin;^ tliofe tliat had been leen betore amonii; tlieir
neL'hl1our^. Ir n was tlie article that plealed tliem mcylt.
I'l.r four knives, wliich iiail been formed out o( an old
iron h'lop, the Captain obtained from them iK'ar 400
piu.rds weigiit of tilli, that had been lately cau[;ht by
t'lcni. is ime of thefe were trout, and others were,
w.r:i rerper"^ 10 fizc and tafle, fomcwhat between a her-
rii h' ami a aiullet. The Captain gave a few beads to
tui- cIi.lJ, -.vi.) w.is at'eniale, upon which the mother
im.ni-.liately buri't into tears, thui the father, next aker
iii'.n the cn,)ple, and at iall', to add the Rnilhing llrokc-
to the concert, the child herki;. This, however, was
no; of loi^s duration
l.ictitinant King had before been in company with
t!,e fam( family. J lis account of this interview is to
the fi.iimving purport: While he attended the wooding
partv, a anntt, filled wl'h i.atives approached, out ot
^\lncl: an rklerly man Oiid vvoman (the hulband ami
wife ubo^enicii'iontd) can.e aPiore. Mr. King ( rc-
linud a fmall knitc to the woman, and promikd to
give lit r a much larger one in exchange (or fome filh.
M.c ira Ir (igns to him to follow her. After he had
I'Kiieidid Willi them about a nnie, the man fell down
as he was croliing a rtony Le.ich, and happrned to cut
lu^ loot very much. 1 his occafioned Sir. Kint; to
fi ip, U()'in V.!,! !i the wom:"i p':i":' .1 '.i Iht hulbaurb
<-vis '-vhich uiii loveo.. vMih a tl... ,v whiti.h iilili. He
a::citt,uws !.' pr d li.' to hia wife, who took care to ap-
].i; e!,im ol ilu- oblla'.les in his way. The woman had
a 1 1 iLl 01; h. : back, wrapped up in the hood of her
iici^ct. Atur walking ab i:; two inilc > they arrived
at M\ op.en ('kIu bo,ii, which was t'uned on one fide,
ihc ( lucK j\irt towards tne wind, and was made to
hu'c liir the li.d)iiation ol thi.s t'atnily. Mr. King now
]'ci:.i: Died a rcii.aikable epilation on the inin's eyes.
J U was lall deiiied to Iiold his breatli, then to breathe
on liie diilempered eyes, anil afterwards to fpit on
them. The wouiin then took b'Uli ihe hands 01 Mr.
King, aiid prelllng them in the man's lb)iii,:i ii, heid
t'lcm t!>ere tor fime rime, wluL- Ihe recounted I'liii'.-
i;!rlanc!i;dy laihiry reljiccting her f.iinily, lom^'tiiius
pointing to her luilband, Ibmetimes to her chikl, .md
at other times to the cri['|ile, who was related 10 her.
Mr. King purcliafcd all tlie liHi they had, which con-
filK-.l of excellent lalmun, falmon-troMt, and nu'.ilot.
'I'helc Hfii were faithfoHy delivered to tl'.e' pcrl'on l.e ili.c
liT them.
'VUc woman was Hiort aini iqu.it, ;ir,d Iter vifige 'vas
pli'ipji and rouiul, She wore a jacACi. made of decr-
ikin, with a large hood, and had on a pair of wide boots,
-'d.e was pui.clured from the lip to the chin. Mcr luif-
b.iiiil was well made, .ind about five feet two ii,ches in
heiplit. Mis hair was blac k and lliort, and he had but
little beard. His complexion was of a l.giu copper
caiK He had two holes m his lower lip, in wliirh,
h')wever, he had no ornaments. The teeth of both of'
them were bl.uk, and ap|ieared a.s il they ii.ui been liltd
down le\cl with tlie gums.
No. .1 ,.
(' A. 465
;^ wire f.i!i entertained wIietlicT tiie cn.ifl
^;.^vv were LJor.ged to .;n illaiid, or
of A'li-ric.'., Lieutenant King was
.'..J Vav'k, wi-'; f.vn biavt, well
to make i'irh a lenrch as migiit
' opin-.on "n the liibjccf.
..S ltOI'!.T
upju whic!i t;::.v
t) th;; contineia
c.ipattlicd by CjfH
i^ianned and aimcJ.,
'I nd to remove all ililicrence o:
I ie was inflrucled to proceed fjwariis the nor h as f r
.Ts the ex'rfn:i' pi/int leen bnurc, or a littlv furtiier, if
he Ihould lind it neceliary ; to ktnd there, and fiuni
the heights endeavour to ducov. r wlittlier the l.nid he-
was then upon, imagin-. i t > be the idand of A'aichka,
was re.illy an itlai.d, or w.-s connCcd to tli- Lnd to
the eailw.ird, fuppoled to be the Ani'.-ric.in coir.inent.
After the departure of L;e':ttr.aiit Kinjr, livcr-l oi
the natives emu: off in canoc-, and ga. e the crtv, ibme
diied falinon in exchuige t r triihng articles. l'..-.r!y
lI'.c .le.'it morning nine men, each i:i a fepaiatc canoe,
paid tneni a vlfit, wirli the lb!- view of g-ati.) inci; tiieir
ciirioiity, They aj^proached the i'llp with cat ri .n, and
drawing up ab:\'ai' of Cuch other, under the (tern, fa-
voured them with a long ; wiiile ffw. of their min'.'i.T
made many ludicrou;, motio;;s with his hands .t.'-.d body,
and another brat np(;n a lijit ot d;um. Theie w'as
nothing lavage cither in the iong or the geftiirej with
which It was accompanied. There fecmed to he. r.o dif-
ference either with rcl'peci: to ii^'c 01 features between
thcle people, and thole on the .other iiorti.eilv parts of
the coalt. Their drels, wiiich chicflv confided of the
(kins of deer, was made after tlie lame mode; and
they had adopted the praftice of ]ieri'ora:ii:^! their lower
lips, and alFixing ornaments to ihcm.
The habitations ot thcle Americans were HtLared
dole to tlie beach. They confiit merely of a .Hoping
roof, without any lide walls, tbrmed of logs, and co-
vered with earth and gr.il's. The lluor is likewile laid
with logs. Th.c entrance is at one end, and the lire-
place julb within it. A Imall luiie i,-> made near tlie
iloor of the hur, for the purpilc ol h tiing out the ur.oak.
The berries tound here by the partv that went cii
flioi e tor brooms and Ipruce, w ere htirtie-bcrries, lieath-
berries, partridge-bii iies, and wild ciirrant-l'erries.
Captain Lovk alio wen: aHicie, .:;id took a walk over
pjrt of the pe;iinl'ula. i le n.et with very ^^ood grafs
in teveral placet, and I'carccly obllrvcd a tingle fpot on
which fome vegetable was nil growing. I'he low
land, by which th's iieninfuia ii united to the continent,
abounds with narrow creeks, and likewife with ponds
of water, feveral of which were ar this time trozen
over. There were numbers of buiLrds and peefe, but
they Were lb lliy, that it was impo:iiMe to get within
mulket-lhot ot them. Some Inipes were alio leen j and
on the higher grounds were partrii.'^es of two fpecioi:.
'A here there was wood, mufketos were numerous.
Some ot the ollicers, who went liinlur into the country
til in the Caj'taiii did, met with tome ot the natives of
both lexes, who treated them with civility an..l kind-
nets.
It w.is ilie ojiinion of f.r//.;.;/ (. '' tliat this peninfula
h.id bcin an illand i'l liiue dill.i; t peiK.d; lor there
were maiks ol the lea h.iving I'orincrly flowed over the
ilihm'.js; and even at piclcnt ir appeared to be kc[M
oi;t by a bank of land, llones, and wood, which the
waMs h.ui thrown up. It was manilell, from thi?
b.uik, that the la<id here encroached .'pon the Wi; and__
it was not ilillic'ili t.i trace its gradual formation. *'
l.ieutenaiir Kiii;', recurned frot.i iiis e.tpedirion about
four il.iys .liter he leit the l!iip. The crews oi tiie
bu.its rowed without intcriiiili'.i n t .'Wards the land toi
the l|.iace of a day. They then let iheir tails, and llood
ac ri'ls the bay wiiich the coalt forms to the weihvarJ. of
Bald-llead. They afterwards made tile ot tiicir oars,
and had got within two miles of Bald- 1 lead, under tli-;
lee of the liiph land. y\t that time ail the mm in the
boat belonging to the R( lohirion, except two, weie k.i
oi)prelled with fatigue and lieip, tli.it Mr. King's iit-
moft endeavours to m.\l:e them put on wer: ineticclu.al.
They were at length lo t.ir exhaulled as to dto[^ their
oars, and fall allecp at the bottom of the boat. In
6 b coiilequen;e
W'
1
'I- r:*l
i.Ul
.'&
m
* »,< Tt
4«6 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHI'N'TIC SYSTI-.M o? UN1\ KU^AI. GKOuRAl'I lY.
confequcncc of this Mr. Kin;;, ant! two gentlemen wlm
were wich hi;n, were nblignl to l.iy hM of the cu!. i
an.l thiv Unded, a little iitn-r three o'clock, licf.vccn
Bald-Hc.ul and a point that prnjcds to the e.illward.
Mr. King, upon his lar;!ir;';, alcended the hriL^hts,
from whiclfhe could fee the twa coafh join, and th.u
the inlei terminated ui a tm.dl creek or river, lx-U;ie
■which there were banks of land or mud, and in every
part Ihoai wat^r. The l;nd, for t'ome dilbnce towards
the north, was low an.i Iwampy ; then it role in hili-. ;
and the perfeft iunclion of tluile, on f.'.ch (ide ol the
iiilet, was traced without th;' leall ditficnlty.
From tho elevated lifj.uion in which Nlr. King took
his llirvey of the Ibiind, lie conkl difcern mans' Ipaiio'is
vallies, witli rivers rtowing tlirotigh thein, well woocled,
And boiiikkd by hills ol a moder.ite height. Oix ot
the rivers, towards the north-well, fcemed to be confi-
derable : and he was inclined to fuppofe, from its di-
rection, that it difchar^^cd itlclf into the lea at the head
of the Bay. Some ot hi.-, people, penetrating beyond
this into tiie country, found tlic trees to be of a iarj.';er
fize the further they proceeiled.
The weather Ixinj^' tine afForded an opportunity of
making a ureat number of hmar obi'crvations, the reiuk
of which gave n^j de;^. i -^ min. ifnCt, as the longitude
of the anchoring place on the wellern fide ot tl.e fount) ,
while its latitude was b.\. dep;. -^i niin. north. With
refpecl to the tide>, the nij^ht flood ro'.e two or three
feet, and the day flood was icarcely perceivable.
Caft.i:n C^'rk was now perfcdiy convinced that Mr.
Stihlin'-s map was extremely erroneous, and that
the continent of America was the very fpa<-e whieii
that pentlcnian had imagined to be the liland ot
Alafchka.
Cutir: Cork thought it now high time to quit thclc
nortticriy rer,;ons, and retire to fume pl.ice for the win-
ter, wlierehe mig.it obtain provifi'>ns and refrelliincnts.
He did not coalidcr Petrojiaulowfka, or the harbour
of St. Peter and St. Paul, i.i Kantl(;hatfka, as likely to
furniih a fufRclci.t I'jppl) . Me had likewife other
reafons f()r not ;^/jir,g thit'ui- at p:clent; the principal
of wtiicii was his great iinwillinguefs to remain inactive
for fix <;r frven ir.onths, wh^ h would have been the
confequcnce of pading the winter in any of thele nor-
thern couiiirij:. Me at leng^th concluded that no fitua-
tion was f') t invcnit'iit as the Sandwicli lilands. To
them, therefore, he formed a rcfolution of repairing.
But a f ipp'ly of water being neceffary before he could
execute that dcfign, he determined with a view uf
procuring this anential article, to fearch the coall of
America for a harbour, by proceeding along it to the
fouthward. If he fhoul 1 not meet with I'liccefs in that
fearch, his intention was to reach Samgai.hocdha,
which was appointed fi)r the place of rendezvous in cafe
tne fhips Ihould happen to feparate.
Stuart's Island lies i:i tlie latitude of 65 deg. 35
min. north, and is fix or feven leagues in ciicumlc-
rence. Tiiough fome parts of it arc ot a moderate
h'.-ighr, yet, in general, it is low, with Ibme rocks oil"
the wellern part. Some drift wood was oblervcd on
the fliore, but not a fingle tree was f'een.
The greateft part of the coall of the continent is low-
land, but they perceived high land uj) the country. It
forms a point o[)polite this illand, which was dillin-
guilhed by the name of Ca[)e Stephens, and i:, fit. rued
in the latitude of ^3 deg. ;■ min. north, and in the hxi-
gitiidc of 197 deg. 41 min. eall.
Before tiicy reached Stuart's Ifland they pafTed two
I;t:le iflands, lituate i)(twcen them and the main i.uuli
and as they ranged along the coall, fevtral of the natives
made their appearance upon the fliorc, and, by firns,
ic-med to invite them to ajiproach.
HouNLi Island, fo denomin.ited hv Ciijiaiii Cwl on
Mi'^nunt of its figure, lies in the latitude of 5a dig. -y:
min. north, and is feven miles dillant from the con-
tinrnl.
B vKitf.N Isi.F';, to called from the nakcdnefs of their
appear.mce, an fituated in latitude ^<) deg. north.
They are a group of high iilands and rocks, and un-
connected with .iiiy other land.
Near thete id.inds w.is p,-:ceiveJ a very lofty promon-
torv, whole clt\a:ed lumiiii: •.ippeared .ibove the clouds,
firiliingtwo ver\ liigli itiounrains. ('■■Ii,!:n O'o!: named
this promontory Cape Douglas, in honour of DoCUf
Douglas, now bill.op of Carlille.
K .\ V 1-.
I
1. A N D-
Tills illatid, dili-overed by (\-pla;'i C"^, lies in
l.itit'.i !e ;y deg. .',<j min. noith. It docs not ex-
ceed 1-2 leagues HI lengtli, nor in breadtli ab )ve a leayie
.uid a h.ali' in any pur ot it. Tiic loiith-welt point i.s a
naked rock, conli.lerably elevated abiwe the land wit.'dn
it. Tliere is alto a liigli rick lyi:;g offit, whicii, when
leen in fome pa.uicular diri-ctions, has the ai'pcaran:i:
of a rui:ious cillie. i'his i.'ljnd terminates tov. ard-, t;;i'
lea in b.ire Ho] ii;g ckifs, widi a bea;!i cnrilling oi
' Uize p-bl-!es, intcrniixed in limie pl.ice:. v.irh a cliy^'V
fu.-:.
1
The clitii ate cctupoteil ot a bli:-:ilh fione
rock, nnd. are, except in a few piirts.
I. si'
)lc or mc,
iieting Ifate. Some parts of the lliorc a;.- i.-.rerrup.tc.i
by Iniall vallies and. gullies, in each cf v'acU a rivukr
or torrent rulhes down with a c.inllder ihle decree o'
im;;etuofity, tiioiigii, periiaps, o;.ly firni'lu-d fi' -ni the
tiil the whole is dil-
with ( inc tiees ; and
r
the ul.ird, which,
broal
.1!,.
fhow, and k.ll'ng no longer than
folved. Thele val!i'-s are tilled
tht '. ailb abound in oth-;r j'aits
indeed, is covered, as it v.> r", with
wond. The trees, howev;.r, are t,.r from Liettii; et r.ri
extra )ri!in.'.ry growth, few of them Iceming to be hrger
than what a perl'jn miLihr: gnlp rou.d wi'l Iv.s aims,
and their general height being 4-:! or 50 feet; fo tii.it
tliey wiHikl be of no great l'.:rvice for luippir^g, except
as materials lor making toij-gallaiit-maii-:, an>! other
finali things. The pine trees appeared to be ail 01 one
fpccies ; and neither the Canadian pine, or cyp:eis, was
to be leen.
Among the trees w-as fome currant and 'ii'.Hi.'rry
bufhes, a ycllow-tkiwercd violet, and tlie Ir^ve^ of otiier
plants not then in flower, particiihirly one which was
fiippofed by the naturalifti to be tlic L-i\:'ieum of
Li.".na.nis.
\ crow was feen flying about the wood : two or
Nootka, weic
equally l.irg'",
three white headed eagles, like thof'e or
alio oblerved i befides another Ipeci-s
wlii,.h ha ! a ,vl-.itc brealt. ('rrf,:iv C ■. * jikcwilc l.i.v,
in his p.alliip,e from the fhip to tiie Ih.orc, a number cf
fiwlb lilting on the water, or living about, the iirinci|;al
of vdiiLh were gulls, Lurres, lis.igs, ducks, or l.irgc
petrel', divers, i'.nd quebrar.t duiefres. The divers
were I I two lorts i om; very l.irge, wiml'e colour was
bljci.,1 with a white belly and br-.-all; the other of a
f ii,il!-r fi:?c. with a longer and more [jointed bdl. 'fl.!;
ducks were alio ft two fpecics ; ore bro-.vni:1i, with a
d.irk blue or blackitli head or neck ; ihe other fmaller,
and ofa tlirty black cvilb'tr. Th.- Iha*s were Lrgr ,::i(i
bla'-k, having a white tjj >t h hitul the wings. " I'he
gulls were of the common tint, flying in (lock-. Tiie;-'-
was alio T linglc bird flying about, appirentiv of t;if
gull kind, whole colour was a tnj'vv wnite, with I'jin-,'
lilack along part of the upper fide of the wingi. At the
place wl;ere the partv landed, a f<ix came tr</m th
tliem will
^i-anifellin;
lliiie em iiion,
of
verge of the wooil, and eyii;:
walked jeiiurely on without
i-.ir. 1 !(• w.is not of a large f:
of a reildilh yellow. Tv.o
likcwilf leen near the Ihoie; Iiu- no traces were liil'co-
vered of inhabitants having ever been in the ifland.
On a hn.ill eminence ne.ir the lli-jre, C:;A.rn Cak
left, at the lo.it ol a tree, a bottle, contair.ing a paper,
on whidi the names of the flnps, and tlie dr.e of tlx-
dilcovery, were iiiliribed. I le all.) end olcd two filvcr
two-penny i.ieces of Mnglilh cnin, v.hi.h, with many
.p, u;iy l;gns
and fiii colu.ir '.'«»
tlirec fmall fcals were
othe
nc
tun! been furr.ilhed will, by J'>r. .-laje,
cean
of
^*^
^.l^t
VIMIV.
.cJnefb of tlicir
J dqr- north,
ucki, ar.ii un-
' lotcy promon-
(AT th( clouds,
;/; Ci'ol: naini-d
our ul Docuf
■ C"^, iifs in
It docs not cx-
iib ivi- a lc-.i;!'ie
-welt point lb a
the land vkithiii
, wliicii, wlien
:hc r.ppc.mifK'c
tt-'s tov, ;irt!'. till"
1 ccnfillirit; of
v.irh a city-";.'
iU:oilh ll-jnc or
a fofc or mo'.!-
arj i.".r.-rr:ii):c.i
':ich a n/ukr
ih!c dcnree of"
i'lu-d tr Mil the
wli')!'- is dil-
inc ti •-■trs i and
ul.ird, which,
jfoa 1 f'irdi': ",
in bciriij ul
;ri
ng to be hrr,^'r
\M'! li.s ann'^,
1 fcer i To til. It
'ippipg, cvccpt
iilbj, ,in.! udiLT
to be ail ()[ one
ur cy;:i-ls, was
If
■«:
//.-/,-//•., ../TiANKKS's. '///. 4-. '/'/// y (iF.nCh'AI'IIV </'//.-/,,//// ^/y,// /////v///,
/■
^«^'
■-■■»#:
s
->wif:
( / /,-,// ,/ • '////i/ />■///,,/ 1 /I , ///•_ '////,; /'////>////,>• '////,/ .
:! ' »i
and iii\fberry
' Ir/ivcj (if o'.iicT
one whirii was
e h:,\:-Uum of
Wood : two or
N'oo:l;a, wc;c
equally larg-.
;* likcwitc la.v,
:, a number i.f
ir, the iirinci|;al
lucks, vr !.ir"C
. Tlic divJis
infL* colour was
the otiier ot a
intrd b:ll. 11. tr
■o'.vnilli, wir!> a
c otiicr liinllvrr,
. wtTC Ll'i^c ,::nl
: wings. The
1 ll'ick-. Theri"
)pircntiv of the
.".it'.', wi:h I'jin','
: win-ji. \-i tliL-
rame \r^,\w the
'I l.Luc einuiori,
ig u;iy r::Tns of
hi. cclij.ir >.'Hi
rmall IcaN wcie
CCS wcrt.- liiico-
I the iflaiid.
-, d/A-rn C(.ik
tair.ing a p;ipLT,
the d.i'.e ot t'.L-
cl )l>.d two liUcr
II !i, with ii'.any
l''r. .\')i:, dean
cf
n
New DiscovF.i
of Lincoln i an 1,
gcntleiiun, ililling
K.ivf'.'. lll.uui.
He alio callnl
ililtanr from tliis
in!? call ancli'ir ii
jutolud in a bm
m<J,'M Icrve for (
about 2 > of th'- n
upon wliich 'u' rr;
hiiii. 'I'luy wci
aloMn-fulc, Init ki
cUfjiini; .i:nl cxtt
thi-Mi Lie ./an a kini
Ullh fiMll\' IS ; ail<
iiicnt, wliiih it w,
frirnJ'lii)) ; wliilf
hour, 11 luJ tip li
ariusfxtenile;! lik
were conrti,i"tv.'il
people liad I'.ithcr
iltr latiis, an.l tli
fcals, or other .in
prop]'* rctiiriied (
hy the iiviit expn
come along-fide,
them. Some ot
common words
parts, hilt they
After they fi.id vi-
ta them, t!uy r
bv I'l^ns, that tl
They accordin;;!;
the liiips were ui
tliey followed tht
■a
J' R I N c l:
S:tu".t:v'.. Ri-apt
■fi
T
HIS inlet
f.'.'.-i under
ii in th'.- latitude
gave the [ilaci- ui
rook uj) lacir IL
I5:w. •
Whrii our pei
natives lame oil
one 111 the olhei
could t irry. 1
of ahout three fe
birds, lallened t'
probably as tok
three received in
in both great ;'.ii
Hired on board t
of our people 1
thole who eame >
was afterwards f
made of the Ikir
head a cap, emi
appeared to valiii
beads. Any kii
lii;;h ellini.ition ,
in exch.inge lor
fine lea-ottn Ikii
Iron was a gi
fmall bits, and v
at le.ill, and of
They ebiaincd
time, it wis bee
of tl.< ir Ipears v
per, a i 1 a few \
of their ,irro«s,
New Discoveries.] NORTH
of Lincoln ; an I, in t^-rtimony of liis tftcfni for th.'.r
prntl(-ni..ii, ilillini^Millicd the ilLinil by tlu' mine ot
Kiv.-'. M.iml.
Hl- alio lallnl a fparious inlet, nhnut three Itagiie?
tliltant (mm this ill.ind, Cape I linthiniiioi<f. I I iv-
int^ call anchor imticr tliis tape, Mr. Cioic wa, dil
ji.iti'htd in a hont, in onler to Ihoot fome biuls that
mic'it Icrve for fooi!. He had liircelv arrived when
about 2 ■■ of th'' natives appe.ired in two larf;e canuc .,
upon wliith he rrtnrneii to the lhip^, and they followc 1
fijiii. '1 hi y v,cf tinwiHinij; however, to ventu; ■
«lori_L;-rule, but kept at a ihlLinrr, lli^utintr aloud, ad
clalj'ini' and extending their arms alternately. They
thi'n Of Mil a l\ind of lonj^. Their he.ids were (Irewed
will) (eathi l^ i anil one of tin ni held on' a whire par
iiierit, which it w..;. I ipj'oled they irue.ided a' a tolan of
tne.'iJ'l ip ; wliile another, lor near a lUiarter ni ,\,[
hour, (I lud tip in the can )e, entirely naked, witii liis
arms extended lilv- a i rof-., and. nntionleH. Tl.fiic.;n')es
were coiil'n ,i"ti.d iipni a dilVerent pl.ui trom th ile our
piople had f.ithfrto lecn. Tne (raiiie confided of llen-
dcr latlis, and the outfide was formed of tiie Ikins of
feajs, or other aninids of a fimilar kind. Tlioii;^!i our
pi'opl'- returned th'.ir lii^ns of amity, and endeavoured,
(iv the moll expreliive gelbirei, to encuuraw diem to
fonic al'nu^-fide, thrv were iiii.ilile to prevail [\\y)n
them. >'>uie ot Our pe )ple .illo repeated feveral of die
common words that tliev hid hiaul in the adjactnt
j>arts, hut they did not appear to iinderltand t!;em.
After they had received ibme prclents that were thrown
to them, they rctiied towards the lliore, intinia'i;i!;,
bv li-^ns, that tlu-v would rerurii the next nionu i/.
They accordingly i a:ne oil" in live or lix canoes, but .is
the Ihips were under (ail, they could not rcaLli, thoujii
tliey fulluwed them tor lome time.
J'KINCF. WILLIAM'S S O L N 1).
3 E C T I O N L
SitusUon. Rcci'pi'u n fintn t'if Nr.iiv".. Tl.cir .ippnit.'.'i.c
iind Brh.iir'hr.
THIS inlet on the coail, ililliniMiilhrd by C'ft.'^n
(W'tk under the name of I'rihce William's Sound,
ii in the latitude of 5(y dejj. 3; iiiin. norrh. fie alio
gavethe place where the (hips Reliilution and Odiovery
rook lip taeir llaiion, ilie appellation ot -^111153 Corner
Hav. •
When our people tirft entered the Bay, tliree of the
natives I ame ofl' in two canoes, two men in one, and
one 111 the other, being the number that each canoe
could t irry. 1 he men h.ul each a Hick of the lengtli
of aliuut tl.iee feet, with the large leathers, or wings of
biriK, laliened to it. Tiiele they t'reqiiently In Id up,
probably as tokens of pe.icf. 'I'he treatment thele
three received induced many others to vilit the lliips,
in both great .uid fmall canoes. Some of them ven-
tured on board the Kelolution, though not before fome
of our people had llepped into their boats. Among
thole who came on boaid was a middle-aged man, who
Was a'ttrwards found to be the chief. His drels was
made of the (kin of the (ea-otrer, and he lud on his
head a cap, embellillu d witli (ky-blue glal's beads. He
a|ipearcii to value thel'- much more than our \\\\\'v glafs
beads. Any kind of beads, however, leemed to be in
high elHmation amon:^ ihclL' people, who readily give
in exch.!nge for them whatever they had, even their
fine (ea-otttr (kins.
Iron was a great obiert, but they ablblutely rejefted
fmall lilts, and wanted i^ieces nine or ten inches long
at lead, and of the breidih of thrice or lour !in|vis.
They retained but little of that article, as, by this
time, it wis become rather (carce. The points of liime
of their Ijicars weie of this metal, others were of cop-
per, a id a few were of bone; of which lalt the points
of their arrows, darts, iXc. were formed.
A M E \< I C A.
■1'7
1 he chief coul-.l not be prevailed upon to v.-ntiirc
Ix.Iow the upp'er deck, nord'dJ!- a.iil his ompaniiiis
continue I'k-j; on board. V.'hil.- they were on tioard it
w.u, iircertiry to waah them n.nv'wly, .ns they forjpi
minii'd'd .in incl:.'v.iri"ii (i'r rhieving. At length,
w!:en they li.'.d been thne or t.nir hours along fide rhc
R'l iliih in, they all i];itted her, and rep.iire.i to the
Dii'.verv, whicli l!iip none of them ind 'jetiire been
on 1)! ard cf, except one mi:i. who came from Ivr at
tliis verv time, and imnau!..^^., r'urned to lu r, in
com; a;iv ivi-'i the otl^ers.
'1 iiC r.arives, foon after quifing the Djcvvery,
made tliiir way towards the boat th.i was cmpl yed ia
louiiding. The officer who was in her obfervii .■ r'leir
approach, returned to the lliip, and all the caiv ei .'ol-
l.iwed !,im. The crew of tiie boat had no (ooncr re-
paired on board, le.iving in her, bv way of guard, two
of their n'lmb'.T, tl'.,:n Icveral of the na'i^es llcpptd
into her, f^ine of wluim prelcnted their Ipcars betiiit;
tlie two men, while others loled the rope by which (he
was fattened to the (liip, and the refl were fo daring as
to attempt to tow her awav. But tlie moment they
law our people were preparing to oppofe them, they
let her go, (Irppcd out of her into their own boat-,
and n.aile ligns to j;erlu..de tliem to lay down their
ar!;i^.
The man already mentioned as having condiiified his
countrymen from the Relolution to the Difcoveiy, had
liill been on board of the latter, wliere looking down
all the h tchways, and t)bl'erving no one except the olli-
cer of the watch, and one or two others, he doiibtlcU
imagined that tlie i;;iglu be plundered with eat'-, p.ir-
cicuiariv a^ llie was liationed at tome dilhir.ce from thi
Rl folutiini. It was iin.inelo'n.iiily watli thii i!"i!-it that
the natives went off to lier. Several of tiiem went on
board without the leall Ciremonv, and diMwing tlieir
knives, made (i;;ns to the olllci-, and the other ptoplc
upon deck, to keen off, and beg.-.n to li^arch |i)r j'lun-
der. The tirll thing tiicy l.ud hoi, o,' was the ruiklcr
of one of the boats, wi-.tch tiiey .;.. mediately tiirew
ovrrl'iMiil to tiiutc' of tlieir pariv who had cor,:;iu;ed in
the c.ii'.ois. But bjl.ire thty ha.l time to tiiid aii.'ther
oiiiei.'t that (Iruck their fancy, the lliip's crew were
al.irmed, and many of them, armed with ciit!.;'li.'<i,
came upon deck. On oblerving this, the pKir.derers
all liieaked oft" into tlitir canaes, with evident , narks of
indili'erence.
I'rom tlie above ciiciirnnances it m.iy real'i.'-.ahlv bs
infirrn-d, that thele people were not acquainted widi
fire-arms; lor iiad they l;no\vn any thing of their i (Vi cl,
they would by no means have ventured to attempt
carrying olF a boat from under a llii|)'s guns, in the facii
of upwards of an hundred men ; fur moll of the Ri:U>-
lution's people were looking at them at r.'ie very inll.inc
of their making the attempt. However, they were left
as ignorant, in this particular, as they were found;
tor they iieitlicr law or heard a nrjiket liicd, except at
birds.
S F. C T I O N 11.
Pnfoiii, D)ef>, Canoe, Wer.fcns, Utcnfi'.i, l\,\l,
THF natives lecn by our vovagcrs were, in general
o( a middling liature, tliough many of them
were under it. They were (ijuare, or (Irong-chclled,
with ihdit thick necks, and large broad vifages, whiJi
e molt liitiiro-
wtre, ti.r the moll jurt, rather llat. The
portioned part of their bodies ajipeared to be their head-,
which were ot great magnitude. Th.;; teeth were of
a tolerable whitenels, broad, well let, and equal in
li/e. Their notes had full round points, turned up v.t
the tips; anil their eyes, though not fmall, were Icarce-
ly [Moportioneil to the largtnels of tluir laces. They
lud black hair, which was (Irong, llrait, and thick.
I'heir lirards were, in general, thin, or deficient; but
the luTs glowing about the lips of tliofe who hasl
flicm.
I
I
f«
. n
A N-IW, ROVAT. .NO AIITII|-Nn.- <V,VHM o; IMVl irAI. • I OGB.'.iMIV.
n.
I .
I'f
if.
I
468
t'lrin, were I)ri;Uy or llilT, an i oftrn of .1 liruwi'ini en
lour, aiul limit- of the tliKny men luil l.iiii', iImiL,
Ur.iic btan.l>.
Very fi-.., h.)we-. er, conlJ In- laid to In- Iiaivirume,
thotiyli tUtir i-ouiiti-naiurs, in j;i-iitTal iiulic.iti-.i
^ranl•.llr^^, vivacity, and gn'id n.itiirc; yrc Ionic ol
tlicin llicvfi! ;i iclcrvc ai.d liillinnrli. m their alpcit.
'i he f'.ri-s cilf'Wi ot' the wointn \n-re ai;rerab!i- ; .iml
niaiiv < t'uieii!, but principally the vouni;:er ones, n.it;ht
c.i'i y be ili.lini^;uil!',cJ troin the ether Jtx, by liie Upe-
ii)r dilicaty of ihtir features. 'Ihe compkxi Jii ot
ibmc of the females, and of the iliildren, was iWn'e,
without any niixf.n.' ol led. Miny of [he nien, v!i"iu
mir pet pie law nakid, had rattier a Iwarthy eail, v. hich
\va^ llaKely the tlhrt of any Uain, as it is not ti.e.r
ciilVmi t'> paint their bodies.
The men, women, and children, of this I'ninJ, are
nil ihatlitd in t!ie Urn? m.mner. Their ordinary diels
i- a fort of ilole Irock, or rather robe, wliich foinc-
times reaches only to the k-iees, but generally vioun to
the an.les. !t has, at lae upper part, a iiolc luil liit-
ficiently large to athiiit tl.e lieail, uirh llceves teaehint;
to the waiil Thefc frociis are compoied of the Ikiiis (.(
Various animals, fikh a^ the grey fox, racoon, pine-
martin, li:a-tjtter, leal, &.C. and they are comnioniy
wnrn V, iih the luiry fide outwards. Some ot the na-
tives have thtir frocks made of the fl..ins ot lowls, uitli
oalv the down left on them, which they pluc upon other
li.bilances. One or two were leen with woollen g.ir-
liiuitj. At the learns, where the dilf'crcnt iTvins arc
Jewed t"g! thcr, they arc ulually adorned with tringcs
<T t. dials of narrow diont^s, cut out of the i.me Ikins.
'I'liere is .( fjrt of Cape or collar to a few of them, and
ibme liave a houd ; but the other is the moll cutb mary
1 rm, and appears to c^vr'^itite their whole df .s in
f.iii '.,k,;.iur. rhry put over this, when it is rainy,
another frork, uiaui. with fbine defzree of ii gcnuity
front the inui'ines of wh.-.le.s or of fome otlier Urj;c
animal, prep.'.ed with llich Hall, as to refemble, in a
great mealure, our gold-b'-rrers leaf. It is formed lo
as to be drawn tii^ht rrmnd tiie neck; and its lleeve^
t-xrmd down to the wrill, round whicli they arc l.tiKiied
witr, :; iirii;;'. W'h^n they are in t.'ieir canoe.-., thi-v
draw the ll<irts uf tliis I'luck over the rim ol tiie hole in
whicii thiV (it, fo that the water is [jr-r.-ented iruiu
entering. At the lame jnie it keeps the men dry tip-
ward', i fir n.) -.v.tter can. penetiaie througli it. It is
apt to i:r:,i k or bi>'.\k, if it is not conllaiuiv kept iiioisl.
'i'his frock, as veil a^ the common one made of Ikins,
is nc.uly limilar to the diels of the natives of ( ireenl.md.
Some of tiiem wear a kind of Ikin ilockings, reaciiing
i-.alt way ii|i tlitir thighs, l-'ew of them are without
mitten^ lor tiitir liands, formed from the Ikin-j of
hears paws, '['hole who wear any thing on their heads
refembir, in this particular, the people of Xcjotka,
having high tr'incated, conical caps, rompoled of
lir.'.w, and ioincfi;i-.es o: wocd.
The hair of the men i> commonly cropped round the
forehead an;', neck, but the females fulfer it to grt.w
lai-..I. The grcttclt parr of them tie a lock of it on the
crouc, wi-.iic a few club it behind, after our method.
huth the men aaJ womc.i [Kiioiate their ears with I'e-
vcral lioles, ub^iit the outer and lower part of the edge,
wlierein they fui'pend fhiali bt.nchc; of beads. Tliev
alio peif(;ratc the /'tfi(7)i of the nofe, tiiouj^h which
they often thriiil the quill leathers of birds, or httle
bcndin;'_ornaT.e:'ts, ii-.tdc of a tubuloiis Ihelly li.b-
fliince, llrun^ 0,1 a llilfojrd, of the ienpth ot thn-e or
fin:r in' hes, v.h'.cii give them a ridicukais and grc:(-!(]iie
apj-eaijnce. i',::t the moll extraordinary oriuur.ental
faflioii, and which is adopted by iome of the natives of
htith i'.-xe?, is liieir haviiv; the under lip cut quite thro'
lengdiways, lather below the fwelling part. ^i::^ inci-
lion frequenuy 'Ncreds t\'.o inches in lengih, and, ei-
ti <-r bv its M;:tLial rctrawion while the wound is Hill
frcdi, or i>y t!:e repetiticii of f,me aitilicial manage-
iiien% a:i ires the apjKarance and ll.a|)»- of lip-, and
bctoiii.^ I.hicieiitly laig.; to adn.it the tongue tlirough.
4
This happened to be th • call- when a pcriin, with liis
under lip iMU- Iht, was lirll lecn by one of oir l.»ilors,
uho iinme-.'iatviy er.laimed, that the man luui two
nioiid.., wi.itii, iii'.'c-.d is gnatly relt-mlikd. They
lix in this ai.ituia! n;oi>ili a flat, narrow kind ot oriia-
nieni, m.i le pvirHipally 01. t of a f^lid Ihill or lione, cut
into ;iii,;!l n.iirow picc«.s, like lei. lii, aimo!U!i.wn to tlu;
b.ii'e, 01 il.itl\ p.tri, which ha>, at each end, a 1 rojiCt-
i.ng bit, that Icivrs to Uippoit 1; when |M.t into i!ie di-
vided l;p, the tut part ih'.n appearing oiituaius. Some
of ihrin onlv perlorare the lower lij) into fep ir.^.te holes :
on wlrcii occaiion the ornament conlids uf the f.imc
iiumh r of liiliiiict llieily Ihids, the pu'ints of which art;
thrull tluinigh ti-.eie iicles, ami tl'.iir hi ails a['pear
witiiin the lip, not i.nhkc; aiiothtr i.)v< ot teeth utulcr
ih,ir natural ones.
r.elides the nat^-e ornaments of tht fe people, were
ohfervirit among 'hem many beads < I Luropean manu-
laiture, chielly of a p.ile blue colotir, winch aie hung
in their ears, or about their cajis, or are joiiietl to their
lip oinamenfs, whicli iiisve a little Ifdc t'lihed in each
of the piiints to whiJi they are lalUneti, and others tt>
them, tiii they l<)niei;mes even hang as i-ng as t!ie p.oint
of the chin. In this lall cafe, however, diey cannot
remove them with fuch facility j for, wi:h rif[cct to
tluir own lip-orn.imuiis, they cm t.dte thciii out witii
their tongue at plealu-i-. liiey likewile wear br.icelets
ofbcaiis, made t'f a fnellv I'.ibu.mce ; or others' of a fV-
lindrical firm, compoird of a fibllame reler'.bling
a;i.b(.r. They are, in gcicral, 10 toad ot" ornaments of
Iome kind or other, that thty fit: ai-.y tiling in their p-er-
forated lip; (or one ot them app,eared with two iron
nails proicding like piongs Iroin it* and another one
attempted to put a large brali, button into ir.
The men often p.iint their faces of a biack c lour,
and of a brii'Jii red, and ff.n-.etinies of a blaill) (jr K-adeii
hue, but not in any. regi;!,ir figure. The woman
pu.i'-ture or flain the chin with blatk, that comes to a
point in each ol the ir cheeks -, a t ullom (imilar to which
is in vogKc among tile Greenland fenriles. Th.eir bo-
liiei are not jiainted, which may prob.ibly he ov, ing t)
the Icarcity of maiei ial-. fiir that puriHile ; all tiie colours
wiiic'i they lirought for tale being in very lin.ill tpian-
titics. (.;//,'« fVr;; i,l;;Vrvei, upon ti,e whole, that ia
no couniry lie liad ic.n l.ivages wl.o tike more pains
^haii thcie do to ornaiiient, or rather to disfigure, their
peiiO'...
Tiicir canoes are of two forts, the one- large anil
open, tlie other fmall anid covered. Tlic larger re-
(eniMe, in their conllruction, the great or woman's
boat ol Greeniaiitl, with no other liiHerence than in the
((jtm ot the liead and lit rn, particularly of the former,
wiiii h is fomewli..t like that of the hc.ivi. The framing
coniills of flender | ieces fif wood ; antl the oiithde is
compoied of the ikins of feals, or rather Ii a anim.lls,
liretched over tlic wood. 'I he fniaiier canoes are
made of the fame f;rm and mateii.ils with thole of the
Klqiiimatix and (ireenlandcrs, antt curved on the fore
part like the head of a violin.
Many of their fpcars arc headed with iron, and their
arrows are generally pointet! with bone. Tlieir larger
darts are tiirown by means of a piece of wood about a
foot long, with a fmall groove in the mi.ldle, wiiKh re-
ceives the dart: at tlie bottom is a hole for the recep-
tion of one linger, whicli enables them to gralp tlic
piece of wood much lirmer, ami to throw witii greai;r
(ince. I'or defenlive armour tliey have a fott cf picket,
or ccat of mail, f m,ed of laths, fallened t<vetlur with
finews, which renders it very ilexible, thougii it is in
dole as not to admit a dart or arrow. It fervcs only to
cover the trunk of the body, and may not iinpropcily
be compared to the llays of women.
Our vovagers luul not an opporttinity of lieinj?, any
of the haiiirations of tliele people, as none of them
dwelt in the bay where our ihips anch.oied, or where
.my of them landeil. With relptttl to their vkmieflic
iitenfils, they broughr, in their canoes, foire rounil and
oval wooden dilhes, rather lliallow j and otiitrs nf a
lyliralricil
^A
MIV.
Th n, wiili Ills
ot o'.ir lAilorsi
111.111 huJ twu
inlilid. They
kliiii <Jt oriu-
II or liinii', iiic
I !U!..VMi to the
lu), u j.r()ji.ct-
.t inro [lie lii-
M aius. Sonic
il-p.irnte holt's :
I uf thf fame
's ol vJiich are
hiai'i-i appear
ot tttth u.'ulcr
: pen; li-, uere
jroptjn iiianu-
IikIi arc liung
jo!i)f J to their
I'llik-Li in catii
aiui ethers to
•iig as t!ic point
T, thi y cannot
vi;!i riljc/t to
thciii mil witii
\u-ar hracfiets
others' ot a f v-
Mie rciiT'.bling
i)t oniaiiiCiits of
injj ill their per-
with two iron
nd anotJKT one
') if.
* black CI luLT,
bl::i!]) or ii'ajcll
The woinaii
li.u conits to a
funilar tt) wliicli
fs 'I'I'.cir bu-
lly he ov. ir.^i t)
; all tiic Colours
.ry liniU ijii.iii-
:' whole, that ia
ike more pains
(Jibiigiirc, thtir
one large and
ri'.c firjitr re-
at or xvom.in's
ciice than in the
^ of the former,
. 'I'lic traming
.1 the oiitfuie ts
her lia anim.lL>-,
iier canoes arc
ith thofe ot tiic
veil on the fore
I iron, and their
. I'lieir lart^er
f wood about a
i'lille, wiiith re-
.' (or the ntep-
m to gr.iiji tiie
ow witn gieaivr
■ a lii; t <''t jacket,
id to^',rthir \\nl\
though it h fcj
It Irrves only to
not iinpropeily
ty of I'c-cin;?; any
' none of then*
loicd, (I V here
o their vioiiieflic
foii'f roi'n<l and
and otiicrs nf a
cyliuiiriral
/ .U.LV OF
n
R/.XCF. )VlLLfAMS SOI
wn
■*
r^=-
r^i\
' '.?Sfc*-i !i. - ■ -.. -
/
■^
■IS
I
'17;.'!/. /.A' /-;/-• Pfii yc /•: '^'/lijams s ocy /)
t'.*
X
K'eW DtSCOVERJE
cvlimlriral form, c
fiiU'il III oiiL- jncc
our clii') boxr*, I
thoiitM 1 tlie bciiun
w.mkI. Others wi
vk-^AV. tif^iirf, no
witUoiit any liaiuUt
|H)lkl')fa pifccof
were fomt-tiiiKs ii
of little r<)ii.irc bat
exterior frocks, ci
fcatlitrs iiitrrwovc
Ic-vrral vci V tint:
nuilc out «l tluin,
'I'luy iiki\Nifc bn
ciivirs, i!.L\jin-rol
hold water, anil a
«;f the Itiif'ili off
lhi|}eil, whicli ^^f
f mluUiihed with (
lie.uls. Our peof
w< re inrenilcd nu-
ill vmcr.iui.n, as
ami rtl.itions ;ini
pofe. Tluy Iwvi
tJirec hoo[i^, or t
crolii-bar fixed in
To thcic they li)
with thrcatis, wli
noif.', anil thns i'
loniriv.ince ii |"
bird at Kinq Geo
It is uncertain
fraiiu-i of ranoc!
ferve i among the
what rclembling :
the I'aciHc Occ<
iron knives, fonii
ftr.iij^ht, and liim
tiles, with the bl
knives (>' anothc
length, ihaped, i
with a ridge towa
ihraths of iV/mb,
\mder their robe
them only as wej
apfilie i to d.ifTere
Upon the v.h,
the natives of tills
a country almoll
the comparative
work, with, it aj
and invention, i
lead eiiual to an)
'I'he food tlie>
animal, either n
of tlie former, t
of bear's flclh.
root, eitlier bale
Some of our pc
ftance which the
)pine bark. Tli
for, in tlieir can
fels, which they
nor of eating is
took care to rcn
food i and thou
fat of fome fea r
fully into mouth
ancc, always ch
kept in excellen
With lefpeft
this foui.d, it ii
iinderfloud, per
which tlieir wor
lift the fame w(
it was the opini
that if they li
'''^■,- No.
Kew DiscovERrn.]
NORTH A M r. U I C A.
4^?
cvlindriral form, conlilcrably ilcrpfr. Tiir fiJrs (on-
fnlcil 111 one piece, lu-iit iduikI, .ifror tliL* iii.iii: r dl
our chill bnxrs, hut tliick, anl rif.ulv t.ilhuiJ with
thoii;;' i the iMittotn. lH:iii[; lixtcl in »i:ii lin.ill |)i<!s ( '"
Wdoil. Others wiTC fi)in<:wli.it lin.iller, aiul uf .i u\nn:
cltrMfi': tiKUfi ""t iit'liko a lir;;i: oval l)iitccr bo.it,
vnthoiit aiiy handle, but llulliiwcr. Thili- wc;c com-
iK)levlofa |iifcc of wood, or loinc horny I'ubll incr, .ind
were rometiinrs neatly f.uve.l. 'I'hey hail a nuiiib'-r
o(" little lijiiare bu',*, male ni' the lii iie jj'it wi'h their
exterior (r.)cks, mrijully ailonml with very f;n. ill fil
feathers iiitrrw.ivi-n witii it, in wliiili weie containrii
levrral vciv line llnrwj, an.l biimile'. of linall loril,
nuilc oMt of ilitm, plaitril wi;h extra. irdinarv in^enuiiy.
They liki'Aifc brou^lit fome wooden models of tlieir
raivirs, iLeijiirrcil balketi, wrought lb rlolily a to
hold wjter, and a ronlulci ible number of finall innj^cs,
ijf the Icii'di of f Mir cr live in' Irs, eiihir of wnod, or
lliiD'eil, which v.erc lovrred wiili a piite of fur, and
cnUulliihed wiihinull f».',ithcrb, v.nh liiir fixeil on their
heads. Our people eoiik! f)t determine whether tli. k
were inrcnilcd nu-reiy a.x chiklrcii's toys, or were held
in vrner.i:i».n, as re; ii fentinjj their dcceafed friends
and rtlar.ons iind applied to fjine fiipcrlliuoiis piir-
pnfe. Tluy have ni.u-.y iiillriimrnts f irineil of two or
llirce hoop^, <ir Lor-.cr'iiuical pieces of W(jovl, having a
crols-bar fixed in tiic niiilJIe, by wlucli they are hel 1.
Tij tiiclb tlu-y lix a nuiulKr o( ilriid barnaclc-lhells,
with threads, wliirli, v. I, en i1„d»en, produce a loud
noife, ant! thus fcrve the piiriioll- of a rattle. This
ciMUtivance is pi-jbably a IliblUtute for the rattling
bird at Kin;^ George's Sound.
It is uncertain with what tools their wooden utcnrds,
frames of canoes, &.C. are made, thf; only one ob-
ferve I among them being a l.ind of Hone adze, fome-
what relembli;;g thole of Ori'.hcitt, and other illands in
the I'acitic Ocean. They have a great quantity of
iron knives, lomc of which arc rather i urved, others
ibaight, and l()me very fmall ones, fixed in 1 ingidi li.ui-
tlles, with the blides bent upwaids. 'I'hey have alfo
knives <>' another lore, fometiines alinolt two teet in
lei-.gth, ihaped, in a great iivaUire, like a <!a^gir,
vitli a rldtr-" t'i\''.iids tiie luidjle. 'I'licy wear thilc in
Ihraihs of i1-/inh, hung by a tii jiig round liieir necks,
iimler their robe or tnjck. It is probable that they ulc
them only as weapons, and that tlieir other knives are
ap|)lied to difTerent purp -fes.
Upon the uli.'le, confidering the uncivilized (late of
the natives of tl-.l.> Ibund, tir-ii northerly firuatim amidit
a country alinoll continually covered with Inow, and
the comparatively wretched material th^'y have to
■work wltii, it appe."S t!iar, with refpedt to tlieir II. ill
and invention, in all manual operations, ihcy are at
lead eqtial to any other peo[ile.
The food they were lien to eat was the flelh of fome
anirual, either roadcd or broiled, and dried Hfli. Some
of the former, tiiat was piircliafid, had the appearance
of bear's ikih. Tiiey lii^ewife eat a larger l()rt of fern-
root, either baked, or drelVed in fome other method.
Sonic of our people oblerved tlicm eat freely of a fub-
ftance which they imagined was the interior part of the
jiine bark. Their drink, in all probability, is water ;
for, in their canoe?, they brought fnow ia wooden vef-
fcls, which thvy fwallowed by mouthfuls. Their m.^n-
ner of eating is decent ami cleanly, for tluy conllantly
took care to rcmovt any dirt that micht adhere to their
food; and though tliey woukl Ibmetimes eat tl;e ra.
fat of fome fea animal, they did not fail to cut it care-
fully into mouthfuls. Their pt rfons were, to appear-
ance, always clean, and their utenfils, in general, were
kept in exi-ellent order, as w-ere alf > their boats.
\\'ith lefpefl to the language of tlie inhabitants of
this liiuiid, it aj-pearcd to our pet^ple dilficult to be
imderdood, perhaps owing to tiic various figniiications
which their words bear; lor they fecmcd frciiuently to
ufc the fame word on very dilTcrent occafions ; though
it was the opinion of the fpeculative part of our people,
that if they had a longer intercourfe with their
,^, No. 43-
this miglit probably have provcil to be a niillake on
their part.
.s i: C T I O N' IM.
Uf.'Jh, lit.h, Fijh, l'rr,f.,M,j, and MilnU, cf Prlret
\Vil!ui'ii'i Sound. (A'lijdUrts u/tcuce the Aativtt
piihuri- Bfi'di and Ircn,
O' 'R voyagers rotiKI derive no otiier knnwl dgf rf
ihe .iiiimds of thi . part of ihr w rid, thaT what
t.iry obciiiitd froMi tlit 'L.as that were brought by the
natives for lale. 'I'hrle were rliiclly of bears, common
and pine mirtins, fca-eitrers, I'eals, ncoi nr., fnall
ermines, (()XtN, an I the whitilli cat or lynx. Among
thele variolic (kins the moll common were tliole of ra-
(■'» )ns, martins, and fci o'rer , which cc^nrtitutrd the
ordinary drcf> of thefe [jcjple. The Ik'ns of feal. anil
bears were alfo prettv c unnon ; and the former were,
in gene,al, vdii.e, brs'ititully I'poitul with bhck, or
fiiiietimes (imply white; and many of the bears hce
were of a dark brown hue.
Here is the white bear, of whofe (kins fhe na-
tives brought feveral pieces, an., fome cmi,'!'"'r Ikins
of cubs. There is alio the woi>lveriiu', or quick havch,
whofe fkin has very bright colours; an I a larger freries
of ermine than the common one, varied witfi brown,
and having fcarcelv an/ black on its tail. Tnr fkin of
the head of fome very large .inimal w.ib lik:*v^ife brought
to out people, but they could not poittiveiv decide
what it was; though, from the colour and ihaggincfs
of the hail , and its not reU-mb'.mg any land a.-.imal,
t'n , coniecluied that it might be that of the male ur-
line feal, or fca-bear. One of the moll heautili! fkins
that came under their obfervati'ii was that of a linall
aiiim.d, near a foot in Kngtli, of a tjrown dl i"r on
the l)ack, with a number ol oblcnrr whitilh fpecks,
the fides hting of a bloiili aili colour, witli a few of
thele fpecks. The tail is r.boiit a third part of the
length of the body, and is covered with wliititii hair.
Thi-. aiiiiiial is the fame with thir calle.l by Mr. S'x'h-
lin, in his account of the N'cw No'-thern .'\rchipelago,
the fp-ticd field- moufe. B'lt whether it was really of
the in j'.ife kin 1, or the fqtiirrel, could not be deter-
mined fir want of an entire Ikin.
0( birds f>und here were the halcyon, or king's
fi.lier, the fliag, the white headed cigle, and the hum-
ming bird, which often Hew about the lliij>s as they
lay at anchor. The water fowl fccn were black 'iti-
pie>, gcefe, a fmall fort of ducks, liiipc;, groul'e,
plovers, &c. &c. There is a fpecies of the diver pe-
culiar to the place, and of the fize of a partri.lge.
The chief filli brought by the natives for lale were
torik and halibut ; and our ]ieople caught fxne fcul-
pins about the (liip, with llar-filli of a piirpli:}i hue.
that had fixteen or eighteen rays. I'he rocks were al-
moft dellitute of lliell 'illi ; and the only other animal
of this tribe obfcrved, was a rcddilli crab, covered with
very large fpincs.
Kew vegetables of any kind were feen. The trees
that chiefly grew about this found were the Canadian
antl fpruce pine, fome of which were of a conliderable
fize.
The metals feen here were iron and copper, both of
waich, but more particularly the former, were in fuch
abundance, as to form the points of numbers of their
hiuces and arrows. I'hc ores which they made ulc of
to paint themlelvcs with, were a brittle, unifluous, red
ochre, or iron ore ; a pigment of a bright blue, and
black le.ul. I'.ach of thele fcemcd to be very Icarce
among them. Copper the!'; people, perh.ii.is procure
by their own means, or, at moll, it pall'es to them
through few hands; for when our [^eoplc oll'ered anv
of it by w.iy of barter, they ufed to exprei's its being i.i
fullicicnc plenty among them by pointing to their
weapons, as if they meant to intimate, .that, as they
had lb much for th-'r own, there was no occafion for
incrtafing theii ..3ck,
6 C JIJ
H
-tl
«•
•if
'r'
A NKW. ROYAI. anh AUTIIKNTIC SYSTRM or .MVFR-AL GI-OOR Al'l IV.
ir, liow.-vcr, the n:i'.ivts of tiiis iiilfC arc furniliie.l
\vltli 1-iiropcan CommnJ.itics hv im-ins ot" tiuiii tiTHic-
liiatc tr.iuk t., th'- e.i,;-rn oull, ii ii nitlx r rcmark.ihle
th,it th.v iV.o.ild nsvti, ill rfturn, liiivc lupplicd ihc
iiK'rr in'Miivl IikIi.ws ^^i;h loiiK of tlicir Ici-otUT ikub,
v,\wU wcuild Miidoubtaily have ai^pc.ired, at loiiic tiiiK-
ur dtlier, in tlic cnvinms of 1 ludlon's ISav.
The natives of this place iimll doiihtU-K have recciv-
rl from foine more eivili/.ed naiioii the beads and iron
found anions them. Our vov.iacr:. were ahiioll cer-
tain tint
they were the firll iMii.iiKans with whom they
had
!ia
.! a direct coiniininieaiion ; and it rcmamtd
iw he d.acrnv.r.ed from what tp.iarter they had procured
t!ude manufactures hv iiuermediate conveyance. It is
ino.-e tiian 'irobahie that they iud obtainetl thele arti-
,-.ro'.:!'h ti'.e intervention o
if the more idand tribes,
either from the fettlcments ab(juc I ludfon's Bay, or
thole on t'ue lakes of Can.ida ; iinlels the fuppolition
can be admitted that the llufTians, h'om Kamlch.itka,
have already e.^:tendcd tlieir trallk to this dilfance -. or
tliat the na-ives of ti-.eir moll eallerly iilands carry on
an intercourfe along tiie coail wi'li the inhabitants of
riince William's bound. ^
•Jhere arc twj pail-.-es iiiU) the inf t tliat leads to
Prince William's Soun.l, feparated from eaJi other bv
an ifund that extends i3 Ica-ies in the diredion of
fomli-wal and r.orth-eaO, to whitli ( ..7 /.■;,■/; Cvd: -.ive
the apiirllation of Montague Ulai.d.
Ill thi:. channel aa- feveral iliands. Thole ritup.tc in
the ei-.tran-e next the ojxn fea are elevated and rocky,
'i'lvle tl-.at arc within are low; and as tin v were totally
fiee from \M^--', "aid covered with wood, and verdure,
thev were denominated Green Iliands.
A, (,■.•■■..•(;; Cc;,v was purfuing his voyage, feeing the
ap-.araii'ce of a final, became to .mchor. Two ca-
n.)t:., v.i:h a man in each, th-n came oif to the Ihip.
It coll tlicm (oiiie labour to paJ.dle acrol', the llrong
ti.ie; and they hclirated a little before they dared ven-
ture to approacli. One of them wa* very loquacious,
but to r.o 1 urpofe, f^r the J-'.uropeans could not under-
Hand a fvilable he laid. While lie was talking, he
kept cjiituiuallv pointing to the lliore, which was lup-
pofed to be an invitatit.n for our peopJe to go thitlier.
(,.,";,;..' (.,. /J madediema prefent of a lew trillcb, u.'iich
he conveyed to them from the quarter gallery. Thele
■p.eoplelUonglv re fembkd thole leen in Prince William's
Suuiul, both in dreU and perfon. Their canoes were
alio cunilrudcd in the fame manner. ^ One uf thele vi-
fuors kerned to liave no beard, and liiJate was paintrd
uf a iet black: the ether, who was older, was not
painted, but he had, a large beard, and a countenance
like the common fort of people in the found. .Snioak
was feen upon the fiat wellern Ihore, whence it was in-
ferred, that thofc lov.er Ipots were the only places in-
h„bi:ed,
COOK'S R I \ I . R.
r /'- .■,■••■*.■ I'f fiid Ci'iM.'M- r:i;i'cc>:t : -anih iw. Acfci'.Kl rj
M:
, Ciij!',H(', ].iiii^U('^c,i^'c. 0/ ihe Sutn.i.
CAfn'.MN'COOKobfrved, in his progrefson this
I .,al^, t!iat the water, till he arrived ar a certain
Ipot, int'-.el.ititude of 6j deg. 8 niin. retained an ci|ual
degree of laknefs, both at higli ami low water, but here
the matks of a liv-er evidently appeared. I iavi:-.;; an-
tiiore'.l uiider a ; oir.t of land, the w.iter wliich vv.is taken
up w.:s iii;:./h more frclh than any our peojile had tall-
Cil, wlie;,.-" t u-y roiuluded that they we;e in .1 laige
rivir, .uid I..)! in a Ibait, whiili had a comnuinication
w ii t!)e northern h.v-. Having proceeded tlius far,
il.ty '.vi re anxious t ) ha .'e llronger proois, and iii-ri.f ii<_-
wei^lied iwth the iiood, and drove up uidi the t.dc,
havin.g Init little wind.
1'. >• tide ib very conful'-rable in this ;ivi-r, and
f^rerdy adills to faLilr.aie ihe iiavigati(jn of it. In the
llrcuiii it is liii'.h watei between two and three o'clock,
ijn the iM's oi the new and full moon , .md the tide riles
between three and f ur fidioii^. 'I'l.c nr^'ith ''f icc
river I'cing m a lorner of the coalt, the ocian lorccs
the no.;d into it by both Ihiires, whieii fw. lis ilic tuk;
to a greater height than .it oilier paits ot this coal!.
As t!ie Ihips were iiniler fail, they were attcnd< d by
m.iny of the n,uive.s in one larqe canoi-, and lev<ial
fmall ones. 'I'he latter iiatl only one perf.n on board
each of them; and I'ome of the paddles had a blade ac
each end. Men, women, and thildren, v.rre contain-
ed in the large canoes. At lome dillance from tiie Ibip
thev exhibited, on a long pole, a kind of kathern Irock,
wluch our [leople interpreted to be align ol their peace-
.ible intentions. They conveyed this Irocl; i;uo the lliip,
as an acknowdedgemeiit f()r lo'.ne trilles which ^.,■,.7^^;;'i
Covk iiad given them.
The perfms, drcfs, and rnnics of thele pcojile, re-
lembkd thole of Trince Willi.im's Sound, except th.u
the Imall canoes were not lo large as thoi'. ol the ibund,
and carried only one man.
Our people isartered with them for fome of th.eir fur
dreli'cs, m.ide of the Ikins of animak, particula'-lv
t!v)fe of lea-otters, martins, and l-.ares. Tlu-y alio
h.id a few of their darts, and a fupply of l.ilmon and
hali'.iiit, for wiiich they gave lome old clothes, be.id;,
and pieces of iron, in excjiange.
d'hc natives were already polTcirc! r,; l.irge iron
knives, and gl.ifs beads of a Iky-blue olour, lurli as
were leen among the inhabitants ot I'jinee W iiiiam's
Sound. The latter, as well as thole wh.ieh t.hey r;--
ceivetl from our people, thty fecmed to value highly.
But they were particularly earnell: in alking for large
pieces of iron, to wliich they gave the name of ,i;i-.'nf:
though with them, as well as with their neighbours in
the lound, one word feemcd to have many lignifica-
tions. Their language is certain!;' t!ie fune. The
words or.iiiiki!, ko:>i, antl Uiiidt:,;, and a lew others,
which we:e frequently tiled in I'rince Willi.im's Sound,
were alfo commonly tiled by this new tribe. After
palTing about two hours between the two ll'.ip% tiiey
retired to the wellern llif)rc.
Our people obferved that, at the I'jwell ebb, the
water at and near the furface of" the river, was perfectly
frelli i thougli it retained a conliderable degree of falt-
nefs, it taken tiecper than a fijot iielow it. There were
not only this, but many other convincing proofs of its
being a river, t'ucii as thick iiuidily water, low lliorcs,
trees and rubbilh of various kinils tloating backwarils
and fjrwards with the tide. Ccptjui Cock finding, from
divers obfervations, that all the low land which lie at
lirll imagined to be an idand, was one c, :itinued track,
from the great river to the foot of the mountains, tcr-
minaring at the loutli entrance of the eaflern branch,
he dcnomin.ited that branch the river I'urnagain.
C.ifui'.'i Cook obfir\cs, that the time fpent in the
ilikovery of this great ri\er [called alterwards, I'v the
direiiion of Lord Sandwicli, Cook'' RiverJ oughr not
to be regretted, il it lliould hereai;er prove ulclul to
the prek'nt, or any liitiire age. But the delay thus oc-
cafioned, wasanelii-ntial lol;-. r voyagers, w!;o liad
an uh\ct\ of gri-.iter magnitu. .!i view. I'lie IcalLin
uas t.ir advanced; and it was now cvide;it tint the
continent of North .America extended much larther t<»
tiie well than they liatl re.iloii to exp'cft from the molt
apjiroved cliarts. C'/s'.'/t Ccvk, however, li.id the f i •
tislacdoii :o retk'ifl, tliat if he had not ex.iniii.eil thi.,
v:-ry l.irgc river, fpeculative fabiicators of geoj'iaphy
would h.ave ventured to alkrt, that it I, ad ,1 communi-
cation with the lea to uic north, <ir with I lu.llon's or
Ballin'.s Bay to the e.ill ; an I it wcnild piobably have
been marked, on future iiiapa ot tlie world, with mucii
ap-pearaiKC of precilion.
Lieutenant King was f> r,t widi two .1:11, ed l>()ars,
with orders from Ci/'l I'l Gok to land 0:1 i!ic I'lutli-eall
lideol the river, where he was to dii; l.iy die ll.ig, and,
ill his Majelly's n.uiie, to rake polkll'nii of the country
atid the river. 1 le was alio onlere'l to bury a bottle in
the earili, containing fume I'.nglilii coin of 177:, and
a paper, whereon vs.,;, wriucii tiie name, if ijn.- iliip^^
and
4-
I
Ki.w Discovi:
and the il ate of tl
peo|iK l.Kided was
Lieutenant Kin
on board, and gi
parti( uiar incideiii
faid, tlut on his :
20 of the natives
he fuppofed. 111!-;
tion, and to con^'
Seeing the oiiicei
i:ig mulT.ets in
tequelled (by exj
down. This wa:
t)ur party were j
lliey ajipearul to
I'he natives h
pieces oi'fielli la
I lialVd or.e of the
Imiiie.iiateiy Ihui
exceedingly hir|
Uk- in hicii con
ai^jxarcd, tliat
other weapons ii
}:rcund, accordi
and tf.e linl po
lome pi.;t<i, aid,
curr.mt bullies,
fdar.t in fio'^er t'
I'he fail's ha
and there anciio
lives, in canoe.*
wiris patted w
turiiing perlccli)
a great quantity
loxes, but only
people alio [lurc
They gave iron
tlicm in cxchanj
'I'he li|) orna;
than ar I'rince
through the nol
tonliderably loi
broidered v.ork
ami many other
Plying down
two miles belov
Point, tiie ihip'
tives, whoatten
tlieir comjiany
with them a i]
f iianged tor lo:
it was (irocureil
<A if fplit, and I
T; c niountai
riiteied the rive
w.is perceived, i
latitude is 6oile!
t..in n.irth oi Si
Uimnut, and on
It emits a wliit(
i;:l.lj:CA
ri\ er had a llri
to th.oli; who in
The points (
iron ; lome ol I
Th;:r fjiears re
kr.i.c.s, t.'rwhi
ble length, b.)
thing Ircn aiuoi
C or ;c-c"tiires
rive i,u :r lore
however, tliat
for til' V woi K
inch valu.ib!,; (]
A veiy bcm
tied on with th
out a northern
tain CO be b<i
■ \!'MV.
II;'-".!!!! cf ll'.c
liCl.lli t(iri'C;i
:u II', til'' tide
: ,i,L-(.:i;!.
iri.- .itrcl-.-li .i iiv
li.T, i'.ikI Ii'ViimI
■Clin on hv.ii'.l
s ii:i'.l a l)l.ulf ac
, Were (I'luain-
(■ (roni t'lc lliip
>l leathern tpKk,
of their prace-
)!'!; ir.rotin-- Iliip,
wl(i(.!i (\u:/>,'iiui
hell.' j-fople, rc-
ir.il, except ti;ac
ol tliL I'junj,
uiic of tl'.eir fur
, partici/l.vlv
. -lliey ailb
V fit l.ilmnn aiiJ
I lathes, be.ulv,
<: l.ir;.'e iron
."linii-, fii.-li as
f'liDte \\ iiii.ini'-;
\\f;ieli t.'iL-y re.
to vnliic hi;.;ti!y.
alkin:; (or l.'.'";/,c
name of ri "ir ;
ir n(i:;libours in
; niari;- fij^nilica-
the iiiiiie. Tlie
i;l a feu- others,
^N'illi.ini's Sonml,
ew tribe. After
L- t«u Ih.ip-!, tlity
I'jwcll ebb, tiie
■er, was perfectly
e d(-Tee of lalt-
it. 'I'liere were
i;;;; prooti of its
■"atcr, low lliorc;,
)atin2 backwartis
oo/i Hnding, (roin
and which he at
: c.:itinueil track,
' mountains, ter-
eaflern branch,
I'lirnai^ain.
me Ij cnt in the
Iterwanls, l-y the
liiverj ouj'Jir not
• |)rove lilciul t(i
ie delay thus oc-
yagers, w.ho ha' I
L-w. 'I'lv; feal'j.i
cvi;le,".t thu tiu:
iiiuih lartlier t<»
:V from the molt
:ver, ha.l the Ci .
)t cx»niii;ed thi',
rs of lieopi.iphy
■.ad a coninuini
•ith I lu.lion'.s or
d piob.ibly have
url,!, uith iii.Kii
■•o atii.ed boars,
r.\ t.'ie I'luth-cail
;iy ihe !la^s and,
in of the loiiiitry
L>ury a bottle in
II of r;;;, and
nc of the ihips,
aiiJ
Nlw Dtsciv i::!II.s.]
K O K T II AM K R I C A.
471
i
toMr. Ki..^ J acioia.t, waslwan,] y,
and liii.i.t. It, however, produced
RV [Vive iron the preference to every thing oHercd
and the dare of the ditlov/rv. 'Hi'; point where our
people landed was named I'oin: PolfefTi'in.
I .Kiitenant Kin;;; having executed his orders rcturneil
on b i.ird, and gi-e intiiiiiation to (.'iif'hini Conk of the
p.irta ul.'.r incidents vdiii h had occurred on liiore. I le
laid, that on his ap'proac ii to the lliorc, he law iS or
20 of the natives wiih their arms extended; an attitude,
lie fuppofcd, meant to fii^nify their |)caccable dilpoli-
tion, and to convince him ihey were without wea|ions.
Seeini.^ the oiiiccr and iiis attemlants land, and oblerv-
1:11; niJlT-ets in their hands, they were alarmed, and
letjuellcd (by ex'preHive li^^n--) that they woulii lay thrin
i! )'.vii. 'i'his was iiunudiately comp'Hrd wuh, and iluii
our party were permitted to walk up to them, whin
ihey appeartd to be vi ry fociablc and chearhil.
11. e natives h;.d leveral dojijs with them, and a frw
pieces orfieHi lal'iion. A gentleman of our partv pin -
I h.:ftd or.e of the dogs, and, takin^^ it towards the tioar,
iiiiiiie iiaiely ihot it dead. At this the natives I'remed
c.xcc'^ii.nLdy lurpr;;:cd i ai.d not tianking themli 1m >
Uii: in flic ii company, walked aw.iy : btic it [nellniiy
a|>j-ea;cd, that they had coiaealed their Ipears a:,d
other weapons in the bullies c! fe 'vliind them. 1 he
^rcund, atconlin;:
and the loil po.sr
iuiiic ].;.;ei, akLi>, Lurch, and willows; loiiic role and
currant bulho, unci a little grals; but there was not a
plan: in Tn.^-er to be leen.
ill.' I'.iips having weij^^hed, flooi.1 to the wcflw.ird,
and ilicre anchorin:r. wcie vifited by leveral of the na-
tives, in canoes, wh<i bartered tin ir Ikins, and after-
w^r^ patted with their garnxnts many of them re-
tun. in.; perfectly naked. Am..ug others they brouL'ht
a great ijuantity ol the ll\ins ot whi:e rabbits and red
loxes, but only two or three oi thole of fea-otters. Our
jeoplealli) purchaled lome pieces ol halibut and falmon.
(li'.ni in exchange.
I'he li[) ornaments were lets in falliion among them
than ar I'lince \\ illiam". Sound; but thofe which pal's
tlirough the nole were more fiei|uent, and, in prnrral,
confiderably loncer. They h.ul, likewii'e, more em-
b:oidered k.ork on their garments, i]uivei'j knite -cafes,
aiul many other articles.
Plying down the river, and calling anchor about
two miles below a Ipot called l)y ('.,tjita:n d'ck the Bluft'
Point, li-.e ihips were again vilitcd by many of the na-
tives, who attende.i them all the morning ; and, indeed,
tiifir company w.is histhly exceptable, a;, they brou.ght
with tliem a tjuantity of line f.ilm-in, which they ex-
rhanged tor lome tnllcs. ."several hundred weight of
it w.;^ procured f )r the two Ihips, and the greatell part
</l r I'plit, and ready lor drving.
1 . c mountains now, for the firft time after the lliijis
fiiteicd the river, were tree iVom clouds, and a volcano
was perceived in one of thole on tlie wellern lide. Its
l.ititude is6udeg. 2; min. and it is the lull high moun-
t.iin north ol St. Augullin. '''he volcano is ne.ir tlie
tuinniit, and <in thu part of the m(<untain next the river.
Jt emits a white fnioke, l)ut lu) lire.
Ci:H,ui:G\k remarks, that all the people I'cen in this
river had a llriki.-.g rei'emblanre, in every particular,
to thole who inhabit I'lincc William's Sound.
'i'he points of their Ipears and knives are made of
iron: loine of the tormvr, indeed, are m.idu of copper.
'I'h; ;r fpears reli niMe tlie iiritilh Ijinntoons ; and their
kr.^.e^, forwhiih they h.uc Iheaths, are of a Ciiiirulera-
ble length. I'Xcepttiiele, and a few glal'-. beads, every
thing Iren atuongll them was oi their own manufacture.
Coi;rfhiies have beenllirmed (rom whence they ile-
rivc tiicir foreign aiiicks. It c.inn.it be fuppoled,
however, tiiat the Kullians have been amongll them,
for til \- woi Id not then liave been fien cloathetl in
inch v.duabL- (kins as ihol'e of the lia-ottir.
A veiy benclicial fur trade might cert.iinly be ear-
lied on uith the natives of this vail coalt ; but, with-
out a noiilurn [lalliige, it is too remote fijr Cjii.it Hii-
laiii to be bsiictitted by luch coaimercc. It lliould,
luiwever, be o'llcrvcd, tl;;u ahr.cf!; t!;r only vah.T.lilc
Ikins on this well lide of North .Vmerica, tve thofe of
the lea-otter. 'i'!.eir otiier (l<ins wcte el a ' 1 eiior
(jUality ; and it il.ould be fi."ther obkived, i'-, •.: tlii:
greater jj.ut of the Ikins wi.ich were pureli.d'.d ■' them
were made up ifuo garments. .Some (,>f t!
were in pretty good conditi^ui ; others
and all of them extremely loiii'y. R\i' .t (ki s are ifcd
by thele people only ('ur tloadiii'ii; their.fi ivc , il.iy,
p.-rh.ips, are not at the rroiibie nf dr'-lh'';' m'.pe ot'them
tlian they require (i^r this piiipolr. Tliif is jTob.iL-lv
the chief ciulc ot tlieir kiinng the aniiiu.ls. lor they
|'riiicij)aily rtceivc their f :;iply (jf fi-nd fr"m the leas
and riv<r^. IJi't if tlicy were once iiabitu.irf,. ro a con-
iiant tr.ide with loieigiifrs, fuch an irit'-rcoi.r!.- v.o'ilJ
incre.ile their wants, by acquainting them witli new
luxiirie.s; to be enabled to purchai'c which, ti.ey woi.ld
become more allidu.. lis in pn:ci:r;i'g lu;ns ; a plentilul
lupply ot which iniglit doubtlefs tjc irbtai.ied in tliii
countrv.
and ragge,! ;
I S L A
I) S.
SI". IIer.M'.ci^nm-.s lies in l.itituile jS d-g. 15 niLn.
north, and lo'jgitudc jc- deg. ^4 n;in. It ii
about fix leagivs in ciicumleicnce, and one of a tiullcr
o( illands that are barren and uianhabited.
TniNii V Ist.AM). The grcatefl extent of this ifiand,
according to Ccip'.ini Cook'^ account, is about fix leagues
in the dircftion of call and well. It has naked, ele-
v.ited land at each end, and is low towards the inkklle.
Its latitude is :,6 deg. ;6 min. north; longitude :c5
deg. It is diftant about three le.igues from the corti-
nent, between which rocks and illands arc intc riperlcd.
There Items nevcrthclel->, U be a good pallage, and
kite anchorage.
l-'ii(;(;\ Isi. \Ni) lies in latitude 56 deg. 10 min. and
longitude :02 deg. 45 min. and is nine milea in cir-
cumference. C.apLu.i Qc.tobl'ervcs that it is lb named
in the clurr, and thinks it reaf;nable to fui'pole, th.it
it is the illmd on which Beering, a l.niK,i;s Rulii..n i.a-
vig-,itor, h.'.d bellowed the lame appeliaticn.
Til-: SciiuM.v' ■\s Isi..\Mjs. This clufter ofillamis
begji in the longiiiule of 2co deg. 15 min. fall, and
extend about two degrees to the wcllward. They ere,
in general, high, bairen, and rugged, exhibiting very
romantic appearances, and abounding with rock-, and
elilTs. Tl'.ev ha\e leveral liays and Cv)Ves about tiiem,
and lomcfielh water llreams del'cend from tlieir elevated
parts; but the land is not embellilhed witli a fingle tree
or bulli. Tl'.elargtil of the group is cilled Rodiak,
and lies in 5 ; deg. 1 d min. north.
I lAi.iBri' Li.AM), fo called from its abounilini witii
the ti!h of that name, is fevcn leagues in ciixumleience,
and, excep,t the head, is low and barren. Seviial
Imall illinJs are near it, between which and tl'.e -.iiain
tlicre appears to be ;! jiarfige of tlie breadth of two or
three leagues.
Our navigators were kept at luch a dillance from thu*
continent by the rocki and bre.ikers, that they had .1
very dilliiu view of the coall between Halibut liland
and Rock I'oint. Tliev could, however, perceive the
111, (ill land covered wiili Inow, and particularly liim.-
hills, whole ekv.ited tops towered .ibove the clouds to
a moll (tupeiidous height. On the moll Ibutli-wellerly
of thele liills w.is li.en a volcano, which perpetually
threw up immenle coliunns of fmoke. T,;.. volcan.i
is at no great dill. nice from the coall, and i-. in t.'ic lati-
tiivleof .vfd, ;;. .f\\ min. north. Its figure is a complete
one, and tlie volcano is at the luiiiniit of it. Our
voyagers oblerved, that, lem.ukable ■l^ it ni.iy ap|>tai,
the wiml, at the height to which the Inioke of the vol-
cano role, otten moved in an oppoliie dirtdiun to
what ir did at fca, even in a liclli i^alc.
Captain
M
\\
lU
(: '
11,1
^
■f'-
^i
■i
r )
}
t. -
A NFAV, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M or UMVLRSAI. f.I.OGRAPIIV.
Cop'a:n d'ck t.ikes orcallon to obferve, tli.it it jvas
tvid'.iit, t'mm (iivus circimid.iiuT!-, tii.it tlit- Ruin.ins
lud lomf cniiimunicitioii witii tlic people of tlus f|)ot,
and (),irtiiul.iiiv iVivti tlis; foil..win,^. W'liiie our people
were lilliir./, t!.. y wire viritid by a man in a Imail ta-
lUiC, \\!i.) I'lmeVroin the large illancl. He iud on a
pair oi' ;'n.tn cindi ba-cches, and a jacket of black
cl;.th under the b-oik cC his own roiintry. He had
with him a -rev fox Ikin and fome Hilling implements ;
abb a b'adcier, in wl.ii-;-, was rnppofed to be oil, as hj
opened it, lir.ink a moodiUd, and th.cn deled it up.
His ie..'.i'ie.'- icrrmbled ciiofc if tiie natives of Prince
\Vi!;i,.:r.'s S:ji;nd, but l.e was perfedly free from any
kind of pai.-.t. 1 lis lip had been perforated in an ob-
hoiie di'.ccli 11, though at that time he had not any or-
nami-nt in ir. M.'.iiy i>f the wurd> frecjuenfly ufed by
ll-.c pe.iple cf the S(i;i,d were rej-eated to him, but lie
did n-ic appear to underlland any of them, owing, as
it V, IS imayacd, either t.) his iiinorancc of the dialect,
or the err. n.-oiis. pn nunciation of (;ur pe;)j)le.
Fn.nii il.fiibut IHar.d the Ihips p.roceedcd in various
direiflior,', bur molllv to the linithward, till at Icnjith
land preknred itfeli i:i even- dirtdion. I'hat t;) the
ib-utl) extended in a nd.^e of mountain.-, to tlie Ibuth-
welf, vdii'.h our v( va^ers aftcrv.ards found to be an
in.::d cJk'd
O O N A I, A S H K A.
S 1-. C T I O N I.
Ir.ty-iiif'i^-iv Ri ":(:>>•■'. Irtniiao wlh the K,!tirr<.
Di'fcnfiwn (7 f';.-;r Pirjoni, D:J(C,'? , Dirprjitirni,
D.-<f> ar.d Emfhw.f-L. ford. HclulUn'^ns. M:-
tlmdiifproiinnv;'; ' :re, rirnulurt. L'ti"Ji!>. Tcolf.
Ci.'viis. Im'^lr"' ".is for 1 •Jhm^ and HiiKifg. Mn-
IT ib remarked by diptain Cck, from obfervations
he nude up'm his firfl arrival at the Illand of Oo-
nalallika, tiut iliou[;h liicli of the natives as cine oil"
to the Ibi, .;, and ciiirijed in a little traffic with the
crews, Icmied rem.ukably ihv, it was evidait that
they were not unaojii.iintt cl with velftls refeir.bling, in
lame <!igrei., thofe in which our voyagers ikiled. He
adds, th'it their behaviour difcovcrcd a pulitencfs Ije
never ubfrrved bef 're in rude and uncultivated nations.
On coming t.> ar.chor our people vvere vilited by le-
vcral of ti.e natives in ieparate canoes. They bar-
tered, fome iiil-.ing implements for tobacco. A young
man among tliem ovcrfet his canoe while he was al org
fide of one of our b lats. He was caught hold of by
one uf our people, but the canoe was taken up by an-
other, ..nd carried afliore. In ccnfccjuence of this
accident the youth was obligeil to come into the fliip,
vviitre |-,e was invited ir.ro tiie cabin, and readily ac-
ccp.ted the invitation, without any Uipri/.e or emliar-
ralfiient. He had on an upper garment, rcfembhng
a !l.irt, tnade of the (iut i,\ a whale, ur fome other
laige li'a animal. L lukr this he had another of tlie
fame form, made of the fkins of birds witii the fea-
tliers on, curioully lewed together; the feathered fitle
placed i.ext his fkin. It was patched with fcveral
pieces of (ilk lluff, and his ca[) was ornamented with
jj,1j1's bcatls.
Hi.s clothes being wet he was furniflied by our failors
with tome of their o\vn, which he put on with as much
readinifs a-, thry could have done, brum tlie belia-
viour oi' this youth, and tliat of fcveral others, it evi-
dently a: pe.red, tiiat thefe peop.lc were no llrangers
to I'iutop. ai)'., and to many of their cufloms. Some-
thing in the lliips, lio\M.-ver, greatly excite;! their cii-
riolity; for, liicii a;; liad not canoes to brir.g them oif
afTrmbled on tiic iuighbounny hills to have a view of
tiiem.
.Soon after a numH"r of th.e n.itivcs of both fcxes
were ften on the (lioir, feated on the gral's, partaking
of a mtral of raw filb, whicli tliry feemed highly to
rclifli.
Tlie Ibips afterwaids left their frmer flaticn, anj
came to anchor in the harbour called by the n.itivcs
San::anoodlia. It is f.toattd (m the n( rth fide of Oo-
:hka, the latitude being 5 ;,
1 5 mill, tlie lon-
gitude ii)ji '.Wf^. 30 mm. and in the llrait vlfnh fepa-
rates tiiis illaiui from tiiofe to the north. It is .i!)(>ut a
mile broad at the entrance, and runs in about four
miles foiitli by well. It narrows towards tiic h<ad, the
iire.idth there not exceeding a i;uarter of a mile. I'lenty
of good water ir.iy be procured here, but nut a piece
(if wooii of any kind.
The natives \i,heii tlifv cnmc on board brought vvitii
them diied liilmon and f)tlier t;;ii, wiiich the failors re-
ceived '.n exchange for tobacco. Only a few <! lys lie-
li)ie every ounce of tobacco tliat remained in tlie liiip
had b'.'en diftributed among them, an.i the t]uantit)r
was not half tiilficient to anluer tiieir uemanls. h'n:-
withlbindiag this, f) thoiightlefs and iiiip'ovitlent a
being is c.n Knglilli failor, tliat ihey were as [Toftiic in
making their barg.ims as if they hail arrived at a pore
in Virttini.T ; by wuirh means, in lels than two dtys,
the value of this commodtty was railed on boarti above
a tlmufrnt! per cent.
The men of Orn.diflik.; .".re in general of t!ic mid-
dlin.g Ibuure. 'I'hcir faces are bro.i I, their eys f'liiall,
their nolis moftlyflir, tlieir moutiis wide, and their
lips thick; their tecih aic t^nev -n, -ii f <<ltr'i tiilco-
loured. Their iiair is bi.ick, and rather long be'iitif',
hut cut before fo as to rcacli neaily to tiuir eye livl-..
The women are generally lliorter than the men, and
their fe.-.tures more agreeable. They wear their iiair
on tiieir firclk.ul.i in tlie f.'.me manner as the men.
TiiC Rudians th.it were here at this time never ivul
any connexion with tiieir women ' n account of their
not being ChrilHans. Our people, however, wer^' iefs
fcrupulous ; and Ibinc of them had realim to repent
that the women of Oonalafhka encouraged their ad-
drrlfes ; for their health w.is injured bv a dilhmper
that is not wholly unknown here. The natives are alli)
fubjed to the cancer, or a complaint of a fimilar na-
ture, which thofe wlio :;re attacked by it are IbiJious to
conceal, 'liicy do not appear to be long-lived. The
Captain di.l not fee a perioii, man or woman, whom
he could fuppole to be fi.'-tty years of age ; and obferved
verv few who firmed to cx';eed fifty.
The nativj inhabitants of this ifland are, to all ap-
pe.irancc, a very peaceable, inotltnlive race of people:
tliey are exceeding cheerful and friendly among each
other, antl always treated tlie Kuropeans with great ci-
vility. In point of hoiielly Captain C:jok obferved,
they might I'crve as a pattern to the motl civili/.ed na-
tions. IJiit, fioni what he faw of their neij.'hbours,
with whom the Ruflians are unconnecletl, lie hid liimc
doubt whether this was their original diljolition : antl
was rather inclined to be of opinion, il.it it is the con-
leijueiice of their [)r(f'-nt flate of fubjeition. Iniieed,
if he did not miliinderflaml the Rufnans, they h.'.d
been under the nccelfity of making tome feverc ex-
amples before tliey could bring the illanders into tole-
rable order. If fevcritics were really infliiiled at lirfV,
the bell excufe fir them is, that they have provhiced
the moll benefu-ial elfech : at prefent the grcatell har-
H'oiiy liiblills between tl'.e Kulilans and ti:e native;,.
I iie latter have tluir own chiefs in each il'.and, and
feeni to enjoy liberiv anil property without inolcltation.
Whether they are tributancs 10 the Riil!iaiis or not he
could never learn, but had fome realign to fuppofe
they are.
Tiie drefs (/ the women is a hdck of " ■ fkins of
f ;,ls (,iiument(d with a kind (-f hulk or. il encirc-
hi;g the ujiper part of the garment, and theme hang-
ing ilown to tlie waiil. '1 hey have the liime ornament
round the Ihouklers. They ailorii their under lips with
flips of narrow carved bone, wear firings of beads at
the nole, as Well as bunches of bead.a'iii their ears.
I hey puncture their cheeks liinviimcs with one, antl
loiiu times with two lines: ihefc lints crteiul lioni the
middle part of the cheeks to the e.us. liny decorate
1 their
,N
■A S:..-,.
■S^mm^^
:APiiy.
nuT (Inri'^n, aivi
il by ilie n.itivcs
( rth r.dc oi' ()o-
5 mill, flic l()(i-
Iraic wliii 'i ffp.i-
h. It is .ilxMit a
IS in aliwit four
rds tlic hraJ, the
c)( a mile. I'lcntv
but nut a
j:cre
ard hrouciit wiili
ch t!ie Tailors re-
ly a ftw (! lys lif-
laineci in the ihip
ar.ti the qi;antity
uemnn.ls. h'm-
,1 i!iij"\jvii!eiu a
ere as prnfliic in
irrivej at a port
s than two diys,
ri on board above
.cral oi' tlie mi-.U
t'leir ey s (null,
wide, ,ii;d ihcir
•111 xftt-i difco-
thcr lonj: bf-'iint',
to tluir eye livl-,.
an the men, and
f wear their u.dr
as the men.
1 time never had
aeioiint ot their
iwever, were lets
realiin to repent
)urage'i their ad-
I by a dillemper
u- natives are alio
t of a riir.ilar na-
■ it are llu.iious to
long-lived. The
ir woman, whom
[;c ; and oblervcd
i are, to all ap-
c race of people :
iilly amon^ eaeh
ms with great ci-
C'jol: fiblerved,
aoll tivili-,:ed na-
their neij.'hboiirs,
ted, he hid Ibmc
I diljiolition : and
Jilt it is the ron-
jeftion. Ind.reJ,
ullians, they ImiI
ibiiie fevere ex-
anders into tole-
/ inllifted at lirff-,
y liave pioduced
the [yeatell liar-
aiul tiie natives.
each illand, and
tiunit inoleltation.
ulli.iiis or not he
calun to liippofc
I: of ' ■ Ikins o("
k or , il eiuirc-
md theme h.ing-
le lame (jrnainent
'ir inider lips witli
[finals cf beads at
k'.s in tlicir ears,
cs \Kith one, and
extenil (iom the
. I'luy decorate
their
s?5
^
iii'
-^
h
n
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.; 1
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IM
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ll
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m
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f///) 1-1 //.
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( //<i«n'<i
i.
Sprcii
^ /y^f^/'/^V/vHANKKSs. I'//' 'y.i^i /// I'j
(;K()i;i{ArHY ^l//f^i/u,//y'^,y>f/. /ft//t,
'/•fH,
'/•
%
■M
\
•■.4i.
I'!
^.^i
Mjf
ii^
1
H
\^
rli; ir chin-, ii
tiirinj? or t,ut(
aiT tint allowi
n£?r. I'hiir <
ikin, fiMthcrs
wtivfn with (i
I'hc ilrclb
Hvins of bifil'
tiMihtr li It in
:ii).l hrhiii'.l j'
thi- Ifinis wlii
ot liir. The
j; irmi'nr, the
tath ikIkt.
w.ittrr, tl-.cy \
gut, ^^lli'-h «
it v.hich i'. ih
tif ii\m1 liv)Ut
ii.it.s the h'M(
ctlicr Kilour;
tlicv i.y- the I
gUlh IhmJ.s ,
imam- ur twr
'111.' lirtrls,
fmlii-JiilhiniT
to .1 'A.i;^i;oni
\',iiioiis ar
afiiltiny, 111 di
autumn for
balkcts, nut
Ltrriifs ami r
AllllAin^
arc tlif llio
L:)at cDvcrcr
,)vir v.hiih
nrits, aiv.l h.
btaiiiitlil.
\n moll ot" ti
cicMt in ini:(
they ule the
taickncis ret
and wiili'itit
a'.'lc yrtitle
balkets, am
moll 01 thei
Tlie iVicn
drying lilli,
vi(ii)n, niak
intiuc matt
t!ic tobacco
'I'hc nietiioi
rubbini; it ii
i![ipcr end c
der it iicav
throijf^h a Ii
Their tou
antrbL-rries.
approach o
and pre pa If
tiitir wi.'itrf
dried halibii
want i)t brc
wliich tlifv
whak-.s' tied
their M^,
broilii;;j; vvc
aniony; chei
a riibilitnte
Captain <
cliief ol thi
a larae haiii
vith no ot
After this c
liih took it
and featcd 1
jiuiicd up l(
v.a^ ' latct'
A-
'M
NiNV DiicovcRrfts.]
N O U r 1 1 A M r. R I C A.
473
tli: ir tliin-. ill tlic fimc fi)rni. The pLu'^ire of piinc-
tiiiinf? f)r t.utowirur is tonlimil to tiic- frm.ilc fcx, whu
arc lint alli)w<-(l to .idoiit it till tlit-y ;ur,iiii r.) ,i rcrtain
A af^f. riu ir cij)'. .ire ni .in ov.il form .mil tonipolctl of
\ lUii), fiM'hcrs ami liair, inc wliuic of wlntli are iiittT-
wiivi'n witl> fiii|',iilir iii;ni)iiity.
lilt- ilrth ot tin- iiK'ii i^ a frock coinporcd of the
* fsiiis of hirJs ini'rni oiilly wrooj^ht topctiicr, wit!i tlic
. ' ItMihtr i\ If inv.,irii', I ht-ir U.-W ilrcls is painted hcf ir';
and hrhiii'l j'lll liriow tlir IhoiikkMi and bn all j anvl to
the le.iiuii vvliich j'o ovtr the llioiildtrs aie iailened rows
of liir. Tliey alii) wcir fur upon otlier parts of thr
j:,irnii'nt, tlie rows, biini.', alioiit ciglu intlus ililfuit lioiii
taeli odiir. Over thcle frocks, when they yo on the
"■'-. water, they wear an additional covering compoled of
gut, vsliicli water cann )t iienetrite. It has a hood to
it v.hiili is drawn over the head, 'i hey have a kind
of oval fnoiited cap mail;- of wood, with a riin that ad-
n.it.s the head. 'I'liey il".e their caps v.iih {^rren ami
<,ther colours, and round tlic ujiper pait ot the rim
',i ihcv f.v. the long briliics of lomc lea animil, on wlii.h
glal's beadb are llrung ; and on die front is a Imall
in!:iue or two lornitd of bone.
1 h ■ lirels, in. its (;tnerai ajijiearance, exceptinp; tfie
embillilliments of the fur, bears a rrrtat releniblance
to a '\a .;t>oner's iVcjck.
\'arious are the employments of tlie women, fuch as
afliliini:, in dryir/:; lilli in the fmnmer, cuttin;; [kmIs in
autumn for the iliiferent purpofes of niakinj.^ thatch,
balkcts, mats and other utenfils, as well as yatherinjj
. bt nies and roots.
AUlliVin^ bufiiiefi is conllneii to the women. They
are tl'.e llioe- milkers, tayk)rs, and boat-buildtrs, or
i j;'.t co\erers , tor the men cr)nllrurt the wooden frame
,. ,)\;r v.hich the Ikins are loved. '1 iic y manuiaciure
f ',. m.its, .iiid balkets of grafs, which are both tlroni,', and
|- hcautit'ul. 'ilieieis, imleed, a ntatnefs and perlrciiun
in moll of their work, ihu thews they are neither defi-
cient in inijcnuity or ixfrfevcrance. bulcui of thread
they ule the fibres of^ finews, which they fplit to the
t'nicknel's ret]uired. Their needles beinjr, made of bone
and wiihout eyes render: the Kuroi)ean needles a v.ilu-
a'.'k' article of tralFiC. 'I'liey inanulatture mats and
balkcts, and iadee.i dil'play a neatnt Is .\n} perlectioii in
inoll of their works.
The ivien are employed in fummer in catching and
drying iilli, killing whales tor the winter flock ot |>ro-
vilion, making and repairing canoes, and alto in do-
iiitlUc matters. 'I hey converted the greatell [lart of
tl'.e tobacco they received by way of barter into fnulf.
The nictiiod v\as to reduce the tobacco into powder by
rubbing it in a iin.iU wooden bowl wit!i a Itick, to the
i!l-[>cr end of wliii h tliev talaned kvcral tioius to ren-
der it lieavy. W'lien lulRciently pulverized, it palfed
tlKot.if;h a line lieve, and thus eniled the procefs.
Their food confilh of whales' tkfn, Hlh, birds, roots
and'b.-rries. As the whales are generally taken at the
app;> ach of fummer, they iiave time to dry the llelli
and prcpaie the blubber, which are jirincipal parts ol
their v ;;Ti r provifion. With the blubber they eat the
dried Iiaiibut. This feems in lome iiiealiire, to fuppiv the
want of bread. .Sometimes they ilip it in train oil, ol
which th-v arc very fond. '1 hey likewile eat the ilryed
^vh.lk•s' lledi with oil. 'I'hey are nor nice in cleaning
their fill), and f'lequently eat them raw. Boiling and
bioilii;'; were the ciiitf methods of cookery praitiied
amon;^ them. Some h.ul linall bi.ils kettles, and tome
a fubilirute made of a fiat tlone with Hdes ot clay.
Captain Cook once happened to be prefent when the
cliief ot this illand made his dinner of the raw he.ui ot
a lai;!e halibut, jull cauj^ht. lietijre any part of it wa^
j^ivcii to tlie chief, two of his lervants ate the j^ills,
with no other drelfng than fquee/.ing out the II. me.
After this one of them having cut off the head of the
filli took it to tlie lea and walheil it, then came with it,
and featctl hinifclf by tlie chief; but not befiire he hail
jiulled up loine jurats, iipcn a part of wiiiili the liead
v.a., 'aated, and the rtit was llrewed befjic the chief
No. .J J.
1 le then cut large pitcfs ftiF the dveks, and put them
within the re.ach of the chief, who Iwallowed them with
{^reat latisfaClion. When he had linillicd his meal the
lemainder of the head bein;; cut in pieces were given to
the lervants, who tore oil' the meat with their teeth, and
gnaweil the bones like fo many dogs.
They drel's whale,' llelli in luch a marnier as to make
it very good eating ; and they liave a kind of pan-
liudding of talnion roe, bciteii up line, and tried,
whli h is a tolerable I'ubllitiite lor Ijiead. 'I'hey may,
perhaps occafionally, talle real brcaii, or have a dilli
111 v. iiicli flour is one of the ingredients. Kxcept the
juice of berries, which they generallv li|) at their meak,
they drink no other liquor ih.an pure water.
Berries compete a principal part of their food. 'I'hey .
cat them with train oil, which they think adds inuch to
their Havour. Of roots the Sannne is the mill agree-
able eating ; when boilcil it becomes mealy, and re.-
tembles .i potatoe.
'I'he following is their method of buildinr^ : they
dig in the ground an oblong pit, whiJi rarely exceeds
titty lect in length, and twenty in breai tli ; but the di-
meiilions are in general Imallcr. Over this excavation
they form the roof of wooil, which they cover lirlt
wiili grals, and then with eartli, fo that the external
.i|)pearance rclLmblcs a dung-hiil. Near each end of
the roof is left a Iquar." opening, wliich admits the
liirhti one of thetc openings being intended only for
tills piir|)ole, atid the other being nlti) ul'ed to go in and
out by, with the aliillancc of a ladder, or ratlrer a poll,
in win h Heps are cut. In lijine of the hoc.l'cs there in
another entrance bilow, but this is rather uncommon.
Round the tides anti ends of the habitations, tlic fami-
lies, level al of' which cbvt.ll together, have their fc-
p.irate apartments, where thry llcep, and lit at work j
not on benches, but in a litrt of concave trench, iUig;
entirely round the inlide of the hnule, and covcrci,!
with mats, fo that this part is kept [irerty clean and de-
cent. The I'ame cannot be laid of the middle of the
lioule. For, though it is covered with dry grafs, it is
a recept.icle lor every kind of dirt, and the place where
the mine trough Hands, the Itench of which is by no
means improved by raw hides, or leather, being .omoll
con inually tteepcd in it. Behind, and over the trench,
ihey i)lace the tew ef'ccts tliey have in their pofl'v.-riion.
Inch as tlicir mats, Ikins, and ap[>aiTi.
No liie-pfice was Icen in any one of tluir habitations ;
whicli aie lighted, as well as heateti, by lamps. Botli
lexes often warm themlelves over one of thcic lamps
by placing it between tlicir legs under their garments,
and fitting thus over \z tor leveral minutes. Tliefe
[)eoplc produce tire bv collifion and attrition ; the tirit
by flriking two tlom s igainll each otiier, on one of
wiiich a ipiantity ot brimlt )ne has been previoully rub-
bed. 'I'he latter method i> pertormed Li-' mc-.ns of two
pieces of wood, one of which is liar, .and the other is
a Hick of the length of about a f «ir and a half I'hey
pre Is the pointed end of the liick ii[ion the other piece,
whiiling it nimblv round as a vinll, an^l thus tire is pro-
cured in a tew minutes. I'his metliod is comiiion i:i
many counrrics. It is notonlv praetitid by thefe people,
liiit alfo by the Kamtlcliad.iks, the Greenfuulcrs, the
Oiaheiteans, the New 1 lollandeis, anil the Br.uiiians,
and probably by other n.itions.
Their houfehold tiirniture confifls chiefly of wooden
bowls, troughs and platteis, cans buckets, anil, llnnc-
limes a RuHian kettle or j)ot. Though thefe uti nlils
are made in a neat manner, no other tools were teen
among them than the knife anil tiie hatchet, that is, a
linall piece of fiat iron maile like an adze, by fixing it
into a crooked wooden handle.
'I'he c.inoes in ufc among the natives are tin. '.Her L;,;jn
any ol' thofe feen upon the coail of Aimiica, troiu
which, however, they differ but little in their con-
tlrui^tion. The head is forked, and the upper point of
the ti)rk proieds without the under one, which is level
with the lutlace of the water. It is remarkable that
they llioiikl thus conllrucl dicm, (or tlw fork generally
6 D catches
A NEW, ROYAL, an., AUTIILNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVEIiSAI. GEOCUAI'I !Y.
I;
» 1
catches hoki of every thing that conies in the w.iv -, to
prevent whirh, ihcy fix .\ |ii<-(C of linall rtick fnnn one
pow.t to the other. In other rrlj^'iits laev buihl thur
iMni>(s after the in.u'.ner of tholi- ut the 1 lqiiini.ui\ aa.l
Circenlamlers; the frame htini; of llenJer lai'.s, ami
the e )veriM|; of the Ikin-. of fe.ils. Ihey are about i a
feet in lenfjjth, liJ inches in hreulth in the iiiiiiilU-, a.iil
12 or 14 inches in ilepth. 1 hey foinetimes larry two
perfons, one of wIidmi fits in the feat, ot roumi hole,
which is nearly in the iiiiiklle, ami the other at al«>iit
three feet ilillance. KounU ihele Imleb is a rim it hooji
of wood, about wiiich jjiit Ikin u lewevi, wlmh can Lie
drawn toi;ether, or upencJ like a purle, with kathcip
Itrin^s littid to tlv,- <nittr eilge. The men lit in thi-i
place, chaw the Ikin tiL;ht about their bodies over the
gut-frock, and brinp liie ends of the ihont's, or imili--
ilringj, over their Ihotildtn. The lleevts ot their
frocks art- firtencd tight round their wrilh * and it being
clofe round their necks, and the hood being drawn over
the head wliere the capconiihej it, water cannot pene-
trate, either int > the canoe,-or to tiie body, in their
finiT* canoes they make ule of a ■double- bladed \\\ iille,
wliicii ij lickl vith bo:h liai.ds in the middle, lliikii.^
the water full on one fide, and then on the otiier, with
ai|uick rejMil.ir motion. Ilais the canoe is impelled ar
a {;reat rate, and in a dire^ion perfectly ibaight. In fail-
ing fiom L.^'i'ochlh.ik to S.ing.moodha, thoujzh thclhip
went at tlie r.ae of feven miles an hour, two oi three
canoes kept pace with her.
Their iniplemeiii-. tor lilliinir and huntin;^ arc well
contrived and cKecutid, beinL' (.f wood and. bone, and,
in I'ome rclpecls, ret'emblin.' thole ufed by the (irceii-
landers, 'I'he m.iin diticreuce is in the point ot the
mifTile dart, of which l.in;e were I'cen on this illand
not above an inch in length, whereas fome of thole of
the (jreenlanders arc .ilmut rburteen inches Ion;;;. Their
tiarts (which ;ib wtil as their otiier inlfrumcnts, are
curious) are generally mnle of lir, and are about tour
feet in lennth. On.- end is fijrmed of bone, into wliieh,
by means of a locket, another liiull piece cf bone,
which is barbed, is tixetl, but contrived in luch a
manner, as to put in and take out without troiible.
This is ft;cured in the middle of the flick by a llr.nL',
tiiough thin, piece of twine, compoled of linews. Tlie
bird, tilh, or other animal, is no l()oner llruck, than
the pointed hi;iie (lips out of the luekct, but retiiains
fixed in its bsniy by nu.uis ot' the barb. The iLirt then
lervcs as a lloat to trace the animal, and aifo contributes
to fatigue it confiderably, lo that it is eafily taken.
They ttirow thel'c darts by the alllUance of a thin piece
of wood, twelve or fourteen inches long. The midiile
of this is (lightly hollowed, f-,r the better reception of
the weapon ; and at the termination of the hollow,
which does not e.Htend to the end, is tixed a fliort point-
ed piece of bone, to prevent the dart from llij'pin'^.
The otiier extremity is fiirnilhed witii i hole fi^r tne re^-
ception of the fore- finger; and the fides are ni.uie to
coincide witii the other fingers and thumb, in order to
t'/afp with the greater tirmnels. The natives throw
thel'e darts to the diffance of « j or yo yards, with great
fjrce and dexterity. They are exceedingly expeit in
fluking tiih, both in the lea, and in rivers. Tli,-y ,,;i,,
life hooks and lines, nets and wears. The lines are
formed off iiVed finews and the hooks of bone.
The only nuificiil inllriunent feen here (if it deferves
the name) was a l;ind of drum, like that of the Ik hut-
fchi. It had only one head, compofed of a part of the
gut of a whale, drained very tight over a frame. But
notwithfhndiiig the dirtinguilhed limplicity of this iri-
ftrument, they greatly admire it, and it furniflies them
not only widi amufement, when individuals invue e.iih
other to their iioulirs, but it alio higlilv contribures to
the entertainment of the company at all public aliem-
blies.
No ofFenfive, or even dcfenfive, wcapn w.is feen
a"--on:4 the natives, of which, it was naturally fuppoled,
rlv-y iiid been deprived by tl»c Kullians, for their o.vn
lately.
S 1. C T 1 C) N II.
n-'^.iif'lit'it of ihr CcuiHn: ytj^/tiH-^. (hu-.lntfxiU,
Binh. Sf'i .briihil". I'l/h. kr/>'>/il"iie^i'fi/.rIJ,,i,l,
IiiU'tiOin-/i I'lii'i I ill- HulJiun^. l„Jji nutwn rueivfjjium
than, Condiifii'i lininiiLi,
''!"'! lis ill'.iid abounds in hills, |o;ne of which arc
X very higli. I he low liiid, of which there is but
little, !.. very m ir:hy, owin,^ to tiie w.it. rs that a-e per-
petually flowing from tlir hills. The foil on tlx tops
of the hills is .d>out two tcti I'eep, iimler which the.''c
i-. I layer of imdl ifupr's. 1 he tides of tiie hiiii are
ri 'i ; and tlie iiiariliy lo* grouml a tine, deep, black
iinl.
As the exrurfions and oblervations of our voyagers
were confined to tlie I'ea-coalt, tliey had not .\n oppor-
t'.nity of obtaining an extcnfive or particular knowledi^e
of tl'.e ai.inial or vegetalile producuons of the tiuniiy.
.Aiiim,; the plants foun.l here are the pliir.iin, niarlli-
iiiari;;>)|d, .iolet, laxilr.ige, |:)rrel, dock, g-raniiiiii,
dinlelion, coil's foot, fiiranne, wild cellerv, a kind of
crelles, and a Iptcies of iii'iitard, ill of whieh alfordcd
our people excellent fallads, and were very .agreeable
in li'ups. There are berries of dilRnnt ijiccies, as
cran-berries, hurtle berries, bramble berries, heath -
berries, i.\.c. I'lierc w.is a brrry here unknown to the
nituralills: it hail li^mcwhat (/t the t.ille of alloc, but
diiiered from it in evi ry other relpc.t. When eaten in
any coniiderabl- quantity, it proved very alli-ingent.
Br.indy might lie dillilled from it. (\i/'l,iin Cwk en-
deavoured to pieferve fotne, but they tcrmentcd, and
became as flrong as if they had been itee[)ed in fpirits.
rhe low land is generally covered with a long coaric
gral..
The natives are indebted to the lea for all the wood
wiiicli they ule for building and other necellary pur-
jiofes; as there is not a tree to be feen growing on tiic
illan 1, or upon tiie neighbouring coall of the continent.
i'he I'eeds 01 plac.ts have been conveyed, by various
means, from one part of the world to another ; even to
iil.'.nds Iving in the midll of extenlive oceans, and far
dillant from any other lam's. It is, therefore, re-
mark.ible, that tiiere are n ) trees ;7row'in^r on this port
ot t!ie .American contimfnt, or ujion anvof the .id|acenc
ilk-,. Thev are d oubtkjs .as well fituated for receiving
feeds, by t.he various w 's of conveyance, as tiiol'c
coafls which have plenty i.. wood. Nature has, per-
haps, ilenietl to fomc foiis the jiower of raiiiiii' trees
without the allillance of art. With refpevt to tiic drift-
wood upon ihelb.ores of thel'e ill.inds, tiirre is no doubt
ot its Coining from America, for tlion'di there may
be none on the n'-i^dibouim ; coail, a fuliicient ijiiantity
may grow t.utlier up the country, which may be broke
kiole Ijy torrents in the Ipnng, and brought down to the
tea; and not a little may be conveyed liom the woody
co.ilis, though fitiiatod at a more confiderable diflance.
I'he quadrupeds feen here were the artic fox, and a
fpecies of marmotte without ears, and having a Ihort
talk The natives call them iitv'.ii,j)-i!i,'. I Icic are i.o
deer, or any ikmirtlic animals, not even tlogs.
\\ater low Is are neither found here in tuch numbers,
or in luch variety, as in the northern parts of the At-
lantic Ocean. However, there are lomr in thel'e parts
that tl>e narurahils did not recolleft to have feen in
other countries, particularly the, iA/ ?«o«i7,7ir(.a of Stdler,
and a l)lirk and white duck, which they j.Higed to be
tlifHrent from the llone-duck thit Kialchemnikofr has
delciibecl in his 1 liftoryof Kamtf li.. ka. All the odier
birds mentior.ed liy tins auclior Wi r ■ teen, except Ibme
which were obferved near the ice ; and the greatelt part
oftheK-, il nor all, have been defcribed byM.irtui, in
Ins voyage to (ireenland. Cipljin Cook obferves, it is
fimewiiat extraordinary, that penguins, which arc (o
frequently met with in many parts of the world, lliould
not be found in this lea. Aibatn^ifes are extremely
Icarce too. i'he land birds lecn were the bull-tinch,
the
■4f
f'
New Dmcove
the wootl-pcckcr
and wren.
'la,,, and the
roils in this as in
ileed, to t)e (iiun I
and the lea-otter
in thislca. An j
t)le that lileiv aft
iicad reieiiiti!ing i
ani.iiul, uiiel its v.
Iperl'e.l. 'I'his w
llie lilh that
cod, tr >ut, aiul I
tiie end. III D.tol
pi'tfoiles, and gi
'I'liere are few
and few reptiles,
Native fulphur
this ilkiiid, but o
procured it. Tl
.tfforils a purple
{?oo I green. 1
{^reyilli green Inn
loives in oil; but
tlier 1 )les its (jio
and hills were in
The Oonalalh!
hills, and raile ov
the natives, w!io
the country, poin
thedeaik Tlure
that had a heaj) o
it added a llone ti
levcral fbjne hillo
cialiy railird. St
fjreat anti.pity.
Our countrynu
'ng either t.ic re
hav!n^;lc(.nii othii
eitlier.
An txtraortlina
between our offici
.ladika. ('.ipnua
live a few days af
ha Hay, a very fi
latlier a pie in th
falinon, v.ill i'v.\{
brought a fimilar [
for each of the c.i
they did not under
thcfc two prefenti
neiglibourho )d, a
I'.'.me ineiler.gtr, i
ties of rum, win
would be highly
with the native th(
gent man, for the
tion, with orders,
fliould endeavour
•llrangers were I'.n;.
nation.
The corporal n
furrieio, who, wit
Ihac, where they
lioufi-, and a lloo|
of thefe Kuflians
vcllcl. They wci
men, and extrem
information they c
I'hey appeared
tempts which dieii
the I'ror.en Ocean
made from Kani
ami Spangenberg.
the memory of an
to that of Bcering
'Jhe trade in w
ugeous, and its b
i^V,
I A I'll Y.
(. Qii,:liti/)n'i,
cuts iifilf J)"i(l.
iou Ui tiieJJiutu
\e of wliith arr
liicl) tliirc i> Uiit
1 rs that a-o (>rr-
loil on tlx tops
iltr which there
uf tiie htili are
ini, deep, black
of our voyagers
il not .111 oppor-
cuhr knottii-Ji^e
(U the iDiiniiv.
pliiraiii, niarlli-
■jik, j^rraiiiiim,
■llcTV, a kind of
f whidi a(}or.ir.l
r Very af'rceabic
innt fpetic*, as
brrrii'i, hiath-
unknown to the
le ot a Hoc, but
When cattn in
very altxinr^ent.
'ill'lilUl C.''V/i CM-
• fcrtncnrcil, and
Itcprti in Ipirits.
;h a \ov,\' coarle
NtW I)Mtnvr,R!ES.3
NORTH AM I, R I C A.
475
for all the wood
r nctellary pur-
growing on tiie
of the continent,
eyed, by various
xno:her ; even tu
o^eaib, and far
s, theretijie, rc-
'inj5 on this port
ly of the .idjai'enc
ted for rtcci/ing
[■yant-e, as ihofc
ature lias, per-
of raifi.'.jj trees,
H-vt to ihedrift-
iirre is no doubt
oii'iji thrrc may
fiiciciit (juantity
h may be l>ioke
t^ht down to the
rom the woody
iirable dillance.
iirtic f)x, anil a
having a Ihort
1 Icir arc l.o
I) lld'^S.
n Inch numbers,
artb of the At-
nr in thile parts
:o have fren in
u/iriKjofStclier,
L-y j;;ciacd to be
chrninikofF has
All the other
en, except Ibme
the ^reatclV part
.1 by M.irtii;, in
'k obfervcs, it is
wiiiih arc lb
le world, l]iould
are extremely
the bull -fuich,
the
the wooti- pecker, the yellow-finch, titmoufe, fwallow,
and wren.
^'i.ii., and the tril>c of dx animils, arc not fo ramie-
roil-, in rhis a'- m m.iny other U as. Sea horles are, in-
iiceil, t ) be fiund in proili^iotis numlicrs .ibinif the ice;
ai; 1 ill/ lea-oiter \s fearce any vsneie to be nn t with lint
in thi'jjea. An a umal was lometuiics Iten by otir peo-
thar blew alter the manner ot whale.. It had a
it.ul re;en.l>liii;^ ihat of a leal. It w.is jarj^er than tli.it
am lial, ainl ics colour was wliiie, with dark (pots inter-
Iperi'e.l. 'Ihia was, perhaps the miiint^, m li-aeo.v.
1 ne lilli ili.it moll abound here are lahiKjn, ro( k-
co.i, tr Mit, and hilili'it. Aiioot the mi lile, and to
tin- end, olO.lober, the inhabitants latchiod. Whales,
|)i'r(.>oiks, and ^rampiirr;, are likewife t.iken here.
'I'here are few other infei't.-. lure befidc:, mulketos,
aid ti* reptiles, except li7ards.
N.i'ue liili'hur was obferved .imnni» the peo|)lr of
this ilkuid, but our people could nor learn wliere they
pro.rured it. They .ilto (onnd m hie, and a Hone that
afr'ords a purple (oloin; iwliilc. another ih.it ^>ives a
{foiil ijreen. 'I his lalt, in its natural Hate, is of a
^reyilli [treen hue, coirle, anil lieavy. It readily dif-
loives in oil ; b'lt when ic is put into water, it altoge-
ther I lies its properties. The Hones about the Ihure
ai.d hills Were in no inllance reiii.irkable.
Tiie Oonalalhlvans inter their dead on the tops of
liilis, and railv.- over tiie I'lave a litrle hillock. One of
the native.^, w!io .ittendtfl dj/^nii C/jok in a walk into
the country, [.nntul out Icver.il of thele rejiofitories o(
t!'.e il( ad. There was one of them by the fide of a road,
th.it had a heap of Hones over it; and all who pail d
i: addeil a Hone to the heap. In the country were ken
levrial llone hillocks, that leemed to have been aniri-
rialiy laileil. Suine of them were to ajipearance, cf
■jre.if anti.i'uty.
Our ciuiiitrynien could derive no knowledge rrlpct-
• :y either Lie reli;^ion or diverlions of thele [leopie,
liavinj^leuiii ithiiij; that could j^ive them an infight into
I'iihei.
An extraordinary incident brnu^'ht on an interrourle
b/fvveen our officers and the RulV.ans refid-nr at Oniu-
l.i.iika. Cifi'iiii Cc^i received, by die h.iiuK ot a na-
tive a few days after he came to anchor in San'janood -
ha Hay, a vuy riii[;ular prel'cnr. It was a rye loaf, or
railier a pie in the torin ol a l'>af, as it eru lofcd !ome
lahno",, v.ill leal.n'd with pepper. I'his man had
brought a limilarpielent (or Captain Gierke, and a no:e
for eac!i of the captains, written in a character which
ihey tiid not underlland. It was natural to im.igine that
thele two pretents were from I'ome Rullians tluii in tl-.e
nei^liboiirhojd, and therefore the captains lent, by the
l.'me ineller.gcr, to thele unknown friends, a lew bot-
tles of rum, wine, ;i;id porter, which they flippoled
■would be highly acceptable. Capluni Cook alfo li.-nc
with the native the corporal of the marines, an intelli-
:^ent man, for the purpole of gaiiiin;:; farther informa-
tion, With orders, that if he met with any Kuflkini, he
lliould endeavour to make them underlland, that the
•Hrangers Were l'.n<;lilhnien, the friends and allies of their
riation.
'I'he corporal returned with three Ruffian feamen, or
furrier., who, with leveral others, refid.ed at I'.yooch-
!hac, where they had lomc Horc-houles, a duelling-
houle, and a (loop of about thirty tons burthen. One
ot thefe Ruflians was either mailer or mate of this
velli.1. I'hcy were all three intelligent, well-behaved
men, and extremely ready to give our people all the
information they could delire.
I'hey appeared to have a perfect: knowledge of the at-
tempts which their countrymen had ni.Kle to navigate
the i'ror.en Ocean, and of the dilcoveiies that h.id been
made from Kamtlchatka, by Beering, Tl'cherikoir,
and Spangenberg. Never was greater relpecl paid to
the memory of any eminent perlun, th.m by thele men
to that of Beering.
'i'he tr.ide in which they are engaged is very advan-
ugeoub, anJ its being undertaken and extended to the
eaHward of Kamtlchatka w.is the immediate refult of
the Iccoiul voyage ol that diHin;viiflied navijvitor,
whole misfortunes proved the (mncc o(' much private
benelit to individuals, and of public utility to the Ruf-
(ian empire. And yet, if his dillrelles had not acciden-
tally (ariied him to the i!l and which bears his name,
where he eiukd his life, and (iom whence the remainder
of his Ihip's crew brought back fpecimens of its valua-
ble fllr^, the Rulikuis woukl probably have undertaken
no liiture voy.jgcs, which could lead them to make dil-
lovi ries in this (ea, towards the An.er.can toal}. In-
deed .dter this time, their luiiiiHry leem to have paid
Lis aticiui.in to this objcc"tj and for what dilcoveiiej
have been fincc made, the world is [irincipally indebted
to the enterprizing Ipirit of private merchants, cii-
courageil, however, by the luperinttnding care of the
court of l'cterfl)urgli.
I'he three R iH'.ans departed perfciflly fatisfied with
the reception they had .net with, and proniil'ed to re-
tnin in a few days, and bring with them a chart of lliC
iilands lituaie between Kamtlchatka and Oonalallika.
While Ciif'liun Cook was at a vill.ige not far (roin
.Saiipanhoodlia, a RuHian lanileil there, who proved to
be the [iriiiiip.d perlon among his countrymen in this
and the adiaeent illes. Misname was l-.rafiin Grego-
riolV Sin llniylolF. When he came on board the Relo-
liition, C'litMii (^o^^i fiiuiul him very well acquainted
with the ['eography of thole parts, and with all the dil-
cov<rrics which had bee \ made in this quarter by the
Rullians.
Not only Ifinylofl", but alio the otiier RulTians affirm •
ed that they were totally unacquainted with the Ameri-
can continent to the northw.ird, and that no Ruffian
lia.i Iccn it of late years. They called it by the lame
name which .Mr. .St.i liiin has erroneouHy afR.xed to his
large illand, that is, Alalchka.
i'he Kullian-, as our people were Informed, have
made fcver.il aiteiiipts to gain a footing upon that pare
(if tlie \ irih .American continent that lies contiguous
to Oonilalhka and tiie adjacent iflands, but have con-
Hantly been repulled by the inhabitants, whom they re-
prelen.etl as a very treacherous people, 'ihey made
mention of two or three c.iptaini, or chief men, wl,o
had been i.r.irdercd by them, and tome of the RulTianb
ll.cwed wounds, which they iltclared they had received
there. 'Ihey alio informed our people, th-t, in the
year 1773, an expedition had been unilertaken into the
frozen Ocean in lledges over the ice, to duee large
iflands, that arc fituaie oppofite the mouth of the river
Kovyma.
A tew d.iys after their ptomife, the three Radians
whom the corporal had brought, returned with the
ch.irts belbre- mentioned. 'I'licfe charts were two in
number, were both manulcripts, and bore every mark
t)t authenticity. One of them comprehended the Pen-
lliinlkian Sea; the coalt of i'aitary, as low 35 the lati-
tude of .\A deg. north; the Kuri'e Iflands, and the
pcninfula of Kamtlchatka. i'he other chart compre-
hended all the dilcovcries that the Ruffians had made
to the ealhv.ird of Ivanitfchatka towards America.
'i'he l.itiniile of the coaH dilcoveretl by Ikering and
I'lcherikoff, jiarticularly that part of it diicovered by
the latter, differs confiderably from Mr. MuUcr's
chart.
According to II'mylolTs account, neither the num-
ber or litiiation of tlie iflands which are difpcrfed be-
tween ^2 deg. and 55 deg. of latitude, in the fpace be-
tween Kamtlchatka and America, is properly afcer-
taiiied. 1 le llruck out a third of them, alfuring d-ijit.
Cook that they ilid not exill; and he confider.ibly altered
the fmiation of others, which, he laid, w.is nerelfary
(rom the obl'ervations which he himlelf had made; and
there was no realiin to entertain a doubt about this. As
thefe iilands are nearly under the fame parallel, ditferent
navigators, milled by their different reckonings, might
eafily miHake one illand, or cluHer of iilands, for ano-
ther, and imagine they had made a new difcovery,
when they had only found old ones, in a pofuion fome-
wluc
Hi
li
fi'fl
47'
A X
NTAV, ROYAL, anh AUTIir.NTIC ?YSTr.M or I'MVFRSAI. cr.OGP APIIY.
IM
•I'T
i'.|;
1, '
iffV
Nsh,U diftVrent from tliat uhidi their former vilkors had
afl'iiiitil to tlu'.'i. ,. A 1 ,
tl,e Uks of St. Tlu-odorc, St. Sti-phcn, St. Abr.i-
him. St. Macarius, Saliiclion Ill.md, ami Icycral
others which are rrprHcntcd in Mr. Mulicr s chart,
wxre not to be found in this now pruduccii. iNay,^ II
mvlolV, and thf other Uiiir.atis, aiVarcd C.j/'l.m ^;";f,
thiit thcv h.id been frequently fought lor vvrhnut dlcU.
Nevi rthrlcfs, it is diliieult to believe that Mr. Muller
could place them in his cii.irt \vithout Ionic authority.
C ■■>:'< O'd, howevir, conlidin-; in the telliniony ot
tilde iKoplc, vUioin he thoujht toiiipetcnt witntlles,
omitte'l th.m in his chart, and made fi h correction.
rcfpefting the other itlaiuls, as he had aalon to think
were necelVary. ,, ■
The American continent is here called, by the Isui-
fians, as well as by the illandcr-, Alalclil^a; which ap-
pellation, thoucji it properly belongs only to that part
which is contii^uous to an illmd c.illed OoneemaU, is
made ule of In- them when ipe.ikiiig of thg Ametican
continent in gciicral.
'I his W.1S all the intelligence G?/;/,-;:'; Tv! -f.t from
thefe people refpecVmg the geography of this [ ai t ot t.ie
globe; and, perhaps, all the infoniwtion they were able
to gi\-e. for thev repeatedly allured him, that they
knew of no other lilands befides thole which were re-
piefented upon this chart, and that no RuHian had ever
vilitedany jiart of the .■Vnicrican contin-jnt to tiie north-
w.ird, except that wliioh is oppofite the country of the
Tichutlki.
1 Living contracted r.n acquaintance with thele Rul-
fians, ourolHcers vifitcd their fettlcmcT. on the illaiid.
It confilled of a dwcliing-houfe and two llore houle-.
Befides die RulTuns, there was a number of the Kamti
thadaks, and of the Oonalaflikans, as lervants to the
former. Some other natives of tliis iflaml, \\ho a;)-
peared to be independent of the RuITlaiis, lived at ti.e
fame place. Such of them as belonged to the RulFians
were all of the male lex; and tliey are either taken, or
purchalcd, from their parents when young. 'I'lierc
were at this time about twenty of thefe, wh > could be
confidered in no other light than .as ( hildien. They
all refided in the fame lioule ; the RufHans at the iipi>er
end, the Kamtlchadales in the middle, and the Qona-
lalhkans at the lower end.
Gipliiin Cook, at t.'ie dole of liis account of tliis iflaml,
remarks, that though the relemblance of the inhabi-
tants of his nortii-ttcfiern fide of America, to thole of
the Efquiiiiaux and Greenlan.lcrs, in vai;:)us [larticu-
lars of perfon, drcis, weapons, canoes, and the like,
could not but attraft his attention, he was much kfs
ftruckwithd'.is, than with the allinity fubfilling between
the diaierls of the Greenlanders of l-'.fquimaux, and
tlioie of Oonalalhka. I le obferves, that, with refpect
to the words which were collecled by our peo[)le on t';is
ilde of America, too much llrefs is not to be laid upon
their being accurately rcprefcnted ; fir after the death
of Mr. Andcrfoii, there were few who totik any great
degree of pains about fuch matters ; and they had often
fouud that the fame word, written down by two or I'lfire
perfons, from the mouth of the lame native, ilitTered
Lonfulcrably, on being comparetl together. Neverthc-
lefs he a.firm.s, there is enough to authnii/.e this judge-
ment, that t'lere is great realon to fuppole that ail thele
nations ;ue of the fame cxtraciion; and if that be the
cafe, there ii a little doubt of there being a northern
tommuni^.'iion by lea, between the \.'-llern fid<- of
America, and the eallern fide, through li.ili'.'i's Hay;
which communication, however, i^ perh.ips, ellectu-
ally lliutui) againll fliips, by ice and other obftuidions ;
fuch, at leall, was dipUin Cci.k\ opinion.
1 laving tlius defcribcd every particular oblcrvation
matle by Gz/'/i;.:: On^k relative to the illnnd of' Oona
l.ilhka, together witii the manners, cufloiiis, and lin-
;';ular ceremonies of the inhabitant'., we fhall now ])ro
cecd to his account of Nooika, or King (.jcorge'j
Sound, which h.e vifitcd in his lafl: vojagc, and of
v.hich lie gives the following account:
j
NOOTKA, oil KING (JEORGE's SOUND.
S !•: C T I O N I.
O' y'iov.i
'J'yvilr
Cnfmciu,-'' previous to thar foviin^ on lininl
(Itvhjhfd. ArlidrsolTmJf,:. European T'u.lfi
;;,.//<■(/ !')■ the Xi'.'ii:-' ,j/i,i\iloy Joivir.
c
.M'l'AlN' COOK, in hi, hl> voyage, being in
the kuitud-; '.f J3 dcg. north, obferves, that iho'
it was then the winter feati)n the people on iio.uil only
began to feel a fenlation of cokl in the mornings . n 1
evenings, and he m.ikes this remark as a pruof of the
equal and dur.ible influcn'e of the heat (.f the I'un at
ah liiiu-sto ;o degnes on each fide the ecj'ihio. iial line.
When they re.iVlied the I'.titii.ie of 49 de.g. z<j mm.
n irth, numbers of lofty moiiniaiiis pulcnted then;-
felves to view, the liimmits of which wtretovcird with
fiiow. The vallies between them and the land towards
the coafl were covered with tall ihaight trees that a[i-
l)e.ircd like a vail foretl. Metueen two Points, ciUcd
bv Cai tain Cook, I'oint Breakeis and Woody i'oint, a
large Hay is formed, wiiich he called Hope ikiy, hoping,
as "he laid, to find in it a good harbour, and the tvcnt
proved he was not mifkike.-i.
As loon as they api-iroaihed .an inlet to the iiorth-
eafl corner of the b.iy, they perceived tl.e co.ill to be
ii.habited; and thiee canoes came off to the fliip, in
one o\ which were two men, in another fix, and in the
Advancing pretty near, a p' r;
n ll)
■'I'
) Lll.an'l Ipokc for a cciKfiderable
othe; ten.
in one of the tv.
time, inviting c\w people, as tiiey fuppofeiiby his_ gef-
ture>, togoallioiTi and, .at the lame tiiiie continual
brewing feathers towards tliem. Some of his compa-
nions a'lfo threw a red powder in the fame manner.
llie perfon who was the orator on this occ.il'.on w.ii
cloaihed with tlie Ikin of fome animal, a'-d held Ibmc-
thing in eacli haml which rattkd as he ll.cok it. At_
ler.gdi, grown weary with his repeated exhortation?, of
winch tliey could not cuinprehend a word, he became
i]unt; and the otliers, in their turn, had IjiiKtliing ti>
lav ; t)u: then I'l ceches were neither li) long, or lo ve-
hement as tl .It of the other. 'i"!ie hair of two or
three (.f thele jieo[ile was flrewcd over with fmall white
feathers; and that of others with lar^e ones, thick into
ditl'erent parts.
The tunv.'kii'ii's noil"'' havi;-'-i; ce.iftd, I'lcy lay at a
fmall dilhinre from r'le Oiip, ciiiverfing toother with
much eale arul < umpolure, without Ihewing the le.ift
dillrtill or I'urpri.e. Some of theni rol't; occafionally,
and laid liimething aloud, ;ifttr the inaniur of tiieir
fiifl harangues; and one, in p;>rticular, fling a moll
.igreeable air, accom])anied wirii a ()e;:ree ot iiiel'idy
andloftnef.; the word Lul'i being frequently repeatcJ
as the burden of the long.
\\'hen the flips came dufer to the lluiie, the canoes
began to vilit tf.em in great numbers, there being, at
one time, no Icis tiiaii ; i of tliem about them, con-
taining from three to fiven or eight periods each, and
of botli lexes. Several of thefe alii) flood i.|) ami fpake
aloud, uling the lame geflures as the fiill vilitors. t)ne
cannc p.irticulaily attr.uHed obfrrvatioii, by a peculiar
head, whi',li had a bird's eve, and an enoimous larg •
beak, painted on it. The perfmi who w.is in it, .-iiiJ
who apj, eared to be a rliief, was et]ually reir.ark.ible
fur his hiifMilar a|)pearance, having a lari^e i|iMntity of
featliers hanging from his he;u!, and being piinteti or
fmeared in a viry extraordinary manner. In his hand
he Ind a carved bird of wood, of die li/e of a pigeon,
with which he often rattled, and was (qiially vocifi*-
rous in his ii.iraiigue, which was aeccmpanicd with
niany expicllive gellurcs. TK'iugh thele vifitors were
fo pe:ueable, tli.it iheycouM not bf lul| rc'led of ,iny
hol'iile intention, not any of them could be jrevailcd
upon tr) come on board. They were ready, however,
to part with any t!un<j they had, and received wliatc^cr
wai
M'
3;:'
N;'.w Discover
was ofTered them
after iron than a
appearing to be 1
me ll.
Some ccremo
previous to tliei
with their utmofl
fliips; a cliicf, a
in his hand, and
(ifrroully. Th.e
vercd with a mal
tenance, or that
a fpear, he had .1
made this ceremo
come along fide,
people. Freque
tain them with
i:)ined, and pr :>d
When the fhif
by canoes tilled \
was commenced
in iny and integr
romnicrce were
bears, lea- otters,
tins, and pole-c
made of fkins ; ;
ted from the bark
Befides thele art
tiHi hooks, varii)
lepreltrnting hor
carve I work, be
ornaments of tlii
{hr^i-, which the)
had likewife lev
fomewl " refemb
l^ilion ofthell- m
infer, fh i. tliey n
peopi- of fome
witn thole (.in tlic
munication with
But the molt
fered to talc wei
of the tlefh rcir
ledged they had
indeed, bore evi
the fire. Fri)m
parent, that the
mies is praiTtiled
other Soujji Sea
iKim their bring
inier, that they
brutal cruelty; y
ncial agreement
tribe of uncivili;
I^art of the globe
they received 1
looking-glalTes, I
kind of metal.
gLis be.ids, and
Such of the n
the moft bencficii
trifles, they tmp
always pet took t
c'.irrd fir ihrm
nial (jil, which
ck ' attempted
oil; ai..., v.. ■
a to till tl'.cir I
hf trcr to wink .;•
pi... I :..e a CjUiiiii
< 1 1. Ily c milled
ll.. e a (.onll
aicn like toys,
ivit highly cllim.i
1 V the liaiives
iiig linighc after
fliips left t!.e fi)
in tliein, except
No. J
jRAPIIY.
GE':, SOl.ND.
: 1.
/.'■ N,:tiiCi. Onion
i|c OK bi'ind. 'J'y'ihir
Eiiropiisa I'uhlf I'.-
■ /o:{:(i:
J^ voy:ij»c, bAtvj, ill
, obllrvcs, that th(j'
rople on ho.m.1 only
ill tlie inornin^s . ii I
k as a piDof i)( tlie
[• lu'at (>t' the lun ;u
,■ the fci'iiiKii'vinl line.
of 49 ilii^. 29 mill,
ins j>r>f(.iitcd ihfii;-
ch wuctnveird «itli
aiul the IjikI towards
rai|^;ht trees that ap
;;i two P(iilU';, called
and Woody Point, a
d 1 1o;h- Day, hopiiijr,
boiir, arid the twiu
1 inlet to the north -
•ived tlie eoall to be
le olT to the fliip, in
notlier iix, and in the
ir, a prri n llo 'd iij)
;<c for a coi-.Hderable
,• t'uppofciiliy his ijef-
l.mie time cuitiauccl
Some of his coinpa-
the fame niamier.
r on thi> crcalion was
uir.al, and htld Ibiiie-
1 as l.e Ib'tiU it. At
■cnted exhortation?, of
New Discoverif.s.]
NORTH AMERICA.
477
a wori
',1
he becanii;
urn, had l')iiii.thiiig ta
her fo lorirj, or to ve-
The hair of two or
I over with fmall wiiitc
lar;^e ones, Ihick into
; ee.did, t'lcy lay at .i
ivcrfnv; tonthcr with
louc (lanviiig the ie.ilt
leni roft; oec.'.fioiially,
the inanriT i,t tiieir
irticular, limp a ;ii(jlt
\ a i!e;:rce of r.iel'idy
in^ frcvii;ently repeated
) tl'.c lliore, the c.inoe.s
nbtrs, there bein:;, at
leiii about tluiii, lon-
"Jit perloiiS eicli, and
lili) iiood l;p and fp.iLe
, the lirll \-ilitcir^. One
rvatioii, by a peculiar
nd an enoimoiis lar;^'
II vUio was in it, and
as equally rcinark.iblc
ni!; .1 lan;e ipi.uitity ol
and bein;.-; painted or
manner. In his hand
)f the i'l/v of a pigron,
rid was Kiually voeile-
vas aii'ciiipauicd with
ur'h thel'e vilitiirs were
lot bf lul| n'ied of .uiy
em Could be jrevailtd
,' were ready, l-.owever,
and rcceiwd wliatc^er
va*
w.is oflVret! thfni in exolMn,7e, but were more folicioiis
ai'rcr iron than all of oiir other articles of commerce,
appearing to be no U rangers to the ufe of tliat valuable
me d.
i)onie ccremonifs took pbce among thefe people
previous to their coming on lK)ard. They paddled,
with their utniofl ftrmgth ami activity, round both the
fliipSi a chief, all this time, flanding up with a fpear
in his hand, and fpeaklng, or rather b.iwling, moft vo-
( ifrroully. The face of this orator was fomctimes co-
vered with a malk, reprefcnting either a human coun-
tenance, or that ot fome other animal; and, inrtcad of
a fpear, he had a kind (/f ratde in his hand. Having
made this ceremonious circuit round the Ihip, they would
come along fide, and then begin to traffic with our
[ eople. Frequently, indeed, they would firfl: enter-
tain thein with a long, in which their whole company
;.iir,e(l, and [ir "diiccd a very agreeable harmony.
When the Ihips came to anchor they were furrounded
by canoes filled with the inhabitants, a reciprocal trade
was commenced, anci conduced with the itrideft har-
m my and integrity on both fides. Their articles of
c )mmcrce were the fl<ins of various animals, fucli as
be.irs, fea-otters, wolves, foxe.s, deer, racoons, mar-
tins, and pole-cats. Ihey all!) produced garments
made of fkins ; and another kind of cloathing, fabrica-
ted from the bark of a tree, or a plant refcmbling hemp.
Befides thefe articles, they had bows, arrows, fpears,
fifti hooks, varii)us kinds of inftruments, wooden vizors
reprefcnting horrid figures, a fort of woollen ftiifF,
carved work, beads, an I red ochre; alio fcveral little
ornamtnrs of tliin brafs and iron, refcmbling a horfe-
fhne, which they wore pendant at their nofes. They
had likewife fcveral pi;ces of iron fixed to handles,
ioniewl " refcmbling chifTels. From their being in pof-
Lilioii oi'thei;- metals, it wis natural for our people to
infer, rh li tiicy muft either have been vilited betore by
peopi- of fome civilized nation, or had connexions
witn thofe on their own continent, who had fome com-
munication with them.
l]i:t the molt extraordinary ar-'cles which they of-
fered to fale were human ikull. ai! 1 hands, with feme
ol the llelVi reinainiug on them, which they acknow-
ledged they had been feeding on; and fome of them,
indeed, bore evident marks of their having been upon
the fire. From this ciicumllance it wai but too ap-
p.'.rtnt, that the horrid cuftom of devo ing rheir ene-
mies is pradtiled here as much as at New-Zealand, and
other Sou^i Sea illands. There is too nuch reafon,
from thiir bringing to fale human (kuUs and bones, to
inier, that they treat their enemies with a degree of
brutal cruelty; yet this circumflance rather marks age-
ncial agreement of charadcr with that of almoll every
tube of uncivili;;ed men, in every age, and in every
l^art of the globe. For the various ar'icle.s they brought,
they received in exchange, knives, chiflcls, n.iils,
looLing-^JalTcs buttons, pieces Oi iron and tin, or any
kind of metal. They had not much inclination tor
gl..ls bculs, and reierted every kind of cloth.
Such of the natives as vifited our peo[)le aaily, were
tiunioft; beneficial to them; for, after difpofing of their
triHes, they tmpl lyed themlelvcs in filhing, and they
always peitook ot what they caught. They alio pro-
curd (Lr them a confiderable quantity of good ani-
iii.d oil, wlai.il they brought in bladders. Some, in-
tli ' Httcii'ptcd to cheat, by mixing water with the
01'; ai .., .. -'"iCw, they f) far imputed upon them,
a to rill th.cir bl-iddrr' ■. i.n w.iter only. Hut it was
f'trcr to wink a" ,! ,1 iinjiofitions, than luficr them to
I'.,.., !t.e a iju.iiiil, for the European articles of tr.iHic
1 ! i. I'y Ci iililled 'if tiillcs, and it was found difficult to
li. e a (onll.int lii| ply even of theli.-. Beads, ami
null liive toys, of whuh Ionic weie remaining, were
ii'it highly cllimated. Metal was principally i oiiuiiamled
1 V the iiaiives and brals had now iii])planted iron, be-
ihi; liiught after with fiicli cagernels, that before the
lliips left t!.e found, hardly a bit of it was t© be found
in them, except that conllituted a part of the ncccfliiry
No. ^4.
inftruments. .Suits of doatl.s were (tripped of their
buttons, bureaus of their furniture, kettles, cannifters,
and candlcfticks; zU went to rack; fo that they pro-
cured a greater variety of things than any oiher nation
our people had vifited.
A party of (trangers, in feven or eir^ht canoes, came
into the cove, and, after looking at the firangcrs for
fome time, retired. It was apprehended th.it their old
friends, who, at this time, were more numerous about
the fliips than the new vifitors, would not fuffer them
to have any dealings with our people. It was evident,
indeed, that the principal nadvcj engiofTcd them entire-
ly to themfelves; and that they carried on a traffic with
more diltant tribes in thofe articles they had received;
for they frequendy difappeared for four or fivi- days to-
gether, and returned with frefh cargoes of curiofities
and fkins, which our people were fo palfionately fond
of, that they always came to a good market. Our
people were convinced of this on many other occafions.
Nay, even among thofe who lived in the found, the
weaker were often obliged to fubmit to the (tronger
party, and were plundered of .-very thing, without even
attempting to make any refilt;Lnce.
S E C T 1 O N 11.
Fifiti from ami to the Nitivoi uf the thfferrat P arts ^jJ the
Sound, and Iii/Linca of thur Civihl\. Trentma:,. re-
ceived from an ivbofpUaLlrCbirf. Cnoundlefi Apprehcn-
fiom vj an Altack. hrjariori^ Thrfti. tlaimi of the
Natives for the Product 0/ the Country.
THE natives were not difcouraged, by fome bad
weather that happened, from making our people
daily vifits; and, in their fituarion, fuch vi fits were very
acceptable. They frequently brought them a fupply of
fiili, when they were unable to catch any with a hook
and line; and they had not a convenient place to draw
I net. The fidi they brought were fmall cod, and a
fmall kind of bream, or fardine.
The officers received a vilit, in the evening, from a
tribe of natives not feen before, and w ho, in gcncr-il,
made a better appearance than their old friends. They
were conduced into the cabbin, but there was not an
objeft that engaged their attention: all novelties were
looked on with indifference, except by a very few, who
fhewed a certain degree of ciiriofity.
When the moft important bufinefs of the fliip was
finil'ied, Captain Cook fet our to t'urvey the found, and
going firll to the well point, he difcovered a large vil-
lage, and, before it, a very fntig harbour, with from
nine to four fathom water. The Ir.. Mjitants, who were
numerous, received him with great ccurtely, every one
prefTing him to enter his apirtment; for levcral fami-
lies have habitations under the fame roof. Ht politely
accepted the invitations ; and t!;c hofpitable friends
whom he vifited icltitied every mark of ci'ility and
relpcd.
Captain Cook, proceeding up the welt fide of the
foiintf, for near three '^mJcs, law fcvrral lilands, fo fitua-
ted as to form fome cnnvenu'nt harbours.
Proceeding fome diltancc t.irthcr he fcjiind the ruins ofa
village. The framings of the houles rcm.iincdftanding,
but the boards or roofs were taken aw.iy. Behind this
delerted village was a fmall plain, covered with large
[line trees. This was, indeed, lingular, as molt of
the elevated ground on this fide of the found appeared
nitlier naked.
Oil the eall-fidc of the found the Captain found what
he had befiiie imagined, that it was an ifiand ur, 't r
which the llii|)s lay, and that many fnialler ones L'y
Icattereil on the well fide of it. llpon the p.uiin l.uid,
oppofite the north end of the illaiui, he oblerved a vil-
l.ige, and l.intled there; but he was not fo politely re-
ceived by the inhabitants, as by thole of the other vil-
lage he had vifited. This cold reception was occaQoncd
by one furly chief, who would not llifler the Capteit) to
enter their houles, but followed him wherever he went,
^:|
ill 11
6 ^
making
'II
fl
it
!'t*t
nit
A NTAV, ROYAT,, anp
47S
iiLikii-u cxnicfl'ivi- fiiiij th.u Ik' w.is iiiijKiriciU tor hiai
to bc"j,.);u-. 'Vlw Ciptaiii .uttiiiptc.l, b;it in vain, to
fjotli ln;n \\i:li pivfuitsi for tiiD'igh In- iIkI not ivtiilc
them, lie c iiitiiuiovl iiie lame kini.1 i^i l>.li.ivu)vir. _ Hut
notttitlirt.iiiJinj^ this treatnu-nc from i!ie inholpiiable
chiet, liir.v' of the youn;; women eXjU^'iti'mlly .ipji.i-
r.'lled theiiifelvcs iiuheir hell, allemWeilin a body, and
gaveiiim ;i hearty wek-oine to the \illaij;e, bv joiiiinti; m
an agree.i'ile fong. Iv.'eiiinp ni>w drauiiifj; on, the
Ca[>tain priKocded for tlie mips riv.iii.i the noiih end ul
tiie ni.;n.i. When he rctiirjied oi\ ih)ard, he was in-
formed chat, in his ablence, I'ome llra:iL;eis, in tivo or
three large eanoes, had made a vilit to the ll'.ips, (rom
wiioni i^'if people underftuod by li^ns, that they had
come i'luni the fouth-eall. They brouglit wi:h them
levcral t:ari;v.ius, Ikin-, and cthn artieles, whieli ti.ev
b.irttred t.'r loiue of ours. But tiie moll ri-marlvable
circuinilaiue was, that two filver table -fp.'ons were
purchakd "t' tiiem by our people, whieh appeared to
be of Spanilli manuadure. I'hcy win- worn r.nind the
neck of one ol'tlitfe vificors by way of <,rnamei!r.
The day fMl wing a party of tiie native:, fr -m tlie
f)utliward advanced towards the fliips, ail Handing up
in their canoes, aiid bes^an to fing. Some o! tluir loiu'-.
were IIt"' and li leiiui, ,inA in whieh tluv «erc joitud
by the v.lv>le b>>dy: others vsere in i]ui.ker time, and
their nntcs were regularly aeeomijaiied by the iiiotions
of their iiaiids their p.Kklles beati.ig in coneert on the
li-les of the eanoes j and they, at die fmie rime, e:;!u-
liitej the molt expreliive giftures. fl'.ty riin.iined
iiknr, for a lov f eor.ds after the eiinil I'..'.! ••; euh
long, and then be^an a^^ain, lrein:ently pion .nicini'
tl'.e word Ars,' Uo a kind of i-ivjrn.i.
I lavin^:; 'i.us favoijred our people with, a ipe iinen ot
their Inuiie, widi v.hi h rhey wcie higlily tiuerrained
fa- li.''t' an luiur, i!iev uime learer the diips, and bar-
tcrer with tlieui. T-.y e,ow [vieeind tli.i fome of
their old friends fio;n li:e fouad were a;n,;iii; them,
who mana|_',e'.i lor the iir.'.i.j. r^ in the tra'lic eairiid on
between them and i)i:r p-.ople.
Soon atter our people haii oecafiun f)i- a very lerious
.liarm. The |;ar!y who \\ere eui|)loyed eai lliore, in cut-
ting wood .ind liihnj.', water, obfer\ed that the iy:!:ives,
i:i all quaiter.-, were .ir.niiij^ tliemleives in me IjlII man
ncr they Were able; aul that thole who h.id not [ ro-
j er weapons, were Ciiiledin!; Ilieks and (tones, f learing
tliis, they thought it neceljary to arm alii), but refdved
t 1 a:t upon the deieufive iniv. Ciiptain Cvok ordered
.dl the W()rkmen to repair t > the rock on wiiii!, riieob-
tervaturies had been pkiccJ, leavini^ the Uipjiolct! ene-
i.iy in polleiFion of tiie [^;Miind wr.cre they had alT^ ui-
h'ed, whieh wa.-, wiihin abn' '03 yards of thi i^cfdu-
ti.Mi's llcrn. Tiie danger, riowever, was only iiiuj^i-
n...-y; lor tiule liollile ; rei..-,;-,;tions w\re dirccled ag.iinil
.1 bidy of their own countrymen, win were advancing
to iictack them;- and wlitn t'lev j i-rceivetl the apprehen-
lio.is of our people, thev e:;eivd tlieir bell endeaviurs
to convir.ce them that t:iis \..■,^ reallv rhe cali'. People
wer:- c'bferved lookiiii' (Kit on both fides ol ti.e c.ve,
atid canoes were frc4uentl,- viifpatehed between .them
■m\ the m.iin b;dy. The ad^erfe party, on b.i.nd
a',,).it A d,..-.ea l.;iye c.moes, at lenL'th drew up in line
01 battle, oil' the fjutii point of the cove, a nei_'oelaiion
'er the relloraii'Mi of \\.u\: having bem Luiunieneed.
Ii' /"iiductin;^ the treaty, IocmI' j^rople in c.iii„es
palled between the two p.irties, .i.ul .Imie d.ei) ues en-
lui .'. .'Vt le;. ■• I the niauer in (liijiULc aji|icared to be
a liiifledj b'li ; ,e r, 111' MS Were u'it prrnv.lied to ap-
I r-i.i.li tfie 1:1 :,, iji lo |),i,-t ,:.iy inie.'-eauric or de.ihr,",s
,wi;'i our fieo; ie.
li.ir I cope: Were, no d lulit, the occafion of the
.';:s, iiiiillmg on h.ivin'; ,1
•t.lges of a trade wir'i t ,e;ii,
' cni>rufs i! en
ArniF.NVlC .sYi-TrM Ok IjN'lVI.k.v-iI. r.l Ot;kA;'i!':'.
.Le,)
iiniii.l, t,ie Livnjier', p
:.'l^'.; ',i'lh.ien,' ir, t!. .,.ji
afi I il'-ir uilL !r!.:nd- i- , ,:v
U, :!.:;. .;lhe..
j '.^: ■;''"'; "•' i I iskci.Jid •'..: '.<M- pe ipl • meant
•■ .le irn.le, iheH' .\.u ^ u ^re n ,.', r..uio',edi I ir th.y
''■ 'i: , ed ua b ;.,i.i the lliipj, ,uul luricj witli die;n w/ii
' ■■ ■'.» X /ued ,1.1 ,i.,d 1 ;i ■:!>,-,
t)'.:r people fji.'ii.', aller a llrr: ii.terc.n.i.e v.ii!; :l.i:
naiues, that they were as mueli addiilUd to ihilt as
any they li.id met wit'i duiini; the voyaj.'.e; a;.>l having
liiai-p iii'liu'iienrs in their iirdtiruin, tliey eoultl ealiiy
cut a liojk from a t..ekle, or a | ine ol iron from a rope.
Hifides cih.er ankle-, tlicy kat le\-<i.d h -oi.s in tl;is
manner, one of whieli weiidieii between twenty an.l
thirty pound>. 'li-.ey Ihijiped the boats ot all ih.e iron
that was wnih takinj; away, though foine of the crew
Were alwa)'.. leit in llieill as a guard. 'I'hev were, in-
deed, lo de\troi!b in ellecting th( ir pnrpoles, tliat one
feilow WO! Id eoniii\e to amnfe our [ eople at iMie n.,1
of' the lio..r, wiiile another was f Mcii';; oli' the imn-work
at the o;iK r. If anv article that lia ! been dole n was iiii-
medkireiy mid'ed, tiie iluef was calily detei'ted, as tiny
were fond of inipeacliing each otiur. U.tt the pri.;e
w.'s alw.;ys reU.eiantly given up by the g'liity perfonj
and lome'.uiies cenipuifive 11U..11S wee ul>iig.-d ro In:
exercil'evi liir tiiat p'i:p f?.
I'iiefe vifitors beiu,; gone, the C".'.pt.-.ins Cook and
Cl( ik went with two Ijoats to the villa^je at tlie weit
pent, where Captain Ccok had been two day-. Ix-toif,
and had oblerved that plenty of (^rafs was to be liaj
ne.ir it; and it was tieeeliaiy ro get a li'pply oi tlii.^ ti-r
tl;e iL-.v remaining ;"<.its and lir e|j w;;ii ii a:e Itill (,ii
board. 1 hey experienced the lame welcome receprion
t'^at liie Captain '.ivl iret with b;!<;rei aiuldiMi aUu'
ihey were illiore, C.i'ftiun Ciik ordued ikine of hii
jie pie to b' -in i u:t:n;r, not imagining that the ii.ilives
WD'iUi eiiJ! ^a. t) tl'.eir turnilliing ilieinlelv;s w:t!iw'.:t:
ceiiii' n-'i be of anv ui'e to tir.m, thoi.'gh e:!'en:r.il,- ii.-
celiary li-.r the l-.uropean;. In this, liov.eiej-, l;e w.is
niii'iaken; fir as loi::i as the nun began gu::iii^ v.,c
grals, lome of the inhabitants would not perinic them
to proceed, faying, " I'.'./kv/i," whicii f;g:ii ;ed :ii it
thi) mnll buy ir fnll. 'liie Captain, at tins time, was
in one ol the houi'es, but, hearing ot tiii-, he repaired
immediately to the !iel,;, wicre he foui, I ab nit a dij/.uj
claimants of uit'ennt paits of the gials tli.U gic.v on
tl'.e rre;ni,e-. i le tie.ued with tiiem ii.r it, and having
I' inij i.ed widi tiie terns ot his puiellale, tlioi.i!;lic his
nieii had now mil liDeriy to cut wliatever tiiey pieafed.
I Fete he was ag.iin aiiltakeii; for he had li) iiiieraliy paid
the lirll preten.:ed proj .let ir;, tliic frt lli demands were
made fibin oiher.s; fo th.it it aimofl appeareil tiia: every
(Irgle blade ol graii had a fejiaraie owner; and lb many
of dicni were to be faiiifled, that his poLkets prelend/
became empty. When tliey were, liowcier, c;;nvin; • 1
tl'.at lie had nothing n.orc to gi.e, thtv ce.uij tc Ur
iiii|>ortuiiate, and die men were permitted to' cut where
ti'.ev plealt-d, AU'X as muci; as they pieafed.
Ci'pta.n r>;(i !ii)lcrv( J, that he never met with .inv
uncivnized n..tl 11, or tribe, who poireli(.d ilich ;!i:,"L
notions of their having an e\ lufive property in the u,-o-
duce cf their conntiy, "■■> ti.e, inhabitants of this 1 .1,:, !.
They f.eii wanr.'J our [leoplc to pay ikr the wood and
w.itei ih.it wa'. earned In board. M.rd the Captari
been pieunc when liu f. d.nian.is were
11a,
he Would
doiibdeli have complied w id) them; but liic w^-ikiiic:.
thought dilTeren'!;. , M\\}i paid litde tr no ,.tu ntion 1 t
hn h (laims. The iiati\e>, diinking, tliey wrie lirier-
to apply.
mined to pay noih;i:rr, at It ngtii eei.led to apply. 15u:
tiiey liequently took oicalion to remind them, t'li.'.t diey
h.id giseii the wood and w.n. \ out (tirieiidd.ip.
s i; c f r o N III.
c.ihl ^;. /'■;.■ ..< Ii:jlit.:tiiii.j ,.J (,',, A..;.?,. i\r,..,.i
"/ !':'i<:L,l..i.!s.
''j^llf. natives of ilik faml are low in I' tture, but
JL I'l'lr pei: I's ate r,o! I • .pciii-inabli' ll. ,du , be
ii.,, ■ :'"l|y pietiv 1 !•■ up, 1'. 1, iM MO! m-iici.l.u-. \'h- '..
lol: t'e.kineis, Ivueen, ii.ei,. never to Iwell into eet-
I'l;:.!..-. 1 and e.i.tnv . f ;:.• ,., •;• jeo;!e are very lean.
M'll ..f tliciu h,ive 10:11 I Uih Mi'.: . c , whuh are fotui--
times bioad, v.i n hVji [rn. .n.;..i eju-iks. ASiac
Ihel;
H
■~ ^f-jsi y^
./
-'-
n
«r'-'
.UAi'ii'
tercoti; .I- v.'ita tl.c
idlll to tlulC .IS
)y;ij.'c; a:. J having
, i!u-y Cdiiiil laliiy
)l iron rnuu a ronf.
i.il li 'oi.h in this
twcen twenty aiiil
lats ot all tiic iron
|(".nc I'l tlie crtw
I'lu'v wtic, iii-
)'ir[)iilt;.s, tliat one
coj'lc at iMic tiiil
.', oil thi- irnii woriv
Ixtn llol; II wasim-
liiTci'tcvl, as tlirv
r. lj.;t i!n- yy\zc
tiic p'liiiy [irrloiii
i';c ij!'!iij-il to hi:
r.iprains Cook anil
•illa^;!.- at tlic \\c;l
I t\s;) ilaVM Ixloic,
ili V..15 t.i lif ii.iJ
I li'i; ly ot tlii» lor
wliiiii a:c Itill (,i\
wtlcoine ivci'prion
;rf; am! li on alter
liicJ luiiif of \:\i
11/ tli.it tile natives
inlflv.s «:t:i w'. -.c
jiigh e!lL-nii,.il.- n.--
ilOV.Ctl, li'.; \i4s
ii.-!;an g'i:;i.ij tao
i not pcniiit ilu-in
licil lit^:ii ;al rh.lt
It tlii5 liiiir, was
t tlii.-, I'.e rep.'.irctl
mt.il all nit a ^'.o/xn
r,;ali tl-..:t ^'ii-.v on
1 ii.r it, and having
rchali', thoi.i^iit his
it'.-vc r thiy piiMlI'il.
hu-l lo iibfraliy paid
trt Ih licnMniih wrre
H'l'iMiccl t!i.u every
wncrj an.! lb many
> poJ.cts prcliiirl;/
jv.CMT, C(::n-inr',l
li.ty n .■.lid til be
nitteii to' cut wIktc
eafeJ.
vcr n-iit with nnv
oli'-'.ii-ii ilith ilii.'L
nojitrty inthe pro-
tants oi' this |..t.;,.l.
,' It the wood aii.l
I l.ui ill.' Captain
e in.ul-, lie woul.l
hilt liie V. c'lLiiaa
cr no .tiu ntioii 1 >
'-, th.ey weif tkur-
'-•'I to ajp!;.'. Hut
iiJ thdii, t!i.,t ti'A/
/>i'ieiKl;hi[i.
111.
A...' it:
A;i,,.,-. ,
low in 1
it'ire, [)iit
inihly 1!
■ ul>l, \u-
iir.iicnl
ir. rii- i.
to l»\c!
1 into L'.r-
>;!e are
vfry !. .111.
, whii I
are liiiiif-
dud.
b, Al))\e
t:.ti..-
( /y /,//', ^yr/\y\\KV.s's. l/r. ///.>/r/// ,'/ {\v A) ('AXXVWX' //'//• /f.'/zo/ />// ^i\'//rr/. /////f,'/y/y.
- -■?
/^^/y/////vA/ /// XooTKASorxi), \r////- ///,>■/ ^a :
' ^/u INSIDlw^ .-' IlAniTATION /// '
< I'/Zi'if ' '(•// f/ii
New Discoveries.
\l
\
m
\
tilde the ficc CnK]V.t
l)ctw(.\'n till- tcni[il''s
wide nollrils, .uiJ a
low; till- eyes r.ii
mouth round, the h|
wtll I'cr, but iiirt re 1 1
Many ot' the mci
only . I tiiuill thill one
does nut arile iVo:!!
part, btit lioin ilieii
thofe who do n it i:
beards on every pai
nuillachias, running
jaw obliquely dowi
Icanty ant! narrow;
on the head, wh.iel
Their necks are lh>i
fv, hivmg nothiiig
111 ition. The lini'.ii,
li 111 to the otlier |
ill tiirmrj, haviUj]
which are ankward
to be oecafioncd, ii
coiuiiuiaily on their
'1 heir eolour ij
bodies being encrcl
when tiie paiiii as
was little inferior
peans, but of that
inhabitants of our
v.'lun young, ip[K',
to the generality ot
iiig attended with
alter a certain aj:;e,
,1 uTiarkablc lamer
dulnefs and want oi
in every vifage. 1
!a;ne 'i/.e, colour,
calV to ilillinf,iiilh t
niinine deliiacies.
found, even ani'sn
who had the ieall
The ordinary dr
iiiaiule, ornanuntei
iriper edge, and fi
iiiidir the left arn
leaving both arms |
i.. la.aned rouml tli
iVv'er tiiis is wiirn
reathin;^; to the wai
wc.u' a ca[i like a ti
ot a veiy line matt
or a bunch ot lea
under tlie chin, to
1 he above dreti
nun often wear, o
fonie animal, as
hair out" aids: loi
limes behind, like
about their IliouKl
' wiHiilen ^'.irmeiits,
ii-raily wear dieir 1
who have not a i
( : iwn <if the head,
'riu-T diets is
ke;-r clean, wouU!
continuaHy iubbin|
mixed with oil, I
untraft a rancid,
tliefe people is bi,i
and garments I'wai
every idea of cleai
them pick them o
jiofurc.
I'hcir bodies, i
vercd with red y
with a vaiivty ot
a wliiie colour,
hunible ap;.earanc
Ntw Discoveries.]
NORTH A M F fl I C A.
479
tlicl'e the Tice Tk q;!i-iiily appears rillcii in quit'- acrofs
bctvvci'ii till- tciiipl'-s. I'lic iiulf iLuLins Jt ich b.ili-, iu.s
wiilc nollrils, atiJ a roiwulnl jjoiiit. lii- forclir.id is
low; till- eyes f.iiili, hlaik, .iiul i.ui(^ liiliiiui, ; tin-
tiioiitli round, tlic lips iliick, a.-id tin* teeth rci^ulai' and
well I'tT, but nirt rc-iiiarlvablc (or tlirir whiicnelb.
Many of the men have no beards at all, and others
only a laull thin one upm the point of the chin. This
liots not arile tVoni .in original ilciiciency nt' hair nn that
part, but from their plucAint^ it out by ilie roots; (iir
tholV who do n It ileilroy it have not oiily confivlerabie
beards on every part ot the chin, but alio whilker-^, or
imiltachias, nuinini^ Ironi the upper lip to the lower
jaw obliquely downwards. Their eye-brows are alfo
I'canty and narrow; but they liave abundance of hair
on the head, wh.ich ii Itrong, blaek, llrait, and lank.
Their necks are Ihirt; and dieir .inns .ue rather cliim-
fy, hiving nothing ot beauty or elegance in their fijr-
in.ition. I'lie linil)., in all ol them, are I'm ill in j.iop.'jr-
tion to the oth.er p.itts; bi'liiles tlv-V are crooked ;uh1
illt"ormrJ, havuij proje-'^ting anrks, and large feet,
which are ankwanlly lliaped. 'l\v: latter defect feeins
to be occafioned, in a threat meafure, by their fitting fo
continually on their hams or knets.
'1 heir colour ( .innot pr.'.|)erly be afccrtained, their
boilies beins^ encr^ilied with paint and naliinefs; thoiigii
when tile paint as been carefully rni)bcd olT, the fkin
was little inferior in whitenefs, to t!ut of the Kuio-
pcan.";, but of that pali:li call winch diltinguilhe.s the
inhabitants of our louthern nations. Some of them,
v^hen young, appear rather agreeable, when comp.-.red
to the generality of the [leojilc; that period of life be-
ing atteniied with a peculiar degree ol .inimation; but,
alter a certain a;^e, tiie dilHniftion is liaruly obfervable;
aiciiarkable lamenefs charade rizes every countenance,
dnlnels and want of e.\[irenion being vilibly pourirayed
in every vifage. 'I'he women, in general, arc of the
lame 'i/.e, colour, and form, with the, men; nor is it
caly to dillinguilh tliein, as they polfels no natural fe-
minine deliiaeies. Nor was there a fingle one to be
found, even ani')ng thole who v.ere in their prime,
wlio h.ul the lealt preteiiGms to beuitv or comlineli.
I'he ordinary drcfs of both I'excs i-> a liixcn kind of
mantle, ornair.mtcd with a narrow Itrqie of fur on th.e
upper edge, and frini;es on the lowtr edge. I'afling
under the left arm, it is tied over tiic right (lioiilder,
leaving both arms peri'eclly free. Sonn times the mantle
i.. la.uned round the wailt by a girdle ofcoarfe ni.itting.
l)ver tiiis is worn a fmall cloak of the fame iubflance,
rcainini_;to the wailt, alfo fringed at the bottom. Tluy
wear a c.ip like a truncated cijiic, laa ilovver (lot, made
of a veiy tine matting, ornamented vviih a round knob,
or a bunch ot leaihern talliils, ii.iving a tiring palFing
iind',-r the chin, to pi event its Idowing ofY.
ilie above ilrels is common to both lexes; and the
men often wear, over the ir other garn'.ents, the (kin of
(oiiie animal, as a bear, wolf", or lea-otter, with the
hair outwards: lunietimes tying it belore, and l()me-
times behind, like a doak. Thev tiirow a coaile mat
about their Iboulders in rainy vvea her; and they have
' wooiUn g.irir.ents, whicli are but little u!ed. 'I'licyge-
ii.r.iily we.ir their hair li.uiging loolely down ; but thole
who have not a tap tie it in a kiml of bunch on the
crown of the head.
Tlu'T liiels is ceit.iialy convenienr, and, were it
ke;'f clean, would not be inelegant; but as they are
((vitinuaHy nibbing tluir bodies o\'er with a red paint,
mixed with oil, ti.eir garme.'its Lecome gre.ily, ami
i.jiitrad a rancid, oti'enlive liiiell. The ..| pearance of
tliefe people is bi.th wreti hed and lihliV, an.l their he.uls
and garments I'warm with vermin. So loll .ue tli' y to
every i.iea of cleanlineli, that our people t're(|uently law
them pick them oil" and eat them with the greatetlcom-
polure.
Their bodies, it has been obl'erveil, arc always co-
vereil with red p.iint, but their frees arc ornamriueil
witli a vaiivty of c(j1oimh a black, a biighter red, rr
a wiiite colour, 'I'hc jall ol theli' i^ives tiicm a gliaUly
horiiblc appearance.
Many of their e.is tro perrir.ited in the lobe, wi-.^re
they make a l.uge hoie, and two finaller ones hi,i;hcr
up on the oilier edi|e. In thele holes are hung bits of
bone, quills tallene.l i.pon a leathern thong, thells,
liunches of tifliils, or tliiii pli.-ces of copper. In fomc
ihc J j'f:vi of the i-.jI'c is ull'o perforated, and a piece ot
curd tlrawii through it.
The bracelets, whieii they wear about tluir wrills,
aie bunches of white fiiigic l)eatls, or iliongs with taf-
l.il>, or a broad bl.ick horr.y Ihining t'ubllance. Hound
their alleles tluy fueiuently wear leathern thongs, or
the fine.vs of animal,, curioiifly twilled.
I'hey have fome drclies that are ufed only on cxtra-
-nlinary occ,>fi(;ns, fuch as goi,,g to war, and exhibi-
ing themfelves to llrangers i.'i ceremonial vifits.
Aniongrt tlul'e a'e tlie Ikins of wolves or bears, tied
on like other garments, but ed;;e;i wit!) broad borders
of lur, ingenioully ornainentea witii various iigurcs.
Thele are oec.iionally worn I" iiarately, or over '.heir
common cioatl;ir.g. The moil uiu.d head-dref-, on tlicli;
ocalions, is a (juantiiy of witlie, wrap.ped about the
iiead, with large featlicrs, purticuUrly thofe of ea-ilcs,
lluck in it; or it is entirely coverrd with linall white
feathers. At the lime time the face is varioiil]y painted;
the ujiper and l!;W>r pares b.ing of (;p^iof;ie colours,
and the ilrokes havin>^ t!ie app.earance i-f trelli gafr.es:
or it is belmeared widi a kind of fat or tallow, mixed
with paint, lormcd into a great variety of figures, lb:ne-
wiiat like carveil w. ik.
Sometimes tlie hair is feparated into fiiiall parcels',
antl tied, at intervals, with thread; and others tie i:
together behind, afer tiie I'".nj'/ilh manner, and tlick.
in it fime branelics of tlie a./jxf/ui thy.-Jes. Tf.us
ctjuipptd, they h.i\J a truly linage and ruiiculous ap-
pearance, which i^ inueli lieigh:rned when they aiVume
tneir moi/ltrous dei . nations. 1 iiefe confut of great
variety of v.ooden iiialk'*, applieil to the face, fore-
la ad, or upper part of the he..d. Some (-fth<re vizors
relemblc human ra^e-., having hair, beariis, and eye-
brows; others leprelmt tiie heads of birds, and many
the lie.ids of aiiiniaib i fuehasdeer, wolves, porpoifcs,
and (jiliers.
' Tlicfc reprefent.uions generally exceed the natural
fize, and they are ire.jueiiiiy lliewed with jiieces of the
Jcluuicui vucfy, whieii makes tiuin glitter, and aug-
ments tin ir deiormity. Sometimes they tix large pieces
ot caived work upon the heati, p'r; j.-tting to acontide-
rable ditlancc, and refembling th.e prow of a canoe. So
nui^h ^U they deligi-.t in thele dil^-.uifes, that, for want
of another mafl^, one of ihcm wis I'ecn to th.rull hishead
iiu ) a tin-kettle, wliich he had brought from our
()eo(de.
\Miether tl'.e:'e extravi;:ant mafqucrade ornaments rre
yiiii>.\ on any religious oceulion, or in any kiiul ot diver-
lion, or whether they aie calculateil to intimidate by
their moi.llrous apj carancc, or as decoys when jiunting
anini.ds, is unceri,)in: but if travellers, in an ignorant
ami credulous age, w lien rvre than marvellous things
were fiippoleii to exiil, had f.en leveial people decorated
in tliis iiKinner, and had not ap[>rc'ae!;ed lb n'..'.r them
as to be undeceivcil, they would have believed, that a
race of being exiluii, partaking ii the nature o( iiiati
and bealt.
Among the peojile of NooiUi, one of the drefTes
terms particularly adapted to war. It is a thick tanned
le.ithern mantle iloubled, and appears to be the tkin ot
an elk or bulliilo. 'I'his is fjllccd on in the oidinary
manner, and is to eontri. e.t as to cover ii;c beall quite
up to the throat; part of it, ;i( tlie lame time, tailing
down to their lieelj. This garment is lomeiiines very
curioul'ly painteil; and is not only llrong enough to re-
lilt arrows, but, as our jieojile underlloetl tiom them,
even fpears CTiinot pierce it; lo that it may be conddcr-
ed as their compleatetl deteiilive armour. Sometimes
they wear a Icit of leatliern cloak, over which are rows
of the hools I'f deer pl.iceil hoii/.onr.illy, and covered
with i]uills, which, on tluir moviijj, make a loud rat-
ling nolle.
Tiioufli
fiii
48o \ NEW, ROYAL, Avn AUTHENTIC SYSTEM o? UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
fl
!f
I.-;
Though tlieff people cannot be vii'weJ without a
kmii oHiorriir, when tlwyare thus ftringrly af parrllcti,
yer, whc-n liiveO.cd of tliefe cx:rav,i-.int ilrclirs, and
behind' in their common habit, theyh.\v'e no appearance
oi't-ocity in their countenances, but fceni to be of a
quiet, phlegmaiic ililpofitionj deticit-nt in animation
u'ld vivat u) , ..) r-i:Jcr thenifi-lvcs agrtcible tO' lotiety.
I'hcv arc rathe; uierved tiian loquacious j bu' tiitir
gravity lieifls conuitutional, and ivt to arile t'roiii a
convi.uon of its propriety, or to be the relult ot any
partii-uiar mode i;:'< .iucation; for, in their hii;helt pa-
roxylii^ of rage, they have not heat ot language, or
figniticancy oi' gcftures, to expreis it (ulliciendy. They
appear to be docile, courteous, and gocKl-naturrd ;
but th«y are quick in retvnting injuries, notwithllanding
tiie predominancy of their phlegm; and, like other
patTionate people, as quickly forgetting them, Tiiefc
tits of palFion never cxtendeil farther than the parties
immediately concerned ; the fpcdtators never entering
into the merits of the quarrel, whether it was with any
of the l'",uropeans, or among their own people, Ihe^ving
as much indifference a* if they were wholly unacquaiiu-
ed with t!ie whole tranladion. It was common to fee
one of them rave and fcold, while all his agitation did
not in the leaft excite the attention of his counir>nien,
and when tlie people coukl iM)t difcover tlie objfol it
his difjileafure. They never betray theleaft fymptom
of timidity upon thele occafions, but fcem refolutely
d:;terminei! '■} punilh the inlulter. With relpeift to our
people, iiu-v wtre under no ^ prehenfions about our
luperioritv; b-t it any di.Tcreiice arofe, were as anxious
to avenge the wrong, as if the caufe of quarrel ii.iii
been among themlclves.
Tlieir other pafiions appear to lie dormant, clpe-
cially their curiufi'y. I"c\v exprelfed any dcfne or in-
clinatii-n to fee or examine things with which they were
unacquainted, and which, to a curious obfcrver, would
have a;., eared allonilhing. If they could procure the
articles ihey knew and wanted, they were p«;rfe(5lly fa-
tisfied, regarding every thing elle with great indilfer-
ence. Nor did the perfons, drefs, and behaviour of
th.e l-'.nglilh, (though lo very different from tneir own,)
or even the fize and conftruction ot their lliips, ieem to
command admiration or attention.
'1 heir indolciue may, indeed, be a principal caufe of
tliis. But it mull be adinittcd that tiiey were not wholly
unful'ceptible of the tender palTions, which is evitlent
from their being font! ot mulic, and that too of the tru-
ly pathetic kind.
l heir eagerncfs to pofTefs iron, brals, or any kind of
metal, w.is lo great, that, when :in opportunity pre-
lented itlelt, few of tlicm could refill the temptation to
(teal it. The Natives ot the S()uth Sea iflands, as ap-
pears in many inllancf-, woulJ Ileal any thing thev
L'ld
without confiderint' whether it was uleful
to thci'i or not. The novi-lty (it' the objcCl was a luf-
ticient inducement for them to get iJoflilTion of it by
any means. Tltey were r.ither ai'hiatctl by a cliildilh
curiofity, than by a thicv-.lh dupclition. '1 he iiihabi
tants of Nootka, who mpile free with the poperty til
our people, are intideJ to no liich apology. I'hc ap-
pellation of thief is certainly due to them; iiir they knew
that wli'.t they pilfered from t!icni might be converted
to t!ie (,urpo!es of ]iri\ate utility, and, according to
their elHma.ion of things, was .eally valuable. Lucki-
ly they let no value upon any European articles except
the metals. Linei-,, and many other things, were fe-
cure from their deptedations, and might laltly be left
hanging our all night alhore, without being watched,
Tlie principle wliicli prompted tiicfe people to pilfei,
wotild probably operate iii their intercourle with each
mhwr. There was, indci-d, abundant rcal'on to be
lieve, th;u ilcaling is v<-ry common atnongll them, ami
frequently prodn'cd (vi.uuls ul which oi.i |ieo|k' law
more inflnnces than o\.c.
The you.iger put ct liie men arc llithi'ul, being gc-
ner.dly ilfing about, i.i fiatiercd (cmpanies, balking
liieni'.K'Cs in the luit, tj w.illowin;- ;n [lie la.nd upon
the beach like fo many ho^a, without any kind of co-
vering. ThisdilVegardof d.eccncy was, howrvcr, con-
fined Yolely to the men. The \.onicn were always de-
cently cloathed. and behaved with great propriety,
iulHy meriting all cominr ndation (iir a riiodtll balhful-
ncis, lo becoming their tcx.
Their language is by n.) mcins harfli or dilagrecaWe,
farther than proceeds from thtir ufing tlic k ami A witiv
more force, or prrwouncing thrni with lets toftnefs,
than we do; and, upon the whole, it alxKind^ rather
with what we rriuv call labi,! .u.d dental, tlvui with gut-
tual fountls. The iimple fi)iiiuls, which our people
have not heard them ule, ami which conlcquently may
be reckiMied r.itc, or wanting in tluir langiiagr, arc
thole repn fcntei! by the letters a, d, f, g, i, and v.
Thtif method of fpeaking is very How .uid (liltind.
Thekingiiage has tew prepofttions and coniundtions, and,
as fir as ( ould be ililcoveret', is dellitute ot even a fiii-
gle infcrjfdilion, to expreis admiration o; lurprizc.
With refp'"ct to the relation or affinity the language
of thclc people inav bear to tliat ot any others, C.iptciin
Cook oblerves, that, from the fc»v Me;;icati words lie
had been able to procure, there was an obvious agree-
ment in tiie very liequcnt terminations of the words in
I, d, and z, throughout the langu.ige.
Their orations, which are made either when en-
gaged ii, -nv altercation or dilinite, or to ex;dain their
fiiitinients p. .' 'v on other ticcalions, teem little more
th.in lliort fente..i.'s, or rather fiiigle words, fi)rcib!y
repeated, and conliantly in one tone and degree of
flrength, ace impanied only with a fingle gefture; wliicli
they ule at every lentence, jerking ^their whole body a
little forward, by bending the knees, their arms hang-
ing down by tiieir IkIcs at the time.
With refpect to the political and religious inflitutions
of the inhabitants, little inlorni.'.tion could be obtained.
It appeared, howevir, that there we:e fuch men as
chiefs, diflingiiilhi I by the title of Ai-.i^erk, to whom
the others are, in fnnc degree, fubordinate. Hut the
authority of each of thcfe greai men Icem.^ to extend no
farther than to his own family, who acknowledge him
as the ;r hertd. x\s thev were not all elderly men, it is
pollible this title miv be heredi'arv.
No opinion couki be f()rined of their rell;;Lon, but
from what they called A'/(w»>;/7. 'I'hele, perhaps, were
idols : but as the w ord // :; ,'f ,'.■ was frequmtiy men-
tioned wlu:i fhty Ipoke ot them, we may liip[H;ti; therr»
to be the imag.s of tome of tlic-i' ancelhirs, thotc me-
mories they vcneiate.
A pretty exael computation <^f the number of inha-
bitants might be ixiade fro;ii the canoes that vif'cd tlie
fhips the tecond day after tluir arrival. Thty confilled
of about 100, whicli, upon an average, contained at
leaft Hve perfons each. But as the-e wne very fcwj
women, old men, children or youths, then among
them, we may reaH)nably fuppofe, that the number of
the inhabitants could not be Irfs than four times tiic
number of the vilitors, being 2000 in the whole.
S ]■ t r I O N VL
Etiiph'ymni/^, Miivn/iiilurei, Carving, A/. ;;//»,;, Cnn-
t(»'- Miijiial Injtiumruh, H tapom, Canucs,' hiplr-
vifiilifoi tij/uni^ and Hunting, Tooh, (3c.
Tl IF chief emplovment of the men was fifliing and
killin;- auiiii.ds lor the fullenance of their tarnilie.,
few of thtrni being teen engaged in any bufiiicf', in the
houles. The women wt-re emjiloyed in manufacturing
their garments, ami curing their lardines, which they
alfo catry Irom the canoes to their houl(.s. The women
alio go in the fmall canoes, to gatlier mufdes and other
Ihell-filh. They are as dextrous as thr ii.un in the ma-
n.igement ot thek canoes; and when th-ie are tten in
the canoes with them, they are p>aid very little attenti.iii
to on acc<junt ol tluir fex, none of tluni ollcrin.' to le-
heve them Irom the labour of the | a.!dk'. No do they
Ihcw them an\ paitiuiku rclpta on oiher ot a'lons.
Womrn
New Discovr.Rir,
Women were em
and e'.ecute 1 tlxir
New Ze.dand. C)
dines, large ihailsi.
fured <:ut to feveri
V'here t ley perforii
whicii is d me bv f:i
fnvill r.> Is at Hrlf,
renii've.l hii^her ai.
When drie I, they .
bales covered with
t!iey are wanted,
They alfo •■iire coil
manner; but thefr
They difplay ni
and mechanic arts,
pIc fo line Itivatei
engage their full
thole that may bed.
The fonuer are fal
tree, beat into a 1
prepared in a [jto;
which is fallen, d t
The maiiutacttirci ,
machine, knots it
an inch from cm
'liiough it cinii'i
c lie and tirm as
inv.jcivij.is to the
pliable.
Tii'-ir woollen
in the lame manm
Eearance of a wove
eing wrought in
figures that arc u.
very improii-ble tiv
duceludi a compit
lianils.
Tiiey are of dilii
ccarfeil li>rt ot bl,
to our rinell I Tt, a
The w.ixil of whir
produceil bv diiVert
brown Ivnx. Th.i
nearly leU inbles 01
hair, wlii( h alf 1 g
mixed with ir, tht-
ent when wiouirhr.
The ornamental
pnfed with great ta
colour, being ufual
a vellow; the lati
brightncN, the bcf
I'heir foiulm-i^ I
clcs ctirrelpoiids
U()on th< ir g.irmen
kind of fiee.:e vvor
upon it; but the it
man lace, whi- h i:
the otlier moultr
even upon their w<
ral detign of thcle
of the objerts they
T'he caiving is
dextftous artill wi
delign. The f.un
of the human mall
fdves to be ingei
the greateff exaii
own faces, and lin
accuracy and neat:
propenlity to woil
riety of p.irticulars
birds, bealls, lilli
hold utenfils, wet
abiMulance.
Having mentio
arts, I'uch as woi
No .14
il
Nl.W DliiCOVFRIKS.]
NORTH A M F, R I C A.
43 r
locitll baflif'ul-
Women were iMipInyefl in makin,'i dn (Tcs of bark,
and f '.iTutf I tlicir balim.'is miuli like tlie inhabitants of
New /lilinj. CJtlicrs wi-re eiiijiluvcl in opi'ninLi; far-
(linf;, larj^f iiioilsdf which wi-ic Itcn ('n liinre, ami nica-
I'urcd (iiic to fevcral pfojiir, wii'i carrial tlu in home,
where tney iifrfornn-i the operation of curing them,
whicii is d inc bv f;ii)ke-dryinif. Thiy are Ining upon
fmail n>ls at Hrll, about n foot over the (ire, and then
renii'Vt.l hi ;her and hij.4\rr, to make room l<)r others.
When drie I, they are cloklv packed in bai-s, and the
bales covered wiih mats, 'i'hus they ..re preferved till
t!iey are wanted; and thev are not unjilcdint food.
1 hev alii) "me cod, and other l,ir[';e hlh, i 1 the fame
manner; b'lt thcfe are f iinetimes dried in the open air.
Tluy difplay more inwnuity in their mmntactiires
and meclianu' .irrs, thin mirrlu be expertcvlfrom .1 1'.-o-
ple lo unc Ituaieil. I'hc tl.ixen and woollen g.nnients
cnv^.ij^e their firfl rare, as being the nioff lu'teri d of
thole ihat may beclalli d under the head of maniiki' line,.
'i'lie former are fahucattd liom the bark of the piiie-
trcc, beat into a m ds reli-mbling ht mp. After btirio;
prepared in a pro['Pr manner, it is fpread upon a Hick,
which is falleiic d to two others in an creel pofition.
The manulachirer, who fits oii her hams at this finiplc
nwliine, knots it acrols at the dilkince of about li.df
an inch from e,uh other, v. ith fmail plaited thrcaiN.
'Inough it c.innot, by thii mctiiod, lie rend< rtd to
(■ lie and firm as cloth that ir. wove.n, i; is fu'ficitnilv
imixivij-is to the air, and is iikewile !i<l:er a:id more
pliable.
Their woollen garments are probably manufactured
in the lame manner, th.Righ thev have much the ap-
pearance of a ivoven cloth: but the liippitition of tluir
being wrought in a loom is dellfycd by the vuious
figures that .ue w. ^enio'ilU inltrtel in them; it beiiii;
very improii„blc lii.it iht le pcpk lliould be ai'ieio pro-
duce luih a complex work, except immediately l>\ their
liands.
Tney are ofdilierent qualities, llime relembli.n; oiir
coarleil lorr of blanker-, and others not much inli'rior
to our tinell f rt, and (<rtainly botli ".inner ai:d I" Iter.
The v,i>iA of which tlu y are manulai.''tiired feems to be
produced bv diilerent .uiinials, paiticularly the (dk and
browo lvii\. I'h.it from the lynx is the Hnell, and
nearly relembles our cjarkr wools in colour; but the
hair, which alio grows upon the animal, bein;; inter-
mixed with it, the appearance ol it is lonutimts dilR-r-
cnt when wrouj'hf.
The ornamental figures in thele rrarments are dif-
pofed with great talVe, and are ''^enerally of a liitiirent
colour, being ufually dved eitiier ot a tuep bro\ui or
a yellow; tlie latter ot which, when new, ecuiiK, in
brightnels, the bell in our car;;ets.
Their tondni-j'., lor carving on .dl their wo:-;'en arti-
cles correlponds wit!i their tatle in working Hgires
upon tluir g,;rments. Nothing is to be leen without a
kind of frcc.;e work, or a reprclentation of fomc animal
upon it) but the molt general figure is that of the hii
man lace, wlii h is frequently cut out upon bir.ls, and
the otIUT moiillrous things alrc.i.iy tnention-d ; and
even upon tlie.r weapons of brir:e and Hone. I'he gene-
ral deligii of tluie lii'.ures convey a liifficic-nt knowkdi^e
of the obiet''ts they are intended to repielent.
'I'lie caivin;', is not executed wiih the nicety ih.it a
dexterous artill would bellow even upon an iniiilK rent
defign. 'i'he fame, however, cannot be laid of many
of tlie human nialks and heads, where they Ik.ew them-
felves to bi- iiigenio'is fculptors. They prelvrve, with
the greatelf cxadnefs, tlv general ch.iricter of their
own faces, and linilli the more minute parts with great
accuracy and ncataefs, I'hat ihc-li* people h.tve a llron>;
propenlity to works of this foil is obfcrvahle in a va-
riety of particulars. Keprekntations of human ligures,
birds, bealls, lilli, models of their canoes, and houfc-
hold utenfils, were tbund among theiii in very great
abundance.
Having mentioned their Ikill in fonie of the imir.itivc
arts, fuch as working ligurcb in tiitir g.uincnt.'-, .md
No .14.
engraving or cirving tl-.-em in wood, we may alfo add
their drawing them in colours. The wh')k- procels of
their whale hlhery h is been repri fer.ted, in this manner,
on rl.e caps iluy wear. 'I'his, indeed, was rudely exe-
cuted for leveral, at lealt, ro fliew, that, though tliey
have not the knowledge of lettt rs amongil them, they
have a notion of rc[)rcfeniing ac'ti^ins, in a lalling way,
exclufive of recording them in their fongs and tradi-
tions. Tliey have ail'o otiier punted figures, which,
perha[)s, have no <;lla'>lillKd figiiilications, and are only
the cre.irion of fancy or ca[)iice.
The matcii.ils of wiiich tlic/ make everything of the
rope kind, are 1.,'rnied either from th'.iigs of Ikins and
finews of animals, or trom die Ikixen lubltancc of whicli
the/ manuf.iclure their mantles. The finews were
fometimes fo remarkable long, that it was hardie pofTi-
bie they coukl have belonged to any otl.er animal than
the wh-de.
Thele people ,irc n'lt wholly iinfufceptible of the
tender p.illioir., v.hich is evidrnt fiom their being fond
ol mufic, and rhat too of the truely path.ctic kind. 'I'hcy
keep an exaft concert in their I mgs, which are otten
lung bv great numbers together; and with their choruffes
they ulird to entertain the Kur(.|.cans. Their longs are
gt ncrally ilow and folenin; I'lif their luufic is lefs con-
fiii'cl than tli.it which is ulii lly tinind in other rude na-
tions ; the variations being vt-rv numerous and expref-
five, and ihe melody powerl'Uiv foothiiig. Befides their
concerts, lonnets were frecju: ntly lling by lingle per-
loriiiers, keeping time by llriking the liand againll the:
thigh. 'ThoHj^h fjlemnity wis predominant in their
mufic, they foiiieuiiies entertained us in a gav and live-
Iv lirain, and even with a degree of plcafantry and
humour.
The oiilv indiuments of mufic i\-<:n among them
Were a rattle and fmail whilUe. 'Tlie rattle is ufcd
wiu'ii they ling; but upon what occafions the whillle is
ukd was never known, unit Is it be when they aliume
(he figures ol (larticiilar animals, and c.ide.'.vour to imi-
tate their hoal or cry. (.)ur peo[)le once l;iw one of
tiicm drelled in the Ikin of a wolf, uith the head cover-
ing his o*n, llriving to imitate iliat animal by making
a fcjucaking iviife wiih a whilile he h.id in his mouth.
'I'he rattles are generdly in tlie Ihane of a bird, with
Imall pebbles in tiie iielly, ai; 1 the tail is tlie han.il'.
They have another fort, whicli rekmbles a child's
ratde.
'I'lieir we.ipons are b -ws aa 1 arrows, fpear;, flings,
Ihort triiiichcs made of bone, ?t;d a fmail nick-.'.xe,
liimewliit refenibling the Ameri' an tomahawk. .Some
of ti.e arrows arc p li'tcd with iron, and olher^ with in-
d'-ined bone. The fpear was uUialiya I'ong [■oint made
of bo.ie. 'The tomahawk is a ll'jne of the length of
liven or eight inches; one e;id tt rmiiKiting in a |'oinr,
and the otiier fixed in a wooden h.uulle. 'Tliis handle
is intended to refemide t.he head and neck of a humais
figure; the (lone being fixed in the mouth. To .is to re-
prelirnt a tongue of great magnitude. To heigluei,
tlie refemblance, linm.in hair is a!li) fixed to ir. Thi*-
weapon is calkd t'liwc jk: and they have another wea
poll nrule of done, wiiicli they call /((?«, about ten or
twelve inches long, h.iving .1 kjiiare point.
iMoni the niiuiber of their lloncs and other weapons,
it may be rralonably concluded that they frccjuertly
engage in cloli.' combat ; and our people had very dilii-
greeable proofs of tlu ir wars being both frequent and
bloody, from the number of human (kulls that were
olfercil them for f.ile.
'Though the llrik'ture of tluir cmoes is fimpJe, they
appcir wi'il calcul.ued for evv'ry ulelul purpole. 'The
l,iiV;eil, whit h cont.iiii upwards of twenty people, ,ire
formed of alinile tree. I'he kngth of many of them is
forty feet, tht. breadth leven, and tlie ikj tli tliici.'.
They become gradu.illy narr iwer from du mi die to-
wards each end, the llern ending perpeiidi. iil.iily witji
a knob at the top. 'The (cue part ilniclK s I' 'rw arils and
upwards, 11,,.', ends in a point or prow, miicli hij^her
than the fides of the canoe, vvhiUi are nearly fvrait.
b T 'The
t
fi
I'llo
• li
/^i A MAV. ROYAL, and M' rilKNTIC SYSTTM or UM\ 1 P.SAI. Cr.OGKAl'l IV.
NtW DiSOlVEaiGS.
■■■I
m
'1
I
'I'lie rrrcucll p-.irt of tlipm arf wlrliout ;'.iiv orn.imem :
C.y.v.t: luv« .1 lictlc c.'.rviiu;, aii.i .irc iluiitlrj with Ic.ils
uvtii on tin- Uii:.i,c. S'liie alii) Imvc a kin ! of ;uidi-
iviiul prow, iit'ially luiiiti'ci wivi the ii^;urc ol loiiii'
atiiiiiil. Tlu , luivc neithrr UmIs, cr anyorl.tr luiij-ur-
tcrs, on the iiiii !e, txii'iit fonie liii.'.il ryiin.l llitks,
about the fiz^" of a walkii:^-ca!ie, pl.uai air-lV, alvnit
hail tlK- liepth ol' tJK- i-a;ii.t. 'l"lii-y are very hght, ami,
on acouint ol" tiitir breaJth ant! tl.itini'^, Iwim Hrmly,
^vuhoiit an (nit-rii.';.;iT, of wiiich thrv a;;- all ililliti:'!.';
a ifiiiarkahlc liillinction between tlie navigation ot all
the A^nniran natior.i a;i>i chat ol' the liimliein parts ot
the I'-all I'Hli'-', and ti'.e illiiais oj' the I'a.i'-,c Otean.
Their pnkl(!k>, which are liiuil ami light, lelui/ble a
large leaf ill fnape, iicing pointal at the bottom, lnoaii
in the nii.idle, and yradtially brconiins narrower in tlie
fl-.ar'c, the wliole ler.gth bcini; ab.iut five feet. By con-
liint ul'e, they have aciiiiiivd great dexterity i'l the
nuiiagemeat of ti'.efe paddiis; but tliey never nuke
ule of any tails.
■The cani.c.. of the lar^ier iJvt are not only very fpa-
cions, but perftcHydri-; 1.) tliat ur„ie; lliekcr of a ikin,
they are, except in rainy weather, imicli more eom-
fortable hibitatiopo than their huules.
Their implements for lilhinp: and hunting, wiiich are
ini:;enioul'ly conniv evl, and well made, arc nets, hooks
and line.s hariioon.s, gigs, and an inllriiment like an
oar. I'his lalt is about io feet lonjz:, tour or hve ii-.chis
bruatl, and about half an incli thick. Kaeh edti;e, lor
aboi;t two t' iru.-. oi'its length, (the other third being its
handle,) is let with lliarp bone teeth, about tv.o inci.es
long. NN'i'.h this inllrumenc they attack herrings and
fardir.es, and hich other filh that come in flioals. It is
ftruck into the flioal, and rhe tilli are taken either upon
or between the teeth. 'I'heir hooks, which are made
of bone ami wooii, difplay no grrit ingenuity; but the
harpoon, wid^li is ulhl in finking w:iales, and otiier
fea-aninials, nianifeft a gre.it extent ot lontrivance. It
conCilh of a piece of bone, tormcd into two barbs, in
which the oval blade of a large miilcle-lliell, ami the
point ef the infb-iunent, is ti.xcii. Two or three tailionis
of rope is faRened to this harponn; and, in throwing
i:, tliey nil- a Ihal'c of about lilteen leet hmg, to which
the rojie is faflcneiU to one end of whicli the harpoon
is !i>>ed, fo as to leive the lliatt floating, as a buoy
u|)on the water, wi;fn the animal is ilruck with the
harpo:>n.
'Tiuir manner of citching ami kiiiinp; lant! animals
cannot be al'ienaii.ed: but it ij probable that tiiey
Ihoot the fnudler forts with ilulr arrows, and encounter
bears, waives, and (oxes, with tluir Ipears. They have
Icveral lorrs ot nets, which arc, petnaps, appiitd to
that |>urpo!e; as it was cuilomary lor them to t.irow
them over their heads, to fignify their ufe, when they
otfeied them fl.T laic. .S;)iiietiiiics thev decoy ani^■l.^^^
by diig'iiiing thcmfclvcs v. ith a il\in, and running upon
all t'our,'., in which fl.ey are remarkabiy nimble. The
malked or carved heaiLs, as well as the drir^ iieads ot'
different animals, are ulld ujH)n thcle occalions.
Their great dexterity in works ot wckuI may, In lome
neafure, be afcribed to the allillance they receive frum
iron toob; for, as far as is known, they ule no other;
at leaft, our people only law ine chiliel of bone: anct
though their toolb mull have been originally made of
ditlerenc materials, it is not imprubai.le th.it many ol
their improvement! have been maile lince they leiiuirci
a kiviwledge of tiut metal, which now is univerlally
ufeil in tlieir various wooden works.
The knife and chiifd are the jirincipal I'ijrms that iron
afl'iimes amorwft ther.i. '1 he chilfel conlilt's dt atl.it
li.ng piece, lailen:.i ir.to a wooelen handle. .A Hone
is their mallet, .i!:d a bit of lilhlkm their poiiihei.
.Some o( thcl'- chiiitlj were nine or ten inches inleninh,
and thne or f'uy in liieatlth; but they were, in j.cnc
ral, cornKierably Inialler.
.S(jme of their knives are very fir.re, and ilirir liLidi's
arc crookeil; tiie educ being on the back, or lonve.K
paic. Mvll '/ theiu Iccn were about the brcaJtli and
t'lickn-fs (,f an iron hoop, and tiieir lingnhr tort'i mark?
til it iliey were p k of Kuropeaii make. I'robablv tliey
.ur imiiaiions of their own original inlhuiieiits iiled tor
tlie lime piiri'ofc-. Tiny lliaipen tlule iion tools ujioii
a coarle lla-e whctllone, and iikewife keep the wliulo
i.illiuaient eontlantly bright.
S !•: C T ION V.
ILil-tdtlon^
Furn:turc. I'ortI,
(I II It nivr.rr
<^.f
Till-' \lllage, which is firyatcd at the entrance of the
liiind, liands on die fule ol a prct:y deep alcent,
extending trom rhe be.icli ot the wooil. 'I'he houfes
c.mfift of three ranges or rows, placed at ic|ualihll,inces
behintl each otlv r, the front r')w being the largell;
and there are .i li'w llrag-'.ling lioi;les at lacli end.
Tiiefe rows are inrerl'erte.i bv na-row paths, or lan.'S, at
irregular dillanccj, palhng tijiward ; but thole between
the lioules art.' conii.icrably broader. 'I'liough tliis ge-
nera! di''}).iiiu:.n has fome appearance v\' regularity,
there is none in <!ie lingle Irnile.', ; fir every diwlioii
made by t'le pitin may eitlier be confidered as one or
more lioules, tin r- bcuig no regular leparation to dif-
tmgullli them by, either wiihin or wirhout. Tlieic
ere'ti insconfilf of vcrvlong bioael blanks, reflingupoii
the ciii^cs of' .-.'i h other, tied in dillVrent parts, with
V. icilesof ( ine-b.»:k. 'iliey h.ive only ihiidcr polls on
ihe until. les, at c.;nlidera!)le ehll mces (rom eaiii other,
to which tliey arc aho tadenei! ; but tlu're are fime
larger |)iiles wijii i, pUcevI allaiU. 'I'he lides and ends
ot (iiei'e h.iljit.itioiis ..re .ibout leven or eight feet in
height, but tiie b.iik part is fomewhat higher, 'i'he
pl.inks tlicrcf re, which compote the ro;if, llant lijr-
waril, and, being loole, may be moved at pleafurc,
ri.ey miv eidier be put doU- to exclude the rain, or le-
pariuvi to ad ui: the light in line weather.
L^(i.,;i the whole, however, they are moR milcrable
dwelling, aiul dilplay very little attention or ingenuity
in their coiillruction i for though the fide planks are
pretty dole t.) e.ich other in Ibme places, they arc
ijuite open i.i i;:liers. Bcfiiles, thefe habitations have
no regular dvior-, and can only be entered by a luile,
whii h the uiieeiuai length of the planks has acciilencally
m.ide. In the lides ol the houle t.hey have alf.) holes to
loik out at, lerving liir windows; but thefe are very
irregularly diljioi'-d, without attending, in the ieatt, CD
die diape and i ze of them.
V, iihin the iubitatinn.i is tVequcntly a view from one
end to the other oi thelc ranges of buiKling; forthougli
there are fome appearances of fe[)arations on each tide
i'lr the accorr.ir.alatiun ot diil'erent perlon* or t'amihes,
tliey elo not iiuercept the fight, ami goner.illy conlilt of
pieces of plank, c.x'ending from the fide to die middle
ol the iiouic. On tlie (ides of e.ich of chefe p.irts is a
little henvii, about five or fix inches highei than the
lelt (li'tiiellooi, coveted with iiLi'v, whereon tl'.e lamiiy
lit and lleep. The length o| thelc benches is generally
leven rr eig'it fee:, and the breadth t()ur cr five. Tin;
liie p'ate, which I., is luicher hearth or chinuiey, is in
die iiiifliiie of the fl )ir. One houle, in j;articul,tr, was
neady Icjaia-ed t'roiii the reit by a ckile partiiiuii; and
this was the moll regular buiklmg of anv wc had teen.
In It chrie were lour ol thefe benches, each holding a
lingle lamiiy at the corner i but is haei not any fepura-
tic.n by l^oard. ; and the middle of the houle fe'emed to
be (ojiimun to all the iniiabiunts.
riic irregulaiity and lonfulfm of their li'iules is,
ho'.vever, tar excweiled by their nailin.f, and Ihncli.
They w.' ■■'■iy dry their tilli wiihin do'us, but tluy alio
gut them . ,ere, which, toj'ether with their bones ,ind
Irag lien's ihr.i.vn ujion the ground at meals, occalions
IcvomI h-aps 111 Idth, whuh are never removed till ic
iKC.i.i.cji tr.KifileJonic, li..,:li their bulk, to pals over
ihcm. I'.veiy thin.', abr.jt the houl'-: llmks ot ciain-uil,
lilh, ami Im ak , and cveiy p.an •-! it is aa filthy as can
be im.igihcd.
Notwithflandina
remise: and when
NtW DiSOlVI.II,-.':.]
N O i: T II AM r, R I C A.
J83
!it vu:fr.ei-
■twlrhrtaiidina
N)twit!).ai li :; .ill tliii fiMi .in I •:in''i)ihn, miiy of
tlu'll- IkhIcs .410 (liC'jiMce I W!ti( iini.;i.N, wiiioh arc n)-
thiii^ ni >r<; tiuu I'x.: trii:i!<H of l.ir:!:!: tn-i-is, of tlie lieij^'it
of f)ur Of five fi',:, pUce.i at the rjipfr c-;).l of tue
a|)^irm'ir. wirh a hiin.wi fj'.e c.irvcJo.i il\-i fur.v, uii I
tliu I) III f. ail I ai.n. ii,>),i the fi L-s. i'iu-ii.- ii^uros arc
to> v.ri Kill/ |)iiii:i.'.l, aii.l mike, u,v) i Cm wli jI;, a
mmihMis a|)|tt:.(r:ini'i-. 'I'liffe iim^'s aro gJin-rally
caiif i K'nivHi, line tlie lunics of nvi> particular oiks,
ft.iii.li.y ,i-breall from cacli otliir, at tlic tlitlanc-e of ab:)iK
thiLT <.,' four ft-et, were Ntiulikivt, .xni Milffeti, The
b- f j.Ilm ili.ir (Mil he forin>\l of tli'.-lL- Iij;iire4 will be
(r nil t.'ic rfprcleiitatioii of tlieni in the eiijraviiigs.
A (ort <i( c,:rMin, im.ji.' of mat, iifially IniiLj before
them, wliiih ilic natives were f jiiietiiius imwiliiiif^ to
rcini'Ci an.l wIu'.t tli-y ilnl conliiit to imv.iil them,
they leemcl to exjirets tlirmiilves in a very mjjUerioii.',
nnniur. It K-cni'- i)iob.il)lv that they fomrtiiii;!, make
oliliiiiys to thcnii lor if their liyns were rightly int-.-r-
pretCii, th-y reiaciteil our pi'oplc to give fomfchinii t >
thele images, wj,ien tliev drew the mats from beliire
tlicm. I'rom tlietl: circuiiillance'. i: was iiamral liir tin in
to fuppole tint they were reprefrntadves of their god^,
or loi;ie lopcrffitioiis lyiiUKils; and yet they were lieKI
in no vny ex'raorvlmary tlr^^ree of elHmarion ; for,
witli a Imali quantity ot brafs or iron, any pcrluii might
Iiave piirchalid all of them in the place.
An ingenious artill, who accompanied Captain Cook
on the voyage, in liiawiiig a view of tlic iiilide of a
Nootka houlc, wherein tlulc figiiies were rr[)releiued.
was interruptct! from procceiling by one of the inhabi-
tants. While he was employed, a man approached
him with a large knife in his h.inil, Iccmingly ililplcaf-
cd, frjiii oblerving that the eyes of the artill were fixed
on two reprclentati'Jiis of human ligures, which were
placed at one end of the apartment, carved on planks,
of a !>igantii proj'ortion, and |)ainted after their ( utlom.
As the .'.mil took as little notice of him as jj'ilT.ble,
and [iroceedeit, the native, in ijnii r to previiit him,
providii! himUli uith a mat, ami pl.ired it in fiieh a
maiii'er as to oiiilrucl the view. Ai die objecf was too
intcrrtiiiig to be omitted, the arm; ile:trmined to try
the ciiect of a bribe. Accordingly he made an oiKr
of a button from his coat, which, being mrtal, he
thought woull have plealed him. This inlhintly pro-
duce, 1 the def.rcd elfccl ; tor the mat was removed, and
the ar;ill was at liberty to proceed as before. 1 le had
Karctiy made a beginning when the n.itive returned,
and renewed hisfoimer p'.ii;lice, continuing it till he
l'..id pitted with cvcrv lingle button; aiid when he
fotind. th.it he had completely llrippcd him, he permit-
ted him to proceed without further obllrudion.
'I he furniture of their houles confills particularly of
chells and boxes of various lues, piled upon each other,
at the fides or ends of the houles ; in which are ililjxjiit-
cd thnr garments, Ikins in.ilk';, and other articles tliat
are deemed valuable. M..iiy of them are double, or
the upper one ferves as a lid to t'le other. Some have
a lid lafh ned ^^ith tlionjp. Otliirs, that are very large,
have a fquare hole cut in the upper part, lor the con-
venience of putting things in, or taking them out.
They arc frcquentjv painted black, lluddtd witii teeth
of iiiiimals, or riulely carved with tigures of birds, &c.
as decorations. 'I'hey have alii) Iquare an;l oblong [lails ;
round wooden cups and bowls; wo<'dcn troughs, of
about two f(.et in length, out of which they e.it their
food; bags of matting, b.'.ikets oi twigs, &:c.
Their imiMcments for iilhing, and other things, are
hung up, or Icattered in dill'trei.'t parts of the hoiife,
without any kind of order, making, in the whole, a
perfect fccne of contufuui ; except on the llcejing
benches, which have nothing on them but the mats,
which arc of a fuptrior tjualiiy to ihote they ufually have
to lit im ill thvir bo.its.
The principal lilli ve herrings and ftrdinci, two
fpecies of bream, ami li'me fiiiall cod. The herrings
and lardines not only lerve to be eaten frclh in tlnir
feafon, but to be diieJ and fmoked as llores. The
herrings alio afford them anotlier graiti rclo'ircc for
food, which is a vail (ju.mtity of rne, prepared in a very
extra iiilinary manner. It is (bvwid iii;on fm.ill
braiuliea of the Canadi in pine. It is alio prepared
upon a long lea-graf-, which is fiund in great |')lenty
upon the rocks under w .ter. It is pieliived ia
b.ilkcis or mat, and uliii occalionallv, after bein"-
dippeti in w.-.ter. It {la's no difagreeablc talle, and
fervCs thefepco(ileajakiiid of wintci bread. Theyalfu
cat the roe of fijine other large lilli, that has a very
rancid fmclj and tafle.
An.jtlier allcntial article of their find is the large
mtilcle, vshicli is fuind in great al)undance in the
foiiiiil. After mailing them in tiicir IhelK, tliey are
thick upon long wooden Ikcwers, and taken off as they
ate v. anted to lie eaten, as tliey require no further pre-
luration, though they are lometimes dip] ed in oil as a
tauce. The fmaller llieil-filh ci;ntribute to cncrenfe
the gener.il flock, but cannot be confidered us a mate-
ria! .Mticl'-.
'I'he porpnife is more common amorig them as food
than any of the Icm .inimals, tlie tli-lli and rin 1 of which
they cut into large [licces, diyilum as they do her-
rings and eat them without fardier preparation. They
have alii) a very lingular manner of preparing a f)rt ot
broth from this animal, when in its frell; Hate. Th.ey
put fijme pieces of it into a wooden veflel or pail, in
which there is alio fome water, and throw heated tlones
into it. This operation is repeatedly performed till the
lontents are liippoled to be fuffKientiy tUwcd. The
frclh tlones :ire put in, and the otiieis taken out, with a
cleft fliik, ftrving as a pair of ton!.;s, the vclfel being,
tor that [iiirpoli-, always placed near the tire. 'I'his is
a romiiioii liilli among them, ami teems to be a very
Itrong nourilliing food. I'loin thcfe, and other lea
animals, they procure oil in great abundance, which
they ule iipi n many occafions, mixed wi:h other food,
as lauce, and freqi;cnrly fip it alone with a kind of flooj)
made ul horn.
They probably fed upon odier fea animals, ll:ch ;u
whai-.s, leaks i"i^l Ica-t. tiers; the l^ins ot the two lalt
being common amoiigll them : and they are furnilhed
will; implements of all lorts tor the dellrudtion of thefe
liifVeient animals, tliougii, peih.'.ps, they may not be
able, at all leatons, to catch them in great plenty. No
great number of Irt Ih Iktns were to be teen while the lliips
lay in tlie louml. 1 and ai.imals, at the time, ajipear-
ed to be fearer, as they law no llelli belonging to any
of them; and tho'.gli their tkins were to be had in
plenty, they might, pcrlLiiis, heve b'.-cn procured by
traffic from other ttilies.
It plainly appears, from a variety of cimimfTances,
that thtte people procure the greatelt (vart of their ani-
mal food from the lea, excepting a few gulls, and ionic
other birds, which they thoot with their arrows.
Tlu ir only winter vegetables feen.etl to be the Cana-
ilian pine branches, and tta-grals; but, as the Ipriiig
advance.', they life others as iluy come ia featon. The
molt common ol ttule were two forts of liliacious roots,
of a mild I'wLetilh talle, whi>,h are mucikiginous, and
eaten raw. The next is a root called ahalu, and lias a
tafle refembling liquorice. Another Imall fweetith root,
about the thicknefs of farfiparilla, is alio eaten raw.
As the feaf.n advances, they have, doiibtlefs, many
others which were not leen. I'or though there is not
the leatl appearance of cultivation among them, there are
plenty of aider, <'ool'eberry, and currant buth.es. One
of the conditions, however, v.l'.ich they teem to require
in all food, is, tliat it Ihouid be of the lets acrid kind;
lor they would not touch the leek or garlic, though they
told our people vail quantities of it, when they iinder-
tlood they liktd it. They feemcd, indeed, nottorclilh
any of their tiioti, and rejected their Ipirituius liquors,
as lometliiiig dih.ulliiig and unnacural.
Small m.iiir.e animals, in tlieir trelli llate, are lome-
times eaten raw; though it is tluir ordinary pi.i'flice to
roatl or broil tluir tood ; tor they are abloh.re llrangirs
to Our iiiciiiod of Ik iiin^, as appears from tin ir m.'nner
-V ' of
t
1
i '" t
1 fH
A XtVvV, UOYAI.. AM. Al'TIir sTIC SVSl TM or TNIVl U' AI. CI iK.UAPi lY
Vii.i
■ 'ii
"If.
HI.
n
^i\i
4^t
of ('iv(uri;ij; porpil'f bnitli. BcfKlt"-, in tluy h.wc
oniv W')aJcn velllls, it i> inijvilubli.- t,>r tiicm to prr-
foriM liK 1 .111 npcrjti'in. I'luir iii innfr "1 iMilii;, rnr-
rri\)iul> witli ttie nallinelV of thiir lioulo .mil iitrfoiit. j
for tlir pl'.ttiTs ami trniif^h-i our ol' wliirh tliov I'.ir tncir
fcvhl i.riii r.i* rr to liu-e lin'ii w.iiin- 1 fmce tln-ir nii-
giii.ii i')rin.:ti.>;ii thf Jiiry tfin.iin, of.i firimT mr il Ik-
iri;; only I'w, pr aw.iv hv .i ItiCLcalinjj one. Kvrry (\wv\
foiiil iiml toiigli they tear ir t) piras wirli tlii-lr liaiiiUaiK)
trcthj inr t!ioii{ili tlii-ir knives .irc emi>l"yc' I in ciittinr;
olV the hrgiT portions, tlicy have lut yet en.liavoiiri-d
to rt.i'.x-c tlu-ll- to mourhfiils hy tlir fame iiieaiis, tlio'
1() much more clranlv ami c■on^■cntenf. Tliey ilo not
pollels even .nii i'.ka nt"cleanl:nef>, and .onllantlv eat the
mots which arc ilii;vfrom the (rroiinil, without attt-.Tijit-
int; to ihake cf the toil which aJlirrcs to fhrin.
It is not ccrta'.iilv lcn;)w;i wiicthrr they have anv U-:
time tor their meaK, a<; tlu-y were Icen at all limirs to
ea" in thtir caiiies. But a^ (everal rneiles of porpMili-
broth were ft-in prcp.iriiit,' a: tiie vil!a;^e about noon, it
i.s prob..blL- that they make a princijiil meal about that
time.
,s 1 C T I O N VI.
Dffi 1 !flicn ofthr C(n:t:!r\. C!:malf.
tiflns. f^iaihiilirds. Sf,i /InirH'ifs. Bird:
Verrtnlk Prcdu.
Vilh
Rimr'ki. Dip'V i:trc.
R,p-
CAI'1.\1\ COOK g.ive the appellation of Kin<'
liefrn;e's Sound to this inlet on his liiil arrival;
but it was called Nootka by the inhabitants. The en-
trance is in the tall corner of I lope lijy. Its latit'iJe
is 49 deg. :3 min. n;>rth; and its loniiuulc 23 ; dci:.
12 inin. e..(L The call coall of the B.iy is covered by
a cliain of fiinken rock.s; and mvir tlie limn! are liime
Ifland and roc ks above water. 'I'hr lliips entrred tlit-
found between two rocky po'' j, lyins; eall-fnith-ealf
and well-norch-ucrt from each otiier, diiiant aboii: four
miles. The found widens within thcfe points, and ex-
tends to the northward at leal! tiuir Ica^^ies.
A number of in.inds, of various li/rs, apjiear in the
middle of die IoiukI. The dcpt.'i ot water, not onlv in
tlie midtllc of tile found, but alio dole to lome parts (,f
its Ihorc, is fr 'ni fortv-lcven to nmetv fathoms, or
more. V\ ithin its circuit the harbours an>l anchsrinp;
places are numerous.
The cove, where our fliips anchored, is on the eaft-
.n.le of the found, and alio on the ealb of the laryell
iflar.d. It is, indeed, covered fiom the lea, wiiich is
its prini.i;'.il reconinicntlatif)n ; f'or it is exjiofcd to the
loiith-eal!: winds, v.iiich llinietimis lilow with s^reat vio-
lence, and in.i's^e threat devailation, as w.ia bjt too ap-
parent in manv places.
Upon the fca-coall tl.e land is tolerably hii^h and
level i but, within the lound, it riles into iKep liilis,
which have a uniform appearance, endint; in roundilli
to|M, Willi Hiarp ridges on their fides. Many of thcic
hilLs are high, and others of a more moderare lici^ht ;
b'.it .dl oi them are covered to the t:>ps widi the ihi.-koll
woodi. Some bare fpota are to be Ic-n on the fides of
lome of the hills; bur they are not nu;iier.)us, though
they iulncie:i:iy ihew the t-jneral rocky difpolicion 'of
thcle hills. They have, ind;.ed, nf> foil upon tliem,
except what has been produced from rotten moflcs anil
trees, of the depth of about two feet. Tiieir f.iimia-
tions are, indeed, nothin« more than lUipenlHi, rocks
which .irc of a ;jrcy or whitilh caft wl.L-n'cNpi.ied to the
J^'<^^f''^r, Jjut, v./iVT broken, are .if a biucnli ■ rcy co-
lour. The
ru-
fiTirei conliif tn'.
■hi
the be.uhes of tlie Jirde coves 111 the ibun 1 are com
pofrd a;id trjt'.r.i.rnrcd of it.
at (|U..ntity of
All
fdlen w,).
n'lrll- cove,, are luriiii'hcd with ,1 l'|->
; I..
I;'..; in tliem, w!,u li is 1 .iriicj in by the
tile; ac.d v.im ,-!!!..,!' lielii v.ater luin.ient for tiie iilc
of_ a fkij), v.liich U-ein t,) b,- hipp.ird eniirelv from the
rams and fo;r, that luiver .•.bur the t'ps <'>f tlie hill-.
T.':; water of thefe ril;, 1. (tt-iildly clear, and diiio;>es
I'iip v.k!! "i\a; ea:c.
The I lint.ite app-.irs to be inli'ifrly milder th.in thai
nr\ l!ir ;Mt toali 01 .\iiiiiic,i, under tiie i.ime parallel
of larirrde. Tii.- ni'rcurv in the theriii'imi :er never,
even in the ni;',ht, fill lower than 4: (lri;ree> . and very
often, in the day, it role to 60 (le!;Te<. No li./ll wr.s
perceive I oil am of the low jrrntin i ; but, en the ton-
traiy, vegetation ppneeded very biilkly ; lor prals vv.n
ken, at tliis ti.i;e, upwards of a loot Ion:'.
1 lie trees, of'vNlich the wo.id- are parliciihilv com.
poled, are the Canadian pine, white c^prcl;, and two
or three other forts of pine. The two rirll r.re in the
gn '.lell abiin iaiice, and, at a dillance, niemble e.ich
other; though they are ealily didim^iiiihfd on a neaur
view-, the cyprcls Iviajjofa paler jtreen th.in flieothc.
In q neral, the trees trniw here with f^rerit \i:;,:iir, ami
are of .1 large li/e. .Ai this early li iton (i| the vear was
Icen but liitle vaiietv of other vendible piddiii^tiin,,
.Vbouf the riH!>-, and Ixir^'er., cf the wooiis, were
found fonie lUnwberry plants, and r;li berry, currant,
aiKl <.'ooh berry bullies, all in a lloiirilliin;» llate. '1 here
Were alio a lew black alder trees, a fpccics ol low-tliil'le,
fiime crow's-t<)ot with a line ninifon 11 iwer, and two
liirts of tiiUhn ii-nvi. Some v.ill tole l,-;lies were Iten
jull budding; li nie young leeks, a liiwll fort of n^'ifs
and lome water cr< lies, befidi s a p/cat a'niiulaiue of
amlii^i-irJ.i. Within the wooi!s Were two Ibrt of uiidci-
woc I llirubs, unluiown to our ii.ittiral'itls.
.Ml the aiiiiu.ils leen alive here v.ere two or three ra-
Ciiin-, m.irtins, and li]uirrtls. Sotiif of our jienple,
indeed, who landed on the continent on the linith-e.ill
lide ot the f iiind, law the prints of a bear's (eet, not
far from the f'c.ore. The principal acvount given of
the (|uadriipeds is taken from the Ikins whiih were
purrhakd of the lni...bitants ; and tliet'e were totneiime.s
lo mutilated in tlie heads, taib, and [niws, that it Cf.iild
not he lii'tingtiiiht-d to what animals thiy bilui'-ed;
tliou^'h others were eitiier lo pcrftct, or lo well known,
that tliey did not admit a daub: .;hnut tlum. The
moll common aiiv)iii» them were beirs, deer, f^Ae?,
and wolves. Hears Ikins are veiy plcr.tifal, gcneraJiv
oi a iV.ininj:; bkn !; colour, but n'.t very I.'ij^e. 'I'h--
dccr-lkins wire Mot fj plcnrif;!, ai.d aj pearc.lto bel;;n^',
t ) what the h:::(ir;an:. of C;iroii:ia call die f..lluw deer';
thoiijih Mr. Pennant diliiiinuiihis it by the n.imc of
\ irginian deer, and tlunks it (piire .1 ditt'eren: f'-ecies
frcni ours, 'llieir fi'xes arc numerous, andoflevcml
v,iri.rie> , the Ik.ns (;f lome bciiv; yWlow, witii a black
tip at the talc; otiii-rs of ,1 revkiilii vi ilow, intermixed
"idi black; and otJiirs of an alh colour, alii) interim; ed
wiiii black.
When the llsiii. were li) mutilared as to admi* of' a
doubt, our peo]de applied the name ot fox i 1 wolf in-
tlifcriminately. .At Itpijtii tlicy met witli an enrint
wolfs Ikin, and it was priy. Here is the common
martin, the pine-martin, and another of a iiphter brown
colour, 'liie ermine is alli> ii)und in tiiis lountrv, but
is Imall, and not very (cinmon. Its hair is not reniuk-
ably line, ihouyh the animal is entiiciv white, except
about an inili ,it the tip of the t.ul. Tiie r.icoons and
liiuirrels are luih as arc common, but the latter is not
lo large as ours, and has .1 ruily colour extending the
length ci' lUr back.
C);ir natiiralilU uere fufficiently clear rrfuedin'^ the
anmials already mentioned; bi,c there are 'two orhers
that tl-.ry could not, with any cert.iir.rv, didiii:;uilb.
One of them was concluded to be the elk or mouli: ileer ;
P.r.:\ tl'.e '!ther was loniectiired to be the wild car, or
hnx. ll(,g>!, dop, and goats, have not vet iii.idc
their p.ppc;rance in this place. N .r have the nativei
any knowled;?e of our brown rats, tti whieh they appli-
ed the name they t'ive to tiiuirrclt, when they law lUem
on board the Ihips.
The lea animals near the coall are whales, porpo'fes
a;;d Irals; the latter, lioui the iJ.ir.., Win, li-er.ied tc
to
oe oi a coii.nujn l<:rt. The pnrpoife is the l>knun.i.
1 hough the lea-otter is amphibuus, it may b<' conli-
■'■■led as behmgini^ to this clals, as \n ,n- ptincipally in
'- ^^•'^ doubted, lor l«iiie titiie. whether
1
(ie
the '.varer.
ti.e
;,\
1 1
IV
tiil'liT th:in fliit
i.;::if I'.ir.iili-I
H'liii u r never,
■,;rc .I'lil viry
N I ii..ll v.r.s
lit, (Ml tllC tOII-
-, lor [',rah vv.n
i::.
uiiiMiIjily corn-
pnts, ami t»i>
hrll r.re i;i t.'n*
ri lcml>l<* I. I'll
<M (in a lUMiiT
rluin tlic otlic.
r:it vij^. iir, ami
(1 t!ic vrar was
pKiiiiiiitii'iis.
R" wcioiN, wer?
xrry, ttiir.iiir,
1:; llatc. '1 liere
f^ 111 low-lliililr,
«(■-, an;l tw.-i
lii-i were Iten
il tort of i^rafs
alnimlaiKc of
> liirt of uiidi!-
s.
wo or thrfp ra-
ol (lur j^cnjle,
n t!ic l();i:li-e.i(l
orar's (eer, not
.mint given of
IS wluih were
were fimciime.^
I'S tliai it (MilJ
:lu y Iv l.i:i';ej ;
lo Well kno>vn,
It tlum. 'I'lic
rs, (leer, foxes,
•.tilul, generally
ry l.iroc. 'I'ii^t
learc.l to bfl;;n:f
llie Loiuw ikcr ;
ly the nanic of
liitlerciit I'-'eifs
', and of lc.i.rnl
N, with a blark
!'!«', iiufrmixetl
a!li)intern;i;ei.i
to ailmi" (if a
liX (il wolf III-
wkIi jh cnririr
s the toinnioii
a iigluer drown
lis toimtry, hut
is not rejinrlv-
• wiiire, except
le racoons aiul
le latter is not
extending the
rffpeilinf» the
.'.re two otiiers
ry, diiliiigiiilh.
ornioiilcdeer J
lie wiKl I at, or
n(;t yet made
ave tlie nativcj
litli they appli-
1 they law tncni
lies, porpo'les,
(I), 'ier.iej to
s til.- I'iwi.dhl.
nuy lie conli-
A piiiifipally in
time, whetlier
the
f
f (
( /y////v/y^/JJANI\ll.s'.v. ^'/r. 4/.>// /// yiiy.iH<i{\\'l\\ ^li///.i/i,i f't/ ^h//,i/. /tu/ir/t///.
'/'' ^'WYVV.WV^WK,' ///'I I // ///< ' ^rt /;///;,// ///I //,) ///i /// i .i //<//////>. u/, '/.•frl .• ////' /f'''
'7
/ ' ' /
III' '■ ^ '
If • . j;
■%\
.■I
New DiicovtRii;";
th'* (kins wliii h il
•lirk)f\jj;nl to ilut .1
(Icj'.iitiirr, a whole
li.mi- (liaiificri, of
It v,a» voiin;^, wiij
j^ldllv bl.uk loluiir
wiili whitr }',.ivf ir
tliroat, anil hrraK,
»\liitci ami, ill ma
tlic whole Uii[;tli I
c-iitt'my teeth ; two
finall, iimi plicrd i
inuKlk'. Ill thtle
hv the l^iilli.iiis, ai
(eit fV)t Ix'in^ IkJ!
api^eareil a ^iiMter
hv tlioli' who ilrlir
jiroliably that fhei
place at the ilill'ei
yoiinf^ ones had ni
iltrni-arh ; but tliol
fcnlH-il hail a ^nrM
thi-y have attamed
roloiir, vsluv h is IV
jierioil thty have a
ti-w long hairs.
older, were ot a
of a pcrleft yellow
tainiv liner than tl
ronlei]nentlv the d
rita, where (o vali
prnciired, oiiplu c
ot lome conlequen
Birds are far (W
that are to be feen
to their being c<
either to eat them,
to be worn as orn;
not ilirti-rinp in thi
jay or ina!.',[)ie ; th
linging bm' heari
eai^le, witii a whi
hawk, a heron, at
tilher. There arc
tinned by thole w
The two Mrit arc
fomewhat Imaller
the bark, having
iierk, and breall,
with propriety 1:
pecker. I'he oti
back is of a dull
black : the belly I
it has alli> a blue
part of tlie wing!
upper part blackl
Jkle, from the an
neck, '['he third
not larger than a 1
and neck, aii.l wli
brown colour, wi
wings, of the fize
humming birds,
the numeiou.i fort
animal.
The (jUi-bratlt;:
ofl' the coall , aiid
found. There ai
which was black,
and had a red bill
the greater luviri:
northern coiintric
twice feen (lying i
found another Un
not unlike the bu
bling a common
Though the va
are more plentiful
No. 45.
N'rw DiicovKi'.!!'.")
N O U 1 II AM r. R I C A.
48 J
tif (kins, wliiih ilr natives fiiKI for otter (kins, really
•brkjfi^nl to th.it .iiiim;.!; I"it h (hurt time l)rliire their
ilcpmmrrr a wliole one, jiill killrJ, w.is purduliJ (n in
(i>inc (hanfirrt, of which tin* p-iintrr m.ule a lirawirip.
It *\as vmin;^, wvi|',hiii}; '"■''y ''^''"'V-rive poiimli ; ot a
y}o\\\ hl.uk loliiiiri l)iit many of the hairs heiit^; lipt
with white i;ive ir, at fir(h a preyilli call. 'I'lie (,ae,
throat, ami lireal!, were of a ii^^ht brown, or yelk)vvifti
»YhitCi ami, in iii.iny ol the (kins, that idiinir exteniiei!
the whole iiiigth of the billy. In rai h jiw it hail (ix
cutting teeth; two of the lower jaw being txceeilin^
fmall, anil pl.iceil withonr, at the bale of tiie two in the
miiKlle. In thc(e relprrts it liiJers from tho(e ((iiiiiil
bv the Uiilliaiis, ami .ill'> in the outer toes of the liiml
feet not bi'inj^ (kirtiil witn a membrane. Tlierc alio
ai'lieareil a f;re.iter v.iriciyaiiii colour than is nientioiieil
hv thod- who ilrl(ril)e (lie Uullitn (iaotters. It is mod
probably that the(e ehaiit^es ot colour naturally t.ike
place at the ililVereiit f^ra<!ation.s of life. 'I'lic very
yoiinfi ones had eo.irli- l-.rown hair, with a little tiir uii-
tlernearh ; but thole of the fize of the animal juft cle-
fcrilx-il hail a ^'.reater qnaniity of that fubdance. After
they have attameil their tuli growth, they loli: the blaik
roloiir, whuh is (ucceeclni by a iiee[) brown. At that
period they have a f>ieater i]nantity ot fine fur, ami very
few long hairs. .Some, which were liippofed to be
older, were of a thcduit brown ; and lome (ew were
of a perlei'l yellow. The (iir of thele creatures is ccr-
tainlv liner tiiaii that of any other animal known ofj
conleijuentlv the ililf overy of tliis part of North .Ame-
rica, where (o valuable an article of commerce is to be
procured, ought certainly to be conlidcrcd ,as a matter
of (ome conlequence.
Birds are far fror.? beinp numerous here, and thofe
that are to be feen are remarkably Iliy, owin,;, pcrhr.ps,
to their being e^ontinually harrafled by the natives,
either to eatthem, or become polTelTors of theirfeai.icrs,
to be worn as ornaments. Thele are crows and ravens,
not didering in the lead from thofe in l-'ngland ; alfo a
jay or ma!.',[)ie i the common wren, wliich i> the only
linging buil heard j the Canadian thrull; ; the brown
eagle, with a white head and tail ; a finall (pecies of
hawk, a heron, and the large-crettcj American king-
(ifher. There arc al(i) (i)me that have not yet been men-
tioned by thole who have treated on natural hidory.
The two drit arc a fpccies of wood-peckers. One is
fomewhat Imalier than a thrudi, of a black colour on
the back, having white ("pots on the win^^s; the he.ad,
neck, and bread, of a irim(()ii colour ; whence it might
with propriety be called the ycllow-bellu'd WiioJ-
peckcr. The other is larger, and more elegant; the
back is of a du(ky brown colour, richly waved with
black : the belly has a rcddidi call, with black (pots :
it has alii) a black (pot on the bread ; and the lower
part of tlie wings ami tail are of a fcarlet colour ; the
upper part blackilli. A cririilon dreak runs On each
fide, from the angle of the mouth, a little down the
neck. 'I'he third and fourth are, one oftlie dnch kind,
not larger than a linnet, of a dulky colour, black he.nl
and neck, an.i white bill ; and a land-piper, o( a dulky
brown colour, with a broid white band acrofs the
wings, of the dze of a dnall pidgeon. There ate alio
humming birds, which dilVcr, in Come degree, from
the numerou.s torts already known of this delicate little
anim.d.
The (jiiibrantahutdbb, diags, and gulls, were leen
od'tlu' coad , and the two lad were alio frequent in the
found. There arc two forts of wild ducks ; one of
which was black, with awhitelicad; the other wiiite,
and had a red bill, but of a larger (ize. Here are alio
the greater luninu, or diver, which are found in our
northern countries. Some (wans, too, were once or
twice feen dying in the northward. On the Ihores was
found another liind-piper, about the dze ot a lark, ami
not unlike tlic bune ; alto a plover, very much relem-
bling a common lark.
Though the variety of fidiis not very great here, they
are more plentiful in qiiautity than birds. The principal
No. 45.
lorts arc the coiivTion Iifrrinp, wliich ,irc very rume-
roiis, though not exceeding leven indies in length i a
Imalier (iirt, which, though larger than t!ic anchovy,
or fardine , is of the fame kind , a filver-colourc J
bream, and another of a gold brown colour, with nar-
row blue diipes. It is mod probably that the lierrings
and l.irdines come in large llioals at dated fcafiins a» is
ulual with thole kind of tiili. The two f rts of breams
may be reckoned next to thrfc in cpiantityj and thofe
wliici) were full grown wcifijlied about a p jund. The
other rifli were iLarce, a:;.! coulidcd of a brown kind of
fiulpin, fell as are t.ikeii on the coall of Norway;
another ot a rcddilli cad i tiodtini; a large one, withoiit
leak's, ri lirmbling tiie bull-headj anil a fm.dl brownifh
cod, with whiiilh fpots. Shirki alf) frequent the
''"• natives had in
lie ot!:er marine aniinals an; a finall
iIm
blubber, liar llih, fmall crabs,
their i)olie(rion. Tli
criiciated mediil'i, or
and a large cuttit -filli.
About the rocks there is abiindanrc of large mufcles,
and al(i) fea-ear<. Shells of a pretty l.-rge diamu:
were tiiund : alio (ome /)oc/i; of two fpecies, a curious
kind of iiinrrx, rugged wilks, ir.d a Ihail. Beddes
thele three are loine plain cockles anil limpets. Many
o( the mufcles are a (pan long; in t'oine of which there
are l.irge pearls, but they are ilifagreeable both in co-
lour and (hape. It is probably that there is red coral
either in the tiiuml or on the coad, large bunches of it
having been feen in the canoes of the natives.
The only npiiies oblervcd here were brown fnakes,
about two feet in length, having whitilh drii)es on the
bai k and fides ; and brownilh water lizards. The for-
mer are f'o perfectly harmlefs, that the natives were
ken to carry them alive in their hands.
The infecl tribe teem to be ir.ore numerous: for tho'
the teafon of their appearance w.as only beginning,
fcveral diderent liirts of butterflies were feen, all of
which were common. Some humble bees were found ;
all() fome goofehcrry moths, a lew beetles, two or three
forts of dies, and llniie mufkcios.
Though our pe. iple (iiund both iron and copper here,
they did not imagine that either of tin m bel(jnged to
this pl.'ce. They did not even (ix the ores of any me-
tal, except a coarfe red ochry l.jbllance, ufed by the
natives in painting or tl.iining theml'elves. 'I'his may,
[jcrliaps, contiin a tln.iil <]uantity of iron; as may alio
a black and white j igmcnt made ule of for the lame
|nir|iole.
I'.xclufiv?- of the rock, wliicli conditutes the fhores
and mountains, were leen, among the natives, fome ar-
ticles ot hard black granite, which was neither very
conip:;Ct, or dne grained ; alio a greyilh whetdone,
the common oiM^one, and a black tort, little inferior
to the horn- done. 'I'hc natives were leen to ule tran-
l])arent leafy glimmer, and a brown leaty or martial
lort. 'I'hty li.ul alio jjieces of rock cryllal. The two
lird articles were [irob.ibly to be obt.iincd near the Ipot,
as they had confiderable quantities of tliem ; but the
latter, it may be luppoled, came from a greater dit-
tance, or is extreme!;/ Icarce ; t()r the natives would
nut part wi'.Ii it without a very valuable confijeration.
Iron is called by the natives y(i-.(fW(;.'/c, a name which
they alto give to tin, and other wh.ite metals. It being
f ) common among them, our people were anxious to
ditcover how it could be conveved to them. As foon
as they arrived in the louiul .iiey perceived that they had
a knowledge of tialtic, and an inclination to purlue it;
and were afterwards convinced that they h.ad not ac-
quired this knowledge t'rom a curli)ry interview with
any drangt rs, but it (iemed habitual to them, and as a
[)radice in which they were (killed.
With whoiTi they carried on this traffic admitted of
doubt; for thougii fev«ral arricles of Kuropean manu-
fadure were ieeii among them, orfuch, at lead, as hacl
been derived from Ibmc civilized nation, particularly
brafs and iron, it does not follow th.it they were re-
ceived immediately from tlule- nation^ : fiir out people
never could obtain the lead iniormation of their liaving
6 G feen
4R(5 A N! V.', KC^YAI., an,
AlTlilNTIC .^YSn-M
rM\I,U>AL C;!.0i;MA!'1!Y
4
f '
•f'
I
)"cen lliipi liKc iln'iis I'r ol' i!;cir luuin.i'^ hccii i-nLni[H-il
i;i comnicrcc with Uich ];to|ilc. M.my cirnin.lt.'.iHts
concur t(i prove tliU witlmiit ;i d lubt. On the arrival
of the lla|-s, they v.'cre e.umil in their emuiiiie!. whe-
t!ier our i e'^i'lc iiic.iiU to letile amon^^il tiieni, iiilorin-
iiig tlieiii .u tiie Unie time, tiiat they gave them woiul
X)d water irom inoti\e.'> ot' riienJ.ll-.i[). I'his liitlieieniiv
proves that they eonrKieri\i iheiiileht's as propiietoi^
ot the place, aivl tlreaded liiptrioritv : i'.ir i: woiil.l liave
been .la iinnatiiial eiuiiiiry if anv lliips f.a.l lueii luie
before, and fiippiied ihemlelves with wood auvi water,
and then depar:ed , for thev niii'lu then rcUonably ex-
pect that othtrs would do the l.nne. It iiuill he ad-
mitted, indeed, that they exhibitetl no iv.ar'^-. ot lur-
prize at liehiildin^ fl-.e lliips: hut this may, vvitii great
j)ropriety, be attiilvitevl to tlitir nati
temper, and ineir wanting a t'
ural ind 'lerice ot
hirll of curiolitv. I'hev
Were never tlartled at tlie repori of a miill.ct, till t;,ey
one dav Ibewed that liieir head-dretlci were impenetra-
ble to their fpear:, and arrows, wlien one ol our people
fliot a :m;il\Ct-ball through one ot' tiicm th:rt had been
fix times I'oided. Their allonilliiiRi;: at thi.< plainly
indicated their ignorance of tlic eli'ect of lire-arms.
[his was afterwards very freqiuntly conllrmed wlu-n
tliey law <uir people llioot birds, at which tliey a('|)earcd
grea:iv con(i)iinded. Their explanation ol tlie pi-'ce,
together wit!, the nature of its ojierarior, with the aid
of Ihot and ball, ftriick them lo f()rci')i\ , 's to al'brd
toni'incinj: proof of their having .o pievious ideas of
this matter.
C\;fi,!.i fu.'i mentions, tint though tome account of
a voyage to this coall by the Spaniards in 1774 u i~75,
had airived in l-.ngland before lie tailed, thele circuui-
llaiKcs li!t?icientlv prove that thele Ihips had never
touched at Nootka. U has lince, indeeil, a];j-eared
that they were not within two tlegrees of Nootk.i -, and
probably the inhabitants of that pLce never lieard vt
thole Spanilh lliips.
They iile tlieir t0(jls with as much dex;eritv as the
longet^ praftice can aci]uiie. The moll natural mn-
Jcfture, therefire, is, tliat tlicy tr.ule for tlnir iron
with otlier Intlian tribes, who may have fonie tommii-
nication vvith !-'.t:ropeaii lettltnicnts ii[i-)n tiiat continent,
or receive it through fcveral inteniicdiiice nations. IJy
the lame means they probably obtain their brals and
copper.
Not only the rude m.itciial., but ;^;,ie manuta^Vured
articles teeni to '''nd their wav hitiier. The brals orna-
ments lor rmi' 3 ,ire made in lo mallerly a manner, tli.it
the bidians cannot be luppoled capable ef labiicating
them. The material feem ro be l:airopean, as the
American trii)es are ignoran: of the me:li'>d of mailing
brals i though copper h.is been frei]\iciuiy met with,
ilui'liliry, might ealilv be I'.ilb.ioned into
t "
ti
and, lioni its . ^
anv ll'.ape, and poli'.lu.l If fuch a;i';cles aie not ufed
by our tr.ulers to 1 liidlim's 15.iy and Can.ul.i, in rluii
ir.'.tiic witli ti'.e natives, they mutl hive 1 eeii introduced
at N'ootlv.i fiiiin Mexico, whence it is pii;bablc f.so
liiver table fp( ions were tjriginally ilerived.
Ctf '''i Ti'.v remarl;s, that as thele pe.iple lo efl'ei;-
lallydill'er troin the natives of the illands i'l I'le I'aiillc
Ocean, ill their perliins, cultoiiis, and langiia;;e, it
cannot be I'uppolld that their refpeitive [iroginitors,
belonged to the lame tribe, when tiiey enii[:rattd into
thole places wluie thiir deUeivi.in's were t.iund.
Our people having eon, pleated their defigiis, and put
tlie Ihips into a proper condition tor tailing, they got
under way. I'iicy weie atteiuled by the natives till
thev were almoll out of ilie liiund ; tome in their canoes,
I and othei ^ on board the lliips. One of the chiefs, wlui
! had [uriicularly attached himkll to (.,7 ';.'; Ci'i'^, was
I .muing the l.ill who jarted from them. I he Captain,
a litdt time In.'..,, he went, made him a fmali prelent,
lor wliiih he received, in return, a bta.er-lkin of a
much luperior v.ilue. This occilloned him ti> make
tome .iddition to his preluu, wliuh |)leali-d the ciiief lb
highly, that he pieiii.ud t ) the Captain the beaver-
Ikin c! i.ik whkii he tlien wore, and (;t v\hich he was
piarticiil.uly lo;,.l. .Sniick with this inllance of genero-
fity, ..nd rtilhing him not to be a liiii'erer '''[' iiis grati-
tude, C'/.'J./; Ci'i'k inliiled upon his acceptance of a
new bio.id-tword, with a brals hilt, with which he ap-
peared greatly delighted. The ollicers were tarnellly
i.npo'-tunfd liy the < fiief, and many of his countrymen,
to pay them another vilit, who, by way of induce-
ment, promiled to procure .1 large tloiL of Il<ins.
( tiiiiiiii! (.■>>! gives it as his hrm opinion, that who-
ever may come after him to lies place will liml the
nati\'es prepared with no iiuoniiderable liip|'ly of Ikiib,
being an article of trade which they could ol)lerve the
l.urojH-ans were < ager to ]iorn I's, .wX which the l-uro-
pean^ found tould be puulialea to great advantage.
Thui lull. ~ii, a> prifo/iil, u''iiuli-il fuvtii ithirly to.
'niji j'l.iii ./ S.'th Aii.ii Hit, ioniinn:\il, mluun, isi.
^^. :,/.,(/( /',/ec inii lii/ioirtnl, n/.-'rJ, tiial dij,nhj,
I'v I'lii ifliitiiicJ K,!!<i'\iii'i Ca|)t3in Cook. In our Jt-
/.iip::i'ii ft/ Sci'ili J I'll- 'I., I, liT /(mil, :,-ii'i the fiiiif pre-
i./;'ii, iitiUi iif'f i\ti luuLn ik:: .,,7/ei iln ividjii'ii Ins
ait.iici.'r ■( ,; a ii/.ti.l:,- (hitmiUs 0/ t'li xfptctne f: .ivi he
il'.il li i-'lh'ii v[ this ijunuii oj ihf i^lol'r riir
.).//,»; Ill I . .v ll.>f li(ii/jii,','it'iis of J man xilit
iui> i'> ij/iiiiuii'y lOiih Jlilid to I lie :iillyuJhon und inlir-
iHimail of ibr p'lhhi-, III tbt nicjt iii.fwiluiit point> of
huiu.:: /jdiiuilioi;,
vijrid ill
C II A P.
1\'.
BRITISH AMERICA.
.T !•: c r ION I.
Cmoi'nt-i /-,(,;,.■,., J ,.„. J/,iii/,i\ l!,n-, l..:i luUi ,■ X,u,
linlii.ii, i'i, . Auount i.j then D,h<juii\, S.ii;i' r.ii,
lioi ihii.,!, C!imalc, Ho:!, R,:ii>, .immdl^, //.nt;.
D.f
the flfit: I ( , I'lt'rla'iii ,, A
III'
of Trade, J'l, P>kiu.:Ii nuinud i I li fr i viti- Air.mid
IV we w(-e to or.-i.d the country cl.iimrd by (Jreat
Britain, .is far a, 'lei iiiarimr, have difi:()vereil fo
;he northward, we 1, light llretch it to 81 deg. ; ,• mm.
north latitude i for f. lar our countrymen, Haiiin and
lludfon, liiiled, and gave thiir ixlpeciive naiiK^ i<) ti.e
h.\)., called .liter them.
The knowledge we liavr obtain^'. ..f liiele countries
is owing to the rei)eaied attempts that have bi en inide.
t.> dikover a north-well pallagc to the b It Indies.
Thi". palfage was attemptid by l-'orbiibei m the )ear
i5"i>. He difeovereil the llr.iit that bears his name,
togeilifr with the m.iin land of New Hritain, or 1 .a
br.idor i but failing in the princi|)al delign, it was laiil
aiide till the year IJH5, when it w.is reviveti bv John
Davis, who fiirvcved the eoalis of babr.idor, but tliil
not extend the dilcoveries of his predecclliir. HiHin
and I bidlon, as before mentioned, pcnetiateii as far
as 81 (leg. -JO min. north l.ittitude, tome ye.irs after.
I he l.itier m thele wintered ill this region of ti-nft illd
In -w, ail I V.I, 111 I probably have effected the dilcoveiy,
h.id not hii men mutinie I, and committed him, with
leveii
M
M
11
Krv,- niscovERit'..'
f'even of his faithful
lea in an open lioat
attempt wa^ made
wintered here, but
fign was reviveil b'
iLince of the i huh
neither inlet or liver
terclls of eo!iimerc(
com|iany catiU-d a
was perlormed bv
ed l)y fome trolly
employed more th
he jiroceeiled Ui \x
ilillance irom the c(
miles, .ind a vall ir.
in that direction,
ferriit tribes of bici
iiomuuitions, as
r>(ir[lierii Indians.
Whiill Ciivi.fn (
a conliiler.'.ble obic
toall of \(<i;!i i\:
Certain il, l)v nu.u
jMrts of tiiiC conui
ilupping, and a <
perior, the armeil b
of 1776, to l").\is'-
the eoalis, and "be
view to I I- operate
poled, would, aboi
<in the oopofite fide
ing mane to the lati
another commandi-r
fame Ihip, lor tlu
proved no more tati
The mot' nortlr
perly be laid at Ik
the countries boriK
lutwten 50 and 6:
tween 50 .'.nd 95
bo'-ided on the not
■ the (/ole, on the Ic
ami (".inaiii, 01, tli
on the well by unk
So intenlely cold
wiiitereil in only 5
Itarce able to prelei
p.trt\ , although rv
a;;.iinll tnc cold, In
of timber, and '".u I
plaillered over wiili
vember the cold I
tied beer bcc.ime f
and I 'laced near a s;
portable abroad, ui
w.irmell fui s. No
fland the cold , toi
fro.x- , tlie latter o
men touched iron,
gel'; were lro,en fi
ot brandy out ot a \
with their tongue
was let't on it.
The toil is in g
hut in tome ol the
The mountains
are of a tiemendi
with liiow', whuh
the climate, and il
I'he rivers are
after the names t
firll dileovered.
aiul I kidiiin ; m t!
lefs note ; .uid the
and belleille.
The animals in
llags, be.irs, tigei
otters, lynxes, cri
it
.I'llV.
,lil:iiiiu\i into
ail- nut iilid
i.ul.i, in tluir
fii introiiucfil
['lobablc f.\o
>[)!c U) eDt'i;-
i'l till' I'autic
l.iiii;iM;\i', it
[)ri){;i iiir<iis,
mil. lattJ into
touml.
fii^ns, aiul put
Iihl;, tliey jiot
f natives till
I tlicir I anoc'i',
If iliicfs, wIk)
.■.'/ (.ci'k, W.1.S
riif Captain,
liiiall prtlfiit,
. tT-lkin ol' a
liiin to make
.1 tl,c fhicC lb
1 the hi'aver-
>\!iifli he was
cc of gf nero-
Iv- :iib grati-
tptancc of" a
rtliicli 111- ap-
a-rc tatiK'ltly
. eoiintiyiuen,
y "f inJucc-
)'Hkin^.
m, iliat wlio-
"ill iiiul tlir
I'piy oflkins,
ki olilcrvc tlic
ill tlir 1 iifo-
dvaiit.i^^'j.
'•iVtitularly lo .
ii/iiun, is I.
Ill, J itiji rd'CxI,
III our llr-
the film- pre-
nirdjwmhn
line f^ .1(1 he
r i'/u/if rier
iif a vuiii uhe
on (iitil m/i I -
I Jilt iM.'iti of
KcW DiSCOVERIiy,.]
N C) u r n A M I. U 1 C A.
4B7
lit" countries
; incn iii.ule.
1 .It Imlics.
in t!ie jiar
irs iiis name,
itain, or 1 .a
, it was i.ii;l
veil In' j.ilin
'I'lr, hut dill
lliir. H.illiii
tiateil as (,ir
j»:
years after.
1 of frn(| .111,1
n ilitcovery,
il liim, wiili
Jeven
1 :
feven of his faithful ailliercnts, to the nicrey of the icy
ica in an o[ien lioat, where they perilheii. 'I'he next
atteiniit was maile in i7i(">, by CajKain J'.llis, who
wintered here, but alii) l.iiled in it. In i~')i the ile-
liizn was revived by a Captain Chrillopher, at the in-
llance of the t Iiulfon's Hay C(iin[ianv ; but lie found
neither inlet or liver wliiih eould contribute to the in
terells of Kimmerce. In Deci iiiber 1770, the lame
tom[)any cauleil a j urnev to he taken by land, which
was performed by a giiitleman in their lervice, attend-
ed by liinie triilly northern Indians. In this he was
employed more than eighteen months, diirint;; which
he proceeiled to latitude 72 tleg. I lis moll wellern
dillanee from the coall of 1 liujun's Hay was I'.ear 6:0
miles, and a vail, tr.ick of continent llretched f.irtiier on
in that direL'lion. Thele ni'i.ins are inhaiiited bv uif
ferciit tribes of Indians, who alii) f^o under various dc
nomiiiatiuiis, as l)o[.^-ribbeil, Copper-coloured, and
Northern Indians.
Whilll ('.apLrn Vrrk was employed i:i his lall voynj.'c,
a conlider.'.ble obiivt of which was to explore the wellrrn
coall oi North /\merica in hi!.;h l.'.titudcs, and to al-
ec rtain if, by iiic.ins of any iarue riveii, the interior
parts of tiut continent could hi ri'iukied arcrlliblc bv
ilupping, and a (ijinniuniiatrn opined witii Lake Su-
perior, the armed briu I .von was lent out, in the lnmmer
of 1776, to n ivis's .Straits and Halfin's Hay, toex|)lo,'-'-
tlie coalls, .mA obtain a iiad'i/^e on that fide, wiili a
view to I I- operate «uh ('.i:pta:u I ink, whu, it w.is lup-
poieil, would, about th.it time, be trying lor a p.illiij^e
on the onpofite Ikle of Amerii a. This attempt not be-
ing maui- to il.e latisfaclion of the board of admit .l;y,
another commander was lent out the next yeai, in the
lame lhi[ , for the fame jnnpole; but this voyatje
proved no more fatisfaCtorv than the former.
The mol^ northern part of .America which may [to-
perly be laid m bcloiii^ to (ircat Hritain, particularly
the countries bordering on I ludlon's H.iv, are fuuated
between 50 and 6: degrees of north latitude, and be-
tween 50 .'.mi yr, (leg. of well longitude. They are
bo''ided on the north by unknown lands and leas about
.the i^ole, on the louth bv the ()ul|)h ol St. Lawrence
and ("anadi, oi, the call oy the .Atlantic Ocean, and
Ol) the well by unknown lanil>.
So intenlely coki in the climate, that Mr. I- His, who
wintered in only 57 deg 70 min. north latitude, was
Icarce able to prelei ve Ins own life, and the lives ol his
partv , although every piecaution was taken to fence
againll tnc cold, by lonllruCting, a houle of thick p.iei es
o( timber, .uid e.nh crevice dole llulieil with mofs, and
plaillered lAer with clay ; yet, at the beginning of No-
vember tlie coKI became lo intcnfe, that all the bot-
tled beer bcc.ime fioi'.eii, although packed u]) in tow,
and placeil licar a good lire. The cold became iiifu|)-
portable abroad, iiiilels they were entirely covered in the
w.irmell furs. No kind ot lu|uid, indeed, could with-
ll.ind tlie coUl ; lor brandy, and even l(iiiit.s ot wine,
froze, tlie latter only to a conlilleiue of oil. If the
men toiichcil iron, or any other folid lurlace, their lin-
gers were Iro/en fill to it: and if, in drinking a dram
of' brandy out of .1 gjals, they chanced to touch the glal's
with their tongue or lips, in pulling u away the Ikiii
was left on it.
The foil 1^, in general, birren in the northern parts,
! ut in lome o! the louthem it is tolerabiy frrtile.
The mountains in this country, to^vauis the north,
are of a iiemeiulous height, mu\ perpetually coveted
with Inow, wimh is the caiife of the extreme rigour of
the climate, and the b..!rennel"s of the li)il.
The rivers are numerous, and called, in general,
after the names of the navigators by whom they were
firll dilcovered. 1 he principal bays are thole of Hallin
and I ludloii i in t!ie latK-r ol which are liveral others ot
lefs note; .i;id ihi; llraits are thole of I ludlon, n.ivis,
and BelleiP.e.
The inimals in the woods here arc moofe-deer, elks,
ilags, be.irs, tigers, hiillalos, wolves, foxes, beavtrs,
otters, lynxes, ermines, li]uirrcls, wild cats, iiarcs, &;c.
Of the feathered kind are g''efe, buflards ducits, par-
tridges; and many other.s both wild and tame.
The leas abound with- whales, feals, coti, and .i
white fill) prifer.iblr to herrings; and the rivers an.l
Itelli waters with pila', percli, carp, and tench.
All the animals of thefe countries are cloathtd in
i\in'er with a dole, loft, w.irm fur. In the f'lmmer,
v/hich holds only for three months, they are, as in
other ])laces, of a variety of i olours ; but as loon as
the winter appro.iches they gradually change.-, tlie brafls,
and moll of the birds, becoming of the colour of th';
fnow. Indeed, every tiling, anima'e or inanimate, is
wiiite. I'A'en the liogs and cats carried from I'.ngland
to I ludlon's B.i.y :ire fulijecl: to the fime alteration, and
acquire a mu.li longer, fofrer, ,'.nv! tificlier fur, than
they h.ive in their own climate.
I iere it may be projier to n mark, that the animals of
America, in j'.iner.il, are nei;f-r li) krge or fo fierce as
thole of .\lia and Afric.i. Hml then it is to beoblirved,
tliat if the (iiiailru|)eds of America are fmall, they are
more numerous than thole of the old world. The
goat exjiiTtid from b'urope will, in a lew generations,
become, indeed, iniiJi lefs, bur it will alfo become
more prolr . , producing, inllead of one or two kids
at a time, tn e, Iin, and Uimeti'ties more.
.As r'-e inhibit. 'US of thi> (n\:::try are cloatlied in the
Ikiiis .'■ i) i\ir^, a.i ! as tl •■:r ; ri-; ipal trade conlills in
ih !(■ !M.,s it V. ill be pi' ju to give a defcriptii'n of
th ■: :i rious animal. ,\ large beaver is abm.t twer.ty-
e;^ht incii'-s in leiiijth, lV:im the hind part of the head to
tlie root III' the i;r.|, :\:\.\ '.veii'hs iixty or feventy pounils ;
but their ci 1 r r ;- di'r'ereiitj in li.ine |.>!.ices they are
black, ill otheis wl.'u-, . ni in others almoll of the co-
lour of tl'i ilnr. It is an amphibious animal. The
be.iver, '1 it. is !il
a gieat .\., lii
young ones .r i one. I'l.-ir i lus are f'urniflud with
'' •• • the upper cutter is two
■'1, .Ki'd the lower f unethiiig
I I vets over the lower one.
It (if a rat, and the t.iil like
It ii ;iboi:; llii.iteen iiKiies in
'•I \\ilr called, the callor, lives to
r,a:,'- t'c ner.iliv bring forth four
inches and a h.:U 111 1
longer. The upper |,-
The head is iliapul li
the blaile of a pu. :■
length, and about .iii
.11 tr.K;
It is covered with a
fcaly fkin , the kales Ihm'lT a tju.ir;er of an inch long,
and fivlding over r.ich otiier !;':e thole of a rilli.
The indtiilry, f.irc'.iglit, ind goo'.l management of
thele aniiii.ils, are extremely fiirpriling, and Icarce cre-
dible to thofe who never faw them. When thev want
to form a lettlenv.-nt, three or four, or m'>re of them,
alfenible together, and rirll pitch upon a place where
they may have iinivifioiis, inch as the b.ul; of trees,
roots, or grafs, with everv tiling iiecell'aiy lor erecting
their ediii;''-'', wi'ich mull be lurrounded by water:
an 1 if there be neither a convenient lake or [)')iul, they
m ike one, by ll'>ppiiig the coiirle of foinc brook or
ri"er. I''or this purool'e they cut down tree;-, above
the place w here they they was reliilved to buiid, and t.ike
their mealures fo well, as always 10 make the tree fill
towards the water, that they may h.we the Id's diil.iiice
to roll it when they h.ive cut oil' t!ie br. niche;. This
done, thev lloat it to tlie p.lace ,i|i|)ointed, aiul thele
pieces they cut bigi'er or lel>, to fuit their convenience.
Sometimes they i.le the trunks of large trees, which
they lav H.it in the water. Atot!:ers they fillen Hake., in
the bottom of the channel, and then interweaving Imal!
Iiraiiches, liil up the vacincies with day, mud, and
iii'ils, i' I'ucli .1 manner, a.s renders the dam very tigh":
an '; .ecure. In thele works iheir tails lirve them fiir
carts and tiMv.ck, and their teeth fiir fiws and axes.
I heir p;iws ilipply the |>liKe of haiuls, and their leet
I'erve inlte.ul of oars.
The conlliiii lion of tlieir ho;i'i;s is no lels admirable ;
th.cy are geiier. lily built irion piles, at lome dilLince from
.he lliore, l)Ut loiiieiimesclofe to the banks ol tlie ri'^ers.
I'liey lirll make holes at the bott'nn of the \'.itcr for
planting fix polls, upon wliicli e.'ch ol their eilii 'es is
built in a moll cniious m.uiner Their form is round,
with a llac louf. 'I'he walls are two leet tliick, and
loine:Lme9
!
r
fti!
i
i
1 „■'
4S3
A \F.\V, ROYAL, and
Till NTIC SYSTF.M or UNIVF.RSAI. (Jl'.OGRAPIiY.
rometimesiiiore: tlu-y are formal of the l.une niateiiils
as the iLiiiis juft imMuionid ; iiiiJ cvfiy jurt i.s ll) will
iiniilu-tl that no air can p'liiibiv I'liter. About two
t|-,'ri.!> of the i.iiiki.- ib rail. J above iho watc-r : in :his
thiv lodgf, and arc careful to keep it eleaii. They
have "Ciit-raily t!ucc or f'ur ilifiere'it aveimes to each
lioufe, which they enter uiuicr water. I'o proviJe
jirovifions a^,.iinll the winter, tiiey draw the liick,', they
cut from the trees, and thriilling one end into the mud,
let them he under the watei to prelcrve the bark ^»reen
anil tender for their winter provi'.ionv. Tht re are
f()mctimes found cif^ht or ten beavers in one lirnile, at
others not more than three or four; and let them be as
numerou.'. as they «ill, tiiey all lodij;e Mivm one lloor.
The I -avers are excellent food ; l-.ut the toi\aiie and
tail are the iiioH diclii-ioib parts. i'he Indians loiue-
tiiiies roall tlielc animals in the I'.uDc m inner as we do
pigs, fiill burning ort"t!:eir lur.
Befides the fur, t'le beaver [)rixluces the true callo-
rcum, which is contained in bags in the loucr |)art ol tiie
bellv, dilferent from the tellicles. Tiie vulue of this
drug is well known.
'I'he lands near tlic up.per p.nts of ll.idlonV ';!.iy
produce laige timber, an^l plenty of herl)a{;e, and, it
properlv cultivated, miglit yield corn. '1 holi* parts
which are low aiul mailliy pr.Hluce juniper, .urch,
poplar, and a fmall tree of the fprucc or fur kinii i but
ti'.ere is little other herbage belides t!ie mols.
In the vear 1670 a charter was granted to a com-
pany condlling of about nine or tm perfons, known tiy
the appiilaiion of t!;e Ib.kllbn's Hiy Company, ti r an
exclufive tra.le to that bay, which tliey have carried on
ever fince with L'leat benef.t to themfelves, though
comparatively with little advantage to tiieat Britain.
The chief commotiities are liir and hides I'his com-
pany generally cinfiloy four lliips. J iu-y have four
forts, viz. Churchill, Nclfon, New .Severn, and .Vl-
banv, which Hand on tlic well fide of tlie bay. The
commodities with which the company furnilli tiic na-
tives are guns, powder, Ihot. knives, hatchets, bo.uls,
cloa:hs both tor nun and women, tobacco, powder
horns, combs, kettles, lookint.'-gfilles, and various
other articles, the principal p.nt uf wluch arc the ma-
nufactures of Cireat Britain, ami in then'.erc:intile]'.hrafe
deemed drugs. Their exports and imjiorts arc not f)
confiderablc a.s tiie\ were bciore the coi.qucll of
Can.ida,
The I'uropea:'^, who relldc in tl-.e fac'tories here,
have a pecufur method in prefervmg tiicir animal f )ot!,
whether tlelli cr :;;h, fix or leveii moiithi, tree from
putrcf.icuon. Tiie :'.;h are caught in tlie winter bv
cutting holes in the ice, to which tlwy come lor air.
As loon as taken out of tlie water, they arc immctiiate-
ly frozen and ilili', but may be th.'wcd again by bciti'^
immcrfcil in cold w.uer. In this manner th:- lalt |)ro-
vifions are thawed and tidliencd here. Tiic meat is
let down through a hole in tlie ice i;ito the water, and,
in a Ihort time, becomes tiift, pli.ible, and eats tteij;
whereas if roalled or boiled in ii> frozen llatc, it W'uld
tat as it rotten, and be nanfeous to the pii.ite. 1 iuis
they are w; 11 luppliid with iklh, tilli, and tnul all the
Near round.
iVr/cii>, /X>/, n.:ht.:f
•■r,., Cj.
tov:^, e.. ,/ '„. /,./,,/,ij,. ■:, (.//hi; l{.,.'IJ;r.n-r.:
Till-, na'ivcs finiatiil on the ■•vulti.i lOiid of iluJ-
lijn's Bav, in:uprc'" n 1,1.;' tlie \r.-. \'i>rth aiid
.South \\ .lies, are ol' tlu. nii.liiji- Ii. 1 , ,1 .,| ,,{ :\ fipper
loloiii. 'i'ii-.-y I'.av,! bill '. I vi-,, an 1 f .;: ■, 1.;,..., b .1, k
li.iiri Init _th.-ir '• -r .;, ■, v.,'v ... m f-.uK.pe. 1 li. y ;,re
of a cheerl'ul dilj)..i,;;.,ii, 1:1,1. inatuied, a:;'.:bl:, fiiend-
ly, .mti li(jne!t in ti.i.;! i.ealini^j.
In fumnicr the men .i;e cl,..i',hi.i m ailole c-j.itmide
of a blanket, wliiin thry ijuy of the Imv'JiIIi I'rttl. i' in
tluir neii^hbourhorul. l'!;i;y have a pan- of iejther
(T)ckings, v.ii.ch reach Ui iiigli ,1, to lerve aiio tor
L; teches ; and th'jir lliuc^ :;:\: m.i.le of' il\- lame materials.
i
J'iie clratiis of the women diller from thf>lc of thf
men only by their genci.illy wearing a pettico.it, that in
winter comes a little lower than iheir knees. '1 heir or-
dinary a]iparel is m.ide ol the Ikins ol a lieer, otters, or
bciver, wi'h the hair on the fur of them. The llecves
ofii'.eir upper habit are gener.'.ily tied on with liringsat
tlie Ih.oukkrs, fo that their .irm-pits, even in the dc[)tli
of u inter, are rxpofe^i to the dll, whiclt they iinagin-'
C'liitributes to tlieir health, 'iluir ililealt,, indeed,
are but few, and thole g.cneraljv arite from colds catit;ht
after drinking tj irituous liqu.ir.', which they boy of the
I'.iigli.li : and it is melancholy truth, that tlule w!io
live i;ear the fettlements of the I hidfon's Bay Com|-anv,
are, by tlrunkenne's, become meagre, fmall, inJoicnr,
ar I harJK- able to encounter the liardlhips (.f the coun-
try; whiiv- thot'e who li\e .'.t a dilLince a.-e hardiv, vi
gorous, and active.
They d«xl' in tents covered with, mcoli- ai',,1 lieer-
IInIiis li:we,! tojalur. I'Lcle are ot a ( iru;fir fiirm,
jirobai'lv on account ot its bei: g moll capacious and
convenient titr their lilting round the tire, which is in the
midd! . riuy are formed ol [loles, whicli are extended
at the bottom, and at tiic ';op jean to the center, where
a:i opciiing is Ktt to admit the light, and let out the
fnvi.ik, 1 hey Itrew t'le tl.ior with t:ie tops of' pi.ie-
trees and lie with their teet to the tire, and their heads
to the li.les of the tint. The entrance is grner.illy on
tile loiiih welt fide, and ihey g ' in by lilting w^^ one of
tile ikins, to whii'li is lailened a [liece of Itick 1 > make
it flap cfife.
Tiicyhive no depiiidence f jr fubfillence nn th- fruits
oi tlie lanh, but live entirely on tiie .iniiii.i!'- tliev take
in hiiiuiiiL', or catch in traps. '1 luy every le.'.lon in.ikc
a prodiguni, llaughter among the d.eer, from the ahfurd
opinion, that the more they drllioy the greater plenty
will fucceed ; hence they fomctimes leave thrir or four
hundred de.ul on the plans, taking out only their
tongues, ar.d l.'\v/ig tiieir carcalles either to rot, 01 be
devoured by t!ic wikl bealls. At oth'-r times tliev at-
tacic them in the water, and bring great numbers on
lloats to tlie l.id'iiies. I'luv alio live upon bird^, and
ever, feed on eagles, hawks, crows, and owls, ,is well
as on partridges, wild-ceele, and ducks. 1 l;ev gene^
ra':;y b nl tliejr tkih, and eat it by iti'elt', drinking the
w.i:er it is boiled in, wliidi tfi< y elieetii verv whole -
louii- : and in 'lie fime manner ;i;i v drels their liih,
I hcle ignorant people lia\e m.inv amiable (loilities.
Tin le are intl'i.-nced in their beiiaviour by narur.il love
oj rectitude, that rellrains them iiom .lii acts(;l vi;)lcnce
and in|ullice, as ttle.'tualiy as the moll rig irous laws.
The chiefs ol every family "r ttilie, who are pencrallv
tiiofen firjin among the moll
iilu.illy for their lioll in lui:.
ancient ot the t>cop-l<-,
i'-U t!;cir experience in
trade, and their valour in war, in which they lie(|iiint!v
eng.ige, direct th' le wlio nlide with th.em in tiieirditr.r-
ent emplovnunts; bi.t their advice is r.irhcr followed
thoogli deleiencc and rclj'ect, than Irom any compul-
live ot.iligation.
Ti'.ey h.ivi', however, foinr cnlhims whiih imiil ap-
pear very whimlical, and ct.'i' i- iii.it ar ■ extremely criiek
It Is elteenud .1 great o/ience f,r a woman to Ihidenver
the Ii-f,'s ol a iii.in when he fus < n thegroun ! ; ami they
even mink it beii'atii th.-m to dtiiik out of tiie liime vef-
fel witli their wives. Iluy luive another uilbjii) tliat
mull appear lliocking to every humane min.l, and in
vvhiili they are, in loiiu; mealure, imit.ited by the Hot-
tentots. The hitter expole tlieir p.irents, when labour-
ing un ler the inllrmiii, s of old age, to |)erilli with hun-
!.".r, or I) be dcvMii( d bv wdd be-dts j and thele
wretches llrangle th':rs: lor when tlieir jiarcnts grow
I) oil .IS to be un.'i'e to lii|->p.irt ihemulvis by their
ownlabjur, they re.'uire their liiiklren to lli.uigle them,
and their pi, nmi.ig it is elleemnl .in ai't of duty.
This is dour in tlieljllowing niant.er: '1 he ol.l pcrli.n's
grave bei: ■> d ' ;, he fo-'s into ii, a:;.], after liavini;
converfed ;md Ini'j.iked hi. pij-e, or perhaps drank ]
dia.i. or t.v.) witii iiis cl-.ilviien, he in.i.rms them th.nt he
IS rea.ly; upon wiiich two of them pur a th(jn>j about
hiii
KtW DlSCOVtHlLS.]
PHY.
tliolc of tlir
ito.ir, tint in
i. I'lii'iroi-
■r, otters, or
riic (Iccvcs
ivitii liiiDgs :it
in tlif ck-[)tl)
till y ininr^ii!"
iMlc:., inikri),
\)li.is c.ii|i;lit
I'v Imv ()( the
;t tilth- \v!i()
ly Comcaiu',
i.ill, iivioitiir,
til- ( O'.U)-
:c h.i;,:lv, VI
lii- ar.J liccr-
iiiul.ir (brm,
|'.n.ioiis .iiiil
IihIi is ill the
;iri- ( xteiulcil
I'lUfc, where
111 lit out the
nfxs of" pi.ie-
iii tin ir liciuis
pciK-rally on
I'r? ti;> one of
ilk ( ) make
n r!:- friiiis
i.i!'- rlicy take
'Ic.ilon make
m the abluni
rc.iter plenty
three or four
it only their
to ror, or be
inub they at-
t nuniheri on
'im bu\h, and
owls, as well
1 hev f^ene
drink ini; the
verv whole-
their (1)1).
b'e <)iMlities.
nanir.il love
ts ot violence
ig'iroi!'. laws.
are peneraliy
the pe:)l'l<',
xi'tin-ni,' in
c y /ie(|ti( iitly
ii'.hiin.'itiir-
• ''.r (billowed
inv coiiipul-
ili inn,; ap-
'■nicly ( nirl.
Itrilje o\rr
' ; aiii! they
he fame vel-
iiilloin tliat
ind, and in
by the I lor-
heii laboiir-
lli ttith lii.'ii-
1 and tliele
ireiits );rn\v
V' s b) ihiir
angle them,
it of duty,
"klperli.n's
fter luvinf»
ps drr.i.k .1
hem that Ik
iion^j about
h;.
New Discoveries.]
NORTH A M ERIC A.
489
Iiis n-ck, onf ftandinL' nn one fide, and the other op-
politc to him, w.hiili thi.y pu!! violently till he expire;.:
they then lovcr him wi;h earrh, a:id over that e'ect a
kind ot rouiili iiimnnuat oMlones. Such old people
a.-i have no chil.lrtn reijuire tlu;, oliice of their friends ;
but in this ull- it is n'>t alwi.s complied with.
'I'hev luve alio a very I'.iange maxim of policy,
which is obligiii ; their v. nne 1 to procur..- freipient
abortions, liy the oie of a certain herb, comuion to
that country, ii order to eak- theinlelvcs ot the l)iiidcn
oi'a hclj.'lcl's ia;:iiiy.
The native-, d.vt'.iin;^ on the eallern coait of F Iiid-
fm's I5av, ar- tliwle called 1 .uiuinu'ix, whiih nauie is
derived fro, il tlie Indian W(;rd that lignines iiUtr\ of )\nu
Jif/'' i lor ..iur tl.oioiitjiily drying t;.e llelh ol the bealls
they kill, they cat it vsith'iut any oiiier ptrpiration.
They are it" a uii.ldle l]ze, robulV, ae.d inclmable to
be tar. Tlicn ;.'.-adi arc iarge. Mid thtir I'a-es t'loiid
and fvanhvi th.ir eyes are black., Im.dl .m.l Ijarkling;
their n:ilc5 lla;, their lips diii k, .mi their hair l.wik
-nd biaek i they li.r, e broad ili>Hiklcr-, rfikl their limbs
are propoiiini.ible , bit tiieir irec are \ciy Imall.
The beh..vi,,i.r ot the l',Up-iii)uu.>! relidinji; on the
eali: liiie u( 1 li,,il',n'-. Bay i:> clicarfiil and r[v,i^ih:;y -, but
lome are fubde, ciniiiiiu^ and dttciitu), !J,i''''C Hartercrs,
and mmh a.idi'ted to i>iller f.'.nn llrang'-rs; eafily ren-
dcrcil l)old bv er.coiirai^cmeiit i bu: as e.iliiy fri.;iit(ned ;
and fo attached to their own couatiy, that foiiie, who
have bien taken priToners by tlie fjutiicrn Indians wlicti
they were boys, and brought to the tiifl iries, have,
for I'evera! years, regretted their ablcnee from their
native country, and the enjoyment of wli.i;. they loved
when they were t!iere ; tlrib one ol them, after liaviiii^
been led upon [''.nglilli d:t", l)ting [<rcl"etit ulien an Ir.ng-
li'.lini.'.n was cuttiiifi up a feai, hom w,hich the train-
oil r.m v.-.-v [il";'.:i...,;y, ri<..,jjed iij) what lie cou! i I'ave
with l.i-, !i,»ad,s, and fwalU^vinj^ it crvcd, " All I coii;-
m-- I •v to my dear c uncry, where I cotdd, yet
my i.<,. J ...... '
The n'.iiH cloatiis a;c •■-.a.ie of lial Ikiiis, and lomc-
tlnies (d tlie Ikins ol' i.i.i.i and lea lo^O lewed toi^e-
thu : their coats hive a h 10. 1 like acapuJiin, areclofe
from the bicill before, an I r;aJ) no I'l^er than the
midvlle of die thigh: the bic'.chis arr cltifc bet' le and
behind, {ratlured like a purle, witli a Uring, and tied
about their waills: tluy hive fevcral p.iirs of bootj
and forks, which they uear i.'ne over another, to keep
them warm and dry. I'he ddlerence between theilrels
<.'i the men and that of the women is, th.it the latter
have a i;.:;r)W H.p lie'dnd tluir lackct that reaches
to tluii li(cl.. '1 Ikir liood'i are hkewilc larL!;er and
wi.ler .u the ihouldcrs, tor the lake of i.irrying tluir
ci.ildren in tl.cm at tluir backs; and their lioots, which
aie a gieat deal wider, are commonly lluck out with
\vhal bone, becaiile when they want to put a child out
of their aims tluy lap it into one ol their boots till
they can take it up ag..in. A tew of them wear lliitts
ol le.il bladders Tewed tog'-ther. 'I'lieir rloaths are,
i.'i general, Icwed very iv.'atly : :liis is perlnrnieil with
an ivoiy needle, and the finews ol a deer l|dit tine and
iifcd for thread. They d.ili.over a i'ood deal ol talte in
adorning them with Ihipes of ililVerent coloured Ikins
fewcd ill the manner oi bonlirs, cull"-., and robings for
their cloaths, wliicli altogether appear handlomc as well
as ciinvenient.
Due linjvlar part ot their diets is tin ir I'now eyes,
!is they p.o| eilv i.ili iIkmii. Tiicle are bits of wood,
o'.- ivory, firmed to cover tlie org.ins ot fight, and
lid at the tiack of the head : in eaili |)iece are tv/o Hits
of tlie r.;ine length with the -^yes, but narrower, thio'
whiih they fee dillinctly. 'I'his invention preW'iits
liiow blindu'.'l',, a very painful difirder occafioned by
the iirightnels of the liglit retlcLliiig from the fnow, el-
pecially in the leal'on they c.iU Ipring. I'heir ut'e
llieiigthen;j the light, and becomes to h.ibitu.il to thcMi),
that when they woiiKI oblcrve .111 objei't at a great ili-
Itaiiee, they commonly look thiou^'h them as wc do
through a perl()ediyc t,lils. ,
No. 45
Their innruments tor fifbing std fowling difcover a
genius lor invention. Their darts and ha-poons are
well m,ide, .is .ire alfo their bov\s .TntJ arrov.s. Th.cir
bo Its are eaty of carriage and quii k in motion. The
frames are made of wood or whale l)one. l"hey rcb-
ihe I'eatn with a kind of fize m.iie i_ri"e.i:'. hi.itjber.
In thele boats tliey rarry their little convciiieiucs and
tlitir inlfriiment-, fjr killing whales and otiier lia ani-
mals. Whin thiy iiave killed a wh.tle they tow it to
Ih'ire with their eaiioe>, ai,d I'rif) it ' i the tat, v, hich
n .t only li-rves them tor (ood, but to burn in their
l.imps diirinir wirrer.
Un their gonig t) C^.i in order to catth full tiirry ge-
nerdlytake in tlieir b >ats a bhdder hlled witli tr.iin
i:il, as our people iio 1 ilram bottle, .uul iLem to ilrink
die Contents wuh the l.irne relim , an : >vi,i.n tli(.irltoclc
is out they h.ive been feci; to draw the tii.idder tin 'U'di
their teeth in order to extract liie very l.ill drop nf tiiis
(irecious liquid. They a;e pr.;b .bly cnvinced by ex-
perience of' the fauitary elTciih of liith coarle kind of
oil in their ri;^orous cliiintc, whi.rh occafions their
fjndnefs fiir it.
It is obl'erved by voyager?, th;.t in filling to the
northward in tlicl'e r-giius eve:y thing dwiii'.iles ; the
men beio-.nc lower in llature, and the yery trees fink
into brulhwood.
S I: C T I O N II.
A N A D
S:::i(U:i':;. Bciir.da: ^:
I V^;f^(i.'£' I'rcduPui
P:.!C-^. 1,1V.
C'r.v.rtc. Soil. An'ancl and
River'.. Lakci. Pr.ni.pdl
C.'VN'AD.V is fittiated between 45 and 50 degrees
of north latitude, .uid between (0 and 90 deg.
!•! eid: longitude. It is bounded on the north by New
IMraiii, on the eaft by Nova Scotia, on the fnith by
the Apalachian mountains, and on the well by un-
known lards.
The climate and f.'il vary greatly in this cxtenfivc
track. Along the banks of the river St. Lawrence ic
is exccfiive cold in winter, ani.1 as intenrively hot in
turn ner. The rell of tlie country is interl'ecled with
large woods, lakes and rivers, which render it Illll
colder. Ihe loil, however, in ma:iy places is fertile,
producing whales and vegetables in abundance.
C.uiadi abounds in llags elks, deer, be.irs foxes,
wikl cati, ferrets, weal'ds, kpiirrels of dilTeient kinds,
lures, rabbits, N:e. In the louthern parts are wild
bulls, divers forts of roebucks, goats, &:c. The
marllies, lakes, and pools, bvarin with beavers, of
which we have alie.idy given a del'cription.
'i'he Canadians have different ways of taking bea-
vers. They tbiiietimes Ihoot tiiem, and at other times
catch them in traps, which latl method they prefer, be-
caul'e it does not damage the tkin. In winter they
break the ice at lome ditlance from the huts, and
pkicing ttakes in the watc'- tiiey fallen nets to them.
The beavers being diilurbed in their huts, by a dog
lent in for that ptirpole, immediately take to the water,
when they are toon entangled in the net.
There is a diminutive Ipecies of beaver called the
Mulk Rai, the tail of which produces a very Ifrong
I'cent.
There arc two lorrs of beats in this country, one of
a reddith, and the other of a blackilh cok)Ur.
The Iiulians I'carce undertake any thing wii!i greater
folemnity than hunting the bear; and an aliiaii e with
a noted bear hunter, who h.is killed federal in one day,
is I'lore eagerly lought after th.in that of one who has
rendered himlelt famous m war; this clu.e l:i,'idying
them both with food and r.ument. The bears lodge,
during the winter either in hollow trees or cues; and,
as they lay up no provifijiis, have no food diiri 'g that
leafon.
b II The
Ir
iL II'
I'-ii
.■ I
I ;•' (
'i!:
i':(l
win
I'll
.. ;i
ii
(I'll
i
k
4;
490 A NEW, ROYAI., and
The bear is nor r.-nir.illy liercc, cxrfpt ^^Iu■ll wound
e\ or pincht-1.1 with h\iii„'iT. Tlicv run tlunii<-Wi-s vriy
poor in the m:;n:h ot' July ; .in.l i: is limu-vvh.it d.;nt.;r-
rons to men th.-tn till their lnin;:( r u Utiblicd, ami th-.v
recover their flelli, wiiii h tliey tin vci y liulJcnly. 'lluy
arc t'onJ ot' i;r.i|)es, and moll kinds ot Iriii:. When
privilions are l^-aree in tiie vkhkU tiuy venture <inr
arnoii^ the rcttlciiienrN .I'vl iii.ike Ljre.'t h.ivoek ol the
Indian corn, ami loiiK-tiiiies kill the t'wiiv. Idv ir
ehiet' wc-.!|u),i>. are thur lore ['.iv s, « it!i \\i. it'll ;l"-')'
will iiug anv .inlind tht v I'ei'e iniinedi.icely t') cie.idi.
'riiAvilKd') ot C,ii;.id.i i-. Iai|ri.r than th.it '•! F.u-
r.ii"-. i'l.i- b'ldy i.. I V.-. vcd witli a very vakialile bluk
\so' 1, and tin- liide is reunrkablv Ibl't in.l pliant.
WolvLs are llarre in Canada, btit tliev alT'iid the
t'lKil lurs in all the country: their ll.ili is w!i;:e, an;
pood to (.u, and tliev innfue their prey t;i the t^ip; o!
the tailell tief-. The bl.iek foxes ;.ie tzrearly ellcem
cd, and vcrylcane; hu: thole ot' ither colour, are
more common i a.-.d lonie on the LIpper Millillippi .uc
ot' a I'dvi-r colniir, and very beantifiil. 'I'iiry Ire "i;
w.iter l''v,Is, whlcli tiiey tlecoy vsitiiin ti'.rir tl'iichrs bv
a tlioiir.i:id .iiitic trlck^, ,ind tiieii i'prinj, up.m thein anil
devour tin ;',i.
The Can.idian p.-ijl-cu h.is r. m-il bea-titi'l "hire
fur, e:;cip,: ;lie tip o\ tl^e t.iil, which i- av black as jet.
Uiiui piMi'iel, he lct> ■^v his uri '.f, wl.ioh, U i- l.i' ■,
inf-as the air f"'r a c,,,..it'-r of a un!e r-und, lor « !■ :i
rear;;n he i.-. called by Liie inhabitants the devil's on:,
or r!ie (llnkard.
The ca .1 l'a:i ra" is of a beiiHll'i I lilver r( lo ir, vi:';
a buii.y t:d, and as bij^ apiin as thr 1- 'ir()['e.ui. I :.:■
I'c-male carries lUiiicr hrr btdlv a b.::. "hichti.e (pins
aiki lluits at pleai'ure i ^lui in th.it I..1 [daces lu r youiii:
wl.i-n purine 1.
Tlic.e .IK- -iirer ;i>r-^ ( f l':l.;^r^!^ : tii.it railed the llv
in^; fquirrel will lea]) toi:y I'eci an . nv le •rjtni one iicr
to another, d'his l;ttle animal i.i vi ;-v !'■. tiv .i:il f,:(iiv
t.;:;ifd, and I.e puts up wiicrevcr Ik- can find a pia ' ,
\UTIIF.MTIC SVSTl'.M of 1:M\ 1 U.S.\L (ll'OGK.M'HY
NlW Dl'^'OVf RIl.S.]
in !:-.e ileeve, pocket, <'r m\:\T: lie firit [
_ W lies '.;i hi%
miller, wlioiu ise 'wil i.iil'in;^uilh amoiip, r.uiuy pcilon,.
I'he Cinadi.in pircopine is lels than a ii^' Idrn ;
ilog : when roalled, !k eat:, lull ;:s well aa a luckiu;;;
I"'t'- . . . ,
'1 he haret and iv.hbirs ditfer lirtle from tliole ol F.u-
loj'!-, riilv ti ev tiiin ;"'.'V in wint(r.
S, ii:e ol' die ri\ f' b'ci-d crocodiL-b, whicli dit''i.r but
little from th.oll i t'tlie 's'il ■.
AiTion;_i the other anini.ils (jf tliis country wliith n;. {\
del'erve the auen:i:>!i '•■:" tlie natura.iil i, the elK, wi;:i.h
is ab ut the lixe cf a l.ori'e or mule. Many extr.iordi-
nary.,M|th-i:-il q'l.di'-.rs, piriii.'uluiy I'T curni^ iiit-
i'''^cij;^kii^l , are ai'. iibeO to the hoof ot the Ic't foi.t
< . ;' ■ ;' ir.al. T!u\ l.ve in cold countries, ,uul v. hen
t ■ ■ all'jrd.-. tlicm no grals they i-i.a.v the barks
ot . -.
Or ilie featiiirtd creation here are e.igles, ..d'ons,
partri '^ ■.■;■, r;d, :.rey and black, witii Inntj taib, whi. h
they J. read out ii!;e a tin, aiid make a line n|^; ■ ;r-
ame. I K reare ai;;) liii:\ s, ducks, geele, turki-", i\c.
Of linking birdi til' re aie dirullie.'. .uid j;oidtiiii 'u\ rc-
linii ii- .! '.\v)W of L'.un)t)e i but tlie ciiitt' fuK'ni:; 1; id
ol C,;i. .1... 1 , the whiti; biid, .ilpciics 01 ortoi.m v.rv
Huw,- ai.,1 rc.i.aikable for procl.iiiiiinfj; t!ie un.m of
IjM-ii;;.
Tlie lak'-s .ir^; lart'e and numerous; the chuf a'e
Take Supi-ri-r, whi. Ii is 10 K-.iguos in lcn;i;li, 70
broad, and contnii.s k-vcral illir.ds j the lakes ,\liclii-
j'an, Illinois, i liirons Om.irio, b'ronteiiac, Cham-
plain, \c. Ol the river:-, which are in/iiimer.ib!. , tl'e
principal are, tl;e(ireat Kiver .St. Lawrence, .St. John,
I'rois Rivieic, Ccc. I he liiv of St. Lawreme i, en-
ter -d between C.ijie Itetz in Niwfounddami .uul Cipe
Bn-tonj ami after doublin::- Capr Kole, you llerr info
the river ot' t!i" lame name. I'owanls the foiith lie
the Hay and Point of (ial'pevi below this Hay is a
Sree|), called the I'ierced lil.ind, I'r.im an apirtuiein
its jnidJie, tlirou|,d> whi(.h a il Kjp mi^ht pals Nsiih her
1:11,
iaih up. ;\t a leai;iie dill nice Iroin the HmlvI Ifland
lies the i'kind Ii ai.ivfiifuir ; and at a leatnie diliancc
liom that the ill.ind Milcon, which his an excellent
harbour, and is ei^lic le.itjucs in tir(umlerence. A
f|.rin[; ol (lelli w.itcr fpout:, up to a ctnlidciable lie!p,lic
111 the ofiing, not far fn m tid:- illaiid. Tlie next ob-
-vi\ that preltnts itfef in tl.i- river St. I.awrrnce is the
illami Anticoiti i and lie turunt Ittiing ftrongly in
epon it renders the nas i.'jatirn lure very darperoiis, in
c.'.W of a calm, tfprci.diN as the if'and is I'red with
biiakirs. I his illar.d IS narrow ; butliis in die niid-
le of th.e river, and extends about lorty leagues trom
north-ealt to fouth well.
After pairin;4 this illand il:e navi^adnn becomes
more tolerable; but liill yre.it jMceaution mull be
lied. The moiiits Norre Duiue and l.ewii lie on
he larboard tide: near the Ia''er are liime | lantario.ns.
i'lic next point is Tri'ii'v I'l.in', which niuit be avoided
■'viihi'rcat tare. .A litile hiphcr .ire the I'lps ot Mon-
10 1. dh-.l f > in tlie appeirante ol the mountain,
I', i .d'-, r !W) le.iiiurs liom t!ie Piore. The land
r nei. 'd' )iiii.'-'d is not onlv inprohtalde, but ap-
s !.i.:-i'ul, bcng covereil with rocks, lands, and
:ij:r.dile thickets; it conrii.is, Iriw. x r, jdenry of
C),i the other file the river, a:ul adv.uKin'"
"•■ • into i'. bed, lie- : ■..• in i.il of M inicoiMgu,
^ 1 ■•-• iiii'l'. din<_'ei.ins in the river: i: \a n imcd
'i'. r. ! rlv.r tii.i: Ian' ti im t!:r muunruiis of Labra-
•■! .1, .: l.i i.lii.:Aile t.dled liie rver ot St. Birnabas,
1.1 li.- lil..N Kiver. JToin ti is to Cjieen Idand the
i:i\ -rio'i Ii il i-.v and i:"i'eitaiii, and tlie ih'ire.s un-
:■ )'.i;i-)rr.ible and iininh.ibi'ed. S'^mewhat hie;her lies
the liver Siguenay, which carries Ibips ^-J It .ii;ue'i
aliove its moudi, where is an exVellen'. h.irbour ciikd
l'ad''Uh'ac; in failinir hom «hieli {jreat cue mull be
tdsrn to avoiil tlie l\eil llLi'id cr Cape lion;;", wliidi
is I elanL'erous rak (t t' at c. lour, wh'le Ivrface is
ev;iia! to the u.irer, and (lien [ roves fatal to (hipping.
.Ma"y v.'v.;"rs :irL- ui opii io'', if the Cana:'i.in
ri:iu-rv w,;^ iiiipriAed it vouid lie more I i-iie'ici.il thaii
die fur tra ,'e. Ht I'.des a jL'irat v.iriety ol e.ther lilli in
1' t lakes an.l rivers, partieiilaily that of .St. I.av.reme,
are k,i-w Ives, fea-cows, porpoifes the kncornet, the
:Vb r.ii'e, tl'.e ha ; laile, lal tiou tiouts turtles, ioh-
. -rs, -['.c cli'oi.i..; .11, lliirpeon. the achyau, and the
;'lriic.i.l. Tr.e .h-a-woif, lo i-alli'il from i:s howlinn;,
IS a:i amjdiibi.iii, . rcatiire. 1 b-, iicud rr'e.nbles that of
_; : lie hi^ ioiir vetv Hiort
r.avo x\u.-: but the hii d
■;ipr
■■'■ llvi
a (1.
orT^
'1 a-
ej's, of w!di.li the fore
ones teiminire in tins.
lui; i. \ ri:;,!i 2-0 poun Is, and are of tiijl'erent
c< !■•:'-,. 'i ii'ir I'e'li is pood eatin;^; bi.t the protit of
It li.;. Ill i-s , :', "iihli is propr,- tor burni-i;.', and ciir-
f.in^' of le.Vher. Tlieir ikins ln.d^e ex. eil; nt cover-
iiiirs |..r rninks; an I tl.nu.di not hi hne as .M ir eco
le.iur, till y prefeivc ilieir lieil:nels better, and are
f I- iiihle to ei.i, ks. Tlic Ihoes .hkI (> lots m.i le of
tJMl.- Ikiii'- l-"' in no w.iter, an:!, when | 1 ■; eilv tanned,
m.ike excedr!:- ..;i| lallinL' cinrrs toi J'l-.its. 1 he Ca-
niii.m lea c-i'.'. is l.iiyer til. in i.i- lr,-wolf, but re-
Iriiiiiies It ill ' ■Jie. Ic his tuo teeth (.f the thitknefs
and \r\\>rh ,-\ .1 ii,.\'i\ a'Ui, ih.it, uhui sjionn, look
Id.e lioiiis ind is ,1 very liiie 1. ly .is \\eli ,,s its other
teeih. 1 he l'.uri;rnii is from t i dr to c»(lve leet lone
ai,d propnif!..;-..ii,iy thiik, but there is a imall fpecies,
lie llelli ot wiiuh IS very delicate.
In Cilia,! I .ire miny tepiiies, am-'ng which the
rar'ii-.lnake is the iiioH iem..ik..ble for Wv.v and venom.
I lie bite ol this hi ike is mort.il, if ihe root of .1 cer-
tain plant is liot iiiimedi.ii.lv applied to the wound.
'I'he ciiliivited p.:uts u\ this louiitry yield larjjr crops
of Indian cmii, bailrv, lye and other |j,rain. IVI< 1 ms
and grapes aic j roducfd here, as alio' the hop plant.
I he meadow grounds that are wdl watered yiekt cx-
o Hint pral's, and te.d iiumbi ts of cattle, Tidiacco,
in |)articiilar, thrives well, and is mm h euliivated.
The iiruultiv.i-rd parts of Cmada cont.iin the great-
eft firelts ill the wotld. I hev (orm one continiieil
N cud unpi..;i;ed by ihe hands of nun, .md to all ap-
pearance
to the river St. I .,
It-veral nations of Ii
inhabit iius in variou
Nlw Diii ovfRihs.]
N () R T n AM I-: RICA.
49'
pcarnnrc as olil .is the creation. Nothing ran be more
inannitueiit to tiie view, l lie trees lole [lienjklves in
the ilmiils: ami Iik ii is the pr(niiL;imis variety of Ijt
cies, th.ir even ,nn:)np;ll tlicle |h rions who liave taken
iivill p.iins, to know them, there is not one, perhaps,
that is .iccpMinteil with half the number.
This I'rovincc proil'iees two llirts of' pine, tlie white
nn'.i the red , four lorts ot tursj tlree liirts ofceilar ami
oak, the white aiKJ the reil ; three li)rts of walniittrres,
the haul, the I'll', .ii;J tlie IliVL/th ; the male and le-
niale maj'le, white and red ehiT^, and poplars. About
November tiie be.irs .md wii.l e.its take op their habi-
rafi MIS in the hollo'v elm- , .in 1 rem.iin their t.li April.
IKie are alto chei ry trees, plntiib trees, and <.[|ier
tiniLtiee-, I'mil.ir to t'l^li' in ]• mope. Ni.irQ^i(iirc
is a line le.-.J nvne, a:;il the whole country abciiiKls m
eoan.
I he principal towns in Can.id.i nrc (j_i^i( bee, Trci^ i
Kivieies, or llie i hree Kivei^, :!nd Nh i:;real. Nia
gara, though not cxienlUe, is iliiliii^niillied bval'air.o'.'s
fatarit't, between 7 and 8co leet liiL'h, li.ilt' a le^jUi.-
broad, the waier of w!,:i.li runs to \i licr.dv, t.'iat all
bealls ;'.rte!n|"!i:i!; to eri.ls it a ipi.'.iter 01 a lea,.' le ab ivi
are I'w.iHowed ii|i. It UiMibles oil" llie jTreipiee v.ith
I'lirh I'lTV, tliat if makes an ar.h iiiuier v, hiiii tliui mui
mav p.. Is .1 bn ill with: IK I.iiver.
Here it i-. neeili.iiy [n o'i-.l.r\e, ihat ll; ■ Frt neh
(■■I'liptei.ai 'ed, uii ler !!:>■ n.rne nt t'aii.i.l.i, .. u-i\ iaru,e
firritoiv, ti'^:;.;' i:i:o ilv-u il.iim. [ :!rt it' N'ovia Sc. [i.i.
New l'n;danil, ar.d New Yoris, on the eall ; and, to
the well, est; ndinij, it .1-. It as the I'acilic Ote:in
That put, however, whi, !i they were able to ciilri>ate,
lay ihieiiy on the banks ot thr river .St. l.awrtnce, and
the numerous I'maller rivers whieh it rf-eeives. Tlas
beii):: re.'ueed by 'he Hiitilh arn.-. in tlie gi 'lious year
1-50, Ills bten iinre flmiided in:o a Hruilli province,
callfd the provin, (.- i)r(^iebcc, of v.iiiclithe c,i|>ital i>
a citv t)t the lame name, htuateil at ilu tonllueme ot
the rivers .St. Lawrence and St. Chaile.^-, .ibimt 140
lea!;ues I'lom C'ai'e Rorv.e or Horn-is. It i^ liuiit on a
rock and divided into .in upper .uul lowi r town. The
!ia\cn i~ l^ite an.! commo.ii.ius. '1 he h'lUles in bmh
to«ns .ire of" llone, an.l built in a tler.ble ni. nner.
Before the city was i.ikeii by the l-.nghili i: iii.ule a \cry
faie aiipe.irance,
Anvn^r the priiicij
e.li'"--s were the e[ ii'dpal pa-
lace; tlie t'lit o: liialil, ti e it .'idencc ol' the f.'ovt-rn.ir-
t;eiiii.ili the houle ai'.d ikiirih of" the Uec.'licCts ; the
thun ll I'l' the I'rl'iline nuns, in whic h is the tomb of
ivl. ,\|niii iliii, uh'i c )iiiuiani.!ei.l liie i'lc-nch, ,i,'d s\,is
livirt.ilh' wouiuiul, .It tlie batde id'C^^elicc, (in which,
alio, fell the gall.uit Wo lie, who comman.ie.I the 1mi;^
iilh the I'uinptiioiis colle;_;e lA the Jetiiits, tlic inten-
tiant's h'lul'e, the rov.d m.iir:v.:incs, i\C. &c.
'i'he f iiri'icitioiis ot (jnebcc, at the time it was
taken by the liiitilh aims, were as cum[)lete as it was
ji.p[''ble 10 rei'.iltr them.
In fiiiiii!.; up the river .St Lawrence fiom (j^iebec to
M iiitrcal, which is 170 miles the evr is i:eli.;lued
'vi:!i bi'.iutilul l.indt'i'aics, the banks, in m.iiiy pLicc.
b:ing very lleeji, and lli.uied with lofty trees. The
'arms lie pretty chile all the way; I'everal pentlcmeiis
houl'es, luMtly b:iilt, lliew theml'elves at interv.iisj .ml
there is .ill the ap|)eMrances of a llouiitlnnt!; colony, t'lo'
but few towns or vill.ij;i,s. M.my tine i.lind> are in-
tcrfpcrl'el in the river, .iiid ati'ord a induiKiue view.
After (i.illing the Kiihheu ill, mils, the air bi cop.ies li)
mild and tempeiate, thr ilie vovaj^er thinks himte-lf
tnnl'pl.in'ed to aiiott:er chinate ; but this is only to be
linderllood ot tiie tummer months.
Ihe town called 'I'rois Rivieres is about li.ilf w,iy be
tween l.)uebec and Mwiitieal, and his its n.ime t'roiii
three rivvTs, whiih ioin their currents here, and f'all in
to ilie river St. Lawrence. It is tmicli rel'iite.l to bv
feveral nations of Iiidi.ins, who come to trade uith the
inhabit iius in varioui kiii.is of tiir.s anvl Ikins.
Montreal is (kiiared on the illand formed by the river
St. La'.Mence, which is ten leagues in len;i!i, ,nid 1 mr
in bread;!). While the ImciiJi haJ poU'clliou of Canada,
both the ( itv and illand of Montreal were private pro-
perty, ani.1 li) utll improved, th.it the whole ifland was
a moll delightlul tpot, ami produced every thing that
could adininiller to the conveniencies of life. When
it was reduceil by (iencral .Vmherll, it was po])ulous.
i'he houl'es were built in an handfime maunir, and
isciy houl'e mi;;ht be feen at one view from tin; hirbour.
1 his [>lace is furroundeil by a w.iil and dry ilitch, and
its fortifications have been im[)r<)vcd by the Liii'lilh.
It is nearly ak lar<;e as (^ic bee ; b'.'t fi.i'''* its cor..;'.icll
by the Britilh arms it has fulKred much by tire.
Hef ire the eoiKjutlt of the [irovince of Canada, the
dift'ereiir tribes of Indians iiiha[)iting it were almoll in-
numer.ible. But thele p'eop'le aie oiilcrved to decieale
in p 'puLti.'il where the Lviropeans arc moll numerous,
owin^ chictlv tf) the immod. rate ule ot fpiiiiious li-
(]'Mrs, of ulii, ll i!iry are exceiiiv< Iv tond.
In the \rar i7;.} an ait v\as paljrd by the I'.irliamenc
ofGiiit I'll, ,111, allowing the inhabitants of il.e pro-
vin.e of l^i' Dec, profeliiiig tl.e Roman Cativ li< reli-
i."on, the Irn excicifeof the lame, liiiijecl to the Ring's
f ipreui.icy. IJy ihe fame act their cli rgy mav enjoy
tlieu accullome i dues and rights, but with rclpecl on-
ly t> perf'ns of their own rcli Jon i for a ri, 'it is re-
fervcl to his M.iieiiv to make a luit.ibie provifion lor
tile I'roted lit < ieigy. In matters of piopertv, refe-
rence is to be Iiad lo the laws ot C.mada ; but criiiiiial
c.iles are to he determined by the laws of L'.ngland.
\\ hile the I'rench were in poirelllun of this country
the liiviians fun|)iitd them v\ith pcitrv ; and tlie I rencli
had tr.i.lers who, in tlie manner of the (nigiiial inhabi-
tan^^, trav- rfcd the vail lakes an I rivers in canoes, with
incredible iidullry aikl patience, c;'.rr\iiig their g hkIs
into die mo'l remote parts of Ameri.M, .imongii people
unknown to any other iMimpeans. Tli'.is they iiabirua-
ttil du' liv.h.ins to ci'inmcrce, and tlicy vifued the
l-'ien h in rlieir lenlcu.rntb. I'or this ])urpolc people
I'lom all p.'.r's, even Irom the diilance ot lOCO miles,
raiiii to the French fair at .Mcntrc.il, which began in
]i'<'.w, ;i.'id f 'Uieiiiiics killed three months. M.ir.v lo-
leiimities \\(ie rbl'erved on tlu'le oCLafionsi guards
W( re placed, .md, the governor alHlled, to piciervc or-
der in fieh .1 comourle, conipofcd oi f t ic.it a variety
01 la.-.i'.;e ui i s. l!i.'. fi:r.eiiines ;_;rr.it tuuuihs h.ip-
j eiicJ ; and 1 ■■ Ic.ii.ins beir.tr lifiiiui ot bran.Iy, fre-
i^uti.riv g.ivc 1 1 li. i;- iVjerch,ciui.;e icr a imail qu..:.ci;y
01 i.'iac Ij iriiu 'IS lu-.i'.r.
It is very riniuk.dile, that many of thefe Indians
aduaily [ulled I v our fetdemenr ot .\lbany, in New
Vork, and ti.ivi-i'.-- I upuards o! :rc miles tartr.jr to
Montreal, thouuli tiicv iMi»ht have puicliaie.l the loiii-
moiliiies cluapcr at liie innner pl.ice. .So g^e.it ,;n af-
lendaiicy h.iJ 'lie iMcnth g.iined, bv tlieii inlinuatiiig
aiidirls, o\ei ihe minds nl thefe p,eo|.le.
Sill' c the I'.ngI 111 became pollelled of C.iiiad.i, their
ex|)Oits to (ji'cac Britain, in tkins, tins, ginl'cnL;, fnake-
loot, capillaiie, and wheaf, have greatly iiii realed, as
uell as the imports tfoin Cjreat Brit lin. Hence the
value and imponame of tiiis tra.lc m'..ll be evident. Ic
wouKI toon be incieal'e.l to a grt at d.egree, were the
rivrr St. Lawrence always opui. Hut the cxcelllve
cold, which continues there from December to April,
renders all navigation impractical>le. An ither incon-
venience ariles friin the I'alls ot' the river St La\srence,
below Montreal, which |MLvent large lliips tfom coin-
ing to that emporium of inland commerce.
S I'. C T I O N II.
NOVA SCOTLX, or NKW SCOTLAND.
.N'm'wc, SiIii.i/io<i, Kxtuil, Bcu'iddrics, C!:tiLilr, ."?',7,
PiiuLiic, Riiv!iil:ijih, Diii/i\iiS, Ci'iuJ l\'iu':s, isc.
Tills country obtained the name of Nova Scotia
from Sir William .•Mexiniler, fccretary to King
J. lines I. that monarcii iuving made him the iirll gran:
of lands in it.
Novi
ill
-i
5
-i\V
if
40 i
A MAV, ROYAI., anp AU rUr.N'TIC^ SV^TIM or rXIvn^SAL GKOGRAl'HY.
I hi;.
^
^Vt
NovM Scori.i is liniatfJ bfH\i-eii tlie 4,>i ami .lytli
lil'Jr^■fs of north l.uitui'.i-. h is abonc J50 miles m
lenl'tli, ami 250 in bn.'ailtli, an.i lr>!in.U\l on the ii>ith
by "the liver St. l.-mrence, on tlic eill by the Atlantic
Ocean, on the l'oi;:h by the liiir.e, an-l on the wcit by
Canada am.! Kcw l''.ns'lan(J. _ _
A !;,rrat part of the country conliils oi' thf pcninluli
that iV foiax-a bv the Bav of 1-uikIv, Chcnigto, and
Green Hay, all the i<.:iroi' wl.i.li, fi 0111 Cape Sable
on the welt, to Cape Caiifo on the e.il!, is lined uith
Ihoatb or lands. Beliues the Bays above-mentioned,
there is a great niitnbcr of others all ;don<; tlie coalK
parrieularlv'G.ifpf, Chaleers, and Chediui.clo, on tlie
north-e-ur; the iJay ..<f Hlar.J:, Chebii'^o, and l.a
\ lere, m the fiuth ; and the H.,y of Annapolis on tlie
liuith iide of the Bay of 1-iindy. In tiiefe bavs, and
other p.rts o( the (.o.ill, are many fmc roads and li.ivens.
'rheehici capes are dvneot Rofieres and Ciaipe, on the
iiorth-e.ilt i Capes l'crt.i!;e, Keounien ic, roiirnieniin,
Port, l''pi.-, I'oL-er. , an.t Canio, on the eail ; Cajes
Blanci>, \ert, i eo.i...'-e, Dore, l.a Meve, andX egro,
on the louth ; C; e .-s-iiik, and C.ipe l''ourehe, on the
foiuli-wtll. The rivers and lakes aie very numerous.
Of the firmer the molt material are thufe ot St. John,
Faii,imj;^nai.ii, IViMblcot, and M. Croix, which run
from north ^nd f ".ith, and tall iiro the K.iy of l''iindv ;
.wA thole of Ri!goi;ehe and Xipiliguir, which run from
well to call, and fall iiuo the (iiilph of St. l.awrence;
and that of Clicbucto, that f.iils into the Atlantic. Of
the hitter, thole called Kefeben and l-'reiunile are very
large; but tiiere are :n.iny tlut have not yet received
anv i irt'-iiVir naiVi^s.
The chma-.e of this country, tliroiigh the Hidden
traniition from nca: to cold, has been faiiid unfavour-
able to i-.'.Te.peaa onllif.itions. A feve,'-i months in-
tcnfe Cold is genrrailv fucceeded by a heat as intenle,
without the inter- ening and refrelhin;; ll-ifons ot fpriiig
and autumn ; added to \^hlch, the criiintry is invcloptd
in the {il.'om of a fiu; a great part of the year.
Ill 10 an i.nfavoiirable climate little produce can be
expefied fr'Mn the foil, \vhith being tiiin and barren,
the c:)rri ij ot a IhrivVlled kind like rvc, atid the grafs
intermixed widi a cold lj)ongy mofs. There arc tracks
howtV'T. f t:-.e fouthwaid, v.hieli are lertile ; and, in
fieni. r.il. r!,:- '..-.i is a.ij;:;ed to die [irodiice ol hemp and
rlax. 'i l;e timber is, in general, very proper lur lliip
buiAling.
There aie the f.,me animal here ai in the neighbotir-
insi provinces, as acer, l)eavirs, otters, wild low], ami
a\\ fpcci'-s o{ game. Many kinds of LAimpean qua-
(.Iriioeds rnd ton Is have bien lent here from time to
ti;;r', and t:;ri\c well. 1 he lilh begin to 'p-ivvn at the
clofe if March, whtn they enter the riv-rrs in vail
Ih-ials. I ;(^-ri.■•.gs come u[) in April, and falmon in
•Mav. IJnt the nnll v.ihuble appendage to Nova
Sjoiia is Cape Sable coall, al. ng which is one continued
range of cud lilliing b.ink>, and excellent l.ir;;e Iiar-
bjiirs.
This coiintiv has often reverted tioni one private
proprietor to another, .in I from tin: brcnch to the I'.ng-
lilh iiition. It was ceiicd to the iMcnih liy tlie treaty
of liuda in iM'i 1 but being afierwaids taken l>y the
I'nglilh, it «as, liy the tie.ity of Utnilit, \iikled up
to ilieni.
hroin divers j^oliticat motives, a rcfoiution was taken
in the year i74'(i to tbrm a fettlement in this province
at the expence of govcrnmint. I'uiluant to the l.mie,
30.0 Biitilli families wire tranlported hither, and a
town was errcitd on ine Bav ol Chtbuilo, and called
Ilaliilax, in honour of the iarl ol 1 lallila.x, to whole
Wikluiu .md care we owe this l( ttlemeiit.
■[ he town of I Liliifax is very loinmodioully fituatetl
for the till-.erv, a. id has a communication with inolb
parts of the province, either by land carriage, the lea,
or navii'able rivers, with an excellent harbour lor ihip-
ping. It has .1!! intreiKl'.mcnr, Ihcni-.thined with torts
of timber. The tr.idc of the inli.ibitants is in tub,
furs, aiul inval llores.
1 he ()tlier towns of l.-l> note are Annapolis Royal,
wiiich, though but fiiiall, was once tlie capi;al ol the
province. It has one of the tinell haiboiiis 111 America,
capable of cT.tair.ing 1000 veffeib to aiuhor, in the
utmolt feciirity.
.St. John's is a new fetilenicnt at tl'.e mouth of the
rivrr 01 that name.
Bifire Canaelawas ceded to the I'ligiiili, that colony
liiti'ercd greatly from the liicurlions ot tl.e Ind.i.uis, in-
loiiuich th.it the people could hardly extend tlu mfelvcs
beyond tiie reach of the cannon ol the fort, < r atteml
their works, even in tiiat coniincd circle, vithjut tl'.c
gie.itcll danger.
In the year 17S4 this province w.is ifuided info two
giA'erniTients, vi;-.. New Scotland and New Hriiiifwick.
The latter is bounded on the welUvard of t!ie river St.
Croix by the laid liver to its lource, ami by a line drawn
due north fioin thence to the iouthern boundary of
tjui'bcc ; to tlie northward of the lame boundary as far
as tlie \\tllcrn extremityjot the B.iy of Chaleurs; to the
eallward bv the laid b.iy to the tiiilph ot St. l,a\^•rence.
to the lay called Bay Vdte; to the lijuth liy a line in
the center ot the Bay of l-'un.ly, from the center of St.
Croix af.irelaid to tiie nu/Uth of the Mulvpi.ir river; by
the laid livcr to its lource, and from thence by a due
eail line acrofs the ifllimiis into the Bay \'erte, to join
the callern lot above defcrilied, including a.li illanus
w'itliin fix leagues of tlie coall.
Since the conclcifion of the American war, the emi-
grai. :n of loyalills to this province from the United
States has lieen very great. By them new towns have
been railed, [larticularly Slielburne, whicli extends two
miles on the water-fide, contains a great number of
lioulcb, and many tli;uiland inhabitants.
C II .\ V
y.
UNITED STATES or AMERICA.
I N T R O D V C T ION.
Wiill(->i 1 entering on the particulars relative
to tiie w.ir bitweeii (ireat ISritain aiul lier.'\me-
ritan Colonies, which terminated the ellablilhment
fif the I'nited Staiei of America, tis tliele are ui.iver-
fUly know'n, it may luihce, by way of inirodii. don to
thi'j part <jf our work, to remark, tiiat on the 4th of
July, ijyf'i the congrtf. [)iil)li!f,eil a Uilcmii ileclara-
ti in, feuing I'vrth tiie c.iuie?. of their withdrawing their
alle^ia: ve li^oni tlic crown of Great Brit.iin.
'1 hey iKated, in the name, I'nd by the authority, of
fhe united colonies of New Hampd^irc, Mallathulctt's
Bav, Rhode illand and Providence Plantations, Con-
necticut, New York, New Jerley, Pennlslvania, De-
laware, Maryland, N'irginia, North C.irolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia, that they then were, and, o(
riglit, ought, to be I'ree and Iniiependent States, and
that, as Inch, they had lull power to levy war, ton-
clmle pe.ue, contract alli.uucs, ellablilh commerce,
ami perlorm all other aiits and tlung>, which iiidejjen
dent ll,ue> may of ri.;ht tio. They alio pi.lililhetl arti-
cles of contederatioii and perpetual union between the
united colonies, in which thev aHlinied the title of
" 'i'he Uiulnl S!.Ui> of /l)iHi!u:."
For
MIY.
t l.u,';e ii.ir-
onc |iriv:ue
ItOtlK" I'.iig-
by ihr treaty
t.ikfn liy the
\(in was takca
this province
to the lanle,
litlicr, and i
(), aiui callfii
ax, to wholij
ioullv ("itiintctl
ill v^nh molt
i.ii;e, tlie fca,
joiir lor ihip-
icil with torts
its is in rilli,
lapclis Knya!,
LMj.iial ol the
i 111 Aiiurica,
nchor, in tlic
mouth of the
ii, that colony
c Invli.iiis, in-
lui th< mk'lvcs
i'ort, ( r attend
c, V Itiuuc tl'.e
, iilc'l into two
fw Hniiitwick.
>r tin- river St.
by a line drawn
1 bounJaiy of
boundary as far
ii.ikurs ; to the
St. Lawrence,
di by a hue in
a- center of St.
I.jii.it river; by
I, dice by a due
\'crte, to |()in
liing D.li I lianas
1 war, the emi-
1111 the United
cvv towns have
ch extends two
eat number of
^.
lantations, Con-
nuts Ivania, De-
J.irolina, South
1 were, and, of
.lent States und
levy war, con-
)lilh comnirree,
which iniiepen-
lo pi.billlifd arti-
nion between ilie
K-d the title of
1-ur
P.
JO
er
he
Ird
h-
iie
i:e
%.
ns,
es,
jr-
-.nd
in-
)pe
.rd-
lold
'HS,
lire
iJats
Iher
; of
this
0'. i-
ikins
Mghc
10 b-
jwcd
id is
;hnd
■nent
,d all
pwn.
ids of
'ticcs,
-.S en-
1 tjie
gative
ilimit-
lat he
^ Au-
Dlonv,
JEng-
1f this
j- they
crown
Afma-
i-e N-a-
jh.ing-
. 'which
[• 2s:h
«cil ac
fs, ab-
* to tlic^. 1
'indent, W-
i^:
^ ',
' ■ > ■ "'""I .Vali..M,,ltl„.Snak<.^''''iS''<'i4-,% "^
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1
the L
I
AMERICA.]
F.ir tlie more conv-'im
interclh dI thi'll* ttatrs,
g.i"i*s Itidulil l)r anmi.illv
till' Ift^ill.uure ot' c.irli it
I'ori'^ril . 1)11 tilt; lirll Mi
yt-.ir, with :i powtT n-lc
I'di-f^itcs, (ir .my of ilien
or to Icn.l others in thrir
year. In d'Tirniinuij; (
in congrels alfemblcil, c;
J-vrry Hate is to abitic
Unital Srati's in ron;;it
fiihinittrd to tlii-in l)V th^
ot' the colli' .lcr.iti>n aie
every Hate, ami the iinior
alteration, at ,inv time hi
ihi'iTi, iiiilcrs I'kh alteiMti
of the I 'iiiteil States, ar
by the lej»illatiire of ever
On the j.th of J ini
rondiuleil a treaty <>f a
'liiirteen United Coloiiit
Hates. 1 lolland aekn(i«
1782 : and on the v-'h 1
articles were ligned at 1'.
can coininiirioners, in v.
knowiedsJi-d the thirteen
and inde|.eni.len' da i.-.s 1
wards ratiiii'd hv a derini
kdged tiiein as Uit'i Kelii
of Kchru.iry, i7Jj ; S|
July, 17HJ.
S E C 1
N I'. W 1
Situation. Extrut. Rmcuit
Produce. Artuifiof f.
litnii Trn.lc. Rdiginn
payt'.c.diir Q'lontfs ant
Nl'.W Knghind is fiti
degrees of nortii
t'/ees of well lon{:ittide
tile nortU-v eft ; l^y No
north eall ; liy the At
foiitli i and by tlie provi
beinj; 55c miles long,
vi,;. New 1 Iani|!lliirc,
illand and I'roviiienre I
The I'limmers in New
tion, I'or the I'pate ol
clear, wliitli renders the
faid to ai^ree better witii
other of tin- Aineriean p
lon;^ ami levere, the wii
cxtieiiiely (li.irp, but n
cribe tlie eail,' .ipproaeh
the winters, to the lariu
north-well ot' New ]■
frozen over frorii the b;-;
or July, otcafiKi thole
fatal to maiiners on th
land is gLiieraiiv low, a
tlie country it riles into
comes altogether rockv
The foilaliout the M
grafs rank, but the upi
Old England came to
country in general proJi
Imlian corn, and all kin
are inferior to thole ofC
a prodigious bulk j ami
trees, pitch, tar, rolin,
the foil all,) [-loducing
built, and rigged out, \
No. 4;.
AMERICA.]
NORTH A M F R I C A.
4$.?
For the more convt-nie u ni.iii.\g('mf nt ot the gciicr.il
inferclls ol tlu I'e Ihitrs, it vva> lii-UTiniard, iluit iltie-
g.i'ps IhduM Uf .inrm.illy .ifipoliitfil in Inch inannrr as
the Iff^illittire of i.itli Ihn- liioiiK! iliii-d, to meet in
loni^rtl . on tliK I'irll Mond.iv in Novi-inbrr of cvt-ry
year, witi) ;l jiowtr ivlrrvcil in <i(li Ihlf to rrf.ill irs
I'c-k'^irts, or aiiv ot ilic;n, at any timi' within ilic year,
or to k-n,l others in their lU-.ul, for th.- rcm.iiniliT of tin
year. In (i>-tirminin^ i]Mi-llioii. in the I 'iMtcil .St,ttrs,
in congrels aire!nl)lttl, each llate is to li ivr one vote.
J'.vtry llate is to abiilc hy the itrterinination of the
United States in conyrels aireinhieil, on all (]iielH')n.
iiibinittrd to them 1)V the eontederation. The artic Ics
f)l' the rout' .Icratiin are to he inviolalilv oblerved hy
every llate, anil the union is to be perpetual ; nor is any
alteration, at anv time iiereatter, to he made in any of
liiein, iinlel'^ fu h alteration he a;;rced to in a congrels
of the United States, and to he afterwards conlirmed
by the lei;illatiirc of everv llate.
On the .-J ith of Jiniiarv, 177*^. the French Kin,^
concluded a treaty of amity and commerce with the
Tliirtecn Uriited Colonies ot America, as independent
Hates. Holland .ncknowled^eil them as liii h .\piil ic),
\-j'ii : ami on the v'tli of November 17S:, provifioiial
articles were ligiied at I'aris bv the Kritilh ami Ameri-
can coinmiirioners, in which his lirir mnic Maielly ac-
knowleds^ed the thiriecn colonies to he free, lijvereign,
and independent flaes; and thrfe articles vvere after-
wards ratified hv a definitive treaty. Sweden acknow-
ledged tnem as Uich February 5, 17R; ; Denmark 2;fli
of February, ivjjj Spain in March, and Rullia m
July, 17SJ.
S K C T I O N I.
N I-. W i: N G I, A N D.
SitiMlinn. Exienl. Bowhltirin. D:i'/iiiti<.. Clnnitif. Sivl.
Prcihice. Ayttdf<of F.xpott.itu^n iiiui ImpoytaOcn. Ir.-
laiid TrnJf. Religion. Goveniincnt. Drjii ipllon 0/
pivticular Ci'lioiif^ an I Tou:n\.
NF.W l'".nf;lanii is fltiiatcd between the 41 (1 and 4sth
degrees of north latitude, and ti7th and ~ \.\ de-
t',rees of well lonj.'itude. It is bounded hy Canada on
the ncrtbvcfl; hy Nova Scotia, or Arcadia, on the
nnrtli call i by the Atlantic Ocean on the call and
fouth i and hy t'le province of New York on the wi'il;
being 55c miles long. It comprehends fuir culnnies,
vii;. New 1 lamplhire, Maliachuletts Bay, Rliode
illand and I'rovidence i'lantation, and Conne>.1icut.
I'hc t'ummers in New Farmland are but of Ihort dura-
tion. F'(jr the fpace of two months the Iky is iK'rfeC'lly
clear, wliicli renders the country fo healthy, that it is
fiid to agree better with Btitilli conllitutions than any
oilier of the American province'-. The winters ari here
long ami leverc-, the vvind often hoillerotis, and tlie air
extremely lliarp, but not intolerable. NaturalilF af-
cribe the eail. appro.ach, and the length and feverity of
the winters, to the large frelli water-iakes lying to the
north-well 01 New Fngland, which being conllantly
frozen over from the beginning of Novcml)er to June
or July, occaiion ihol'e piercing winds, wlii,-|i prove lo
fatal to mariners on this coalt. Toward:, the lea the
land is gLnerallv low, and frequently marlhy ; but in
the country it riles into hills, and on the north-call be-
comes altogether rocky and mountainous.
The foil about tiie M ilficliuletts Bay is black, anil the
prafs rank, hut the uplands are Iruitfiil. The fruits of
Old F.ngland come to great perlection here ; and the
country in gener.il produces corn, pulle, efculent jilants,
Indian corn, and all kinds of timber. 'i"hc oaks here
are inferior to thole of Old F.ngland ; but the firs are of
a prodigious bulk i ami they ilraw from thcfe and otlier
trees, pitch, tar, rolln, turpeiiiine, gums, and balm :
the loil alio [noducing hemp and fiax, a llii() may be
built, and rigged out, with tli« produce thereof.
No. I ;.
There is here {^rcat abundance .^nd v.iriety of fowl, as
neele, ilucks, turkics, hens, partridges, widgrons,
fwans, herons, heathcocks, pigeons, iVc. nor is the
leathered kind in greater pFiity than the i|uadrupeds,
more immxliatelv neteiriiv t o lurman fubfil'.ence and
i<invenien>.e. All kinds of F.tiropian cattle thrive a.ul
multiply exceedingly. 1 he hirl. s of the prf)vince are
h.irdy, metilelome, and lervici able, hut f mil. Here
are alio dkj, deer, hares, rabbits, fcpfnrrls, beavers,
otteis, nvnkie , racoons, fables, b-ars, wolves, foxes,
together with a v.iritty of other tame and wild quadru-
peils : but the moll extr.iordinaiy of tlicic animals is the
mole, or moofe deerj the bl.^l; I'pecies of whicii is
about I : Icet high, with four Imrns, and broad palins,
lome dillant ne.r 12 feet liom the tip of one horn to
the other. I lis l)ody is ahi)Ut tliC li/.e of a bull; his
neck relciTibIc-. a lla;;'s i his tel i> I inK'\\h.lt longer,
and liis llefl) extremely grateful. I'he liglit-colourej
moofe, calleil 11: .m'lMn by the Indians, is of a fmaller
llatiire, and much more coinm'in tJKm the black. The
rattle- liiake is an itlier natural curijfiiy of New Film-
land, thougii not j-.ec'iliar to it.
'I'he fnrrounding leas, and interfe(5ling li.'ers, afford
abiindince of lilh ; conic |'i! nrly theie are many filh-
eries, particularly (or cod and mackard.
Sugar-baking, dillilling, p.ip'. rniaking, and tiie
fait works, arc improveable ; an^l the iron-mines are
confulerable.
The p'-oj)le export bilciiit, iTical, lalt provilions,
fometimes c.iole and horfes, pian'-.s, ho.ips, (liingles,
pipieilaves, butter, cheefe, grain, oil, t.dlow, tur-
pentine, b.irk, call Ikins, toliacco, a[>plcs, cyder, and
onions. 1 iiey import, in return, lugar, cotton, gin-
ger, and vaiioiis other commodities. I'rom F'.urope
they import wine, lilks, woilhn cloths, toys, hard-
ware, linen, ribb ins, llufis, l.ices, paper, houlrhoki
furniture, husbandry t lols of all kinds, cord.age, hats,
llockings, lli()es, an 1 India go;)ds. They manufadure
coarfe linen and .vo illen < loth for their own ufe. Hats
are alio made here, and iind a good tale in the other
colonies, 'i'he bull 'cfs ot lh.ip-b;:;'ding was one of
the greatcll and molt protltahle employments of tk.ia
country.
'i'he inland trade, belldes mills, vards ^ntl prnvi-
fions of all l.inJs, confills chietly of furs, and tlie fkins
of be.ivers and tnartins. The fns and fkins are brought
in hy the Imli.iii.s eljiecially tliofe on the rivers Fenob-
fcot and St. J<-hn.
In New I'ligland every feifl of ChrilVnns is allowed
the free exercife of tiicir own mode of religion, and is
eqii.illy under the protection of law.
\\ ith rcfpccl to the government of New England
jirevious tf) the revolt of the culonies, tiie appointment
of a governor, lieutenant-governor, fecretary, and all
tlie oflicers of the admiralty, was veflcd in the crown,
d he power of the militia was wh'Oly in the hands of
the g'lvenvir as capt.iin-j'eneral. .AH judges, juftices,
and IlierilTs, to wliom the execution ot the law was en- .
trulled, were nominated by the governor, with tjie
aitvice of the council. I'he governor had a negative
on the choice of ccmnfellors, prcreinptory and unlimit-
ed. Fie was not obliged to giv • a reafon loi what lie
ilid in this p.irticulir, or lellrained to anv nunilier. Au-
thentic copies ol tlie fever. I a^'ts palled by this colony,
as well as others, were tranlmitted to the court of Eng-
land for the rriyal approbation: l^ut it the lav/s of this
colony were not repealed within three years after thev
were prei'entcd, tiny were ivit repe.dab!e hy the cro.vn
alter rh.it time. No laws, ordinances, e'e'iions of ma-
gillrates, or arts of government wiiatfuv.. .,-, were va-
lid without the govern;)r's content in writing.
But this mole ol government has been : itally cli.ing-
cd with the rcvnlution that flnce to.iiv place, hf which
we have already given an account. I: w.i,. on the 25th
of July, 1776, that, by an order from the council ac
Bollon, the declaration of the Americ.in congrefs, ab-
\
alligiance to tlie^.^
Cntilh crown, and declarini; tliem free and independent, -jP ■
insj the united colonies from their
IWIl,
I h
t|
i
ii
H •' •
'; I I
■ji ;
t^ h^t
494 A NESV, KOVAI., and AUTIirNTIC SYSIKM or UNIVl.KSAI. GI.OGRAl'I lY.
I r
i
was piil-lulv pn)cl.iimc.l irom tlic baKouy of the ftatc |
llOUlC ill tll.lt tllWIl. j
A LDiilhtutioii, i)r ('urm of govemnv nr, for ilie com- ^
mon wcalili ot M.illu luilctt's, incKnlinj; .i ik-clarati'in j
«)f rights, wai; agreed to, aiui took jilaii-, in 0>.'tol)iT,
1780. riiis goviriiment w.ii lornial aluoliitclv mion
republican priiuipli's, botli in a civil aiul rdij^ioii*
fcnff.
riic Mailacliuktts colony rrccivnl its name from the
Indians who inhabitnl fhclV parts wjicn the l-'n^lilh
lirll ciinc liuluT. h i^ liiUliu-lcd into the provinces
of i'lyiiuHitli, Mad'achiiletts Projur, and Mawie.
I'lvniouth provincr i> divided into the counties ot
Hriih)!. I'lvmouth, and Barnllipl--. llrillol, the (hid
town ol tiie county ol that name, is large and populous,
has a comuwdious harbour, and is well fituatcd for
traile.
In the province of MairacluHetts I'npcr are the
counties ot' Siiliolk, Mivldiclex, anvl I'llix. I'heir
chief t.iwns arc Bodon, (Jamhiivige, and Salem.
Bodon is not only tiie ihief town i.t' MallacluMVtts
I'ropcr, hut of all New l-,n>;l.ind. It llands on a penin-
fula at the bottom of Malfachuletts Bay, about ei^ht
miles from its mouth, and is v\cll t'irtiiied. The ap-
proach to the harbour by fliippin;,; is narrow, but within
it theie i^ roiMn enough for 501 lad to lie at anchor, in
a gootl dej'rh (if water. t.)noneofthe illinds of the
bay ftandi fort \\'illiam, the moll reuijlar fortrels be
longing to the United States. N'o tlnp can approach
the town without pafTing directly under the guns ol the
fort. About two Ir.igucs liom the city is a hghthoule,
eudcd on a rock. At the bottom of the bay, which
is very fp.icioi!.,, is a pier, near :;oo feet in length, v rh
a row ot merchanis warehoufes on the north tide. i ne
city lie-, in the iliape n( a lialf moon round the harbour,
bein;^ m len^;th about two miles and in tome places near
three (|uarters of a mile broad. The principal llrect
runs from the pier up to the town-houle, wliii.h is a
handfonie building, wi;h walks tor the merchant',.
This edince contains the courts of |uilice, the cnuncil-
chainber, and the houl'e of reprct'cntatives. There are
l.jme places of public worlhip, and other llruiftures,
both I'paciojs an.l elegant.
Cambridge Town, commonly called Newton, is
fituaicJ un the nort.'icrn branch of Charles's river, about
three miles from Bollu/i, in whiLli are leveral good
llreets : but it is moll confiderable tor its univcrli'v,
conl"ill;r.; of two colleges, c.iii.'d by the names ot I la
vertord C'lllege and Stoughton-1 lall. The univrifity
is governed by a [irciident, tive fellows, and the treafii-
rcr, who have each of them a competent revenue lettlrd
on them.
At Lexington, in the county ■>( Middlel'ex, the tirll
blood was filed in the unliappy contrll between tireat
Britain and the colonies. Charles Town, o|. polite to
Bollon, was let on lire in tlie attack of Bunker's I liil.
Salem is fituatcd on a plain between two rivers, on
each t)( wliich it h.is a haruour about 18 miles nortli of
Bolton. Its [)rincijiai bufiiiets is fliip-biiilding, particu-
larly tlie onlirutiion of lilliiiig linacks.
The province ot' .\I.iine contains the two counties of
York and Cornwall, oi \\Wi\.h the chief towns are Scar-
borough and I'almouth.
The chief towns of the province of New I lainplliire
are 1 lanijiton, Portfrnouth, and I'.xeter, all of which
lie near t'le mouth of the river I'iicataiiua.
'1 he colony ot Connecticut is about ico miles in
length, and 70 in breadth. ConnciUcut River, which
is one ol the l.ir .cil in New England, runs through the
Jieart of the provi.ice, and is navigable .ibout ,(.u miles
for large veii'els, and much liirther for Imall ones.
This Colony abuundi in metals and naval llores, el'pe
tially li'ub.r, and has many good ports. The colony
is divided into fo'.T counties, aivl its chief towns arc
Kcwhavcn, 1 ientord, and New l/)ndon.
Kev.'aven Hands upon the coalf, and has a collei^e
for academical learning, i ailed Yale- Hall, pretty well
enJj'.ved, and fuiniihcd witli a good library.
I lertforil i* a liandlonie, populous town, fjtuated on
the bai.ks of Connei'ticut Kiver.
New l.otidoii i> ,1 town ot go'hl trade, liriiatrd on the
well tide, and MS. the muuth ol the river, called
III inus.
Coimrcliiut i'l ileemed, in pio^)ortion to iti extent,
to exceed every ocl;-r colon), of .\nienia, .is well in
the abundaiue ot people, .is euliivarion ot foil. 1 he
men, in general, are robiitl, lloiit, and tall. The
greatell care is taken of the limbs and bixlies cit infants,
whiih .ue kept llr.'it by means of a biiard i a prarticc
learned ol the In li m women ; il) that detortnity is here
a r.uity. 'lUc women .ire handlome and genteel in
their perl'on>, and mmlelt and relcrved in their beha-
\ioiir. 1 hey do not loll iw idle aniulement';, but em-
ploy their time in luch puiluits as tend to the imorovc-
ment ot'the mind. '1 he people here a:e very hufpita-
ble to II rangers.
In n I part of the world :'re the people in general I'o
independent, or polU'ls more ol the convciiiencies of
life, than in New I'ngland. They are uled, from
their infant v, to the exeriite of arms: and before the
contell with the niotlier country, the\ ii.ul a militia
whidi was hv no means contemptible: but their mili-
tary llrength is now much more conliderable.
riie coloi.y of Rhode Illand comprehends a dilhicl
on the continriit, called Providence I'lantaiion. The
itl.ind. which is about 1 , 01 i(3 miles long, and about
lour or live broad, is called the I'ar.uiifc of New J'.ng-
laiid, from the liuittulnels of the toil, and the tempe-
rateaels of the (Innate.
Providence Plantation, which lies oppofite to Rhode
Illand, is about :o miles Iquare, and has two large
towns, one of which is calleil Providence, and the
otiier Warwick.
The lovers of literature cannot but feel a I'atisfaifllon
when they are reminded that, notwithflanding the cala-
mities of a war, ( .irried on with the utmolf animolity
liy the parties eii;',.iged on e.uh fide, the council and
houle (it repreleiitaiives of Mallachuielts I')ay, palled
an ac't in May 780, for incorporating and ellablilhing
a fncirty for the cultivation and promotion of the arts
.ind Iciences, intitled " I'hc .'Vmerican Academy of
Arts and Sciences."
S 1'. C 1 1 O N 11.
N !■. U
Y O R K.
Tl IL. colony of New York is lituated between 40
and .>') degrees of north latitude. Its length is
about jco miles, and its breadth about 150. This
]'roviiice, inclikiing the Ifland ol ' I'ew York, Long
Uland, and Statcn Illand, is divided nto the ten fol-
lowing cniiiuies, New '^'ork, Alb.iny, Ulller, Ouchefs,
C)ran:^e, Welt Cheller, Ki.ig'i, Qi^iecn's, SuHblk, and
Richmond. I'hc chicl towns arc New '^'ork, Albany,
and Schncitady.
The principal rivers are I ludfons, the Mohawk, and
the Delaware. I he tiirmer abounds with excellent
harbours and a great vaiiety of filh. On the Mohawk
is a large cataract, called the Cohocs, or g'- t Water-
fall. 1 his liirpriling cataratft is a ([uartc. of a mile
bro.id, and 70 leet deep. The water precipitating it-
lelf from fi:veral rocks which project fiom the relt, falls
down on every fide in torrents, and being broken near
the bottom by many fe|)aratc cr.ags, riles in a white
froth. From the v.liole ariles a inilty cloud, that de-
fcends like fmall rain, and exhibits, when the fun fhincs,
a beautiful rainbow. 1 he chief lakes are George,
Cham|)lain, and Ont.uia.
As Ncv/ York lies to the loiirhwaid of New I'ngland,
it enjoys a nn.re li.ippy temj)eratiire v( climate. 'I he
air (jf this priivince is very ialiitary. The face of the
country, rd'cmbling that of the neighbouring cokjnies,
is low, flat, and mariliy, towards the tea. As you re-
cede from the coalt, the eye is entertained with the
gradual
Ili^N
AMERICA.]
gradual Iwclling of hilU, v/WuU tvrr,mc l,irf»e in pro-
portion a-i y'>u .Klvanic info tin* roui. rv.
'I'hr loll IS vi-ry tiitilf in tiiDil paits of ili • provinrr,
producing whcai, ryt-, liidi.in corn, harlty, llux, and
iruits, in great abiiiuLuuc and pttfrfMdii. Ilic tinihrr
is nearly the laiut- vMtli th.it of New Kn^land. A great
deal (il iiiin, and of excellent iiualifv, is found here.
The aiiuiials in gctuial, of this province, are the
filiiic with tliole of N'W I'.ngland.
The citv of New York (fands on ilic fDUili wcfl end
of York llland, whirh is about twrKe miles lonj-, an<l
three bni.iil, and extremi Iv well fituated tor trade, at
the mouth of I Iiidfon's Kiver, being a nol)le ronvev-
anre fron» Albanv, and many other towns towards Ca-
nada and the Ukrs. 'I'his city is about a mile in length,
anti halt a mile in brea.lth. TSe city and harbour are
defi ndi-d liv a fort and ()attiTV. In the fort is a Ijiacious
nunlion houle fir the iile of the goveinor. .Some of
the houles aie elegant i and the city, thiugh irregul.irly
built, alFords a tine proljiect. A founh pait of tlicciry
w.is burnt down by lomc inrrndiaties in 1776, on tiie
King's troops t.ikmg it. A great part of theinhabi .1 its
are clefcended from the Dutch families who remained
Jieie after the liirrender of the New Netherlands to the
Tnalilh.
No part of America is better rujiplied with markets,
abounding with great plenty and variety of provifions.
It is at once the metropolij and grand mart of the [iro-
vincc, and, by its coinmodious fitiiation, commands
alio the tr.iJe of the wctlern part of Connecficut, and
that of I'.afl Jerley, No Icafon prevents Ihips from
putting to lea ; anil during the tevcrell part of the win-
ter, an equ.il adivity ruiii through all ranks, orders,
and employ I ;ients.
riie town of New Albany is fltuated on the wellern
banks of Ihidlon's Kiver, about 150 miles from New
Y(irk. The houles are built with brick in the Dutch
talle. The public buildings are two churches, the tort,
and town hall.
Saratoga, a linali fort ro the northward of Albany,
was the place where a combined army of Hiitilli and
Hefl'ians, fiirrepdeicd prilimcrs of war to the Ameri-
cans, in ().tol)er 1777.
About iti miles north-welt of Albany lies Schenec-
tady, fituatc on the banks of the Mohawk Kiver. It is
compact and regularly built. It has a large I)uti.li
church; and the windings of the river through the
place and the adjacent tiiKJs, which are o\ertlowed in
thel'pring, form a moll beautiiul prolpeift about h.irvell
time. The lan.is are remarkably fertile.
Kiiigilon has a number of' mliabltants, and is a well-
built town.
\\ ith refpec^ to religion, it is oiilained by the late
conftitution of New York, that the hec exercite of
profefTion and worlliip, without dillrimination orp.e-
fercnce, Ihall be allowed by that llatc to all mankind.
About t!\e year 1755 acollege was erected by the allem-
bly i but the members being at that time divided into
parties, it was formcvl on a coirracted plan, ami tor
that rcaliin never tiK-t with the encouragement which
might naturally have l-een expcifVed of a public lemi-
nary in lb populous a city.
The commerce (>f New York does not ellentially
differ from that of New I'.ngland. The chief commo-
dities of trade are whe.it, flour, barley, oats, beef,
and other kind': -f f ■ nal food. They have a Ihare in
the log-wood trai . , .:.n' ttiat which i; carried on with
the SpaniOi and hrench plantations. Their I'.urojiean
trade is the fame with that of New I'ligland, and they
iiiiport the lame fpecies of coininodities.
The Dutch, and Swedes were the Hrll I',tiro|)eans who
formed fettlements on this part of the American coatl.
They called it the New Netherlands, and continued in
poffctTion of it till the reign of Charles II. when it
was taken by the Knglilh in 1664. The Dutch, to
balance this conqueft, made ihcmfelves matters of Su-
rinam, then belonging to the I'.ngiiili. At tiie tieary
ol Breda in 1C67 the New Netherlands were ceded to
N O R T 11 A M V. K I C A.
495
rlir Knglill), and Surinam to the ntitch. The New
Vetlierlands had not been long in our potreflion before
they were divided into provinces, and Ni-w York took
Its name from the king's brothi-r janics duke of York,
to whom Ills niaiclly granted it, with full powers of go-
vernment by letters patent. On the accelTion of king
J.imc's to the throne this province became a royal go-
veriuncnt. The king ajipointed the governor and
council, and the people, once in I'even years, eledtcd
their reprelintatives to lerve in gfneral airemblies.
Tliefi- three braiulus of the legiflacure had power to
make any laws not repugnant to thole of I'.ngland, but
ill order to their being valid, the royal aflent was tirll
to be obtained.
In 1777 the fu[)reme legitlative power was vetted in
two leparatc and dillinc^ bodies ot inen ; the one to be
c.illed " I he .ilTcmbly of the State of New York,''
to conlill of levcnty members annually chcl'en by bal-
lot j and the other, " The Senate of the State of New
York," to confilt of twenty-four f()r four years, who
to';etlier were to tbrin the legiflature, and to meet once
at Icatl in every year f(jr the ditpatch of bullnels. The
flipreme executive power was to be Vftlcd in a gover-
nor, who was to continue in office three years, atfilted
by tour counlellors chofen by and from the lenate.
I'.very male inhabitant of full age wlio fliouki potVefs a
frtfehold of the v.iliie of twenty poi.iids, or have rent-
ed a tenement of the yearly value of forty Ihillings,
.md b'-en rated and have paid taxes to tlie Itate f )r fix
months preceding the eleiJtion, was entitled to vote fiir
members of the allembly , but thole who voted for the
governor ami members of the lenate were to be pof-
Itll'cd ot freehokis of the value of one hundred pounds.
The delegates to the congrel's, the judges, &c. were
to be cholen hv ballot of the fenare and aflembly.
Before we dole our account of this |)rovince, it will
be necelVary to oblirve, that the north-weft parts of it
.ire inhabiteil by five Indian nations called Iroc)uois.
Thefe people, by their unanimity, tirmnefs, military
Ikill ami policy, railed themtelves to the greatelt and
mult torrnidable power in America.
As their manner of carrying on war is implacable
.ind barbarous, they riign tiie lords of a proiiigioiis
delert inlia'.iitcd only by a lew fiattcred infigiiihcant
tribes, whom they ha\e permiited to live out of a con-
tempt of their power, and who are in the low'cll Hate
of lubjcction.
l-.very nation of the Iroquois is a diflindt republic,
governed by their I'achcms, or civil m.igiftrates, in time.s
of peace, and by their warriors or captains in tlieir
wars : but their cliiefs never rclidve on, or execute,
any thing of importance without conlulting the hea.b
of their tribes.
I'hey are very ftrift in oblerving the oaths thcv
Iwear to each other, el"(>eci.illy thole which their war-
riors make of Itanding by one another to the Lift. Thefe
they keep to luch a degree as to hazard their lives to
relcue the bare carcafes of their fallen brethren.
They commonly make a kind of frail over the grave,
and put into it wiieat, toljacco, and every thing they
think the deceafed may want in the other world.
The wonien arc vciy [ rolilic, yet they do moft o!
the drudgery, I'uch as grinding the wheat, fetching of
W(M)d, water, and the like. The ciivldren arc often fo
Ihibborn, that if they are found fault with, the girls
will dilpatch themtelves with lomc poilbnous weed, and
the boys with a gun. The bufinels of the men is hunt-
ing, going to war, building their huts, felling timber,
tilling the grouml, and the like.
S K C T I O N III.
N I. \V J I. R S E Y.
T
I IIS province is fituarcd between ^ij anu 45 deg.
of north latitude. It is bounded on the north by
New York, on the Ibuth by Delaware Bay, ontheealt
by the Atlantic Ocean, and (in_ the welt by I'ennfylva-
nia.
i ; ,S' ii
'^.;. 11
I: ..It I*.
1 li'fll
■« 1;
'^•"i
496 A NEW, ROYAL, and AimilNTIC SYSTEM of UN'IVF.USAT. GI'.OGRAIMIY,
II
4
?-
ri
nia. It is about i6:^ miles in length, anJ niMc 6-1 in
br^Milth.
New jcrlt-y coniprill-s twa ilivili nis, e.ill .\r\.\ wrll.
The t-att divilion contains the cnmcies ot MiviJlclcx,
Monmouth, I'-liis, Somrrlet ami Bergen. Tiif well
thofe of Innlington, Gioiicellei', Salcin, CiiniberLuu),
Cape May, 1 icntincdon, Moiri'iand Sulic-x.
'i'ne princijvil rivers are the iJilaw.ire, Karitin a;id
PalTLi.ck. On the latter is a ll;ii|ienvl(>ns cataraft. Tlie
iieijilu of tiie nicii from which the u.iter f.ilU is ahout
70 feet per['eni.iicii!ar, a;iil tlic breatith of the ;ivcr at
the fall 8o yards.
The air of New Jerfey is fahibrio\i';, anl the climate
nearly the iwi: with that of iNew York; l)iit the llim-
"lers are fomeih.inj^ ionj^er, and the cold in winter lei-.
jevere. The loil is vanouh ; one ftnirth ot the ['ro-
vince is barren, fandy land i the other ;.-. go yA, and lonie
ot it Very tertile.
1 he animal .ind vegetable prodiirtions here arc, in
general, the lame with tlioll- in New Eni^land. 1 iie
liindy parts of tiie couiitry produce pines and cedars,
and the arable land-> good cro])s of exceileni wheat,
barley, rve, Indian corn, ixc. totrether with a gre.it
variety of delicio'is fii.it>.
In the count-y of Bergen there is a very valuable
copper mine, whicii is worked, to '^reat advant.ige ; ex-
cellent iron 01c ij alto lound in le\ eral parts o! the pro-
vince.
The foreign trade of 'his p.rovince 's nfit extenfive,
owing principally to its viuiiity to lie luge tr.iding
towns of New York and Philadelphia. Tlie prini ipai
exports are, v, hi..it, I'our, copper oie, pig and bar iron,
and bla-k cattle, wl'.ich they ilrive In great numbers to
I'hiladelpiiia, on t!ie rich pallures of wliich they aie ted
for Ibme time bcfo:e tliey are lent to maiket and
killed.
Tlie ciacf towns in New Jerfey are, I'erth-Amboy
and Burlington. They were once teats ot go\L-v;i-
inent, but the governors generally relided at :lie Lu:er.
T'erth-.^niboy is commodiotMly liiuavd at tie ir, )i di
of t'-'- river Raritan. The town '"■, lot very iaii;e, but
t!ie houiirs are neat, and linnefd the .11 clejj.uit. It i.\s
a good port, and the harbour is fale and e.ip;;cioi:s to
contain many l.irgc llii; >.
Buriuigton is plcaia;itly fi.uated in a fmail illand
formed by the river Delaware, about twenty miles from
Phila<leipiiia. It flands commodioLlly t:r tratie, i^ well
buiit, h.o a large town-houle, and two liri.!ges (called
London and York bridges) over the briii'.i h o! the De-
law an which leparates i' from the m.un land.
New Jerfey waa jnrtof the New NetherLiids, which,
as befoie oLlervcil, wa- t/iven by tihirles II. to iii.. Iiro
thcr James ih. ke ■. "^'ork. lie loM it 'o lord heik
ley ami Sir George Carteret, aiiil is the la'\r wa.-, lie
fore poiii.|](.-d of ellatis in tiie iiI.ukI if Jeiiey, the liune
n-ime was t;,ivcn to this piovi'.ee. 1: was fold liv iheli.'
{.ri.jiiet'irs CO others, v.lio, in ihe uir 17c:, liirren
iLred I..I ,: cliarter to <^ieen Aiuir, .■..'• er which ic lie-
caine a i< \ai gi\eir.mcnt. I- rum tli.it time to the r;--
^•ok of till' (olonies its gjvernn.eiit was irucli the tame
;•> that of the colonies in |?,"eral. But by ilie new
charter of light.', ei'abliO;ed m i"7'i, u is veiled in a
go\ern:ir, iegiilativc couiuil, and gei;eral alieinblv.
The ir.emb is tjf ;l,c leg!ti„iive uiuiu il are to be li;e-
holders, ai.ii wi;uli .u lealL loocl. re.il perfjiial clt.iLc,
:'r.d tf.c nil i;.b. is of the "cnual alieinbiv to be v.erth
All ii,:
;r;h
5:1. are er.ii'.eJ to vo!e lor
rei;reltr,t>iive. i'l c.rj;,M| and aliembi', ai.d i r all
otiicr pi.tiiii i.-'ikc :.i. Ihe {MiVernor and ii< luenaut-
g',veri,(/r to be rli /'en i/ijt i.f, .ind liy, the allcu.biv and
co'.;iicii. Tlie ]>! ^ ^ of the I'lprtuu- court aie ehcirn
for It'ven ye.;is, i.u- .)!}icer, ul thi' cj.ecMtive pn'.i r tiir
'.,\c V' .u' , .uid liie pia\inu.d Ire .inner fur onlv i-iy
yi ar.
A'i K-'i; i.i'.s le;i'i are to!era^ed here, and erj'.y t' rir
rtl|eJi\e tenets and mod-js of WMlhij) wr.i.L-ut u.o-
lcit«;;. n.
In the u-ar 1746, governor Heldrier founded a col-
lege at I'rince-'l'own, and [iruiuied it the privilege of
conferring ilegrees in the f.ime inanner as at C'J.'cford or
Cambridge. Bctiirc the late unha()py dilFentions llu-
dents c.iiiie here from all parts of the continent.
S !•, c i- I el N IV.
r 1 N N S \ \. \ A IV I A.
TI IIS provin.e is lituated between ;^ and 44 dc.
_^ ot north latitude, and 72 and 78 ileg. ot well
long'tiide. It is abnit pD mil'-' in length and 240 \n
breadth. It is bounded on the north by the c )iintrv of
the Inx^uois, on the liiuth by Maryland, on tlie eall
bv the liver Delaware, and on the well by ihe river
Ohio.
Pennl^ba.iia is divided into leven counties. The
upper are thufe of Buckingham, rhil.ulelphia, Cheller
and Lancaiter: the three lower counties are, Newcaflle,
Kent and Siiiiex. riiefe, thoueh originally ajiperfain-
ing t > Pennfvlvania, have .1 feparare government of
their own, and as fiirh were dilltn!',uil1ied at the ellab-
lilhment of the L'nited States of /Vmerica, being fpe-
ci:ied in the liil of thole Hates under the appellation of
" The State of Delawa'e," as they are firuated on the
river of that name.
The chill ivers are the Delaware, which is navi'^-i.
ble more -.li.in .oo miles above l^hiladtlphia. The
SuKiuehani and Scluiylkill, which are alio navigable a
conliderable way up the country. Thetc rivers, with
the n'Mi'.er ins creeks and harbours in Deliwire Bay,
are adinirablv l.iittd to the trade ot the province.
Tlie air ct' this country is tweet, li.Tene, and clear.
.Vutumn lets in ab mt the iotli of Oftiber; winter the
beginning of December, and C'Uitinues till March,
ikiring which tiic weather is extremely cold, the frolls
being verv intenle. Sj;ring begins in March, and con-
tinues till June. The tuiumrr I'eatijn ii.cludes the
months of July, .\iiguli, and September, when the
heat wo::ll be intolerable, weie it nor nii^ Micd bv
tiequcnt cool iir(e'.-.es.
'1 I'.e 1 ,il i', ferule, pruduci:ig a vaiiefy of trees, fruits,
and M ;;etab!es in general. I'he .mimal psoducii'Mii
are n;uih the lame with thole of New bngbiid.
It .-ii.iv he lemarked in gener.ii, that in all the j'lan-
;./: '^s from New Voik 10 ilic liuiihern iNtremitv, the
v.! ■■ .lie till' (,( vires of divi rs fpccies, ap.d .ill diller-
e;;t Inni ihole we li.ive in b.urojie. But wlieihir from
li-me liii. et 11; their nature, (.rwaiit of (kill in the plan-
ters, liny have not been known to preduce anv wine
tl-.at de)er\es to be meniioiied ; tlu.iigii the indians
from ihem make a kind of wine with wliieh they ng.ile
then, ives. It may fiirtlier be obfervcd, that the tim-
ber <: die foutlicrn colcnies is not fo good for fliipping
as that of the northern, becaufe it is lefs compact, and
fplits more ealilv ; properties which, though Ids ler-
Mceable in lhii>-bir.Kiing, lendir it more- ulelul lor
l!a\es and wainlccttir.g.
'1 lie I rovince of I'ennlylvaiiia contains many confi-
derable lities and towns, as German Town, Clutter,
Qxtoid, R.idnor, eV;. But the city of l'liil.idel| hia
ll.uu!s unriv.dled in America, nnd thcrtlore delerves
piinupa! attention. It was built after the (Ian of tl-.e
Uiimus I\-iin, the founder and legillacor ol tliis colony,
and lies between two navi..Ml,]t.' ii\er;, the Delaw.ue,
which terMiin,u<s it on the north, and the Skoolkill oil
the louih. It terms an oblong of near t\M) miles m
lei-..",ni. 1 he liuets are wide and Ip.icious, and exactly
llrair and pn.dlel to each other. The hcules are, in
general, will bin!', and inaktt a handfome aiipeanuice,
Several i| the |.'ul. lie buildings being elig.mt. !• verv
owner of 1 -C ..icies has liis houfe in one (,i the two front*
ta.-ingth'- river, or in the hieji Ihevt, riiiining Iroin the
middle of the one front to the middle of the other. In
the center ottlie cny is a fquaie if ten acre.s, enrom-
piJK'dbyihe town houfe and other jaibllc buildirirs.
i here aic noble b.irrack.>, and a f. ici.yiis iiuav, wirh
wet
AMERICA.]
M el .iiid dry docks for l.>
belid'-s ina'^azine,-, w.iieh
nleiiees lor e.xportiiu', ai
Tiie ■_;<'>, erimr's leit 1.. .1
III .1 \\ niil, nothiiii/ I .'.;i \
than llll^ city aud the ,ii
I'dine niilc-, may be coiui
ill ; i; ird( II.
The other ti)\v le. in I'm
Oxlord, R.idiior, C ;u llcr,
(Icrnian Town is a tin iviii
iiiolUv by C.eimair.. ,\i
port-, luliu ieiit In re(ei\ e
from llornis. Xewcalll''
trade, and ha; an iron mi
This coiiiitrv, (onuiti::
the New \i tlicrl.inds, w:,
Diilcli and Swedes. \t
» i)li|uneiioii with ( nloii;
hcliire lakcii the Illand o
vitb Charles the Second,
country from that iiuiii.n
I'poii his death his I
cl. limed the royal proinil
lolicitalioii, obtained llii
ifiyg, and called 11 I'emil
Tl'.e litu.uion of the time
luihiw him into his new i
leciilions to whicli the ((U
expoled. But it was to
ihrii they were indebted
viucli pl.ued this coloiiv
Tliat (.(re.it m^n laid do\v'
as the i hief fouiulalioii
);eneri;lilv e.xtendi'd to llii
<it l.iiuiii^ immedi.ile adv,
rh.iled of ihcin the hinds
judgiiu; that the orii^iu d
weie veiled in them. B
bei.Mnnini;, lie rendered
liiole people fiieeelsful.
.-iMc opinion o! bun <is to
irom amio\ini\ the lellle
;iive them aliill.oue w hen
.Mr. remi, b\' purfuiu"', a
1illi''d (Ills colons', whu ii
to 1 de;iee ol luotrioiit)
Till le were in I'le ei
miMib.'i ol we.i'lhv iiv rr 1)
'aIicii wc eoiilidei' llie i',r<
with di\ el s n.ii ions in dil
The iiiipiirls and e\pi ; ;
\ ei v couliihi ...Mc.
The '.;eiu'i'.il eoie^rels a
*!elpliia III I 77.(, ,ind 1 1)11
v.i'S taken b\ the I'li ililh .
ill'.; iimimer the Briiifh 11
and the ci)iii;rels iiii t .it
By ilie coiilliiiiiion ell
tlon ,it I'hilad'. Iplii 1, in Si
lei;i!l.ilive power of I'enn
hh ol repreleiitativc', eh
the e\eeiili\e power in
t«eive, eliolen bv the Ire
are cliolen by b ilbu, oiil
The le;;ill,iiine of the
eonveniion in the fame \
(ompoled of two tlillinrt
bl\',( holen annually b\ il
of Xewcallle, Kent, and
nine members, eholeii in
[lower is .1 pielideut, chu
hly In' joint b.dlo', .uid ;
le ;ill.iiive council, and i
Delejy.ites to coiij'r. Is ,11
and out of, the i^enei.il d
olheeri of Itate, civil a
prelident ami general ad
No. 40.
Ir: f
V confi-
.'liditT,
ilrll Ilia
iilirvts
of the
lolony,
Ljlkill on
lilies in
fxarily
iuc, in
■ar.'iiLT,
!■ viTV
> llnllt*
(Mil tin:
..1. In
fiKoni-
ii'lirijs.
AMF.RICA.]
O R T II A M !'. R I (• .\.
4o;
li
•1(1 ri'Iiatllll
Hi
■
i/.iii'.v, ^.m-lioiili's, ami nil oil
K I" COIlVf-
IIU'IH t s
.•xporii
(1
iiiiKirnnit iiu.Tili.iiu!i/c
■j'iic uKM'i'iior's Icit i.. a iii(i|l ni,Hinilii-t'iii Iniildiii!;
In .1 \\ lUil, iiotliinn I. \\:\ will ,u)(i-.'.r iitnrc licuiii'u
luiii
ihi>
I.UV and llu- adjiic
Ionic mil
ill.; garden
iiiav be toi
l.).^
niiau'd lo -
inc uikI (hmiilli-
'riiL' oliuT tow ns in I'cniirvh ania lur Crniir;
Oviorcl, Railnor, i .\^ IKr, ( liirlii !l, r, ami N'l
(ii! man Town is a tin iviii'^, |i())Milons plai c, inlial
A
At Cliillcr and Ciii IhIIit arc
[lor'.s iiiiiu ii'iit lo ricoi\e and IVciivc tlic lari;(;l> llrd.
>lll
V nv <>'■! mail'.
ilOMI
iiiiir;.
X
i-wcaf
i.inics on a i(>nliil
ih\c
tiailf, iini
an iron niiiu- in ii ; nri
rldioui Ik
'1
us lounlrv
I.
V
It of whit
(1
tin' N'l'w \'( llurland-i, was ()rii;inallv ji'illi'Hcd liy tlic
])nl<'li and Swedes. Afi r Adniual !\tin, wlio, in
Rt-
molt
til!' li!ii
Ac ball
riy
l.d
tl
iiaiiif.
lal ivic
111 I'ennlvlvani.i on tli"-
dth
iioir.inaiions, and they live loj^tihcr in tin- iiiino
in-C
111.
iiillians ol ali (.
J.:-
)(l
In ll
Dimk,.
rK
linall town ol' l'',iiliiat
a, m llu- ( (jiinly of
vc is an (•xlraor<iinarv u-li^ioiis IVd i-ajjcd
a vir'
ll,
and iiioHrnlivc I
tt ol
I-pl,
A Crniiaii licrmil, v.lio (rtilcd on llic I'pot wlirn;
indiroliliis led. 'I'lif
rata i-. now luinl, was llu-
.n
uiu' of his I'oliiiidc inlpiicd I'onisj of his r()uiur\-
with riino
(it\
id till' iaii])i:ni\' oi Ins in
rii
men
Willi ill.'
|iiti\' of his ton\ irlaiiiin, indncn! ilain lo join and
u Ir native conniry
iniiiati linn.
iconic w
lioK
ll
to I'll j OS" lilici IV ol iDiiU u-iu'f can hi ar
fill
mointication-.
lOlil
Tl
(
I'lin.iiis o
ll I
)IC('UL-|U
» oiijiuution w'll
h (
d-
!,■
laktn the Itlaii
,f \.
had Ionic years
!)tin" in lavonr
villi Charles the Si coinl,
olii aiiud a pronnic o
counirv Iroiii
I
ion his (
that r
l.alh
claimed ilie nival [
lit.i
lis Ion, tl
lomil. , and
iiraled e'laker,
ioiicilalion, olit.iiiiei
d tl
id called ii Peni
ar
, al;ci- a In
I of ll
1
. court
prov iiu e in
nlvlvania, or I'cnn s t.oiiiitrw
ifiyij,
'I 111 l:tu uion ol the tinie> indiKcd "real nninlHrs to
ullow linn into his new leltltincnl, to a.oii
1 ll'
lecnnons to which ihe iinakers wci
' then )i iriuularlv
cd the Inrmit, loon
ll.
c.\cs, who
h
1 acciiltonied themleUes to his
wa\' of thinking, and confcqueniK' to his manner of
Iruhilhv hccanie part ol then
dill
eir time w i
ih d
evotion.
•diit\
and divid-
eir nains uie ihrowii
lion lloek, wliiili fniiplie.s all ilicir exi-
inio one conn
KciKcs, private as well as piililic
Tl
clniltered ii]) liv tlunililves in a
tow
them from the north wind. It is i
fc
cir lainilies are
f the
larale pan o
n, the fiiiiaiion of \\hicli is delii^litfiil, and IcTceii';
i fenced
chcrrv
n.iir'iilar.aii
d w iili thick re
Irccs,
luiiifc
hi-h;
■lidcs 1
f apple, hei'th,
laviii'i an orchard in ilie middle.
e ot wood, arc mollU' iiiree
ftc
■fl
e'ccry perfon has a fcparate apartment, that
L'd. lint it
to I
IIS own wihiom
and ahilil
thai lh(
V were indebted for tliat charter of p
iicn plarei
1 th
Is colony on fo
'Ihat
iicat in^'.i laid do\i'ii cu i
the chief foniulalion of all h
(;e!K';(.'lil\ extended to the I
ut I.
diau
vefpctt lUlc a looliii':,.
1 and veli'.;ioiis liberty
idiiniions. His
iftcad
idvaniavie of h.is patent, lie mir-
ndian nations
chafed of ihciTi the lands he had obtaiiii
In- i^raiit ;
jiul'Tint; that ibcorii^inil jiropcitv, and c'deft ri':;ht,
.'lied
bi'idnnini;, he
li.ole people
tliem. r>y this a
rendered all Ids fnti
liiecelslnl. I'rcpodelled \. iih a \.\^^
c\ of jnltice in the
dealiii'^s with
he Miav ii'^t
never fi c the men
diltiirbed in his devotions. Tl
ic \i omen
but
jinhlic worlhip, or \\lien u is
f "
necellarv to eoiiliut upon mailers ot pulilic tteoiioinv
Their ';ar;i i . the mod (imple that can well be iiiia';iii
ed, beiii;5 ,1 loiijr \sh'.ie woollen gown in winter, an
linen in the fnmnu'r, with a cape, which k
i;
hat, like tiiat of a c;
pu
:Ii!n b
am
th^
1 faUened
loiiiid the wailt with a belt, f'liiler the Li;own thcv wc.r
a wailico.'.l of tl'.e fame iii.'.terial.s.a to. 'fe Ihiil, tro'.e-
fers, and (lines. The drcfs of the women is the lame.
oiiK', inllc.id of tiowl
f opinion o! him as to Ins deli.'ns.
1):
rom annovimT tiie leiilers, tha
fofa
t th
vy \\ -le n
i^ive inem aim
,Ir. rem
me
\> lieiii \
■r It was w lined
piirlnii
an einiiL
Tlilied this coloiiv, whieh iiKe
to I de'iee ol
f I
nnerioiits' over l
III tl
>le plan, Inon eiliD-
.id to he.ve attained
c re 11.
ciiv of Philadelplii.i a ;;;•
vh.
the
f
I)i
irp tiieiv taces in their tapnclnii
th
ey wear petticoats; aiii
(f'
inkards eon
i no priiKi;
dills
th th
chiellv
llv of
veuet
iblc
it is) i!
The diet of
cs : but it ii
em to ahltain Iriini anini il too
oi;l\ I
IllCil
llinci
nee Is molt ajireeanlt
I to .1 ( hi III;. Ill lil
bodi
nd, as the men
tempera.nce emaciates their
full
er their lieards to .'row lo
ill I
eii'ih, uivcs them a
h-
Their beds arc no better than be
low eiiallly appe,
iicb.es ; a li;
iiiniiliei (ll wcilihe iiiereii.iiits, v, hich is iioi Inipnhii'i
'\ r.en w e i oiile.
;e I'.itat
d(
den bhiek ferves them lor a p/dK
rll
a IK
, illi (]\\ ci s n.ii loiis in diliereiil tpiarler • el ilic (j,lobe.
I'he iiiiporis and e\pi
liieie'ore, mull, h.as e been
\ et V coilhdei.i
naie piil-iie worlliip tune e,i'r\ (la\, and as ottcii
ey ci
1,
)ftc
J'.iit tl
.■h I
lie I! modes ol
d and
inipr.K ileal)
Onnk,
pe
,ir
nl. aie l.ir troiii
.Ipl
he '.general conn
iia ill 177.1, '"'d ' '
irefs all'ein'.ded .it ll
dll
leir iiieelin',s
v,as taken
iiii; fnmmcr
bv the liiil dll arms in
the Hr
1 III II
'/ / /•
till It
But the i. iil'n-
to \'t
\oik.
jiid the coiii^rels met at I'lid.idelphia as belmc.
I'.y lb
lion .It
illiiiiiion t llablillied bv s>ener.il Ciiiivcti
iilna, in September, 177(1, the fui
lci;illaiive power of I'eiinh Ivania is \ellc
I in an allein-
lle
bl\ of reprelelitati. i', ehofeii annually b\' ballot ; am
th.
•\eeiiiive |
Hiwcr ill a iirehdent atn
twelve, cholen bv il
are cholen
lllol.
eeineii. Debei^ate
ut of, and In', iIk
lie li'iiillaliive ol Ihe
il of
to (. iiii'^refs
.iHeiliblv.
re is, li\ the
f( ■
heiii'; c\ira\ .
ilie\- lia\e, iiiioii a fine ll
;anl. Their iliapel is \ci\- decent: and
ream, a iriill-mil
ill.
ni
dl,
'lie
a mil
or
rl
l)ailc\ , al
.f
thcr.i moll m.-'iiiouhv conllruclcd hy tlieinielv es.
T
uv
ia\ c I \ e;i a i)rii;liii..;-()iiici
Ti
illy I'lc nuns i \tremel\ iii.'enioiis m workiii'.;, and in
enihellilliinenis o
f all
nts
Tl
icii.'h llie l\\ o lexes liv
fi'p.irate from i acli oiher in their low n, llie Diiiika
are l.tr from beiiuf averfe to in.ariiiuun'. In iliis c
the parties mull, indeed, li
lil]iplic(l out of the ptii)li(
ds
■a\e the lou 11
fund
aiv lor then le
lei 1 1
in
conveniion in tlie lame \ c ir and tnoiiih as the tormer,
c.iiiipoled of two diliinrl bodies; the lioiife of aliem-
bU , ( holen .inmiallv b\ ilie Ireelio'tlers of 1 le counties
tlieinfcKes, k
.illedi
indnlhv alf
now noiliin'i i'
eve!\' one elli 11 !i
\U
II; bu; tlu')- arc
w 111! uhalever is ne-
This I'etl, amoiii;
1 ll'.Utll ll
talk of
il liarmonv ant
. I fori
the
l'_;lied hli.i ; ant, Ir.t 11 liolj
ilalitv to ilran-
wcni, and siilli \; an
d tl
IC COUIKI
1 of
of Xewcall
nine tneiiibers, cholen in like manner. Tlie cxi'cuiivf'
power is a preli(lent,i
■n ..ni o
fth.
blv 1
•neia
1 all
Clll-
y joint balloi, and a priw council of two of the
le'illativc eoiliu
Old tu o ol llie hoiile o'
fall;
Di
i^^ates lo eoii'M-,
lally lo be eletted
')'■
and out of, the I'c
d all.
)v liallot
,dtl
olhcers of Hate, iImI and military, chofiiii by the
prclidcnt and yeiieial allcniblv.
No. 4G.
Hers Is unhoiindet
to receive
du
1; bill ll
.illelt
piiiicijdcs forbid them
reeoinpeiicc,
Amoii;.j the feveral dilfeiciu feels in rliil.ulelpbi.!
that of tlie Mora\i:!iis is none of the le. ill coiilidei
able. The wild
well kno\en ,ill
a kind of chapel lure,
a place c.illed .P.elhlcle
city of I'liil ideiphia.
G K
and e\tr,i\ ;i;;ance (d' this lei.
lI .iI(^
.111 ope
but t!
loih'h tlie\
ir pnnciiia
I fe-itl
'ineiit
at
near lixiv miles from du;
si: (.11 ON'
w.m
t' '
.". - i 61 »i't!ti I
Mttii
493
A S-i:\V AND ALl'IlEXTIC SYSTEM or UXIVKRS.M. CI OCR Al'HV.
' '(
SKCTIOX V.
M A R V 1. A N D.
THIS proviiuc is ntuatcd between 38 anil 40 de-
grees of iiorlh liiliuule, and Iictwu'ii 71 and 80
di-i^rci-s \\i-{\ l(in;^itud('. It is aiioiit 140 nnks in
length, and 135 in breadth; antl i.v bounded Iiy I'enn-
lylvania on tiic north, by ^'il;;inia on the liuiih, by
the Aihintic Oeean on liie eaii, and b\ the Apala-
thian mountains on iIk' veil.
Marvhitid is di\idi.il into i.\n pans by ilie Hay of
Chclapeak, \i/.. I'le t 'lU 1 n and velKin di\ ifions.
The caftern (ii\ ilion contains the counties ol W'oi-
relh-r, Someilet, DoilVi, Talbot, Cecil, Onetn Anne's,
and Kent. 'Ibe \\eliern coniaiiis St. M;'.ry's, (luiiles,
I'rinrc ("eor^^e, Cilxeit, Arundel, .oid Baliuiuux-.
The air -s ixccflive hot in the linniner, ami innchiiii;
cold in the winter; but thclatieris not of above 'Incc
months duration. The parts next the lea are vi \- low,
but the interior diflricls arc hill)'. It is watcrnl l'\ iii-
initnerablc fpriiij^s, I'orniin;; a jiicat main' fin. ri\er>,
ol which the chief arc Patowniaik, Poconioae, ''atux-
bent, Severn, f'hcptouk, S.iflafras, W'iconioca .nd St.
Geor,c;e. Theie and other livers eap.ihle o receiv-
ing large fliips, with the niiineroiis ba\s and creek?
that indent th" land on every fide, give the feainen an
ppportunitv of bringing their vcilels up to the pbuiiers
(hior*. The chief bay ; are thofe of ChefaiH-ak and
Delaware; and the moil noteil cape that of Ilenelopeii,
M the entrance of Delaware liay. 'I'he foil is I'ruitful,
and, as th.e rivers and brooks difTufe fertility, pro-
duces trees pl.ints, and gr.sin in abundiiue.
The chief ecinmoLiiiv of M,u viand is tobacco, of
which vail cargoes, conlilling of maiiv thoiif.md hogf-
hcad-., are animallv e\poi led. Tliis eoniniodity iiirnis
the medium of curreiicv ol Mai v land, being received
in debts and taxes ; and th.e inipedor's notes for tobac-
co, de'iv cred to liini, ai- transferable. ;\n indiillric.is
man can manage 6coo plants c.f tojiai eo, and four
acres of Indian corn. Tbc tobacco of this pn/vince,
called Oroonoko, is tliflercnt from that of Virginia;
and though not nnuli liked or iifed in England, \ et, in
the calleni and noithern ji.nts ol' Europe, it is priler-
red before the Iw eet-lceiitt il tobacco of janieri and
'icnk River.s, in X'lrginia. .\noiher confiderable com-
moditv of .Mirvl.md is pork, i!ie woods containing
\aR droves of wild Iwine, wliich are geiieralh ot a
Imall li/e. ('.Odd land in .Marvlaml yields about 15
luifliehs oi wheat an ac 1 . , or 3c budiels of Indi.m corn ;
bu' the grain i< fnbjefi to the w cev li. (ire.it (pianiities
both of hemp and flax are railed in this pioviiue;
and the moiinlains vield abundaiu e of iron ore, which
ji run into pig*-, 'Wd n lined into iron. M,u viand oak
is I. It greativ illeenied for building large Ihips, but
is \ ery proper for (laves and bnall craft.
Their imports conlilt chit (I\ of wine from Madeira,
Fyal, and I'rance ; ruin froin IVirb.uloes, Haves from
Alria, and malt, beer, liiiciis, vmioIU iiv, uteiifih ol'
I VI IV kind, and, in lliori, moll of the ih games, as
\, (il as conveniences oflife, from Eiighind.
The capital ol this pro\ince is Annapolis; init llio"
tV.e governor ';eiicrally relidi's l!;e:e, it is Imall ,ind
iiK oiidiierable. l'i,iliiiuore contains I'oine battered
buildings, iiiul I'larcflv nieiiis the name I'l a town.
Maryland was difioverid in the ye.r 160^;, vslun
A'irginia v.;:s full iilanied, and, for fome time, was
tlb'emed a p.iri uf N'iigmia, till King Charles 1. in
if 3J, gran' d a.! il. -.t pait olA'iiginia, v^hich lay north
of Patowmafi; Kivcr, to ilu' Lord Ualtiinore, of the
kini»doni of Irel.'nil, aivi I,,, heirs. The Jkilihnore
i.iniily were depi :•, ed 1.! il ■■ iiovermneni of this pro-
vince durin.T thecivil ..-ars in !■ iieland, but recovered
it .'gain at the 1 . Ilor.'.iion ; an; Cev lldl remain pro-
pri' tofi. The ellale Mi]iiyed liv ihem her,: 1 . the nioll
lonfiderablc lA any fubp'Ct of (,rea! r'rit.iiii ahro.id 1
l,;, belidej their pl'iiv..iiiuii-, il.ey lnv cer:a:n rc-
\ eiiucs granted to iliein bv lever.il albiiibiies, .u .1
duty on each hogihe.id ol lob.icco, and oiher in-
c<imes, which, with the i.ile ol' lands, uneiiliivaiel
ami iiiipurehaied, mull amount, .it pieleiit, to a veiv
conlidei.ible lum \'eailv.
The firll adventurers having been Roman Catholics,
followed by many l.iinilirs ofth.it perlii.ilion, who came
over Irom Engl.md 10 .ivnid the penal laws, many ot
lhe])l,iiiteis prolels that religion. However, the church
of England w.is .illerwaiil.s cllablillied heie; aiu)
ehun lies have not onlv been built, but p.uilhes allot-
ted to tl'.eni, v\ itli annual llipeiids to the iniiiillrrs.
'I'lic .Ameiicans have large plantations, w liith pre-
vent the iiicrcale ol towns. Iniieed, each ])l.iniatioii
i.s aliltletown ol lib II, .md can fiiblill iifelf with pio-
vilioiis .iiul neci ll.iries ; iveiy conlldrrahle planter'^
warehoule being like a llioji.w here he lupplus inferior
phinters, lervants, ,ind labouri rs, and has cominodi-
lies to barter lor tobat co, iV^-c. here being little nionev,
and little occalion Im it, tobacco anivvering all the
ules of goKl and liUer in trade. 'I'here is, indeed,
both Spainlh aiul Engl ilh money, Init ilu n it lervci
but for pocket expences, itc. Here are but lev.'
fliopkeeper.s that can be properly fo called, or wha
mav be l.ud to live by then trades.
.Sloll of the lew Indi.ins live on the call fhore, whcro
they h.ive two or three litile towns. They arc einplos -
( d 111 hunting for deer by the ,\inericaiis. 'I'lie caulc of
their diininilhing proceeded from tlicir own perpetual
dilcords and wars amongll ihcmlclvcs. 'Tis obferva-
b!e, tliat though they are verv timorous, and cow.irdly
in I'.ghi, \et, when taken priloncrs, and ccMidemned,
they die like heroes, brav ing the mod c.xqiiilite ttn-
tures, and linging all tlie tune they are on the rack.
The govtrmneiit of .Maryland, as fettled in 1776,
is now veiled in a t^overnor and five council, a Icnate of
fifteen, and a houle of delegates. .All freemen, abnvir
2 1 years ot age, having a freehold of /jo acres, or pro-
perty to the value of 30I. Inni' a right of l'ufrr.i'.;e in
th.e election ol delegates. .Ml perioiis appointed to
any ofhcc of profit or trull, are to tubfcribe a decla-
ration of their belief in tin- t'hriilian reli,:;i(m.
In 178J a coUegi' was founded at ( heller town in
this province, under the name of Walhiiigton CoU
lege, in honour of (ieneral Walhiiigton.
SECTION' ^ I.
\ I 'AC, I X I .\.
Sil;/nliiw. F.xlint. Rcuncancy. Dii'fur.--. R'lm.
C.hmatr. Soil. Produtiions. Chi(/ l\Tni\. Di/jj.--
Juiov.', Mtinnni, C:ijh'iiii, (3c. cj ti.e I'lr^uvnin, nt
Il Specimen of the Pn pie ij the Prcv:ncei in General.
Dijtiiplion i]j thf Per/um, Manner;., Cufl.m\(ii.
c/ the Indian), cii^inal Inhalttanti ij Amnua.
THE province of \'irginia is lltuatcd between 36
and .\c, degrees of north hit. and 74 and 80 de-
giec.s well longitude, bciiig abnui ~r^o miles in length,
and 2 |C in brcadih. It i^ houiHledon the 1101 tf, bv ihc
river Po- . nac, on the louili by Carolina, on the ealt
by the Ba\ of Chelapeak, and on the well by the Ap.i-
lacliian mountains, h 1, p.ioperly divided into four
l>.iris, viz. the northeiii, the middle, the loutliern,
.iiid ilie ealleiii divilions. Each of thefe contains ,t
iiuinher o! lounties, town.;, ..^^c. of which we (ball
mention liuh as are moll worthy of notice.
The entiance to \'irgini.i tor (hipping is by Chela-
peak i5.i)', wliith luiu up '2.X) miles into the land.
'Chrougli this bay, alio, all vellels mull jials that arc
bound to Mar) land.
I he b 111 r prim i[iul rivers in thiscouiuiv ,11c janie»
Rivir, York Rivei, R,i]ih.innock, and Potomac.
Thele are nut only nav iL^able for large (hips inio the
be.irl ul the I oiiiiti), but have to many creeks, and
receive (in h a number ol fmaller navigable rivers, that
\'irgiiiii is, of all Lr'.niiic,, the mull tonvetueiit for
navigation.
AME.RICA.]
na\ igation. Il h.is been
j:,.T,'.tioii, lb. It ev ery pl.iii
The clim.ite is ileemec
liitio.'s, having a clear I
fi( lis in winter an- very
;ii I e. The heals ol liiim
I' Iv, and .Augult, but ;
r; ins; an'' ;iie Irelh bree:
gicii.i c-..iitrihule to reiid(
comers, and hardly ieidih
of thunder .iiid lightning
(el. Inn attended with ;iir
The l<iil, ill i;ener.il, is
der It a loam, of which 1
(lie ()ll.ilitv \ aries as it i-
giiilhed into three forts,
all which, having land m
land warmer ih.iii that of
l.iir.ls are mollly I iiidv,
h,.i\o. 'Ilie low l.un''. J
pool. Ipiiii the wliolc,
w .1:1 every thing neceil.i
ol liie inhiibitanls.
I'lie animals peculi ir '
o\- r-, foxes, wild cats,
ti e licni waters, wbeie 1
r:iiel'ing thein lor the I
lio. ked with deer; and
b( ,1' s. w olves, and Englil
and • i.iDits are plentifiii,
bill i iielides which the\
w'l ■ '» ke ll-e badger, the
an e miill.icu.s,.! lort ot
Iv ds tlu'y have gr
f "'iig. I'he X'irgiii
i; ,, 'lingitilhing epithet
rd \> iib a pbmiage ol bi
(i gs moll delightfully.
m.K king bird is very me
1:1;;,. 10 th.it if the linet,
\- ,dl'o the biiimniii", bin!
<-,l I re,ition,,nid liy fart!-,
ed I'l Icailel, '.'.reeli, .iiul
ill liowt'rs.xvhieb is il^
di "i- ite to be brought ai
all.i h.ivvks and i-.igles, w
of llu' iiltial Iptcies.
A I oiintry lo interb •
fiinpoled to abound w 1:
ltiin;con and cod ; and 1
of hill that .irc f<iiind in
'Ilu; tt)rells yiebl o,il,
and lirs ; ami the whole
v.nieiy of jlinibs, pi. 1111
fi uts not onlv (lei uli.ir 1
ed Irom Engl.md, as wi
abundance.
T.ibacco is ihc ll.ipb
and broughi to Uu h per
trallie, iiol only to t.ii
world. I'hi- iratlie h.
Pi lides the ailv .int.iges
(roin the evporiatioii o
cd the prodigious nuin
iii.itnif.iHiire. C.reiii tpi
wei e exporieil from (iri
mciebanisaiul planters '
with tobacco, culie, ai
in ''veh.inge, niol.dles,
\ II gini.i is .idorned
buddings; but the on''
Willi, initburg and jaim
the capital of the pro^
and lome I'pat ions echi
Iroin ll'e niotilli id" 1
|,niies 'I'own, wiiich w
chu'liv coiii.iini luul
i..nng pevplc.
AMI'.RICA.]
f: O R T n A M ERIC A,
n:i\ i'4.iiioM.
It li.is hccn uhfcr
V0(!, .ltl(
I will
iilitj'.it ( x;i"-
'.IIOII,
ih.il
i'\ frv 1)1.1 iiU I
a ii\ I r at his (loni
rimi.ilc IS ili'i-iiu'd licailli
l(
M"lllll LOII
lli-
lllllll.
hv'.U
hiiviiii; a dear Ikv, ami a ' itullv loil. 'I'lic
I winter are viiv Iivlti-, l>iit (jfllioii loiitinii-
ai ( c. I'Ik' Ileal- ol liiiuiiitr arc ntoil viokiit in June,
I' Iv, and Aiii;nH, but aie much mitigiicd by the
r;iii.s; at''' :rie lieih bi eezes lliat arc CDiumun l \'ii-
jiiiiia -j-.iilrihute to rciRler the heal tolerable to new
comers and iiariilv leiifible to ilu' inhabitants. Sioiins
nriluinder and Iis;litnini4 are vcr\ (rciiueiit here, but
lelilom alirniied with anv iiiil'i hief.
riie Toil, ill ti,eneral, is a i ich deep mould, and iin-
<lci It a lo.ini, of whieli tl-.c\' make hnc:briik.; iinl
llie i|uiliiv varies as it is nioiH or dry. It is didin-
jiiiiihed 1I1IO liirec lorts, \ i/.. Iiij'.ii, low, and inarliiy,
idl whieh, having (and mixed with tbcin, make- their
bind wanner than that ol (ircat I'rit.iin. Tlicir liij^h
lair.ls are molUy I tnilv, luii bear lar>;e crops ol' lo-
hacio. 'I'lu' h)w lain'. :ne riib.but the marlli hinds
poor. I'pon the wliole, iionever, \'ii .;inia abounds
Wiih evcrv thint; iieeelLnv lor the plealure or prolit
oj the iiili;>l)ildnls.
The animals ]>(Culi ir "o this cnmnrv arc beavers,
ot'.ers, foxes, wild cats, rie^oiw, -.iK-rtins, minks, in
the fredl waters, wheie the Indians are dcMcroiis in
«:iu!'iii'4 them for the liir trade. 'I'lie woods arc
,\i Wi
William III. c.
ilhiirt
; is a rol
William ,
foiuulod
NT.i
(oik
d
4')9
Tho
royal donor gave ioool. towards it, and •^o,'X)0 aeres
of laiul, with [)ower lo piir( hale and hold lands to the
Itoi ked with deer; and thcv have al
(1 .e
ks, buHalos,
b(.i's, wolves, and iMiyJidi ealtle oi all loils. Marts
and • i,il)i(s are j)leiitifui,aiid as qood.is thoieiii I'.ng-
laii i , in'iides which ihev have the .irronghena, loine-
v'l ■ rketi-e b.idger, the living Lpiirrel, the opoirmn,
an ' ir.iill.ti ii.>, a Ion of'water iai,wiiha miilkv leeni.
i" ds ilu\ have great variety, both lor leather
n "'iig. 1 he N'irginian iiiglitlii'j,ale, which takes
i; ,, 'liiigiiilhing epithet Ironi lliis pioviiue, is adorn-
ed '.'iih a plumage ol blight ' riinlon and bine, and
ii .gs moll delightt'iilK'. The natural note ot the
mocking bird IS \erv melodious; belidcs w liich. it at-
Ii;;,- loth. it lithe linet, l.irk, nigliling.de, >Ve. '1 here
i< dfo the hiiimning bird, the Imailell ol all the wing-
fil 1 reatioii, and In tar the moll beautiUil, being at ia\-
fd 111 I'cailet, green, and gold" It tips ilic diw I'loiu
il'i llowers, \>liieh is it-, cliiel iiouridimeiit, and is too
di ''c ite lo be brought alive to Ijigland. Tliev luive
alio h.iwks and lagles, with great variety ol wildlowl
ol till' ulual Ipeciis.
A (ouiiirv lo iiiterlcAed with large rivers may be
fiippoli (1 to .iboiiiui with lilh. On the ka co.ifls are
(lui '^eoii and cod ; and iii the rivers almoll c\ l i a kind
ol iilli that are loiind m other parts of the woild.
'I'l-.e torells vield o.iks, elms, popl.u, pines, cedars,
andlirs; and the wliole counirv i-. interlpei I'cil with
variety ol Ihnilx, pi, mis, ,uid llowcrs. The) have
fruils not oiilv iiei uli.ir lo the loil, hut ibol'e ii.lroduc-
od Irom r.ngland, as well as g.irdcii herbs in gre.it
ahundance.
'r.ib.ici I) is the llaple ( (imiiiodiiv of ihe coiinirVi
and broiighl to Inch peri'ection as to eomiiKiiid .i large
Irallie, not oiilv to iMigland, but t(» .ill p.irts of the
world. Till- irdlic Ims emploved .'OO lad of (hips.
lielides the ,iiK antages acciu'.in', to the naiional Hock
from the evportation of lobicio, are to be conlider-
cd the prodigious miinher ol li.inds it employs in the
iiiimit'.ifliire. (iieat (pi uitiiies ol' divers commodities
wei e exported I roinCJroat Biil.iin to this eoloiiv, whole
HUM ch,i III sand [ilanters liipplied tlie Well liidi.i ill.nid.
with tobacco, ci.iie, ami provilioiis, bringing back,
in exihange, mol.dles, I'lir.ir, .iiid rum.
N'liginia is adorned bv kvei.d m.ignilicent public
buildings; but the oti'v towns, worthy of noiice, arc
Willi. mifbnrg and |.iines Tiux ii. Williamduirg, now
th.e capital iif the pri>\ nice, has a luimber ol lioul- ;,
and loine fpatioiis ed'lices. It is about foriv miles
from ihe mouth of [imes River, and fi'vcii Iroiii
j.iines Town, wide h wis kirm.-rlv tin: cipital, but now
chiellv (OiK.iins luul s |oi the iiueitaintnciil of Icd-
L.tin;; iHA.plc.
d a (1
tiiy ot oik: peiinv per
value ot yt;ool. .a v i .u
poundon .ill tob.icco I .xporu ilto the otherplinit.ilyin ■.
The Honourable .Mr. llov ic made a very huge dona-
tion I o the (ol lege lor ! lie education ol I iidi. in children.
\ irginia was the bill eo'.oiiv pl.intcd In the f'.iiglilli
ill America: lor though lb : continent ul North Aine-
iici was dilcovered by Scl'altiaii Cajjot, in 1.197, no
.■.tiem])ts were m ide lor (ettkng a colony on it till the
reign of Ouceii I-.li/.abeth, v\Ik-ii Sir Walter Kaleigh,
the moll cnter|)riziiig genius of that age, obtained let-
ter. p;itetit for the purpofe. .\ lipiadron of (hips was
accordingly luted out, aii.l a iminber of adv.'ntuvers
eiiib. irked. I'pon their ;'.rriv.d Sir W.ilter erected the
Knglilli llandard, totjk rjoileliion of the coimiry in tl..-;
n.iiueol Queen Kii/.al-elb, a id, in lumoiir of bis royal
millrels, called, it X'i.ginia. Unfoi tun.itelv, however,
this great ni;!ii (ailed in h.is expedition, and lii.s grand
dehgiis were conlecpieiitl rendered abortiv.
The badlilccef^ altt'iiihi g the full attempts fecmed
to give little hopes of tlieir being ever completed; for
near one half of the lirlt colony was dcltroyed by the
Indians; .inrl tin- tell, w<prii out by fatigue and famine,
returned to iheir native countrv . The fecond colony
was cut oti" by the Indi.iiis. Tiu' third (bared the f.imc
(ate. 'I'lic fourth h.id dwindled to a poor remainder,
and were reiu riling in a I ami filed condition toKngkind,
when, jull in ihe mouth of Cbelapeak I>,iy, tluy were
met by Lord nel.iwarc, wiili a ftpiadroii loaded with
provilioiis, and cv cry thing nece(la.ry for their relief
and defence. At his pcrliialion they returned. I'y hi<
advice, prudence, and winning behaviour, the govern-
ment ol the coIon\ was letiled u illiiii illell, and put 011
a relpeclabic looting w illi regard loils enemies. Tlii>
nobleman, who had accepted the government of \'ir-
giiii.i Irom the moll laud.ible motiv es, w.is compelled,
l)V the dec.iv cd dale o! bis be.iiib, lo n liirn to f'.ngl.ind,
but left beliind him a ileputy and couiu il, comjioled ul
lilieral and intelligeu! men. Nor ilid the noble gover-
nor, on his reiuiii to f'.nglalid, forget the colonv'. I'or
eight years togetlier be uas indelatigabic in I'lirfiiiiig
every plan that could tend to the iieopling, luppoit,
and government of ;h.is teitlemeut. He (lied in piii-
i liiit ol ibe lame ol'jcCl in hisp.dl.ige to N'iigiiiia, hav-
I ing luted out tome vede's l.ideliwilh tloies lor the
ule (d the colonv. 1 he killers, howevi r, were lo
tirinly cllablilhed, that they etlcciii.dly fruttr.iicd the
.ilicmiils of the Indi.ins to .ippole them, and eieclnl
|,iiiies 'I'own, liie full jiLu e built bv' the I'.uglilh in
this part of the world. The colonv now c«)niinued
to llourilli, and ihe true louice ol Us wealoi lu'g.in to
be dilcovered and improv ed.
liiis leitlcmcnt w.is, at lirll, greatly didrelkdfor
w ives, lew females caring lo go ov er ; and i lie pi.intv r-,
leemedtothink it aw ickedthingiom.iicb with I'.igan;.
liut as loon as the colonv w.is (eilled, and the plante s
HI good cii cuudlances, a great many girls went (U 1 >•
thither from I'.iigl.ind, in expe(lati.>n of m, iking iluii
lortunes, carrv ingcei tiiic.iie.s with lii-iu oi'i|-.eirc!ia*t''
beh.iviour on ibis Ink- liic w.iur ; for, without liicii
cettilic, lies, the cautious planters, ihoughev er foiimcll
ihllieded for wives, would not .idiiiit lhe;n to llie;r
beds. If thcv were but moderately tpialil'.ed m other
refpecls Ml tliofe d.iys, ihev might depep I upon bi'ili'.;
well mai 1 led. '1 be pl.inui s weie lo lai IVom expecting
money v'iih a woman, iImi 11 w.is.i common tf.iiig tj
buy a delervlng w ik', w ho c.iine ov ti thither a kuv .mi,
al the price of lOol. ll Hie i.iiried g.Kid telliinoni.ds
with her. But ,ilicrward<, ''vlieii the ft uilfulneis < f
\'iiginia vcas b.:tier kiiu.vn, .iiid the daiigi-rs incident
to an inf.iiit leitlemeiu w 're ov er, peoiile in good cir-
ciliullances \\c]\[ ovi r ihi.her with then f.imiles, eitli.;r
to improve then cllaie:.,oi ,iv oid peilecutioii al home-,
and pariiciilai'v.at ilic lime of the gr.iiul rebellion, fe-
veial rood cavalier fainiUts letiiL'J ibulier, a;, ihule on
It.-.
* ' IS
A'
f;}
I. ('
I'Mlll'^t
*
\-)0
A SV.W
ArTiir.x lie SYSTr.M or rxnT.R«; \i. r.r.ocR apiiv.
the oilier nde did, upon tin- ifl'.or.ition (iFKini;
the- Sci
dill
.k1:
iniiii
It \
ii'iiitn.'
Ch.irlc
h.id IVw of tlu- UmiT, hav-
n.
to i!ic r()\'.i
find hfiltir liy lu'V hnaltv,
idhcii
1 t.
il'u-r all oilui- jH-oiiU- had Cidi-
iniiu-fl
1 t) llu" ur'.i.riialion.
Iliol^
l)i
inrt, thcri
oil', W'V
111- 1(1U1\C1-|U'
rit to \fw Kn.;'a!
ids, I'
n ilu-
iinii" ihf tvoiiliU's in Ilu- vcitrn (i
of ihc 1
(nan
f (. h.ulcs I. inanv
ils lU'd to \'irni'iia, and, isndi'V the com-
tnand of Sir William I5erkiky, held out for the crown,
till liic p:\vlian-ient found means to reduce them
Th
re is iiothin- ver\- mterellui" in the
iillor\ ol 1
leal'ure unimproved, IVequeiilty appears tii very for-
eihie inllain e'
The lliird, vi lower eial
th
rovitue after the ri
■lloration. A kind of rehel-
lion, indeed, broke out on account of iome relhie-
tions haviin; been laid 1
the death oi the leader
)v I'overnincnl on trade.
•ui
ot llie in
ura'cnts rellorcd the
jjcare ot tlie coloin-, anil
C(Uife(iuenccs of a ci\ il war
M I. \ elite
d tl
he dread! ul
A\'hile\'ir"inia coniinued niuh r the lUitidi ^overn-
»-,"nt, t
.11 ad
he f;overnor was veiled will) plenary pi
s ot adinini
[Irati
iiu! hi.^ 11
fual lahuA wi
roni : to 3000I. a year, ihrlndiii!^ peripiilit
tonncil was
il
the upper hciile in the
ipp:
ilaur.ed a negative voice in
-11
all
■1 he
einlilv.
Tl
ihl\
men were two lor cadi count\', tliolen l)v
hold
ers 1
Hit their ads were to he approve
tin- liee-
d bv the
As in the <nher pr
there is up.iver
lal
coiiipolc the hu
aiu
of the people (who ever
Ik of mankind) an- niollly liofpitablo
Tliev aie iiiikU
'1
1 "eneroiis, tlioui;li iioiU and iiii
iddicled to iiunru l\ ,aiu
1 averl:' to labour.
The ■general liolpiialiiy that pvev.uls ihrounliout all
the louiliern provinces w ill evicu nlly apj'eai ir
1 the
)w ini; ))eeuliar euUom.s
that are uiuverlal
A traveller, even of the lowcll ran
k, obf
ervinq an
(ucliard lull of line fruit, either apples or peaches, in
or near his wav, enters w ithout ecremoiiy, aiul fills his
In 'and e\ in .1 h.u' il he has o
)ne)
W IlllDUl .llkllVJ
perinillion, or bein-^ lialile
This 11
to eenluie.
II
not appear lo lliaiv.;e vlien it is
h.
conlideied ihat luv kind of liiiii lure is lalealile, ,uid
that il is in lucli plenty that the inhabilunls daily feed
their lums with the liiicfl (ort duiiiii; the I'caion.
Traveilers ill <Ih' iNtler lealoii, aii: jjener.iliy of-
fered on the lo.iii as 111 uch as llii\ k.u\ liriiik. ,iiid iie-
tpieiillv rrquelted to llay all nii^ill, and be lioipiiably
enieriained.
W
!en a jiei'lon ol appaient ran
k cal
IS at an unlinarv
)f their in;...) lor lelrelhinent and loih^inu;
for a nitjhl, as lotui as anv neiiileiu.m o
f fort
une III the
neil'ldio
irtii
a h
toh,'iation here 111 niatlers ol relu;ioii.
liinielt, or lends I
rs ot 11, h
1:1 a polite
'11
le trovernment o
fil
nro\ nice, as
fettl
VI iiiioii, in |iil\- 1776, is velhii in a governor, I
:d III coii-
eliate
all ot wlioin are cholen
, and .1 lioule of deliiiau
llv. But the priv\-euiiiu il, or council o
coiihllinci of
V
'lu
meniliers, is a
llo I
!)(• Clio
tl
le |o
ni ballot of the feiiate aiid hoii
o
I del
I llati
ten b'
e''ate,>
to allill in llie adii
i I! rati
ion ot "overniueiit.
As the
irovince 01
\'iriiinia is deemei
1 th
coniiderabie of the I'niied Slates of .\inerica, am
there is a finiilarity of diipotition, tnaniiers, cuiloms
iS;c. between llie people of the provinces in general
wc luall treat ol
th
ole naiiiculars
under this head.
Ip
len of the wh
fen led ;
talile, and poll
aiiiiear:- to be but three ileiir
il .ire reju'elen
iiiv' \ erv liberal
IS ;:enrro'is
lent
imelils.
hofpi
Thei
ol r.iiiK ainoM'j
10 I, IS liouli
, w Here he iseniei taiiieu much mure a^iee-
lor him
prilling iii\ u.itiuii
either conies
and
u-efi
aiilv than he could be at llic inn. He is treated in
the moll liolpiiablc m.iniier, and his lervants and
liorfes l.ire piciiteoully during the time of his (lay.
This i.s done with a );ood ftrace, nor is the lead hint
dropped of a curious deiirc lo know the buliiiefs or
even n.iiiie of the ltraii£;er.
\'iri;iiiia, at the coiimienccnient of ihc late unhappy
coniiiioiions wa
s l.iid lo contain fir.o.OOO ilihabi
units
of w liicli IK arly two thirds w ere blacks. Bui that ac-
count, hv moll calciilHior>, has been deemed e.xag^e-
may be laid to be (ixcd at.
ated, and the
meuiuin
:^00,0O0
As th
in ihc sliole.
lit
ere IS a dillereiice in rank ainim'^ the inhabi-
tants, not oiiiv ol' \ ir:;iiiia, but the colonies in K<'iie-
ral, Co alio is ihere in iheir manner of liviiu'.of w Inch
tile inhabitants, excluiive ol the iie;'roes.
T!:e (iril rank conhits of iionilenien oi [he beif (
the ioIIowiul:
milies and furtui'.es in the coloiiv.
TheR
had
iiera
1 ed
iication, ])o
I'd
III (;eller.il,
s much difcern-
it, and Inch a comiwtent kiiowleds'e of ilie world,
as prfrducc an vale and freidimi ol iiiaiincrs ai
d
d
.falls
iiiav ferve as a ipeiimen.
if loriiincuiiially riles about nineociock,
s between nine and ten. I lis bieakfall
;;eiier.iliy conlids of tea or coffee, liread and biiiler,
iiid vcrv thin llices of venilon, ham, or liiin^ heel.
Mi; then n pofes (if in the hot wealhei J on a p.illel, 011
verlaliOii tiat caniiD
or fitua'.ion.
t be atl'ecled b\ eiiciiiiillaiues 'l the lioor, 111 the coolcit room in tii
I his II
ml
I and trow fers oni\ , w iih
a uecjro at his bead and
Th'
arc deemed, upon the whole, moH ai;veea!)lo otliei at liisle
oinp.'inioMs,
jiait ii\e 111 el
;hb
d
T
eel, lo Ian hiin am
le "rcaler il twccn twelve and nnc
laki
1 keep off the fl
(1
les
He
id liilendour, and inaintain the 1
;ra'K e ol ^iraiideiir hi
)tb at home and
il.
Th.
and conli
of th
fl of I
e lecoii
d (le
irec are vcrv nuineroii .
uch a v.irii'tv
fil
i',!ulariiv and mixture
•rs, that the leadnm feature tan fca
alcenainei
Il f
I. Ti
itabli
pp:
IR'V are, however, "cncrous, iiiei
Iv be
:dlv
nil ihele "ood iiiialilles are mi.xid 1
icarance ol bluiunels, wiiieli teems t'' re
roil) tlieir "i-norat miercoinie with flaves, over
\. hoiii ihev are aecullomed tu excrcife an bar
iibfohite eomiiuind.
Some of llie lecoiul r.ir
to m !ii\ of i!'f fill
and
It the
joflei's fortunes
f
ancient oi- r.linc^M'-, a circumllaiic
eir lainilles are not lo
c io WIUCIl lllllCll
«i
ifjiiiiv IS hcri
d.
J"hey are luUlicl'-d 10 tverv kind of fpor:, '^amiiiE;
and difiipitioii, p.inicuiaiiy horle-r.ui
11" and I 01
ll'Tlltl
Taken ahoe.eiher.thev form a ftrai'ue com
Mii.ition ot priiici|-.|(.
pradicesdirecllv op])olite;
oiiie beihij ,is laudable and worthy of iiiiitalioii, as
n are contenipnbb; and obnoxious.
.V'ltwiihltandim; ll
IS appareni iiiconliflencs of ch
r.Kirr, principle and coiidiK.I, nuinbers ol ihein arc
truly \,iluable members of fociet\-, and few or mmih,
tleficient in natural j;rniu:, v liich, lliuiii^h in a grcal
es a (trauj^lil v\ l)oinlio or
todd\, a li'iiior con.; oled of water, lii''ar, rum and
■I
luitiiu''', which is made weak and kept cool
bet
weeiv two and Miree
am
lal
c\ I rv
tab
>l. He (lilies
le, w halt \er
elle ihere iliav be, .1 ham and i;reiii . lorm j>eiieralU a
flaiidiiu; dilli. At liinner he drinks lyder, loddy,
punch, port, i larel, or .Madeira, which is, in ^jeneial,
exceiicn; lien
AI:
er dinner lie returns
toll
)is liallel
u ill) his two blacks 10 fan hiiii, and lontimics to drink
toddv
Iv or fa
iiieeall II
.iliiriioiiii; hedocsnoi .ilwax <
(irini; tea. Between nine and in in the eveiiiii'.; lu:
eats a light fiippcr ol milk and fiuil, or wine, linear,
fruit, &c. and ihiioll iininediau Iv reliii ^ lo bed lor the
nii;ii:, in which, if lie be not fui milled with mul;|uei(.>
curtains, he is ;'( iiiiallv fo molelted with the beat, and
died i
loiinentid wiihinlecls, iliat he receive
\ CIS Iillle reircihmcit from llcep. 'I'his is the nciici.d
mode of iiviiui. of a man of loriiiiie in hi> faiiiilv w lieii
n lias no conipanv,
II
)t iiieniioiicd a> without
exception, Lui asa mode that more lolluw tli indo not.
Ihc mode of liviiic, of mam- of the middlmui and
all llie lower claffcs of whites, is verv
m
a lul.iti mau
different. A
an in tills line riles about fix o'l lock. He then di ink'*
jul.ii
After ihii h
ol 1 mil, water and liiRar, but vcrv llroii;^.
c walks or lldes rouiiit hi.^ pl.ililatioti, t.ikeii
, t.lkc
liirves of 111) Hock, and all hi.
crop, ail
db
{calslal
tbuut
i
Ta\K ■ ' '
i
m
m
AMf.RirA.]
)il)()iii ii'M on i"'i! till'
I
(
'/'
l»ANKKS's, \.ii- ^i/.>f< /// <'/ KWxWiWXlXS '^/M.i/h , /// ^ht/.//. //
7
N/lli
'////.
/. //,n
iiitnt
'/
V. r
h,ui), HH'.kI .111(1 l>ill!( I, tiM, I
lall.liowiviT, is rrldoMll.iltc
nil of llic iliy lu' Ipiiids 1
Ij^I'Dn-iU'li riliiil.is :i iiMii i>
liipplics iIk' i)l;iii' 111 \Miic
tiM)])! r: iluy lt.l(l()in tlimk
Ul'ilom iliinls KM ill 'In' -il'i
I'lu- liii (if lla- ]H)oi- iiigr
i, ,,llc)nilliiMn to cdiici'ivi: v
[luoi wrcirliis uii(kr;;o, .m
IS cilkil i'l> iiiilic iiioinini;.
alldVNcd lime ciioU';!! i" l\
h'tiniuniy, or lioi- i.ikc, Imi
loilicliild lohmd i,ih«>ur, ;i
«iiii iiitiriiiinioii till noon,
tin iimll.iiuT, that the n(i;n
of hri' with iliciii, ant! Utic
let till- wcatlur bci'Vir lo I
is ilie tiitic he f.its Ins dun
luinv and fall, and if nisin,
lu- lias a liitlc I'al, Ikiniim
tall luiiin'^, lo iililli lii> lio
allow iluMi- iiavis iwuu a \
lurd l.ilioiii, wliiili roiilitii
die cvciiiii!;, \>hcn liu", ro
^^llerc iMcli lias liistalk in
nni)l<)ss tiiin lor Ionic lui
iMorninn lliat he has ne>;lt
roiiiud his talk, he is IK(]
ol lalhis on his bare bad
the (hli ration of the over
fxcri lie u\ iiiiliiTiiiid don
ll IS la.e It m^lu before h(
meal, .'"d e\ en ihe tune
upon his lioiiis ol' llee]), \\
ceed ei;;ht in ininiber ior
liui v>li't is ainaziim, cii
tmdeinoiie, whuh innll n,
he luiiiii-nlly leis out ti
ll veil miles in the iiii;!ii, '
lo a iiei;ii) danee, in v. I
nllonilliini; ability and il
kepiii^' lime and cadeiiei
Ol a banjor (a lari^c ho
liiiliiiO and a iiviacjua {h
until 111- t shaulls lumK 1:
liriii!;ih lo ri tin n lioiiu
ralli'ci I'nrlh to tod the lu
lie lh( ps on a beiuli,
old Uaniy liiiv^le blanket
to lerve lioth lor bed a
eonlills of a (lurt and iro\
(lull ill ihe liiminer, wul
jacket, brecihcs, and lln
III the (anie inannei tl
with relpecl to fare, lain
they breed, they Icldoin 1
(itlu r in the delivery or
'I'hile wretched bein.
pallive, r )r dare rellll,
«i;iinlt ji )■ iiijiir) Irom
a negro's arm lo be l!i
■i. white perlon, on any j
I'ormiiatcly for them,
an apathy, or latislied di '
ill,; their de'^^raded liiiiii
whi( h their raee i^ iuhje
jovial, eonteiited and h
(leiuliar blelling ol I'l'
iipial to the weinht, mu
tin h eomplicated milei ■
lla\ mu had freqiien:
dt'leripiion of the modi
rneniioti honmiiny, hoe
I'arv to explain thole te
Iloiimiiiiy IS an Ann i
I'leed Irom the hulk-;,
No. .16.
AMF.RICA.]
NORTH A M F, R I C A.
501
V///.
jiliDiii li-ii on roll! tuii.'-y, rf>i(l mfni, lo.id ,uul f\(k'r,
h.ini, Inc. Ill .111(1 l)iil!rr, tiM, roll. a- or cIhic dI.iIi-, whii li
i.ill, iiowiviT, is ii li'.oin l.illid liul jiv llii' wojiifii. Tlic
nil of ilic (I IV 111' l[n.inls riuK!) Ill ilu: l.iiiii; in. inner
Ik 1 1 in- (K'li rilx (1 .IS .1 Ml.: II (iC I ho lirll r.i'ik,()niy cyder
|iil)|)li(s till' piiuf oi wiiic iit diiinir, ii..(i he eats luj
lii'>|)rr: iluy Icldoin iliiiik of it. Tiie women very
UIiIdhi dunk ic.i in ilie ■ilicriionn j ilie iiicii never.
rlu- liil III liie piior iiijiro I1.IV(.•^ is liard indeed. It
i.. .iliiiiiidiiiii; to eoiKi'iv;; what .mi.i/.iiin r,ilii;iie liiele
|Hior wretrlics uiKkr!;o, .iiid cm luppoii. 'I'lic ir^ki
).; railed v\i in the nuirningai break olikiN , .iiul Icldoin
allowed time eiioii;^li to Iwallow three inoulhriils ol
h'liniiiiiiy, or hoe e.ikc, Imt is driven out iiiiiiicdiaii ly
to ilic Ik Id to hard l.diour, at whii h he toiiliiiiies with-
iiiii inuTiiiiliiiiii nil noon. It i.s oblcrved as a liiii>iilar
I III 11 mil. uuc, that the IK '^lots always t J rrv out a piece
ol'hii' Willi tliciM, and kindle one jnll by their work,
let the weather be evir lo hot and lultry. About noon
Is the lime he eats Ins dinner, which condlls of hoin-
iiiinv .iiid r.di, and if ins in.dler be a in.in of huniaiiiiy,
lu- lias a liitle I'.ii, (kinuiicd milk, ridty b.udii, or a
l.di hfiiiim, 10 ri lilli liis lioiiiininv, whicli kindin.ifters
.'.How iIku- ll.ivcs iwue a week. Tluy then reann to
lianl l.iboiii, which coiiiintics in the I'cld until du(k in
the cviiiiiii;, when tlie\ repair to the tobacco houles,
when' iMcli h.is his t.dk in llrippint; allotted him ; that
(•iiipli)\s Inin r.ir Icmie hours. 1( it be lotind next
11:01 iiiiis; til. 11 lie has ne(;lfClcd, {li(;hted, or not per-
Inrnicd his t.ilk, he is tied up and lenivesa number
ol l..(hes on his b iie back, moll leverely inflided at
the (Ilic rei ion ol the (nerleers, who are permitted to
rxenile in iinlimiied dominion over ihcl'e wretches.
It IS l,i;e It night before he returns to his other Icanty
iiie.il, .nil! even the time taken up at it encroaches
upon Ins hours of (leej), which aliooeiher do not ex-
ceed ei;;lit 111 number lor e.itiim and flrepin!;.
])Ui wh.'t IS amazint;, coiilidrriii'4 the lalijiiiche has
luidei'^one, wliuh mult naiur.ilU dilpofe bim to relt,
he fiei|ueiiily leis out from home and walks lix or
le\ en miles ill the iii'.;!it, be the weither ever io lultr\',
10 .1 iiei;ii) d.iiue, 111 whuli he beats his part with
nitonilhiiit; ai;ility and the moll vigorous exertions,
k' tjiin;.', lime .iiid c.ideiice moll cx.ictly with the mulic
<ii a h.in|()r (a laic^e hollow inlliuiiuiu with three
lliint;s) and a (ju.kiu.i (lomewhat releinlilin.; a diuiii)
iiiilil he t \li. lulls lumhir, and le.irielv has time or
lireii'.;ili to retuiii home much beioic the hour he is
railed Inrlli to lod ihe ne\t d.is .
lletleips una luiicli, or on ihe ground, with an
old Ic.iuiv (ingle blanket, and not alw.us even ih.il,
10 ler\e both lot bt:d and eo\erin';. Ills clotliiiii^
cniiliils of a Hurt .lud trow lets made ol cou Ic hemuen
(lull in the (ummcr, with the addition of .1 woollen
j.uket, breeches, and (hoes in the winter.
Ill the Came manner the feiii.de (hues arc tre.Tted,
with refpecl to fare, labour and repole. Kven when
they breed, the\ Icld.im loiC more than a week's work
eiili( r in the delivery or lucklin.^ the child.
'I'lule wretched beings are oldiged to be entirely
pdli\e, r ir dare relill, or even defetnl themlelves
• giiiilt di )■ injury from the whites, for the law- directs
a negro's arm lo be llruck oH', who railes it. agiinil
a white per(on, oil anv pretence whatever
Fonuiiately for them, they (eemto be endowed with
an apatln-, or latislied dilpolition, which, nolw ithdand-
ing their degraded Iniiatioii, and the rigid leverity to
winch their race i-. lubjetled, renders them apparenily
joual, conteiued and happy. Were it not for this
peculiar blelling of IVov idence, human niiure, un-
i-(|ual to the weight, mull link under the prclfurc of
liu h complicated iiiilei) .
Having h.id frequcni occ.id.in, in the couii'e of our
delcri|)tion of the mode of liie thele jicople le.id, to
mention honniunv, hoe cake, &c. we deem it necel-
fary to expl.iin tliofe terms.
Hoiiiminy is an .Vmeric.in difli made of Indian corn
freed from the hulk-;, boiled along with a fiiiall pro-
No. .jG.
]inition of a large kind of French be.ms, until it be-
comes almoll a pulp. It is in general ut'e, and, to
molt [i.il.ites, agreeable. Hoe-cake is Indi.in corn
ground into meal, kneaded into dough, and baked on
a hoi, broad, iron hoe. This is in common ufe, but
not Co pal liable as the former.
We fliall now give a defcription of the pcrfons,
ddpoliiions, characler, ciiltoms, <fec. of the Indians,
or original iiihabiiants of yVinerica.
Thele people go under divers denominations, as
Lake Indians, Attalvavas, Dulls, Dclawarcs, Shaw-
nees, Mowhawks, Cherokees, Chickefaw.s, Creeks,
&c. &c.
The Indians of America arc tali, (Iraight, and well
proportioi'.cd in their limbs. Their bodies arc flrong,
hut their (Ireiigih is of a fpecies adapted to (upport
hardlhip rather than perform labour. Their features
are regular, their complexion fomewhat of a copper
colour, their hair long, black and (Irong, as that of a
horfe.
They generally wear only a blanket wrapped about
them, or a (hirt, both which they purchafe o( the Eu-
ropean fettlers. Thole who fird vKiied thcfe parts
found Ibme nations entirely naked, and others with a
coirle cotton cloth, wove by thcmfelvcs, round their
waid ; but in the northern parts their whole bodies
are in winter covered with fkins.
The Indians are not dchcieiit in natural underftand-
ing or ingenuity, many of them (hewing a capacity
for (ome art or Icience.
One of their leading charafteriftics is revenge, to
gratify which an Indian will travel on foot fi veral
hundred miles through woods in night and darknefs,
fecreting himlelf during the d.iy to avoid lulpirion.
Notwithitanding this revengeful dilpofition, laudable
qualities are attributed to them, and many are repre-
fentcd by writers as entertaining noble, fpirited and
|i juft ideas. Cienerally (peaking, they have no g'cat
I command over their lenlu.il appetites, and are parti-
cularly addicted to inebriation.
Another leading trail of the charafler of thefe Indi-
ans is duplicity, in the artof which, notwithftanding the
unculiivated Hate of their minds, they excel the moft
fubtle of the whites. But the true caufe of this com-
plete diirimnl.ition feems tohave an fen from the trea-
cherous and barbarous ufage they fird received (rom
the whites, ihe remembrance of which leads them to
caution .igainll future liiares and treacherous defigns.
riieirdilpo(ition,however,wheiherho(lile or amicable,
is 01' little avail at prefent, as they are not fulBcienily
powerful cither to contend againll the whites in arms,
oriodoihein any material injury. It mud, however,
be granted, that though implacable enemies, they arc
zealous, deady friends, and that thofe whites who be-
have tothem withuprightnefsand affability are greatly
rc(pctl.;d by ihem.and gain an afcendancy over them.
The Indians are much lefs averfe to Europeans than
to the whites born in America. The white Americans
alio have the mod rancorous antipathy to the whole
race of Indians, who, in general, do not appear to en-
tertain any didikc to luch of the Briiifh or French
that are natives of Europe ; nor have the real Britifii
or French any particular averfion to them as the na-
tive .\mericans ha\ e.
Tolygamy is praclifed in fonie nations ; but it is not
general. Though incontinent before wedlock, the
ehadity of their women alter marriage is remarkable.
The UK thers are very fond of iheir children, and often
thereby induced to (hew them too much indulgence.
The men arc remarkable for their indolence, on
which they leem even to value themlelves, hiying,
tint labour would degrade theui, and belongs lolely
to the women.
The Iiidi.iiis, in general, polTefs great pp.ticnceand
eqiK.minity, with the command of mod palfions except
that of revenge. They are graveon feriou.> occaiions,
obl'ervaiit of what pades m converfation, and cool
and deliberate in ofleriit" opinion.
L Th.
M
im
11 1', I'll
.4 ['
;(<.i
lililfu!
r.^i
A NT.W A ;;. Al' 11 ll.X 1 IC SVvrrM >.} i:\I\F.R-^AI. (irOGRAPIlV.
Tli; I'.nlin'^ p.i|V|,.ti of llu'l',' Iiuli,\n- is '.'.lu'iu in its
rulli-ll iMiiU ; tiilliisilicv r.uTilliiH'M r\' niiiliilnMl loii.
'IT.oi;^!! loin.,- tiiliis ;'ri.' found ainoni;!! ilu-ni wiili .1
iicMd, whom tiny call kiit;,l'i> |)0\\iri r.iiluT pi-rliia-
r.vi' lliai> cooi'fiv !■ ; anil Iv !■• n-vcriil as a lalluT, inon-
t'li.ia Uai( d a>a nioii.ui-h. 11.' lias no guards, no pii-
{iins, no oHiiri-s of ]iillii 0. The miat coiiiuil is i-oni-
jioli-d ol' lu-ad'. ol iriln's and laniilics, wiih incli •.•■luifV
< aiKUilv liaMaiii'dtlu'iii totlu' laiiu' di'^rcc ol (.-onfidc-
raiion. In \\:ci'c i<>iiiuil>, which ai\' i)ul)lir, ihi\- pvo-
pofc all ni.UU'i's thai (nmc rn thr ilatc. rpoii u ■ \c
fnfilioiK ihcv c'litnill tluir lintinu'iit-; with a perloii
vlio is lal'cd their fpcaki-r or orator, tluTi' btiiv^oiu'ot'
ihispiol'idion in i'vir\ tribe or town; andiluir nianiicr
ori'iH- ikin;;, in ^ciK-ral, is iiatnr,d,cary,aiuliK-rl'iia!ivc.
The intirnal peace, and order cf thr itaie, come under
the ( ogni/.aiK'e ol' tlie lame council. 'I'heir Iniis are
lew, and loon decided, (runinal matter-, il llagiant,
arc broiii;in before the fame jtinldution ; l)iit in ordi-
narv cafes, the crime is either reveni;ed or < ompio-
iiiiled In il- laviics (■■•ncerned. C.overnc ,1, :■- thc\
are, !'V ma. .Ki s, IK' i'\ l.'w s, c \ 'npi. .iiu! .- •'. w,-
iiifpire them with a facred reL;ard tor theii i .'!;;..
tion, and the culhims of their a.ncellors.
'I'liev entertain the moll exaltedientmientsof ft. d-
fllip, ilie I).ind of which coiinects the whole fociei\ ;
and the lolsoi anv of their people, whetiier by war 01
a nainral death, is lamented In' the whole town to
wl-.icii h.e beloiiL;-. No Imfuie!-, however important,
is taken in Land, no rejou in'^ 's iieard, till all the cere-
ir.onii's due to the decealed are performed, and thele
arc alw.ivs tNeciiled with the '^realelt l(^leninitv. 1 he
<lea<l hodv is walhcd, anointed, and painiid, and thin
interred in the molt pomp.oii • oniaments of the deceal-
id After lome time, I'i'.e relations revilit the i;ra\e,
iloilu' the re mains ot ti.e hodv in new ornaments, and
repe.:t the folemnitics of tin' lirlf '>aterment.
Iiii; the moll llrikmn inllance of their Iricndlliip,
nni;, at th.e lame time, th' p,reatcll inftaiue of their
teu;ard, to their decealed brethren, is what they call th.e
'eail "f the dead, or the leal! of loul.i, which is cile-
bratcd evl.r^■ eight or ten vears. Tlie da\' for thi- crre-
moriv is appointed in the eouneiU of tlieir chief,-, wh.o
,i;ive ordi rs for every tiling neci l'ar\ for celeuratiiif; il
'■■itii pomp and iila'^iiiiiceiKC. The riches of the na-
tmnarei xhaulh d on llli^ occanon,aiK! .11 theingenui-
1; of i!;e Indians dilphived. The neiihhoiirint; jjcopie
;iie iii\ il. '1 !() partake oi the ftad, and be wiinedes of
lia lolti'initv . .Ml thole who had died (ince the lall
Il all tif loiils .\vc now taken 0111 ol their ;,;r,ive*, Thnjc
wild I;.i\ e ill en I lit I iredal th.-^reatclt diltaiu e from the
\ illaL;e; ai e ililij^elillv loii',;'nt b'l , and I'.eli all the ho-
<iits they canpoHihIy cuUeh, are l)ro,..;ht to the great
rende/.\()iis of morialii\ , ih.\- are drefkd 111 tlie liiiell
fkiiis they ran procure. A fcall is liild cm ihis foh'inn
♦ "■c.ilion, when then great actions are ceUhrated, and
.ill thi under intereoiu Ic that io(iki)lace between the 11
are ri i oiinted. A lar.^e pi; is duj,! in the ground, and
ihe bodies re-interred with pomp, with niouriiing, and
'..iih l.'.me'itatioii. Though amongthele fa\age nations
this ciilh nil is iniprededw itli (1 ion g marks of the fcio-
. in nf tlu ir nature, it argues a rel])ctt for the iiiemor\'
ol i!'e (h .id, and a teiifler feeling of their abieiice.
Th' I hiel oc I iipatioiis ol thele I ndiaiis are hiiiuing
•ind w.ii. N'onian is conhdcred as iirave ,;nd uleliil
.1111011.; hi - 11 he, till he lias ilK r.ab i! ll-.i.' ftieligih of his
loiiiitry w hli ,1 I ,ipii\ e, iir adorn. il his hiitwitlithe
fcalp ol an ( I'.eiie, . When lluirihiifs relolve upon ,1
war, the pniicip,'.! olhiei lummons the yoiiih of the
tow 11 to whii h he iicloni;. ; ihe war-kettle i* let on ilie
lire; the w-.r long^ ,iiid diiues comm.'ncc; ,ind the
moll hi di oils hov, l.iig ., w;iliiiiil interinilli.in, an li'-.ii d
(r.ei the v. hole 1 1,11 k ol iininirv. .Ml thi- u.irii.irs
\..:vl their laces hiackriicd with (.h.in.o.d, intermixed
widi d.ilhes aiitnire.iks ol virniilion, which give them
.'1 I'mII horrid ,iji|)earaiii r.
'11 ey iievi 1 figlil mlh'- (.pen field, hut on vrr'.' e.\-
;i .■^: diii.ii ', oecalioiM. Sc rei \' i-, ihi lo.il ol all ihcir
atlion-, .iiid on this ihe Iik'icCs of ihe expedition <mi--
tirelv depends. Dining their marches they light no
lire lowarin themlelves, or drefs their lood. Tliev lie
dole to the ground in the d,i\ -lime, amlman h onU ill
the niglil-tiiiie.and even then w illi the gre.itell |)rei ,111-
tmn. When lliev difcover ,111 aimy of tlieenenn ,thev
throw themlelves ll.it on I heir laces among the withereil
le.iM s.ilie colon ro! which their bodies are painted ex-
aelK to refemhie. They geiierallv let a |)art pals un-
I molelted, and tlieii 1 1 ling .1 little, and felting 11 ji a tre-
incndous Ihout, which llie\ c.iU the w.ir-lioop, lluv
I pour a lliowcr olimilket halls upon the enei '.\ . I'he
I party attacked returns the f.itve cry, and ev. rv man
■ llielieri hiinlelf behind a tree, .ind returns ilie lire of
I the adviile parts the iiiomenl ibev raifc thenifelvcs
j from :lie gioiind to gi\ e the lecond fire, .\fter light in({
(or fome time in tins manner, they Icive their covert,
and mlh upon t ai h other w iih liiiall axes, which ihey
I tile w illi g; e.il de\tirit\ . The conteU is loon dei ided,
I .ltd .!u" coiupierors fa.liate their lavage fiii", with >)"•
.iio!( i'lrrid infulls .ind barb.irilics.oii ilii de.id bodies
> ; n iieiny, w Ihkli the\- Ic, p and treat inainanner
'!')•. kii ; to huiiianii\ .
.'ait the fate of pnloneis is ilill more deplorable,
■ wi. n '''eyarc lo unhappy as to lie feiitcnced todealh,
I v h h 1 'lends on tiie i.iprice o( the victors. In this
c ill liey ill llrip the wreti bed victim, and fixing two
polls int.) the ground, fallen to them two pieces of
h wood, from one to llie other ; one about two feet from
! the ground, the other about live or (ix feet higher;
' then obliging him to mount upon the lower rrols
j piece, they lie his legs to it a little afundcr ; and his
J: hands are extended, and tied to the angles formed by
' the other piece. In this pollure they hum him all
o\ cr the body, fometimcs daubing him full with ])itch.
:' The whole village, men, women, and children, alfem-
, ble riniiid him, every one torturing him in what man-
ner they plcale, c.ich ilriving to exceed the oihei in
: crueli\',as loi.g as lie has life. This is the moll ufual
method of murdering their prilotiers; but lometimes
thc\ lallm ihcii! to a fingle flake, and build a fire
round them. .At other times they cruellv niangli"
their limbs, < lU olF iheir Hngers and toes, joint by
1 join!, and fomctmies Ica'.d them to death.
I Their iTiilitar\' appearance is very odd and terrible.
j Tiiey cm oil ,ill liieirhair, except a (pol on the crown of
' their bead, and pluck olf'thiir eve-hrows. The lock
left upon the beail i« di' ided into I'everal ]),;rcel.<,
each of whiili is llifiened and intermixed witli bead's
•ind fe.ithcis ul \arious (liapes and colours, the whole
twilled and coiiiiecied tugelhcr. The) paint them-
lelves Willi iJiLiiiu'iit down lo the eye-lnows, wliicll
iIkv fprinkle over with wliiie dnwii. The gnllles of
tlie.r ears ire Hit alnioll round, and hung with orna-
ineiits. Their nofes ;ire iiorid, .ind hung with beads;
■ and iheir faces painted w iih various colours. On their
lire. ill. are medals of various meiaLs; and, by a Itriiig
round their necks, is lulpended lh.it horrid weapon
I called the fcalping-kiidc.
'I'he wc.ipons liled li\' thole who trade with the f'.iiro-
peans are commonlv a hrelock, hatcher, and I'c.iiping-
kiiife; hut the other ; ule bow s, toniahaw ks, and ))ikes.
The head of the tomah.'wk is a roiiiul knob id folid
Wood, c.ilcul.iied to knock a 111.111 down. Il bason ihe
otiier lide a ]ioin!, bending a little towards the iianilh' ;
and iic.ir ihe eenier, w liei e the handle pierces ilie liead,
aiio;her point projects forward, of a coiiliderabif
length, whicli ler\es to thriilt with like a Ipear. The
toiiiah.iwk is oriiaincnted with jiaiiitings and leather>,
difpofed and variegated in many hgmficani loniis,
aci ordiiig 10 the occalioil and end for which ii is iifed.
When the. Inlieil .111 oHenhve or defenfi'. c ali;.Mi< e
with a wliiile n.iliiui, the\ fend .111 einhaUv wiiIi a
\> hole belt of wampuin, and a bloods- h.lt^ he!, invuing
them to come and diiiik the blood of then eneinie,.
The waiii|!iiin-bclt coiilills of a kind of (vlindiieai
heads, made of white and bhick (hells, whuh are tl-
le.med iiiiuiig them as lilvei and guld aii; aiiioii'i, u- .
'I'iiey
AMnRI^.^.^
Tliev d'.' the wampum f
and, as thee are m nie, I
ihevlileaffi I'v thch- th
thoughts ( omiTiiiiiicaied
writing. Thus th, beh
liolher, in alt iin;iorla
piclerved 111 il"- cabin
both .IS .1 lecoid or lull
Th' r.iiumei, or pipe
Mnce, nor !•> it IcU reve
of thi pipe is made of ,
wro 1 '•'< and hollowed
a kr .1 light wood, p i
adoi;. .' will" the lu.id,
Ir.MUtilal hi.d;. The i
eithi ( tobacco or Ion.
in'.o . n alli.i'. ,or any
inr, e enicd tie moll h
Th. li/.e and decor. itio
icinly iiroportioiiidlo
til the ipi.iliiv .il tlu p.-i
td, and to the elle. 11 .1
Religion is litile km
the .\mi'ric,m Indians,
iiiiong them wliii li lee
fun and moon ; and as
the exi'lence of invilih
their affairs, thev ollei
fpirits, pariii iilarly oik
the god of w.ir, whom ll
niareli agai'ill .in eiieiii
gioii, they abound in In
ol omens and Ire.uns,
Rre.itell eagernels. 1 1
diviners, auguts,and m
tions they greatly i.'.y,
tainting, or war.
I'hele Indians form
where tliev were very n
<d into the internal p;i
of them are found will
dred miles of the fe.i.
eels of land .dlotted ll
where thev ha\ e been
has iieen loiiiid, that,
their aiuirnt cultoiiis,
life, thev dwindle aw.
prejiidici.il lo their coi
ilien gre.iter oprio
liipiors, ol which lio!
Thus wiiere, a few ve,
fetilemeiits of th.ein, th
who llill remain, li,i\ e,
(elves to oilnr naiio
country, on the h.iiik-
W'e ii.ive be< n la\ 1
pondeiii, long relidei
anecdoie>,whicli ililp
the Indians, and the 1
the cillloiiis of ihe w 1
When am of the I
longing lo the whites,
10 crowd .iio'iiid,
'*-herc they delire 1. 1
this eiillom \ ei v 1 mi.
Iity. They h.ive rei
tiiough thev h.ivi- a
when ihey come iiiti. 1
behind bullies, uheri
iriide themlelves into
The. obl.rve p irn
thers vir igi's.
notiK il g,i-|'|.i-;i
very uncivil.
W'lihiii he ir'.i .-,
till invited lo . 1
and condiui ;'
Vai.>.iit luhit
T.i I
eh, I
AMHRirA.]
N' O ft T II A M f \i I C A.
803
:(llll()n Cll-
U'V lli;lil H(»
I 111 y In-
l,ll( lll>t)lv III
mil ])ici ,111-
i-|Riiiy,tlicv
ilic wiiluTi'd
]);iiiii((lo.\-
.iit ]nU mi-
11^ iiji a irc-
-ll'"ip, iluv
111 '.\. The
I'v. i\ niaii
s I he fill- oF
■ ilu'mrcl'is
lii'i rii;luin(^
lu ir ( Dvt-rt,
, uliii h ihcv
)<>n (let idi'j,
II y, will) t|'.-
iliMil hodk's
ma in.iniHT
(Iciilciiablf,
I'd todiMtli,
ors. In iliii
d lixiii^ two
ii> |)U(is (it
Ml Icit IVoiu
icl lli);licr;
li>\nr rrols
1 1 ; and his
■■ loriiK'd !)y
mi liim all
I \\ iih ])it(h.
dicn, allfin-
II w hat inan-
ihc othi'i in
f 111! ill 11 Ilia I
It loiiicflilics
l)iiild a (irc
icily nianj;lo
>c.s, joint by
and terrible.
lIucrovMi of
s. The lork
■ral p.iric'ls,
I with beads
■«, the whole
l)aiiit iIkiii-
rows, M nil 1)
c t;rillK-s of
; \\ llh orna-
with beads ;
's. On their
, by a Itrinn
i'.d weapon
ill the I'.iiro-
id IriliMii;^-
:, and ))ike;.
lol) id loiid
t has on 'he
the handle ;
es ihe 'lead,
iinlideialiif
!li..-ar. 'iUr
ml leather,',
eaiil lori)i>,
:li i: IS uled.
i'. e all :.'IH e
'a(lv w iili a
ut, inviting
II eil'llliei,
f vlinili ii al
lu li aie ef-
aii)oii'> n- .
wro I' 'it. and liollowi d nut.
a kr ' 't li^bt wood, ji liiiii i
adoi;.
They d}- tin- wampum of v.irioiis rnloiii< and (hades,
and, a" lln'v ■•K" hi ide, lijniheaii' of alnioll aii\ li'iii;;
ihevpleale. Bv thel',- llieir rt'ei)rd:< are kepi,. Tiid tin ir
ihimnhis ( (inuTiiiiiirjicd to iiiie another as our.s are bv
vriliii.;. I iiM> t!v. bcl'« that pals Irmn oiie naiinn lo
nollur. 111 alt mriorlalil tr.inl iclioiis, .dc cardiilly
|iii;lerveil in ih'' eabiiis ol' ibeir ehiel's, and Icrvc
lioth as a rcrnid or lullor'/, or as a pidilie tro iliiie.
Tl." raltiuiel, or pipe oi peai e, is ol tio lc^^ im| ur-
l.incf, nor is it Ids revered a'lioie; tlu-in. The bow!
ol ihi pipe is nnde of .i kind of loli red (lone, c.dily
The lleui |. ofe.!!:'', or
( (l.tb r> n: ^ oloiii s, and
lol. •' will' the head, lads, a'ld K ailiers, ol the nioll
1 miiIiMI b.,(ls. 'I'he ii(e ol ilie i-.iluniel is to linoke
eiilM I tohareo or Ion oih^ r herli, when ihfv enter
iti'o . n alli.i'. ■■, or ati\' loleiiMi en>; lenient ; ihis be-
iiir ! etlK-d II e moll lole'.nii o.itli that ean he t ikeii.
'l"lu (i/e and deeora'.miiv ol il.eii lalunn is ,ire roai-
iiioiily iiroportioiied to lu m rtaiu e ol the oecilion,
to ihe (jil.ililv ol the |K'i lotls lo uhoni ihey ,iie preU'iit-
ed, and to the elle' n and rej^ird iliev hive for ilieni.
Reli<;ioii is litile known, and aN little piiftiled, h\'
the .\in!Tic.in Iiidi.uis. There ,irc, indeed, iiaiions
iiiioiii; them wliiili leein to pu loire bonia'»e lo ll'.e
Inn and moon; and as moll ol tiiem ha\e a notion ol
the exi'lence of ituilihle l)eiii:;s, who intermeddle in
iheir alf.iirs, ilu v odeii mention den, oils and other
fpirils, partieiilarly one whom ihe\- e,dl ,'/)'/l,'!(;, or
the nod ol war, whom lliev alw.ivs iinokc helore they
niareli .ii;a;!i(l ,ui enemv. rhoii'.^h delliiutc of reli-
gion, thev ah()imd in hiperdition^, are :^reat i hler\ ers
ol omens .itid Iroains, and pvv into lui iniv wiih the
greatell eaoeriRls. Hctiee li cir t onnt! v ahoiina. in
diviners, aiit;iii s, and inagiei.in ; ; ,ind on their prcdu
■ions they t;reatlv u !y, in all ,dlaii ^ rel.itivc to beakh,
tuiiitui!;, or war.
Thele Indians fornievh' inhaiiiicd the fc.i ro.ill-,
where thev were veiv numerous, hut h.i\i' (ime re!:r-
<-d into ilie iiilcrual parts of the coiiiurv; lo that few
oi ihem are found within lels than two or ;!ue. luiii-
dred miles of the lea. .Some nl ihem h.ae h.ul piv-
< els of land .dlotied them in K ver.d of the enlonie-^,
where thev h.ive been loiiiod into loi ieiies; \ei it
has been loiind, th.it, in projioition as thev l.iv h\
their aiuient i ullouis, and eoiiloi ni to our in inner o(
li(e, thev dwindle aw.iv , either luv-.iule ihe cliaii;;e is
prejudici.il to their conlliiuiion., or beeaule tlu ) l'.,ive
dun nre.aer oj'normniti; s ot proeurin'.; Ipiriliious
liquors, of \\hieli boih le\es are inordmalv'K' fond.
Thus where, a few years at;o, there were eonliderable
fctileiTienrs o( tl;ern, their n.imi is foiiiotleii ; and ihole
who Hill rcm.iin, h.i\ e, lor the molt ]).iri, joined theiii-
(< Ives !o oiiii r naiions in the muiior p.irts ol the
toiimrv, on the li.iiiks ol I. ike. and n\eis.
We h ive been fu\oured bv an inteliieent eoirel-
pondeni, loni; reliileiit in N'oiib Aineriia, with lome
aneedoies, whirh dilpLiv the bofpit.il'le difp.dilioii of
the Indians, and the opinion they entertain of lome of
the eullonis o\ the whiles wiih wiumi thev tr.dhe.
\Vhen .iiu ol the Indi.iiis (onu' into tlu* towns be-
long ins; to I lie whites, the laiter :\w '^-neridU oblerveo
i'> erowd .Mcriiul, i',.i/.e .,:, .ind iiuommcxle ihem,
where they delire to he private. 'I he liulians deem
this eiillom verv iiide, ,ind the hi^hell bre.ieli ofeivi-
lif\'. 'I'he\' have reiiiiiked, iipnii ih.e oee.ilion, that,
lhoui;h thev h.ive .^^ iiiiu h nirioliiv ,is the whites,
when thev eonie into iheir lowiis, t!u\- hide themlelves
behind bullies, where ili,\ .ue to ji.il-, .mil iie>er in-
trude ihemlelves into iheir eom]ia:r. .
'l'he> oblerve p iriu ni.n |onu> in inleriii(» one ano-
the
'I'o eir.ei A vili.r^e ah'iiptU , Wllhoill
notily II !;a;MM;i nil, is leekoiud.in ir 'Aelilii'.^ Ilr.ilii;ers,
verv uueivil. i •; .h'^ e. uie, ..^ loon .is thev arri\e
!'o:) ..i d I', iloo, rem liiuii',; iheii:
I .. o old 'neii ulu..l' V eiene on;.
viihiii lieir'e.', tli
till invited lo ei;;
and I'ondiKi ihi \<
Vdi.„nt babit;'.'. '1
I i
('.'
A erv viil,i!;e, .i
- !u,nle. Here
liny are pl.ued, while tli.' old men ^o round frori hut
to hut, 1) .Kijii.iini the inhiliitaiiis of the a.nivulof
llraii:^, 1-, v.Iii) iiuy l)i.' luin^ry and weary, .Miu! every
OIK' liiuis them what he i an Iji.ire, of food to tat, and
Ikiiis to repole on. When the llr.in'.;ers .up rcii tilled,
jiipes atidtdbat toare brou;^lit, anil then, and not he •
iorr, bei;ins coiiverlation, which uliialb' enrls witii
offers of (i-rvicc, if the llrang -rs have oet ilion Ibr
i;uidis, or any thins; neielluy (or the inolei uticn ol
their |ourney. Nothini; i> esatted for the eiiternir:-
nuti!.
The follow inn is a llrikiiu.; proof of thcholpitaliiN' ol
a pnv.iie perlon. An Indi.iii Iiiferpieter, in goin;^
il'riv.i!;h the roiiiur\ , lo earry a nicHa!»f from a i;o\ er
nor ol one of the Itatc i, e UK vl at the: h.ibitation o( an
old Iiidim Irieiid, w iio embraced liua, (nie.d furs for
him to (it on, placed belore him lome boiied licaii. and
venil'in, ,iiid niiM (1 lonii' nitii .'.nd wat-.-r lor bis drink.
When he u.ts Will relrelhed, a, id had taken his pi|K',
his hod entered into converliinui with him concernm;f
jiartii ulars. The interpreter l.itislied him; and when
the dil'eouite lH",an to tIaiJ, his Indian friend tbiisad-
dr( lied him : " You have, my old acijn lintarice,
lived loiu' luiioni; the white people, inil know foinc-
ihiiii; (>( iluii c:;lloiiis. I liave been foMetiinc; at .Al-
bany, afid have' ohferved, that, riiucin It ven d.iys, ih 'v
(hut up their (hop.?, anfl .(leinhic all iiiti.i -reat houft.
■|V1I ine, what is It for? ^V■h.lt (h i .ere?" "They
meet there (replied tiic interpi : , •• ' ir and learn
<^ooil t!iiiii;s." " I do not doul 1 ' , vi i ■• Indian) that
thev tell you (o; tl'.ey have • 1 nu lunt:; but 1
doiir,t the truth of wh.it tlu . !,• i.d . u tell you my
reafoiis. I went lately to •• My • ell my (kins, and
buy idankets, knives, po.vf.ei • ii. (fee. 'When }.
c.illcd upon themeich..'. win; ho; ; .' illu illy deal,
and aOscd him what lie v Id ^.vc for beaver, he re-
jdied, he could no; iii- ,...r iiati foiir (hillings a
pound; but (K (ired to wv\ i .di biiliticl' then, li it wa'j
the d.iv ihe'r |)eople met to;.',ethcr to h' irn good things,
addint;, that he was cjoinj; to the meeting;. Findini; I
(. ouldiiottr.mfacl rii) bull iicis with hini that day, I went
with him. There Hood tii) a man in black, and bc^an
to talk to the people ver'. aiu;rily. I did not under-
IKiiidwh.it he laid; but oblervmg that he loo'ed much
al me, .iiid at mv men h.nit, iina'.;;iied he w.i^ aiii^ry al
feeiiu; me there, therefore I withdrew, and waited near
the houle till the iiieetim; lliould break up. I thenac-:
colled the merchani.iniiiii.iting, th.it I hoped he would
(;i\ e more than four Ihilliiit^s a pound for beaver. lie
replied he could no; ;;ive more th. in three Ibillinns and
(i\peiice. I ilu'ii .ipplied lo lev eral oilier (LMler.., but
iheir •^ener.d tone was three and lixpencc, three and
(ixpence. This confirmed inv lulpuion, that, iiol-
wiihd.ind'iu.; llu ir preience ol meetiiii; to learn good
thills, the real luirpole was to eonluh how to cheat
Indians in tiie price ol be i\ er. (onlider but a little,
mv old friend, and voii mull be of inv opinion. Ii
they met fo often to learn good things, tlie\ would
certaiiih- h,i\e le.irned fome before this time. But
thev are llill ii^norant. \'ou know our practice. If
a white man is tra\ellinc; through our counirv, and
enters one of our cabins, we all treat him as I treat
yon. Wedi\ him, if he is v.ct -, w '■ w arm him, if he
IS I old ; md give him me.it and drink, if he is hiingry
,inil thirllv; and we Ipread furs for hmi ii> repole on,
demanding iiothin.; in return. If I go into a whii;*
III. ill's houle at Alb, inv, and alk lor viduals and drink,
the\' lav, \\'here is \ our mom v? And if I have none,
thev l,i\ , Cet out, vow Iiidi.'.n dog! You fee they
have not yet learned thole little good things that •.. :
need no meetings to be inltruitcd in, becaufe our
mothers taught them to its when we wfre children;
aii.l therefote it is impollihle their meetings ihculJ
be, as they lav, loi" an\- luch piirpole, or have any
Inch effetl. Ihrv arc only to continue tl.c ch*;.unig
of Indians in the price of beaver."
SECTION
» i'
- i ism
'I
1 1
i..(i,
I'M;
1 "f 'i5
^ m^
m'&
m-
fioi
A Niw ASP M-rnrvTicsvsrFM nr r\ivi,i<SAi,(;KO(.K \niv.
if
1'.
sr.niON ^■II.
CAROI.IN'A, NORTH Asr. SOf 1 H.
Mlh, provirnc>ol NorihaiidSDUili Carol I'M.roin-
■ nh
T...., -
prelurndin;; two ol the United Slates of Noiih
Anurica, arc (itiiated biiwein 30 .snd 37 dinnes ot
norili latiiiule ; and brtweeii 76 and yi (ii-t;rics ol wed
lon[',iHide; bcini; aliniit 700 miles in Itn^ili, and 380
in breadth. Tin' boiiiid.ines .ue \n'.;;ni,i on liie noiili,
tiic Ailnniic dean on ilie e.ift, C.eorfiia on ti>e louih,
and the Apalacbian niouniains on ihe will.
In the two provinces of North .md Souili Carolina
are the foilowiii^ rivers, viz. Roanoke or .Albemarle,
Pamtuiie, and New Clarendon, in North Carolina ;
IVdee and .Saniee, in South Carolina. 'I'hefe rivers are
all navi;;able,and contain fi(!i in abundance, hut have
troubleloine cataracts \ihiili ohllriicl navii;ation. 'I'hc
capes o( this coiinir\' are Flatteras, I.onk-oiii, anti
tear. The harbours are Rrianoke anfl ranuicoe, in
North Carolina; Geor;4e-Town, Charles-'l'own, and
For. -Royal, in South Carolina. Their relpedive
^iver^ rile in the Apal.uhiaii moiiniains, .;iul Idll into
the .Atlantic Ocean.
The climate of Carolina, like that of America in
jjeiural, i< fubjett to ludiien iranlitioii\ Irom h'at to
cold, and from cold to heat, but not to fiirh violent ex-
tremes as \'ir^inia. Tiie winters here aienoi fo levere
as in that province. The frolls never have liiBicient
l\rcn;;th to reliU the nnon-day fun ; ibthatmanv tender
plants, v.'hich do not Itaiid the vinter ot A'irRima, flou-
riih in Carolina. 'I'his i'- the principal province on the
continent of .North Aim rica lub|etl to hurricanes.
The loll here is various. The coiint:\ rear the lea
is little better than an unhealthv fa-It niardi, and, lot
eighty miles didant from it, is an even plain, not a hill,
a rock, or fcareely a pebble, beinj^ 10 be met with.
Bevond ihis it Rraduallv iinpro\e>; and at about one
hundred inilis (iidaiue from ('harles Tow 11, where 11
begins to ^row hill), llie l:)il is \eiy (eriilc, adapted
to lupplv the rRceflaries of life, and ixlubitiiiii a plea-
linf5 prolpLCt to the view. The word ol ilic land,
however, m the eouiitr)', produces that valuable arti-
cle oi lis commerce, indigo.
There in no kind of ve-ietable but, with proper cul-
I'.vaiion, would (lourilh here. The Icnl, even when Kli
to itfeli, vields (lowers and flowerinir Ihrubs; and all
the Kuropeaii plants are in a greater degree of per-
fection here th.an ihey attain to 111 ihcir native foil.
The produdions of ihefe provinces arc vine>, Ibmc
nheai, Indian corn, bailev, oats, beans, pea>, hemp,
flax, cotton, farlaparilla, tobacco, andindit;o. There
are the olive, orange, lemon, citron, c\prefs, oak,
and walnut-trees; belides the pine trees, whieii a (lord
turpentine, tar, and pitch, in abundance. There are
ieveral trees that \ield i;uiiis. Of al' thefe the three
great (laple commoditie'. arv iii(iit;o, rii >■, and the pro-
iluce ol the pine. The two latter are eonlined to South
Carolina. Rice is cultivated with peculiar itteniion
there, iiiid eoiidilules the created part of the food of
the people in lomiiion. The ground is not fav()iira()le
for thee II III vat ion of wl-.eal,with uhichthe inhabitants
arcliipphcd lioni .New Vork and l'eiinl\ Iv.ini.i, ine\-
ehansie toi rite. 1 he tree, here, as in e\ er\ part of
America, j;row to an aina/.inj; li/e, their trunks beii '4
often from 50 to 70 feet hi^h, without a br.iiii h or
limb, and lome upwardN of ^j6 feet in c iiciiinfcn ne( .
The people oi Ch.ii les-'l ov. n, ,is well a^ the Indian-,
fiollow thele into canoes, which lervetotrantpori j^ood-.
from place to ].lace ; and lonie (.1 them, ciMiiilliii^ i>[
one entire piece ol timber, are lari;e enoiiuli to tarry
thirty or forty bairels of pitch. 'I'lure 1, a tier in tin-
e(niiitr) uhith didils anoil,vei\ < Ificaciou- 111 ilie i un-
ol wounds; and anotiier wl.ii h ■, lelds a vet\ i.ilui.i.'V
bilni. 'I liele priniri.es pimluie l,ii tc (|ii,iuiities ol
iMclleni )ioiie\-, ol ■vliieh lb made a line ipi; it, and
mead eipial to .\lalii ;.i lack.
The oiiiiinal .ininials of ihi- (oiinn- a-e the fame at
ihofeol \ ii^-inl.i. KiiiO|)eaiiaiiiiii.dsal)oiiiiil 1hi<-: iI
[s not uneoininon !or ■in indi\idual it> pullels three
huiidie I heail of cattle; fbine are faid lo have more
than a lliouland. 'i'he\ are miiieil out in the tnoi iiiii';,
and rani;e the forills for food ; bin tin ir < ul\ i •> beiii'^
kept in fetu ed iiadures, lhe\ return to ihem tii iln-
evening;. I he hoi I'es ,ind hoj;s are e(|n,dly nuinerous.
I'he l)ea\ er> .iri' dedroved lien-, av in oilur placcv,
bv the encoiu.i'.;i'inenl the Iiidi.ins recen e lo kill them
for the profit ai ilim; from '.lie l.de of their Ikins.
The C.iiolinians < ultiv aleii loire tobacco ; but tlieii
chief tr.ide la\ in pro\ifions; lor ibev liipplied |.i-
iiiaici, IJ.iib.idoe , and the I.ee\*ard lllaiid-., w itii beef,
pork, sraiti, pea>, biilter, luet, law hide-, and lealhei.
They likewile fent to the lame iflandsiai, tiirpeniine,
limber, inalUand furs; but the lad were ol an inferior
ind.
Mai/.e, or Indian tmn, tliri\es here e.xceed-
lii'lv; but, in lome other relpefis, the pi mlud has not
bee'i aniwerable to the e.\pedation lioiii llie loll and
cli'nate.
Thoiii^h ni.iiu' pans of Carolina, elpicially tm the
fea-eoad, abound wall vines, yet no pro!;reli worth
meniioiiiiV4 has been made in piodiicin;; \Miie. 'llie
inanulaclnres of filk, iiotwiihdandinn the nre.it tpi n-
lilies of nuilbcrr\ -trees ihev ha\e,.ire not very 1 o'di-
deiable. Though cochineal u found heir, the inhabi-
tants leein to neoled the prolils arlini; Irom ih.il 111-
fec' ; .Hid, lor lome vears, their attention liaj been
chieliy turned towards niakiii;; indif^o.
The Carolinians import all kinds of woollen and
linen drapery, hardware, droii',; Iner, cyder, raifins,
potters-earili, tobacco pipes, paper, coverlets, mal-
iralle.s, hats, liockin^s, (ilove-^, iin-ware, jiowder .ind
fhot, nun flints, cordage, lookint'-[;lalles and i;laln
ware, thread, hai>erdafhery and linall w; res. Irom
Jamaica, Barhadoes, and the l.cev.ard lilands thev
had lu(;ar, rum, nunaires, cotton, chocolate, ncfjroes,
and liKer. from New Knj;land, New York, and
l'ennl\lvania, wheat llour.wheat heint; vorv backward
in the Carolmas; and hard wares and wine lioni .Ma-
deira, and the other idands 111 the wellcrn oiean.
Before the late dillurbances the met hod of fe'.tlin,", in
this plealant country wa.'.to pitch upon a void pieceol
ground, and either topurchale it at the rate of 20I. lor
1000 acres, and is. quit-rent (or everv 100 acres, or
elle pay a penny an acre ( uit-rent \ eaiU' lo the pro-
])rietors, "A iilunit purehale nioiu'v : 'he lornier nethod
w.is iiie molt cominon, and the teniiri- a Ire hold.
The land lieinn laid out, ilie purchaler buill upon it,
railed dock, planted ouhards, and made Inch com-
modities as wiun (old procured him (laves, hcnilhold
(•oods, and oilur conveniences: after this he vearlv
increaled his t ap.tal, and, by mdudrv, became 1 ich.
ISoth North ^iiul South Carolina are dividi 1 intodil-
tiids, Tl'.e former eonlaiiis thole of W'llmiiifjlon,
.Newhern, I'.denton, Halifax, 1 lil(b(jrou',;h and Sa-
Idbury. Tlie'e dillrids have their refpediv e counties,
bill iliey eoiitaiii nothiii;; worthy of deleription.
In the latter ate included the diftricli of Charles-
Town, Heaulori, Oiani;ebur™h, (ieoii;e-'Tow n, C.im-
den and (heraws. I |,c' chief lowii.^ aie, C h.iiles-
'Town and Port Ro\ ,:\.
C!harles-'Tow n is fituaii dm 71) dei;. well lon-itude,
and in 32 de^. north latitude; 011a peiiinlula lornied
by .Mhley and Cowper river.s; the lormerof wbuh i>
navigable fur (hip> jo miles above the tin\ n, and in 11
is a moll I ecu re and commodious hai bom ; but theie is
a bar which pre\ent$ vedelsof more tli.ili 200 tons
Irom entcriii'.; it. 'The town is well buili, .iiid preiiv
(Iroii'jly lortilied both bv nature and .iil. The dree: .
are wide and draii, inieiledmn each other at rit;ht
angles; liiole rniining call and well extend about a
mile Irom one 1 1\ er to the other. ( hai les-'Town con-
tains about 1000 hollies, (ome o( brick and othi i- ol
wood, but ill 'general handlbme, ele'.jant, and \etv
liinh rented. The chinch i>,i Ipacious building, _aiul
executed \u cle^aiu lade, and there are alio ieveial
ineellli;!-
AMIRICA.]
iiieiiinn-bonli''' l>clon!;ii
leiiiers, fbiiie of wliiih al
the (eat of the ^;overnor,
T iiililv met. Its \iciniiy
lion. Sevei.il li.indloin
'1 he plaiiiers and mere'
bud, and before llie wa
llie ( oloiiies, will' both
di. I md manlier of li\ it
to ihe honour of the pi
ill eoimni>n with l!ie oil
;i<4 unit the life of len.ii
l.nus ol life, thole aim I
eiiliii;!' ihe undeidand
wi I . cxi epli d ; liie iiiij
milled .1- uiU'il.
■fill le .lie 11:01. • will
S.eilh Cnolin.i, tli.iiljh
a> the laltei.
Ill till- \c.ir 1780, ( li.i
llij kind's troops, lurie
(O03 n.eii in arms priloi
tiiuied li \ en wiel-s. It
rcdored to me Ameiic.ii
I'oit Roval, or Beaiif
iil.ind of Tori Ro\ai, in
louih of (harles 1 ow n,
<,ip,il)leofrecei\ iii)' the
loiild i;et over the bar:
then in.iv enter, there be
icr. {.eor^;e 'Town i
Charles I own.
,\ll .atempis to form.
cd abortive till llie year
II. At th.it lime Icver.i
perlons ol dilliiidioii,
crown, invedins; iliein w
juiild.clion of this couii
l.iiids to Inch as were \v
Icillemelil, and to fubm
ted by the celebraied I
'They l)e,i;.in ibeir firl
ne.r ibe loiiibei n lima
n.i\ i>;;ible rivers, when
cii\ , I. died (harles T'
'This low II w.is deli>;iu
])it.d of the pro\ ince.
the other i olonies del
(or refu'j,e', s, they leh
follial thev extended 1
led tolei.:t;on to peopi
K( li.^ioiis dilputes
prodnied d;lleiai(ms, 1
coUmy W.IS rent ; and
ainoiii; llie proprieti
'The h i;!lhaure now i'
an ad oi parli.imeiii w
ol whu h ihis colony w,
tvClion of tl.e crown.
I om|)cliCe ol about 2.\
liaildauoii; but e.iil
whiih continued in il
tl;e more ( onveiiKIU
lin.i was divided into
iiieiiis, Xortli and So
1 7-'8, .ind liom ih.it t
Cherokees .md other
to lloui ;lli, and we. ill
ceeleil lo po\ eiiy .11:
When the jiropi n
hi . l.ile niajelh', onU ■
line, e.ich of wl.ieli
ai les of land li|ii.ue,
ai res lor e.icli in.ai,
which w.i . to be aii",i
in a condaum to i
tow 11 was ,dlo to lie
whereof w.is to be .ili
No. .[■).
ill
Is llm-i:
|.l\ (• iiinti-
tiioi Minn,
J\ IS brum
III lit lllc
-llllllCMI
i>ui ilirir
il li'.iilii'i.
|ii |ii'iiiiii<',
n iiiici lor
not
i'lil
\\ tin till.
J lit (|U II-
AMIRICA.]
NORTH AM r. RICA,
Hire
lin^-hoiilc'i l)cli)n!;inrt in dillircnt litis «if dil-
li Mil i>, loim' <<r wliuli .III- vii\ mat. 'I'lii'. tu'Mi Wiis
till- If, 11 t>r ilic j;i>vcrii<»r, and ilii; pl.ici- wIktc tlic al-
ii niiilv imt. Ii^ \ irinity is IkmuiiIiiI In yoiiti di'l't i ip-
iniii. SiMi.il ii.iniiriiiiu- l■l|llil)l^^^ .lie kij)! iii'ii'
'1 Ik- iil.iiilils ;ind nil II liaiil>
an-
(i|iiilriii and wi
iiiil III lor;
NVl
llH- WW
lull:
cillll"
1 1 iii.inti
iuiiiour
r lii'iu tin (ill at I'liiiain and
1 1- lidili lliiw \ ,jiid I \|)i iili\ I' ill liifir
r nl ll\ 1
il till' ]'i
It
•il;;lil 1(1 l)i' oDkTMd,
(>r (. iiulina, tliat win n
III iDiinnoii Willi llu' nliii I ( ul()lili-i lluv
III
iiU nil
l.ilU
II ll
iil\ I il
nil- III I ci lam Ui\iiiii>, anil <vi-n lu'i 1 1-
il liii', liuil'f aiiii l^•^ w
■ till' uiidi-i llaiuhii'
liii 11 iiii|iiiivi' till' iiiniil
.1
(t ll
11' i.i
A'lylid; lllC niijH.i union ol bdiiKs w.i.s p
n.iiiii
IIIU ll.
,111' Illi'U' wllili
pin,,
n N'oTlli tli.iii ill
So'iili CiKiliii.i, 111. null llu- luiiiKi' IN mil lo wiallliv
:i> ilu' laiu I .
1 11 tlir \ I .II'
i-Ro.di,
111.
■Town lioiin;
(1
1)1 li
ili>
ririidi'ii'd on i apKiil iimn \»iih
(ooo ii'.i n in anus priluiur., .iIiit llu' lu'H
liad
lllllllMl ll \ I'll W I'l'ks.
Il
iltciwaiils cvatualtil and
rd
III d tn iiic .Viiiri il ,ins.
I'oii Ri)\.il, III iic.uiruii Town, i
(it
iiaU'd on
ill.ind (i! I'nri Rn\,ii,in :ji di '.;. iinili l,ii. i JO inilfs
ioiiili of ( liaric- Town, h.iviiii!; a i aim ioun liaihoiir,
< iji.ililc olrti'i'iN inn liii- i'<i\ .ll n.iv\ nl I^.n^Lind, il ilu'v
miild m'l oviT till' liar: Ikiwi'Mi, lliip. ul ^ood liill-
llu 11 ni.iv iniiT, iluTi' liiinj; i8 It'ii (Upih ai low \va-
lor. (.rurnc T )w 11 is ahuiu 50 miles iinrili ol
1 li.iili'N Tow II.
.\ll .illi'iiipi-. Ill rniiii a rrillcniiMit in Ciioliiia prov-
ed .ilioi'ii\ (• till the \e.ir idd i, in I lie 11 rj,n ol C ha lies
II. At ih.il lime le\ eral lunhlh liobleiiun.aiid other
licilon^ ol ililliiKlioii, obtaiiKd a thaitii lioin the
erown, iiuellini; ihein with the jnopeiiy and ahlohiti;
jurildidion oliliis emintr\. They parcelled out th-.
lands lo Inch as were willing to emliark fur the new
It iiienient, and to luhniil to a lyllein ul laws tompu-
liil hv the eelehraled l.oeke.
Thev lie,i;aii iheir lit il letlleinent at a point of land
ne.'.r tlie loiithern liiniiv of their ililliirl, Ixtweeii two
n.iv i>;;d)le rivets, w here lhe\' laid the Ion iid.it ion ol the
ciiv, i.illed C harles Idwii, in honour ofkini; Charles,
This lown was deli.nr.ed to he, whalil now i-, the ca-
irn. il of ihe pi u\ i:ue. Ohfcrviiig what advantages
the other lolonies derived from <<petiini; an liarhuiir j
l.n refii'^e- >, they relolved lo heiuiit hy the example,
I'othat thev extended lite fi henu'.and ;;,ive an iinliinil-
le.l lolei.;t;on |.) peoi)li' ol all ulinious perliiafioiis.
K( li'.;ioiis dilpule.-, l,owi\ei, in proeels oi lime,
pn.diKiil liiUeiition'., tiinnilts and riots, whereby llie
eoioiiy w,is letil; .itul thele.with Ionic difanreeniciils
aiiMHi.n the propiietor.>, ihreatencd its diitriielion.
The h h'II-H'T'^' "<>\^' ihoiii;lit il time to iiiierpol'e, aiid
an ael i.i parli.inient was aeeordmnly path d, hy \ nine
of win I h lhl^ r(i!oii\- was put iiiuli r liieinniiediaie pril-
ls dioii 111 ll e (TOW II. The proprietor aeeepted a re-
iom))eiKi 111 .duuil j.i.oool. hotii lor the piuperty and
lii!ilili(lioii; hilt e.iii (iianvillc retained his 111. ire,
wlnili tontinned in the pollenion of his fimily. lor
thr more lonveiiuiit ,ulminiltr.il;oii ol all.iirs, Ciro-
liiM was divided i.ilo Iwo dilhiCts and two nuverii-
ineiits, .Vortli and Sonili. 'ibis happened iiulicyear
1 7.'8, and liom lb. it time, piaie beiin; made wiih the
( lurolM'i'N and other Iiidi.iii liibes, the colony be^aii
111 nuiiiilh, and wulili ^'.lul inierii.il tr.iii(|uilliiy kie-
(ic !ii| to poveiiv ami enmmuiioiis.
When the iiKipirlN ol Cinilina m.is purrhifed hy
Ills bill, iiiajeily, oidi'is were illued lor buildiin^ towns
llCie, iMcli of W'liiili was to b,i\ e .1 diliriii r\' 20,000
ai H s (.1 bind li|ii.ire, lo he di\ ideil into Hi. ires ol li\'e
aires lor e.ieli m.m, w 0111. '.11, or
ild of
ihui
1 w .1 , lo he ail" me I
nted, .IS the planters Ih.oii!
tmiiv,
(1 he
in a I iiiiililioii to I nil i\ .
fiiw 11 was ,il lo 10
1
Lii'ier ini.iniitv; e,uh
be I.
iriiH (1 into .1 J
lai It
the
extent
Mlu'icul w.is to be about li\ miles roun
No. .[).
d; and, as luoii
605
the paiilli com lined 100 mafic
iff
crs ol I imiliPi, II wa-s
ipialilied to lend two members lu i)ic aliniibly of ill
'••'"•i piivilege of any ol"
province, and to enjoy
lie oilii r provinces.
the r
'I'he i;oM rnmeiiiof N'orili (
1 (governor, feiiale, and lioule of n prefeiiUlives, all
'iia IS now Ve
ftc-d
in
I le<
led
.iniiii.illy.
dl
li
le e.vei llliM
power Is 111 a ^(j-
veriior and leveii eoiinlellors. Siniih ('.iiolin.j is un-
der a miv i inoi, leiMleol ij, and a hoale ol reprclcli-
laiives ol 2Qi inembei.-.
S I'-. C T ION' \III.
c, 1,0 Rf; I A.
T
HISp
rovince is htii,ilei
bel
we( n JOaiK
' ,33 '1
fff.
nil hit il tide, .111(1 helween 80 and 813 dei;. well
loin-i.iide. Il is about 700 miles in lennih and 120 in
bre.idth. Il is bounded by C.irolina on the north, hy
Hoi ida on th" louth, by ihe Ailantic Oceanonihe e.ift,
and by the .\p.ilachi.in mountains on ihe well. Tin:
rivers in (ieoi 'ia .ire the .M.ita
im,ili,i,tlu'S,i\ ,innali ane
St.
Ill's, the mouths ol ihe two lirll for
in exec
llelil
To the fouth of the river Savannah is ;i capacious
road e.dled Tek\ -Sound, where .1 l.irs^e fleet may an-
chor ill between lOand 1,} lalhoin.^ water, biini; laiid-
loeked, and ii.ivinn a lair en;r.iiiei' over the h.ir.
The climite ol mis province is niiich the fiiiie ai
lh.it of '.'arolin.i. The foil is in lome ])aris Ids pro-
per lor eulii\atiun iliaii in others, but il is feriile in
niiier.il.
(.eoi^i,! produces Indian corn, wheat, oals and bar-
lex . Ueie arc alio pouitoes, pumpkins, water and
miilk melinis, cm umbers, Kiiiililh and Italian ]ieas,fal-
1.1(1 infill general the) ear round, lo^et her with,i 11 kinds
ol Iwiel herbs .Mid pot herbs. Nectarines, peaehe*
and plumbs are as pUniifiil as apples in Kni;laiid. The
fniii of the mulberry trees are not comp.ir.ible in tla-
voiir to thole <)l Knnland, but the leaves are txcclleiil
food lor filk .vorms. Olives aboundhere inperleclioii,
and the orani;cs exceed tbofe of the provinees in gene-
ral. The trees of C.eornia are pine., oaks, hiccory,
hl.ick walnut, cedar, black and white cvprefs, white
and red laurels, bays, ni) riles, of the berries of which
they make candles; faflafras, an infufion of which
makes (Tood drink, beech trees, .iiid many others.
In the winter fealon, from Xovemberto March, the
country abounds with .t;,mic, fuch as w ild (reefe, ducks,
teals, widgeons, woodeocks, and p.inridges, but they
are fmaller thanthole in Kngl.'.nd. Thereisa creature
between a r.dibit and a hare, which is ^ood e.itiiif;, and
in \ cry cold weather there are vail llights of w ild pi-
j^eons, which arc ealily lliot. The liimmer jraniearc
deer and ducks, liie flefh of the bears cubs nearly
refembles in talle that of young I'igs.
'Ihojgh the woods abound with fnnkes, none are
venemous but the rattle-fnake. The rivers abound
with Ibarks and alligators. C)sflersare inminicrablc,
but not lo well ll.ivoured as the l''.ni;lilli. There arc
alio crabs, mulcles, and l.irge jir.iw lis.
The inhabitants export foiue corn to ihe Weft Indies,
raife fomc rice, iiiid have made fome progrefs in the
cultivation of indigo.
Of all the inamilactures none feenis fo praflieahle
lure, nor iiune hem fu i.il, ihan the railing of filk.thc
fod being well ad.i])ted to the culture of mulberrv-
trei's, and the climate higliK' benign to (ilk worms.
from ihe tjiiay m.iy be leen the w hole coiirfc of ilie
river towards the le.i one w.iv, and, on the other, for
about fi.xiy miles up the country. This river is na\ i-
gable for large boats from Savannah to Align Ihi, wliii h
are 200 miles dill, ml (rom each other. Aiigiilla is
lituatecl in one of the moll feriile parts ol ibe pii)\ ince,
ind
Fred
carries on a eonlider
ibl
e trade w it
lb the Indians
erica is ,1 regular lortre
ited
w III! lever,
d
pieces ol cannon.
\\ bitlield founded;
.At S.iv.innah the Kev. Mr. t;
xrd
n orph.in-lunilt', w
hicl
corge
1 was aftcr-
s coiu'erteu into a college lor tlie reccp
M
lion of 111
Jem;
v.!
]'■ him
^ V m
Ksn
:m. !'iJ
\
KOG
A NIAV AND ArTflF.N'TIC SY.STF.M o» VNIVF.RS \I. (U.or.RAPHV,
In p
rci'c
Is of
,w (■
iiiiii Vkcrr i.iifi'tl, nti'l n."
«loMis in i!:viiiit\. S.iv.'.iinali w.i'. in podidioti of the
Hniilli irooiis III Odolur 1770. ^^ll<•■" Ininn liidcm'il . inli.iliii.iiiis f<ni i>\<r; In ili;ii l)cli)ii- ilic yi.ir 1;
l>v till' AiiKTiiiUi'i anil Frtm
I), ilu
I'V iipiilli'tl ilnni
tin- (iiilcTs ill ilic i.i()\imi' wcri- cvrrv wlic
II' nniiu -
lithgriMt (lauRliiir. It was, however, tv.n.u.in.d and rou*. Diiriiiimn^ iit lrin;ili l|)i.iii;; up, \s in 11 ucmm.
liloiHil to ilu' AnuriiMni. |; incnt inicrpolcil.anilpKuMl (iiouti.i on the I.iiikIiii.u
In 17 (i,
a iMiinlu I
I" ;;(iiticinin forinrd a di-fit;n ol in,> <\iili ('ariilin.i. .Since llie lesoli i>l ilie nilniiii
nuikiii'Ailiatir.ukori.i
till lutwefli llie rivers Sav.
vicealiie to ('.real llrilam, l>\ eriMlm;; 11 mto a I'.iti
Inilwark, for liie I'ouiluin Britilh colonies a:;aiii
alled(/eori;i.i,wliuhi> Inn
lah and Alatainalia, li
,1
II ih.
the novernineni of (■.eori'ia li.is licii veiled in n I'.u-
veriior, ixeiiilive ((Hiiicd ol ij.aiid lionfe ol allem-
il of ' l.lv of -2
Spaniards; lor prcxhicinn i;i eai bcnelit> to the iitoilu r
jcninirv! but, above all, of (>ivin;; employment to
vail nil niber s of people vlio were bur the tiloine. 11 home
to tlicir li lends and panlhes; and petitioned the km;.;
It.
repicjcnlative'
ctnircii, a coiiil.
>reli(iiilc, a uoal
It hn
a wliaif, a <',n ird-hoiile,
<itid otlivr public biiildiih;s, Tlu re is alio. 1 lonlt.int
watch, 'rhehonlfs are rei^nl.uh I iiilt at fome dillance
Iroiii each other, for the lake of I
teiiii', more am, an
kt
i<
or a charter, whu h was accordiii'^lv ;;ranie(l iliein.
11
ter, which was dated that year, lonllimtcd
ns cl ar
liein a corp<iralion
Mill
linn a c
.1.
bv the name ol tiiiltees lor ella-
n C.coi jri, 1,1 lie liidinn all that coiiiiiry
Iltnated inSonth Carolina, which lies from the moll
northern II ream of I he Saxaiinah River.alimnthecoalf,
iiy 1
orm leviral Ipatiuus fipiares and llree;s.
'I'liL IsyiptNUisi SI A I'll
\l.
!(>NI',
to the molt font hern ilrcam of ihe Alatamaha, and || 'T'lll". independent llaie of X'tinion; r^
well from the heads of ihe laid rivers, in a duett line, j X tenlivc track ofdumirv, litiiated t-
to the Soiii
hSe
■fh
iriioration was veiled w it h. ill
>nt.iin>, an e\.
w ,ir(:
th
e nccel
llarv i)owers,for the term of zi vearslroiii
ithc
ilarl
V 10 ei
llett
lenelaftions
litiMte.l to ll'( callw.ird
>l \ew llanii)(liire and Vlall.K huh Its li,\, audio llif;
nonh o
f (•
(ticiit,
lietween the i iver <•! iliat name,
2 th
em til
!iid Iliidfiii's River. It was formed bv mnt-raiion*
rom
.New Hatnplhireand \ew-\ 1
I
leiimnranis
having lettled on lands 10 the \\ellw.ir<l, neither c laiin-
ed or cultivated liy the pcoidi- of the provinces bc-
1, loon urew niimeroiis, and Ipiead
full i.ilile
ore-nutitUMiec
uate (it Ihe charter, ])artKii
for liitini; out the einij;rants, and hipportii
their hoiifes could be built, and their lands cleared.
C.eneral C)<;lethorpe, cnie of the tnillees, a gentleman
of unhoiinded benevolence .md public fpiri:, eoni-
nianded ihe lirll einb.o katuni to <'.eori;ia, to whom the
Lieek nation viiluni.inly 1 cliiu|uillie<l then nnht to
all the lands lyini; between the above inentumed ri-
vers, which they did not ule theinlelves. I'pim this
Mr. 0>;lethorpe laid out tlie town ot Savannah, and
ereHed leveral forts to cover the colony .ngainll any
liollile attempts of tlu- Spini.irds or Indians. In the
^^ar 1 ;■ ^ J a confulrrable number of I'loteltant S.dt/-
lniij;hers went over, who, with olliers of their coiin-
ir\ineii, who followed, were leiiled in a town on the
Savannali, which ihev called Kbenezer, and, bv tluir
habits of in(hillr\' and fobrieiy, they Uion became a
eonlideiahle leitlement. In 1734 another embarka-
tion, conlilliii^ of ^ooinen, 1 10 women, 102 bo\s,and
83 i;irl.s, arri\ed lioin I''n;;land, moll of ihcin at the
public e.\|>ence. In 1735 about 160 Scotch llij;h-
l.iJider.s went over, and lelt!ed iliemleUes iipcui Al.u
t iniaha rncrs, ifi miles !)y waier from the Illand of
St. Simon. Tliev t;'ve the name of Darieii to a
final! fort i!ie\- btiiit there; and that of .N'ew Iiner-
iiels 10 a lin.iH town they .ifterwards added to it. In
Fehniarv, 1736, Mr. Oj^lethorpe, with ahoui 300
jialfeiii^ers on board iv.o lliips, ancliored in the load
• il Sa\annah, ,111(1 foon after laid the lound.itions ol
the town and fort of f'rederica. lielides the private j
benefactions received bv the triiflees diiiini; tlie term ,
ol tluir iliarler, l.ui',e lupplies wen- ;;raiued bv par- j
li.iiiii'nt. In 1 y 51} a Ipecimeii of {■,eori;iaii raw lilk j
was (Nhibitcd in London, which the meri. hauls, who |
(halt in lh.it commodit\, declared to be as ^ood as ■
.in\ r.iw lii.k that eani' Innn Italy, and worth at halt I
'..Ids. per pound. In i 7.J J, about 5 or 6000 Spaniards '
and Indians invaded (.ieor^ia, in about r,o \ elleK of ;
.ill kinds, but were lepulled by General O^lelhorpe, |
i'.t ihe lie. id 111 ihe I''.n:;lilh lorces, and a finall bodv 1
ol IiKii.iir,. 1 rem that time It remained undilliirbed, I (,reen Mouniaiii, uhich inade N'eid .\Ionl, and, bv
f.iii not out i.r dani;cr Irom the Spani.irds, till the le- ,| cornipiion, X'ciiiiont. Hence the i in '^ in ut the name
liui.lioii of St, .\uf .:t!ne by the ilii'ililli.
theinlelves to ,1 coiiIkU i.ihle extent.
The iiihabit.mi": of thole provinces bid loiii; benj
jealous ol the rilint; nreainels of the colony of \'er-
inoiit, and delirous of criilliin^ it, but never (oiild cf_
fett their dehgn, while the cohniies were iinih r the
pirildiHion of the mother counirv. When the l.tte
dilfeiuions be.;. in, tl.ev nprelenttd the \'criii(mtef<?
to Conprels as ,1 dil.ilKMed .md em roachini; people.
The X'ermonule, on their part, prolellcd their ^itt.ich-
meiit to the ^eneial ,\meric.iii caiile, and re.jiielled
repreleniaiion in eoiiRrels.in common with the- other
Hates. C'onjrrefs.far from i omplyinnvvith therecpieft
of the \'ermontefe, decided in favour of the colonics
of .N'ew llamplhire and N'ew York, and eoniraded
the bound.iries of that of Wrmoiii. In pnuif< of
time, howt vei, ( (mt^refs rehixed in tin ii fi verity, and
tranlmitied a fivour.ible projiolal to the X'ermuriieCc,
which beiin; ai ceded to, III ■tiers were ad;iilh d in
.April, 178.'. With refpitt lo perfon, ni.iniK rs, ( ii(-
toins, cVi. 11 is re.ilonihle to i oiu hide, that the peo-
ple ol this pKiviiKc be II • efembl.ince, in fui h pirli-
culars.to thole ol the proviiu ■ s irom wiiu h thev emi-
grated. 'I'l-.i
the faille
le (lim.iie, loil, and produce, are nuu li
as thole of New I laniplliire .md New \'ork.
I'ro])eilv fpe.ikiiiM, there i^ no cll.ihlilhed Imni nt
!^i)verninent. Kili.m .\l|en, linious lorilir eNpedilinn
he underiiiok a'.;ainll Tn cimli 1 ,i''(i, in 1 -- -, w idioiil
any other aid ili.in that ol a bofiv ol voiiiniei rs who
followed his fortunes, m.ide himlelf cinel ol this i oun-
Iry. This entcrpri/iin; i;eiiius loiined ihere .inallem-
blv of reprelenlativev. 'Ibis .ilh ini)lv ej.ints l.mds,
.md ihe country is luhjecl to il> own laws .done. The
inh.iliilanls were knovMi, lor .1 confidcr.ible time, by
tl'.i' name ol " (iieen .Motini.iin 15o\^;" but ihinkinij
;iri ij^iionunious ap|Hll.ilion, ihev f re,,; fulied
ih.il
II of this Hale,
W' ^^
^
'^■y'
CHAP.
SPAXn
SK( 1
FI.OR I n.\. K.
THIS country w.isdilV
loine years before it
'I li.it nation, 111 I r, I .!, i;.iv
lieiidiiu;, under the n.iiiie
(lom ihe J.,ih to ilu- ji^ili <
wh.it 1^ now |)ropi riy cille
liiu.ited biiween 2-, .mil ']
and in about H.', d' '.;ri es ol
«'d on the north by (leori-i
ol.Mevii o, (Ml the e.ill ii\ 1
.\il,miic Ol e.in, and on th
pi. Il Is about .-,00 miles 11
01 the miinni.iiiis llie nn
l.u hi. in, which div ide (',
American St.iles, from Kb
ble rivers pals ihioiinh thi
n'e in the .\pal ichi.in n
< .iilph of Me\ico, or the
a-e the Milhlhpi, the (
Mo'iile, and the river 5
vv ' ;ch the French call St.
t ,e linell Mv ei in the worh
free from Ihoals ,ind cat.ir
f.T le inues of Us loiiicc
It, ire ol hlh.
florid I, by the tre.ily 1
bv Spain to < lieat I'rii.iin,
Ionics, Fait and Well flo
III II con'ider it, liaviii!;
I -jH-}, it vc.is tak'-n bv
tlu m bv (ircai Hrit.iin I
KASr FLORIDA c
lions of acri s, which is
I'llhee.dtei n ,ind luiillier
fornu il b\ n.irrovv Itr.ut
liie well, .indjoin others
(il the |Miiicipal of the 1
iitu Santo, which exien
■J7 K amies, and is near 8
conimunications w iih tl
]ieninlula, ,is well .is vvii
the louth-ealt of this p.i
ill. mils .md rocks, called
Is' \s ol the .M.irtvrs, wh
.1: ihe dillancc of thirici
to the molt lonthern poi
II iiiis, on their returnthr
Old Sp.iin, ran loiil of 1
j.iiu e or inattention ol 1
III llie captaiiisdiloluyii
j;ei, .md laved his lliip
entirely loll, with i;reai
I he foil, except in t
Ihoies are landv or mai
find.
The coiiniiy abound
Iriiit trees, elpeeiallv
eyprefs, and cliefniit n>
dm.uy leni^ih and li/e, ,
rilhineiii to I'wine. I'u
gre.itell jileiuv , is the I
<)ii.intities aie exported
allonriiwiure innre.ital
(oris, .md cotton trees,
herlis. The root calleil
fava llntir and bread at
the Iruits tlieie li one
r :°7 J
C II A p. \I.
SPANISH DOMINION'S IN NORTH AMKRICA.
I
SK( riox I.
i l,{)I< I DA, I. AS r \-.
w Ks r
T
HIS coiintrv w.i'. (liliovcrcil hv Sil),illi,m (' il)i)i,
Icitni' y I' irs hclort' ii w.it ktiDWiito ilie Sp.iiii.i
(1»
I li ii ii.iiKiii, III I ';t 2, ^.i\ <' II .1
villi
I'Mrill. I iiiiiiiri'-
wii'iu luiiic, wiu'n 111)
11. Il, ilMIOIIil
tlic I
l)V til
uropciiiM, It
inc ol the I iirili;il |ul< |)
'i'lurf •lit' woods wliiih Icivi' lor ilyiiii;, as iu'tu
)r.i/ili-iiu, lo^wooi
(1, <'v:i
'I'licrc .ire llirii
IS, V llllll
iii.iy he of (jriMi ronliqiicnii- in ir.iilc, In, Ii ;is tlin
Ml) rili-\»ax III I III), wlm il v;ro\Ks iiu'm r\ riiil,tlico|iuii-
III, IIU' llllll, I llll II
1), c";-
o Uili lil.i\
;t(iil 'li, thai
litiiiiiii'.', iiiiiUr till- II. line- III llorid.i, ;ill ilu' ioiiiitr\ j' I..1II I'loiiil.i li.u the i;riMt((l p.iit tililic I'luii tni- ol'
Iroiii liic 2.-,th tollii- 3()lli ilf,;irc ol'iioiili Liimidf. Hiil | ilic N'lu World. Kilt iloridi liis alio ininii of lii
uli.il IS now iirojiirU i .ilK d ilu: I'l'iiiiiliii.i ol I'lorida,
litii.iti-d liciwfi'ii 2f, and 31 dc'^rci.'* of north laritiidr
d in .ill
out 8.', d(i;n is ol \\ ill loiii;itii(
II-. It
(l-
|)l.iiu I allid h.irilla,or kali, w itii v. Im li pcarl-allics .irc
Ilk-, and (li which conlidt'rabli- i|iiantitii.'s arc
iin-
id on ihi- norili liv (Icori-ia, on tlu- ioiiili In tlu' (iiilph
ol .\l(\ii o, on lilt' llll li\ the llr.iils ol H.ih.nii.i .iiid the
AiI.iiiikOi I'aii, and on ilu' will hv ilu' river MiliiHi|)- j onllv 111
Ml. Il Is ahoiit .-,00 nil Us in Iimi.;iIi, ,iiid |.]0 in In i-.iiilli
poriid inio luiropi- ior divi-is iiridiil |nirj)or<vs. Himc
is a iori oi' (>r.iin iiki" our oats, and ,\ licii rii^! My prc*-
pind ixiicd- our lull o.iImhmI. It i^rciws Ipontaili;
P
a(«vs, and liy thi' I
olrivirs, like
Tlu- Indi.ins, when it is ripe, t.ikc handliilh
01 till' moil ni<i Ills till' nioll ronln
kral)
lulu. Ill, which dividf C.iiolin.i, and tlu- ull ol the
Am ricali St.iti's, Iroin
I-l.
.\v
ill
niiinlii'i III 110-
iihI 111 iki' thcni
the
CM canoes, and wli.it clc.ipcs
llll- rivers prils iliioiii;li iIiin i ounir\ , the nii
r.''- Ill the .\p.il 'clii.in nioiiiiMiiis, .iiid l.i
(.iiliih ol Mivieo, orlhr Ail.iiilii Oce.iii.
iiilo llie
'II
the Milhlli
ill
11
pi, the
Oh
Si.
11- river M. |olin.
iicli rill Si. I ouis, IS,
|oh
ilie Co/.a, Coiill
The MilhH:
I, or
le clue
iliippi
retpecis
thetii,i.iiliiii; intoihr water, produces, without I'unlicr
troiili
Ic.i
le next Near ,s croi:
IJiit the moll rnii;iil,ir prodiulion intlie\egetaMcfy-
lleni, ill this or in .my other coiiniry, is the e.ihbas^e-
tree, e.illcd hv loiiie iMliiialills the p.ilinello royal.
The tiiiii
little Ilea
r the
Mn'iiie, .111(1
V :ili the I r
t eliiiell rivei ill the world. It runs a very loin; coiirl'e, j
Iree iroin Ihoals ,ind caur.icl.s, and i.s iiavii^.ible within
f-i le niies ol lis Inline. In tliefe riwrs is j^ood
IK.re ol Mil.
lloridi,l'\' the hi.ily ol jieare in 176^, was ceded
1)V Spain to ( lieat I'l il.iiii, who dnided 11 into two co-
lollies, Kali and Well llorida, aci ordiiij^ to which we
111 II con'ider it, liavini; iirciiiiled, that, in (he year
i;S3, II w.is lak'-n by the Spani.irds, and ceded to
tlu 111 hv (ireai Hrii.iin by the ireity of tyS].
I, A. SI" I'l.ORIDA < oinpreheiids about iwelve mil-
lions oi a I ri s which i~ .iboui the (piaiiiiiy ol Irel.'.nd.
I'l ilue.illei ii.indroutheriiii.iiis.ue.iiuiinberol ill.inds,
the b-
ilaluhllj
UrouiKl, will
ch
[;ives It the liecominn .ip]H'ar.ince ol .1 lulillaiuial lialii
to liipjxirt its lowerini; weii^hi. It is lirait as an ar-
row, riles above an hiiiidred leet in hei^^hl, and the
trunk near the earth i.s about liv or leven leet in cir-
ciimrereiu e, the whole body >;rowiii.; taperiii;; to the
top. 'i'hc iiilide text III eoi the li-.ives a])]u-ar as thread-
like iilainents, wliiih beiiii; Ipiiii, are iiled in ni.ikiiuj
cordage ol every kind .is well as lilliin^-nets. W'h.it
is called the cabba);e lies in many .liiii, while, brittle
ilakes.wdiich, wlun raw, have i'oineihiin; ol the talie of
almonds, and when boiled, lomcthiin; oi' that oi cab-
ba;;e, but iweeter and more aoieeable.
Here is good beel, veal and tmiiton, with plcnt\ of
ho'^s, eljieeially on the le.i conll, ,iiid .ill'o not only e.it-
tie ioi draunht of the i'artar breed, but liorles lor the
foriiuil by narrow liraiis and ba\s, which run in iVoiii ji I'.iddle, that m.iy be purehaled lor any tulle of I'.uro
the well, andjoiii others iroin the loiilh andeall. One :' pe.iii coiiimodily
ol li.e priiu ip.il ol'ihe bays is c.dled I.a;;iina del Klpi
ritii Santo, which cxtrtiils, from north to louili, about
■^7 Kmuiics, and is near 8 leai^iies w ide. It li.is lever. il
cominiiiiicatioiis wiih the ba\ 011 the well lide oi' the
peiiinlul.i, as well as with ihi' (iiilph ol I'loiid.i. 'I o
the loulh-eall ol'this part ol the i (Miiiir\ is a eliaiii oi'
illaiuis .Hid rocks, called C"ay os de los Mai i\ rN, or ili''
Ixevs ol ihc Martvrs, which extend, in a circular lorin,
.1; the diilanre orihirieeii le I'^iies i'roni I'linta Florid, i
10 the moll loiilliirii point. In 1 773 a lleer of i.j j^.il-
h ,Ml^, on their retiinithroiii^i, lie (iiilpli ol I'loridi lor
nidSp,
lUl
ran loul of the
e 1 1
throiii'li the I'rno-
l,ouc or inane 111 ion ol the i ominandcr in ( hi
One
ol llic captains I
pt.i
ililoli
•\iiii; the lti;i
, avoidedthe dan-
ger, and laved his Ihip; but the other lliirteen were
entirelv loll, with ,i;reat part of their treafiire.
Ilie foil, except in the niidi:
die
IS \ erv low.
Ihoie
land.
I'h
aiiuv or marlliv to .1 ''le
'I'he
at ilillauce within
e coiintrv aboiiiu
lis with .ill kinds ortiiiiluT and
nut trc!
Ipeeiallv
I'
cvprels, and clicfnut ti ec
d
., laurels, palms, cedars,
iliicli iMow to an e.xtraor-
iii,irv leimili and li/.e, anil, w nil the oaks, a
ill'ord
nou-
filhmeiil to Iwine. But the wood moll prized, and
gre.itill pleiuv, is the lallafras, of which rein,irk,d>le
<ju,inlilics are exported
alloj;rowhereiiii;re,it a
The wild beads of this coiintrv are jianthers, bcarj,
cat,iniountains, biifl'aloes, deer, li.ires, !;oats, rabbits,
be.ivers, otters, foxes, llyin;; Iqiiimls, &c.
The le.ithered creation is luimeroiis, as cranes, wild
i;eefe and ducks, turtle doves, partridj;es, ihriidu-i,
ja\s, hawks and crows. The macco,i, the hiimminii-
binl, .mil a ureal number of others, ibiiie oiwhieh
are of beautiful pliiiiia;;e.
.-Ml the low lands on the coafl, as f.ir as they can bo:
appro.iehed, are bordered with inaii'^rove trees, to
wliii h adhere an incredible number of luiill (i\ Hers, of
del
piilite llavoiir
icioiis, are loiiiu
Othc
:li 1
iisiei, and not lil
1 in the lea, and iIkii in Inch niim-
hat thev iorm Ihelves therein, which, at hrfl
view, leem like rott
L'l with
the liirlace i:
fth
The other producis of F.all Florid. 1 ar-
cocliine.ii, iiKlino, am
ametln lis, tiircjiioiles, lapis-lazuli
Hones ; likewile copper, (iiiickfiU
1 lilk-t^rals. It q||o produces
iii.d other precious
1.
(1 a kind of Hone tiileh, calh'^
ver, tii'-co.il, iron ore
<pe», whi'di il.
'Si
i.miarus tile as
tar f
or their
Ihi
IT'
The principal town in Fall Flori !.i is St, ,\i;,;iilliiie,
nand
111": oil the eallern co
illofil
' pemiilula, a! out 7.1
Fxcel
eiu limes and pi iiiie
;iies from ihc (liilph of Florid.iaii.K'haiinel IB.i-
lorts
s, and cotton trees, hem
Iniiul.iiu e,\vith vines ol varioii
hi
301
II
nth
il
ot I lie river
Al
iialiam.i oi
Al
•i.x, ])iille, roots, aiK
IS. The root called mendihoca, of which the eaf-
llour and bread are made
17 liom ihe lown and ri\er ol Si\aiuiah.
iniiii.u'iM,
It Iv
IS very common.
Of
the liuits there is one called tuna, lu cxquilitc and
i
lim.ited in l.iiitude 30 detjrees north, a
the lliorc, or the bottom of a hill, in the
11(1 lies alou"
if
r.illelogi.im, ilir llreets cutting each other at rinht aii-
ules. The port is formed by anillandandalang point
IS toriucu iiy aniliau'
ui
,♦ I
: 1 i;|
i
' r
.'Ki
..i M 'h
:,o8
A \E\V ANP AUTlirXTIC SY.'VIF.M oi ryi\-KRSAI. GKOCRAnn-,
fc
of land, .•ilniofl rli\u!i'<l from tlic rontinrni hv ;i nvcr, |
wh'uli fails iiuo I'u- li'ii iwo miles loutli cC ll-.i- liiv.ti.
Ahoiii .\ mile id iIk- rorih-.vaid oC ilu- tDwn It.iiuis tlu' |
callK-, lalU-.l Si. loluiS I-ort, (K U-ihIciI liv lour IkiU j
lions, iuul prcliv llioii'.;. 'I'iu- i iiiianci' 'iilo il'.i' I'orl i
lu-s bi'lwLi-ii the idaiKl and ihc point ol l.iml, ami is '
ahoiit onr mile .iiu! a (|iiaru-r ovtT, at iv, iiulnil, moli
p.irt ol'llu' coall of Morula. Down liv lIu- ii.li-, alioiil
tlin I' (lu.iitirs ol .1 niilc lonih ct lIu- town, ll.uuls the
cliiuili ami inoiuillL'iv ol St. Anu,ii(hni'. 'I'lu- lull
built part ol tlic town is on the north luli-, Kailiiv; to
the lalllc. On '.ht noith aiul louili arc tun Iiidiau
towns, without the liiy walls.
■\\'l'II Morula is a loii'; track of land of niorc
than Solca'^uts.i \h luiin^ from call to will, aloiv the
toall ofthi- Hay of .\k'\uo. 'Ihc {liinati.' i< hoi, ..iin]),
and uiiluMlthv, partii iihirK' lUMr tin" lea. 'I he- 1 vand
I.ikfs 11]) a ,i;riat (k'plh.aiid is lonipolcdol wliKi and
<lr\ faiui. On juKaiuinn into the i ountr\ , whu h is
prrtty even, tlu" ilnnaU- i> found to he more healthy,
iini'. the lands more iiuilful. They l'.i\ e annually two
liarvells of inai/.e. They have alio ^ood palhirauc,
Jil'd ]>k'nt^ ■■i cattle. 'I he Iri.-e> ,iiid plants are nuich
tlie l.;:ne as in Kail Morida ; hut the \\ ell .dlords foine
articK's \\hii.h are warned there. Tile inlaiul parti air
ilifo Miiich helte.'.
Tciils arc fuiiiid licre in ';rcat aiiund.inee ; iiut ihe
Indians prize the l-.UMi|)eaii heads more. I ])on tlit
V hole coall, for 200 le.i!^Ui>, aie I'-'cr.d vail in d- (il
Dvlhrs, and in the lielh water 'akc s and ii\ ers is a hirt ;
of Ihcll hih, hetwem a nuilili aiulan oylh-r, in whu''. '
is fouiu' abunflaiue '.;' j.earls, many ol wldeh jve I
larger than (irdinai . . '
The French inli.diitants, wlioareniiiiicrons here, are
cliielly eiiiplov'd in the hiiildini; lliijA, and ci:!ti\ ami'; |
rice, lotion, and iudif^o. 'I'luir cotton i.^ \ery hue, ^
of a dear white, and tlieir indi'M) is as g(;otl as that |
from St. DoiniiiL;o. |
On the hank >oi the MiffilTippi are fcver.d Ijirin^sand !
lakes, which produce e\ci Hem lalt. '1 lie plant^ jiro- |
cluciii;^ hemp and ll.ix abound here, as well as that iort j
of (ilk-^^rafs ofwiiiih are madeliu h Huffs as come from
ihc Kail Indies, called herb (lulls. \'a(l llights of wild '
j)iL;coiis come I'.eieat lome lealoiis ()ftheyear,an(lro(>ll
on the trees in ;;reai mimhers. In many places are
mines of pit-coal ; and iioii ore is oiieii found near the
lurface of the earth, whence a meial is extracted little
iufenor to Heel. Here are alio I'oinc mineji olqiiick-
IiU(r, or rather tin- iiu ial from which il is extracted.
It 1^ onlv ul'ed b\ the ori'j,inal naiives to paint their
laces and bodies 111 lime of war, or at high lellivaU.
The inhabitant ~ of Well Morid.i arc more iiiimi'-
rous than thole ol l'.,dl Morida, it i)cin<; ir.on. healilu'
jiid invitin;;, efpeci.illy in the wcllern l)art.^, near the
banks of the .Millillijipi.
'I'hechief low-i ol W e(l Florida i^ renf,i(i(;la. Tlie
laii(!int;-jdaceis within the hay, the town beiii;i lituatcd
on a lands' fhor<', perleilly white, tli.it can only he ap-
proached by liliall velk b. 'I'lie road, however, is one
iii the belt iii all the r.ul|)ii ol .Mvxico, as \ ejlels may
lie theie ill lafety a'^ainll \ iry kind of wind. The
bottom a liords excellent .inchorafte; andih^ fea,wliK h
Is II idoui .li'.iiated, (HI .u count o( beiii.; Iiirrounded b)'
till l.iiid on evi. ry 'Ide, ]-, capable ol com iimiii» a gre.it
niuiili, r ol (hips. On the well (ide of the harbour
Hand- the 'uw II, defended hv .1 I mall toil. A \ er\ line
river (alls ihtii ihi IVnol .\le\u oon the "all lideol the
harbour, att.-r iiim<;i:'.' above lOO miles tliroii'jji the
country. 'I lit land here produci , plenty ol the tree
fit (or malls ol (1 'p , and act ordiii^lv nialiv ol them
arcciudowiia'idi aiiicdioWi.iL'ni/ i'orthat purpole.
As there aie 111, my p.irluulars ielpe(:tiiii; iierliiii,
drel -, 111,'. Ill It 1 ., ai;il i ulluins, which are pt ciih.ii lo the
ori:;iiial IndiaiiMjIMuiida.wediall prcleiu ilieiii loilie
le.ider. The boiiii- of lliele pt:oplc are lobiill, and
V. 1 II pioportiotied. lSollile.\esgoiiaked,e\ct pi ha\ iii';
J d'ct (I. .11 roiiiiil the w.illl. 1 hev ll.iiii tin. 11 Ikiii
whii li tlu\ h.ii'c .1 me: hod iil'!willii!i;ahd ijiniiin^iii'on
the head, lo as to render 11 ratlin becoming. 'Ihc
women, who, in nenei.il ii ive i:ootl features, ;ind an:
will in.ide, art- lo active tli'U lle-v will climb with
.un.i/iim Iw iltiiel> to the tops oi the hight II tret s, .mil
I I 'A ill! ,ici ■!!.- hi oat I I i\ ei - w i;h tht ir i in I dun uii tin ir
I b.icks. Tlie men ii' ille oi bnw.s and airow> wiili
gre.it ileMiriiv. I i:e lliiil);-. uf iheir li.iw , .iieinadt-
iif the iiiiew- of ll.igs; ,inil tiu'V point the eiui, of
iheir ..1 ' ow s w itii Ihaip Hones, tir ih.e teeth (jf lilhes.
Willi relptil 10 r.li';uiii, the\ tiie iiKil.iteis.
'I I'.eirtevniioiin 111 the inanageiiu'iil ,ind diltribiiticii
of their I 01 n, wiiii. h is .11 coiiiiied ihe comiiioii Ibii k i>l
the public, i . \i 1 11 win ll'.N ol iiolu e. The ( rop, v. f-u li
i.^c.dcul.in tltnii I . enii's hall llie \ ear, 1st olli i.tLcl ii.to
i;r.maries .ipiii>iiiud loi that piiipole, and alterw.iids
iei;iilarlv deiivered out to e\t ly laiiiii)', in propurti' i|i
10 the ihiiiilier ol pei ioiis it contain:., 'i lie loll, is ;ii-
tieed, c.ip.dde ol .iHordiiu; nuuhnioie corn tliaii tin \
are ;; j'e to i onluiiie ; hut lhe\ i liuole to low 110 in. ii e
than \ ill lei \ e tiieiu lor th.il tiiiii, iciimii;>,, lor 1! .;
remail tier t'\ llie ve.ir, into the 1 1 1 1 lit .s ol I iie Itirell s
where tlit\ liuilil h'.its uf p.din tiees, .iiiil live upon
rotii-, Willi fowl, and (iHi. Thev are very (mid of the
III ill of .illi^.itois, whith h.is a ItroiiiJ r.iiilky lii'tii.
1 1.. ir meat i^ drellcd in the lino.ik, upon a jiruhioii
in.ideol llii k-,aiid w.iter ler\ e^ior their common drink.
Ihe pc'iple .ire, in iiener.il, hililied with one wife,
!.;r. till- ihieb .ire imliilgeil wiih niuie, lhoii:;h ti:,-
cl.iltl.eu ol oiiiv one til them Iiu i eeil 10 the lathei ' i
tliioiilv.
ihe government of tlie ini;;inal Moridas is in the
li.imls ol many i liiels, who are called c.uii]Ues. '(hev
are (rtt|ueiilU at w ar w iih each other. In their w .11 like
expedilions ihev carry w ith ihemhonex .indm.u/e, .ind
lomctimes lilh dried in the lu.i. The chiel marches .it
the hc.id, cai nes a bow in one hand, and a bow .iiul .ir-
ro'.\s in the .iiher; his t|iii\cr haiii^s at hi ■ b.ick ; and
the relt loUow tunmlliioully with the lame arms.
In their \v.\riike deliheraiions, if ihe m.itter be of
great moment, their prielU, who arc alio a kind of
plnlicians, are called in, and their opinions paiiu u-
larly alkeil. 'i hen the cariipie carries roimil a kiiui of
lit|iior, liki: our tea, nude by the intiilion- t>l the Icavt i
(A A certain tree.
Tiie luneral ol ii clef eafedt.ic i que l^ celebrated with
gre.it loleiiiiiil\ . They phu e upon Ins lt>inb the bowl
out I'l which he vas acculloined to drink, .iiul iluk
great mimiitis of arrows in the e.ii th arouml him, be-
wailing his tleath lor three liav-wilh tallinj^ anil loud
l.imeiiialions. The gi iier.diiy of them cut oil their
h.iir as a hnguhir tellimonv ol tin ir loirow. Their
i hieli.iins alio let hie lo, and conlunie, all the hoiile-
liold fiiruitiire, together with the f.iit ih.it Inlongtd
to the (It cealtd, alter which lome ohl women are tle-
piited, who evil y d.iy, during the Ip.iie of li.ilf a vc-.o,
ut morning, iiuoii, and evening, bewail him witn
dreadful how lings, according to tht- |>ra(;lice of lome
more civili/td nations, and I'articularly the aiicitni
Romans who lutjueniU hiudwoinen at the luneialj
ol their iclatioiis and liicnd.'.
,1 tl
juiu; ol plaiil., u
lid I
lavc lonjj Ida
k
SKCiTOX' II.
I. O r I S I A N A.
Lore-. I W.A, a ( oil lit rv of confidi ralile rvicrit, i'
bounded on the north In the lerriloiies ol llu'
wild Indians, on the foiith b\ the Oiilph of .Mexico,
on the c.iH by Moriila, and on the well by N\ '.i'
Mcxui). It extends ft out laiittuk z6 to lat. .\o deg.
iiorili.
.Votwithlh.nding the levcral .itieinpts o| the Spa-
in. litis and l-'ri lull tt> make Ictth ineiiis in thi.s couiiirv,
which genei.illv milcarried, il .i[ipe:ir.s that the l.itt'. r
h itl haidl\ .iin leitleineiits in it till 47 JO, except that
ol Hli; D.iiiiiliiiH.', oil the biinl>s ol'tht: .M.ibile, uboiic
ij lea Mie
C4ll ol the mot 'h of tlie »\lillilhi,
;pl.
Ti.
AMF.RICA.i
This country niiy
under the ^ovt: nnic
{art, 10 the I-nt^lul
them, tof^ethcr with
.iccoidinnio tlietrc.ii
exce'.\!r,it;ly plcal.mt
levcral rivers at ccrt.i
ll^iitful, and well a
parts the {ground yie
winter there are only
tVoll.". All the tree;
loir.jjicr with a jyeat
lueh as the tall cedar,
and the cotton iree,
'I he loil, to '.he fi»it
tuni ot iiulij;o and nc
of wheat. 1 he u irib.
f^anit, (owl, and lat!
'1 he rivers oi L.o.n
St. Francis, the Hl.u
\vate:s a very line i.-."
mr),,tli a ri'.ilde b iv.
lathe !:l'jof(..)iica
pi. Is the town of N<
l:a;ia ; liulli ot '.vine
Fic'.ci'. New Orica
nor, grand rrainci),
the cnipoiiuin of l.n
The orif;,inaI inha
^rnera!, truin ihofe
and active, and Icfs
knew i.othinp, of an
ftcel, miich !eh of fi
French, all their tut
made of llurp (lints,
'1 hrirpriiicipalorna.i
coll.-irs; fonicofwlii
ot iciiowiiir in what :
S E (
KEW MKXI
Nl-.VVMexiio, il
lon^, aiui I'v
c.ul by I .ouilian.i,
\k'Xicu Proper, on
ni.i, and on the nor
ateti between 2 5 and
\)elween 94 and 1 26
count 'y is watered
< ipal rivci!' are thole
iJcl Norte. I here a'
tu th.e (jiilph ol M
cKi ks oailiat CO. ill .
li.u hours, were the '
ot that active (pirit
powers ot Iruropc. !
f.',H)illiil' and tcitlle
ot whii h .Uf hi 111
ovis (uits ot' fruit'
tame cattle, with \
lloieil with the •, he
Santa I'e, the caj
Ir.i'.uits fVoni the le
del Ntirte. It is ai
tlic fee ot a hilliop,
teat of the j;oveini
nati: to tin: viceroy
New Mexico is 11
ent nations, 'ntirt
but the print ip.il
whom are dill injMii'
I'liey arc .aretidutt
trie to tyi
count of'^i
bows and arrows,
the country, they (o
No. 47.
avcr(e to ryraiiny
account of'^ihe tlex
;. -Ihc
and .■,n-
null villi
r( ; <, ,l!;il
I oil tilt II'
(l\\ A U ll'll
.11 1' in.ii'u-
■ 1 iiii . ol
ori-,l!u-<.
llril'iiiicii
II II, H k 1)1
0|l, V. !':v il
I (.tell :i.u>
lin w.ii il-i
loll, i> ;n-
ll.aii ill'. V
K iiu iimi (•
.„ Inr tl o
iir tdH'li-,
lui' ll]>l>il
Hiii i>l llic
ilky iircll.
li uridiioii
ni'iiilriiitv.
1 one w itc,
h(iii:;li li;.'
liL' latliLi'i
IS i,s ill the
U'S. 'lIlc'V
t ir w'.ii Ilk,'
111,11/1', .mil
iii.iriius .11
)(.1W .liul .11-
b.ick ; and
ari.i.-;.
ciucr In- ot
> a kind ol
iin p.inu u-
m! ,i kind ol
>l ilic kuvt >
iirati'd \\ iih
i1j ttic bowl
k, .md ilii k
ml him, lii--
1^ and loud
III oli iIk'ii'
i)\y. 'I'luir
I iIr' lioiili -
ill In l()iii;i d
lu'ii arc di-
li.iil a \iMr,
I him will)
lux- (/f loiiio
till' aiK it III
the iaiieiab
If rMciit, :•
ioi iis ol ill,
I ol Mcxn <',
I'll by NVw
1.11. .|0 dig,
ol the Sp.i-
;hi.s tmiiiiiy,
al the laii'.r
, c.xci.-pt iliJt
obiii^, uboiic
lijppi.
Ti.'.i
f
AMF-RICA.l
N O R T II A M E P. I C A
f^'i)
This country may be roafulcrcd :'s cinipiciiciidcil
under the govt: nnirnt ot I 'lorul.i. li \'. is ceded, in
{>ait, to the I'nu,l)ih by 'lie neitv ot i -^6^, and by
them, logethcr wiili i.'"loiid.i, ceded to tliC S|i,iniards.
.ici-oiilinp, to the tre.nv ot" i v<''.v 1 .o'liliaiia is rendered
exi.eeJ.r.iii,ly plc:ilant :u) 1 feitile bv the i)verli,)'vini^ ol
ieveral iivcrs at ecn.iiii ic.lons. The riieiulowsarede-
lipjiitki!, and well a lajited to ai'.rienlaii'e. In iome
jiuii!. ilie ground yields two or three crops; t'orinthe
winter there are onlv Ik iv i .lin'-, w'tliovii .'.ny nippiiip;
trnll.^i All the trees kin.vii in b'.utopc flourifli here,
log. ihcr with a j>'c'at vaiuf, ot others iiiiknownto us;
Inch as the tall cedar, wliiih dil'ti!', anodoiiferou; ;.;iiin;
.ind the cotton iree, which is ot a prodif!;ioiis heiijlit.
'I lie loil, to '.he I'mithwa!,!, is adapted lo ilic cultiva-
tion ot indi^^o and nee; and, '.o the noriliu a;d, lo that
oFwheat. i he u iiile country ahoiind> with variety ot
ganit, t'owl, and ia;tle, at. 1 all the iieceiliries ot lite.
'1 he rivers ot L.iMilian.-i, helide^ 'lie .Mililllippi, .ire
v'-'t. i-'ivuich, thcHkiik K-iver, Mtd the Moliilc, which
wateis a very line t.act ot country, and torins at its
mowth a ii'.'ljle bav.
In the hbjoi'tJiie.i;:-,, .at tl;? iv.oiit!-. ot"t!ie MirifTip-
pi, i.s the town oi New Oilcans, tiie capii il ot l.joui-
r.ari.i ; both ol" '.vhirli derivcii their n.ir.ies troni the
Fro'.c!'. New Orleans is the rcfidence ( t '.he ;j,ovcr-
rior, grand rounci], and c-'U.Ij ot nilU^c, a. N\e!l as
the enipoiiiim ot l.nuiliani.
The orif.inal inlial)iiants of this country ditl"er, in
p!;rnera!, t'rom thnCe ofCan.uli, lieino, more fprightly
and actr.'c, and lefs th )\if!;hitiil and morofe. Ibev
knew nothinp, of any inltnimcnis mide of iron ar.d
fteel, inuch lefs of fire arms, till tliC coininc; of the
iTcntli, all their cut tin^j, tools bemj,' \etv iiiL^cnioufly
made of lliarp (lints, a:,' uled with ;',rc.u 'iexteritv.
'I heirpriiicipalornu.'iiei.ts are iiracelci , pend.inis, and
cjl!;ir.s ; fomc of which arc peail, but Ipoilcd tor want
ot kiiowiiir in what iiianner to bore them.
N
SECTION lit.
NEW MEXICO AND C.XLIICRNIA.
r.W Mexico, including California, is 2oco miles
lull;;, and I'loo l)ro;ul. It is boundetl on the
c.ul by l.ouiliana, on the Ibiith by Ncr Spain, or
Mexico I'loper, on tb.c well by the Giilj>h ot Calitor-
ni.i, and on the north by hit;h mountains. It is litii-
ated between 25 and ■^7 dcg'-'jcs ot north latitude, and
between 94 anti 126 tlegrees of well longitude. 1 he
counry is watered by iivcrs ami rivulets. The priii-
. ipai rivers are thole callctl theRioSolado. and liic Rio
del None. I here iiie levcial Imaller ones that t.dl 1.1-
to tb.c tjulph ot .Mexico; and l.mic bavs, ports, and
Lictkboillliat co.ilijlliai mi.-'Jit be c inverted into g^ioil
haibotirs, were the Spaniards poiletied, in anv degree,
of thai active ("jnrit whicli ammares the other maiitimc
powers ot Europe. The lands .ire int; Mecied with riling
groiiiuls and teitile pi li-o, covered with trees, fomc
of which .ire (ii \oy timber, and other; prodiii'' vari-
ous loits ot fruits. Here arc all kinds of wild and
tame cattle, with variety offovil; and ilic rivers arc
llored will) the ■. liouell (iib.
Santa I'c, ihe cajiit il ot Ne-.v Mcx.co, is lituated i yj
leiiuues from the lea, near the lource of the river Rio
del Norte. It is .in oj uieiit -.'M', regulariv built, and
tlie lee ot a billiop, l"uirra';,an .it Moico, as well ?.sth?
feat of I be governor of the comitiy, who is lubortli-
iiate to ihc viceroy ot Mevico.
NevvMexic'i is inhabited by a gre;it varic. v of difl'er-
ent iiatiori,,j -ntirely uiiconnei^ied wiib each other ;
but ihe priiu ijial ..re the Ai.iiehc!;, the Icveral tribes ot
whom arediilinguilhetl by their town;, andfettlemeius.
Tlicy are arefohite and warlikepeoiile, fond ofiiberty,
averle to ryranny anil oiiprcfTion, and formitlable on
account of ilu dexitriiy wiih whub they handle ihcir
bows and arrciws. Whrn tiie Spamaitis firlt entered
the country, they found ihcnii'ivespreiiy wcllcluaihed,
No. 47.
their lands ■Cultivated, their villages ne.tt, ard ilieir
towns built of llone, in which they dil'covered lomc
knowledge Ot architeclure, no*^ drawn from the rules
ot art, but the ronvenience dictated bv nature. 'I hey
v.ere great lovers ol mules llclli, and, upon that ac-
couiu, trequent'.v lei/.ed the mu'esbl Spanilh travel-
leis, leaving tlicir chi-ib ofiilverupon tb.e road, be-
caul'e they let no Value upon tliat metal. Their princes
were little more than leaders of their armies, elected at
the pleafuie of the people tor their wifdnm or valoiit.
Thel'e people iiViy now be laid to be lather the allies,
than the lubjects, of tlit: Spaniards. Tjie Spaiii.irih
have been rather fiiaiing in iheir accounts of this
country, which nuil'. b'j imputed either to their itj-
norance Or caution.
California, the moll noriherii of all the Spmifli cio-
minions on the continent ot America, tosvards tb.c I'a-
citic Ocean, was for a long time luppofed to be an
idand, luit at lall was touiul to be <jnly a peiiinfula,
iliuing from the noith co.ills ot America, and extend-
ing into the I'licitic Ocean "Soo miles from Cape '-e
baiiian, in .].; dc;.';. ;o min. north li'.'itude; towardsthe
Ibiith-eali, as lar as Ca(ie ?i. L.ocar, in 2.1 deg. 30
min. north latifide. The eallcrn coail. lies nearly
jiarallel with that of Mexico, oppofite to it ; and the
lea between is called theGiilph or Lake of California)
or ihe \'ermilion I'lirpic or Ked Sea.
The breadth ol the peniniiila is very unerjual. To-
\\ arils tb.e tuHth ,t is near 200 miles broad, biit at the
loutiiern extremity it tapers away, and is fcarcely ^u
miles over.
Calilornia was firlT dilcovercd tobe a pcninfuLiby a
German jeluit, w ho landed in it from ihc Illand of .Su-
matra, and palled into New Mexico, without ciofilng
any other water than Rio Azul, or the Blue Rive.-,
'the more fouihcin part v/as known to the Sjiimard':
loon at!er the dilcovery of Mc.xico, torCortez difco-
vereil it m 15 ;i : but they did not jier.'jtrate fir into
it till Iome time alter, contenting tbemfelves with ih,;
pearl lilhery on the coai't.
It was vitited by our cotmtryman Sir Francis Drake
in 1 1578, who called it New .Mbion, and took poflelFioii
of it in the naiiicoft'^icen Eli/.tbcth, fincewhich fme,
however, the Engliih have nuide no prctenlions to it.
In lummer the heats .ire violent .ilong the coails,
but '.ip the country tlicair is more temperate, and, in
winter, lometimei cold. Mowever, in lb extenfive a
country, there mull be great variations both of foil
and climate 1 and though upcin a general view, Ca-
litorma appe.us lather roiigb, cr.igjv, and luipro-
miling, with due culture it would bnnilli mcfl of the
nc-cllaiics ot lite.
1 he country pi odiices timber fit foi- Ih:p-bui!di:i2,
and has mull ot the iiuits to be loiind ir. other part.of
Amcriia. Here is alpecies of i.iaatui, fuppofed to fail
with the ill ,v, and to liecome inlpiliated on the leave:
ot tlie trees. Hoianitls are agreed that this manna ija
juice oo/.iiig from the tree; though the natives think
that it ihops from heaven.
With rel[>e'i to animals here ,irc deer, of which
two kinds are pciibai' to tlie country; a particular
Ipecic^ ot ibecp, ivitl'aloes, beavers, or animals much
iclembling ibein.a peculiar fj^e^ies of wild dogs, lions,
wild cats, and many other wild bealts. The horles,
mules, alfcs, oKcn, tin Cji, hogs, goats, and other
i|uadriipcd,. ih.it h.ive l.icen imported hither tioin
Spain and Me.^ico, multiply cxcef.dingly. Of the two
fpecies ofileci pc! uli.irtoCabtornia, tluit called by fhe
natives taye is greatly eileemed, and eat with the tame
relilb IS \emlon by many I'.urope.ins.
Of the teathei'.'d kind l;ere isgreat variety 1 m p'afri-
tiilar, the coall is plentitully tlocked with peacocks,
bullards, gccl'e, cranes, vultiire.s, giill.< which arc
larger than gcefe, cormorants, mews, ipiails, linnets,
larks, nli'.htiiigales, and many oiher (pecics.
The liiultiiude and varied' ol tilli with wdiich the
Gulph ol Calitornia, the J'acilic Ocean, and the riven
arc fuj'plietl, is almoll iiK".'edib!e. .SaJiucn, tmbor,
6 N birbel,
if. ■:' Uff
'., i.
|ii!:i:||'||l^l
■I
n
1 ' ,i'd '11
n
5
:a
A Ni W, ROVAl. A-
AITHIINTIC ?YSTi:lVt ok lKi\ 1.!'- ■ M , i ,1/;C;^APIIY
Inrbc', Ikatc, m.irk\icl, p
ilch.irds. tl
.ks.r.
l>oiict.i';, :iiul minv oilier 1
vcrv little troiilMi- ; r v.>
Jth
pi'cifs, arc cm
iiion civlhrs, ciav filh, lohllcrs.
er Willi pearl oyltcr,, co:n
;ht h
Ik
C C WItll
tl.
aiut
a vaiictt' I)
ic ihcl! fiHi. l-lo\wvcr, ot"ilieiiil:u ciiu.oi
lllil lllKMVClC
in the \ CM I •;
.\
li it v.eli-(,iunv
n f;i lat cailcit t'jl ac .
t cx-
llu-U
kiiiii, the ;noit rv*i:virkalilc ,iiul abiiiiil.ip.t i-. th'.tonuiic,
cwi'ju ill tiie litnuirt pKniv \ip,in the co.itU. On the
I'oiit'h co.i'1 -.'Mo is a lliell liili the mci\\ licaiitihil that
can he i;-;i.i-;iiu'.|, hAivx, ot an tlci'i'i; viviil blue I'l-
loiir, like il'.c lapis la/aili.
Calit'orriia at1oi<i> one of th.e irhtd pear! fidicrie'; in
the wri LI, and is liktwife thoiit'ht to have niiiie'.
InlCi"!-- t'v.rni here, a? in molt warm countries; y:'t
tlicy arc ■'.ct'^e; f-.i numerous ortroiibldonie as iw loine,
oii.ic. V,:- ! Mt t'le (Irvncl'-ol'the Toil and climate.
'i'licic r( t vo Lfnilficralile rivers inCilitbrnia, vi/..
UioC'->l' ■ -•..•>. ar.d Ri )dii C.irmel , with feveral liiial'ei
0:ea'ii;., .. j tine ;'')>• , t .u -, creeks, and ruadi, liotli
un tiie ■ i\ '■■!.■'' <i''-
In !/ i. ; ' 'T t!-.' ^.luntrv there arc plains ot lalt,
qu!tc firm, i.. . , 'eir a» - 'vihil, w.uch. contidcruu; tlic
v.i;t quantity.- it'n'.V. •>: .\'' '.ovts toiimi iicrc, might be
of crcat acivaiitare U ai.> civilized nition.
'I'hc original I::i'.ians uh i i;ihabit C.diiornia are, in
<:eneral, well formed ,iiid robiiil, of a healthy counte
nance, bu: lv...rfhy ciimpltxion. Their habitations arc
wretchcil lnus built near the few dreams, wells, and
ponds found i". the c^iiinriv. As they are tnuler i!ie
nccciiitv uf t'req\ient mi\;iaiioi> 'ii fearch ot tood, they
cafdv fliift their reiidcnce, it rc.;'i;;-int; onlv the labour
ot a lev; h.MMs to in.:'., I a little lialiitation lilted tor all
tlieir piirt. lies ; aiul u is ulnal with them, in the levc-
rit\ of wintir, ! i '.;v; in I'uH.tt-.ianeoi's caverns. Their
furniture a;-.d jv,v,--iiv c.>nlid- of implements for filli-
ini;, hf.iuinj, ana wa., i;i ••.■.itch mol> of thcirtinic is
fpent. 1 heir boats i.c ■y.\\ . -af'.s ; and their arms are
bows, air;)w% and iiia|.'''l idubs.
Thedicfsofthe men i. !. -.icm ^rethan apirdlcroimd
the wiilt, with a few ornain.-nt' mout their hair, 'I lie
\- -jmcr. ^vcar t'r.cir h.air l.i-fe. Thcv have alio a kind
of cloak atid pct'icoat, made of palm leaves ; fime
wear fillets of r.car net-work. Their arms arc likcwilc
frequently adorned viih net work, or llrings of pcarh
in the form ot bracelets. The love of ornament pre-
vails amorg 'he 'v.^nen more than amon^ the men.
Their pu atc.l in(:rnuu\ iippearsin their tilliinf;nets,
v/iiich arc macivi ■•vith admi able fkill, olvaiious co-
lours, and llicii .lixcruy ot texture and wotkmanllrip,
as cannot be lU'.i i I'v.d,
Thev have a W\-i:\ l."Uval at the gathering, in of the
fruits oj' tilt e:uth, \>.;ien they uidtilLie- thcmlclves in
fcalliii<T, d.;ncini^, an'.', mirili.
S i: C T 1 () N IV.
Old) MEXICO, on NFAV SPAIN.
■■,■.,■,•..'.., l'.\u-':f, lit'U'r.Lirii-i, l't:,r::oUs, /Inimals,,
y^■ ■ •..■, /■-//', Aiiidcs ut -iiii.if. Mints, Divifuim,
■■ ■■■'' C.itf: .;■/./ Tl' I'l-, li;!:..rtunis, I'crjo-u, Dij'po-
_/■>,!... .., .W; ,.7iTj-, Cnf •',■, i-\,
OI .1' M'M. ■,!, or New Spiin, the full valuable ac-
i.|i,.' -I'lii of the Sp.uuaids cm the lontinetu ot
America, lie b't'.'.'ci. n 7 dc- y^ mm. and ;o ilei^. 40
rwin. noitii l.ttiiMd', is 2nr,c miles long, 600 broad,
vLcre uidc;;, .md has the llihmus ot i)arien on the
l'outli,,Ne.v M(. xIk) 0:1 the north, the(ju!pli ot Mexico
on tilt call, :uid rill- Oct an on the well.
TIkic aie tome mountains on the wcflein coaf\ ot
Ne'A .Spain, ne.ir the iVniiu: Ocean, molt ot which arc
I. lid. to be \ ilcanoi. Seveial iivtrs rile 111 thclc inoiiii-
tiiiis, .lid t.dl foiiic i:ito th.e (mlph of Mexico, anti
I iiu- into the South Sea, on buili ofwhicli there are
levei.il capes atui b.iys. Amotut, the ii,i\ ■. on the gulph
arr thoIc ofCatnpeaihy and Hoiuli.r.us, In the Jiic.itan,
.. Inrt^ftpcninfulaii'. tlu;('ulph ot Mexico^ thei^paniards
Ite .ur<.t iliiN covtiirv !•- tem.icr.uc, coillideiin'j; i!
iitiiaiiiiii 111
the latter eiu
tiie I'
i of At
)l lUl /oi
1 he railiv le.il.)ii bciiin
continues lit
."ptc
beiiiL; prcteded hy terriide duims which are to vaiie
tvited, that the « Hid bl.).vstiom alinoll everv point of
ilic heawins, intiealini'their torv ilailv till ilie month
or June, at which, time the vaui tall-; a^ U aU-ioiid iL-
Iii;i,e wetc to enlue.
No contui V iinvkr heaven aliouiids more v.-::li i.»r:;in,
delicious fruits, roots, and vei',eiables, minv of wlurli
are peculiar to it, or at leail to Ameiica. Oitliefethe
moll icinaikabL- .11 c bambjo'-, mangroves, and log-
wood, .\liuli v;row on tlieioalls ; red and. white cotton
trees, iCvlns blood-wood, and maho, oi wliich tlic
n:iti\ cs make rojiv'-, ind tables ; light wo jJ, of wIulIi
thev make lloali, bei;U!, .is liilht a^ toik ; wiiitc wood,
the cabbaij.c tree, the c.iliballi, cocoa, and vanilla^
whicti the Spaiii.irds lall bexaco, orbainilla; plan-
tains, ban.uias, pine apji'cs, lai:adilli), avogato p4ar,
mammee,;r.ainmee-l:'-'.;oia, g,iape, jiiickle, bibby, and
other curiotis tiuit-trees; helideswhii.li, the Spaniards
have intioducett moll ot tiic Luropean fruit.;. Me.^cico
alio prodiicesthe poilonoiis inanclunecl apple, goiirtls
ot a piodit!,iiai5 li/.c, melons, fiik-urals, tamarinds, and
locuil treci ; the little black, white, and boracliKj
l.tjiota tree- , tiie lall ot wliicli t ikes it'- name from the
inebiiatinp, ipialitv ot the tiuit. To thele we may adil
die lireiiaiUllode China, i ice;iinH;-[;lant, and the iiiay-
hev, uliich turnilhc-. the native-, v.irh thicad tor linen
and cor.iane, and alto a bilfarn md liquor, which,
when Kinicntcd, in as ple;il.iiit a:;d. llroiig as wine.
I'roni iliiv, too, is dillilleil a llojiij; Ipiiii, whicli i,
not unliki 'iir.ndy.
Other vaii.al le producti.Jiis ot Ncv Sp.iin arc copal,
aninie, tac.imahaca, earanu a. liquid amber, anil oil
ot amber. Hallam ot Peru is alto tountl in iMexicc,
guaiacuin, Chm.i-toot, laiiaparilla, and the rjot me-
choiM m, v.hji.li .lie well known, to diugeiils and apo--
tliecaties, and of excellent ufc in a variety ol diliem-
pei-. Hefides tiic mai^e, or native p;rain of Mexico,
iheSpatiiard5ha\eintrotkii.ed the ute of bailey, wheat,
peas tirans, and other grain.
I lie luimbers ot homed cattle here are immenle,
many of themiunning wild. Theirllelli turns to little
account by realon of the extreme he.it; but their hides
and t,illo>v are pro.luCtiveot gie, it advantages. Swine
are \ery luinieroiis, and their lard ismucii in reipiell,
and tiled inllcad of butter throue,liout the country.
Sheep are likcwilc numerous, but their wool is ot iiu
crcat contideration, being liaiiy and llioii, Tliereaie
Icveral torts ot reil and fallow deer, liaies, i.ibbii>,
Iquiiicis, toxe«, lackalls, monkiC', and div\r-. other
aninials.
VN nil relpect to the fe.itlicrcd race, there are, in
Mexico, tame poultry, tiirkies, pnlgeons, parrots, pa-
roquets, macaws, huinming buds, eaj'les, vulture*,
pelicans, corinoi.iin-, bats, and atnultuu.lc ot other
Ipctics.
On the coalU.ind b.mksof rivers arc cau^dit aliiga-
tors, turtle, I'.iiaciad, gar lilli, mullets, and ii.a^ka-
rel, whicU releinble thole ot Kurope, liut arcot a veiy
large li/.e. 1 i.eie ar.- oylleis and muH'cls of a [nodi-
giou' li/e, alio gieat plenty ot loblleis, crabs, and
llulll'.p' ,
'1 he jiiiiuipal trading commixlities of New Spain
arc wool, ..otton, liigar, lilk, cochineal, clvicol.ite,
featheis, honey, billims, drugs, dycnn', woods, lalt,
tallo^N, hides, tibacLo, gingei, amber, peat I., pre-
cious lloiies, jalpei, pj.pliyty, exqui"te iiiaible, and
gold a id liKer,
The go! i .and lihi.r mints arc four>d in ttie rocky
barren parts ot the country. Thta-c art leveial, it I'j
I'.tid, ot the toriiier, and no fewer tti:in lO'jo of the
latter. Gold isallotound in grains, or dull, in the lands
of rivers and torrents. Whoevei dilluvers a mine of
gold or lilver is u liberty to wo'k ic, paying ilic kin^j
A'wF.lllCA.]
a teiit!i of the producl,
yaids round the place i
filver and gold, cither
tcred in the royal excli
11 itv\ithll.iivrmg great c
no [-.{:< than 1,000,00 >
ounces each, arc entc
torn 700,000 in.irks,
pieces, rials, an<l halt [
iieiii"; about tlirce-peni
The whole of the tin
Sp miili American dor
c.iilcit the II na, wdiicl
fine 1 to I a \'ira Cm/.,
lire.ik bulk, on any ai
W hen all the griods ar
\ci 1 1 ruz, the fleet tak
cochineal, indigo, coi
■.'. iiich ,ire the rtturtis I
thf-y fill to the \ lav in
lfnd"'Vous, where th?
.;io:hir fleet, which
♦' . .111.1, liy Cartliagen.i
!'..;( i-l-ello; in tiie Ian
K,- V Spun. \V'l;c.;i the
.,;id K)i:'.s the galiconsai
H' I lie fame jiort trom a
iiid bed I'.uling \rne!
w iiii auvice ol tlic cot
VI .11 as with treafiire ai
loiit :u.u |U(K;e whut u
a;id V. h. it coiuov 1 , nci
Ke -iit'.r ihip.- iire I
.ii'.ISeviUe, KWi n they
' d .It .'.in p.uccui.ir pk,
c n IS tc) petition the c
' c iviid I iliqi ot <oo t
I t. T;iey pav 45 >:
li.'e.. pielcius to tiie cli
iiiv iiu e n''i cll'aiy t) tli
i.aiv c,i\\\ to 300 toii-
K l.fim Ids than 60a.
r.l U the pietcndcd b
a > e;nlic.itc lie b.oi"-''
put to which llie 1
l!u- li/e .11 which Ilic
(. c.c'.le. Idiefe are
111' tlicfe the trade of
on foi tome years p
Old Mexioisdiv
jncnls, lallcd audi
v, lucii, though und
cide all civi! and cri
p .int of trull and j)c
nilli monarch his h
).' lied government e
if.n iieiiiier the vii t
1 1 hold 111'. ;i')lt Ion
. i!f, the mile,.ibie
l.ilMclty clt 'W cr \
t •■lad il.i\at I, M-..>.i<
> K II ilieir r,'l;;ei'iis
' >ii,l,i.;l 1 \.\\:\ vv Ci
I '\.iia l'ic;pi-r, ani
M.- iicMcaii, .\lc-\
J .:.t:U!.' I h. le ot
I'l' per, (londicra-
c'iMi i I- h.ive their
t.he I a;;i'.il wt the p:
I cpulous ai.d neat
li'vcr.d chuii he-, ,1
\e:ii'. tor b .th lexe
.Nf Mc c),theKa[)ii
i;i tl.c' iii'ddle ot a v
tilde ic| deg. -i-o
i.iulph of All X ICO.
inj'.l citivs III the u;
i;;d e:w.iiliy dtlp^'U
Its
)ci',iir.
iiibc; ,
v.u ic
iim ot
lujiuh
I.M.-
wll!( !l
l02-
.'ottou
.h the
•.void,
i^lan-
liard^
1 ex ICO
^pim
;\nU
A'mF.kICA.]
NORTH AMERICA.
nr!i f^f the p
V.lKl
111' 111, I tt
filvLT ai\i
Vuliici, a
' plai c lip
t idler '.'.
A i;
umiii'' ii.iiiic
Ifwiih
II wliu h he lias iixed. All the
u red ill the royal exclit'tj
thiLuvli
ir loiiiul ill {grains, is en-
lUi ; a:ul it i' reported, that,
II it-A I till taivhii;:; threat quant iiiesareniii and concealed,
ii:) IcI'm than i,ooo,oo 3 otiilver 'iiarks, weigliinp; eitz,lu
I'linces each, arc emcret! ye uiy, out ot winch they
(oin 7:10,000 marks, into pieces ot eight, cpiarkr
{■icvc<, rial-., and halt pieces ; the value ut the latter
iieiii','; about three-pence (U'ilinj^.
riie whole of'ihe iiac c liciwecn Old Spain and the
Spuiiih American doini.iions, is by means ot a fleet
caiicil the Una, which i- tittcd out at Cadiz, aiiddcl-
nie 1 to I a \'i la Ciu/.. Tiiclhipsare not permitted to
lirc.ik bulk, on any arcounr, till they arrive there.
W hen all the p.'iods are landed and dilpofcd of at La
Veia Cruz, the fleet takes in the plate, precious Ihnies,
c'ichiiieal, iiidig'.), cocoa, loiiKco, lugar, and hides,
•..hich are the returns tor Old Sp.i.in. I'Vom Vera Cruz
ilify (ail to i!ie I liv iiinah, w liich is the phice ot iheir
ifiid'-'voiK, wlicre thrv ui' ct tlu- ;'-ineons, Thelearc
;ic>;hcr fleet, which cariv on all the trade of Terra
J'.,(iii, bvCanha'.'ena ; and of I'eni, by I'anama and
fi-.-ri-I'-ello; in tlie lame manner as the tloM I'crves tor
N.-vS[>Ain. W'licn the flota arii\ci at the Havannali,
Mii.l i.iiiis the jMlieonsaiul rci;iilerlhios,\\ Inch allemble
H' ilie laini' port trom all (piartcis, ionie ot tliecleanell
,iiid be<t ('■.ilinu; \.-flVls ire dilparclied to Old Spain,
^>ith auviee ol ilu- content'^ ot thcle Itveial fleets, as
M .11 a-i v.ii!! tvea'.jre and ;;■> ids ot their own, that the
lo'ui may |iid;^e w h.t diitv --prcpcrto litlaitl on them,
u;iil whit ciMUOv 1, iiectlia:-\ for their lati'ty.
Re riitcrlhip.- are lent out by merchants at Cadiz
.indSc'ville, w;ii n they |!:d'.-'' that ir,oods nuill be waiu-
' A at :'.ii\ piit.chl.u- i .11'. s 1.: i!'e Well Iiuiics. Their
.< ^\ IS to p;t;uoii tlie c.nin. il ol tlic Indies for a licenle
' • f.-iid 1 :lup ot rJOf.'iis Inirthen, or under, to that
I i. 'l':iev pav 40 or :^o dollars tor this licenfe, bc-
tiJe., prcleiits to the (>tficers, in proponuin to the con-
iiiv nice neiellaiy ritlu- deliwn; tor tlu)iii;h the licenle
i.;iis oalv to 30.S toiii., at moil, tiic vellel .itted out is
!^ Idoiii leli; than 600. The lliip and car^!,o arc legitlcr-
fA u the pretcndcil burthen. It is recjuircd, too, that
it I e.iilicate lie brought from the king's otlicerat that
put to which the is bjunil, that Ihf does not exceed
the iize ai which llie is re^iileied. Ail this palles of
I. .Mile. Iditl'e are wlia; tiiey call ret^ilter iliijis, and
bv ihel'e the trade of Spanilh Ameri'.a has been tamed
0:1 foi loine years path
Old Mexico is diviiled into three dill: i.'li or govern-
ment', i.illcii audiences, as having lovercigu courts,
v. liicii, tl'.ouf^h under theinlpeOtion of the viceroy, de-
ci.le all civi! and criminal caies. His employment, in
p .:;it ot trull and jiouer, is one of the grewtell tlieSpa-
iiilli iiioiiarih I'.i-- 111 his nitt ; and it is, perhip«, the
I ,' hell ui)vcrnment cntiuliedto anv fubici't iiitlie wcirld.
|{ui neiiiier the vii ci.iy or any other odicer i' luti'ered
1 1 luilil l;r poll longer than three years. 'I'his bein^; the
' '.le, the milciable inhabitants become a prey to the
iipaciiy ot''\riv ne»v povcrivjr. The dillricts are
* •ua.' ilaxas 1, Mexico, an It i.'.aumala.co'iiprclieiulin;:;
' u 11 ilitir rci;'.ci'iiM- provinces as follow. Thole ot
• lua.i.d I s.ua I'e Cii iloa, Culiacan, Xildc >, t^Juada-
|.\.iia I'lopc'i, and Ne-v tTil'cav. Thi'.e of Mexico arc
M .■ iio icaii, .\lc.x!' o I'r.jper, 'Tlal'c;ila, Guaxaca, and
j , :.r;i!i. I 1). le ot i.'; .ttiiiiala arc Ciiiapa, (juatimala
I'r per, (londtiras Co,; I Ricca, and V'ei.it^ua. i'hete
i!i.oil- li,ive their iclpcitive capitals. Cjuadalaxara is
iiK 1 .i;;i'al ,)f iho [>riui;.ceot th,it n.ime, And ir a \m'^<-,
I .|iulou<, ai.d neat li'.e, coiitainiiit!; Ipatioiis llrctis,
Irvci.d cluuche-, a Itaiely cathedral, and lomc con-
venis tor l,i .th lexcj.
.NT xico, the capital of the cHJicnccof Mexico, Hinds
111 tl.f ui'd lie ot a great lake ot its own name, in iti-
tiide in lU'g. .\.n min. about 170 mihs well of the
i.iu'ph <j'i Mexico. In pwiiu o\ rc^^ulaiity, it exceeds
mj,t cliles ill the uaivcric; thellrects bcin-j, I'l llrait;'it,
i:;J eiiactiy dilpokd, ihat I'toai any pari ol the town
the whole is vili
aitilleiy, togi
■ih
Tlie v/ant of u, 'tis, walls, ant'
ththe lisc great cauieway-deadin
to the citv, rcndeia Mexico exticinely remarkable. All
the liuildinpjs arc convenient; but the public edifices,
efpecially the cluiiclies and convents, are magnificent.
Here are i-<) cathedi,ils and churches, and 22 m jnalle-
iiesaiul nunneiies. Bclldes there arefeveral hofpitals,
which are richly endowed, and amongll the reltisone
lor youii^; iiwids who are let't oijilians. 'The lcver,il
trades hai'c their iel"pec'^ive!l;ee:s : a very Ipaciousoiie,
that r 1111 the li:piare, belongs to tlie goldtiniths.
'I'lie Ih e tiirnilhed v.'itli Inch a variety of brilliant
arncle.., as to exhibit a Uiflre no'; to be paralleled in
any part of the known world. 'The citv is lupplied
with freili water from a hill at ihrce miles diftance, to
which an aqueduct, lupported on ilroiig arclics, ex-
tends from the city.
Another p'uicc worthy of notice i.n this diflrici i5
Acapulco, which Hand- in 1 7 dci^. north latitude, on i
Lay of the South Sea, about 210 miles fijudi-eatt froin
Mexico. The haven is large and commodious, and
theentianre lecured by a tl.u ifland running acrof^ at.
t.icli end ot which is a deep channel, lufficiently broad
tor tjie gicuelt: vctiels. 'The only inconvenience is,
that lliips mull: enter by the lea wind, and go out by the
land breeze, which tekiom fail to lucceeil each other
akeinatcly ; lo that they are trequcntlv blown oti" to
tea alter repeated aitempis tuiiiakethe harbour. 'The
town is large, but ill built; and a part of it conli^t- -^f
warehoules. The climate heie it unliealthy, and earth-
quakes very c.immon. During the f.ui, after the ar-
rival of the Lima and M.milla Ihips, the town is fo cx-
ccliively crowded, th.'.t gieat iiutiibeis aie obliged to
j'lich tents in the neiu,libourhooil tor their accommo-
dation. It Is I'lppoled that the Manill.i galleon cariics
otT t'rom Acapulco .it leait 10,000,000 of dollars, in
return for the ^ootls Hie bring5thither,and for tin; pay-
ment of the Spanilh garrilons in the Philippine lilts.
In the province of Tl.ilc.-''.i, in this dillnd, is the
city of LaVera Cruz, or L'lva, fituated on the Gulpli
ot .Mexico, al.iout 70 leagues from the capital. It is
very lliong, both by art and nature, being the great
mart of all the Spanilh trade in the North Sea, and has
a late commodious harbour. The air, however, is lb
unhealthy, that few Spaniards of dillinction make
their common relidence in It.
Ciiiatimala, the capital of the audience :'nd province
ol that name, is titu.ited on a beautitul plain, and is
well built and inhabited. 1 he cathedr.il and paiilh
(lunches nre elegant and I'umptuous; and here are two
tine monaileiies, a nunnerv, and an hofpital.
In the provinceof Jucatan is ttietown ot Campeachy.
It has a hnc appearance, being bi.ilt of llone, and cn-
compatled with a good wall, and has a ihong citailel.
The prelent inhabitants of Mexico are a mixed peo-
ple, compoled ot the iwtive Indians and the Negroes;
and thcdtjlccn.lantscif thelearedividcd.inddiftinguilh-
eil by various names, as Creoles, Mellizes, Meilichcs,
Terctroons, and (^ii utcroons. Ihe jliueof an I'luio-
pean and Negro is called a Mulatto : betides which
there is a mixed breed of Negroes and Indians, which
is generally deemed the lowell r.iiik of the people.
With rel'pcct to the perlons, dilpoiitions, cultomo,
and, indeed, gencial character ot the .Mexicans, or
I'lee Indians, we are enabled, throu;!,h t.vvoiir of a cor-
relpondeat, to prelent our readers with the following
mod genuine, as well as modem, account that can
pollibly be given.
'I'he Mexicans are, in common, of good ftaturc, and
wcU-propoitioncd form. 'Their complexion is a deep
olive. 'I hey have narrow foreheads; black eyes; lirm,
legulav, black teeth; bl.ick, coart«, gloll'v h,iir; thin
beards; and gencially iiohair on tiuir legs.tlifghs, and
arms, Some tribes look upoi; flat mles as a gteat
beamy. Alrnoll all the Mexicans paint tiieir bodies
I with tliv: figures of various birds and L.'alls, and anoint
them with oil or fat. .Scir.e tribes are tloathed; but
the men of other;, go almoit quite naked. TlicMcxi-
canj,
m
■|IH
I 1
n
i
P
4f..
1-
VI 3
i^
\t<
A NEW, RO\AL anp AUTHl^NTlC SYSTKM of I'Mv Kk^Al. C.V.O -.RAPir
cans, in {rt-'icral, have tlicir notes, lirs, cars, nccki
and
IS, ailoriicil \\n\
]iea
ris and other ieuelh, or
ic jikice inr die pe
itoi ri:\iu"e
1i
tnhee \\m', tr
the alia
I',
whuiii, on
1
/ le:ii|ile, mtl'.
he luiiiiilers \,
trinkcis made ot gold, filver, or foine oiliei metal. i
There arc very few deformed perlons in Mexico,
wliere it would be more ditrirult lo tind a hiinle hump-
backed, lame oi I'quiiu-cved man amiinf!, a thouland
of the nativen, than amixii!; an hundred ot any other
nation. When their peifonal defects aiul excellencies
are polled impartially, they can neither he called very
beautiful, or thectintrarv, hut teem r()hiiUl amiddle
place between the i-xtrenus. I'heir ap|iea:ance mi.
ther eng.iges or dil'i^'iils. Ami)ng the yoi.;,^ uoiiuii
there are many hii;lilv attractinu;, tmni the niuun ol
accompliflimeir.s perf'inal and mental. Tiuii Unit's in
general are acute, l)i;t particularly lo that iil ii;;ht,
which they enjoy to a great age iiniiuji.iiied. '1 lieir
conilitucions are tol.ulf. Thev are tree from i" my d.il-
order.s conmoii to the Spaniards; but to the epidemi-
cal difeafes to which their country is occallon.dlv lub-
lea, they fill the principal victims: uith them thele
difeafcs begin, and with tlicm thev end. Thev are
rarely atfected with that nauieoulnelb of breath vvhicit
is occa'iloncil in otlier people bv t'le corru]nion o| the
humours or indigellion. They become grey-iieaded
and bald earlier than the Spaniards, and although moii
of them die of acute dil'eal'es, yet they li dietimes at-
tain to the age ot one luiiul ed year-.
They are moderate in e.uing, bur the:r pafiion lor
(Irong liquors is eariieil to the grcatel'l exeefs, uliiih
expoies them to all the ban:t'ul impreliions ofiiil'eale,
and is. undoubtedly, the principal caufe of the havock
made among th(.:n by epidemical difoiileis. Their
minds, like the children of Adam in general, arc liil-
ceptide ot cultivation, and experience has actually
fliewn, that their laculiie.s aie adapted to every kind
ot fcaiice.
I'hc Mexicans are not violently tramportcd byilieir i
paluons.: thev are (low in their motions, and tlilcover i
awonde: tultenaciiy and lleadinel's in thole workswhiih j
require lung-eontiiuied attention. Thev arc ivuient of |] pieies, which they fo
injury and haidlhip, and grutetul tor kindnel^llieA n
where they tulpcct no evil intention. Hy nature taci-
turn, ferious and aiiltcre, they Ihew moie an.-ciety to
punifli crimes tlian to reward virtues.
The principal cluracterillics of the Mexicans arc
generofitv and ihlinrereilednefs ; hence gold with them
lole? its \alue, aiul ihey ieem to give, without leluc-
tance, v.hat. lias colt: them the uimoil laboui to ac-
quire.
The lefpcc'^ paitl by parents to their chiklrcn, and
by the young to the old, teems to ante trom ci.ngeni il
principles. I'arents arc fond of their children, but the
aflection which hufljands bear to their wives isceriaiidy
lets than that home i)y wives to their hufhinds; and it
is too common f;ir the men to love their neiglibotirs
wives better than their oun.
Their miad.s aielo ;dtenuuel\- atl'ec'tcd by refolution
and fear, that it isolten diriicuk to determine which ..'t'
them bears the fway. Dangers which proceed ti\im
natural cauCes they encounter with intrepidity, but the ;
freedom of a Span' -rd thrills them with hoimr. i
To turn iij) ■, ; vholc, the character of the Mexi- 1
c.ins, like that ot e c '>r';i.-; p.... pie in the world, is i
a mixiuie of good and bi t, but tlu i). d qualities may ]
be correc'tcd l)v a prope; ■,, 'nation, as hath been de- '
nwnllratcd by freqi ent crpc-'.-r "c. I
As it is out ,'i> I'i . b'. "'; .lie>i-.s '.c r ;,':'. any f /ije.'l '
that can cond-'r^ i ■ th; '■ ■■rt .•in,' iii o'cv r'readei , ,
•.ve Ihall prefent til. ti \ r.il<rrM}n ofthela^ii- j
ii((s of the peopr . tli.c p,.i. ui il'e world previoi ■, |
to tluir being (.onc|iiei';i. '.y '!.'■ Sjr niards- j
'J'lie facrilicescf tliea..' ,t.\> M; ^ c iis w- ;■ vaiiotis, i
andlioirid beyond exr tlViof !■ ,,encral i:ie vi-tims I
ujipcr area ot w hull Itc
lb
•ll
le
M U
III cell
A
\ occatioii-, was t I'Mlhed in a n.\
fringed with mtlon. t)i. Lis l:ca.l he woie :; cmu. i, .,l
green and yellow feaihes. Thee.';.; minilKis, v.l:i.,!i
were tiye in numbci , weie di eli'i.d Ui li.iliils (I the t.mie
make, but en.bioidered \.ii'i bl.'.ck, ;'.i.d their lioilie-
, were lived ail over wiih tlic I :me cidour. I hde bo-
! bari'us u'.imtleis carried the '■ i ! ini n liscd to the upp.\
are.i ot ihe temple, and having pcunted i.nit t > tl.e I s c-
liandersihe idolto whom the lai.:ili.c v,.is ir..uie, c<-
; teiuleil him upon the ahar. !""iiur pi :c;l? held his l.^;-
and arms, and. mot her k'-pt liishcad tii m with a v. o i.'.( :i
inllrument made m the i.)rm ui a vo.icd lerpeiii, ,u.d
put about 'li- neik. 'l"he b.idy ol i!i . \utiinl!\ ,.! eli-
cit, tlie l->'-( ilt and bell) being r.iu.ii up .md l"t.il;y
I prevenieil troiii monng. I'he iii'vi.n.ui cliii.! ; i .i. i!
then .-.pproaeiicil, and v ith av.iuni Liule i:.,id(. ■■:
llint ilrxteroullv openeil i''v i'Ci!;, oui t'Jie out the
heait, widih while \et p.dj'ii ituig, he olieud to the
ftin, andi aitcr-.v.irvl- liiuw u at the leet ot tlie idol:
he then fotik ii iijip.nd iiv.'-nt it, and the aihe- weie pr?-
ler\ed as a preeiou) relie. It tiie uhd v.isot la; gj l./e
and hollow torin, it wa, cullomaiv t'l intr.iduce ihe
heart ot the \ i.'i iiii into i;s ni >i,th w i;l: a golden l['o.)::.
, It w.is i!i'o.u ;ilii> 1,1 .itiiiiiii tl;; liji, ,,i ilio iilol, and tile
; C'irnu es it ih^- d"o;' ot ili.- ii. in|>l'. , ■\ n h the b; nui ,.i
' lIil \ K'li'ii, ll t':;c VI "Mill u.is ;i p:;:,: . , ,,; ■.;,.,, il|. v
levered tiie liead II'MU tlio li.iiv, lu pi^leive i;i-, i!:i.l!.
The body was . ;irried bv the olhc( i , "i lol Ir.i, ; >
I « horn tlie priloner li;iil bt longed, to his hoiife, toi'e
boiled ap.d d'clieii lor the tnui '.,u:;ii;e:,t ■ if liis trici,; .
It he w.i' iiMt a priloner m \\.\\, but ;i iLive p;n\;haie i
tor taci'iliie, the proprictm ' .i.iicd iili '.;ie bnlv tiom
thealt;ir tor the I'.uiie puipcU . d'h; \ ;■.;: I'ldv tiie leg .,
thighs a;id ai.iis, Ixiinmg liic red., or p!el.:\ing it ti'r
tood tor wild be.ills ami buds i/l;i-'i\. .Some tec is
an-ioriii them h,i\;;rj tlain the y!i.i;:ii. lore the body in
!ii;;:l.ci. Othe's f.icriliced
men to then gou , uijinen to tliecr ijnd letic-, .imlcliil-
dren to the inferior deitie^. This \s;is tiie mi;! c.>ni-
mon mode lit l.uuiice: thei\ \i.eie oiliei > lei-. I'c-
quent ; Inch .is jiutting the \rlims '.. deadi I-: li:c,
ilrownmg child.en oi both ll\; - i:i the Like, llii.ttmg
thun up in ;ii.avcin, and l..ileruig 'iu-m lo jiiiilji
v.ith te;ir and huncei.
The |iiiiii.ip;il laciilii e;imoii ' the ;incient .Mexicans
M.-.s that ealieit li\' the >j'ani.iids the Glsduiioriin. '1 his
uas ,!i> h'lnouiablc ileath, ;m 1 only piilonci! ditlin-
g'i!lh;d i,vi!ieii v.doiii \\e'e jiei milted todie in' u. The;
t'
piitoner V,
the siiv,
! tiei
l)V
irnied '
ine tiHit.
1 nil ;l ll'iiir in ;l conij)icv. ■ .s [i.u ;
;;h a Ihieiil .uid a ihoii I'word, ;i;.,l
A Mexi'.anoiiii er, urioldier, better
j' armed, tn junted ttieltone to coin!).ir wiiii hiin. It the
priloiie; .'. as vaiup.iillu'il, ir; w.is can led iiy a pricii,
de:id i:: .ili-, e, to llie ;i!tar ot the common tiicniices,
)r(';i'; w.i;, iiiiened, .uul ins heart t.iken rot,
lor w;is ajipi.iuded .liui rew;ii'ded v.jlh
li ilic jiriluner conqueie 1 (ix
y e,ii'., ,i'/. d him.
. ::h1 slioiiille>i
v^hc'ii.
uhilt lie \ ;
Kiiiie nuii; ir\ honour.
dilieieni I' imb.ii;iiiis, who fuc iiiu el
he uas gi.mied his lite, hi-. liliei:\
With ho.ii.ur to his native i/ouin.'^,
flift'eted death by haviin.; ■' ..r ' r >d.s opened ; tome-
times they were drowned u, .-. :.^e; fometimes they
died 'vith Ininger Unit up in cavrrn.'; of the iiio,,nt;iin; ;
sntJ lometimcs they fell iinvhai: was call'.d iliu giadia-
t(>i\tu (a orifice.
IIls;(i:;Y r7/M.' CoMiJ Usl
1M II-". gre;it and c^iemiw, .
uiiiUr tiie lole governn
till tlie Sp.ini:iid-., uiuL;r iIk.
Coite/, ih\,ided and conq ■
was undeii;iken with m\\\ • ,;
M
'I'
ilK
nt o! li
• I'linn
;.; ;i,
I" I,
it
. 1 ;: O,
Mcxiii,i V. ;-. :
"'. n ;iiijnau.h- ,
01.1 ol hem uiii'.
1 IW'i fXpe<lnii;ll
1 ii<>. iper- , and
on
Iq8 le.imen. (.'oite/ \ ilh hi l'.^ii.i.s LmUed on flic
coall ut the R.iy ufCampeaih), and havmg ditperhci
the n'ltive'^ with his aitillciy, man Led lo liic ciiy i.'t
■J'abali-o, ■i\hiclihelei/ed upon, llie nexKi.iy the'ln-
dians ;it]eiiii)U:d au aimy ot i|0, '.;..".. men, wnh uimh
they attacked tlu: Spaniards; InilCorte/, ,u the head
of ilichorlc, ati.n;koi'j, ihcm in diediuk, '.iicn .eiind,
'i'Ui
.^M'.MU'A.]
d'He d, iv aficr i!';> I^t'.tle
,1 fid'-mn e:nli.'.!!v to C'(
• ";vied with a prclent ol
Lise.iuni; y ;iti'')i ded, toge
v:\\\'.i d cotton lux'ii, :i;i
,u cc, l.il.L' t.i llie I 'iiKiui
p:iiaihrd Curti'/. i-^ ilr y
g.iMe:i p.lds 1. ,'cl;lei ;,
V'-iins, uul oiL.ei iru'- iiL' :
i;i I'crliin, an.' m ide l;is
b. lUld'.d in.'!.;:! vilgins,
Ui" i>t. 0:k' <-t ll'.eti;,
Ciulcd to lu' bipli/ed b''
Ir: \ I'd Ini'!, do: i;;g :!,;■ v
1 .; '-a; .1 ii\ .i! Ciiu ubim
.1 n .;;'.e ot \U"\i. .i, i
iU i:t,. .1 iL;' ' 'iiiivrs 1 I'l
|.: ;l'i.;!v '.i .li; /.nd li..:c>
S ani.ii' '- .11, ; i' e t'' 1 i
ii.. ..t;;ie. \* Ir 'i i '- >
n;ikc' i.i, l;b:i;!:;: '. (
I ..re ;..!:.! .: yn.'.c: ii.l i .
\ H vv v. i.s to ii.i.ke \..e:'
tLr n.-M. I.. i;,'l.i'; :!..
..,.!
I , Ml. I
'•"■■ '■'•
till, ilie ti i"iv ,d 1 .1' I : r
P"..;.ie <■.. ■:.: ihmk '1;
k:;;;;, v. it ne | ''.' I'l .! ■'. "
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I '.,'.. It .'ii.
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h'' Ih . e.c;;:' I ; ■;•...:■ >.
w'.;i; Lee.' .r. .-. t L'
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C .1.1'. /t ! 1 .'.'. 1.1 ;
t :■ ;•'; v.'lH Lis .l/pi'i
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e
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ot
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K d R T n A M I'. U I C A.
Thi.' iliv afirr ilic hitilc tlic rac ii]\ic, or prince, km
)l'-m
n i':iili.;!:v to (
)m-/, ID liii; Idic nt ;ui:, .it-
'••:i'1f(! w'itl) ;i pK lent nl I'lili tV.'iisa-:! pri)viiit'ii., as
l.i^c.iimii V atK>i>!(.\l, iufcM'uvr uiili ii'u'ci.v, pluu^.s, ami
p.iii'.V'l loiion li;u'ii, aiij vvli.'.it'.iT Ik- i!ii)iii:ii: inn'l
.inLpial.k' l.i i!u- I oiupuMii s. '1 Ik- a'lilvul icldi s a; •
j.iiiai hrtl Cinl'-v. ,i« i!i yiiliil !■> >l() llicir ;';o,is, uitli
^•■iM<-:i pads I. ,\i',lf!-. in w lin li thc\ Imr.il aronialic
•."aiis, mil oil;.'! iiuT:i(^- : il '■ ( \( iipic altLT .vanls came
i:: P'.al'in, nn.l ni I'lc his iiilviiill'ir,. l-ii:i.Mn(.^ liini ii
lu iiiiitiil in^'ian viiL'n;;, v. Iiii h Ijc made t.''.: i,/. a pic-
)c!'i "t. ():ic ct il'.clr, v.'i'i.ii ilic ".' ;ci d all el-Ward's
f ai.lcd 111 Ik- l>\j-ti/cd !'>■ ' ■■'■ ri iinv ut I )' ;nna Maiina,
I'c; v '-d liii'!, d'!! :;vj: '!,•.■ u il lie 1 \;'. I'.ii p:t . m 'li. dmi-
1 ic 'i; u it', .ii c.i;u iiliiiif Mid i i'.. ■.w ic' ; t„i |ii, u ii
a n.;;vc iit \U\i.'i, .i l.ii.d. ■■* i idv '.'.ii, and ci-
duit.' d i!ie ! iiil.iii.s I I d;e i oi:;a: ■, an 1 li'.e hii_"iaTe
p 1 l'x;l\' '.i . li : ,'.iid lii.ic. !;./;.' v ;;im iland :iddrel'- I lie
S imai- V, alij'c t!-' 1 m . i I- !■'. lli ir arii.s iii a ;;ica[
ill ..|i;ic. V\ ||. :i i!u (:.,'p:- "I r..'):;'i o fame 1)
M^il^e i.i, P:!vi.i:;" ', ( -.i./. Ill .1 l;:i,,,v, tli.-l lie
I '..iH- ;,.i:n .i "h.'. c: [i,l i .u:.
.c::i
■ d !•
\ 't A' M IS M II ik
t::r ii' N!. !•< t;:,d-.i-. :!.. ,n ; . -r .; liir I line Imm
K'. n, -id •■ M i\, 'Ml' ■■ t'.\ 111 ■ 1 I !■" iiM. I'. 1- I .n. 'l'
Ir.i-- liie !i iv.i'.d la. [ ; !•• ii.l .,
p'--;'ie '■; ■ ;'.l iliink ■'.: ■:. u !v .
k'.;i ^, V. il i!c p '■■i-i' a .! ■•! :' •■.' I-
^ :. :; n'e !r. I'l' v;.!' ■ ; • '
! , .1 I : I li^i'.n. . ;. .
i. ,,'.v It'll.
;;i I .; . v. '.rlil an
'lia' !ie i"i! Ill-
1,1 ■i')e> I.".', a
;• df.) ; ,cli ad-
: I ;'. as I I tlir
' ... > u! d;eir
... .1. . \;
1; :■
> ■ I i ill l( 1 l..'..i i' • '' ,
: 1 .,■ -'i.! :. '..-. ;;i ; . i, . '. i ;
•' I 1 '1 ;v, t'li d.w !■ ■ .■. . '
il" il. , c.iai:' I ; .li..:' i . ' ■
■■■'..:( I:cc.' ir.-.l !r ,
i'v:;'. , .:,,! 1 ::■; !.:■ -, , i;'
rl,''.d. •.', ', .'M : „d;-:.,i •; .;
i . ill 1' f.l ',.,. : ill ■ : , :::
l.i- ■.!■• iv;' I'x 1 . .- ' ' e j:i.
1 . i! 1 ■ T ! i •'.:'.■ .1 I :i' .! • f , •
(.Mi, 1'
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I ••<■ d. (. .!|.
• •'■/i It'i.'v
1 : -Lr^ ••- /y'''i-
I ''Is y■^■ <',Vf^ ■ ,
n !;■;•. -^Aff '> Vily
'II '1.1' I. •,!>■*' '/ ('■■,■
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< ■ d t ii't X' ." y
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• VVC 1 :.M .... ac." I iiH / I .iP, •• . ,
i''.-- p VI .'i ■•■. I '■■> ■'. '■ iwi. ■■■. 'c 'i. 1 i-'ded, .::; '
1'' V '..i..;.:! I I 'i- ; .i. ;,,: . •■;'.':. \\ her. r- v'lei al
■ ;l'i .eh, ',11 '.! nr.e/.i il ., ;. ■ ^I'/ei.ir.it \K \i-
1 .1. I'.i'i I'. ;i' 1)1... I., i' •■ I .i! ' ''1 ', *p u:i . , JD-
vrdii" :.;. .•■; \,.._ :.: ••■■e !.; , < -. sllv. |.-i; tli'l
p:.' V' ' >;tl;.', .; > .11 ■• t i :';.,,,: we > iiil'.l;-.
M I I ■■'. ',11 •'•'. ' I I I h I ■■-, I • 111 jV(.vellt '' ■
;-; .r':.',i I li •, ■,_■ ; > m: ■:- >, .:,,>! v.';;ie/. a^ i .
1,..\. ,i- 1 .■•;;;. .1 !■. 'ti • i';:t ,.r.
C .1 1'. /. t 1. l.v.i..; (.."MiM, M' w > '-lii'Ivdiic
r ;";v.'in !.is .ipiMsi; lill'', ,^l .m " i ,' i iK ■ , lie
" . ; ■:..■,! ;d j'.ii lill^ ii'i'v i\ a . i i . ' , pn,., /' •>(
I •> I Mi'.v, :ii'li,- /.eiii[i",ii I, \w,u '.:.d 'i.i enrcr
I'll III h I..' e '..,[ .1, '.11 ;.'■';.' .i.,.! Me;;! VI una, wlioiu
I,,' . ; . : ■ . i .:■ . . a ! iv;,:; ; ;:',i .'ppr' lim.
I '. .'■:,,■ i .; ,1 ,.:';'.. \. :;.i ., > in-.'ii in c.irr\-
: :- . ■ ' '^ . a': . "i ; i • i i' ' .i.f\' I'. .: i .i erv. liiei c 11 )t
i ' ■ . ,. ' :-i ■ '.:'■• \ A i '.:. ■. '.iw-v li: to dr.iw
> :' . . ; '. ; e> I.,:, I <•: i ..- i.ii.,! -.n ,is ilniie liy
!,.e :■ ' I "' I". . '.
1 '.; • ,, ■■ A . ,.',-, ■ :;■ ■ l.i.'- ;■,!; i.v lii. lea-coal!
I • \ e ,; V . . ,'. V. .',,;. ; : I'. , i ■ ;|' ' i',t ;--i c;;ci«pies
l'. ■;; i;. ■ i. .e. e,,-, v " i ■ :' i •.' ed Im- llnnps w iili
1 .. ;"-.'i. -.r ! ! I ; ' ,11' ol I i'.;i)pe.i;is lu'.ii iii'';
111,.' ,; . t s ). / ..;,. . 1;:, ;,; il\' li-ilir.vcd hiin
I' ,1 ...III ■ ...ii^.l 1;:,- ; '.Il ; i. Ii.'ia upon lie |)e> .11110
; ' I ,;.',.: : . I ' , .. ..Ill lie I. ;ini all ids lllli>i;,
;i: ]:...: i ii,. '. .■! i ■!,'., in •-» iiii ■! lie lelr :; lir'.d
: '. ' .1, ' '. • 1'^ .... . ..;,;. : I',- in!- die t iiv ,,1
■:■'. .< ■, '. .. ;.' ■'. .. i ', ■ 1 . ; ..' o\ d l,iK-d;l, ;l
I '.. . e ■■; " .1 . ■ 1 ■;ii, ■,•,!■ i nil , i. : {■\ lje<.'".;!e llili-
;■ ■ ,.■ '; .• , ' J'. ■• ' I''. .; •• i' ', il ■'' I'ii'.ii .'.u lei wa.;
I.i'.. .;. • ..: '. '.'II.. . .,i ;'i j 1. i' ,.■,., ;liilii. ds ;, II nn-
iiin, ;.:■. ■ , .!.'ii.L:.- . ,., 1..J ow: ;'.ia .,1 liis ICVelule.s ;
1 otiji.ile ihe p^e.T'.ial s
n i: iiivil;'.i.,>n r > Ins
.Hid wlien Ik- (oiiful it in vain t
inarili, lie tliiiii"lit !if •.') pjve 1;
l.l| it,d : il'.lt C'(;l!e/., V,l;.,j w^v, d<.;i'i;.;n( -l l.' hw ll;'.-
lihinder cl iiiee;i; ii iK ii y, pr; ! l nded '.I aMh. \|i .v leans
wcic not liiuei'.' Ill ihcir invii,.;i m, hm |j..,| c;,te).cl
inioa cunlpiraty to Inrp.ri/e ilie Sp,i;iaul'j, v. Ikii tiiey
had drav.nilieniiniii:iii.iiHiiiiU;ide,ar.i' in. li'.n re ; hem;
and, ilieietnve, iiiimed:.ue!v l)e:.'.iii Ifiidiiie , ;indc'.it
to |ii'.ces lomc llii)i;l.,;id.s n! Md;,!; :-.';;;i.'i's idijeas.
.'\t!!i lln-., ilie "^p;! ■,i;ird-, ioiiii:e:.n ■: tli..ir iViarch,
were atiendiid liy 1l\\ ril (,'ihe: c!cii;i,r, and Idrdb -,t"
the coiiniry.v.lio coiiip!,;;!ie<t . t die ■:;!'ii-j!al)le iipp!e(-
U-.f.v. td Moiile/'iiiii ; teiliie.r C'oru ■/ i!);;t th.cy li^k. cl
;ipi.ii Imn as then delive;er, lent hn'-i hea\' n to le-
iliMin and piiMlli ilie ii;jadice ;i:iil crnelty ot' tyiai.t . ;
In v.'lioiii he pioiniri.d 111', piote.tion; ..n.l drav.inu near
to .McaIco, 111 oilier to link e the ,i',ii-'aiv i le; lor into tlie
n.itivcs, heoideied liis .iitillery aii'l lai.dl-annb i > 'uc
diklKue/d; and cauled li.\ei:d Iniian; ;■) be du.t, i!;ac
anpio,.i he! :.i I nearlii- .pi I'ters, ■ iiil-h- 1 1\ e:Ka;r.p-
ed.it .-X i'eiii i.i, on liie (. rd. ^nf^;.e.'.i .'.ie.ii; lake.
I !e;cpri:u , C,;'.ii ; at/;i,,i;ic:v. ; lie-> •/! .M v,te/i|iiia,
all. !i.;.<l 1,\ i!;e Me\i> a;; noi>ii;tv.ca!:, I'jtlr- :. neial,
ai.,M)idhiin ueloiue; .Uliiii.i^lain ! r..;- lie.. ' d i :ii et
',;di;i verv k.ii.l a!id h .v.'!. ,d .'e ; i ;::«:! ti . :: d,^
liipeior; Lc ;:!!;::i i^,;, i;;.;it!ie;e liivi:. ■ !„.. ,, lately
.1 ;i!'eii te.ieity i .| p' >. dnoiis iiii'i^ ii:y '_.iM. xicj,
oeeai. iiieil liv i;;.' .;■■'. li.ie v. eiti.'.r, '.■;ev c /.ihi not
.lecwiiKiio-laie them ;■ iIkv (h. 1.; e.i ; a,.d.' iiierefoie,
' ntriatot iie wo'dd d.efer iiis ent'i'aec in; i ihat e.',!)i-
t I, jldic iIkIu'i; thuik )• .nriu'v ; .i di J;"e :■■!':!]; :!ii-
llscf. Hut Cone/ '.pi-.
leeiile.t i • a. y\ .•d
'Pti jn Cl! ['w
pp.1 i !!i", 'et..;;:i.ne.l U)
■."liUV,
t;;;'; p:ep it .'Jions
:•! .r.l , u e: e cc'iiin
the y
io..-tl»
ionrv, j^^m ari;.e-: ,' '/ '-hiva'a, a c;iy l:tu:i;eil
"u .ifl. I'flitf,/, ,!ie;.'u '. ...>• . .i-.e oi nx leii^.ues tdjm
wexiee^v Ii.kJ ;'...,ri" .i,)piti,>'':H'' . ,-i , th.it the iVJt.xieaii';
\v,o.,i!l.<l [i':<i\r. d</'.'.}i' ide ■ '.en, :i!i..! remove the
: .-■■>it:.;f_ 0,1 ,, J yf,^.,,;, v.o'iK; -e, a-v imieli hive cmlvar-
-.*^' '! il'ii-H. tHej!Jl<t!",c eo,:|.l cddier h.'.\e ■; '.vaiKCel or
' Kf d Kvri..4({ calf, (•(pceiillv 111! hi-. I'orcainl anil-
,■■ -y tf'.if 'th'* rari ji.- ot (J^'itkiV'.e;!, wlio :ippeare(l
f,> ^,#.i >'rifnt1-)<'tlie*j,,t/, arils, very ir.ueh cncoiiiai^cd
»^«.'-i:/"iI, i:'h.'.,;j, lii.r;, he h:id notliin;', t.Ue;ir ; that
ji>f<;(,;.;>;'^ j;l {(K-litaviir. . .c .uil'-.u'i s oi the uiiules,
.and' ). • I -f the \'j<:if .1 'iis .ind !uipri..'i;ip arni.s
dilpiiUed their enipe-
[ lo \i lialevcr the <veiie-
MexicM, :'.t tlic head of
1 ;!.^ ; \. lien they v.ero
v.lid \\ -.. iiice! ill in :i
';.!.ier;, ;i his t.ivouriie
. Iipi'!
I'.;;idd
.'e I ; ;:
ot tliL /^ .:. ,. ■ , i;id pel!'
ror, a:u! ci;;; '', '. ',<> u ii» I
ral l1v.)iild i.i,,' ''■: "I Jii.n.
Soon aticr C'. '-•./, cni'ii
.\^o Spaniiirds, r,,-'. ■ i I
liiet l»y Montt/'iiua
cli.iir ot l.e;iteil 'r','dd, '
V lurtiers.
I diet ont'creni I '■., i ee ,
was J >!•, ilieir Ip-.'. iio ■
and livt «.-npcrt/f i n i...
l-i'io;!, to . iiuji'-' :,!e s'l :,v al to lie ,
I. e hdeiu e, .'. ili .i ii d, ;,
II ^^;ls about iiooii : i!;e Sp ;;
to the lov.'.l honle iipi ..: . lor il,
w.is 1.) ip.u ions, av I'll '.iin :i,
their aiix:iiaries: it icidi:: i k lioi
t'.iv.ers ithe root otihe \k,. e uasli,;:,
li.atleincius and l)re;nt -^W'. k; ini.iii:i..ji ili a ..,,cii ihe
!!,eiu'i.il had pl.intedhis :uiiilei't',.-in'i jiLiccdhi'- ;^i'..irds,
It hail veiv iilr.ch t'.ie .ipi'e.i!.i:u e oi .i h^liil';.
1 1 11 her :\lonle.''iiir,ai ,.:ne liie lame evenini;, and. .vis
lecencd b.v t'.irle/. ;. • p;ii;iipai lip.'.ire of d:e '..i-
laee; andili.it nn'ii.iiii i-.miij;, entered ili. u ,"ii oF
Ibile, aiiil h.aed Iiiidtli, o.deied a ih;-,ir I'o,- i. .h'.,'/.,
;in' ,1 ii'.:;;ii;d w;i,.. r.,:. ie t n his i oind -rs lo le'.ii e i> ; ho
v..dl ; v.'heKi,p.,ii [',.,■ ^p.inilh oliiee.^ iliI li I.: iic )
and C.'oile.-' li.iii :. ■.:':■ ".-.: lo iie,.dii hi \] ee '; ,".' Ins in-
terpreters, i\loiiie;-.i'..i,i pievenied liim, bv (;,K.aki;igas
iollou;. :
" llhilli'io'js ana ■ .•'.ii,!t'.t liiie'/ei 1 lkd..';c' you dif"
clofc llii.- imiiortatit a.ciUii.fe Uit.' great moiiareh vou
':e;;e!!ci.il
:': e o.i alien,
eS, Ids IX-
.•>■ 'iiied ibr
p.iiec.
- - 111 ought
, i-i;!, 'i\liich
I r . ari< and
, III '.: .1 v.'iih
'vdliy
.1 ,!
1 "'
I ' li'iiiii^
ti«
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fti
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5M A NEW, ROV.U. AMI AlTllF.NTIC SY^Tl.M o;.- I'NU 1 K.^AL d O ■.R.W'lVi
iMn\c tioni li I
sCTistii voii in coniiTi.mil, it- r. lU'c-'U'irv
lollll.'
,!l!'.
iiuuK- tor wli.u tunc ii.is icjiortc
.tof
.)■• ii
ii:iu-, vi.M ii:ih;,,itc v. iiil
loIlK- .'.ll'.l>".ini C DC IIUUK
us >•..! (.■itIuT I'kIc. You ni.iv h.ivc hciii liitonin.\l Uv
Ibiiii-, ili.'.t I ai'i en.- of iho iinuvji-c.il '^ovl-. ; iliai :nv
WLalih 1- iiiriu-iui. :v {.i<:M, .\nA my pal i. c"- I'ovfitvl
i\it!i L,'-.'M : .itvl iMi tlic <p;lici- '.iiii.l, v.ni iii.iv liuc |
luMi-l til. 11 I .-Ml lyr.iium-.il. pioud ,in.l cnn-l 15 ii |
iH''.i>. ll:v o:)i; .ii'.'.l tiiL'Oilui- li-ivc cil'.i.llly iiiiiiolca ujior.
\.) 1 : \(.'\i ill- I 111 a mori.il ot liic i.imc Ipccn-s uith
oi:)Ci- va::\ ; a;ul d'..)iigl» I'.iy ritlifs arc conliilfriblo,
niv v.illaii make ihcin imiili nio.c ihaii iIil-\ aie ; aiul
V'>u !i;i,l iliat ilic w.ilK ot" my palaci ■■ an- nothing iii<i' e
tli.ui nl.Liii li lie atiit llonv. la like manui-., iiodoiilu.
\:.\^ ;1k- r^Ac I'.-. (_)f inv govtniniciu Ix-i'ii ina.,iutic\l :
l.'it lulpciul voiir iiid^iiUMU ot ihc s\'.',..ik\ nil uni iii\(
..:i opp":i'.inu\ oi' iht.irmiiiii vourlcll C'.'iicc, iiuji ii ;
.uid vou A i!i liml (h It u :vu :iiy rcSi'llioiis lulijcCU c ill
opprc/iioii, is iUnlii:ig niort ihaa the lunlliiA txi^i.;-
lion ot 'vuiuc.
" Ahcr tilt.' larno maiinc; have your a:lio:is !":-.-ii ic-
prd'cp.U'.l M lis: I'.tnK- Ijv.ikot you .is go^'^; aihr:uiin',
th.ui'ic V. il.i h. ,;:U olicy vo.i ; iliat you ;:. Up ll'!.- lima-
iler in \ovir luimU, antl coniniaad tlic ileiT.cni- : wlalc
o'.luT'! .•I'mrc liic, ^o',l arc wickc-i!, n viuti'jlal, proui!,
aad trail '.'pout 1 wiih aa iiilatiablL tluii; a!i.i.r liic j^olJ
our co.aui V ]'>ro.iuci>.
'* 1 ^'.:;i n.i'.v I'l. aiiljio yc af of the laau- coaipolition
a-iil I'jii:-. as ^.tlitr aica, aaJ iliiliniiM)'lu\l trora v.-. only
i"L' ■ liifil- 'A hicli llu ilillcrciufol .. oiauiusi.^v '.i.;ini.
'• I iii;'.c 'J.a ::> , h ■Mf '.lui obcv y.ta a,\,pio!r.\t)lv,
a 1 i; ;>■ f,)....i.j of .ifi.':, l!'. u \..li haw t.'.r.u-.l a:i'.l bi'.J
up la l' ;::; i apcMvCC kii ja le ii,!.' ar. aiay be- ..ttai •■.'. o\
ur.an.ils : yo.ii ar.v.s \it aiaJf ot a metal '.loen.!, ua-
k'lOA'i t J ub, and the tiic \ on ilil'Jiar.4c truai lht.-!i],
with ;i:'.''i aa aivjaiihiii'.; Ijua^l, aiav be i'xnv lecitt
tua ',in Ia ) ;u; raaa,u i.ur. As i o your actwas, ui\
ailll) ilia-loia ari.l Icivaais laf aai iiij, that y^jj arc pi-
ou.;, couiti.-ou'., aa 1 i^ov^: ac-1 !>>■ realoa • youliear
liiiidlhii"- vvi;ii paiicnct v.-.C (.iiLMrtuIavl-., and arc ra-
th'.a liii.-r.l il'.an ,.oVi;;.jus ; I ) iliiU we inuit, on both
Ik! ■ ■, liv,.''.l- )ur preii. lues ami prc'poireilioas, ami
r' U' o:dv , a ■'■]> n o.ii' c\ e^ and exiieneiKe teacli u',."
To rini til'.- ^^'.MU ral aii'-vercil. '' I 'i a ii wistiue,
Ta'i i\i, w. "_■ liu- repoi t . tiie-,' liul li-.aul : lo-a.; eadea-
■. ouTi d CO (,;. i.i u,' aa.l ...perlc lu.u, w iaic otlic; ' a ioieil
ill ".. I'j'it ii;^ S]' ianid ,, who ,vcre endowcil u iili a jic-
:.l;t.' la '. ;. a'!;, t '.lir. I ov rhrois-.h :!■ dili^-ieiH i olouis
i-t cv orU. :.:v; t..e '...leil ol tia heail; I'a.iC liicy
!;'..■!' • i'.i\': ■-;■ J. : '■■< '•■I- ict)elli./-.' lii'vecis, oi iliolc
til..: . ii'.i.-ic^l ia:n ; uai eatac in his pulciiee, ullired
tl;.i' .' -■ '. .i- a '.■■!■ ; jn a'.^e, .u.d ;'. IrLad lo leafoa ; but
ve:' \.'. li i.'.'.isa'.'.l, liuv.cve:, that he v .is a inoital, as
li.e ■ ;h,:a!i.lv: , \'.e:i- : tlia! ilu; be.a. ■ u 1ik li olieyed
'..', . V • , :■ 1-. 1 devi, ii'it hv'V!' aad luiieoi: lauiiuli,
l:..-]i-.-:^ 1 v.ar, aad leea.i. 1 lo .dpiic all',:' the I'laie
■.•.! .V .' 'i'-i 111,'! ;■ ; ih.tl ihcii lui' ,li ais '..■eic, in-
iie.'i, :'■ ■-■ ' !. ■ . ■''■ a'aa ill md'jdi \ , uido^ed aoiiuiia
.•1 ■ i' ■■..!', 1-; li.e Hi _i!.;aa, s.a^^vaits u eie .lOuaa-
1-. ;!■■■; ' '■ ;'i'.- ■■ i' ua.i; S.''
lliv.i.- di'.; j.ivea fo'iif aa['..cr to liie ciTii' ■ •
I'i n - ., •■,,..;'/. I .'.'... e'.rd to ial r 111 tii.a, " t li.U •
V,..-. .1.-, '. '.U' ..' 'i t: ai die ai'iiL p'.'ier.r ai ■.., if.'.: .
ih'. 1 ,.!■■! I,:'..' ii ii leiidd. p and lU. lav > d.ii :i'«. iv
:■.;, ■.,: ;v. a i'o ;;:a..a'ia,io" and la^.: ."n. l-. ('.luien
f". r i' '^ ■_:',', L '.'.'a.: 1 . aad i . 'i t l; e.. ■,, 'lie
V.i. :: I.;',' :: : .: !ia> . opjiuu ..ai:\ .! <:o- ...,vu;e.
■;,'.;., .rif.'... ■_. , ' , ..ii'l. in.U •! •' 'v-k ■ ' jo.I
•■ i.li-v .■•;■:'.. . a:. '• i.indv f,.;n.i."I ea. ' .. Mp
.ii. ..',' ;■; ;a i .. • it j . .n ' 'W j: ■! '. lOu-
•.(•:. ; t 1.... ;3 '\ .J ' e.- ! ad l . , . ■ the
ki. .' ;■ ■ .:....i.'a (.oP.i.oA-
!■'•■ ; ';,. --icaa, o: .-i' . . .|._ -■ ..■• , ..
I r ... ... : i 1.. ■■. i.\>.: I . ...,'.. , l.;vir .to
it
I CiMfiv contiaU'.
I Moiiii .aiiiiii, oiien \a.iia.', lai .M'.'xu.in t')uit; aiu
that nionauh tieq lea'.iv e.iai: i.. ;ae Sj.iriilh ij'.unlei';,
I niikiii;; pii-l'eiiis i'> tli' .'.eiu '.d, ain! lo li; oiiitcts and
I lohlie ■., L >.i'iia;iii;', ll;o . • .:,. i e.i'.ei't uai)' ii" lor their
I di\iii.oa. '1 lie Mi.\i.,ia- .'.;! treate.l ;ii.- ."spiaiarill
I u ill ,1 relpeii thai i lunae.l >'t iwv .1 hu .iiliU a'ul co'i-
] dcfienioa. M.'.ir,e,.aia 1 Ip 'kf oi th'^r k; i." vi'ti the
i;ie.uat \eaeraii a. I lis in.f'i.-.tv paid, .i jn i-.a;! :e-
lpc:t to llie Sp iiaih nan (is, ,in.l ilic [v.-'ple ' o.vi.vl tiiO
kiici 10 the lac.-.ae't -Sj .laah I l.ii-. r. liat a i aeiade .r
happened \\iiuh\ei\ iiuu li l.iie!:til l'.;e el'.'.ea., or
I i.'.'iier die.i'.l, the Mi. \k.ii.s .i'. liiil eatet.aia.e.l ol tliele
j toier. I'.ei s.
i t;.,t . t ii:e en'.periii' '} ■•: i!- . Ie'.-v'i'_; tl.e .uiaa 1
' t.'.\ la.j.vv'd '^a t'li' v;: i, ,,'ii;e ■ la laai j.iut ul li :,
1 I" ai\ "..iiih In l.-!'. .:e .11. i.'ii ■>■..'. lO'i.l v! li-.e .S;).;n-.!ii
I ;' •..f.iii t \ e: ; C;a/. .]).'; - ....eitp.e.i ..iio'.i id 'iiio-^ n
oullie.; f.'..e.-d ..,;..t n' M,-\;.:aa eaipdc. .lad erirerCil
I i-ii'i .la ai,ia:-ee .w;;. die op.iiiM'-.l-. .lopav ' •.aevnfclvji,
;o I.,!'i de i.. .d .a:.-. :' • ■■:.<.:.: ..* \( aa ■ 'r...:, t t pro-
le iKii.; « !'o t'. :.■;.■ :p.jii .'inreat 1 out ol tiur lortrct,,
V. iih .;o Spi..Mr': . 11. ' _;; •;■ .i.,;o i o.ited. .-ae Indian ,
I I'.iaa ah. .aae: .i:;.; '.ao' r.;': v -• laii.' th.e L:;a''d f .Mtur.c
I ti d..ie.-.i i'le .M. \ e.'.a p.eneiai, vc: oae i the S; a-
I a. .I'll, ■, ■- i.i.iv.i, . ■:■'. \-r. 'i-ail .Vi:t l.p t. liie eou: ; ;
1 and. dep :-.' . ;, v. r a live o- fx more of ia^ t'lrt if..M,
1 vtre ,,iai:.i.i\ v.o-n 'ed.. d'hi'i in v.- , beia;; I rov.iht ; j
L.'iie '. ;; .'.;• i. a ti i.a: anr.alae
e a. 1 a-
lae M
an;; tin- ai .
.-. .Manr.-d. tv tlie e'j;.!L.ie;atei.-;di .:.■ .tf.a-
! th, ,r f-'.r II'.', V. i ;.. h l!-.'. V d., 1 n >; ip-prehca ! i. .-iu
j laij rr'.iea', !e lia.e tlr.- tap,'.;j'-a-.eai near Vei.: C'aa..
; I lie >p.ia,:ii i/,enei .1 llioef ae, fiadiat.', il iiii|ioilil'.,-
I to mm.. .da his j..jdio i^ya i:oi;p.!lie lad.i.ins anv loia'er
I '.. iih-. ;: i-.'.M.i-' '111 ! )'iic a^; 1 )a di.i; im 'in i',!\o iheai
1 tr, 111 e.i.ae .' .aa/ai'.iav.eal,an I lecove: tk.a iejiu'.ati;ai
they lerra'.'d .') have 1 il'. b\ ih u uafoiuiiiite ateideat,
!e'.i)i\e'.l to lei/.e (lie j.rl'.n ot .M "nte/'im.i, aad Uriiii',
hiai piuoaei to hi'-. iii;..i;e's ; aai! aeiouiiaiily, at aa
hour \\h.ea the '^p.iui. lid,- \ie:e iiledio |>.i\ then court li;
1 1 tli.lt p'liaie, C'"rli-/,, li.i\ia<.: i',i\ en ord.ers for his laea
.11.. IS a
,.'.!, :>i-.-j. 4. " he I'., .--(''.ed the ;d. .aee
;:) ; 1.' ' i t j the >'>i., ,'.;:'.-
^ . -i - ; ■ Jiaily o. .. i>:..l 10 i. ;" -aad
\> .S4.k y*^ ^:V:iii, ii.-.'Ji;:'.-'J to Ids pidai;t.
I i.aa.t'iea.'.fuves ^uh''il ii-ife, :iiul poli'els tlicmfelves
I "t all i!ie iv. a;,e- l.'i.iir.j; to die paku e in liaall y aties,
l!uu no noli, 1- aa.^li; be lakea "i ii, -..eat to ilie Me.M-
1 in toiat ata.-inled \ v i"\ei,ii ol la- ii.'f'. eas, aad .'-■
a-.iati , V. Ill a- :. i 'i'.,i, .a he . o.ikl ifiy ,.n, ;uid 1m. a i;',
I'''. a; a. I in die i -li'i loi k- [Ma leai.e. lie ( om plained i.'l
li;e VH'l.il! ,'11 OI t;>.'' I'eae bet'.Meii iiiein,bv one ot thi.
Ml ;\u .III eenei ds a.liav.^ upon las eonfedei;Uis,aad al-
teitt.iia,k:!ii,i-' ;:•, .ai.iul he !i id taken in e(ddl.h>od.
1 ') V. huh. :\! '.a/.a: I aameic'l, " '1 h.it it .mv lliinp,
oi ik.it a '.-la. i'.. ! i ^-.'ii d a;'.-, a w.a. v. it hoi. t i.i- ordi.: .;
aial l.L ..„ K V a) aaike !a!; 1 . Il ill t 'r .'i..! iii'oi y
dia: I'ji'.'iii h.n _ , ii, f.'u .' utid.ea Miedl ', ctiie' to ilic
Il -"^paai.i or I . a ,\\i -.." But C.'atev. i;ave hiai i.
' ' » > 'h '.' \ .1 ,p^ '.' Miild l.iti'd'. Iii'in bat lis
' ' ' ■ 1 i ^ il .. II, I I i..:ir I Old ., -.x' i\ i '!.,|ii!
i ^ '■ ■ * ''. i .d.i'..(. ..a.;.',a 'I , . U:t -sp a . H loi
"ls,.i.i I i"l' (Vv'< ' .i'l.»a ii"' ■', , ii a '
' •' ' t. -1 '.■■ le • ■ ,sil loi t ' '■ . .1'. I, ' > |. ,
' e.iWii' a,)a, a.ipii , I. . ,!, ti;.i» |,.. > 'i ,■.:
■ik ,- . a , 1 , ■ \ lekl ,'>> 1 1' w a ' I ,
', il-,;, , ;. ,.- ,i,, ,,v ,,, , . . ,, .... ,. , ^ , ,^ ,; ., .^
.i.. ..r K mu I 1:, il. p.',)^ I 1 i \^' I .' aaf.veie i, •■ I.
'■-■ '^" •• '",, -id\ ih ■, \ .. ., ■ ,. , tin . _'|-.
"■'• " ^ '. '-'1 ■... ",'P '.',..' s ,! ,,•! :..,,,.- .
•' •■ ' '''•■'■ ' . -. la :■ ' o'l I'l •: . .. ,) d,.' I ii...
' '111 iro,'.i ,,iii,' , ( t I V ; :,; .n..!.. , ,-,e ,
-.•.. .iii.i ) i..'ii,..i,.L ■: 'al'l, ' , - i.i. ..
' ' I.:. ,, u ..'iillv, k'. I! I: ■ ..a r . , n-, i
- ■ . .i.laie .laio: . ,! niein." N. ' .jia, . .|l u-h;
iO| at h-nil .: i'lioihtii h.i. >'.-, ^' I . . a lo '- lui -i
] 1 iiid, iii„,' i' I,; ..i'.dd no', lli;.' a. .', Lii'i;. 1 -. ■•:i
., by lo'ec, >.i o , ■' r laa- il thf V w.-i. ip; ',..!; \\\:-:v-
:' iio'ii, !jc I ,' .: If.,! (J til, -..liat 1\ . I laii
lu av.'.i.!..' stf-: gave .-I'tJciiiJiJii' ;>i,.v i->p!(
1
AMi'UlCk\.]
ioi lli, reivi.i .' '.1 lo ii
V, oiit m the ula.il date
aree, e.veept '.hit hi
Spinni'ds, who laii ■
iM-iiUe/. ;a,.'. as a.
d.a..l veiv na. r.d !.'
v'li'.s. laaent.i...', th(
t'.iea'f.'lve'. at his k' t,
V e: III ot aa I'.t'e, >
Il •' his id,' .aaa. . a
i,ar I "ii i , \i.l, i.i;
I,, -''.- 1 r aliC , .111.!
pre!., lif'i'v. ! '. I' dal,
I ' all / Il , . .la- I, a !
l--a' \ : e il ,; -' I. 1
i: ',: at' • u 1 t . I ■ 1
:-' ;. '1 .:■ ,.pai .
t ' .. • li ; .a; ;, I 1,
':.• ( , aa.! I " k i.'.
\, ill' k !.ri'"i ; d.i ea,;|
n I s-ik.'.l I mil ...'Me
f. e ; --. ikai (-.'a'.'
t . i- I .il a.'. 11, d da.;
I Ilk ■ spa, aal ; l 1
n I ai,. ;-' ua , a'
\- ■' id I . ' . ' hn'.i I" '
\ " - : ' .' u i n ' s J
;,a.-.M..,'.,a.aiU..
!..' 1 -i-.s I 1 e ini''.,;;
1 -: a. ui. la, '.!;,.:. ;
la deV.id i: • . I ( ae i
I . '.'.la c .'aaiii.iia:, .
i
\',
I, -.'a',
II iin la a ., 'v -i'''ia,:i
i.odi'.Hik', 1 il d.i-,' la!
flea i.'ia,! f Sa
t;..' I. I,
1 '' '
laa 1 111..; -a 1 ■ : .
I \ , la ■ '.!, ,t
r .: OK :.^'..\ '.- :
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tke:,' ... ; >.-i' I ':.
p ;i . 1',' !■' ' a II, '.
v.li.) hi.I i'ia. I
tlait (.kj.te/. '. .
■aid his piia-- ..'.:\
.Me.xK.ii; n -bill '' ,
ti Miiia-.t- ' "' ' ! '.I'
1 \ III', a.: ;
i'..bleiha M a
ti a I iian !ii ■ a.i-
oai Tve lo'ii ke.i'
v' .■:' -. .ill,! la ^
'' ,',, ,. 1 ,r|. I'l l'i. k .
'', .a i.\ Ilk',.". II.
li'. .', I'a'i' ..la I .\..
■ la- "i la- ■-..'. ;
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i;,' le ■ ■ a. ii
ki .a a , ,a- 1 e
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a, 1 , ! -I n ''■ ■; :
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:ep' . '.', '.-.. \. 1 I' ik.
*'! ik le VI lie'.'-, ;
i^noi'.^ii'. ol t'ie.i..!s
i..,1tC v. Mil
)iii t ; rtiiil
•. I] i.irn.-i',
iiu CIS .iiul
I'll' ilii-ir
• V, II ti iIk-
[■<'.. i\:\ I,.-
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1 a.culL- .r
t.l ol '.hclc
■ f .iirv.i ;1
t..'.lt ul lI :^
.S;i.:n.!!i
11'^ :;i:o.i r.
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ir uirtrct ,,
l;i<ii.in .
ti;c S; .1-
1 :ic Litii; ; ;
s ,
.tha-
111 .1 O.ll ol
!k'i ! tii.j
l^'ei.. Cri...
i iiiipi.iilili.-
aiiv lor.iHT
ifpuiati;:;!
[c accidcnr,
I, aikl In 111;:,
;iill\ , al a:i
K-li (unit [u
I'lr his !;k:i
^ tlicinlclvcs
ii;all ;;.l^tic■^,
II llir McM-
c'!s, aiul .■■>
mpIaiiKil iM
IV iiii'j lit tl:;-
an.',ainl al-
lolcll.lou.l.
it a!i\- liiiiir.
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V, Cill 1!'. '.111.' I.l'l U ll.UC,
N O P, T IT A ^T F. R I C
til*
llic Spaiiifli qnni
t: I -, uli'.ilu-r Ik:
ml Vi)lu:iMiily, iii:ill :\\>]k u-
•.v\\-, i\\;i\ pt til !i iiL \..i^ a;;iiul( il liy :i cunipaiiy ol
■ ini Ill's, v r.vi '.nil I'liii
led
iM-iiiti.'/. .;r.
VU '. ill
II i).- r,:|il\ li;
Mill,
.-.■1
1, l,V ll
V llii; lluliiiMiiv
was I', n-
aml Ills Ici-
laul late, iliii-w
t'.ifirl.lvfs at 111-. I'l' 1 , '.'vVavnin mi .; to c-a!''- liiiii ol ihi-
I
I •iiiicntiir,', Hull' (iiipLr')i
1:1'
ll 1 tllOl'^ll, U iK'll 111' I'C'l'uVCIl'd j
It, Ir.' hi •' iti to <.-\ri'.-is lii'iic '
liiir
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ta I' !l!'.i.
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111' ai irlll
III
1 it. I cv ■;:'., I', V. tt uiiMir :ip-
a.If!ii-"i a.-,iiii!'. Ills lilc: '• \l
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' 1, ' I'
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ill
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i: "l! u i; li 111 <i\v;i liaiii
Don Dicpo \ eiiifquc?, t^ovcinorof Cii'ia, heme, in-
f 'niict!iluitL'orti-/.hailii)t ■.v:tiii,;rcut fiic< ci'sin McxitJ,
:iiul «asfnde;ivouriiigtoreniltrliiir,rclf iii.li. pel liciuiit
liiiii.tlcilai'al liiin ;; iditl, ami liiii I'ainihiuo t!c Nar-
Ml'-.:, uitli Sc- 111'.-: , 1(1 i-cdiicc liiiM, iiiui take upt;:.
ilif in-ii'iiuul ul' tli'j SianiOi Ivixcs in M
C'llCU.
Wlicaciipdn L'oric/ leaving', a p,:ii''!l":i in lit- tiiy f)f
Mcxi;(), aiul coiiliniii!', Mtjntiva.ir.a :lij;c, ir.a';:i-Lj to
meet Narvatv. Ills rival, liirprilul iii'nin thciiii^iif ti'in.',
maik- Iiiiii pi iloiier, .im! lo n-iiiiptisl the olikcf oltlic
N'aivai.-/., hy the rii h p
recti to io'ii C'oiitv..
ic'.il, lie retuiiu'M to t!i'; city v( Mexico
fioup; that laine o\ei- with Aaivae/., hy the rii h pro
leiiis he iivtde iheni, th..i tli^'\
Th
:i"; .III ; :'.!l.l II', .1' riiaiiiiuiif' hiii-.!:;!
.inf'(
. erl\:l '.
Ii;lnliic til. 'I ciiijiir ■ '■,' f'i)i\e, v.'i:!,',!]! L'liirtiuij; iM
/.umaoi hi- l"i;i>iici'-,!ieiriaicdilrii iiioiiurch v. lui mear.
ghto
olUc-
i •.mciniit. !. .'. lame ol t
ipaiiilli hiilorians oblcive
'I' enii'
iv I lie e;
until
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hil ■.111
h. k;
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; out ol'i, ;' ;isi
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I llv li. ; 1 re-
. . the ^ '.iiiilli
li .' \ illiu.iiiu;".^ a.
. ! i'.-,.il t..M.,:-i..
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I T.- I 1 1' int!
iIll C i-i.illi.
"1 11
I Mk u la;
l:-v, 1 1
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ll
ive
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I'vi.i;:! hii;'.i,\'i l.ii.
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'Ii.it 111 till. 11'. committeil a \e;y irrear error : lor hai.)
I'le '.'eiKi'il, o:i his rei'.ii .;i:i-' i:i niumph wirli furh an
:ul.li;iiill ot f,
leior .iiicl hi^
:is, eiuerc.l inr > aireiiry v.ith r;;a:em-
■i)i!itv, tliiv 'A. "..Id Invcvieklcii to al-
'ui lie nii'.ou '.avf
■d thi" .
)f ."^.ruin, 1
lii'iii ll ill. It ciiipir'' I '!■ th.'.' '.:
■.\ iih'iiu :!ii\ lii.D.llli.d. i!i:t h, ■'.•.. It too nnii a clued
us ma.lcr.
. I'Ji liKiel- lo thii,'< ,11
. iiie r.v. ati:
i):\
,.'.'« Ill U) l:i\ o
., and IV; 11 ri ■
M'-
ic.iiis all iiianner ol
iiiii di.'l;v'!'f--. iliat
I ..iliii;!' to ilelh'A til. Ill,
heiii'. 1' i,ir:,K or t:'
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he i r.v iiimfc
If
at tir. luad '>t i i co ^i^^;
,.t e, 11
ni.i'au' liiili
"e the Mexi
• .liul t.jni , wish a mul-
le Ikoiii.i b'' a.l'le, by
.:;-.d n-.,".ke flai'os of
tilt-::;, li
t'.ii, iii'il
icar p.i'v lii'i \ (TV ile.U'
1
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I'tael!
ni Ol /'-.c hpa-
teiaie .niians ni leareh o'
wiio 'vvi. ;e I'l ;
V. ..'! e 'iinoiii.
till' t.iithel
.1
par' uf the ci;
.iV 1
I tie
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111 ilanLVei Lit liaviiur then rLtrcac
it off
tor tl
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. . • !i.it, uitli the led of llii troops,
o.'. ly ek.ijed beinj;, ihiived or cue in pieces;
deieii l:
.lid lo a'.iai k L.it.'.: in
jy ihcir (I'jipair,
, I'.lim
I rv ; aiii
a n','r:ic; .n;5 I'.;; riU.n, and a riam •:[ n'tule
till/
lle-
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f.iC:
:: . I llieir ip: iiii! ■>,
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; i"i! t I the .''"ivi'ii.u
'.I'Mtie- ii'on Inn.
ikit t'li.t'./.
ad ;.,.a'. ol
i: 'Ml
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lt any linio, 1;.; made a iaiiy, I'.ctound
.'i broken
die 11
ml-, i'lKl the bi K
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;ia
ic otf victori
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to
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I V (ireac ei ror m l:iLi:ir'i,:
liiiiillli UP ,11 Ml
Hillmli lo r.rU.e
:xii,.', ll j.ii x.iieiiceif. v.as alni
it'i.-'.' :, aiul where he i
iiiipi.iiiii .1 Ul n
i'.-. I'll 111 1 . ^iV.hl.'ls
iiLiik, ;■, ol ;ril i!ie I 11
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the v-nelti'
I
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ji :id ii:
y Lein-
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11' "■ deliiovi'd 1>\ ill',- e. P.
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mil e.-M.'.iidv, in al.iJil tir.ie, i;c rrd'.i<:'..d b
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(. :it ili.iiion V. nil I\loiue.'.:;i.:i, r.ii'.i ir. iivt uie ot the;iii-
ih.iiiiv he liiil lel.iiiie
iV.i 11;
.V ilo 11 i!-, n .iiii;
his 1
d
u',
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11 .the i.n;!'j'
.: ti'iic !i ' nil
In i.in 1 V. ,:■{:, ".u t'l's Luii!.
uit: '.,l..l nii.ileii.
uoiild rea.'ilv liavi loiiie ini .-, tiial tl.ev iiin'lit >':•; 'id
ot it peo
'1. lo im.ih dieii.kd.
A.
im, M
I as hati-l, by
prop>)!'ed and
inti ?.unia ai^pi.iied on the butlenient-.. of
iilinj'lv, a i''arie\' liei.
a;_'ie.i
the p.ikice, ami
I i:u; t) Iveir wli u oveiiuie^ lie v.,nilc! make them
lO.ii;- ot i'
h
iicaii noliiliiv .uK'an-
ild
!,,- <,
the
:i,i i:
lell Ub, '.111 ir eiinpcoi ir.ade a lp,.'.eli to
I herein liC s',ie.ii!y repnpn.uded tiiem tor
his liil'ie- 1 -, w he
l.lk 11 ' i.p r ,, : V
ir.ti' I'lo'i I'.i ol .1. 1
ilnit l-.e \:., , i.iiidiiy, iiiidei iv.i iiianr.er ot reilrain
.1 h.i-. k avc, thousih i'. w..s >vi,|i aa
lilieity ol tiu'ii piiKee, d.ii iariiig
ie n ii,i'. .1 with ilie .Spaniai(
dsl:
'in elii'iee
that
ll ' tlv-ii;',.!
I hiiulelt oblh'^ed to liiev.' tlie bpaiiiard'i this
tav.iii: ' .1 .iieuiiiu of the relpiei! they had al\vay'> paid
him., iind O'.if of duiv to th.. iniiiee that had lent them :
tli.ii their fi'abally bciin^ diipatchcd, he was about to
M
f'l.
H
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F.V\', ROVAI. Nvn AU I 1 H'.'i llC SV-n",M ot- VNU 1 iCS.Vf. GKuC.K M If
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W'l fu'i .1 lli'll.
(.■'.!"..', ,i.-.ill:v-', the M.\ici".i ".'•'• n:: t '.:t'a ir..('.' 1
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ti ,. 'wJto ;;.'::i. ; i; .:i I ;. .! ;;;::!. V.t. Ilr.'llh-;
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lie foiin 1 liiuilcil .itt..ik.'.l 111 cvi-iv liil.' 'ly •ill- Mi-\i-
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tlicir cia i.-j or !• ),;ts ; .1:1 1 ;is th-,', i.l lii' ikc ilouii
t!it liritl 'Ci. aiui -Jiit tli; cunlv. i', .i ;; ; n.ili i:i kvcnl
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at'.il pr.,.vi. '•-"', a I'lrrablc !i;:.!cc ti p I'k I'l.' k.r'.-.i.. h.'.s 111
t!!cca'i!'."o.-.i'> -, wliick w.o ut ii'.'i'at i.l'c to hini ir. Iivoral
places ; k..*. tiic In.'.lia:.* i niiv,! ir.'-Mtii to iU:h..>y tliis
k.!'u|./c kvt" uc tiu-y '.-. c \: all p.i'.i'cl o-.jr, an.i tiitir rca; -
>".!ari!, I'l.: filini^ ul I ov v" ^ ■Sp..iiii,ii.,ls, mul loco con ■
tVdtiatc I.idians, -vcrc c t sa pici ■.■■,. I'lu'v all) ki.l
their .:;t;;:.ry. p.;f in; S k;at;^j;;". aa.i trcal'ao. uitli
4'S h.'-ll".. C :'.i'/., il ..uvci. .'.;:hthc kcit pait i''his
fjrci', kr.jk'-- lhr..',:L;h thi- ladi; is and ■dcap-.i' to llic
iithcr li.lc .if rill- lake. S.jim.' i.apiitc thk'- '.il-i t.) tin-
;iv irii'j ' t hi- I'lldiii'^, \.ho '.vcr.' lo lotiicd '.vith txokl
nnd lilvjr, tk.at tli". (.o',il.,l lca'-..c make iil'c of ilicir
.ii'-iis : ria i p.; !,'..;. lai-;.' i'.'. ly b'. liviic trr.tli in it ; lv,;t
■>■.■;■ ;'.-'ii'.'. '- i'.\;'' .) .c u 1 .> 1 oiili Ici-. his cii'v'ii.ri.hiaci'i,
•.ii'i i in: it o; ::;; ):i, th.it !■(.■ '...^ Vi'iv iTt'iaatc iii ci-
cini',.!^ 1.1 ..Lik 1 1 1.1 tli ■ '.iv.r..'. jii.ivid'.'ii a liody 'it
fnrf'js t.. .'.p.ii!' k.iii '• ! : i i.- |iinhi'i li Ir ot llic 1.1 kc, lit;
nv.id iii'.",;'.i'.'i'. h 'VL' p. . alii'd ; li'it thL'\' di J not c'<pc.;t
his liili..- > .: 1 . .'.'J:.:r :ly, '.-Ijicciaily in that tcilipel-
tuni-. k .1. ).., .1. .1 .«Lix .. .: , t;.::r'jf.>ic', provided to at-
tack hi .1
Dc^ .i". t'l: '■■. '. .'i."i, (.'iiicavours \n c^ivc iii.ipar-
ticMl'ir :ii :;.:/. ot :ii.- .■;.'., .1 hai ('■. the val'i'ir and
C'-iaihrt ...t C.'...,;i./, ...;i '■.. utii 1, . ,ia.! mloni; . v. i..jw
f,'cr',' oac k .1: I'Miilic. .11 all !i' la liii . aicnioMb!;.- le-
i.i-.'.it. ; :■: p.- ;•,'.■. ds to '. ii..,..i 1. , ihat ihcy ,irriv.:(i
iu ^ In il V. ., i'.av-l;.iht oa lirai ',1 111, aa'l tho'i'^hi i!i-, ii-
i'iv: ,'.'C!;, i: i;.,-.yiii.'.f ;k ■ - .',,.11 1, n;, loopp. iliiiticiu
(i,..-..-, aa i ;...:. :k'..'. -v.: : ■.. I'll 1 ,' ■ . '.):■ , nil ikjv
{>■■:,! li -.v- '..J ii;':u.uid fccjvci Uic.i.lch'ci Jioiu ilicir
'.jViit.in'-a I
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!,.. 1,
1.'. c',1 I a til.' t >p .1 I'l .'rvlii.di u i I ; .i 1, Uv !:1 .ovi- .'.l
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i ar-a, I'l.i.ia irp la lutt.il;,i la lirj via.', ■. I O.i.ii!),,
I tliro.i.i'i uhii'.i II .\..s a.-cciliiy t.i ; .ii . .a in. " ly ' '
' I'll!. 4.1: v.k.cii ;, -'11 Coi'i,.'.'. inadi" .i.ilv t.i.>iiiiit
; '-V il t') ];: .ili'ic...^, *' W'c r.'.iiib !.i;''r:r dr.- .ir cni-
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11. a. -lit
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ili la; : ". aid la up.ia !ii .1, ;:; iv: i ; a ; : :■;;;. 11 a t' llic
biitl., I V ,i;:a.k;a^ t!.:. iiapcii :1 a ...d.u.!, i-irii..! 1./
the M.-\a.ai ■;■ ae; li, wia) ■,. is :'.:r.o.;.. l:d i.', i!i- u..-
hihty ; 1 ,r 11 1\ la;.; i". tcl thca, kill, i lia: i.-'aei d, .la-.I
t .kea ti.i It la.l I .!, i'\" n'l ..I taca- t;.) ,p. I'ir.;,. Itae;;-
ba.,.k' I'.illl- l,.i 1 1 '.'.■. :.'p'a-!',';.i ''t'lai' • '...ie li ua''i-
tcr !'V lie Sp ui 1.1 1.1 s .i-.-i tki.: !i:d; in ..'ii.- , v, a.i an ic
taen. .1. . .an; ;,- la.i Tal-, .v a'l rii. Ip.,1. iiili. eiica.v,
t'.ii' the t,c.;lu;e lii.-y 1 '.'t 0.1 I'.urii..^ !..-■.!! tac ii:y ul
Me\i. (>.
Lo::-./. 11 )'i' f.'i-ia.l r, ae. id.ay t > ^..'.'.ivatc a p '..'..l
undc:. a.i'li _', '.'. .tii i!ie c ti "•.c^ aa.i 1 'aa .--i ot llie
ci.'iaiiv, : 1 I I 1 I ik, .lie : <. i.ip-, into 111 i.i'viic, aail
iL.ide lii.ai . ll :a .'Icr ' 't : . I !i P■l:t^ a- laiahi be 0:' mall.
.11. iiit.i;'/ I 1 a.,.i la I .■.!u.,'a': ;iii lilv vl 'M.-m. .1 ; .aid
!', la; i.o..,|,l a .: .li pi-j-ich il I'',' kia.'! U.:! oa ih'. 1 ili'.i-
.'.:,'. ,, lij i ",i'', i I ;. .1' latiii. s .iiid llojp . '.. li.iib', il..:
I Ci.aiic HI ii' er ot the aa'. i.j.iti.ii; ot ikciake.ar.d ;i..'u
a'licke.l tile t '■va by '.'.aieras .^ ell a. -a the 1 in! Ii.k-,
h.ivin^'; alviai ic. .S_...iniard in ha. amr, , aa.i .' . >/ o i
Indian aliicj. » le t-iok th, lUy by ll..j:ai ...a il..j 1 ah
ol' Aii.',iii':. I -,. .
'! Oiiehuadr, irl. . arindM-xican-- pctifh- ' ind. kai. c
! of t:ht:c!t I ;i 1 .:o;;'.;ac:t. w... ataa; h d \v .h di',-
i 1 a .n.illioii . . J '. -.1 ih-' iica'ji .)oui ill", pi;.-'\.iaa. .v.iiu
I Lonlcnted co ;; -k.u.'. le-i./j lae.n!'- li.^''. a... ' . . .. iko
I I kin;; ot 'jp.iin ii., then cin;-.".i'.jr Can:, 'i .a
I ■] il,; i.iiy .jr ?\i'. .iicy bein ; lii u : .I'ai j.l. i i .!'.': ,'. J;:'
I nii.n-ie.l iLi.: .il'jliJer aniuii ' i.a. !■.•'.'.. a a i\ ic'-.,. . n. ' ..a'v
j; a iitui, ".'.'•.•.* cii; ui'jil .v-tini .iv!v «M«ii/l>«.^ «■ . • <?
it i>'»if
k
iiil 'Wf
1
•• ■ WW:
1
■ '.'■«■''
«
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>i
■V ' lli'i
fl
fsiN
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Mil
i'fl ' I'll
t' >
f
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1
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I'llli
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m
. , . \..:w'\ lie I I't >?
- . a it; •■■(■ t'- : I- 111 try
, u .i!i ilu- 'i.iii'.- ol .lit-
i.lV. 'if i, Ul II i \ I >
j.M\ 'o'l /. ImiI io iIk
I tin, nu .il.l, ol I 1''
|. il n . .1 in.iri'i Ii.iu :ii
^ >K1 .m ' lilvfi vclli-. :
1 ivi-r, \ . Iicilis, 1)1. il
ll.i •i-i'' il''.'>i p'.'iiil.ui
lit' I'l i;<' Il iLAVtls ; 111
tiK a; ' I ihi if piiii •,
1. 1, I. lis.
r.RlTISlI ISL
( i, V 1 1! A I. IV. SI !< I ;■ 1 1
N ilu' ■■y.i'iiiis f '.;iiip
A'!l ,i. ; lie a jTi.:!
{■■■ .-,. IV . ll ,.|'-l-!l.ltM.
il'.i. - ;iilu'(i l'> Icaiuc
V, 1 I l;i.i:.il:>, lllClcly V
l!\.-; I Kliccullm- w.lK
t!i 'u by tlic name"; of (
oilr.rs La!l tlu-a r!,c C
t,. ,1- . TliC lie ill .1 1":
iiic cu.'i ■ '' Kl >ricl.i ti
A -.v.-ri'.-i, n:-:ir I'v liv
Tii'j cliiiuio ot .ill 1
til' tunc, .i'lo'.si:u; fi
n''iKh thj fi-\i-ral lluia
t';u-iv.t'i.Ivcs prodvicc.
ti.^y arc coniinuailv I
xiliicli would I)E ii.ioU
{Ti.u'.uaily a-, tlit.- Ii.ii ^'
I |),):i tliciii Iro'Ti tlie 1
rii iiiiHi as t'leiia'. !.■ :
( ':(■ ':': ins even •.\n\.
l;..:i.l, A', till ni:;lu I
pr; ■. ■. iVf.l, \\ :iu It 111'
V .ic t'.o!!i I'-- ceaifi,
tiic C i;:i;i.itV .^t 'Hh <■
('. .11. -■ 111 lliJ Uil;>"l:
f:.'i 1-. 1.^ mule a l;i'
C.:i .;■, a.ul bci-onu
a';.! Iiiiii liK ll a v.;
fi nil liis iliie I '•■-.■ iiiv
ti.j air, .i.i'l i\ li^ili
il:' lU ;ii; , ■.vliu li ■.'.'tu-!
ol .1 i.;uai\ till l!ie l.i
r iiiie; ll njiis "t vva'.ii
i:irii.; .•ilii v : tlie 1 1\
n,. 1 1 ike', ire tmnie.
c r.i /.I \' i- iin.lc; w
V. 'r,.li iiave I'l. ir i'
nv, ll i.v iheii ban't
\ i'l. :.\ '\ eii- ; lieaiii..
ti. .i ll'..v iinai.iiu-i!
a >■ .1. iiiii,.' anl tei
;;.iiiilMD!ial)le ; win
rivei> ill the world
;iii ' ilie iiiml'-ure ib
v\ die elimiite iii I.
I : , ...Illy didiiu-
;li li. ■' luiiii die ram
y ,-.,! n'uiid. I lu\
8;«.l I'l M.1IU any liaii
{>(.ii, tl.ev are Veiy
tl**ii;i^ 1 ir;'( a'ld I
N o R r n A M i: r i c a.
5'V
i ^ I
i,i5'<|
11
1 1, .in
;, u
i.lV'.-
I lin
I'll n
|,l,r
I'ti.l
m< a:
I
. '....ii'i lie ( It t > S|-)nin hv l") IK- lit' Ins |-iriiuip:il
,1 • \- t'.'T .■iiii .111 ,ii I Kuiii ot lii'. ( Miii|iieli , and
I ii; ■.•! t':. . I' Ml tiy, ililiiiii'; Ins M.iirlty WDiilii
111 il.i.' iia i!.i.iris Ik- li.i'l .i| puiiiu-il in l'/ivit'i
t!i ill/ "MiF'.' ot , lie I >ii'ii* ic'l i.ui'l'', ami lii'iian
'iL' i. 1.1 n . •, ; ) III . tol licis. AiUdiiL; llic ritli
'I'l /. I'.;,; U) til i-upriDr, ii is laiil, tlieri'was
Mil all!, lit I I' 1 i.mI il t'')iin, a< I ii-t'' as the
1 a mati'i Iiaii ai tin- l>iir",fll mil ; a iiohlc li't ot
;i '
lilvi-i vclli'. : Icvi-i.ii iliino<i calHu i!,i)M anil
. lif.Uis, 1)1.1/., liilu's, tiiiiH, aii.l (lo'vcrs ;
iii|',s, iii.-iiil.uu ^, iMil otlKi Diii.iincntil pieces
IcvvcK; lu:ieol I'l.'ir iilnls, untoi) vcll-
ihcr prKj.>, tiirs, a.ii.1 tc.itlicrb ol vaii'iub
K' ',v'"<"''*l rcqufllcd liis Imperial Majcfty to fnid
pciibns ipulilicil 10 I'lnvcv ilic country, that it
be improvcil to flic litil ailvauagi-, xvitii
inilli'MiiriesfDr rliei.onvtifinn of the people ;
1
o\ 1 1
iniv.ht
pi lell'^ati _ _ .,, ^.. ,
as alio tattle, with I'ceiW ami pUnis to improve the
lanil- : init it is (aid, he provided particularly againll
the lending over iihyticiui"; or lawyers. What covild
h:ivc l)fen his reafon a<?,am't fending phylirians is not
eilV to he conceived ; Imt he had i ertairdy all the rea-
fon in the world to dcfne that neither laws or lawyers
Ihoiild be adinittcil there, having determined to treat
the natives asllavf., and fei/.e both tlicir perfonsand
P'liicllions, and, iiidccd, to ulnrp an ai binary duiii-
nioii over IwUi Spaniards and Indians iii the New
World,
C H A P.
VII.
IMUTISII ISLANDS IN THi: W1^ST INDIES and AMERICA.
( ; V r n .\ I,
I):
SI !< I
111- 1.
c WF..ST. INDIES.
3 A...
V. i
t'u
iiiiv f iMilpii binsvi'cn the t •. ■/ c.intinent's of
Ilea ;•'(.. ir nil iiliLi" I'l idinds, cillcd!<y
.-,. :n .11 ,.,'"c!l.iti -..I (it tlicWi!- buiifs. They are
.• iiihai b) It.imcii into tin- \\ iiidwud and Lee-
I Ifi.i.ds, iiieicly u i.li re gar 1 m t'lcii iin;.ition ci-
1 > die eall iir well. .Sonu- ;^i'oj;r.i[ihersdiiHniniilh
11 bvthe name"; of Great and
I.irtlc Antilles, while
lirll inhibi-
t.. .1- . Thi III' in .: f'.-nii iivnlar f.irni, llrctchiriL:; from
iMc ci.i.t ' ' Kl irid.i to ;iie m.in contiucni of b'.iuirh
A '.'vri Ml n. ir i'''- river Oioonoko.
Til" cliiiuie ol .ill liic Wefl-India Iilands is neirlv
i!v iiine, a'lo'.sir.g for ihofe .in.iden;al ..iitrerences
'v'lich thj fe\i.Tal li^uation^. a. id qoalities of the l.uids
t'li'iv.felvcs produce. As thev lie v.ithin thetn;iii.s,
ti.cy are cnniiniialb; fiibieft to an exiiciue of heat,
xiiiich would be ii.tiilerable, it the rrade wind, riling
fLubially a-, the I'l.n gathers IfrcntMli, i\:i.\ n.it blow in
I j),i;i ilicni Iro'Ti the l..i, ami refrrlii ilie air in liicli a
ni iniur as loena! !.-ti'.r,ii ; 1 1 illcv.v rli-'i.' nerellaiy oc-
elli ; ins even .in. 1^1 ihc •iif-ri.liin I'm. On the other
li..:i.!, as iIk ni;;lit advaiicis, .i bi\-t/.c lHt;ins lo be
[■■■:' iVc.i, Willi h blows Ihiarilv tmin i!ie l.iad, as it
u.ic b'>i!i I"-- ceatcT, tnwa;\|s the lei, to all iiomts of
the CK'.ip.ifs ..t oiin.'. l\\ t!ir f.iMie I'cinaikabK- pinvi-
d jiK/ ill iIk' dil;i'>ii:i.>. i>t thin!;, it is, th'.U when the
f'.i'i his iiiub..' a [\\>.-.n pi 'i.;..ls tow.ii.ls iheti'ipii- of
(.".■.:i, ■. ;■, .i.'.d besiiincs 1.1 a manner vertical, lu-,.liaws
nh.i In. 11 liuh .1 v.i'l bo.ly if clouds, as fllield them
fi nil iiisdiic I i-eiins, and, dill'olving into r.iin, cmil
li.e air, an.l rcii^ih ilie couiiny, thir'ty with the Ion;;
d:" 111 'iit, '.vliii h .' iierallv continue, lri)inthebeiiinnin'z
o! J i.iuaiN till the Liiier end of May. 'I'hefe r.iins are
r r. iie: !l hj. is iit 'vaur p.iiind Iroiu the clouds with v.iH
iniiH ; ..ilii V : the livir- rile in a moment ; new rivers
a..'t "
C'Ti
ov.
Ilk
ti. .;
a .■ .
I ;ke^ ,re liiiiu.i ; .iiul, in a Ihort tin;e, all the low
/.M- I- iin.le; w.iiijr. Hence it is, that the rivers
ii have lUiir in ircesuiiliin the tropic:;, lv,cll and
II i.v tlieir bank- at a certain feafon. But lo iiiil-
.1 'A ere ihcancieiu ■. in their idea ol the toi rid .'..nic,
tl:.V ini.i'.iiusi 11 to bedi led .ind Uorchcd, up widi
. inu..' ard lei a ./lU heat, and to he, fur that re.ii'in,
■>i.iiiih iDilable ; when, in reality, fonie of the Iar{;ell
riveis in the world have their cotirfe within iislimiis;
Ah ' ilie in.iill.uie ib oneol the grcatcfl; inconveiiieiice.s
ol the elim.ite in leveral pi. ices.
I ! ;. •iiily dilliniHioii "t feafons in the We, I Iiulies
aiii.- Imi:! tiic rams.- 'I'lie trees arc green the whole
\ ■■•'. reunti. 1 hev have no cidd, no troll, no liiow,
?..f 111 M.M'.iany hail; but when llorins of that kindhap-
{■i.n, iKev are vciy violent, ant] the hail-lloacs are ex-
lkt.«.iia^ Iii;k aiid heavy.
h ij in t!ic r.iiny teaion that t'aey are aflaiiited by
hunicanes, the molt terrilile c.ilauiity to which the in-
habit mts of thel'e iflaiid-. aie fiibject. One of thefe
liuri icancs deilroys, at one llrokc, the labour? of many
years, and bailies all th-- enileavours ol the planter. It
is a ludden and violeni llorm ol wind, lain, thunder,
and lightning, atteiuled v. ith a furiouj f.velling of the
kd, and fom^timcs with an earthquake; in (hort,
witii every circumllan. c wiiiilithe elements can al-
I'einble, that is terrible and dclh active. Firft,tliey fee
1 as the prelude to the eniuing havock, whole titlds of
I Ibg.ir-canes .vl-.iiled inti' tlieair, and fcatrered ovc: t!ie
f.iceof the country. 1 he ilrongeli; trees are torn up
bv the loiit-, and driven about like llublslc. Their
windmills aie iwept away in a moment. Their uten-
lib, the fixtures, the ponderous copper boilers, and
llills of fcvcral hundied weight, are wicnched from
the ground, and battered to pieces. Their houfes arc
no proieciioa, the roots being toin oft" at one blafl ,•
wliilll the rain, which riles live te':t in an hour, rulhes
in upon them with iiiefiuible violence.
I he hurricane comes on cither in the quartern, or
at the lull ch.inge of the moon. Ii it comes on a: the
full moon, the tollowing ligns piecedc it. Th.it day
you will fee the iky very turbulent; you will obferve
tlic fun more red than at other times ; you will perceive
a dead calm, and the hills clear of all thole clouds and
mif;s which ufually li.>ver about them. In the clefts of
the earth, and in the wells, you JKMr a hollow rumbling
found, like the lulhing ol a great wind. At nigiu th-,';
liars teem much larger than ufual, aid lurrounded
with a fort oi burs ; the north-well (Icy has a black and
nu'naciiu', look ; the fe,', emus ii ilrong fniell, ami riles
into vaii waves, ot'tcn without any wiiul , the wind it-
fell now forfakcs its ufual lle.ady eailerly ftreani, and
Ihitts about to the well, from whence it Ibiiu'.imes
blows, with intcniiillions, violently and irregularly,
for about two hours at a time. The moon herfelf is
lurrounded w ith a great bur, and fomeiimes the fun has
the fame appe.ir.inee. I'hefe are figns which the
Indians of ih.le iilands ■ uiglit our i)lanters, by which
ihey can prognollicate the approach of an hurricane.
Sugar, the grand lla|)lc commodity of the \V ell-
ladies, was not known to the (ireeks and Romans;
though it was made in China in very early times, from
whence we had the (irll know ledge of it : but the Por-
luguefe were the liill who cultivated it in America, and
bi ought it into life as a luxury in Europe. It is not
fettled wlictlier the cane from which tins tubftancc is
cxtraded, be a native of Amciica, or brought hither
by the Portuguefc from India and thecoafl ol Africa :
but however that may be, in the beginning they made
tl.e moll, as they ilill do the bell, fugar which coines
to BiatUetin tjii* pattof Uifi Mrisrld, Tine juice within
' i;
i: 'n\
^^ , ii;
'' %m
3 ikPr
Ii
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■: ','
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
l^|28 |2.5
■50 ■^™ H^H
■^ 1^ 12.2
!!: 1^ illlM
1.8
1.25 |U |,.6
M 6"
►
/I
7
y
-«^
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
7/?
f/.
t/u
:/,
J
'<*.
5t8
A NEW, KOYAL asp AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVKK^AL Gi.OC.R AIM lY,
i
UJi
I
■t
.r-'
the l\i£;ir cane is tlic moil lively, elegant, ami Icitl
cloviivj; fwccl III iiaiiiic ; ."■ul wliich, Uukeil r.iw, has
poved veiy iHiuuiVf ainl w luilvloiiie, Fniin tlu' nu>-
lallcsrvini is diiliik-il, anii tVoni tiie Iciiiiiininfis oftlio
j"iiij,di', a liicancr Ipii it is procmcil. Uniii liiuls its ;iuu-
kfC in Noitii AiiHTica, wliere ii HC()nUriu\l by itio in-
habitants, or cui[)loyc\t in the I liaii trailc, oidilhi-
biitfd tiom thence to the filhery tt Ncwtoundland aiul
othi-T parts, bclidcs what ciimes to Great Hiitun and
Ireland. The tops ot theeane, anil the le.'.ves whicii
gro-v upon tliejkiints, make verv gotKl pmveiuler tor
ea;ile, and the leluie ot the cane, after p,iiiuiini^, lerve^^
f >r lire; To that no part ot this cxeclleiu [l.iiu iswith-
Ol.t it5 Vile.
NVhei! iiungs arc well managed, the rvi n and ino-
iallcs are computed to pay the charges ot the planta-
tion, and the lupars are clear gam. HoAcver, thi.
expencesot'a plantation in the Well Indies are, dou'.it-
leis veiy {;veat, and the proiits, at the tint view, pre-
carious : tor tiie chargeable aiticlcs ot the wiiut uiU,
t!ie b.iiling, coolini);, an 1 diit'.llinc; ho'iles, anil die
b.iyiiig and fnbiiilmg a I'uitablc nunil)er nt' llaves and
cat'.le, will not liilFer any man to begin a lugar planta-
tion ot any coiifequence, not 01 mention the piirchil'e
of the land, whiciiis veryhij!;li. under a capital ut at
lealt jJcqI. Nor is the lite ot a planter, it" he means
to acquire .1 firt'.ine, a life of idlenefs and kixiiiy ; at
all r::ncs lie :rni!t keep a wa'.chtiil eve on hisoverl'eers,
and i.vcn oveilVe himl'elf occalion.iUy. B:it a: t!ie boil-
inr. I'-'nl III, if he is pi'Micrly attentive to his atl'airs, no
w ay nf life can be more laborious, and more ilange:oiis
to the hcjlth ; from a conllanr attendance day and
night, in the extreme united heats of the climtte, and
!"o m inv fierce furnaces : add to iliis the lolles by hur-
r'—.-'Cs, c.uthqiMke', and liad leaf ms ; and tlieii coii-
fider, wlien the lugaisare in the calks, that he quits the
hazard of a planter, to engage in the ha/.aids of a
irerch.uit, and ih'ps his produce at his ov.n rilk. Not-
« 'thllanding thele cnniidcrations, there are no parts in
th^j world in which great fortunes are got in lo llio: t a
'!•!"-•, fro ;i the produce of the earth, as in the Well
Iul:i-'. 1 he prodirtsofa few good feal'ons generally
pr vide agvinll tiic lil ef?e-h of the woilf, as tlie pi int-
er i- llirc of a Ipeeily and protitiblc marker for his
p'-'d'.ur, V. hit. !i !i \s a readier (ale than perhaps any
orh'.T cniiimi.Mty in tlic woih!.
I he ia'j^ei [ lant 'lions are generally under the care
'f 1 ma la/cr, orihief ovcrlecr, who has a good la-
1 1^ V. « i(h ovc Iters under him in proportion to the t x-
i'.-:!t oi tlu pliiit.uion : foaic plantations have a fur-
t:eon, at a fixed falary, enployrd to tak- care of the
iir^r.ies wl'iih belong to it. Hut the coiirfe which is
t'^e \<v\ tiouble(o;-..e to the owner of the elhite is, to
U". r'f- ii-v.h , with all the «oiks, anil the Ihn k of cattle
.i:i;l ilavos, to a tenant, who gives lemnty for the pay-
rv'-iit of the lint, and kcc] i.ig up repairs and lloik.
■| he e'Vi;-; is generally ellimated to llich a tenant at
liait tne ret produce i^f the bell years ; fuch tenants,
if indulliiousand lineal men, loon make good cllates
It tlitmlelves.
rile iifL^o.', in the plintations are f;!bllfled at a very
•e-l\ I 1^0. Ti.i' is generally by allotting 10 eicli ta-
miiy "t them a liivill portion of land, and allov;in-'
li em t'vo lays in the '.Neck (Satuidiy and Sunday) to
ffltivaii it : I" .trie a.e lubiilled in this manner, but
others tin.: h-.ir ntgr ks with a certain portion of
</• 1 I.', lai.d liiliin C' r;.,andti; Ibme a lalt herring, or
.; : -•■■l tcir:i .11 <•! ', ,1011 or fait poik per day. AlTihe
•m: ■)! the cliii-e onlifts in a cap, a Ihirt, a pair of
l,ieeche«, ind i I l.mket, the wh le not exceeding 40s.
a Var, an.^ tiieiioli' olilv.ir hi oui yields 10 or 12!.
I liL* jiiice ut ii.en negroes, on their firll aiiival, is
f''oi\i -^^ n V !. Women and grown b,)ys about ;os.
'■• :• , but 111' h r:-gro fanilies as are acquainted with
t' -■ tii'li.irts ofrh.- Iihiids generally bring aho'.it 4c!. on
<'i "veiagcone v.nh another, and there arc mftan' e, <A
H-n'!'.' r.e?'o ni.tn, cvprrr m buhnel-,, hiinging ; ;o
'^'•incn ; a i'' th- wciltii of .1 pl.inter r, io neially i.j;ii-
i-i'cd Inim •' : ni;,Tiber of (laves lie pfjijetlo.
Tiailers here miki'a verv large piolii upon all they
fell ; but li.iin the nunieiius llii|ip!ng conltanily ariiv-
iiig ti >:n F.uroj>e, and a coiumu.ii limelfion of m w
,idve:iiurers, each i^' whom carries t)ui iiiiire or lefs
as venluie, the Welt India niaiket is tiequentiv ove;-
llocked ; nio!ie>' mull be railed., and goods a e litnc-
tiiiu'- fold a; prime coll, or uivie:. Thole who c.;ii
atlord to llore their goods, and wail lor a better iinr
ket, acipiire tortunes equal lo any ot the pi iiiteis. All
kinds of h induraUlmen, elpecialb' taipciiteib, !)rick-
lavtr-, bia/.iers, and coo[:crs, gii veiy great eiieoiN
rapeiiient.
i'levious to oui del'ciiption ol ilu I'.ritilh Illaiid': in
Anieiica, we lliall p;elentour le.idcis uiih the lull.iw-
ing Table <t the
W' 1, > 1 -
I n"
T) f
A ISLAND S.
UI.IM ».
i)T~
L. irf Towiis.
liildiifiini; 10
laiiMicu
140
60
\i igiion
ureal iiniuin
iijlll.lJ.HM
.:!
'1
B-iii?,(.-town
Ditto
St. Ciiiii;(i;>luT
20
7
r...Hl-!c-iTf
Onto
Aiuiru 1
2.1
;o
bt. John'i
iJmo
Nivi.i :ii\.l {
.M,j;:;i.-r:-.,t (,
Hjchul t!i!U-
i- iH mi c
;:. ^'c.ii.l
Cinries-Town
iMyiiio.r.h
Dit'o
Ditto
l!;irl.uJ,i
to
1 :
Ditto
.•V..5;u,ila
s-
iS
Ditto
l)()lil:;-.ic;l
2^
1 ;
i.)itti)
^:. V ircent
■=!-
15
Kiiit'_(l.^ii
Ditto
tiri-ii.ui.i
!0
'5
5t. tiorye's
Di.to
T.h.,sa
5^
Q
fuiicc
Cu'm
700
'/ >
H.ivani..ili
tp an
Hilpaniol.i
■t->3
1 /-
t. l')v ir.mgo
Do. & Fran.
I'orto Rico
uo
10
Porto KivO
^p.iln
1 niuu..*i
<;0
to
liitto
.\l.;rgur;tt.i
40
H
Ditto
M.irtinko
(,0
3"^
St. Pctcr'j
trance
(;u.-.,!.,!.ii.pi;
4i
3'
Ii.i:re-.i-rre
Ditto
St. l.UCl.l
2 )
12
Ditto
-St. Uarilu)lon'.L>\v, ^
-■.11
them
Ditto
Ucl'c.id.i, ar..l >
1 lie
uiiler
Ditto
M.irii;;'.l.nitc \
,»l.Ic
Ditto
-St. i'.ulhiiu
i'J
circ
1 he n.iy
Holland
Cur.ii!iio
.1'-^
!•-
Ditto
St. I'homas
I?
circ
Dcnm-irk
bt. Croix
1 .1
l!.iru--Ki,a
Ditto
A M 1. K
1 c
A N
I 1 S L A N
D S.
Ncwfi);miil..iiJ ,
.!S°
200
Placeiitia
tirta. liriijin
Cl|H- UrctDll
100
(lO
1 ouillviurg
Dito
S;. Jiilm's
00
io
Cli.irliitJe I'l.wn
Ditto
1 he Hfrmudas
JO.OdO
aircj
.St. (it-orge
Ditto
1 ,11 Ikh.imas ;
•iTy 1
umcr.
N.Uiiiu
i.'itto
F.ilkUnJs
Juan reinarultvs
i| 1
()
t'r.iiil...biit:,l
|-ue:,i 1
Dili,.
Ciiil.X! '
.12 1
21
C,,,!r.>
J A M A I C A.
JAMAICA, whiJi is the largcfl of the Hiiiilh Well
Indian idiiids, was firll dii'covei'-il by the great
Columbus in th- vcar i6'i4, but at thai li ,ie he did
iMt .ittcaipt to make any fettle. .leiu theie .^oiiie years
after, in his f luitli expedition, Ik was ea.'' allioic iiere
by a itorm ; the lols ol his lliips putting it out of his
power to get away, he iniploud the hu nanny of the
lavages, and received tiom them all the help of ana-
tural companion : but thefe peojile, who pl.mted only
tor their own necellities, wcieti;ed with n, aim lining
itrangers who put them in danger if llaiving by a f.i-
m.ne, and therefore removed theiiil'elves infenldily
t'-om the neighbourhood. The Spai.iaids no longer
kept any mcaiure with the Iiuliiiis, and loon grew lo
rfiutinou', us to take up ainisagainll their comiii.mder.
Columbus, forced to yield to their threats to get out of
a defpcraic iitiation, took the advantage of one of
thole app'iianccs of nature wliere a man ul" genitis
fomctimes finds a rcfouicc, paidMinMe thro'i;.^h ne-
celTity. Hr, al'tonooiical knowlel^^e iiifoimeVl him
ihat there would loon bt an ccliple oi the moon ; and
AMERICA.]
hcdef.red alhhecaciqu
fr ni hi 11 lone things
When he was in the 111
pio'ulii-d rhem for then
td lil'O :"id his compiii
for it,'' taid lie wi;h an
tioil whom I adore is
liis moll terrible ftrokes
moon redden, grow d.i
onlv the prelude of yon
refulmg to give me pro
lyn.are'lfpc'.:-.uig, wilt
cd : the tiight was gei
thought themfclves go
mercv, and promited i
to them, iliat I leaven,
li.id appe.'.fed its w rarh
relume its co i. i'e. .W
rived from all parts,
lie c Hild wiili to'- til! !
'I'lic co'.iit I'f Spain
muca to Columbus, w
ntl.er puts on a^ coui
litu.ilion : he called it
Diego his Ion v..-i-, the f
nf ihike de li Vega, t
Ve'^,a, founded I v hin
Don I'lego h.id cait--'
frn:;i St. Donuiigo, w.
quimi I ; othei s li>oii to
after tli-y all deferte i
'J he Spaniuds had
bill all their llttlet-.u-n
fif the Imliin';, fell k
tion iiu relied; aiul .1
the illand pro luced v.
to tint ,^fSl. Jigode 1
I 100 houlif, tour cV.i
habitants ol this c 11 \
which foll:iws tyranii
themfclves to live on li
they fold to the (hips
whole people of ihe il
ritory whiili nouiilhv
was coiilim J to 1 -;.^,7
rants ; wiieit the i :i
ca;Mia!, made ilicm:(
tlu re in i'\vv
At tiill tlieir new c
pait of that fanatical
umphed under the 1
TI ey were loon i'.)ine
went t.) .•\mcrlc.i to
their defcu, and t-'
fpirit ot divillnn wh.i
tiie two larties m V.<:
feas ; theie was enoi"
fccnes ot horror .uid 1
Old_ Hut a.lmiial I'
conquer, ng lam.iic.i,
the \* iiel; and br.ive
Ccnivir ofiier : it w.i
Croiiiwell tN\ iic lul
plaie, ami Ixth ti.ii'
the hi id of aflaiis.
inilit.irv : h," '1 id to '
icilonv ''ntii' ly f"'i
or 11 pel ill'.' invaiioi
to utovei' v.'h.it tlu >
tlir ^('ci'.id >i,is lelV
inelit w.ts Cilabiilhii'
iheoihei illands, -W
try; but the tirll atit
without any nu-thod
the police, |iiilict , ;i
thai il'f liodv ot the
ill in I is ;it pref' nt ;'
Ihit cwlony was I
L -'
AMF.RICA.j
K' O R T H AMERICA.
5'9
1) S.
hci!c-l;r(\l ill the caciques to airemblctoj^^rtlier to he.ir
fr ni 111 II I') nt; tbinj^s very inport.iat to their fafety.
When he was in the ini>llt of the:n, after haviir^ ic-
pioichcd them for tiicir eiik Itv with whii h thev luHcr-
til hi'ii ;mi(1 liis coinpinions to [urilli, " lo punilli voii
for it,'' (aul he with an air ot i;reat iin[iortance, " the
(ioil whom I adore is 'JiOiii;^ to iiifli.t on yon one nl
Ills iiiDil terrible droke' : this evenin..!; vou will fee the
moon rethlcii, grow dark., and retuf; you ligiit : this is
onlv the prelude of your mistortiines, if you perfilt in
refv:lin;^ to give me provilMins." Coluiiilnis hail hard-
ly ( c ale lf|>e!k in;:;, when III'. i>ifdidioi) w.isaccoinplilli-
cd : the Irivd't was general amona, the lavages : they
vhoiiLjht theinfclvcs j;oii!'.!, to he deftroved, lieu:;reil tor
nicrcv , aiul iiroqiifed ev.ry tliiiis:;. }{,• tl.en (ki.lared
to iheni, ihat 1 leaven, touclul \vitli their repentance,
li.id appc.ited its wrath, and that Nat'. le was going to
re!u:ne its eo i.,''e. ,'\fter this monicnt provilions ar-
rived from all parts, ,iiid Cohimlnis had eve." tliin;^
he r.nild wilh for til! his depanure.
Thetoiiit '.f Spam had gr.inted the property of Ja-
maica to (-'olnniiiiis, w!iorp,ive i' the preference to all
ntl-.ei' parts, on acco'.un of its populo'.il'nels aivl happy
fitu.ition : he c.illed it the "-icilv of the Indies. Don
Die;.^o hisfiin was the full jiovciiior ot it, with the title
of litike de l.i Vega, fr-mi the i ity ot St. J.v^o de la
Ve"^.!, fivinded l:v him, and uliic'i liet.ime its capital.
Pon I'lv'^'i h.id iai(-'.i nliioi I'O Indi.uis t.) f^o over
tVn::i St. noMiinr;", under the i. ii hi ^ ot Juin d'tl-
qtiinv. 1 ; oiheis io.in toil ow e'l t'le ii, but in a tew years
after th'-y all deferte 1 th.e iliand.
'1 he S'panruds had built fev ral other cities here,
but .il! their l'ittle:-,ients, ere:V-d '>ii the dead rc:iui:i^
of the liidiiiis, tell to (.lec.iy as fall as the depopula-
tion iiiueiled; and .is the r.ivij,ers were cinvinced
the idand pro luced iio ;;(;1'-1, they w'ere loon leduced
toihit :'fSt. jattode la Vega, which then co'uilled of
iinohouils, tour cl'.urches, and an abbey. I'hc in-
habitants of tins tiiv, pluivAC'l ii'.to that indolence
which follnvs tyrannv .itter devailation, c oiuenied
themlelvcs to live on loine pi mt itions, whole overpl'.is
they told to thclliips '.vliii h pui'c.l by their c;; ilN. The
whole people of the ill uid, collened iiiti) aloidl ter-
ritory wdiich iiouriiliv I tiiis ulelels race of ileili')vers,
wa.s coaiiiu J to i y->o ll.ivcs lO'iiimmleil by tlieif tv-
rants ; when the I .n didi ' oniinp, at la:! to .itt ick tlvir
cf'ital, made thenilclves in.ilfti-j ot it, and lettLd
tlurc- in i^'i^.
At liill tiieir new rr-! •nv had only ^c-o iiiha!iita;its,
pait of that fanatical niiluia v.-hich ha,' touv^ht and tri-
umphed inider the ^.bclli•Ml^ iLindard ol C'ronuvcll.
They were loon iomed by .i niniber of royalilf^, wlio
went t.) .AsT'.crica to nicer with loine alleviation f.ir
their ilitVit, a:ul to eiii'iy i!ie c.ilii ot pe.ice. The
fpiiit ot divilinn wluc'n had |o Ioiht and to ciiiellv re ir
tiieiwo ] aities m I'.urope, tolhiaed iheiu b'vnnd tiir
feas i theie was en'iu;.',li to renew in the New \\ oihl the
fcenes ot horror .md blo.idlheil foolten rejieated in the
Old B'.a .idiuiral I'eiin and (..ilonel \'eii;\iilcs, alter
toiii'pier.iijj; Jamiici, had left the comm md to one of
the \Miel'. and bravell men, who by giioil luck was. the
CcniMr o|i'.(_er ; it w.is I)'()\ icy, a frieiul to the Stuait?.
Cromwe'l t\<iie tublli.uted fiimi- "f hii parry ia his
plaic, aiiil li.iih ii.iKs ilieiiileatiis ledoied I/Oylevtn
the In id i«f afluiis. His manner ot' nilinj; wa-. quite
indit.try : he hid to keep in order a-.id Ro\ erti an inlani
I'olofiv .'ntir' Iv C'lmpofed ot loidiers, and to pieviiu
or II pel ih'' mvaiions of the Spaniards, who iniphttrv
to let over vdiat thiy had jull loll. Hut when Charles
the ^('co,nl ^vrts lelloie 1 to I'.ie throne, .1 civil i'.>\fm-
inetit vv.is elii'iiillied at J.'.maic.t, firmcii. like thole i.i
tlicoihei itland'-, alitr i!\'j model ol the mother cni.n.
Cry; but the liill attempts were conlined locompilin',';,
witlunit aay itiethod, tome pryvilional rei:;ulati.)ns tor
the police, |uilice, nnd tinar. e'-'. It was not till I'iSi
that tl'e body ot the laws w:is formed by wdiieh the
ill in I is I'.t prefent iMiverned.
Ihis cgloiiy was foiiuieifed alter the Reform uion,
that it C(?ntained tS.ooo pcrfons, wiio had almofl no
other trade bur their depredations on the Spaniards.
Sir i'honias Moditbrti, .i rich planter ot'U.irbad-.jes,
was then governor, who came to Jaiiaica to increafc
his polledions ; he introduced into this illaiid the art
ot inakini; fiii;ar, and of plantinj^ cocoa trees ; and
erected l.ilt works. 1 lis attention to eiicoura;j,r culture
and induiliy could not make the people of Jamaica
ji,ive up their maritime expeditions ; adventurers ol all
kiiiils increafed the croud of theie romantic pirates,
who olreii delervcd the appellation of heroes, known
by thenimeot |- lec hooters and Buecat'.ecrs : thev in-
felled the wli.de Welt liidiin Sea, and laid walle all
the coalK uf the New World. The plunder of Mexi-
( () and Feru was al'.vays earried to J.i'iviici, both by
the nativc'i and llianc'er? : they found in this illand a
'greater telicitv, leeeived more protection and liberty
than elfewheie, both to diletubark and to f[iend, at
their own plcafure, the booty they had acquired in
their coiirfes. Thcie the e.\travag:'.nce ot their debau-
cheries loon pluivj'ed ihe.-.i into dillreli. lliis only
Iting of their eruel and bliodv indullry made thcin liy
to new combats and to n-w prcv. Thus t;ie coljny
proiiied by tiieri ontmual ch ui ;es of for:u!ie,and en-
riched itlelt bv the vii'es which were the origin and
ruin ot their trealmes : and when this lawlcls race uas
dellruyed bv its own aclivitv, theie fame trealures be-
came the bale ot a ncv opulence, by the help tlity of-
tcicd I -) uiereat'e the pLmtations an,l prod'.i lions, orto
ojien a contialiand trad'.- with the Spaniards. On the
whole, in whatever point if vic'.v any one conliders
Jaii.uca, it will be found th.it f.ngland owes the pol-
lelfion ot ir, as welt as the means which determined
the gratv.leur of us lettlcnient, to the B'accaneers.
This illand e\'tcn Is from 7; de^. ;; min. to 78tlcg.
;7 min. we.t lu.i^iiu'.le, ami from 17 deg. 48 min. to
iS dcg. i;o min. north latituile. It is about 140 miles
in lens!;th, and '"'oin bre tilth, where broadelt ; hut be-
in;!; ot an oval forai, it ^rows nirrower at each end.
It IS neat* about 30 lea;.^iies to Cuba, and 59 kv.gues
to the well of St. Domini^o : theie two large itl.inds
defend it fi'jm tlie '.viiids wdiicli delblate the Atl.intic,
whilil the tuim^ci an.l difpoikion of its harbours [nit
it ill a con.lition to cury on a 'j,'eat tr.ide with either
thefe and the other ill iiuls of the Well Indian Set, or
widi the continent. Tliere are .ibout 16 princip il liar-
Ivjurs, belides 30 li.iys, roads, or tyi id anchoring
jdaces. 1 hou!>,h this tituati m may cxpofe it to the
inltilti of its too powerful nei;dibours, it at the faiic
tune facilitates the entrance of the fuccours the mo-
ther-country ha« at all timev laviihcd on it.
Theie is no country between the tiopics wlv^rc t'.ie
licit is more moderate, bciiip; conilantly ci)ilevl with
leliediing brcezi's, tietpicnt rains, and ni^dit dews ;
h')'.'.'ever, it is uirivholclome, efpcciilly on the lea-
coall, and excellively hot in the morniiii^s all the year
round, till about eu'ht o'clock, when the lea brec/e
begins, increalini:; uiadually till ab.iut twelve, u hen it
1 3 commonlv llroni^ell, and lalls till two or three, when
It bet;ins to die away, and to continues till about live
v\ lock, when it is qtiite t'pent, and returns no more
till next meitninj!,. Aliout eii^ht in the eveninjj begins
a l.iiid biee/c, which blows lour lca;^ucs into the tea,
.indc'.intiiuic-iincreaiinu till twelve .u ni[',ht, after w hich
It decre.ilijs till fouiin the morning, when it ceales, and
returns aoaiii at night. The lea hieeze is ftron^er at
tome times thin at others, aiul mote to near the coall
than within I md; whereas it isjufl the icv.rfe witli the
l.ind bret/c. S.imcti i:cs the tea bieeze blows da\ an.l
iii;j,ht tor a week or two. In December, Jaiuiai^ , .i:id
febiuarv, the north wind blows lurioufly, checking
the growth of the canes, and all i)ther ve^'.ct.dilcj, on
the north tide of the ifland; but the fciih lidei-whel-
tered iVi'iii them by the mountains.
The dews here are lb groat within land, that the
water drops from the leaves of t!ie trees in the morning
as it it had laineil; but there are leldom any fogs, at
leall ill the pl.ain, or lankly places near the ica.
There
.,11
P ■
''Ft
im
■■"■■ jil'l'ii
;'; m
f
m
510 A MiW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTI-.M or UN!V)' RSAl . GF.DCiRAI'HY.
If
■M
iiji.
i 'i';
IK?'.
I-
1 lu-ic !■■ ■uidji.cot' lulls caUciI the Blue Mounr.uns,
ilhii run iluoujili the ill.uid iimii e.iil to well ; the tops
;iie Ci)\e!cil u iili ilitie; till kiiuib ot trees, juit'.ciii.uiy
cedar, l;giu;mvii;v, ar.d m;ilioj!;;iiiy, uhuii leiuler
tlicm ee[ually pleahiiu .ukI pioiit.iljle tiithe ii.lialjitaius.
Seveial (iue iivei>, well lluied with filh, ami navigable
by canoe'., take ilicir rite tVom theic moiintaiiis. A
hnver rulgc" uins paiallcl to ih.e greater; and the vailies,
or lavannahs, aw exceeding IcvlI, wiilujut llones. (it
tor p.Ui'.iie, arid t:ui!tul, when cleared of wood, c1|H'-
cially on the lunth lide of the Klaiul. Alie; ilx i.iins,
or lealon?, as they arc ealle.l, the favaniiahs are v-.tv
plealaiu, and i)ioduce l.ich q\iantities ot gralb, tii.u tiie
iiihahitaiMf arcfoiueiiniC'- torced to burn it; but, after
long droughts, tin v ai e ijuite parched and burnt up.
Though this ifl.md abounds with rivers and lakes,
watei i< very leaiCe in fiiiie [ilaces, and in others lo
mixcil with land and ledmicnt, that it is not tit torule
till it is puiitied ;.)r i'ome da;, « in tartheti jirs; and, in
funic years, inar.y cattle pejilli fir want ot water. I;i
the illand aie leveral lait (pangs, which toiin a talt
river, and leveral lakes. Near the tea, as well as at
Port- Royal, the well water is brackilh and unwhole-
I'onie.
In the mouniaim, not far from Spanilh Town, is a
liji batli, ui gie.ii mcilicin..! \irtut. It aftVrds iclitt
intl;edry ivUy-r.ch, wluili, cxtcpiuig the bill. his and
yellow tcvcr, ^ one of the motl teiriblc dutcmpers of
Jam.uca.
TliDugh the 'oil ofjamaica, in general, i^ ex.c.diug
fjrtile, yci it is thought not one tounh of the lugar
giound upon the ifl.md is cultivated. Even the grounds
i\ing near the rivers anil the lea are, in many jjlaccs,
ovcr-iun withwood, iniomuch ihata plai.tei who has
plaiit'.d ; or 40-oacrei, has ftldom above joo well
cultivated.
The ;iioll valuable produdion cf this itland is (iigar.
The cane t.om whence ;t is extraited, is a kind of
reed, whith riles commonly about eight or nine feer,
taking in the leaves growing out of the top; and the
aioll common thickneis is from two to f lur mclu-s. It
leqiiircs a light, poro'.;s, and deep lod, and is ul'uaily
<i t at the eridot eighteen m.iruhs. Wnhiii 24 liours
.liter the Lanes are culdo^sn, they bre.ik tiiem between
t .vo roller- vit i. on or c.ipper, which ,i;e |)ut in iiioiir.in
py A hoti/.ont d wlieel, turned by oxen or horfes. I he
juice, with wIulIi the iiuicr part of the cane is lllied, i^
received in a rct'ervoir, Iroiii whence it is lucceirively
cuiicd to fcvtral boilcii,, to reduce it into cryllals.
T'his liquor is lalled ireaclo, or inolades. .Vtter the
liraining, they have n;u(i-.'\,id i, or nuigh lugar, wliicli
isgieiilv , brown, ar.it lot';. T'his fug.u- does not tie-
come whi",-, fliining, aikl I'.aid, till it isrerined, «hich
i- geixralK don;- in f.iDrpe ; tho'igh there are two re-
linin':,.|i.)iil'c: at Ki.igfto:]. The iiiiilities are ul'uaily
the twL-iuh pa. t ofthe val'ie of the t'ug.ir. A gie.i: deal
of th;- .'.:;:.!e i- crntuiiitd in ir.e Northof Europe, and
in .\o,.l. Aiicrica, wliere they I'upply the jilaceot but-
ler a.i ', lugar to ttie common people. 1 he ;\;.iericans
'.-I'e ihviii I" produce a teiaient.-ition ; .-ind they give an
..;.r;cL ■.l,>le t.ttte to .1 drink calleit Fiiil's, which is nuihing
ill. 'I. than the i:if;i;ion ot the bark of a tree. Tliele
I'.jl.ii'.e^ are like .lie pro.'.igiuullvufet'al, llncethffeiret
li.j 'i .eii viiico^eitd to convert them, by diUiUation,
i.,;.i ,1 1; irituoii', hquor, known by the name ot lum.
'1 lie opciation 1= perforincJ b\ mixing one thud of
iviupwith ivo thuds o, ivater. When tliel'e two liib-
l.a:ices havciutheientb fermented, at the cndof twelve
01 litt'.eii day, they are put uuoallill, where iliediltil-
i.i.ioi) IS c.i:nc.1 on >viili great tacihty. The annual
txpoft^ ot Jamaica m thcle leveral ai tides, the pro-
duce lA lugir cine\ cyinc to upwards of 100,000
h-glheodso't lugar, bet.veen .0 and 40,000 puncheons
cil luni, and 30-,Oi3 gallons ofm'jiali'es.
Alie; lugar, thcmai; co.Midcrable piod,.ctioa of this
iflmdi: Pimento, great qua.-,:i:iesufw huh are annuallv
(•\;).)rted. There are I'evs'^al kinds, nw e or lels ilrong,
•iiiu mwie Of Lfs ac, j J. The tree whi.-h praJuCci that
I
kind of pn.eiito known In the iiaineof Jamaicareppcr,
was not cultiv.ued in regular plaiuaiic.ns till the year
I'.iiS. It commonly glows on tile mountains, ;ind iiles
;ibove jn (eel hi;;h. It is very Itiaiglu, anil toveieil >'. iili
a giey, dole, Ihining baik. T iie le.;vcs arc, in all
relpecs, like the 1 uirel ; and .it the end ot the braiu h.es
grow the flowers, tonhich lucceed benies.i htile laigci
than I'iniper. 'Tliev arc gathered green, and laul to
dry in the Inn, when tiiey grow brown, and get th.i;
(picv liuell which has given to pimento the ninie of
All-.Spice. Its ule is e.xielleiit 1:1 ilrcngthemng the
cold lioniadi (ubiert to truduies.
To the culture i.f pinieiuo the |)eoplc u;\ this illanJ
ioin that ot ginger. This is liie root ot a tmall plant
;iboiii iS ui' 20 inches high. It was greatly in vogue
;iboiJi the itmldle of the- iall century ; but, (ince that
time, It has b\ degrees grown out of falhion, and is
now uiilv X (ci.i)i]dary amclc of tiadc.
T'll^ iil.iiicl .dlo produces ;i juitnber of trees, fhrubs,
and uielul i>l\nts, (ome ol them natives of the (oil, and
otluTi brought from the o;lier lilands of the continent.
Anu.ng tJKlc are the fjilowing : the mahogany, the
iilk loiron tree, the dog-wood, the bitter wood, the
ballaul ma.iHiiia, or \\ ocd ot .-t Maiy, and tiie lig-
nuiii-v;ix. The trees arc the oil-nut tree, the cocoa-
tree, the tamariiid-tree, and others which have their
relpective ules both for wood, convenience, and profit.
ilere are likew lie various tbrtsofdying woods.gums,
and medicinal drugs. Among the latter arc guaincum,
clunarooi, taifipariUa, ta.iia. vanillas, aloes, and the
wild cinnamon-tree, which is cftecmed a lovereign re-
medv for difpellmg wind and aiiilting digellion.
The iiuits ot Jamaica are oranges, lemons, citrons,
palms, pomegranates, thaudo ks, momies, four ("ops,
papai, pine-apples, culla.'d ditto, liar tlitto, prickly
pears, Alicada ditto, nx! );-.s, p.aniaiiis, tair.aiiiiUs,
and guavas, belides berir.s of feveial kinds.
1 his ifland alio produces (ome toliacco, b,ut of a
coarle kiml, an'.l cultivated only tor the take ot the
negroes, who are fond of u ; Indian and (Guinea corn,
with pea-- of various kinds, but none relemblmg iliofe
of cireat B.itam, except Inch as are reared >vitli gie.ii
care aiul tcndeinefs in ga;dcns, together with cab-
bages and a \aneiv ot roots, p.iitiudaily c.itiava, uf
which they make bread, yams and put;itoes.
The cattle of this Illand aie but few: what tliev have
are very iinall, and the llelli tough and lean. 'Their
Iheep, however, are tolerable, and their llelii very
good; but the wool, which is long and full of hairs, is
ot little ule. They have great plenty ut hogs, anil
their llefli is tweet and delicivte. llorles, alles, and
mules are very pkniitul: the former are lindl, met-
tielomeand h.irtly, and, when well iiKule, (etch a good
price.
Here are various forts of fowl, both wild and tame,
and in paiticiil ir mure parrots than in any of the other
illaiids ; bel'cie' p;irroiiiiets,p; licans, Impcs, teal, Gui-
nea hens, geele, <hicks and tuikies ; the humming-
bud, aiidagre.it \,ti ietv ol dtliers.
Ill the b.iys and rivers is plenty of cxcelkni tilh ; bui
the toiioile, or turtle, is by much the iiiofi valuable,
both loi lis llidl and lilli, the latter being iccountcd
the moll deluious, and at the Came time the molf
wholelonic 111 all the Indies. The man;Uee, or ica-
cow, wliK h is often taken in calm bays, is reckoned
by the Indians very goud eating.
In the mountains are iiuinberlefs adders, and other
nuxiuusanimals, and in the tens and marlhes the gu.i-
na and gallewaip, but tliefe Iall are not venomous.
The inleCls called the ciior, or chegoc, eat into the
nervous and membranous parts of the flclli of the ne-
groes ; and the white people are foiietimes plagued
with them, i belt intccts g t into any put ot the
body, but chiefly the legs and teet, wiieicihty breed in
great numbers, and Ihut themfelves up in a bag. As
loon as the perfun feels them, whidi is not, pcihaps,
till a svcek after they have been in the body, they pi^k
ihem out with a needle, or the point of a pen-km(e,
takii.g
AMKRICA.]
taking care tovkllrov the
tirced, .hioh are like nil
ii.llcr . li.nKtiiiKs get iiit
the b,)ii:.
'Tne inhabitants of J;
thole of i'^iiidilh extr.tctK
Ncgroe', 'Mulatto?, or i
fori ot ilie hnglilli, on
appe.ir \iy gay. At ui
t!;iead lloi. kings, linen c
and a hai upon it. M
tr<H-k, with buitons at th
cif ill;. I'm; ■■, and a cliei
(hole wlio ;ire immedi;i
vii.es, go n.ike.l. The
a loole night-gown, ca
Hiloit dinner tney \ ut
Willi a v^ot.i\ g-icc, m al
becoming <liils. Tlicii.
where luMiry i. carried
illand I! juii'.u'o--, clot
the ni-w't.^ ot t!ie greatef
The (.omm n\ ill ink
(lances 1. M ideiia wine
we.ik puinh. y\le and
and Luip'oii lor'er tells
But the gi r.vr.'.l drink,
ri.ir r.iiik, is rum punili,
caule, berig trei|Uontly
blo.(d, and flings on tev
them to :!.' ir ^'.ive , el;
to li'.e i!l.i ; i, .Uiich i. II
loon .it'ier tlii:r .,;iival.
T'h.e cu;r^ \i' loin ol t
li.udl' anv I'l.i' . where
a i^ui'J.cr Liriulaiio'i. 1
in g, iicr.ii, toLrably re;
time decently for lets t
common raie ut boardiiv
1 .earning is here at a
t!..'ed, (ome p.olitlemei) w.
lend their liiildren to (
the :id\antage ol' a po''
tlu" bulk of the people
iiiiii.l-., being ^•.■ner.ill
dijrip.it ion.
The elbblilli.d reli,
Bntilli illand-, i^ thai
tin re are no !.;;'i- j^--.
miliar) is the | rino;, al
The adminilhi'.iii.n
by a governor, a ho n
I 2, and 4J n.j.'r,.telit:il;
ment, ne\t to that ol
! he milery and I..1.
iireguat ; and though
iIkiii [<lo])ag,ile, the iil
ms tlioir li\es, that, i
of n;ilurc, main tir '
liippi) I lie pL.ce it 1:
Ihips llio" iecei\o. Al
i.'ito the iiaiids it fun
ealy and lomfort.ible
in North Ameiiia,
wretches iin better uk
they live longer, am
I Vi tluir lirll ,irm,.
r.re ixpollj naked
fiit:ple and iinocont ;
tioin ix.iinple. Tlii\
li;.' r.ativo louiiiry .u
tl.iir ij iiii-, and reini.
Would uilierwilc be ii
as a bkning; and ii
r.i;?e antl intrepidity 1'
tr.iiil'porled to think il
th^;. ihall iwllil tluir
^u. 4!i.
AMKRICA.]
NORTH A M r, R I C A.
S2I
ihc yi-.ir
^li.\l >■. nil
111 all
lll.llll I'.Cb
lU 1,11 1;..!
Ill l.ll.l ID
ii imc ot
.•iiinsi ilie
tiikini; can- toJvllrov ilu- hag i-nt inly, tii.it iioiu' df tlu- .Inoiuls ami acciuainiaiicc \\'\n:n a negro Ii aij.uil to
tt l)>.tiiml. I'iiv'i
and i.al i\x (kill it
■brttd. .liii.h arc lik< iii!-, iiiay lu;
iiillot. LiiiKiiiiK^ ;^ct into thi.- toe-
tin.' l).)n..
Tiic i'.i'iabitants ot" Jamaica CKiifill <i K!^;;l:i1i, or
thol'. I't i',iii lilli f:;trai"ti')ii, Ihhii mi tlic itlaud, Imiiaiv;,
Nv'^iot:, MulaU'i*, ur tlicir iiLkf;i'.!a:'.t;. 1 ln_ b^Uur
ioii I't ihc L:ij;,lilli, un SliikIivs, or partiLular tli\-.
aM]xar \iy t;ay
(1
At ullicr ti;iK. tin.') j.',!.- IK rail
wear
t!;ivau '.Mi.kiiii^'', liiK-n drawers, a veil, alloli.'.iJ i:r,),
ami a ii.u iipuii it. Men tervaiils wear a toarle 1> Xi-.-^
tr.H-k, vMtli Iniitoiis at tlie iictk and hands, lon^ tiowleiN
ot I'le I'm: ■, and a tiietk lliirt. The negrot;,-<, cxcii'l
llu'le v\!u) are iniincdiately employed in iloniellic ler-
vitCb, j;o naked. The morning habit ot the huiie;. is
a loolo nijj,'..l-go\vn, tarelelbly wraj-.ped about them.
Hi'oie dinner iliey j ut oil" their tliliiabille, and ai'iea;-
will-, aivv.d v.-Ke, in all the aiivanlai;es ot a rieii r.iul
bccoiiiir.;.; thils. I here is no country in t!ie w. rid
where Iumha i- carried to a lui^hcr pitch tlian in ilis
illand lliuij'.ii-V.'-, clothes, tiirniture, tabic, ull b-ar
tlu' lllart.^ ot liie ;;reatell aliiuenee ;'.iid [iroiiiii'n.
The comiivm drink ot |;er;ons in ailUieiit urcum-
il.uKi's is M ideiia uine mixed with water, llivibet, or
we.vk puiieh. Ale and claret aij extravagantly liear;
aiul Iaui'ioii por'er lelk tor more than is. per bottle.
But ilie ^er.er.'.l drink, eijm iaily am.mg thole ol inte-
rior rank, is rum iRinih, which they call kil'.-dtvi!^ be-
caule, beri^', tiVt,u>ntly drank to excels, it luats the
blvvnl, and l'iiny,s on teV' rs, which, in a lho"r time, lend
them to !!.'-ir j,'Mve , elpeeially thole who .arc Jul'; come
to tiie ilia; i, .Wiich i^ tiic realoii that lo many die here
llion .itier their ..nival.
Ti;e cuHMit Coin ot the ifland is Spanilli. T!ie;c is
li.iid.l' any pn' . where liber is more plentitul, or has
a CjUieker circulaliiii. Notwithllaniling iirovilions are,
in general, tokrahlv realonable, yet a perton caiinot
time decently i">ir le!^ than a piece of eight ; and the
common rate ot boarding is three pounds per week.
Learning is here at a very low ebb. Thea- aie, in-
deed, lome p,eiu'emeii Will verted in liter.ature, aikl w!io
tend their ihildren totireat Biliiin, where they have
the ad\antage ot" a polite aiul liberal education. Mia
tlij bulk of the peoj.le take little care to imjirove their
mill.!., being ^. .-nerany eiigigxl in trade, <-r rl.'ioiis
dillipaiion.
■| he illablilli.d reliL;'on lioiv, as well a'- in all the
D.Uilli illaiiil-, ii that of ihe church of haigland ; but
there are no !..:'■■ p-. The bi(lio() ot I.oiviou's eom-
mill'ii) is the I i';;n 1, al eni^liallic in there illm is
Tlk admiailbi'.ii>.n of | ul lie alVairs in tlii^ illand is
V\ a governor, who repreier.is Jlie king, a couneil ol
I :, ami 4J rep.rel'entaiives ot' the people. The goverii-
ment, ne\t to that of Irelmd, is the b-ll in il'.e Jsing"s
The niifery and hardlhips i.t the negroes in general
ii'egUMt; and though ll;. ulmoll care is taken tuiiake
tliem propag.ite, the ill treaiment they receive lo Ihoit-
iii^ iheir lives, that, i;.lle.id of inu ;.'.ling by the courle
of nature, man\ tli'.n'.rant!'. ar.- .'.nnuilly imported, to
liijipl) ib.e [ikice el ti; .;e \'.iiv) pine and ilie by the hard-
Ihip.s ihe\ receive. Al.iiiy of them, however, who tall
into the iiands . ! luniane ir.alUrs, (ind llieir liluatioiis
eafy and mniliirt.iblc : and it has been obleived, that
in N'.irlh Ameriea, wi.ere, in gener.il, thele jioor
wreiilKs ar^ better iifeil, there is a leh watle of negroes,
they live longer, and proj .'.gate b.iler.
On their lirli arrival I; .;,i the loall of Guiiua, thev
r.re ixjiokd naked lof.L, .ikI are then gepevaliy very
lin:|ile and innocent j but the\ loon become rogu;lh
from example. They believe every negroe reliims to
\\\i- native couniry aii.r ileath. This thought iheers
tl-.iir ij irit'., and renders ll:-- i-urth.-:i of life t.ily, whieh
Would otlienvik- be intolerable. 1 hey lo<ik on de.i;h
as a blefling ; and it is furpriling lo fee with what cou-
r.ige and intreiiKlity lima •■<( them meet il. Tiiey are
traiifporled to think iheir flavuy is near at an cml, that
they ll.all revilit their tialive llioics, iind I'x" their ohl
No. 48.
ex|iiie. 111. kil.nv ll.'.ves embr.ice lii,H, wnh hiin a g.j .d
journey, and fend iheir hearty g-Kjd willies to tluir rc-
laiions in Guinea. 'I'iiey make no lament .'.li.-n:, vsSea
he is deal, but, with great joy, inter his bo'y, be-
lieving he is gone home, and luipjiy.
jamaiia is elivided into three counli.- , Surr.-, Mi.l-
dlelex, aiul Cornwall. Thele cont 'in 19 pariines, over
each of which pivlides a magil!r..te i.ah>d aCnifis.
Tlu re aie but few town; in the i.'lind, a, id the reaiim
i., that the greater part of tlie inha'Mta:;is are dili^erled
on their pl.iiitation.<, which form fo m.;n\ vill.ige, ur
h.imlets. The lijllijwiiig are the chivf ;
■'''• .I'KV'."-'-' I'l ^'c'i;'., commo.-.ly c. lid S; anilh-Tosn,
in Middielex, is a Iniall city, jileaf. ntiy liiii.ited. it is
the reli knee ot the governor, of tic cuuitsof jiillice,
and tlie pia:e where lire ali'emiily i^ h.UI. Tlu greater
part ol I he inli.'.bit.r'.ti are perlons ef k)rtune or rank,
which gives it an air of Ijilendor anil magnilicence.
Tile princi:.:ii buildi:ig is the g-)V.-.-.i>jr's h-iile, which
is one of the moll haiullbme in .\n;er:.a. 1 lere are Liiiij
a liandii)me church, a cha'pcl, anil a j-willi \\ i.agogu^.
I Kingfion, IS I'v.rt-
Between tins town and that
I'allage, a village of but few liouli.-, and i^ calletl, be-
caule I'lole who go trom one town lo the other, lar.d or •
embark there.
Kingllon, in the county of .Suriy, is liie moll con-
liderable ia the whole illaiul, ami a! preknt the capital,
being the reliden. e of the merciiants, and the chief"
place for tr.ide. il i> .ibout a mile and a half long, and
lialf a mile broad. Ail the llreets, v hich are Y-roail
and regular, crofs eavh other at right angle-. The
houl'es are much more elegant than thole ot S,. Jag.) i\>i
la N'ega, but the air is far trom being li) healiliv. The
Jews, who are very numerous here, l.ave a r.ne fv na-
gogue. This to-.vn received confiderabk- ilaiiiaj^e iiy a
ilrea'itiil hurricane, which happened in the n:.jiit!\ ef
Augul!, '781. Many houles were bl',r.vn d.nvn, and
number. A velkls tli.it l.iy in the h.-^rh-.-u:, ,i,> well .is at
Port Royal, were driven adiore, fjine of whicii were
luiik, and many others greatly ilamaged.
kingllon barijour is one i.t the noil comniodi.'U- ia
America, and i'o cap.icious, that iczo lail ol Ihips may-
ride in lately. It i. ilu- llati.)n of i!,e 1-itiiii lieet.
The Imall town of I'on-Roy.il was the nioil co,iii-
derable and richell on the illmd at the time. .f the Ikic-
caneers, wliole rav.ige.i it eneoura^ed. It e.i.uained at
that time :oco houks, ot which lOoo were Iwaiiowed up,
or overiunied, by a terrible earlluiuake, tb.ut h.appened
in 161^2. They hatl rebuilt a great j art ot them,
when they '.verc confumeil by a lire in 17CJ. The ex-
cellence c)t the liiuation engaged the people to rebuild
them a lecond lime, when .1 iiurricane, ia 1722, made
them an heap ot ruins. Thele were again railed, but
again dellroyeil, in 1744, by another iiurricane, but
never rebuilt. In 0:tober, 17S0, was a dreadful
hurricane, which ahnoil overwhelmed the little lea-port
town ot Savannah-la-M.ir, and [.art e't tlie adjaeent
country.
The conmicrce of this illand is very conliderable.
The artitles of 1 xportation are lug.ir, rum, mo!alli;»^
cotton, coti'ee, piment >, ginger, meilicinal ilrugs,
mahogati) , and manchlneel ph'.nk-. Tliok' of imp.or-
tation are linen, lilk and wo'.llen efialhing of all kiiuls,
wrought iron, br.'.ls :\\\\.\ copper, .ill lo;t.. ot hardware,
toys, houlehold lurnituie, and great quantities of liou'".
To the north-well ot Jamaica are three fmall illaiids
depii'.dent on ihi'-, and known b) tiie name of the Cay-
mans. The moll louiheily is tlilliviguillied by the name
ol Cireat Caymin : the other two, which are dillanr
Irom it about 20 K agues, are called little Cayman .li.d
Cayman-Biaik. (beat Caym.ia is the only one that is
conlbmlly inhabit -.1 : it is very low-, and covered with
high tree?. Il has not any harboutio^bipsi f biirth.n,
only a tolerable anchoring place on the louth.-weli. The
inhabitants, who amount t.> abeiut 20c, are defiendeJ
trom the old Ikiccaneers. Thcv have given themfeives
a let of laws, and (.hoole a chiet to lee themexceutcil,
6 Q^ 111
l\ i
I'
ill
»'tT
» h
A NFAV ANi. Ar lllKNTIC SYSI F.M of INIVFRSAI, C;i:0(;ll AI'MY
W
m
^11
»!■ i.
521
in coniiinelion witli tlic iulliios ot' \k'Xc :ii>puiiilol I'v
ioniin'illi"ii i:om the j!,i!Vcrnor of J.im.iK;i. A-> tlu}
li:ivc no i.Ki|M man ;imong thiiii, thtv t'o '" .Fi:"-"'-' '>'
Ix- ni.irrii'd. l"ni> u'lonv is iimioulilally tin- molt luiji-
y\ in iliiWi'll Indies; tlic tlimii^' .m.i ilukliul ot tooJ,
whith ;r\' ot a lingular laluhrir . rcndcrmt; ili^ \ko\^.-
lu-altliy ami viinirous, and makmi;, iIaUi livi- loavir\
advanced age' rhcir little ill.uul piddiices plenty ot
lurn and \\!;ciablcs iiogs ami n>ultn, miuh beyond
wli.it is ivi;uind t'T their o\>,!i iMimmiiituin. Tlux
luve, iHliJ.i-, 111 ar eanes, anil loiiie ij'nngs ot \r^\\\
good wal.T. K-AV^ (joiie hardened to the lea, the) are
e\eelieiit pilots ior'tlie iiei;:^libominp, eoalli ; and their
iilind, as well as their a..'tivity and iainnu.it- , liave been
n-ian\ times a ivlietio Ihijs which wer.- dillritieil in tl.i-
pan ot the lla. Their principal employment is lill'.in;A
for luitle. IniruiCt every year leads a pr.Hlioioiis num-
ber of lurlles to tliele iilands, fo la\ their eej;-, tin
greater part of which come trom the 15.iy ot I ioiulura .
The low anil ia:vly Ihores of th.'.e illand--, | artieiilarK
of ihe (iieat, are I'erfectlv eonurodiou- to iviiive and
cover tlieir eiju-. A female la\s I'ome hundreds.
When tliey have done laying, the turtles retire toAard.>
the Ille ot' L'v.Ku and the other large illand-, where
ihev recover tliemfelvcs in the llibmarine pailure;, and,
in about a month's lime, acquire that tatnels v.i-.ich
makes them li) much elleemed on the tables ot the
great. The inhabitants of (ireat C"a\man Unit them
up, as f Hill as tiiev are caught, in cnilollires, which
they call ,.riills, nude with llakes, in a tinomh water,
between the Ihore and a reef ot i\>cks on the north-e:'.ii
coal'.. Thele turtles lerve for all t';:e tralFic which thiv
carry on with I'ori-Royal. it is aa artiile < f food whiih
is verv w holcfome ; and the iV.ell of the hawk's-biil
kind i'^ a comiiKxhiy which has a place among ihe ex-
portal ion^ ti) (ireat Britain.
B A R U A D O ]•: S.
Wl ll'.N the F.ngiilh lirll laniicd here in 1625. h..v-
ing obtained' a grant tiirough the interdl ot the
l'.arl of Carlille, they fnind the ifland uucuhivated,
and uninhabitxi. At lirll they applied tlKmlelves to
the planting ot tobacco, which not thriving as tliey ex-
pected, tlu-\ ]ilanted C(4ton and indigo, which uinkd
to a tolerable good account. Little lugar, h.nvevvr,
was made till 1647, when other adventurers, H\ii,;r
uneafv in Kngland under the uliirpatioii 't Crimu\iil,
lonveried their eflates into money, and tranlporied
themlelvo to Barbailoes, where they eiwtetl lUi'.u-
works and acC|Uired very great pt)lleflionv. In the
\ear 1650, the wliiie inhabitants ol the illand v.\ie in-
creafed tou])wardsot .•^,o,oco, with twice tliat luiniber
of negroes. King Charles 11. purclufed the piopenv
of the illand in 1661, e\er liiice whiJi time it haslneii
a ro'al j:overnmcnt ; and the colony granted a dut\
on tlieir iugars for maintaining the torccj an 1 I'ltiiica-
tions ol the illand.
Harl-adoe-, the moll confiderable ni .I'.l tiie Britllli
lugar idands next to Jamaica, lies in Ixiumi 39 di.g.
50 mill, and 60 deg 2 iiiin. well hmgliude i anil be-
tween 12 (leg. j6 min. and 1.3 deg. 16 mm. north Lit.
extending 21 miles from nortli to liiuih, and 14 fr(>m
call t'l well.
'I'he climate is hot, elj eii.illy toi' eight months in
the ve.ir, but 11"! unwholiliitiK- ; tor though there are
no laml bree/.e , there are other-, ariling Irom the iLa,
whiih iiuieales a^ the liin advance, to, .uid decriafe as
he decline^ Irom the nKiidian. .A temperate regimen
renileis it a-i fat iri \i\v In a^ aii) climate in Furope,
fijutli of (ireat Briiii.i. The day- a;v Virv near equal,
the fun tiling and letting about tix o'doe k all the )r.ir
rouiid.
Barbadoe. i-, in gi.neral, a ]iliin level I'ountry, with
iijine Imall hills. J'he woods have been all (utdo'.,ii
fo make room f ,- the pl.itit.iiions of lug.ir-L.aties, wliii h
now take up the maior |iait ot the illand, and render
it the moll v.iluable pi antatioii to < ir^-al IJiitaiii, ol it,
li/,e, that it ever poirelild. The foil is \arini|-<, being
in tome p.l.uei landv and ligiit, in others rieii, and in
others Ipongv : lull all of them are cultivated accord-
ing to their leveral i,.itures. The moll valuabi.- iirexliic-
lions of this illand are fugir, rum, molalies, cotton,
indigo, and i',inger. The rum which it produces i^ next
in elliem to that of J.im.iiea.
I'he Iruits heie are x.irious and vety p.kntiuil ; p,;r-
ticularly pine-apples, gu:-.vas, plaintams, orangey le-
mons, litrons limes, lamarinib, tii.ingro.'c-, cedir%
prickled ajiple , pomegranates, papays, tullard apjiles,
ligs, bullies, cocoa, and coioa-niits. Indian corn
can be imiwrled from North America cheij;er than 11
can be li'ld for when growing ujjon the illand.
I lere are griat i;ii:'.ntitie^ ot liog^ ; alto oxen, cows,
horles, alies, goat-^, iiionkie^ .md racoons, with a
tew llue]) and rabbit' ; but the mutton is greatly infe-
rior to that ot Kngland.
The \u!il fowl are teals, curlews, plovers, liiii)e',
v\ild-| igeons, wiklduik , a!i 1 a kind ot bird called a
man-ot-war. The t.ui'.e pigeons, pullet-, dueks, ar.d
poultry of all kinds, tint are bred in B.uli.uloes, have a
line llavour, and are accounted more iklieious tl-.an
thole of l-'.urope.
Inlecls are verv f.umerou'; here, but they are not vc-
neniian ; nor do either their fn.ikes or Icorpions ever
Ihe lurrounding lea abounds with tilli, lome ot
uhieli are almoll |)eculiar to itfelf, as parroi-lilli,
ln;ii.i)er-, grey tavellos, t.irbutns, and cone^ !ilh.
Their iiiulleis, lobllers, .and crabs, are excellent ; an 1
the green turtle are taught here in vail eiuantities.
This illand has two rtreams that are called rivers on
caeli liele, with welli ot good water all over it, and
larg. pond.s or reli.rvoirs (or rain water. In its center it
is laiel to have a bituminous tjiring, which leiiiL forth
a liquor like tar, and lerves for the liimc ufes as [)itcl»
or lamji-oil.
The inhabitants of rjadiadoc:, like thofe of the other
iilands, may be di\ieled inl 1 three dalles, viz. the
mailers, the white lervants, and the black fervants.
The tormer ot tliele are either l'".nglilh, Scotch, or
Irilh, with lome [)utch, I'Vench, I'oriuguefe, ami
Jew-. The white lervants lead more ealy lives than
tile common day-labourers in I'aiglamI ; and when they
Clime to be overleers, their w.iges, anil other allow aiK'cs,
are confiderable. As to ihe blai k lervants it Is the
int'-rell of every planter t-) b-j more caa-ful of thcni
th.m even of the white ; the former, uBlels t!,ev llioukl
h.qipen to be made tree, being his jxrpelual pro|)ertv.
Moll ot the negHK's are em]iloveel la the lield ; but
li'itie ol them '.'.ork in tlie lu.'ar-mills and llorehoules j
while thofe ol !>oth lexes, who are molt hki-K, arc cm-
))lo\ed as houlein.uds and menial le'rv.ints. Kvery nc-
groe l.imily has a cabbin, and a fmall piece ot ground
ridioming to it, by way ol g.irden, in which the more
indiillrioiis fort pl.int potatoes, yams, and other roots,
and rear live lloik, which they are at liberty to eat, or
convert into money tor lluir own ule. They are tonj
lit rum ami tob.iceo.
The govv rnor of Barbadoes has a conliderable liilarv.
The council conlills ot twelve members, and theaflem-
bly ot 22, tholeii yearly, out of the leveral |)arilhcs,
\'\/.. two for each, by a majoritv of votes. Moll of
the civil ollicers are appointed by the governor, who
alii) collates terturs to tiie parilhes e)f the ilhind. Their
perquiiites are very conliderable. The dninh affairs
ot Barbadoes are governed by a lurrogate of the billiop's
.i;-p"intment. Tlicfe are upon the ill.ind f)mc |ei.vu
:;;nl iiu.ikers, but very lew other dilleiltera.
Tiic inhabitants ot this illand tii[i]X)rt their own mi-
litaiT ellablilhment, which is iefpedal)'e, with great
iredil.
'Ihe ifland is divided into live dillricV . In each of
the dillriets i, a judge and live alfillanis, who liolil a
(ourt ot cvJUKiXHi pleas everv monili, fro:ii January to
Septemlier, and if any dillieuli mailer ariles, ilii i.-
leiTcel to the .irbitr.ition ot the governor.
Hriili'e-
AMIRK A-l
Bridge-Town, the capi
Bav, in the liniih-well pari
hiil, or r.ithcr liie onlv liai
the linell anil latgdl town
not in all the Hriiilli \\ 1
Town lakes its name from
eredcd over the w.ateis tha
in ', marlhes ; but a dread!
\e,iis ago, ilellroyed aj',!e.i
et the governor, council,
tlie court ot chaniery. '1
u mile out ot the town,
I, I'ihv, on account (pt
Tluie are leveial torts .mtl
I'.V.
There is a college in th
:i:k1 liberally ei-.do'v.-d b;
v\ a n.ilive of tin. illand
W nil tefi>c-d to the e
IHineipal articles ot e\p iri
o,r, lugar, rum, and moi
:ire timber ^'i v iri -lis kini
iiee, tobacco, lome l.iii
and other provilions, triMi
1, i-.n the coall ot .Africa ;
ami I'lal, .as alio lome b
belmd ; flit Irom I'uralii
tfitii, kerleys, lilks ami
and lll.n's o! all torts, gk:
and perriwips, laces, pe.l
1 ,ile ale, pukles, c.iiidi
ware tor tlu-ir lugar won
Ihot, iirals and copixr w;i
'I'his illand, as well as
calamities bv the dreadlu
tie month of Oe-lobcr, i
nioli all dellroyexl ; and
a mere liL-sp ot ruins, fca
Handing. No lets than
chapels, were levelled w 1
was ihe line church ol S
tovered with t!ie iiiins ot
lulled that no Ids than
Ihijis in Carlille Bay wer
ol them call aihore nn^l
inenli.' tliroughout tlie 1
ami the whole loinied
iliplorai)le tlian it is poll
''rill
-1- St
ST. fin
Ifland of Si. (
St. Kitt's, 1. Iitu.,
about 14 k.igucs trom
li'iig, and 7 bro.iil. Ii
in ills lirll vovage to Ai
lilh arrived here thi lai
illantl between them,
the Spaniarils drove tlv
•jnd continued to live 1
being coinmenceel betw
pher brcanie, at dill'ere
b' (xl-lheel for haif a
Wi..e enlirelv e\i elled.
filmed this illaml to ti
It was taken I y the l-'ri
Britain bv the late treat
■li,e .itR-n,bh;;e ci a
ren uiountains make
aiiproach it by lea, h
with wood ; hut they t
the coall grows 'fiote i;
iiiountains, which, rii
vated as high as polhbl
The climate of St. C
Ihe height of the loun
iK.e'-led. The air is pu
IS fubjee^ to lrc(|uent
AMIRKA.l
BiiiU^-'rown, llie ca|.It.il. i'. tuu.iliil i.ii C'.irlifli-
B:\v, ill till- liniili-will |ari i.t tl-.c ill.iiul, :ukI \m\ ilii.
hiil, iir r.illitr till- up.tv li:iil)mir in ii. It l^ rukDiiol
l!ii' liiKll :vtii! I;i:'.'/ll t'mii in all ilu (.a:i, 1m c lll.u.il--, it'
iHii 111 all llu' Hiiiilli U\i! lii'li.i:) lolonii*. UriJ^; -
Tinvn laki - il^ iiaiiu- Ip)iii a luiih^' in ilici-all \:\\t (it il,
invtiil oMT ii:c watLis iliat (HI1K tVtviu tin- nui'lihour-
in.; maiilu'>- ; Init ;v ilrt.iUtiil tin.', vsiiuli LipiKiicJ loiiK
u'ars a;^», tldlroyal ;i p\al part ot it. It is liic Hat
lit tii;- govirnur, couiuil, ami atlli'ilily, and alfb of
tlici.>'Uit lit ihaiKory. Ilu- j; 'w:ii u's lioiilc i.> almut
;i mill" out 111 till' town, wliitli is not rctkonal vcn
jh ililiy, o» aci'ouiil ol' till' ml ■MiKunn^,^ '^'arlln.'-.
'Ihtti- ar^: Uviial tort:- and bat ti.i its about tin. toAn and
bay.
There is a colk.-.c in ihi.' town, wlilih was foiindod
i' .,....„. .
N' () R T H A M r. R I C A.
5^- J
a:ul hlu-rally i-r.di'V'd by Coioncl Codrin^ion, wiso
v\ a nalivc of thi . illand.
luuinicrcc of Barbabo^s tiic
to (I
,.i artliks ot ■.\p iriaf.on aiv alot., cotton, [;ia-
i,i;
\\ all ivi'iH.
pniuiii
i-.r, lugar, riini, and iiiulalU-. 'I'iiolc of ........
arL- timluT of v:'.ri.iiis kimis, bread, llour, Indian vorii,
rico, tobacii), Ionic tall Ixtf aiui jiork, lilh, ] ulll.,
and otliLT provitioMs, Ironi the norllit-rn colonii ; llavcs
\: r.u the coall of Africa; wine ironi Madeir:'., Ti-rt.'ra,
and lull, as alto tonic brandy; lu\f and pork from
bfiand ; lait troiii I'uratlao ; liruii of all tort'-, brtjad
tloiii, kerteys, tllks and tluH^, reil caps, lluekinj^,^,
and (hoes o I all torts, |.'lu\cs and iiais, iiiilUnery uare
and |)erriwlps, laees, pels, bean-, oais, thong beer,
pale ale, pkki.-, eaiulies, butter and elicele, iron
ware tor their lii^ar worlds, Uaileii ware, powJer anil
Ib'.'t, i'lals and copivr wares, hi:.
'i'hi^ illand, :v uell as janiaiea, luHlred the grcatill
r.ilaniiiies b\ ilic ilreadliil luirriiaiie wl.ieh liaiijienctl la
tin luonili ol" Oil liber, lySo. The pl.uitLuions were al-
nioll nil ddlpned ; mv\ l»rK'f;c-'l'own was redueeil to
a mere heap ot ruins, ic iree a building in it being kti
'.landing. No lets than ii parilb churches, ami ;
ehiipcis, were levelled with the ground, aniDng wliicii
was the line church of Si. Michael. 'I'hc lireets were
tovered with the niins ot the lioutes ; and it was lup-
poVd that no lets than 3000 jierlons [K'rillud. The
ihips in C'lrlitle May were diiven out to lea, and tewial
ol them call allioic and loth The dam.ige was to iai-
nienlc lliroiighout the ilkitid as not to be clUiiiaied ;
and the whole fomicd a )i.eiie more melancholy ami
ikjiloraiile tliiin it is iiotlible for words to detcribe.
.s r. c II R i sTorncR.
''[''UK Iflanl -it Si. Chri'.lipher, called by mariners
•*■ St. Kilt's, 1- tiiuaud in 17 ileg. north latiuide
ahnul 14 leagues I'roiu Antigua, and is about Co miles
long, anil 7 bro.id. it h.i I its iiaiue from Columbus,
in his firil \o\age to AiiKiiui 'i'lic I'lvnch aivl ling-
lilh arrived here ilu lame day in 1625, and dividcii tlic
illand betwien them. Three years atier iheir letiliiig,
the Spanlarils drove them out nt li. 1 hcv linin rcturiietl,
^lul continued to liNc in haimoLV lill 1666, when w.ir
being commenced iHtween the two nations, St. Chrillo-
pher became, at diliercnt i\'ri(KN, the tcenc I't war and
li' od-llictl for hail a centurx. in 1702 the I'reiiih
wc.e eiitiielv c\i elled, .uvl the peace ot L'fecht con-
firmed this illand to the I'li'dilli. In February, 17S;,
It was taken I v the I'rcncl', but nllorcil again to (Ileal
Ihita'n In ihc late tieat\ ot peace.
The alRiv.bla'^e of a great number of high and bar-
ren imnintains make ^t. Kill's a])pear, to thole who
ajproacli it bv li.a, like one liuge mountain covered
with wood; but tl'.ev lind, as they come nearer, ihat
the coall grows mure eal\, as well as l!ie aleent ol the
iiiouiilaiii^, whiih, litia/, one above anotlier, are culti-
vated a^ high as pothble.
The climate of St. C'hrilhiphcr is hot, though, iVom
(he height of the lountiy, much le!'. than might i.e e\-
[ne^leil. Tlie air is jmrc and healthy ; but the illand
is fubjeel to lfe<iueiit llorms, luir:icaiie% and carth-
([uake"-. The I. .il i ., in gen.r.il, lig';i and i'.nhW, but
vei} tiuilful, and wdl watireil by leveial lisuiei-.
wimh lun down both tides ol the iiKaintain-
Thi
animal', vegetal !e-, fn:. arc the lame v.lih ihotc of
i'.ubadoiS. The whole iflaad is coverul with plapla-
lions, whole owners (noted for llv tliftnets of iluir
m.anner^) live in agreeable, clean, and convenient li.'-
biiation., adoniLiI with fountains and groves. Molt
of their lioulis are built of cedar, and llie 'ands h(.d;^.d
with orange ami lemon trees.
The moll c ontidt rable town upon the ifiand is
IJalle-terrc, fornieih the capital of ihe ireaili paii:
the oilier is called S.iiid\ -I'oint, and alwavs lielonged
to the l.nglilli. 'I here i^ no haiboiir : on theconli.irv,
the luif is coiitinuaily bulling on the- fandy Ihore at ll c
lew placer til to laatl, which not only prevents the
luiilding any i,uay ir wliait', lul renders the landing
or Ihipping of go.)ils alwa\s inconvenient, and very it-
ten dangerous. 'I'hey have been, tiierefore, obrip,ed
to adojH a partiiular method to ciiihark, or i)ut the
liea\y goods, hicli a> hogiheads ot U;gar or rum, on
be.aid. I'or this purpofe ihey ule a laiall boat of a pe-
cuh.ir conil ruction, called a iiio/es : this boat lets otT
Iroai the lliij) \\lih tlime vcr\ active and e-.pert rowers :
when they lee what tliey uili a /////, ihat is an abate-
llKat 1.1 ll'.e violeike of tlie llirge, lluy ]'ulli to land,
aii.l l.vy the tides of ihe iiiofrs on llv llrand ; the liogl-
hcad is rolled into ii, and the time piecauiioiis are
uled to carry it to the thij). Il is in this inconvenient
and very lia/.aixlous iminner, that the lugars are con-
veyeil on board In tingle luiglliead;. Rum, cotton,
and other gooils th.il will bear the water, are generally
lloated to il'c lliip both m going aiul coming.
The public atllursat Si. C'liriltopher's are .ulminilleretl
by a govcrno.'-, a council, anil an allLmMy cholen tioni
tl'.e nnie parilbes into whiih the ill.ind is divided, anil
which have e.ich a large liandlotue chiiuh.
Th.e illand of St. Clirilloplier llillaiiied great damagu
by a violent liurricane, which Iiappened in the monili
of October, 17S0. All the gooiN la ilie warehoules
and Cellars near the beach were totally dellroyed, and
upward-; of 100 vellels were driven out to lea, many
of wl'.ich were lull, and the crows perillied.
A N tk; L' a.
ANTKil'A u:;s liiicover^d bv ChiiHopber Colum-
iii , bui iioi leilled upon till ilie\ear i6j2, when
tl-.e I'.nglilh look puiiellion of it. It is liiu.ited in 17
deg. 111. nil latitude, and is of a circular form, about 20
miles each wa\, and luar 60 in tircumtereace. It is
more noted tor good harbours than all the f'.nghlli iflands
in ihefe feas, \el lo eiicompaiied with rocks, ;hat it is
of dangerous accels in main parts, elpecially to thofe
that are not well acquainted with the coal!.
The climate is hotter than Barbailoes, and very tlib-
ject ID hurricanes. The foil i.-. lamb , ami iiiui li of it
overgrown with wood. 'Idiere are but lew Iprings, ami
not lo mufli .IS a brook in the whole ill.uul ; lo dial the
piiaci|ial ilei'endaiice of the inhabll.i.a- antes from the
w.iter f'upplicd by calual r.iiiis, i^hiJi they lave in
cillerns.
The capital of Antigua is St. j> hii, a regular built
town on the wtllern llnre, with a good liarbour ot the
lame name, whole ml ranee is tleleii.ied by 1-ort James.
Il is the retiikiii e of the governor-general of the Ca-
ribbee l.eew aril 111 iiids, the pl.ice where the aireinhly
lor this id.ind is lulcj, and the port where the greatelt
trade is carried oa. It was a very llourilliing town be-
fore the lire la 17^19. The bell [lort in the illand is
I'lngli'li Harbour, on the ibudi-lidc. At much trouble
and e.xpeiice, il has been made lit lo receive I he great ell
Ihips of war. Tin re are alio a ilock-jaril wall lloivs,
and all the iii.iterials and convenieiicies neiellary to
repair and careen. iMiglilli 1 larbour is at a liiiall dil-
l,i!ice from the town and harbour ol I'.ilmoiith. There
;iie, betides, Willoughby Uay, to the windwanl of
iMiglilli Harbour; .Ncnluch llarb^ar, on the call
point ;
'i
h:\
riJ*!,'
N!*V ANi;
l.iin .,n till-
irccki and liivilkr
t«:l
f
M
41
5^4
point ; .■'.'1,
iioiili liiii; i -i!i" .1 givu ini.iil>i.r ot
bays; Init, in iv-ii.i-.il, t\w lluiiV Ivin;; iDvky, wIilTi-
fvcr tlio ki.idi'^j; vvouUl b^- pr.i. licalMc, it ii lictciulcJ
bv t'ori-i aiul !• itli-rii.". ; ;uv.i tlK'a- i-. toiiiiu.inly oik- r>,--
giiiKnt ot rv ;Vi!;ir trixips iiu.ir;...'il iln-iv t <r ilic di.-
tiiiiL- I'l I 111- i(!,i:ul.
Tlic <j,i)wrii 'r-u,."i.'ral, uhcii lie t!>inlv. pr<i]vr, calh
:i f^iiKi.ii allL.ul'l) ol the rcpidliU.Uiw:. t)t tlic utluT
ill.uid'.. Ai\ti;Mia lias btlid.-., a lii.utciuiit-};uvi.-nii>r,
a coiiall', .lul Is iiwii .'.lloiiiiily, cuni|!ulLi,l ol 24
nvMilvr-^. I; : • ilivivl^il iiiu> 6 p.uilli s aiivl . 1 ditlri.ns
ot'wluih r.'^ lend each two ivinc!'>.iiUtivcs '-^'■'■^^ '''••' ^' ^^■
J<>h!i ioir.'.
\ I". V I S.
^T^'.VIS, \\!i:.;li 1. no tuoro tlian a val\ mounta'Mi ri-
** I'lr.fi, I" a very lonliderablo heti^lit, is limited about
four mile" to ilie ilnilli ot St. Cluiitoj)lurV. 1 lie toil '
is tVuiikil, and the ll.iple loniniodity lu;;ir, whidi I
lerv^.^:lll th'' purpot'es ot' nionc), . Here are loineiiuies |
violent rain a.id luirricme-, a 111 tlie other ili;ind-, and 1
tl'.e .'.ir is IV, :\ l\oiti.i- than that oi' Bailv.iioev. '
Oil this illaiul are ni.iny reni.:rkal)le inlects and re[)-
tiles, particularly the llyin|;-tyge:, the huni-lh, and a
kind of fnail calKd the ioidier. The lea abound-, vuih
a variety ot excellent fitli, as proopers, rotk hlh, old
wives tavallies, welth-nieii, iiuid-tilb, wilks, eoekks
iobtlers, &e. Land-tnibs are very eoiiinioii here ;
they are tiiiailer ih.an fea-erabs, and r-ike little bur-
rows, like rabbiis in the wiiod-, towards tlie top^ ul
the inouin.iin' . Ilie only venoawu^ treaiure^ are li-or-
[lions and ei 'i: j-'ik^.
Tiny i;ave plenty <'f ;.rpa:agus here ; and there is a
tree called diddle-doo, which bcar^ a lovely blolfotn
of the tineil vellow and Icarkt colours and ii elleeined
a Itjveretgn leiiudy in kiiT.e ihforders. Tl'.e litiuorice
bulli runs wikl alonp; ilie llone walh ot common field-,
like the vine. The butter here is not ;;ood, and liieir
new ciicet'e tar wofle. The llieep liave neither horn> or
wool, but arc cloaihetl with llnootli hair, and i;enerally
full ot tiiial! red or black I'pois, relembling thole ot a
tine I'jKiniel. 1 hey breed twice a year, if not otuiier,
a,.d gen'-rallv briny, two, linv., or toiu' l.in.!-> at a time,
;vid, what i.i more extraordniar,, I'uckle them ;'.il. Ti;e
rams are of a p.ile red cokiur, .litli a thick row ot lon^;,
lb-ait, red r.air hanging I'.own from the lowei jaw to the
Invad, as far as iije tore leg-. Tlie h'VS b.ing led
V. ;t;i Indian cor^i, Spanilh potati.'.-s, and I'ugar-cane
iiiu.e, are exceeding fw.'et fojd, white, .md I'at ; a are
the tow is and 'urkies, which are fed with the lame if.t.
The ground iloves lv,-re are about the li/.e ot a lark, ot
a ..hocolate colour, ijxuted with adark iihie, their h. .ids
like that of a robin-red-breall, and their eus aiid cg^
01 a nv'>'' ['ure red. Tiiey h.ive e.xcellvnt gai''. ciKks
and fierce bull tloT-j beii'Jes laigc tur-dn' , but p.o
hou-.-.ds or f> iiiiels.
N'e\i- wa- f'lrmerh' nu;ch more flourilhing than at
preieni, a".!, bel 're the revolutiun, contained j^cxio
inhaiiita!;!-. Tlie mvalio:! ot the i reach about that
time, and f'me epidemical difor.Iers, have Ibangely
di.iiii.illieJ tl'.e number to what i!'ey ih'.-ii were.
rkre are three toKrabIc ro.id'. or bays "n which
are a-- mair^ little towns, \1/, N'eAcaflle, Liilleborough
on .M )rvt'i;i-Ii,iy, .md Ciuui. s-Town t!ie lapital, witli
a lort c;.iled fJre.it I-'orl, th-it defends ih.e atichoriiig-
I'laee, wii.r the <';)\ er:; ;', ccnnnil and allembly meet:
the iall i- < i>mpoii.d of live members tor each of the
three pariilies into w'lieh thi- illind is divided.
Here, .u in linn.' ot the other C'lribbi-es, it a wiiile
ni :n kills a bfe. k, he cannot be tried f r his hi ■ 1 ir the
U IIU.NT1C SYSTl'.M or UNIVKRS.M, ClXKiRAITIY.
murder; :'.':d all t!;:'.t
lurte
r^ i> a li'
..it
If a
leiicy t> the mailer lor tlie lots of iiis (l.ise.
Urikcs a while man he is punilhed wuh the lols ul
hand ; and if he Ihiuld draw blood, with death.
Hcyjro cannot be e". idenee againtt a white man.
i'he iiih.abitaiiti li..'. three ['ul)lie animal f.ul.,
FiiH.
imjilore the Uisir.e rrotec^ioii ag.iinll hurricanes; an.)
it' none hap]ien in .|ul\, Aii;;ull or September, they ap-
point a pui>]ii. th.inklgumg m October.
The trade of Ne\is coiilitU in inol.ili'e'., rum, and a
prodigious ijuaiitity ol luiions.
1 1,1- ill.md, as well as the following;, was taken by
the I'rcnch in the year 178^, but relloied al the [le.wc
111 lybj.
M O N 1 S 1: R R AT.
MONT.'^F.RR.AT w.is dillovercd by Columbus in
149^. It lies in 16 deg. J7 mill, north latitude,
and 62 deg. IJ min. well longitude, li is 25 miles
alnioll tourh t'Hiih-e.ill from Nevis; :o well louth-
welltnm .Antigu.i; 40 north wetl-trom (iuadaloiiiu;;
and 243 from Harliadoes. It is ot an ov.il tigme ;
about three le.igues in length ; the liime in bre.idth ;
and iS in comjiab. The Spaniards gave it the name
(f Montlerrat from a t'ancieil relemlilance it bore to
a mountain ot that name near Barcel ma in old Spain.
It W.I-- lettled in 1632 by Sir Thomas \\ arner, and
tak. n in the beginning ol the reign ot t'h.ul.i II. by
the Ireikh, who relloied it to Ijiglanil at tlie |)eace of
Hied.!. The full letikrs were Irillimen, anil die jiiv-
letit in)lahitant^ are jiriiicip.illy coiiipuled either of their
delientLinis or natives ot behind.
Tlie ilimate, toil, and produce of Montfcrnt arii
miu h the lame as thofc ot the other Kngiilh Caribbec
lllaiid . The mountains yiekl cedars l'"-" t)prels-tiee,
the i:jn tree, with other woods, anil tome cnlonterous
tiirul).. It is well watcrctl and truitlul ; and the j.Lir.t-
ers tormerly railed a great deal ol indigo. The fur-
n'uiuhiig leas ])roduce luii'e hideous iiionllers, parii-
cul.'.rly two, which, Irom their remarkable uglinefs, a'i
ivell ,u the poilonous i[u.uiiy of their llelli, are called
lea devils The lamanture, by tome called the tea-
CO.'., is tound in this iltand, and geiierall) al ihe en-
trance ot tielh w.iier rivers. According to the ac-
count- we have ul it, it i^ an amphibious anmi.il ; and
lives muilly on heriiage. Its tielh i- reckoiud \ciy
w hole li); lie IoikI, when lalted ; and they are to largo
that t.\o or three ot them load a canoe.
I'he government of Montlerrat is com|)olcd of a
lieutenant-governor, a cnuncil, and an allemhh of
eight reprelentaiives two tor each ol the lour Uilbicti
which divide the illand.
Nionlerrat has imi any harbour, only three roads,
namely, at I'bmoudi (which ij the chiel town in tin:
illand) 0!^l 1 larlKiur, and Kcr's I?a\-, wiicre the lliij)-
ping and l.iiiding ot go^nls is atl.iided with the lame
inconveniences as in the illand of St. Chrillopher,
nARlU'D.X.
"11 \RRri)A i. a fir. ad illuid in iS deg. noitli fit.
-*■-' :'.ii'.i 61 deg. J J mm. well long. I J miles nortli-eatl
i>l .Montlerrat i its length being about 20 miles, and
its breadth 12. It is the projierty of the Codringloii
famih, wh J have the appoinliiient of the governor.
I'aii ot the ellate ariliiig trom it, amounting, a-, is laid, to
2COol. a ye.ir, with two plantations in 15.irbaik)es, weie
bei^u.'athed, in 1710, by Cliriilopher CiMliiiigton I'J.].
governor and captain-geiieial (/t Barbadocs, to the lb-
I ieiy tor ]jre)j.agatiiig the golj'cl, tiAvanis the mib-uciioii
ot the negroes, in the Caribbee lllaiuls, iii the Cliii-
llian religion, and the creclion of a coilcgc at U.irba-
d-'cs kir teacliing the liberal arts.
■| he Luil of tlll.^ illand lies low, liut ii fertile: th-
inh.ibit.ints apply themrelves chietly to the lueeding ol
c.tid'-, and tailing provilidiis with which lh<'y liijiply
the aei.ihbuuri.ig itla.nds M.uiy ui the commodities,
however, vduch are railed in thu other Well Inihi
ifl.inds, may be alto raili.1l here, fuch as citrons, pome-
gianaies, orange., raifnis, Indian tigs, mai/,e, cocoa-
liuis, cinnamon, pine-apples, and the f nfiive )'l.int,
with vaiiouj kind, of wocjds and drugs, lueli a. iir.ilil,
ebeny, pepper, iiidij^o and the like. There are tome
Iar'i,e
amkrica]
l.irge t'er|K'nts on the ilia
JKiir poilonous or no\.h
i.ud's' and lri.j;s; though
,„ort.ll. unkis .Ul aiitidot.
well fide ol the ill.uid is
ilear from rocks and land'
A N c;
Is htuateii in itj deg. n
w.-ll longitude, ahou
Chviliophii-"'-. It is ver\
diued the Spaniards to j.
or " Kel." 1' i'' I*' ''"^ •'
were there lirll, did not
even keeping. The I'.ng
when ihey t^«'k potlelh
a long lime in their ha
cnnirarv. Within a tew
t.Uigabie labours oi the |
vimvd them that their it
nccel'aries of life, but, 1
lluv tell to their neighboi
The climate is very hea'i
and vigorous. Their ex
cotton.
To the north of B.ul
hitcd illands. The moll
Icigues dillaiice, and is
fills i.f an eminence, in
tiiiding K>me reteiiiblaiict
of Sombrero, which it h
To the well of Barbii
(rolled a ch.uiii'l ot ei
lllaiids. Tlieic take up
about 24 leagues long,
I'orto Rico, with a bre.11
are comiioled ot a great
rent throughout and Ipi
tiangerous to navigator
ami pariicularly ot lev
traile ami navigation ol
in the middle vit them
le.igiies broad, and lix
be imagined, and in win
and Ibeltered from all \
The \ irgiiis" (iangw.iv
of Sir I laiu i-. Dr.ike,
when he made his exp.
One <f tliele illand
the allonilliiiig iiu.int!
there. Tliele i'inls ar
rovii'.d ai-.d plump hki
e.lt. Their plum.ige
three leathers in each
Their beaks are llior
They have a long teal
iiuhes long, whicli coi
the tail ihey h.ive.
not having been e\er
The Virgin Ulaiid-
greatell pan uniiihabn
I) O
THIS illaiid was (1
It Dominica, bee
It i- litiiatid m 16 I
well longitu le ; lies
loujie and Martinico
and 1.1 in breailth.
to the rearing ol colle
hills bear th.e linell 1
whole illand is well h
Here, as in liime 01
mountain, and hot \\
of Bath, in I'.ngland
No. 4iS.
amkrica.]
N" O 1< T II A M I', RICA.
SH
mm, ami a
l.irgi- liTiK'nis oil the ifl.vnil, luit they arc fo f.ir Iruin
Ikiii;^ |miiIi)Ii<iu-. or noMuuv, iliat ihiy ilcllroy rats,
Ki.i'N and Iroj^s; thovi^li tlic llinj; or hitc ol tiiiicis i>
mortal, unLls an aiUKiuto is miii kly apjihed. On the
well liili' oi the illaiid is a ^ood wch-(hLllLri.\l road,
ilcar trum rotks aiitl lands.
A N (; L II, I. A
IS fitiiatcd in 19 i.\vg. north lat. anil (> 1 di};. 57 niin.
'.v.'ll lonL!,itudi, ahoiit 75 niilis nortli-wid of St.
C'liiilloplKi'^. It IS vi-rv loni; and narrow, which i.i-
<linid iIk- Spaniards to ^\\c it the name ol AnL^iiil! i,
or " Kel." It is lo low and lilt, that the IreiuS, ul.o
were there lirll, did not think it worth cultivating, or
f\en keeling. The I'.n^lilli adopted the laiiu- opiiMo;i
wlun they look polhllioii ot it, and llu illand wa-.
a lon|.\ lime in their h.iiuls hetoie ihey perceived liii
fotitr.irv . Within a few vears, inciudr), and the ind -
tit igahle labours Ol the planters ot An^uilla, h.ive eon-
vineed them that their ill.uul ]iriKlin.es not onK all the
nceel'aries ol lite, hut, oelides, manv provihons wiiiih
they lell to their neiy,hbours, as well a- lu^ar ;'nd totton.
The elimate is very he.ilthy, and the inhabilants llronf;
and vigorous. Their cxjiortations are lugar, rum, aii'l
cotton.
To the north of Barluida are levjral Imall uniiiha-
hilcd 111 uids. The moll remarkable o{' them lies at lix
le.igues (.iiilanee, and is about a league loni^. It (ori-
fills i.t an emiiKiite, in whieh the .Spanilli diko\.iei-,
linding, |i)nie relemblance to a h.\t, tiny gave it the name
of Sombrero, wIikIi it has alwa) s ])reterveii.
To the Well ot B.u'buda and Sombrero, after having
(rolled a ihann'. I of eight leagues, begin the Virgin
Klaiids. 'I'lieic take up a fjucc, from call to well, of
about 24 leagues long, quite to tiie eariern toafl of
I'orto Rict), with a breadth of about 16 leagues They
are eonipoled ot a great number of illcf, whole toallh,
rent throughout ami Iprinkkd with rocks, every wheiv
tiangerous to navigators, are famous for lllipw|■ee^^,
.ind pariieularU ot leveral galleons. I lapiMl) tor the
trade anil navigation of thele illands, nature has placed
in the midille ot them a large balon ot three yr four
leagues broad, and lix or feven long, the linell that lan
be imagiiieil,.md in which lliips may anchor laiid-loi keil,
and llieltered from all winds. The Bueeaneers called it
The \ irgins" (iangw.i) ; but its true name is T 'le I5av
of Sir liaiui. Di.ike, who lirll entcnil it ir 15S0,
when he made his e.xp.dilion againll St. Dcmiii::,".
One it thele illands is called The Tiopic K.eys, trom
the allonilliing ijuaiitity of tropic birils whieii breed
there. Thele birds are about the lize of a pigeon, but
round anil pluiu|i like a jartridge, anti very good to
eat. 1 heir plum.ige is ijUite while, e\ce[)t two ur
three te.it hers in eai h wing, which arc ot a dear grey.
Then beaks are lliort, thitk, and of a pale )ellow.
They have a long leather, or gather quill, about feveii
iikIics long, whicli comes out of their rump, and is all
the tail lliey have. They obtained their name liuni
nut having been e\er Icen but lielwecii the tropie-
The Virgin Illands are all of them imall, and the
greutJl I'aii uiiiuhabited.
I) O MINI C A.
TPH IS iflaiu! was diieovered by Columbie , who c'.lled
-*■ It Dominka, beinuie he tiill law it on a Suiulav.
It is lituated in 16 de ;',. north latitude, and 62 deg.
well longitude; lies al>i>ut half way between (Jii.ida-
loupc and Martinico ; and is about 28 miles in kngih,
and 1,3 in bre.idth. 'I'hc li)il is thin, and betieradapted
to the rearing ot coflee than liigar : but the fuks ot the
hills bear tl;e linell trees in the Welt Indies; and the
whole idand IS well lupplied with rivulets ol liire w.iter.
Here, as in li)me other of the C'aribbees, is a lulphur
mountain, and hot fpring, eiiu.il, in talubritv, toilinie
of Bath, in I'.nglaiul ; and the line fruits, p;irticularly
No. 4S.
the pine-apples, arc fiiiKrior lo .my that gr<)w on the
Irencli itlaiuls. At the norih-well end of the inaiid is
a ileep, fp;lcious, laiidy ba), called rrince kii;'erf's,
Willi h I- well leiuicd hoiu the winds by inour.tanis 011
all IkIc".
The moll dilliiifuillied pl.iee in thi, ifland is the Iowa
of Koleau, lituated 011 a Ipacious harbour. The houfes
are low and irregularly phiced j and the town is lliel-
teied by the circumjaicnt mountains, lome of which
rile to a lonlidirable hcigl'.t. The Mioll .iihaniageous
\iew of the town i; from the b:iy or harbour, where
lliips ot confide i.ible li/,e ri.le at am hor with ihegreatclt
laKu.
'J lie f-"rencli have ever exerted their iflorts to prc-
V. nt the l''.n<^lilh trom killing on this illand, as it mull
cut otl' their lominuiiii at ion, in tunc of war, bet\ve-a
M.irlinico and (iuadaloupe. By the treaty hoNce'.cr,
in I7(>J, it \v;is ceded to the I'.ng'ini ; afterwu'ds taken
by tlic I'lench, in 1778, and rjllored to Cjieat Biiiai.i
in 178J.
S T. \ 1 N {. 1: \ T.
CT. Mncent, lituated in ijdeg. north latitude, anil
^^ 61 ikg. well ion:;ilu le, is about 24 iiiiles in length,
.111,1 iS in bieadih, lying ;ibout 50 miles norih.-welt of
li.nl idocs. Out ot the ridge of mountains, which
crolles it from li,uth to north, rife a great number of
ii\ers, which are well llored with filli. Thele moun-
t lins are, in general, of an eafy alccnt ; anil the vallies
and plains, fome of them of a large extent, are exceed-
ing tertile, ])roducii-.g molt- of tlie necelliiries of life,
liaitii. iilarly luL,:'.r, collee, cocoa, mu\ anatta.
\\ \\i.n ihi. illand w.is ceded tofircat Britain, by the
treaty of \erfailles in 176,;?, there was a great number
of a mixed breed of the ancient C'aribbees, and of llii|i-
w recked or runaway negroes ; but thcfe have been all
long lince exterminated.
I'lie moll remarkable )ilacc in St. Vincent's is Kingf-
town, lituated on a bay ot the lame name it the frnth-
well end of the illand. It is the relidence(,f t.ie gover-
nor, and the place ul-.ere the alkniblv meet. About
three miles (rom Kingllown, towards the fouth-cafl, is
the town of Calliagua, whole harbour is the mofl: conli-
ckrable i:: the whole illand.
CiRI'.NADA, ANi; THE CREN'ADINi: >.
GRIiNVn \ i- lituiled in i2deg. r.onh latitude, and
62 deg. well longitude, abom jo leagues louth-wcll
ot Barbadoes, and almoil the liime diltanee north of
New Andalulia, or the S|)anilh Main. This illand is
abou' 30 miles long, and 15 broad. The climate is
good, and the toil rich and fertile, and particularly
adapted for producing lugar, coffee, toli.uco, and in-
diiV'. A lake on the to() of a hill in the mitldk- of an
illand, lup])lies it plentifully with tine rivers, which
r.diin and feriili/e it. Several b.ivs and harbours lie-
round the ifland. Sime ol thele m.iv I e kirtiiicd with
great advantage, which render-i it verv convenient for
Ihipping; anil it has the happinels of not being lubjeit
to hurricanes. St. (iiorge's bav has a land) bottom,
and is extrcmelv capaci.iu--, but o|)en. In its harbour,
or I .iieening-plaic, loo large veliils ma\' be moored
with perfeiii l.ilelv.
Near Cirenad.i is a i killer of Imall illands, called the;
(Jrenidines. Thele illand-. proiluce verv hue timber,
lugar, indigo, tobacio, peale, millet , but the cocoa-
tree does noi thrive lo well in them as in the other
itlaiuk. Thele illands were ;ill dil(:ovci\il bj Colum-
bus, but never killed by the S| aniards. The Freneli
lirll ellablilli-il a co|on\ here, I ut were liiliurhed by
the natives, who carried on a long and blood\ war with
their invaders. y\t length, however, thev were com-
pelled to fubmit to fiperior force, and ilxn the lettlc-
meiits of the Fnnch rapidly increaled.
|f: T'
3;'!
6 R
In
■I'i
A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEOCJRAIM tY.
5:6
111 tltclifl war but unc, wlicnGnnaila v^^'^ attackiil In
llio Eiiglilli. tl.c Krciuli iiiluhitaiiis wlin wlic not \\r\
nuiiKnai-, were io ;im.i/iil al tlif ruluction ot (imula-
Kuipc aiul Martiniio, lliat '.• loft all lj)irit, ami liir-
K'luUriil witliinit makiiin t.A ..lil (ipiuiliiioii; ami tin-
I'lill i-ropirty ot' tl'.!^ lll.iiul, t^.jv iIkt witli llic (in-na-
liiiK"-, Win- i"ntiniKil to tlu' cu'aii ..t (irc.it Bnl.iiii liv
llic treaty ot [K-acc in 1763. lUu injui\, 177^, tli''
French maiic themdlve^ luallcrs ot" 11 ; tiiougii il vv.k
ridiiivil by till- tri-..ty ot 17S0.
'1 lie Itlanil ot Ciiviiaila, with all tliolc atljtiininp, to It,
liilhun^il tonliilcr.ihle il luiai'i- hv a ilaMiitul luirnciiii;
that lia|iiK'ncil in the monih ot tKlol)>.r, 1780. Many
ot the hollies were levelUil with the groutul, the plan*
t.itioiis iJi.'llro)til, anil I'tver.i! llii)is isliicli lay in tlio
h.irboiir totaliv loll.
C H A P. VIII.
BRITISH AMERICAN ISLANDS.
I
iti^
]k
HWINd ik-tcnbetl the Britiih Iflands in theWed-
Indii's Hx lliall next Uirvev the ul her American
llUnd'- belonging ti) lJ^, wliiili are lituateil 111 ilifiireiit
parts of the iKean ; anil as we ihall beyjn ai the northern
extrcniiiv, Newtountlland will tirtl eiij,ai;e our aitentian.
N K W I- O U N D I. A N D.
!
THIS idaiul, which was (lillovcred bv ScbaHian !
C'.ibMt, ill 1507, u liluaied i<itlic eall >it ilieduli)!! 1
v.jt St. LawreiKC, between 46 and szdeg. north latitude, |
and between 53 and 59 de;^. well longitude. It is
about 350 nlile^ in knj^ili, and :oo 111 breadth; and is
bounded on the north by BiUedle Strait, on the I'outli
and e.;l\ bv the .\tlanlic IXe.iii, and on the well by the
Ciul'i'li ul' St. Lawruui-. It has many (.xecllcnl hadiuurs.
The tluiuie ot \e\slou lid land i-. intoler.iblv hot in
lummer, and iiiteniely cold in wintir. I'or tour or live
months in the winter the ground is covered with li'iw,
frozen as hard as crylial. The t'juthern and e. I'.ern
coaHs I'eldom enioy a very lerene iky, trom their neii;h-
bourlioiK.) to the Great Hank, which is almoll conllant-
ly cuverul with a thi''' fog; but in the norllierii and
welKni jiarts the fky o very char, both in lunimer and
winter. The toil is, in geperal, barren. Mod of the
meadows and vale^ produce notjiint^ but a kind ot mols.
Many Ipecies of timber, however, grow Ik re in the
utmoll ]ierfa'tion; and tl.c firs are .is fit for malls as
thole ot' Norway. There arc lonie tniitf'ul ijiots, and a
kind of ne which grows naturally without culture, and
is \ii\ ii.iurilhiiiL', with wild ilr.iwberries and rafp-
bcrric;. The iiland abounds with wild towl, deer,
hares, ral-.bif;, foses, l'i.|uirrels, bear-, beavers, wolves,
otters, und other quadrui>eds ; and the Tea is pleiuitully
Hocked with dilleieiit kinds of ilelicious lilli, betides
cod, the llaple coiiiiniHlily. It is certain, however,
that the inhabitants would be in the utinolt diltrcls fur
bread, and many other neceflaries, but from the ex-
port ■ thither from the mother countrN, or the coiitinciii
of America, I'roin which tiie\- li.ue ahiioll ever) thing,
exceiit tiih, veniliin, and wild fowl.
Tlie value of Newfmiiulland c(/nlills in the tr.idc lor
fifh, of which there is Inch plent\ on the coai'ts (jf tlu-
ifland, that the whole world ah; oil might be t'ui)|)licd
from it, all foils being taken in imniaile iiuantitie. :
but the princijial lilhery is of cixl, wherewith a great
number r.f lhij;s are Uden eveiy year, for Englantl,
I'lanci, Si)ain, romig^al, Italv, and other jarts. The
ii..;i.i liihery is e.;, the I'ireat Bank, and the other banks
about this itl.uid, as allii along ihe coal'l. The (jreat
Bank i. a \all mountain und.er water, extending, in
length, according to the motf accurate tea-charts, tiom
the-fill (leg. ot north l.uitude, lo49dcg. 25 min. and,
ill bie.idti;, from 4: lU-!',. 30 min. to 51 deg. jo min. of
well longiiude. Its <i,;|,!li of w.iiu' is from 5 to 60
fathoms. '1 his Iwnk is covered with a \alf i,uaiitit\ it
Ihells, and lever.il kinds n|' tilliol ;ill li/.es, moll of which
lerve tor fond to the iod-ti(h, wliulc number is iin-
menfe. (ireat numbers ot vell'el . have loaded here an-
nually for two centuries, yet tlii^ v.dl eont'umiilion has
produced no very a| parent diminutuii 'A tlieir i. umbers.
The c;i;.en Bank is about 120 mile's long, and about
50 over where broadeft. It lies ofl" the fouth loall of
.^ twloundl.ind. There are fever.1l other banks, but
I lie) are not conlidcrablc enough to dclerve particular
iiutice.
The Great Strand, or drying-place for filh, which is
about a Ic.gue in extent, lies between two deep hills,
one of wlikh is teparatcd from the Strand by a fmall
rivulet, which forms a kind of lake, cailed the Little
Bay, auoundmr, with falmon. The Great Strand may
contain .it once wherewithal to load 60 Ihips. There
is another lelier Strand for the ule of the inhabitants
who filh all along the coall. The fiihing fealbn is fnjiu
Sjiring to Septtmbir. All the train oil that comes
from Newfoumiland is drawn chiefly from the livers of
the cixl. 1 he principal towns arc Placentia, Bonavifta,
and St. John.
The Indians, or natives, of this ifland, arc ftid to be
a gentle, milil, tradable peojile, calily gained by civi-
lity and good ufagc. Thev ]):iint their bodies, and,
in winter, are clad in fkins and furs.
The following is the ])roccfs in catching the fill),
preparing them, &c. The cixl is caught with a liar-
]ioon, the bell bait lieing a little HIli, called capel.iu ,
l>ut, for want of this, they fiimctimes make ule oi the
inteltines of the cod itielf. As foon as the tilli-.rmnn
has caught a filh with his line, he pulls out its tongue,
and gives the filh to another man, whom they call the
behcader. This man, with a two-edged knife, hkc a
lancet, fliis the filh from the vent to the throat, which
he cuts acrofs to the bones of the neck : he then lays
doun liis knife, and pulls out the liver, which he dro]ii
into a kind of tray, through a little hole made on ]nir-
pole in the fcaftbld he works upon , he then guts it,
and cuts ofl' the lie.ad. This done, he delivers tlie lilh
to the next man, who Hands over .igainll him. This
man, who is called the flirer, t.ikes hold of it by the
left gill, and rells its back againll a board, a fiKit long,
and two inches high : he pricks it with the llicing knife
on the left lidc of the vent, wliich makes it turn out
till I'.ft gill : then he cuts flie rib-;, or great bones all
along the vertebne, .about halfway down from the neck
to the vent , he likewile does the fame on the right tide,
then cuts aflant three joints of t!ie vertebra; through to
the fpinal marrow ; ladly, he cuts all along the vcrte-
br.e and Ipinal marrow, dividing them into two, and
thus ends Ins operation. A third hcl[)er then lakes this
tilli, and, with a kind of wooden Ijxitula, flrapes all the
blood that has remained along the verteinu' that were
not cut. When the cod is thus thoroughly cle.mfed
(lometimes walhed) he drojis it into the hold, through
a hole made tor that ]/urpofe, and the liiltcr Is ihe:c
ready to receive it. Tliis aflitlant cr.ams as miicli fail
as he can into the inner part of tlie filh, lays It down,
the tail end lowed, rubs the Ikin all over with tak, and
even covers it wiili more fait ; then goe's through the
lame piucels with the rell ot the coil, which he heaps
up one upon another till the whole is laid up. Th.e lilh,
thus lalted and piled uj) in the hold, is never meddled
with any more till it is brought home und unloaded for
tale.
Tii?
AMI.RlCA.l
NORTH AMERICA.
S«7
The nxl iiittnil.-J fordniiif^ ii c:m|;Iii uivl IkIu'SiIv-iI
iti tlu- limn tn.iniKT ; l)iit tlic u|(ir.ili<iii ot laltiii^ \aiii.
in li>ittt ti'.v |>ajlii.ular>.
Tins ill.i;\i!, atiiT v.iiious (lllj.iitc, Wiis tfiKil to
Knglaiid 111 171.1 1 liiit ilii KrikIi wire Kh at liberty
to dry il.iir nit^ on tin- iniritarn lljor^s. Ky the treaty
of 176J, they were |)eriuiiieii to 'i in the (jiiljih ot
St. l.awretK'-, on eoiuhiiou that thcv did nor apnioaeli
\uihin tlini' leai^ie. o| ,111 v ot ilie eo.ills hi.'loin;iii;.' to
l.nat Unt.iin. I lie liniili ill.md^ ol' St I'iure and \li-
(jueloii, to the loiilli lit .NCuloumlLiiul, wjre i.eded to
thol-'reiuh l>\ the (aiue tuatv, tor uiririj; their tilh ;
but they eii;^i^'d not to creek any toriilicatioiis, ami to
keep C'liy 50 1 ildicp* to enforce the ])oliec. R\ the !a(l
maty ot iKace, the 1 'rem h are to enjov tlie tilhciicb on
the iiorili aiui well tuaili ot Newtoum'.land.
CAPK n RF.TON'.
''PHIS ifland i' fitu.itetl in thefiulph of St. I^iwrence,
A between 45 anil 57 tkj;. north latitude, and be-
I veen 6t and ft: dci;. well longiiiidi, JKino aliont 100
ir.iles loni;, a'ld So broad. It l:i's ;iboiit :o le.'.^ies
limth-well troin Newtouicdland,
leiiaritid by ihc
Siriit ol Cuilo troin N'.iva Seoti.i. The nortii to.ill 11
high, .ind ahiiiiit in:ui\ lliblo ; but tlie loiith coall con-
t.iin> liveial cxcclUiU harboiirb, more particularly that
of l.ouiflnirgli, i>iie of t!ie tinell in America. The cli-
jiute here is much tlie lame with tiiat of Quebec, only
more lubieft to toe'-. 'I'iie air, however, teems to be
j'i'etty whoieloiiie.
'I'lie illand abouiub with likes and rivers, cial"., and
linie-llone ; and thou^di tl;ere are many barren ijioti in
it, aijjjlei, jiulle, whwii, ami other corn, flax and
hemp, are, or may be railed in it. The mofl lommon
tree;i are u;iks ol a priAh;.;i(./us li/e, pines lit tor malls,
alh, maple, -plane, and alj m trees. There is no oc-
tai'ion for diggiiiiJ deep, m diaiiiinu, the waters, to come
at the io.iK here, a;-, in oilier louiitrie^.
Ot aiiiinals there aie horll"-, hogs, oxen, niee|i,
goats, and |)oiiltr), on the illind, but j;ame is liarce.
'liie paiiriilges are aliuoll as bij^ as iihealaiits, and not
unlike them in tl;e colour of their feathers. The quan-
tities of cod and other lilh on the coall is almoll iniie-
• hlile ; and there are iiuinbers of whales, lea-wolves,
porpoiles, and leals.
The brench Ix.-^an a feulement on thi,^ ifl.md in 17 14,
which they continued to iiicreak, anil tuitilied it in
1720. They were dillielied by tlie fjiglilli in 1745;
but reinflated by the treaty of Aix-la-L'liapille, in 1748.
It was afterwards leilucetl in 17555, by iheBritilh troops
and fciuuen, under (ieneral Amherll and Admiral Biil-
luwcn. It was ceded to the crown of (ireat Britain by
the treaty of 176^, liiice which the fonihcations ot
Louilburiiii h.ive been demolillied.
There are Icveial linall illands lying round ("ajie Bre-
ton, particuhuly thole of St. Feter and iMadame, or
.Maurepas.
ST. JOHN.
THE Illand of St. John is alio lituated in thcGulph
of St. [.awrence, about 40 miles north-well ot
Cape Breton, in between 45 and 47 deg. of north lat.
being about 60 miles in leii<^ih, and upwanls of -;o in
breadth. The air is dc.n and healthy, and the toil in
moll places rich, pioduciii^^ Indian corn, and a great
variety of garclen plants, (ireat part of the country
was cleared, and Ii) well improved, by the I'rench,
that it wao called the (iraiiar) of t!aiiad:i, from its fup-
plying that colony with corn. I'lie animals arc tlie
lame as ia Cape Breton. It abounds in excellent
tiir.bcr.
This idand was ceded to the crown of Great Britain
by the treaty of 176 j.
Ihe BI.RMUnAS, OR the SUMMER ISLANDS.
'X'HFSK arc a duller of very fm.ill iflands, and we'c
■■• <!ilcovered by John Bcrmtide/., a Spaniard, foin
vvhom they received tiuir lirlt name, as they d.d their
lecond from Sir (ieorge SumiiKr, wh,) was call a'.\ay
upon them in |6of). lime which the) li.ive iK-loiig.-.l to
< ireat Britain. They are lituated in the Athniic
(V^.m, in 3: de;;. iiorfh latitude. They have a cle.ar
teminnite air, with plenty of (K Ih. filh, poultrv, fruits,
herbs, nxits, &c. The tjimate, howiver, of late jears,
is altercil for the worle. C'edai-s grow here, amlierrris
is foi.iul on the Diores, and whales ami lunLi'are
caught on the coall. Here is a breed of bluk ho<>i
whidi are miiiii \alu(d. White clialk-!lones and to-
baic) are ex|><>ited. ()ran>n-s and pahiutios abound;
and many things are found in g.i.ii plent\-, water cx-
cejit ■ ; for the inhabitants have n;>ne but what falls
from the cloiuls.
The chief ifl.md is St. r.eorf;c, which takes its name
from (;eor;j,e -Town, and is a il.anint place, 16 miles
in kngiii, ariil three in bre.idih, and contains l.andliimo
biiildiiijv. 'File ilref emi'Ioyment of the inhabitants
is building fmall vetUls.
I'liete illands are thu'- delcribel by Waller, the cele-
brated iR>et, who relided here duriiij^ the civil wars of
I'ingland.
Bermudas wall'd with rcKks; who diK-s not know
'1 h.a happy i!land, wiiere hu;4e kniiii^ grow,
.And orange trees, which goLL'n fruit do bear;
Tir I Ffperian gardens boail of none to fair ;
W here ihiniii!^ pea '., coral, and many a [lound,
On the rich Ihore, ol ambergris i-, found.
Flic kitty cedar, which to hiav'ii alpires,
'Fhe prince of trees, is tew.l lor their fires ;
The fnioak by which their loaikd Ipits do turn.
For incenle might on lacred altar-, burn ;
Their ]irivate root^ on inlorous timber borne.
Such as might palaces for kin,',5 adorn.
'Flieir Iweet palmettos a new B.iccluis \ ield,
\Vith leave-, .vs amjile as the bro.ulell ihield ;
I'ndei the Ih.ulow ot whole tiiendly bough^,
They lit carouliiig wIktc their liquor grows.
I'igs there unplaiiled tliro' the tiekl do grow,
Such as tierce Cato did the Romans lliew.
With the rare fruit inviting them to liwil
(^irthage, the millrels of lb rare a li)il.
The nakeil rocks are not unfruitful here,
Bu', at lome conllant kaliins ev'ry \ear,
Tliei.' barren tops with lullious food abound.
And with the eggs of various fowl are crown'il.
Tobacco is their worll of things, which they
To F.nglilh landlords as their tribute p.iv.
Such is the moukl that the blell tenant teeds
On precious fruits, .and pays his rent in wceils.
With canilicil |ilaiitaiiis and the juicy pine, -^
On choiced mekms and fwect grapes the) dine, I
And with potatoes fat their waiitun Iwine. J
Nature thel'e cates with fuch a laviih hand
Fours out among them, that our coarfer land
Talles of that bounty, and doth cloih return.
Which not for warmth, but ornam.nt, is worn :
For the kind fpring, which but lalutes us here,
Inhabits there, and ourts them all the year.
Ripe fruits and blolloms on the lame trees live;
At once they promile what at once they give.
So fweet the air, fo moderate the clniie.
None lick!) lives, or dies before his time.
TtiE BAHAMAS, or LL'CAYA ISLANDS.
T
1 H-'SE illands are fiiuated in the Atlantic Oican, to
the north of the illand of Cuba, and not lar from
the coafl of F'Uirida, flretching from the north-wei' to
the fouth-eall:, bi.'tween 21 and 27 der. north latitude,
and between 73 and 81 deg. \\\i\ longitude. They are-
very
\
(Ul!
fili
5-«
A M.W AND ATTUFNTIC SYSTF.M or LN'IVI.RSAL GF.OC.RAI'HY.
t -
P^^^
';}w
rl^^
i»«,i
t '•:>.
very niim.'row, ;iiul twelve o( tlictn pntiy lar^^-.
Bilwiin.1, wliii li is thi- largoll, hcim; about 50 m\\:\ m
length, tli<iii^it vif) n.iiTiivv, aiiil gives n.tiiK- t.ithL- r;'lt .
livs ;5 U'.i.'.uv Iroin the iniiiiiHiit nt Kl'-ruLi. It cnMys
i« liniu' tiiiij cr.itc ;iir, wiili a liuittul loil, will w.iuiiil
ivir\ ikIhTv \miIi li)riii^> .ind nsulit>
'I'lioiioii \\,i.w \wTv.- the liill l.iiuJN (lilii)vcral in Aiin.-
lica by Coluinbus, the Siiani-inli lU'Vir ilmugiit ot lei-
tliiii; in ihciii. The l.iii^lilh knew nothing of them till
1667, when Captain William Se\le, being houiu! U>
Cari'lina, w.^ loieeil among tliiiii bv a ilorm, whiih
gave hiiu an i>i>i>t)rtiinii\ ot i\ainininu, tluiii earetull\,
I'arlaMlarK ihat whiih at iPicluit is known by the name
»)t I'loviilenee. At his leturn he reported the beialit
lhe\ mij-lit be mail Mil to the (late ; upon wine h jii ants ot
thtiu were made out to iiroprietor.-, ealled the Haliama
C'ompan\ ; but the government was reierveil in the
\,.Uh\'- ot the I rowii.
The Stiaits of Bahama, whiih the Hriiilh fliei lo
l.aiipilv lieaieil in the lall eNpedition a^ainll the I la-
vannah, are well known to navigators, t.ir the ilaiigt r
anil ditiiiulti' s that attend the palllni!, tlii'ii.
Tliele illands lie near to I lilpaniola, and to the 11 >led
jxMt ot the Havannah, in the Iflanil ot Cuba, uliere
<hc Spanilh galleons and (I'lla always rendezvous bet"re
t!ic) return to Kuro])e, having (he (iiilpli ot M<inda to
the well, and the Windward I'allage to I'neeall I't ihem.
In tiiiu^ ct jK'aiethe) are eapable ot' great iniproveiiunt
in point i>t trade, atul havealwavs lieen a good retreat
li)rdilabled ihips, blown troni ditierent parts ot the mn-
tineiit ot' America. In times ot war, the IJntiih enii/ers
and iirivateerf, Aationed at the Bahama Itlands are
more eapable to ubrtruC' and annoy the Spainlli trade,
homeward bound, than \ny that arc (lationed at tiierell
ut the Bntilli colonies in Ameriea.
TIk Baham is were captured bv the Spaniards during
the lall war, but they wiie retaken by the Bntilli arii)>
1:1 xiij.
I Al KI.AM) ISLANDS.
'rill'-SK iflamls weie tiill ililcoveied by Sir Riihaid
*• I I., kin- in 1594, thepiiiuipal ot which he named
i I I'A kins i\I.iidenlaiid, in lnMiour ot (^leen l-.li/.ubcth.
The prelent I'.ngliih name ot l-alklaiid was probably
gi\in them b\ laptain Strong, in I')J9, and being
adoplid b) Halle\, it has iioni that tiiue been received
in our maps.
Ill the u.ir 1764 the admiralty revi\id the ichcnie
ut a leitlement in the South Seas, ami C'onuuodore B\-
nin, who w.is lent to take pollellion ot I'alkland Ill.uul-,
1.1 tiie n.ime ot his Biiiann.ii M i|clly, in Ins lournal u-
pie!' lit-, them a- a valuable aciiuilition. On the otiur
hind, tlu'v are reprelented by Cajjiain Maebnde (who
in 1766 Iticieeded that gentUman) as the ouicalis ot
n.ilure. " We found (lays he) ,1 mal^ of' illands and
broken lands, of which the loil was nothing but a bog,
with no Itetter prolJKCl than that ot barren m untanv,
beaten I>v lloinis almoll perjielual. Yet this is I'ummer ;
and it the winds ot winter hold their natural propor-
tion, thole who lie but two cables length Irom the lliore,
mull pals weeks wiiho I having any tommunicatton
with It." Ihe pl.mts and vegetables which were
(iluitedbv Mr. Buon's people, and the fir-tree, a na-
tive of ruggeil ami ii>ld climates, had withered awav.
But the goats, llieep, and hogs, that were carried thi-
ther, were lound to thrive and increalc as in othir
]ilaie.. (ieele, ot a tilhy t.ille, Iiiiiks, foxes, li;.i.
iioib, penguins, plenty of goinl water, and, in the
lummer monilis, wild celery and I'orrel, are the natu-
ral pi.Kluetions ot thele parts.
lalkland Illands can hardly be deemed Briiiili, as
the) leer.i to have beer, rather abandoned by the Lng-
lilli, in order to avoid givinjj umbrage to the court ut'
Spam.
C II A P. IX.
The fox ISLANDS.
UN I l|\R flic general denomination of the Fox
Illands (which were dil'covered by a RufiTian na-
vigator are compriled the Ifles ot Ooneemak, Oip-
nanlka, Amoghta, S.iivoogham, Arnluk, /Xiooian,
Ooneila, Ataka, Kannaton, ami Oiiool.illik i. Ot the
latter we h.ave given a particular deliripiioii from tin-
account of our niuih-elleeiiied countrMiian Ca]itain
Cook.
Tliii gi'oup of iflands (calitd by the RuiTuuis l.\(Tie
Al!io\a, or l-'ox Iflaiul-, from their abounding in loxes
of divers colours') lies m a'.iout 4: deg, north latitude,
and I <;o deg. well longitude. The wintcr> are milder
here than in the more latlern ilime^, anil continue, in
general, only from the beginning of November to the
end ot March. The produce is, underwoinl, and linall
llirubs and pl.uit--, for the moll part ilr.iilar to thole
lound in Kamtlihatka. Warm Iprings and native lul-
(iliur are to be found in lonie parts.
CiTiat numbers of li.i animal, as lea lions, fea
bears, and tli otier-^, relort to the IlK/rc:. The foxes,
tluring the il.iy, lie in i.iies and iliti'i of rocks. To-
wards the evening they loine to the lliore in fearcli of
food. They have long ago extiri)ated the brood ot
mite, and otiier ImkiII animals. '1 hey are nut in the
lead afraid of the natives, but diflinguilh the Ruffians
b\ lieiit, liaviii'.; lound tiie elfei^l ^ of llr ir file arm"^.
The Fox Illands are, in general, |)o],ulous. The
natives live in fe|iarate cummunitie-, rom]ioled of fiftv,
: n I lometinies ot two and even three hundred jierliins.
Tneir habitations are in large caves from 40 to 80 yards
long, from 6 to 8 broad, and from 4 t(> 5 high. I'iic
r .of of thefe caves is a kind of woixlen gr.ite, which h
lirll fpread over with earth. In the lop are feveral
openings through which the inhabitants go u]) and
down bv means ot ladders. In e.ach cave is a numbir
ot partitions, appropriated to the leveral families, and
thele jartitions are markeil by means of (lakes driven
into the earth. 'I'lie men and women nt on the ground,
and the children lie down, having their legs bound to-
gether uiuler them, in onler ti> make them learn to lit
iijMin their hams.
'J'liile caves arc generally fo warm, that both fexe^
often lit nakcil. 'I he natives obev the calls of naiui-e
opeiib, without deeming it indecent. They walh
ihemlelves lirll with their own urine, and afterwards
with water. In winter, and when they want to vva'M
tliemlelves, elj)eciallv before they go to fleep, they let
lire to dr\ grals, and walk over it.
Till ir haliitations being alir.o'l dark, they ufe, par
ticularly in winter, a Ion of large lamps made by hol-
lowing out a llone, into wliiih they [ ul a rulh wi^k,
and burn train oil.
With relpeCt to their pcrfons, the natives have bl.uk
hair, Hat fices, and are of go.id flature. The men
Ihave, with a Iharp llone or knife, the circumterein
and top ot the he.id, and let the f.air which remains
hang from the irown. The woiiKii iiit their hair in
a lliait line over ilie foreheail. Ikhini they let it grow
to a conliderable length, and tie it in a bunch. Some
of the men Wear their beards, others lliave or pull them
out by the roots. They mark and colour their faces
with dilllrent figures. They make three incilions in
the
AMFRICA]
the under lip. Theyplw
or A linali loloured ftoi
tliey fix a long, pointed ]
ner as t "• keep the iiolln
holes in ihiir ears, and \
incr.ts tliev can proiuie.
'i he men w\ar .; kii .1
rormoraiiis Ica-diver ,
keep out the ram, inc)
l'.!a<l iers and intellines c
liiem wear common caps
uiHin wiiich they \i.a\. \
tiic f>rc part ol their 1
pl:.ee a fnull board liise 1
lM.n<?> of lea i.iars, and
whieh they reieive in t
t'liir felhvals .ind duiu
more lh.)wy fort of caps.
'I'he wDinens drtis is r
and lea bears. Thele Ik
cutji, and neatly teied
w.th various llnpesot lea
T:.ey I1.1VC alio upper ga
ol tile lirgell lea calves
Their l'>Jil chiefly coi
inals, an.l they generally
their food they ule. a hoi
filh or flelh therein, 1 1
cii.le the think with li
ujion two llones, and li,
Vllion wlliih is llilcllded
air, without tail. Tin
lilies and other roots, t'
berries, lliey cat at ai
linclion ; but, in calls i
iiig leveral Oays log>t''ei
'I'li'-V do not uiuieri'ui
or any ilror.g iiiju.irs ; b
Iniill. >v,.ich the Ruilian
I'hey feed I'nen i hi
the coanell iLlli, and t
fatit cries, the mother 1
fide, and, whether fun
in the water untill it
from doing th^ childie
againd tne cold ; and
tiirough the winter, ^
They are alto trained
and It is an opinioi
illandors, that by lui!
and l)ccomc furtuiiaie
No traces are found
them. Several perfon
are held in hiuh e;.
emolument. I- ma
are not held in ellima
not, however, dehcien
are of lively aii^l cheai
jietuous, and prone i
favagencis they are ver
the Rulllans kceji as lu
of their language.
Marriage cereinon.
Each man takes as iu.
the number lelduiii i \
occafiunaliy allowed t
tliev and their childre
exchange for ^iher con
lu
No. 49.
AMl'.RICA]
NORTH A M i: RICA.
519
t;ie under lip. Tlieypl.ui- 111 tli- .iMlon.- :i Hat bone,
or a liii.ili io|..iiral (iotu- : in call ol ilu- ItJc o;n'>
t!n.-v tl\ :i loiij;, I'oinliil pi.-ii- nt lioiu, m luili ;i iiuii-
n.T ai t > l.rtji i;i'.' lu'llrih i.vui.d.d. 'I'li a ;iii;) picuv.
I'liUs in l!i< ir raiv, ami wt.ii m lliciii wiiai litilt un-a-
llKT.l^ tiK- 1.111 jirOlliif.
'j In- mill vvwir .1 kin. I ot llii;t. iii.ul.. oi the fkins ot'
fiinnoranis, Ita-diviT-, iiul guiU , ami, in urdiT (ti
keep out tlic rain, ifiey lia\e upper tr*niK'nt% of the
Mad ^c^^ .iiid intellines ot divers le.i-.nnmai*. Some ol
tiuiii vu-ar common caps, ot a parlN-eolouied bird ikip,
U|H)n vviiieii tlKV li..i\ |4it ot the \\uv^\> and tail. On
tiic t'lrc part ot tiieii liiiiiiiii;; aii'l tiiliii'.;; e ips ih\
j.iiix a fnull buarti lii-.e a ltree:i, adorn^'d wiiii the le.v-
iiones ot t.a t.iars, and or;umeiited with t^;l.U-. Ik.id'^,
whuh they receive in b.irier from the Kuiiian . Ai
their tellivab and (iaiuiii); parties they wear a iiuii.h
mor'.' ih Avy fort ot cap-.
'I'lie vvoinens drtis i-i ma li- ot' tlic Ikiii.-. ot' lea oitcr .
and I'.-J bears. Tliele ikiii^ aie d^e^.l \Mlh a li>it ot red
cartji, and neatly teAcii with liiK\<'', aiv.l oin.'i'ieiUnJ
With \irMus lln;)eMit Ka otier Kills .i;;,i Latiieiiu ini;i.!..
'ri,t\ li.ive alio Ujiper i;ainiiiit ', niadi {.f lliv i..!v;iiiKb
ol I he lir(',ell lea talvts and I. a lions
'I'licir fo-Jil eliielly t:i infills ol till), and Mer Ua ani-
mals, and ihcy gcner;;llv cMt 11 ri'.v. When tii.y dixi-
tlieir livid they ule. a I;o';1oa ihim. 1 lav.ii;j, plaied tin.
tilh or ll'dh tiierein, iheyiover ii ^Mih .iiiuthu', and
dole the liiink wuli lime or clay. 'Ihe) then i.iy it
upon tAo ihinc-;, and li.;Lt a lire under it. i'iie pro-
vifion wliieli is liiKiided liir keepiii}.!, is ilrkd in tlieo,.en
air, with'Uit fait. Tluir j^reat' it delie.uies aie wikl
lili.'H and other rooli, t'j^.iher wiih diiieieiit kind'- ot
i)errie"!. 1 hey cat at an\ iime ot the ilay without dil-
tiiiclioii ; but, in cafes of iieceili!;', arc capu.ilc of lal'-
ln(j leveral (Jays k)tj,'t''er.
lii'-v do not uiuleriland tin" a't "f liilliirin;', brand;. ,
or any ihor.f; iiiU-T-: ; Init are ve;y Io:ui >)t i.j'l a^c.i auil
thutf, vv.iich the Riuli.ins have uiirodu' ed .imong thei.i.
'Ihey teed liaii thildren, wneii very )ou!i;4, with
the coar.cll il.ili, anil tor the m'tll part raw. It an in-
fant cries, the mother immcdiaieiy carriis it to tl-.e tc.i
fide, aiid, wlicther liiinnur or v\iiiicr, holds it naked
111 the water uiiiill it is i]uiet. This culf.mi is in far
from doing ihj childicn any harm, liiat it hardens ihem
af^aind tnc colli ; anil thev ai"Coi"din_:;ly |.,.) liare-looted
tiirough the winter, wahou' the kait inconsenieiice.
They aiv ai'.j trained to ba'.he trei]ueiilly in the lea;
and It is an o[)iiiion geneially i\ceived among the
illandors, that by luili means they are lendcud bold,
and t)ecome toruinaie in liihinir.
No traces are found ot aiiv relij^i^ms worlhip .uiv.>;i;ill
them. Several perlons, imle'-il, ['als lor loreeurs, and
are held in lii^h eineni, fut v.iihout rei..;vsni; a;iv
cmolumcni. I-ihal diiiv and ref|K'."t ttuv.ud.-. the agetl
are not held in ellimation by thele petjjile. They are
i.ot, however, delieient in fidelity to eaih other; j.::d
are of lively and clieadul tem]K.is, tiiough rather im-
j.)etuous, and prone to anger. Noli\irnllani:ing their
favigenels they are very docile ; and the bo\s, who, 11
the Kiiliians kceji as hol'uyes, loon .iciimie a knowledge
ot their languaL^e.
Marriage ceremonials are unknown anvin^ tiicm.
Lach man takes as many wives as lie can iiuinlam, but
the number leldom exceeds four. Thele woiiuii are
occafionally allowed to cohabit with other men; and
they and their children are not untie. iuently bartered in
exchange tof i^ilier commodiliLs.
I'ealls are very CDrnmon among tliefc idinders, inJ
p.nic ularly when the inlubii.iniji.t one iflar.d :;r;- vinied
h\ ihol ol another. The men of ili',- villa^'.e loett tlicir
i'lKlls beating diuiiis, an.i pre. filed iiy ihe women,
.vho ling and dan>e. 'I'liis iloiu, the guells ft ciowu
to pirt.ke . ihe liic p'A'i'l'.d lorihem; atiir which
il e di\erlions are iiiiiodu.e.i by tlie children, r\:.o dajcc
iiid ca| -r at the lam,' time, niakir.;; a luile with tlicir
Imall drum.-., while die owners ol il c hul, of hoili lexis.
In:'.'.. Ne.>.t fellow the men almoil naked, Inpliinj;
iiivr one aiioiiicr, and beating drums of a larg'.-r lize.
riiele ar;' reluved Ly women, who d.mte in their
il'iaili--, while tl.e iivn ling and beal fheir drum;.
Thole of t e mal.! natives who liive leveral >vi.ej, do
not wiihoid thtiii from llieir ^ujII. ; but where ihe holt
ha: no more than oil'.' v.ile, he make.-, tl.e i-llLr i.l a te-
m:i!e liTvant.
The iiioi.th of N' iv.iuber is thivfly employed by
ili'le lll^nd..r^ in huiiiiiig, by wlii^h they ubi.iin thu
Aiiis ot lea bears t')r lieir cloaihing. la li.e fprin^
lie"' kill old f.a bears, fa !ion«, .iivl whales. Iij
lai.ii weather, botii in fumr.iei and winter, they row
.lut to lea, and cateii 1 oi| and oiiier fill). I'h-i'' hooks
are made of bono, and their lines ..f long tenacious tea-
wcLd, wliicii, in tl.ofe lias, ;irc lometiiiici found n.-ar
160 yards in length.
Tiiey have I'vvo fort > of vili.;ls: the larger are lea-
l!iwi! boai--, or b'udais, whicli have oars on lioth lujes
of l:iem, ;'.!ul will h'lld. ^^o or 40 ]xople : the liruUer
are ro','.i.d with a ifmbic | Uvidle, and will cont.iin but
two at moil. In thele, however, they pals from one
ilLnd t I aiv'lher; ..I'l lomeiimes do ii<t Icrupio to
Venture out to lea in tliem f' a viry eoaliderablc
dillanie.
.St ran,;. r- are not permiited to hunt or tifli near a
villag.', or t'j carry ml' an} thing thit is tit t.>r tu'jj :
tlicriiore, when their [-loMiions are ijUite i.\luu!led on
ajou'.niy, ti'.iy are loinp.'i.d to bi-- from village
to MKa;-.';., and call up.-n tli^ir triend;. and relatijns lur
audi mee.
Tiie natives of thele illands are very leldom engaged
in .\ar, either among theiufclves or with thvir neigh-
l/wULs. When it lo tails out, and they iiai)jx;n to ijef,
woun.!ed, th.i) appi) a kiiui ot )ell')'V vKjt t'J the we'Uiid,
anil tall fir loiiie time. I-cir leUef in the l-.^;.d-ach
they open a ve n in ih.il p..ut, with a laniet mido of
fio.'ie.
Tiieir we.-.pons are bo.vs, arrov.s, ..nd darts. TI.c
latter they throw with giv it deMeriiy, and a very con-
fiderabie dillan>'e. For defence of their perfons they
ule wooden fnieids, wlmli they call kuijukin. When
thev wa.it t.) glue the jHiinis of their arro'>vs to the lli.ifr,
tliey llrike tiieir nules pretiy hard till they bleed, and
ule ti'.e bi.)od a^ giue.
iAs thele ill.iiuleis have neither la'.v or judrrc, the
molt atrocious crimes, and even murders, are lullered
to pa'.s unpunillied.
Till ir luucral ceremonies, wliuh are very lingular,
are as follow. When a poor perlon dies, the body ii
wrapped either in their own cloaths or mats, then laid
ill a gr.ive, and covereil over wilh ea ili. Ihe boilic*
of tl.e iii.h are bound n iinil wilh tlu.ng-, and alterwards
put in a kind of wo'.ni-.-n era' lie, lupi i.Ti-'d bv pole',
winch are jdaced crot'-vvays, and are exi'oled to the ail
until they rot. 'Ihe furviviiur relations and friend. e\-
|>refs their grief, upon thefc occalions, by bitter la-
iiieiitatioii:'..
Ii-
niil
.if 11-
"T^if'^OT
No. 49.
6 S
PH AP.
^
SP
A M:\V anu AL'THI-NTIC SYSTF.M ov IJXIVERSAI, Gl'XXiRAI'llY.
C II A P. X.
SPANISH WEST-INDIA and AMERICAN ISLANDS.
e' r li A.
■"piM-. illuul w.i^ ilikowrci! h\ Colunibii. in 1492.
J- 1 k- luul Init .1 lli!;lit vww ct it, \c{ it prowd tual
to tl'.j ivitivc^ ; tor i!n.-\ li.iving pivtctuat liim with
g.iM, I'ouK' ! i.xcs ot' uI.kIi hi- c;irnal into Spain, it
octaliuiiol .w iiiiiiKili.Ui.' rcl'olmion to icitlc in it, which
was ill lord inj;l) itlLckd in 151 1.
The lllm I of CuKi cxicnd> in latitudo tVom :o
di'.;. 20 '.111;;, to ilic iroj-i.- i-t Ciiucr ; and troiu 74
d.'. to
S5 d.-g. 15 mill. \\i:\\ lont;i;vuk-. ll is
al'oul
700 mili-.'iii IiMii^ih" tPMH c.ill to w.li. bill \cn narrow
m ]iroiK)rtion, not lu-i:;,: ;ib(<vi.' -O in hiv;ul'h. It lu'^
60 miles to the welt ot HiliuiiioUi, 25 l..i|2,iie- to the
nortl- ot" Jamaica, 100 miles to the eall ot jueatan. and
a- inanvto il;.- louth ot C:iiv I'lorida. ll eomm.ind--
ihe eruiante ot' both the (iiili'hs ot'Me.vieo ami Morida,
and he \Vi;;.!ward Tallage; la that the Spaniards who
.ne the o.i!\ j'.akili)rs it it, m.iy, wiili a toler:ible
r.eet, not o:il\ (eeure tlu ir own trade, but annov their
.'leit:,!;!!' ii:- .
in Cii!i.i theR are no uir.ters ; but ;n the mentlis ot
July and .\u_;uil, when the tun i> vertical, the rain-
and liorm- are great, oiherwil'e the iliinate '.vould be
into';-.riM\ i-.ot. The fairell re;i!on i- when iIk lun is
f'.vrtlklt cti', :iiul li.en it is h.oiull 111 il;e ir.onung; tor
tiiwards 1100:1 :i bree/.e i|rinL;' up, whkii b!ii-.\s pretiy
brilk till the cvenini;. The tr.ide winds in iheie kas
Mow ti( m the norih-ealk At tiie lull and change ot
ll;e moil), I'rom Octt ber t i April, there are brilk winds
«t r.onh aiv.l ii'irtli-w\ ll, wliicli, in Decem'oir and
Jat.a.uA , oden turn to lh)rins ; though thii is called
the t.iir I'vaK-n.
The camlrv is well watered, ar.d agree.abiv di\erli-
fied \eii'i wo ids, lawn^, and vallics. Tlio toil is i apable
of producing, m the givatetl plenty, everv thing that
grows in i!ie other Ank-rican illands ; but tlie Cuba
commonly ca'l-d llie 1 l.ivannah ; t'jbaceo is thought
to excel that ot all the world : and their I'ugar would
•■>,ua'i their t'.b.i.co in pi.-odnels, li.id lli -X haikls to cul-
vaie tlk ca:v.'. The other products are ginger, long
pejijie;-, .in- other 1; ice^ ; caiha, niati';i, aloe.-, large
rulii-, and I 'nr odoriterou. tree- ; (i...k-, piia-s, j alm-
I!.:-, plenty Kt large viik's, tlr.e colt. n-trec, phui-
l..i;i , banan.is. a:i;iiia-, guava-, leino;i-, cocoa-, :\;v\
\'.\o Torts (,t tiuit, lulled camij.ir and gumavana ; the
liill like a china or.uige, and the other ihapid like a
in ait, \Mth ;i iuicc between tweet and acid.
'i'l, S..,uiilii 1 lantatioii'. are iiirniilv.'l \" l/.e mines
ri''(.iu..' with a lulii^iii.c}' ot' iiut.il lor ail t!;eir brats
giiiv. f Jold (ki'l is tound in the land- ot the rivers;
bait it is uncertain '.^hetlier there are a^y gold or lilver
mine , ihe liopes ot which ocialioned, tik' butchery ot
all the aiuient inhahilaiit-, who were eitlkT unable or
u;i.\iiiing to liil'cover tlk-ni. ll thtie are any, they are
not woils^d. A iliaini.t hills runs through the i.iulclle
ot t!ie ifl.^nd ; but ihj iand near th; loait is generallv a
le\ei 1. ; .-.mpaig!! country. The inteiior ] an . lie i;uiie
Uiii uirc.ted, .ind uninhabited.
T 1'.- pvMi, .I'.d harlviurs liere are ot' gre.U advantag'.-
t.i llii;. to- ]..;ihng the guiph in l.iiay ; iv.;r 11. ere are
tiarce .i;.v n..vig.;i.lj river-, ii.th t!.r (.oails and ri\ers
abound wit'.i liii'. :md aiiovdth allgitor.. Tnere are
greu con\ .'niuicie-. lor MMki'ig I. lit, !>ut the inIi,T;;itants
,,\,iii (hvCi.. .'.K^ \eiv iiUiv ol tiKTk 'I;. L.itlL- iiroiiglu
d> lia\e lUiilripil'd e\i.i.ei.hilgiv,
ru.iiii..;' V. ;1.| 111 llic Ao.id , ot'
I ...iel':. ;.i lli.i;- h;J .. a;i 1 til-
:l. 1 ill ir IkIIi alT), Ih-|:i;i
m the Iw, ! .■ s to victual
aic ol'iea li) u;, Uiat they die
ihrough tlie burthen ot' tier grciile. Ikre are likc-
wile abuiulance ot mules, liort's, iheop, wiki b.o.,i'^,
and hogs, logeiher \^ith wild anil laiiic fowl, parrot;,
partridges, blue heaU, l.u'go U)rtoiles, cju.irries ot liint,
and kveral tountaiiis ot bitumen, which is uled iiiUead
i-'i I'itcli, as well as tor medicinal jnirpoK .
I'lie lllaiul ot Cuba \- plealant, and lis preleiit Ihue
I'.ourilhmg, the Spiini.irds iMVing every year, tor a
lOiiiiJ.r.ible time p;ill, ;idded lom; miiig to its iiiipnn-c-
iiuiit. I'ormeriv iis cxp.o;iaiions never equalled iliole
01 ihe linill Hrililh lll.uid ot Anligua. Tlk- rialon ot
tins, ikxi to ih.- iiul'ileiice ot the Spaniards, wa-, liic
gruu t.kintv witliuhich the inhabitants got ll eirmomy,
hy means ot the g.ill.ons anl the lloia, and the veiv
great coiuiabaml tiaile carried on 1 eve, in ileliance ot
ileir laws, and even with the coniuvaiiLC ul the ;.;o-
\ernme:u ot the illar.d.
Thi- eivil governnkT.t otC'uba is deix'iulent on that
o4 Si. Douui go, or 1 111; aniola. lis hilho]-, wh.ole lee
IS .11 St. j;igo, tikiugh he commonly relides at tl.e 1 la-
vaniuh, 1. !utl'r;igan to the archbilhop ot St. Domingo.
The call part ot the itland is under ti;c governor ot ^I.
Jago, ;ind the Will under the governor ot ilic llavan-
nah. There are ttveral I'.rge towas in ihe illaiul , l;ut
the moll lonliilir.ible are thi f.so abtwe-iiieiitionctl.
The I lavannali, the c;ipil;il, is litu;it 'd on the north-
weli coall ol the illaiul, 50 k agues from Cajic .Viitonio,
its weliermoll point ; 4.90 miles well trom St. J.ij;o,
41 leagues t'outli ot the Cape ot Morida, the gu.pli ot
which It comm.inds, bv being lituated at its mouth ,
and iwo davs lid trom the Smuts ot lialiania. The
town iilelt, dilli.icl Irom the toriiticaiions, is alx)Ut
two milcb in circuit. The port 1. one ot the fnell and
mod lecure in ihe woild, yet the narrownctsot its pal-
tage his rendered it to ditlicult of .needs, that the gal-
leon- hive otten been mlulted aiiil taken within light ot
II. wilhcut receiving any aliilbmce Irom the tortitlca-
tiuiis. The ihurihis hue ;uc iiicoucciv.iblv niagmh-
c.r.l, wnl rich in plale anil ornamenls; the llreets clean
and llr.iit, bul 1, arrow ; and the houles, which meet
ihnie, make a good .ippearame, hut are ill turnillic>l.
I'h.e inhabitants, m gerieial, arc laid to Ixr n Jie lociable
.ind iciuerl-ible tb.an thole of the other Spaiiilh domi-
nion- in .\nierii.'. 'I'lie cilv, which is one ot the moll
ri' h ni .Anieiiia, elpecially when the galleons are here,
IhiLoN ill the nu/ll tiuittul part ot tlk- illar.d, on t!ie
will lide, ;iloiig the Ihoie, whiili I'l uiiils to much, that
:ibove half ot 11 is v^alhed by the ka, and the lell by
river l.iigida.- There is a tin.;
two hnuiilus it ll;
gii.il !ii.;uo.r. i;>.-.\
V, l..v.'i :ii.i:i\ a;e kii!
1 i\., thai ;u-e ieni 1
tut into 1 ecc)
• Spai
lui drkd
!■
■|
1.
caul
li|U.i:e, wilii ii.'iilorm buildings in the middle ot U.
Thi-. city is ot' greater iinpoiiance to the Sp.iiiiardb than
.iny oilier in Ameru.i, bung the )il.ace of leiulezvou.
lor all tlkir lleeis, in leluin from ihit c«iarier ot the
world to Okl Spain, and Ivmg .it the iiioutli ol ilie
(luipli ct Morida, ihrc.ugh whuli they are all obliged
I to ].;i|s. Thev lullly give it the app.ellalion of the Key
I ot all the \\ ell-lndie-, to lo^ k or open the doir or cii-
1 trance thereto; ,n.i,i, ind.\d, no Ihip can pais thai way
I without li.i\e Ir.'ii ihi. poll. Mere is akvay.-. a Iqua-
! droll ot Spanilli men (jI war; .iiid here, in Se|iti nibei,
[ iv.eet the g.dlewii-, llota, and other lliips tioin leur.il
I poris, both I'l ihe lontineiil and ill.mds, tvi the iiumb>.r
, ot, p^rhap , 50 or 60 l.hl, to i;ike in provilioiis and
j water, wiii; s.:\.ai pan of iheir lading, and lor the con-
\eiiience ol lUuriiing to(U 1 Spain in a body. A con-
I linu.il l.iir i- kej t till thtir de) arUm., whah is gciier;illy
JIkIoiv the I nd ot the iiionih, when a |iioilamalioii is
, m.ide, fiibiddili", .uiy that biloiu; to the lieet to l!.i\ ill
[ the town, on pain ot death ; aliil, upon liriiig a w;irning
I gun, they all go on board. 'I he v.ihio ot llic citgo li
kldom le!= ih.ui 700,0001. llcihng: t'o that il iii;iv be
' 'well
AMFRlCA.l
well imagined, lh.4< ;
ill a coiiiluion bol'h 1
Hups that trcquent 11.
This city, alter a
iurrendeied, witli all
JJ.itaiinie M.-jith's ai
of Augud, 1762, bii
following year.
The Spaniard' h.w
which the foriiticaii.
r.nglilh, and iulded i
pm.iution' to kciire
uf an enemv.
Sr. jago llaiid. at
two leagues trom th.
ilUiui. It is diliinr
the addition ot Di >-
Chili. SiiKC the i.
kngiilh, uuder Adi
worth, the furiiiii.i!
town has refovcied
carr\ir.g on ,1 gooel 1
above all with theC;
The other tiAvns
a tolerable h.iibour,
the 1 lavaiinah ; k'c
coail, about jo:> iv
and Bar;icoa, hiuate
a fmall harbour.
iii.-.FA;\'in
THIS iikuKi, r
lioiii laiiliide
niiies in Icigili, a
ai)out IJ5 kague, 1
tailed the Windwan
I'll. aigh the ciin
unwhoieioiiie, beiin.
is both truittul and
and vallies, woods
nanas, grapes, o:.v.^
dale.-, ami apric
tabb.ige trees, i
trees, large and
lligar, lides, iiii
tobacco, I'alt, wax
ef drugs and d\ 1
iiit'cl' lis coall -
lame lime wnh 1
'M'ls ilia id Is
and French. C-
c.dkd it Si'anilh 1
pielerved under
)h;it ot St. Doin
whom it w.i.s dedi
mines osceedip.gh
t.t Spain in crow.
iliuis periihcil n
i-.i.'.ies by tiie e\.
juai/e t^.r the u.
niallacivd, 1 iihei
for I'o they c;ilkil
I.iaiils, covered
ji.a.le to a luull.
naki.ll, and lb in
e\leriiiiiiaiion ol
ililiituhy of woil
the lonijUvrors ,
M-.ico, loon a;
tliir all the inv,
tapiial by l.)rak'.
bring on i!;e dec
il- ell.ibhiiillk in
lame itland, havi
cuieers tioiii t
tr.enmlses iheri ,
have occupied i
AM F.RICA.]
N O 11 T II A M i: R t C A.
5J'
NDS.
|kri- ;nv likc-
uilil I'.O.il'-,
|t,)ul, [larroi-,
turn-, ot liiai,
Is ulid iuu^aii
!■< prcll-iit (Iul-
\L':ir, lor .1
lt> lt^ lllij rovu-
I'qii.illal iliule
1 Ik- rialoii ut
jiaiiis, \va.s liiv.-
()i 1 1 cirinoiu y,
.iiiil t\.\: vcrv
III licliain r ut'
n-c ut tl.c ;:o-
mknt on ll :'.t
U'] , ul-.otl-' llL
k^ a( the I la-
st. D'lmip.go.
puviTiicr ot .'^t.
ut tiie Havaii-
Ik- itlaiul , Lut.
IlitlUlijIlttl.
I on thf iiortli-
Cajic .Viitonio,
lloni Si. _\.\\[0 ;
;i, ilic guijili ot
ai lib moutli ,
lial'.ama. The
iioiii, IS alxiut
1 tlie fncll ainl
Mu-1> ot us pal-
!■., that thi.- gal-
1 wiiliin hj^hi (it
in the toiulic:;-
Liv.ihly niagnih-
tlic llR(.ts clean
:'s, which arc ct
re ill tumillicil.
k; n Jic luciabic
r Si.aiiilli ilomi-
iiic ot the molt
ikons arc here,
illami, on t!ic
^ lo inuth, that
ii'.d tiic rtlt by
lierc is a tin.;
iiiiildk ot li
Spaiuanls ilian
ot iLluk-ZVOU.
eiiarier ot tlic
mouth ot' the
are all obliged
ion ot the J,..y
he li.j.r or ei.-
;i llal^ tli.u way
aKvay.. a kjua-
in Seiitenibci,
IS, tioin Icvcr.il
to the number
jirovilions anil
111 lor the fon-
loily. A coii-
:ih is ^'uierally
>loelaill.llioll IS
lleet to Ikn in
irin;; a warning
it tlic Ciirgo li
h.it it m.iv be
'well
Will ima^iiu'il, th..' a ].l.;ce ol' lo mi;. Ii imr.oi-laiue \~^
ill a loiuliiion bolii lo ilelenil iikil, aiul to j't'ouet. the
llii])^ th..t treqiKnt ii.
This eiiv, alter a lonj^; anil oblliiufe ilct'ciRe, was j
liirrcikli ivil, with .ill its i"rls ami ileiieniloiuic-, to In-, j
IJ.itannie M,-,iiii\'s arm., bv lai •n'.hiiioii, on the i.:ili
ot Au;j,ull, I7fi;, l"it wa.i lelloKvl by the piaee ul liie
loiloMiii^', year.
The Sj'aiiiarih have taken car ■ lo repair the ilamajjcs
which the tort llical ions reuiveit I'.u::!!^; the l:eL;e b) Cue
iMi^'.lilh, ami aildeil tw.K on.>, belides iilin., e\ir\ oihcr
jiro aiition" to lecijie u, in- tin luiuie, Irom all aiienipii
ut .ill enemv.
Sr. ja^n Itand:. at the b Mt.im of a laiy,e bay, aluuii
tuo leagues Iroiii the lea, on tlie li.ulh-eail tide ■ t the
illaiul. It is dil'tiiu'uiliHd lioin Si. jai;o in ("I'.iii, b\
tlu addition ot i)l L .il-.i, .is liie other ^ by th.a ot' lii
I'hili. SiiKe the ualn.celsrill atleiniil made by the
lai^;,iilli, u;.der .Adiuiral \'eriioii and Cieiinal -Went-
wortli, the t'urliliiaiioiis l;a\e neiii repaired, and the
town has lerovered fomc dii;rie ot ils tinner Ipkiidor,
carrxir.gon a L;oud iradc wiin did .uid Ni'.i S; .i::i, ai.d
above all with ilieC'aiune .
The oth.ei tiAvii. ol' mxe are S.int.i Cm/., wliiili ii ..^
a toiei,ible h.iibour, and llaii'.ls about i6j mlk-h cali ot
the 1 lavaiiiiali ; I'orto del I'nntipe, lituaied on ike
coall, aliout joo miks touih-eall ol the 1 l,o.,ii;i.i!-. ;
and Baraciu, I'Uiated on the noi'li-iai' pait, \vliii;i lia->
a tinall harbour.
Ili.-.PA;\'Kn.A, o.i ST. l)0MI.\'(.O.
THIS illand, lliled iiy the luiiv.s Aiiji, extends
liom lamude 17 to 20 liig. north, is aboui 450
miks in kngih, and about 150 in breadth. Ii is
ai)oui 13 kague, dilkmt t'.'nn Cuba, uliieh Unit is
tailed the Wiiutward I'ali'.ige.
rh"uj;!i the ilimalc ot thi-. ilk'.iul i. hot, it is not
unwlioieiome, \)c\\\i\ rcl'relhed bv bui/ei aihl ram-., ll
i, boih huitUil and pkalanl, Ivini; diveiilhed with hills
and vallie?, woods aiul rivers, jiroducn-.y an.mas, ba-
nanas, grapes, or.ingis, lemons, citrons t<,rwn!as, iimes,
datci, and ajiricots ; togither with ^\liole toivlK ot
cibUige trees, elm-, oa!.^ ] ■ne-., ai..|ou, a;:d oi'.ie'-
trees, large and i-'.;. . 'I he oik'-'r coawui'dities aie
liigar, lilies, iiidi;,.', coiion, eoeoa, coiiee, gii^ger,
toluico, laii, w:i.x,"h<)tuy, ambcii;ris, and variou.. kinds
ft' d.'u;i,s and d\in,; wood . Croiodiles and alli;^',,'"''!'''
inki' iTs coatU'.u.'d liveisi but they abound at the
kinic lime with, torloiii^ I't turtles.
Tins illa:id is p<:!l'..lkd in co;nmi.:i by the Spaniards
anil Freiuh. C.-hn.ibus ililcovcred 11 111 I (.92, ;uid
cdlcd it Spaiiilh lllaud i ;'v denominauou isl.i-Ji it has
pielerved iii-.d.er i'h ii.uik' il i li!'i;ai;;o'..i, alon^.; uilli
Jhat ot St. Doinlnj'), derned Iroin Si Oominiiiue, to
whom it was (ledieiued. Thiy t';)uni tiuie loihe i^old
mines exceedingly rich, whkh bruughl ;'.ll the lokoers
ot'.Sj.ain in cio\sds. The greater part ol the male In-
tlians perillied in iliele mi:;es; and almoll all the k-
males bv t'.ic e\e.ii,\e labour ot' cultivaiii.g ihc liikls<;t
juai/.e tor the u.e I't t'.ie lO.iquuois: ih.e otheis were
niatlacivd, liiher in cool blood, or in rar.ged baiiles ;
tor lo the\ calkd thole kinds ot ciuees winch the Si.a-
niards, ci)Vered Ai-.h iron, and tollo-,.eil b\ biiU-dogs,
n.ade to a luuIliUi.! ■ ..1 I'e.el'e i'nhapi>v wielclies, quae
naked, and IImii!; v\i;h .i,l th.lr nn;
,,1.
I'l
..iii'.k
exlerniiiianon 01 the natives, and coiileiiuenil\ the
tliliiciiliv ot' woik'ii,', ihe mini" ; the bioodv ijuarivls ol
the loniiiKiors a.ivi", '>\i: another ; the diliovery ot
M.-r;ico, loon al't.r ih^.i ot St. iXnnjngo, diauii';', ihi-
thirall the invado-- ; .md. lalilv, liie piii.u'.ing ol' i!,-
capital by Drake in iji.O; all link events coiilpircdl.y
bring on the ilecav ot tlie new colony a tew uars alter
its efiabhriiment/ 'Jhe Si anlard , Icailered about this
larite illand, having l)ceoiiie unai'le to hinder the buc-
caneers t'foiU ki/ing ih.- WeliiMi I .Ills, illid KllUnj',
Ihemklves there, rel'ire.l 10 tiie eali^.n lule, v.lii.h Ihey
have ocelli 'ied lince tim time. 'J i.ur p.ivl. botli te.r
iiiltureand con-.merce, is ir.uch the bill, it lias lai-^-*
;.uii!ui plains, and the liiuation ot ii.s coull is intinitciy
iiioie tavoiii.ible to n.'.vigalion than that ui' iheFfench
J he Sjiani.inh:, ihr"ii;',li their naiural indokaee, j^laiit
very liiili : 1! ur p:i..cip.il cmployiiient is 10 bri.e\l
cattle, or to I. Milt ilioie uhich lia\ ii'.uliij;l:,\; in lii-i
isooik. 'll.i;.. g. 1 Ironi i';eir n;ighLuar.s liuckings,
hat'., linen, gm s, iron viare, and tiime tl.).;ths; lur
Ahull they ^;\e in iviurn, liorks, honied CHttk, liiu.aki-d
beet, hogs, and hiiles.
The pnniija! I'iaces in liie illand, belonging; tu tii'^i
S| anianis, ,iie '.he I'oliu-.iing ;
Si. |).)i;ii:>ji., |l>e c.ipilal, i^ a large well built city,
liiuaied on a ij-aiioiis iiaib.^ur on ilie I.huIi tide of ihe
ill.uid, and uii.nJ-id by a callie and other works,
ll h.i. a uni\^.!(i\ and a college, a i^um Ichuul, fiveraJ
conveiiis, a iii.igniliieiu cathedral, an hotpital, and a
line maikci plaee i.n the tcnier ol the city. Si. Do-
mingo is aho the rilid>iue of ihe governur-genc.ai ul
the.Spanilli kidni^, ot an ari liLilho;', and touri or io;,al
audiiiiC. . 'ihe HiclikMihoji's liitiiagans al'e the billiops
i.t Concept I'.'ii ill this iiland, Si. John's in I'orto Ricu,
Si. Jai;.) in c -iM, Ven/.iieia in .Nnv ( alUle, and of tiie
city ot llonuui.i-. 'ih. j.niid'etion i;t' tho court ot
royal auilieiiic iMmls 10 .;;1 til.' Spanilh Well-li ili.;n
lll.inds. A line n.r. ig.uhe riser tails luPj the lea ,1 iillk-
lo the u> ll ol 1;.
I'l'iiiej lion IS a conliiierable to.'n, and the lee ot a
biihoj', 20 k.i",u-> iiorih ot St. Doming.), St. Jagu
lie Ids Cavaiieios he. \j leagues riurth-.\eii uf Conccp-
lion, ivn.l eiii<.;. s a liii'.' ail. I'oito la Ihata, or t!ic
I ki\en I'l Snit r, I'ands on a;i ari'.i ol li _ lea, 35 leagues
north ot St. Doiningj and Monio Chrillo, ,u the month
ol tile rl\er '\'.'.gu.\, to miles uul'i ot I'orlo di ia I'iala,
anil 40 nurth-'.sell Irom St. Duraiiigo.
The towns belonging to th.e tremh i.i ihis iilarj .:;e
till loiiowing :
Cajc St. I''ri:ni,"oi ., hru:Ue on the no'ih tide ol tlie
ill.ind, is in a very llourilhing a. id opulent condiiion,
having a line haiboin', a br:;k inule, and a great num-
ber ol inliabitar.is.
Si, l.,..i.i-, <). I'ori l_<i\iis, ll.'.nds on a lir.all ifland on
th. 1jui;i-a^iL loail ot tiie illand, .ind jiollJli's a gooil
harl'our, unii .1 lori, but lai»jurs iimler a k;n\.iiy ot
iieih \.. ;. I.
I '01 l'..,\ Is ,1 pl.ic-' oi ciiinider.ilik- iLrenglh, I}ing
oj)polite the liLnui ol 'lottuga, on liie r.on!;-we;'. coait
ot tiie Illand.
IVtit Cuave., and I .eoaane, lumd on Dunna e.ki'.i.i
Ba\', iv.ar Cape St. Nicholas, at the v.^il en.! ot tlie
ill.m.l. Tile toimer is tiie oldell French lettlcniint in
the ill.ini!, !ind a place of coiMidnable trade; and the
iaiier is tiie r.iAknce ot the French governor-ger.iral,
and ot the 101 al iiidicatuie, with thai ot iliC lupieiue
council, whole i'.n'i'.iliciion exleiids tioni Cape Mougon
to li'.e river Artiboniie.
'^'Iiire are two other lliiali pi-.ice'. bdonging t..) the
French, calleil La I\-tit Riviere, and L'Jjlerre, tl.e
iati r of v.l-.iTi t'laiuls a little wiiiiin land.
ihe llhu.d ol ■leiiUL'.v h.'.d u> hnnie lrc;n the turtles
wiih \i.ni' il it lo:ni.:l} .ih. ;;n.:,\l. It i- about 6 leagues
long from c.iii to ueil, and j uheie bro.ideil. 'fr..;
Ireiich have a j-opuious and llourilhing fettlement,
lalkd Ca\i.ina, with a lunboiir in the luuih pan of liie
illan 1. ll \ lel.Is all the commodiiies found in the other
\'\ eli-illllia ill.lMiS, logelher with Wild boai;. ; but lia.
lit lie or no li .ih waier.
Of the oiii.T illanils on liiis coiil the chief are S r, una
and Mon.i, L'.i'iiging to i.ie ."Spaniards.
r o R 10 R I c o.
'"Pill"') illiiid IS liiuated between 64 and (r; d.-giecs
-*■ well longitude, and in la degrees north latitude.
Kill.; between Hifpaiuola and Si. Chrillopher's. It is
about 100 miles iu length, and 40 m breadth. The
chiel' p.'.it of the leuutry L di.eililied wiih '.vookl',
'I
M\
11^
532
A N!:\V AN11
AUTHF.N'TIC SYSTEM of L'NUT.R:SAL GCOJRAPHV.
vallies, an.l plains, aiul it is cxtrLiiulv tjrtil^-, im-.>-
«kiciiv£ iIk- lame fruits ui the ot'iL-r llLinJ-. It :•■ \u-il
watered wiih []miv^^ aiul rivers ; but tiu- nir is txccllive
hot, an,!, t:i:;inL; I'le rainy leaioii, very unwliole
The not , part oi tlv'illanJ, wiiii!) is the moll
ren, cuntair.s I'everal mines
I'lme i;t
ime.
bar-
tormerlv
produced izreat quant ilies ot lilver ai
wliieh
id gold.. It was
on atcuni of the latter that t lie Spaniards killed here;
but tiitrc i> no ioniser any eonliderable ouar.iiiy t.amd
In the woods are parrots, wild pi:^eons, a;ul i-ther
fowl. I,uroi>ean poultry is found here in pler.iv, and
the coa;t abounds uiih 'tilli. A breed of dogs, wlueh
tlie S|ar,iards brousj;!u over to hunt and tear in pieces
tiicdefeneeieb u.uives are tiud I ' run wild in tlie ■aooiI-,
anvl I'ubhii up.on land-Clab^ that burrow in thetire.und.
The principal commodities here arc l'u_::ar, gin';.r,
hides, cotton, threa.!, callia, mailic, &c. 'I'iieir jork
h excellent, as is likcwile the Helh of their kids, l;ut
their mutton is very inilirtercnt. They have gocnl lliip-
limber an(i fruit-trees, witli rice and Indian cor:;.
Thi^ illand was taken from the Sjianiards by Sir
Framis Drake. ti was .ifter.vard^ comnKred by the
l':arl <:^i Cumberland, in the n ij^n of C^ieeii Kii/.ai.'eth ;
but he wus obliged to abandon it, bavmg loll luo'.i ut
his men bv lickncfs in the latter end of the lummer,
when this and all other pl.ues in thele laiuuue- .ue
verv unhealthy.
tlie Spanilii government have taken p,reat pains to
prevent an illiu't trade being carried on at this place ;
but fuch is the convenience of its lituation tor that
traliii, th.it all the fevere edicts illued againll it luve
been iiuillrtual.
Porto llico, the cajiital town, is lltuated on a Imail
ifland on t!ie north coall. This iilai-.d forms a vliv
coiiveniciU h.arboiir, and is loined to th.c chiet ifland
i-,y a caulewav. Ir is defended by foris and batterie^:,
whicii ren-.ier the p.lace almoll inaccefiible. Tlie town
i^ well buili, and jjopulous, and the teat ot a governor,
as well as a bilho-p's fee.
The only places wortliy ot !v>tice in
th
illand, ex-
clulivc of the capita), are Port del Aj;;nada, where tlie
liota provide themklves with water, and other ii'.iella-
iHs ill their vova^e to Old .Spain; and Boraba de
InUrnes, whicli is remarkaiile tor having an t.xcellent
turtle I'ahery.
On the coafl of Porto Ri'.o is a fmall jlue, called
Crabs Ifland, firm the great number ut crabs that are
foUild
It.
T R I N' I n A D.
'""l^iUS ifland lies between t'le Illand of Tohasv' and
A the S'.ianilh .Main, tiMm wiief.ce it is lep'arated by the
Straits c't I'aria. It is about 90 miles long, antl 60
broad; ar.d i^ an unliealtlv. climate, though a t.uillul
fiil. It was taken by SirW.ilter R;\leigh in 1595, and
liV the French in 1676, who plunilered it, a;;d exiorted
nioncy from the ial- .bitants.
The piiiiupal prodiK'tions of thi^ iflan^l aiv fugir,
fine tobacco, i:vh-o, piin',ei, v.irieiy of iruit, lome
cotton trees, a',;d Indian cum.
L
1 1-'. S lO'.i nil!-. '■
111 len-;ih. a;;i
rd.;nt. a'loid' ;. r
M A R (i A R I I A
■ wift of Tiinidad, is about 40 mile;
in breadth, and, bemi!; alwuNS
i.oil arreeable p-rofpeCt. It abounds
u,v, tiuil^, .iiid Indian (oin ; but there V a f^rcat
lr.vri.ir\ ot .vo.kI unci water. On Ihe coall o' 'Ins illand
111 pall
^^.^^
r!'. .])e'ri tillieiy. i;;it it ha. been 1
ir main
1 N the S.vitli S■.a^ I'lt Spani.irih, cia'.:;i ilie
Cliii'.ie, St. i\hr\, Q^iiruiuiria, Moia o, Mo
I'Viuand'./., i'ler.a, I'uer.a, a- I levcral riiier ;
iMTua.Kie/. l-ue',!, ,uul Chilo. onl/cielLivc
lll.l'ld' of
nha, lua;;
; b;a Juan
ieuiiplioii
.^I'JNISH ISL.lisDS IN THE SOUTH SEAS.
JUAN I' 1. R N A N D i: Z.
JU \N' Fernandez, and Fuera, or Mafa-Fuero, are
dillant liiM.i c.i(.h other about 31 leagues. They
were tiill dilceiveiol b\ Juan h'ein.uulw-, a Sp.aniard,
from wliom they take their name, in 157^- Phe Spa-
iii.ird- diilineuiih thciu by the (Ireater and Lui'rjuan
I'criuiule/ i' but the Imaller illand is more generally
known bv the name of Malii-Fuero. The tjreater Juan
l-eriuuule/. lies to ih.e ealUsanl, in latitude Jj deg. 40
iv.in. fnith. and longitude 78 deg. 30 min. welt. It
was formerly a place of refort for the buccaneers, who
.mnoyed the wcllern coall of the Sj anilh continent.
'Phe',' were led to nfort hitb.er by the ii;uititude ot goats
whieh it iieurillied; to ile[.rive their encmie. ot wiiicii
adeantage, iheSi anlards iraiilj orled a lonlidciable num-
ber oi dogs here, which, incre.Uiiig greatly, have almoll
e.xtirpateil the goats, who now only lind leeurity ame^ig
the lieep luoui. tains in the northern j^arf., winch arc
inacieiiiole to their ( urfuer^.
I'heie are inllances ot two men living, at diHlrent
times alone on tins lHanil tor many years; the one a
Mufijuito Inilian ; the other Alexander Selkirk, a
Scotihman, who was after Ire years, taken on board
an I'nghlh Ihip, the Duki- privateer, troiu Brillc!,
which touched here in abcjut 1710, and brought iiack.
to Furop.e. Prom the hillory cf this reciule, Daniel
Pletce i^ laid to have conceivcel the idea ot writing liie
.Adventures of P^obinlon Crulbe. Selkirk was a native
of l^rgo, in the cou;;ty ot I-'ite, and was bred a lailor
1 from his youth. The realon ot his being lett o-i the
illantl was a diHerencc between him and his captain.
Pie had liis cloaths and bedding with him ; alio a fire-
lock, a little powder, fomc bullets and tobacco, a
hatchet, a kettle, a knife, a bible, lome books of
practical divinity, a'ld his mathematical lnilrumeni> and
books. He built liimlelf two huts; one ttirthc] urpoic
ef reading, fleeping, and amulemeiit ; the other tor
drelPing his victuals. He procured lire by rubbilig
tv.o links lA pinuno wooil uixm his knee. He tound
here a fort of cray-ulh, cf e\i;uilitc llavour, and us
large as a middling lized lobfter. Thcfe he both Lroilcd
aiid boiled, as lie did the goals flclh, and made very
go'.xl broth of it. There was abundance ot good luniips
and c.ibbages here. When h:s dolhcs were woru
out, he made hunklf a coat and cap ot goats tkin
I iaving lome linen cloth by him, he cut out loma
Ihirts, which he lewed with the worlled of his eld
llockings, pulled out on puriwle, uling an old nail to
m;ike holes inllcad ot.a needle j and he had his lull Ihlrt
on when he was tound.
He had lo far te^rgct his native tongue, for want of
ule, that, on his lint going <.iii board, lie could not
Ipeak plainly. A dram was oflered him, but he would
Hot talte it, having drank nothing but water (or lo long
a time. P^e was left here byCajt. Straddlinfr, com-
maniler ot a vcliil called the CiiK;ue Ports, and taken
away by Cajit. Wood Rogers, who landed at this illand
to jirocure water.
'Phis illand was very prc»i>itious to the remains of
Commodore Anion's li^ua'dion in 1741, alter having
been bulleted with teinpells, and ikbilitated by an in-
veterate fcur\A', during a three nuinths pallage round
CajK Piorn. They cor.tinued here three months, during
which time the dying crews, who, on their arrival, could
fcarcelv, wiili one united eti'ort, heave the anclior,
were relloied to pel (■ Cl health.
Capt. Larteret, in the Sicallow, in 1767, having met
with manydiliicultiei and impediments in liu pallage into
the South S.a, by the Snails tit Magellan, aiteiuptid
t 1 mike this illand, in order to nciuit the health of
lii'- men ; but lie tound it tortilied by the Spaniards a'ld
therctore chole rather to proceed to ll.e Illand ct Maia-
I'ueio. But NP de Bourgaiiiville, tha. lame y<ar, is
laid to have touched here tor rtirelhments ^t'.iougl.,
in
AMERICA.]
ill the narrative of llie vo
lupprelPed.
'Phis illand is not cpiite
bro. !. It iiai only one hi
nj.-iii iivle. It is liud to h:
aii.l to abound with a gre;i
hies hig.i'.v antili-orbutic:
Anlo.i lov.e.l a ^.uieiy ol t
lionet of plumbs, apricots
many years afterwards in
and now, doubtlel's turiii
the n:Uural plddlletlon^ ot
Vail drills of iilh, of
ro.i!l, |);ulicu!arly i:^*.\ ol
laid, I'l not 1. f- abuiidanc
P,u.. iiand. Ihere are bi
aiv ot li^cies well kno.sn
c
I L! 1 ', R A, o \K 1
^OM?.!ni)ORi: bVK
in 1705, an i lei.i 'u
wood and water; but a- t
broke with great violence
to;)utoncorL j'.ckets, by
otr a conhdenble 011 mtil
plenty of goats, wlm .1 pi
vcaiion in PlngPnd. in
and a feainan who couM 1
the waierer-, ard, wl.ei
the violcii. of the iJ-l,
made them alraid lo veat'
the.-. ' Tj, I ft behind on
te.i ■i.nl . f iit out a W
gu.ui a' kvv...in iiir»jU(.Mi im
iiic ll i.aan lu-1 lo i.iorou
in tile .'.item, It to rea.li t
focial intercour.e, he eh
all events. 1 1 iving P>rii
.atlectionate lea\e ot the
Ihii'inan, however, juil
witli.ut him, ta'.i:.^ 01
jumped into the lea, an
beaeli, where the poor
nating on l.is litu.uio.i.
to him on ilu aluufviitv
and h.iviiig m.ide .1 rum
threw it over the lailor,
the people in the boat
liirf, ai;d thus brought
lowed lb great a quant 1
he was to all ajiiiearatici
uled, he loon recoveiv
dantlv thanklul for the
hi.u fr nil the dreary loi
courted.
WEST-IN
s 1: (
FRliNCPl V\
MA
TUP, Ill.md of \
i4tli and 15th 1
deg. of well longitud
welt of Biibadoe-, at
JO in breadth.
No. 4y.
AMERICA.]
K O R T H AMERICA,
533
^E,{S.
-TO, are
SiMtiiard,
ii'r Juaii
gi-rifially
iUcr Juan
Wilt. It
:.'ir~, who
ouiiiicnt.
■ <it ^o.ii s
ut uiiicli
tic I'.Ulll-
aliiioit
!y airu.ng
\1i;lIi arc
in the narrative of the voyage, t!ie t.u'. ij tauiioufly
iupprvlll'd.
'I'liis ill.i.iil is not qiiiti.' 15 iiiilis loiv', a'ul about 6
broa !. It iiai only one late lia.houi, \siikIi is 011 tlu-
noi'lli hdc. It is laid to liave jiLiiiy ol c-\'ill(.nt wai r,
aiul to abound uitii a great variety ot elcuient vtgciu-
hU--, liig.ilv autikorbutie : beticL-^ wliieli, Coinmolun
A;ilba (owed a variety ot garck-ii iLeds, mu\ plaiiie 1 il-.u
lKiiK',1 of |)lunibs, aprin't', and peatliv^, wliiili lie uas
many ^ears afterwards iiilornied had iluivcii {.>jvatly,
and now, doubtlel-, turiiilh a very valuable- addiiion to
tlie iiiUiiial jiroiliKtions ot liiis i|!)i.
Vali llvals t)t iilh, ot various i-.ind , bevjucnt this
roati, pariieularly cod of a pr )di<^ious iv.v, aiul, it is
faid, II) not I. f~ abundance tlian on ih.- bankb ot New-
f lU.i liaiul. 'I'lierv are but tew birdi lierc, and thok'
aic ol Ipecies \sell known autl coainiun.
1 LI i: R A, OK MASA-FU K R O.
t^v)M?.!r)l)OUI', IJVRON anchorrd oii tiiis ifland
^ 1:1 I 7:)5, an 1 I'eut i>ui Ins boats to endca\ our to get
wood an ! vvater; but a- the Ihure wa.roLi^y, and a lurt
br >ke uitli great violence upon it, he ordered the men
to;iu! on iori. j '.'.'kets, liy tlie help of which tlieybrou^-;';it
oil' a conriderablv i|Uiiitity i.t ijoih. 1 1 ere liu) louiul
plenlv ot f.v);U<, wliu.i j/rcneJ to l)e a. goixl t kkI a;,
vcnilon in lyigbnd. in iln^ expcditicn the ^:,unner,
and a leaiuan \vlit.> couM not Iwini, w.nt on liiore with
the waierers, and, wl.--n the buliiicls was coir.i-ltted,
the viokia.' of the Ij't, .\;iich beat ug.iinil; the Ihore,
jiiade tiieni alraid to ve.iiM'e off to die boat : tiiev were,
tla.'. 'it J, I ft liiliind on tlx lilaivl. The next day the
tea Mil;. . f .it out a boat to bring theu! liack. ll-;
gu.Hi.r ivv.an iiir>-Ui.'li liie liirt, and gjt v.'. Ixurd ; bm
tlic k ;.aai; lu.i to i.iorii.;,u ,1 prci.ige oi Kn.-i; dro»Mn.d
in tilt .'.Ileal, II to rea.h l;ie lioat, that, preteirin:; lite 10
locial iuterC'U.e, lie elioli- to remain on tiie illaiul ..1
all events. 1 1 uii'.g f irnied this re.olution, he took an
atiLtionate k;i\e ol the jieoi k in the boat. A inid-
lhl|'man, however, jull as tlie\ were about to retvn'n
will, .ut him, tnkiiifi one end of a rojic in iiis iiand,
jur.iiicel into the lea, and lAam tlirou.;h the lurt totiie
beaeh, where the ))oor inlulaied deipondent lai runfi-
nating on Lis liiuaiio.i. The \ ouiig man remonllrated
to him on i1k ablurviit\ of the reloluiion lie had tormed,
and luiviiif; made a running nooie in the rope, luilekniy
threw it over the laiK-r, and tiNir.g it roun.l his b(Kb,
the peojile in the bivt began loiliag him throu;i!i ti;e
liirf, ; '. t t'lu.s biouglit i'.ini on board ; but heluul Iwal-
lowed li) great a i|uaa!;iv ot water on his patlage, that
lie was to all ajipearance dead ; \ei pi-oj:er means being
uled, lie loon recovered, and was, no iKubl, abun-
dantly thanktul for the fiienelly violence that had torced
iiiin fr )iu the elreary Iblitude which his tears had before
courted.
Cajit. Carteret defcribes this ifland to lie in 33 deg.
.(.5 nun. touth longilu le, bo deg. 46 min. well, from
(.ireenwich. It is very high and mountaiiiDUs, aiul at a
il, 'lance, apjxars ;is one hill or rock. It is of a tri-
angular form, and leven or eight k.igue, in tirtum-
leleiue.
Here i^ iuth ])lent\' of tilb, that a boat with a few
hooks and line^, mav preienriy cait h as much as will
krve 100 peopk. Here are coal-liih, ca', illiers, cod,
lullibui, and ci.iy-iilh. Capt. Cancel's crjw c.uight
1 kiiig-lillier thai \vi :ghed 87 pound,, and was five tect
antl a halt lo.ig. 'I'iie (harks he-re were fo ravenous,
thai m taking loundings, one of ihem ivvJlowed the
katl, Lv whicli iluy hauled liim abo\u water; but he
reg.iined his lilxTt; b) di!^',orging his prey. Seals arc
lo rumerous here, that Capt. Carter' i (iiys, if many
t'. .uliinds were killed in a night, ihcy would not be
iliill.d the next moiiiiilg. Tliek- animals \iekl excel-
!e:.t iiain oil ; and their le.irts and ] lucks are \ery good
UkhI, having a t.ille fometiiin^ like thotc of a hog.
riieir Ikins are covered with very tine fur. There are
many biiils lure, and lome very large hawks. Of the
j I'li.ulo bird ihe cn.w of the fwallo.v caught 700 in one
II
.t.
c H I 1, o ]•:.
^"'IIILOF., a confivlerai^k ifland, on ihe coaR of Chili,
^-^ lies in touii; latitude deg. .tnil i"; above 1 1 ?. miles
i )iig, and 21 Dioad. I'ne linitii pa/t of it is divi ied.
imni the continent b) a narrow ("ea, and the continent
rheve ir.akes a hay. This ee)all is fubjeit totnni.eiluous
Aeaiher, eljieciall'' in Much, wiien winri r bcijins.
The Spanvuvls have Ijut .;!>■: little t^rt 1,! tln^ ilTimd,
■ alkd Cli.icao, alw.-.\s if, proviik I w'.tn warlike iloree.
j Bating wi:i;, tliis illaiul | ;.!uuce:i all p.tcel'.'.iry refrelh-
ui'iusand pnriiions ; and ii ;.,iv:.r deal ot ainbeigris is
' t'lUiul I'.ere. iVfout ti'.is iilaii : are 40 inor-, all taking
I name kom it.
A late navigator tells U-, th-te iflai-.ils .f Ciiiloe are
I reputed barien ; 1 ut tlieir ii)il is 10; r.alh' lo, oniv ilie
cxieffnc rains dioa- the leed, and let no corn thrive,
1.1 tiiat tfey are without wl;eat, we.ie, or oil, and other
plants which need mucii fun.
The nature of tlie climate of tlii;. chiller of idaniis is
Inch, that it rains ahnoli all the \ear; lii tiiat only
mai/.e, or other liicli grain, can ripen, that want not fo
n.ueh lun. The diet ef the natives is niollly of a rovit
called 1 aj ai'.s, which grows bigger here tlian in anv
oil'.er place. The manufactures are clothing tor the
Inihaiis, who have a kind of veil, wlich tliev call
maeuii, without lleeves, over which is a kiial ot cloak.
'I'liey have vail wood.-, ot cedar trees of a prodigious
li/.e, lo as hardly to be eneonipalied b\ a rope li.e )'ards
long. The principal town is called Caliro.
C II A P. XI.
WEST-INDIA 1SL.\XI)S bclonaincr to the FRENCH,
DUTCH, and DANES.
s i: C T I o N'
I.
FRENCH WF.ST-1N1)1A iSl.WDS,
M A R T I N 1 C O.
'HI', Idand of Martinico is lituated between i!<e
14th and i5lh deg. of north lat. and in the 6 ill
deg. of well: longitude. It lies about 40 lea|',ues iiotli-
tved of Uiibadoes, and is about 60 miles in length, ami
30 in breadth.
Ny. 4y.
T
The climate of Martinico is not eftccmed unwhole-
lonie ; though there is a dampnefs in the air wlnih, at:
times, mull be diliigreeable. The inland pails are
mountainous, and from thence arife nuiiv nvui.ts,
whieli, ill their cotirfe towards the lea, at once adorn
.uid feitili/.e the country.
'JT.e proeliK'lions of this ifland ronlil' of fugar, to-
ll uco, eotlon, ginger, indigo, aloe , jiir.mto, cocoas,
plantains, and other tropicil Iruii--. The eoails abound
with tiirties ; but the French are not lo expert in lithing
teir tiuni as the I'.nglilli.
(' r In
lii
• I)'"f I*' 'i*
SJ4
A NEW AND AUTHCN'TIC SYSTKM cf UNIVF.RSAI, GT:()(;RArHY.
*»•
..-. V
II
111 the vc:ir 1700 tlic i'Vcnch k-ttL-tl ii| uii tliir ifl:iml
ot iVLutinico wi'ic idiniiuU'l to lie 150J, Iviuks ilii'
iKHrcKs uiiom i\w\ fniiiioycil, anil |^iom iiuiiihcrs ut
L'anbl>c.i;is, wii.. were K-admittwl into tlic illaiul, Init
were obliged 10 v\ork .i!' (laves, anil to li\e among ti.e
Freiitli, tli.it t'iv\ ;, light iiave no oj)|Hinui.iiy to lonii
conli)iraeie>- ur jiloi' with their coiiiiirv iii^ii, or to ,i(lo-
ciate together, li.toiv it was lulKliieJ iiv tiie I'.nghili
in 1759, it contained 10,000 while iuhalMiaats In to
cany arm>, and above 40,000 neij,roe^ or llaves. Be-
luk's this toive, lome coiiiiianies ot regulars were alwavi
(,u.irtered in the iilar.d ; \o that nothui;.!, Init the nmll
notorious iiiilioiKluct toulil i'.ave lendercd the Britilli
tn oj s. nialteis ot it with lo little lolk as they lUtlered
en that oeiuiion.
Martiuiio i^ iici only the relidenee ot the goverr.or-
general and iiuendant, hut likewil'e of a liivereign
t'ouncil, wliieh lu;)ericitends all their other illiivK, and
even ihe Icitl^nunis ^ t St. Domingo and Turiiig.i.
The illand owes it. llourilhmg Hate to the iMeiidi go-
vernment having t"anl|iorted tl.ither, by way ot 1 iinilli-
nient, gr.at numiieis ot its I'roulhint rubj.'Cts lome
ot whom voluntaril',' t'etlkd there.
The two prir.eipal inwns in this illand are I-'ort
Ro\ai and Si. I'ierre, or St. IVter's. Tlie tirtl is the
!• at ot government : its llrects are regular, the houles
agreeable, anil tiie inhaliitants very much given to ail
kinds ot lu\ur\ : tl:ev are the I'arilians ot the Weli-
Inuies. I'l) ihe eai't ot the town, on a neck ot lind, is
an irregular tort, baniv built, and woilc ikligned,
whith gives name 10 the town it jHiorlv lielends. F^rt
Royal, as well as the tell of tiie itlanii, tell under t .■
power ot the Knglilh in the vear 1756, hut the\ reiuucd
it at tile jieace ot 1 '6j. The French have lince built
a citadel upon Morne Carnier, an eminence higher than
the moil elevated points of Mornes Faiate, Tartanlon,
and Cartouche, wl.ich all command Forte Royal.
The harbour ot Fort Ro\ai, where tlie men of war
anciior in winter, is one ot the bell ot the W inilward
Itlands, and lis I'ecuruv ;igainll the hurricanes generalh
acknuwleilged. It is iuppoleil that the inner jart has
been fiwiied bv linking the hulks ot leveral ihips to
make a fence againft tiie Fnglilh in the war of 1759.
The Fort ot St. I'ierrc, is five leagues to the leeward
oi Fort Roxal, in a roun>l bav ot the welfeni coa.t.
'l"hc town, the tirll built in the illand, is the place of
communication between the colon\' anil mother country.
It is the refideiice of merchants, and the ce.'iter ol biili-
iitl'. Ihat part lituated along the lea-lide, on the
itrand itleif, called Fe Mouillage, (the anchoring-
place,) is very unhealthy. The other port, leparated
trom this by a river, is built upon a low hill ; and the\'
I all It the 1-ort from a fmall tortrel's which defends the
road. 'Fliis road is verv convenient tor loading ana
unloading the ihips, and the taciliiy ot coming m or
going out ; bui they are obiiu'd in winter tinii, to take
llielter at Fort Roval.
Tiie town ot St. I'ierre lullered great damage by a
iheadtal hurricane which hap; eneil in the nioiuh of Oc-
tobe!' 1780, in which 200 hi/Uics were blown into the
lea, and great dam.i^e was lioue among the ihip[,iiig
that lay in the h.arboui.
The cliict ex) ort ot \L:tinico is liu'ar, of which vail
quantities are annually ihijiped tor I'rance.
G L'ADAI.O I" I'K.
' I ""llli Illand is f;;uated about 30 leagues north-well
■'■ ot Martinico, in 16 deg. north btiuklc It is
about 45 mile-> in lengili, and j!i in breadth, and is di-
vided b) a ileei) gulpli or b.iy, ami a chaniiil called the
Salt River.
Ti'.e air '){ Guadalou]ie is preferable fo lliat ot Mar-
tinico, being iiioiv lalu'inous, and lef. lultrv. Tne
ibil IS ve!)' fertile. Its products are fugir, collie, cot-
ton, b ill ird cinnani.in, iiuligo, ginger, an.l manv
"thi-r \' ■•'j,.:tabk's, parluularly the lapui-iie,', li im
viiKh !■ uxtraited a moll e.xcelleiit balm; ihe mih,-
llirub, lo called from its yielding a fubll.ince like milk,
'..lien ])relied, which tails little lliort of the lapua bal-
l.iiii i Uie moubane-tree, whicii bears a yellow plumb,
with which tiie natives taiicn llieir hogs; and the cor-
o.rv-iree, the gum of which, wlvn li.irdened in the tun,
iKcoiiiv-. lo tranllucent, tliat the Caiibbeans wear 11
lormed into beads and hr.iiekts.
M.iny ol tlic mi.uiilaiiis with which (iuadaloujie
ali'iuiids, are tovereil with w(XhI i and nothing can he
more venlaiu, or iiKire beaulifully variegated, than the
large plains whicli lie beneath them. One of themoun-
t.iiiis emus a continual Imoak, and communicates a ful-
[ihu.ous t.ille to the neighb mrinv; llreaiiis.
The moll remark.ible bird on ihisifland is that called
the Devil's Hiid, whkh is peculiar to tlii', ill.md an I
Doiinnii.i , It IS a bird of paliage, of the li/.e ot a pul-
let, and ail its plunuge coal hl.ick : it lives on lith,
'.sliich it caiches m the lea at night, lieiii;-!; unable lo
I e.ir the light in the oXv-tinie when Hying; lo that iIkv
oiie.i lun againll iiueriioling objects, and fall down.
.\Uer their nih-huiiiing in the night, they re|>air to a
HKiuniain called the Devil's Mountair, where they Kxlge
hv i>airs in hoks like rabl)its. Their Iklh is g,i,'),|
nourillii; g fvvul, ihcjugh of a tilhy talle.
Tf.e Illand is pcllered with an inlecl called a ravet,
iliipiil like a cock-charter, ot a llinking Imell, which
deltroy both biK>ks and fiirnilurc ; and whatever tiiev
do not gnaw is dilcolour..d by thiir ordure : but great
numbeis ot t'nm are dellroyed by a kind of t'pideis
tound on till illand, lome ot' which are as big as a man's
nil. I'l.e bees ot (luidaloupe are exceeding different
ironi ihole of I'.uroi.e, being black, finaller, ^and with-
out ihngs. Thele Dees, inltead of making c 'inbs, lay
liieir honey in bladders of wax, about the torm and (i/'e
"' .'' 1"S''^'."'=> I'g^- The only ule made of their wax,
vv:.kh is ot a dark iiuqile colour, is 10 fecure the corks
ot bottles. Tne hoiiey is never of a tliicker conlillencc
than that ut' uiivc oil.
1 iie Cul de S.IC3, a- the I'"rencii call them, orgulphs
.ibout this itland, ahwund wiin turtle, lliarks, land
crabs, and various oil.er tilhes.
One ot the twodiviiion. ot this illand is called Grar.dc-
I'erre ; and the other is divided into Cajxs Terre, or
Cables Terre, and HalKe-'lVrre, which lalt is alio the
name ot the capital, a \ery cciilliler.ible town, lituatal
on both tides of liaiiilf River, and well forlilied.
■|■hi^ illand, as well a^ M.ulinico, was reduced by tlie
Ilriiuh aiDis in the year 1739, '''" rellored by the deli-
iiitive treaty of peace in 176J. The French tirll began
to knd coioniei to it about the \ear i6j2.
ST. FLCIA.
Tills illand, which is lituated in I4ileg. north la-
titude, was liifl il tiled on bvtlie JMigliih tn 1637,
'••• ho wei\ much aniioved by the natives and the French.
At lengtii u w,is agreed between the latter and the Fiig-
Ijlb, that St. I.uca, with Dominiia .uid St. Vincent,
Ihould reiiiain neutral. By the definitive treaty of
176J, It w,^ ceded to h'rance. St. Lucia lies two miles
louih.it .Mariinii.i, .md i^ about 2.3 miles in kngtli,
and 1 iin breadth, h is one of the finell and moll con-
-nient ol any of the C.iribbee lllands, being diverfiticf!
vMih hill, and v.illiej, well watered, and furnilhed wilh
cxcelUnt harbours. The land is rich, but a great part
of :t ,. cohered with woods, whiih abound in wikl fowl,
and \itld great iiuantilies of excellent timber. The
iieighhoiiiing |i;i ^ ^u'll liored with lilb.
St. Laicia luil.iiiied uniiderable damage by a dread -
111! hurikane wIik h happened m the m in'ih of Ortober,
^o. (iiiat i;u, libels of houies were levelled with the
g'ou'id ; and the lhi|
to !^a, many were loll.
'|■.^^ Illand was taken bv tl _ ....^
hill ivlhind to the Frencli b, thc^ treaty of K-ace'iiI
I7«-;. ' ' '
IS III the liailiiair being driven out
i'.nglilh forces in 177S',
AMKRICA.]
MARAC
THIS illand, whith i
(iu.ld.if U[)e, i: aboil
hrcadtli. It was (lil'e<)ver
named by hinn Marni;alan
the name ol liis Hup. It
nion-tiees, and other pnxl
and contains a great m;
are found ; as alio lever
watv r. Along the eallen
riKk^ \Nhicli give Hielte
bird.^, as they are lull of
TO
THK Illand of Tobaj
from liarb.idoes, .1
Vincent, 40 call iromGr
from the Spanilli Main.
9 in breadth, and 70 in
rather larger than Barb;
Leeward I fluids ; and t
lies a tiiiall iHand called
miles in length, and otie
The climate is tar mir
peded in an illand that 1
from the eiiuitor , tor tl
cd hv the lea hree/.es.
whkh it abo-.inds. coniri
his anotlier favourable c
n.imelv, its lying out ot
that often prove to latal '
'Ihe nonh-wett ext remit
ot the ifland agreeably tl
uigs. 'Ihe loil, in ger
proper for jiroducing, m
js railed in othe;' parts c
many fprings, togeth'-:
creeks. But the valua
perhaps, its greatiil rii
kinds ot wood that are
lllands, it is (aid, thai
cinnamon tree, witli th.i
copal, are found on liii-
l>a',u are reckoned e>]u.
gi|. Indian and (iu;
kinds of pe.is, the colli
drink, and ; lekls an
apple, banana, pome
biltcr orange, k'MM-.
tarlajia'illa, temper '
gu.ivi's, plaint,! lis, t.c
loin -apple, pa^.a.v-app
clierries ; tlie cocoa-trc,
and clothing ; ii'Ulk,
t.iiis, gi u.\l-, poi,'.,oe
iiijiv, o.iioii', c. Iliad, t-
wuh li\i' ilnleii M Icrt
the ivTi, r.'e piinu!, an
on tl,i . ill.ii..'.
I lere are wiUl hog
hog ; anna liiioes ; gu
kiiiif ; Indian coai.s,
fheep, d cr, g;oiis
World, wt ..:e told, c;,i
both Ihell :,::d ollxr,
ot a m,)li deiicKus [\;]
is alii) a grc.it variety.
iflauij ate toiind pieell
ous lli'.ik, ;,,iiii- , 11:,..
Tile vaiui; and inijo
till! t.V(K:.i!ive and
been lint I hither by In
dilVen-iit cl.iini.-. li
the Di'aii, who dii.ii.
JLni^luiia a, id l-raace
M.VRAGALANTK
AMERICA.]
NORTH AMERICA.
535
ICC like milk,
ic t.ipua hal-
'L'llow plum!),
and liie cor-
al in tlu'liiii,
Kaiis wiMr 11
( Ju.ii.iaiou)n-
>lliing tan ho
led, than liie
it iheinoiiii-
mitatcs a ful-
i^ that call d
li^ id.iiid an !
ll/." ot a ]nil-
livcs un lilli,
n-j^ un.ihlv- I.)
til that likv
it tall ilonii.
•y repair to a
re tiicy lodge
lledi is g(X)d
ailed a ravct,
tniell, whitli
ivlialevcr they
re : but great
ind of tpiiiers
big as a man's
(ling diffep.'iu
cr, aM<l wiih-
v^ e 'Mihs, lay
form and li/.c
ot their wax,
.lire the corks
;cr conlillenec
em, orguljlis
lliarks, land
:alL-J Grar.dc-
ijies Tcrre, or
alt is alii) the
lown, liiuatul
iriilied.
ediited by t!ie
d by the deli-
k1i tirll began
deg. north la-
i;;liili in 1637,
d the I'Veneh.
ami the l';:i^-
I St. Vineent,
tivf treaty of
lies two milei
les in length,
and inolV con-
ing divert] tied
urnillK'd with
It a great jiart
1 ni udd fowl,
limber. The
;e by a drcad-
hofCMober,
elled with the
:ig driven out
Tees in 177S',
y ot [K-ace III
CiAlwX.NlK.
MARAGALANTE..
THIS itland, which is tituated to the tout li -cad of
Cii.id.il U[)e, i ai)out 15 mdes in le:igi;i, imd 1 2 in
breadth. It was (lil<.'')vered by Coluinlui.i in 1491, and
named by him Marnr^lante, or the Cjalluiit Marx , after
the name ot liis llnp. It ahouiuK witli tuhaeeo, einna-
mon-tiees, and other pnxhiiitiemsot iheCaulibee )!laiuK ,
and I onlains a gre.it manv groiio^, wlieie laige t r.ib^
are found ; as alio teveral iiwin, aiivl pond-, of liVih
w,il>r. Along the e.illerii lliore luii liigM periieiu'.uui.ir
riKKS \^hicll give llielter to v.ill iiu;ul)eis ot tropical
bird.-, as they are lull ot holes like a pulgeon-houte.
TO B A (; o.
TllV. llland of Tobago lies 40 leagiks I'outhby w\il
fioni Hai'o.idoes, about •^j li)u;:i-eait from .Sr.
Vwueut, 40 eull troiii tiivnad.i, and between 30 ;'iul 40
from the Spanilh Main. It is 32 miles in l.-ngih, about
q in breadth, and 70 in eiieu.nterencc ; to ihat it is
rather larger than Barbadoes, or, indeeil, any ot oiii
Leeward Itlands ; and near the north-well extremuy
lies a tiii.dl itland called Liitle Tobago, wiiich is two
miles in lengih, and one in breailih.
I'he clinute is tar mire leiupeiate ilian could be ex-
peded in an illaad that is but 11 deg. 10 min. north
from the etiuiior , for the force of the lun is drniiiilii-
cd bv the lea biv^/.es. Tlie fpice and gum trees, wiin
whkh it abounds, contnbui-^ to its la!ulirity. '1 ob.igj
has aiiotlicr favourable circunil Lance to recommend a,
n.imelv, iii lying out ot tl-e liaekot tliole iiuni.ai.es
that often prove tl) l.aal to lue oilier \Veii India lllandb.
'Ihe norih-welt extremity is mountainuu , but the red
of the itland agreeably thverliried with nlings and tall-
uigs. 'I'he toil, in gener.il, is a ricli biack moulJ,
proper for |irodueing, m the greatelt pieuiv, whatevei
js railed in other parts of the Well Indies. Tiiere are
many fprings, tog.-the: with comiiuxlious bays and
creeks. But the "valu.i'nle trees whicli grow here, are,
perhaps, its greatell riclie- ; for, belules me dilieieiii
kimls of wood that arc found lu llie other W eil India
lllandb, it is (aid, that the tiu.- nutmeg-tree, and tiie
linnamon tree, with thatwliuii p-'nluces the roai gum-
copal, are touiul on this itluid. i'-y !ig-trees ot fo-
ba'nj are reckoned equal to liioie of Spam and Fo.iu-
g<i. Indian and < luinea corn, I'reiich beans, vario^is
kinds of jxas. the coihou-appie, thai is both meiU an.l
drink, and xieUls an cxceli.-u lam|i-oil , tlie i-;ickle-
ajiple, banana, pome!;ra!i.Ue, 11.11 -...pie, tweet and
biitcr orange, lemons, fugar, toUacco, indigo, gingei,
larlaiia'illa, temper vivuiii, ciiror.% va'.eli ;s, limes,
j!U.iv:>s, iil.iii.t.. ;is, tamarinds, graj.es, cullaid-apiile,
ibiM-apple, pai,a.v-apple, nKi.v.iuea-.ipple, yellow jniim,
cherries; the eocoa-tree, th.it yields both meat, drink,
and clothing ; iMilk, cueuiiibers, water-meloiis, j um-
t.ins, giu.-d.~, po:;-..oeL-, ^ams, cirots, turnips, pan
iilps, o.iioii', e.ul.nl.t-i'ool.
naiur.i; I5a!i.im, lilk-gra'.s,
ihe
iiid the jaiTiai.aare alto produced
iMih ti\e iliirerinl lort^ ot pepjier, ll»e long, Ihe cod,
I
the I'.ii, ! ,'e I'oun
on tin. illall.^
Here aiv wild hogs, piekarees, whic'.i relemble a
hog; anu.i hiioes; gmnoe-, which .ire ot ihe alligator
kind; liulian comes, badg.rs, horlef, cow-, altes,
Ih.ep, d er, go.a,, and r.ibl.it.-. No illir.d in the
ivoru!, ue ..:e toUl, c:.n lu nil inch a v.iriety ot tithes,
both Ihell and oil-.e:^, p..rucu.arlv turtle and mullets
cf a molt deiicK.us i,,;!.;. Of the leathered tpccies there
is alio a gre.it vanet\. l«uUy, in di ill rent jiartsot the
illanU aie toiind gueii tar, loap e.irtli, unh many ei.n-
ou< Iheils, ;.,me', m,.;\.iline , and mmei.ils.
Tiie vaiu.; and inipoiiance ot I'lis itland ajiirars trom
the t.xjic.iiive an<i io-nv,d..il)Ie oi'iameuis ;\iiicli ii.ive
been lent ihilh Thy l.uropean powers in lui'pori ot ilieir
dilVerriit el.iiiii^. li w.is heielof ne chietiy potlelled by
the Ditch, who defended tiieir preientions againtl boiii
JL:ii;Una a. id Itance with the moli obliinaie peileve-
rancc. By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, it
was iledared neutral ; but by the treaty of peace in
1673, it \va- yielded up to Great Britain. In June,
1781, it was taken by in French, and ceded to them
by the treaty of 1783.
ST. MARTIN', ST. BARTHOLOMEW, and
OKSKADA ISLANDS.
'"T'HKSK are three of the incontiderable iflands
-'■ the French ])oiiels in thote psirts. St. Martin's is
of no conleijiience whatever. St. BailhoKnncw produces
tome tobacco, alto excellent woods and lime-lLones.
Defeada, which is a corruption ot the word Defiderada,
or I lie Deliiable Itland, was to cr.lled by Columbus,
being the rirll laiul he liiCovcred in his li;cond voyage
to Am.rica. It produ^^es very good cotton.
SECTION. II.
DUTCH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS.
ST. EU STAT I A.
""PI Hi Itland of St. Eullatia is nuiate 1 about three
■^ lea;j,u.s north-.\ell of St. Chriiiopiiu.'s, isabout 29
miles in einumk-rcnce, luul well eultivated. Betides
tobacco, th'j in'.a'.iitaiUs have of lite years raiie-d and
exported great liuantities of fiig.-ir. They alio breed
hogs, rabbits, goats, and molt torts of poultry. Th.e
air is wlioieiome, but it is iubj' el to ternlile thunder-
claps, eartln uakes, and hurricanes : and there is a
'la'ciivuf Irelii vs.'.ter. Before a hiirr cane, it is laid,
the Ijirds lay them. elves fiat on tie ground ; and the
rain tliat 'precedes it is always tall and bitter.
St. Kuitatia is reckoned the iirongeil of all the d-
rihboe itlands, there 'oeiiig but one landing-place, which
is commaiuied by a fort, and any be e.ilily defended by
a few men. The Dutcn look poliLlTioa or it in 163c ;
and, time liie treaty of k^iv.icl , pieierveii it till Feb-
ruary, 1781, when it was talsCa irc;ii ihem by llie Bri-
tith forces, under Admiral Rodney and General
Vaughan ; but in November following it was retaken
by the I'"rench.
This idand lullainei' confidcruble damage by a dread-
ful hurricane which happened in the month ot Oflober,
1780. (jreat numbers ot warehoules «ere b.ov.-n down,
and moll of the goods ilellroved, the whole iofs of
which w.is ellimated at 150,0001.
CURASSAO, OR CURACOA,
IS fituated about 10 leagues from the coafl of Terra-
Firma, in 12 deg. 14 min. north latitude, h is
about 30 miles in lenglh, and 10 in brea uiii. Tii'; cli-
mate is neitiier uholelome or agreeable, nor the foil
fuitful ; yet the itland is populous, aiikl i!n ... 'allr\ of
the inlial-.itaiits .uch, that it produces a g'vat do.'i of
fugar and tobacco. It is well liip|-iied with prjvi-
lioiis, and all other commodities trom llu • vie, ani the
other Dutch tettlcments, in which it cirri • on a very
lucrative and extenlive contraband trii.1 .viiu the .Spa-
niards in Terra-Fiiina. Let the Sp.inilli g.)k. -nors
prohibit this trade ever lo leveivly, the S;'ania:i.> lland
lo much in need ot Euioper.n comnuvlitie-, t'.iat tliey
will run all ha/.ards to obtain them. Tl.e c.ucf town
and harbour is abour three leagues tVom tlie ibuth-eall
end of the itland. The lown, for its li/., is one of the
fiirell and liaell in .\in.rRa, a.i.l Cd..iainb every thing
neceliiiry to render u o.iiaiodious a.\d agreeable, as
t.ir as the climate and toil will ivriuii.
Here are three other hualier illaiuh belongi.-.g to t!ie
Diitih, namely, S.iba, Bonaire, aiul Aruba.
Saba is a very pi "ilaiii illand, titu.ued about 13 mil;:s
north-well of LuK.uia. The ;:a is lo Ihailow about
it, that none but Hoops can coino near it ; nor even
thotc-, but at a I'lnall creek, on the ibulh fidt of the
ifland.
:• '
LmmW
1
ii. I'J,
. I'i
536
A Ni:\V AN!. ArriUXTIC SYSTTM o;. I'MVIiRSAL (W.OC.RAI'IIV
AMIRICA.]
m
Hi
r.|.
illand M(<;'i ot iho inliablt.uUs au l.ul tn 1 c llmc-
inakcr-, or doaitrs in lliots, 'i'lmv i- :i il. !,;.'. lUill
vailcv ill ilu- illaiul, wiiicli priKluccs iKM.ti.iiiL5 t.n- tin.'
illliUiMl.V.ilS, Uiill lullK lIKJlgK iuul U'Uun.
SuIm, ;iik1 .ill iiliiiul c;vllai St. M.irtin's, were liotli
(.-.iptiircJ in ,\Ja-.ii-al RoJiu'V ;iiul (u-;',ir,ii V.iiigli.;!i .ii
tiic time ot tlic liirrcivlcr ot St. l-.u(t..tiai but ucrc
atiL'vwaiils rc-iaki.!! !•; ii.i.' iTcncli.
1> );).iirc iinil .Aiul';; .;iv I'litlls i .■iirnlcial/l.- \\iiiv!i i.~
alii) tlic tall willi Ciii.uiiuij li)|- ll;(.\r liUi.Uioti lua.' llu-
coaiV 1)1 '1 iiia-1-iiiiui, wiiiili y^iw^ I'l miiai>iiaiii> an
<);ii..'.;u;ni\ ul <a:.M.u; on a ilaiuldliiiL' iraiit \\n\i
Uw S\maA\ llit.i.'UK-iits 1. 1 'IVrra-l nir.a.
On tlic Kuih li.ic ol Bonaiiv i-> a jv"''! lali-ponil,
v.iiui.cr tiu- 1 Ju;iii ll(Hi; :. con;c lur lait, ui.icli ^ bc-
coiuo a coulidtiabii.' lo.iiiiiuiiiiy.
Si, CllON 111.
1) \M-il W r.-l-INiM \ I^I.AMaS.
T
Si. 1 11()M.\S.
1 11'. iilan.l ot" St. 'rhornab is liiuati-xl to tin' call ot
Port)- Rico, air.i I- li;c cliici I't ll'.olo i.vilcl 1 .ic
\ iruin lilini! . it i a ' )Ut 15 miles in cu\ iiiiituvine,
.•ukl lias a I'lic aiul c laiinoilioLi-- harbour, wImcIi b> bc-
iiiL; o|;cn to traders oi all nations, cnnclics the ini.a-
bua:ii.^. Its I'oii i-, in general, very t.mdy, notvv;ili-
tland.iip; wliiih it 1 rodiicos moll ot tiie \\ cil-lniiian
commodities; but it i j;re.'.ti\ iiifeiied with inulijiui'^.
I'he jiruKiiial adva.ii.iJc ot this illand Lo.iliil> 111 a
very •;^ootl lurb'Hir 0:1 iiie loutii tide, where 50 ihip^
niav lie ill r.i!et\-. It i-> is (ict'eiuled liy a tort, whole bat-
teries at the lame tinv.- [ lot^et the liiiaU town bimi
round the liuav. 'I'lns ' amour is iiuicii trei;iiented i 'v
incieha.U tliij.s : when i^.ev are chaied, in tinieot war,
t!!i.\ line! herealate piutejiion ; and, ni timeot j.eace,
a V-. r.t tor tiieir ^,001!^, by the claiidclbne trade wliich
the l)oats ol' Si. ^llOlUa^ eontiiiually carry on with the
Spaaiih cuaii^.
'1 uo le.igujs to ih.e Ic.uih ot St. 'J'homas i> r.noiher
lilind, ab.out the Taiiie li/e, called St. John^. It i=
the bell watered among the \ii);iiis, and its harbour
iiaa not onl\ the reputation of being better than that ot
S:. 'ri)oma.s Init jialles alio iur the bell lo the leeward
(.1 Anligua. The JMiglilh give it the name ol "C'lavO
B.iv." IJa! n )twillil..'.iidin?, iheli.- advant.igcs, ll?e;e is
Ul iiitle good land in the illand, iliat it> iil.iiiting and
fXj '.i.uioiis toini oiii) a \.ry trilling objec:.
Si. tRCUX, or SANTA CRL/..
i.-s ilie I'lioi toii'idei.iMe of the \\ ell-liidia 'll.iiuls 1
bel 'n;ir.g to lJc.iir..ii '^ it i-> liluated oiu i)l the'
gleuj) ot the V ngiiis, l.ve le.'.gUjs to lli- louili ot St.'
Joliii's, being ahout Jo mile:i in lenglli, :ind ten in •
"br. adili. li is t^der.:lj:\ fertile, producing iii'ilt ot the I
lieceliaries ot hte, togellier v, ith oranges, citrons, gni-
nate^, leii'.on^, the manioc root, and the |)aj an tree,
tl'.e truii ol wi.uh makes a moit ixieHe.it Iweel-iiv.at.
l-kre i'. ailo a \ariety ot d\iiig and oijier woods j.ioier
tor 'ii.,ulc .i.id lh:;)-l'.oii.iHig.
The dr'.aie,'. p.i/r ot t.ie in'ubiia.its ot' S.inti Cru/
conr.it-s it I ::'.'lilh and l:;lh catiioiu-., and (jerman
.Muravi.'i.i; ; tiure 1 . .1 Imali aumiier ot Daiiei.
PORriMT-l, l-l A.M.^S in AM! RIC'.\.
0\ I lie colli ot' IV. i/.ii irr three ill.ind-- belon-ing to
the Pi'iiugjele, vi.'. ! er.iaiido de Noro..i, St.
Barbara, atid St' Catli.-.n:,.'' .
hi rn.iivJo dr ,\:iroiia li.- ::\ j deg. 50 niln. llmth la-
titU'!,\ It i< but Ima I, ..:v\ 111 a tew plates only iiil-
Ct'])liblc ot till.ige, oa n^ tj a want ot m.iilbiiv, lor
tlirov'L''i learcit} 01 water, the ilhuiel is, in general, bar-
ren. There arc only three liiuill brooks in tlio inland
; arts, liinaniiode Noiona has two liajboiirs laiable
I ri.iei\ing lhi[)s ot biiilheii. 1 1^ re are two lorl>
iiu;h ol ll )ne, ij Ueiuus, aiul well provided with arlil-
lei ;. .
1 he inlubitants conlilt |)rincij ail\ ot the troops
iroiu iJr../.il lent thither l>) w.i) ot delcnce, a tew poor
r.-.m;l:i , and lome liuli.iio. iiicre are loiiic cattle on
the ll! I. dreai ;)kr.ty(l lilh are taken i:i llit- har-
bours, and turtles ai)ou!.u in the leahiii, wIikIi i,-, l.i ui
Dectml'er to ;\pril. Tiie Fieiuli iiiav e a ieltlcment
on tills lilaiid in ly.^S, but were toixed 10 retire b) the
I'oruiguele, who then unt a colony over, and elected
the loru already mentioned.
St. IJaib.ra is lituateil in lis dig. 6 niin. louth lati-
t'.i.:,. ll :s im.di, leriile, but thinly inhaliited, and
haxi.ig iM cij^acious harbour, is very little Ireijuented.
1 he illand ot St. Catiiaiinc lie.^ 111 laiituile 27 tleg.
45 inn;, truth. The loil is tortile, ireduiing ihveis
kii.w.i it Iruiis Ijiontaneeully I'he woi.ds arc vtry
tnigraiit tioiii the aiOii.iiiC trees and lliiiibs with which
the) abound, lleie is a Ipccies ot b..ick tattle relcmb'
ling luiiiidiK'b ; alio luoiikics, parrots, and iilu.iiains.
The I'.;'.: hours and b,i\- are llored with lilli. 1 he water
is giMid, anil t.iund in \.iiious part.i 1 t tiie illanil ; but
ih.c r.i.- is i ir iioiii being l.siuuri, us the country is
ovcnjiread with a v.;pour all the night, and a great
I art ol the nioining, which coiitiniji.s till the lun gains
Itreiigih to diilipate 11, or it is dilj.eneJ by a briik lea-
bree/.e.
A' /. // ■ D I ." C O r E R I E S.
Tl.RRA 1)1.1. FLLCiO.
JrriVii!. h'iij't int.'ijie'.u viib the nn'ives. Their maa-
i:cr of !-(btiV! iir. IiuHcnh en tij'it>!ii-nj^ n tiicnatiiin
in fiitji if pliui/s. Si\(;ui inlfriuiv ictU' tti: natives,
D nrip:::.)! of ihcir fiTjons, tiiy/i, exlruciiiinary de-
cH) iitniiS, Jciii, bal ilr.!:t>ii, funiiiure, iveapons, ca-
iir.ci, iir.mtcii, i/iydi, fijh, ivjcfls, jLiiili, govern-
weiil, in: ion, (jc. Dt/iiipli(,ii of j'omir p.irts of
Tt-'ii! li i iiicgo '-.•ijitcd iy Lajitain Cook en his /C'
coi.d vcyagc,
Ij'OR '.he moll icciir.atc defcription of the illand of
*- 'i^Tiaikl l-uego, or the l..iiul of l-'ires, ^lo called
trom a \okano which emits I'.imes vilible at a great
ililiancei we have recurred to the account ot our cele-
brated nav'galor Captam Couk, as moll particular, au-
theniic and uitertainnu;.
WWw Captain Ccoii, upon his lirfl voyage, fell in
with 'I'eiia dil huego, abi.iit ;i leagtics to the wefl-
waid ot ihe Strait ot I.eMaire, trees were pUinly to
be tiiilinguillKil by the ainilance of the glalies. As
our people came nearer the land, tluy ihlcovered, in
lome l|.of., jiauiie.s ot Ir.o'^ on the lide of the hills,
and the lea ^o.ill^ ap])eared to be covered with a beau-
tiful verdure. J'lic hills are lofty, .ind the fumniits of
tlicni i|ui'e naked. The li)il in the vallies is rich, and
ot' a cor.lideia'ile dej'ih. :\\ the font ot' ever\ hill is .1
brook, the water ot i^imli has a redihlh hue, but is by
no means ill tailed. (Mpt.iiii Cock fi\', that it iiroved,
upon the whole, the bell that was l.iken in during the
voyage.
They ranged the- coaft lo the Strait, and had foun I-
illg^ all the w,.\ Irom 40 to 10 lathoms, upon a r,ra-
vclly and tiiiidv botloni.
The moll remarkable lands en Ti rra del I'uego are,
an hill ill the lorm of a liigar loat, which llands on the
well fide not tar trom the lea, and the three hills called
llu- Tiiiee Brothers, ah.oui nine milis to ilic wellward
ol Cape Si. Die -o, the low poini il.ai loriiis the north
entraiueof llie Sirait ol I ..i Miire.
The ill.iii.l ot '1 err.i del 1 uego lit', between 5.3 and
55 degi\es ioiitl, latitude.
2 When
When tlie lliip was br
(ioi'.l Suciels, C'i'ptiliii C
i.ied liy .Mr. J.iuxs ami
Vvateriii^ pi.uc, and coi.t
whom h.id cuiuo i'l Ug
hoard lide ot ,:h: b.u ,
lino )th w.'.ter and j^, lod
1.1 li.'.a > loo.i mule tliii
l..,i,l'.' I). ..V ll, on tiie oih
th'- iiuiirK |- ol oui ]..o]
tlleV reireaie 1. Mr. bai
vaneel :iiioiit ico \ard:
tao ol ihe liuh.in-, 1 -i
loille pa^e^ tow.irds ihci
came uo, liie lndi.;;is ro
.1 fmail llivk ia !.i^ ban
boia trom ihemlelves am
lideretl as the renun^ iai
peace. They tlien walk
pauioiis, who li.ui li.i.t,
them, ,i:id bjckoned tlr
tiivV t.\\A. They were lei
ot Irieiivilliip, r.ii.l in r
the. 11 f) ne iie.'.d and i.b
oa ihore lor t:;.U pu:j ■
greatly d-iightedi.
A mulll.il coiihdeiK'e
fected, the jariics joai.d,
w.is, became ge.ieral, .ii
oar peo, ';. b.u k lo tiie
l)o.u\l, o.ie ..1 tlii.m ('.
tornied ii.ucli tiie laaie c
Mo if. !' 'll. ,iii-.\iiL-, w!i
reii ',1 lu . I. a lire. W lie
i.i! ) .1 IK .V p.,ri ot tiie II
11 a 1^, a li.t 11 • ca'.i.;iit
a'l his io;i e lor [•• .le i
v.jiee eiti;-;' to oar ] 10.
eat foiue biv.vd .lad beet,
plealirv, though lueh
they did not e,i;, they
would not fwM.l.o.\ ,1
Ihey ])Ut t'.ie glaS to li
liquor, they reiu.n.d it
diigufl.
'I'hey .appeared to h
curiolity, as thev we::l
another, ,ind looked .u
that every moment pre!
c\preliioa ot uoi-,i.ler or
of ihe fuppoled priell I
Th,- natives, .ifter h
c.xiiieliLil a delire to
pained them, landed i
them to their ci ni!<,ai.i
the f.inie V. leant iiidili'
on bo:ir I ; I )r as on o
n^ Is ill relaie, ii) on ti
a:rioili\ to heai, how
they had leen. Whe
oii'er g iitlemcn, willi
out t:oni llie li 'o, wi
ir.ite .u lar as 11.. \
at ni.'ht, the hi!l>, w;
to be ])aiily a wood
a 1 ire roik. Mr. I
wool, a:id ni.uj.j no
llii'uid, in ,1 coinilrv
Milled, liiid plain-, will
hi- lib.iii;-,
'l'lu\ erUrel the
liltle lo the welli\.iiil
tiiiued to afceiid the li
lor leveial houri, hit
places tliev iiiiend.''.i 1
wluit Ihey had la'.xen
<lifa|ipointmeiit tluv I
low bullies of bin!),
No. 4(ji.
#■
AMI RICA.]
N' O R T II A M E R I C A.
537
11 till- Inland
lours lapahk-
111' twii lorti
J witli artil-
llic tnxjjis
.' ti'A j i.uir
iiul laiui (111
i:i I lie l\ai-
ilkll is f.VIll
a lftlli.iiiii:i
IllllV 1>) il.c
and iivcud
liiutli lati-
liaiiiud, and
ic (rcqlK'iltcil.
itiidi' 27 deg.
II. iiii; ilivii's
■^i^ arc wry
15 Willi u lin.li
atlL' Rkmli-
.d |/lK.iJai:is.
I he watiT
illand ; but
ic t\.u;ury is
and a great
the lun gains
)} a biilk ica-
fiS.
).
'lli.'r aidii-
■iii; a mcuHtain
:b tL'i: natives,
ruorilinary de-
■ZCl'dpOlS, Cll-
Liiilj, govern-
jlmf p.irts of
jt-'k en his /e-
i the ifland of
res, (lo tailed
hie at a great
n\ (it (iiir eele-
partitular, au-
(lyage, fell in
.•s to the wefl-
ere plainly to
le glalli."-. As
ihteiiviTeii, in
Je iif the hills,
I with a beau-
he luinmits (it
les is ri( h, and
ever) hill is a
hue, but is by
hat it proved,
111 during the
rul hail loun I-
, upcin a j',ra-
(kl bu^'go are,
1 llands on the
iree hills (ailed
I the well ward
nils the iioiih
leiueeii 5,] and
When
\Vlie;i the ihip was broui;!it to anchor in thi: Bay of
(IikkI Siiceels, Ci /•/<;/// Colk v.ent un ihore, accoiiipa-
i.ied liy Mr. ii.iu;v:i ami i)r. Silaadcr, to loi,k tor .1
ViAleriii^ piaie, and tohler with tlic Indians, leveral oi
ivhoiii 11. id eoiiio i'l li.;hi. Hie) landed mi die llar-
hiiaid tide ot i;ie l>ay, iie.ir Lmie 101.I. -, v, ni(.ii made
lull nil w.Uer and t, xjd landing; ihm) or turi) cjI t!ie
1.1 li.'.ii'. I'Hi.i \\\\\\i^ linir apptaia:.ie ai the end ot a
1,1, 1. IV I). ..V 11, I'll liie oilier lide id ilie b.i; , Iv.ii te. in^
til- iiuiiiKii/l mil |,i.ii|'le, whieli was tea iir tutlve,
tiKV leireaie 1. Mr. Ijaiiks and Dr. S .iAMiier then ad-
vaneel aiiniu ii^o \ards beloiv lue red, upon whieli
two ol ill'.' Indians 1 -iurn-a, aiiil having advanced
lu.iie p.Ke-. losvaals ihein, lal liowii : as loon as tiiee
tame 11. i, liie l:idi.'..'is roie ; . lul e.ie;i ot them liavii.o
a liii.iil Ibek in hi-. Ii:'..id, i!irei\ it a.\.i_> in a direciion
b;)ia t 0111 liieiulelves and ihe llra:!gers, v\hieii was eoi.-
lidcred as the renuii. iiiiioii ot weapon., in token of
peace. Tiiey then walked briikh lonai'tls their eom-
p.t!iioiis, who li.id ha,l.i.l at about litiv \arc!s behind
them, a.'id b:ekoned i!ie gjiuiemen t < l.iho.v, whieh
tluy dl.l. They weie uceue I wiih inanv uiieiuth llj;n-,
ot IrieiiJlliip, and in reiurn ihey difin-mted among
the.n I'lne iie.id - .uid llbilOl.^, wi-.i.h iuai be^ii bruuMii
on lliore tor t;;,u purp-jle, and VMiii v..,;i.h tile', were
greatly ileiighieil.
A mutual eonfulence and good-will bein;', thus ci-
iVeu'd, the j.aiiies jo.ii.d.aiid the i.ori\ei!au.,>!i, :iiCii a- ir
thai it was neeellary to lift the leg over thcni, which at
every Hep u.i. buiuU ar.ilc tkep in the toil. To ag-
gravate the lain and diltieull) ot lueli iiavelling, ilic
we.iiher, wlikli hilherio hud been veiy line, muei! like
one oi our bright (i.i\s in Mm , t,ei.anie giooiiiv ami
cold, with iudtUii bialt. ot a mutt j-urejig wii.d, ac-
oiupaiiied Willi Inow. '1 Im j,uihed lorwaul, however,
ing.jod Ijiiriis, notwiihnanding I'leir Jaiigue ; Init v\hcn
t.'ny h.id got aboui t.>o tiii.ii, over thi-. woody t'wanip,
Mr. Muchan, one ot I'.ir. l-ianks's diau. lit linen, was un-
haj.p-ily iei/.ed Willi .1 in. 'Hi. lu.uie it lieieiliirv tor
the whole eoiupaiu to l;alt, ;'.:id, a il wa-- imjiollibie he
iliuuld go an\ tanner, a li'-e was ki-idled, and thole
wiio were mod l.itiuu.a were lett l\!:inil to take care of
hmi. Mr. Banks and the i/il er giniiuueii went on,
and in a llK/rt time reaelied the lumiiiit. As boiaiiills,
they were abundantly gi.;tiliid b\ linding a variety of
plants, which, with relpect to the Aljiine plants in \.\x-
rope, are c.\ae'dy wiiai iliote plants are, with relpeC-l to
ILK 11 as grow ia the ]ilai;i.
Tiie coid na. iiww bvi'ome more fevere, and tiieliiov/
blalLs more iie(|uent ; the il.iy alio v.a-. lo far Ipeiu,
thai it was touiid imiHi'l'.ble to 'jei b.'i k to ihe iini)
•.V)i
iin2,.
1."
To
fi-
ne ii.g.ii on Ilk 11 a
a e!:iliate, \.,'.' 1! .1 oii'i\ coiiil. .1 iL-jk,
coukl not, l.o.\e...i, be avci>ied, a.iii
was, became ge.ieral, aikl tnive ot Hum ace'-mpaaied
our peopl. b.u k lo tiie iiiip. W'iien they camo on
board, o.ie ..1 lli..m ilu; /oled to be a jiriell) pe;-
lormed n.uch tiie :a:ne i .'remonies as are deicribed by
Mm!. !'. 'ii. .lirAiiL', w.ii'Ji iie is ot opinion were of a
reir',1 ili L.ture. W'luii ti.is p.eiloii was iniioiiuced
i.itj a ik'.v 1 .ai ot iiie iliip, orv.iien any thing he li.iii
11 ii !e. 11 b.t 1! ■ ea'.iyil l:i> aileiuion, Ik lii.iut.d wii.i
a'l Ins iiKee lor l.'.ie minutes, wil..,iut directing tils
v.jice either 10 o:i:- ; 1..1, le or hi^ companions. Tiie)
ear t'ume brci-l .lad beet. Inn iv.it apparently with much
pleaiu'e, lliou^'i lueh jMri ot what was given them a,.
tliev did no! eu, th.- i.iok av .i) witii them, but tliey
would not fw',il:>..\ .1 drop i.f either wine or fpirits :
they jait t'le ghi's lo llieir lip-,, but iiaving tailed the
lii|uor, they retu.'ii.-d it with very ilroiig expreliioas ot
diiguft.
Iht-y ajipeared to have veiv little of the palkon of
curiotity, as thev we;:t from one jart it the llii]) lo j
another, .ind looked at the great variety i.t new objee
)elo'-e the next 1
I nuiuniaiii, in !!.:■
but dreidt'ul : It
I they Were to pro\ii!e fjr n a- Weil .1 oi,,.i'.,i,..
\\ liile thi-y were g.n.n i, v, the ii!,..ii> two of ihc
I co.n: any went b.ui. 10 ihe i!..ar , i;tii'.:.:i anil tiie peo;ne
I ih.ii were witn fim, wiiii ii.Ti.',..iiis 10 luring tnein to
i an kill, uhicli it was t'..Ai';!'i ia\ ;a .1 lea.r r,;ui tor
I reluriiMig to ihe wo.'ii. a...! wh-.ii '.-.as iherei .M'e ap-
i ])oiiitLd as a geti'jial r.i. i./.vo'a .
! Ti.ei.'ahole eom.iam .'iki. .■..k\ at tl,
I . . • I . ' . . 1
and, iiiiUL^ii jiiiiche.i \,n.. nu i_.'..k w,'.
fpirit.H. The drauglitl:...: > ..1:1, ,1 ;.;■■!
I lirenglh in a mui..! ,.,.eaer li,.^. ii..i
I been expeciei.!. Ti.ou-'i. ii-.).-.- u. ;. 1 :,t
ren
moii-.ing, It was ibll da\-:i,',i:i.
and i.i.v I'l
lor the iicaiVil valley, .M.. l5a;ik-. hii'ikU un !
to bring up the rear, :i:;l ke tl-al no Ii!.ii2;e:
behind; a caution ih.il lu m Uj pe.i.r..a i ) be ul
mi.ii importance.
i)r. .Solander, who liavi more tl.ai once cvi
mouiiiains which divide .S,\^,u.i ui a \.;: ,;
knew that extreme cold p.-.du'es a iVs-^iiuJ,
idinoll irretillilile, and therelo.e c -ajmeo llie 1
ii .v.-Mi:,
ik., ..nJ
a his
.1 i.a.-
. in tiij
tui-w.--d
! 'riaki.ig
■va. leic
liiC Ul-
;"ed the-
>, well
t: at is
i.i;
I 1
ji iiK)\ iii;.r, however | aii.lu' it nv;
be.
any
lbs
that every monieiu |)relented tiiemUlve-, without an'/ |j w.irds were, " Whoever lit
cxpretlioa 01 woi-.vler or |)lealurc
s ll'.i.'. 11 V I
II tl
r
M W
l.)r the vociteratiohs
of the luppoted priell teemed I'l be neither.
The natives, .ifter having been on b.'.ird two hours,
ex])i\lied a delire to <go on ihore. Mr. H.iaks a..e.)m-
paiiied them, laiuled them in lafct; , ami conducted
them to iheir ci mp.inltjns, among whom lie remirked
tile laiik v.icaiit inditleivnce as in thole who h.ui been
on birvl ; I ;r .Is on one tide ti'cre ap.'.i.-.ired no ea;i.r- !
IV b .0 relaie, i > on ihe ollur there leeiiied to be no i
u.ri'iiii', to lie.u, how ilkv hail been revcived, or what ;
they h.ui feea. W hen Mr. Hanks, Dw Sol.iialer, and I
oilier g:nlleiiieii, with their attendant-, and lervaiits, let \
out honi llie Ibp, wltli a te.v ol the men, lo pi. lie- j
li.iic .IS tar a-i 11.. \ (..luid into the couairv, .lad ivtu'ii j
at iii.'ht, the hiii-, when viewed at a d'ikiike, Kenied
ever lleeps will wake no more." Tin ugh tiii;. ..dmi'-
nilb.ed, tlie cold became luddenlv 'o li te.l,- .■ lo p;.i-
duce the efllcts moll (headed. Dr. .>- land.r himielf
w.is the tirit who touiul th.- iacimaiii 'kaj,.'.:
Ii.id warned others a^ irrelillible, aii<! i ,lilL.
luliered to lie down. Mr. Banks in v.iin r^.i, .nil Mieo ;
he la\ down upon the ;:riHind, t!;oi;^Ji ii v. ' . c-vered
wall lianv, aiki it was wiili preat di.ii.in. l.i^ hn.!iil
u
r
wi.icl; he
01 being
keei) him trom lleoping. Ricliiaoi.
■lis
i-ine
ot tiie black fervants, bi.g.'.a t.i linger, laiv i'lg iLitilred
Iroiii tiie coid in tiie lame manner. Mi'. Biiilo, pieie-
l.ire, lent live of the c.iiiipanv, aiin-ne ;i ^.m w.is ^k'•.
Kiieiian, torwar ! to pnpare a lire al 11. e liii ci'.v i.r nt
pl.ae; while liimlelt', vmiIi l.riir otlier-, reii'..:i'..'o . iih
the Docior and Rieliii, 'iv', wliom j'..ril\ by i^riualioii
and entreat), a:.d pari:\ V; I'on^, tliev bri.'u;;!i£ on.
to l\- panlv a wiukI, ]'iiily a |ilam, and above liu ni j:
a 1 ire rock. .Mr. b.inks hoped to g.i ilirough tiie ij but wh.eii they had got ti,iuue,ii the greatell pan of
wool, aa.l m.ule lU) doubt but la.ii b.-^oiRl 11 he |; ti.e bii\!i and I'w.uiip, the. boih (kclared tiay coliKI
lliii'alil, in a count rv wlikh no bota.ilit, ii.ul ever yet ij go no farther. .Mr. B.mi-.s agai
n I :are;'ti.',! and e\;
vilited, liiid phiiUi wliieli would abuiidaiilly coiiijielilate
111- 1 iliour,
Tlu) eri^rel ihe woo.! at a fiuaU f.iivlv beach, a
little to ihe welliwird o| ihe wauri.ig pl.ke, and con-
tinued to alceiid the hill liiroiigh the (athlels wiliiernel's
ior kveial hour-., betore the) h.kl a iie.ir vi.vvol ihe
places thev iniendjd to villi. S.ion alter they reai iied
wli.it (lay had taken I'cr a plain; but to ilieir great
dilappoiniment ihey found it a twami) covered \\'\{\\
I'JW bullies of bin !i, and lb iiiienvoveii and llubboni,
No. 4y.
i.e.ed, but wiilkuit eilecl. Wlien Riciimmid v.as told,
tliat it he did iioi g'j on he wi..uld le t.o-.vi. t 1 dcili
111 a r.kirt time, iie aiilweied, iliat lie ■..elir.d no.hiiig
Imt to lie down .ind die. Doctor Solan. ier did an t.j
explicillv renoiiike his lite: he t.dd lie v.as wl.ii.gto
go Oil, but th.lt he naill tirll lake l'.':'',e Ik -. p, li.ic.ith-
Ikinding his loriiicr deelaraiioa that whoever )k-, t v.. ukl
wake no more.
As il W.IS impollible to carry tlicm, and liiere was
no remed) , they were both luliered to fit dawn on the
6 U ground,
IM'
f* :
F
|it.!;iiiJ*?l
p.
!<"'' »
^^
^n 'i
m'
AW\
;\ M.W ,-,N.. \r'llir.N ilC SYS 1 KM o^
u\ ;i U',v niiiuiti.-', liuv III! i;Ui) a
ino-
539
prouivl.
S<K,n alter Ionic .-I ilmk- xs'.io !i;ul bcm kat ti.iu.u-. |
rdiirnal '.v!',;. ihi' '.vdo.in: n.'.vs tluit :i tuv u i- Uvv.M •
about .1 i;u.i;icr .^i' .i iml-' l.irtlunMi. M". Kn..^^ t.a:i j
l)l-. S.p'.aiuil-T. Wll.l. llr.lll!',ll IK' h.i'l I
i„i>l aim 'i! lo!l tin. ii''.; ft lit'- I
111-, lliois
|.,v.\.i!'l nii'i
rMvrK''\i. (H'.'M'. \niv.
AMIKI''^-
nm iKl't li\i- iii::'.'.;t
linihs; iiiul till- n,ii:iii's \\cri- io liiiui-.k, tii.u
kll troin lii^ ItU. II-' <')iiUii!>'il I '
ru!.;i :illiil;UHt' as onild hi' I'.iv,.-!! hiiu : i>iu ••':^'^'''";'''''i''''
I'l'iVaiii, ;i!nl .1 ti-a:i'.ui
i tKli.l tlw U'M, I'li'.'uk
|i).-.;i .^ I>V'> others llu ulil
to icU.v
tlu'ivtim-, k-li liis "ilu;i- 1'.'. Is
wi-.o l-'Ciiv.".! to i-.:ivL- liuil'iL-.i iv.i
:ittor l'.i;ii, i'ru;niiiiiii th.;t ,■ . \,
lie llii!kisT,ilv warmcl. llii> lli'-ukl be ivlie\c.l. .N.i-
U:iiil-s witli t;iv.u ililikuliv , -n i'ik- 1 hv.n to the i;rc ;
ami Kr.Ki ati.r k-ni tuo o\ the I'eoi.k- who l,ad ban le-
thc alliihuu-.- ot tli'i'x •.\!u)
lis Ills, troiii irilli I'.iii^ue'. aher to imromi.MljMi .i
It. J Ik'V wi-r.- ;i loi.j, liax's iuiirii<.-y thlbtit iiom
ihi]), t!iroi.,;li jiathk: v\o.>;i', lawhi.li tlio\ ini{;l.i
li.Ail.lci'ol till o\'.r:.;k»'ii by thi- iiiliiing night ; ami
aut h.iu.itj pivpari'it for a iminv.y ot ini-iv ifi.iii eiyji;
oi It'll iioui-, tluiruhok' ilock. c,t' riiiviiniii!; proviiiio
,\a- a Mi'iure, v»!iiv.h li.e'. iuij.ii.'iial lo Hiuot v.hrii ihev
it e'slililv liiviJcil, Wuul-1 U'H
n.\, ai.
u,.i. li,
rJ
aiioi';' laUi
ti.ciii h.:il a lu.al; ami llu-y kiu'.v lu'i
li iiMic th.i'V liii_ M liiit'.r Imiii tlic i-olJ, ;i\
I'iiii (.onlimie.i to I ill I a ilreaihii! proot ol tin-
I'.flluil, hoj.iii'J
h.ul bt.ii ktt
that, \Mtli tl
bchiilil, lhc\
.'.hk- to b;-ir,^
a,\vake
11 ) \wii.e
rj iri/c
1, ih.e
10 be ill
rupjiok-d
: bv
luiv-
ra:n-
R;v!,;noiul, tiioiis;h it ini^ht I'lll! be inipo.hbk' t'.
' in about lialt' a:i hour thev liul the iivntiiieaii 'n to
Ux- tiie two men return aloue. 'I'iiey n.ioniKil ii.em,
that, alter tlic inotl minute leurch, tlie; enuio p.'.ib.er
li!i..l Rielri-a.-nd, or thole wlio had been !elt 'Aitii iiuu ;
and liiat tlioui^ii ih.e\ had rej-.'^aleilly llioute
had replied. As Mr. Banks was e\j leilmi; h:s lu'i'ii/e
at this circumllance, lie miU'.l a bottle d ru'.ii. If.e
eonipaiiv'? whole lb)ek, wlTuh they euntludee
tlie kiujiarkot <!:u' of the abreiue;.s. It w.v
that by nie.ui. ot thi-, Riehiivad h.ul been rouk"
the t..i) men th.'.it h.ad K'.ii iett with them, and that
in" drank too ireeivct it ihemkives, they
bled troiii the pl.ue wher. they had been kit, ui^ le.Uvh
ot liic lire, inllead.'f vv.'.iiini; for guid.es ■'.ud all.llaiii-.
Ar.otiur tall ot !'"i'v t-ime on, and (..>n;inu.d iniel-
lantl'x Ur.- I'vs.^ lu.iirs; lo that all h.-.pe >.t leeing them
af'a ' at kail ahve, wasjiiven ud: biii ;n loiiie r.me,
lo l! i;;e!ieral \o\ ot the n.mpany ;il the tire, a Ihouting
wj, lieAr.l at a diliaiue. Mr. Hanks, wul, umr otliers.
imr.udutely wnt ouU and lound i!ie leainan with ii.li
Oreni'th eiioii'di lelt to lhi-i>er al mE, and eall lor
alliii.mee. Mr. Bank. l..i\iii- lent Iniii immediately to
the lire, proceeded, b^ his directions, in k-arth ot tlu'
other two, v\ho.'n he loon :itier fouiui. Riehnioiui \sas
upon his ie'is, 'Mil not able to jiii uneloot lxl"re t;ie j
other. Mis coinpanii.n w.'.s lymu ujion the jvouiid, '
as knlelefs ^s ;i !;.,iie.
Tl'.e v,ii'>ie tomj':.i)>. wie- now e.illed Imm tiie tire,
ai-.d an u.'.ite'l ait.mjt was made to earr\ thein to it,
lull witl'.'.ut i.lti i
ti' -• fii'i'.v vei\ de
make uav tl.i-u;^!.' ihe 1 uiIks and boj^s ihemleive
'11. e niL;lit was e\irinKi\ dark, i
y ; 1(1 i!;ai timiing it very ihii.euit to I
ihe
all
ii t
o:il\ aiieniative
that h-M
^.Itinj^ maiiv lalU in the attun
v.a^ V> make a i;r. <"i the Ip'ot , I. lit the k.i.'.v
falkn. aid wa> dlii lali'iiz, l)elules what a.i- iiviment.i
II.' lli.lki
wa> dlii lali'll^
.!! in .'lakes tioni the trees, reiider.d it i.',uah\
i.iu . .,;ie.;! a lo kii'^ille (;i.e th.eiw or to bim-^ an\ part
uhith li.id been kindleil in the wj'.d thither.
. ■., rtdeued to t!x' mLlaner..dy neCi.llity ot Ir.iving
.< \ \.i\tehes |.. tlkir I. to-, h;'.vi:i^^ preM'.uih
I I'.ed I'l 1" i!.:i.s !:■ ;n the tree , and I; n .id
lar.K l.iiid >>\er thein In .i eonlid. r..ble
el mat
'Ih.y .'..
I'.ii. i.nl
■:... !e tl
a I A.i:
h.i.'lit.
.\f!er
HM I'ou,-
leeii;.,, ;
w.e: io I
aid
i.'t I!
ull'i; 1'.' t
■ ,1 a h;;,;,
;e li.;. iirol the told aiv.l lliow near
f .,i,e ol the nil Ixmn M lole their
ii.i It.iie'H, a;i,,iher<'f Mr. Bai-.k-V. lervanls,
t'.-i it was
1'. I to tl
I.IL
reliuided he liiull die belore
he i.iL. i 1 iwever, :il leiii>,lh th.y
re.i.ihed the In.', aeM j., lied the mi'ht i:i a lit'iatioii
ilre.idt'ul in iil'-il. a;rl rendered more to \.\ the reimni-
braiiee ol pal: leve.iiii. , ;i:al liie uneeri.u.ii) ol what
was to eome.
'i"lie\ '.vere i.'.elv,' in n'-iml'-'-r whe> ha 1 kl out in
health and Ipiriis *>t ihele iwo weic luj.pokd to be
ahta.lv d..ad; a il;ird wa, (■> b.id, th.-it it ,\a^ .loubilul
wliether he '.vo'.ild be able to proeeeii in the mor:p.'iii ;
;uid a fourth > .Mr. IJU' ha., wai in danger ol the leunn
I'.O'.V Illl
l!ie Inoi
li'^our vi tile e.imaie, as it w.:s now the iiiuli) ol luii:-
nier in iii:s pan ot the worlil ; and e\erv thi;:^ iniplit
lie dre.u'.d tioiii .1 plucnoiiienon, whieh, tii tiie lorit.'-
pondiii^ leai'on, is uuknowii even in Nor-.vav and Laj^
Ian.!.
Tile" oiilv obii'.t \iiilili' at tjav-l-reak was I'no-.i',
uhi(h lei med to Ik as iliiik upon the tree.s as iijiiii t!;e
;.',nHi;i'.l ; ar.^l iiie blalU returned 1 ) treqiiently, and with
tueli violence, that tlie\ tound it impoliibie (or tluiii to
lit lilt. 'I'lieN knew not lunv loiii; thi'> mifjil l.ill, ,ii-.d
ii.l.l but loo jiuali ivatiin to aiiinvhend, th.il it won:.}
loniiiie thetu in liiat iklolale tori.ll till tlu-y i<'rilheil
with hur.aer :ind lold.
A d.'.u.'iit liope lucceeded thel'c ti rrHle apprclitn-
ilons ; to", :;'; iJUt li\ o'clock in the moi ninii, thev dil-
CDvered ihe pUie ot the lun, throuj;h the clouds, uhiili
we:e liecoine th.inner, and be^aii to Ir.ak way. Their
tifil lapj V ;'.s to know whether the p^oor wretches iluv
h.ad been oli!ij;ed to leave anionji, the bullies were yet
livin:; : tor ll.ii piirpoic the', ililpaK lied three of th'.-
coi.ipanv, who toon .liter retmned wiih tiie iiieiancliuly
11'. '^s ot ilieir death.
i'.-.vour.iliie its appe.aranas ha.! lu'en, the I'miw ir;n-
lituied to tall I' tiiick, as to prevent lluir leltino, out
ior liie liiip. 15i;t abi.>ut eigiii o'cloik a liiiall regu'ir
bree/.e l|a-aiV4 Ujs which, with tlie prev.-iilin;; intlu.'nie
of tlie tun, at knuih cleared liie air, and, to their p^n-at
jo\ , the\ toon alter liiw th.e liio.v fall in 1 ir!;e (lakes Irom
tiie treis; a certain lign ot an ai^pro-ieldng th.avs'.
It was now deemed e>.|>e:lieni lo e'^amme more ini-
nuiely into llie ll.ite ot iluir iiivjlid-. Hritcoc, thoup^li
he remained very l^ad, laid he lhoiiii,hl himlelt able in
walk; and .Mr. Hue hail was nun li belter than theie
w.is realon to e\pt\"l. Tliev were now, however, jirelled
bv tie calls i.t hunger, to whiili every other conli-
i dvanon mult give w.iv. The}' therelort- coiiic to an
unar.uiiou.s leloiuiiou, betore they lei torvvard, to cat
tliiir vulture, wiiieli vva.. acconlingly Ikiiinid; and it
b. ing thoutrlit bell to divide it liclore itw-, tit to l>e
(..iteii, it was cut into ten portions, and evei-y nun
cooke',1 h.isown as he thought pri)pi.r.
Alter this tkiider nieal, whuh turnillieil about three
moutltuls eaii;, they prepareil lo let out ; liut ti wa--
till o'clock biloie liic liiow w.is lo t.ir di lib! veil as to
lender their I lojjrel-. praciiialile. llaviiii; ].rocc-cded
about ihrie houri, they ivere moll agreeal;!', liirpri/.id
to tiiid theiiilelves upoii the be.ieh, and much jiearcr
tlie ihip than tiie\ had realoii to e.xpect. l.'pon review-
ing tiieir track tioni the veliel, the\ |)t'rceived that,
inlhad i! aliiiid^ng llie hill in a line, lo as to iieiictru.'
ii.io '.he loui.t:''. , thc\ had iiiace ahriolt a cinle round
It. On their aniv:il on board, they congratulated each
other, and weie congiaiiilated by tlie crew in getitral,
wiiii :in e.',taly ot joy that can only be conciived b\ tiu 'i
a. h.ive b'.eii c.\j:oleil to cijual il.mger ; and Citplii''.
Cuk, t'l tlie honour ot his humanily, obferves, ili.il,
as he lutl'ei'ed lliegreatell an.\ieiy trom their iioi reiuin-
ir.y, in the eveiiiiigof the day on whuh they let out, !■:
1 .uiKipaied ill ii'.i liiiall tleorcc ot the general jov.
liie iK-a time iluu Mr. Bank', and Dr. SolanJei
\x^{\i on Ih'ire, tln\ landed in the bott'.iin of the bay;
aiul while the teuiuen were em|ilo\i.d in cutting brooms,
they |iuil'u'.d their I'/eal ob|ee'l, the improVi.iTient of
natural kiiowleili;e, and had great I'uccels in thecvllcc-
lioiiot Ihells ami pl.ints hitherto unknown. They .itter-
wards Mined an Indian town. When thev got within
a lUKill iJUlance, I'vvo ol liie people came out to ncct
Uiem,
tl'.em, ■.'■••lii li'''i 'bite ;
ti.em, thiv betian t'> h
lliip, \«iiboul ai'.iiieitin
J- r. i.r ti.vir lompai.i.
li:a;i ;i sotiteraiiou lor
111.' t ..Ml, v.'liicli w.v- ti
1 i,e natives were,
thirved, Ixardlet's r.ue
(,i the rail i»t iron, nv
li.i k hair. 'Ihe men a
'I hell llalliie Is tro'll I:
The wi'inen ar.' .o.M
in geiv't'.l, lionii ai
j^-uij-'y |s, ill giieid, !
^f t!-!eir '.v'lrds liy a ton
w. it,.iise lo li. ir the t
oliilriii't ii. 'I '"■■'i' '1
<»u':ii.o'.-, or I' .11, llin
la the ta.iie iLite in wl
|.Kie of the tame Ik in
tliTC'l about llie ankk
)1;;,;. le'.ved tot-etli.r,
r ii hes to titer ktiees
one (kin, haidh
ir.ve
lie lower parts
a liinii ll.ro, ^i-
and
liave
I'hcir ilrels, in nootlu
men. Th'. children j
inured in the!.' iiit.inv;,
l!i,'iu:;h llu'\ aie i onte
bilious to lie lint . 'I
form^ ; me ivvi,ion ot
and the re.l of the ttii
(.f red at id b'.i'.k ; \<-
alike. Ti i.ii.col'.lll>
iliborate upon part
iiiUi'. e- who Inti-'Hluci.
i ) the town, weri
bl.vik, in all direction
appeaiaiice. Both I
.-Is tiiey can make the
The women have tlu
.'li-, ; the men ui)on
flic tor the want ot 1
,1 kind of (illet of I
'I'hev Kt :\ particular
aiid piiier be.uls eve;
'1 heir chiet food :
are coUc'led bvth.e'.'
at low water, witli ;
cd iind bad'cd in d'
They h)of.-n the liii'
to the roiks, with i
batket, which, wh^
The miifck's a'c "1
c.uiiiol proiiire a
other Ibell-iilli, nt''
i..urn's ; but a-, 1
h.ive fo f.'.v implenie
id tor the purpoil-
ili.'V iue freqiKi lb
'1 heir habitat i":'.
llrueliire. conlil'in-
fet up to a.^ to inn:
the top, foriuiii;.', a
of o'lr beediives.
with a few boii;'hs,
tide, about one eigl
for a door and a h
in a cotitiguous pi
of wliiih lite eir.lKi
The t'.iraiturc k
little grals, which !
for ihiiir and bed ,
incnts, whicli neci I
to produce anion.'
only I'eeti a batket i
at the back, ami tl
AM! RI>'\.
A M !, R I (■ A.
5:9
llllblll llO.l!
II t\w) ilU{;l'l
-Il l.'i.ui i.'i;'ji;
iiitii; piDviho.T
)'.| vvliiwi llu'l
, V^iiljl.l II. i|
I' klK'.V 111 'I
li'.L" I'olil, n\
]/r'ii)t <<l lln-
iir hi ot kiii:-
\' I hi!'.-^ (iiiplit
III liii- <-.jn(.'-
.v.\}- and Lji>-
VV.U I'lV-v,
.1^ llpMl tl •
■ntiy, a;iil w.tu
lie iij.' tliiin tl)
iiif.lil l.ifi, .11:1!
tli.'.l it «i!ii:,j
i1a-\ i^tIiIkiI
riCk- apprcliin-
II!!;:, lil^-V <iil-
• (.IdiuK, wliii 11
Iv way. Tl'i-ir
WIVUllVS till V
uIIk-; u^Ti; yd
I [Ur^\^ ot" tliT
tiif iii'.'lar.L!;uly
tlic liKnv iin-
u II' Ic'itiii!^ (nil
a Iniall a-jiuiar
ailin<; inlliK'iKi:
I, to thiir ^rcat
ri^L* /lakes I join
Ing tl'.aw.
miiiK- more in;-
Urikijc, tliou;:;li
liiiiiliit abli- ID
Iter than then-
iinvi-viT, ])riirid
ry oilier tonl;-
la- came to an
torvvarJ, lo c.ii
kiniiLil ; ai.il It
it u.;, lit tl) Ik;
aiiJ evciy niaa
lu'i] about three
ul ; hut It was
(i:il'>lvi:ci as to
viii;^ jnui-cdal
.■i'al>l\ liirpri/vil
:d iiuitli martr
I '|)on rcvii-w-
l>t.-i(iivi.'d that,
ai ID ])cncir:it^-
I a ciuli- round
igratuLilL'd caili
rcAv 111 gcmra',
lIKliwd l)\ IIk ■!
' ; and Capla-.i,
olilLrvi-s, thai,
licir 111)1 rt'iuni-
tht-y Wt ciul, !•:
■iK-ral JDV.
d Dr. SolaivJii
nil ot the- ha\ ;
Liittinu, br.'o.'i.^,
ii)|Mir,i.imiit ot
Is ill I lie culicc-
.'II. 'I'hcy atior-
dicA- (;ot IS il hill
K out to -^iL't't
tlicui.
tl.vMii, •.'.'•th liii'i 1^ 't'-' i*' ''i"y i'"'i'il :iiTi;iiu'. On joiiiiii;?;
Hum, tl'^v iKt'aii i> hollow as liu'v cli I on l»..aid ihc
lli!'>, vviib'ui ai'.ilu-ilini!; thi'ii.ti.'!v.- riilurlo tin.- Ilrai;-
.■ |., (^,- 11, ir I (iii;|ai.ii)ns i and haMi-;^ contiiincd tl;;-.
i;,.i:i;i. xoiiii-ranoii I'lr It i!K' linv.', ii>ndii>itd tlitin tn
llv I i.\\\, vvliiili w.i l'iiii!>.! mi a tin.ill liiil.
I i,v- nalrn • \mu, in a|-i laianci, an ludv, !;;;!l
lliiM'd, Ik .1 I'll 111- lavr, 'lian- mlour U'ii'iiilikd ll. it
(.1 iIk' rvui ut troll, ni'x^d v.iih o 1. 'riky lia'.i.' ioiw
I) .1 k lian-. 'lln.- iiKii .MX- diiiiri.|.")riii'iii-d in lhi.:r lonu.
'i htii llaiuic Is tro'n r.\i. te.i ciiht, to liv.- ti\t ten.
The wi'MH'ii ar>- lo.ilidi talily K'l-. 15 'tli li-\r. have,
in o.''vi- 1, lionil •ml '' v^i.d alj.i'.-t , 'I lu-ir I..11-
•'Ui'i' I-. in ;;.iici.il, luiUurai, ;iiid lln;. iNpreN lo'i-
[ I thiir -.vrds Iv,- a lound (.xaci'y rvk-nilning ih.u \v!;i( ii
w. n.akc 10 1 1. ir ilu- tliroat, when an; liiini; liapiien-. t..
(iliihau't il. Their il.iilliiiif; coiili',' . ot ilielkin-ot 1' ■
<;u.'.:ii.-oe, or li al, tiiiovii i>vcr their llviuldev, e\u-'.!y
la the '.a.iii- Hate in whieli it i-;>i'ies f'i"in flu- anim..!. .\
IK! e it li.e lame Ikm is drawn over I'uir f>il, .■.. 1 { /.-
ill -ud a'lovil llu- ankle- like a pnde ; and P.-o or t'lic-
e.'i-
!:,;,;, I'ewed !ive;!'.r, I'l a.i ii inaL- a i!
t li hes to then- k;ue^ : l>ui llie ili '.1 ir \u\l li.iv^ o:;l.
line (kin, haidh' 'ar^e en')iri,Ii '" i" )>e: lie ' ■ llioiiulers ;
and t!;e lower parts m: ijuiie trike !. j iie women
|,,ue a rnnll Hap, as a \\v:c: laneii!;i tor a fi.'d.vi.
riuirilret's, in noothener|e.t, diif.-r. tVoiu tli.u oi t le
men. The chiiilren j^o e:uireiy naked, and are tlKl^
inured in their inlaney to cold and luirdlliip:.. I'-al ai-
tli.ni'ii I'lev aie lontenr tohe naked, tlie\ ar^- very am
Im!!"U' to lie li'i' . 'I'iieir taces :ire painted in vativa
t'nniis; tiie iVi:,ion ot the eye v.as, in general, wi/iie;
and the re.l ot the tuc adirned vvith hori/.jntal ;'.ie,;ks
(li red aiid b'ack ; 5 el Uarcely any two were e';ai'iiy
alike. T: I. li.coraiioii feeiiis 10 he more prot'ule aii.l
iiiliorate upon pavtieu'.ir oeealions ; I,;- ilu 1....
iiati'. e- will) intnHlueed M;'. Kanks and Dr. Solan';. r
i ) the town, were .iluoll eovered with ibeak > 't
lil.uk, in all iliiections li) .as to make a very lltiki,i;\
npieaumce. Hoili lexes wear bracelets of lueh bead^
a^ iiiev can make ihe'.nt'elves ot linall llv.l!-- or bones.
The women have them both upon their wiiil , and an-
.■les ; the men upon their wrilis onlv ; but to eompen-
laie tor the want ot braeelet^ upon their leg-, ih.ev u.ar
.1 kliul ot' llllet of browa worlleil about their he.ul>.
Thev Kt a jiariitular \.ilue ujion any thing thai i^ red,
and pnler beads even lo a knife or hateliet.
'Iheirchiet tood is liiell-tilli and leah, The tornur
are eolle.-o.d bv il'.e women, wivn'e liulineK it i- to alt. nd
at low waier, wall a balket in one hand, a lliek point-
ed and bari'ed m ihe oilier, and alauh.rl ai their bael.'.
'I'l-.ey lool'.ai ihe limpet-, and oilier r.ili, that ad,i,i.;v
toiheroik-, with die Itiek, ai-,.i pit tiam into ilie
balket, whith, whinnnl, they empi\ ii.ln ihi raielul.
The mull les are ' if a \erv line llav>-iir. W h.-n th.\
e.innot i.roiure a I'utrKienl liipp.ly ot lliele, and ilie
other Ihell-iilh, nceelhiv uigi ^ them to leek oiher iv-
fuiri'^ ; but a-, from their want it itav. ;mi:\-, liay
luvelot.A implemer.is, an-l tliole (i) ba lb conlliiu-i-
id tor the [airpoie- ..I catching a:id delivn ■■-j, .'"imai ,
ihey are treciiiei'lU reiluced to llie ut;-.i ili liit.re!-.
'i heir habitaiii'n-. arc of the moll rude and .iriitieial
nnielure, conlil'ing if nothi"g ir.ore tl;an a tew j:i.-,
fet uploaitoir.cnnetinvardsca.il other, aiul meet at
the top, formiii;', a kind of cone, which relemldes liuiie
of our becdiives. On the weather tide ihey are covered
with a few bou'dis, and a little 'jrals ; at-.d on the lee
nd
tir, whlcli the natives diink ihroii^li a hole that i^ m.uic
11 -.M- the I ip tor that piirpole.
Their we.ipoiii iMiiiill ot a bow and arrow. Theit
bows are indilli rciifly toriiuil, but the arrows are e\-
tnniely neil, bung mule it wood, ami jm jilhed to fhe
highell (ligi\e. Ihe point, vshicli is of glal» or lliiit,
a:ii| barbell, i'- foimed .ual lilted with woiideriul i!e\ti;-
nu. Some jaec.s ot j'JilV >ii(i tliiit, unnrought, were
ieen among them ; b. li !es ring-, but! ins, cloth, and
i.'.nva', with other I'.uropean commo.lities. it w.i-
then, e iiilerred, tl.a: the;, mull lotm-'im-.'s travel to the
fordiw.trd, a ii v\a. many ;ea!s linci an) Ihip had been
t.i : .X t.u'l, a ihi. [.art ol Tcira del I'uego. Our peo-
pi o')!. r\..I ilait ih.ev Ihe.ved no furiri/.e at their tire-
ar.l,., 'Ailh tie u'.'.- ot' which tl.ev ai.peareu lo be veil
;'Aeuaii!ted ; toi tlu} tn.ule lign-. to Mr. lianks to l!;(K)t
a leal, which t'ilov\ed the boat as the) were going on
lliore iroiii the lh!|<. 'jhe) have likewile dart-, oV i.i-
thir harpoons, n-a!.- of bone, and (itted to a llatF, with
whiih liiey kill le.ih, v.h.iks, and other liili.
Their I an ).■
liia'lc of !■;;
nd in each was a
about 0:1 eighth of the circle i- le'i o;.en, both
t...r a door and a nie-i'lace. Ol thi^ kind \\eie hu' . hei!
in a cotitiguous pl.ice called St. Viiueni's IJ.iv. in one
of whiihl'he etr.iiers of a lire were liill remainiu;'.
The birniture hen was, if it m:p Iv f) calld, a
little gral's, which l.iy withindide ol a hov I, and. ler\ed
lor chair and bed^.And of all the utenlils aial impL-
tncnts, which uecilhl} , or ing^nuii., h.ive coiuuiivd
to produce amongll oiher lasage nations, lien, were
onlv Ieen a balket to carry in the hand, a faielul lohang
at the back, and the bladder of liime 1) all lo hold wa-
(he, over which the \'\x iiT/..n creatures huddled
theiiilelves logethir. C.p.'iliil ('cck, (;l)lerves that he
couKl not fuppoie the) c.irried a lire in their canoes loi
th.is purpofe o.ih, bui rather that it may l)e alwav -.
read) loremo'e on lliore wlkreva r tlie\ land; as, let
lliiii- in.'tln) 1 ct obtair.iiig a lire lie what it lu.iv, tliey
ci'.'ld not alwa\s be lure .-f lii.ding fuel tliat would kiii-
di. irom a fpark. They likci\ili- carried in their canoes
l.u-.'.e fctil hide-., whieli C^ntdhi (. 6 'y/t judged was to lliel-
le'- themv, h. n at li'a, !■• lerve a^ coverings to their huts
on llioie, and to be u;e. 1 oecaiioinll) .as tail ,
.N'o qua. Impede were hen in this conntr'', but fca-
lions leal-, ami dogs. It was deemed remarkable that
liieledogs barkcti, wliicli thole that are origiiiahy breil
ill ;\meriea do not. Tliis i-> aikluced as a further proof
th.u the peoj^le Ieen lieie by our vo)agerf, cither im-
mediatel), or remote!), communicateil with the l^u-
rojtean.. \\ hen Mr. Ikinks afcciided the liighell hill,
in hi:, e.\pedii!oii through tiie wooib, he law the toot-
ileps ot a large l.vall imprinteil ujion the fiirtiice of a
bog, though he coukl not, with an\ probalnlity g'.iefi
ot what knul ii might be.
Tl'.e wild foe 1 are lea-jiie:-, lliags, hawks, vulture?,
duck-, geele, and a laige bird c.illeil the I'ort l:;gmont
hen. 'I here Were ikicks tailed by our peoj-'le r.ace-
I'.oile- , on ,u.\ou.u of the great bvitinefs with which they
run on the water ; lor they cannot iiv, the wings being
li'o Ihort to Uipp.ort the boily in the air. Tie geele
here are much linaller than thole of Kngland, but i:i
tfuou. e^jua!!'- .tgree.'.ble. They have Ihort black bilh,
.UK 1 yellow leei . The g.uider ii quite white ; the feniali;
is 1|. oiled black a;id white, or grey, with a large fpot on
e;ahuMii.\. 1 lere are k\.ial other aquatic birds, and
I'liie land ones but not many of the latter.
Seaii e any lilh were Ieen, nor could our people catch
atr with their hooks that were tit to eat. The Ihell-lilh
weie limpets, ckims, and mulcles, and were fouml in
alii!tid;itn.e.
.Xmong tl'.e inleet--, which were nut numerous, there
Were neither gnat or mulketo, nor any other Ijiecies that
u.is either huriinl or troubleioiiie, which in an uncleared
country, was deemed extrakirdin.irv. During the fiiow
bi.ill.. i which haj [Ktied ever)' da\ while our peo])le were
here) the;, hide ihetiilelve ; and the moment it is fair
wetitlier apjiear again, a- niitible .md vigorous as the
warmell weather could make them.
The labour o' the botanillswiis timply rewariled ; for
the) U)und avail variety of plants, the far greater par:
ol which were wholly ditteient Iroin any thev hail Ieen or
heard of Ivtore, but cannot be enumerated here. 0:':e
was le'und pariieularl) beneficial: this was ihe uild co-
leiy, as it conttuned antilcorbutic i|ualities, which may
be ot great beiielit to the crews of liich ihij* as may
hereafter vilit this place. Capt,iin Cosk ordered largo
quantities ot this [ilant to be put into the leamens foup,
\sliicli, thii> meilicated, produced the liime llilutiiry ef-
tecb. whii.h llainen gcaeralU derive from vegetable
diet,
h
i •
1 1
II
rM»bl
"i il
It
i
mi
540
:i.\\
ASM)
ALTIUNTIC SYSTF.M ot IMM.RSXF, {.HOCiRAl'F lY.
diet, aitcr Iliviuj?, U\ u K.ir, k.oi»i'awJ
1 t.) t:x u'x ot l.k'.i
prov
ili'in';.
TIk- ti
CC WIlH
!i IT k!u,js the '.viiitcrs b.;rls. i- knimii
by II-* liriu-l U-:it', lliiiv.l lii.j Uk- Uu:d, dIa l:j^lit t',K;'ii
col 'III' wi
tiu)iii, ami iiicHiiln'' ti> IV.u
ith
Tl
bark
IS i-aliiy tui;'i
I'l knu..
..I
tii.'s arc \M-
Witii :■
ii\c or iti
ami ii^ Mi"-
])Olc
T
a- a i)iii'c
:■.• i .i;l la >K\K's o'. '.nail uvi-, tlic IknU': \v..ii:i
uli..! I.'f mil I. A.; I ui-
lU
poiv I 01 lick) iiioir.iiaiii- witliMiit till I.ull ipfiiaraiii r
ilMj;,' i'"'^'"' ll'^lt' lUi uiii.iiiH itrminaii lu Iturrul
liriMj-ii-''. v\h>li. » r.i.ri;\ luiimiii> limo up lo a \.ill
liwi_,lit, lo liiat hardly ,i.iy t!.'."^ in iiaiuri; laii aiipcir
i\it.i a nine l)arri!i a;i<l i:i\\vi,c aljiict lliaii tins | art ol
i'.".i!itr\.
li
I* iiiaiul inuuiilaiiii wcri- totirid
wn 1
lao.v, but titoic oil ti.t lea coail w
not.
|\» .1 I'.tiv i loiiiotiiorv whicli teru.i.j.iUil 111 i«r, hji'li
is tr iin ;!0 to 40 ;.:.t lii;^-,!). a:U tV n.i two lo tUric Ua
m li'.-.i'iui
.T i Kdliai III c.i.'v. "t iit.ciliiv llw^ .voii''
1 lu]
\>\\ a lliic '.v^ili tojinul'.--. I'iioy aiv a li
bear a I'liiaii Icat, a;i-l clique \\y\ i\..\'\.
Crar.h.rrii's grow liiTe o
bitterilh t.i'io, rai;i.r iiul;.i
,:ov are a li.'.lit Aiuie woj*.
I a l^u'.'.i. piant, a;;il i .i\e a
1 Ul 111.
IK- eai. 11 eiliiir
ra'v or in i.irt'
n:itiv.-.
1:
lu.nei uii.'-i e
.Itw.l l-\ V--
iK-.'.ive-^ t! J not a|'i ■ ar to li.i\e
Uil
to,u-r-,
t al, t.
> utiKli vvaii a liiil lha|<<.U liKe a l(i;>ii-
Cc!.K j;.'.i-c the lU.iie ot \uk Mi.-.lie
I., ivi...; I ■■- IJH't tlu) aiTiviil ia L'li iliiuas S.iuiii|, ami
t.iiii-. 1.1 .1 1-.. o; 11 :iii li.iil)..iirililliii;,iiilin..i hv tiieiiame
ot ii'.e l>.\ii . Ilaio.i. ll i-> a very Uiure i.laee, but
■.j;liu!^ n'ulil be more .jlo«,iiiy; l.ir tlic v.Ul iitij^lit ot'
the roi.-^
il.t. l.ari'.-ai!
-.i-i-
I cin-onii ah II ill j rue ^f'-'' I'-''' ■''
ot t^e iii.cuiia:i lun.
gip\ornuK -.t or lui)uri.ii;5at;'.'ii ; ,10 on-.- u iii.-ie u-ie^
than a;i->il cr, \\i ilicy leoiii i) liv.- toj;wt'.ii.r in lUe u;-
nioil hariMon;- ami jjOt' ! L\\o\ il.i| . iNo .'j i)caia:,ee
reliiiion is (iilesn ere.l aa.
lli'.i.i, e.\(.e, I l..e li'<i.
have Ix'eii mcnh'V
a.
:m:i are in,
d I.
it
. liiat
be a
I'll
criuiiou- e/raiMii>', iiu-r.n 00
au!e ll i.innoi I'.' re-
ferred to anv ilun^ elle. Lii-)ii ihe wiioii, lliele i-e |.le
api
liar t.) I.
i!ie .noil ilt-lliluie
iM.>ii>, a.i v\v.ii a^
a I!.
the moll iKipiil, ot all , u.iian Ix.i.gs; ti.e very oute
ot'iiaiure, who fpiiKJ their llve^ in uaiul riiij, alxnit tl.e
drear) \\ailes wiKrc two ot our pe j-^ile peiilheii Aitli colil
in the midll of lum,;i.i, with iw dwellin;^-, i ui a
Da the liU'i-e lo ilie weiiward wire fill!-. 1 oilier liar-
boiir , ill an 01 whicii were Irelli uatir ami v*ood t -r
ill.
but turn the liUle lulls of b
t!ie whwle
ir.try a;! i.ire 1 a-, a b.irreii ro^k, i1ih)iiu,1 by iiaiiirc
anil ram , alnull nakc
le tuat 1- tiirriiili
b
wretehed liovel of tbeks m;A urals, whi^h wi'.i not c.ily
admit the -.vind, but the I:
and I'.eib'.ute ot every c.ihv
the ru leil art, h.ainj, no uie.itil
I'oikI ; yet they aa- eoiUiuUd.
no w
even lo ilreli l..u.
'1 liev Kern lo U.,\\
i!ii for ai'.v ti.in|j more ihaii li.iv jotiii-.
nor
did any ti-ing ofi'e.c.i ti.i:n b;. i,ur vu\.'gL,.. aj [ ear a.
liU.iii .r 01
•atur >.ar
:i.i\.
an.
'1 lu- lei
eoalt IS lompoled ot a
fhill iilan.!'-. On one ol the
in an exiK-iMioii up the eountr\,
l.aind iLvi'.il I.UI-. wl.iiii h.u! lately b-en inhabited:
ik;u li.em j^,iew a good ilea! .1 celleiy, whiiii was gii-
li-.ered am. laki-.i 111 iioa.il tie ihip. '1 hey met wall
liui.-
iliat
.uiie, o.K- uu.
■k, t
iree or lour I'la."
lid about
llOl; lluiU.
umber ot ra.ls, or lea pus bemii a:i tliey gut.
.- ;.!a-.id uiider wi.itii the iiii|> was l)r(iuglit to an-
C. ;-.'.-/« Ccik cailid Shr.^ iiland, from i>bl'erva-
ng n g;eat numiicrs in
I. e iliaj's breed
cllli's I't the ; V k.. Our people lliot loi'-.e of tie old
wliK'h are
ot wliith
ut e;iu.d not co.ue at i.ie vii.n^ )i e-
by Lir tlie
t lUli;
■Jlie
V i.'..\ Unue
the, k.iiu tl'.ice, v.'..tn ] ruved iii^hly a>.iv;. table.
(,)... >t tl.e I'.^utearnt-. k .1 •.») i\;ii.-e tie e
ail (!<
ce'itab
It b
.u a:-, on-.anui.'ia. .u.-iiiUia i
life
Captain Cock expr.U'es hii iiirpri/.e tliat tl-.ell- peo;
lIo not clot lie
the
bet
u-r, lui.
tainh
irovHleu iiuiieiiah.
Tl.^
natuie
hne
bas
tb
ter-
f.-al
S aouaiie l.iirds
tkin eloak^ with the ikins anil leati.ni o!
they mi^ht make their cloak.; larger, and lUi; loy t
lame ikins tor oth.er part-, ot ilo.ituaig; lor ii eanuol
fuppofed the) are Icane with ll.em. 1 .ie\
re.uly enou
pie
^h to pa.t Willi tiiofe they ha.l i
o I .ir
ell ti
nev wouiil
I l.aruiy have iIoik- li.id i..e\ in-l
il'.iomeM i'l live m oi'e i
>re to i;it mor
Tiiet'e
,-e.iple
ilu-
.vor
wniioi'i liaviii'
,.f thi. m..!i iiiliol'i it-ible cli:
t.i-j,.iciiv enouiji,n to prov.-J.e
tliv-ailtivis wan li.i.i c'.:.\e;ai'..CvS a.^ m.-.y rei.i.er
in li.'iie mea'iir.-, u-.i.iv i.4;.i.;;i.il)le ; and, Ib.inj^
.'.ppear. Captain (./.ok remaik^, th.it ii.e li
It n
ing tliey wi;re, wi.e
liaii
he '.as hi
the liimmei', w;
luliiciellt to irn.l.t l.ie'.r l.enlll
Willi
everi
from tl
n tliat fealoa. \'\ in', tlieii, ir.-ull ta.
Ihe
Ivll
e.\l
.-me ri'.'our i-t i!ii.ir came m llie wiai-.,!
n a w'"i\',
tli'->' are, williout eN'.el
tl:
.-ted.
IV.
.e, and u;
tiir earth
.juli. l^^."^^ oa llie hu.
e iii"U Cl-
ot
It i^ noriiiy of cbfer- aiion, that ahr
wao have mei.i
t:
ill.a-.d i.t 'll
deltribe it as dLilili.e ol wooil
flio
bi ti
. int-er it m ;
that lin-.>n ni.jiht, ]•. r
It be
,, l-.e
ail writer;
del la L-i
Vi r. ( Lv .1 1
lliolL- wl.i. '.i-.v il
\ (1
lOLl!
o, l.av.
ml.
Captain C^ok that the
,u- t:
e i;-.ot wii.ii i.ie ihip
■ationeil was
.i:.irt the ill.iml la
a iM\v
111
t.
C !
i) ini". ijiif" 1 anr j wmt tla-
:n u..k s
ihi
pauy
tv wen
r In tl
j^.a u'.iler lie 1
iland
'.-, ; ;Jl ol,l,.i.iia 1; e r.anie ot Ci'ivk llia.d, they fcuial
pkiitv i-i ll-.i^-.- I'llfeiLlV, and i,>ti till lout li lide many
u-.-ii'.. It i.;., , ..'.... lo Ik m..u!'.iinj, linK-, and moii of
i.:vm viiL 1 .1 ih.uj lor t!..i( pu'| oii-, and could not fly.
av:.7^\eat luil, iiie [ariiis Ivund much
aji,, and \eiy bail tiimbing over the
)f the
.-rs up
It 62,
row
, lai,.
the
*\iie raiK.eil
lo that hm, drills i
.1, i.iai III il.ita, '.wiae ii.io tl.e I'ea, aa-l otln
tlie
1I..1IX
b\ 1
ome means or other
Ihev
»
wall wl.'.Lh
a 1:
li.ev reti.rnal on bcaid, all liia.-tily tind :
:.,i:;;lMon overbalancid every other conli-
n, a. 1.1 i.,:v Ml (luwii with a
good
api elite to
'I
.e: 1 .1 1 an ol i^li;.t tne p'recLeuii.g day had produced.
.i\ had bilore br.
uglit on i'oa
14 g-
L-le
10 t ,u ll e La; lain ua- able, tl.c iie.-*;! day, to make a
I dii'i-ii'ufk :i to tlie whole cfiw, which was the more ac-
ccj.taiile on aceuual ot the ap.pio;ic!iing fellnal, this
ijip.
>jd. !..
iiU" an opinion tl .U 11 w;
.1
III..
Aal.
a Unr.
i-ai is I :
fiicurnl
C';., tain C:
lirll ti
uice uiat r;
till
.villi.
h a
n tl.e bij;!:
i.giani:-.::. i.i
ilwer-. 1.1 ou
■y 11-
ol
.av,
acLuunt tor l'
din:
r^ii', e Ol In;.
defc
rii.tion fiom that ol CaL'inia Ci
Cdpld'n
New Zeala;
C''ok,
^coni. vo\ai..
lail.-d
•l'.,ia d..l 1
iives the
folii
<i'.-lerj;.t;'jn "f I-:
-al
iouth-welt colli:, wliic.i
had viliie-
i.i.aer: .hy <..a.r ;.'
• >b!jr\e-., thai I'.b
lx:n
;_, ihe 24.111 ol lAcimber
had not I'rovideiK
thus lin;-,u.ariy jroviile.! lor our vo) a^ers, theChrilimas
la-e niuil have been lall provilion.
iiiL;1he alileiiie 1.1 the Cai tain, a niimbir of ih.e
i;ui
nalives h.id L-
1 iiey leimed
amoniill ilnin fn
■en along-llc'e the Ihip, and lome on board.
will .aci.[U.iiitid with l-.ur(;peaiis, and hail
On another \ilit,
ot tie lame
lie ot ihiir ,
tiie 25111, Ccipt.nn Cuk .ound ihtm ti
his f.,rr
111 lore leen in Sun el-, li.i
..y.ige
■Ihiv
blervi
to
toiid of train oil, .is liny, ard ev^ry ihing they hai
■y
.11 ol It nu-a iiitoierahly. Captaia Cook 1 idered them
bileuit, bat tl-i.
il a. he h. (i
y ill. I not api
b;e.i told. Tl
:.ir to be It) f.
he gi.ve tmm ioaic niei
ol l.a.-d\'.arc.
lu!
11 y v.cre mueli pleale
klllV
'I lie n.uives all retired before d
lel^latc CO.
-alt tl
t'le 111;
e ever la.'.
il leeau-
eaiaeiv wJ.ii-
leil
;aHl oilier iiiiclis
inner, am' did not
'.vait to jiar
take ot the Chiilimas f
iiV.
iiideeil, ih.
Cait.iin W.IS ot ojji.iion, thai, they received no i.ivita-
tloli.
npptnnm (■
ii\ liiirriil
III .1 N.Ul
i\iii ;i()|n.Mi'
I 111'. I MM ol
i.(m.Utl
lit.
.1 Ul<',M-
K Mi:'.Ui.-r.
MUiiil, anil
)\ tiiv.' ii.tniL'
lJ;kc, l>ut
I luiL-Ilt lit'
at |a.t ot
oilier liar-
I wiH)d t ir
I lie wliulc
I l<y iiaiiirc
i;«)lcii ot a
II ic ot tlic
If (.oiintry,
i:iluil)itc(l :
ill w.is ^a-
nu'l uitli
and ahijiit
icy Pui.
;^lii ID an-
im olilciAa-
iiuiniKTS in
ot tic old
, winch arc
•, ot winch
tal<lc.
c call falc
k tiiat the
Atiiilicil vvas
a co\c ill
s went tlii-
^cnt i)j tlic
r ii:e iiland
they ti.uud
III tiilc many
aiiil nioli ot
ould not lly.
iiiiul much
ig over the
lads lit tin:
■1 otiicrs lip
uy got 62,
artiiy tiiid :
other tonti-
apietitc to
,ul jiiuduccil.
id 14 t;i-cte ;
, to iiKikc a
tr.e mure ac-
leUival, this
l'lo\ idelac
lie Chrilimas
amber of t!-.c
nc on board.
ins, and IkuI
iHother vitit,
ot tl.e lame
els Hay, oii
to be very
i|; they hail,
idered I la 111
e io t.iiii! ol
|ileakd '.■ ..en
iliier .ulicks
54t
idc, isfitiiatcd in lati-
lon^iti'dcvv dey- '^
Ilik-fonlo Iflc \^hich,
iriL^ the found, York,
will hardly be known
ion that can be given
ance according to the
t is viewed. Bdidcsi
tic end of Shag llland,
between this and the
jpious del'cription of
cry few would derive
t dejcription cf all the
, with every curious in-
'at(-ft and moft authentic
rated (OUHlryman Capt.
ive a dejcrittion of the
■ich, as well as in other
every new difcovcry- j
;d ccmtryman Captain
jgal. There arc only
1 to the crown. Thele
d profit, and therefore
irft grandees of Portu-
ates^ prcl'cnted to the
1 prodiidiveof good or
iter and difpofition of
-red.
•nt of South America
Dutch, are very incon-
h the optilf nt and ex-
iards and I'ortiiguefe.
iption of South Ame-
ions to which the vari-
with every particular
irevious to this, it may
bllowing Table, Ihew-
c parts into which the
OK .Soerii
America.
efC.t.ci;.
lirU'n|;itig tj-
13
.Spain
■s Ayres
jpriiiUrds and
Jcfuits
g" j
Spain
Its NmlvcJ
bartijn
Portug.ll
ItsN-itivo
inam
Ouich
FtcT.'jh
aiul dill r.ol
liideei!, tl'.c
d lio i.ivita-
twii,
i
I"
^l^,
Mi
\H»
'T'^ i
liiii-i
540
A '.MA
iU"t, aticr liivinjj, lu-. •»
jirovii'iDns.
'I'lK' (ICC \\l'.il!l I'V n
by i'« Uriuul kit, llnin
ciil 'tir vviiiunii, .1 1'l
bark is caiily liiii 1 I \
Ui.'s arc vM'li ki.u..ii,
jhMc' u- .1 iiMi\-.
T >.■•.• i i.l i:» '■•.>!»
U fr >iu JO ID 40 ;..t
in I'MtKuT . 1.1 ili.ii ir
t)!y :'. tliij^ '.'.ill toj si'.ip
X-;»r :l i.uMl !c;lt, ill> 1
Cr.'r.!'.ril''s ^vow '.,t
biiNnlh \ Ac, IV.,.; • i
r:. V or HI I .iL . i .1
n:'l.v ■.
Tiiv n:'.iivi'« i' I !-.iit
g'lvcrnnu .t .r 1.1 '■ •.li
lIuM .i:v r r, \a l icj
moU 'i.'.riM'Mi' .;:ui j,c.ic
rcli:;i>in i< liiA.n^rcJ :u
h\\\ 1\'< II niciit' • .. ',
I'li^ i-riluiuii- I.- -Mil i:iy
t'cnul 10 .i'\v iliip.i; illl
appi.ir to 1 w 1:,^ .r.i'il
(lie 111. ill Uujiiil, 01 .ill
dt' ii.uurc, \\Ia) I'lit-iul I
i'rc;iry w.iil.'s wiui'c twi
in the iukHI m' Uiii
\s re tilled liuvil ot I'lcl
admit ilie •.Mild, I'ui t
and I'.eir.'.utc ot i.\i.t\
t!v.- ruL.t a-t, li.\.-,j,
food ; yit tlv.y :i'C C
no V. i::i tur ■.'.:•.) linng
ill 1 ,i: » ti int; I'ti'c.c :
Cc; !.lr.., (.■■.tij't bl.iwS
life.
Captain Cock (.xpr.!]
do not cIoiIk ilaiiiicU
f:iini\ ])iM\'!i-led iv.aicilt
(kill tiiAik- wiiii liic ''kVl
tlicy niij^lit nuiivc il.cir.
lame fkiir; tor ol'ier pat
lui.jW.cd they m^ !e:
fell I) enciuj;li 10 pa. I a
pie, wi'.ieh liivy w-uiii
knov,;i ;•.'.., re to i; l
d v'liK i ;■! Iivi. 1.1 11 J c
in ill.- '.\;i:vl, w^'.iioui lu
iIk ;iilli%v.' V iiii 1i;i!i 1
in I'.iiie iiH.i'ii, ■. I. ..ic
It v.) ■• .:]", ear, y'.ap;,::n
ir.i; !:.e\ '."..■e, u. .;. lu
l(.aiv> \\ ii.i.in.itiit to I r
i;\e:i :i that leal.'.-i.
tr«',n ii.e exir-ine rijoO
lu a \\''h', i''i'> ai'., x'A
j..-:j,i, ;n:;;n;.;.-, a:iJ
ti" eaiili.
it i' ".•"■l!:V ot' cMe'l
wlr) !. i\e li.eiii :.);■:- !
tl^iel.i'e It ;;s d.iiH.
Iho.v. ill ti..- v. inter
tiiat ki.in iii.ij't, ;
ar.'.:!'
-i-. ■■■ '""■ -:i "P
\\..jj. l.jrJ. A:.l. .1 A
Mur^li, C... taia C '■■••.'<:.
(thai 1^ li ; tiul tiiii )
circiimfb.'.nte i lal 1 .. ■ a
defcri].tion i;om t!;at 'ji'
CdJ't-.lhl Cook, 111 his
New Zealand, liil.-d a;
gives me Ijlluwiiii; ii'.'li.-r
ioiith-vvelt co-ill, wl.. ■ 1
hal v-iliiel h-f'jr-.-. 1! •■
•ler^late coait tie evi r fi
,/,
^
AMI-KlCA.l
tion, and for a very
pt-rlon-., and their n.iu
Ipoii the .ippititt- ot a
have bitn a moll m
Iieoplc not hivin^liad
loall and lioiled [J;ri-t
tittle known to tli«-m
loiiv M.idiiia wine le
of provilion tlint was I
obtetved af the ilole <
Injdand diii not, perl
tht-arfolly than tht y
woriil.
l iu- dav lollownif
anotiit-r vifit ; and il
when l.e law thrle
naked oa the drik, (
vas to I over theinlelv
A pariv went out a
b« in!" h-n- and pleatan
foutli-hde of (loofc I
Vroin thf felHval
Cook t;,ave it the naiiK
I N 1 U
THIS immenfe t
of Darien to I
lirrivi-d the (general
Spaniard'. ; thon^li
Portugiii-le, polVef'.
fide the Spanilli u-r
tht North Se.i to
ajrain at Km de la 1
ot Kra-^il oceiipyins.
River of Plate qui
bpaniai-d'. rather i I
Such a profufion
Spaniards and Port
torirs in this part o
no farther induei-i
auelh or diftov- lii
♦•'xpanle of interioi
miles from eall to
to foiilh, ren.aias
polTcHionof the na
thofe p.nts which
reafon to fuppole,
and valuable coit
drugs, fruu;, cattl
The Spaniili do
dcr two governors
rals,fubordinate to
of Panama, Terra
Los CJh.ireas, and
and a certain num
iting, with the int
Brazil, the mol
dominions in lout
only two or three
tion of (^overnnii
called Capitaneas
ing a principality
No. 50,
AMI RICA.]
S O I' T H A M F K I C A.
J4l
tioii, AJul (or ,1 very (iliviom nwfiin, as the ir liltliy
prion-., .iiul tliiii n.Miffmi* llriah, vm-io tnmigli to
Ipoil the .ippttiii' otaiiy lMiro|i(.in , .iihI tli.it would
h.ivf bun a moll mortif'yini'; ililipi'diiuimiit, our
1L-n\i\r not Ii.ivinK h.ul I'll' h a ('ooil hti for I'onu- liim-.
<o.ill .itul tioili'd [^r<li-, JMi<.l( i.if, &c. w.n aticnt
little known til them, anj the (.il>i;i f^iicll'. li;ul yet
Ionic M.ulura wine led, whiih was ih'- only artiile
ofprovilion fli.'l w.is better for kee; ini;. (.'iipt. f.'icli
obt'erveil af the dole of the ilav, thai lii- ;r frienvli in
l.n^^lanil diii not, |ierli.ip^, lelelirate ClirtUnia-> more
the.lrfiilly than they iliil in this remote j'.irt of the
woritt.
l he tlay following the native* paiJ our pfoi)!c
another vilit , and ilie Captain liuinaii'lv feejni'j,
when he law tliile poui wretilies tri'niblinj; afiil
nakei! <m the iletk, gave tluin lome b.ii.'.c and can-
vas to (.over theinlelvts.
A party went out again to Ihoot [leelV, r!ie weather
beini; (i'le and pleafant. 'I'luv proceeded round by the
fouth-lide of (loofe Kland, and pii ked up in all ji.
from the felHval teltbratid .i' this place, Qiptiim
Ci('k tjiivi It the name of ChrilUn.vs Sound. The en-
tranee, wliiili \% three lea(;iie?wlde, is ritti.netl in laii-
tiiile 55 de;'. 27 nun. louth, ;ind longiti'dc 7t tlcj;. 16
nun. well, loleai'iies from St. Ildefonlo illc which,
are tin- belMand mark for hndmi^ the found. York
MinlU-r, Cuptani (.'oak obferve^, will iiardly be known
by a llranger, from any delcription that i^.m be f;iven
of it, bei aule it alieis iii ap[)earance according; to the
tlitVritnt li'uaii'ills (torn whidilt is v;ewed. UelideK
tiie Black Uik!., which lies oft'the end of .ShsL"; Ifland,
there i> another ab(nit inidway, between this .ind the
ea(t Ihore. 1 le adils, that a copious delcription of
thi^i found i'. unnecellary, as very few would derive
entertainment or benefit from it,
/f.il'JXG thii.f f^ivfii an nmpli- di-fiript'in cf a!! ihc
ytmericMi an.! U\Ji liiJiun Ijluiuli, vjith (vny cuncus in-
iuh'iit -we I'Aild pycdire f)om the lanft a)ul mcfl authentii
navitiUors (partictil,irly 6ur ctlitrattd (outitryman Capt.
Cook) tv'i' lh>ill iii/tj proteed to give a dejcnption of the
continent of SciUth /tmcricci, in '.vhicb, as urli r: in other
parti of the vorlif, ict fiMill inj'frl every new difcovcn,';
iinludiH" al! theft of (iir tcUlrdtcd a-iiittyman Caotiiii
Coo!;. "
fj
h
C II A P.
XII.
SOUTH AMERICA.
I N 1 u o n IJ C T I O N.
THIS iinmenfe track, extending from the Iftiimns
of Darien to Cape Horn, in form of a triantrle,
derived the (.general aiipellaMnn ot' I'eiuvi iiia from tlie
Spuiiards ; thoui.^h other n.irinns, particularly the
Portuguele, poliefs a ( onfideralile pnrt of it. On one
fide the Spanilh territories rearh nof.irther than from
the North ."se.i to the Lcpiinoxial, and cominencc
ajrain at Rio de la Plata on the otlier, the fine country
ot Brazil 01 cup\ ing the niiiUlle Ipace i :uul from the
River of Pl.ite (]uitc to the Sti.ilts of .Vl.igellaii, the
Spaniard', rather claim than pofii-t'^ .i n'.d dominion.
Such a profiifion of wealth has acdiieil botii to the
Spaniards and PcjrtUfruefe from ihrir lefpei^tiv e terri-
tories in this part of t!ie glt-be, that iliey I'eem to have
no farther inducement to extend either their con-
Quells or difcovrries. l-'rom this caufe a prodigious
exjjanl'e of interior jiarts, comprf Ik tiding iir.ir 2000
miles from eall to well, ,ind about icoo from north
to foutli, reii.ains uiiexploretl, .uul conl'e(iucritly in
poirclfK^n of the natives ; thougii t:um the produce of
thofe parts wliich are known, there is the gieatelt
reafon to Uippole, they abound in the moll cluMce
and valuable commodities, as gold, filvei, gems,
drugs, fruiti, cattle, corn, and various other articles.
The .Spaniili dominions in .South America arc un-
der two governors, ftiled viceroys and c:ijn;'.in-grne-
ralsjfubordinate to whom are feveral audic'nces ti'^ thofe
of Panama, Tcrra-Firma, Chuquil'aca, Qi_iit(), Lima,
Los Ch.ircas, andCiuli, conliflingeach of a prefident
and a certain number of counl'ellors, appointed by the
Jking, with the inleri jr officers dependent 01 them.
Brazil, the moll important part of the Portuguefe
dominions in fouth America (as they poliefs befides
only two or three fingle iflands) for the better regula-
tion of government, is divided into 15 provinces,
called Capitaneas, or Capitainries, the whole form-
ing a principality, which gives title to the prcfump-
tive heir of the crown of Portugal. There are only
fix of tiiefe capitainries annexed to the crown. Thefe
are offices of great honour and profit, and therifbie
objei'ls of juirfnit among the tiift i.'randees of Portu-
gal. Thev ai-e, as in other Hates, prelentcd to the
f.iviuirit<'s of the monarch, and jModuc'tiveof goodor
ill, in pfoj'ortion to the char.icter and difpolition of
thofe on whom they are conferred.
'I'hofe parts of the i ontinent of South .Vmerica
belonging to the Trench and Dutch, are very incon-
liderable, when compared with the opul'-nt and ex-
tenlive dominions of tiic .Spaniards and I'ortuguef'.'.
As we procud in our defciiption (if South .\me
rica, we fliall point out the nations to which the vari-
ous p.irt2 refpedively belong, with every particular
worthy of (.lefcription. Hot previous to this, it may
not be improper to inl'ert the following Table, Ihew-
ing, at one view, the rcfpeftivc parts into which the
whole is divided.
TAnLt OF THf Co.NTivENr OK Sol Til Americ,\.j
Cijuntrir..
1.0 n.;.
BlL'.l.
Clueie.t.ci;.
Ilri .i:.:ir;i; t>. ■
Teira-l-'irma
1400
-co
l'.inam.i
> Spain
i'eru
1 ;oc
50c'Liin.i
1
I'jiajjuay
1 ;oo 1000 Bucr.o. .lyres
i 1
op.iui.irils .inj
Chili
1200I ;oo St. J.ig.)
Spain
Terr.i MajjcII.i- 1
nic.i, or I'au-
gonu 3
-00 300
■■
Its Natives
Rra7.ii
2qoo 700 'Jt. Scballiun
I'ortug.il
.•\ma7onia
1200 ')6o
780, \io
Its ^'ativl.■^
Guiana
re •
j bunnam
[ Cayenne
Duttli
Frr'.':'!
'■^ »
' '
\' A\
Mk'' tri't
No. 50,
6X
C II A i'.
u
]'; H|
\>,w
%
11
'M
'>^ >^ vrKii'^^K.v.i"- iii'NTTF--^'i:':,,,,,,,M
>_ C ■'■>'». ,„.,, V *.., ,.■••' A. /."'•'' ,
/-'<'••./ u.M»"''' i(,i<*./,»«J ( Lot,. „ •/,/,* o' ,;' vr^-^ V ^^ ^
l'>"'\,»v"'-"'
(Iai.i.ai'aoos .; "■'".■'"'• ^
1'"" / //7w,., , /
C .)'/.. vi//
rMi/i,.
A V .1 F il
(^ \\ A ;\
• •I. 1<H^ ^^ - '.-v
^( ,, ,^\ \'"" ■ ^ > *
A
.i//.'/,.' A^l fl.DT
/',
o
Till
?< ./A/r,i ,r
f) 1-i
.,-//,/!
.> AV/.i-
At-,/,,//..'/, /
y;./u.j/'
I ri
\i
\V\
A
'r
/ I'l'jii- iX'i' ■^ .>/„„/,//„/,/,.,/„ • • -f'/.'f.'/./.'r
/'y""l •''■'/"•''■ '-■^' ^ *- ^"
//./. .I.v//./ ./,«.'./ ' J
.s
o
T'
1 1
.\
.l>i.<.IV,,. I,
/i.>„/„./.\ i ■ p \ w *- v*-* /■*i'/'-'. , ;
/'.»/„.„//„/„■. Ijt -' A V^-i V '..,/•""" G 11.1 r a u I .V ^i
/■'■W./i.M„.,>\\ ^ \ - ^ .. S ," >^ ^ V „. /
i' /// /// ■■/// ////
Iioid llic |,clt Modci'ii
Maps vm, Cuaui's .
l/.,Ai.,i Y^l ■'! I'l.tl..
(■.,t,..i,u..|-.'""Vf^"\ ,, -- '■"■•/'''■"7~>. .n//v,./,i
^J '//* r t/t<i i/
li.il.liM.if, / J !-
/;,,„./, II,,,., \ i /-/,;,;.:',;;;;,;
'y //,/,. /,,/■..//.,•
/X
r/.'„.„.,„yr,As.u,-.'''!;""iM /:, ■.„„;/
/.i//,,./,„/..,f^,,,^-,/(./.i ^■;,,^, ^
"'„//,/■„,,. _f^ I, r/' ,-.'"''' I /,/,■/.,.,■//,-,. ^ , ', ^
( « .,/,/.< V ■ i. • I "... i/ 'llio.f,,;,,:, /
ii/"'/*../"''', '>^v <,-.".""""",,
,-/• .;//■
L\
/.;
, l.utli' AuliUfs
r ( I 1 .1 II .t'ia
ijii -^■'■='y. ' . "ll't.\ iii\ tun /.I/.A I \ ,_, ,,
.iiM.i.\i|y'-V'i*;T^'vV^'-.u.,j.,,i _ j^_
1 .1, .1 ,/-,i... , ,. ' '■■"'■'•''f.-'Z^' „„/„■
N T I C
/,/ /„//,n/ /, ir .■ ' r, /// /,'/„//,/,//
\ '
•• ■ 'i •: ~"-^" '^ -I • . I
-i
I i>
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54'2 A J.T.V;, ROYAL .v;:t AUTill-NTlC ijVyTEM oi L'NI". EK.-AL oLOGtL\PHl['.
C H A P. XIII.
SPANISE-I DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA. *
I' >i
\4 'I
I ;
1
s v. c r ION I.
lERRA-VIRMA. or CA3I ILE DEL ORO. I
THIS jTovince :s fini.itcd between t!ie eqmtor .in.l
12 lii';;. north l.uitvkie, .irul between 60 .uul S:
dcix. welt loiij^iniile, bc'inii about !4co miles ii\ l^ni^th,
ami -ro in bre.idth. It i:, boumlai on tl'.e north, by
part olthe Atlmtic Ocean, on the e-.ill by Ciuian.i ; on
the well bv New Spain and the Tacilie Ocean ; and uii
the fourh, by Peru, and the ronntry of tlie An-..i;'.ons.
It derived the name of C^allile del Oro, or the liold'-ti
Co3(\, fro;ii the great q-.;a:it;ty of gold it containeii.
The lili-.n-.us of D.rien, t>r Terra- Firnii Proper,
ioins North and Somh America. Tiie lii.iiate of
Terra-Eirma, tfpecially in the nort!ifrn divilions, is
ver'- fultr\' d'.uinij; the whole year. [■''.■.>:n the montli
of MiV to the end of November, tlu-re is an almolt
tcntiiunl fucce.T.on of th'.inder, riin, and tempelh
rhc cxrcfnve hears raife the vapour of tlu- lea, whiih
is prcipitnted in I'lcli rains a'; frein to tlweaten a de-
l\ii,e. I'rom the midd.le of Occeniber to the middle
of April, the rains reaie, and t'le weatlier becomes
jTiorc a-;rceablc.
'I'lie foil of this covintrv i:, very different, the in! md
parts bcinj rich and fen.le, and the coalh (r.
iW
and
fll'i' iibiily kpowi\ fiFi :i' ount ot it', dnir, 1 lUeil
I.ibellidp C'lith.-U'en.i, in the bean ot' C.irtln;;-n:i.
This bean ennr lir- 1 hen,''! relemblinr an .d:;; uii!'
but lefs wliif
ry b!;t(
■i'h
l.s
■■vM-\ i.~ an
rvi'ellent remedy ti'i tlu- bitis ufviperj nr.l lerpents,
whieh -in- VJ-ry rommon •hrnnp;hoiit thi^ country.
t.ik
iir to tlieir
.1 litfj'" of (hi:. kTnri t'allin;', I'ld tlien rej',
wiirk, witiionl any apprehcnlioii of danjier.
'Ihert- wee nine ,! riTP.bcr of j'nlil mine; in rlii
c: -i.'itty, I Kt ihi y lie no\\ in ■ '^iuM meafuu-cx!a'.I''.d
li
barren. 1 he prodiiLtions arc Indian com, b.ihtis,
eua-.s and diru^s, feveral fortsot tiiilr, Aigar, tobacco,
various kmilsofdy;:;^ woods, precious llones, [vifticu-
larly en.cr.ddr, and f.ippliires, ve;i:(^.'n, and f;,'.,iie.
Great numbers of cov. :> .md hoas are i'i;d in the mca-
dow3. 'I'lie ir.ountaiiii abound uith tifHTs, and num-
bers of other wild bc.ill . In the forells and woods
arc monkies of various co'ovjrs and (i/es. Ihe f'.clli
of them, in !U'neral, but that of t!;e roi in partu -.l.w,
is highly valued by the Ne^iroet , and '.t i., laid that,
in manv places, not onlv tlie Xeiuoe?, but ih.e C'leoKb,
make no fcruple of eating tliem.
M.Tnybiriis arc found in this country, wh.ofe pl\i-
niaj;e is particularly be.iutiful and biilh.mr. Hut the
moil re;-.Titk iMe is the toiK.;;:, or puvi. her. Tlie hill
of this bird i., vane:'; ued w;:!i .ill tholi- bri;',ht colours
whi; h adorn ih"- pluma;.'e of other bird? . It is called
the prearh^'r from its cilWim of perc hinj; ni\ tlie top of
a tiee, an;! making a noife refemblinf; ill aiLruiarcd
founds. The livers, fea, and. lakes, aboi;nd with a
variervoffi.Oi.
Thelllhmus of D.uien fwnrm". v.itli rcjiillcsand in-
fe^it: of i!;\ ers fpe. i'-. Manv of them are baneful to
the inhabit ints, and. othei; oIm' as of curiou., a.",d j hi-
lof jphical fpe> ulation.
'I he trees molt: remarkable f )r their diiri'nHon'; nie
tlie caobe, tiie ceder, and the mania. The man/anillo
Tre? is particularly remarkable : it bears a truit refem-
blinjr an apple, but w^hich, under thi*. fpecious .ippear-
aiue, c'^llt,nns a moll fubiiie poifon, a^ai.nll \shich
'onimon oi! is t'ound to be the bell ;intidole. .'<u, h ;.,
t!ie maligi.itvof tliis tiee, tliat if aperfon lleeps ;::-;'er
It, his biidv fvvcll'., and he is tarked wit!i the le\ereit
fortui'-';. T!ie beall.s, lloin inllilict, ;dw.!\-,. avoid it.
In 'lie w.).')d.- aluiut C .u tliapena is .1 fpe, ie, of v. dlow.
"l"err.i-E:inMij ivery mountainou:. cotintr:. Tei;a-
hirnu Pro(Hr, i.i particular, conlilts of prodigiou.i
hip;ii mouiu.dns and dee]) \ allies, flooiled more tliin
halt the year. Tin- motuiiains in the province of C.i; ■
tlupena and St. Martha, aic(;rdin:; to Da iipier, are
the hi^helt in tl;.- world, beinji,letn at fea ■:o.)mile5ort.
I'r.-im thefe run a i ham of hills, of almoH e(i;i.i! heij^hr,
quite tludu.jh South Ameiiia, .is far .is the ."^traits ot'
Magellan, ( ailed the Cordilleros des /)indcn. The
[■riy, inceof \'eneiLiielh, and tlie dillriLt of tJic Carac-
cas, are likewife very mountainous. Some oi the
Dioutitams in the province of Pojiayan cont.iiii vol-
canosj but toward.s the ll'.oreof the Paiihi Oce.inihe
country is low and. mariliy. The whole is w.irercd by
.1 l-Teat number ot rivers, th.e p,rinci];.il oi which is that
ot (.')roonokji ami here are ma.iy j^ulp.'is, b.us, ^:c.
'1 he provinces of' this country are thus divided :
'I'err.i-I'irma Proper, wliich lies in the ('(;rin of .t
creli-ent .tbout tlie 11. ly of Panair. \, Lcm;.^ tlic iilhmui
w-hich loins Soutli and North Americi, is >-:o miles i;i
lenp^th, but only bo in breadth, v.'here the iilhmus is
narr./wed. It is tolcr.iblv fruitful, and abounds m
f^old and p^-arls. Thepri:-..:i\d [ikues are,
Panama, whicli, m i ;'_;■■, was entirely confumed by
're, bur has finer been icbu;!! m a neat, though not
maj;n:!ic''nt, :r..'.nner. It is llro!i;-;ly fonitiedand gar-
rifoni-i', and the w.uls mounted with larw cannon.
1 leic is ilie retider.ce of the <;overnor of the province,
ind t!ir lear of a royal aud.iente, with a Cvin\enient
harbour, well I'e, ured .iga; i ftornu liy a .'-.u.-riber of
IturouhilinL; ill.u.ds. At the bottom of tiic lea arc
found nuiiibers of pearls, and theoyilersareexceedi.".<r
dehcioiis in which thev are fouid. This kird of
filliery is very beneficial to the iniubitants of all the
..lands in the bar ; .md there ;ire few perlbns of fub-
!■; i...-e about Panama, who do not eaiphjv a par; of
ihi.i )! IMS in it ;tt leuK T!ie flaves tJius emjdoycd
mull be expert hvimmers, and capable of holding
tlieir bieaih a long time. Duiin;.; ilie fafon, ei;;!)!,
ten, 01 twenty of them let out, under tlie comr.iand of
an ofl-ccr, in a boar, from t!ie illaads, wliere they have
huts built for their lcd;';in[';s to fuch fi.irtsof the b ly
^^ .ire known to produce jiearls, and where tJie depth
of tlie water is not above 10, ! :, or 1 j fatlioms. 1 1're
they come to an anciior, and tlie ties;roe.';, havin,*; a
riijie falfened round their !;o,|;e<;, and th.'; orlier end to
the lideofthe boar, take \v ith them a fm.all weiglit, to
acceler.ite tlieir linkin;.^, ami plunj_;i' uuo the water.
Onreaehinpthe bottom, they takeup .in oyilcr, wiiicli
they jwt under the left arm; the fecond tiiey liold in
their left hand, and the diiiil in t!ieir right. With
tlirje rhree oyllcrs, and fometimes anotliei ;n tlieir
mouth, t!iey riiV to brf..ihe, anil put them in a ba^;.
When they have n-lb-d tliemfclves awhile, they dive
a lecond time; and thus continue till tlsey have eitlRT
completed the talk, or their ll/enj^ta tails them.
I'veiy one of ilu fe negio-di ivers is obliged daily to
deliver to his m.iller aceit.iiii number of [learls , fo
that when they h.ivegot a fuflicient number of oytleii
in their bag, they be^dn to ojH-n them, an..i deliver
the pearls to the olfn er, till they have mad(- up the
number due to their mailer; and if the peail be but
tiirmed, it is futlii ient, without rei;.ird to its being
fmall or faupy. Tlie remainder, hov,e\cr laif^e oi
be.uitil"ul, are the negro's own property; nor h.is the
mailer the leall claim to tiiem, the flaves beinf^ al-
lowed ro f-U them to wliom they plenfe; thoui^h the
mailer generally jmichales tlieiii lumfelf at a vciy
fiiiall price.
Helides the toil of this fiiheiy, from the o'/fl'T-; ad-
herinf'llroiiifly to t!ie rocks, the ne[;roes are innofir::i;l
dan;T-r froin fome kind: of li!i:, which cither fci/C
thiai.
thev thoui'ht, bv I
Carthapena, tli-
ben filled up bv ar
tlie attack made
Admiral Vernon an
w'.ird the town ha;
v.-ooden bridpe, wii
built on another i
nent bv .abridge of
tiuas, boili of the
,) an oyiirr, vvliicli
AMI'.RICA.]
'then), orrunngiinft them loviolcntlvi as either to kill,
or cmlli tiicm uf»,.iiiill the bottom. Every !iq;ro, to
defend himfelt" agaiuil thclc animals, canivs witii
i!i:n a Ih.up knife, with which tiic filh being Ihiuk,
liTinediitely flics oih 'riir officel.^ keep .1 watrhful
tyc (Ml thcfc voracious creatures, and, on diicovrrinf^
thc;n, (hake the ropes failened to the biulies of the
negroes, that tlu'v may be upon their puard. Many, on
the diver's be;n^ in d.infTcr, have thrown themlVh es
into tiie v.-ater, with the like weapon, to afiilt in his
dofVncc : but all their dexterity anil precaiirion h l^'e
frequenily not been fntficient to protei^t the diver
from being devoured by thefc filh. Or loling a leg or
an .'irm by their bite.
I'orto-LellO i.s fitiiated rlofe tu the lea, on the dei li-
V'ty of a mountain, whii h U:irountl<i the haiboui'.
'I'his liarbo'.ir is I'o larn;i', decpmJ, fate, tliat t'dhim-
bii3 gave it the name of Porto- Bello, or linf Hiirlionr.
'I'he (Governor is always a military oltici r, fubor.lin in-
to the preiident of Panama, '["he town is but 1 1, inly
inhabited, owing to its noxious air, and (ontaiits not
more than 200 wooden houfes, whieh moll of tlie in-
habitants let when the galleons are here, and make
any teminiiMiy ll^,;ft for iheiiifelv< . At the ealt end
of the town there is a (piaiter (ailed (iuinea, where
.tII the nej^roes, and ir.any of the mul.ittoes relide.
During the fair, while the fleet is lure, the place be-
comes extremely populous, and baii.uks are erected
for the Ihips crews, but taken ilown airer the depar-
ture of the fMlleons. Fi)rm( rty the fair was not li-
n-.;'ed to any partietilar time ; but as a lontj Hay tiere
was found to be very preiuditial to the liealth of die
traders, an order was made by the ki:i;; of Spain, tliat
It Ihouki not continue above 40 days. Once the b n-
glilh were allowed to fend a lliip hith.er annually,
which t'lrned to very ^ood aci ount ; but tliey h.ivc
fince been abridged of chat p;ivile^;e.
In the var 17 19, the r*-d!ant Admiril \'iTiion,
with fix ihips only, toi;k this p\.ur, demolilhi'd the
forts, and difm.'.ntled the forii'icaiimii.
Thefurrourdmg country is lull of forells and n-.oun-
taiiis. One ot the latter, named Capua, wliith is ex-
tremely h!^:;h, ferVes as a barometer to the [X'ople , for
by the ap]jearancc of the clouds on us fiimmit, they
can t)rO("'nollie,ite what weather wi'l ••idne, the ch inues
which are very fudden, ami t'r''iiucni. 'llie hear
sour H A M E R I C A.
54J
ot wliich are very ludden, ami tr''ipieni.
here is excellive, the torri'ius nf r.i:;i imp'-tuous, ar^l
the llorms of thunder and li;;htiiini^ dieadlu!. So that
not only the people die M-ry fill, bur the lattle
brought from diltant [;laees loon lole their tielh, and
become fcarce eatable.
In 1695, ^ ■'^eotch company havini; obt,iined,from
the Enfjilh government, permillion to tradf to Africa
a.ij the I'.all arid Well Indies, planfd a i olony on the
Iftlimus i>f IXiiicn, near the noiili well point of the
gulph. Mere a fortrels was erected, . ailed Nt-w-b.din-
burph, and tlie ciicumiaeeiu dillri(H wis termed t'ale-
donii. 'I'he Indian princes were pleali I at this, as
they thought, by the hel() of the Scotch, to ex|)el the
.Spaniards. For fome time the color., fioiiilhed, but
.It laflthe company was ruined, by tl-.e .i\u\i'\ ofthe
I'.nglilh Fall India Company, Mn\ the leuKJiah.uices
of the court of Madrid.
C.'artha:.;ena produrps fonie val;:ahle KUins, balms,
and drugs, bur no muier. of ;.;old or lilver, nor any
fireat quantity of corn or cattle.
Cartha,q;ena, tlie metropolis (/ tlie pr,j\ ince, is not
only a tine opulent city, but a llron;.'; iortrefs. fuuated
on a fmdv illatid. '1 he harbour lie^ letween ih.e illaiid
and the inain, and the entrance is .:t the louth-weil
end i the other palkiRe, e.iUed Huicha-i hica, having
hfii filled up by an Older from the Louri of Spain (Ini-e
tlie attack made upon the town in the year 17.1.1, by
Admiral VeinoiiandCieiier.il Wcntworth. To the call -
ward the town has a communication, by means of a
wooden bridpc, with a large fubiirb, called Xesemani,
built on another inaiul, which is ioined to the conti-
nent by a bridpe of the fame materials. The fortilica-
tiuiis, bo'.ii of 'd'.i; city and faburbs, aiccondu;wtt.u in
theniodern faflrion, and built with fiee-flonc; and, in
time o!' peace, the g.irrifon confilh of, 10 companies,
belides rlie militia, 'rh.c city and fuburhs arc well laid
out, and the llreetslhaigl.r.bro.id, uniform, and well
paved. The houl'es arc built of ibjiic or brick, with
balcoiies and lattices of wood, whi; h is inore durable
intLiscliiraiethan iron, the latcerbeingfooner corrod-
ed by the .icnmonious qu.iliry of the nitrou.s atmo-
Iphere. The city is populous, though molt ofthe in-
habitants are •leli endaius of the Indian tribes ; but it
is by ;'.o means opiilent, compared with many other
ci'ies in Soirh A.nerica, the country produ-ing no
ihines.
At a fmall diitanee from the fuburb of Xexemani,
on a hill. Is .1 i>Mt called Fa/.iro, commanding both
the city iii.l luhuibs, and ali'ording a very cxierdive
and a;^K'- ible profpeCl over the lea .indland.
'I iC ^^jvernment of Cartliagena was independent of
any other till the year 17J9, wlien the viceroy of New
(iranada wwa appointetl. It extends about ^'^ leagues
from well to e.ii!, and Sj from fouth to north, coiu.iin-
ing feveral fruiti'ul v.dlies, c.iUcdby the natives f.ivan-
n.ih.-,. Ill which aie many fettlements of Europeans,
SpanilhCr'-oles, and Indi.ins. 'I'lie Bayof C':irthageii,i
isthefirllpl.h ein.'Xmerica at which the galleons touch.
The clim.ite is iiot ,uid iinhe.ilthy; and, among other
difeafes, the bhiLk vomit and leprcfy are particularly
lat:dto Iv.iropeans. The Ciuine.i wormis very trouble-
Ibine, as it (jccalions painful tumours in tlie iTiu!i.lej of
the legs and thighs ; and .mother inle.'t, peculiar to
this country uid Peru, isllill inoredreadful ; itiscnlled
pigie, a;-.;l, bein:, extremely fmall, is fcarce vifible
to the naked eve. It breeds in the dull, and infinu.uea
itlelt into tie folcs ofthe feet, giving exquilitc pain,
and frequenily attended with ::Timinent danger.
The province of .Sanr.i Marth.i is :co miles Ion", an J
140 broad, very mount.iinous, but jModiices i^old,
' jewels, iii.uble, falr,C-c. The c.ipir.-il of the'lkmci
name, on a branch ofthe Rio tirande, is the fee of .1
' bilhop, and relidence of a governor.
Kio de la I lacha is a i^cdanr and fertile province.
It h.is ,1 ])earl filhery, and mines of j.i.rj)cr and clialci-
■ doiiy. The cajiital, which gives name to the pro-
vince, contains nothing remark.ible.
': V'ene.'.uel.i, which nuludes the dillrkn of Caraccr.s,
lies on fl;e North Sea. It is po])ulous and fertile, but
, rath( r l.d^ours un. ler a fe ir, ity of water. The ■ aiji-
t.d of ilie fam.* n uiic is the fee of a bilbop, and the
■[ reliden'.f of .1 governor ; and Caraceas is a lar-^e,
,i popiili'us inl.md town.
I New Aiuialufia, inclmling thedilliL^s of Commo-
[' ;m .uid I'aria, is fertile, and ik!i in grims, drugs, me-
'1 d'cinal plants, fugar, tobac o, and lever.il fo; ts^of va-
. luable tim!'er. Coman.i, or New Cordulia, is the
c.ipit.il, hut il.e town of St. Thoims is fujicrior to ir,
N'-w Ciraiiada, fomcLimrs called .''vinr.! Fe, and Caf-
, 'de del Oro, is An inland piroyin..e, of great extent,
I iteauiifullydiveriified with mo'inr linsand vallics. The
\ mountains contain gold, filvei, and emeralds; and thir
v.dlies produce corn, cattle, loots, and fruits, with
I great quanivies ofguari' m;.>, lialini, i;i!ir.:, dnigs of
I V irious kinds, widi otlier r:' h irtidev of commerce.
j I'.eit.i Fe de Bagota, tli'- c ipital not oidy of this pro-
I vih.e, biitof all Tcrri hua..i, mdt'ie featofthe vice-
I roy, of tlie royal audience, Tind an arehbirtiop, is ,1
1 l.iig.e, populous, OjHile'it, and vvcU built city, lituated
, on the banks of a l.il.e, wiili alt-.rs at (hired dii-
I tances, highei than hou'.es, and richly adorned.
j Ciuiaquil ib a conliderable eommcreial town, 0:1a
I liver ofthe fame n.iine . and Paita, a lea-i)nrt tovvn,
i was lacked by the latc' Lord Anfon in i':'4i.
I The origin.il 1. itives of Terr.i 1- irma are boUl and
I wailike; and rs they h.ivealmoll iiTipre,Tnab!e and in-
'! aicellible fallnelles, and beat an invet 'late hatred to
' the 'Spaniards, they luvcr have been, and it is probable
! m ver will be, cntuely fubducd. 1 hey have lank,
. LO.irfe, longbl.ickl'.air. Theirnattiral complexion is
j ,!coi)percaloui.Thtin!iabitant-, aredifTercntlydrcded
I a>.coid.n^' t.' the .Spaniih fdlhion. The men wear a
cafl'oclt
1 w .ua
» If ;
t,\\ A NFAV, ROYAL and \0tMF.N"1 IC SY.-/n"M of UNIVl-k^Al. CF.OGHAPHY.
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I '
1
-■tiU.-> ix'oplc uiulrill.iiul th.it
inaiiiu-d witli acVivi- ,uul luild IjUci.s
co.ill of'Tci ra Finn.i, lit
Ms lir(ldcriirn\'..i..iij,iiinll; Porto Bcllo : loimcif rlicni
obJcttinL' iIkU Iui, Uin '.■ wai too Ini;'.!! to rctliuf lb iin-
p()rtain''a luitriK, lu biiKlly ic-plk-d, "Ifour niini-
hers nif tin dl oiii lu-.ntsaii'j'riMri.uul ilif tVwcr \vc iiv
'he giT.itu v,i!l he utir Ih.irt.' of tlu' j-lwndiT." I k-
h)')ii made Iji.nlilf ni.illc; of a e.illl'- whi* l\ dcfeiulid
t!if hiirlxuir, and ihi> ciptiirc was Inci tcdcd by tlie
runcndiroftlu- city j but the governor, .mdir.any of
fluj^iiirn-ip.dpeople.hiviiii; irtiitd into ^mother calHc
wuhihtMtie.Hui'-.er.ccb, the thuahi)late, &c, kept
falVoek without folds, defcendiiig fc) tb;' kr.f.T, i
laij;t' i-aji', andlleevesojivn at both lidt-. Ir h.i* iv;t-
ton holes, and two lov.'. of button-. The habifs of
the bvtter t'off are mr.d: o*'eiiib'-oidered (hill's. Tlic
h.indierafts wear a Mvie Ihif!', of tlv: ininuf.;.' ui- of ]
th.e eountrv, but in nir.ke itdi .er'; th fr«i>i Uif other. |:
Thr Indiaiis of dillinction are l!'->>;'il,\r in wearing a I
kind of rrowfvrs of white cotton, whi-. lu'.efcend (Votn
the w.-.i'l to the middle of fl'i- Fj;. l"he barbers here il
.'.re dilKu-.iniiiF.ed by the Hlie'-efs (jf their linen, and li
cle:*,'.iuv of their drefs in ;;eneral. 'I'hty have Ihirts ^1
wit'lunit Heeves, abiitit the neck they have a kind of '
blatktoUar.wldi alaee of four tiiij^er;, bre.idth, whieh !]
forms a f'jrt i>f frin^.e that falls on the lloiiiach and !|
iF.oulders. They wear iV.oes with tj-.jld or fd\er j
buckles, but no lhK--kinjr>;.
The women wear the Faldelin, a fpeeie'^ of Hays
or rather iumps. A lliik wiiicii defeends only to tiie
wailh A bav ;nan;le whicli inclofe.s the upper p.trt ]
of the boiiv,confii1in^-ofan elland ahalfofthar lliiti",
and their uho'.e drefb is ornamented with riih lares.
The drefs of th.e laboiirin;^^: women is nor dillinguilh-
able from that of the ladies, but by its inferiority,
the fafliiun being the fame. A Mongrel, or Creole, „
is known by the fuperiority of his habit and hi.i in- ;|
gonuity. Tl-.e Indian pe.ifant wears a bay mantle ; •
and the coinmon native Indian a piece of f.itkcloth ^
f.illenedover the nioulders bv two pins.
There is anotlier fpcciesof Imlianiin this country,
of ratheraf.ilr complexion, delic.ue habir, arul fm.illcr '
ftatuiethan tlie ordinary Indians. They are panicu- ;
larly dillinn;tiiiF.ed by their larr;c, weak, blue eyes, ;
•whi'th, unable to Ix'ar'the light of the fun, fee beft by |i
moon-light, from wliich they are c.dlcd moon-eyed |;
Iiuiians. . j
The Rovcriiir.cnt of Tu-ra Firir.a i;. on t!ie t.tme :'
f'-otlni; with that of Mexico. i
The cruelties and ravages co.nmltted byPedrorias '
and others, who firft leduced thefc Provinces under the j
crown of Siwin, alii'oll exceed belief. Pedrorias and |
111.-, luccelVors did not .Ullroy lefs in Terra Firma (inly ,
tiian Soo.ccc peo]de , and plundered the country erf
prodiaious quantitiesofgold. The [^ovenu/r and his ,
otficcrs, tvtrv dav, invented new torments to make j
the Indians difcoVer their gold : fomc they racked, !
others t!>ev burnt by inche'-, till they expired in tor- i
ments. M'anv thoufands wciv dellroyed on the coaft
ofNew-.-Viuialufia, bv being obligeil todive for pearls j
bevond tl;eir ftrengvh. Thevkept p.uks of great ma- j
ilitfs on jM'rpole to hunt and tear in pieces the Indians; j
and v.-ould often kill vjne vuihout any otVenre i;iveii. \
The greateft praice of tiie country, named H.ig.ota, ■
from whom the capital city was ai'tcrw ards ( ailed Santa •
FedeBag,ota, atkr he had broug,lu in a prodigious ,
quantity of S:,old, by difpatching exprelles to every ,
))art of his dominions, w,is fo tortured to make him '
produce more, that he expired under the hands of lus |
niercilefs perfecutors.
We fliall, for the entertainment of our rcidi-rs con- •
elude ourdel'criiJtion of Terra Mrma with an account !
of the faiiious expedition to i'anama, nude by the |
celebrated Buccaneer captain (afterwards Sir IlenryJ i
Monran. '
'1 his enterprifing; genius, wli) was a gentleman of
a ^!ood familv in Wales, lit fail from Jamaica, on this
fxpeditio]!, with nine lailofflups and Hoops, well
.Arriving on the
up a biilk tire on the Buccaneers. This orcafioneJ
Mr.-jian to hit upon the following llraiagciii ; He
lei/.-d all the friars and nuns in tlie town, and com-
pelling tlunt to m.nch belbreJiim iij> to the wry
w.ilk, he obliged tiuin to tix the fcalitig bidders, in
iloing which m.my v\ere killed by the lire of their
frien.'s, as well as enemies, crying for mercy in vain:
ar length the Biicranecr , Ic.ded the w.dh;, took the
pl.ice by rtorm, aiul afterward.s employed 15 days in
lemoviniT the immenfe treafiires on lioard his Hiip.
He then obliged the governor to procure loo.oco
pieces of eight, which had been carried ofr", in order
toi.infoiu the townfiom being burnt.
i laving intelligence ih.it the governor of Panair.a
was in full march ag^iinlt him, he ])oirell'ed himfelf of
a difficult pall'age, and there totally deleated him.
Morg.in now difmantled the forts, took fome of the
bell artillery on board his ihips, and returned to Ja-
m.iica, it being computed that the Buccaneers brought
back with them z^n,o;::> pieces of eigh.t, beliiies a
great deal of other rich ell'ects ; but the feamen loon
confumcd everv Ihilling that came to their ih.are, and
made money more plentiful in t.hat illand tiian ever it
havl been before.
Thccajitain, having gained great reputation bytlie
Porto-Bello expeilition, the feamen i rowtled to be ad-
mitted to lerve uiuler him: having aflembied 500 of
them, therefore, he lailed to Tortugua, a little itlanii
near the northern coall of Cuba, where he was joinetl
by a great many fe.imen more, to the number of :ooo,
whom he emphiyed in iumting and falling uj) beef, in
the illand of Hil'paniola, to vicrua) hi.s fleet; and beinr
now ready to fall, he divided his ficct, confiiling of
!" fliips, into two Iquadrons, conlfituting admir.ils and
otlii r oilicers, to whom he gave commiflions to com-
mit holillities ;igainlt- the .Spaniards, decl.iring them
enemies to the crown ol" iMigland, and caufed articles
to be iigned by hisothcer;, wherein every man's Iharc
ol fhe prizes which iF.ould be taken was fpcciiied. re-
lerving an hundredth ]iart of them only U) himfelf.
rheir tirlt enterprize was againlf the illantl of Pro-
vidence, which >!iey retook from the .Spaniards again;
and while the fleet lay here he lent Brodley, his vi;e-
admiral, with four iliip, and 400 men, to take the
c.illle of Chagre, at tiie mouth of the river of that
name, uhich they forrunatvly reduced, though it w.is
very obllinaiely defended. Morgan receiving .idvirc
of the fuccefs of his lqu,idron at Chagre, followed
them with the rell of his fleet, .ind leaving a garrilbn
111 the caltle, fcieded 1 :oo men, with whom he marcli-
eil over the illhmns towards Panama, and the country
beingdellroyed before him, hismen underwent incre-
dible hardlhips, as well for w.int (jf proviiions, as from
the badnels of thero.u! , which l.iy overpjcks, itiout-
tains and morafles, .ilmolt im[>alV.il>le, and ;;: leiigtli
was obliged to Hght his way tlirouirh ati army, which
the governor of I'a.iama, h.id allembled to oppi>le him.
.'\fcending amount.iin on the ninth day, they ubi.iined
a view of the South Sea, and the b.iv of P.ina:na, at
which thiv were fooveriosed, that they fee;iied to de-
fpife all danger, threw u]) their caps, founded their
drums and trumpets, and fliouted as it they h.id been
already mailers of the cit ■, and encamijed, or rather
lodged, for they h.id no tents with them, in view of
the town, deiigning, to attack the place the next;norn-
iiur, but w<ri' [)revented by the I'overnor's marchin:;
out ag.iinfl '.hem .it the he.id of fou: regiments of foot
and two Iquadroiis of horfe, with whoai Morgan en-
g.iged, and Within two hours tleieattd, when they lied,
le;iving6no of their men dead upon the held of battle,
and the lofs on the fule of the Bucc;u»ceis was very
conliderable : however, following the enemy clofc at
the heels, they fcaled the wall, without making any
breach in them, for indeed they had 110 artillery, and
became inaftcrs of the place that day. Morg.in apprc-
heiuhng that his men would be fo elated witli fiicccis,
that they would get drunk now they were come into
plentiful ijtiiirters, g.ue out that all the wine wai poi-
funed.
APIIY.
I'liis orralionfj
lli.uagcin: He
rowii, ;iik1 com-
11 j) to the very
ili.'!,'; I.iikicis, ill
the iiiT of thiir
ir mercy in vain:
w.'.iN, took the
inetl 15 (lays in
li i.ml his iliip.
luicun; 100,000
;il lift', in oriiiT
t,
i-iiK^r of Panair.a
llclicd himfclfo!"
dt-'tcar.'d lii;ii.
took ibmc of the
t ritiirncd to Ja-
t cancers ln-owght
eii'iu, beliiies ;i
the kameii foon
i> their ihaie, and
ilantl tlian ever it
reputation bvthe
rowded to lie ad -
anVirdiled 500 of
;na, u little illand
ere h<: was joined
■ number of 2000,
faking up beef, in
fleet 1 ami bein;-
:ct, confiding of
tinp admirals and
imiHions to com-
S deci.irinf^ them
nd cauled articles
every man's Iharc
was fpecificd. rc^
Inly t.) hinildf.
the illand of Pro-
• Spaniards a,:s'>iiii;
Brodley, his vicc-
nen, to take the
■" the river of that
:ed, though it was
I receiviiij; advice
Charre, folloi\rd
lca\inL, a garrifon
whom he niarcli-
'., and the country
undiTwent inere-
roviiions, as from
ivern)cks, moin-
le, and :;r lengtli
1 an army, which
■d to oppiile him.
ay, they obiaiiied
X of Panama, at
ey feemcd to de-
is, founded their
i it they had been
iiiipi:ti, or rath'T
hem, :n view of
ce the iipxtmorn-
ernor's marching
ii'gimcnts ut foot
ho;n Morgan en-
1, when ihey l1ed,
he lield ol battle;
aiieeis was verv
le t nemt clofc at
:Hit makini; any
no artillery, and
Morgin appre-
ated witli fiicccfs,
were conic into
he wine wa< poj.
iwied.
AMI'.RICA.]
sour II A M V. RICA.
S^S
foiu\., and proceeiledtopiarrpii.iids atall tlic avenues
to tile city to licuie his conqtieli, when on afnd.icn t!iC
wl-.ole city appeared in llames, hivin:' been fet on lire
in leveral plaees at tl'.e f.ime iiillant ; wiiich thoU'di
fonie of Morgan's enmics cliarje on him, it is cer-
tain he j^ive orders forexiinpuilhingit ; oth.eisfuggelt
that t.he Spaniards lired it themfelves, to prevent the
tie .dure;, laid up tiiere fiiliiig into the l',,inds of t!-.c
liurcaneei s ; lu.r cm it be liippou d that Morgan fliould
burn t!ie town before iie !'.ad pofielfed lii;iifelf of th'.-
pii;nder, and deltroy the lirii prize he hud obtained
with fo much hazard ar.tl diffKulty. Hut, however
iliat v.as it is generally aj/retd that tlie city continued
Inirnin:', fiveral days, and very few hotifes were le!t
ifandiii;!;. They related that ;ocoof the lioufes inhi-
bited by t!ie julncip.d people were built with ceilar,
P.M.] that tc re were 5VOO iivire of tiie inferior tradef-
Men, wirli vi'tal beautiful eluirches and monalleries in
;iu' place, I-ffire this accident, it being the mi;',axine
o* all the ':ealiurs of Chili antl Peru, whicli were an-
nually laiil up here, in order to be tianljjcjrted to va-
rious parts of I'urope.
i lie foiiiii.rs afterwards fountl rreat quantities of
jiate and nnniey nielteil down amonff the ruins, and
more hid in wells, i>r buried, ai'.d took zoo,o'^o pieces
i-:'(i 'ht out of a ihip that lav at anchor in the har-
lo'i".
Morgan h.aving remained nearn month at Panr.m.i,
and C(.l!.". u the ranfom his prifoiiers had a:'ieed to
p:n , load.ed :oo bealis with the triafurc he had y.otten,
ai... li lui' \1 to Ventide Ciu/, where lie pui it into
boars, an. '.< nt it down tiie river Cliarre t.i the callle
o. tint !> line ; but the ]'. i'( a.'c-rs of the Trench anvl
Jlu' h ria'.iiiii.. murmured, that tliere did not n-oic
til. Ill zoo puces of ci",ht fjll to the fhan' of each pri-
vaLe i,.pr, and ctiirged their iK'n.ir.'l with concealing
the iiTdt valuable part of tlic prizes ; vliereupcn the
1' reii'uers let't him, r.nd faileil to the illands of 'I'oi-
tuga and I lilpaniola to join th.eir coun:r\!;ien ; and
MoriMii, aftei- lie liad lilev.n uj) the e.dile of C'haiie,
;uid the foi' ilications about it, retiiined to Jamaica
with the le.l of his lleet.
s 1-. c T I o r: II.
V 1. R U.
'~|~'iIIS i.ountr.' w,! ; liiiVov'rei! vr..\ conquered by
X the Spani'ids. 1: does not feeii to have bten
know) b)- an\ '•' neral name when tluy aniveil here;
but It isfaid 'hat the diicnvererv, meeting witli one of
the natives oil tli'- coaft, and di-mand.ing what coun-
frv it was, the Indiaii an!"wi rett Peru, or Bern, ihat is,
What do you lav ? '1 he Spaniaid , ajiprehendiii"; he
iiul'-rdood tiiem right, cniuluded the n.iire ot tlic
,1 are the Cordilleros Acs, AnJes, the rippprp.irtsofwliicli
I' are continually covered with fnow, and the air is Co
I'ubtile as to be unfit for refi>iration. It never rains
I ill thofe paits oi tiiis country \vhich lie contiguous to
I the fe.i Colli, '.'xccpt near the equator. TIk whole is
Well watered, the low grounds are fertile, and this is the
I only country between t.'ie tropics that produces wine.
I In one put of Peru are mountains o*' a llupeniloui
heiiiht awl magnitude, having their fummits continti-
I ally Covered v.ith fnow. In the inlaid parts, and b^
: t!ie banks of rivers, the foil is in general fertile; but
along the Tea coafl it is a barren fand.
I'lie moft remark;ible animals of this country arc,
the Peruvian llieeji, called paces or luiancui. 'I'hey arc
of the bignefs of a (lag, and refemble a camel. The
body is cov( red with a courfc kind of wool : they are
veiy tr.iilahlej and were formerly the only bealls of
burilun among the Indians. Their flefli is very good
meat, and elleemed as innocent as a chicken. It is
as white as veal, pleafant to the palate, and cafy of
dige(tl<jii. Their height is from four feet to four and :i
lialf. They generally carry an hundred weight ; and
Walk, holding their iieads up, with wontlerful gravity
and majellv, and fo regular a pace, that no beatint^
W'ill niak- theiii alter it. At night ir is imjiofTible to
make them move with their buithen; they lie liown
till ir is taken ofi', and then go to graze. Their com-
Ufm foo'i is a f irt of gral's, fom.ewhat lik?n iinall ruih,
v/ith which all the mountains are covered. Thefc
fheep eat li'tle, ind never drink ; fo that they are very
cifily kejvf. Tlie Spaniards ufe them in the mines to
carry the ore to the mills. Tlie vicunas (anotlierfpe-
cies (jf lhc''p) are fliaped like a pacos, only they af,
fmaller and !;;'lu:r. The Spaniards call them In
dian goats, becaufe they refciiible that animal. Their
wool is ver,' 'ine, and muc'i valued : befiiles, the be-
iar llone, which is f.iid to expel ;-oilon, and toj'erforin
many gieat cures, is found in them. Their deer arc
much lefs I hen ours. Tliey have not many wild be. ifti;
and (uch .is they have are not fierce or dange.'^ous.
The cattle imported from luiropc are much iiKieafed ;
and moil of them run v.'ild, and are hunted like other
game. 'I'he Peruvians have no tame fowl b.i: thii
niiana, v.-|;;c!i fomcwhat refcmLl^s tlic duck, but is
much 1, tiger.
A verv v.ihiable article of their produce and com-
merce istlie quin()ui!ia, or Jefiuts F.;irk, whicii grows
in tlie mountains of Potofi, and alii) in the jM-ov'ncc:
thi;
I 'Ullltl v w.is Peiu, I
rhir
y v! ich it has been called from
t;iat time to the p.;-' : nr. It was governed by a vice-
ii>y, whole imifuiclion likew :le extetids o\er Chili,
Jucaran and Paraguay.
Peru is fituated between the equator and 25 iW-^r.
of fouth latitude, a.-.d extends fiom 60 to ■'5 deg,. of
wed longitude, being about i 500 miles in length and
coo in breadth. It is boiiiuied by Terra I'irma on
the nortli , on tin' e.dl by the mountains called Cor-
delleros ties Andes; on the fouth by Chili, ami on
the well by the P.uir:c Ocean.
M.itiy river; rife in the Ande.;, tind lun through
f!iis country, among which are the Grande, Oroonoko
ind the .'\m:i2one.s, fuppofed to be the largell river
ui the World, either v.ith regard to the length of its
t )'.iric or the depth of its water.
There are fome waters in Peru, whidi, in their
eoiitfe, tvn into flotie; and here are alfo fountains of
'i-jiiid tn.irter called Coppev, refembling pitch ami
t.-ir, .iiid ufcd by fe.imen for the fame purpofes.
'I owards the Pacific Ocean the mail is high. Tliirty
rr.tltsfrom tlience within l.uid a chain of mountains ex-
tends ii conlide.abJe way, and ,ibou: 80 m:!':s f.irtlier
No 50
of Quito. It is about the fr/.c of a cherry-tree,
leaves round antl iiuk-nted, and it bears along reddilh
flower. The moil ufeful tree here is called maguey,
which at once fuj)pl:es a delicious drink, hon(;v, vine-
gir, timb( r, lump and tlircail, d.e two lall being niado
from the leaves, (Idks, isrc. Needles ;iie made of the
j'lickles, aiul tlie fruit converted info a kind f)f ioap.
Rhubarb, tamaiiiuh, farfaparilla, d.ra_7'"s blood, llo-
r.ix, guai.icum, bananas, melons, \c. are other vege-
table produc'.ioiis of Peru. I lere are l-',tnop^-an corn
and truits in plenty, but the principal part of the bread
is made of callav.i root; but moll of that balfam which
beirs the name of Peru lomes in lad from Mexico.
That valuable artic le of the commerce of this coun-
try, cochineal, was formerlvfuppofed to be the fruitor
I'eed of fome parti' il.u' pl.int, but now is afcertained
to be an infecl. It is bred on a pl.int calh-d Opi:ntin,
or Pricklv Pear, whicii confilts wliolly of ihi^k I'uccvi
lent oval leaves joined end to end, and fpreading otit
on the fides in various ramifications. 1 he (lower is
l.irgf, and the fruit refembles a fig; this is full of.i
cnmfon juice, and to this juice the cochineal owes its
colour. When the rainy leafons come on, thofe who
ciiltisale tl'.is jilant cut off the heads, whi"h .iboiind
moil with liich infeiMs as are not aniveil at t!-,c:r lull
growth, and prei'erve tiiem very carefollv from tlie wea-
ther and all oth.er injuries. Thefe l)r.inches, though
lejiarated fioin their p.Tent flock, jireferve their juices
for a long time, and this enables the 'initt not only
to live rill the rains are over, buttog.o'v toi'sfiiU lire,
6 Y ft'd
T! 1 1
■>u
Jy
\ NTAV, rA")YAT. \vn AU'lUrNlIC 5,VS'l I-?vl o. IM'^ I K-M, (,!-(V ,K \PHV
(
yf
■\r\C\ ;ie ir. r'-.'..lincr.; ... .-.rinc^ foitli its young ;is foon ns
the iiKK'iniMcyof tho1t-:ilun is p;ift. Whta tliistimc
loiiii- . on, '.lu'v iirt- Imnu-ju otir, .inJ jilufd ii)Hiii il.c
^ rt)[ ii pi.u.ts, I'.ifpoli-il in 'i'.tU- nclts ot' l^mic mvily
UiLli.iiu:c. By thf ciilivcniii^; inrtiifiiio of thr lirlii
:!:i, they biiiig toiih in thici- or tonr il.iys .u t.frthfli-,
^^ilc•n t.'K- voung, fc.vae l/iuger tlmn .* iiiiti.', nm .ibunt
witli w.indfrtiil ctficriry, .uid the whole jil.int.uion is
im-nrili.it-ly pcopi"ci. Wh.u i< fiiiwnl.ir, this aniin.il,
lol'vely Hi Kb intancy, quickly lofts uli irs .ictivity, aiiJ,
.UMfhiiif^ itl'elf toilie lealt expofed.um! moll fuLeiileii:
\>.%n of theleaf, clir.!.;s theie v. ithor.t ixe: ir.o.iiiir. It
.:v ix-ni.iik.ible, th.ir it Joes nor, .u le.ul in ..ny vifible
ir.anner, iiiiiriC the jiUiiit, but cxtia.r> its nuuriihmeat
bv means of its jirobnkls, throj^rh the hue tegii-
i..ents of the le.ivcs. The males uf ihi-. fpecies ol in-
fed, ilit]\|- greatly from the fem.'.les, than vihiJi they
•.ire fnnlkr. Tlie male.';, in fac:. ;;!-e of no v.ilue, i!:e
females or.lv bein;^ gatheinl for i;fe. The v.xlue ot the
.!ru;^ chii.it ,• coiiiilU in tlie met'md ot killing and dry-
iDu the infect. Tiie firit is by dippiiii; the bafi^et, into
v/hicl; they are <i.itliered, inm boiiinsi water, and alter- 1;
wardi drving tltem in the fun ; tlit leconii by drying >.'■
ihejn in ovens ; an.i 'he third by dryinj' theni on c.ike.s |j
of iTiaizc, which are baked .ipoii Hat lloncs. 'riie lall \\
ia the woi \\ kind. One admirable quality of tliis drug [
J:,, that, though it iielor.gs to the aniai.d cre:ition, it
l.evcr decays. Without any otlicr care than having '
been put into a bo-;, lomc have been known to kcep_ j
60, and even an ico year?, .and retain their (inality. '
It is ufed in dying all the kveial kinds of the Imelt j|
fcailct, criiiifon, and purple, (iold is found in every ||
province of Peru ; and there arc abnndAnce of lilver 1]
mines, of which the moil rich arc thole oi Potofi, dii- ■,
Covered in i <;45. The cuickfilvc- mines, near Lima, ij
were difcovcred in i^>>~ -, and in 15-1 the Spaniards ,1
Krit began 10 refine tiieir lilver with mcicury. !'
The natives of ihi* empire, in general, acknowicd!.;? ,1
tlie dominion of .Spain, and appear (at kail outwardly) j{
to profefs the Roman Catholic pet fu.Uion. They are, \\
however, very much oppielfed by the Spani.irds in 'I
ger.cral. ||
The native Peruvian'; arfofa middl!i\:!;i*atnre, have ''
olive (.omplexions, and bl.n.k hair. When they were •:
tii'l conquered, tiieir manuladuicswere woollen and
co-.ton rlofiis, which were wove and dyed with all man- ,
ni T of colours ; but none were permitted to wear a va- i
1 legated garment, cxccp: thole of the blcjod royal. '
Their carpcti weic made of tlic \vor,l ot their fltcep or ,
line goat., h.iii- i and their ha.nmocks (jf cotton or net- I,
nork. Their carpenter:. tooL were principally hatchets, ]
made of copper or fiiats. Tiifir f:o;e -cutters tooi;, |
were Iharp flints or pebbles. Puilies, and other liinges,
were entirely unknown to tliein : yet under ail thefe
dil'advantages, theyraifed fbrong and ir.agniticcnt edi- /
ficcs. Their needles were thorns or tine bones, and ''
tlieir threads the liti.'w; of animals, or the fibres of '
plants, or of the bark of a certain tree. Scillars they .
i'.ad none; and their kniv.'s v.ere tlint or copper.
Their combi were made of long thorns, let on each |
lidc of apiece of cane, wliirh ferved for the back of 'i
the comb : and the razors tliey lliaved their heads with '
were no better than lliar]) fiintsj in which operation the ij
j-eifon fullered lb mucii, th.U tliere w.i:, noilung tht '
.'"-paniardscarried over more acceptable to them than the r
razor and frilTars. Tiiey had n'> looking-glafies, but 1;
mftead of them, the Pcruvi.in .adics m.ade ufe of a J
lound plate of p(tlill\((l brali, or copper, and in this the ''
natives of the Kail Indies agree with thcin, havingoio 'I
other mirrors at this day than what theygetof thcEu- ll
ropeans. The feveral nati.ins v.-erc diflinguiOied by ||
their head-drelles ; fume weaiing a kind of turban of "\
rotton rioth, otiurs a fiii!',)- piece, others a kind of ji
hats, and others caps in the form of a fugar-loaf, &c, I;
Theblacknefbof the nrgr.j flaves that the .Spaniards I!
broughtwiththem, ftruck them greatly. They could j!
not believe it to be natural, having never fecn a black .'
in .America. They defirrrl the Spaniards, therefore, I
to let them make rxpi'iimcnt, and riv if tluy could not
walhofVthe bl.ick p. lint, aatiiv)- took it to be.
_The Peru\ians|!o!'Vl".a:]uicknif. -if wit andllren!"-:h
of judgement. .^U( hoftlieuia. h.ive h.id tiiead\anf!'gf
oi uu'.llers, lini-e rh'' arriv.il 4 the .Siianiards, iiavr- w-
nei.illy m.ule .ui extr.'^oioin.iiy proucirnry. Whc-ii the
.Sp.iniards tiril .ippeired .unong them, tliev acknow-
ledged one Almij'lity i'eing, maker ol he.iven and
earth, whom thc\ called l\:J\:-Camac, i. c. 'J he .Soul
ot the L'niverle. 1 he next objed of adorntion was the
Sun ; the priells of which, who itfTiciated at L'ufco, were
lilood I
I5c
. their fellivals celebrated everv
nioiuli, they h;'.l four otiier grand ones, the- pnnc;p,il
ot which was celcbrared in June, in liouour ot'then
firll Inca, Manca Capac.
The meanell of the luroieans aHlimc' rtate as loon
as they find themfelvestr.ml'ported amoiigthe Indi.uis,
blacks, mulattoc-j mellizors, ^,c. Any good or ge
nerou.s ai-'lions performed by them are the effect:; of
their v.mity and imaginarv nobiiitv.
TheCreolian, bear a great anti])athy to the native
.Spaniards, of which one le.ifoii is iii|)polld to be, be-
caufe they fee thole (Ir.mgers in polleflion of prime
places erf the Ihite. In their outward behaviour thev
all'ect^reat gravity, like the l-.uro[)ean Spaniards, to
whom thev are not infeiior in wit ami genius, .icutencfi
.iiid undeifl.indirig, hut kli,aclivi-and iiard)'.
I'.lieminac'- and Iknh teem tjbe peculiar to the in-
habitants of this couiiiiy; for it is obferved, thatthok:
who luive been bred co labour in Spain, grow idle lierc
in A fhort time, like the Creolians. They are fober a.'
to wine, but eat a great dc-al, .md after an indecent
manner, fomctitnes all oat of the lame difli, and with-
out folks.
The Creoli.ins freely f.icnticc to the palTion of love.
Ballards arc is much regarded here as the lawfuUv be
gotten children, provided t hey are owned by 1 he f.vher,
and there is no dilgrace intivrent to that birth.
'i'he Creolian v.oinen, though not u:idertli'- rellric-
tion'.. of the Sp.milli women, lr:ldom go ab!o;id in t!-,c
day-time; butat ni;:!it theypurfue their pleafure witii
great freedom.and.utfondof intriguing, though thev
ulitally conduct their gallant.'-icii under tilt; Ihade of their
ceils.
SoiiM-oftlio P'r'ivian barks, or reflMs are made,
like double canoe^ joined together, wit!i [loles whicii
pat's crolVways and being covered with a ikin, fervc
t!ie boatmen to lit ujion. Oihers .\y<- cunllnicteil :n
iiietbiiiiofrafts,withalargefailmadeof matting, and a
ludilcr at one end, near wliieh there is the tire-place or
Ivartli, and a tire .iluiys alight. IJetwcen thetwo mills
tliere i;, a kind of cabin on the deck ; an'd the mails
tl'.emfe''. es ioiii to the tc^,, and fupport not only the
tail, but the little [lendant.
They liipply the place of bridges, in many partsof
Peru, by C(jn:rivances, w hich they call tarabites, I'hefe
are ropes and thongsofle.ither, extended, fromonefide.
of the n\er to tlie other, and tiillened to pilesof wood
fixed in the earth. Ah.tmmock, with two loops, Jiangs
to thefe, in which a man mav lie at his eafe. Tholo
v.ho :ittend on the fide from whence it lets oft", givr.
him a pulh, which larriet him on to the middle with
great velocity : from the middle, tholeonthe oppolite
l.depiill the hammock by ropes falleneil to it, and the
perlon ihusg,etsoveriiiat'cwinllants. I'Or thepalFagc
ot lioiles andiTiules, tliere are two ropes atafmall dil-
taiicefrom each other. The animal being gilded tight
i:. fulpeiidcd ujon a Hat piece of voodi, between the
two ropes, to which he is fattened by grooves, iv drawn
over byiopcs. Somebeallswillgcjover very quietly,
but others are forced to have tiuii legs tied. In ma-
ny places the tarabites aremadeof Ikinsipreadall the
way overthc river, for pe(i])le to walk upon, who hold by
» rope on each fide,whicli letures them in the manner
of railing, and enables them to jjaiis the unflcady bridges
without any d.anger.
Peru contains two audiences, thofc of Lima and Lus
Chircvs, or La Plata.
Lima,
ithy to the native
lipolcLl to be, bc-
jlll'Hion of prime
li birhavitmr thcv
■:'.n Spaniards, to
t^cnius, ,ii:ut',-ncls
iliani)-.
X'cnli.ir to the in-
•ll'rvfd, that tholi:
in, t>ro\v uik Iwrc
They arc lubur a?
after an iniietcni:
ne ui/li.and with-
po abioad in li-e
leir pleafure with
iinp, thoni;'! liiev
rtiiclhadeot'tlicir
Vrf\'-]y, are inadr.
with {)r)h-s whieii
ivith .1 Iki.i, fervc
I'' runllni.'ted :"
ofiiiatting.anda
i the lire-plaee or
een the two nulls
: i and the malls
lort not or.ly the
?e>> atafnudl dil'-
;in!^ gilded light
Oil, between the
roovcb, iv drawn
^cr very quietly,
gs tied. In ma-
ins fpread all tlic
;>on,\vIioholdby
n in the ir.anner
undtady bridges
1 •
m
'a
1
m
tfl
i
I:
i'«
3f Lima anU Los
!', '
|4Mf|»
■rf
AMI-.iilLA.l
L'.in. thecal
ot'.iU l^-ivi, ir, 1:
the lititud"- of 1
mine v.alh'-.. ti'
rtone briclr".".
q'lrike alnrt'l ci
three miivjtcL, 1
who cnric iM)iir'i
bits, hid not I
and fqiiare,..
to a very coiiP
violence, Mn; V,,
all the nfi(:;I-:h()i
men, woni'ii, ai
torrent. Niiict
the fripiterallrc
ofthe' ivr?, to
the fj'i'c ot" fill
v.ith (h< itirte;
.IS the lirlli I'oth
lowing yiar, nc
andforrt-ofthiir
I 2,OCO pCOJili' ])i
and proptity.
vrred, ;i!-d is Iti
I'erii, aiid tho ic
ment is nicnni.i
term, the fovcrc
enjoys ail tlic pr
officers are appc
For the fecurity
guard :^, or.e oi" 1
The hnn'c puard
s. captsiiiiinc liet
liceuwitl; illvcr.
clad ir. rri.T'.fnn
g;old^ ind do d'.:t
ence chntribc;-.
within the priLu-<
from the gairifo
iWy empbv.-d
and eniorcinj' t!
have received the
of the viceroy is(
courts ofiiifliro
all degree:, or per
calk. '. audienrn,
conri(T5. ofei^rlu
Here isalfuathj
a coiirt for thr
withom lawful ht
biinal of the inq
hofpital: . V. iih ai
thefevcral fcienc
The iiihabitar
Spaniili .A.nicric,
Mulattoc;., Iiuiia
lies were very n
third or fourth |
lity of J'cni, v.;
If L.iiranas n
cncot rht mod d
but, unh-^ppilv I
length fu.Tificntt
Calla", rhc jv
of that f .-y. It i
iirecnefl finm tlv
Two fiotas aniui
near Po'oli, ,:o(r
ing rer lived tl'.c
of Marcii -, thco'
May, with all th(
Chili, ar.d Peru.
Valparaifo V.wt.
annually for Ac.i
and the commod
.nagazint's here,
\inccs of ■^n■,^.'ri.
*
AMKillLA.]
S O i; r II A M I R i i A
J47
Li\i",i, tlKTipn.il of ilif .I'Lii'-'iicofrh-if ivmr-, iinii
of.iU l*<-;i!, i.'. li'ai.iii'il in.i liiu- v.illcy r.cit ilir tl-.i.in
the litit'i;!'- of i : ilcj',. : luin.S, A river oK tlii r;iiiif
nunc v.'allv.. ihf v.ill,'., owv \\hich wn:, :i li in.i!!'Jii;C
rtone bii;!;".'. In i"'4') a iln.nUu) O.t) !, of an i-;rth-
q'lake ;ilfni>'l 'jntin'lyili'llrovi'ii'h'.i ritv iiitliiMpaiX-oI
three miivjtcL, Iniryinp; in rhcniiir. tliok nili.iliiiiinis,
who rnric i\()uring to f.ivc tliciniioU [Mt-iioiis inovt;!-
bles, hid not nvidc fufliricnt h.ille ir.f'i the Ih-cifs
and fqiiare^>. At tli'' I'jnic time liiu k-.\, rerediru);
to a very conT'di-rablc liiilaiKt-, rt'tiiriu-d with lui-h
violenrr, tin: (."all.io, wl-:: a w,i,thr pur: of I Jm.i, .iiid
4)1 the ncijijl'bouiiiij;' o'.iitr-, , were laid uiul^-r v/aifrj
men, v.'oni;"n, and Iionf-. , hcin,^ fwejit a\vay v. ith tiic
torrent. Nincfi-n wliV' ., n..,i of 2 ;, wt-rc Uink j and
the fripitccalli'd St. Firmln.w:!'. carried, liy tlie Ion e
ofthr'-Mve?, to a qrcir diltaiuc up tin- (o intry. i-'or
the fparc of" pnir montl:;, the conninio;!- rriiuimu-d,
v.ith (he; r irltr: U.'-, and many of tlirni WiTc as vi<)k::t
.IS the lirll i fo tha' ln-lbrc liic cjth of M uv h i'l the lol-
lowing yi-ar, no lefs fhiii .yy llun'ka Iiid bicn I'ch,
andforrrijfthiinnolrfs dreadful liian the lirll. Above
i2,ocopco]di' ju-rillicd in liv ruin*, (jf iheirown c(T(.<'ls
and property. Jt iias now, in fome ire.ifiirc, reco-
vered, ui'd is iHll ilie rapit.d ,'.,id iiiru I'lnporiuai of
Peril, a;)d tlie icfideru e of tl;e \i,eri')-, v. !io|i' grnern-
ment is triennial ; ihoir.'^'i, at tf.e e:-:pi;atioii of th.'.r
term, the foverei;.'n may renew lu:; con-.iiiiirion, He
enjoys .ill the pornpand prerot^.itive.s of royaltv. Ail
officers are appoinred, and places fdled up, by liim.
For the fecurity ot hii p.-r<(i!-, !. ■ !••:■, two corps of
guarch, or.e of ho.'fe, and t!:e oth'/r of halberdiers.
The hnrfc ~uard:ci^nuilofi6o, nr.derih.e coiniuandof
0. capt-iinandiieurensnt ; aridfluirunifoins are blue,
laced with, illvcr. The halberdiers, in nu:.;ber cc, are
clad in cri.ilfoii velvet wa.i^. or.i.-, deepl;, l.:ced with
gold, and do d',:ty in rooiiir, le.u!:;-!;; to tl-.e .^nai audi-
ence chainber. Befides thcfe, there i
within the prdare, of ir>-) men, bei-.
from the gair;f(;:i of Callao. All oir;
.'. di Mel;,; lent
. a;e 01 v'afion-
i.\\y empbv,-d in e:;L-ciiri.-i|; tiie orders of the v;eeror,
and eniorcinj' the derreej, of tjje t'ibdr.al.s after tluv
hav; received the inyalaiTent; fir !'',:rhtlie(iii!Ciir:e.'-.ee
of the vice roy is cfteemed, v/ho, b;Tidi's alliiliiuj; at the
courts of inf!;re ,ind cotir-,i:Ils, gives daily audi<'nce to
all degree:, of pcrfons. Tlie fupremc tribunal of Lima,
cillf. '. audienra, is held in the viceroy's palace, and
cnnfif^s ofeicjit auditors, and afifcal, for civil artairs.
Here :s alfo a clumber of act ounts, a board of ti eafury,
a court for the efFcds of perfoi;s dyinj^ inteflate a.'id
without lawful heirs, a eouncilof commerce, and atri-
bunal of the inqrdlition; m;'.ny convents, chapels and
hofpital: , v.ith an ur.ivcrfiiy, in which aie j)roteilorsof
the fevci-al fciencts, and tliree llihorilin.ue colle<.';es.
The inhabitant? of tirs city, as of .ill the other.; ui
Spanifh .America, confills of Spani.utb, .MelTi/oi's,
Mulattoe;-., Indians, and Ncgroei. 'J'he .'^jianilh fimi-
lies were very ninneroua before tlie < aitliquake. A
third orfourth pr.r; ol diem confined of the chief nobi-
lity of J'iTU, v.holivr-d in the !.\reaLefl fplenJour,
If L.ima was nof liibject to eaithqu.d;e: , it wouki be
cneot th*; mof! drf'rable places of aboele in the world ;
but, iinh -ppiiy the interval between ihefe is never ot
Irnf^thfu.Ticicnt to obi iterate the remembr, nice of them.
Calli'i, the port of L.ima, is litu.ited fix miles welt
of that f i"y. It is tlie beil harbour in the fmuh, bein;^
icrecned from the winds bvthe llhuidof ,St, Laurence.
Two floras annu.dly I. id tVom hence ; one for .Africa,
near Poruii, ,:hout the end of bebruary, which ha\'-
;ng received tlie filveron boaid, returns in the month
of March ; the other for Panama, in tiie be_uinning of
May, with all the trealhrcsand. merchaiuli/eof Potofi,
Chili, and Peru, Thofe of Chili were broupht by the
Valparaifo fleet. Refides thefe fleets, two fliips fail
annually for Acapulco, freifihed with eold or lilvcr ;
and the commodities thev brin;; back are lod,!;ed in
magazines here, and rctailctl to all the louthirii piu-
\inccs of .'Vmeric.i.
.III'IV'
Cliff o, the capi.-'i ^fii, rii.idrc of Per':, tcfor'? th':
.- I'ivd ofihe ,Spania,Lls, a!>',i the feat uf the f.".':as or
ki.'i •,:.,'liinds about -iP.'.i milesfiom Lima, towards the
eail. li w,is r'leti verv larr^e, i;.a|.-n;fi<:ent, and jwpu-
lou.s. I Kre l^jod the f.unous Temple of the Sun,
wh'ch i:. tail.'d Cinia. hiirchi, and contained immenfc
riches. T'lf li.cao refified in a part of the citadel,
the V, .ills (jf which were encr;ilked with gold and fil-
ver, and the whole tbrtreis wis built of Hones, fo
Ion I tii:'.t feveral oxen could h.irdly draw otie of them.
It is lUll a coni'derable tow;;, containins: great nun. -
(lers o; Spani.irds, Ct'-oliins aiv.l Intiinr.s. The r.ir
ii very pure aiul wholeiumc, iukI the neighbouring
toumry veiy pleafaiit and. fruitful. Here are fomc
r.ianiiiii. u;ri. 1 of bays aial cutton cloth, and alfo of
leatiier ; a;Hl in the aii';!cent countrie'; are gold and
lilver iliiiv.i.
Arcquiba iVands in 'lie valley c-r Quik)?., on a fine
river, bv vvliich It has .'. communication with the 1(.m,
dilfant abtiut :o ieas'ue; . It is o.oeof the moll bcaU-
tiUd and [ileai.int towns in .sllPeiu.
Giiamaiu';.', iSo miles e.iil cf Lima, is the fee of a
biiliop, and contains an nnivcnlty.
Truxilk), .50 milfs ri'iirii-v.eiL ot Lima, contain i
only low hoffcr, en aeci^vifit of the t.cqucnt eauh-
qiLikes. (iuaiiicliiCo is it:; port; and the inhabitants
cany on a ;rieat trade in wiijc, brandy, fiax. rr.arma-
iade, and, al>ove all, fiujar, as thev cultivate plenty
01" fu^;ar-canes in the nei:.;hbouriiood.
The audience of Lo,,Chircos, or Ln Plata, is bo'jn-
iled on the north by tint of Limn, bci.-g f 70 ~iic«
in a IfraiLdit line, and aco wide ••There broadeft.
The cliiiKite is various, the foil is in "general fertile, and
the principal ommodiiies fib-er, gold, and pimento.
'1 he chief places are,
La Plata, tiie cnjjital, wldch is the feat of the gover-
nor of the province, o' tl;e .aichbifkop, an uniyerfity,
a:'.d court or' ii-.cjuilition, v.Tiicl! 1: fi.bordinate to that
of Li IV, a.
Po'oii.fo'aiu.u; on acToiih.'of the rich filver mines
in its neigidiourhood) Itaiuls ;'.boui 60 miles from La
Plata to the fouth-eall. Tlie Spaniards and Creoliani
IicrtaiV pofiefledot imirenle riches. .-Vll their clothes
of ."okl and lilver itulV-, ,ind tlieir kitchen f'lirni-
■ and plates of filver, v/liich is not to be wondered
■1 a cou;i:ry wliere that metal is as common as cop-
perand. no.i a;e e!lev>l;ere. 'J i.ey !..ive great frolls and
fi.ouE here iu Mav, Jvir,-, .''n.i July ; and the nei;rh»
i)oi;ri;i:i; co.mtry is barren and uncouth, cfpcciaLlv tht
!iiount.;in that conr.iins t!ie mine:;. Tlie tov.-n is ne.~ir
tv.-o leagues in comp;it';, ainl eonfequently the largeJl
in Peril. Ti.ere are lour principal mines of filver, be-
li.les otiic; fmalleroiies, NotwitlillandinT; the barren-
r.e!.. oft!;e couiniv, tiie town is well jrovided with
ever\ necefrurv, lo.iie pnA inces lending the bell of
t.'ieir rnaiii and Iruit, otir'rs tlieir cartlc, a.nd others
tiieir m.inufacUire';, '! iiole who trade in European
(oir.;iiodiiies relurt to Potoi"! as to a market, where
ti.ev a.e fureof iMinertingtheir ;r,erchandizc into lil-
ver, .Another Ipecies of co:nmerce, carried on by a
let of people called Aviadorc;, confiH-' in exchanging
coins tov.-ards p-iyiiri t'le neccfinry cvpcnccs of the
workmen, lor ingots and pin.ios. As for tix- article of
quickfllver, it is v.luilly ingrofled by the crown.
An opinion prevails, that the difcovcry of the filver
mines v.-a-; owing to thii accident; An Indian, Hual-
pa, [iiirUiing tome wild goats, came to a fteep place,
and lei.'.iiij'; a ihrub to aid h.s airent, ir g.ave wav,
when he behclu a mais o; nlver beneath the roots,
lie hallened home with the fir'.t fruits of his difcovcry,
wallied tlie fih'cr, ar.d made ufeof i: ; repairing, when
his lloik was cxhaulled, to the rnounrains for a new
fupplv. In tlie courfe ot titni', an intimate friend of
his (jf.fervinn tiieextraordin.i!^" chan;:e in his clrcum-
Ihinces, was deiirous of krowinr; the c lufe, and urging
hi'v. clofely on this head, obtained an ainpk difcovery
of tilt; wliok" ii.cret. For K^me time they mair»-
tained a kind of part.'^erfhip , but JHu.alpa rCiuung
to
tin
ar
')•.!
m
■rio
1!
li;.;!
'1: 1
m-
1 1
J43
A NFAV, ROYAL and AUTUFNTIC SYSTFM or l'NIM-.U.>AL illOGR Al'IIY
to difdofc his mi'thod of jMirlfvinp tlu" nvt.ii, f>) nf-
tciuifdhii comrade, iii.it Vx iniiniiti.it(lv icvimIciI ilic ,
wholi; to his maltcr \'il!arc;il, a Sii.ini.ini, wixj lived
at I'orco.
Ei-lidis the filvir mitus wwr I'otofi tluTc nrcminy
othtTi in thi- autlicr.ci', il'ixci.illy towards Chili.
TIktc .ire Mo fo.ne of j^old.
At a linall dilUncc fto,n this phcc are hot nu-di- ;
ciii.il batlis, to wl)ich, ,is in other lountries, foii;,- re- ,
fort for health, and otlurs f.)r divcrfmn.
L.i i'di is :i conii'.l' i.iblc tDwn fitinted near the
fpring-lu.ui of .1 r.ver, about 120 niil-sfroiii La Plata j
to tiu" norn-wert. The inmintaiiis of the adjaceiu |
count; abound in [V'ld, and the j>hin and va'lies
in p. ..in, fruit trees, and liilds of ni.i:/e. .'Xbout j
thiKV miles to tlie north-we'.l of this t.rvn lies tlie j
like of TituMOa, which is So inlles in circnniferenr •,
and has a comaiunication with tiie lake of Faria.
Arica Ibnds on the fea-coall, and has a got)d h ir-
bour, but contains only about 150 t'amilies. I'or-
merl .noil of the lilvcr of I'otoli w.i.s lli!;);--.! here
for Lima, but now it is ehielly lint b>- lan.i.
.Sj..:.i Cru'.; lie la .Sierra, or 'he 1 loly Crofs of the
Moun-ain, is the capital of a little pri)vi:-.:e nortii-
calt o: Plata.
Althuu.;,! the Spaniards pnlTifs only a f<-w cities in
the c.\ttnfi\'e provim e of I'ucunian, tii' y have never-
tlielefs the dominion of the whole.
Tl.'- citi'.'i p )ircired by the Spaniards are, St. Ja;;o
de Ellcio, fo called from a rivc-r on wtiich it is litu-
ated, whole mundatioiii j-ieatly contribute to ferii-
liae t:ie adiacent land, St. Mi<;uil del 'riicuni.ui,
NeuAra Sennora dc 'r.d.ivaia, Cordov 1 de la Nueva,
Andalufia, Rioja, and tlie la.-ge vdla;_^e of San S d\ .1-
dor. I he two iirll of thdV are the moll coiifKli-r-
able i the two la!t .are l',-,iall, and built withotit order
or fymmetiy. The chief I'.ctij^ii of the court of M,i-
drid in ma;ntainini: Icttlrnv.'nts here is, to lecure a
com , •imcatinn btrv.ixn the colonii's (in tlie South
and North Seas ; for the comiuodities of tiic country
of themfelve.'-. would hardlv rf'i;nbur*."_- tlie cxpeiueof
keeping ginifoi.:, : tliey v niia cliicrly i:i honey, wax,
fu;.;ar, wine, cot m, woi lien \[<.\\]>, m.'.r.ufachircd by
the native.-) i ;■: d :" , ir.;;.-:i adir.ired for tlicir
llren^ih and 1, ilir, , i-ii whuh accotiiu j'rear ntimbers
of ti;ei:i arc cxpoifd to otiur jrovi.ues ot South
Am -I ica.
h.ifon an<l otlier utenfils \\iili him. A inec!ianlc is
lirtlled nun h in the lame ii'.iiutcr, v. ith tins difilr-
enee, tliar he walks about with all hii tools p.icktit
up in a bundle behind iiim, which has fomewlia; t.he
rel( niblance of a portei's knot. '1 he ptafants ate
mat, but ornament thcmfelves v.'tli beads or llulh,
and a common Indian only wears .1 plain looic gar-
ment, which the women fo contrive .is to v'.ury ti.tif
child: en on tlieir b.icks.
(^lito, tlie c.ipit.ii of the province, is fe.tted iii .1
pKatant valley, ivtween two cliains of liis^li nio'in*
t.inis. It is aiiout a mile in len^;th and tliree vpi.u'-
ters of a mile in breadth, and is a bifliop's ice.
There are fever.d religious commur.i'ies, and two
Ci)llej;;es, which .ire a fort of univerfitiei, under the
direction of the Jefuits and Dominicans. It con
tains arout ;5,o;o iidiabit.mts, of v, liich one liiirJ
an: ori^iinal Spani.trds. All li)rts of ir.euhaiidizi ',
and commodities arc csucdin;; dear, chiefly on ac-
count of the tlitT'culty of brimming then hiilii'i. Jt
is t;ie f-at rf the treafn.T of the kir.g.ium, as \.i;!l
as of ;':• other ofl'v : .
II 1 S T O li Y
PER V.
K
mile
Tlie province of Quito is elVu.-.ated at niiout 400 i 1
fO defign was entertained of conqv.ciint^ Peru,
wlucli was dil'coveri'd by a Sj-Miiiaid cilJtJ
\.iho Nuaii / de B.ilhua, till tin- concliiliun 01 the
war in Mexico, when the cKj-edition wai uiidcxtaken
by tiirer private pedijiis, vi.:. Pi/.airo, Ahnagio, and
lie I Moui- i the two fiill btin^ clhcers, and the laih
nn ecclelialiic. It was lhi)ula;ed, liiat Pizario fh.ould
commanil the embark, luon j tiiat Almagio fliould
fr.nn time to time railc and fend him recruits: and,
th.it De I .uquc Ihould re;nain at Pinama, anu lay in am-
intM)iti(jn and provilions lor tlie fii|)port of the entci -
piK'e ; ami they apiud to lli.iie the proiits anting bv
thecxj edition equally, .iltir the cmj^eror';, tiliii Ihould
be i!ei'.Ui"ted.
The diliicultie.s Pi.'irro met within thcnrft attempt
from the crofs winds and currents, and the iiicellaat
lain.s tliat fell near the liivi.itor were fucii, that ail l;is
men foilcok him, and returned to Panama, except 14 ;
but AlmaL;ro joining him with fomc recruiis, theitf.vo
i'.eroes demanded tocoiuinue tluircourfe totlie fuuih-
w.ird, and h.iviny cionid the bay -..f Panama, went on
Ihoie, <x; eitiiij; to iiav,' found a p.ni'.ige to Peru by
es in len;j,tn, and is iituate
d b
etv.-een two cliains
of the high inoiuitains called Cordilld^..^ di .^ .Andes.
The lands are generally well cultivated, and tl'.ere
d by
It the Cou:itry being ove.lloweel, or e".ci::iitier
,■ rocks, wood;, and mountains, thcv weic ubji
ged to
! foi
return on board a^rain, ;uid fettinti fail to the
iiward, niadcfo little v.
thattl
are a great num
ber of towns and v:!la::e'i
file
Sp,
iards or native A;n'rii
ins
I
■vbited
verv \il-
in advancing to the bay of (iuiaquil
icy wc.c two ycais
r
rrt Ci
oniK
ial)le town
latji
th'.
V VI
lage IS ornamentca
church (lands on one fide ot
Willi a lar-e Iquare, a:ul t:ie
lie roatls ;.ie
V
Ml t
fitedt'
fP
iciewasr.K
ci'vof I'umbez, to;
of I'.is officers to let him know tlicv c.ime as fiicr.ds
lec.u nniev.nereot l'i/.aiio!eiitone
laid out in a line, c vlhr.g eacli other, fo that tr.e ' ae.ii tlie cacujue theieupon Icr.t tin m all miiinerofic-
afpeit of the countiy has tlie ajj
carilen.
It might be imagined tit.it this
'.ce ot a larj'e
( ountry is
verv liot, but it lies fo high, and fo ne.ir the ir.oun-
ta:t!s covered with Inow, tl-.at tl
per.\te. ThtT m.igiit have pier,
Lima iud not an exclulive privilege of
thcrr'.felves. Thev have no vicunas or guanacoe
freniiiunts. Not having a fulli'-itnt body of troops to
undertake fo iirp<irtant an expedition, lie returned tn
nts, i.'kinfjwith hm)^>ineoi"
'aiiama tor re-ini'iixemr
a;r is vi-iy tun-
i,f v.ine here, if
n-.:i!;inir it
the in
habita
th'
ants, anunils, uiul T-.Kures ol I'erii,
{?
II-
xarni then went to Sjiain, procured rlieempcror s com-
ir.illi'
returned .-.iil ti.'ok with liim three ofhisb»<»-
ther?., and fet fail fir Par
hut
they have an ani.n
al of the fame ki
na iip< n anoti.er exjx-th
V. itfi liim 125 fol
A. D. i^rr lie had :vav
and :" hc^r!; ■ , v. ;;li v aicli heiandcd .'iiul beg.m
railed bv the natives lamas, which i.s like a f nail
.1 c:.n carry fifty pouniis weight. Tliey jj his dej'redatioii;. J l.c Indians fled before him, b-at
came
an
have all fort; nt' materials p:oper for dying; and , many of hi:i[)eople d.ying, he ient liis fnip.s b:i..k laikn
feveral forts of fruits ami plants v.hicli have been (i with plunder, to bring moie recruits. Almigrojoj
brought fro.n Spain, belides tliofe that naturally grow
;liimwifli re-infiTceip.ents, tiiey .ulv.;nccd togtther.
here. They h^.ve alii) imported beeves ami flie.'p. In li d'i'e.'fed ;i lar;u' b<jtiv of Pt r'.ivians, took the town ef
the northern p.irt'. they iiave g,re
The
diabit
ants o
f (.i^ii
It op.iantiries o! goU!.
■ fond of drefs. Per-
oiiiba/, with i:r.i.ie->fe trealiip '
hicn w( re lieapt u
u() in the fniple of the Sun and iIk Inca's paliciJ
fons of diflinction of both lexes wear I'ln.i? garments, i| Tlvynov. erec'ed a forri.-fs near
ind a kind of
r.aiitle over th'
ir flioulde
•Phe
drel's of the Spaniards is [ilainer than that of the In-
dians, the latter being ufually of flowered cott
on ;
both aie fond of we.iring ear-rings, and rows of beads
lound their necks, and the Indians will fometimes
hr fe
tiled the Inca, or em; ' lor Atahihpa.
d then j.ur-
•Icts
An Ir
Piz.irro, finding tliat the Ptnivi.iii-, were engaged in
a civil w.ir among thenil'tlves tool; j;ains to fo.-ijeut
their intellmedivilioris, in or.ier to pKvent thcT unil-
II him. The cafe wa.s, that Atabihpa, a
iiiL' ai.'ain
ornament: i:vi-n tlieir ancles with Inari
diaii b.'.tber li.ii i long lo).*<' g.inn'-nr, and carrie
his I
P'
.•emi erorlbiulcar.
•gitlm;ire b'r'h, liaddrpoliU and . citined
>1)1 relied t
:en.
T
l.-iiter
AMr.T^If ^ 1
hrter ap.'i' ' t"
ulurper. ■ " '
a;v.)l;M:ion t . Ox
c lUiitiMi an ■ ■.
Atibili.iA a.1-1 1
vicv;, the .' in. iri
duii:vT cho • r-.;v'ii
made tlie '■■■■•' ■ 1 '■
A marr: hav.i
C's 't Pan 11.1, ar
ater tlie llau, filter I
of their civineror .'
Ain !!'• . ■ "mrra;
all .e .-.i' i-is.of a;
otli ■•^ t" . livid:
tier -he-, -.o-ie, a;
de au h.j.., an '. 1
p^oi.i iiui 'liver at
ii;. i. imo'iiiii. 1 I
er:. ..'ill? poll. ,\'-i
ail ..inner ot cs
very 'creat raie, ii
nM!,eti':e., or f !■
proj-ertini'to Icn
ti.e emperor, IS li
thi r perdin.indo
ni.iirs ar. iiiivht '
arv!sinPerii,Rn<l t
b..esl'-na'dltd!l
Alm.\p.r 1 alio en'
c.icrt of Sj.'.in, V.
hid lent and c.ir:
general wnn am
time, toeiidde in
f.ie that all tlvai
th.- fo'uhward of
be put iii.v ier h:
ii"t bv tie- gener
r.dven".'r rs, to t
ohr.uir d.ir'i'^oo I
reciiv( ihan -.ol t
It, and choir to c
oftheirlives mtl
n-. ire ha;tards ai
tunes.
Ata!filipa,rhe i
api iiiigious irea
{Treat part of it, >
f -li uo^m'vhat v.
was molf^ iiniulP.\
titis iinloHnn-ife
vengr Vrp iyed 1
killc'l li' OP 'nti
ha-' dr;'"." ';■ ■•
a;it:'ivT t' • ••"ci"
':••- •■■;) ;i.M,i;'.r\i'
(t. r.,1 ; but liu-li
liie cru' • ..vn'ui
ri -/lae ■■>ite .' 1
. :,- -ii-he^
:' r •l.-renou
•:• :.a re' gn t'
: , when Piz.'.rr'
I t ("ulco, where
ic '2,t!ie pcopli
i\\ oTgreatell
I : !', toun'. Ill
;i. , .-d at the I;
ther. : but the
nhr):r to ail'em!
t'le'.'.- i;v. aders,
Inca.uul his Pc
n r t.i leturn to
Th; i'emcr.fures
iity ot taking a
ali the fouthern
tn; :ii, miiier t
k^;raiv.nsvi Q.
No.
Al'IIY.
A infctunic is
V'itli tliis ilifRr-
I'ii tooli jMcLa
.i'> lomcuh.i: t.'i'.'
lii" |H;if.ui!s a:c
I'l.iin louil" t;ar-
•li to iMiry fi.cif
^ i^ fr \tctl ill 1
'>*' hi^Il IllOMJl-
•inii three ijii.i,-.
a bi/liop'., lie.
r.i'ii's, an J two
Ifici, um!ci till
•f.lilS. It (•(,!) .
>• I'.itlioiie liiirJ
ire;. Ii.mai7.« ',
"•'liftly (III ,1^;.
■M!i:i;uN. Jt
01
K R L'.
oiiqiirring Toru,
■S];.iiii.iid ciljij
oiuluiiun ot tlif
\sui uiKlutalvL-.i
o, Al.ii.-igio, dnJ
tis, and the hih
c Piz.uio fhouhl
Min.ij/io /liould
11 rcciuits: and,
in^; I.iyi(i3;n-
Mi t ol' the tiittr-
1 loiils .uii:t;g by
i-Tul ':, 'il'tii Ihoulj
n the Hril attempt
anj tlu- iin.<(r.uu
luch, that ail (;is
n.Ull.l.CXlipt Lj.;
iciuiis, th'.lttwu
'ii:fc tothc luiiih-
PaiLKiKi, went Oil
li.if^i to IVni by
:'il, ortT'.ci::i.ber-
. they wcic objj-
i'tiii!L; f.iil to the
^y wc.ctwoyeais
"iie.lt!ieic-\va5;'.c
t lM/.aiio1'<iuonL-
(^■mu: ai fi it'll Js,
.ill m:iMncro('(t-
JiHJy o^ Hoops to
1, he nrurncii to
\itii hmXwineoi'
[■-•- tjf i\ 1 II. i'i-
'f.Tjpi Tur's i:r)m-
'-'iric uf hi i but-
anotl-.er rxjHTii-
ith him 1:5 fol-
niicd :iiu\ bfj.'.in
iK-fori him, l)'jt
';.ip.s !\uk laiien
A]mii.;rojoin-
. ..need togtihtr,
o'.i. the toxvn 1^1"
ich wire iit-aptd
• liiea's pahiee.
.1, ;i:id then J. nr-
ucie enj^.ipcuin
p lini to lo.jjcut
vent their uiiii-
K Atahilipi, a
id and ce'ihncd
r:;in>.';. 'Jh« le
i.-itter
Ja-ter ap,'i ' tn Pir.irrofor airti1:,ince trletirnpc t!»e
Ul'iiper. ' ' ;hc eu.i'iarv, .Vc'i 'lij'.uii i.e a liiiiilar
a;pl.. I ion i . t:'x Spanim-,.)! ror then b •;nJin j) uiiil
t iu:.:en.in ■ ■.
Ai.ihilijU and Pi/arro, >;iviiig appointed nn inter-
view, fhf ;> uiiirii'i traK !• Kill, itiiu u 1 tae Indians
diuinr ciio jnr'ennoe.aiida.ivin:; iUui;ii:LTed many,
liuute t!ic Ir!;-.- .ii.on«i.
A i.iurr; . hav.n raited 1 eonlidcrable bxly offor-
C". 't I'an !ia, aiTi. I'l ai t!ic • imp o( Pua: to loon
at ertliell.ui.;litcr'>i .he lu.liaus, in 1 theinipiiron'iieni
of their cmiieror Atibdip i. l';;::u r.) Went out to Titrct
Aiii 11" . • I'liirratuhued in-, .in v.;;, lecciveu him wiih
all .e .n 1 v;s ot' alTVctioii aiul eiiecm i.nat^iiiaoli-, and
ofn •vt t'. .I;vid'- tiie I'poi'.-i NVi n lii.ii, t;ii)i:^ii K IS cvi-
iler :hv'. ..i-re, at that tiiiv, meditaim^^M ,ieii oihers
de irii h.j.., .111 '. ir is laid, I'u irro di.ti it)iK«d a- iniic:i
f.ohi >iui 'liver at tins tim- inioiV!; the Spairm luidi-
<!•. \. uno'iiiii-J tu ij,jcj,jool. iteriinij;. laetold;
e!s .".n^pur.. A'-d ot tnis ';roJ.i^;i';-ii.s weafth, fell men
ali .iinnerot iv< edib, iMuiiig ilie pnei o. t ,in. . to a
VTiy <reat rate, b'- otleriti.; anv I'lims lo^raiiiy tiurir
nppetiTe., or f iiui>'... Aiv. n.r.v I'iziir.) ilu-.r^lit it a
])fo;)er lime to liMilover ihel itu parr 01 the ue.iiiM'e 10
tiie ciiipcror, 10 he h.ul i.ipuKt:;-cl, and witii it liis bro-
thi r i'erdin.indo I'i/aiio, t" loiicit t'orati h nini'orcc-
ni.iirs :\-. iiii.ht eltaoliili tic noi.iitiion oi tiie ."ipani-
:ir>!s:n IVrn.and topetinon ih 11 l,!s^overnii.eniir.i,.ht
b.: ( Aiend'd liili farther ro t;;etoiithwaid ; themarthal
AlmapD alio en', oved ids a -ent to rcpri-init 10 t!:j
C)nrt ot Sp injWiih wh.it e '.penc.- and applieation he
hul |. Pt and c.irr.e.i r;- i irortv-:n'-n. , mo tu . A\< d t: e
I'jneril wiiii niivniuiitiini and .T'v. inns trom iimero
inr,', toeii d)!e liim to 1" ik'e ui.'seompieil , and "o dc-
1 ;!■ th.ar all that |).!n ot" .So >th Aiiu'rica>vii.< li I >v ro
th-j iuiuir.vard of't.;e lands i^ranted :•> P'.zairo, i.ii^ni
be put iir.vierhi:. e;ovtrniiuni : and v.ith thel'e a-snts,
t' "t bv t!i • freneri! and the ni.ird^d, return, d I v.ral
■.:dvin".'r rs, to the ininiber i-f .^o or ho, who liivmij
oii.Miir .1 v"^i'^so Dr^o.cco dii,- its a-pii^c ■t.)rtrie;rr(T-
jv->.i!velh.)ri >ot th'.lpoiis, were perfectly l'i:!>^'iei; wi Ji
1:, and chiilr to eniovwii it tin yh.ad got tlu remainder
Ol thfir live', in their owniDimtry, ra:'.errl'. m muiergo
n: re h.i:'..nds an.l d;(l'eult:es to incre.ife tlieir t'or-
f,;;Hs.
A'.i!iilipa,rhe rnval ; riinnrr.hnvin'., oilVred L-'i,;:irro
a pi ill i}i ions tr^al^re l.ir hi.s l:;)i rty, an,! .1 .tuaily paid
^u\n partof'it, \ as (iill dtrnineii,and3tienirthb.-iti;;;
I tiiipan v.'ha: v.^recaMed Articles of impreathmenr,
ix.is moll' tiniiillle |.iir todearh Acaueiii, :l;e br.it. ler of'
thii iinlortnmte prinee, l-.avmg ih-ter idned (.n iv-
ven2;r "it;^ iytd l(!e^■pania^d.'. on their march to (.'iifco, ;
I illc'l ib HP .nil tvjok oihers, Sancho de Cellar, who 1
ha'' (ii-;'"." •)■ ' t' procef! ;i:;a:nll the late Inca, being
p:,v..niit'' ."IT. \\ ill ihefe thev retired lha'i:;lm;r
,i:'.r\iiv place wlieretlie i'm[)eror was piir to
.«; O II T ri A M F R I C A.
5 '9
" 1 — . I I
; Intt loch ot tlie .Spaniirvis, as had been againll
.1 •al'iire, thev relhired to liberty. 'I'l'ie Fe-
■uri: .'ill inriiiuii to treat upon reafon.ibie
i'"i!e i dir.t thev Ihouid im-
1;li' cm
n viae
• ;m- lit •;.(■ '"p.iiiMril
!' r ■],- renooiue the I ielii',i.in, f^ive uj) tiieir eoim-
■r ;.a If' !.',n t'-.eir friedom. This broke olV thr trea-
: ■, wiieii I'lz.irri. r rehed lor.vard to the capital city
I t (."oko, where !.e itrived in the nioiith ut t)dober,
ic ':,t!ie people h iMngabaniioned thecitv,and carri-
I .i oTr.ieateO rr of tluir rr^Mlur.'; but ftill tao .Spa-
1 .; !i/toun'. iii miieli Kir beliind, that they were
a. , i-d at the he.i;s 01 p(jid and filver they met with
thei\ -. but the rei.ninf; inca, Manco Capac, bein<i;
nbo'.r to ailemblc tlu- whole Peruvian n.ition a^iinlt
f'v'.e in', aders, Pi'/.trro tiictipht tit to treat wiili the
Ir.ca.iiul hi;; Peruvians. ]h even invited the empe-
n r t I ufurn to his capital, and proclaimed him Inca.
't h'.ienicariiresPir.nrrotoiuKl himlelf under thenecel-
hty of takino; at this time, not only becaufe he faw
•lii the lo'.idiern provinces of Pern anembrmfi; ag.iinft
t;L;m, under the Inca, Manco Capac, but beciufe
kj.-f.uriisvi i^iiiiq-aiz, an4 Other i'cnivian ^cnwals,
No. sC
/i.Ui auemolitu i verypre.if nriny in the northern pru-
viiietj, .Hid polliled ti.eni lyi-, t.f 1.^1,1. , \;,.i^li ob-
liged iiiiii to fvnA a coiiiKleraMe de'..it'.irii .i.oi hij
loiccs under ihc coinmand of SeDalu m Biialcazir to
rc-iniorcethenewcolony CD.St.Mieliaera.anuio make
head iigaiiill the Peruvian gencraL in ^^iito.
h<i,alo.i/ar, ther'-'jpin, s iare!uii,» iiitu vjj^iito, m.ide
liimieh mader o( tiiat capital city, and wa, in a I'air
V, ly ot rediicin;; f!u- reil, wiieu advice was brought
: tiiat I on Pedro de Aiv;ra:!o was upon tiie coall of
Peru with a eonlidcrable tl. et, andl.uided ;oo or boo
men, iiirendint; to take tlie i^overniuentof Peru upon
him, andtxpcl Pi/arro nm\ Alm,ifi,ro fr.iai thence ; at
wnichiiew>.,thefecwo advent uter^Nv ere ihi;iuli'rllr..ck,
appreheiKiinj;they ihi.uldbedi.poir.ir.ddi allihefpoih
they hid la .en, and peri ip» lent prdoiicrsto Spa:!i,to
give an account of theii- iiuiniermjthe late Inca Ata-
biupa.injni.iiiacrin'.;hispeopl.-i tiiey con tiniieiit lure-
l<<rc rv>ci!ii..vateai!;ood undeirLiindinurwith the Indians
o. iiie Kjuinern provuices, .ind treated tiie Inc.i and hi^i
luojeCta as their fneiid.i and allies, promilinf.; to per-
toi.iipunchialiywliateveriluy h.ul agreed on, knowing
liow^re.i: an advania-e itinuit be ro h.ive the country
III iiijit ..•■.:cre:l, if tlu y were ublii^ej to contend with
A.varudo tor liic poileinon or it. Ihe,', however, at
l-.i£;;at>»iinJ uie v.istobnoe Alvar.id'. from the country
.iiiii .0 porlu.idc m.jit of Ills foil.jwers to enter into cl. jir
iervice. I'lielc .idditional forces reiulered the adven-
t.iiers very I'ormi.i.'Oie, when .\lm;i'";ro m.iiched to
Cuico; and Pizarro tounded the city of L.iitia, and
other plajc-.on t.ie coalu Pizarro now, according to
t.ic gKiiu ot' the emj'cror, renained in pulleTion of
Peru, and Aiiia;romule m exped..ion into Chili.
Aliii.i;j,ro .id\ .mccklas far as the province of Charcas,
200 it aj:;ues to the lout hward of Cufco, without meeting
with .my ciiinfi ''^ obltruc^ his defiy;ns, that country
beiiitiiall under tned'iminion of theliica, andfupplying
hi.a wiiap.ovilions as he went ; but tindiivij Cli ircaj
a wretched barren couiitrv, and beiiij^ iytioraiit of the
ricii mines it onc.ii.ied. he rcfolvcJ uj proceed far:!ier
to uie K.iiu;doiii of Ciiili ; tiidugh, had he known the
uivaiirioie mines of Potofi were lituatcd in this barieii
country, lie would cert.iinly have fer up his rell here,
l.jr III diis mountain was afterwards found more filvcr
ciun any, irpernaps ill the coutitries in the Old V\'orl4
pioducetl .11 thai time.
1 he Indians inloi.ued ,\l;nagro, that there w ere two
way:; to ;ipproaciuhe kini^dom of Chili, both extreme-
ly liiilicult .md iKizardou-;. 1 lie titll: was over a branch
ot' til!- mouiuainsot tiie Andes, orCordeleros, whichat
this time (being winter) were covered deep in (naw,
.md fo cold that no Indian could live on the tops of
them (though this w.is much the Ihortelt pair2;j:e,if it
could be performed ;) the other was over a fa.".dy da-
laiL 'jy thefea-fidc, in wliieli tiicy would be in danr^er
ot peiilhing by exc(lii\e heat, and ihefcarcitv ot wa-
ter ; intim;iting that they were averll to tiie journey
eitlier way, but molt dreadful that over the mount.iins
of the Andes : however, Atm.igro refolving to re.uovc
forward, took the way of the mountains, .is being tlie
lliorteli, andmore agreeable to iheconllitu.ions of his
I'uropeans, than the I'corcliin;; lands; and iiaving f^-
thereU what proviiions the country allordtd, andhiid it
on the llioulders of the Indian ]ii;rt(rs, he began to
afcend the hills ; but had not .idvaiced fitr before he
found the fnow (o dei p, th.ir they were forced to dig
their w.iv through it, the Intiians d\ing by hi.ndreds
with tlu intenfe Cold : the .'Spaniards, alio, were al-
moil: ll.irved, and main of tliem perllluu with their
horfes on thole mountains, either by cjK! or want;
and tome of the men loit liieir (ingeis ,;nd toes, wlio
rii'tpcLl with theirliscb. However, Alm.'...ro f; iiiilf,
wuh between -^co or 400 Spaniards, the Inca Pualla,
the f.igh-priell, and about 5.000 Indians, reached the
other tiilc (jf the mountains, and came to aT.ne tem-
perate, and pleatant countrv. The people of Chili
piefeiued the Spaniards witli many prefents ; and Al-
m;ijiru penc; rated into tlie coiiiitry a cunfidcrabie way j
6 Z but
^1
K1
1 1 h' «
55-5 A NTW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UN'IVI R^\I. GIOGRAPHY.
but brinp informed, by rlu- :iniv»l f)f fomc Spaninnls
fiDin I'liiDpe, tlvir a part allnttal to liiin l)v the riii-
pcror, iiu I'liled C"ufi:o, he retiirniril to Pt-ni. Hav-
ing fiiHcTid \o much in their march over th*- minin-
taiii.i, the Spanlinls ;uid PtTiivians rctiirnnl by the
way of The drfirr, where the hardfhips thev umlrrwrnt
w« le hut little inlcri'T to t!ie lomu'r. In thf nie.in
till!'- 'he Inia Mancd iS.iyv nbkiMUg that I'lz.irr)
«uU jiave him the title of Iiica, and th.»t ui nalitv K^'
had very little command even m the iMpirnl i.-:ry of
C'lifcn, where he refided, put him in mind of his ()rn-
niift- of reftorini; him to his empire, and pcrfornunt;
tly capitti! ition* that hail b-i n a.-reed on beiween
themi but Pi/arri) pnthiu otV tr.im ti^ne ft time, fi I-
lin^ him he mull wr.t with pan. in .■ rill he heari! that
til .le capitulations were ratified bv his li)VerLij;ii the.-
fniperor, which he expecteii to renive everv d iv by
his brotli'T I'erdinando, and was ^v)inj{ lo Lima in
hopes of meerint;; him there; definnfr that the Inei,
diiriu!:; his ablence, would relide in tlie eallle, and not
fVir from theme. The Inca tiiuiin;' thev would make
him priinner bv force, if he did not volunranlv fubmit
to this eon'inemrnr, difjtuiled lii» lekntner.t and iin-
me;liati Iv W'-nt to the calUe.
- But the Indians were fir from f.l.ipi; thivimprifon-
mentofiheiremperori)atienity; tluy only w.iited lor a
favourable(oniun:"turetoobiainhis liberty ; forTerdi
nando Pizaim returning from Spam with his brother s
n-'W foinmiirion, and tlie pa'' lit forthe title of marquis
brnu^h; f mie orders with him tl.ar were not ai'.eptabk-
to the m inpiis or his people ; pifti( ularlv he informed
fhcm, that tlie empepT ex(>iH-ted ti'ey llifjuld be ae-
ff)unt;iMe to him for all the trearuie thev h.ul receivi'd
as rlie ranfom of Atabilipa, hi:, imperi d Majelly alone
beini:; entitled to it, or at leall that thi-y ll;(ui!d r.ufe
him a good round fum, and lend over ti> Spain in lieu
of it; but the maiv,u;s and !iis o.'fuers replied, this
was neither reafonahli nor ()oir;iile ; :ib they h.ul hazard-
ed their lives, and m.ide a conijueft ot tiie country ;i:
fheirown espence, without anv cliaiu-e to his imperial
majeftv, thev ousiht to rrap t!ie ^r':lt^ of tiie.r labour j
an;l bcfuies, that moncv had b<en lon;^ fmce fpent in
fi'pporting '.he conqueft,buildinp; towns, and plantir.t;
colonies, to preferve what they had trained, which
woT.'ld all redound to the honour and proJir of his ma-
jeOv, who by that means was eonfirmed ^i.il ellabliflied
in the fovereignty of that rich counirv. Wliereupon
Icrdinandodefiredhisbrother would confer on him the
government of the capital citv of Cilro, ami he did
not doiibt b\it he fliould foon have it in his power to
raife a fum of money to ^r.uil'y the court of Spain j
which the m?.rq"is confentinp to, his brother Ferdi-
nando immediately repaired to hissTovernment ofCuf-
1:0, where obfervinii that leviralolheer' had beer. r,riT,i-
?y enriched bv prcVents Manco tnra had made tliem,
in order to be kuidly ufcd, he ippl-.ed himfelf alfo
to the Inca.piving him to underi'i u'ld, that he would
be reflored to his dominions, and all his demands
granted, if he could procure a eonfidrrabje fum
for the court of Spain ; ;md fnli'creii the Lica to
come out of the caftle to hin palace in tlif < ii;, .i;'nin,
and to be treated with the honours of a fu\ei'.'ign
priiue. Whereupon the Inea lent exjiiTires to \\ vend
parts of !iis dominions, dir<ctin^' thein to brui;^ their
ufual tribute of gohl and filver plate, as the moiT
probable means of delivering him ff(j;vi ti.c li.iiidi of
the Sp.uii.irds.
The treafures were brouulir, bur t!'.- Sp;iniiirds ftill
deceived him, when he delivered hiiiilelf by thi> llr.i-
tagcm. He pretended, tliat in the valley of \':irito,
great riches were hid, particularly a Itatiie of lulid
gold as big as life, but that none bur himlelf irould
find out the place, b'erdinando Pi/ano wnsdeluiled
by this pretence, and futfered the Inca to go to the
\-aIlev with only a guard of Spiniards, from whom (as
thev did not liifpeft liii defiLjn) lie m;'.d,e his cfcape.
Being at libertv, he railed three t'owerHl nrmics, one
being defigned againft Liira, the fecond to attack
i:
Ciifco, antl the third to rut olf Almai'jro. The priiw
cipal ar.ny, under the Inca himlelt', atticked CulC)
with great fury, but were rejjuljcj \vith terribk
llaughter.
.'\fter cutting off ftvcra! iler.tchmcnts of Sp.iniard<,
the fecond Peruvian armv invclled Lima, which not
beingable to t«ke, thev I'lilv blockaded ; buttfetli rd
army did not att.ie!. Ahiiajirc, who arilving bcfjre t.u-
walls of C'lilco, I'Miimoiied l-erdinando Piv^arro to im -
render, wiio lel'ufed i but the pl.ice was be'r.avcd 10
Almauro by l"iiie of 'he ;Mrrilon, when the govtrnci
ami another of the maripiis of Pi/ario'i brutii'.rs wue
made prilouers.
In the nu-an time the marcjuis of I'i;-.;rro, not In ,:r
inglror.i his brothers, feiit ;i (Iron;; I'oue to Ciili.o,
under the coir.mand of Don yVloii/o dc .Mv.ir.ulc.
Peter de I crii a w;is ordered alfj to maiLii with this
detachiiicnt .\-- a private captain of a trjop of iiorle,
though he was an older otbcer that Alvarado, zrA
h.ul done preat lervicc in thole wars, which fi dil-
L;ulled de L.ermi, that he, from this time, meiiitateil
the ruin of tlie enttrprize, .i . u fuppolcdny the Sjianim
writers.
.MoiKM de Alv.irado cciuinulnghi!; tn.iich wirli the
urmoft diligenee, molt ot the Indians that v.ereprelii-.l
to carry h;i Saggaj»e, nmotuiting to wpw.irdi of yc; ■■,
perilhed in the tirit part of the journey, eitlur by the
intolerable f.itigue, being kiadcd and diiven beyond
their llrrrrgtli, or darveil for want of food.
Almagro receiving iiuelligence that .'vh^.nzo was aJ-
vancinp to the r itv, lent fome Spaniard . of cjuality to
him, to reprefer.t thi't C'ulio brlongrd to iiis g..>vtrn
menf, .iccording to the ilivuion the emperor made oi*
Peru, between liim and the manpiis ile Pi/.arro, and
therefore adviied him ro retire to Luna again, till he
and the marquis (liould adjuil the limits of their re-
I'pcClive eovernir.ents : bur Alvar.'.do was fo far from
tntertainin:! anv pariric t!ioii;;hts, that he made ;'.li the
i;riitlemen iirifoni rs tliat were lent to treat v.itli iiiiii.
\S hereupon Alm..i.ro fok the field, eonllir.itin:' l)on
Orgonne? his heutenaiu-g'.neral 1 and having made a
p;ir;y of Alvaro's horfeptiionrrs, undclfoad by them,
that great part of his tro(;ps weie better *f?cCK\l to
him, than they were to tlie i'izarro'i; ;>art icul.it ly, h--
uiuii-rP.ojd that Peter de Lerma, witli a great many
of his friends, would dcfert Alvar ido the firft c;
port unite.
He ailvanred. '■■••■efore as fir as thi'liridge of .Mian-
cay,on t!ie othfi lulc whereof Alv.u:ulo lay encamped,
fo ttKit there w as nothing but a linall rivi r tiiat parted
their forces ; thev remained cjuiet, h<)wcv;i , without
attempting to attack each other all <!iy; bu' ii th-
night time Oip.onne/ fording the rivt,-, a: the head
of Almagro's horfe, put Alvaratlo's force:) into great
conluliuii; and giving Peter de Ltrma, and tin- reli
of their friends, by this means, an oppc)rtiinity t"
join tliem, Ahnagro gained an eafy vicforv, with verv
little blocAllhed, making I )on Alonv.o de Alvarad'.>
liis prifoner; with whom he returned in triumph tn
CidVo.
.■v!:;i.'.a;ro, aftcrtlie l),ittle,inaiTlied with 50oSpanilli
iioili and foot, anil fume thouland Indi.tiis, towards
the v.iKevof Ciiinca on the lea-c:a'>, taking with hiin
his prifoner Fer.iin.iiido Pi/arr(>, but he left Alf'n/o
I'i?a,io and Alon/.o de Alv.uado priioncri ii" 'd.e city
of C'uk o.
In the me.in time, the marquis de Pi7arro hearing
no news from .'Monzo, and imagining the Indians
ini;',li! iiave jiollVU'ed themlilves of the pafTes in the
mount.uns, anil ilienby tiitoff hiscommuni. .aion\\itIi
that I'eneral, m.irehed in p.erfi>n ;it the
4Q0 Spaniards, r>Aards the
ligenee ; and after onie days march, received advice,
that tlie Indians had raifed the fiege in Cufco: i:.?.'
AliTiagio was returned from Chili, had pofl'eired hi:;i-
felt ol tiiat c.ip'ital, and mac.c his Ijrotliers Ferdinando
and Aloir.'o pinfoni':"- ; and, ti.ar ii.s other brother
John Pizario was kiiUd Q':i...,x tnei-j'-c ofCifco;
head of ;oc- or
mountains to get intel-
ra f
iAPIIV.
'I'n. 't he jriu.
t, atMckcii CiiiO)
'-■J \>iti» taribk
;ntj of Sp.iniarJs,
Lini.i, which no:
k^■, buttl'fthrJ
rilvingbc!.jri-t;iL-
i!'j Pi/arro tti lui-
was be'ravfti u.
Iici the ;iovcrnur
o's brothers wiro
'i;-.;rri), net !ic,:r
1.'" ill-' Alv.ir.ulc.
n.ULii with tins
.1 troop of iiorlc,
Alv.iracl'i, 2r.ll
wh:ch lo ilu-
t<iiH-, mcihtatfi:
L-il t)y thi-Spaniiii
^ tn.uch ■nirli tlvj
srhitv.erfprcli'cl
U))w.irtN »>f 5'cc3,
■ncv, cither by tht-
nl liiivcn biyond
f loo J.
r.u .'vl'^nzo war, aJ-
iarJ, of quality to
;ril to his ^..-vtrn-
fii^pt-rdr uuiilc of
is lie Fizarro, an:i
•ma aoain, till he
limits of" rhi'ir re-
.!o was fo far from
hat hcin.ido all rlii-
t') tri-at with iiiit!.
, ii)n(!it..tli::' Don
nd havifig made :i
idolfood bv them,
better Sf^ecKd to
I'J; ;>artic-.i}.iiiy, he
.viti. a ^rrcat matiy
irido the tirft op
iel)rid(>pof Aba;i-
:ii!o lay encamped,
11 rivir t.':at parted
houtvei, without
»!iy ; bif i"» thr
iver, a: the head
s furie;; into oreat
L.-ma, and tin- rell
:n "jiportiinity t"
Victory, with very
:)nv;() ile Alvarad"
led in triumph to
i with 5ooSpanini
Indians, towards
, takmij with hmi
It he left Alnnzo
u'oncfs ir. the eity
e Pizarro hcarin^r
iniiii!; the Indians
the iiafTfs in the
iinninlc.uionwith
le head of ;jcor
ains to p-et ir.tel-
, leeeived adviee,
.• in Ccfeo : ti.i!
ad poflelfed hini-
itli'T'. Feniiiiaiido
i.s other brother
: fic{;c of C':fco ;
AMI RICA.
S O i; T 1 1 A M r K I C A.
5J«
anil a dav or fvo jfti-r fir hail news broMjrht him of
the ikii at ol Dun /\lon/o ile Alvarail'i, W h'leiipon
he thoui.'1-.t tit to utile to lama, and fortity himlelf
rli'Ti , (ill he IfwniM n-. eive a re iiifonemein of troops,
whiih hi' cypefh'd evi-r\ dav , aiidtodiviri Almagrij
liii'i r il- iiip; the ailvaiua^'e »\ hiipieknt wcakne fs, ami
p^.fl;^.":hi^l»rothel todrath, he (iilpatefiMl leveralSpa-
niirilii of (jiialifv to attend him, and ofier him any
terms he (hoiilil infill upon, to proeire I'.i-. biother'.s
Jiiirrtv : Mmaiir.'. -. i- villin|- to treat, ami an infer-
\\c\. with onlv I : l.orlemen of ifulewas ajTced, hut
with lo ii.'ii h fiiu liM / on i'izano's lide, tjiat Alma-
}*ro, wifh j^reat dithi nky i-fi-aprd an ambuleade laid
|..r lull. At lenc'h Pi/airo, by vari"''-* ariitices, ob-
tained (he liberty of his lirothers, and tiieii demanded
not onl/ C'lliVo, Init all the eonquells in I'eni. y\i-
ma'-ioverv nafirally reiefteilthisiniTeatimable reipii-
(it.i)ii, when a war immediately coniireneed between
til"'' iivaUi when Mniajrro was lietiMied and taken
'iii'in-r, and at t!u; faree time the c/ : of I iiAo was
lo't. '1 heiinfort'inat''.Mmac>rowa.sat'irwariiseriiellv
put to ileath bv Ir.s rival Pi/.ano, bat the latter did
not lonj; fiirvi\e hirp.bi inj; aflafTiiiattdin hispalaee at
I.Ktn by a natural for\ of Almip;ro. 'I'luis untimely
fell the two roni^neiers i>f Pen:, bv miaiis ot their
own rerif roe il enmity, of v.liom it is only necelfary to
i.iy, tiiaf b'th were equalK- polltHid of courage, forti-
tude, am! temper .nee; bur both were equally ami)iti- !
o'ls .uid ra[\iei(>us. Almapro w.isthe iiiol) ;'ei>eroii^, I
Pi.-.trrothe iiioi\ polirie ; the former polieili-d the niolf
iM'Me fentiment.s but the lattcrhadtliegreateil pene-
P .\ K
^ V C T I O X III.
A (; IJ A V, OR LA V L.. T A.
T
•\Ii! ; e.)'inr'-y lies Ivtwc-n i^ and i- deirree.';
Imiih I iti;ude,and i- ihotit \ :oo niile-. in length
a'l.' Ill too in breadth h i.s booniie'd bv I'lHi on the
nortli; bv Hrazil o" the eatf, by Paragor.ia on the
fourh, anH b'- (.'hili on t!ie ^'clf.
Iiuhj ( .ul'-nt of liorfe';, ivmles, (h-ep, troats, hop',
jioultn , <■,,. ne, • • <\, I'i'.iir, &'e. ir produces an .id-
rnii aliie ilr'.ij ear»'il iiy the name of tiie rouiui\', I'.i-
ra7'i::v. This i,'? rtn I'X'riient enntic, and of itftif
fiiij.ht form a eonfiileralile article ol eoinmerce. i ,'v
forrlh, a!;.)und with wild, hearts, and the rivers at-.d
lake";, bilides vaiioiih kind.s of lilh, witii crocodiles,
a'.lii; 1, ..•-'», i\'<-. The mines > :>n:a;:i rvld, lilver, cop-
jHT, iroii, r.nr-thvils, &r. To the v. vlt of the great
river I'.irai^'ia;.'. the ■ (•iintiv i*! ban eh, but to the cart
i' isf I':'''. 'IJ'i- next foiifuk-iiiMe tivrr ii tluir uf
I'iat' "I- 1 .1 i'l.it.;, \vhi( h rifi"! in Peru, an*! falls into
the .XrhiniieOci an. The ; lima:- of Fara.:;i:a;.- differs
but litt'c from tint of .Spain; and tli: dil!uKt:oas be-
tween the feafon.', .\:r miuh the l.une. In winter in
tl'ed, violent tempel's of wiinl .md .-tin are verv fre-
qi.enc, aeeompani'i! \sith :.ich dreadfn! ei ipsof thun-
li.Tai.d liszhtnin^r, a< iill tliC i,iliai)it.uits, thou;;h ufed
totlitm, '.virh terror and conllernation. In lumiiier
tiie txielTive hea". are mitiirared by gentle breezes,
which oiwil.intb liitrin .ateii>ht or nine in the morn-
in.". In Ihorr, for th'- e:.; )yment ol life, efpecially
v.iiii rcjraid to ;lv.- falub: it_, of tlic air, a rtiier country
C.iiinoi {«■ imar.incd.
Ti,r toiellsof th.s Cf.u:u;y abouiidMith bees, wliiih
rnrike their hives :n the iiollow trees. 'I'lieie are ten
tlirt'ennt Ip-eies e.f tliCl'e iileful infects. That molt
fif'-'-iiird tortile whiter.efs of it; wis, and the delicacy
ofitshonev.iscalic'l opc.ne.s.butis veiy icarce. 'I'lie
<ot:.)n trf<' is i n.iriveoitiiis counr;-\ . 1 he Spaniariis ^
fow and ;ife h-mp in pretf l.irye quantities.
Veiumtous l.c,-bs, with w.'iich ibme Indians poifon
their airo-.vs alv.e.nd here ; but the antidotes are no
i:-:'; coin;tion ; and, amon;.^ Others, the herb called
Spai.-owj 1 Icib, which form; pretty large bulhes, and
was c'ldlovcrtd, anUg^;4;nevl Hi name, in the follow-
ing tnir.r.cr,
Thtre is a vi-rv pietty kiiul of rpnrrow ctihJ Ma-
cauu I. '1 his little kind of Iparruw iicaiiiie ij y.-ry
fonil ofiheiUlh ol v ij ers, ai^.uidl whom, for tlii.sUM-
loti, hi M.i:',es lunni'i' il war. As toon, ihertfon', a.s
he fpics one ol ihcle leprih's, he | ut, hii h<M4 under
his wing, and gathtis hiiiif If oji into a rouiicl bill,
withcuL the le ill .ippearance of life or motion: he fjoe.i
not, however, cover his evcb lo entirely, but that he
m.iy peep through the featherb of hii wing, ami ob-
lerwe the moiiun.s ol hi.s (^aiiic, which lie liifl'i ib to ap-
proaeli without llirnii;', mini jittiiuis it mar enoiigji
to receive a llioke ot Ips bill, whii h lie then luddenly
diliharges at tr. Thi vipci nnmediitely retorts with
another of hi.s tongue, butihci.iinuti tin Iparrow finds
himfell wouiiiled, he llies to his herb, eats fome of ir,
and is inllanily luml. ile thenretiirns to thechar'-'e,
and hasreeouife to his herb every time the viper llings
him. TliiSionfliU lads till the vipc, Uellituicofthe
Umv refoUKc, ha^ lol! all his blood : as f<!.i,i as the
reptile is dtjil, the Ip.irrov, eats the carcaft, and then
has recouili again to us .uitulote.
I lere are v.dl numbers of .ill kinds of (lr|)ent.s, and
the I attle-fnake in paj ficular is a very formid.ible crea-
ture. 'I'his repfile futrera greatly wi,en its gums are
f.oi) muchdiltendeil wi:!i venom, togct rid of' wl m h ir
fills upon every thing in itu way, with tv.o crooked
fangs teriiuiiatmg in a point ; and b\ means of .i hal-
low in rlvulaii!':', pours i.'ito tin- woiiiid if iiiakcs all tlie
vciio rolls i>!atfc;- whiciitormented it. The etfectsof
the lute are fudden, and the confequences dreadful,
unlifs antidotes nre Ipiedily ajiplied. T he elii'-f anti-
■ lote is alUmr, to which they ha\e given thi- name of
.St. P.iul Bezo.ud, and a poultice of cheweil garluk.
The veiy heail o! the aiiim.d, and its liver, which is
likrwife r.iVii to p'lriiv the blood, ure etpialiy etfxa-
eiiius as aiiiidotis. Tlie fuieit method, however, is
to begin be making an inciliondirtctiv in the part that
h.i.s beii! luiiig, md tiien appiv brimllone to it j nav,
this driij; aior.e h is been tiiqueiitly found to make a,
perfect eii.e.
Heie are Itkev.itc ibttie hunting iVrpents, wiiich
cii.nb up til.- frets to difcovcr their prey, and fVoin
thi lice dart upon ii v.v.en wit!iin reich, fquec .e it I'o
ti;',.'it ihat it cannot [fir, and then devoui it at their
ieilure.
The mini )Pari<-s greatly contributed to die fubicc-
tlon and i;ivili/ation of the inh.ibitants of this country.
They inflitittid parochitd .'nd provincial jurifdiclioiis
for the piiri'oles ol order ,ind good government, and
mav be I'aiil to have act|uired and maitnaitied that l"u-
periority which the 1 ,iiiu}Tans now hold over it.
The natives of P.iraguay ;ue in general of a mode-
rate (fature, and well mtide. They have fiat loiind
f.ices, olive compli-Mons, and loii^ black liair. Their
garments were toniierly the llsiiis of be.ilh, but now
in moft thiiiL's tliey conform in drefj to the Spanilh
falhi'Mis. Previous to theirembracing (.'hrilfianit\ they
woilhipped the fun, muoii, liars, tl-.Mc.der, lightning,
gro\-'-s, riveif, animals, &c. The women are allowed
to propoie matclies as well as the men. Wlien tin In-
dian woman likes a man, Ihe ticipi.iints one of themif-
lionaries with ir, wiio immediately fends for the young
fellow. If hedoes not likehei', tlieprielt ijerfiuulesthe
Woman to overcome her palTion ; but on the contrary,
if the man is inclimd to return her affection the j)rielt
immediately mairi' s, and gives his blefilng. Tlie
wives of the petty princes or lords wear a kind of tri-
ple crown made oflbaw, aneit'ieir lords hang doe-lkins
over their Ihoulders. Thebo\s ami girls goqiiite na-
ked. Th y wrap up their inf.;nts as loon as born in a
tygersfliin, ami givi- them the breall fora little while,
and then a piece of hait"-raw meat to fuck. Their
beds are the hides of oxen, or tygers, fpreail on the
ground : but the peopleof rank uiehammocksof net-
work.
The rude and uncultivated inhabitants of Paraguay,
efpeci.illy liie Chaconefe, and the (iutuanis, are of an
extr.iortlinary llature; and there luvc been found men
among
»'
1' •!«
^1' A
)i i-
iiH
iirrii 14-':;
m
552 A NF.W, ROY.M. anp AUTUFNTIC rVf.TFM or T'\'I\rRS\L ClOGRArilY
among ilu-m aljove iVvcn feet lii^^h. 'Iht-ir fVatures
diPci grc.itly from ours ; and tht; colours witli wliicli
I'r.vv jM.Mt t'lemft'lvcs jiivc tiiem Aich an afjie.'l, tliat
lh:'.n^(.rs iiiinof, a. Ii;il ltr;!u, licli) htin;^ trnificil .i
little. Accordingly, bv this nioiib fiu-y prcrvnd to
Arikc a ttrror into tlu-ir cnemi^'s. Mcll of thr men pi->
qtiiic I- 'kril, all to a p.ircel of fi-.itlicrs, ofdirt'creiu co-
lours, I'.;ini;inii; ro a (Iriiip- ai!>)i:t the waill. Ikit at
th- ir public folc nniiics thcv wear cajis made of the
fa lie fc.i'hf rs. In vtrv cold weather they wrap tlscm-
felvcs up in .i kiiiil of can and clo.ik, made of Ikins
pretrywell dredld. and adorned with jininted tiguics.
A:iv>n;,' for.ic tribes the women arc not better covereil
th:v.i tlie men. I'he bad qualities common to all rhrfe
people are ferocitv, iii'onll.incv, perfidy, niiddnuiken-
nels. They are all I'priL'ihtK-, tlioufji very dull of ap-
prelienfifin in every tivi'T that doe<; not immediatelv
fail uniler the t'enli •-. 1 lure i^;, properly fpeakinir.
ti'i fonri of iiovcrnii'.enr amoni; th.em. I'.very to^fn, in-
deeii, h.is its c,ic:.]ue-, but rhefe ehirt's have no aurh.o-
ri'v, b'.it in ,(ri'porrion to (he elleem they have ac-
quired. Seveial do nothinr; but rove frotn place to
1)lace with their furniture, wliii h conlills of nothing
)ur a mat, a hammock, and a cilabalh. 'I'he cabins
ofthofe wiiolivein towns are no better than wretched
l;ovels, iradf v.ith branch.es of' trees, and covereil with
flraw, or rather rraf*. 'I'hofe v. ho ii\e ne.uc!' to 'I'u-
cUinan are better lod;red and clothed.
Their fivo-Kiic llipior is chica. 'I'i'cv allemble to
drink it, and to d inte and fin':: ; ^''^^'^ in tlicle exer-
cifes they perliil till t!iev are all dnnik. 1 hey then
quarrel, a'ul, fro. ii words, fn-n proieecJ to bhTws; fo
thar tliei: merr-.-makintjs feldom terminate without
lome ahfurd and ri-iicul(>t;s, and others horridly b.irba-
rous. The i ereinonies theyobferved in I'.ivin.'^ n.imt s
ro their new-liorn ilukhrn, will bell hrvi to jrive a put'
idea of tiie favai'enef^ of this nation. 'l"hinkini; it tin -
lawful to perform the ci'emonv without the ileath of a
priloncr of war, they d.'d ired it till tliey <-f)uld m.ik:^
one. After enterr.iiuin;; him (dentiiuUy (or fever.il
ilaws, thi-v cut his throat on the dav appointed fi;r tiiat
purpofe V, ith [^rear cereiiKmy. As fooii as he wai'. dead,
everv one touched his b<idv, or llnick it, with a Hick ;
and dtniii'r this operation they f-'.'.ve naines to all the
( hildrcn that h.id not as ver received any. liiis d(,n<-,
the budv was cut up, and cvety tamiiy look Ikmiic a
piece of it to make into broth, of which evi ly one
took ;'. mouthful, not exceptini;; ciiildren t tnc Lreail,
whom their mothens teok caie to nuke [Mrt-ikers of
this r.-palt.
Tlifii' manner of re( *. vinir perions icMirned fiom a
lonsj ioiiinev had fhmetiiini: very f'nf.iii "• in ir. 'Ihe
rivvilirr, on enterinsr i.i-i tabin, in'n^Cviiatelv I'eaicd
himfcit', wifiio'.it itT'crins': a finf:!.' lyllable j at;d the
next moinetu tiie women be.eai to walk i'.''.itKt and
round iii;n, obfervinp; tr.e lame lilnccaii tl;e time, till
at iaft fhev liiddeiity burll out into excl.itnations, which
v.'cre followed bv a lonp rela.ien of all the i'iiii"reca-
b!e events that had hapi.-ened ir» his family dtitii,;'; his
abfence. 'Ihe men, co\erin^ their faces, rep-.ated
the liure thinf?s;vith a low toitr of voice. '1 i,i- cere-
monv killed a longer or l:ior:>'r :; iie, in proporauii ro
the<'rtecm thrv i.id for the trarelli r. At kill they u.i
conrratulatcd hitn on his hajipy arrival and tniert.iiii
ed liim in the Iv.lT maiuuT tl:f y \vere able.
I'ri-vions to ;r jrr:.;i,'e,ti'.e intervird bride w.f-, pkiccd
bloodflied, if not in tlie ilear'v; of tome of the r^ueli.i. ' under the care ofa tvoiian, appoir.ted for that piirpot'e,
Several tnisc advanta'';? of the conf.ifion to b'- revenjjed
of their enemies. '1 h'-fe exercifes arc ainioit: peculiar
to the !nen. 1 he v.Oi.ien penerally wit'idraw t!ie mo-
ment thev perceive the liquor befrins to iret the better
of the men, and carr-- off' with theiri all the arms thcv
can 1 iv tl
A
' liter is futl'i lent tu
breed .i v.ar b( twten th'Mi ; but tlieir vinconquerabK-
inveteracy acf.iinil th.c .Spaniards eafily unites then>
ayai.n on tr,e frit alarm from tliat quarter.
Their arms are bows, arrow-, anil kmics, which
rhev Hie v.-i:h ;^re i: d' A'erity and llren^^th. Tlievl'ailcn
a rope to the latter, !■.■ wiiich ttiev can, as the end is
barbed, draw the wounded jierlon to tl-riri. Befuies
fiir thr fp.'.cc of eiplf d;!ys. Ir v .!s tr.e biilinef: of tl
latter, during thewhole time, toinake tl-.c formerwoi.'.
hard, to tei.T and rhw.'M her, an.:, in fine, not to pti -
mit her ro have any p'-are, rell, or eaie. It'lhewenr
patiently thro\i;di tiiis fcvere viid, h.er hair was cu:
off, and file was drcb.rvd inariia;;eable.
Phvficians and lorttuie-tellers were formerly in prcat
repute here. Thcv were, how ( ver, only it'g<.;lers,
pretending: to prophecv fV'-'iv, the li.n^^inff of birds, a:-.d
to cure difeafes bv luckin'; the pars affected.
Para<jii.iv is liivided into leveral province^, whic!j
rake tluir names from t lie rivers that |).'.Isilirou:.yhthem.
i'he principal are Parat^uav and L.a I'lara, i)ri>[)erly In
fiwinr: th.e neks of their p-'foners with the i,;w-bone .| called. The chief jilace in l'ir.:/uay In called, is thr
town of Airi.''vr'o:,, whicli is licuated at the conflux
of the rivi-rs I'.t. .:.i and l'ar:if:;\iay, r.nil is a Iar<;e, well
built, and populous city. It was erected by tiie Spa-
niards in I 5 '51, in the miailot' a very rich and liiiiti'ul
terrif^irv.
'I h.e jToviiire of I ,t I'l.ita t.ikcs its donoi'Unation
from the river of the lame name. It is a line, it i tile,
plentii'd p'Mvincc, and abotiiuls with piovifions of all
kinds, tlie principal wants bciiuj; tholt-of fait and fuel.
The mrat river of I'late, or L.a Plata, rifes in Ftrii,
and, amon;;o;!(er rivers, receives the I'araini.iy in us
colli fe. I I, e water is clear, abounds in hlh, is lull oi"
del fnitfid il! uids, and m.iv be invi .Mteil tor th'- great-
eft parrof ii.i coui le. Aloni^ it;, banks an- (een the mol':
people upa'.lly bur,- tin n- dead on the fpor
of a filh, th'-y fc.'d(> them, mm^ p.el'ervc their fcalps as
tokens of vi.lory. They are ad,ri:.-;d)le horiemen, and
ta-ii'.' and manir^e the wild horfes with i.';reat addrefs,
v/hich his midc the Spmiards repent ever havini^
llocked the coc:i*ry v.'itii tliole iifeful animals.
Tlie I'haconefe \vov.en have a Millom of i^rickin!^
their fac-.-s, bre alls, and irms, in order to mat k them.
Thev ai" I'lonp, robuil, have calV labours, atid baihe
th'T.ifelves and children hiimedia'-elv after dc!i\ery.
Thev are vi i v ieaious of tlu i,' luilbands, yet cntcrt.iin
very litr'e atfeffivMi (or their oiiMiriii!?;
Thefe people uPa'.P" i---' '!'••'■ -'
wherfth'-vt-xp-re; pla,-,r a j.ivelin, and the Ikull of ,in
i-nemy ''if they can f;;et one) < ver the gi-ave; and tin n
revfive f) a d.illanc- from tiie place.
\V;:-n the ."^piiniards firfl- arrived in ihi^ country, the
pei j.'c lived in po|,Milo'js towns, and v.ere f^ovcr.ied
hy cai 'PC-, who were lifiTditarv, and independent of
ear;i other. H :• if I'-e fucefTion (ailed, il^eelerfion
ol'a newt.K 'que uruilly Til upon one fnmcd eitlii r (or
val'iur or c| iipienr'-. At the ilia'li of a cacique, it
vai lawfl (irir 't- if I i . brothers to marrythe v. i.low j
but this f'ldoT 'I't pencil. In pencral, theli- Indians
did n i' ai pri>ve el i " h loarrii: cs between near '.ela-
tion-; ari! il,i- H ■ 1 .iiion.' tl-iCi-i;, wlco liave t iiihrared
the Chrii'iin rell" on ii'-vc r i'o I'rv anv ofiheiriela-
r!'i:i'.,wv.n v. i:!-.i:i I'l'.^ d jue-.-, \sit!i wh.ii h the church
readily ilii'penfes.
1 !;ev ubferved ?, r.t'i'bfr of forms aiid ct.dums,
beautiful bir.is of all ki
but it (ometimes over-
Hows the iuliai ent country to a fireat extent, and is in-
felted by ferpents of a ])rodii>ioiis I'viC. Bctoie it falls
in' ■ the l'iua"uay, it 's called I'anaiua.
Buenos-. 'Xyrc',, the ca; ii.il of the province, takinn;irs
na:Tie from the plcafantnefi of tlu- 1 Innate, wav found-
ed in IC'J, under the (lirei;"'ion of'Pidi'o dc Mendo.-.i,
at that tune f^overnor. It flaiid; on a point, calkd
C'iipe likuuo, on the font!) fid(- of the Plata, fronting
a fmall ri^er, in -^.^ def.', ■^.\. min. I'outli latitude, in a
f.m- plain, riliiuf by a gentle afcciu from the livcr.
Nothiiu? can cm ced the tcmp'-i.uureul the air, the fer-
tility of tlu- liiil, or the bi .luiitul VcTduie \\hicliover-
fpreads the wliuli.- fiu e ()f' iim' country abwut tin , ci.y,
of wliicli the inliabiuuits have aa unjjittiru^tcJ pro-
. , Ipcdl
t!i iatiiiidc, id a
AMI'.UICA.] SO!' T II
('p!'d .IS t!ir -.v. t!i!! eye r^vrinirlt. B'iciids Ayi\'s !i.is
lir.iis lira.', llrM":., .111.! is of a C'liifikli-M'ili.- txtinr,
t'Mitaiiiliig im li-f> tli.in iH-twicn ; arvl 40:0 hoiifL-'i, nii.'l-
]v lr,;ilt of tlulk or brick. I l<'rf is a vi-ry li;'.;i.!lcjme
i']n.iie, with a ni.!,-^'.i(iccni: c.ithcilral, ami a t.ililv, in
wlii^li tiu* j!;")veriv)r holds Ins rrurr, aiil lias a l.ir^^c
[MiriloM. 'I'lu* .Spani'.r.Ls briii^; hither jwrc of the tred-
I'lrcs ot I'eni .lowii the livtr, anil !lii|) th'in for Spain,
with vad qii.unitif- "f hi.les, an 1 ntj-cr coiiniiodlties
01 this co'.ijitry. 1 iie ri\er is h.-'re Icvcii irai^ues in
iire.Ki:!i, a:Kl ii.ivi;t.il'ile fir any liiips ^i-j Icii'Mts alnive
the t'\.ii, but no t.inher, by re.l. n of a ca'.arav't.
The rraile of this coiiiitry ccMilills in eaitl<-, f"iiit.',
an ! the li'/r!i r.MM ''Mv, alre.i.iy nie'iti'irunl. Cutt.in is
ahi) a con!;J( rable anielc of eomnierte. 'I'hcir return'-,
by import, iti )n, .ire j^; iIJ, liivcr, fu^'ir, aiilhuU..
S l'. C T I O N I\'.
C il 1 1, I.
Tin.S cotin'-", th yjh en'.npuhentk.l in the vire-
royalty of I'eiii, is very cxtenlive, reaclupg from
tiie frontirrs ot IVru to the Str.lits (jt Mai'^eiian. It ir.
fitiiated l)et'.veen '-5 ixnd 45 lii^^ees of loiith litituiL-,
bein^!; about i;jj niiles in lenj,th, .latl 500 in breadth.
It i'; hjirulrd on t'lc n Tth by I'erii, on the eall by I'.i-
r.',["i.:y or l.i PIim, on the I'oiith by I'ata^oiii.i, aii.l
on the svilf by ilie I'.ieilic Oeean.
Ciiili iyiti^; f iiuh of the equator, the Ical'ons are al -
inoif oj'pcfiic ro tfiile i.i the northern hcniil'plierr ;
bi.. i:;-; I...;;- of the eoimtry, ex. cpt nii the lea e.iail,
i lK\ejtifiil, ami tiie eliin.ite v^hol.loine. On the e.ill
liie counirv is lerrenrd by the Andes, while, Irom the
well, tiie air is eo<'liii by the ni ill rrfrelliinj^ breezes.
Aloii;:; t!v eo.iil oi' the I'.i' i(ie C)eean they enjoy not
only a line tniijiuate air, Irit a ele.ir lerene Iky, niolV
ji;:rt of the \e,ir. .'^ometinie^, in ieed, the winds, tliat
blow fioni the nioimt.iins, are exceeding Oiarp in win-
ter; but, in ;;eneral, this is one of the moll e.itnlorta-
ble cliin.ues in the world, beiny; a nicditim between the
intenle lieats of the toriid kiur.e, and the pieiriiir^ win-.is
of tin- liiLii.l.
'I'lie Andes, being eoveied with fnow j;reac i\'irc of
the year, fu|)idy tli': eoiinirv w^ti, innunieialile nvuk-ts,
which ;n-e.itly cniitribiite 10 ..s extraordinary fertility.
There .ire many volcanos among thele mountains j and
the air is io Iharp and fubtle, and they cannot be p.alli'd
without great danger. Thi.s country abounds in gold,
filver, copper, tin, (puitklil.cr, iron, icav!, iVc. IT.e
foil produces Indi.in and biiropean corn, hen)[), and
fruits in gieat variety and abundance. Among !( v(ial
remarkabk- hubs produced in this country, lonu- of
which are m'\li ui.il, and others applied to v.irio'.:.,
ufes, is rl'.c pae.qua, whi.. i. of \o iniinite lervic in t.i:i-
niiig Icathi r.
Of anim.ih tli'-re aie liorles, mules, or.eii, g'vits,
and llii-ep, .ill t\ (.Iknt in their kind. Hird'., lame
and v.if.l, ,::•• fo'ii" 1 in i^'ie/iufii n i the coalls .I'vuiiul
W'ith moll fjii-. of u.I'.. 'I'l.e country is not infelled
wirli veno:v,oi.'s iiileets.
I'hc i.itivc. . f Chili aie of a niid,!le flature, llr <in\
'.I r
RICA.
5;13
built, ol a t\\:
conipi
.v.ion, and have 1
black
hair on t'seir hc.i.i , bu: pluck off th.it on iheir rhins,
and oiiicr p.'.rts oi tlieir belies. 'Ihey arc till, rolnill,
Biflive, an I >,oiira-;^rous, enduring fatio'ie, heat, and
cold, to a Jinir.i'ion.
The (>:\iiiiary dri:!;; ol' tlii- men is a kind of Ion;*
frock, wlfich reaches I; lif way down t!ie leg's, l''riMn
the iK\k is lulpeiided .i .Ii.iin of ;^old o- copper ling .
Women o! the coin n.i.i d.ifs h.n'e iV. ut c.ivcriii;',
hardly readfri;' down to t!;e knee; but the tlrel's oi" tlie
better (iirt I1 lon^, and tluy wear a petticoat \\:\h:v the
outer garment. 'I'lieir he.itU arc i mamented widi
rings.
'I'he com-ivin jieop'.L" ulually larry clubs and llavcs.
Their arnis.uc pikes, bows, arrows, and Isvurdsj and
No. 51.
their difcip.line much m'^re regular tiian tliat of the other
J.'ulrins. Th'ir manners are very limple. They havi;
no gold or filver, tirnigh tb.efe mrt.iis nre 'o rommnn
ill riieir cour.'Ty. All their beikiing is I'liu- n<ins laid
on the grouml ; and ti.ey e;t on tiie ground, or die nn
a li'.tle bench, and v.ij;e their hnnds on a bro-)iri, in-
t'.e.ul of a napkin. Th;ir fi-.d is of e.i.ii/e, frr.it, herbs,
by I'.unfin^ and Ki.'i.ing. Their
of m.'!;"* toalled, f.eepcd., snd
I iieir furniture cor.f lis of tour or
and wli.'.t tliey e.ucii
drink, alio, is made
l)oikil, or of (ruits.
five diflics, '.inA loir,e v.- .(,i|.?n Iponns or flidls, a c.iki-
lialli cr gourd to drink 01:: o'', and a le.^.f of a tree or
m.ii-/e f >r a falt-fdler. Wiirn they make bread, rhcy
let i:re:'t c.ihtn 1 '.itters, full of fa-d, iiron the ilre,
and, whin iu.t entM)/Ii, take tnirtn oi", put tlie grains
of mai7,e in'o tlie hot i iiid, ftir them .iboui till liiey be
toalled enouL'h iiir the ]-'r-p'!f, and then grind them
between two li ones. T'-ey let biooii vi '; a lhar[i l1inr,
fixed in .1 littlt
>ii-cc oi weed, and i'..:l i >ng enough to
'hough thcv CM) nei-'K"- rca 1 nor 'vrite,
yet they lia\e a | eeuher v ay (,f regillering event?, and
kee|Mng accoonis of t! ing, commi'.ted to their charge,
by firings of difk-renr Ik'cs, in wl.idi they make knots
of le^'cial clours, c.ilicd ipfpo . A brench writer
td!s us, that the kno>vlidge of tiiefe knots is a fecrec
Icimce, v liich fathers ilo not reveal to tlicir children,
till they find their tleatli dr.iw near.
As we .:re treating of the natives nf (Ciiili, itifncccf-
firy to oblirve, th.it tiicle Iinli.ms mav be confidered
under two dilSind claHes, the fulijCL t.cd .uid the ""tee. The
firfl of thefe live among tlie Spmiird,-. in a (l.ite of fcr-
vitutle. The latter, wliich are very numerous, are in-
dependent, .111.1 h.'.ve |-,i::;:-rto eluded the attempts
m.ide for reducing thcni to the fi'.bjeffion of the Spa-
niariis.
It is reinarkdiie tli;! tlitfe Indi.ins '11 their cnntefla
wit'i the Spani.iixLs, !i ive geiv r.diy f[-:.red the white
women, carryin.- thci.i tlieirhu's, ;-.n;l intermr.rry^ig
with them, which i, tlu' rcaf. n tlio: many Indians ot
thele parts have the com; IiaI.jv, of Spani.'.rdi born in
that country.
I'hc audience of Cl-.ili i-. di\ idc.! inf) 'Jirec province^,
St. .[ago, Conception, and Chi.'.;;"o.
^t. Jagj certains St. J. 'go, the c..p;:.d of Chili,
foii.ideil in the ycir 1511, l)v \'aldivi.:. It is fituated
on the river Mapoeho, wliicii gives n..;iie to a valley of
great extent, and i:i[)p!ies the citv wirli v..\u-:. In tliC
center ll.inJs the grand pii7/,i, \vi-,ieh i.. kjuare, w'itli a
beautiful fountain in the middle. I !e:e are the apart-
ments of tlie governor or prelident, the palace of the
royal audience, tl-.i: town houfe, the public prilon, tlie
cathedral, and ma'iy otiur handlimie public and pri-
vate buildings. '1 he Spani.trds in St. j.igo, and ths
fuburb of C'limba, on the other Ode of the rivr, arc
reckoned to.ini)uiit ti Sio.o, and the oLiier inhabitant}
to aiioiic v-'^.-OO, 'I hole who havi' acc,i;ired fortunes
at \'.ild,i\ la, \'.iIparaifo, and Conctp.iion, repair hither
to Ipeiul their I'.iys in eafe and. eii|oymcnr. In the
neiglibourliood are the gokl mines of I'iltil, and the
I.avad.eiMS) ov ti.eir concerns in which manv of the ci-
tizens amaii vail lortuius. Tlie royal auilience, refi-
ding in St. Ja/,o, liiice its removal from Concejition,
is compofed of a pndidenr, lour auditors, and a rif'cal,
togetlu r will: a:i (illicer who bears the title of protestor
oftlie Indians. '1 hough t'ubordinate, in fome rcfpecfs,
to the viceroy of I'liii, the determination; of the court
are without appial, except to the council of the Indie;.
I'he prdivlent is alio governor and e.iptain-gencial of
rlie whole kingdom of Chili, in which (pi.iliry he re-
lidts
one li..lfof till- year in the capital.
the otii.
.It Conception. Theieisa tribunal of tii. ini.]ififitioii
in this city, and die fi.e of a bilhop, lubordinate to th.e
archbilhop of Lima. Ivutluiuakes have often done
gicat d.imap,e here. That of i'«47 ^^''^ f' violent, that
ir aliiioll oeeitunud the whole town, anil left (iidi un-
wlioleleme \apours in the air, that all li^'' iidiabii.inti
ilied, e;;cept .iboiit 3 or 40, Ai.othtr duadful fliock,
in i7_;o, l.iid the city in ruins.
7 .'V Valparaifo,
■ ^ M
r h\
<^H
■ Y :■
I
'V
^1)
II I S T O K Y
cr
CHILI.
IT has bL'cii .ilready Cibl'Tvi'i!, in the hiflory of Peru,
that Al'iia^jro, who fell a victim to the ini|)cri()i;s,
cruelty of I'i. arro, attenij tt-J the cnnquifl of Chili,
but was deflated in his deHgn hy ti;e Ir.di;!:;^ laying
iiegc to Coku, which re. .red his ['reliiue r.eteltary
in that country. 'I'h.e eoncjiiell of Cliili \\•a^ fufj-eiideJ
till the year 154!, v.], en Pedro de \'aliii\!a was ilut to
finilh the war whicii Ahnagro hail hegun. I Ir |.ene-
trated to the valley of Ma[ oeho, where he f );;i;.;i.d tlie
city of St. Jaj'o, and built a c.-illle f>r its defence. 'I he
Chilcfians attacked thiscallle; hut V;ddivia, receiving
reinfirfcineiits from the viceroy of Peru, ilid all he
coiild t'j lecure hii cont|uc()s. Hut Itill it a| j/ears that
lie was not llrong enough to make any jorat jro^'reK ;
and the Indians giving out that there were ii:anv very
rich gold mines in a certain part of the country, nut
f.ir from .St. J.igo, drew a detachment o| lii> forces
(who wrnt in fean !i of them) into an uml)iiri.ade, ar.d
cut of!" every man of them, except their coininarider
and a ni-;Mo, who tlc,i['vd to St. J.igo l-y the luiftnefs
of their horles ; v JK-rcupon \'aldivia l( nt I ;r anijther
reinforcement t.f trif^p'-, to enable tluin to adv.mcc
;";^,unll the Cluleiiai;-, ^nd built the tnwn .,nd call le of
Cotjuiinbo, iif S-.iiTi, (,n a b.:y of tlie li .1, to lev ore
his commuijica'iun with Peru.
V\'heii the cr, il -.^ us l".:\',^fn the .Spaniard-, aid Pern
broke out, V'.ili.ivi.i w l^ iccailed, but aiierw.uds re-
t'lrned to Chili witJi u large bodv of vi reran tr(;o| s.
'I'lic .Spaniards now diUgrteing .unong rheiiifelve^, the
ChiKTi.ins look .id-'ant.ige of their brtjils, and ilellri'y-
cd the garrifons of Copia[)o an.i Co4uimbi), deiiiolilh-
ii'.g, at the f..me time, the t.iwns ami fortifir.uions.
Wiidivia, h'^wever, recovered wliat he had Ivll, re-
built th'ife t'uvns, proceeded firrhcr f 'Ut!iu:ird, and
ere.'red the towns of Conception. 'I'he loni!lc.i;ions here
b.'ing finiliied, though under conii 'enililc dilHculdcs,
Wiidivia determinid ro coir.inue his r.iut llill farther
fiuthward, when ii'- I'uir ieil the (i'y of Imperial, tour
leagtres e.ilt- of the P.icilic C)-.ean, ar.-l .). ; louth of Con-
cepti'Mi. Immiii lience he marched to t!ic mountains of
.\n,li-s, -. > K ag'.:es e.i'.l of Imperiil, ami built the city
I I\ica.
■\';
I'lie .\raucans, the bravell na'ion of tiic Chiieilan?,
f,r
ulrib
in:';i;'; a,id
Ipcnt lo mu.h
i])!i)ve,i <o, TOO Indian.-, in winking tlicm.
5;.i A Ni'.w, lun'Ai., AM) AUTin-N'Tic svsTi'.M ok iMvi-usAL ciroGRArriv.
Wilparaiio, a ihia'.l town, is fituatcd in ;2 deg. 15
mill, foutli latitude. The b.iv, or h.irbour, t!iou^;li
greatlv expofed in wimer to the north wimis, which
then blow with great vinlcnce, is much freijutnted by
fliips from Call.10 '1011 Panam.i.
The provirce of Conception i.s I'outh of tint of St.
J.igo; anvl the town of t!ie lame name is the oKicIl I'.u
roj.-ean fcttlemcnt in Chili, and the Iccond ciiy in point
of dignity. The lame eartiv.juike that dcllroved St.
Jagoin lyj:", laid this city alio in ruins. Jlie liirbour
is good, the tiirtifications in-iiilfrenr, but tlie gaii.l.m
llrong. The jx-alants in the neighbourhood ol Con-
ception have gicat .iddrefs in the ule of the no'.-ic and
lance: with thefe they will combat the ni'll tierce bull,
throwing the n lofe \o arthiilv as to lav cc rtain hi Id o!
loine part of the body. Wlun a b;:ll is haltelid thry
draw the knot, at tlie lame time given fpurs t.i their
li'irll's, and hani-lliinging him widi their luiie-, lo
that the animal is t.i'.en and dil'ibleii at the l.ime i.n-
flant. Tills dextcrirv in throwing tiu' nnolc, and li.r.n-
ilringir.g the animal in an inllant, while tiicy ride at
full Ipeed, cannot ful of liirpri/ing tin- luiroprans.
In private c[uarrcla, .ilfo, they liglit widi the n.x.le and
lance i all attacks trom wiiich they are taught to p.irry
^vith luch dexterity, that, alter a combat of an Iviur,
it is no uncommon c.\\i to lee the parties fejurate un-
touched, notwi.hllanJing b.ith have exerteil r.'ie greatell
alertnels. Conception is the fee of a bi.liop, which
was transferreil hither at the time that the ciiv of' 'nijic-
rial was dcllroved by tiie In.liaiis. 'i'he inha'.iit.uirs .ire
numerous; the feitiii'v ol" i!;e foil, ai.d tlie ouiikncy
of the cl.matc, h.iviiig induced .1 g'cat n.niibcr of
Spani.ird.- and Me'.li/. 'cs to fettle here.
IJ.e iivia, or, as tiie Spaniards idl it, \'.;!.ii\ia,
r.anJs about 19^ miles louth of concej-.tion, at tlie bot-
tom of a line bay, on a river to whicli it gives name, as
rt takes its ov.nlrom the I'.rll ConqMcn^rof this C(juntry.
It is defen.icd by fo*ir llrong caltle«, mounting ab,)\e
too jncces o! tine brais cannon; but th'-y are never
prop-rly garrii'oned, nor (ujij lied witii air.munitiiin.
Ciiicuito province contains teveral towns, of whicii
t!ie Spanilli w titers have not given any defcripii^'n.
ha.l i.|^[ioi;-.| the Spaniards widi tlie g:c.:tell liircefs,
but luul been at lail obliged to liibmic ; mv.\ thi., being
one of tile m.i.i dearable countries in Cliili, Valdivi.i,
h.id rcl'erved this valley
;'ing fialll'lc that the natives weie
n,,t to b,- kept un.iei- but by pure f.rce, lie erecled
three calUes in this v.illcv, .'n I kft garni' ;ns in liieui,
while he marched farth-r louthw.-.rd. He built rlv
town ol Willlcii, wliere tin. ling liill richer mine:, i'
is laid, h
.:-. 1 I'pcni
.Vriuc.ms, ta'.
lie in auad'.ng wealth, iliat tiic
■A,\ a'!v.in'a,,' of his ablence, cng.lged
tlie whole conniiy in a conipiia-.-v againil the Spaniards,
.iiid ell. lie the celel),-,ited C.cipolican tor tiieir general.
\'.4ldi\ni, re,- .ving intellig,ence of the iniended in-
furrcdion, returneil m fome iialle to the vailey (jf .Vrai-
ci, where he louml 1 j or 1 i,c?-> of tlie natives allem-
bled in arms, wlio-n lie charg d with his hirfe, and
ii!i!:ged then to retire inio the uwids anl enclolhres as
"itiu as they app.eiivd, bit wis not in a condition to
diiperle th -m entirely. 'Ihey trequeiuly r-idi'/d, and
a-t.,cked hi, tro:'ps; and tliis they continued to en-
counter him fu- icM-ral d.iys in a liirt of running fight.
'ihe Ciiilciian general, obllrving t'Mt this eng.iging
tlie .Spaniard.s widi fu, h numliers n: !.■ o.-cilioned con-
t'.ilion a;..oiig the people, t.'iofe in tl;e font t'retjuently
giving way t.) tlie Spuiilh cavalry, and difirderiiig the
I el} of his fjrces, l)il re ever iliey were engi- cd, di-
vided his army int) bitallions of loco each, ordering
tl;c n to cl .iiv.e t!ie eneniv by turns. / le reprehntid to
them, that tiie Spani.irdi were but 1 •:o horre, and t!-at
1:0 J of his brave countrvmen might eafily maintain
their ground for fime rime .i;;ainll fo Iniail a number,
notwitnllanding tli-- advanr.ig.; the eniuiy hid in their
.'Ui-is anil 11 .-rles. Ilowever, he only delired they would
in ike thiir utm.dl tflorr. 1 le had no expec'tation that
t le tirit batalliom woul 1 gain the victory, but when
they fouml thcml.-lves obliged to retire, re^uiired thcin
to take ( Tc, in tiif-ir retre It, not to ditiirirr the (".licr
bodies, but raliy themfelves, and draw up in th.- rear,
that th'-y micht he rrady fir a fecond charge; aiv.l the
I ime coi;.;..„rK.ls lie gave to tlie oir.eeri cl' the oilier
b.ii.illion-.
In pn-lMHce of th; le orders, tiie full l).;talhi)n en-
gaged tiie Spaiiilii h'Mi'c with gieat rH" lution, and hav-
in;.^ hild tliem in |'iav lome time, leifniely retired, be-
ing fucci e.!'-d by the li cord, and that by the third, and
I ) on, till the Spaniards ii.id continutd the cng.igement
I'lr feven or eight hour,- wiihout intermill'on, and both
men and hoi, 'e, Iiegan to faint with the l.ibours of the
day, or lor want of refrelhiiicnt; whieh \'aldivia too
lite ob!er\ing, m.ide a precipit.ite retreat, ordering his
tri.ops lo t.il.e p >IU;''. -n of a pals about .1 mile from the
til Id of batde, v, licie he did not doubt he llinuld be
..i)!e to del, nd riiml'iH'ag.ilnli all the power of the ene-
my. Hut a Cliileliaii, who had been [ ige to V'.iklivi.i,
and l>..pti/.ed b) die name of Philip, v.hole Indian ii.ime
was Lautaio, liciing hi, mailer give orders fijr tieir
retreat, dcUired ,.r th.i: i'llhint to 1 i-. counirymen, and
liirecK-d iliem to t.i!-.'' p'ltli lii'.n < f the pai.s li, !:,ie (Ik;
Spaniard.s could .liiive ihi-ie. lb- 1.1.1 ihcni make life
of rliC advaut.ige.s i.'iey had in tluir l...n Is, reiDvir their
hbernes, and iilcie tluir country from dellroctio.n,
by cutting Oil" tlul'e il.iccis and ufurpers who had in-
v.ided it; and, taking .1 im ar, charged Ids l.ii.; lord
V .ildivia at ihe lic.id ol a i iipary o( Ch.ilclians, while
anther d' til Iimei.t of tile In.iians rcciire:! a pafs as lie
directed ti.ciu.
Tlicii
ATI IV.
''iitliward, ami
i;ilic,i;i(ins here
l;li! dilHcijliics,
lilt Ihll faitlur
IinjK'iial, luiir
; luiith of C;;ii-
c ni. iiint.iiiib -if
biiiic the city
'.Ik Chi'i'fi.in?,
:x.:id\ liiccc'l's,
MV.\ tlii.i Iviiii;
/liili, V'aKlivi.i,
VL\i this valli/
r- liativi'S \M-ic
c<-, hn erecli.vl
111 ii') in till-in,
lie ln;ik rh-
. Ikt niiUi':, i'.
wdilvinp; thc-ni,
.■iMJih, that tlic
lui c, cn^as^cil
till.' .S;)ani.irdi,
r tin.-ir general
c inicndcd in-
vailcyof Ara 1-
; natives alll-ni-
lii) h)rlf, and
1 cnchliircs as
a coiidition to
liy triili'-'d, and
lUinufd to <-■:-.-
f r:innin;j tii;iit.
r this t-ngagino;
)i'(Mfionc'd t't).'!-
frofit fnijufntiy
dil"iri!i'rin>; t!ic
re en;.;i:^cd, di-
cai-h, ortii-'ring
c rcjircltntcd to
horrc, and t!'ac
eafily maintain
nail a number,
ny h id ill liieir
ircd they \vci:!d
■v|!tc'tari()n t!iat
tory, but wlien
r(\niired t!um
order riie f.!',cr
lip i:i th? uar,
hargCj and the
rri 1.1 the Oilier
ll b.;;.ill'on en-
ntion, and iiav-
ely retired, be-
y tiie third, and
he engagement
ill'on, and luitli
labours of the
h \'aldivia too
It, orilerini^ hij
a I'l'.le Ir )iii the
)t he llriuld be
V er of the ene-
i?c to X'aldivia,
:>le iiklian name
ortiers for t leir
iiintryinen, ant!
pals ll. iiire the
ihem m.ike life
., reeovi r tlair
Ml dellriictio.n,
■■ "III! had in-
1 hi', lai;; lord
.'liileli.ms, while
.'u a pafj as he
Then
AMFHICA.]
S O U T II A M I'. M I C A.
'I'he Chileiiini now fl ein;' the Spai;iards unable to
redit their atta^ lis any I'lr.:'/ r, preih-il them on every
(ide, without ciiNin;? thein a nn hi'ii\ rime to breadie.
They tur thrm all in puces in the Ip.it, ex(r[)t the
general \'aldi\ i.i. Ilimrluy b mnd an, I carried hefore
Caiipolican, tin: Chihfun reneral, who ordcrnl him
to be tied toatue, t!iit i-.e mi.uht he e>:eci.red with
rivire ceiemony th.'.n ihde that till in the iuttle. \ ab
divia, it is )a;d, meanlv be^".'ed his jifi- of the eonqi;e-
ror- , ad'liefi'.n^ hiii.'e!!' ( hiellv to l..nitaro, who v.as
but a tew hiKiis beinie Ins Ihive. lie promiled, if
they would Ijaie him, to wiihdr.i'.v ail ri;e Spinilh h)r-
ces out of Cli.'i, and in •■er more dillnrb rlnir [leaee,
fwearin.; bv ail tii.ir ■:.'>. fiend to |)erlorm his p-romiie ;
but tiie iinreleiuin;r enemy was deal to his intreaties :
even 1 ..lur.iro obli rved, tliat it was mailn< Is to trull to
tlie promifes ot a ( Mpuve, wh ) wouKI intallibly thmge
his iio.c if he w is let a' libeitv. Whereupon the gene-
ral pronounced !r . doom. '1 l-.ough auihijis dilllr .ibout
ti.e manner ot his cxeeution. Some .ilhrm that tliey
poered melted }',old down liis throat, bidding him la-
tidy hi.nfelf with that inet.d iu' f ) vi.dently thirlled alter.
Od-.ers relate tlut cine ot the Indian eaeii|iics, nor
bearing to hear it debated whedirr the ilellroyer of
their eountry Ihonld live or die, b'-at out his briins
with a tiiib, without alking the pener.ii's leave : and all
the Spaniili writers agree, that thev m;>de trumpets and
fiutes of his bones, and pref-rved iii.s (kuil as a iri'imo-
rial of that important vidory; which they cclebrateil
by fcdluig ami dancing after thiir country manner,
anil inflituted public ((ions and ey.eieiies; I'uh as
runr,i;ig, wivfUii-^^, and leapin^^ to be ob'.erved annuallv
iti memory of it i and exptCUng the Spaniards wouKl
give them another vilit, they encamped in fimi- of their
inotl inacceliible woods aiul mountains, and Caupoliran
conllituted l.autaro his lieutenant-general, for the fer-
vices he l;ad ilone in t!ie late battle, finding him every
way c]ualit;ed fiir that poll.
'I'he Spaniards attemjited to recover their lolTes ; the
war contLnutil about 5'j yea:.-., but the Chilefians were
moll: pcnerally fuccefsful, and at lengtii alnioll expelled
them from thiir country. The Dutih being informed of
thele jurticulars in 1642, ient a Iqu.idron of men of war
tinder the command of captain Brewer, with fome land
fori IS oil board to make a lettlene-nt at L'hili.
J)U wer a; rived on the coall of Chili on the ;cth of
April, i''|3; and landing 50 lold.iers on the ioth of
May, ti'.ey h.id a liiiart en.^ageir.ent with a Spinilh party,
whom they ilt leated, and fiime Ciuielians came on bo.'.rd,
who gave the I loilanders hopes of lliccels; but Brewer,
the Ivutch commodore, dying, who projeded tlie enter-
pri/e, and the native- growing jealous of the defigns of
the I loilanders, and leeming ready to ioin the Spaniards
againit the in, 1 Icrekcrman, who liirceedeil Brewt r in the
Command of the lijusdron, thou;dit lit to return hnme
T.ithout elleCting any tiling, having liiil demoliHicd
luul ercc:et
3.JJ
tlie harbour of Val-
a liitie f'.it they
divia.
In the year iMm, nn old Spaniard, wh') redded in tli'i
court of I'.ngland, having reprrfented to king I. harles II.
that the Sp-miards had been beaten out of molt of their
lettlements on the coall of Chili, anil th.at it would be no
dilfitult matter for tiie Kngiilli to polleis themftives of
tiH-ni; Sir John NarlvTough was lei.t with a man of war,
called the Sweepllakes, of ;6 guns, to view the coaltof
Chili, and euijuire into the fei/^ablenefs of planting co-
lonies there: he was accoir.ji.iiiied thither by t:ic old
Spaniaril, ' Don Carlos abovementinned) Sir Jolm palfed
through the Ibeights of Magellan, and not round Caj^e-
Ilorn, as Brewer had done; and arriving on the coalt of
Chili near Valdivii, Don Carlos was let on lliore, anil
took the road to the flirt of N'aldivii, wl.ich the Spaniards
li.id rebuilt, being then in polieiTion of the country, and
I)on Carlos was never heard of more. The Spaniards
pcruiitted the Mnglilh to trade with their peojde jiirtrilles
at tirft, but would not lufter them to have a communica-
tion with the Indians, and, a: length, made one of the
lieutenants an^i three I'camcii priioner?, vdiom they re-
fufed to releale, and what beiame o! them was never
kn(jwn. Sir John Narborou;;!), having no authority to
co:niriit holHIities agiinil; the Spaniard-, re:::rned home.
In queen Anne's reign the delign ot maidng lettlements
here was relumed, but proved abortive. Thus the martial
genius of the n.itives continually retarded the progrefs of
foreigners, and has always been the cauie why the Spsnifli
lettlements here are fo difproportionate to the extent, fer-
tility, and riches of the country. The fwt Indaans are
much more numerous than the Spani.'.rd.s wiio are com-
puted at no more than 20,0 -jo. All the inhabitants of
Chili, including luiropeans, Meni.;oes, Mulattoes, and
Xegroes, are reckonid at i5's,oco only, l-.ven the free
Indians, it feems, now acknowledge the dominion of the
king of Spain, and pay tribute to his gtwernorj but the
lubjecbed Indians belong entirely to th: Spaniards, living
among them, and ferving than ii: r!ie liime manner as the
natives of I'eru aiv.i Mexicc '1 he gte.iter part of Chili
is Itiil poileireil by the free Indians, who are r.itiier allies
than fiibjects of Sp.iin, having, it is laid, i;i the l.;lt treaty,
conl'ented to acknowledge the kingof S|\iin for their law-
ful fovereign, only upon condition tliat they were liifflred
to continue under tlie protection of tii.ir own laws and
government; an eng.igement which it will be hazardous
fiir the Sjianiards to l)re.\k, howi ver it may c(r,intera<fl
their great delign of gaining entire poOefhon of thefe
countries, and thereby rejiairing the cuiilbint decline of
wealth and ilecay of tln'ir precious niet.ils in their other
lettlements. 'i'he free Indians are governed bv their own
chiefs, whom the Spaniards call caciques, who claim no
authority, bcfides that o''adminillring jullice, and com-
manding their tribes in tune of war; ha\ing neither pa-
I.ices, guards, nor rc entie, or any other badges of love-
reign authority.
C II A P
XIV.
PORTUGUESE DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA.
1;
I L.
Tl lb. n.ime of lir.;!]! w.is given t.) this country be-
c.iule it was obli rved to abound with a wood of
that name. It lies between the eiiuator and ,;5 degrees
ot fouth l.ititude. Its length is about i!5 )o miles, aiul
it:, breadth about 7 ).-. k is bounded oa the north by
the mouih of the river Am.izon and the Atlantic
Oce.m, on the eall by the lame oce.iii, on the fouth by
the mouth ol die ii\er I'l.ita, and on the well by aeh.iin
ot mountains vvhiJi divide it Irom I'ar.iguay.
'I'he aljied of the country is not inviting from the
fca, as it appears mouinainuub and rough, but when
entered nothing can be nure delightful, as the moun-
tains are cohered with woods ot evergreens, and the
v.illies are cloathed with "crdure. Among the inland
mountains are various fprings and lakes, which dilt-m-
bogiie themlelves into the great river of I'ar.iguay, and
the river of Amazons.
The clim.ite v.uies in dillerent parts of this extcnilve
country. In t!ie nort!ierii pro\inccs, towards the equa-
tor, great rains, and variable winds, are frequent.
The former limietimes overllow the countrv, and oc-
calion the air to be very imwholeliime ; but, in the
limthern provinces, the hcus are more tolerable, and
the air more l'alubriuui>,
This
7" ";•' IJIj
i c I,
.■' U
■■f<\
V^^
ir'
A Ni-w, u.-vM, AM' ArTiiivr;:' sy3it:m (t i:MvrR5;At. g^:ograi'iiy.
I
•i; > ■■
1-
'I'liis cvv.iiurv bn:oi'..> .1 j^M'At v:r.icty ci rir;;:'.rs :':..i
vcn niK/'.is (.■n.it'ircsi ai;-. ■n:; v-lii h ai'-, ll;c li' .;; m IJi-
lii.in-JiT, a i.':..i of f'mr- If,;; '.■■.! ir./i.\\ «!.'>'.• lliivj i-,
UK.rtal; ilio K.'.h.il) i'-:.!, a km i i, i.-rpfiir, .'.ivr.ic l-vi ii
y.'r>!s lnn:4, ar..l li.iU a \.'.',.l in i iici.r.linr., >■, v,li..k'
pi.i .>n i.-. i.i;!.. •.r.w.iMi;,.',- i.;:.il to ;'•.,• luar.i'i l.'..iJ.; tin-
ra 'iC In, '.I , ■.:.w\\ sr.iv.; iurc to ;;:i r:M;:'.i;"is ilzL' ;
till- ;i') -..1, (.|- ii>(.oi!-;x I'-mIxC, ui',ic;i i: .'.bW to l'-v..l/)W a
roi-i'i.ii, v.ii,-ic, \\':u, i;s iicTii;-, iK-iiiy Ivtwi I'ii 2":!r.U
^'^ lia ill I( iij-',:!', aiul :.vi) or ilirci' \,ius in cir^'uni;'--
rc'. .\- ; iloij i •!>, (ii:v liir: el uhicli are hi'tvccn Knir aa 1
li'. >• li'ir I'.r. - ; ii.:,:i\l.. ! r t.-rei' r.r io'-.r Itii i-ni;; ; ti.. ni-
twit.- li 'tli \ > i:')r,i >ib a. ' i!.i.,",'in"^ ; ;'.:'.ii ni.'.riV dtii'l'S.
t'lu- i-;.:':;!-!.^ r.tl\.' .ilc w.y i.\''i^.'', r.'.;;r.iT, ",.":, ;:iHi i-it-
ftniuvc.
I Icrv.- :\ri.' aiir-hc '.r-- , t\';'.-rs rr iii.' ''"><■■■. ; |iiMi-ii-
pir.fs; ja--' v'viT'.>, a \frv i.i I'c ravi.i.'js aninial,
ihir.cuv. i: ii...- a nrrx '•iiMi,--..i , :iiir.'..,i:, cs ; vaijn;!-, imTs
of r.i iti'.,;'>, i'i;iic '.{ ulii.li a,'.' v.fi,' la':v; that cill il
bv i-AiiMpcaio t'i>; il )t;i, or i.i y !■ all; .■ '-.I liu- t-j.ii.ii-
liji!, a iTcat'.'ii- bi.:,v;cTi a b..il ar,! an a'-, l.,.t v.i:!i-)-it
lK)i;iS, .:;i,i vc:y hvii.lcli. '11, i- n'Sli <>'. tiic toi ;;-.|; ai
is goji!, and t.;! - - ';'-<.■ bLv!' 'i'lv.-y iia\'c !>!\m'. ]'jf.iiy
of iie^T, iv-f-, ny I f.'.KV t^.'.'.v.':, ;::;.! a vaiii.:;,' tn u'Jii'r
animal', \-iKl .-r,,! r ;r,'-.
Hiaiii aboiMiJ:) V. itli bii\!;, Inmc of vsliiili art- rcniark-
abk- fpT their r.auty, a.-.J others tor ih:".r taiK". Oi'thc
finl Tir: is tiv.- hamming- birJ, di ( al; •.! fr.).-.-. t!-.r iKalo
lie nial f. ui:'i l.;s \viiu;s, when Iv lirk-. I'lc jai.c ol'
tlo'.L-;.. A n.r.' raliil, wiv) caii> it ca'i'.iiri. l;y:>, it i.-.
lie ni-jci; !-;,-■:' tl'.an a larp,.' iwui.', :.\\d has a line
(li' like t!; ;c i ! ■. ni;^'Iitii\v>l^'' ''■''■•■'■ '" •' •''' ' "-i '• 1 iuir
Ic ..l.tT--, v.lii.li \..i\- :.>vvir vDu rt:;ii tiivm, apj-ear cit' a
liiflcrtn: ci.l .'.ir a;;J ::'.:j, like thole ol t'u* Tun ly-'a:ii<,
t'l \sliii:h a^Cv, ■.:;■.: it :.-. n -t rnl'.tly calknl by t!ie n itives
ti:e !'.;:i-'L>ea:n. '• l.v .•.:■!;;, .r.a katii a horn t-v-i or tlirce
i.'.'kes i ri; r: /'.vi-t.' ait t4 1,;., Unk''.\,i, a.;. -I, on that
auv ;; •:, i'. r,.:i; il hv b.'aioncai.^ the uiii'orn 'iiik 'I Iv
ti.;i::a:i :> ci tl.'.* bi. r. ■,':■> uf a >.■.■:' I- pi.'^ton, ainl oc a
jKrctcc i.t blat,; ail o. i)', i::C'. j't i;:y'.rr the brcall ani
Ki!y, nlii(.-Ii is (;f a i,..o vtlliw, ;.ni! a lin.'!! circle f I rcJ
abinit tiie i!fcl> j bjt what i^ inc. '. cx:n"'ri!,inry in tiiis
biril i-, thai: i'.i biii i. bi;'.^rr than it' t> '-I), u'iow
V .-iioi ■- .-'I i re, I Wiiiii 1, .ii;.l ali lilt a Ij iri hv.r,. i he
{::;:.i, c.:!l-i.; k- I'lii . _. ca;i. the lia-cjii.'-v, is iciiark-
:..iiL r r -jlcr:i t!ian';r.^; it^ native colair, beinc; at hrll
b:.:k,
vjn a'];-!. ! '..'ml, next wi,!! •, ali. rwatJs I'car-
iec, uiiu 1..,. i)f ail i.riuil":)n, \v;;ic:; kill j^rows ticker aiki
liv.'i'er ill;- l->,-;ger tiie bin.! liv.-r.. 'I lie ci coi, a very
I'-.. a:t! :'..■] b.-,', |iari'.;i;'.-is, [-arr .' s cockataos, iiia-
ci'--, a:i.! a vari; :y ol (Hhcr>, ar-- scry cociinnn here.
■J h-^-ir i>i-ii';i \' are, unkies verv iarjr- an.l ilelici-.iii.s ; a
f'jr: '- i ".l.i-i; k'-'-ni .! ii'ks an.i oilier v, ,'.rei--;o-.vl. '1 heir
b..'. are o! a |'r')i;! 'i'>ii . li/e : they wul <•••> in'o homes
in ik- h:,.,:i:, arai i; ti-.t / i'ikI ai'-,' ; i-n"a-. aiiecj', an.l
li'ii 01-, i\,;, t'i( V' V. ill ;....:; ..:i i'.'.l:.), and lii.k tiieir
bionl.
i ,ie ik'-coaflj, lakes atid ri'.'ers are flored with preat
pi' n"y a:. 1 \a;iety of ikli, atiio: ; uiiii ii is tiu- !m-,1:.-
illi, (.'ill' J be ;!;e I.adiis orbis i: ;:;' r, liom i's oil-i-
i • l.-r is::l;, \-ki'k. i^ |o Ix-ji : all r .-'i.d 'aI'I, (harp l'[ ik.-s,
r .- •' .:• I: a !;• ',,■■-!. ;;, thai it bi..;> dc\, i:^e t.j all
i : '. '<! ; y. lV:r c ; aa tiie li.ir.,.', ereaiu.es in tiiis
I-.:, •! ' : /. n i,-.aik..l le is ti-.e lia l:!...Mer, lo eaikd
ii.cji..: •; . -I'dy reli.iil.les 01U-, and l.-.m-."-, on the lur-
f.ac-_- ;■: • w:.,:-. '1 kr inrKle is onlv l:lkd with air,
I .-"i i • '. • ; ;; ■,' lifid ct water tint le'-ii.s to p life i'.
I ill li. . I-. ;k;,. :, . ir..;;lj'are.ir, an.l kvc a bukkk-railVd
ill tV- •>. J- r; , a (.Me.it v.irietv I I'l liMir-.
! ' ■■ \ ■■' I .;rv onriins a ^rcii ileal of" ilniiier,
lr,;r -.li..: u::i'.,h n lernu ,1 Hralil wood i' tii- ; liii'. ipaJ
'|.i.i.ie.. ; ...s V.' -1 ! l,.M, a red eol.air, ; r lus lo .i ^;reat
hvi; !c a'l I e '1,'i I rable ihi' kncj., and thrives Liell-
aiii ;.••.;; tl'.c I cks, ! he il jv.er.i aie of -.i biii^ht red,
and lia'.:- a ik'onj a:.;;;-e.il)le ai.anitic rccitt. 'i lu;
\vo"!i.. red, hii'l aii.i diy, an.l i-. i:'"'d in dv;n[r, b-it
t'.. . (i! ■'.:■ V .hi' h it prod'ii-es is iioae oi' livr beii, It is
iike..,. ;::' 1 i:ii:dicii) ill/ kjth as a doi-nael'.ic .;nd ullrin-
'[":.'■ piini-trees ol \'\.\(\\ arc ol five di)]ercnt
niaiiick,
ki:i.is, b.:..k-s which I".ere are w<.'ods eifebonv,
lotton trees citron, ivc. and many tuiiers which iiro-
duee adiiiiiable fniit^ and balliims and diltkle around
a moil dciici -lis liagiancy.
I'tie principal coniiiK^lides of this country arc, a;ii-
bcr.j, e.ile, biil'anis, li'^;ii, fvwetintat-s t;.dd, tineralds,
rof-n, iiuii::'!, tobaeei), peiibies, liianioikls, I've.
riie !V)ld and liiain iiui mines were lird opened in
til:' y'.ar '■ Im , and have ever linee b-en compiitc.l lo
yi. Id ;,jj ,Loo (Urkiiy;, a likii of wliicii bel'jiias to
the .viii',;.
i ;i'- jkaid Ik ;;.ir is reni.irkably line and, wl-,;'e, antl
t'le r bir,-,) is admirable. Of the lall artick- c reat ex-
po; :s are male to .Africa, where they not onlv iiifpofe of
It ; ) the iii'ives, b-at even fiipply the veiill.s of other
niiins, who are obiij,i d to pnrchafe it fiir the conve-
nience of carrying; on the £p\d diilt and Have trade
with anv t-.)lerable adva.;ta..;e. The north an. I foutli
l:art> o\' Ik'.ifil .iknind wita h'irncd cattle, v.ln'cJi are
iuintcd for their iiidts, and ri'iJt numbers are annually
exjiaiteLJ to l-.'irope.
Ike lV)rti;;j;i;ele rrad.e is carried on at Brafil upon .1
very extdifive [)lan. 'I'iuy .; > not lend out lingle fnips
as the onvenience of tk.; Ic-.er.il [ilaccs, or the iud'-
mcnt ol tiie l.-irripeiii nK-;-,h.u,ts may dirc.l, but an-
nual lleets, which lail in tiie tullowing or.ler, and at the
f dl iwinglhted p'riods : that to Uio Janeiro lets lail i(»
j.inuary, tiiat t.i Bahi.i, or tiie Bay of All Sifi.-its, in
i-'ebiiiary j and th.e third Ik-et ta l''ernainbtico, in the
livnth 01 M ;r. h. 'I'hc cargoes of thele lleets, like
thole oi the ^-pani'li to tlieir Aniericn colonies, con-
lili of Woolen !!;.)ods from I'kigl.ind, k'rancc -diid }iol-
kiiid ; linens .-Mid la;es fioiil llidl.uid, Irince and Ger-
manv J liiks troiii Itance an.l Italy; iilk and thread
llockings h.it<, le.id, tin, pester, iron, copper, and
ail i'"its oi iitenids wfuglu. in tivle metals, Inim b'.na;-
lan.i, a. veil .;', I'llt tifn. bees, tlour and cliecfe. I'hdc
artiiic^ are con.-evcd up and tlov.n Irom the lov/cr to
the upper city on lledijes whii h are drawn bv cranes
tiirni d by tkives, and tied with I'ron.", cable rojirs ;
and tile atteiit bein.t llecp, is buarded alonij, that th.e
lledi'.e-- ma^- iiieit uitf. nothing to obiliua tluir wav,
Bi.uil ij thvidcd into liiteen p.rovinces, called capi-
t.inc.:,, IT capt.uniirs, the whole being a principality,
whkh gives title to tiie [irefuinptive lieir of the crown
ot I'ortugak Of thefe captainrics only eight are an-
nexed to the crt>w n.
The prir.ci[)al id.ices in Brafil are,
'1 he city ol .'an .Salvador, or Ciudad da 1' diia, fitii-
ated on tiie b.iy ot All .Saints: it is large, rich and
Well built, but Rands on ll) difadvantageous and un-
even a !:r-)und, (that is, on an eminence of about loo
(.iin-ir.is, tonne. 1 by the e.ilt fule (jf the bay) as to
ni.ike the accelllon to it very dilKcuit, by reafm of its
pi cat lleepni'is, infniiucii that they are forced to have
r^^ iiirle to i ranes and other ma. Iiines fiirconveving the
g.aoils up and dawn from the city to the ports. idie
pl.in of the upjier vr.\n is as regularly dr.iwn n. the
Ui;e\c,iiuls of the hills would [>ermit; but though the
lire-, ts are llrait and of a goo-.i breailth, moll of tiiein
have fo d' cp a defcent that tliey W'ould be impafkible
lor (ji.ir t '.iJick and chairs i to liipply which delect t!ie
licii i!icre, who are no lei's iinibiiious to diiling.iiilh
tlunili Ivcs from tlie rell of ii!an!;ind, by lliewing tk-.-m-
lelves ;il),)vc ukng thofe Ic '-i which nature h.ith given
ikein to walk on, caufe tlirml; Ives to be carrii 1 abouc
ii a m"!l li.'.y manner, in beds of line cotton hi!'j;iii'^
bv the en Is to a long ptde, which two neru' les carry
eirh:-'i- en -.Ivir heads or llionl.ki ;. Th" bed i, overed
v. idi a tdk-T or canopy, to v'hiihare kiing lome ciir-
tiin-j to draw dole or open, bv which the [H.*rf in is fe-
cnred fr.'im rain, wind, and, if Ir pit-ales, fr.im light.
I'hu; lying at his eali-, and Ids l-.ei: 1 reclined on a lafc
velvet pili'W, the proud llog^'ULl is carried ;ibout more
.-•lilv tii.m in cfiaihes or fedan- . ld;e ( rit'on lianiinoc!:s
AMI- RICA
.rr hci-e callcil lerp.entins,
odier J .ii!>.
.md n.jt 1
'ilankins, as in
N'Otwithnar.di.-.j
ivc ililiiTcnt
ale, v.liiili are
:rs arc .mi-.ually
(■f)t'ni\ li;i!n;n()(-!:s
Notwitliflandir.j
AMI-RICA.]
O U T il AMERICA.
J57
NotwifJiltantling tlic irregular anJ incoiivcnient fitii-
ation, St. ^aiv4lior ib oiu- of the mod tnulini; ami
fit licit citiis ill tliis country, and wc may add, that i:
coiitribiitis much to the llrcngth ot' it, lb that with a
liiKill cxprncc it might bt maile impregnable, nature
having flirmtil ditciics and outworks flanking one an-
othi r in liich a manner that the ground might be dif-
pu'.ed incn by inch. The ealt; lide of St. Salv.idor is
alnviH in-iccefTible; the lelt arc all well fortilied both
by art and nitiire, and the avenues guarded by levcral
forts, particiilatlv that of St. Peter, whith is a regular
tetragon of earth faced with Hone, fui rounded with a
tlitch ; of St. l)iei^;o or James, much of the lauic form
the niatenais, l)iir without ditches ; Calii de la Pulvera,
or powd( r magay.inc, another llrong tetragon, contain-
ing ei;;hc ilillinct magazines, vaulted and covered pyra-
midwilc i the fort of Sc. Anthony, of the f.imc fiirn),
but laiger, and fitnated on the north fide e,\.iclly over
the wjieriiigplace, and commanding the road on the
other; tiiac of Nucitra SeiMiora de V'ii'tori.i, (ituated
;ib')ut l-..df a cannon Ihot from the lalt ; that of St.
l{.ir(iiolomew, winch defends a lirtle h.irbour, where
llii[)s may careen , and lalUy, that of Mimcfcrrai, be-
lides thole which coinmind the entrance; u th.it upon
the whole, there fccms little clle wanting to rcncu: it
inaccelfiblc to the enemy, bur the keejang rhole for-
tifications in better repair, rebuilding luuie others gone
to ruin, and turnilhing thofe forts with better canr.on,
and greater fupply of ammunition, than arc commonly
fond in (hem. Both town and forts are girrifoncd by
regular t >rces m.iintained by the king of Portugal, all
Well armed, difciplined, ckiathed and paid.
The fjllowing place was vifited by Captain Cook on
Iiis firft voyage, and from whofe authority wc fhali
give a particular dcfcriptiofi of it.
RIO D E JANEIRO.
Toiun, Hiitlicitr, Country round il, Climnic, Vi-grtai/!,-',
I'l/h, Buds, InfeEls. Cold Minis, I'rccuius Str.iuf,
DsamotuU, Rrjhiclwnon TravelUrs, Com, hlanujoi-
tori, Iithabitiii:!^, Govnnmmt, hav.rj.tv fixicnliei i /'
/A<r Mil.liirv I'^uin, ilrfpoln'. Pouif of the Vicnin,
yi /<.'/■:./(■'■( and C"jioms, Re'.f^-.un, n:/b fjiiie ^niniu
Rc.iu-r.U.
TIIH town, which is the capit.ll of ti:c Porttigucfe
Ooiuiiiions ill America, ilc rives its name Irom Rio
<le Janeiro, or the river of jannarius, prooubly fo tailed
from its having bren dill:overcd on the tea;l <l.iy of rlut
laint. Captar,: Cook, fays, it is rather an ariu nf the I'r.;,
•IS it did not appear to receive any conliJcrabK' Itream
offrefli water. I'he town Hands on a |)i,;i i cl )fe to
the Ihoie on the welt (idc of the bay, at the foot of fcve-
r.il hi",ii mount.iins tliat rife beh nd. It is neither ill lic-
figned or ill built ; the hoiiles in j^-eneral arc of (lone,
and two Ifories high, every houlc h.iving, after the
manner of the Portuguefe, a litde balcony before its
windows, and a lattice of wood bel()re the balcony.
Its circuit was computed by Captain Cod at about
three miles, lor it appeared to be equal in fine to the
largdl county in England. The ftrects are ftrait, and
of a convenient breadth, interfering each other at right
angles : the greater part, however, lie in a line with the
citidel called St. Sebaftian, which Hands at the top of
il hill that commands the town.
Rio de Janeiro is fupplieil with water from tlie neigh-
bouring hills by .m ai|ueduitt raifcd U[)on two flories
<it arcnes to a [iieat height from the ground, from
^vhich the water is conveyed by pipe'* into a fountain
in the great K)uare t!iat fronts the viceroy's palace.
At this fountain great numbers of people are continu-
ally waiting (or their turn to draw water, and the fol-
dit-rs who are polled at the governor's door, find it very
ditiicult to maintain any regul.uity among them. The
Water at the foniitains, howe\ cr, was lo b.id, that our
people, who had been tv.o months at fea coiifinei! to
that in the calks, which was alniott always foul, could
No. 51.
not drink it with pleafurc. Water of a better qualiiy is
laid into fome other part (/ the town ; but our people
coiilii nc: learn by what means.
The harbour of Rio de Janeiro, fituared well by
north, 18 leagues from Cape 'J'rio, may be known
by a remarkable hill, in the furm of a fiigar-loaf,
at the well part of the bay ; but as all the coall is very
high, and riles in many peaks, the entrance of the har-
bour may be more certainly dillinguillied by the iflands
that lie before it; one of^ which, called Rodonda, is
high and round like a hay-Hack, and lies at the dif-
tance of two l';agucs and an half from the entrance, in
t!ie diredion of fouth by welt.
Though the entrance is not wide, this harbour is
certainly a good one; for the fea breeze, whicii daily
blows from ten or twelve o'clock till Um let, makes it
cafy lor any fhip to go in before the wind; and it
grows wider as the town is approached, (b that a-breaft
of it there is room lor the l.iigcll Heit, in five or fix fa-
thom water, with an oozv 0.>c;oin. ^Vt the narrow p.irt
the entrance is defemleil by two forts.
J'he country, at a Imall dillance round the town,
(wiiith was all that was leen by any of our pco])le)
is beautiful in the highcll degree; the wildcll fpoti
being varied with a greiter luxuriance of flowers,
tioth in beauty and make, than moll of the gardens in
l.ngland.
I'liough the climate is liot here, tlie iituation of this
town is wholefinne; fn C/'/.v.'; Cc.i remarks, that,
during his (lay hre, the therm Jiiuter never role high-
er than 8 5 ; tli.iugh tiieie were frequent rains, and
once a very hard gale ci wind.
With rel'ped tu cultivation, tiiere is but little ap-
pearance: me greucr part of the land, indeed, is
wholly unc';i:iv .id, aid very little care or labour
feems to have Oeen oef i.ved upon ihe rell. There are,
indeed, Ipots, or gariiuis, in which many kinds of
European garduilL'.iil are [n Alu.ed, ];arciculariy cab-
bages, peas, beans, kuiney beans, tur!i!;.s, and white
radillies, but ail uu:ch ihlerinr to thofc of our country.
Water melons and | ■iie-arples are alfo produced in
thefe I'pots ; and tlicv -u'-' t.e only fruits t.-.a: were fecn
cultivated ; th .ugh ih.: coiinrry pr.jJuced i-.iu.'k-melcns,
oranges, lemon.s, lime--, n'.ctt knio:is, citro'i, plain-
tains banjnas, ir. .;;:■;. s, m.imane-:'.p|ies, accjou or
ca.hoii-api'lcs and
jj:nb;ira of f.vo kinds, one
of which bear a liiiall black iiuit; cocoa nuts, plaTi
ill, is of two kinds, o,ie lonj;, ti.e other roun.l ; and
pahii chcrrie.s ; all ol whicii ucre in fealon when our
people were here, \^!li^.l•. v. as in the month of Dc-
ceii.'uT.
Ihe water melons and oranges were the befl fruits
of taeir kind. Tiie pine-apples, C.uiiain Cock fays,
were inferi:)r to thofc he had eaten in l.ngland : he
adds, that they are, indeed more j.iicy and Iweet, but
have no flavour, and tliat I.e believed ihem to he iiati\ei
of this country ; tlioi.gii he heard of none that, at this
time, grew wild, ilxy have, ho,\ever, very little
care bellowed up';n tliem, the plants being let be-
t ,;cn any kind of garden IKiir, and lutlercd to take
the chance of the lealun. 1 he mulk melons are
mealy and infipid; but the water melons are excellent,
having a flavour, at kail a tlegree o; afcidity, which
ours have not. Several I'pecies of the pricidy pea,
and fome European fruits, were leen, particularly the
apple and peach, both which were very inea!.'
and infipid. In the girdens, alio grew yams and
mandioca, which, in the Well: Indies, is calleil
calliiva, and to the flour of which the people liere give
the name of rannL; d, l\ir, which may not be im-
properly tranfiated. Powder of Poll.
The foil, though it produces tobacco and lligar, will
not produc,c bread-coin; lo tliat the people here have
no wheat flour, but what is brought from Portugal,
anil fold at the rate of a fliilling a pound ; tiiouk'h it i-,
generally fpoiled by being heated in the pafliige. The
naturalills were of opinion that all the produits of our
Wefl:-India Iflands wouk! grow here; notwithflanding
6 H wliicti
< iM
<
I ''■'. ill
r;
5^8 A N'lAV, ROY AT., ano AUTIIKNTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVKRSAl. GI-.OGRAPHY.
'1^'
I
1 ■
li
wliich t!ie inhabitants import t!u-ir collVc and chocolate
from l.ilbi)[i.
Moll ot'ihc lami in tlits country ii laiil down in grafs,
upon which cattle arc paftiircii in gre.it plciuy ; but thi./
arc io lean, that tnglilbmen will llarcely eat of tlie
fldli. liie herbage of thele palhires confilh chielly
of crefll'S, an.l ii, thrrefore, io fiiort, that, tliough it
inay alfoiil a bite hn horlcs and lliefji, it can iiardiy be
grazed by horned cattle in a lurVicitnt quaiitiiy to keep
thtni alive. \\ ith relptCl to liriigs, all that could be
found in tlie apotlircaries llioj^s were, pareira brava and
balfani capivi, both excellent in their kinds, and luld at
a Very low price.
'I'hc river, and, indeetl, the whole coaft, abound
«ith gieftt varietv of filh : alnioll every day one or
uicre of a new rpe( ies were brouj.^ht to Mr. IJanks.
■fhe b.iy is adiiiiial'ly .idapted for cnching thcic (ill),
being full of fm.ill ill.wids, between which there is llial-
lovv w.ittr, and |)roper places for draw in;;; the feine.
The fea without the bay abtnind.s witli d.olphins, and
lari^e niackarel nf dillerent kinds, which rr.ulily bite at
a hook ; and tiie inhabitants alw.iy.i tow one after their
boais tor that purpole.
Soon alter the lliip left tlie harbour |i)mc of the peo-
j !c hooked a Ihark, p.nd, while they were playing it
under tlie cabin wimlow, it threw out, and ilrew in,
lever.i! tunes, what appeared to be its llDiiiaLh. It
proved to be a female, and, upon being opened, fi.x
young ones were taken out of it : five of them were
aiive, and. fwain brilkly in a tub of water; but the
fi.\ili appeared Ui have been dead lonie time.
The bar.ks of the lea, and of the finnll brooks, which
water t'-.is part of tii; country, are aliii'ilt covered w:;h
f:i:all crabs. Some of thcfe had one of the claws called
liy naturahils the hand, very larL';e ; others had them
both remarkably fmall, and of equal lize ; a difi'erence
which is laid to dillinguilh the lexes, that with the large
claw being the male.
In this country is a variety of birds, efpecially fmall
ones, many of tiiein adorned with the molt beautiful
plumage. Amoi.g thcfe is the humming bird, equal
to any heretofore delcribed.
There is as p;reat a variety of infecT:s, Ibme of whith
are very beautiful, efpecially the buttertiies, which br-
ing more .nimble than thole of b.urojie, many of them
flev/ near tiie tops of trees, and were, therefore, very
difficult to be caught, except when the lea-breeze blew
frelh, v.i-.i(.h kept them nearer ti,^ ground.
Tlie !ca, a le.igiic or iwf) rlillant from this place, was
fblVrved lo be covered with broad llreaksof a yellow ilh
ci.'lour, lcver.d of thei;i a mile ]rinp., and three or four
liun'.lred yards wide. Some of the water tliiib coloured
was taken up, and i'ouml to contain innumerable atoms,
pointed at the end, of a yellowilb colour, and none of'
the.m the fortieth part of an inch long. In tlie micro-
fcope they appearetl to be Imall llbre--, interwoven with
each other i but whctlier they were anini.il or vegetable
fubllances, or for wh.i: they were dcligucd, our n.itural-
ilts -.'auld not determine.
The mines, in wliich the riches of the plice confill,
our people fuppoild to lie far up the country, tliough
tliey could never lea';i wliere, or at what diillaiice i tor
the lituation is concealed ,\, r.mch as pali)!)lc ; and troops
are continuiUy emplov'ed in ^u.irding the roads tli.it
lead to t. !i. It \i almoil; impoll'.ble I'or any man tn
get a (■^■;ht of them, c;;cej;t thole v, iio are employed
tliere. Indeed, the tlrongell curiolity would fcarcely
i.iduce any ma:i to .itteinpt it; for wlioev-T is found
upon the roaii to tlirni, if he cannc/t |)roduce undeniable
evidence of his li ivmr, bullaels thire, is imiuidiatcly
}iani',ed upon :he ne.x: tree.
'liie gold Irom the;, inines is acquired at an exjirnce
uf liii", that mull ibike every man w-uh honor to whom
culbim lias not rendereil it i.uniliar. .No lels than 40, :;oo
\egroes are aimu.iliy imported, on the kiii,;'s account,
to dig in the mines : and Ciipl ua ( .^k was creJibl;. in-
toiined, that the lall year but one Ivfore he arrived
■:■::, tiiia nunib.'r fell (') lliort, prob.ibly from Ibme
,L r
epidemic dileafes, tint 20,000 more were draiighte i
from the town of Rio.
Siuh a plenty of precious fliMies is found here, that
a certain ijuantity only is allowed to be colk\Hed in .1
year. To collect this quantity a number of people ..le
lent into the country wIkic ttuy are found, and when it
is got together, which fniiietiines hajipons in a month,
lonurimt-s in lel«, and lonietinies in moie, t'ley retiuii,
and alter tiuit, whoever is toiiiid in tlule dillricts, on any
preteme, beli)re the iie.\t year, is put to death.
Diamonds, topa/es, niA leveral forts ot amethylh,
are found here. Our people ilid not lee ary of the
diamonds, but were inlormed, that the viccr.iy had a
large quantity by him, which he wouKl fell on the king
of Portugal's account, but not at a lefs price than they
were fold for in Iviiope. Mr. Banks ]>urciuled a few
pazes and aincthylls. Of tlie t.-pa.'js tliei'c are three
forts of very dillerent value, which are liillinguilhed
here by particular names. 'I'hey are told, large and
imall, good and bad, together, by octavos, or the
eighth part of an ounce i th.c belt at four Ihillings aiid
nine-pence. All dealing, however, in thele (tones, is
prohibited the fubie:t under tlie moll ievere penalties.
There were jew.-llers here formerly, who purchaic. land
worked them on tluir own account. About fourteen
months before the arrival of our people, orders came
from the court of I'ortugal that no more Itones Ihould be
wrought except on the king's account. The jeweller-,
were ordered to bring all their tools to the viceroy, and
left without any means of lubliltence. The people em-
ployed here to work Itones for the king are llaves.
'I'll reltrain thepcojile froiii travelling into the coun-
try, or getting into any diilrict where gold or diamonds
may be found, ofbothwliich there are more than the
government coukl otiierwife fccure, certain bounds are
prefciil)cd them at t!ie dilcietion of the viceroy, lome-
tiiiies at a few, and fometimes at many miles dilt.ince
from t!ie ci'y. On the verge of thc-fe limits a guard
conllantiv p.uroles, and wiioever is f nmd beyond it is
immediately leized and thrown into prilon ; and if a
man is, upon any pie:'-nce, taken uji by tlie guard with-
out the limits, he wi'd be lent to prilon, though it
Ihould ajipear he ilid not know tlicir e.-vtent.
The current C)in here istitlier that of Portugal, con-
fining chielly of thirty-fix lliiiling jiieces, or pieces
both of gold an.! IHvt, whi^li are llruck at this place.
The pieces of filver, which aic ver;. nnich ucbafed,
are called petacks, and are of dilTerent value, and eahly
ilillinguilheil by the number of rees that is marked
on the otirfide. 1 lere is alio a copper coin, like tint
in Portugal, of five and ten ree pieces. A ree is a no-
minal coin of Portugal, ten of which are equal in value
to about three farthings llerling.
With refpei-'t to manufaclures, none were fecn or
hear<l of here, except that of common hanunocks, in
which people are carried about as they are with us in
li-d.in chairs i an I tliele arc priiKipally, if not wholly,
tal'iieated by the Indian .
Ihc inhabitants ()( this place, which are very nume-
rous, confill of Por:u;;uele, NegrcK"-, and Indians,
the original natives oi tlie country. 'I .he Indians, who
are employed to do the h.in'f's worki in tiiis neighbour-
hood, can learcely be confiucred as inhabitants. Their
reiidence is at a dillancc, from whence they come bv
turns to their tafl;, which ihvy are obiig.-d to perfijrnr
for fniall pay. Ti;e guaid boat wai couilantly rowed
to tliefo people, who are of light topper colour com-
plexions, and have long black hair.
Iliough the government here, as to its lijrm, is
iiii.\id, it is, in liid, very delpotic. It confills of the
vueioy, the governor of the town, and a council.
Without the content of thii cou.-.cil, in which the vice-
roy has a calling vote, 1:0 j.idicial aCt (liould be per-
formed 1 yet both the viceroy .md iiovetir freouenly
<:ominit pcrfiins it their own ilea: ie ; .'ii.i ibmetimes
fend them to Lt'.i/ni, witi.out a.qiiai.iiii.: , ilieir I'riends
or lauiily withwhii i^; iaid to tin ir cli.ir^-, or where
they may be I juu i.
U'HY.
ere liriuglitc.l
ikkI Iktc, tliat
c'()lk\Hc(.l ill ,1
ol people .ii L"
1, am] whi-n it
s in .1 nuiiitii,
, tlicy ri'tiiiii ,
illiitis, oil any
(.L-.itli.
ol ;lilict!ivlls,
ic a:;y ot tlic
viicr.))' Iiad u
(.ll on tlic k'nv,\
piico t!iau they
lurcluleu .1 ti-w
lere arc tliiec
: diiliii^iiillie't
.)l.i, Lirge .i:; 1
lavos, or t!;r
ur lliillins^s aial
dicl'e (loiies, is
eveie penaltiv-^.
o puichalc-i .v.\d
About fourteen
!e, orders caint;
(tones Ihoulu be
The jeweller',
he viceroy, and
The people em-
arc llaves.
g into the eoiin-
old or diamonds
: more than the
rtain bounds are
: viceroy, lonie-
y miles dillanje
; limits a j^uartl
iiid Layond it is
irilon i and if a
V t'le guard wi'h-
lifoll, tllUl|i.'Jl it
iient.
)f Portugal, con-
ieces, or pieces
ick at this [.la; e.
. much dcbafeci,
value, and eahly
that is inarl.ed
er coin, like th.it
. A ree is a no-
ire equal in value
ne were fecn or
n hammocks, in
ey are with us ia
ly, if n'j'. wholly,
1 are very mime-
"-, and Indians,
he Indiana, wh'>
n ih.is ncighhour-
abitants. Their
"e they tome bv
jlig'.'d Co perform
conilantly rowed
;per colour coui-
s to its fijrm, is
It confilh of the
, and a council.
I which tlie vice-
t lliduld be pir-
'. ,; .. r IreiHiei- ly
i .'.nJ Ibmctimes
111.;', their liidlds
;a.u;v-i or where
The
AMERICA.]
f, O U T n A M r. R I C A.
559
The m-l,rary cflabl'.ll'.ment Iierc conlills of tv/civc
regmieiits >>f regular troops, fix ct which are I'ortu-
^ ;el'e, -iiid iix Creole', aiul twcKc other regiiiuiiis of
proviiui.il ihilitia. To tlv- re'-'iilms the ii. habitants be-
have widi the utmoll liibiiuihun ^.iijjl.wi (ailL w.ib
t.il.1, that it any one Oiould ne^le.l to tawe <jlf Ins
hat upon meetin;^ an ollicer, lie would immediately be
kni-cked J )wn. Thefe haughty I'veiities render the
jieo .|e rxiiemely civil to any lliangtr who has the ap-
piaiaiueof a ;',entlemaii. IJut tlie lubordination of liie
oliKiij iheinleK'rs to the viceroy i. enf 'iced with cii-
coui.tance.s njially monifviiig, f()r tl'.L-y iire ol)li^^ed to
iit'.inJ in hl^ iidl tlinc time', everyday to all. hi. c iin-
iiiaiids. The aulwer conlhintly is, " There is notiiing
lieu." CvfLfn < vvk was told that this lervile atten-
dance is cNaeUd to prevent their going into the country,
and rein.irkb iij)oii the occafioii, that, iffo, it dre^lu-
ally .infwii:, the purjiole.
W itli ir..>a!il til the wiinien, it is on all hands agree;!,
that ine fem.ilrs ot the I'oitngiicle and i-ipanilli lettlc-
ineiits in .South .America, are lefs aveife to granting
amorous l.ivoius r'Mii thole of any otiier civiliiied part
of the globe. .Vctordii.g to Dr. Solandcr's account,
as loon as tne evening began, (cm iles ap|)eared on oil
(ides, n every v.iridow, and [Drtimlarizetl tliolc of the
mile le,\ t:.ey liked l)y giving them nolegays. The
D"ctor, ami iwi) otiier gentlemen, receivei.1 \o many of
the.c b jucjuets, that they threw handuils away. Cap-
hull Cook, upon this occalion, very caiuiidly obfervcs,
that great allowance mull be made (or local culloms;
that wiiich in one country would be an indecent tami-
liaritv, being a iiu re afl ot general coiirttfy inanotlier;
and tliat, therefirr, lie had (,niy to fiy, he was confi-
dent of the tfth of the fiT thus related.
The cm.rches are \eiy tine; antl there is more reli-
gious panuie in this place than in any of the Popiih
countries of l'.uio| e. There is a proc; iHon in loine
pariili or other every day, with vaiious infifjnia, all
I'l'lendid and coftly in the hi^hefl degr^'e. They beg
money, and lay in.iycrs in gre.it form, at ti.e cor:ier of
every Kreer.
VNiiile the Knglilli lay liere one oi' the ch.urch'-s was
rebr.iKling, .snd, to tlefray the exj-ence, tliC [lariili to
which It tielon^cd h.id le.ive to beg iu i-rocellion throiij.'h
the wlic'le cr.y once a week, liy wiiicii very lonhdcra-
ble fums were collected. At tliis ceremony, which was
[K-rf()rined by night, all tlie boys of a certain age were
obliged to alFilt, the (bus of gentlemen not being ex-
cufed. F.acli of thele boys w.is drelR-d in a black cal-
fock, with a Ihort led clo.ik h.inging ab.)Ut as I iw as
the waill, ami carried in his hand a pole about (ix fevt
long, at tiie end ot whicli w.is tied a lantern. The
number of lanterns was generally above 200, and the
light they gave was lb great, that the people, who law
it from the cabin window, tliought the town had been
on fire.
Tilt; inhabitants, however, may pay tlieir devotions
at the liirine ot any f.iint in the caleiul.'.r without waiting
til: there is a pro^ellion ; for bcft)re alinoil every hoiile
there is a iitde cu|il)'):ird, furniliied with .■> glifs win-
clow, in which or.e of the titulary [lowers is waiting to
be propitious; and to prevent his being out of mind, by
b.ing fjut of fi^ht, a lamp is kept conllaiitly burn-
ing btfi;re tiic wiiul.w ot his t.ibcrnacie in the night.
The pii)i>le, inileed, an* by no means icmil's in their
devotions, \ov, before thclc fiiints they [)ray and ling
iiymiis witli I'urii veliemence, that, in tiie night, they
were dii'uhftly \w::u\ on board the thip, thougli Ihc lay
at the ditlance of at leall h.ilf a mile hom the town.
'1 he chiirches here alFord an afyluni to criminals in
cafe:. (j( iinriler. It is related, tliat as Ctiptiiiii Cork\
cocklwaiii was one d ly looking at two nien who a[)-
pe.iied It be talking toj,etLer in a friendly ma.'iner, one
of them fuddenlv drew a knife, and llabbrd the i/ihir,
who not inlhintly fiiilng, tlie muukrer d.rcw out the
weapon, and (tabbed hiui a lt.-cond time. He tlien i.in
away, and was p-iulued by f.-me Negroes, who weic
alio witneffes of the IriCt; but wht thcr he cicajx' i, or
v.. IS taken, O^piti .i (': .. nevci he.iid.
Rio de Janeiro is a very good place for fliip.? to put
in for icfreiiiment. The harbour is fafc and commo-
iImiis, and jiroviiions, except whcaten l<read and (liur,
may e.dily be procure 1. As a (uccedaneum f 'r bre.;d,
there are yams and caflava in plenty. Beef, both frelli
anil icrked, may be l)ought at about two[)eni.e-farihiiig
a [) lund, though, as beiure obferved, it is vciy lean.
The method of jerking beef here is by taking out the
bones, cutting it into large tiiin dices, then caring it
with (alt, and tirying it in the fliade. It eats well, and,
if kept dry, will remain a long tirne at fca. Mutton
is I'carcejy to be procured, and hogs and poultry arts
iliar. 1 iiere is aliunilancc of garden-flul^ ami fruit,
ot which, however, none can be preferved at lea but
the pumpkin. Rum, fugar, and mola!li.-s, all excel-
lent in their kind, may be li.id at a real'onable price.
Tofiacco is cheap, but not good.
Ships water .it the f()untain in the great fqiiare, iho',
as before remarked, die water is not good. The cafks
are lantleii upon a ("mooth famiy beach, about an hun-
dred yartis ilillant from the fountain ; .Tiid, upon appli-
cation to the vicertiy, a centinel may be appointed to
look alter them, and clear the way to the fountain whcra
they arc to be tilled.
Here is a good yard for lliip-buildin!?, and a fmall
hulk to heave down by : f jr as the tiile never riles
above fix or fcven feet, there is no odicr way of coming
at a ihip's bottom.
Fernambuco, the chief town of the province to
which it gives name, is a very confiden-ble place. It
is alio called Rerief, or Arraife, from a neighbouring
harbour ot that name, which is now tiie (Irongefl in
all Br.ifil, a number of forts being erected all rouHvl,
and tlie accefs naturally lb intiicate and dani»erous, by
that the alTilhince of a Ikiltbl pilot is abl'olutcly necefFary
to avoid them.
There are many more towns in Hrafil, and fon.c of
them conliderable ; as Olinila, in the province of Fer-
nambuco; Paraiba, St. \'incent, 1 amora, or Tamari-
ca, anJ Sierra, in the provinces lb named ; Belcm, or
I'ara, in the province of Faria; an I Maragnano, in an
idaml and capainry of that name, towartis the nortiiCrn
( x:r;iiiity of Brafil.
.Vboiit ;o miles north of the province of .St. Vin-
cent, whicli is the moll liiutlnrly of Brafil, lies the
little re[iubiic of St. Paul, (urrounded by loity moun-
tains and thick forelts. This (hue was originally com-
pol'ed of outlaws from all the neighliouring C'.J.inirs,
Spaniards, Portugucfe Creoles, Mettizoes, Mu'attoes,
and Negroes, who took refuge on this (pot, anvl livecl
at til 11 with )ut order, (ociety, faith, honour, or n--
ligion ; preying u[)on each other, and lublifling by
mutual rapine, and the plumlcr of their neig!;boi;rs ;
but the inconvenitnccs attending t'lis way of life, ami
the ilanger to which it expoled thein, (bon drove them
into confederacies, and thefe, at lall, protliiced a re-
gular democracy. If they w:;re more niimerous, rhev
Wuuld be formidable to the Portugucfe colonics; but
as they are not reputed above 4 or focc, and want liie-
arms, they give no apprelu-
and confequently no
attempts are made to reduce them. At [irefent, this
little community claims entire i:idependeiKc ; though
they pay an annual tribute to tl.e king out cf their gokl
mines, r.ither to [irelerve commercial benefits than to
acknowledge his Ibvereignrv. it was the tyraniiv of
the Brafilian government that gave birth to this ii.tic
li.ite, which is at length grown fo |:-alous of its libirtv,
that no (Iranger is fuilercd to (It foot within itsdo.ui-
nio Is, outlaws and run-away (laves excepted. Ihc
convirts from Brafil are tranljiorted to the ifland of St.
C.itherine's, which is (ituat. d in 27 dcg. Jt niin. (i)uth
lat. and though appropriated to this purpcli, h vn~:
i4' the mofl delightful (pots imaginable, buiig about
zy miles long, and Ii\ broad.
Of the natives in Brafil, the mull confiderai le tribes
are, the Tapoyers and Topinamboys; of wiiom tl;e
tbrmer i.ihabit the noithern, and 'lie oth'.r the fojiherri
pans.
■ ■ In
' 1 1 ii
U\
i' ^
5--. A NKW, ROVAI., ASP AUTUFNTIC SYSTFM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
:i.t
jj.irtR. 'ri.c- t(jniicr ;irc iiK'n oi .1 ^'ou! (laciirf, of a
tl.uk copi'ir loloiir, their li.iir bl.itk, and Ivinj^ini^ ovf r
thfir 'lnjuldfib; bu: llu-y lutlcr no hair on their hiulies
iir liut-s iinii go .ihiiolt mikril. 'I'hrir orn.imfnts an-,
{i'littciint; tioDC, h'ing iijion thrir lips or nollrils, and
brauli'ts (it llathiTb ii[)on ihtir arms: the men have
aho a CA\' or coriintt ot ft ithi-rs.
The Loinplexion of the 'r(>|iinamhov' nre not lb
daik as tiieir noidurn n:v>'il>onr.s, who hvc nearrr tlie
line i anil iicir|-,ir tl.i. or.e or the other as thole of the
African.'-, who lie iiiuler 1' c I'.iirc parallels. The na-
tive IJr.ililiiiv ;ire partly tieemen, and partly (lave', ;
but tlie ni/ro Haves are inuth more valuable, being of
a in<irc riibiill: contlitiirion, and Utter tor labour.
Tlie Br.ilili.ins have been reprelrnted .>s very lavage,
devoid ot all principles in religion, cruel in war, and
cannibals, or devourer.s of tlclh ; hut tlvfe llnries arc
{generally looked iijon as lidions of the I'ortOL'nele, to
jultity their tiiiel and inhiimin treatment of tliem.
They bri'.eve in certain in\;lible beings, the difpenfers
of good and evil, ilie .'■ewarders and pvinifliers of virtue
ana vici-, and their notion with refpecl to a future (late
i'., that after death they il\dl villt their .uicel>ors, dwell-
iiig beyond the Andes; but they have no temples.
I'hcir 1 liclls m.ike them believe, that if they bring
them offrriiigs, thole invilible beings, who give them
f)od .;^d all tiie good things thcv enioy, v.iil profper
their affairs, but it ti.ey ne^ileft this, fome terrible mil-
fortune will betall tiicm. They have c:iciques who
lule them in peace, and lead them in war. Their
towns are without walls; their mode ot carrying on war
is bv ambukades, and tlieir weapons are bowt, arrows,
f.'iekU, and wooden clubs.
HISTORY OF B R A S I I..
THIS country was tirft feen bv Americus Vtfpu-
cius m 14S9, but not planted till if+i), wiien
tlve Portrguefe f.xed themftlvcs at the Bav of yVII Saint?,
and founded the city of St. Salvador. The Portuguefe
met with very great interruption in tluir fettlement
(rom the court of Spain, who conlidi red the country as
part of their doininioss, till at length it was agreed
that rhev llitnikl pollifs all thole p.irts lyins; between
the livers .Amazon anil Plata, which they Itiil enjov.
The I'rench made m\ attempt to plant colonies on
this coall, but were ilriven from th.ence by the Portu-
guefe, who remained without a rival till tlie year 1 580,
when their king, the great Hon Sebalti.m, lotl his lito
in an expedition a"iinlt the .Moor', in .'Vfrica, by which
event a period w.is {uit to the lihi-rrv of tlie Portiii^uefe,
tlieir kingdom being ablbrbetl into the Spanilli domi-
nions.
After this the Dutch made bolt! and vigorous at-
tem])rs to exten.i their power, attacked the polll Hions
of the Portugucfe in the ball Indies, and at length
turned their arms upon Brafil, took leveralofits pro-
vinces, and would have lubdued the whole c(Aintry,
hail they not been ftoppe i in their vidorious career by
the Archbilhop Don Michael ilc Tcxira, at the he.id of
a tew fcattered forces. The Dutch owed their con-
quells in Bralil to the famous Piincc Maurice of Naf-
l"iu, whom they appointed governor of bernambuco :
but their Well India Company, to whom this colony
was hibject, ilila[)proving the meafures of Prince Mau-
rice, treated him with indignity, and thereby obliged
him to rclign his government.
A ciiange ot fortune upon this took place ; nnd, iti
165.^, the Dutch were totally expelled Hralil by the
I'orttiguele. lint as they (liil continued their preten-
li)ns to the colony, the Portugucle agreed, in 1661,
i'> pay them an enormous fum to relinquilh their in-
terell, which bein^-; acceptetl, the Portugut fe remained
in [leaceable pollellion of the country till the dole of
the year 176:, when tlie Spanilh governor of Bue.nos
Ayres hearing that war was declarctt between Spain
and Portugal, befieged and took tlie fortrefs of St. Sa-
crament, which, by the treaty of peace, was foon after-
wards rcilorcd to the Portuf'uefc.
c II A r.
XV.
FRENCH AND
DUTCH DOMINIONS in SOUTH
A M E R 1 C A.
31
r'^t%!
1 'ii
'1:
■ ',!
.1
1'
w '•
.i^
.> r c T 1 o N I.
V R F. N C II GUIANA.
1"^IIA r part of Guiana that bekings to the French
. c:;tends about 240 miles along the coall, from
Cape Orange, in the latitude of 4 deg. ty niin. north,
to the river Marani, in latitude 6 deg. 4!! min. north.
I'he feti.len.cnts are not extended, above twenty miles
from the Ica-coall, the inland country being llil! inha-
bited by the native Indians, of whom a [larticular ac-
count will be given in our dclliiption of Dutch Guiana,
or !Hirinam, which is leparated from French Guiana by
tlie river Marani. Th.c land along the coall is low and
tn-.rlliy, and the climate of coiirle unhealthy. B it on
t'le higher parti, wheie the tr«es aie cut do\vn, and the
grourid laid out in i-lantations, the air i> healthy, and
the lic.its are greatly mitigated by the lea brec^a";.
I'l.e chief fettlenienti of the b'rench in Guiana .ire
fif.iated in the llle of Cayenne, which lies ico miles
'Veil of Cape Orange, at t!ie mouth of a 1 .er of the
lame name. It is abo'.it .'^5 miles in circumlereiic e,
well wooded and watered, admirably cultivated, and
<■ itiemely fertile in fug.ir, tobacco, Indian corn, plants,
f nits, and other necilfaries of life. But the I'leiich
firt, wliic.h Hands at the bottom of the harliour, ha, no
other frelh water thanwiiat is laved (roiu rain in large
clllerns. On the caRermofl part of the ifland are the
t(jwn and fort ot St. Doui?. i'he town cont.uns .ibout
2~3 houles, occupietl by mcchanicb and tratlelmen,
and tlie fort h.as a g(jod uarrilon.
The brench firll eliablillied theniklves here in 163,^.
'I'he place was afterwards poflelled alternately by the
F'nglilb, then by tlie b'rench again, to whom f icceeded
the l^utcli, but the- b'rench fin.illy prevailed, and lliil
keep It.
.S 1. C T I O N II.
D U J- C II GUI A N A.
'"r'll.\"r part of Ciuiana belonging to tl;e Dutch is
■■■ Oirtiiiguillicj by the afip.ellation ot oiirlnam.
't his country was formerly the property of the Fng-
.11. The Dutch took it in the leigii of Charles li.
and it was ceded to them by treaty in if^74, in ex-
change fi,r wh.it tliev had pc!len':d in the j rovincc 11 /v
called New York.
The only divifions of tlie ieafia known here is into
wet an I dry; of whiJi there are annually two, of
about thiei; months duration each. 'I'lie exteffive r.iin^
render the loil too licli, lb that tlie canes being too
liix'jriant to m.ike r/jod liigar arc, during the liat .aid
leco.id crops, con\ertcd iiit'j rum. In the tle/.ited
parts
whole with tn
AMFRICA.]
r> n u T [I
j);irts lliiliiinis ;iinl pjiTcn r,r,.! ti| i (r\,v. .;rc t.) he fiun.l
on t;u' ;.:ir.i- tiff throi;!'!) >iic tlif yi.ir.
Tiif tiini.ite (if liiis lo'.iiicry is by no nic'.iis liif.iuri;-
al'lf w iinnc.ilthy; fi>i- il.f traik wiml;. liy tlay, tin
l..n.! l'i'-i/.r,s in tlif cvfiilii;.', niiii tiif iiiv:iri,ihli; Icn-'tli
oi'tif lii.-lu^, wicli rclrcllunj^ i!n\.-, ifiiJi.:- tlif ;'.ir tfiii
J:. r.irr .111.1 r.l'iiuioiis.
llvl'i.ic.^ tifcs aiul plaiu.s bc!:);"L'.ii-..» to otiuT CMiir.rri'"-,
tlif .^ini.ir.ibi trrc, peculiar to li.ii.in.i, ]■. iiKtmihI :i
Ij'fciii': in dylfnrfiii's. 'liic urunif i, ;v [ iToicion.
1 ut, tlif [ouaiT of N^l.ich the li.i'i.ii;^ ii;(:m| i;i;,i.
tl'.'.'ir n.ilh till il.fV li.i.f ni ojiportnii:",' ol [uttui!', i:
into the liPdU or i iml, ot [!i .t- ilifv wiih to poi!;-!!.
i licic i> .111 f:;t/.;ii;ii;iiary ;s:'.ini.il hiTc pfciili.ir to t!:c
f iiiiiti;', i.ilii'J l.i ibii.i, an .mirliibi .'..'I cna'.Uif, about
the r./f ot a linall I'i'. 'I'i:;' lifaii an;! (i'ct arc lil^i
tliofc oi a y-v". ill ; , ir.:'. i; is vviri.Mit a t.iil. i iir
inonkifs of iiiij ( M-iMV .'.rir inniini'.'i;;'.'lf, ainl thfir
JiX'tic various, liiir .mc luts twice as !..r:f as I'lii'-,
and w Hi.' Lit tail.. Moil pcoj'lc in (ii;i..n,i II, fp in
haniniofks, as btin.!; ninrf Imiic lioiii krpfnts an.i
foilonons inlccls ; btir this ilocs not Itr'.iic tlu- m from
ilif bats which ap|iiu,ifh any ]\irt ot the body that is
iincovtriil, Lifivialiy ihf left, opin a \iin, and IikL
tlic bid' d till thfv aif l.iti;r*f,!. '1 hi re i. alio ptxiili.ir
to (jiiiiana a l.ir;.;i- vtnfinoiis t"ul, c.iil'-d the pipa. itj
young are bied in the bai:k oi thr iiiaK , wiifie the te-
niale dfi)olits tlu- i.',;.;s.
There is lo [[w.r. a variety of b.M'iii.i;! hiids in
Giiiani, tiiat levi I..I [(.rLuis in the i)iiii,ii colciiiy em-
ploy themlflves and their Hives in killiij, and pulirrv-
in^i oiriis lor t!ic e.uiinets ol I'Airope.
Mi'll of the lilli'js ul liuiana alli> are coiT!iT.f>n to it
with ih'.r t(niiurii.s. Tlic tori^oriric eel, v. Ju-ntiDiiiL-d
either by the h.iiul, or by a r. d of iron, <:■ M, (uvi-r,
ts.j-] .r, ( r bv a illck cC lome partici.I.'.r I:::-. I. ..( h-Mvy
jXiiH'iir.m '-voo.!, conuni.i'.lcatib ailioek rellr.ii)ii;i;^ th. t
ot elf- tikitv.
(i'.iuna aboni.ds In lerpents of varic'iis kinds, There
i. I r.f- irr, not \i iioii;!,m:s, ili.'t ine.ii':;cs lonu-ti'iKs
;;i'.ve thii'ty trci. in 1. ■ i-ii, ■:.',:.'. '!
It i!;i.-. a taj-er tail arn.e 1 \wii tw.)
a diin'.'hiil eofl;. ^i.n.ill li.-i-; li.i.i
ilomaer.s. '1 here aie .illo i r.r.c o
ba !: 1.
'I'he infe-'ts (.I'dni.aia :;ie ir.nin'ciaiile, rw':.)^-, to t.'ie
coiiltant warnuh and liinm !iiv <■( th.e i lir.i..: ■.
The inli.ibitanis "f (niiani a:ct eitl;er n.'tives, \\h:>
arc ol a rediiilli l.Town, or luyroes and I'.nropeans, <ir
a mixed pr.«!;,iny oi t'neli' in various (■(Mi;oination>-.
I'lie natives nre divi-led in'o cii'.erent tribes, more or
Jcis nili['litem.', and j.-olil'-u! .i-. diev are '.iK'ie cr If Is
rcinotf fioiti th<; le'tlementj of tie- l''uro;;;.ins. Tia y
allow p()ly;:,ai:iv, ;in,l have no di\ilion of lands. 'J"iu-
ineti jv> to aar, han't and tilh : tiie \v(!min lot;!; alter
domellic allai:,.. Their arms are bows, arrows, duhs
and poifonetl darts lilown throl)^;ll a ree 1, Tiii'v ro
alnioll naketi, exieptin!^ uyit.n partifuLir oi.e.'lioi,> ;
when they ornament ilien- heads with le,ul:M<. 'lliv
aieiheaihil, hiim.me and tiijiaily ; but lin.iJ, ai.d .id
dieted to ilunkinL'.
Their lioules are i;i;adraninilir, ronliliin;; (f fl'ur
flakes with ciols poles, uiu! are ((Afretl v.idi l-.avf-.
'1 hey lit tliem up, pull thcin ilov.n, and earry tlif
\vliole with tnem at plealiire ; a.-, their dweiiinrs aie
iiyht, and their lives ambulatory, 'llay biiiy thiir
tlf.ul n.ikcd, and I'lt druiik at liie fnnei.il to buiy lluir
forrows, \\ hen tue body h.is been interud .i liiliieient
time for the llelli to lie rotten they take up rlie bones,
dilliibute them anif.iiit the iel,iiioi:< aiul fi lends of the
detunct, and a.^iin j^et dn:nk to ti lliiv their relptiit (or
t!ie ineinoiy of the deeealid
lii( plied, and their vice, are
foiir niarriajie h not c,)nf:d:-:;-
ill.
I '.:;r.,ert';ee.
,.!• i.i >''• 1 •
:;.l i'l ilkir
■..d amt-hi.
'I'iieir v.Mi.t^ are ealily
Inir h V,'. C'l ntinen^f be-
.1 as ,1 virtia- ; a man cares
not wiifther die woimn he iivir.'-k's is a \ irgin or not ;
but no iiiinrv is !o fureiy rtv>.r.jcd an the iiilidelity (if a
wit;-.
-N'oi' ''It,-; is cultivat!.d iicrc by the natives but pl.in-
No. 5t
i fjii.etimes tlicv
, viii- :e thf-v not:
V, flow a knd of
;, l)eitd-, er
. I
!' '
—1,
.\ M i". R I C A. fu
tiins, rnir.va and yamit ; .in,! nr.p m^n h's rnltiva-ioii
;.i Inliii lent fir all thflf. The mi n are all linnter.s, an.l
they can alwav.s f,n 1 gatr.e or tilh, if they prefer it,
with.o'it dan^^er or i<il. i'liev drel\ i- by b ;iling, ei-
'hei in water or in the j-iif of eaiiiva, and leaf 'H ic
very la 'h wit!i kvaii, or led pepper. 1 he oi.ly let lirrc
ol e.itiM.^ is the (.vcnini^ wiien they retniii from hiint-
iii", : in 'general, they cat when they art i.M';.;ry. They
fane !;now l/.k, bit loiia'tinifs prileive anui.al f.od
by iiiio'.k t'.iying it. Tli'.ir diink ii watfr, <ir a fer-
nientcd ii.tiair, prepared from tin- ijlint.iin, callcl pie-
vorcf : Wiieii they have pitnty of in., tli'v are tontinu-
all;,' ilnink ; li) that their indolem e and impruvi '.eiv e,
bv pievet-ir:'; a conllant fnpplv, becoir.e p/iib'.:e and
private bleliin;;^,.
.'Ic rti]'j)lyiii;' the w.inrs of n.tture in f > fertile and <!e-
i yi.tful a c iiintry takes up but a Imall pojtion of their
tiiiif, they fill up the interval-, l-y various ainuftments :
tliey barhe an 1 iv.im in the ri---er:„ ia !ar[;e tompa.-.ie-,
f-veral times a d.iy, witho'.it piyint^ any rc-;.Mi-d to di-
I Itinction (,f fe.-c i a:.d :'ieyfv\i:;i fi v.eli, that thev ntav
be almoll- reckoni'd anion;; amj hibioiis animal-. At
other times they vifir each other, and aa- mutu.iiiy en-
tertained with tlie limple ofiirr-rKe-. of t!: -ir live>, and
a great variety of fables, whii n .irc merry, lignillcanC
and moral. Sometimes they da'ice, ar.;! freqc.ntlv
inirll into immoderate laor;h:er j an
rcline indolently in t'leir h mini el; >
only neej), bni e.u, ( .m-ctle, i :..; : a
rnlUc llnte, pluck oar tin- Irdr ■■, th-.
mire tliemlllves i:-; In-,!:-.!;- ■difi; ■;.
Tlie women iS.''-'.- 'v-th'T-- ii (h'.f I-I'irrli, w-ie.cii li
attended nckker v- -'i vl.rv-er or :-a.:i. The mi,t!ii rattd
1 c!iil I, in-imediatcly .:f--r ilelivcry, aie plnni.'ed int.) tl.u
i water, and tiie iv :r d iv Ike iftr.rns to hir dtiiielHc tni-
pioynient, a., if i, >;kiir.; had h.-ppciv d. 'In.; cai! iie-i
are fe.l, and .liiri;:;'; lli.ir infancy n-) ot'-.t-r ci-e is taiteti
of tliL-m ; none are fk/kiv or delorn; -.1 : t!ie ] '^yi, a-;
tlu-v grow up, att.iid tli.-ir frh'. t-^ in liintni^j, and the
girls aTdt tiieir iiiotker-.. bi oil aj;e they bfc;)inf
w-rinkled ; but never i tiier bald or t'rey. As tliey have
! of c.jiv., titi.'i^ time to any ntaiibcr <;f years,
cann-H b" alcert.iin^ -1 ; but flu "-e is f.ilkciea:
th.U their lives a"- i-ir,;,'.
! 1.1 all their trilik- with li-.-h itii-.-r, or wit!i tliek'.urn-
; pcaii., ilay euimatf e\-u-y tliii'L'; bv tlieir prtli-nt wan'
"f it ; they will ar one time d.eiiimd a hatcntr, for what
! .It anotlii r time they will t xchan.ie for a tilh-hty.k.
j Thele haj-ipy p/cple li-.-e to_<;eth.er upon ter;-:-is of pcr-
] (e."t ecj'ialiiy, k.ivinif no da'liii. tion b-ii: i>f ai'c, or j-er-
lon.il llKiit; laillr-r have tlev .i:iy divili >n of ] ro-
perty : ea' h anik-ablv partici, .itfi. the aiiij-le blernp-^sof
a deliiTlitltil a;id etttei'lve c.uaitrv: iitvy, fra-i.l, and
violfiue are pa'eclu !ed, r.atiir.il vle!ius are i.nniediatelv
aiul innocently iii-ki' ,--d, and !>:')veii;n;fnt ri'ndere.i
wholly uniifcellary.
Thf .Statfs of 1 [(Mlan.l, n wi
man orij^inally belonr.ed, ma.' -
■ \\ (lidiKlia compiinv ; htir "hat
loii.lition to fen, I liiitiicr tl. ■ ::
over a third p;;rt of t!;-.-ir f, ,,
Aiiillerdam, ,.: d an -ther thin!
.•\arlen;., lordi of .Samitiiif ivk
the jtv.nt jiropevtv iif tlie Weil! ..iii e eo; ,.;v,
of Amllerdam, ar/.l the lord of S; tt-iti -il'ivi ,
liivcreipntv is inveft'. ti in tite ll ir.- . ..i-.-vnl.
inf!;ly five uire-.ttirs ( f t!.i-. crdoev aie c'.olin bv
ot .\mlfei-tlam, four bv tlie \\tlll.i::a corn-
one bv the fird of .'■' '•niiK-1'.ivk, b-it li;-.- ■■I'.w:
be approved by the ikites ;teneral a-, v.eii
K-.tors. ': e.e wlioie c<doiiv is a: pr f.ir
ri;hiii;.f con,iit-'5n, ati'.l cairies on a n.rt.at t
eonimotlit' s.
.Surinam, tlie c pitik Lii^'e.s n.vie to t'.e a !;acfr;:
(lilkiitf, whi'li is at leal!- I'o r.iih i i.t ciiv.t-:.i(erencc.
It Hands on a river of the fame n.inie, whicli i-j r.avipa
Il'l met:-/
th.fir at;-"
; ' 'HV r^f ;
:\ly:
tills
' iVi-fii
iiT' i'l a
■, m.ivle
r."es (.-;'
I" 'v"an
l.mv ii
tiie cirv
b't th-
A.a.:-.!-
tiat c:-v
bv t!i.- ,ii.
:'. V e-v llou-
a :.". \-.aioi:j
ble fo,- near lOo l;1!Ie^ up the (oLinnv, a'l.l lomrnandcd
by Icvcral forts, p,;it;cu!.;rly that vi Z'.-Iai dria, litu-ued
7 *-' abouc
» ; '^.1
fi 'I,-:
1 w
yM
Lhz A Nl \V, ROYAL, Ava AUTIirNTIC SYSTEM or I'NIVl R5AL GL.OGRAPIIV.
a.)')Ht fis tniUs t'rnm ilic citrance; iif.ir wli'uh fortrtl.
u tlif lin.ill toun of' I'.ir.iinair.imbo.
Al) 'lit ;J k-.lijut's Uon\ Siiriii.irii is tlii'coliiiiy of l?ir
bill'. It callril t (itn a river (if tlie l.iir.c ii.iiin-, lort
N :'lui is the li.u ot jiovi-rniiu'in.
riim- .in* li-vcr.il icitk-iiun;.-. a;u! plintaticns on tlir
livi-r Cwi\ya, winch form a j'art o( the colony ot'
iji rbiif .
We mifilit la-re mention, as lonncined withSiitinani,
the Diitili colonies of Oeinerary an i lll'-(|ijibo, on the
Spanilli main, which ; iruixlercil to ti Britilli arms ia
ITS I, ami wen- ri|iitl.n:ni as a very valtuhle ai.i]uifi-
li mi hut therejiori iienisnot to have hiil tiinrh w.i.'.Iir,
l-r tlie col lilies were lef: in a ileleniiUlii llate, a:\lloon
alter retaken bv a I ieiKh friiiate.
c II A r.
x\i.
AMr.RICA.I
DoMiMON.s IN South America in Possession of tiii: Xatu'Es.
'^^'^
I'WfM
'lliii
3 E C 1 I t) \ I.
A M A /. O N I A.
TI 11.^ exreiifive country derived its name from the
Spaniur.lsuiuler the commaml of Oreliana, |-eiiig
t)'H)ortil bv troops of wonnn wiien they entereil the
riv.:. The female warriors vied in hcroilm with t!ie
iiie;i i an., from tins cireumllanee the rnui.try was c.iJietl
Amazonia, or the country of the Ama/nns.
it i- hniindcd on the north by I'eria hirma, on the
r !'h by i'l.iq'iay or Ea i'lata, on the eall by parr of
Br.ifil and ine Atlantic Ocean, and on the well b\ I'liu.
it Is ■ aO"- miles i'l knntli, and i)l)3 in buadth.
\\ I have already mentioned the river of the Ama:-ons
as ti'.r iargcll in the known world, and lliail only iJ ',
:;..;r, in tl,e long courle oi' this prodis!,ioiis river, wliih
is 5c 00 miles, there are 'everal Ibait-, uv narrow pil
iayes, where the veloci _, of the current is very <.nat.
No European r.ation has made any li-ttli'ment in
this ciuntry. Indeed, verv little ot it is known, ex-
cept aluni" the weft banks of the rivi r, and the well
frontiers i-f the Portuguefe colonies in Bralil.
Ti'.e air is cooler here than mitht be wellexpcded lo
near the ei;uaior, which proceeds troni the luavy rains,
that occali.ins the river to overtlow then banks one half
©f the jcar; and from the cloudy weather, and Ihort-
nefs ot the days, whiiii never exceed twelve hours. A
brilV. eailerly wind alio cools the air, which blows from
th;; Atlantic Ocean c]iiite through the country, in
ftrong, that vdlils are thereby enabled to fail ai^ainll
the II ream, and perform a voy.i<.'c up tiie river Ama-
zons alinoll as fu.m as dnwn it, which recjuires ei;'h: or
ten nnnths. I lere are tenible (lorms of thunder and
lightning durint; tlie time of the rain.-
TheYace of the country is very beautiful, and the
foil fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, ;inanas or pine-
apples, g'lavas, banaiias, and other tropical fruits ;
cedar; iron wood, lo calleil from its weii;ht and denfi-
ty, red wood, oak, ebony, logwood, ;iiid many other
torts of vlying woods and drugs; tog( ther with cotton,
robacco, I'ugar, mai^e, callava rout, yams, potatoes,
iaiiaparilja, and canela, or fpuiious cinnamon.
1 iiev liave llore of excellent honey, bilm, wild foul,
ar.d \enifai, in the wiKni's whieh .dio abound with
tv^ei-, wild boar~, bulialos, ccc. The honey is ex-
(uiifite, .md the balm good ag.iinll all wciundj. I'ar-
1 jts .i:e ..s numerous here as [ligconsin I a-.;danil. '1 ,iey
lia\e valt numbirs of tilh of all firt, in the iiveis an.!
I.ikes i ;uui, nmong (itliers, manatees, or Ua-cows,
th.-.t are amphibioi: ., and teetl on the banks; ar.d tor-
[,,il(s of a large fli:c and a delicate talle : but the lillier;,
n,u:i be up-r-n their guard agjin'.t crocodiles, alli^iituis,
.U'.d w itrrr-lerpiiit--.
■j lie nati\''. -. like alir,r)ll all the Americans, are of' a
'• ;(ni llatuie, h.i.e h.indf mie l(.Mti:res, long black hair,
and copper eoinplexion-.. '1 hry have a talle (or the
'.iataiivc arts, t)pei ially Iculptuie and p.u/iting, and i'.re
■\i:,d HHcharucs. '1 heir cordave is ir.ide of the barks
!,f:ui:, their lails of cotton, tlu 'r ha['Jiets cf t<jrtoile-
il ..'Is if hi.rd llunesi iiVJr chuk-!., [J .-.nj, sad wim-
bles, of t'.'' teetli anil lion-., of will beifls; an! their
c.uuics are hollowed trees. I'iiev !| ;n .uid weave cotton
g.uiiunts them'.'elves; ;uid their iiou.is and hurs arc of
wood, tli.itiii, ami cl.iy. llitir aim.*, in geiur.il, arc
darts and la^clins, bows and .irro\v.>, with taig't^ of
c.ii.e or tilhlkins. They are tiuli g.'od .uiliers, tl'.at
they kill iilli in the .vater wi n th''ir arrow.., which tlicy
cat without b.-ead or lalt. The kveral nati<;ns arc go-
\erned by their cliicfs or ca.iciiies; tor it is oblirvable,
that the moiurciiic.il loim of go\ernn.enr has prevailed
almofl iiniverliiily, both air.on^- the :unif;t and modern
IvuLiaria:^, as re^juiring by t.ir a nu\.li Ids retincj
pi/licy ih.m the repubhcan lyltem. The r<;;,!lia by
which the I hit la are eliilinguiii.td are a crown of jur-
rots feathers, a chain of lyoiis teeth or claws about their
ti..diilc, and a wo(\!en bvoui in their hand. Both
li xes ti'.tneiimes v. ir mantlts of liie fkiiis ol bi.-.lls
or cotton, but guiualiy go nak(d. Jn l()me diitiicts
the men thriill pie(es ol cane ihrougji their ears and
under lips and har.:; glal's biads to the riullcs of their
notes, which, 1)1)1) to ,uid fro when tl-.ey ijieak ; but in
"ti-.ers they v.e.ir [ I, ti s of :iold at ilieir ears and nollrils'.
All tl'.i .e i.atiuns aiio'.v oi poiyg.imy, or a plurality of
wiMs .uid eo!Hubiiii>i an. I du- wonien here, as in t!ie
otiier Ameiican n.i'ion.-, d,i the null laborious w.irk.
l h.ey woill;i|) the images of their ancient heroes, (.r lu-
bordinate deities ; but have no temples, or orelers of
priel! ^ .imong tiieni.
1 lere are .1 people called Omigi'a';, who, to render
t:u;r chakiren what they c.,11 beauiKul, ll.it the fue ,ind
liiiid p.irts ot the head, wiii.h gives them ,1 ir.onilious
appe.irance. Tliis practiM- u Ihicilv kejit up among
tiiem ; .i;j>l tiny m.iAe a iell of' the other inh.ibitall'.i of
Amav.oi.u lallin" thein o.',''„;'.;/';-/i .;,'..
1 1 1 S 1 O K Y
A M A /ON! A.
GO\/..\LO ri'arro, brother 10 tl.e famous ad-
venturer Marqiii-i l*i/.arro, comiiicror of I'eru,
was the firll who undertook to explore the climes of
Ama/onia. Ereparirorv to the expedition, he raifcd
an ar:;;',', 1 ;i:iipoled of i-iie S[:.i:iil!i veterar.i., horfe
.'.:ul fo,);, to.jerhcr uitli all lut 4' 3 bidiar.^. 'I'lii:
litter W' re j ri:iei|..iiiy eiir. io\ e.l i'l ciri vii.i.' liie baii^^agc,
.iiid driv...g .. ;;i( \r. .'iMiih. r oi Indian liieip, ho;>^s, s;>.-c.
!i l..)ie them, tor t;ie I'lbli'lanc'' ol'tiie arir.\ bv the viay.
riuis ji^p.iied, he fet oir. iron (V_:ito about (.'i'.rilt-
m.is, ill tiie year i;;<j. A drea.ild e..rdK|uai,e, and a
terrible llorn, whien l.ifi.d near rAt\ d,.\ , nrcutlv im-
[>eded Ins m.ircii, aad manv ol iii^ in.. .an, dice! through
th.; leveritv of tiie wati; r. Alter liirmountinr; innu-
m.-rable (!i.Ti.:iiliies, tie.-y arrived at a ; rovitic-; called
C'uiii.u.o, where tliev ilinnd plenty ol pirovilions, a
rreat numi-tr oi einna.'i ., i-ee , .ind many naked inha-
bitants. Here (jon-.Ml'> !■ it the- priii'.i]),.! p.ut of his
peoj.ie, t.iking wiiii liiiii o'lly .1 lew of the 111' ll aiitivC
to tearcli f.a- a p.'.l.i iii'o the iiei'diboiiring c^ajitry; for
hithertii tiiey h.i ! lien tn..!.'P'-d with mouni.iin', and
wood--, thiough die ia;t<-.' ol «;ikh they were f irce ' ta
c it liieir v.'.iy, ;i:;d in tiiv t.'ir.ier tliey endured a\^ .>.. ,i«
ardll'.i
With
AMr.RICA.l
t) II T 11 A M i: U I C A.
S'>i
W'irli incxprcfTliIc l.ibour nii'l luiriiiii!; tluy ciiiic
.If lc'ii;',ili t) ,1 pnivinco, I'.illcil CAk.i, wliu li w.is iiiorf
j)()|iiih)Us iImh any tlicy li.ul turiiKrly | .illal. I Irn-
pioviliDii', vtn" plentilnl, aii'.l tiie 1.11 iiiiu', or kiu'i; dl
the country, (.mu- in .1 |m .1, ( ahU- in.inncr lo wilcoim
liicin, ami lnon^'ht tlinii prunii -iis.
Ill tlirit- p.iri.i tli'-v r.-maincil iwt) nrmt.'is, in cx-
pL'iflaiion ot tiif arrival "f mole .Spani.iril^>, wliom tiny
h.iii Icfr in C!iimarii, ami iiui ilirrcU'il to ((>ll(ivv them
by liu li ti \cc.s ami marks as liiey IlioulJ IiihI of the
v.ay tlify hail takt 11 ln'li:r<' ihrm. 'I'licir lompitii'itis
bciiij5 loiiif up ami rcrri-llu-u altrr their loiirr.iv, tlu-y
man hcd l>y the h.inl'.". ol a i^^riMt rive r, tor the Iparc ot
:0 itM<;iJCN, in ill wiiiih way tlicy neither fuuiul briclj^e
or foril.
At leii;.',th tliev came to a plate, vvliere the wiiole
river tails tioni thr tup of a rock a'.iout 2-0 lathoni-.
hifih, wiii.h car.'.ract iiuKi . a noile tluit is heard
aboii: lix ieagiir. Irom the pLu e ; at wiiieh [h(iii{>h the
Sp..'iiaril5 were amazeii, yet ir v\,\s nuich more won-
tieiiiil to lee above 40 or <;o leagues luAer, that im-
nieiiie qu.mtityof water toiitracled and llraitentd witli-
in a channel made by one great roi k. 'I'hii i tiariiK I is
lo iiirrf)W, liiat from one liJe to the otiur, ii i-, not
above 20 feet wide; bi;r |i) higii, tli.;' tlie top where
tlif Spaniards maile their bridge v,ai 2^.; tathoms from
the water, (i'r/alo l*i/.arro, and his eiptains, eon-
IV.'eii.i., fiie.e was n ) otiier pallage to be toiind on the
river, ai. 1 that it was neeelliiry to pal's to the otiier
fide, beca-'le the country u.is l).;'r-n on timt lide wiiere
tilt y were, agreed to make a t'.-.'j,-' over tiie tot) of
the rock.
I'fie I:idianr., on tiie (jpp jfite fide, tl; •::!,ii few in
number, lloudy defended t!ie pals, b.:t weie driven
fr.iiiiit by thr lir-' of tlv m'.:(Lets. V\v: \\\\\ bein^ now
clear, die bpiniarti. iiii 1 1 w: rk on the lirrli^c of tim-
tier, which i oit murli iaboi.r beiore tiie tin 1 '1 .:mcoui.,
be patVed over to the oppolite rock ; by the iiclji ol'
which, a fecoml was more eafdy iii.l, s.\'.C\ t!.e:i odier
pieces of rimlur; li) that by degrees thev fiirmcd a
bridge, over wiuch both men and horles p.ilVeJ I'ci-ure-
ly : af'er tin . thry marched by 'he fide ol the river over
mountains covercti to thicl< widi wood, tiut tiuy
were forced to open their way ai^ain with hatchets.
Through thel'e difficulties they came at length to a
country called (iuema, where tlie Spani.irtts, .iiul their
Indian fervants, were forced to I'lill.iin tliemfelves with
herbs and roof;, and with tender fprouts ol trees. Tin: ,
witli famine and perpetual rains manv of the Spaniards
lell fick anil LJieti. They arrived aitcrwaids at a
country, where the iuti\es were more civilived than
in the iornier. Thrle ea; mai/e, or Indian corn, anil
ilotlied themlelvca witli garments of cotton ; but Ibll
the climate was tiibjecl to violent lains.
V\'liilc they tlakl in this plate they lent out parties
every way, to tec it they tliouU iliUover a i)etter conn-
try i but they met with noiliing but wild mountains
fuil of dogs, lakes and moorilli gi-onnds, over . liich
was no pallage. 1 lereupon they reliilved to bijikl a
brigantine, to feiry over from one lide o[' the river to
the otiier, whiih was become two le.igues broait. In
order to this, the tirit thing to be done was to let up a
Inuth's for^'.e, lor nails and iron work, which they made
of the fhoes of the horles they had killed for fiiod,
and Ibnie iron bars they had earryed with them ; but
iron was now become more Icaree than gold.
(ion/.alo I'i/.irro, thoiigli cliiei commander, was the
tirll that laid liis hand to an ax to hew down the tim-
i.ier, and to inake charcoal, which was rec]iiilite to
forge tlie iron, and always the moll forward in every
menial ofTice, mat by tliirs given a gootl example,
none iiiiglit t.ike occalion to excult: liimielf. The rolin,
which illiied from certain tree>, lervcd them inlleatl ol
pitch, and tiieir old lliirts and rags were made life ot'
inthvul o| oakum, to caulk the learns ol thr-ir vell'el,
whicii being in this mannuj- lini:i;ed, they launelied into
tlie water with great joy and triumph, imag.ining tli.it
licreby tliey lliuuld quickly dcape out (>f all their
• l!ie
d.ui;'ers and difTicuities. Rut it proved fi;hcrwl|l-, fir
a lew ilay-. Ibewcd the cnmr.irv, ar.d gave tlum caiitc
to rejieiit tint they hail ever m.i.le it.
y\ll tne gold the,, had gafhend, which amounted to
above the v.due ol lo^coo pit ( es of ii,'lit, with abiin-
d.iace of emeralds, l()me of which were ot j^riat value,
as alio their iron and iron work, and whatliicvtr wa.s
ol any ellecm, they Inadeil in iliiir velfel ; anil fuch as
were we.ik and Tick, and not abl • to travel, were alto
put on boanl. Then attir a journey aimoll of 2. a
leagues, they ileparted from the. place, taking their
coiiric down the llriam, liime by water, and others
by land, keeping Uuli a convenient diflance (roni cam
other, that at night they alwavs joined and lodged to-
gether, whicli ionrney w.is performed v itli great dn'
ticulty ; tiir thole on the- land were fon cd to oi>en a
great part of the way witli hatchet and bill, and tiiol'c
on tile water ivere put to haid laborr, to keep tlie
velUl from being f'riibly ciriicd down by tlie current
from the Company on lliore. \\ hen a: any time tliei'
pallage was inturriipted by lomc mountain, lb tliat they
could not keep near the river, thev ferried to the other
fide by help of their vellll, and four canoes they lind
ni.ide i but this was a great hindrance to them, and
very grievous to men lluving and perilliing with
hunger.
1 laving in tliis manner, travelled for the I'pacc of
two moruhs, tlvy ;u len:.;th met witli certain Indians,
wlio by ligns, an I lomc word- wlmli they iinderltoocl
by their In liaii arvant?, gave I'lem intclllgenie, tliar
.;-;i): tell days journey Innn tl.enee they would bnd 11
iiMintry well j.'eopled. Hocked with provilions, and
aii'.iaiding with gokl and oiher rii;hes, of which they
'.u ij in purluit i .md t'urtlier li ;nitied to tliem, tliac
t'.i-. lountry was iitti.ited on t!ie banks of another great
liviT, wiiich joined and tell into that wlierein they now
w. re. The Spaniards being encour.i;,ed widi this
news, ii );i.:al(j Fi/.iirro m.ide brancifco de Orellena
i.ij't.^.in ot his iirigantine, and put fifty f idiers on board
;:i'i:ig tlvem orders to pals down the llream to that
:-..:ee wh, re I'le two rivers met, and tliat there Iciviiin
ods
le
then on board, lie lliould load his
\.ii 1 Aith [.rovilions, and return towards tl.em with
a;! Ipeid ima^-.in.iMe, to ri lieve them in their dilhefs i
iiui!, 01 the Spar.i.n-.':. being alnvidy dead, and more
liKii.ns, wlio from .;.: o v.ere now reduced to half tlie
number.
Aecor.linglv to tiv.le or 'ers, b'rancil'co de Orellana
entiled on i';e \' . . ^ ', a" I in the Ip.ace of three days
without oars or i.iii, only bv lorce ot the current, w.ib
c.irried to ti;-,' coiillaence ot the two rivers, mentioned
liy tlic ln;ii.i;is, i'tit fo'ind r.o ';ro\ilions there: where-
ii(ion Orellana, p • temfaig i; wa^ impollible to return
t I PiiMrro agaa.il: r'.e llream, refolved ro let up |i>r
liimlelti to coiK'mi- r.is vryagc to the mouth of the
ii'.er, and then go over iir.o Serin .vid obtain the go-
vernnient of tholl" counrries fir himli'if; but tliis cruil
reliiluiion was oppuli-d by nipiiy of thole who wcic
tlien v.irh him. I'hcy tokl him plainly, that he was
not to exceed the ordeis i^f his capt.iin-general, and
tiiat it was inhuman to tbrfake his companions in their
great ditlrcls, knowing how ufeful aiivl neeellary that
bii;'antine was to them. In this point, none was inore
zealous than friar (i.il'|)ar t'arvaj.il, a:id a young na-
ii\e of Badajoz, named 1 lermando Sanchez de X'argas,
wl/'in thole of the cont.-.iry opinion made their chief,
.md were lb warm in liieir debates on tliis liuije^'t,
that the quarrels had come to blows, had not Orcllaiia,
with lair words, appealed the tumult: however, he
m iini!.,' d lb artfully alterwards with tliofe who had op-
poled Ills intentions, that lie inticed them all over to
his party j and tiieii rudely treated the friar, whom he
had expoli'd to the fime famine and mifery, (h.id it not
been lor relpect to his habit and proftllion) as he did
Sanche/. dc \ ai.'.s, whom he left in that delert, en-
conijMtred with liigli mountains on t!ie one lide, and a
great river on the other, to petilh by famine.
Franeil'co
m'.m
li ir
5^.4 A Ni.w, ROYAL, and Ai;rnr.N'Tic SYSTF.M or is'ivi-K.^Ai. c;r,or.RAr'Mv.
:^
l^f^
f4l
I'V.iniill.) ill' On Hum .ilrrrw.mi^ fKtin! tiime pfnvi-
fi IMS atn m^ll t!v ii.i'.r.\> <mi ilic riviT IhIiw , Ivii 1h--
1,1'iiL' tlie woiv.iM iMiiic (Hit .It tiill v.i:!i ilitir li'iil)iinli
to cj'i'ol'f l>i> l.iii..ii'.. ,, lie (;,nf It tl'.i.' hiinf ot the Kivir
ot Aiii.i/oiis
I'liK'i tiling; yet f.irtlur Aown li-.i- r'uir, tliey fi\:iul
t'lclc liuli;ins iiu)ri' civil tlun the -ithcr, who te> tiwil
them .iiuiiaWv, ;uhiiiiiiij; tlie hri^.iiitiiie, ami mui Id
ih-ii; ;ely ii.iliiieil. I'lu-le tre.i;i\l tiie S|uniarils hoi
jiituUiy, aikl I'liriiilluil ilu ni with a^ unuli piovillim a^
il;c'. liail lA-iMlinn tor. Urillaiu ifinaiiRil hen-, tiiirr-
lore I'lvcral weeks and Iniilt another l)tij.aiiriiie, lor
t',i.v ui'ie very imiih Iheii'ueiievl |jr room in the tii!t j
aii.i haung titHvl it up a> well thev «ire aMc, tl.iv
avivriitiirevi ..lit tn h a, lailiiij; ,ilon^ tiic toall ol t'.inU-
lii.ina, .iliiHit :- 1 a^^ues to the iwrthwarJ, till ti.ey
arr.vcil at the ill.u'ii of the 1 Inly 'I'rini'.y, havlnj^ eleap-
i.l li.rh liaii^vrs that thcv v.wn >;ave tlu-MiuUe-. uvcr
I'or I'lih A' ti.iN iiliikl OrelLuia l)r(iiii;ht a (hip, wi'h
whicii he laik\i into Spain, where he reijui lleil his
maielly's tommiliion, ti)r tl;e requcll and tviveniiinnt
of ilie country ot' tlic Amayon^, as he thou-ht proper
to ihle it.
'1 o make his enUTpri.'c .ippear the more del"rablc,
he ailed;.;e..!, that ii waj a country ahoundin:; with ii'ild,
lih. rr, and precious llones, and in telliiiiony thereof
pi-nhicevl the riches wliicii he had lirouj;iit with iiiin ;
wiiereupon his ir.i iily 'ranted the itquill lie made, lor
thf [: iverntr.ciit ot v.\\m lie lliould coinjutr tlieie ; and
Oreli.ina was ioined by ■-,:), volunrecrs, the L'leatcll
part of tluin men of rank, with whom lie emli.uked at
St. .Sucar, tjr the i:vci- Aiva.Uin, in the ye.ir 155;;
but lie kill one ot his lliip-'in h.is voyii^e thither, .md
nut witii fo many u.il",cuhies and mi-lcjrtMiirs lu-fTe
lie li.d laikd ICO kM;"irs up tlie river, that he .ihan-
doncd the enteipri.'.e, .ind died on hi-> return Iwme.
Cit.iK-alo I'i.;arro, wh.) wa> left in fuch dillrclk vfx-r
I'Vanciko de Orellani ran away with the brii;.' .line,
firll built 10 or 1 : canoes, and then Hoatb to pals from
one l.dc of tlie river to the o;her, ab ofren as iiis inan li
was intcrrupteil by impalfable mountains or moralies,
and procrei!'.-d in tiia: inani:erdown the river, in hopes
to meet the brigaiuine they had dilpatched tor p'to.
\irions. At the end of two months they arrived at f!-e
point where two rivers met; but inlU-.id of their I'li-
"ancine, and the provilions they expected to meet w;:h
tlicy found only 1 lernan i.'x Wrgas, wins wi:h ton-
llancy of min.l betoMiiiiL; a man of honour, had eii-
liured, with ureat rf l.ih.ti'm, (amine, and all t!ie nii-
lerie.s to v.I.iili he was expofeii in that tijlitude. I'rom
him t! ey nuivid a partii.iilar account of the viliainy
of the perlidi 'MS Drellana, whieh I'i/.irro could Ic.irce
eici.it, havii'!^ liithcrto ri.ji'.j.cd a;i entire conrider.te in
him.
'1 he rtntr.'.I, Iiowsact, chcared his men, and en-
coura^'cU them v^iili hopes ot bi-ttrr fortune , telhn;.;
them, that they ou:;lu, like Spaniards, to litar uitli
ec^uality of mini thele labours and difap|iointir,( nis ;
that t!ir moie dmyer, the more honour, and tj-.e ."rcuer
their iciiow;! would lie in hillory, which woul.i tianf-
iiiit the t.uue of tlu-ir ativentiM-i s o future a^es. The
foldiers, <,'bit-run[^ the chearliilnrla ot their gener.il,
will h.u! moll: cauti- to relent Orellana's ufir;e, took
lieart, and contwiued their m.irili by the banks of tic
liver, tuiiieiinies one fide, and loinetiuus on the
(..tii'-r.
l;ut the di!"-i:ky of carryinf; the horfes rvt:i- upon
f;oats (for theic llili remained about ;d of them) ca;i-
not be eKprclk-d, and more than the f.uiiine tiny were
ixp.d'ed to. 1 lo.vever, the Indians who rcinained
lihve lirvetl tlieir ina'lers ».;th oreat faiihti.liieli and
.;"•' ciion in tlicle extremities, brin^nn;; them herbs,
,' .r.tb a:.d wild tiiiit; lii.ikcs antl other vermin they
' )i;.,.l ill t!.ele mou:itains, ..11 which went dov.n with
• ic '••.'Wii.u-i.is ; !: jr coukl they ha\e fublilled wi'Jiout
I :' h kind c)t food.
(i-yii/ik) I'izairo, being now rejiilved to rrtuin ro
1',;-.:, I . ti.e liver, and touk hib way more to the
nortliwarvi, wliicli proved flmrter by 10 lia';i;es thaii
the H'.v tl; V came, but no lels dlliiilil', beiiij; li.n
lre.]U(n:ly i.) cut their way tliroii'di the wot.dij and |.
■.wnt ol '-.her provifioiis they now cut up ;ill ilieir ri -
miinii..; Iiorlei and dog>i fir the .1^11 Indiatb, who
iilcd ti purvey fur them, .ill died in this e.xpcdiiioMi
aii.l there sverc but Ho Spani.irds wlio returned to < )Mitu
.dive, i\ni.\ thele .ilmolt without ifiailis, and to lun-
b'lrnt aikl emaciate, 1 with the f.itiuue and want of (ijod,
tli.it tlnir tiearcll (iicikN farce km .v them.
W ith lueli infuppoi table h.iidl).i|.s and h i7ards di.l
the lull Sp.milli .kiwntiirers (trugi.'le in It-.iKh ot' p, 'Id,
cMn when they li.ivl before aciiuiied ciiouf^h to have |,i-
tished the moll bouiKilels av.irice. (ion/alo I'l/arro,
v.h.) was liie of the I'loprictofs ^A the mine:, if I'o'i'O,
had not ainalied lei's tlun i,c:a,o;o of erov.iis bcfurc
he entered upon his expedition.
I'eter lie Oiiij, wIii uiiciw.inls I'lii.iir.fd a ciiii-
miikim lioi'.i the poveinor el i'eni, in the year i:|;c,
to lubdue t.'ie provinces lioiderin-; on the river Ain.i-
zon, emb.irked on the river X.iuxa in I'erii with 7^0
.'inied S;.'aniard.s, and zzo I.idians, atid failed down
the ilrcam :.o or 300 ieat^iies, till he c.ime to the coii-
lluence of the two livers Amazon .iiid Xa'ixa, an.kon-
tin'iinu; Ids voya^^e afterwar.ls :.-o leagues l.utlier, was
killed in a mutiny of his iii.:ii, which put a peiiod to that
ent( rpri/e.
Si-veral other adventures m.uli' t!ie like attempts af-
terwards, but moll ot them proved uiitoKunate, till
two iiv)nks and foinc fildiers, who fit with Juhii u;-
I'alacios fiom (^lito in I'eru, in the ye.ir 1OJ5, .v.k\
iiiili,irkin;_; on the river Ama.ym, where it firll beomei
liavinable, laded the whole leii:.;th cf it, till they ar-
rive.l at I'aiia in liralil, whi. ii lies in tiie I nith fide of
the mouth "I this ;.'re.u river: lint I'.eir c.iptain John
I'.il.icious was killed m ilkiriuilh with the natives in tliei;
paliiis'e.
'Ihe liiars havi;i!:; (jivtn an account of their voviiin?
to the ;,v)vernor of Uralil, he oideis'l ll.iops and but.-,
to be proviiled, on wliiili he embarked jo ]'ortiii"eft:
and :C3: Indians; and in October i()_{7 ordered diein
to liiil up the rivei-, uiidiT tlij etjiiuiijiid of Te.M ,r.i,
a mariner of i;reat ikill and e.\periiiKe, who, by tie
help of' the eallerly wind, which generally blows hire,
tailed Up againll the currcnr, till he arrived at l.es
Keys, a town of <^iito in I'eru ; but the river not be-
in;^ navigable hither for his \elit-ls, he left tliem there,
and went by land to the citv of (j^iito, where In- Wis
kindly recei\ed I'V the Spanilli t;overnor, am! fuinin.ed
with wh.itever he wanted totacihtate his return to Ik.i'.il.
ihe go.ernor lent two Spaniili jel'uits d.own the river
with him, ordcriirj; them to embark for Siuin, when
t' ey arrived at Brafil, and communicate the oblirva-
tkms they Ihould make in this voyat^e to the Catholic
m;iirlly ; and embarking r.gain at l.es Reyes, on the
rivir Ama.'on, widi the two iil'.it.s, in the month <.,f
V'ebruary lO^H-g, arrived at I'.iiia in lirafil the De-
cember loll >wing ; from whence the ieluits went m-er
to Spain, .md publi.lud a lurrati/e 01 their voya;^c in
S I-. C T 1 O \ il.
■IFIM^V MAC.
i.ANiCA, 0:1 r.\iAvJJN[.\.
Tl US eo'.in;:y, v.: i^ !i lies a little to th-: northward
ot iliL- Srr.ii; ri .Mas^ellan, was cilii-d by the
S] .iiiiards '1 riia .M.i:'i-ll,inica, as arc the Straits <leno-
niiiiit'.d the Straits ol .Vktjallan, from berdinan.lo i\ki-
i;tii.Mi, a I'l'rlui'uelc of tiiat name in the lrr\ice of
Spun, who diK(;verL-d tl'.em in die year i^".;o.
Ihe api^i'll.ilio'i f,!' I'.itaininia was dcin'el from a
principal trilje of its iiihiliitav.ts called Ike. 1;^,'" r. 'Ihe
whole cou:itry, w!ii> Ii roes under the naux* of I'.itag'--
iiia, extenis iioiii Chili anil l'.iraf.n;av t) tlic utmoft:
extnniiiy (f South America, t'-,.K i>, fr<'in J5 .diiu.lt
to 45 dl-l^ offjiiih Lit. 1<( ing 7c? miles l..!i^ .md _^Oj
broad whcr'-- widi.-ll, 'I'iic lofty mouptaius, talkil the
J Andes,
:AriiY.
o ltMm;es thiti
If, l)i.MHj; ti)ri
\s()(.>li i ami l
lip all t!u-ir r( .
I") Imli.iiis vxli)
:iii^ fxi'tditiin ,
tiJtticJ to ( V_iit'j
IS, aiul lo lun-
iitl w.iiici)t'|ij(j<!,
i-in.
aiul h.ir.p.rJ. ilij
li-.iuii <-r I', 'LI,
iiif^li ti) liavc la-
ioir/ali) I'i/ar.'i),
iiiiiit.-. if I'o'i'fi,
t Liov. lis bLlurc
''.iiaii'iCil ,\ Clin-
ilie year i ;i;c,
cIk" rivrr Aini-
I'cru with 7' j
it'.J )aik\i d'HMi
ame to tlif cun-
Sauxa, an,! tju-
^uc5 laitliiT, ttii
; a I'ciiud m tliac
likf arttnipt-i nf-
imUiiruiiau', till
.•t witli Jutiii li,-
year lOjj, a:iil
e it tirll lx-L\)iiu'i
it, till tlu-y ar-
liiL- I jiith liiic i,f
x\t c.iptaiii Jolin
:he nativ<.':> in tlici;
of tlitir v(>y;Tji;t:
Hoops aiul boats
\\ 70 l'ortii<;iiit:
J 7 ordcral tlicin
iuikI of' Ti'M ira,
Hf, who, by tie
r.illy blows In ir,
arrived at 1 .!.■'»
till" rivtr not bc-
klc tlu'in tlu re,
n, wIktc li"' w IS
lor, ai.d iuininicd
is riturii to iJialil.
:s down the river
for Jipain, vviicn
cate the oblerva-
^e to the Catholic
i-s lU-yes, on tlie
in tlie month of
n llrafil the ])e-
jiMiiit-. went over
,'i their voyjj^c in
r.\i A'Jv)NtA.
to tii'i nortl'.wanl
was e.ilied by the
the Straits dcno-
1 lerdinaiido Ma-
in the Irrsiee of
ar 1 s .:o.
s derive I from a
;i l\i:.i;^o 1-. 1 he
nair.e of Patagf--
iav t ) t!ic iinnoll:
, lr>'in J5 ;ilmt.lt
lies I'.nf; ,ind .;Oj
Liinaa'.s, cailid the
Andes,
■'ftrr-
m
d
vA 'I
m
.Ha ^^l
hm.
r ^//,//../ ',>■/, 7 Ban KKS'.s, l//'',///v./// ./ (Ji-:()(;iuriiY ^MJrr/^ ^ijJ- ///Avy.
.Aire's
-T -j-A^^ ^
"S
Tata ( ; o n i a .
AMFRICA.]
Andes, ti-iivirfftli
'Y\x iio:tlic;ii p;i
a.Kk of \.\\i^_ ti
ll:i.rcc a tici.' i,i!t I
llcro is good f
wild h iriu'd c;ittl
ih-,'i- bv the Sp;ini
'I'hcc.ilU-oa'.l is I
llMU1UI■^. OlH- '
l':Uii;!;>iiii.i is in
us I'.iJ F.U.1LV>!1S,
ii.um', tliv- I'-i'iip
'rii'jcouniry m
tionvd liy an Itil
Ma^;^-ll:inV Voy^M
C'll.UC, :Ull!Hluii
t'omnio 'lOic, alt
^\■.ll!i^, \\lio ti»\'
t re wjif mait>jr
iM\c tliJ tol!i)'\i:
Dn-fi, u.ui I',',
tie Siitivis.
COM Mono
cainc to ai
I, 111 tilt Hmrf,
iinii'.hiT I a auill
(ii;;. -ily .i-bira;!
^\ i; ii', as an inv
In I ,.;>L,i.i'-n^::
tiiincul i.is oiik-i
t.j ■ ai ' ■ i:i-' I'-
alu;'!' 5. 3 I'eOjl
0:1 li ),l( '1U k.
kojit w.'A v'';. •'■"'.
p^ikii v.'.'.'L iiivi
Acce>iuinu,to
this was the rp'.
tllc S;i:iit U1 ■.\\
a man!'. 1' <it lui
lie v.hil^' liand'.-.
(bore, vvhiili Ui
vented bi' a ivi
Dili I'l 1(1. 'I'll
thciilul.- pe nil
(ir iiau.-^ . ot i!
1 \vn\:\\ n I
i'le C>in nod )i
lilCV lb I'.lld ici
11 11 lie bau'b, i.
Vul.il'.IOllli\
lii> people,
oll.eii- at tlieii
the n ilv'oKi
lii.,iiai. lie I'll
and,pe:e. i\ i;i_
>)t't!ie .ban:'
alterw .id. '. ap;
was I't -V,-!,*'!''
oi 111' 11 I- 1' i!i
but ilie Coon
his Ibiiin. to
tll.ill leveli iec
\\ hen tliis
I'lVion ni.iiiu
'I'l.c Coni;ii>'
co;r,pa'iioii>,
10 lit down,
were aiiioiv.'; 1
piopouioiul
lliechiei wli.
Me had biai
didanee, aiu
nuinlierot ve
iiueliitiible A
No
// //ll//l
V ////
7
\i/n'i.i
f'/
/r/i.i
AMF.RlCA.j
An<ic-s, tiiwin.' t!ic wli.ilcrduntiv
s o i; T 11
;n iii.,;ii ti)l)Mi!i.
I'-. R I C A.
.■iir Mi |ci-''-,-i: loiciiMiii
5<-,.:
Tl
!(.■ no:eliL';ii
p;m
s Loiit.'.Mi rill aliiv
l!l.\|i 111
llii.lt
ftock of 1,11 l;c tiinhcT; Ivit in i
It for any u
\\L
y incc.i.iun.'.
M--\\ ill inn's jl
. -ic j \^ t.) Ill; |,
ll:.:t !t '.' :is :' :i-l;
y, n ,; i, |.
l,..,i:
■IK
:!:'<inll'i3
'; ,.!.v.
Here is gooi.1 palanaf;c', :\\\\ in
cr;.-iiilile niiiv.oers ol
wild
thcr
1 inicil cattle ainl U '-Irs, wliifh uere liiout'lu lii
hv the Spaiiian's,
'.nil
The eail coal 1 is i;
1 irhiHir'
C)
IH- ■••I tin-
:ve iiu'-^irr'l ima/i:i 'ly
,ivl, '■, i',!l t'.-W .-I' !!ri ;J;j n
i'iiii S;. |,,l!a:i.
I'ata^Vmia is inh.iliite.l l>v a \.;i kiy ol l;i'li,tn triiics
as i!ie Pat.iL'viiis, truin 'aIiii.Ii iliv cuiKiiiy takes it
name, the I'a'iiji.r:, tli.- (..''iHaii'., S^e.
coimtiv aiil iiilialiu.iins o; PaM'-iiiia arc 'ii.'ii
Tiie
iliailelii'ii'Tli St V. '.le 1,1 ;;
leii. the L"<>nrivHli>rc' ic
.111(1 V. hue liea','~, 'v \\.' !i
,uiii u liiv h li'-.'ve, ■•,;\ ■.•'. ',,
['icHliiie. 1 le T'.e.l l;ic'k m
rihliiii), ai.il iviir.': i'n ' '
of'ihem, ina,'. • i:ie pcii •■>
aiul ll> on as i'.r as it v.iii
ii;.; v.
.\ n ■
III '.■iev.r, I,
I M t'
the
lai veil
U .WW i.'l 1!1
the rihbor
il't t ) IK. II u l:u,u t,".- 1'
Ol l.l'.'J
ii'.;; ilir< ii.re
I'e that I'.eld
; ih,ii!':i ic
tioneil liv an li lii.i'i aiiiii'!', vv ho wr ic ;':i a' '■ 'lU ol' jj v,'.s cifily pei\i i^e.' ilhii i:r.
;i.l livji'e i.lelii;lited
an s vovai'e lo-.iiu
liie u-.iiM ; hiH the niuli ,
Mj.
curate, aMiheiUn , and ii.iireliiii'.', li
Commo loie, ain-i wards Adiiind t?yron. an K' innin !' ei,r i; I-l-i
V. i;h it ih,in v idi ilic he.i'.-. While tlie ril)ho,i v.\u thus
.11 e llu.le I'
CMt 'uleil,
.Ml'. I'lvr.'ii look o"i a piir ct icid'ar?
InJi
ween i.ieli twi o' tl;e inilians tl'.at lit
■•, :i;ul
ii. io
) have aleeiiamed I'everai nov.is uhic li !i
Wall:
f"re uere mailers ol doiav,
rive the tollo'
and t
r
I iiir. w lumi w '„■ ill.,
tVu he 1l fi alio'it a v;n,' in le.e iioiielHon ot
,\in;i c muin.iivc aeeoii:
■ I lie .ilter-v.i;als ti.al
reel ii torenK'.iii, v^ii
It ih^
e\ :\\ one,
ids, u here tliee
vii:: tl-t
I).
Dr.-p, .i.u //;
E'oJ. L.
•Ji-r:rl!ii,! nj .
ti.c \\i!i-i'i-s. Pr,}J:i:iiO:is of t!
I- F' Ion a.
"ij'it fiiiin
!' i',
I'tl'l'v
u !iile lie was w:il: ilie.n
I't havioi:;- on ihi^ oe';,
ei dlv as the pretlnts ^
,o.:i K) .-mcli as tuuehing v ,
I lieir p(.aeea!)le and. oriiLiiy
:;n did them h.Kiour, etj'e-
:! I 11. .)i extend to ihe v,h..le
'(' I i-.r;;; V, CTi'.
conip.aiy
N'eiC
1.1- inipi!,! : e.- to hiaie the neu r.ivj
c
'r e;iriol;t\' iii c, i:n a ne
I lew ot V. iiat
'■')':
h.'.t when lie
1.
OMVlOnolU': HYRON relues,
came lo aneli ir on this coal!, ab.int t'.'.i) miles
f. .)iii the lli'ire, he eool.l pltinlv iee .vith his glal's a
iioiiiher I.I 'lo'lenirn, ridiin; barkwards and t.irwai\ls
hroiii)
ht
anv one 1; .".i the K
'iire'llv adirea:! ot the lliip, a
ml w
;\inc, loniethinir
111
I
^W. u\ as an iiivit.iri HI toth-.- pojie to eonie on lliore.
n I i;'!". '],i''nv ': ol tLi , llie Coniiii'd )"e, aitende 1 bv
lonie ol 'is ()!["( ers a \1 l'.,in!en, advan.,ed in his b'i:it
t..i'.ai-'- me li.i.ii, a:,d, on a near a|iproacli, law
aboo' q» 3 i.evij>le, !"> ire ..in t ). it, but llie j^reater part
on li );k nil k
keiit w,'.\ i;
,r
i
.1 r.Jh
:vv ',111 ii!">n a itonv li^ot, am
ioi;i
.I'.ldl
our IK'. .'.pie PJi
;">ol<.'(l w.jrt liiviiaii .iis t.i i.uul
1
Aeeori.liin;to ihe ii. ,; I'lntot the vo\'ap,eofihe\V';'.G;cr,
this was the lp,)t where in. e ew, as they were paliint^
t!ie S;iait in '.ii -i, boat, at. jr th.; lot's ot"t!ie vetiil, taw
a ntimb.r (jtlio leiiien, uId waved what appeared to
s, inv'tiiiLi; tlieni to come on
done, but were pre-
l>e white liamlkereliiels
fliore, whivh they willied to hav,
ventci
Olll \-\ It' 1.
llnl,'
i\' a ',i,Ue ot \.;,iO, lliat i>l>ll"ed them to
iPand
w:i!-ji' l.:vs, tliev were in ilo'.iot whe
Ihe
pe iple were l'.'.iio;-;t'anbWi'ee
ketl on tliccoi
.t ti
le e.)iin[''\ .
h.,'i. li
n 1 weap.'iis \iere hen im uvj t
native-
I ap[ic.ired evident to
Mr. H
i all.Jtte.l the. 11.
'ion, that the iKdi.uis
on whom he lia 1 eontened ih'.le oiii'nien
tl
tal pi. It .'If.
I were not eiii:':ly tlrar.eev- to I'.uiope.in e.Mnmo'.iKiei,
' :;-, upon a i.v.er o'-ii rv.iiion. lie remarked one v.';.>M.,in
.elet , eit'iei i
upon her :i'
ui.on two 1 .
and |..
1 I r.us or very p il
'e oeai'.s ol our. ;Mai , .iri!
the top,
Si'.e was ol
qui":eso! hair, v.h:e;i, re::i;!; [
hill,', dnwii over each liK.iiid.i. i !>(..
her.
I iiK.ll cnoiiiious li/e, and lu;.' iaee ;i.o;t
'leoiiflv p.iinted. 'Ihe C'ommo.ioi ;
. ou:
d,
everv
pothbl
is and bra
e nie.tns,
eelers.
to le.i
i.'i.l noi ccLi it ill.
...I
w.mi ofhniiiij, lullieieiulv t;n'!ei'iio,'d
It Would bi' \er\ iiatui.il lor iliole wiio I'.ave real
I''al
i!es,i! tliiv t.)i;n a:i idea ot ,in
niktd reiuriiin'j; to his tcll.nvs in tl
li; w..)oiis aiiointe
] with l' .iropea;
i.ulieci, le
W,
itiinkets, t 'd'linkot I ho .\!'ake\ u iio
;\et bet iiewedolnile iheirton'b'.els
li.r ulal< 1
le.i
nl.t.ons, ar
.1 oti
ler thing's w
hieh
aic
id 111 II" I'liiin 'i: III anv
111 ilienil
ive-
llie ornanu iv.<
is.wi Ihould eonliderthat,
.it l.iv.iie and elvil litjiiL'
HI 'il; and till! ih..r(r\vh.i lue nca!i\ in .nlatc ol v.
t'lie li.ive notliin '; that lelMUolcs jlIiIs io i:'.'!, h ,i' .■! :
ihe C .111 nod )ie I
ihe\ ili mid I el ire to a liitle d il! an. e, w iili whieli liiev j di eivad is more eapriLi..u-. than the value v liieii the;,
ee e 1 it p;'i: icat to iinke ti'^ns tli ir i ri 'embles a di..niond. 'I'lie value which we k
I
nil iic liaieb (...nplie
They
eoutinue.l to ihe,it nii.lt i 1. 1 upon 'j,
.n .'lats
'Idieh
i\ e o! iiriiame:
:r. to lie aa
. ileioiili_\ ; 'uid ih. C' Mii-nod.)ie havini', I m e.l '.. ii li | univeil'.il priiKij !e in human
.itiire; aiu. the Iplendi
X
people, ilre'-v i!i ;;i uj. u|v)n liie l>eaeh, 'vith his
olliccrs .It theii le.a.', ;j,iv|.;;.;; lirict ord.'i s ih.'il none of
them llv.'iki (put liiei. i:-fi.»a till he .1 oald >;ive the
Il!j1,
d, lb
,en a !\.ui.
,e to'.'.ards the Indiai
and.peii . i\ in ;tli it tlie\ icire.iucl, made fii;n;', that <
ot ih'
!oi:l I C'l'ite n. a. .
a pei'l^
alterw.tr.li ap.pe.ired to bt: a c.iiet, appio.iched
IK
was ot ;j,ij,!n:ic li.iiuie, and i'
ot ill. 'h lii'- 111 ho 1. '.11 di:!oe
I le v.-
t;) leali/.e t''e tales
■iie.il'i.ired.
it till C
i.iim ..;.>:e i a
111 .
I'ld, li'.;:i tlie proi'.ortlon dl'
kfs
tra.nlparency .iiul re;iiilar lip/iie ol a bead ue the ijii.ti
I lies iliat, In' the ( on ; iliiiion i.l'otii natuie, e.\i.ite pL
\ \\n% iileas; and allhoujjh in uiu
I ilia. noiul exceeds ihe jjal's, its v.i
in proportion t.. iln ilill'erei.ce.
t link ipi.tllllts t.'.e
i> ir.iii 11 :i,ii;e t',. ;ii
le p'i:'.'.lU!c w i::i, h it
<:!,ivls anvmi..; us is pi ineipailv bv con. en iiit; UilUnct.oii
and ;.',ratifyin.i, v.iiiiiv, which is iiulepeitiU r.t ot natural
I',' lertain litu s cr ii;ui.'es, to
t.ille, wliieli IS cjaniie
1 I
ai'.r , t.) his i.A !i, that ;i could not be much
th.'.n lev., n ieet.
\\ h< n this fri^liilui C
Hvi..;! mattered l,.nu ihiiij, toe.
oloMus I line up, he a'v
f.ir ih
.V. re.i! Ill, WL
I'.' • 111.' I'.i.'iie ot i.eat ly.
It lliotijd be reau'iiibi red, ihii an 1 ■;d..ii-. n iiK.,e dil'-
tins:,iiillK'i
.iual a;
VI
.. '.^I.il'^ I I'tl ■•11
UOtl.' U - bv ,1 liKMMi
,1 oeai-l, iii..n .;;i\' ii'iU-
; thouijh. pel haps, tlie
.hotl
lame lacri bee is ii'itmide io hi- \'aiiiiy,,is the polleiii.>ii
ler as a i ihitation.
he c-onimoiiore
the
11 v\ .1
ked
with lull; tou
1,
.lids h
coa.patiion^, to wliom, as he .".ilvanceil, he m.ade I. tins
to lit down, and they all ic'i'il) complied, 'iluie
were ami):i|i, them iiiaiiy w mu a, who feeiiud to be
pi.jpoitionil.lv laii't-; ami lew ol'ilu' men were leistlraii
tliecliicl who came t .ruanl t.. meet the Cuiiimodore.
lie iia.d heard the voices of tlie l,i\,;;;es verv loud at a
diit.iiice, and when he came iie.ii, perceived a u,reai
nuinbirol very ol.,l men, u ho wi.ie ch:iniinp,lbme im-
ol his hnerv r- i aiiier a ti
eliini inv ol his ;..,o 'd birraii
lan of his in/luence or |io'.'.'ei', in conlctpieiio: of his
I • 1 i.iiiiioii mediu'ii of all e.Tidily
iedtoeoiiterviitii.il \\ petioi:t\ .u.il
Iru. a' ill
IS
lu
hivin;., w
poliellif.
iiiiriiillc ailvamai'/'.
tl
Onc'il the men produced the bowbil '. inbacco-pipe.
w Inch was III i
,fe ot
i led I'.iiih- but the I ..:',i , ot...re
li.on perceived tliej' h.ul lu) ti bacco ..ai.M'._', iliem. In
dee.t tl
lis iiKiii t'lve hull to lino. I
lland tii.u he w.iiited
I tome.
I poll this he beckoned ti
peo['
le, w ho had
inteUitiible words ii\ the molldolclui tadeiict, with an I remained upoiuho beach diawn 'ip in the order he h.ul
N
7
D
kit.
\: n
^^
'■ 'e.
m
5-1
. »
■i'l
566 A NEW, ROYAl, and Al'Tl II.NTiC SV:
left them, and tliicc or fv>ur ot liicn r:;n for\v;n\l. iMp-
polliig iIku lie waiued ilicin. The Imliaiis, uh'> ii:ul
been 1)1 it'ervLxi til keep their eve-^ ciiminunUyiip'^iuhein,
no fo.tnjr (".iw lome of [he;n ;ul wince, tii \\\ ihey all role
up with :i great cla;iioin, and were leaving, the pliee,
as im:i<;ineel, to get their arms, whieh were prohaMv
left at a little dilhinee. To j->reveni mifehiet, and put
an end to the alarm, tlie Commodore ran to meet tiie
people, who were advuuing in confei.]iienceof ihe li ;-
iial given, antl told them, as foon as he was got \\ ith-
in hearing, that he w oidd have oidv one ot them come
i;p with all the toli.ieeo he eoiild coUei'i from the red.
When :hc Indians perecivcd this thev recovered from
their iin'jiri/.e, and everN )ne returned to hisllai';)n,
except a very old man, w hi came up to tiie Comm"-
dore anil Umg along foiig. Hefore the long w.is well
Hnilhctl, an oliictrcamc up wiih the tobacco, and indi-
cated a laugliable allonilhmen'. in his coiiuteaance.
upon perceiving himlelt', thougli lix feet two niches
high, liccon'e at once a pigmy among giants.
After the Commudoie had prelenied the toh.icco,
four or five of the chief men came up "' him, ainl. as
he iinderllood hv the ligns thev made, wanted hiiuo
mount cine of the horfes, and go uith them to their
habitation;: ; hut .is it wo'.dd have beer. Highly impru-
dent to complv, llgns were made to them, that the
Commodore mull return to the ihip, at which tl'e\
cxp:elled r.iucii concern, and lat ilown in their former
dation":.
During this chimlidlicw conference ;,n ohl m n ot-
te:i laid his head d.own upoiuhe llone,, and, Ihutting
hi-; evcv ti.r ahc ut h.ilt a mnuite, alierw.iidj pointed iirll
to his inoutli, iir'd then to the hills, n-eaning, as tiie
Commo.i u ; .-..igined, that if he would flay till the
morning. thc\ wouM f irnilh him w ith fome provilimis;
flit this I'rt'er ht w,i; obliged to lieclire. When he lett
them not one ot tl.em ofleied to follow, but, .v; loi.g
as thev could be lecii, conunucd quiet in their liaiioiis.
Commodore Byr<.n's defcription of his lii il mtervieA
w'ith tlij natives ot I'atagoni.i is, in general, conilin;e,! j
liy that I't CajitainW'allis, w !io vifiied, this ccuntiy tv. o
years atter him. That navigator relates, tliat, when
he .".piroached Cape \ iigiii Nlary, he law teveral men
riuing upon the poiiu ot it, who made lignaU tor ilie
pe>)ple on board to cmealhor-.-. I lavmg anchoied in
a bay dofe under the louth (kle ot tbeCape, tlienatives
continued a-lirealt of the Ihipall night, making gieat
tires, and frequently ihouting very loud. At ilay -light
great numbers of them were fecn in motion, making
rigiial> for our people t 1 land.
Havingtaken the necell'ary precautions, and. left par-
ticular or. lers on board to bring the dnp's broadlidc to
bear upon the landing-place, Caiuain Walh. went in
his barge, attendeil bv lome oiticeis .uul men, projiei Iv
armed, and having reached the beach, betore he hit
the barge made figns to tlir natives to retire to fome
cliftance, with wdiich they immcdiatclv coni|ilied.
Captain Wallis having Imdeil with leveral otiicers,
and ordereil the marines to be drawn up, matle ligns
to the natives to approach, ami directed them to lit
.'.own in a femi-circle, which they did u iili great order
and cheerfulnels. The Captain then dillnluned among
tlum leveral knives, fciliars, buttons, beads, combs,
and divers toys, panic iilai ly fome ribbijns to the w 1-
nieii, w Inch were received with eipial plealuie and
rcfpecf.
Alter the diftribution of thefe pielents, Captain
W.dlib endeavoured to make them uivleilland ih.it he
had other things todit'iofcof, but expected fome arii-
cles in leturn. I Ic then caufcd tome hatchets ,uid biU-
iiooks to be produced, and pointed to (omeguanii oes
that hap|iencd to be near, and lomeollriches which lie
faw tlead .iiiiong them, n.akmg ligns that he wanted to
f.it at tlie lame time ; but they either could not, or
wi.iild n(jt, underd.ind him ; tor th(jugh iiie\ lecmed
verydeliious of the hati hets and bill hooks, iIk\ tJa\e
not the le.ilt iniimatim that they would give any pKj-
viiion mritum. llufc people, in general, had hulc,.
>TF.M OK rNI\r.I'SAL t-I.Ot.R \i'flV.
Willi rel'i'C.i to the pcif'ir..> ol'tlu native., C ;,:,•;'■,-
d.iic Uvroii e\orel!es ilie high' ll I'liuiMli'i. ai .■.lii,'-
500 people, i'lic Ih.ntdt. o! u !io-.i \:c:c at lead fi.ur
inc'ies tiller t!ia-t a;r-' oen ul i;i ..e ot' 'vrriouiinary
lia; ire anioii'' t:-., :\il bulkv in i^ioj; mion to ihch
luight ; v.hcics with u-- Icaicciv .i.iv bear li'a; pro-
poti-m ; .uiil a niiii w !io IhouKt 11. c. 1 1 u,c .'id. ;,x fL..t.
twd iiii he , ,i;iJ I'j :,d'\' exceed a I'oul ucll-Ut in: ii
"t common li,.pii(.- in l';'.i,'!!i a,;! nr.ilcle, would
llrike us rillier .is ,1 gi.i.ii r.'an aa i;;dividual oi or^Ii-
nary foim.
I. aptain W.tllis,:;t l-.i-i'.r'.l inierviewv i'.'.i the native:,
canted tholl il.u .qipc.ued tobclhe talle, .■.•r.ongtlu :ii
to be meal '..I cd. One e,; thelew,',- fix Uci u-.en iinlic;
high; aiui Icvei.d were lix lea live ai'-.l 1,\ tett l;\
iiu hes, Tii( \- wei c •'.ell in : l", ! ilni'l, :"■■! 1" >;'.v; lu.i
tl'."r hand- a;id ful \\c.e ;-. ,r, u Lal.ly ; ;'..vil. llieii
cor.iplexiMii u.i^ a .■■',!. i. ;;.- > 'I ui , l:',e I'l:'" ut t!' •
liuli:'.:i- in Ninth Ame: 11 ,' . I'!i. ir h ,i,' -,'. 1- l!,..ig',.l, a:i.l
nearlv asli.u'li as ho.'s bri/; i, ' . It vasii-o! ' ;ik wi-. 1
a colion lliing : but luui. 1 1. . v, -ri. .::i . '..e.ul-drel .
'1 heir Icclh wire \ er\ vl ,ie, n . ;;, r i •>■ :i l\\
I he eh let w h.) ll; i; i "•)■■ i!;i '.■• i c '"Vi.o.'. •:\ IV ru 1
h.ul the Ik 11 i.t lum: ■..;' : : ;■.;!• ;!•; •■ ;i ow ; !;- Ih,..;-
deis. a>aSc-;.h ili!i:''a,„;e; ■- , i'-^': jd.i: ;, :L.>d w:-;
Ji.ur.ted to ,■..-. to lii/.ke ll e I'.'.o!: '. . /■.",•.■ ■ 1 c • i;.'
liad evei ! c!,.l,!. Rou",d o;-,c e> e \ .^ il 1.. .;..'c.>i
while, a liielcfi' b!.'.. 's f.,i;"i.i dud, i..e od;,' . ,;.iil if •
relt ot i;l' t.ice ■' .:^ •: ■. .ked. w ;; li p .i;,; i.f T.;;: . ; ^ ;' .^ .
lou..-. Ihj v,',-. ,e g;'u:i fe.u i\ I'ne (. ',. .ic .; .',0 „
\.ere ji lintel ai;d . f latlud ne:.;!' 111 d.e 11 e i.- e. '.c' .
1 he elicit ,^ rnnu! the iwn cs e, u ere m Ir • .. . ,< ■: ■ .
one ecrf iir; bui liiiv weie not uiUve-fllK '. '. .1 k ..\A
wliile, KiU',e beini; w lute .uid iid, .111- i lull e 1 ed „;,d
bl.ick. l''.xcti't the ikiiis, wlieh liiev wo:e v.iihdie
Inir inwaii!-, lu.oilof then we;:. .;.;i.cd; a I -v. onlv of
then 1 -iving a kind oi boot upon iluir kg'-, witli a
Ihort pouued lliek fa:lened to eac!; heel, wliu h lerved
as ,1 Ipur.
It ap; ears fr."ii tly -ice-'uiu ■•I'Ca, tain Wailis, t]i;;t
the ciu?tcl,)atlii;u; > I lir. le p'. .-■, 1. is ci'.npulid o! the
ikir.sotti.e gii.inie.i. Iced t'.i.Hllier into piiies about
lix teet long and live .vide. 1 li.i'e are wrap'ped refund
the body, .;nd fuici-.ed with a ;;udile, willi tiie hairv
lid'' inwaidis. Some lit them had a Iquare piece i''.
cloih, lu.ide oi the ilowii\ luiii of the I'/ianuo, th'ciUj:,ii
whieh a hole being cut foi i!ie lie.; 1, i!ie lell In, .,-,
round tlum as lo.v as the knee. 1 i;.\ .ue d.elcr.lied e'^
Captain W.dhi .is v, ealill;; the l-^.i-wiiij, or IrH.'ts. and.
jia lining lilt mil Ives III the !"'/'.• mani.ir nu luivm d 1 v
Coiumoii'ire 1>'. ;on, with llii^ dilieieiice lin'n , ihiit lii-,
e;. e-lidsot all the yo.mg woii;eii '..i re p.ii'ii .e! Iil.u I..
1 he I'atagomans tomnionh eariv .i mi'iile \' eijM.n
otafiiigulir kind tucked into . I id' lie. b . .n.fr.i .-,;
f.eo round li'.ines, i o\ eied w it !i |. •,;',-. 1 , e.K h ■>'. i i,','di"j,
about .1 |iuur,d, whi^h aie fili'.-!ie.; t ■ liir iwi m ; > c. .;
ibing about eigiit fiet Ion ;. '1 i'l- is ufedi as a Hit! ■,.
one llone being kept in the 1; ;-.,i. :;i. 1 ihe oihei v. I.i;!. ■
round the head till it i^fuppoUd [■: ti.r. e:Uqii.i e.l f.;;;.-
Clem tdice, and then difeharge 1 a; t'.ie ol-'uct. Tlu ■
are lo expert in ihi uianaL'enu-:.t ;,i tids d(r,ili!---he.i . o
lliot, that thev w il! hit a m.u k u ■! ', e. 1 : I'.i .:. .•. ihilh.',,^
v. itii both the tione^, at theilihanie ot liUeiii \.u. ..
It IS not, huv.esei, llr.:i; t u '.'j:u !• • I'l ik.- tinier d.
guaiiico or the c.' 1 ii h w 11 ii tl.em m rie i i.ai ■, I r :::!■-,
illleliarge ihi m I I as tlu'.I the toil i,,u.., ■.,.', U'l'l : : .,
le;',s ol the olli k li, or l .vo ol lli- f ;;s eij' li'e ; u ,- i' ',
and is i-,vi(!ed i''.:ndthem by the ! '.i e :i,.d i ', 11 ', ..r liie-
balls, to that lilt .1111 nial, being ui..,Me tioi.ti, I'ecuii.i .
an e ily |iiev to the hunter.
W ith lilpeii to tood, our pi'.j ie, '..lule liiev ft."' '
i,n llioie, iiiiit I M',1 I he lilt i\ t ^ cai I'l u. "l' th,-ir <!• 'i
meat r.i.v, paiiiiul.ul} the p,.;,nil!' ; :,; eiiivl'.. , .
out any other paep.u.ii ..iii 01 i ie u. ., , th lu 'iu:i . i-
ing it iiilitte out. a:id Ihakin 11 .
f he n uis e^ lalkvd iiiU li, uuMiir' ufih -.n i :' '.
out to Mr. ^^':dll^ C.i-hi I.I lie; I'li \>l."i th' v -.
fpoken to in S- iimh, re);tii_'u-.fc, 1 ; .:•■ r. ::::', D .
the Capt.dn w
tilt ate that In
I'ilV.
ivc-., (J :.:.—.:
■ ■Mil ;it .'•.■,11;^
;it lc:i,i u.'.ii"
( '.vrriciuiiiiaiy
iiiivn to dm,
bc'.'.r li':;: ;iro-
,!.■ iinl.' !,x t'n't
It ucll-lct m. 11
■':i [hv luitiw:,
; ' ! ; ' 1 : 1 ;.', 1 1 n : : 1
: u vi-.'i iiik in i
I \'\ Ucl i.x
--!;■::■■; lu.i
..• i'i:-r utt!: •
i;ll;..i-J.t, :r..A
lin! '•■■( k win
;iv ;.:'.u!-i!ii! .
■I i-n:,..;-
: ;, :..'U'..'
■■'■.I' • I ■>■ ■ I;.'
1 . > :. I ^' ')!
■J:,'. .:.i<', l!. ■
''.;::. v^:' l ■-
;■,.■ f.. ,\.V.: .I,)-..
'.■ iV ;.• dm:. •,(.■■.
1 li'i i: >■■,.■.■■ ','
V \\(i:c V. nil ilio
il; ;i l.w oiilv i.'i
t \y k !'.••, widi :!
L I, u liu li Itivtd
■.in \V:;lli<, i!i,:t
".niinlnl ,,( tlio
iitc I i'. I (.". abon:
.■ u lapped ri-'.i|i.l
wii'.i tiu- ha;;v
I'lpi.iii.' pifti (■'.'
■i.inLC, til'.;i;„il
1, i!iL ici! lu. .,-,
aic d', Ic; ilicd Im
J, or ii^K'tv, iv.'.A
tr ir.ir.ii.ntd '.■v
I r ■■idi , iliiit tlr^
pai'il .^i blai k.
.1 nu'iik- v u:ip:.:i
li I 11, li;; .>;
: , f.l; il V. u diii'^j;^
ill- IV.l ;■:) , I.! .1
I i:l'-'d as a llin ;, ,
iic ciilu'i V. l.i;!. ■
. i':Ui(U.ic.l r,:;;. •
(.■ Ml u .M, 'I !n ■
.1 do'.il jL-Ikm ;< ii
. ; tl. .:,.t,lu!li.;„
<A liiici 11 \ 111 ..
; 1 1 'v . ■ 1 1 1 1 If r • ' ■ ._
.• i.;,.u ■, ir:-'!'- ;
.ill. . ...; ii'i': ;: ..
1 1(1 li".' ; 11 ;• |. >,
:; id l\ II , ..r li:c
IiMi:ll, t'CiuiHi .
v.:,.Ktiicv.ftr '
lu- ■•I'th.'iv ♦V "i
AMEllTCA.]
O l^ r II A M r. U I C A.
!;,'j;t
; ' ; j u 1 ; .
, i Im'i ;II 1
•'. 1, . .,
Vm r " 1 t 1 r V
;.-i; ;:;dl)
1..,.,
i-pwM'-jd t!ic-'v irds
Is •* !-'.;-i Millwiicii,
t1iev niiuc 110 reply. O :' \'c.ip]j could di liii:-^: illi
Old'' one word ifthcirowii lan,viii!,c, wlucli was C!;i'-
vow. riicy loppoled it t'< be a I d'.itati'-iii, a"^ tiicy id-
ways pronotini:ed it wluMi thfy di ^nl; Inn is umIi I'r.in,
atv.l w'ni'n by (Igns they allvi'd Iw iiii\' ildn^j;. \\'li(.-ii
tliry w'Tolp ikcn V) i;i Kn^Ii h I'lcy
widi cilc, I'.nd <r,'!t bv i;;.-;ii'; tlic- wo:
conic OM 111 irf."
Tilt difpoliiion ot'thi. fc pcoplcwiU lie bcl dil"; 1 ivcd
by .1 recital At their <lrpi->;nr.cnt d':ri;it; tlic incidciit=;
whi. li oci. lined. 0:1 t'.ie;: \ :;'".t t'l Cap;. W.illis dii l,ii)a:il
liis !hip.
\\ Ilea a propol il wa- ma le M them ')",• ('.■^■.•s that
theCajnaiii would ;:iV.c loine 1 \ I'ae.u i>:\ bi).;id U lliev
were dc!iii'".'.s to !:;'),a:>o;it o.vj l-.-i;i,l:v'd ea.'eii . i)nerv.d
t'.l viliL tiie Ihiji; luit it was ii.<t il,e:iii-d ]^r id^iit to ad-
mit moieilian ei;;ht at thi- iiu'id)(.r. '1 hev 'iiiiiped
into ihe bo'.t 'A'ith the jivund nlaeritv ot" i. Iwld.ieii y, '-
inj, to a fair, a;-.d having 110 iiitt:;iti!);i of mil^hiet' a-
p;ain't oi:;' peoj I ;, ilifrovered no ipprelu uilo;! ofli irm
fr;ini them. '1 hey laiig Uvral o( their country longs
while they wer,- m the lioat, and \vii?n thev came on
boarci did not exprels either the euri;)ri,v or wonder
which the nuihiplicity of objeJis, to them cipially
ftrani^e and d.upendons, that at once piel'eiiie ! them-
feives, nuj,ht be luppoied to ex.ne. When taken
do\v;i into the c.diia tiiev kioked ,d"oiu with i;i'cat in-
ditferenc, till one of them happe-R\i [o call his eyes
upon a !oiikin;:;-;.;l,ils, w hicli atljrded them intiniiedi-
verii-in. 'Idv y .vlv u.i-ed, retreated, .uui played a
tlionfand tiiik-> bit . e i;, linf;lun;i, exceliiveb', and
talking very carncir.y t . ca. h mlier. Some beef, po:k,
l.i I nut, anil other a;i!^ie- o! ih.c ihip'-. p. I'o villous, beiii'.;
fei beioie tncm, the', e.i: o. ihe;'.i;ndire;ii..iii.i:.ly ; Ina
Avoul i drmk nothi'. ; la;t v'- 'r.
When rond'K't.d, 'dir..u,>,lioiil the lliip, t'ley h,' iked
at noihin_; wiih nncli attention except the animal .
'I'licy examined tlv.l'(j;;s and. llKepwitiilomei v.: ioiitv,
!)r;.vei
j)i,.yei, ai he tuapitnily hi'f.d up l;:.-. l.anc.s and eye,-:
to the hiMvciis, and lj>i)ke in ,1 mannei oid toiiedit-
iiccn (iblcivrd in tlieir cornmon
It. med 1 1 be rather fting
'ra\ er
l^eople coi;lt: n,it di'.dngnilh one
and '
to the hiL'lielt dc'ree with tiieGoi-
rea hen^ and tnikies. I'liey d.id nut feem to deii c
any tliinj; except apparel, and only one of them, an
oLl man, af];"d for that. Captain \\',ir.is p^r.uiiied
him with a p,iir ot'lhocs ami buckle-, and {^.ive toeacli
of the others a canvas big, in which were p:it iome
needles ready threaded, a few flips of i loth, ,1 knife, a
pair of Iciflars, (ome t.iine, a few beads, luomb and
a i'jokinf;-p,kils, with fume new lix-penees :i;ul half-
pence, thro;ia,Ii wliich a liole had been drilled that was
fitted with -i rildmn to li:ui_:i, round the neck. They
were ofleretl fome leiives of tob.ico ro!,.-d tip into
what are lallctl lli;;irs. They lino iked a little, Imt
«.lid not feem to en|oy it. When they we;e Ihewn the
great guns, they diil not appear to h.ive any 11 nion of
their iilc. W hen the marincf were d,rawn vip in order
to go through part of their cxerule. and the iird volley
was fircii, they were l>i-u( k with ailonilhnicnt and ter-
ror. 'Ihe oKl man, in partitular, threw hiiiifelfon
the deck, p limed to ;he miiikets, and then llrikint;
liis brc ill w ith his hand lay fonie time niiitionlets with
liis e\ts Ihiit. Hy thi;, it wa^fuppofed he meant to in-
tliiatethat he was not iiiuK ijiiaintedwith tiic-annsand
their laial I li'tds. The re !,|Vl;-.^ tliecrev meiiy ,ind
finding themlelves unhurt, loon lofumc.l tlieir cheiu-
iiilnefs, and heaid -lie fenjnd ;ir.d thud volley liied
without niuch emotion; but the old man coiuinuej
prollrate upon the deck fome lime, and never leco-
vered his Ipiiits till the tiiinc; was over.
Heinj; tn.ide to iiiuk;l',ind by fij;ns that thclhip was
pruceeding fan ler, and that they mult go on Ihoie,
they dilcovcrcd imicli ielii('lance to eomplv : all, how-
ever, except the old man and one moie, were ;j,ot into
the boat without much ditiiciili) ; but thefc (lopped at
the gaiig-ivay, where the old m.in turned about, wcrt
towaidi the Item, atul llood loine time without fpeak-
WHV IJc then utteretl «li;.t was fuppofed to be a
fcieiii I: 1.11 wdiat ha
com CI Ltiii'ii. 1 lis
than la:d, fo tii.it o;:
word iiom another.
When (Captain Waliis iniirnaied to him tl;u it wal
expedient tor him to go into the Iioat, he pointed to
the tun, and tilen movinp; his hanil round to the well
paufed, looked in hi? lace, laughed, a:id pointed to
tlie llioie. I!y this it v.:'. eafy to iind,e;l'aiv' rhat lie
w illied tolh-.y on boaid till fun-let, an.l no little paius
were t:-.ken to convince him of the necefnty of his go-
ing into the boar. \t length, however, he went over
the lliip's lide v.ith his companion, and whsn the bo.it
j->ut oil they all beg.m to ling, aiul continued theirmer-
rinient till they got on Ihore. When they huuied,
great nunibers of thofe on Ihore preliet! eagerly to get
into the boat ; but the olilcers on board havliiii |-ioli-
live orders to bri.tg none <.f them oil", to their ^^reat
iiiortilicati.in, preventcti them.
The molt remarki.ble .inimal of this country is the
riiianico, which in ll.-'.e, make, and col, )ur, refeml-des a
(.hxr ; but it has a hump on its back, and 110 horii'.
They are \ ei y ihv and vcrv fu-ift. Some parts ab.nind
with leals, ut which upon one I'pot our people killed
i above liln-, many of them larger than a bullotk. i hf
; tvgershere are very ravenous. A pirt of the iliip";
: crew being lent ondiore to feti h f imc vu i;iico . which
'• had b.en I'lot the night before, they fjund nothing Itfc
I except tl:e bones, tlietygcrs having devoured theilelli,
j .md even cr,icked the bones to come at the marrow.
;\n o.'iicer uji.in an excurlion lliot a tvger-cat, a fmall
, l;-ut veiy liereeanimal, for though it was much v.ound-
'! ed, if maintained a veiy iharp eontell w ith a do<7 for a
i conli-'.erable time bet. ire it was killed. There are
! abundance of hares, the Iklii of wdiich is very white
land of excellent tbivour. A great number of dogs
I were ken w ith the natives, w hicli were fuppofed to l.'e
j kept for the purpoleot chafing the wild luiimals which
I fervetliem for tooil. 'Idie horleswere well maile and
nimble, and in general fourteen hands high. 'I hele
as well as the dogs feemcil to be of a Spanilh breed.
The horfe furniture were, a laddie, ltir;->;ps and bridle.
The men had wooden fpiiis. One in particular was
oblerved to have a large pair of ft;ch as are worn in
S|iain. The women had no Ipurs. They rode alhidc,
and, as well :is the men, evinced great relolutiiin and
dexterii\' in horfemaiilliip, for they fearleisly galKiped
over a Ipot wdiere the llones uere veiv loofe and llirj ■
pery.
In fome nans of the country birds are io numeio;:;,
that Commoilore Hyron fivs, when tlu-i- tofetliey lits-
rally darkened the iky; and as thcv' w,ilked,ttie egv's
were l"o numerous tint they trod iipoiuliem. AniOHe!;
the rcll w-:is one very remaikable tor its plumage and
magnitinle. The head lelembled th.ii ,il.in eaele, ex-
cept; ih:it 11 hail a large comli upon it. Isoiuid the
neckwii.a white rull'exacUy idemblinga lady's tip-
pef, the f'-athers on the back were .is black as jet,
and as bripju :is the lincll pi lilh could render that
mineral. The legs v.ere urnarkably liiotig and 'ari^c,
the taloiis were like ilvile of an e.itde, except mat
I they were not li) ll).'.i[i, and the wings, when e.v-
j tended, mealured fiom point to point no let's than
I eight feet. 'I'hc olliich is very large hcie, and con-
llitutes pa' t of the kiiKUif the natives. Our | eople
eat of their eggs, a, id thought them vcrv good.
1 here fee med to be jilcnty of lilh on the coall, and
many porpoiles were leen twimming after tlic Ihips,
that were as white as fnow, witli biaik I'pots, a very
uiKonimon but bcautitul light.
Of vegaidiles there is no iiartieular account ; in-
deed, the country is reprclented as being barren in
the extreme.
*|:i '4
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b.
i:'.i!i.;n oiu'k' 1.1 will llunc, \\ ho
- ! Jill' '.s il'.c'.' V. t ;i.' ill li'ilii.
.lO UiIUl' l;l .U.l
I'M iiu' In
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li.ul huM I 1. : i'.\
IKMi: o:i ''..'.i I'l.
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MOV t,;.;t I'.Hll.' V. Cl;
1 :\;ichor imi :"a'.
■•rss i;
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tor .1 1
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iiiiy ol tliele ci-e.uures g'.'t li;;',iit of itiiy of :l;c
ciec, tlionoh :u ever fo great il diil.m'.e, tliev r.iii tli-
re.-lly .It ihein ; :liv,i 11 ) Ids i!i.uili\eo; ilicni v.'eic kil-
111 one d.i
!!i
l.LV. 'Ihc
tl
,v.■.\■:^ c.ll
1;;'- eonip.inv, tlunigli, except 1,1 men li/e, aiu
th'
I the
liiape of llicir tails, the", 1110, c rerciVii'iedi t"
'I
a,ea> liisi as a iiiii!,.ilc-(i/.cd nia
(HiV,
tlieir fi
rhc
iiosai
leni Ilk ililv long i'nd (luirp.
1"
real du.uOi-I;
10 lii! ill;
o;-.e ir.LiU
ll'-'.ll I " ti'C
.k.iiid li
' \ \v
il. .:i,l j-.e . t.
■le.iS aiul jKHi.i.l'ie
mil il
\'. :i!i li -.'.ei e boileil
ip. I'.luies tlute were g.i-
i| fiuit. lh:i' reieniMed ilie
: ';iie>\ li.it like
l.'ii,. C)n the ,11'-
'I a r.i;-
.1! ',i li.e ilii .I'l I'lt
-ale and
lliC:;. I.
II
yt-i in a l,iiliU;V:
hoa'.l. 'iliCK.
liioie, cati:-.!' pi
.11.- .. 1.
, ii'ii .1
'1 ■ III I. ■-■ Il
M.I
An O.lie ■ I , \'. I'
.,,,.,;ed.
ore at lc\ ci:il i
■ u ., Oeglee, ana
' I its appr.i leh,
'il'.i.c pcloii on
-lie, 0.0 1 ;, I'lc il- hein;; on
el I'll. ■ , II 111/, oMiiied to
p i': .li- pc. Ions cLan hv
1. i'l out in cvxA ol iiruhoiii
"1 UK ;u upon this c,':iit, th.oueh u 1; not calv t.< ,'.'i- !■;
h.iv.'tiiey lull came thilhi.i-. 'I'Ikx- 1>"iio\\ in the :::,",;iij
i.^e toxes; .ind ii' ,. i.-vi.'i
.h:-,h
ijlielltls leen
'.1 ih
lealltied alioiit riuir lioie-,
■1,. I
1
tiire.s ihc jxorli. k' iue t'' tlie t',i.ii- ; I'J tn.'ii il.e , ,)u.i-
ould reacii, for
mi in u'cat ii'.!:n-
tiV was 111 il liliixe, as 1.1;
I lie c\-.
'ev'..ral dav;
Ikis to I'cek
I he Com
d tlr.
y '.vere leeii 1 i.ir
01,1. 1 qu lue; ;.
ni'Hr.iie, ill the i
'Uile ot his r.,i;i::
,eil ,u the cniian.ce i'l p 1 iiii
'I'lul, on I ic iui|-'.!i
ide, till ee or loe.r lii^ • , ,i,.d loon „Uerv\.-iid.s pi.ic;-iv^d
iv.o or three ciiiuH ■
,!l..ii!; alui ihe llii
U 'erii;::i
ic c.inocs caiue up, and ^'ni: ot ilieniliad tl.e r.le.u:-
iion to rmne on lioan
,1
'I'i;
e ciii.ie w
as ol' h.iik.
.-ci:;l! ruei.
d,, ami ill
ith
•i.r:i, i-i it
.'d i>eeil on
t ''■! '.i i^lenn o\
wood an^' V, .1!.. 1 1. !■ e in 1 .
craiihenies ,uid v. il '
b'-i ol ciur.iiil III 1, s tl
\\,is rinc ; aiul a
llioll'Mll,
lailv icvl
ti;ll "f iruit. ih
'1 .' ;',1C.II iiiini-
'1 di i'oiK" Il il
U ViUnf, 1
. I'. Ill, 11 i:,;i.
heiirni'i "o., e; o', uiiiv -i. 11 colours, ,.,ii o,
p,.;,ie, \c.ioy.-, i
plenty ol the u nuei 's li.i ;•■..,;
to the lu)i:ini!i , ol liiiro; e.
I -. !i 1;;, hvli,.es ule.U
iKlullp; '.,v.ellk;i,r.M'
1 h- di levcial wild
ducks, geel
'c. '.01 lis, a lia'.v
pei.j
on ooa.il, w
lliel
1 W'.i-c t'
lien and tv.o wi'inen, iln-
nioil mile!-:d)l
e w reiciii..- ev;
I leiii.
I Iu V
ill iKlk.
•.\ceiit a itiiu
Ikiii ihiit wa-, tliK'V.-n looleU o\ er iheir lll.;llldel^. 'J
ueie armcil, lui\\e\ii-, v.iin i-)o\vs and aii'^iw^, w.;i.:i
thy ic;
1 eed, iind. p.-liiU,.
idily ',1, i\i. in leiiiiii toi a lew iie.u
lie ,ii lo\'. 1 weie liiiKle
Willi a "leen llonc
d the l)ow s were lluee feet. 'I he cord
iKV w tre .ilioui two le..i i'Mi"
UK I'OW
was ilie I
lied
after the 11
gill ot Ionic animal
Hi' w.is at .iiichor .1 !-i , .ul wl
lor''- River, I
evei.il iii'li ms c.iiic Oil
1 .i.iid, .iiid
|ircltiiled with be.lds, iil'boii--, iUid 0'''iei- triiL-,, with
which tlicv appeared iii-,hl\ d li .li; d.. Con; i"d,.)ic
ii
\ loll returned this vii i o\ no;
7 !■:
Kb
tiiein,
ta
kinv
.(■ k
h I V
ill?
A NT.W, ROVAF. AND AI'TIIL.NTIC ^^S•ll.M ,.. L NIVl.U.^Ai. Ci! Oc^R.vi'l IV.
■fi
11:
i
*
i •*«[%*
t ik'm^ oiUv a few people w uli him in the ho.u, th:U ih-'
n.uivcs mii;lit ivit ho iil.unud 1)V ini.ubfis. TIk' vili-
ii)rs\vcix' rcicivctl with iiiiMt (.'xpitiruins of -kiiuhu'ls,
.uul.toiinkc tiicm wcUomc. tin.' n.iu\(.> liro>ii:!,ht lonu-
hcriies, whkh thc-y li;ul j;:ulicr(.i.l t'orth:it pui'iiolV, aiul
V, !iii:h, wiih ,1 ti;\v inuHVIs, r(.'<.-iiic'(.l to 1k' the priiu'ip.il
put, it-' not tiic whole of iheii' liihlilleiue.
The Commoilore haviiiiz; lent out an otilcer in ilie
lio.it to lixik tor harbours on the routlurii lliore, w.is
int.irnied hv the <it}iccr, ni>. liis retuin, that near Cape
Tpi'S'it he had lallen in uith a tew Indians, who had
j^ivcn him a doti. and that one ot" the women had olTer-
ei! him aehild -Ahieh was tuekini^ at her hrcalt. The
otier was retuiril, as ",ioie ileiiradiiuj; to thele pour for-
lo;ii (avaj^es than any thins; in their a|>pearance onnan-
ner of lite, as well as an iniianec of the llran'j!;ell dc|ira-
vity ot huaian nature, that leaver them dellitntc ot at-
*e:tion for their ot!'spiiii;.>,, or, a m ill diploraMe litua-
lion, tiiat impels them to neeefiities by wliieli it islur-
inounted.
The Commodore, in tl.c coiirfe of his patiagc, met
with
vcrv tempeiliious v. eather totlie eallwaid ot Cape
Monda\-. I le f.ivs, when the leal'on is '.'o t'lr advaneed
as it was when he attempted the pali'age u\ this Strait,
it is a mort d;:iiciilt aiv! dangerous undertaking, as it
blows a iuirrieane ineetrantb', nii:;ht and day ; and the
rain is as vi>/lent and eonilant as the u inds ; w ith In^ h
togs, as oltcn render it impollilil'.- to difuner an)- object
at the dillance of twice tiic lliip's leiv;th.
Another otlirer, feni out tor the lame puipol'e as th,e
iormer, having found two anehorin;^ plaecs, reported
(Mt his retvirii, that being on Ihore to the wellwaid of
Cape Monday, lie had fallen in with tome Indians,
who had with tliem a canoe "f a eonil;-iidion very dit-
terent from any ihat hail been I'een in the Suait btforc.
'I'lui vcll'el co;il;lled of planks lewe.i together ; but all
the others were nothing more th:.i the barks of large
Mcestied together at the tiid.s, and kept open ; antl
(hort pieces of wood thrufl in tranlVertely between the
two fides, like the boats w hich children ntake ot a liean-
thell. The people, he laid, '.>cre liic nearell to brutes,
in their m.'.nner antl appearance, of any he had ever
Icen. They were like tome which had been met with
belore, ipiite naked, notwitli'.landing the leverity of
the V, eatlier, except part of a t'eal-lkin thrown over
their ihouklers. They ea: tlicir food, w I i..h w is fuch
a- 11) other aniiiul bv;t a hog would to'vh, without
any dredhig. They had witli them a large piece of
uliale blubber, u Iiicli llunk intolerably, and one of
them tore it to pieces with his teeth, and gave it about
to the roll:, who devoured it with the voracitv ot a wild
bcall. They (lid nor, however, look i![ion what tliey
I'aw in the polieirion ot our people with indityeience ;
for while one of them was alleep, they cut oil' the
hinder part of his jacket w i:li a (liarp tlmt, which they
ufe as a knife.
While the lliip lay at anchor m a bay on the I'or.thern
lliorc, about a '..-ague to the c.tllnard ot Cape L'p' ight,
Icvtn or e;g.;t In.lians, in a canoe, came roimd the
vellcrn point of the bay, and having laiulcd oppofitt
to the ihiji, mad-.' a fire. Our people invited tlicm to
come on [loard by all the figns they could devil'e, but
without fucccl's : the Commodore, therefore, took a
b<^ai, and \vent onlhore tothem. He introduced iiim-
telf by making them prcfents of leveial trifles, with
v.hich they teemed to be much gratified, and an inti-
inacy came- on i:i alew minutes. I laving fent on board
tor fonie bread, he divided it among them. :.:id re-
marked uitheqtial pleaturc and lurjMife, that if a bit
of the bifcui'- happened to fall, not one of them ottered
to touch it till he gave his conleiit. In the mean time
fomc ot' the cre-.v were cutting a little gral's t'ortv.o or
three lliecpllill remaining on board. At length the in-
haliitants, perceiving v.tiat they were d'>iiig, rati im-
medi.itely, ami tearinjj, upall ihe weedsthey could get,
I arried theiniothe boat, which was loaded in a llioritiiiu.
'J'his token of their good will gratified the Commu-
d'.rc, wli'j i^erccived that they were plealeii with the
plealure he exprcll'ed iipi'.n the o^calion. 'I'hey h:,:,
indeed, i.ikeii lucli a fuuy lo uur peo..le, that wliejj
iliey returnr 1 on boaril the boat, they all j'ot jmo i|,f|,.
caiio.- ,ind tilloucil tluni. When oui- pe.ij'le came
ne.ir thelhip, ho'.vevcr, lhe\- lb.|-p d, and ga/ \\ at her
uilli ui .:ppareni mi\iui e ip|' ..li.inilhr.K iil .iiul lei,,ii,
till at h iiglh, u nil I.., lie diliii iiiiv, four or ii\ e ot liieiii
were jire. .tiled oji to vent me on bo.iid. As io >n as tiiev
entered the ihip the\ lei e!\cd level a 1 pieleiit , .mil ap-
p^.ired to 1 •.■ peilecily at e.il'e in allioit lime.
I'he Commodore being vei)- tlel'irou^ lo ciuutain
them, one of the jietiy ollii ers plavcd i!p;>:u!:. vi din,
an.i !ome of the irew d lui'ed. ,\t this li'.e-c were I'l
mucli deli__;iKeil, and III impa'ieiu to Iheu ilvir 'Mali-
lude, that one of them \. cm i ver the ihiji's ii.!e im. liie
c.moe, and teiched Uj' a leal-ikin bag of le.l pami,
ami immediately Imeaiei ihe lidler's ta>'.- alli vei urii
il. lie was vei_\ delirmi;- t i p:iv il'.e Co .■.luodiie th-
lan'c compliment, which, !; iv, (.'vei , he t'l.u'jjit lit t >
decline; but he made liia;i\ \ cr\ \ ijV'i'Mis eft' •! is Ij vsi
the belter ot his ;rode:i\'. It \i.is u n!; !i>:ue ditii, nl!'.-
Ihat hedefeiuledhimleif fr r;; r; : . ivi;;;: liie i.o:' ,.:; ,i/.
::.;l'.ed iiim in hiv ii\:i dvi, !;e. .-Vtrer li.;\ini; ia-.l-
tained them tor tevci.il Ik-':: , :'. '...is iiitim-'.te,: i.i i! . >
that it would be proper l'.). tlicri tn go on li-,,:, ; 1;.,.;
Iik'i uas their ittaelvi-'-ht, i'k'.! it ,^.;^ b' n ■ .u.an ■ .in
cal'\- matter to get tlie;:: •'•■t o! i.ie ihip. '
Cajvain ^\■a;lls lep.el'.Tiis the couuli" r.')ov: Ci'u
ii:ilia:'.: is moll dre.iiv aii'.l f'llorn, and ihc :i..i latu'iis
on cell lide tlie lliait , as of immenle hei'.'la, .\,Hjut
itne toiiith ot the aliciit is covired with tree of,-. i,\);\.
lider.d.de l;/e : in the '.]■<:'. l- tr >m llience to I'le iind.llc
• It the mountain llieie IS no'limg butuitheied Ihitibs.
Above ihet'e .ue patchc; of tiu^v, .md tr.:"::'.ents if
bioken rock. The lummit is a.!'o._^ether u:de .i.id
naked, t.).vering abnethe cloud.s in v.d ci ■.r> lii .;.
are piled upon each other, and lo.k lik.- ilie , Uii.J; of
nature, devoled t;i [^erpetual iieiiiiiv an\l di.-|()latio:).
Captain W.illis lays. ti-..:t w!ioe\er n.ivig.ites tldspirr
of the it rait (hoiild' keep ilic no,; li Ihore I'lofe on board,''
and not venture more tlianamile from k till tl;eRo\.il
Illands are palled. T!ie current lets eallet'.v throjgh
the whole twe'iiy-f.nir h )iirs, anii(,tlie indraught Ih lui 1
by all means be .ivuided. The latitude of Caue ( i..'.-
lant Ro.ul i^ j;^^ deg. _v- '''^'H- '■•"■'th ; longitude '•;; dc,:.
9 min. well.
'1 he ;hip I'.aving come to an anchor in l'di/abe;h Hav,
whii !i lic.s in latitude :_] dcg. 4^5 min I'or'h, Capt.im
W.ilhs lent the boats on dioi" ( ,i- \v..ter ; and I'lJiiafter
our people l.md.ed, thiv can .'cs j-il oli'trom the i jutit
Ihoie, and l.iud.ed, lixte.n of t!:e iiiit;-. •.•■, on tiie eaii
point ot the li ;V. Wlien ihi y ca.ue >. iiliin an h.iud.ed
yaids of om p.eople, ihey lloppe.',, i.db-doui. and
in.ulc ligiis of tiiendlhii). Our peo];!e did the I'.imc,
Ihewing them lome beads and other ivi\ s. At ihls ihcv
teemed pleated, and began tolhout. (Virpviple imi-
tated tlie noil'e they mad.e, and th rate 1 in lei ;iii. I'li •
Indians then adv. meed, ihll lli '.,t;;i,', and la,-,;hiii.
very lou.l. When the pallie^ iini ihev liiookhand',
and om peojile pi eleniedi tlie Indians uidi I'ev.ralol ih-j
toys v.hiili ilie\' li.id llieu n flr.m a! a(iiii-.:-. e. '1 !iey
were covi icd \wlh leal-lkuis, \i. hich ilu'i'. ri'..(,,;'ii.iM\ ;
andfo.i.e ot them \.ere eaiuii'^llie lotien ll. di and blub-
ber raw, A 1th a keen ap|)etiie, and g'e.u i'.eming t.iiil-
fu"iion. Their lompleCtion wa- the I'ln: • as that of
thole our iiavig.itois had I'ccn betoii , !■ i i!i>. ■, •...;>■ 1 iw
ot llUui e, the tailed nI I hem n 't bem.' 11 1 I'l.i'i il\ :*
teet li\ iiiche-. 'I'liey appeared t 1 '-j peiiflii ■;• •'.] '1
cold, and imme li.ucly km lied I'eiu.d li;. . 11 ..
thev fiibfill in v, inter i^ ni t ea!\' t) i',uel'. ; I .r t!ie v. . ,.
tlier \'. as .n tlu uime lo le\e,e, ihil t!K, e \. i : ■ fi.. .pieiU
tails ot Inow, 'I'l'.e) were armed u idi ')),',:, .uw, ,
and l.ivelins. The arro;. ; and iavi li:-.s v. , , e p;ii:-.icl
with llmt, which u.is wiou;dit into ilu- Ih ^ ,- 0!' a fe: .
pent's tongue. They di!ihu.!.e Iv lii v v!i ■ •v.'t loice
anddexterity, Icarci' ever la.ling to !i;. i .,.i;L at a
gieat dillanie. 'I o l.indle a lire ihe) T l'^•, a pebble
aijainll a piei.v ul uem lu , lidding u"d f i", to ; ,1;: li
the
thf fpaiks, lome
;v.
■I'hfy I,:.;,
'.■, tluit w!|..-i>
<l into iln.li'
lK-.);i!c i,i:nt;
;.',:i/ -il at lit T
il .tiiil Iciior,
!i\i- ol ihi'iii
■^ i'l '11 .IS liicv
i-'iu-, ,111(1 ap-
nic.
to I'nrui.iin
1 1!:. vi i!in,
;'\- ucic T)
\\ iSr'ir lii.iti-
!i''-J ;iii.. \'r.v
t K-.l I'.lhil,
all, •,.•, vmI,
::;:.. 1-:^ ;li;-
1 ''lyjit lit t I
(■(i'.'I'.S I:. I LH't
ic iliiii, lilt'.-
- h:i:i ..:: >!;.
A in '; < iui. -
'.!.■.: i-.i i! : >
1 ;':■.':. ; i-.m
n ■ .r:..i:i ,ui
amfiuca.]
South America.
57'
I lie I.'.' !.lt.li'i:i
■v:'.:t. Aoo'.ii
H(.- iif .-. i-o:\.
I'> I'lC iHi.lllc-
tl-.i-K-.i ihi^hs.
t;a;v:::-:^f, ,,f
luT ii;iL- a.:i.|
■'■'■^ ciuv lir.i.
^v• ill'.- UIH.t .i;'
ii'.l iii.*riil.iiio;i.
gates t!-.ist.;;:^.
Die Oil bo.ii\l,
t till the Roy .il
ilfeily thro'.i';.';l>
t'.r.f.ijlit lliii'.: I
-■ of CUIC ( lal-
iriit'ioe'-;;, uc,:.
I':il/.ll>c:lin.;v,
lo; 'li C:iPtai!i
Hill! I ) 111 .iticr
i'lio:n tliL-i jiiilt
•■. on tiie call
liii aa li.aul.cd
alli-d oMi, anil
i!k1 the laDic,
• Ai ilil.s they
)'ii- ;v,-.,p|(_- im:-
in 1 ci :in. 'I'L •
aiul ia.\:,hin._
lliook liaml' ,
!i lev.ralol i!"^
li-:;..'. -llie/
', a'..,„;'naMy;
(I. ;li aint liUili-
i 1 -emin;.!; I'liif-
iti: • as I'h:;; '■{
;i!rn ■,;.;.■ I ,w
l'|.', . tll.lM ;i' :•
|iciili,i-;' ■■: 'i
.lli;. . Hi,
. ; I .itilr-.;. .-
\. I ; ■ In .|'lflU
l)>.'. ., :•.;•. 'V,',
. :w.\- |nii;-,!v.i
ll> i[c .<r a I'e:-
;•!, ,..x.-\ !,,],..•
. I ... I ; 1. at .a
I' ik'. n pcMilr
! ;■ i', •■';. i;^!
llu:
th:- Tpaiks, fonie iriofs or down mixed with a v.hitilh
e.ntli, wliK-luakei fire like tinder. They then take
I'omc dry 'Asali, and pvitiing the lip,hted niofs imo it
wave it to and ti'o, and in alnni'. a iiunuie a hla/e will
appear.
I'hrce of tl'.t natives came on hoard v. ith the lioar,
b-.it tiiey ieciiu-i! to regard nothiiij \viih any decree ot'
cuiio. ty excci't clothes and a lookini;-i;lars. The
lookinsi plals air>rded then; as iiuirh diverlioii as it liad
t\^n\L I e Patagonia .;, and it ieenied to I'lnpril'e them
inoie. When ihev liil^ peeped int.) it they ilarted
bac k, 'ird lookuv.; .it our people, anil then at each
odier. T!r\' ilun took .mother [u-ep, as it were liy
Iteahh, ftart i nu b II k .is iKto'.c, and liieiieigerly look-
ing heliind it. When li\' degrees they beeanie taniiliar
with it thev fiuiled,and Toeing the images linile in re-
tiiiii, iliev' weree\ecediiiglv ileliglited, and biirll into
fits of the molt vl.ileiu la-;ghier. This, however,
thev left, and tverv thing elle, wiili pei fed Inditfe-
renie, the little ti.ey polletfed being, to all appearai^ec,
equal to their dclires. They cat whatever was given
them, but would drink nothing but water.
Caj-itain Wallis went on llvre with tl'.ein when tliey
left the Oiip, and by this time leveral oi their wiv-es
r.iul ehildrcn were come to tlie w aienng-plaee. He
iliitri'.nited fime trinkets among them, with which they
feenicd jde.iled torainomeiit, and give lome of their
arms in return. They alfo gave leveral pieces of
iiiuiulic, lu'.h as is found in the tin iViines ot Cornwall.
Tliey gi\e our people to underO.anil, that they f.nind
it on tiie mountains, where there are probably mines of
tin, and perhaps of more valuable metal.
As this feenied to be tiic moll dreary and inhofpitable
country in the v. oilJ, the people appeared to be the
lowell and nioll deploralile ot human beings. Their
[lert'ect in.liHereiice to every thing they faw, which
marked the depravity between oui itate and their ow n,
though, It iiuy preferve them fio.n the regret and an-
guilli ot i.iiUati^^iicd dcfires, teem, notwidiltanding, to
implv a defed in their natvrc, for thole who are tatis-
fied uith tiie giatilieations of a brute can have little
pretenlionsto the prerog.uives ot men.
When they eir.w.irked ;n their cano-s tl-c\ iiciiTcd a
leal-lkin tor a fid, ,ind llecred tor the fouihern Ihore,
where our people faw m.iny of their hovels, ani.1 re-
iiiaikeil that not one of them looked behind, lb little
imjireliion h;al the wonders they had teen made upon
their mm. Is, and lb much did iliey appear to be ab-
lorbed in the pril'ent, u iihout any habiuial exercile of
po\\er to reflect upon the pail.
About three niitesup Haicheloi's River, on the wefl
("de, between Mount Mil'ery and another mountain of
f.upendous height, tlieie is a cataract which has a very
Ihiking appeaiance. It is precipitated from an eleva-
tion of above 4C0 yards ; halt the way it rolls over a
very deep declivity, and the other part is a pcr(H'ndi-
cular tall. The found of this catarad is not lefs aw-
ful than the ligbt.
The country to the fouthward tii' the Sir. lit appeared
horrid and ilre.uy beyond delcription. It lonlilled of
cragg\' mouniains much higher than the clouds, that
were altogether naked from the bale lo the fummit,
there not being a lingle Ihiub, nor even a blade of
gia's to be teen upo.i them. The vallies between them
wcrcetiuallj defolate, being entirely covered with I'eep
liiow, except in a few pl.Kts where it had beenwallietl
as^ay, or i.o:iveried into ice, by the lorreiits which
were prei ipu.ued trom the crags o[ ihe mountains
above, where the liiow had been dillolved, and even
ihol'e v.iliies, in the jiarts that were tree trom t'now,
were as dtllittite of verdure as the 'oiks liciween which
they lay.
Having (leered for Cajic I'piight, and aiuhoied in
the bay, w'hile ihe people were employed in geuing
wood and water, and gathering celery and inullels,
two canoes lull ot Indi.ins came along-lide the lliiji.
'I'liey li.i.l iiuich the I.ihk 'pneaianceas the deplorable
'rcttlitb fccn before in Eliziabciiri Bay. They h.id on
hoard fomc feal. fleili, blubbrr, and penguins, all of
which they eat raw. .Some ( f our people, who were
tithing with a hook anil line, gave one of tlicni a hlli
foniewhat bigger than a heirmg, alive, jul1; as it ciiiie
out of the water. The l.".dian took ii hatlily asa dop,
would tike a bone, and inllantly killed it bv giving it a
bite near the gills. He then proceeded to eat it, be
ginning with the head and going on to the till, with-
out reiecting either the bone.-, liii', Icales, or eii'.r.iils.
They ate every thing that was given them indillercntly,
whether filt or t'lelli, dKiled or raw, but would drink
nothing but water.
They Ihivered with cold, yet h.ad nothing to cover
them biit.a leal (kin thrown loofely over their flioiil-
ders, which did not reach to their middle, and they
were oblerved, when rowing, to throw even this atidc,
and lit dark naked. '1 hev had tome javelins rudely
pointed wuli bone, witli which they iit'ed to llrike teal's
and penguins, and one of them was oblerved to have a
piece ot iron about the lizc of a rommon chili'el fall-
eiied to a piece of wooii, as ill" intended rather tor a
tool than a weapon.
They had all fore cy^^KvhicU'Cviis imputed to theii
i fitting over the liiiokc^it r^'r tiies, and they I'melt
i more oflenlivelv than a fi\, wliicli, perhap-, was
! jxirtly owing to their diet, and partly lo their natural
! liithinefs.
Their canoes were about lifreen feet long, three
i broad, anil nearly three deep. The\- were made oi
[ the bark ot trees feweil together cither with the linews
I of I'ome bealt, or thongs cut out >,i a hide. Some
I kind of ruth v.as laid into the feams, and the outlidc
was tiiieaieil with a gum, which prevented the water
I from loaking into the bark. l''itteen (lender branches
I bent into aa arch were lewed tranlverlelv tothe bottom
I and lides, and tome tlraight pieceswere [dacedacrotstlie
] t.ip trom gunwale to gunwale, and t'ecurely fallened at
1 each end. On the whole, however, it was poorly
j made, nor had thefe people any thing among them in
which there was the leatl appearance n( ingenuitv.
An hatchet or two were given them, with Coine beads
am! a lew other toys, with which they went awav to
ihe northward, and were no more I'eeii by any of our
people.
A party lent out in fearcli of anchoring places fpent
a night upon an itlanil ailjacent to Cape IjM'ight, called
Dolphin Bay. 'I'hey there faw li;veral fmall coves,
which were all dangerous. While they were there (i.v
canoes landed about thiity Indians, who ran tothe boat,
and werecarrving aw.iy every tITmgihey found in her,
but our people Liifcovered them jud time enough \>i
jjievent them. As loon as they tbunJ. tliemfeive^ np-
pofed, they went to their canoes, ani! aimed thcmleive'.
with long poles and j.ivelins pointed with the bunesot
(ilh. They did not begin an attack, but llood in a
threatening poflure. Our people, wdio were twenty-two
in number, aded only on the detenlive, and by part-
ing with a t'ewiritles unongthemreiKiciedthem friends,
anil induced them to behave [UMceably during their
flay.
'\frer a feiies of fitigue and hardlliips, Captain
Wadis, and thofe under his con.u-.and, quitted this
dreary and inhofpitable region, .vhcre they were almott
in peipetual dinger of Ihipwreck tor near four monthi,
having entered the Suaitb un the i7thot December
ijOG, and ipiiitcd them on the nth of April 1767 :
a region wIk re, in the niulll ot luinmer, the weather
was cokl, gloomv, and temiH-tUious ; where the pro-
fpeds hail more the appe.ir.ince oi a chaos than nature ;
Slid w here, tor the moll part, the vallies were without
herbage, and the hills wiihoiit wuotl.
Commodore llyron obl"erves,tliat it is prob.able thofe
navigators who may reail ot the ditlicultics and dan-
gers, which are bv him reprelentcd to attend the paf-
fage through the Straits of Magellin will conclude,
ili.ii it ought never lo be attemjited again; hut that
.ill the (lup.. which ndght atiei him lad a wettern coiirt'e
lioiu Lurope into the Mnitli iSeas ought to go round
(. ape
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t tl
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!.y theli.ii 1
iii.-ni V. iilhuil thei
out a.! (I ll I eliel'eiit.-tl, Hi-
ll eoiileiit ; that '-, ai : 1 1
'live ol the co.ii iii.ii iiii
V. eie 1. .'iii;
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ill
Ujl'.ll o IIM, t.)
o'.iiiee 111 I'
T ever all eoiiee: li MKli tliele t,iX
llllheieis -,1. el-e tarie,! :.;ii! ti..uli
t:ie Ihl,
eari ieii over liie ilan
Hull l:li.>
vit ill -ir
. ere llire.U.
i.-.l
'll.i.
. till V ilelieeie I iiii tir.
^e, -'i.'ii iiii
l.tte.l i > t!
Ill line.
iil\ir|)i..l the I l.iee ol reei^iio, ..! . i;u m.!.
Ail-,
ii.'ili, tiie mill.
ii,aii'l li'iiie "I'
I 11 .S Jt ,N -■
.11, . even ..ti'ii .'. new 1 I'l ni 1
iiti.i'i '11 -1
I'.r.h 111 i-.iil 1 t'
Ii
.1 on i!ie hiiilvs ot' I ai.
the \i..r n m.
ill .• to L.
iia b
i.iv on.- ,.n e'Ni t iie.i
(I .\\j 111 iiiv i! -K- . i;i;. i.is ..-. '.iu
M. N -. , • . 'elvi , n all he i
..1" R p
ot the .X.iurii an- , I'l ' ih. ^ lei-
;t t le ile^^iliriii'' ol l-
17'.:
I
neciltiil tlieiet.ire, iii or-
.-leii', ,uives
ihei! I. Ill, 'i kill ,■>
;;-,itiioi 1
.lie n.iii II.
1
le ;no:
ipe 111 iia- 1 f..-C'.ii man
.f 1 1
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I'l 1:1 01 tl
11= mi" It-,
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on ih. olli'.i".
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tllii.
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,11 (if 1; iirir-i.
n p.irtl'.e. :
■.i:'i tV.-l.,;
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W
le-- ii to -'t t I
bilitv i- tlieiil.
I'd Willi iiic 1..1
, ;l,l -.t tlieiii, ..I l.ii \i '.l,)!!,
11, .11 ienip -i , uiici'.'ii ml', nli-
'.-. hethci It oil,- lit ti> le lioiioMi--
.1 re 1 :\ m !, .in! 11.
i.uliv, or braiiileil wiiii
that of
.1, 1 UliU',-':!,; V.
lo:
'els to ufi lile.
iii.jeee;'s ti.xii the
r,ii 11
CI tiieii- Me
-.viik !i i-.v!tml no 1 iitlu'i tiiiii lliei, lie-
t,iiuiio:.s i.,.-i to V ii.ieitv, \vh' 11 lli'.-'.
jwitli t'j i '.;; 1
tlicv ii'.eil
;k
lliit
V '.I iiio.h lite V, lien
l.iuuii, even 10 lliiitii,'' uii,i)u: .my ihin;
;iti;f to tleiire au^l
1'
il-.llv to ihelall'le
Hill uiiiiions .mil e.jw-
ii il;-,iiiLeiiiic.-is il,;e- not ti.ni-
fp
■JI'. lllelli ; tn'.-:nie-.
to labj-.if ; u:ii
iO
VI a I:
y '"'}
111-
.uiu-
• I
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lil\- tilil liibli
1') .III) 111 I'lii ll
.1 lii-IMl' 11 tl"
nil'- 1
III till Ihk'.il'. ■
ip w.iiuii'.', to liiil loiiie '.. Hi. , ,: . ' ill
V. at'i, 1
lii/i
I'll
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li'.'.-l.
K
lieV .11 ,11 1
lior.e'l .1 I i-it, \'. !;',-ii ih. I 0:1
the e.i;;,>;:
CovcriiiiK nt,
ler, a*, iiiiieli :■.;
Kill.
on
p.iiiiliii-, n
lliU the AiiiLi Hall', uti e ihrati
A.MF.KICA.
ciari'ier oiillv wi
aniinolinr
niaiiicil in hi:
w.irthy of rccfl
arriinotiioiis
oblivion, ami
ni'Tf miportail
wliicii the mill
lunic imps, lal
w.ib to be pai'i
fiitcreil the tl
AMLUUCA.]
A M V. R 1 C A,
57,?
tliat, tli')ii;^l> tlK aA itfi'If w.\s repe,ili\l, yet tlie I'l-irit
•il'i' riiiuiiKi.1, vvliilc :i ic.eiiiK- wa- litiiumii-il from tin-
«'()i iiR'^. Iti.'ijii' lit inrciiiij^s ^mtc coiitinm- I, liir-,
wcic ta-.j'iciit, aiul iii:i;ic:lc.l [iciloiii rijin(.-nct.d the
dilplK' s.
liijii.i', 1768, till" g(ivcrn(;r dnriicil tlic li'iiill- nf
repnli:;!: itivcs at B ill m, to rikiiil a rir)iii:i(jn nm-
ccnilii,^ a liicuiar Ictrcr ri> Io'dc nt the oiiirr (^ivfn-
ini-iit.v, luit tiii-y rctiifinjr, h.j (.liiMlval ilic alR-nbly on
the ;;ii of Anputl lollnwi;,,;.
At Iciif'tli It was cli'tcrnimcil to ri/:rri' tlic Atnfsi-
t.iiis, ail I a b'lily cit tronp, u rivnl tluii- aicoivimjjv,
{toilI Halifax, Stpuiiibcr -,0, -yO.-;, d'cortiJ hy loiiif
Ihips <jt war.
I'lic nocoiis piocci'ciin;;s rjf the KdlVmi.ini incri-al"in|;,
more troopi were nrJfred to I'jo|1v>ii, ami a vaiii-ty of
.iltcrcations toik |ila> ■ , not only bcrwcfii I'lc guvrnior
an. I thi; pcopli-, b It bi-twcni tlicin and Cii-mral (ja^;p.
In til- bfgiiuiiii;^ III' ilir \'tMr i7()u, m.'.iiy perroii,>. in
thv ci)limy ot New York thoiij^lir proper tu adnpt the
k';it;nicnts fit tlie Bollonian'-, and to in'vii'e in tlie po-
Jiiic.ll I juabbles w!ii( h were daily ilel^;lrc■^iillg in New
I'ait^iaiid. Other culonirs loon alter a; lejrd to tilt
conibu.a:i in, and, in partieiilar, to the refiliitions fiir
tin noi importation of the Hritilli nmitifiL-lures and
EaiMidia goods: and tliiis tlie lire of ililf-nti on iii-
cirafid witu LTcat rapidity, iuv\ t!ie tlniie of d.ileor 1
blivud tliiinigh t.;e jrearell [urt of North Vineriri,
J he 15 illuiuan-. now lutninetl i;p a vaii;ty of griev-
anics, among wiiieli coniplainth were tlule : " Tliat
t.he ' ivil p'lwcr wa.i diire;^, iidt ', and ceiuirels ) l.ced
in various |i.,rrs of the town : Tlui the ne^^r les liad been
wnitcii to take awav the lives and [)roprrries of tneir
mailers, and to lepair to tlie army for protei'tion : That
iuiHc of th- foldier. had :;tcar':ed ihe ma'jilliates of the
t(i v ; I'n.it ii.anv liiUiier.s h.ui Leeii repeatedly relLiied
Irani tiie p-ace- otlietrs ; Thit many peilons had been
V- ' 'i-ii.ed by tl'.e iiiiiitary : And that on the y_\\ of
Mar-, 11, 1170, eleven perfoiis were eirl,.: killed, or
dan;;eroiilly wouiuled."
'.rhile charges were cither dmicd '/r t\iHiatt\l 1 y tlie
otiier [larty, by the plea of rii- ntilr iry I'ew.:; comiielleil
etciid their.i'rlvej; and at
cq'i.'.ily attrocious, were
to aC: a:> they did, and to
tlie 1,'ine time nrcufation
brought agaiull the people of New l-.nyland. Some
perlons were tr'.ed lor ;he nuirde:s, but none execiitevl.
Sir l-rancii Harnard having returned to I'.n^land, tl'r
anunolitirr, and difputes ftill continued between li'.e
people and Lieutenant governor Hutehinlon, .'.ho re-
mained in his room. But as political f |uabbles are not
worthy of recnrdirt' in a jierformance of this kin-l, and
arriin mious arculations, proceeding from prej'Kiije,
and propa::ated by pariiahty, ought to be confi.^;netl to
oblivion, and not iiuroduetd into a work ot feience,
We fliall wave trivial altcre.iiions, and only regiller tlie
more important points of thelc iiiih.i|)pv dilferences bv
which the mind may be informed, a^Al the memory wi.l
not be opprefTed.
About the middle ot F^ererriljer, in the y :'r 177.^,
fonie Ihips, laden with tea, beii-.g a Bo. Ion, fa^ a duty
was to be paid,) the people would n it fuller them to be
Iar.de. I. 'I he llfips beii:'.^ retiifed a clearance by the
{;overnor, iir.lefs tf.e caii^.;'ie^ were laiKle>l, and pro^
perly tlilpok-d of, a mob, drelleel li!;e .Xidiawk Indian..,
entered the tlirce llibs wliirh contaii.ed the tea, and
Wire commanded bv t'le (.'aj>t.iins I l.iil, Bruce, and
Co'Iin, and emptie.l the tai^oe.', conlilling of :;.[.■
cheils of te.i, imo tiu water. This, aiul other out-
rai^'e.-, (icalioiitil the Bolbm i'ort B.ll, pall'eil .April .1,
177^, by which tiie town ol Bolbm was prolcribed and
bloi k. I ,ip.
riic peopL: of New England now liegan to form
themielvrs into companies, piactife the military ar;s,
{■r.;er into lolemn lea^nies and covenants, ^:e. Several
'i ihc'idxr colonies iuUowed ilieir j.\am]i'<', provimiil
iireiiibues were neld, and a peiieial congrels elliblilh-
id, (o v,ii..i.}i difputes fioni the leveral provinces were
\n\ lie I.
No S3-
)".x< lulive (/f Bickerings ar.d aniniofitlts between the
Koy.ililU and I'rovincials, and the m.;r:i.i] par.ide of
the hrter, th'* iu-.\t martial tranfai'ion was the leisure
tii' \'<>n William and M.uv, near I'ortlin ourh, in New
I lainplliire, by the Provincial ni'.li'ia, in which they
fiiiiid I. :0 barrels of [^u.npowd-;:, llvLTal cannon, ihot,
Imill arms, \c.
(ieneral (iaj^e bein^j infirmed that a ^reat {piantity
<<i oiilitary llores were in the poni'Ilion of the Provincial
troops, at the town of Concoril, lent a detachment of
troops, under the command of l.ieiite.'iant-Colonel
Smith, and M i; ir I'iic.iirn, fu[)ported by another body,
romm. aided bv Lonl I'ercy, in order to lei/.e or d'.*-
Kroy t.hem. This l('r\ice was etr'eOtually performed,
aiier lomc (kirmidie^; but on .April 19, 1775, the
troop,> were attac!;ed at l.exinyton, on tiicir return to-
wards B(/llon, Sevei.il were killed and wounded on
b )th fide., the Provinci.ds tiling; lioin behind llontf
wails, liedi.',e>., bullies, dec.
The l'r(;vi;icials now invcded the town of Bofton ;
and the p';o[ 1-- ot New York, hearing of the a.:tion at
I.e-tin^rron, an I the aflair of Con.crd, lofc iii atuiiiul-
tons manner, entered the town-houie, feized a great
many Itan.ls of .inns, appropri.ited to tl.ii- own iile ta-;
car^itoes of two lliips Ukien with iiiiii ai / Ihiies for G^
m-ral Ci.ige, and then marched to t.'ic .■.(f.ilar.ce of ihc
B.illoni ii'.'i.
Tlie I'r ivinci.d-. not only continued to block up the
town of B )ll.,n, but bc!j;.m to laile ba'teiics oa the
her.lus of tl.e pvuinlula of diaries Town, in '■•'ier to
c.ion in.lde hi> M,.)..flv'' troop.s 1 liis bv )U du jn thii
acli.n of Bunktr's 11:11, lor, on the 17!*^ / June,
1-75, a conrideri!!le body of troops, un ic the com-
iii.iiid of M.iior-(juK-ral I iowe, and Bri';ki:rr (jencral
Fig;ot, were lent t) o.iilod^je the Provinti-U. This
body of forces, witii a pio|nirtionahle eiuantity of artil-
lery, m.rde g-))d their lai:dingai5 linll Bunke, 's ilil!, un-
tlcr the ptoieJlion of tlie H i|>s of war, armrd velfel';,
tlo.i'.inL.; batteries, i.'c. :uk1 iiein^ fjon dtler rer.ilorced
l.y anoiKier det.iclinunr, a dctpeiace action commenced,
in which tlr Britiiii i'mces were v;:tor;ois, the {-"ruvi:!-
ciil lines beiiiu; |p;i.-d, an. I themi'elvci comi.eli d to
retreat, IiMvin^; behm 1 thcin lev r.d pieces ot cannon,
an,! other miliiarv !l ores. Tlie 1 jI'^ of the Pr ivinciaLs,
i:i killed a;i 1 woiai.lid, was vci/ great. Of tiie Biitiih
troops, acci.rding to the return i.f (jeneral (Jage, zih
were kille.l, and SiS were wt.nnded, |i)me ot ilie latter
ilyin;^ f)on after; .ml nioi-e than a pioporaonabic
number of olFicers bein._; iiKk>uLd in b.nli h.ls.
At New York, on tlic night of the .1 ;d of Align:!,
1775, t'le cannon were lei.'.eil upon, by order ot tin;
congrefs, though the Afia man ot w.ir, which l.iy in
the harbour, tried to [irevcnt it, by caiKionading tlic
town.
At tlie fame time General Carleton was indef'uig!-
ble in ]>iitting the province of Can.ida i.ito a proper Hate
of delence. And the e.irl of Dnnmore, governor of
\'irr;iiaa, having t'lought proper to take retiige on boaid
a flap of war, harralied the coail, and iv,.iJe frei]'ienc
delcents upon the kill mentioned province, laying
w.ilte the country ; cariying otV, (T fpiking up, a great
mimber of cannon; dellroyin;i; \all tptantitics of mili-
tary II ores belongln,.'; to the I'roviiiclals, \c. i^cc. Bui,
on the other fi.le, f.irtSt. John Inirendereil to the Pro-
vincial forces, on the j.l of Nove'.nber, 1775, and tl.:.'
ganil'on became prilor.cr'.
On the 1 ;ith ot November, i"75, ihc Regulari and
i^Dvincials had a hot eng.igement ne.ir S.uannah, ii»
(leorgia, in which the latter were defeated : i\nJ on
the 3111 of LX'cembei, in the lame year, the Provin;-iat
General Montgomery, who had tor luuic tl;iie lail liege
to the city of QD'-"'^'^! attempted to t.ike it by llorm.
In till:, attempt, however, he w.is di-icatetl and fl-iin,
wiili I'.veral of hii oflicers, and about e. 3 private men,
and ^^o were taken prifoner-.. On January the 4tn,
1 7 7 0, tome fliips of war delUoved t;.« t'j-.v.i yf Xortblkj
in N'irt'inia,
' !-■
,«lt
't ilffin
7 P
General
i;74 A M AV, ROYAl., ANn AI'TIIINTIC SY.^Tr.M or UNIVFRSAI. GF.OGRArHY.
¥'■ •!
I.,..-.
.; il
(ii'iicMl (ii;',r liivin^ In'cii rtvMlIi'i!, Climral I liiwi',
wlu) I'lici'i'iJiil ill tin- ii'ium.iiul, tlioiiiju |i:<>ihi- t)
cv.u u.iti' the ti'Ati of Wolldi), wliidi lir i-llV(fli.il nil tl.i
i^rli of M.iicli, 1 ■,;(', ami mule j'.ood liis l.iiulinj;,
anil tl-.f i.ij'Vi.c i)t' New Voil.. In Jtnie, i77''i .'
ba:tle V..IS tnii'iit ill Can.ula, lirt^seen li'c lte;vil.;i^,
liiulcr Crcr.ir.i! V^'nlami, ami t!ie I'roum.' '.1*, ataplaee
caliiil liiiie Kivers vlifii the latnr were ikieateil,
many of liiem lieiii;'; ki'iKJ ami whuikIiJ, ami aliout
■: taken I'tit'nerv. In June, 177'', an attriiij.t was
m.ulc (in Chalks I'fiwn, Smith C.iioliiia, by Sir IVter
I'.iiker, at the head ul'a tleet ot' ;!',i;)h(it War, aiKJCieiie-
ral Cliiiton, with a Inuly of laiui Imeesi but it laileii ol
tiKTeis. On tiie 4\i v\ June lullowinp, the cunjiiel-.
ik'i kirej. the iMJiii'.'.es indej endci'.t.
AluT tlie Kiiif's tm'ij\s.\\ere in pdirrfTion of N'e«'
■^'oik, iiiaiv. ikiuir.d.e.s l,..; ]'e;;id bvfAcrn thini -.inil
the Provincials h it not'iing d'.v'ifive till C"> u.hcr,
1776, w!un
rtcT were di^eateJ, 111 an a^tMii,
uliic!'., f:>>;n thi.- I'l.iee «!•.• 'r it was I'ji:,
tiie battle o! I'.ie \\ lii'e l'l.iii!>.
lit, Wab teiU'iL'
In the I'.uiiitil of X'lveiilbi
-■ C\ I ort Wafinr^-
ton, aiu! 1 iirt l.ee, weie taken l>y lae Britilh fnr.eb,
tinietl'.er with a vhm variety I't p-',iit,uv llores, and
ni.nn' [viiiiiier^. In l)eeen)btr Rhode Iiland was taken
h\ (.ier.iral C'llnron. Ab )Ut tlie kinie time Lord L'or.\-
waiii- took poli'.-:li"ii of ball Jeilevi.and (ieneral ! .ee
v.a.i taken piilor.cr bv a patrol-, lonliiliiv!, ot : ■■ Bri;i!li
lira.: ions, eonviianded by l.ieuteninl-L'olor.el (alter-
waidj Lord) i i.uMiiirt.
Several ikirii.illies happened in the b(i;innin{; of the
year f77. in the Jeiu-ys, with variotib liKcels. On
iiie z.ivi ..ikI z.;ih of M lull, a great ini.intity of pruvi-
lions, lloies, Cwc. with barracks, llnrehoules, iicc.
beloni'.in;^ to the l'r)\iniials, were ilcilroyed by tli'
King'b troops nt I'eck's Hill, rjvni t!ie North Kiver.
'{'he criii.'ers be^;n•.;•n^ to L-.id I biwe and 'Jomiiio-
il.jre lliithim's IatT, lontimied 10 take many prizes.
In ContKctitut, on tl.e ijth of A] ril, 1777, tiie
Kinii's troops deltroyul a lmc: iji.iai.iity oi Uoies 't
Danbiiry.
(irnrral Burgovr.e, widi the imriliern arniv, pro-
eicded to Ticoiulerau'i, an.! for: Ir.d'-'pciulenr., which
lie took polTeHiMi ot July C, 17' ', :.i'.d found in them
_ r< ar i.i.antiries of Ibnes and provi'idiis, bi lides >\!iat
nc di-nn '. ed ol b ith at Skene Iboroiii/h. Soon after f.e
I ol.eti'.nii of 1-urt b.dward,
wluc'i tlie
I'll
;.paiHi' nid, aiid thru procccd.ed to Saratoi^a, wl,e:e
tliev Wire lbun^;lv polled.
t,)n the 1 ith 1 : Sep'-cinber, 177", the troojvs under
t!ic comniand ol' ( ieneral 1 lowc, had an enLMin'ment
with tiie Provincials on the lleiiilits of Brandywine, in
wiikii many were killed and woiinded (jn bo'' ikies, and
4_~ Piovin.ials were taken priloner.s: but thf)U<:ih tl:e
iattirwMC defeated, and the action at lirfl feemed of
v.n i;i. ill iiive nature, yet it occafioneil I'hihuielpiiia to
tail u'.tn t!ie hands of the IJiicii!'. toops. W hile (iei-.e-
I il 1 hiue was thiN ei-ni)lovid, an unfuccel'siul attack
v..,s ni.'ile bv til'.- Pioviiiii.ils on Statea iiland ; fir tiny
vi-:e i,j:i:lli(l. MirIi aliout t!ie lame time (ieneral
t. .;,,t')n lioiuied an 1 took foic Clinton and I'oit.Munt-
1^ ,i;i( r-. .
l):ii;ie p th of Ocii'ber, 17"", the provirici.ils rn-
(!iT tiie i"n.:!i.;nd of'dincral dates, havin^ iKiiouiuied
(icniT,.! lin:;; .Mie'^ army at Sara'onj, the latter thou, dit
proper ro rr.ti ;• i:ro ariii It s ot' capitulation, bywhuh
lamlejf and li;, troop_s alter laying; down their ar:;;',
were to have a tree p.il!aij;e to (iif.ic Hiitain.
In ilie la'tcr 11; i it th.- year 177; feveral forf; were
i.d.en bv till' tr^i"; . . i'. 1 ihi] i.ilt; and many Ikirinirnes
happened (in tiie l;.ii.'.^ of the Delaware, in order to
army at Plcilad' 1-
..Liiaicvl tl.iir i;i-
.-ti -ip t.ie co:!in;o ,1 .n ^n witii 1
!i, '1 iie Pl.'Vi.-: ..1. iikewi'.e
,. i.'iuiits a' !<(/,! liii.k.
1 i.c 1 a!ii;'ai;;:i of 177,1 licLr.'.n bv many rava;.;es iiii'de
■., • !'r::::;i l: i.ips in t': • :.:■;;.:';;)■ ■■ji hood of i'iiila-
:, , ,ii. I t'-.'-y I ,l:>!,i-d iheiiuiives of jiteat ipia::-
.•! : iiir." ■■ ',''.'/.■■ , I .ouiiijii , Vv'iuli, i\...
On the I'Jth of June Cienrral Clinton (Sir Willinn
! lowe lia\in;; preMoullv departed liir li:;;land, and Id'
to liim ihe j;rand idiiuii iiul nt the liritil'i forces,) inir
liiant to tie inlliik tioiii received from govt rnineiit,
evacuated i'hiladi Iphi.i. I le was .itt.icke.i on Im march
by t!ie Provincials, mIioIc I'rimipal object appeared to
be the gainiiiir poili-llitn ol the I'ritilli ba[.'>;ai,i;e : biit
in this, however, they were dilappointed, ami every
\\here repull'ed.
.\boiitthi, time the lail of Carliile, Mr. Pdm, and
Govi rnor Jclml'.jr.r, were lent iis c jiniuilhoners Iron)
tireat Britain, to treat of a p.uiiii .111011 with .Aiiierici,
but they did not meet wi:;i ilie luccels tli.it every true
loMT of both countries willicil.
On the loili of December C'omir.odori' I lotlum ar-
lived at Ikirbadoes with about 4' co trooj s Iroiii 1mi'»-
land, where he was joiiiMl by a liiiall li)u,nir.)n under
the command of Adiiiir.;! li.irriii'/ton. 1 hey failed to-
gether tt) St. Iviiia, where tliev landed the troops;
Init lieti re they ioiild m.ike themiclves mailers of the
il'.and, Count D'LlLugn appeared, and i.uidcd 50:^0
men. I !e was, however, repiilled with great llatigSter,
and the iiun obliged to m.ike a nrccipit.ite retreat 'o
their flilpsi .!;-,uiilt whiili Adii.ir.il Barrington's liiiall
force had iully defended the harbours.
In the beginning of the )ear 17~<) t«o bndie? of
forces, one under tiie comm.iml of C'l'lonel Campbell,
and the Dtlier from St. Ai'i'.nllin, in MoMda, were or-
dered for the rediRiion of (icoi"M, in wl.iili tliey liic-
ceiiled .liter a lew aLlioiis and deljierate icfalaaie ffoiii
thtir opponents.
In tiie month of December Count D'L.llaign, l,avii,.'>
coik]ueied the (irenailes and St. \ incent's, laid dole
liege to Charles I'own, tiieii in the li.mds of Sir 1 lenry
Clinton, but was repulkd witli great llaughter, and
hiniiell levercly wounded in the adioii.
Ill the month of April, r.^'o. Sir I lenry Clinton
quitted Charles 1 own, ai.d went to New '\'ork, leaving
the care of the f irnier place to the Lords Coinwallis
a;id iiav.>!on. 1 lie ,\;iKiicans, during his abfencc,
made lt\eial att'-iiipts on the place, but were always
repiillcd, osving to the \i;^ila.ice of the Biiiilh loiu-
maiider.
Dmlng Admiral BvniiN llav in the Well-indies, he,
in coinpanv with Adniiial llanington, engaged the
brench ofi' St. \inrent's, with fi'ne lols, both parties
el, liming liie victory. About the lame time Count
D I ll.ugn made an iiii!iiccel'--fiil expedition to the Sa-
vannali, ami afterwards returned to brance.
ScMiie time after tliis Admiral Ko.lney (wholiad been
witli fuccc urs to the relief of dibialtar, then cloldy
belieged by the Spaniarils) ariivid in the Wfll -Indies,
and enga,'(d tf.e biench t'eet under tlie command of' .\L
(niichen, but it terminaced without any mateiial vic-
tory on cither fide.
About this time hollilitics uere commenced between
Circat Britain and the I nitcd States of llulland, owing
t(i a bag (,f papers being f lunil belonging to Mr.
Laurens, formerly jirelidiiit of the continental coni'iefs,
who w,c. taken liy his M.iidly's frigate the \'ellal, as
he w.ii jialllng over to 1 loilaiid. Nlr. l.-.urens, after
his ex.iminatioii, wa.s committecl dote prifontr to the
f o.v( r.
I)uiii:[^ tlielc tranfactions a mutinous Ij iiit prcvailcil
amon'^ the continental fjrces in .\merica. Brigadier
iXrnold had for fijme time In Id a correlp'.'iidence with
the liiglilli Ciener.il, which was principally earned on
liy means of Major Andrf, a.liut.uu-geiieral tj the
Britilli army, '1 his young ollicer gave Arnold a meet-
in at a jilace appointed, i''e latter of whom adviled
him to dilguii'e liimlilf, ,in(l, lai ler the' feigned name
of John .'\iKleilon, to m.il^c his w.iy fjr New York.
I his advice he readily followed ; but at a jlai e cillcd
berry 'i'o.ui was Irc.-ed by t.'iice militia men, airl coii-
I le w.ib iiiiniediatelv
diuted to denei.il \\ alh!ngr'.:n.
tiii il bv a couri-nr.;;i,d .c> a
II-}':
and beiiii! tou.n.I
friiiiy, ai. 1 Iciitenceil to death, was t:\ec ,ited a^.cord-
V'auglian, .uid tl
boo'y of Briiiif
rnv.
[■lir Willnin
l.irul, ami Id'
lori'rs,) pur
l^'ivt riiin;rir,
o^i liii m.irtli
1 .ippcaitil to
l).i"j.-,.ija' : lii,t
.111' I every
Ir. lilin, ami
i.Diu'i'-. (ruin
•Mill Aiiidiia,
every tun:
(• I lotliam ar-
s Iroiii l-'.MH-
ii.ulr.Hi iiiulir
l.cy l.iilcil to-
tlic troop', ;
mailers ut the
laiidtii 5:0
;rf.u ll.ui[:,'\tfr,
•.tf rctrtat 'o
riiij^ton's liiull
two t-KHlit? of
ncl (.:,i!ii[)btll,
: iJ.l, were or-
l.iili tl-.ey luc-
ichllaaie Iroiii
'Ifl.iigii, li.ivii,;;
■iit'.s, laiil (lulu-
la <)( Sir 1 Kiiry
n.iuy!itt-r, ani.1
1 leiiry Clinton
^'ork, leaving
^jrils Coiiuvallis
g ills abl'eiice,
lit Were alAavi
le r>iiii|li cuiu-
/cll- Indies, lit',
1, enj^.'.mil the
iK, l)'Jili jiarties
le time Cuunc
i'.ion to the Sa-
K'e.
,■ (wlui li.u! Ueeil
ir, then clulely
le Well -Indies,
roniinaiulot M.
ly material vic-
lenet'.l lietween
; luilaiid, o\\in;^
onuiiit^ to Mr.
ntiital Cdiii'iel^,
; the \ellal, as
. I.-.urens, ai'ter
prilbner to the
I] iiit [ircsaileil
ica. I'rigulier
rlp'.mdeiRe uilh
pally earned m
i^eneral tj the
ArnolJ anieet-
wlioni ad'/iled
11: feigned name
tor New York.
,u a {'laie ctlled
nu'ii, aii'.l eoa-
'.'.i iiuinediateiv
id beint; tound
(ei'.ited av-cord-
AMi:PvICy\.]
'I'lie caiiipiign of the yc.ir 17"!! w.v. (i|)ened by a
«Ief|'erate bittie hetwie.i the Hiifiih (^inev, under the
jiiiiiaiid of l.oid l'i.riiw..llis, and the I'rovi.'ieials
nil I r the eoinniand of tiener.il Suiiipier. I'hc IJririlli
fin I ■ pi v d V ■lorimis, all the artillery and ammtiiii-
tion waj^i^)ii^ beion^iii'; i ) liu- eneniv beiii;^ tiken, and
bet V e>-n esi-lit and nine ImiaireJ llaiii, bclidrs ertat
iiwin!).rs f \eii prifont!^.
l)ii /til of f'lanutv l.ieiireniiir Colontl Tarle-
t(Mi, heini; ilmji heij wiih a biidy ot tnuA-., e:i';a|.',od a
flront', partv of t' •■ enemy ivar I'road Uivci, under
the eommind of lieiknl M ir^aii. I'hr battle eon -
timii-d oil Liii.-te oil bn'li !i,les Uir Uimr tine, fill at
leiij^tii raiii'io.i vva> obli:-',ed to letnat, liaviiit; his kill-
ed aiui Wounded behind lilii'.
W :iii;- tiiefe t!iiii;i,s wc-re takin;' pkiee on the eonti-
neiit, an atta.k was made ci the lliand of St. I'.uka-
tiu , by Sir (ieii;;!,- Hrydres lioJ.i.ev and (iener.d
\'aiia!ian, .lud the \ '. ue was fiirrendvied by the enemy
wit'i.ii:': the le.iK relill.inci-. 'I'lie ifiintity oi'merehvi-
ili/.e fund on die illaii I was fo great tliat the warelioiil'e,
could 11" contain it. I'he IiIiikK <ir .St. .Martlia and
S.iba h^evlle fiirrenderevi, 1 his blow was feverely
fcUbvilie Diiteli. The lh^p^ in the haihoui w^ ri- \t-'u.-
f I, .md a '!eet of ;p I ill o( meri h iniiiien lill into the
hinds ot the I'.:il',1ii1i , but, on their way home, zz ot
thein wtrr le iii.en by the freneli.
Abiii; tills ti 111; the .S|iaiii.irds laid li.;!;eto I'enfarola,
whirli till V took up alter an oblliiiate n fill in> e. '1 he
pirrilo.i lOraiiud honorable terms, and were coiivey-
til . 1 New ^'ork.
During th' le tranl.ivlioiis the v;\r was rairied on wi h
preat vi;:; ■ ir on the coiuineni. I'he Iiiitilli rriops r^-
pea -dlv balliil me elf.irts of the I'rovinei.ils, and in
iiiull encoi.nrer> came of vicloriou:.. Lonl Coriiwallis
t.';.;.i.L7.d a eonliderable b(\iy of troop,, under the com-
iii.ind of (ieiier.il tirccne, at the town of (itiildford,
and, alter an obllinite refiilance, whieli killed abiAit
iia.i An hour, obtaiiieil a complete v.ctorv, ;^reat num-
bers of tiie I'roviiieials beiii;^; killed, aiiil the rctl put to
ll;;;ht. General (jreene, h )v\ever, after bein^ thus
deflated, marelied to Wilniiiij^r.Jii, where gettinj.^ lijine
fuiiplies, and reeruilin;; his li.ittercd lortes, he let out
f^ir Camden, whifii he expected to have lound ill de-
fended ; but l.Mid K.iwd.in, who was left th'.'re, iliil
not wait tor the attack of tlie e;u-my; on t:ie eontiMry,
lie with about 80 j men, niai('.'ii\l out to meet (ieneral
(I'reene, vdioin lie eneotinreud and tlefeated, cbiif^iiig
the er.emy tw five theiiilelves liy a very pixvipitate
fli.^lu.
On the 2Cth of May Ivirl Cornwallis arrived at I'e-
terlb,ir;.'Ji in \ iiy.iiiia, where he luiuetl a body of Uii-
tilli troop, that h.i.l been under the comm.md of Ma-
jor <^eiKial l'lulij)S, but the command of wiiicli, in
(■onlei.|ueiu e of the •'•■atli o( that ollieer, li.id devolved
upon B;i.;adier-;:etier.il Arnold. Bel'ore this junciion
he had eiuountered confalerable ineonvenienecs irom
the dilFKuhy of proaiiins; provilkins and (or.ipe.
On t.he :''th of June, about fix miles iVom W'illiam-
llniri'h, I ieutenant-coloiicl Simeoe, and J5o of the
<^ieen's Rangers, were att.ieked by a much I'lperior
b niy of the .Amerie.ins, bi.r whom they ri |)ulfed with
j-'re.it f,',alltntry, ,ind with eijiial llkcels, makini; four
olileers and twenty private men prifjiiers. 'rhe lofs of'
the Auieri' .ins in iliis action amouiiteil to 1 jo, befules
{,reat uumii/rs taken prifmer-.
On the otii of July an action h.ippened near a place
tailed (he dreen S| riii._';s in \ ii.-iii;,!, betwrr.n a recon-
fioitriny party of t!;e Anu lic.ub under deiu'ral W.iviie
amouiitinj; to about S jj, and a ku!;e |).irt of the IJritilli
army under lord Cornwallis, in which the Americans
r ul 12/ killed ami wouiukd, and the lols ol the rov.i!
troops was conlidcjably pre.uer. it wa,, an aclion in
whiih no fmall (k'-ree of milit.uy Ikill and courage
were exhibited by the Americans.
Ill .S iiith Carolina ;'.n action h.ippened on the i;di of
Sep-ember ix.w tlie l''ai,uv Spriii-'s bctuecn a kiu.e
body ut lirililh troops, ui.d.er the ecmm.md of Liei:'.e-
A M r. RICA. j;i
nant-colonel Stewart, ami .1 mucii fupeiior indyoi' A-
im rii an , amountin;:, 1 1 4-10 ■, unlet the '..'mmand iif
(i.neial (iieene. h was an obftinite battle, and lalled
tie.ir t'.vi) hours ; but the Americans were dcteatcd, an 1
two of tlitir lix iiotin lers fell into t!ic hands of the:
laiyiilli. 'I'lif lols, however, of the royal tro.ips wa-i
very coiifiderable, amounting to inore than 40'j killcJ
.md woimded, and iijiwards of :■ o mifl'inp;.
In tli.i eouile of tlif l.ime month (ieneral Arnoi.l waa
lent Oil .in expedition a^ainll New I.oinlun in Connec-
ticut, where he deilroyed a ^reat part ot' tlu' tliijipiny;,
and An iinmenle (piantity of Naval thircs, l.uropcan
iiKinufadurcs, ami I'.all and Welt Iiulia commodities.
'I'he town iti'elf was alio burnt, wliieii was iinavoid-
.iMe on account of the explolions of i;reat ijuantitii-s
ol (^iinp)wder, wIiIlIi liip[iened to be in the llore-
Iniifcs thic Were fct on lire. A f irr, of wliicli it wai
tiiou;;lit necelfiry to gain polleflion in this expeilition,
was not t.ikeii with'iut eonliderable lofs. '1 liis was fort
(infwuld, which was defended by the American- with
^reat gallantry, and the allaulc w i, nu Ij by ti-.e I'.ng-
li.!i witli ci| I il bravery. 1 he Ikitilh troo[.> entered
the works witli lixed bayonets, and were oppoied with
•'re.it vi.noui bv the j^arrilon with Ion;; fpears, .After a
moll obllm.ite Uefl nee of near firiy minutes t!ie iifiail-
ants i;.Hned pollelVion of the foiT, in which 85 Ameri-
cans were to 11 id dead, and 6a wounded, moll of theni
m irt.illy. Of the Brialli troops Major Montjjo.iiery
w.is killed by a fjiear in entering tlie American works:
and uj2 men were .ilfo killed, and wounded in this cx-
palition.
During thefe tranl'afti >ns the moll elTc'iuil meafiircs
were adojitcd by (ieneral Wiilli'ngton for lurro;:i'. i.,-,;;
the Hriridi army under earl Cornwaiiis. A large bi)dy
of I'lench troops timler tiie eoinmauvl of l^ie'iteniint-
gencral tlie Count de Kochambrau, with a very co;ifi-
derable train of artillery .iirdled in the tn'.erprize. The
.\mericans amoimttd to near 8jOd continentals, and
5acj3 militia, and General \Valhiii;-:ton was inverted
with the chief command of thefe conibined firce-.
In the mean time varioti., Ikirmidies took place in
ilili'erent puts of tlie .Vmericaii co:icir,e;ir, and. were
attended with various liiccels j but in general the i'.ng-
liili L'.iined the lu[K-ri )i::v.
On the I 8th of (Ja ;ber, 1781, a mill delpcrat?
battle took place between the con)iinftive forces iiiivler
the I'riiviiuiil (jeiieral \Va:liiii,;ton and M. Rochain-
beau, the I'rench comman.ler, and the Uritilli troops
under the command of L.orvl Cornwallis. Tlie kittcr
was fituated in a very difadvantageous fp it, bein^
hemmed in on one fide by the frencli fleet in tiie Che-
fapciik River, and 011 the oth-r by the contiivnral laiul
f)rccs. The attack was made with great rclMution by
tlie enemy, antl, tor fome time, as llrongly refilled by
the brave Connvallis, who cut to pieces the greater part
c<f three regiments of the French forces ; bt.t being a;
lengtli overpowered with numbers, he was obligeil to
I'laaender, and enter into the like articles of capituku:!':i
as took pl.u e with ger.eral liurgo\ne at Saratoga. Sir
I Icnry Clinton had left New '\'ork with a conlideiali'.e
body of forces, in ortler to give atlillance to the brave
Cornwallis; but, by a manivuvre of General Walliing-
ton (who, a fliort time before, ap()eared to have foiv.e
defigns againll New 'N'ork) Sir 1 lenry was too latr , and
the wliole army of l.crd Cornwallis, which ainou.'itid
to 7000 men, fell into the li.inds of tiie Provincials. The;
earl m.ide a defence liat.ible to the cliaractcr he had
ac([uiretl for courage and military fl^ill; but he was
CI mpclled to lubmit to fiiT'tior numbers. A confide-
lable number ef cannon, a.,d a large iiuantity of tuili-
taiy llores, fell into the hands of the Americans on thu
occalion.
'I'he furrender of earl Cornwallis w:is tiie kill mili-
tary iraiil.ic'don of iiioment on the coiitiiunt of Nortli
America, and led to the conclulion of a civil war,
wliic h h.id been iinliapplly attemled witii the lufs of a
vail prolufiun of blood a:id trcalure on both fides.
No
w m
vi. i
! jl:
M;
mr
5/6 A NF.W, ROYAL, and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTIM o? irMI\ FRSAL GEOGRAPHY.
lis ' .
fu
m
Hl
\i tli'i
kM
No other event of tlut war coiitrilviteJ ll) nfTii'^iMlly
to prodiuc .1 j^riii r.il I'onviitioii in tlir iiiiiuli ot men
0( tlie imi'r.K'tic.ibilitv of the coiKiufll ot ihc Aiiif-
riiMii Cfilonif!', cfpeti.ilfy as they hail funntU fiich pow-
frliil .illi.inri'.s.
When ir/clii.'i'ncc of t!ie ilif-.u of I'.irl Cornw.iilis
arrivcii ill ['.r,^!.!:!.!, that ronvicti i.i a;i| ciri-il to l>',- ii -
rtfilViUle; fur iiirn of ail ranks aii.l | .'.riivi now ilc-
cLiimct,! af^aiiill tiie lontiiitMnie of a w.ir iiii|ir(K'uvlive
of tiic cflicts oriL^iii.illv ilfl'iyiu'il, ami alil'^l'.iti'y rui-
nous to the iiitcrrltN of hotii countries.
A ineirbcr of the Britilh I louli* of Common:., i:i
Deceinljcr 1781, niaiie two niotioiH ilcclaratory of the
ffnle of tlic iioute ai^jinll the turther prclci'.itiun of the
American war.
On t!ie ::il of I'cbruary \ 78: a motion w.'s rnaJe of
tlu' fame ten.lciuy by a luiiitarv oli'.cer, a::. I neLMrivi-.j
hy only one voice. In a lliorc :ime alar the lau.c mo-
tion being larricJ, inihuciiinid were iiir|>.itthdJ in lon-
feijuencc of tl-.e rcfoiution ci' the lioulir ol Sir Guy
Carleton (who fucceedcii Sir Henry Chnton in il.e
rotimianJ of the army anil the govenniicnt of New-
York ' to u:e hi> utmoll enileavouri lor | ruducing an
aceomnvulatinn with ti.e Amercans.
Sir Guy Carleton having rcccivei.1 tliefe .uivices, ilii-
pitclied, i.i tlie month of Slay, 178;, a letter to (>e-
ner.il Walhingtoii, informing them of the proceedings
of parliament, of the difpolition prcv.ilent both in th.it
body and the Hiitilli government, and of hi-, own con-
frquent inllruilio.n-, accomjanicd with fucli written or
printed docunienta as were necefiary tr ilkillrate and
tuihentirate wha: he had flated.
As by a relohninn of the Britilh Iloiife of Com-
mons p>wer5 had been |j,ranted to the erov^n tor nego-
tiation and concluding a general or particular peace or
iiuce with tiie whole, or any part, of the American;,,
the feveral dates rrjirtjbuted t!:r idea of opening lepa-
rate negociations witli particular governments, or bo-
dies of men, or even of attempting t(< o|'cn a treaty
with Congrefs without the concurrence of liis allies, and
came to a general determination to exert theii urmolt
power conjunclivrly to carry on the war with vigour
until peace Ihould be obtained in a m.ii;ner confiilent
with their national uraon.
A refoUition was alfo pafTed by Congrel's, that tlie
United Rates couM nit, with propriety, hold any con-
f.'rence, or treaty, with any conmiifhoners on the part
fjf Great Britain, unkls they Ihould, as a preliminary
thereunto, either withdraw their tlcets or armies, or
elfe, in politive and cxprefs terms, acknowledge the
independence of the laid States.
In the month of Odobcr Congrefs ifTued a public
declaration, in which, after reciting, that i 'ranee and
thev were equally bjund by the con licions ot their al-
liance, that neither fliould conclude either peace or
truce With Great Britain without the ctjnlent of the
ctlicr, and obfcrving that their minifters in Kurope
were veiled with full power and authority in their be-
lial.*", and in confort with ib-u allies, to iiegociate and
c,-):-,ciuJc a g-iieral peace, they proceeded to declare,
in the ftrongcil terms, their fixed and unalterable de-
termi.M'.ion inviolably to aLJlicrc to the treaty of alli-
ance widi hi: mod Ciiiirtian Maielty, ai.d to conclude
neither a Icparate peace or truce with Great Britain ;
and that they would not enter into tiic UiUuir;on of any
overtures tor pacification, but in confidence and in
confort with liis moR Chrillian MajeRy.
While the Americans were thus avowing their in-
flexible attachment to their allies, and endeavouring,
as it were, to iIuk out every nvi-rtiirr towards a liprratf
acconimo lation, t!ie Itellrermt powers in Kuro(^«
leemed o. ^oled to pauilic me.iliires.
As the Mttainment of the indepcndenrp vi' America
was avowevlly the grant ubje^f of the l-Vench court
in tiie war, its beinj; granted teemed at once to remove
tli<- very ■■round of erntention. W itli relpet'l to tlic
adjullnient of iiiartirs with the nriii:h court, il.ardid
not leem to br very difficult, as, though tlie a.qui:itions
ol I'lan.e in t!ie \\ til Indies were eonliderabie, her
li'tirs in the I'atI Kit ihc means of a coi.lijeiablc equi-
valent in the liau.U ol the I'.r^lilh.
.■\s to Sp..in, which feetns to have entered i.iro tlic
war rather n. .iii au::il:,iry, and in coiiii-.yriKt- of the
family co-;ipart, tlinn a, a.-fin.j upon liaticmal prin-
ciples, lifiiner ilie tir.bui..i::d I'.at'e of firr finai.i.-fs,
the repealed t'lil.iie i{ her dci'ivis upon Jamaica, l.cr
vrry fij-n.d dch-..: at ' .il'i .'r.ir, or o-'-er circiimRances
of her then coidiiii*!, lunad fj af](;rd any Iblid '!iound
upon wliidi Ilis could reaiuiiably elLblilh "»\irther
ll.li:ns.
■file rnired States ,,f Ilollind, fill.ii and liigrad-
e;' to il.t- lowcR degree. Wire reduced to the nec< li.ty
ol Impending entirely upon the favours and protection
o: iTaiue, as well in the torn li 'ion of a peace a-. Ihc
had through the progiefs of the war.
With iffpeCt to the genera! circimRane.s of the
contending p.uties, the niolf fuccelsful members of d.c
alliance, great and formidable as it was, liarcely Rood
nukh leis in need of peatc than Cirrat Briraiii, ri'jt-
uithltanding all her loires, and expol.d as the jud li>
long been as a common mark to withlland fiiigly all
their attacks in every c|uartcr.
Under thele general ciiciimRances of the contend,
ing powers, the indepi ndence of Anurica bring al-
lowed, there did not ftcm to be any inlurmouniable
olillaJe in the way to the reRuratio'n of the j-ublic
traiujuility.
I ;ii. plin v,.as adopted by the new admrniOration in
I'ni^Lind by i.'itir coinin^j into power; eommiirioner;
.and |)lenii«)tentiaries were appointed by the refpeCtivc
powers, and on the ;:th of November ijX.', provili-
oimI articles were ligned by the c(initniii;o,.i rs iVoni his
Britannic .Mait-lfy, and t.'ie commilhoners on the part
of tlie United States of America, which were to be in-
lertcd in, an 1 to conRitute a fiirtire ti'-iry of peace
to be finally com faded between the panics w.hen that
between Great Bri.ain an.l Kr.ince took phue.
The hiRr-y of this civil war is handed dov.n at large
to poRerity bv able wirerj, in order to fcrve as the
moR forcible 1< (K.n-. r inRrui'iion to tlie fovcieigns and
fubjccfs of every Rate. In the courle of lucli a war
the palllons niav be lu|ipolcd to be in.lamed to a hi:'h
degree of rancour ; but this will ever be tf.e cale in all
fublunary events; and the cruelties [ repetrated on ei-
ther tide by heated or unprincip'led individuals i", in-
telligent pf ilbn will impute to •' ■• national character at
large. '1 he virti.es that ihine in human n:,uic, and
render life dcfirable and happv, are tlie growth of no
j:ar:icu!,ir country ; for wlir ■• the light of knowL-dge
is diliii'.ed, th'.ir endearing in.'luence v.dl lie iMt widi
irreliltible farce; and tlx poRerity of Great Britain
arid America, while they read with concern the p' ren.y
of th-.ir fathers, lu.iy be nobly \>ing viiJi eadi othir
in virtuous and philolophical emul.ui. .n, a; d cultivai-
ing fucli Iriendiy connections as luay render both a great
and happy people.
fym^
■n
\M Ji
BOOK
J. . '
\pnY.
^.mls a liprratf
i>) in l'.'jro[ic
'f ( t' .\m!Tii.-.\
l-'rcncli (.oiirt
)IK<' to rrniovtr
ri-l['ii.i ti) tlir
lourr, t!;.ir i!i(i
the i>:vHii:'iti()ns
^nltik'r.iUli.*, Iicr
.liJci.i.blc (.vim-
rnttTivl hta tlic
i'll'ifiicf of the
ii.itiim.il prin-
t her liiiaiiccs,
t\ |.iM;.i;ia, I.er
r ciu'uinll.jn<.i"5
.inv Mw\ ;MuiM'il
fthiblilh turilier
11 ;inJ liipra^l-
to the nrcili.ty
anii prori'Cti'in
3 peace as llie
mrtam'ts of the
mtnibiTs ()! the
s, I'caicfly lUioJ
rat Britain, not-
I as ll'.f hail l(>
;hU.iiiJ liiitjly all
of the conttnd-
lurita l)tint» al-
y inlurniouiH.iMe
II of tlic jAiblic
adm-ninration in
r; coinmillioners
In- the rcfja'rtive
icr ly'^.', [rovifi-
lididi.i r-. hnni his
)ncr-> f))i the part
icli \v( ri.- to be in-
' tr'-iry of peace
■r.riif-, wlicn thac
jk pla^c.
(leJ il)V.n at iar^c
r to f^rve as the
the fovi'ieigns and
rk- of lucii a war
inJamcd to a hi^K
be tl'.e calt; in all
[}a-pet;atcd on ti-
in.liviiliiaK p-) iii-
tioii.ll character aC
uinian n:,iire, aiul
the £ro\\tii of no
ight of knowL-.if^e
e v.;ll lie f.-lt wi'.li
of Great Britain
:onctrii the |'' rt-n.y
ig Willi imlIi oiliir
.iti'in, aid ciiltivat-
rtnder both a tjitat
Y,
oduces
and,
ol
to th(
pli<
i
le.
I and
and
■h
er
Cir-
10 n
. Hi
:ry
(ing
tail
Ced
BOOK
»is
int
m
11
■.I
iw
"i
lit
No othc
to prodiKC
6f the i'u
ric.iii c-i>l;ir
frti:l .illi.'.n
When ■
arrivcJ. in
cl.iimcd .i<
of the cF
nous to th
A iner
Dfccsr.bc
ftn'.c ot" tl
Ameiic.iii
On the
the lame
by only o
tion bfin;
fftiuince
Carlcton
cniiinuni
York tc
acconinv
Su i.i
patc'if.!,
nti.il W
oi' parli.i
\y\'.-/ an
ft-quent
printed
iuihenti
As k
mons p
ciatioii
truce w
the fevi
rate ne
dies of
with C
cair.e I
power
>i:inl P'
\si-.h th
A r
Unitcc
r-rencc
of Gr<
thcri-u
ei'.e, i
ind.i'l'*
li
dc.lar
thev y
(i -rice
truce
other
vcre
lul;-,
r-i:,_i
in 'li
term
arce
ncith
and
f]ver
c(.nl
V
r
/
S_.r;i„.-"-'v N,T^tt;
AJ-
' 'i\ , /■" .,.,.0'^ If ,,i..';'' .^ A
.\it ^ r M-:
''<'.
/'
^. ■'■■ ,.■•■:!.' ' ^k^
v
\
X^ \
It"'''*
/ , ' Si-: A
A
UN
A N E V, ROYAL, AUTHENTIC,
And COMPLETE SYSTEM of
UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
BOOK
V.
EUROPE.
INTRODUCTION.
Ti IIS part of iht" ;.;IijI'e w.is f ir^ncrly cilK-J by t!'.e I
R'lmaii, :;s i: i ,i: prili.'iit [i\ lii- Si)anijriis and
1'. riaii'-, bv ' 'c iiaiiu- i.( !■'. iini),\ , bw: ut.u vvlicaci-
that .ijipciia'A';- t'lij.. '.ti'd \\'.. M'l bitfi (.li'tt.'r!iiiiif'.i.
liv the . .,i_,ii:.i a;T ; !'ir;i i' i. ii illl. I lMir'i(K' ; bv Ir-
Turks AlfiaiJ.M or K ^ii' lia , ov In- ij' ni.vaiis ( f Ai.i j
I'ja.iMib.li an.i tiv i!k- A.ii'i.-.. in :: 'ui-.,l i- 1 .m'^iil in. j
!■', jAijK IS ti. uaJ^il '111 t;u' :i .rtl-. Iv, l',v b'r /xn Sva, I
on tlu t.ait bv A'l.i, I'n tik- I'm.cS liv' ci.^ .'.Iciui.i-ia.KMn
Sea, ami on the well bv iir- Ajjir.!: O.e.'.n.
'I'his ^T.inil vlivilioi) lit ilie eait'i u litu.ited l)i-t\\eeii
',5 ad.l I I ilcMi'-s ot II irtli Iitit'i 1/, a,) I li.f.vecii ij
licy. ,5 mill. 'Atll, anljiik-g, 2, mi;), c.i'.i 1 ingitiidc.
Its uiui'jll e.xtcat, 111 k-iisi;;li, is about j'^uj iiuas, anJ
in 1)1; .Jin about ; : ; .
I'ur >[);■, tlioiijli inieri ir, mi p lint of in ijinif) Ir, to
Alii, .Mrk.i, .unl A iiiLiic.i, is lar I'lp riot t . :l]^■■^\ all
in I' '. (Ill impon.iiu rd'iircU. .V.s to i!i- .id^anMyes of'
lituari.u), it u to bi- olMrrvctl, tiut no |iart of i; i^ ex
Doled to till' k i.-vliing licat of' tiie tiinij, ,iiid bit a
(mall par; of it to tiie ciiilliii;^ eld of die fryid zone.
To dale advaiitv^rs may b^- a lie . m.iiy lea-, iiavi^
gilile nvci), mmniiiiis, Sic. a.liiiiiablv a '.ip'e I t > the
p'li poles ol exieiiUve tomiii'-Tce bcween diiFerellt II: .res
and inn ins; ant liap,iily litii.ifd is l)arriers ai^.inlt
tile ''lti.tt> eiili>r ot ihvalion nr del'potilai.
'I'lic priiKip.il ti.cis of Iviiopj are the Dmihcaid
th'-' Rhine m Uermiiiy, tlie '.'oI.m add Diviiia i,i the
Kiilli.wi e:ii[iiii', tlie Loire and Siine in iMaiue, t!ie
T'lanies .111 I ,Se.i in in I'liijlmd, 6cc. i\; ■.
I'l'' ehi.d' I .ikes are C lallaiu.e in liennany, (ieiiev.i
and (ju.irda in Italy, Weiicr in Sweden, 1 ..idoi>a .ml
Dii- ' 1 in Riill'i.i, L Hju.ibar i.i Scoil.in.l, .iiid Ne.:L;!i in
liei.u.d.
l';ie piiiniji.il in mntiins arc tlie Pyrencaii Moun-
tain:, b;.-tv'.ei-n l-r.iiiee .lu I Sjiain, the Alps betw^-en
Im.iikc .nut Italv, the Dol'riii lulls in Sweden, tlicl.ira-
p.uhli;llsin iliin^iry, limie hnls in t!ie I iij.hl.iiids of
^'-./LlanJ, :'.n I i-vei.il, partieularly tiiiowdeii, in W.ii.i.
Nj. 3J.
F rope, tlirou^ih fujieriority of cultivation, produce:;
a ijre iier abondan. c cr corn, wl'-:es tiuir, eattle, and,
iiideed, m.ilt n,'' tlie JLoiinies, as v.ell a^ nec-.flanes, oi
l.l'c, than tiie (I'.iicr epurtcrs ot" llw L',1 /l) •. A^ to the
va:u:blv ..rtud,', of gild, iVver, j' >' els, ijiiees, 5ce.
.Jio,i,;h n"t it-. Ill oral pr )dii;li i.ns, tl.jy aro llippl.eJ
1"./ means ol navigation and eumnieite.
I'earKr, the incr^ Iiant now piirfies I.-s n-.rt^
And lo.ini- I'eeurely o'er tne Li.ioi,.!i. [•, .aasii:
Nd'.v o'er hij Ilea I tile p liar beai 'i\- Ipies,
And iVeezinj^ fpangles ot" tlic Lipl n.! Ikies j
N iv f.velLs Ills c.wr.Ms to tiie I' l:ry li,i'',
With j^litt'riiig ^,loil^, where In li.;n ;.',r 'Ltos fninej
Where fmiu's of iiicenfe glad tlie lout. .i in teas.
And w.ifted eiir ms [\xni the balmy bre zc ;
Ant liere ihe ore whole melted mils iliall yield.
On faithful eoiiis, each me.i.or.ible Ip M,
Wliieli, mix'd with medals ot' ininvirt.il R )me,
M..y clear ilifpiKes, and tea.h the times to come.
l.urope is fuller of cities, t.iwns, vill.iges, ani.1
the buildiiii^s, in geni-ral, more llrong, tlef;ant, and
r inunoili iis, than tliot'e ol the other p.irC!. Vnc inhi-
liirants a'-e bea-. r fe;<'iired, an. I b'-cter in.' \r, t'' ■.:> t idler
tiie inlii'oitants of .•\.!ia, or .\irica, and aie allulutesj
til .uu'n their coni.di simis Iiave ditrcrent degrefs of deli-
cacy, accotdinii to tiitir ritiiatioiis, and other local ci:
cumllanees.
Witli nfpe^t: to meiit.i! entkiwinenrs, and tli ■ exi iiiiii
of the inrellectn.'.l i.icnliies, the inhabiiaiits of F.u. ■] c
mull be p rmiued (o eljim |)re-e;iiine[ice. I'ertii n; tj
this reniirk imv bi* cited liune ohl'erv.iiion> of :>. w.y
learned and ini;eni iiis writtr, in word-i to tiie toif luin.;
effect. I 1 iv; i,r premifed that in (inece the liuiiiaii
iiiliid leciiie,! liiit to have dulv conceive' I ai-i,; esi-iteil
its powers in the iiiv.i,tion and iinpm>'emeiir ol fuili
aris .IS were con.lu. \w ''it^r to pleii'iie or iitiluy, tfii't
Nsrii'.r yocs on to obicrvt^Kiat what Cireece is in tlpt
7 i^i x: • .;. l-^o'ii;
'1.
Jt'-"'^' r _m r'^- m ^u^MT-~T- . --^- .. 'rs:- > .. - . -T - f- .., - ■ - !.-■ ' - - ^ "^■' - f" ' '^- rr ^ ira .N" -Sj- .^.»re
E 1" 3i cj) r II
'^\^'
- / /• - V-»'- ' i ""-■„_ tf^^^^ I^'h*-* ' r ^v ^■Ig'..'""-" •Nx ,
\^
/'■ "- , , ■*-j
"■•■:, I
^^^^i-r^*"'*^ V' >%'^-..-r,-.'...., : »...<».' I' vtrt ■"■■«'•„ 3,,„„M» .v^ /yi' L,'-" „ '■ '
S
(■■" /.
''"*'"' CAlinVi:! >
5nt s^nrrr- :i.ii",li
.I.T.iful.'
5;S A hEW, ROVaL, Asn AUTHENTIC SYSIKM ok 1;%'!'. 1 RSAL GrO(W^\]'! I V.
{
ii ii
m i
I i.
'A
"»# •»
!t
point of view witli r-g:ud to l-'.tiropc, luirope itl'clf is
with rrgaril to the other ciivilions ot the cartli ; and
coiK-iudes with this rellcdioii ; " That as ancient
Greece was dilHnguillv.il above all the rcll of t'uropc
for the equity of its laws, and tlic freedom of its [loiiti-
cal conftitution, fo h.is luirope, in general, been re-
maikable for Imaller deviations at Icall from tlic laws
of nature and ei]iiality, than have been aiimitttd in
other quarters of the world."
To this pre eminence in mental acquifitionr, inuft
be attributed the invention of printing, the revival of
learning, arts, and fciences, and, lalHy, the happy re-
formation in rclis/ion, which dillinguilli the 151I1 and
Tilth centuries, and enibrlhlh ilie hiltory of t.uropc.
In thefc ages the powers of Kurope were formed into
one grand political f) item, in which each took a Itaiion,
wherein it has liiice n-mainid, witli iefs variati,).') '.han
could have been esj icted, after the Ihocks occafonid
bv 1(1 many internal re.olutions and lorrign wars Tiir
eltablilhed political principles and maxims ihll continue
to operate ; and the ideas concerning the b.iiance of
power, long introduced, and rendered gencal, have
ftill fome degree of influence in the councilb of the na-
tions of 1- urope.
From thefc concurring circumflanccs it is evident
that the concurrence of fo many rival princes will .il-
ways prevent any one of tluni from gaining the nii| ire
over L'.urope. It is equally evident th.it, in coiKenduig
for it, they muft weaken their own force, and mav at
length render themlclvcs incapable of defending thiir
jufl poirdlions. The partial cmiquells thry nuke are
illuiive; lor, inflead of |)roiiioting, they rather oppofe
their deligns. The more any kingdom is extended,
it becomes the weaker; and great pro;cc^s hive ni)t
been fo often executed bv flow reiterated eif.irt.s, as in
the courfc of a few years, and lonietinies by a fingle
expedition.
A prince may form a dcllbeiatc [)lan f )r dellroying
the rights of his fubjecls; !ie may proceed l)y flow de-
grees in the execution of it; and if he dies before tlie
accomplill'inent, his lucci-lfor may purliie the lame
ftfua, and avail himleif of what was done bcfcre hini ;
But external cor,.] iielfs c.nnot be concealed. 'I'hcy, in
general, excite alarms, iind occafiOii confederacies, by
which the conquering prince is reduced t) the laft ex-
treiriities. This maxim, however contrary to the pre-
judices of a poweu'ui .nui viiflorious nation, is one of
the bef\ ertablillied in the whole fyftem of politics, and
confirmed by a variety of examples, both ancient and
modem.
To thcfe remark, may bejuflly added, as an inflance
of the pre-eminence of Kurope, the invention ancf im-
provement of the art of navigation in particular, of all
otiiers the inofl beneficial to m.uikind : and amonglf
the'e we may here be permitted to enroll the name of
our renowned countryman diptu::! C'ck.
To this improvement of the mind, and cultivation of
the liberal arts, it is owing that, diuiigh leveral of t!ic
moll extenfive parts of Kurope are under monarchial
forms of government, the adininiltration of thole forms
arr by no means fo arbitrary, nor are tlu-i-- fovereif;n:,
fo dcfpotic, as diofe of Alia and Africa. \'arioiis, in-
deed, are the forms of government, e>clufive of that
of monarchy, wiiich prevail in Europe. Here aie
ariibjcracies, or governments of the nobici ; dcmoca-
cic', or governir.eiits of the people ; and, l.'lHy, there
is the mixed t'orn of government, compolld of tlirce
parts, partiLi[)ating of the benefits, and exempted
from the inronveniencies, of the other three claiTcs or
f^)rm.s, 'I'hi', form is the peculiar bo.tll and gl'jry of
Urcat Bri:a;n. 3
^i>llii.|;,
■:Tiin,
'- ii
i ui--
The langu.iers o! Kurope are d^jrivcd fnin Hx r.idi
Cll o:'.es, VIZ.
I. l.uin, of wiiiLii th'.' Italia-, l-'iciJi, ai, 1
are dialeiJb.
■a. Teutonic-, from whence proceed t!:e (nv
Dutch, Swedifii, Daiiilii, .,iid K:ijjl:;!' to.-,;; a>.
;. .S-Livoni.-.n, which r< igns i,i dilieieiu i.i.;i
rol.ind. Mulio-.y, Uoliftni.;, and a great parr , ;
key in luirope.
4- '1 he (.'chic, of' whiih tli'-re arc rtmin:.-" dii-
lects in \\. le^ liel.md, the llighlandi o; .Sa,tl;;.d,
Brutal. y in li.'.iKc, ;;nd l.ai'land.
5. I IK el , Cll ulii.li l"cv^ral diak'Cls are I'pcken iii rhe
Mi'iea, and the illji.ds of t.'-e Levant.
6. Cinthi,-, liimc niii..i!i, of wliiih r.rc pr, ;ir..'l in
the ii.aiids of the Hakic, and the l...i:Uiein par.-, oi'
Sv. edcn.
'1 o thi ;I- v.e (iMV add the la;i;'i"'!;e'. fjK ken ir. "l\.i:, ■/
and iitile Taii.ir,' a-. T''.uropeaii l.;nf'i ges.
i he Chi.di.iii i;.li-;ioii |'rev.i,. llin-p-^'^^r '.vir.-
part of I-'.ur.'ip;-, c-ActH tlia: in \':v poij.. li;,.,! , f , • _.
i iirks : but a.-, nvn coi'ieive difi.r.'ntl; coiKcrin v
points of Ijieciil.'.tion, according to their dilicrcnt p".-
lions aixl education, that rel'^ion is I'ivilcu i'l:.) a
number of fcCt-. Hence liaiv, .'^pun, Franie, ;..,:
c:* CJcnnany Awd the N'ethi ri.ia ' ■, witli [ art of rolaii.i,
Hill iMlo.v tiie do.'^-.iine of die rhurcli of R. m^--, where-
as l-iiigiaiui, Scotl.uid, iiclui', D'-niiMik, Sweden,
Norway, gieif part of (ie: m.iiiv, t.he rni-.rd i'rovii-
ccs, p,rt of Switlcrland, ^'c. have eiiihi.i e.l the rcl','--
mation, and pnlcfs the I'nTellant reli.' ion: And in
Mul'covy, lome p,.rt> ( f I'^liiui, in W .siaii,;.;, M 1-
davi.i, Ikidolia, N'.ihinia, and (i:.\ce, tiie ductiinc cf
the li.iUern or ("ircik church i.s f uiowel.
I'.unpe iiiav ci.iim, upon the v, :■,. Ic, pre eiiiin'.nre
over the rell of tiie world, by luvin:; the t) c!'iius of
Chrillianity prolelied througliouc the gre.itei! p,,rt of ir,
a.vl being eu'ii^;'itened by a relij.,!on .it oiii e pic, ir..i-
jellic, thearful, and lecuri:;g the eternal ul.tny uf iu
profelfors.
S'ldden religion m the \von.i';i.-.g bl,' ■<•,
Itoiu hcav'ii's broul concave h.ir.l tii • iv
At once delcer.d.n:: U'^'w the rc'.rs v.:\ \,
An anp-1 ikf.jv ;T-r( If. the <i.;. .1. .1 eve :
l.nolc o'er l.'-i lirViljj rV- lloi'i 1^ ,ar'i c::'
I (er fparkii.i;; p'inion; .'' ';n''.i \.,;:; 1 e..;„y ; .l.i ^
1 lereyes i;kc h.'hr'ni.ig ;'ja 1 'd \ piercing i /,
.And .ill th' illumin'd .irhcr Tlriui'd v ith <' .■ 1
Ne.ir as Ike canio, iiqieiior, tin' lel-finM,
I ic r form niajelfic aw'd th,.- dubious miod ;
\Vich liciglueii'd grace Iier biooiny f-^nircj ;*Jjw'dj
I'Vee on her robe tlie mazy ringl. ^s flow'd ;
Her balmy bre.itli ambr^lial 1. c-.ts p.'iiinx-.
And o'er her click wu; pojr'd cclrili.u L!(j>,m.
I'al" I irrow b, i.'i-.t.-n'd ;u relii'inn came,
P^ni\ llow-pao'd time Hood trei.'iiing ..t liie nariir;
k.agr, drak"^'d in triumi>ii, Iv.; h'd her f .v,-.nii ti,tin,
And death behind hergii.n'd :■ n. clai.k'd l.i-, i.liain.
To thefc introduiftory remarks cone; r;. in,- Kurope
conlidcrcd in gencMl, we fubjoin ilu- fcnl'-'wini'; 1 .liilr,
e\hibitij;./, in one point of view, i. ;'.-v;--'l por , c,,i
ti.u-.-it.il uitd inlular, with their hi- rh, b;. 1 ii, i li ef
ciries, diitances and bfari:i!',s Ir.";. ]/..i,:,n. .■ i.von',
\c. Ci^C. And, we iirefunv, iMh.i^'iiMl '.''v. v»ii|
alFord our readers a plcallng .'.n'.ripa'i m o! n\. u.i.c-
(]uent particular dtfcnption, to render w Im h .,. in:cr-
taining and inllriiLlivc as poRible, ni | .1, k i'hI le
w.inting either in the fele. tion or arran ■■ nu :it o: t.'ic
moll uiodcrn and bell auihti:;,^ it ! n.-i-.c ...d>.
A GKNKRAL
t!i
i'.KAJ'IIV.
.v(.\l Ire in llx i.kli-
c-.;lIi, .11. 1 SjMiii.h,
ccl-J t!:e Cu'r:Ti;n,
;!' to.-,.; 1-.
grcMt |ur: . ; lur
.!ri- txrf !in;;v ti: i-
il-D.li r.: Su-tl.;;.',
'ls ,irc Ipckcn iii tl't:
t.
ith are [Ttrcr.-.l ia
iviiLlifid |Mr.-i v:
•s f)i< ';fn ir, 'l\,rl, ■,■
r.gcs.
i;,li;l';_''-"ir (Vi t ,•
Ki.'ii;!; idiK ^ rill '•;
their i'iHItiiu |-".-
i^ i'i;i \l\\ ')■ :■) a
'•["■ill, I'Vaiu f, • ,:,:
wtli I art i.t' rolaii.i,
1 of Iv IlK' ; wll'-rc-
li-niiMi k, Sv.cili-ii,
!if riii'-ril i'rovii-
I'Hilii.i i-.l till- rii'^r-
rt-livion: Aiui ia
in W aiaW,;.;, M I-
. ii', t!ic tl.jLliiiic ci"
!'.' Ic, j'rc ( illili'.nrc
K.; tlic il 'C'liius ')l'
L- ^'/cati-il ['art of ir,
1 M otii (• J ILL-, iv.a-
U'mal iil.Liiy of iu
IV'-r,
•.'i tiij ra;i 1 hlazci
i-.s u:i I,;, li,
.!cvo:
,arn v'l'.ts r ilM,
pi.Tcing ! '/,
I vitli l' v, !
ivl'.-'n'.i,
lUi ll'/'i'l i
V I.- .nircs '^bw'd}
\lVnvM; '
Icil i.ii Ll'j.,ni.
cmu',
n!» ..i till" n.Kiif ;
I !uT l':!i- ;m tiain,
clai. !.'>.'. I.ii cliaiii.
c;"irn.T:.!n - l''iiiT.p-c
■ fcl'.vA !.',,•; l.u.V,
!l-v;:r!! ji'.f , C'.n-
th, li:i 1 ',ii, ( h i-f
\y.u'. '<u " 4,',i'>n>,
"■ : 11 il '• '• ^v will
\'l.ill o! 'V., livi.i-
r v^ !iii 11 .1. I i; rr-
n 1 1 .t> l^ I'l'.-I 1-C
irrail " :U' :,C ol tlitf
! ')8
A t.KM'RAL
A 'li':\''.R \l. [NSl'KC'IION rABI,K KOR KirROPK.
C () N r J N 1, N 1
s. 1
Natiom. Length.
Rreadth.
Chief Ciiics.
DiUjnce jnd Bejring
fnm LonJon.
Religions.
Cirot-nland - - -i
Ciretnlaiid - - -[: Uncertain.
l.api,i.id . - -J'
- . . -
-
-
N >r^^ay - - - - !
looo
;,no
Bergen
540
N.
1
neiriiark . . .
240
iSo
Copenhagen
i;o()
N. K.
\ Lutheran.-;
Swtilcn . . - •
800
500
Stockholm
750
N. E.
J
Riinia ... -
1500
1 100
Petcrlburgh
1 140
N. E.
Greek Church
Poland ....
700
6«o
Warfaw
760
E.
Papills, Luth. and Calv.
r Uncfitwi, from thr
Berlin
KiiigofPiulllas Dominions , ,„ ,ut .,ai„s -f .,,
540
E.
Lutlierans and Calvinifts
dirtVrcni inoii rdii.
r-:
Gnmany ...
600
50°
X'ienna
600
E.
Papiftb, Luth. and Calv.
B lic-miA - . -
300
250
Prague
600
E.
Papifts
1 -
Holland
150
100
Amiterdam
180
E.
Calvinills
z.
Flanders ...
200
200
Bruflllb
iSo
S. E.
"»
-1
it
Fincc ...
Spain ....
600
700
i;oo
500
Parii
Madrid
203
Sou
S. E.
S.
1 I Papifts
1^."^
Portugal ...
.v=3
100
Lifbon
850
S. W.
J
i.^
Switzerland ...
;6o
lOD
Bern
4:0
"5. E 'Calviniftsand Papifls
i^
^Popedom, or Ecclefiaftical State
i40
120
Rome
H20
S. E.
1
Naples . - .
ItJO
120
Naples
tiyo
S. E.
''5
Piedmint - - -
140
93
Turin
-
"ii
M'intlrrtat _ - .
40
22
Calal
_
-
Milan ...
155
70
Milan
.
-
7^
['arma . . - -
Modena ...
43
6.?
37
39
Parma
Modena
-
- -
IPapifis
Mmtiu . . -
47
27
Mantua
. 1 -
\ eniee ...
175
95
Venice
. 1 .
Genoa - - -
lOo
2-,
Genoa
- i .
Tnfr.iny
",';
04
Florence
1
l-Jiin'Mrv - - -
;,co
2 jj
B.ida
780 1 S. E.
>,£ rl) in'ibi.;n Provinces - -
-c ^ Little '1 ariary
r- 1! I (irei ce - - -
6oo
42J
C( nllantinople
1320 j 0. E.
1 Mahometans
3^0
■ 40
Cffa
1 v-o F.
and
.t JO
24-
Athens
iro s,E.
J Greek Church.
1 S 1, A A 1) S.
Nj.ncs.
Wlicre fituatcd. Chief C
tics cr T'ouns. To whom Subject.
Ki'laiK
iNorthtni Ottaa
Mv.ilholt
- - Denmark
/ralaiid "
■
!• 11,11 a
1,' I'-l .■
l.ai.;;vKl
> . . - .
-
- - - - Denmark
1 ..-..11.1
1
1 ■• '.I'.Tin
M'ina
a ,vr \v.\m .
- B.iltic Sea
(i')f|ilain.i
()fl..iid
A ,i;ci
.....
. - .
... - i^
)weden
Rugcn J
Old 1
Dagho 1 " •
- - -
. . . . I
li.i.ia
IJleiioiij 1
Wollin J*
.. - .
- - - -'PruCla
Great Biitain ... . -
London Si Hdinburqh") |
Frrlarul - - . - -
DuUYm
Ar.gltl'ey ....,-
Beaumaris - - - | |
Wi^ht .....
Newport
1
Srilly .....
Atlantic Ocean
- . .
1
- . . , ^-
ireat Britain
Man . - . - -
Douglas
. - . . f
The Hebrides or WKftcrn Iflcs
Durart
.
Orcadcs - - - - -
Pomona
.
.Shetland . . . . -
Larwiciv
. .
Gucrnky, Jerfcy, Aldcrncy, and Sark
Knglidi Channel
- .
- - -.
l.'ira - - - • . ■
Ivica -
on - - J
Vlajiirca - . - - .
Majorca
pain
Minorca - - - . .
Port Mai
CorliLj - - - - . r
.Mediterranean Seajj^^nj
. . - . f
ranee
•Sariliiiia .....
Ciifjliari -
• - - - h
Ling of Sardinia
-iirily . . - ...
Palermo
- - - - h
Ling of the Two Sicilies
Liiliena, Corfu, Ophalonia, Zant,
Lt'ucadi.i - - - .
Adriatic, or Ci(ilj>ii
of Venice.
}■ •
- .... \
'enice
1
Kur.ipcaM 11 Kinds of die Archipelago i
and Lfvaiit - - . - j
1
. . . . 1
furkcy i
; • tl
i fl
•p.
II
HI
I ^
I.-
•■tii i'-
* I
;so
A REW, ROYA!,, and AUTHENTIC SYSTFM of UXIVF.RSAI. GFOGRAPIIY.
Tlirce Eiiipircs
OiieS[iiritu.il, or Fcclc- i^
l-'lcvcii Kin::dc:n5
o
I
■(Icrmaiiy
IIuITm
riiikey
ri;e I'oprJom
(iicat Britain
l''r.)iu:L"
■>|Min
I'MrrL;:>.il
I'olaiKl
I'rufTu
'^ i lli'iim-irli
Ore AicIi-Diikei-lom -
Om (.IiLMt-Dukcviosn -
I''our drear Kijuiblifs
I'"our Infciior Republics'
One Ciiani -
rX "s .Sardinia
I liin^viry
. I ?, riu- Two Sicilies
Aiilbia
ruilM.",y
\'cni^"c
I'liiiid I'liniiircj
Swifb C.intons
' icnoa
'icneva
1 .ikca
S.iii M.iri:io
K..;;ij1;i
Ll'^uioi'iaii Tartary
EsciuHvc of tl;e bcfuri: mnnioned are tlic elciloratei
of Cjcmariy, and about •j ■ o liiialkT li)veri"i;j,iuiis in
(jtrinany, Italy, iS:c. ti'.e l()vtrcii;ns ot which arc liilK-r
Ipiritiial, as arclihi:h()|i'-, Ccc. or temj-oral, as I'lii^us,
l.ir.if_-;v.Vfs, daki's, iiiarquill'cs, cuuiits, ni.iiaraM.\,
h'-jljiodars, \c.
1 uropc, fxclufivc of the circunircribing cceaiis and
IcUj, coi.taiiu
I I'^it.n
; S..-.3
: C:;;:n:ic!.
1 R.iy
, C,.,!;-
ri
! M.-.'.!t?rraT;i'i
I \>iM.ltiv - -
1
> .<
-t.'i;., .ir
>i
I _
Boi|jil:iM. - -1 -5 1
!h..:,.i - .\-^\
■(ir:n.:,y an.l llii^'jr. I
Piir.vpr i-.,l Af, Ki
Iti'l Jr.J T..il,-y
lvii";'c .viJ Ali.i
R j;'i.', S-veJiMi, Lip.'.ni !,
5„,,,,.„, p,„.„|._ j„j
H-.anJ
i-;.rifcr anJ Sp .in
I N 1 wi VI. I Finli.-.J
C II A V
GREEN
L
A N D.
•;ii
.]
H^i I.
.(
I
N' our defcription of this comury we iViail conriJcr it
as coiiipri!i:ig two part., viz. Grofiil.'.n,!, W til
Grciiilmd, or Old Greei.i.;
New ijrccnland, or ^ipitzL
:cii.
r.u I-,.iit Circcnland,
A \ ^J.
S I C T I (1
G 1^ O !•: N' i.
ANORV. Tfil.W, n.imcd Torwakl, and his I'l-;
l.ri^l., t'.rnaiiicil Raude, or the Ked h.iirid,
• ,aM.i;^ coinmiited a murder in hii toin.try, lied o\cr
tD IctLind, where Torwald died. I lis Um Frick,
haviiij^ afterwards committed another murvlcr i:i Ice-
l.in.!, t.) elL.ijie the Icverity cfthe law, relolveii to fcek
for fiRiier in a country which one (Inruk rb.iiriie had
told hiai lie ii.id teen to the well of Iceland. Frick
laOvicJ, by his direction, in a cert.iin lurboiir, made by
two cajies or [ioints of land, one at the end of an illand
<jp;:o;i:c to the continent of ( iroenlin.l, ti.j iither on
t;.r c.),-,:i:ienr. 'I'h'- cape of the ille was naned ll'iid-
icri-.eii, aiul t'lat of the continent i Iiiarf^, ha»ing hc-
t'.\ r;i b 'til a very j',oik1 hiibour called Sanll.ilini,
wlu" ,■ ;!.:_ s m.iy ride fifely at ar. ;!vjr even in the jjrcatcd
il'.'irn.
1: ,i: pL-.iri-d to tlii^ a.ivent'irer moll: elinibte to land
oa th' I'l.uil, to wliirh he fjave ihe : .inte of l''rickl"f.nd,
i.e. 1- :i'.k s Ille, and '■ ^uinne 1 tin re all the wur.'r.
In tiic fpriir; Ik- pallid (jvit to the continent, which he
cal-ed iiio. .li'.l, i.e. till* Green CVjt.nrry, hoin the
\tT.iii!e «'! i's p.i;itii s and trees. I'o tlle pil.icc s\iiele
I'.e i.a.l l.in ltd he iMV t!ie name of i rii k f.orden, i. e.
l-ii.
.in if.i lie n.iv tiie name of i
is', I lavcn , .11 a f-i.ill dili.ince fr- m vhiili he built
.itio;.s lalic'! Ollr.i'v.irj;, i. e. Fall bfirnncli or
'.•i'j.i. \est .iiitiimn he went to the wclb'rn li h-,
(• ,!'■ rreCtid anoflii r pl.inMtion ciiii d Wt-llrebm-r.
V, .'.e'h'T t'ie
.tu ol tiie I'ir.iiiicm Icenu/d 1) iiiiii
. 1 iha." r rii.ui tint o; ihe nl.md, or wlicthn
ic klo I' vine, he went. bu.i> t .e i.';^t winter to
I l'"ri..;.l.in,l. I le returned, liov. '.;■.■. r, froii* tlicnre the
I iRxt luiuiner to tlie continent, takiii;; his co'.iric t nvards
! the n )rt:i to tiie iiiot of a gre.it roc'., wlhch he r.il.k-tl
' Sii.t :"'.l, or the ^now•-R(Jck, an 1 thence to a certain
I h.irlvh.r, upon which, lie beilowc! the name of R.ivcnf-
i lia.'en, or K.i\. n's i i.irboiir, iVom the {.oe.it niinfoer
I c:' tiiofc birds he found t!;. iv. i'.ivens'i irden lies di-
I rev'liy op|!olite to tl;e nnu.i lide of Frii ksliordt n, which
is le.i'ed on the f';.;!i I't.li-, b-in; liivi.li-d < nly bv a
br.i.ich or arm of the fiM. .\b,.ut the end of autumn
I'.rick rctort'.cd to hi> ilkuul, whire he palled the tliir.l
: winter. In the Ipiin^ he reloivci to g> i:i [L.fjii t)
1 Irelan.!, to enja[;e t!ie iihabit.ints of that ill<-, with
' whom he had a g '''J C'.nvl'p'n.lence, to lojlow hi:ii
; into Groenl.md. I le (.''.aribcd the Wi^nders i.| tlii., new
' difcovered cout'try, i's plenty of i.ir^.-e .md fmall c.ittle,
I excellent ptil'.irei, '■ li, and all icrts o. ."ame, in lo .il-
, htnn.; a minni r, th it ;-reit iuim.!)ers ot tM'- l.rhinder.s
j Were prevailed or. t* Lui, liic le.i \vit!i !.::n inr.) Grocii
I Link
F.iick li.id a Ion learned Feill"-, wk > acctimp-inied
I him to keiai. !, .ind fioni then i- crohe.l over into
j Nrw.iy, sv.'-.cre 11'- f.;ive a fiivour.ible .iccoiint, to Kiii:^
Ola-us i rn.'.'er, oft.ic Co-mtrV dil o-n-u-d by hi, taiher.
The kint; -if Norw.;
the C:.-r.lian r,!!;.;
.1 ..
!i i.-in<' thf-
Imi
C.Uill".! l.ei
I I
Inci'. t-.i liis fitiier,
pii-ll, to inilri,.';
taitli, v.h ), by I.-
Ti.i' h.ijipx'ntd ;i''
.■'V.i tlie !iii.:i'!k
ut i.i'i Iv cinbi-'et-.l
to be i.-illr-.i'u.l
in t.'.e l..riie, ..:i.t to i;-.' b:'.p:ize.!. I 1 iviii^ coiitijuied at
his lonrr all the winter, tf.e nest fiiori.er he f-nt hini
;.if-) ( rtfie'iil.inJ, a.', .imp.inii- I by .i
j-iuk a''-.! his petipit- in tiie Cliriltnii
.:i'.'s peil-iafioi,, wrre ail b..pti -eel.
1-..' tlicV'-.r <'f till- Chrilb.di :cia.
:., of I rie'k ill le. ill I in nii nbe-r in
(iioenl iiiil, they vciioiii d l.irrhei i .t i i.u- i iiinav, anil
met w:;!i a fiiiirful f.iil, meaehnv,;, .n,! :,,-, i. in the
vilii' ', l.etwcc.-i t!ie nioiiiit.iiin. They eluu'i-d the
c.:'iiiT-.' info l,,;!l aii'l Weil ( t.-.;er!ai,.l, aceoidiii;^ to
the dilli rent firi iti-ins of tin- iw.j lMioii;'lr., Ofb.ibirg
an ; '\\'rl'.icburii, b;iilt by I'liek. In the c.'\ they laid
r!i I ,-.'.d.iiion of ,1 town na-n-d (j.iile, wliiiher the
N. I ..i-p/.ini tranip'ort--d divers inert )i.ii. ii.-.ci, ..i.d I iJ
thc!i:i
^\PIIY.
I' tlie cli.'il orate",
Dvercirjiitics in
wliicli ;irc' litlicr
01. il, as I'liiMs,
iit-s ni.;mravi.-...
■hhm ccc.ins ami
y -in! Ln^'jr. I
'-f '"I Af K4
'■■ 1\d Ali.l
. :>.vcj,'n, Lir:.iiii,
ri'ROPr.l
(>
R V. V.
i.
D.
;i
i.
n-^.nk, a„i
:nil m.l F-i-.f»
It JnJ Sran
wn Vl.l FmlinJ
•(c;i mil U.illu
/
fl'on* tlu'iice the
Ilia co;irlf t )wards
, which he r.ilk-d
ciK-i- r<) a ctTtaiii
■ name of R.ivinl-
tllC IMC, it pimiix.T
■(.'ns'i'inlfii lies ili-
iik^lioiJvii, uhiih
:r. :.!i-il f iily bv .i
10 (.•lid of autnniii
c I'alii-tl the tiiir.l
y ) in I'.iiin irt
>>i' tlu: i(lr, with
'.e, tu fnlliAV hi;u
onJirs i.t t.'ii., m\v
e ai'il linali cutlc,
■if.'ra'lK', I!! !n il-
<■'' t'r- K cl.llKii'rS
1 i.::ii iiUu) f}roca
kvli ) arc,nnii..:iieil
crolie I (n tr iiiii)
aL-coiiii!, :o Kill,;
lu I by liii father.
It Iri Iv ciiil)r,Kf,i
I'' li^ i.,!!r,.;'u.i
iviiis^ ci>ii:i.-un.\l at
I'l.cr l;c f'.nt liiiii
u.jiiijMiiii-.i hv a
ir in liie Clinltiaii
vrrc all l)..,i;i .eil.
till' C'hrilli.iii .Lia.
ill I i;i im nljcr in
lie r iiiiiirv, anil
lii.l : ii'i 1 . ill ilie
"hey diviileil the
ii;.l, arLiirJiiig to
iiiK'Ji., Ofti.ib irg
tiK" c. ;l tliey laid
.ii\le, wliiiiier (lio
un li.'.t:,, ..i.d I iJ
Ui'.m
t'leiii t" th" ir,!i.ilii;ants. Tlieir |i(illerity ailva-icej,
a,' i iiiiii; a city, to wh.eh rhcy [^ive the na.iu- of .Mlie ,
a:; i, a> thi.ir zi a! tiir reiiL;i:>n inerealo!, tiny h,;iiit a
iivmalti ry iijinn the lea iLoii , '.iedieatvi! r'> S^ 'rii'imas.
'I he ci'y ()t (iar.ie was tiif reli linee nt liieir hiihojis;
an I the ehiirrh "t Sr. Xic-iLis (the |atr<)ii i.i' li.niien)
tiie I atii J.ral oi' Cdh: nl.iiiJ.
In ti.e year n^b (ir<'eiilan(l rev^Ued, and iifiilr.i m
}MV triii'itc to Kiiv; Mai'r.iis, d' Noiv.av, uhi. Ii in
ii'ieed K:.-.:^ I'aicis, nC Dtnma.il;, at th- rei;i:. l! of
Kir;; Maj»ii'i5, whi> had ni.iriied li-. iitiei , ti i jiiip a
fie';: a"r.:nll th.eni : i'lil thev no li):>iirr iinv the Dai.iih
l!a.-.N dil'iI'Ved I'll Tie iiai! .it ( .:(icnl,;iid, thin t'-,< v
weie i' I' d widi :. | .i.':ii , v.'iiJi ii'.diaed tliein t'diiefia-
|\ird-n, ;'ir.i dcii.c (• aee. Tiie Liiii; of l)c eitiai!..
I'.'ni '' f 1 i\'e he Co;-, hi.-, r.ri.'e a;;d lierehil !ren, v.oiild
t'.'it r.d.j any a iv.Kit .-e c;' tiie xveahr.ef-. ot the Liny, ot
N itv.ay, I'. It icK hi.u in . .'.I p::!i.!ii n ot'Cinienlaiul.
A cor.lideial'le ( Minuref wa^ eairied fn lirtween
N"iwav and ( jr. t .li.snd, and a re::iii,ir intucMi.rle
•:i lii'/ai i''d, till I., war i ' i", x'.lu ;'. ihe ;alH)i;hii]> wa^
'■.nr i^wr to (i: ,.-iiiaii i j l;;:t, (Voni that period, ail
C'jiirr,v,i!ideiK\' v,a- cut (■!!, ar.d ail knnaleil:;^; of
droeiiiind i .ii,,'',!^ned t" c'.ui',!!. I'his ifranj^e and
all. :i(t telli'i 'il .>i' frailj .:n,! iiuercfitirlc" has been
aleiili-d j aiii. t'l ;'.- ch.ii:;'e and tranll I'ion of the Ncr-
V. .-.ijii j'.'*^ t'i"'i. ■• 1" ^ I-' reiLiii lit Qi_ii en Mai^.^ari t,
] .,;iiy t> the t, , .'u- ; \^:.. ■ h; fAecii l-eni;iarl; and Swe-
den, '-dii.h I Mi;,; 1, It :".,!! to in:, rrupt t!ie maritime
((>':r;n'e(, .ind paid. :•) tiie ilifticiilty and daii'vr
^v:l■,■ h atteiv.icd the iiavi;;,.;:'>n of tiroeniand. Hut th.e
iii.jll j.r.Mi.iliie e.;ii!e ci; liui) a liidden privaiiim i:> found
in aiiMher evmi. 'i iie inlaiui colony, from its Hill
lettiement, iiad h/en liarr.illed by the Aborii^ine': of
(iroeliland, a l.i' .ve bar!)rir(j':s people, a^'reeiiif.' in
('.;;^^!^^, vjiib, a:;d .:;|jeaiaiice, wid) thole ;\iiieric.uis
v.ii ) hive lilicc i>eeii ! ■uhjJ to the northward of 1 iiid-
fcm'.s Bay. 'lids iiau'ai, ealled the .Seliieiliii;-', at
len^di prevail I i againil the Icclantl letrleri, who ii.ui
tiioleii :!uir iiabit.iti'Jii in ti'.e wclleiii ilillric:, and r.-.-
temiiiia;ed tliem in the 1. 1th centw, inl'inu''li, th.T
v'hi.n tiitir l)ii thern of the ealUrn dillrid came to tli-ir
afliiliKe tliey fmnd luuhing alive but lome rattle,
and l>H !^^ ot fr.ee >, niiining wiki about the lields and
niea,l.i'.v-. I'eili.ips ti-.i. v tiiemlelves atterwai'ds e;;pe-
rii'mcvi the lame i.ire, .uid weie tut.dlv dellroytd by
tivlv .'>(lirtlhii,;,s v.!:. lie i'-llendants Hill inlr.bit the
weilevn parts "i (iru'enlrd, an. I, h'oin tr;(!;tiiin, can-
firni rills e.inie>:;i:re. i' ley altinn, t::.'.f the li lulrs and
vili,i.'i-s wi, iii: 1 ■11.'- l':,t appear, were inliabiteii by a
n.ri. n o, ::ia!v.i'i., '. •iiii d- ii anerlbas ilclln>iyed.
'ih'.re ae liir.ie p -a :; , ImweMr, lor Iclievi;,;;, [l^t
ti'.rie irav lie (till loii.e i:. .-, c..da;.:.s ot die am ;eiu K'e-
1.;:h1 e. 1 .-,/ n ;;;.;ini';', in the ealiem ilitlriel, tlioii;Ji
tiiey e.uii.i't be v.nted hv i-;n ! I'li .i..i.eain: ot the Uii-
peii.iou. :'.K)'.;nf.'ins, peri i ivi.d! ■ i iveied with froi't antl
Irn'A, wl.uli liivi ie iiie ! •■ I) p.,1'.' <•! Cjrienl.iiui ; viiile
tiiey l;.;ee L-ei 11 rii.' ltd inaeci liiide atlia, li.ini tlie
\all ii!i..a"i'v ci i'.e diiveii from ,■-.;. itv,bcr;;en, -.uvd other
nurdaii; I-' 'll.s op n the ealhiii liiore, to v.i.iJi it ad-
lieres l^iiminsi an inli)M-i.iliie liai rieade.
.Ml th.-.t we padur trom .iiitheiuic record-; i-i, that
(iiH-'iiaiid was ui\i,lid into tv..) dillricts \iz. Wed
l'>vL',d, ( r t:ie weile'ii di\ilion, an i ! ,.ilt I'vi'd, or t'li-
e.idiin ilivili-ni. 'i'iie v.^'.'.e!-:i di\ili<in eo'i'.ui-ed, fiiu
I an:i:es and lO^ vilLi^es. 'liie ealKiii iluii- n w.;.;
llill r.fire llouiiiliin;!, as bein:!; ntarer to Icel.ind,
lo'Mi 1 lettl.-d, an.! m ire iVecpitnU'd by llii;;p;;'.ij iVom
Nor-.iy.
.'\i)-)iit a reno-ie nficr all inrereaiite had tub 'ml
bi'nuen ( irneni.'.nd ,in I Norwa'', many Ihips weie I'n -
Cv-iiivelv lent by tiie i-.i; ,'.;;li an.; lX;ii'-, in or.iei to ;e-
dili ii\-ir. aiiii .i.iiiii Ittd.e this ci;.:n'.iy, bat .ill their .it
t, rnpts pioved iiniiheelsl ;l.
I he moll reiu.irhabh- of tliele vo\a^-,es w.is iii.de by
th^- I'.iidilii, under M.irtin l''oriii.lier ; wc ih.all, ti. rr
hire, pieleiit tlu' I'lil iH III;.!; ac coiinr ol ir. In die Vi :il
15.-,? tins .idveir.iiier itc l..il tioiii lai.^and, to atteiiiot
tl;'- dil'-overv <,r ( irocnla;i.f, wiiii.ti he ".oi liglit of at
lall i trit, liy re ilon of ii,(; v.ill cjii.iiuities of ice, ntid
til'- .ipproaclii,;;- winter, not bciiip. alilt- to come near
theliior,-, he V .e, f ,rcett to return home, where he crave
an ,1' ( jiint f)f hi ; voya!.'e to (.J^ieeii l-.!i/..ibctli, wiio lent
hill) i'l the liillov. ing Ij liiip witii three !lii[is, t) piirllio
die firmer ili li^n, when lie t.ot lafe to CIroenland.
The iii'iibitant.';, at the approach of the l'.n;.-li!!i, leav-
in-.'; ijrir hut., retired .i.nonir tiie rocks, fr..ini when.c
tiveial of r'lttii prei ij it 'ie;l tliemli !ves into the ItM.
1 he I'.iudiiii, after t!i.-y had in vain ciide.ivinired to
toiuiii.ite iiufe fiva:v , went to th-.-ir Init.s, where
iliey met witii no liviny creature except an okl woiiian
witii .1 child, which they took fr /m li r, and llie mitle
.1 moll: terrible outcry for the lo!'s. hrom thence they
tailed along the coall, where tliey law a lia ni'mller'.s
head above water, with a horn abotit three or four fecr
f'lr;. They laniivd ai^.iin, and f.'ind tl.e larliire of
the earth rockv, but very good provind beneatli it.
I'hey alio met with preat line oi' jjli:t-.-ririt; find, con-
taining rr lid, of wliieh thev took a !.7eat qii.iatity with
tiiein. They iitld their ntinoll endi ayoiirs to enter in-
to dilcoiirfe with the fiv.i;.;es, who lteiiiin:;iy lliewed no
LTcat .iNTrfion to them, and fiave th:m r,> nntleriland,
Iw certain tign-, that, if they would ro.v h'i;her up the
liver, till ir expectati )n lli.aii-l be aiif.vereil. Aeeord-
in;^lv l-''.Tbilh-.-r itoc a b -at vit!' f.me iwldiers, and,
liaviii.tr (.r.jeied his lliip to fii;i-,-'.v lii:'.!, went up the
liver; bill- leein^; nrea: numbers of ti.e riva;:cs polled
anion;j; t'wc roi ks, would not cxpi'le hitVilili bv ap-
proa'diing to.) r.e.ir the bmks. At la!!: three of tr.e ta-
vni'e;, who a;.;-.eared i.f I'.jme conleoneiice ani'MT'
t; i-iii, liavin;^ m.i'.'.e a fipnal for lir.n 'o l;i:-,d, he refolv-
e.i f) do it, all tiie red beir,,^ ;'t a (•■n'.iderable ilif-
taiice : l;iit his boat lcar..e t:.-:e!r. d tl;;- bank :if tiie river,
w'h-n the lava;.;rs hi^^m t> appear i:i ('^le.i: luimlur.,
v.iiic.h cauied him to pot I -rlc a.'ii;'. Neverthele^,
tlie fiv.it^ts eiuleav.jiirrd I'l pi:- l'.:,..ie them, by fign;,
to o:!--- alhore, throwiii:' to t .uii I'line raw llelii; but
hiidii.j die l-.nglilh millruUtlil, tlu-y refibed to ilr.i'.v
then (iiitlier bvtlu* f;llowin;T tlrata.iet'.i : Ti;.-y l:dd one
ol ill; ir men up. in the liank, wh > p-ritenJi.ig to be
l.iine, th'-v tiippoled tl-.e l'.nLi;'.i:h wn'ild come to taki;
liini, whilll they nude a tliew ol' r. tiring to a farth.cr
liitUii.'-e, li.ing ail 'ii: of ii^.;ht behind the .-uljacerit
roiks. d iie I'.nylilh, bein.',' aware of the liiare, dif-
ehar;;'.-d a gwn at him, wlfuli made him luon recover
his le;.'ti ; and tlu: f.ivajtes, roiiiiii"; to his afTilbmce,
pelted the iMigliili in ilie bi\i: witli ll^ines an, 1 arrows,
but were fioii ilifperi'ed by tlie ^reat g in.s. I'orbillier,
h'lwever, landed in aiiotlier pl.iee, took p'-lleliion of
the country in tlie n.uiie of Queen b'iiv.abidi, and, lie-
lides liis giirterini; find., broiiglit away g'eii ijiianiities
<•;'" a b'lck ll.:>r.e, which contiined p,o!..i ore, and like-
wiii.- two of the n.uue.s, a ir.ale and a ieinal,-, wiioai
he contrived to en..i.i:e.
,\ thir 1 ariiiair.e.' was afterward . litte.l nnr, and the
coinm.in.l '-.iven to I'orl'.illicr, w!io was now promoted
to the r.ini; of an adiiiir.d. Thi. aiin.e.nen: conntiedol
15 tiiil, on bo.ird ci" which were many liil.iiir.s, iriinrrs.
liiu-lters (arpenrer-, l)ike;-., i.\ ' . who wor; to remain
ail the v\;-ii;t ne.ir U',- ir.iii'-, i 1 the jifuis whuli jno-
dtieed the ;.t'd I t.ind, .111. 1 bliii; llone,-, that cunt.uned
!■ ,!1 ore. Ih-v ' :
neeelfiiy to eie."'.. :
to,'cih"r ,is lo-;n .. -
Iiavin,'^ Lei :; prope
howevi'r, met wi.ii
fo"-,, ;iii I pio Is i|i,i;
1:1 l'n|^;!and. I'lieV,
I'. I a''hei, iinpenetr.il. le
rii.l ividi tie, in .;1! the m.iterials
■■ ' .idi-n hirr, wlii h mi;;iit be put
ll,. V hauled, tlie dillireiit pieces
V pie|ian.!
b ■!!■■, 00;
tli.i;i; curiciit', on die eoall ci
Cjroenl.iitd, \\..\ U r-'.'idei.l dieir oper.ition;. till tin- le.i-
Ihn w.H tiio far a-.lv..ih'-!. Tl.' v h:i I lib. ui!e I. ill pirt
iil'dieir wii'-len liai, .11 f. .1, and. I..:l! niiilai In 1 ur po)
\ill.)li. Ii:i;..;(lir to lilli.;;l tiluii- -.'.h,) weo- ap.ioii.tCLl Ui
!'•• left there diair,,; the vsinru. l);i ihefe .■."init' the
a Iniiiai d>!irniined to procure a: ir.Uiii c:. ■'■■■ h'.' p'.'lii -
bly could, .uul tlun iitiiin to i.iv. I ;i..l, wiilinit ieav.-
ing any ]H'iliin behin 1 him. riirluiia I) tins dulign.
the',- liaced out k mine, to v.h.i !i tl.;y '.'.r.e the ii.iiiu"
7 I I ' ol
J-iiSi
m
i.
'^7->
A > K\V, KOVAl., AM-. Al' rill'NTrC SYS PFVi ,■.■ rN'I'.l l^sA!. (,;
':ai':!V.
in-
?i1
(1)
ot the countfl'; ot SiilVrr, r.nJ I'm-n wlrtli tl.i-v pro-
ciMvd a grcac i"j.iiuity ot (.if, h.i.inr, cn'Ctril .i houir
ot lime .inJ IhMU-, priisiili'i,! witli (jvii.-, ami in.iDV
other coiiveiiicncu's, ti r their rrli.lciKt: aiul It-itirity
d'.iiiiiiT tiiiir ll.iv. In (.uler t') attr.icl the n'Hiie, aiul
gain ilie aRVction ot' the native!), they Icit lnhinJ thiin
lockinir t;lanrs, bra.!.., k'lives, hell!., lea.Icn |iictiire>,
eiul oiher thlr.f^s, witli luiiie loaves ot breaJ, fvc.
Brti.re tlu-ir ilefiartiire thev jinvcii Lwrn .ml otucr
grain, ycm,, ivc. by ".ly <^t i-.x|H'iii'.u-m, to tiy how
thcv woulJ tiirive, ami aliirtaiii what the tountiy
would j-roiluce, on tiieir r.tuiii the ciiluinj' y:Mr. '1 h( y
lii.ewil'e buiud tiie rrniainiiiL; part of the wocxh n fort,
in I'mli a maiuifr a', to lu- able ealily to l;ml it ^;'ain ; aiul
liaving taken thell* nii eh'ary prt latitions, let tail I'roiii
henee m the i:oniiii<'iu;ci;.cnt c;t .'^e|ittn)b(r, and, alter
rt iliiagrecablc I'alla^c o;' a mo,i:Ii, aniwd laie ii\
L.ngl.ind.
'i'his noble ilefiiii beiiif? abandoned by the rnr^linu
the Panes took it n;-, ai'.d emieavoiMLd, in lev:ial e::-
pedition'-, to conii k;e it. 'I'Ik' tirll of thcle w -.s v ■
dertaken under the rommand ot dot .'■ e I.in.'t'i Wi.l
tl.-.- Ihipa. \Vi:en le .ii'-iv-! o:' ,i,- e : ..■ t '
CJi::e'iianil he tiuinil noi nut \vi:,. . . .i --.■ vili.-.i 'I
projie, I Ic llaid three iiav>, dui'nij ». >.. :;■;..
wild IjfiKT.land.ers came to tr.uie . id) i . i,
rtjrs and ikin^. with p.ieces of precious il. .1
kinds ot I'mall tiiiVing iron-ware, as knives lUil!.'- ,
nfedic-, t^;c. eon'.mon lookiri;-<^lal1e>., and ciluT lu(.h
triiie--. When lie let lai! tri.m ti',(-:-.,e tliere were u\o
(jroen!ar.iler5 rcr.inir.eel in the ll'.ij) wiioni he .ariieet oii'
and brousji.t home witii him. 'I'iie otiier l'::; h tli.it let
fail m i\)m[.iiv., nndcr the command it i.ind.enow,
after t!;ev iiai doiii.K\; Ca[ e b'arev^til, llcen 1 directly
t.;r 1V,\ ; '> "".lait; 1:1 tin> navi^jation they dilce'veri'd
IiurA- ;:.'.e t.ir.vi-nieni h.irbouis and dehuhtnil mea-
dows, but all the inl-.abli„nts alont; the coall \ure
wild and tavaije a^ bvlore', Thelt lliipa uroivht tour
(avat^es huaie w'lta t'.ie:r. to C'oiicnl .u.vi:.
Nothing can be mire re[ingnan: to the diei.itcs of
common luiVue ilian th;-> practile of te.iiin:.; av.,iy j o.jr
creatures t'rom their country, li.eir lan.iiies amt con
nexions, urdcls wc luppole them .iltr>;i,L-ther ilcl'itutc of
r.atural afic:tion. 1 hat this svas nut the cafe with
tliOic poor tjroen!ande;>, who were brou.'iit to C<jpen ■
lugen, appears from tlie whole reiior of tiuir (uraluet,
upon ti;e'.r tirll capture, and duiin;; their con'inenient
in l)cnre;..,k. W'lirn liilt maiie cajnives th.ey rent the
air with their cr;e-. an.l l.imentati 'n-. : thev even le.iped
into tl'.e W.\, a'.d wJ-.-n taken on b j,in.l tor tome time
refilled .;ii l;;;.na!5t e. '1 heir tvi s were » K.tiiiuaily
turned tiU.'i.U t!./;- de/.r loun'rv, :uA il'.' ir lal{■^ ai-
wav;i l'.;tl.e 1 ill te.irs 1- vi n ti.e coimtei!a-u.e ot' lis
]la:.;:h ir .xlly, ..n 1 l..': i. I'.-, (f tiie coiat ai.d
j-c'.j.'., i.uddi.or aile\i..:e t!e ir rriti. t'ne of' them
w 1^ pereeivc.! to Ihedi te..rs id'.viy-. \s',en le law an 111-
h:X \n li'.e ni'^riier's arms; .1 ciie iiii.'tanie finm \v|itnee
it wai v,:r .r.dlv co;-.eln..'.i d th it he lud leu ,1 wiie- ■.■,:t:i
a voiir.i' e',;\l in (ir )e;-,!.i:-d. '1 uii o| iheni went ut
tea in a lui.ui canoe, in lie.pc, (;( i-aiienf^ ( in'enLn.d,
but one ol 11, e; 1 wa^ retaken J tv.i) moie made tl'.e
I. i:ie aueiiij ', but wer'- i;ri\-en l;y a l!orm on the cim'.I
(it Sehonen, where thev '.vere ap|.rcliended by tf.e ] la-
lar.tf, and re-(onveyed to C.'o|;er.li.ii'r n. One of i!e m
afterw.irds died ol a fever, caii{.j'it tiv hilling !,,r | rail
iliiri't'ith- wie'ei !.,r (lie g ivernor i.t Koi-.iiii;.'. I'lic
lell I \ed i'Miie ve.;:^ ill Denmark ; l)iit at lens^th, lee
ini^ ;.> pioljiet of bvii)_.^ abh- to le vilir their native
ink i. • ! .1 l.i'.d of n.'. laie iioiy diiijrder, and
rriiir.-(''. 'in
ix; n: . ■
■M.e ;..' •
\.' !i ':ve :
■1.1
e--:;-' , ■; ui w.-.s ni.ic
■-, I. . . r the e .inui.iial </l llie b. ii'ii -
d J ..■.ir.d I .;.i if ,, .w. In:, ti.iir he ihr.-.ied
.■ ii.rle r. the v.ei! .'. •,', i.| C . • I- .1 'Aell, 11, nehn;.^
1 \r. i^'s Sirair, wie |e, lol.iii' .dMii,.-, he t(;i.k the
V'V !■' I .er.ii pis: •, .i':'i v tuna.! I.o.ne .ijMi.i.
I he ih;:.. ixjie.^r.ion pi;jvc,l ab;r:i>e (jn a^eo'.ii'.t of
ria- !,)i.rth, -indei ca; viin loh'i '^.'•■m\, m il e vrar
ii''.>.^, was not ti.a. e ti.r the uilc. .vciy et 'iroee :ii !,
but to I'nd out a paiKpe brtweii. lirotnlind .'i, I Ame-
rica r.) I'iiina.
_ IVuk.. t'lc''- i nir ev|-editir>ji^ at the kin.'S c :i, .\
httll M.ls tiiidei; ik'H, l,.y .1 ...n.j'triv ol' men:';/ ■• , ..:
Co|.e',ha"en, \--;,-,- viiri'i:!,. I hev l/ied o, r • ,,,
ihip- win. h d; e.'tin|! th.iir coiiriC i) 1!: ■ welii<,:'.i (
(ir.'ei.fii.d, fill i:i ui;h ihe l^itrait of'D.i.i., where the v
trade.! for fi-.me time with th.e t'lv.i.jes ; ln.r iln< uasii.'c
t.:e pr;:'k;p.d ol';. ct of the commander, w!io w.is ,:.■-
I ■:aintc.l widi a lo.ili the land of which hid tiie i 1 ;-•
and vfifiht of|;ol,! ; he a'Totdv,; 'v lii- .^led liu i .1 i:e
rhiti-.ei. and frei ditrd the fh'p- " i'!i rlu' I' tr". Af-v
his reii.ni to Co; en'M'^en the pof ll'.nitli . \.^-rv o: .enj
to rn.he ni.d wliiihei- this I' Ii ! vd;:!,! \;.'kl .;.■!' 1.1
t.r n.'t. Hiir n.'t b. ins (klhid ( non-di to tv.i^e :•! \\
trial, condemned it to be all thnnvn overb Mid . v.hi, Ii
VMS done accord.iiu'Iv bv oi\!er ot' t'le h;;'!i-eli rui'' ■•:,
prelieleiu ot' the cimj.inv. .'^ome pait' (>f tl'- t''i
was, however, ki pr .i' .1 (i rii,';-,, ,\\,' of •.' i, '. a 1. 1-
hil arti'-' er, who .■llervea.i!- ..i-ie t^ (J: ;•< iihat'cn, e\-
rr.;rU\! a trre.n vitd of p.ure . .id. '1 |-,e h'Teii a'..i
well-meanin;' comminder, wh ) went np.-n t us adven-
ture, w.is turned out (.f fiv hi-, a-nl die! I'xin ifter 'I
priif, whereby nr.t rnlv the tn afore he liad bTii...i-r
h.ime, but all") the knowiedrr of the jlici- where -
vis to be f^un^l, was entirely 1 il, as !.e kci't liii, a
prtjt iiind fecnr.
After l^.me oil;. T unfncc !';e; e\pei;;'!r':s, r.'.e i).,n,-,
laid al'ide all ih. ii.rh;, (,f (Jr.eiiland till the vear r- m,
whtn, after niaiiv weli-t:o:iecrtt .1 rl.ins j r.ipo;' ,1 |v
."Jr. ) ,e.!e ;' i l<a;n. 1 and ii .-.mious d-iviiu-) to tie
(ir..tn!irid t( n p.,ny at Beiyen in Normat-.dv, itp; mv -
eil .i!n! aurhoiifl-il bv I'Vcderic I\'. th;" c );r,oa:-,v •( ;o!v-
ed not cnlv to le;jil lliips, i)i;t .\\\\'i x 1 little a CiLi^iv i;i
(iiocnkind, on iH- r.\er Hoalt, in latitude 64. Mr.
}•'"; d.e hinilelf went ov. r thither, .1:1.! cnniiiUied th.eie
fifteen year?. Di.rle;^': hi (iay he en k..voor.-.i i . -er
all the intelliL'enee '<\r i.e.ild procure, botli l-.v |, a anel
km i, of t!ie llaie ( f the e ' ntry. X. r (iid lie loie j-is
hi.our; I .r lie nut v. jtn I'.ji;;. jilaces th.it I'onr.tily
were i-ih i!jited by tiie an;.i>.:it Norwepian-, on the
wiftein llioic.
Hut Ills main deH^n bri;-,.^ ti> (hl'i.eeer the (.;ih'-i
dilfrii; of Ciroinlind, w!,: Ii was aiwaN.-. deemeil i!.e
belt ot t.he NoiAe.aan eolonies, lie leiiihci ti mi'.e
the vova'je in pd Ion. .\( cidinedy he co.-!i,d .ifeu'
louthward as far is ti-,e .States I'romontory (calf d Sta-
tcnJIieik in the vA.\y.^ in ihr l.i;itii...'e o-, le,!,;.!;
out f.i; l-oii)i,i]er'-. .^tr.iir, w'.i, h woni.i i.n.- I,, -ii
i'.;. t!ii)M. d v\ .y, ;.>.M|din|^ f) tliote i!;irt,> w'lr^h
l.iv the Str.i;t ,',iwn in this pi 1; e ; but lie iaiI'M 'a ;;u
defi;,n, piobab'.\ tliroiii>h tiie ,;,:ve.:: e.i |!,.re ,,(' (j,;.
fi.ifoii, the 111 'mil of Septembe'' b. in ; ne. ::!■,• at an
eiv.i, wlien the \<,\wj-r communes in t.i Te ;..:!,, ..■.-
teiuii.l with dreadl'.i! fl.irms.
In the vi V ." • i the diie."; ,r. of tli.' I!ei ;en eom-
pany i.ited .. ot 1 ;';:;) to .uteinpi a finding t:\\ i!,e <.-.
item ..le.re, w.,i. li liesoppollte to Iceland; but tiie i.n".-
i:".n.t:'v of' lee 'sM,h b.ii 1 ic.;.loed the c<.,i:'t ici ,.-,'i 1
tiiat c.rer|)ii/e .i!)oi[.\e, .1 : maiiv o.liers ii.ul b.-. n |, .
loir. As l:i( IV w,u r, 1 po.l.iiil ly for Ihips 10 a;'p:o.; li
tM;^ Ijniic, rackiiii', inihevcn 1 ;S, r, 1 Iv/dtomalr
hi/iliv t:.iiil|..iiietl to this eolo.iy, 1,; l.-.i i , t; ..', |,.,
•,.iir help l;avelli.', mitdit be edeee.t h, j,in I i,, :'
eiliern datri'i. is.ii this pr.'i'Ci pr.ned im; ui'.ii, ,i,,ie,
on .lecoiiiu oi the hiih and ii,.j.r, in.a ,i:;-, per"!-.-
••ih. I ,,1 I 'd witli 111, 1,.'. Ail ir.e .111; .nlie-, .mi...,;:
liii'i.d di.ipp';intment',, iii..,:e m It people lole- evei,
': 1; '• ' f I'lei . I .'i,!;.' in dus .itn liii.r.
,,ir, !■ n- i ■ cii.i ed it .IS h!-- oi.'inion, t' .r Ir n,' •'" !i-
• rdered pi u I,',,;:.;.- l-,y e.^alii;;:; t ,e l;,,.l ii,,ni th.-
Sines lh-onioi;t ■]'. , or,''., die l)ii,. , n ,.\ i.d' i 1 c a.' •
Chrii'.im noti'.w,.;.;-. 'I ,hi.i oj inion w,. ( nfj p',, I !■■,■
informa'i'.n retei.i.l fi.im :o"ie ( i'oei.i .n ;er . v,..u,
wii.iihiii lio.its i'l'l eoare.f a ;;;"•, i- j ,ut ot r.; • i-,-.';
c.le. il 1- j'.'.le'ii, however, on tl.,- \:\\'A-;, ui ,iIl f. r
any
hait t,ic 111. Ill
It
'>:"vAi'iiv.
N''i!i\, In it i- vrv:
vci\ ct ' iiMcr :ii !,
iMinliii.l ,i;i I Amc
till' '•.in.'''! 1-. ;}, ,1
]V <'l Mi'-u:';; •• . ;,;•
lu-V ;/i>ii n. r • .,,
l).4,i., wlni'c- t!,! v
^s ; lli.t llii-. w.is iin
iiiicr, \( Iio v,.'.s ,'.,■
\\d, h.J i;..- I 1 !;;•
til'- ,'li\l 111-. I Hi:.;
li the f'l-'. ,\i-.-r
nith, v.t-rc '>: i: ic il
uil.i \;AI .-.:.■■ !• kl
iii;j!i to ir.i'.t' I'l h
I l)VCl!l'VKll . V, lli, ll
p.ltt ct' tl,'- I '■• i
i!i' of ■. ! i, '. ,1 ::,.;.
> t .• :h iili.ircn, i'\ -
'1 hf !i";:di ^1'..!
t lij "1 (■::=, ;u|vc'Il-
(;it i r<nn -.ilaT < I
'!■ Ill' liaii lit-ni'''>t
li'C jiici' V. ,'•,(■;(• •
as l;c ivi.;'!: tiii, .i
Ccli'ln*!', f!.;- D.itl;',
till the ViT.r r; ■ : ,
••l.in'i ir.ipo;' ,1 I'v
:iis ■.rivinc) to tl,€
.'i)rin.;r.:lv, :!j-; rov ■
If r ;ii-,]i:i;-.v iiluiv-
> Icr'u' a iiij:-v i:i
l.ititiiiif f>4. Mr.
;i.! ciuuiiini-ii tl-.fit.-
II 1. ..\-.uir.-.l t ) jvt
■, borh !v.- I, ,1 ,iik1
V r (iiJ ;ie li.'U' l;is
■lOf) tiiar liitJiit ily
(jrwi::i.i.:;-, on tin-
ilt.u'iT t!,c (.:i)i'':i
lw.iv.> ilfcincil tl.c
■ Il ifiUf.i [ ) nii'.L"
' li;' til, ■!!.■, 1 ,il<i,-i''
intnry (i .ill' J Sm-
ntllvlc 'I ■, 1 ):iL;'l'r
woni.l I.U'- li< 'Il
:(.U' (hut.-. ui.'L'i
lilt In- f.ii!!',; .'.i ;:i,
:: v.i l!..r>- ,.)■ i!,^;
1. in ; nt-.;: •■,■ .it an
in t.. I'c ;,.;;.., .;:-
tni' lie: ;iM loi'l-
.ini!:i\'; i.n iIk- (.--
.inii ; hi;;: tu:- la:?'.-
I.^' ii'.iil irn 'rH I
K-rs ii.ui |v-. n I ■.
llii'". to .i;>i ;.,.;;i
i, re ! iV'.\i to ma! o
iw l.-.j I •. t;-.i', |iv
■•.•^i 1., i.in.l u. :!■ •
IW.-ll i.'llJl.lL li.. .Inil",
^/•| ,i;;- pct-Hr-
I: .'i1;k--, ,11! I ^,.;;.
|it.(,i.l(.' l.'.r trviiy
!i, ''' .r ir m' ■'>' !)•.-
.L hiij Ii-mU t'li"
. n ,,s L.il i ; I. .![ ■•
w,, I rJiiiM I !■•,•
'•'j'.i,! ,n !iT , v\,'.o,
.t )..irt ol i.v iv.'i
; v.ivjk, utr .iiL r r
am n-.ij) I') vfnti:rc
r, K 1 i: N I. A N 1).
f'.r up, iimiiT t!if lmIT/m llmrc,
.1. iiii.' (> u k'.i'.'MC lit l.ititii.lc, ii.u! rotoiiiiiK lulcvl ab
111 re- |'i,k-iic.\')ir, ,is will a^ pniil'^nc, i" co.ili it ir:r,i
tile I'rniiviiitoiy .liuiir; lin- nicne m liiiall vcHMs. By
it;i- nuMPs ;i II iii'i.int rorr(l[)i)niiitiPe inigliC be m.iiii-
t:i,i'.i'il bi Aixt till- ('.il-ni's thotigli Ijij^c lliips can
ui'.ly t luili .It tlic iiinlt loutiarly.
i;,_^vr;;/. w r/ '/v C nitty; Crwt/r, S::', Pio:!i:cliau
I I ■:' .;/'/(■, An null, is I.
C>I^)i;Nl..\Nn, Weft (;r<<'nl.inil, oi- OliKjacn-
J 1.1 i.i, b ;;ir,'- m ;i^ li-tr. 5 J min. it rth lat. Tlie
'.uiirn .lull iM l.'i ;> ■(! t > cxtdnl as t'lr nnrtliward as
h^ii'. )cr;/i.Ti, I K.ilt (iiviwiland J and the wcllrrii part
i.A (iiilv i-|Mrit(r.i by .i i-lianncl of vo iiiii in brcukh.
Tlic \vrll rn .ii'irc iias b.-cn dilcovircd !i;j^i!i;r tiian the
yoth dfj^. ot'initii lar.
Tins i;iuin:ry is cxci'c liii, , nu)(intiinnti<; ; ;:,: i the
ni'iunt iins are In wry liigli ti.at 'Ivy nny b..- dikxTned
at liM i: v-x .1 .^.incf of 3'> IcaL^'^s.s. The inland moon-
riiiis .ri.l hills air pcrpetnally covcrrd with in!i\v j but
thi- I «iv Uiid) on the I'l a lidc arc, in I'limmtT, c! latlinl
vvKii vcrdiiti.'. 'i'iic c.)a;i ii diiliviik of aix'cis, on ac-
count of the ;;rcat niinilu-r oi ruclo with whi, h the
till ii.iin lin;' lVa«, and tl:e ir. iiitiis of the (iroenLnl ri-
\i. ., aboi:h.l, ii..:i| -^r.d- :,: of thv vail iinitliil.iiiij i;|
t! ..;'.:: T icf wliii.h ltj;n l-i tl;,^Mtin t.i.- ;,JvLnturi<us iia-
vi-jit'ir with dclli'^ !ior..
r nini til- nioi! I n/ mtIv p.iit rif ( ^r ,, nl..ii.l to the
6. .til d-.j'ici- III ['. irth l.ituudi; i-s not l.i U vtrc a-- i:i;i.,;.t
at \:\\\ 'C'^- Kiia ui;J. 1 In liniurii-r iaJtidu.^ thi- lattiT
nd o(
Mav, t;.i* \v
t jliiit, July and
ill, and
lii.i' t.ic iiKiMtli ol V'ptcmbrr; dn."' g wiiiLh tiie uca-
tht-r is .iinci.'.ilv ' ;:'.n : winl" the win^' blaw.i culltily
the: II. y 1-. aiai, \. \xix, but wliin it verts to the other
pi inis iloriiis an- inu' 'o eiiUie. Thr fca coall isj^ene-
raliy iiifelled a. l.i unhealthy and dilh^reeable fi-;s,
which are, liovvc-.'er. Id (.ittening to the l.ind, th.it t.he
n.''ie..> r.ie (oven.l v.,:h verdii.e , but the inland inuLin-
tains are peneCt'y capped with fnow.
'I'o the nortnw.ird of the 6Stli drs^ree the weather i,i
much more levere, an. I tlie coLl lo verv intenle, that
even in the tniiiil of linnnier the very llront^ell fpiri-
tiious liquors will free/.e dole to the fire fl.le. 1 he
winter in this part lontinues from September to May,
and fometimes June, dliriin; wliich time the lea is co-
vereil ^ ith valt tiiount.iiiis of ice. " No'.hin^' (lavs
an emnent writer) ran exhibit a more dreadful, and,
.it the lame tinv.', a more daz7diiii; ap]iearance tiian
lii lie prudi^^ioii;, m.ilfcs of ire that furronnd the whole
coalt i.'i dilterent forms o,' rocks, calU.s, towers and
Ij'irc.s, rellecf^ting a variety of colours according to the
ji.ituie of I'lie concrete, an I floating; from |>late to place
.il if the wliolc fcene v.as illii!l(-n, or encliantinent ;
luch are the [jrofpeCts they yield in calm we.rJier, bnt
w!ien the win. la be;:in to blow, and the lea to Iweil in
v.i't fuccellive bilbiwi, the conilict of th ile congre-
;;.i'cd bii.lies of ice encoiinrering, ililliin,;, ci.ickhh',,
liuriting, and Ihivering into ten thoul.ind Ir.iL'menrs,
fills t!ie eye and ear with terror and aftoniiluTici-.r.
J hund'.-r and li!;ht.iii: ' '.Idom diilurb the .■"'i c! (iri-
Miland, wlii.h, lio.vc^'ei-, is llibirct to many other na-
tin.d pli.ino,;, n.l, lii> h a:i lliootin,; ll.iis, .'.:iJ in p.i'-
ijiiil.irtiieauroi.ibore.il'-, nr iioidieiii liglit-s. In tlie
Ipriag of ti.e year, and about the nc a .iiiioii, tlii:; jili,''-
in.ni.enon aj^ptai . lo ii'iiveil.iHv b;i ',h: ovei the lac/ ol
i.ie v.'io!,' nortlh rn ik} , d.irtin>.i its rays, .md glating
Vi;:'i :•.!; h radianc\ , .i.. to ali'ird in.'i.'.eni lignt wheiebv
I'.ic.ut.
,\i tlv liiinme: I llic,> thcif V :;o ni^ii!, and thole
wn.i lelkic licie .i.r.e
I
aliire to lei- th.e fun turn
i> Mt the liorizoa aii die tuc.iyfjur ho .'r : but in
ilK-
nth of win'er
liut
I omtjrt m
t'le [ilaner, the iii^li... being pi -ii-ortiou.ibiy Icnig i )ct
ti. -' '.M\ lee to travel u[) and d-nvii the count 'V, thoii!.yi
f.aic-.iincs it i, neither moon-lhine ui ll.ir-iighr.
I'he tcmpcr.iture ot the air is not uiiivlicklomci lor.
exc'-pt the fciirvy, .md the diiK'!";;fr of the lur.f;?, tlr:
inhabitants know notl.ing of many oihci uilcafes with
wnicii other CO, inrri's are pljgued j aiui ilieli. p-.-cto nl
iiiHrmitics are nor lo mucli th.e tffcds of tiie e.HCtn.vi:
cold, as of the foggy wc.ither, to which this r.a ntry is
very muc+i fiibieft. Kroin the beginning ol April lo
the end of July is the f^ggy feafoii; and from th.it
time the fog daily decrc.'.fes. Bat as hi the funimer-
tlme they .ire troubled v/i:h fogs, lo in tiie win-c : le.i-
fon they are pl.igued v.ith tlic vapour called fioft-
lincik, which, when the told is exeellive, riles out of
the lea, as tli'.- I'moak cut of a ci-.iami-y, and is as thu'-
as the thicked mift, elbecially in bays, where tkfre
any opening in the ice.
There is .i wnnJcrful haimony .-in.l corref]'on :. '■■ ■
obfervcd in droenland between lou:;t.'ins and the t ,' i
li-M : at fijring tides in new and fjil moon, when t, :
lh-u;)gell: ebbing is at lea, the hi.-lden fi 'inrairs or
IfM-ings oftrelji w.ttcr bri.ik out on the Ihore, and tl'l-
(over thcmfelves often in places where th.ey ini[;ht lie
little expeded, cffjecially m winter, when the ground
is covered with ice antl fiio-.v ; yet at other tiiiicj there
are no water l| rings in thoi'e plates.
The hills of (jroeiiiarid arc barren, and indeed fro-
zen all the year; the low lands are toler.ilily fer-iie,
[Mrticulirly tow.irds the lea. A lew oak trees a'e found
;■ lout.'iern parts ne.tr '-.].■• St ire-. I'iomontory.
in t!ie!'e
par:
H-
rts tile mealows are rich in
i/r.if, : tinnips lu .ja, ir.s are ealily railed, ard ex-
1 1 llently ll.ivoiir. d
heigat, is p!i.
Ilarce, and |i!
Ihe
herb
proluii-
i;i : 1.
VK
ki.
Ill :.■
tii>
1.
idle
W
ol
ciiri
V-'O
\i'-. ■,>!(!, v liicli grow.-, to a valt
: L • . eim and w;ll>.'.o aie nuC
" .11 • ^.'ow in abiMv^i.ince.
■ h'.i '.•jw.> wild, and i> firjn.l in great
■., e':;i'- ; widi ilic turpcr.tine il.uour, and
ii.ati oil. which is extrr.de. 1 by dillilia-
iv- ad with pleafint and falutary kind
,, .i.id the mountains near the bay> and
creeks are cm •.•red with wild thyme. A fpecies of grafs
liearing yel!')W llowers, the lierb tormentil, and many
otlier plants, herb, an.l vegetable., abound in Jiis
country. The fruits ot Grocniand are bramblc-berrie- ,
bil-btrr;e.s lilue lierri.:s, and juniper ber;i^s. Hero
it is to i)e obiirved, when any tniiig ia laid relative to
the fertility of Groenland, th.it the ioutlierii p.irts are
only m(,int, fiir \\\'\\ rcfpetl to t'le n^rthe::- p.irts they
are dcllituie of herbs and plants.
(jt'ieidand pnidnces v.irioiis metals: to the fouth-
ward of the l)utch colony copper ore is totiiul. Mr.
i'.gedc once ree.. ivtd a lamp of ore from ,'. Ccoen-
kindcr, and hinilelf found calamine ol a yelloa- co-
lour, lie likeuile feiii a conliderabie ijUJiitity of yei-
hw land mixed with verniilitjn dre.iks to the Eergen
company, who, by letter, rcqiielhd him to procure as
much as poliible of tli.it coir.niodi:y : he could nor.
hov.ever, execute his comiuiinnn, a? he ^ as never .ilur
able to find the pi. ice where he got the ti.'-lb fpecimen :
it was, it feem,, one of the liiiillt. !t anK;ng a itre.it
duller of illan^i.s, and the in. irk he li.id let up was
blovMi il'Avn by a llorm, lb th.it he cciiLi nut a !•-;; 'id
ti'iie ir.ite out the ijiot.
Rock chrylla!-, both red aad \\\vM-, aie t!ie iM-odu:e
of this country; aa.i .i b.ill.ud iii.tdile, -if v.i iwi is co-
lours, is very pleniili;! .ib.iut ilie D.uii.ii cui'im, whicli
lb known bv the
v[ G.oad n.
ol liie litt; r
the natives m.ike ii.iwis, l.inip..s, .pots, aiiil crucible*.
I'he leas and bays, beiides a \ailety of beauiin 1 Ihells
yieki great qn.iinities of escelient coral. But me of
tlie grc.u.ll n.ilur il I u;i->!';:ies oi this country is the a!-
belui.., r- :!iiii
of eart'i llax,
III;, a.., which has the vu!;mi- appell.ition
.ui.l i.s a :ibro'.is, llexible, ,in.l m'.ner.il
Id-il.iace, coilipMi-.-d lit il-.oi-t and a.'irupt lil.in-n a'-
is .1 ll -av ciuicrete, of tiie i.iicisy
Iram talc in its cxternil appea,-.i
Ir
.11'.. Idling
neither lo
blight, lij Imootli, or !o iii!.ni...n.s, and is n;)t c jnipofCvl
ol lea\es or plates, but of long lilan-.cnt:, like ll.-.s.
It ha.s been Ipiin into cioih, ai.d lormed into pa|)< r,
both of an inconiliuiliblc nature, and rot to be r^,n~
fumed
^!ii
^i'i'i
f- ',
;' 'W
i-l f^iM
• ■ f *
A M AV, KCYAT., ,-,m^ AL'THI'NTIC SYSllM oi I NIVI- USAI, (.lOGIJ AITIY.
I'linril hv fire. Siiiiu" kiiiils luvc til.i.ni'nrs tliar .ire ri-
j;i.l iinil li;iti'ii', .11, 1 otiuis moic iK-xibN', i'lie lull
c.tnnot be Ijum, dp tiiiinrJ into cint'i i tlif Utter may,
l>iir not \\iti.iHit I'iliic'.il'.y. 'I'lii'. ni.uu:!,icliirc: uppc.us
t'i hive Inin known to the am ii nts, wlio, ;ui:i.ulin|^
t I I'linv, v.i\i|i|ii'il tlu' hiKiii's oflik' lir.i.i in rliitli in.ulr
( t'lMith il.ix, t I ] r« Urvf tlifir allx-s U|i;ir.uc" iiorntlinli'
el till' fiintT.il pill', a till' to whiih this i\iiKi 01 cl"th is
llill api lii'ci by loiuf ct :!i? Tartarian chiiN.
Ciriuiiland is not intilUii wi'li anv rav\;nai;; animal,
tliL- !!riat wiiito hear excfprci!, v.lii.'h, iiuwtver, veiy
iVlii'iin ajipc.'.r.s nt'P.r tiif Daniili coli)nv.
'1 he (iiiaJriii'fi.lc's ot (jnitniaiAJ art? tlr,r;«, foxes
hares, aivl .-.in ilccr. llie tiogs are large ami ro'i<;h,
white or fpecl^ieii ; am! tlieir ears (lami ii| ri^^'it, vhu h
is a peculi.irity lH-!;;n!'i:n; to curs in general in ail cokl
riiinatis. riiele lioj;* are timonvis ami Ihipi;!, lio not
bark, hiit ir.al;c a mod liilinal howhrip at liitus. \n
the nortiirrn p.irts th.-v ari: un.l',rei.l ot ini'iiiite leivire,
as the nntivr', rliere y::l<e tiicin i 1 llei!t;es, which, w.'ien
heavv i.'.den, they au- .ihle to iliaw upon th'- ice .1.: tiic
Wtc of "0 miles a ilay. Thcle poor ulefiil aiiinuili jie,
h.')ttcvtr, Vi-ry ill rewarded li'r their Icrviics Ufiii;^
lei: to p'-oviile for lh<-nilelves, exrt[,t v, hen tluirowneis
h i[ ; in to 'e (iicccr.tul in t-ikii..'; a invar mur.'.-.ir ot'
fe.il>, at whieii ritnes ti'.cir iiMltirs <]rati;y tlicni \\i;h a
Dieai: conipol'eJ ol the i;itr.'.il. aii.l hloiul.
The t'ox'.-s nppear of ilill'erent colours v
1,;.
KriV,
■ver-. 1;
hea-.i orcilioiial
Ihe
lie.
\ iti"ir
Will' a \'.
r!:lc:nbk'^ tha: of a ilo:^ with tropp; J ears his liioiit is
hearili-.l li'-c .-. t.i', Ins eyes arc luge, ami liis leerh
i'u.'p. 1 li^ ikin is ( i.veicii \sith a linrt thick fu- , vvliii h
is v.:;ir;', Llavk, l>ro\vii, or tawnv : he i. wi l)-fooie.i,
wlii.li ih a 'T'Mt convenience to him in r>WiiiiTiin(' i .ui.l
he i'l-ems to ^Iiml" iiinU'elf alin:^, r.ithcr thin v.\;!k.
Sc.ils arc ir'im !ivc to eii^li! li-et in lcn;':h. Ilic i'.it
fjftiiis ('r.uuri- ii.rnillics tlu: (iriK-nlamleri vviih oil, the
He'll vith fo'iJ, tin- ikin uitli cloariiins an..' v'.iui co-
verings t j; v.,'.-iT Icu^ ami boats.
Hc-rn-ie-i kals the droeuland leas abouiv.l with tur-
!".i'. col, huldo-k, r If, (ak.:ioii, li.ihbiir, ..it-lllh,
iic-ikh, li: lit-, w.'ii'iii;^', Lir ar;i, mtilck':, ci'.ibs,
liirki.p., iVc.
Thit ali'in'.ikin^- cr-Mt'irc liic wlnl'- \vili b^- auiplv
.; •;LTi;)cd if ,111 1 (lie i.ice iiiiiiiite oijiervatioiis, under
t!i" .0':'.!- Ill 1. .'1 or S'c'-v ( iieciil.ii.d.
\'. !" 1 r'-'i.-iil: to lea Tov.l, the piincipal, in Groen-
;.*;.. I, 1. I'l- c I k-r-!'jwl, Iw-i:;;-., ot wiiich, at times
.ind bl'icilk. 'I'hi V are neither I'.i ii.iiiv, or l.i l.ii;c,
as fi'.nre ot' Denm.'rk a:ul N(-rway.
1 lares are I iiKul in (iroenl.ind in nrear a!v:r,.i.mi-e :
tiny are ol' a %Miire cokjiir, scry f.ir in :u:nir.er, .ind ol
an < Xiiiiili'e ik'.vour.
Ktin-deer t'ced in great hcr.ls ^n^\ arc hunted all the I
fimmer by the natives, \^ho are ulually acconiiianicd
bv their wives and c:r;!dr:'n in tiicle exi iiiliuns, anil
penetrate vciy lar into tkc cuuntiy in puriuit ot' their
Scrpenf;, lii.it 1?, toads, newt>, Cvc. are unknown
in (iroeukin.i ! but [z'lats Iwarm in the kimmcr tiir.e,
and are '•;cecdjngly t.oiiblel()n;e.
I'artri' :;•'■«, which arc wlure in winter, nn.i rrey in
lu'Tiinc.', alvi'irul here, as ilo Iparrov. s, liimct.s inow-
liirds .>nd ice- birds.
-V ort-.it number of ravens hover about the huts of the
Groenl.i.'nlcrs, as, near the habitations ot tlielt; ju-ople,
t:,'.: ;.'ro'.ic,.i i- iili.Mllv Itrewe'l wirh the olFals of lir.il.s
,'.nd or'-.t-r ;;;;i. (iroeniinil likcwile abounds with eaglts
;;'! i l,i!con> ot' a prodigi'ius fi;x, a.nti large Ijteckled
uv.]..
T''.e \::U "'.■ n( t!.i^ C'V.ntry are I'ccs, w.ifp'., I'piders,
and i'.ic. I I'lf p'ro; !'•, ho\ve\cr, arc not plaicitd witli
bcc'li ., ant-, ri:-, < r itiicc.
Ti;e Cir^.er.hr.dcr-. are f'o.td of tlie feal, vhi'h con-
tributes at CIRC to their lu'lcnaiuc and cnnvcnicncy.
'I'here k I 'ir.e dilTcrencc in l<-.d>, but tlie moll re-
matk.i'.ik- r;H-ci':« ii that called the Cap-mils which
aiM'- ikiiicn It receives from the cap, or <aul, nidi
i'l-m t ) (over tlie while lurtire ct the ticein. In the
V'Mini li..lun iiitinitc niruii'-ri of th-ui hover alihUt tl-.c-
D.mifli
ccloi.v every fveiun;-, an.! tike their Ihrjit to
\\a:ers
ri^■cr^.
t'..is the
giiiihcil
tiie tea rc:;iil.iiiv the enluiiir': ni'Mninii;. In Iprini!; they
retiic to die iiii.ids to l.iy their P;t|T<, and hatch their
you-'j;, aii.l return to the continent aOout June or July.
Tic I iMcniaiidu.; a:e very fund of th-ir c;.'i;s and tjieir
Voung, b'lf 111. ike no maiii.er if ul"- of i.heir ti.ie down
IcMiliers, wliii.il are e;:ccllci'.t in tlieir kind, and tu be
lour,.! ill lar..;c (juantitits in and .ibout tluir nells.
There are ihrc. ij c •' s of di:cks w!'.:.-|i ,;re f-und
in, or liciiiient ( iroeniaid. Th-' lirlf, wliici; is i^f tliu
tame iltiek kimi, ha> I'lic fped-ici (eatlurs, aiu! l-ys
an. I h rciies it vy.r-i in I'le iikinds, returniri; alicrwards
v.::li it, yoii.ijr ro t!ie ciintincnt. The lecnmi ti^rt is
rmiilcr, li.i. a I'V;: pointeil kill, frequents oni) irelh
.If, I buids its neil in the ll.ii^s, or retds of
I'll'' tkit.l kind, wiiiJi is the hrf.'cll < t all,
appellatun of the w.^diiiick, ami ij diuiii-
by a black brca!l an i ^; 1 v bellv.
The aikcb i. an:.t!;er ki:id ..i lea liiwl, w'lich the
(if: enlan.lt rs are t'ln 1 ol fce.:iti;i on: it is Ids tlun .1
duck, an.i ni' a r..ii, d title, lint tl ;t moil beitutUul
tea bird in ih'.-|- p.ins i. t:v.- rMV.:oviai;tk. 'i'iiis biid 1%
.;cr !k.!ti a l.tv!;. b: r itj leitheti are tiiu 011111, on-
int. S'.v.i; II',-. (.;■ uiij i/i-ele come to the iiorthci
.f 'iicciiland, ft'>!ii i:i"re Iciithcrii ilimatc, in
ic •, ...A brc. .!, .'.IV I ."lit the [lire a: the com-
..M-.t i.f v,;',\r. Ai ,i,v ie.i-mc.vs biiiid in the
,;;id tlilV'. , and |.-a-i rin liy tlieir c,';;* on t|-,e
iikiii.ij aliout ( .1. 1 iiL.n.k i.undeb, or ( irociil.! :d. fta-
p.,rr.it , .uc c.->mnuin here, as are fca-crnct, a;id Ica-
i.iipc,^.
1. ■: ■' I'ln- ml Cfiti'i- iiiCi, Am.'jiincnts, fh:i liuiuir ( 1,/'.
/!■:•.% /•>;/■,'■.•?,•.,,.', liV.t/, ';.>, iLl 'i.it.oiis, Ailn'Us
<' Tn.Ji..-, I..:.: ■•', i\eli;;icr, Dif .ifis, Ju,i.t:Ju-
1:1 t.-''((/'c, t-'r. 'I ,'e ,iifu!l:liihis i>J(iioiiL.'i!>iii,
not I
ly . k
ti;e <
mi .
ro-;'.-.
' concuninj.t teflimony of tlif-
, I.
A CCOUilINd to
X jL tiTcnt .ui::i'
are dclicndtd iioin the .Schrellinf>, who furmeiiy cx-
tcrminateit the Icel.i.xl I'.-tdcrs. 1 liel'e people bear .1
near u fcmblan'c to the I ,a| linders and I .iimoiiles, in
tluir pel Ions, c miplexions, and way of life. 'I'here
will alwav? be loun.l a I'i.inp; alFinity between the ciil-
toms ot (kl;'er-n: niti'His lo/ing in die liime kind of
clini.ite, exj ik-ti ro tlic fime w,:iits and nccellitic:., and
involved in the finie ii."iorance and brutality, I he
( Iroer.landcrs ;'.rf Ihort ot It .nire, thick made, a:, i in-
clined to t..t : iiu-;r Ikrc-s are lir^- : k tlici;" lip. t'li'.k,
ami thtir noii-. ikit. Thev liave bl.ick hair and c\e-,
and yellow cnnplexiins, poilofs health and vii^-'ur, ki:t
have very flu. it livis.
Thfir rir,aihs arc, tor the tnott part, made ol' rein-
deer, or I'eai Iki':-. ; us ailb nf birds Ikins, nicely drci;. d
.uid p.rep.-.ied. 1 lie iiifn.. habito^vre, a coat, or;ick(-',
with a i.ipe or lioful I'eweil to it, t'> cover the hc.i a;v.l
llioiil'.lers. 1 iiis coat reaches nearly to the kntei.
'1 iu-ir biTcrk. . are very tiiiall, not celling above their
loin., tint ih- V m.iy not iiiiider them from (ictiie:; into
iliiii b.i.it' ; atr-i tiie li..ir of the Ikins th.- coat is made
ot' is tiiiiicd i.-.iv if'l t') kiep ihem wariii. Over tlus
co.'t ihi-y I lit I'll .1 l.ui.'.e fio.J--., made of feal Ikins
drciii-,1 and i.iiiiit;! witlujiit h.ur, in order to k(i,[-' i;;;t
the '...in-i i ...id thu-j tiu'V arc drclk.l wlvii ihcy go 10
k.i. Urtwcen the leathern fro< k ami the limici- C'l.it
thc-y weir a linen Ikiit, or, fji v.'..nr of limn, n.-u
m.lde ot li. I- ;"l!s, which rdl'o l.clp, l;> kir|i out the
w.ioT liMiii r!-,e u::der coar. "Of l.Ue thev .ipix ir lii'
'i.lv lire lu
■ 'k
kins m.lde of
tr:
■el
tiiiif . in iii'T'
lini-n, :in I co..t- and brcecnci o! leil and blue llufi's or
ilotli, wi.i.h th. y l>uy ol' ihe D.milh or Dutch iii'-r-
chini', but I'adiioneil uficr ihcir own wav. In the!'.*
tkey [laradc and te.tll, wlicii they keep holid.ivs on
lliore. Th'j hole tluv wor.- lormerly w(-rc nude of
rein ticcr or llal tkiiib ; bu'. now they prefer our tint 1 1
wurllcd.
UA'.'IIV.
(uY.m. In tlie
liwviT alibiiit tlie
V tla-ir tlij'Jit to
In li'iiii)^ liii'y
i, :niJ liarcli tlu'ir
i'lt June or July.
ir i-f'i^s ami :licir
I tlunr l;:i^ ilown
I. ill. I, iin.l to 111-
tin ir ticlls
wi;;.-|i ,;r(.- f<iiiv.l
v.liith is (>t" tliL"
i-uiuTs, am! 1-ys
•■:i:iirt,' al'urw.irds
lif Ifcoiiil ion is
Vilnius oi iy irell)
ii^s, or ifols of
lie larL'ill tt .ill,
I<, aii.l i., dillui-
iv.
l"«v. I, \v'-,iili th«
ir i^ Ilia li'jii I
'. k. 'i'iiis liiiii !■;
j .Wi' in, oinii,;):i-
ic to thr noriiicfii
iriicni I !i;iiatL., in
av tlu- f lai-
.vi iKiiul in tlic
1.
tiU'ir <"'. on tl^c
111
( iiniiil •
,1 r
t.a-
Ica-criicb, a;ul Ifi-
ts, /;iiiliiiiiiir ( h/-
J)if ilfcs, jch-i.t:jic
vj iiioiidand.
iL' tcflimony (if dif-
ri^MMal ( irociil.iiiJ( r-i
■ , who formrily tx-
hffc [icopk- bi'ar .1
■s and Lamoiilfs, in
ay of life. 'I'jifre
ity between tlu- ciil-
I ilu: Uine Liini oC
nn:i iic^i'lTitics, and
iid l>rur.uir^■, 'I lie
a:
\
m-
-.■..■,; inr.
', tiiiri;- lij.. I'.i'.k,
li.irk hair and c^e-^,
\\:'a and vi!;Mijr, lu:t.
kWX, niadc f>f rrin-
fkins, nicely dii'llid
, rtioat, or ;ukrt,
co\XT clic Iv-.id and
arly to tin; i<nct'i.
C'> iiin^ above: their
11 from (zetun.'i in:o
IS t!i.: Coat is made
1 watill. Over tl;;3
made of feal lldns
n order to i;ri.p o'.it
d V. Ii'n tlicy ;;■! li>
and tlie iimicr to.it
\\:.nz of linrn, ii.'.l.-
ps to kii-|i out the
I- tlii'v a|i|)c ir (ome-
ns iii.tdc of iiriped
d and l)liie lliiffs or
iilli or Duich inrr-
)w;i way. In tlief'f
,• Lefp li(di»l.iys on
lerjy v.cie in ide of
ey jncftr our tort < f
wordeel,
1 (
m
^^
m
i%'i
i<^-
!J
i ■*
i
* ^
r.UIUMM 1
worllcJ, (if I
wliitli tlicy bi
arf in.ulc iif
l,(l!ll'.- I. l il'.
arui bd'oii:, v
'I'lir <i;tly i!ii'
Ihiiul.Irrs, .'.II
i.,i,Hr t
l!uM, NVt.ll III
bii.iuli' tliL-y
lluir lucks.
niiiMlf ol' ill
tli.iAtrs ificy
'lluir brercli
do ii'it wc.ir i
.'ilii'o.ul ) .t:u!,
linill 0ll'.l/,.ii
lu.it nuilc (if
w.ii\l. I'lie
I'.. If tolouri.
lI;;iiS iriinii
wr'>iij,i;i ill
li.iir, wliiili
tit'd iiji ii) a I
V. til uitliuut
hiKi.l.s, but I
ni'.nt!. an- ^
::iirillt tl>eir I
Tluv aili> sv
pc.iiU, \vi;!i
So'.nc ii.ivt",
iiKi.t i tliiiy
im iIr" lijif
ar.i cvfii lij"
ci.i.ulis 1 ;■> 'J
1.1 i.ct-ir \I.I
la I, till.':. •
vciuy,
.,'l
Ti.i'. iliiilc 1.1
< !,r. lii'.'i .;H
111 ly In- km
tl'.-.inlv, t!.:i
\Vi:li ivl
p/ioil II run
I'iiic jnii.'.tc.
act rCr;nl.iii\
111 l.llrs
no c()i;ii;z.ii
ncMi-ll rci.ii
aiiy, to n-\
ail iintDw.ii
t!u-v kil!,
Iui.kI.
As till
for niankiiii
nion j)i()[if
r()bl)cry, a-
wliau-vir In
tliry fxtrai.
ab Iroin ilu
to iiave a w
they arc bu
liii'ioled 111
l'\)rnii..ui
laiulers, cxi
r.iiii ccreiiK
ot pronulci
not [irui.\.Ci
for, in [^c
gCIUTOlb,
adiiiittcJ to
in.inicvi, (it
<: ilv .i:: 1
( i t.U'lll 1
;jv i'a.iti.j:'.
', .m:s tiia:
I UUOI'I 1
v..irlli\l, nf iliircrcm (.iloiii"-, wiii
v.l.itli tlicy buy i.i ilie U.int.'. '1
iiTc in.ulf I.! )i.-.lll.iii!, leci or). I,
i.ii'ii- 1. l ih.-v .If iiial/ wrim-'i
(•
n r, r. n l a \ v.
585
'•, l)li:i, ail' I rcil,
r ilioi.t uiiil IxioC.'i
>, Ml 11 tlrrilol iiml
with tl!, Ivliiril
.; 1.1 bi'lori:, wiilloiK \.^^\., .^i.tl !:t v.i ii iii'; n tluir ki.-t.
'I ill- ii;iiy diil'i'ii'!. 1 ■( . il .• tin I. ol I'.r iiicii .iii.l
V''!m.'iii., II. .It ^' vw.,iki;. I'M'.. ;iiv l.i."Jur i.n tiio
lliiiul Wfs, .'.ikI vmvt lluii till.' iVufu, v.iili hi.;'irr anil
I,., M.1 li ri.J i.;ii-t;. I v\ ■iiii'ii, lh.lt !,.w (I il-
liii.i, wc.ii iiiu- li l.\r^',i.-r iwnt;. th.in the rcll, Luc jjown ,
h.i.iuli" tlu'y niiill r.irry tlirir diiklii-n in thcin ii|i'in
ihiir lucks. I'l.iy wur ilr.iwcrs vvhiih riJi h to the
ii.:.li!lf 1)1 (he till ',h, .ir..l ovrr iliciii lirccihts. '1 lit"
Jt.iAirs ihi-y alvs.iys uup
on, .'.rA I'ui p in tlicin.
'I'lu ii bii-rcliis t line il>«ii ti> ilic kriiis: tli' It- they
lilt M't wiMi in liimiiKT or i,: winter, bur. when they j;o
jibrii.KJj .i.kI, .is I'lMii ,1, tlicy I'lnic hotu'", they (I'lli
till 111 oil .1 ■..111. Ni.\t to tliiii b./vlle, tir.'y \Mar .1 w.iiil-
lu.it nuilc (if )oi:i ,; Uwii (Uin>, vtith the iuiiy Ikle iii-
w.irj. riie e(i.i;, nr uj'iier ('..irincnf, is alio in.i.le of
r.ie i-olouri-vl rA'.!ii ll-.iiis, or (in iLiccl. ot ili.it) iImI-
l!.:ns triniinej aiil cilj;ci.l wi'h \.hite, x,<.[ iiatly
wroiii;!:: in the le.uns, .iiul .ihoiit tlu- brir.i. riitir
h.'.ir, which i-, vtiv 1)
jnil
il.i.k,
is brai-leil, anil
ti' li uji in a knot. I'hcy (•oiiiuiDiily jj,o bare- ii'-.ulcJ, as
v.cll without as witliin iloors: nor arc tin y co.i nil with
li'Ki Is, but 1:1 c.li; iit'r.iin J^r linAv. 'I liiir chief onia-
lUints arc fill's bc.i.]., of iku r-, c;! '::s oi' rorai,
:.!iout their links .mil .iiai , anil j'. rnl.ir.t.s in tiirir c.iii.
'I'll.'.' ailo '.vcar I'l.Hck'ts made oi Lilaik Ikia let wi.h
pe.irlj, WK.'i \.hicli they iii.M tiicir do.itlis an^l !lu.(";.
S.iir.e iuuc, bcll.li'j tliis, anotln r li'U of ciiil)cUilli-
liur.li tliev lUal.e 1 m;; bl.uk ftrol.;;b beructn l!.e eycb
;.in,
(lit ilie fj.cl.cjil, upin ti.c
ar.i even '.ipini ilie ''lii;!"; .uul lej;
< ..i.uIh I ]■. uy ciiMii, I
i 1 i.nir \ i
i.i f tnc:.-.
vuiiy, vv
tl
It tl.oi..'
r.lreii
.h. I,
V. iio ii .ve I
i.nov.in:^ 1'
(i!)r;i;.i..!i' v
e .k-,, •, aii.l
-:i 1.1 .
.lot i
!.
Ill IV 1)1- l.nt a'.'.M'.', ,ri- obli
I'-.iniv,
\\ i:h refjii,'
•>oc! K run il ;
.irms, .uul IiukIs,
i. J luy keep tlieir
iier il.in:;s, efpcciilly
nil •. I'he woiiun,
• Ni-ry dirty iiiul llo-
■.;i;iot Lie reinu'.iatcJ.
•1 I ": :t;c barren, or wholtr
a.i. .».! ''-v tnc niwiuent thiy
'■'I to ta'a' Hi. re care to be
ihcy 111 ;y [il.'.n- their iuilli.i.iJ--.
to ililjiolition, tiie (jroenlan'ler; .ire
r,.l (iliih-, b'-i; in.iole'it, li'i.', aiul
anil
p:.ie(:iii.'.t,r. 1 In v h.e [ (M.-c.ibiy wlcho.it lai
.lit rfi^ul.iily wiihiinr ilil ii.iinc.
In i.ifrs "I nmuler (v. Iii.!i, lvi>'.\'\Tr, fckl.im n.ippen)
no cojin;;;,nic is 1 ii.cn of liie murilcKr, unicfs tlie
ne.nell n-fition to ih'- liicealcil tiiinl^s ]iroper, perlim-
ai!y, to re\fii'v lu'' ilea'.h. Oil worn ii, v.lio, (r<nn
,m unrow.iiil liii'polition, .ue luppoleil to be witches,
t!icv kill, by the iiiiaiiinuius conlcnt of the neiylibuur-
iiood.
i\s tht V iliink all tli'' proiluilions of n.uurc ik limned
for niaiikiiid in gemv.il, tliev deem every thin;' com-
mon piiperty. Tills ii.ituiMlly obviates the idea of
roblieiv, ;i 'lie Can Ileal wheie he has a right to take
wli.i: -vir he , -ppens to I'.y his hinds on. Hut this i.iea
they e.vtcud v, ih'.in;_^cr.s, and take as fieel.- from them
ab Iroiu [heir <.-vn neij'hl),)ur^, whii-h oecafuns them
to have a worll- n me tli.m tluy lieierve j as the notions
they are brought tip in c.xeale, in lome me.ilurc, t!.eir
luji 'lied dc!'.iujucney.
I'ornicati Ml and .idultery are unknown to the Ciroen-
l.u-iders, e:\i cji: iij-on i'.irticulir occa(ioii>^, when cer-
r.'.in ceremonials at whiJi bj'.!i fexes attcul, atlmit
ol promifcuous inicr..M'.ilCi an.l tliefe permillions do
not [Hocced 1.) lU'ieli from vi.e .13 arbitr.iry ciiiloni ;
for, in general, the (iroenian.lers arc nvxlell, civil,
jjeiieroub, and lioi|.it.ible. Only married pco[)'j are
iidinitted to t!v.' ab
'iieiuionci:
fcliiv
lis
for the iin-
iin. licvl, of both Ica^.i, are rcin.uk.ible lor their ino-
'i ily a:; 1 ontinea.v. 'l; lonlirm this al!ert:.>n, Mr.
I.;'.li-, il'/- IXiniiii iiii i'.i;i.i;y, l!iys, he never f.uv any
li tieiii I: ^'.1 .':i\ 1,;, .r ^iiveiliiu m, or ll'ew ;!■•,.• !.■. ill
1 1 '' n.itu.i!i :•> il, liili.'r in .•.• -.rd ur tleed. l^irin^j; Ulteen
'. .-ais that lie li\ed in (-i;ocnl.ind, he did nut iicar of
No.
i'r-
more than two or lliroc tinni.trrird yotmp; women w!k>
were projiMiir, bcc.iule it is reckoned the greatclt
difltacc.
I'he mod exreptioii.ible iirnpenfiry of the Grocn-
l.indei- is tliiirb, it.^ I'o exree.ling dirty, tiir tluy am
Il -veils to a d(',;ree ol btaUiality. 'Tim nv.n are lo fond
of ilirt, that iliey never wa:!i thcmfelvts widiilean
w.iter, but, in the manner of c.it , lick tluir I'ni.'.cr.i,
an I clean their laces, as will as they can, widi the
Ipiti!.. I'iicy even cat their vi.tual, in the lame bowls
.uid plnters tli.it have been iickid bv their hall llaivtd
li"!; ■, without the leall idea c( making them el- an.
I'lii- Women think they ar'- ikver To Iweet as when they
w.ilh theinlelvis in urine, tint beiii", dci iiiiil their yr.^nil
pirfiitne I nnd a firni.il', when l(> cleaned, ima;;ines
iier fmell to be peculiarly gritelul. I'.ven the men
.idipt this opinion li) far as to compliment a woman,
after havin^^ Ikc.i tlr.r. Icowered, with the titl: of
niv:r.i'ji tr /'!itiinriik\, or, maidenly IV.ce:. Coinpanv
never hindcis either lex Ironi cjiiiplying witlj tl;c c-iis
of n.it'irei and tl'.e uteiiiils f.jr iliofe purpoles being ..1-
w.ivs in tile l.ime ro.uii a. tlic family, a dilai^reeablc
ilH'ivi.i arifes, which is cxtreiv.ely ollciilivc to any bui:
tii'ile who are, by long ufe, lamiliirized to I'lch llcnches.
Many ofthelc people foak ra'.'. hides in tl. .li; very ii:en-
lils, v.hieli contributes coiuidcrably to the n.iul'eous
Imell of ilie i<l.ice, and renders a (jroenlander's iiabiia-
tion .'.Inoll in'.'.ill'-rable.
liic (iroer.iai:i'ers feed upon tlic flclii of lea-pir-
trid;-;e.i, lures, Icals, rein-deer, and whales. '1 htir
llelli ir.'jat they c.it either b.lied, dri'.ii in llie fun or
w;n.i, or ra'.v. Their lifl-i they cither b.iil <,r dry tiio-
roufiily. Indeed, it is by p> ricelly drying tha: they
prelerv*; their liilmon, halibut, or flents, wliich .'.re
caught in the fumiiitr, and laid up for winter (lore :
(i)r tin le people, with all their ignorance, are as care-
ful as tl'.e ant in paoviding tor future exigencies. Seals
are or.iy to be caught in the funimer, unlel's they hap-
pen, in the winter, now ami then to meet with a lew
Mooting upon the ice. The mode of pnlnving tiiefc
animals ii bv b'.nying them under the Inow, iroui
whenee il.ey arc dug not as occafion rcipjires, and eaten
witliMti: lurther preparation. 'I'liey are as nally in eat-
ing as other things i for th.ry never clean cit.'ier pl.ittens,
puts, or kettle-,; and the dirty [:rouii ! fcrves tliem for
a i.ible. I'lUt they a;t wiii r th.in many more polilhej
n.itions, il iioi eating Ire meals at particui.ir hours,
but gratifying tlic calls of hunger when the cr.iving ap-
petite requires. I he women uliially eat by thenilelves ;
but when the (iroenlanders return from fe.i, tlr-y ma! c
merry togetiier, and regale I'lmptU'Uilly.
As thele people are not deiic.itc in their appetites,
they are not very particular, in times of liareiry, v. ;:'i
lefpeel to their food, as thev vviil fce.l up m ]/iece-, of
rotten Ikins, lea-weeds, llags, any kii;.! of roots,
whale's fat, train oil, cV'c. In fummcr the/ ufe v. od
as liiel to diels fuch victuals as tliey il ) not clwr- t^>
eat raw; but, in winter, they uliiaily b lil their t j xl
upon their train-oil lamps. Their kctiles are nvk'.e ci-
ther ol bral's, copper, or marble, and, in gener.il, nia-
nufieUired by themklve.s. Their method of kindling
a tire is by the friction of a piece ot hard wood upon a
dried Hr-trcc block.
The D.uies found gre.it d! r.,e';v in bringing tlie
Grocnianders to tafle tl. r ;ro''ir..v,s. Some, how-
ver, at length C! me to '.: (^.i^d of lie.ui rv.l b'Jtter ;
but very lew have, a . •. : , overeome their il: ing aver-
lion to Ipirituous lii{U r ; ., id none can be pe fu.ided to
chew or linoak tobiieei'.
'The men are i 'm:,-.onl,' corteiU'-.i ■'..!■. one wife.
'There arc fume, iiniced, but tliuio ,i,e '.ery (i.'w, that
keep twf), th.ree, t.r four wivev ; but thefe pal's for
heroes, or more th.an < r.iinary men j bec.uiie, bv their
iiul'.illry, they are able .\i m.iintain to min;/ wives and
cluklrcii. lief ire tiie arrival of the Danes, Jcaloufy
never prevailed amon,: thofe wi', e-.; but ilicy agreed
Will t.igether; thou;^.h tiic firlt wife -.v.is reckoned the
millrcls. Bat fince the IJ.uies have inibimcd them cf
7 1 t!ic
jM
"m
M'.W, R.")YAT., a;;,) /aHlirNTIC STSTr.M of l'N"IVFRS.\I. Gi Or,i{AP[lY.
m
1
•'^H
i<.'
i
,k! will oi (i \', i:i;i-or'i:'.", tli;i!,
iC iH
.tur m.i lo oiit 111,11) ;mti ont
l!it,' wo;
yiiiiun::, l: <■■
.v'o:M.i:i M '.i\i- in iiiatii;lKir,y .is l.iilli.uv.l ,1111! wit'f, ihfir
i.ivc liicii '.liiH- n-k-nriiK-nt in tlu' v.iws v. Inn thfir
1
Iili:l).i:
tlicin.
Ii.u c bira irniMl'rv
to r.il.c air,' (it!!ii> In
liilc
.|v,l to Mr. I''
to put ,! li i|i t) !iu-:-, .1 i ; , i .
i.-.tlru ■!(■.' th
|-c-;;i .\!i,l !ii::) ;;illy t.i ii)!!;'! ,"[ liiL'ii
i\.:v ('t ll'x Wv.tV.'.i n :■! n.'.f. i;;i. nt.
; ( .11-, ilclitin.'; mm
A !:o, V. hen Ik' has
,;i tl'.iir i.iti nil:i), l!;iv li.iw always
Ivr'.ii^'. in the
IV •, i,'l:a:n lioni
!ii.;;i\!":: ;
i'jcc, ilc.-ir
tiinl. \i i
Vvwr.in. (!■
niiiv, li; '•:
u-lr;on , Cki-ii n ili.- tiara iie-
. ! '■ krviM ..ri
inv. .irrari(,i''!c a::.l v.iw.i
k\ '.:' .'. v.H.:-;^ ;n;ui an.i
Lm.m <■ li;..it>,l in ore f!i-
I r-i\! •. '.'i-tliit i l"r I'.cv
\V
;i:!i' .iiv rro!
.■s It
iiv M ; ) : :i
1). -'i Ik!.-.. AI':.T \u-
'■■:<.::i s t.M) ct r.i Mi: o!.i
-O M t'lf
'.'.l- will*. I-
■f,
r.:i"r\ n-r .iw.i. liv l.jtci- ; ( >r
tlloi
rcnri'
;■()■■. ■. I I tin" m.r
y;T, o\:r t>f :ii )ilcliy,
.) .iVdivi '!u- icnUirc d
• to tlu' Imi iti'io );ii'b
dcl^cifiit in po!n: ori:r.v!t'i(l,!i;.'ir,.r, it w.mkl not he ra-
l'a!)lc oflii; iwig its v..;v to the land of Iphits witiioiit a
laiihrul i!o:
'• t') run bcloix- and 'ruidi- ir.
I'l-.L- priiifi]);;! ainuli-nicnts ol' tho liri<i.'nl.wKlcr.s
ti-i-
m a viT}' li.-.-!'i dil'. oriiant in;\'ii:cr, dancin;; .u
vrry n:(!i.: mc.c, luiinir.::, vifillinfi, fiiot- l-.iil
ry hi 1)111 (p.i
ml uicli f.icli o:hri-. /;.
i.i tiHir iTMi,
'.to 1;
1-'II'!11'.'
a (.
I',
idi-
d.Tl..
|.
'c ;iny K;iaii!.i;5
t ) I Xj I
KM . .1!!:^' r ().•■ rc-
u-\- .ui- r..-:\v \.-\n\i\ to|:-n:: l,i:r whc:
I
K in.imliT comTiii-. ii::nuit a;^ .',,if\ al or aH'onrcd,
UUmi^l^s till' a!'"ai! ir to a tiial ol iatirical fIJ.ll .;;
i-anuV larc.ilni \,it;i l.i
i-ordi:i."lv, v/li(Mi t:;i.' i
0-- tv.) [".rtii.". iiK'it ar-
'iT I:i:m::
llrll,
;!r. ;, in
huni. roils poi-ti.ai m.ui:,t-i-, (:m;-.-,-., |,is anta'-onjl
.'ill'? airrontcil him, a
n.l h!x(-.M!r 1 '■c,i;Mti;!.ir,
cvi'i I lu'.ts Ol' fill;
lo'i iliilh'ni
. li.i.-. r.'ni
;fu I'.'i'liis in a !; 1;
hinili:lt as wi-ll as
I'trors ol' till" challni"
c'l.illcni^cr lias the a,;
I. 1,1, an I rcr»:
ll'.iin, C.KCl.:
',' re'.'o'ir.rin
a th.^ war ot W(,r,
1! tl
iit.i'
■1 I -n-,
!■ r I ii'.v v.nr, a: a
rncr, I'poii .1 h. ik 1
!ll.'.t",'(.
1; r P.H.- Vfli;
IV' Mil 1^
"s no I' ,'!'!.■ lies
li til'
rir. t'ti he
\m:Ii ikt hair
il ilic !ll'-.:n V.'iiilc
iialicr of.
f'.c 1:1;
r:[ 'Miatr Vr.v.v
aiiu'.:r:, or 1! ti'
t I .It'olvVM ■
I )r havin;; ;,
he i-> (M.-- :a:i'
i 1:
■ r'.onilt is iii.<i:;''
b'.i*. on ti:
I'.-ii wron ', .iiid K';
rn.ll coniclj iii:!!-
; 1' ; I co.lii'.ll.HH'c
:!''■ hiiT'Mi, (wn;. a I
lation.
x-t V.'.c
'ii;i:'i; .'I
on il'- i.a'.'ia:' ina.lc tlit; a.'cu-
liulllv
ic how It V.
.1 I'e.-oncili.'.non is intL- to i..i
c'oiiclu i'j with tliL- ut;n >ll lai
niiniiL-r tcfiiinarc t:
rii'l, i, tl
an.; tiif (.
'!i ."A ! ii-ili
I'lV 'XW
c- till- ij'Mircls ol' ;.'■,.' (ir otMil.!
rill rtlentni'.'nt. Ir i^ t > b:-
l.r.' 1
In'th
;'s, an
ad III
f I Iv \i'iv i 'aoniini"'a ,) ..a.l I'M in.ia',' otlic
\\\\U.
li'ir u tai'V
rii'.'::i tlu'v ki-t-p
ivir..i..i in ii.ii
'lllliT'lIl'M! ot t:
,1 In-.;:;'-::; t(M'
rtu'iilariv
liK/ii a- It I-,
Iiev u;:l , o to wor
, nd do t'l'ir oiili:'. r\ liunii; !
but t Mil
tia.'.r i
Il colls ti'i'ii) tiitir ii\'i
I hi
\'.' t.M tl
,ir.[ ii'-'-n ii'.T
■V l.aM ,; ) I'i
irf t ,:' f or
o.Ii'a', ',m ij'j'i.t n;i 1:1 ; !_
V. iKc'ci' im.iii' > ill i..i
■ ':■ .. TIkv !'..k!i' il,;i
!. '..' Vi'.irs 1)1 i, IM' I1M)U-
ir t>
.111. V, tnrv iMiiiiot il!;:i.'l
lis ill, It li ,• nii iir.iil live (!:vmi.
i '.
m; o' th":r ( aiKlr-n
.\-\\ '■'• '1 -a
: \' il.
aim: , '' k h-. 1 <■ tl/. in to Vww own o
vvitiil'.irJi.-, ' V. h'.di, V. hen tht-v ,ir:- :
.1 ii'.i to \farsol
in Iccin li.. i:'K\l t 1 \ii c.
Al:h^
tni-v ll:t' V no i.'ri-.it rclj '.1.-; :o tin ;r pai .n' , ;a any our
o:mi', t!u:v an-
.l\s \'tT-,' VViri!'," t ! (! >
tlit'V o- I'l t.icni.
.'s a. v.'cii .1-,
la I'-r til:; i.i:^ o! t'var |;.i
t;il tlit'\' arc married ; .if-
:'v lliiic lor thenilri.
■s ; vv- t.Mi".' I timiniie
n.uio.'is w.iu'h pri't'-a'.! to greaf [m
1 -ace, v.. I il I tt'iaiMiiTc their liiill
ole .111 I liii'.'Kily 111 in
: i.u (j :;li;c, iin.-!iri:t:an, a'ul ia'r.ni.ia pr.u-tiei; of d';
liii.i', or ap'ieali.i.'; to the lava.te b, iraliiv
e tlieir oiiiere:; rs n
let, wuh'Mir h.!\'in;
t>
111
l.i'iri ■
niMr;
w,
a are lii.'v; at their aileniblii
ual; taeir nei;'!i!i mr^ toih
1.1
e'i, or rat.her f;)).!-
let; '.li i.l')e''.i:!ient , .ml re|irereiu.iti.)n'i of e.i. .'1
ndi.-rs l.iijlrs. Che j-eiloa ulio lln.'s al'.\,ivs be.i
lu:!'- drian ui'ii Ir.s f
.III .le.onri.ininient to lii>
.'V.'.l 111'.
Ihaa.'c f;ellii;ii!at!oas (
VAC -re
'I' earei; aaiili' ir ol t.i ile p
■euer
r: oi t.ie \e.;r
aililoved In- ill
iHoj :e i.;a r in Ima'i"; v: t.:\uA'>
I
'lae t.ie
iM'i'. Is la- re;a
1"
jr
il
o iMiii.ie this .1 ,1-
lail tliey peaetr.uc m:.) tae intcri ir pin-, aeeaii
1 ;>,■ t.'ieir wliole laaiih
I!
■iviiv; l"!!!!.! a herd ot r.
i; I :', .1 11 I liLi.'r ot i.i: leal.m.:
eoiifKier.i'.le dill liiee, and tl
rs lurroaiid tlieni
e.i, with llioati and la
d'.'oib yeliingi, ilrive tinaii iiit ) a 11 iiro'.v eonina!-., b
t ) 1; ■'
W.VA ti,
( ).
la tl'.e I. Hue ho'.ile, or u:iim- t.'.e I. line
• fatiiers, to.ie'h-,.'r v-'v.':\ o; ,er I.iid'ed .:a
a 1 V. h.i: t: .'V iret t'ie>
.'il (•
( iroeilM
11. a:e ;.|i.l i.'ii
:a erji.y in eoainion,
r .1.1 I;-, pi'oper'y is
'J''' .'■:. .\\\ \:\\ \ re-
• 1 I ) ( ..r: ',■ V. .ii'-'i'i r
a ;a t.
'pen .iir lo l >\').\'
M la It
'', I tll'ir e»!'
I
I- 'i! ip; .ir-l, b'lul rl,.- ^■•^ m !.- r'
lip 111 ri la iti'i
r .11, 1 1. u i;
<\ 11'
te 'le '.s ..I .ire 1 ..;|.
t r I'Mil" liwie
; , r I'll,' ili'ir
• I ;:;■■: It a \'..i;'i.a
r ^e I t, ijr.'ii p iii'
1 , Ir- Is I! 1
,1, 111 ;.'
.n , eum'i ', e.
,1 III
■ 1 ).' [i'.ienre I.
.1
i.iep e' a
ii.ioii, I' iloi., Ill ,' .'J .1 e:ii„
tiK- i.irele taev
li.n'e f. .iai .1
1
i- .iir.uials Deiiii; tiui^ eoo;
1 witli
roaii.l t ;. .r,
up, be'..oaic .la e.Uy
pre'.', and iii.iy he killed with (!;rea' I.Kiliiv
Tiic Iniatii;
weapon, of the (iroenl.mders .-jr^.
tre" bows, wound ab v.it v.iih tae i\wib,d line.v:. of
11
I'h-
ruii:; vsiih t.ieliaie, or win Hips of le.il
re near Ik •'■
De.irileil wi.'ii ir.ia (^:■ ..1.1-
ill )•) bi|•d^ with are blui
e: la len:n!i,
i-'i bit ti'ioie rlie.
I
te.ir tat; tl ',1, ihe
r. p'O'a'eil, tii.i; taey may n^^r
.il iw l):i 1 r l.iili .'lea: to
th,:
wirii I \t m LiiL'ltn'' 1:
la kiilin..; Tea ti>',v|, tliev
il ilicv t'lro'.v witli all')ai:]iin;i dext'ei
.1:1.1 vrrw l( I'lom :!ii
M' IIV'O
i- :i a
1: \ 1-. 'IkeriT.r li'oni \
r fi'i
' 1
d by ol.'i !' I.
\V
len ta^'v i'_t (. ,1
iip' 1,1 I.i lie r
eallel \
t.iev ;• 1 la
lanre l^
).i ' bj'
til" V. M ;
la o.'v Ml til
•b i.i;, ii I I.'
I ll,)il ■ .1 V.
r.e.\,.l b
M' ■' ) pel I .,'1 ,
, V. all M ly 111'
II 'J uir'i will I 1'
I ■ lie ol '.'I'lir: ' I
a 1'. aliiii" , < J
' I, I 11 V n " 01
b
1 f le',' lin I ,1 V. ,i,.i,-, 1 ,
•' I'i'i-, t ) v.hi.h ,Ui' I. si
' i • va !■ .il ll.iii., w:,:. ';
Ider,. Iheli- a:f: j 1
',.' i I! "'a! 1 i.f'rs 1.1 t .V r
Ml li.:: Iiiil.e.
0: 111.'
III. II:
.!'( i
I . ■ ri 1. 'v III' th" uhale .i:;i i
i I .1 II Mil divinr^ uaiK'i' 'ii :
e. W h'.a tlu'" wh.il • | ,; ;
lile.i by I iiip.MC, tie; L 1 i.i
I'll I, ears .laj linwi . idl li'.-
fea, an! bi-
b(i:iv, ' '. <'ii I
nor iial:, as :
raa il.av.i iiim
li. d:iri!ii.i, l.i
Willie lie re is
at;. I -at avav
.'..il. :a<'
tlicni wiai h.ii
wiiale-li:iii:i:',
tliey <"iiiie t )
ftrikin:; tiiem
like ti.eir own
rreepin.; iir :i
vei V l.iaie m.ii
lander app.'"
j.iil. h:;ii \M
the Plow, th'
fr,'.a;|i iri'i.l :■
t'lev die I'.i'i
\<.iiile 'hey ba
01 lio.iriaj.; Ip''
iiiies niavie ol
C.lt< il .1 .iie.ir
lines i-'f i!eiP[
t.lken I'V ae .1:
till' t: 1" I .ii.'i.
I in ! .'.: i'lw VI,
lurii ,: cMteiiJ
rii.l.-- n [lie 11
p.rie, i." M oi I
tri'a ( :''.
'I'll, > li.,.'e
neri .ilor.e u
] oiirei! :U b '.
tiine v-,i;.a :: i ■
ill I'le liiiii :
l-at.'., .laii lit
lli.iiie of tii.l
!ini ii.ii : i and
lirell'rd, and 1
ia it, wh" l.ai
ler r.in p. ;k ;i
|| I, il;.i 1,1. le.
b: '.id .11 holl
tki II, 'Il Itor;
and it they u.
an I recover
'I 111' kone-b 1
<iai.,bk', and 1
V lie ii.is .1 in. I
'il ilie imiil!-:
v.i;!i liie le ip I
liuild, II 1 .III .
;iii '.he tir. icii
I . '■. aient 01 t
i.ii :li^ .v.iA bill
I lll^ eoai p
GUAPIIY.
wniilil iidt be a ■
i fp'.ri',', witliiiiit ,»
tii'i'i-'ni.KKlcr.s arc
■.'!ii;cr, (l.mciM:; .u
ii'illiiifr, fiiot '-.iil,
ll IMlh CUIkI-, (Mt
f^e liny lci::ii!.iis
\\\c\'i ,i!i:;'T or •■(■-
t:,:h: : lii:r ulu'n
ii'Mll or .lIl'f.T.tcJ,
01 iatiiic.i! I'vill, .;;
) pircics iiK'it ,u -
■i:i. Ilrll, ;'.r/, in .■.
is ant.l;;();iill- v..;!i
•■c,ipiti;!.ir/s v.!..i'
' V ,;:; 'I'l.C [,.;■.
ill'.iiil, CX(.l.'.['.-.T''.
'■'■, I'f'.-o'.T.tin ; ti. :
r of W(,r,l<, i! ti: ■
M.'^onill is <^!.'l::-' .:
I'.in ; hv. oil tii '
nn:(l coiifcl'i liini-
ii; iii.i.le ti'ic .Kcu-
ciikic how it v.il',
', an;! t.'iL- day i >
fi-ltivity. In til:
(irx'nl.'.ii.ifi';, ai:
i- t > b-.".v:;!a-.|i;;iL
r.i.i .:;k1 lir:u",\.-
c. iil :: l^.j I'a'i.
.'.viri.; r'.;-,,uil.' tj
:i piv..-tic-c of li'i.
:r,iliry of biiu:,.
cir aiR'iiihliLs, .ir..'
or rat.'iLT jp ),i-
■k-ntatioivi ol ^-^. \
's always Iiim;-, .i
o;ii;uniiiiciu to hi,
i^flliciilations l^jr
■lent.
fiiip'.ovcJ !iv tiulc
'• I .h- pnii:;| il
lo p;iir.iL- rh:, .1 .i-
^ait'., acf:.)in|ia:-,'_>l
iii.l a lie 111 o! r' ;.'.-
irni;ii;J thi-;ii ;,; \,
■ h Iho'it:, an, I ii:
"•o'-v l.onl;1a!^, iiy
"■1 .1 ro'::i I t'; x..
>, l>f':j:iic a;i caiy
.n-ility.
ifnlantl -IS arc fr-
lK\i [JllCVj of" 1111-
wici lii;)S of Ir.il
■'•; 111 k-nj'th, ,!!! I
' t<-' J hit tiioii: rii'.-y
tii.K tiicy may n^r
:i: t ) kiil tho 'ijtr:!,
M to.vl, thry uli*
);;i:!uiif_f licxtciiii ,
: i":.T<'r.r from \.!i ,•
^^'lf^ t:i-y 1l; <. ,1
a lai!-;; io 1 • bj-.
i hy woiu 11 . (■■(
I '•!■ ,; •( pri; ,;i. ,
■ lin ! a V. ;i..i,-, r
, I I \'.h;.h au- III
I 1 ll ll-iil,, w,.: 'i
I h.;ti- .v.l-.: ),1
'•••.)] ihl'T'. ia ( .1 ;r
I.: I.irla'.i- ot i|,,-
ol th' whak' at. 1
ilivin,'^ llllil.T 'ii ;
■I till' \\\..:\ ■ I .; i
'ijv't-', tlic L11..1
aiiJ lii:i.( . I'll I,,-
( x ' I n .
n iv:j!'i..] G ii 1-. I'.
f.i] In >•. On i!;;-: Ofcal'ioii tlicy rtri- ciaJ in I' !:i coats,
Vn I, fv
1),
co.ililt'.i: ' of i'h;y < ni- iv.-.Ti-, v.l
:!•■, iti nv:., aiu;
laj.-, ;rv,'.\l ;iii.l l.i' '■ I ll 11 ',ic t"',. i.k r, ii-.L no w.rtT'
(,i:i [ ci'.rtia"' ihnn. In il;i', pail) iIkv !iin,ji i;iv.) the
ha, ant ix['.'< 'o ll:.i tin- la^ all r aiii 1 ir.v wi. .:.■',;
U\',\\ i:n\ uii'l r w.iUt; i ■!■ in il.r ,■ coalj thcv i ,:n-
llfir iiiih, as I'l'.-y M- .;]v.Mys li'il iil .1:1 ; 1 1 il;..t they
(a'l iiand u:iir-,.r in ti,'- l:.i. Nv/, t.'.cy ,ii-f ; i:;i::inK- .
li. ilarinu liuit I.!; V u.ll ,,(.'t li|,on tii ■ u!i ili 's i>:ick
W:. '• lii' ."f I-, y,'. ll;'- in l.ini, to liia,.^- .1.1 cn-.l ( • hi,n,
TiV.'i Mt a sav I : : ;■.
.',.il. :;ir ■ ... ,1 ;<v \.,riof . UK til )i! ., I'uli a :' .'.;:i;;
tl:-,ni \\i:li h.ii|aions, liiiiii.ir in loiiii, t 1 tlioll- ii;,;. i m
vi'iia!i--li.iii:i'.', hut r.Ui,li lin.ilk-r ; w.m hin;; ihrni wlifii
ti'.i'V I' line t) ■>;', '.'<' at tlic ,iir liolo. in tlio i, r, an i
rtiikiiv; tjif'in \v:r,, 1,11., rs, .i|']iroai liin:.; t.'i''ni ui:i^-iii. il
1; .(• t,,i;r oaii \\r.i i ' ; li: 11 is, i-ovcii'il wih a I' .,1 ll.iii,
r:,;'iin; iir n tliC H: , ,in.l wa/'ini; tlic lif.ul in (In;
WiV l.i.ur ni.iiinci .1.. .1 k.il , iiy whi, n ir.c.ins rli'- ( irov:.-
I,!i:'.kr a;'i :"ii'ht--:, i.a' aniiii,.! '.v:;!.;,;:; liifi n-i:i)i, an 1
!.:!'. liini •> : n ll.^ IniCi. I'r-vii'u i 1 the t.ilhi :■, m
(!"• laio', ill' it- |'"j.'li- (,lil liX' t'l" k'lls thi'iU!,','! the
fi.'.:i:]' irci.l ; '', .in I :i,ici.- i!i'-i;i : > t:,i.' o| '':i:ng-, svli'-rc
tlk-v an- (; I'ilv kiiKsl. I ill .' .111.- ii!, v.i;.- l;ji|iii;'arJ
v.!iilc- fliry iij ■: ik'-init-'ivci in :n Inn, <-iilu'r upon ruLi;s
ni li'Miin,;-' lp''-i!'. "• i-v'. 1 ll'.' '. i!';.'.'nl.ir..!;'r . aiiL'jc witii
lines 111:1, if ol All III ;i.)iu , mi vi rv lirall, an.! ^>:, orally
c.it, 11 .1 ^u',it 111 n\ Tilh. 1 i;r n ,1;' n; i^ cai'^-'lit v.itli
li:l'.-., ol iuiPj', 01 1' ll (kin. .^.ihii n an.i r •t-:;iii .iic
t.'.i.cn hv :i;- .i:i- ol '.V'.-.; , :;■ ik/r.'.' tin! I'jii ~, iiiro uimii
ll;-- r: !'■ i.ii.i.s tliim .1: llin ■.!, ana k.iv.-s them .iii (.Iry
1 1:1 ! .'.': i 'W u.iicr. Sieiit u.U are >.,ii:;',lit hy i:.'j.ni,i o;
IK':, . { MtenJuii; lip in p"i'.i. I'll' v .ae iri'.d ii;h,;-, tnc
r. . ', . 11 [he i<^:^-i-\ air, and luve ! i; ji.irr oi the winfLf
],M', i.' ',1 ol l!.'j ii.itivts, being dr(.ii':ii 111 melted lac or
iren i :h
I'll, > li...-c f.vo I'lrts of ho.it' ; tl'iC r;-e, v.liieli tiie
vvr, .ilonc m.i!;'' iiic oi, i^ a liiiall veik I, ,i.id lliarp
I oih'ei'. :u !) ',11 e:;ii ., tliree t.iamn.s in l(:i:,;ii, .lii.l hut
tiitte >;t..i! :; I , o'l",; '. .1..I *.kic ar 'in .11, with .1 i.jimd Ii.de
in I'le inik -', i i^ i--:. •' i,i''i 'ii ,.'r .1 I'l ; I's 1>, ,ly t'l
tn!.'., .iiid he k;,;.\ni:i 1, 'I ..e ',::;iik' ol ;nt b.iat i.s
111,1, ie of til, 1 .ail., ; i,v. -.i : ,.;,.'::• ^ i 1 :!u liiV-Us (f
iini u.ll i a'l'i I'l'.' nntfi.ii' is 1 i.'.r.-.i \..\ le.il ikins,
iiiellrd, aiui v..'.h'iir, h.ur. N 1 m i.- i;....: 1 ;.e e.m li;
in ir, wh" (.nk-iis 11 \ > ti|j,iif .iboiit his v.ai.l tiiar n.) w.i-
ler r.i'i [•.:k;i ii' K. In ■ lel.' Invul 1) / r , ti. 'V po to
I I, ll;.l li. II'.; tl •':'! wi'il one (■.,■, .1 i ;: , 1.11 i'.Jil.',,
ll' ..111 .1! I'liih cn.l,, uitli v.hiL.'i til! y paddle .ib. a; in
till ih 'it Ihii ;nv \>, ith, r, t) e.f.e!) 1: .il am' k.i I.avIs ;
and il tluy uapi i-n to o'.iiiet, e.iluv 1 lue tliemlvlves,
nil I leeovcr then bo.its by mean'.- >■• tiuir paiidi'.--,.
'1 ill- kone-liMt is ma.,lc in the t'.im;' r.i,;ii:i, r, bnt ni':e
dill. .Me, and I'Mip/ r, I'.'ii;;; 1 .■ tee; in lenpdi, ,ind like-
vile ii.es .1 in.ii',, uiih .i in.inj^iikir liiil, whieli ii m.;,!e
ol till' iiKiiil-iaiii s ,i:id entr.i'ls of leal,, an 1 iiiii;. '^d
v.kIi liie II' ip 01 'he biaees and b.iwlinps. I iie vs' uiii ;i
Ijiiikl, u I .111 .ill I low ihele bo.it,, audi iikeuil,' b;:ild
;iil '.lie t JT'ieiikii ! is luits ; the whole' ilni ii.iiii'.' e:ii-
1 ''.nient 01 the men beiiK', to make luiniing inij le-
i.icits .\<\A tilliiiip, la kle.
I his eo',11 trvis ieit thinly peoj le.k T'li ki:t> v.hiiii
tl.:- in;i.ib..,int3 ri i le in iluiiiiij, \.intei .'.:e ln,\, :ind
bnilt ol ll me an.l fat. l ne v.iiiii iw.s .n,' ,'ii e.ne li.le,
mile of tlie biAi.1, ot le ils, drelle.l, :ind ;.-V,ed t,i ',e-
tli ., 1 r of t'.i' maw. "i lnli'.i,Hs, aie.l an- wiiile .uul
ti.i ,;/.reru. On t.ie ither U i.- ,•.".• p!
v-i,u.h e.i:i:iil of ,''.i'..-es or hi .;, le. ,,
b'l.iids, r.iiiid k,.lil a yaid fi'ir.i tie p^"'::,d. Tiieir
I ' 1 liiii.; is uia.le o; I'l.ll e; nil", de''; Ikilii. .Si viral
taiieii. s live to.'.ether in one ol tneie ii aile', or hut.s,
•■nil ki'i.ily o..:(.i,|,yin,', .1 r iiii by itUii', jepir.iied li'nu
liie lu! b:,' wooden poll ., bv v.liii ll .illo the ro'it i>l':p-
po'ii.l. ]5eliire the pull-, is :i lujiili or lire | la, e,
ill uk ,h is 1,1,1 I a i;ie.i' lamp, in the firm oi ,1 h.ili-
IllDO'l, I ll - i r :: .1 .1,,. . U'.', I' t.;, .Ill' hniip, tiieir
l.i . I ■ I.; ll . . p; 1, r .ii.iii'l'', 111 v.hieh iie ■. boil
til . a li . 'k .;.. I..- Kiol, pill auotiL tiie l.mip,
I tlie\' Ii.i'.'e a lorr of racl;, nr !li':lt', to put tlicir wet
ei'i.ir'u:, i.,;:)n. T'lev biirii rrai:;-!.:i in their l.imp'S, anil
I iiiOi-, krw. t'leni as a fublliturc f;r wiek. 'I'lic door
I of rlie hat i, low, tk.it as little culj as [loiTiijIc niiy b:^
i a, knitted. 1 lie lioufe i> lined »ith nhi Ikins v.itliin,
I .irid ftiniii'iided v'.itii brin Ii'.:s. 'i'iie nit.11 and v.oiiieii
i :'■. [> wijrk v.itii tl;.;:- b.,i;>, to e.;,::i i;the;-. Iitkefini-
■ :r, :■ t':e ( iroi-iiknidei:; d,'.'ell ii rents made of fiii:;
I ; '1 ,, ir:i- 1 in a eoiiieal l->rin, rovercd with dter-lkins
■,v:;! in, ;irri oiitw.irdlv v.iiii tlKl!i.-d li.al-.'kin.-j, fj th:ic
lain t. -.:::. t pierce' tiie:ii.
1 he tjnjeiilanders tr.dkic wi-.'i t!;e D.'.nc?, by cx-
( h, 'i-'.in;' wlialeb' ll.', biublier, train-oil, horns of fea-
nnirorns, rein-deei Ikin.s, leal elilto, and fox ditto, for
e'.a: , lliirts, lloekings kiiiver,, hand-laws, needles,
.;:.:.:ri_' li.jolc', theik-, Liriard,, l^;.ik;.-.^-^laire:;, toys,
ii; -ir be. Is,
.!e of deal
ill'- kiniv-ia;:.' of tlie ( irnenl.in ler:, is guttur.d, and
ftili Ol c.nl ii.iiir,-. '1 lie rdj. Iiabit is without thic lettcri
C, I), (J^ .\ i aiii they hive a ;.;re.u number of pi ly-
l>ii,d)Ii s ii:.i' tiie people of >i .rth ,\meri';a
I lieie pe ■; Ie tn .;: tiic i).i;iiiii ir.ikionaries wit'i r,w.it
relj'i-ct, :i ..1 att,'i!,l to whil I'lev pie.ich with the iir-
moll p.uienei- i lint ar ii;c lame [i:r.e hear them with the
iii'ilf ni'iriii', in[?; indifteren',.' ; I) iliat tlitjfj p- nrlenieii
III. ike but :.-v.- piolelytes, mr, at k-.i!',, if any are c 'n-
vertctl, they f.di iin kini.!, remerulier v.h.it i;:i, been fii.l
to tiviii. rii'iic who remain in their oiii'ind fi-
p rilicii ;; b; ii'eve in tiie imtnortalifv' of the I' ml, b'lr
l,.;ve ver, c uifeilnl ami ir vl' 'p.i.'.te i.k.u of tke I'sity,
whoiv. die',' e ili'-'d J' '■■: ; ;.'•'', ;;■;,! ijjjpole tiiat he re-
fides eitiier i,i liie b'V.vel, of tlic e.irtli, or i:i tl.Z
I'ji. dkiev lii^ev. i:'e beiieec in anotlier lp;rl% \\'M)n\
they call I' ■■-} '.'/'/■, or the rcriraiiier, became il;ey
fanry he prevtiirs tk.em from eating or drinkii;.'; wii t is
peiniiiiiii , anJi from cioing wr.'ng in other tki:i';-. A
tiiird Ipirit, calk tl 7.'i ' '. '/■■/ ■'.-, or the ::;'it;er, tiiey re-
preleiit as a inonller, a;.-.t l:;i.';.i'ie lie iive.> tip.'in the en-
i trills of tiie ilead. 'I'liev ;up[)ofe all the eiemt'Us to
Ik- lilietl wit'i fpiritsi ,i:k1 lulieve that the i;- piiefs,
uliom tliLV call .'Vngri.'!'-, h lee e.cii one < 1 :\i^'.c fj i-
rits, as ;i;i .ittenl.mt or fir;v;i,ir; an 1 this i I,.,'! I.imiiiar
Ipirit ilie\ e.iil /"," . ,/, aiid fa^.cy th.it he .'.h'.-.i', -, oiiie-.
with pri.it readme!, ti tiie .'\.ii:j;eki.t wiici !k:iini<in'.'i!.
1 W hen :i;i .\': ',ekut pri tends to invke ti'C ;,rtar jjaiit
I'orni.Mrfeek, he refires in I'ime un.ret]i!tnted p!.,ee,
i where v >;\c of tke' p-.-ejle ikire f illo'.v nim, and, on hi.s
i\rii;n, makcb tiiem believe ;k..!C he li.is invi'ked rorn-
pnli'ek, will) aiifv.ered his i:ivoeation k,y apper.rin;^ in
liidi a iionid t.inn that he wa, overc,>ir,e >y tirr.ir,
hekenetl, funk iir..) a tra;i,e, ,i'i I remaine. 1 without
lipn, of fill' for ' ..' I'l-i.iee of three days, and tli.t when
he ret ivered, k, muikI him!ejt induced with tlie tjiiiit
oi c.i:'.;''r.idi)n.
1 l.eie Angeku',:, are very p;r'.'at ii-.i-pofior;;, a:-.l, Ly ,1
p,ie;it variety of :;i!i:iees, m.iint.iin en:i!e .dcendency
ove:' rlie | - a' deiialetl people.
Tlie |!iiiieipal dileales of t!;e Groenlan.ie;' . ire f f .1
I,- :riK,ku: ii:itiiie, .uul they are p'le.it .leeuiiiimid to
Weak e\e., which latter dilouler is oci.ilioncd by ih'-
lliarp pieuinp; win, Is incitkiit to the country, and the
white plare reik-eled from che'ice and fnow, with wliieh
til' whole coiiniivis cwried f) great a part of the year,
1 lie fm.ilkpo:; bein.: bi.,U!,';: .iimip^ thele people ia tht:
\,Mr i;.'.), f.om Co] en!ia,:.t;i, m.ulc great liav.iek.
W iiii ulpe.l to iliiv'P'' '"■ ii''>;i-> thev .'.re i\;r. mcly
iynina.'it. 'rk-'ir pieir 1, i.e::i pl.uller fir all kind, ol
\.,)i:iids, i, tlie C'.iii; ef.!i,.n of ilie balk o, a tree, biiriii-il
iiioi'-, ,i:h1 train "iii aiul all tk.eir inl'riime;.:, 1 I' [ur-
i perv conful in .1 c ';iim';:i l;:ufi.', a lilli hio!- , luid a
n'eedit'.
liie (.Iroenkinders are urtt rly ignorant of r,afi::.J
pliiiidojiliy, an.!, iiuieed, of leieiice in |:,,'n';-.!i, a iiii.dl
fmatteiiiis!, of af,ron,)niy esceptedi for tluy 1,'.'. e m.nii;
liillieieiii obfervations of the liars to be ak;e to lleer
I by them to fea. 'i'kev meallire time by montlis, lom-
; meneing tlie year after the inn's li.li iking a'oovet ii":
hoii.'.oii in the winter; and u> i -.ry p.iuiith they a i':
preciii'.
' li
f !; ![
h 'vS
r 'I
I
J'
m
I .Si «
.r I
i
1'
rm
n
■!,|l,
( '
I
,!»
A \r.\V, ROYAI , ANu AUTIirXTlC SYf.TFM or HXIVrRSAT. GlOCRAri [Y
prccikly acquaiiitCvl wkh tl.i" luipt r tii'irs for Killii-,;^,
taking, till- tcverai rpri'lcs ol riil-t--, (o\U' , am-
or
nulls.
d all
vv. Si) that tlu'ir li-rk- all'oiic.niy liTvcs to i!i
their as',). .•.•.ii'iis, li;'-!i .', n in .i'in", .;t humc to
il) tlifir Ir.tlf
abria.l to hunt.
.;i;rltic a;
!i, and
:iK'j.'.a.:ic voiks, ci'MI!'
tliL- li
S I". C T 1 O N II.
IAS r GP.
;i.AM\
;\v {;ki't-x!.A\n
,•/.., c
slMl /.Bl ia.!'.X.
J,-.. ■-/;/■/"'■•■ D
DfJi! rfi'.- I]
I'rZi--,- M '■'
/■.v /■
t > tl.c lall IikI;.
.NMr-!i I'
--•fi
( ,! in t:.!.- vcar i
tn- a ir.iT
;'t El :1b. 1, «h<> ad.lr.-licJ I Knrv ^111.
.•t , but ti
in lie I'ldpolcil wai r.c-vc-i
I'ut inti) c.xccuaon.
'll'.e rirll j.z'xn
I
■t v..;-; m:..lc i:i tnc n i:'n o
ifO
ii.:j.nerli, m tr.c vear i ;s
bv.SirlIuoh \Vill(
v.lio lailul witli thrif Ihu >> to the lat'.tmle of 75
nccn
,1.
iK-rth, witlnn Liint, ■^^ r. wa
'd'
ruppoii
v..',:i.M w.
fuTwariis rc'-iiilioverai bv tl.c l)ut.-li, an
it' Circ-c-nlani
1)1
arrival at Coin in tint country, ami with him pcrillicd
the liopes ofjifrd-Jtwig tin- (lilcovcry at tiiat time.
In lyiothf (clcbraic;! I Ici.rv 1 Imlliin, v.ho liik-o-
the ilrait .in,l May that dill
r his nnnif, at-
tcmjitcil the north ealt I'all.ij'.e, bv.t v.as a, iinl'iCLelsli'i
a.-) thole that haJ /rune i)efoii-.
'riioiii;li ail il'.ere ailvemnrer", hnil niiu arried in the
II, tlie tlil'covery ol" a
in itn (1, ih'n 1
-f th
ii'Mihcall ().!lKi;-e, yet then- \uy.;L'fs provcLl benefici.nl,
in |o:ne mc.ili:re, to iluir rU'iedive countries, hv i
tr.iJ:.ii;Lrti, tl„.,„ tin- 1^.
Iin' of leal-lii'hi'
whale -
liiiiin.;, anil otlier piclit.ov- ; iiilnil'-.
'I'ht I'lighi'i ic-al!;;iiu.! li.e ilelij.rn in 1676, when
two iliips were litted <Hit bv "ider ot' C'iiarles II. ami
ar t!u' cKj-enre of the l-.i:;.>; himlelf, the diike ol' York
Ins broilirr,
Iv'vea o:h:T rerfoi
coininand of thcle llii", w,i,
-.1.-
The
n.i\-i'_:;uor an 1 ir.a
them:
the foi
i'.ivcn to llur e::i(:lrnr
ti'. ; in (■ IP'
ain I"[iu \,<),
Hi, ;.ii.
mer bein:'; a; pointed to i>ft as
cipt.iin 1 (;i
piincipal, anti dired the e;;'nl!tion in the ciun.cter ol
coniniodore.
Tiievfai'.d on t!ie ?.3t.h of M iv, i6""'j, an.
ceeded to the Norihcrn Ol'.ii). Gn the 15th ot v.-.r
enfi:in^ month they er.rcred I'.e i'olar Cncle, an.l on
I hi' :<)th of the lame
well, in which c:ii
t!u- 11
ip named the Spee
in Wood l.nlcil, Vi.is iinfort!i:iati ly
;a:r.ed Spit. berLien.
Bei
ii'i driven bai
a Itorni,
e w.is comiHik
to winter in the
ii\ir .Ari^ena, in
L;nJ, vhiTi- h.iil.'ll and l.iis whole con-pa:iy v.cie
itiin.Tttly ti( 7en to deadi.
hree veais .;;.er i.i'.-t/in BcrroMj^hs, comrrrnli'T
ft rhe na\y to i: :.
\\'!i;ougi-,by :n at:
the n'-rth ca; c i:, ;
i!e|r. (if r.i'ti'i 1 r
^^hlch fepara:e, t
/ejiibla; ami tl
.:.Miieth, lii>>eedi
):' thii dilcoviTV
ir
'SS'^' I
[■'ene!'Mt
.Si.- III,.!:
I le [ .nil.
i to the - tl
tl-.e \Vv
..le eo')i.:rv u
ien re:uir,-i
the .S.;
to 1
or ihait,
iioKi.s irom Nov.i
wre
on lome r
Iriuk, the c.iprain L'ivts the
miir.ated dcll'rii'iion -it' the tl
i:l the icy leas. Alter h
ioliowiii'T a
jfeiH
avin^
iii't an.l
i'lrelle:, of himltrlf and I
1 lere (lav he) we l.iV beatini-r upon a roc
le IjMi e of three 01
moll hiah.tful nia:in, r, (• r ti
lii:ir hours, nliii;; :ill o r'V.ik- means to ii\c t!ie lliip,
but in vail); lijr it blev. lo hard, th.ir it
of oi;r power to carry
vs anv Krvice.
out an aixl
was wholiV our.
hor capable of doinp
leni'tli
we law land dole tinde
i.rn, t ) !:ie "r< at am:i
■ement of ii:i all, as before
wi;
nL'l.ii
coiitcn'ed
w:'li navinu -rocecdtd mi:v.h ta;::'.er tiuni Lis ;-re..i
(i:
<tli-i
•M.e r
uceii F
,'n Burroi)
occali-Ti
..i!i to
the dilco\i ly.
tl.e coniMMi:'.
. t .i o !'.'.':[ venrii to ] eri'.. i I
re i"!t inro coniir.iir. n, and |
;n.Jl a:
;.jnt.i!:i
eil, V, 1)1, in the \i .ir i
■..{.n I'urp
:n.i
il.Kl
pallid the I'lait
i.n. overeJ, and eii'ereil t
fal;>rn fv i , but time t!i • ir.ount.iins of iie were lo
aiul the v.ea'i.er
wi:ii his Iliip a
li) tempeftii 111-, th\t captai
n
1. in. Ill leturneO
to I
id. -Ill- 1
a 1 k:i\e!.s of
J"
tliis expedition ticcaru)nei.t the ard.oiir lA the l^.n^jliili,
at that time, to fublide with refpe./t to th.e ni lin enier-
pri/.e, which was the diU.overy tifa iiortli-ealt p.ili.i^'e.
I'lic IJutth be^zan to pnilue tlie l.inie o!i|r.a ;n 1 51^5,
wiien John Cornelius ma.le the a'.t'.-ni|'t, but widioiic
Air: ilr,;ire of 111, eels.
Coriuiii:s v.as liirci't .1''
1 cM.'iiecc'e;
iTi (') liy \^']iiiarn B ir»tii
.aviijator .1:. 1 .ible inuhcni.iiiii.iii, u,':
lavin;; proceeded in the courle previoiilly j
01:. ;< il 01
I V ti
1
,n dilh iiaviLMt
alle>l t!ie
W
Vlja'e,
iiic: v.it.i tl,- p.ipeJimcnts whuh h.iil pit-venteil t.
jf ct!
u:r.s, a;
:d rrtiirned ivme I'lllv i:o.i\ iiiu 1
til..' the
re^ti' n.
■-■lire! iMllare v.a. r,..t to l-r I .r
In
'j 7 he entei<d iijinn .1 Lii.nd vo\.
Il l,e tlet ■: n \:
to pr oletti'.e U'on ,1 dil
'V 1.
t, tl
thw.
,1 N'-.i /.
uhed t le V'tli d( ;;. ' t . .orr.'i l.ri j
. ir.'. d bv tlie iioatui:' i e, upon ili
;o laeets.
li
1 ",■
■iieiis, .1:1,1 the
ot la^c to land 1 but theri
.'I I
':v.ii;ini'; iiiil, lu
.1 pia-.e w.iere
the I
•ve'- V
th
h to penlli 1::: :i t'
ol
|.,1 10 I
le e.\, Heine i^l
■ V,, ■: , ;. ■•.■.- '\r, v.iili ;;re.i; in;'eii',:'v
I .::, ,1 i Pi'::. . '• l:,,.;i i:,',' v.pc 1.,, of il.i'
the ron.ni' .i.'iiK'MC (I the" liimmer, lit
.■. c.'iv.i:,] ..iieil
beloro
Jit II
could n : t.e it ior t!:e
men t'
fo
','tv weaiher.
1
ordc red tin
) .'It out the boatb bet>re our m.ift came by tl
11 >,ir;l, uniili was ilo.ne.
w.irds i!;e iiiore in the pinna
then lent the boatlwain to-
i.) f e il their w.is anv
o ii ivr:v of l.m l;:i.', which 1 iiii:'..!i fe:ii;\l becuil
.;vr I
,M :m'1 lo 11'.- I.
anfwtr, ili
In half an 1
lour he i.;':inc».l, an.
-.t It w.is i:n'"vn:hle to huic
id a ni.i
;ow bein!,' in m
I'.;'.', ai-,,1 tlie llu.ie inaceeliible.
!:: I i.:ileipjence ol tilvle ba 1 ti l:i':.js we Wiiit t 1 pr.ivrr.^
t) lieleech t'.,- alnii'iitv to have inerrv on us, .1,110-
iliir.L''
but
,\frer pr.ivers t!ie
m'.NU.ilde rim app
icared I
.lei.iM- 01. r eves.
her ( leire.l i'
a Utt,
ill!.' over tlir Hern I I iw a hi,. ill btai li o'l
'• i 'or s^li.
1 t
loni'ht tht re r.'i",;it be lonie d
llu.re. 1 iherclorc lent 1 IV the \
with loine nun in her to batirll lan.le
I
ce i:( r.eftin^; <
ini;::ie a lecond tin
111
it veiuii;'- to attempt th'' b'Min. I i:ien oPKie.i mi
h tweirs' men in i.,-r fo l.i.'u!, «i;
lie long boar, v, it
■"•-ilip'.eii it, ai'd '.'Ot l.'fc on
i'!i"le in the •
Icili '; t!,.;l
111. til \ui.. '
1 i ill'.: 'i;' X.A.
'■< :t' cl'liiC'.
;:iv he.u , m
:i . i
p. i.;u'!, .1 :
this ilniii.il
kv.
n • 1: i'!':r I ..'• me 111
Im u
Ml. I :i !.■< |. r
•d, .i:i:l li.e I
I'" I IK 'li.;' 1 :. , b .;l he:
i;.i nil: li:' .' hi;.'h, the bo ilu jin .1
it
foine otl.ri, wi-ull cimp'l in.'' .u ! tli'' l.e ii- 'i 'in i>
ihr :1
IP, lie-.
Ill t.i.r. k.l, 1 hi t
i rl.
'l.'.", 11 V'. 1 1 I
i!:-'- hal ..,
.r;'i|i;|..l i.er'.>
■ T 111 ll,o ...It t
l,i.::i tie'li t II
VI I 1:' '11 ; b .' d 'io'l r.l ■
I II
I
1
li
,;t .1 • ii:i I ir them.
. il; v.. I,- t I tlie lli'jic the ll.ip over-
li •, 1 I ih:'
ille I
) 1,11 I trie 11, en
V.
1. 11 IV ,ip| I
PI t:
|i.' I :i.'.;n, to
th" le men v,!:o hi i y.. :;\ ini; ;:;..!i j :..utj t.t l.".ir ic-
Fl'ROPi
end. Wi
1) i,', and 1
dill.' one in.i
in the pin
ihoii:;ii v.M
b'l.'.'., .Ill i ■
V. :.i .:■ t ',]■
t.nn.is ,|ii,l
ail I in vh
r.l ,'.: niin'i'i:
V ..,! l:;,t
t..'.,-ii ij:i il.
h',"t, [har,
Wo"i I \ t-:i!i
" riie V
f:o!',, I.iov.
e .'111 1 be i:
(luiklv.s , .
Ih. .r.- to il,
us r I ihtl
lii'lle h i:',ll,
Wilil II \..is ■
r. iw I,,.' lu
v.eaihei, lii
w.r, iinpodi
l.i-.l to;'.,'V
l!i.::e tli:: 'l.ii
try tlie utin
Ivcif. !:i I
r.iiied .1 dii'l
poir.lle: W!
cany 11 > nr
t.) !-'i..i;.i,
clioice (;l' tl
li.iviiig .is i;
this peril. Jlh
kc[K the m
def-ns. S'
i k.,e.v '.v.i:
a:r..uiii:iLi.)ii
'• i'!:.- '.N
i. o'.v, i.i..i .1
li.. le, wlr.Si
ir.,;..,..,^
oi.r people
ra::: i !.;'.\i-
■wli'.e we
lip. .::..
il Iji u :
.-.c ideiit I, I
Hi.l left
l,\\< ive .I'l
ihi IC we
i: vv.iuld ji,
niiie dip
lii; lllrll. ■
iij.,ily 111'
IiloK be, 11 1
diice of t!
Calls, wlin \
Iiangi:ig I
tre.nen.l.Mi,
1 I'll , \\L-
4 , >l.i\.-.."
II
up
liie 01. I
illue I
111 I s ,, , ,
illid , 11.
fine the
*l.i. h ;!:
cih'.,- , an.
ri..»iied c,.
i.>-e:ed in t
.oon ,'.;
i'-.er i,„
Mi-.id .a.
'V^
V..\V\\Y.
ii!i liiin I'crillied
;t t!i.u tiiiK-.
';'i.ii, V. Iio ilifco-
!|- Ills iiiinic, at-
•ix .T. tml'icci-lsli:!
iT.ii'i.ink'd in the
• Jilcovcry <i{' .1
-iDVftl bciic(ici;il,
oiintrics, hy in-
•al-lnhin;^, wliaic-
•n in 1676, when
C'h.irlcs II. an.i
he (hilcc dl' York
<.;" r.fk. Thi-
to il-.ar t-:-.; ( llcnr
J"iiii Wooii, ;'.n,l
ji'iiruril to iul a'i
11 th.c ciur..JiLT 01
iG~6, aii.l (>:o-
n the ir,th ot ti;r
.11- Circle, an:' dii
i;.'.!iiei! the Spvei!-
was unfort'.iii.urlv
eas. AfVer havint'
•.\i!i;i; alfeiHiii;'^ and
of hi:".ilt:lt and hi:j
iriiv-r tipon a rnckj
;' I'l'aie (if three oi-
ls to five the !lii[),
ar it was wliolly oun
capable of (.loiiifr,
and (li)le tinder oip-
lis all, as before wi-
ler, 1 (irdi ret! t!ie
- mad came by the
iic the boatfuain to-
fe it' there \v,;s a;iy
iii'.h fiMird befaiile
);ir he i.:'aiK-ii, and
ible <:i land a nvin,
he Ihcre inaeeeliiijle.
i we wtiit 1 1 pravf'-j
r.ierry on lis, a;, no-
d bci.i'e (M r eves.
';; a iitri-, aiui l.)'.-
,rli o'l r.f i.vir wh. :.•
lunte I >' r.ettinj; • \
nn.'.ie a leeoiid tin'.;-,
.ir.di'd, I. lit llie dur't
I V.'K'n (;ldried I'l:'
in i,,r r.) land, w'i'>
i'lv'le in th<' 1 ■ -
I'n:' !:-.r ■;< . I,..
If;, v.;..../,; a:} l-
!iv ijr' .V:;;-, . n>i ' ■
I . ill 1 i'. J ; . ■
:, I ,- •• III! \i ..
:ln;;-V, !. : . ;
■■it "'1 lliTil '.' ' .■■■..• •■
II wi-i I 'il, w . 1 : i:
IS v., .e lal.i :i 1/' I r
I ! •• r , ; . 1 ■'!, /I. i'
III "' O, 'I ,:!:■ U'':-\
li./ 1:., I. a:' he ■:
I, !he li'jifv^ain ail
II ! []\r ill' ,!• n lit i>
i i|-'l".'i|' I-! i< I ■ >
1 ;.,•',■ r (v d.O....C t
i| r,i •, v.li' M 111 I"'
viir .! ' ■1:1 I ir t'liin.
' Ili'iie the Ifili iivir-
Mjle "I I ii I ih^ It. ■■11
.■• !i.:,' a.'ai.i, li' '■ .■ -
1 \ I'.oti c-f il'ur le-
r-i'RM'i'.] G R ]■: ]■
j^rcat ,';arard ! r:-:, f"i t!ic q.'irr.T <jf th
,1
n.
5"9
r;:.i
'.\ irii
ll,i|S anJ t'.ey eaiii- i!.)'.vii tl.c 1.;,: :lt 1,1;.) tiie u!)ir,
d.il.' line ina.i was lei; ,.m- de.'.d, v.l;-) l-..i.l heeii eall.i\'.,iv
in ;ia- pirnace. 1 iirnr ,1, h)v,.--.(;-, t.j il'.e ih :r,
iiKiii:;!i v.-iy W'-c a ui i.iid. \'. r ;:u a h.'U.'id 11,1 l!ie
['■\:', an 1 went up the !.>.:. d ..[""it a iii; I'^iicc di -,
V.,.,..- ( i,r !i;e;! v..-ie ina!, !:,.■. a I.:,-, :.ii I a t.v.r \.;li:
c.nnasand iMi', \i:.;.!i v.- iiid laved 1 n' ;':.• j,;;r; ' |i',
a: I in wiii.ii vM.- hy all ni >it wr. a d '.....m. 'j'h ■
r- \; ni'UTin^ tiie man we Ic.i nn li .1. I Ii ■.:., ', rv ,-
V ;.d 1/ 't Kpon ;':•■ r.i. en I'.i.iC, .md (:i:..i..!< . i^.- I ■■
t.,'.i-ii uii ii,,)ie i iv.i" i; !di-v. ;,) !ia;.t, a ■ I ;!.e ii. i la'
hv'i, that, liujiiiih he \\a-. an e.^pti: ieanian, 111
UiT'l I \en!ii.e to liriii.^ him i'1'.
" 111'.- \\ nd 1. •.•n'.jriai /; tn biuw, \.!M e.' ■: :'i^ f"',^,
f.')!' , I, !()>•., and ad tiie ill enu.j.i 'led Wiidur im.
< '.d 1 be '.'•! e.Mird, we built innr.- iiaUs t' jiriuAi
iu!;KK\s, „iid the ihip br^■al^i^L.'; '.n ] ic. es e.e i'- .'I in
i': r.- til tlu. lan-.e plai c weie v.i- l.ind.vd, v. i.i.ii 1,; '. cd
ijs l-|- Ih; l,.r ..n ! inin:.;; !)■ !; it-,., t'^-ie e.ni,- ri 1::,
li:nu- i, . 'di .1 .. • ; :> .ii\.W, . ;; 1 ;■ 1 id llnu; 1 ;" •; nr,
svimli \-..e. ;.ii I'. e",i,l r: tu lis m uiii' I'ctrendty. We
n 'w i..' l)i...i'.n iii'j e aiid delp'n', [iivir.', i ir (lir
v.i.\;d,,-i, til.'. i.rMni 1 lav.ei iiii.nit liiid 1.-, ...ue.h it
v.a. inip()frK>lr ,' r ';;:n t) d'j wni''.- ih- \. ..I'.v.-r eitnti-
1.1. d lii:'„'y ; i •.: i...:i.:.., a: :!ie lime ti iv lie iiii/Ji;
I'lau- t!i:.' laii.c m:,-. A: all i-vc.t^ 1 v.a;, n-.'d'vevl t'>
fiy tlie i;;ia :; t 1 :.r. „■ .; . inar,y a-. I c n d i:i i.," Iv::/-
biat. In fi\w: i;:ii a ".t.) we raiu d lii r r.'- i Iter, and
i.nicd a cin'.'. up 111 iiei, to l-.eep ti'.e lea lait as mueh .is
poll'.! !e : wii.'i this bi.it a:;l li.iity men ;i'.j.' llie woi'l,!
canv II) iii'Ti) I in-..:-.ded altLTiiacciy to rnw and f,!!
t.) i-li.i'..ii Im; tile eie'v not l;Lin'.i- fadved ai to i,ie
clioiee (if till- men, bei.'a;i to i'-- !i.nti..o ■, c\i.ivoni-
liiviiig .1'. niMih re.ilon to lii>i :,,.n|l.it as .nio'n 1. i -,
tliis peri! )'.!■. L.ite hi illy was ()ur li :t 1. ,.inr;e, idr 1:
kept tiie me,; .nv.a'. s int.'xii-.r' d, audi tind.r.ited ilieir
del|.;ns. tionie ..e;e refjlvi .• to • 1 .), i in.!, iiiit m r.
I k.,e.v was ir.poinjh- : e.'.i'ie.a- ii.;d \>' ]i.''.hii.n (ir
an',.nni:;L,.)ii ; 1 .1.1. .•, : \\. In. .1 tie- v.d i iieid-.
'• ifa- wiM'o'i I'.'.il coi!tiniM.\l \:'y,.;., \ i;li ii,ps, j
1. I'.v, ia..i .i;.": : I'.., tid 'lie n.nth d.'..' o: cv.' !■ i.ii.; on I
f:. le, I'.i.i.ii ". .- t e ^ h «:.i) «jl .fl;. ■■ 111 the ]
Im.i: J ;; il.'.iri.l ;;;', .e.d, M i.nr p. , ' ; n • i;e ul I
f):a' people ealli.l on;, a l.e.l ! I'lii-. [::''\... . • > j" e.ip-
ra.;: ;!.;■.', (.s \'.e ;.i me t 1 (I'lr town, i'..i! ,.'.■ . '•; h. lie
\vli...i' «!.• w;nr, 'sli,.ii he p.o !;-iu'i d,., jici >, f n'.e
lip, .n..: . nt liii b ;.i: :■! ii>^. llel.iu I wi ni ..'I: 1 uiore
.1 iHk: ui.i-i'in <.t :h'- deli;.iloi the vov.;g<-, widi the
.m: idii.t mar had lielaiani ii- , put it into a j4l.1l. b jt.de
a '.I lelt ii in tiie fornne.uion 1 h.id there bailt. lie
Ivw ive o'clock they ;dl ;.Mjt liite on b aid, l)iil liai .ill on
I'll ic Wi- liail iived lium tlie Ihip, ( r wi- iv.iiii-. Icared
i; v'Siuld prove fop;;y ajiain, and tii.u '.'.L-liiouKUe one.
in.ie driven en this iinlerable emmtty ; a eo'.'nry I ;
til; nil d p.irt i-uvered perpetually \>.i;ii Inow, .in.l prd
uj .illy l>'.>jrL;y laiut, on wlujle lurfiie prows a hi;.. I if
tnols be.irint: a bine and yeilow liowcr, t!ie wi, dj j :".
ilnec oi ti/.- earth in tlii-. dell.date re 'i i;i. 1:. i.e
eldls, wliu li are exeecdin;, liiij;!), and tlie ais h^-s o.ci-
li.in^ing lup|iortin;i; inourtaiits of i'ntv, i ■.uhe a n'o!!:
tre.iijn.loi), fiiei'l,h,le. B'-'ne all on 1; i.ud the i'l. if
I ber:'!' tiiin i'a:i'>ar:an .'; b',": CAT!p''ll..d liicii tn rrca'; •ml
noi.le iiadi . t.ikiii':s. 1 h-ne- ihe
li.i.l
a idi.-l' b."':
!ia,; ar.y ve!. u ) c'';;er rli.tn a Im.-.i: ar.:, L\':aT n ,c
(<nly to b.idd liiij. of e.),.-': ■.■■!! • L"j. h •::, iv:': ti>
at'- nip"' new ii^.r. ,T;e-. '! Iv'e ar.'.i.i.';'i: u:; I'Tm! 'firs
oe.'.il. .nel tiij v ; . :i I aln.)''. d 1 :. eai: TV ;-f 3i-
1; ri.i 'I be rx, ! i;e I, s mv: '1 ki ti !;e ihie i''erfd,
..n.I c';e :ira-. on t , ■ ir-'d: . .\.''a t) b- tr ! .'ei led. d helo
h .. ■.npt, w..;e ;!':,;:i:i ' . ]'.■.■■■;::, w'a', on tlie -'h of
:, l.lv;,::y 1 ;.:,■, 1 e. e'l ■.■..■! (nsl; r ::'y.;\ cia: Ai :1x1m,
'', .i.nird of i"':!!!!.. [• i ■ .' • 0,1 1,^ p.niii ■•.■ into Si-
ii.i:a. !A' Lis indr:: . ■. , ii.;n;(l by t'l: Czir, he
'.'. Is to iniorm I'fm.il If i.i t.ie n ,rdi-faftern liontiiri of
I! tiiit e o'ln'rv, i'l o; ',;■ i) difeovLi- v-'utk-r tlity were
jj c in';;>" 10 to, or \ hi. in' ht be tlieir dillanci; from,
;< li'e eo';fi i'.:n'. o!' N ir'i .Vniuiea; .'.rA if any palfi^c
|| caf 1 'or ( |v..vi'.. d tl'ac \>.iv at li.'a. lie tra-.eifid Si-
jj beii.i, p.iidv by li.i.l, and p.u'tly in b'.ir, bi, ri'.'ers, till
ij he e.ime to Lower .Kamtii iiatka, in the j'idi dej. ot
j; r. ndi kit. .'.nd ab')'ic \ r.v:. ij\. 3J. e .fc from I.-jn !.'n,
ij !: ilaii.is o,; .1 ri'.'. r df tl-.e f.. ;:•..• nime, v. ineii runs ij
i| liie ead, .\:..\ :.h >::z i a :> ndie,, i: ■■/.■■. die t.;'^.n tails in
Ij tie.: .Sleepin_5 .Se.i, a. i' i. e.-dled in ;';■; maj) annexid r>
11 lL..;ini^'> v.)vae,e. V,^: ii..-; i'.f. •,; f-.nr. the riv^i '^ n":-
tleliatka the 'i.idi of j.lyi::", a .' the Sdi <• A'l-
^nll fnin.l the liliii, iv': ^1 . ') . d '. ;^ mi-). ' ' : ■'-■:
I sth the kit. wa,- I,'. : ik .i-.d lie ti. ;" ,kt ;■.: ;.;:;■;: r.o
p: lae'-i, a., lie eo'.iki n it u-jler-.-
larthir iuat!iw.;rd, a .d '.'.'is ,'
e 'ntrary '..nid.muh' [ .-..•■.enL iii.i
befjrc the L.,.i oi fin in-jr.
tki: tiie
I -ae J
there \. v. a M.!."i.'l m v;n!.,,, I'-'eer-.: '.
n all akin.; the !k.)- , . 1 a K.ii;,
• I, .,. I ..- : . I ■• ■.
ij w.iu.'i appvai'-.l .-.:
•j Ik eni.;; n'-.ii .:,i !
li '.i!,l L-rc-,.| 1,1 1. J\M.. i.
ai. '.■/
;;a t • d -, [ii.e,
e a <Md. by >-.,:.n. vr
liver i\ >K VM-. 1; .d-. , .'n 1
vka. O.i::--- <:. , ] 1.-
17 :>) 111- fi.led i-;en . !■:.: ■.-\x :i\-t-, :i ■.!, .•::„:
w.n-.i<, bi '11 ; iiin'n ; ;k : 1 ai ! ;.;■■-.' tk .: v,
u;f -mid ,- : .1 in 1 - - ' k-:\\ -. L' t ! . -
•K-
pe.in;,
Ski:/.. .,
iv.t Hi..-. 11
::-.. 1.1 la;.
I d M
vv :,i 11 i ■,: I'. ' .
1, , t >i:-; ;:..■!! -; . ;
t . ■ : • inr 1 ! the e --.'• • f
•• 1 . ' . in in .e. I '.n. i ,..;■ p in:
/ ■ 1 :;•.';. '•.\ , . t-..;'. .'•■■•n i . mi-
. 'k. -I - !i f i" i t'; ' ni.o. -.'j
; .- W :■■'■.■ •■■■■ , ' ■■ ■ .;-,. (,,
. : I , ■. - . a-- : -I'^.ire he
•1 ■ , 1, ,1.. i 1 I t ) .1 'rrei .')ii,'.%
kncii 17.'. ki i.'i'' .1 ■ luT of
,1 :■■ i-t d' li-'-'p-i I ■••' '■. 'It :■;, s
'1
1; -• int.. ; no ^.;nl
:i;.l v.;)-.;j/e, lie im: ;; ; ..i:^\y
1 "ii , we lit .a;l lor I
<| , d i\ ~."
I':.- evia'-kiioi , .
r.
., w;.ere v.i. ,.:;.VL-d 111
I
■ ' , .1' .'le
l.ii- .11,1 ,.. \ ..I .1
:lKii' ,s 111, I
r e 1 I 'iiM ;; .«-i rnmi"', ,ui I
1 t: ■> i;. .to; -, u I'll M 1^ , . , (,)
1 ( .n. p.ir.. 0, I 1 ' ''>'\l v.ii.h tne
■■■ I '•:pi.- ;::io , , .m.l ;■- : .. n..iri-
iii I . .1 ,r iillv ill- I .:i lo I :, ,1'. tiiii no tiki; paila;.;e e\-
idtd, n.,'-'A.HM,i . ■;_•, -dr- ihi'i I, b,;; a !■ v- "-.i' > be-
Ion; tins fspdiu. , , i.iiie.i \e,y ivj.ir ;! .- -i-n ka
»kiih the Kiidl.;;. .i' i ;e ei t na'.i,',ue v, ; , if.it f.i-
<-■■'.'.:, .Hid till. Ill, wlihoii'.i.i kail il , ,0:, k.ive e.ilily
ri ,.t hed ilie 10,.'. (.'i.in.i ,j..i J.i| ..,, ,,ad ih'.y pit-
J. ^'■•.i\\ la till ii iiii.iti.akiii;',.
oon .litei tiie! • e '-ip: ' , ike a:" )iiifiiin,' ;'iiiias o(
i'-'.er l,,tr Id'-.;'.. !..■,,, ,. .Mu;, 'VV. Hot ol,!v kllI'M-
1 i;
l^
iVV, Hot
!l J l;i.;v!
oi .Nihi-i . 1 -.1 ; 'V,;; :.' ..I '.'.r/i;:i v. i, ■ ,1 lu- ;r,u.-i','- .
I;i tins \-o'..i ; ', 1; ,' '. . - ■■ ' • 111' ' ■ "'- . -'.'!' '
e:-.-.-r;e., a-;d, .. : ,;
j','1 i :ii ti i'l k... aitf .. ..
W, !i lalir,--'. to .' ef r; ■',, ;'i,-cfind v..y.:.'e, v,e !;:;)'.•/
'i ik;k- ;:.jic ti.ei ;iut ii; ii'-^^^an it aljout die vt.ir 17I-",
jj ; .;;.-T.ir, .; a^ I ;r ,i:. ! .,■ IdJ'of Jipui, . 1.! 'then fiil ,1
Ij i-.e \t.ir.l ,!oii: .0 k.ig'H.-, .ifli r ukith lie was ll;;p-
:| v\:e. k-.'i o.i an illin.l before unknown, where he a.ul
, iron ef ins cinip.i.iv peiilied i!i!on_-h eokl, l!un|j;er
j .uid lieojue. J :ie i.e^e:. w.ii '':•.;;'. ' ''', Mr. .'■^:ollrr, a
! b:riniiU ..tul of the A. .k-i.e <A ^.itr,-. ^ a: 'V;.r-
! liiiirp, who aee.,imp,i,.ie,l i;e.'ri"p;. Mr. S'.o ' r, v.itli
I til. .id'.tlanee of f ;ii. ol his e i,.,;;in;.':;-, f.n.kl n.t.ie.;
f) buil.l, cut of tne rniiis (' l eir p.e.i' dip, a Imajl
b.irk, in whieh himl-ll, .nd ni-.-'-i-'i •'k,; , :.i:-:r ;
thoiifand perilous .idv-enrnrt -, aiii-ed .;; .1 •;!. k it';,'.
The lame p^entleman |-.'p rr-., f.;'. I" ■,■.-. '>■■■., v i.>
aeeompanied I'leeiin^.; in d.it e .; • ;, . ■;, '; ' ; ;• - -ri
more fortunate, and ever, diii ove. .1 ;' - ■. . ' ■ * .'' i.. -
riea, b'.it his men were beiten ok' lo ;■ I -i'. .
b'rom tlie feeoniieatcrpii.'e, li-n.e-. •, •...l .:■-.. ; ;e
fiibii-v]ueiit viu.ii'es of the Kiid ,'^ . d ■- te 1' -v ri .\
norih i.ill ;alla,;e is a'i:eriained. 'I • '. '-' ' d k,-
Inminuu; lip die eoiiiks tan by ;l;e ■ "' ■■''.;
bv liii'ie RtlHi;ins wlio l.l.hd I ' . ' '-,•
Viiva-'r, i',e v; • ) „n
w.;t llitle
J 4
li
in;.' Ill he
kill
.ibleiat; paliii;.>; foni k.ni'
It
i
4
} ■ ■' ii'i
d ■■
i,5
}'.*
1:' ! l
]. n
ili
A M:\V, ROYAT,, and AUTIIF.NTIC SYSTIN! ok I'XIVr.rv.SAI. GF.OGRAI'IIY.
■■ii
h
!
'it.
j.i|Uii .i!ul Chin.', i f"ir the- r'ni-lill: nml DiKcli li.ivc- i\-
}-i'.;'. ■.!;>■ rai!i.\l t.) \Vyg.i:;i, or ilic Str:iit:. nt' Nov.i
/'(■mb..i i the R'.nlVins li.ivr I'-.il; li Ir.mi tiivncc* to tlic
NoiJi Cap.- d!' .\;;,i; in.! luMiiig I'liVd tVom the i.nd
Ni;nh Cape t.i tiu' Illi'h of j.ip.in. 1 Initi- the vov;i{;c
Ii.is bifii i.i-iii| ',>;( iv j'f.loinuil, though not tlir()ut;li-
(>■•.:'. bv the r.i!in.- p'.Th'in. TIr-Ic Inidi-.ti-liihlc jToofs,
;'.n i liic \(iy.i:;c of C"n:;i:;; '.i -ix- I'liij p'-, now Lord
Mi!L',i-.uo,) i-ii..;:!v cv.n.i' t;-,.\:, ;-.ltli(>':^;h a iiortii i.'.lt
ji.ill'.i;;'- ri-aily i>.i:l-, ut it is i\WU\> with rc'ljiitt <.t
iiimi'RTi:ial pill pi, I-. lor iiu'iiL;ii i!k' pai]a|;c Iroin
1- T :c t') (.'i.iiu, 1. 1" J,i; .'.n, i-. nv,:i-li iIkuht liiis \\.\y
tii.ia i-y tiic- iilu.il ti.ii!., u:, !;..i:n tiic inmumTabk' ini-
1 ri:i; .u-, tiir^'i' \..n'- -• i;,i.t bf rii;':iri-vi to niaLc the
\'i\.\l'x, uhi!i hl^ LitiiiT'i lu-cii iKi'i'im.!, by >1 >ii-
biin:; til- C;ipi' '.I (rM.-i ! lepc, in l^i, rhaii I'i'c. I-'.>r
t!u i;:.i:;:'t. 111)11 "I'liur I'/.l^r , uc |1-. .11 p!<\ciit ai'in-
f '-• .;:'..! lliv'.ia, C .iC', oiiir cf Ci''nii.(Hi.)rc I'hipps'.s
\;'y.ipi-, as r. ;■ t-,;' ally iiiip Ttaiu a, i ciit'-rtaiiiing.
in;:, L:i-...: p>i .: (h p-, . :;:.;pliy havir.t;; ri'iiiaiiu-J
V. ;;:;.'1;l ,"..rl!uri:ivi i!-.-.-.:)i. :;il tba- yrar l~7,u the l-.a:l
(.1 ^' .,,.,..ui!, v.: 11 t'::; 1 : I . uii tiiilini^t^i' oi tl.i" .;i.ir;ii-
la!:'' 1 1 (■■ ivii; :. im- .,: ,.,; . y ,;ia:i'in ma,;'.' fi lu
t'..- !; ■ ;1 .'' ui.;v, ; V .V. ,\.^^\:[-m t> :h- lUi.li-ial-.t :i,
■,i , . .: I !i aL iia'!! ;■. 'W br navij;atii>ii was praCti^abiL-
tov ,.;,.;, i.K' r. )i;''. p If, cnmiinini.atcd the- lame to iiis
M.. .-iiv, v.ho v.ar. jjiaciiiillv I'l'-a'.i.''.! to ciintt n.mce ihf
p:v,pi,;.l, .ui.l iii\:ircJ tia- tx; i'-li;ii:i ti) be luulcrtakcii
\si:'i (.-i.-.y ali'^'.ii'.ci' anl i;iiii!irapciiK'nt th.u cad i pi'".-
:: r.:...L:-. l'\i.rv ntcvi'.'iv \\a>, tlK-ictoir, aivrplv yvo-
vi..t.', s"..,idi colII ]■: i:r..r;- ti'f ■.!: li 'i •■ i' iliv tnr< i--
jrit., '..1 ten! t) c .ivi niLTiH- i r cotm.irt t i ti.cU- ;'iar
v.erc i-:ip,.::.'cd in r. The vi llc-ls ciu.li-n t"ir the i-xp.il;-
tioi) wcj t..<i t),i;;-.b i.i-r^i.cr, vl.icli, o[' all i;thLT>, arc
t|-j btil .>.lapn\l ;' ;• I Ai, \ ■. ,i;^;s as thtry are iiiicon--
Jivmlv ll'.it, a:,;' ii'jt nvt-r l.'.i^i-. '1 lifle velli-'s, wlioU-
name wire the i\ai i. horic aiv.i Carcale, to iiii rtale their
natiua! llren-ih, had a Ir.e.u'uMij of leali)ncti (.akpliiik,
xl'.T^c iiuia-a' thick, and were iurni'hcd with a double
let (t a:iJiors cables, fails, n.ji'.iri!;, ice-pole?, ^r.
I-.T ::.; eonii Tt ,i.i 1 ro.'ueiiieiv.r- of the ollieers and
riu:i, a ^;ii-at in:,iir.icy oi prime Inef and p.;'ru was <>r-
ileied to be tuied m tiie lv.';l niaiiner. An huslred
i^.it!- of I "Iter \uie o\l.,ii't t) In- double biiwetl from
tie bu*- i.ops an.i tii.:!: , | '."^ry of (-oah to be ll.uedm
the i;,:pj {',{■ i,,i:,p; pc,-, o.i'ni'.d, riee, iiH'lalle ,
f,!:;ti!!'..'j ii.j'i^r-, v.;;,.-, \i:ir;:,'.r, oil, miillar.!, p>;:a-
l .■■ f.iop, i,a, fuyar, ... c. i\.-. in great abund.mce :
n:i ! '.h'.: van'.i li' .■.'...:. '. :r.\J..: not Iv waiitiiiLT, befi.l-.-s
t;;.r \.,.. i;lu..!, i .er. man v.,is pi.(\ide,l with jaelicts
ih.i '.• oi t'i.r. V .1 r ''.u'i' called i.Miioufiht, two uiiiUd
L.i ' , f, 1 p ,;i Mi: .i.ivniplit troAll; ., four pain I iii:il-
Ml ii'.i.i:-.. -, .-■"■ '■>■ I'llei.t p..ir ol boot-, t^.o <:..■■ ,i
liiii::-, two ii.u.u;-.i.ici.ieiV, an.l a ilo.ien pair ol '..iiuvd
111!'' .
"[':.■ necefi'iry prr|)ara:;ons Ijeiiig coinplited, i!.e
I If.;. ir.iV'le ConlLiritiae J..:ai Phippsfnuw Lord M.:!
. .•, ,1 i , c oiini'o.loie, wen- on b lar.i tl'.c UaLeli.irie,
, ;" ;. t 'n- li'irihcn, nicui.ted '.vitli !i lix-poiili.lers and
,..1, ,■■.''. ; .'• 1 v'a. :ain .Skii;inycon Ltitwidpe wi-iu -.n
p ,.;! I [■ ■ I. ;■.'•, >>' .(Oj tors Ivii hen, iiioinU>:'.;i. r
p.; . . ' • ..: .1 I,; Iwivels; v.liMi the wind bei;\;
t. '•.;..! (.11 •.■■.■ -.! o: Jun-, r;/ ;.
, !, ; •'' ' ;n :a:r, • nin:.:'i ilicv law a wliaK',
• , •. . . ;.. . . . yet liir. in the N'oi.l. Si i^,
_ . ■ - . , lie: - itii a hi'ii. I'.ard b ' . I i I : .»-
. ' , ■ ' .' -lii-n Ir. \'>'\ i'l ''11, a ;,•■ •' ■
. . , ■.-,,. V v! ... .p'lMl •■. p!.; :■•/ o ••
. \ •■ ■■ ■ 1 , ' ,i. , , . bci::,' ; al. i '\, ';
I ■ , • ''\ r, w::;r'i he had .:;:;■ i : y
■ ,' >...■. n i!.- i: )e, W;;Hl ■ . I) ..: I ::. '
; i •; ...;'.,... ■ '•••. 'I I ■ "'11 h ■nu-. )n i ■•■ :<>' i
,. i !■ i,'-\. Il'tl, I t.'et l.'.e
' ' , ' . .,, lio'i, ill.' I apt. till ol uiii ii
■ • .ly '• I IV, ini. e wh \l i , i:.'. !
• ) I I'V t I.- i' ■.
.:: . ..:': U^ ; ..iir,; :ili the R-'. -a' ]:;W,
;i^ V .. ., : ..at u.in't'! .lo.ii bi.;. • iki'.j'.t
, I.I'.: V.
fiirro'inded luddcniy hv ice. 'I'iie C'omiiv'd.ire <»av;
orilers to llai-.d to the fotithw.ird ; hut tlii. bi in'; loon
fiiund impollible, liy the continual aecii.i.ul.i;ioii of the
i(e, the companies ol" bnh lliips were obl;^;-.! ;.) h.ivt;
recoiiiii." to their ice-anrhors and ice-p(.>k'-, in order,
it" pollible, to extricate themlelves from t!u- i::iniinciii.
d,iii;;er \\i:h which t! ey were nearly envcliped ; Ir.ic
thi. they found iiii()oliibic till t!v evening, when tlieice
bepinninp; to c.peii, tlic.' hoiiled out their lon^pboaf--,
and towti! t!ie lliips ro';iv.l .i I'lvdigious liive cape oi
ice, in d' in.:; winch, bjtli \e!;il., Ii(jwcver, rcci;\i.d
fame liaicpi;:'.
On the r;t!i ol" July tliey loll fiplit of each otlier, l"it
ioiiied coiiipar.y the next day, wlu-n lie we.itlier b.-in:.f
inteiifely i old, it was apreed. by the oflicer', t!; .t every
man Ihonld be allowed d.iil) two (pinfj ct ji:)rt:r, „r.J
a p:i.: Ill l)randy.
1 hey iMW lailed tlirou;;h vail iiuv.inu'.ins cA f. i.trini.'
ice, an. I were cotuinuall\ in inv.innint duiLrtr g( beins.'-
cruiliid to pieccN Ar Mie *,:■:.? time i: w.i.s pi iv riiiv
a;;reed .inioiii; i!ie olh'.rr., ('..;■. no diJcovciy could be
ui.i; e t' '.'.inl. t..e nor:!i po.e i.'. lli.it ilnt.i'.'ni th( v
ti.i Kioie inani;'.d die:: ci:i;r!'', an. I, on die lilhol Julv,
li.iMnp wcrke.l ihiaiudves .as: ol I'e iiioviiiij moun
i.iins I.I ice, liiey l\'p.ui to Co.. l a \.:l[ icy coiitinent, ii
we iii.iy be aliowid the exprcllioii. J iiii prodigious
lii.iK ci ice e.\tenwcd t.ywatil.s ihc i'Oith-ea;i, to an mi-
ir.enle eii..a'.cei ar.d they h.ul a t iirabic tkar lea till
the 1 ;:h, when they came to anchor in .^nie,.iiiu;bur_:h
I liibour in t.iiceni.ir.d or .Spit/bcrp^en.
."■iLiiieiven lies in i..i.:ii.!e 77 dej;. 59 tr.in. : I lie.
l.j; ;.;itiide <j tley;. 1 j mm. e.ili. '1 he co.ill .ipje.ircd to
i.'C 1.' itl'.cr habit.iijic or .ic. eli.ble. It iiloniKilol hppi,
i..nicn, tjiack roek^, without ilic Icatl tiiarks ot vti^i.-
i.r.ioii i in many pl.ices bare ar.il pomtnl, in < :her p.nts
covered witji liioiv, a;i[ eariiv^ even abo\e tiie cloiidi.
I he v.iiiicj between me hi^li ciiti'b v»eic tilled with
liu.w or ice. " Li. 13 prolpect (l.iyr. Captain l'hip[is)
woui.i have l';ip;;etb.-.l tiie idea of (leipetual winter, li.id
not the mil'.liKh of the weather, the lr.io.):h water,
bnplit lun-l!.i;.e and c.:nl!,int il.iy-lipjit, given a ihe.ir-
tulnei.i di.Ci novelty to the whole v.l ihi.s itr'ikint' anil ro-
m.u.ti.e Iccne." li.e curunt run aco Is thi-, ...,.,11 UM
a kn -f .ui hour north. 1 he lKi",:it ol one ino;mt.:,n
km hi .e '.vasloiind to be i,-; 7; yaid.^. '1 he hariv.nn o(
.''iiu .uir.jburph h.is po.j.l aiKlioraiiC in ij latliums.
Ciole to ti:ib harb.ur is an lliaiul calleil Amlierd.im
lll.u',,1, where (lie Diitcii u!i ,1 1 rir.erly to bod tl-.cu
wn.iiei.ii; and the ri:i'..iins oi l.niie coiivi ni ncy, erect-
ed by thciii ior t!;..: piirpoie, are I'lil vilibie. Once
tliev .ittempted to m.ike an eilablidiment licic, .ind left
etowiiuir, wi'.o all peiiihed. I he Dmch
to tins place lor chc la'ter le.ikin of the
J d.-!v .1.4 mill. nor:h, and 9
i!ep. 5 mm. 13 lee. cilt.
'ine m.ilt leiiLirkablc vi- \vi v hi'di thcit: dre:iry re-
gii.'ns ; :clei>t are what are caUcd iecherj^.-.. 1 hele ate
l.ii'.oe ii-i.hcb ol ice, liliiii;.; the vaiiies between the l.i^h
iiu'i:.i!.'...i:. I heir tace tow.irds tiie lea is iieaiiyper-
pci.dicnuir, and of a very li'.eiy lis^lit t^nen coloia.
*.J>!,- wu .il)' ut ,;-0 Icet hi^ji, widi a caliaile of vv.itei
i:hn.-'.' ..'lit ill 1'.. I'lic bl.ick mountains on each lide,
;la w.,ilc 111' w, and piueii-toloiiied ice, coil.pi.le.l .1
VI I', bi .:i:iti.i .i:.d romantic | \'.\.::. Laipe pieces lie
ijuii.th. bi'.ke otliiom t!.c k(.>.c s, and lell witn -real
II .1.- 1.1 o tiie w.iV-. (.)n', I :e'e wa-. oblcrved to Imm;
i> ,; , i 1. ;• inr I I'le i\'.\ , ,11 I ■r.iunoe.l in i.l lathoiii :
i: v., x : leet hi.'.h .'.oo\e liu Inrl.ac ot tlie w.i[i.r, .ind
or li - I. "lie be!u'i''.il loio'.ir .is die icebiMrroni whi.li
li.ii'i.' pei.pl
1 Ikips I. ill leloi
whale ! iher\. It lie-. 1;'.
It
1 I ■
.1.
11
I:., 1! i..e.,in ,.ii 'It ,'>inc.iiiiij;bur(;li is cllietly .1 i.illJ
o; II, .nil..-, wl,,'li uiil'i^el caii.y .11 the ni..riiie acid.
I hc:e '.'■. 1'' I' ' apl eai.nuc, ol miiieul-, ol any kin.l, iji
.my lii'iis "I .1111 i.i.: i.r niodi rii Volcanos. No inlccli,
(c ,ili\ Ije. us ol npitih's, w.ie leeii, not even (lie com-
mon e.'.rii >c .Till. '1 here v.-.re no Ipnn;;. or rivers,
I'll: ;.'ie.i' 1 kilt V of w.ltcr w,;s piodined Itolll tiie lilov»
w 'iich nie.'-c ! Ivum tlic m ju.-^t.u.i'.. C.ipt.iln I'liipi ^ lui
ben
inn:. Oil. m
iRAPHY.
'o!ii!ir\liirf f.Mv:
c till.. bvi:u; loon
ii.r.iil.uioii of tlie
c ol)li£, -J to li.ive
L'-|iok'-, ill oilier,
im t!iv i;nmini-iiL
,' cnvcioiwl i Iv.it
ling, wliiM tl.c ii-f
th^-ir l'.'n!;bii.it'',
iuis 1 u/i' La|H.- m
i;)\vcvi.r, ii.ci.i\n{
ofcacli otl'.tT, Ivit
!-c we.iriicr bi'ii-.n;
^icc■r^, t!;:[ tvciy
its Cl" pDlt.r, ^;;J
intr.ins cf f. i.Ki;i.r
: il uitrtr cf" beiny
If iL \v,\i !'i nciMiiy
iilcovtiy could be
it i!irci:li.in ; liu y
li lUv 1 1 ih ot July,
e ir.Kviii;^ iii'iiiii
;i Il'V <-'o:itiin.-ii[, il
J ir.i i-Modigioui
[ih-v.'.;',, to .111 1111-
-ablc (kar fea till
ill ."^nicuiiuiburi:!!
ri.
g. fi) tr.in. : i lie.
: i-o.iU .ij-; i.Mrci.i to
t ib loniKU ol hi;;'],
Il iiiarkb ot vi[^(.-
tr.l, i;. ( :l.i-r [Mith
aijo\c tiic clijuJb.
> Vicrc tilled with
, Captain Fhippb)
pctu.ii wiiirtr, liad
he li,i .o;!i water,
lit, given a ihe.u-
liih itrikiiig and ro-
:i. N till', ^w.iil half
: 01 o.".e nuKint.'.Ji
'1 l.i liaiiioiir lit
c ill ij latlionis.
called ^\inliei\i sin
r.erly to bod tkcu
.,.iiv< lii T.cy, erect -
iiil vilibie. Once
nen: here, .ind Ictt
l.cd. I he Dutch
la'ler i'ealun of tlic
nun. north, and ^
fh thefe dr.-ary re-
IxTj^M. I'liele aic
s between the hij^li
■ lea ib neai ly per-
liylit !;rien cokiui.
.1 cakade of water
lU.iins Oil each fide,
d ice, coiirp! ied I
1 -Will- [.iccts lie
and tell witn ^^rcai
s oblervfd to /i.ivc
ided m \.\. tathoiii :
i.fthe u.iti.r, aiivl
iceberg From wluJi
r[;li ib clnetly .1 I.inJ
i\ the iii.riiu: acid,
alb of any i.irid, 01
aiiob. No iiilecti,
not even tlic ctiin-
) l|Mii';.'. or rivers,
uced lioiii the Ino.y
C'aprai'i l'hiji[ s h.ii
bc'.n
h ;l
ri'KO!'!-:.]
G R ]■. r. N I, A ?; D.
.<9t
b'.'e'i vvrv ;'<--ur;;'.- in his di'T/rlption of the few aniiii.ilb
v.-)':ih 'Hie lliir •:, rai'ie r'::i'';i-. i!il';;;1i. i ii-ie i'. the
f.-ili :'.'.■, or niork-, 1 ;f /' ,. /i/m'h.- /\ 6«,,-' ; . o! I.iiv-
11. •.■i..^ It is t/', 1 ivi'iv >\..-.c ..!;.). It t:;e co.iil of
Sjii /. H, 1^,11, .IS Uiil ;i: [1,11 r.i.iv Alici -ver t'lerc in ite,
tii.n 'Ji .u .1 diil 111.'' I ooi [lie i.iii i. I i-, ,i ;':i ;;, uo'ib
"niiu i, iiif in'. ih.e 1 f I I't I '., b'lt daniidoub i' ait.ick-
td, .1' nie wi: 'k heul v.;il i )i:i ti:eir lorce.b I'l reMiiLje
aiiv ,1.1 HV rcce'>t I b\ .m invliviil'iik (_);ii- ol rin !e .ml-
llialb Oeip ■ !i,c:>l ar ;iii 1 wuMn.lf.j by loiii'- pc^iile in a
b it, durl iiiiiiu.lia' !\', .i',d biv' :i;hr ii)) with it .i
n:' n.ier o' .iiiilts, v,..i ,ii,i le a ] lint atrai !<. iijion thi-
b.j.i", 1 .d .vrri'e 1 .111 'i.if tr.iin one ot one iiumi, .imi lii.l
well nirli ,; i/i-.l o:- ovt rfet I cr ; but anoth..T boat coin-
in;' oil ri:ev ili:;,<-ii' J.
1 III- aoiic t'-x ((.•■•i L'i;'>iri.< of 1 ,i-.ci.riis,) .'"or.iid
on '!,•• main Im lot '■ji.-Jier;',en, an.l the illuuls ,ili,v-
ci n% l:lik•r^ I'r 'in C'r lo :, not o'l'' .■ in c i| nir, bit in
hr.i'.j; its ears iin ji :'i ire r )'i i !■ d. I' llir i!-, very
Iri.'-. a'ld It. :le .1 is lo id lo :.i T.i.' (lo'.ir b.ar
{U'/' ■• ',!■' ■ .■; . 01 I.' 1,1 .■.:0 !■• i ' i"! in i-tie.i'i ii'inibeis
on I'',-.- in.iin ia.: 1 ot --pi; li, .-.jen, .i.!') m tiie idiiils
an,i 1 e net is a :• .r ■;!'. i'.ii. anrn.it ib vmu'w i.i;j:er
t'un 'Jie bi.iek tiear. i'..'.- kanien e.u of tii_-ir ik-lii,
til 1 i;;!i verv coaili'. I",.' r'ii deer {C . .:. r,:r.::.i:~
Ol i .1 in e.i>) hiniih'-, e .:< il. nr. v, ni in.
I'.ie ' >!ll a'l'i'i'; i ■ ,; . tiie wild:-, fia-ii!li, eider-
ii,;,!., jiMr'M, l.n.'.ir, r, .r.hca ,. v. ;-, tiie i M liiai!,
an i ■ 'Til ■.'..: . ., . ,;.; , ',e pr.i.-.n, i ::i i in :lie if )ir.ai!i
O' ,1 ie.il c ' ,1' ,. ,11- ill. c .;! ot .■>;. !■,'■). ,. •.!. riiiie
ins- Mr. ■ ■' ' (, ,■; ,\ . . ,',1, v.hi.;-. i,,i.. not been
li . .■;■- .. > ', t v , ' ' \f ■< lv"i'i ( ill t'le !l •; h o!
a :. .it. .1 ,■,,■ jv '1, ' ».f} :••; Ti 1 • liy i. . In .-'•.' • >
i'.\ ;. . \: '<!' <<. 1.- ',..r.--'ti i-J. ] ./.■ k. fV v t;
f'.l', , .■!!■■■ ' "I' ■■' ,^/;'i'' in i,in ; .I'-r.i^'.-
/ .■ ...:';:. v.. <t- .. wnv.
ij. 1. 1 .. i .-r ' . ■
till, .UiLi'.'lt O'- ' ';.ii"
On -.K- 7 ,, I J',
by ini'lieiik II •'
i'l;-, .1 vii-w Ir.'iM 'V
il V c '11' il','. ,,', an-l i
t^ [■ \. , Oll'l. IV)
l(.n . '■ ileit (1..)
. .■ A ;■- -I'- '.., ■■■ '.«eki(;!\.i
.;■;'■ . ;■ '-, ^■■' '■: t..k
I. ■,'■'■■'■ -V"'" .■ y,iti-t
I !i* .!'■ i!l,»i.-v^^ Jx.ij -■ *',<•. I ii.l
.i;>'!i : I ..■ \ i y i;/'W|. {,*ii
■ ■.■■iirn.i';; rli- »«/^ i/'/'/.tt
u.is ifi-.i- 1,1 iiiii ^ an,t [ ."till c*l< pie Dh .n .i-rr • , i;, ^
Vi t lie .. ki III n.b leni '.i" rrj.MMii. '( i.ii' v( ,,/ ,.,
w .1 n ik'-v x-..'i,- !>',•!. Ill .k.-,l i'e.iutihd, *i i ;/o'. !",--;i
a tij ■ I,; 1. 1 :.'.i'. ri::;.' 'o::ii ; .Hid fh.e to; j ii'. I,, I- m //..
t,ii'i-, v.i,iih they I'.'.iUi Ur like Ijiarklins; I'.ciiis ar a
vatl iliit.iiii.e, h.'.d fiie ap: -^ai.iiite itl 1 > in. my iiiverll.irs
illuiiiin i'li'.j a new ti.niaii.,'.;?, t)ii ilic ice were niaiiv
Ileal ^, I me <'\ wliicli raiiu >> near the Ihips as ti be
thy>: .ie.id wicli hii.dl arir.*. J iicie lie.i' K<r very :;ood
r.»i •;', and, where no beTtrr is ti h: t; ►?, f;.-- whalers
accot.iii ihcin a^ good is hecf. Jliey are many dltheni
as laiije as thr lar',.;- d r\' i, and v,»y!i heavier, (n
iii.iny pans of ti.eir Ui.dy :;■■ - art riv/k/-: piooii .m.i
Uiiklb tliev ail- hit on (he <.pin clieff, i>r mi the ll.t.io
a blow N'l'h a nuilket liall .'..II hiidly make *hein tur;i
fheir l;a k .. Some of the bears kiiltd in the <■;•> 'yinteib
weii;hi.: iiom h\eii to ei.'lu hundred weijihr."
ill tlieie Ids they lojnd the water lels lalt than liiov
h.i 1 ev< r 1). ''.It' exjiciieii' id k a w.irer to be; aiK;
whentii.i Ui^ke.l liie i.. e ir pi, i, law! e\ii.i,ei t i,-e:!i
wa'rr. l''ie\' likewile iillfl ikiir '..an i' .,ilks liy tkis
Jlirlkod. in I 1 1 es n-Iup.- Iimw k.v t'li'.k iip'.ii tkr
fur. a e .. i. ■■ in', ik'-y iki.'. ; •;s, \viii..:i inline, ii.itiiv
fill' d w< ti ell ,u, i s', Iweef \.,r i.
On th- ilLi.i Aiv'.i'it, tk.' Ck.iiiiu'! lore being d.eli-
rous ol ;.i;vc,ir . tlie welliiiaiui.i cf i!ie illai.ds bi ■
for.- menu iii''il, m.k're,! tlie ikips ii be luaiie f.iil to
the 111.1111 body oi i^e witli ice .ui. 'huts ; a method Ire-
ijlleinlv jiratliinl in- tlie • ot enknul lilkin;', vclk k.
'^Ill^ ben :; ell'\ted, .1 p,l|iv lit k/ic.uil U|i"ii the i \-
ciirlion, lonlilliii;. oi ihn.- p:i;.i i|.>,il oiiiifrs and [;entle-
nv n, tlie pii.i.,^, ,i:i.l lome pin.u' l.idois lelecled .io!ii
h K I imps. i III ,' ciiiiin i.sl i.i.'ir pr'i";re,'., ikm. oines
r.uvinp: me o i,it, an.i luin.'.i.i.s .ir,'..wiij', it o\ii- tiie
ke, aiiii ai kii^ith, wiUi loiiie dniicukj', icai-iicii iaiul,
wheie tli.y fo'ind a fliit- lieid of deer, (■> tariT", t/;a':
tiieir apj.ij.i. li oid not iii the jeall intimidate them:
" ,\ proof , ki).-. the joiirnalill; that animals are not ra-
t'M 'liy alraiil of man, till, by the fate of their afii ciatc,
t::e,- air raii..vit tile tlanper of appriaehing ti.ein ; a
1 ro,.'!, too, ti,at animal, are n'jt tletiinitj of reHecition ;
oiici ,',il"- ho-..' iliould t'lev coneUide chit wk.ac has be-
i.ili .1 ilii;r ieilovv an inal-, wi.l cert,'.;ii!) ha; po.i to
t'icm, it tiicv run the f.ke liik :" 'i'ii'ry ali •mti-d. the
ni.;ii..l. I;;!!, b'lt wrre ilikippi.inted in the i,i\.|pe:t they
exp cLe.t by tli,- h.i'/iilefs <;• tiie w. i:!i.r. On retiiiiiin^
t') the iliips, they foUinl, to their ;.',reat f.irprize, that,
I)v gr.ipj'linj; t') t!ie ice, thy were in tiie mo., imminent
liin^'vr Ol loJinp; them b iti: j for the lonfe ice i.ad cf/kj
lo lalt round t.'iem, cli.i: it was deeir.,:.i i.ir, raciicable
ti ilifeni^aije them, and tl,; y h,i,i p.ri -t rc.iton to fear
th.T borli the lliip, woi.kl be irnllied to pl.'ces. 'i'u
p:eviiit, ifpollible, lo d.eadfiil an acci lent, llie Coni-
iii-i.lore pnideiulv nidered a great inimiier of men tu
I'lrm ,1 tlo.L in t!ie Iblid ice, lullicietitly l.irge to moor
both lliijis; and by the pierformance of thi.s ardunui
i!.; lert.ikin^ with am.u'.ing aku;ri:y and ix|:cd!tion, both
vet; -lb and crews w\rc alinolt iiiii.ici.lo illy pireferved.
No looner were the ililps tins f.-i-iire ', ihan a yjneril
cj'ineil wab fummonevl . f ail t';e ciikr-. , pil'jts, an.i
ina.lers of both Iliips, t'o (..'nlulc what lU p . were to Lc
'..ikcii in this cmerL',ency ; tiie relol: of wiiich vas, tiiai:
tlk; Mviil either winter upon the nciLdibouriiV': iliands,
or ur..g tl-.eir tioats over the i:e, and l.e-inch tiiem in
the '>pcn fea, wiiii.h w.is iviw, by tiic c mtiniial accumti-
lati.in of tnc ice, a. a virv cor,''.:er.ible diilance. A
lie!, e.Mte .ute.nii: V as tirll r.i.de t.) extiie.'.'e the fliip;;,
by citing 'ipei .i , li.inoei t i the La L.n'..u-db the weiu
wai.ii ''C '.li^i w.e, fion ^i.ea '.ip .'.s ,'. liiinierieal ai.d
i;.ipr.i.:u .i 'ic ,i: -np..
'~'h\ tne ^,:! '^- 'io^nlV it was iinaii' 'vi'.iilv 'k-tenninetl
f ■• .::.! ^ the a.' - .11'^ l):-i -n^iri:.. r '< ^ k iiie iiiiys o'.\t
[\ f. ' . ■ ,in 1 I ... ;■ -r.:.: : i ..i . i C,\: ;i in" :'!■■ open
!e', ~ i ' ,» \ .. pe,! 1 1 "a 'li " . ::.'.,..: r-M a Spit/-
■; li.:. ^ ■. le ,•;; o-parte,!.
!. ■, t .e' . tkev kid- ■: it'veial
i f.- -il -■ ;'r, II ..l' ire i(j„d
'I ■.ut\- -lei'i.-e ::..- ••
;} \\ I'lC' r-.e bo-lts w V
ri U.'.ri, <■ '.', biiii- a;
i't\ il^d • i • 'ar.l 111.-
rk- ■':. I - . .:k^-Wl
r.iU 'Mjap 'Tl.
\ r ic C 11, .lie ,'. ..
i ji .\i« r/lt')'vvia-
I f V f?iiji« •tilia'
■'• ) arlf 11:
r'lM. ." tin (Tl.lt
three ix-zr- wt-
il t, a.-'-i ' ;'
ilic Ihip.
the lifiit f't
daVb U-iirc, u ,
, I. iiiK I . r
,1.,.
I ■.. fi v,:.L
1, -.1 ,1 I'.-a ; ., le, 1,1 t.,e ti'. :pe-
• , ■• • 1 I, 'he • -or.i !;--'.'-c;i,ini. of
;. . • . , t: ..I ■■■:■ )l i ; - kis li'ir.
1. .: ■) ■, \.:ii -k h Pi-e.! -.1 \,:;iio
I.I. 1.- -, il ii,.'.'i.,l 'li-,- lem.irk.ibii'.
1,.;. ., of :iv.- y.:\ ci' A'-_ n I;, :].■:
A ■•', t.i v" -;, .. .; <; . e n e:- -, :i,a::
.i.x'ii ;; r w,,y V' r ' :!'. o .er tii.,-
were , .•.:" .", I: en' c;-i'rle r rvv r.k,
.,!, Wit;, .- •- '-. i'.ilit, k , ;i i;i\i I d I--,-
aober I I .^u ua hi'ih- i.ilic.l a i. .-■
I iC nil r . 1 let on l;-e, and whicli
v,.is tjuruu:.; on ti •• I e at ' vinie ol thLar appiriach.
I'liry oi"ved; t-e a Ilie i ..r .iiid kcr two cubs ; ivjt;
til' c o'. wer: ; iiiyaslaryi -i :..e dim. 'I'liev r.in
t.i ' ! iv to ti'- ■ le, .iiivl tin
ol III, lletk ! i.A- lea Iwrti-
anti c,it It ,,>r.i. ;oi:!ly. i
\\,iy iif t!i.-:r,'. 1, thre- ,:
li.i hoile, wl.. 1 till y :
wi.iili the I'iit 1 .,r Ut il ,1 ,.'■.. i;. ( ., lai.lt-.uli Inmp
lie; jie Iter , iib- .c, llie bioiip ,: i,, ... doi-luig ir, I'/AX
c.uhalliaie, reier\ii'p, '.'.it ,i ,mik ; li.on li keililk
.\s Ike was letihinp, aw.iy , ,c l.d pie>.e t:i.-,- kad t.i ke-
i!,)W, tiiey k-\tlle 1 tiicir o.iiiki ts .,' tk.e ciii-'-, ,i;i.l !li(;c
t'lein both i' ' I i and, in her retie.u. tl.y w ii,.ide.l
tk.- tlani, but ^ niort./kv. It would have or.iwn t an
ot pity irotn ,i. .bin u.iteilin.i iiiiiui-. ; ■ ii.-.e i: a.ictt
li.e .ilii.\:'aor..i:e coiKirn expicii' .1 b\ il . p,' a l'.....L
in tkeihinp. moments ol ;ui e.Ni i;ii! -. ;, va-. . 1 .k'.'i! !i
Ik,- w.is lorelv woiuidcl, .uid i -. i;i i i;' : ■ .. i r-\' 1 fi T'e
I iaie wk.ei'- they liv, liie ■. .i.kt 1 d,- ; ...p '.i li, '; liio
111 I !e-. .. .1 .i...iv ,is the h,„i d.., e tl .■ .■ .i: 1- :' ,'. i.-ie
it ill I i.^cs, .iii.i lai.l it down I" . -e di.il, ..r.ii -.'.iii-n
llie law that they rciicd to ei., .-^ ■■•"• •■■>■■■' ;aws i.iit
V, ail
.■ t'lr (• .,11 liie llaiu b puL
■ .: Kr....;ned uneonfuiiKd,
'T'.--.^ tinm the Ihip, by
;• I ■ I r.'ie Ik-Ill if the
' ■' ' " .t up'.i: die ICC,
I'
I
%m
i ■•11
I..'' !:
m
.11!
i
I
:H
^ I
r'^if
5ni A NIAV, KOVAT., ax,. Al'TI II'NTIC SYSTl'M or LIMVi.llSAL GF.OGUAPFIY.
lijioii n;v, .;;ui t!n'ii I'i-vi I'l' ntlv.-r, .111. 1 civ.k'avoured
to mIIl' tiii'iii iiji. A I' !!■.;> ui'..'.:- it v.ms pirjtiil to hear
luT 111 Mil. Wlicii l.'.t ; . :.-,.) il'.i.- cmill not llir tlu'in Ihc
\'.-.-nt r-iV, .wA, svluii llie lu.l y.'it ;U liiiiic dilLiiu-c, Inok-
c.i h.'.i'iv ■,•.11.1 ino.'.;K\l i .iti 1 th.it iic .iv.ulii'^^ her to cn-
tii\' iik'nl :l\v,iv, Oh- rctuincl, I'.inl lili ■llili;^ ro'.iiul tlifiu,
[y.-.' i>\ to [<.'.< th'ir w i.M-'i-. Mic W'"^ u'V .1 I .onA
ti-v, .!« hi'oir, ,i:;.i, li.iv!;; •, irr'l;'! ;i :*vv | urs,
l!;:,i,l .■..',.ii:i l-'-M.iJ li' r, .i'..l, r'.r i' •■'•t^' t'nv, il(>,\l
mo.'ir:- • , Irj; ll;',l, h.vr c.r.o n •' n.'ri ', to I, 11 >w her,
i;;j •, :i.:,l. i! I) tl:-;ii .1 • ■.;■!, .; 1 1, v>.;'.:'. I'l''!-. I'i ijvx-
I'-f.r,.':,- i'.i 1 .■.•!■., \\::\' roiiiii oir;, ;i '.l rniml rhu
<ir'..:r, [MAi;!;; t'-.-'M. ni'. ! tii >n:;i.;. l'i:'..I;!i;', at !.;ll,
t!i.u tiny wf-' I- )! i .I'ul :'. oIi;'-, i1h' iMi!c>l i)i.r hiM.i to
w.iri!, tl'.c l!;':-, ••■t', r'':f i.'.iltlvii in t!v ■ri-in;:'.,
J'l'Asl .1 .1 i.:i!- "; "1 i:,' !!'■■: lf!:T- ; \^;li^ h thiv rr -
t iiiu- I t'.- .1 \rT. v :"' iivii'-. ■'■ !>>1 , \^ii'-ii ;iH- M', bc-
f.vi-'-i ii' r o\.l)-, .1 .! .;::-! hJ.i^ : 'iu;:' woui;;!,-. '
' ( ii! • .'.* -fh or' A':'";ll, tli • i' v . hri;i.', i('..!y, .iii-.l
] r i:-.t1" 'irr^-i \\iv\ W'.mi'.'.t-c! .;1o r i L. ;■;> •.; t:v,; ' '
i'' r'-.ov •!;.i':i ; ii- t'l t'nn"! ■. ■■
I'm:! u.!- !.;r.;;;''r ' v.:'h ,1 !>.i,', (■•'.Mil'.
:; ill'.'-, .ir. I w'l.r r.r; -I'Vii s .'■/.• <.',:". >.■ t.i ti'n ; the
1 i ', :u!i t'l. ;;i, fvtr\
■ ! 1; 1-
;• -vii'ii ;rc [t
;:■. , l;:".."r^, l:".'riii-, \"f. I'l ;n;',
!^ !.'. ! ; 1 (>/.■ I1 >at-. 1 l.r.'.r./ ::i.i-i'- thtlr |'ii.-;Mr.iii .n>,
.1 vl.-.i. ;i.:if:i': of ; --iiv.-n, :; i.;.-r their rf!pe:h.c i in-
in.i ' '^ WIS o.^i.n.'.! Imi:!1 tMch Ihip, to tH-:.>'.a ;h: :u--
(ii '■:> .1'^ ! (ii-ii. il: iii^.lcrt.ikin^!; of ilr.iui;iii.;5 tli • o >,i* .
f:-.',l, i'..il'Il over tin- \CC. 'ril',- C'l'Il!!! >.lorC took Uj! i.l
hiniU'it' 'iie dirtvl; ;; > ( 'hi-'x t^v,« ;\;r'i s ,»ik1 Wii C" 1; t.
I..i'.>'.i !.',f t,. t.i'.i.' cin; i;f the ;l:i; -, v.i:li i;-.,: rei'.i.ii-:,..;
\\::'. •■'{ tiK-ir oivw-.
I'rv.i I'..',, CO t!"..-ir '.'rr'iiv; f^iir, :i C'' . '
pivi.i. :'■!.: .-. J ni'.'i w p.;<'.-fr :'. ■ I 1 i.".
n.!!i :a r .li.rh. l!iii '.\''.i: h- v. r • f:o. ;:.;.'• i :
whiJi iT'^iliHi-ii cc:..'' 'i-r.l t!- ! j;*'.';'^ u.,,ii,^'.\l
ciri;'ji;i:'.i:ii cs : T'.k n'F • is in "■''■■-•' t • ] r .■. ; :c ih-. in
(il-.T;; wiiil h ll)i:s I'liMoi/ to t:!'," rxtr'.-iliitv ot (\.l !
s%!iu h th;.',- ;,i' rir I ' .'.loiv rx: .1 t-, hi 1 i!ir umi •>•;'
ti.ri,- o.Mi 1. ! ;.!''!'•, .;.".! |".:t oil \\.ir:n l! i.iiirl u.inm";; .
The rnc.'i (:ii'iT\ in;.; t',:-, ;!i;J ti.Kikir;; i; .1 ;.;r'.M' ]■:'■:
l!ut l'.l'--!l i."'"!! l.lC'.-i! c:.,'.rhs IllHiM Isi.' lo'.l, r(:tCl'.i
r lu.l ;^' -'i
,••:■ hi';;.. ■■
know wh.it .1 colli'.. 'iM'.lci! acciJcn: I have mt: \v![h.
AluT m.itiiii.' i!i'!ibrr.iii;;ii iiiT;ii this weiijhtv iiiirtcr,
it w.u ;it L'n;;iii :\!'ici'tl, th.it the Cook Ihoiilil tl,;o.v
hiiiik-lt iijioM the C'oniinoilori-'.s incuy, aiiJ truli 'o hi-;
Lioodiiatiiic. " ''iir (1 brcrvtil one of the mates; i.ij
honour is a kiii.lhe.iritil ^'rmtnan, atiil will never t.il.<?
awiv .1 iivui's hie for ,1 il'i) iipo;) the ice: l!r.':.le-, i:
W!, a ivr.it i\i;ii;! lor a ),.' 111.1:1; anil CoiiMi .l-^re
w )',,1.1 r.til'.rr I ile all tlic (lare ii tl e jTreat cabin tli.m
1"!^' *' '"'■■." ri'.s <ii:i','..'s !!V);le u ' ieal')niii<j;, in lo'ii;
II; ■ le. o>|i>i;.t;i;l ti'.e co"i.. 1 [e lii.l n.)!, h')'\ev",
c!i 1 'le t ) ;.'.> r ) the '.' ;ii'no;lor.', till he had Jil; .itciie.i
the nil' . i']:'.- I 1 i.iiry t'le reni.iiiiJer ol the pi-ov;.i ;ii.,
ani to 1:1, ;:ii thit ;',e;iil.'iii.in of the dilalter v.hi-.h !i.i,|
I'ft.illi'.". hi.,1. \\ l.iii ihe (.' iiiiin pili; ' had liard t',e
t.ie, hv' alktd w. re tl.;- cook w.is .' " lie's bl'ibl:''"-
in,; ,ii;d crvin;-; hehiivt, .m ple.ii'r; y'jiir hono'.if," 1 v;
on. ol lium, W'ii-n the co,)k came np, '• Coo'c, (:.;|
the Conni !.I',-re,) h:i:i.': me yo'.ir din:irr. I '.•..;l .;;:.^-
I i-d.iy ^itii my toi-.ir.i Ic ." " iMy ilinner 1 ^^i.^.: :'.e
*-'ook:1 .A pound ot the llrlh ii;i;t my iicart, ii'vji..-
h m )ur hl.es it." Thii reply, iisteri:.! witli the voi-.c
o; li.iceritv, i-Ieal'ed the Coiniivd 'le more than the rioll
i.:niptii ',:. entrrtainnirrit v. (ul.l aavc done.
>';oii .i!;t r il;nner v,or I ua-. liioiu'lit that til'.' wholi:
ni.iij of iue 111! clian;;'-'.! i*'. I'tii.rion, and was parrina,
.;i I til.'.: the iliips were u;l ).i:. I'iie men were in'.lairlv
I'ldered to til- lliiiis to allilf ia working them. '1 hi-,
: 'V w.is, lionever, lliort-lived ; fir the ice re-airumed
I it^ lornier iifi.uion -, and, what wa> worle, the Ihipi,
I ti /111 h.;'..n_; i'.e;'. le' a-lloat, were in mute ii.in.;er ot
Iv ;;!_'; c-i!!;-.! ti \\:-:cs th.i.'i before. The crt w:, 1,1
!) in i!-,'^ , ;;•■■.'.• I'lvvio; r I'u-ir ondition tivire dclper.ue
t:M.i iver. .\'i,:.e C')'.;!.i ;; > back t'j th-.' [yj.vs, a^ it w.ii
!l
■ v..
rv tn :
;il hin.is llio'.ild be employe.! in defen.l
!,;•..;. own,
I
'.It I'n 1
.. \,.,'
tns ('! tne oimci-
tl
t:i-y mi;'';': .i: ;;'.i;l I'e '..'iv i:i the n.idll of their diiti, ; 1
lie-. i l'--';t e i'.,- 1 ill,,!-, v.':i-:i propv'ily h'.';ii;!M
t : dra-.v t:,e bi" , i !'..:!■.• .1 'u-''! iiioilv and wiiinv A
.I"-, e.iri:.' e.
\' •■
\'. '. ; !-■
in ti'.'.- leali; ailli.i'-'.l : i .f,'
-I-,
l.id !■■ !';';', ;;l;.,, i,i j i . , !;; t /te tlir-ii. \ it a l;I ,
!;;/ ou.i..,.. -■ V..., : I I • I'.-eii , bur, inl'ca.l ot a;--
p.-.iii.;' :••• I: ,(..!.!': tii.' d .I'.'ers t:!!'. i'urroniivled them,
til' v, to '. '; :!•■, v.e--' a- '.ill a--..l merr',' a. it tlr-y h.i 1
b-r;; i,; p. .■;■.■ I I'lli •.'.-, a.i.i d.'iiikiiij '.'.i;.i c... ii i.ther in
Ufl l',rj:..,-.d.
After e:<ertiii[!; the jjrcatelt 1:1 i.il^rv, aivl l.iboiirin:;
with .r' •:ii;hini; adidu;:'. , tiiey iia.l pi'ovee I'- 1 b'lr on-,-
nii'e at the cxpiiation wt t\x. iioiiiv, wn;i h \'..i'> ih- tru'-
tile Coiiimoviure liati oiderc.l tile viiniier I ir iiinl'li ,»- I
the oifli.er'i to be ijro'L'nt .ii".'r t'irr.i. 'I'lie h i I ■ •
liivin'; d'-'-iT.'d if, let on: with h., 1 late-. t> ?-i,'t;t!i
■ ;,'•: ,,-i:,':es under co'.'f-i'-, to'vai'. i' ;■ i.u^ , '- i'
',.1. • 11 ;i . ..:iy I'lVili-j-Ai- I too mil ' ' ; .; 'v, ;
•■ : r.; / ti.emli-lvc, .I'-iinll t' > 'i '. '" \
■• -I v,,i''li| ..'I'll! liiC'M wi 1 il ,'.'''' \ 1,1,' .,";■:-
'. . ' •';■ ■' ; ■ ," ':'e T.-le.) . ^ >■ .1 II •: conv
, . , .' • r , i.-:; \' '. ■ , i '■ t 111 ^ v'l V nrtr b ,.ird-
],: ' • I I r . , : !ir 1 ■; ' ' 1 I'l ' i' h lii w iv,
r ' 1 ; . I , il I , '.r . ■ i''ti:r; M': I '■. w );, !|
;,!• :. : ■ ■ ^ ' . ; . I :• 1! • Vl';, -t fiv ';
] , '■' .V.;', • ,'r e I on ., ■■ V ' 1
.; I , ,, .1 r i:. '".,■• ■
; ..;:,,.- „ , . • h. ! . .- .
V, , '1 :• . .. - ' ,.••''' tf • t
i„ ; ,-.."•, !^ ■ 1 ' :■ '■■■ ' ''■' ' «"^
1 ., ., ;;. a" ;d I ■ . ,.,i' i ic. i Jt - '^nr, i I k \t:
■ • ' '!■'. 'I ■■ CO')!;, \s ' Hi' , lii-
i .,«'.• I; '. , iivi'.' ;,,i I, • Kii .!, iiiiw I
. ' ; : I ', . 'I tii"i- 1 h.id licil ,':nlp w' >
.. - .- I ',.;., 1. J :.iid ia tip.: v.'(>'.:m».Ji.;tt
11.', i'-''' li..j ■> i.'oni ini;iied:ate ileiinicti' n witli their
'' p '1'. ^. li;.: wi:rn all acre txh.uilled wi:h i'.iti?'!:.-,
.i.'^d V[-iy ii';le ii .jie Iceiii'..! ro r-.."maiii, I'rovidencc, ii
a ill i'l'.n leiie'.i'.l them. .-V biilk •-■.ind I'prung up, .vm
t:!'-- i e l;;d.L';il',' k'li.iratpil an.l bi. ke allmder, v..:.h a
I-, ;..' '.'. h'.li e.vcetJel the liiiidi'll claj) of th'."ider.
. S /I'le fi.i.'ineiUi ft rr.iCvl tiiemfelves, almoll iutlanta-
n.'.)i;:i'.', i.;: ) ho v iivnintnci; aiv.l '.itliers coakke.l
I i;" ) pl.i'n,; wliile v.iriou- cIian:ieK optiicl bet'.veen the
i liii .i.itir; p;ir: 01 the la-.c tre:iieiui'iu.s banicr of cii.T-
j ;'.'.ii','.l wa'.ei-. I'.vciv i o';ntenai;ce ileand i.p, ail
I in ;it;, revi.-ed, an.l tl;e l.i;:, were I'p.re.id witli .il.ni:\.
I -V parcv was dilpa'viiel ' o le^ai.i the b i.it", \\h..J.\ i!i-;
men fli'::etl with ;;re;:t r.niimity. " .\nd ii iw (ic, ;
tin: .u;;iinr ol the ]oiiniil) th'.-y !ud time to admire tin;
ic',- whii'i l;\d p.irt'j.l ft ,111 the main bi.lv, as it no 1 .':i-
gei- (,')'rn:teil tiie.r cotirle. 'I'lie vaii'iiii linjies i.l
wliicn iiie bruken tnn'iients apfieared, \\ere, i;idee.',
vciv c'vio',15 a:id I'luiflt, . Cnc lemarkable piece dc
ten ii ,1 m.v'i.iii',',nt :ii\h, lii l.triiO and complct. I.
f )r;!i' '!, tii.it ,1 llooj) nfconl'id.erable b'jrthcn might h.i, .-
l.iK,! 1^'' 'h it witiioiic I'lWciing her null. Ano'hrr-
irpie!,' ' t a ihiirJi, witli win. laws, pillai:, mi 1 d o iv- ;
a'' 1 ., ■! a t.iiilc, wi'h icticlci '',i.i'-',in^ round it i, .';
1.' ^ ot' a dair.i" table-. I'j:!, .V fertile i,,),,j^'i
I ' 'i '■',!'• lu-ie tin, I enti'; ,,ui""ieiit cno" 'h , ' j-T ,'•;
1. ■ I S"»iii'S! ;-\ni the t«ltti'i>'i|i'»' '■' '.^, ,' ..f ,;
I III -■■ ■ 'ver\i , rodui ed, ':i»ollt i' .-Mn. i ,"
I ■' I ;i i;w 1, I ", ih tcim '',' I ('>•' •-. ' '.e'li./l'.
' . •! II I i,,.^ , r.r.i I:,,
il.i; -. p,ii:i I I ■, .1 :: .
> i-n-.' 11.; I • ,11'p \i:y ,1 ' ■., .
IM ,.,;h, V.', :\ t';r,, ,,,,.. ;
J'er « I, lie ii an a ;>.iior .it
I 1- .
1 ..- . ,li .wiih; »;■« \ v,^ ^Ithc :v. ill iiiii' 'Jj obrc;v.i-
li ' Hia-'c L"i t' » V'i'.iii ■
t » • I: e I'/liolJi'', ov I m«' , li.m iil.ur'/ation lit
tr, ■!;,;•, ■, the |!:ii , n>-v t . , .U-^r, ') • inm. j ; tec,
•• ).'- e i'.-.!ii/ ;i, J-'.., (.' ,■ „a.r..in, ;9l',-. iiuri!:.
i '1 • >.-/'. Ill .n,;i. ^ s , wi'"', I'i i,;' O'/ liej.i;. , -,
111 V ,ip- ; I J' ,i; p I .'..;■ ,' I « t\\ ;i i-t-ry iieavy le.id
i '^.."fi"! ^ b J utho.in wuii'jiiHi^ttiti' ground} ai.d.
1 .,'!.'.ii '
il ;
).; v\
(I'll '1
, w
I,. ! ,'
,, 1 1
.i; '
.1 ►
1
1 1
II'.A,'
. all t
,'
>',t
I
oU lluiulil ''
, ;iik1 trull '()
of the m.itfs;
RAl'FIY.
h.ivc nut \v![!\
vvL'i'jlitv f.i utcr,
tl.r.i.v
\U
j.ii
1 I will IK'VtT t.il,<;
it; ice : l!;-'':.lr-, i;
.iiul Co!i;.!i .I'.ro
\'S^^^: t.\\W,a tli.m
iMi iiiin^;, ill I'jiii'.'
di.i lu:, li) '.Lv.- ,
JK" li.ul i.i:l. .itciic-.l
(i: thf provi.i m-,
ilil.iller v/hi';li !i,u|
! ■ li.u! I'car.i l',!,'
" i Ic's bl'!b:>T
nil' hono'.ir," i >■,
up, '• Cn') ■.,(:. :\
iimr. I V. .;l .;;:.j
ciiiner 1 i^i.'.'.A f.c
my iif.irt, iiy n.r
j.i u itli ilir voiti-
more than the imo;L
llolH'.
It tli.it the v:\vi\c
, ami was parriiiL-,
m'.'ii were iail.intly
l^iiiij them, 'llii,
the ice re-.iirunieJ
•i worle, the Ihijb,
in mure d.inj,er ot
re. The en. .v:, uT
m more il.lp^r.ue
the h'jars, a-, it ^a'l
:;-.; l')ye.i i.i ilefenl
tincli'n vsiih their
.uilleil wi:h i'ati^!e.',
in, I'roviJeiice, r i
:nil Ipriing up, .iiui
l^e al'uiKler, v. .:'. .i
. cia|) ii( tin iile;-.
es, ahnull iniLun.t-
nCi
■.nhers co.ilcll
optiieil lietween iIh*
I'iU.s l)ar[ier of CL.n-
. learnl
a;i
rp.re.RJ \vi;h .il.i i'.a .
;lie I) i.i'.H, wh..c!i tli.-
" .\iid 11 i.v (I.e. .
1 time to aihuire tiie
1 b i.iv, as it no 1 .•:-
e \.iii'iiis lii.ipes i.i
.'.ireil, v\ere, indee ',
rmariiable j'iece d^-
irge anil compitt ! .
b'jrthrll mii^ht !i.n-;
lier uialh Ano'';'-
, i)illai.s an.i d ) n ■• ;
I i",inL; round i; i, .■:
\ (trtile i.iii/i
leiit cn')",''i . ij:'' .'s
»M|i'»' <■' '.i. .' . . ! ■•:
I 11 ^ •• I lii. ' ' ,
li.e, , ..;■ ',,;,:■. ■
, 1 1,,.^ , '-'.d 'II.
., pilt< ! I". .1 II .
ii;: I ■ . npinv .!■■.■., .
V.' .1 t'ir\ •IK-. . ;
'IV.' !■) an .1 ,i.iior .it
r. i'.\ eiiii' "JS obre:v.i-
■ . ii.Mi ol.urv.ition iic
.if J. ■\ ■ mill. J : lec.
. I-,. II'. i) i .-. nurti .
, t ' I.- 'r; dej'. ., ;,
''» .1 >•' ry liravv lead
i;Mti;i ' j^roundi ai.;l
b/
F.l'ROPIr..]
G U E E N L A N D.
59i
by a thermometer invented by IopI Charles Cavendiih
fiir tlie piirpole, louni die temprrature ot the water at
t!iat liepdi to be ih dcu'. of I'.ihiciiiKits thermointter,
the ttniperariire ol the air litiny; 4S dcjj;. ami a li.ill.
June 24, in iat. 7 ; deg. 4-1 mm. a tire was ma !e intiie
I iliiii l.ir the lirlb time. On the liilt: ot' Jiilv it was
foiind lo waim, that tiiey Iat witliout a lire in Iat. 78
d. ^ I \ min. j ; i.e. In 7!) iIcl*. o min. 5a lee. at tixir
ill ilie mo'-niii;;, 1 'id Ch.irles Caveiidiih'.s therniuiiietcr
was ;i, tli.it <ji liie air .1 1 and a hair. .At two i.i tiic
alteiii ) 11) at 11.' ladioiiis tl.e water was ; ; deu;. and
I'lree (juartrrs. Julv T'th the t:re.i;e!t luij^ht ot' the
th. ! iioineter wa.-. 50 deg. an! .1 iiall at eleven in the
foir;u>);i, a. id .it mi.i.'li^^ht 57 dfg. in Ux. /ij (l g. 50
iiaii. i .'111.',. 1 ) de,;. i iiiin. _;q li.-e. call. On tlic 19th
<.'i Aii:Jiilt, at eleven .it niglir, an .i|ipear,incc of iluik
was oblerved at .Smeerenberg. On r!ie I4tli of .Sep-
ie:r.bei- thus became viiiblc. 'i'lie n^..t of a I! ir (lays
tap'.uiii i'liipps) w.is iio'.v beco nc almoit as :;reat a
phrnomeiioii .is the !un at aiidiii^iit iiad i/eea tv.n
iivmihs be;. lie, wlieii v\c lirl't j; 1: wiiiiiii tlie .'Vi.:tie
^livle. 1 he Ikv w.is in _L;eni ral loaded with hard white
tl .'.I.'-, ii'.i .iiv.: II tlu; the I'.in and li'.ii .'.oa weie never
t . :.eiy clear ot ti...-m, even in tiic i cireil wcuher.
'1 i.e tiilt \'enetia".s wl;o exploreil t!;e r.orthe;n extre-
iiiiiy il the E'.irt'pe.n coiuincnt were ltr;:e,v uidi tlie
grca'.elt all ini!h:i!e:,t at t!ie continii.il ajpeaiancc of
the tin ab )ve tlie iiorizon, a;.. I r;!ate tli.it tiiey could
•inly ih''iiuMiiih d.iy troir. niylit by t!;e i.illiiicl of the
le.i ( . .1, tt;ii,h we:it t • rooll on Ihore for the Ipace of
f'l't '. '•■;-. I'i-i.i i^j;.;..:i la Ic.l v\ April i.i.ii, and
in j<;.Li,ry 14.;. lie v. i.. ihip.viecked under tlie [) d.ii
ciiv e. ,\ biuht ip,!'aiar.ce near die lioriznn w.is al-
v.us ;'cr i ri ..! '■> i".;iii, the appiouli of ii.e ; and
t!-. the I ;; •i'. Ciilai i:;e [K\..k ci l.he ice. And the
lai.r IIP'-, i.e was I'c' n on Ci| "ain Co(jk':. vovatje
I '.vu :..
Il
1
I
*.. ;
W.l
K tl ••
un.l di.i
I.
:lr.- lu, ;h ]• le iii 177 ; .'.nd 17/4. Dr. Irving
,' c "e s.T.r.'iiy ot u c on board the R.ice-
, .1 e • 1' me iiioll d.; iile cold ice he eouli
4 i:ii'iRTi-.\i 111 I'l.ia- wMter, therm. iiucier m.
uii parts liiiiiv '.iiider llie liirta'-e of the
I.I 11, .l.^■, I III pro t, il b..ielv lio :ud : i;i
ijrr.s CI V i'le it icll to the bjttum at once,
iitii i:;i.:iei;;..;c!y.
14 -h'
1
"Al lis c 'Unnv \\v. c.ilh .1 (jieenland by Sir Hugh
Will' u. !div, v,i;:i liiii-'uired it in 155;. Itat-
terv.,
;d.
i- IVid 111
>;i\ tie nuteh the ai-'jiclLition of
.Spi..
■"'^ ""->
n, wii:> h
!'.,'ii .'■'• :'<: '■' [) m:'"iu,i!.ih. 'riif
wi: 1
■ of'
its b,n;,ui
.rirs a;.- 11 1: Unnva. 1 lowever,
(III tile Well it has tiie m.it'iem oic.m ; o.i tlie louth the
la. lie n-.iii between ihi.; anil the Kiidi.in Lapland, and
the n ■rtier:;nioll part of Norw.iv, tiver-'injinll wiiich
it li'S ; on tlie call it h.ii an iindii'eovercd country, to
V 111, 11 it is jo.'h.-d ''v>' ,\n i;,iiniiis, On the welt fide of
SpK.'lifipen lies Ciurles illaiid, wiiicii is tlivided from
t'le m.iin l.ind by .n n.irrow itrait called l-'oreland 1 ' ri.1 ;
bitweeii wiiich, and iMiilck-l laun, are the lii;hell
inoiintains, tivill of wliicli aie o! a red colour, and re-
l:re> the Inn'.', iieanis lo .is t) fcem ail on lire: but fe-
ven i/f tie m lui'.t.iin., all of remarkable lliarpnefs, are
o; .1 ii;ie Iky iiiuc. .Souili I Liven is tlie irill com-
11 1 iii.tis pl.ice on tiie ill.in.l, atlording all the conve-
f.i' '-eir;. iieieliaiy i"V lep.iaiiig leaky or ibniapvcl lliips ;
and i> fo large that ; 5 or 40 tail may ride at aiuiior
till le \ery convetiiend\ : here alio may be h.id fieili
w.itvT, tiMiil the ii.eiu.^:; ot the ihow ; for as to the
rivci '.iiey arc braikilli, as l.r .is hitherto they h.ive
liten dllldvercdi and no Iprinj'.s or wells have yet been
fo'iad. The nioiint.ins ab jut South Haven are very
liiidi, elpeciallv on tiie leli ; and in the mi 111 of ti.e
1 iliiiur IS .-.n I
1
luch
find
1)
eail-man s
III
llkl
)ccauie
he in the voy.igi; a:c ufuaiiy buiicu iheie.
The next capacious haven is that called by liie Dutcli
Maurice U.iy, where fime of them hive wiritired:
near this pl.u e are a lew crttager.. built by tlu' I.>uieli
lor the (onviiiience of making tin .r .;il ; and iliis plajc
tilt y call SmearbiiriT;, or .SmeaiingLiir'', or the Hacr-
Ic III Cool ry. In (he norili bay there i.i an id.ind
c.illed Vogel-San» by tlie Djtch, (1. e. liird-.Song)
ti"m the great node wh;. li the fi.vls make when tlicy
t.ike their Hij/ht. Dcei ^'.Uind i.-. f) called from the
aliiin. lance (li I leer which feed ..'jout it, t!i iu..m) the
f'il kems to be all llates lit edge- ways. r.li.l',.le-
1 l..ven lies at the irouth of the W'.ivgate, to the noitli
ot wnicli, 'Vl.ittens lays, he l.iiled ti Si degrees, and
law liven ill.inds, but could nut ap/proacli ihem bccaufc
ot tlu ice i the lo^veil p.irt of tiiat country lies abuiiC
this hirbour. Tiie \'v'.ngarr meiiriotiei.1 hei'c mull not
be niilL.kin fir the famous llrait of that name, wi,i..ii
lie, b.tween Xov.i Zenibla aiul t: e iiiiin Ian. I (f Sa-
iiioieda. \\ aygate lure mr^nc is a .'larbour, it \'-\:'v:h
t:ie IJutcli voy.i_,ers f.is tiirv .iv):i ■'. i...ow whetlu r i";;'.'es
thi''ugh the coui.tiy. 1 i;cy call it b'.' tiiis name be-
caui'c of the winds whieii iVctjueaiiy ol.nv there ; and
i.bout this pla e, the. I.iy- 'v ciaiiV is 1 i-v, an.i
adorned witli fm.iil Imij, iiiciiel.l '. ii'tuiir i^ lo i.dl-
ed becaufe it aboun.'.s withd^er. .\! \ irivi kree'ii ui's
Inlec (called by the Uutcli Waiaa 1 liy.iKn's F.itr) is
the large mo jtli ot'a ^i^■er, vsiikh is n ;". yet il.icov.-red.
'I'nc vovi;^eri mention alio riiel:.;":'' li, Dani:!;, iiim-
barg, and i\l.ii'dalen H.'.ven.j .■••,•!. one caii- I the
Hay of Lu'.'c, but nit io diliiiiii^'y as to er..ble us to
liivlge whetiier they .ire 'liff. r.iit from tliofe a,.'eady
me.'itioued, with Dut. h or {■'.Arj. '1 names. Bell-Har-
bour, on the ise'l^rn c.-ail of ihi> co'.-ntry, is the jilaee
where, in the year i6,.jO, eight fc'.nglilh failors '..iii-
tered, and fulfere.l very great h.irdliiips duiiiig liine
'iionths iind twt Ive day.^, the iinj'.ilar circnnnlances of
wlucli will be
leafter related.
I'l'-ie
tell. .. I.'-.-
tioi II
by tlh
par;iculus are con.irir.ed by :lie concurrent
s of m-ill voyagers, pre\ ious t.) the cxiiedi-
I coinmodorc I'hipp.s. The accou.nt gueii
• er of that voy.ige coriobora'.'i what iliey
hive laid, iind adds f)me new particulars v. hicli we lliall
tianlcrioe. " Tliis country (f'ys the juurnaiiil) is
llony, and, as far as can be fern, full of mountains,
precipices and rocks. Between thefc are hill, 'if ice,
genri.ired, as it appe.'.r-, by torrents thit il )w tro.u the
meking of the Inow on tiic fides of th !e to\veriag ele-
vations, which being oikc congealeJ. are ontiaaaliy
en.realed by the liiow in winter, and the rain 'n f iin-
lae:, winch often free;\s as loan as it fills. >jy look-
ing on tliefe hills a llrauger may fancy a ih'jufan.l dif-
ferent llia]-es of trees, cillk:':, cliurches, ruicis, lliips,
whales, m.i.allcrs, and ail the various f.-rnis tliat tiil
the uiiiverfe. Of the ice hiils there are [even t.h.it more
particularly attract t'le notice of llrangers. Tlielc are
known by the iiaaie of the Seven I ebcig., and are
tliought to be the highell of the ki.id in tiiat country.
When the air is cle.\r, and the i- . Iliines lull upon
thefe mountains, the profpect is inc :;ceivably briliiant.
Ihey fometunes put on the liright gkiw of the evening
nys of the letting, fun when relieeted upon glals at its
..:'iing down: fometimes they aj.pear of a bright blu»
like laii'liire, an.l loiiieti;i:es liuc the v.u'i.dile colours
of a [irilm, exceeding in lullre the richell gems in the
workl, difpoleel in liiapes wonderful to behold, .ill
glittering with lullre that d.i'/.'.ies tiie eye, and tills
tiie air with .illonilliing biiglitnels."
When every oivect is new, it is not eafy fir a flranger
to fix on whiili fuii to .idmire. I'lie roeks are lliilx-
ing objects : bef ne a llorm they exhibit a liery appe.ir-
ance, and the fun looks pale u[)oii them, tlie fnow giv-
ing the air .1 bright rcHectioii. Tliclr lunin-iits are al-
tiiolt always involved in clouds, lo tii..t it .s bat jult
pofTible to lee the tops of them. Some of theie rocks
are but one ilonc from tup to bottom, a[.pc,iiing like
an oM decayed ruin. Others coiilill ot luiae iiialTes,
veined dilfeiently like niaible, with rcJ,' white and ycl-
lo
ibablv,
:::<: tlicy to be lav
lid poiili
H It,
I 1
if
594 A XIAV, KOVAl. and Al! rUl'.N llC SV.STl M nv UNIVFUSAL GEOGR.vrHY,
fd, wrtulil equal, if nit excel, tin* (inert l';;vptian i;i.'.r
bit- we now I'd iniirh aiiinirc*. I'erli.ip.'- ilu' lilll.ir.ie .ukI
H.in'.'tT of' lairvinp; lirge [blocks i>t tlone irMv bt- the
realon tint no truU li.ive been iVi.ulf to ni;iniit',n.Tiire
them. On the li.nitherly an.i wellerly fuiis ut iholc
rocks gr.iw all the pl.ints, herbs an 1 niolVcs peciili.ir to
this Cciuntry. On the northerly anJ eallerly fules the
winil (hikes lo c"!.! w!ien ir blows lr(>m thete onarrers
till'. ;: peiilhc'j e; ;rv !Ji\i (<'' vei;et.i.h\-. Tliele pi.iius
prnv. to perlciflion in a verv iliort tune. 'I'ill the iniil-
('le I'f May the whole ciniiirry isloekiil up in ire; in
th'- beginning of Jiily the j lants aie in ll )\\ei, and
aboiii the latter mil of the fame month, or tlif tn'pjn ■
nirf^ of Aii;',ii(l, they iiave pertircled their leeJ. 'I'lie
earth owes its fertility, in a great nvMl'iTe, to the <l::nt;
of birJf, who biiil.l ant' breetl their youni;; here in the
jlimnicr, and in the winter rciiie tj iivuc (.ivourable
cliiia'rs.
T!;e toiks apii precipires are (till of I'.li'ires ar^J
cl.-tts, which aiV^r^l convenient h irSioiir tor birits to l.^y
their e;:;!S -inil breed tl.eir >o;.m:l; in lale'V. iNh/i! I'l
thd'e birds are water fiwls, ai;d lii.k their fiiod in llii
fca : (ome, indeed, are birds of prey, and piirU;e ;.nd
kill otiiers for their own ailllann-, Imi thele are rar.';
the wattr-towl eat Ibonr; and filliy, and tiuir far is ii'.t
to be eiuiiired. 'I hev arc I'o niuneroi.'s abort riie rock.s
as ('omeiiiiu-s to daiken the .dr when they rile i.i i; ., Ls j
an-l tlie\ lliriek fi) h'/rridly that the rot lo ncho v.rli
their noile.
The air about Spi::-ber2'"!i i- at no tin;;' i):i !.. ■••ri..m
icicles: if yo'.i look throiii 'i tlie fun beaiii> ti.n ixrkly
as you (it in t!ie (hade, or v ii re vo'.i (ie t!ie rays con-
fined in a b'dy, in(iead oiilark motes as aie (een here,
you behtdd myriads of (hinin^; particles tliit Ipan-^le
like diaiTiond- 1 and when t.he ('m:i (hines iioi, as ir
fomttimes d-.'es i'l as t) melt tlic tar in tlie I'eanis ot
fhips, wlicn they lie (liehering from t!ie wir.d, tliele
fh'nip:. atoms appear to nick away, and dclceiid Lkc
dc\s .
It H feld !;;i that tlie air cr.n;inucs clear for aiany days
together in this ciimate, b'lt when that happens tlie
whalers are ,f;- neraliy liicccfsful. There is no difVcrence
between nii;!!'. and dity ir. the ajipearanre <d thr atiiul-
phere ab'.iic Spitzber -en, one being as lit;lit as the
other J or^ly when the :■. n is to the northw.'.rd you :r.ay
lo)k at !ii;n with the n. k -d eye, as at the moon, with-
out daz/ling. The io'^- lere come on (o luddenlv that
from briyhc fun-lhiiie you ;ire pr.-lentiv cnvcl.iped in
fuch c.b'.cutity, tiiat you can hardly lee Irom one end of
the li.ip to the other.
The coki here is aenerally very intenle, b'.'t in the
extremity of winter it i-> intolerable, paiti'.ularly vd-.'-n
the wind blows from t!ie north or the call. The air is
tolerably calm ii'.;ri;iir the month of June, Julv, and
Augud i not but the wintU (iime'imes bl'.'w in- redioly
cold even at this iea(()n, and the frolt contiinrs without
intcrmiiri-n. 'I'he ("ea-water here is lefs (alt than in
I'outhcily climates, anil chantres its colour with the Iky,
that is ill a clear air it appears blue, vvhcn die atmof-
p.here is ovcrcal^ with clouds 't (ceins green, duri/i^; Ctv^
it i> yellow, anil ipiitc black in (lormv weather.
'I'he dm ufually appears in this country about the be
pinning of f-tb nary, and dila|ipcars abuut the lird ol
Odober. brom .\1 ly to Atijrill lie continues uiiove
the horiz'in w'ithout letting, and then the ni.:',ht ami d.iy
are didni'iiiilhaiile only by his ajipearin.^ eidier in tlie
ciflern ■ r wtfl'-rn parts of the jif-avens. The fice of
t lis c-/uri:ry e.'diibit^ Icarce any thing but ru;'-"ed r.)i k:,
iind barren niountaiiis th.it rile into the clouds, ur valius
choaked i:p with (b)nes and ice that fall from thole
mountain';. Ab'iut Drer Sained at'.d Mulde i burn .'ire
(ome drtai ii' ll piei es nl low Im I , whii h are ufually co-
vered with (now , bit in a titie liiiiTiur, when tli.it di
(olvps, a coat of lieath or iii'd's is leui interfj-.c-rl'-u
wi:K a few plant?. No fpri;,-', have bien fiuml h re,
an' il:r riven aic all br.ickiii, , but tliele inconveni n-
i !• s ai.- reionipcncvd by the tfreat pknry of liww-
•siter, whivh s a" o xe heulililul a.id pltakiiic.
I'he vcfTCtables of S]<it/ber^rPn are, excellent fctirvy.
gral., firrel, wild K ttiice, (nakeroi t, (ground ivy,
hearts-eale, linvworth, (ea bu^dol''., wild (trawlieriies,
wall p, pper, and houteleek. " rhtle(rav.s a learned
autii 'r) are co:ilider<d as eli'VkiUial r.-mei)iei lupnlied
by ih.e hand c i I'rovidcnce for the cure of the (lurvy,
and other dile.iie-, inciieiu to ih.ili; who vearlv vifit this
:nitry. 'I'he ('ciirvy-^
rii cliiPi.'.tes, has lu
here, as in
;'un;,'encv to the
I he att u iv
the pi-'..:
aptciiis i:
1\
lioi
' n.-,
in Ik
I,
null I
inhoipit ili'e I.
miny ot!.'. ;■ n>
taile, but is i,,i|.i, <'ratcfiil to ti.e j .late, and fiirh
an ixcflkni .mn I •oibuiic, tk.it t.k" I'vii m term it t!:e
" (lilt of (ii. ;." ;M;hoii; h the (hips iinplovcd in th>:
wli.de il'l'.-rv au-, o. all otlier.s, the bell liipplieil with
pcod pr -.f.'.uns a.d ple.:ty of freOi water, yet tli'-
in.iriici:. ;iie in the;'<: iiort!;e;n lat;ti;des nu.'ch im-rc
liibie;t to the f .■.-i^urvy than in any loutliern voya;;e.
f '.'le III :i.idy is lure r...jrc liidden, and
1,1 i: moie Lipid. 1 he p.itient fetls is
re..;,: ,is I.e .advances ne.ir the pole; nor
le cii.ov t e lead alieviation '■•.■.v\] tlie wnihi r
live :!i ci' July, wliiih ii veiy moderate,
like ..,,ly nVelin; ti ;i c : wui'.' r. Tiien
tic l(urvy.<^r.r;s ip|ii-ari n j lent;, .;;. .i;; intaliilde cure,
.li.d pel I Hills woi.ders, rcll.)l.nL>, in .1 dw d.iy-, to
lual'.ii .: . i vii'.rar, thole wk . weie lit ii.ii'-Iy in the
i.ili It.i" • ol die dilb'iiiper.
1 ne u ki r \e(;etable prcdt .di r.r ( 1 this country are,
l"! ;■;;■., i.ili;!, ikind. lii'ii, iii. -irf-.n h-.ath, la.\i-
!.... .-, d ..!i:- .vii!,/.v, i\c. but aii ..: I::: til and (luntetl
I,: i:kii i.oiwtli, tiie natural c(.:.lu;!ie.-,ce ot a fcanty
C'll m' ic f_'ine'i: (l;y.
ri'i.ie .., :.n a juatic vegetable | ecuiiar to this coiiiitiy
e.ilkd the rock pkuifi ti.i ka\eb are /i.aptd like a man's
toiyue, about fi.'i fiet I.a.;, (f a dull yellow colour, the
(talk is round .ir.d Uthuuu, ..nd i>t the I.. me c< lour with
the lial, 11 ri\:> taperiii;', af.l linclls like mu( les. It
grows in ihe water, ai; 1 ii;e., in heij^ht in proportion
to t.ic dep'di oi w.ir.T m v..,;i;i it is louiul.
In the yi.ir 17,-7 a tooinlaiid c.ptain bnnudit to
]-'|-..dand Irveiv'i i lei es of l; ill, w.hi.h lie fouiuracci-
d',:i!.illy in a hunting excuilii.n among the rocks of
Spitzbergcn. 'I'liii '.ii.coveiy, howevw, was r.ot pro-
I'ccutid. AkibaUer, .Stleniu-s, and I .apis ^ipicularis
are f.u.-.-l i'er.- ; .;:;.l r.,.:uia;ilU corijicUirc that the
country abour.ds in iion lae.
b'ew land- birds are k":;i tliis country, e'.'.ept par-
tridges, a few birds of the f.iipe kind, lome 1 n.dl birds
that, even in tli;s dreary liimate, .onutiinis waiiiie
i»etrly, tiie Ihowbird and the icc-liri; the i-Ucr is a
in„iil but Nery beautiT.:! L.rd ; in fize ar.d (l;.i;-e it re-
lenil'les the tt;;t!e-d A'e, but the pluiiiai/e when the (11.1
fl.ines iipco
rill!' in the
lo...
ii Ol a tir..i;L yillow, like the L;;.'iJca
'■Lk'-. i..il, a.'id .iIukjII da'.:^.!cs the eye to
II,,
I'he tiiecnk'.nd f \ c.k^'
tliiMC we are .icip.iak.'ed >' ik
fiiriilitude, lor lix body ;■. v
loxe-, art ii^n here in j^rcit
I'wil'-, and \erv lubrile ; To
:■ Iv.t lltde in f-.ap.e fr. ni
i !:ut in loioui t..eie i> ii)
.::e and the ke.nl is black.
pivnty ; tiiey ar.- excccoir,;
. -- , -- . , - - - ;at it is a liilkr i.lt tiiatier to
catch ri'.em. 1 he author of commo.lore I'iupiis s voy-
ape lav., " '1 lie Putili Ir.iiuen rtjoit, tiiat when tkev
(till ft.ses', are l:u;iL;ry, liiey will fi i;^;n theml'elvcs de : ',
and wliLii li.e r ivenous biiii.. I uir.e to Iced on them, t: iV
rile and niake tiicni their [ rty."
Till- deer ol tai.) cin:ntiy are larp,e, .-'ny a."..i ihv m-,
v.iki brai)c:iii>.: horns, (hurt tails and l.i.iw ^,■\^,, [ j i...-
tleiii of an .uk.-iiialde Ikivour ; iin I, in liie U:ir.uii-r
liMlon, tkey arc txceedsn.'. fit, which is owiiiij; to ll < ir
Ik'-iiiii;; on t: : '.■',:<i- 111. k^: ihii n .fiial (lore cfkit ;■.!-
allies tliem 1 1 lublid dm inp, the v.intir; i:'..i;iy oi tluin
a'e, kowever, llarvcd toi!c;'h ; and all in {.eneral ajiprar
»i-y tkiii an 1 ii-ea: re in tk Urine. On tliis (ci.ih'u
I 1>., ltd r ntkiii..n lavs, "In all prob.^liiiity il.ile
anim ,b lleip in ciscrrs duknp, winter iilce ttie bi-ari Ui
N'orvav. l'ci-.ri; s the abun lance of popjivs in this
(otiiitiv may d :, ;c them to a Ictharpy, whiih i-ems
ncjilk.ry (or th r jjTelervatr.-n, ;'.s little it no nourilii-
tneiii i.> reuuirtd Icr animai-j tlia: .lavc no cxerci.'e, and a
Ui.i^u:.!
W:
R.WUY.
, fxctllent (curvy.
rc-t, groumi iv)',
v-M (tniw'bfnit-?,
It- (l;ivs ;l It.irnrd
v'tu: ot tlic (liirvy,
iio UM'ly vil'it tliis
;'i.!S liiTf, as ill
> ;'iin;,'t'ncy to the
1 >l:i!f, and lircli
I.. I (II tcrni it t!;i.'
pN vinplovrd in tin;
IhI! liinjilicil witli
111 uatirr, yet tli--
;ti:ufs nii.'ch m<irc
y l.):itlicrn voya-;i'.
lii.irc liitiiiin, ai'il
lie I'.uit-nt (cilb i'.i
m.ir riir poii'; nor
!;;rii tlif wliiIkt
h N very inockr.it-.',
v>'W.T. Tlirii
;; int.ilii.';lt cnrf,
.1 liw li.iy,, 10
t( :i !!'-Iy ill tlic
rl.ii c.iwifry are,
^:n'''ii I,'. .it'', |.ixi-
l::;iii jnl (liinti-J
cjtxr.cc oi a llanty
iiiiir to tliis couiitiy
n;.i[)itl lil.i ,1 mail's
II yellow colour, the
If I. line c< liiiir with
N liki- mill Irs. It
icigiit in jirojiortiun
louiul.
cipiuiii liniu^;ht to
i'.h lif (ouiul acci-
nong the rocks of
rvi ', was licit pro-
Ill 1 ..ipis SjJiciilaris
:o;iii.i.Luie liuc the
\ :.
■ 111
I ■'■M
I'uitry, tTiTjit pnr-
id, lomc l.nall birJs
, .'onii'tinii's waiiilc
! ir 1 ; the i..itir is a
ze iii.d ll:a|/c it rr-
laii.i^c wlit-ii the lii.i
!o.\, like the l;"IJcii
i\ ila;:i!cs the eve to
I ■;(!
lifil? in fi.ijx' fr. Ill
in L.i.oui t..eie i> ii >
ui the i.c.!(i is lilac!;.
i tiicy ar.- exjcc(:ir,>
I a iJilfii I, it tiia'.ter to
10. 'ore I'iiij'ps ,1 voy-
[ 01 1, tiiat when rl ( v
r^n thciTirt-lvc^ i.k ',
;o IwcJ OI. tliciii, i; v7
\v, 7r( y a:-,.l ilii" 'v,
kI Ihi;' c.'i'>. 1 leir
III 1, ill tin; Uin',i:icr
ic'i Is owiii^', to ll ', :r
.I'lLil (lortclLt ;;i-
iiti r i ir.a.ny ol tlu in
;l .ill inyneral.ipprar
-. On tliis ( ccilinn
.ill I'n'b.iliility il.iii;
Iter like tlie brari iii
: oi |ji jij ivs in this
tharpy, wiiith i-cnu
!;t;le i r no iiniiiiiii-
ivc no cxercife, anil a
i.uit:tii'.i
u;
•i^ J
4h'
:'11
(' ■ .1
i It-
y.
lanj^iiil tirctil
human ciL-mii
tiiorj ll If), am
Tl\c brurs
h'lll.y miniirr
<(;iini.l tii.ic vv
ykl.iccl ail hi
arc rrrmi'.l w.
fllilii;c elm I'.y
been lircn ni-.i
bfar is attai !
conipar.ions,
to his allillaiv
killed ratiur
wiiicii a'r;uiii
ln«s Will t:\Z
CTe.iv.irc'. arc
fr,.j;i'.;rjy vci
h.ivi- bttn ki
h<>.\r.\ i.iii'r VI
tiuy luinciiini
'I'lu-y are attai
at bay, rilir i
the laiifi s III
Cd WItilOilC ilTI
nudiiallv, aiu
rn-ii", liivf lii
Here aif i
a- are tini.ni
and fial:', h.i
Dffi>-ipt (}• r.l
lliu'c hijii
TIIF, tn
iliticrs
having n ) tec
iijipcr |aw .»r(
cliff' r-;it lii.i
IWl-KC It .'i
jrrovMiv^ \:.u\
Vfitt-.l, the
pOhll \. I I
blui> - ..t &..
tliri;; icrvf -A-
lliiii. .;■"', [ra
(jf, a' .1, iiir
hv.v , next r(
n'.S..c a dill
invrc nrcelVn
wh \W\ buJv
f(J')' witic.
whoit both',
coiilktcriiit', il
ii inr'e I with I
t•.ll^, .i[ jic.ir,
that ihry rin
mit of a iini
lart',c ()ri^c(.■s
thiiii ,1 lliari'
tv.'o ['.ipi s, li
tlif. luii'.'.i.iy;
ail I wiiicli is
<|uai.uiy, iini
Lii^M/ , '.a lo
j>.i.-r., a:ul u
h:)n:b arc li
inlKa.i lA i.,
jHjioiis, and
(jiii','.' ri-il. I
bull, illixe;!
!c:lil,_ bccauk
The fat is II
ij!UiU';e <.['.)•■<
tl.c Lul, 'Ailtl
ia guided bv
o^
N
•J-.
y.
N
^
-c
•j:
rt'ii,'
rN^
X
'*"^'
r.L'ROPH.]
C. R l'. IZ N 1. A N P.
59f
Ianj;(ilvl circulation." Tliefi: Ji'er ily at the fij^lit of .1
hrinian cifaiuiT, lict iinnK-di.itcly ll.)p when tlu-ir piir-
liRTs ('»;), and lli.ii art- Ihoi v.ir.i (.ilinty.
Tlif brurs hi re havi: loir', liiotiis, ami b.irk in a
hi!!.y miniur, like il i'j;'i tli.u an- hoarlf. 'I'hc-y are
l.ij^i-, white, Umii, Iwifr, aiul ti'.Tie. Sinix- have lircn
(iiiinJ ti.U were hx Itet hij^h, auj four l'>n^', wliicii
)ii.;.ici.i r.ii hu:i ireil wei^lit of fit. The larj^elt kiiul
arc rrrmcd ^.r.ir hi at'., hrcaiile tlirv arc tond ot fub
fiilini; ciin I'.y on tlie iTftdiiclioiis of tl-.e lea, and hive
hci'ii Iccn near fwenty niil'-s froin the lliore. When a
bear is .itrai kt 1 lie m.ike') a dre.iKui iDarinf/, and hi-,
riiinpar.ions, wil.) are witiiiri hi-.trintj, iilimedi.itely lun
to his alillance. A llie lir.ir will fn'ilT hcrfell to be
l;ilied ratiur ihiin .ib.mdon her nibs j notwitlill.nding
winch a'r;uhiiviK, wiicn a bear is found drad, liis fi 1-
Iriws will t.it hini without t!;;- leatt feniple. 'Ih.!-
creature! are I) lli|itilafed vviih luinfrrr, th.it they will
fr. jiRiitly venture to a'.iatk wh >le armed crews; and
liavL- l)een ka'iVMi to u'v: the w.iter, and attempt m
l)'),ir.i i.iii'e velleis. 'I'iiev are lo teiruious ol life ihat
tiuy fuinetiines ilcape witli many ili<itsin their hndas.
They are. ittackid with innlkcts and i mces ; and, when
at b.iy, rili: on their liiiid lei.',5, and heo'ieiitly break
tlie laiic-s 'A thi aii'.iil.iiits i i'j that they are not ailauit-
ed withuut imni:,unt d.inger. 1 hey take to the water
luKMialle, ami |. iiietinu'-, when attacked in that eie-
ni ii'i i!ive lii<e an otr<r.
Here are inniiiiierahle l\^arms of watrr-fiwl, hicli
a- are tommon to ail the nnrihrm cuunUiCSol Lurope ;
and llal', Itadmrle', whales, ^ic.
D'fiript.cv. r,f thf li'jfrrent f/iraes nf ihnfr rnormoui Ma-
ffif M ■<l;l'r^ (Liiled Whales, uiit/i the v:ude of the
W'kdlc hij'icy.
TIIF. tr K- lirne Cirwnland, nr whalebone wh.i'.r,
ditiers tr ip.i the re!l of the tilli lo cahed, by his
liiving n ) teelhi initead of whieii, on each lide ot the
upper law .»rov■^ tlu- vshaiebone, intinii or live hiiiuired
diif r-;it biali's, m e:|iial ilillancts, fo.ne exceeding
twelve It .t in ic' ,:tii, and .1 loot liroad at bv.itoiii,
{'rovMii"; can 'w ujAvards, like the III ks ot ,1 fm in-
verte i, the ut^ril of rhem weighing about tweiuy
ponn 's. I It- 1 ii rra 's and liiiares the ilillani'cs of tliolc
Li.uis - ..t the :!'.i!"ir.; .ind oprni'ig his inoiuh, making
tl.t-i,; iciw a. liraiiitiN 10 fe; .na'e t!ie water from the
lliiii..ps, I ra^n-, andliKli Iniali lilli as his food eonfiits
of, .r .1, lor til'- l.ime pijr| o;t, on the ii'ilide of tlic
b' ...' , next to tl-.e tongue, grows a i]iiantity ot hair, to
n;.:..t a Hill finer pi rcolatiun, orllrainingi which istiie
in :re neccll'iry, beciufe, notwithUanding the bulk of a
while's body, tlu- throat in ge.ncr.il is not much above a
fin- wide. The lu-.d m.i!;e.s r.ear a thud part ot t!-.e
wli' .e budv, widi vrry tm.ill eyfs in the midll of it,
ci,'iifK'.ering the li/.e of tiic creature ; and the eve lids are
fiini-e ! with hair, like thole of a man. Inlleud ot tlie
til--, appear, on 'Jie outlidc, only two hoU's, lb Ini.ill,
that ihey r in hardly be lountl out, ami will tcarce ati-
niit of a fingie III iw ; but within the head they iiave
large ori^ces, wliieh are finned like ears, and .iltord
them a iharp he .iir.g. ^^in the t ip of thf he.id he has
two p.ipi s, tor lie iiM'.vi.ig in and out ot the air ; and
tlif.-liaM.',irig die w„ter wIikIi he I'a allows in hi^ mouth,
isforv.'d ' 'It tluMiit'li thefe iioles in a v.iil
an 1 winch
(I'.iai.iitv, ano to
.1: hciL'jit. The tongue i.< very
l.ib;r, in fonie w.i.iit^ •! tiic li/.e of an ordinary wool-
pa^i-., .ivA will vnM ailonilhing i-iuantiiies ol oil. Ills
b;>.'us are Irril, l.ise thoie ot tour looted bealls ; bin,
inlUad of liavir.j on'- ..irge ca.ity in the middle, are
porous, and lull .-i inurow. ills belly and biek .lie
ijuitc red. 1 ll^ il.'lh 1., ;< .:.:U and har.l, like thit of a
bull, mixed wi:h miiy li.ie.vs, .uui is very drv ar.d
le:M,, beeaufe the fit lies i)t tAcen the llelh AwA the Ikin.
The tat is mixed widi (iriews, which holds the oil a> .1
lj:unge iloes water. 'I'he otlier lliong linews arc .ib.uit
ti.v tail, wiiii wii'.'.'!i !.e turns and winds himlelf .isalhip
ia guided by a ludd^r. Ik fiviins widi ^jreat celcriry.
anl makes 3 track in the fea like a I'.'ge flnp under
liiil. I5i lid';s the upperttioll thin Ikin, tivre is another
alnioll an inch thick, but neidier nt thein arc very
llro'i.:, whieii is l)el:e\cd to be tlie icifjii why the whale
doe. not exert ttiat r.reat f>)i\.e that iViiidit b- expcitcj
("oin a l.'lli of its li.e. I'hey are inii/itily toriiunred
w.ili lice, which niik'.s tlieiii |()inetlin!:'i fpiiiv; 'ut of
thf lla ill all :igony. It is alio believed that thry feci
gre.it pains in r.icir bodies bcfire ail'.rm, vi;'.!i in.ikcs
them twill an I tumble violently, v.hile tlie v.in.i bf as
lit 1 the ealK Tiiey are, however, haiiolefs, uiilclk
pruvoi.ed, and raiiier c.f a very tiinor'ius r iture ; tho'
foiiic of tluiu will now .'.lid tlien appro.;cli vtry dole to
a Ihip. The middl'ng 11. ed (,ii's are lr'.)m hftytofixty
lirrt 1 'ng, and yi'.-ld trom ti ven to an hundred b.irreli
I't bk.bbci 1 lh'ju;^li fometinies they are mi;c!i Irgcr.
.\ voyager 'ne.-.tiuns one tint yielded an luindred ami
thirty hog. iiead.->. Tliis bhibbei li-.'s immtdiately i:iiJ.cr
tlie Ikin, aii.i is very vahi.ible.
(i)ne of I'lc a'.ithors of tiiis work, to alT"rd t'copL* fir
a more minute dc-lcription of tiiis wj.ir.d.-rful part cf tli-;
cieaiion, took m\ opportunity of furve\ing tli,; Ikeleton
ol a .Sperma Led whale, in t!ie rcpolirory of an eminent
virtuofj iii I .ondon. This afVonilliing produftion of
nature mealiires I'eventv two feet in length, and be-
tween Icven and ei,>lu ii ' : in brea.lth. The ri:ull alone
iia-.iliires iifteen feet in len^jth, and ii luppofed to
weigh three t')ns. This gre.it weight of bone s proba-
bly I) 1 ivc I up in tiie lea by a vai. ipMiititv of tat or
oil, contain d in the cellular niembnn'j, bctw-e,! the
Ikin of die iiei 1 aiiil the upper furfice of the Ikull.
b'roiT) this I il, ami .ill') from tliat which fiirrounds the
body, the fubilance called .Spcr:Ti.i-Ceti is eTttiaded.
Tli.it Ipecie^ of whale c lit •.! the Spernu-Ceci whale,
d'.llers fioin t!ie whalebone v, iiale, vdiich, ai before ob-
lerved, has no 'fetii; whereas tho iiriner lias one r i\v
o.lliaip point' d t'.eth along e.i'.li lide of rh-- lower jiw,
but none in th'- upper. Witli tht.re, it is probable he
r m devour tilii cf a c onfiderablc li.^e. Tlie .Sperm.;-
(-'•'i whale as alio ;•, blowir. .'hole, but m.jre pariicu-
larlv for th.c puij)olc of bre.itliing.
'I'lie fjllowing is the mode of catching wh.i!cs.
x\s lijon as a lliip arrives at a large field of ice, as
is termed, three or fo'.ir boats are pu: out to vvatcli for
tlie whale's coming fn.in beneath the ice, wi.ich is
iu Iged of by the nuile tliey make in approaching and
rifi.ig. When the wi-.ak- giins die fuiface of tlie water,
tiie harpooneer Udzes the opportuniry to dart the har-
poon eithiT into his body, or near his liiout; for there
IS no llriking iiuo tiie bone of his head, \^'hcn the
whale is llruck, the other boats, which are near at hand,
approach to give alliilancf, and an oar is put up at the
liead of the harpooneer's boat who wounded ihc animal,
and they cry out, /«.'.'.' /.i.'/ .' upon wlii-.li token other
b lats from the Iliip join thole alre.uly concerned, to
render every needful help a., oiigeiuies may require.
As fioii as liie whale is llruck, thev take care to give
him rope enotigii, for otherwile, when he g'.;es itown,
as he frcqiieiidy iloes, he woulil inevitably link the boat;
and this ro[)C he draws I ) i;ui. k, th.ir, if it were n-it
well watered, it wtiiild fee the boat mi tire. The line
l.illenetl to ti
lia'po'.n i>
fix
;n fat!
loms lone;.
ami is ralltil the tiireri.ainer. It is made ot the tineft
and lofrrll hemp, that it m.iv Hip the caller. To diis
they join a heap of lines ot ninety or an hundred fa-
thoms each: and wiicn there are not cn.uigh in one
bo.it, tlicy borrow li'jiii aiV'tlier. The man ai the helm
oblerve^ whicli - ly the rope ;'oes, and lleers the boat
aiiordiiigly, that it may run ex.iCtly out tiefore ; for
tiie whale rui.s away with tl-,e line as fall as the wind,
and would overlet the b'):\t if it were not kej^t (trait ;
during whicl, the other boats mw betort:, ami oblervc
which w. IV the |i|if Hands, and kiiin limes ptill it. If
they feel it llid', it is a lign ihe wlnle Hill pulls iu
liiength; but if it hangs loofe, and th; bo.it lies
eqiMlly liijdi, bt fore and behiiiil, upon the w.itir, they
pull it in g.i'.tlv, but take care to l.iy it lo, that tne
whale in.iy Inive it calily ag.iin, if he recovers llrength.
Thev
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IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
:96 A NEW, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAVHY.
J
I
mui\i-
Tliry are cuitiiius, Iviwrvrr, not ti) give him too much
hue, iRWiuli* lie- Ibnutiiiicb cnt,in|;K!i it ulioiic a ro(.l<,
»nd li (it'ts lode. When tiiii happens, li()wcvrr, it
he is afxTiNarvU taki n liy ihc crew ot in nher lliip, he
is returned to iholc who tiill woundej him, a» that i'>
kn()*n liv the harpocn, vvhieh is always liiilinj^uillieJ
by a partituiar matk. 1 hey lieuin to Ihnk as lof ii as
theyexj'irei and their fielli feriiurits, Cieating li;.ii a
ftcain a.s inllamcs weak evi s. W'lien they lie him I'poiit
out IiIoikI, t;iey know that lie ihawi towarils liis end,
and thrn prepare tor euti.n^; him ti[\ In ordi r t<> do
tills tiu-y ha«l him d <W to the lliip's fi.lc, and llitc his
fides with i;reat knives, railing the hhibbir by a houk
and a piiiltv, wliieh they lift up as they cut. In this
work tl.ey mull he extremely expediiious, othcrwifc
the ii.ai'xs, v.Wwh abound hero, v\ili have a L'rearer Ihare
of t!'.e Ikih than the vvhakrs thenileives. 0( tlie great
fakes 1)1 tlelh tlievtilid formeily to iinke their oil upon
thrlpot, hut It prtl'cnt the blubber is barr<llr>l up, an-i
br Might to !■' Poland, lluiland, (S:c. t> be b iled at
Ivi.iiie, tl'.e luits of Spitzbergen beinjr rather ne^;leLlcd.
Son.c ildps even return from the whale hllirry without
feiinj; that country, ; roceeding no farther than a cer-
tain latitude, and thtie (idling without being inolelled
Ly a lee Ihire, ice or currents. The lliips tiiat ul'e
this trade ufually carry from 3") to v"> men, lix or li-ven
boats, an.i from 4-^0 to 8--1 hogllieads of bhib!)er.
Their arms conlill of f)0 lances, 6 lia-horl'e lances, 40
lurpoons, I, ~ long lur['oons for llriking whales under
water, b fmall fea hiMl'e harpoons, and 30 lines, of
.nine or ten hundred fathoms each.
Seal-caichint;; alio makes a valuable branch of tiie
filling prac^iled in thcli: feas. Three liundred feals
vield near as much bf.hber as a middling li/cd whale.
Tlie feals are not harpoc-ncd, but are generally knock-
fti on the head wit!) clubs; anvl many bears are likcwile
fliot, killcii with lances, tvc. upon tlie ice. Tlie Ihips
frt fail in I'ebruary for the leal tilkei-y, and in .\pril (or
the whale filliery : government allowing a bounty to
tLcfe fni|s of 40s. ptr ton, as far as ;. o tons; f) that
a (hip ot liiih a burtlien receives ' ool. bounty in iney.
If a ihip is clear < i th.e ice after the ill of June, and
goes back a„.iin, or i( it is known (lie carries cmt
witii her Itfs than lix montlis proviiiuns, Ihe forfeits her
bounty.
Within the bmly of tl-.c whale is (irldom fount! anv
thing but ten or twelve handliils of a kinti of liiiall
black \\ iders, and f (me linall quantities of green herbs,
frn up (iiim tlie bottom it the fea, whicli are fuppofed
t > be the lj"d upon whicli . .e wliales chietiv live. The
lea hereabouts is fo covered with thele inlerts, that it
a[>pears quite blai k i which is a fign, to thole who go
about catching t!ie whales, that they are like to make a
(',ood booty. The whales generally ilciight in that part
of the lea which produces thcl'e inlcds.
Of the whale kind there are al(i) the dragon-fifn,
long, thin, grey, and glittering, with two tins on his
back, and two holes, thioiigh which he fpouts the
wa"er.
The butdiorf, or laced-head, is fixtecn feet long,
with a fpout hole in his neck, a brown back, and a
*hitc belly.
The whitc-fiHi is asloag as the butlhorf, but much
fatter.
1 liC lea-unicorn wh.iic is from fixtern to twenty feet
in len;',th with a I'pout-Iiole in his neck, and projec'l-
ing troin his fiout, having a tine wreathed horn, tiir
whiih he is princi|>ally valued. The throne <A his
Danilli majelly is entirely compofed of tlieic horns,
which Were formerly deemed great fpccitics againll
poilon,
Tlie nn-fifli whale is as long as the blubber, or w^lale-
bonc whale, but not above one third part lij bulky.
It is known by the (in on the back near the tail, and
by the fpniting up of the water more violently, and
htj'Jier, than the other whale. The ba^k is moie Ibait
than that o( a whale, and the li|)s aic (j('a browmlli co-
lour, appealing like a t^Mlted iipe. I'he whaK!> r,c
li liii.^s t'rom the upper lip, as it does in 1 lie whale, b ic
not out ot the mouth at the tides, as in that annn.il.
I'he intide of the mouth, l)et^^een tiie ululeb ne-, is
all over hairy, and is of a blue colour, that i-, v.ii u
the bone begins to grow i (i)r the other is blown, v rdi
yellow Iheaks, whuh are thought to be the dldelt.
I lie colour ot diis tilh is like that of a tenth, and the
thape ot ihe botly is 1 m.^ and iK-iuler. '1 he tail is (lit,
like th.t ot the whale; and he t'ekiom ap[)ears till the
whales are gt)ne. All thele creatures lAiin bvtiire the
^^in^l, and are obfervcd to tumble imuietliatt Iv In'' re
lltirms; a circninllancc (rom wiiicli Ibme natui.tiuls
have condutled, that, (ioin the changt; in the atmo-
Iphere, they are violently Iti/edwith the cramp in their
bellies.
I'he wliale is harr.ifrd bv a vaiieiy of enemies, bc-
fides the vermin which a.lheres to liis b ti) like lice.
lie is puifucti by the taw-tilb, or fwurd (i(ii, t'.me u''
which are twenty tlet long. '1 his fnli is Ihaj-cd like a
man's arm, and his tyes are remarkably |r. 'niiiunt.
ills I'word projicls fiom his fnout, is of difl'ermt
lengths, accoriling to t!.e d;;ierfnt ii.;es of the hili,
lometimes linocth ami tliarp, like a real (word, and
lometimes iiitientctl like a ! »w ; hence the creature is
called either fwim
ml), or l.;w-(ilh. A very tew <.(
t.iele animals will attack ami mafier a great whale;
V(t, when they have llain him, they eat no part of hini
but the tonjMie. In elm weather the liihermen lie I'j on
their oars, as Ijiecbitors of this combat, until they per-
ceive the whale at the lall pat'p, when they row tow.trdi
h:in, anil his enemies retiring at their apprtiath, ili'.;
lilliernien enioy the fiuii* of the vidory.
There is another more tlelperate enemy of the wl.al",
known by the name of the hay, whicn is of the lliark
kind: they are of different lizes, being from one to
three fat.'ioms long. I he hay is li) voracious that it
tears large pieces til defli from the whale, as if diev had
been ttug with lhov< h. The liver of this lilh abounds
with oil, and is excelfively large. The tlelh on then-
backs, when tlrietl loine days in the air, is accouiued
tolerable provilion, either boiled or roalled ; ami the
liTialler the tilh the better. 'I hey are caught l)y a large
hook, baitetl with tlelh, anti t'allenetl to a long iron
chain; antl if nun fall overboard by acciilent, the
hay<, in their turn tlevour them.
The whale, in Icripture is called leviathan. In the
book of Job it is particularly mentioned, lome jurt
o( the paraphralt: on which, by Dr. Y'oung, we Ihall
here prcltrve.
His bulk is charg'd with luch a furious I'oiil,
That doutls of Imoak trom his (pieatl nollnls roll,
As fiom a furnace; and, wlien rouiitl his ire,
bate iliues trom his jaws in theams of tire.
1 he rage of tempells, aiul the roar of tia>,
Tiiy triror, this thy great liipcrior pleale.
Strength on \\\i ample iliouklers fits in llate :
His well i lin'tl limbs are dreadtully co;nplete.
I lis (lakes of loliti (lelli are (low to part :
.■Xs (bel his nerves, as a.lamant his heart,
l.irgc is his front, antl when his burnilhed eye»
I ittf up their lids the m irning I'ecms to rile.
His pallimes like a cauKlron, boil the (lootl,
Antl blacken otran with ilie riling mud.
The billows (eel cim as he works his way j
I lis hoary footHeps lliine along the ti'a.
The f)am, high wrought wuh white, divides tlie
green.
And diltant faiiurs point where death ha been.
ttie n'-rt.'i
tilt ir booty ti
Nurratin
KOGKAl'HY.
T niiire vihiemly, and
I'iif ().iLk ii more lli.ilt
s aic ot .1 l)ri)Wiii!}i CD-
r;)|)C. lliL- wli.ilili ne
iloi-s iii ii\e wliak-, I) ic
lies, as ill tli.ir .miiii.il.
iftn the wlulcli in-, is
e colour, that \-, v,;i .1
r otiur is blown, v ni\
igl.t ti) be tlie (ildelt.
at of a teni h, ami tlic
.-nder. 'llic tail is ll.it,
cKiom afipears tiil the
atiiKs Kviin bi tiire the
ilile inrneiliaii Iv In'" re
\!iich I'oiIlC ii.Uiiia.iita
clianuc in tlie atnn)-
with the cramp in ihiir
aiicty of enemies, lie-
5 to liis b -il) like liLe,
or r^vortl-filii, i'.inr u'
li, liHi is (l-.aj.rd like a
lemaikably \ r.iniiiuiit.
Inoiit, is of ilidVrenC
rent (izes of the hih,
ike a real Iword, and
hence the creanire is
'-filli. A very (ew (,f
naliir a great whale;
I'.ey eat no part of hun
the liilicrnieii lie upon
roinb.it, until they per-
when they row toward;
at their approaeh, t!ic
viclory.
ite enemy of the wliale,
, whicii is of the lliark
s, being from one to
is ll) voracious that ic
e whale, as it diey had
.er of this lilh abounds
The llelli on their
tiie air, is accounted
1 or roalled ; .'.;;d the
V are lauj^ht by a larj.',e
eiied :o a long iron
)ard by acciiirnt, the
ruRorF.."!
R E l\ N I. A N ».
597
icd leviathan. In tlie
mentioned ; lome part
Ur, Younjj, wc Hull
a furious foul,
Ijiiead nollnls roll,
1 round his ire,
earns of tire.
roar of li-as,
rior pleale.
s fits III itate :
lully eoinpiete.
w to part :
: his heart.
IS burnillied eye*
I'ecins to rile.
boil the lluud,
injf imul.
ks his way J
; tlic ka.
Lh white, divides the
death ha been.
NarrijUiU
Krrfl/ive of tl-.f n/r^cnlliiary /1!-wti>r,-s tf A;;'/;/ J
Rritij'h M,irii:ers, ■n'ho J'rjj'ed /t rvhcle 11 ivtir in the \
yii^orcii.': (.limtitc of CrfatLwd, ivilh //;<■ lixpi'ilintts 'i
/'•ev ii'i-ii top rem e a SuhfiHenre, th" c\tre»-'' Hard-
J/.'ips l')f\ fii/Iiiiiiri!, niui the MiWis cf ihch- Delivermcc ';
and Return to their NiUi'JC l.arj. I
I
'R(")M the fxriTine ripoiir o( tlie rlimarc of this
_ eoiintrv, r w.i-
lit the ye:'r, till tin
li.iled rl'.itl.er in the vear l6-;o
tongdeenK-diiniiili;ibit.. hie through- j
faie of fonic Ijiitiili ni.uiners, who ,
pr(.'-ed tl-.e contraiy.
The S:ilutation, a (irecnland lliip, which f.iiltd from 1
till- Tliinus on tlie ill of May, and arrived here the I
iiih of tlie next month, being in want of piovilion |
the latter < nd ol the year, fent eight men on lliore in a |
boat, to a pkice fieijuented liy rein-deer, to kill veni- !
(im, leavinir them there, with orilers to follow the flii|) '■
to li e> 11 Harbour, whirh lies to the foutinvard of the
] l.ue wiieie tlicv went nfliore. 'llu f"e men, having
killed 14 or 15 deer, lay that nii^ht alliore, and pro- :
[;i^fet! next (lay to have gone on b(iaid, but a grcK ipian- ;
ritv of ice driving towards the fliore, obliged the lliip ;
to Hand out fo far to fen, that when they eae.ie to (ireen i
1 1 arbour fhe was outoffight. Tlie Ihips being to rcu- ;
dev.vous in Helfound, f^.irther r..> the ;(Uithv/aril, and
heiivr to leave the country within tiiree iliys, our luintf- ,
men be<>an to be very auxioiis, Iril the flipping Ihould '
be gore from tlienee too betijic tlu y :irri\ed. Tiiey
thought it pr 'per, therefore, to throw their venifon ■
into the ft a, in order to lighten tlie boat, an'l made the ■
b( f> of their way to Belliuiud, diltant from thence about
f:xteen le.igues: but none of them knowing the coalV, :
thev overliiot their port about ten leagues, when, fenfi- 1
hie of their error, th y returned to the i.orthward. One
oi" their company, however, bein:^ pofitive that Hel- '
twund l.y farther to the fouth, they were induceti to fail j
to the ii.iithv.ard again till tiny were a lecoiitl time i
cinviiced of their milKtke, and turntd their boat to
the nr.rtli again, and at length arrived at I?ell<>undj
hut had Ipent fomudi time in rowing backwards and
foiward-, iliat tl'.e fl.ip; had ai'tiially left the coall, and
vviregoneto 1 ',n!;lan(l, to their great allonilliment, be-
lli'; provided luitlier with cloaths, food, tiring, or
lioule to flielri r theitilelves from tlu- piercing cold they
were to expeCf in l'> rigorous a climate. I'h.ey flood
l'';-:ie time looking on one another, amazed at the dil-
jii Is to which they were lo fiiildenly reduced ; but their
lonlUrn.itiMii being a little abated, tlu'v begin to think
of the moil propeT means to tiiblitl thcmlelves liuring
tl;e approach.in;': winter. The weather being fivour-
,iMi-, they agreed, in the tirll place, to go to (ireen
I I.irbour, and hunt lor venifon, having two dogs witii
tl'icm very fit ti'r their purpole.
On the rtrh of .'\uinili they went in rhcir boat to
(1! en Harbour, where they arrived in twelve liours,
bi ing 16 ieaguis to tlie northward of' Hellouiid. 1 lerc
t'K y let up a tent made with the boat's fiil, the oars
fi ;\ing fir pole-;; .-.nd,, h.iving llepr a few hours, we.'it
crlv ne<;t moi';iiiig to their Iport, killing leven or eight
d ( r, ar.d four I i ars. 'I'he day following they killid
tAelve deer more, with which they loaded their boat;
:;r.d tinilini; i'liother boat, which had been lelt tliere by
ti'.e comp.uiy, tliey loaiied that with the grca\es of
wlialfi, (btiig t!ie pieces which remnin in the coppers
aire r the oil i., drawn from them,) and rttirned with
t:.; ir booty to Hell'ound. Here happened to be lit up
a lar['e fub'.lanti.d booth, which the C(vipers worked in
ill the lilh.ng le,",lon : it was So tlet long, m\\.\ 50
broad, covered with Dutch tiles, and the fides were
W( 11 boarded. Within this booth tlul'e fiilors deter-
mined to build another of let's ilimeiifions, beinfi; fiir-
iiilhi d with bo 'ids ami timber, by pulling down a booth
»hi(h llooci near the fiirmeri aiul I'roiii the rhimnies
«jl three furnace', ull d tor the boiling of' oil, tiny got
|i.)0(.' bricks. They fiund .illo lour hogflieails ot'\'erv
line lime, whicii, mingled with the f.iiul on th.e fea
Jliore, made tsec Uciu mortal. But the weather was
No. 5 5
now grown fo cold, tliat tliry were obliged t:) have two
fires to keep their mortar from freezing. They ptr-
filfed, however, in their .vork, and railed a w.dl, of
a brick tliicknefs, againll one of tlie fides of their inncr-
moll booth; but wanting bricks to finilli the rell in
like manner, tliey nailed thick boards on each fide the
timbers, and tilled up the f'pace between with fand; by
whicii means it became fo tight and dole, that the Icall:
breath of air could not enter itj and tlieir chimney's
vent was in tin- greater booth. 'I'he length of the lefl'er
b()Oth, or nuher lifnife, was 20 feet, the breadth 16,
anil
the I
v:vj}\t IT; their C( i
;ng
liem;'
made of deal
bo;;rds live or fix tiiius tlouble, and li) overlaid, that
no air could jiollilily come in from thence. Their
door they not <;nly made as ffrong and clofe as jjofil-
b'e, but lined it with a bed whic h they found there.
'I'hey m.ule no wiiulows, excej)t a little hole in the tiles
of tl'.e greater booth, by which tliey received fome little
lig!;tdown the chimney of the lefl'er. The next work
was to make the:n fiiur cabins, cluifing to lie two in
each cabin. 'J'heir bedding was the ikins of the rtin-
ilecr, the lame tliat the Laplanders ufe ; and tliey f'ound
them exceeding warm. For firing thty took to pieces
fome caflss, and ftven or eight of the boats which were
left behind; for it feems tliey ufed a great many boats in
whale-!il]iing, which they left in the country every
winter, ratlier than be at the trouble of carrying them
backw.irds and forwards. Our lailors flowed tiieir tiring
between the beams and tiie roof of the greater booth,
in order to make it the warmer, and keep out the fnow,
which woukl have covered every thing in the greater
bootli, if it had not been f()r this contrivance.
On the T ;th of September, obferving a piece of ice
come driving towards the lliore, with two inorfes (or
fe.'.-horlis) alleep upon it, they went out in their boat
witli a l-.arping-iron, and killed them both. On the igtli
they killed another, which was fome addition to their
fiiod. But taking a I'urvey of all thtir provifions, they
fininil that tlierc was not half enough to fcrve them the
whole winter, and therefore Hinted themfelves to onrt
meal a day, and agrceil to keep Wednefdays and Fri-
days as falling days, allowing themfelves then only the
fritters or greaves of the whales, which, as obl'erved
alreaib , are (wily the fcraps of the fat of the whale,
which are thrown away after the oil is got out of them,
anil is very ioathtbme fixid.
By the 10th of October t!\c nights wcp' grown long,
and the weather become lb cold that tlie fea was frozen
over; and h.iving no bufinet's now to divert their
thoughts, as hitherto, thty began to reP.eift on their
niilrrable circumftances; I'ometimes complaining of
the cruelly of the mailer of the thip for leaving thcin
hi
d; at otiier times excufiiu; him and bewailing
his misffirtunes, as believing him to have periflied in tlie
ice. At length, putting their confidence in the Al-
mighty, who alone could relieve them in tin ir great ilif-
trel's, they offered up their pr.tyers for llrength iind pa-
tience to go through the liit'mal trial.
Having I'urveyed their provillons again, they fiiuiul
that the fritter-, of the whale were almotl all mouldy,
h.iviiig taken fome v.i t; and that, of thei'- bear and ve-
niti>n, there was fcarce enough left to all'ord them live
meals a week; whereupon irv.as agreed to live four
ilays in the week upon the ir.oukly fritters, and the other
three to teall upon bear and venifon. l.eil they fliould
want tiring hueafter to drefs their meat, they thouglit
proper to roall half a deer every day, and llow it up i:i
iioglheads. With this kind of t'ood they tilled three
liogllieads and a hall', le.iviiig .1.. mui h r.iw as woukl
lerve to roall a quarter every Sunday, and a quarter for
Cliiillmas-day.
h being now the I4tli of Oaober the fun left them,
and they law it no inore till the 3d of l-'ebruary; but
they had the moon all the time, both day and nighty
though very much obl'cured by the clouds a;i 1 toul wea-
ther. There was alio a glimmering kind of' .1 day light
for eight hours, the latter end o( Ocl ober, which diort-
tned eviiv il,i_, till the ill
7 M
December ; from which
time
; lit
m
> n
598
A NEW, KOVAL and AUTHF.NTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAFin'.
I 4
'• I
A
time to tlie :otli of the unif inontli, tluy toiiUl per-
ceive no day-light ;it all. It was now one contimieii
night, then- apjicaring only, in clear weather, a little
whiteneli, like the dawn ot day, towards tl-.c loiith.
On tl'.c illofjanuary they toiind the day to inereafe
a little. They rminted tlieir days, it liems, in the
dark fealim, by tiie moon, and were I'o e>ac't, tliar, at
the nnirn of the fliiii|)iii[i;, they wire ahlc to t;ll the
vt-ry d.iy of the nu'iuh on wliieh the Iket anued. P'or
light within lii'ors tliey made three lamps ot lome lluet
had they h.id found ii(X)n one oftlie toolirs; an.l there
hapjiened to be oil enou^li to fni'i ly them left in the
eooper's tent, l-'or wicks tlie\ made life ol rope yarn.
rhele lamps were one of the ;;reatell eomliirts to them
in that loii^^ coiuimied nigiu. Thtir harJihips, how-
ever, were li) i;rcat, that l^nictimes they were driven
to licfpair. At otiur timi» thiv hopei! tluy were re-
fer\cdas a woiulerlul iiillance ol (jod's nu rev in tiuir
deliverance, anil eontinutii to lalldown on tlicir knees,
and in.plore divine proteiilion.
Witli the new year the cold in^ realid to that def'.rce,
that it fomt times railed blilhrs in tlieir Hi lli, as it'they
had been burnt ; and the iron they touched lluek to
tlieir lingers. When tiiey went aluo.ul for wati r, the
cold often lei/ed them in liiiii a mannei' tiiat it in.ide
them fore, as ifthey h.id been beaten. i'heir water,
the firll part of the winter, iirud tidm .1 bay of ice, and
lan down into a kind of bafon, or receptacle, by the
fea fide, where it remained witli a thick ice over it,
which they dug open at one certain [jl.ice witli pick-axes
every day. I'his continued to the 1 .nh of January,
when tliey drank fnow water, melted ^^it!l a hot iri)n,
until the :othof May following.
On taking another review of their provilions, tluy
found that they would not lall tlum above fix weeks
longer. I'o alleviate their mifery, however, on the
jd of Tebruary they were cheared again with the bright
rav> of the (v.n, which Ihone uyion t!u' tops of the Inowy
mountains with iiuoncdv.ible hillre. I'o them, at
leall, this .dVurded the moll delightful I'cene tliat ever
was beheld; (or, after a night oi many weeki and
months, w!ut could he imagined more glorious or
pleafing to a mortal eye? As an a.idition to their joy,
the bears began to appear again, on the flelh of which
animal they made many hearty meals. But the bears
were as ready to devour our countrymen as they were
the bears, and being pinched v.itli hunger in this bar-
ren country, came up to their very door. One of thele
creatures, uith her cub, they met at the entrance of
their apartment, and gave h.er Inch a recejition witii
their pikes and .lancet, that they l.iid her dead iijion
the fpot, and the \oiing one was glad to make its
efcape. The weather was fo very cold that they could
not ilay to !liy lier, but dragged the beail into their
hoiilr. There tluy cut her into pieces of a llone weight,
one of w!;ich lervrd the;n for a i!-..:ier. I'j/on this
they fed twenty da);., elleemiiig her llelh beyond \eni-
fon. Her liver only did not .igree with them; foi-,
upon eating it, their fkins peeled oil'; though one ol
the compJiiy, who w.is lick, attributed his cure, in
part, to th" eating it. If' it be demanded how they
kei)t their venlfon .md liear's Helh \\iiliout fait, it is to
be oliferved, tin- loLI is fo intenli- th.it no carcalc ever
putrefies. I'l ;li nerds no I, lit to keeji it here : iliat was
their hajiimu^. Ihd they been Hocked with I'llt pro-
■.■dio!!', they had infallibly died of the Icurvy, as otlurs
did who were left on the ll;ore, much better provided
v.ith liquors, and other neceflaries, th.i/i tin Ic poor
men were. 15y the time they had eaten uj) this bear,
others eam<- about their booth freijucitly, to the num-
ber of .+c><ir fuoie, of which lliey killed levin, (one of
rhem fix fet t higii .'t hall,) ro.illinij their l!( 111 upon
Wooden fpii^ havi;.;; no (jilier kitchen fbiniture, ex-
(C|)t a fryiiirj-pm they found in one of the booths.
II.i\'in,(; now plenty of jirovifions, they eat vi ry hearti-
ly, and Ibuiid their lhvn;vh iiKreal'c ap.ice.
Jieing now the i6ih ol' M.irch, and tl.c days ol'a
nafonable length, (()wls, whicii, in the winter lime,
were fed to the fouthward, began to refort to Greni
land :'gsin in great abuiulaiice, where they live ani bre< d
in the fummer, feeding upon liirall hlh. The ftj.xes
alio, which had kept dole in their holes under the
rocks all the w inter, now came abroad, and jireytd ii'xi.'i
the fowls i ot w liich our countrymen having t.iken fjiiir,
baited tr.i|)s witli their Ikins, and caught live f ,xes 1,1
them, which they roalhd, .\nA fimnd them to be v( ry
good meat, at leall in the opinion of men who had hi-
therto fed much on bear's Ikih. I'hus thev contiiuicit
t.iking low s and fixes till t'le ill of May, meeting
V, ith no further misfortunes, except the lofs of one of
their inallitf dogi, which went from their houfe our
nu)rning in the middle of March, aiul was never lif!!
.ifterwards, being probably overpowered and vitvn [,;
the bears.
The weatlu'r beuinning to grow warm in .May, th v
r.uiibled about in learch ofwillocks eggs, a towl ah Ji::
the li/e of a duck, of which they (bund lome, beim; a
change of diet they were very much pleal'ed with.
1 lie leal'un luiw coming on for the arriv.il of the fli i
ping, Ihiuf of them went every day almoll to the t >;i
o( a mountain, to (ce ifthey could difcern the water in
the lea, which they had no light of till the 24t!i, w:u:i,
it blowing a rtorm, and the wind fitting from the m.uu
ocean, broke the ice in the bay, and loon alter turian"-
about e.illerly, carried great p.:rt of the ice out t.) U-j;
but (till the water did not come within three miles ol
their dwelling.
The next morning, tiie :5th of May, none of t!< t
men ha|>pened to go abroad ; but one of them l)e::ii;
in the outer booth, heard li)mebody hale t'le hnule ii
the f.ime manner .is ("ailors do a (hip, towhiJi the inrn
in the inner booth aniwered, in (eaiiun'i terms, tl.at
they were jult then going to prayers, and llayed but
lor the man in the outer booth to join with them. 1 :»
m:in wlu) haileil them was one of the boat's crew tii.ii
belonged to .m L.nglifli fliip )u!l arrived; which 1',..
(ailors no looner uruierllood, than they ran out to v.\o i
their countrymen, looking upon them as (o many .;!i
gels lent ("rom heaven to their relief; and .ert.i':.:y
t!ie tranlpurt of joy they felt upon this occalion, ifir
may be conceived, can never be cxjjrelleil. A m(?rti-
fication (till remained, which no man couKl well hive
expei^cd. One of the fliips which arrived, was com
manded by the lame mafter who left theli- poor wretci-.c.
on fhore, and he, like a barbarous brute, in order tii
excufe is own inhumanity, began to revile t'leni m
the moft opprobrious terms. This man, it Items, lad
left feven or eight other men in CJreetiland two )c:m>
before, who were never heard o( afterwards ; f.r
which, no doubt, he richly delirrved the li verelt jiuiu!':
ment. Notwithllaiuling the barbarity of their ow.i
capt.iin, the commander and olHii rs of the oiiier Ihij'
took care they llvjiild be kindly iiltil, and brought ti
I'.nglanil when the feafon (()r whale till.ing wa-. o\ei,
where they lei lived a gratuity (rom the Rulfia cijmjM
ny, and were otiurwiie well provided for by t!ie!:i.
I'erhaps there is no inllanie in hirtory ol a company 0!
men, in Inch extreme di(lre("s, who (liewed iiuire cou
rage ami ji.uieiue, or made a more wife provifioii fjr
tlu ir pr< lervation than ihefe did.
.">'/// '^/i/i/r .■/il^mnors of lour RiiJ/iiiii Siiilois, ivho if-
nuiint'Jjc'irriil j'ijis ill Girtn.\i'!ii cr S'fitzlieri;.-/!.
IN the year 1741 a merchant o( Melen, a town in the
province ofjugovi.i, in the governmen; ' '" Arch
aii;.',el, fitted out a vell'el, ciri ying 1 5 men. She was
di lliiied (or Spit/berg'cn, to be employed in the whaie
f)r l< al lilluiy. hor liglit fuccelllve days, after tliev
h.id lailed, ilie wind w is lair; bi:t on tlie yth it ihin_^;-
(d; fo that iiillead of getting to the well o(' Sljil.'.ber-
geii, the ufu.il place ol rendezvous tijr the Dutch lliips,
and thole of otIur iiatiojis, annually employed in the
whale iinicry, they were driven eallward. After lunie
il.iys, however, tluy ippr^oched within two Eni'jilh
miles of the Ihore, when their vi (lei was fuddenly
fiurouodeJ
?H
k
•OCiRAPIIV.
ie(j;.in to ri'i'oit to Green-
where they liv>:ui'ibi(<(|
linall lilh. Ih,- (axf,^
11 thiir holes uiulcr the
abroa.l, ami prryal u;h)!i
ymcii having t.iken Ijinc,
anil cauj^hr live f'.xci in
il foiiiui them to hi; very
nion of men who had hi-
1. 'I'hiis tlicy coiitimiej
c ill of May, mtetiiij;
except the loli of one of
at from their houll- oiir
rth, ami was never lirn
■'erpowercJ and ir.tn h\
;row warm in May, thy
Hocks eggs, a tov.l ab uit
hey (ijunJ lome, bein;; a
much pleali'il uidi.
for the arriv.ii of th ■ fli; >
ry day almoll to t.'ie vtu
oiild ililcern the water in
,ht of till the 24th, when,
and fitting from tiic ni.im
ay, and foon after tuii.in^
xirt of the ice out t,) i;-j;
inc within three inilci ol
th of May, none of tl'.-ir
; but one of tl'.ein bruiif
lubody hale the lioiilc 1.1
a lliip, towhiJi thenu-n
in feanun'i terms, tliat
) prayers, and llj\ed bu:
to join with tiiem. lite:
e (jt the boat's crew thai
jull arrived ; which (.la
than they ran out to mcit
)on them as fo many an
cir relief; and >crtai:i;y
upon this occafion, ifit
be cxprelled. A inorii-
no man ( oukl wi 11 hi\t-
vhi(. h arrived, was com
o left tiicle poor v.- ret !..''.(•.
)aroub brute, in order m
•gan to revile t!iem '. 1
■■""lis man, it leeiiis, hil
n (ireenlaiid two years
ard of afterwards ; f .r
I'd the k veretl: jtiinii!;
barbarity of t'ltir ow.i
iHicrs of ilie oiiier fl!!}'
Ilv tiled, anil brought I'l
hale till'.iiiH; was over,
from the kulHa c<jinpa
irovided for by tlicni.
lihiry ol a company 0!
wiio thewed luuri- con
more wile jirovilion fjr
iiiJfiiUi Sidluys, ivlw If-
■■".7 tr Sf;;zl>cri:^:ii.
iJl Meli-ii, a town in the
go\erniiien; i '" Arch
ig I 5 men. She was
^•niployed in the whaic
jelfive days, after ilicv
ut on tlie <yth it chin^-
J the Weil of ,S|)il"ber-
■us f(jr the Dutch (hips,
lually employed in tlic
eafUvard. After l'o;:;i;
I within two Km;lilh
VI lU-l v,as fudilctily
EUKOPE.]
K \: E N L. A i\ D.
J99
fiirroundfd by ice, and ilioy found tlitmfelves in an ex-
treme dangerous fituatioii.
]r) this alarming llate a c uneil was h-.ld, when the
irite ill ormed them, that he ncolleCled to liave herd,
tiuii feveial of the peojile of' Meten, (owe time before,
Iiavii ;• fcinied a lelohition of v.iiiteiaiig here, had ac-
cordingly c. rried from that city tfcber proper for
building a iuit, and aclcally ireiileil one at fome dif-
taiice from the llviw
'1 his intoiin. tion in.
le w hole company
iblve on wintering theie, i! the hut, as they hoped,
tun exilleii i for tl-.e\ cKaiiv perceived the inuiiuient
tlai-gT thi-y v,i re in, and that they mull inevitably pe-
rilh if they continued in tlie lhi(). They therefore dif-
11. 1 lied four ol tluir crew in fearcii of the hut, or any
other liiccoiir they could meet with.
A • the (hore, on which they were to land, was un-
irhabited, it was necclfary that they fhould make fome
provuion for their evpi-dition. 'I'hey had almoft two
H'.ili s 10 travel ovt r lool'e ridg'es of ice, which, being
riileil by the waves, and ilriven againll each other by
tl .■ wind, reiulcred the way ecpially ilillicult and dan-
[Tcrmib. Prudence, therefore, forbade their loading
themlelves too much, left, being overburthened,
they might (ink in between the pieces of ice, and
perilh.
Maving thu^ maturely confidered the nature of thtir
undertaking, t!iey provided themlelves with a mufket,
and a powder horn containing twelve charges of jjow-
der, with as many balls, an axe, a I'mall kettle, a bag
with about 10 pounds of flour, a knife, a tinder-box
and tinder, a liludder filled with tobacco, ami every man
his woojen pipe. Thus accoutred, thefe four failors
quitkly arrived at Spitzbergen, little flilpectiiig the
niisfortiu-.es that would befal them.
'rhev began with exploring the country, and foon
difcovc led the hut they were in fearch of, about an
t'.nglilli mile and a half fnmi the Ihore. It was j6 feet
in length, 18 in height, and as many in breadth. It
contained a f'mall anti chamber, about 12 feet broad,
which had two doors, the one to lluit it up from the
outer air, and the other to form a coinmunication with
the inner room. This contributed greatly to kte|) the
large room warm, when once heated. In the large
room was an earthen Hove, condruded in the Rufliin
manner, that is, a kind of oven without a cliimne)',
which ferves occafionally either for baking, for heating
the room, or, as is cullomary among the Rullian peafants,
in very cokl weather, for a plac- to Ikep upon.
'I'he tailors wen exccedin':
havin^dill
.red
luirouudcJ
the hut, which h.id, liowever, fullered much by the
weather, it havm;!; been built a confulerable time j bur,
bail as it wa:, tlu \ toiurived to pals the night in it.
Karly the iie'U morning tiny hallened to the lliore, im-
()atienr to inform tluir comr.ides of their luccefs; and
all(> to procure, from their veffel, Inch provilions,
ammunition, and other neceflaries, as might better
enable them to pal"-; through the winter.
The ri'adrr mav more eafdy conceive, than it is pol-
libk fiir words to dt tcribe, t!ie allonifhment and .igony
of inind th'.l"- people mull have felt, when, on reaciiing
tl'.f pl.ice of their ku^iing, they law nothing but an open
lea, (lee from tlie ice which, but a d.iy belcMe, had
covered the ocean. A violent ilmi'.i, which had arifen
timing the niglu, had certainly been the caile of this
dilallrous 'vent. Hut they could not tell whether the
ice, which k.id beftire hemmed in the vtflel, agitated
Jiy tl:e violence of the v a\e' , had been driven again*!
lur, and fh.ittcreil her to pieces, or whether Ilie had
been lani'.il by tl.i- turri-nt into the main, a circum-
fl.inc,' which fieijuen'.iy i..i])pens in thole feas. What-
ever acciilent had belalleii the Ihij), they law her no
more i and as no tidings were ever after received of
her, it is mofl probable that Ihe funk, and tlia.t all on
boaid her pcrlflied.
Tliis iiul.uicholy event depriving the iinh.ippy
wretciies ol all hope of ever being able to tpiit the pkii'. ,
they rcCunitd to the hut full of hoi roi- and deJiviir,
Their full attention wa' employed, as may be liatu-
rally ima5;ined, in deviling nn.'ii, for providing fub-
lill'iicc, and f()r repairing tlicir luit. The 1 2 charges
of p'lv.iter, which they had brouglit ^vitii them, foon
procured ti.em as many rein-deer; the country, fortu-
nately for them, abounding in diole animals.
It has already been oblerved, that the hut had fuftain-
ed foine ilamage. There were cracks in many places
betw'Cv 1 the boards of the building that freely admitted
the air. This inconvenience, however, was remedied,
as they had an axe ; and tiie beams were ftill (bund, fj
that it was eaf'y for them to make the boards join again .
befides, niofs growing in great abundance all over the
c (juntry, there was more than futHcient to Hop up tlie
crevices, which wooden houfes muit always be liable
to. Repairs of this kind coft the uiih.appy men lets
trouble as they were Ruffians j for molt KufTian pea-
fants are known to be good carj)cntOrs.
Tiie intend' cold, whicli renders thefe climates habi-
table to lew f'pecies of animals, renders them equally
unfit for the produclion of vegetables. N'o Ipccics of
tree, or even flirub, is found in -Spitzbergen ; a cir-
cumflance of the moll alarming nature to tliel'e failors.
Without fire it wasimpoffible to refill: the rigour of the
climate ; and widiout wood, how was that fire to bit
produced or fupportcd ? Providence, however, has
f(j ordered it, that, in this particular, the fea fupplics
the defec'ls of ti-.e land. In wandering along the beach
diey collected plenty of wood, which had been driven
alhore by the waves, and which at tirft, confided of
the w recks of fliips, and after^'ards of whole trees, with
their roots, the produce of fome more hofpitable, but
to them unknown, climate, which the overflowing of
rivers, or other accidents, had lent into the ocean.
Nothing proved of more ellentlal lervice to thefe
unfortunate men, during the firft year of their exile,
thin fome boards they f nd upon the beach, having a
long iron hook, fome nails of about five or fix inches
long, and proportionably thick, and other bits of iron
fixed in them ; the melancholy relics of fome vcfTel
call away in thole remote parts. Thefe were thrown
alhore by the waves, at a time when the want of pow-
iler gase thefe peribns reafon to apprehend that they
mull fall a pre)' to hunger, as they had nearly confuincd
thole rein-deer they had killed. This lucky circum-
flance was attended with another equ.ally fortunate :
they found, on t!;e flvre, the root of a fir tree, which
nearly apijroaciiid to th.c figure of a bow.
As neceiri'v h.is ever been the mother of invention,
they foon fafiiioned this root into a good bow, by the
help of a kiiLfc i but Hill they wanted a firing and ar-
r )ws. Not kn /wing how to procure thell* at prefcnt,
tluy rcl'oKedupon making a couple of lances to defend
themlelves againll the white bears, whole attacks they
had realiin to dread.
Finding they could neither make the heads of their
lances, or of their arrows, without the help of a ham-
mer, they contrived to form the large iron hook, be-
fore mentioned, intj one, by beati' g it, and widening
a hole it hapjiened to have abo t its midd',-, with the
help of one of their large'.l nails. This received the
handle ; and .1 round button, at one end of the hook,
ferved. fir the face of the liammer. A large pebble fup-
I'.lied the place of' an anvil, and a couple of rcin-deei
horns made the tongs. By means «>f thefe tools they
made two heatis of' Ipears ; and, after iKjlifliing and
fliarpening tluni on Hones, tluy tied ilicin as (lift a..
pollible, with thongs ma.lc of rein-deer fi^ins, to Hicks
abotit the tliicknel-. of a man's arm, v.liich they pro
cured tiom Ibme branches of trees that had been call
on flic re.
Thus equipped with fpears, they refolved to attack a
white bear, and, alter a mofl dangerous encounter, they
killed one, ami thereby (iirnillted a new lupnly of pio-
vili ):is. The flefli of tliis animal they rehlhcd exceed-
inj'ly, as tliey thought it miuli refcmblid beef in tafie
and flavour. They law, with infinite (.'le.'fure, thai
the tendons could, with hn'" or n > trouble, be divided
intc
f- ,1:^
S A
' ! iJ
]\m
«oa
A NFAV, ROYAL ant. AU IUENTIC SYSTI'.M of I'N'IVFRSAL GEOGRAPHY.
I
n
:'M
< *f •
h I.
into filaments of wh;it ffncncfs tluv thn\;j;ht fir. Thi<;> {
perhaps, was tlu- moO fortunate ililc'vtjy tluy coiiKl |
nave made i for, idi.K-s otlu-r aiiv;int.i;;is, they were |
hereby ftirniflirii wnti Ihinj^s for tin ir h.iw. ;
The fiierefi of th fe pei>|)lc i>» inakinp; thtir fjjcars, I
ami thi- utility 'Iiey proiliiceii, eni.T)iinigcJ ihcni to pro-
ceed, ard to forge lf)me picus of' iron into hea !s of I
arnnn of the fanit lha(K', thoii{;li Hxiu-wuat linalliT in ■
fize tlian the fptnrs. Having grxind and fharpcncil \
tliefc like the fornicr, tht v ticil rhcm, with the limws !
of the white bear, to pieces of fir, to wliieh, by the '
help of fine threads ot the fanie, they fafhned fathers
of fca-fowl, and tliUi hecanie polVeilld of a complete ;
bow and arrows. Thtir ingriniity, in this r fjKCt, wa.s
crowned wiili Uicccis far beyond their exped.iti'.n ; for,
ilininK the time of thtir continuance here, they killed
no lels than ^50 rein-deer, befi-ies a ^rcat naiiiUer of
blue and white foxes. I'he tlelh </f tlul'e animals ferv-
ed tliem alfo fi)r f"ood, and their fkins fir cloathing,
and ether nectfiary prefervatives againll tlic intcnic
coldne s of a climate fo near the pole.
They killed, however, only 10 wr.itc hear?, and th.it
not without tile i.tmolt d.inger ; for thtle animals, be-
ing prodigiiuifly flrong, defended theml'elves with
aflonifliing vigour ai.d furv. The f\\\\ tluy attacked
defignedly, but the other nine they killed in defending
themfelveb from their aflluiits; for fome of tliefe crca-
tiires even ventured to enter the outer room of the hut,
in order to devour them. All the bears, intleeil, did
not fhew equal ferocity, either owing to lonie being
lefs prefled by hunger, or to their being, by nature,
lefs carnivorous than the others : for lorn.- ot t!ii-m
which entered t!ic hvii imincdiately betook thenifel\es
to flight on the llrft attempt of the i'olors to drive tncm
away. A repetition, however, of thefe attacks, threw
the poor men into great .terror and anxiety, as they
vere .ilmoft in perixtual danger of being d.evoured.
The three thnerent kindiof animals before mentioned,
viz. the rem (leir, tlic fi-yis, and the wliite Ix'ars,
were tlic only food the I'e wietcheel mariners tailed dur-
ing their continuance in this dreary abode.
They were for Ibme time retlucei,! to tiie necefTity of
eating their meat almoll r.iw, and without either bread
or fait ; for they were deflitutc of both. The intenle-
nefs of the cold, togetlier with the want of projier con-
veniencies, prevented tliem from cooking their vidiials
in a proper mannrr. Tiiere was but one flove in the
hut, and that Ix in;^; lit up agreeable to the Ruffian talle,
was more like an t)vin, .md conl'equently not well
ad.ipted for boiling any thing. Wood, alfi), was too
precious a commodity to be waflcd in keeping up two
fires; ajid tlie one they might have m.ide out of tluir
habitation to drtl'., tluir \ictuals wouKl in noway have
lirrved to warm them. Anotiier reafon againfl their
cooking m th, open air was the lontinual danger of an
attack from tie white bears.
To renied' in fome degree, the hardfliips of eating
(heir mr.it hall raw, thov Lx-thouglit themlelves of dry-
ing llime of their provilion, during the lummer, in the
open air, and afterward.^ of hanging it up in the upper
parr of the hut, which was continually fille.. ■' th fiiioak.
This meat, fo prep^i'ed, tliry iit'ed for brer.d, and it
iiiaile them reliih thi ;r other Peih the lietler, as they
couKi only half lirel's ir. hinding th.is experinniit an-
fwer, in ever,- r'fpecl, their wilhes, they continued to
prartile it liuring the whole time of tl-.eir ccniinement
in tlii.s countPi', and .iKvays kept up by that means a
fuffii ier.t Itock of provillons. Water they had in fum-
iTier from t'mall riv.ikfs that fill from the oci;s; and
in winter from tl'.'- Inow ard th.iwcil ice : tl.is was, of
I :)url(', tl.eir onlv b:\cragc: aiivi t!:eir Ini.dl l;errlc was
the only vf\]\\ riu y could make uf: of fur this anil
other piirp.of'-s.
It is well knowi, tl,.it li-afaring jieoplc aie extremely
fubji '"t 10 the Irurvy. This ilileaf'e increates iti pro-
por' ion .^s we approach ihe pole,, which tnuii be attri-
buted to tlie exrcllh'c cold, or Ioiik other caufc yet
i.i;jvi;(.iv.n. I los\ev( r that fr.;;\ be, the liiilors^ kting
themfelve.s quite dertitute of every means of cire, in
c.il'c tluy fliould be atta< ked witli li) fat.il a diforde--,
judged it expedient not to negled any regimen gene-
rally adopted as a prefervative againii this inipendin<T
evil. One of tluir number, who had fi-veral times
wintered on tlie^oall of Spit/bergen, aiiviled his un-
f^'rtunate compamons to fwallow raw and frozen mear.
broken into liiiail bits ; to »hink the blooii c»t' rein-
deer warm as it flr.weil from their veins immeiii.itely
after the killin;j; thein; M ufe as mucii exercilc as pofli
file ; and, l.illly, to eat llurvy-grafs, which grows in
this country.
Experience jiroved thefe remedies to be efTci.'hial;
for three of tlu li- tailors, who purfiied this nu-thoit,
continued totally free from all t.unt of the dilbrder.
The fourth, on the contrary, who was narurallv in<.!o-
lent, averf'e to drinking the rein-deer b!o( i, and un-
willing to leave the hut, when he eoiil 1 polT-b!- void
it, wa,, fiion after their ariival, kized with the • vv,
which afterwanis liecame lb bad, th. t he paficil ...uiotl
fix years under the greatell fuiferings. In the l.nter
part of that time he became fb weak that he couki lu
longer fit erecb, or even r.ufe his hand to his mouth ;
fi) that his humane companions were obii;;ed to feed
and rend him, like a new-born infiuir, to t!ie hour of
his death.
\N'e liave before obfervcd, that they brouglit with
th.em a finall bag of flour. Of this they had confumcd
alxnit one half with their meat; .and the remaindr
tluy employed in a diflerent manner, though equally
uleitil. They tiion t'ound tj-.e necefTity of keeping up
a continual fire in tl) cold a climate, and jx-rccived that,
il it Ihould unfiirtunately go out, they had no ineans
of lighting it again : f()r though they iiad a flcel and
flint, yet they wanted both match and tinder.
In their exciirfions timiugh the country, they had
ITU t witii a llimy loam, or a kind of clay, out of whicii
t!iey found means to form an utenfil that might ferve
for a lamp; and the\- pro]u>ted to keep it conllanrly
burning wi'h the fjt of the aniinals they ihould kill.
This was certainly the iiuifl rational fchcnie thev cnuld
have thougiit of, for to be without a light in a climate
where, during the winter, darknefs reigns for f'ever.d
months together, would have ailded much more to
their calamities. Having, therefore, fafbioned a kind
of lamp, they filled it witii rein-deers fat, and flu, k in
liiine twilleil linen, fliaped into a wick. IJut they had
the mortification to find that, as liion as the far mehed.
it not onlv foaked into the clay, but ran through on all
lilies, it was therefore neceffar)- to ilcvife f )me ineani
lor preventing this inconvenience, not riling from
cracks, but from the fubflance of wiiich tiie lamp wa^
made being too porous. They therefore made :'. new
one, drieil it thoroughly in the air, then hi .ited it red
hot, and ;ifterwards quenchid it in tiieir kettle, "here-
in they had boiled a quantity of flour down to tiiC con-
filleni e of tiiin flan h. I'he lamp beir.g thus dried, ami
tilled with fat, they now fouiul, to thtir great joy,
did. not leak ; but, for greater fecurity, they dipp:\l
tinen rags in their patle, and covered all it", outfidc
with them. Succei\!ing in this attempt, they imme-
diati ly made anothi-r lamp, for fear of an at ; idenr,
rliat, at ail events, they migiit not be th'Ibtute of light.
When they hatl made theml'elves thefe t\o, tluy
thought proper to fave the remainder of the'r flour lor
fimilar purpoles.
As they had carefully collee'icd wliatever liappened
to be c.ill on Ihore to fiipply them with fiiel, they had
lound amoii|r tiie wrecks of vefTels li)iiie cordage, and
a linall quantity of oakum, whitli I'erved them to make
wicks lor their lamjis. Wlicn thefe flores be.;an to
fail, their Ihirt , and drawers were employed to make
gooil the dclicieney. Uy thefir means rhey kept a lamp
burning With'iiit interniiffion, from the day th< y firft
maiie th^ m, until that of their em.barkation for their
native country.
The lu'celfity of convertiiu;; the mofl elTential parts
of' th( ir cl';athing, t'uch as tluir thirts and drawers, to
tiiC
)GR.\PI1Y.
rry means (ifcrirf, in
th lb t.it.il ;i liilbrile-,
d any nj^imcn j^cne-
[X:un\\ this inipciKling;
ho hatl Irvcr.il times
crj^fM, ailvil<-i.l Ms iin-
raw ami tVnzi-u meat
k tlie bl')oil i>r rein-
fir vtitis immediately
nurliexerrifc as polll
;iali., whieii grows in
ledies to he rfficlual;
p'lrlvied this nuthoii,
taint of the dilortler.
Iv) was naturally iniii)-
n-deer bl'x ^i, ami iin-
\e coiiU pof!;!-)!'. .void
llizeil witli tlie ■ • vv,
, rh. t he pafied ..l;iiolt
ilrint;?. In tl-.c Inter
weak that he coula lo
lis hand to Wi^ mfiuth ;
were obli.'^ei! to (eiil
I infant, to tlic hour of
hat they brought with
:h!s they had confiimed
a" ; and the reinaind r
lanncr, tiiough equally
icccfTitv of kecpini; up
ate, and i>erccived that,
lit, they had no means
jh they had a llcel and
:h and tinder,
the country, they had
id of elay, out of which
itenfil that might ferve
I to kceji it tonHantly
nimals thev ilioiild kill,
onal fchcme they cniilJ
lout a lii^ht in a climate
nefs reij'ns for fevera!
added much more to
tfore, falhioned a kind
deers fat, and llu. k in
a wick. But they iiad
foon as the far melted.
, but ran throu^^li on al!
y to dcvile f >me meani
nee, not rilinp; from
of which the 1 imp w.n
therefore made ■•'. new
air, then he.ited it red
in their kettle, ■■ hcre-
tlour down to ti.e con-
np bcin^; thus dried, and
to iluir f;n at joy,
r fecurity, they dipped
covered all iti outfide
s attemiJt, tiiey i-iuiie •
fear of an ac. idenr,
t be dellitute of light.
Hves thefe t \o, they
fuukr of their lloiir fur
ed whatever hap(-ened
■.em with fuel, they h.ii
Ifels f line cordage, and
h '"erved them to make
ihefe (lores bei;an to
err einploycd to make
imair. rliey kept a lamp
Inni the day th( y firlt
embarkation for their
tlie ni'jfl erfeiiti.d parts
r thirty and drawers, to
tliC
trKOLM',]
6 R E E N L A N D.
Cot
the u!e before fpeci''e :, expofed them t'le more to tl;e
ripjc'ir I'f t!ie clim.u,-. 'I'liey alfotou.'-.d tlitmfclvcs in
v.'ur.t of ilioes, boot.i, and oti'.er iUti^lea of drcG j Jnd,
aa winter was approacl.i.i^;, were a^'aiii oblij'ed to liave
re< )U! '•• t" ti'.at ingenuity which neC( !luy ri;j.';.,erL',, and
\v;iiili I, i '(MU t:;ii:. in ii-.e tryiiu; lioiir ol'Jillrel.s.
'I'l.i y iiiid iki.'ib ol riin-dter .'.nd tocsin aljunJance,
■th.t iiad liitlierto I'erve.i th.em fur beddui;';, I'lid wliicii
thev ii'jw thoii^iit of cnp; oyiii;^ in fome more eni.'itial
fei\ I e ; but tlie qi!e!lit;ii was h )w to tan them. A-t'ter
ittli' I r.iiin.'T on this matter, tliey took th.e tbllowiny
nv tiir.d. 'i h( V foaked the (kins for fevcral day. in
frcMi water, tiil th^y could piiii off th.e hair toleiably
i;i!v : they then rubbed tlie wet le.'ther witii their hands
till it v:is nearly dry, when tliey fpread li)me melted
reindeer's fat over it, ai'.d a>j;aiii rubbed it v.ell. By
this procc!s!he leather becanie ll.'t, pliant, an.l liip;ilc,
pr.ij er to anfv.tr every purpolc (or wliich it wa.s in-
ten.lrd. 'I'lioil- Ikins v,!-.i>.h they d.cfr^ncd lor furs they
oniv loakcJ one li.iy, to prr;)are tlieni for being v.'iuugiit,
and then iirorecdcd in tiie manner belbre mentioned,
CK.'. p't oiiiy th.'.t tiiey uid not remove t!-.c hair, 'ri.u.,
tl.e\ ioc.n rioviJcd tiiemklvts with tlie necclK'.ry ma-
te!! !;> for ail tl;c p.iiis ofdivls tliey v.aiiicd.
i'u: here anoiiier dilRculty (.ciirrcd. They had
nei'.iicr awls for ir.aiiing (lioes or boc t;., or needk-s tor
f.wiiig their garment:.. 'I'hife v..;:;::, I. nvever, they
(00:1 ft!])plied, by means of ilie bits of iron ilicy had
occif;oii.illy collected. Out of tlufe they made both,
aid, by their own indullry, even broiigiit them to a
cert.'.in deg-.ee of [!e:'iection. 'I'he m.il.ing eyeii to their
ir.eJ.le.-- i..di;ed, gave tliem no linal! trouble ; but t;:is
ti'.ey .;l(o per.'oraie^l with tlie aHillance of tia-ir khuc;
lor (-.aving ground it to a very lliarp point, and heated
red hot a kind of wii'e, they pierced a hole through one
tn.i, and, by wetting and fmootr.ing it on iUjiies,
bi'MU.rht tlic Other to u point, and thus gave tae whole
ucedie a toler.ible gooil torm.
The next mateii.il inllniment wanted was a p.iir of
fcil'.ars to cut out ti-.c Ikins: but th s deiieiciicy was
fuppiiei by their kni.e ; and though thu'e was neither
tavLir or liiocmaker among them, yet they contrived
t ) cut out their leather .ind furs well enough (>>r the
p'irpo'.c. The iinewa o( th.e bears ai'.d reiii-ucer Ic'rved
t;-.em ii;r threid. Tluis pi-ovidcd v.ith the necellary
implements th.ey proceedivl to make thiir new cloaths.
Tiieir fumincr drels conlilled or a kii-.d of jacket and
tronlers, iii.\d.e of ikin.s pre[).iied as above. In winter
they wore long fur gowns, like th.e .S.unoides or I.ap-
lui.iers,
iiiniillicd
ho
covered the
he.id and ne. k, leaving only .ii opeiii ig lor the (ace.
Tiieic g;;wns were I'cwed cloli- lour.d, 10 that, to put
tl-.em oil, th-y were obliged ti) bring rliem over their
hca.ls like a li;irr.
W h.eii our mariners h.^d palled ne.ir fi.K years in this
diliii.,1 place, the ;ii:iii, whole iihet:. ii.is been alreaeiy
lueiiii Ti.d, and v.ii(< li.ul been all .d.iig in a hiiig-uid
cimdiiion, died, aiter lia\ ing, in the latter part (j| his
li.e, H.i'.'cred the iii<<i*^ e;;crui iating pains, 'i'hoiiglt
they v.c»% thus freed lioin the trouble of attending him,
;nd (j^^griel of being witnelies to his mitery, v.'iiiiout
being able to .ilford iiim any relief, they were fM'eatly
aftli-tcd i'.t iii-i de.;t!i They Lr.v tl-.eir nuuiber lelleiied,
and every one wilbed t'j be t;ie (irll tliat IhouM loUow
i.iui. .-Vs he ^'.ied in wi.uer, they dug a gr.ivc in the
(iiow .;s '.\rc\i lis tin y coul.l, in v,h cJi they laid the
ton le, ..nd iIki' ci \( re.i ii over in the belt in.nner
tlity coUid, to itcine ii a ^lu tlit i;cirj.
At the time when the melancholy refleiiiort, occa-
fioned by tlie death of their comrade, came frefh in
tlicir inindE, and when each expeitcd to pay this laft
duty to the remaining comp.mions of his misfortunes,
or to rec ive it from them, they unexpectedly got fight
of a Uufiian Ihip. This happened on the 15th of Au-
giill, 1749. This veiltd belonged to a trader of the Cctl
called by its adherent.. .Stata Vieva, that is, The Old
l''ait!i, v,ho Isad come (iom Archangel, and propofcd
wintering in Nova Zembia ; but the contruy winds
they met with on tlieir palfage rend.eretl it impofTiblc
for ih'.in to reach the place of their deftination. The
V( l!el was diiven towards Spit.^.hergen, direftly oppo-
(ite to tile relidence of our mariners, who, as foon as
they perceived her, hallened to light tires o.t the hills
iie.irell tl'.eir habitation, and then ran to the beach,
wa\ ing a (lag, m.ide of rein-deer's hide, fattened to a
pole. The people on board, feeing thefe fignals, con-
clutled that they were men o.t the Ihore who implored
tiieir aniihince, and therefore came to an anchor not far
from the land.
It is almolt impofTible to dtfcribe the joy of tlicfe
•loor peo;ile at leeiiig the moment of their deliverance
!(< near. I'liey f<;on .agreed with the mailer of the fhip
to work for him on the voy.age, and to pay him So ru-
bles on their arrival, for taking them on board, with
all their lichcs, which coniillcd in 50 pud, or 2000
p.)Ur, is weiglit, of rein-ileer fat, in many hides of thelb
animal.., aiid ::! (l;insot tiie bh.*; and white foxes, togc-
tl ■ r v.ith tlicj^e of tiie ten white bears they had killed.
They t jok care not to forget their bow and arrows ;
their fpears ; their knife anil axe, which were almofl
worn out ; their av.ls and needles, which they kept
carefully in a bone box, very ingenioufly made with
the kniti; only ; and, in fliort, every thing they were
podi-lVed of
Our adventu.'-ers arrived fafe at Archangel on tlie
iHth of .Srptemlier, 1749, having ("pent lix years and
time months in their rueful Ibhtude.
'I'lie moment o( their landing had nearly proved fatal
to tlie loving an ! beloved wife of one of them, who, be-
ing preient when the velfel came into port, immediate-
ly kne'.i. her iuilband, and ran with lb much eagernefs
to his embraces, that (he (lipped into the water, and
very narrowly clcaped being drowned.
.(Vll three, on tiieir arrival, were llrong and healthy,
but ha\ ing lived fb long v.ithout bread, they could not
reconcile themlelves to the life of it, and complained
that i: tilled tiiem witii wind : neither could they bear
any I'piiitiious lic]i:ors, and therefore drank nothing but
water.
However aftoniiliing the above recital m.iy appear,
the trutii of thefe adventures is fiifficiently authentica-
ted. Wlien tiiefe unlintunate tailors arrived at Arch-
angel, t'ley were eximined by the chief auditor of the
a^liiiir.dty of tiiat city, who minuted down all the par-
ticulars, which e.\acrly coriefponded with each other.
Mr. Le Kay, profeiiiir of hiitory in the Imperial Aca-
demy, f jm;; time after ("ent (or two of the men to Pe-
ter(burgli, (rom v.iioi'e mouths he took the be(i>re iTien-
tiotied narrative, which alio agreed with Mr. Klinftadt's
iniiu res, 'i'ne original was piiblillied in the German
language at I'eterliuirgh, in tlie year 1769, and tranl-
iifit.> ,1 trom the.'ice to the ingenious Mr. (now Sir Jo-
fipli'; Hanks, who, with feveral other members of the
Koy.d Soiiety, v.ere tb well piealeil with the account,
tliat tiiey directed a tranliatioii of it to be made into
I'jighlli, Ii... the ^iv.tllieatioH ol tlie tuiioui.
^m
WiC
i
4,; « '
L • i'
1-f
ft=
■i.' r
:il
\;).
N
C HAP.
■ ■'■liii
ill
■Ml.
6o; A NrW, ROYAI. avd AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M of UXIVF.RSAI. (.IFOGKAPriV
C II A P.
II.
AND.
Hfr
;hii M
S !•. C T I O N 1.
Aiiiitf, Bcuiiiliirics, Extent, Divijions, Subdiii/tcns,
Climate, Soil, Moutitnins, Ruen, i'eg(tJ'les, .Inimal
iiitd Mineral Pioilitcdin}.
r I ''H !•'. n.itivf s of this
I by the ancients, to
lami, or l.appia, was u
s country were called Scritofinni
) whom the appellation ot I.ap-
a„...., >.. ,,..ppia, was unknown. Thi-y orij^inally in-
habited I'"ailanil, from whence they were ilriven more
iiorthwartl, after which they were called Lappes, which,
in the Mnick ton^iif, fignitied exiles driven to the moll
remote places. 'I'he natives, of coiirfe, deemintr that
appellation opprobrious, call t!;eiiit'el\ cb Sal)inicnladii.
Lapland beini; fubjecl to three dilUnd fovereignties,
viz. Sweden, Dciiniark and KulTia, is divided into three
parts ; buL ab Swedilh Lapland is by far t!ie moll con-
iidcrable, botii in point of extent and popuhuion, and
as they all bear a fnnilarity with refpeft to molt parti-
culars, we Iha 1 confine our defcription to that divilion;
obfcrving, in ;:. .eral, that all tii. country lyin:; above
the Guiph of Bothnia, along the coalt of the north fea,
even to the Wiiite Sea, is called Lapland.
Swedifh I-ipland is bounded on the cdl by RulTia
I^pland ; on the well by a ridijc of mountains that
feparate it from Norway ; oii the north by Dar.ilh Lap-
land i and on the f )Utli by Bot iiiia, Ani;eririania, ami
SepterLmd. Its ftreattll: e.xtent, from i-\\\\ to weft, is
about 360 miles i in breadth ic e\tei\ls from 65 deg.
•;j nfin. to 69 dc;^. of north l.itit'.ide. It is divided
into fix provinces, or diftrict;, the naincs of which are
as follows, viz. An<j;ermanland-Laiimark, Unia-Lap-
triark, Pitha-Lapmark, Lula-Lapmark, Torno-Lap-
jnark, and Kimi-Lap:nark.
Thefe provinces, each of which receive; its name
from tl;c thief river that v.aters it, are again fubdi-
vided into fmallrr dirtricts called Biars, and thefe con-
tain a certain number of families, called by the Swedes
Reck.^^^. Kvery Heckar, or family, is allowed a confi-
tierable track of land, with tdrelh, lakes and brooks,
for the maintenance of their families and cattle ; but
their lantls arc not enclol'cd, f ) that the property of one
is often converted to the ufe ol another.
Lapland is lituated lb wxx the pole, that the \w\ nei-
ther lets in fiiminer, or riics in winter. In the latter
feafon the cold is fo intenfc, that none but the iiative.i
are able to bear it. The moll rapid rivers are tl-.cn
frozen up, and the ice is tw!) or three, and loiiirtiines
four or live feet thick. In fnmmer the wrathei is as
fiiltrv as it is cold in winter : tor autumn and Iprinf^
are unknown in this dimate. The excellivc heat,
however, is qtialilied bv the vapours that rile tiom the
fea, and bv tlie fnow ttiat lontiiuie:. all the liimmer (xi
tlie tops of the mountains, ::iid in ditches that are
jheltered fii in the fun. It I'eldom rains in the fiini-
iner, biit '\>\ \M.ner tf.e \s!i)le couiitiy is covere.l v. idi
fnow.
Thebtil tiefcription of the clim.ite of this country
is given bv M. Maupertiiis, who, with lever.d other
allrononiei'r, was fent liither by order of the king of
I'r.ince, to dil'cover tlie figure of the earth at the p'llar
circle,
falline;,
few
In Deeeinber (fas^ he) the
or
fl.mtlv converted all the vajiOur in it into fnow ; whjrlin*
it rotinil in white vortexes. If we went abroad, we fi-h
as if the air was tearing our brealls in pieces ; and the
cracking of the wood, of which the houfes are bmit,
as .f fplit by the violence of the fmll, continually
alarmed us witli an increale of cold : in this country
you may often fee ]H-o[)le who have loll .m arm or a
leg by the fVofl. The cold, which is always verv great,
loinetiinrs incrcafes by fuch violent and lluklcii de-
grees, as are almofl infallibly fatal to thole who are lo
\inhappy as to be e.xpoleil to it; and I'ometimes there
rife fudden tempefts of fnow that are llill more dancrr-
ous, The wiiuis li.em to blow from all quarters at
once, and drive about thi fnow v.ith fuch fury, th.it ail
th'' roads are in a moment rendered invifible. Dread-
ful i.. the fituation of a perfon iiirpriled in the fields
by iuch a llorm : his knov. ledge ui the country, ar.ii
even the mark he m.iy haye taken by the tree, cannot
avail him ; iie is blinded by the tiiow, and if he at-
tempts to find hi.^ -...iV iionie i> generally loll. In ll;.,: r,
during the whole winter, the cold was lb excefTive, taai
on tilt 7th of April, at Hve in the morning, the ther-
mometer was fallen to twenty divilions below the point
of freezing, though every afternoon it rofc two or three
liivifions above it ; a difference in the height not much
lefs than that which the greatelt heat and Coki felt a:
Paris ulually produce in t'-.at inllnimenr. Thus in
24 hours we h;ul all the variety felt in the temperate
zones in the compafs of a whole year."
Though the nights in winter are verv cold, longai'd
tedious, yet thofe inconveniences are, in fome degree,
obviated by the Ic-renity of the iky, the brightnefs ot
the moon and flats, and the refulgent liglit of the at;
rora borealis, which is rellecled from the white liirlacc
of the earth covered with fnow, from all \shich fuch .*
light is produced, that the inhabitants are en.ibled fo
difcharge their ordinary occupations. M. Maupertiiis
in fpeaking of thefe nofrurnal lights, fays, " 'I'he
days are no focner doled than hres of a thoufand
figures and colours light up the fky, as if ilefigneii o
compenfate for the abfence of the fun. Thele fires
have not here, as in more tbuthern climates, any con
flint fituation. Though a luminous arch is often Iciti
lixed towards the north, they f'eem more frequently to
polit-ts the V hole extent of the hemilphere. Some-
tmies ihev b gin in the form of a great Icarfof biij'li-
light, with ts extremities ujion the horizon, whitii,
with a iiioti .n releinbling that of a fifliing-net, glides
fbftiv
conri:uiaily
ready to fall, tor the moll part hid the liin
tl'.e fev/ m mil ;Us he might have app-cared at mi,'-. lay.
In the mondi of January tli-- cokl was increa'cd to th.it
extremity, t!ia; M. Keaumour's mercurial thermuriieter,
which, at Paris, in th- great fit.ll of \~o^, it was
t'lought ilrange to lee tall to foiirtien degrees Ix low
the lVee7in'.; poin', was now got down to tliirty-li-ven.
'I'he fpiiits o! wnie in the wiiieis was frozen. If wc
opened the dour of a warm ro'jni, tlie external air iii-
the Iky, preferving, in this motion, a di
recti' a nearly perpendicular to the nurid.ian ; ar.d molt
coi'.imonly aktr thele preludes all fiie lights unite a:
the zenith, and liirm the top ol" a crown. An.s, like
tliofe feen in hrante towards the nortli, are here tn
quently lituated towar.l>. the louth ; an. I olteti tov.'aru
both t!ie north ^iid fouth at once. I'heir fumniits ajj-
proach each oclierj the di'lancc of their extremitie;
widens towards the liorizon. I have leen foiv.e of the
oppofite ans, v.hofc fimimits alinoll jviined at the y.e-
iiith i and both the one and tliC (jthcr have tiequem'v
tevcral concentii. arcs beyond ir. Their top, are all
placid in the ilire^lion ot ti.e meri.ii.m, tliouj^h with .a
iuile dcelinition to the well; which I did not iiii.l to
be conllaiit, and which is lo'Vietimci inl'enliblc. It
would be enJIcts- to mention all the diflVrcn: tii^uics tliele
meteors repiefent, aud the various motions with which
they are aj'itated. 'I'heir motion is mull commorly
like that of a])air of colours waved in the air, and the
different tints ol' their llylit , give them the appenran'e
of |i) many vafl ilruimers of changeable taffaty. Some-
ti:nes they line a |i,irt of' tlie Iky withfcailef. Oa the
eig!:tee:u!i ot December i law a phtnouiciion cl thi'*
iUlKi,
GKAITIY.
EUROIT ]
L A P I. A N' 1)
603
n it iiitofiiow; whirling
»t- went abroa.l, \vr Iclt
alls in pii-cf s ; .mil the
ii tin- lioiili s art- built,
thf fu>[\, continually
cold : in this country
1 have loll an arm or a
rh is always vt-rv i^rrat,
iolrnt and liuiUcn dc-
tal to tlv.lc who arr U)
C; and romctiincs there
it arc IliU niori- dange r-
V trom all quarters at
with Inch iury, th.it all
It-retl invifibk. Drcad-
liiriirili-d in the fields
je of the country, a:.ii
<cn by the tree?, cann')t
!ic t'now, and it he a:-
;cncrally loll. I:. :ho::.
)ld was U) fXtefrivc, ta.ii
I the moinii-.g, the thcr-
livilions below the point
loon it role two or thn c
• in the hcif^ht not miuh
II heat and cold felt a:
r inlbunu-nr. 'I'hiis in
y lilt in tlie temperate
de year."
r arc verv cold, long V'd
ces are, in fome defirec,
e ikv, the brightnels ot
rfulsrcnt Turlit of the ai;
1 from the white furlace
■'rom all which Inch ^
abitants are enabled f'»
litions. M. Maupcrtuis
al li;,'hts, fays, " Tlu
lan tires of a thoiifand
le ll<y, as if ilefiy;ned o
f the fun. Thefe lires
jthern climates, any con
ninoi'.s arch is often lecn
eeni more frequently to
e hemifphere. Some-
f a ^rcat fcarf of brijdr
on the horizon, whii ii,
of a lilhim^-net, glide.
, in this iniJtioii, a di
the merid.ian ; a.-.il moll
|-s all tiie lights unite a:
a crown. Arcs, like
I the nortli, are here tn
|iith i an.! often lov.MrJ
le. Iheir Uiiiimits ap-
iiv e of their ty.tremiti>-;
II have Uen foiv.e ot the
lalnioll joined at, the v-
\c i,thi.r have trecjuentlv
i:. Their top; are nil
kiiiTi,ii.in, though with .a
[vhich I did not lin.l t.>
fietinu". infcniible. It
heditlVren:tii.5uivsthefc
lious motions wltliwhicli
liion is moll conimoiily
javed in the air, and tl'.i.'
Ive them the appe.irancc
lu',cab!e tatiaty. Some-
Ky with llailet. Ua the
a pheaoiiitiion i;! this
^^ind, that, in the nililft of all the wonders to v.hich 1
was. iiou every il.iy acculhnned, railed my admir.ition.
'I'o the louth a j^^ivat fpace of ihe fky apjiearid tinned
with lii lively a red, that the whole conllellation of O-
lioii Idol.eil as il it had been dipped in blood. 'ri,!,s light,
which was at lirit fixed, foon moved, and chani^mj^
into other colrjurs, violet and blue, lirttled into a dome,
whole top llrod a little to the fouth-wellof the zenith.
The moon flione biii^ht, but did not in the le.ilt dface
it. Ill ihis coimtry, uhere there arc light.s of lo many
diUVrent colours, I never faw but two that were red;
and Inch are taken for prefages ot fome great misfor-
tune. Alter all, when people gaze at th.'le phenomena
vith an nnfihilofopldc eye, it is not furpriling if they
dillover in them the appearance of arinies engaged, tiery
chariots-, and a thouland other prodif^ics."
The foil of this country is, in general, exceeding
bad, beiiiLi; li) intermixed with llones, that hardly anv
thii p Will grow in it; but in fome pi ices it is very
moilt, owiiij^ to the numberol marlhcs and brooks with
wine!) it abou .lis.
'llie whole country is full of rncks and mountains.
Thofc called the D.ifrine Mountains, which feparate
Lap-land from Norw.'v, arc of 3 j rodigious hci^'lit ;
and the hipji winds that blow there jirevent all trees
irom ta!;ir,(.r root. I^eneath thefe mountains are large
marlhcs and extenfive forells, where there are many
trtes, th".i;;h they llaml at a prear dilbnee from each
other. At the boft.im of the hills are pleatiint valiies,
whi.h .-.re the moll fertile parts of the countrv, being
well \>atered by an infinite number of Iprings and
brooks.
Moll of th'- rivers rife from the mountains of Nor-
way, and tall into the Bothnian Gulph. The chief of
fhcle arc the Uma, I.ula, Rima, and Torna. The
Uma is greatly increafed by the waters that flow into it
from the rivers Venditor and Skialfre. The I.ula and
Rima are both very confiderable, and are fwelleti, in
their courle, by a great number of lelTer ones. The
Torna receives 7c) rivers, one of which is a Swedifli
mile in bieadtli. When the fnow melts, all thefe riv rs
overflow d;eir banks; and the cliief part of them have
flupendoiis catararts. Bcfides tlie rivers here are alfo
many lakes, which, as well .is the former, abound
vith v, ri v;s kinJs of tilh.
The torefls of Lapland produce a great number of
trees, among which are the birch, p-ne, and fir. Some
parts ot it alfo produce the I'ervice-tree, willow, pop-
i.ir, elder, ani.1 flie coriuil. They have feveral forts of
plant?; b'.it tl'.c moll ul'cful are t!ie angelica and forrel,
V. I.ieh .".re f'.rcat'y etleemed by the natives, who uli.-
them in t'leii- food. Tluy liave likewife difterent kinds
ol^^'iaf, ! e.uh, and tern: but the moft plentiful, as
wdl ,is i,..,l! ufiful veget.ible, is th.e niofcluK-, or mofs,
oi w'Ac'a riieie are leveral Ipecies, either adhering to
treis, ('r crfiv.ing on the furlace of the earth. The
rcin-t!'.-, r i:, .di'.ioll wiudly fullained by this vegetable,
v.iiicli, ind.eeJ, i.e pirti-rs to all others, ;;nd without
v.hirli he c:'.n:i( t liiblill. 'I'he natives not only ui'c it
as forasre f r tluir c.srtle, but boil it in brot!) as a cor-
iii;d :iik1 refroraiive.
1 1' re is alio great plenty of berries, fucii as black,
currai.'s; tf.e Nor\\e^ian mulberry, wiiich grows upon
a creeping plant, and is much elleemed as an antifcor-
I'litic; ralbenics, cianbeiiies and bilHerrii-s. Jiini-
jer beriics.-re alii) very p.lt ntitlil, and fume of the trees
t;row to a ronlideiable height.
The animds f)f tl.i.^ cou.uiy are Ptag';, bears, wolves,
foxes oi' It vcf.d colours, (ijuirrds, ermine:;, martens,
iiues, glittens, beavers, oLicrs, dks and rein-deer;
b'lt the kill ot' thefe is the moll ufehil to tlic natives,
V. ho, V, idi()Ut them, colild not polTibly pirfervc their
exillencci for thefe animals not oiily affonl them f()od
iinJ j^Mrmenfs, but r.lii) fupply the place of horfcs, and
travel in thole part, where the latter animals would be
entirely ul'tlels.
riie rein-deer is a kind of ftag, with large branched
fioi lis, tlie tojji of which bend forward lil;c a bow. I le
i. larger, llroiiaer, a:\.\ iwill.-r than the flag; and his
hair cluni^e' colour aceotding to the feafonof the year.
i lis hoot.-, :ire cloven mi moveable, for which reafon
he t'preads them alirond as h'- runs along the fnow, to
prevent h's finking into it. The horns are very high,
and divided into two branches near the root. On each
horn are three brandies, one above another, whicl\
.ireagiin fubdivided int.) t"inal!er ones; infomuch, that
no horned b".ill whatever has the like, eitiicr for bulk,
brain lies, or weight. Tiie horn., are of a liglit colour,
and there are veins, or blood vcflels, .inning along
them, under whidi there are furrows. When the beafl
runs, lie lays thefe horns upon his back; but there are
two biatiches that always hang over his forehead, and
almoll cover his face. Moft of thefe animals are wild j
but tome of them are tame, and exceeding lerviceable
to the natives. 'I"hofe which are produced between a
tame doc and a wild buck are not only the largeft, but
I by far the rtrongcll. Tiiefe animals are of infinite ufe
to the Laplanders; for, witlujut fubjefting them to the
Icufl expence, they fup|)ly them with almoft every ne-
cclliiry of life. From thefe creatures they are furnilhed
with milk and cheefe, as alio fielh, which they hjy up
lor winter ftore. The fkins afford caps, cloaths, boots,
flioes, bedding, thongs, and many other articles.
The nerves and linews are twilled into thread. Their
bows and arrows are ti[)[)ed witli the bones, and their
boxes inlaid with the horn, which i. likewife formed
j' intf) curious fpoons, toys, and utenfils. Thefe animals
jl are likewife ufed as bealls of draught or burtiv n; and
'I t.ir from ilemanding any jirovifion or provender, dig
V « it!i their feet among the fnow for the mots, which they
j prefer to every other kind of tood.
I I'he dogs here are vt ry fmnll, not being above a foot
j in height. They turn up their tails, which are fhort;
and their ears ll.uul ercrt, like thole of wolves. They
aie of a red colour, and very lerviceable in hunting.
'i'he birds of Lapland are fwans, geefe, ducks, lap-
wings, fnipes, moll forts of water-fowl, heath-cocks,
ftock-doves, wood-cocks, and partridges. Befides
thefe, they have two kinds of f()wl peculiar only to this
country. 'I'he firtl is called the kniper, and is a kind
of fnipe, bl.iek on the head, back, and wings; but the
breall .ind belly are white. It has a long red beak, let
with teedi, and lliort red t'eet, relcmblingthofe of water-
fowl. The other is called the loom, and is never feen
on the gro'.ani, but eidier in the water, or flying. The
partridges here are as white as fnow, and, inllead of
leathers, their bodies are covered with a kind of wool.
The rocks and mountains are frequented by eagles,
hawks, falcons, kites, and other birds of prey.
The chid inteds here are flics, which, in t!ie fum-
mer, are hatched in the moraffes and woods, and are
freqi .ndy to numerous as to obfcure the li,';ht of the
day. They are venomous, and exceeding troublefome;
infomuch, that the rein-deer Hy to the tops of the
mountains for fndter; and the inhabit.iiirs move to the
fea-fide; thefe parts being the leall int'etleil by thefe
p.eflilent vermin. Monlieur Maupertuis liiys, that,
while he v.as tiiere, the Hies were fo troublefome, that
even the !• inland loldiers, who were counted tlie moll
hardy troops in the fervice of Sweden, were obliged to
cover their fices vvi-li tlie Ikirts of their coats from the
attacks of thefe animals, which fwarmed to liich a de-
gree, that the moment a piece of flelh appeared, it
w.is blackened .ill over. -Some of theli" Hies are very
large, wit!i gi'-en liead., and draw blood from the Ikin
ivheiever tiiey llri!;e.
The river-, aiivl lake', abound with delicious fahnon,
which come fror.i the Gulph of Biithniai alio trout,
bream, and perch, all of winch are of cxquifue flavour,
and of amazing li/e.
In fome of the dillridls are mines of filVcr, lead, and
coppier, together wi-!i excellent veins of iron ; but
they are not ;it jjiefen: worked to any confider.ible ad-
vantage, theii lituution being almoli in.'.ccellible. In
the ilillrict of Toiiio there is a vein ot gokl and fiU
ver mixed, another of lead ar.d tilver, and * third of
copper ;
■fill
"'1 't
• . I
ii
k'-t i
«o*
A NF.W, ROYAl. ano Al'Tnr.NTIC SYSTFM ci I'N'UTUi^Al. GtOGR APf^Y.
I'
ll ^
cop[->cri .mil Ikmc tliry Ivivc iiotli cnpptT works ani.1 a
fiiiimiiy. riicy li.iw .illii liirti.icrs in tin- pioviiue ol'
Lul.i, wilt Tf tin y im!t til" lilvcr wlijcli thf" itij^ in
th.u p.irt ot' tilt CDiintiv. 'I'lidl' mine"!, !'••.» t, arr
only workftl for a Ihurt time in tiic tiiniiiur, .iif cli-
mate biing Id iVvcre tor the i>riiu ip.il part ot tin-
year, as to prevent the engines trom |ierti)rming their
offices.
In the rivers and l.il.es .ire lonnil iKMiititiil trylhils
ot a pi'iilitMoiis li/i, .in.i !(> hard ,ind fine, that, wh n
polilheil, they appc.ir hkc real liiamnn'.tv. H<-rt aie
likiwil'ea greai v.mt ly ut'iiirioiis llnnes, lomeol whiih
bear the r. lenibiante uf aniiniis, trees, \c. When the
njti\«s fini.1 th< fe, tluv pl.ice theni in loine conlj iiu-
oi:s place, and worlliip thtiii .:> vldties.
s E c r I c) \ II.
Peri'oiis, DifprJhtoKf, Lrr^r.-in, ll(i/ti,ifiiiis, Dr^/s,
LltiiJiU, hmpi'\iiic>it.u A'ttia-J cf 'frjVi.-/Jinj(, (.'njioms,
ALint.igi ai.d Funeriil Ctrein'.ni(<, Dtjitij't-s, Luii-
giiigi, <Jc. cf I'l^ Na:::ii cf LupimJ. ..
THE I ..iplaiul'.rs are remarkably (hort in llafire,
the j;t ncrality of t.'u ni i;<)t biir.i^ .'.bove tour Icct ,
and a halt lii^ili, and lonie or' iluiii even umler that '
fizCj the caulc of \vhiih is attiib'.itvd tcthe feveriry
i)f the fliiuatc, and the poornel'-. ot their living. 1 hey
.ire, in ^',eneral, veiy ilil'a|j;rteably lurnied, liavinj; a
larj'.c he id, a broad torthtad, hollow and bleared eye-,
a lliort and f.-it noic, :.\\A .1 bro.id t'.ue, with. Ili >rt,
bl.uk, and ron^'Ji hair, 'rhty liave bro.id brealU,
(lender waills, and lin.U le;;s; but tliey arc llron'',
hardv, .md adtive, inluniiiJi, tliat they will bear in-
credible fatitJiici and it is remarked, tliat the lloiitt.ll
Nor^^eyian is not abh.- to I'cnd the bow of a l,aplantltr.
The women, howevei, :Me much Icl-. homely than tne
n:cni and Ionic ul thciii have a ilclicatc and tloii.l
complexion.
Ill their itil'poliri' ns tiuy are very horn ll and hotpi-
tablc; but lb limortjur,, that they will / the nioiiu-nt
they perceive a vcliel .it lea, or tiie leall tontllcp ot .1
ftian^er. liny aie n.uiir.illy h.ilty and p.ill".onate,
and, wiien once provoked, not e.ilily apjK-akd. 1 hey
indulge thcniklvcs in lazintrs to Inch a dej^ree, that
tliev neither I'loiigh nor low, but kave their j^round
totally iiniuluv.iudi neither will they leek for pro-
vciivkr eithi r I y huntii,;' or lilV.inj-;, till thiy are com-
pelled to it Irom mere iui.ill.t\. It hatii been oblerv-
cd, that when they have been iianlported to more
moder.ite climates, tluy have loon died, though in
their own country tluy live to a j^reat ;'.,-:,r. It i> no
uncommon thing to kc a Laplander, U|)v.ards 01 jn
hundred years ot at;e, luMuillf,^ ti^wlin:,', Ikaitiiig, and
perionnii.>; .ill t!ic lescreil ..Acrcilcs with the molt alto-
nill.ing agility. . . . ■
1 heir hoiiks, or rather iiuts, nre made ot j)ieces of
timber, or ralters joi.icd to;.^cther, and eovered with
airf, or the branches of pine-trees m-\ coarfe cloth.
.Some ot them are built upon trees to prevent their be-
ing ovcrwiieluicil with Imv, ;ii.d to fecuie them trom j
the wild brails. 'I'heir hits have t.wj doors, at the ^
lellel of which no wom.;n inulf ei.ti r, bccaufe from ;
thence the men go to hur.:, .md llioukl they meet the !
woman ai ;;oing out, it w(.»u!d be co'ilii.'eied ai a bad '■
omen. '1 hey have n(> other chimnits tlian a hole at |
the to]) of their huts, which ferves to let the Inioak |
out, ai.d the li^Hit in. Their tlorehoiifei are built in I
trees, to iVruie their p-roviiions (i.)in bears ahd (Jtiier ,
wild bealls.
Their diefs in fummer confiih. of a clo.i: garment, ^
reachinf-', to the r.nd.'Ii wftliclcjis, and l.iibi.cd round
the waiil with bek*^. 'J'hev have no; an\ linen, and ;
their cloatli^ .".re made of coar'i- wool, ol a d.irk grey
colour. The ri her li'ir have rheir eloaths ot V4:i(ju:. ;'
colours, but red is ihe molt i:nii 1. li.nly clleenii d. Ai ,
their [girdles they h.i'.nj; .1 Noin.-y kni:e .uid a ]v)ik:!i, '
li;e l.'.tf.cr ot v,l,i,.]i eoi;i.i..io llint', ;;i.i;c1kj, .in I to- 1
b,ir(o, with ofh r neeedlirirsj the (girdle itielf Ivlnij
decorated with brats rini»', and ( h.iins. 'I'li ir ni ;ht-
r.ips are matle ot the Ikins of the bird loom, witii t';t*
ft.^therson; anil thrir llioes of tlie Ikins of rein-deers
v.ith the hair outward;.. In winter they are total'v
fated up in coats, t.ips boot--, and (rioves, made <;!
the reindeer's Ikin, witli t.'ie hair inw.irds. 'I'he Wi>.
nun"'- .ippanl ihllirs li::t litrle trom t'l.it of the iiim:
tiey h.:nn to t'leir i ird!- s many riii'.^s, ihains, tiv>,
and knives, witli .1 H'edh* e.;;e, an. I other tii.lc.
1 liiir thre;'.d is made ol I'le (iiiews of rein- deer, .ml
in winter they lie in their tkirr.. In f'rmner th'/ .ill
lover themlelves ar iii;'ht with larj'i' puces of cnarjc
iloiii, to Itciirc thtni Ironi being Ihiiv; by the lliij
ami LV'ats.
I he L.iplinders ni.nl.r all their ov/n t'l'n.it'ire; tin i.-
boais, tl'.iir lit ';;es, ani their bowi .in | .irrow-. 'I l,r
boards with whu h tiny make their ho it. arc falbv- 1
t<>[.',ether with t\%i;;s, tlie nerves ot n-in lieer, orili-
fiiiail root, of rr-Ts twitted together likf rojvs; :•-, i
th<-y caulk iln-m with 111. its to keep oi:r the v..^.r.r.
They make bo.\ei of their bireh pl.irk'., which i' y
nearly inlay with i;.e horn; of rin ;l-r; and tr.; .■
are \ cry dextrous ai I'l.il.in;', balki ts it liie r/.ti 1,1
trees, ilit in Ion;; ihi.i piei :••, and t'viile I to^;' •':■ r
.Some ot thele are iii.ide to neat that tlit y v.ill '.: \.\
water; and tliey are p.ntii til.irly .uhhircd bv {..■.:
Swe.ies.
riiele articlej are 111.' le iiy the men, wlio .ill 1 ]••■
film the otiice of cook, by ilrrliln:; vftu'ls tnr r :
family. Ti,c v...inen are emplovcd as taylors an 1 tii.-
btoulrrersj they m.'.ke ■.lo.i'l's, llioes, an.l bo.iti, ami
harneli fijr the rein-deer: t!iey Ipiii thread witii ti:',
^xniX knit it int.) caps and ploves, v.liich are very i :■:
and warm; t!iey likewiie dr;iw tin into wire throiieh .'.
hern, and with tiiis they cover their tiire.id, wliich t!i. .
ul'e, in c ibr.iklering on tl;eir c.-.p.< and girdle, t;i.-
fi^'ircs of Dtails, flowers, trees, ll.irs, ive.
T:;j mo;intaine"r^ live chiellv on t.he tlelli ard m ".
of tile rciii-deer; the former of v.hi^ h t';t \ dry, .1 i
lioni the l.'.tter tliey ni.ike I'reat quiir.tities ot clieei.
'I'hole who live i;i t!ie low counriy lecd on venilii:i :i:;J
tilli. 1 i.ey ha'vc neither bread <:r fait; but iniiead
thereof ule the inner rind of the pinc-trei-, dried a:> !
i'round, and dried filh reduced to powder, i h'-v
make broth of lilli and tlelli boiled tii.etlier, and t:;'- r
uliial drink is wa:er Iv iteil in a kettle, which in v,ir.;.-r
han_:;b continu.uly over the .'"'re; but ihc;r griat it
dainty is bear's felli, whi. h they eat on .ill partic.il.;;- :. \
liv.ils. On thele occ.ilions likewiie they ii;dul?c tii'-i.i
lelvesv. i'h brandy, and in vert h ink tlliir.lelve;, Joli.ij-j /
a-, when they can enjoy a pijie of tobacco. Ti:':!e ■,/: -
iiuKiitiib tiie bater tort purc!i:i,e at Norway, .i-; ui:j .;
Ii w cuv.s and the- p tiir their winter Ibne. 1 hey iiu..'"
decoctions ot berries, ani.'eiic.!, a:;d lor;cI, wliich l '. .
ar-- not only tond ot', but all'oileein them exccUc.t i r
terv.ti\es iijiainll all koibutic dili)iders.
I'l lide.^ tlieir doincllic bulinels, the L.aplanderi e'li-
})loy themlelves in luintinii, in whii.h exciiifioiis ;!:i>'
ira\il thiouidi the ihow with allonilhing c;;pcvliti . ..
■J'I.ey wear a puir of lk;iits, or th w Ihoe?, win;:; .. .-
ni.idc ot' til b ards, covered with the r jiiidi ikiii o; i t
ii in deer': one of thefe is ufually us lor;^ as ll.e pir.'ii
who Wears it, but the other is ab uit a foot!);";;:.
'1 he teet are |,l.iced near tlie midale, and the lh'.i'-<
are fillened totnem with Ihinvjs, or tlnni.'s iradr vi.a
t':e fiiii ws of the rein-deer. WIk-h t.ic I ..ijliai.- •■
travels in this rnanr.cr he carries .1 long pole in his hi.-. .
near the end of which is a round : all of v.ood; aa.i ti ■'
not only licuies liim friiiu pencrr.itin;^ too deep i.tot .*
fnow, but .iii'o enables him to dop hiiui'^df wiien u.i:'.-
iion i( cjuiies.
A ! .aplander will travil in iiis Ijiow iT.fes nt t' <•
rate of tixry nule> a day wirhout bei;;;' iiri:'ue.l. £> '-
the iv.oll e.yjieilinous metiiod ot tiaveln.'i,.'; in th >
couniiy is with a lli-d,!0 drawn by rein-deer. 'I'hi; c::i ■
li.'i; , wiiich i.s calle.l by the if.r.ives pul-.hi, isiiii'e
in t!ic lorin of' a i.iuU b lat, -.Mtii a convex '.Ajt::.';n.
ih.it
3Gn\rriY.
tlic lOiillc irUlf Iv'iii^
( h.iiiu. 'I'll: ir ni :ht-
lu- biril-hioni, v>\:l\ r'.t*
till' Ikiiis ot nin-ik-rrs
isiiUtT they are toi.illv
, ;iiul {'liivrs, in.ule i.:
.'.ir i!iv..iriis. Tlir wd-
Ir'itii t'l.ir ot thf iiii;i:
iMV riii'.'s, vImIiis, t.iv>,
:,'x, an. I orlirr tii.lci.
H-wi of rrin-tlfcr, an I
I-;. Ill I'nimcr thty ,ill
U !iir"<' puces ot I'laric
jciny Ihiin; by tlu- tli^i
ifir own trn-.it'iri.-; tiiii.-
InAvs .Ui-I .irrow;. 'VKf
tKc:r Iviit . :'.rL' flute:- I
iKu ot r<:in I'.rtfr, or ili-
oy;t-r!irr lik'- rops; ;'iii
(> kff|) rur thr v..-.rir.
ir'h ]''l.irk., whitli v jr
ot r.i.'i il -!•; .■'.:i 1 t" ; .
lalki ts I't tiu- r,-.ri ■./,
■f, .T.d t'.viil'.-.l to'^' •■;■:
licit tiur tlu y v.ill :::;.!
iil.irly iuiu.irc'l liy t^.c
tlu: men, who .ill') ptr
' ilrrlliiv.; viait.'.ls t'nr c' ■.
plovcd.ib t.iy'or. anliii.-
s, ih'K-s, ;'.n.l l;.-).)ti, ami
:-y I'piii tluv.ui with tin,
A-;";, v.liii h an- very 1:':
sv til) iiito wire thnr.itzh .:
r their threatl, wliiihth; ,
.-ir ca|)S aivi j;irJ.ie, t:ir
es, liars, ivr.
tlly on the tielli ai'il m 'V
r of v.iii. h t'-'tv dry, a;; i
rrat qiiar.titic!. ot Ciieea-.
miniy lec.lon veiulon iiiul
ta.l <:r lalt; bur iniiea.l
the pine-tree, il.ned a;' !
I'll to pow.ier. 'i h'-v
ed t);'.et!.cr, and ii;-.- r
I kettle, wliuhi!iv,;;.:,T
e: but their ^truu .t
Liroaall partis •.:!,.;• M
.v:!e they ir..liil;'e th'-i.i-
hiiik tlleiiilelvfi lohip; /
I'lobaeco. Ti:':!'e ■-'.•' •
e at Norwuv, .r. -i. ■ -i
ntcr lli.ie. 1 Ley ai.i..'-
, .i:vd Ibrrcrl, wliieh . •..
;n them e\we!i....t 1 1
tliliiulir';.
S, the Laplanderieni-
whi^h ey.«:iiiU'.'iis :!:i.>'
allondhing cxpeJiti^.r..
,r In w Ihoes, whu h :.r
vkh tiic rju:.';!i fkiti u; ^ ■?
,iily as lor.o'as tJ.e per.' ii
i., ab lut a t')f't !!;•:: ■■
he iniJc:le, and tlic Ih^-^
, or th:)r.:'i ir.u!:- v;.a
Wh-.ii i.je ! ..ijd:iiH/ r
;vs a loiif-; pole ':i hb iii' .
iiU '.alloi' v.ood; a.v.i: •
ntr.i;i;i'^ tiKj deep !..:o' '
il.jp liuiifcit" wiioii iKc;'.-
11 1,1-. I'now iT.'"'.s ^t t' -•
out bei;i;' I ui;-,iiv.l. K ■
M.l f)t' tiavelii:!,', ii> ti' '
nv teln-det r. 1 I'l; i'".' ■
■ iia'.ives p-iil-.h.i, ■.■' mi 'e
t, '.Mtli a (.oiivcx './Ot::>;i).
til..!.
F.UROPr.]
L A P L A N D.
that it may fliiir the more cafily over the Inow ; tin-
lic.id ci it ii lli.irp aiul |M)inted, but the liiiuler part ii
quite tl.it. The travi Her fit-., or rather l.ivi wiiii hi-, back
againlt the ciui ol' tlse lied)»e, and holds a link in his
liaml, with a larj;e w.iodeii ball at the enil o' , with
whifh he dilensaj^es the lled;'e from rucii obftriii'lions
as he may liappen to meet with in the coiiric of his
joiirnry. He imilV likcwite take eare properly to bal-
lanee the rarriag<- ssith his body, otlierwile he will be
iiibjet.'-t to be overturned. I'he traees, by wlii.h the
fledf^e is (aliened to the niii-ileer, are fixed to a tid-
lar about the animars neik, and run down over the
bieall, between the fore and hind legs, to be con-
nected with tile prow ot the llrdge ; the reins are tied
to the horin, and the tr.ippings are furnillied with
little bell.>, the found of wliii h is very ple.illn^; to the
animal. The reindeer is lo fl<-et that he will run with
his earriai',e upwards of loo miles a day. Before a
L.ipl.uider lets out on his journey, he whili-'is in tlie
ear of the animal tlic w.i;, he is to go, and the place
at whith he is to liait, fiom a perfuafion that the beall
iindtrllands his meaning; but, in fj ite of this intima-
tic lie frequently llops Ihort, and fometimes over-
flioi.ts the mark bv l< ver.il miles.
■I"iiou;»ii this method of travelling is exceetiingly ex-
peditious, yet it is tar from being e.ily, the pi rfon be-
lli;', eomiiuMlly ill a eonfuieil polbire , neither is it ex-
empted fr;'"i the moll imminent d.iiiger, on account of
the- unrertainty of the roads, and the diilts of loofc
fnow, which, if the wind blows high, are driven about
with incredible fury.
As foon as tlic winter commences, the Laplanders
murk the moll freijuented ro.ads by llrewing them with
fir-boughs. Indeed, tliele roaiis are no other- than
path-ways madi- tlirough the fnow by the rein-ileer aiid
i'.rdges; their lieuig fretjuently covered with new fnow,
and alternately be.iten by the carriage, confolidates
them into a kind of caufi way, which is the hanler if the
liirlace has felt a partial thaw, and been crullud by a
lublequent troll. It reipiires great caution to follow
thele tnicks ; lor it the carriage run cither on one fide
or tlie other, the traveller is thrown into an abyl's of
fnow. In lefs Ireijuentetl p.uts, where there is no luch
beaten road, tlie Lajilander dirrifls iiis courfc by cer-
tain mark.s wiiich he has made on the trees ; but, not-
withllaiiding all his caution, the rein-deer very often
links up to his horns in fnow ; and ihould a hiirricne
arile, wiiich is fometimes the cale, the traveller woulil
be ill great d.inger of his lili , were he not provideil
with a kind of tent, to Itreen him in foilic mealure from
the fury of the tenijiell.
The rein-deer in winti r is rather weak and dilpiriteil,
fo that lie cannot travel with the fame alacrity as in
limimer. In this fealon the traveller is obligeil to halt
at different times, that the animal m.iy rell liimfeH';
aikl in thefe inter\'als be fed with a kind of cake made
of iiiols and fnow, wiiicii fervcs him both for drink and
proveiidi r.
The prini.i[ial employment of t!ie Laplanders, ex-
cliilive of their domellic affairs, conlills in hunting
and tilhing. 'I'hoi'e wiio prac'tite the latter have Ihiall
ho.its, lo lightly conllrucied that they can carry them
on their Ihoiiklers, which they f'rei]iicntly do, when in-
terrupted on the rivers by whirlijools or cataraCls.
'1! " bo.its are of different lik;es, from two to fix yards
in length, managed with oars, and caulked with mols
fo tight, as cffef tua'ly to keep out the water. They
fleer witii amariiig rapidity, even among the rocks,
and down the moll rapid water falls j but when they
go againll the llream, and meet with a cataract, they
take out their boat, and carry it on their Ihoulders till
they have p.illid i^ when tluy launch it again, and
renew their buliiuls.
The Laplanders wlio employ themfelvcs in hunting,
perlorm it various w.iys. In fiimmer they hunt wild
beafls with fmall dogs trained tb the iliverlioii. In
winter they purli'C them by tlieir tracks iipo.T the Ihow,
ikaiting with Inch velocity that dicy frequently run
No. 5 5.
(5n,
down their prey. They c.itch ermine, in traps, and
lometimei with dogs. They kill fquirrels, martens,
and tables, with blunt darts, to avoid injuring the Ikins.
I'^oxcs and beavers are killed with Iharp pointed darts
and ariows, in lho<iting of which they arc accounteil
the bell markfmen in the world. The larger bealU,
luch as be.irs, wolves, elks, and wild rein-deer, they
either kill widi fire arms, orclfe enfnarc by digging pits
in tliole parts where they mollly rcfort.
They have particular laws relative to the chacc,
whitli they oblerve with great punctuality. The bealt
becomes the property of th ■ man in whole fnare or pit
he is caught; and he who dik overs a bear's den has
the exclufive privilege of hunting him to death. The
comiiiell of ;i in.ir is the moft honourable atchieveincht
that a Laplander can perform; and the flefli of this
aiiinud they think more delicious than that of any other
whatever. The bear is always difpatched with a fiifil,
Itimetiiius laid as a fnare, ready cocked and primed;
but more freijuently by the hanils of the hunter, who
runs the moft imminent danger of his life, fhould he
mils his .lim,
The killing a bear is celebrated by the Laphmders
with great re|oirings. The carcafe is drawn to the
cabin, or hut of the victor, by a rein-deer, which, on
this account, is atterwarils kept a wiiole year without
doing any w'ork. The bear is furrounded by a great
number ot men, women, and children, who recite a
particular long of triumph, in which they thank the
vanquilhed enemy for having allowed himfelf to be
overcoivic, witliout doing any mifch .f to his conquer-
or: utter this they addrefs themfelves to Providence»
acknowledging the fingular benefits they receive from
his having created bealls for their iilt*, and endowed
them w itli llrength and courage to attack and overcome
them. The conqueror is faluted by the womcn» and
is Icallcd by the men of the village for three fuccelTive
days; befides which, he is ever after dillinguiflied froin
the reft, by having laces round his c.ij>, wrought with
tin ware. *"
The marriage cercmo.ies of the Laplanders are very
remarkable and ludicrous. When a young man has
made choice of a female, he employs fome friends as
mediators with the girl's parents; and thefe being pro-
vided with fome bottles of brandy, the fuitor accompa-
nies them to the hut of his intended father-in-law, wiio
invites the mediuLors to enter: but tlie fuitor is lefi
without, until the liquor be drank, and the propofal
dil'culVed. After this I'e is called in, and entertained
with Inch fare as the hut afFord.s, but without feeing
his millrels, who, on this occafion, is obliged to retire.
i lie fuitor having at length obtained leave to make his
addrellL's to the girl in perfon, he goes home, puts on
his bell attire, and then returns to the hut, when his
millrefs appears, and he falutcs her with a kifsj after
which he piefents her with the tongue of a rein-decrj
a iMcce of beaver's flefli, or fome other kind of provi-
lioii. The girl at Hrll declines the offer, it being made
in the prefence of her relations; but at the fame time
llie makes a fignal to the lover to follow her into the
tields, where flie accepts the jnefents. Thus encourag-
ed he begs permilfion of her to let him fleep with her
in the hut ; if Ihe confents, Ihe keeps the prefcnts ; but
if not, Ihe tlirows them with contempt upon the ground.
When the lovers are agreed, the youth is permitted
to vifit his millrefs as often as he thinks proper; but
every time he comes he muft purchafe this pleafure
w ith a frefh bottle of brandy, a perquifite fo agreeable
to the father, that he often poflpones tlie celebration
of his nuptials for two or three years. At length the
ceremony is jx-rformed at the neareft church, by the
pricll of the piarifh; but even after this, the luilband is
obligeti to ferve his father-in-law a wiiole year, at tiir
expiration of which he retires to his own habitation with
his wife, and then receives prefeiits from all his rel.i-
tions ind friends. From this time he fequeflers his
wife from the company of ail Itrangers of the male lex,
and watches over her conduct with great vigilance.
7 O Wheix
■ ■■J
i
' II
:'■,-. I
i
r';[;
'']
^)
,.f, ■
'I'
Co6
\ NFAV, ROYAI. andAUTIjF.NTIC SYSTrMoi i;\IVF«s.\i, (,1 OGRAFIIY.
Ss^^
Wlirn a lovrr pocs to pny a vifit to h'u miftrrfs
timing his jonrnfv tliroti-^h thr fenny moor'., he- iiru.illy
ilivcriN hinvfe-K'witll t fnnij, whiili lie ;liKlir(lcs to his
r<rin-(iccr. VV'r ('lall | rd'cnt :\ tr.inll.itinn of onr of thi-t'c
from the original ttkcn troni tlir SiviJt,itf)r, for tlif
tntrrt.iiiinicnt of the rriuit-r. The lirriimrtiinrci that
liKVcll'ively prcfcnt tlicmfclvcs to liitn (liirinj^ his ioiir-
nry, are naturally intt rwovrn. Thf anxiety of ab-
frtue, the };loon)i!icf> of the roaJs, and his rrloiiition
«f treqncntiiif; thrm, as thnfr only carry him to t!ie ol)-
ieft of his \Milir<;, tlif iliiratisfaciion he cxiirrlli's cvi'ri
.It the ^;reat fwittnrls with which he is carried, ami his
jiiyful ftirpri/c at the iinexpetieil (ii»ht of liis niillrc fs,
as tlie is bathinn:, are all beautifully il^fcribeil in the
following compofition.
nulK", my rcin-uccr, r.ni.1 let '"s nimbly [td
Our am'rou.' journey thro' diis ilreary walle;
HatU-, my rein-cirer I Hill, Ihll tluni art too (low ;
Impetuous love demanils the lii;ht'niiii;'s h.'.lle.
Around us far the rufhy moors are fjiread ;
Sonn will the fun wirlidraw his chrarful ray :
Darkling and tir'd we fliall the marlhes tread }
No lay unfunp; to cheat the tedious way.
The wat'ry length of thcfc unjoyous mix)rs.
Does all the llow'ry meadow's pride excel ;
Thro' thcfe I fly to her my loul ailores i
Ye fiow'ry meadows, empty priile, firewel.
l-.arh moment from the charmer I'm confin'd,
Mv bread is tortur'd with impatient fires.
I'ly, my rein-deer, fly Iwifter than the win;' ;
Thy tardy feet wing with my fierce deiires.
Our pleafing toil will then be foon o'eri^aid,
And thou, in wonder loll, Ihalt view my fair;
Admire each feature of the lovely maid,
Her artlcfs ch,i;mi, lier blooir her fprightly air.
But lo ! with graceful motion there fhe fwims,
Gently removing each ambitious wave ;
The crowding waves tranfported clafp her limbs.
\Vhen, when, oh when fhall I fuch freedoms h.-ivc !
In vain, ye envious ftreams, fo fall you flow,
To hide her from a lover's ardent gaze ;
From cv'ry touch you more tranfparent grow,
And all rcveal'd the beauteous wanton plays.
To this we (liall fubjoin a l-aplander's love-fong,
th>: original having been procured from a native of
L.ipland. Fhe traiiflaiion is the perfijrmance of a no-
bleman deccalcd, whole genius, politenefs, and literary
accomplilhments, were the admiiation of all the courts
in i-uropc.
Source of my daily thoughrs, and nightly dreams,
Whofc captivating beauties I a'Inrc,
O may the r.idiant lun's refulgent beam'.
Shine on the charms of lovely Orra .\Iccr.
I'd clime the fummit of the lofty pine,
CoukI I my Orra Moor at tiilhincc view ;
No labour, danger, care would I decline.
To fee my charmer, and to fintl her true.
Could Ihc be wafted to terreftrial bow'rs,
And there in pleafant Ihades induc'd to flay ;
Or range en.imtll'd fields of fwectell liow'rs,
Charm'd by tie birds tJiat warble on each fpray.
Fnrag'd, thofe pretty birds I would ileftroy,
Pluck up the llowers that beautify the fiekls,
Cut ilown the bow'rs that rob me of my joy,
And from my view my Orra's beauties fliields.
O that I coiikl but foar unfo fhe (ky,
And wing my palTage through the ambient air,
Swift as tne feather'd race could I but fly,
I'd foon be with my captivating fair.
Rut vain, al.is ! my wilhes are in vaui ;
No tbiriv or raven will a jiiniofi lenil :
l-'ated to fiel iinnfitigated pain,
With I'carce a hope my pafT'^n to betii;-;u!.
.So long mv bli's e.m Onti .ilj-^ il, |.i) '
UetleCl, the liinuner's lu.i nuw bii^htly ijeanis :
-Short .ue our luuimers ; hatle, then halie away,
And, with t.'iy love, enjoy iii> gluvi iiuii; beams.
Al's ! unkindly you del.iy the timr j
Our ihort-liv'd fiimmrr wears away apacr :
■^'ou've tortur'd nie, and dallv'il with your prime,
'Till frowning winter fhews his rugged face.
Still, tlill my lovely tliarmer I'll purfue,
And Icorn all lianger to reveal my p.iins ;
I''or what tan love, all-poNv'rful love I'libduc !
lie laughs .\t tcmpells, and delpifes cliains.
I.nve ! mighty viiflor, tniimphs o'er mankind,
Wrings ev'ry thougiit beneath iiis own controul,
I'nllaves the heart, put f'etfrs on the mind,
And captiv.ttes the haughty human I'oul.
But hark I llern reafon whif[Hrs in my ear
iMiend, you are wrong, thus to pour oil on lire;
Ralhly to follow what you ought to fe.'.r.
And rulh into a whirlwind ot delire.
A thouf.ind things advile vow to delifl,
A thoufanil dread examples liid vou view
The fate of thole whom love's delulivc mill
Math flily blinded, ladly to undo.
Realon, av.uint ! to paffion I Hibmir,
And will not heir tliy dirim|)airioned tone:
Others thy thoufand counll Mors may lit.
But I'll attend the voice of love alone.
As foon as a child is born in Lapland, it is wnflie I rI!
over with fnow or cokl water, exce[it tiie hi'ad, whirh
muft not be touched with water till after the child his
been bapttzeil. 'Fhe woman does not rem.iin in child-
bed above four or five days, and in fourteen is g-nrr.dly
quite recovered. She then carries t!ie child to be bap-
tizetl ; but befiire fhe can reach the refidence of the
priefl, flic is often obhged to traverfe large forells,
mountains, lakes, anti wide extended waftes of fnow.
The infant is fallentd in a hollowed piece of wood,
flrctched naked on a bed of fine mofs, covered witli the
fkin of a young rrin-deer, and lltmg by two flraps nt
the back of the mother, who always llickles her own
child. At home this little cradle is hung to the roof
of the hut, and the child is lulled to fleep by fwinging
it from one fide to the other.
When the chiKlren grow up, their parents are verv
careful in teaching them moll kinds of work j Init tliev
have a great averfion to fchools. The bovs, from
their infancy, are taught to praftife the bow ; an 1 th y
are not allowetl to break their fall till they have hit thu-
mark. The female children are early initiated in tli.-
bufinefs peculiar to their fex.
The Laplanders have not any phyficians anion':
them; neither have they, indeed, occalion for an.,
not being fubject to thofe diltempers common in other
countries. The diforder they are moll fubject to is
fore eyes, occafioned by the fmoke of their huts, and
the fire to which they are almofl continually expofed.
They are fometimes afllicled with rheumatic jiains, anJ
the I'curvr ; and a few are llibiei't to the vertigo anil
apo))lrxy. To cure all inward diforders they ufc a drink
made with the root of a certain ijjecies of mofs, wj-.idi
thev ca.\\Jert/i -, and when that cannot be procureil, tliey
boil the llalk of angelica in the milk of rein-ik-ei'.
When they feel a pain in any part of the body, ther
take a kind of' mufliroom, which grows upon the binli
tree like a cake, and having let tire to it, apply is
burning hot, to the jjart affctted ; and this produces a
blifler, whit h is liippolt-d to draw off the peccant hu-
mour. They have no other |>lailler for woumls but
the rofm which drops 'Vom fir-trees. When they have
aiiv
RAl'IIV.
^ vain j
ml:
bft'iirnd.
r dib) ?
then lulie away,
I'liiii^ beams.
timr ;
ly apacr :
I witli V'Hir primr,
acgcii face,
'11 piirliie,
y pains ,
1 love liilxlue !
Ir> cluiiis.
IS o'lT mankiml,
own coniroul,
(111 the niiml,
an IdiiI.
rs in my car
lOur oil on fire;
^ht to tt-ar,
lire.
to lirl'ill,
vou view
s ilcliilive inift
fiibmit,
iincil t'liic :
li may lit,
alone.
.aplanii, it is \v?.flu-.l ali
i-xcept the hi'ad, wliich
till after the cliihl has
es not remain in chilc'.-
in fourteen is ;;-ner.illy
es t!ie cliikl to be bap-
h the refuience of the
traverfe larf^e forrlh,
ndril waftes of fnow,
ilowed piece of wood,
mofs, covered witli tlie
lltmg by two ftraps ta
ways fiickles her own
lie is JHing to the roof
d to deep by fwinging
their parents ,ire very
nds of work ; Init they
The boys, from
tife the bow ; an;l th-.y
ft till they liave hit the
early iiiitiatctl in the
any phyficians amonj;
eci, oicalion for anv,
ipers common in other
re mort fiibjeft to is
oke of their huts, and
ft continually expofed.
:li rheumatic pains, and
it to tiie vertigo and
Ibrders tliey ufc a drink
f[)ccies of mofs, wliic h
annot be procureil, they
le milk <>( rein-deer.
:)art of the body, tiu-r
ruuopr..!
L A P L A N D.
6C7
h
1 grows upon the bin.li
t-t lire to it, apply i^
and this produces a
.w oft' the peccant hii
lailler for wouruls but
rccs. \Vheii they liave
anv
any li ub frozen, they put ;» red-hot iron into a
thec'fc made of rein-ile<r's milk, and with the fat that
tlro|-.» from ir, hi r a kind ol nil, they rub the p.irt
jHiited, V. hich by that means is almolt inll.uitly
cured.
\N hen a l.iplantirr is fuppofed to be on his death-
bed, liK'h friends is are advocates for th; C'hriftian re-
lii;ioi!, gi\f him C'hrifiian exiiort.iii m. but thole
who have nO}»re.it 7r.\\ for the Chrifti.ui religion, liirlakc
the dving p< rlbn, and think of nothing but the funeral
«nt« rtammenr. As jiion as the hii.ith isoutoftlie
body, mift of the coiiip.inv le.ive the luir, being ol
o|)iiiion iluy ihal! rm ive Ibmc uiiiirv Irom the Ipirit or
ylii.li, which tlu y Ixlicvr rrmain> with the corplc, and
takes all opportiiritii s of iloing milchief to the living.
The dc< rated is wrapped up in linen or woollen, ai'-
tor.ling to his cirtumihuices, and iiepo(it<ii in a coffin
by a perti)n lelected for tiiat pupofe; but tl-.is olh'e lie
will Mo: per 'irm til! lie recents a conli-crated braf. ring,
which is placid on his left arm, and which he iiiiai^ines
Icfuirs him againft rcceiviii;; any in|ury Irom the gholl
ot the detealed.
Hi (lire th I .aplandcrs einbr. red the Chrifti.in rcli-
}Mon, they ufeil t(. bury the ile.id in the tirft place they
happened to tiiink of, which tiiey iUll do wlien they
are V r\ far from .my church. M.iny of them alii) pre-
serve the rites of he.ithrnilli liipcrftition , for with the
hoily tliey put in the coffin an axe, a tlint and fteel, a
flalk of br.indy, fonie dried lilh, and vcnilun. With
tilt .i.xe the ilcccattd is lii]>po)'ed M hew ilown the
bufties or boughs that m.iy (^I)llru6t him in the otiicr
world, ihe lliel and llint are to lurnilh him with a light,
fhould he find himft If in t!ie dark; and the provilion
is for him to liiblift on dining his journey.
Before the body is carried to the pl.ice of interment,
the friends of the de( taled kindle a lire of fir boughs
near the coffin, and eNprefs their fbrrow in tears and
lamentations. They walk in procelllon feveral times
round the body, demanding in a whining tone, the
rrafon of his leaving them on earth. They alk whether
he was out of humour with his wife? whether he was
in want of meat, drink, cloathing, or other neceflaries?
and whether he h.id not luccceiied in hunting or billing?
Thcle, and other Inch interrogations, are intermingled
with groafis and hideous howl'iigsj and between them
t!ie prieft fprinklcs the corpfe and the mourners alter-
nately with holy water. After thele ceremonies are
over, the body is conveyed to the place of interment,
in a lledge drawn by a rein deer, and followed by the
tnciids and relations, vsho lliew their concern for the
lols of the decealed, by drelling themfelves in the worit
garments they have, ami keeping a continual howl dur-
ing the procefl'ion. As loon as the ceremony is over,
the people retire; and the fledge, with the cloatlis
v.hicli belonged to the decealed, are left as the priell's
pertpiilite. 1 hue days after the funeral, the relations
and friends of the defumil are inviteil to an entertain-
iiunt, where they eat the tlefli of the rein-deer which
conveyed the corjile to the grave. The animal being
made a facrifice to the manes of the decealeii, the bones
of it are collected together, put into a bafket, and in-
te'red with great ceremony.
The crtects of the decealiil are divided between the
brothers and fillers, the lormer having two-thirds, and
the latter one; but the lands, lakes, and rivers, are
held jointly by all the children of both fixes, iicooiding
to the divilion m.uie by Charles IX. of Swei'.en, when
he afTigned a certain track of land for the lupport of
each family.
The language of the Laplanders is altogether bar-
barous, and varies in different parts of the country,
adoriling to the correfpondence which the natives
maintain with the difrerriit nations; liich as Norwe-
gians, Swedes, I'inlanders, and Rullians. The greater
part of them are totally ignorant of letters; and the
lame may be laid alii) of the arts, except fucii as ne-
celbty has taught them Co make ul'c of for their own
piclcrvation.
SECTION III.
heii^ion, Ccvfrnmtnl, rade, Revemit, (Jc,
CI IRI.STIANITV was firfl fup-wfed to have been
introduceil into I upland abo.it the year 1300.
However, no material progrels was m.ulc in the cfta-
blifbment of it till the kill century, when milli jnarie*
were lent for that piirpofe from Norway, Sweden, and
RiilTia. .Several cliiin lies were built indifferent {larts
ot the country, and fupplicd with minilhrs from
Sweilen and Kulfla. dultavus Adolplius founded two
fchools, one in the province of I'ltlia, ami the other
ill th.ii of I'lma, l<)r inftruiting the children of the
Lafilandf r-. in the Chrillian religion anil in letters. He
allij ordered le'.eral pious books to be tranllated from
tl:e .Swedilh into the Lapland language; fuch as the
cateiliilin, with f'ome pr.iyers, and tlie manual, con-
tainin;; the plaliiis of David, the proverbs of .Solomon,
&c. That they might be encouraged to fend their
' hildreii to Iclic-ol, .\n annu.d revenue was allotted for
I '■ niaintenance of the fcholars. I lence Lapland (iro-
d-. d fome j)rearliers, which greatly promoted the
knowledge of C'hriftianity in that country; for, hereto-
fore, theii clergy having been Swedes, whole language
the people did not underlhind, it coulil nor be realon-
ably fuppofeil that tiny llioiild profit much by their
I inllruciions. Sintc that time, however, r^iny h.ivc
11 intermixed idolatry with the pure |)rofenion of ChriJli-
i| anity, and, from local culloms, their particular fondnefs
ji for omens, particular times and leaf'ons, ilillinguilbed
I by the names of black and white days, &c. &:c. retain
l| many of tl' ir f )rmer fuperftitions.
They have fome notion of tlie dodrine of the tranf-
niigration of fouls ; for they not only refpect the manes
of their departed relations and friends, but dread them
as being mifchievous, till they imagine the fpirits of
the dcfunJl have re-animated other bodies. They be-
lieve there are fairies that wander about among the
rocks, mountains, rivers, and lakes, and give them
alio a fhare of their devotion. They own one Supreme
Being, whom they arm with thunderbolts; they make
the rainbow his bow, and have the fame notion of him
that the old Pagans had of their Jupiter They have
another fiibordinate ileity, to whom they acknowletlgc
they ow»all 'he blefllngs of life, and never fail to wor-
Ihip him. The fun is another of their divinities, bc-
caul'e of his influence on the bodies of men and beads.
They have ten. pies and images confccrated to each of
their gods. Their idols are either tlie trunks of trees
rudely carved, or of ftone. One of thele is preferved
in the royal cabinet of antiquaries at L'pfal. All their
women are excluded from worfhip. I'hey anoint the
idol with the heart's blood of the facrifice ; and when
they cannot reach the top of a mountain conkcrated to
j Storjunkar, one of their deities, they dip a Hone in the
i blood of the facrifice, throw it up to the mountain, and
lb conclude their devotion.
I The Laplanders were formely deemed great magi-
cians, and the credulous fuppol'ed them to be mightily
: Ikillcd in divination. So excefTively credulous, indeed,
arc thefe poor Laplanders, and lb prepofteroufly in
I favour of their conjurors, that they implicitly follow
I their dirciftions. If thele pretended vizards tell them,
- that on fuch a day they Ihall take plenty of filh or
I game, they will not fail to go out that day; and as
i there is moft commonly abundance of both in this
country, they ulually verify the predidion, by coming
I home loaded whenever they go out in I'carch of game.
; And if the wizards mark another day as unfortunate,
i they infallibly make it fo, by not going abroad in quefl
I of any thing.
I The three powers to which Lapland is now I'ubjeil',
I depute different governors, or prefcds, to prefide over
their refpcdive liillrids. I'he Laplanders, however,
had kings of their own till the year 1277, when the
Swedes conquered part of the country, and the Ruf-
fians
I
'yWv
n
t
%
I.M
♦ m
■ r. 5
4« , "'il
6o8
A Nr.W, ROYAL AVD AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GFOGRAPHY.
r^
# ,^-^1
If
funs aiul Norwegians foon after rollowcd llicir cx-
anijilis ami lubtUu'd the reft.
In Swedilh Laplatul, wliicli is the moft confuli -able
dillrii.'t of the three, the laws of Sweden are obrcrvnli
uiui three tribunals, or courts of jiilHce, are eredeii:
one for Anpermanlami Lapmarlc; a fecomi for IJma,
Fitha, and Lula Lapmark ; and the tiiird for I'orno
and Kimi Lapmark ; in each of which courts there is a
prefeifV, who determines all caules. They adminilter
juftice in the king's n.^me, and in the prclencc of the
pried.
The Laplanders, wh,) live ne.ir the mountains which
part Norway from Sweden, trade with the inhabitants
of rhofe countries. Such as are at a greater dift-ince
from thofe mountains trade only with the Swedes -, and
iiiofc who are fituated towards the north and eall, trade
with the KufTians and Finlanders. The commodities
they receive from thofe nations are rix-dollars, wool-
len ftufts, linen, i upper, tin, f'.our, fait, hides, needles,
knives, fpirituous liijuors, and efpecially tobacco, of
which they are extremely fond. They j^ve, in return,
rein-deer and filh, of the latter of which tiiey take liicli
large quantities, that they llock whole relervoirs witli
them, and put them afterwards into barrels, which
they carry to the neiulihouring countries; naiuely, the
north of i$othnia, an^ White KulFia. Tiiev alfu trade
in fine ermines, the fkins of fcveral wild bealtr, dried
pikes, and checfe made of the milk of their reiji-deer.
The tribute jjaid by the Laplanders, confilU-d for-
merly in Ikins of wild bcalK; init now they (onlill in
n certain coin, rcin-iieir, and in Tfiins, eitiicr drelTid
for certain iifes, or raw; and :;re ])roporti()nalile to the
extent of land poUclled by each head of a funily. I'he
Lirpert are lliled entire territories, or territories of ;» full
tribute; and the owner is obliged to pay yearly two
rix-tlollars, in coin, to the crown of Sweden. I'lu-y
who polTels a territory, or land of half a tribute, my
only one rix-dollar. But as it happens very (ilt< n, that
many of them have pi rix- dollars, they are alloweij t»
give fkins of fo\es ot I'nii'.els inlle.ul of coin, hilty
kiuirrel Ikins, or one fox's Ikin, with .i p.iir of lliocs,
.'Iter the falhion of l.aplanil, are valued .it ojie rixdi |,
lar: befules w'j-.ieh, every head of a funily is obii'id
to give yearly a white fox's Ikin, or a pair of flioes ; and
if he cannot procure thole things, he mull give h.ilf a
pound of drteil pikes. Part of thef-- taxes are eniplov-
ed ((ir the maintenance ol the prielh wlio live i;i tait
country, to inllruct the Lapl.'.ndei--. The Uhialntanrs
of tlic other ililhiv'ts of Laplaiui tr.ule niucli i:i th'.- i.iinc
commodities; and pay the revenues in a liniil.u' ni.m-
ner to the rtfpective llaics to which tliey are lub-
iedt.
C II A P.
NOR W
III.
Y.
SECTION I. '
SilHiUio". F\U>it. RoiDi/iiini!. Dt'firip:ic.>t cf a trc-
mcndan fVlnrlpool talUd ihe Moikoellrom.
NORVVAY, Norwegia, or Nordway, fo called in
ditferent languages, from the vicinity of its
rituation to the north pole, lies between 57 and 7 i deg.
north lat. and between 4 and i 5 lieg. call long, fo that
it extends about 5 deg. "iomin. within the polar circle.
The length, from Lindafnoes, in the diocefe of Cliril-
tianland, to the North Cape, at the extremity of Kin-
mark, is about I Doo mli>. Its breath, from the
frontiers of Sweitcn weltwatv to the Cape Stall', is
better than ^co miles; but fr, 11 thence the country
narrows low.irds the north, and becoines mvich Icfs in
different parts. On the north and weft this country is
rijunded by the Northern Ocean ; on the eall it is di-
\ i;led from Sweden by a long ridge of high mountains;
and on the fouth it is bounded by the Schagenrack, or
".••t.--Gate, which is the entrai.te into the Baltic Sea.
The coall extends near ^co leagues, and is Ibrrouniled
by many illands, which alford pallure for cattle and
is inliabited by hlhernien.
The barriers of rocks aivl narrow channels formetl
bv thefc illanils, render Norway inacceflible to naval
nttacks. Nor is the North Sea the leall impediuic;.: ;
for it is extremely difficult to navigate, contains many
dangeroib hidden rocks, and is fubjeCt to the moll vio-
lent llorms. But, above all, the ten ible currents, and
dreadful wliirljiools, arc great objcds of fear to thole
who navigate thele leas.
The [iriiKip.il of thefe x\hirpools is called the Mof-
koeilruin, or vulgarly the Malltrom, receiving this
ap|)ellation from the Ir.iall iflands of Molkoe and Mof-
koenas, Iwiwetn which it is fttuated. 'I'his current
fhiii fix hours (iom nortii to fouth, ami returns from
(buth to north the ft. ci ceding fix hours, like the ebbing
and (lowing of tlie ll-a, but in diredt oppolition to the
motion of the tides: (or, duiing the fl.)od, which runs
from fouth to north, the Molko< flroni runs from north
'0 fouth. and duri'i"; the rcllux, or eUb, whca the fea
runs from north to fouth, this current impetuoun\' re
turns fr )m finith to luirrh. It runs wiili furpjiling r.i-
pidity, efpecially between the illi.nd Molkoe, :uid the
extremity of' tlie ill.uul Molkoenns w'here the tides rili'
highell; but gradually abates its iinpetuolity as it .i[-
proaches tiic Ulands of Werroe and Roll.
The Moikoellrom never runs in a diredl line liKi-
otiier current^, but whirls about in a circular nianm r.
For when it is halfl^<iod in the fra, the current h'i\'
runs to the foul!i-louth-eall : as the tide riles it wimis
fouthwaril, then proceeds towarils the fouth-well, an, I
afterwards due wed. As foon as it is high water tiie
current runs on to ilue well, When it is high w.it: r
out at fea, the current of the Mofkoedrom alters it^
courfe to the nortii-wcfl, aud lb gradually on to ti.c
north, where its ini[)etuofity is at a il.uid lor about t!iii;
quarters of an hour. This interval is obferved tw;,i :
day, after w hich the motion begins .igain. '!"1k' appi i:-
ar.ce and efieCtsofthe .Vlolkoellromhavc been ileK ii:ii i
as very dangerous and dreadful; but, it mull be ow;;-
ed, not without fome exaggeration. A curious lili
ferver, w ho has leen it, relates, that it has no wiiirlpuil
or vortex, but that it is formed by the < olliiion u\ .111
alfemblage of tiianiing waves, riling, ,is it were, |'\!i
iiudically to a grc.it height, and wit.'i .1 prodigious v.^'M.
According to .S^hel(lerup'^ account, the Mofkot llin::)
is lull of vortices, or terrible whirlj-ools, in t'le ; ' a
of inverteil (ones and about fW') fathoms deep 'r.-.u
the bale to the apex, or fuinuiir, and, as foine ni.'.',
(i)ur fathoms w di.uneter. Ifiwe\er, both ac. iciti
may, in fome meafure, be rei oni ihd. Tins ;■> i 1
tain, lull, that the Moikoellrom i^ not aguated v. ,;ii
eiju.d violent e .It .ill tiiues, th.it alvmt the new ;i:,J
full moon, the eiiuinox< s, or in lloriny weatiier. 1
rages with the gieatell impeiuolitv j and that at o'Vi
times it is more moderate, and twi.e a liay quite c.ilm.
Secomlly, that the navig.ition in that part of the tea 1.
not ablolutc ly iiii()etled by it, as at hall llooil a veliJ
can lal( ly go from Molkoenas to W'erroc or Roll, .I'ld
at halt ebb may liilely return to Molkoenas. Thuvilv,
th.it the llrei;;lit bttwixt Moikoeius aii.t Wcirie u
twite ;i day quite luiooth and navigable Ibr three qu.ii-
tC!-
%.
FOGRAPHY,
■vcr.il wiKl benrt;;, dried
milk ot tiitii" rtiii-iUtr.
aplaiklcrs, confined tor-
biit now thry (onlilt in
il in (T<ins, cither ilrelTeJ
•.ro proiJortioiuhle to tlic
lH litMil of a family. I'lie
ies, or territories of a full
ligeil to pay yearly two
own ot Sweden. I'luy
ml of half a tribute, piy
t happens very often, that
lUars, they arc allowed t >
s inllead of coin. I'llty
kin, with a pair of lliocs,
\re valued at one rix ili I-
.ad of a family is obli /ul
1, or a pair of flvn-s ; an 1
int;s, he miiil give h.ill .1
)f thel'' taxes are employ -
ic priclls who live in tiur
aiidcrs. The ini'.aliitanr,
nd trade mueh in the liiiur
•venues in a liniil.u' in.in-
to wluLh they are lulj-
is current impetuouflv tc
It runs with liir[inlinj^ r.i-
le illi.nd Molkoe, and the
oenn''', where the tides n,'
■s its impetuolity as it a;
i)e and Roll,
runs in a tlirect line IikC
lout in a circular nianmr.
lie fra, the current h'le
as the tide riles it wiiuls
uardb tlie fouth-welt, an. I
in as it is hi:^h water tae
When it i> hij^h waf; 1
Molkoeftrom alters ir^
.1 lb gradually on to tiic-
at a Ikuul for about till ee
terval is obferved twice .1
legins again. Tlu' appt i:-
llromh.ivc liecndcKiini i
il) but, it ni'ail be owe.-
geration. A curious nh
•s, that it has no wiiirlpu-il
led liy llie ( olliiion </t in
, riling, as it were, p} | 1
id wit.'i a proiligious iHi;le.
.Kinr, the Molkoellvu'n
\\hulpools, in t'le i'l'a
:t tw.> fathoms deep fri;.ii
unit, and, as lome ri l.;:' >
I 1 1 iw ever, both ac.'ii!"it>
Mic iled. 'I'hlS 1-. >. I
uom i-' not agitated v.. .11
ii.'.t .ilv)ut the new :!;J
it\ llniny weather, 1
u.jfitv i and that at o'iiM
.1 twi'.e a ilay ipiite c,:lin.
n liiut part of' the tea 1.
as at half Hood a \elKl
to W'erroc or Roll. ■'■'^'
to Molkoenas. Thirdlv,
)lkoeius an 1 Wcrroe is
navii^.tble for thrcv-'quai-
tci'
EURori:.]
tors of an hour: .inl lallly, tluit the inhabitants of
tliofi; ilkuids accordingly roiv in r!ieir boats to Molkoe,
whicii lies in the miiitiie of it, to IojI. ulier tiuir tluvp,
which feed on that ifland, and the fiilienneii foui.il the
boiioii of It. Afier tlie'e intervals, the f.vifinclii of
tiie tuir lit gradually ii'.creif'es to its ufual iv.)iiUi-;)us
rai'i'li'v and vlolen:-. S>):netinie:. the wave^ in tliis
curieiit arc not l.irg.T t!ian I'.i )le that are leeii ai lea in
a hard gale of wiinl ; but when iis agitations are at the
height, Ihips that fail on. either fide of il, keep at tl'.e
liillance of two or t'.irej N or.vay n:ii-s, other' ''"c t'iie\ |
w.aild be abforbcil by it, and entirely delln.yed. It is I
dilcirnable, i.;decd, at a gr.Mt diilance at lea, aiul even
withm a i)iiarier of a \i:.\:\\ mile i^t the continent ; 1
but thistlo-s n'^t rend.T tlu- f.M unnaviuable at f'ucli a
diilance ; tor large vollLls and tmall barks tail very U-
turely within hail a league ot the Illapd ot W'erroe.
Til!; j)h,.-iio;ne:v)n djc not iv.o.o.'d thini any cavern
nr alv. I^ under the water, but tinn its imiietuous opi>o- I
lition to the current vi the tide:, anil tl'.e coliiliuii I'l t
the waves. |
An einin.-nt nuvir.;tor, and Fe!! "av of the lioya! So- !
cict;-. In the \ear 1769, mf irni-Ai that kariied IthIv, in
a letter, that, during the time ot Ills b -iiia n t:ie Nurtii ;
Sea., ho male ja;iiai'ar enC|i; 't. . . .'''.ceniing thel
Molko.'llrom, witl.i/.it b.iii.; ahie to oiilain am f.itii- '
fu'iory information, \h\ lie met with the mailer ot a '
Norwegian vellVI, ttii), b ■;:..; ;i verv inte''ig'.':'.t perl ei, I
gave him the toihuNing aec niiU : Thai at hig'i u.it^r il !
is])erfeeli\ lnio.)iii, and lalj to pal^ ov r ; but as the |
tide, eiilier at ebb or f.ood, gal'.iets llrengtii, it b.- I
comes in proportiin e.\..'e.,'dingiy agitau-d and ilaiiger-
ouj ; wiiieh extreme agitation aiul whiiiiag the iiavi- i
g.ilor imputes 10 the unevennefi ot t;u rocky bottom, !
over whieli the current r)l!;. with vail rapidity, being!
conlined in a iiarru.v pafi";:,: : tor this Norwegian told j
him, that, at vc;\ 1 u\ \wuer, pointed rock'., reaching j
;'i)ove the lurlace, ha>eb..'i Icen between the illaiids.
It is no wor.der liien iii;',i tueh v.lleis ir.ay have been
fur;,ed upfide ilov.:i, as h.-.ve been drawn by the tiile, ;
in its moll rapid ll ite, into this gulph. The fimple i
agitation of the ualer would lutiiciently aciount, in- j
I'eed, for the lofs of open boatr. This relation tin-
raveb, in tinne mea'.uie, the mxlVry of the Norwegian
whir'iMiul ; and leeir.. t 1 b ■ ci'ilirmed b\' tlu- luliovving ■
circmnllances, relateel by a I'-arned gentleman, Iroiii
tlie concurrent teirimo;,!.. s '^{ otliers. " Tlie liirfice
exhibits ilirtereiit vortice , ami il in o'le ol them any
Ihlp or vetf 1 is ;'.!)fiirbed, it is whirled dovsn to the
lvitt'>m, and dallied to piece:, againll tiie rocks.
Thefe violent whtrli col', continue witf,oiit intervals, I
except for a quarter ot a:i hour at high and low water
ill e.ilm wt.uher; t jr the I'.oiling gr.ulually returns as
the lloinl or ebb advan^i^ W'iieii its lury i> heigluetieil |
b) a florm, novvllel e)Ug!it to venture within a league ot |
it. Whales have been tieciucntlv ablorh.^.l withm the |
vortex, and howleti and bellowed liitleoufl) in their
Iruiilels endeavours to diiengnge themfelves. A bear,
in cinleavouilng to Iwini irom I.oalden to Molkae,
was oiue hurried iiit.ithi; whirl) ool, from whence he
(liuggled in vain t^'r deliverance, ro.i'iiig lo iouil as to
be heard on lliore ; but notwithll.UKhiig all his eflltrts,
he was borne ilown and iL'llrovetl. 1-aig.' trees, being
ahiiirbeil bv the current, are lucled ilowii, and rite
again all flialtered into l|.iinler'."
SUCTION II.
Climate. Rivera. .'•'oil. M' nntoiii'. Proiliiilions,
I cj/t/i/ii-, Ji.tmnl, MhiIiiI, Lu.
""l^WV. climate of this country is extremely ditl'erciit,
-■- accorihtig to the lltuation ot the dilleiviu jiarts.
Ai Herpen, anil its virinily, the wiiuer is remarkabh
moderate. On the ealtern parts ol the kingdom it lets
in about the midille of October, and ronti.uks till to-
wards the fitter end of .Apiil with uie' 'mmon fe\elity,
i.'ming which time the tuitace of the i.oimtry in thole
No. 56,
NORWAY
600
j)a;ls is covcrerl with fiiow, and tlic w:iti rs are ail fr.ir.cti.
On the mountain of Ruden, or Tydal, in tiiis difrrict.
a moll dreadiui affair l.ai>pened in the year 17 19. A
body (d Swedes being ordered to attack Drontheim,
attemjjted to pats th s mountain for that purpole, but
being overtaken by a violent liorm of fnow and iiail,
they were bewildered and overwlielmeil ; and hv tlius
having their march imjieded, ujnvards of 7000 men,
many oiiicers, and t'le gjtieiais Lnbarre aiid 'Zo.-<'a.
milerabiy perilhed. Tiiey were Kon all. r found fro/, n
to death by a body ot 200 Norwegian fied'jcin.'n, under
the «:ominaiid of Major Kmahus, wh.j dilcovcred thefe
unli>rtuiiate victims to the leverity of the wei'ther in
various poliure,, ti^me fitting, fome prone on the earth,
and other, in a praying attitude. It appeared, tliat, in
order to pivferve their lives as long as pofTible, th v had
cut to pieces liieir mulkets, and burned tne wocjj they
ali",)rded them.
'lie northern ]>arts of Norway are (liil more intenfely
cold during the winter; but the fummer is always
w.arm, and often cvccifiveiy hot, tiirougliout moll parts
of the kii'.gdoi-.i. liy the reverberation of the tun's
beam- Irom the ii.les of the iiiountains, the weatlier in
the vallies is rendereil lultry y\.dd to this, that the fim
is lo very Ihort a time belo.v \\:c hori/.o;;, that the at-
motpliere and mountains iiave not hours enougli to be-
come cool. Hence vegetation is rcmarkai)ly ijuick;
and the fummer, by reiuiering vegetation exceedingly
ex|K\litious, teems to make fame amends tor the hor-
rors ot' wi.iter.
Tne l.xigeil day at Bergen confiils of 19 hours, and
the Ihortell of 6. In the begir.ningof the fummer the
lii;ht iiicieaiL's with vail rapidity, and declines with
e(;ual Celerity at the commencenient of winter, wiiicli
ihenomenon are owing to the earth'^ inclinr.tion towards
the |)ole. At the northern extremity of Norway the
fun is, for a conliderable time, continually xw view,
keeping always above the hori/.on, circulating daily
round the pole, and gradually enl::rgitig and contracting
his orbit, until he at length quits that hemifp.here.
When thi. liaji|)ens, all the light [)erceiveil at noon, for
lome weeks, is but very l.iint ; and a winter's dav can
at bell be decined but a glimmer; bur, happilv fir tlie
inhabitants, tlie])ortion of' ti '^ ; called :,ight, is briglitcr
than that denominated ila_v ; lor what with the exceiFive
glare ot the moon, liar', aurora borealis, or northern
lights, 8cc. the atmolphere is lulliciently illuminated
to admit of iheir following their ordinarv occu;,'atioris
at midnight, without the arfillance of any artilicial
lights.
The air of Norway is in general, healthy, except
towards lome parts of the le.i-coall, wiiere the moilt
exhalations are hurtful. Indeed, toine perfons, of con-
fumptive dilpoiiiioiis prefer luch liiuatioiis, on account
of the greater eafe with whicii a moill atmolphere act:s oti
the lungs in ret[)iratioii.
The great number of rivers, lakes, creeks, fprings,
&c. with whicii Norway abounds, ami the meltii g of
the fnow in fummer tim ■, occalion tiei|ueiit rain',
which often caulij thxids. But the inhabitant., are ex-
jioled to the greatell evils from fihlden tlucvs, and the
vafr ijuantities of iiiow .ind ice whicii are thereby loolen-
ed from mountains and precipices, and oierwhelm, in
their tall, men, cattle, houlifs, boats, and even tbrnc-
tiiiies whole villages and hamlets. Somewhat more
than twi> centuries ago, a whole parilh, near Hardati-
ger, was dellroyed by the fall of a prodigious ma,s of
fnow. This being convene I into ice ilill aceumul.ited,
and afterwards formed a ffo'.en mountain, ben-ai-lj
which a rivulet rail through a kind of fubterraneous
palfi',e, and, for tiime iiiti', its waters frequci.ily
brought with th. in many of t!ie utenlils and fragments
of tiie p.uilli which had been lo unfortunately over-
ttli 'hiv.cl.
The 1101 iherly wind', here are the freezing winds ; tc.e
toutherly bring warmth ; the eedlerly wind:, are llormy ,
and the wellerly partake of the nature of triide winds.
particularlv on the coall cf Ikrgen. It mulb be ima-
7 I' gin'.'d
ih'
6io
A MAY AN'D AUTHr.XTlC SY.nKM of L'NIX 1:R'^\I, (IKO^RM'HY
%.
i \r .
gined thai t\ie leas near tli\i country arc riihii.\''t lo a va-
riety ot Iqualls, huiii u'n"--, i<x. Iriil'.-jd they aiv
frequently lireaiitul Nor is the i!aiigLTt)Us jilv. iioiiii.-
non ot the water-ij out imconimou.
The trelh water ot N'ol^sav ii lieavy and iiiiju're,
full ot iianicles ol' iron .v.\d och.re ; vet it is not li.) un-
healthv, or uiipk-auiiit, as
iiu
X' miaainetl.
The pnntipai rivers of this counlrv arc thv Nieil,
Sule-El; , Gulen, OtlL-roe.i, Syre, NkI, Sheen, Tvrt-
tiord or Drainnioe, Laven, Glaani.n or Sii)r-Kl\en.
Ot thele riveri^ all tl-.e ciroumil.iiues wiiiih reinarkini;
are, that the river Gulen, in tlv.- \ear 13++, luiried it-
lelf under ground, troiu v, hen^v it aj;.un IniriL torth
with fueli violenee, ll-.at ti'.e eartn and \Uv,k;> tiir.iwn ii;>
b)- the eriijtion lilled a valley near it, and torni^d a
cLun, whi'.h altcrwards bunt, tlir-jiii^ii the foree ol the
water, and ocealioned the ilt'/iriictioii ot leveral churche-,
48 tarlll-hnu^e^, and 250 |)enbiis. That the rivers N'id
and S!iecn have had their pallages diverted by inim.-nl'.
labour, and catials tut th.rough the roeks tor the eoiive-
nieiiee of navigation, and tiie greater laciiiiv of tranl-
porting tiiViber to various ]lace'-. And that the ri\er
Glaa'iien is the larg'-lt in Norwaw
Tiie chi^l irelh water iaLe^ ot Noruav are Rvfva.'ni,
Shaafen, Selboe, the greater anil Iclti-'r Mioe-:, Siuie-
vand, Sperdille, Rai:ii and V iilen, Saren and Moiluiii,
Lund, Norloe, I luidl.v, iai r.vand ^.X'\a\ and.
" \Vai> (^lays an ing. iv.u,^ writer) have been main-
faincii on thele iiiland lea^, in lome ot i\liich are fniall
floating iiland-, or parcel' of eartii uiih tree.-> on tl'.eni,
feparatcil trom the main land, and probalily ]?relervvd
in compact maifes by 1 he roMts vt ir^es, lliriilia, and
grats, interwo\-in in ilie loii. In tl.e year 1702 the la-
mily f.at of Borge, near fredericklladi, a noble ediiice,
with lefty tewev- .-.lA faitkna-nts, fuildeiib lu:ik into
an abyi.-, ico tailir;iii> in d.;ii!i, v.hlih was ii)i!a;;t,i-
neoully filed with a piece ot water, tormihg a la:%e jco
ells in length., and about halt as bri>atl. fourteen p'.r-
Ibns, with :co f.ead of cattle, were dellroyed In tiie
river Glaaiiien I'lecipiiating iili.'if down a vvater-lal!
near Sarj), and undermining the foundation. Of all
the uatcr-fails in Norway this ot Sarp is the moll dange-
rous, fioin its height aiul raj;idit\ . The current drives
teventeen miles, and roars along with tuch violence,
tJi.at the V. ater, dallied and con;niinu!ed among the
rocks, riles in the torni of rain, and, when ;lie fun
ihincs, continually exlliLit^ a Ivauiilul rainbou. In
ancient taiics tiiis cataract was uled lor the executiun
ot tl■ait^)r^ and otlitr maletacto'-. They were thrown
dow ii
that t!:e\ might be dallied in pieces on the
points' ol rocks, and die in a ilreadfiil conimoiiun,
analogou.s to thoie thcv luui (.iideavouied to excite in
the commiuiitv .
The loii ui rock\-, nK)Uiiiaiiuius and low lituations,
mull differ materially cl courfe. 'I'I.e mountains ot
Kor.vav are bare anti barren i but the f)il wallied i
down from them by tonents ot I'now and rain, gr^aiU j
increal'e the worth of the vallie.-., by fertilizing them to !
a pro;ligious degree. The eartli conlill.^ i<t uneiiiial j
ftrata ot black mould, land, loam, chalk and gravel; >
the former, which lies uppcrmoll, being cvtivmely
rich, and tit to nourilh all kinds of vegelaliLs. In
lome jiart= of t!ie kirgdoiri ciay 1^ t nind, of vvhicli a
tolera!-le kind ot earihin-waie is mad . '1 Iiole jurt .
whiihare iletomied bv I'wainps and marlhc-, are e\-
cccdiiig clang -rnus tn IravJl.rs. A n:\rrM,\ wi/idcn
caiife'.vay, in tlu dioi^le of Cl.rillianlatid, is cxtci leil
above a itiile ovor oie iX I'hdc fvvam]is ; in 1 aMing
which, if eiilirr man >.r hoile m.iLe a laile Hep, it is
certain deltm tnui. '
The N (r.veg.in ir untai- are a(b))iiiliingly high,
dreadful t) t^avJ oVv r, anl tremendous to liehold.
Tliat llupciulou'. 1 li.i ,f n^oii: r-iins which cxten'Js
tliroo;'i N.i;...-,. ii.;i;i :. , :'.] tu 1 >,!!!, ;•..-,, 1 i, in.iitfer-
cntly called Ruefie'd, Sude.ield, Skar'field, and Scaiv-
berg, receives diilerent aojK-llaiions at ditlerent i)aits.
In particular, the priniijial names of llie refpcetive ili-
viiJuir- of this thani ari n.jl,c;ivM, Laaisfitid, Sagnc-
tiekl
Tllefle
! lain Held, I lanlan.,erlield, ]
field. Kvglelieid, Hickk;i: 1!, and Hangn..ld." Jhe
heighth and breailth of tli.- ■.hole vary a^ thi^ eMenliv •
chain runs. Tiiai part called Oore:ieid is fujijiuie-d '|/,
be higiier than any other mountain in l''.uroj,f'. In Ibn .
places a tMveller g<u'... aiMHit levr."t\, ai'd in other, k'l",
than liny miles, to jials the hu;;li iiiinmit of this alb-
nilhing cliaiit. Hridges are throv.n ovi r manv divajtu;
catarael-, a;i, I other tremendous vacan.'ies ; and i nnc
it thele are luit very iiulilkrenlly taileaed lo tl:e \hS,
rocks (i;i tlie i.il.er lide. '
'I'hc roa'.l over that pait called TileliJd, is n,inv,|
the King's, or I'od Ro.ul; and, as guides, polls a'l;
ii\ed all the way, at the dillance of 200 paces, id ,1,.
rect the traveller. This road extends 50 iiiik> ; a'ld
the only place of reiieiliment ihrougliout the whole.
are two houfes, or mountain if-ve^, as thev are ca!k-.|
which are luainlained, at the public e.xpeiice, fiir tiie'
rece] lion if tra\,il.is., as well a- lurniilicd ivitli kiiciua
utei.i;! ., Iii-in_;, &c.
Im.'igination cannot conceive, or lanjuas>,e expref,
more iliimal fcenes than pivleni themiebe,-, lo ti:.)a'
who piN liiele ilreary mountains. L'oniinuaiiN m.-.
roiuKkd 1 y dan .r-, and p' rpetuaily beholding I'lv." 1-
cks ot horr.i.-, tlie nDil I; uoy traveller muii "ihudiler,
the molt ci'ura;^ -HIS he advjiii.'hul, ,iii.| ihe mi'ie 1 nv 1
be abl" lu;el_\ t.nilie.l.
TlKre is a lingle ilelile, hv wliicli a jierlem mav "0
ironi Sweden t^i N'orileiiMickl, witliout paliin;'' I'Tis
cl'.ain, that i;, wlure tiie whole is interrupted !r, ^ -..-y
long and deep valLy, extcndiiig from Roniid.ae u
(I'uldbranlik'.le. In ti:e \\w 1612 a bod\ ot i-^-j
Scots, commanded by Sinei.ii', and lent over as a,,\:.
liaries t,i the SweJ> ^ were put to the- Svcuul, in iL',
delile, by ih.e peaiant- cl ( iii'dliianUlale, wiio iieve
give quarter to any whom tli.. c deem ti>es-,
Indepeiulent ol this a<lo,iilh..g chain of mountains,
there are a ;',rc:,t number ot oih.ers detached over i!.t
lace ot the wliule country, a;ul exhibiting a great van,')
ot uncomn.on a;.pearances. The vail 'mounlains a .d
mgg.-d rocks that deform ihe i^.ce ot this countrv, arc-
pro,iuctive of lUKnlierlels incoic.i. knees. 'I'hev'adniii
ot little arable gn and. They render the countrv im-
l)a(l;di!e in ibn^e jvivts, and eury where ditticult m
travellers, 'f n. v aii^rd Ihel; .r 10 'wild beads, whieli
I onie from then lurking hole i, A\td ma^e ternbk- i,,-
voek among tlx tlo '.'■ ot catlk*.
They exno'.e the Ihcej) and g.,als, a-, well .r, the ]va
lar.ts, to daily ac. idenls, in tailing uv.er preeip.c,
fiiev occaiion fu-iden toiTe.iIs and falls of Inow, ih.,;
delceiid with imredible imp.etuolil) , and often f.VeC-jl
away the labours of the huihandman. Tlvy arc lul!-
leet to dreadlul eruptions, by wiiieh huge roeks are rep.t
from their tide., and, being hurled tlown, overwhefu
th.e plains wiih luevitafile rum.
The jseafinis 0. juently build their lioiu'es on i1;j
I ilge ot a lletp pi. el, .ice, lo whieli thcv inult climb hv
ladek rs at the ha/.aiel ol tlieir livi-s : and when a perf-a
dies, the C'>q,le mufl be let ilowu with ropes helore it
can be laiii in the coljin.
In winter me iii.in !-• ,'uen lll.l,\ll UO
nvniniaiiis ; and even in the King's road
expo, eel to the ireiiueni rilks of falling over ih.ole dreaii-
liil rocks; fir they are oblig.-d to pafs over tiarr'i.-,.
jiathw.iys v.itiujut rails, or rili.ig on the lid.'?, ben, ,
, idler Ihured up with rutteii pii:'.>, ,1 fi.lpen.led In ,,. 1
bolt', laileiied in the iiiuuiuains, li the r.-.ir...
i ah, 1 1 N.ieroe is a remarkable wa\ uf this kind, ul,,i
iip.wards of ii\ centuries ago, King Su..-,Te cin(i:.l m
I"- made, w 'ill great pains and labour, f)r i!ie p.,ila: j
.'1 liis l\U.'.ii\ .
Similar to the kill menlioned road is anotlu r diiiicn'i
and ilai>:jcrous way betwen Vaiip; and Sliogftadi : ,
winds by lie lide of a ffe;- im untaiti, and,' In mui.
I'.ul', i. (o irir.ow, that it l'\o irivelkrs (huukl meet ir.
iliule jikKes, they would lind it impr:Knicab!e eiiher t)
pafs each other, or turn their liovles ; li) tiiat they ne; i
boih inevil ibly periili, uiilels une cunil.-.ib lo throw i .
■he mail is olun drawn up the lldes of f c
travellers a.-
I'llY.
anl.in;,',rlii.M, JkII-.
ami Han;^li,M." '1 In-
,• \:iry d^ tl.i^ cvtcnliv ■
liii in l''.aroi.f. In liii;:.-
;'t\, a::;l in oth^-:, Ki,
,1 luiniiiit ot ihi^ .ill )-
■,.n ovir nuny iliwiilu;
V..I .\u,-'i-s ; ;l!ul i 1111^
\ l.uii.;n.d lo tl;c Ituji
:.l 'I'lL;! 11, is ni-M-^l
, ;ls 'i.Uli.li.'s, polls ;i'-i;
-■ ol' iOO \KV\-i, to (li-
MiMuls 50 hiil,■^ ; ;nil
ihrougihuiit the wiiok-.
Wa, .t. tlii'v are calkvj,
ublic fxpcncc, tor i:;c
, lurnillRvl wii'.i kiti. ii,;i
^', iir l.inju;i(',o cx]>ri.'r,
lU liicnilcisL'^ to ii;i);-,-
xu\<. Conliiiu.'.i'.) lur-
tu;'.iiv l)i;l.o!(lin^ !]V." 1-
tnvoll.T nui:! ihuiiilcr,
Kll, .Ul'l llu' WV'W t I!V i
vliiLh a ivrlon nriy ;v>
I, ivit'i'.oiit Iianilli.', l':.'i
; ii iiturriip!^-J !i;. a \^'\
.iiiig trotn Rom;.!. .if u
161:1 a i>oi!\ lit i':::j
, a:,il k'l;t i.:\,-: a. ;i'.i\ •
: to liiC Svvoiil, 111 1 1 ...
lildliiantdali', who ih.ac
■ .Item li>c<.
liiiji (.ham 01 moiiiilain^,
(il'.crs ilctatlicil over tlx
I exhibit nvi; a great van.')
I'l In- \all iiuniniains .'. .d
..IV ol tlii.s t.iuntry, aa
u ei.it nccs. They aJiii.i
render the country im-
.\try where ditfitult I'l
10 wild l)ealls, whi.h
ami m.ii^e terrible i...-
als, a-, well a^ the \x.'i
t.illiiiu, over precijiiee-.
;uui talis ot hiow, tl;-;
i.):i!\. and (,'tten l\v.c-;i
.Im.in. 'I'll -y me lu^-
iiiih hu;j;e roeks aiv rent
urled doun, overwheliu
their I'.oiiies on tb..;
UK II they mull elimb by
ves : ami when a perl'. 11
wn wiih ropes belore it
.iwn lip tlie lidv< of t' e
u^\ road traveller, a.'.;
I tailing over thdte dread-
d to p.ils over n.'.rrci'v
ig on l!-e lidj5, bei;-. ,
',^, 01 Uilpeildeii In ..■ '
lam-.. I 1 the I'.'.ii" ■
\\a\ u' iln;i kind, v.i.n
king Sii.;,"re cinlc.l ''
.iliour, tor liie [Viil-u; .•
! mad is another diiiii'iri
an;'; and SIion(l;ult :
■ '.ii.i.rm, aid, i.-i ni in.
M ivehirs 111... lid me.i i:-.
1 i'liprai'liiablc cuhei 1 >
loiles ; III liiai lliey n.': '.
.lie tijiil'cau to throw i ••
h'..Ve
ElJROPi:.
N O R \V y\ Y.
gii
.ill\- lo I;
With ivi,iei:i t" i
>};g\-, and euv .'v.d '
hori'e down the precipice, aivl tiica cling dole up to
the loek liii the otlier palies him.
When a llieep or go.il t.ilN down a r.ii k, the own. r
ha/aids his lite to legain his aii'.ni.il. bur which piii-
j;ote he M let ^\o\■'n tied to liie er.d ot a lonp^ r >pe, ;:nd
lilting a-crols a lliik, when he get- to the bottom, he
fallens the cre.uiire to the lame cord, and il.u. both .ire
drawn up together. Soihtiin.es the lope bi\,dt, ail
at Oilier times tiie a.iiiiants above are d ra;;;s',i. . I do ii
from die top, when all fall down the pretijiie, ai.l
ulually |ie:illi t.igillier.
When a lliiin or lu.ne fall trom a v.rv high precipice,
it has been ob;e;\.d that the brea.ii is i..)t o.iiy lloiped,
Iv; the ;. jernillioa ot the air, I ui ihe b-nly aluaj^
burii;. be! iU' 11 iv.'.ches the groiin.!.
The tr.tj .>f Norway conltitute a wvy i)rii;. ij. ;'. p;.:t
of its ti'atle .n.d ci^'iimeive. IJelid'.s the vait. (.(uani'ii.'
uled at I'.oic.e m biaitliir.^ houle.-, brid'V'-, piles, moles
fences Ihi^s l.-f.us, fee. ver\ lapa- lii.ns arc leteived
for lirr. a.iu pui^:. e.xji.iried i.) ^,c■|.lM^ ] iri^. Tlv; llo'i-
ing nialU and b..i e tvam^ do.',;. ;!:■. r: ■.: , aa.l iiivi.l-
ing oi:;er ti'u'ier i ;i.i ii.-ards :;t ti.e !.i.'. -:v.id;-., e.n|iloy
a vall nu..i.;>r ot ..i,,.:-, and c.i:.:.-,
revi'iuie ; !■ a '• :i.h ut .'.!! la.. .\i tio:
hi.s Danuli in.iie.i .
'Idio pliiugiicl lai..!. in Norv.-,,
thole parts which a.v mouiitainoii , i-
with l.irelis, is oni\ a^ one toeigl-i) ; it cmnot, there-
fore, be liippoleil, tlial rlie killed .ni jiroduces n' ir a
lulhciciK} ot g'lain lo t'a i .' lie iiLiabitanf^. I'ea,
liojis, lieui| , ll.i.\, is:c. .•.re lulii'-aud in ioine pai'is, Inii
to no co!.liuti..bie adv,.i-,l.ige : the i.aiUirage of the
meadows howexer, is rich, and nutritive to cattle.
The Norwegians fornierlv had gartlen-llurt', pot-
iierbs, &.C. iirj oried tioni f.iigland and Molland : for
I'.ime years pair, l.o.'.cver, lliey have p.aid liic'i alie:;ti.)!i
lo tie cull ivation of thole articles, that the".- can now
fujijly tlitml'eUt'.
Mere are ma, '.y wild p,l.inis, the iniuiion ni one c(
whitli lome ol the inhabiiant^ drink in the niMiner of
tea, and ili.em it .111 aihviii.ii'ie petloral.
As tlic Icurw is a preva.i.ig di)()rd.T in Norv.a\-,
nature had I bountituily l.ip] in .1 that tniiiiirv wilh a
prohilioii of aniili orl.uiic lievb.,, ,u< h a.. ai:jj,-'ica, roil-
wi>n, gentian, civlKs, trtto'is, l.niei, Icurv \ -g.aiV iS;c.
Liu to I. uiiterb.i! i.iee Ir.ele toinciiieiicts Notv\av
ahouiv'- with mil. \ n.iu^ou. and | i-ili'i'ims herb, a-.d
I'lants, ilia; .ii..- |iri|i.;iic!.il I .il'i l.- i.u-.i :ind cattle.
And aiir..ir.ii)i( i,r.il , calh d vi ii. i mi, .1, j^nnis here,
ar.d wli'ih w.is ic.diivd ] ariu lu.i'r.- ii'.ir.ni^ b\' lia^iiig,
in the year 165 :, c.iniribiitei;, in a moll ailonidiing
iiianner, to liie prtl.rvaiion ot tw ■• Norw.iy \outl,...
The llorv of tins faiilaction is as toi; ,v . :
Two brothir, on the firfi d.], ct ..'/..nil, in the laid
year, made an e'.tui lion oi a'"„ i;t k .• n i,-."~;iies fri ni
their father's hi ult, lo t.ike iluii ple.iipe in huiitin^^;,
Ihcoting, lilhiiig, I'vc. Atier havir^.e'-.joyei the i!i\er-
iii n ot lilhir.g toi the 1p..ue of l.<iir d.i' s, in ti;e lal^e
d.iys, in ti
Rill', they rowed, in a fmall ikiii', 10 a \eiv fmail illand
oil the laiil lake. W hile llu\ llaiil lure a liidden
l.;u,ill of wiiai occ.ilioneil the ikill to break lo.if.,
and ihive lo the llmre, where thtir dog flood waiting
for them.
As neither ol llie voutlis cmiid luini, the\ i^iw iIkiii-
leKes luddenlv ab.hidoned to lainine, 0:1 a thiolate
ill. 'lid, ami lei.|uelle ed trom all iniLiiourle with man-
kind. Their tirll care was to build .1 kind ot' hut, with
liiiill llones, that they might, in lome degree, be
leietned trom the inelemenc\' of tiie weatiier. Towards
the dole ol the lei.ind day, their .ippeiites being whei-
t.al to the keenell lenle of hu!iger, thev indiilirioullv
ibuglit fomc vegetable liiod, ami \eniuied to e.it tlie
viola camina, cadi to the amount o{ an oume twi^e a
dav ; and this was all that they coul.l find at one learch.
Their ll.imaths were ealed, their Ipirils refVelhed, and
the aiute |'ains which li.id begun to leize their arm.sand
Ihouldcrs inimeiliatily abated. f'leven davs diil tliey
lublill on this xegeiable, but ii failed on the iwellth,
and they Wire reduced to th.' brinl: of defpair; when
they accideiitidly found a liiile f; ot overgrown with
lonvl, which ih.-y conliiined at one meal: nevtrlheltls
it wa^ iv-pri:duied in Ills than twenty four Imiv, and
the ilevout juu.ig men, wiilf'ieai-: of gratitu.le to l.ea-
\en, owned il a . an interj'olilion of i'rovi.l ,v.;e id their
beiialf. During 1 he tirll d.i; s i,f their luri..;ii;-- th.-'y
had called and beckoned to il eir d"g, and u'eil every
pollibicaihiremeiii to induce t!;;;r animal to I'.-.iin over,
i:iu iIk\ might kill him tcr tiieir lu!ii:Ience, but he
'.\.iiild not obey their llg,iab. They were n.)w reduced
!o iiieh a weak comiiiion th:n ihiycould not (laml, ami
couid hardly make lliilt to creep from their hiit intiuell:
1.1 ihe !o;,el. 'J'lic eldell was feized with a violent
palpitation cf the heart ; and l!ic youngell carvttl their
names, and a Ihr.rt account of the fad acrivlent tliey
haa met with, uj-.in a jnece of timber, poiiiling out,
at the tame lim , a t-.\t from the jifalms, o:t which he
reqiielie I that ilieir funeral llrm )n mij.dit be preached.
'I'hen havin;.- joined in fervent jira;. ;t, they embraced
each other, and becair.e iierfetUy veligiied to tiieir ap-
proaching fate.
In the mean time tl-.eir <!.r,, lei, ing tarried eiglit d.iys
villi their ba<'gagc on the lli"v, retirnetl to their fa-
le.er's l.ou'e, wiiere lie reiule.i fjoJ, and inccfianlly
moaned in a moll ilii'mal manner : lierice the parents
conekideM tliai flieir fons had met with lonv- mi' fortune,
;"id i;il]atched a man in leap.': tf them. The mefiLa-
[■^r air.vod at the hl:e, f;;:::d their bagj^age, and con-
Ciuding t!-.ey were diowiud, returned witli the melan-
choly tiding'. (In liie tiiirteentr; day of ih^',.- be'n g on
the ifland, and after liaving religneil every h.-.pe ot re-
lief, th.ey heard the trampling 01 horfes leet, a.i-.i evert-
ing their utiiioll efflirf', they called out loud enough to
be heard. Th.e travellers immediately came lo the
ihorc, anil, liaviiig found the l.kilf', humanely put ofi'
to the ifland, where they found the brothers al.r.o:!. ex-
haulled. The e.dell, when food was uii'cied liim,
Muld I'carce bear the tmallell portion ; and, aHer being
conveyed to his lather's houle, reiji.iiiied lor ll>me time
in great liangi > ; but at length recovred, and I'urviv.J
thb dilatler iiiirty-ieveii years. 1 he \ounger rccovticd
hi> Itrengdi lonitwhat teener, and afitiwards drew up
liiis narrative as a piouj acknowledgement of G<xJ's
providtnce.
Common truils grow tojerabiv well her."; l.vjt the
iiil I nor f'Ti but very inditiertntl;, . Nonvn;-, however,
produces a gital \.iriet\- of excellent be.ri. s luca m
juniper-benies fun-berri. ,, goole-berries, barberritf,
cranberries coriander-h, rries, ral'p-b.iries, black-
berri.'s, bilberries, tlrawbtrries, etc.
With retped to the ttones of Norway, t! cy liave a
brown pel^ble, which e.iiiiy decays ; I'lack, white,
blue, grey, and variegaieil m.irole ; alab.iller, chalk-
fhme, ccnient-llone, timd-lloue, mill-!lo;ie, bakiiig-
ff.)nc, Icad-llone, fl.iie, talc, amianihu-. or albeilos,
I'wine-ftonc or a kind ot crvllal, real crvlhils, g'anates,
aiUvihylls, agates, various kinds of ijurs ihumler-
I'ror.es, and e.igle flones. The eagle-ilone is very lin-
gular, and letms to conlili of leveral Ihells, or crafts,
laid one o\er another : but that which dillir.guilVics it
1 10m all others is its bein.; hollow in tlie nilide, in
which cavity there is anoiher ll.me iliat is fni.iUer.
'I'his, when il is lliook, nil) be heard to rattle. It is
of various colours, as wldte, grev, dn 1, or brown.
Modern authors mention only three li.>rls of tlii.> ilone ;
the tirll of wliivh is lO'igli on the outfide, and is ofd.if-
teienl colours, but com;no:i!\- ol a black dun. This
■rakes a very ililliiitt n. ale when raiikxL The lec.>;id
1. ol an alli colour, a:id contains a fort of in.wl ,1 the
iiilide, which is foiueiimes while, yellow, red, or ' !ue.
The outliile is roujili and tandv, and leems to i..)nlilt
of the particles of tlini. A third is of iLwenil colours,
but has the like contents as the former. The fin. kind
is no larger than a i)eaclidl.)iie, but the oilu r two are
otfiii as large as a man's lill. Tiiele lijrts of floaes are
touml in moll parts of the ountry.
Thi<
r-' ,
.'I
Nil!!
ill'
I ,f
oi;
A NEW ANi> AlTlIi.NTIC SYSTIM ok UNIVKRSAI, C'.Oi :RAPnY.
I
I*
il,* •
pii
fl I i
V Ji
fitu.itnl abiuit ICO 111!
jHT works at I.ykk',n, :\bout 20 niili.-
Metals aiul luincni'.A alioirul in N.irwa\. Ir.ni is
found in givat pk-iity, and \>.i-. ihc lirll metal twr
worked in the ci antrv. (ireat luiaiitities are annually
cxiHirted, partly in hais, and lartly in cannons, iKnes,
(Kits, keltk-i, &:f. the national iir>iiits ot uhieli are very
confuleraWe. There is on^' 1; eeies ealled moor-iron,
tound in larj;e luniiis in moralll,, and, v\ this manv do-
inellic toi)K and utenlils are nude tor home conliniiji-
tion. The lead mines are deemed of little imiMiriaiue,
but the copper mines arc thoiii^ht ineiiimable. (H th.e
latter arc tour ot a capital naiiire, vi/.. That ot" Ro.ias
trom Dronth-'iiii. The co;>
iroin Drontl'.eim.
Thcic are very eoiiiiderable thoii;.;h inl'jrior to the tor-
nier. The mine at Indil'et, ainnit 30 n.iles Irom l)rt)n-
tlieim, where the copjKT is precipitated trom its meu-
llruum by the means ot iron. I'he cojipcr wi^rks at
Seiboe, uliicli is the 'eail conliderable ol the tour.
In the diocefc ot Chrilliani.iiul u.old has be^'n tounil,
but not in any conliderable i[tia;ititie-. At Konglberg
is a very valuable liiver mine, the ore ot which is ad-
mirable. I .ait;e ni-illes iit pure lilver have been toiuul,
among which one ]iiece, ueii;l'in^ 560 p. unds, is llill
preferved in the Miill-uin at Copenh.'.gen. Tiie value
ot the filver annually obtained trom this mine, is equi-
v.ilent to the value ot a ton and a halt ot gokl ; anil the
works emplov, and give lublillence to, great numbers
ot' iH-Tlons. At jarllberg other lilver mines are work-
ed, but not to e.;u.il adv.i.nta;^e, lor thi-> re.iloii, that
the ore is blendecl witli lead aiul copper. At Kongt-
bcrg a vitriol-'.vork is e'.lablilliei.l ; and many parts c)t
the kingdo.u )iekl lulphur and allum Salt is lik.'wile
made here, and turns to very coaliderab.lc advantage.
The t;unJruiiedb ot Norway arc liorles, black cattle,
lliccp, g!at>, hogs, liogs, cats, ?ic. 'I'he horles are
i'mall but Uitt, liarth and Ijurited. "I'l-.c black cattle
are of a I'iminutivebrced, but their iKlb is tender, ileli-
cate and juicv : and the cows yield plentv ot milk.
The flelli ot the lhee() is delicious, and the lleeces
protit.ible. The goats are very llrong, exceeding hairy,
and their ikins are much valued. Few hogs are reareil
here, but dogs arc numerous ot various kinds, and
uncommonly leiTiceablc : and the ikins of cats both
wild and lame, bear a great pnce, being u'.'ed tor winter
garment^.
The wild animals of Norway arc the elk, rein-deer,
hare, r.ibbir, be:'.r, wolf, l)n.x, glutton, lerning, er-
mine, marten, and beaver.
The elk is a tall, alli-colourcd animal, bearing fome
refemblance both to the horfe and flag. It hath long legs,
flat herns and cloven hoofs. It is of a harmlelsdil'poli-
tion : t'-.e llelli talks like vcaifon, and the hide is taaned
into flron;^ leather.
The rein-deer has air
been deki.bed.
The hares are Imall, and change their t jlour with, the
fcalonf, bei::gbro\sn in liiniiner, and while in winter;
but the rabbits refemble thole wlueli are coauuoii in
Ijigkiiid.
The bear here is, by fome, reckoned c,f the cat kintl.
Wliile his hair is on, he is a very Uj^ly creature; but
when he is l!rij)ped of his (kin, he, in fome degrees,
refembles the human form. Thi; ivleinblance conlills
chiefly in the length of the thigiis, in which he is quite
difTercnt from otlier brutes ; and he li:is hve toes opjio-
lite to i!ie heel. The bones on the v.rills are alio like
thofe of a man; but the thumbs are not feparaled from
the reil of the fingers as in a man, and are placed on
the contrary lidc^. l.ikewifethe great toe on the loot
is plaeed outwardly. In tie;iding the bear iloes not
touch the gri.und with his heel, tor which realon it is
covered with hair like the leg. Likewife 11, ■■ lingers of
the tore paw are of a bad turmation, bei.-ig tluek, ami
et dole to each other.
The wolves in Norway traverle in troojjs the immenfe
forells, thick woods, and lofty niount.ains, ami make
terrible devallations, devouring every creature they can
conquer: they likewile affiiil the iiuill hamlels break
into the tarmers vards, and do incredible miichiet.
\\ olve, arid bears in Nor'\;iy are afraid of tlie found
ol a horn, on wiiieli :icc(.uut iheplierds, (hcpl-.L-rdelK";,
tarmers I r.ivellers. ^c. aKva;.s take care to lu| ply iIkui'
lelves with Imh lonorou^ inlbunH-nts, in onler to drive
away thole ilelliovcrs from i!,.ir ilock-anii herds.
\ arious metlioils are taken, and liuivs laid, to dt-
Ibov wolves : they are H.oi, poilbnul, blown uj) v.i;|i
I rams ot gunpowiler, taken in pits dug in the ground,
and coveied over with Ix'igi-.s, Ihot with fpriru'-guns,'
&;e. When any ]icrfon digs a pit in order to'entraii
wolves .uid bears, lie is obliged by law to give intinia-
tic.ii ot it through the whole dillrici, lell any travelkr,
or other p.crfon, Ihouki, by aeckle:;t, pats that w.iy, arj
tall into It.
The^lvnx, called, in i.aiin, lup.iis cerv.irius, whitli,
in Ilnglilh, is a wolt-hart, has been fuppofed to be of
the lliape of a wolt, and the colour ot a hart. Oii-.cr.
have tiu.uglit that it was engei-.dered between a wolt
and a leopard, wh.ich is a great millake, tor he i. no-
thing like a wolf; and that in which he relembks a
lei;] ard and a hart, i., lb common to many other aai-
niak, that it is very probable he ha- the name ot li.i.u..
cervarius becaiile he purlue^ the harts in the :.uin;
manner as a wolf docs a Iheep.
The mu/./.le o( a Knx is not l"ng and pinnted !;k;
^ a wolf, but blunt and Ihort like a cat , and tlie kr.in!; nf
I his head is about leven inches, his neck tinir, and l.h
jbody twenty-four inches, without including t!:e tail,
I which is eight in length. Hi:, lu-iglit, tronuhe e.\t.-i.-
miiy ot the fore feet 10 the to|) of the back, is twentv
inihes; antl from the bottom of his hind ket lo \lw
upi>er part of his buttocks twenty-three. He has
live flaws on the fore iuoi, and fuii'on tli.ife hehiml.
f'ach toe i. armed with long, crooked, liiaq) ciuA-,
which are ibmetimes concealed like thole of a cat.
The back is of a reddilh colour, ijjotted with black;
and tlie belly, and the inlide of the thighs, ,irc ol a
gr.v afli-colour, fpotled hkewile with bl."!ck, but in a
ilitlerent n'.anner; for the fpois on the belly are larger,
not quite lo bl.ick, and more dil'tant from each other,
than thole on the back, legs, and raws, whole outlides
.irc reddilh. However, all the li'air is of three dit-
terent colours; for tie root is of a grevilh l;rown, the
middle red, or of an alh-colou.-, aiid'tlie ends white.
Butjhis whitenelb at the ends takes up lo Imall a p.irt
ot the hair, that it is no hindrance from tleing the
principal colour, wh.ich is that in the middle; ard it
only makes the furf.ice of the boily apjjcar as it it wni
lilvered over,
Th.e gluttun is not Larger than a turnl'pit dog, and is
Ihaped very much like hin-. His Ikin is beautifully
vaneg;iteil, and has a moll admir.diie lul'ire like dauiaik';
being to line and precious that he is Ihot with blunt ar-
rows, tiiat the Ikin may not be ir.juretl. This animal i.
lb ravenou., and halh Inch an inlatiableappaitc, that l;e
will ('evour a can ale nearly as bifr as himlelf Wh.p.
lie i:. to oveigoiged as to beciuirc unealy lo hlmfelf, he
llarchcs out two trees that grow near together, and
U,uee/.es himlclt between them till he exonerates his
Itomach; and (hiring tiiis opcraticn he is lb lick that
his licrctnels lublides, and he may be ealily taken.
'Hie lerning, or Norway mouie, is, in iliape. li!;e a
conunon m.nile, or rather like a dormmiie, oniv liis t.iil
islets; he is abou tivc inches in kiij/th, and covered
>sith thin hair of various colours. 1 hele creatures do
g.eat inifchief in pallures ami corn-lidds; and uiica
they die, tlic\ inlee't the air in lueli manner that it
caules dangerous dileali." .
■J'he ermine, or henntlin, is a kind (f wcar.el, a:. 1
'lUially relid.s in thecliltsot rocks, oramonca lie.ip ■ f
lioiies. It is all over white, excei)t the end of the tail,
which is bhuk. It is greyilh about the eves, and ilieiv
is a f|iot of the fame colour in the middle of the head, as
alio between the Ihoulilers, and on the tail. 1 lowcver,
the colour varies a' cord in;; to the lealim ot the year, be-
ing while in winter, and brown in .ummer. None iire
ignorant of the high elKem in wi, ch tie (kin ot this litile
|aiiim.il is held throughout all l:.uro,.e. It is the loiteiL
a..d
WHY.
;irc :ifraiil o( l!io li.iirtl
Kiilui'ils, Ilicpl'.crddlLs,
ikc c.irc to l'u| ply lluin-
iH-nls in onlcr to ilrivc
llotks ;i:h1 IkrIs.
aiul t'luivs laid, t>i di-
)ilbiiul, lilown u]) v.iih
'its tiu^ in till- proiind,
, Ihot witli ti)iiiu'-f;iui';,
1 it ill order to i.'mrai)
by law to giw ir.tinia-
iilric't, Icll any travcikr,
dci.t, |.al-. that vs.iy, :ind
Unui'; ccn.irius, whid;,
been luppoti-d to ho ot'
.)loiir ot a li:irt. (Jtiierj
L-p.diTov! bctvvi'cn a wolt
at niitlake, tor he is n>)-
m which he relembles a
uon to many otl'.tr ani-
le ha.- the name o! '.ui.ui
. the harts in the !.uiic
jt lon^ and i'(/inted !.k:
e a cat , and tiie !,T.v;t!i ut
■;, his neck tidir, and l.b
tht.ut including the tail,
. hei<;!il, trom the extrt-
p ot the l)ack, is twenty
n ot his hind ket to tl'.e
, twentv-three. He has
ind iiiin- on thole behiml.
I, crooked, ihaq) cluv, ,
1 like tl'.oll- of a car.
)lour, t'potted with hLuk;
; ot the ll!ii;!is, arc y>\ a
ivilc with black, but in a
its on the belly are larpr,
dil'tant trom each oth.er,
antl ] aws, wh.ol'e outlides
hair is ot three ilit-
V c'l a i;re\:di brown, the
our, aiid the ends white.
s takes up lb linall a [-.art
drance irom leeii';:, the
at in the middle; and it
: body appear as it' it wn;
han a tiirnl'pit dop;, ar.d i.
His Ik HI is beaut itiilly
,in.;l)ie luilrc like darnaik ;
It lie is Ihot with blunt ai-
iriurcd. This anim.ui.
Iinl.uiableappaite, tli.;t le
IS bijr as himlclt' \'> li ::
iiiu' uiiealy to himlell, i'e
i^row near tOjiether, .u'd
111 till he exonerates lib
|:e:atirn he is lb lick vwl
m:iy be eatily taken.
|ic>uie, is, in lliape. li!;o a
a ik)rmoule, only liis i.ul
|s in L-UL'th, and covered
PUIS. '1 liele ci"cai\ires do
corn-rukls ; ar.d uiita
in lucli manner that it
lis a kind ct wcar.el, a;, i
roc ks, or amoiip; a heap > -l
Ix'.ept the end ot" the tail,
labout the eves, and there
llhe middle i>t'the heul, as
lul on the tail. I lowewr,
Ithe lcal(>n .it the year, be-
n in .umiiicr. None are
Iwiixh the (kind this litile
huro,,e. It is the Uteil
aud
EUROPF,.]
NOR W A Y.
6iJ
and the moll beautiful of all furs ; but then it lolls its
beantiUil whlteiicl'- by age, and turns ot a jell'.'w or
cream colour. It feeds upon rats, mice, moles, and
lucli like ; but it is remarkable in thole kept in i i;^e^
that the\ will never touch any kind ol llelh until it be
putrul.
I'lie marten is of the li/.e of a cat, Inii liiniewhat
longer. The ears are lln)rt , broad, and roundilli ; the eye
lliine in the night like thole of a cat, and the iiole i-
liimewhat prominent ; the upjvr jaw is biuni, the
tongue long and fmooth, ami covered vsilli lliarp pa-
pill.e, but tlie> are lott, and the points are lurnetl back-
ward^. The teetli are very white, unetjual and rough ;
and it has whilkers like thole ot a cat : the teit aie ili-
videil into live toes, and are hairy all over ; they ar'
united halt way by a membiaiie, and wliat is cilLd the
great toe is the Ihortelt, and at a viilhaiue trom iiie rell.
The tail is covered with long hair, which makes it leem
thi( ker than it really i->.
la liime places the common marten delights to be
among Imildings, Inch as call les, cluncius, ban:-, h;'.\ -
lolls. Hacks I, t woods, pigeon-houles, and ihi like. Ik-
is a great enemy to doiiieliic towU .md pigions, am; \Mli
kill a grtat number whenever he can c;)inc at them. I le
alio vei'N' toiid ot
and will carrv them liuin
Is iHlv > *%.'; iwii. I ..I s ;Sts '
t>ne place to iinother wilhoul bTeaking. The t.ung is
f.iid to haVi- a mi'i'.x' Imeil, by v, iii(.li means their
haunts mav be f 'iind out. Martins fleqi in the day
time, and go abroatl in the nipjit in C|Uell ot thur
])rev. 'J'liev are huntetl in fomc places bv a tort ot
dogs, that teem to be delrnid l)y nature tor that
]Hirpole. l'erliu|)s they may be the lame as our litchet
dogs, lb called from their hunting the pole-cat, or
lilcl'ei. 'J hell' animal, are honted tor their turs, which
are verv \aiuable, and they ale in lealon in the begin-
ning ot the winter.
The llelli ot the marten i; laid to be good eating. In
Ibnic places they make Ule of the dung as a ] ertiime ;
and tome pretend it is good to diltoivc the Iwel ing
(if the glands. The gall, whin mixed willi tenel-waler,
is recommen' ed to takt out Ij ots in the e\c-.
Some authors dilliii^uilli martens into iwo kimh, the
ilomellie martin widi a v. I'.iu- throat, and the wuhI-
maricii, thai i to bi toi:;.d m ih.e lorells conlilling ol
llnail tree-, m which ihe\ make their nells, ii.ueh in
the '.iuiie m inner as f.HiJriel-. Tliis may be known trom
the loriiier in having a \iilow throat, and li'e hir on
tlie rcli of the bod; more ol a tallow colour. Some
call it the gold.n marten, and its ikir. is much more
valuable than that of tl;e other.
Helides the bvtoie m.iiliuin .1 animab, Norwav is jiro-
diKiive ot I' ves and kjinrrels. T'ne ikms ot tiie loxes
are greallv valued, their fur being either white, red or
black ; but the latter is ihe null ellimible. The Noi-
wav foxes have the com.mon char.icier tor cunnii:g
which the toxes of Other countries have ; noi- ;io the
Uiiirrels Ic-cin to be behind hand with them in |;oint
of fagacity.
The repiili's and inlects of this country are both va-
rious and iium.rou .
The wv:i wind brings man) infeits that greatly hurt
vegetation ; atil the waters are produclive ot inleots
tii.il are e^ceediiigh iiiiuruius to the lillieries, by de-
Urovi;'g the lilli. The moil, jiarticular of the latter is
the litile L ;-!io,le, which exceeds nine inches in length;
anii. m th. h ad, liiom, and mane, is I'oinewhai like a
horie. It is abv'tir the thieknels of a man's tluindi,
and the i' kI\ i- full ol c'elis and lurrov.s. 'I'he liiout
is a fort of lube, with a hole at the b'.tlom, to which
there is a co\cr thai he can open and liuil at pKilure.
I'h.e iipjier part ot the body kems lo have Kvui tides ;
hilt below tlic \cnt it r^iembles a figure conlilling ct
four tides. The e\es are fmall and prominent, and
between them are two high tubercles. The tail ends
in a point, and is generally very much bent. Behind
thceyis. where ih.e gills are j. laced in other lilli, there
are two hns which look like eais, and above them are
two holes ; but there are no gills, either outwardly or
No. 50.
inwardly. The whole body fecms t-^ be compofcd of
grilUy rings, on the intermediate membranes of which
leveral fmall ])ricklcs are jilaccd. Their co our is a dark
green, but towards the tail inclining to black. The
belly is marked with fpots of a whiiith blue. It is
t:iki n in the Mediterranean, and alii) in the W'ellern
On an.
Norway abounds in moll of the fowls ami birds com-
mon to, and well known in, I'.uropean countries.
'I'he lea-coads are overli)read with innumerable
(lights ot Ai;n:uic fowls, that build their nells, and
hatch their young, among the clitts, rocks. neigldKmr-
ing illands, .''ic. and teed on tilhes, infects, and fea-
weed , Among tliele are altonilliing numbers of wild-
ducks, geeie, a:id alks : the latter are peculiar to the
country, build in the moll inaccelTible rocks, fly in
Inch numbers as even to darken the air, and, with
their wings, make a furpriling nolle, that loin, what re-
lembles the riling of a tempell. Many otlier bircfs
build in the cliil's and mountains, though not in llich
vali numbers ; and the Norwegian i>ca!!ints, who re-
lide iie.ir the k.i co.ills, are empio\ed, at :'. certain lea-
Ion ol the \ear, in climbing the rocks at the moll iiu-
iiiiiiL 111 danger of their lives. Hut their 'kill and in-
treiiiihiy, in general, furmount every ob'dacic ; and
the birds tliey make iiri/e of are to them very valu-
able, as tiic tklh and egg, fuiiiilh them with food, and
the ilown and katners led to great advani.ige. An in-
genious writer, in ijieaking ot the Nonvegian methods
ol bird-catching, lays, " In fome of the Nordland di'-
triiits, the t.irmers train dogs to ipring the lliore, and
Itraiid birds from their holes, w Inch' are almoll in.ic-
cellible. 'Hide are auxiliaries to th.e bird-men or clim-
bers, who eiilier Icnimble up the face of iierpendicuhu-
rocks, with molt altonilhining courage ami dexteritv, or
they are lowered down by ropes, u.inetimcs above' lOO
lathoms over prqiecting precipes. Som of the biuls
will allow themlelves to be !ei/.ed in tl.ur nells ; others
are taken in a net (ixed to the end ot a pole, which tliL-
bird-man applies tt) the mouths of the holes from
whence they take their llight. In climbing up the
rocks two bird-men tie tluniielves together w-ith a rope
of a moderate length. The lirll being puflred up by
the other's pole to a projiei llanding-i'lace or projection,
fixes himlelf to the rock, and the kcoiid clambers up,
aliilled by the roi)e that is tied ro\:nd the waill of
his tellow. In this manner th.e\ proceed alternatclv,
till they arrive at the birding j.hues. But limietimes,
in fpite ot all tlieir (kill and precaution, one fli; s, and
dragging the other after him, both perilh. Some
liertons alio lole their lives yeady in the other operation
ot delcending trom the lummits ; loofe fragments of the
rock beii.g moved in the delcent, fometimes fall upon
and kill the bird-man ; and lometiiues the ro|ie being
cut by the Iharp-iJointed llones, he is precipiated and
dallied to pieces among the rocks.
l"wo ot the N' rwcgian birds are known bv the names
')t the iiorth-wind-fowl and ibuth-wind-fowl : the for-
mer is ot a grc)- colour, fmaller than a darling, and
makes a very uncommon nolle previous to the biowiiv
ot the norih wijid ; and the latter never ajipears in Nor-
way but as the fore-runner of a ibuth wind ; lie, .ce they
both receive their a]i])ellations.
The trier, or cock of the wood, .'j the princijial of
the game kiwis, and the largell of all the eatable birds
in the country ; it refembles a wild Turkev-voc! in tlu;
bill .md feet, has black or ilark grey featiiers, and re/
round the eves.
The Norwegian eagle is of two f'pecies, ihe water'
and land eagle. The water uigle is the largefl, and
lives chiefly on th.e produce of the feas and rivers, 'Hie
land eagle preys upon land anim.ils, fuch as Iheep,
hares, lambs, kids, &c. Independent of winch he kill-;
many birds, and has fometimes been known to dellrcy
children.
About the latter end of autumn the Norway I'.vallows
try to conceal theinlijlves among the reei'.s and bullies
ill frelh-water lakes, where they rem.mi all the winter
7 ^ i:i
I
UH
fii-v
A M:W ANn AT rillAllC- SYMI.M ot TNIS I.RSAI, (il.Of .RAl'l 1 V.
«■; ■■■
IN! ; il I
•V- "« '
IT!
in a ll.itc ot nillnlihililv , .md iv\ivi.- .;i',.',iii m tlic l|irin<;.
Tlic [valaiUs ;iiul lillurnun tiv ;iuii:lv tiiul wluik-
lloclvb i>t till. in ill tliis liciuimlvil i ):ulitiuii, muiiliil
tugctlur, Willi tlitir Ll's .iiul billi cni.ini;lfil. It
briiu:;lu into .i warm a;i.irtnu';u ilit\ t^'i-1 ilnj culiviii-
iiii; wanntli, and in .lUnn lial! an LoiirN iiiin.-, lii.;v',in
to iiuivi. ; !0'in aliiT ilu \ lliittii, and even li.-i',m to (h
about ; Inii, within llic ijiacc nt an hour, tln.y droj)
do'.vn lii-ad ; whiih is oAing to tlu-ir l.,inj; luiiiiaiuiv
ly waked troiii tiicir Ktliargv , or i\\ i\ ilied biton- tiie
natural tinu.
'I'iic .\i)riViX,;an ll-a^ alioirid uiih lilli, a:niin» uliiili
is a l]ic'iies ot the lli.irk ealLd liaae-inn.'ri.r., whith i^
ten tathoMi-- in length, and aIioI'i.' IivvT :. lo tat a^ to
jieldthrei- lalk^ot train ml.
'1 he liellelhnder i> ainudiSioib lar^^e k.ini.1 nl iiirl«>t,
which, upon various oeeaiions, ajipears to have e.\lii-
bited rymjil'i ivj ot ri\eni;e ai;ainli mankind.
The wliakbone, or biuboer-vvliale, wliiih we have al-
ready tielenbed in our aeevaint ot ( iie.nl.iii 1, i-- likeuile
tuuiul in the Noiwet^ian li..i>>, ai aiv ^J,re.U number-- ol
(j)criiia-e.Lii \\lialev.
In januar'. , 1761, a rperma-eati whale w. is brouL'Jit
into (jreenlaiul lioek In a tr.idin;.; v^tUl. 'l"liole ulio
wore eoiuernel in taking', it, gi\e the tollouing ac-
count of this liili, and the mann^i in wliii.ii thev kil-
led it.
As tlu'v '.vrre i;oing, lhiMiii',li llie 1 lojie thev lav
fomethinji, llu.uin'j, ai a dill.ince, whleh ai>i)eaivd to
them like the malt ot a ihi'ii ; but as thev aiiiiroacheil
it, llu-\ dilcovered it to be a lafL',!' '.ill, .md, mion teeing
it call up a [^rtat ijuintiiv ot wa! r, com link il it was a
whale. TIkv chacid l.im alliore belmv the I Io|k'-
Toini, aid went oil" lo Inn in their bciats. lie leemeil
a motionU-t-' lump, his h-.ad and t.iil Iv.-ini; concealed in
the water. They tiiilpieued the promnunt 'urts ; and,
having diiLT a hole twelve inches deep, a i^.eat torrent
ot blood iliiK'd t.irth. L']ion this thev withdrew to a
diRance. and loon alter the boat h.ul palled him (a.s
the water w.is deep eiiouj;li over his tail) he Itruck the
ground with fuch violence as to Kirce up Hones and
mud to a great height in the air. They waiieil about
three (]i!arier!. of an hour, and then he expired with the
nioft horrible L^roans. .Alter this they iailcned a cable
to liis body, and.it lai1 bruu^Iit hiu to Cireenland-ilock
where he was fee!i by levvi..! ihoulands of neople.
They took out t)l his liead eight puncheons of fjier-
nia-ceti, whiili lay between the eves and the Ipout-hole,
in iliftercnt cells in the b:ain. .Its extreme length was
54 f^et, and its breadth 14 ; the lower jaw was 10 fe^'j
and the length of the penis eight i the tail meafured 15
Anionyll a valuable coilecVion ot lurioiis anatomi-
cal li;j,aie- in thi^ metropolis istlie ikekton of a whale of
this kind. Thole who laew this ciuiolity lay, that it
will coiUain thirtv people in its lie.ul, and tilty
in IM clieil i and lh.it twelve hoglheailb ol lj>erma-
ceii oil were t.iken out ot its up|>er jaw, or rather
that part of the head above it, which vv.is entirely com-
pofed of llelh and oil.
This whale wa^ thrown allioie on the llle of Thaiict,
Feb. ;, 176a, and lueafures Irom the liiiut to the tail-
tin, 72 feet. The upper jaw, whicii .ap|K'ar') to be one
filid bone, is 16 teet long, and lix bio.id at the top,
where It is vvideil, and from whence il grows narrower
to the end of the fnout, which terminates in a point.
AJone, tile middle ot it runs a <leep round groove,
tUough which is lucked up the water, which he after-
t'liids diUharj;e(l at the Ipout-hole. I'r.Jin the top ot
thi- i.i'.v proceeds a l.iige thick bo.nc, which turns up-
wards almoll per[iendiculady to the height of about four
feet, and tbrnis, as it were, p>art of a kind of (kull.
The iintler lavv is not near f) wide ai fhc ujiiwr, herein
bciny, (ull tiie reverie ol die toothlefs whale. .Vt tiie dil-
tance of about eight teet from the liiuut it divides ami
become! forked, in order to receive in the cavity a pio-
I'.i'.xTance of the upper ji.w, whii h feems e.xa«;'tly to lit it.
Tiiia ;«.v had two rows of teeth. The upper jaw
has no tixih ; bill, inl'u.ul therelore, li.ere is a'^rc .vt or
tuiket to receive ihol'c ol the lower; lb tiiat, \<i\wn
the mouth was Ihut, they mull have refea.ble.l ibiiianj
pointed weapons in a Iheath. 11. e locket of t:;e .ver
which ,ue ol .n\ oval t()rm, and pl.iced .ilm,)ll at lie
further pail oi the jaws, iiu-aline about eij',iueen inches
over. Hence wlial i' told us by fome 'viilei^ tii.it the
cluv ll.illine humour ol the eve in this lilh is noi lujccr
than .i pe.i, mull a|>|iear to common realoii a. a :,:;\c ;
tor we mull not liipix.le that nature is lb uneiiu.il m
lu r propoitions. Hevuiid the linkels of the eves are Ii.e
I Ao tin bones, which are very thick, live teet long, a:,(i
two leel three inches m the bro.ide'l part. There a'-c
eleven ribs on e.icli lide, the laigell ol which Ls teniniUe;
in circumlerence. Tiie ribs lorm a cavity eit^lit ti.vt
wiile within the bodv ol the lilh, and 111 vvhrdi wi.rc
containeil the hiari, lungs, j^c. The back-bone is .ir
much the lanie dilLime Iroiuilie lloor, bv which t!;er:b>
are luppoited. I'lie back bone, which is ilnee feel Lu
ii'.iiKS ihak, ^mealured in the lotiiid part onh, tor iL-
up])er pan ot it is clolelv let, throughout die whnie
length ot It, with Ipinal bone^, like thole of a hog' a. -I
the tail liiis, wiiieh e.-iiemls aboii; 15 feet, crr.poU tl.L-
red ot this Ikeletoii.
Though manv p.uls ot ilf^ Ikekton feem nuuh de-
caveil, prob;ibiy owing, in a great mealiire, to the iirii-
ri».s It mull h.ive unavoidablv received in being removal
from ]. lace to pklce, il is iieverthelels highlv wonhv the
alteiilion of thole who deliglit in natural cunolilies.
The |)articulars, as related al-.ove, wer^ l.Uely taken by
one ol the authors of this work.
.Seals abound about the coall of N'orvvav , thev r^iidi
in caverns and rocks m the lea, but go or Ihore Ivuec
a year, to bring tbith their young. I'he) are ealily kiliiil
by the hlhermen, who llrike tiiem over the note iviili
large llicks ; after which the fat is iL'id oti" with the
ikm i the l.ittu' being Iprinkled with tail, and rolldl
up linglv, and the toniierdepolited in talks tui train oil.
The lea Icorpion is a lilh about four feet lung, with a
head larger than the whole body, of a hideous ali)cci,
wide mouth, enormous jaws, and liiuill fcales, ot" a leJ-
dilli colour. Its bite is poilonous, and it 1^ an exceed-
ing voracious creature.
The lea devil is about li\ teet in ieiiflh, but' the he.ui
makes lull one halt of the lilh. The bodv luddenly laj.Li.
into a Iharp-iJoiiUed tail ; the eves are large, and the laws
vviile and horrible, let with d tlerent ro . ot Ihaip leetli ;
the tongue is likewile iurnilhed with a kind of teeth, ur
Iharp protuberances, lb that the bite is tiriiblei and
all round the under jaw, which projei'ls bevoiul lie
iippei;, there are hanging llips, or.grilUy furs, of abiait
foiirjiiclies iiv lengtii. This liih i^ eMiemely voraciuii ,
dellroving ilinumei.ible other lillHs of various IpeiK^
and li/es ; ,ind it he cm Ki/e u|j<in' a iu.ui that is balli-
ing, he is lure to kill and devour him.
Sahnon Iwanu in iheli; le.is, are caugh.t in great
quantities, and highly elleemed all <ner f^uioije.
The liiimon is a very beautiful lilh, and is ev.'ry
where in great elleem. I'he female may be ililln-
guilhed trom the male, by having a longer and iiior.-
hooked fnout, in having fcales that are not quire lo
bright, and having its body Ipeckkd over with d.iik
brown Ijxjts, Likewile the belly is ll.itur, the llvfi
is more dry, and not lb red ; nor yet is the taiL- ij
agreeable.
The llelh of this hlli is not lb red when boiled, as
when raw or faked. It is tender, flakv, and lulciou ,
for which realon it l.uislies looner, and is harder ut
digellion, though generally (ueterred to ihat of other
lilh. y\b out the time of Ip.ivvning it grows more ia-
fi|)id, ami lofes a great deal ol its lively colour. Soit'c
begin to be out of lealbii about the beginning of Jmv,
ancl others much later; wlu^h may be known by tluir
tailing away, their luting their beautiful fpots, and i^y
their colour ; intomuch, that when they are quite i.iit
of Icalbn, they look like tilli ot a ilillerent iciiid.
The lalmon-fry, called, in Uiiiie parts, a liilnion-
liuelt, u by nioft. ihought to be the ori"ipring of 4 lick-
ir
■I IV.
\-, vxTc i*- a 'iic .'A ur
.)'.vcr; I'i li:,U, '..■hf'i
ivc R''...-.iili!t\i i.i iii.iii;
C lucki't ot t;.v' -'.vT,
.ili')Ut L'ij^iuccn iiKlii-'i
lomi; 'viitoi^ tint tlie
1 liii^ tilh i^ r.'ji l)i;jj^Lr
,ll'.)Il K-aluii ;l', J. !.;1mc ;
l.ltUIC i-' lO UIK'l|U.ll lit
vfi^ ut ll\i.'i-ycs arc il;c
rk, five tivt liint;, ani
Ilk it p.iit. 'I'licrc a'c
1 ol which Is ten iiiw.ci
111 .1 cavity cit^lit kct
ilh, and in which were
'l"hc luck-ljoiic i^ at
fl(Kir, 1)\ which i!;i.- ril)>
whicii is ihr^c tcci lai
iiiuiil j'art iiiily, tor il c
tliri.u_L!,lii.'ut i!ic whole
like iliulc- oi a lioi; .i:.'l
i; 1 5 tcci, cj:r.poU il.c-
.cicloii Icvm iiuicii lic-
it incaturc, id tlic iivu-
.civcil in being rcinowil
iclcls lii^lih wonhv the '
t m natural ciinoliius.
c, wcr^ lately taken by
ut' Norway , they r^iidc
I, hut j;o or IliDic tvMce
li;. I'licv are calily kilkil
:iiem over ilic note uiili
,it IS llea.l oti' with lli.e
•d with lalt, and rollnl
Itcil in calks tor train oil.
lut tour tcet long, with a
Iv, ot a huicuiis atJH.ct,
id I'liKill Icales, ot a rtJ-
l;s, and it i^ aii cvcctd-
in lenjiih, hut ihc- hcv.l
."lie lx)ii\ imldenly taiieri
esare larg,e, and the jaw-;
livnl 1' ■ ot Ihaiji teeth ;
with a kind ot teeth, or
he bite i'i terrible ; ami
h |>roiei"ls Ix-yoiul tic
or.'a,riill\ turs, ot abiait
l^ cMrcmch \oraciuii~,
lilliis ot various Ijiccks
i|xm a iiuwi that i^ balli-
u hull.
; are caugb.t in "nat
all (Uer I'iuioj.'e.
|titul tilh, and is cvrv
teiualc may be dillii-
iiij^ a lonj^er and inor.-
that are not iiiiile ;o
leckled over with il.i;k
lly IS llatter, the ll. h
nor yet ii the taiL- u
lb rod wlien boile^l, as
[r, tiakv, and lulcioii- ,
loner, and is hauler ot
Verred to that ol other
liiiu!, it grinvs more la-
|ts lively colour. Soiiu-
the bei!,iiuiing of Jui\.
|na\ be known by tluir
Iie.iutil'ul Ipots, and I'V
Iheii they are i|uile i.ut
a diticrcnt kind.
I tome parts '-^ lalnion-
tho oliipring ot -i li'-'^-
i*
l.UROPE]
ly ihlmoii, which has been forcibly detiincd from villt-
iriQ, the lalt water; it is apr.-eahle enough to the eye.
though its talie is very or^linary ami iiilipuh The lal-
:iioa chutes the river tor its abode .ilviui liv n-.oail'.s in
the vear, ciiierinL'; the trelli water alioi;t l-Vhriiary or
Mauli, in liiiue I'laces, wliere they confiinie to the au-
luninal Ualon, at whicli time they call their I'pawn, and
loon alia- return to the lea. In {:^eneial the lalt water
lontribuie'. moll to their growth, and i:-e tVelh re:uler.,
thei.i tat.
W iieti tl'.e time ot Ipavainp, comes, the female makes
a hole in a gravellv boti.im, like a kind of' nell, ot her
cwn d'lUenlions ; which done, llie dilcharfj,es lier tpawn
nnd retires. 'I'hen the male, oi milter, advances and
cover., the I'pawa with its belly, emittuifj; at tl'.e lame
tune, a whiiilh Ihiitl like milk. After this the temale
return?, and they both endeavour to cover their brood
w;ih!;ravel, in which they work witli their notes like
i'hev then return to the dee]i to recover their
llreni;t!i, which, they ulu.di) do in about twenty davs.
'riie talmoii h.is d'.tHrent names, accordiiig to its
«litljrviit .at^aes , being in the ilrll year calleil linelts, in
the leiond Iprinls, in the third ni.Mis, in the tourth
forktails, in the titth halt' li'li, aiul in the li\lh, at
wliich time ihev are thought to have att-iinetl their pro-
per growlli, they ai\- judged worthy of the name of
talinoiis. When the; .ire largell they weigh near forty
pounds.
'I'he hen 1 12 is from I'l.K niches to a foot in le;;gi!i.
That which didiiiguilhes this lilh fro^n all oth.er.,, is a
Icalv line ihit runs along tl'.e belly ii'om the head to the
tail. I'he colour on the belly and lides is ot a lliiniiig
iilver ; betides, the Icales are l.irge, and come regu-
larly oil', li has no tpois, and the belly is lliarii like
a wedge, with red eyes The I'caljs are large in pro-
poriioii to t'he body.
A herring liies immediately after it is taken out of
the water, whent.e the proverb aril'es, " ;\s dead as a
herring." The Ikih is every 'where in great ellcem,
being, fat, loft, and d.elicate, el'pecially it it be died as
loon as caught ; for tlien it is incomnaraiily better than
on the ne.\t iho . There are vail ^luanlities of thete
titli ta'.en, falte'.l, Imoak -dried, and ci)nlumed all over
Eur<.>]K'.
1-lerriiigs are dilVinguiilu'd into li'. d'li'erents lorts; as
the fil h-iring, wi.ich is the largell anil t'.iickefl of all,
and will ke.]! longer than any ; the meat herring, whicli
is likewile large, but not to thick or to fat as i!ie for-
mer ; the night heriing, which i. of a middling li/.c ;
the pluck, which has [eceiveil tome damage from the
nets ; the lliotten herrir.g, which has loll its roe ; and
the copllien, which by loiiie acciiLiit or other, has loll
Its head.
Thele ufeful fithcs annually vilit the wellern coail of
N'orway in fuch ama/ing fwarms as to exceed all beliel.
I'i'.e innumerable Ihoals that emerge from their llieher
luulcr the ice, towards the north pole, divide them-
klves into three bodies, about the latitude of Iceland.
One of thefe dircds its courl'e wellwaril, lleering round
the Hebrides, ami coall of Scoiland, towards N'ew-
t'lundland ; the fecond fleers towards the coall of
<!roat Britain; anil the third, co.illing about N'orway,
pall'es the Sound into tlie IJaltic.
The herring and cod are driven in great Ihoals upon
the coall of Norway, by the great herring wluiles ;
who, not daring tovenf.ire in among the rocks, or be-
tween the illanils, remain about lix weeks on the back
of the great land-bank parallel to the Ihore, evtending
aboui 30 miles in lengtli, in order, as is lupjioled, to
'.vaicii the return of' the iho.ils. Bui though the herr'^ng
wli.ile is thiH flopped in his piinuit, the lli.irks, jwr-
poiles, ,ind other llualler tilhc> of prey, casi ealily en-
ter between the channels, ami among the rocks near ihe
fhorc. and thefe continue the purl'uit in fuch a manner,
as to drive thi>cods and herrings into every little creek
and inlet, and even to the very margin ot the water; to
that innumerable tjuantities may be cauly taken. Se-
N O R W A Y.
615
f
' 1
•.eral hundred Ihij) loads of |iickled herring are yearl/
exporteil trom Bergen only, Ixlides the great -lUaatily
confuiued at home by the common -people.
The l.irgell and f.ittell herrings ajpear upon the i Jaf!
from (.'hrillmas to C'aiuileilK^, al whieii I'e.ifon the
country peo])le allemble upon 1 he ihore ingre.it nuu-
bers, with their bo.us, calk-, lalt, lilliing-tiekle, in:.
Ill the compals of -one mile near 300 boats are daily
employed, lor a month together, in Milling. Tiie net.
are about 10 feet in leiigih, and, in each, the liiher-
men will often cati h lu ir 5000 herrin-gs. The fattefl
and bell are pickled lor e.xportalion ; but the uo:!l fort
are conlumed in the couiurv. The cod, ling, kabe-
lian, and forik, are ciught in flro:ig nets of 4C0 fa-
thom 1:1 leiii'th, in 50 or h'} falliom water : then being
pickled with l-'reiich or Sjianilli fait, or dried bv various
methods, they are, in general, e.xi)orted to Bremer.,
I-lambuigh, Amllerdani, he. The Norwegian cod
:-i:!<l heriing tillieries emjiloy and rnaintain an incredible
number of people.
T!ie tea jiroduces a great variety of (liell-filh. Of
ihel.: the moll particular are the ])earl-mullel, the right
ot whidi tilhery app.ertains to the King of Denmark,
and is carried on at his expenee. The peads which .are
taken annually about Miill'ummer, become the pro-
perty ot the iiuecn, as jiart of the regalia of Norway ;
and fbme ot thefe are very little inferior to the oriental
pearls
The ilar-filh i; commonly .ibout nine inches in length,
and lometimes twelve. The whole face, and the covers
ot the gills, are very rougli, with a fort of warts or tu-
bercles, ibme ot which aie prickly.
'I'hat extraordinary piotlucUon of nature w-hich is
ranked among tilh-s and called the fea-ncttlc, is of two
kinds, one ot which comprehends thole that always re-
main fixed in one pl.ace, like fea plants ; and the other
contains thole that change their place.
The wandering fea-nettlcs have nothing common
with the -preceding, excej)! in the name, and they have
ditlerent apjiellations in ditlcrent places as alio accord-
ing to their lizes. When they are thro-»Mi upon the fea-
cjall they appear to be tjuite motionlels, which per-
haps m.ay be owing to the Ihocks they have received
.againfl flones or the land, which may be fufficicnt to
de'prive them of life ; for it is certain they are a fort of
.minials.
The Northern Ocean produces fomc very extraordi-
nary animals, as the merman, mermaid, great fea-fnake,
and kraken or korvcn.
The mermaid or niennan arc fea animals, that bear
fome rclemblance to the human form. In the year
17 1 9 one of the males of this fpccies was found dead
on a point of land in Noordland. His colour was of a
dark grey ; the face relcmbled that of a man, with a
large mouth, and Hat note ; riic arrns were attached to
tlie lides by a thin membrane, and terminated in paws
like thole of the lea-calf The body tapered into a
lilh's tail, like that of a poqioite, and the length ex-
tended to three fathoms. The mermaid is formed in
the fame manner, bating the difii.rence of fex, which
is ilillingxiiflied like that of the human r.ace. Thcfc
creatures have been teen in manv parts of the North Sea,
have appeared of various magnitudes, from two feet to
three tathoms.
In the year 1723, three tilhermcn of Ellineur, In
Denmark, being examineil, upon oath, before the
privy counfellor l-'rederick Van Gram, declared that,
in the month of July, in calm weather, between Hveen
and Saediaiul, they a|)i)roaclied, in their boat, tbme-
tliiiig tlial lloated on the tiirface like a dead body, whicli
lay without motion till they were within leVeii or eight
tathoms of it, when it funk inflantaneoufly, and roie
again nearly in the fame place. There he flood near a
ijuarter of an hour flaring at them, and wa.s (cen above
the water to hi^ breafl. Being terrified at the light of
this monller they began to row away. Jri'^ then blew
up his cheeks, uttered a kind of muttering roar, and
dived under water. He appeared like an old man,
with
I i\
ti,
' \i
I;
6\6
A N'KW AND AUTHKNTIC SYSTRM or UNIVI'.RSAI. (ir.OC.RAl'l FY.
rr?!
^
Wr
ii
witli bro.ul iliouli'.cr-i, and ;i luuvil lu.ul, tovcivd uitli
ilunt, hl;itk, lurktl li;iir. llis c)cs uciv hollow, his
t';icc w.is im-agrc ami \\Lailicr-lxatin, aiui hi;. Ikiii u.ls
toaiic aiul hairy. Ow ot thclc licioucnt^ tint her ilc
clari'il, liiat al^mt tuiiitv vcars l)it>in-, Ik- had Iccii a
incniiaid, with lon^ hair, and lari;c hivalU.
" TIk- mariui(.lc, or iiiariiiaic, belongs to the lame
clals, and is perhaps, the yoiuig ot tins li)ccies. It is
t'ortued I't (litlerent li/.es, and utten laiij^ht on hooks h\
th.e tilhernien ot' Norway. Some are no bigger tiian in-
fants halt' a \ ear old, and otiurs are a^ large as ehikheii
tit three ye.ns.
" 'I'lie I'ea-liiake is peeuliir to the Noiuegian leas,
where it h.is been I'een by mans huiiilrid people, man-
ners, lilliermen, and others, in the uar 1746, a ma-
riner belonging to Ber;;en, Ihot at a t'ea-li'.ake, whici\
imniediateiv dii'appeared ; and when the boal was row-
ed near the place, the water ai>ix-areil tm;>d Willi
l)lood. The iitad <'i liiis anini.il, whi^h it held at leall
two t'eet above the luriaee of the wiler, was ot a greyuli
colour, and relembled the head of a horie. The mouth
w.uvery large, and blaei; ; the eves wjie ot the lame
eolour i' and a long white mane hu;;;; ilowii Irom its
neek, whitli floated on the lea. Belidcs i!ic head, ihev
they law teven ur
'lit coils of this li'ake, about li
dilhinee of a fathom one from the other.
" In Kgede's journ.il of the (iaenland miluon, we
find that, on the 6lh of Jul;, 17 J4, a hug
id Irhd"-
ful I'ea moiuler railed iilelf to a moil lurpiiling height
out of the water: that it ii.ul a long Ihaij) liioui, bro.ul
paws, and fpouted water like a whale : tliat the body
teemed to be covered with I'cales : tlie Ikin w.is uneven
and wrinkled ; and tlu' lower part wa. formed like a
Ihake. It plunged itleif b.u k in the water, and then
railed its fail aliove the fuil.ice a wl;,ile llup's length
trom tlic liead.
" Thouuii the exact dimenlions of the fea-lnake can-
not be alcuiained, it ".ly be concluded, Irom the con-
curriiv telliir.ony of ihoie who have leen it at lea, that
it is ICO fathoms' in length, and tliat its body is as l.irge
as a Ixigllicail. That its lenle ot uueiiing is very acute,
the lilliermen conjeoiure from the cireumllance ot its
aviiiding the tccr.t ol callor, a quamliy ot whii.li they
therefore jirovide iheinrelves with when lluy go out lu
tiili in tiie lumnier ; antl when th.ev meet t!ie lea-lnakj
they throw a linall jiortion ot it ovi.rboar<l.
" But the moll fu:pril;;ig creature in this fei, and,
perhaps, in the whok' w.)iid, is the kraken, or korvcii,
an animal of the jiolypus kind, but feemingly a nine
and a half in circumference. 'I'he Norwegian lilher-
nien fumetimes, in a hot I'ummei's day, tiiid no more
than 20 or 30 fathoins water where ll;e depth uled to be
80 or ICO r and here they catch great plenty of cod and
ling. Thev know the krakt. n is below them, and tiiat
the\- are lilhing ujion his £jjaek. When they perceive,
by their lines that tlie water grows more and more llia!-
km, they judge he is riling llowly to the fu.-tace, and
row away with great expediiion. At a propter ilillance
thev he upon their oars, and in a few minutes, part ot
liim appuirs above the water, reprelcnting a number ot
liiiall ill.iiids and faml-banks coveredwith fea-weed- ,
and abounding with a great v.uiety of lilh, that leap
about, and roll off' his lides into the wai-.r. At length
a gre.it number of pellucid antennie rile upon liis back,
as large and high as the malls of moderate vellels. B\
means of thele indrumeiits, or teiit.Kula, he move-
himlelt', and gathers in his food, which couiills ot imali
fnhes. AUer'he has remained a little time at the lur-
face, he begins to link again graduallv, anil this motion
produces a dangerous I'well and uliid|)ool in tiie water.
In all probability the floating itlands, which have been
defcribed by I'o many voyage writer3,-were no otf.er than
the back of this huge monller."
In the holy I'criptures the whalebone, or Mubber
whale, the fperiiui-ceti whale, the great lea-lnake, and
the kraken, t'eem to have been all defcrTlied under the
general name of Leviathan ; for that word is ot univeiiai
atceptation, and implies nut a particular lilh oiii;. , but
a huge t'ea monller, or prodigious large liili. For want
01 knowing this, thole beautiful paliages In tlie bowk
ot job, \Uiere l.e\iathan is detcribed, having been tV.--
quentiy mifunderllooil. 'Ihok- parts (as liin.l\ |.,ii,i.
phialeil b\ the celebr.ited Dr. Young) whlih a|ipiv \)
ihe wh.ilebone or blubber wli.ile, we have already 'm\^i\
in our aetount of tjreenland. The lines which lult die
I'perma-ceti uliale, as rendered by the lame rev.i.., |
author, are tlieie :
A; kngih ;iu huge le\iithan lliall rife,
It. lah all his llrenglh, and Ipivad Ins wond'tDiH iM.
W hole he. in lultains him to dr.uv near? Brhi;|d
D.ilni.-iion > iwns. i lis !p;aiou^ j.ius unfold,
.And, lu.nlii.iU'd rouad the wide exjiaiile, dilclole
Teeili edg'd with di-.i'ih, and crowding rows on raw:,,
\\ hat hitleous tangs o;i (.■itlicr liue arile !
A'.v.\ what a tlecp .iby Is between them lits !
Mete with thy lance, AtvA with thy ])lunnnet louii I,
The one how long, the ollur how proluur.d '
Tiiole luiiable to the great fea-fnake are ai f(;llow;
W'lun lale aw.ik'd he rears him from the lloods,
And, llretching torth his llature to the clouds,
Wiiihes in the fun alofi his Icaly height,
.\:ul ilrikes the ihllant hills with traulietit light.
I'.ir round are fital d.imp's of tenor Ipread :
'1 he mighty fear, nor blulh to ow.t their dread.
The lolloping lines are applicable to tire kraken, t!i.it
alloiiilhing animal, hitherto unconiiuered by tlie 11. oil
lubile, ami iliciiled by the molt courageous :
1 li . like earth bears not on her iji.icious f.ice ;
Ali'iie, in nature, Hands his dauutkfs race,
for utter ignorance ol tear reiiuwii'd,
in wrath he rolls his balelul eyes around ,
M ikes ev'ry hvol'n, dild.unlul heart lubtide,
iVnd holds tlominion o'er th.e Ions ot pride.
si: cii(K\ 111.
JX-fii-)!/, F.iUKjiifl^^i; flihl lu:':.'J.:i of tbe A' 't.-y' /.•.•.•;••.
D:/i>'lfiicti of tti Jijliii.i (jover>iMi-i:h ur /'/^'^...hm j
ll:c Kiii^duiii.
"" I "'[ IF, people of .\orivay derive their origin t'li.m llie
-•- ancient Normaiiiii, a barbarous race, who aiiiio\al
gieat |).irt of the e-oalls of hairojie with |)iratieal ar. ■,..■.-
nlenl^, in tlie eighth, ninth, and l.nlli c 111 11:1 .
Manv Danilli, IJiglilli, Dutch, Scotch, and (;en;ia:i
fimihes, have lince lltiled in thii country, and ii'.v
form a conliderable |iart of the inhabitants.
'I'heir laiigu.ige, in moil iil.icc-, is tiie l.imewiih I'.u
of Iceland, which proves them to be ot the lame o;,u;:::
but, in the civili/.etl ])art . of the country, the ku.gu.uy
differs but little from that of Denmark.
The Chrillian religion is laid to iiase been p'.iiii.d
liere about the miiklle ot t!ie tenth centii.) ■. li-.e ;\|.).-
mation was ell.iblilhed by the D.ine-. ; lo tli.U l.uih-r-
aniliu is the naiional religion. 'I'he) h,i\e an ili.!io'i!i";)
at Droiitheim, and a bilhop in eai h ot the l>)ur loil.i .-
ing towns, namelv, Bergen, Sialkinger, 1 lamiiier, a:- 1
Oiifolo, otherwife called Chrillianbuigh.
jullice is adminillercd herein fever.il courts, \- ■.<.
whitli apjieals lie lo the liipivnie couil, \\iiich is kli.. .
ill the capital ot the kingdom, i\liere tiie vuenn IlIui. ,
who governs this Hate with an ablolute power.
Norway is divided into tour governments i;r i •
feeioilhip^, v, hich are thole ot Aggiihus, 1.'. ■ ',
Droni'min, anil WardliU ; beiide:, thii oi lii'i,
wliiih is liiiijeei to Sweden ; ;;:id liie l.v.rd ill;:uk ■
pending 0:1 ,\orwa\. t)l' all tk.l'e we ihall ei\j a u..-
iinCt account.
The pioviiicc of Ai-'ihus in I.ali", Agi.-rl'i: ■.
I'ui'feOtura, is the fcuiL-uait ju.i ot Noi.\.i\,
IjIji J
\rnY.
IS large lilh. Forw;mt
)iall;ig>.'s in til*; l)o.,k
:\\k\\, l\;uiii^ Ikid liv--
■ p.irts (,is lin(.l\ I'.ii.i-
'ounu) wiiiili ivpiiis I')
, wc huvc iilivaily |',iu:i
['lie liiK's \sl'.i'li lim ill'.-
llriU rill-,
. ,ul his woiurr )IH fi/i".
iir;iw ivjur ? Hi'huKl
. iou-.j.u\s uritoM,
kIc cxjuiilo, diltUil'.-
crovM-iiiig rows uu ruw:,,
r (iJc an If !
.vn tlicin lii.^ '.
ill thv jiliiiiniut I'juii 1,
r how jiroloiir.il '
V.UROl'K]
N C) II \V A Y,
6i7
.■a-lii.ilN.c arc a> lu'ilmv ;
liiu from the IIoo.Ia,
turc to the cluu>ls,
Ualy hei!;ht,
wiih iranliciit liu,lit.
r lerior iprcail :
10 ov, :'. I'.wn iiie.ii
itabk' to tlte kraliii, lli.U
.iieoni;ULrc>.l by tlic n\M
ill courageous :
her r|>.u ious iaie i
■> dauiiikw raec.
reiujun'il,
ives uroiiiul ,
lul h'.'.irt lubliik-,
;„• ll)iii ot' 1 ride.
N HI.
;;.;; (/ t!.Y A'crr.-YJ,'.-.- ■.
•jcnwu'iits uf l'i'oii/^t,i) J
invo their orii^in frwin the
I'liarous nv.e, who aiuvn.J
lojie with piratieal a;-.u.>
i, ami ti.i\tli teiiturK .
Ill, Scotch, :nKl (ier,;i;i:i
thi, country, and n '.v
|i. iiih iliiiaiits.
lie-, is tiie laiuewiih ti ..I
to he of the I'air.e t,.;^:::
he count IV, the l,i;.-i%>-
iDeiiiuarls.
ud to iM\e been |''.lii!.>l
It.-ntli centu-.y •• ti'.e :\t >.-
)atie. : lo ih.a l.ni:,-i-
I'hey haveaiiiM.h'"'iM-;>
11 caih of the lour ioi: ! -
■ taHiuii'cr, 1 Luumev, .t. !
Ilianbuiuii.
V ill leveral courts, t.'.
ic courl, which is Icit- ■
where tiie \nep') iMhi- ,
|;iblijhuc j.ower.
ir ;'overniii'-'ni ■, '•'•■ ! '
i.i A;»;ciliu^, I' •
l„.|idr', ihu oi h / .
;,a i!K' r.v-ral ill'.nd '
l!..;'e we Ihall jyve au..-
I , Ml Latin A'^;i.-rl": '•■
1 ;,;i hi Norway, ■'-'■■•'• ■•
tiluiJ
litu.Uctl bctw;?en tlic jirovinc' of Horpen on the well,
tnun which it i. I..i)a:aie.l by vail mouniiins; Dalcailia
and Uahuj, which beioni; to Sweden, on the elll ; the
nioulli of the Ba!tit, c iiled the Cati.i;atc, on the li)Ulii ;
and the |)roviiice oi Orontlieiiii on the north. Its ex-
tent troiii tbuth to north, i'- about po iiiile., and fro.ii
call to well, in the luuth iian, about i :o ; but it f.iow.s
narrower iiorth*iard, till it ends in a i'>oin(. 'llx. land is
mountainous and wood', but tlie vailies are tolerably
IruittuI, being watered bv iiian\ lakes and nvuKts,
vsciuli pafs through the ciunin, a:id lall into ih. Baltic.
It l^ divided into li\ pattnihar gov>.rnuieiit--, vi/,. Agde-
linden, I lalhngdal, 1 laminer, I leniieni.irk, Roiiimev-
ritkir, and ralleiiiaik. 'I here aie lure Lveial lea-ports,
parliiularly Ideckeren, were the li;hiiig-tr.ade atiurds a
pretty confidcrable income.
The moll conliderable cities an 1 town'- ot this pro-
vince are Oblelo, Anllo, or ChriiHana, in Latin /\n-
lloa, or Aniloga Civitas, or C'hrilliana. 'I'hev cine! < ii\
of this province is fcated at the bottom of a narro.v b;y,
and i-- jo iniles dillant trotu the B.:!tic, and about I lo
from Schagen-Caiie in Jutland, to the north. It i> the
teat of the li)vereigii court I't uillice, wher>' lenl»-nces arc-
pronounced m the pretence ot the govern. ir ol iji^- | ro-
vince of Aggerhus, and vl t!ic viieioy. Tins city owes
its found.atioii to king Marold, cotemporaiy wiihSweno,
king of Denmark, Unnamed I'.lhiiius becauii: he was
(he Ion of iNLugaret, I'urnained f'.llrita, diugluer to
Sweno II. and filter to Ca'uite the (ireat. Harold kejn
his court here in the midtlle ot tlie eleventh cenuirv .
When the Sivedes were beruging the tort of Agger-
hus, in the year 1567, the Daiies, in order to take trom
them all pretences for Having in the country, burnt the
city of Dbleio, A peace was concluded between them
iliree years after; ami I'lederick II. of Denmark, under
whole reign this town was burnt, dying in 158.S, his
liiccelibr Chrillian 1\' relvoilt it in 1614, and called 11
Ciiriltiana, by which name it has been g-iieraily kn n\n
ever liiici.. it i< the fee of a bilhop, under the aieh-
bilhopof Droiuheim. 'I'he cathedral is iL-dicated li)
St. /Vlward, and in it is fiiewn the fword ot Ha-iuin, one
of their ancient kings, the hilt of which is of chryltal,
and a great curi'jiiiy fir art, a> well as anti^juity. This
p a place of good trade lor li. -timber, piich, &c.
,\lanv mackarel are caught here; and nui.h i:earl is
I >und : ot the latter, LLiiricus Arnoldi, a Dane, gives
the fjllo'.virig account : their lliells are like thole of nnif-
(les, but larger, and tiie lilh hkt :\\ oyller, which pro-
cuees a great duller of eggs, like thote ot cr.iy-!ilh, tome
vUiite, and fome black. Tliele eggs, when ripe, are call
out, and grow like the ilicll, from wl.ence llicy came :
1 ul fometiiues it happens, that one or two of thet'e eggs
i!ick tali to tiie tide of the matrix, and are not voided
witli the i.:l : tlu-le being ted by the tiih, in time grow
Mitn pearls otclillerent li/.es, and imprint a maik, both
111 the tilh ami lliell, of the I'aine ligare wit'i thcm-
; Ive.. I:i this city the iniiitiai rii^s b.tween king James
\ 1. ol S otl-uid, atterwards kin;-, ot Laigland, and
.'\niie, the daugliler of l-'rederiek II. kiiiii ol Denmark,
were iblemni/.ed, on ihe iid day ol No.vtnber 15^9,
that prince luuing taken a voy.ige thill, er, upon tiie
lidv's being driven back by contrary winds v\hen Ihe
hrii lit out for Scotland.
y\ggtrlius, or Aggerhullor, in L.uin AL-'V-rhuila, I'.om
wliich tlievvhok' province l ikes its nanu"-, lies on the bot-
ii:n of the lame ba\ , about 15 miles tromChri'.liana, to
the lljutli-well. It has a llrong catUe, luemc.rable tor t'.ie
brave relillaiac it made againi'. the Swedilh army hi the
vear 15O7, which belieged it hotly for 18 weeks together,
i)ut was at lall beat otl', and torced lliauetuilv to reiire.
Friderlcklh.Jl, or l''rideri>.kll.idt, in l.aiia hridirico-
li.idium, llindson iheCategale, at the nvjut'' ot ihe river
(ilammeii, whicii riles in the nioamaiiis 1,1 il^e pro-
vince of Drontheim, and having palled tliiMu 'h'AgcTjr-
hus falls here into the lla,, and tiicreby ait'>rds (,,is
city a pretty good trade. It is about 50 miles dillant
from the town of Aggerhus towards the loutii-eall, uell
tortitied, and ot fuch importance, that it is deemed
No. 57.
the key of this kingdom. Charles Xli. kuTr ol Swe-
den, tat down betore it 111 the bi-giniiing of December,
1718, and i\.is killed there by a lanii'-ii ball, the 1 Uli
ot the I. line ii.oiiih, as he was xiewing tl e trenche .
S.ili/.lxrg i, a liiiall lown on the nver DiTuiiii'i',
whiili tail-, into the bay of C'hiilliana, from whicii ciiy
It IS about 15 mile^ dillant to the north. Ii has aprctt.
conliderable trade trom t!;e neighbouring tojijn.T and
iron mine;.
'I'on!i)eig I'larub on the kit (Imr. of ihe bay of Cliri-
lliana, and is about :o iv.iles dillant trom the city of
that ii.iiiie to ilie louth.
Skeen, or S> hcen. a i'ew ndlc, from Tongfberg, Hands
on ilk C'atigatc. IJotli tliefe towns arc piaccs of good
trade, by means of the betiirementioiied mines. y\ iilver
one w.is dilco\ered in the neighbourhood under the I'eigii
ot C'hriltian IV'. but it appears that it is not a rich ohl,
not being vsorkcd at j)rcleiit.
Hammer, or [ I iir.meaf. Hands on the eaflern h.:;nk of
a long and narro.. lake, formeii i') a rivcr which, above
40 liiiks lower, t.ilis into the (ilammen. It is 100
mi'es dilhiiit l>on; Chrilliana, to the noviii-eall, and was
l< lerly a billup's tee, which has been removeil to
Ciiriltiana. Jt isilivideii into the (ireater and Lilier
i iammer, which are parted In a fmall canal, or arm of
the lake.
I lo'.le:', leated on the lake of Nordl'ee, i 5 mik^ from
Toiilhcrg to the nortli-vvefl, i. remarkable tor its cliurcli,
wniih l^ cut out of the ro( k called Vear, and h.is a bu-
rv ing-placc i>n t!ie lop of it. It is very ancient, and I'up-
poled, by Olaus \v'ormius, to be originally a tcm;,le of
the heat hi ns.
The proviiicc or government of Rergci, or Berg-
eniius, compri/.'s t!ie motl liiutherly, and alio the molt
wellerly pan of Norway, and i^ I'urrounded by the tea on
the liHith, li)u(h-v\ell, v.ell, and north. It has the go-
vernment of Drontheim on the north-call, and that of
Aggerluis on the call. Its extent from Cape N.i/.e, in
tlie louth, to lat. 61 deg. 30 min. where the government
ot Droiuheim begins, i^ about 090 miles; but itsgreatell:
breadth, tic>in call to well, is r.ot above 90 miles, and
in many places much lets. It is divideil into the govern-
ments of Bergen, properly li) called, and Stavinger,
which are again fubdivided into kller dillrich, or jira-
iectures.
The cliii-f towns here are Bergen, an ancient and fa-
mous ka-pori, mentioned bv Fomponius Mela, and
I'linv ; it ihind. on a crool-ed bay called Jeltefiord, into
which t!ie entrance is by a narrow llrciglit named Car-
melurali, bordered on each lide with high rocks for
leveral miles together. This town is 137 miles dillant
trom Chrilliana .0 the north-ueft. The bay here is lij
deep, that vetfels of above 4C0 tons can er.ter it, and
come to load and unload Ixtore ihc inercliants ware-
liouk's. The inhabitants are parry natives of this
country, and partly Ciermans and Danes, v.liom the
convenience ol the town tor trade has draw ti thith.er,
ihis being the principal mart and magazine for leveral
niercl andizes ; divers torts of tine t'urs, \al1 quantities
ot hides, t.allow, tir-timber, Sec. being brought liiiher
trom the neighbouring jirovinces, and lliipjied off to
loreign ]\irts The inhabitants drive alio a conliderable
tr:idc in llock-lilh, wliici'. are lake" on thele coalts, and
in the lake-, in Janu.u'\, .lud dried in the open air. The
pri\llegc,i granted by the king ot Denmark to llrangers
make them Hock to tliis ti,v, n, and import thither ihofc
necillaries ot lile which the country does not produce,
as wheat, rye, bilcuils, beer, \^ ine, brandy, &c. which
they exchange hir tlie nierchaiidi/es abovemeiiiioned.
This ir. the tee of a bilhop, jluflragan to the archbilhop
ot Drontheim. 'Ihe churches here are pretty well
built, as are aHoall iheeditices railed bv tne merchants
ot the Han -Towns, and iianicularly their exchange.
The common people's houl'es were tiirmerlv of timber
onlv, and covered wiih turt, lb that the town w.;- kve-
ral times iviluced 10 allies; but lince the year 170:,
when it was almoll entirely burnt down, the lioules
have been rebuilt with llone, lo that it is now reckoneil
7 R the
.fcjl
:iii!ii'
I
Ml
n
l?^^i
6i9
A NTAV ANi> Aniir.NTIC SYSTKM of UMVr.RSAI. CI'.OfJRAl'l !Y.
1 I
#MiV
the Urgi.-fl, moll luMutitiil, aiul moll imi uloiis town m
Norway, ami is ti.i' lijiliI cI ihc wln.lo kin|;il'mi.
On tlic vMlt-luli.' 1)1 till' iiHMi ll.uuls .1 roval cii.uUl, iii
wIulIi tlic i;ii,i.iuor r.iidts, ami vslm.li Uivt:. alio \>
ilcli 111! till' i:ailHuir.
TIktc is at Ikryi'ii a fachir\ lalUil iIjl- CliNlUr, ii\
vvhiili a loiiiiiiunity of nuTLiiaiUs livo, who arc Itilcd
Monks, tlioiit;li tluy wca; no | articular habit, aiul lia\c
luniiing III (.oiimioii with inuiik-, cMcpt that tluy arc
not iiMnicil.
Siavanncr, or StafTan{;i.r, tlic iliivt town of tho ilil-
triv,'t ot the lame name, llaiui' in ti.e hay e.illed Hiiek-
entiortj, whiih i-. very Ipaeuais, lull ot liiiall idamS,
anil 8o miles ilillant trom Ber{.',en to the t'oiith, anil too
from Chrilhana to the I'elL The harbour is ijiaci-
ous and late, and would have a i',reat tiailc were it
not l<ir the n.i^hbouihooit of Heri^eii. I'hoiigh the
town be but fmail, it i^ the lee ot a billii]), llitti;'.j.';Mi
to the ari libiihui) ot I )ro;ithei;n ll i- the relideilve ot
the governor ot this dillnct, who is lulijeet to the jj;o-
vcrnor ol Beii;en. The town r deti nded liy the llroni;
forir.lii of Doelwyek, which tlaiids to the le.'.ward,
about tw<i miles trom !itava;i[;er. To the billi.ijirick
ofStavan|;cr btloPi^s Tylc-Marc'.ia, whole name gave
rile to tilt iijinioii ot I'locojiius and Orteiius, tl;.a
Sta'idinivia was the aiuient I'hule. The ihllriel nl
Siavanger i> the iii il! temperate, the bell peopled, \iul
bell cuilivated i:i all Norway ■, yet it ha no other town
of any note but Stavanger.
Drontheim, Tro:u!ie:m, Dronthcm, or Dronthen,
is the largell government ot Norway. It lie^ along
the coall of the North S.a, being aliout 500 miles
in lengtli, fre-m lliUtii to north. It Ii.is the Norih
Sea on the well, the government ot \\ arilluis on the
ii'jrjh, that of Bergen o:'. the touih, anil on thi. i.ill 11
is l'ej)ar.vt,d tVoni .Sweden by a long ridge of moun-
tains. It extends from the 6 ill to the 69th deg. ot
ht. Iti g.'eateil bre.idth, from call to well, is not alnive
I 20 miles, and in many pl.iccs it is much Iclii. The
c '11 at ry is mountainous, woody, cold, and barren; lb
that, tliuugh it be large, the towns aie not very con-
fulerable. It is divided into two parts, namely, the
gjvernment <;f Drontheim, pro)>erly to called, where
i.< the i.i(y of that name, and leven fmall bailiwick-,
and llic lub-govi-rnmeiU ol Salten, wliicli lop.tams Uvcn
ctluT liiull didrirts, or vallies, on the lea-coall. This
whole j)rovinre was yielded to the Swedes in 1658 ; but
llie king of IVniii.uk rciovercd it 1660, by the treaiy
ot' fojvnhagen. The vallies of Nomendall, Heiliyi-
Imd, <r Haij.-;'lanii, Frollen, Hinder, I kro, and fome
MllieiN, belongevl formerly to this j rovince, but were
given up to ll.e S.sedes in 1645, by the tivatv ot
Hromll)roc, together with the province ot jeujil.ind,
or lemteriand. This whole country is very thinly
pi:o})lctl, and iiol cultivated but along the fea-li.ore, nil
within 25 or JO miles trom it.
I'lie moll confiderable towns iicie arc nronilieim, or
Nnlrolia, lormerly the i.ipit;ll ut Norviay ; it is kated
on the coall of the No.'thern Ocean, on a little guljih
at the mouth of the river Nider, from wiience it was
anciently called Niiirulia. It is about 2:0 mil.s dil-
t.iiit from Bergen to the north-call, and ha. a liarbour
pretty well frequented by fmall velieb, though very in-
conimixliou.s tor large on.s, the entrance being ob-
llrujled by rcks it was tormcrly the relidence ot the
ki::''S ■..'f Noru.'.y ; but the town being only built with
tiiiliu, wi'' I'everal times burnt down, and is very
inneh decayed. It 1.1 without ditches or fortilications,
h i'lc only cnrlot'eJ by a tingle wall. The callle is
not fVrong, and fiifL;ii;)ed but a few days liege when
the town w::s 1 .ktn by i:ie Swedes in 165^. The Danes
re-took it the lame year, after a fiege of ten weeks.
It is tho lee of a!i avciibillion, being the only one in
Niirv\av. Tiie c.uliedral ciiurch, ikdicaled to St.
0]aus,vva', tormeily a very magnificent building, but
n'jw lies almoR in ruins, having been dell'ii; ed by lire
in the year 1522. This town has a conliderable trade,
lunlilling in fmall ir.alb, hr-dial-. copj-er, iron, tar,
!,oat^ t\ins, Jwc. for whkh tluy iin|>ort I'piccj, wiiic.
I'ramh, vinegar, thcde, tobacco, (.cwrle cU.th,, ^,..
1 he governor h.iv his Uat here, and lelide^ cl,i. fl\ ij',
I he lallle.
I he other towns of tlii- provin. e, viz. I.cerlUiid
Stonden, Scoral.ile, Oidal, KamlJael, and Soled.ui,'
.ire to fmall aiul iiuontiiieiahic, a^ tonur t no i)ari;n,,ur
deU riptioii.
The pnnince oi' W.irdlius is bounded, on ihc
noiih and well, by the oivan, oa the lall bv Kulli.m
l.aplaiid, on ,hc loutli bvSwiditli i.aplaiul,' and ,"n
the louth-will by the gcvcriimcnt ol Drontheun. Ji
\- Jio miles in l.iigih, trom call to well, j.o m
iircadth from north to icuih, and is divided into twu
jwrts, vi/.
The wvllern, or maritime part, which is called I- m-
land.
The catlern part, which is called .Nor.ugiaa, cr Da-
iiilli Lapland.
I he town ot Waidhu , from whence this province
liaih Its name, is the teat of a governor, but only luai-
nils ol a callle, and a llreet of coitag^^s, inhabitui i.liMle
Ia tillieriiicn.
Th: province of Bahus, ti:oU|:h yieldvl totheSnuks
in idjS, IS yet accounted a part ot Norw.u, Imtij
Its moll loutiiern |>ioviiice. It 1, 90 miles lon^ hu
not above 25 bro.ul whue wulell, and onlv 10 in lo.ue
1'l.ices. It h.iih Well (iothland to the louth, Dalu oti
I he lall, the government it .XL'gerhus on the iiu.-ih,
and the Cattegate on the >vell. '1 lie principal places arc
Bahus, a llrong caille, built on a tmall ifland in-de
bv the river N'ore-Klf, which there rcceivvs liu: tji-
oil:a Klf, and both together arc called Tiolheiia. It
is 1 16 mile, diftant from Chriltiana , wa^ built in ij09
In II.U|iiiii, the lliond king of Norwav, and llinds on
alieeproik near the banks of the river. The kiii"s
ot Deiimar!. had tortitied it .after the modern falluun,
but liirreitileied it to the Sacdes in 1658, bv the tr'aiv
of RoIc'mI -d. ■
Maellband. a llrorg built toun on a nxk in a kiiij
ot peninfula, about 10 miles hjow Bahus, ii a plate
it great trade tor tilh,
giiaid it.
■nd hath a llrong callle tu
SKCriON iv.
Frrfons, Empluynicnti, /Imujunints, Difpo/itimn, MJ.f
of liviir/,, Dijciifes, Drejs, Huiutin^s', .Iniuuufiu, .:• -
luli-s ij E\pr>rt liiiJ Imjur, I'liii/e «,■.<, iSf. ij :i.w J',-
hai/iLtn!s ol Aciivtiv.
'T'HK Norwegians in gcnci.il, are tall, tloui, k/uuU,
■*■ hardy and well made; holiniable, i>rave, and liu
nell, but litigious. The womm are tinelv llupec,
c Jiiiely, fair and obliging. Tlie mountaineers are tv
inarkaiily llrong, as the tone ot their nerves .leejuirci
gicit nrmnels by hard living, much labour, cuntmu.il
exercile, and being expoled tr.im intancy to all the
rigors ut the cold kalon. Th.ole wIkj dwell in the ma-
ritime ]iarts o\ the kiiigd(^m beiome excellent mar;-
riners, trom the in'.ellaiit practice ot lilhing and navj;:;.>-
tion. riiepealanis are generally their own haiulicraltnie.i,
that is tiicy are in general able to make, for the ule oi
thtmlelves and families, the following articles, v:.'..
I lal-, woollen cloths, linen cloths, llockings, Ih^n ,
iroM-woik, n)inery-work, carjientry-work, &;e.
They are likewile excellent tanners, cqicrt lliip .i.'iil
bo.it-builders, ami Icjme ot them make toleraiile w-
lins, anil other mulical inllruinei-.ts. Their general
pro|xntity, however, is to carve in wood, whiLii
they do in a moll furpriling manxicr, w^ith only a
common knife, which is likewile of their own in.ik-
Their amulement^ ;'.rc riding, wrcfiling, liiimnrii',
(kaiting, climbing, Ihooiing, blowing .. iiorn, playny
on the violin, thiummmg upon a kind of guitlar, ;i'id
making veries. Indeed tliey are fo fond of mulic, that
they eve.'i play on the violin at their funerals.
The
dry, far ui
irclh rilh,
Clieele th-
whey ;
ings, wcdc
ale ; and,
ever run n
fucli, that
number are
being turne
I7JJ f.ur
Trederickll
ceeil^d 8co
Some te\
'I o dull;
Ciently tl
Oil their
S I noilel
I. ike t:nr
But ri|)ii
Aiu\ u)'n
Thus ilail
< >f lelieni
Siiil ijiiiit
And Ileal
Some of
the gout,
tiurvy, K-c.
The peali
jacket, mai
breeches of
llouched hat
luiimier llioe
leather bulk
Ihoes and Ik
Al'IIY.
y imix)rt I'liicfs, wine.
', ;ind icliiici cliii fl\ i.t
ovli'.c, viz. l.ivrlUnd,
.niiil.l.i'.'l, .mil SoltiLiil,
ii^ to iiKT'l no i;:irt;ii,l.ir
, is liDumioil, on iho
o.\ tlic i.ilL by kuliuin
Mxlilli l.i;'!:iiul, ami in
iiciit 1.1 Dronllu'uii. li
I e;ul li> well, J..O m
and i^ divliicJ into iwu
art, \vlr.i.i> i> taliid liii-
.ill^'J Norv.i'gia;), i.r I'i-
ini wlii'nCL' tliis iTovincc
g<ncrnor, but only loa-
toii.iw;^'', inliabitLii i.liulty
iU'.;li vicldul ti) ilu-Suni.s
Jl.irt Ot Nul"W.U, I'll!:;)
It 1-) 90 miles loni, bi.i
Icll, and only 10 m loa.c
iiid to ilic ibuih, l)A\i on
.■\tretrlnis on t!ic m :ii:,
;. 'i nc iiriiuipal ],luct^ .no
It on a Imall ifland 111..!.:
:li tlicrc ri'ii-iws tin tji-
mc (.allwl 'IriiilKii.i. It
■illiana , \va> built in 1 jjj
ot Norvsav, and tl.iadb on
lit the rivL-r. Ihi.- kiii;;^
after the modi-rn fdh.u.i,
.■dcs in i65«, by the treaty
nrRoiT.]
NORWAY.
619
town on a rock ni a
kinj
Jmv Bahus, ii a ])!acc
d liatli a llrofi!^ lalllc lu
) N IV.
iiliiKis, Di/po/iliiri, Mdf
Ihiiutiiivs, Jimumcnl, ..'•-
r.it, art tall, llout, rui>uU,
holpitable, brave, and lio-
Aor.Kn are tinciy ih-ipo:,
I lie niountainterb are ri-
iL- i>t tlieii nerves .tcnuirc,
iuulU labour, coiiimu.il
1 trom intancy to all the
lole wh<J lUvell in the in.i-
111 beuiine excellent mar;-
lOllcc ot lilliiiu; and navi;:;i-
lly tlieiro*nhandieraltnie,i,
ibie to iTuike, lor tlie ulc ot
ne tollouing .articles, v;/..
n Llotl'>, ltoekilU',^, Ihoi ,
])t ntry-work, &;e.
1 i.uiners, e.-qiert Ihip -itid
tlient make toleraiile vi"-
llruinei-.ts. Their geiieial
carve in wood, wlikii
,iny manner, with onK a
kewile ol their own in..k-
li.ne,, wreflling, h\im:iiM.i',
;, blowing .- norn, i.l.iV'.i
j^on a kind ot [iuitt.ir, aul
are i"o lond ot mulie, tlut
at their funciab.
Ihe
"I'lie Norwo}»ians, tipon variouiociafimis, have cvinceil
|i.,n mtrejiidiiv ; but wliil.' under llie mllu-ncc ot ran-
i>.ur, tlmr courage det;cn.iatcs into brutaiuy. 'liny
a.e alwuvh i,uarreliing with e.ieli otiici, and tonuiiine.s
I ^ir iiiuieis have been known to rage luun geneialion
t I ;,-iieratKin, ind to be tianimiiti. ., Ii ..11 jvuierity In
|)iil.,iiyi with iiarticui.ir iniuaction:, honi ih.- ;i,'.;eni:.
t > iht'ii chiairen, to contida II a-, a taniiiy i|uarrJ, and
e.ii il..it aecount i.i carr) n on wiili tlie gnatill iinpla-
4 ibilitv. The lowxll c'lal^ ut peoj.le have iheir itin.ii-
ll^)^ i.t hiiiiour, and when liiey idiieeive theiuulvei
aH'roiii >l, leiui cnalletiges to ligl ' "i liiigic coinliat ,
but ilnlediielb i)ein^; generalh tounded in nialiee, are
larried to the moll lavaj^e extteilK^, and ikg^neraic
into abluaite bulviiery. Nv !ii.ii a Kinibat ul this kind i-.
to iie t /ii;;iit, the luinbat.ints tallen th, inl.'lve:. to*', llur
by luiuks lixed to tin exiri milieu ol tluir belts, and then
tight turioully with iheir kiinis till one or both till to
the giound, cither de.ul or morially wounded. The
common peoi Ic, in many things relemble tni- three na-
iions nvivv lubordinatc to the crown ot (iieat liiitain :
like tiie Scotch, the) have aijiinng llioii!>.|it\ whiclieveii
dillKuitics cannot IuIaIuc ; like the liilii, thev (lieiilh
ideas ot incle|)endente ; and, iike liie Welch, i1k\
[iluine theinlelvi.s upon liieir iieciigicc'-.
The piiiicijal |.eoi le i^t Norway live as invuiiotilK
as the laiuie and eoniineice ot the country will admit ;
but the jieaUiit-, in general, are frugal and temiKTate,
cxtiji at the lime ot keeping any ot their til'dvals.
The cummon bread 1:1 m.uie ot oatmeal, and lormed
into cakes like tl'.ole ot .Sjoiland. In times ot dearth
llicy dr;. the bark ot the tii-irc ■, or elm-tree, and grind
it into . I kind ot tlour, which they mix with a Imall
portio:! ot oatmeal, and thus comi'iile a kiixl ut lublli-
tute for bread.
In the maritime parts it is common to knead the roes
of cixl with oatmeal or barley meal, and lx)il the com-
pornion tor a pudduig ; and the liiiuor, which lerves a^
a kind of loup, is enriched with a lalt nuickarel, or
pitkled herring.
Beef, mutton, or goats (Lfli, tlicy pickle, tliioke, ur
dr), for winter llocK i liit in ilie lumiiier, umaily eat
Irelh rilh, growle, j art ridge, deer, hare, rein-deer, ia
Cheelc thev h.ave all tlie year, and in cuinmon drink lour
w'luy ; Ian at (.'hrilimas, and other kiiivab, cl.iillen-
ing-., weddings, kc. tiiey provide good llore • * llrnng
ale ; anil, indeed, lliele arc the only times in wnieh the\
ever run mtoain excellis ; tor their ulual tenipeianee 1
liah, tliat tiiey are generally very long lived : a j!;rw\i
nuii.ber are to be loinid who are hearty and well aUer
being turned ot an hundred year.^ i t age. In the year
ly-jj four coujdes danced before his JJanilli iinjcth al
I'lvdericklhall, whole ages, wh.en added together, e\-
eced'xl 8co years.
Some few, by temp' ranee taught, approaching fl'-.v
To dillai.t tate, by eal'\ Jounlle^ go ;
Ciently they lay them down, as i \ening llieep
On their own woolly fleece^ lotlly deep.
S 1 noiU-l.!s would 1 live, lueh death to find.
Like liiiKly tiuil not Ihaken In the wind.
But ripei) dropping on the laplels bough,
And i.ying, i.otning to myl'eit would owe.
Thus daily changing, with a duller talle
tM iellening jo\-., 1 bv degrees would halle ;
Sihl (.;aiiliiig giountl bv uiiiierceiv'd decay.
And Ileal niylell from lite, and melt aua\.
Some of the Niu'wegians however, arc lubjed to
the gout, epileplv, rheumatifm, catarrhs, leproly,
lcurv\, &c.
Tlie pealiuits of this country drefs in a wiile, knle
jacket, made of coa.le cloth, with wailUoat and
breeclies oi the fime. On their heads they we.ir a
Ikniched hat, or a cap decorated with ribbons: their
tumnier llioes are without liile^ Ixil in wimer they ule
leather bulkins ; and, betides tliele, they have liiow
Ihoes and ikaits to travel in the winter. A corps ot
ligiit tri)ops, ilius accoutcral, are kept always in re-idi-
ne!s tor winter eX] (editions, in cale of cnicrgcncies ,
ami ihele travel with more I'pccd than the I'witf.'Jl
horles.
'I'hc Norwegian pcafant never wears a neckcloth, or
cioleshiswaillco.it, but on cert.uii occafioir , cli')')(in<»
alwajs to liave Ins neck and bnall bare, and lufl'er, the
Inow to beat into his bolom. Ruuiul his wailt he wc.ns
a leathern belt, adorned witli brals |)latc'i, from which
hangs a brats chain, that liill tins a knife, gimblet, occ.
The women drefs in jackets Lued dole about them ;
rourul their w.iilU ihey wear girdles of leather, orna-
mented Willi lilver; and about their necks lilver chains,
iiiibellulied with gill medals; their caps and handker-
ihiet^, and, on cirtain occalions, their tretlls are a-
donied with Imall plates and Ipangles of (ilver, brafs,
.liid tiiii lanj,e rings, buttons, and a variety of other
trinkets.
The jiublic cdilices of Norway are built with Hone i
the lioules of the princijul people with Hone or brick;
but the common people, in general, relide in wo-xieii
habitations.
The wuoikn houll-s are iii.i le ot fir and pine-trees
laid upon e.K h other, ami j(jined with mortices at the
corners. I'ew ot the fariii-houle-) have either chim-
nies or windows ; but a hole in the root lerves for both,
as it lets out fmoak, and letj in h;.;ht. In tummcr time
the whole is left c|iiitc open , but in winter it is covered
with the tranl'parent meml-rane ot lijine animal, which
ailmits the light, and at the lame time is lb |)laced, as
not to imjiede the evaporation of the I'moak. This
membrane is occalioiully (ixed or removed by the
means ut a long jiole, wliieh [.ole every llrangcr, who
enters the houle, is obliged to go and touch, agreea-
ble to an ancient cudoiii. The root is covered with
tlie bark ot birch trees, wh'- ' s deemed incorrup.tible ;
and that again is coated wit. ...1, froinwldch the graii
IS cut every lealon. The ceiling, on the inlide, is
alKiut eight feet from the ground ; and being arched
like a cupola, the fmoak rolls about within the circular
part till It tinds a vent at the hole, jull beneath this
.iperiure llands a table, lurrounded with, branches, and
at the end a high teat tor the mailer of the family,
where, during meal times, he lits in great llate ; and,
indeed, upon all occalions, atriimes the appearance ot
dignity, |)uts on many confeeiuential airs, and fancies
himlelf a i)erlbn of the utmolt importance. It hath
been the oblervation ot man) travellers, that the inha-
bitants ot all coneiueied nations are much more proud
than thole to wiiom tliey are held in fubordination ;
and that, as they are ulualK kept poor and illiterate,
their vanity riles in propoition to their ignorance.
Of all the caules which confpirc to blind
Man"s erring judgment, and milguide the mind ;
What the weak head with llrongell bias rule:;
Is pride, the never-tailing vice of tools.
What ever nature has in worth deny'd,
She gives in large recruits of needful pride :
ln)r, as in bodies, lb in IIjuIs, we find
What wants in blood and Ipirit's hll'd with wind.
Pride, where wit fails, tleps in to our defence.
And tills up all the mighty void ot lenfe.
The armanu^n. of Norw.iy conliib in .about j'0,000
land hjices, and about 14,000 teamen ; and the annual
revenue amounts to iSo,oool. I'he commodities ex-
ported are numeruus, as wrought and unvvrought cop*
[)er, iron, lead, marble, mill-llones, cow-hides, goat*
Ikins, tox-(kins, leal-lkins, bear-ikins, beavers, mar-
tens, ermines, mails, deal boards, timber, herrings,
cixl, ling, lalmon, lobflers; flounders, down, feathers,
butter, tallow, train oil, juni|xr and other berries,
lalt, glafs, tar, nuts, alluni, vitriol, jiot-allies, &c.
The commodities imported chietiy conliil of luxurious
art icier.
Iilvcry freeholder in Norway enjoys the rignt of pri-
mogeniture, and power of redemption. It is very
ulual
4'
'■ jiij
A NF.W ANt> AUTMF.NTIC SYSTKM or UMVF.R'^AI, (ILOuKAI'l IV.
6]o
tilual t<> lie .1 (xilaiU iiiliabiiiiig ihc Unu- lioul'e wliuli
l\;l I I'.'iil |U)tKllal 400 \t.Hs oy Ills aiii illor^. The
i)ili'N-n.ul>, iir tivilmlil, i;iniu)t Ik* alun.itnl bv l.il' ,
<ir utlK-rwili-, troiii ilic rij»lit licir, ralU'il ixliK-iii.iivl
It l>c is luX able u> rciitiiu tlic cll.iti-, lie kiix).\r>.s hi<
iiica|iaciiy ivcry tenth uar at tin: ttfliuus : ami it \w.
'>r iiis heirs, Id the ihlril j;eneration, iIkiuIiI a.^;;-.
wimIiIi ii\(iuj;li tnr th.il ('iiriiolo, the i^jlUlloi, ,<( [,.
iiiiif mull );i\e up tin.' j jtlwillon.
1 lie hillory <il Nouva) h to bleiiileil witli t!..-.! ,,(
IXniuark, ilial vse Ihall giNe both to^;.-tlier at ti.t i^,,.
;hili.>ii ot the tuceeeJin^^ a.iele.
c- li \ I'. IV.
I) E N M A R K.
I
01 1(
\\^: \
^ti
U.
I'i .'
DI'.NM \R'\ !'ri>ix'r, ancicntlv i.illeil P.inia, (onlilU
lit' lewral iI1.'.;kI>, foj^ether wilh the iieninliila ot
Iiithin.l. riKJiigh imt aiivcme ot tin.le is Uiaratelv
lallcd bv the iiaine of I)enmark, iIk\ retain 111 i;riu -
lal that apiiellaiioM.
lutlanil lies bef.veen tlu- 54111 aiul 59111 ilep. nt nnith
l.it. .uiil tnun the Hth to the 45111 (leg. nt eall Ion;;. i\-
tending trom nurlh to loutli iie.ir 240 milis ; the bie,ii,Uli
in loine pari^, not Ikiiij.^ above 24 miles, and in oih.rs,
rompri/.ing near 1 80 units. '1 he (ierinan Duan vsalik .
it on the northern or welK-rn parts ; on the eall 11 is
Itoiiiiileil In the C'.itigat'.', and \bddle Kort Sound, or
LetUr Hell ; and on the lliutli it is liivided tioni
the duchies ot I .uneiilmij* and Bremen bv the rivtr
Kibe.
SK CTION I.
Soil, Cinnate, Uc,
Tl I I. loll varies pit.uly on the eontliunt, and in
tlu illards whiili torm this kingdom, bi the
Jormer tiiere are good pathire , but the latter are too
landv to be truitlul. The nunintains are b.-.rivn, but
molt ot the plains exhibit marks ot fertility.
It has bein oblerved, as a great natural deteit in
Denmark, that the kiiii; h.as nit, in all his ilonunions,
one navicalijc river for vellels ot any conliderable bur-
then : tor the I',\tler i.iniior be reckoned as lucli ; and
the I'.ioe Is rather to ''e wlUemeil one ot the conlines
and boundaries ol Ins territories, than any ways be-
longinti to hi'.ii. Iherc are iomc lakes here u Inch at-
lord a great i;uar.lity ot' lilli. The forells are abuii-
dantlv Itoiked with \enilon of all ibrts, as llags, elks,
and hares ; as alio '.viid lioars. There i'. likewile great
plenty ot \siltl towl.
I'he .iir in Dciiin.iik, t!ioui;h very colil, is not to
llvirp as in loine [ i.'.cci ot (.ieriii.i!;y liiualcd iniuh
n 'c to the ibuth, which may be alcribed to the lea
I' 'Aing about it, tiie v.ipou:^ ot which null and dilliiiw
the nitrous particle', thai are carried bv ilie wind Ii.mu
the northern tounirie', before they arri\e in this ; by
which means the (harpnels ot the air is very much alia-
teil. The gentle breezei, which blow from the k;i,
lontirruie alTo to nuke the air cooler in lummer.
However, in Dcn.vark there are but too le.iti)ns of the
year, winter and tuminer ; the other two more agreea-
ble or.'."-, Ij ring and auiumn, not being ccjiiimonh
knov/n ; tiie 'pring never, a:.d the auiiimn leldinn ; lo
that tiKTc is an iiniiiidiate tranlition from extremity ot
heat t'l e.\;ie.n!t\ ot coid ; and ic, on ll;e contrary,
when •■.iiiii.r is over, tV/.n cold to heat. During the
lliree n.oi'.th- of jui'c, July, and Auguft, the heat is
much more inteiile tl.an in I England, and very I'ultry
in tl;e n:<i,'ats , but it is a gloomy heat ; and people
geiuraliy perceive ibni,- iiiteiiKilitioii ot thick vaj-ours
i)eiv.'ee!i ihem and li.'.- U::i. In Copenh.igi-n, during
llielo ti:ree months they are conlLintly troubled with
the plague ot the, whicli they endeavour to dellrov by
a ivjilonous water ; u| ion the laying of which in their
km hens and chamber?, w!")lc bulluls iil ck^.j Hies are
loiiKini.cs I'wept toijether in one room.
Thi<iountrv, in geneial. prixluco bm little co.a;
and the \a!l number of barren mouni.iui'! are < reit i.l
cumbranccs and blemillies to the whole kingd, m. 'I|,..
I .\der IS the onlv llream worthy ot i!ie name ot a river
wiiivli c;ui be liud properly to belong to J K nmark. Tin!
riles near Sedge bouig, runs b\ Renihourg, and dicri'
l)o;',ues itUlt into liie lea at 1 onminireM, after l.avinji
divided Slehvic from Holliun.
.\ late traveller, Ipeaking of tlie climate, lin v, l.^
ap.piehends the v ear is more properly ilivided le:e iiiu
luiiimer and winter, than, as with us, into fi.ur lea-
Ion-. A lliort lummer liiceieils to il.e loner leries (♦
colli and darknels, which environs tlum trom Oclulvr
!i|l .\|)ril i and, dunng this [lerKxl, they often e.xi'-
rieiice very great heats toi a tiwdays, or lomefnies
weeks. L'ertainlv man is much alKe''led l.v ph> I'eiil
eaules ; and one is not lurpri/.ed lo fnul tlie cltga:!i
arts ihieliy coiitiiieil to iuMiiious and Ibuthern cli-
mates, anil f.untly raiting their he.uls amidit iheii;
liiowv and inholpitable ivijioii', vshere the iiihabiMnU
teem, 1:1 I'onie degree, to j'ariake of the alperiiies ol
their loll, and where ro\ al munihcence, however un-
boumlul, can only r.u;.- a I'.w liekly and llragglinj'
plants.
1 his .account is forcibly ilhiHrated bv I lie following
poetical deknption, which We iiilert as ftrikiLr-Iv
IMctureliiue. '1 hele lines are .iddielled by Mr. I'liilins
to the Karl of Dorlet, his patron.
l-'rom fro/en climes, and eiuilel'^ tracks <;f Inow,
I-rom ibeams th.it northir.i winds foibid tothnv,
\\'hat preleiit Ihall the iwule to Dorlet brir>' '
Or how, lo near the (kjIc, attempt to lingr
The hoarv winter here conceals lioni light.
All pleal;:ig objects that to \e le invite.
The hills .mil dales and the deiiplittiil vvood=,
'I he tlow'rv plains, anil diver llreaining tljoils,
li\ liiow dil^'uils'd, in bii^Mit u):iti:iion he,
/\iid Willi one il.i/./.hiig walie fatir'nc the eve.
No gentle breallniig b'-ee/e jiripajes the li'.rint' ,
.No birds within the ileiail regi-n ling.
The Ihijis, unmov'd, the boiU'rous winds iMV,
\\ hile raitling chariots o'er the ocean liv :
'J'lie valt leviathian w.mts room to piav,
And liM)ul his waters in the lace of day :
'I he liarving wolves along the main lea prow!.
And, to the moon, in icy vallies howl.
1-or many a lhinin;.._ league the level nuiti
I Kre Ijireads itielt into a gloliy plain ;
There lolid billows, ot enormous li/.e,
Alps ot green ice, in wilil dilbrder rite.
And yet, hut laieh, have I leen, e'en hen',
The winter in a lovelv drels appear.
Kre yet the clouds let tall the irealu'-'d liiow,
Or winds beg.iii thio' ha/.y (kies to blow,
At ev'ning a keen eallern breeze aroli.
And the ilelcending rain unrullv'd tio/,e :
Soon as the liient lluiilci or night witfidiew,
The luilily morn dilclos'il at once to view
T lie face of nature, in a rich dilguile,
And bright'ned ev'ry objea to niv eyes :
^m
nitioll, lluililil ;Uv ii:- •
, lilt liullillui, ,'t ;..
) blciwli'il wiiti t',..'.i ,,t
til tugv'tlicr M till, iv.i-
Cl'ROPi:.]
1) K N M A R K.
621
rulixis but littL' co.:i ;
iiu'iiiii.uim arc grcit h.-
lie wl.olc kinnilem. Tl:;'
y lit tlic iiiuin.' ct a riwr,
ulniin Id lKnm;uk. 'I'lih
RciiiIkiui;;, .iml dilrili
ronminyiii, uti.r Immg
>t tlic tlim;ur, lh)N, k-
ii>i((.rl\ iii\iilij I'tn- into
< Willi IK, into four lia-
.ils to tlif loiiff tirii' lit
ions tluin triMii (Vlulvr
licruxi, ilitv ottoii (.xj"'-
tiw il.iys, or loir.c't 111. .
uili ;iiKi'lcil l,y j,l|\ I'll}
l/.iil to tiiul iht cKg.i::'.
iiiou'* ;;:ul ioulliiiTi ill-
I'.cir lic'iuls aniii'lt tlit!';
', wliLTt.- ilif iiilial)itanis
iri.iLc ot the al[icrirics ti
luiulucnci.-, lunvcvcr un-
l.w liikly aiul llraggli^!;
ullratid liy llio Ijllowir.^',
wc inlcrt as ltrikii.i;'\
aiklicl!L-d by Mr. I'luiii.'^
r(.in.
I -I t'ai ks (il I now,
I wiU'ls !.)iliid to llijw ,
c to DoiUt bnr.'\ '
Utoir.jJt to liiigf
i.:lU tioiu ligl.r.
\c Ic inviic.
i- (iiliplitttll WO.C.l',
(I- llii.umng li.iotis,
It ii):ii',;iion he,
X till lie tlie eye.
■r^iKins t!ic liTinj^ ,
ii,! Ml ling.
lil'riius wind- (I'f\-,
tlic oecm (iy :
io!!i I.) piay,
l.ii e ft il.iy :
!-• main lea pr'A\l,
•lilies liowi
the level iiLiih
iltV iikiiii i
m!lll^ li/.c,
ilorder rite.
I leeii, eVn licri',
a]ii)ear.
le lreali:i-\l \\vjx,
fkie^ to lilo'.v,
ree/.e aiule,
ilullvM tii'/.e :
iiiiilit ^vittulrew,
t once to \ lew
h (lilJiiile,
. tu niv t\es :
For cv'rv Ihruh, anil ev'ry bUle of Rr.jts
A.I I cv'rv iKiinlcil thorn, Icciu'd vvroiMJit in i^Uls ;
Ti )ie.uls, and rubier ruh, (he havtliuiis llunv,
Willie thro' llie ice the trimli)n l)erriL^ '^low ;
Tiie ihiik-ri'iu 1 ; reed, the w.u'ry :ii:i;;lie-i \ieM,
Seril ))olilird l.iaees in a llolUle lielJ :
The it.i^, in lini|.id luireat^, with liii|iri/.e,
Sees elii, li.ll br.ui' ik> on his toiche.l I rile ;
The liireidiiig o.ik, the lieeeli, a , I to.v'riir^ pine,
( ila/.M ov.r, in the t.ee/.iiijj xilur ihiiie :
T .e trighteil birds the ratthn;; 1: i;u'ie, lliuii,
That wave a;i.l ^iiXWr in the iiilL.it tun.
W lu 11, il a hid. leu ^ull ot wiitd aritv,
The brittle ro;eit into atom, llies ;
T!ie er.ukhii/, .vood beneaih tiie temivft bends,
AikI, 111 a Ij ani!,K'l iluw'r, the |irot|-eel eii.K.
O', it .1 lonihern t'.ile the re|.',ion vvarin-.
Ail i, by decrees, uiibiiwU tiie wait'ry ehamts,
The traveller a iv.iry i iiintry lees,
Ar.d journey's iid lieiieath ilie droppinj; tree, j
Litve liiiiie lieluded peal'.'.nt Mtriiii leaiU
Tliro' I'raL'.rant b.nv'rs, and tliio' d.. lie ions meads j
\\ i'.iie here (.neh.uii.d gaicleii> to h ill ri'.e,
And .'.iry tabriiks there aiiia.;i his lyes :
111- wand'nnj; t'et t!ie ma'.',ie pailo | urine,
A ,d while he tiiiaks the l.iir illuluni U'.ie,
The tlUeklefs ll'-iies dil|KTli' in lliild .lir.
And vvikkIs and wilds, and thorny ways a] pear:
A tedious road tiie weary vs retell reiuins.
And, a^ he gi'ei, the tranllent vilion mourns.
si:cTiv)\ 11.
Bh'ftoHS, Subilivi/tci:s, Citits, an J Towns of Denmark.
TIIE grand tlivili.i;is of Dcnm.irk are the tmir
tnlnvii:;. jiiilaiid, j)roj<:rly lo called, or North
Jui.and. Tiic duchy of Slelwic, or S.iuih Jutland.
The duchv of [l.iilein, and tiie D.milli dland-. We
fliill deliiibe them in that urdci.
Ju TLASi) l"o cali<d, (ir Norili Jutland, is bounded
on the fouth b\ ilie duchy ol Sletwic, on the north
and well by the Cjjriiian Ocean, and towards tlie call
by the .'iailic, the CatteL;.iIe, and the Leller Belt.
1 his country n tlivided into tour dioceles, viz.
Ripen to the louth, Arhufen to the e.itl, \Vi!bur;j; to
the well, ami Aalbur;; to (he north.
The diocei'e of Ri, en is bounded on the ioutli by
tliedutiiyot Slelwic, on liie north by the dioceles ot
Aiduilen and \\ ibuiji;, and extends call and w\ll tiom
the H.illic to tiie < iennaa Oee.m. it cont.iins _;o pre-
fec'lorlliips, or bahivvick-, lii |,arillies, 10 roy.d pa-
laces, ICO noblemeni le.u , and levcn cities, which arc
as follows :
Ripen, or Rypen, in Lain Rip'., is ieated on the
river .\iplaw, which, betoie it conu . to this city, di-
vide-, iilelf into three branches, ihe lai^,ell of wl-.'ch
runs on the luTtli tide ol (he town; the middle luai.ch,
whiih is the i;n.'.liell, ruiis on the i'oiith ot'it ; th.e third
»l!o on the fouth, but at Ibine dillance : tli.y join
Uj^aiii a little fiwer, and fall ii.iio the < ierni.'.n Ocun,
three miles iKhiw, torinint; a comiiKxlioiM harbour.
This city is 26 luile.i ilidant from Tonde.on, towards
the north, ani! ::.|. from Ci iding to the uorth-well. It
i, a place of confulei.ibie trade : the neighbouring paf-
tinvs and fields produces almndance it cattle aiul corn.
Muher are tlrove almoll all the bL'.civ cattle from many
parts of Jutlaml, which are hc'- ihipivd oli'tor toreijj,ii
countries, efpecially tor i lolheui , and their corn they
export into the neij^hbourin', couiiiries. Tliele articles
jftoid them Very great jv.oiit. But the city is otten
expofed to imminent d;iii;j,ers trom the tide:> llowing in
with r.nKiigious vioienee from 'he lea, lo that the vv;'-
ter f netimcs come- into the very church-yard ot the
cathcci.'al, which '.lanils on a hill ; anil e\en ilunn;^ the
terrible inunda'ion ihat alihcted Jutland in the year
•734. '!''■ 'v;uer rofe an ell hij!,h in the very cathedral.
No 57.
or
This town i^ rtrond by nature onlv, without nuu li
ad.llance from art. lowards the will there is n calllc
ikinkeil with lour bulwarks, alter tiie old falhi on, Kuilt
in t'le year 1 150. The iiti/.ens lioull, are | rdiy wvll
built, and tin iiili,>bii.ini > were lormerly in ii, tier iir-
lumll lilies than liny are now , but the) lulf.red vt.y
much diiiiiig the war^i with .Sweden, the iity \tv\:m
l.ikili by the Swidc' in 1645, but foon after recovereij
iiy the |)aiiei.. B.loie th' reloiiiiation this wai a bi-
lliMp'> lee, as it IS now ol a lu|Hrinieiulant or Luthe-
ran bnhop. The lathcdral is a nojije pile, built with
live-lloiie, .IS Well a-, its lleeple, which i% lipiare, Veiv
lii^'ji, and covered with lead. I'l'i-. cliurJi i^ adornal
wiihin with levei.d m.irble columns and with the tomis
III loiiie k^l^•^. Tiieie IS another church dedicalnl to
Si. Catherine. I li re are alio two puMii li..l,ools fir tlic
education of yoiiih in polite liieiature, .iiid a colhge
loi divinity, in the loiirt ot tin- billi .p's jalace, where
there i^ alio a public library. The city is gov.Tned by
two burgom.llle^^, or coiiUils, and by a feiiate, who
lormerl) .ulminiiUred julli.e with It) much leveritv,
th.it the jujlui cf liifcn was become a proverbial fayiiij^,
to exjirels a rigoious execution of the law.
C'olding, or KoldiiiL", an old city mentioned by
i'l.ilemv. Hands <iii the banks ot a Jitile river called
toldiii^.r A. I, whuh parts iiorih Jutland from the du-
chy ot Slelwic, an.l lall. into a little giilph, thence
named the (iulnh of C'olding. The city is about it
miles dillaiit from il.iderkben to the north. It was
burnt down during die ciiil wars in 1:47. In i26!>,
kiiii; I'.ric VI. redeemed it out of the hands of p'ric,
iluke ot Slelwic, and Ion to king ,ibel. He built a
cil.ulel there, ' ) be a bulwark to Denmark, and lorti-
lied the town, eljieciallv loward^ the louth. Chnl'tian
111. who liked the ciij verv iiuiili, on atcount of its
agreeable lituaiion, and wholelome air, built the callla
ot Arnlhurg, above the city, removed thitiicr with
his court, and died there January the ill, 1559. The
holpilal was built by I rederick II. whole fon endoweil
it conii lerahly. In May, i644> tl"-' Danes gained a
conliderable viciory over the Swedes near C'olding. Tiiis
town i., but Imall, lince it does not contain aiiove ico
or «2oh(ule^; but what m.ikes it cln.lly conliderable
is iu bridge over the Aa, which is called Boherrit, a.".(l
gives name to the whole country about it. All the
black cattle and horles that come from Jutland, and
go into Slelwic, mull pals over this budge, and ].';'.y
e.icli a crown lor toll ; whence arifes a conliderable jjart
ot the king it Denmark's revenue. Thoutdi thi^ to'.v;i
lies commodious tor trade on the l.eller Belt, over
ag.iiiill Middlefort in funen, yet thev ha\v- hardly any
tr.ide but in cattle. They have goo.! filh, aiivl the"
river Aa piiKiuces excellent ceK.
!■ rederick's CXle, in Latin frederici Oda, flands on
the banks ot the Leller Belt, 10 miles trom C'olding to
the north-call, and about 27 from Ri[)en towards the
call. It w.is built b;. king Irederick 111. of Denmark,
and !■. well Ieated on a iioint of Ian. I. witii an ealy
delcent to the leaward : it has been well to. titled, being
a p.afs over the Leller Belt, or Middletort Sound. The
works are very higii on the land lide ; anil on the other
lide of the point there are eight ballions : it has four
i;ates, and before i.uli a ravelin, but ruinous. I'o-
wartls the lea the loriiticatioiis are lower, and of a
greater extent ; where there are ballions, platfornv. ,
anil ibme batteries on the llioie. Thole fortitication^
eiiclole :' great 'eal ot ground, but the lifih part of it
i> not i. .habited, lor there are many corn-fields and
orchards within liie wails. This place was formerlv a
refuge for bankrupts anil Jews; but king Frederick
1\ . recalled liiofe privileges. Here are two churches,
one Danilh, and another (jerman, but they have no
lleeples. In lOjS this town was taken bv Ci-arles
(lullavus's troops commanded by Wrangel ; the g;ur-
riton, conlilling ot ;ooo men, were all killed or taken.
This ojiened a way lo the king ot Sweden to under-
take Ills expedition over the ice from this place to Fu-
7 S nen.
%
622
A \r.\v AND Arrm.NTic systf.m or univf.rsal geography.
i >l
neii, wh-ro iIk- ji.uiligo over tlic li.lt i^ .ilv.ivc thn-L-
Wcillc, or Wool, I-. lix luilcs dilbiiU tVi.ii I'lcJi'.-iik'^
Odo, to tho iiorih--\i.i', ;iml aboiii 12 Iroiii CcKlini!, to
the north. It lumis 0:1 a liitlc livi-r, wliicli titlr. into
a grcit b.vy tliiU cviniiiuiaic.Ucs with iho l.itil'r Belt, ami
makes a ;^ooi.i h.ir'.our. The city is neat, and well-
built, but not lai'^^'. About 22 niiL-. t') ll.e north-
well llmJs Warde, on a river tliat tail-, into tlie Gei-
nian ocean, 10 iiiile.^ Itelow the tokvn, wlacli is conve-
niently litualed tor |i.!i!e.
Ringcoi in, or Ringkiubing, is 45 miles tVoni Ripi n,
and 24 t'uun \\'ai\'i, I ) the i-ortli. It lies on a bay et
tlie German Ocear., made l.\- a neck ot land 25 mi!e->
in Iciigth t'rom north to louil', I'o that lhi['S ride \\\ ;l.e
jx)rt late tiom ail wind-.
Lenv.ick ll.indi oi the gul]-h ot' Lindonl itroin
whence it ha.-, its n.imr) on lln. niirili-weil. bu.-der'. ol
t!;is dioceie, 10 ir.iio irom the (ieir.;:;n ocean to the
cart, 50 from Rijx:,, .ind Si t:\<\n Ringcoj ir.j,, to the
nortli.
Holllebrow, or Hodilibrow, Hand, about 1 1 mile-
from Lcn.vick to tl\e l.,iiih-e.ill, and i 2 irom Rinu-c.i;;-
ing to the nortli-e.i;'. li i- ai\ inLiiid i.u\ii. but lies on
a river which C'<nit-..un:cateb with tiic (ierman Ocean b)
a lake, in;o which the river i.ilis.
The dioceie of Arhuiln is the eallern part ot Jut-
land, having on liie n.'-.th the diocde-- ol W il-.uri; aiid
Aalburg, on the we;: a.id luuth tluit of Ri[)en, and on
the eii'l the Caier.ate ard LellLr IJelt. it e\tends
about 60 miles a!o;',<j, the e laiL of ihe !5:i',iic, but is
not much above ;,o n.iles in bre.ulih a: ili-j uideii ■, art.
It cantair.> ji puf cb.rlhios, ur b,lilu',Kk^, 504 ju-
rilhes, live calll--s or tort^, .uid eiL^iit die-, or walled
to-.vns, \i/..
Arhulen, the caj iial ot tlie dioceie, Hands at tlie
mouth of the river tiude, 'vhich runs thiouii,h it, and a
little lower talii into the Catcgate. It i-. S6 miles to
the Dorthw.i.rd of Slefwic, ainl 42 noriii-ealt of Ri] c.i.
The lituaiion is ] Lalimt, being luirouiuled with to-
r.l!-. lull of game, failures that are exceeding rii.li tor
tlie count.-v, and ::.-k's which jT'-duce a conliderable
(juanlilv ot grain. The touTi itlelt is neat, ard agiee-
abic, Weil furnilhed wiih pruvilions and tlomelhc ne-
ctliaries from the ne;j.'hbuuriiig count;), and wiih
ot!-.er v.om;noditie^ .and lu.xuiii.'. troni vark>u. countries,
by the means ef Ihi.iping. Tiic harbour is toleiable,
and the caihedul chu.cli ereded alter a curr.u. llile
lyf arihiteciure, b;:tuiilleU aiid enibelhlhetl uith vari-
ous monvniienis ot noijiemen, [)re!.ues, &c. Tiie
bilhop's |.ala>c was once a in.igiiiliceiit llmcfnre, but
it n<.)w i.ilL-n 10 dui;,. Tiie my was made an cpil-
ci'pal kv in i!]. 'ear I014, and i-. now ihc lee ol a lu-
periniendant.
S.aiuiirbur^:
Witt, ij a govi
Guoe.
IlorftTi', 12 n ili.sdniani troiu Ari ul.n to tic I'luih-
will, i' a fn...ll lily or lowh liluaud":i a htlle gulph,
whii'i l'i«i- 11 inlUad ol .1 i.arlioui, .;:id lalls inii) ilie
Baltic.
RaiKkr- is a -.eiy mw u in t ii;..
(mde, wi'.ih .ibi'Ul 1 2 mik ^ !'■>.
III., a.id I'.i.s a;fio!>. i!:' pl.ue a
Jiavi.. •: 01. il i> .1 I'l.UL 111 gi\
fwr t;.e b^l't Uinww 111 JLiilaiid. I
produti. 'I'ieiitv ot ( urii.
l-^!)ei;b't i' i--.iied.il I'.i 1 'i|i',.iii of a b:;\ of the Cate-
gate, .i!' ill I'S mile-. tVom .\iiiille 1 to (he iiii.lh-well.
(i.-iiiu liaii !> .le !.• ii,,' j oi.ii or Cape ot .1 p. .'linlula,
which jilts o;;! iiio iheCaie^atc, and is leu-n mile,
diilanl tiuin I'.ik.i. ■; to the iiorili. li is ileteiided b) a
iulile.
.Maii..;.,.r ll.ind-. on llie loalh-lule ot a l.ir..;e b ly
i.f the C'ategate, l() in.!, s diil.iiit tioiii Arhulen 10 the
rioitli.
Hobro, or 11 -'to, i, .1 1111,1,1 lown un the lame bav,
fi.\ iiiiic' abo\ .■ .Maiii;'.: t'> li'c well.
rixiiii'e- ti,'Ui Aifuliii lo the louth-
inlie:., iK.ii llie l| ri:/.'. ol Ihe n\el
111 I. .ill .1 on I he liver
, I ilK inio the B.il-
; ■iid cijnveiiiiiic; tor
1 ir.ide, and taiiious
.• neighlv.,u;iiig lieKls
'i'i;,- ilioecl'e I I W'ibuig !i:is that of .\ail,uig on il-.t
north, troiu ufivli it is pintly ti-jar.iud by ih.e gul|ih
■t I .iirlvirii, Xiiiuien on ilie i-.i(l, ami Ri| in o;i iju:
loiiili and well, it is not abo\e 24 miles trom I'ouii,
lo nonii, and 261101110:111 lowill, being almoll ol :,
round ii;;iiiv. Thourdi it is an inland lOuiUr; , yet u
.Minis not the coiiveniency of niuig.ilion ; for liere .ue
laig.- lakes, ih..i Iraiuli out into kvenilia'ts of thii
l.ird. ai.,1 fu 11! wlieii'.e, liv means of ih.c Limfoid, iiiio
v.hiiii till} inn, ai.d whicii coinv.iniic.ites with the
HiliicSia, tl ly iTieivc vellils (if j;nal biirlhcn. A-
nung tliile lake-, iliere i-- one nanieii (.)tl;cli:iule, ti\:n
Tie ini; lU.r t^tli,), liirnaii,i>l ihe (iivar, wiio, about tie
M.-.r 1)4^. made .ui inroad this uav, |ei!ttnted even ai.
In .is tills eoui'itv, ai-.-l, calling hi; javelin info tie
vMitir, g.ive il I'le name 11 llill reiains The Ijeil huri> ,
in |)e;..:.aik au i,ridui lluit pari ol [he diucefe iuiikJ
."^.'.iinig. Ill ilii, terriiory are cciijirehenikd 16 piv.
iiCvoMhip:-, or bi'ilr.ii.ks, 218 i^arilhes and three c.ir-
nioii . li.c m-ll coi.liilerable towi.s arc
\\ ,lin;[i, ulnili llands i-i |!'.e in'ddi? of N'.jrili Jul-
'ai.d, ol \>l'!ili It is ilie cai ,la! ci!'-.
il ;■ a pla.e ot -real nr .-|, 1 uiii^ ;l;c leat of a \a^U
oliil ol liu:u.il^.'e. uliiii; lec, iVes the aj)]vals tioiii
i.t'. nor court -, bui none i an be made fiom it, e.\c;- 1
10 ihe kiii^'. '
\\ ilnng has been the fc.i of a iiiih.op for above 6co
M-ars ; liui the e.xact time cannot be ti.\ed ; for it i^ 1
ii..'.tier lliil dll",.ut.-d \\lietlicr th.is or Aalburg Ik- th.e niwll
inci.r.l. Tlie bilhop and chapter .lill'^fiibilll. h
Itan,', near a braneh ot t le gul) li of l,imiord, ^-.I'd ,1
\irkui!id, and u:is ancieiiilv called L'iiiimerllnirj, .1,
bun., i!.c iliiit lit} >,i' the t imbri ; but wlieme it lia.l
it- I relent iiii.'ue is n"t certain.
-Siiieve, or Sel.iriinns, which Hands on the f:-,ie
gulpli, is lliuaied 12 iiiiles from Wiinng to :'"• :,oitli.
\Slli.
The peniinul.i ot S.illing, furrniiKkil on .all lides hy
th,' lame gulj ill, except I,.\\.irds llie louth, is tlu moll
n.ite.l j'll.e 11 !).■■! iia.k fir line h );-fes, which
[lotted b\ toi'eiji,.iers
N\br, in i.al 111 .Vibe, on the lame gull h, iSini^s
1,( n: \\ liiuig lo i;,e liwrtf -i ill, is .ill,. noiJd t.ir a •■■)■ 1
b.v.il ot hoiiis.
The dioceie ot Aalburg i, 'lie nioil northern pa.t ■;
liiliand, and furrcunde,.! In th.- lea on ail larts, , ,-
cj| ! <,ii the i.'uih, v\her.- it isdivided from W'llnir.; aii f
Ri; en by the iHilph i iljcil I .iiiil. r,l, uhieh run-~'l!,,:.i
ill. Ifliiic .Sia above 50 miks .nio's ll.e countrv, ;,.■.]
e, lluii out ol the (ieriiun Ocean by a narro'vv ilfkniu ,
or n.ck ot l.iiid, ir..ule liy the fmd-hilis on t".e well
llior, of juil ,iul, ovir-g.inill a great ll.cal c,-.!led [n:.
elie-Rill'. I'iiis dioceie is about 7,3 miles !o "t-^ |},>,n
hie loiiih-iMl'i to the uiiennoil pi'int of Sehager-i<.:tf,
in ilie norili-^all; bni .is it is ot a irianguku torn:, ii
brea, 1th is iidi eijual e\ery wiiere, b-,-ing but about 40
miles where bro.idiil. 'ilie norlh part of this 'hoeel.,
wliiih is cut olf In tlie gulph, ^tor the ii;_\ . ; Aalbur-
lies (in the fuuili-ii'e ot ii,) is called W'en'fulal, andlv"
i.aiin authors V'andaiia, whence liiiiie ajiprelieiul it was
the le;u ot I lie \ .\ndi\\<. 'I'lie inliabiiants iire the laiidi-
eil ot the km:.; ol i)enm:uk's liibjects. 'I'he ri'n,.tr\
is tiuillnl, aiid prelly well eniiched In ir.ule. li
is ilividcd i:uo ij b.iihwicks, ul.icli contain 177 pi-
rillies, 100 calUes, ami ihe tollowini; cities ;.nd l^nvii-.
■ X.illuirj,, to ca'led from the gieat quaniity of i^l;
lak.ii in Ilie gii pli of I ,iiii',ii\l, llurlson ihefi>u[iilh :v
ol it, about lix miics f, mi the Citcjaie to the vd!. It
islhel.i'ot a billii p, KjuivIi'! about the veir \z('?:
but ihe l)ilho|)s leiiOed aiici.nih .it liiirpi.e.v, wl;. -.> •
the iliocclo was then called 'he dioeeli- ot lUirjlav, ; bui
liiice the rctormatioii, the laiiluiati liilinip^'liave h.ul
tiii-:r jialace ,it .•V.ilbun',.
"Venfuliil, or Hurglaw, ftand- on the river R)a.i,
whiih, 14 miles lowir, t.ills iiu ) ihe gulph o\ I.Jmfonk
Irom winch this eiiy is as maiiv miles dillant t.i t';-
north, il was torimrlv ihc lee of .1 bilhop, wliiih ha
been removed to .Aalburg.
Shvr.i
aie
lAPHY.
ili:it ot' A.iil'Uip, on I'lt
\ li| :ir,Ut'.l liy tlic gul|;ii
iM(l, ;uiil Rii en ii;i ilu:
ow 1 ). mill's li'om luuii,
Will, lioinj;, .iliuoll ol :i
aw inland tountrv , yi't u
ii:uii;.iliiiii ; tor ina' .ik-
into tcvoral ] aits of thii
cms 111 the Linitoui, i;.u)
con-iv.iinicales with th.c
N (^i ;t: at luirlhcn. A-
■ nauitii «.)t!a-luiulo, ti,'m
ih.i: (iivaf, who, about il c
!■. \\:\\, |:i'i!!.tnti.d even a.,
llir.g in-; jawlin into t!c
11 iviain<. Th.L' bcil hu:i> ,
.-art ot tlio liiocdl- nznuA
V co.-.ipri'licniLil i6 [,!•-
i I'arilhcs and i'mcc ^,;r.
Ic tiuvi.s arc
l''.c iiiMule ot Norih Jut-
a! citv.
, li-r-.i; the ilat of a l.i^li
i>. . iv,-. (lie ajipcth tu'iii
i'l' r...K;i.' tioni it, exec; t
H,
it' a l':> ^n•) f.ir above
•'.not he lixed ; lor it
th.!'. or Aalluirg he ih.ei
rhapter ilill lliliiill.
S^iill 11 dl' l.iintord, e,
X lalled Cuniiurllnirg
iiiibri ; b-at wlieiicc it
!1.
.shicli I'ands on the
roni Wihurii to :'"■ ji
6 CO
V.oll
uij
ith-
lurr.nindeil on all fiJes by
llrd^ ilie loutli, is ilu iiioi;
line h );l"e-;, '.vhi-'li a.e e:.-
the lame gult h, 1 8 iniiiS
ill. Is alio noiul tor a ;j, '".1
tlu- miiil northern i\-i;t -i
ih'' lea on ail '.lart-;, w .-
dividei! troui Wilnn-', aut
ai:il< i.l, whieh run- lio;:)
s at II'-, the coui'.tr\ , aa.l
^c-.'.'.n in a narnuv i!'!,niu ,
le I u-.d-hiiis on t'.e \\l!i
a great Ileal called Ju:-
lont 70 niik"; !o 'j-;, iro'ii
1 point of S^!iau,er-R:tt",
is i)t a irian;:iii.u torn;, 1.
re, being but aliout 40
niirih I'art of this duieeU,
1, ^tor the ei;_\ . ! Aalbiir^
is eaileil Weiiluiit, and I \
nee lo;iie H|.[nvhend it ^^.^
e iiih.'.biiants are the l.iuii-
's Uibjects. The Ci>u..ns
eiuiehed by trade. h
S wt.ieh contain f;7 p;;-
lilouinr, cities ;.ntl t'wn-.
the gieat ijuantiiy ot' ii.!'.
\\, <1 iiids on (he louiii Ih :f
;.• (./Ucjaie to the Vtl!. \i
'. about the \e:ir icf.' ;
civ iitb at Rurf'liw, wlu'u •
he diocele ot lUu^daw ; bul
aitheraii bilboii, have had
Uanch- on tlie ri\ei- Rya.i,
int ) the i;iii|)h ol' l.anitord,
m.i'n miles ihllaiil t) tl;-
:<: ol a liilho]), vvhicli has
Shv'.i
ELI ROPE.]
I) K N M A R K.
Schageii, Scagen, or Skau, as it.o iniiubitants call it,
is leated on tiie promoiMory, or ca|)e, which it gives
name to; and is the moll northern land ot jutiantl, be-
twixt the Norwet^ian lea and the Cate<.',ate, or Schager-
Rack.
Tlie town is more tieiiucnted b\' merchant- troni all
parts oi I'.urojie than any t)iher town in jiiilaud, be-
caiile tluv toui-h here in their way to the Sound, lis
trade would be I a' j^i-ater llill, were it I'.ot to,' the d.ni-
gerous coall il li.s on.
Ni-.iupiiiR liiuau.d in tlie llle of Mors, made by the
gulj il ot Liinfoi.i, is a eoiiliderable town.
Tylled ihiiid >>n tlie fouth-well |)arl of thi-. diocele
near .•^o miles In.m Aalburg to ihe well, in the mi''dlc
of the illhmu. m.ule by the Cierman Ocean and ijuh-,; ol
L.-iuoiil, which i^ ihe moll iriiiiiul plr.ce ol this thlb'icl.
This to.vn is noted tor a kuid ot imiverlity, wiiicii
was firi". a fiee-lclio-il onh', l-juiukd by Ciriiiii.in the
623
Seelu i. a I'mall :"-:i;>ort town on li.e I'.a'.lern Ibore, 15
miles iliilant from Ssh:'.gen, towa: 1-. th.- loiiiji-wed.
The I^uehy of .Si.eswick, or Soin 11 jutlano, i>
as .meieni dei-endai.ee on the kin^; i'-iii ol Deiimuk;
for in the jear 1 1 2i, kinji, Nicholas the hirll gave it to
his nephew Ca'.ute, the Ion ol Hra. Denmark \'.a-.
r.tierwards dejirucd ol 11 ; bui in the v-'.u 1459, Ciuii-
ti.ai thel-'iill re-uniie.' 'I lo tluit kinj^.lom. It i; about
86 milcj 111 ler,:.;,'h, and 60 in iiivadiii, b. ing boun.led
b\ lull.mu on h, north, by ti.e B.iitie on the eail, l>y
t'le ilui i'.\ of Ih/liiein on tlie louth, and by the Ger-
ii, an (Jce.ui on the weih
It is ivaured by li.v^r.il llreain;, which render it c.\-
leedi:!;; Iruiitul in moll p.irts, and in f.^eneral abounds
in niwuiows a;-.d [ ..uures. The eatlvrn [larts lie con-
liJerably higher tiian the weftcrn, and in the latter there
arc lar^e ])lains, which pixxluce a great plenty ot all
forts ot corn. Tlie nobility here are rich, and the coin-
ni >n jicoiile enjoy a great Ih.ue ot intlependence. Tiiis
duiiiv h divit-ied into lour ciri.les, viz, (ioitorp, Ton-
ih ' 1, rienlbuij,, ami Hadcrlleben. Thf pnncij-al
citie. ■.'.m\ lo-.vn-. aie the toliowin-f.
S.. f.Mc, tne lapiiul ot ine whole duchy, is liluated
on a Uiiail arm of ti.e lea, called the Sley, at the dillance
of .ibuut 38 miles from (Jlucklladt to the north call,
and 2> from Laniden to the call. Cluillianity was
cllablilhevl here in the ninth century, and the great
church I .iiiided by Kric li.irn, "\ conjunction wiih
St. Anlehar, billiop ol Ila.iiburg; and in the yeai-
930, kin;>, Herokl liluand ereeud an epilcopal tee.
Atterwaiiis the ScLiv,.ia.ins luv.uled thele parts in the
vcar I z'lj, de'lroyed ihe eliLireii, and relloivd the pa-
gan lupeilHlions ; jiut looii alter tiiele loreigiieis were
e.\pel!e.l, Chrilli.iiiit\' w.is relloivd, and the cathednal
rebuilt. In the ne.\t century it becair.c a place ol great
trade, and much tiei,uei:ieil by merchants troni Ciieat
Ri'itain, Iraiue, Spam, 1-l.inders, Jvc. The toil, el|)e-
cialK lowaids the lo-ath and call, is not ' ay truiilul;
bul the town is fuiinieiitly tupi)lied with all necelianes
of lite tu>m the neighbouring coiinlr\, and the Sley
•itiijids abuiidanie ol lilh. They brew beer here, whicli
i^ nol very palatable; but they import tiime Iroiii
abroad, as well as wine, wliieh is pretty cheap.
.'\mong liie puliiic bui; 'in;!s is a tlucal palace, which
llle) Itu.w 10 lllMll^.;,ev^ : it does not contain much that
i> wo;lln' of notice, e.\cepi a library, which contains
a few a^icieiit maiiUleri|as, and a caliinet ot inrilies in
natural liillory, whii h has a tew things that are really
curious. In the giohns are tome w.iier-works, and
many walks in tin.- old l.nle, whiiii the poor jieople it
this lountry think gn.U exeitions ot magniliceuce.
The pii.'icip.il chuteh is ancient, and a \ery large ta-
bric; it coiiiaiiis mair, moniimenls ol the ducal tami-
lies, -liut none that will \ield much i ii'.ertainment to a
travelhr. In the luburiv, there is a churili dedicaleu to
St. Miihael. Slelwic was loiiiierly the lee ol a Roman
Catholic bithop, and is now ihat ot a protetlant lupcr-
uilendant.
Wiilun a tew miles from Slefwic to the fouth, arc-
yet lo be teen, in many jilaces, the ruins of the fimous
wall and trench, which was built in ancient times by
Ihe Daiiilh kings, againll the incurtions of the .Saxons.
It is though,! to have been begun by (Jolherick, or
(ioiholred, king ot Denmark, to keep' out th.e armies
of the emperor Charles the Cireat, about th.e year 80S,
and afterwards improved by queen 'I'hyra, and other
Daiiilli monarchs, anti rer.dered lb llrong .as u be
eileem-ed impregnable by the counlellors of Ilenrv,
linnamed the lion, duke of Saxony. This rampe.rt
was call-ed Denew.irk, and, like Haihian's wall in I'.iig-
land, is reported to luvve reached troni lea to tea, quite
acrols this ",eck of land.
Ciotto.'p was the ancient teat and patrimony of the
ihikes of Holllein, the chief branch of which familv,
:.tter the ro\al one, took from thence the title or lur-
name of Gottorp. It is about lix miles dillant tiom
Sleiwie to t!ic limth-welt, and (lands on the Slev,
vvh.icli alinoil lurrounils it, anil carrie. vetiels of tinall
burthen to anil trom the liaitic. This place is, at
the lame time, a fortre'.s and a noble (iai.ice, being
.lecounted o;ic ot the Ihiell teats in all thele northern
parts. The callle ll.inds to th.e well: of the Sley, in
ti-.e middle of a little lake, and i> built in the tor'm of
an oblong li,uare, tortitied with four ballions of earth ;
the bottom is paved with free-llonc, the curtains are
K)ng, and the lidei Hands north and fouth. You ap-
|)roacli the callle by a britlge, which joins it to the
louth lliore. It is commanded by a mountain that
liands north-call of it, from whence the Danes annoy-
ed the callle m the \ear 1675, whence the duke was trea-
cheroutly lurpriied b\ ihe king of Denmark at Rentt-
burg. The duke, betore his death, li.ad deligned to
rebuild the cafllc, but the front only is tinithed ; if the
whole luul been completed, it would have been one ut'
the linetl palaces in Kuro})e. A rampart encomiiati'es
the lirll court, and the gate of the cal'.le is a line blue
llone, .as hard as marble, with a lentern over it that
has 27 lights. On the north tide of tiie callle there is
a bridge of 2CO paces over the lake; and r.t the end
of the bridg;, a walk, b-jtween two row., of trees, that
lead to the garden, which is adorned with many tine
water-works and cafcades. On the left there is a ba-
fon, or Hlh-pond, ;oo paces lqu..re, with rows of trees
on all tides, except to the north; there are, alto, tine
arbours on ilie lides of the i;oiid; and i:i tiie middle, a
Hercules, ot a monllious li/e, repielented with his
ciuh, going to kill the Leriv.ean hydra. Out of every
part the water plays. In every corner of the pond,
tlierc are llatutes which form cafcades. On the north
ih.ere is a parterre, in the form of a crelcent divided
into fever.al compartments, with niches round, con«
laining bulls of many kings, and modern princes.
There are alio the reiirefenie.tions of man',- tabulous
animals that throw waier. At the end ot the walk
there is a Imall room, in which is to be teen a i^libe,
made by the tamous '1 ycho Brahe, to connived," that,
by mechanilm, it rcpretents his fytlem of the world.
There is another admirable globe of copper, 10 feet
and an half in diameter, with a fphere, wherein the
fun moves in the ecliptic, and all the heavenly bodies
.lie carried round in exact order, by means of certain
wh.eels, which are turned about by water, conveved
t'lom the adjacent mountain. Before this houl'e there
is a level ground 50 paces broad, and three times as
long, tlivided into three parts: thole on the f.des have
f.ne parterres, and that in the middle has a great baton
in the centre, with water-works; the next terrace is
liigher, and the whole is incloled with green paies, a;
high as each terrace, with buds all round. I'rom the
highetl terrace there is the liiiell piofpecl perha; s m
the world, viz. the callle 111 the front, in the mi Idle
ot a lake liirroiinded with a cluiniing counirv, and a
line plain betore it. On the leti there is a great oran-
!i,eiy, or gieen-liout'e, where they keep the liidia.i tree-,
myrtles, pomegranates, and other exotics, in boxes,
Ihe p.iik is noble, about four Englilh miles in cir-
cuiutereucc
B
M
I I I
• !
1"
'*
* '
'i ^
1 1 fil
6i4
A \RW AND AUTIir.NTlC SYSTI.M oi rXlVLRSAl. C;i:Of .R.\l 1 !Y.
I h
t i
m
I ?<■*
cuinti-Tciico, and full of t'.illow deer and I'.a'j;';. Tlu'iv i>^
a toll-bootli, Of cuiloiii-lioulc, wi'icri: ail toil is [.an! tor
great luiinbcrs of black caitL-, that pafs from Jutland
into Cicimanv ; this jiii.kIih.c-. a coniickvabir fuui ti) the
kini^ of Dcnni.irk, Inicc, in Iouk- \ va;s, t..ll i. prud tor
above 50,000 head ot c.iltlc.
Kckrcntord llands on a little ,i',ul'fh of the Baltic,
which makes a verv commodious haven, and ;'.lKinls it
A confidcrahle trade, being one ot the l.itcli ports on
that (hore. It is about ai miles dill. 1:11 trom (iottorp '
to the call, and lix from Kiel to\v.,i\U the north.
Chrillianpreis, the capital of a bailiwick of that
name, which borilers on the duchy ot lloilleiii, is litii-
ated on a gulph of the Baltic, at the c::irance ot the ;
haven of Kiel, and is commandeii by a catllc that
was built in 1637, by Chrillian IV. king ot Denmark.
It is about tive miles tlillant from Kiel to the n ^rtli,
and four from Kckrcntord to the call, it has about
500 houfes, and two gates, diteiukd with ilrong
works. The I'lyiler I'ervcs for a ditch, and makes it
inaccellible ; and where the river grows n.irrtiwer they
liave built a crclcent in the w;uer, with port-holes tor 16
jiieces ot cannon.
l-'rederickil.idt was tlui^ culled fi"m its tounckr, Fre-
derick, duke of Holllein and Sletwic. who built it in
the year 16:1, peopled it with Hollanders, and grained
them great privileges. 1 le endeavoured alto to lettle
a lilk tnule there, and, for that inirpole, tent an emball'y
to Mulcovv ami I'erlia, which gave occation to .Atlain
Olearius, lecretarv to it, to publilh an account thereof
in an excellent book ot travels. Tins town llaiuU on
the banks of the river Eyder, antl is 24 miles ditlant
from Sletwic towarli^ the well, anil 42 tiomli'uck-
lladt to the nortii. it is built after tiie Dutih talhion,
and all religions are tolerated there. Tiie town is li.juare,
and lurrounded with a large canal, ]ilantctl with rows
of trees. It is tlivided into two part- b\- another canal,
alio with trees on the titles. The Lutheran church is
built with bricks, anil very neatly.
Tontleron ii alto lituated on the river I'.yder, to miles
below I'Vedericklladt, and about 14 mile^ trom the
German Ocean. It is not an ancient town, but it has
a good trade, which eiicrcates daily, by means of its
commodious harbour fornvi.1 by the I'.yder. It was
form.rls well fortiiied, but the fortifications were demo-
lilhcd m 1714 by the Danes, whu, auer a long
blockade, forced the town to lurren-ler up.oii terms.
This is the capital of the bailiwick nf Kvderliadt, and |
much fre.iueiited by the Dutch, who buy black cattle I
here. ' . , . ,■
Henlburjr, the capital of a diftrict kno.Mi bv the
fame name, as well as tlut of .-Xngelen, or Kngeland,
the country of the Angle-, who invaded South Britain,
and Ixilowed u,)on it t!ie ap|iel!.uion of iMigland,
is fitiiatetl eight miles to the northward of Slet-
wic, on the gulph of FLiis, formed by the Baltic;
and the harbour is to comiiuKJious, that lliijisot great
burtl'.en may come up, and lie lo:uled from ilse ware-
liuule-.
Hulum, which is 10 iviiles from Tonderon, and li-
tuatul on the gulph ot Hover, was formerly flounlhing
a.id opulent, but it is now greatly decaved ; its riii.i be-
ing ilcduccii tioni three capital caules, wai, inunda-
tions, and conflagrations.
Lohm-Cloller is an inconliderable town, lituated on
the river Lohm-Beoke, about 10 miles from the (jer-
man Ocean.
Haderflelien is a large tea-port town, by the lake ot
Hailertleben, which runs into a narrow gulpli, that dil-
embogues it!elf into the Baltic. Tiie inli.ibitanls carry
on .1 tolerable trade !))• me.Uis of the tilh th.al arc caught
ill great plenty, both in the lake and gulph.
Timder, 12 links to the wellwarcl of Haderfleben,
is a remarkable mat town, lituated in a fertile toil, on
the louthern bank of the river W ydaw. Here is a
liiiall llrong fort, whiih the king keeps in e.\i client
rep;ur. The harbour, iiovvever, is choaked Up at pie-
lent, and the town iiatli Icaicciy any trade.
#
Ajiei-.rade is litualal at the botteni of a guljih of the
Baltic, 25 miles north of Slelwic. It is ditended bv
a tolerable citadel; but has neVvit'ielels, been fr-'-
liiiently plundered in time of w.ir.
I.uxburg, or (ducklhuii', is tour miks to the ca!'r-
ward ot Meiilburg, near the liirne gulph, hut on the
ojipolite tide. It is but a liiiall t>vvn. \et has a callle
and gives title to the Dukes of 1 lollkin'-Giuckfl.urr-.
Tiii; Ducky ot' I loLsmv, tlunigh introduced into
moll fyllems of geography under ihe aiticie of Ger-
many, we thall treat of under that of Denmark, tor
the following reati.)ns ; bec:uile HoKlein lies on tiie
norih-eall tide of the river I'dbe, is fubjecr to the Kiii;'
of Denmark, and is one of the ricliell provinces in the
dominions of that monarch.
\ traveller, who had accels lo the public records of
the kingdom of J)enmark, and received many curii>u3
jiarticulars from the unfortunate j-rime miniiier C'oui'.t
Struenlee, thus delcribes this jlucliy. The great duihy
of Holtlein, which is all united to riie Danilh domi-
nions at |ireleni, is fiiiious for its line pallures, and k-i
producing excellent beef. Great 0|',!antities of horiv.d
c.utle are bought up in Jutland, and other provimvs
of Denmark, and brought here 10 be fattened : ami
th.eir beef, betides what is tiled for tl;e conlum|)tioii uf
Hamburgh and l.ubeck, is lahed, diieil, and ex-
Jiorted ; the foimer to Holland, aiul the latter to all
parts of Lower Germany ; and, togetlier with an excel-
lent breeii of horles, of whicii great num!)ers are o,-
jiorted yearly, bring conliderable I'ums of money r.'.Ut
the province, of the wIkjIc of which tlic court ot Den-
mark has not hitherto founil the means to drain them ;
Ii.) that this imn-ince may jullly be laid to be the rwh.-:l
in the Danilh dominions.
This duchy is bounded on the well b\ iheGeni.aa
Ocean, on the call bv the Baltic, on the louth-eafl ly
Mecklenl-urgh, on the louih-welf by the river l'.il\-,
aiul on the louth by the territo y of Hamburg, a:vl
by r.auenburg. It is Xo miles in length, 60 in breadth',
where broadell, and divided into four jirinripal ]\i;i ,
or province-, viz. Holltem I'rojier, Wagria, Storin.ir,
and. Ditmarlh.
Holllein is remarkably fertile, ami contain-. in:uiv
ricli marlli, j-aliure, and meailow lands. Dykes h.;\e
been cut through the marlli landA at an immenle e.\-
[jcnce, not only to drain otV the waters, whicli natural-
Iv accumulate there, but to ilraln ofF lui h as are ocia-
lioned In the inundations both of the tea and riv.r ,
uhiih are frequent. Thcl'e, however, give lu'ii ,1
riehi.els 10 the loil of tlie marllies, that cattle are !■:.!
in j'leat numbers, and fattened in them , and v.-.l!
quantities of excellent butter and cheeie are iiLide il
the milk. In ibme ]-arts of them thev fow wheat, bar-
ky, peas, beans rajH-leed, fic. whiJi thrive exec.:
ingly. Sheep are bred in the more laiidy, heathy, .i;.d
barren dillricis, and woods and orchards .ibound 111
other parts. The hecf, veal, mutton, lamb, and pork,
are all fat and palatable; .md the bell Ii a ami river
lilli are caught in ;'reat plenty. The Holll.in hor;r.
,ire exceeding beautiful, and, on that account, -.-..^
luglily prized both in Denmark .ind (ierman). 1 i:-
pruuipal people ulually farm out their cattle to a kiii I
of baiiitf', ulio runs .ill ha/.irds, receives all prolits, and
.iliows the proprietor lo much per head for the who! ;
tku. the pentrv reieivea certain income without lur-
ing any trouble, and the baililf is lulUciently reward. I
for his pains, as he ulually makes a fortune l)y thee.Mra
prolits.
The iounir\' i^ in general iilain and level, and w.i-
lered by the river. Lvder, Sor, and Trave, with many
rivulets, ihkes, &c. An oikl ciillom prevails liere,
which is to dr.uii the lakes and |)onds, at certain taBe,,
and fell the carp, laiiipre\s, pike, perch, ki\ which
are fouiul in them; and then lome \ean> after to k,>v
them with oats, or ulL them for palhire; and alter tliat
to lay them underwater, and breed tilh in them ag-iin.
I'i'lic huules and churches are vere neat i foj' the jeople-
li.rc
» J
R.MllY.
lit ttiiiii of :'. f;u!]>!i of ij.o
cl'wic. It is (Jitciulal l>v
;, ncwrthc'k'l:-, bciu f-'-
vv;ir.
is four miks to the cail-
! ihnic guli'h, but on tin.-
M t'lvvn, yet has .1 c:'.!lk-,
Jl K.niuii'-Giuckll.uig.
, tl'.oii;'Ji intro(iut\-(l into
LiiKlcr ihc aitiik' ot Cj.r-
k-r th.u of Denmark, tor
luk' HoUlfia liis on ii:c
Ibc, is I'ubjfc'c to tlic Kill"
iic riihcll ])rovinccs in the
.■fs to tl:c I'uhiic record': r,f
uiii received many curii-i:!;
m.Ue ] rime minii'.er Court
i (kicliy. The great ckidiy
lited to tiie Oanilh il^r.'.i-
or its line ]'alluie>, and [[■[
(ireat ijiiantities of honv.d
t!:ii)d, and other |irovi::;>.-,
Iiere to ho fattened : ami
k-d tor tlie conlumption ui
is tailed, diied, and ex-
land, and the hitter to yll
nd, togeth.er with an e\cc!-
ich great numbers are cx-
.-rabk- I'utiis ot money i:ito
)t wliieli th.e court ot Den-
the means to drain tiieni ;
Illy be laid to be the rieheil
)n tlie well In iheGerii:a:i
iillie, on the lbuth-ea(l I'V
th-welt by the river i'.lhc,
terriio y oi Hamburg, and
cs in length, 60 in breadth,
I into tour principal part ,
I'r^iper, W'agria, Storiiiar,
fertik', and contain^, many
eadn'.v kinds. Dykes h.;\e
1 land- at an iminenl'e e.\-
the waters, which natinal-
ilrain utf tui.li as are occa-
loth ot the tea and riv^T ,
e, however, give luih a
ulhes, that caule are !-:.;(
lenei.l i.'i tliem , and v;;ll
er and eheele are made ot
them ih.ev tow wheat, har-
^1. uhiih thrive exfui-
e more tamly, heatliy, a;.d
. and oi\hards ab(juiid m
. mutton, lamb, and pork,
ukI tlie bell lia and river
ntv. The MollL'in horte.
nil, on that atcouf.t, aie
imark and Cjermaii) . 1 lie
1 out their cattle to a Ivln I
rd-., receives all prolits, and
Ji per head f)r the vvhol ■.
ertain income without luv-
hii' is tulticiently rewarded
iiakes a loriuiie 1)V the extri
Fl'ROPr,]
n r: n m a r k.
62j
al p
Sor,
od,
uul
1
len
n li
nd
re \
ain and level, and wa-
and Trave, with many
ciidoni prevails h.cre,
ponds, at certain timci,
like, perch, k>\ which
I'ome \eurs after to iu^f
M' ])alhn-e; and alter tli.lt
breed tilh in them a^ain.
er> neat , fu' the people
h;rc
here, with rel]ied lo i)icet\', relemblc the I loilander..
The duchv contain; alxiut 30 cities and towns, j;r. it
and tinail, and 600 paiillu-. The cler^^y are annual-
ly cholen, and remo\eable at ]ileat'ure. The pcojile
are rii;id Lutherans; to that they give but \ery little
countenance to Calvinills, and aiv th\)hi:,;y jiieiu diced
agaiiill the Roman catholic^. With regard to their
cliaracler, in other relpects, they are, in geiicrai, \veU
ni.ule, finely featured, tdir, Itrong, courageous, aid lo
ceUbrated lor tli' ir integrity, that I'le e\;>reilion Hol-
lUinglaul)e, or /.':ji:rj} fh/jfriiUT, is proveriiial throui;h-
out Ciermain, Deiiiiark, Kc. The pnncip'al cities,
towns, &c. ill Holtleiii are as tollow :
Lubeck, :ui imi'erial cit\, and chiet ot tlie Flan-
Tow 's, is lituated at the coiitlux of liveral rivvi-, the
largelt of which is the Trave, It i-. 11 miles iroai ti:e
Baltic, where it has a tine l.a'.bour, 25 miles nortli ut
Laueiiburg, 40 norlh-eall i/t i lair.buig, ami iiylouiii-
welt ot CJopen'iag-ii. it i> a billioiinc under i!;e :.rcii-
biihop ot Hreniui, and was tiai.lkued hitlier trom t)l-
lienburg in 1 1O3. |
Lulxxk is a government or ivpul'.lic within itiMt,
\>.ilh royal lurildiciior., vi/. to make and eMiiii-' ii^
o'.vn laws, a^ well in eivil :l^ in lajiiai caule-. Irciii
the conlillory th.ere lies an appeal to the lenate ut il;e
tity, which loiiiiits ot tviur bugomaiV.r'-, two lyiidic'-,
who are uvihans and 16 commoii-coiineihuen; eacli
ofwhoin h.i> hi^ ixuiiiular |Hoviiice, aiul they are all
tor life: luit the c-.>m:r.oii-couiicil is onlv tjrined ot
lawyer.-> and mervhants, wr.ii an e\c!u;ion ol meciianics.
I'.itlier aii<l ton, or twi) brother-, e.uinot be in the re-
gency at the tame time.
The name of tliis city is i'upi'.oted t<i be ilerived trom
Lob-eik, the (ierman word for a point ot kind, which
agrees with its lituatioti. it is an ancient place, and,
as the I'oles ti;\ , was founded by one ot their kings,
who conquered tins part ot the kingdom; but the
(ieniKUis ak ribe its foundation to Codelchalk, one ot
the kings of the VaiulaU, in 1^40. It has I'utlaiiied
wars, both otfeiilive and delenlive, for Icveral }ears,
not only againll the dukes ot Mecklenburg, but againll
the kingol Sweden. It is fiid to h.ive been a conti-
der.ible cit\ wiieii taken m the vear 1134, by Crito, a
prince of Rugeii, who ciellnyed it; but it was rebuilt
in the yuir 114c, by Adi>l;jh il. eount ot Hohiein,
ami then lirlt endo.ved wnh ine iniinunilies ot the city.
In 1151 li was a.vuii iwlueed to a luap ot riiiiis by
tire, .ill.: v'.as alunvards relh'red by Henry the Lion,
duke I'. S;\on\, ;a wf.ole tane the collegiate church
was l'iii..!.d. In 1104 the famous leagr.e of the
I l.i.V: 'i .lAi'i \va begun here, and their college is llill
kit, t"g,ilnr iMtii the record'-, and common lloik
ruled by lontninuion-. la liSl llie emperor l-re-
(krick 1. itrought i' ir.iiier t'iilv,ecti;iii to tiie em-
pir.'; bui Henry the 1 .1011 rcio.ik it; iip.on x.IikIi it
I;d M'lo liie luuuls lit 1 loillein. and atterwarcN ot Doi-
ir.aii . li'e iity iii'.sii'g lull'ered greativ bv hie, jiai-
tiLuki.iv in 127(1, vas reouilt in the haiuiiome manner
now Icen; I'.ie lenate having made an order, iliat
I'viiie of the iioj;. - liiould, tor the luiure, be biiiit wit',
luiilier, or n-ver^d with thatcli. In 1^50 il was al-
nioll dep.ipulal^d w.lli the iilagiu , wlmh carried oil
vail luiai'.ieis ol ihe inli.ibitaiit^. At pieleiit it is a
hue nobk- c:tv, Ipacious and well lorti.ied; two miles
in lcn:'tl,, and mote th.iii uiii: bro.ul ; the llreets being
III. til, unitoriu and wide. Mar.i' ot the llreets have
rows ot lime-tive. on the lide-, and a canal in the
middle. Tlie churches ar' ma'.'.iiiliieiii, ■.\m\ about
twenty of them ha\e iiigli Ipirc-. liie two chiet
Idvits leading fioiu the cathedral, and the Milkr's
Ciate, to the 10;,. d and calUe gUe, being tin: llighell
part:, of the city, are iiilerleCted by others that detceiul
gi.idually on e;ich tide to the Tiave and Wagiiitz Ri-
\ei^. 'I'lie iioufe.'. are large and llaiely, being; built
ol brick, covereil with tiles, geiier.illy high, and adoiii-
til with l(.\ilpture. The rncr 'I'rave brings lliips into
the very heart ot the city, whii li is near ten miles tioin
the lea. The largell vellek, however, unload at Tra-
No. 57.
cmuiiid, a ((;rl on llie bay ol' Lubeck. The princi-
pal trade is to Rig-a, Revel, Narva, and i'.terllnirg ;
,iiid the iii.c.ija/.iiies and warehoufes are w^ll Hocked
wiili the |)roduetions and cominoditus ot I'.ngland,
h'rance, Spain, Holland, tl-.e I'vall and Welt Indies,
i^vc. The f iriilicatioiis are llrong, vs'ell rmillicd, and
kept in goou repair. The ballions arc loU;/ and ex-
lenlive, tiie out-work', numerous, and the haven de-
ijiided bv feviral tort-, and ramparts. 'I'he I'cveral
market-i'l.ices are larg.;, and well !'u].'p!ie(i ; and the
public buiiii'.igs llatelv, p.irticulanv the t'enate-houle,
arienah, U .fpitals, &c. St Mary's church is the molt
(.oaiiderab.le in the pkice being a lofty ediiice,
Ihuiding 1:1 the midll oi the city, and has a double
lieej le, tv.o Imni'red and feveiiteen yard-, high, built
ill l,')04. The iiiliile ot it is |;r;)iulel\' o.iiAniented
■.Mill |iiil:'.r':, monuiuenis, 8cc. but tiiere are fev/ of
i!i'.'m whicii delerve much notice. The great altar is
ver\ riclil) cvcculed in m.irbie, by (^iillin, who did
I') many at Antwcr]); and near it is a tamous clock,
v.hiiii is the iiiotl remarkable obiect at Lubeck, exlii-
Inting the eliptic, zodiac, euuato;-, and topics, and
ihr pLui'ts 111 their kveral cuirter-; whicliaiv lo iiii-
luilely ilone, ih.it the Ihunn il am ot them l^ to be"
loiiiid ,it ever\ hour ot the d.iv. Il IIk'a^ ti;e ivi'ular
variations ol the cekllial bodie--, lull rili.ig and kmng,
t'l-.- ecliples teltivals, and (.tlier remarkable days; all
\\hich It will continue !•) Iliew till the vear 1875. Be-
iitks all this, there are leveral automatons; and among
otiiei'-, a tigure ot our Saviour, with a iloor on its
right hand, which opi-ning at twelve at noon, out
coiiie, ill cider ot pidcelhon, llie emperor and the
leven eldell elect. irs, and turning to the image, make
a iiaifoiind obeitance ; this the figure returns by a
wave ol his hand; atier whicli tlie whole gi'uupe re-
tires in tlie lame oreler, through a door on tlie left, ami
both docirs thut tiirectl)-. In the tower is another
piece ot machinerv, the chimes, which plavs the hours
with a plealing melody, and minute e.'^aciiiei-,. I'.i-
der them is the bell, on which is tlruek the hour. Tiiis
is perlormed bv a ligure ot time; whilll a lelier tigure,
reprelentinjf .Mortaliiv, and llamlins; at the other tide
.it the bell, turnv alide its lieati at everv Itr.
'f his
work, tor its |)refervaiion, i- lurrounded wiin a ti.imc
ot wire. By tlie iiikription it :iii[)ears to l.a'.'o been
erected in I-105.
.'\iiiong o||ler^ is a ver\' curious ])iece called Death's
Dance, wnich repreli.iU'- human beings in all ttatioiis
of life, from an empetor to the meaneR jierlon, and
f 0111 an old man to an intant, led round a circle by
li) many IkeUton-, lliewing that ileaih 1| ares neitiier
age or oii'ditioii.
.■'\ii' wh.at is iite, wiih ilk encompafs'd round ?
.Vini'.lll our hopes late llrikes the ludtlen woun^l.
'I'li-daj' tile tlatelman ol new lionour tlre.nus,
To-iiionow death ikllroys hii airy Ichemes.
1 . mou'.ily treafure in thy clietl conliii'd r
Think all that treafure thou mull Ic.ve Irjhind.
The heir with fmilcs lliall view the bla/.oii'd Jierle,
And all thy hoards with lavilli hands dilp.erle.
ShoukI cert.lin t.ite ih" uiijieiiding blow deho ,
'1 h\ mirth will liekeii, and tin bloom deca\ :
Tiien leeble ,ige will all thy nerves dil'arm ;
No more thv blood its narrow chaniiek warm.
Who then would with to flretch this narrow Ipan,
To lialler life btjoiid the dale of man ?
Tiie cathedral of Lubeck is a building of very great
anii>iiiity, being elected ill the year 1170, bv duke
lleiir) the Lion, aii'.elhir of the pnl'iit elector of
llanover, I'he occalioii ot buihling it is mentioned
in M\ iiilcriptioii on one of the wails, vi/., that lleiiry
the Lion, duke of Sa.xony, hunting in tin- pan ot
the louiitry, caught a llag with a g.'ld coll.ir and
crols about its iiei k, on which was tins inlcription,
ihc inc Cu'far donaiit, containing the date ot the year,
which w;is in the ivign ol Charkiiiaiii : and the cluke,
lioiu lurpri/.e at this accident, erected this caLhcdral,
7 1 lor
%
Si
I
r:y'j
) ir
m
' '■
€a6
A NKW ANo Alllll NTIC SYSTKM of UMVi.RSAI. (.l.CXiR ATI lY.
i
'1^
f
|i
ill
h-
S^'i
*J
'i.t
.'<■: ?
! i
I J
for commcnidnition ot it,on ih.'laiivj l;)i)'.,.iiul endow cl
it with ail liaiuilonu- rcvciuic. In tiii; lop ut the
iluircli !> to In- ki-ii tlic tiijuiv nt'thi' It.ic;.
All luuts I'.t this i.it\ arc idAu' v.iiii uater bv ln|K■^
fruni :i nltrvoir. 1 he next llaplc coi)uiiatlit\ to ci)rii
ih lu'iT, wIikIi Is 111 hit.',h fiUiiiat io!i, not oni\ as a
|ilc.i'aiit ruiiior, Inn as a nioilicine, when e\ternallv
ai>i'heil lO bruiles, woiiiuls, ?vC. Here are leMial
hoijntaU, which arc well hipiioriM.!. There is one tor
ancient ji'ople ot botli uxev, uhkli was oiiee a callle,
Iruiii wlieiue the eiti/.eiis ilio\e out the Daiiilh i!,airi-
lon. St. Ann's is tor or])liaiis, ami other chiiilieii ot
|>xir Inir^her^, who are inil.uoteil in l.'iiie haiulicratt
l)iilinels ; anil thtre i^ ,iii apartment t'H t!ie contiiie-
mcnt ot libertines and lunaiii-. 1 lure are t\M) other
holpitals tor the reeeptini ol jio^r iravelkr->, where
tliev are allowed three ila\ s retrellinieiit, ;ind then lent
tomard with a pal's; bitt tv;eii as happen-, to be liek.
are provaied wilh all neceli.irie'. till tho reo.ver or
die. ihc ncliell toundatton ot this toit is St. ( leop.'.e's
Cloyller, wliieh is ehielh tor the m.iintenanee ot luth
artiliecrs as arc jirowii old ,vk\ pall their labour. I'licre
IS alii) St. Cleririuie's hoipital, whuh i^ a pell-honle.
'I'here arc, moreover, U\eial alin--luHiUv, eiulmved
In the iiiereiiaiit-, tor the ir.ainteiianee ot the widow-
ot pei)r members ; belides lever.il little llreets ot lioules
tor the wido\NS ot other ))oor tili/eii'-.
'I'raveiiiuiKl, de|ienile!U on l.iibeek, trom whenee
it is but nine iniLs to the north-eall, and 3: well ot
\\ iliiuT, is a liiile lown near the mouth ot the river
'l"ra\e. One ol the >.>iiir.i- I't llolllein lold it, in ij:o,
tor 4000 marks, to the I .uheckers, who toriihed it
with t >ur sioi)d baliuin , elected a iiulit-lioule to i;uuie
the Ihijis at ni^lii, and tommonh keep a garriloii here
ot three or 400 inen, eoniiiKliuled In a I iii;j,lier ot l,u-
beck, who reeiives h.is 1 rdeis trom the buri2,oiiulU'rs,
and admits no perlons i.ito th.e pi.iee without a ]al-
ijwrt. It was lei/etl bv the i/.ar m 1(117, in order to
leeiirc tranlports kir Ins troojK, but he was pirluaded
fu ejuit It. There is a peiiinlula ii\er againll it, about
a i;uarter (^t a le.i^ue in liieiiintereiiie, whieli belongs
to the dueliv ot .\lei klenbur;'. 'llie river Trave riles
out ot a great lake, in the |uri!di:iion ot Sei;eberg ; anil
atlcr a ler|)entine courle, trom north to loutli, by Se-
jliiieri; and Oliletlo, turns llioit to the la;', waters
thecitv ot l.ubeek, ut which this town is the ji.irl,
tUcn tails into tlie ISaltie.
l)ldello, or Odello, on the r^er Treve, le\en miles
louth ot Se^elxr}^, I S well ot l.ubeek, ,uid 31 iiorth-
eull ot H.'-nibur;:, is a little old ti.vn, which was tor-
nierK a vcrv tlourilliini; ]>lace, ,ind tlie capital ot this
part, but lutiered to mu.h b\ ti^e iKi;.;iibourin<j, (irinees,
who contended tor th.is proMiice, and by ,: duke <\
Hrunlwick, who delho' n! it-, lalt-works, to tavour thole
of" lainenburg, that 1- L;rwUly deuu\d.
'1 raveiiilal, on the l.ime rixer, w ith.in a iv.ile ol Se-
^■cberg, is only noted tor leMial treaties beiwi\t the
kill" ot Denmark and the liuke ot I lollUin in 17CO,
tor ad'uliiiig the duke's right-.
Fiitiii, or L'tiii, about 16 miles trcnn l.ubeek, ha--
L'iveii title ot duke, aial feat, to the ;ouiiger Ion ul
llieiluke of M.illUin, ever lince the \e:ir I5yfi.
I'lweii i. a town almoll lurrounded b\ kikes: it i
l',ie i.apii.'.l ot \.hat is deemed a priniipalii_\ ol th.
lame name, li lia« a ] .ilace, which llands high, and
tommand- a beautitul [nolpert, ami is adorned with
plealant v'arde;:-. and a park. 'I'he niighbouriiig, lakes
and wooiis turnilli jrie..i i|U.uitities of tilh and timber,
uiH n the l.ik- of winch the inhaliitanis prineipalh
lublill.
Oldenburg, or .Alierbu;',. was ome a ver\ luiihde-
rab'.e town, but is now t.iiien to dei.i\'. It is iitualed
lu.ir the Ualtic, :7 miles north ot 1 .iibei , anil gives
ii.une to a fmall diitrii '. In ancient tinus the Sckivo-
inan kings kept li.eir iw.irt I., re.
Leiiibi-ii is a market tuwii on tlie eoiilines ot Slefwic,
not far Iroin the l.'.der. It is celebr.ited U>r its beer,
which i-. lent into many purta ot the cireuiniacent n'Un-
trv, and eVen tianlporietl aluoud.
Meldorp, or Meklorf, is a large town, i'Mn;:;;-.- .ir,
a river or ftream. called the i\'leele. It has i,,,,,!.
trade, and three market-plaies r..i!nd its li.uul,, ,;,(:
tinguilhed by the names of tlie north. [' uii,, aiui'ueii
nia:kets. Here i> likewile a public lili..ul twi the iUidv
ot the dallies and rhelone.
Heyde IS a large but -p.oor town, 10 m.le- to the
north ot Meldiop.
Kivmpi is .i imail open tuwn, 01: a little rive, ul th,.-
lame name.
(ihicktladt is lituared on tin t: >iih liik- cf th.- l-,,l)c,
i6 miles fouth-Wwi ot llanibuig. It 1- a ni.it well-
buijt town, and lo itrong .is to be deemed inipregnii)!.
The D.iiies h.ive 2COO men in ganilnn lieie, ana
loiiie nK[\ ot w.u in the liarin ur, which is \er\ ;'.it:
and Ip.ui'ju-. Here the CilviniUs have a eluiivh. t:ie
Roman Catholics a chapel, and the Jews a tvnagoi>,ue.
The town w.is ti.unded in 16:0, wlim Chiilli.in U .
king ot Deiimaik, ordered it to be c.illed G/.'aXy/,;,//,
whiih implies /-'t/VrtWrt/i-Viriv;. 1 h. re being no Iprir."-
about the town, the iiihalni.i.iis uIl- r.iin-water, or that
of the river. Thotc who are convicted of theft reteu,-
this tcntence; to draw duniu', lite, tlie dull carts bel(]i;H-
ing to the town, to whuh they .ire chaineil like ll.'.\i '.
Mredenberg, or Hriieiiburg, is a vill.ige on the
Stor, deteiided l)) a lalUe; it gives name 10 a lonl-
Ihip th.it has long been the ]'ropeity ot' the ancieii! aiui
celebrated tamily Ran/aii.
I'rinieburg is a market town on t!ie I'inace, i j niiies
from Hamburg, and 14110111 ( iluekll.idt. It iso'nl) re-
markable lor giving name to a county which fell to the
crown ot Denmark bv tlie death of it, kill > ount, in 16.(0.
Aitena, a large and populous village, is joined h\ .1
row ot houles on thf I'.lbe to Hamburg. It h;'..l 1;
name trom the king ot l)if,n,ark, as it" is laid, pure-
ly to banter the deputies of Hamburg. The latter re-
monllrated to liiin againll building this town too ntu.
their cit\ ; and having frei|uen:ly oblerved thereu|ioii,
in their dikourt'e to tlie king, " I)at is al le na,"
whuh, in the language of this couiitn, i, " It is too
" near," the king, taking particular notiieof the tlirci-
kill monolvlkibles, laid to the deputies, he could not
excule himlelt, it he did not g.i on with the buiklings;
but that to oblige them, he would call it bv the name
they had giv^n it. It w,i- t.^rmerb .1 refuge, not only
tor mlolvelit debtors, but e\en maletartors, that came
trom H.imbuigi beiaule, though the iniiabitants, a
tew lilhernun .ind lailors, fubiect to the king of Den
mark, depeiuleil intireU' on tl:e trade and bulinefs ••!
that cit\, Ul it w,;- .pine out ..I his uiriuliction. 1'. ■
noted for a ircatv in i6«'), Ihuvim i!ie ki:ig ot I).:.-
mark and liie duke ol I IniiK-in-C loiioro; but iiuku
more t(v,- Its calair.il\ in 171:, when C'luinl Sleinboch,
the Swedilli geiierai, having jull defeateil l!,e kin:' •
Deiim.irk ;ind his aimv at (i:ulebulch, came and nu' ,i
this town to the urouml. The realons pretciukd i.\ the
Swedes v.eie, that magazines ot b.re.ul, fair, N- .
were pii p.-inng here k.r the Muicovitcs a;.d .S.w.ii, .
and that it w.is p.irtK in irpriliil lor the burning -I
Staikn, and other cruelties cuiiimitted In the I)a;ies:i:i I
Muleovites in the duchies ot Brei-.ien ;'.nd Poniei-aiii.i ;
but theie w.is this ditierence :is to Siaden. that the I >,iiv -
belleged it in form, and deltrowd it by their bomb- ;
wl'.ereas Steinboih was luilged to act the ]\irt of an 1::-
cendi;ir\. As liion as he ap|iea:ed before -Mtena, ;•:■
lent III .1 luellage to advile the inhabii;nis to r,:i!
with what ihev eould c.irr)' off, for that he was gi i; >
toilellrov tl'.eir lo.Mi. .The magillrates came oiil 1,:
a body, .uid, killing :it his teet, sillied h.im jO.r.M
rixdolla.s to five ihe town i but Sieinbock infiiiul ,1:1
2oo,oc», wIikIi thev were readv t>i comply with, .'.1, !
only deiired time to go to Hamburg lor the inonev , I c
theg^eneral would admit ot iiodelav; U) il;;it the pi- r
inhabitants Were obliged to turn out ; the muihc . -.'.ilh
their inlants at their lireall , and Ions wiih ih.ir.i" d
and iiilirm jiarents on their backs, others groaning i n-
der loads ut houlhold-good- , and all lamentiiig their
fate with the moll kimeiil.ible cries. 'I'he Swede;
llood at the barriers with tkimiii^ tortlies-iii their li.ind-
wiille
J '■
^\^IIY.
hiriic toun, I'anc:;;'.;' on
.■ XK-i-U'. It li.w ;,.iiic
S IuI'.IkI lis I. i.Ullli, U'''.
iC r.orili, 1 uii,, i'.r.ii u-i;
iiblic Uliwol lui tlic iiuJv
r ir.wn, 10 \k\\c~ [■} t'.K'
a, n;'
littl
-•t i!,:
,ic iviitli lull !■( lljL- I'.iiv;,
lurg,. It i- ;i iii.it will-
) hi- (laMUi'd Hiiprc^^ritbh .
Ill i;i L'.iniliiii iiutv, ;i!ia
irlniir, \Oiiil\ is \iT\ i.it.
iIImI's W.iW .1 (.IllilVJl, til.-
Ill till.' Jcv^s .1 tyii;ii;i)i>ui.'.
bio, u 111 II L'linllian l\.
; to W f.illi-'l GltiLkjiiuii,
'. 1 ill IV Ikii\;!, no iini-^^
Its i.i!l- rain- water, or that
n)iivicti.-il ol llictl ri.'i;ii\,-
, Ilk', till- iliill I arts bcldi-.L'-
V .in- tiialivjii like II .'.\i .
r;;;, is a vill,ig,c on tin
it givi-s name to a loai
ropcrty ot tlii' aiKicnt am;
■11 on tlio I'inacc, i_^ nv.ii^
( iluclsHailt. It isonl) n -
a covinty w'nicli tiil to tlu'
ill .;.t it^ hill < 'Hint, in 1640.
His \illatii', is joiiK'd h> ,'.
to 1 lamlnirsT. It i',;',.l 1;
ir.avk, as u is laul, \mi\-
l-laiiihu!;j,. Till- lailcr r.>
niildini!, tliis town too mi:
ii'iitlv oIulmaliI theivuiinii,
iiig, " Dat is al tc iki,"
his couiitr}', is " It is too
irtiiuhir notiicot the thrci-
le ilf])iitics, 111- lould lilt
ijv. on With ihf huiKlin>!,s
Aoulil call it bv the luiiu-
riiierU a retui^e, not onl;,
11 aialct iilors, that lanie
hoiis^h the inhabitants, .1
jibieil to the kin[i ot Dcii
thi- trailc aiiil bulmel- o!
t ..I his mriliUction. It i-
lu iwiM liie kin;j, of IXt.-
Ilein-Ciottor]); l>iit niu.il
, V, hen Count Sleinboch,
lui! ilcl'cateil th.e kin;; '
iilebuti-li, tanir and bui,;t
le realons pnt^iukd Ia the
IS ot l-.fead, h"ir, N. .
Mu'.ujvitis a:.d S,'.\oh ;
j.iilal tor the burning' '1
niiiilted b\ the I)anesa:i 1
Brer.K'n and I'oineraiii.; ;
to Stadeti. tl'.at th>' D.iiv -
ro>. ..li ;t bv their bomb ;
I to aoi tiie jwrl of an i::-
,]iia ed betijie \llen.i, i'l-
the inhabii '.Ills to r/!ir.
!T, tor that he was liii;'
iiKU'jUrales laiiie out 1.!
teet, otlired him jo.r.-.i
lut Sleinbotk iiiliiiid"'i
■adv to ii'iiiply with, .11. i
iburij, loi the humka , hi:'
o (k'l.iv ; ho that the |'i" r
n out , the iliothe's '.'. :lh
and Ions with ih. ir .i" d
aks, others jiroaiiing i n-
anii all lamentiiiii; tlmr
Ible cries. Tiu' S'.veiK';
linsj, lor^hcs la ihiir h.i'nl ■
wink-
^>T
EUROPE.]
DENMARK.
627
while they palled, and, before they were all gone out,
entered the town, and let hrc to all iiarts of it, whieh
burnt Qooo houles, with leveral tine inag.i/.iiies, and
»he l'oi)illi chuieh. Several old men and women, be-
lides intants, |ierilheil in liic ihuiies; but the)' :,jariil
the Lutheran and C'alvinill churi'lus, with about So
houlL's liiai hi\' neaivil to H.imbui;^. Never w.is
ureaier delolaiion known. Rut what c-oiii]iieteil me
rum oi this jilaec was the raging ot the |)!,iii,ue at the
lame time in Ilollk'in, tnloir.ueh that the Haiiiburgeis
were toreed, tor tlieir own |ireleiTation, to lliut the
rates :igainll their dilliilled neighbours, many ol'wlioiu
perillieii with told and want. The king oi Denmark
relieved them as lar as the neeeirity ot the times would
1,'trmil, and i.iuied them to be l'u[)piied witii materi.ils
lor rebuilding ihiir town. The buildings at Altena
are now bitter in appearanee than thole ot llaiuburg ;
the llreeti are llrait and regularly built, wide, and
well-iiaved. "Iliere is a town-h.ouk' erected; a-.d le-
veial other inilhii I uildings Ihew that the ])late is in
a liourilhii;J and i;ii]Toving llate. '1 he iiiereliants
houles are on the water-. ide, lo that Ihips unlo.ul and
load at their iloor-. I'he king ot Denmark made it
ijie llapi.e ot the Danilli Kail India company, which has
b'-.'n ot ver\' great iin[)ortance to the tonii. This mea-
liiie w.is an admirable one tor .'\ltiii:i, by mians ot
lier tituatioii, dillribules the India goods were no
otiier town m Denmail; could: Ihe lends large quanti-
ties into moll parts ot Cieiinam, and herein ri\als the
Hamburpers, who .u'e lorced to buy theirs ot" the
Dutcli. I:i all lliele |)oints the interell ot' Denmark
has been viry well contidered t'.)r this lall ceiiturv',
trom .1 n.)ble attention in th.eir kings to pro. note what-
rve:' has been moil tor the iiileivil nt their lubjeCts.
Toleration is allowed liere, which is denied at Ham-
burg, to all Chrillian lein-, ot whom there is laid to be
a greater variety at Altena than in any city ot I'^urope,
except Am'.lerdam. I'he Calveiiills ot Holland and
b' ranee ha\e liandliiinc chuiihes, built all together on
two lidos oh the lame court. The Papills, tho' tolera-
ted, arc not li publicly couiitenaiiceil as the I'roteitants.
Kiel is .1 town ot great trade at the mouth ol the ruer
Swentin, o:-. a b ly ot the Baltic, and the capital ot all
H')ilUin, 17 I'.uies eall ol Kenlburg, 2401 Cioitorp,
.-;6 north-wei't of l.ubeck, and 4» north ut Hamburg,
and I'.nds betw^-en hills on an arm ot the k.i, where
it fof.'.is a hike. It has a good harbour, well tVeijueiit-
ed b\' Ihilis ii'om (ieiir.anx, Sweden, i\c. and is po-
pulous and wealthy. Both the town .-.nd harbour are
defended b\ .'. i.iliie on a neighbouring hill. On the
right, or eail-l'de ot this calile, the lea wathis its Aalb ;
and on the other lide of the bay there is a deligiutul
country, though wood\'. <.)n the left tiiere is a ..nali
arm of the tea, a:;ii another delicate country adjoining
to It. I here is a garden l.uing this calUe, which is thc
oiiK phiie wliereb', Kii.! lub co;umuiiicateil with tiie
mam land; o.iU 10 tiie ielt ot the cattle there is a row
ut houles leading to a vuia_ie cilicvl Hrunl'wick. Tiii-
garden wliicii ll.unii along the lea-lide, is above ice
]>aces broad, and coniil'is ot a terrace walk, levelled
with the toundation of the calUc, trom wlunie there
IS a del'ceni to parterres lull oi all Ions ot liowers, and
adornc<l with ak'untain and wildcrnel's : .mil this K.uls
lo other I'arlerriis, trom \v hence there is a Imall nkuu
10 ar.other ternue. It lurt'i.red veiv confiilerablv
liuring the war be! veen Sweden and J)enniark. ;\n
unlvirlity w.is elMbhlhed here by the iluke in 1 665,
whii h h.is had m.mv learned proteliins. It is divided
into the new and okl town , ot which the tornier is the
l.u'gell and moll plealant, the Iheets being planted with
rows ol trees. 'Ihe old town, which is ,1 lorr ol peii-
iiilrila, is loriilied by deep ditches ; and there aie line
walks ot iiees on the harbour. 'J'liere is a [ulaee hieing
the toun on the north-lide, liut it is in very bad repair.
Here are leveral coiiliilci.iL)le byildings, particuiailv a
huge church and an holpital, vvhkli, belore the retor-
tnatioii, was a hrancilean luoiiallery.
■] he tiade ol this lovvii is not lu conliderable as it
vy;is in the time tit duke l''rederick, who lent an em-
l.ally lo I'cMia In 1633, to iettle a conuiiene witli thai
country. But it is much enriched by us yearly fair,
which is kei.t for three weeks ;ifter tweifth-day, and
fitt|uenteil by multitudes ol all ranks, elj.eciallv' by
the nobiiitv and gentry oi the duchies or Sielvvic ami
Holllein, who meet every evening at a iioule, wiie;e
theie IS a variety of gaming; and very otieii p.irties are
made for lujiijer, which is g.'iicrally li)llowed with a
ball. \'all lums ot money art hti- i.^gociated ; and
payments m;ide of lums contracted belore-hand, ;is
punctually as by an Amllerdam banker upon tlie e.\-
i lunge; iiilomuch, that the man who does not j.relervt-
his credit at this lair, is lookeil u)x)n as a l..u;k:'upt,
and lubie^ned to puiiilliment, bclides the Icandtl.
During this lair Hamh.iiig looks like a dii.nt, b.. .u'.c
everv bodv hurrii . either to pay their rents, to renew
their leaks, or to let out money, <kc. by wl:icii means
the town, vvhiili at other times e, but inconliderable, is
lo full, th.il it is diiiicult to get lo lg'rig«.
The old town is ki'iarati'ii tio.n the ni .v one by a bridge,
at tile LwA whereol is a draw-bridge and gate, guarded.
Reiilhurg is lituated near 20 miles welt ol Kiel, and
32 lomh-eali of I.undeii, being near the borders of
Sleiwic. It is fmall, but well built, and very ilrong,
having modern built fortilications, a capacious morals
on o;.e tide, and a neat old calile, with a round tower,
on the other. I'he town is lurrounded bv the river
h'.vder, wh:c!i lorms two Imall lakes, and abound with
tilh. It is divided into the old and new town.
W'lliler is a fmall town on a river ot the lame name,
ii\ miles from (iiuckiladt.
Itzehoe is a fmall town on the river Stor, whieh is
navigable trom thence to the I'.llie. The country from
hence to Hami;urg is remarkably plealant, and ex-
ceeding fertile. 1 he town is divided into the old and
new, the latter of whitli is extremely well built. Here
is a Lutheran nunmry for ladies of quality, but they
do not make vows, or lie under thole rellrictions which
are cullomarv in Roman Catholic convents. It conlills
ol an abbtis and 19 other ladie. , and has the advovv-
loii ot leveral churches.
ISL.-WDS, COMI'RI-.Hl-NDIVCl THE I'RIN'CirAt, P.VRTS
an':j Places iv the DANISH DOMINIONS.
W
L ani.ex our delcription of the loUowing mlular
to the loiitinental part.-, ot Denmaik, becaule,
eollectivelv coiilidered, thev ale the leal ut regal and
kgillative government, contain thie luetropolis of the
realm, the general .ii\ hives of the nation, and are the
loiirces whence liow the chief political, civil, and cc-
lieliailical decrees, llatutts, ikc. Add to thele re.i.ons,
thev are lb ablolutelv blended with, and nearly conti-
guous to, the other main jiarts ot the iiati. :i, tliai ir
would be impoiilble to delcribe Dennii'uk as a king-
dom, without taking them into particuhir conlldera-
tion. I'he other illaiids, not lo immediately co.ineOteii
with, though fubiect to, or de|)eiidant on, Denmark,
we lliall delcribe m our .iccount of the illands in thole
leas, where thev are relpectively lituated.
Hekire we entir into a delcription of thele jmrts of
the DanilJ! nvmarchy. it is nccellaiv to pireiiiile a tew
obli.'rvali"ns conceriiing the B.iliic. 'Litis lea, or ra-
ther inland gulph, lituated between Denmark, Sweden,
(iermany, and Rullla, receives into its bi>li>m le-veral
other guljihs, particularly the gulphs ot Fliuand,
Bothnia, Livonia, and Dant/.ick. It is remarkable that
this lea, or gul|>h, neither ebbs nor Iknvs ; and tiiere is
always a current from it, that lets thiough the Sound
into ihe ocean. It is hkewile generally fro/en over
thiee or lour months in the winter.
ZLLL.VND, Zl'lALAND, or SKLLAND.
'V l.LL.AN I) is the iiKill c^tenlive and fertile ifland of
^-^ the Baltic, and the principal part ol the kingdom
ol Denmark. It is bounded on the call by the Sound,
wliiih divides it from Schoneii, and on the well In the
Cfjater Belt, which I'eparates it from luiicu. The
illands
^^1
' -1 1
i . il
til
il
» ;■
•'H
§
i:8
A NKW ASM) M"! illNTIC SYSTl'.M of I'NMN I R^vAF. (IF.CKIRAIM IY,
l1
i
■ 'J
h'^i'
Mr
'^1
''"( m I .
I.'
; f
I
f
#i
irtaiuls of Moon, I'.illKr, aiul L;\laiiil, lie on tlic
limtli; anii on tlu- iiiirtli ai\- tin.- t'aif^r.iti.- ;in>l Siliagir-
rack. ll I-- almolk ot a roiiinl tliiin, lui.i;; 70 riiil.s in
dianiclfi", and about ;co in i in uiiitk.riiuc. 11. c land,
in general, is low, and wry tcrtilt;; and it. woods tn-
rclts, &c. abound uitli eanu . 'I'lu- foall is indent. d
\\it!i iii.iin i;uli'ir, b.n • . ^;^■^k^, Ut:. wiiiili an- ot
jircat i.oniniiriial ulc, .i-. iluv atl'ird many Iccuro i,.u-
boiirs. I'lic lea va|)<iu;> remUr llu- airthiik, but not
lin\v!;i>iroiiu-, as tlii' jao) le Ikiv, in i^en'-ral, live to a
vi-r\ old ai;f; but liny ;'.:\ i.uil, dilpiriiei!, and in-
a.:tive. Zcal.iiul is ili\i,kd i;it>i ;'j bai'iwiiks, talleil
lierrits and ilicli- cor.i.vii y/i paiidv^ witii lev-ial
lo-.\i>, ^.e.
Ot tl\U
ir;a-
conliJev.-.
cipal is
Co|'cnliag,cn, the ea]iial ot the ulio'ie kingdom.
Tliis eitv takes its name troni I'.ii- comiiioil;< ulnels ot
its port; lor till- word illelt li;;uir.cs, 'Zi'if .\/<T(7v.'«/V
Perl or lliiicu. It is fituaied on tlie ea'.lern lliore ot
Zeelaiul, upon a line bav ot the H.dtic, near tlie ibait
called the .Sound, in 55 deg. 40 mm. north Lit. and
12 ileg. ^6 min. call loin;.
Cojienl.aL;en was ongmallv a mean little v;l!;ipe ot
tilliei!i:en'- hut;, which., bv th.e :'.ri;!iance i:t th.e billvips
11} Roiiiiiid, j;r.iiluallv role to be a conliderable toun,
and at leni;tli \\as deJ.ared a lity, and made the
ro^al !cat ot the Dainlii lov, reiiTiS. Ire lioiiles were
tonncrly ot wooii; but in the \e:'.r lyiS, almotl tlie
whole eii\ was reduceii to alius in lire; anil lince that
time it lla^ bn.n more lumpiuoutb an.l lecureK biii't ot
tr..'-ltoi!e. "I'iic ircn reigai;!^:, kii'.i; exhaul'ted inimenl'e
treaUneh to cr.^rr a lupetb ]i.iiaee; and the town is cm
beUilheil wuh eii.>_,.int lioulis, beloiyj,in.; to the ntib.i-
lilV. Il'..l:'.^ r.".ai:r,:rui.;u diurclie , and other elc;j,ant
pui'lic ciiil.a'-. An ini:ui:i us }.h litiuiian, lio\ve\cr,
who '..:■.; vcr\ l:itei\ in ili.s iii\, V.w-, " to tew pertons
\iiit ihis i:;etroj oils, or i.ir._i;<.liin, Irom motives ot
turi(-;:tv, that they are cuite lurj.ri/.ed when 1 allure
thcni I li.i^e no lort ot burinel-- here, and am only cm-
1 loved in the learcli ot kiiowlciige. '1 h.ere is no t..ce
(5t' indultr\ or bulincl'. h.crc; ami C'oi)enh.igen, thout;h
one ot the linell |)ori^ in the worlil, can boall ot little
tomiiicrce. 'I'he |>ubiic places are tilled with olFicers,
cither in the l.ind t-M" tea lcr\ice; and iiie\ api'car to
cijiillitirU- lhue-K.uil!.L et the .•.udi.'iite, both at the
comeily ard "he ojicia. The ni.mber ut tories are
indeed iiiuch loo large tor this little kinndc'ni. They
tan boat! , 11 is trui, a \all cMwiit cl dominion; b.ut
i/iuhat imj.ortance are the baiien and almotl uninha-
biti.d r.'.i'Ui'.i.iins ot N'orw.iy and i a] lainl, ibtUliing
t'lthe i .le, (.r i!ie |)i.;;nb ot keiaiui, wiieie the mliabi-
t.mts iue Jet, and will jiropabiy i.\er reii.;im, in the
moll j.rolouiid luibarilmr '1 heirilominio.'.s in 1 iolllein
are b\ f.'.r the rv.ull rieli, and turnilli a la,'y,e 1 art ol the
r. ixal i\ venue. 'I'lure :'.,etl , indeed, no '.Iront'.er
pro'jt ot th.e povettv ot the km;;dom, than the tiaivity
ot' ipetie. 1 !;.i\e teen no ;^o!d, and hardly an} I'.iVer.
'I lu\' \K\\ evciy thing in [ aj er ; ami it \ou lole a
lingk: doil.u" at tlic caid-tabit, or the billiard-table, it
i" '.',iven in a bill." The i\i.eil-n>\ c-t th.e haibouris
oAing to the ilhiiHi ot Amack, which breaks ott" tlie
wave-, ;ind lliclter:. t.-oni the lurge ot the lea. Here
Itanb the arelenal, tlic c.wiiang-:, tiie lallle, ami the
mint, w:iii about 500 liouli.., ki.own bv the name ot
the N' w 'I'own. 1 he whole eiiy i.t Cojicnhagen is
al)<)ul ;i'>e iriile.i in enxiimtere.nee. it In s very low;
but ihete i-. .1 tiling grouiid within about h.ilt a league
ol II, ai'.d l.'.o •!! three little hills that cover it on the
welt-ll'le, lr(in wluntc the iit\' may e.ilily be bn:;.-
barded. It ha- a \er\ regular uta.lel on the north and
north-Well, built on tiie lliore, uitli levei.d line baJii-
ons, wit!! ravelins of i.uih, wvl! ll.ind with laiinon,
ami p'aliila.'Oeii. 'lin other hlis me ot more diliicuit
accels. bv r^alon r; K.:r!li' . Ihere are liveral royal
baltloiif, 'villi ravelins betou iliL cmialiis which reach
from theiilatiel \o the le'Uih p. 'I, and eontiiuic bc\ond
the arm ot the li.i, wha h l>.jarate.i Z'.eland Iruin
Aiuack. A circuit cl lortiticatioii-, coiililUii^ ot ci^^lit
royal ballioii';, and a raxelin, endolis the new rin-, f!ie
port and iK-et, ami taces the tulbooth, or culh n;-
lioiili' battery, .vhuli leciircs the entry into the i.in.n.
'I'lieie toftilicatioivs m.ikc the city ot a i-uuiid lomi.
'I'he luniles, which are not above 7000 in number, do
not take up above halt' the ground cncloled. The en-
trance into the harbuur is lo narrow, that one Ihip
onl\ c.in pals ai a time; aiul this entraiue is llmt up
every night with a llrong b.ioii. The eiladel on ohe
lide, and a g.-'^'d block-houle, well turnilhed with
cannon, on tte other, nMrmand the mouth ot' it.
Withi.l this |i,i\^n rales the roval nav\ , every llim
iuaving its place alliL;ned to ii. A wooden galliry
ranges round the uhulc enclofure where the lleet lies,
ami is laiil o\er th.e water in liich a manner, that all the
ihips may be viewetl mar at han.l, as eali!\ and i()in-
modioiiily as il'tluv lay on dry land. Thi^ lurb-mr u
capacious enough to hold 500 tail, «heie ihuIat ti.e
wind or the enemy laii do them the leal! imkliiet.
The road without is very g.;cd and li.te, lieing tenced
trom the leu with a l.irge l.uul-baiik, on the points ot
whieli are always two buo^^ (hating to liirecl. ail llnji^
tii.it come in or go out. \ iere are no tides to t.ar, .ind
there is always a liiliieicnt de|.'lh ot w.uer. Se'iiu'tiinr,
indeed, accoidiiig as the wind blows in or out ol the
Baltic, tlure he-., a cuirent; but it is neither tiei;iient
or dangen.'U'..
The itlanil of Amack lies call fri>;n the ciiv i>f Co-
penhagen, on the other lide of th.e haven, and is lalkd
the (iarden ot Copenhagen. It isalmoll ot an oval torai,
and was eliiellv |)laiited by Hollanders lent th.iiher hv
Mirgarei, diuhels ol Savov, and governcis of the Low
Countries, at the deliie ot Chrillian II. who had mar-
ried her nieie, filler to Ch.iiies \'. emperor <;f (nr-
m:'.n\ . Hewilhed that liis i.uien might liavo pull'e,
ami oilier ganlen-llutf, pl.inled there, which none
knew li) well how to cultivate as the 1 lollande.s Halt
the itland was granted to them, and keep^ to this d.iv
th.e n.ame of I luilandelby. They Hill rel.iin the I^ukli
talhioiiv, ami kipplv Copeiih.igeii with milk, butler,
and eheele. The other halt ot the illand is inhabited
by Danes. Buides pulte, anil vlWv truit, which this
illand produces, here is alio |)k'ntv ot wh.eat, barlev,
and oats. It alii) jiroduces abundan.e ot' hares. The
inhabitants are indullnous, and their houles neat an.l
cleanly.
i lere is a place whiih ai)]iroaches nearer l.i
the nature ot a circus than a kiua."c. f'.ach Ink- !j
torniid ot onlv one lin;;le palace; and in th.e center i>
an equeilrian lUiiue in bror./.e, ot king krederick the
hitih. This j.lacc has a goiKl etlect, and is iiiuki
uiDie liandloiue than the I'laee de N'ie'toires at I'ar;
'1 iiere k a tine coUeiiion ut paintings in one ot iluk
palace , I'.ml a very curious private tiiukiim in anotlm.
Iki! the grealell luricihlies, natuiai ar.d aitilicial, h( ih
t(;r varieis and iiiiriniu: \akie, are jTelerveil in tht
Royal Muleiim, m ei^lit ihambers, erected over the
king's hln'arv. 'I lie i hamb. r , or a; .inineiiis, arc
large and well lurnilhed. C)m *■! theie io.,ms 1.
whiilly t,:ken up with iiadals ;inti'.|iie and nvKlir:.,
eaili tort being I- e| t bv thiililekes and \ery liaii..;-
outly arranged; and in a k| arate cale are coi.iaai^ii
the I'adu.Uis and other couiiiirkit mid.ik, whicli,
in workmanlliiii, lo mailv relin.ble the true Ciieci:in
and Riiman aiilii]iiitie'-, that a gotxl judge tan Icar ■ ■.
tiili:i;L:uilli th.eiii licm originals. 'I'lie leries ,it i:..'
modern medals ot iuiropean naiiiais are abklntu
complete, and thole ot each nation kept diUniet. 1 krc
it is proj-er ll.) ohierxe, byway ol e\| lanaih'ii, th.:t .1
I'.ulu.in, amongll ir.edalills, i' a modern medal Ihiu'.^
with ail the marks ami charaelers i>t aiiiiijuiiv. ill-
name is taken l:i>ni a famou. Italian ( ainter, i.i;.i.l
the I'aduaii, Iroiii I'ailua, ihe |ilace ot Ins biiih, ui, >
fucceeiled lo well in the cheat, that the bcli iiulges a:e
.it a lok to (lillinguilli liis niedak trom tiiole which are
really anlitjue.
/\mongll the natural turioliiies prelerveii in tl.e
cluuibcrs one ul tlic moll, rtmarkable i;, a |eiin.. 1
tl.hJ.
API lY.
cloli- tlu- new (in , t'\e
tollnKiili, or culK '1'.-
10 entry iiiti) il^e 1m-,. ii.
city ot ii ruiiml loio.
)\c "COO ill r.'.iinlxr, lio
i!nl likIoIciI. Tlif tii-
niirrow, tluit (nit Ihip
his iiiti:iiui !■• lluit u|)
11. '1 Ik- cii;nli.l OP Diio
e, well turiullied with
laiiil the iiKHith nt' it.
riiviil iv.uy, every liip
it. A wcH.Je'i galUry
me where tlie tleet lies,
ih II Mianiier, that all tl.c
kUi.i, as e.iliK and loni-
V land. Thi> harlvnir h
) 1;.;1, where mither tl.e
iheiu the le.'.(l ir.iKliict.
.1 and I'.-.te, being lenced
l-lmnk, on the i^Mits ■>{
uating to liired ail lllll'^
X are no tide'- li) tv'ar, .md
th ot w.'.ier. Sonietiine-,
il blows in or out ot the
_iut it is neither tiec;uent
call troiii tlie eiiv ot t'o-
)f" tl'.e haven, and is ealkd
I isalnioll ot an ovaltorm,
lollanders lent thither by
and tjowrnel^ ot' the Low
hrillian 11. v^lio had iii;'.r-
iiles \. emi'eror <;t da-
iiucen might have pulic,
mied there, which none
J as the Hollande.-. Halt
in, and keep-- to this day
1 ley Itiil retain the DutJi
liageii with milk, butler,
orihe iflaiid is inhabited
I ether truit, w hieh ihi-.
pL'ntv ot wheat, badev,
)unda;'..\: ot hares. The
nd their houles neat an 1
li ainiroaelies nearer ti>
a l.|ii;i:e. Kaeh tide \>
lee; and in ih.e center i.
1-, (,t kif.y, hrederiek the
.roml etl'e.-t,^ and is inuii
aee de \'ictoires ;'.t I'ar;- -
a;nlini^s in one ot llulc
ri\aie n.utLum in anollu:,
i.itu.al aivl uitil.eiai, h' in
ic, are i-reievveil m t;^
..r.ibers, e'.e^led over tie
.. p, or a; armieiits, are
OliL >.i ti.e'.e roolln 1'
.il-, aiiliviue and nvKier:.,
imle'ises, and \ery w.dw'--
1 arate <ale are eo!.ia:n.d
ur,ii.rU.i iiRd.il-, whiJi,
relenible the true (.leer.ui
;i oiiod judge can Icar.' ■■
inah. '1 lie kries _;)t t:..'
in naiions are ahlejluiuv
nation kept didinet. lUrc
way ol e\| laiKui>'n, th.'.i a
i- a iiuderii medal U;u'^
iraLlers ol anlleiUi'.^■ i i'-'
lou. Italian (aiuter. i.;;.i.l
he jilaet t)f hi.-, blith, \vi >
U, that the belL ukUV.s a:e
ledal- tnmi U\u\r whicii arc
.uriolities preferved in t..e
I lein.jkable i:- a jetni-i
il.hJ.
Fi'!iorr.]
n r, N M A n i:
Cy)
It wa:i cut out (if the motlicr's hi lly at Si v, ^ tained each of thcni nirrtc afii.\i of a
in CIiaiii|ia;^iie, in the year i^->i.
aster li ivni
t'.iere
bet
ween 10 aiu
lain
,iiKl tli.it It is a liii-
■ri
prry
Hi cole
le !are,elt ol tliein \vei:;lis two nuiie,..s .uid a i.il:
the others t
WD ounees ami a ili.i u.
I
lev ;ire e^-
innil lietus. aiul not aililieial, is tvidi'it hiwiiul all inmely thin, aiul each li.is three li!..',; ot u"'d ah lit
liiljuili-. It., Ik-.kI, Ihuiil !ers, and hilly, arc (.1 a its neeli, with i'everal eirele-; e.irv.il ii;)i.ii in,_- nirhde ot"
whililli eol.iui', and very iiuieh rt leinhle alah.iller ; the ' the urn, having one coniiiioM c-nur. '1:.;-, ililiov-ery
bael: and I 'ins are roiiiewh.it br<i\vn and h.ud'-r j hut, coi.linn.', llie aeeount.s ;;ivi'ii In- vari.iii, writ -r.,, t:,,u it
from die hips dowiiward>!, it is ol a red eoli.iir, and as w.is an ancient eulloni ainoii'j; ilie iio'il'vm ii.;;,.,!,, Ui
iuird I's p-rlect (tone can be, exaclly n renihliiij; the burn tlu ir dead, and tlun buiy th,.ir eollc'.leJ aihei
iiard Hit ot' Hones irener.ited in the bladdir. Tins in f;oKI,ii urns.
iiesii^, al'ti ;• it was t.iken tioni the iimthi r, v.a^ lull I iieie is another repiihhr.,1 inn (ilMnyll.i!, nla ■.'^■fii-
cinii-d to Puis, where it was I..K1 to ;i jewlh.r ct e.il li;'ure, whiih h.is alTo .i en!.! ii lii:;.' ai.oLit it, .mi
Vetrie, wl..> liappened to he iher •, h-r .;U. at : 1. wa . loiiiid n ai lkM>',en in Norw.iw
Ihrliii,;; ol wl,.iiii it w.ii aUerw.io
I ill le are likewile in this eulinlion O'Veral v l:',!s (jf
lieJeriek III. kii;;.; ul Ueinnaik, ler (,..l. ai.d addid i diii'eretit (izes, loine ol fj.il'.. ai:d others ot earth,
to this Culli'eli ,;■.. I which are e. died laeliryinal urns, or 1 lehrv n;.itMii.N,
111 one e.l the eli.,inbers are' to bo rein two i lephanu beiii'^ uled by the nneii-nt I'loii.ans to calei: tl
t-e;;i, eaea ■.mivJi.
an ninuiree
1 and i:
.t
.V pouiuls,
Irell were ihi;.; oat ol a U'lie ipiarrv in S.i.voiis
wce|-.in;.; trii-tids, whieh Were ulterwards ii.i.\ed uitl
ilhes ol the decealed.
In thi.i line c
t,.ete a.e lever,
1"
We lliall coneln !e our aceoiint ot tlii; eel hr:ited
f.t lib.r ore, du;:; out ot the iniii'.- ol' Norway in i6i,6, nuirc-uin witli a ilelerip'.ik-n ol the Daidlii .iiul Ol.leii-
or.e <■! V. .lie 1 w
ei^liN 46 J p.unuls, aiul is valaed at
Anoti-.er 1' eee, roiiRwhat hi-, is v.nue.l at ii.e Daiii'li horn is ol puie f;ol.!, we
in;; iionr, two euruilitus wlnrh a''e <>really aoiiiirei.
IltIis an liundr.
uwic tiiaii -i'.oc
\.'i\i beiir- I'o riea, tl;;it th; v
two ounces aiKl an lia!!, k f.vo li 1 1 nine iik I
:kone
li to conrain at le
Il t!
I,
1
u V
OUT, and holds abe.ut l\
are e nnpilej o
t aw:
:r,i II
one, t le crai ks cr e.iv-
T:,is 1
lorn was aeeidi tuallv dii'e.A'er
i]li.irts ot wire in;
eil in t;ie vear
ill I.
■ t le; ai to he ti!!;\l with pure vir;;in t'lver, v. 'e: ii,
■) ,0, nv a
lies ill broad ll it
line til
p. ale-, ;..,,! in
ut w II ;t i. in
n;i. J
I'.ieeis ot eire, are the- threa.l . or hraiie'.e-;
!i ;hc>. t e.iit an iiu'liorlwo hc\ oiid the
ciHintry j;
iii;i.in,l, ,v.]d i.s un '■•111
i.\' t!..' li ures
I '■ h; ro';!vn'.
irl, in til'- iiiee;le o
r r,
111
IV .1 '.>■• ee o
I L're
.1; aiitii'mtv,
earveU on t le <
u (1.:
|.'. W" ell le.
1 I i.ijiie.
ti; ■ tc ;in ■ 1 lin i:l tl
eveial
ken ainoii'j
oiii' r r;i: iiie •
lil\er ore J ore'
! t : 1 K . !
,v.d ill ti
r lenu'.ili
I'uiti' ;iii.
we'
, i^'..-. It ':■ likely that I'leie ol thet'c
''.::u,! to ri )!;;:'; -It thc'r ;V;tl'^: :;:'.l
'i.i'lv iri-J III I'l'-iitiee.-', as anv.;; .; ti .i
i, aiul i->:;ier 1. itioti , wh.o, upir. In. !i
e a ;;reat nolle v i;li hore.: am! tru:n-
lieni 10 i'.in;k cut oi at the'r loleii-.tl
llo leveral lar
■■(■ i^iece.-. of amber, i'vr.e en; ■•..'.ii
m:eiirs
wliieli. Hi on oil. i.;n : t.
T!:e O! l.'nburiT !:;irn i> of
eit\, were I,ui.
UlL
(liieiies i..-.>iit C"i penhai;eii, when tl.ev tuvtiiud l/.e UlilIis about I'ur ]i;iiind-. and i^eniiiiitlv en.un. -llej
'Il U -'. Tile 1 "■ r ;lli ;::i;iiju i-
^ lioriis i,l thi^ i:orn, whieli
aiul a-, to wh.;t tin \ t'. v (d its
ill,' tl) the lilies Ol' lihl tiee; tli.it wuli 'rem a-'d inir
ri- buiiid there, like the- I'uin on the plum-tree;, in r',,s lel.ite tnanv l.iluile
O'.ir :,. nil I,
aie not woitli ii.nialiii
III the lame ch.iniber arc a ur'.at inar.v laru* brriiieln s beiir' <'iven to v tl
o. i.r.i o
I Ol
111 tlie vear
cl isiiite L.iul \\ A eor.d, and
it
a ijSj, it is plain it ce.niiot he ol th.ii il.it , l.^r the I; ;ure:
jiiirol Ita^ s horns ;.;row 111;.^ o'at ol a piece ol v.ooil :,i a ami cliara,.ters on tiie oirli,
hirprii'.iii.; maimer.
;-e ■: I ,'ern ; w liii ii,
however, with tlie i ii inn lliie.r, and otlar or.i.imen; ■:,
I lire i, .1 hn.nail ihi.'ii bone tiuee teet three inehe,; are ol ixe-lieiu W'lihiiialilhip, aiii.1 ii..;ke it a \er
ai.l tWv' verv
i.n-. e teolla. Ihed-
tlirei; ^.i'Imis e.ieh, and wei;4hin^.; ; -• \. |".
.111; al' alt iilkl \ain,ilue eiiriiilit\,
s a pi.ee. An nu'ciii, u.^, tra\i
•{■| i-te w
br u^iht Iroin the I'.iiit lll'lle.^ ; and, it is lb 1. nlune:, in this eit\, I'.us, it
the palace c^t
uas eoi:llriicted by
hill lliiv liil.ii:., to is ol Ineh tireiij;tli, that il our hmioiis lni;.^o Joiiis, m-.d liaiids in tl.e middle ot a
a man li ipneii^ t 1
l\l^ arm or
hi
n the Ihelli , hi
den. It is l.nall
aiul at pre lent very little"
when tluv open, it el .ps tliein to;.-ither lo toreibly as to ' uled by the kini;-, in royal I'amilv. I here is an air ot"
rut the liiiib I
;intiiiuity in all the ajvirtiiients, t.i|'eilrv, ar.d knniuui
A piece ot ii'..i:hie i. prelervi d in ihi.; eolliitioii, which is not ihrplctiiicf, and inpnlhs with reipret.
Il t:.e l.iu
n 1 verv v.ilu.i
finiolitv,
tlie natur.il w i.s ot the liof.e runniii'; in Ineh a i.ianne;
i
till
le "rand l.ila, or diniii" roo ■ m pnieiil.U', 1, 111 tin;
li
e lianunu's, winch ar;- not ill-exfeufeJ, ri
uS . ) n j 1' feiit :!ie cn.kI li;,ii.e nl a criieilix. Sum;-, jir, lent the various aclions by te.i and land, whehdi-
i' '. d, l.r, .• liilp; ae.l the ri pnl'i ntation to have been v. rinied the aneictU laws b,l«een the .Swides anj
I'
to!
bur, ep, ,1 i'..- i.iei ,1 examination, it t.ppears D.inis, who reein alw.ivs to have had the l.ime riv.il-
.i.e'v I'.e V. 1!, i.r 1, itiiie. ' lliii) and animoliiv wl,ii.li the I'reneh and l-'.iiij,lilh are
.\inoi,i_; tl-,' ,r.;;::.i. I emiiili;ies ther;' is a llsLleton , ihUin;.::uilhed for, and whieh, 'tis probable, they will
np and animoliiy wl,ii.li the Ireneli aiii!
I
Pi'i.le ft i\
I'.K iiielu- h:jh. in i:iiit.i;ion ever, in lome dc'
rec, ntani.
At
d ol ti
<i uin I 111
It i^ III nil I iy lorm
I ll :md ]nit to- ;;r.i:ia ap,ntinen
t are three lilver lii
ions as larire as lit
i,.d.i r, th..t It m i\ 1..' e,ni!y t.d-.eii lor .1 natu.il
w ho teem, hv
the le
1
■1 >■ are li.veu ile two er
wliie iiiili.rv ll I'ur S.;M"iir ., p.iilar,, beautiiuily ex-
iieilixes ol norv, an
b;
erocity and rudenels ol their apjiear-
anee, delii.;tied to ch.ar.ideiize the aue and nation in
wliieiithey were rati. Here are levir.d cihinets li'!l ot
p. I .1,. in a pi
e.nvi it uoil
em 1' ins rarities,
wiii.'Ii th;' variiHls I i\i
■,ns ol IJeii-
.\
ii,.in 111 war 1:1 uor
rv, with Idver r:uiis, is a 111. ;rk luue I'ue'eclliveiv collected and lelt to their p ille-
i r oiv mill ll ailiiure.
as is iillo il wat
di made ol rii\-. Many ol them are intrinlieally vabiahle, oiiier.s
111 'x . y.itli
it:> \> luel., ,uiil iiiiivenien
onl\
iirelerved Iroin tome event or aecidt nt coiuu etee
li.eie tli^
are m,iiiv other i iiiioli:ies in ivorv, 1 v,\-A\ them.
fi'i-ry, L),-,x, a'li
kept t;
.uul other in ,:: li.il
ik
wlii;-li are
llrn. 'I
(diriltiiin l\
^ the hilt is a laddie, on which
lort ol triumphal entry into Co-
i^ ll!
pt tor the lake 01 their (lej;;nit woikimiiillrp. There ' p;'nha;;en. It is covered with pearls, ih,im''iKls, ;inc
i!,;w;ii;a eominon elien v-lloiie, on tlie liirlaee o
I I oth
\\it:d\ are tiieaav.
lieaib, hilt thiir tii.alh
ler preeiiuis llunes ; aiul tlic Ipin s a
1 tlr
ii.iieil wall [ewi I
lie coat worn hv t;ie Kin-.
mil
. s them appcir iiniier
led
onliire
lit helinet on the lame occaliois are hive
W:le co-
riiev pn I'erve likewi
Willi erii't
In tliis royal ripolitorv are ii.x golden re]ntlehr,il vered with pearl
urns, which were loiind in the ilkind ol l''unen in id;.-!;;, eare, a h.iiulkerehiel ol this |iriiie.
by a peai'ant, as he was [iloui^hinj;- his land, and con- ,, blooJ Iroin a wound wliieh he rcceii^d by a b,dl, th, t
ilviit with Ins
iSO.
7 U
ilerii\eil
i*ijl
'Ml
lii
iii.«
■I' iij
11
fc^
I
■'l<
'Nil
4
>4'
li
633
ik-priv'.M
us lllCWi.
A M".\\'
'.Unr.NTIC .^VS'llM or rNIVI,R-:.\!. CIXXiHAl'l 1
,1 liiiiA of nil c\v. The iiu'.n ss!'i ;\'.\ •■ir.' ni
il inc. w'uli I
■Hllt.U
loll in Ills i'iiiii;i ii.iii.
V .!> I I'.ilt
i..itl,'.n\!
(Vrr.l .t Ch.ulis \I1. ol >v
U
it t
iu;i a 1.
.1 ..t Cruncnli'
•:. 1!. (.1 Ik'
lii.it
,ii.i.l I'
Mill. I..nsi:
:r.c til U.i; t()\\i\ ic (■ ;ii.
1\\> !vl as fudi :i inoiMi.-li i;i.iv l.' In.-p.'i;,! 1>) l;;,u' ]v 'in,! Ii.i- ilic 'tii. :>.ai, ir.;,!. r tlif I'cii.ilty ot i
11, li.jiii ui' V. .!•; luir.'i'.r.i
W
ii'dino tliv' ni'.aiu
111 .1, ai.ii Wiiilil v.vil 11
i;iJ ::\, (.NiiiCfs Iin llri.ii,L-;ii ..'
boviv, h) its I
kit li.ni;', .\iul h<Kh tlic hill ,iiul
pollil ot hr.i
,1 I..U
llii' Nl
i-l \'u'i.riiii> tr.nv
I/, ■ .iii'l W',-i;.'i.: : t .0 1 '.uU- i> .It iv .'•!
, 11 lit .111 iiiiinlx
n:u!iT t;;f '.(.i-.u <>\ l.liiif.i.m l\ . -.iii
1 111- j;,irilcn': ..!' tlii: |il v.- conili'iit.' oi: • o' I.
tlivfirh-ii.. iM ih''^ C!tv, l!^ tlH y .:rc :i!\v.i\- < n. ii.
tc?lti\,il- (.i- >uiu!.iv< iir.iiil. K.'. w'r.]; ifU\\y.iU\. 1 ly ;',vc
r.,,:i.ii,.. I':;.'
tiiilt.iMi , Li:
If.
In i!,L- tr.
dlllV Willi
1.
,iit ;i!! ( w i!!i tilr-:i ik tn> i |,
li ( '
cit\ lu.i.i-'
\i;iV UilU'li \.
.1 c
I *.
.11 i;l I'
r> .11 1 ..ii.' : I 1
f. t: r i ' 1, ,
■1 ill- V .1 ■
l;i
luit n t
,1 cut ^^,;il t..il. , nr :ul( ; in
;ii.v pu'..iKUiins I'l ;ii!
H
I r.-u:. • \.;r.'H
;ll
'-.iL- li.itl;.- on
N.vni...
a w.lh ll;
a
r ... .■ v\
ill^ 1' 111'.
v'l 1. .1 .11.
■\ II.'
1 .in 111
lUi- 1'
! .Il.,i,
i;',' cxci'i'ii ll I'l w.t.- <■'■■ I.,"! I
I !'U lu-
ll ir. Ill' iiiiu. 1 ll \ • I
Ui'i .1 it.i
niun 1' .1 1 .iitiii', r.
a it Iroin lii
111
T.i'v i,l (lie \vi'nt''.ir. ■] ^^ N el It.ili.iii u.)iLi;.,iiiliii|
11,
■t' I.
1 ip.'.t r t'l ilii 1.11
11,1,1
I 1),
ll.
!i,iu'ii:'ni", K li'in' .a'
;i! ,1 i,iL' .iitiit li;i. iiunul ii
c;il ikill ;iiul Iicuitv in tlii
l.'.V L;rt'.'.t .ui.itnini , t.mt lunn 1 K ll. lu iir, ill tlu' l| , t \'.' i. re li > .1 i
'.titnili.' .nul iiuilcli , el liii' llu- Imtiils 111 t
It I I'
nil' IT" 11
( 1 '1, W
lU), ll
V ,111 i.'x'r,!!
iii.'.rv fxiitiiin I
t Uitnt'tli, 1,1. il'
\»it;i Ik. '.Ill
I:. .11.
Ulil'l I'lHMl, lllUl |-.ri',lki tin. I
l\V 1)1 l^l,^ ili.\' I l.ll S.
iIk' I'lii'v ll tiu- til
<V IK 1 l.niH 111
I
iitl!i.r pni'.ci|)a
I b
ii'iii'ii'j,' <
t (
v,iii;!K\gi.n ;'.Vi' il
or ll,i'-lc>
n j'liiii li..ii!i.', tliL- 1 p
,ii; '.iii'.t it im
li'.iil. ll ni.il.
illy, \\:;!iiiii! i,,i;r..ij'i:';.; it
■; .' Iivi.'H' I'l m 1, ;i!iil ,i
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ll ai!i', |iif null
t.iry ll
I'.irv, u : Kii 1.1 n-
t.iir.
to
nn - 4 -
lib
111! iiMinili ript.-, in
\Mtil
ll.iti
ol tl, • ilU'Tl', \.il.'
l.i.'i '.
aiul t:.c iKiivi. ll '\ .
• a 1.. ibl ncl, ll;
I nil U Ip'.
lUl t 1 ll
.11 1 •! i!i vi .ill v. .!U r, mil
rti.'ii ,t C'liiir.iin i. ("ll-) w.i-; Oil'-'
'I ti.
I li;.;- 1:1
ai s. it li.i
■ n.' It \,
VlUMl.Kvl
loll
t'..t
a ;l.i P
11' i\ , (' I tl :li
V, III ci I-pi'l'
but the
\\:'\ t.n (• .'p
\;.int o!
..,1 i:i
1 h .11
M 11.1111! Ill;, ol
.1 1 .V t.i I
't U'.l.l
.u i.irir
.li'ti tn.x.iril
ll.r I. .1, fill rutin. It
; \ , U'.i u;i,
;v 111 |i.':..li"i l!.i ir
I r
:i. I
.1 (Li: ..1,1
1 r'.".i;..l\ tl
t; •.' l.ll. a I
I iil.i.n t
li.i.U
,\:' I..C ('.mill
1- ul t.
t! n.ii i:i JH:
lii'il
iinil oot.iiiu ll 1. .ll
t \
!■. I'l.r. ,'.i;i a laii 1 1:
1,1 ll
r 1 1
•1 ao'niiii.iii-, nl.iii til'.' null, i;'.t>. i
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t 1 , \ n't; .1 "it I
> I i;'li.'. I,.i 1.1 I.
llnr t;i.' kn'Cit'oi.'.
Ol , \t 1! ll '.cli ru;,
\ .iir- \< I'. 'I I pt") '
ii^lv t..,ii:iili.-a ni t
tIll.^ ml
11
n 11 oil! V 111 tl
.111.1 p..itii. ill-' r..,a.i
l.l.J.li.' !■
in' 111 It t.
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.:i.i ily vili;
i liui:
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t],l, ll!'. , ll,,-.
pi..pi
III,
nt,i;:iL:, I'-' \\''n.a liaVi' it I'l ;ri \i ,
nni," tiMi iti' iiHiiii I .1
C.ir, 11
. r 1 1 ,1
I. mil
f;tv , I <.
Ill, Ml \i
in'i'i li.ii '.I
\ 'Uii'j; 11
1, .x'a ll
liicl
n u :.;) w.Tc Li.ii 11 ll upi
wii.i 1 ii.'j Knn; III
111 !■
ic !)v I,
I ucrt' in.ii
!ili' Viirc Mi'V iln a;i, .r
w I. n .ill li.c
! v.l.rii tl.t.r
1 1.' 1 .• I . 1!
't!.
11' WlMUlV Ol Oil,! IV,
11 .n l,K
T; Inn li. mil,, lool llii; pti 1,-1.1 m '.ii.i .i ' r
aia live
ilit I'lOW,
niiii.iii.W t;;.' low.i v
111
11, 111', llir I
thiir lii'i,.:! ll I
II \ 1 ri\ .,ii' |,iituin', iti.iii
kwi.t t'
V ll tin in arc il
iiii.i 1,:., 1,
I, ,1. Ill 1. I'.c ,S.,u
i.l,,!tr,.l 'i' v.,i\'.
.'ain.i 11
(}•,
nJ ll.i' I'. Mil ol >.ui>:,n,
iciii'.ir u,' ^ liic i!' Hill
1
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itli Km lal \,,iir'.; in- n il
■;n. ll ,i!ij in t!. ' vw
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' vw.ilit; Init ill, 1 1' tl.r 1.1 1,1 i.-i'.ir
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I i.iilt L\ the i
1,1,
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iviii linn that ill.i
11.1 1.
ll
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to iiiiir own 1 1
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III his puipi
i\lll " i ll ,,, 1 !
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.w linn ,illii a ;■ ■
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till' y.
irjti 11 I'l lilt, ir
a 1
kill'; li.il a I I'liili roiiv.iiy ilt.ibhilinl .;l Cp' iili.t-
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1 1 i V \i .
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11 i.iua I.
I..' Il'jllt ol \WlKll i\il V ll
ill .;i '."..1 . .1,
o\ I
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, Il.lllv ..ll.ilililliil 111 I ' ll
iii'ii. n lul a iiiliiiiit.iii,.' io
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toll, I I,'. . I l.<-.lU,i In \ Ui.
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. lltIV ill I III,!, ,il. I
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lon'cii'
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luhiiuJ it 111 I'lii' ;"■.'■■■■' ■■ • ■'
liiiiisriii-r.^i-' '1 ^'"-' •'''"'■
In..,'!.--; ;mk! iiiru'iiii'.i.r.i- : -
jit"ua. 1. .■'..•^il 11, '■'•''_ ^ '
Ivju.il in l'..'-' \i I'^l'
j..i;.-i I. r \\...ix;ii"!i
1:
.<l..iicc i.i' t'.i-' iu.iii''i; I
, Ui;,is lui- ii:...'.-.int; "' ,"•"
.ii.iuij.il cXlKi-ili'illts, ^'•
ll-[- S'lltli p.ut ol liic 11.''.
,..; S;c;l)ur/, that is •■ '■;
J ii.l'.ruuui.is, a^J '-" '"
ITiROI'V..] I) i: N M
fomc Ihulfius ami firvani^, wlio ;ii>plifil tlu-'mlflvis to '
li iiic iv.irtiiuLir lliii'.y. But I'laiiibiirg i.^ imw (;.iiii- in ■
ikciiy. The Ul.iiul 111 1 liitii bcloii;;-' now to tin-
Swedes.
rilc I'luiir in V. iiiili 'I'ncIio llralic ufrd to lit, to
inaki' lii.i i.llroiioiiii'.iil obU-ivatioii.s, i.s I'lll prclcrvoil ,
Ml tlif Uov.il Miikimi, .nul liilil. by I'lc I)atK<, in
the lii;;inll vi-iur.i;i<.n. " '1 iius (f.iN.s a jiulicimi.s tra- ''
\cilir ill ;i ktirr to a Iriiiul) it t\ir happens I 1 iKcil
iioi K iiinul \oii iliat tin- ullroiionu'i- Kii.ikii v.;.< iliivcii ■
hi. Ill hi< iKuivc cniiiitry liy l.ich.iii aiul in:ilc\iili lu'i- ;
11 tli.u l.r ilii'il at I'l'.iiiiR', in il.e I'rr.ii, iii.il iiiulir llii-
proliciuin, oi till' L'liij.iror RovKi;i!iii , who liu-ltuvii
tlu> iiliuiiii.ii.s lii;;itivi', iiiul atlouUil l.iin an .ilJiiiii.
Or. |ol .il.iii'... !iiii'<, (o i.lti II ipioicii un hmilar una-
lioil.-, au' MTV ap.piicbk- :
'• '^ I- nation,. :Ii.n!v wif..., .i;;.! nican'.v juif,
'• III LuiyM iiKiit r.iilc tii^' laiils luiil."
i:..l!n-Ll., C.ilViibur;, Uiilj;lli V.c, I'nllo, K.m, ,
W arK'iilniij;, N'.-vitaii, Skillkor, aiij koilor, ..u-
plan.. \Uiii'h contain nuthiiv.; woilliv ot J.i iu.iti.pii.
I'ml.rii'krmiri; i.s a Imall town, :j iiiiU n ililiaiit
tioiii l\'p.nliaj;( n, to tin- iiortli-WLil, anil iS Irnin ,
11. II. iiiiir to till lontli-wtlh It is i-oiili<!i rahk' i.flK by
the ll.iiJv iMllIc aiul ii.val p.ilacc vvliii-li ttaiuji near it.
'1 ii.il iiliic w IS loiir.i ily Init a rni.'.ll t. .it biloir. i;,;.; to '
a pnv.iir riiiili man. I^ll^■; I'ri'ik'iu '.< II. Icili;.;
ih.iiiiiiil uiihiis litnation, bi'ii;i;ht it ol linn, and I'l'-
r.lii to mi.iim' It. lli.s loll, i:hrilli.iii l\'. In.illicil it.
Thi.i is llif Wii.iilks ni Piiiinark. Tlit h ulc is
built on piles in , I I. iki'. Tlic boily i.l llif caillc eon-
lills ol a very l.iir liont., v.idi two ;;ri.;n wind's. 'I'lic
cli.ipcl ii well ailoine.l, a.ij coveinl witli i^ilt copper. .
J: lia.i I 2 lilver ihitm s of the apollks ; aiul ail the liuUs,
bolts, i^c. were liKcr, till u w.is i)luiiilereil l.v the
^^\^.^^.■-. 'llic lia'il is aJi.riieil with pain;iii;;s, iiiiJ ha,-
tlie piehires ol kvcr.i! nl tl.i l.lii;;s ut Duiniail., aaJ
ol the royal lainilv, a-. lar|.'e a.s the lite i aiul a hainc
o! p.iiiiti;i;;s, wliieli reprtl-.iits the lea aiul lar.J battles '
oi ilie k.iie,s ol Diiiniark. It is huii;; wi;h rich t.i-
p.'lrv ot nioluir, rrprekiit'iip,- the a^;!loll^ .ui.I [•.'.'.il. ;
ol I i'.iii!'...ti IV. 'riur..- i: a is'.liery wh\!i ii,!, tioiii
ti.eei;.li 1.1 th. lull ol .luu.iii.'.', niloiiiei! u ith pi^l..i:e- ,
Mo.t ol \.Iiu!i ue.i' b .U'.'.iit ill Il.iiv. I K r;- is a [ ;rk ,
al.ioii; nin.' iiiili.- k'H;., nt a p'.-op. .rti. ii ilile b..:;i;'.li,
.f.d iiuerl|'i ilv\l with po.ii-- aiul Iilli pnul.-, wlili a
|...!.sH;.'- ni ;,i'il! plo.'s, liilltuks, ami l:n...!l vailie-. '
It V .1-, llo,k(\l wiih l.ill.nv Jill- ho'ii Kii;.'Jai:',l. 'I'lure
is a pi.-ttv lI -wer ;.MrJen bihii'.-l tlie cauie, in tlu' \v-;y
l.-.\i- , III which, tlioi',;li it IS < Nceevhii;; ilup, tin \ l:,i\e
biihi a kind ol terracj on p.les that coll .in l.ir.i.IieJ
tl.i.iiiaiul I towns.
Rolciiiid, or Roil.'M, h'. s at the !v.<tto:n of th.j l-ay
ot ir.lior.l, ,iiu! 1. ri mill s ilillant !i-..in C'opi nh i.,. n
to till- V, ,'.l. It w.is toiinerly the ciiplt.il ol Uiii-
luark, v.lun the kini; rj^liilcJ there; but liii':i they
liivc I'lol.ii C.';v.'nha;;en lor their refuk iier, it li.i.-.
ilwiii.lh, .1 J ,-,a;l. Ill p.>int ol importance, aiul is niii. h
ilecavi.,1 \.;..h I. ;'.VLi to wcalih aiul coimuerce, Ol
.!7 clni; cii. s, whuli tormirlv cmlKllilhe.l this town,
Oiilv !«'' .'.ii iiov. lliiiuhn.',. It i-oiui:ii'.es, however, to
he tlie bmi.il p'a-e i 1 ih- roy.il l.m.ily. Anion;.; tin
inonii.'ii i,Ls ol the U.inilli loverci;,.;ns, iomc ol which
;ire csticiU'lv iii,!"ii;:ice:.t, liamls a beautilni iiiavblc
piih.r, triclid !)Y i;,i.- II M.il;.;aret, ;' s ;i liipport to
the V. iieli'.oiie k ; • in..- by .'Mheit, kin;; ol Sv.clia, t.i
lli.irp.cii ii'jr nccJks, in ilcriooii to her l,..\-. J'ut ii
>\iii ti.jil licr relciii'iK :.t in liicli a mar.i.T, tl at !,■■ I'nl-
tcie.i Ic'.^relv lor Lis l.iri'.ilir. ; lor he w.is tak.-n jii-
loncr b\- the ijuveii, ikt.iuinl levell \' .irs in ciiioily,
.111,1 o!il:;,e.l to re.iiiijirlh all his pleIelll;oll^ to the
cidv, n oi S'lveikii. lb re is a convent ol knlhenm
imiis !h ion.^i:..,; to tlie bell h.imilies ; but ilirv arc not
obliiCil t.i -A.iir aiiv |)artieiilar habit, i.>r to be relliicl
c. I by tile \ iws ulii.j in convents ; but arc periniltcil,
il th.-y think pioji.-i-j to onit llie convent, aiul nu.iry.
A 11 K.
f ;i
III t'\;' the I'ainnus trci'ty o(" peace \va« licrc conciu.!-
cii between Denmark uinl Swcklcn. '1 i.e iiniverliiy is
in a il'-'ciiiiinf; condition i and, iikiccd, the wiiolc town
exhibits evident marks ol p. ivcrty and decay.
Sora is littiated on the l)ar,ks of a lake, about ihc
center ol '/eal.iiul, w.,s tornurly the leat ot a ilcli
abbey, and has many plealaiit lielils and iorcils m ar i;.
To this place the academy ol I'rcdericklbur^' was n--
inovcd, and tiic liuir.dations rl tic iinivci.lty wcic
an;;incnicd by ("Ihii'.ii.in IV. (.'h.iih.-^ i;iiilavii.>, l.m^;
ol Sweden, w.i> cdue.i"...! lure, .,;'d rit.iincd l.ieli ii
v^i.er.-.ti .11 t. r the pi u;c, lh.it wlu.n lie invaded /.i.i-
h.nd, he v.nild Pol liih. r his li.kiiiis to ciiier ihe toau.
Lul the r.,ciii.es lit' this lemiiiary have been .mnt \'.d
to till Clown ol Deiunaik, and the wlm'.c is .4. .tie In
ileei\. .Vbioliuii, arc;ibilluip i f 1 .iiiulei:, oiue i.mnil-
1..I lure an ell.iblilhiiicut tor llic m.uiiteiancc ol iholc
v.ho li.i tiki wri:c tiu' l.illoiy ol Denmark ; and u. thi^
louiuhiiion wc owe the kiilory wiiUcii b; ini. l-Ic-
bi.it.d S...\o (ii.iniiiiaticiis,
I' I' \ i; N.
'piIl ■ iikind is ikc next to that of '/.i aland, in the
te..lc ol iiiipoitance, aiiioir; the kvi, , p,.rts which
jorin the l..uii!li kiuv.dom. It is boiiiiiled bv tin;
(I.e. Iter licit oil the c.ill, b\ tin: Lilkr I'elt on ihc
well, b\ the Ikiliic on the luiitii, and by a little chan-
nel, wlueli iep.ir.itcs It Iroiii the if.aiid ol .S.inil.c, oi; the
ii.irih. ll i,^ ab. lit yi inih s Irian cad l.i w^'l, and
_;o iroiii iioilii to loulh. ! h'e cumliy i, teiiiic ,ind
a, i\ I able, biin<; tincly diveii.iii.i wilii \erd.,i.t !.iii,s,
ih.idv woods, pli.il.int ;.,r Ae.s, ijuulul lickk, r.cli p..!-
tii:\N, i^c. The rHi is ;.',i.od, w.l'i cul;iv..tcd, and .it-
lords a };rcat deal ol };rain, not oni) I.t lioi.ic coii-
riim|aion, but c.vportati iii. (ireat iitiaiititics oi' bhick
cattle, iioiies, hi\ s, S.C. are brid line. 'I'liis ilh'iul
i> ail appenda^'e to the ckleh I'oii.s ol tiic kiius ol Dm-
111. Ilk, and is deemed one .I the ricluil ;.,ovcrn:nei.ts
bclonji,iii;; t > that roverciL;iuy. It coi'.t..iiiS tour g.;r-
r. I, 'lied towns, and .64 \illa;.;csj but the moll conli-
ilcr.ihlc (ihiccs, and the only onei, iiukcd, worlhy ot
il.ier.p.tioii, aie the t. ilowiii;..-.
O.kiil 0, ihc c..;.h.il ol the ill nul, llauils about its
ciiilcr, and is a lap.iciiiis, will built, plcalant town.
1 k n the kin;.;s once i.lidtd, and the aliciiibly ol the
;l,.i. ■, nut b .,'ie lie- ..rov.n liee.iiue heredilarv , aiul
the !,.\ert i;;ii abhilute. In a clrarch here, which is
ih d.icaled I.) .St. (.hiiuile, tUc body ot tliat prince was
b.ini..! lic.ir ... ecinnry and a hall :i;;ii. It was depoliteJ
111 ,1 i o. p T ci'ilin, ;.;ilt, and ad.vrncd with precious
iio'.c.i. 1 he n.oir p.'.rtieuh.r clreuiuilancc relatiw t.<
this town. 111 irclent, is, tint the iiduibitauts br^w tl..'
bell beer in the whole kh'.e.ihiiil.
N\biir;e lii I on the ii.iri.iuir pait ol'tlu-' Greater III Ir,
between b'lir.en and '/.cahir.d. 'Ilii:, place has lou.e
trade, the luirbour i;. ;;ood, aiul the adjacent country
is Icrlilc. 'llie d.im,i;;es dune toil.' loitiiications in
the l.ilc wars with So.tdcn, are 1: :t \et thorou„hl;> re-
paired. Minbaikalioiis lor the ill.iiul ol Zcal.iud are
made at tb.is town.
Sihweiibor;; h, an a;;rc,\d)lc t.-.wn, with a comnio-
d.iiu. li.irlu-r.r, linuite i.n tlie k'utheall part ol the
i:!,iiid. Iroiii hence tllniks Cuillaviis, in the year
if-.S, be;;an his inarch, over the ice, to the iikiuds of
l..;l|.;,laiu'l, /eal.di 1, ai.d I'.ii.ler.
\'\obui;;, or kol ur.'-, is a i.nall town, lituate en .1
liitle Lu'ph t'w th.e I. utlicrn coait ol I''unen, i ver-
.i;ainit the illaiul ol Arroc, and is about 10 miles dif-
t.iut Iroiu S..'iwi iihor;.; to the welt.
.Viieiis lies on the loiitli-wdl coall ot this iiland,
over-ai;ai!ill Ikukrileben, in the duchv ol .Skl'wie. It
IS about II Miles dill, ml Iroin (kicnt'ec to llie loath.
Ill the vc.ir 15!5 the a.'inv ol ki:i;4 (diii'.liaii HI. ceiii-
in.indcd by Jolni Kant/aw, routed ih.it comin.uukd, by
tllirillopher, e.irl of Okknbur.;, and killed Ciuikivus
' 'I'roll, arclibilhop of I'pl'al. Ik.e,;,;aw afteruaids le-
velled ihib town with tkc ..'.round.
,V' t 11, ('■,,.
I'Mi
I s
.111
k
UP
I
i' .1
if
'-(!
V<':t
mi
! ,i
III »:i
A NF.W ANn AljTIir.NlU; SYr,li:?,I oi- l:N'I\r.;i;iAt. GFOCIlArilV
1 i!u- l..i!rr li.lt
IMI tlU' V. l '
1 t!i;j il'.mi!, li.'! .1 I liiTC ;iri- ill this ill.'.iivl IcvcimI v;l!;i^i':-, l.ir_^c parifl
luv ,'Uo I- '.!'., il ?>ru!'.llti.i!-.SLniiul. ! and a caiiliJirablc' city. imIIcU Hti'j;f, nr Siik
It is I mills ihlt;ir.t I.. 'Ill Aiilis tn tl.c Hdiilivwl!, lies oil tlu- iioitli i.i tiic ill.iiul, oil a littlif riv
ul as in.iiiv hiiiii (),!^-|.U\.- tiw.ir.
tlu' I •mil v.al. a mile lower f.ills i;.t>)ilu- Itr.iit lallcii (
"■'•» wiii..;i
iiKr, tlit
• miir S;
It is a I;.; ill, Init n(..'.t tovn, in i i--,ir.tiy abinuulini; Tills rity inai!^- a biavu ikluue a ;;,iiiill iIk- l.ul;
with all the luw'.'.'.iri^s i>t In
l\\'ic IllMll llli< lll.lllil to Cohlliv' ll
i> ihi- loiiim.'ii imI- Ml tlic viar 1 1; i
aiiil lurcni till III to rttrtat : anil
I lu'.l.iiul ; til Hilt v.ilotir ol the i;ih„hi!.iiitii ol the wliu!.' ii!.,ii.l
«.u I,
not Icii..'.- l)r.i;i>Li- here t'l.m t!..- '1 li.iiiies i.> .it (iiii'.i!- ii.ili.-eil in idji), v !.i ii tlu v iLi' luhil tii.;iili h> -. I-
111.:
t.i\i
Or
'» .1
I ;!li ot 1 i:.U.l;\ , i:
i:ii
(ilil-
■.iiiiil the .S\wile> th.ui tl.t i.ii ■■v i:I.,iui
,)l S\M
Jen. h.l 1.
■.v. .'.IV ever t..e lee to
V
li the Jl.ii.illi lorei > ill t
.1 lu.uii; himlilt m.iller ol
tlie V.
•n,ol.
I'l I I
V A 1, S T 1. K
T
I. \ \ c !: 1. A r; d.
Ills ilhiiu', w'lieh i-s 2: miles JMn-r^ ^u,,) ,
bro.i.i, ij litu.iteil 1 !i ih'- (ln.ilu h.-lt, 1 i mc |,
J ol !•■
h a!'
'ii:i.r< w itll wiu- i", t'
'H!
^ ill.'.llil re-: to
orili I 'it 1
h it is li
/.•ahn-.il oil t!
le iiorih, aiiil tli'J 1 : ni.l 1
Ith
1 I ah
V llrait.
■I M
nJ, iiom
I. illMi
\l 111' .1 till' IKlIll
.1 II. to 1
'■.mil
oon on t!
:.a. it
'.1 miles; m l.e'ili, aiul eu'lit m
w eili HI eo.ilt, i,. ii...- nu ll eoiii.
I. luii.l hv the Lit I I 'riMiie'..,
;t ! i,.it
:!Iiil iiu:
iL.ihle t.
i\\ 11, iH m
\\..i^ii u aiw.e,
h
It> lull is verv Iruitliil ; aiul lim.ll eorii i. 1
illiiit
\\:u\ a K.oi'
'.iiiii'ii.
liT. irom hetiee to Meeh
ller
.h-il
h.;:i;
i) ether I'i'll.s I I
tli.it o
the I- uiii, or .•^v.iili r-l!er
;.r..i tli.it (I the iioitii,
!.
It h,i> 1. Villi ll
amoi!'; w I
the ii:
:{■■■• iN yer'-ii,':, on the v. i. tern ei'iilt oi il
l.-i iiiMr ti
I' par.iii
V 1 .M r. 11 I'. N
Ce:i;l ol ih
iiiar.i!, 1 1 V. :<
ll It IN tiie ea'-'itiil
It
IS one ol ll
jile.il.iiit and vuil-bii.'t t!Wll^in the w
ti.'.it^ ot 1.
'leiii, iri"!i V, I'll!
>v ;i lli.i.t whieli is liMt ;ibov,- i i.
.1- 1 ; iMi: ■, r .^e ..It, 1.
I. Ill' h ll is I ,K :i I,
'1
tli
Iv Dr. Ill
it iia^; a It roil'' e:,u
le, mill
1 11-1
I \\i ll-hi .'111 lite
IK
li h.
I, \ . t it 111-; .ilvv i\ N be n lioki .!
>1 ll
■ i I)e
V 111! ri '. 1:
ll I.
'aiicopiii:', 111
I.tti
tub.
i.i, le
on the lioi'.ii
a rl.iee ol l.mie t;'
li^ir.i; t.ie mii.i
oi t
. 'J'l
he (;
lenii re k\
iiL' ( .iiiill 1,111 I'l
111'. b<
.liter of tl
;e iro;;i /.^.il.ii.il ii:;o t.u i;...i;iv.
their overrimm
A ii R o i:
lortily
to evi :
tremi
Juila
:i e.iu:
lilt l!r
K i
ruuiel 111 eo. 11 .ir
Mir.
■n.l of Arr.
!■■ i-.taate.l lien
r tlie eo,-:il of j/f
jem;,' ei';:it ir.iii.> in ien;;l!l, ai
.1 t
I n'„
wo in
/
breaiitli. it is e.Ntremely IruittuI in c
ill anl'.eil, v.ith whieli tlie inh.ihit.iais eive ;i Ihvour
oni, aiii! aiioiin.ls
rwo p.ii.ilie. , iLimelv , I.
a toit t liir pl.iee \v!i
calleil I ..ihle:,..!.. , tluit 1.;
I'ltiriii.np. '!
,; l.-'..l I! n i
it ol the I'.ill. _
to tlleir bread,
aiiil le.ifoti their meat.
n ti;
1'. o w K II I, ?.r.
nre rleiitv ot horles an
e;',tt.e ; ami lome vvooih.
111 whitn are abiiiuianee oi hare
Ihr
B
I'.as but three ]>arillKs, the eielt eonfulenible o(' vvliieii
'I lie town Ia'oii;.;ii!i; to it
ilaiiii, ;iik1 biar>
OllMlOl.M, an icnrlv
1). -11 ili.i .ivcreil I'V '1 111
or.iijva, IS I.etl to
nans the fi 1 oi .i >-•
K.iP'ti, e,r Kioii.ii^'.
of I'.nl.uul. It ii the iiiiio; It an. I moll
mils on the loutlieriinie.lt part ot the i
ti.e liiiiie tuime as tl;e \\
it
is a tra !■ on aeeouiit
the lil.i
aiiout "
b'iop.jii' ; 1 1 ti
li'i'es i!:li ;i,t i.o;
-f I)
cl iiJ j;
'yii, an
.1 is liti
.It the bottuin 01 t!
e bav.
1 /,L..'.ll ll to Ih.
lot lib .ve Is lomi ih-' lull. II eo.1'1 ll ,"~i h
Olllll-CMlt. it h .ih
1 ; I I iJiiie-
I. A L A N 1).
to 1 1 utli ea!l, ami .'.!'.. ut 1 c in bii...hii. ti.-m loe
to iiortli-ea
It. 1
'IIF.
-..! of I.ahuiil i.-. fitiiateil on the ca(Tv.-an! of lor it-, litua'ion aiui IriiitI
jonil'.olm IS a plaee oi jji.m le
i...;. .'.niil, aiul to
.leli it is lijiar.iieil by
fro 11
Gror.e S'juni!. 1'
iippcllalion of I..r:an.l, or I
.1
fouth.war.l of /lalm-l, 'he aielibilhoi
vf I,
a nnrr
'W It
om it.^ louiiel;, or ll.itiu
rait, e.uleil
it h.u tiie
n ; li'Jt
t'lok liolletiioii ol it in the vear
Ml I ^, aiiil b. lop.,'
ill'' c;
lohl!
Av
iieeeli.iry lor
h.r t!
le 1 .el he w.
prep.irmi:; a;
ovvl.in
J. I
1.1,
t is iie.ir 4,
S\ve>li 11 ; wliieli ulurpitii.i (lei-re Sr lti,bui;^, v
miles III ;en;^t!!, aiul about :o 1:1 breaiitli, w In re wt.lilt.
'1 he I1..I is very tertil--' ; lj that Copeiih.i^eil i^ fiippli-
V as tii'.ii arehlulli
.1
il h
.soMer, lit
n v.iiii, tor he w.i, loreiil .itterwanh. t.) llv into ('
cil tri a licnce vvitu rreat oiK'.i'tities e:
ll.
mi!"', to avDi
i til
e ( iietts I .i
tile k
ilil;
vhat t! e Dutch trailers arc !iirnilhei.i witli Im- 1 .•;[ m
(.1. i he Sv\e.!is have In ipu ntiv ! I'.l tb.is ill.iiul
lion. •J'iii, illaiiil i.> ilivideil iiit ) live ililirlLt , or b.i.li- ar.il, in the war with I'leih-nek il. lluy niaile ih--
l.lvis iiialiers ol it, reul iiili.;iieil to kee]i it ; l.ut i:
uere obli",eil to relloie ii bv thetrisity ol L'ojJi tih 1 ,.
Mu:ks, H the leat ol :i rovernor, a:
uU
. vu-.il I.
fable j'l tl
) Us luriliii^l.oii.
It
e iiihriis va:,! 1;
1-
.ir;t little vili.rj
•..,in;:r to the liobl.
nil! hanih.
( .\ehiiive o
a t.>v ll
i hnr tii'.ii
ileil M
IV 2- til, li (, J.
N.iiJ.iv.-, .Saxeopim,', I.eveni
eoi
;'.il
i Nv
11. lees are aiulwvi I
teiil v, oil
•11
on trie n
the h,m:
.iMiiiUi e.Mn,
\, on the i
ih
N.'.f:
or Na.xkow, tne cijiiial, is ^ i mJis loiuli- a
h
,imt I , to the iioiiii 01
• n til.- f.ii
%vclt h 111 t-oper,li:i..;eii, and ha. a commoilion^ li.nbour
for tr:.,\-. '1 he lillu rv i^ ol finle eoiili-iiueiiee, and the
cireniii;..ieiit ei-untt} i- rieli in nuailow and |valinre lands.
it ; bell
vv.iii.li t..i.ie .ire 1 ere l.,ver.;l v.
1
le rell
euiit.i.n le.-.iini;; worthy 01 [lartieuhir iiuiiee
I\I.\NY litite iihinJs hirronn-l the ah-
oin's : Init th .' aie e;
mo;r eorii.hr.
M K.
.itid, or ol fo little miportiUi. e, ;s iio; 1 1 b.- t!;.
oirtliy ol ne.luo hv Iravelk .^, or ol •neutimi h\
r.i'hers. Soiiii' otlier-i aio eoiui n
to till
.mil to 1:11. ir.ir'i
to the lomli caft
.III ol l-'allh.r. It
loii.f to the otm r
,1 l.ier.ir
.. ~. miks lo.i<.
b.
ere is loiii.; \- ;
: wa-; lormerl
biO.^d,
■;:l
aiiit tiiil 1
A I
about
halk
:rai>i.oI v.hieli are ^al..l le ami i
Sai.,1
leil eiialKv
r.re '•rouiiil, l.",it vet y
litlf
lait of the Daiiilh admiral'
aii.'V.ance, as b'.in-- tiie Hill jJacc lor liiiii to refidc in
eo.ilt o
.Saillle
t!
f jet
laiut.
or Saii'.loi 1: in t
he r
from the eoalt of Jutland. !
lent. til, three in brcaihh. Iruiiluh h.,,
u .'r mue miii.s ri
.riiv.
)U';;f, M Sti koi', will.. . I
1)11 ii litili; rivulet, tl it
I C.\\U\\ (illlllC S, Ul',!.
: ;i;,'.\iiill tlic l.ub i k^ i<
u 111 111 ritrt-.it : .I'ul ' ;:
; wllu!.' il'.ili.l ^\,i> I. •.
iliilnl lii,:nklv. ■■ I .;,ti'
:/.-r i'.I.iu;:, lui.l iloii:.
A N I).
n.'lis Im:)", -in.' I ; ' t
ii-.iur l',li,l I '.AC i
nil w'n: 1', p.', .i:^ I , •
■A I \. .\\ ^;'i !■ ;;:i ;. I-
;",!»l illili ii; :;.,", i ii r ;
.\ . :Ml- |.i\s;l, I'lMl, .' •
.. , v.'..L.. 1.1 Mw.i- . ;... ■
i'l.-ili, lir-;i V '■(■II;-;- I: <
1 is 1.. .t ;i!'i>\i- I Am , I i
.I'u; r "i; .It, i. . t :
1 i; I- 1 .:t :i I I 1
, !■. !1 I, hU. ,1 1, • i
V lili r< ;. r.il !■' :. i ■
,111 1\'. W.i' n : I
illtr ol' \\\<. II' .1 ', t' I
1, v.l.ivli c.iu!..l ' . ' )
put l!r 'H ! ;.;.iii;l'.i,.
ii •-(■. 1 iiir. lil-.uu! •
'I'ur/-, iir.J \i:! I :> ; r
.,1 l\tiri.|.'ip.' •li. ■ i
,■.• !,'■ i I! n i I. !.:. ..,
, uit i-i! the I'.itl. (^f.
.) 1, :.i.
Irr'.i':;'.!, is fi'M t'-" 1- ■ ;
ov.iiis, tlic it I ' i .1 i^i'i • ••
a:u! u'.nil I.' '-. ••'■)■ I ' .' '
,ii:i' 1^1 l).-nni.i.k, !■;
.i/r.l tl. tl'-. c.^. '
>,i'i ( t ."-I li. 1 ii ■•■ I •
I , ir.it.i I ■'■.'. '■ . '-
....fill, !i.n;i l.-r,:.-.' .!-.
.ICC I'i ;,u.'.t ii"i' :: ■ ■ '■
I ;, ;ii.d Ik Kill''/, il o)\ c .)
l".it l.iii;.; l- :'■•:' - H.
r 1 •, : ., ;i- l>-li
u. . pii-iMrii!}'; ;r '. '•:
(icr.i- .■ SilLlniif:, \ >
wuii I'M I:;-: iMiM.-r. I', t
waul . t.i llv iiitii <■ , -
,1 tin; Kir.''s ihljr' . . :'■.
! i .1 th.^ iil.iiui V. ... ;
^ II. til. y maiif I'r ' .-
J to l-.qi it ; I'lit t; .
•.iiaiV 1 I C^ p. :ilil ,. '■,
I in' ir.ipl!. i:i 11. .il' i'l' '-
iKil'.ln 111 ( iia'l i I • '■ ■
, \, nil tlif ( .-.ibi: ;
V
111
,.; N'. s, I'll ill' 1. 1..-
l:crj Lvcrai v.n, .>■!.
x\w •.■.11
tl; .■ aic t
l.i r lu 1.' ' ■
■. ;,; iMi; \ < li/ tl:' ' , t
. , el ■r.ci.ti.ill !'•> : ■
\\ I!- "i til I'l.i ■."., ... 1
.! i..-n;i;.,'l.; tlv:"',;;
I iL- a..il '.'..' ■ '', ' '1 '•'■'-■
It i- II .'i- iiir.i- muIls y\
u', In*:.'.'-, -r.J \'\^.- ■' ■■ '■■
i.^t;.i\v
Eunopr..] D r. n ?.i a n i:. 633
(,. r'lw l)i-lonc;<; tii tlio tli'ircfo of Aalnir, ojipuiiic to 'j liaMtant^ (lill prefervc t!ic lan.rmr-^r, tnnnnrr';, anil
wiiidi it li;.i, at ab.nit ilic ilill.iiict; ol iz mili ^ Irotii 1 il.^l's <.l tin" am ii'iit I'riliiii^, ilnm;.^li loi.u ».t thi-ia
tlic lliorc. It is liinMiiinl'.i.l by laiu! lii!ls, but lias Ijifak llic iliiilctl ol l.oucr Sa.voiiy. '
t\V(i placi.'i wlii.ri,' lliijn in.iy ride l.iLly at aiu-lior, '
(<:i tlic ti..<rtli aiul call livks, and L'uiitaiii;> thrc;; liiiail
Vlil.l,L5l.'».
Aj'prrt.ilnin;; ifi 1 C'"ul;;iMU,i to tiic i!ii,!iy I'i Sl.i'-
v.if, arc tlic liiil.iwiii.; iil.uul.i, viz.
Rum, wliiili IS ill liii'.;tli liviti, ;ui.l in brci'.Mi 1. iir
s r. c T 1 () i; IV.
/..■• .,.•■ ' .', A' V ■ ■/, I. -..m. ':■:■, c:,! F ii'ii i>f (,' .in:i)!ciit
if :iv D.iu'i, I' .,.>■ it li t.t iii'iJci-.i.
r'.ilf?, '-in.Miii^ ln.T.i! (.;'..i!l liiiii.L:.,, an. 1 ail w. \\ ~> r^'M!''. '•!i,'^ti:in;c' rl't'.^' I"),irv-. !'! c tliat ol tin- Nor-
J[ v... .1, IS a (•' :rupi( .1 111 ;!, i; 1)1' tin- I I'utoMi..-,
.11 I in p:ii'.',;ii; ;;i:iii;i li.;.;') an.t ilif.bn.iiit. It is inttr-
i!:l\.iliit..iit'.. I'uv.ai ,t i'..: I .i.l. Ill p u-.j tlic p.iiln; 'y,!' i
tattk' is I \. I ll''iu ; I'l.i I 11 ili-^ ut:!: rn li.i" < i tlic ill.i- .1
arc l.vir.il lu.ib.iu; , i.i \v!ui.li Im.ul >.i.i.ls lu.iy ri.l.j
in fility.
'I lie ;M-c..;i.ll p.i'* III Maiinc, li.r'inrly a toiir;.li.r..l!c
il'iulj.'.'-; 1; .11 '.-...li .v.'d iij> by t!.'. Iia.
I !.c 1.' i".,l 1.. \lt li .;;ii;r; il to tin.- iiiirl';'.-. :.u! ii
r r.i, a;!.! l< ui ,i \( ,i!";'ili,ir biriii, t'lC Ji'M; ll i .' ■ i r
ir; ai lut l^'iil-. in L.i'-tli. It l^ !',c;.!y, b 1. 1 •;, :'t;.l
ii.li 'ipii.-'. 1. ; an 1 til p.i-pli, \.\\i ari- a h : r. , il .-
n.ili r.ic, .11.' .iniiuil". en ;.. ;,il in !!:c v.!i !. r 'i
I A. d v.itli inany Duidi, li.rman aii.l IVciiili word i ;
1 ■.;: lii'j l-/' f'ii is tlic l.'ii.'ii.i ■!• lit li.c I'l u.r.
1 ';• I !l -Linlicd fi. li,;'i'll I'i p.. Ill; ;rl.. i., tlic I.ntlicran.
'1 'i ■ I.f 'i' .'i' is ciir.'i.icrcd .;•; divbicj into ii.s di.ict-r. s,
'•..'. 1 ill. .1 / ■..iLiiid, (SIC in 1 a.:i n, and I. nr in Jtit-
1.1 .1 ; but ilul.' ar •, in i.ui, \,o I'-liir tli.nt rupc'.-iii;cn-
il 11' i'.. ; b .• tiny iirc \',itl.int c'u -.ir.iU, ccclciiadic.il
c 11'., i.r 1. ii'j.vi.Mii;! .-. '1 I.L' j.ii.'lpal biiliiuls (li
V'x'x r.iip-, <n- rrillnr liip'-.n.*! n I.mu<, i.-i to inipc^k
on tlic CO ;:l ; i.l lci.l.i:.,l, tincni.iiii', ai .1 .^p', ii.r'vn. lie ilii.liii,'.-; aad morals d tlic iniVriiir cicr'jfv. iiu:
K'.ri'icn iin.-, c lilt. lii. ill ■ l.mn.i'i 1;. :i. 'i, aii;;..;, .'.c. Lipcrii.ti ill nils a.''.' tut iliilir.'nillic.l li-o.n nth-.-'" ini-
l..\i- been buin.l 1.1 l.ic bim il ti.ii itl.iiu', v,'i'....i i.'b , -i 1 •• tle.ir liablt ; the i 'cii. .J ilri.l> cvnililiin;; i.lil
l.i.:!i.r (•\iiiees t.iat i;.c ;.,ie.i...t l.,l ..; ::.n,ti L.;;;..'d bl.u '; .'.'■••.n with lli •; ilec'v ■-•, a ri mid cap witliilit
tlk II' ill, id.
Noiilhliaiil li- . I'pp'.'i";:.- tl t!r.' I i'!'".'. ', :i!!:! to'.-.n
fil Ib.iluin, ..'id V. , , i: ii i.iiJ, I; I ,'. .: i nnii tiie • n-
t:ii' lit l;i' .1 11.
i; iiiir;n. \i i: n
a;.' an
it WK ab.i'i' i; 1.1'.. lli.,,, a.' I l"ii" i>;,i.i.i, in i^ nc
|i!,ic ', an.i i:i w... ; . ief..' hi lid .,. v.;rv liU:l!;i', ;.;;.!
prudii 'I ...i.iii.l .11 - -• 111 ^•■•.■n bel.i;e t.ic iniin.l '.ti.n .
vs.' lii ,1. 1,; '.i.i.'ii li r..'nii.ier. 1: li.il :..'. > 'I'erv i.u pr.ilu. . ^
\\!i,.' 'i.'jv 1' le. .h. .;;:;•) 1 I e.. ;;..•; a. 1.1 t:.;".' iile.l ;.
1 ;i.l il-.i'. .1 Ibllil'i, .iiiil ul'i r pl.ii' ., a | ;■.>,':■., oi
r.ni'.b 1 Ol ;'i ■■ ;■, I ).. ' , il'.i.'k , a:^.! ■■, ■
n,.
t'l . -, a; 1 a lai-^'j ru'l' „•.■ vat iIil i.e.!.. '1 he rcveiin.:
o' ih. i ^'^..i I (;r Inpei'l.Kciiii.'.nt el C ip'.'nlia;.;cn, wli'.ell
\> tl..' 1. '.. .i bciu Ice in I'.i.' vi. .I-J kiii'dein, aaiiunt.i
i' '.. 1 I'l ' tl..ni ir-. ■■} :;,';-..'.,.!! ;,■■, ur abnut .-.lol. Ilcr-
i.'i,: p r. . ivn. 'I'll- ... I". ..r • v. i.olly dcpcn.Ivnt on
t ■ ",■'.'.; ;!■;; •;:, nii.l ar.- i b 1 ; ■ 1 to acl well the ut-
I.. '1; I il) i;;. .'in aii 1 !' r\ 1 : ,' i.i b ■ emit. r»;K to make
1' ;■.;■!;.. 1 1 I' 1 .,.■; <■'/';, -.I to b.- i i obr.iiuiou.s to one
e... , ' . I -ip'", tiny t.il'.'j car.' M i.i;.",v their .nuhoi'ity,
;....l ''. ■■:■■.'.■ I.V v.wv aii'\li r e'.u- ; lor Iia\in;; aeijuived
.1 ;. . 1..:; 1 I'.ien:e c\cr t'le i ibuls ot tli.' eeii'inoa
-.1
..ll!t. 1.
It Ciiilaii,
; 1
)Ut O '11:. I,r.;
lt^ ; but '.•- in , il
tl;
■nf'
I serei. • a
•ec>. 'ilee
b
tu ll
t\ raiiny ov. r
, ni'eutli v.itli-
I ..ril till
lull; e.i'.o'l
tie y.'.ir i
r.il liuii'i'i.'
wav.
ri.iK .; II I
'i K
ll I
uu • t.iir;
•' li' tl ' , a', i lo iv I'l t.ie.i le.iii v
lu V ' .1 .1 . 'vii'
cseani,' irv
beill'b
1111 ii;i. rs
n,..|.' le '
Ion a. .' li!i; ilv i..-
11 alit.l:
■i I iv ].. i:'
i .le nc-n m ,ii' ap
ll.ilM
ei i:
bill
V' :'v iniu:
il. I'
r.'in 1 ll .: (o ' i
i.Ki I'
• Uieii iinii.d
i p'lt ;i'.- ;,:;
.1. I. Iv ill I I.
ai. Ol' I'le ar..
.1 Ol. ■ ninii i.
■. '■' 1 '.v: '. .:
■ .1 -or
.\la •-
t'i:'v have iil.ie.'d ii:i
V \. ; le an v.'. ..id
11 r hel.ne t u ni .i altar.
A.s t:
le'.' \\:\.\il
tia;e to n p. ir i;i..'n' li.iii
.' a:;. I picL nr.i.nu pi'.i'.
O.iob
I l..e cloe.v
I', ,iiio\o (
;he V,
O.O pJll.
) r' t.i. .e Milli 111
.i ihj XII h%, a;;
r a lsnii.1 i.l i,Ciin
I'ut on a lie iier ai
lit f'
lit lu )l\
lliird U caij')!. ' '\
11 I toii'u til ;ii. lit
tl'.c:
.li. t.u; iiili.i.jita;;
tli.ir llv... '1
: , tlicrc Wire i..n .
lie liiinciic', wl.i
t';.- I! lin i;i..>..i!
id iiil.iS w ere r.ii
I i'l' U ■.r ui luch a m
d.u..;
ll I inur.i (; r, b.ib'y
Ineni
11.1 placed tiicir nanus l.veiaiiy ana ri Ipecavel/
I'', ir leet.
lour c! ill ill tee. V
of t'
the J,.
In I'
\ 1 . 1 ;■ i\o,
.1 1.1 a iii/iin; I 1
!■: ■:.■' in ^.v
lol, ll! ciill.'
V-..---^ he.uli
all i:
:i til.-.- li.i.
a"i'cl.i w.
1.1 la.-, i.
1 o.:cin" 111 lenp'.ure,
iiela'J ; be.: Uii.nijpi-
11 • vet two li-urei re-
lent Iil.lC, s.
a'Kl no ni.re ai.
ti;
tli.v lecni to
111 ii,.l coiv ';iii
! .ii oveilli
'ini
v. ; ;ea
C.\.'rpt a ll
rell.
b.en.:;t a \,
W.r:V Vi.C Oi ti.c.n tb'.-y
tii.it tiiiie t e II
I ,
n.ii'.i'i li.e.'i
lii. Ill i:
!.;l>r.:
.;
v. .lii
i.be.ee ol I.i iv l)uter..ni:!, t.j rt iin i-.arr ol le.c
la'i.l t';e'
t.iiit. It
Ol' .Viiiroen, i.s a liir;.; il.,i;i i to t.ic norti'.-v, t ;l
, ■ I'lit tiu: v.or.l c!;. r,
■.> i.j 111 ,,hf !"-• ; a
c.ieiii ; but who ill it J,
but Lk it u
1 lee' n.iier ll..-v
iLelcrni
,ed
ne:l| i.^f Ceiitii.ue-: ur.ce.
li.'in \.,iica ll I-, aoout Islii nines i
lie.
Til J i)anej liavc a e.reat iiaeiijn K,f loi.oron; n'.nlic;
■;,.e their or.uaniil.i cnrerta'n the con','re;;ati'jn lor a
i'iius
lerable time, both, b.'i'ice and alter lirvice
orin 01 a c;\icen'
aiiil I; ei'.lv C'
H■ar^, tliat uiiere ilk
belli
lind
ii'i i.:l ll l.ir li., oviter bliicry.
n"' "ronn.l, h,ir;;-onv wiil ol'l.iiu an
,1 eii.ien ty
aiul re.irer t.
ir, he-; to'.'.aril.i !i!C nor'.!;-'.':," of .'Xinron, '' inut.ii'ec; and people withoui talte, and who, in ';erc-
ceal'l ol' .' leUsie, between .Northrir 'ill r..!, ii.ue but veiv c; u.lc notions ol ele",aiu.'e, wiUiiiil
n '.s to t:ie \in le
;torll.
id i,. el'
n nf luiidir,
ic ininic.
an 0-, ,il li.'ure, aieiut liv mile:; in
It a!
)ouiiils in rat*
.) '.so m'.i.uKtant.-;, an
Ko. (S.
.1 kvera! villi
i!iC
M.m n-.ny Jul"';,
1 b 1 lonl is tnui
tnnerni Urania ainnne,
c, and liiii Lieul't a Ijie
A lyi
rt
/
^ ^
1 1
i'
■» 'i
p: ; ijl!
i
! Hi '
PA ' !
p'': 1:11
H* 1 ('
A NKW Asn AUTIirNTtr SVSTrM ov TtNI\'rU'^Al. Gl'.Or.llAlMlY.
" A Ivre wli'u-li, v,\u\c its various notes .i;,r^i'
" Kiri nstlu' IvMvts c)| its own liirinor
•' In ii> rouuli li.itrckl with lii'.t love is j miiM,
liiil'J
iii)\v r
Aiu! I'liriglitlv li.ipi', witli i;i.iv'liii}; k,ir ..on
•' To torm tilt: p.irts ot our li.irinoiiious ir.iiul.
•' What r.i\i!hf> the loul, wli.u vli.irms tli*.' cir,
•• 1< mulic, tliiMij;h .1 various ilnlsit wear.
♦' hr:tiity i< mulu: too, tli)' in ililiuiili.- ;
" Too lino to touJi thi- car, it ilii!%is thi' eyes.
«' ' I ij Miiiiic hfaviiil). Inch a' in .i IpUcic
"• We only can ailinirc, but cannot hiar.
" Nor I-. tlic pow'r ot nunilKi.-. Uls bilow ;
" By ihk'in all l.u;noiir> \iill, all p.liion- I'ow,
'• AiiJ llubl-'orn trowJi a;. >.hair,\l, v ; 1
not liow.
" I.ct • I'.nr arts in li'nrJJ's ni.tttiis r-i-n,
♦' .Min,.>: ia bral's, it v. 'tli nii.\\i \MCi:< H.iin }
•' Mulic, the miul-.ty aitiih man can in!'-,
*' As Ion,' as it has niiinbi.r>, 1.^' a 1. ul."
Thouc'i linrninff, tVoin th- iitti i'tion rrven to vnr:-
cus inanula«.turts, anJ tlu; iVluicc i I ;..;i i.uiinrc, is
at a low ebb in this kiiif:JiMn, it h.i> p.. ilncul lomc
few pcrl'oiK aihviirably cMiincnt In the niatliur.aiical k\-
cncis, aiul thf irt ot nifi'uinc, l\ich as I \i ho Hr.Jic,
Bortichins, litrlholincs, i^o. Hut the nu lit ef thde
is to lie onliiicretl a-, the t n'nl,i;< i.ce nf a eoiiut, eh. si-
lencing tlie jjrcater ailniii.'.iion, lui'.eic lo klJonl
iVen. ' I'hc hnall pr.'iTeisol the Oar.
m t-
!cienee>'.
om a 1 1 :et i.ve
,.1
however, appears alio ti> rilv.'.!
Hitution, anJ an cppii lii'. e Mnei
at. ul lawyers, a^ tliev a: ■ .; itc!;.
conn, and preat L lu^ <•; t'l/
r-.e;iii!y lohlcrvient. Il is t;ii;
fpeau'e places in the I'c ile of ila\ rv, but they lil! th
as (o many cyphers, or r.n > t ;'.■• it many niaclni
nielU ; t' r li.e cLTi-y
.'i peiul ■.'•■t tip "1 lie
k':;i ', I rn, a;- nio:l
t'lcv li:i th'.if re-
X
tliat ar- movtv
at tl
' eireinonv, the bell w \\ they ciiiKI, aini ihje.l jire-
'• I'li.tly a b ttcr man in lii» Ittad ; liinuinneit the ii.-.c
) ! ( I km to him ; U'tnetimes the valiant in in tliat IkhI ex.
, '. ' p Icil hi'iilell lo lar as to uiulertikc the execuli ;', IT
\ the killin;,; ol the tvant ; aiiJ, at ollvr liiiu s, a ;v vutc
pcilou »)t j^ood reputation, who jioihbly leall dii.. iit nj
\'i liieh an ajvancenier.t.
I rretjiMit ineeiint^ of the llites uas a fii;u!.',e - ■ • ,1
.' part ol the conllitution. In t!. !'• iicit'in; a' i.m.
' teiM relatit.^ ta j;o,h1 j^oveiiunvnt \ve;e ir. ::l . ,;
' jjoo.l laws were eiia.leil ; all all'.iirs beoii ;in;.^ to ]v ;
"i ('. w.ir, alliances, dilpotal ul threat r-liiets, e. .5,;,,k;j
ol iuani;'.;;es lor the royal lainiiy, ;?;c. were ileh.it .
I'he impoiiiii; ot taxes, or di in.indiii.i; ot ben. vi ',.■. ,
were juirely acciilental ; no eonllaiit tribute b; . . ; 1 1 r
paid, or any money levied on the people, unlcK e.; ;
to maintain a ntcellaiy v.ar, with the aJvi.e av,.l c .
Iei;t ol the nation, or, by vay ol Iree ',■,'''> 'oc'r ..
lu'te to railc a dan , liter's portion ; t!ie kin_.;'> y^ m • c ,
at that lime, ci'iilillmg only in the ren'.s nl I l^ 1 i:. .
and demeliu s, in his her<is o| < attle, Kirtll., Ivxi .
i.t tenants in manuriiiLr and cullivatiiii; lil> j;r.'i;' ' ,
k^c. cutlonis upon merchaiuii/.v- bein^.; an imp' lu im i
I'fe crejit into this part ot the world ; to that h- ii.' ,
like one ot our modern noblemen, up ni t' e iwit^v j
I't his own tllate, and tut not throu^^h the Iwe.u i . i .
lubpcls brows.
1 he bu!inel> of the kinp wai then to lie a >'ue ■■ .1
impartial ailmlnilhatioii ot jullue i xeeu'e.i ...■. u ;
to the laws ; ii.iy, olteii to iit and i!o it i;l'ii,>.: ; i ' -
w,.tcl.l'ul and M.;ilaiit hu- the \\eu,.n ol 1.'- r ; ■.• . '.•
eoni:r,and in perl'on lluir arnr ■, -w tle.e ■■! v ; to
eMi:oura;:c reli;:;ioii, arts, aid h-ii;. 14 '• •■i-i i: '■ >■■"•
hittrelt, as will as his duty, to l.r- ■> . >:r v,;-,m t'., ; il-
hty aiui ti'-'"''y> •"'"■' ^'~ ^••'''•''"' ' ' ^'"'' I'^'^h'' I"; '■' ■■'>
lul jc^is.
Such was the ani-ier.t form ol' rovfrnnn-i.t ii ;' :
A.-, the ancient li
was ih- lame with tl;
■in Ml
n
in iiio
ft, il not all, p. ris o
I 1
d t!
verne
leir eunqui
lt>, Tl
n a
^int
fveii the boors
had tl
mar
III.
w
10 rcij^'iic.
in 1
iiiemorahle aniwcr 10 t.ie p<'
iple 01 all r.nil.s
,01 kill- WJilr
.r.tiwlei' -ed in lii
•!•), wli.i iirvtciiJ
cd
R
10 a ;.
reat pouer o'.
(1;:
Il ive
I, -doi.i li- n
an. I I'lir reh"
n I
theie pre
d
vcneil, wcv
ind if yen ;;ruv';^e it i: ,
feiits." 'I he Hates ol th'
e to elect, lor tl.eir p
luiii iiie eliui
'.'. e ri.iounce
<is
to tl
lem appcnre^:
ful, alTable, a maiiuanu-r u
prople, 1
lor gove
iru
linn
dent,
id
f i!
d
it by
; con-
perllm
iiierci-
'1 t',<-
wit:
cut, and re-;ui.iie (or the great ir
.hd in h"n ; vtt w.:U a Jr.
tiie privxiniig Ki:
a pel Ion I'.ius (J
W.tllill
.ihflcd.
to 1.1
tllOl!
ht n 1 ut a
.lilt o
tl'
Lter hnn h
ore any i '
f,
V 111
icr to r.ii
re p
■n tl-.e-
.It t
h■^ had
rtiir-. v,i.r
/ ehleil 1'
.(■ v..'ir"i'
e ti.e ''ici'i
11,:
t.ltliilis to
, in 1' .n.-.-
■e coVLlo
■reiv
to li
,t i:
r.
11, alter luch a
fu
m.'uueii,
ani'
liiat i:i.-\
vr.i^j
in:u.
tyrannical, e -v'. !
Iv depoled hlni.
en 11 time,-
,\ mal.iis):
hiM riilv.er
ti.iy il.
'I- 'he
L",iy (.1 the pe.'p
1:1 ikiii;^' ol partie-,
..lul t'lein-
lion, thry
ih.r lor-
repre!'entative
.In i ■ ,
\.'
II 11
i/roAii too I
to luiiport liiiiiit
b I.
!\:. li as
.idler , CM!;ira'. .in;: ot al-
.■■,■; I'l'ii'm III the |).'i-)ple's
t.)
1( ".iliv con-
tci.dcd ui.o,
y more
S-. Ii.ca em;
d
\Mt!i iii; e
II.Ul "1
et I tii.., '.I. at tiie power u
I 111!- lu
I.ie \i-^;r I( ('
.11, a! ore 11
■ 1 ati
w .1; ell.'.
,t, t;.e wii.-:
.le Ikh >Jit.o '
the kiii_; abli.hile.
'1 hiv liii'^ular r.V'.hition wn; tin
After the pt
laec with Sweden loe
a mi
cd.iinitous lituarion :
le iie.ii'irv w
nincli exnauiiei
!U
that, when t.iC .ociv w
IllhiUU
iLiiei.
d. tl
lere was n.o nioiu
tne u
the f)ldierv bec.ime inloieii .ind h.i- 1
the l.nne ti ne tlie nobles -aeie |
.r.niM ai
the clergy i
anee, and
.1 th
til
.1
anil
Itl
Icontentei
I'.il'relpe
t!
:l v.i:
iicli t:
le coiiiiiii.n,!
Il\
tlie lieavv l.ixe-. i\it!i
h which ill. V iiad liccli (
earrv o!^ t:
At t'
redrel- the
w ar.
erhis the
n.\u
alieitiM..'
to .'
, ol the iKition, wi.en
I,
ed In- tlie eoiui.-.oiis ihat .in ecpial ane. cijui.-i
be L.l.l I'p. ;i all perlliiis iiidHeiimina'.ely,
,d.
cin uni.t.n.v 1 ■
111 an exTiit jir.)
Tiic II. iM
Diirtion tij tt
1.
\i\er
tl
they aiVertrd, v.
.v inrti III iVoin their ]v,yiner.t ot any tax
aiiil I.e.- c ninu.ns as
nol i -S cr..' r.'iicil
llien
aiul I ri M
iull\ er.ntii- It
' e ;;re.U(
laiu!-, wealin, lionour
1.1 tlie
kini^
1, th.it
li part
(<u: partienlany inemuni iit on H.
ol the eomn
r.eral deleiiee.
ion bill till 11,
;n 10 Ih .ir t.
to I. il.'.l
un.te to '
11
.e iicbatcd
tercation
became violent.
hcplaeauie
inninolitv a.'i.ui
(l
■Mew warm
I.U.I1 p.irJy eoi,
tl-.e ol'.ei
d t!
ons ot all were ti|ually over heated
this ft rmeiit a nol
ami, in a tranl'port of rage
1 till
In tl
called Otto C\.\.-j., i:
told the comiii'ii--, tl
.-r underliootl the rrivile
alvvays e.Kem])tei
I Ir.im U
ol tl'.e n<
1 iiiip.olitii
ib:HI'
dition of thenil'elves, who were no oi..r I.i.n
'ilule degi-a.hiig f.prdhonK i.iiia!;!;;
laves.
commons lievon
id all
; r';
■c ut i.irbearai.ce,
ili.ir
MMIY.
c« iiKi, aiul tUJir.t jir?-
ill . liiiiuiinK-* llie tii.'.t
(ali.iiit 111. in tlut Ir.iil tx.
rrt.ikc llio iNCt:u(i .;', nr
, ;U otl'rr llilH •<, ;i V >utc
„ l.oili'.)') U.ilt il... .;;:.-{
UwU'i «a» a fa;n!.'.n '• t.l
\\:,Ai: IVA'ali.;;! a" ; ••
niiv.-nt WI-.0 ir .:! ;
ia'uirs bi.'.i«i';;iiv; t" I' -
I j.-.r'':it r.liii-c<, t •■......'.;
iiii'i.v, ;5sC. wMf i''«;l^'' ■
m.ituiiu,-! I't licii. Vi '.. .■. ,
onl'.iuit inUuti U. ■ ' : ' '■ r
1 till' piopli", unlcK I . :
\\a\\ x\w iulvi.i- -.Hi.! I -
ay ol triT !;'.li, '" >'•"■ •■
lion; the t.iii,.','« ''^ ' '■ ■
ill tilC KIltN I'l ! I- 1 1 -
(if c.ittU-, tortlU, Km -
I tiiliiv.itiiii^ li';- j.f 1' ' .
r/A- Iviiii; :iii i'"!" '" '' '
It worlj"; l''> t!i.>tli- !■•' .
ilcinrn, iil'ii' l' I" r-*''"' >
ot throii^jli till- lrtc.it 1 . .
\\.T! tln.-n to K'- .1 ''i-' ■ •
jiiiiuc txffu'i' I ..'^ '■ ;
lit iiii'l i!<) it l^i'U.v'i ; 1 ' ' -
L- \\clt..f of 1.'- r ; •■• ■ !'
iriu'.-. ■•.> fu'.c "t ^ '• '"
I l-.u:. .-: ..i-i i- ' '■■ =
1.. i, .-,■;' . .ii- v.i-'i t; : '■- ^
ilul V ; I'uc ••;ui,'-i..j '•' . '■•
rm f)f rovfi'ninivt 'm ; "•
• lU'l I. -■ i'..'r*.-.ili ,1 t .' 1
„r,i- ir.,: •.!.!, li'<- ^* ""'•'• ' - -'
n; tl 11^ l""''!' ''•'■- ■'''
l;,c .s!i"^- :'■'"•:' '■-
|,.r •.');• l.iil'i''v \^
(. .iiL.y v\'- t'> ' •'*•
, . ■ ,'.,v ,:.\' ih- 11
,/k ,; ..ua Iki' i.'ii .
p; t!,r,i- V,„r.; ■ ! ! •
v.liich t'-v ^^^■•'* '
,. ail..-..n- >>•! .:'•.■";
1 1
:i!,Mj.' to .!•-'>; 1
i.iiioii, wl.fii u ss •• 1 ' ; '^
i]!! ihinJ tCiuit.il :.'N- ^ -
,(.riirui\;i'.i-ly. .r."l v, it
■.iort'um to tl.. T 1' , '■'''■
U, l,..\i\cr, li:>.-i .^
I thcyiiucrtra, v, i ■ . !' •
cut ct .11. y t.iM-- ^\1'"'' ' •
ulK c:-.l.l':' ''('I. >'■■'' ■ '
I it,,. ..;ri-.:uii part "■ ' -
,-. i.i tlii- Kii".'-'.onn/i',"" ■■
on ti.cni ti> In. irll ■'•■'• '- -
;,| to i.ii.'ii!"':i- t ' ' ','
, .iu-w v.arai. .n.'l '• ' ■■■"
I'.IlIi p.u:y i-oi..-.','. -! '
l\ ilu- <.l'..cr. iir.'l ll 1"".
r hcatol. Ill li-^-''- ■;' ''
.illi'il Olto Ci.wj., li^ "■ ' •
tola tiiccoir.iii' I'-.''' ' -' '
mU-;.;..; of tliC nohJif, •■^■ I
m'uu;li iiiipolitior.s «•■ '
,1 .,. |1. 11 ' u'
1(1 Wire no ol,,. 1 I.. ■" I _
I '.pri r.ioii.-- i.ii'..!'- ; I ' ■-
i-c ot iorbcura;.^!.-, »"- ■' ; •
tlijr
tlitir Ij-iakfi", flartfil up, aiul, finvl witlt intii ;tiation,
Iwurc til, a li.i- iicMliiy lliouUI n-puit t!ii-ir lia\liv; vm.
I;.lir»il tlic cMii'iii^iis as v..iiali*, and tcrniiii;.', tlicm
lluVfs. linimi!!atily the ^.l'llllnoI;.^, or ilir,,;y aial
biii'.'l.ir', I'll V>' ii;) the air'.inhly, uiul uiarelinl iiiuliT
the ;,i ij Kcs nl i!.'. ir ItaiKr.sio tlic tni-Wtr's-iiall, and,
ill a U\\ lioiii , r.lulval to luakf I'.n: l.,iit; u prilcnt ..i
:iii aMoiiitf f.owir, aiul to rriuicr tlii: itiami hcrt-ilitary
in I.i l,ii;.i.' , li ii.tiiat it mi ,' t iltlciiut twn to l.■-
ll...'v . Ii !■ \. ii ! <'l iii.ili- i'.ir-. '1 liis ril'oliiti' ii i' V
,, li.-'.ii.jy ii.; in f\m;ii..ii ilif? in .\t liay •, .iiiJ tlimi 'h
t!.L' ikl.iiiiy luiJt.;ti.il ;it lirii im ilii- tn.itttr, uttl.. y
vtri- all! t.liil.iil lit ii'i. "til to (imipK, and in tlirii-
»!.'•..; tinir t!.c- a!: r.i'.ii was coini'liinl; lo that ti i.
Ka. '1 lia\wl,i.!i (.v.. lime, aiul ar. at pr.li nt, alj...-
Ii.;f i.r,.l ;:rhi'...iy, ii it the kail llradow it lili.vy i.-
Il;..i..;; ; to tl.i.' Illbi' Ct. /Ml lllf';lim;.> ot ill'- ilia.:'. .11
p.;. . ii.il'.r .lie aliollll)i;il. Nay, tilt vt-rv 1.1 111.' il .1-
I iTi- ail.! iil.ci y istiuitL' t'or'].ittcn ; ui> ii iiicri luul ii"\' r
III, 11 an. I'll, u t'.iin/ ; i!:i: \cry lirll aiiJ priii.-iiMi ..r-
I) r. N ]M A It K.
<J5
in ti!.' I '.,i.,;ii law bcir.>;, " '1 ii.it t'u I."
ll l^ Illf
p...!'.,." nl.ucii to liinifL-lt to i'\|)laiii O"- U:\ ; ii.iv,
to .lilt r .iiul clun^jt: it as Ik lliull tinuk po .i." I'lic
i-iii.li;i|iu nets of lliis arc ubvioiis ; luvim :i: .i ..! ar ;.
Irary t..M :, aiiil comiiuiiilv viTy i\ci!!in in-., r\n
111 tlllU:
it ptarr, litllc regard Im:!,;
to t!.i- i"::-.l
marine ilifputr*; and ilic ctmnccllory exccutfn all
iiianiKr ol IiiiIiikI.^ rifptiiiii;,' trcMtiis, alliaiicti, iU.
'Ilic poliki- ill Diinnark in very IUkI. At the tii-
traiice r.l n:.iii) ti.wii.^ a ;\!iipj'iM<,.ri)it llaiuli Cdiilpiiu-
ou<, on till' II']: of whi.:li the figure ul a man is pl.ifid,
with a fvviii'.l [ly iiid (iik', and a whip in his ri^ht hand.
(«i!)l). '.H ami wl.LvIs are r.Iio placed on eiiiiinncis, on
whuli tile bod LS of maktactor'i arc lunictiincs left,
alter e.\t.cutiii!i, to deter othrrii troiii their crimes,
hiiine triiiiiiiah. are punilhed by beitij; whipped in tlic
market pi. icr', aiul baniliKd. .Soine of the lower fort
ate piii;ilh»d ly liein^; led iIiroiif;li t!iC city of C'optn-
h.ifV n in what ii called the Spanifli iii.inties. 'Iliij is
a ki'ul ot lu.'.vy velt, foineihiii;,' like a tui), witli art
opcniu;;- lor t'le !c:id, and irons tj enelo'e tlic neck.
I iii.s mode It pill, iiliiiieiit il very nnich. dreaded, and
is of.c caul,- (hat nij^lit rubbeiies are rar.ly heard of in
(.upeiiliare-.i.
'I he pl.ic: f f e.recut;, n i> out of the citv. Deoolla^
til. 11 i.. Ji.-:r.;-.l in.ii J li, :i,.ii. .,',,,.• by tlie tword ihiin the
ase. 'Ilii.i i.i the tomtti-m mode of cxrcutiuii. liut of
ti.iiie iiiorc lirii: in criiiKs i!ie |innilliineiit is breakinpf
III tlie s\'^.'.l^; and, in e\.e.it;ii;.; tlii.s on It.ite pri-
|o:nr<, it li..,!i.'.n the practu^- lo'i'etiinc.'i to bej^iii witli
luiiiii:; oil tl,eir right li.aids. li\eeution.<, liowc'ver,
are rare. A ereat miiiiber lor ehihl murder are eon-
li..|is ».l thiiii ; II) that the vahu .1 lii.it.i, mi iiiult ■
jvirti of t!i, kii: -iiom, i.^ tallen tluee-lniirths : a, I it 'n.
worl'e iieai the t.ipital citv, u'ldi-r the i>e .lut h.md ol '
tl.i' ;.;o\erir,i'.;nt, th.iii in reiin.kr proviiuxs : p, v.riy
in th'' ;;eiMM, vvlneli nectliarily eauLs extri Mi'v ol
mil. 1'. Ill t!.i: pr.il.iiifs ; |iavtiality in the i!i!lii..iii;' n o!
ji.'i.vi-, will 11 i.ivoiiritei lire eonecriied ; wilii ii.aiii, .
r'l.i :■ iiiilcirKli J ti'-ili,; tl.'- eoiill.int eirci.'t'i ol aili'lr.iiy
iiiL' in tl.i.'> and ..I! uilii.r couutricu whorein it I, ..3
I ' V. lilt. I. !
I,, a wr.r.i, it ni.iy 1 ■, truly I'-iid, that the pi-, pie of
1) •iiiiii's, \Mtii a I illi and dcl|H-i-.nc hand, troin 1110- |
tii > ol r,.\.n',e, l.-.m iitud In an ar;lul imniiirv aii.i
.Ti'il.'ti.. i!..i^v, rtii ;ni-d their liliiilv ai.d in.:.| -n .
iii..n-, .ir.d i'nclti-d iiair lo\eri.ii;ii with dilp.nii- p;ucr
OM r til. ir liv 1 .,i',,l l.-rliines.
I'l .11 t',.:,. 'I.;.,- I'll- kiiiy-i o| l)c\ iiiark in: '1, in t'l ir
'p('(in>. 111 tile 11/' ': 01 tiu' I' .vrn i. 11 |i lui I ; ! 11; 11, t
br.".' able (.. L-.\ei-J'.l-. tl'.' u'.o..' tlu-,.i|i Kc-, tin v ire
1.1,; 1 .1 t.< i.eli-';ate loMH- pan ui the e\i ..-iilui. po^^tr lo [
til- ir conlu!, nti.il fiibiccl-;. !
1 I,'.- ki|)ri.ii.c C'ant ol jiKluMtur'-. h-r ,0. irn.iiV nn.!
Koi-.\.,y, i> 111 III in till- royal p.il.m- at t'..pi nli.ii 11, ]
til- km;.' il li!;\- pu'lent , tin' liihiinal i-,l IloPtiiii i,. '
lii-ld I't i.iui^ltad. ; and thai lor the duchy uf Siilwie
ill ti.i- t'.v. 11 ul :ii,i. i.a.iie. The nod ot tli<: lbv<-rtiyn '
i.i d; i;ili\ J Ul the c.^-.iiiei!, tile iiu nibi 1 > l,.-|ii^ -jo'i^ d
iiiipi.'. itiy to ..bey In- v.iil, a? ti.. v are i-enioveablc at
li... 1 'r.diKc. ' 1
l-.v.-iy n .;ii, if lie iIiull'S it, may plea-.l hi.? own '
ranli-; .itul iho proceedniijs are lb luinmar-,, iii.'.t a liii: |
iniv be iMnu d thiuujdi all the courts, and laialiy de- I
ei led ill thirteen inoiilh". '
.'~iiln nlinate to llu' lunreme court of judi... ;;'.;i', at '
V, iiu'li the kiiii; p-i. full ■ , '.n.-reare three other couii^, vi:.'..
the !.;nd-ii.i ', or prinincial court ; tli.. lli.riei.l.NtoLi;.',d.,
IT liiilinl eouiti and the Byto,.^li.ls, or '.iv.n eoiirt.
Appeals lie ri'iin each ot ihele courts lo tiie other, ae-
eiriiii,^ to lii|U-rii.ritv ; and tiie liiuil appeal to the
I liTi-ine court, where an abloUite dtcilion ii ;.;i\en by
li. kin,' as the ultiinatt- ii-j,illati>r.
i lie judges arc appoii'.lid by the kin;;, but remove- ,
tilile at jilealure. 'Ihevai, piiiiilb.ible tor miideniean- ,
or.';, that i.s if tlie iiion:ir.-li think i jiropt-r to deem j:
III' ir actions liuhi and thus royallv condemned, are ;
('! '•■■.-ed to ni.ike nj'.ii.llin to tlie injuri-d jiarty. ',
'J I ir l.d ir'n .s, whieli are iiicoiiliderablej are jiaiil Iroiii !;
tlic kin;;'s trcafury, Ir.ini lines, and Irom gratuities ;:
\'. lure li.-iitence is p.iii'ed. In Copenlr.^j'eti are likeuiti,- i|
;in c.\c!u(]n:;r court, to try canles nlative to the reve- M
lUii- ; ar.il a eomniercial court, to deckle .ill illi;i're!'.t:e<; '!
iclpciiiiij tratle. liic admiralty court ii,.UM,y..i all i.
Lil to
v.oik in rpindioi.l'.s for life, and to bii
.1 aiimi,;!!;., on the 0,.v when, and the Ipct
while, t!.e crime was euiir.iutted. T
penilhir.i. it is dri.aded
llian death
lis moilc ot
, and lince it
n.ii Deen ailo|ited, lias [^nat'y prevtiited the frci)Ucr,cy
ot the crime. 'I he punilliiiiciit lor grand-larcny is
vhippi::-, and llavery lor liie. Thole wleiare con-
dcM.iied to llavery are diliiiiguiibcd by a brown coat,
wi-.h n .1 I'.eivis, and irot:.s im one leg, with a chain
l.ill.iu-,! I) their waidi^ They work on the foriiiica-
lion-i, in liiiiiner, Ironi live to eleven, and (roni one
to lix. Tin. ir bread is oarle and bljck. Helidi ~' an
allowance or bread, they have a i)ay of one iiiver
(a pemu "! per day. 1 hey lie en bjri-jck beds.
.\t C.ipei ha^'.'ii tlie Itate prifon is in the citadi.1.
In this jjiif, Il till -e are live or [<\ rooms, about 15 f;et
by 1 1, with one win,!, v, iind a eaie (or bLd) in ea'.-'t.
A tr.ive'lcr, wli.-i l.it-,-ly vilin.-d this kin.,'dom, rcl I'-.-s',
tl.it lie i.hr.rveil here one prifoner who was jrnarded by
an I ili.'i-r ai'.l li,!dier in tii'- room, .i:v.i another at t'l-j
i!,)i.r, tlicii., 1 ti:e L;iiar.l-ro i 'i u,is bi-low. The wea..
tlur b'l' i-- till 11 Very waiai, l-- was perir.itt.'d to havj
tl..' uiiuio'.v p;-il ; and t'l*-. In .ill tiie Irelh ..ir '..lo m'J
are n-.-ver fuiiervd t.) l 1 cut otf
m.ik, < them an a-iiple
ilW-
; Il r t.c- V
■file kn-
At t!ie ti:ii- o! divine I'crvice their doors
!i.c\ he :r it 1 V an obliiiue I'crferaiiou
11 ue priluii'-rs
tl'< ir r- Kinis.
;■ c tor tliLt.
ai ■ op- ;i, lit; 1
ill! 1 the ..-liureli, tlir.n',^;h the tiiick walls oppolite ti>
tlic d,-., rs.
'I'll'- r.'.ine traveller obfcrvcd chains faiU'nul to the
walls in the el,.!'e rooms, v.Iiere the Counts Strucnfec
and ikaiidt lia.l bmi eoi.li;,^.' ; :',;..l was i.iilormed that
Siruci.lje, who had been e niii'.cd ab.ive tliree months,
when he tirit e.er.e o'.it, tl, 'U,^!! in view o! a terrible
dcatli, ixcl.iiii'.'.-il, " Uv.iia'i'a bl-cirmj-: is Irelli air 1"
1 lerc arc f.niie il.irk r-ioiiL^ lor t!ie puiiilli'uent ol I'ui-
liicr , but 11.1 .lar.,";eons.
In ihe pril'.m ut the I'af-houfe there were nine per-
fons conline.l lor crimes, and eleven for debt. The
i'emale criminaU were at work in their feveral apart-
ments, wliicli virc clean ; but the male crimin:i!s -.vcre
duty and oll'iuiiNe. The allowance granted them is
three marks ( : ; penci ) per week. 'I here arc in ihi.-;
prll'uii arched damp dungeor.3. A reT.dent chaji'aiii
i'a}s prayers to the priloners every day.
The blue tower (the prifon for the bailiwick and fer-
vaiits of the court) confills of four fmall rooms on three
floors, 'i'hcre were in it eight men and tw.) women.
'I'iicir allowance is t'.vo pence a day, with which they
purehal'e what they pleale of ihe gaoler, who keeps a
public houfe, and ha.; a lalary from ihe court. Mere,
as well .IS ill the [mi^u at the ilat-bonle, wan obi'erved
the
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r.UllOPF..] D r. N IM
One ot'tlio moft coiifulcrablc articles in the i^vcu'ic ;i
ot Dfniivark is the niotiey railcJ by a ihity, or tml, I
IKiiil l>y iill lliijjs which pals thi(Hi;.;h the Siunul into the '1
lialtic ; the Soinul beint; a narrow limit Ixtunn Sch"- j
iicii aiiil the lil.iiul ot '/.i-al.iiul. On the Danifli liile ,|
Ihuuls the town ol Ileikiieur, or I'.irei'.eiir, and ilic ealll ■ '
1,1 I'.roiunlmig ; aiul, on tin- .SueJilh li.le, tiie town ol
lUhinliuig. lietwccn llielL' pals anJ repals all the
n-.i]!- .11. il \ellels thai traile to the Ilaltie. '!!;■• Dimes,
bv iliuv rent lie.itiis ol pcaee, have exprel.dv retaiiiej
tiieir u;le to tlic Soinul, and reeei\c toll Iroui all (llip^
and velVels that pal's, thole oi Sweileii excepted ; yet they
do not cllecin tlie hcinity ol that title lo (inn as they
I'ouKI v.ilh ; lor as they are not luallers ot the land on
liolh IrUs, lii'.y may have the ri.il.r, but, not the power, '
to a!'i I't it n;'.>ii ojiMiion, and lee:n or.lv to en|oy it '
liiiiiii,'; t!a ir ;.,oo,l bi.Ii..vii.nr ; ;'.■■ ihe'r li'nii;; liei^h-
b u; -■ 1..J Swedes, are ;d)'e to i;i..'.i. v'.\- ol ti.e lint oji-
p.ivii;iii>, or u;n!ir.i;;e, to thei.' pr- /.uiiee ; .aid this
t!i,— eo'.i.d perl..;;;,, do wilii i:;';-,r;ity.
Tl'.e huvs of ni'.tion; al\vav> ri;;i a len 'Ii
Vrope.rtioh'd tothelr wealtii.'.l.Li:' p ' ■. 'r.- ,andll:'en^.-lli : i
'I'l.c rill', s oi' equity are I"; t ,it t!.',;. .;, !
]', to b.'.'-',i int'rell lorees e.>:i Le ..:\..i:^;lit ; ''■
b'or V. '.;.i;u'lvv r pohtieian.i l',.v,
'I'licir uu'reil point-, and [i: liiei.i le.Kl, the way.
Th.- 1 :i ;in and naiiiie I'l tiii,. I W are as I. !lo\v. It
va- i.:id by the eoiUip.t ol the tr.idir< ii.Io ihi' l^allie,
wlio v.v.e wilhir.i; to allow a lin.dl rum lor e.ieii liiipthat
pall'-d, ti.'wards inaintainin[.'; ol lij'hts on eeitain places ol
that coall, Iv.- 'lie better ilirection ol' Tailors in dark
nij;!i;s : h.ereap-in this pi;l'.ii;';e of the Sound bi e.ime
the iiio;l ufed, that ol' the (Ircit I'elt beiiv.;, in a litl'.e
lime, i]uiti: ncj^lecUd, as will becuil'e ui the ;.;'.eat coii-
vi-nienec ot thole ii;;lits to the lliipjmi;; tii.it jiali'cd in aii.l
out ol the Kail Stii, as beeauleol an ii;;reeinent made,
that no Ihip liiould pals the otln-r v.ay, to tiie end tliat
t'.U mi;.^!u i\iy tiieir tiiares ; it Iv. in;.; im'.-ealiiiv.ilil,. th.u
I'uch Ihips Ihnild iiav'.- the aJv,inra;;e of thol'c li'Jus in
'I irk or lloniiv v.iiuer ni;;lus, \'.li) a'.oivied pi'.vir,;; to-
wards the inaniLiuiin'^ ot iimlc liiv ^, h.y |'idii,v., luiodi; v
vii\ in r;'iod weathir. llefuli.-., ii t'lis iii,'.!i'..Lr ot
avoiei:!'.; tin' pa}ii!ent had been ,.;io i, tin .•cv.-iu;,'
.vouKl hive been lo i:-.li_.,ni;iei :i:, ce;,,:.li riii", t'..c imill
fum whe'a each Ihipw.is to p,.\, tli.ir th'' li ,'iis eenl.l
not liave heen iiuMUaiiieJ by it i iii ,! tli ; n.iiii > v.l.\. not
uilhtiiT to hi' a: liie i;har^e,e I'ol'.ly l.-r the iil'e and be-
lulitol tliea' ov.ii iradili;,; liiij;,; ; b,.-.;iile the WLr-:
mailers i/l iii l.nv, us made it ii..t v. -ith thLir wi.i'e;
,1
A 11 K
6.V
aiM nureliai.ts i^l other
-1 at ill It lime in
i.eil 'li;y .urived
iiut there 1-,'in;,;
■ inivcrned, with
s belonj;in;^ to I'l
■'. an, in iiro'jels ol
the l.ulieekers, D.iiriiicki
1 lans Towns, beiu-; til. ■ u.ittli tr.aK
tiic northern parts ol i.uro]\', I'V \ i
to a f;reat height ol pouerand liJit;.
no lixed rule, or treaty wlu n Ir, to 1-
regard tii the dill'erent bull, ol tile Ihi
manv dilierciit nations, the l)..'i'.'.. be
time to ;.;row aibitrary, and e.\ai.ted l.ii iller or i^reati
I'liux, accordinp; to tiie ilreii;,^th or weaknel's ol thole
tliev had to de.il witli, or aeeordin,'; to their tri-.tullliip
or dil'o, intent witli tliole |)iineei or llate i t.) wliom the
f'everal Ibips belonged ; therelore tlie emperor Cliiiiles
W t.) aleeriaiii this toll, coiiciiided a treit\. v.r.Ii
tlie kin;; ot I), iimark, whieli was ii.'.ned a'. ^ jiire on the
Rhine, an.! urn; in biiiall ol Iiis lul i ais ol the N'lilur-
lands, will) had '.;rei't ti-alac in tlu IS.iiiie ; iind .i,;rt.d
tint as a toll ciillom in tl.eSeinul, e\i i) tliipot ^v e tons,
and under, lliould i)ay two role -nobles at its i ntrance
into, or retifii Iroiii the Ibiltic -, and every llii'p above
20 :. ton;, three role-nobles. .V role noble is Wiiith
about i'i;;liteen IhiHiiij;'! Iluliri;. lliii a ,ieenieiit
remained in force till lueh time as the United I'ro
vii ets Ihook oil' tin: Spandli yoke, when the Danes,
taking advantage ol tiiole wars, railed their toll to
an t.stravaj'.ant lieighi, the troublelbme limes not al-
Ibrdiii;; the Dutcli kiUirc to attend to the reuicllin^; lueli
an exaction.
'I'hc toll at prefmt, liowcvcr, is c;rc:\tlv rediind,
and much more realonable ; ami il the principal ir:ari-
tiiiie p.iwers ehol'e to dil'pute tlie matter, they certainly
would have no oceahoii to | av it at ud ; lor the
Danes have not a lullieirnt naval Hreii'th to o! li',c
i-ither the lingliHi or Dutch to pay this toil, or pal's
throet-h tliis palia;;'-, il they rather chol' to Ihoot ei-'.'i
ol the Iki'.s. Ikliiles, tiie breiidth of llii.s Sound., in
the narrowell part, is I'Mir I'iii' lilli mil •■ over, a!\l
every wiiere ot a l'ii!li,;ier,t di].,ii ; lo tliat tiie kin •
ol 1 )( .imark's call les Could not coniinand li:e liiaiii--. !,
w.'.s he mailer of both luh. ;, much hi- mnv he has but
one It i^ plain, therelore, that thi-i pretended !'\e-
rei;,;nty is \iiy prccaririN, bi'iii;j; partly Iv undid on
the inattention ol lome |.i iiices concerned in it, to tiie
;.;ri at injury ol trade.
Tliis toil all'ord.s the kinc; yearly a eonfideval'le jii-. fir,
thoU'ih much h l-i at preleiit than it ilid oi merlv. iihi'UC
tlie \ear i'>.i., it iirodiucii •:.;-.,'-cij rixdoll. r.i per an-
num; but lii.ce i'>45 .t has not \ ^ !il. I aeo\e pi .;.._•;
tome year.-, not ab'uc .So,'_0'j. In ii'i)i it did le-t ex-
tend to lull 7c,cco ; and is now imii h lei's.
,'dl people ol rank, who have jiubiic em]i!oynients',
liny a I'iiiii eiiuivaleiit to ten peuiid.s llerl'i'.i:;, Ivir th(.;
priviie;^'e of being married : pe'ipie of rani-'., v.Iii h.ivc
no ivahhe employment, pay at iiie rate ol tou, p.eur.d.-!
fieri. n'_'; c!er;.',yinen, '.ili.iei.., free f.'.nv.ers, an ; ti.e liew-
ai.l.i of the I'liiliiy, ]iay lixteeu Ihiiiiiii;, ; iiiechanics
ei;,.;ilt Ihil'iiii s ; and lerv.ll.t^ aid ;. l,.iirirs four Itii!-
linijs. .'•eameii, leklier-, aiu! au'.D.iii .men, uli. \.if-
lals, are exeiiipicd Irom this tax; aiv.l "ith \tiv ;,'iotl
reafon, h)r they are tot.,lly unable' to lay it; and loii.e,
indeed, have fcarce a fe.ilicier.i-y to p'archal.: liie co:n-
nion neeelh rie.i o! lile.
There is a tax, or ex-nintioii fubiljv, w'licii thnii_,;h
ixorhitaht and e;-jneiiiu'. is chearfullv paid In' ail
h'lulvkei pers tiiat e.,:i raile the mein',, bec.iuie, by
l' e p.iyiiKiit, they are I'Meir.pted Ircal h.e>iii;j; lil-
ilier,-, e^uartered on tiieiii. 1 his tax i.i rated l;y 'lij
(•i\il lun'.'.illrate, aeeeidiii;'; to ilie Ii. e, lituation, rent,
i^C. ol ilie !.i"ai'e.
1), il ' -■ the taxi s lo g .vrrire.ii;, two more are pai.l
bv a'' . li.iens and liiii; hers, tor the liip;;or: ot tiieir
r. I-., vii'.e titles and toui:., m/., a c.i[>,t.iti. a tax, and .i
;;,l-oLi:ul v \.[ MX.
Here ii all.' a !aii\y (l.niip acl ; ar.Ji tax s n;' m p'-
teiits, e iii.niiiiien ; ii ti'iii.irv t. x, p lid bv tlie no. .i-
i.al lu'lidit'., k.i'. I'loiu I'.ieic V 11 . .us t.ix's, daities, ini'-
polls, and eaioluiiieiits, the whole reveiiu.. -.' b'enmark,
at prek'iit, amounts to tiie aiamai v.due of al I'ut
I ijioo,':.".) I. a, id this is the u'.m'ill that I'overnii.eiit
' can poliibiv draw from tlie jieople, without draiiiii, ,
the ki:i,;doaiol tlie littii. money that reaiaie.i; in cireul.i-
tion.
The military (lren;;t!i ( f this kin;.;dohi comiils of re-
!;ular troops, militia, and navx.
The greatcll part ol the ri"ii'.ir tr i' p-i are hirei^;ii-
ers, and more p.,irtieiilarly lerminis. I he caialry
and drii;^'oons are well moiuu.d, and e. infill oi' i i ri;;i-
iiKiits , and each re;.^iineiit oi lour f.]iii:drony, inclu 1-
ing the body i;uards. Of tli' ie re ;imcnts three are
•I'lU.iiu'red in '/.ealaiid, one in 1 unen, tli.xe in Jutland,
and lour in lloltlein.
Tiie inl.intry is eompofevl oi i6 rei iiiieiit-, ot which
two d ) dutv as the kin;.','s ;;ii ird ;. \'. hi n the \\ ;,imen;s
,i,-e eoinphte, e'Uih conlllls ol twe, bat'ilieiij, and each
bait.i'i.iu contains iix companies ot i: .i men each.
The artillery conlilis ol tln\e nttimeius, oneol v.h'eli
is ilaii'iii' d in Denmark, another in N'orw.iy, and i; third
in I bdllein,
i lie b'dy of engineers is d.i\ided ir.t i three p.utii,
.; eiic'i ' t which comiai/.es 2(i o'lieei.-, ol \.ni u, r.ii.l.^.
j, S-'iiicc tlie ri.duclion ol the D.milli loic's their numli 13
[ are lO.re.o cavalrv and ilr.ie.ooiis, and _(,',' iii-
\ l.mtry and ariilk ly ; the whole ot the r.'j,ular troops
compri/.iii;.; .l.i,00i-'.
livery perloii who cultivates or ]i!)ni.!bs y<o iicres
, of land, is oblii'ed to fmd one iii.iu '.n the n,iii;ia, and
7 ^ r ly
■'III
I
ii
if
■I'l
!lll!
Iii
iliMK
^
6;S
A NTAV
Anni.NTIC SYSTF.M oi UNIVERSAL GF.OGUAi'HY.
m
i
i
Si if '- -
]'.\\ Iialt t!u" ixpciii;;' ofaiiviii towmxlsacorps-ilc rtlt-rvf,
to he ti:il)0'.!it'd aiu! c.illcd lUt u: .m cincr.:;-iRit\s.
I'lic n.iuilll llctt is i-()!1'1vIl,1 ct ■.ibiiut ■; ■ Ihips of
tlic liiK-, aiul alii'iit 16 lr'ii;,i!f< ; but tl\itc .irc lilu iliv
kept in I'uth h.iJ itpair, that the Dai.es wmiki lii;.l a
llM.
but tlair butcher's meat '"= r,.jt, on tlie whole, rn |,e
toinpareJ to tl-.'t nl tiic l''.Mf;hlli. All the lieh m h,!l.
ty have hot hou'es, and hot \s\\\U, IrontcJ ^nl, . j.;|,
in tluir ;^. miens i \et, lor want i>t a coinpK ii. k"()\ kii. ,;
in the Miana_M-niei;; ot tlu plants, ilirir linit, in • lu -
upon an enierytney, in lilting mit :o lliips ral, is li;ul. In other Ions ol provilions thc\ a:;-i!!vn
a par with tl;i ir i-,ei,';l. hours ; am! their nip italiiin.s ,,1
\aniii:s e.'.tablis ot luxun have nuitli incn-ak.i ol I,'.:,-
).:ars.
'I'he li;!h tliat heaves bv fleahh, the Halting tt.ir,
'I'he melting langnilh, ihe obliging leir;
Mall ilttei'il wiliu'h, broken, knul replies,
And all the lileiit eloquenee ol e)i s,
That te.ich the iair, by \ a; ions wiks, to move
'I'hc lolitn'd liinl, aiul bend the heart to love.
I I'roud ol her eiiarin-;, and e'lileioU' ol h^ 1 Liee,
' 'I he haughtv beautv calls loiili tv'r\ grae- ;
i ^Vitil fierce defiance throws the kiluiig ilavt ;
liy ioiee Ilie wins, bv k.irce Ihe keeps the heart,
'I'lie witty lair a Ia-IjIci game puihies.
Aims at tlie head, but the rapt loul lubdiu--.
'J lie languid nvmp.h cnll.ivt-s \vi;h loftir r.n j
With Iwcet neglect Ihe ileal-- into :!ij ln',.rt :
I Slov.ly Ihe moves her Iwiiin '.ing e\e-> arcuiid ;
I Ci^neeals iier ll.alt, but meditates tlie wom.d :
I Her ''Ciitle laniorilhiiu iits the r:a/ers nii.vc :
' Her Wjice i.i luunc, and her looks are kne.
I
jMaiiy ot the fecond rkd's, or titular rii)bili!v, are i'l-
' reigiiers, and in paiticul ir (;erinans, whogeiK rall\ c' r
hither very poor; luit by fervilely atlt luliii;; the c ,.;',
, and lalling- ii.to all the Ichcines el the kivouiile eir 1. ,1 i.
I tier, ulually aciUiire wealth.
I 'I'hole who cuinpoi' the third ckil"-, a:; tkev an' C .
pendent on, are obliged to be luhtei'. leiit to, thee u.:,
and lubmiiiive to the miniiler and favourites.
The I'cople id' the tourth clafs are eoiiceikd aiu!
hau,;hiy, but at the fiine time lervile and tiiied.
^\'ith rei'|Kcl to the filth clals, tin- kani- 1, uoukl 1 •■
inne!i more ;;!ert in tlleir Inifmef;, il tiit\ uere bet.. ,■
Ilk -i ; aiul ael with greater Ipirit .iiid lourage, il i!'.-
Were not familiarized to fear, mil iraiiieil lioui tf' r
birth", to tlie moll: abjrcl 1: ive'ry, ihe l.uiners a.-
capable ol | uttin.; to lea. To man this fleet there are
two orvlers oi leaineii ; vi/.. 30,000, who are conllantly
(•moiled and r( tained in times of ]ieacc, by a triihng
aimual liipeiul, and being exempted Ironi the payment
ot eert.im taxes ; and a lecemd elaf-, eoaip 'led of four
divilions, each liiviiion liavin: a iliiel, and ten com-
panies ot iiS men each. 1 heie are cominaiided by
a capt.iln, who has two fubaltern oliici rs under iiiin,
In this clals, there are a certain iiumber o! gunners, w ho
have a kind of naval acadeuiv, and inltiuct the leainen.
This fecond clafs, or order, contains about ■\~ 10 meti,
who are always ready tor iinniediate ler\i:e, and con-
llantly kept in full pay. I'h -y are occafionally recruited
from theenrclled feamcn, and wear a blue unilorm, tai'ed
witli diiicrcnt colours, according to their rciptttivc k]ua-
drons ard di\ iiions.
'1 he Danilli men of war cnrrvthe fame complement
ci men, in pro])ortion to their guns-, as tlic I'reiich
lliips ot war do ; but they are much inlci ii'r in point
ot conlhuc\ion, botii to l.nglilh anil Krench Ihips of
war; ard, indeed, are iar l-oni leiig cijiial to tlie
SwedKh ll,iii>.
A marine academy was inilituteJ. lor the inllruciion
of vhuiii' cadets by Frederick J\'. Appointments were
ija.'e tor v^ cadets to be trained u;> to a t!;orough
kiiov.lc' .. ot naval afi'air:;, and perlectiy tan .ht na-
vi:-ati.: , gunnerv, drawing, lencing, Inllory, ge.i r.i-
ph\, geometry, leveral olkrr br.mehes of the niathe-
niatic3, ivC. In order to i.)in practice t i theory, il tv
were annu.iily to make a voy::ge in a fii.;,ite, and Ki ■-
celfively to perlorm the lerviec ol ccii:..ii'.i leainen,
|>ilots, and olliecrs. '1 his noble ii.lHtuiiein, however,
is now greatly, it not wholly, neglected.
S 1. C 1 I O X \I.
R.rik! ir (V.Vv., ,lin:-:'i> Mivrr cf J.k:=:', Di'-o-
f-ll.-.u, l\ '■■: , D e s /". ,/, <>;/;,, /;. ; . r:,- ;., l'):..
i-i'li-'i .. .' /■- ;/,_v'/.e;,/j '/' tl.c I).;.. . L..\i.-. ki-
Till', inhabitants of Di'iimirk nriy be ■.'.:■, '.le 1 iii'o
kve elalf. :., vi/.. the nobility, uhol ve privileged
fiels in the kingdom. J lie' titul.ir no, iiil\. (Jeruv,
lasv vers, and liiuk lit-. Me;e!. I'.ts and t'ui/.en;. ."-ea-
liien, tarini rs. and kibo'.ne; -.
The iuiierior c ! ilk are of an lii;di Ip'rit, and have
ns much vivacity in tiiein a> any people in Luro]ie, tlie
l''rench akiiic e.\ee|Hed. 'I'he nobility in particular
arc Ihewv, lond ol inagnificenec, and live in a mean
between tlie I'.nulilh and the (iennans : more finnptu-
ou» than the latter, 1 ut nut with liich a general con-
filtencv as the tonner. In their drefs the French
lalhioiis arc i)riiicip;dly lirillowed ; and the language oi j
that nation, as heloie oklerved, is nriiverfil aiiumg '
them, in th.eir houles they are cNpi'iilivc, not only in
the arehitccture, butali" in tf'- luiniture, exceeding, in
this relpeet, tiie Ciennan-, but not e'jualhng the l.ng-
I'lh. .\t tiieir tables they rei'inible tlie (Annans moll |
tor cookerv, but do not fit fo long ;,t tln.ir ii.eals. In
derinaiiy n ur courles and a dek rt w'\ h !v!, upon a '
moderate ceii'putation, lour hoiu's and an hall, which, I
in Kin.li.ii'.d) .re dil])atched in one; but the n.!n.-i are
beivvei 11 the t'.vo, leldoin riling, however, inuk r t' e
two li'jur.. Seine ol the liobiiity are vi; y expenir, e
in l''reiicli cook'i, but it is not gciu ral. In iheir wines
tiny are partii ularly euiiniis-.-boih .is to iitialiiy and |
V irietv. Their tables arc aihnirably well ierved with
I, III, p.irticuiarlv ol the Inlh water kind; and lea lilli
is 111 trreat alnindanci-, thoii ;h iiot ol tiie beli lorts. j
W,M |..wl they ab' iiiid greaily in, and have :i gre.it- r ,
\aie t; than 111 L.in.k:i:d. 1 lieir venifon i-, t.xcelicni ; ,
lierlest va:i
1.1.
aiul
i by iii't be.iig per:
lo ha-.
,.iiv Will (•! tlieirouu, be i- ii'.e si iiiJ, earele!^, a i
iiid /., ill. li ..:iv ol tiie!e h.ip] ell to ',et a Ii;: ie ,:; ! ,
t'-.ey become perlect lots, aid ulually delhoy 1 . ..
felves by inroxicatioii ; taking n;) elelight in anv tiii;.:;
but out drinkitig tlieir mi.,iiI)oiir ; aiul in this tiiev i-.-.
,'el!v ri-fe;iib!e llie toUM.y lii.iie ikk-.:bed liy ti.e ,
who li.\ s,
M. thill'., s 1 lee hhn in his hall :!ppe:ir,
Where'eve rv t.ible llo;its with eliiniiu beer ;
'Mi ill muj.;s and g,.illes, ihatter'd o'er the llo. r,
IXad ilruiik his fervile crew fuplnely liioie.
Ti luinpli.int o'er tin iiro'lrale brutes he ll.mds ;
'Ihe miglitv bumper trembk s in his haiuf. :
liokily i.e drinks, and, like his glorious lires,
Iiieiipleius ;;ulpjut ])<neiit .de expires.
Inde<'d, tills vice oi drinking to e.xcefs is alinoll <:r-
neral among the Danes. The labouring people .in
fome of the moil ojiprelled and iiiilerabie wretelies 111
l-.uro|ve.
Thele people feklom enter into ipeirrds with each
other, although llu y are very lond ol drinking, .iikI
lino iking tobacco, whicii are o( general ule here, iii.d
doiiblleU contribute niiieh to tliLir health, an.l to ihe
little vivacity they pollels iii the inidll oi Inch 11 eoki .11. d
Wit atmolpliet-e.
The warlike genius tor which the Danes were kir-
inerly celebrated, is now totally loll. 1 hey are liiiii.l,
hilpieious, lieeeitful, dull, and, in genc-d, lliipid. k)
be more minute in their characters, an .'ccinate writer
lay;., " Their general ehar.icter is n, llrange conipok-
tiun of pride and iiieaiiiiefs, hifolenec and poveriv. h
ai.v
onei! a |
■I'iu- ,
liirb ',
red, '.il
in li.-Jit
wooilen
in.ar, an
lumiiure
Ihe 1
age, ,,tui
havi.g
dead.
hei, / >
iiid'r.'
k:i ■; a:;
OUlil
i.jy.i' V.
e.'t' ' '.
w ' I i I -. ,
t.ie l.-li!
I..', .ii
W K. ,
hunt 1-11!
horn-.
t;.e molt
th.it it ai
ol luillt:
iii.lividii
and liiui
tovvarJ
the hoiii
polier.,
tlicls a
lion 01 li
whi, h th
horns, a
i'he cm
niei t, ril
llun the
they liaii
■'■wan
court cn|
(hole biri
ones are-
king, ip
\i'HY.
t, on the wliiMc, to lie
111. All tlic licli iiili.H-
walls, tront! J «hIi 'j;!-.,
jt a ciiiiipli !(. ki'o'. !til;,c
Its, llicir tniit, iH ;, . iu .
proviliiiii^ ti'.cN :r.;- u'.ii u
n:ul tiicir nip itiitii>ii.>, oi
,t; much iiuiialu; ol \.:\.-
■altl), tlu' |l.i:tiii--tv,ir,
,ihli;iiii'^ li' I'' i
, k'.iul rLpri^->,
• ol ty *^,
loiisi wik s, to iii'ivc
the heart tu l.n<'.
■milciiiU'. ol 1ki tacr,
.ilh cv'r\ grace ;
iiiL kiliHii; ilait ;
(he keeps tile iieart.
le piuliKs,
rapt loul lulnhu-.
N \\i:h lottcr rirc j
1-' into the lie.u-t ;
i.'.in;.!; e\es areinul ;
Jitates the uoii;.>! :
the [jLizers iimve :
:r lui'ks arc lo\e,
or titular nohili'.v, are ; •-
, iiiaiis, whoger.i rally e.i r
\ilely altuulir.;', li.e c .;■,
.-.s 1,1 the t.iVoinile or i. .: i-
h'nv! el.-.f;, a-; tl;e\- are ,' .
c liihlei'. lent to, thi c u.:,
ami lav.iLiri!' ^.
1 clal's ate ecK'-ii-Ail aia!
e lerviie anil tlniii.1.
lal's, the Itani'. ii wouKI 1 ••
ilinel'-. it tin.) were !'■ t.' .'
I'pirit and n)inii;.;e, it r ■ v
r, an. I tr.iini.il Iroui ih r
ivery, 1 he laniiers .;,
be.n ; p.'r:in.ri\l to \y.\- '
.mc !! niJ, earele!^, :; i
• : cil l'> '.ec a li:;^- in-: ,
d uluaily delln.y t > -
; n:> Jjl-,ul!t in ai'.y tlii:. ;
-inr ; ant! in this tiie\ e:,
l,[uire ilelciibeJ l.-y 0:[ ,
hall I'.ppeav,
ilh (1 nnni\ beer ;
atterM o'er tlie lloer,
w I'upinely hioie.
ate brute-, he llaiuN ■,
:)U- in his haiul. :
,e liis glorious lires,
ale expires.
kin;'; I" (xcefs is alinoll , '-
i'h'e hilionnn;.; people .':
ami nuleraliie wretche.-. .•!
er into ipiarrds v.itli i-i"'
(TV toml ol ihinkinK. ■'''''
I- 'ol j^;elieral ule here, Md
to vh.ir health, an.l to llie
he niiullot lucll a coKi ai.il
Nvlileh the Danes wen' lor-
!-,hv l.'ll. i Ikv are tiinwl,
lul.'ii, jn-ne--l, lliipi'l- '"
r.iclcrs, an .vcuratc writer
acur IS :i llrann'' comi'oi;-
mlolcuccaml I'ovtrl). h
aiiv
ITROI'l.T
I) r N U A
any f;en!lcir.an can fnul a purchafcr lor his eftate, (he
kinjj, bv the Danilli law, has a ri;;ht to one third of
t' e piireliale money ; Init the la.m's arc lo biirlheiicil
with iniporitvius, that tiiere would be lU) ilauger of
alien J. .11, e'en il this rel'r;<.'.;oii wa.; not in force. No
]Hi!on \.i iild I iier iiiomx (or an i Hate to be held upon
liiei; tLi.n.,; and I'onie i uil!e;nv-n have actii;illy oU'eri.-d
I.I ",i :ke .1 furrender to ihe kin;; ol larjy.- tracks of ler-
til'.- I,.:. ! I.i the illand vi' '/.eah.nd. Cnn.feiiais that they
eiijoi t'i'ir p'jllelii'in?, tliii< ;. neumbiaed, at the nod ot
:•!; ,u ■;).■.; i.\ fi.verei;"!, ihe\ are at l;:tle or no pains to
;li' irellatcs ; and ur,y look upon trade as he-
ir d:;;ility. 'I'hey therelorc rack their te-
h tiie utiiu II '.'p; r.i'i.'ii, in order to procure
ra;,'
inii\-o\'-
n.arh il
VS./.r- V. •
i; i; irii'ii
ti ay, ,r.-
:iniiie\ il
hnd .n
I ' enl.n.
.te means oi ;ra;,l)in;-, their vanitv, glut-
e\;Mv.ig;'.ne.-. ihol';; cnirtiers who derive |
in li :r cm; li.'viiu nts, inllead of pureluiliiij; '
i.iimnk, uii'.it their ealii to the banks ol 1
aiul AniUerdain. 'Ihe merchants and !
I,;;i;;-'!i IS tn ad in the iooilieps ol their fuperiors, and '
111, h! all ll:eh- gain in luxury and pleafure, with ;ni
Il r- l'.. ,','. aMilitv, as li they were atraid of incurring
'. ; :. ' •• ~j "" 1,
::e ''lep ei,)n ol ailhience, and belni; llrijiped by taxa-
:uii. '1 he jiralant, or boor, follows tlie fame example ;
1
liuii. '1 he ]iralant, or boor, follows tlie fame example ;
Mr 11,1 loi.ner I, a;; he earned a rix-dollar, liian he makes
I'.d it in br.m.dy, led it lliouid lall into the
'I'liis lower dais of
Il ;!-■ 1.1 I'x;
hand ol Ins oppr. dive l.in.ilord >
]eo;l',i;-.- aiabfoiu'.e iL'.m . .is tlie nei.roes in the \V( it-
iiuiit ■, and fiihlill up^iil nuieli harder fare. '1 he value
ol ell, lie > IS init co;.;;;uted by the number ol acre.-, but
in- the liock ol boor.^, wlio, like tiie timber, aie rcek-
u:k i! a parcel of the fieehold."
riu- ))anes, in perfon, arc ufuaily tall, l^ron;,^ well- ,
ha.li ', and tolen.i'.iy featured ; in general they ha\e .
red, • ellow, and 1, ,nt li.iir. In the lummer they drefs i
inli.'.ht appa-.l , and, in winter, wear warm furs, or [
wo.illen cloatiiinij. T.;, y lee.l uii.m itock-filh, fait ,
m.ar, .-.nd other e.x'.rfe I'iet. Tlie only i.i;ood piece of
hniniure in their htuiles i^ the leatln r-bcd. I
The D.mes eipi.iilv le.i.t and mike merry at marri- I
;i;4i s .md luncrals. '1 he r..)bi:;tv pique themfelvis upon '
f.:'.\ i;;;.!; luiiiptuons burins and monuaients ior their
dead. The principal diverlu.;.- if tliel'c peojile are :
be!.;.' drawn in !l. ilp"-s vn{>n ti.e lee, during wirier,
a: d ri'iininij; at thi- goof on .'^'n'.ve 'i'uefday. I lie '
l.:i '; annnadv pa'-'.il.t .-, ol t!;e pdlime ol llag-hunting, -
( nil • \>':i>h di'.erlh'ii i... I.s-. a i .e the traiip:n;..;s et
1 ,y.i V, ...id mingle;, ...s :m tcpial, wiiii his nob!, i and '
:.'t ' ! 1.1 -■. liven tne coaim.in people arc indulL^ed
1 V..:'. I .straoidi.i.irv freclnai, .,t ImU time. When ,
ill'. ii.'<; i'l tlie eveniing tlie hunt-
e ;;riMl eoi;rt_ iiclore the pal. ice,
;he It n;, w ;lli ;.;> e.ii eer,,rii.
r.'.:",, who a;e i: i.i'.hed i;i Vi^,
wh'l,' lie' hounds att'-n.l wl:!i
lenee. l'roel,imation is in.id ■,
the h'i'ltin',,- is ove;-. .
n.., ;ir.. . .re h, Id in
\'. e
l.m.
h.iri'-. about their neel.-:,
i:.e in.itl clamorou.-' niui.i
IV, is cut up by ti,e
and have hiintiii'.j-
th.vi ii any perfoii ha-, that d.iv, iranlgrclVnl the laws
of hunting, he Ihould be imaieJ.i.itely accufed. .Some
ia.hvidii.d is always lelecfed lor this pnrpole, tried,
\.i\\d four,. I (guilty. Then he is led by two gentlemen
toward-; the ll.f.;, win re he full knei I.s down between
the horns, lie is alterwards obliged to raile uji liib
poll, rlors, on which an oilicer, with a large wand, in
ihcls a certain nuaiiur ol llrijci, to tlie iiili'''.e diver-
l:on ol ihe cpieiii, I. idles, an I other Ipeclatois; during
whuhiht: hounds open, and the huntimen blow their
horns, as if in concert, to pierl.iim the king's jiilUcc.
I he criminal having undcrgoi'.'- this ludicrous ehallifc-
nui't, riles up, and makes a profound obcilaiiee ; and
tlun the hiuuuls are permitted vj re;; ile upon the (lag
they had nm down,
.'.wan hunting is another roval iliverlioii, which ihc
court enjoys in a Iniall illand near laipenhagen, where
lliofe birds breed in great nmnhers. Ueiore tlie young
ones are fullieiently lledged t'l take their lllght, the
king, queen, courtiers, i^e. let out lor this ill.md in
a number ol pinnaces, cnclole the h.umt of the I'wans,
and, V. ilh lowhng-jiieces, dcllroy them by thoul.inds.
K.
(^30
The llelh is never eaten, but i!:r feathers and down
belong' to the king-.
In many of tlitir ilivi rlionsthe Dane-: follow the f.ifli-
ions ul the French ani flngliih. C aids make a greater
progrefs than fiuanerlv ; and the viv..-s of tite m-bihty,
and of fuch other d.dles as can ,.;:'. ,rd it, h; ve, af Co-
penhagen, their athmlilies almell a-; rigi.daily a,' any
at London. 'I'lie nun are gf .it iheis pi.iv, rs, it be-
ing a game tlii'y are very fund ol, and which is me.rc
ciiinintinly introduced at iheir vllits th;:n in I'lngh.iid.
Billiard.- and t-ainis are alio common at Copenh.igeu.
'1 he theatre is Frcucll ; thuiigh they have edablilhed a
Danilli one, where jiieces, traiillated Irom the Mngliih
and freikh, are indlllerently perloriin d. Attempts
have been made for an Italian opera, but with no liiccefs.
The people ot Denmaik are liil'itcb lo apoplexies and
eplleplies, which are ouing to li.nd drlnkli g, and low
living. While tlie peal.mts are empl.iMd wiilanit
doors, at their labour, tlie woiien are i.eeu|/led at
home in fphming yarn lor linen, which is here made
to a great degree ol linenels and goodin Is, i iic titles
and towns ailord but b id aceommodationi to Ihangers,
the taverns being poorly fupplied ; and a traveller, I'j
be in any wife contented in this countrv, luu'l; carry
with him .1 tr.ivtller's ap|):,rlit. and patiei.ie.
'J'lie titles ai'.d diUinctions, ot winch the Danes are
fo fonti, are partly annexed to uilht.rv, civil, a., J ec-
clchaltical employments, and pa.tly noii in.ii. I'lie va-
rious emplov r.ients give a kind ot di-mtv, dmli;:' life,
1) thole who hold them ; :uui the n.iture tA the einj U'y
tlxcs the rank between thole who are in 'lie lame train ;
bat it cannot decide the precedency between an ollicer,
a magillrate, aiul an ecclcllallic ; aiiil therefore this
is regulated by an ordin.mce lor the etitjiK tte i>r rank.
With rel'pect to the nominal ranks, noLilitv aiu* title,
the belt inlormation is thus given by a very intelligent
writer : " .Vs thole wliofc oliices arc n.imeJ in the te'Kt,
are fuppoled t.) be liiperior to thnle who hive n.. i;a-
plov, or whole emphiy is not cLnhd in the oid.'i.mee,
tlie delire, and e\i.n the want of having a rank, is the
realon why fim|)le titles w-liich are not ami, xed to any
emiil.iyment or emolument, are to much the objects of
ambition. It is ci''minon, in this countrv, to fibiaiii
the title o! an emplnvment, which the perhn never ex-
erciles, and Irom which he never receive- aiiv iiecmhary
bcnelit, but even ]ia\,, a confiderable lu ii \ early tor
lie ii'.ie : aii.i \evv I'lten tl
WHO !;,i\e a cer-
tam r.mi
bv their caip oyments, alter foine time, ob-
tain titles liiperh.r to their riipeclive iunctions. 'Ihilc
titles are irKcwHc fometiines im.iginary ; as thus, when
a perloii has the title of cour.felior ol Hate, of juiiice,
or ot finances, it is not to be conchkleil irom du nee,
that he has iieciii'arily any part ('f tee govrrmner.t of
the Hate ot julllee, or ot the piii-hi. revenue, excep.t
the word ,,■.,.■.,(,'' is added to his cliai.icter, otherwlle it
is onlv a nomiiuil characler which iiiarhs Irs rank.
The king of Denmark has a grc.it mnnher ol lorils ol the
bed-chamber, who pay about ten pounds lierlnig yearly
for wealing a golden kev, which gives them a confi-
derable rank; and yet there are not tm paid lor tlieir
•..iteiidante at court. To the court beloii;; two ancient
orders of kni;;litliood, viz. That of the Mli pliant, and
ihat of Danebur;:.
The badj';e of the former, which is the mnfl lionoiir-
abli', is an ele|ihant Ihrnumnied with a eallle let witli
diamonds, and luliviidevl to a li;v-eoloured ribb.n,
worn like the (ieoreein Kn;;land. This ordei was in-
iVituted by ('hritiian 1. at his Ion's weddlu;,. It is
eotilerrcd onlv on perlons of ilie liiglult ipMhtv ; and
the nuinbir >>\ eoinpaiiies amount to thiriv, bifules the
Ibvereign. 'I'he order of D.uicburg, though kfs hon-
ourable, is much more ancient. 'I'lils is bellow e, I, as
an lioiuaMiv reward, upon the noblell'e ol inlerior r,ink j
its iniignl.i beim.: a white ribbon with red edges, worn
over the Kit IhouKler, from which depends a linall ilia-
inond crols, and an embroidered fl.ir on the bre.ill of
the coall, lurrmnuled wltli the inotio I'^uiw is Jtijluui,
or piety .iiul iulliee.
Here
¥i
?i'
iii
1^!
,'-
\
U
mi
uo
A NF.W A\r> AlITIir.NTIC SV^ITM o? T-NIvrilSAI. CEOCIIAPIIV,
1 lore H likcwill' a
callfvl till.- onlcr ol S:. >,i
, r nl
■ 111:' nliiOOll
1, ' 1
ii;nu 11 w 1
til fpi
.1 I
na la'.iri.
li tlicv lull! receive-!.!
atr.
i..!in:.i, ;iiul iiuiiiut'.'il m lio'.uuir
o! till. I.itf unlortun.itc qtuin; l)t;t it is ii
; Jtd, ;mi.l coiilcqucntiy ru.t Liipiriil t > i r 1.
i.W lillt little i\
'.ttlltL'f.
S K C 1' 1 ()
VI!
iiijury Inun n iici,i;!ihoiii i:i;: ikUioii, that iiiiiioii was elio.
It'll ioi- till- lirll vicliiii. 'Ilnilc w'lniii tliiv vanquiliK-i!
were jrciii rally put to (.leaili. Smiu'timts, iiulceii, t!;c.v
eoiUeiited tlienilelves w
t.lteii,
itli iiiaUi;
II;
iivei! HI tlicin
il'e, by a liii,L.;i;!.ir l.itui of
r.nlKT liv a ileli
re ol liijM
nisToiiY er Di-NMAi;i:, N\ ;ava^
iiul liicinlelvis I'lii-eii.ir
llClillltV, Oi-
hell.!.- ivi ;i, il tiicv
t.i ilie n:rMy v.liiJi | rikiitcd
rj-\
tiuu can
I'. (V, :.;inai iiilial>it;'.!-.t;; ei O.irnarl^ ".ik! Ndr-
w.iv apjiear, iroiii tl'.e r.;.i.t aiUlientK' ir.u m eiiec l|
In- ..I:
itlrll a;.;;'.iiill tl:eiu, tliey onler-.u oil' a pait nt t!,i ir Iki.t,
tiiat tl.cy iniij'.t li;;llt ti'.-J '-;u';;,y v/itii e.paal lerei , i.-:.
Ip^lni;' the ';a';iiiii'.; an aJvama'',-' ^\ illi iui^'rior luiia-
itaiiieil, to li.tve licei
lilies ol li.e all- I
n rs-, aiul re;.;'Uiliii;; it as an inlair.iuis practice to lia-
citiit Se\r!ii:,ii-', ami were called !iy tlie app' llatioii of pri/.e an cm my in t!ie ii!;.;lit. 'I
Jill
tlic Ciinbii. '1
lev li.ul Inread liieini'
Ives ilirou-.'.!i
.11
tlie iiortiiern a;u
dwelt
]iroviileil witli anus, ami tluir men were
parts oil. iirope, aiki ati'itiired i taii,i;lit to lAiin, lii tliat as tl.cy ficncrally loiii.;!
their lirll l.iiiu- Ircin their eelclirated expedition into \ the lliore, tliev were oiien in a I
it m.ir
itii.itien ol
It.ilv, t!
t!:en e. nqiu
ll of
ill tlie K
red lu
.'It
i;s, tdl t!
dro'. c them
h:,'
ce; cihiv.;' e;;-
xopl,-, li-lil d
il:lo their ev. ;i
Ilieiiilelve.s, altlMir 'i their \ellcls were dellroveil
er.iiiaii
n
ol their
ISC i!;anner in winch tm:
r\.:iv, (ir
K>
nds Wire divided ii
us th;.i l';e eliiJ ci,
mentioned of the!'.- peerle fur r.
'Veiniiint was to ii;'.ve a rri.t n aritiiix
r
V. iiui. it ij liiid, tliat a
^n.it pel I, 111, n;;!iic
erv divilion, wliit ;cr it vv.is i.;r
,1
e. :er (
ilri' mac
iiilcil K.vin ivn
Its i;:!"ie hoiii the mil iher ol velicl,^ tiiat it iMi...!
I
ad ir.c njiiip, and m lome pL.ces th. ir names arc (:i.l:;:i
and liis ahilitiis lieiiv^ ic-.d to his In tlic lu-;.;Innin;; ol tlicir i..,iriiime c.\p»
It o;dv linHliieti
.i;ii ."■ a '.cnc-
litit.s Wire
r.i t \crv eoiiiuicrahde ; Imt wh.n ihi
..!, :mi.1 ruled the people lor them :l^ hill;;, luil leiii.id jiiiii'is h '.d enriched tliCinlelve.i by rdiiiuh r,r;,' li
a new n li.;i. n lor tliem
d
a leu'liator.
lb
ai.il pre: III il.c .1 a e ce
ard 1 lo. ;.i, \i ! i> l.ril
ill I'.'lilHiUr:
lev came to have
lail
•I v.a'-, aiiil I :k h lliip to carrv Iroin lo to r:., r.r.
n,Lt o\cr tlie M'.\o;.s
li;iea,e In-ni liim ; a id im ll ol ilie u-\
iiu I I'.i.'h.iid, dci.N'.ii iheir d'o a ration that is wholly addicted to |Iunder and r.
aiKl a police arc oi vliv l;t;!e ii'
i1 i.ii. ; ol llic noit ;ern lart.s ol 1- inot-.c, to tin.- \ei v d.!\
t I
■li
wfl^ liru.lv
tlie cale ol I\nmarl\ wli
1.
irctc'.'.d to iv'.i-r duirdelctnt liom hi:n. Xn 1 :llori,.'.is
d (
lora an, can;
to til
c throne in the yeai ii/.:-.
it p;c;:n,! to :;lc; iiain Ir.iu whence tl.iv t; h hrated 1 \.r lew iil> liil re;4 illations which l.ad been lalt tlieiu I
re now laid alide, and the kin^
m I ..nil , or w l.iii lie il:c>
n; I. 1,1 a \u \ iidicn'.ius
r» 1 i.cii ai.vl oiner,--, we
and l.il eh n
;'.ccount oi In
'I'liev, il d' ed, l.i\, tiiat he li\id. almnt fo \iar> h
ilcvl. iloiii w.is iIu i.icd ainon;'; iw o or tiiree ]■; a.ice,-
W I O I o-
fo
ol t linii, ar
d il
,e w.... t.ic Ir. It wl.o
i. li V, i;!i .1 vcrv inn
h we lind in tlic liiilo
P'
that coii.ul
ever bore the title ot kini; ol Deiimaik
Wi
prot;cny reigned alti r hiiii in tin
ry ol Dcnm.irk to this time,
v,a. . occ.li 1. .1 liv I nc liillorian writing; the liillirv c'
or.e jv.in^e w!io leiancd in this country, and am.
lionliun n itioiis, and at Icnptli re\.ii e.l the n'.i-;or- the h.ltorv ol ..no'.hcr |iiinc-,- who rei-ned at the Tai':
to Ins crown all \''
jll.irs h.i
tiirc- and n a.carn
mans, In-
ol tlu ir aiut .ll
iiiit (
oirinan, I'V nn
ualiy wcalscniii';
un ^ii over-
1).
• U
>l w:
u ll ills aiu
turniii,', t.-.e t ninire.
d, and l-ciil'i loleid b\ the cinpcro: t i
roni \> clIi n, t
lie iirfl n
inl.i isiil'i, to
raiii'd I.o hr '£;■, wh.) 1m ■•m his rcien A. 1).
fnr-
tiic
'. e 11 e Ciliriliia., ri li.ion
innu lit aioiiii lome Icm an ;
into Ins ua
Ih
(;ave t;
;nul iroin In nee we m
D.I
i.i..inn.les iiier.ti.ii
10 k
u;t lull nil 11 .
'e ihe o
r' in ol th.e civil
rovernincr.t v. Iiicii c
vitli lit-h- mre tlian tinir nann ,, or .it Icid \\illi onlv i thi> Ihi'.e lor n.aiiv \ears aitei waids
inch l.ihi'-- a .are t
oo ri licnu.Ms and ablurd in- con. me- In the v.ir i,o.; it is rehitcd that there \va^ a ■ ■. :icr
innratum, or even recif.d, m thij i -.ihclitencd
re ol tiie l).i
lettiiil in l.m.ilant.
land, uh
'ii.-. p.. .ii..iiHis number ol people w !:o h it tin- eoun- coimiu nior..trd an-.m.illv at lliehtide. .Soi
, it.il
: a; I.
try il. the ciiii century, to join tlic ariiii..- which tiici.led to doubt the truth 1. 1 this h.>. ; but however that be,
liie con ;•.; d oi the werterii empire, ;
IV wcai.ii.c
.]
cert. nil it i-, that S\u in am
h: li n, C
!c, or I'v'.'.i;
k
It rceu\erLil alioiit the i|.. i.!h i.ni.iiv,
made an enine c.
nai
i oi t:
1 . :cin':doni aliont ti
Vvl.ui -.\e inui t.ie 1 ),ines rile int.) nn|)ort.'.ii..e .. , a n.aii- 1014, ti.-mli li v. ral battles weie |.in_',ht uiin
time je -pie, and liarra!> the co.
lis ol C\
i.
S.ison kiln; l.tiieired, and bis Ion, Kdinund li
o:\\' r.'.nia,
Irel.ind, .Scotl.iiid, l-'iance, and 1 nc'- b, lore the l).,nes could elhiblilli thcinlelvcs licrc. I
land. biiev even att icl\.ed the i iiipcror Cliarleinas'iic,
the death ol' iidinund Ironlidc
burnt his jiahice at iVi\-la-Cih iiicile, c
11.
d 1'
vcr-rtin Lo-,vcr
.r- ; coii-
t'reat men
^iiow iei!''ecl
,1 {'.Miute their kin;^, Iwi
the .i;re.i;eil ])art ol the kinud":n oi ri.uii
ieeriiicr to 1,1111, ami iciioum .
niund, 1 .iv, ,iu' and. lidmund, w.
.1 the two k.n.. el
laniin
;d): i^ed her kin;.;s t t p.iy an i'li'iii. nl- tnlaiie ; r.iv, "ed i.i Swe.li n, lioiii ul;encc tiny went int.) llui./.ir^,
.1- wlicK tiiy nrklrd many \ear^. Kui" ( .imitt , in li...
^p.iiii ane It.io, anJ coinmitn il 111. nv it,, r lii :
ti.iii
iirll
.\ili d liie Great, kin.; ol la
gave them any ci
I'le.in tnre.
ob'i'.'ed the Knelilli to rule him 1
m ii.ar..li w no
nil., i.iole c.:ci
l)v innin.ie; a
licet I
-.taelv th ,M on lliat e
le their naval e.\j)Cvlitioi.i, aiii
.nii'iit wlicic the'/ faanied ti
have I
11.:. I a 1. 1. ,111
At thi-, ti lie tl
lell I
uperioritv.
every s>ar, with which lie paid lil.i loree^, and in.nii-
t.iincd hi:< court -. and in the \ear ily he eolu|uered
the kiin.doin ol r.'i.rway, In tlie i^tli \e.ir ol hi,
rei'Oi, anno 10 ;i, he viiited Koine, when he -.ivi
;-ll
rt ol" t!
1"
Wen- r re.it par
1 1 «' 1
t of the Ip.iils ol ti
t .umtii.
lie Inul coll-
bred up to tie Id Iroin their childhood, and li.id no ; ipiercil to that he, and rctinnin ; to liir.d.md, died at
idc. IS (d tic d.uiiiers to which liny were cxpoled on thi., I .Shaltlbur-. , on the 1 .;th oT Is'ov .nbcr, Ic'V'j laiMH';
clement. When a prince had attained th.e an- ol 1 i or , dividid his doininhms lietuien his thrte Ions. 'I o
2j yt.irs, he fielier.illy requdled hi, hither to have I ll.irold be ,t;a\e lin.d.iiul, t.i .'.ucin Noiu..y, and
loiiu- liiipi e.|uipi)ed, by which he might attempt lome ' to Canute neniiiark. ll.irohl died anno 104", Icaviiifj
'I'liis ', neitlier wile or ilia-, and wa.s lucceeded by iiis brother
IbirJicimite, tliu third iim ol ('.inme, who iln-d m
orioui .md ulelul e.sploit with lii^ lollo
the lather rei'.u'
dcd
mark ol Ins riliin; courage
an
,lol
a L'leat mm
d. A
leet w
id whicli t!ic ailinirat, and all his oiliecrs and intr
as armed iinmedi.itely, M the year 104:. '1 hi.s 'v.i^ the hill king ol the D.u
, 11 race 111 r.ngiaiul ; im- he
Im
mac!
,0 reciprocal proiiiilcs never to rciiirn, except n called the Coiilcllor, loll ol kin,, lithclrcJ.
h d here by i'.dv
Caimta
I'-Rorr..]
< '.imile \'
final ,in.| M
ui 1,111^ of ih
j cl lo li..- 1)
ol l.icoi.M.
W.dd.in.ii
am! ii\ . d III
reign : hut i
If rnlonas, a
the llo'v I.
b.mciicr ihe
bi r liuin.ind
kii'-^ priloi .■
ihr -c \e,ir-,
bheitv.
While tin
leiihiirg, L.n
lonick kii'gl
count .*>( Ii.iw
On ihe (It
fj-i a-ii Nhir.:
Denm.irk ar
jiepla ■•, liii
the ki:. ; ol'
thai rnd'e tl
(none under
r- 1.0 ■, net, li
but ! e \.,i> (!
and leiii 'eg
till ha dial
( hihli.iii,
'■l.Mi ■""' il
IIIJl k \< dele.
ik n, \w >eh I
ga\ e I a 1 ihe
rieil his d.iu
Jseoll.ind, .on
an. I .'-hvthinil
lition, .0 !i 1
tin Dnnh h.
V 111 on! all. 11:
J.n.i ;:v:aji
l.iin; ( L.iiiis
(ohn, wl.o
broilur 1- led
In the >:■'.
w.l^ I ilahlilli
bo. lo:i rie.i
I .0, 1 .in; ei
niilain Ic. . e
ol !iol!:,m; i:
1 : ■■ del ilk
<ii>; of Copi
Sv. ( .h II, V I'l
I'lio am !.''■,
I, ! .- .iHdhi
(a:, li oi 1, .1!
loi Hill. lie in
picro.;.iti\e I
l-l.i li|h|efl^,
in.idr liiini. h'
liiic' I! on ol
villi iln jiea
lia \ V V le lu
I'.iu c am, nil
i:..; no! inn a
> I le ll a ir-,
th 1 uillieii ;
I ,;■, ii-a, no |,|.^
liii I on ran:'.
V, ,. : i; hi I li ni
(.•! , aiali.i.ii
II .nil- 11 I ll pi
< ! 1 "\ . \\\:n ,
to 1,11!, a. i|
III .1 ri i' iliilio
1 n ihroie h.
td llie (il ligii,
>;o. ,.
IIV.
tln'v liad received mv
I, that n.itioii wiis did.
, Imni tiny v.inciuillK-i!
lu'tiir.cs, iluIixJ, t!;LV
; llavi.'i (il tlicin i ;',ik!
'ul of <;• l'.c;.ili;y, (ir
; tlk 11 !■, ivi ;, il till y
■.(■;. :y v. hiJi | i\ IciUil
'if a |\ut <>t tl,i ir llm,
w it'll cjual K-rcc, ll-
with liii'.rlor iiiim-
ndiis praLticc tn li.r-
Lir vclllls V, lie ;ii'.'. . ■. ■;
till ir nun wire , !
LiiiLrally iiui;,'lit i;i,ir
litii.itlon ol lv:ciirii.;j
were ikdri'vci!.
mis wire iliviJ'.l ii>
L;,i tl.iu the tlii-l i:.A
ve a }',rt:.t n ;;r.tiii:e
it v.. IS j^re. tiT ( r I, ,
il veil',.!.-, tluit it ciii.,,!
I, allies lire iiiil ;;i i;: ■.
iii.e I xivil i ',..>!. '. ll.'^ ]:
l)le; liiit wli.ii I'a!:
Ii\ iliiiul, r.r;;- 1. ;■
■; 'cr' ;:^.- lail .■! li.,; •
n.m I :; ti> 1 1:^ i:v. lu
eil to I l.p.uli r .'.lul r..
re oi viiy liuL- ii'-.
nurU \\!i>:ii tli. ir l.iiii,
one ill tliC ye. 11 !>.•;..■.
1 .111 been L'lt tliem !. •;
.1 iilii'.e, and t!ie Liii,.,-
t'.iree i;r.iee,-<, w' .i ',i>-
■r : ;i!id tli.it ei'ii!at:. u
Dei.iii.irk to this time,
wrilin.; tlie liill>ry i!
eoi!;:'.: y, and aiut ..
11) rri Mied at the lai'ic
to ii.s crown al! 1 1 ;
li his luieeti.^rs l.,u',
ml li\ the eirj ii.'t ; i
:o his ihitis, )^u\e t;.;;
id ironi hiiiee we iii::y
iiueiil v.liieii e.'.ui-d iii
ds.
at there wai a ■ '.riev,;'
liii;.;land, uliiv;li is It.il
l.tide. Soiiie ai e a;t.
but however tl.;it he,
Ml, Canute, er K'.ut ,
in;;du;ii aluiiit tl..: w .v
vere hiirdit willi :
;i, l-'.diiuilid hi'il'iie,
hemlelvth here, l';" i.
anno 1 . 1 -, ai! li..
e their kini,, laoie i ' •
the two Ions (d Id-
il.o were hanilhid n,
went into llui. .ir^ ,
Kill"' ( aiuiie, in ill..
If) r iile him i ,;;■' H.
his loree^, and in.nu-
ir 1 iv lie eominerevi
i!,e 1 ti!i m ir ol hi.
ioiiie, when lie ;_,.i\i
.uiiitii. i he had eoii-
1 ; to l.ll'.d.ind, dieil .iC
iiibrr, Ii-'l'i, h.iMi;',
his three U>iis. do
.'.Weill Noiu..y, a::.'
d anno 104' , leaviii);
eeeeded by hi;, brother
( .unite, who dii'd in
•lil kin.n ol the Daiiilli
I did here by Edward,
LtheheJ.
Canute
r.ruorr.] d f, x m a r k. ^^^
C.innteX'I (id'ditrd V.'iid.dia, filie pri li-nt I'o n •- . in or Ir 10 eo:ti;'. 1 iho iippfi-hdnC" to ronenr 'iii.is
ran la an. I \b ekienbai;;!),) .md look iij,,i;i l.i.n lli,' llile r' I dii:")li ol i.^e i
Oillll Ml-, 1
ol km • o
' the \',iM(lal.s, wh.i h eonn'u i()ii,iiiii''d I'd) ■ I. in I'
Il eoii-
oi.ls I) iliLi.ieil'.l ii'Hi 11 Willi II- i,i j; iic,-,,f'
j, (t lo li.e Djiies 27 years. 1 le made a eoiu|iiell .iho '. 111 ■ ...i lu is tlii eoni.. oiiv h.nl ui.iil 1 1 1 ,e ilir. m , ,,ii,l
,1 l,IV)|.',l.
II.
;'\teiirn
d hi-. d.>iiiiiiioiis in (>
l( iilihle ll;.ii tlie\ ueie ill imi > .Mid.lt hi io ,Ii1; u
11:
i\ i d III 511:11 repiit.ition j
11 I
he I
)eeiiiniii'' ol Ills
I- eoiiii .iiMi I
illeiid 10 1)
I'lniMiited li\ III- ,11
ihi- 1 1 o.i II !i'-v- ill, ir , . a:
.h.y
id ,-liMi -u (1
lint e.-unl .Suein coni'iiillin'' the t.ire of his ili.it llie eoidliiuuon, in other rel;..tt., hi'mIh i,,,! !„
i\'i:;n :
tMi lion.'-, a; \kell as Ins uife, during his .ihrenre in :d:. red : but llii \ ner- '.;i\-ii lo iiiiMeitl.iii.l, mu ij-.e
ill'-' l!o'\ I,M;d, to his ni.ii. ily's protetlioii, he ih'- hii;^; uould h.- l.iii.-iied uiih iiodiiii,; It-Is tli.iii dinr
b
eoinil'.s '.vile III his ,ibli-iue, ol uhiili iiii.iiiiinotis eoneiii leiiee Willi the rele! itioil t.ik' 11 b
I'l r I'liiii'.nid belli; iiiloiieed at his retiiin, look the ilie i h r-.-v and eoinmoiis, v.liieh thev (oniiil tlii";ileb 1
kii'.', priloi
llir.-e years, in.ide linn jMy .jj
d I
i\ I ilrai.i 'I'lii, .111(1 liavini; eoiilined linn ohli-'et
Ih
(I to rulnnit to, and took ill ' oaths 10 his in.i| Ih',
oiile l.-i^dhit'ir.
000 marks to ol)!, dn his .lekiiouled;;!!!'' him t!ie liiiireine and
I'lertv.
1 iins was the conlHtnlion ehanji'd Iroin ,1 1,
I'lihlie,
While the kin-; vas iiriloner. I'oiiier.inia, .M. ek- v. idi a noniin.d kin>; at the he.id of it, iilio :in .ilil'oiiito
leiibnri;,
I.
.I:'.l 1., .111(1
lonii I
Nll"'lils lool
Li
D.iiii.'iek, ii-\()lted ; if,.
d A.
en h.eii-ditary inoiiaveliy ; not one ol die iiobiliu dnir.nuj
.Iph, o|:poli-it; only (U-rdorf, a popnhir ineinb. r, liid, he
Hint S( li.iwenhui'.i,, fn'Hliied ilolllriii ,iiid Stoin.irM. v..\, eoiilideiit his ni.ijefly deli'^ned the liapidnefs ol'his
Miiiia Ironi linn : an
Oil the (lealli of Ol.iii-.
Willi nil illlU-, .111
no 1 :!■'.•
de, and "ot to 'o\ern them aecordiiij; to Tni kill
q'l'.'eii M.ir^iirel, Ins inoihei, \..is i li cli'd (in-'eii t>\ iioiitK's-, w illied I'is liieci Ifors i\ii£;lu f How his e\,i ii| !i
Uennia
lu-i
I
Mid .Vorwav, wiio, li.i
ill
\ ir;; .illoei,:!- 'I h
Willi hir in Ilie irov ei iiiiu nt, hibib
,1 iii.d;
e iile ol HIS iiiniini
ted
ll'(- Mi: • Ol ^\^ec;(■|l ;
ll.'d
li.
d HI,. 1,1 of til' ir liihjett
po\>er only fir mo
Chilli'. Ill \'. iiiceei-'led his f.iiiu-r F
III.
tb, .1 li".le liiree kiii'jdoni. ihonid he unii^d I 'r die ,111110 i(, 70, iiiui heiiisi joint lov;-:e-.',ii :)l ibilllein id
('iiiii,' iini'eiiii'" |'nii( e ; and, upon tlie de.i'l: ..I (|i;' i n Slel.Mi, w lilith.- linke of 1 1 oil], in, 111 <
^r 10 i-.^eiu; J
but 1
.-I, l-.l !■ is hi
.lid,
lov'i I ei'.Mi ol Ihe ^^ ,lol
111:. (II
III thole riii\ iiK
il ni.il-.ulnniiidrHlio'i, i<) h'iIi-.h- iiie ihike to ,11 Lno .Ud,
and Kill . '4 I. .to reiiier.-.ir,
till le di ■,!.
I |iri\ ,ile Iile ll
ill eio'., 11
.nil!, it';, tre.u 11. ro-
It
ilepi ii.l. nci- on
iiivi.'.d hi n 10
Chi
di.i
if Oil,
.111 eiiii 11 iiinin'iil, iiiil tlieii 111. idi' linn prifoiier, aivl
■a. (le(d-.-d iinno lenl d. Mii.ineiiis of lu.s .niiiv to 1 ,ke ixdlelliin of (ii
l.j'i), .111(1 lioin hint tb.e pr.l'eii
t ro\ ,il ia'iiiK' ol 111 11- l..^Mls
ei»
lieli/n"i(l to liiin ; uii!i w'.iuli ihe duke rc-
niJi k \< ll; iecndei
1. I le III
d the kiii'idi
111 ol .Sui
10 '.eliiii'- 1.11
n, the k'lii; .iid\> eieil, 1 e a-i
s nlw.ivs 111
dill, wl.ieli h.id tevolti-d; .iiid the enineror Fiedenek itie inirill ol .Sweden, aii'l nee. r :o be tniMi
I liie eoniii
r\ ol lioillein. This pr
(1
iiiee in.ir- 111
.Is il-.' would K nouiiee his r'j,it to eenaiii pi ici
ried his d.iii",! ler Mirniiret 10 ).i'nes III. kiiin ul b-, would 1. ike polfllion of ib.e wiiide coniilr',- ; and
Send. Hid. .ii:d h:i\ t- him Willi her li.e ill. iiid.s of OrLne\ p n iieii'.irU (leii.iiidid of liim ,mi ordi r to die eiim-
iiii.i .""hi ti.ind, lie I, ill In-iiiH a \i-r\ vahi.ible aeipii- iii.nnler of ToiiiiiiiHen, the llron'.;ll forirefs b.-lon:^-
fiii
db'tdstl
tin I lull b 1;. 'li, th.l! Iii'i,r\-
u- hi ll Ih rnni's in in.
e-> ei'. \ en .i
fefeas. II
t MidlinniiKr,
o ihe diiki-, to l.irreiider it to his m.iielU
wiiieli tlie duke lonl.-i
ted
s trooi
lo, a|)pri lii-ndiiii; ihe
1,! .ili.iii.; !-. .i\ I- oi ibv- I'lililii loiiil; llioiiHli tl;e\ kiitH would h ve t.ikeii his life if lie li;id reiuled, and
1.111'; ( I..
.iiniii.ilK I 'I t! i- 1)1 1\ ik-HC ill the leinii i.l i'onr.:ii';eii w.is t' ereii[)on (kliveriil up to the I),u:
I. (
n \'. ,1s liieiee
deil
Ml S
\ei,d oilier .11 lii ;
)bli
.11 lo 1ih;i iliat were
,11, who divided the lii.eby ot lioillein with his \eiy pujudiei.d to liie.i ; hut tlio duke m.ikiivi lii.-j
ele.ine to il.iiiiliur'^ proklhd a''ainll the vali(lit\- of
bi.illu r I- ledeiiek
In il:e i-.H Ml "i'( hiiri.in III. the Lutheran reb 'ion ,i!l the aels he had be -ii ohlined to (i
The k
, ll,i!ili(htd in I )i iHii.ii '.. lie was lueeeeded b',' iliereiiii. mi hi\ e orders for the deniolillliii;' TomiiiiHi i
lis lo:i 1 11. .el 11 1
i.-,)8. Ciiiilii.iii I\'. Ills ,iiid leipieliiied the ihieliy of .^-^ieb. ie, eaidiiiH both
eiiH i.;id 111 .1 \ il wiiii ^viedeii, in on.er lo ni.i'^iilr.ites and pco]
1 people 10 Iv
Miiec tl hnu. de-
>iil,i;n li.H e, v .is e'i:..ps d.'d to ', le.d up liie p;()\!iiie e! 1 iiv.; llieni aldol', ed l'io;u I heir .ill. ;:.i. ee to the duke.
jl Ib.liiiiu; 10 i!-.e .'•wi-.L-s. he .ill) c.uifed .ill the duke's rivei.u.-. to he l)roU'.^ht
il. Ills bill, w.is 1)1 (1 -41 d ill Ids rapilid mio bis own ireafiiii, continued H.-.n-o^ii;, in l-.i,, ii)\. ns,
(■iules Cult.iMls, kbu; of .iiul i veil in li:s p.,l.n.e oi Cottorp. l!ul not klioi llll^■
^ : ; de
tilv 1
'f C
:i nll.l '■•. II I
.Swi.bn, V
(low Iti.yiiiil IV over ibe iee iiiio tb.- how f ion he iii:h|u be obliH.,"!, In' lie duk
e s ,1'iles
/.i
ll tb.- Diiteli li.id not eoaii
I (ll li\ er in- \' il ll lie li.id lo iii'j illi\ 1. i.'i a, he e-., el
to
.11
ilii'.inee, woidl pii'b,d)l\ h.i\e iiiiule ,1 eoii- ed eoMliimti oiis li- hii the j.o.ii- fuh| 1 1-^, t.) Ilie \ .
if
I. .1! ill. II
iUI 111 '11
this ]i| line w.is nil- iii.iin ii-il lions, 10 l.;e riiiii ol .is lU in ii!ii':.', a pro\ iikc
MMlli.il" in 1.1. w.ii's Willi l<iie ■.;ile; s, he r.ni, hi-
ill (;
I le iii\ , w
b.-rJr, I.- I. ib.i hi.
].u ill.; i!!\e ti> lli.il hei.-hl, ih.il he p.ileillx hdi.lii.d liii\, .,nd liil.ililed the li i!s s In' ) ; 1 . ii. > n iju 111 ; liiir
l-is |iibp-(is, .11(1, lioni 11 Ini'iled ik.iiie inoii .r,l , , , ii\ .illill.iiiee. The luis ■ lei. ..i.ied Ihll at (lanihilr';,
in.td.i- hiiiil. ': m .ibi"' III- pinne, and 1 ll.ibhlli, ,1 liie In .111 w I eiiee he K lit .ii s Imi lo 1 le !... 1 mill |)rinc(-s ii
n ot ine I ii.u n lil Ins I iiiiiU in ill,' \ e.ii lO o, iinrl'ire their
dli
irt of
villi I lis I le.i 1,11)1-1 ,11.(1 low ei 1 1,1 Is 01 pel pie 101 n plain I'd
l'.ii'''.i hI, wbii il w.i.s
I.:, \
h.id
viie nm .d 1,' to (lileli,iri;e the deht:, the |inl)lie ninth, but lo \ei\ litile ]'in
tdl li
p. lee ol tl
kin-j of .Swi
.!< ll d (.lii iiiH ihe wai , .nid 11 hi. ime enii i .iled ! den, { I1..1 Ks .\ I. nn.lei lo. ik his i .mle 1,1 t!ie \ ear i(iHi
i;..: l.oliiii\ .iiid -.^eilii'. , tb.il, .Is liie pi I. Ill . c. I 1 1'. 1 mil
.1-, ■ihoiii I) h.ue ir.iiil|.-
.Hill . ililo (il I'-
.le ll'( irs, ihe\ would ei.iiib b en.i lo be.ir p. ill ol . iii.nn lor Ins lellor.iiMn. I ii,' del 111. in piinees, ,nid
tb 1 inllieii J ihe iiobdiu ,nid -.;-- iitM , lieiuie ibis lime, ilc I ii''l;lli and Diini^ whoweie now iiili'rednito ,1
I .; . 11':', 110 l,i.\' s Ii,i ;
ll.i i o::i':o!is w ll; -i.
lolb.sil
ie\" ,i!r. ■-. ei"
did I ie\
.1 '.III
II
nee, t(d>l ibcm lii.ii ihe\ .his ini 'hi (iilliii b Hi
ein ; .ir.pi elieiili v e 111 n
liie eiiipoe, and idvei t
hi 111 III .1 Ib.u o( ier\riii.e ibi ir II ives .e.il \ .li die tuniiis Ir.nn in.' Iiemh w.n, h. Id levi'i.il eon-
.il;:l (.Id not nil..; I !i nid Iheil 1
bin. Tl
le eo,.iiiioiis leieiK es on tl
liihi-.l .It .Mif'ii
Jl 11 ' li pl\', biii
.10111 llie ,illem!!l\ \. iili t
1
d till' kiri^ (
f 1.
nil, at leiiHih,
enin.iik lo
relloie the diike of
(i i"\. who ,i.:i". lul 10 I .'Ml, and i;oin'; iin.ik lii.i ele ' lollleiii
hi-.
i,id he. '11 111 po
llef-
to i m 1, a, on iiineil ins Mi.n.lU that tin \ Ws re eoiiie 1 (ion ol tl'.iii i^M.irs; but took no cue that the O.i
to ,1 r
i' 'luiioii lo md.e 111 11 Hii al)l,)liiu' iiMiiai 1 b, and , llioiild iii.ik.: hiin ,in\' f.ili.laeti.in ior tlie de\ .lilio 111
isiinoi.e h, r. iiii.iiy. Iii. ni.ipll\, h'l;..; ai^pii/.d
ol Ills tei riloi le.-
1
loin Hie eor.il'duei ol tr.e i
bilir-
i)l Ihe (le(ii;i), ii.ij iiitiodilud all ami) inio the to'.vn, '. eiiess betweiii die kii;^ of Denin.iik and the diike ot
yj-
UolUciii
'h
^i.m
>
A M'.W, ROYAL and Ai: rilKX I'lC .SVSrr.M OK rXIVF.RS AI, C.KOGRAl'liy.
H
focU
ollli-m a
I \1
1.
iiu' iiicili.iiioii (i| ihi- con-
ns trciiv,
l6^i9, to ilu Mir I'iyO, il
mi's ninaiiui
liy tl
);uU 1700, il \v,is
was concluded ih.
81I1 of
tolii.il'K (iiiul : 1)111 iIh- l.iu- (liiki.- of llollltin, (hid- (U'in (lioiild
lian Ail), 11, (l\ Mill alioiu iliat iniu- and llic ki
■HI a ili'piii.iiioii 10 lus loM a'Ki lutiflloi
llijo
111
.•II.
diik-- I-
KIN Ilu- (,
Sl-
hdv
id, thai ihc hoiilc of ||,,|,
iiHitiinif uidi'pL'iidfMt lovcrcinns in |||,|.
tlojll
10 ifiKw ilu' union liiiwccn tliiin, niam's llii) hati doiu' Inin
tin.' crown of l)i
I in iOo.ooo cro
iiiiiark lli,,ii|,l
Is lor till- (la.
and 10 1.1 Inin liavi- a lii;lil of tin- l.ili: duke'
lliat Ik-
nuliiiKlirltaiidiii^, li,,w-
Avir, lia|)|iiiK'd hilwiin liic Iwo courts the ye
lownr^ ; one part of ilie cliaptrr of l.ulicck cluil
of li-e I Ml It ininci-, in iclalionio ilu' (Uic. d pan ol' die Itrodu r of llic duke ol llolllein cnadjuloi, and I
u lee if there w.is an\ liiniL; in it in favour
dill In ol SI. luie, tiie duke rrlul'-d I'odi li'.e one and 1' to liuir hilhop, ,iiid ilie mlur
mmiic
uculkir
alleil;;iii'.;, tii.il llie lu al\ o
I Alun
in i()r>i
liad not heeii obh 1 vi
rk's Ic
The billion (K III
It; ilie king 1
Ir
louie, p irtlculaiK m r
■lb
or |ullue done to ihc <liu.il •■■ i
)f 1)
eniiiaik (k termini 1
make
, the leisiiiiuis of (Joiu
lion to tiiat bilii
.IIIIH) I JO-
id \\\s
III'
1;
Ihr k
on s elii.
G.dne, in the ilLiinl of Ai
1 be
iniiii'' to I.ubei k ; but I
ree, and took ieveral p
T
fid
in
lie miaranlees ot ihe tie,il\ i
es iiKlineil to ,i rupim >
A Aliena, feeipi; boi'
iiiicipoled their j;ood ol -
court ol (.reat It
1 iniei|)oliiij^, tlie duke of llolltein'.s broib
iii.ilM
w.inis conliriiKd in ilie no
IK Hi.
er was alur-
eii'^.iijed them to b tile conlere.iues loi com- i I,
did
•k.
Ill coiilider.uion o
1011 ol the bdbupiii nf
a lublnU .;raiiiid by
poiintJ iheir didereiues, wbieh were luld at I'eiien- I, Creat Hrilain to Denmai k, lor a bodv ol i)aiiilli
(I'Mi
duk
e conlinu:!; ' to iniroduc
Su- d 111
01 1 es IIKO
Ho'iliein, and build .u\d enlj
J"
the
Ilk
a^amll V
Junni»
tb.
Denmatk marched an
line ot li'.e treai\-, Ihe
anii\ 111:0 ilie ciiunirs , .iik
not have had
111 the north 1
'bich tin ccukl
1 e.iiil-
II Ihe uar Ii.kI hi en rev ived al ih.ai iimc
one arlule in ibis (real\' bein-;, lb 11 ilu-
.1 the
lDy7,
fortil
uaiioiiv 111
illied
ike of ilolllcin Iboiild pi riiiit ibai bnd\ ,,[ M,,
m the \ eai 10 pals ihroii;;
■h I
Us lerriiorus,
L'h tlie duke, at iii.,i nine, not lindiii'' luin- ' r.ites. The
join the coi
lule-
lell
111 a eoiuluion to ojipo
th:
Ui;hi bi to actpiielec the battle of I, ill, 111 in I'oland, a
oi liollbin baviii^i been klinl
in, till the death ol he tlieii ki
wh
U'h hanneiKi
Ion,
.f s,.
1-ie
the ceeded h\ bis Ion Cb.irles 1"
niio 1 -joi ,iinl
an
nil
ler, i6i;'), v»hen be was fuceeeded 1)\ b;^ years old, the duke of llolllem Kuini, bn
lilt ut Uu)
IV,
)!ber M die
favourable onporiuniiv to iJnii
Ti'.is the duke looked upon as ,1 l.iii- duke of iloldeui C.o-loip, and alierw.uiL bdli
w hieii
I)
the lorllhcalMi
,i> haviii
i\ l.ubeck
uilliliiled
u -leiil ol
loniein duiiii'
km
d .S',
lilli
lis nepr.ew s leiiiuniv .
,illure<l ol
(h,i
.Ml. of Sweden, ii
dcf.aiedl
)i Ihe Ru
lur.p.iit lioin lb, it eio'.ili. lie I-cl; m, tbereloii', to liaiis ,it I'ullowa, anno 1 700, fiederiek, kilii'.'l I
)air ibe loriib.calions id his deinoldiuil forts, a^ he
rei
inhlled he had a riiibl to do bv tlie trealv o
llalel
f ,Mu
7oy.
y joiiud Ills lor
nil r .ilhes,
lb. (
iiul .\ui;ullus, kiiiu of I'oland, ,ind recalled ilu Dimlli
and iniroiiiKeil into the couiiii\ ,\ ciini;deral)le num- troops which weie in the ciiipi r
berof SwediOilroop., topreviiiiiheu beiiindeuiolill
or s 11 rvice III
I'ltV,
1
u mci.i.itor.s and .'ii.irantei n ol ihetie.ilv noiui
jf A
111 11,1 iinplo\ I d their {^uo
.1 oH
iind
d 10,
<p,iartered them in II
O'JO men from \oi
III-.
10 I 1
e^ lo pievuit a , new troops „i 1 lainliiii ..;, .iiid bued .ml a Ihoni; l.i
rupture, and pro]Miled that bodi t!ie Swedes ,iiiil the dioiiol meiiol \\,ii. 1 laving .diembl. d
Da
llr
il will
idr.iw tlKir lloop^ 0111 o
111
III <iiiii\ I
(1 tbi.it l!ic forliiicui.ms
Ih
d
il .>^
•in, ; or ^o,.:.oo UK. II, ihe king ol Demn.iik, on ihe ..dMd; ,.f
nut he i)roei.cui,c
ill tb.e m.'.iier wa . I nkd b\ .1 iiim;\ ,
Xoveinlier, 171^1), pubhlhed .1 nianiblbi ti
'Ids
' ! intended eiuernri/e.
But the Dane hem.' dttcnmned on a war, boih with
del
'lis
of the kini;
Sweden am
III.
in, and iLiving entered into a con- lion ol years, c\ incedibe m
,f S
di
g toiili, that die ainhitini:
uedeii, who had
lor .1 liii\-'. f-
loUile iii:eiiii.)iis a_
fe
both w.ih Riitli.i and I'
Ol.lll.
I for that end, him and lis liibiects, a
would not he.ilkiii to anv pacibc me.dures.
On the : li.lt lilies dero.i.iiur
\' to the 1. ro'vn o
contran ■
'.e otei. red hi
al, the duke of W'lit
il'.;,lti'd Id 1,1 ;;-
l)eiini,irk, l.,id
em- ' conuielled linii to i
d.cl,,
;.iinll .ill die len:i.iri
bi
'«.
tl ilenioill
llufuni, I'teileiii kit.idt, ancl other , of Sweilen, except ili
places helonging
to tb
ike
llolll
em.
ich
he 60CO horic and ilr
ill Cvn
IS, and
ii,iM\ ; ami I
i.OjO loot.
,1),
o'ln
afier etUcted. Not
ew tortil'.calioiis as iiad bernerecud, he inve
contenled with ra/.nig liuh a delcent upon Schoiien, landing at Ilclliubiiii
tied f
on
liingeii, in which (.em r
:co nicn.
d B,i
1 21I1 ot Novemher, 1 7J9 : hut 11 lieing winter tin
niiier romnuinded with a lie onlv look u]) his (pioteis in tin coiinlrv to.vii- .it
j;. union o
raniee.s g,i\ e
tlie ki
Di
(in this the piinces gua-
hrlt.
iiiil inviled Ihe
L
rk tl
I) underll.ind, II, .it
ol Swei.eii to pmi 1 ! 1
.111 1 11 g lor A prop.'r b .don to enter upon acili 'ii, \m,ii ii
bill e be b.id rep tU d ,ill friendly propulaK, llu'\ lb' mid i;ave the Swed. s time 10 put tb,. inlclves in a [lollure ti
no loii'j,erue lb,eni,il\ id .\hena bick'H, (M" luller d.friid their coiiiury.
the dukt' u\ llollUill lo lie ddpollelled <d Ills couiilr\ | .\bout the uu.
.inuai\ , lliroiii'h l.ivonr n
lori-
iin, nml'. r the pieur.i e ol op;
wb.ii b were .dieadv deir.ob
loling ibe building of h.ird Ir. >lt, tie I hi lies aiU am ed ;ou ai.b ( lirilli mil i.li.
Ihed. The duk
will I e a hatl.ilion o
I Sa
which Were ii
llolllein alto publilhed .1 m.mdello, Ihewiiig the lii:
I'.c bad, bv ibein.iu ol .\li.na, to build lortibcatiu
gar
laid down then arms and went over to the D.m, \ Id
mat the town
iiiio their
ds
■he\ al'ter\v,iiiii
in his dominion-, ami the injullice of the Daiiilh in- m.ide tliemfelves mailers of ( arellli.i\ en, in the pio-
Not oiiU the ('.irinaii princes, but the Duuli \iiue ol HlekiiiL", .md thre.ilened (arellcr
\ ali.
tiow pniied their Iiuk'n with the Swedes, in ordi r to ihe Swedilh Ibil .ind maga/ines were laid n
oon, wh. re
,1
irin..; the
I)
ine 10 rial. Ill; .iiid a> lhe\ were 111.11 1 hing ilu kmie time a III ong ditaclmunt e\l
towards Ionnin"en,
Danill
1 '''.lu i.il iboii'ihi hi lo n.w.iid, Ilolbui.l on ihe
wi llein In
le of Si
li
'ai|; Ihe III !;e, wilboui coming lo.i b.i.ile. The l.ng- llieii lines ifcei\ hil; li.ipuiil luppbes, iheir ar'm
d Dill
cli alio lent each ol them a luuaiiion iiiu
coiilider.ibiv niLrealed
III I , line \ erv toi iiiid ,!il(',
the Hcilli
id, Joining tlie Swedilli l|..et, comprli'd Hul the Swedilh general, coinii .Sii.inbocb, h,i\!ii', ,11.
the D.iiu s In ri. me into the harbour ol ( opcidi.i';iii. • lembled 1 8,cco or 20,000 men, and miiebiiig i.iv nd.?
In t!
\v i 1 b
le nieaii time the \oung
Sweden landed 1 h lliiibiu g, as il he iiilended to cut oil the ct
"■ - h,
orle and foil upon the llhiiid ol /.e.d.ind, i.,ilion of the
1)
anes wiili
ituit
about tliiee miles to ihe louthw.ird of Kllineur, at
prepaiiie'to nuill ( opi iiImiiih, wlun ibeD.i
they iniine.'baie
h.uidoneil all th. 11 coupiells, (pulling
ing himlell
tl
0\ I I IIOUl
i>d.
bud- . and (diidliai
pi ol liu II ' wlin b ])lai.'- ihe al m
D.iii
(1 1: ire.ited to lb lb
i aine to an engagei
terms a-- the pi iiices giiar.inlees, w ho a I llll^ lime held ihe l),uii s w.ie em mlv (b b i.i. d. A day or two aber
their I onleienti.s al lravend.de, were pleafed to pre- tlie\' (jiiilled llellinbuig, n,Hd]uiriing die reniiln,!iT
A the
eir tioojis lo Deiiiii
111 die iiiubt, wind:
their
•^
EOGRAPHY.
concliulrd ilic 181I1 (,f
ihal (lie luMik- o\ 1 1., I.
;k'iu rovcrciniis in | |o|.
)wii of l)iiiiii,irl> Ihiiiild
,000 crowns lor ilu- da.
llnlllll(llrll.lhdlll^, li(,w_
two loiiris till- )c.ii |i,|.
1 r ol I uliciU chiilui'^ ilm
1 iiiad]iiliiT,.iiid III! n ||(,r
.iuilliit;llic kln^ ul |),iu
11;; aniHi 170-,, till' kiiii;
lake miod lll^ Ion's tin.
f, and loiik K viral [vlan's
n' court ol ( .iiMt Hiii.iiii
llcin's hrollui w.i.s aliir-
Ifiiiii of llic lidliopiH ol'
I .1 rill)lid\ i;iaMiid l)v
r a hodv •){ Daiiilli triinp<
anic, wliiili tin \ ((jii!.!
hi I'll rr\ ivi'd at iImi imio
Ills treaty liiiiii;, thu the
riiut ilial l)i)(l\ id ! V,. . s
s, and join thf khI. Ir,
HI liaviim hi'iii k Ii' i\ at
lui, ,iniui I J^i, .nid Im -
cilv.'iii. k, an inlaiit id i\ui
fin Ktiim, hrotlu'r !•> ilic
ip, and alii'i w.ird-. li!(liii|)
rc^int ol lloldcin diiiai^
uiii;; di katcd Ih tlu- R'li-
, I' I'.'di-rK k, kiiiL^ id I u Il-
ls l.iniHi allii s, ill' ( . ,11,
d, iiid ricdii d tl;. Dinilli
iij-i ror's |i r\ icr m i ';;i:i-
I11 lli.m-.iii. IK- 11 , I-
)rwi', to I 'niuiaik, I ■ : I
d liUid lUil a lliuni; lii'i 1-
^ alKniiil. il an at iii\ nl . S
I )i ninai k, on ilir .;*^il; <'f
.1 iiuiidi Ho l!i jiidifv ii.;s
^ liiilli, ill, It ill- amhiiimi;
I'll, wild li.id, lor a lur. i-
II lioHlIc iiKciilioiis a; ii ,.l
i II as arioi;att'd to l,i :i-
i. low-M III l)i.-iiiii.irk, I ill
r .'^aiiill all ilic li-rraiin. s
ri:na!i\ ; ami i lubaiki, .;
d I 2,0 >) liiiil, lie iiij.lc
liiij; at lltlliiiliiii :., die
1:11 it lu-ini; u iiitir ii-ik-,
m tlu i-iiuiiir\ tii.Mi- it
id S\\i'i.i-ii 111 |oiii i ■ i\
) inti-r upon atiimi, win n
til mil Ivi-s ill .1 polliiM- t'l
ai\ , tliroiioh lavoiir ul .1
III lowanU ( lirilliaii!! "h,
, ubiih wiri- in (lariil.Hi,
i-iit o\i-r to till- D.in s, 111
li.ihds. 'l'iu-\ al'ti-r-.^aidi
( ari-llli.iM-n, 111 llu pin-
ii'iird Can-Ill toon, wl-.i te
i/ims wi-ri- laid up. At
in III i-Mrmlid tlii-uili Iv, .
Ill liiU- III Si lioiii I! ; aril
M |i,|>i Ill's, lluir aniu m is
1. 1 I anil' \ ITS loi mid 'I'l".
I!U SirinlllKll, I". I\ 111 ', 11-
nil, ,iiid mm liins^ tov nis
d to cut oil llic tommmn-
,ii plai'-, tlii'v iniint-diat'-lv
:Us, (pni'iii,; (ari'llli.iMi"
I'ati-il to 11' lliiihur;;, m-n
U' 111 an ciii;ai;i-UK'nt, ■iiul
A' d. A day or two al:i'f
laidporiiiin till- riTii mi'!'-r
. in ilii: iiiylit, wliitl:, .1' r
FrROPF.]
n !•: N M A R K.
6l3
tl lir .11 fun I fs, did not amnniit to aluivc (O'jo or 7000
iiH-n
1
1.^1.
itioullv ilidi--d I
llhek
ii'iol l)i-iim,irl
I diiion ■ii'.iiii
,j.
Dan
II S
1
iliorii'i
lis li.iMiin l)i-cii di, ippoinli d III tliiir
ciiU'rprr/.f upon Sihoncn, tli
troop
>i ki
M \L-.ir I
lll!R-d till
iim .\u 'iiltiis and tlic C/.ir,
,d lill
,1 Poniirani.i,
lavi
nil wa
(II' tl
ipi
ic wIiuIl' i-ountrv
aiid llie Swrdilli loiccs not Iniii^ llron>; I'lmui^li ti
ii| poll' iIkIi' iiiiitid jiowi-rs, n-iir. d mto Strjlliind, tlu
.11(1 iiililk-d, iluit the rcllorina to the kinij of Swci
tfiritoi ics, would I'liihroil tl
ilicic tl
in a war, and join
ic lumli o
-d in
iledi
.f S'.
A
I y a 0,1
r(i
illllt
who h.iil hLloic powi-rliil alliL-s to contend
1 he kiiiq of Pnillia, on the iiSth of April, 17115,
proclaiiiii'd war anainll .Sweden, dilarined the regiment
of Holllein, which wa.s in Stelin, entering upon that
itv as a coiHiiK
II from .Sweden, a.id huldina it
no
if Kuni-ii, and other pl.ii es ul leruril)-. '1 he kin;; ', hini;i-r in leipiellrat
The Danes and Pniinaii'i loon
D<
ark, while the Kui;
up
Sir.dlui.d, palhd the KI
I'd Saxons hlocked :| alter .illiiiihled their forces to the number of Cj,ooo
L-n, and aiipeared hei'orc Strallund, iimUrthe walks of
i.i' lireiiu-n, where the Sweihlli i;.'n
liilliiieiit hod\dl troops to op|;iile him, 1
entered llie ilucby
/ral not haviii" a
:lieD
ane tool.
the town ol Staden, and ni.idi
.-If nialli-r of llie
coiiniry,
In their return the Danes iiifuhed thi
(.,U of ll.uiihurn, ihreateniin; them with a honiliard-
imiii ; to avoid which the hur^^hers were compelled 10
I, llie lluiii J j0,030 ri\-doll.irs. C^oiml Steiidioch, the ,
Sweiiiih giiieral, found means aliei wards, on tlie ..•.■d
(if Dcccinher, 1712, tocn;;,im' ilie Danes liiij;ly, when
ihi-y were leparated from their, illies i,i-,ir \\'i!m,ii ; and
h.iMi';; v;iven them a total deb , it, piiiliK-d ll.i-.n into
llolllein, leizid the inai^a/ines the D.ines l:,id laid u|) ;
there, and put the D,iiii(h liolllein iiiidir mntri-
huiii'ii. From hence he inaielKd lo I'inenhiii^, iicii
llamluirg, where he determined to Iiurii the Daiiidi city
1)1 .VlteiKi; not lo much hy way t'\' leialiaiion, or re- \
veii^e lor the many Swedllli cities dellioved hv the ;
Daiu-s, .md their allies the Rii!ii,::;s .aid Sa\oiis, {a.s he i
ik eland ill a memoii.il puhlillied on this occalion,) as
tiid-.ier tliein horn committing the like baihaiiiies for.
tlie fuiure. ,
The Danes, Saxoii«, and Riiflians, heint^ now join-'
eil, to the iiumlier of 50,00.0 men, and iii.iri liiii'^ lo-
v.Mids eount Steinlioih, whole aniiv did not lonlill ot
a'u.ve I 4 or 15,000, he lonii.l liiir.felf under a iiecel-
liiv ul uiiriii^ iiiio the diual liolllem, whilher the
allies fiillowed, and at their enleiiii'' he ihrew himlell
whiili cit
the ki
if S
weileii liiuii
dilli
j|f
obbi^et
fi
rlh
to letiie, bis arinv not ciaililtiiig ol inoie than a lour
part of ill'.; enemy's numher.
In the month of July a treaty wa.s fet on foot hc-
iif Di
■jf II,!
mil
1 ■l'oniiiii;;ton, and hy that ineaiis avoiilei
them I
iimark and the court ol
by which the kin;; of Denm.iik llipulatcd to convey
and deliver up I'.rcmen and Ferden, which he had
taken fnnii the kin;; jf Sweden, to ihe elector of I lano-
ver, in confidrration of the elector's entering into the
war n;;.iiidt .Sweden, and advancini; a fiim of ironey
!o his Danilh iiiaj, lly. The coiile.ierates before '^ir.il-
limd heing joined hy -24,000 Kulli ins, ;;nd a bod)- of
Savon.s, earned on the liege ol that town with great vi-
gour; but llnding the place continuallv received frefli
liipplie.s and reiiilorcements from the illaiid of Jiugen,
which lies over-againll it, they landed a great hodv of
troops on the illand ; and, after a Ih irp difpiui', in
which the king of Sweden was in pieilon, iii.ide theiu-
felves mailers ol it on the 17111 of Xovemher.
Still die king of Sv.eden determined to defend the
tow n till the lait extremity ; and it wa.s a terrible win-
ters liege, the ceiainels being treiiuenily fnu'en to
d-.-'aih at their poll.'!. 'I'he ait.ieks were delperate, and
in one ol them the confederates loll near lOOO men:
I'.owevcr, they prevailed by their numbers at length;
and the kingof S'.'. edeii, linding die town not tenable,
retired in a light frigate, and arrived laleU in S-ivedeii,
or
tli,it tinie. The Dane alieruards nuide a pr
-ivmg
: goveriUM' oiders to capiiulate, which he
lid
f
the dul
if llolll.
thai the t;overnrr i
Ilk
if I'l
ins ilomiiiion.s, all(-(l';;iiL'
1(1
for the latter end uf December, upon very hoiumrable
terms; and both the town and the illand of Ru'ieii
onningen ailtiiitted general Sieiii- were put into the p
jlieirii
' the ki
hneh into the place h\ ihediiet
d'
id
die inh ibitants of the S\
of Denmark ;
'omeiaiiia were
duki
of 11.
( wh
was 111-: at that time abovi
;red to t.ike
lath of all
eiiiance to lum.
e\eei
years of age,) this occurrence ha)
eiiing
in V
lole of the ci;v and dillricl of Stetiii, tl
:e lilaniLs o
if
171-2-1 ^
However that be, the confederates blocki
d i;
ledum am
IW
ollin. am:
the lands between the Oder
llu- eilv 01
1
Tunningeii till .Ma',- f'.liuwiiig; and the .md the river Peii'.', which were left in t!:c hands o
jf
S\\. des iiul beinj in a coiuliliuii 10 lend iieiier.i
al Sti
h.
any n
Ihlul
leinenls ur lu|iplie
bh
em- Ills 1 riillian niajelly
be was oblmed to
The city of W'ifinar,
the diieliv of Mecklcn-
liniender himlell .md his Ir.tle army, conlilling ol 9C00 burg, the onl^ town which the Swedes had left
men, prilonirs of war, on conditiun o
f ki
iiiiis their Ciermany, was iiivi
1 by the D.-
I'rulILi
1-h
cl.i.ii.is and baggage, and beiiigexchanged or r.iniomed noverians, and Rulli.in.s, ihe next Ipiing, and obliged
the lull upi'oniiiiilv ; and tbiis, lor a iillle time, ilie war to lurreiider, alter which the king ol Denmark was left
1 in (iermaiu-. I'mi tlie alius the in the pollellion of it ; and thus ended the w-ar in
fi
.nied 10 he ,il an etu
ext vi.ir iiiveltiiig Stetin, the king of I'lullia lo iiia- Ci
iia gi-
ll the niaitei, that,
tl
,ie ii^ii eiiu 111 ul Ibe ('/. 11
The Danes and RufTians then niai
ighty prepa-
iiiid ihe Swedilli guveiiiur, the i.iun w.is leipiedeied r.iiioiis for invading the king of Sweden's dominions
ht.i the hands ol his I'mliian
.mil a'reeil to 11
Sehi,
he i;.ii riloiiei
llullleiners,
S\M den at the end i
In ,111 eiiu.il
number of I'rulli
'I'he C /ar went in perlhn to Copenhagen
ed an annv of
but was to be ii
111
-d tl
ur lb It purpole, whitber his g
if tl
if \
;,0,00O boric an
iiet
)t. 'Ihe Dai
III '.he latter end ul N'ovhi.Ik r, 171.I, tlie
iif d
ween ^O and 30,000 of their 11
alio ;
lor tl
ileinbled
ilion, am
1 had
weden reiuiiiiii
,it of 'I'm I
piep.ired 7 or Fco vellels to traiilp orl
limed at the city them. I'ul great patt of the Danilli l!eet bei
of Strallund, .iiul loiind a l,,ii;i:e w.is loriiiid .ig.iinll ploveil in Xorw.is during ihe lumir.i-r, 10 uppo
,)!e an
him, in wbh h the kings o
il De
r
lulil,!. .1111:
I'i
.1 the king ol (.1
l.iiid, am
ll.mover, were p.iili s ; t!
Vas to piilerv e
e.it Milan.
en
■(lor
i-iilerpi i/e ol liie
i.ilioiis were iiii IK i iii.il
:li s on tli.it
,ill 11
r
C/.,
piepa-
(|i \\'\\ w
hereuf hi.uded the kiiiir of D.'iri'ark, t'la; his llect v.is not
tlv
(' iieai-e (
dC.i-rn
i.iin, uliii n was |)io- le.uh in lime; and die D.ine reioiiing on t
die R
puled to be done b\- lecuriiig llie leipic
lliati
Sieiiii monarch, tha: h
iUld
ullian
not m.ike the delceiu in the
to the king ol I'riiHia, and ihe pollellion of rremeii l.ittv-r end of the vear, which ihe Czar oblirved was
and Ferden, and whatever
D.
llie had lei/
the duiiiinioiis of Sueden in (iermaiu-, to the Dan
(1 1
ed ol iiiipr lilicahii
llieni,
I rc.ition produced annnohiy
and thole lo whom lie (hould or h.id .illigi
rcll in lliofe coiu|uells. The king of SwnKn lliou;i|U
lied his line- under the cannon ol Copenhagen, as 1
lo ib.ii the
if C
D
ane mew lit) In
'ices
if he had Ionic
•:]'
.dull
\ I
alb
mid the C/.ar loon alter re-
it highly unreal'oiiable that he liiuuld not be peiiuir.ed 'iiiiiu-d vmiIi his iiuopsio ( Jeniian'.-.
to recover thole territories again, which h, id been fur- j 'I'iie D.imlh inun.iii h In ing now h ft alnuifl alone to
prized in his ableiice. 'I'he kill's of Prulliaand F.n
defend hr.idelf aii.iinll tl
was
thieatei.ed in
his
{>
ti
■nil
!i
I
C\i A xr.w, RovAi. Avn Arrni:\-ric svsriM or r:-'ivr,usAi, ckoorai'iiv
ti^f
lii> ictuni, \ulli ill! iiiv:''i'M) ol /.I'l.iiu
i\ l,l^ Swrililii ' lu's |.ir li\i' liil.' vi nclii"; 1 f v.;nc, t'l iirU', l\'i
.n
ni:ilill\', Willi
li li.iil t iMt.r
.ll!l| ( I.
Illy ii;'fii ]Mil iiilci (ATi'iiiMn, ii.ircd, ul.u li wi'ic \ i ■ \ ■.',! k-\ i.iu ici liir liiln.'d. i.
li.i'i luit llu' k ii.;!!! (licit 15ril.iiii Ini-iniiult r l.)ini ;i|)
tl;i' \ r.ii 1
ikil 111 ill'.- Ii;-.,l\ ii.i
\ii'li li„
jirtlu'ii(i()i!N llut lli'ili- pn'ii.ii.iliDii.i (if llu' Swi'drs imirls dl \kiiim ,uiil l'( U'ill)iir>;li, \\lu ii !>y hr nli;
\\cu inii iid.-'l ;i'',ii!ill Ins 15r lilli tloiiiiiiicii-; ( i r.'.l'i'r ■ i 'l lluir mlmmiiU'.' Im' Ms o.vii (loiniiiioii"., mikI i.
Kii I
(ll)lllllllOII>., Mild .i.| ,,_
It ill i.\k T
Ir
\ 111 )'rciiK'ii .iiul I'ddoii, aiiil tlii'ii'iipoii .iiilcLii iIk- il iiiiiiiKnis iil limk' |)i)\m is, .iml tlu' pr
I'lu ,1 Uiu.ulroii ol nu
.11 (if wiir to llu- ,ilii(t
Hire nl nis ni.iiK' lain Iidii:
iiui In a (i-|-..ir
In' .11 tll'll- III ' M, II,' .[
D.iiiilli 111. Ill liv', whuli luit ,111 ilul t(i I
(II! s Ii'.lriii
,1'
U il t'lilori'i I/.
III.- l\.ii'.; ot
>.ur- kiiii; (,"iiiilli.i
II ii-'ifii
1 to
Tl'i- rcllii'.vint;
ii'.vriiii /.I
iviS, ilu' S
p.iy ll
c iliik- III i i,,!il' 1
Villll's 111,1
tV,>> .1
l.l'Jl .,s 1)1
iir.ii-.s li'lii \',ii'\i,iv; uiu' I,) il.c iioiilm.iiil, .is
Hill!,', ill! ; .mil llii (il'iii 1 ,
100,000 n\-(l()ll.irs, on his n.'ii()Uiu'iiit; liis n 'h t.) 1 r
riii.il 'iliulu olS'ilun'; .uiil.iii i)iiiiii,iiuc of Ins II .iiv, .11.!,')
I ^- ) 1, Ik- ll III (ijoj iin 11 111 ilif ,:liiil,iiK I- nl ilio i'ni|.,', I'
\ llu- kin.; .miiiill llu- l-Kiuii, l|i 1 7 i >, lu- r.
in IK 111 111, loM ,11(1 . (. Ill 1 1! i. 1 11.1, '.i\ in ; t i.i- v, l^i^lc i cunia iiritcnlinn^ l.> il
iiniliT niiiUilniiiiiii, Hull
'Ml'' iiii .mm
in Xm
if II
.1111,1111 ', cm iliL'ii p ,
« .u lum ',J'
jo.ooo ni.irks 111 liU I r.
II
roil' ir.on^h M (';>i I'lc llu'in. I'm llu- Svn-ililli 1110-
lioiit llic 1 1 Ills' tiiiii- It.- i-iiclitl ,1 coiinnl ( I ii.iij
niu ,1, I u 111'' ll
Cijci,) iriilirii kill. ill
w.i.s tiiiiurnin.iK'U to cs.iiiiiiic ,ill pioi
11 iii'.ip.il ,1s tli.it III, mill I).
iiM'tr lii| 1
ir;
llioi m till' iriiiilu'-, ;iiul ilii- l),iiu's aiul I !,iiio\ v-ri.iiis ,ul\':int,m' oi ii ; ,iiul iiiviii-tl lol\•inlR■|•^, (kiili-din iii,u
iIkmiiv ik'li\ iTi-d liom tlii-ii" li'.irs
I, r li,i<l the S',
Odc's inil.ii
lull's, to rolort to Dciim.irk, and i-ll lililluil i|i
iii.id.' llu ill!. !\i.-s iiMlK-r> o
f I-
ri'il I'U'klh,!
•IS it w.is I'liiii', jiro'iihnin.; tlii" iMiiiorl.ilion ul lorii'.;H iii.in.i.
o;iM iiuil ilu". lii;.;' I li.u i." il.'ii.- 11. a l.iilni'lu nvir
11 I'll'.
Ill
ii.d a I. ink all
>, III iiniiali"ii 1,1
U \on\,U' ll .ll I
I'll II r,-(n\ V l.ll
I'.ll:
anil II
,■1111(1,11111 lloli.md, .ind loiulinUd lii ,i:;i -, nl luli.
D.sliilli donuii.oir. n iliiii d I" ,1 \ rr\ n.irrow ioni|\ir.. Iid\ unh loni-;!! I'.iwns, |),!rii<.iil,nl\ uiii !-.n .Liiiil,
r,\ till' (k-.itli ol ilu' ki.i.; Ill S\ii d'.n tl.i: w.ir Iv. t',t;'i--n uliiidi country was .it llic kh.iii;c of iMiliiM, ik/.i.liui,;,
Di-niniils aiul ll.al iTov. n u.i.v 111 ,1 ni,iiini-|- broiiijht til a ,ind |ia\ in-.^ 600J ol lii.s tiooju : iiiul \r, v iicn ih, :r
I llIU
till t'
liifu'M; lliiiii'.;h till' jH',uc- M,i> not loriiiallv (i.;n.il I r\ iio was w.inU'l, wiihdu-w tkulo irooj-,, ;m,-l ii,i.,|,|
V \ i-.ir
tl-ii' Sui-d'
IS, !)L-iim in\,ii
ll d.Iliilli'il hv tlu.- Ruill,
l.ikr nil |- 1
It ill the cnluiir' wars bLiwitn tlie
i.iiis, \\i'ii- iil!li';i.-il 111 ai'i I I'l III I .iiiii'i'i-.
dl' I'luli foiidiiii'iis .'i', die iiK (ii itors and i;iiarr,nii. , ^ Tin- n.nii-s.aluiiit ilu- s '-,\r 1 739, li'i/in', on die Im,
ol i;, llu- kii'..^ ol (.n-.il Iiril liii and i'r.iiici-, wiii- Ihip of Sli'inliuilt, wliuh liis liriliili m.ij. lt\ api'i
pK-.ili (1 10 puk nil,-. r.\ llu- I'l.li ai lii k- ok this tii-,iu lu'nd'ji
d liiiiik 11 i-n:iik-d 10, as diiki- ol 1.
inlli'iihlll"'' ,1
he kill;; id Drm-i irk o!iii^'-'l Iviink-il' not 10 .illilt llu- Ikil mi Ih iLippi-iud b. lui'.ii llu- ir.iops- ol ll.moM-r .nul
C/ai" ai^ainrt S-.viutn, or i iniiil llif I'liHi.m nun oi iImIi- of I )i-niiiai k, wluri in k'Vir.d ucrr killed on 'ii.ili
var to en
lir 1;
,iiiii\ ll Kills reeov I ri
ill,- lerrilor) la
S'.-.i des olili;;e(l llieinleU e< not to op|n,!,' lui li nu-.;l'.iris ddpul,'. Ilowi-sir, ,i> ilu- D.ine.s leenieil deteniiiii,!
a> Ihuiild lie t,.ki-n In tke laid nii iImiiTs in beli:ill ol' tlu- ■ 11, -t to reliiiiiiiiili their claim, a lre.it\- w, is lei on I mt
K
111 ir.ii.iik, in rrl.ition to die ik
ll'ilil
■nini'ms dl
ke ol' ll'ililem. H-. ihe I.M-ntli .uiiele me km.:
Denin-irk iiiomdeil m d.'Iiv.r up ii Sv.i.kii ilie c,",- to i ii|">' .Sum
the !-'.!\ieen thole pciwi 1 s, mul I'rii.uii .i^reed to p.u a
riililii!', to ll'.e D.ineslor i,-ciniiliiii^ the llaiui\Lii.iii(
kiiril
.Sliairuml, and part of I'omer.ini 1, ,: ■ i .r .l^ ihe rivi
n,
ines ,iiio
Pcne ; 1(1 i'\ .u'u.iie the loiir;
'.!,;
Ir.iiul, I'll- ll
lii! ' uiioii liie I'll
h III a ipi irn 1 w'i!i ihe Diiu!' li
II 111 II I km I. 'I'll. II- •.;u,iid.!iiii
of Ru''eii, and .ill other I l!.!ii,K I iki n !i\ ;iie il.i
hi,", ,1 '111 lime 111 ihe Duleh kliiim- \el|. I-, .nul i.ii.
t!:e i.iSi
liiir.;h
as ailo die lim n nf \'\iliii,ir m
.11- 1 k ll ll;,-Hi M l'
ih
but 111 ■ I i'liuiiil lA dl!
ill coti(ii!er.ition w liereiif the S'.ic.k s, In the. eiim 1 lo in.ike ii ui I lU, ihie j x^iieks
1 .ll k
ilin'.li ariiek-, venouiu-ed t!ic pi i\ ile-^^e oi p.iiiinL; the ('in illi m h iviii'; ii i.;ned i'i\e.i'.s, wil;-, ,,!■ .a riim
Sound widuiil p.ivin^ toll, and j'.-,reiil 1.1 p.n ihe tilioii, w .s liueei ih d b\ bis Ion I'leileriik \ . mi il
(,iir,e t )U a- ihe h
Out
Uiil ;'\- II. ■■ lenili
rliele me rri.w n ol .S v. cue 11 eii.;,i,..-'I to ]):i\ lo the km
(if Denm.irk I'C3,'::j..
I el iKl pkiee-
;ih ol In
hlOl-lll
ih.- eomm^i i
V, r
This
'lime tioii 11- 111
Ii:!m'
.niour.i'm'r llie iiiiiniil.itlur.
,ii!'l impiovii' 4 the tra-le I'l ■:!- i,.:ii'.
ih.'ihilk
ll I I ll'.e Sv
J'. , a leii.iraie .ir-
11 It II. in le.l to liie 1
i;n- Is
I.Ck
It w.
ireid, ihit \\'ilir,,ir, tli: I' riiluai
lilll- lliU.
,1. r 111 l'i> r.1,1,1
;t',. I
ih,;-i ol' were ilemolllhed, lli'iu'l iii \ i r h^ liililud b.is iiiieen, who w, is ih,' ir.oii , r ol Ills ji: el -M w
'.s ll Bii-ini n and I
1'
lie ai'.iiii 111 ;i in
.1 a in
er 111 111'- ll
li.iil been conhrnRil to hi-> I'lil m;iie m.ij -!1\ Ire .inolher I'ninI - ic WoU'iiibu.tL', ,md m.-.i m 1 /'■(<, h^n.
treat'.. 1'-.- the aliinikiid tieir. hi. D.i.iilli mijell', cei .i.-.l by lil^ l"n.
ol)l, lined the ;iii,i!,ml'. c o' lie
III" ll kiii'j
( iui!li,iii \';!. i!k' pnkiit
.r Dt
nil' in, ,11
.■liion
,Sli l.i
d ll,e k
I.. I., 1).
'. K. .s.
hoi 11 111 1 - ; I ;
(,re,!t iiril, lin reiiiovd i'l^ -.^iiar.mlir ol ih.it
m 11 1 1. ll m 1
('„i.ihii
M,
V. I'leli lu-
ll I', .1 l.jrii,' r tie.ii\ .
I i, nm.irk now ii-i 'iiir'' in iv .ii c.
holl J.
p'iie'- r.', ll of !).-.
.1 l.o-i:!,i ',\u; ilhi, p:
] lird himieir III pomioliie^ ihe ir.'di- ol his l.m''hi,ii ; ii'\,il, h:ir:i jiU
•n I'l 1I-.
.Ill li.iil ti',e III) ioiiuiie 111 lee lis iinit.ii
.1 (
I. nioii.ii 1 n o'n lu
i!U : b
I eiiliai^en ainuill dellnn rd In- aliie, v.hi hiiipi'e ed dnkiiul h\ .1 l.i: li i ", enl, w
t!i ,11' .1 mil. 1
in tl'i- \e.ir 1 - iri.
Ills 111 II rllei n w . Ill,- ] i ilii
I- a^h'i.ill
mv ill 111 ,11
W ,lil' 'I w,
111,1,1, ilai
l'-li;.-i ol' .\iii'iillus .\iloli hi|., dii!^-- oj' th'- I
.ii. i-,i ,1 ' ,1'
i.ii III til.' \-. 11
lliiil ;. •
ll;!i ll 11
lioni heiud iCile, piniie ( iiiilh- .,;;'iiilrm,..i, v.iii ni.i'lelhe 111. 1'l "I'l.-il
e I iKiiinies o'li-
■1, I'orii |)eirm!ii-r 10, lOii); and ( :■ 1 h.lle Nmhi, eeiiiii'^il, ol m ' le ill e i,.l .111 I ,l;.p illi ''iite l>.i:i
111 (),lobu o, iTC'i; ami oilur ihlldi I n,
W iiii lllri
anil u i.ile llil . n.ii ,
n\ I in in ■ m ir leill ■ ol Deinii 1
in ih' ;r liil.iiicv. 111. fi eoiid wile, ilie d iii'',!,:i r ol " 1 h.ive ( l.i\ s iIii.m; ■mlenum ) mile n mv end,-.iMM:i
ci; ineelli.r, li.' 1;. n 1 11 1
n ii'Ki- 1
i\- '1 1 1\ ,il ll, 1 , III '.'1111 li
ir 1;.". s .111. I" II. e
(1, li
1,1-, kill IIII,
1 ii'l. 1,1 ; -.lee re!
kil
e ei i 'Ml'-
.'-d tl.i 1 ih oi Oiii'L
er 17 : J, III me 01 :i i e.
ol ::ls , I!
iiii ; I
ii\ f.ii.'
iiiii;.' I om
sir.eii- liii,ii\ r \- iiiMon \i
m \'l. I
iir.h-(
m, in.il ru (I .S 'phi.i
Mi.'d, l.-m .! I:
ill'.- ,11
1 'tii.e'.li '■, ami tlu- I •'•
-n I Muiled .i (jiii-' II b" a
nmiik 1 . I'l
I 11, a, I 1 'r . 1 ',1
',icli, i'\- w I", .m lu
I -..iilh
ill. kail. llu S.
. kX'.bi
i( 1
iiii .\\ 1 1 11 1 1 , 1 J : ;, and ll
epi 'IK
. N 1 .oiiili I \ em.
or, e 1 I ,
1 iieiike liaii i:-
.1 n
I '.1;
■ ll i:,- .111
.1 S,
1 'I, I 7.;''',aiu;ni,ii 1 u-
iDil. 1,1-
iiile I'l III.' I iim.-.ii.iie ■.', o 1 1 o'e
i.s.e 1 i 11'. Ill ■' ,i-.i en.
le Ih '111 111^ I. I ;ii Willi l.ime
i-i 1 ir, aihl a .r.im 1
ir I 1 - 11 I'li.iiii
po; uk.r
iiiiLUlail', in .1
hi.ldl
iini; the nioiiiiliu-
,'iiieiJm
ll 1,1.) O.V
il tale.iij ,iikl a.ij;
ji.nc (Ir.iu
tioii, and {
li.Jo jiiatl
til waids ,1
tr.ivcls 111
relin n he
MUM ; am
pilUi 1.', ot
v.'iiiiie ol
w 'dl the or
i'ei iii.i|< ll\
Iilimlteii.il
inii oiiiinoii
p-'ihaps i
I'luiwcd l'\
and more
r, hi III. '1
ll,i- Imaiice.*
weie al' lei
lull peiineii
'h'p.itih; ai
Uiid tilihu ,
" 'I he CI
ill ^o man,
Irilmiial, di
lion aiiiK-M
ciuiiiiry, llu
their cinolui
ai 1 -^oj, inl
mt I'd th,
lor 1',. ir k I
]i!!i-r,di!\-, \.
tlie thiid pii
Ills r.iiil.ielii
time, ii.iillii
p.-rl •'-,'1 ol II
1 Hiled 1 1
o'.I.er bodies
l.ii', dep.iriii
gii.iids, anilii
};uai(ls, th.e I
(hihaiided wi
" .Siill pi.
aii'i peril'.. 11.
tempi a dmii
anil I ' ,ikini..
vielim 1(1 |ii(
ll:. ik III 111 111
ll. 11 Ik- U.I. I
I'lnivd .1 pi
11'. Ill, V ho h.i
ill die 1. Ilii I e
lllll, il.. ,1 ]ll;!ll
More., w (111
of mm-, h,!'.
Iiiiif K .md I
imp.iM"! '...ll
^iriieiilic ('(<
\et he leit.i:
ol' his e.\ieiil
h\ hks aeliiii-
\oiir, and ,ie'
verted l.iiii,
nilhes ok \\(
nioilein limi',
foimd iiidii i,t
]>u:i;i d, oi:'\-
dr.iw rmm e.ii
iiuirin- I'm I
e\i 11 .III liuiidi
tli'M del.iim d
iikr\id Imn!
dou.i'.;i,-r, ami
lllllllK III. Ill p
lank, imim-di.i
ih'ui'.'Ji eonm:,
'I'll ';- ii.ll |.,^ll.-
hiics. Thi;- (1
-.i-.or.RAi':;v.
iiu', \n iii'lv, Ci'l .111(1 11.
u.ns III till' lul);,'Cl. Ill
II till' ir;-,,i\ 1). t'An'ii lin-
iiirv;li, \\1k'h by lu' nli; u:,.
\ii (U)iiiiiiioii>, ;\ii(l ■'.'I li-
ilf |ic)\M r>, .Mill llu' jirij-
iriii' .uiii'li.' ill 'ili^ n\-^i ,
.i\- il,c link ■ 111 i 'mill' I
L'llOlllU'ill^ 1 !'• II ^1' l'> I f
rliLiiici.' 1)1 his ti .ily, ,ii.i/>
e.'.llill.iiRi- I'l I'lK' i'iii|..-, r
■jy'i, Ik- r.liiKiU'llu'l !i i
.tllUHll.;, oil llli-'ll' 1';.. J
•ri(K il .1 cii'iiicil 111' til li
It 111. mill 1) til. nil' I"! 1 ir
I loi ■ii;iiiT^, lUill.'diii ii'.u
ll.lllv, .111(1 fll .llililUll ll: m
irtaiw'ii ul liirci'.;ii ir..i!i u
'.iik iillii, 111 iiiiiiaiii'ii i.f
I (iiulinU il ti( .Kii ^ III ii:li-
|Mnicul.iil\ VI il !'-:i .Inul,
i.ii.;i.; of l.iilin^, (.'..(i.lii.;.,
)(ip\ : iiiul )(.'■, vlii'ii ill. T
w tl.oli." inxij:-., aii:l vi-iM
wai > b^UMiii ii->-' \ '"' ■•
his IJiUiill ir..ij.ll\ .I'.'r '-
as (l^li^^•■ (il l..i\\liciii)i'ii;, l
llu- li'iKips ol M.uiDVCr .IV.ll
I ri.vi.r,il wen- killed ciiln.ili
ri-covir(.-il iliv- HI! lion m
D.iiu-s ii-i-ui((l (k-uriiiin ,1
111, il in-.it\ was Id (Ml I 'lit
d' r,i:-,.i'.M '.i<.\ivril I" V" .1
•ciiniiuii^ Uic llaiuuLiuinii
(Murrd w'l'' ''i^" l'>>"^''' I'"'
I 't land. 'I'li.H- ..MLird-liiii-s
in-li l.liiiiii; ^'■li• I-. •""> '"-
tint lii- ll'iiiaii'l. is ihii-ii-
iii'j VlHiI.s wen- I' I a! 1.
li; li.n FuuJiiik \ . "11 lie
i-,iiui- tiiid ir li.~ I '■'■'' I'i
iii.innlatliii'-^. ' ^' '''■''■"',
,1- •!"
tr.i'i'- I'l 1.1- I" u'-
t'l li.r 1'
■ 111 liu iK.ii
li:;l-;.t w
a II .'i M'.
. r 111 i;ii- il
.1 111 1
Dvu.,
IXna-ir:. -r t
iiMi 11 111 1 ' ; ! ;
I .1.1, n
M.I
,. d id' l)^-ii !••-.
An; llll, I'lli.. -!•
• r 111
lu I'.v 11.
V.llU'l I' >
111 .il'
;liwv- Mild
ill ■ V. .1
II. -Ul- > "I
A .ill I .1;.!'
A\ :;:il
Millies i..m-
-I iK- l>.ia I
II )|, ill ■ 1)1 Diiiiiiiii'
, ) 111 1 !(-■
II im 1-11(1. -.1
\ui:r,
r.-i-v
11-,, ■ 111 I p. .elllii mil' il '
i'l ■ l.iU.- 1-1.1 'III'- '•
.!, .-, ami till- ' '
do! .. ii'ic '1 li"i>
,1 r.i - iiuni.l 1 ■ '-'
!. 1-
I) il 1 1
|. U I'll.lIK
,.ik1 a.iJ;
1^' 111 M
EfROI'I-:.]
11 I-'. X M A II I-.
C\
li„\i- i!
(lull, anil
liim rrom liis nn'ive i-uil'
IhciI I
HI v,y 111 (-(111 li-
ll lillll 111 ,111 ( I. \ .III <1 Ml.
I Ir III. 'i • Sii iiriilt
•sliihiiid, w IS in iir-.-fcr'. in'.; .n firri-.-v -.(.liicli -! 1 :,: 1
(-, .1.1.1 I ,0 llllrill
lid I
II a
Iv |ira(til.:ii plylir .il \'iciii, ini liu- j-.l!).-, .i -d li- iheii licin^; ,irr. (I.il. On llu- l.i-l I A^-di^ |
taw, nils altiiiiUd llu- pn I'lU kmi', i>l lliniii.i
II ills lliis t-M-ii;, iIk- 111 I'll w.is liili'l'.d wit
tr.i\t-ls III |-'.ii;;l.iiid, ill iiu-'nv ni pliv Ik i.iii. (Jiilr,> iii.i';iiilii-i.'iK-(
irn
11 lIlK-.lllliP.III
rii iv -d
!|-|-,lte|-
lioill.h'
riiiiin IR- ,1'lv ,1111111, hy r.ipiil Itiiiu-, in ilu- rm.i
MUil J and luniv to liav- i-iiiini ii,l\ i.olirlkil T
,1- or i-.iuri li'r\ illiy, It. mi
I'H- (1 Kill, til, 111 wlu-ii
K- \ I I'll- 1)1 riiiii.
Out
u. Ill ..II liM-ii t If his f.-i/.m,.. th w
I"
III |di .liiu;, (iiue If- III c nil ■ (ii'mIK- iIk
w.l^ .1 111! 11. ir: 111 till- iiai.ic^
r
U- 11
11, ailer il,in;-in'_
V. Ill 111- ol lioili km ; .111(1
iiuclUd .iMilii.il, iiiii- I (iiiiill . (I i:u I' w nil III k
di llu ord* r III ^^i M.ililli, iii'liiiitc I in I ir.i.ii id l.i S' i m iil<-:- .|in in ; llic lell i)( lliu
li.l Ml, in ll\, ire. Ill d .1 1
iniiiilKii.d piiwi r. ! lis
mil iiiiiiUDli ninticiu'e, iii.i.
,ili"iii iw.) ill ill.- niciiiiiij, ,1'
I ivc lu-f
II
l-.ci.l
\\ 1 ■ Mil ) w
e.'iiil'K 1, 111 11
111 and I'ti'inl ( r.iii
II. T
n- inoin.iit .\ IS 111)',-, i-
(1 and (kiMiii! 11
Mil- ihl.'cn I
li)\\ 1 ; r, ,iiid Ikt Imi iiriin.- - |-'u l,-i ;> I-
|i'-iiiaii-, 1 iiii,;lil ,idd, an (•.;-, iiukd .iiid |i,ili i,iliv' iicu,, b.iil. iiid li) llu- kni'/s priv,iU' i-li,itii!KT, w 1
rn,u\pd li\ ill. pill', II 1. '11- il mill- III iii'iiiK !;u .1
I'd inure pei iili.nU u
1 lit- Hale lelt Inn lliroiii'li all I- i
l,ll lili; I'll;
1 ,s : liiiiili ii'
111 lied. '! liev kiic-eled di
(1
i'am iieliile lilin, .n
Hill, Willi U-.irs ,111(1 i-\i>iiltii!.iii.iii., Il lisv
■I
. 'eiini.irK liiiiii iiiiiH-n liii
nil I' -r
ll.. lieaiues ili,iiu-t-i\ , aiiny, iiav\ , iin|'U->, p'.d.in! >, ain llinj, ili.ile w Iidiii i1h-\ cilk il ihe ,iniiiiirs nl it It
wiie all lenlihlv ol Insimineme
Ik
U liii 1 .id. Is i lid 111'- kin,; u i -
:iK lii'liiee I I'l 11 111 liic (ink
lull pi'iined Ins replies II) I \ i\ iiiijv .11,11,1 ,pi. Ihuli or liiil di.l it w 1: !i 1 '.lii; line.- and 11. In it- .11. ,\t
ii(h,
ai.d a i'ei iliuii m U lieme
1'
iiiij .111 • 111 'r iniie.itii-s p
11'.- .lll.\ 'll Ills 11 '11 111. I.
u.iduidiu, r,iu I) w, IIU d lull lioiiis kii .111 .inlwri . nii.il to tke pa,)er. Cnlmiel K'lilii' ;'. nin.r inll.in ly
" '1 iu- ii\ ll )iidKatili-c- ol tins cipilal w i.s then wll'.d upaired Ui ^tlUl-nlee'.^ ,ni.irliiieni, \'..",li, as ueil .i.-i
in ^Jo in,in,llr.iies. S.riieiilee knt a nu 11 i^e in lii.s Ui.indt's, w.is in the p,d,iee: tlie\ weie luitli lei/.ed at
tiiliiiii.d, deiiuiniliii'.; to kiinu ihc aiinii d kil,ir\ 01 p n- iie.iily llu- laiiie iidkiii;, ,iiid, ,is .ill d.l'enec w.is \aiit,
liiiii aiiiievid to citli nieini-. r. K.iilu r al ii-n. d ,!i tills h.iii ried ,iw,iy iiniiiedi.iii.1', to the cii.id.l. Wdi'.'ii e ..iiit
i-ni|iiii\', ihey IcMl ,111 aniw . 1 , 111 wliieli tliev (iiiniinllu-d S-riu iilL-e IK piu d oni ol' the cnaeii, lie laid, \\ iili a
li.eir einuliiiiienls ne,ir two llnrds, .iiul ellnn.iii ,1 tli in liiii.e, to i. e i .i.iiin.nnl iiit, " 1 bciitve '.oil .ne until
at ijO'O, inltcid ol 40-1^ ri-s d"'!,iis. 'I'l.e eoniit 1 . n liiiie liiii'i!/''l ,it I, . Iiil; me lii'imuiu lu-f..- as .1 |>ri-
ii'k.in;' (! lliein lli it Ins 111,1; ;! '. Ii i,l iid rnrilu r oe. iImh I'lier." " N'n, a.id p'- de j , nu- e\'.' lien, e, 'i, plied
l.n I'.'ir l;i\ii-.s; kill, in In- |. '\ ,il hiinitieeiii e ,iiid tli- 1 ilil clket f li inil\ ) 1 an ii-it 11 .ill liii pi i/.-d ; kut
Id I r,di!\', \..i,s iM.ici.i!'li\ pii.il'.l 1,1 1 .iiii'i'iii- 1,1 il e,i' on ill, eonii 1 \ , h i\ 1- Ion ; 1 \p,cli ,1 \ on." Itwi-le.o
tin- lliilil p'lt oi tliiii .ivo-,\,d iiK-n;-.u i, .-.s a pii.,.t i.| .''.link 111 11. e iiini i.u,',^ u!i'ii tmiiu K.inl/.iw ee.iie tii
lii.s r.uid.ieHoii with t|u..||- eiiidnil. He, ,11 liie l.nnr liie doirol her iii.!]eilv's airi cli.nnher, ,ind kn,ieke(i
tiiiic, eiadlililted jjio'hel court, Cniiipok d onK ol li\ Ini .1,1 iillanee. • ( )ii,- ok llie woiiu-ii ilioiil tm- iju-. nks
p.-rl -'i.i ol inte:;rii\, IowIiiiiiIk- i.iin.- p r.. ,-r was de- 1 p.-ikm -,>.is ord.ei, d 10 w.ikehi r, ,ind ^lee li f iiilnr ii,\-
.;iied He pr.'eeeileil In pni ;e tlii- iliimir-, ,iii,i I'm ll, it llie w ,!s ai 1 ,(!; I.
■1 I,-
inl,; r li.idi.'s ol llu- I 1 ,v', '111'. .1 111' 11.
the n..li- ' el till- kiii'j,'s
tk-jMrlU'eiil, ll
,l.s, and lilu 1 w.'i
liioke .id .lie link-
siii'j, s ( . I .en ., 'U.i'.e r.-.r (.;,'.s n u> . U' n.-iir, a
llieii put !i.-i" inl.i OIK"
an. I
'I'l n r nil 111 Hie I' 1.' I. I
'I C
1 un.niiiir 1.
,hde
(1st
e r. .,.iiu-i:i 1. 1
\ (io.ii d ,ui iiik,i i\ iliDii ill C'(i-,' iiit.i ;. 11 : eeeiv
niiids, tin- liiii ll e.'t'is in iiie ll r\ i,
i,,.t mil ;,ir.
V
'i'Mi w .1 . l.ikeii t )
nt li : tltv- 11
'I
ilifliaiidiii w itliiiiit ,1 111 nt, !'• II \ er\ ...iii '.nnis I d.iinii. 11 il. 1111, .11 - .ind Inls r,-i orl s w 1. 1\- Cii 1 11
ikited
.Still p
i.icei (111).; Ill ll
111! n, '.I 11 Ilk .
nine to icinier liie il :t ■ pi 1 lon-rs o
aii'i periknis atciiii\>ii , lit, lie iilii, ■ .ic U k ■ iito.il.. h .1 , 1, poikm ii.io die l.iii.;'s collee to ik diov ki.n j
I- I'.ildes, ,i,iii t,i I, t l..e i'.n iiiels ' li.il llu\ inieiideil t'l deeMi'j liiiii iiu-.iniilde of .'.ivi-i 11-
leiiijil ;i aiinlliiilioii I
and pi ,ikint.s ,it peilei 1 Id). 1\ . No v ■ ii;iiei tk.il h.- k ii ,1
.Kliin to liuli 111 .ilins, ,iiid ill. I. .ill II. lilies join, I 111
t,. r
.11 l| ' 111 1 o
nt id til.:
:i, .1- well .1. Ii.i i 111 I'rinee I i.d -nek; and U)
ll;s ill 111 111 lion. '11
ele wire
ll
le;'. I ri-iK
■ i.jekii.i .M 1
1'
) e.iiii.i 111 il.i k- e \'i i.ir-
tkil he >v.i> loo ;ie( I i.l.dile tn ike iim en, v.! i.
liin.nv and eoiiir |.,... i ns renins, ike km • Idiiik
I- •nil'.
'll ti \t.
ll \ .Is the iniii.il, I, ai'il no
t ill
lis hi.Jilur, .1
1 pe ri .1 III a
,L,l
n.iii, w lio k.id h ■ o,,u- oliiMsioiis. 1 iki iM pi, lend, tlir. iiL;h the 111. ,■ s 1 I ihe eit\ , t > In ■ \ li'iid'eU niii'irl,
liini; .111(1 .IS d'ele,ii".,l lioni tic 111, dt h nrnl e.inl'nr 'es'.
kit;
I e.iiin it\ , I nil' r n 1 e\. ii'e 01 e -in.
w Ilk ill,- {
r eiiil HIS ,1!
,i ! )iirin'. tliek tr.inl r nous Sum
(1 k.r..ii.
M'lres, w foiii t\i,iiin\, or piilrie l..i;iiiel', .iiidw.int d iiiii.d in tl'.e iiioll n..;or( us niipiil niiiieiit. d ney
(it iiiiie, li.i\ I liiijii
,diii(.l
1 e\l. r\ ,1J
1 1. ll tlic loriner w nil vei\ li m\ \ cii.iin- .1
k.iii, h
tiiiK l\ ,iiul I'liommioiis cMt; t nt I.i w lii.i|,- nieiiiin \
1 Ills .111(1 leiis, iiiul lie w,is
1 h'
n 111.
ejvnli'! piillenl'. liive done .I'lijl'.' piiliee. d'linii .,.1 tin. v.all 1)\ an ium k.ir. d'iie iiu 111 is n.it
Siliien
\;'l he e ei
not .ippe.ir to li... e 111, id
.1 uk
l.iiiiK' ma
(te a \ UiKiit ,111(1 iinnnulei.t 01.
ol Ills e\ie'ili\ e o-.m.
r. IK
il
OIK ir..i\ iiiii .(
01 1 .; leet lijuarc, w i.li ,1 liiiu
iron llovi.-; \ el lieic, in lets
iliini'''i ili.iiiK d, enmrk .id\
d .1 111
iilerv-, did I'C
I" ll i\ e ll, 1 11 itiidMciii ll w nil io\ ,d ki . .nioiinlol his lik' ;iiid eoi.,'n'. ! as iniiiid.r, wliuhis
\oiir, and .ueninil.i <1 honiinrs, and not to h.i\e ad-
\ .-rted kill
11 lius of Wild,
lli'id' 111 tl:i:e., \
d. In lie ( A iMii.le.s whivli hillor'.' Iiir-
y
ei.iu d w idi niieoiimioii
.V I!u)lll!,il
I' im.
d ol ( liiok Ills ill (ineeii ai d iv. o ( on tits and ,
.iipul .t.oii o
.'■1111)11 iiiiisir.; \ I ■, iiiee liie llippeis i.i iii , 1, 1 , e an
d. ., ,1 ;'i.i''d, 'II. \', ll', 11 ke V, .1,1. \ , 11 d lie oil lit (i
;i\i:i.\ 111
i eii'iil
e isill.
ki,,it 11
1.
il.s k /I!
le, 10 u nil
<lr.r.\ Irmn iMiirl, ,.'i.l pais the 1 ::■
k 1 111 ii\ kn lis , 11. ,11 1 ll iiin iv I
I \ . 11 ,.n linniiit 1! ,:ii il
. (.1 iiiiii, 111
, u nil the iiinii aiii['ie
1 . ll r. IIU , rii\ , (11
,'11 lillll 1! ll\ klkll: 1-
k .',- Ill: ,r h. .ids, 1111(1 1', ■ (-p.i', e;i i
tun 1 .111 'I s '\ei e I Nei ir, i| .\i': 1
s were k nleneiil to
b.iiidlinu'in. d ho
■-, t-;.:; .ii'd ikeir
., .liu. Ill .1 I'll ■ .'.I'll
ml ok die 11.. ;i.
11. n ikt,'
ll krvid hnii Im tl
ikiW.u'er, and iniii
II I \ el \ w .111111,
.V ..nniil'.i 11
Is. 11. n'.\- the pi. .,11 i-n
leeii; ..ii.i lli,e tk.ole \'
I-
ho
11 linn ,111.1 li.e Dili'
111. 111. ... w
k. d
le (inei 11- I lie i.il.iiiU ,
. lieiiiio
la 1 '
oeii\-.
re tin- 'inU leehle in.-
II
iiiukiiis to piiiilii' ■.- ll
n.ill
lis ( .ii.illl.iplie
ii'i ll, llieir
r.lllk, itllUK-di.iK U iiniiUI llie liellnn id tile I. iM 1 ei'.'ll ;
1 11- thai ill
Milk IK t !
emirt leeiire wi
I ell
pi.i.-kdi;
's ein \ d .It
ll.nn
.'.ll eoniieoii r.
11 k.is 1. liked liiiii'K ol tl
■| I,.
I III) is l.ile w 111 :i
iiiei :. lull i.'ii ', aiu
1 .ii'rik
led n to 11, r iiiM '111.11 \
1.1 wl ere llu- Kir.'.; 11
lnte.s
dh
0111-, mm
k ul
. I-, tiiev
I
( d odlei . Ill'
1. Ilk 11 nil le e .
so. 50.
Ys-t
I -11
\u:i
6iC,
A N'F.U', ROVAI- AND Al' riirXTir SYSTF.M or I'MVFil.SAT, CFncFrVniV,
m
i
M
I'l Willi W ll.lt .l\ ill
IKiiiip, liilipiii.il lilk-
.1
U-ciini; lu Ill's, inianiii;iry
vii i-,iri<iiiN |)(i\M r, Idiiiilit
urtti, \N hill- lolid ii.i|iiiinil> IS iii'nU'did ! How iiiii-
vcr
l.il
lUlU I
Is llio Willi Id .iciiiiirL' wt.ill
li. .1
i>niiiii<iii, iiiu
WolUlU luHlnlll-
)it wIk'ii (lil.i(nii)iiiiiin.iils, llu-
l.l\ llic
n.iiuul I'liiuoiuitaiits 1)1 ilicic oli)i(ts, ainnil tlu' |iiir
i'liit, mjiikiiul blame not ihciiiik.'ivi's, Init
fauli nil r.iii.', wlicri'as their own nnHIks .il
cni)iii.ous.
;ilis! (!
(!() IlKllt.ll IIU'II 111 \ .1111,
Ullt w
or Idihiiu-, lati.', <ir I'loviiKiu i' lunipl.iiii !
Ciod i;ivis us VI
liat lio knows our
w.iiils riiiiiiri".
^\ik1 IkIIit llilii's lliaii lliok' wlikli wc iK'
Soiii
liiil,
Sollli'
c iirav lor : ii lu
wauli'il l)\ roll
ilics iIk \ oliiani,
lurs, lor iliiir uiahli
P
nil piiloii to III' ill III, ami c(
W lu n ;;iiil^\ I'l ilair miws, io i.ill ,\i liniiu'
Miiiili 1 'il \'\ iliiilc ilu-) tnilK il w nil tlicir lilf,
A l.ivoiiril !i T.aiil, or a hi'loiii wilo.
Such (li'arl>i)ii^;lit hli lilies iLinprii w'ry li.iv,
lu I' .mil- wo know not iorwli.ii ihiiij^s to |ir.i\.
liki- .Iriiiikcii loi» alioiii tlic llri'iis we roam j
\\ ; Il knows ilii- lot lu- lias a ten liu liomc ;
^ ci knows not how to lliitl th" iiiu cri.iiii [ilacc,
I'lUl llullllll^ on, .111(1 ll-mntrs iv'n |mii-,
'Ihu'.all li t k h.i|'i>iiuls, hut liw cap I i '1,
I lor larilic gicaiir I'.iit ol nun au bliiiij."
C II A P.
w
D
N.
s r. c T I o \- I.
:', 7?
ii»'t,.',;r;,'(,
CI:
m.itr
P<oJun\
Likf
the winter, arc then on a fudilcn aclii.itcil hviliclut
if llic lull, whuli alinod coniiiiiialU- Ihin s ji,ii i;,j ,, _
h\ makes anu'iiils lor its liiori (hiy a
ml nriiii; n
8' '., Rfiljh, B:>,!', h'ljh, .)I(»,r,;/,, ,;)),/ Mm,
Ci'ii'it vf a Dfkcnt into one, and tiu Muniiir uf mdiiu UmIoii ilic
Ai~ tiiiiiv llicrruits jiropcr to the dm, ate. In t!i, hi,n i .
JuHu
tlu Ir
(1 th.
hi Ills are covereil willi a v.iii' i\ nl
coiiiilr\ oserljir-ad wiili itr.i
T
HIS kingdom extends froir r.x ile
3n nun. to
r.ilphernes, i urrants, iScc. w liii li
III their ^aniens unions are hroUi^ht to i>i
ow' iip'.ui e\ .r, I
" pel
69 den. 30 mill, north l.itiliide, and lioiii 12 to tioii 111 dry \earsj hut apricots, pitches, .111, 1
lit
ileji. eall lon''Uui
le. 1
d .-.on
dt
)eiii[» I .r 800 mil
ih, 'i walirriiits, .11
I'- Icarci- as or. in u"
■\\
It is h
ided
on ihe 1101 til liv
I.arlaiidi 011 the roulh In ilie I'l.i'.tK-, tlu Sound, and wh
I rii'< of liA eral lort>, and Io
nnoi he iaidol ilv ir applet, ,
'c iolei,il)l( ^ ^
■ irs, and ; I;im
tl'.e ("ate!;ate J on ll'.e eall 1>\ Riiliii: .mil on the \m It ■ Inr llule ,ire neith. r coininon, nm well-talted. I',
bs the Itupendous inininiains ol N'orwa\. Ihe in- all kinds ol root-, are m ph'iiu , anil (oiuribule iiii.i
liahiled or tulliv.iKd parts ol Sweden are very liiiall, to llie nouiilhineiil ul ilu poor pen
vr.eii coiiipaiccl wiili ir.e v.i
pace coiiipiil I
1 b
\ e\-
•|li
eir wooiis and \ a
II Ir
telihv e 1,1
and h.irrt. 11
With rel
ilphs, II
enl mountain'-, iininenle roct
^tl
le eouiitr\, and are lor ih
o\ erlpre.id iiiiuli (.[
heath:
pcci 10 the climate
11 of
pnu .
I'll'
if ihi
s countr\-, It in.iv
bceeh, Inuh, ahUr, piniper, and lonie oak
all\ ill ihe piuvnice ol lllekinj; in In.illi (loihl.iiid
be jullU l.iid, that cold and heat pre\ail 111 ihe ex- ■ trei s ;;iowini; in molt pl.iees Io dole toi^e'.jur, ai;
J
trenie.
The lull, a
t th(
-It.
of Stockhoiiii 18 hour
in. ikes a Coiuiiui.il da
Ih'
u aDove ine liori/.on
oine weeks
and M\ half, and for I
rioiIion.iblN llioit, t
the I
n w inter tin (l.i\ s ,ire pri
l\ 111^ to rot ulieie thi \ l.i
1) p.ili.ihle.
ini!; and hi
.11, tl
i.n lie woods are le.ir
- . ntiliil and cheip i
.■lierall\ \ er.
nil lu iii'j n
h.ilf; which ddett is Io well luiiplied,
th' iiiooii, ihe whiicnels ol the Ino
\ e lioiirs anil an
n
ibl
li'-hts. I
Iv ioii\ erliole into timlie
l)ul
i.t I
or ,ill iiti"
Io thai
'I t''e I le.n IK N
iliat ir.i\ eliint' in ni
iht
di export, from lience, bonds and malts fir
piii^; whieli prove as ;; lod .is ihole of Nor
Is .IS iini.il
ir il
le miiii s itie woo.
|i'urn
are oeLiiin in tlie 1 >, rniii'j
W.llll IS I.
In;
Ironi ant.iia
(pi,iitl\ as 111 the morning. The want 1. 1 the fun's pi
bc.it Is repaired hv limes wuhin doors, and u.irni fuis , ai
abroad ; inllead of which, the meaner people iile llieep
i\ the coin eiiieiue ol ii\eis.inil w.itir-i.n:
th.il tl.iA
.ii.
il .di
I;
ene.iii .IS in
ihiiu^jh 11 is dceine
Ikiiis, and oilur liu h delences, and .ire nmer.illy heller
provided with clo.ilhin^, behttmn their condilioii, and 1 ne princil
the clmiaie the\ live in, th.in the coinnion |i' opie in iiu r, .uid M.:
mofi other parts of Europe ; thiiii[;li, whm
led
ne iirincipal I. ikes in
Sweden are ;he W'tier, W.
e am,' lie;
I., ike \eUer is ni ()llro<_;othia, or E.id f.othhiiul, .mil
or l.iilure
apneiis, it ulu.ilh iiiovc
ipp'
Is ri-inark.ihle f n iis loietell
li If
inns, l)\ ,1 c .III
Inms 1
he lols of noles, or olln r nieiiiliei
il ihii
nileiiii'j nolle, the i|.i\ bclore, in that
nine
)f life, iinlils tliC iilual reineiK to exjirl tlie (roll, ii r lioni wheiue \\w\ .nile; .is alfo for the fiidi
vhcn It has lei/.ed.iny part, be cirefu
is to remain in the lold, and rub
Inow- till tlie blood reiurn.s to it ai;ain.
jiplied, which Ine.ikiii;; ol the ii e upon it, which (omeiimes lurpii:-
the pan allecled wit!
1 tr.ivdh rs, and in li.ill an hour hi
■!v d
comes iiavii;,ihl
1:
The
Ihe year, tlioujih re''iil.ir 111 ihciii-
is citremely deep, liein.; in loine pl.ices above 33"
o p.irt of the Hallic lea exceeds (;o.
feUes, do not allo^elhcranlwer thole ol oilier dun. lies, lupphcs ihe 1 iver .Moi.d.i, which runs ihromili .Nei-
F
rem li am
had
idor oblerved, who, in r.iiIKi^
■u 11 W.ls ,1 1.1
)f
ao ivc
30 fc
there w'( re in Sweden oiiK nine 111011 ths w inter, .1 ml all fniie w inuis is Io dio.iked up with ice. that lor
the relt
vers loi
.r: for a.s winter coiiiiniiiil\- In i;ins
hum s no w.iiei
luimiier iiiiiiudiatcly liicci
ir no fjiace to be called fpri
l:e III olid I s III
Well
Tl
ml w Inch nine
ihc
lonolli
er Elv
a. or Wdt Coihl'Ml,
prodiiclions, therefore, of the earth oii;;lit to he, as ne.ir da (eel, and palies Goiteiihur
ing
iown a roes
till y
more
re.illv are, more
outhern coiiniiU'
(peed
V in their arow
tb th
1 In- iliird emiilies itielf at Sloe
kl
lohn, and Inrrilll
the realoii of which f
eeins to one lide o
( the town wiih (redi water, as the I .1 iln'
lie, that the oil anil
the tr
fiilpl
iiir 111 til" I
ree:, and minciah it piodiK.cs) Uei
anil (
IS .ippe.ir-
ihi- oiher wiili
l.ili. TiH'le, and ahund.i
)f odio
'd up
lieieoi iimiy, like ponds, have no veni, a"'
if; '
f\^
. cr.ncR APiiv.
it lici iIk \ nlil.iili,
s, liir iliiir ui'.ilib ii' fldin,
lo 1)1' In c'd, iiiid Clinic,
)\»S, III t.lll .ll llllllll' ;
(lulKil villi iIkh liK-,
I 1)1 'lom will-,
ii^s li.ippi'ii c'v'iy (I. IV,
1 wli.ii tilings to |ir.i\.
1 llic llri'iK wi- ro.iiii ;
li.is ,\ ecit.iin liomc ;
ml til" iiiucri.iiii iilatc,
.ILiVllT^ t\ 'l\ JMIC.
Inn liw i,i|i I I '1,
ol nun aic bliiiil."
I:
rutlden acluiitrd liv ijic \w..i
rontmu.illy IImhv, .n.d il., >,.
Iiiii' (l.i\-, ami niiii;; k. im..
lliciiiii„iti'. Ill ill, liiiiMh r
id willi a v.iiii ly ol' ||,mc-,_
M-rljip ad wlih llr,i>\!)cni: ,
rtllilll i^lOW upon I'ViTV llH■^.
.iru bioui^lit Id no,n! pi'ilr^:.
ipncois, |)ivf|u-s, ,in,l (itJHt
s Icwri'i- .1-. uraii^is. 1 1;- ,•
'It., and In i.r mlcialiU ^ i.ni,
ir apple., . . lis, and j hniii .;
iiiiiiii, iini urij.iallid. r.iit
ilcllU, .lli.l lulllllljuli; IllUih
jiuiir pi.'oplc.
loiill.s ii\ (.rlprcad much i.t
r llu: nivll pail of ]iiiu ■, l;r,
pvr, and lniiic uak ; I'lpci i-
•kiii^ 111 lii.illi {'iiiilil.iiul ; li;;
l.ui's 111 fluli- tii'^rdk r, aiul
ill, tliai ill- uoikI.', ail li.ir. c-
I a p ^luiliil and ilii' i|i I ■-
V CI , II I ail and tall, arc cil.-
r tit lur all iilc. , Id lltai il r
c, ho.iids and mall,. I>ir ti\,t
;; ioil a. tlinl'c iif \iii,\.i,.
I . die wiiod. arc nuKi. Il-
l.i well liipphcd IVimi liniaia
I c id 1 1\ cr> and «ati r -i .ii; -
i.iiioal ,ili i\ c I; \ 11,11, i .
lu^li II i,s deemed mil li.ill .n
Sweden arc die \'e;tor, W.
ii;'>iliia,i)r Kafl f.oililaiul, ,i;iii
lelliiiL; lit ll.iriiis, 1)\ .i t ■!!' -
tie ila\ bcl'ire, in that | i ir-
1 lie; ,i,s alio lur tlie lu.i i i
It, which liimciinu'-. Turpi 1.-
Iioiir bceonics navi^.iblc 1'
III liimc places abiivc '^D'' 1 1-
lie Haliic lea exceeds r,o. 1:
1, which runs tliroui;li NC-
i!l of ah ive 30 Icct ; .iiui '.-^
d up uiih ice. that lor ii.ii \
loHoihia, (ir Well CoiIiI'm!,
er Elvc, jailing ddwii a roe.
Jiiiteiihurii.
r at Slockholcii, and lurrilh ■
i) Irelh water, as ilic I 1 d" '
•le, and aliiiiidaiicc id" iidi;'
.c ponds, have no vent, an'
well
\.
•t^!
11
li
*(•
1 1
<
t
1
1
j
;
t
i
1
iib
1 '
iiROPr.]
S W I. 1) F. N'.
C\i
vi.ll lloriil with a varici)' or Hfli : as l.ilmoii, \)\W,
lu'iili, liiitl), iroiit, ci U, ;iml iii.iiiy oilur Icris, iiii |
Liiovvri iirowiirn- J iif V.\\\k\\ tllf llHill lili'litllill l^ iIk' |
lliv.imliii.;, ii lilli IlIs lliHri llic piUh.ird, ukcii tii v^rcal
ilii.iiiniii.s, l.ilicil Ml h.iruK, iiiiil ilillriliiiud all t)Vfr j
the ('iiunii\.
Tlic i;iill;li ol liiil\M(|, wlmli ri|)jr^iti-s Swidiii from
lli.il \iioviiici', ,iliiiiiii(l> w nil |ial<, 111 \vlm li .1 I (Hilidi'. j
r.ilili.- iiii.iniiiy <jl ii mi-uil i^ iii.iil>- .iii.l i \|)(irti d: .iiid '
ill ilu- l.iki'i of I'iiil.md aic vail (jii.iiiiitu > nl \nW, ,
uliii li till') l.ili, dr\ , and Ml M \ > r) i Ikap laus. I'lu Ic .
lako arc til' ureal nil- loi iIil- Ldiui'iiicnti' of rarii.incj
III luiniiur liy boats a;id in wmtiT l)v lltd'^i's; and ,
anioiii; iliiin, on ilu- Ir i-i .i.ill, arc aim, ill iiitimiu:-
i.ihlr liiili' illaiui<, loiiiv.' I.I wimli ari- inli.iliili'd, loiii"
imiiiliaiiiti-il, liiit cuvoix-l wiili wood, and oUicim arc
ini'tcK liiiKii rocks.
riK'fivirs id Sweden \\iU hi' iiicntiuiu'il \vlu'ii we
tome lo einiMUTaic the l.'.eral provinces and dillruls.
{■Diueiiiin.; tlie loll dl Sweden, an iri:;enions ti.i-
\cller lavs " 1 ''""'^ il nvay bo very jiilliy aliened,
tli.it not one twentieili pin of this country is in a
ll.iie lo be cullivalcd. I liavc travelled near 700 Klij^-
lilli miles 111 till' kin.;dom, and, e\ee|it in llie pioviiue
,i| Seiiii.i, iiid in li-me puis of !■ inl.iiiil, did not lee
t J acres ol j;ood l.iiid 1\ iii;; to;;rilur. |
■['lie foil, li'iweser, in j)!'' ■. • e.ipal)!.' of cnltiv.ilioM, is
tiller. ibl\ liiiufiil.tliDii 'Ji le III 1111 .il)i)\e li.ilfa f ml deep; j
and Ireii'ienil) tlie barren !.:nd, beiir.; einulud In ilu'
allii* of ibe trees hiirnt on the plai c . wbere ihey '.^row,
and lie feed raked aniont; tiie allies, prodm es a pit mi.
lid ciop, \Mtliont fiutbei cnlttvuiion. Tins |iratlice
is II) atiei lit, thai ilnir writer.s derive tli.- ii.imc of
Sweden from a word in tlieir l.\n.;iia^t: that e.Nprelles
It; bui the limber of ileni.iyin:> the woods lia. , cf kn ,
(iceaiioiied tome law I 1 Innii ih.ii eiilloin. If the m-
lidiii. lilts were indulhiou- above wliai lueellitv' lorees
them lo, lliey nii.;h!, at kail have corn liillieient of
their oven ; but as ihim;s aro ni.ina'.;ed t!ie\ have not ;
iior can they filblill, witliont f;real iniponatioiis of all
fort.s of erain ; .ii'd nniwuli'.iatidin<4ihele fnpplu-s, the
poorer fort, in inanv places remoie liom tr.illie, are
ol)li"ed lo i;riiid the bark id bireh-ireis 10 iiii\ with
then ccn-ii, and uiak'- bre.id, of whieii ihey iiave not
alwav^ plenty.
.\'^ in other northern coiintries ihecatlK- are t;.ne-
r.iliv of a vrry Imall li/e: in nlier can the breed be
beliered bv brin^iiij; 111 l.ir,;r from abroad, which loon
de ■'•iieiatc; b' cuile in Li'iiiiier the ';rals is nun h \c\s
nonrilbini; tl'.aii in ihe pi.i r~ fiom whence ihev cinie,
and in wiiilcr thev aie iii':.ll\ ImH llarved lor w.iiil of
fi.ildei of all kiiuiv, wiruli uli.ii fill-, f) very Ih Tt.lhai
ihev aie forced to unlliati.!i their luiiiies to k( ep ,1
pait of llKir cattle air. e. Their llieep bear a verv
toirle wo-.l, onlv lit lo f.i.ike cloa;l'.in,:^ lor ilu' pea-
laiiis 'I'lKir horfes, efpecially thole of linland, are
hardv, \ Uorous, llion^;, lure fooled, and nimble trot-
icrs'whuhl. ot j^real ule 10 the people, becanle of
the len;;ih of their winter, and the liinefs of thelt'
horles for Hedges, v.huh are their only carria.;es in
th.il fealon. In w.ir then h- irle. are not only able 10
nlill, bill iveii to Ineak a 1 ody ol the beil Cierman
cavabv.
The farmer, in fome ii.iri.i of Swden, wlu-n the
winur.s are uncommonly lev ere, and the cattle alnioll
llarved, in order 10 iioiirifii tl-.em, and caiile the ladder
to hold out liiniii'.; I'.M h .don, n-ake l,i\-h:; that is,
tliev 1k>i1 ahoul ,H)aiull.;l of li,iy iu lluee 'gallons of wa-
tci, and the dunk ih-.i'^ ni.nl ■ is lo eMiemely iiutri-
live, that IV iiouiiliu- the cattle a!ioiiilliiii-!y, reple-
riilli'es tlie udders ol ihe co>v-wu!i a piodinioiis (piaii-
liiv of milk, and ni.dxe.s one tnll^ id fodder ■.; a.s lar
as'len would olherwde do. II ihisw.is tried in I'.ii,.;-
fuid, upon liinilar ocealioii.-, il might prove a beiie-
liti.d e\i'i rimeiit.
Swtdi-n piodiice; elks bears, v.oKes, deers b.are;-,
foNcs, wild cats, hpmril., tS,-c. and tlufe aief.unted
tuket lot their llelh, Ikins, or furs; llic Swcdillrhuiill-
iiiien ufm^ guns, and being in general C";ccllcnt inaikl-
I IIICII.
I 'I'lie Swedilh fipiirrt 1 is fonvwhat thicker than .»
I wcalel, but not (piite lo lomr. He is ol a uddilli colour
cm the tipper part ol the head and b.n k, bin on the
bellv is white. I he tail is lon^ and bull.), which be-
lli!^ nil iied over his ii.u k,iN lullu leni todiaiie it; whence
the I. ami luiine Sciuiiis, whidi lii;nilies a lli.ule.
'Ihis aniii<al III . upon I i, liacUide'whi 11 lie 'eeds,
k.yiim hold (d ihe pn.Mlion with lii> fore leet, and piit-
tiiii; II iiiio bi.s inoiiib. lie lives upon nuts and ncoins
ol ,ill kinds, but is moll fond of ha/el nuts, wliitli he
,',.iihcr, ill the proper lealon, and hoards ii|) .inainll
wnii, r. Sijiiirrels ,iri' i;enerall\ lo be nut with iijuiii
tliev, wh'ie they build their liells, and lirili:; up their
vonni;. TIil'\- can lia|) very rcadil) liom boii;;h t(i
bi>ii:;li, and fomeiiines liom liec lo tiee,al which lime
tluy iile ihiir tails iiilKad ol vciii;;s; lui it i.s of great
blip in keepiiii; ihein liom linkiii.;.
I'oiiltrv o( vaiioiis kinds are reared ir, Sweden. Of
game there is plenty, both of land .i.id water-fowl;
particul.iily paririif.;e.s, and a birtl called a yerjicr,
jwliuh releinbles the paitrid^^e.
I The orra is a lowl of the li/e of .1 Inn, and the l;edcr
is very iie.ir as bii; ,\s a tin key. In winter the Swedilli
Iporlfmen amiile thendelv ( with killiiii^ blackbiids
thriillies i;nd Ivd, nlu.iiis ; ihe kilter beni'5 beantilnl
' birdv, liimpmoully airased in j;or;',eoiis plumes, vvhicll
.lie hiii-ly tipped wiih learlel: thev are alionl the li/.c
of lleUllares, and their llelh is ol ,1 moll exipiilile lla-
, vour. I'iaeon.s are fcarcc, on accoiini of th.e threat
iiiimber of voracious liird.s which dellroy them.
I Tlie eagle is till moll reinark.ihle bird of juev. Thii
! bird is of a l.ir;;e li/.e, verv Itroin;, and can nev -r b'j
tanii d like tiic haw k in order lo p.urlue i;ame ; „nd il ii
murb more map llic in nppe iraiu e llvni ilie viiluirc.
j '1 heeai^lc piiiicipa!!\ inlialm.s niaccelilhle m uinl nils-,
'and loolls -m the l.i!i; Il trees, beiii", fond of Incli
.pi. ices as are lead fr; i;'i- nteci l;v inaiikind. Ilovcever,
a-, biids, ,is well as oilier animals, are louiiil in '.greater
plenty round thi' habiuiions of men, the c.itile is fome-
! iniie.s induced to Itequent tluilc places lor the conveni-
jence ol its prey. I'liev live iiiueli on Idli, cr.ibs, tor-
.loiles, wild-ducks, iioiilirv, pi;;eoiis, and the like. They
ih.ive been knoAii net to Ipare even t'v.ir own fpeeic',
\ when prelli il w ill; Imiver. Thev' attack nvt oiil) lambs
'and yoiiiii4 i;oat', Lnit 1 Jinetimes d.er, lh;ep, and even
i horned cattle. Thev buihl their tied-, on the moll iii-
accellible ]>au> of rocks, iunl the h.i'.hell trees, fome of
which have been found 111. ai !is le. 1 in dianieler. Th.ev
aie uliiall)' lined with the l'..iir ol fixes, \vool, or ihe
fiir of lures and rabbits, lo kee[) the e^.;s warm, of
which the female generally l.iys two, or lomctimes ihiTe
. ; ,il a time, and batch.es them in th.irtv il.iv s, duriiv; wliieh
II time the male lup.plie> Ikt with loo.l. .\s loon as the
]j)oiir.:; ones are pui.luced, ll-.c oUl hiconie remark.ihly
h imli hievous, and i.le!lri)v l.imbs andp'Uihrv lor I. ver.d
miles round iheni. 'I'Ik^- olieii Inuii; h.ues and par-
^ liulj;es alive to their vouiii;, to rei;ale lliem with the
1 lel.ili (d' w.iriii blood. The coiiiitrv folks lonu'tiine.>i
]i.iv.iil theinielves of thefe provilioiis, l)> l.ii.'ii;; il Iroiii
■ ' the eaglets in the ableiice of the old one.<, and earrvimr
, il home lor their own ule.
'' 'J'lie vulture dilleis Irom tlie ci'^le in not having its
beak turned immcdiatelv crook, d Irom the. root, it
^ coin iiiu ill'.; Ilr.iit to ihe len^lh of tuo inches. Il is much
'nune la/.v than the e.ii;ie, .iiid fond of carrion, which
llie e.inle will not loin ii. However, thev (ney upon
, lise birds, hires, kub, f.;-, n.-, <Ve. il the, cm ^a
^tlieni; and il not, e.il aii\ liUh lliat comes i;i llieu
! w.iv.
I he hawk has v.in^s lo loii'.; as to re.nli t > the end
, of the t.iil, wir.eh releiiililes ih.t of a IpaM p\> Inv. !..
; The bcik is p.iiiis blue e.iid p.inlv v 1 11 iw ; ih.e h it are
i of .1 pale ,!;reeli; ihe toes are ll.nd.-r; the t.il ".'.■• kiis;e,
Ih.irp, and ikiikiib ; the bre.ill, b'. li\ , .'.iid ti.i ,n-, ulute,
' lire. iked wiih bhick; the iiei k, h -.el-., w !n:;^, .in.l head
re blow 11, and the laiier is llauiih ai il.c top: the 1.1 I
is
• 'J
) ,j
',*:-
r li
i
V ilH
I
I ■■ ! i
ri3 A XrW, RO^•AI
Ai riir.XTir svi^itm o; r\i\F.Rs\i. r.r.or.R apiiy.
is il a li^ht l)ri)\\ n, w i;li !il,i;A liiu s iiMinin ' ;u i ,)!'. il ; . cililv iiiouiul : ami w lu'ii liidu.'-lu linliliT.!
.11
■- ;'iM U\ I .11 1
■[ a\
ni'iu ml' M
y to the (Irr,
ir. S.inu' \i .us it ii.ukl.v, liuill-., .mil cslialrs a iKlphiuiDus rnuH
a Ml a li.iwk u,is kiiuil in linl.'.ii'l, uliii.ii iiad a plalf i ,iii(l ioinctiiiu's Iniiils li.;hil>', 'I'liis luiid I
(j| oolil (111 <i|K' Iv';
la pla;.' cf I
Oil ll
R,.i •
■ 1 MllKl- U.l> li
v. iiuli, 11'. r.r.i
I
il\i."r on ihi- (i.laT. i iwo lliiuls dI iilwr. 'liii.' rc(l lilv(
"rt I'Diu.i
r im- is li)iin.'i
ri'iKli iiiU ri|iiuin : (n !uis au
:lli, iiuplks, " I IjiIoii;; lu ;'ik'
ll' a !:i;lu.'r, ami ioiuctiiiiL'.s ot'a ilripor IraiJct
mil';
l\'r Inll C.il;
l^ li.uil|)a:Tiit, like a mnirt, and h,u b.
ami I'll ilx' lj;:i 1 , w iio u
■.ills iluk' in ll.i' l.mu' tmll.'.ki'n I'.m i, iii!:MH'iit tiniMbar; ai
in li.i 'c:
Due (Ir (.'In \ K llU- IlK- '-.lull';" wimll (.-.ik- il l^ (ll ,1 ill
llH.' Ia'I;,,!
■.i,i\ Iv- I'iii.'. ii.inlk.K
1 11
is (..lliiii'iiilli ll
iuiS In 11. :\ ip^ a uu ;
Tl
ll. 1
■r L
U l^ he ivk |- 111. Ill llu: r,ii-_
i.,.\ i\ nil.' iiuilionu (111, ii'ii I'Mills v,l;i.':i Imn: 'lu niMi-
or .1 iiuUI Inc. a; 'I il.;' u
.11 ,,il
lliiT ran.uiiMis
!';■ II U I in;; > ;i i, I i
• iiiiiiii; ;i,irt iiKils Ik-; r,. ,(
I i^ ulil lilv .iImiI! ^S ,iI U !:IC
iIht v. iili a il;n.k i
i:;;'i\'.il>!(. i ;u li
iii"i.c. It com.., .IS
iiidii-s lo;i.;, lo'iii ill,' liLMii 111 [],!,■ iij) (ll iIk- l.i;l, wlicn I'lr l.iiiii.' (]ii,.iit;;\ nl liUtr as [lie lioni)- vw iiil
liij iu'i:k is 111. Ill; Imt \.\u« \\\: \\\w-s au- i.MrihUil, lii'mil.
i( iiK'.iluK'-, hiiiii i'\:i I nii;\ in i \!ri;i;i!\ , i .j imli, s, or
hi' wl'iu' liKir oil' is
I ; I. r.
.1 li'.;iu !;ri'\- colour, of
1 Coioui, llic 111 c!v ifil, ll
liroun, ,ii;.l IMC \\i.i,'> an- <.r.ci
l,l.-.l uiili
iiic,:;ii,.ir l;.:i;
I .is 11. 't on'-,
].i\ ;iy \M 1 ,lii\ , ami \i-i\ lintil
h. H k, ami \'. h;U'.
ii.C hv.lk l^ I
■r 111 ii, j.'ii 1,
M.K K, li'.c ll n'''U' Mm !
I I.K
I- I .1 11
■AW
Is 11(1111 li.v: u liiiv' I,
ul 1. ct ^ cliou- .iiiil ll'.c l.ili
a l,.!)l.
■lu'. lii ii.i;i;in'.
'I'i > r m-
iiiin\ o( lil\ tf II coni.iiii.!. li ,1 .
It !.a^ ,il'.'.,;\ > ll . II l.imiMi.., 1,11 i;^ laj'ai. ilv , .imJ is olicn .in' l!..' priiuip.il li!\cr ( ii ■^ Imli.iio kii
OUIl; 1 .;,!) I,
liii.nlioin.il in' ilic a'K ii'ins.
•11
us llic IpcaliiiV' kill'
'ii.'.i liiiviK ilic il.ini;ii!i'i M \ u mil ii'oin on lii^li,
111 > ,11 a li.ll.uui-, ll il'.c piklU .111' iiij'..
.\i
.IS ao'iiiu'
ni.i:)\' oilii 1^ arc kiokcd upon i)\ loiiu- ;'s lu- h, li,
ilic\ coiil.iin a C(.iili>!cr.i!:li- ijii:iii!;l\' ol l;l
ihi 11 I'nr,' i^ .il'i>\s inou' ,.|' (illli V 111 l.ils .;!
ih.ni, llurii'.iK' ll.'.y lanm.l i)ro:;ciu- lie c,il
.III!
Si!\cr 11'. 'x lie cifilv cNtinli ll IV.ini k.-.ul, ny m, ';
()\
111 I n.iiim S, m.uK \i i;li .ihii s in
lllr I'l
Ml
'I'l-.o Has of .S'.iciK'ti
M ii!i a 'ji .11 \ .ii'ii iV ol
uiv i!n' 1,11- nil II ll
Has h,;.)
as llic n\ cr>
a'' luiul i.ic ch.iniii I
1'. IS the pini
.1, r.iiiii
.111. In: ' iioi; ll .;i h, 1 1
l.;'.;iioii.
.SiUcr is li.ir'lcr i;..iii i;"!.], but n,,i f, i|i;;t,U
^, ll .1 ' ^, i\ I .
u.i>.iii' io ,ilniiu..!iii ti: u s,:;l ini.iiiii;
<!i:i-.' ior I .!.'; a:i.l .;i,,;t i.;;iii').i-
1,1. C(l
li.'jHcr ili.m t;o!il or Icail, il
i;
wil'' re; 1 . ! 1
11. lO I, -is til, 111 livi- lo Hill
'I 11
II
\.ii: r, ■[
n'\ 111. Ilk |i\ llllpl.ni.;',ls \ ,
(v.i;'.', 'i i.. .1 ill licioiis lilli, l:i;,i'A r ili.iii ,1 pilili.ir, or 1 il- \.iil ihlioUc in ,U|.i,' Wnl.s, Ind n-u in ;uiui rc;',i,i.
Ci ,ir : I .lie [ill kk.l ..iiii liirri ,1, il, lio:l-. i,ii lioi.ic ion- Wiun ii is mivci v. iiii co;ii:iu)n i.,ii, and 'ni'.!:. .! it
lii;:!;'li.''i and c s];..i i.iii.ui. 11;.- ir.ini o;!, car.iil.d luni-, into a li,.H ir.inlp ir
cm l!l,:l^ 11
M ilic ;c.us,-is a \ .il'.Mii..' .ir'i
,1
I,.
.c iMnt, \vi 'Cii
.1 ll.
.Sucil n .ihoiimls u Iiil cw kc.it nunc
'I he I'loii'hi 1) ,
lO I 'vci- ,,. ,111
aid III .1 \ ll
'111, I Ir- V. ill ,;!l ill
ol ill. IC IV U
•leill
ii\ ^ r iiniie IMP) w iKiii u.ii !
.1 (lo.\ 11 in h.iiivcts Pi
.11
\i I'll ll .ml Ihe CI \
I ih
1 lii .iijii.i r.ii i!v i
ir.' VCI \' c, ,; 1, .i;
I m 'i ,)c tin ,
,1
is I 0-, kid'oiTv under '.;roiind: llie rool li . ic i~ ,in lii;li in ; Inner Piite. Wiien ,ir; ImI lo ;ii. [l..i i, ih
a> a c'.uri h, I I'pv. >ned In \
tiie ilclcc
r.l.o\ c .;:
tiie I'.iil
.ircl.cv ol o.ni ; il':iiie .111 in;; ; > llioii 1.1,.- I, .It "I .1 I 'ici.:.; I oil, ,iml 111 ;', ,;i
I--, or I) .ikcl., lo ilie loui il meie. cii.ii ol' a liki, k i , 'I, ii;r. '1 .■ lol;;;:.in ol'liUii ,. . I
\ lia\ c 11.1 1 V
. I r\- 111,1 1 ol l!
,1 .iiici. Ill a\ 1111 II .i!i\ IP.iii '
'ic.ii copper (liMiP (I
iv I, lien uliil I,
lie, u '.; . h mil I iw
i(U li.ivc Pecil I
iilijin \ lelils ,ilio\ c
11.' U'Tk ol 111.111'.
our j\ r cm. .in, I
.111 I I er,
I i.i'.i !ir l!
I.
,ie V.llell 1)1
,iir.
'I'l
v.iil null 111 .1 vi r\- in,.dernie l-.cal licloi
re,
am
1 r.
1111 a
illl iimI'- ; it is ll
.mrcs ,UMt p:i,!iv 1.) riline it. 'l'lie\ .nc .ilki at llie \>iv loi llic ule ol lui;.; iii; , ..iid is i.iilnl tl'.i 1;
L'l,..r'eol .1 \i.;ler i!e!l !o iliMiii the iiiiiies .md li ivc c.iiillic
liei; l,t ol .iiiolli, r lo ,|i,iw ii'i the i>r.
r
■il
I inm rl, pi.c.l.iecd bclu i
f;l
;rc.il cop'v r iiiiiie is aho
lit H,., ''.Ill;
J .111,1 O, 3- .' ol I, lie
.i; cMiiu, hill ImI'; i! 1 I d.iiiM'^cs |i\ the I,.
I I i\\ 11'-, .11 11! 11.1 'K ; .iiiil l!ii klli'^ ii.id .111 e\eiii; l;,iii ill ol llic lii.il ; \ i 1 lll.U 1. I I'lu I
ill- . Il COir.p -ll! 1 I'
111 ills l,l\ o;ir,
Pi llli .lll.Cl,' 1 to pill I ,1,1
le \\l,.il.\er ll
e .iliiilK.i;
>\ oie ul
11. ;i 1. e rill .ed pil: irs
<p; i!P.i:\ I.e ili . i ;lu proper ol V, .ni.l 1 i p u diu
11
lorih I;
■ ry i;i\.ii. 1:
11, ll is ciler inlorin-.
oCC.tlloll ol 1!
riiii .1 1) me il.oiu i;
U !s ih.iii li:e lii'i iiilic \ .line. .V
1I-, tint ihi.s n,.ii.' iv, .It pick 111, nun ll ili;niiii(licd 111 i.ntli.iiid Ikiic-, lio.iij'.i o'lt of ih- ii.iii.', ii: 'i i!v.
.IIP e\ll.r,l|li
II.
lollll.l 0\ I'r It ; i.\ \il.l.
it nun not he iiiipro'i r, in ihb pl.ue, i i delenlie t!u i li,iri;,. ,1, .in. I ei
liu t;il c illcil ll.'. el, .;r,;i
(loin u 111. !i It |N no, I'll
ii.iluie ol ilie v,:iioUs ores
ll,.-, lli,;t III,' I'l'ilii ,11
:s 111 link , lii.il ill. \'
ilie p,.l,ii> I'cconi ■ I
he re. don ol I'lis is i ,
Pole u l;o are coiu 1 1 ;
ll e 111 I inlc III u (11 k it oil
.'>" i> .1 11' ,!ile ,in,i p'.-i r,(l 111, Pil, of ,1 uliite (lii;i- mi ,l;t, .iii.l lo icimn o lli,- i .iiiliilhio ,i im i.iter lill'
II', ' colour loiioroiis ami ilm P.
Iiiit
'I 1. Il is kinieleiic s I'liii'l in liiLill iii.i'l . ol 11
'I I I |ii|lei I .Is .md null N p
il.i awl,
km ; ell ii'-s ,i co'il.il ■• ' e p.ui
to iki I lou i! I'roin tills iiiiiie, i;
(iilP-r, III Ilia pes, liii: ni li i .immonU' lik,' likr'.eiiis .m i I;, \ i d il u ill, I'l ,i I v, \i ;: s, he at ,i Ikiii-I, i Ipci i,ik ,l'
fi .lies in liM'ral loris ui IL'hics and ni mil, ,iii,.l in ni.iir, i! d.li.;iiso| in.il, ii
loll • k.mi. -,ilii 1,-. t
uliicli :iri' on io,)t
,111' lolil.lll.
Tie \
tri ,111 111' I r 1 i ol an ii ree'il
;r lor
111, ver\
ii.iie oiii ol iliu imii,' ,i'i,,iimis lo ihc s.ilu- ol
vci'.'hlv, .mil iii:i' 1 e ciliU' Ikilli d u itli .i li,i'imier ; lor .! "13,33^1. ol uliieli ih,' kin ■ I
i.is ;i t,,inlli |Vil I, i;,
Hot inui !i i; II I, r lli.m k ,id, .md is n.u, h of il;e u.u ol pre-i ii.i.tioii, I, it in kiiel ; I;. Iiili
kii '.ll
le.id. ll i;. ll. pi
c mhlls oi ii|lpl.,ir, ri,l
I :i ri,i|,iii ll Is oil, II lull
e !■, , ,iml ll HI i| ir,', i I . l-lio
II lor ll I -, iiiioii Ilie 1 cm ill, i r, i i u
I. Il aU
11 II Is i\n
,11. d
mm I 1,1 'lit.
II, ,11
M,
line iilvi r, aicl .Pun c ilnee
'Illl,
.1 I;
II,' nil, I Sucdi'ii, uith |:r ;• . t
• jil.ii'' I ' "I 11 isliUii. Ihe lioiny III ei ore is liill I- 1 iii,ike copper ,i llio, ;. i iml clie.ip r \i ..v ihinl.i.likl
tr,illlp,nei;l, .tml ol .l d; ep, r \ ellow ,11 lirou 11 I okiiir, iken liccil pr.ii l,led, 1,1 as lo Ml. ike 111 It ill li., 111',.,
;u idi-liii ' .Is il coiilills 111 I
U-',.'i or liii.iller 1 11 nips. Ii ulmli li, lore i, ipiin d llii, e uceks, and u illi one !.l !i
ll))!,- Ilk,' rolri, ,111(1 is ol .111 11 ll '^il.ir lli.ip,'. W'li n piitol llu- i h nco.il, .iml u illi I'eucr hands. 'I'lie 1, i-
ciri lull) '\, inn III , I, it appi-.ii s to conlill ol \'i rv I Inn ■; nii u.i-, in i,k', ,in i lii< leu.ird lo h
l^kuc. Il Is imt \ciy 'iM-mjii) or li.u-l, lor it iii,i\ be Ihe lull illo lie mac
le liiccfcdcd lu a;
•.FXX.RAPHY.
\^Ul rmliK'r.Is' ID l!;c firr,
Ji>< ;i liilphunoiis Inu'!!,
'I'liis IkikI lorl ((mi.iiiis
1 lilwr mo is lonn'iiiMcs
' a ilvi-pcr liMilct tulour.
ki' a '^.inul, luiil li.w [)o-n
.ihat;.; ami in tiic I.'i'm.i,!
I \s luavit r ill, 111 l!u' r,ir.
::\ l)r()i:'^!it lu-.ir a ciiiHo
iiins; 11.111 iiK'liv ii. ' re It
s a lit !■',; wmMi, i :ii 11 it'
uk lili.'l.r. k f.Mll.,. 1-;
ihc 1k)1i1)- iu\' ji:!t i,' ;;.
1 li'.;'u i;rc'v culDur, (li'.a
lii\ , ami \i"iv liriiik'. ![
■.<\<. ki'.ii.'li'u ^ i;'iiii- 111' It
nun ll.>: uluU' mi.] I r mi-
.1 liUii- il iMHi.ii;!!. 1; ' •
lllili. itO klUIW II; ll\.l! 'i
L 1)\ kmu' ;'s 111' il, Ih i-,ii.:^'
■ ijlialllilV cil lllu 1 ; Ir'lL
.(' iillu 1' 111 'lals aid', , '.will
pioij^lly 1);.' calk 'l l:\ji
|. (1 I'lMHi '■-■.111, nv !!!■ ':'!i;
I s 111 ihr I'liniiA ••.■, a:;c! ;;,. a
II n. ii'li) ■-•kili, Inks ii,;o
piii'i' (il\- r I'.I ill 1.
, hut iKil !') i!i;:i.k-, a; ! !,
kc V ci"J.;, w ilk n'.; : '. '. t
i'.vo Id n;n.^. It \. il! t; I
riil|iknr,',is \ : ;) mv ■, .i 1
., lu.t II' it ill aiiu I n-'\i<.
;r,:noii I ii, ami ii.'.l; >!, it
I l■l.a^ ilk.' IMni, Wl 'V il !i
I C'vii' ,1 -iiii, ln.ia.ui.- ■! i,<
■.• V, ill all ll\ av.ay. \'- '• a
i lis il ;a 'i 'iH' llii_, [In: '. ,
1, ,ln .', aal (il i'l: v 1-
;.il tD ill. Ikia, lli.\ 1 . ■
111,1,!^ I'lal, ami iii.ik .:i
I k- |Mk.i;;.iii (.!" lilvi 1 ... I
1. >-|'. I 'll~, V.i'.i 11 111"; 'V
ir ik. kair. 'I'ki \ i ■■■ -
ik'iai.' laal IkIhu- k.-,
ill nial'- ; il l^ ll n I'N'-
..lul i.s lailnl ti\ k.. 1
aliDUt ?...' ''.tlioiiK ik , ,■,
) d.i;iia'.;cs |i\ llu" \.''w- ,-
!iu tiiii - l^ (.■(iir,;) n! 1 k;
l'. rui •> ll I'll! ir.s ;, ; k:,
lis i. \ . ry i;:". at. 1 :,.•
I ill! 'I I ' ili<- ikiDW i: \ :ko
Mt 111' ll'.' mill.-, U[ 'I ill'.'
Ik- |''.kii.- luDiii" Cil-
'f !, iIdii (if lll.s is I i; I I )
iIimIi- \\ lai arc ii.iu . in :,
liiU' Id wdi k It d11 > I.;. .'
.ihilli ll) a '.;ii-.;l. |- lin' ' -■ :
,1 tii'il'.il '1 .' k' |iau I ' k' ■
I'lmii liii> iiiiiii.', il i
1).: al a llaii'l, i Ipniak .1
1', \\hich an' (III I'l'ii ' '.'-
ii.'d. '1'Ik- r i:'1hi \ ai,'
Mils to till' \.llll ■ 111 .1 1
lias a l.aiilli ]' ill, nil I'V
kiii'l i k'. inlr. uii: 1', k ■
1 i iillw.n ul '.'-, 1' 1 I. ■■!.
I >I,'. M ii'.y ', .ais , ,1. a
;,i S'Ai'ik 11, \Mtli i:i '■] ■ ik''
,| ilicap r vv..) lliaii Ilk :■.,!
D make ik 11 ill i:>>' ikr, ■,
'.Mil.s, ami Willi DPI- kkli
iili |i-\M I li.imls. 'I'll-,' I' I-
inl 111 lis- luj,'^ <o I.III'.. ■ ■•
le-L-J^il lo jdi.i;ia'.iiHi ; i ; i
V.1..11
F.rROFF.]
,S \V V. D F. X.
6.19
(lull lU'taine to wnrk in cprn'-n, ami liad -'di his new j' ^\'lR-n iron i-i mc'.trd, it i-i formrd into l.irre made
ovens nuili toliis iiiiiul, llie imiu is, as lie u)iM|-laiiie(l, wlmli are loiii; ami lliuk, anil eDinmonlv called |-ii;s.
iiiiktd (lilt liie V(-r\ woill oie, and wire (iiluiw ili- in ' 'I'liele are nulled over a'.^ain, and lliired widi an iron
{■nviDiis and unliacl dile, lliat lie killed ol liuiels, ami rod, in oidi-r lo reml-.r iluin iiiallealile. Wink- ilu y
1 lit lll.s ie>"ird: nor was it wiikaiiil dilluiiliv lliat lie • arc \ el reil liul, tke)' are placed under liaininers, ami
olilaiiual leave lo buy "le, and pradile Ins iii\ enlioii i by tliat means die lieieroi;' iioiis panicles arc I'orced
;il I'i'. <i\\ ll I liai;:e. ' I av\a\ bv the repealed I'rokes. One lort of iron dilk rs
'i'kis ihiiic, liavellers l-.ll iis, in tlie kill renliirs', i .i^re.iily Iroiii anollier; but lliai uliiili is toii-^l.i II m
liiiipiiid 1111^11 ault p.iilol lairopc \Mili coppi r J bin li-ll ; and iliat wkicli i.s moll liiiitle is word ol all.
i.l pieieiit It is wo'k'd In \cr\ dic[), li at il i.s beconie i llo-isever, all loits ol iron ,ire ol ilie lame naiurej and
l-.Mreimlv i\penll\e; .iml i;,dii'.;Ii the Die Is UllCDIll-
iiidhIn neb, die pinknc is i unliilerabK liimiiiilbed
lev arc oiil) iiiore or Ids louna, in propoiuoii to the
earthy, \ iiiiolie, and liilpbiiruiis p;.-ilieles mi.seil ilnic-
( opper is a liai.l, itjiolik nui.il, lo'ler liiaii hdii, with. Iron belli'..', ollen -n ked and ckaiileil, is luriK J
and, \>lu-n I'o'ilk.il, ol a lliiiiiii'.; redilidi coIdih. it' into Heel; lliiuii;!i in kune cal-s, bill l.kiour is re-
will melt III ika kie, and is lo (kiitik.-, lliat il niiN' be ipiired lor ibal i 'iipole, and i:i oilieis a i;r.-.it deal,
be.aeli into cc-i'Iiiil; tkin ka\e-. It is more he- \\ ben iron l. '.'cry ;.;ood, tiiey niell il in a lui naee, ,ind
(jiu niK I on ml in lis me la I he I niii iliaii mil, ia v innas ilirow- in gradn ill\' a ini.Miiie ot Lipial puis ol an al-
fli.ipi-s ; bill lis Die iiev<'r (lilliii^ii-llu-s itk II h-, aii\ k iloii.-; Iiii, iind blin-js ol' Ua.l, wiili li.e i.iljiii'^s of
I cii.iiii I;^iiie, I'.ir i' is aimoll al\va\ s ure;.iiilai. liiii oxes Iviviis ; then tliC)' III ike niel;- d iik la', ,iml
tlie li'icll loloiiisol am kind, e\ce])i llie redandlraiil- at lei^ili place it on ilic a:i\il, wkcie lliey beai it \n:o
iiarem, noil coimnonlv hur.is ibe ])ieleneeol cnpiHr; rods.
lor lliis realiiii tliev Is I'.u.llv .inv copji-.r on.- that Is i .\ lilc traveller r,i\-es tlie fDllD'.vini; interi flini; de-
mit in .\.d wiili iio'i, in ,1 kn^, r (pi.mtiu than liie or.s | Icniiiion ok bis (k leenl into ibe nun s if Dan. aura.
ol oiber mel -ks cinmr 'iiU .iie. jhiwever, lucre is i " We l.i\- (ki-.s IkJ at a preli', \ i;!a-.;,-, i .died ():kir-
iioi 111 niiub in Imr; as ni od'cis ; .\\\i.\ hok ili.ii con- b\', and went .ilumi liaee miles the lie.\i .no rniii^ lo Ic
tain it.e le.dt iioi', aie ii."iii.ill\ nii'i'e e,r h ineb.ii ili.iii the mines ut DanaiDra. 'I'i ay are celekraied for i i.i-
ibe rclt. 'I'bc \ '.ll ams I i.p: ei ore Is ct a d.irkilli \ io- \ diicim; the liiiell iron ore in l-kirope, the iron of "Inch
lei lisV cok nr, like ih. it d a pieie o( ll'.el ill. it has is c\p'Mled into c\ erv coniiir\ , and conlliliiles one of
toili ki (1 .1 lid kill iiiin. ll is \erv bcavv, and ol a Uie moll nnporiaiil lourc; .^ ol ilie iiatioi; il u ' ,iltli, and
modi rale k.irdiul-; b.ii Cianonu" s.iri..;iteil with roval rc-veinies ol Suiak ii. 'Ike oie |s not dii'.; as iii
fpols, ai.d .;rcv \ ei... ( ) le liiindred we"_;i'.l ol ik.soti-: the mines ot tin or co.d, w Iku li ue ii.i'.eiii l-.n:.^laiid,
toiitains IrDin f,oio y,jp.ii|i 'k. .d' cii|ip. r. '1 he .i.'iiie , lull is lorn up by pow.r. 'lliiso;' r.iiioii isperlnrnu-il
»-o|jpei ore is el a moll lu-.iiit.hd bkae i olo'ir, noi lull, e\ ery d.u al ii.ioii, and is one nl me moll treiiien.'.ius
Ivil \eiv b '.iVN , .lid, wii-.ii liiokiii, (kiiu' like kkie .ind aului it is pidiihle toconceue. W'earrued .:t llie
j^lal'-. I'I. is i~ ni.iil r.( e hiim ii'iii, aikine, .iiui hd- inoiilh ok the i.i,re,it mine ('aIiicIi is iie.ir ludl' an k'n-jjilli
jikui ; and .1 i^re,.! i|ii,iiir,^\ (ll e.xeelleni Copper iii.iy he , mile in circiiiidirencc; in lime lo he prele.u ,1 it.
c.\narti.d Dili 111 a \\i,'i e.ne. 'llie (irceii coppt-r oie is ; Soon alier lwe!\e il e lirll cNiilok'ni he^.in. I i .niiiot
like ''reen ( i \ ikk, .ii"! kmiel lines ver\ liieliiK llieak( d: ! colilliarc il to aii\- ikiii'' io <ii)dv as iiibtei ranei i is ;r.i|.|_
nl ill otl'.( I iliiii.- . It
lk\ - lilm cciK 1 1
1'
puij', rues ol ihe k.i niei
der,
or r.iil.ir vi
ip'
ol iirlillerx i
il'cli 11-' d ui'.k r-
iini>\
as ihe '.\\\ en.
Kjiind 1 he 11.
iiK s aie lhio\, 11 up In il^e \ i, I, i,
Caliitl liv
IH r oiser , \ icid a ''lea
I (kal ol llie 1
lowder to a \all lieinl-.t .iliove ihe ki f.u
ier\- >,ood coppir uk. n lli.x- ,iie piiie, uk-iii ini\ be' caiib; ,iiid the coneiillion is In >;i'e.ii ,is in Ih.ike ilic
kiKUsii liom ilieiriokiur .iiul ueiLihi; butiiioleili.il' liii .oiimbii'i cirih, or n
It. I 1 le ;-
llCkt,
iieimxed wiiii minui.dlie i-aitk, ai
are more
ikole tlial ale \ ekou innl.iin ir-ui
d lure mixed w iili lei i
I I
III.-:-.; o\ er ilus v
It .1.1.1
.r, on u ha. li a(
;dd> hollow, lo the boiln'ii of wlaeli ike -, \ e in \,i;ii
Count ll.ev au the .iioie ikliu nil M he met w illl, and .itiempis lo peneir.ite. .Vs lo.m a~ I:k- r\j loli iis\vie
\ .1 Id leks copi er ol .m ink
1
cial
I on mines am
1 l.ai
I i.U I. '11.
lie ill i;;e,'t numbers, i Iju
linilbed
I delerniiiie.l, luiwe\ er, to di. I end nil v il
'riicie Is no w.iv lo (I'l il'.is iaii in ,i kiix
Iv low;»rds llu mouni.iiiioiis p.iiis, wi.ireilleN h.i\c lU ep bmkel, e.ipable ol coiuainin; lliiee p( rlons, and
111' (.on\enKiie'
i| w.iur k.l.s to tuin their mills, killem. d In i i-.iiiis In' .i 1 1
1
iiihied.ir, .il wh.'lc
loin III. '.(',
bel
nil s lUjii'U iiii; the c. nii-iA, llu re is
1
.eikii'" 11' 'lit, look no liu k:
yi ,iili.' I'xpoi le I .roil to i lie \ ..kie ol n. .ir /^o,..^ >.)!. but p.iiiis lo ihllii.ide me from ik.-.- n l..;.itMii, .iiid allui.' 1
\ ears lie eilmlier ol
'.k.i' k
b.ei been In iiu- ik.il not oii!\ ihe n
or (.11
liuicii I lie real.
II. ll e 11 11
iv.iUii.i'.i t.) undeilell hiillli.it the Inow and i.e, wliicli
111;-, loll ell'li s k
.d "11 1... I.
tilhers, the prii e li.is heen iiiiuh luwcied.
Sinee the I llie iniiies, rreipi. ir.K tiiiiibled in, .nid (ielli"'.d die"
1 b'
jiioliibiiion ol |iaeii;n iii.iiiul..( iures, in c.\iiian',u' for , workmen ; nor could be wair.inl iii\ ahlohii( lii-uriiy
vliu'li
1 lion w.is p.;eniilulU l.ikiii e!!, it is i^roun lo , lioiii one or Do
lb of ills le accidents
ke
cbcip, that 11 Is lolled nic.li.iiv lo I. Ik ii ike nuiiihi i . e\(i',lli.ii I w ,is de.il' lo ad I'.is i> inoiilli .iiii es, he pio-
ol' lorries. Xei'k.er li.i-- ik. II eoiili n .'.luc b. id llie ( lied k vided me .1 clean Imekel, .iml I'lil Ivo nii n 'iilo n lo
intended; bin, on ik.e caili.m, n.aiu more aie like .iceomp.un uk
I
u I iipeil m\ K
Ik, lIlUsI
u lore. 111 my
to r.ill ol lliea.li \ i s, luaauie llu \ Ciniuit woik hut I ' gtcil Co.il, .iiid llep|ii d iiiio ike biU'k. t. 'I'.ic I xo in. il
Villi kil.
.h (.lie in.ii;
iboulands (d poor i | lollowed, ami we
U(-r(' lei (liiwn.
1 am
lib imeil
peopK-, whole lu'likood depend upon iboli.- lori^cs and
imiics, w ill Ik
K dined to a Ikii v lii<4 condllioil.
.Il
Is ,111 iiinolle mil
ll, leiii.u k.ilile lor Its
liard-
to i)w 11, tli.ii wlieii 1 loiiiid iin k If dills lulpinded be-
tween bciivcn and .arlli In a rope, .iml looked down
into llie deep and d.iik ain Is Ih low me, to which I
;|s. Ills 1.1 .1 whiiilli k\i,l Colour when noldhed, i could le(
.1 terminaiiDii,
1
V nil aiipr.heii-
Thi
S W.is, llOW-
1)111 be lore lii.ii ii i . Iii.k k illi. \\ lu ii ii i- cl ended ll is ' | lion, aal hall repented mv ciirioliiv
cilled lle( I, 'III el. id lommon lion Is ol no ceriain ever, oiiK' a monieiil,ir\ li n kit ion, .is bel'oie I b.id de-
lol
111, hill imill (.aiim.iiiU id arulK coknir. 'I'lierc 1 rccndcd an liiindred leei, 1
ocked round on ihe leene
is ailo .111 on- v. Illl il I \ ( I \ h(M\ \ , .liiil ol a red bliidli i ! with vcr\ toU-rabl
e componire,
I
w.is ne.ir nine iiii-
tololll Wl.(
n biiikiii. 1 1 Is \,i\ ii.hintiie b. II kind ;! iiiiles berin-o I readied the boliDiii, ii h. iii-i k'O kilkoni ■
«il lion, ,111(1 ulu.ilK \ukk, ,11 the hill melting, Irom 'or .480 leel. 'I'lie view of tl
le uiiiie, w hi n
I
('O I
o bJ poui'd
'I ,111 Iniiuli.d wei'jlit. 'rhere ' looi to the i ,11 ih, w.is aw hd and lublmie in ll
Is ,dlo ,1 lini>ul,ii kind ol
11.111 oie ol ,1 \ (
llowill
1 CO- ' (ic'^lei
W
lour, ihoui^ii lo'iii 11
kind ol ll mi-lr.uilpiu iii w In
\, ,11111 l.iiiielmies ol' a 1 min.iiil I. elni'.', as
leilier lerror or pie. dine lo' im 1! ik.e pi
I I
ocketl ,ll ll, Is
.1(1 ID I'l .
ll \M I \ ielil, when ; li'ilil ok the d.n w.is vi r\ kiiiilK' ailmilli.l inio lliele
nil 111 d, aliDUt tlhil\ pounds ol iiuii ou. ol an traiidiid
vciglil. ■ J
liihleri.meons c.i\ 1 1 lis. In ni.iiu pi
il w .IS ,dil'
ImcU loll, and llambeau.\ lupplicd Us place
a Ji
I"
I law
bcaiii.t
ii
' i
1! '
m
U f ) i
il
:i.(i
M
K^^^
*
650 A NFAV, ROYAI. ani^ ArTIirN'TIC .SYSTEM 01 I XIVF.RSAI. GKOGRAIMIY.
s 1. r T I X II,
b^Miiis of wood acrols loim- pait<, (roni one lulc ol tlu'
rocU 10 tin- oiIkt, wluro the miiKis fit cmploved, in
bonn^ liolcs for the adnullion of jiowdcr, villi as luiuli I
unconcern as I could have fell in anv ordinarv,lhoiii;h '
the lead di/.zincfs, or even a falure in (irefervini; tlu ir
CH|iiilibriuni, nuill have made them lole iheir fe.ii, and
dalli tnein to piece* a;;.iinlt the nij^i^ed lurl'.ice of the ' ' I "'MIS kiniMfmi Ims heen u,encrallv conlidercil as
rock beneath. The fra>;nu'n;s uirn up hv the explo-:! X dnuied mlo les en ])rovinces, \i/.. Sweden I'lu.
lion, preMon-i to mv deleeiit, lav in vail heaps nn all j; per, (.othland, i.ivonia, Injuria, Finlan.l, Sweililli l.an.
lides ; and l'. e whole (eene was ealcnlaled 10 iidpiro .lii land, and the Swiddli JILinds in ihe 15altic ; hiit it n
Granil D:vfhn;^^ ami /'unii'ildr Drfcriplicn of tlu dii-
tiiitl I'diis (J ihi Kni^dtiiii I'J ^ividcn.
j;looinv admiration in the beholder. .\ confiiu nient
lor life, in thele horrihle iron dungeons, mull liirely
HI all puiMihment whith human inveciion has dtvileii,
be 'in of tlu ;"m11 ui 1 ihle. 1 leiiiaii ed tln\ e e|ii,irtei>
to he uhleived, lh.it two ol ihile pro\iiKes, I.i\(iii;a
land in'j,rM, at jiri Rnt apperi.iin to Rnllia, l:a\ in ; jjctn
icoiuiiiiud In i'eur the (Ireai, and ceded to the Rul.
] liaiis l)\ lahUipuiit tie.iiivs
c»f an hour m llu ie ^ll -nu and li i_;l',if,!l c.iveiiis, ami '\ TIuIai pru\iiie(.s vhieh Hill remain in the poCj.
travc'i'ii evi.r\' pau ol iheni which \\.l^ aeeelii!)le, , Inm (-1 the ^u tdes, are lluis dividid ;
coiuiuLivcl by i.i\ j;uides. The weather above wa- ' I. Sueileii I'loper, which contains I'plaiidia, SiuKr-
veiy w^riM, but here the ice covered the u ii, lie hii hue ' m mi 1, Welim.inia, Nericia, (.elliieia, llelliinii.i,
of the j^rouiui, and I fiiiiul nn I'l If tin loand-'d w iih ,' Ot 1. eailia, Medulpai'.ia Aii'..;cniiaiii.i, Inipiia, d;id
the colds ol the nuill .i:,oi\aiN xvinic'", amul d.ii km i> 1 '.\'ell I'luhma.
and caves of iri)n. In one oi thele, wl'.ieii run a leii- j| 1 1, i ..ulilaiu!, or (".ollii 1, w'nieh conl.iins I 'all (".uili-
lideiahle wav uiuler tie rock, wen- vi.Vit \, ■, ^ch■^ f lain!, \\'i!l (.oitkmd, and S'lnih ( .'it''':ind.
varmiii'.; themlelves round a cii.irc.ial me, and e it
in;; the little lean:-.' luhlillenee pa duced lioni •' cir
niiler.ihle occupation. 1 he\ rol> uiili lui pi i/e ai lee-
im; fo unexpeeled a i;ueil among lluni ; ard 1 vas lu a
III. '.'iiilanil, uiiich iiail.iins ! i.,:.,i:d I'rop, r, X\..
i landM, ( nelli, Keiihoint, SaMil.iM!, r,\allKi, a.ad
1 CapiiiM.
I I\'. S'Aeiiilh I.apkmd, wliicb c(>ntains .\ii '.einiini;
a little piealed to dr\- m\' feet, \\hicii wei- wet witiij'I.ap ark, In'.i 1 .ijaiMvl., I'aha I.jipin.iik, l.u'a
trcadim' on the melted ice, at their l.r
There are |! l,a 11 rk
no lel> than 130001 tr.ele men CMnllantu 'm
.fe.ol
oiiio l.apinai I
Tiie Sv,-iiilli llfm.U
i ki'iia I.apinark
; ii are (icll
Or
the mines, and then pa\' i^ ouK- a coui:i..i 1 dollar, ]' I. muI, < >elel, ; )/.'.'o, Aland, II :■ uul, .liid Ru;en.
if tiuee-peiiCe l'j;L;l.!n, a daw The \' wereliid op>n-jj We Ikall ti'.ii nl eaeu .;;
cd about i-,8o, under ti
iei;n oi
Th
but have l)een eonltantU' wm
d.
ni\ luu e ilu' imv ol
C'l'irillini. .Mter lia\ ill.; 'j.ratili! d ni\ cinioli!\ widiaij
)e;!iniiin ' w 11.1
S W I-, 1)
n in then 11. i,.'e(.u', c
1' R r r. 11
uil view 111
thele fuiiteriai
lean .inanmeni-
I made ll
S\\].l/K\,
1
|iro;cil\ 1.1 c
nolh Ih I ,.11 i.iMl, i.n tlie
, is iiountled
hiu'h in (.oihland,
call li\ ih- 'Mlljili (d i'lidii 1,1, a: ,! the iiMiunlam.^ p. at
li'.;nal lor beim; dra\iii up. and (an moll leiioulK al-
finn, I felt lo Imle ttrtin while le-aleendilii;, coni-
p.iud u ith thai ol In im; let dov. n, ihat 1 ,im convinced,
in li\e 01 lis limcN moii' 1 Ihould have hecn iierb^iU
ini'.dlerein to ii, aiui louid l',.i\ v' lnlved ,1 |iroiileui i | lioin l.anli 10 n 'it:', and alioi.t .;.•;, Ik mi e.ill 10 ui.ll,
in nuithemaiic.-:, or loinpoled a luiniei lo m\ mil- f llioiii;!! in maiiv places it 1- mu. 11 n.niouei. lie
lieK, in the biu !>el, without anv decree of li iL;ht jl eounir\ is Ii iiiilnl, llii<n^;li m'umi.uiious in lome p.iil- ;
11 nil ihe welt licui Xoiw.i\ ; e\tc ndm
■10 ml
or apprilienlion
,So 11
d
roiv' IS the elK el ol cul
llolii on M .ihoiinds VsUh iieh mnusoi cupper, ,ind allor
ih.e human imiul, and lo i.onteinptnile ('oes damper 1
veiiieiies ol u.iur, and f u 1 fa wnrkiiuj them. It is
or horror hccome, w
v
hen lainil,,. riled bv contili
lUal re- ll (li\ Kltd, as ue h.ue a;r^a.'\
, IKll I-, whu h al"
.iiCv.!, into iie\ki\
Ihe f.imc w riti r, in Ipeakiiia of ihe manner in wl,!i h li rpi.nid, lunnnnd d on llu- nonh-c.d! ..n.l e.ill hv
the peal, lilts maimlaiiUH' the iron, ia\ s, " ! ha\ e \ ilited ij tlu' liaUn' .Si a ; on tlu' l.iiuh il h.is p.Tt ol llie I uiie
b\ or level! ior;^e.^ on nu | uii ne\ , e.u h of \. Inch cun- ' U .1, .md p.in ul Sand. 1 ;;. an 1.1, limn v. !ne!i il is lep.n.Ui d
ilaiitlv employs Ironi loui to iouite.n hundied umk- i In the kii^ "I .\i.ii i. 1 ; on l!ie uill it i< hounded hv
n.n, o;il\ in iron.
\\
'er> \er there is
iiountrx leal, 1! W'ellmaiii.i ; and on ii:e < ,dl \i\ ( .elli ici.i, liom uliich
\ ou in.!\ he eel tain to
.1
( vc!
w c re e\ er moie de
. lain ie-. ; and no ji ihe ii\ er D.il 1 parts 11. h exu nd . aliout 7,3 miles |ii
le.xtroiis ill winking iheii ': imi ih to lonih, and ,i!i<hii O--, Irom eall to well. IK
iiiatcreds. 1 ha>. e lern them ll.ind do!.- lo, and luini- ! aie inanv miiu v dl non .ind le.id, .md lome ol li!u r.
incr, in their coarfc Iroeks of linen, a liar ol me, ihe j The niunii\ i> frnti'iil, .nid |ii. "'m < •■, ,1 i'()n;;ll other
|u at and refulgence of which were ainioit niluppm i.iiik ' ihni;.;., i Ncelk nt v.h,.!:. lee i..,.'t loid.il. rahie n::'.^
10 me at 10 feel dillanci-, and u iiii the Ip.irks dl \\ hit h ]i and tuwiis here an as I 'ildu :
iiuy are covered from he. id to Inot. I had the plea- SioiklHilm, the (.ipaal il the vkole kini^dom, and
hiti of \ iewui;; the whole procrii uli d to iciluee the j the n lidem <■ oi tlie km;, li.ul lis n.nne Ivo.n its liiii-
(ite into iron, and mull own 11 i- \er\ ciiiiuiis. — jj .itum, and llu ^mcii ijuiniiiv ol timber ufd in hmkl.
The'.- Iirll roalt it in the upen .iir fir a conliderable | nr.; it; Sioi k li;;iiil\ in-.; timlier, and I lolni an ill im
time : .ifler whK
l!i It is ihiown iiiio.i Inrn
lee, and, w he
II I II IS liiiill u|ion jilles ill tever.d httle
illaiid
s. whu 11 II.'
leduced to fulion, is poured into a iiionhl ol find .dionl || lu ,11 one anoiiu r. li t .ki s up it preleiit li\
thoe \ aids 111 leii
uh. T
I'.eie pi 's,.is tlii-v .lie llun d,'- ! ill.ni.
lo.ja ihi I w ilh n.l'
luiiinnated, are next put mio ,i
hiiious dei'rei
1)1 icki ts, s\
IK V Ule.il
liirt;e he.lte.l In .1 plo-
ill a I. II je pi. ee w illi
lien red hot, .nid this is In ,it 'u .1 Klhi li/i
Willi hammers. Il is put a;;jin inio ih>' hri , .md lioin
llu 111 e entire ly linillied h) hein^; kiid iinder an iinini ide
engine rilemhlin^ .1 li,iiiimer, wimh is tin in d hv waiir,
aiui llatlciis the rude piei e inlo ,1 hii. Xoihin^ian
cxeei (1 the dexierilN ol the im n h.i i niidm I this eon-
tludiir; ]i.ii t ol the ojH r.ition, asliiee\i
Ihe dill- III ll.e
dllu I 111 .^limiidi
p. 11 Is, \s hn h .11 e
IWO lullUlfs, III
tkilf
li.erii and noriliern fi-
iliila of Toren, and i!"'
1,1. Ills (.diianonU' di\ ided in 10 I nn
.Sdiih M ii;-i and \orth-.\I.ilm, lii '
ivri n '.. . a the <n Ifuids 111 ,ia
illjiid . ihe Idurih p.ui Is calk d dan ■ i.md. T
K 111
Within uliu
h ll
le eieit
tell part df S'o( kh.
I ld|( d, Is llir' Ulliled liv two .ilai. di .1 livei, uliua
iilii uilii ';ieat idiee out ol the- fi! e \l,. 1 1. ()\ere,iiii
Tlieie al.'
.11 in» Iheli- Is a '.lOd.. '1 111 hi ,e,
ide, and il te.piiri . .111 1 xcplilite luciu ,ind |ire- | lome ollu 1 ill iiuls fp.u.d.'l h. llu' ..;\ hut by Im
.ill
It Is
1 el l.iinl'. .1 iiKill h.i
.Swell
ipp\ ell cumu, nice ih.il u canals
10:11 llie cil\' llu re is .1
iiihiiil on
cii .ihonnds ullli lliele emp|d\ inenl-, hit lu 1 pi
I- ii bile over the hike, and dii ih,- oilier o\ n tin- le.i, wliii ii
bints, lis, from the un^iialelul loll and nil leiiieiil l.itiliide, I' heic loims a milph, ihil,
llie\ iniiil ollierwile iierilli In niiuiv and l.imim.
lucks, f 1 nn; a> il a
\. 1.. .till
.iw ■. n
.1. Tl
lew l.il
IC waU 1
I-
.:UGRAIMIY.
i \ II.
)• Drfa-iplioii cj the dij-
\dolll ij Suidcll.
s;i'ncr.illy conl'uU'ri'd as
iut<, vi/.. Swciiin I'rn-
1, I'liil.ni.l, Swcilidi Lap.
II) iIk' llallic ; hut it is
;l;i Ic pn)\iiR(.s, Li\oir,.i
in lo Rulli.i, h:i\ in.; Iiuui
I, ,111(1 tci!i.il li) llu' RiiU
lil! iciii.iin in tlic |n)!;J-
liviiiitl ;
■olitains I'lil'iliili,!, Sjidrr-
a, (,1,-lliKia, liillin.;;!,
ni;i.'iiiiaiiKi, liiii.tia, a:,il
\\\\cU coni.iin-- I'all ("■i);'ii-
iiiih ( .rith'.aiid.
,in> ri.i'.,.i!(l I'rop r, X\ -
Savri.r.i!, '1'. v.'.llia, a, 111
ii.li irntains .\'.i:',v.Tm inr ,•
I'.tlui l.iil'niaik, l.u'a
;i i ki'iia l.apinaik
v.l.uii an- (:<'il'.'...:..l, (V.
[ -1 iiul, ,i.mI \<'\ .< n.
,,.i;,;;i i;i ll.i.;i iii,JCC.r. l'
1' 11 C) i' I. 11.
t'.'i.il, is iimindi-.i en '' -
,,n'Ji lis (iotiiland, i>'.i '!' '
a, mA ll'.i-' iP"'.iiitaiii5 I'.ii!
a\ ; cMi ndil ■.; 7 10 nil .
.11.1 i: ', ti"i5> i-'ill •'' ^^'^">
|. r.iu n n .ri'iwi;;. 1 1 J
i.>iiiiia;n()ii> in i'liiK.' T'li'''-.
ciijj:cr, and .dloiiU i.m-
,.!■ w.'ikin;; llu-.n. It ^
'\ i ;.Lr>i.d, iMti) il."..M
nMith-call :.tid call hv
h .; has (i.Tl cd llic I I'an-
limn v.'iu II It Is iciiarai d
'.K- 'Ai II II I . ImuiidiHl bv
II i,\ (.llllKM, llOUl \^llK■h
1; nd.alinm 7,-, niik-s Irom
(i.mi f dl lo \M.II. ll^i>"
,1 Ivad, anil loin/ ol [\\\^U
.V.ii' -, a roiult "ilir
r K. ,■( i.uid..lialiL' o;;c^
I i!k' svV.i'if kinii,do:n, ar.d
.1 ns nann I'oai ils Inu-
,,| tin Iki iild 111 I'lid.l.
,,„ I, aial Holm an. iHu'd.
• al !;ttK- ilian-ls wliuli Ir
uj) at liivlcnl liv of ll> >l?
;ntl.cni and iu)V|1kth 1 1-
;;dul,l ol' 'I'rjivn, and i'''-
lanoidv di\ iil-.'d iniol "ii
i-i and Noiih-Malin, i!i'
,;, li-/ I l\ \\.\W\^ 111 l!!
IKd I. an . .and. Tlu ill.'.
jiirl ol' S'oi Miolni i> '11-
, al:io oi .1 IIV.-I. v^lll>'l
lull! ■•• M' 1 I. ()wr.M>ii
,.,.. M I'll.',',.-. 'Ilu'ir an-
il . i!w » AS Init by liiii"
,, u- ,s a pi' ii|" a I'll '""■
. lUluTOv. 1 ill.- Ii.i, \*lii''[
HI,,,,,,,,, l.^lWMl k\ti.ii
ai.w'.l. I 1 '-^- 'I''"'-' ^^•''''
F.UROPE.]
S \V F, D F. N.
651
\i Co littU- hiaikidi biioic Storkliolm, tlint it ininjii hv. \ tlu'ir i'al.dy, tliry li.ivo an ininninii) IVoni lurli ini-
drank; \iliicli is owiin; to tlic ;^icat (jiiaiuity of I'lLdh i)oiliioiis as arc l.iid 011 tlu- inli.il)it,u;s to iiipport the
vatir dial nms into the Ira lioin the l,d<(.-. '4o\ fiiiiiiLiit oftlu- litv ; wlTu h pa\ s al' ils oiliccrs and
Ahoui ypo scars a^;u this plan- u.is only a h.urcn Icrv.ints, niainiains a j;n.nal id' 300 men, and deliavs
iOaiid, « ith two or three c(Uta;;es lor lilliers ; hut upon the tharae ol' all pulilie hnildiiii^s .uid repairs. To rui)-
i!u liuildiiii; ol a c.dlle there, to Hop the inroads of the , Jiorl this cxpeiue, belides a duty hclon^m'' to the tity
RuHians, and the iranllaiion ol the court thither, ii : ol '^oods impoiicd and exiiorti d (uhieh is aiioui .j per
iirew, hy dcjirces, lo lurpal's ihe other more ancient eeni. ol the cullonis paid to the kina;, and aniouiiis to
ciiics, and is now I'uppoi'ed lo he as populous as ISrdlol. ! about rjOool. per ami.) the ina^iltr.ucs inipofe a \ early
'Ihc c.dlle, \\hieh is covered with copper, is a place
ol no llreii'^ih or beauty, but ol t;re,ii ule ; lor it is j
a Ipacious biiildiin;, wheie the conn rclides ; and alii) ,
hiriidlics apartnicnis lor moll of the i;reat olliccrs, llie '
tax on i|-,e burghers, in which ihe\- are alliUeJ by a
coiiiuKMi-council of 48, uhieh chul'es lis own niem-
bcrs, ami meet everv fpriiii:, to proportion the pav-
inenis lor the enfuin;' vcar. On ilie traders they
national couri ol pillue, ilie colle;;es of war, ( hancery, ! ulually iinpofe .40, 53, or Co pounds lleiliii'; upon
tre.Uur\ , reduilion, liqui.krioii, coinincrce, .ind cxecu- ;
lion. Here is alio an .irmouiy, chapel, library, llie pub-
he records, tK:c. li contains \ c r\ Irw oj' the inferior
others of a meaner condition, as Ihocmiker-, ta\lor.s,
I'sC. live or fix pound; ; and on no houidcee|)cr lels
than ir, (liillinus : belides (ni.nteriii'' li'.e uuards, iiile-
liccrs ami ki\ai'.l,s ol ii;e coin
I : ih
io''eihcr with ' nor olliccrs, and lervanis ol
, with other lelicr
(lie foot miarch, hemL; ipiaiurcd upon the hurt;-' chari^cs; which, all loaelher, would be thought a (^reat
hers
.It tliCll
)id'
s c 11.11 :'e liM' lot!
li
burden, even in richei countries : neithw is it other-
candle.
In il'.is cily ar-' nln.
and covcrci
ihai'ils
will- ellecmc
,.ir::e i luin
with I oimcr ; am
1 111
lies, built with brick, leai
id I
ee lie Kc
I'd by th
e inh.ihitaiit
dii
our wooil-'u well in cultomK, as in tiie
jit in 111
us cii)', who can
eart l)\ the privilei;es tliey enjoy, as
trade
dv
e place, wlucr
I mull needs pal's ihrouuh llxir hands : loi the natives of
loliilm' v.i'.un Is
!•'
>tli<
par
ts of the kinijd
0111, as all loreij;iiCrs are oliliget
The p.daec id' tlu- 1
iheu alienihlv al llie coir.cmion ol the ll.iies, and the 1 lo deal only with the b;ii .;!ui s, (except thole of the
denoliloiA' of iki ir |n\;!.;-., liiles, and lucli other' ;;entry, who make iron,) have noL the privile;;e lo lei
ireorils
.IS COlUIll
I ih; If l;o 'i\ , Is a \ci \ IkitiU nil
\\{\ one of tlie Inn li in llie kingdom.
It Is
I>
but one
Thi
(lialely to ftranacrs
s eiU' is, in a manner,
i[de ol ^v.
cUcll ; to
lar''e
•a\ liioii,
nil 1 on tlie ouliiile Willi marble w huh iiioll ol the jioods ol their own srow ill, as iron
|i;,nires .11
iLulpturcs I
nohdily imel.
liiyh chance
ul coliiaip
Wiliall Willi liiC
lures
111 iwo 1.
i-e h
s ami , coppei, wire, pilch, tar, 111.)
where the ; lo be exporlcd,
Tl
Us, de.ds, .Vc
Ldl
N'.
le i^rcatcll part ot the conimoclitics
are broui^ht
diiii
Vl to t'
lace is that cd' the lord i iniporied from abroad come 10 this pori, wd'ore thcr^
llor: and a liisL l.irlher are two oilier' is a haven capable lo receive iO03 lad of Ihi
. . I . . . .1 .......
aki
bclonuiii'j
Tl
11 ind on the b
kime. manner ol
built
I''
brids.
e or key near
in
ihi
jatell
Vmsi).
illi mile Ion
vellels may lie w:ih their
lime,
and are all com red with
only inconvenience is, that it is 10 miles lioni the lea
broadlid
les IV
es.
d
ihich
J'
lie
uippi
Tl
i\k
ihe river very crooke(
iiid no tides.
It
opens into
a noble cdir.ce,
d. t,
wcilur Willi lever.il m-n'mlic
hollies of tl
J handlome ]
ic I'.obiliii
d will
indi
Mod of the biir,',her
1 Coppei, .illorils
null wiui bricl-
ent I the IJaltic, but is of danj^crous aceefs, hy realon of the
comniodiou.s
harbours in
dole to the
iihin it IS one ot the mi
id
rope
fo
if ll'.e larndl [\/.t lie
.ev, wnert
th
e\' are
III the labur.)
il,
•,re ol limber, and wind, tli.'.t thev need neiin.r anchors or cables lo
fecurv
abl
from the
luild
tlK-rebv lubjed lo the il,iiv.;ir ol
wIh 11 it
t,s .1
.ri<r wluic It
,a-Mi. lis
Tl
winch eoniiiion-
1 1 p.iir this misliu'-
tl
icm.
Its entrance is iieluid.cd bv two loits
amis on the
banl
the river Sal
dnch fall into if
l-.Lole
■r Saki,
•l^ miles
nine, thev kae.. .ui'.'.s i. nd Pa- i
they inleiul lo build,
and fevi ral lc|i.ii alio>|s, .ire
li'.iRidions id ihe houl/ ' dillant from Slo;klio'ai low.iids the iiorlli-well. It is
wlicre the walls,
pieces ol liilibi. I
a \ei\ aiKieni c.l\ , Pi.ni. iK the capii
,,d of the north.
fcl! ol th,'
knd one upon aiiothei, and )ollied .it the coiners; and by the iiNir, wiuvh is hue pi\tl) 1
I 1- divided into two parts
ir:e, and fo hard
alieiwaids
in.u
k.d, taken
down, ,ind km bv water lo fro/en up in l\hiuar\, that a Ian is \ early
.kl
loun, 111. re
■.epl 111
1.1 be le: np .md lliiir>ied; .ind, when 'upon ihe ice in lliat monlh
1'
kept the
r.e town is i.in
i-'k
the
\eilS; .
lli.ni ihi
a- 1!
hii
ih ot tlu !,■ tlu le 1- a m.ilii 1, .1
il 1 id ,\o or .{o
I ..lie licalildiil.
To 1 ie\ elll llie
:id k'lir .illill.ints
wiihoiil any cond.ler.dde lonliR'.l;lon^.
but
leie Is lo be
tl
eel) the line
!! ehvirdi in iIil' \.!iole knn'dom, ii.imeK',
athedr
It
d wiih
ith f
1 e.ipner, am
1 adt
d
evcral toln!'^, eipeei ill\ tiioli.' ol Ihe Isiiv:
lull
behind the alt.ir,
.ir.a- tl
ho, upon li'lu e
.1:1', 111 ,-, ,iie mea, .11 1 . U lo rep. 11 r ( .uII.imis in marble, between lb.- Il.iluesol Ins two wiv
monument ol
fh
to 11 :
alio a.
lid I ibiiiii-
, V. lio inoill\ r.m.j.e
I lie .ill. I buried he
111 .niodier
. 1 is the tomb
llieinlelves 11
Thi
re is
.der dr
.dides,
1 1 I p'. I live w.iid. of kiiiL; |i din's wile, who w.is m.iiher to Sii^ilniuni
nil.
1,1.
n, will) w.ii
d: it is of whit
.VI
)o. e the citv,
ihoul onU loi that piii|
\e- I a w .1
lib
ui'i M) e.iiii enure
1 ■ .1 beli upon the
!i He.
lull
He
lear .11 1' o
be.iuiilul calUe, which is forti-
d. It is \er\ lar.'.e, built after the It.ili.m manner,
citv, which u coin-
I and has a noble nroi'iecL over
Tl
le >'
i)\ ei 111 .'111 1 1
ureal lladlladd.
•• IS in tl'.e 1
,1 pTo V colli
and over Ihe whole eoiiiiii\ ,
ifell,
II;
I'pl
bdh
Illi once a we
the colIc"/. (d
111 ti.e lov. n-lioule, .md pialides 111 ieiidei\ .1 an .111. h
d
ll.idl-
billr
rds
der III. at
hut alierwa
\ \t tl
iiell
Im
to Si.
the I.
irade,
diet
I ir
SP'pl'.eii, who di'-d in the ye.ir 11
ihe II..1.
.1 111 • pfM'N
pilli.
d the
d ih.
for ' .irelihilhop ol tins lee ; uid John Maniuis, who, at iho
lelormalioi), leluh d to .idiiui tlk
lail
ner.iii eonleHi.in,
.mrili h.is I!
I)ilildiiii5s
account,
ill, and i>
1 .ill public ,iiid piiv.iie I ,iiid leniov*
1 to 1;
)iiie, was the
Sine
time
llie on lliat ilieie h.ive been onU' I'lotell.ii.l .11 ehbilllous, who do
liiolllv niei . Ir
\\ lib ilieiii die .oiiid. Ikiis ol the citv alw.iys
ise tin ir \ ol. s, ll.e in.iiol Its ol wl;U h decides,
inibei I. niH' 11 "i, biU illil lU .ib.nit -12,
,1
\\v
or inch as li.ive
U-r\Ld ll.e kme 1 1 kmie r.lcUoi L,nplo\ iiieiit.
li.lidc
not livi- Willi the I, nil. pomp and nia^nihceiH e .is the
Rom. in C.ilholic prel.itv s nled lo do; foi the 1 liter
Or
iippeaied in |nililie wulioul .i letinue ol j
fjOO peop
ic uii hoi LI
The
/ i
?■:,
l!
' )
^lll
I.
1 1
,i i
mi,
! 1
r,
I' ' T:
#f
pfUk
i •
' -!'
Cji A MAV, ROVAI. AN-n AU IIIKaTIC SVsl IN! o; I \I\il{S\[, (;F.O( ;R A l'| l Y
'liuMinivi rlir, ct 1 t'Lil conlilU uf .i rii.iiu-cllor, '.'.lio
i< ;il'...i'. < ,1 !;ri'.it iiiiiiiilri ()l ILiii ; a \ u i-f li hu . Iliu ,
'I
I. |>;()\ MK\- (
.1 W, li
111. mil, ()
r W
l-'llMl.l,ll,i|H
\\\ .1\ s UK' .lie
lil.ill:
.1 Vi'l\ I). ill, 11 (■.lUlll.',, Ilti Iclllll.; .llJulll yj liiji, , 111
up; iiiiii ,1 ri (I ir, I iKili n ipiii 1)1 llic Un',;!', I'uin lomli-i ,ilt lo imi iIi-\m II, ,i'
I'l'.lt la
pr.iii li'.iv, (i| uliiiii 11. u .III' .iluiiii JO, ili.ii h.ivi ( ,i. h , iiiiL-,, in huMilili, liimi luiiili lo ii.nili. li li,„| |
'^' ulil.m. 1 lu- Miilin.ir) iiiiiiiinr i.T Itii.k'iiiN iiu-il\ Icuiu- lonlulcialiU' liUi-i iiuiii.^, Iiiii ii.i\i ili
liu' !.
7 IT Hv."
il i
,0 I'l W lih 1
ire maiiil.iiiKil In i\l .filUil.
i-'N .11,;
mil liiiiK' Il u iiiii, i> wire luiiiurlN l)\ |ht.
Milnii Is itic rapii.i
( HIS "I iiii.ihiN : liic i\ II, ii..it
I nf W'clbiiaiii.i,
iviw., |vi i,(l llic v.U'.ilM.ji 111 ■;illuiiii.^ ihc ill,
f.lMllIlt lllllllli i.r lllllll- .111 flu- lull 111 lllc l.ikf M.lllll- llClUlllI K
I'l'l I- IIi.i.i'.mI
V.uA
till- iliuiih llir\ lul.ili' 1.1, MiiKli 1,,
iikiipiiiv;, .iliiiiU .^r, mill's Iroiii Sim Islinlin. |
111 111 I'lil 11, lniU. I' 1.1 K'l
i hill
I . iiii;iiiilil\ ■;niii .1 l)illi.i|)'s Ir;', .ilui
ui II 111 tt mil 11 lu a
llw
\M,'., il tii.-\ liiMill a; ll.r iini\i-r!::\ ilu- n II ul iln- mmi,
'1 il: \ li' J ll'H 1|\ I- I , ,,i; ;^.,,!, 1\ ^ |)||t 111 ]1IU,|!C luilllls;
\M,ir lui no\Mi>, 11,11- ui)U'i\r aii\ diIki iliKipl.iic ilun
iIkii I'Wii iK'n!l:;\ or il.Tpoiitioii IcuK iIk-iii ti.
ri'.i.' cily 111 I [iLiI li.i.iits ilii- iiiuii'iiri- dI liu- i "l.--
I'l.'-''. .1 i.:n,!,iU'., ul'.i) wis liu- luMij uT iIk' niii;i ; |n\ ,
,i:ul ui.i.l ■ liiiK- ill iiatiiiil liill<ii\ u as i;rc.it as lii.ii ul
(!i.iili-. Xll. I. r 111 , \ uivii :. s. Mils :;n_'.ii iii,m, uIki
\,.i-ul a l.'i i.il (■,,m'r.!iim..iii\ I ilil|iiiliii,iii_ ,ilua\si(.'-
iiuiil Ih.mu.is \\ i;li ilic .^ria;; II |n'litriicls, .iii.iwa-
li.il'ji) m luU ill,,; .iii\ i|iKtl;iiii~ 111 11, i' hue 111' Ills luii.i-
iiii.il iiinl, 1(11111, \v I, iili ihiA iiii^'il iiinpoimd. 'I'd Inm
'.■..■ ,11 , 111,1, !n. i r.if ,111 ,K'. iKiiii III ilk' Swcdilh turnip, a
i'"'i "i nil liini.ihic XiiliK- 111 inis i.,iiiiiii \'. Ho lavs llic
I'.i'ii Is !',i,l it (iii^inail;, li,...,i 1 .,,|,l md.' li IprtMcl |i,,
(:<L,i ivs ili:,iM.;li liu- ihiiii p. ills ul liu- klii^iiiiini,
.'mI ^ •■ ■ 1,'iniil I'l lu.iu' ii!f il ,111 ,il| ,1 ill .■ sviiit( r pl,i'i:s
I':'- l'"V!liii. 'I !"■ :-,i'-.ii rrm.iiiv ul it i.s it lillu.-^ lii,
I!' 'i| ' 'I ""' ""il ci.'i.iiiuil li. lis kii.iv.n in tin- v,Miiu
ii\. i'.' Ii,l''- ill,-, I, ml: an li iiMik.iliiv loii.i ..f ii,riM,
,,' '1 v ili ilii .w ii:i iln.111 li, til I tli.iii nil .111 V Ditii r 'viiiu I
pliii'. «)ii,- ,,r ,ln- -ii.itrlt ail'.mta^rs iif tlir iiiliuri'
I'i liu- I'l il, I- il. Iii;ii : .Is .; lo.l ,1 ])rcp,ii iliou f..! c.:!!!,
-,>.- ,1 l.illiu-, i.r iiKTc plo, 1^1,111^, vluch Is ail Kiijut ui
inkiiilr imp. I lain c.
|-.nL;ki'pi:".; i. .i pKu o ok i'!)ii('.iii'r 'Me tr.ulc, on tlu-
VI- ■ M.i, I- r, .ili.iin ,;- mills liom Si.i. klu.lin to iho
\ i.it -(.ml, ,11 id 2 1 I rum I ; l,.| to in, luuili.
I'c II, -M |iil.,ii\ iiiuii (I S\M,l,'ii I'lupir is Sudcr-
iiM'iM, unuii |s I, p.u.iui! Ii.uii I pkiiid, (III iht' noitli,
1)\ ilic l.iki ,\l.i.l.i ; huuiiili 1 oil iIk- IouiIi, |,v K,,|t
'■"ilil.ind ; on ilir \m1!, Iv, Xiiui.i; .md hv ihc p,,,l.
tic on ilii- i,ill. li i-, ,1 p., pill, Ml- i'..iiiiir\, txii inlniki
(■:'' mil, - 111 K-'.i.;'li, .iiid t j in liri ,i,itii ; frmlliil in i oi.i,
viiiis, and liml'ii, ul v.iiuli lilt in,m\ (liips .irc iniili
in tills pio\ inic. Il I- ,li\ nil d mill Siidurm.im:) I'lu-
I'l I, .md ill- iliaaml ul 1 uriii, iuniad li\ il.i- kiki SI ,., U r
and K ik ii 111'.
Nil 1 111..',, lli<' (Mjiiial 1.1 il.:, pi..\liin', (l.,iids on tin-
li'"!s .1 iliv Ji.iiM, , !>< iiiiii'- 111 ;!,. luiidi'.v.ii.j ,,| Sto. k-
'•" ' ■ il 1- I pi .1 1 ul liiiiu ii.iili, u:i!i ,1 . ..ihHi,.dioiis
'd .1 I ,rii !•■, Ill uliii li li;i. iliii.i-.s 1)1 Su.l, iiiiji, ,1
I. lid.-.
',ll:lills I, ,1 Im.dl luvii i.n tl r l.-iiil; (i.|c d ij^,
l.n- \'.,<il, r, tl.i- 1, I ot ,1 llllllup, lulii,!;^ Ill li, ||,<. III,..
II 'i oDi.i.i ul I pi,d. .So 11,1- ( .oil 111- lull 1 1 pi 11)11. s III li.i-
Ix'ilii I liai.itU 1 s i\iiue- tin- ,mii<piiu ul tin- pkin-.
Cli.iru's l.\. lits liiniid in ihr cillu di.il, ulii.li i, ,in
a 111 11. Ill LV'iiiii.' milin'. Oppoluc to till- tu\Mi ail .imiiial
la, I is 111 M upon ilif il '■.
I lul.i, Ul I I, liii, Is liiiLitiil on till' I'lallii , ,ilnii:' | j
li.il'.s ii.,111 Stuikkulm, .md l',is i \r]\ u,. d ii.iil.oiir.
1 ' ' ; I, '.-dull Is J : links dill a III liom Si.u khulin lo-
v.iiiis ti::- liimli Will, .md Torildi.i, wli:ili is i8 nnlrs
t.i tlu- u. II III .SiK'ii..;i|mil-, (iiiiiam n.illiiii:; nii',\ mui-
lli\ o| i,'il ivaiioii; i!;oiil;1i ■i'r|.,i.i w.is rormriK .i pl.ni.-
ot loiiK > oiilripn IK, , .ind is ilius iiinilion.. d li\ .\Iuiu
li> 111 l|:i I, ll,. i, Ldiaud hllllip ul XlMiull' s', in 111.,
l;ui.tK,d .1 .oiiiit 111 hi- I iiiiiii'\ to Sii)i:isliulin.
( )ii( r (.m.'.l, In liiiiiii miumii lili'S j
XilV- \v dl, ,|, I I l,',l III \| ,dplll s ; I
1'.!' li ll.i!:l. i 111 u m-d, ,-r i iiiii.ims,
'I I': dl III . ': ul noiilii rii pkiin .;
'1 uu rill Im.. liuiiis ilu il loll\ liiuw
I )rlriiil, l:,,i- l!.it.;s liuii li.idi; , lii •• ■
< )■' I n '■ I'll Inuw, III, 111,,, mil II,. ,1,1,
'lla-)- u iiiil iliu Ikd^L \Mlli l/.uii, IpiLd,
In, .^ 1-. lip. Ill 1 lie !.i It dil.ii \ I oiiMiitioii u.is 1, 111, i| Il
'I'H c.-l!
11. o' m ihi- w ,ir
1 •-, 1 1> ''V vv Im h the luriiliion lo li i- i mu n ul ,i.,i,,ik ii
U.IS Utdi'd in till' I'aiiiilv of (iiill.iviis X'.iia.
.\ilio..iin, Kopiii,;, .\oi.i, and l.iiuiil/ai, loni.iins
n.aliii..; \\uiili\ 111 noli, i'.
Ill' piuMiui 1. 1 dlliutol' y rii'i.i is liiiim.liiii.il
:tir iioiiii In \\ I It.ii.mii ; on till' (lit li\ Si, , :.
111. mi. I ; on \\\r |.iiii|, ],\ |.;,iU ( ;■ .ililaiid ; on dir ., i[
l'\ p.tit ul Well t .utl,i,iiid, .Hid tl,i' noiiiirrii ivir, • . i .
of die 1,1 k I- XCii'i, Ul \ riu 1. li I'uiil.ii.i- I, 1 , 1 li 1 ., ;
Hid lIMi,, u! ul.ili till- ll\i'r I'loli I ; i,-,, ;',^.
II mill 1 \ ml. . I Wo p.iils, hum \«i II lo (.'.ill. 'm \i i ;..
ui-rc lonni 1 1\ um k. d m il.is pio\ n.ri: ; !i;ii.i-;i, .;
it pr.idii. I s unl, II. .11, liilplmi, ai'd .iliimi. 1 I;.- i
pl.u cs 11; II- .Ul- \ii|iii), I I il'Inr. I i)i 1 .4, .\!k, t i.;:,:!, ,1
_ ( d.mlli.iiiinii', I'liit 111 I IK- oi tluk- .lie 111 .,•! , ;. 1 it ..,
ili.irk.ihk'.
The pru\ iiiii' ur ikl'ii 1; I of (,i (liirn 1, (i;;i • i ■ .
lui i-n 1 )i lee,ii li I, i.r 1 1 di k irli.i, lie iiuii .11,1 ; ■.
.mil liu- mil s I \ lira .md D.ila. It e, .m.iii,- 1' ii i- , .
I u ill 1, liuriM, anil ( .ip. I 11' r.,;rt. I lie in , 1 l,i i j
llK.iididei.ihle ; .mt die roiiiUT 1). Iiil; ,11 In..' :i|..i.
tlieiiii'i ll.iliiiid.i, w liuli lurin.s .1 i;!il|-!'. li ,.t I; 1'. . ,
a i;uuil iiai 1/. .11! , i .11 1 les .m a eunliiii i.ilile i< id.
I iie 'pioviiu e of il.'lm.'.i is s.-i, estei'ix.-, '■;
lioiiiul on (lie iiouli lis |:-m;:!;.i a,,l .\k -.1. a ,. -.
on the »i 11 all;! I .iidi \>i II In M'-k , .i;!m ; on li . 1. ; :
l»-. (.elliki., ; I'lil mi llu- e. Ill i:, I'.f li, lllllll ill 1 , ,
1 lie foiiiurs 1^ iliuiiiiMmuii- ,11 id ■• . • .in , ,11;. I .;,
hii.iiiis ciii|,liiy tlieiiiklves [•! iinij .ill\ in liiiihi,, .., 1
Imiiimt;.
1 Iiidiw 11 kUsal.l is die capii.il ..i' liiis pnn iiu'f, . ■ i d
liui.iti d Ileal die lioiiiin.m ( '. iTpii : it en ne.s on .i , . ,..
ll:k■|al)k n iliie I'l ro'.i,, pr, ii, i ■ in, tiei'i :, A r.
Soideil'.iiiMi h.i- .1 ^' luii l.ivi 11, I, 111' led in il.c n;,ii;:h
ul die 1 1\ el I iiilp.i.
Tile ul lie 1 !..« 11-, I li.'ii SiM-li, \,ii()o'i-, [.,.1 ; ' 1
.\lla, aie . .1 mil. :-:ii m i m, a-.
I l,e proMii- 1 ul i )i 1 i , 1 1.1, 01 l),il. k 111 ,1, ' . ! 11 .-
III un till- Will ,ii)ii 11, 11 ih in I :.■ 11.. iimi.ims ul ^, 1. ■
nil I lie r.i II l.v 1 II llin.;i 1 .mu ( .: ill II i.i ; .n.d 'i. .1 . - . .
I.\ \\'elii rm.mi.i .111,1 \\ , II iii,ml.ii,,l. Il is it., mi 1
!i ii^di, ,11,1 1;..' in l'i,.i;::h. lis lidi'lu 'h, .11 1- 1
',1 1 Mi .111 I ilkd 11' I,-. \ ,il;,,-, ; \ , I, ilium^h it 1- |.. . ,
leiiine, II euiit.iins uiil\ .1 I. » \ i\ miunlidi i.il i '. -
1,14. s. ! h. nMiinl.iin. .ili.iiiii'l wiili nun ,iii,l ...p 1,
.1111! tollle 111 the iiiines are l.iendlliK de. p. Ii hiii
iieiii .III iililer\ .iiiiin olieii m.ide, tli.it the t;ri ali II nmi:.
Ill r ul ll.e i,-v ulniiuiis ul Sweilin hi\e lieijim or n:-
■,;iii,ui d 111 tills piiAiiui-, oil wliieli .leeoiint the ml 1-
liU.ini s li.n I- he, n i li.ir.i. ii 1 i/e'l as more i onra:-,''. 1-,
li.iUl, .ind I e I ue 111 Us, than .iiiv ol the .Sueiles, ,is \i i '! . >
polk lied III ,1 iiiiiri- lihei.il Ipii ;l ol indepindeiiin . I ,."
pun, ip.il \ill.i-.;is ail- Idi.i, liiu.ii'd on ilu- iner |- :;-
11. 1111, one ul the luiiiees ul tin' 11. da, uliuh nm- '1 >
ill. Sill, 111 l.ike ; Lima, 'jfi mile,, more lo ill, linu.;-
\s ii.i,and iiedernor.i, .iliuill ,|,") miles lioiii {' \ ill, ''1
hiii.iliil on ilie liver D.il.i, Ileal die eonimes o| \" . : .-
111. Ill' 1.
The proxiiu'r of NK dol'i I'lii leili llie l!..i'' a
< .ulpil on llie e.ill, ,\ II.',' 1 iii.mi 1 UM li.i nuiili, | 'iiji.i-
l.md un ih ■ 1101 tll- well, .iii.j I |el(m;M,i un liu- l.iiiili-\, < it.
It 1- \',ou'l\-, moil 111 ai noils, .md u.iii n d In ilare I : ■''
rn-l':. The le.ueo.ill liere is .'lioiii jt iril,-- Im.;, .e.l
lull of nil k-., to the I. mill of Simlu.ild, die e.ipr.ii nl
1 1, is pun IIK e, Iilil.ited .11 llie 1 nun ill uf ill,- im.lille 1;'. > r,
u 111 .1 pli ll\ ;^iiod li.ii'iuui. 'liieieai. liMi.ilol.'>i
Iv .1 jioit low lis on lliij eo.dl.
All-;- riii.ii'i ',
'"'ff i:
(;K()(;RAriiY.
Mill I, cr Wl'lillMilliMul, is
, u hmi; .ibiiui yj iiuii < m
lO tlUltll-WllI, Silo'.lt (!,J
nil to iiortli. Ii li.ul ini
, tr mines, l)iu n.-w ilk', ,ii»'
Wcllin.iiii.i, .iMil i. lii.i.iir,!
idi-i', bctucin k<i|iiii- ,,i„l
•s Irom SiiK Uuilii!. !■ i,
i\ mil. I l)\ .1 lllniii; I, 1(1,..
v.is U c;l' il l'.> I'' 111 il.>' v; ir
(111 1(1 ll.c l■nl^^ II lit .'1'Auli ii
t ;uil,i\ US X'.ii.i.
1, and LiiuUl/ai, uin.'.ii-j
111' y I U'la is lii'iiT'li I'l ,.11
(III tiu- I ill li\ Sh , .
■.ill C, illiquid ; on l!'<- A '1
.lliil III- lliilliirl II i- vin • . I .
1. Ii cont.ii.iA K \ > I li I -■ i
I iviT I'll'! I I ', I '. - .' ,:
111 \»i II hi I', ill. '^1 \i I :•
I. Is 'IMV ;!,l < ; !l:ll .r i I . •
lliir, aril .iliuni. i ',:■■ i
•.IHiiv.iixiii, .\ll-.|i.r.ii, I
lliflc a:c 111 ..'1. !. ;, >! '.-
iif (.1 Hiiii 1 i' In;'. • 1 ■ -
k irli.i, ill- i^iii ii' ■' > '
.lUl. ll .■,.111 111, s l' in- I . ,
r lifii;i t. I \n- ! \ 1 I.I ! I
I HUT ll iiii; ai 111 • 111...
loiiiis ,1 u'lli'l; li. .1 I. I'.
I a luuliik ial)k- II ui.
i.M u ■. ,T i f \ir.v \ .-, :
li-iiijii;., aii.l M lii 'i I. :
|.v !)•■'. . .i:!m : nil li . ; :
,..i;l 1 . r.-.- I'.,.ili:.i ill t
nl- ,111(1 "I • '(i\ , .lU'l 11.'
, [iiualj .(ll) 111 liHllii, .■ 1
Iiil.ll iii' liilv l'rip\ !iuf, , ■' i ■.
( '.ii'jili : ll f 11 Mi'.> '111 ■' > ' ■-
iiili, (I i:i, lir.ili I, c's I.
Ii.l\ui, Kir.'ud li\ ll'.s- n.,.;:;ll
\vf:,li, Kill 111 >'i', 1.1.1 ■ ' '
|u'i'.
1,1, or n.i'.i kill . I, '■ 1 11 -
l' ,,. ii.,iiiiil.ilns ('I ' I ■ ■
Ll ( ,: lIlU 1,1 : .ll.ii ■.1.1' . .
Iinaii! iii'l. It '-' "' I ''." '
ii. li> liili'li\ 'li'ii I- 1
!>■>; \. t, lll'ill'^li U 1- I" ' I'
II « \ I \ nil oiiliili i.i; i '. -
Liind NM.li lion .111. I ' ■'!'■ I'l
L- iiK II ilihK ill' 1'. I' '1 ^1'
|m.u!i-,tliat i1k- unaull mm-
iSwidcii li.iM' Ih'H''" '" "''"
III wlmh ,11 miiiii ill, '111 <-
1 ;, ,il ,1s 11K1I1' I 1-1111,1 ' 1-1
iiy ol tin- Suc'lcs, a^ \>il! ■■>
|',,ii ;l ol nidi lundiiii \ . I '''•
liiii.i!' d on du' iiu I !■ '■'■-
|r il,i' IVila, uliiili nm- '"'■'■'
Illllf., lUOl'l' to till lillllll-
Ll |,1 miles lloiil I I I ll, •' '1
luMi il'.c (.(Uiiincs (ll \' ' r .-
il'udi.i li.rli llic H"i''" I'H
1,1111 1 on li.i iioiili, I 'iij '' '-
ll IcKlli'.M.i on die l.iillli-*" ■'•
,ilid u.ili 11 d li\ llrci- t .''
hs .•lioul p iril,'- loi ■-'., .I'.''
1,(1 .Sunhv.ild, iIh- ciVi'ii "'
inoir.ll ol' ill,' ns: i'llc i'..' '.
. TIktc au kviial dl'''. 1
An;' riii'iii '(
F.UROrE.]
S \V !■: DEN.
653
Angirinania, or Angcrmaiilaml 15 honiulal on tli,;
norili In Well Botlinia and L^aiiland; on tiiL- lad by
thf < iui|)li ol B,)llinia; on tile liiulh hv Mfdoipidi.i ;
aii'l on tliL' Will iiy J(.ni|iicrlaiu!. It is above yo links
in Icnjii'i, :w^\ near a. main in bieadtli. Tlie river
Aii<:,eni\.'.ii-i'lodt run', ihroui:,!! it; iiiii ii is a nioiir.-
taiiKKi, loiinliy, tull ot roeks and tori.lli; li) tli.U there
are \eiy k'vv viil.lges, and iml. one toivii ol aiiv Hole,
\v' ll is 1 krnoland, on llie Hollinie (iuljiii, uliere il
has a preiiy '^kkk\ liarbour, wiiieh alliirds ii liinie
tr.i.le. It iie^ about 70 miles t'roiii I kui'.vickt'.vald to
llie noiili.
Inijitia, jeiii|Hia, or leaipierLiiul, iias l/iplaiid on
tlie nortli; .•\n..;'jiin.inia on the eall ; ,\kdol].adi.i,
I leili:ii;ia, .;iid iJakv.nli on tiie loiitli; and llie hi'.Ji
mi'Uni.iiiis ot Norwav on tl-.e well. It is watered In
two pri.ti\ eonii,.len'.bk' rivers. I kre are no eities, or.lv
a K-'K incoiiiideraiilc villages and liainLis.
Will I! nlinia, thus ealleil, to dii'iinpiiilh i: Irom
C.i'iinia, w'lieli lies on the oliiei lide ot'ilie gulph, ami
Is :dm,times ealled Eall Botiini i, lies aloii;.; the iiorilarn
p.irl 1. 1 ihe f^ulpli, tiieiue called the Bothnie (iiiljili,
wliieh lioiinds 11 o'l the eall. It has .\n!j,eriiiania on ilie
loulli, and IS kirrounded by Sweilllh Lapland on li;e
uell and north, 'riiat part ol' this ]irjvii-.ce wliicij ji, ,
alonj; the eoal!, is prettv well (le.ipled, and li.is nianv
Milages, but lew low 'is ol i:\\\ no,e. Tiie lountrv i.
we!l watered by leveial ri'.ers, whU; ariie from tiic
l.ik, • i,i l.,iplaiKl. The ihiet tii.s.is lure are L'ma,
kiila, and '("orno. Tiie latter lia.i a guod liarliour, aii.l
is a [jLice oi lume trade.
(i T II I. A N D.
The lee.ind grand divilVni of Swedi^n, c:.]\.-A (ioth-
liiil, <()iiiii,i,'.'s l'',all-(iotiil,i:,il, WLlL-Cjiiii.i.i.id, aikl
.Souih-fioilil.iid.
ka!l-( jinid.md iiieliides the countrv jn'operly 1".'
called, Sm,iland,and the illand ot Oelaiul.
l;;.ill Ciolhland I'roper is hounded on the north bv
Sudermani.i ; on the eall b) llie Baltic ; on the well by
(l-.e lake \'eltei, oi \'eier, a.ut on the '.iuuli bv Sma-
land. It is a kiliie, open, llai cou;iti"\ , pruducinu'
corn, cUile, lowi, \eiiilon, hlli, ikc.
The chiet toiMi, ealled N(jikopiiig, ,wliii.ii lerui
implies tiie N'orihern Market,; is populou'., kirgi,
aiui hath conliderable coniiiierce. The billiop ot'
Avranc!'.e', in mentioning it f.ivs.
At Norkoping, where copp,er-|)iates
y\re ll' :,'d, the llcctls our 'hiver b.'.iis :
I .ary.e eoiir, .ire Iiere inu leN'd, and ihreails
s • , ■
Form'd ot vail length tmin eopi er iliieds :
'!' 1 dilhmt lands ihek pr'ji ious wans,
In loadi, I lliip'!, the UKieliant bears.
The place !> hkewil; cikbiatnl In' a lalnim lilliery,
wliit ll aliiiids a m.iint'. n.iiKc t" m.iny pei)|'it.
Suiki-kopiivg, a town ot k' iie i;ade, llanik on a
branrh ;U ll . I. a, aL ,.' 16 miLs lij.u the Baltii' ; is
uiitorliticd, lui! l-..is be. n remaikable tor lome euiious
crvll .1 I ,:i.s wlneh li.iu- been iiHiini in the iieiLih-
o
biiiirl.VKl.
I'm iii'L, t 1 I'll' .-.ihv.iid of Suljivoping llands
Stigil.;::-'.'. 1' :s a :':..-.'.l 1 ■ ..1, I'. . 'la.i ;i tokialile har-
bour, . .Ill '.Liie ci.i,r,i .;■'■.
\\ ("i, I.;-, ,1.- \ .md.ui, il.i, .led 0:1 •,!'.■ e.ilUrn ba:;'; of
the kike \ II... .'.5 mile , il'' ; lee ! .1 1 N.irk.iping, is
only riu.:i. (,..'. ie I 'r ihe ri i - 1 1 i;i .c ..iit rijal paLiC'.'.
Tie l)';h.ip of Avra, '.- , i;; I'l.il^i.'ig of |.;ail-
Gotli'.a.id ir. geiier.'.! t.uu , fi) s,
Ni^'.v wii.l !'. 1-(;.i|', l.,:,d's b. Ill U we gain,
Willie bealls-tkiiis cl' tlie eai h I'l.id l.'.ain :
V'roll-hii liieir facts, coarl'c tii.ir litre ;
Caps (if waiiii frei/.e tiie wiikii wear,
Well jolted with tlie rug;.;.-d w i\,
Each, night ;:i ci.ttages we ia\ ,
No. 60.
Which ii]5riglit trunks of trc.'s comixjie ;
(JraN on the tiirtv cinering grows;
Wiiere ilv-ep, as on a level iiie.id,
I'ndaunu.i, unmolelled, teed.
J'he root iias peepdmles — So, 'tis faid,
Tliy temple, Terminu , is nude.
.Sinaland is lituated between Ead-Gotliiand, tiie
B.iitic, Bleking, ami Hallantl. It is 170 miles in
ieiigih, and about 75 in iireadth. Ii abounds in wood,
c;uiie, copper, leaii, iron. Sec.
Calmer, tiie cajiital ot tiiis dillrid, is a ver}- con-
hder.ibli.. city. It is lituaud 160 miles to the loutii-
ward ot .Stocklioim, and built iijion a llrait ot tiic
Bahic, called Calmar Sund, '.vhicli i. lituated o]ipofite
to llie ille of Ociand. It is divided into the Old and
New Town. OKI Calmer is famous by a deed ixe-
cuteil there in tlic' year iJ9Ji, iiy wiiich tiie tiiive
1. irthern crowns of Sweden, Norw.av, and iJenmaik,
.".lie fellled on liie liea(i (jf ijueen Margaret. Tliis
IS calletl in hillur\, the union ol Calmar. la-iek,
■M.irgaret's fuccelior, tiamded IJ preiiends lieie, and
g,i'.e a decree, iiy whicii lie jiut tlie cliureli ot Calmar
■irnong tlie colie'.iiate ones. After the divilion ot tiie
crowns, wiiicii the talai union ni Calmer li.ul uniied,
tiiis citv became ,i trontier town, witii regard lo the
Oancs, who were in poli'eirion ot Schonen. It was
often taken, re-Iaken, and plundered; and, t.i om-
piete ils ruin, was burnt down lo the ground in the
jeiu' 1547; nothiiig efcaping tiie fire but llie church.
.iii'l about threelcore lioules. Son atlcr this mislor
tune, the iie.v city wa built at a muU|uel lliol's dif-
in a little Illand called
is large, tb.e llreets arc
tanee trom die Old Town,
(i)i\.irniioim. This nev/ city . - ^~,
liroad and llraii, and the houles well built; but the
t iwn is not p,o|iulous. Tlr; "ew hirtifications confifl:
only of thick wails, built with large pebble ilones
I. 'ken out of tlie lea, ami a few rani[iart.s iiuiit only
with land, and tiieretore lu|>ported by another wall,
which the li.'a lurrounds almolt on all fides, cxcej't the
g.ite. The lilualion of this city renders ■ very flrong,
all tiie avenues to it iieing full of marlhe^ or cut otF
bj- water trom the ka, wliich abounds here with rocks,
lietween wiiich there are, as it were, U> man,' ab_\ lies,
that it is impolTibie lo ajiproacii ll.e plice, citlier in
Ivais, on iiorfeback, or on toot. (In the lea-tide there
is a long iiiok'. built with tione, along which boats
and lhi])s riile kcure. I'his mole i; defeniled by a
foitiefs, caiicil (irimlkar, liuilt at a'.-.oi;t 50 paces from
il, on a roek furroundeel liy tiic fca, and wliere a gar-
riliui is conllaiuiy kejit. Behind the Old Town (lands
tlie callle, wiiich is of \ery dillicull acccls, hav'uig 011
one lide liie fea, wiiicii is full of rocks; and on tlie-
"ilier good ramparts, large baftion', and ditciics full
of water. Tliis ciiv is, at prefent, tlie rclldencc ot a
luperintendant for llie ginernmenl ot llie ckrgy, wiio
is inmoLired with a pi ice in tlie laiiilic cmilillory of
ilie kingil'im. Tliis is a town of g.)' id ira.Je, and tlie
l;aliii;;e from Sweden into (k'rmany.
W'e.'.io, a billiops's fee, wlieie lome ot llic lirft
l-'anlers of Clirillianit) lie buried, Ikind on tiie banks
of the lake Salem, and is 45 miles dillant Irom C''.niar,
t'lwards tiie nortii-well.
Wellerwick, fikelio, and Jonkioping, are p.laces of
f line trade, and wort iiy of note on tiiat .iccount ouij .
.\ iaie ingeniou', traveller has favoured us wlili tlie fol-
knving curious account ot liis journey from 1 kilin-
burgi'iic lirll town in liic Swedilli dominions, on the
id.' of '\nmark'i to Jonkioping. li runs tluis : " I
I rolled the ceiebr.it.'d paliiige ot the , Sound, tli nigh it
lilew \ery iiiiii. We were ovi.r in a little more i.!:'ii
liair .111 hour. ,\t ! kiilnburg, wiiere I cnterid the
Sw.dilh liominioiis, I liad tlie pli.ifure of viewing lite
lieautifui i.mdk.ipe reverted, wiiicii i ind li-en tlie
preceding evening, Ir.im the illand ol /.ealan.l.
W liich of tiie two is actually the moll charming, I
ie.ive connoilk'urs to determine. I drove :.o miles in
tiie aftcnioon, and was then obii'.',ei|, by the apiM-oaiii
iC. ' ' of
<■ ll
'•Mf
I lii
W
:)
! I
t 1
il
m
1 ,
6s4
A NT.W AM. Al'THKNTlC ^Y>ri,M or IMM.RSAI. (-l.ix
.\ri!'
f.t ni"Iit, aiul the vv.uii ot'lioills to Hop :it ;i iiiifcniiil'.-
little inn, or r.ithi'r i;ibiii, wlv.'iv 1 louM procuri." m-
ung
lu-lkl
Ics nu
ilk. 1
lUm n liw
hour-
loath^, and tlu-n ^oi into the c;;rriag,e at thrc.
Ill the iiiormnj;
1 hv.l I iiiHli-rlloo',1 ]iroi'Crly the man-
nci ot tnivciiiai; in th.-. ooiintry
whu'h i: to
lend a
>roi uic
latiiL'c lo woivt--; or bear, ailn-li-
imoniy touiul in iholl" fO'int:;.". :'.r,'
I |ioinilatioii ; Init ih.e iiealiint- .Mv,
I were only in lir.all iuiiii'ner% im! r..:
Iiear«, iheiv are not aiiv.
pealiint tor\sar.l trom every potl-houte, lo _
liorl'es ill readinel's, 1 IhoukI ha\e cknihtleli made a
(.■oaliderablo (iroj^veh on my way ; bin a'- I neglect eii
this iK-eeHary lU-p, 1 was obliged to wait at every llagc
ill hmir or two, while tiic horles were inoui^^ht tixnii the
Meig,hb'.auii'.y, \ili:iiie-.
" I was loi'icd to tpend llii- n!^'jit in a more del
•ind dirty hovel than the lirll. where 1 wra-ipi
I'elf in my great coat, and llepi upon a table
morning, when I eoiitinvied my journey, the whole al
pea of nature was el.anp.i.d. The ihow lay up.ni the
;',rouiKi two feet deep; and liie winter leemeil to h.i\e
renewed it^ empire ovtr tiieie inholpitable plai^^, lioiii
whence the IhiilinL!; month ot Ma\ eannot banilli him.
In hope^ of reaeliuig Jonki>)ping at ni!;l;t, 1 let out,
however, in defiance ut tf.e inclenieiuv ot the weather,
Lite
111'. -
In the
aiiliii.i;
feel-. •
r
lie pcalants are
■il
.,1 1,
to I
lei U'l l;
nefs izratJu! for tf.e third
of a I. ..hi
liiiileU lei inu ivili/ed and bail larou-. tli.m
be tempieil lo lii];pole tiom the a| pe.iraiu
think
i:U
,1
.1
■ill.
1 l.ld
liol 1,
which, from having been ver\ warm, was become, in
and [;iercing as our IXcuiilKr-.
tcit.ihx uiiattectcil by tin. fuddeii
iivi priKkue any eh.ing^- in their
i and ll'.e [-ealaius, boili men and
barefooted as before. The fiunv,
however, conlpirin'', w.ili the \.aiit of hortes, prevent
a tew hours, a-^ colil
The drivers leaned
alteration, which eliJ
drelb or doathing
women, were all
ed me from reaching Jonkioping, and I llaid all nis^lit
at a houfe, which, t'or horror ot liiuation, 1 never remem-
ber jiaralleled. Il 1- ijuite tlelacheel from any village
or hamlet, and il.e Ipot on wliieh it Hands is a bare
rock, detVnute of ain covering or earth, and fu'Toinid-
fd o;i (.very fide by the liecp.ell woods it is poffible lo
conceive, and in which 1 had not fecn one human crea-
ture for two leagues before my arrival. Yet, in this
fituation, fatigue nude me fleep very found, and my
fervant bv me, till three in the morning, when, with
the return of the day, I entered my carriage, and left thi.-.
mod melandiolv and wretched habitation. Mail I bcLii
in .Spain or Portugal, 1 own my tears woukl have kept
nie awake, and 1 (hould have recollee'ted every difiiial
recital o( muriiers and alladinatioiv , which luirfes or
novels had informed me ot; but here thole accidents
rarciv or never !ia]'pen, .v/A one may travel in jierfect
fafetv.
'' I got to Ionkioi)ing the n.'xt morning about ten
o'clock, and giadly er^ioxed. a lew hours ot relaxation af-
ter fo nianv unpleafing occurrences, it is diflkiilt to
give ,v j icture I'f the country through whiJi i i),ilie<l
from Ikhingburg, the colours of which \ou will not
ima'Miic are ln.ig!itened bv lancv or invention. 'I'lie
firft twenty mile> exhibited fonie tew m.-irks of culiiva-
tiun and agriculture ; ami though there was not one
colle:lion of huts or lioufes. wh.ic h lould be denominateil
a village, yet !'c
;nl I...
i, ^olh.
aiih'rv .,. I A
IllIlL
1 llie I leciiliuii
to ci'.rry v.nie .uid pn.vilion^ willi me, I iiiul! |ia\i' h...,
.■.liiu.ll Ihuved in in\ journ ■■ , lliii.i.Ji tlitl'e niilu.-.bk-
lirovince>, wliere I'le pealants are ilrang^rs (o c\.:\
kind of aliment, except bre.id, and filt pork or liih.
It i% indeoil, a iiuellion wlieilier the foriikr of i'kL-
delerves the n.iiiie of bread, as it is a conijiound .-1 i- ,_■
and oati; among which lliej ir.ii.gle, in time--of d,-'. di
and laniine, a kiiul ot (li ur made of tin inieriial i.,.ik
ol Iree^ ralped : il i- ol a i^luir a]]r ,i-'
and ol a talk' wlilth vi'U mull be a. I
torelilh.
" M\ lervanl,who is a < lermap., and h.is u,;i,d-:\ I
over half I'kirope in various fervice-, wa. ijuiio ureil
wiih tour d.nys ot fuch niiiL-rable aceommcKlaiiou, and
rxclaiii'.id in a raiilure, at ihe liglii of tlii> plate, lir.c
It was L- piraJii tevrejlre. It i-, iiuleeil, of iiftit, \
verv neat countiv town, and moll delightfullv liniaic !
on the lake WiKr. 1 looki d down liom i!ie n i' o;
llie church on it ; aiitl the turroiinding meadow
were all cultivated after the deleris 1 had
were peculiarly grataul to ihe eve. T
whah is near 2oo l-'ngiiih miles in lengiii,
biyond the view, to the north, and
the ua, t;:a:. a j.iece ot inland watei
Thoifle ot Oiiaiid will be d.-icribed
which are contiguous tci, and f
tlom ol Sweden.
Wcll-fiolhland is a large province, having S.n.i-
land on liie foutli-eatl, Halland on llie fouih will, liie
river (iothelba on the norili-v.ell. In ',vl<icli il is \\,'\ \
from tlie government of llal.ule, aiu! ihc piovin,.- o!
Dalia : on ilie r.ortli ii lia^ the Like \\ eiiner, ap.i'
Vermeland ; and on the eall il Ins Tim ,,r V
and llie lake \ elter, which ilivid
'and I'roiicr. It is watered bv
lie
. V.
pa
lake in.
Menu-.
r.'.lher rele.i.i
in thole ill..:
nm a j art ui, i;w k,:
la!.
ail
IS part ot .Ni.i:...i,
it from r,all-(ioil\
,-•• ■ .■ '''■"'}' ''''^es and r;v.; ,
and abound, with ixa'llenl pallure-, where great quau'
titles of cattle are bred, and the ciiiiiiry is u.rn.1'. ! i'V
the f.ile ol iliiiii.
llie moll conliderable
alter
;cl ci'Hage-, and a little jiloughed
land, amidfl an iminenfe w.iile, intbrmed the pallenger
that It was not loia.liy unoccupied or unpeo|,kd. Hut
as I :u'v.inrfd fi'lher into liie province of .Scania, and
aft
Pi
into that otSm.i'.and., even tliele faint traces
fif huina,! rtfidaKe \aiilllied. Groves of lir or afpin
the courfe ot 6o miles, I
lets.
atterwar.ls
,1 t!
coverei
tan atfir'r.
ViUaK.. tl
to iir
1 r fee in
tic. illy
i.iunti nai.ci.
ci '.^nirv ; ami
I I'aw not I'jo
and not lo liaui
oth
.,e are r.ot any. 1 li ive drove from one llage
of 12'"" \.\ f.nglilh miles, vvilhoiit meeting
ig a \\\
1
pirion, l:!ougli
1 cad
mv eyes imiia
eiv fide, in ho'.ies l'
dil
mp:
Icern the
:na:,v
,1,11 avaiui.s
. the lir-, on eilher fide the ro.id
as noble as tliole wlia.li are often plinlei
nvei
— ..- towns are 11,1. loil.,wing:
(loti'-nbuigh, or Mollibury, wliiih llands on li.e.--.!
r-R.K.i. or C'ategate, on the fouriiAni braiRli a il
Cothelb'., which there l.ilh iiiio the li.i,
lornis ilu- harbour ot' ihi^ iil\, i, lyo miles di;
Irom Caliiur tuwauK the w^l), and ;;5 from Si
holm l.> the loulli-wilk li i^ not .'.i. aiuinu '••
belli'
•.!!'
nk-
bllilt 111 thv V
leiiiii "I
Char!
rxt 1607, under tl
Ills luccelliirs liavt granted it great |'
vileges. bv which it ij bevome a conliderable in. ill. I'l.i
Dutch drive a large Iradi line, in the war of i').f4,
the Danes exerted their utmoit ifl'nis to ruin ihiMiiv,
but to no jiurpole; a
lince, that il is now'
towns in the kinudom.
nd il I
Kis been lo vvil
me ol the llion'.ill
lOlU I
fiolU
.irii.ti
•oni It- liiu.;;, )!i, mu'.
anv
fea-!
on lu
jrl in Sweden tor ir.ide ; vet tlie (.oionurce ...in
i. not lo much
al Sio.l.i
01111.
"I ..
.Swedilh t'..i!l
the eiilMiii'
ouiili the wn'
111.";.
.ifii<
to pal.ues, or iioblemens le.lU , .ind
V- v..'. Ij r. :A .1 kind of rude and gloomy
luper.idded lo their lilelice and
k,.;elinefs, very (Iro.'igiy :itiecli:d the
id. I'lv
tirds kern to'l.ave abandoned lliefe ilreary fon
en the
■If. 1
heard
.ir fivv none, except
idpecke
and lieiv.
anl then a <.u>.kuo. 1 wiiciuirej if they diel not atfurd
Norko'iiini; e\ceedeil 11 ; but tiie clkdilillin-ii ni
India compain ha.' has Ih..m
gre;.t .uiv.ml.ige to It, b^ bringing ir.Ukii otUr ua.
1.1 lh.it now It is the leiond port in
here large maga/.ines
1"
nd
Sivedv
vvarehoiik-
exceeding
reenir.i:' tlit
ilock tor bu
ikliiig, re| aning, aiv
'I'here are alio ai < lOiiLiilnir ;
vi r:
1.
liable (.liureiu
llie aileiial and towii-houle ar
1 he
among oilier huiklr ■
itl\ lOlllldillOi
llierce of this plan'i.verx ihrivtiig; .ind I
ln.r of liups belonging lo 1
I.
\LM%
p.all, I
icell much uj.on inc inueJ
in-li- ;iii:in.il- .i- . i;^
:',iv.: y'.X' ^^'^ \\'.:,\ . . i
;'.ll\i:.-il i!ii-, ;' v' • ... :
i\ "..;.■',] \.:\:- ■:..; : : ,
!;n:v.i. ':•..• In i I.'.'k u, v.'
; ..I .1 l...lli cni-.;, , .', .1 1,1-
lii.iroii-- lli.m I'll',' V i-ukl
the :i| pciniiKf «it ^■,,;',
lot l.ik.'ii till- |.rcc.im;(,ii
til 111'.-, I iiiul! h.uc l)..u
iliioi.Ji ili^il-milir.U.lL-
.UV lliaili;,|-s I,) L'V.yy
I, and l-ilt j..irk rr lilh.
iluT ilu- luriii, r (i(' I'l..!.-
^ ii i' :i umiiK.iiiul ni i.c
'.iiigli', in timeout' il.-vih
wmW ut till. iiikTiini i.;>il,
Hir .I'i'i'r "uhiiii; :n 1 1 1. ;.,
ill 1h- a, huii.'iy .1- I ,^.■.^
.■r!li:'.r;, ai'.il has u,;i.,;-\ I
k'rvicL'S \va. (.[uiio uw\
,b!o actoiiimiKl.uiwii, a;i,l
■ ll^hl ol ihi-i iiluc, l;!,.c
It i-, iiulieil, of it;;. it, .1
moll ili.h_^httully lituak' I
I ilcwii li')!!) i!k' ii'|i o;
Toiiiulit'.::, nicadou ,, v.iiiiii
ilcliTis 1 had jalia!,
lie I'Vc. TIr- lake Hi..:,
Ics in icii^tii, extcMu-. ...
rth, p.nd r.uhcr i-cli.-.i,.
md wat.r."
d.-liribtd in thole ill.-. ..
1 luim a ] an oi, tii^ l..;,_j-
lo pro', liuc, havitiL', S:n.i-
jkI on the louth \\i.ll, \ -.c
'.(.■ll. In wI'.kIi il i.-. ji..:'; !
\.\iU\ and ilic i)ro\i;i. j '^
L- l.ikc \\ i-nncr, ai'.d [ .iii ■ :
L it lias Jiait nt' Nt;!,.;,
vidcs it tVom l'.ail-(lol;i
n uiaiiy l.iki.-> and i:\. ; ,
alliirL-, whciv i.'.rfai quan
f fi'liiilry I , I iiln.h. '. i'V
IS aiv till toil.iuini; :
uhlih llands on i!,i'."-i i .i
K' 101111! . rn liraiuh ol ilir
I, ill-, mio ihc ka, ..!!■!
ll\ , l> i;o liulcs (ll'.':.i ;'.
H, and :25 iVoiii Si n k-
i^ not .',! an(.ii-nt ;-.....,
', under the rcigii ol kin-^;
have <i,|-;vnti-d it gri.il j-n
a (.onridiralik- ni.iil. 11. i.
K-IL-. In iIk- war ot i'j.h.
oil ifl'irls to ruin ihi^ > ii .,
li.l-> lifin to Will i'uviu 1
'I tl;c llron;,c 11 ii'.a;-i;i;iiv-
1:1, n\u'.!; i-\i icd,~ any 'n; 1 1
\\-| the eoiimcrce > .;i -•'■
al Sioi Liiolni. 1 oriiie'..
rp.e eil,;!)h!lur.i n; o; 1. ■-
ly Jul-- ha-, liei.'i "' ■. ;
|ii;i,inL; iv.iiili ot! ir I'ad .
d p'.)rt 1:1 .^^sed^-Il. I .■•■■
and w.U'choiiU--, Vv 1 i ■
uildniu, i\\ ailing, aiv' i. •
.-ui- alio III « ,oiuni">ur ', '
nl, anion;; oilier iuiildr ; .
e arr |i"-liy eonlidi'i u>i ,
I- i . \er\ ihrivinj.;; and 1 ..
1 Ii, h.i\'.- lor inele H'. ■ ;•
>:i I lie nil K.i'..-. I'l-.'
EUROriv]
.s W F. D I-: \.
6;<
trade leenr. to lie 'Jjeltinp, nnuh more anioiv^ll tlu-le
northern n;itions tl;iUi tornierly.
The uintiiiu, ol the i(k- ot Man, however, to llie c ro<.^ n
of Cireat Hritam, wlnre the nierchani-^ of ( loitenlmri',
a-; well as thole ot Copenhagen, had conlider.iiik' ma-
gazines of Ivill Inf'ia i^oods, was a tei-rih'.e lofs lo the
Swcdilh and Danili. • omiianies."
Siv.ira, Skaren, 'r Skar, a bilhopV f.c, ahoiil 12
miles dilhint from I'.e i;ike W eniKi' to the lijutls. and
b4fro;ii Cioiienhurg to the norih-well, was the feat of
the aiuiinl kin-^s ot Swede:-, and l;ad a palace, one
of the Ihteliell, not oi'ly in tl'.e nortii, hut in all l''.u-
rope, .!S mav llill be iudj;eil bv its liruation, wah^,
and llrudure. It is now a delentelefs town, thou;'Ji
forme rh the iiietrojiolis of Weli-Ciotiiland. Near the
like \\ . niier, and tlic aneirnt palaee juli mentioned,
lland-- the mountain i.illed Kindakulie, which i. vcr-.-
high, and produces al! kinds ol herbs ami ]i!ant , i\-
lepi \i:;'.--. f'.verv thing f,r(;w there naiui-allv ; and
ihi mi''iinl;-.in, whieh in.l} be deemed one of the mull
I uiil'ul in the north, is alii> one of the moll delightful,
i!iroui;li the w.irbling ot an iniiniie ii'i;:;i>er i)f birkli
ti-.at mi^t Ik re.
I-inkoping, or ladi.oping, whieh implies the nv.'..-t
t'fl.ida, thinds on the lake \\ enner, at the mourli ot
tl;e river I. -da, w-hieh there talh inti> tlie Like. It i~
15 miies dillani tiom .Sk.irii. Concerning this place
the bilhop ul -Vvraneiies lays.
Wide br.iiK hing [lines, as on wc pad,
A utleom-' lliade aroumi us call :
The nighl o'eilook us at a town
.Nam'd l.mkoping, lo tame well knov.ii,
Wher-.- l;r:l their breatli the Ma3,iii drew,
j.ii.imnes iiul Olaus too.
The \r.igni :ibove alluded to were the t-A'o celebrated
brothers, vi/,, Johannes Magr.us arihbilhop of L'|)lal,
the author of the Swcdilli hiltovv , and Olaus his bro-
ther, who lucceeded him in the arihb.'hoprie, and
\u-oie a treat ill- on the manners (-ulhuus, and wars ot
the n- -11 hern nation-.
There are in this p.rovince I'.vo other cities, Tal-
copii-i.;, and .M.irielladi, bul iiiilher is conliJerabl-.-.
\'t'rnKlanl, or Wernieland, iias Deleeariia on tlie
i.or.'h, Wclleriii.mia and Wrieia on the call, the lake
\\\.nn.'ron tii.-liulh, and .\ )rwa\ , with i)art ot D.i-
li.i, n;i IJK- \\.0. lis gre.u. I'r extent, Ironi call I'l
\\i.ll, is :ui, u"- .;; nii!es; a,,d tro.i.i ii'Mth to tout i-,
•I'out 144. Il has man}- l.i!>e'. and marlhes, is b;it
in.lifilreiitlv cliIio .J.d, uiitl llii'h' peopled. Here
are f'ome iiiinei oi ircn, antl one 01 ; .i[<per.
The ehiei !o-.vjis are Carloll.-.d, or Carliuul, built bv
CiiarleslX. kii.g of S-,^ed.n, I'hillipllad, and Kulcoy. '
Maiiii, 'Ahi. h tUe Swedes ijxil Da.d, one of the
(.li:ii;ell [losiiKe-- in the kiiigdoi-.l, i-, inextinl, trom
iioiih to foul h .iliout 84 ir.iii... ; and trom eall tou-ti;,
not .ibovi. 24. It i^ full of niountain--, lake.^, aiul ri-
vers, whiih tall into ihe lake Winner, and has ])rett\
iMiod |ialliires i.ir can';., whuh are ol larger li/.e th.in
i.i-diiiiirv ; I ul I'therwilc the i nuntry is b;irren. 1 ).ile-
leburg IS the ehlel pl.Ke in this provinee.
South (roihland l.:is Kill and Well -Ciothland on the
north, iind is furrounded every where clfe by the I'eii.
Il is divided into thr.e iirovinees, liall.ii-Kl, Sehonen,
and Uleking.
[Iiil'.md h:is the lea "( Denmark, or Categate, on
ilie louih--.vell, Sil.rii.ili on ll-,e louth, and jiart ot
[•■.ail-f.iolhiand, and Well-f ic,ilil.uid, on the no'-th-e:-.l!
;;i,d 111, nil. Il . e\teiit, al )iv_i, the li.-a-ioall, is about
-5 miiis; bul ik greatel briadth is not above 22
miles. This il a ple.l.ii;! and Iruiil'ul country, which
b.'longe.l fonueilv to D.-iim.iik, but u.is, in 1645, en-
gageil to the Swedes a., alecuiiu for a tree palkige ot
liie Sound ; and w.is atlerwards vielded to d'em for ever
by tlie to at \ . f Rokhill.
The ihiet towns lure are I hi- tollowing: Ilalmflad,
the capital of this [irovince, has a good harbour, iind
Is a place of trade. It was tciriiried b\ Ciirii'ian 1\'.
king of OenniP.rk, but yieldeil to S-.veden by the treaty
ot Rromlhro in 1645.
I.aholm luis a citadel, and good harbour.
halkenbelg is a Ici-jxirl, di tended byacai'le.
Will berg is a linall town with a ilrong caftle, and
a kirge harbour.
Sclionijn is a peninfub, feparated from Zealand by
the Sound, which wallies its coal! on the well. It i-i
bounded on the north, partly by llalland, and partly
In Sm.aland: on the eall it has jiart of Hleking, and
the Baltic lea, which waters it alii) on the t'uuth. It is
about 80 miles trom north to louth, and about 60 from
eall lo wed. As it is the mod timthern, it is alio the
mod fruitful province, abounding with corn, cattle,
fowl, and all conveniences of life. It has alio mines
of lilver, lead, and iron. This |)roviiice belonged
tormerly to the Danes, but was yielded to the Swedes
in 1660. The Danes again lei/.ed the gre.;tetl part of
it in 1676 and 1677, but were obliged to redore it to
the Swedes by the treat)- concluded at Fontainbleau in
l-'ninee, September 16, 1679. This province is fub-
ji '1 to be the theatre of war, whenever any breaks out
between Swed.en and Denmark, becaule of the ]iro.\i-
niit\ ol thefe two kingdoms.
Notuithllanding the tVuitfulnefs i-if this ]irovincc,
ihe bilhop of .\vranches ijicaks of it in the t'ollowin"'
words :
Spite ot the wind's tempcduous roar,
\Ve crofs'd the Sound to .Schonen's Ihore,
Our hod there cook'd a llrange repall,
Delicious to a Gothland tafle.
He kindly urg"d us Hrd to cat.
Sprinkled -vvith latfron, I'alted meat:
I'lien on board at once ajipear
Raw mutton-tliikes, dry'd currants, beer,
Sweet -fccntcd herbs, rice pounded, wine,
Cloves, and quick pepper, lifted fine.
The 'able latl lull man\ apound
Ofgnigcr, butter, lugar, crown'd ;
\\ itii milliard, honey, fennel, oil.
And coriander. All the toil
And (kill of Hecate coukl ne'er.
In St\gian ihades, I'uch cates ]ji-epare ;
Nor worfe tiie drug-^, if t.une be true,
\\ hich unrelenting llep-dames brew.
I'-ach dilli untouch'd, we hatle a-Aay,
Relolv'd to travel night and da\ .
Thro' lir-trce forells, l.irge and brown,
Wc pats to (iothlanders well known.
Our tliirll ,uth protler'd me.ad we flak'd ;
Thev then brought billuils, whiih, well bak'd ,
\\'itli liilt iindiin'mon thev [irepare,
And hariienin the Imoke anil :iir :
Your knife can no imprefllon make ;
Then, in its lle.ad, a hammer take.
I.uden, the capit.".! of this province, was foritierlr
the fee of an arclibilhop ; but in 165S, when t'le
Swedes took the cit\, thai dignitv w.xs removed to
Copenhagen; and it is now only an epilcojial lee. It
was adorned with an univerlity, ererted by Charles IX.
in 1668, which ha^ i/i-iiduced en.inent men; and parti-
cuhirK the celebrated Samuel I'utfendoiti": but tliis
uni\enity has been lupprelied.
I.uden was formerly a very ronfider.ible city, in
which were 22 churches, whereof the cathedral ot St.
I.iuvrence is a miignilieeiu Ihiiolure, having a very high
t'pire, which is a land-mark for liiilors ; and a clock ot
the moll ingenious loiitrivance, laid to be tlie work ot
C.il'per Rarlholiinis. It not i-inly lliews the hour, da\-,
month, and year, together with all the felliv.ils; but
the movements, arc lb artilicially contrived, that ,11 ih.e
hour two horlemen come forth, and encounter eai h
oilier, giving lo many blows as the hamiiier is to llrike
upon the bell: then a door opens, dilcovering the
\ iigin Mary tilting on a throne, with our Saviour in hei
arm>
11/
M!
i
ii
lal i
m
6cC,
A NT.W AND AUTHKNTIC SYSTKM ok I'NIVKRSAI, (iKoriRAPF IV,
¥f
iH-:
„i^^
.: ''r
flM^'
ii.
•I'
mil.
arms :i!i'.l tlif will- iin.:i iviyiii;; thtir Iu)iikij;i.' lo liim,
wliik- tAO tnim|)cui-. ruuiKi a notcut tiiumiih. In ilu'
in.'ij;lilxiuiiK)<Kl il iliis tiiy is llic liill i);i \\W\di Uv:
kii'.'.s ot Sweden wciv tanucrlv ik-ct'-il.
Mclmoi.-, l,;iiiJlkriFOii, .iiid i.llirlnirf;, .'.u' |ll.u■^.■^ now
great l\ (Ml tlu- ui.-1-liiK-.
'I'lic pnAJnii.- or di!lr'k-t ut' iili-king i-* litu;itcil bc-
twnii Sni:\!.uul, Sclioncn, and i\u- U.iliii-, lh\-tilii's
above 80 iniLs in 'n.n^tli, troni e;ill to \\-j'\; and i-.
about 50 tioiu riorili 1 1 loiitii, ai tli.' broadcli pan.
'I'l-.j coalb arc rock\, ami tin.- interior |ians mountain-
ous, uoodv, and b.ur.n. 'I'lie ] ruKij ,',! to\\n> are
tiielc :
C'lirillianlladt, wlmb lias been I'everai time, taken
and retaken in the toiirie ot the wa-s with Denmark.
Clirillianople, whieh was onee tlie laim.il ot this
[irovince, and iiad tormeiK a good harlxau', uhieh
t'iiarles XI. took a i;reat deal ot jains to ruin ,ind ren-
tier ulelels.
Aliuvs, which is litu-.led on llie Haltie, at the moi.th
ol the river 1 lellea, has a UiU', e.ii)aeKiU', and uuali-
treiiu.i. ted harbe^ur. And Carlliioun, v.hieh iuis aa
i.\ 1 1 lit harhojr, aiv.l 1- \\:\\ toiiilied.
!• I
\ \ 1).
I' I
I Ills nrand divilion ot Sweden ■ il'xiu'. 31^6 miles
in Ie!i;4th, trom north ;o limtli, and ^15 lro".i eall to
Weil. It i< bouiuled bv t'.ie B' thniau (iulpli, p.u't ot
RuHia, ;i:i I part ol l.aplaiid. It abounds in ji,rain,
cattle, ti'.h, &c. ot wlneh exports are made to other
I arts ot' tlie kini!,di"r,. it likewile turniilies other [iro-
vinee- V. ilh buitr:, eluvle, &;c. 'I'l'.e inh.iliitant--, in
genera!, are Lutheran^; and thev Ipeak a very pee"-
liar dialed, lo .is lo be t'carceiy inteiliyible to tlie
.Swedes ot \nher provinces.
The 1-inlaii lets had kings (.t" their own till about t!ie
muidleot tlie 131)1 century, when they were lulidued In
Krick, king ot Sweden. However, part ot the )>r
vincc of Sivolixia, ail that ot Kenholm, a portion
Carlia, antl tlu- t'ortrel's ot'Nvflot, were by the treaty oi'
/Mil', in 1743, ceded lor ever to RulTia.
I inlaml is divided into ieven provinces, !■ inland
Proper, NMandia, Carelia, Kenholm, Savolaxia, 'I'a-
valiia, and C'ajuiua.
The towns in general, ot' l-inlaiu! Proi)< r, are in-
coiifider.ilile. At .Alio, the ca)inal, is an univerlily,
whi^li was t-'UU'.led and eniliwed b\ the celebrated
tjueen Chrifona ; and the town 1^ the ke 1 t a bilhop.
The lu'Ul'i. are .llmott ail ot wood; .did theepilcopa!
]ialace is conipoled of ikj better materials, except that
it is jiainted red. '1 he town, however, derives tome
trade trom its harbour, in the neighbnirhood ot which
is :> rock (urnamdeil by the w.iter. It is lingular lh.it,
when anv (hip jiatles tins rock, tl.e needle no lunger
pi'iiits towards the north; truni wlunre a vulgar lon-
|e'-ii!re h.illi arile.i, tiiat the rock coni.Jiis a load-Uoiie
uv.-.:-.
Tiic- 1 roviuce ot' NMardiia conlaips the toljowing
towns :
Mellingfors, the capital of ihi^ piuvmce, i a Imall
town, (Ituated on a guljih <.l' tne lame name, u the
'iiouth of the river U inda. h has a preiiv g ..id har-
biur, and an immenli.' tortreli., lately Innh, which is
fi^anilunid l^y 8000 men.
liurg', Rafeburg, and Kkcnes, we pals ^,\\: a- un
Worthy ol notice.
I he pro'.ince oi Careha i~ very truittii!, and exur.d-,.
1 .,111 car. I'l well, about 150 mikx The prim Ijul
to\,ii is \". vburu, a l)illiop\ lee, which li.is conlide-
r..;!, trade, is well fonitied, commanded by a cutle,
a.i.l ".reiiily b<;n tii.d by having a good liaibour.
'1 i.e pTuviii. e of kci 'lolm is e.ttenhvc, liut unter-
tili, ,is it contains many large lakes ami barren moiin-
laiiv. It contains but one plate oi any noie, vi/.
Keiih'-ho, trom which '.he piovmce has its .lame. It
I 1 I'll il my, ilcfended by a very ilrong . itadel, ami
»,.i l.rn.erlv, with the v.hole pr- iiice, !'ub_u.ci to the
Ruliians, till about the beginning of the lall renturv
when th.' (Var j.roinifcd t'haiies IX. king of Sweden',
to lurieiidei the town and prosiiice lo him, if In.- wmild'
aliill him againll the Poles, by wiiom he «as ijnii
clolely IkIcI; luit, being lived from the danger, he
retuUd to |.,rloni) his promile; whuh c.iukil the
Swedes io inva.de his dominions, and oblige |,i|„ ,„
\iel<l up bv tr.aiv, in the year i6i(^ not only tin,
Kuvn .liid country, but alii) the moll conliderahk-
pl'.ce il lr,i«na. IJni tlie Rudi.ms lia;e retaken all
01 them.
S.ivolaxia an inlanvl province is .1 b.irren and dc-
I. tiountry, i,.-,ered with i'oivIIn and aboundint; uiih
l.iki;, whicli alibrd its Ua inh.ibitants -plentv ul liih.
Tlure is not a pl.ue in tlu- whole province th.u nuiiil
dclcripiiMii.
T.ivalli.i, or 'i'avaltland, is a m.uiliy counirv, nvi-
jther n.iuh cult:-..ited, or populous. There ,ir.-'. !..,u
,cser. ii-on nniK , which atli>id a ] ivtiv i -.;-,im^;..;,;^.
'prolr.
I ^a\allu^ the c.ijiilal of the province, i. Ijnii-j h\
'it^ litiiation in a marlliy ground, v-iiiih renders it m
Very dillicult accel'-.
.\hirtin /.dier -iirei-ts Ih.at Ijirger j.n; a Suedilh
I general, lortiii.d tlii:>ci-y in 1:50, in order to kee]> the
i.ili.ibitants in avu, whom he h..,! i blig.d to eniiir.lLe
tile C'hrilli.m r.iigioii.
1 here are lever.il other.lowns in this [iiovinc.-, hui
the\ aw all fmall, and of no inijiortani e.
The provini r ot (.'.ijunia abounds with riveis, wIik;,
imi'ty them..i",e> into the (Juliih of Bothnia. 'I'l ,-
norihirn an : i ill^rn part are liotnid with u.ouiitain ,
but tl-.. ru' ol' the country is tVuitlul.
(. ..!;i;-,.lni;-g, the ci.iel place of this [)t-ovince, from
wiiich u bonows it^ name, i, ild'viided by a good
citadel.
Tne other towns are I'ia, I'laburg, Carelhv, |;i-
coblhid:, l.ochto, Wala, and C'hrilliani'uidt. Of liV.i,-
the only rcm.'rk worthy of notice i-, that Wala \, the
native place of the celebrated fiuil.ivus \'ala, wli K
glorious reign is jierpetu.ited in th.e annal-. of iiilloiv.
S W 1: I) 1 S JI 1. \ I' L A \ 1).
II \\ IN'ti already given a minute defcrijilion ( I'
Lapland in general, both with reljieci to the coiiiurv
and inhabitants, we have only lo fpecify thole parti of
it, whicli oeing u:t'\<r the dominion of S-.vedin, are
; arl!culiii/td by the appell.ilion ot' Sw-edilii l..ipl.i!i.!.
I'luie are Aiigcrr.iaiiRe-t .aptn.ul, I nia-I.apm.uk,
I'ltii.i-i .aiiii'.ark, I .ulr.-l.apniark, Torno-l.r.j n-ari.,
and Kima-I.apiii:.:k. ,-\s the to-., 1 - if 'htle pioviiiu^
in general, coiu.i.n not ,va,. aisicle of real intonn.ili'>:i
iir I ntertainmenf, we omit the inlertion of th.i. i.--
ipeChv.- naiiks, as ledums and ii-iii.!,.Klling to 1'
reader, ionve\ing cnly mere Ic uiul-
1 he I .'lo.-,ir.g iliand-,. immediately .-;)j>i.itaiiiii'^ .
the .row a 01 Sweden, are, there!', re, here introduced ..:
their jiropcr ord^., v 1/.
(. 1 H L A N I)
/'^v)'l lll.A.M), or(j-o.;-ia InloLi, is htnikd fd.-
^^ liihie I'a, over-.igainl', liie loall of JAII fn'i'
iaiid, in S'.'-d.n, f;')iii -.-hi-.h it is .ihout tw-i im,!
di:'. Hit to the Mali. It .k . between 57 and 5S ile^ . • I
111 iiii Lit. a:w\ b.etwi.i iS ileg. 30 min. and ;o deg. .1
eaitl-ng. It > gieatell length, Ironi the Icuitli-weli to
the iiortheall, is aboui 50 miles; hut its br.adiii i>
not .ibove 18 miles, from call to well. Ol.uis M.ii'iiiH
lily--, it .V.1-. call'-d (iotliLind, that is i,j fiv, (Jiu)d Land,
liecaufe it is truitlul, alioui. ding with all the lU.ieirarus
ut life ; and I') well provided with the I t.-iTmgs of natiii.-,
that it may be ranked ar.i.ing llu.-b^ll illanils in the nonii.
It i'-, liiys he, in another [ilact-, a goiKl land, in I --
veral relpet-i. ■ ; the inhabitant' ar-- a good lort of people;
t.-.'.-ie are (.ood harbours all round the coall ; the toil is
y^'^d■. it abounds in pallure;, laiile, -, ild-luwl, lilh,
t'ootl
F.l'ROrE.]
S W R I) i", .V.
f^
>'
i^ a 111.11 llu LMuiiin,
\iili ilu' 1 i.-i'liiit's lit' iiatui.'.
pinui waicr, woriils rind lioaulitiil iiwrMi'. This illand
Iii.kiiu;>.(l ti);;ii,rr. to llu.- I'luiii iii kiii;_;iu-, wlu) rfliiiiKil
it Id lliu 1)i;ks iii t4';'.<, t ir i/c oa irowiis. 1 Ik-
S'\nl''.'> j;iii it in 1(145; I"'' it ^^'i' Ktaki.!! Ijy the Duiicn
in 1677, ami ivlloini Iv) tin- Swciics by the tivatv nt
l'\)iiiaiiil;li..iii in Ky/ij- I'liciv is htiv I'ut wv loiili-
ilfiabli.- iiiv , wliii ill-.
\\illi\, or Wiilmrg, lliv ihitf \<h'\- nt' this iflaiul,
on tlu wi'lUrntivili ut it. It is Iniilt cm tlif iliiliuiv
ill a rock iK-ar tlu lia-ll\i>ri.', liirri'utulcci witli a I'.ri.ii^
wall, and il.ii.iuli.d l)V a I'lcuy llroii[; lailh created
mar tlio luuiidur, wliciv lla' [.^ovcrni.r ol tli- illarul
ulually rclidi's. l)L-aiias ri.Litcs, that llu.' iiiii. of 14
liuirilK'-, and ol liv.ral hoiili'-, gates, and walls, ot
irccdbm-.' and marlilc, wlncL \w law ilui\- in I'l.^j,
made iiim liid^f that this was foriiK-rly a cnniidi-i.iiili.
cit\ : but It I' now wrv iiiiicli dciaycd. It boj;an to b,"
inip'irta'.it tiwards iIk' end ot llu- 81I1 (■.■niiir\', li •('.'
vsliii b time it bixami; lb jiopiili'iis, liiat it i:oiiiaini.'d
io,coa iiihabitaiils, moll ol tntiu iii.Tilianls, witiioui
rcikoniiiL; ihc Danes, Swedes, \ amLiis, Saxon-., Kui-
lians, Je.-.-, (ireeks, I'liiliians, I'olandcis, and l,i\i'-
m.iiis -.vli'i tr.iiled there. Th.-le to!.!;'!!' rs w^re to im-
nur.^is, tl'.at tlu-v couKI make head a^.iinll tin. iuhabi-
taiiis; .ind, ill tile \v.ir I2^>1, ilieiv uiiile a tjuanei
amonell them, ,.nd a liatti • w:.^ t'Hi;^'ii, in e.-jiich j;r-.',it
tiunibers wc.'i- kill.d on both lulv.s. l|:)Wi-\er, the in-
habit.lills pai,ii.d ti;e \,Jl-P; .\,:\ ,VI i;;-...-., king ol
Sweden, reecr. ;kd ti e,|i v.il.' t -e •■M\i;\n rs.
'J he inii;.bi;.'ni . ol \\ '"a .-.le l.nd to or the tirtl who
made li\ dpifi, ..['l.ie il labks ami lea-( l-aii.s. 'I'liey alio
pri-tei.d 10 tlie j; -'y ol b. in^'^ the liril th.it tiiide l.iws
tor ri Hui '.iii'.r v::a. .mil i.avij.;at.')ii. Hut N'h)iuieur
.i.a M.ul jnivi'-, a l-i>.ii,.ii W..U.' 'ilsivive-, thai tney
have latiier admiiied, ti;an iiivmied tlieni. He lavs,
that, btiiig groi'-n rith b\- ti.Ui;, ii.,).i, .lu-v nili'o.hijed
amoiiti theniieb.t-s the lamou.s law; el O. \o\-, a.i ill.uid
in !•:
,de b\ fluni t!,e
'f
that mip,ht anil- anioiiili iiK-rrliaiu.s. Tliey iran.i.iit:
thole laws into their own ianguane, and m.n.ie !ome .id-
ilitions to them; b\ whiel; means ili'.y were not o.ib.
looked Ilium as the .mil "ovi ol the. a, i)ut a.-quired alio
the rep. nation of being the moll tamous traders in hai-
rope. In 1597 tlic Hans Founs lent ile])Ulies to l.u-
beek, 11, ordti to (h'.r.i u|) ia.is aincrnini; navig.itioii,
whith l;.us are (li'l oblerved throir.iioiit the v\hole
Raltie, but they, projierly Ipeakii'^j,, .ire the - ery laws ai
VVilln, with lome additions and improve'iui.is : and
what llu;u> that ihete laws are m'uv modern tiian tholl-
ol Oleron, is, that thole ot l,iil,~k are taller than
tlioie ol VViiby, as tiie Utter are more eoiiipleat tiian
tlule ot" Oleroii.
c I. A .V n
TS \ ivArro'iv fliiot l.uul over-againil tb..- continent ol
South-(?i'.ii'.:aiii|, I. ...11 wliieii 11 is lenar.ii.d iiv a
flniit, which is iU)i anovc nine or ten mil.-s b.\,.:d, ard
i' eaiied Calmarlundt, or thi' Strait of C.U.tiai. I his
illaiid, the name ofwiiicli tit!,i.itit the l..iiid 01 1 lav, i-,
about 70 miles lon^, tr> ;ii loi;:h to north; but its
greatiil breadth is n.M abiive 1. latles, Tli.- Toil al-
Fonis gocKl palluie, aiiei niai.y lien's ot o.\en, horle.-, aiid
tallow-ilcer teed ujion it.
'l"he wellern eoall is not very poiniuuis, eontainiiig
only two villaij;es, named A!ebv-ck ani Smedei))-, with
ihceity of Horkolni, t'.ie capiinl ot tiiis illand. It his
under 56 tie^. 5^ mm. 111 rih latitude, auci 1 li degree- ,
Bomin. eall lo!-,!;itud<-. It is about 15 ii-.iles dillaiit
fr.ini L'almar lowanls tl'e tiorth-eall, and is deteiule-l
by a caille. The c.dlei 1 .oall, on the eontrirv, i-
Very well peojiletl, and contains, goins:; bom north to
Ibuih, the towns of Boda, Kenbijrij'aril, 1 ioj^abv,
Kilda, Slajieliii^ , fjenfta'iJ. Remalren, iMuMi.bv-,
Stcnalii, with the 'iapcs of llu'deilbul and Olter.b, .
I'licre are many torts and callles to defend this 'lland,
that have been often attacketl. In I5,^oit was t.iken
by the Danes, foon alter wliieh the S.s^des recovered
rsu. Co.
it; I tit, being loft- r.frain.CuRavii'sAdol]-!, us fii^.nll) re
look It in 161 J, \\iM\ uhieh lime it ha^ been tonilanily
jiolielieil by the eiown ol Sv.tdeii.
) A f. ().
fS (if a t iangul.ir form, the lide^ be-In!; from 10 V>
25 mi.es in len^t!'.. t)n the weliern cape there is ,i
liigh tower, wliieh was built by tiie Icnate of Resel, as
a liL,!it-liouli.- aiul land-mark. Tb.e nortiieniand north
e.il! p.arts are mountainous; ami beiween here and the
continent of f^ltonia, are lome limd-l i.tik-, liviall illand-.
r-eks, he.
If .\ f. I. A N D.
J-J.-\f if .AND, in the guli-h of Finland, is about nim"!
miles ill length. Ihe wh'>lei. but a clui'.er of
roeks, interiperi'd or covercii vith (ir-trees brambles,
ivC. and haunted by a kv,' liares, tint ^row white i'-.
the winter.
A I, A N D,
yY'-^^-l) i' fiiii^X'^'d in the IJaltic, between 40 and
50 miles from the louth-well part of 1- inland.
The cireiimfeiMiee is i-.ear ito niiics ; and the inha-
bitants near 6000 in number. Thefe live in fmall
hamlets, as there is no regular town in the illai.d ; for
indeed, the peafant:. have aim. Ml remonllrated againft
the tuundii.-g any, which the S-.vedilb government liave
been ikhrous ot etl'eCtiiig. The unhappy king luick
Xl\ . was contined in a caille in this id.uul, which goes
under the name ot C'a!;leholni An ingenious travel-
ler mentions tb.e tollowing curious particulars concern-
ing it: "1 arrixed (lays ho) in half an hour, at the
caille, and alighted uniier the walls. It llands in a
be.iutitul htuation, on the banks of a river, uid com-
irar.d- an extentivc view on cverv tide. It was not till
ittjr .1 ijuarter of a:-, iiour's f.-arc!i, that tiie peafant
who dr«)ve the carriage, antlwiio hail known the caille-
.10 years, fould dileover the pailagc which led to the
chamber I'.licre ti.e king bad been imprifoncd, and it
was with dill g >..ter ('iiii. ult\ 1 ccu!d enter it when
lound. I crawi-i! u, 0:1 mv b.i-.niis and kn -cs iind.er a;i
arch, ti'.e lloncs ot v.h'cii favii g fallen down m a
Ciurl- (it \ears li.d aii.iMt lilleu up the wav; and after
j.-alUn.; t'-:-- iiariov.- tiu.-iKe i had two l.idderj to
miHint, which liul 1101 ajipear capable i.f bearing too
imi.li j'lelluiv. 1 tnilowed, however, where iny guitle
l-.-d ih.e V.3.), and entered tl'.e .lixiittiient through a trap-
do- )r. i mu!t own that I wasllmcL with comp'airion
aii-.l horror, to think that a loeereign had bscn the ten-
.u't 111 kich a i'u:..^oii, width is too mileraljle for tlu:
w:.-.!; 11: ibl.'i"o-r. It is eomj L 'eil of Hone, and \aiih-
id (-v>r l.i.ad. 1 mealuri.d it b'\ "my j^aees : it w.i;
-.tb'iui ; ;( Itet long, and i 2 broail. 'I'lii- light is .ad-
miit..d by a narrow -Aiiulow through a wall live teet in
ihickr.cl-. In one corner is a link- lire place, and in
the other a cuidioartl, hollowed in the wall. The
llooriiig is of brick; and, as the pea-imt pretended to
llie'.v n.e, is worn a\',a\' 1.1 t!i<"le 1 i.ices where the king
was ul'ed to walk."
This illand abounds in call'.-, and fomc wild bealls,
and is plentifullv fupp.lied with lilb. It is furrounded
bv main land-banks, rocks, and fmall illands; fome
ol the latter Ix ing inhabited, aiul others uninhabited.
Of thef. little illands tlie moll remaik.ible are I'Jkero,
,wl.ieh is lix niilis long, and le])arated from Aland only
In a ruv.- I'f three miles over,) Idvs, 1 .aiidlweden, Ro-
dan Nyan, and Lap[)o.
R I' c r, N.
D L'Cil-'.X, which is filuatcd in the Baltic, oppoliio to
Stialfuad, is 23 miles in length, aa-d 15 in biv.uith,
wiih the liilcof a )irincipalit\ . It abounds with corn
and cattle; contains a town calicl Bergeii, a ihong
bv iiatuiv, and well fortiliecl bv art,
i ■'!
i f
\^
i
1 .11
ii
1)
Thr
6sS
A Ni:W AM) \l IIII.MK ^VSIIM OF rM\|,R,s\|. ( .rocRAl'l IY
.,1
J,
' ,1 ''
mi hi
T\k r.uuo in;j,ciiiinr. tr.u\'ikT. wlioiu '.vl.' li.u,- Ivtor..
ijuotcJ, ill liKMkiiv.', lit' hi-. i!.,;utii'v tVoiii Finland,
ami loim riling the .I'li.uxiii ill.iir,!-, i',i\ ., " It n.i. >\\\
iim-iitiou to h.u-c j;o;i, ,111 I., I liiLiirl l.-v tlif poll r,'Ul,',
tliroiigli llviM.il llivill 111 111. I. iir u\k:, tViim oiu' to .ui-
othcr, tor wli'uli tliuc ii\ imii'i, 'i\ lnvits pruviilvil t'l
lOiivcy ti.uvllor-. Jull .i> I u i> on tin; point ol
c.irrviii^; tin-, iku^n into i\i\ut; ):i, )'. ur or live i : ila'
cou'.itrv people i-.i;ii. .ind prop/olvil !•> conu\- me hum
thenee limit to AWo. I diu imt lielii.Ue ioiii;, luit com-
]>lieii wiih the olK-r, aiul kl'i Alaiul about mkliii_t;lit on
Saturil.'.' . I llept, a- I luul don, ll.c i>reeeiiiiig night,
in iny C'lnw". anc.'. and at l,\e;i in the morning,
found mvlelt in a iiaiTiW | aiiii;;.', luiroumled by h;:;:;
rocks, and the ]icopk- enipio\evl m tnviiig. I made
no quelli.in bur we were alreulv in the iiver of Abo;
i'Ut wa- not a little cli.igrined to limj, on tnquin, that
the wind liadtalleu away, that we were hardly jo mile^
trom the pUee ue had quilted, a. id that 1 mull nol
Hatter ni. leltwith landing in Finland that da\ . Thev
ad le !. tint the whole wav a a> through I'ueh channels
as I wi, then in; and li^voal illaiids b\\\liieli I tail-
ed, were inlialMted ; and ili.u, it I pLai'.J, thev wouM
land me on one ol iliem, where 1 ni'ij'it procure Ionic
retrellv-.v.nt. To this 1 gl.ully eoiu'enied; and abuui
nine o\;.vk I went on lliore, on one eallad l,a;ipo.
I wall-.'.d I > a little hamlet at a mile liillanee tiom i!ie
ihore. I'he poor pealiuus very eheart'ullv brougiit me
ionic ciepm, and aiiif.ed in boiling my cotlee. No-
thing amid e.\eeed their pi.v.rf. ; a litiie blaek bread,
tilh, pork, alio a '.I'll ot i,ii.\,ure they eaileil beer, eon-
iHtui'ing ail tliur lullehaiae. Atier having made a
verv co,,itor:aliic breaklall on tins unknown an^l le-
queiKr.d inland, 1 returned :;.ain H) the boat. Dur-
ing the <\h.)ie da\- we pi;,:ii .1 our vo\age tlirough a
laberintli of'i.u.iH iM.ksand llle^; m,;!r. ot' them eover-
e.| .•.nil 111' and .ilpin-; tome i,\e green aiitl beautiful,
but t.ir the ^reUvT nu.iilier bari\ n and rugiied. 1
could hue taneied m^fclf among llie Cvefule'., t'o
laiii.iu^ in aneient llory ; but here \\er>: no iempk.-s
lacreJ lo .\poll.) 'ly juno, nor had genius and poetry
conlpirci lo render t\erv tliU' and pr.imoiiDrv im-
luorial. M.inv ot the pro|ji_-rs wire, huALVcr, woii-
dertulK )i-!uiekiue an;l ror.i.inlie ; and 1 Ircquenll}
ihipped the boainuii lor a ii.;;:ute, lo sm/.j upon the
e.Kiraordinary kx-nes arouml me. S.imeiinies wx went
flirongii eh.ir.nels of only .lo or 30 teel in bie.idth.
Soni.tinies the water ojjerie.l inio :i Lonlider.ilile e\-
paiiie, and r.ticn iheie d\r\\ .i:cd to Ik :io avemu: on am
hue, 1 wa- .ui.j.iilhed \\.,.\ f;.ev :o i..\ae; l\- kin-\v their
tnuf
wliie
. 1:1 ti:i->
1 n.!ti,::ij
du:ted tiicai.
iiitiRate ar,
bi-iK.e-. Ion.;
|-ph \iiig 111 i/e. Ihrougli
. 'Riice luuid have ton-
S K C r I n ■; ill.
Di'.n;'! >i of .'[>,• l\-,-,.Hs, I) ■■•, Di'}rjU:oits, Mmiu-v \
cf /..•"-';„■<,', uUjlr:ni Ru^.h, /•.';,;.. ,1 ■v,/.7.r, D:i:rjic>is,
M.:iyu'^ies, iumr J.s, L.u-'it'.nr, /\,:i^;oii, Lt'annug,
i-.. (f ihe Ir.bdl'ii^nh- ct .5::.-..:V7.
Ti ii-i n-'.tiv. ..t ihis euuiitr, are, in general, ol'good
1' ;iure ai'.d r.iliuit eoniiiiuiion, taiiaoie ot tii-
ll.lAlilll
'I i'.ir i..i;r, like tii.it ot oliier nor-
thera liaiioiis, is in.Ji'ejd ;o yellow. Tire women arc
ot lull. pro])onio;i, h.iee g lu I katun-, a.i.l liiolc whii
.lie e;aplo\ ed U Iiom.', are niiitlly tair, lull the |)e.i-
laiits eoinpcl tluir i:i:;i;lie-, to undergo an equ.il liiaie
in all l.ibonuus (.npl noient'.
The tl oailiiiig (.1 ihe .Swe ks is lii'table to the eli-
mate. 'liiedr,;\ol ilu rii h, in winter, > lined with
furs; that ot ilie p I'jr witii lli^tji ikins, with the uot;l
0:1. i:i falhion, tlie .S.ve.lts relemble the (jermails, and
other Kuro]»ean n.uioa-. ■l'h,j\ wear, in luiumvr,
iueh lluti"^ as theiiM-irtumllances enable thciii to jiro-
ture; the great adorning themlelves with lace and
embroidery. 'J'lic eoiiuii m people ;irc, in geneial,
dull of ajiprehenlioii, and little troubled with the Ipiril
"I eiiqu.iy. ll,,y,,.r. it mull be obkrved, to i'»
credit ol the i.un.'i . f;uii, |,v iiiduUry, i-.v- -i ..J
and ttavvliiiig, t;,nie ol il,;,ic ol fuperi-.r rank. '.i.,i-^, J
Inilia lualuie and lol,u judgiiKiu a> to n-..i,c :i\-,,',.
liderable liguiv in life, and to merit the title of ..r,u
and able men. 'Ihe nation h.a- j rodueed iiunw",.
I ell 111 ll.iuimeii. and Ionic learned iiuii; anioii>. ,|.^.
latier ol whom liand the celebrated I'ufk.ulort, 1-,..
loriaii, civilian, ;;i!d j hdoli.plu r; and, of our liiri.'
the t.UllOUs bol.Ulul l.inn.tUs, one ol the Ixll l,;ltut.l'.;, '
in I'.urope.
The inhabiiants of ,S,vcdeii compof,- the fiur fJl„v..
ing claliis: the nobiliiy and geiitiv; ihc lieigy, ilv
nii/.ens an.| iiKKliani-, and ti,e lokli.r^ ll.unui,' -'.'Ki
I'lalanis.
The nobiliiy and g.nin ihkllv apj-ly thuiilehe.;,,
a mihtaiv hie. Tlk\ are nati.nllv cour.igcous ., j
hi'lJMi.ibk, Ion! of ^i,,M, .md l.iup!uoully'oi,kn..:.i
ol the luiuiMii. ot lion..ur; Inn, at the Vauu m,;,
too gener.ilh j.iou.l. ol' ■ laiiou . jealou., ani viii.ia-
iive. 'I'liok' v.ho are eiiipk.ycd 111 the adminilii.aira
ot civil alliiii-, li.oui;h they aie Uiorious and iii.kii-
li,',able, leidom raile their i'pen.!lal ions above wi:.;i ih..-
iieceiliiy ot tlair eiiipui\ luents reijuiiv, their at:;ii:.,,
liroLeeding not t!i much tiom iUiih, ;is e.\i ..rienie 111
Ihe ti.iek ol 1 uliiitN. 'Ihcy pivlerve agraiilul ik-pori-
meni, and iu.ike the bJl aiije.iancc thev |)oll,|,lv i„;i,
iii order I > gam tiie rJoLCt of iholc luneaih ilkr.J
i::i\ never ik leer, I t> .n\ uu; l.tuiicnt ,11 llic ciiurei:.
the pr.ieii.v o\ l.'.w or pl'xjir, „r the c.xercile ot .,, ,"
tiadc: I ,r •.;;i! ilu) e\ :r ;i,. f pt tiie comniar...! : ,
iiH-rchai.! V ; ,ji, (liouuh, t'.i g.on ex])erier„-c in n,.. .
time all!.,' , i:,;, wiii l\ib:5;i, 10 liie lo.wiL of';.. ,,;
toicii:;! >. HI ;;ri ■• .
''•s :'"i:.:. nobiliiy of .Sweden go verv much !:;: i
the ioenen iii.ii..:, Ivr/xe, l-.,illi b_\ ica and land; .1,1,1.
through a pi;i,.r, le of p,...li, \ inif'uU nation, thev u-
teivc rank i\ioiv all Oliver,;, bevaule, bv the \.v\ .:
.S.NCvk'n, '.,Iui'. tl:e\ return ini.) their own i(nintr\, 1 ,
rccci\e the liiiv.e n.;;k in thei: oi.ii niili!ar\ tin ice lii..:
ihey hekl .ibroa.l, wlieiebv they .:;e not uiio aiKaiA. 1
imiui tidier than liu-, could p.' li.bly bi h.ulthi} .,.1
beui ;ibr:.'.d, but beiome Iiimi iiiends lo the l-uiii'i
inteni], v.ir..' ■, \ paitiiular iv!ali\e to it c...imes lu i'c
deb.iUi.l bJ'.,:c t'le diet.
Ihe 'i-:..} ot Sweilen, wlio are very nununms
alkrf grtat gr.ivit\, are elleemcd holj.itable, and ].t\-
lerve .i diliiiiguillietl aiiiiioruy ovu' the lo'\er order, 1
[leopk-.
Ihe ciii/ens and merchanis j'lod on iiv a f.eaf.n
tra.k, without ingenuitv to diu.rv\i, or Ipint to p.:;-
liK, i,vA\ bi.i.ielK . ot i.ii;./.Ki\.., iDtwidillaiidir.g ...]
ihe care and eiKourauxiiicnt bellowcl by the kgill.i
tore.
'lue foip.nion loldiu-' endure ciiei, hunger, 1, ;.■:■:
marcl-.es, and hard lab.iur, to adiiii,aii.:n ; Init t!;i."
karn tneir dut\ \er\ tlowK, and are ter\ iceable ir., ::•
In their obeelieiKe to comm,unl, and llamling ih. i
giouiid, than by anv great lorv..ironel , t.i atUkk t. c
eneiin, or.lCliMiN in e.vemting ihcir ordei-.
The leanien are \erv liold and aet.w, and w. ii '"-
Itrueieti in their bulliiel^. 'i'lux li.ive lull !i-ni::i\,-.
ot mor.ility cml honellv, and pav lueh anenti.m |.i .-
lig-.ous duiio, that the captain oi ni.nl;a:it 1!,,, ^
ha\ealwavs prayers twice a ilay, \.l!et!;er the Ihip- .:..
in harbour, or at lea.
I i;e jH.ilaiil-., wlien Icber, are oblojuious and r'-
Ijiecitu! ; but, when into.\n..iti- i with tlrcing liqu,;,
furious and ungovernable. "1 in v live in great p-
veri)', and rudel\ jiractile leveral mcihanival arts, wlmii
n'.-celuty tiaehes them to exercile, luci; a.^ 11 aKiiig li.^.'
o.vn llioc-, cloiiies, tools, an.l iniliumeni'- ol iuii-
I andr\'. Ihey are \ir\ oblign;.;, cea.rte..u-, and k-
niarkalilv hoipitablc to llraiigers
.•\ii f.nglilli traveller, who latelv made a tou'- through
.Sweelen, as a jiroot ot this dilpo!itle);i, remarks, that
nothing lan ixtrcd tin- generou^ hofpiiality lie f(.ii(ul
every where, lie liivs, it woi.'.d e\,ii lie relented, 1.' .1
I ban;;'"
nil Ik- (iblcrvji!, m i! •
I IV iiiiiiil'ry, tx;-. 'i.'K ,
i| liij ..riir f.ini.. ,i..iu' u
iKiil .b to ir..;.c ;'. v'l -
) iii.Tit the titli- nt i;ri,u
I'.a 1 roiiiKvxl Miain i v-
kanu'il iiKi) ; .Uiuiii^; tl'c
ckliniU-il I'lililiuliirt, hn-
.y\w\-; ;uul, nl' our lliVc,
imt ot llii- I'cll iiaiiir.'.a.'s
1 iMllHiutV till' li'ur 111', /■.'.-
I littltlV ; ll\o l.ii.r<l\ , !,!..•
the lulilKiS kauKri, -.mJ
Uiillv ;»l'l'ly tliuiili.!\.'< ;j
naluiilly i{nirai;tous .; 1
lul li.ru|.liuiul'.y unkn..:.;
; Imt, :it the laim Hh; .
itiipu , jialdii ', atri viikiu-
oyal m tin.- adiv.iiiiltiai'.ra
aiv l.iliuriiius and iivki.i-
|)L'i.uialK)iis ahiivt.' \\\:.\ \\\-:
■ni> ivijuirL-, iLcir al:a:;...
)iii liiulv, a^ LX) i.Tic;i«.c 111
V pivli-rvi.' agnKitiil tleiio;-!-
l'ijc:.iaiicc llicy jxillililv i..;;,
I lit' tliulc litiuall. tiki'.;,
(.m; lo\ iiiiMil 111 llie lIiuii.::,
, l:r, or tiio t.xcrLitt ot , '
a'.i' ;ii tiic L'lmaiaiv.! ■ .
lo P..1I1I i-xpcriiri-'i- in lu..
I;;, 0) llic loa.il i)i"i- . n.
.S-Av.-.;.il [\o wr) iiiiK'i ::.: '
l.^tili U) lea a:;a laiiil ; a.i i.
1, \ .:\ ihat iiaiioii, tluA ii-
;•,, b.-i auk', kv t'uc ia'\ .;
n'.\ •> ll;i.ir o'.Mi louiiti' , i .
,; i)'.,;i r.ii!i;.ir\ ki"\ i<.i' !:;..:
tlijv .;;i.: iK'i oiu\' aiisai.i. i
I |..' ii'hiv ki liad tin\ .. -i
lllMl iiitiu'.-, 10 ihc l-Kiu'i
ir u!al:\i: to it tumca to W
w'.io ari.> very nuin.'nni-,
.•■jiiK-d iiol'iilabk-, and l^r.-
irr,\ DVir ikc k)'s;r ordu' ■ I
•ini- pknl on iiv a lAat;:i
1 ,iiuo\^i, .11 limii in 1 ur-
I, i\^, iiutuiiliiianilii'i; -H
lit k'-ll'VAcd ky tkc k-illa
nd.urk' t''id, liur.gor, l-':-,
ti) ai'.nu.aiioii ; hut i!k'-
|\, and aiv li.r\ k-f.ikk ir.i ;;•
liiiiand, and Ikinding iIki
lorvsaruiKl. !•' alia, k t. ;
Jinu, liitir ordii-.
Id' and a.-i.vc, and wk.l !"-
] 'I'luv li.'.v nil! !i;iil:i-. ■•
jiid |)a". liul' atu-i-,li"!i M .-
|ai..lani oi nuukant I", ^
I day, \,licik.r tlic Ikij- •••-
Ir, aiv okk.jUi"'as and r:-
[k.iuI with I'roiiu, hqu. •
'l luv hvo in i;'e.U i' -
Ivual r.KihanKal .iil% wiiAii
Lixiii., luci. a n iKinu, i: -'
a;id m.l.unn.ii- oi iuU-
IkhiviV., i-obrioiu--, a;:d k-
I ','•■'■'' 1
I lan-i\ nv.Kk a vw: throii'^li
tlillio!iiio;i, a-niarks, tii.ir
iiL'imis holiiitality lie kmi'l
lui.'.d i\.n iK-rcienti'd, i: ■'
ib-anv.r
ElIROPF.] S W E
(IrangcT vilitcil a Pm^c wiiliout paying lils coni])iinii.'nt'i
to the owner who I'Xjicits that mark it lii.. attention
nndiel'pei-k 'I'liis iiiilotn plalnlv (hews liow tew pei-
llin.s tn.vel in tlu'k' jiarf* ut Miiiope: i(" they vvi.re mi-
nieroii^, it woiilil, in ail iiroli.ibihtii , ke i|iiiekly laid
aiidc oral l>'all i>lhaineil within n.iiro'.v limit..
With rel'iieei to their manlier ot liMiii^, the riilier
I'ort have a [/rolulioti ot ditlie^ at their eiitertainineiit^,
but 111) talle ill the arrant^eiiicnt or ilil'iiolitioii ol tlnm.
'1 he table {;roins beneath a number of cover., whith
aie all brou^;'!! in at oiite, and then kit to lool duriivj,
a tereinoiiiou- meal ot ,it leall two hours. Hut the
jilologuc to lliis Ueiie is even woiie. Hetorc tluy lit
down to tlin:ier, tl'.j eoiniiany take biv.id ainl butter,
\\hieh thev walli (k).vn with a {tials ol braiuiy; and
this talliuni j.revaik not only amoiij', perliins ot' eoiuh-
tioii, iail ex.endi e\en to the ladies as well all the
IlKll.
Till \va\ ot di\i iin^ the relidenee ol' winter a;rl
(umiiie.r, a.. i)r,.v;iili.d in l'',ii{;laiid, takes (il.Ke here
(Miiv in ]).irt. M '.:!V ot the no'oihty and riehell ot tl.c
gellt^^, live entirely at Sloekiiolm, liareely ever teeiiu;
their etlates. Others live entire. > in the eouiilr), never
teeing the ca|.ita', at kail but vi')- lekloili. S inic,
however, ha\e lioules ai Stoekliolni tor the u inter lea-
Ion, but lue in liiinmer on iheii I'llates, lia\ingvery
gooil hou'.e-, whiili tlje\ ornament with gardens anil
plantation .
As the nokiiii\' atai ^..lun ol' Sweden are chiefly
c'ng.i|j,ed in imhi u' em|>loMiu'nt^, it u ilierctorc little
to be wondeied at '.l-ait liiev lliould be tond ot martial
entert.niiiuents, whiih are lure ti\.%iuenky appointed
by the kinif lor their anuilemeiit--, Ins m.ijedy liimlelt
generally attending in pkrl'Hi. Ol one ol tliele cn-
leitaiiimenls we preleni the I ill.iwiii|^ particular ac-
count, given li'. a gentleman, in a letter to hi' Iriend m
Lnglaiid.
" A Ipctacle of a lingul.u- kind detained me at
Stockholm. '1 he fcene lay in a Lirij,e park, about an
1-nglilli mileu!lhout the gate ot the city, where the
tamp has been ; nclud lome weeks, aii'.l whicli is linely
adapted t r a niariiil eiitertainmeni, h.i.n ihe nature ol
the ground, vvlucn is irie \uiar and lull ot ik\iivities.
The riling i..irts ut it were covered uil'i mi. ill woi-ds 'A
fir, and it is divided bv a branch cil the .M.uler lal.'e,
liver u'iih is ;; Ijoating bridge.
" 'I'he kiiiL; il S,\^-.ie'i I oiumaiuled about two regi-
lueni-, in..i!U intantr\. lbs younger brother, jiiince
1 r^dsi'ii i., Iia.l un 'el hnu near lOOO troop., horle and
to,,i. 'li.eNwea e:Uir.lv ignorant oi.acii others mo-
tion, hi. ni.iielK- only i :uie:'.\i'u;i;".', to lurround the
liiteiior aiin\ , ;'.iid the ivrae e\v mm". In-- end.amuis
to clleet a kiue r.ire.i! I'he c]u.'en-dow,i<',er, with
her daugiiKr tiie priiicels ol Sweden, were prelent in a
little o|»eii cliaili.', -..Iiicli permitted tliim lo follow the
toldiers over the lit id, and lie inek'at e\er\ where. 'l"ke
king, eliTlt'ed in his iiniinrm, w.'.i i.. ii.ited on a cream-
coloured h.irl'e, anvl ap' k ared a.s I'u.di anim.ite.l anu
inteielled in rliis ellay ot arm , a'- ,.e coiiM luue been
on a da\ (.t.;.tion. It w.\^ about !ue in tlie evening.
I lannot |.!\tMul to piniue the t.vo gi..'.er;;I.- liirough
I'le diti'erent .'.'.inicuvres ot tlieir c.!i>lu:'l, which p.uletl
in two r.ipiil .i iuaeliion, and were ot t.\ ) intric.itc ami
uncertain a nature, to ad. nit ot a minute dekripti.in.
'I'he retult, h.owever, w.i- tavourak'le to the ki.ig. Mi.-.
brother having neglectetl to lei/.e on .i pull uhicli
might have ce.,i!nianded a retreat in c.iie ot emergence,
lound his error too l.u. ; and wiien he would liavj
avaikd himtelt ol ihi^ p.ilkige, dil...i\ered that lii^ ri-
val's troops were alre.uly in poll'^lilon ot if, having
crcilled the river in boats lor tliat purpok'. Alter hav-
ing in vain endeavoured to lorce tliem liom this [Kill,
he kirmed his inkintrv into a hollow kjuare, and main-
tained a Iniik lire on all lides llir a eonlielerable lime ;
but rinding himlell environed In a much luperior body
of forces, and no poiilbilily ot etcaping, he delivered
up his t'word to the king, aiul his loldieis irmamt'il pri-
luacrs ot war. Ills cavalry had, however, tei/.ed on a
6J9
]) V. N.
Iln.ill, but moll ndvanttgcom l|)ot, and, unternncil by
the tulc ot their companions, ivtul'eil to I'uiTfnder, ami
deinandeil pcrmillion to march oil' the ground with all
mliiary honours. Their fate was not vet decided when
I tiullit'l the place at eleven o'clock at night, it
wai a \eiy eleg.ini and g.illant diverlion, finely ikligned
t ) cultivate and [iraotiie the op< 'uions of' a c.inipainn,
and keep alive the kn'>'.\ ledge ol uar iven ainiml the
nioll I'rotountI peace."
'J'liere is a tlieativ at .Siuckl.nlm, on which, during a
inrt of' the year, arc repreleiited brencli coiiietlie . a"id
I •netimes concerts and orotorio'. ; but the times of
a ling arc very irregular; not ni.eting alwavs with en-
courage nieiit enough to kee]) it open even in the win-
ter; I.) that it ha, been k:v)\\n to be Ihut up tor
tw.i vears together.
1 lie niarriagc- of the Sweiks are generally govern-
ed by the will ol the parents, and foundetr lb much
u|)uii inierell, that the incliinition of ihc parties is little
regarded, nor the nation r.uich troubk-d with the cx-
tiavMgancks of lovers. Sualing of niatches i. hardly
heard ot in an age; nor lan the church give licer.te
to iiiarrv, without publieaiion of the banns.
I'crlons of i]ua!ity of both te\e% coinmonlv remain
unmarried till thirty, or above; becaule their fortunes,
on both fides, being in their parents luands while they
live, liiev are not in a condition to maintain a familv,
till the death of relations, or advancement to oliice,
turnilhe. them with the means of lubiilling.
The women, in general, are more diliinguillied for
their chaluty bekire marriage, than for iheir Hdelity
alter. Thev are very fruittul ; and leklom fail of a
numerous itfue. As before hinf.il, thev are no where
greater drudges than here; the meaner tort being, be-
tiiles the ordinary olilces of their I'ex, put to plow
and threlli, to row in boats, antl bear burilens.
Domelbc tiuarrels happen leldoin, and more r.'.rely
becon;e i ulilic. Divorces fcarce ever hair.en. Cou-
lin-german, may n.it marrv without the tl;e ki:;^', dil'-
pen.aticn, winch is more t:e,;u.iulv gianietl than r ■-
tuled.
The Swedes generally, in nuptial c rcmonies, have
art'ectc-d pomp and fupcriiuif, , Ikv,.:..! the i)i^,Mrtion
ot their abilitie-; l.ir, by the e\i.els of one ckv, ot'-
teiitimes many ot them involve tliemalves in i'uch in-
umveniencie.., that they cannot remove tlie.n fur I'ove-
ral ve.irs,
'i'he lame is obkrvable in t'-eir funeral foiemnities,
vvliieh are uiuaily accompanud with great ijllity and
lealbng, and to gain lime to make liieir iv,v;.aratii.>n:,
they commonly tranl'port ti:eir dead to vaults within,
Ml- adjoining t') the chur.he:, where tiiey remain un-
buried kmie luunih;. But of late ihefe, 'and other uii-
necell.'irv expences, have been much k.iil aiide.
The Sweditli l.u guagc is formed ot the ancient Cro-
thic, or Tutoiiic, and bears a near altinity to that of
Jknmark. Tnis language is a dialect of th.c ATtcto-
•-lotiiic, Ipdkeii ancient:;, by the ini;.ibitants of Mieiian
'lartary, from whence the northern parts of Europe
aie lupjoleil to have been ]ie.)p!eil. The only (peci-
men of the language then Ipi ken by the Scythian
kioths in Mafia, is prelerved in a book at L'])lal, being
a tranllation of the four goipels, hy Uphilas, billiop
ot the Goths, I'eated u|ion the Palus iMxotis. The
[.uiell; dialect ot th.is ancient tongue is now fouiul
amoiig tiic Dalecarliaiis, or Mighlanders of Sweden,
.did in the ifland ol' kj..'.nd, in which ])ln'-- it ap-
p.ars to have a l'u''pn!ing conformity to tiie i',n<dill),
both in language and pronu.iciation.
The religion of Luther was cllabiillieil in Sweden
loon .liter it began to j.revail in the I'r.tellant j'arts of
(iermany. Gulhivus Vai'a was the prince who (iiil
introduced the tenets of that Thcologil't. He ali.end-
ed the throne in the year 1523, and not only rendered
the legal dignity hereditary in his own tiimilv, but etta-
blilhed the reformed religion in Svreden, where it has
ever liiice continueel to tlourilli. This is partly owing
to the laws, which prohibit all iioil'y fecb; and partly
to
\^
• 1
ill
III
J ■
■1;
66o
A NIAV Asn Ar'HIIMlC SV^TIM oi l'NI\ I ,Rs \|. ( .l.fK.K.AFf I\
,.
M
M,
'i
'■ i
it
1 1
Jh
,1 =ir
lo llie rare, afTKluitv, and i\i;ii!.ir liviv nl tk- (.ki;iv,
In wIikIi tlicj aii|Hiu a rurpiilinj; iiiduinic t»Vii tin
minil^ ut iliL'ir iuiiliriuf. An .uur.iin (v.is iuki- mmli
to rc-iil.ibiilli tlv.' Roiiut) ( ailinlit r^li^i'in in S^u•^l.l1,
ani! ihc pciic ot t'.ii >.ouiitrv was nut a littli- ililliirl)i\l i
but the Iclniiic pniviii aouiiivc ; ami nnw ilic };iivcrii-
incnt is to iiuuh uj'uu it> j;iiaril a>;ai:ill ativ tiituri-
cti'ort ot the like kind, tli.it i\o |ii>|'il|) ]iii<.l) laii
enter the knujdoiii without ruiiiiin!; tlie riUiue t>l
c.il\ratiun.
Till Svvidilh cluir* h is i;iiverni-il li\ (hk ari lilMlliup
and tiurtvM) uitli.i;j,.iii>, wUo nniiinc thoiiUihis mtiivlv
to the oiLUiMiion ot ihiir o.ui tuiuiimi. I'liiy ari',
indeed, pii.i"oiu at the all.nil)l\ ot the dates ; l>iii are
never called to C()ii:kiI ; nor do tluy ever inteiiii.dille
in the adininilhaiion ot iLite atJ'.iir^. Tiieir revenues
are very iiuKleratr. that of the meiropohtan not i. \
cecding 400I. lU'riinm and thole i>t the billiops ,;re
proiwriionahly liii.ilKr. I'lukr tliele are levui or
eii;ht tupenniciul:uil«, veiled with the power, tluiutih
not the name ot liiil>ops ; an.! a provoll, or rural dean,
prehde> over each 10 ehurihes, to lui>erintend the eon-
dud ot the interior clergv ; the nuinl)er ot whom, in-
cluding; ihaplains and cuv.ite'. ma> ..mount to 4000,
tile ihurehes ill I'inland and S,\tileii l-.eiiig little lels
than Ii.ilt th.lt niiililier.
The mctroj'ijhtan lee ot Sweden 's I'pial. 'Ihe in-
terior diorelej .vre thole ot i,inko|.inu, .Skara, Str.ng-
nil's, \\ elkros, W e!;tt(», Aho, Lund, B.)r};,o, (i,jtten-
burg, Caliua., Cari.iad, Uernoluid, and \\ ilhv. In
the eleiiioii lit the archbiili >p, ail tiie e(^n^l^t^)rie^, or
chapters ot the kingdom, givi. iiuir voies; hui i.u
furt'rigan-. are ciioleii in tne tijliauini; m.mner : thite
peri.Jii^ a;e ]irelented by the thajjter to the king, who
conter^ t.ie ilioiv-li. on one ol iheiii, witli the advice o|
the leiute. Simple belHiiee^ are belloucd in S.ved^n,
as in Kngland, by rig.it ot preleni ition ; wiiiiii is
lometinies veiled in the crown, and lonieliiue-. in tin.'
iiobilitv.
TIk iiiteiior cK-rg)- ar,' geneially ot the lower dil'.
of [H-'Oplf. tons <>t iieal.mis or |M)or uii/.ens; 1,, t!,;u
they live ;he more conie.ited with their lliLill i;uoi,u-,
which ariles trom certain ineonliderable ilue^, j'.l-be-
landb, and one thiril of ihe tythe . The .nlur i,\o
thirds are veiled in the crown, to be uiiployed m j mu
anil charitable iiles. Ni twitluianding their |.o\.ii\,
the Swediili prielU are extremely hoij, liable, and their
Itoul'ei are always up^n tor the relrilhiiiciii ot liran;;ers
and travellers.
The Swediili clniixlus are, in t;eneral, lian<lMnu
and Ipacious buildini2,s, aiul well ornamented. rinv
arc ke[)t neat and clean, in good repair, and turnilluii
wuh rich ait.ar-cloths and vclinnnts.
The church is govenieil aceordin;; toa boti\ ot en le-
(l.ifSicai laws and taiions, reviled I;.' a (.ommiti^c ilioau
from the ditfeient Ibites that compole tiie diet, and a; -
proved by the king. By thele canems it is, among other
things, ordained ■
1. That it' any Swedilh I'libjn^ changes hi- religion,
he (hall be banilhed the kingdom, and lole ail nglii ot
inheritance for himt'clt and his del'cendants.
2. Tiiat it any perlbn continues excominvinicated
above a vear, he lliall be imii-nonw I a montli, during
'Ahi^h he Dull be ted wiih inead and water only, and
then banilhed.
3. It' anv perCon Ihall intrfxliue into Sweden teachers
of .an'.thir religion, he Ihall be lined and banilhed.
4 Foreign ininillers Ihall enjoy the tree ever^Je ol
their re'.igiun only tor ihemrelves and famih .
4. St rangers Ihall noi be allowed to exercilo a ditfer-
ent religion publiilv; and tlieir children Ihall be lup-
li/ed by Lutheran inini;1ers, and educated in their
.ommiinion, oti-.erwile they Ihall noi enjoy ilie privi-
leges ol Swediili I'ulijects.
By thcie laws the laity are obliged to jiav a Uriel ai-
tend.uice to the duties o) religion; and, inileeit, llie
civil magilb-ate i- empowered to imnilh with impriliin-
,-,;e!'.f, aU tlioi'c who aL-lenl theiuli-lvei from divme ler-
viie wiiiiDiit .1 pmiK'r rr ci:!.'. \h<t the rl-nv .v ,• .
entruli.d \mi1i l,,e e-.u.m <r i! .• ov.; '!...•■ -. • .
can the'. tranl,i.-t in.ii. ■■■, ol .iii_\ i:'!port mci- v.u !•■.•,"; i.
lonciirrviice ot the civil |Mv,»\r. iM.,;-a lati!.-'. 1 <';.■
cognizable in the ei cl. liallicnl court-, '.ire now iri;,li,
l.iuLir iribunab. ihe ilergv .n.- n.l eu 1 ji. ;:;,iii.,|
to pron luiice the lenience ot > xciminiuiiiMiiv.n VMili,.ar
the king's perniilli.iii, beeaule in th.it lale, it w,,ii;|
k- coniidereil that tlie line luj be.'ii ilepnvid ot a
lul'ie.'!.
Among the better lliil i\ people, am! the hi-I, r
ranks, tjicre l^ a conruler.ible d.-giee ot .vaiin;','.' V
gooil education 111 Swoleii liis a imn to ihii'u- In am
country in Luroir. In their Miools ti.ev lear;i dr.u.,
Latin, French, Kngliih. and < iermati ; to I'ui i.i.ij
are very fi"v inil.iiKe' o! a .vo'.i:ig m.in'> iiml, r!!,.;. k "
the dc.ul laiigii.igis, ,^,^^\ |,,,t ;)} ,(,.. |.,,,,^, ,,,„,^ ^.^j, ','
malhrot two or three verv iiiet'ui hvir;; on.- .
T\h\ have llviial uni-.en.ii' s. wimii .ir.- pr..vl,I.d
witii ai'le proleil.'irs. In tlule I. iniinri^s the i.- .imi,-
knowhdge is .-.aluial hillory and tne uiitl,,i:i..i. > ,
and therein they Ihcw their g'H-d lenle .is muv li a ..:,»
nation in I'.urope, for tiiere are no other j art .ot knov.-
ledg.' iliat tlelerve f.mueli alt. alio. ■.. thi rell liciiig l.jr
orn-mient aloiu-; but tluie are ulitul in everv branili
ot hie. iManv of their own m itlicmatici.uis are 111 gi-
iieral elieem, as tluv ap; very rarely without kvcial
wliole Works a:e kr.own to all b.u ojc. In naimal
liiliory they are unriv.ili.d , Im:; li, v lio ir 1 (v.\i |i|.ir
tar.i- in this fiaiii.!i r.urJy to I . 1..1 ',r. . ; :. l.li,./
he was born, this lludy wa- the tavo-vte o le in II, ir
univeilitie- ; :i:'d th.'v h:.-,e ) ro iiic il inan>- rvit 1: .t
caiiie I iIk.ii greit r 1 Li' m' 1,1 I .r i! i.-'. .:k. ; : .:i >' v
have linct been ((.''pied !••. Linr.i-'.' , ;,iid hi ;.ui: s
■ .il'ci;iet.
The S.vc'ics are i-riof! d.-liik-iil 11 ti'e p,/;';,- .; ; .
You 1.' ik .\nio',ull tl ii;i :i \.)M loi' : I .ijiiJi ;, .1 [ , ,;. I
;'• itii ir',, or I n.'i.i'. 11. Il 1:.. .v' ; f ii'. r, ;,■ '.
• .!■
re, Hi., 1 il
e I '. , ) ,
I . I a-..-. ■ < ;' r . ,r t e .■ .
ina "iiiKiil artn aitinr il 1 );>!■,!■ ;l t ■■\:'. , ivi- il
I'.. id .1 i.ati)!! 1-: ti',. n. ■;■..! o-, >. i !■•• ;■!■ , I , luv
ii'iiiilv riih, .;r, 1 v.f, li.M.ri'.r. '1 iie .ui ..u ;: •
c!m'!!,. :i ( 1 liiM! •' . W il!;,i .; a ;:;\Mt liow ot e\;,!'v-
iui,[ii.i' li,'.a:;;h ivirv l''.■^ <l t,e ] <''•]' ■, w- iv ; ■
; 'oi'i'MK. Il.it a r,.;liim i^ ivu 1 leh r:<oi,,..^'i l.i; i';l' t.;:,'
.Ills t.i ktin among ihvin. Tiie am!' 1 mat eMi I i\ ■.. I
alw.-,\>be lure ol lometii'ng ii.oie tiian a coni elvi.'' ;
the\ ma'd lia\e ailluen. e. Ti'iy are ',, r.cr.ii, niea oi
warm iiiKigination-, ai.d lovn:, i| pii;ilur, . Ihev
il.ull ua'uge their im !i;atiop', r.li I i.mI be c-:ii ,] t m
poverlv. wl.ile tl..} ar.' :ill(.ir,i 'i;i^_r (,, piiulu-.i' uoiks
lh.it lluilil-e li'.eaumir.ili n wi .ucie iii g .igj'. llihie
all the tamous ages in v\'\\\ lie . .s have ri'.nto .1
great ihgree ol eininente, i.or.i n •.'.':•,■ vtv I, .111 u-. iiie:»
bei.ig cotMllporaries, h.ive uiiiv^.'la.iy 1;, n b ■ rivle't
and moll lu\U|■lol;^ ages 111 the worlil : not i:;..t ive.iiili
is alone luilleii iii will., ml iu.\ur\'.
The Swedes h.ave no jHiel ; lor.ie atte't'i l that I'ti
ol compolilion, but it is ar.vavs 111 Laim, .i.id loi:;.-
ijuently ol nonieru. Their paii.tiis iv vi r iile liigli.r
than very bad portrait one-; ti-' i.iiiie t.i on <ii.i..in-
iiig in Sweilen a^ formerU in Kiyji.iiul, ., i'en we li.vl
notiiing but poririil pamteis, be ..u. ■ no oihers n.i
with any eiicourageii!t iii. 'I'oii hear v.r' ;;ood irulic
at Sloekhohii, bi:! it is all b' (iernu'i iiiu'.' -ins. This
is n.it, therelore, a km-idi m lo whicli air piiioii wouK!
rel'.iii to be e.-ilerta'ee I In the I'.ne art .
Sl,(.-T!0\' \\ .
Ccmmevce, Re-niHii, /lyuuimrn'r, Ml'lrn' cril K.'-:.d
l.divs, JuduiitHrc, L'l . cj l!:.' Kiir^'-K: if.-:...:. .
WIT II relocui to, eo:r.:-'.i ree in general, b le is
no coniiliA iiiwliich iiilaid ii,ivi.',,ltion v. ''.I
be alteiukd wilh letter c.',',' i|ue!:'.e' iha". In Swedi 1, ;
tor all their produas are ver\ buikv , eivl r..u'I h iv ■
V. .'.1 ■■ •
lU't t'lL- cl'T|',- :,'.' ; •
1 ! l!..-' iiV.l !.i.'.' ; • •
i:'!;.(irt.iiK<' v.'si !••.■. ; i.
M.,;-.\ iVA\-. 1 "i.i
.•ourt', urc now i -u.l 1 1
iUt- ii.'t cvi 1 i'.::.iMt,.l
LLiiiDiniiiiiiMiu'ii V nii.iir
ill lli.U l;\U-, It \Sf\]'. 1
j:i.'iv,>!i-, ,ini! ill.- Ii!!'!, r
il.'j!,n\' lit iv.iiiii;'./. \
, a HUM t>> iMui.- 'n .inv
liluHi'is ll.vv kMr;i ( ir.u..
(iciin;\M; l<i I'l.it liuic
\:v.\ i\i.m''> ii-.id, rli..;. i: ^^
■M tir.' I.iiui- tsniL I'v;;^
fill li\nvj,uiK-.
li's, wlii.li iiu- ;i-..\i,:,.l
■ 1, iuin'.rii's ihc i,;' u i: ■
.■.I'd 111.' uiitliv:;i..i, ' ,
H.d knlc a- iiu'.v ii .i ..: y
!V 111) mIIhT ) 111 . i.| kll' v. -
t.,iiui.'.. I'lA ii'll liciii;.', lor
V iitltul u> i-AcTy br.ir.cii
iii\t'" iii.iiHi.iii^ arc 111 j'l
lA rarii" wiihout k\tnil
ail lAiMji.'. In naliual
■i:; li, v i!'> II' I ii'Ai I'l.ir
ii. I.I I.. I us ; ! ;. I -it.."'
iif Mvo'.r !c o !'.• Ill II .'a-
!■(. i'.n il in-,;rr' |-'.'-n ll .1
I ,r i! i.- •. ■.1. ; : .:' '' v
inr.vv , :.iii! I > ;.i-ii- ■•>
•lii HMil i'l ti>o j'i/; :^' :.'. .
.:i'i lor '. I ,,iii!>;, a 1 . .'. i
I ;..■ .A' If o;, ii 11' '' . I
I a '■.;• o:' r .ir t/ .:. - ;
,•,!■, ,:. \\ I -Mi'. , Wl.' 11: A'
I !'•■ !''!■ . r > i'.<\ -
I. ,,:.t,\ rl' .1 . .. .'.•.- .' ■•
l.M .1-. 'I Iv- -lii ■•'•• '■ ■
,; a 'sv'.t liow lit ex; . ih •
- it 1,'c 1 ci,; 1 ■, w ■ I"--. ■
.,t iii'l r:>oi,;..;i |.)r I'lV !,:••
'liic am:' 1 I'iU c.Mii a I. I
iiioii.' than a con. u.i.' ' ;
1'i'i.v arc ', r.cr.i!. nun ol
oMi--. 'I I'naiuri. I l.vy
V, atvl lot I'c c-;'.i 1 1 I.I
ir.l Mii'j; to i.io.i'.uic works
,1 ;iicic 'il 'J, .i|i^'. 1 •<■ !=>■'■
1 ll c . .^ iia\c li' :i to i
tn:\ '.y.:\'\; vc y 1 .ni u^ iiicu
i.is^.-la.ly 1 -.11 i! • rii' c"!
,ic vvorld : iiol in..t vM.^idi
I :' l.nra" attc i ■ i il'.a! Tn
■vax'i 111 I..Uin, and lor.;.'-
ir I'aii.t"'!'- iv Vif iilc li';^i!-r
: i'f- l..li:c ta on ol.i nii-
ih l-'-rpland, .M'<ni vu- l-i'l
lis, Vk-' .iU. • no olllc^^ ir.i
Voii licar v.r< ;v'<'*l i'",''*^
f ( ^.rinan imi'i' ' uw. l '■'''
; 1.. vvincli an' I'lrloii wouli!
hi' r.nf art .
ON \\.
•J !':.■ ki>r\-'':- if •' :..■'■ ■'•
;virura- in crncral, l' !v n
II in! u d iiaviLvuloiv v. '; i
■■ Mil','!:'.'.- than, in Swcilii. ;
vcrv'lnilkv, md r-nl' '"^ '
\'-.'.t -• ■
KUROPF.l
S W F. I) r. K.
f^.i
, •• ill Swi-J.n tn-'.n it did
!iij ii owin >■ 13 ni.iticr ol
re ir)t i^rtM.cr in propor-
lnp;)i!:„i and thou':h I'c-
watcr-cirria^^', or they cunn- 1 I'C fit tc» ir.arUct.
Many of till' lives T'.- navi.Mlilc: ')iit iiii'ic arc nriny
tricki, CDVcn'd v.i.Ii tiitr I ii! Il w<w)d>, which yield
Icarcdy any pro:'.:, Cur vi air cr' wirer-cari :.'.,."•, at tl'.c
I'aiiic tniu- tliat coiiiii ■.•m'/I iiv is icn tliroui/.i iliL-m,
vir.ili m:;dif, at a vrv I'l i i t-.; r: ■ , !"• made n:ivi-
;;;di|c on!;» liy rcn'.ovi;;: i •■ ,.1 iil;il.-;iw.L!uii ., a,,d not l>y
a ;',c(t''ral ilf j'tiii .j <»!■ >■ , ' . . i'.
J'l-w c'.ninriits are bttr ;n| ;>'lcd v\l'li li.riionrs
many <»l v,hii"!) .iiv i \tr na ly i'.m. , ui • .\n ! \\'.c -, und the
luiiiilicr i^ li) coniikl.-ial.'l.', i.'.c ili'ir tr.u'.* will never
Hand llill for want :;;'ili-;;i ..i ar.y ; .i.t of tl;e Lin, ddin.
'I'lie S.vedilh nianii;'i:!'.iii-. arc n<.: ciiiliderabic.
'I'licy il ivc Isrclnun !.:bi;<!.<, in » I li aic wroiiglu
vciy pjdod tint., bull i i' li?:-nj) and, :; :; bit: th^y are
noi iiiMrcon, a' i 'bL-infin li to I'lr', 1/ ihcii liome coii-
Ibinpiic i\ Of <,:.n'. .'iv.! |i.;; cr til,-' i rj.'or: vry little,
llaidua! ■ i; a tiir.'i .T.'liic .Ki...' 'ir ■:', ,; tlv.-iii, not
in tlie Uiie of iiui i;;,i, ,ii: ^lam nam iiu-., Liir|rin-
1 ii).ijiy til tiic '.<) I ,dciy w :y. '1 r. v c, '■. <■:■..■: ::■: i b-.s
I.t c.'.M.iin, V. liicii ti'.ev c,-. .,)it to '.li l,.iii'Ci »;jobclI.
Ill j.',re.»r nu.iiocr, a:;d rn.iiiy w.n r ai.iu.H. Jadi.-j,
tlitv a.-e U;'riv.',!lcd in '..ra irci.i and i ipper ii-,inc:.,
\\hi..ii arc far mot c .nliJ i il!..- thiii tlin;e of any oiIxt
io..in.y ill t'.liri<p ; lo t ,L t' -Y ■■■\-\:\;' Lupprr to nuilt
()! iiic piiipofc. tii.r vc do i^.d 11 I ui.'-nd, likii a..
co',Tiin['s to rlieir cninJi'-, p,i,-i;c buddi.ijj;, great
private c luicc: , bic,
C'.aiiiiicicc iloiirifli ■ . i.'. .
|o;!ic vcars a.;<). 'i'o v iiu
(' Hilit i iDi t':cir pro il' • .
Iioii to tlv,' ir,c;-(Mrc I't ti.i.r
vcralviy ividu loua 1 iws li.ivc iittn nude |.>.' us cn-
cniira^ciir.nt, it cannot Ic llippui'.- i t:-c c;i:"Ct v/anld,
li.ivc ['•t\-n anr.vciaijlc to vdat aj i..;a:->, nnkfi otlur
lealonb ii.ul C'jnlpiicd ..c 'lie fa lie rime. However,
tiic lad i.-;, that th.ir [hijipini'; is riiiitii incnafcd.
'1 li«ir Ibips tliey biiilii .)i a greater b.ir:'ifn, /nd tluy en-
gnrc in more tiadiiu; v,)yj!;e.s t'-..;n r()r:v!.-;iy. 'I'iiis i'.
a point of very tt;cai iniportanc', ; tor it tlicy ate able
to (xport tlic princi[)al pare c! ri,c;r i i.m, timber,
pitch, t.ir, hemp, and copper, i.i t! ci.' o\.ii liottom."!,
it will add more than any thinii chl- to ili-- vc' !i of the
kingdom ; .it the fair.e taiic tiiac tiicir i),:'.'al I'oi ..c will
be iiicrcalcd ^reaily, wnicli is the bell and inolJ: ulciul
lijrcc tlit-y can cherifh. bicrrafni!!; their Ihipping, is
improving and acccieratin;.; th,- markeij U;y ail tii^ir
piodU'.'U, and cannot but incrtai'c them in a very ii::^h
lie^rcc. The b'jilding and fitting out tlie Ib.ips is the
motl advantageous maiuifaiftuic in the Li.i;; io.i, and
that which nvjre, than any other, biin-^i wealth inr.o
ilic countrv. Tiie braneiic;. of commerce, which th'.'y
have more particularly inc:-.'..!cd of late years, are rlie
l'',all-ln(li.i trade, the trade to Portugal, Spain, ...nd
the i\lediterrar.ean.
■J I.e exports of Swcdea arc iron, woo.l, i,ir, |.ipc-
llaves, Uried-coil, copper, lirafs-wire, pitch, licnines,
and t:.;in-oil. 'I'lie i npcirts conlill c'' grain, various
kinds cf provilion., coliee, llax, ir.an'il.ictiiriiig jn.ite-
riah, fii'ar, hemp, C\'c.
It \s till ■■,il.T, ili.ic about one half of the bar iron
V. '-.icli i, in.idc in tnii country, is cxjiortcd citi-icr to
(iic it Britain or lit '.a;;.!.
I'he trail'.- to I'ortv:
^■:)A wine.i, is in 'avv.:
lor tliofe commoiliiiv
I'lut the trade to l-'rance is dellrui'Uvc, as it takes otl
In: f e V ot' rheir co.iiinodities, cxcejit iron and a li'.tlc
br ilV V lie, y. t lun.s awa'.' v, itii a great deal c;f their fpc-
I'c, ae,,! rcriirn^ tlie-n li,ndly any thing bur luxuries.
■] ne I .ivment., ill tins country arc uiualiv r.-.ide in
upper, th it l)cin[;; the piiiieipal, b-nt, at the I'.i r.e time,
a v-erv inconvenient medium of trade, as lome of the
cpper coins arc as large a; a tile, and when a i-erlon
lee, ivis a Uim of tiiis money, it mult be carried home
in a cirt, v.luilbarrow, or laii;. But here arc lome
<;oldi dia at^, value 9s. _;d. cicll ; cijiiit mark jiieces ol
iilver, valued at c-,, ;■!. ,:!k1 four-mark pieces ot lilvci,
.111! .Spiin, for filr, fruits,
' tiie .Swedes, as tiiey barter
I- r iron, tiili, and co.nicr.
Iiidf tlie v.uiie of the tatter, A dollar filvrr-n-.inf, .is it i,s
termal, is worrii about an l.n^ilh Ihilliin; j .uid three
iloll.:rs copper-mint make one doll.ir filvcr'mint.
J he cIluLiliftied icvmiies of Sweden arile from a c.i-
pii..tion tnH, crown lands, excites, tiilloms, cert.dn
iyht,«, filvt-r mine', copper mines, law procceclini'i,
and a few lefi conlidcr.ibic p.irdculars,
A ili d part of the rcveniii s are appropriated to tl-c
life I,; C e roy:;! f.ii.-.ily, and the icIl t > f ippnir the evil
and hiiiiraiy etlabli(h:iicn:n, I'Ik- revenue:, of the ki.iL;
of Svedcn were anciently fo Imall, tiiat t!;ev could
hardly inaint.:in him t ar, they aiolo only from fome
du'.'is on iTieuliaiidize.s •mpott'tt or e:;p<irte,l, cir.-jvT
by l.a or land. It was conlid rably iiKre4li.-d by the
dd'.ovety of the niincs; but chietly by the introdurli')ii
of tlie ref nm.ttion : for Cjulhivus f, l-..'.vin(7 propolu!
to tile nobility to fliarc wi.li liim the church lands, wiiicli
made ii|i abo'vc one-tliiril of ihe kin[;dom, lti.:c,i t'-.e
rrreati'll putt of limri; and united, aifo, v/iiii the crx-.n,
the ri 'lit of foitciturcs, v;lui ii I; 'lon'n-d to the bHlvpi
elmoii ti:r'iut;iiour ill Sweden: a:;d the reliimi tion </f
lai.u , p.-.inttd aw.iy Irom the crown by ptt-r ilinj^
kin; -,, to tl.e nobility and {;■ ntry, have railed the kn.sr'i
revcn-ucs to a very Iii'zh degree. This was il(.ne hy
kin;; C! arles XI. in the ye.u iGSo : .iiid tliounh it was
mcili oppofed by the allenibly of tliv Hates, c.'pecially
by die nobility, yet tlie lower oi'd..'r ci.nli-ntinp-, tlie
nolMiity v.erc I'iirc.'d to comp'y. B Jidc s ihelL- br.iiic'.cs,
tiie kni^< ha-i a third part of j11 tines, when tli-.-y do not
cx'.eed luty m.nks of lilv,-r ; and, when they do, he
ta;>es it ail. He has alio all fortcitun s upon the account
of h: 'h trcafon J and tlie eflates of ilraiigtrs, if their
heirs i o not .ip;ear wi hin a year after their dr..tli.
I'lie Swedilh forci j conlilt chielly of an ellablinieJ
naiionil militia, the ngiilations of which were either
formeil or iirp'oved by C"har!e-i XI. and thence conri-
iiiu.i to be the balls of the [.relet (.iLiMilViment. 'I he
nob'iiiy and i-entfy were oblige! t'j furniili tlie cav.ihy ;
and a eibleman, after haviiv; funiilhed a m.:n, cimld
m.t put eidicr liim or hi'; horlV to any other employ-
ir,'. lit. The infantry are railed .'Vnm among the l..rms,
.md '.lie king's (Dmmilfion diltributes t'lem throerh
the vai'i.)us provinces, in proportion to tlu- mi nber of
farns, each of which, to the value of above (,:]. per
annu.n, not beipi; occupied by the ollicers, or aj-pro-
pr:atvd to their peculi.ir lerviccs, are chirsvii «irli (.ne
toot foldicr, ->vho recri'v'es, from the faniiir, fni-'ir i-,
diet, cl(),ths, aii',1 a triliin[i annual allowance of irion-v :
or ot'ierwite a wooden ho'il-- is built fiir him at the far-
mer's charge, wiio mult ali<» tiirnilh him with as rri-eh
,'i,iy a.'i V. ill k'.-cp a c )-.v in winter, and pailurage in fu'.n-
mcr, and plough and 1 )',v tor him tiirli a p.arc 1 of"
ground as will aliord liim bread. Thole that ire ir.nr-
ried (.\; manv of them aic) generally accept this lirrer
condition. The unmarried tiddlers iilirilly abi le v irii
till- t.n'iocr, but are not obligcil to do him any ferviee
•.v;tli'j',i: v.ages. When t'ley have once taken the pea-
i.iiit,, money, and are lided into the king's ll-rvice, ti-.ey
c 111 ii'-vir quit it as long as they are able to fcrve j and,
if they ilcfeit, they arc pu.iillied v.itli death. The liiCb
inllit'iition I'l' this inetli.)d was ver-/ burdenfome to the
pcaliuus, v/i'.o v.cre at gre.it charge to hire tlrdr men,
who cctt them lol. and limietimcs iol. a piece; and the
liime thev tniill do wiv .never their foldicr dies. Tins,
in pe.iceable liiues, is not ti) ch.-.rgeabk- as in tirres of
w.u, when iren r.ie iiniMrung to ferve, and recruits
more fre^paentiy wanfd.
.•\ . ail ilu- c. villi', in li>!d'ers are thus pro\'ii!ed fir at
the e.'ii'.ury's I'lai'-e, fo all officers both of horfe antl
f.i'T. .},!.• miintaiii'd liv the kin_i:, v.ho has appro;'! i-
at:d:(.; t:'„.i p.i.rpofe loir.e ot' the lands re-uii't. .', or
f.ii,Vv ';, belonging, to tl',e crown : fo that every o!ii;' r
ii.is a c e.ier.ieiit le.nie, an'd a C'.niipetcnt pori' n cf
find to l:ve u;'.on, lltu.itcd in tlia' ptiit of the counriy
vl.e;e i:.e rcj'iment; he belon;!;s to is qnirtcrea ; :',s .;;la
tl'.e rent of as-m.-pv uih. r taiir..- •■., ink'- u;i his j'av;
ulecli, t'lini-'li it be 1 'ni.'v.liaf lei- tli.in loni;..'lv, -. I'f,
In:;';: j tmcui.'.ily pei..!, ciiiicr in money, cein, or i,:!ier
t) L commoj'in s'.
dl
m
:i
^Ir
'Mi t , S ",
ti
^1.
Ilvj
lis u .] jlH
I' :.t''|.
iir
lid,
MliWiSife
I
m.:
•<-:!
Ch:
M-.W AVD Al;TlI^:^;TIC svs^l■^T ok i'mvirsa!. (hogra;
■omiiioauu'., t!u-v !i!v.l ir moiv profituiilc tli.in \vh.
iluv
i wen- to r.ilu-ir Idi 11 .u the trcii'i
Ac
cuKnul lit
ioot h.is, 1)1 dull- l.iiuls, till- yearly i-fiit lit'. ibout jocK
ami the n-ll prDpoitioii.ibly, whic'i a-iiou.its to aluv.it I
1W\. .1 yen- r.ii the nirui.rs both ii]>iht .uul iiiiiie , I
ut one ''.)()t nui.iicnt, anil there lieiiit; in Sweikii, I
\
ii.,1, aiu
1.
elLilililli:iietit, the inaiiiti-n.mct
;!i-
nL'iment'. o',' toot .ukIu- ihii
!or.irin.r' to ti)e;n eoit tiie
:i)e thj k
Wli.it e.'i,ii)re l
I" iloatliiii : ot t
Lji' all uw cineeis Iv-
.iiiou' -o.croi. a ve.ir.
le OiiiniiHin I'lMihrr'-,
tilvir ar:iv;, .u.J |m-!i o;in.r
once in two or tnree
neci-ll'iri'', may air.oiuit to, eaiiiMt li) eal'ilv bo co
Dutev
1 :k- ctli
horfe
lire provi.lcd lor after thi
lame inaiiner, with I'ueh lai-e allow.nv.e as is requi-
lit'-. Thtre are 15 re.;iiiK'ii:s or h(i;i;> thus ell.t'iiiiHi-
iiiiiicnaaee of thiir olllci r.. is eonipii-
CO, and the 111
<c about S.;
to b
rents oi crown l.u
tl
A.
all
V DlCil
as uo .iilo tliC u;
officers 111 the cou -.vv. u
tl
:le.-. tri;..i tii
111' cin
■\ d t ;
uir e pioVii
Kiirs, in
10 luve t,'.. ills
ni.iiiner as tlie 11 11;,, 1,1.
I'le 1.
.ws eraKtid I ;;■ maintaiiiiii!' this con ii.tili
are very iMrticiiiir, an i provi.ic, with ijrea: ciMc.oii
th
It luitiier t!;e ])eaiaius ihaii
Iv,- o;vneltc.
lanJs or houl
nor t.'.c
or houli-s ruined: to \shicii en, I all I
vea:
vilkcJ, ant! the iiollil';
III 11 l.uuls aie
pelled to make
Inch re'Klirs as ,;re f'.Hii.d necln.l; an I as i-verv of
iipcn ills br;
inviirorv ol'
coailii;.; to I'.vh .ill
,d
polli iV)
Lite, fulii, iiiic
1, u;i >n advanceiiv-nr, h.r cannot
mo! ai'.otlier uiirje till he his piit t'lat elkir
Jiiro as ijoid a coiidaion as he f c'l 1 i:; and in cii'. ol
liii ileatli !•;. ,'r/ii ean.v.u iidieii ;■ iiil ri.at i.i il.inc.
In ti ivs ot p:'icc, .lil t.elj'.-.li's and criiiu-, con
r.iitted In tile Ib'dicis, t'.ilj ordmirilv under tiie corti.-
•/.jnre d' a civil ir..;_L-ilhate, wiio lias the faine auilu): :i-,
over iliCii as ovir tiie icil ot' t;-,- king's I'nlve:;-, cn-
cept wi,c!i they are ciu.c.nicii ir !.i ■.Mriil'o'i, or .•.;.'.
ways under llyicir colour,-. -. ni ail wh-.ci: ci'.i'-, .,s all <
in matters that iclaic :. klv to t!i' :r ;vi,';;!io , tii.i.
officirs l;a\'e jiii ild.ition ovi'r ti' ir, \v:tli.;i,t u!;.)''
leave a private t'oidier is nor p^■<■■.■^ i,M| [,> l,„\.,r ,. i- ,,|
his quarters, nor be alilciit a u >/ tioin the pMi nli h.-
heionus to. 'I'iie int'etior ollicers cannot be ,.i):'inr
from their rliiuve l"t by their chIoikT- p- 1 ii.ili'. m ;
nor e.'prainv, and tin Ic ajor.- tlicm, witln.ii: tin- kia^',
leave .-^ love ti.e oidnurv i-ltabnihiiienr, tiie k.ii_
annexed to i-.,ch rci;i iiint -O 1'u]Hr:ir.mei.irv (arni-, t i
anl'wer any extraoidiiMry u- cuieiit ofliie, iVc. a:..l v,
furnilh a I'ubliltence f.ir I'l.cli o.'licers as are [laif lir-
Mce. l-'or coiiiinon loldicrs, ch;)m age and •/>',. ii.!:
have -endt-red unlit tor \'.v, t!i-.'re ib one LtiT.-r.d noi
} itil, vdiich has a gi.ol nwiuc; and bi-lijrs iliai,
I . ry uiFicer who is aiKar.ced, p.ivs to ir a J'jt. ot
money (iiuportionabie 'o t.ie li-j'ie iie i , ; ;• c 1 .i:- ,1
coIoikI [)ayin:i 101 crown-, .u,.\ ,,
I
,il t:
'\i\- 01 SweJ, n coi i
nil', trian tile Hi!t to tiie ;i'<L,i rat •,
to4:)u;ims; of Iriiiates, c.iiryin'.; fn
nl bri.'annnes, carr\iii:- (roni H to 6
U0:iili-keri.hes, an
1 he ii allien ot" Swed
111 pioporu i;i.
:.; tro,ii 1
to 20 i^n::
v.\u\ ;e.v
ill tlie C'lm^il i.
dil
dilcniiinc, ami
thai: r; i.-.i'i to will
id 1
nirt-ection of jji,
■nil en ii)\ s HI |,
tionoir.'.hic iinvi;
n
whole jviwcr IS alio vi
of tiie tleet, and a-pui
I'ea a;
all t
e ailni,;.i|
he 11 IS ilic Cut
IMIl.
ih
acei s V 1:0 I
cm t.i
lat ulaici to tl
..\.-' ii ,lt^
llci'.cd
ie h IS ,;il ) inanv i>
le clianc.iloi : he is ihe ciiki ol
a''i!.s, and ijivcs tiie iKciiriry onkr lor th ■
tlv pubiic. I e is t!ie kLcper of the teals of' i.'
d i.ci cIks all r, ee al.'iir., an I lu- die km-
and i!e'V:ind> IilJA'c the ll ites >Mr.e:.\l. .-,/ i |
h[:i'.\ trcal'urer: I;.- has tiie adii;inil'!.::;:iii .a" th-
tui'', and o! all ti.c kill >'s lev.u'
counts ct' ,;11 l!ie i'e'c.al recei\
• CMv. ;i.
ir.il .11. ;ir, tl
-II. ;iii
lor
IViltCtlt.; ,
dices wl tl
Inn
11. i
pays
o I'.-fl
t-, V. luie the riv.ioits o;i th'j
.re ad. I!
a,,d wlieic ,1,1
iiier rel.iit.
1 he 1
av.s (ll Swc.l -11
■ )n an!' 1 1 th
;;rc;',n;lv a^ vaiious
province.-, v.vie liuineriai-, c'.v !i <■
111 cull
1;
oir.s peculiar to iclei', eiicicd as occ.ii: m n-
"aiiied, by tiie laghiii
\y\: ) wa.. elioren by
.m, or :.V)\eiiii.r oi t'
-M le, .i-,l i:iv
•' ,1
.lur.'ioi i:a , e
his ruli"r^:.e
pecKi'iy V. Ii,-ii I
conchid:" f tiie
l.l-ll V
i,
I
s vai ll tv uas i.eecll
in.y
c i ( in I-
lioa ; for icir.cdy wlieii'il', ii- ar .'.. ; ,..:::, ■, ; o-..
la laws was ciinp-ikd 1. r the diitv.iiu oi t, ■ v,,i le
kingdom : yet this collection is Imr an io-p;" la '. | ii-c,-;
and the l.iv.s ire Ii) >c:\ , ;in,l coiic-.-i\i 1 l,i t c'l ■;•.,■,;!
t nils, li-.at in iiiol! cd'.:-^ ti'.ev iiecv! ti.e alii .ance n: ii-
cimI kiw ; and,, ,i'i> r .ill, t::e i,:i.il iletcni.iiati 1 ■',•-
i-a;J:. nukli ii|'-ipi da '. 1 ni-i i ,1 1 I' t e ber.;ii, \,:,;.;i,
ni .1 pcor conn;:,-, v.c.c liiiarks ar.' la a'l, i-. c'r> \
iilk.l with till !i icicn .Is .irr id \ c il. ; ;rts atij 'e'* ,
to . ornipti.i.i iip.m v,;y l!i at r n;:>;.idon-,. I'le i,-
tii'ls III tiii:. v., .ul I lie iiioi'c \i:i!\!, 1! (,i(_li iiCK:, .■
court did not klip a clack u, on tiie k-.v.ci, aa : ;■ •
kiivi's couit .ll' Kvcirj, a o\ei .w, r inciii .ill, to -,. ., a
.lil cud c.itnes, aai,,viin!r,|i to tin liiai oi 7. 1. ,:ie,;:-.
piai.d'c; ..nd \ IV I'civ ini la tore lii.y ha.i- i 1
tao'ij'at tli.ther. In th-. 'iipicip- court tir kf ■ , .-
1] a nllv liis i;i pi Ion, .mil det.-; c.ire c,-'il-s 1, n 1 '
1 I- e the p,.t;d.ii; ol' the , iiaiaiiv, an 1 c.. , 1 ■ ilnf,-
p, 1. y-ia. ,1a. villus, all,) lit, ,1., d:oi... ihe (ii,ni'lo: ii
ilie court, [An I lliei r 11 ».'; in i:c ;ie ta i p; : . v c .11:1-
Iclio:,) wiio Is |.:< lldeiir 111' III ■ 11 ..l.-r-reve;:..).,, ui,r;
he, .iiivl two I, cutirii s, p;i
per in.mner to be hrou,'!,:
l. c '.'■luner, in a
coi.
01'
ot )iittic-,
die lowcii d
I la , ,i;i' (.
: ;;' '[ in"' n 1 ,
,dl
1 s, ^,:c.
en, .1-. Veil as t'lol.- o'
']'><
': ■■::>■ in e.'.cli i.iipor.raa , ;^i;e;i a-
tliere are tline,) as .do 1.1 c a h d
whereof" every pioviiiee ii;n:.iii;s i
llr.t or ll
^e!d, I'lait
tv\e;iry.
In li
'■ l.e ,11 r, na.n
ir Connlelior |lK:'^ll-, ,llld li.ls lone ol iiu ll•l^'e
eiall
are ot two dalles. ViZ. one on:
r, vrt'ca 1,
tii.'.Uv leade cither to
man f'lc tl it, or
V. 0:k 1!! till-
iCK-vanis ; .m.l uintiivr o;
h ;s il
ly re.idy, us the indindu.ds .jtc only leji.lUia
upon oecalion, ,is re; nuts.
In .'5v,e '.en there aie fve great odicers of die cimmi
ko pril'ide e.icii in a triiininl rouiporcd ot" tome ten
a-ai when any of liieir platen lieciiv vacaii'
uti:
;-• "jves It jrnerally t.) t
II- iiiolb ai.ei. n: I'eiiui r
01 '.he tial) 1;
i'..;y o liuw It 1, ..iioii
will re the v, it inc. h ippeii-. : 1:1,
II iv pi all
T
■ ol.
ila eis ,irf, i. iiii-dolii, or i hid" j itlii e, \v:;o 1. ili
liril olli' er in tl, • n.te.n, an lu.i. tkim.,-,lv .1 kl , 1 ol
vicero',
th.:
he ll is ihi honour 01
1
he.i.l ,t t.
il till;' the e i,'.v:i (i;
the I
iiireine cam " ol p
fioiii al! ou;e,- cuii
a(/i,at,on ; .cat
e, to 'ill. h I'll r
IS a 1 .1:1 ■
.liiiikni's : in \:r I "ter t'a- ;.-ini-:;'r it t':e t
■tell
ill's, V.
a I'taiaiin.^ jua- iiiidi 1 iiiiii , In . , o
111 in;^ amb.'k.to; V, .ind ii!ii,iilv k' p' iie'r i-r u,
place wli.ie the la t or
tl.i le courts exa.riin ition
cxeeediii'i tone lliiiiri"
.11,, w.i.
,i;e t.
'1, ,1110 II'. .t,
iiilmiited to the next ik'i
i.'tiiir Court, ll
cveiy rorpor.itioii, theie 1. m.r, when' tli
is pielident, .iii.i tiie akleini.in .ii'ir.i'ir
Jewry province tle'.c i. 0:1,' or naire ,.l
iiclideiir will u .'I HI
ills ine n.
uiiiiou! .1"'.' iith'.i .eeaoiiry m.^n the "l .i re
11 1; ll,' t-.ml
t 1 I
l|i-'ai\e nil. oil ll loirts, v, ,r|i,- ilny
l.u:l,ir aprcil
.111.1 IM ,i.r
a:l
tii)n% not ixceeit'iiLi, : 1. ire. b'
, n itional eoiiits tlieie .ne tliu e : 1
: 'it' ijwidui, hel.l at Sio, k!r.;! a , a;-
I ),
;-.i..r Mr ti.e
ml
h's tl; ■ ■,;il";--cjrin;i of ilu
lo w;i' ■, ;':h'i ell ii)\ -. 111 i; ,'
:.c.w.. ,;. 1 iic .uliui.il,
• ',;. : hi' li IS ilic (■(iT:i!,,n.|
1 !!.!■ I' .u'c; > V Id i i v.- [■■»
r.i ..;1'"ns ; ;'.i'.J ui .i,\', •. i
ii.lty, H ii.l.i'ii'iioi.d I .
i.\iiv DtiuT p: 1'. :i^:j;--,, .■.
:,i; r 111' tlu' ]> )lu\' i rnu' , ,
iry .11 .!. r l.ir ili • \:<v\i .
;r (>( tlif k'al-. o' li;r c;..v. ;i,
,ir '■ \'\ ■ 'Ik' kin >'■. 1 ' .'. ' s
iti"- !',< r.c;,\l. .-, i li • i ■ '<
U'.tiriiiit'!.-:; '!i 'it' ill' !■ .
i-Vvii \' i haI .11. ii:. til" .;■■-
ri'i"C!M'i-< i l\. n^ all u:.! is
Im:Ii'ii.- Uv\ , .\\\ ji.iVs i.l
i !(• ..i:.i j'.i. li !(•- II. t'l ■
;• ilu' i p;i,nK 1)1 t!;;.' [■■ ii:i
.:n,M:. iKKm^ing t i tl;.' i\-
'.' i'.rci'.T.'lv lis vaiioii'. .\i t'l*
cull (•:' V.!. i-'l i:,.,l li,,'i;:i ■>
•)', iiu.icJ as (iic.i!: >ii ic-
■ I'.ovi'inr.r ol th" j't'ivjiir •,
I U-, ..I..1 i:iv, lUJ .. iiii ;■;■ -
['u' ki:- I'liu V.:. ti tr;',
,1;: ; ' ivi
I
\U.\ \N..l'
1 111 1-
II' .;;■ ;.- .■ ', ..n; .. ', ; .i ■ v
\Vx (ill-. . ,. ■!! Hi ; ■ Xv.l li"
III !■> hilt ail iii'jV' t\'- I il-i.'';
I i i-.ii>Criv', 1 ,,l ) - 1 '.'•. ,:.ii
ii'v i!''L\i Vi.-: atii ...'K I' '.' li •
ti'.i- I, ii.il v!(.-t..'rii'ii.aii '';••
.. L.l a 1 r I 1. I'liu !i, \.i.i,;^,
r.il.iiivs nr.' 1 1 a'l, i.-- <■':. \
(;f V. t.il. ; ;rts -iii.i 'v'*\ .
I 'It ' n'.">'..ii;o:i-.. I M' i -
)i',- \!!"l\!, l! Cicll ill'K ■. .-
;^ u, iiii liu' l:/.'.cr, ar, ! i!i:'
1 .i\M^ tl.v 111 .I'.l, II' '. 1
t
(11
) llii III 1' ni 7 1. .ii;- .r,'-
i bil'. Ill- tii.y lll.r i .1
ri'ip ' I'Di'rt til kr ' , ■ .
ik't.'. .-.'.vx c.-nl-i, h :• i^
iiH( TV, ail 1 ;•.. > I ■ !'.u\-
.II I'.oi. ■. ll'',' 1 it 'H' 1 01 ' '
11 >.i' ;.' I.) ; |ii!.;. i •,::•.■
11 111. r-iiVi-i ll.).., UI,, I ;
1 ;].. 1.' c '''n'm-.'r. 'ill a ;• •■■
■ I'c .ll.' i.i:';;.
n.j- ; ) I.i , all' <■, i . '••
, r, 1.: i:"l ill' '1 I, I ' ■
ii.ii 'f . .V. I .,il 1.11. ■■■
i- ll h li ill • t I't ll . 1.
K liiis 1 ■..'1 ;i, I nr.'v .. • ■
!■>■ i.i 1 11.'. , .111 .li ll I..1 l.l
li.ls 1^11 c ..f ill, li'.i •■.'i" '1
■ :-ini ■ :; 'i I'l V'-c t mi . •
I V iir.Ji I liim , 111 ■ ' i"
1,- k y lirT I'V ilj 'I! 1 ■■
I .11, \,'.i . (1 1.1 I ■ :. li
1' i.L.. '1, .lii.l ir.t. .1 ■ I'
V'-. iiiiivi'. v ■ ■ ■ ■
).n '! ri.uit, I . v.lij', I
.1.' , wIk.-u' til',' ! '. I.: ll ' i' ;
nil. Ill .u'ui.ri"- : .nn' '■•■'■
;,' HI 1111)11.' 1 I ; f ll' > ' '' ■ •
il', till' 11.! ■■■.'■ '•! I,' 'I '
I'l.'ii ll; i; ' ' .1 I'l'ii'i . i ■
II ii- i .iiii 1 i;;".i t 1 ;
V, .rn- llnv ■■''■ I'l' ' ■" '
1.1 If, I li.T ,,i:.' .1 I ill! • •
1 l; ll' I./:- .'ill'. "' '' -
nil- : 1' ' im l' f k'P. ;
;! 11 , aii,..ii.r Mr tiii.' '^' '
i.t III
ll
l'U.;(M'!'.T
S \V F. i)
CS\
I (ini I'i I io'li !, or Ooii,i.,i r, i-cptnt cnkinpirirr
>t.-
Cm:
m t!'i
l.i.t
Kl.ir.
doni l.l l-'i:il ir.c!, at Alio. In c.icl
'i- III.' .
,1 I ti'.v ciniiiJi I I :' is 'M'l-liil'.'in, ami above kali
lu-.'i'ii
or, lit ir.ii
(1, ll
.'IIS; ..11 ! •'. K l"-"it.; |)i.'(:i-ri''.i witli too
Aaioni. It'
(■.•ii'i'-, a I'l'U
avi- t ).
li A'l
r,>v, 111 I.I • I
Oil
I I .11, I'll.'.i.) ii.ls 11. 't I'll.
Il.illll r.uili!l ( I'tk: !'.' I.'
lllD.lll'il, U.'ll'jls
t! iL'il III til.' ortlii'iuv
., I iiiiili'.l ii!-')ii iholi.-
• "I (io'lil ii.il, will.:!)
t • ' l;,iiiii.' r a, as tlic
, ;■ j kii'.s. i iic ronrt
i ll ii' I'iioii ill til-.' a-.l-
■li;, ill Ticli la tEiTi. ab
r, II. Ill ill l".jiiK' i,lac>.,
'ivi'L :ia;. i', id i.
ttii
ll i.i'i:.'. til
m cici
iiiii tn-.' !■-
!v, 1-.
hill
ruir, til III t .I'l
an
a|)|iL'al to I'll' nl'fUivi.' na loii.il
(Mil's III t'u' kill ', .is ill ,ill 'iiiit-r
I'Dl' li ■" •: . rili'in, t i ili.' ii
C'lrts I'lil I'll i . i',' rk li M '.,(•
or.iii;;-, , .1 " ii'.'i.il i; ;i. ', i . '■-
iliiiu. , l.l- ,i; iio, isiii/'ii,. ol '...ll
aiKl, III lo.iii.'
'ir.tivr pan
.s ol t;
'.x:m> \' Is 111 t 111
II-' con.':;',.' (;i ll
oil foi.iiii.ink.' i^i
\i itii a vici'-i
li.lJiit. .,
arc :v-)i,
tlic lllol'i
rii.-
loii';ui i
ill, rtl c.'t
111 o lirr matii'.s :
ikiif, or nl crc tkc \\
( s aiL' Vf'i"- i.v, ,")'.'rai)ii
ih-
iiiiaiit IS I'.iliiiitrcj tu I iirit' liii:
latli J to V, lin-.i
arc aililcU
oailu (ll ll
'i'-' ail vmii'ivri; d Im iii.'UKrncL'.
Ijui'iiii;; (if koiifci-., v. i:,"l,.'..'l'r, an.
Ol' twuvc ritiiir iiicii, WHO
icalop, iiiuitiL-r,
iic liki- kc'iiious
cnnu"-, aic |)
.1 vi I-
hil':;.;ir!;!; o! ir ■ :i ain.: u
Inirniiij; alivui or i'..'::.',
Cll.lillt, is lijllll i,ll'l.'i .ll',.'
till.' Clinic. CiViirnil . ol
:ii i '■ I'Cii is LN.cii
in;; i (' v. i.iiiicn ; t j
O, .lU'Hl'
ilKl ll.llV.lnir in
ic niuirc ot
to tl
lliot to
lIClK/l.
he I iiniflinicnt l-Ji' iic'liii .; i, ks'^'.il yc.irs liiicc, iii-
lu'i.il < .' ikatli
Vl 1 V
ito a
L'tUll i\.\-
I
bi
ct;ni..'.'ir.r.cct to wo
ins lilc tor iki" kiii':, in iii..kin ' loiti'.iMiioiv. or oih'n'
crv ; I'll 1 n,;s ..iw
Willi .1 i c.'.y com
iin iron coilar aoo'it lii.s
, 1, to V, hich is
t.iiu i;i.il a !)i ii, tii.'i: lii'.'-', .lo Ik- v'-i-s aloiv
l.l tnc o
il'll
cii'-li'iiv a iiiiiiiilcici.1.
all I I,
III lliv.'
I',i
list " klii'kii, .iiul oilur I'l,;
(k'livi'il
t-i illlil I T 11
k'iit',r,i";s 1,
,-.u i iii,i.ii c to
tiK' Aiivr.i.t'
"III ir.oiy ol-' I'l
COI.',!i'!l!i,C.l III
u.'is : to
• V 1 I- M.ar\ ,
Kv; -liiion oi
ti.i.J.i. 1 ill (.1
.1 111 a ll .iMMi r
ll',:: • til . !'. r :'.
1 r a i,,uki.ii r 1
ijj kill. 'J) I'.i'j [iiniifir.'i.l V. il'i
1.H..U11, iiiil a
til ini.i'iiv tii-oii ti
liii'.iiir p.- ..il'i'i!, iiic/ P.if hi'in
ir, v. i.n ore. I
...1 IS ;ui .IV
.;;il1 v.atcr, loi- tv.i)
a iliot.lan,! c" ..vr,s ;
u tv.u tirJUi.iml crowns.
;iir, ill c.iIl.' ot .'.1
I'uiir, 1., rclcrr
fcrrc^l to
■.ii.il ti.'iiit, wlivTi-' rcciiita.ioii, and
•' .1 "% i ii'ii.iil'. i'''lxl ll.
(• /'i J .' , i I'c ir.i, d. Ic.ii.l tl tlic
111 CllC Hi ill'.
t'lC liU I'.'l lUK.
.1' Cllli.l.i U':, ill
a:i 1 in ;ir.
1 I'.o (1 01 I. 1 !i,i : o l: iiu'
iii.i- il.i.i, lilt, .mil 11.
11 .V t.) llv I.IV '-'X'..'
JM-i'i
t,'.vo'iir i.ii'.i 1)1.1 1 1, til y I.i
tiition, or ',.) iilntiMt'-' ,111 i y '' ik ,r ir.,ii I >j'c upon
I'lrntcnri s ; lli ihir tin . ]) 11 l i.
tlic v.o
Kl lu.'ll'C,
(.ut 'nc.i
ll
It I.
.0111 r
.l.'.V (1,1
moi..' ir.i\!i.'r,ri.'
111. 11 .1 I !'C CHI
:;.i ;'. i;;,'i. .s m
111.
I'f liill'vll-
a ihi-r.,
h ncli" r
I'll i) I
Cn.cr ■'
iiii'r to 111 ■
111 1.
M .' I-. ...Liiinuicicd
.1 II iimCh'c not oiilv
lie O.'.t.IlK
liiiis uri' r.'i V, ii'.Ti
ili^' urta-ci'l liiii'.ki
1 u:'i):i li'aic I p."',! 'r
t ) ll'Vcn (li.il;:;.-.
oi til.' c 'Uk' J iki;
1';, an.l i, coiiiput
.J. P'OUiuU a vi ii .
H)n!.t.iii.c J 01. 'V lilt.',' I.v..:-, Ol
,ii'qiiii';il p'lii i I..1;., t.) liijii c '
ikilpolcd to t ;'i'.;i.ir. V. licie i
■d v.itl
I i.i'.i:. , i!
'. .1.1 a t'.'ii.n ot tlu'ir
or (,;a r a. iliov a.c
!Li...i.i ii.fiini-.
L''. o or tlH\i;
ir.oniiLs time, 1
drill ii ul tlic d,
til'- m.i ri
t'l
k 1
1 -.o tl.-:
1 1,' c .11-
U, 1;
IK" lUliKl,
inllitiitcd b. !•'
d, iiili
;;;. I: 1
OUll
ilcciiiicl, aiiil ..iv ll )i r.
ii.iim, O!' 01
lit the r, t'
1. ill 1
ir'liti:;
S I C T I O
I.,' [.
oi il.c .Scra-
111 I.; 1.4, tie
tin:
V.
lew.
iv.i'\' 111 in oc!n:r pemiii
till., aid. 111 .''1111111.11 aciioils, C' i',eiii..l, to ]ile.id hij
own taiile. .Vci uidill.'ly the r...i. iu. 01 liie 1 iw i- Iv.'-
li'W a I'l nlleivi '.11, I'm! niher ilu' iilource than the ihoicc
ol" ir.i-aiuT I triori-i, who .ii\' eiry li-'W in luiniber, and
tor the ir.i'ii jait v. ry \''
Til
e I llllo ll 1.
I I 11, ll.lL t.'.l 11
ii'Diir t!"''i', 1
lint IU rr.'k ,it 1
iiy ot I : men i.s lo ,ii!!ici)t in Swc-
1 ]ii;ti.iid it li.il . oii'in.il a-
s ll, 'lie del i'.l .1 ,0 oih'r naiioivs :
ll'i I'.d cvi'ty vili.Ti', ' xcept oiilv in
i.M I 11. inf. in iki' c.iiinr: '.' i an.t ilicre tn.' iniv-
l.ilii.
III.
iiu'i tin^
I., ll.
d ..I'
1)1 t ii'l'l;
ke ok,
l.k, t;
.r-iiii" nil t.i
ir'.. tl 11 ill liie I i.)"cr ro'
; sue. 11 tlu't..' r.iur iv
lii.e a c.iuli', V, kic.i,
Irir ! '.' .1 III. joiiiv ()(" vul^c..
'.i.k:'. .! 11 >te I'.'i me, iiii.l 1 !".
.' n il'iv'.i. til 11 .'.le k.'jv: (;t .;ii
V, i.il .IS of otki'i I'lvr.i niiii.'iiti.
: ml Hi n '.'.1 I
the ii.i.iiidi.1'
i|.
aia'.teri
V. Ii^'ie t.ie
not I', TV c'.'i-
r
II I .s TO r. V
n E lira n-.;r';ki
eatcd cvi i", r. iii
D
1...1.'.' .I'.i.i.oii'i -
w.LS tlie introdikli
r. ijic.i.ii ■: t!u' iii:...iy ol
n oi th'.' i.. Ir iiii.i 1 ixl .^ioii,
lariiis,
biili
lOl) (
t' I!
that iiiipoit.int jnii
i'ioiir,, in the v^ar 1!;
1-
hill
ihcir n.i iili.iiir . ol i ) :i
latter (ik v.iio 11 ;'.. V V ....
their o'l'.n d.niv ll.,- i);.,ils
.15 ill'---
roil lliat pen. Hi, to
01 V is reiik'tj '.'i h li-
vens, II
i"i.., or V,
l.v t
tkro
Tl
11, v. .10 1; ; ear
iKvlcil In' ina;;i;r. < ei i.Hin ■ piiii '
111., WliO .ilCl'll ul tllv
111 I .
Ma
i'liilied llllh llU'.iii'i'i s .is coi'..a;i'cd to t:i ' In;
roy.il I'i^^r.ity
Ll • ot" li's ['CO
if tl
II
I'oa.ition
tl.' r.
l,iis i:l.|i'il ohjeCl.i v.cie ihe
)n ot tie. le'.'c:
rl t ,1' I low ,', .1;
1,1; mi. m Oi :.
1. • riroiiCik'il
a!,.l air:'
I I t'li' no '
.IS 1 I ■!,■
Ill eiiieral, to
lii, 1,
ill r ,111 1 11 ,1, I 1 Ml I'l- V iilc
til 1:1 a I'l nUii ',' tijll'jv, in .
j ii';,l.',;ii.'.io'.'v, ,
.1 in tk.e fa';- f
iM,
iis;.iii.t>
I Ml
ii
11
I
i i
I !M!
,|;::
kh
f ' ^ ' n
ill r
1'^
. r, cw.^ .r,-r m \\
M.tr.-M
a:Ul UMUVV ol I
liioa:'
iiiiuvr I, 'I '. ,wt
tiv r,i;.,ii .\l:r,
.rilliN
.U' •! 1"
;t!-.m w t'xi\ ! :s.m. Ci or.uAr.nv.
i<
)ti)
■C:-'.V:
'1 I C.llTi
tlK
i> cxccr.rDn,
111 • t ■. • [ ,U'
■j\. ir w.!.i
a iiif
jll :n (if
C.il.
.v.A w-s t:.iv
iai)k' kTicb o(
tlllr
.A I. • .'••c was au'
i,v (-\.i:;iaii
el ''ix union
II.
Ivfo
;iiiir of
nonLi.!
\V IS ,iiU) kh
;ii, !'.) iriuicr hiiiiti'lf "ab-
wovi . li lit/ 1, wiiicl'i was
•i- pi incipai IK)
■.c yi- u- 15:0.
biiicv
\:\U
yc'ip'.^ p.'ii'
km';.- <>t >>••.• I- L'.cr
to bi.' 'iMiii^l to
11a i'liT liis iiibii;-. 1
tvrai'ir.ril .ron '.i.
t' 1 1
V. II' comrr»' t-- ii
ai^' 1:1.
C. .:l;aii, was (i'lil.'vits
i'. : . I tio;n tiic aiiv' i-i.r
. ,'i lO low, ac tliLs ci lit as
t ' ■;)„•: mines ot Daiic r-
...> .if .1 liiirJ.-lt' tio.r ch.it
k- r.n.r tiie itiilfralili.- .'.uo
;■.•., .iiid t:iL' nciuhbiniriiii.'
ViK
cir prcsrrc
b, hi:
narv itr vts
,( .1.
\v.!s thc( kcd I'V I
-b: ;:''!.i U-;u,iv;r,
,(• rxtnor
his loll, til )1!l;1! r'.fn a miiKir, w.-.o alti-iuaJ^ ii):.i;|-.
(!. :'i.atfd tl
Swc \'ii Cii,',
I):i-,-
vl i<-ilort\l i!ic li..!f|'c;.il'_-;ir..'
the ni-x: \\\\r (:6ii) w.". 1:
c filed by !iis l-'ii (i iilaviis A.lolpluis, tlicii lij vear
n, bv t'.e conU-iu ol tin- nates-, he tjuk i pun
,K-
ii ill ihi .•■.!miiiil)ra;ion <
•ftl
(if.l'l.'.vir., I(
e piivernir.er.t.
■i1
r Ins aeeeihon to the tnro;
,e n|
•Sweilrn, loin li liiiulelt' invujveil in a w.ir wiia il,,
Da
nes am.; Kuiiian^
It liiti;
eii;!;es vvi
th Ik
li'it he lur.noiiire
nd rrl'oi'itior
A
.ueliievcvl allonilliin.-i; feats of" valciii-. 1 !
li A r.il vicTories over the RiifTians. lie i
its atteii.;
L,i
(ri, t.ie II to 1 nn ■.* HI
in ni an
i).;r.i!'. voke
I ..e; .n;. o k\
to ^vhlcn en;
ave
it" the
ten ■.■one-, a.1,.1
,rt- n. I.
!i iirv'>-e '.',u' S>- i\
oi'.t ot thole li.btenaneoiK
tiie U'v;ial polls tlie Dants
Li.eiy out ot the kini^d.iiii ; |
, s eiecica
in their kin
oiilh doiiiunons u\ L.ivonia, cook
\lij
i, .'-r.-i :i-,au,
felt"
mailer ol" the whole provinc
n iu,o liC adv. meed into in ..cram.'., drove tie
Gtrmai.s out of" Meeklen!
Hir
Mud r
faivoii-. Asliiian j^'iv.ral, and pudued hi; n.'at tli;ou /'i
■ r..:'.c.K-,i.i, wraTe hf ma
„k
lib
In the I
1- i'lriiiiiu: t)
t the \e.n-
ii.,i
ill\, w.'u), III .-.a
'-'wabia, in pinliiit of eount 1'
(lom his anr.v, v.as mortallv wounilcd be a cmnun
ball, and Toon
a;\r exrire
He then took M
imieh, the capital ol lj.;va; m, am
laid ill. It iku'liy iDider contnbu;:i>n.
tile Imnerialifl^, liavii'ir driv
In th
e lue.in tnr.c
ini.i, and enrerei
in r to come to in-, a
to
re, and loinee
1..
en tl'.e ?axo!is c^^-.z ot l5o|ie-
d S.ixonv, the elector enrreared tin:
llulanee. lie lett Bavaria, there
1 tiv Saxon?. Soon alter wliicii a ge-
n, iie.'-r
e'. made thcii'lelves mailers l:
'.eial butlc was fought in the plains of Liitzf
in 1 the Swed
the I;rperialills ; but tlieir horle be
the eannon ol
lli'pjied bv a linali river, G'.illavus, to encourage iiis
irv'ii to attempt tiie pal]'i;i!:; it, advaiieina at tlu* he.;J
of the cavalry, was foon after f)iiad dead on the otlur
fide of the river, having been lliot throii|^h tiie baeis,
whioii was penerallv thought to have been don:- by f.iAW
V
fe.r
As t' e [-tinilh ik-K'V :i.-..l .:pp'.-arul liis <^ eatell enemies
he introduced the L'.the..i 1 dodrines, and fei/ed the
reve: u>-s o! the ciiunii, ,1.0 ! ol which he appiopri.ited
to tlie fer\ ice of li.e .' .: , .ii'.d ^'vas enableil tiieiebv to
e.'.le til. pe";li wi li...; t. ■< -, v.l.ici ren,!. i-ed li;ni
p.tjail.u-. lie V ......
but ills rc:;-'i ■■...-. i.e.j;...'.iy ili:luri)ed oy eoi.ip;. .u ies j tii ir jtcU leader, tiie Swedifh gener.ds beliaved !o
and inll:;:-'-!.i-.;i-, i.ki.^.I by tlie ele ;;y : ar.d whcti ij wtll, that tiiey obtained a eom[)letc vicloiv; anti tlie
tl-.-:e were ej.i...!, t:;--- i)-'e, invaded tl'.e kiry-- l,.i-i, | war tontinued ir.ativ years .ifterwards, in winch ilie
e:.'l-. .'.■.■o'..!;i ; 10 . . i, '. .- ti.e li.ni'.inion ol S.-,ed-jn. Swedes were |;e: e.-.iily vidorious, not.viihltandin!' the
(jti.l.vi. , h-j'.ev. -, |: •■■d I'ccel I'ul, b ith aLj.iMill P Sason?, -..•ul lo'-.ie otiier (ieri-iian prinres clianj^ed lidei-,
f)i-t!'n .'- i d .-li.it.c e,:e'!i:esi a:,d m.-.rryi.; ; ri.c Ij aid a-.l'i red to til- Aullrians. Hut the aflilhmce the
•.',,.,, , i ■' .,1;- of Mi.ts, ilol.e .,1 '• ix li .iwed' . recii'. .-.; I'r.iii t!ie I'r.-nui, wis more tis.in an
1. I j.ld i:i '^' y -ir ic:.^ : Il pretendul friemi. But, nutwitiillamiing tlie lid', o!
pr.:i ei
I.,;.-, .
laui
l!:l' 1, . 1 .0 ••
i;..t!'-.ili-:
n;v,.. l-.,:.k, !.
t-r-i- Mi'-s, a..'
l\la;r,-'.ii-. air.l (
1,;
.. (.i , i i.'i by til.- m.u ' ;; -, I .1 !e!^
li.i a: . ii. luce lior, .iiid til- (;oi\;i
I. ,, ■ i: ite , an:-. I 1 $4 }• -^c lite
./ii \. ,1 , ..i>.-i;:i). .1, .:. 1 ,:■.'■
:. .1;- 1; ' li'..a!l.l-.; Ul;-;-;. ■ , !.;.
,■...:, ... .y- 1... ::. AM.t !i.. (,,,,:.;.
■, ' \.. .- >: L '' io.- I'm''!. I' ^ 01.1 !e ....
I
r.-;
.ic
;; '.-
i,.p. iidii'c ; I ...■> y.ii'.;t:;ei- I ,1 , J.iii ■,
il. -., a".. I il ■ I ..1 '. ■ ; .'.I 1 ■— '. ■.•■ ii n ([ .iriio i''4-i, iilo.illv la
■ iirei' ; ':■'', ' 1 '. 1 I k (■ m i
!. i i '.-"1 •_• :•
,)ielu-nir.n t!i.- '.■e ■ ■\i 1:1:1 ■;.. ■.oiik: b.- ,:i, .i.i i ,11,
i,:, ..li.c'iCe by ills hro::i.rs, licdeclrvd tli; -..;,■.- -. j
I-",' k, \« !io \^.i- but .'. v.-e.ik prii.i , .'. ■ i .; •■,i.,-ed bv ;
.'11 dl •-ro;..; i-d i -aloiib-, to. it-'d hi. I :. ■':■ i- w-m |
tiic moil I, ' lo.ii. le-.e;;v, nilo i.iie;i t .....
i-i|Oivile' t f..r <.'■•■•■ delliti'iii ol the (jeim:!,! princes.
(;•,!:. \';is .\: : '; i.Ci ki'i only on- dangliter, th.;'
i priecd's C'liri:!;;-. i, v. !■, 1 w ;s proclaim-jvl i.|iieen 1.;
i' '■i-,v.-c!i n '.'n tlie (' ."1 of her f.alier, bein^; then but lix
I \;;rs o; ;'.' ; winreupoii the diet of S\U'deil d-,ter-
i I, :. 1 ', d ar ;l;i- re 'eiiev lliouid be eonvnitted to tli.:
" I'll .a 1 iTiier-, -.' 1.0 I el.aved -.^iditiiat conduct ;;nd tide-
j! i'.\-, th.it ri; ■ ;.;•;: V'P. api^e.-red in a llomilliing con-
d •; 1;; d';:ip • l'.:r .i-i.'Oiirv, no-.w-ithll.i idm" tiiee were
rr a,id ill IV. :■ v iih |u li poti 11: enen.i. s; .11; I, ,it
|] kn.'/ ii, c'iiilii.id .1 peace upon lion')uia;-i<- n riii\
f4~:. upi.illv called, "the treaty of Wellj '■
.iei to m ■'-.■- ip '■■':t 1 •
t!i
j,. |. ;.,!'. ,:., p-pis i;; f liiirof ili.-:e p.. . , 10.1
^ '.'1 1, '1 i' :." (.i^'iMi (.'ii.i'iia, one of tiie f;rtati il t^eniwlf-s
• ■- ! ot ti •. .("r, -ir.e of till- uToll lea::;ed of j.cr fe>:, loiir,-
1,1 |. .dl til -.ir.e. ol" furop-, ..iid in the lii» .. i'.
I-; .-..-. 11 |o. i;er eqi,it..b'e .;d.;i inillr,e;o;i, h.iv r.
ie"nid ill i',e vci;- ['^;^, n ''plied the rio\Mi in l.i
'. - i ojinr n ; -■,■■ C'iild-. t;-iilavns (i!-..it r. C'i-::i'.
..,) v|,o p:.i'.-iutl the vai .■,■•,.. init ti; i'tj!---. -.-. 1 ■;
l;,)ve ihcii kiirr, j.'' n C'.dim",
I
h
tiiat he I
u!. 1 in r: I
I Iron tiie o !.i c*
I
[\\ C d- 1 b
'1 ticy loo:i ]v rlK i mlly bi;
■ ri'-"- to ri ^loi-i- I 1.
P.i:,C
1 ■ ■!! !■ l'( '
.Iv.phI
:l ilv
ll'lltlOn ; hi ll'.Ml r 1
III ■ y.ii 1 • '/ ; .'■ ■<■ ' ■'
wtio I l:ew: e .ro.,,.-t, u 1
ii-ii;'ion i in I. Ill' -iPit il' '-
.1 d bv I. Is 1
II ;lo e tlie \\<i
'■A 1
:i, ; I.
■a-i C
a Mi-,ii c,
teritv. were i:
.la'.il II
,:.cli, lie, V Hi III .
I ro.sii, V. i.i'. I v.a>
I S(
(i ried upon pilnce
(.!,.!. le. v.as p,r, .■,.■;
I o i; II S',veif:ii .ii.d
411 o; oniir.ry 01
eh.ii'
R.
llM
11 1 l./'l.!
,ul 1 lie- I
iliir. I ot
d, It V
.h;,h .il
i,,r.:rii ri.
1;
ll le: !i '
!)■
I h
IIP a lini' his telllpjli.j 1.1 S.'.'.'.i.P,
llis ir.v.
C ha,
:;:k[ ,■.
Ail. ..
<,i l.'t'-
11.,.;. M
•i.i'.c 01
the pv.i
Uil.ch
accLliioi
iJe,.:,,.;
I II' . o,,,
V.i:0 ll.;
t\l!l:lto(:
roio|.,.i]
1 l.iVi 11',
.ikil'iPl-,
C/,a. r,
b. lien .;
citd ;o
to .S. ,.
Sv\ei'il!i
loiii,- 1 1:
iie::c.
'llii,
piio ;;, •,
limi\ .ill:
ot:iv;' o[
n),i:d)<\]
(^i'/i'f,.
I. u.':.is(
I.i, 111..,
I .i. in'
h\
V K 1
•'!!Y.
■Iic( k'".l I'V i!i<' I'xrrior
,! u;;;,\v;i. .\.!t:!;.:,v;.
v.'-,i) .I'.U'vua' .:> ioMilv
cJ lac 'a..'.!-i'vi.iU-!V..- 1,1
L-xt \\Mr {.'on) w.'s ll;:-
,)l;)!uis, then iS vc.iri lit
:!u' rt.iti'''', lu' took I poll
rdvi'rnir.if.t.
iT'lViDii CD till- thri.r.c "f
veil in :i \v.ir wiui tl..-
r.nonircd .lU i'.'- iUtfiui -
•rlol'ition. '\"t.\^ rrir.i •
f" v.iUnT. lU' ob:.i:iv.- 1
Tiaii^. IK' i;H';uk,i t. f
, :()i)!<. Ki.'i, "'i'--i ;r.;KL
OvilH'''.
I'd ricr.ini.'., I'.rovc r'if
•o, ik-l'iMU.! l^ik;, t'.,-
I'nrkml lii; luiit tiliou ''i
•.'V. i-.'IVl'.ittl>.
Mr \i) ]i he r...::c.i..i ;".'.)
I'llly, who, ill .■.;! .i-.:.. ..
,■ wuuiulctl by .1 i..in:u)'i
I- vi\nu\ of r).;v.v.'.i, .iml
Li;ion. In the nicin tiiv.t-
1 t!io Saxons cut ol IJolic-
tln' (IciHor I'lr if.ui.1.1 tiic
1 h- Utt H.uMri.i, tixrrc-
Soon alUT which a irc-
c pb.iMs of Liitzen, iif.ir
;ii!c thc;i!i--lves iiMlU-rs (.:'
s J but tlu-ir hoik bcini",
i(\.iviis, to cncoui-,i;i;f h,s
t, advancing at tlu- hc,;J
r touai,! (ItMti on the otlur
.•n lliot through the batl^,
o have been (.Ion;- by Ion,--
witiuUuHiing ilie lol-> o!
•tlifh gener.ils behaved lo
mipk te vidory ; and tl.e
.ittervvards, in wiiieh the
ioiH, iiotAidilkin.luig the
lan iir:r..es elian-red lide>,
Hilt ihe afliilance tlie
r.'neii, w is nion- th.-in .1:1
t t!.e (jeiii-,,1,1 jiiinees.
,,„lv on- datiirliter, tl;i-
, priiekiiiiie.l tjueen 1.;
UWr, bi-'wj:. then but lix
iliet of S'vveden dvter-
iviid be eonvnitted to ihj
luh that eon;liK-l and liiie-
rid. m a llomilliing eon-
;i\virh;l.'. .diny tkev were
I'l.tait rneii;iisi an.i, .a
\Hi(!n hon<)iMa;:ic uriii\
< tin- treaty of \Vc1!|m'-
of till- jrr'tattil !;cn;'.fi" =
lr,i;:;e',l m;' i.ir ll'>:, l'""".-
• . , ,,r.d in the h\f ■>'.
■.::-l;i,i!i;lrraM;n, h..v n
n ■■'■neJ tl.e noun m I.^
li'.'ilavos (i!'..'.t I- ^ I' ■■ ' •
, .--...inil i;'. !'"''•> ■'■■! ■'
|,:ii kin;r, j..' 11 C'.'.fui!",
u die 11 !.) V'.l': ui a.l- J/
iiillv bivk-.
.. ,,v .' -:l dv P'M-S
,1 ,,v 1 • ■■■ :■■■ ■■ ' > ' ■ '
i • , ;1 MlMlv', ..'ll ' ' '
,,;■ W ■'.■! !i'>l r. I M ■■■ ■
„ v:,.h -k 'i' ■■: '-
',■ ,..., .;i.l,' ' I '■■■'^' ■•
,, . „,.,; r Is ■■ :
r■,u■^o^):.l
(■ii:e,-iil ir.ro a c."i;ife.ler.:rv ;'.f;iii.(l .S\v\,
ta'iied .1 vi- Mj.\- .:v\'r "he '.'.veJ.eb at Nieiibi
S W
IP' ; aiVl >. Ill
n
N*.
t."
CI
ai lea v.'.'.s levMiiii ano'lief
'.rir.v tJ oivvile
ti;n, lie ".'■'. t ;i,en ill ot a le\'er, .iiid di. d ci t".e
'_ >! of i" '..iiaiv, l'>'«-, k.ivhi" (!ii!v 1 I'.e fon, n.'.ined
th'-'H ..bout livj UMis o(
Dining; liie
n.-r
itv of Charles Xi. ti;e aikiiiniltr.uiuii ot' tlie ijo
V'.ini'.ieiit wns eoir.iiii'teil to liis moth' r tii,' (uieiii-
dovv-.
hil live threat e
eel', o
t the r:
IV. n, IV. 10,
'ill:- ir neeelTiry to be at (.'.•. e
h'ur?, concUi'.'i •.! a
th.
the ...Li
'.'lav 16;
Oliv.i, near J),ti-.f/.
witii liieir IK 1 ;!i-
\\\:l\ I hi
lei;, wli'Tetiv
I'oi.
s rel;:'.iv;i.l;eii u:
.e eii.iie no:
el 11111 to I .ivciiia, an.! le
'. i.'ion o( tliat iirovinee
lev eei'.clii.'eu a
tlie .iv.' .les 11
aiv.i in the [.<.']■
IJer.niai:., on ti'.e fi:ne o •..klljii.i tlieyiiid n.^ieei! 1
a; K(
ilk
nilil ; (.111,- t^
ikI ol ilornh'ikn, ;
.1,.
eeded to tlie I J
me. t .
cit; and tern'.iiry of !.)i.)ii
tiiei;ii I", ivorv
■fse ."we.i.,'
Kn-k-nd a.id
diiJe \il;ai;
'.tered
lilt') a tie :fv Willi
il'ilL
uio, ai;aiiii
iT.llii
ir, 0:1 :a e'.iiH'
•t of
%v ir, a.w>o I v I, tli:-v <■, •jri.; nt'i .111 aliia';
f 'MiH ; , a_c,i::.lL I'.e 11 1 • .li .'V I ; i.', a:;d
Bia;u:.n:-ur:- ; b: z t^if-ir (■:■ es i.eii- dile..:.d
(ketnr, \1 .- u.aj..' I.i '' !:' ;,
ritoii--- in l'o!:,,-,.L .; ■, w:.;.
Kru:;- n ...-.] \ ; :-.' ■^. '.r 1 i .
nv th'j
01 'PU'I (i
•ki:'- ■ r/.d\ reduced
elir.
b.-.
.1 I-
,1 ro
I c'Ts lie rede.ecd .'Xu ■nfciiSj Kinrrofp.
Ola
)f ab
aiiuoi'iii;, lus kiiii;,i'j '1 tv.iee
ro th? nr-
anil, III
h , fl-.u: inu
iiv.Iell
lir, ueriiiaii
fi.iir; n
dominioii
irt to Warliiw
up 'n l)T.
en, tae capi'.ii or
iitiinitv to Siarii-
iii, w' c-,e iie v. a.i liileiiuik,'
il 01
I',
en: a <ncat rc:n~
einv.nid I. a tii'.' +'h of Of.i
In the mean tune th.e C,
f irciiiieiit of tic; 'ps into 1'.' :.d :o the afliUance of
i.ii fi iend and a;.;,
■ i.e ^axoii "' iiei.
kin- .\'
in 1 Ser.uleiiibiirfr,
notlier .irm\ m
S..v;!'r,-, with Willi il he joir.i.I -he l\ ■ (Tian«, a battle
hi at 1 r.ivt
,iki
11 I e iZUi ut v.
■ .S.ixor.s and l-aiH
lan.s wire .iji;.in
defe
ry, 170
iteii oy
he .'.'.v.eiles.
The RuiTji:. tliiew I'.ov.i th<ir arm,, and
i)e;-;4ed f"r ir.eicv; Ltut lae Swedilli general. Kenchikl
i.rdeied iiiLMii ali to be i.ui to d.tatli in eo!d bl.iod,
to ri
tlie baiDantie
s fiie Cz.'i iiad eonriiic.d in Li-.
for tiie Czar, t ikinr/ ;-dv..nta''e of the ki
'ueiH n s ai'ii
.1.
Ki troii
th.u
rt ot It, t.ki-ii t!ie clnef tow it, i
lau rciiueea uu-i
num-
d Q
mrs ol the iniiahu.mts, aiul lent me relt in tii.uns to the
laJf.icnd f^reat
111
I'.IIIOL
li 1 ii: of
i;s iloii-iinions
I he
ot .Mve..;i n, n.iviiii) il.ivi
n both the Ruf-
,d S,
ons 01;
X of I'oiaa.l, I
lent h'.> marcii to-
I wauii the r
e river Oi'.er, in 01,
hi.
.11. ed r'lediet f.fthc tnihirc t.) led re h'i.i their
er 10 eiirer ri.ixonv. which
ene-
h;
f'
!ie.i die (.Jd^r. 'I"he kino;,
i
IK) ever.
leec'
If. ■■), ulu ri
al
de,! by |i-,
I tile H rrii
11, at .^r. (,rrir:.ii
<il Nil., I. n. ai
tills Will were itluireti t'l' 111
ri. .1 the pr'iie i,,
ic.i k
r tl..'e t...i;!..
; aiK. !vin;: C',.irl
IV .a, fi.icr t.) 111'.
con'inuir.;i; I. is ir.irrh, and ent -ring the t.'-ontiers oi
.-iM'ii'V, t'l'' liih.oitants i-iiT.'dia.i-lv lied I'rcni thMr
ii-u, ,, ti'i iii,. ^W'.- '''th I'- ' Iv |"i -.lulled . I proek.i.ia-
I'.'i icf i-ii>-a to their
. il- le.r.ired, fho'ild
n )i-., •_.( lai
t. lai, V M .■
i.i.,- ( 1,11,1 iliii
b'V ; ) ii, ■ ivlf he llioiild
111- v . ai ■ I.
beia;_; .r peace widi all die ii;!'»h
to ha'.e aprk' .1 the P' \.er velle
pre!lk)ii of his luliiecs j •• hoai iu end ivid and ini-
in aim to lae cm-
iked
ibk-; lo tl
.0 ii.v.iir am
la. ta ■
ifdf
UKl his ami"
' .'-^ .eden w.b
HI eveiv reipe.t monareaicil
lii
Mine lo \' IV eonlii,;i.r..b'e, di.ir conieieiui s ,or .1
r.ei.i
I u\ie o
Uylwu.v la v.'/;, 11:1, ler
his iiUMMtioa.
Chail
:i. the fi
ec! -1 b\
Ci..M
111, ,1 .aid I
eu,on returned, to their
ip' ■ i at .Vhaaltad, near
li.ite. of S.iN'iiiv to
111 et hiai ti
in on
11 I'l ill ,M account ot thi
rcvi'liaes o! ilr- i;i^ior..!e, v.niia lie ii.ivia
iiii;i;!kd on .;■- ,1 a i .x, or
-n.].)!', of
lix doli.as
.n) a i.OiiMi
peiui'd,
0:5,000
lie obli-
the
11 .0 I:
I v.r . otic ci
::■ id 11: a;, tv.o p.:
,1 .Is .,; :i\v
h'ld.ers wifa
, -IVO pots of
a d loai pci
di.ii .irdeie .
■•....ell, a -;,
\'i h..i'. I .-: i.:e .
■I 'llvl" h'Jl!',
•: .fhi'. '.'IJ..
^. tie
r . V I. re
•I iai.l .•:■, beaavi-
'kli.rv.as n-
CIO iv-
a. ! Chi.
. V' iie.iu . le I', a
01 1; l...; V. I Ills I ai'
11...'. I \ \ llie li icue, til
niiis '.'..1-. il.ci.i,
a.;e ol l:\'.eeii \e.i:'
die pv.iee 01
u',\.(l\ h.ivl
:.v a '.'.1 net .iti.iiiien 10 t i.'
in Noveiiil-.er, imj', f..w
.f ilk eoaelu 'ed under hi. nu .!i.-.i:an.
f.thi
r. .Soon
aiicnion, he li.ul lo c: ntiiuiv/ith the united jiowers o!
i;e..:aaik. r.-iaid, and uiiilia. The lirtt of liieie had
I IV ..'a. iiid on d.e territa; 'I :. ol till- dnki oi I lolHeiii,
le. howcwr.
b'k.lv
v.1.0 had tliioafe.i hi-. Iiller.
iMd.lt.icil dieni .111, i'l-.i fi,.'
eiiiii|)ciled tlie Lkir.es lo eo.'eiudc a pe.ice w.di h 111 .1
to Co, eiih.i: ea, an
l-V v.h'ih tl;
1)1 1 1 liUin V, as re-
■ liaMillied i
C/,.ii I'eici
b.lii-Led N.
eitd iO,0 - )
to S ;,(.;'.
.Sweeidi Iv.io, ill !t lie
iicaai.;wa
III t
lie iiU'an i.iiie the
a t;.e 1 rovieci o
lie aimv ot Ck.irl
f In-i
via, .111,1 li.ii
;,1 :10c e.M
ii'iii, vj.cie.s diat ot the ('/..ir amounted
Saeli, l.ov.cve'-, V.I.. the p.o'i '1. of die
lolUi.'
liei.'r.
d t;
.'hivd a; i,,e Ic . ! ol Snoo,
,c 111. ■.la iiodv c' die Isulii.in , nil i.'.le.lttie
V iih his a.ms
||.S'.
ii..iii\allid in the ,'iia.iis ol iiiilorv. II,- d k,.lc.l th.
't C .111
i.iii.l, .1 a I'll .11 . o upi
llicl
ni.ii
•h.-,!
W.al:'
.h
,n,', 10 hi
»in.', ol I'oi.aid, an.l hi:, li i.-iid:>
Il W .ll,.S
Ci.
l,■.Lnl^, ,1 I Mil IK
II I VOiil, l)V ill,
• li.iidlv 10 b. I
1" i.i;,; iieii
.'iium (il iiiilii.il y
died, .'iid .1 lou-
1.1, e aiiiu.lf invineibl", whah acpi 'i-. (iniii i \p!.ii;s, as
I.I.- iH'"'. iiiiln'i naiure a* c.sti loidin.uy aitiiiii Im-
. ,). '■ I
! !e 1:
1.1!:.',* Cr .;|| ) [D V.
ii.ii i,i;,-!i...-e
III- MIdiu
1 CO
i.iiitled ,
•I'-aih tueai a-, -ikv deleive.i; an.l
ddi
wli
t.ke.i by itoini, the uooc- irned not
u;-,!!! tl'e
ui.il.r v-iticiit ie.
d
ell latisfied
-.■.eie dk- p.ojik- V. 'i::i th.ir le. .ii.ty, w Idle tii.- .S.iedifli
iorees reiiiaiaid ill baxoay, tint the great an u.d fairs
v.ire liikl at l.i 'plie:., .i-. ufiia!, '.. .tlioe: iaierrupti.in.
Ki ij Au>,.l'a,i !-,l'.d.u:j to t!l.- COaijUeic, to b.-ji a
pe.ice on lli,^ owe. teiiiis, he iaiin..Ui.iteiv lent iii.ii the
toHo'.'.iai'; articles.
1 Tli.it .Augiiilir, ihoald for ever renounce the crow-n
of I'ok.ii !, and .ickao\ded<ie ■'> aailkiii:. kuvtul kim^ .
.aul promile iv \ er to leiiiocnt -the throne, even after
i!.i de.i h (a'.S-,in;;k;i, .
Ih.t he
rLii.iii.i.e ,ill 0:1, er alliances
he rele.iie the
th.K nt liiiii
.;. I h.it
(.ciicr p:ii' 'hers.
.(. 1 ■ it lie (!'•:■
J n.' l'.,li;al, ..'.l
\ He, ap»i ce 11 I lie
r.i,-. ill' il .'lic lo ,;ll
ine^
d-,'1'
elp,ciallv
;.';d.dlhi3
Iters, particularly
i\.\: an V. I.. I l'..lve ill .CI tevt Ins K
'I'll 11 llli' .'iSVi.l.ll
Ih li
M.
I ail 111 ., !,,is lie itv
l";,!ii.- , I a.' leil I'.ii la : ,a li...' a,
:ll of
Ihall
li.l-
li . 1 iliil I h iilv
'>U,".C',T Mil il, aiKl
rl (lOOCl .S.;\f)|is
111 I'.eiii 111. 'V;
:o ireii, neai
ill!
.p. a- VI
\. , 1 l.iw ;
. V, lor v'.'ii.eh \i".'iilli
bii . ia il.i
dil ol
t.ieie
I e ih It his pii i.ipo-
leatiaiic I
Mi
II
it
I
'■■n
. m
' i
lu
If
v.'t
^
, • ^
' 1
(66
NTAV AN'p Ain-nrKTic .-^ys.tim cf U'c^tu- ',r, nroGRAi'iiv.
teiiiiarie^ in Saxony h.id asrrccd to the terms abovc-
iiicmioncii, winch lie fmiiui hmilelt i)l'ligc\l to i.it'lV,
or lee his tierm.in doniinii)iis riiinrd, as wlU as I'o-
laiul. Aiigultiis li.ul levir.ll conllrencrs afteiwariis
\. ith Charles, and ende ivoureil to proriire better tcnr.s ;
Init rii.irliswas to iiRMiled nt the defeat (it hi- fmi e>.
ULUer M 'tierticid, lliaiiie nvule them iliU wci le. I le
obliged AiigulUis tu luid Stanillaus i!ie tuilov, iiig
letter, viz.
" Sir and Br omuls,
" AS I oti[iht to riy.tid the directions o{' the king
pf Sweden, 1 cannot avoid eongratiilating yi.'Ur ma-
jelly vipi.n your aceeiVion to tie crown; ih.ui^h, jur-
hap>, the advintayeous treaty t!ic kinsi: of Sweden lias
lately concluded fur your majelt}, mi^ht liavc extiit-
cd .ne from this coirei'poiidenee. However, I con-
gratulate yoar maielly, bel'.:echir,g God that vuiir
iiib;ejts may be niorc faithful to you tlian they have
bci II to me.
Leipnek,
April 8, «707,
Auc;l".ti's, kiiij.
AuptiPivis was alio oblif^'ed to order l;:s Saxon llib-
jects not 10 addrelb him as a kin;; ior ilie liitiire.
The eluu.'.cter o! Charles Xll. has iiiv.ler ''ine f )me
ignominy l^r condeniniiig l'..tku!, a cail.ur. oi /ieet,
to the Icnteiice <it t:ie wheel. Hut i; Ihould be e.iii
liidly conr)de;eii, that l'a;kul had not (■tilji been gii-ky
of del'ertion to ti,e Rullian:-, but reniaikabiv ■.■.eli\e
in ixeitin^ leveral princes to rcbjl a^^-inn. tiair lo-
vereign.
1 lie detlironing of Auf'tiP.us, tlv.- rading o! Sta-
nidaiij to tlic tlnone of IViland, and a fii t:ii',on ol
leats allonilhing to all Kurope, lo enhuued the lame
of the eoterprizingking ot Sweden, t!.... Li. was Cinnted
by amball'..dorb from moll, of the powers; and, among
others, bv d.f d'lke of Marlborju:^h, in the naine ot
queen Anne, amidll: the lull caie.r uf a :ucce!-.lul war
againil 1- ranee.
He teems, however, in fome inllane.s, tn iiave in-
dulged a llubborn and impku ibie dilpofmon to a
very cenfurable degree. He laulsul ni ln> ^jrand de-
fign of invading Rufiu, aivi lull liie battle ot I'ultow a,
wiiere the Czar obtained a \ leiory lo decilive, as oblig-
fd him to take refuge anioii'^ tiie Tuiks at H^'i.tier.
I: was near two years before the Porte coviid be per-
lii-.d. d Dy Charles to enter into a war agaiall tiie Ruf-
i'ar.-, in which they met wiui great luceef>; t!jr the Cz.ir
entering into Muidavia btforc he had ereCled maga-
zin .'s (ov tlie fervicc of his ar.iiv, oiie half of tliem pe-
ru'iied by famine; and ihr hardlhips the nit uader-
V. er.f, being lurrounded by the Tuiks on tlie banks
1.: tne river Priith, compelled the C/ar to ben; a
p'..\ee, rellore Az':nl), and all the placci {,■: w.l,
polleueti (^f on the 15;... i^ Sea, ;!nd ex'.liide himlelf t'.oni
uavigatiiK; it, belo.e he could obtain leave tn retire.
Feace being eor.chided between tlie Tone an.i KmH],',
Charles was dehr.d to leave the In. l.ilii d iminions,
which tiiat pniuc refuting to ilo, ihe lUrks ..tt.e kei.1
him in I:- (piarier'-, m oid<T to foiee hnu out of dieir
lerrit ilie: ; and he d'Jend.-d hinikll v.idi tli.- few |x-o-
\W he had .ib-uit him, till he v ;s n.ade p:i.; i-.er, ; i;d
. , rried away to a viUiJie ivar .'\'l, i.inn;!! •, v!ierr't;e
tiraiivl -eii'-i'ir let him know tha' 1; i vie^:e.l ice liiou't!
ijuit Ids u'lininitniS a;';!in ; b'V. d he ciiule to ivlide
wivre he wi'-, he v.'(jiiid I'.lio.v h:;:: a.i 1 hi;. ]i-.()i,l,.' a
luiilillea •• iluring! their li..y. Ti.'- i.ing ha. ing re-
II. 'It, '.;■•,; !i) til,-
i. lin'.l I. . I'.'out Vniollr-i year, v. i mi.
!i ,'iti'. r-, lium wiift.ee he ruik iliiuu; i I
(:.■,:;, .■n\', mc-'ignitn, ..-le idcl d.i'v 1 y k:
.,.,.1 a, lived at Sci.'.!^!.' I, in [•"onieM'.
i.,v x ulinoll that belli >, ■■ . jr I. in-, in (leii
.> ^
beujg foi.-n .iiier L- f. ,:. I f'V ilie \)mk:
he d(lended the ro'..ii foin months j
it no l<>n[jer ten*! h-, I li- I over tn .'>.
tho military ard.iu. of i.i.;.^ pi'i.i:, t
I iii;' ly ,iMd
r ;• ■rKin. II,
•, tn.- o;-.l;,
; in'-. I !iM
iind I'lUli!.,!!
.m ! lli"ii iiiid:;.:
rtl: 11. Sip. Ii i,.r
i.!i, CI his rei.iin
to his own d'. .-linions, he renewed the v.-ar afair;!):
the Danes ; hof.ing to have m.idc himlelf Ibme aiiitiiils
for Bremen and Verden, which tlie D.mes iia 1 wrelUd
tiom hiin di.iing his ablence in 1 urkv ; but, to ti..:
great joy of his adverfaiiis, who llill diead-.i! his pow-
er, he was killed b> toie I'Vetlenchiliall, a Dar.ilh ci;.»
on tiic Irontiirs of Norway, on the iiih day of IJj.
cember, 1718, in the ^hth year of his nge.
I'he charaeter of t.ie celebrated CL,:rie:\ \II. k;:v-
of Sweikn, has been varioufly reprcieni d b.'writ;,'
accordingly as ir.ankind are acliuaied I v i,h ir niii.-;-.
ent piiiu iples antl pre|udices. The g: •.: ti. ;;s ut' ,,!>
chara.-t(r are llroi.glv depicted by a FieiKli .•:iit,.or of,!...
oeca-
p 11 til ;
liill eiiiinenee, in the following terms.
" No d..nger, however fu iden or imnv-enr,
fonetl in l.im the Icall dilirav. I le Ijein-, in
to h,.ve been a man liiville^I cf tl;e frali it
of fear; a-nl t!ie nianrer in whii ii he en.l'.iri'Ll c id ;-•■
liui'grr, IhvAs hi, 11 to le a ))i()digy otllrength a.-, v.t
.IS couiMLe. ill-- rapi'd li.ccelies afiinll t.ie eoiiib;;
forces o! DLniiiari;, I'oland, and Ku"i.i, pr ive L;
to have been no ordin.ny mi-n ; Inn, u.ciiotigh t,,
.'.ftai.illicd ill l/airope, yet, in t..i.ir conlajnenu.--, u\.
were fatal to th.e kin.>lom v\.'iicii ic govei; i\!. .
iL'ong rvlentmei'.t agan.'l tiie uir^rovok.ii attack.-, r,i-,l.-
upon him, led him 10 medit.ue enterp.izes agaii.ll !•-,
eiiemio, extravag.mt and iir.pr.ictic.blc in then n tie,
and the cotd an.l undil.na; ed peileverance cf h;. g.i...
a.lveilarv, the Czar Peter, at leni^t.h jnev.iiicd ever ii^,
iii thncted ardour."
I'p n tr.e doiiife of Clnrles XII. Iiis filler, UI.um
l-onura, conlort of the princ- 01 I Kile, afcended :'\'.:
ti.roiie by t^e free election ol tlie llatc.-, ha\ inc. ;)i.\ ;
)v\er.
ha\ i
oully reiigned all [iietenlioiis to aibitrary p'
1720 the government was transferred to her hulbanii,
piince Frederick.
In Older to let boun.is to tiie rov.il jirerogiiivr-,
v-hiih had been too far txtendicd, a capiiulation vs
drawn up by an appointed comnntree, and ligned iv,
l-'rederkk and the queen, before tUey entered upon t.;.
exercile of government. By the articles otthisc.iji-
tul.ition the royal [lower v. as greatly n iiliicci ; for t'l^.
king of Sweden coukl Icarcely be called by iiat nair •,
being limited in every bianch of govei nnv. nt. 1 !i.;
diet of the lla'e^ miuht be laid to ink ; ..nd their tl-
lectivc body h.-d gre.iter powers than the j.' iihaiiicii' e:
tireat Biitain, bn-iil,- the king'-^ piere;;.iiive w.is inoic
bounded.
The war Hill contlnuetl with Rullia; and the C.r
w()uld prob.,blv have made ,1 coiupieil ot iheir ckuik.v ,
if tiie Swedes hail not pree.iileil on tin- liiglilli to leu'
a fleet into the Baltic. What the l'r,gii(h rueived to.
this i.Tiportanr ferv'ce does not appear. I lo.uv, r, tfu-ir
liect could not prevent the Ru!:ian g.iiii.s Iruiii plun-
dering tlie tcail.- of Sweden, whit!: lie on the liotlvii
(lulph, and ddlrojing 'everal ot iheir erpprr ,. d
iron-works; this giil,h not being ilee[) enuujji lo.
lanie Ihijis to enter. Tiie alii.inee bvtweeii (1 lu:
liritun and Sweden, at length pitvei.fil tlie Run;..!-,
making any farther cone|Uelis in that kingdon^ : a.,
bv tlic tieaty ''f peace between Sweden and Denni.ii..
i'.is l)an:lh m j llv proiiiileil not "o ahi.t the kiai':.:-
m iliat war: lor boih tliefc king.loms b -lmii iieiW f
be .ipprelienfive ol thf growing power of tlu C/.,ir, ir I
pe.reiVid th.ic itwastheirmiitu.il intei-Ii not ru i. ■■'.
tnlvre to make lii.ii llill !',re.!r.r. 1 i.e ll.i,,, .u >
airreed to rellorc to Sweden all their leriitiiii' s i';',
had j.ci.'eired d-e nlilve:, of in the hue v..:: (e>.i] r ;:i.-.
mm ami \ ei.len ,! in conlulerauon oi a lii.i ot u.' 1: ^ .
ill,: tlie lii!i>> of .Sv. den weie, by thi. ii ,:> , o', '
to pav I. 'I to til.- li;.i.-..on palii.i.-; tl.j ; ..■, 1: I, ,e v.'.i
15 ' .1.- fiiipi I I ■i'A.ci' nations,
B, .1 i,e,.-y oi peace c :nekided wii'
\\.c.', lino ;■ ;i, 1 ;.:•:■>'.. eiies cedi I
vi:,v, .,n[ 1 .1,1..,! ., lii,;.i.i, part of C .
1 1,
Ku
II ii I .
iilan,
.1 \N
liU. i\ an. I Iv idioliii. III hi.i
1 ;..■.'-, O.-.U, and all ilu
uf h Ol I iniaiKh
in t e
li
t!
rctu'.vci-l '.he w.ir n:^;iinlt:
i.'aIc himlclt lonif iuiinii's
cii till' D.iiR-s iia 1 wit'.li,!
L' ill i lilky ; hiit, to t;,,:
.ho lllll liivul'.d lli-, j);(\v-
liT:c!;iliiill, ;i Dar.ilh c::,
on tliu I nil vl.iy ut 1>.-
ai ot Ills n<n'.
iiMtfd C.";..'ilcr, Xli. kir,-;
llv rfprt'Unni h'/ writi,.,
iicliiaLOil 1 V ih ir oilior-
. 'I'bc rrr ;: ti. ;ts ut iiu
i by :i Ficiuli .■•.i]t..ur oi .!,■
lip!; ttriiTi.
.1 ;dc.'ii cr i^^n':•■;.■nr, c;'^ ,i-
•.iiv. 1 k- l;ciri', in I'h.H ■,
r^l (iC till- r.vai. il |imi( •
vhic ii lie cn;l',iifi! c .Id v \
)i().!i^:y ut' l'.MT.;:!li a-> \\\\\
cl'U'i aj'.iinll i.ic mm'j.. I
1.!, and Ku 'i.!, pr.ivc !.: .\
ir..'n ; luir, i.iCiujL^^h t,, /
ii) I .ii" Colli. (|'K"i;n.--, llv V
V. ii.tii i c gov;-:: .-.!. n
uivTvA'uk.ii ;.:;;Kk.. \\^\l-
itaic cn:crii.i/!c's agaii.ll i ■-,
■,|'i-.icuc.'.bli.- in tl.ci; n. t .;c,
.1 jK-i I'cvuancc II t li:.. fj.ca.
, li-iiLjtii picv.uii-a over i^ii
r!fs XII.
I•.fte^ Ui,i,-i
iiK'.- oi' I!v;;i.-, .ili.cni.led i u:
)t' the llati.-.-., havin;; jMVM-
)n^ to aibitr.ny poui-r. In
traiibfciTcd to licr luifbar.j,
s to the roval prcro_:;ii:\r,
xttndcd, a capitulation v !■,
coiniiiitrcf, and ligntd iiv
vforc ilR-y entered upon t .. ■
ty the a.'t:i:lcs of this cip-
is (neatly reduced ; tor the
Iv he called by I'lat nan- ■,
aneli ot piveinir.: at. llv;
tiid to ink , ..lid ilicir t'i-
wcrs tlian the pviili.aiui:' <•'.
.lll^;''' piere;_;anve w.is mioic
idi HnHia; ri:>d ihi; C.--:-
conci'iell ul iiu:r i /.::...;. ,
liied <i:i the 1 nsdilll to le.i '
at the I'r.giilli rueived to.
ot appear. I lov.tv,T, their
Kul-ian j'.dlies from iiluii-
1, wiiitl'. lie on the Hmh;M-
,-erai o! llieir eepptr .. d
.)l belli.; deep e:'.ouiih I'g.
le all:.'.ni.e b.I'.vecii (>•:.',
-til p;cvei.r'd liie Rui!i..i ■.
lis in that kinydon^ : a: ,
'.■n Sucilen and Deniii.i:, ,
lot ■■o ;iI1ki ilie ki.i:';.; •
,1
i- kin;.',du:r,s. Is -iMii lu.'v t ■
11:' power Ol t!u L /:.ir, :i' i
niiitii.il mtei 1; not to i. !■■-
:ae.i[ r. 1 I.e I' .i,. , .i >
:l ;di iheir leriit'Ui' '• ■' ■ '■
,n I'.e hue v,/.; (> >.il r '''■'' •
ra'i'Ul o: :i In li ot o.' .: ' ■
:ie, l-.v li.i> il -' , '■
.,v,!i,r; t:.. : .1 .:.l, a' v- -^
:vde 1 v\;:'. IN ''b, r ":.• '-
li's ecu; i i" l-.n /.: ■ 1- ■• . : •-
I 111 ol C . ■ ,M, .il '■.•■.■ ' •
1)1:11, n l-i.il.<: :'t ; • ■ a''' '
,1 1 ..11 ll.. ii!a::;'. in t ^
1
rUKOPE.]
Ill the ve:i;' I ■".■'* nn niv.bafTadiir arrived in Sw;vi n
(roil) ■i'uikt\', to letdc an account ot the money tint
iiad been advanced to the late kin<i Charles, which b ■-
m'r lionouraLIy tlireharf'ed, the I'oite and -Sweden enter-
ed into an allnn' e, which frave grct iiinbiaijc to the
courts ot 1\ teilhui.n; and \ icnna.
About die year 173S, ihrou'-h vr: mai hinirior.s of
the Fiench, t!ie peoj'le of .Sweden v ere divided in:o
tv,-i> iip-at p -.ridcal panlties, diUin:^iii;hetl by the names
of I lats anu C l[)S. 'l'l,e former eipouied lire in;e:e;l ol
ti'e cou:t, the k-.rter the c.nintry, or p.'trioiie pi'rty.
1 ihle pairies not only broke tiie inrermd (piict of the
km >do:.i, b'lt k\' It into ,i r'liii'ins v.-,ir witii Kuiii.i.
I ne queen ol S'.ved.en ilvin:^ wiii.out illue, anno
l";i, die di.t ;nok into tlieir ri)iil'ideiation th.e no-
iiiin.itiiiij; a llici efiiii", loi 'A'liieh lio.i.jiir there ap;ieared
four e.uididaio. 1 he lirli: was t!:'' young liuke ol 1 loll'-
tei;i-(j:.ttorp, I'uj-p-rteil |-,y many of tlie nobiktv, an!
be .1 111 oil;; p 11 ty ;' non'!; the bur^ef'l", as well as by
the whole oilier of pi'al'.ints ; tiie Kcond priiiee Im;-
iItIi k of lielit'-C diel, nephew to the kiiv, lor whom
ail tl;e e'er .■ deel.sird ; the thiid lie pi-inee of l)er,-
iiiuk, who hi'.d :v Very coni'.'.erable party; and th" |
)oui;ii, til.' ('.i:!;e ef l)euxpor.t'., wIm V..I.-. ai.b of liie |
royal family (.rSv.'\l.:i, and liad but ;i f nail p.i.-ty. Afti.i
very warm d. bi.es, the duke of I loillei;! v ,1., d.'.'cl.u^d
fuceif.T, 1:1 t!;, ir.o;; h of O.; ib.r, 1742, by :i nia-
io:i:v ot f.vo vo es only j and <.lepu;ies v.'ere n:i;iied,
10 otllr hill, on Certain cond;::.)n ■, ti.e i\.vei;i'':i 01
the erov :, in hoj.es he nviil'.t indere the (.'z'!:ni to
rflloie t'.e ;■! ;nd duehy ol 1 inland. I'ut b I'.Jie i/.ey
arrived .1; 1 Vt' 1 l'":r;r, h" lad eudii ' ■■■d ilie liieek re-
li ;ion, with a \:ew to the !':.:' . if. ''i of K iilii i, to
vhich a'lb ie- n id a ci t'.ii; of 11 Tidinry liriit. I'his
fchrine hi'v:;!'; t'a led e,f pioduein.^ if, del.ixd eir.ci,
was followedi by con'i'.p-v.ees ll;:c v.tre cepiaily un-
avoida'de :-.:,d enexi e. ;ed : ti.r tlie p.eafant;:, tli.;': had
•■xprtlf. 1 fuch iiniiiiiiiOU'. aireclion lor the houle of
Milllein, Ivi^vi V. i'.h th' f.me /. -..1 .■..;! u;iii,iiii;y to
13 •;im->rk, to v,-!io:ii
.S W E D E N. 6C7
under pretence of fupponir.g the ir.trcfl cS i!ic princR
oi Denmark, in vdiiJi they perlilted, nof.vithlbntiin''
the km;; took .nil poniblc methovh to retiuce the:n by
liiir nie.rns to their duty. At latl the malecoatffntii
att<mj)ted to overturn all to which the kins; and tha
Ibites of .Sweden had con'-nied, This obli.'v-d hi:;
m.aielty, iiuich againlt hio uill, to empdoy foi'ec even
ill his capital cify, "iiere, after a lliarp en.vurement,
in •vhieli one (;f the fee.arorr., at the head of the kind's
troops, was morraliy wounded, the rebels were t^j-
t Ml
.it ; •
1 ■ p. i.i.
Ka, 1 luy ii;.i.wife inftlle.i (m
■\ : .ucoeft, riie tiviiei m!s iluit h ul
fo:ees ia the iv.i) lail ca:n;'.u;^ns ; and
eipoiile the nr.
the clevjy \,e
calling CO a !
commanded il'.
tiioli- very perf.ii, iliit had Ihewn the irrc-.ted w.inir.h
in promotiii;^'; tiie wir w'th Riiini, were ei.pi.,lly \vari;i
in ilemanding the punilliment of all llich aa were the
managers of that \:.n, I > whom they iiiiput.'d its want
of liieci. I'--, "^'et, in the midil of thefe doiv.eibe ilil-
putes, a peace appeared as precarious ,is ever; and
the diet li-emed equally unable to bear the tliou.;i,;:. of
lofiiif; I'inkind entireiy, or falling upon any o.p.dient
for recovering it. exce[it receiving it a.-. .111 eL|ui\ai^:it
from the liaiids of the C;:arina. His Britannic ni :
jellv having olfeied his mediation, the conf leiice.s we:e
continued .it .\bo. 'i'hele, at lall, e'ldcd in a tre.nT,
by which UuiT;:! confenteil to relloie all that iiad Iili :i
t.dvcn in tld> war from Sweden) except ,; liiiall dillri.i
ill Finkiii'l i an.l to renew tlie peace between the tv. o
iiatiot.s, in cal'- the llates of Sweden tliouid ilct
jirince Ailolphus Frcileriek, a.lminillrator if I lolfleiii,
and l)illi.>p of Luberl;, fuccelfjr to the crown; and,
in tliis c.:l'..', i:;e young duke of IlolHeip, whom they
had idreadv elcLled, atul who was now becoire here-
ditiry pfiii e of RufTia, olFered to make a foleinn re-
lignatioii c, .ill h:s cl.ii.ii and li^-iic to the Swevlidi
tli.alem,
V* hen I'li'- tu'tv came to iic c'.nfuie.ed in the die:
of .Stoi kholip, tiieie arole veil' high deb.ites ; but at
lal: the i-o;ii;deiat:on of thof'e im.iiediate advant.iges,
which well' 'o .iiiltf from tlie 1 Ic'timi of the billiop (i|-
I.ubirk, a'ui liie prolpert of ('ontinuii ililpute-, in c i!i-
til. y ill .."ted. .i,ie other luecellbr, brougi't over all th ■
ordeisof the II ites to litis projohi.oiii ai. 1 duke A-
fiolphus w IS aceor.hn:',ly cliuleii hereditary prsiee an,!
I'ei e !ll>:- of' Swcilen, on the ; ;.l oi June, ly.f ;.
\j t will! :■ tlv diet V, IS thu. j'lovi J!:i" f'lr their p''e-
li lit peace :i;i I fiilure I'l'i-ty, the 1 ) .:, c.e ii.uis to 1', iri
a:;r', aii^' !.'..'.: cli-jd di.c^l;!;, ;j i.!ic city jf otoekhol ,,,
deicatvd, obh,'.;ed to iay down tiieir arms, a:-,d
lubr.ii; to the king's r.ier. •. , winch was extended to
then 1:1 the moll ampl.' degree. I'ut this ex-rr.aoidi-
nary inilance of royil clemency did not f;i'.eii the rc-
lencn-.ent of the pealiuits again'ft two unfircunate no.
bl men. Count Liwrnhaup, and Daron Hucklenbrook,
who, to laii.fy tliem, h.id been cjnd -mned for want
of fuccefs in tiie two lalt canipai.ve^ and whole execu-
tion was ('em,.nd'd with f.ich heai, that tiie king coukl
no' ref.if- it. 1.,'eiitenant-general Baron i3uddrnbrook
fu!V-;ed tirft, 0:1 the i(;th of July in the lame year ; but
Ik LI n-:r;lial 1. ewcnliaup ir ide hi eleape, yet \v ..s fjon
a.uer re' li.Mi ; a:il, n ):w;:!:l!a:i. ■; the iiobihty and
clergy V. c:e ;nci:,;e,l to fpare h;s h'e, tlie p -aiiius re-
■ iia : c 1 1 ill inilixiblp) an! to f'li-ly them, he wa.:,
accor'.i. ._| ',') ill.', lenteie'e, be'iead ■ I.
t '
\.Ci
coiil'.'Ked to the election, r.iiicli b.i.ig firrnifi :..l -oili
Adolj.'hu--:, iv: vcrnt loon vSuv to .'itockholm, whif.-
w.:. r.aieclt.ith nnivci-fal acclamitioiis. 'i ho I:^: :.
of I )v;niark, h.iving I'vv.v 'uo^iv, ; to difike c'.;; ;'
:d e;:tr lord'ii.irv e';e..'..;;:n ci' t'le h juli; o
n; r '.ir-
es
to 111, orn-ry j- iJ.uc till tlicle melancholy II •
o\ei ; iiiid ;:,e pc.laivs, gra'i'ied in tlv ir leven
,1,
^n a:
he
li'l-
oc
.•:,, noL a little iiiortilied on the leurc
of hi; l'o:i'.. being let afidc to make way for tiie liillijp
of Lubcck, began to make fuch vail military pr»'p:na-
tions a> I'ee.r.ed to bet'peak a dili -n of ine.;,!:ii:.'' ':-,..■.
''•n, v.'iich, I'or Ibme niotulis, lui only am; I.'.- 1 Liic
1:01 th, b.t alllv.irope : yet the CV.arina
to lay
.■~'tocM olm and Copenh::gcn, th t die w .jnl.l iii le.: in
;!ie el.ciiu:! Ilie had promoted wit'
■ i'v'-.l of
ol f';e kii'g io.ii
y ri.:|ii:; e ihai:
of .?,
i:io i:
^■fi-
icl.'n on t:ie
St.
i.'i'ip;'r, an'!
':i''i:".i:s 0!
I'-i • I means
s Ho: 111, by declaring n.'u^iiy to t!ie cur,, of
lolm
le '■ Il
ii-r empire. To ellabl fli the p -'
111 ire c'leaually, it was thought
.il" 111'.'.' princ^- hiceellbr Ihould n. ... , , ^ ^.-
iy he elpc/ufd the princeli L,' iiiia Ulrica, f: ccr to
he king of I'.udla.
Ad'ilpiuis fuc'C'-ed'.d to the ci'i
■ie.irii of the late king Fiederick,
Ik was a p.ince of a mild a:
harr.iP.ed by contending fict,e:i
the fe'iitors foiced .'\dolplio:.
againll I'mflli; b'lt a.; tli .: ...i, dil.igr^i bl..-, hjl
•inly to the piop'.e, b.,; ai.o r.) th'j king of Swe.ieii,
th.e n.rion never .n..de f) 'iv.-an .va ap aiancej ai;!,
up. .1 ''lullii's making a [leace with I'mina, the .S : :i s
e ':'.-i;;.'.:eii matters a:, well as tliey e'".!H. An.'ra reign
<;!' lue.ii.lt, co'iimi:ion, ;i:i.l trouble, this mo'i.i, i.h
di \i of chigiin, m t!ie year I'^i, and was fuceced.ed
1).' I'.is foil, (iiiibivu-, who was !)•! n i'l i~.,6, ,i:i,l m,ir-
;ic.l to tl'.e jiii.i ef. !•;,'! 'if i)e:;".i.',ik in lyO". In liie
c jmirencenu'i t >; tii ' i^i.ii ''i loiikiv,-'; ,1 very re-
mark.ible rev liif.-n li.e'P' 'le 1 in S',..'iicn, of which
.1 late le.'.rniil .111 1 in.vcilious tr..ve!kr gees the toUow-
ing ele;:.iiit ai eou u.
'.It.' f:vei; i:.:i>, wis a weik man,
'..•r.r.^' . :ic..i a'lthority .ittained its
• r'l' d n veaue was verv inade-
,'M ' iii'i vci:!ht in tiie le.ile 'ji'sjo-
'<.:■ , t;,e
■ I'll n ih'-
i/'itil. I
1 . .,' ':n'e
i ICO.il '- .
... ^Mi •■
avd i:n;.
11! ro''. '
ipi.it • t'l
. ei :i 1.. ;i
" in t
I'row'i. i ! ' 'v.;:.. ,
ilirU'di.lti' '■■ dn'
Cieoi;;- Hi. oi l:
lion ;' 'It .: .., h.'
he I'l'ignj.i, .1 .1 I
S'.vevle^, wlu", Ii: e
rei'ii' 1^ on tiie il
1 .1,
ai
....... a,.vl >1(
M fi iikivi. 111. lucceeded : 1 t''e
; ■ 1 >: ■ i I ^.■ i.ii .iiir.'.g ' ev.-r In- two
..'ei!'; whuh hii I ell' It 111 ;''''y,
•g/.n 1 th I ovc!' h.i-, 0:1 his ..c
w 1'. li.'i :i :.i iie e '■J;:try over w 1
j- . r tiie 1,1:1 -n,;!.' ■ p., I.,' liy. 'liiw:
ir 1 ';.', li ::i Ii en only fo-
c U
t le vv
V,'v
.'.inn
■ ■ '1.
I
t'.i
iiave, once
niJie,
6';?
M-AV \Nn AL' 11 U.N IK" SYsITM o? UNIVPRSAL GKOGRArflY
n^ore, a kip.;; from .mioiv^ tln'inlcKi-s, inloir.iirli, ih:u
ll'viT.il i'llvir nu-il.ils were (Inick to coiiiaieiiiorau-
t!iis li.ippv -vr.i i oa tlic rcvcilV of wliich if', tliis intcri])-
uon, I'.uttTi's land cf -, It is my n.iiivc i.irnl.
" It one nwr crciiit the ;ircniiius liwcn of tin- \mi.-
pruceciures of government, wliilc vcllcil in tlic Icii.uc,
i: was hii!;h time to redrefs the iniuries they iliil tlie
I'.ite, which flittered srie.iter evils from the irrefoliitions,
the (iel.ivs, .mil the divifion;; of a l.iige an'emlily, than it
eoi'.Kl e\in inuicrii;',) Imm an ahlolute nionarcii. Time
had matured thel'e feeds of difTitisfartion, ami a young
|-.rince, beloved by his ful-.iei.'ls, was ready to take ad-
wtntage of t!uni.
" blithe I nth of Aiirnll, 177:, this extraordinary
event was [iroduced, which again rellored to tlie crov\n
thofe prerogatives whieli llic had loll for more than
half a century. The king's fecrecy, addrefs, and orii-
torv, in lb dangerous and critical a junrture, fir f\ir-
p.uVed wh.it (iiiuht have been ex}H:led from his .ip,e.
It is faid only five perfons in the kMifdoni were intuiit-
til with tlic delign, whicli was earned into execution
wit!) as ir.urh viiroiir, as it lud been plannc! wish i.\i.'..
I iiy ar.i iiid;;a.enr. 'I lie loldkiy and people were
hueellvi-'y j-ii.-.. d by the eloquence witii wf ieh 11,^
v<)i,ii.> kin;;; ad.lr.ll'ed theni, who pldr.ly evmc d the
v.ill importance of thi'i tjiL.hty in popular oinmo-i.-iis
and public alLirs. Very few perfons were iniprifoni'.!
and that only for a Ihort time; nor have any of tlieni
experienced, in the fmalled tlep;iTe, any liimi'iuition of
the royal favour, on account of tlieir o|ipolitioii. I'he
lenate rook a new o.itli of allej/iance to the i';:n-e
.md tr.iiKjiiility was reltored throujrhoui the kiii'.'iio.n. '
I lenee we may perceive the p,reat force of cloeiition,
and rill p.jwer which an oi.itor has over th- human
mind.
Where'er he Ijieaks, he.iv'n, hov; the lifi'nir.!; thron;'
Dwell on the melting miilie of his toiiL'ue!
I lis arjf'ments are th' enibleir.s oi'his mien;
Mild, [in: not faints .ind !i)rci:i<:', tho' lir.'ne:
And Wi'ieii the jiow'r ofcloijuen; e he'd irv,
licic li^jlu'iunijblfrikeyou, there lot'c breezes fi.^li.
C II A 1'. \'I.
GREAT RUSSIA.
i u
: 1 ■'
s I- c r I o X I.
Extent, Situnticii, BoHHiiarics, Origin cf Xamrs-, Mcitn-
:.iiiis, Riicis, Lakes, CUnuU^, Scii ; PrcJK.'ijn.i,
Vigetiihlc, .'iiiimal, M:iici\:!. L'i.
Till". RuITian empire is admitted, by geograpliers
in general, to be of i;reatcr extent than' all the
reil: of r.urope, or than ihc Roman empire in the ze-
nith of its pov.er.
The imnienic dominions now under confideration,
are Ikuated beteen 47 ani.1 jz degrees cit nortii lati-
tude, ai'.d between 2J and 65 dcgiees of call longi-
tude, being about 1500 m.L'i in length, and about 1100
in breadth.
Ivuliia ij b.)unded onthenoiih by die Frozen Ocean,
on li'.e ea!f by the empire oi Ciiinai on t'le font h by
I'erlia, the C ifpian and Black ^cab, a;id Turkey -, and
on tl.e welt by Sweden.
Tiiis em;, i/e is known by the •.•.rjiell.uions of I^iiJia
and Mulovy ; th, former of wluch is iiioll piobably
derived fro II the ancient inh.'.b:L.:iit.i, the Kuiri, or
BorufT;; and the latter from the liver Moico, upon
^vhicli Mofcow, the ancient metropolis, w.;s built. It
i:, et i^refeii', d;;linguilhed by tiie name of Gre..t
Uu!l". I.
ri,i.^ vaft country is in general, Il.it and level, ex-
cel): towards the li')rth, where he tiie /.innojioias mouii-
iaiiis, ;in)i)(iled to be the M.i.;.^- Kipfj^t; of tiie ancients,
i:ow called the Ciirdle of the I'arth.
Tiie moft coiifider.ible rivirs of Riiffnare the Wol-
<'^.!, or Voig.i, which travel fes the tar greater part of
Rullii, and, .iftcr a long winding vouric of upwards of
aqjc. b.e.rthni mile?, fjlli into the C.'.fpian Sei. In its
co'.iile, v.;,ieh is moflly from call to well, it rceive,
near 40 r'' vers ( among which are the Occa and Kama,)
Ibiiie of tiie.ii vi-iy laij'c, w.ims the wails of near
double tluU nu.iiber of towns, fertilizes all tiie lands on
e,ic!i fide, an.l fijiplies tliem with j)roilKUuus tju.ii'.ti-
tie2 of r.ib, p.utK ula:ly lUirgeon, fil.iiun, |.ike, &;c.
of a l.uge li/.e .iiul exqu'.fi-e t.ille. There gows like-
wife akiii;; it; banks ife tiiieil iniilles, and a kind of
l.ir.e tifpaK.gui, of a deiieiyus tille juul flavourj and
the iiiiell oaks ih.a MuIcliv'. p-ioduce , are t') bc foiiml
ak'iip
bunk. TJie ii.i-.fi/rtune is, th a a L'rcat track
'; i lU
oi th.it fruitful land ah.'iig this m.ble 1 iver, i, Co ex-
j)oied to tliC iucuirions. of j:he CJubui 'I'artar.., tlut it
I
lies altogether iincultivatid, and aliv.ofl unpcopkd.
To remedy this, the C;:ar I'eter 1. caufed .m iiuiei.eh-
inent to be made from tii.it river, a little oa tliis fide tlie
citv ol Zaiitza, ipnte to tlie river Dun, near the city ui"
Tw.a, by whicli means lie haiii fecured all that part of
tlie country which lies within the trench; buctheref;
1. .oiling above 80 leagie.s in lengtli and bre.iddi, is
11.11 e\pofed to th.)fe frec-booters, and lies neglected.
Tile \'olga, towards the latter end of its courle, takes
a v.iiiding towards tlielbutli, and fall., into the Caliiiaii
.Sea, about jf) miles below .'Vllraciii, in lat. 4^ dei>.
40 mill, hjiig. 50 deg. jj mill, e.dt.
Tl.us in meanders totliedillant main.
The liqiiiil ferp-.ntdra\.b his lilver tram.
Tiic Don, or Tanais of the ancients, is the neve
conlidcrable river in this country, and ilivides it, m us
n-.oil eaflern parts, from Alia, It li.itli its Ij ring in tlic
province of Rez.in, on tlie nortii-eafl of the iak;
Jwano-.v-Ofero; and, in its courle towards tiic t.-.'J,
comes I J near the \'oiga, that tiie late Czar h.id ua.ici-
taken to have cut a coir.nninication between t.'.eni 1"/
means of a canal. I>ur tiiis dei'ign, gi.ind and u.I.ul
as it would have proved, was defeateii by tiie irrupt;ji:j
ol tlv; Tartars, I'his river, cxclulive of its tuin.n^,^
and windings, dikliarges itlelf into tiie I'ahis M voth,
at the famed tbrtrefsof .'Vfibf, or Azopii. 'liie v, JiiiL-
length of its coiirfe is very conlidcr.ible.
■IheDwiiia, 01 Dowina, liitli no Ijiring-iie.id of iti
own, Lnit is formed fioiu t'iole c.dkd ^'ucean.i, ,in.l
Jug.i, or J'.igli. Its name figiiitics double, a. it i-.
cuiiij oled ot tilde f.\o rivers j and its coiiill l.>e;i !
lioithward, in wliicli it receives tiie Vitf'g.la, .md le-
veral oiiier riveis, and, iiaving palled througii .\reli-
angel, empties itlelf at two moudi.., jiarud by a f i,.;ll
ill. in !, into the White .Sea.
'I'lie Dnieper, or .incient I'oiilliienes, v.iveli is n,;e
of tiie largell rivers iii baiiope, alar lui.iiuig .1 pm-
tlif'ions courle, falls into tlie I'.ux'iie, ;>r Ciai.i. Se.c. 1'.
has tiiirteen catarai^ts witliin ,1 fmail .iitance.
The l.ikes of tliis country .ue iiMiie.'iiiis ; l-\i t ,e
following only defervc notice, 'liie 1 .ke I, e! ; ',
b.tv.een the gulpli of Mnland ana tlie hike (nee.:,
is comput'd to be above 40 leagues lung, and aD, nc
J5 in bre.altli, wiieie widell. It cxiLiids, in leii.eLii,
f 10111 O'j to 6 1 deg. 50111111. ofl.it. riieCtir i\'ei 1.
iAI'IlY.
bvcn pl.innc! witii f^inr,.
Idkiy iinil [Hiiplc wvvc
H^ni'iuv with wl icli t'lr
\\w [-1 '.ir.ly i'Vi;',r li tlv
in |)t)|)ul.iij( Ciuiinio'i'jns
ifrloiii wcri.- iniprilonrii,
i nor have any of" tln'm
jvcc, any liiniinution oT
it" their oppulitioii. The
,lli-;;i.incc to t!ic prin-f,
roiij^hout thi- kinf.'.loai.
p,rcat force (4 eliv.'jtian,
:i)r has over cuv himiin
, how the lifi'nir.ij throng
ot"l>i:< toni'iio!
.•ms ot" his mien ;
x'injT, tlio' Icrvne:
iienci- hvM iry,
I here lott biecxe'; li'th.
I A.
, ar.d alir.oft iiDjcci'v,!.
cter 1. caiiled .m iiiuei. sil-
ver, a httic oa tiiis Tkle Uu"
river n>jii, near the eity ui
nil leturnl all that part ui"
1 the trench; but the r^l!,
in length anJ breadih, is
^otcrb, and lies neglc^tej.
r end of itb courle, takes
mil fall.i into tlic Caljnaii
Mlrae.iii, in lat, 41; i.ie;>.
.alt.
dillant main,
his liiver tram.
tlie aiuient-s is tlie neve
itry, and divides it, in !(•;
It hath US fprin^i in t!i^
nor;!i-eall ot the la\;
eoiirfe towarih the i.ll,
It the late C/.ar Iiail lui.lci-
iieati..n between tlieni I'V
Llerij,n, giand an.l u..:.!
defeated by the iriuj-l.ai:.
c>:eliifive of its tuin.;v,j
•If into the I'alus Mroii-,
or Azoph. 'I'll- V, .-.;)i,;
;.riden.ble.
hith no I'print^-head u! its
I'.o!-.- c.;lli.d Sii^^ana, and
fignities double, a. it 1^
rs 1 and its courfe l.'e;i '■-■
ve. i;;e Viif.'^;.Ia, and le-
al^ palled tluou.;!! An!i-
laotidi-, paniil by a 1 i.al!
I'.oiilliienes, v.ii'ch i:> ". '•'
L)|;e, after runmiig .1 pi"-
l-'.iiX'ne, (>r Liiai.i. Sea. I',
a fmall Ji;laiiee.
ly aie nuii'.e.'Oiis ; I" '.i t .e
Itiee. 1 he 1 ike 1 . 1.; , S
Lid .iiul tlie lake < :u-.'.',
Lo lca.;ues long, and aU- uc
III. It ix'ielids, in !Lii,;ii,
of l.it. 1 !ieC.:ir I'eM i-
r*
•^k
11 bottles, in whieli
jftanccs to mention
ofl", mader of the
wl-.icii I had from
of it m\ felf. lie
1 then (hipped the
i loon as the con-
tlie fliell fwelling,
;f .1 liiiall fountain.
ip the hole of the
water, and in 20
ith fomc degree of
S flew to the dif-
)r lo p;rcat a part of
y hot ; and indeed,
rr.hle."
, that, to balavxc
winter feafon, they
liitnce in tlie fum-
txetetlir.gly qnick ;
n v.'oiiM not le.ffice
g the 1 '.nd, fv.'r the
>g it in.
'i^flits in fiimmer an
ire veiy rtnv.ik.ible
v.hieh is in 6 de-
: hill's being ;o fliort
the flrotiti; leil'.LHoil
great a brighrnefs,
dnighr, iinlels it be
jre va-i')tt^ than tlie
jrod'iee wiiear, bar-
ith various kinds of
uon fo unconm.only
•nly reaped in tv.o
tb:.ve the fill lace of
{he fno'.v, \v!i:ch n')C
d, but ciie: illie.-. and
I it take deeper root.
irp artili'ry form.';,
e ul U(;niis,
ale rei-n,
plain :
. the ikies to fleep,
ft thick and deep";
Js are cover'd o'er,
I then the fancly lliore;
.diling woods are lt\n,
. all the v.oiks ot'iiien:
forbir.g all,
as iluy f.ill,
part'., nuill ti.'llow the
;he I'tiiiimcr not i.;lii!;E;
be i;u lowing alter the
l]vd: : ate elians they lU
, till 11 liieir reaping time
.•S in Jtily- As for nia-
.ny, ilie Inow fiippiying
grain and fruits of vari-
plenty of rhubarb, tlax,
honey, wax, Cxe.
af niiid-.iooms p'rodiired
great blell'ing and relief
ne tunc, they are dt eai-
the rich and luxurious.
ove a thouland waggon
n aniuially fold at Mof-
deillord in thi*; miiiirry
t, V. ho brought hi.. b-
..".laitited witii if. The
'11 are \v.;x .md honey,
^.leafiiiit a coirpetency,
as
ji"
t :!
i i
•' 'I
II
1 ji'
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Wiiliilic Norilicrn l^ilcovd'ics
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/n
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t, V lu) l)ic;iight hj
., Hi-i:iitcil witi) ir. f
III nrf w.;x .uic* It
'II aillUiai. at^iiii ana ewm ,1
ulcillood ill tl)
mjs r.-j Bcri ra-r "r!3r ir,3^ iz::
> S .V,ir.}\.r/,ff, ,•/' /'/t/t, /:<;,/ i\YAK\\<\V\\\ . /'/////.-//,,//'///-/•,//./////,
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V,, > , ;.•..."'■■'•'"■' X
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... wh
7» "O.'ll
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pj
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-.-I Btrt n-.r Tr5t_ irj^ k3X
• .V . >
tSpKi':
,/
(/% Np ■ rii!{ori:.]
n^nre, a ki;if. froj • ■ ""t fimling J
liviT.ii filvir mc ' ■ vulifd, citli
tlii, happv ivrai o . ■ oivmil a coi;
i.tm. /\;,/,nrs ln$t ■ pruduco gic
" If i)nc mar « v ' ■ l-i'i"-'^. f'"'!
j.rc«\lurcs nC imv 1 ,' ■ '•''^"!^' "' ''"•
i: was high turn- t '1 ■ ''■^"■" ^''■"^■'>
ll.itt-, wliicli rufri-R'C y •■ H "■^""'•
tlif <l.-l.ivs, ami the // ■ That of O
couki (.vci! iiii.ifiw / ■ ■ lake of l..a'.ii!|
h.ul iiiamrcJ ther I iS in l)ri-j.Uh
priiKf, beloved k W '^'^-'n "' "•
vaiiraqc of t'le! / Bj The lake r
" Oil the lod-'' ■ uiUnijdi, aiu
v.iili tiili, an I
thole pivrogati^ ■ l'i'"i" ^'^'
half a ceiuiirv. H "^^V niimrilh
u>yy, in fo dan. ■ tionable divci
palled what jiii^ H P-'"?. the loni
It is laid c.nlv riV ■ «•" '"Ifi wlui
■ v.ith the'dci ■ ill fiiniiiif i tw^
I he taff, t!'.e <
Le lecii ;i:,(l fe
i'd til 'ble
of tiu; cckl
of a l..tt' iWfi.
in this co'j.'.ti)
an inhaliitaiit
tiiat of l-,n;.'l.
It may, ptrha
late, thu will
ilier, ti." cold
fietzing, lia'i;
. .(; j> H ilie co,-;-iinoii
. '' ^^•■•'"'^•'l I 'ii-'y kc them
»";./^'«^f I i^^-i vet, hv
even in chat It
is worth obr<
I
T
1
^;^^'' '^■^'^;, I ciitir beard',
Li
tu;]e, and bc:4
t;!.!;-, being nhc
;n bread:!]
"^
iVnia, theCiiy
on il.e v-ell In- S
Tr.is e.,i; ire «
ana Mu,t'Av ; ■
cl'.rivcil fr(j n i.
P.orulh; an: thi'
■ r:lj\iK.!!;(l9 ■
j i . '>r thit fruitfulLi-
f;^! IK'ild 10 t'.eff
1/
^
tlieir cliin to
e.i
rell of I-.urop^^ ■ it may b
'^'%o( ,:, powj m whieh aie e>:
^ .'^' '^'^^"fn-j ■ niav feeni Iha,
is cciraiKinlv
Iniii, ai'.d call
thi' iihial way
the part wliiel
liable to be frc
" In fonie
a haril\' biul, i
able to rty : at
on their loadt
trozen to dcat
are kldom lii
tlavs: thoi'iih
wiiv.er, that f
fliritii )us lion
by die I'l-kl In
'• Wiien \h
o, boi'.r,, v,M
J I. IS vait conr
cept t'jv/ards tik ^
i.iiiii, liioiiofcd £
i:ow caik-d the . ^ , ,
•1-1 n ■ lo as I') Irie.:
1 i'.e iivilt CO ■ ' I I
kufii.. and, i> I tl"mvn.« the .
" ■ ^ no/( n into a I
nea:-40r:v.rs( ■ Dnrin- the oj
lb;ne of t:..,,> I i";^ towards th
double ti.a-nn/ fl "r an meh and
t.illization. 1
'r''l,'""_ ■ iiiarkable, aiid
lio'.M- aiKl a li
af.');i: a tei-eii
a.j llron!^ and
fv,r fr„i,f„r., ■ ice, thouf.n I
inic iir.o a kiiai
No.
r.uiiori'.i
G r^ V. AT R U S -S I A.
€<:<)
not (ituling tlie (l)iith part nf it f) n:ivi[;:i!)lf as he
viiln-.i, cii lul a iiimI lo bf ilnfr, by wl;ii li lur liitli
oivii'il a comiiV.iiiii .iciciM wiili I'iii.T!l)iir{:. '1 liis l.il.c
pruiiucca gic.it c|iiiuuii;i's and v.iricry «t' Hfli; lucii as
lalmon, fturj<ci>ii, ami a [u-ciilisr kinil ot tilli, cllcl
Ijiiiig, of tl>c li>«- of a hcmni;, b 't ot' a rinir talk- ;
t'to.u wliich llu' lake ij liicyxjiul t« have bad its
uanir.
That of Oncg;a li's alinut 5'> miles call ward of tbc
hlv ijf l..a'li!ga. It If. aiunit 4 j I'.o^nrs ;ii 1 ■ii[;ili, and
iS in bri-uddi : thniigii ab^.frtih water, fi.;Js arc often
livn ill it.
Tiie Like of I'll, i!s, in I.ivonia, is nearly ^4 leagues
in knijdi, ami uiA.ii.t'i (,fi:in b.iaJtli. It aboiiivii
with full, an! iiiiis into t!ic gulpti of !■ inland.
From tlw iiiruiii;'; tAtent a tiiis v.ill country, it
may naturally be comb ded, tliat tlvcre is a propor-
tiiir.ablf liivcrfi'V of climate and iuil. In the loiithtrn
parts, llu- lonf'cit day diHS not exceed fifteen hours ii,d
X'- liall'; whereas, it' tiie moil iioithcin, tiic bin is Icen
in fiiniiiiei two tv.or.ilii above tl>c horizon. 'I liis brint?;
lb:: i.'.fc, the exrienies, both of liimaie and loil, nmil
be fi-cn ar.d felt 111 ti'.i^ extiiifive ef.ipire.
i'o tnible the rc.idir to tonn at, iiiva of thf riffnir
of t!u' ccid fealo", ue citf ih-j (ollov.inii; relaiion
of a lute inj^cnioiis and learned writer, who rcli: tl
in this cou.';try feveral years. " It isalmofl diHiciilt for
tin inhabitant "f our temperate ciimate (meaning
tiiat of laK'laml) to have any ii'.'' i of a cold lo j^reat.
It may, ]5(rha[)s, Ir Ip to give fo: re n-tionofit tore-
late, tint when a ]<il"i 1 walks t.u; i;i tliat fvcrc wca-
ilior, tl." cold mik'-s tiie ryes v.if.r, and that water
fiee/in;^, ba'u;s in bttle icicles on the eyeldlics. As
tlie co.iimoii pi'aliitvs ufually wear tlv.ir lieards, you
may lie them iianj-'in;^ at the chin itl.t.- a folf.i lump of
iic 1 \\t, by the way, the advanta.jc of the Ivard,
even in that Itate, to protect the glands of the throa',
is worth obr<rva:ionj for the fok:ii.rs who do not wcu"
tiicir beard', are oblipcil to li'- a h.itulkiH.biet under
their cl'.in to fuiiply their pliic. broiu this accoiint
ir may be eafily iica'^ined, ti.at the pairs of the fice
wliich aie e.-ipof.il are very liable to Ik i''ro/en j and it
may fe.-m Ihai ;:<■, tiiou^^h aceita::) fart, th.U th_- party
hiii'.lill diM s not know when the frtc/in;-; btj^MUs, but
is commonly told of it iirll by fomelWy wiio lut itb
him, and call,, out to him to ruli his f.ice with Inow,
the iifual way to thaw it. It is alio rciniikable, thac
the part wlf.ch has oncebctn tiir,-,'.:i, is cv.r after moil
liable to be frozen a^ain,
" III fome fevere winter:, I have feen fj arrows, tho'
ahartiv biul,<piite nuivbed by the intenle cold, ami un-
able to tly : and I have heard that the drivers, who lit
on their loaiicil i arriarres, have fomctimes been toiiiul
frozen to lieath in that pofture. The featbns, however,
are teldom U> ll-veie, and that feverity kills bur a lew
(lavs: t!ioi'|>h it is not unfrecim ,it, in the courle of a
winter, that fome i> )or wretciies, j^ettin:;; drunk with
f|iritu uis liuiiors, f.dl down by the ro.ul I'lde, and perilb
by ihf c<.|d [iclbre any one lutd-. tlieni.
'• W'b.en '.he t'lermometer has Hood ar 25 ikjj. below
o, boil.ii:' v,-.;re;', tiirown up it. to the air by an eiviine.
drv,
foriiieil into
for tlie expcrimenr, wcic ilir common bof tics, in wliitli
there h.'.ij been lavender water.
" It may not be foreifrn to tliefe inftances to nicniion
.an ex|>erim(nt made by piince OrhdV, m.ller of the
ordnance to her !inprr<al Majedy, wliich I had from
him, thoiifj, 1 was not a witncfs of it mjfelf. 1 !e
filled a bomb-lliell with water, and then flopped the
hole v-ry clofely wi h a p!u;;; and .as foon as the ron-
^'.■|,,t.
'an, tlie cont-nts of the flull fwelling,
lo as to h'tead., f..lls dov'n peri
I.e. I h..' e made an exj.e. iai^;,: i;c.".ily l.ke thi., by
throwing the water out of a window, two pairofltairs
high. A pint bottle of eommoti water 1 have found
frozen into a (olid I'itce ofiie m an hour and a quarter.
Durinj."; the opeia'ioii, I have oljferved the /^.v.vA; lie-
in;; towards the e:.ti.rior part ol lie' water, fud an inch,
or an inch and a iialfloni;, vviiere tlicy (oim the chryf-
t.illizaticn. 'rill? j^re.it lenj^h of tliefe fpicula is re-
niark.ible, ai'.d \ct:\i:-. to be c.iuled by the inter.f.-nefs of
the cold. A bottle of llroii;^. ale has h.'eti tro'.:en in an
hour and a lulf; but in this I'ubl'ai-c.- there is always
iibour atei-cup full in tiie i-.-.i ie.ie u,.:r'.;ze!i, which i^
a.s IboniT and inllaiiim.ilile as uiandy, or fpirirs ot
w;ne. 1 n ver law giiod bra.i.'.y "r rum freeze to foiid
ice. thoirf'ii I have iein ice ve^v thin in botli, w'len
iiuc iir.o a Imail li ir pl.i il.
No. Ot.
Tl
IM.ial
I
ulc ot
iliird out by the tkle of the |)Iu;t like a fiiiidl fountain.
I le th't) made a Ic lew to faflen up tlie hole of the
bomb lliell after it was filled v. iih w.iter, ar.d in so
minutes the froft buill the Ihell with foiiv de;',ree of
violtnce, to that IbiiV" of the piecTS flew to the dif-
tani ei.'i'foiir or live vird.s.
" llio' the cold is thus inti"nfe for fl) p;reat a part of
the year, the liiiall f'uiimer is very hot ; and iniked,
ai)out fix werks of it is ii'ually intolerable."
Tl-.e writer lill i|uoted oblirve^, that, ro balitxc
th^ long abfenee of die fun in the winter leafon, they
enjoy h'-re a larr;c (bare of his inlliirnce in the luni-
iiur, wliich eanlcs ve;'etati';n to be ixeeidif.gly q'lii.k ;
oriierv.ife the lliorttK 1^ of t!.e i'eafon would not li.iTiee
for the n''ceir,iry buniufs of lbwin;j: thi- 1 aal, for thu
grov.tli ot the c'TH, and tor radierini', it in.
.Some prions dteiii the li^ht nights in fummer an
agreeable circui'.;n;;::ce, and thelb are veiy ren1:ilk,!blc•
even in the latitude ol I'cterdnirpr, which' is in (> ile-
j.',rees. '1 his ariles not only liotn t!ie fun's beinir io iTiort
a :i lie under the horizon, but fnan the llroiMi; leil- ^1 ion
of tlie .itmofphcre, wlmh CiiulVs (o i^'reat a brifrhn-.els,
one may lee to read and wiite at ir.iJr.iLjlK, unlels it be
(i ai'.ly, for full t>.\o months.
The ibil ot k'tliia is rather more vai-iuis tli.tn tlie
climate. 'l"he Ibutlvin provinces produce wheat, bar-
ley, rye, oat-, |Ha'-, .'.nci herb'-, v/ith various kinds of
fruit; and all thelewith a vegetation fo uncommonly
expeditious, that lorn is connponly reaped in two
months after it begip.s to appear ab:.ve tiie fuifaee of
tire [Mound. This is attribiired to the fnow, uii'cii not
oidy enriches ami me Hows llie land, bat die ili; •, .u.d
•aeiterstiieprud.uil of it, and nv.kes it take ikeperroot.
—When i:i;',h Jove liis fliirp artiii'ry t'onr.f.
And upcs his eioudy niaj^azine e.f llorms.
In wintei's bleak tincomtbrtable rei^n,
A Ihov. y inundation liides the pl.iin :
1 Ic llill> the winds, and bid-, the (kies to Hecp,
Then [icurs the liicii'; tempcft thick ar.d deep";
And, Hrll, the mountain tops aie cover'ii o'er,
'1 hell the green lield.-, and thin the fandy Ihorc;
Heiu with the weight the nodiling woods arc fccn,
And one bri,;i,t wa^le hiiles all the wajiks of men :
'1 he tiieliiij^ leas alo:;e, ablbrbif.g all,
Drink the dilVolving llecces as tluy fall.
Th- fowing time, in many parts, nuill tullow the
harveil inimeili.irely ; bccaufe the lliiiiiiur not lattin^
ab^ive three iiaiiuhs, tlieie can be no linving alter the
I'roll i-i begun. i5>it in more mcd' rate cliaies they d,)
not low till April ov May, and thin their reapii.tr time
comes in Auriill .uid lonietimes in July- As for ni:i.
pure, ihey h.ive no nted iA any, the Inow lup|)lyinp
that in every reljiecl. Uefides grain and fruits of' vari-
ous forts the country prcdiiees plenty of rhubarb, llax,
iKirp, gocd pallure for cattle, honey, wax, ficc.
I he afionilliing quantity of nnilkiooms produced
Ipontaneoiilly in Kullia, are a great bklling and relief
to the poor; wl.iie, at the lame time, they are d< em-
ed delicacies at the tables of the rich and luxurious.
It has been known, that above a thoulami wagf;on
lo.uli of iv.ullirooms have bv.cn aiiiuialiy told at Muf-
cow.
Agiiciilture was hut lirt'e undeillood in thit couturv
till the time ol Pefr ti'.e (iirat, who brought h:.> lib'-
ieCts in lome nvalire b •■ler acquainted with ir. The-
1 iiiui| ;il articles in a Kiillian farm are wax and honey,
which fometimis pr; d.ccc to the peafaiic a competency,
i> CI as
' 1
If!
il
4iS
i^
A
1l
n
l!i,
#* '
<'7J
\FAV ANH AUTii'.'.NTic sYsiTM .., i:mvi.:; ;ai, c.:-.o:.ua:'IIV.
as li'- KI'< iI.i" V iv, ;!'vl I'Dnif ofiin; lion;-.', ai, ! iii.\l;' s i
11 <!') iHiiic >liiii'v ti(' 'ill- uil. riii« ilnii!* 14 .> IviiKl lit I
iivtir ;i;i, I.. .1 t'l K' llioii.', aiul wiy p.i!.ra'i!(.'. T'l; !
Kill'; 111 mtt'ii.' i (i! i'vi,-ii;;ii.; l)i-c-Iiiws u ,\; lulli'V, .; tlic 1
jiv.il int I'lrs I'.D.Ml .1 IM", i'.\\-> tlii; trun'.^ ilUa iivi 'V |
ji.:ii>, li'llov, '.'d: |.(.i^», iiKii r.iips up Cii«* t':;t:.ir.: • |
iu>, .iHil li. ;.■ ;..i.i;l iioli.> iiito tiu Ii.kI/ liir li- ,i.l- I
lu.tr.i.ii' c; l.u' l)i-<i tlu'll tiv lit't'-liivL- ii Hi. il.-, ;iik1 ,
llic liiiii.'v r.i'.iu'.l t"ru;u ,ili I'X Mt xk-> »if tlu- heir,;
v.lui ,s 1-.4I.. >i.ii ly I'.iiiil of ir, .iiil tnct ,\ v. lii-'v "i i
rNpTi.n III-, .uiil iU"aL.ir;c ii'", lo m.ilvC liiinlVitiii.iiUr «i!
tiic ;., .i-t ti. ,i;';iiL-.
Till' rw '.<■■:■■ IvTvcs nnr onlv t'i>r hriMiI, h'lt a llr<m;^
fpiiif.iiib li _u :i- is cxtr.uLt\i lioiii \', whuli tlic Uul-
liiiii p.i-.iT ID l-r.ii'.Iy.
riu' wil.l Lifiiia III tlii.-. ci'Miirry aif iiuii'i tlic I'liv
as tlr t ■ ill L.i^iii;>!, Nurw.iv, Swftlfii, ^jc. luili as
ri-iii ii '1, ti)\i ., mariiii-, li.iU', li.ii^, uiniius, lal)li-',
•iiul I'-l ';.!.>. Ill ilii- 1,'iit'ii-fii I loviiu'cs ail' !):\.:
lil.u-'. c.itilk-, iMiul>, lir.il lioriVs, f^oaiN, llioi-p, vC
I. I V C) N I A.
'^'IIAT p.irt of XiilVi i...'.u\ l.ivoii'.i, is lo'in.'i'J
f <m till- nottli lv; till- p 'ipli > I Imii;i:iJ, i ii t .i-
:i)ii;li liv tlic (!i';hy c.t' Cc>Mrl.i!.t ami LiiluianM, <iii t:n-
sMll liy t'lc Riilpli i>rHi|!;i, a. Ill on tlu" lail by liiL'tia.
■| l,,s ]r(jv.i.>,- IS ..a;.,ir...'!y l:ni..tnl tiir iM.ii.nrrcc,
liavii.;.; tin- Ua uii llir P'Ttli .iiul ».ttl, lilt- jMvac lak--
I'll] us nil (hi; c.ill, ami till- iiviT l)v. ma on tiu' linirh.
lliiii- otiuT inuTi.al lal;cs, ai.il ni.ir.y l.iiall rivi-ij, li.'u-.
'■it' !:ii..ilv nmtnli'.i'i- ii> tin" avUaiit.ipc dI' th's jirii.
viiui-, by taiiiiiac:ii[' ilic iiiiaiul ii.;vi;ri icii. I.ivuni-,
troin iioitii to I'outli, is i jo null's in U'ni;;h) aiui troiu
lall HI Will, wlii'ic broadcil, il^out no miles.
I .ivDiiia, tliinipli i'>itri-:'.iflv iii.n lliy in Id.ui' plai'c.,
is, in puiiial, Vi ry bf.uitiliil, plciv.itully prndiicin;;
lii'iiiVi I'oin, iMtili', paliurc [.'imiiiJs, ^:i',
I'lH' I .i\<)ni.ins, al" iif tlie iw.ll'tli i-fDtury, witc iii-
volviil l:i I'agan luiKillitMiis 1 .inil\siiii ri.'l|.i-i.t to tlu tr
l'.;i' vs u'i- ' .I'.p^r .1 \)'.i!i.!> *i li ji lultry, sm1,!-IjwI, uiaiiin is, \\c:i' rfrui.-; ms ami lava^c t > a j^aat i!c;mv,
ga'Hi', hii-.-' 1'' \i.K ■ , 4
'I'hi'V ^>l•re biou 'it m i.:nb..ii.c C'lu .Iti.iii: y by t'lcir
I'lu' iu:;Iti,:\ ;..a-. u: i!ii-' v.- 1 iMMiirry ati' iilriitifii!- 'j rii.'l,. ./Ui . tlic C
iv li/'iirr.! V. i.!! v.; . "j:. !.i.ii!> el n;ii, bv mi'mh. ot t..i- ,| i ins i;ih' i-miiit. y Kali I'lrcrnati-Iy bci-n ravai'CiI I-y
U'v ■! li r..ij f. ir ■ .1.11, (o ;',. 11, ai\.illa'. iMU'irnu- j. r!i- Ut-r.i-atis, Kmi'in-, I'uliJ, a::il Swi-ilvn. In i;; ..i,
ab'.-' l.'.k-, :ivii , wvulits, ivt-. Till..- p:i.i;!i'.' if.i- |! i-,v tin- tic.:ty oi i.).iv i, it v,as fr,ti,-;'lv' iv-,',..l ra tlic-
nu'ii i' ip'.'. '.. i> I). :.il:ii' n, i;. ur, p !m', Ku; ron, a .il '-.wuli^, v. hu kciH p(i::'v-l'i''ii ot it till the b' ".iniiiiv^ ui'
< '111- prtl'ijt Cfiifiv, V. '.ill, i'!.i:'in;» tii • w.i;,j i;l Cli.iil.'s
Ml. tl.c Rur'.uii t'.ibiliiu! tl.c V, imlc iliKcliv of I i.
' v,)".:.i, ;.s will as Iiitm; ami lll'.v were au.iwa.r.i
I I r.iMir.-ii to Kiif;!;* bv ilir tuaty iil N>!Kult.
j ill- iiativ'.' p''.i;.i!.ts (I J.i. OHM ail' i-'l ItiCii,' coii'.li-
] r'.tioi/-., anil I'.i lo i;,iU-i;o liai^lliiiis ; but cvm at tliii
' :i;iif ii-tiiii j'l.r.t ynt fi lli' .i' uifi'itv. .As Urvx of
bi'hi : \ ^\li I l-it ti' i> a hi'iri; liili, oi'^.i! iic lo.v ;Iil- b. li
c.ivi ic I ir. .■'■■■.
'l '.: Liiii.i.^-'^ 'i'. .If I..i:iln-s iniui;'iHT,-!)V' i;i!i ;1-. in
till- iaul-, \:--\ ■■'■'.'. , loivi!., ;;c. ai-il t'.t-y an', i:i In-.l,
v.ry ti'". b!. i'' 1 I' ila"ii ;!ioiit t.ic wl-.oli.' iMip.iv. .''imh-
;.;t- ,'1 ,• 1 ■..:•,' ;:• V. t'l ill ■'.'.■ ill till' llOrlluTIl Clll.!'! i. s !>!'
l.i!:.;- i an.l Hill I ^ a,i' !.) iii'p Tl'iit ;.s not to li ivf u'-
rc'::-. . '. li ii'.', "V at L.ul to li ivi- b''i-ii .ui'. v'l^l lo .ny !i tin ir ii-|\'iiiui.iis, r-.:|",-rni'.:i^;v , .'..'ij [-(.•mli.iiitu-.-, aic
piii.i il.-- ;V^ ...s i Ur, in t.i l.i,ii;i.,,' iron.;.-, \vc;;^;y!. m,- :;1. ibli', \vi- Ihail i . ..il> tlj^ir.
:' V. 1,1 n a lotiiitiy n.-i,"\v n ni, sapnl out of anot'icr
, \'.. .' • , li;- ;;i ;'si;n iioi :.i\'. .!. to li u'l lUl', l> ii h T bi'liii.J
; li:;n, ir.il ii'.al'wts li, t m bi.i.f |i. a \vi;!i ih. ii.'.ht li.iiui.
i! Ii.'.ui in li'> Itiiivl .1 r.iv'.i 1 1 !i .It l' ; 'p, wi.i If I.L- jiuts
j.:j'.,CC 't b'.i!-i in.': : \-, v.;.;,:i Ik- ;. -rs to llliil wliO
1 !■ ;'n.S till' Wicklt tlllH ;ii V. i.iili 111' Is f) p.ifs. 15; iijrc
i li::ii liiiis a iiiini ih'i [!■')'•' uponth- b.ippij f, a.i aiio
i ;..,. ofl.i f;:;r.,\, \ ,., I..'.v:r.:' n.'.lw il lwou'.> iii ilvir
Ui.llh I'lir.u:-;!-. \Mt!i vi-rv r'lli miius (ff.lvi-r, iron, l| ■:■•'•!•'!■. j.'i^c tivo l>;. i.is a,i.,!s t!.i- iloor of tin: lun.lc
n-..t K.v.l. ■i'hc tvo f.n;i,T n /t.'.is l-.ivt lv,-n an- .1\ ji ^■'■'ii' i-'i" nv;;:.'. i- ;.t) bt- o i-.U.'iini.;tu!, am! tlu-n
v.c ll-.iil li'-tv.- in;:n;on if. _ \
l^i.ui il of till- \i.i'\ v.i'.iK- of all mt-tais, it Iv'n;;
Iv.'.-.vv, liv;.!, an 1 i'. 'n'.^ tin- Ii.iikI with a bl.'c'.silli rol our. |
h V .Kls littlf o|- no I nir.i, anil nii'lts ipiiiklv in tin ■
iitL' l-l'oix- it tnrm n-il. I'iire li-ail is r.-lilmi tonnil m ■
lay \s:i.'. u\\...
'I :,'• i!.t in:nnr:' v.!;h !,, ■.:■',:':.■ f. f i; v,uriti'i!,
.'\",i! mullul I- f,;:nn,s ..- in umh; s .:i-i- |.>. iiM;
'111 i\', wli-ii lu-\ torn rh,- ■;! -Il ■, t'u' ; w..'.. ^
Si'n-.i- iM.ii', .'.'.d y. I iin';n:niM, i.itiu': knj;
Sliort of tlu-ir li-iibs, aLim- i n; !■ Wi bliili,
<.>ni- h.'.li'allv.', ;■.:■..'. i.ni- o; 1;::1.:;> i-.i:::;.
'!kv till nil till- ]i. .!■ • I'lit- oi'tli.' lvoi>ls iniu a b',.ini
ivirti-.c brilt:.'"(- ,.,';. ill-; -I, v.lniii is lio.-ii- to pifvcnt
.1 .'n--, \\li...i, i,,i . I.' , .■■I- I 'ir.innn in tli.it (oiiniry.
It I: to til-.- l.m..- cii 1 Ili..t rl.i- I'lii.li- Ic.ittcis lit Ic p i-rcs
(.1 rlotli, or i\ii I..; •, ly I v..iv, tip. i:;allv wlit-le
lioi'^-wa- .1 ivict, 1.1. ir iiolk', .iinl upon tlu- |-'i avis o('
hull- I i:. ill. I n, i!i..l \.';l;-i:t b.-|!.;; :, v.iu'r.i tlii-y bury
in I'.L- l;i:i,li v.,ivs. .''i . I. .all a viil over lier f.;; i' winli:
il:i- is at !!ii- 1 1 lii , \\i. Ji is no: ion;'; lor ;'s toon al-
\ik1 l.aiic:inM-s .-. :.'n it !'.;'.■.-.•. I' >" .i- of a ! .i'.; -n ii-.n. 'I 'i''""' ■"*''•"■' I.'' --^ 'i' '>'- ''"'^^"> ''"-" n'arr;<-tl coujili* inb
i-t up, .nnl
.I'.ii'i! ilr.inii
IS i-:.tr.\.'.i-.i trom ores oi i!
,1,.'. I,',,.. V.!!,
tlic :i..:-.
kintl^ ; i"i' .: '. 1 !iii-t.i.-.t-s bl.iik, li'.u;-, yillow, or i
an .'.fn I il iir. Ir ;s •.c.'\ c! lli;n;ii|? loini-i.- p,
.1 it wt.
■ ) iioms a:t.-r iln.
i-iir i-i''.our, coiilLilin'^ oi lii-i re 1 iiiv ile.-, tii r 1;;- n;
a ■.•;:;-■ or reiWnli li-^no. hie o-i- of k-a 1 alnio.i .:!- 'i ■''■■ bioupl.t ;o li: ilov !i a: ila- t,;;.|r.
V. a\- ■ Ml
,n:.n.",^ a '. r.all onantirv of ii!\er.
.•.A.. i:...Mit ti.l l:, ;i mix- .i- t..LV are .ib.e lo |;.im1 nu
\\ Ken tin: , ;■-; I il.-.-like, are r.iix ,1 v. i'li a-. .- li e,r i'" !' N Hny l-'y '"./.mi . ii tnc i.oor, in.it i.up ..,; to.
',..1. I .; .i: , or .lie . liv uv.r.-.'. lirie a: -1 tn U' ^^ -i Ji r,'!'-'' i-' '•' ''■'■'■ny l*^-!:-^-
...1. ..V. .,frh,- -.■,v. ir '-..x (1 "1 r:-r rn -.■ ,• m- II ll.e\ bi 1;. ve til. o" 1 , .,:;o;l,-r Lie aft>r tl, -, bur i' , V
the :.,nu-, If :. a I; ''i t!..'.t i,
I 1- • iri-i.'-n or I'-ul. 1 h^ ;neeiri;al ore I's v :v'j in .i.;.r.; u.;. , .1 it ,:e verv v,:;!'k-. A L'.o:,-,i;i s.,;-
r.;ve . I .r \..wn \: is tm.n.!, it ;'. varii-Mt ,! wiin a \-\- !| '<'':i Lieiiii; | relent at her hulb.imi's bnii.,:, pn.s a n i-
i..„ !i ;■ ;n eol...ir, .ni.' 1- nn-tranli-. nenr. It is like- I -■"■ ■»■'•' liiieiil ir.to the !'r,.vi-, ..ivi; ;' il;.-, re.,: n \r
V i:. I -...v, b It i:' t li.ir.l ; anil one liun h .! v.iiiiii: of I '' , t!"!- !i'- i' htitb im! bein- ;.. u -. ;, in li.e i.'tii.-r m. ,;!,:,
It ■>■'.•. , oin " . to ;•'
w h.te .;;,'! .;f;: i ol .in
J\.!.':
iun.ls ol 1 .el. 1 lieie is a:;.)
■.ul I re, but r. :> u;ie.j:n:iUM'.
(• r 1 O .\ •!!.
F
O!'. llie f;k- of o',ii-r, V.I- fiall treat of the f v-ral
.iris ol rns enii'.n- nmr
foil
nvinn; i!r.inii
ili\ ii;o:i
\ 1/. 1 .r.oni.i am
1 liT-ria ; Tvlofi iivv i'loper,
.r \V
cilern K'lma ;
il' 111 ,\loleov\ , or
li.in L -.iil.iiu
.suva / iir.
I'll pel Ions (.; lan!;, Ilie u.;-. ..iii.i.i.ul li; ll.uiiM be
lei-i '.-. ;ih W'.i, elothi > r.n-.
li.' V aic, in ;., Ill i.il, Ini.itu.itil with noti'. I'. ('■' li-r-
ceiv, wf.ieii le li tin in lo the bei.e: and pr.i 'kl .,f t::,:
"■i,.;.. I'i abl iid;i:i s.
/V. l'.>v .-.'e i'n'il'oiii ill il.iir I'npei ' :r;f:>, li' aie
iliiv ii.i lli. IX. ; ;:i rlie olil.r..u.on oi lii-.i eiilb)::isj
.'Oj '-r..!,!!- |.i \\'.:\ h V • h .s e .1 V. I\' I ': ifli.t !'lOI V f.-W-
;ii;' .11 o..; eujiili V li i.ow.
.■111" eoiKleumeil
r.iiir.oi,, i;:(,i., ,i| lo , .mer ii.n tiice to '>- pr,
.1 lor i;.i;i lo i;^ .;1. ;i t n ..i;i tii.- ['rou,! I to i.
l".iiii!h;! Jtr
t:;e
/
j'itvi-.'r
ililll, .11 '
l-ll l..tl> .
\yiK:; 1
(or Ins (■.
!1 v.- I' )W
I.e a;t - '
V.-; el; i.
iW', , jii
}'rou:!il, rt'i
lie I !,.i:.on.
I le p
aiiv p'licii.i
<imIv I'.) i:
til .fl.l.iiie
in I'li'-e p;
j;n) ill'l, li)
l-.-cri-tlv lb!,
otlie lilillr,
the liip., a-i
t . ! 1!) .1 y
wi:h .1 flit. I
li!--Si (f;i-i
i.uk ill •'.'■
the ll-lb."
.Nor are i'
finii .IS it il
l;o;;i tlie;i;
•lilp.i.ir, o: V
pe.ifmt, pii
uvans v;li,-rel
le.i his svif
nex". i!.;v t > t'
Urii'u h s in .
ami I.) per-ei
v.;s ll'.e 1 .iiile.
l-.i\-oni,i is 1
Letten.
I''.' |-o\'l \ i 1
(;■ i,:.-o;,i.i.
Uevel, th.-
i:i p.irt ( n til
e.'ncli t'.i re i.
l.nt-'.if Den i'
v:-:i .N.itva .-.n
ilie Ten .1,1 e ■
I'M. lie .id. 11 ::
I'o - n-, .mil -.1
isf.), ul'-l 1
Ke.el t ) N irv
in 1711, v.'Ii 11
;i - . :i 111: 11 il 1
t; -. period ili.
I'l oji Iriiee
V. , ; fv. -.erl.-
I . - "I .•';;! I inl
I. ' . e 1 ,
N.n-. a is Iif.
J .IVOllM f-.lhl I
mar 1 1, k.-i : i
t/n-ofMa.e.i
i; • 1! V I ■ I irr.l
.\. i.ne 1-;; -
a.-ieniu ol i:.i;
(::ivsli,)r-)i!'
V. lei wv'.e ;.::
(■ .111 ' (iie,r'- .';.t
h..', I) .il f) he
le to liv f ,T, I
hi';-, .iP.,1 111: r.
I- 11 ,, -".ee, \. ; h
I; : : . v.eie e;i'.
\-; ell v.'.ae i. .
"' : :;:■ -, ;! lUlil
v.: ; ,- !, ei-i.il !ir
\.a'. le.'r expor
a vi-i! 1)1" lid I
e. .IS b,.rdeie.l v.
J ::\ r^
li : 1
1 \.
I.iviiii'.i, is I o>.ir,,'i\!
I I l-iiil '.:i.!, ' fi t ,1-
I i l.iil\ii.n: I, 1111 ilii-
tlu- till l)y lllL'M.l,
II. Jul to,- c.i.ii.iirrk;!',
vntl, tlu- !V.it la'.-
l)v. ma on liii' Uuiti;.
.-.i.y l...i;l rivi-is li!;i--
v.iiit.i['c ol' th"i pro-
i.ivim.icii. l.ivuni',
III Iv-nfjih s aiut troiu
It 110 miles.
II lliy in loiiR" p!.u-i'-,
)lciv,it'ully prodiMivr.
iiJ"., ^:l■.
fill fr;uuiy, WiTr '.;^ -
1 with w'.y.xi t>) til. •.!■
(i- t ) .1 t^a-.it i!f;'ri'.'.
; C'lii.lli.ui: y I'V t'v--:r
:ily been r.U.ij'i'u !'V
III Swfiics. ill I" .',
er,:i:i'!v iwl.-.i t.> i'.a-
t till the L" •■iniiin;; di
; til ■ w ,i; . cl C';i.i,! 's
V. r,>)!v." liti.cliv di' 1 ,1-
lll'.v were Ji.-iw.i.i'.i
Ot Nsll.Kif.
I .lU- t;l ItiCil,.^ Ci'IlHl-
llipN ; luiC fVill M tlii-.
lii'iitv. As lii:;'.i' ot
•.:ui ['t.-i.iil!.iiitii.-.-, iiH."
i .\ '.' a] out of iir!''t!.;T
:/'! ii.r, I. ib li.T licliii d
I vv',;!i iIk ri.'.lit h.iml.
I' ; p, w;.( if l.i' puts
w : -IS to liiiii wlio
K- is V) p.i!'s. IJ- i>)rc
1 tlv hitipij I", a-. ;ui()
i.;l. il lwi.u'> 111 ill' ir
I- iloor ol llic IiolIc
ri'uni.uu!, .uui tlu-ii
Iv ol>Is l;U() a I)' -i,U
;i l.> tivi.'ic lo pu vent
;n,::i ill til It c.oiiiury,
V IcUCfis lit !c p iTcs
',-, il,i. c:.i"v wlu'ie
lui il|H)ll thf I'l.lVfb <)l
, \vli>-r,i tia-y Imiy
jii liver licf 1.^' !■ wliile
I'M' •; lor .'s loon .il-
|j iraiTii'i! couplf ii'e
■r lin..' : 1 1 up, .iiiil
iMr. I ;.,%:i'n I'r.u.iv
LiL- .ili'c io l:.'.'.il no
L, ;ua1 ilu'l .,:i 10-
,ifr. r ili-, bur i' .■'-
A 1 .:■. I'.'.'.iii \.r.-
l)iii;..', p-.i.s .1 11 i-
\: '.\ In". IC.,1 !1 VT
iK li.i- otiur u,ii!,!,
l,.,i,ul h; ll.uu'.a bc
vv'.!'\ noiit II (•' L-T-
,;1 p'M 'Kt ■. : tin:
ll'iipi 1.' itir::- , li' .iiv:
|l oi lil'. .1 CUllolils ;
1 '■, si'A.t !lolV li'l!-
iM'f I niuli-iliin. J, I- r
i; iiu:- li) !' ■ pii'-
l;i.- ifroiM I lo I.--
tlii;'!, -■!.-.! i,M,k
t t. »»V 'i . .. '
(. !i r. *. r u i; s
in; his i!icr;'ni,l n-", !r.v!n': l*i f.r intc
r Mil .| "'iim(h •«■! t I'lnii'ti
It, 111, a> til t Ik
i\i i:iti« a o. ■■ ■
p.' nc'.-, Iv t 1
tor li;s pai*, I'
11 :v I' iwlt'. , I.
iir. I ol
rr t.ii' l.( r li.
,in olv' 11 .'.I'
11
11 o
,r!:. ...;.; !,,,!, lil.r
CO',! not i:;;/'. i'lc-
liifiT 'I-.f III. jri. Hi til" r'.'i.trv I
!,!• :i.t • f.t, l"l' \v.> n-.i'v ro rcc ivc
tlv cii.ujt:
ni.'iit
lii.s p;, .!•,(•■. lor:. li .! iv r 'I'.o'i .'it miu li to un
I'
r'.i.tli.'., In! lii'iitMf
liooii til
'I'OUl
v!, aiul ri'i> i\- i! tin- blows iuc.ii.i •; co li.s toii-
IW i i;.r.o;i,
I IC p' op';
niiv p'lTcliaK'
T.r ■••■r "'r'l'il fn ni.i
to |.K-VinC til'/i;- Il
.1
i 1 ', r.K-v Ii.ivi.-
(irilv 1'.) mini) rr.iir.il to r,i.i:i:i-;' .1, v.:ll iili'iiil tn-'iii :i
I
'ii .iLLiiiC'-'. ^ I', til' V will vfii'iiif ti cut (I iwn 'vori
in 1 I
pi
.irrs o' 1.
dl>
.m-l invii"',' nti-nir .1 r.i ■
(r;0.ill'l, tow WllMt in II, VSiUCll llll'V
11 ;> I ■ to II ■
Ivcri'tK' liiM. \'<.\ il nifV an
t.ik-
Iri;) tl
•I ri II
(.the r.uilt, til y o.:';i' tll; lU I
llir liii'-, an. I t.i ii.' ('o-.vi inon ilii- (^ o'l i
! to .1 [• ..t, v.:.:;-.
h .1 I vit.'li, or il-
oil'.- ol t.irir coiir.u, :. Ii ,
!!v \v...i!, till tlv'.'. .1 I'V
.\> II t >
'II ..li
(I •I'Cl.ul',- w'l :i til' :i t III
tl'.
tllli."
Nor an- tlu-v i'
t) h.
:n till c:i.- 1... it I. ti'i.ii
v." anv nioni'v
i!( li-cnil'i! to tl'.- tier. Tl: -ir
tl:.in t' V (I.
an
v- 1 lit' ii.i-ii- r
II t rhf/ thit'v ov.i tf:
Ibon .is ir is kn j .n .'i ■
a r-, iIr'm- I'i
.111 I.': w .:v ola'll tlr.vcs r i I.' |i
,'!i ti; -v 1. I!'!' lie I a I.I i •. II
int.)
1 «.; t
I. >;.! ta.ai
(lil|i.!i:-, ot w ,;i'
pi-.ifint, piL-ll'.-.l
11V .ms v,-li',-i-fb-.' Il ■ llvul.l iiii,.ir.:i,i ill, t'l i.ilv, linn',
iri iiis will* aiul 1 l.iii.lii-11. I'mc (ilfii-fr c > 'liu t lii ■
rivX'. ilav t.) "'.-• Ii.niji-, I'litikin'' to ri- •■-ivc t)K- ni.nv v.
llrui-k 11 s iic.i I .1 ■ iiu
ami r.) pi-icfivi-.i III-,-
V. .■.'. ilie I auk-.
till- III I I'S tt'l-t 'll.lC W.l, il.l ; i|H I
nilt-r.ibl.- fX(.-tu;uiii o( wli.ci Iv
.ivoiii.i is i.uKln; I. Ill) tv.-.i p"rs, VI
LittL-;
I-'I-.AI
\ i > I'l ■ nvi I p
1. I III- l-IU'. t"i-i
'.iv .1, I I ■ :i'-')v;n "i-
1 -^ aiKl lo'.v'i .
w., i.ii arc
lii-vi-l, till- I- loit.il, lii.i r ■
HI a
m r.irt en tli: t'.ei .ivi
I a ir'Oil'i:..-.ii, at t'.t: to;) o!
rt- 1 . .1
u:!i ti:
i".>ri)f:, . I
:i .Nai'.-a .'.;.
\V.
till- II- .v.!
'II : ii I ir, t>) '
I'll ..ii r .III' r
till- I
f'l:l..l \' .I'.l.ll -tl'.
.i-oihiu.'-, t ) t.i;'
K -v. . .. I- oiu- o, c 1.- p
() |l|- C.Ml.'l ll MCV III' t
I. ill
I o.'n-, and -.v I
J.-i.il
);i- i-oiiiiiH-|-i :.il
I < '■ ),
■1 I II- i\u!.;..;|^ r n n .
inn.-.'i.i- ol
Uc.'.-I t) Nirvi, at i-.- hv ; ; lub.lui
in 171 I, wli 11
a" ill iiin it r
I rli-
K mii'i^ (■ iii[ii.ii-il ilR- I -ii-.u-r, tlu-
iiU- iii'o t^ie olil ci; -'ni-l J .ml (i v
tl;
IKTlllil lllC • i.ue llltll, iil |));i- l!c.;rri', Ijl.TClIC
III op illll'l"
^^ .: I'r; lirl
liniv
Da
I
'Ijl J:'):
I'.ll
ii'uii;i.,;.;c \i
'i.i'iiK'.l iiib,ii)it..ii;s I'V tl.'.ir ii'biti, ciiitoin
m.in-
^,lr^.^ is lin:
ivoir.i r-.ii.i li
oil r.i-' III- r A.
It v,i;^ ori'i!'
wlilr'i iH'.'i !•,
ii pi>< •• (I lill<
r I
.i no r.thc:- cfiV( r-
I OS j .'■ il \i il n 'livv
':■ 1'^ .. '■ .:■ .i 1.1 111' >T.*
n X- luiiiii.': I I
^1 ' i.ii , v.IikIi
w.is a lo't 111 kibl.i'.iu- i.ir i.jr (• ij ii.liiii."
Ai. oil ' o''-.!:r M.liin!i)i| . l'i'< ■!.i:;(;:i , I
t!ii. I lit of I .ivoni.i h .w a c ., 011 i.l (.lT.
of W'liir-.'iillKl.V ;'. a l',-!l;v.:l, l'
(if till' (!t-.vl, Oil ti,; I -J i> II :!:.- v-
t'l;- rliuirli VmIJ,
iVld too I) iloiv ,
li''i i!i- liiil va-:i.
I. l--.i t.) til.;- HI: ■)! .IV
i.i.aii . I .-.n ni, .:
I lid io\i-|- I'l-in V.
P'l;
V
:c' 111
avis
'.. , C;-.-. i Ik*
•1 tli-i-1 V. itii
li'-rs i:;i t!,,- iji
tiankinri-n:.-; tin" rli-rl; r>llow<, an
iitiirts ibr ilii- nil- ot' t.-.j i-Iiiiri-li i and (Ik- v ():,ii 11, Jur-
i;i;i; ilii- wiiol.- aTiinony, iii.ibc the moll ilii.i-.il 1 1-
iinnr.ition-.
'I'lii- riv^T V>-rva, v.lii h ll.i- s f,■■l'^^ r!if 1 1
(I
u.d (.inpii, , iti.ij' 111 o tl
iti'jiv rail
an i;
R-
a 01 I III .111 ', I'i < ::c
.r.i-
:in I near f.v ) i.iii. . I; ; 11 t.-.r i;,y t kti- li
i ii-.i r itaiact, wli-ili rii.iics vi.'lvt'y c'.iwii a
pr. lipi c Ui^li the iiioil trinii'iiilo..!, noiii.-, a;;;! iialh-!i I'l
t'lrioiillv a .liiilt ilu" r..c :■;, ti;.;: a 11 ill or v.'pi;-.-!-
ill lib' aliciul-i (i-om it,
fl
l;l1, «l!iJl, Wl,'-!1 till"
ro..-i;ii ' l.i.l oliU.
iiiis ur ,.i 1
.ji-o.r..i-e3 a
• fill U:vv.
11. 1-: il V. ;;;i t
,'.• 111.)
tl- IT r'.l .-s -her, ari.i ri.-!i-acb-
I '.lints ilio l.iir rainbow, cliaiiiiiiur, tu the ll^lit.
I'.ninv.-, or I'. 1111, wlii.li b I'lmj I'liH; ,-l- t.) flu-
S.'.eik-s 111 ii'i^, ,itti r it ha. I In en t.iken anil ret.i!;:-ii
11MIIV ti <■ . Ill (111- l.i ; I',
1:1 1710 lu;ri-iK
•I
t'-.e Uiiirnii'i. Tlvie is an iii.ivi-rli-v rt'iiiove.l tl'.:-'i*r
I-' ).ii M.i; r, in the year idSj, bu: i; ii n k iiiii. ii iVe-
ipi .--tli.
l),:-ii-, or, as the in'iabinrt. nil i", Dv-riMt, ar.l !r/
O'l ' . '
ruj, 1.
on t.i. nver
n.i) < 1
).■ v/v- II tlie l.ii;i-i 1 e;!ni
.I'ici; iit rr
,1
Vv'iiir-.;i, wh'i il h IV ■ a I -) uiun ' .ti m to-.; .er ;i-,' tii .c
livt-r. It u- -. . I'lr.iurl',- t'li- f- ■ I if. I b: bo^i, a. Ill ad- iriu-il
V. i'.'i an univ.-riiry, \vliii.-ii li .s b.-.n liiue reaiov.-l ti>
•■"aiii.i.' .
lii-ie are r.-vril (il!i-.-r liii'.'l town". : 1 r'u- 1! \r.,-i
■if I ill. I. i.:, b'f li) in^oiuideraiiie, a; us. to i.eleivo
in e.in :n r.aiiie.
1..- I'liiu ipil riti.-s
•-I ■■-;i; i 1 tbi> parr
01 t!ii- ni!)\ ,
(I
t I..
Ki!ii.i aie ,is
lo-h
' 1 I-; ilv t li'it.il, r,')t cub- ot
I
'11, Ol't o
!' -M
I le aioli i-.)ii-i 1 'ri!)!.' oui: loi ti.i.l -, ne.-;C
I'c:., lb
in
till- I
s.'.i .I'.ii .1,) i.;irio;is.
k
:.i'.;eoully tor c );ii nerce,
I I •, w'iicli, w;tii 11 lir
r.-.er I)-.-
It w;v iiro I'olind an. I U
■\ .1
U;:ii-b ot eoiii.
lib!, b.
rR"i, wir.cli ar- 1 :
\oi iiiiC t'.eli- 1.1-- |:;iiic;p-u .lie .1 ii
tiiiui -r i.)r 111 i;ts .uui o:ii
piir|).)li.
( iii'.ao.iitij
1 1 tl)
t.lkcn !vv-
C/i;-
liMb
■i-Ml-ri' 1'. : ■ S\V, .li
ire It, ill t,i ■ veir 1
c !■
ilii- fl
illow.iv^ ■e.i! I vu:
lie. laiu o! ti
fUvs I.--; f) .'
.I\i-ii; :i ore
1 h;.l til
V.ltil l.)l
a ;.l ri
Nl
(■ .11. • oior
I ! ) Ill-
re I. i.a- til .t I'ar'iiaroii . Ijilea.io.- v.hi. ..
I ;.■ il. ,) ; la;-, .1, In; !:> no \ ij rire-
b. r
;eli v.'ere r.
It w.i> exi;eii-
A-iiiie', or I'cii- ili-ai.
ion ; an
.1 i
I.IU- 111 t!l "1'
I 1\-
)) rioivi Ol t II- lirii
)t il '1.1. 1 lil 111 ol til -ir r.i.a
V.-. II .! i.) a I.:e P'.iaiii-r ot p..
V.-; : .' l.-'/er.il llr.
\..v. le.'r expi'li
a vi-ii I'l" led
. - I ie . ■' ,11 2. DO rubli-, (4-'0l.
a lu'a! • b in : ,; .. 6d ) .iii.l rouiu! tii.-ir u ck;.
\ p.i.C o! tliur
r lit was con e.iie.l
11 !i-i-, from ('111- iiv--r r
i!;:oi' ill
at .r, 11111. 11 p.
i.oni
iir.i a r
-i'l !;li .1
tia- I'
;r.;iii.- aii.l the 1 .)li..i pro-.
C'i.i-
111 aiiil I'
li'itun't'.-, .Old 1
•lavav 111 viir v.-
tlie l.ui I lide, ..
v.lii il I . t :!ir.-.! lor;
la I .'ii-.
(,'.;li IV u,
in 1 <^< :■>.
m.l a,. :a 1:1
Adi
K
1 '.a is We.
|-i;b\ r I.--, .1 viiv I.;;
I llr.-iii ;; eallle nii fie riv,
1 lit I ivoni.i lel: 'e^. '1 i
■ 11, 0:1 t!-,;- I li.ei- I'lle oi
b.iiib.r, or ivubiuir.s.
ii'i-il bv t;ie !)iia.i:y..-ind l-'i
iliJi, lil- l)'a;..i!i-.un 'er-
.,1
n-
.s bel.iw til- ci.v, pi_-.a- ti..- 111. u:li ot' i'- i.'ei
iai, lis its r..i:v.e ili-i:l.ire;., mil is a (■)r-r.l' a. ';..;i
,1 l.ic r'
ij.adeie.l V. '.'i .1 p;j!d I lej •.■,;;!i a v.ill brea-.lth, -.-.-liica 'l widi.uc i
5
to t:ie i-ini;', .111 I ii laip '! -.inc.', co •.vii.ukIiih'- tin- pall.u'e la
I'l; IrOiii '.ill- '■oveniar, r.J liiio can l'i;l ta <.'' r.
T..W*
Ih
il
6;;
N'FAV AND Airrnr.XTic ?ystf.ni cf i'n.-ivI'I^kM, crocRAPny.
%
,i i
I '
i '.
f
I
I'hc iiihaliitains oi" Ki^a avo ;i frank Uiml ol people, ji
an.i viry [''iliii.- to Hr.iii(^Ts. 'I'lvjy live by tlK-:i- ii.kK- ; |l
"iiivlii.lv',', I', t'l'ir p 'licv, kept up iiirhrrro a llviM- ui
lic.'itv. 'I'lKU fity i.s govcnu-ii by jour it;ii..illiat.r. ;
;i;\'. •.!'.■. V 'h.'^"- ;i''i> •> d''*-''"^ number of c<nir.,L-:r.:r5, ami
a Ivmlu-. 'i iv.ir n-.a(^illrat<.s luvc a iilaty ,ii,r,c;i(.J lo
tlu'ii olln-i'i .iikl tluy arc IK): perniittcil to traL- eiuriii';
t'.uir raau'illracy, wliicli, thoii|\li cli'ctiVi.", r.iay coiiti
n\ic as U.i-.f; as tlv.y live, jimviJi-d tiny plcalc tlu'ir
cjiricil. Tii'-v lii'^i-' 'i^<'<-"^ po\v,-r in t!ic city; l)iit il
;;;:v :li:i'.!; t:;i y iu'.vi.- n')C \vi\ux iK'iic l.icm, ill.-}' .\ppcal
I'.j'.-ii. r. I'.ill-.'.ir.';, ail ill- ;UL.':'.:lv fret tin.' ni.i:j,i!ii .I'l:-
;■ -Mice rev^.-rcd. 1 ^.^' v.i.n.ii aie haiulun-.e, raiiiiT
b lilsv, but i)t' liiif l'...l'.iics. I'lio immaiiiivl v.ii.mn
i,u- lu'pt ill !.v''>'' o.vJvi ; but. it ib (at:l, that, aircr ir...!-
r'.i/.c, iIk-v '>]:■ :r.!. |-.:y a ;;r. .: regaril t" challiry. .1-
1 i.lns of I'l'.. .■.;;.'.■ -irc vi-r> \ai!>, but ;u 'Iv laiic tiiiif \. •
I. to to tlio'.e who p.iy them ru'ped. M.iiii.iiit-. \v;v -,
and DtluT uUe woiiieii, arc to be lecii at the d lor. c,i
t.'iiir 1'. /:i!l's al.ii ;'.!' rh-uufjh thv whole day, tor no other
r'.albn than lo lee the geiilleni. a pals by, ar..l i\ee:v"
ti.'-ir co:.ip!i;;T;.-.r--. 'I'o Ihili a len-?!!! is thi.-. al)luid
lu'-iMi ar.iwd, J... die men I'. .iraly cm I'e covered
I a. r.-se-.nens .uid iher^lore w.ilk witii their hacs luuiv-r
ti. ir anils.
I'll.' brr'r'" o', u' tl'.e Uwiii.! i.< oac of die moll liir-
iiii,:;.! ', in 1- •;r^)p.-, i)ei;i:r •y.o p^ '.c -s in lenf.rih. It ci'H
lids ol' tra.;lVi-iK beaiiib ni ti.i.lK-r joined together, a .J
r.lis o. I'.-.il. .villi ihe tide. It is aiv.av> tai'.cn to p/.■el•^
beti.ie the tiull lets in, which hip;;enb ir, N,;vaiiber,
a;id put lip .is I'lm .v-. the ice ii gene. Tlie iiili.,iiitanr--.
of tlie ciiy'ot' K:y.\ iuelf arc about 8ejo in miaib.-r, an. I
fh- fiibi'.rbs I ontalii ab(.it as many more, '1 nice rml. s
belov. ti'.e tc'.va, 0:; tiv. loutiicin lide, is the j'lace whfie
C:i.i:le- the Ml. lautcd tile Sa>:ons, as he h,id iirll djne
til.' R'liriu-o bei';. : Narva. A high bank of fnul is
•;o\v coileJlei, .Mil iiolK-lfes die ground where the a':tion
liappened, under uhich are Itili frc>[uciiily ibun/i ikuih,
and hirnan bones,
Kokenhaiilen, or K.>kenlui\>, ilood on the riecr
Dwiiia, 40 ir.ilei above R)y;a to the .all. It v..i> ilron..
by its lltuativin on a I. id, rather liian by i; iorti'-k.:uo:is,
but \v..s delcnd.d by a good cit.ulcl. Ir \ a:, Icai.rly
rlie red leiici- of the arcabilliop (d" Ki ',a. I'he Jvadians
blew It up in 1 701.
'1 he other tov.r.., in the tiiilrid ol I.e'.i'.a, .tre N'y^n-
h.iiilea, .Mar;' ii'ni, /, Waib^rk, Se'.vold, and Woi iier,
'I'iic lh:ee former aic lortificd j the ti.iCw l.uier .u.-
1.'. ;,..'.'v iia'iinlfican':.
I N
R I
r'T'^ 1 j 1 -", ;•, M-t o^' RiiiFia is 1,0 miles loni:;, - 5 bioid,
.> ,.i i.i. >'.i;;;is in ...ud'.'. In t! e wiiinr ii-Te .1 a
.,r i.an.lier oi'ciki, v lueii, in tl;e lu.iini'i , Iami in
t .:■ ri\ri- :i:r\-, .;nd a;i-e cx.ni-foa'. ::it ) C..:;'^!:.i,
i :.; C-.-.a:-, iVler li.i vire.'.', bcin^ d.e.i..j;. . ..t opeii-
1 ' I I ■) ,i;-.;.,:-.:cai!o.i b i\. e.-n .Vnlian^el lii 1 ih.' Bal ■
t: , i V ..-(..1 1 j1 the l;i.;:I)!) oi 1- inland, m ndi:' to mi- ,
I ■ j'.e t!i<- e.,:iH;i.:' ■ of ir.s doaanioiis, dcieni.hjed (o
,; ..l-.r iinlili i.iasier i.'f le;;i'ia, whicii Iv .u-i:orir::i;',ly
1:1. i in ihe b( ginning of this ccr-.ury, 'i u nndi-r it an
1 iii.'pf.i.i h;a:i:ime j'ower, h. dtteimined on ■ ne o(
!,.e ::. '\ l' -ipciidotis un.krtakiivia ih.:: ev r w'.is en-
tc'i.; I.' .! : V huivaii r. Ljlinon, [lie b.i;l 1... , ih.' '<:, j!
ill' l''ii,.'.. -, wli.iii he delii!;ne I to ir. .lit- 11 )C onl
t!... i.'. •■ a • 1 !:i'' I.,, Ii:r oI the v-hoU- Ruili ,n e.iipne,
i!iL I ■■ r of !!,..'.•, ..: .1 die pnncip.d !'..:i ol 1 i.- ii.ipe-
;,'.i v. 'I'.e:'.;. It i 'iiirirt .1 i)et-v( en In, ; ;.i ami Iin-
i.; '.1, ;ii .: :.r:r-. id." ', H'ii.j' 'ukd bv ih.: liver Niev.i,
1;,' ' . ■. :, . a lal. ..■.•.-: ' '. d .'..;',.■. .. tail 1 ui;'.
,\ ' 1 ;-, V. . . ' .... . v.: ■ :'.v ■'. Ci'-'af.w;. a ihr
1 . :. I . 11. ■.,:.. . la: ■'>''. ■ •; 't, " 1 .eai fi: n ', v.n,',
a ple.ai; ' .1.^.:! '•<:. a- '. i.a • 1 \'..; I'le,- .1 i^i.ii;'. ;,..-. i',
l::(at , and p'a.dn i ink la , -..iiiiii hav.- rii 11, a^ In
< a . I'a ear, v. idi a t.e ;. •■ aorv ol men I ill .d.ve , ,ia 1
I. \, i_ 1; Vi . a .1 lir.' a! 1. 1'." ui aid> I I lia- N 1 va rrn iia.-
o. ' . u:oi'. 'i.'-ii" ''1- i.-iies yn lac laitia i i.i. i,.i.i-
!;;aatien, aidid by lo many Vil'ble oli;eflF, lii'ls fo ti'i'.-
v-ondroo- loinukr, and beholds, in idea, ihe tituiiiy j;c-
niii.s cf feler yet jioeelin;^ t.ver ihe child of liis own
p.rc.d.ia"': aj and viewii jt, with a paiem's (ondnefs, its
iifin;^ I .I'-iie- and Kiiiples. '1 he naa (■>, on v.liich an-
ci.i,. ;iii.v dv.ell;; will' I'l miicli h'ndr.i Is, fnik on a
i(.iap:,ii. ai v.itli this in > .a;..l m.iii ; ;aid ihc fabliioii.s
le}.!lkitors ol Clietcc and l^Vpt iiever |)iehniH'tl to at-
tnapt tl'.e m!;.',iiri' transformation which ilie C'.;ar com-
I'leied. '] he lolii'Wirs of C.idma.s, of llicfuis, ami of
Ro!ra I'"-, v.e:e liaan.iud widi ihc f.i'- e nrilor as their
le.ider, lioi tlu Mi.f. (Aiies, (^R nllians,) urapt in the nioll
priiloiiiul b.iiba.''i!P, kelinkd liy their illiberal preju-
dices i.(;ai an 1: '.■■.c.'"!!;.- wiih l''.iiropean nations, and
ei.iu..iiy the lk;Ve. of liijieilliiion and Ion;!; prclcription,
v.eie Ion ibly lain liom this nij'ht of ij'.iiorancc, and
laiiija lied t" accept ot' ier;ii"mi-i;t .md civilization.
1 i:c lil.a.d ca wlinli this fine city a:- been fo won-
dvrlai.v raikd, was nodiiay; but a he.ip ol' mud in the
Ihoii lui iir.ir ot tlule chmate:., and a frozen pool in
winti:-, not to be appioaclied by l.ind but by pafiin;:,
over v.ild lorelf. and i!n p morall'es, and li.ul been till
ii".n '.lie li.ibit.iiion ol bears .iiul wolves, till it v.as, m
1 ;..' ;, iaia. tilted by above _';-~o,coo Riai'.in, 'I'art.ii-,
I. ilia. k, evc. pi..f.i,t-, wli.iiii tiie C'/ar c .ilrd ti'L'edui
Inim ..a coiiieis ot his vail emjiiie, loive near 12c >
iiii.e>; lail llule m;aie a be. aaiing of dii;. v.'ork. lie
'...a- id a a;-, d to bre.ik iliiou ,h forells, open ways, dry
lip 111 K.i:., and raile bani.i, before he caiikl lav tl.v-
loLaa.ii.on. I'he wliole w.^s a force upon iianirc. .At
fi ll tlie workii:en had iieiiher luliicieiu proviii ms, or
even p;cka>a--., I'p.uks, wheel ban o.'.s, planl.s, or huts
toll,, icer in i yit ihe work went 011 lo cxpcdilii ullv,
lh.it, 111 iive iiionths, the fortrifs was railcil ; ilviu^'h
earih thereabouts was fo fcaice, thai the ereatell pare
of the labourers carried it ai the (! ins of their cloailis,
or in bays m de of oKI ra_L' . .iiul iivits, harrows bein;.;
dea, laiknown to ['; in. It e, 1 Miipiited full 1 rc,''OJ
\ I'.lli. ll a: die pl.i . , for die louatry had bern il -lo-
i.te 1 bv war, aiK, iiipplii ■. liy l,.:il",^a 1:!, ■ wae utteii
letaa'.; d by contr.iiy winds. Tlie C.'ar lamfelt' drev,-
the man pl.ai. \\ ],i|e die d rtrji was gt'inp; on, the
i ily l);-;_;an tjraduaay to be iniiit. 1 ie obli[;ed n.anv of
liie 1 uLii.ty, meich.mts, and tradiTmen, to i»o aiiil live
ill' re, ..ikl tr.i'ie ni Inch commoiiiiies as they wvie or-
vhud. I'rovi.ior.s LeiiiL: Icarfc, antl roiiveniencies
v.,ir.tir:j, the place, at Iirll, v,as not at all .I'.'reeable to
p.. i!.a..o,' d.diiiiiion, wlioiud in Mol'cm. Iar.';e build-
in i, .iiiii iea;> in the couniiy, with lilli-ponds, smi--
liea , .la.l other rural ele^.mcics. Mowaver, he l.ttle
rij',iivted tae eoal|,iaintb of ihvife who only ccnlideied
tiirir own lale. 'lUi: bovars (nobility/ broualu {rreat
ri'd.uiis widi thiuij and merchants and fliopkce[)ers
loan (laird tluir arcouiit in I'ettli;;;' hire. M.inv
:'v,,i:e-, I lal.iii.iers a. id Livoi.ians, from towns neaiie
d,'.|i(', III Heel by die w.ir', continued lieie. yVrtiluai-,
a :.!,..:. , .a.d K.tn.v 11, vM-r,,- jr,siad hid.er, ro encoii
lie fi.ii'paii'; who, ii,.'.;a:; worked oat the tia. ■
a "c.d ill! tor the C /.ir, v.iic liiiCvl by the bovars; and
,i,lo ha Ic for tlr:iai.iv' , ..\x\ i'cttled ; i.u'i Iran b; iia.^
.illowid to I luh en la. feat lie likul. In one \i..i
,-',Gau houlis weie ueeud, an.i, in two or three nu'ii .
vioiible ihe number, which tloubdefs are very niucii ai-
li-.iled lliii e. .Some, indeed, but clliel'y in tile II.Ik)-
'.;.a, or lubarbs, aie li'.ean, and m.iv be taken to pieces
ia two or d.rte ll iir\ .ir.d Lt up illiwlieua I'o biaid
lias t/'.'.a, dial 01 Nunfchans (a llioia.. Iirt on lln
Niev.i, not lar lioai Nov.bili;;) w.is e! laoliihid lei
the matiiiils, and the inh.ibiaints i.ai.Acd liill.i.
.A', iic il. raided lo limove die ir.di" "I .Aieh.'.li' e 1 lo
I'ltu'l' liip, in 17I_; he m.ule ic '■■ f.a iii -., i oiv.e f.oai
Xlclei/v. , and ohned (aeat .a! ,11 ; •■, lo all l'i;e 'a-
..> lii.i: III .aid lelii laeii. , .1: I i, .i.i.,I t' .ir ail p.".:
l III ■■'■']' 1 ■■ ' to a '. /' I, I ' lie t' 1 i, I a. t" 111.. 1-
per, a,..,ail ne ll i.L ;.;t.,e! , aa.l die vhai.- '.abeiiiiser
leli,'.: the 1 111,1 . lilt :\v (.mm. lu, .s, . . wei.' a. 1
ij.Ma.i) riiilovi.l III! 1 laie \e,!!s .lii r. la I l.^ il v.
/ r -
ordered that all IiuuUj lliuulJ Lie bulk oi uii'.k, I.
2
1
EUROPE.]
Tlie citavli
fix ballions ;
middlemoll,
two ori lions o
eaJi of the f
but earth and
h.ive them .if
ri iia lide wci
ha.-, been can
1 ho wall is _^
»le all lined v
flanks, wiiich
mattes, one a
vitli beams ,
the right ot'
royal ilifpenlil
ti;y of ilrngs
bcaiitiiul [lorc
it conr.iins.
with ftatues, |
mafic keys, .;
witji the glol:
bi low is the t
tii.it gate is a
two draw-bri
[il.ue gallies a
V( atlitr.
The ac.ulei
malti[)licity <
I eiles lettres
i^ a fu|)erb pil
fill Cllpal.l in t
is a ;;ood lilir.
ti.il (-•iniol'iUe .
ri)i:s oblerve
tanned and lii
ever fiiw. 1 1
ot I'll eciics m
leather w.is li^
finals iIk- Ik
I,. , 'Ie', aid b
f .a (i.e.lt ulev
fif the unt'ortii
1 .'It il iiir hav!
tell , aii.l till
lie..r : 01 in R
the eliltirets C
her .wciited.
up '11 himlelf t
c.'pp.e I and in
'I lie face is tin
ii n •! h,.,:cr, a
t r.il litiation.
t 1 V. tiel."
lie fides the
of t.irtlis, toll
r.ik, ilk IK, n
fiaaire ot I'l le
haa lie tits I
a blue fiiit ol i
byhlstidt, I
and t.ie lijj'ire
jiliii.d, an nr
I'eU :■ tae (:
nipea I It of
['lofellors, till
liicc'-jiion to (
to tlie interetl
I'l 1' 1 ihurg
lii'iy \e,irs. .■>
mil I 'intain fi
allert that the
cxa{:!:tratioii.
and w.iter. I
loii;^!,, and wit
others are |'l.i
are immenki)
exceed in li,-.e
No. d:
""IIY.
olijcflf, lius to til'.-
iiit'.i, tlif titii! 11 y ce-
llo.' diild of Ills own
[laiciii's f'Ji'.Jiitb, i;s
■ ir.'. • t '' on v.liicli aii-
li'inliuls, fink on ;i
in ; ;inil sIk- f.ilniious
liver pii'liiiiu'd to ;U-
".vliiih ilu- (J'/.ar coin-
B, ol 1 ill. Tills, anil of
X 1.1 : ^' ;irilor as tlicir
.ins,)v.r.;pt in the molt
ilitii iiiibcral prcju-
tirop'. ;'.;>. n:'.tioiis, and
ir.ii lon;^ prclcription,
'lit <'(' ij'jioraiu.tr, and
.iiu! civilizu'ion.
I'.iv a- Iv.tn lo won-
a liiap ol' iiu)d in the
and a frozen pool in
■ l.iTid hut by imGii'p;
iVf.s, and had bein till
wolves, till it was, in
,coo Riui'.in, Tartar,
ic Czar c ,lli-d togedur
piir, Ibire near i:c.)
ig of ihi.. work. 1 le
)ItIIs, (ipiii ways, dry
tijri- ill- lould lay ti.>-
live iiimn iiaroi<'. .Al
lii'i'ient pi'ovili 'lis, or
lo'.s, [ilanl'.s, or luits
r oil lo enpedilii ullv,
I', v.. IS raiiitl •, ih'iUf.^h
tli.il the i^reatell pare
(1 iri.s ol' rheir clo.ii.lis,
,d ni;its, h.irrows being
'oiiipiited i'ull 1 rc,"OJ
oiintry hail been il ■io-
„:d";;a 1 ;: ■ '.V'l i' utteil
"I'x C/ar iiunreir divv.-
(.Is WM.-. iV'inp; oil, ihc
1 ie obli^'ed iv.anv of
.k rmen, to go and live
'.ies as tlicy were or-
and ronveniei'.cies
not at all af-recible ui
Mofc(i\. l.ir!!;e btiild-
V. ith rilii-]ioiKls, i'ar-
ll.jw:.ver, he httle
■ who only conliilcrcd
ihiiitv/ broii:;lu {.^reac
,ints and Ihopkeipers
rittli:;;' hire. Many
ir, trom towns neaiir
iiiid licie, Arti:ui i •,
,1 d hi'Ler, ro eiicoii
wo:ki-.l ir:t the ti:.. ■
ed by i:,^' boyars ; ar.d
ttled ; 1. ih H'i'.ll b;:ii:.^
■ hkui. in 01. e yi..i
in tv*o or three nu'n ,
I'lels are very nuKJi :u-
iit eliul'.s in the ll.ibo-
ii'.iv be l.iken to pieces
1 cilcwheie. 'I'o build
(a Uioiil; ("orr on iht
;) waa d- loohlhi d let
ints r. iiui\ed liitl.-i,
ir.de "I .Am h.;n"(.l lo
C r. |'.;i ]]] ;, I (jiv.e lio.ll
■. to all I'll' 'ii-
, ,1. 1, .: : .'.! :.il joei:
I.e l.| I, i.e. (M 'lil,, I-
r dii'.i.' '. ) lie in I \ vr
,11. He, t\. . were ii. l
,!i r. I'l 1 ' 1 i it V.
!;uiii oi Uii'.li, lile '•■
EUROPF..]
The citadel is a long and irreyilar hexagonal, with
fix liafiions parallel to e.-.eli ./tlier, except the two
niiiidlemol?, oi:e of which, oppolite t.) Carelia, ha.s
twoorillons or blinds ; ih.'.t over-ai^ainll t'le river none ;
each of tiie fiuir oth.vr:. oik-. 'I'liey wire .ill, ,it lirll,
but earth and turf; bur, in 1710, the Czar rel'olved to
h.ive them all lined with llroi;;.; v.alls. Tliofe on Ca-
r: iia li.le were tir.illied in lii> life-time ; and the work
h.i.'. been cariied on and coniple.iteil by hi,- luceellbrs.
The wall is ^;o fci t high to tin- parapit, and the I'aces
aie all lined witli large iron and bral:i gi'Hs. (^n the
liai.ks, wiiicli :'re pretty lli-irt, are t\'.n rows ol caza-
iliattes, one above another, arched over, and covered
vith beams and turf", bomb-jiro;,!'. 1 he ciirtai;i on
the right of' this eit.iiKl'.s gates h.us one of the Hneil
royal diljietifaries in Ivirope, both for tlie great tjuan-
tl;v of ilrngs aii.l me'.iicines, and tlie large niniber of
beautiful (lorci lane villelsfrom Ciiinaanil Japan, which
it conr.iins. Th.is citadel li.is two g.ites ; o::e a.ior::ed
with ftatues, ]> rticul.iTly .'^t. I'e'' rv.itli hi-, twn eir.'.jle-
G R i: AT R U S .S I A.
m
atic k
ieys.
,d on its iiiln:. liie bl.ii k e.iide '.( Ri'lli.i,
below is tlie figuie ol the iiiilli.in St. Nicliolas. Hetiirc
that e;ate is a ravelin, fiom whence is a bridge, with
two draw-brid; es over .111 ;M:n ol the lU'.r. I.i this
pl.ice gallies and fir., ill vi ll'; Ij ,ire llieltei .,! ,'r.mi b.ul
vcather.
The academy eflabliliied liy Peter tlie ("ne.'.r, lias a
m'.ilti[ilieirv ol profeli^rs in nrill Iciince:., .ml the
lelles lettre_-, uho ii.i\e hbei 1 l.il.'.rie.^. The bull. ling
i^ a fu[)erb pile, contniiiim t'.vo llories, with a In iiiti-
Ail ciipol.i in the niivlille, an. I an oliK- 1 vatoiy. I lire
is a gi'od libr.ue, and all manner of n'riir.d .m 1 .irrili-
ti.il ainofitie .. " In one ot tiie galleries, (l.;ys a cu-
rious oblerver,) in a c.ile, i-. tlie fkin ol a brciiLliin.m
t.'.nned and niifi'ed. Thi- h.r, been t!ie t.ilh ll ni.m I
ever law. In .uiotl'.er c.ile i^ hi-. Iki leton, and .1 p.iir
ol' In eclics made o! hi. «i^ . Ikin, alfo ilreiled. Tlie
Itathi r w,is like bud'. On the b.iltom, or p:i\'ement,
ll ii.'s ih./ ikin of an l-.n!!;'iili eh liuit horl'e, llnired,
I., , 'Ie ', -nd bridled, and beli.le it the Ikeleton. Pet r
t .-.• (i.e. It iifed ro tide this liorfe. I lere I law the he.id
of tl.e unfortunate Mil'^ I l.nnilDn, a Swedilh l.idy, who
lilt ii fn ii.iv'.ng niurdeiid lier child iinl.iwlully begot-
ten , .111,1 tliii is tin oiilv murder of that kin.,1 I ever
lie..r ; i>l in Riillii. I'hi. l.i.'y u.i-, rn.ii.l ol Ivinour to
the eiiiprefs L',ifi:ei iiie. It i^ l.iivl Peter went and law
her executed. 1 K we|u much, but could nor prevail
lij. Ill hinilelf to p.irdon her. I Ie caulcvl her head to be
c.'pp.e 1 and iniecled. 'I'he torehead i-. almoll ompleat.
'J kc face is the moll be.iitilul my eves evi r beheld, '['he
</•;/.; //..i.'f'i', and brain, a,''e .ill pri lerved in tlieir ii.i-
t' r.il fit.iation. Tiiis i^ kt [t in fpiiits in .1 l.U!;e ilirvf-
tlv. flel."
Itclides the a!) ive. lieie .ire depofitid gre:;r ijiiantities
of ea.rths, foflib, llones, oies, nattir.il iiiei.ds, mine-
ral-, Ihells, molles, coral-, tvc. In one room is a
fiLMiie ot Peter the (iieat in wa.\ work, .is l.irge as tlie
11 e. 1 Ie fits in dn ( Ibow chair irof's legged, dieflid i;i
a blue l"it of I l.iaths, white liockings, and has a ii.mg.er
by Ills fide. I Ie li.is Ihort bl,icl> hair, his head covered ;
and till lijvire is fiirroiindeil by m,uheiii,iti..!l, philolo-
jihii.il, .111.! mecliaiiie.il inllriimeiits.
Peti r tile tjre.it alio firmed regulations for the ma
nigeui !t ot' this Ii niinary. Thele lelerred ro the
jiroteil.irs, the fhiilents, the rifpectise Iciences, the
iiicc'-lHon to offices, and other p.irtieiilars conducive
to the interelt of the inlliti'tion in gene'.il.
Piiirlhutg is ,im.i/ingly inerealed in fize within thtfe
fifty years. At the death of I'etcr tlie (jfeat, it did
not lontain 80, coo inhafjitanis i anil now the Kiiiriaiis
aflert that there are 5130, cx^o ; but tld- is deemed an
cxagi-eration. It covers a very great extent ot land
and \\ater. The llieets arc limie of them very bro.ul,
long, iiiv.l svitli ean.ils in the middle of liiem i and
others are planted in the Dutch filhion. 1 he hoiile.s
are inimenleiy large The p.ilues of the nobility
exceed ill li.-.c thole ol lie ll citie^. lliat ol the Mm ■
No. 0:..
673
prefa is an .amazing (IrtiiTtirc. But thefe are ra'her
great than beautiiul. The li/.e is all that flrikes ; and
the buildings are Ifuck fo thick with ornaments, that
there is hardly any liich thing as judging of their pro-
portions. The Italian architecture is mixed with the
13utch, ar.d the whole forms very ineleg.mt piles, in
which true tafle is totally facrihced to a iirofulion of
ornament. H;it if the eve does no: fcrutinize into the
ji f'eparate ji.ir s of the, biiikliiigs, but takes only the
|. flreets at large, the city may be f.iiiiy pronounced a
;; very fine one.
1 Among tiie jniblic buildings theie are many ex-
\. trcmt ly worthy the attention of a traveller, p.irti'.iilarly
1 1 the dock-y.irds, the naval magazines, the aiiirnal, fbiin-
I ilery, admiralty, iX'C. without inlilHng on the imperial
!l palace, the cathedr.il, or many cliiirclvs. In the docks
they continually em])loy a gre.it number of carpenters.
Tliey build here all forts of vellils, f'nnn fliipsof 1 .'Ogiins
1 down to boats ; .ind the ni;:iiber on the flocks at a
time i-, conliderable. After tlie death of Peter the
drcat the inariiie was neg'eiied, infomuch, that the
j l'',m[)rel'-.'s nav.il llreiigth w.is not e.impiired to be a
ii'th |).-.rt o{' what that great monarch polli-ded ; .md
I this was owing to want of tr.ide, wliich can alone
make li.amen ; iinlef's wh.n in the hands of fuch a man
as Peter, who created every tiling. But the jJiTfent
I'.mprels, who has tlirown the l'[!int of tluu gre.it mo-
narch into all tlie departments ot the llate, has revived
it wonderfully i fo th.'.r, at preiijnt, the Rulli.'.ns have
a fiirini l.ible navy.
There i.s f'carcely any thing at Peterlbiir.f]; more de-
ferving notice tli.in the tijuiuleiy. The iron i, brought
ti'.im Kexholm by water; and tl'.e number of cannon
,ind inort.irs that are call here is very great ; alio cannon
b.ills, and all fort-, of military imp.lenients in which iron
is ufeil ; wliich are made here at as I'mall an expence as
in Sweden, nr any other p.irt oi the world. The arf'c-
n.d ii alw.ivs uell itored with them; and there are
v.ill ipuntities made on a private account for exporta-
tion, lonniiig a very conliJera.ble branch of' com-
nii ice.
'i'iie gi.md maiket-pl.ice is on the fouthernmolt [larc
of tiie city, with many w.irchoiues, to depolit all kinds
■ of commoihtieu and merchanilize, both dome'iic and
lineign, for fale. It is a l.irge lipiare, with four en-
tiles, nnd .1 range of' iliops on each fide, both within
and witliout, with covered galleries, to leciire thole
who fiei]uent it from the rain.
Woolen and linen manufiiftories were let up here,
of' wliich the kitti r i, brought to yvcv [lerf'ectioii, .'.s we
may obferve by the linen of late i:, ported from thence.
I lere i-, particularly a woikhoiife, where an old Dutch
wiim.in has So young nymphs under her care, who
•lie tauidit, with a whij), liow to handle the fpinning-
V. h ll, .md feveral regul.itions are made tor improving
tiie ])lant.itions of hemp and flax. Paper-mills, and
powder-mills, have alfi) been creeled, with laberato-
riis liir guiimiy and Hre-works ; a.nd other places for
p;eju;ilig f.ilt petre and brimlbnie. Rope yards, like
thole in I''.ngland and I lolland, fiir making of ea-
iiles and t,ii kliiig tiir the n.ivy, are alio let up iiere,
.•\ printiiig houfe is eil.ib'ilhed, ami news-p.ipers are
nov/ as regularly printcl as in orlier countries of l*'.ii-
ropc. Several ufi.ful books li.ive been trantlated out
of the I ligli Dutch, ,ind printed ; the government en-
couraging tlieir fubjects to enquire into the llate of the
woikl abrii.ul, inflead of' keeping tlum in ignorance,
accoi\ling to their ancient ni.xims. As to their lilk
and wiHihn ni..niif'.irhires, they have not been able
hitherto to bring them to any degree of' perfecHon.
j .\t little ilill.ince from Peterlbiirg is a noole feii'in.iry
I for tdiicatingfi males only, foiiniled by the late emprefs
I'.liz.ibi th. 'I'he building is c.ipai ions and grand. Cliil-
dren of dillini'lion are ke|it li p.irate trom thole of' an
inferior rank; and the whole contains betuem 7C0 and
' boo females.
Near the Nieva is .1 I'mall pal.ice, built by the pre-
' lent l.mprels, and called 7'''. I{i:nnild\u. When her
ji b 11 iiLijelly
HI
m
I \ i
If
I
i
ii
6/4 A NFAV, kOVAl. avd Al'THFXTIC SYSTF.M or I'MVl'RSAI. CironRAI'Il Y,
rnaicflv rcfidrs in this part nt'rlu- IjuiKlinij; flie is in re- '■
trf.it, .iml there i^ no dniwing-rocim or court. 'I'hele ,
ap.irtinents .ire very eleg.mt, .md t'.ir:.illied u'th ^le.it
t.ille. There are two galleries of painting';, wl ich have
been latelv pureiialed, at an iniinrnre eNiK-nee in Ftily.
The crown, in the p.ilacc itl'elf, is jxrhapb the riLhetl in '
Furope. It is (h.iped like a bonnet, and totally co-
vered v.ith dianioniis. In the I'ceptre is the celebrateil '
one ]nirehaled iiy prince OrloU" for 500,000 rubles, '
(ii;,50ol.) anil prefented by iiini to his li)verei;,'n
mirtret"'.. It lar exceeds I'itr's diamond in fi/.e, and is
not inferior in water. I.apidaiies tieclare it the moll
be.Tutitlil and rare e\er brought from Golcoiida. One
of tlie nobleft monuments of the gratitude and vene-
ration unlverfally paid to I'erer I. is tli.u which her
prefent maicftv has ordered to be erected. It is an
rqufftrian ilaf.x' . in which produclion the arttil lias
united the grcatell lim|ilicity witi. the truell fublimity
of conception. No other llatuary, whether .:nrii-nt or
jnoilern, gave him the defign, wiiich is lingular in its
kind, arkl admirably a.iapted to exprels the cliaracter
of the man, and of the people over whom he reigned.
Inftead of a prdellal adorned with infcri[nions or fur-
rounded by Haves, he appe.irs mounted on a rock, or
i\one of a pro.iigiou.s (i;:e, ii])on the afcen' "t which the
hoi'fe labours, and appears to h.ive nearly reached its
limimit. 'i'his attitude has given him room to exert
gre.it anatomical beauty and fkill in the lUMleles of tlie
horl'e's hinil jiart-. and li.ims, on wlii.'h the whole ot'
liis body IS nccelVarily liillained. Tin C /.ir's hgure is
full of tire anil fpirit. I le fits on a b< .ir Ikin, .md is cl.id
in a fimple habit, not ch.iraiflerilbc of ,uiv particrl.ir
countrv, but linh .is mav be worn without sioLitpin ol
propriety by an iiil'.abitant of any countiy
About :o mills welV from I'iCerllniig is the beau-
tiful palace of Ptterhofl", ruuaitd on :ni emini nee, in
a large garden, commanding r fine vie-s and lunour.d-
cd by many out-hou!|,>, otlicrs, C\:c. for ferv.inf- .uid
atteiuiants. It taies tlie l(iir,.ii and, in the (idiu, there
is a beauti'ul canal of ckar ti.mfp.uint u.iter, Inuii
which tlin-e^';.' ,•",•,;,■■..■ are fupplied, and i .,;r.lantly pl.iv.
When th'- I-.mprel's is hen , t!ie guard > are encamped in
a part of the garden, where their tents make a very
agreeable appear.nn'e. In Ipe.iking ot one ol t!u le
jrt (l',:::is, a curious traveller lays, "Out of' tlie w.ittr,
much to niv agreeable furinize, arole .1 d.og ,u^i\ three
ducks, nuuie of copper or iron, and, in .ippi ar.uice,
all al;\c. The dui ks flutter through tl e water quM. !;-
ing, tlie di>gs foil, lu after thetn b.u king. There is, in
a lutH( rr,'neo':i pl.'.sc, a charming tliime of chrylhil
belk, w!,ic!i play by water. 'I'he grot'o, which is co-
vered hi fore bvacafcide, has two entrii-s, one on each
lide. 'I'heentii' s .ire guarJ( d bv llatues, which, when
yoti are i;i, [aivent aiiv one Ironi getting out, till the
keeper, by turning a handle, jnits ,1 llop to them. I'hele
ftatues evai u.ite l" much water, by conitiing, and llioot
ing out of Hone pillols .uid guns th.it tlie keeper lai.!
it would overwhelm any man. Helides the luriofitii .
before mentioned, then- is a be.ititit'ul g.'.ilery lull ot'
the rinetl ih'n.i in the worki; one end ni wliiih is
a fniall but commodious room, \Mth a Ixi! in it,
wi'.ithir tlie liiiiMel's lometimes retires to re]iole
lurleif
The apartments here are all I'pleniiivl .iiui noljlc fur-
nillied; and .iiiiong the [i.iintings there are five mati It-
l( ts portraits ot the lovereigns of Kuiria, vi/. 1. I'eicr
tin (ireat. .. I'hi- l.iMiiu.m \'ill.iger, whole virtues
raileil her from a cott.ige to an imperial diadem, and to
(hare the bed of I'ner the dreat. •). 'I'he i ni(jrel',
Anil. 4. The rmprels i'dizabeih. 5. The prrleiit
reigning fovert.i;ii.
-Sijch was t|-,e t'lairid.ition, and tuch is the preli nt
flate, of the ( It)' of I'eterlburg, as .ippiars from the
nioft authentu and modern ai coutiis we <(/uld jiotlibly
lelett. The only matt rial (ircumll.uui n l.itive to it,
which remains lo be meniioii'd, is the- Ircdliil inuii-
ilaiion and hurricane which hap|)eneci in 1777, and
Weie produdivc of the l'(jlloui.'i<; t.ilal <:
"I "777.
ll'tCt',.
Almolf all the liout'es in the little ilkinds i.n th.e mout'i
of the Xiev.i were demohlhed, an, I a coiiliderabk:
number ot' the inl,abitants loll.
The f )rfiru;ati')ns of this place fuft.'.ined ereat (!,:-
mage. The ra]>idity of the river was bi yor.d .ill con-
ception: it cirried everything before it, ni.il.ing :t
mofl dreadful liavock, and ro.;r:iig wit.h a nolle n:;C
calily to be dclci ibe 1.
A poor man, wiih hiswile and r\vo d.uighters, rrettin:^
out at .1 window, wiien a gull of win. I blew down tho
Iv ul'e, were all killed except the m.in, who lurviveJ
three days.
:\ poor young lady, in fixing a rope to delc-en.i
bv, was killed hv tlie f.illing of the roof of another
houfei and two other perfons in the iiiid iioufe loll th-ir
liv'-s.
'i'he gre.it bri.lge of pontons was totally borne av.M\ ;
and paper mills, (laboratories, manulai lories, \-c. de-
itiolillic cl.
The dead body of one of tiie liandl'iiTU fl women
was teen lloating on the waters. The wind and I'.n am
conveyed her to a wreck, on which it was hoped flu:
might have lymptoiiis of litt , bur a contiilion in her
Iliad toon b.uiitb.ed every prot'pect of that kind.
A prodigious number of cattle and poultry worede-
llroyrd, as well as liortes ilrowned in ihibles. A trilv
of itinerant T.irt.'.rs were drowned in their tcmpoi.i:'.'
huts in the country. In 'lion, ii'iiii the city and
neighbouring Ikit country exhibited a moll lioriibir
An account tranl'mitti d from I'errrC'urg t;> Lon-
don, thus ll.ites the p.irtic ui.irs of this i.al.imitous
ev( lit.
" An inundatiin lia.ppc ;v.d h.erc, more estenfi\c
I del'ruCtiw tl'.an ha^i ever been remembered in
1 i le [ irts. A \ ioleiit liurricane ot wind, at well-
I .ii.-wefl, which b ijan about two o'clock in the
1; -r' ing, railed t'.e waters, in t!ie Ihort time of ti)ur
hi ' -, to tlie lieighr ot tourtecii Icet above the ordi-
niiy I'Vti 111 fne Ni;\.', b.' v.hili the wh',>!e town,
.!nd .'. ■■i:'t i-Aient ol'tlic c.Mi.itry m tlie nii;. hlHuirhood,
w,!s |-,,|. ,.;,,• (i\i-rllowee!. The water remained ..bviuC
li.ilf an hour at it. extieme height; but tlie wind get-
ting a little to the iiortliward betuien fix and li s • i>
o'clock, it returned, in a very fliort time, to its u i.l
bntind'. If is impi'il'ible to ellimatc, with .mv degree
ot ex.ictiiel- , the lots v.hi.ii tlie tl.ite and inclividu.ils
liiflere,!. I'he nunibr of | citon. clro\\;:eel .rnoicite.l
to t'e\'eral hu;v.!ri-ds. In tin- bell parts ot the 'ov.ii
manv houlis wi re u:;roole-d; .uiil the lo!s I't livp.ors,
an.l otiu r p:o\ ilioiis, in the cillus and loui r apart-
uu tu.s. Were \ery great. In the lliops (wWv li are all
ill the fame ijiiarter of the town> gooels were' el< (Iro'.ecl
to a \'ery coniidir.ilile .imount. In the' g.ii.lm^ 01 the
till line r-p,il,ice, gre.ir numbe is of iln tiiall in'/s wi ip
bn ken or torn ii[' by tije roots. The lower ikiris of
'he- town, where ihc IimhIi^ ,;ii- mollly ol' uoo.l, .ir.d
iiih.ibitid by tiie | n r tort of' |:coplr, pnlciitc I ;i
lei lie oi i!el"ol,'.tion uii; li cm Im mure e.iflv mi,;:Mnccl
than dell I ihc d. M my ]'e:j"oiis were drowred I'l tli'-ir
becks; and other-, who fought lor I'.tety from llic v. i-
ters on the roofs ol their lio'ife-, wi re larri'd liotn
thence by the vi"k-n.e ot tin- v.uul; and thole who
efcaped with lili', v.i re' leu eh llitiiir > I habitations .uul
elVecfs. Cire.it dam.i"i- u.is A'VAr V ti t i]U.i\ ol' t!ie ex-
ch.uiL'e, .III I '!ir ! r.'.er r,l;iga'/.iiii ■. ,i;id warrliouies.
NuniN'rsol bark- , i.i.ien with ihim, In ;iip, gr.iiii, wood,
\c. to a \'rry great aiiioniu, wi n- lliveel, funk, or
drven in pieces in the llrcets or tie I. Is. .Sever.il large
velii-b, lying between tiiis pl.ice ,';i.l L'ronll.idr, were'
drivel) alhorr into woods and gaidcns. Mi'iy of ihet
I ouiitry houli 1 in the in i;;hlHuirlii><i I were dellroycJ.
The village I C itherini h'ltr, Mh'. fim." others on tlie
lame io;ill, were entirely iwiy' .iw.iy, with all the?
e;irtle, ;uicl m.iny li^'es ueic I iii I'n n-, .is well .is 011
the full- of liii (i.lllc y 1 'avcii, N'.liere the ground i'i
M'ly low. I'he gre.it bridge ol bo.irs over the Nieva.
isus c.inied iway, .uid moll of ine bridres in the to'.'.ii,
txci pi:
KURO'
r-c-'pt d
futh "d
" . c
tha: til
tl- :_,,c,'
' '/ 5 ■ •
for lomi
^■- . ■•
t... poor
" 1 iie
<'vrr do
r-.st., r,
t; ri.il'c b
Afte
new ci.y
ti-.e buik;
veniei.t
cure, .ill
Tllolltil o
nrw t.iv.i
called Ci
ot' Ingria
thippiniT 1
The C'.'ll"
three tier
round it.
harbi.', r 1
artillery;
on the I'l
Be 1 1".'! I
lioules; a
near the w
fort re '
taken Iroi
lit lithe
N.:' , i
tori-rcl ■
rivti- I'll
i, j...;ia, a
name.
T
U- ill.inJs in tiu- moiitli
, ar.,1 ii i:()nli.l',rabk:
cc riifl.iiiH'tl irrcnt i!,;-
r was bt yor.ci all con •
before it, makiiij; :j
iiv' whh a noilt- iiiit
rw-o dai::',htfrs, rj-ctrirvj
wiikl hk-\v tjown ihc
If m,in, who liiivivcJ
I!:; a rope to diTcfii.l
the ronl (if an.itluT
Ik- iiiiJ ii;iii!'f Icll: tlvir
as t'ltally Uorne av/.u ;
anula>'ti)iii^, i\"c. de-
ir liandl'inu II women
Tin- wind ami (In am
liii K it was hoptd ll-iC
lit a contiilioit in lur
ct lit' t';.it kind.
.■ and |'o\iltry wore de-
fd ill ll,ibk-s. A trii'i-
(\i ill thiir ttiiipoiarv
, i")'.!i t!ic liiy an.l
littd a infill iiuniblr:
I't'"''! C'lirLj ro I. ou-
rs ot tills ^alamit!ji:s
UTi", m<irc fxtt'niive
bri:i iviiuinbcrcd in
nc of ui'id, at wi-lU
; two ()'( k.A in i'k-
thf lliort time of lijiir
n fcft abovr the ordi-
ii h tin- wii'^lf town,
till- nci;. lilHiiirlio!)d,
at;r remained i-.bwut
imt tlie will 1 ''et-
•twceii lix and It \ • !>
:irt time, to its I! ...1
a;e, witli anv detune
Ikite and in.ti\ id':, if,
drou :;ed .riloirite.i
parts of' the fov. n
the lol-i of' livp.ors,
IIS ,\rA lou( r iipan-
IliDp^ (wWv h are all
).ivl-, were dt (b'o'.eil
n tlie j.',;ii Jen> ol the
ill"- fniell tn '.-s v.i ir
he 1 iwer Ikiri-. of
iiolllv of \\oo.l, .irui
pioplr, pr( j'rm, I ;|
iinre e.d'.ly iinapiiuil
vie drowi'cd i'l their
I itety troiii t!ie v.a-
• , w( re e,'.rri''d finin
;;ul , and thofe who
I f habita'i mi aiul
I' I, i- ijii.n ol' t!ie ex -
< '. aiid wanhoiif'e',.
Ii> nip, |;raiii, wood,
!'• d ived, fink, or
liv. Several lar;',r
'.hi L'ronlLidr, w ; ii*
lens. M I'ly of' ihc
I were dellrovi i.
Ill, • others on t.'ie
auay, with ali ihe
I'll re, as well as on
Inn- llie ground is
oafs over tlie N'leva.
fiidi'es itl the to'.-. II,
txci p':
EUROT.l
f-cr-pt "-hole ('•■' tlie r'-w 'lone
G R E A T Ii U S S I A.
(,
I ■)
'!?v, (no pprt of w'l'fli
■ r^ tora up.
/ li ins, It appeared,
i.'!; Iii::her tiiaii in
, 1 iiid iiere in the year
ti.e.'.tre .vere (lopped
H i
fllHi. i"i.i aiiy m;.'eri I i.l.ii,:,i';;c '
" .1 ■corvlin,'; t ^ .u-.n.ru'e (
that tl.i •■■" I. r •''• a ; .ot
tl •■ uie.T i'u i ri.iii \..iic', lia;
(•/ J .. 'I i.i , . .;■•■! of 'he eoiii!
for t'onie ti.ne, on ,: eoi:',t of this pulilie ealainity.
A" I. •-•iiients \i: u- nia„e to ;^iv'e all poflibk- relief to
t..> poor (iilli reiT.
" Tiie l''an[;ret"s, v. ir!i a d< /nee of liimani'y that will
ever do iviiour to her char.irter, ordered the roval eot
Tts to i"ie opened W fi'ofe wlio h.id tiiifered uKjIt ma
terially by t.'ie t.;iip !l."
After I'eter I'le (iieaf fi:-,d l.ii.l :'--x foun.latian of liis
new ei;v of IV u rlb'iri.', :M',d •;iade tome proj^ref's in
tlie lniiK:iii;:;s, he t!ioti;>,l'.t it netefkiiv to have a con-
venient harliimr in wiiit h the fliipjiii, ', iiii'd'.t ri.le fe-
ciire, an.l [liteiu-d upon the iPiiid of !\etriiiii, at the
mouth of the uiilph . f I'inlu.d. 'I'h'-re li- built a
new town e.'.lie.l t'ri iif; ;.lr, and feeiireu i: with a vallle
called Ctoiillot, litn.iteil '•:! a I' 'id bank near tlie fi.ie
of Iiitrria fo that in twe n tl.'' • di- .ui.l tl;e to'.vn, the
lhi[)l)in;T n.le in a f .1;-, .' -p, ,.i .1 o'rriiodioii., h.iibour.
'I'lie callle i'. luii : ii; l.'.e ' "-I'l ' ' a ro'inJ tower, and
three tieroi !!,alleiie^, v.i,. ;,ii ..;l''.ed v. ith eanriMi, fiir-
round it. In <:\{i^^ of ein.'.j'iny, tiie p.iers of the
liarb(;'.r may be nuuii. ■ I wi-'i a lonlidirablc tr:!in of
artillery; and two fiiiaii fiutu des at prellnt are fuu.ited
on the ojipofite ill.aid.
B< i"'i en Crontl.i'Ir.uid ''etei nitiiih are many ele;»ant
hoiites; ^ivA .''1 .111 ilkm.l toiiiied by the ri\-er Ni.-va,
near ihe wi ;u i , Kaiiks 'i'tiie lake Lailot'i, is the llrong
fortri. ' . ruiii ' aj f ri of N. '"-ehi.'r,',, orOrr;";.'!. It w.is
taken liom die S>'x /esbv Ceter ihe (.iie/it i:i the year
fo;. W'itii letjHCt r ■ me oilier towns, Nietifciian is
111 lillied. Jvvaiio;." rid is a ilr.in!!; caftle ojip.olite to
>..■■ , '"om wl , ;i, at tlie diiance of 45 mi!(^, i', the
tiitcivl ". dporia, litiiated on tiie banks of' a lin.dl
river l-'iftten miles to the north-eal! of Iwano.iDrod
i-, i...na, another l'Jrt|■e!'^, buiit on the livi r of' ilie I'air.e
name.
M I ' S C O V ^'
PROIM- R, OR
K li S .S 1 A.
vv i; S T K u \
I"' 1 11 S di\ii"ioii of I'le RiifTian empir-' contains
tk. f illowingexteniive proviiuf '■, wr.'.cliwc tliall
arransie in tlieir proper order.
Pi.i ii'iiw, or I'Ikow, was liinnerly a repiiblii', after
which ir had the title of duchy. It was at leiii^th fiib-
tliied by Iwan Hafdowit/, anno [509. It h.itli a lake
ol its name, which lies on the ronlines of Injuria and
l.ivonia, and empties irielf into the larper one of
I'eipus or Criitldv^w I'kfkov., the c.ipital, is feated
in the mouth of the nvi r Muldow, on the rij'ht hand
of th.-' lake of its name. It is divided into four wards
or i]uarters, each (if which ii encompallid with its own
walls; and the whole is ilefended by a flout caflle, built
on a ivgh roik. It is a Kutrian .irc hiepifi o|)al lie, .md
y eonll.lerable populous i ity. 'Ihe other citii-s of this
ttrrito'.y arc in(oiilid( table, and not worth notice.
tiRtAT Novooonoii \'l;i.iKi, or, the Din hy of No-
vocoRoi), is fitii.iK- on the < atb of I'lelkow, and di-
vided iiirii five dilliuis. It is called Novoi^orod Ve-
liki, or .Sujierior, to ililliiis^infb it from the Interim or
Nifo Novi,j^orod. '1 lie chief produce is corn, tlax,
hemp, wax, honey, and leather; in all which it diove
a lonlider.ible tralHe, when it was i;overned by its
own pii.'ces; but lince it is become under liibieclion,
it is niucli ilecayed.
J'he eiiy 01 NovoRorod \'eli';i, ia|)iral (jf this pro-
vince, called by the I'ri.uh Ncvud, ami by the
Dutih New (Jarteii. is a large and Cfinliderable place,
populous iiid well toititiid. It was toniieily moie
Ipaeious, It Is an arc lit'illiopric of the KuHi.iii rite,
ihc cathedral, called .Santa Nopliia, is lan;e .ird beau-
tiful, lllouj.di in the aritiipie tlvle.
Un the vnhtr lidc of the jucr is the catlle, which
line.l to the city by a larr?;?
ornf:
many tl-.ir.il.uids of cK-r;ry, ci::.;e:
dediiMted t
There i; an-
il. iflii', la-
temple, i a-
merly w( , iiiippe
:e, finied for tin
,^.-, -- - , an.l (Jthers, whom
the tyrant of N')v,)g')n).', .hi'-', Iw.'n Halilowick,
c.iulcti to I e rl-.ro'„ii f'rom it iiit."> tiie river, anno if'Jy.
The cattle i, the reiidetice of the \'iavode; and near
unto it i, til • ar.hiepill'ipal pdace, and a monafU-ry,
the ;\ir,'.i-ul'iMs St. Antony of Pidiia.
her moiidt'-ry here, called Perunki Mo-
ive been built on the rums of an ancient
ad to I'eriin, 'ir the (.jod of tire, for
lere, u;i.ler the fiyiire of a tleitv,
lioldin;^ a tlrandeib-'lt in its hand. Mere are ali'a
many cluir.-li s :ind monalleries.
Sr.uia, 'irSi.ir.i i^ufk'., or Old Ruiri, is (ituattd on
th.e oppoiite fliore of' tin- lake Ilmen, whole outlet is
the ri\(r I.ovat, from the water of which, the i:i!ia:>i-
t.iiits make a confKlerable quantity of fait: for txpor-
tai;-Mi.
'.'lie capital of this province is tli- only place w )::hy
('f meiuiin, except the town of St. Nicholas, which is
a 1.- ■• e po[)i)lous pku-e, fituated near the Wol.;a, .nd
celebr.ited fiir a fhitcly and f[)acioiis monaftery, liedi-
c :ted to the faint from whom the town iti'clfele fives its
name.
The Hiici-.y of Tw i.Rr. i*. tinall and coini)a(^, but po-
pulous .ind fenrle, ami takes its name from iis 1 apiial
and tlu.t from t -.e rivi r Twerzi. Its chief lity is
■['were, the capit.d, firuate on the continence of the
livers Tucf/.a .i,,d W'olga; wiiicli 1 ifl is by this time
become f") wide, that th.ey aie obli;.;ed to crof's it in
terr.'-bo.us. It fhm Is plcfantly on ttic (idc of a rifinir
hill, on ti'.e bank of
its name , aiui is ;i 1.
lowing no k-fs tlian I.
tee ; an.' is the (lation <
A Irrle below- it, on
town < ;' rerl'ick, 'l O: !
Twc 17.:'., fr. mi which it hath
■ -, ri'ii, ,ui'i populous citv,
y ciiici'.is, and an epifcopal
a mint.
ic I'ime liver, fl inds the larfjf'.-
, (T 1 .irl'ock, about 10 miks
i'.ie ether town, have nothing
or UrsCHAW. This pro-
non!i liom 'i'\M n
wortii ii'.tice.
Tlie Duchy of K'/tv
viiicc contains the foil'iv.ir. ; towns.
R.'ev;'. t,':e di lert, fo laikd hecaiit'e ruined aivd aban--
d .r.e',1, \.as the c.ipir.d, aiui flood on rhe wellern ful*.-
of the |M-(ivincc, on ti-.e foiith-well of Velikc-Louki;
but h.itli yiel.led its di_t;iiity to
R/eva \'ol')deii;(rlki, which is |deal','.ntly fituated on
t.'ie Wol;.>;.i, on f!ic eallcrn lide of this province, lu ar
tlie I'mall kike \\ iilsta, which is one of the liead fprin_;.i
of tli.ir n\'i r. It i-. fiid to have been built by [irincc
\'oloiliiner, who made very confkK rable coiiqiieils in
this ;;n,i the neig'ib nil ing | rovinces. It is but indil-
f'ereiitly built, but wt II peopled, and drives fbme lore
ol'trad.e in lump, tilh, Cec.
Toropecky is a I'mall ;'.eat town, [ileafaiitly lituate.l
on a little river that falk into the D'.vina. i'lie other
towns contain nothing wort'.y of n^itice.
The Principality of BiKi..\, .orBii-iski, w.is formerly
governed by its own princes; .m.l the c. ; ital, Hicl.i,
liliiated on the river Ul'ca, which difcli,irge> itli If in-
to the Dwina, was a conlidei.ibk town, nil lubduej
and ruined by the czar Hafifnvit/.
i'he l'ro\-ince of Smoi tsisko lias been alti-in.itelv
tiibdiied bv the Poles and Ruflkiiis, ,iikI at length was
till. illy Ceded to the latter by treaty, towards tin- con-
'. iuli.m of the lall century, It is watered by the Nieper
or B')rilliienes. I'iie I.Jid is in general fU'rile; but
the Ikins of the wild beafks, with which it abounds,
viekl the inhabitant; I'ome proiit.
Smolc nfko, the i.ijiit.il, ami the only plue that de-
feiV(S mention, is agreeably fituated .in the baiiKs ot
the Nieper, (u ar the ((mtiiies ot I.idiuania. It is
l.irge, populous, well t'oiiilied, .md t it iio'ies .ire to-
il i.ibly Well built. It li.i-, .1 citailcl .iiid gariilop to de-
fend if; wa*onee a niitrojidlitan, ,..,\ is now ,' bi-
(hop's lee. The liirroiiiuliilg wooil. ,irc l.ii.l to pro-
iliue the bell firs in the Kulli.ui .lominioiis.
The Duchy ol Slveri \ li.id I'oriiieib princes of it-.
own, liH the country- was lubdiicd by the (.';ar Bali-
Ijwu/.
' -i
l!!i
ih
6-6 A NTAV, UOVAI. As-n Al'TIIFXTIC ?^YSTF.M nr UMVF.RS.M. GEOCRAPIIV
lo \it/. It .iftvrw.irJs Icil into the Inn is of Si.i.^irmiiiiil
III. kin;^ (■■! I'lil.iiul, who iai'orfior.ui il it with hiMJo-
ininioiis i liut it w.i.s ;'.t Iciv^th finally ti'dinl to l<nlli,i,as
a 11 I'nilur of thi: aiu'icnt |\il.\tiiiatc- of Sm()l<-nlko,
'I'liis proviiiic hiin iwattrcvi liv thi' rivrrs l-iiir, Do-
nne ot whic'i, (.allct! l,il-..i'otV, is the common aHJi'iicc
of the Riilfiaii nu'iciiaius. It h.uli lar[;e ami cxtciifiVf.
ri)|H--w.!lks, aii.l a fpaiioiis fiiliti-rraiir an nia:ia/inr ol
I'owilcr without the w.ills. On the Jeilivityof tliK
hilK and ahiii;; the water fi-if, aie livnal fj-aeicjus
iii^a, ami Nevin, i-> fertile aiul populous, \i-t womlv. j houks, foiue ol lliem 4C0 paces long, whith bclor,;:
In the fouiheni j-ait tiuii- is one v.ill extenfiee lorell,
w;iii:h is coitij'iaeil to be icj tiilcb Kj'.i.ue. litre
I!( r:iJ uith firn. anJ ir.trieate with tliorii,
i' eu j'.iths ol luiniaii feet, ur ti ai. ks (-! bealls, are worn.
XojtorTto 'eek, t!ie eliief t-nvn, Uaiuls on the river
Doni'.'.a, ar.il is t iU raiile "1 II f ini:',e.i in the Rulllan llile.
Hranlki is a \u-ll-f irti:ie.i tour., about do miles from
No!;oL:rod( e!^. 1 he o:\ur ;ouns or viUku^es ol this
province are ol no conieijuenee.
Tlie Dutehv ol C;'.:; Mciiuu , thoi::;h watereil by .he
rivt r Doiii^'a, i^ t xeee^ling lieiile. I'he prinei[)al town,
i.ille;! C'err.K ii w , i'- fni. ill, thinly peojilrJ., and in-
confkler.ible, .is are all rlie 1 tiur pl.ut. in it.
'I'l'.e I'liniipaii y of Wiiumin. 1 he continual ex-
( urlioiis ot :.K Celfii ks h.ive .ilinoil delol.itnl tint
pn;;i..n of tlii'- province winch is liruatcd near LelU'r
Tart-U'v: but the othtr p.uis are populous and fertile,
bii.'i;!; watered bv tlie river Occ.i.
O.'i the banks ot'ihc ticca ll.uids \'orotin, t'lecijfi-
t,;l of the I rovince. I; is only a fmall town, but well
feci. re. 1 bv a eallle and other I'ortihc.tii'ns. t)n the
l.mu- riser llar.ds C'roni.u'e, St.uol, ,uul llof:zotf.
[la: i Juchy 01' 1\l/,\'. , oi' Riii .'. ■. \, or, a-- it is now
calle.i, t!;e l';oVHieeol \erones, inilu.les a \(iy lar!j;e ,
tr.ick ol land, fuu.itc li b.etweel: tf.e Drn and the Octa,
and exteraiu\u near ;: . miles in length. It is watered
bv the Hon 01 I'anais .iiui the (.)ec.i. Tl-.e i^uiri.ins
ileem the toil ol this provini e the- moll fertile in the uni- 1
verfe , .iiid .illiiin, th.it the lom ^.m-ows l<j tiiu k and
llioiii.-, tli.u ,1 iiuift i.inn-it iii.ike his u.iy tliroiii^h 1 g.iriiion, ami ajipointed t 1 defi.-n I t!ie •'
to
the RuHi.m .idmirals, vice-atlmirals, anti perfons of r.uik.
Molt of them ll.uid ficing the lit.idel, and behiiul t!\em
are llreets fir thole- that are employed in fliip-buildin;:.
The city llanif> on u\r well li.lc of the Veronis, and
the cit.\d(d on the other; .uid a large bridge i. built
oser It for comniuific.uion.
i'he cit.ulel is a l.iige lijuire Iv.iildin;-, Ik'.id.e.l wi;!i
a tower on e.uli lorn', r ; h'tli l.irge ,i|>.ii inenf. in i:,
r.iid makes a g.rt , it figure widiout. k i^ furioini tcii
with llrong p.illifad..)cs, and a ditcli, aii.l i, di ic.ided
by a llrong guril()n. This is the thiei iii.ig.i.'ine in
this part ol Rulli.i, in which tinre .\rc about i^ ' c.ui-
lion, molllv iiniiioun'ed lor Ijieedy c.irii.ige ; i.iineni-
eneies lor llii[)-biiiliiing ; an.l .i|).irruier.ts three llories
high, lor all m.inner ot n.ival iloies. 1 Un: :',re |.;me
h.uKlfoine chuicius, .uter t'le Ruifi.m tille ; a:i I, .iv a
fm.ill dill.uice irim the town, m ly be lee a .1 higii moiin -
t.iin .dmoll mouldered aw.iv, and. full o! u.iek-, on
which are lome aniiint nionumenrs.
I'averhoff w.i> built bv I'etv-r the Cireat, en tlie ibiir'i
banks ot tiie river \ eroiiis, and two tliin's ol t.'ie town
are walked by rliat river and t'le Don. Idle iii.ice is
veiv unhe.iltliy, on .iceou.it ol the ciicumiacent low ll.'t
!M-ounds being covered eite.cr with wuod or w,it> r. 'I'h.is
town i.s regul.'.rly biidt, wi;h (Ireets interli-cting c.'cli
otiier at right angles ; but t!ie h lules .ue of w.)od, as ii
a palace which llan.is at the well i-v,.\. 'i'lic civ.i.lel is
m.ule ol earthen ramparts, pallifidoed with b.tl'i uis
at the cor;uis, mounted with cannon, 'ras'erlioff it •
iclf is inhabited princin.iliv by f.ulors and lilheri'.ien ;
and what is very lingin.ir, "jooo lol.iieis, who ;'.re tlie
It. Till'- mud be owui:,!; t I a gre.it ciiiantity ol i.iits
with wliiiii the Inow impregnates and diricdies the
ground, b\ Kiln; lo man', n.onths i.']).in it. Ti-.e
I'eople here are njuragee.us, w.iriike, ci'. il, poli;e, .md
very numerous.
Ihij country was formerly governed by its own dukes,
wf.o Were ill<emed p'lWertul ; but it hath long (line
bei n lulideiCvl bv iiie t"/.ii, .ind become fubieet t 1
Rulf.i, liie.'e wl'.u h rinv it hath much dec.ived. It con-
tinue.-, however, lliil feirile in (e'rn, millet, ami other
prain, .md .lilo .iboun.K all 1- ind ot gaiiie, as tlie rivers
do with fill; p..uticiilary the g'reat river Don, which
h.ith its ii 'ing in this province, aivl runs almoll airofs
It, .ind, alter a long terpentine courfe, dilcharges it-
leli into t!ie I'auee- ,\l.ror,., at Azoph.
Molt (j! the towns Were tormeily t onh.ler.ible, rich,
and \\( 1! jii opli ,i I but bt iiig miier.iblv pliiiidc red and
.:bii.i d bv tf.e Cum 1 .'.rtarsin the yi .u' i 5(jH, '.hi v have
r.ot lim.e bien ible t 1 rei .-jver theinlidve^.
R<'.;an, or Rlie/.an, t!ie anci' ni 1 .ipital of this pro-
vince, whii. h w.is tiirmeriv .ilaii, l.-.rg ■ .ind |)o]iuloiis
cir\, .ind .ulvant igeoulh li'uated on tin- t)cc.., is chiel-
1' I not re-
li e ill the tv'Wn, but dwell all together ia a r.i.: :!'.b(jur-
ing vill.e;e.
11, e 1 tlier towiv- in this duchv wort!) mi nrioninsr,
.ire D.mk.irod, a l.U'g;; p .ice alv'Ut 14 leig'Ues lontij
ir.)m Re/an, finiate ne.ir the Ipring-he.id of tlie Don,
or Tan. lis ; and 'I'oiil, or 'I'ul.i, on the welb. ,1 con-
lines, near the borders of V'oiotin, which is ileie;i i. .1
by a llout eallle, built by tiic c/ar H.iiilowit/; fo'in after
he took it.
'The provip.e ol I5i ;,i.c.o!) (\i) lies in a ti nipeivri;
elimite, 1. watereil by leveral llre.:r.;s, and is naturallv
krtile, but being expoli d to the continual .itl.'.eks and
iiiro.ids ol the Don Collaeks, it is 1 either populous or
Will cultiv.itul. In fact, the ce.untrv originaily be-
longe-i to tlvile people, ,ind the inhabit.ints llill ret ii;i
the rartaii.in Cihbim< and manners; being tlirmleb'es
more iiulin.ible to live bv liee-booring than bv the
ciiltiv.ition ot tlie e.irth, .uid t 1 make wild excurli.ins
.ib'iut the (viu.'iiry, 111.111 to rili.le I ciilly 111 cities and
towns. In. lee. 1, it hitli a eonliderd'le number of
tiiiall town-, moll of tl'cm poor, and h.ilf-r, lined ; but
no cit es, < xiept tli.it of Hielgoroi!, iVoin wiii,.h it has
ly tamed lor the noble !•■ liil.uue which it m.ide ,ig,iinll its name, and which 1, itielf liardlv remirkahle upon
111'- r.uc.iis in tlie ve ' -o, bv wlmli the whou em-
pire wa^ pnlirvi. I ti,:ii. .11, I'll', . ihr igh tlie I ity ir-
lell, .lii-l .line ll ihi whole u, I ., Wire ii hovidbv
tiiem. All tli.it the .ineient !'. .'.1,1 now ret.iins of it>
former u\
llill then
miieiir, 1 . t!i ■ ar ne;
di.
'cop d '''e, and -'s beiaL
i'.i..,i
V'oroaet/, c oiini >
fiderable pl.ite in il,i-, c ■ , 1
llups ot w.i!' !-uil' iIk •( I ,1 I ri
tion of the kite 1 /.il I'l t . ■ .< \ ,
a fmall river of its o - 1 a.iiiie,
<jr 'I'.i.'iae , .1 lifie bid iw it, n
( .irrv them inti) the gn-.i' m,
ISlaek lia, to whiiii i|,,it piiiue ■ p 1 1
I ilf.ige by the t.ikinjr 01 A/.ii| !i.
The town il llruated on ,1 hill, lurround<
■oil' . e :;'■ r.i' .i .'on-
, c . ,i,t '■' the gri .It
re. l",n .md rilpei -
.t, brief- fitu iO-d on
ill.'':, die I . )!!,
1 I ■ ' ■ ■ enoiig ; to
' dii ,' vlown to the
■ p ' o himlell .1 tree
I with .1 wood ■
»ll Will, alllKjil I(HLi.U. il Ik divided 11,10 thi e parts;
my other aci ouat. 'I'he e 'Untrv of the Dui Collaeks,
0:1 the louth-eall, i.dle.l .illo Ro.loni D miki, .ind the
country ot'tiie N'og.iy Coll'u ks, 1 n the loiitli-well, arc
eith.er veiy bo;rgy or wooily, and Have tew towns in
dieir e-rritory ; whudi, with the pal-.itiii.ite ot IJiidgMpod,
W.I-, ' niierly part of Tart.iry, but hath been giauiiali)
. 1. querid from it by the Ruiri.iiis.
i lie I'lovuiceot .^'loRUo.•^, or MoKDV.-\,and Dit-
t'l I of C/i.KMi"i. 1 Living gone through the wellerii
p: isiiucs ot Ruffi.!, We niutl ilirecl our eoiirle t iw.irds
the north, where we meet the province c .illed Mor.lva.
The aih.ibitants of lius (iioviiu e .u'c I, lid to be the molt
civili/.ed ot .ill the r.iil.niin people, and have lome
town-, bill none of tin 111 worth ddciibing. The p;o-
|i|e here .ire lie.illieiis, b'lt li.ivc neitlier temples
•lit. us, or piedls. I'lieir country i* liiuU, a'ld lii i ot
forells.
'iLc
EUROl'K.]
Tlie diibi
inifle, which
vail track of
titiide ; and
j'aits; the fo
and has the
tainou.s; ,iml
name of L.o
V Iio are dee
bleed v.ill h
i;.idil(f. in ti;
:ii;d (luel in
11. metaiis; b
i-.in, Ikuc nr
li;e, being
the ethir.
iieitlier Miiii
or lour wi\(
! "wn, w!:!cl
tire of tile m.'.
growing out
little In 11, by
have much
drawers un.le
iinm.irried !e
Tliry .ire !i;l
litr in w.ir;
The Duel
v.!;.' land O
vi.rtl,c-lef-, p
The eaj'it.
at the coiilhu
:i Hone wall,
the rive; li.ie
< lilt d Iv. ,uiol
noble (Ireet,
v.l.oh- town.
model of Sa
clifec, has
-;.•,,;■„ ,m;i ,■
'I'he fel.elb •
bet <.()ir,,'iiis
\er!i"r's p.iia
Pl,.i tile hoi.
The I 'n\ itfe
j'.i wi.ele ll.l
(:> \ ;!i■l:;^.
ff , are r< ir,
ii;-ral, woiMi I
Hafiiigor^
•ie;ir the \'< 1
I v;;es. It \
. - .1 chi.l. Ui
l.i IS .It preie
L.'.r be. n Ii;
this I rovinci
th'-\- .iri' mat
•file I'l'iv
for, Hs, but 1
Volodiice
viiieh i, b'M'
a moll a.,bf
I' '.s 's built 1
1..; lit ol li.e I
1; rs l(l':d. d
I'liice whi 11 I
The r,ther t
the ilw r Ch
b iiks o( '.he
'Ihe Due!
are w( 11 tloii
w. idi wild !)■
B.lliiowit/ f'l
[.i;l,i;eil it v !
■Ul l.'l, ill
\f ;,ri- I''.
.^l,: i.ii i,f
tin put oft'
RAPIIY.
■ common rtfiJoncc
i,ii<i;c' ami cxtiMlivr.
r.int-.in inajr.izinr of
he dti livity of the
re U vri.il l|.;u'iolls>
n;;, wliiJi liclor,;;- to
.mil |xr(i)ns ol r.iiik.
cl, .iiid biiiiiul tlicm
L\l in fliip-ljiiiKlin;:.
)t the V'l.Toni., aiivi
ar:;L- briii^'c i. biiik
iklin;', n.'.nl.fj wirli
t',c .i|i.ir iiKiU'-. ill it.
It i> iiirioim li-il
li, aiul 1, di Ic.iJ.cil
cliK-i IliajM.'.lllC ill
ail' alv)ut 1 ^ ■ iMn-
iMii M'.;f i I .invciu-
inci'.t^ thrc;- i'. )ii;-:.
I Icrc :;i:' |.;mc
an t ulc : a:i I, ar .i
c Ici-ii a ii;;;:i ni luri-
ll/ll ni llaLL-, oil
C>r;ar, ^•^\ tin- loiir'j
() thill's ot (!ic tou II
I'H. I'iir piaic is
ircuiiii.!cc!:i liw t!.>t
'ooii or \".atv r. This
ts intfrlcctin,: cmJi
.'s art' oi w.)oJ, as \i
•i'.\. 'I'hc ii'.a.lcl is
uloftl with bal*! :ns
on. Tavrrlioli' it ■
ioi > ami IllhcnMcii ;
il.lifis, who I'.ii- t!ic
iu" I'lacL', I'o not re-
hcr ia ;i ix'/^libuiir-
wortli 111! n:i;)iiin!r,
14 !f',;ni<-'. loj-.li
hi'.ul ot t'li; Don,
):i ihf will', ,1 I- on-
whivh i. dcii-n ! ,1
iaiilo'.vi:,; llion alicr
It's in a ti niiicr.'tc
ii.S and is naturallv
intiinial atiarks and
c'ithcr popiiloiis or
iiitry orii'in lily !^;■-
lahitants lliil rcl n:i
i lii-in;r thrinlc-K'c'j
)otin{i than hy the
,kc wild cxcuriions
cially in titits anil
kril-lt.- niiinbtr oi
hall'-niincd , but
, ("mm winJi it has
.' rriii iii^ahif u|)oii
till- IJ.iii Coilacks,
ni Diiilki, and the
tlie linirh-WflK arc
liavf lew towns in
itiiiatf ot ljii-|f.'iiroil,
lath been riauually
MoRiiVA, and Dil-
tliioii:;h the welU'iri
our coiirrc t iwards
me ( alkd Mordva.
laid to be the molt
));lf, and have lijmc
I ii)in;r. Tlu' p;()-
' neither leinples,
. linali, a'ld In 1 of
'iLc
EUKOI'K.] R K A T
'I'lic dilliiiH Oi- province of C/cri niilli-, or Sc'ietr-
niiHe, whiih lii.s on the call (idc of the former, is a
vail traclv of land, cxtendiii<; from 54 to 61 deg. (jf la-
titude i and is I'.ividetl by tlie river \'olya into two
I art.'. i the loutlurii diltri.t, width atljoins to Mortlva,
M\<.\ has the liaiiie of Nagorna, wiiicli implies moun-
tainniis; aiul ti,> nortlicrii, wliieh is known by the
name of Lo[V'^^"i. <>'" I-'>w l.,':ul. The inhabitant.s,
V. Ill) are tieeined t!u- iiiofl liivap,e of all the T.irtar.s,
lilted vail lurd.s o( i attle. 'I'hey are witl.our towns,
f;i;htel. ill tl;tir de.dings, fiip» illitioiis in their notions,
niul ("luel in their difpofitions Some are calleil iVIa-
li. ir.etaiis; but the greater part, efpetially tuN'ards Ca-
y.'.n, ha\e no fixed objetl.s of t.'.it'i, or modes 41!' prac-
tiie, being as va;;iie in the one, a.s t:.ey are abliinl in
the cthtr. Their la ii;i;iia{j;e is pi i uliar, linderlioM.! by
iieith.cr Miiii o\iie or 'i'artar. A man is allowed tlirtr
or I'Hii wi\(s. The wrnieii ve,:r only a toaiir line.i
! "vn, wliieli coMTs tliiir wiiole body, and the Leai.'-
tile of t!u m.'.iried ones riles o\ er th'ir he.id'. like a hori.
j-rowin;' oi;t of liiiir Ikiill,-, at the topof whiiii haiii.rs a
little bill, b)' a iilk tiring, of ie\rral eoloiirs. The men
have mueii the fmic garb about their boiin:, with
drawers under. Thr married fiu'.ve their luad-, .I'-.d the
iinm.irried let il eir hair grow to a eonfnlei.folr- le,i!_;rii.
'I'liry are fubje/l to th'- C/..iiin,!, and obli: etl 10 .diill
lier in war; but .ll'e free li ii'i all tribute.
The Duehy of NiM-Novof.o 'oi> is waterttl liy fii'-
A'i'!|n .iiiil Oeca, and .iboumls wirfj (■>i^('^'., Iv.ii i.s, ir-
vertl.ilels, pleal.inr, populow . and jeitiir-,
Ther.ipii.il, Xili -NuvoL- .rot' j , lit,..itf.J />»i a rock,
at the lonllueiue 111 tk.e \' > !;;.i ,'.u-:i<>Cf.i, t't«//«(j,,4<i!] by
;i Hone w.ill, .iiul tit fi iided by 4 llr •■■,></ ^'k/^r}, >S>^f
tl-flive; !i.!:-, .:iid bt tore th.'- ll.KeK'' ^Z'-* (/ Kt/f t»f
< dli d Ii..i;aiin,i, ;lu;c i- . \\).:x\y^\: \'S\vf.;v^ i^.-jr<- , /i
noble llieef, ir.ierk c'led by '>tji''r-, rwi* •.'''vt''/^ii f>«<i
whole ttiwn. The c.irheiira'!, \ '.it h is fo'.jili' ali^ r flir
iiiotlel of Sant.i .'^ojdiia at Qi>v,/ .>v/vyy\:-, i*f a l!'.>.y#
'i.is ii\e i.ijit)l.is btaiiiif+.'iSi.y v,:niiifl!'/i-d ^^^
:, ,m.i .uiiTir I at ti.e lop w it^i-i ,<''l<^^-,irkf yfffM:-^.
■{'he liipeil) ..1- i'icpiUopai jj.ii.icc is iK .?ir tiic i'atiK i|l'r<il,
but eoiuains .i .luirch v.irhir, its (,vvn w.i'lil.. 'J'lie v^^-
\erii"i's palate, anil the <',a(:i'iy, arc lioblr (.ibil. ks,
nr..i till, li.irf ., i ; ;;entr,d, ai'c 'A' 11 built t/i' timber.
Theiilv itieifk iiii.'d, bi.t l'." f!.:i'.':'!is aic I,u-,'e, anil
l!:e wki'ie h.is a rocii ti.ide, r.f.i! i". «• jj furnilliiil wirli
|':.i\ ;!i)r.s. i'lie luxuries, as well ai t'lc lytHaiii-s of
li'i , .ire !•( m.'ik.ihly tlirap. Iv r tkt in!i 'bif/fi's, irij;;'--
ner.ll, wonii v .{■■ wi 11 as r.u :;, .ire alv)nii.;.;i)!e'?' ,-;'..:rd.,
Hafiiifor : ' f::Mtid ai tlu" loot of .1 rifin;.; ^ I'.i'.J,
iii:;r tiie \ < '•; >. f a l..rge xilLifjc, i onfiilini;' '>! v.ocdcii
I ^■ifes. It v.. ,1,1, i.iily l<a:nd<,il iiv the f/.ir B-diliu;.,
, ,1 fhii k i:p. n ti'.i i'.irir- , but .is tiic kulVnii fiiyji-
t.i Is ,it pre II lit esti ml iiii.i h ;,;i ;!.' r, die lor'. i • .itii/«>s
.'..:'. r been liiiii rt-.l to uo to di cav . IL oiIi« r t xvji, t,;
this j ni\ ince re Shivt;.!, H.d.ignn, .;i .' |'.,i''ii''; but
tliev ,ire iniihir iiii:- ;;.'nt or rem.'.;:.,ible.
Tiit ri'i\ince I.; Vt-i.i.i.i M i It lo.ii.ii;;-, lome Uii.^i'ul
fiir. Iks, bill 111 111, my | .irts is It itilt, .uid well watered.
\'oliH!i;,,t 1', ;i-.'i.:]ink is I'tii.itnl en .1 I'P.e iijik
V !e,i h i. b'MUtiu.lly ili\erli;ied w irh pl.iiu.r.ior. ,. i ler.ee
.; moll iiobl'- appi .ir.'.iu e i , ey.hi!Mi'.i.l to tiie dilkuit eye.
It M 's built by piiur \ -i! ;JI.-;, r, ill the cn'meii, e-
1..1 tit o! li.e teii'lri i i.t'iiy ; ain. i rie lie .uiu iir li;ei cl-
li r, iil'did li!i t'.e I '.;:' v .v 'i-;iu)\'(d loMoliOW,
fiiu'e w hi II |ierioil :■ . 1; k ■ 'X i, i, ■ ■ id'i.'.llv dei .'.yed.
Tke r,tlier towns ,;i.- Mor eil'.'.iit. ; Ik i!-, fiiu.ited on
the livtr t'h'.-fm,'. ; a:;! ikiiueiiu.:, v kit h ikuuN on the
b llksof'.h.v \ il.M.
R u :s .S I A.
C77
c i.i..ee
'1 he ni;e!voi.Si -i ■,• cor.f ins ni,i;i\- 1'
, wliKli
are will llortd v.itii I'.iii -■ d^-r ;.i, I oth'. r g,imc, ami
widi wikl b. .,'1 ., wki'i. f 1: . 1 1 .ir ,1 j ood piiie. joliii
H.ilii ii.'. it/ I'lliiluiiJ ik i.iiiuu;, .iiiiio i5<i;, iml incor
ptil,;;: .! it V rii it . ov. n iiiati . Itstkiei lov.iisiire
sufl.d, ihi I.] i:,d, (.'.•.llroMii ;orod, l.ouih, .uid
\"i iirii f,
^u: i.ii i . fitMl d on die ri\'er CI iiil:', near ilic fouili
trnpiit of t'le 1.1 It!.,-, h ii an artidipifcopai ice, built
moflly of wood, after the Kulli.in iviaiinct, biit retaiiri
little of its jiriltine grantlcur. It is, however, famed
for a ftatel) mtmaftcry of niiiib, and llimc otiicr ancient
biiiltlings.
'I'lie Duchy of Moscf)w, or Miscovv, properly
fo caileil, in order to tliftinguilh it fttmi the great cin-
jiirc of which it is the prim ipal pro\-in.' c, bears the
name of tluchy, btc;uil'e, for a long time, the prince,
of it took only upon thcmfclves the title of" ilukes. If
Ii.ith its iiiime f'roin its capital, Mufcow, or Mufcova;
and this lioiii tlic river of that n;iine, oil which it i>
lituatetk
Its extent, from call to well, is computed to be
about Ct'6 leagiii.', or a little .ibovc 200 miles; and its
'■.reatith, from north to foiitli, about -jj leagues, of
100 miles. The cjiief rivers tiiat run tlirough it are
Oica, and Clefuiii, all which fall into the
on the wertern fide of this jirovince is a
out <){' which fiov.-s tiiat iiniictl one called
, which, crolTiiig the tluchy of .Sitiolf li-
the Mofcou
Volga, iind
l.irge firell,
t!ie Borillhen
fko, makes its tourfe to Ukrania, Litliuania, and Po
land, 'i'he foil, however, is not (<) fertile as in fume
of t!'.'- (,it!.er pn.»vince:>i but the air, thtmgh iharp, is
VI ry lu-alfliy i whith, with the advantage of" its fitiia-
tion amiilll foiiie of the befl provinces of the empire,
imiui'etl ihe m(;iiariii' to make it their chief refidence,
.III i rlie ni'irojiolis o(' t!if empire.
I'lie Ci'iief cifit s ami towns are the following;
Moli-o?, , tile '■ ipit.d, once the metropolks of, and
r';e greitef: tit) in the whole Ruflian empi.'c, is I'eated
i'l ,\ till' >j);icious plain, on the river ol its name, over
v.kifh it ^■■•■'\i a liately brid'^*- of twelve arches, of a
priAligiwii v',v'it and bre.idth., bet ante that river often
mepflowv. 'f. 1 ('. built by j>('ince rjadfchin, fioiii the
<'lefili5fi f>f' i T'Ai^i, ttwnk. 'f'^> tc/j. :i (lands in ;\ gra-
v<#}- C'>i'l, .I'K.d wlpAi'^'ftne air, .Hiiltlailmoft in the center
^/itiV MIt y!'('w"mcc* '/'Mo'fcovy, 'J'lie popiibtioii of
't'l^J'. />^ ^jijftnor k- afttnr.fKA. In 166;, when lonl
C^/^- *<«; a-mb.ilir.ulop rfv re from kingCliarks 11. it
V.^v iS- !Sft.?!es i.fi c-.irtinifwfv M\ of lioiiles and iiihabi-
■jW'^v i^f'y.v,'.'' \'i'\.- the miinher of the fijrmer is, by
ff^ V/*'!^ c.ilci-l.ii''i'<j')s, l'jw»! to have anuiunted (o
40,'/- . ,e.* by fhf jEufii.ii>-> .affirmed to have been
iVf'/to.v, .' :: •
reic*', .Tiiil • J
it isalmoil iin;>"('
preli-nt number.
l)Ie timber booths, «)>!(''. .idKMj's h
1 ;i/ to \ ioleiit eonlligr.rfi'/Ws.
M'lfcow is of a cireular !»»•■' ar
■t wr»rte, W.K i-,
■','^iT\x-> amoimfi-
, .>(".»ro.ipn
ding to X'oltairi
iiles in circumfe -
to 500,000; but
■ edimate of their
eiural, mifera-
fubieck-J the
n:,.
'.t parti, '■:■ quarters, ,ill
M'i
(infills of four
-letl witii a dil"
, Skorod'>'ii,and
was form- ''v the
vitli
tills.; Wall, vi/. CitaigoriKJ, C'z IT
."-trt lit/.e- "il.iboti.i, fo called b^caL
(juarter of f'w ."srn litzes, or Czai's guanls.
The Ciira:^^ . ',1, or iiiidvlle c;-.. is llirroiin.
a bri'k wailj „ ! on fihn ilanoi- the callle, v.-' •'yh
twt) f,...!'- . ill ciri (iit, t- < ■ jriiHed »ith three ft'»oi .v.illv.,
ikitcly t '..i-is, and a folic. 1 tiie callle trf «rt p.i-
' ices of the Ck'ar, one if ti;:.i'e!, tlie othf ••'Hone,
kiiilt after the Italian manner, tiu- patria; .^i,: paH^^e,
;i kirgt, .'.ncietit biiilding; the txcheiiue- , '•li.mceW,
and otiier otkies) the gr.ir.ti maga-ine; two hiindroim*'
nion.irteriej; fi\e large cluirt:i;s, among w'lich is tha'
noble one of St. Michiiel, in which are the tombs oi
i!ie grand dukes, or czars. There are le\-eral other
luitely buildings in this great callle. At the g.ite
'• ■ill"' the chiirth of
ancient labr;-. . cal
iklllds tll.a ll'Lel
Jeiul.ilem.
Ne.ir tiie ( iiiirJies arc iiung ft' cial l.irge bells, oiu'
of which i.) if I (hipit ntloiii [\yr. Coiieerning tlie ce
1> br.ited gre.i; Iu II of Mufcow, .i k.irnetl tr.ivt Her kiys,
" I Willi to lee the grciirbill, whit h w.c- then in a luge
pii. A lire l;ad., about two months before this, buriit
down .ibuiir two tliirds of thi., great city, and t!v belli) ,
bein ' .ill of' timber, lliaretl the ("ame (iifc. The bell
li 11 into tilt bottom of tlu pit, ami had a piece broken
out of its edge, luge i iiou": ''' permit ,inv m.;ii to go
S I i;'t.j
Hi
J
¥
67 s
A NLW, KOVAl. AND AUTIJI N IW -SY.-. 1 1 M m UNIVERSAL (-IIOGRAPITY.
into It, fr;. \vfi!»lit is ^^j,;": ]wtinil.s, ami its Ju'iglit
;ibo(it ;i feet Jour iniUts anil a li.i)f. ! then went to
<h«- top of a very lu|^Ti (owfr, cillcil I van Veliki, or
thi* (Jrcat John. F.oin tliis to\vtT I hid \ compli'P.t
view Df" the whole t;;y, which, inJeeil, m.iile .\ icry
3iajiii aj^jxMr.irx'e, The ■u<MthtT biinj; very coKI, the
RiiiTuns he.U their ilows before ilay-lirjht, ami niikc
utc ijfa Hrc at no tiiue i)l the I'ay exrej-r to gi t Jinn?r
ready ; !o :ha! the \iew Is never but at ihol'e finiei ol)-
ftnicbeil by the f:r.(>Ak. I'jjon the tnj) of tlii, toutr
there are tliree bells, 1 ihink the leaft of which is lar-
ger th^iu the lart;(ll ir. l.onilon. I'r.iltr the tower is
the aniieni imperial jval.ne, a Lrge f jothii llonc builJ-
ing. AH thel'e wh'rh I have njeiitioned, ami all the
imprriaJ jnrieni arii.ive';, a/iif ihOennt courts ol'iiif-
tice, are in th.u ]\!r: of the city tarin! the CriiiiL'ne,
which '.s brrroiinded by a high briel'; \\.\\\, laid to be
about IC94 j«ces in circun-ifi rejice."
This qiiartrr Is called Cataigorod from C.iiai, the
ancient anci lii)(Ti.m name ol China, becaufe the chief
merchandizes luld in it rome from that eoim:rv ; lo
th.it the name inijjHcs tlic fame a'; the Chinele city.
The Czargorod, or dm al dry, coDtains, nnion^ other
buildings, the i^rear arli-rul, a;ul 15 ivatcreJ In the
Negliga, whiih runs throuyh it, and jtience tJuws into
the ditch that funi.i.'nds the middle eiry.
The ijuirtcr called Skonxlo'ii, or .'^carodiim, is
chiefly iidiabited by timbtr- mongers and carpenters,
who fell lioufcs ready made. Thefe hoiifes are move-
able, fijl.l very cheap, and i": ;;reat nwrnbcr>« : and, in
deed, conlidering ihi- treijiv,-.'n 'ire ^ tliat Kippen in ihii
city, owing either to dru;ikejjni-f'>, a reigriini; vice her*.
or to tile neglect of puttint; out the cuidles, whict' ;hey
J d'lt ID ibme favourite lalnt, ia their houfr' aiid cham-
bers, they have iietd of fiu;h a large m.irkfi to re jxiir
to on thulV oicafions. Iris called Srorodum, which,
in the Rirtnan lanj^uajie, fignjlies done in hafte, .ilivid-
itig to the fjvrcdy rail"m<^ of die mud wal?'l'" fur-
miimlsit.
T!ie Strcrtt7e-.Siabr>da, formerly the qunner (/f the
fo!.i:ers, Or guard.s, itands on the eaft arid foutli-eafl
Hdc of the Catiigorcd and the callle : and ib itfelf Air-
rounded and tortificil v.irh wooden rampart'^, and di-
vided from the- r.'lT liy tlie river Molirow , for which
reafon it is ftded a Haboda, or fiibtirb.
Tho>igh the )ii)ules of the peojile in conjmon are ponr
hiiLs, thofe ofthe nobiliry and ojJuJfnt, arefiw fliljncks
ofbrick and Jlonc; moll of ihtjn havln;;;, on the baik
pan, large rinirts a.'id L^arci: ns which are ijwcioiis, in
ample ordi.r, and iuiroii ded with hii^h anil Jh'on^'
walls, rhe llrca-. are not paved with llones, but
boarded witli tliick fir plank^.
Churches .inJ cii.ijx-Is here, including tliofe thai he-
long to mon.ifleries, are i:om])uted to amoMni to above
I 500. .Some of them .'.re very large and flat/ly , ttut,
particul.irlv, v.hlch )•. in the Crindine, or gran I iiu})e
rial palace, is a vaft, ancient building : nn the right
fide of tl^e altar is the Czar's throne, .111 d on the left
:!.at !;f the patriarch ; and in the body of rbe ihiirch
h.ings a diaiulclicr of imiiienfe wv-iglit and value. I'lie
vrry jewels, and otI\er cofliy ovnancnts, that eiirif^i \
piflure »f the Virgin Mary here, are valued ^\ V\\. .\
t'"i *eigh: >;fgoldi l)cfides a vaW riiinitxr <\( i li.\h\es,
pixes patins, rtatiies, and other cluirci) iii:nblx i»f gold
and fdver, Hnely wrought, and ■ riched wifS ^"iiiou'
florjts , .'. vail nnnjlKT of csV prulHy vil;:i!rnts \>t
great value, and an iiiinirntr ipiantrty uf dor.at\i)n> anj
prefents otfered to the flicks of tliree . aime iil H'liniii
faints which are l.rre interred. *>> that tl»e tri ; ir.
of this ehuffh i.s dteined tijiu! to »f ijf anv t -ii»<Ji
rn Fiirope.
'l"he fuperb church of Sab''
li.llh .5 /biteh; tli)rnr, ltijipnrt<
md i*, [linugh in tlie ancient
.md w:ith< '.iL I'hat of St. M .« 1 is tlie t' I'ljitorv of
rhe ^i<:i<\ . jn, and o' jJ! f1,» . >> •( familv 1,1 the male
let. TiiC Dodi' . 1 ' e iw.r.'elU-* ofthe blood are m-
. -rre m the ''jsi N ..*»»«'♦« ntms eallr.t l';'ii,lort"
Monaftir, in the fame rallle, and near the cliurcfi
.ibove mentioned. The tomb'; oi the princes wlio
never reigned, are in a li-jiarati- chniirl. The palls with
which tl\eir roffins .ire covered are fuperb. Thofe of
the r7.ars efpeci.dl), are of the lineil velvet, and Jiavr
cither a ntaily or embroi irred golden ctucilix upon
them, of ci\r:oui worl.matilifip, and enricJied with val^
variety of civilly ornaments, dpecially imcrii tiom,
^vhich arc tnoftly done v-itli jieails and other ]ir:cioUi
ftones.
Monaftcries of men and women are here nuiTcrou. .
and, in general, next to the pak.ces and noblemeirs,
houle.s, fume <>f tie- iielt editicesin the city; the foun-
der, of them have Ipan d no toll to adorn them wiili
curious architecture, jiauuing--, gardens, and every
thing th.it is couveni in and beautiful Tlieie is o.ie
called L)ewit7.e M'mnfrir, ..Scut a mile out of the cjt>, ,
in ■R'hicii the amliitious print el^ .Sophia, wholiad car.-
certcd to many pJois agaiidl her lirotlier the Ciur Pei.t
r was .at If .ngth 1 onfined, an.i ended lier d.iys. It is
lituated on a fji.irious pLiin, and !ut!i;,oo ntuv, belong.
ing to it, who lead a very regular life, and never I'Ur
out of their limit*, as lorn; otiicrs :irr permitrtvl tj do.
Tliele are only allowed, cm liolida- , towal!v on t!ir
terraces tav.:v\ their gT-dens, which are r.;if;.d [.) a crin-
venienr height (iir r'K-in to e:'.;i)y the jirol'ped of the
adjacent pla!:i.
Of fh- mor.ailery, ch'ifch uf J cmial-m, f.r. .- i..;.tr
travdler give"; the followin'.' accou.-t: " The l\
, ' $i' t in Idl^tK
i»iii laij? p '^.if".,
, magnilii «it uitSin
lire ' I.
biOiop-, pr-"t1s boufe:-, i. c. ^n- all cncloftd v.itL
hiL'h bii-k d's; the wjil, ijiming (;ne !:dc of the
b;lhop't p.'!.ici.-, ail built on a Leauufnl dctathe \ \\A\ ,
Invint: on the rail, north, ar:
::(1, f!ie linell la. ■,:!!, ia
;!h' x'oi-kl, !!irc)ugh whicli ghdrs a noble river. In the
pkiin, tipun the banks of the river, Ibinds the bu;ld.er's
romanric houfe, all built ol' fbne. It is quite aloiir.
three Aories in hi iglu, in every one of which are fotr
rooms, except the ground ibiry, where are his kitcLrn,
ftore-room, and a rootvi for liis attendants. The arr:i
of each of thefe rooms is bat about eight, or ar rrofr
bur (Tine, feer fquare. J:i ever, one \, a fmall frovf .
1 lis bcdfb-ad is of f^one, as ,ve I'lis bed and pillow. His
ch.iirs are of t!ie fame m.aterials. Kverv f^ory of Jus
Ivnife is s-aultrd ; and it is (l.it on the roi.f, fa-- th.e ron
veniency of taking a viev. ofthe roe.ntrv. It ha !-,;:t
one entry, and every room receive^ lig!;r frorii o:-.l-
v.-ndoiv ofthe lealf fizc. i'lie bi-.ilder v. > . a.i lienn'r,
and a religious devotee. 'J'lic hofpital i-: nr,t Lir^e, b.:'
Well provided with every ncci'd'ir/ bi:r n-.ed'cine.
prayers being (in their oi'/inion) futflcie^i! t.> c.ir;- a!)
iiife.ifes which appe.tr in tills holy j'lii . . At the ivcll
end of the churcli li .1 moil rapaeiotis f.ij.fda. The
dome is very magnifiten: and !iir;li, wir!; .'. g.dk-ry
which furrouiid> it rca: t!ie top. 'i li-- w;nJvr.vi arc
large, and it is well lighted. I \.c \.'.ill.. are all Kun*
n>und with variou-. piMur. s i.\ i!ie laints, \-ery nciilv-
adorr.ed \u<i T'^er, goll, jra;-.';, ji,.l precioui flanes;
.-ind »l ) Ji.,; ,v ncry tr ;,.', md aJotiicd v.ith v.u'"!.,
jv' vN J 01 ewiou-, X'vluianlhip.
The liv v;r,v n\v<r I. four.dij here ihrc- • • 5Kg i,
«hiehV. ti»A vare « i Wl up v.ith .,i,"n vdi \ \ u d«>ri»:1»
'"vl'^Vhcr-, and all Kind 'I liter.iti.i. , fof the »*<»)lfl.
»X^v>t llu- ni .ti f'ejierA»v>iii. Tin ' rll u for liuuiaiiin,
rheliirii , and plel .f >phy , tin- le on-\ l»t i«i»hvi»irits,
.ind ilie iliiid I.),- uav i _ iiiiiii, ><J?vsfiom\^ x\\ wthci"
I'irnns iiMi rvirnt to ihein. InalllH^*' \>>i.rh arc
^ejrt «tiilri Hn ■' .\-u ipLiir, and l.^.v > » iIk' fafU'- .t.v ,
'H' em i.li;.,;;i.ni( nl to fXCrJ ti, \S\\ \\ iCljur.'tii e fti
T" tli.-i. (!:e tjfli. pii'.. e aJ>le I a i*>«iie/ilary.
.1)1 <1
die-
whii'i i tt ^ ,>'1^ onr .)f jhV ♦ii.tl^ (\riut\Mte* ■n Mu'i
co». SMf «*n- of the h. ft fiuailh. 1 wijl. ,<« forts 01
n>' '" •*•.,. An >, i^ III liirn[K". It i'. p'.v un.h'f »lw
. .1 o< • M» f iMniJiv., wh I .'re allrv.
i-rs iti "'ill
I'ofitl'lll' , nrvtl
their prelCMjiti'
iheit patients f
( ciild n<>r p<4l',.
i t.'u \k\\ mal
tiioiigU t!,( motV Hovi lib lit tH«if r\wn-
ibulyi-i;' to plra'e ilii- r\e iti talb" \jk
' , .<• \v do ii' •■'■';',!in I, bit iwKli'aie
l' '• - ■ 1' l.i' ' .' tlull dlitJS, whul>
; ' :.. .! by ' if j'eiple of «>y urtir
kouiKry.
I-.UROPL',.
country. '1
10,000 rubli
iiifhes not 01
ii|)al cities i
We cann
foundling Ik
lupportcd I:
and conduct
pram! pile (
fnmt tew ye
bability, nil
great care <i
herty of clu
lor that pur
tureseltablil
through a ■.
liberty of Il-
ls bellowed
niitted to ca
pire. This
peafants are
witliout the
The com
offices, arc
femble gao
lia\iiig ap;;r
who are kep
adminillered
people here I
tire whole cit
moflly of fii
deny them
walk the f^rc
rorners, with
hands, which
fuch dextcrit
down, after s
off. Thelcdi
holidays, and
perfim was fc
certain place,
it was not owt
to ferve on al
iidays, fome p
Murders w
few nights pai
in the l^rectsi
parties, and H'
to little fear, t
fon's own doi
great, that nf
happy victim
at leall havinj
who had occ:
in (-ompanies
vaiits oil liorli
by thefe rulfi
iUi'k, with a
with iron, wi
llroke i and
a good liim c
would genera
I he higliv
'Ihi, as tile' \
ti-:ivelliiig in
Ipies in the to
was to let oil
att<nded. A
themf<-lves tl.
wood tlirougl
The write
tleiivaii of rai
been attache
tnaiiner. (ii
two (e vant-.
Handing beh
tight iaiboiii
Hedge to til-
)6RAPnY.
and niMr the cliurrb
; oi" >\e priiiri's win*
hniiil. I'lic jiaIIv with
If Jupi-rb. 'rholc of
inri^ vi-lvct, and Ji,-,vp
g<)IJ<-n cjiicilix upon
irid cnricJu'd nhh vill
Ijiecially iiucrii t;.)n»,
h and (jtlur jir .'Ciju*
■n nn- )if re nuiT erou'. ;
il,.t'cs and noblfmrii's.
ia the city ; ihc I'oim-
11 to adorn them witli
j^ardfjis, and every
utifiil. 'riieie is or.c
\ mile out of the cit', ,
.'•'Oj;hi:i, who havl car.-
iirotlirr the f7.Ar Wi.-f
rjiieJ her d.iys. I: is
iulh ■joc nu-'ii belo.-jT -
liar a'x, and r.tver llu
■s nn-. pcTinitrtd u du.
]id:i; , ^(.>^vil!^ on t!ir
ch are r.;il;-j [.> u cnn-
>y :i'.e jirol'ped of tijc
Jepjl'dem, f;r, .1 'uic
T
i;e iivirc'i.
}'■
01). It :
re all cntlo'ti' v. itL
:iin<_; cr.e l;Jc of llir
auii/ijl lUtailie 1 iiUi ;
ill, i!u- fmell lav.iii iii
a noble river. In the
-■r, It.uv.ls the b'j;li°r's
■\ h is quite alone,
one of whicli are four
r. here are hi.s kitchen,
ittendantb. The area
■>ur eight, nr nt rrofr
one i> a finall ffDve.
s bedaii-Jpillou. llii
Ererv iTary of Jin
tin- rni.f, l\xr rlie con
I o'.iiury. It ha hi:r
Ivf^ lii;!-,r fr.-iiii o:;l-
•.iLier V. 1 . n.i lienr.'u
|)i!,d :■ nr,t larj;e, b:.'.
\h.r/ b::: ii-.i-d'cinc.
liifFiciem t.> C'.nr a!i
v'lc. . Ai the i\clt
■mv.: C'.ij.da. Th-
i^;li, wit!i .>. ;^.ii!cry
'I h"- winJiiAi arc
.c u'.ill.i are all Ivuiio
le lj.ints, \-i_Ty riciilv
a!..l prec'.or.i fDijci ;
aJi.riiL-J v.;!!; v.i,-''\»
J here ilirc- • \\\j, i.
1 ;: \ i I! \ iU\!i>« Ml
u i , fof the mM.
' ill lo for hiiU5aiiit>,
'i; \i)t uulH«iMirit»,,
;■ >ni>ni\, ■» > I uther
I .dl Oviv >>)Ltli arc
i IIk felfJl'- .'Lit,
I ie!jr .'til e {tt\-
^1 led a v' »JM-nlary,
t 'UuvlxMr* Ml Mo!
II I wii' 14O iorts 0}
li is pv undvif »l\e
III v.. i (fi, Uel! m.il
I)".. i.U II) iKvir cxun-
( I'lr t\e III talle U4
i'.n I, bii HAUle.ue
:'.; h dlii;)V, \>hu\
•) ie oi »uy iwVr
» ouarry.
F.UROPL'..]
GREAT R U S S I A.
679
country. Tiiis difpeiifary hath a yearly revenue of
•:o,oc<i rubles, to renew tiu'ir materia nii'i/iiii ; and fur-
iiiihes not only all the army, but iikewil'e all the prin-
ii|)al cities in the empire with medicines.
We cannot omit to mention, in this place, the
foundling holpital, founded by tiic [)r;fent Kmprefs,
lii|iported l)y voluntary contributions, well emiowed
and conducted by very juilicioiis ret';ulations. Ir is a
j.'rand pile of building, and contained jcc foundlinf^s
Irimt tew years -.vjn ; but their numht-r is, in all pro-
bability, niireh iiureafed. The ciiildren are taken
preat care of, and, at the age of fourteen, have tiie li
berty of choofing any ])articnlar branch of traiie ; and
lor that purpofe there are ilitlerent I'pecies of manufac-
tures ellablil'ied in the iiol'pital. When tiiey have gone
through a certain ap[]reiuiceniip, tluy are allowed the
liberty of liaing up for thcmlelves. A turn of money
ii bellowed upon each foundling ; and they are [)er-
mitteil to carry on trade in any part of the Ruffian em-
pire. This is a great privilege in Rullia, wiiere the
peafants are flavcs, and cannot leave their villages
without the pcrmifTion of their maflers.
The courts of judicature, cuflom-houfe, anti other
offices, arc generally large, and built of llone, and re-
femble gaols, i.iu], indeed, are liich in fome fenl'e 1
ha\ ing apartments for debtors, as well as criminals,
who are kejit there ciiained up. Jullice is in general
adminillered with ibme ftriilnefs and I'everity ; but the
people here being naturally lazy, and given to drinking,
th.e whole city fwarms v.ith begga''; and vagabonds, and
moltly of fuch a Ihirdy breed, that it is dangerous to
deny them alms. This makes it very hazardous to
walk the ftrccts in the night , tiirtliey freijuently lurk in
corners, with a fliort truncheon, or bludgeon, m their
hands, which tliey throw at the heads of palfenger:, witli
fuch dexterity, that they feldom fail of knocking thein
down, after which they rob and murder tiiem, and go
ofl. 1 helt! dilaftcrs have iiappened more frequently on
holidays, and efpccially during the carnival. When a
perf(in was found murdered, they carried the body to a
certain place, where it lay expofcd a day or two ; and, if
it was not owned, it was Hung into a ticep large pit, made
to ferve on all fuch occafions. On the Whitfunti ie ho-
lidays, fome priefts came fhitherlofay mafsfortheirlbuls.
Murders were formerly fo frequent in Mofcow, that
few nights palfcd without fome jh opk being found dead
in the ilrects in the morning. The villains went in llrong
parties, and Hew before they mbbed. This they did with
i() little fear, that they often peiformeil it before the jier-
fon's own door ; and the terror ot thefe ruffians was llj
great, that none ol the neighbours d.ired alFill the un-
happy victim, tor fear of being butchered theinfelves, or
at leall liaving their houfes burnt. 'H-.is obliged peo|)ie,
wlio had occafion to be in the iheets in the night, to go
in companies together, or have a luflicient guard ol ler-
vantson horli-baek to attend tk.eni. Tlie w'a[)ori uled
by thcl'e rulRans w.is called a Juhtei:, which was a long
lliik, with .1 round kn-ib at one end, and made heavy
with iron, with which tliev tlruck a man dead at one
ilroke ; and il any one of them hapj'ened to l)e tjk( n,
a good turn of money, from the guig tly-v ludoiigei.! to,
would generally get them ofl".
riie highways are alio muc!i infefl'-d bv thefe '-rjl-o-
rius, as the;- were calleil, wiiich made it verv d..uigeroiis
tiavelliag in any part ')f Rullia ; t'lr they had thiii
lines in the fnvns, wlri i-;!('rm;d them when any peiliui
uas to let out on a iouiiiev, and how tiiey were to be
att( nded. Aceotkling to this intormaiion tiiey prepared
ihemiidves tor an attae!c, and w.iv-l.iid thcin in lome
wootl through which tkiy were ti p.il--.
The writer <jf this ace. mat was informed by a gen
lleman of rank ai;d veracity, th.it the C'ar liimli llhad
been attacked in his yo'jn;',;r tl.iys, m tlie followin",
tnannir. Goin.' iij^n a viiit one eveninir, attended ly
twii levants, the one r;di."ig belore, ,iiid the otli'i
It.mding behind the laclge, uji came a Hedge wiili
ei;^ht iaibonies in it, ami wiie lull i.'oi:u; to falKn hi.
fledge to tli'ir' witii a gripi'hi'" 'ron, whuh tiny cum
monly ufed on tliefe orrafions; but t!.e Cz.ir being then
young, flout, and vigorous, got U]) and li i/.ed one of
the robbers by the hair of t' <• head, pulled him out ot
their fledge, and kee|)ing his hold, drove out of their
reach, dragging the fellow along with him till he
reached the hoiif'e of the nobleman he inrended ro vifit,
which he entf-ed ill of a Iweat, fliil holding the fellow
by the hair.
\Mieii the iiitlian underflood it v.-as tlie Czar thcv
l:ad attacked, he Ihook and trembled, laying, if they
hail known \sho lie was, they would not have metldled
with him; and then begged he might be put to death
without being [lut to the torture. 'J'o this his. majefty-
confuited, on conditicjn tliat he difcovered the rcll of
his gang; but this l.e would not do, without a promife
of his life, and a reward, which was alio granted him;
and he went with a detachment of fokliers to the ren-
dezvous of his com]ianions, and coming to the houfe,
he called to them to open the docif. On hearing his
voice they directly opened it; fo that the foldicrs rulhed
in, and Icized not only his fevcn accomplices, but
thirteen others of the fame gang, who were foon after
all executetl, except the inlormer.
At another time the Cznr was attacked on his way
from Mofcow to Xovogorod, when he was attended by
lour fervants only. Going from Tevcr he was flopped
by a llrong party of rafbonics, on which he immedi-
ately jumped out of his fledge with a fword drawn in
one hand, and a cocked piflol in the otl'.cr, and told
them he was the Czar, afl^ing them what they wanted?
They replied they were poor ^ellows, reduced to great
want; and as he was their lord and mailer, he was the
propereit jierlbn to relieve them. He told tiiem he had
no money about Jiim ; to which tncy anfwercd, if he
had tluy would take none fiuin !iim; but defired that
he wouki give them a wr- .--. orcier to the governor of
Xovogorod, for what :•.•)-. n; picafed to bcflow upon
them ; begging that it :',i, 'c fuch as would relieve
them from their flraits. 1 ne tJzar then alkcd tliem if
1000 rubles would be fufficient; and on their faying
they would, he wrote an order for that fuin, payable at
fight; for which they difparched one of their number,
who very |l)on returned with t!ie morley. They then
obliged the Czar to return to Trever, and to pledge his
royal word not ro profecute, or even enquire after them ;
promifing to amend their lives, and become gooil fub-
jeCts for the future. Inflead of proceeding to Novo-
gorod, the Czar returned back to Mofcow.
'I'he city of Mofcow is much decayed from its .anci-
ent grandeur and opulence, lince the building of that
of I'eterlburg. However, it is full of inhabitants;
.-..".d all kinvis of provilions are brouglit to it in great
jilenty, and fold very cheaj); Hfli being the only dear
liiod, which is occafioned both by the number of inha-
bitants, the four lents, and other falh, that arc obfer-
ve.l by the RuHians. Tiiis cheapnefs hath fo t.ir low-
ered the price of land all about tiic country, that tlie
nobility and gentry are great fuffercrs by it, tiitiref-
tates being reduced to liirle more th;in jr.c-t!i,rd ot
wh.it they formerly biougl-.t in, whe.T t!;e city was i.n
its tlourilliing tfate. 'I'he canal, made by the order
and direction of the late Peter the Great, to open a
communicationbetwecn this metropclis and his new-
built and favourite ciiv of Peteifburg, and, by that
me.uis to the Baltic and German Oce,;n, is a great nnd
nofili uorkj which liath been lc!ne lime finiOied,' at an
immeiiie ihnrge and labour, running betv.een two
cities, which, in a dire.it line, lland near 90 leagues
.iliiiKlcr. h begins at I'eterlburg, oil rhc river Niewa,
er Niev.i, v.liiih em;. ties irfelf into the gulplj of' Fin-
land, and going dp that river quite to the lake of La^
ilogi, irollis it at the Ibutli end, and enters into the
\\ oltofl', another river, wl-.ich Hows thither from the
oioviiice of Novogorod. l-'rom th.e capit. I of that
pr.)\iiKe bei'ins what is properly called the aititicial
c.uvil, wliiili, p.iliing through tilt territories cl Brog;-
II1I-, (. hrel',:;.', Cluloliva, VVitlirlina-Wilotciia, Torf-
cliuik, the 1 rovince of I'were, and the diltri.t of
Klh;.
$io A S'tAV, RO VAL Avn AUTHENTIC SYSTKM or UNlVF US \1. GFOCR A I'H Y
Kiln, •l•c.uhf^ a? length, the city of Molcow, .iiul cn-
ritlifb it by tiu- vail qvi;uuitii> of nHrciiaii.lii'.i' ili.it art-
brought to ami fVoin tliat caiiiial.
There is a very coiilidt rabic manufaiftiirc at Mol-
cow of various hemp talnicks, [lartioiilar'y tail cloth ;
and fhectins;, whirli employs loim fhoiiramis of looms,
ami nianv flHuilaiuK ot [xoplr. The hemp is moll <>t
it broi!i;iit troin r le Li'kiaiiie. There .i" alio i^re.il
numbers ol eonlideiable mer;hants here, who tarry in
a very extenllve tommeice nitii all parts of the em-
pire; for tiuTc is wtt r-earriai^i: from hence to tiii'
Black and Catpiaii Seas, and witii but liw interrup-
tions to the Baltic alfo, whii h arc circumllances tiiat
make it the center of a very great commeri i .
This rity is much betti r lituated jo. ihi- metropolis
oi the emi)iie than 1\ terflimt!;, It is almoll in the cen-
ter ot' the moll eultiv.iteil parts of it. commun;i .iting,
in lilt manner above-ni(ntioneii, with the rhne inland
leas, not at a great dill.uite from the moll inipr)r(.mt
province of the enipiie, the Ukraine; ojien to tiie
ioiithcrn terriiories on tiu- Black .Sea; and, by means
of the rivers Wolg.i anil l)(in, roinnianding an in-
land navigation of prfuiigious extent, /ts vicinity allij
to tiie countries which mud always be the feat of .mv
Mars with ti:e i iirks, the etiemies moll to be attended
to of -dl thole V. ith \vhom ihc iiiilli.ins w.i.ie u.ir, up-on
the whole made it inliniitly a bi tt< r litu.ition for the
feat of government, than tliat of IVitriinirg, which is
at the \e!y extreinity of the empire, and iiolUHing, lew
of thole advantages. I-'ouiidini; that city, and making
it tiie teat of foreign conuneice and nav.il power, wa.s
an .uimirabLc exertion ol genius ; but the leat of go-
\eriiini nt, in our opinion, Oiuuid always li.ive been at
iV' )lrov.'. This city lit ■^ in 1 It. 5;. 4;. Ion. .;>>. 45. 1'..
. .''a IS a fmall but handlome town, tiimeil for
the uuitly moiiallery oi il'..it name, or convent of the
Trinity, a Ipa' ' boikling, with, three large gati.s
ai'.danoble churc n, . .ndingin tlie middle of the fciuaie.
The abbot hcic is lo licli, th.u he has 60,000 j>e,ifants
dependent tin liim, be/ides other r' venues. 'I'he cx.ars
have lomc .iparuiunts for thenifelves, and a noble pa-
lace, llrongly t()rtuieil. In this monalleiy it w.is that
[he lite cyai Peter I. in his younger ays, was tijrced
10 retire, to lecuic lumlilt iiom the , i,v(jf the Boy.ird
l-'ou/anlki and his Strelitzes, who plu.'u ered and mur-
( «reil all opponents in his metropolis ,ind from the
plot, and tonlpiiacies of his ambitious filler. It I'.aiuls
about 40 mills north of Mofiow.
Columna is lituated n( ar the confines of the liuchv of
KeZiU, on the weili in llioie of the ri'.'er Otca, wiiith
I'.ivi'.'.cs it hum ll.ibcula, or luburb, on t'le ojipolite li.'i-.
[t is .-ilnioll of a round figure, half .1 mile in loir.par'-i
well fortilieil witli a Hone wall, fix laihciiiis high, and
tv.o thick, aud lianked with llout and high towns, at
tiie dilbnie ot icop.ices from t.ich other; but it is now
gone to dtcay, and is almoll ruinid on one (ide. I'lir
luburb, v.liich is, called Colutwina SliliOda, is liie pl.u e
where the merchandi.a-s are <xpolt:d to I'.de. The lity
h.ith iiotiiing conlidc rable in it < xtqit the line ll.itiK
(hiirch o( t!ic N'iigin Mary, and the archicpif opal p,-
iace : being tiierttore iligniiied wirh the litk- of .in
.uxhbilhopric.
Coloiiienlko i:. a liuall city in the neighbomiiooii ol'
Moicow, lituate on .HI tniinence, I'min v.hiih it yiilds
a be.uitii'iil iirol'tieO't. Here is ;i h..ndlonie eliun h,
with two high tow«r., -ml a Hatch nnnaittry. It hath
two avcuues to it (..rr the Mofta, which mull lie
trolied ov r a l'.(j:it ■ , timber tiiflened together, lij .\s
ro be loolened ,uid <.r, iiicd, it give jjali'ige to the vef-
teis t!i;it go up atid di, •. n.
Molaikh Is andthf-r "iv.
.iboul nine It .enies ',i,\ir .-•
but no! 10 conliili .-.iLili .11
Till Du( liv of H) 1 •)\s 1
ir\, and w.is f()rmerlv il.i-
r.:t:.ited on 'J.i- l.uiie nvt r,
:ll ol tile CUV ol .Mt'lcow,
nfeiit a. if w.is torm-riv.
a rich aiKl plcntiltil I'oii.i-
jirll tlutiiy in :'ll KuiFui,
next Co that of Novogfiroil. It v.-.i, gi;veiiii\i by its
<:\\n dukes, till the t/ar Iwan li.diiowitz put i.ne fill tjf
Micm to d^ath, aiisl fci^td u:; tii:-, '■ iiiior)', Mm) 15'j^.
ijiuioui town. Handing at .111 c..;u.d
It was afterwards alkgned fi^ thi- iiiaiti'enance of the
C Mrowit/, or heir appaic.it. Roibiw aboiliiils with
loiii, fruit, herbs, yarn., vxc. I'he i.ipital, i dietl
Kollow, is a large town and mctropoliian lie, litu.ueiJ
on the lake Rollow, from whence iiliies the liuallrivii
C'obris, or Kollpai , which runs inti) tiie Vi)lg ,. 'I'lii,
city llands about i zo miles to the iiouli of Mi)]cow,
ami lontains fomc eligant lloin i hurilit .
I Iglit/, lituatid on me Noiga, .iljouL ;, j ii.ile> to the
wi llward ot Roll.iw, is telebraied lor iht ' \i ■■Utiu v of
the bread made 111 it. It was Ikic tli.it tile young
pviiuc nciiii irius, fon of the c^ar Iw.iii li ililowit/., wis
miirdi lid by .nder of liis hrothcr-in-law, I Mdi n-.vi;/.
(i.ultii.iw, liming a tumult, which was occ.uioiud In .1
conllagratioii maile on purpole, aud tlie nuirden r
ulurped the throne.
Chlopigorod w,is lorintilya place ot coiilidcubic
tr.iJe, but is now gone to decay
I'erillaw is a laij
diihince iioiii Mui.i.w and Roilo»\. I'he oiher u>\<,i.->
and vilLigtsare known by the naiiiesor MoIol^i , .-. im-
bratol), lii'o, linbiiowa-Nov.i, and Baliiia-Nov.ii ln.i
none of tluiii lont.iin any tiling remarkable.
lilt' Diicliy oi' Y'lhosuav. I. \ i.s ex^icdiiig ftrtilc,
abounds iiitli c.rn, i.'.ttle, and liouey, and l.> v. Jlertu
by the N ol^a, wliii ii runs through t.ie iiea;'t oi u.
The I .ijMtal, Ycroilowli, is a lliuiig, wi II toiiilied,
large, populous ri'y, conr.iiniiig 40,000 iiihabitaiu.s. Ir
is aliouL j6 miles ro (he mjithuard of Roll.jw, aiKil:'.
a conliderablc trade ill loi.i, cattle, leather, h)iiey, >'»:c.
'1 he othtr tow.'isol' ttii, aillii^t an I'oiii i-fvova, and
Dornelutke, but luitiitr ot' thc:ii Loiitaln any tiling
Worthy ot obfervaiion.
The Duiliy (;i Bil.' j i.sox \ ; . a very liuaii prin im e,
IK , illy circular, .:.nd dei ives its name Irom a lake called
Hicle-O,:oro, or the While Lake, which i> ^o miles
lorg, and 10 bro.id, and on the banks of which itaiv.is
the capit.il ot' the l.uiie name. The whole is lii much
cncumbi'iid with Likes, feus, lio^s, woods, o.c. tiiat
the road.;, in general, are iililcls, ixcept in tiie \.inter,
when the froll renders fheiii|)ali.iblc. J'herc i: pleiit.'
oi lilli .ill lAcr the ]irovi,u t, .iiid kjiiie ji.iris .ill'orii corn
;uid palUire.
i'he cajiital, Bicle-Ozoro, or Bclo/era, is flronglv
tortiiied, liatli an important talllc, and is iuriound< .1
by tlie waters of the bttijre mentiijncd lake. L'pon the
whole, it is a large and populous pl.ice.
1 he Duchy ot XOloi.ih is l.irge, woolly, nvnir.-
taiuous, full of lakes, i'eii^. and .ib.iiiiids witn ii:!i and
;;ame, but is d.i-tlitute (jf moll other kinds of pr.)\iiiM, .
\ ohjgda, the c.i|iit.il tn this pioviiui , iltu.it-,-i, i,-:
both tides 01 t le rivrr o; tin- lauie ii.uric, is a < .ULicio;. ..
p.'ipulous, ;;;id i ,imi;u l\ i.ll
m.iny iMigliih, Uutth, .ukI
a.iti ,
ip.
bi li.lto native
iitucr iiiercii.ir.
ivlidr I,,
11. i'liistity is one of r!;e 111, .ll ;uicient: iiulil.in .u\ .1
fj iliopal lies, litu.itt 111 .11 ; (o miles to tiii- iii»rt'u>..i.
i;l Molci/V. , lurrouiK!i\l by ,1 limie w.ili
by a lironi' lortnl'i. I'hc iliti : , .ire 01
a:i.l dekti
,1
ini! rc';i:l.:i,
! .,
t;ie liouiis h.uidloiiie, and i!,t markets well furuiiluM,
( vt r\ commodity being tiilJ in ,1 peculiar tpLi.u'fcr. I'-e
liver is bfiad ami n.ivig.ibie, and the citiiedr..! nr-.g;;.
11 lit; befuli's v.aich he.'c are io llonc Mwl .< ; ■..i/odi,
i liiii.lu-s, three niiniierus, with an eleg.iiu i. !i.'| • I .ipj^' ■
tainin,; to e.u ii, ir^t.
I twinit/.i, liuiated on a rivfr ol the l.ime nam; , \. !.',. !i
fill, into the Vologda, is a tiiiall but well pcopk i : .....
On the ri\er \'i log^da aie likewiic nso oihei i;K .uifi..i. .
;lljti; towns, iKimed .'"loolka .iiiil .Strelit/.
1 lie Province ol C ,\ni..irni. h.i . n > tiv 1 oxLtj'.
Cug.ipol, wliiih 1 lituatid on li.i v.ilLrn iianls,, 1,:
rlic liver 0"c' I'hc pi oplc .ir. c....i (..lingly ri' Ic
.(111 barl)ai 1 iic diitna ol \\ i.'.a, .11. 1 Or.v^:,
cjiiti.guou'. ; I I,, arc b.urni and riuuiv j :, .1.
1 he pro\ iiiie '.; l)wi\ i 1. ol g;L..lrs:.. , !j..r :
;;e.ir juo niil'.^ in iengih, and in Jorin oi'.i ruiiic''! .
i'lie city c,ii' Aithang: i, or St. Miciuiei 'u;;- .;;c,...:i-
I'.cl, is iitlv.mtageouily litu.ite.i on riu- c.dl Ik!-- oi u.c
|)>.iiia, wi;i..ii ii'.ks mtj tilt: Wi.iic .se.i, i"s lu.!-.. br
T
.KAl'HV.
■ in.iiircnLUii'c of tlie
ioilow ,i1>i)iiikIs witli
I'lif i.iiiit.'.l, I ilieil
rii|)ij|itaii lit', llt:i,iiciJ
I- iiuii-.s the liii.illrivc I
int.) tin- V'olff ,. Tlii,
lie MdUil l)t' Moicow,
luii\ ii< .
.ihoui :. J iiiilc^ to tiic
i I'lr lilt '•Mirllciu y of
luiL- III, It tiic- yoiinj;
lv..in IJ 'lili)\vit/., was
-ill-l.iw, l ii'ilc ii\>i;.i;
1 w.is <ni .ini'iuil 1)^ ,1
.lu.l (lie iliuriirier
EUROPK]
f. ]i F A T K U S S I A.
6«t
,)l,u-
Ol I'Oi'.llJciabii'
II, ilaiv.iiiigiU.iiu-.jii.il
rt . I lie otlii.'!' iDHiis
II s 111 Mull 1^1 , .■"llll-
lid lj.irnu-.Sov.ii I):. I
■(•i!i.'.:-l..;bl'.-.
i.s (.■.\..ii\liiig It rtili',
lOiK'v, -.iikI i.-. V. ,Uc:ta
,'l) t.io lu-art ()! u.
Ilioiig, Will Idiiiiic-.i,
\0,r .<0 illliabit.il'ils. \-
III Ol Kolt.jv/, aiui h.\ .
r, Irutiur, li)iu.'y, .'»;..
IK I'. Mil 1- Nov a, aiiJ
.•:ii ^lilitaiii any i,.u)_l;
a vny linaii [nin im c,
mc Irom a lake tiillt-il
kf, whicl) k> ^o iiiiks
hanks ()t"wliii:h lUuvK
i'iic wliolf i-, li) iiiui'l*
:)gs, wood.s, cv.-. tint
, ixci-pt ill uic- v.inttr,
iblc. 'I'licrc i: (licit.
loiiK- jiai'ts afroiM corii
;■ Hclo/cra, i> Oronf^'v
lu', aiul ii iiiiioiiii'.ii .1
'^iicil lake. L' [)').■! the
pi.ice.
large, woo.ly, nvniii-
.ib.llliuis V. it.'l IJ'l ;!;|,1
cr kimU oi iiruiii'M. .
]>rovinci, iicLi.it'.-i, .,■;
^■ ii.tiiic, i-i a c aji.iciii;. ..
1 , as, liili.li ., imiiv! ■ .
cr iiicrtiiaii' > t\ I'ldi- i.i
aiu'ieiK lUiliian ai\ .i
llilcb to t!.i' lloil'l.v..!.!
inc wall, a:i.l i'.i-:i.iv.; •.!
.'.re oicr. ::ii.l R';;!:l.:r,
iiaikciv ulU iuiiiiiliiM,
peculiar (|U.;r'ir. I'-e
the [ati-,t\i:„l III;;';;;.
i Itoiie aiul .' ; '..i,o,;i.
1 elcjv.illt ill 'j • 1 ,;['- ■
llie laiiic; I'.aiiu , \.!.'.,!i
)ia v.cll ;!,-(i;)1l i : ,. ...
e mo oli;r. i.iv .uiiiu^ .
itrelitz.
I, li.i.'. IV) toV. ;l CXCiJ't
tl.i; v.ilLra liarikj ijl
.1.' e....i t Jiii^'Jy rule
i W li'.a, .<!, i OiV.-.z'.,
tiiinly [ _ i. i.
i'l !^;i...l Iv- , , 1/'..:,;'
Iiirin oi'a ru.:,i;' ■; .
t. Mic;u:ei l\:r ,;:.,.. .:i-
oil rile cad 111/ (li II. ■-
ale Sea, is a,..'.:-, be
low it. Tlie Iioiifei are nmftly of modern arrliirecbirc, ii
the builders lecniiii;^ to li:ive li.id in view tliofe exeelleiu !
rn ixiiiis Ol (Icfign, v. iiirh oiii iiiiiiiitablc poet Pope liat.'i i
tluis eU-g.iiuly vcrfilied:
To build, to plant, w!utPvcryo\i intond;
'I'o rear tlir roliimn, or the in'li to bend;
'I'o I'well the terrace, or to fink the ^rot;
In all, let nature never he fot[;nt:
But treat the godilel'. like a inodell (air,
Nor over drel's nor leave her whilly bare: '
Let not e.nh beauty ev'ry where be Ipv'il, j
Where half tlie IkiU is dee. iiily to iiide. i
He gains all points, who plealin;^ly < oiifoiinds, |
Surprizes, varies, and eom.eals the bounds. j
1
The moll ronliJ. r;\li!r rdilire here is the pal.iee, or ;
li.ill, built of large IcpMri- lii'iies, alter the Itali.in man- ;
ni r, divided into three p.utsj in one of which the
nK■r^il;lnt^, both Kulliaii and foreign, have I irge and '
roiweiiient .ipartmt iits, f()r themlelves and their ware-.:
liiit afur the (liips ,i'e filled aw.iy, which they com ;
nionly ilo in Oct'. her, tiny ;ire ohlite 1 lo remove to
other lodgings. Thi.s pal.iie is .i l.iigi' llatily building,
with a fpacious court before it, v.i'.iih re.'.rhei quite to
the river. The coiiits of iullie e, both civil and crimi-
nal, arc lul.l in it, in tlu ir pr.ipi r ajMrtiiieiUs. The ,
citadel, where the go\enior rt (ides, i, built after tlie
Kiifri.'.ii manner, and lurrounded vvith Moodt ii (eiiees, ,
■whii h ie;ich allii ijiiife to the river. In it are a vail
nuniln 1 and variety of lliops, when- the Kuniaiis llore
up their menh.indi/is againlt the (air. Here is plenty
of provilions, as llifii, fowl of all forts, efpecially j
wild, and lilh in great v;iriity. T'vie are fold extra-
ordinary cheap, particul.irly paiLiidge'!, v.hivli com-
monly i'. II at abo-.it -jd. oi 4(1. per brace ; of which litre
are two kinds ; one liki the co:iimon fort ; and the
other, which turn white in the winter, and relume their
natur.il colour in fiimmer.
The foundation of the commerce of .Archangel was
laid by the Mnglilli in the year 155 ; ; and tlie advan-
tages reajied from the Rullian trade, induced oilier na-
tions to ref irt thither, '["he griidual increafe and prof-
{■■erity, hfiwevrr, of l'eter(!nirgli, cauled this city to de-
cline in the fime |)riijiortion. Archangel is the lee and
relidence of a Rullian archhilhoj^ Our geographers
give itslat. 64deg. ■j^ min. long. 40 dig. 5 min. call.
St. Nichola':, a fea-pnrt town upon the W hitc Sea,
is inconliderablr, and tlie 'raile tiilliiiL^.
Colmogorod i^ a condderable tov. n, and the fe<- o( a
Riilllan archbidi'ip.
Nova Uwinika isadrong fortrefs, built todelindthf
mouth of the new can;i!, or moll northern mouth of the
Dwina, on the White Sea. It h:it!i a large wood.i 11
bridge over that river, with a draw-biidge in the mid-
dle, wide enough (or two veil; Is to pafs a-brealK
Sottntiza is a very confiderable ami pojiulous ii:v,
and inhabited by many w<>a!thy merchants and cuiimis
mecli.inics. Near this place is a territory of 70 Cju-
man miles in extent, n;imeil Wollolhifgy, inhabited bv
men of a ilittercnt laivuage, and (iippoli-d to have
come (rom Livor.;,i. They are i i\ ili/.ed, and Chrif-
tiins of the dreek churi h,
When up the fk'es he flioots his rofy head.
Or in tl-.c luJdy oce.iii fecks his bed.
.Swift rivers are witli llidden ice conftrain'd,
And (ludded wheels are on their rock.s liiHain'd.
The brazen cauldrons with the (ro(l are (law'd;
The garments iVilfwith ice at hearths are thaw'd;
From locks uncomb'd, and from the frozen In ar.l,
Long icicles dejjenil, and cracking lounds are heard.
Ji.'ooR A, or JcnoRsKi, i:- a very large territory.
Its fitiiation is lold enough to m.ike thi
bur
F.ASTKRN MUSCOVY, c.i RUSSIA.
T
H IS third diiilionof th( RulT.an empire contains
the following province.
MnnzEN is a long ti-.u k ol Lind, n.irrow, barier.,
woody, fenny, mount.iiiiou', and cold. The chiel
town, called Mv/./x-n, and the (ew villages which this
province c<int;iins, are wrctcheil pk'.ces; and, indeed,
the whole region is gloomy and urn omfortable.
'I'lie frozen eaith lies biiied here below
A hilly hrnp, (even 1 iibir deep in Inow.
The fun troiii (ar peeps with a fickly €\ce,
Too weak the eluuds and mighty fugh to chafe.
No 6;
and uncultivated; (o that the c(j intry is iiiollly o 'cr-
nin with forells, and covered witi lakes and bogs. Il
hath .ibundance of rivers.
CoMjoRA is a large province, .vitli the title of
duchy i but I'o boggy, woody, and mo intainous, that
it lieferves no ("artlier delcripti'in.
'I'ttscA is a (mall territory, ;uid hatli but one town
worth naming, viz. Cjorodilihe, whii.h (lands on a
fmall river, that falls about lu leagues below it into
the gulpli o( Tee(ca.
PrrzoR A is a vail territory, extending itfelf from
the hike Petzer(l\ie, on the li)iithernmo(l. part of it,
ipiiti- to the northern or Frozen Ocean; that is, from
the 6jd to almoft the 70th degree of north latitude.
Pet/era, fituated upon the river of the fime name,
about jo li.igues from the I'cd, is but a fmall place,
and fuppofed to ha\r been formerly called Pulle Oforo,
liom Ionic in'ilden mines, or finds, that (c!l fronj tlio(e
Obi.in mount.iins into that river. The cold is fo tx-
ceflive here, that the rivers arc frozen about eight
inoiKas ill the year. 'J'hcy begin to thaw in the month
of iM.iy, and to freeze again in Augud.
'I'lie other towns in this province are wholly inion-
fiderable.
\'ocL'i.iz.^. South of the province l.ifl named, art:
fe.ited the V'ogulizi, called alio \'ogulitzi, V'ogollkoi,
and Vogolitzes. They are a rude, lavage, unculti-
vated people; fo that their religion, cuiloms, and
manners, are, of courfe, extremely v.igue and abfurd.
They go drtlled much like the Ruffian peafants; and
bury the ilead in their bed cloaths, together with fomo
money. iVs there is little corn comes to [lerfeCtion in
tiieir country, they live cliieOy upon the milk of their
cittle, and lucli g.iine as they kill. They marry as
iii.iny wives as they can maintain, whicli they buy of
tluir parents: but they are very fcrupulous of marry-
ing within lert.iiii forbidden degrees of conlanguinity.
They have neither cities nor towns, but villages
made up of huts, of a conic figure, with a hearth in
the middle, and a hole at t!ie top, to let the Irnoak
out; which hole, however, they cover with a thin
tranfparent piece of ice, to let fome light into their
huts, as foon as their fewel is burnt to a coal. When
a woman is near the end of pregnamy, (lie is obliged
to go into a private hut reared on ])urpol"e for her, and
to live in it ki).irate (rom her hufhand. The men
(hoot elks, fillow^ deer, and other game. They live
i|iiiet under the Ruflian government, and jiay their
tribute in (kins and (ins. This country reaches from
('2 deg. JO min. to almod 6j ileg. of north latitude.
Peh.mia, or PiRMi.sKv, is one of the largeil pro-
1 vinces of the Ruili.in empire ; but it is fir ("rom being
' coiiliderable in proportion to its extent. The moll re
' nvrkable river is the Kama, wliich receives fevera!
others; and fprings tioni that Icng chain of moun-
; tains wi.ich part it from Siberia, and extend thcm-
Itlves from the kingdom of Cazan quite to the I'"rozen
Si;i, that is from 55 to almod 7c deg. of kit. Befides
I tills ridge, the ( ouiuiy abounds with many more, a';
;j Well as lakes; lo that its foil is fo [m- (iom being fer-
tile, that the inh.ilntants are obliged to eat pe.is, beans,
, and other pulfe, iiidead of brt.id. Tiny difler like-
I wile much from the nations around them In other rc-
j fpeCts, as in their cullonis, religion, &i. and have a
i; l.inguage peculiar to thenifelvts. Tl'cy .'ire lubjed. to
I the Uuflkins, and pa\ their tribute in horfes, and Ic-
I vtral kinds of (iirs. The chief town is
H K Fermi
ti
m
«Si
A\r\i*, ROYAL Avn AUTIIF.NTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVFRSAI. r.rOGUAI'I IV,
I'frm.i Whkai.i, (ir tlu- lirc.it City, wliii li Ici-nis to
imini.iu- loinciliiiig hr^n: .iml cnnluttrahU- : but moll
aiitliiTs, tl>at have Ipokcn ol'it, iiuiuiDii u as a [ilatt
or little note.
Ovs nine, or l\Tirr,, whuli takes its name from
Its eapital, is not imly linall, but bairtn, a j^re.it part
beint; covered with vail aiul iiiipeiielrable woovls.
rhel'e havbiHir Itieh a proiligioiis i\umbcr of b'a. k
fc.xcs, tlir.; their li.rs are one of the diirt comm(Hhties
III' this eociitrv. '1 he eiiiet town is l.)ulHoMg, LMliutr,
or L'll .liicli- It is n arthiepireopal lee ot'ihe kuHkin
ihirch, and iiatli leveral neat eluirehts built ot' white
lloi-e, the eiipolas and Ipires oi whieli are coven d
rvcr '.' ich tin. The otiier churches, as well as i!ie
hollies, are built of wood. The an. hiepilcopal palace,
which is a lar;Te buildin;?;, and thr bell edilk'cs in thi:.
citv, arc on the well lidc ot' the river Siichand. Che
otiiif pait ot it, over the water, is Ids confiderable,
but ex. ml, itldt'alon:; the fide ol'it, inform of a ciel-
cent, a !e;:gi!e in lentrth, and a quirtrr in breadth It
is chitrtv noted for a yeaily fur lor the '.deoflox-
Ikins, and otiici fur<.
ZiRANiA.along, del. rt, woody trai k ofl i;ul, i!efervcs
ratiier tiie name ot'a forell thar of a pro^inic, there be-
ii'.u; b'.:t few fpnts inliabiied, in coniparilim of the vail
iiiid i!iipenetrat)le wood^ that fpread ihemlclvs over it,
;'.:\i bi'.ed innunieiable ijiiantities of v.ild bealf. I he
peojle, who are here fcattcre<l in vdlayies, or p;roups
f., , .::i rierce, brutiili, and ui.cravlable : they live
u^nn rl-.e ganie they kill, and pay their tribute in furs,
vutli vhicli liiey make cloathing lor thtnilelvcs, and
fo\(' -.j; (or their hoiiles. The rell they lill and c\
r;!2i.
_e to tiie bell .idvantafre thcv can.
N'AirKA, or V1ATK.A, has tlie title of a duchy, and
is the lai! province in that we call l-'aftern Mof.ovy, or
RulV.a. it is mortly wooily, niarlliy, and barren; yet
yields fonie honey, wax, and furs. It v,as conquered
fr 111 the 1 art ir.': by the czar Iwan Balilowit/,. It is
watered by the riv( r of its nan-.e, »vhicli fprings a littf.'
above the town of Sej tanoir, or SellakoP"> aiui, rui-
ning througli tl'.at, ant I'Lveral other towns, falls into
the Kama. Ti'.i.s lall ri',-:, through anotlier part of the
country, and fills uito t'.e \'olga a little above Ca/an.
\'iatka, the cliief to.vii of this duchy, hath little or
iK.'thing worth notice, except its bilhop's fee, and a
llont callle, built by the czar above mentioned, to fuji-
prcl's the incurfionsof the ScheremifTe Tartars. There
•lie iwo high roads that lead from hence to Molcow ;
tlie one tiirough Cailroina and Cialicz, the othcrthrough
L'lliug. The former is much the Ihorter, but the moll
troublef'nne and dangerous, on account of the vail
niarflies tliat nuill be ( Tfjffed, and of the Scheremille
free-booters ti.at infell thole paits
Colcinitz is rather a confiderable town, finiatrd near
confines (-f the kingdom of Ca/an, or Calaii
■id
.Sl.ulbod.-., another town. Hands more f the north- u ell,
01: the borders of tlie ScheremilTc Tartars. Belides
tlie .ibovi, tliis province includes Cliiiow, Orow, and
Kaigoroil, all fortified after tlie Kullian inaniifr.
C.r/.AN, or Casan, wa."-. loniicrly governed by it--
own inonarchs, who were I'orniidahle and opuleni nil
t'-.e czar Bafdov.itz fiibdu<d the !,':i;atell [-.in ofir, mi^^
'.is Ion, Iw.'.n H ifilowitz, compK atci.1 tlie conquell of
file whole 1,1 tl'.e year 155.1.. C'azan has been always
^onfiilertd .-.:, a valuable .icquilition t) Kuflia , tin,
I ountry b-m^ watireti by t'le great jivers ^'olga and
Ka.ma, whi' h incn-afe tlie iiatur 1 fertilityof tlie ground,
.md enrich the wliole country by means of coininerce.
Ca/an, or Cazanum, the ca]>iial, i.s a capacious and
j.opuloiij city, the feat of a KulTian metropolitan, and
< ontains many chi.rchts and monallerie,. But the
hollies, and even the rainjKirts and towers, are .ill built
v.itli v.oud. The eallle, h ywe\'er, is of Ib.ne ; ;\;\A the
river, by furrounding it, f.irms .m excellent fbU'e , tne
whole bving amply fuinillied vith ;.rtillery, ammuni-
lion, \c. and well fecured by a Kullian garrifon. At
a lirtle dillu'ce from the city, a large coiniiiovlious
ilovk, lor lliip-building, is firuated at the cuntlueiice
of the X'olga and C.ifink.1. Cazan is well lii|)pliej,
both by land an.l water, with all kini.-i of provili m-,.
Wine and friiit.s are brou{;ht liitlur from I'urkiy j vari-
ous (onimodities, betides gr.i.iries, fr mi Motcow ;
teas from Chin.u and iron .md fuis from .SKini.i .m.l
Tarrary. The fitiiation is admir.ible f)r com nerce,
wiiicn IS carried on not only with the aboveiiu n'ioiu d
places, but with I'erli.i, an.l other parts of tiie eall.
Large i)uantiti(s of Kiiili.i |c,,ther, birk fiir taiini,!.;,
limber for Ibip buikling, i\.-. are annually lent lienix
I',) I'eterlburg, aiul other |)arts oiRuilia.
1 he other towns in this proviiue i .nv.aiii nothiii'-'
wortny ol'.lefcription.
Bci,r...\n. \, fiinnerly c.ill.'d I tor.la. or the rei';ion cf
/avi'liiia, w.i-, aiuienily inliabiie.l by the Bulgaras, wh.i
m.ide an irruption into th ife p.uts from Ali i", and con-
terred their name on this country.
1 lereit is proper to o'.iferve tint Hulgiri'. is dis ide I
into Little an.l (inat. Little Bi:l|.',.iii 1 i.s 'ituared on the
foiirnern eo.ills of the namibe, belongs to the Turk-,
having been conqu.re.l by Amuvith 11. and loru;,
partiit Turkey in burope. (.ivat Bulg.iri.i, now un kr
conlideration, w.e, fubdued bv the Miicov;: ■ c.:ar„ .md
now is an appendage of i!e Rullian i iiij.iiv.
This kingilom is w.it<Te.l bv fever.il lutrs. Xf.ir
i's center aie tlii' liefirs of iJla ; on thr call. ;-.i ,.un-
i!nes the iiiount.iins of Cat, wimh \irld grc.it qi.nui-
ties ot iron, as well as li.me cxcelient ciVllals ; ;uil,
t<,ward.s the foutherii tide, the great lake Keighewl.
The loil is tolerably lertile, and many parts of the cuuii-
tiy p ipulous.
Bulgar, or Bulgara, the cajatal, is (Ituated on t!ic
\'olga, and ileemed a onlideralile lity.
•Samara, on the banks of a river of the finic name,
which dilrmbogiies ilk li into tlu' X'olga, is builronthr
decli/ity of a mountain, and the fuburbs flretih along
the ri\er. 'i'he |)lacc is large, but jioor an.l me.in :
■.he noules, walls, fortilic.itions, i\;e. being all built of
timber. This city was » reded in one month, i.y
:,o,ooo men, fent thither, fbr tliat piirpofe, bv I'et. r
the Great. The work w.is direcled by I'rinc- (i ilitz..i ;
and the place is an excellent check upon the T.irtars,
Collicks, tVc. Near .S.miani are the ruins of .Sunbelka,
which was dellroyed by Tamcrlant the Cjreat : and we
are informed, by a-i eminent voy.igcr, that going
alhore, at no great diitance from hence, he alceiided ,1
mountain where formerly Hood the city of Abuchim,
and there difcovered a Hone with an intcription, which
a Rufiian interpreted ti>r him, and was to this elTeft ;
" Whoiiiever thou .irt, if thou halt llrength enough to
" turn mt, thou wilt iii.ike thy f.irtuni." l''r 'Ui this
intiniati.,.1, he and his comjj.iny, expecting to find fome
; hidden trtafiiie, immediately im.'Ve.l it iiom its place,
. and, on th.e other fiile, lound .mother infcriptioii im-
jior'.ing, " I'his is not tlir I'ril time tiu;u li.ill take;)
" great pains to little purpuli.-."
K r S S I .\ N J. A !• I. A N I)
II
W'IN'C) alic.idy prefiiited a general defcriptioii
f Lapland, as to the country. i.,iiabit.int.s, t ul -
toiiis manners, c<c. as wi 11 as oliferve.l, that i: is d;/i-
licil into three dillinc't lovi n igntie-, n.un. Iv, tiiol"-.- ,lf
Denmark, Sweden, and Kulli.i, 1; lem.u.is I'lri.s, .;.i Icr
the kill artu le, to give a bri'-f gcographi. al a; : oiin* of
that put which is dillinguillie.l bv t!ic app. ll.uion of
RuHi.in Lapland, relerring our rc.ukr. t'ur oihcr
to t!ie griieral ilefcriplion.
cular. t" ''
Rulliui
■ p irf.
Lapland is bounde
the north bv ti ■:
lute
N'or'hern Ocean, on the call .uid louth by t.'ie \V,.,.^
S-.-a, and on the well by Danifli Lajdand. I: 1> furtlier
divided into three parti, aLCording to th. ir (itnatirin.
One is calle.l Leporia Moun nianlk-i, or M.iiitimt
Le|)ona , Tcrrlkoi, or Inl.in.l I.i-poiia, aiy.i Bella-
inourelkoi Lej)oria.
The whole tenit.iry of Lcpoii.i Mourem.mlkoi 1:.
barren, uoinly, and uioiintiinous I the air e.strenii ly
told, the inh.ibitaiiti luJe and igiujr.int ; aiii, uii'c-
ia.ial.
tUROIM.
ncral, the 1
l.apland f.
cities and t
obfervation
t'lem i-o tlia
li;;ileries ;
tilli, .iiiil p.
lerilk i
find, is r.llIU
ti • iiiak' s
wonu. .0.
it is V.'ai i
Arcii.iii!',! I
B'-'lamnii
abovi iiiri'i
ri'.e n ll, i 1
ehii ! tovMi
tiie RuH'.aii
XTOVA
Jj_^ c..v<r
ii|;nitip.s Nt".
p.u-t of Ruir,
\.\\'w',\ lie- ii
this It rait is
liic in.iiii CO
mm !i tartlii 1
toimirv ;oin
well, or o; I
t 1 be an (M',
N )v.i Zei
anno 1 ; s^,
thither with
capt o! b'inn
wheiT he tiu
obh^'til, thrtj
of L.ipland, I
company. (
thive years ai
tioned cape,
the louth par
Smiioietla. I
both by Hiitc
north call p;
and the moui
country, pre\
.Some Dutt !ii
the cold to (
kejit theml'i I
no tun from
and ilark inti
gave them Ir
Ihe flione bv
'I'he accou
< ountry is inl
air idolaters
w.irds by Bai
and Ll.iws, p
to tin publi.'
ielvet. W.)
gave him i-ca
this country ;
reprelents as
grer.tell p.irt
that where th
itielf to tiie V
moll, antl Ion
two or three
hard a.s marb
attempt to v.-
other norther
melt much fc
parts i but h
which beats
height, hadi I
i'li ■
I if I'
IRAI'IIY.
II is Will UippliL\|,
ill. Is i>t'|>r(ivril"i )iis.
roiii I'uilviy i v.iri-
1, (V Mil MoIlow j
. IrDiti Silifri.i iwi.l
>\v fir iMin iicrrc.
If ahovfiiuir i')iit ,1
|- p.Ut'. of till <-.mL
I'lrlv for t;iiiiii,i^,
iiinn.illy Uiit lu-mi*
'.ifli.i.
c i'i)iK.iia natliini;;
iii, or rlir rii';ion cif
-■ till' liMl:J;.lr.l^, wImi
■oill Aii i, uikI 1. 1111-
B'.iljriri'. is ilividt'l
ii i.s litu.irril on ilii;
ijni;s «) the 'I'liils-,
itii II. liihl ioi'ir,]
)ul;^.iri.i, Muw iiivkr
1 ili-ovi: • c.Mr., .iikI
1 t iii|.iiv.
'iimI vi\ 1.11. N'l.ir
III till' (Mill ;-.i i:<in-
) 11-1,1 urc.it t]i,.iiui-
kiit oiylliils i am),
.It l.ikf Kcii-hewl.
!)• ii.irtboftlie coim-
.1, is fitii.iti.\i on the
dty.
ol the lame ii.ime,
oli^.i, is builr on rhc
il)urLvs llrctili al ing
lit poor an. I inc.in :
f. being all hiiilt of
in one ni mrli, hy
t piirpoli-, liy I'tti r
ly I'rinci- (i ilit;',..i ;
c iip'in the 'I'.irt.irs
ruins ot'.Siinhilk.i,
the Cjreai : anil \vc
it;c-r, th.it goiiijf
nee, I'.e aliciKk\l .i
tity of Abik-liiiii,
iiilt riptimi, wliicli
was to this elFcifl j
llren!j;tli enough t'>
rtu:u ." I''r un this
ciiii'i t) linj roine
It iioui its plaee,
er inl'iiiptioii iin-
ne tlujii h.ill taken
1. .\ N I).
L'eneral ik lirij'tio!!
i -.haUitaiit.s, eul-
vt.l, that it is vi;/i-
^, n.iiri' Iv, tiioll- ctf
:i ;i :■- ' i\' I.'-, i;.i !er
ipliir.il a'.ioii.i' (if
i!'.' aj)[n ll.iti'iii of
: . tor otiier pirti-
:lir n nth hv ti :
iir!i hy t:;:' White
il.tiid. It ii further
to til. ir litnarion.
k i, '>r M.iritime
|...ii,i , and iicil.i-
Moiireininikoi i.^.
tile .li;' e.vlieilK 1/
jiMiit i ami, in j'e -
111, lal.
EUROPK.]
r, H t. A r R U ."^ ,^ ! A.
f,H
ncral, the i onnrry i> m'l-li like the ^Wivlilli .in.l D.milli
Laplaiiil formerly fpol.t n o''. Moll of tlie iil.uuis,
cities ami town-., Ikm.l on tlie fea-eoalls. The only
•ibfervatlon wortiiy of in''nti')niii!T coneerninu; any of
them i.-, that rhere are, in I'o'iie »)f them, amiertt mo-
n;;llerie'. i anil tha' t!\r river-v con'i|^;uous al'onii I with
fill', anil parti' iilarly film in.
Terilk i l.i poria, or iiiknii p'.rtoftlie Kull'i.in I.ap-
linil, is ".liiioO (iirroi.iiildl vsiiii the le.i, and is the lanil
ti ■ mak'-s tlic fruipli nt t!ie White S.-a, |t \< u„ lei'-,
wooin .'I,. I barren tli in lix- rell ; aivl the cl.ii f town in
ir is Warfi!,;!, lit'iatiu mi the foiitli i"a;l, over a^-.'.inll
l\ ITl,.lll!;i I.
]^•Mamo^lrl■lkoi I.cpnri.i lies at rhe borro'n r)f the
abovi mnni'ined i^iilpli, e.'.H'il the Wli'.te ,^e.i, and, like
riie ri ll, i. i''lii, b.irii n, an I tifinly in'iabitiil. The
chill town is Soma, litu.itc-i at the very entianee iiit;)
tae KuH'aii l..'l ! unf, on th- White .Sea.
N O \ .\ / K M P. I. A.
^T()\■.\ /.I niMa was a name ;,^iven to tl.is new ilif-
Vi e.ivi reil trai k, whieli, in tiie KiiUlan l.in|nrh^e,
fi!;niHes ^mw I,.in,l. It is f; parate.l flum the noiih<-iii
p.:it o( Kiiir.a bv tiie Unit lalleil W' Mt/, n\- Wv'Ta.r;-,
\.liii-li lies ill noitli I. It. "■ ^ ill". Ti.i land iliar firms
tliii Itrait is .i piommuory, ai!\.mi ir:;; f iiithuard fioin
till- iiiaiii eo'.iii!;', \\luili i' l'iip;'":i d to extend irfelf
iniiili tarthi r nortli. It v* is Ion;.; doubted wlic tlier this
Country |oined to tin- eontin''nt ol (Jreenland on tiic
well, or o: I .iiiary on the eal't , but it is n.iw kn iwn
to be an exterlive illand.
N'.iv.i Zcml>l.i w.is 'irl' iliieovered by the I-'n^lilli,
anno ic;'!, wh-n ( .ptain llii'-ii Willniighiiy lailed
thitiier with time Mi? Is, and .Ki\Miurd tfom tlie north
cipt ot I'inmail. as (iir nortli as the 721! deg. of lat.
will re he tiU'iiglit he had deleried thii land ; but being
oblijeil, through (Irels of weather, to jnit into a port
«)f Lapland, he there perillied with cold, with all his
company. Captain Rurroughs filled in feareh of it
tiine ye.irs alter, .uid having iloiibled the above tnen-
tioned i.ipe, difiovered the llrait of Wygaf/., between
tlic loiith part ol Nov.i /.embl.i, ami the m.rrli eoall of
Saiiniieda. Siiue that time it liatli been often vifited,
both by nuti'h and f'n;ililli, in hojies of finding out the
north -call pallage ; but the eoldnefs of the elim.ite,
;'.:v.l tlie mountains of fnow wliirh covered tliat whole
country, prevented their making any great ilifeovi ries.
Some l)iiti.!imen wintereil there, anno i (gd ; but louml
tlie coKI fo ( xcelfive, that tluy, with great dinieiilty,
kept themfdves alive till the next fummer. Tiuy law
no fun from |.uiii.iry .;. to June 2.\. , during which long
and dark interval thev ha. I no li;;ljt, but wh.it t!ie moon
gave them from the lirll to the lall i|iiarter, in which
Ih.e flione bv day .is wdl as iiiL'hr.
Tile aceciintfhey gave of it is, tliat fome parts of that
country is inhabiteil bv a people of low liature, who
are idolaters and b.irb.irous. The attempts made after-
wards by Ikueiit/, a 1 lollander, liy lliidfon. Wood,
and Flaws, proved likewili- of little or no conle(]in lue
t ) the publi.,', and of dellrui:li\'e eonfeqiience to them-
lelve!:. Wood, iiiileed, made I'ome remarks, which
|-!;ave him rcafon to think tl'.eie was a paflage between
tills country and that of tireenlaiul. Nova Zembla he
reprefcnts as the molV forlorn fpot in .ill ilie woikl, the
j/reiitell part of which is l.-.i.l under fnow and ice ; and
that where there are neither of thefe, nothing prelent.-,
itielf to tiie view but diliiial (Uiagniiics, covered with
iilol:., and lonie blue and yellov. ihiwers. I 'pon digging
two or tliree feet into the earth, tlu y found the ice as
hard a., marble, which IlieWs how vain it would be to
attempt to v.intir tlieir in caves iliig, under ground. In
other northern countries the ice and fnow is obferved to
niclt much fooiier on ttu- lea coalls than in tlie inland
parts; but here it proves t.he reverie; and the lea,
whicli be.its agaiiifl mount.dns of it of a prodigious
heii^ht, hath fo undtrmiiied it, that it !ccms to hang in
l!u- air, and tlil'covers fuch monftrotis ehafms as cm-
not be beheld without hoiror.
The country, fo fir as our author hi. I an oppormnif.
to view it, ureeds I'ome forts of wild creatures, l'ucha>
large white bears, foxes, fome fmall creatures like
rabbits, larger than rats, large penguins, \'c. The
p<-n"uin is of the li/e of a goole, and the featiiers an*
iiim-what like hairs, and of an alli colour. The wings
are very (lu>rt in ]iro['ortioii to the body, the bill i,
bl.ick, anvl tlie legs are of a bright gicn. I'hey kee|>
i.i the water ;ill the day; where they feed upon fiih. As
tluy cannot fly, they c.innot lliiin their eiieiviies, except
by leaping alon|r, which tliey do pretty well by the help
of their iViort wings. However, this binl is aftiv
upon tiie wat( r, and li-ems to be very Ikiliul in catching
Us food. \Vhen the fun bej'jns to let, they p tire to
the rocks neiiv the lea, where tluy cn.iiinue till morn-
ing, at wliich time tliey are ealiiy taken. They build
their nells iiix.n the rocks, rin the <'ragg)' points, to
whicli thefe birds can get up very cafily. 'I'heir eggs
are vi ry good i but the flelli has a difigrecable fifliy
t.ilie, and ii never eaten but in cales of great neccflity.
It is worthy of remark, that the bird penguin, which
is nijt only coiv.mon to tlu !e northtrn p.irts, but like-
wif,- ill fever.il countries in Nortli .America, is every
where known by the lame name, witli little or no varia-
tion ; and til it the word penguin, in the Celtic, an. I in
our prefeiit Wellh, lignilies, a white liead, as that bird
aclually hath, 'i'his, together with fome great affinity
which is found in many of the radical words, and pro-
per names, ul'ed by thofe dillant regions, conHrms a cu-
rl iis conjet'ture of the authors of the IJniverfal Ilif-
tory, which is, that the defccndants of Gomer, the
eldill Ion of Japhet, were not only the lirll peoplersof
I'.iirope, ( \<n in its rcmotell p.u•t^, but have preferveil
their ancient language more th.ui any other nation we
know of, except thi Cliinele.
The liiuthern p.irt has been fince found to be inhabited
by a I'quat, fwartliy fort of people, w ho cloatli themlelves
with leal-lkins, or with the Ikiii of the bird [lenguin,
with the feathers outward. They live upon what gaip.-
or lilli they catch. They worlhip the fun and moon ;
anil have liime little wooden idols, in human Ihape, but
iTionlb'oufly carved, or rather notched.
'I'he various romantic tales, and manifeft abfurdities,
advanced by many of tlie Dutch v'oyagers, the ridi-
culous rel.itioiis of F''erdinaii,l Mendez and Pinto,
and the inii>robable llorics of Sir John Mandcville, gave
rile to a -iL-i/ly and l-'gaiicus fcitire, written by the cele-
brated Sir Richard Steele, and publillied in the Tatler,
as if from a inanufcript of .Sir John Mandeville. The
Icene being loimded in Nov.i Zembla, the humour be-
ing admirable, and the f.irire poiiueil againll ;iJI
voyagers and tr.ivellers who attempt to impole upon the
public, we lii.ill .uake an c.\tr.iCt from it without far-
ther a|)ology.
The relation being in the lirll pcrlon, as if Sir John
Mandevilli- was rhe narrator, the words arc, " We
were lepar.ited by a llorm, in the latitude of 7 ;, inlii-
miicli that only the Ihip in which I laif-d, with a Dutch
and flinch vcllel,got file into a creek ol Nova Zem-
bla. We landed in order to relit our velVel, antl Itore
ourlebis witli provilions. The crew ol each vellel
made tlu mt'clves a cabin of turf and wood at fome dif-
tance from each otiier, to fence the. I'elves againll the
inclemencies of the weather, which was feveie beyond
imagination. We fonn i bkrved, that, in talking to
one another, we loll feviral of our words, anil could
not hear one another at above two yards dillaiice, and
that too wlien we fit very near the Hre. .-Vl'ter much
perplexity, I lound tliat our words Iro/e in the air, be-
fore they could rcich the e.irs of the perfon to whom
tiuy were fpoken. I was foon confirmed in tlie con-
jecture, wlien, upon the increafe of the cold, the
whole company grew dumb, or rather deaf ; for every
man was fenfible, as w^- atterwanls found, that he fpokt
•IS well ;is ever ; but the founds no fooiier took air, than
tluy were coiuicnlcd and lull. It wai now a milirable
Ipe.'wicle,
I i
v]
<^
/2
v:
3> .>>
^W
/A
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TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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2.2
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
684 A NTAV, royal akd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
fpeL'tacit, to ffc us lioiUiing ami gapini? at orte another!
fvery man r.Ukiiig, and no m.m litaiii. One mij^ht
cbic Tve a liMman that couki hail a lliip at a league's
dllbnte, beckoning with his hand, llraining with liis
lungs, ami tearing his throat, but all in vain.
" We continued liere three wt-eks in tliis difmal
pliglit. At length, upon a turn of v, ' id, the air about
113 began to thaw. Our cabin was [mmediately filleit
with a dry clattering found, wliicii I atterwards. found
to be the crackling of conlonant- that broke above
our heads, and were often mixed witli a gentle hiding,
which i imputed to ti\e letter A' that occurs fo frequent
in the Englilli tongue. 1 fonn after teit a breer.e ol
whifpers rulhing by my ear; fir thafe being ol a foft
and gentle fublt.uice, immediately liquitied in the
warm wind that blew acrofs our cabin. Tliele were
foon toli'iweil by fvjlables and Ihort words, and at
lengdi by entire lentcnces, and melted fooner or later,
as thev were more or leb congealed, lo that we now
heard every tliin;' that had been f[)oken during t!ie
whole three weeKs that we liad been fdent, if I may
ufe that cxpredion. It was now very early in the
morning, ;ind yet, to my furpize, I heard Ibmebody
f.iv, .^.•/■ ''fohi, it is ihiJi:ighl, and timt for the Jhip's
fi,-iv to go tu liifJ. Thii I knew to be the pilot's
voice; and, upon recollecting mylell, 1 concluded, that
he h.id Ipoken tlicle wirds to me fome days before,
tliougli I unild not hear them till tiic prelenc thaw.
My reader will e.ilily imagine Ivjw tiie whole crew was
ama^^ed, to hear every man talking, and lie no man
open his moutii. In the nudil of this great furprize
We were all in. we heard a volley ol oaths and curies,
laiiing U' a long while, and uttered in a very hoarle
voiie, which 1 knew belonged to the boatfwain, who
was a veiy choleric fellow, and h.ul taken this oppor-
tunity ol curling and Iwcaring at me, when he though:
I could not hear hini, fi;r I luui feveral times given
him the llrajjpado en tiiat account, as 1 did not fail hi
np.'.it tor tiicle his pious foliloquies wlicnl got him on
fhipboard.
" 1 mull not omit the names of feveral beauties in
W'apping, which we heard even.' now and then in the
niidil of a long figli that accomi)anied tliem ; as De.u-
Kate! Pretty Mrs. Peggy | When Ihall I fee my Sue
again? 'I'liis bttr.iyed levcral amours which liaii been
concealed till that time, and lurnilhed us with a great
ileal of nurth in our return to England.
•' When this conlulion ol voices was pretty well
over, thoui'h I was afraid to olilr at i|)eaking, as fear
iiig I Ihouid not be h.eaid, I purpolid a vilit to the
Dutch cabin, which lay *bout a mile farther up in the
country. My crew were extremely !( joiced to find
tiity had again re'i(.\'ered their hearing, though every
man uttered his voice with liie lame apprehcnlions that
I had done,
" And, try'd his tongue, his filencc foftly broke."
" At about half a mile's diftance from our cabin.
We heard the groanings of a bear, which at lirll llartled
i:sj but, upon our enquiry, we were inlormed by fome
of (lur company that he was dead, ami now lay in lalt,
having been killed upon the very Ijjot about a lijrtniglit
betorc, in the tin.<- ot'the fr(>ll. Nut far from the fame
place, we Were likewile e:itertainetl with fome poll-
hunuiui fnarK and barkings ol a \j,i\."
With rel(iect to thole parts ol the Kufl'ian empire
fUuated in Alia, viz. Siberia, Ramtlchatka, Samoietia,
Allrachan, together with the Kalmuc, Ulbec, Crim,
I.elgee, and leveral other inlerinr tribes ol I'artars, the
re.-ider will be luinillied with an amjile account of them
l)y referring to our dtlvtii-.tion of th t ([uarter (jf the
globe, wliKJi lorms the full ilivif.on of our work.
Thole countries difmembered from Poland, and an-
nexed to the dominions of Kullia, will be trcited of
under our delcription of the Ibriner, on which otcafion
we fliall conlider every material circumllancc and tranl-
iC'ion relatii-e tlierrunro.
. E C T I O N III.
rnfons of the RiiffiMis, their different Ranks, I'njfalagc,
Drefs, lldhitittions, ALmner of Living, Cn/toms,
/Imiifmcnls, Religitn, (Ceremonies Biipti/nui!, Matrt-
luoninl, I'.'-nera/, \Se.
Tl I E RuHians are, for the moll part, of the mid-
dle Ihiture. though m.iiiy of them are i dl and
comely. Tlieii teeth are remarkably good ; their iiair,
in general, is black; and their complexions ruddy.
I'he leverity of the climate, which i:roduces a dry
and lliarp air, dif[>oles them, in general, to a robuil
con'.lin.tion, and enables them to undergo great
hartilliips.
The women are commonly well maile, exclufive of
their legs, wiiich, as well as thiir liet, are always large.
Their counti nances are, in jreneral, agreeable , and
flu ir eyes black and languilliing.
Before the rime of Peter th.e Great, the Rufh.ins were
lavage and ignor.u^t in the extreme; but that wile
prince, by incredible application, and a proper mixture
of leverity and mildnels, wrought lij happy a change
in their manners, as, in li)mc meafure, let them on a
level witii the more civilized nations of Europe; and
his efforts have been happily Iccomled by lucceedi.i;;
monarciis, ol which the effects have been evident to
demonll ration.
The court nobility, from the great connections they
have hail, ol late years, with the moll civilized European
Hates, lee 111 totally to have emerged from their bar-
barifin in'o the heigh' of elegance .md politenels; and
the young Ruluan nobility, at piefent, are much iiii-
jiroved by lludies of t.ille, and a |iroj)cnlity to
travel.
'I'hc people of Rufiia, like tlu)le of inofl other coun-
tries, arc ol dilVereiit ranks and orders, as princes,
nobility, gentry, commonalty, ^^:c. and thcfe liave their
refpective lub-divilions; but it is to be obferved, tli.u,
of late years, the military rank lupcrlcdes everything,
and now regulates every degree of precedency, what-
ever may be the rank or clals of perfons.
The Rull'ian nobili'y cxeicile a mofl: tyrannical
power over the common people, am.1 efpecially over
the pcafants, who are kept in a llate of abjedl llavery,
b( ing deemed the property of the nobles, to whom
tliey belong, as much as their horfes and dogs. Indeed,
the we:dth of a great man in kullia, is not ellimated
by the extent of land he pollelies, or the quantity of
grain he can bring to market, but by tlie number ol
his Haves. Every Have pays about a ruble (.4.0s.)
yearly to his owner ; and if he be in tiie w.iy of making
money, the- tribute is augmented. In general, every
RulTiui nobleman allots to the peallints, that belong tu
him, a certain portion of kind, to be cultivated by
them; the produce of whicii, exceptini!; what lliffices
lor their own maintenance is paid to the proprietor.
In fad, a Hullian pealant has no property; as every
thing he pollelies, even the millrable raiment that
llielters him from the cold, may be leized by his mailer
as his ov\n.
The owner has alto the power of felling his (laves,
or hiring their labour, to other perfons. Me may alio
inllid on his (laves whatever punilhment he [ilealcs,
and (or any lort of ollince, It is againll the law, in-
deed, to put any of them to death ; yet it Ibmetimes
happens, that a [loor Have dies of the wounds he re-
ceives from a padionate and unrelenting luperior.
Another hanllhip to which the Kudian jjealants arc
expofed is, that they are obliged to marry whatever
perfon, or at what time, their luperiors pleafe. Every
llave, who is a fiither, pays a certain tax to his owner
for each of his children ; and the owner is therefore
Solicitous that a new progeny be railed as foon as
pofTible.
The condition of tiiofe pcafants, who are immediate
(laves of the crown, is deemed lefs wretched than that
of
lAFHY.
III.
Ranks, I'lijlalagc,
Living, Ciijlims,
'Ji!pliJ'Hui!, Mutri-
part, of the mii!-
tlii-m are i.ill atui
^ {^ooci; tluir liair,
nii)l(xi()ns ruJiiy.
Ii ];r(>diicfs a dry
itral, to a robiilt
J undtTfjo great
naile, cxchifive o!
t, are always large.
1, agreeable ; ai;J
, the Rufl'i.iMs were
e ; but that wile
I a proper inixturi'
hapfiy a change
lire, let them on a
s of Eiirojje ; ami
led by fucceediiii^
e been evident U)
u connections tliey
civilized I'.iirojjean
1 from their bar-
nd politcnels ; and
nt, arc much ini-
J a propenlity to
jf mofl other coun*
jtdcrs, as princes,
tnd thcle iiavc titeir
) be oijferved, that,
rrlcdes every thing,
precedency, what-
rl'ons.
a mod: tyrannical
ind efpecially over
:e of abjedt (laveiy,
e nobles, to wiioni
s and dogs. Indeed,
ia, is not elUmated
or the quantity ot
C by the number ol
:)ut a luble (.^os.)
1 tiie way of making
In general, every
fants, tiiat belong to
:o be cultivated by
eptin;"; what fiiffices
d to tile proprietor
[)roperty ; as every
crable raiment that
fcized by his mailer
of felling his flavcs,
rfons. lie may alio
lillimcnt he plcalcs,
againll the law, in-
1 ; yet it fometiiiK J
if tiie wounds he re-
enting fiiperior.
Rufi'ian pealants arc
1 to marry whatever
LTiors pleafe. Every
tain tax to his owner
e owner is therefore
je railed as foon as
;, wiio are immediate
s wretched tlian that
of
P '•',
ft I I ;'
f h
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lUssiAN Dm: ssr.s
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/
/
.■:.. ' i
W-
Ivl SSIAN DiM'.SSi:
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I tf ■ A 7 ////// . ^,:'/, >
//' V //
////
/,•/■ l/,:iri'/r.
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h'^l^A
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Kiss IAN WOMKN .
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7
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K rSS IAN \\'()MKN .
! rl ' '' /llil/l I /. f/r.iir/r , > i> /'f//l,l/l r/, f ri/l,l /i,/,/
7
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lll/<
F.UROl'F..]
n R r, A T R U S S 1 A.
C55
of tliolt; who tieloiig to thf nobility ; ami they arc oC
tlirt'f kinds. '1 lit- tirll arc tliolc who h.UL-, tithcr
ffcrrtly, or by tlic favour ol a hinian (ii|k rior, bci-ii
able to procure as much money as may enable thiin ti
purihale their freeiiom ; and have alio the irooil fijrtiiae
to live under a liiperior who is e(|ui: able enougli to Tree
tlieni lor the finn tliey oiler. Sueh perliins, and their
riiildicii, are for ever after immcJiare llaves to tlie
crown. On the lame fixitin!^ are all priclb, and thiir
children ; thou^^h the dependanec of the inferior on the
liiperior i ler;;y, is Ibnietimes as [grievous as the lUull
painful bondaj^e. .Soldiers, alf.), and their thiklnii,
(and this clals inthides the whole body of the nobility,)
are immediate llaves of the crown.
Aeitirding to travellers in general, the Rufllan pea-
i'ants have no nante. Indceil, as they li ive nothing but
bomlagc to tranfmit to tiieir children, luch dillindion
is ul( lef,. The mt.ll common L'hriilian names among
tlieni are Crregoiy, ,Sie[)hcni Ivan, whicii theytranlluc
John; \'al"ili, which t.'iev tranllite William; with
other;) m.'.r.itdlly deriv:-d from their neighbours in the
fouth. If there are fevcral "i .1 name, tjiey are dillin-
guillicd by taking the name «,; t:R-ir latiier, com[)ountled
witii the words wliicli, in their language, llgnil'y Ion or
d mghter. 1 hus Ivan Petrowit^, lignifies Ivan, the
f):i of I'cter i and Anna l.aiiown.i, lignifies Anna, the
d.i'.ighter of Ivan.
Siicli is the llavfiv in wliicii tiie Mulcovites of both
ft\es aie kept by their p.irfnts, tlieir patrons, anti the
cmpeior, th.it they .i;e not allowed to iiif[)ute any match
til i: may be provi.led lor them by thefe ciire^Ai^rs, how-
ii).-ver dilagreeable or odious it may be. O/Ticers of the
greateil rank in the army, botii naiives'uml forcifyiers,
li ive been iliddlcd wiih wives by tne Ibvereign in this ar-
bitrary manner. .\ great general lately deceafed, who
wus a native ol' Brilain, leaving been prellid by thi- late
c.!arii:.i to wed one o! Iier l.idics, laved himleU (rem a
very liilagreeable niairi.ige, liy |)rctending his conllitu-
tion W.IS fo unloiiud, dial t!ie lady wouUl l)e irre()arably
iii|ured by his compli.ini e.
The Kullia;isareufoi;g!it i:p wuii I'uch higli nol^)n^ of
t!'.eir fovereigns, and of a biuid implicit obedience they
Oive to them, as the onlv jierlons who have Itiile enongh
to dilt::igui;h between ri;!:it and wrong, that they never
liilpute ti.eir will iii luy thing, except where they at-
tempt, as the c^ar Peter did, an innovation in their re-
ligion or culloms, which they cainot but look upon as
an impeaclimcnt of the wildom ol their anceflors who
li.ul ellablilhed them. In all other cafes they are lb
piepollellcd with the notion of tin ir unerring wif.iom and
knowhdge, as well as ol their own ii'.norance „nA iuiper-
IcCti)!! that It is .1 common f.i) ing with tiiem, in nil du-
bir):ibcales, " (iotl and the Cxar alone know." 'I'he
\ery noliility dare not come near the thi'Uic wi'.ho'it
k.ir and trembling. They are baniilied into Siberia lor
the flighrrlt political intrigue j and their pclfeliions be-
ing LDiilikated, one wholr family thus falls a victim to
the artful inlinuation;. cf :;ie courricr. The mutual
diilrull in which pr(i[ili' live in Uullia, and the total
fl'ence of the nation i!(.on every thirg which may have
t!:c leall relation ei;li'. r to 'he government or the Ibve-
rrijiii, ariles chicly :; mi tin- pri\ilege eveiy RufTian
h.ii, ssithout diibi.oii.'U, of crying out in public, //nu:^
I ■ . that is to fay, i dei lire you guilty ol high treafon
I'otI, in words anil aaioiis. .All the bye-tiand rs are
then obliged to ullill in taking up the perlbn acciiled :
a f.tlur arrelb his Ion, the Ion his father, and r..iture
lii.'lcr.i in liknce. 'I'he acciiier and acculal are both
lonvi veil immediately to piilon, and alterwards to .St.
iVteriiiurg, where tiny are tried by the lecret court of
cliancery.
I'he drellcs of the Uufl'.ms are adapted to their re-
fjjCkUive ranks. Tli.it of the f^nerality of the better
fort nlombles, in a conlidcralile degree, the habits
worn in the more loudii rn parts of I'.urope. Some,
indeed, at a dill.uue from the capital, retain the okl
diels, as well as the cullom of wearing along beard.
1 he women ol rank r< nerally wear a loole gown like a
No. 6;.
donii 10 ; and both fi xiS love to appt'jr tine, .inJ con-
le(|iicntly drels as rich Js the very extent of their cir-
cumllan'.es will admit. Th^'y life paint in general,
niaiiicd w.imin as veil .i- young girls j deeming red
tlie 111 ill ornamental colour they i:?n poil.bly bear.
Nay, lii.di is their fiindnefs for red, tli.nc the word
dcuotinj; it in tlie Ivti'rnn l.tngiiagc, is lynonimous witii
beautiful, i-'ui -, in t'le v, inter, aie in iiniverfal wear ;
bi'i they are proportionate, in (juality, to the tiifi'ireni
cl.ille.'- I'he poorer women commonly line tlieir cloa'-.s
with hart Ikiiis; and the men, for tlie moll part, have"
a ihels m.ide of Ihcep's fhin, with the wool turned i.'i-
wards. On their heads they wear a warm fur cp;
and they are very careful to cover their legs, not only
with warm llockings, but biots, lined with fkins or
a (]uantity of II iii.iel, which tliey wrap feveral times
rounil them. InlleatI of caps, inoft of the women, of
mitldlingrank, ul'e han.l!:erc:iiets, whi.ii they manage
with fuch adroitnels, that this kind of In'ad-drel's often
looks cip'-ivating. I'h'ir neck^ are naked, ar.i ex
pofed to the weather. 1-, .cry liufi'ian, of wliat ranic
foever, ufually wears, upon the brc.iil, in^l liangint^
by a ribl) on, or llring, tied about his nee::, a Ima'l
crols of gold, liiver, or lead. They receive their
croffes from tiieir godlathers at their b.iptilin, a:.,t
never put with thi-m as long as they live.
With refpect to the habit.itions of the KjC"aii'i, we
have aheadv obferved, that iivmy of th 'le el me higher
clafs are built of brick a-,d llone 1 an I have only tj
jioiiit o'l: the manner in wii'ch the hou!'';., or huts, 01
the peafints are coniiru. 'u- '. Tiii-. i^ a: followj.
A numb-.'r of trees are firip,ed of tiieir haik. '1 h''V
art Hot cut into deals, but Lid liori7,(;ntaily upon oi;e
another. They are fafl.'iied at the eiul with woodc-n
pegs, and thus, by fixing the end of one tree into ano-
ther, tiiey conl'iltute the walls. Tlie roof i foinetimca
of boar.ls, and fometimes thatched, in coiillruifling
their hoiile^, the Rulli in peal'uitry ul'e very few inllru-
ment. 1 he hatchet is th-j
one almoll: anion. t
them, .ind they excrcife it with I'.reat d. xtcntv. I'ro-
fellcd carpenters .ire ex( epted in this account.
In Rulh.i lockfmith':, i^ialbns carpenter', &c. arc
formed as a loldier is in other countri'S. !• acli re'?,i-
ments has in it^ own corps, all tlie necellary artilts,
and is not obliged to have recourlc to manufu'tures, as
is the cuflom every wherf clle. They determine by
the llature, what employment a man is moll fit for.
They give a fo! Her a lock fiir a pattern, with orders
to make others like it, and he does it with the greateft
dexterity: but the oiiginal mull be perfeft, others' ile
he would cojiy it with all it-. ilrfriSls, however ealy it
migjit be to coned them, i he fame may tie obferved
widi regard to artills and workmen of all kinds.
The Rullians, in winter, contrive to make the
warmth in their houfe luitable to the leveiity of the
climate, 'i'hey give a proper ih gree of heat to tlu'
diHerent rooms by means of an oven, conllruCted with
feveral flues; and their ovens conlume a finailercpian-
tity of wood than might at Hrll be im.igined. A (inglj
faggot only, and that but a little one, is put in, an. I
fuflered to burn till the black thick liimkr is evaporated.
The chimney is then Ihiit, by which tl-.e heat is re-
tained, and the jilace ke[?t warm for the fpirc of 24
hours ; and this tire k'rves not only to warm the rooms,
but to drels the fboil. The windows, in the hoiilcs of
the poor fort of people, are very fmall, that as little
colli as pofiible may be admitted ; but in the lioules of
liiperior perlons tluy arc large ; and, in order to guard
againll the inclemencies of the weather, they have
double glafs frames, and are caulked up in the winter.
All ranks of jn- iple are verv expert ,ind nice in reg':
l.itiiig the proper heat in their houl'-s by meani ot a
thermometer ; and by opening an.l lliutiing the lities,
they increalc or dimiiiilli the heat to a great degree 0/
critical ex.Tilnels.
In the houli". of the peafints there arc generally one
beil fiir the luilli.ind and wile ; and one lor the children ,
blit all other perlons li« promifcuuullv upon benches,
8 L '01
'!: ^'.;j
'ti.
1 ■ . vii:
636
A NTW.ROYAL/.Mu AUTflF.XTIC SYSTEM or L'ivIVI.RS MCiROGRAPFiY.
r »
or mats, which thfv Ipir.ul on thi- ^'/oiml. The heils
havi- IK) iut!.\iiisi and, inl'e.'.i ol' ;i ln'Kler, the hii!-
banil ami wife h.ivc eid\ <>l tlKin If ven or cii'hi pillow^.,
oi.f Ids th.iii the otliiT, raiiVil iiji in t!ie fiTtn ot two
pvraiTiKls. i lie ix-iiuilite lienches, a Lirge llovc, ,uvi
a (cw woollen ili.iirs, muke up the rtit ol ll.e li.i- I'lijv.
At a liuH'ian Icall all the liillirs are t'crvcil up at once.
It coniills ot limp, mailr ot nieat ciir into iViuiH pit'?'' ;
l.inie rapout:, uiiirh iviie Iv.it s Ki.li'nn can toiicii ;
Itvcral pyramids ot g.iiiK' and Ivi'ct.n s meat rMl'id ;
Chimle rwrtmical^, and Kuniai' rruit)-. A pro('"ird
(vJence isobtcivi I at dinner, »:ii:h n int^Trnptcd only
at times l)V tlie luaUlis whii.li a'r di,.rk. As li»on ns
they lit ilowii t<» table, each nan p. >'jrv into his '^\\.\\>
ti)ir.e Kuflian made «i:v.-, and then iil rile t<: drinii to
each otlier. Kvery jmkH is di.inlL to reipet'lively i.v
)iis chrilliaii and lurnanie, anJ a drop of wine is Iwal-
lowedto ezch iir Ion's health. I hive (lays an accu
curate ti.iveller) i)i'tn at Tonv ot tliefe ilinners, when
there were more than ofi people all drinkin;/ to each
other at the lame time. 1 heir attito.ies and the con-
liifioii (il dl^!'elent Tounds, had a veiv I'.rgolar ericCt.
I'eter, not being .ible to make JaiiiCi hear him, was
Hretthing over the table, and bawling as loud as he
tould. At tl.e laine inllant he was iiuerrupted by
Fr.invi.;, who was bowing to him; or by a knock of the
head Irom Philip, wlio was tiirning alwiit from right
to left, without perceiving the jx/liure Pett r was in.
{'Iiili|i's turn came next; tor as he w.'s lifting hi;, glals
K; hib mouth, Ills neiylitioiir g.ive hiin a iog of the d
bow, ajul Ipilling part of his wine, intcrrup'-xl him at
his moll interelting moment. S;ich kenes as tlule,
varied in i.li!terent wavs, were repeated at ahnolt evr :y
|.ijrt ot the table , .nd the pieallire of them was enhan-
ced, by obfcrving the impatience of foine of the peo-
ple. As to niylt If, I could never find an opportuni'v
of drinking any (;ne'b health, hot kept my liead in con
llant motion to the right and left, and I'orwaidv. It
is reck( iicd a c]'jalificati'>n to catch the opjxirtunity to
le.ilo.'i.ibiy, as to drink to everv nrrllm's health with-
out delceading from one's digniiy, or meeting v/i;h
any a«:ci lent.
" I'he tirll health being over, cveiy body firs dov.'n,
and is at liberty to eat tor a frv: niiniites. Cil.n\ tum-
b!-_':>, of a cylindrical form, U". inches high, and fxir
wide, arc pla:ed on liiilerent parts of the ta'ile. Fvrry
gjeif, within reat h ol one of thek- tumblers, takes it
up, and drinks out of it. It woukl l>e thought very
impolitic, if he was to take a glals in order to avoid
ilrinking out ol the fame tumbler as his neiglibour.
" W'iu-n the lompany has eat fir a f w mimues, the
empreU's hcaltli goes i.iunil. This toaiV is given in a
diticient inanntr. A large glals bottle, to which there
is alto a pi lis top, is placed rji the table before tl:e
jjerlbn of tiie highelt rank. This perfon riles from hi,,
feat, ,1b well as his right hand neighbour, to whom he
gives the head of the b.ottle, and jiouring fo:rie w'.ic
into the cup, gives out the emprcls's health, bnwi'g to
the whole company. As foon as he hath drank, he
{^ivcs the bottle to his neighbour, who jiiilleb tlie top to
tlie perliin fitting ne.\t to him. All the company drink
the lovereign's health in the fame manner, v^iiile a band
ot muhcians is employed in finging longs ad.-.pted to
the ccrcmonv.
" i he health of the prince p.nd the princefies of tlie
royal family are then drank in the fame order; and eat-
ing goes on for a little time longrr. The healths of ;dl
the guelh are then carried rouml with another glafs
bottle, which is not fo beautiful as the firll, and is co-
vered with a crult of bread.
" This toalf goes round nearly in the fame v.'.\y as
t'le former, except that when the lid of the Ixittle is
fciven to one's iKighbo ir, it is ufual, at the fime time,
to tell him the chrilban and the liirnaine of the perfon
wiinle health is going round ; .uul liiis mull be repeated,
making ;i bow to him. This ciiliom is very tnaible-
four.- to llrangers, as the Rudians have generally ihree
or Ijur ;.;iriltiaa names, i'liio ccivm my is carrie.lon
with the iHmod graviiv, mid one tniift he exf.ft in th?
whole lienil, which cMrnJ^ fll rwv] ihe table."
Siith is the laic of tlie :'rear nnd rj.! lent: bi;t t!ie
poor pealat'ts eat a kind of black bread, niaile of rye,
tiarley, ar;d other {T'.n of an inlerior cptali'y. jt is
four, b'lt n!>t unwholcf nne. 1 hey e.n a pre::! c'ral of
garlic, co.irfc oil, and l:l!i. ihty make no clieele,
and are not much .icqn„inrfd with the ufes o( rriillv.
'1 hey dri'ik a bad kind of mead, and li.joor made ot
v»iki f'lit : but rheir chief potati'-n, of vliicli they yn -
t-ike very freely, is cxtin'ted from the cctn wiiich
their comi-rry pptxhues, M'-re it is to be obfiirveri, th.ir
dunkrimi'ts i', thrir piev iii.r^ \ it e. Ff'h men .md
V. 'iiun aCculloiu then,lelvcs u> lleqi c;ir.l!antiy aiirt
tiinn-r.
I'Tivifirnsarr a*. v.tII pref^T'/rvl in RvilTla bv t!ir froli-,
;is with us by file means cf iViC ; .tikI ceitainly winlc i:
Jalis ftlist is, during tlie win'tr fMt)nih.s) the ioriner i.i
.t brt'er prtferv.in .0 tl'an the lutiTj for this reiiiin,
that it never aittrs tiw tai'e or cjmlii) ol whatever it
[)rekTv<«, as fdt si'va'. . dinrs. Tin: f:r,ft fixe: , f r a
time, (he p<ils :if<'i oiiy |iiire'-, but tl'xs tint ( hai.^^e the
favour. Veal, s; d (••\:r kinds nf meat, fnK'.tn at
Archan;'^!, air elUtmid the heft of c,;;i;:;' at i'l'.irf-
Ixirg i n ■! :irc thev diflin[T"illiable fr;>m what is frilii
kill. d. I hnce the cap:t:d, in the v;:itrr, is pkiui
fiilv fuppiifd with all kindi* of frelli provifions ; and
the ii-,.^rkt ts are H.iiid v.iiii piks <;f carcaifr?, tonfili- ■;
'I lro/.(nh"gs, Iheep, filh, poultry, vegc'ablcs, ^. c.
I'l'it i' is to be obfrived, th.it v.hen any of theic ate in
be didfed, thrv mull be thawed by iinmerfion in colli
w.-'.c!, a'ld not l>y tie means of (iie or ^'aim water, as
till le V, ( uld fp'oil il.em immeiiiat'^'Iy.
1 he Ki:friitns .-•re tonJ of mvi'lc, partirulariy tf.e baf;-
pipc , nnd have a kind of vi.•^^i^, ^vlt'l a la' ;e bcliy like
that of a lute. Their mi'fic, howcvet, is barbarous
and dcfelive. Public fc^ocl.^ are ellablilhrxl, in v. hicU.
tlie children are regultilv Hugh: to f.tig. 'I'hr very
beggars alk alms in « wiiini:;?, cadence, and ri.ji:'uIous
loit of rccit,!ti\e: ar.d it is lecor.led, tl. i: a Rulli;:!!
auib:iflid''r at the Hague, havin;', been reg:i!ed with tl;c
bill concert (( vocal .ir.d InliriitKntal mufic; tliat cculd
be procured, was alked how lie liked the entertainment,
and rrplicd, " I'l-rf-dlv weii: rk.' beggars in niv
ciMintry lii g jull in the faiiT- it, ,i rer." hclides h'lcnch,
(ji rnv-in, ;uil RifTian fi::g<-rs, v/iio pe:Iorm brf(;re ths
coutt in their refprc>.i\r languages, t'lcre is frt cf Italian
lingers. No jicrfons pay either t:i ;i tithe play or
concert, iv^f.t being allowed t ) ervr except liich .".s
hive ii( k.er- bv authoritv. Some few vi ars f',:;'e, ;i;>.
I'.nglilli company of comedlnns went over to St. Peteii-
burg, where they met with gieat countenance and
encoutvgimrnt. The ji!.;\hv,:'c d''*:s are g'.iarded ;
and ifaiiy one Ihou'd get in wi-hoi.r a propi-r right, thev
woukl be fcverely puniihed. liie Ri'lnan:; arc fond of
dancing, but in itdilplay very iitrlc a^^ility. The lowir
cUls are e\-en infantine in their atiiukuiems, ^nd diverr
themfelves with fuch gambvl; :r-, in our countrv,
would be thought too trilling U'V cl'Jid.icn.
They are extreir.ely fim I of hot b.idis and. bver'.ripg-
houfts, in which tiiey ccpltantiy go once or twin- ;t
week, and oltener, if they can afiiird it, a.nd with f;>
little regard to decency, the wdiiien and men make no
li:ruple to go into tliem pii)mil"cu(:',:!]v, ;i:\i to ;!prear
naked there to each other, l.'i'on tlu';:' cimmg out of
i:::o ;l
tlieni, rhey will leap, nakeci, and lee!
river, il anv be nc.ir j oi pnu
water upon their bodio-
them he;ilthy and liar.'y
ol the winter.
An ir.genious tr.ucl
ciillom among orliers,
bathing, ol not It fs il
Ther'j ,'.re k'vera
burg, and ever'
IP!.'. llOl
,><
1
•V, o f-r t.iic' p:;rs i
1 cl.-i'e ill- I or.'r>, and ri i.di i'
1 l!i;v <i'i \: c\-.'i in the heme
li.ilfpeniiy J'inglilli ei
indeed, lep:ir.ite plat <
r, who was a fpejf.f.ir of il i^
l.y^ " I; w IS a pr.;i!;ifcuoi;s
111 iCO per: :::• t-f ;:v:h fe>;es.
f thele publii bincjs in St. Peti rl-
r,e pay:, a tew a.pccivs (valfr- .t
i) lb| a, ni!;.], U.C. I lie- re
fi.r the liii-n nd " '>f^'::] ; '; -
they Item ijuite re^ardicls of dni diiiiiniti .;:, ar^: :.t
or
ruROPi.l
or bathe in a (1
\\ h.it is tq\^.\
room he.iti-il tl
fiblc to bre.it
there riii their
tifui, llu-v ioO!!
rile throw a ip
with which th«
iiiav hirdeii a
be tiiuril to I
Irlh <>:'•."
lMreW'>:ks
ol tl.e Ki:l»:an
making all kni
1 uriofity, givf
ivnon .-.rrl i;i
Peterholf. "
there was a ;v
dens. I'lic fc
«,-jiii), as there
any ihaia'ler
luKtiOn, is a
were n it lets
lent. Her In
mino, and pi
illuminations i
law in my lile
kin 1, \ am alV
I-lir'pe. T\:
th.e It .'!:•: of t
the (lUlph of
and il'.e view
tide, which ha
tiie < anal wen
beyond tlieie
1 imps thlTen-n
aiti'ic::il calca
dcchviiy to a
r'ery artificial
1, erl'.t'irs at t
i'!ii:;iier-li .ufi
beyoir.t all aj
in ''le lainc bi
c;;u!d b- b:r
tuniult'itius I
which, t'iiugl
or tlic f.eart,
bith.
Til' y have
of tliel'c, win
declivities w'ii
of this divei
hi'ls, the pe:
amufemelit
The lite emj
fi:n, that, at
tiHci.il moinr
fir this pur]
Ir.nglillimen,
t nil' i U'lr is
ti.e Kuflian n
lit iglits, the 1
p-rperdiiuiar
they dcfcen.l
p.bnve five o
the fritfiion ai
uhicli they :
n'ail" the lai
little ifi.intl.
and a h fif in
be uiei in 111
TWO Ot four p
behind i f .1 ;
fwiitnefs wrt!
in grooves, i
del'. ends wit
is a machint
rarrk'itjes bac'
iL'Rapi..]
G K i: A T RUSSIA.
637
or Irittie in .i (late of abtuliitif niiiViiy anwiig t'.ii li otiicr.
What is nui.dly fxtraonliiiarv, thi y ;.•/) liill inn A
room hf.iti'ii n) lo iiitmlc ailrijuc, tii,it ii i> k.irce \a:{
filile ti) briMtlic ill ii ; aiHJ, afer liavitif^ rciii< Mifd
tlicrf rill their Ivniics :i;i' in tiie ivi'tl vinlcnt |vrl, i:.i-
tion, iluv iridn'iilv fiiluT pkinnn' ini'> iIkkM w.tLi, or
cIIl- tlirnw a i]Ma:itiry ot iiovtriliem Iruni littlt- hucLrt',
V. iih v.liiih ilirv afc all jroviilcd (or iliat pur|)' li-. 1 li s
may hirilt-n a Kirriini <('liHit'K|Mn, lurt, 1 bclirvi", woiil I
br t'oitnil ID liavi- \a\ JilKrir.: li'l c :> itp :i ixn 1' n;-
iilh Of."
I'lrv/w ■^Iks C'liiflii.rfc a j^rri' pfTt ()♦ tlic ilivti;ions
nt llii- Ki:('':iiis, wljo, il'tluy cMi'tl in anv tiiirvj, rr !•. in
in.i'^.iriL'. all kiiiil^ i'l thr an;hi;.ii uay. .\ traidir, of
I'lriiriirv, pvc- ihr f' llov. jnj; account of a (;.\iii. I iiliniii
iin<in .-^n..! :n.i:qve:,i.lr, l^l',i.h lie l"r,v at tin- | ahuf oi
I'ftcrlioH. " I wrnt tlowii (fays he) to I'cttrlinll, wlnn
there- w.is a imlqiitiade and illiiiiiination') in rli.' f, r-
('(.-ns. I'he fornier of th. le is rather a I'lil piium '•-
Vitnn, as thcrr are very few or no faiKy drelle-, nor is
any I hai after fnpijortcd. Kvery j-.-irin, without ihl-
tm^t.on, is ad'iiuicd upon this ocralir)!); inJ rliere
weie n It his t!'an f iir or live ilD'ifind ptrlons jre-
lenr. I ler Imperial iua|illy was drrlfed in a bh:e do-
mino, and pl.iytd at lards m 'II ol ilie iii[,ht. The
illiiminitiOii' in the i^ardcns f;.r l.;rpaii'cd any I ever
law in my liie. In iliefe, as alio in (iievvorks of every
kin i, 1 am al'.ir.e.l that the Kullians excel any nation of
]• ur "fC. Tv.i) pr !di{iiv)iis arcad'.s nf lire txtende.lin
fi'.e !t >i;t of tlv- pdicc. 1 1 if can.d, which leaHvs to
the (iiilph of I'inianl, was iilMninated on both fi.ii s ;
and i!-.e view ttiiiiMi.ued by a r tk, lightcil in the ii;-
fkle, v.liicli had a b.j;;tiiul cTecl. iMoni ei;!-.ci- liik- of
the I j;val went i-ff I r.g arclicd v.'aii<.s illumii: itrrl ; and
beyond theie, in th'' W'od.s "'e"-" hwn;r (cllocns or
1 ilip~ (lifft-ri-iitly col 1
aiii'icial calcades, wke
'. All '.lie />/ (i'l ."* pl.iyri
fhi' v.;;rLT tii,nb,l'-d from o-e
declivity to atK)t!'.er, a.nd und- r ench of which ligli!
very artil-ic'.;:iiy tli.iiol-rd, amnf.-d and firprivA-d tii
f, erb.tors at lilf fune liine. Ik-lides thi
there
J'iiii;iier-!i UiVs, pyr.-.mids, and trmjiles ol llaine ; an i
hey;nd all appeared die inpeiial yat hf. on the water,
in ''le l.inv brilliant and d-./zlini; (iina;ir,-ntr-. Notii.a.i,
cvaM b'- b 'ttr < 'iic'ilaied lo | fil'ice that {'il 'y an.l
tMiiinhiious ti-el'.i-.i! of mingled wonder anil dclij;ht,
wliich, tli'ioj'.h It ariks nci'Iicr from the iinderli..ndinir
ov the heart, has yet a i!:oll powerhil iiillueiK'e over
b.ith.
Tlu y have alf i open flcdi^es for anuifemcnt. In f juk-
of tliefc, which are very iliniinndve, tliey Hide dov.ii
declivities wi;h an-.ar.in^ vrj-jci'v, and are mif^luy fjnd
oT this diveifioii. As I'eierihui,.^ is widiout iiatiir.'.l
'li'ls, rlie [leople r.iifc artificial ni'-'iiits to enioy ti:is
amufrmeiit Tln-y are cil'id ice hills, or ulif; aiies.
'I'he lite cinprel's, Kli/abeth, wa. lo loud ol tins diver-
fi -n, that, at Ivr palace of /arfl-:o Zrl ■, "ic had ar-
tificial nioiMr-i, of a very ling'il.ir confifction, made
f)r ihis purpofe. Tlufe have been called by fmie
I:.n:.'lillimen, who vifiteil the country, the Hvir:;; Mnm^
t nil- ; n')r is thi re a p^infc wliieii approaches nearer to
the Kiifl'ian ri.'.ni--. I h-re are live inoonts of imei]n:il
h-i^'Jits, the lirlt a:,d highi II of tlieni beirn; full ;o f ct
[••rj'endi(.ijiar aiiitode. I'he nwMV.entoni, v.ith which
they dilVend, c.fiica them over tlie liond, «;iich i?
rbove live or li.-: feet lower, jnll fiffiiiciit to aii<)W fir
the fiiclion and rcfillance, and lb on to the lall, from
uhicli they are cr)nveyed, by a gentle delcent, vi-li
IV ail" the lam;- vel ici'.y, over a piece ol water into a
little ifi.md. fhefe IliJcs, which are about a fiMi"n;'
end a h I'.f in !vn./th, ate made of W'oo !, that they may
br ti!r { in limmur a . well as winter. 'I'he [.rortls is,
rwn or f;lir (eitb-is lit in a lit'le cairiajje, an.i oneilanis
l'<-hiiKli fii the mort- there arc in it, the (,\rrater is tl-.c
fftjitnels v.rfh wbi' li it f*oe.«. It runs on cjUor.s aral
in f;ro>HTS, to l.e.-p it in its right dirtrtion, and it
dcl'.inds witli .« wonderful rapidity. Under the hill
IS a iiiaehiiKj W'.irkfd by horfcs, lor the drawin-;'; the
raiikiijes baik again with the company in ihejii.
The manner of travellinif in UiifTia is cxfremeiy
rommodioiis, el'pecinilv in winter, when then 11' vlges
{tliile aw.iy (,n the fnrl.nt? if the ice or finv/ witiiS.t-
j; ricdiblc diljatch, and f j verv little labour to the horfes,
that ilicy ca.i e.ilily pcilorm a journey o' .,o or Oo iiiihs
a diy. Their llrilges aie ni.idc of the b;rk of the linden
tree, tirred to the I'uv ol a man, lined with Ihme tiiick
(rlr i and when a iViAn is laid along in them, he is wrapt
op, and (p.'ite coveral, in fyiod hirs. I'he drivir, for
tl-.e moll part, rim.s by the ll'd^e, to keep ifimlelf warm,
or lits at the feit of the pi i fun who travels. The
lied'Ts b'4n|4 buili I'd VI ry 1 iw, ilioiild tlicy happen to
overturn, there is lirtle < i i?:er In the fall. Jn tliis
ni'Kle "I tr.ivellinf^, die tin.c is inoltly ipent in dee] ing;
tlie rafy and almoft ifiij'erceptiMe motion favourinj^ thei
rip.fc. Wlicn they ha| pea u, pafi through defari.;,
or t;re.it f iiells, where ihcy are obli^-^ed to retnain all
nipht in the open ai', (hey kindle a gi'cat lite, round
which they rang.- thfir lle.lges j fo that being well doled
on all iidcs, and well covered up with ihcir furs, they
nil more coiiimodioudy than in a country cottage,
where mail and Ixails being li dged in one room, greatly
dillorl) I man's rcih
riie p,rea!tll inconvenience in travelling in th )lc
parts, is rlie want .>f inns vn the road, which obli^s
ir.ivellers to carrv provili.ins along with tliem, and
other n •ceilaries i!u-y may Hand in need of liut thole
who travel fingly, CHumcnly go poll, when they pay
the wh'ile cxpence of the journey at fettlng out, and
have no more occilion to jmt their hmd in their pocket
till they come to liie end of it, which is very con-
venient, 'the poll b.'v rcctives a wii'.ten order, whicli
he delivers to the next who ficceeds him, and fo on to
the en I. They go day and r.i riit, having belli horfcs
every ten miles. Ihey commonly travel an hundred
anti lifty miies in twcntv-!(>ur hours, and f jmciiiiu s
go dir.-e llages widiiut wakitig.
In the fomnii r thev travel either by v.'.ttcr, on tho
liv.r., with which 'his cou •■try abounds, or bv land,
on horcfelMk, by coach, or fleepiiig wap.gons ; the
roads in UulFia being verv broad, beautitul, and tif>'
fir tra- illiiu;. For |)ainiig the rivers they have .i kind
of tloitiit; lirHige"-, Uiade ol' latj^e llr trees lallcncd to-
getiier, which can fu[)port a great weight. Dtit thf
violtiit li'at of the liimmer, and the prodigiocs qtian-
tiiies of iniillset'is and llics, are very tr.r.iblefoiiie, r.iid
urcatlv interriij): the plealur? a llranijer would other v;lj
have in jMlling through tliis country, from the beauty
and variety of its foreils, rivers, and la!;es.
The Rul'.'ians prnfels the religion of the (./re'jl-:
chuich, the tx'ernal parts of which conlll in a num-
ber i,f f.lis, fellivals, and ccremonif-s. ]jnt is obfervid.
Iiy them with the grcate.l lirictncl--. BeHdes tlie nu-
irerciis iixeil falls, the KiilHans, at particular tiiiies,
rejecl, as im|)ure, horle-nelli, eik, veal, hare, rabbit,
alle:, milk, mare's milk, N'enice treacle, and ail com -
poiiticns vhich contain any thing ot mulk, callor, or
civet. Kefpcc^ing tlu'lr images, they lulicr none tluic
are carved or graven eiilier in their churches or hoiifet,
but fuch only as are p;iiiited o«i wooil, in oil olour:.,
by tliofe of their own rt iialoii i and tlie walls ot their
churches are every where full ot them. Over the porches
of tlicir churches, in the market [lace, and over the
gates of iluir cities, you aie fure to meet v irh the
picture of i 'ine (junt or othir; fo that numbers of
people are contlanriy leen croll'ing tlunitelvfs, with a
molt profoimd bowing of t!ic head, repeating tiie
Grfpoih Pop:'.!,'!, or (iikI havc inercv upon me.
An Ivnglilli traveller irlaffs, that a Kuifian once
coming to him «ith a nuHiige, kwiked a'o mt the room
fr an iiinfte. .iiid feeing notK-, afkrd hiin. Where is thy
(iod? He anfwered 151 heaven i w^m whith the Kuf
li.in imiiktlMtely went away, without tieliverin ; hi-
mertlige. The traveller, howe»cr, in conkquence oi
this, was advilird liv a Kufliati of rank, v.itli whom he
WAS in a lialfit of inttmaty, to cauli- a flint's picture to
bo hung in his isKiiii, to prevent giving any iartlier ol
<fii r ol (hit kHKl.
i Thf
'•['•
iHiriN
689 A NI-AV. ROYAl. vn,* AIJTIIFNTIC SVSTF.M or UMivr.R<^AI. GFOC.Ft.AlM lY.
'I'hrRuiri.iiick'ipy are, in (/eiicr.il, it;nor.int. I'licre
■re, howcvir, amon^', tli<ni im-ii ol Icatiiiiig ami iii-
^lYiuity, l)ut tlicir mmibu ii lina;!. 'I'licy Itlilom
jir.ul), as tlii'ir I liici iliity loi-H in rcailiii^ prauis
ami portions of I ri|)tini'. It . bi- atknowlethtcJ,
ill (avoiir ot ihi- Kiilli.in ilfiiiv, tiiat tlicy arc toli-raiit,
ami very tharital)lf to tlioli: ol a t'aitli liill'citiit from
tlicir own. Thty lay all mi'ii may go to hcavi-n ; but
tiiat the- chirf i^lacrs will be afTigned to the Riiliiaii-,
I lie clergy conlills, at [irek-nt, in Iccular ami inonalUc
jiricih : the Iccular arc arclibilliopj aiiJ bilhops ; the
r'onallic aic iiionkb. I'lie Iccular onler may marry :
but it tiieir wives tlic, they cannot olFiciate in their of-
tite, but mutl retire to a monallery ; lor whicii re alon
tiie priells in KuFia are very kinil to their wives. The
iiionallic order is that of M. Bafil, of whiili there are
many monallcrics in Rullia. F'.ach monalUry ha* a
prior, who is lliled Archmandit. 'I'he monks arc not
permitteil to marry, 'liie Rullians never acknowlcil^eJ
flic pope ol Rome as head of tiic church, but the pa-
triarch of Conllaiitinople, till tiic time Conllantinopic
was taken by the lurks. The Ruflian clergy elu led a
patriarch, who iiad iiis refidence at Molcow, and he had
.1 fovereign's power in all ecclcliallical matters, wiiich
Peter the (ireat tliinking too great, de|)oled him, and
iledarcd himl'cif iiead of the church.
The b3|)tilnial, matrimonial, and funeral ceremonies
of the Ruffians, are very fingular, as their religion
confids of outward form, and much fuperftition.
At baptifm the child is dipped three times in a large
veffel of water, while the tponlbrs liave each a wax
candle in their hands. After the ciiild is clipped, the
priell puts on the Hurt, and tl.cn exorcilcsit ; and, at the
end of every I'cntence, he and the Ipoiilors Ipit, tollicw
they have triumphed over the devil.
Concerning the marriage irrcinonies of the Riifllans,
a pcrfoii of raiik, loii;; rcfidcnt in the country, thus
I'peaks. " The wedding was one of my fervants.
The match was proi-ofed tj the girl's parents, and they
.approving of it, came to alk my confent. Wiien that
was obtained, the man lent her a prefeiit, confilling
of a comb, tome paint, .'' " patciies. '1 hen he was
admitted to her tor the lirfl time. They gave cacii other
a ring, and a promil'e of marriage ; and the wedding
was appointed for that day Ic'nnight, h rom that time
to the day of the wedding, the girls of her acquaintance
took turns to be with Ivr night and day, continually
tinging tongs to bemoan her lofs out of their focicty.
When the day came, they took a formal leave of Jier
with many tears : and the man's relations came to fetch
her, and her fortune, which was a bed and bedding, a
table, and a pifture of her patron faint. "
A very ingenious writer has left upon a record, a
whimlical and entertaining account of the lame cere-
mony. " In 171; the princel's Natalia, only filler
to the reigning czar, by the lame mother, ordered pre-
parations to be made for a grand wedding, for two of
her dwarfs, who were to be married. On this occafion
feveral Ihiall coaches were made, and little Shetlami
horfes provided to draw them. All the dwarfs in tlie
kingdom were tummoned to celebrate the nuptials, to
the number of ninety-three. They went in grand [iio-
cen";on througii all the ftrcets of Molcow. iJefore
them went a large open waggon, drawn by lix horl'es,
with kettle drums, frrnch-horns, and liautboys. Then
lollowetl the nuirlliall and his attendants, two and two,
on horfcback. 1 hen the briiiegroom and bride, in a
coacii ami .ix, attended by the bride-man and maid,
who fat before them in the coach. They were follow-
ej by fifteen imall coaches, eacii lirawn by lix Shet-
land horfcs, twid each containing four dwarfs.
It was fiirprifing to fee fui h a number of little crea-
tures in one company together, cfpeci.iily as they were
fiirnillied with an equipage conformable to thi ir Itature.
Two troops of dragoons aaended the proceflion, to
keep oil the mob ; and many pcrfons of filiiion were
invited to the wedding, wlio attended in tliiir coaches
to the church where the fmall couple weie married.
From tlioii:e the proceHinn returned in order to tii'*
princels's palajc, wliere a jjr.md ciueit.iiniiunt was pro-
vided for the company. i wo long taolcs were covered
(11 lai-h fide of a long hall, where tliecoiujiany of dwarfs
dined together. '1 lie piiiueK, with Iivr t»(i nieces,
were at the troiibli thcmlelves to fee them .ill fcatcil,
and well attended, Ix-fore tlicy fat down to their own
table. At night the princcllis, attended by the nobility,
condiielcd the married couple to bed in grand flate ;
alter whicli i crcincny tlie dwarf company l;ad a large
room allot;eil tium to make merry among thcniltlvcs.
1 he cniertainment concliKleil with a grami balL
SNlietlier the cultom of the bride's prcl(.nting lur
f[)oiiK- with a whip, on her wedding day, in token of
IuIiiiiiUkiii Ik- Dill in vogue in the more remote iLirK,
fince tl.iy h.ivc bei n polilhe d in thcle laid r reigns, wc will
not atliriii, but thtre is auiliority lullieicnt to believe
it to li.iN e been an ancient one ; and our Fiigliih
rci.ler will not, perhaps, be diljilealed to be told whence
it had its rile. Rullia is now part of the ancient Sar-
matia' Scytliii, wlioic inhaliit.uiis, ha\irg formed a
dcfign to leek lome new and better h.iliKations, left
their \iivcs and country under the care of ti.eir Haves,
went and conquered a gre.it pai t of Ciiecce, and held
it a confide Table time; cluiing whieii, tiieir wi.es hear-
ing no tidiii^;s of them, and iinwilling to lole their teem-
in^;-iime, ti ok the Haves to their beds. 'I'he mailers
returning Irnm (.rtece, tlie Haves diT;giied to oppolc"
them. Uorli fide:, being drawn up in order of battle,
one ol'tlie S.irmatians, acklreHlng himlilf to his fellows,
oliferved, that they llioiikl dcb.il'e lliemltlvcs by uling
the fword and t'pear ag,iii,ll H.ives, whom they had
formerly overawed witii the found of a whip. 1 Ic
therefore propoled, that every man llioukl arm him-
leif with this weapon only. The advice was immedi-
ately |!iirfued, and they attacked tiic enemy with
fcourges. '1 he Haves iiad been Ui accufhimed to dread
this iiillrument, diat they were inllantly f'eizcd with a
panic, and fled witii the utmolt precipation. The
[ ril )ners were purfucd with vigour. A great part of
tlie women made away with themlclves, and tlie relL
lubniitteil to llagellation, wiiich was feverely exercilcd.
In memory of this event, and as a warning to RuHlan
wives, the wiiip, or Icourge, is one of the liill wed-
ding prclents, and hung u|) in the moft coiiijiicuous
part of the houl'e, that, by prcli nting itielf continually
to the gocxl woman's eyes it ni.iy never flip from her
remembrance.
The Rullians m.iy not marry any one that is related
to them within the fourth generation. Thofe of an
ei]ual degree of conlanguinity, call each other brother
and filler, with the dilliiicHon of tirll, fccond, and fo
on to the fourth degree ; and thofe of a higher or lowei
degree, are called urn 1 s nephews, t\c. with the fame
dillindion. At their chrilhnings they commonly have
diree or four gociflithers, with an eiiual number of god-
mothers, who, after that ceremony, deem tliemlelves
lb nearly rel.ittd, that they can no more inarry each
other, than if they were children of the lame parents.
The following is an account of tlie ceremonies of a
Rulilan funeral, as performed on the dcmile cif a lady
of the lirll rank, given by an eminent traveller then
preltiu, " She died in childbed, and w is buried with
grc.it pomp. After the company l;:id fat lome time,
they all went into the room to the corple. Tlie coffin
was o|)en. She was drcHed in an umlrefs, as flic died
in tli.it condition, (other'.Nife Hie would h.ive been full
dreH(.d,) in a night gown of filvcr tifiiie, tied with
pink ribbons. On her head was a line laced mob, and a
coronet, as princels of the Roman empire. Round
her forehead was tied a ribbon, embroidered with her
name and age. In her left arm lay the chiki, who died
a few minutes after its birth, dreflcd in lilver tilliic.
In her right hand was a roll of pa) er, which was a cer-
tificate from her confelFor to St. I'erer, which ran thus.
" We do certify by thele p.ielcnts, that the bearer
hereof has always b<liaved and lived amoni^ us as be-
came q good Chrillian, profefFing the Greek religion ;
J anvi
in orJcr to tlir
t.iiiiinnit WMS jiro-
ok-, were coviTCii
iini|uiiy 1)1 ilwarfs
!uT t«u iiirces,
tl.iMi .ill fcatcil,
luii to their ()wi\
■J by tlie nobility,
1 ill jT.iml ll.irt- ;
p.wiy I;;h1 a l.irgc
nioiit; tlicmliUcs.
;ianil balL
i iiri'kiuini» her
lay, in tokm of
)tL- remote [;.;rts,
ttir reigns, Uf will
Heiint tu bfliivc
mil our I'.Mf'liili
t')bc toiil wIkhcc
tlie amient Sar-
lavii.g furnini a
r lial'iMtions, left
re (il ti.eir Haves,
liteecc. and held
ttieir ui.e^, lioar-
I) lolc ilieir tecni-
i!s. 'I'lic iiialU'ri
gneil to oppofc
M order of battle,
ill. If to Ills fellow!,,
niltlvcs by uJing
whom they had
of a whip. 1 le
iliouU arm him-
vice was immeiii-
thc enemy with
Lrullonad to dread
intly liized with a
recipation. 'I'lic
\ great part of
Kes, and tlie rcli
fcverely exereil'ed.
arning to Kiiflian
of the liid wed-
moft conl'picuoiis
L', itielf continually
ever flip from her
nne that is related
111. 'I hofc of an
ath other brother
I, I'econd, and fo
a higher or lowe;
:o. with the fame
y commonly have
il number of god-
deem t!:emlelves
norc marry each
the l.uiic parents.
' ccrcmonieb of a
: ilemife of a Licly
fnt traveller then
I was buried witll
ul fat lomc time,
iplc. The coffin
idrel!,, as flie died
lid li.ive been fuli
tilliie, tied with
laced mob, and a
empire. Roupd
oidercd with her
e child, who died
I in lilver tiliue.
which was a Ctr-
l', which ran thus,
that die bearer
amoii!; us as be-
Greck religion ;
and
lUmrSoF.I. iniit ()i«l<is oftli.-iiKKKK (.lin{«.H ill l^l'.SSIA
/■ I'h;./,-. \///i ,-f'//i, f '/■//, I' /'.y' /ii/sf7 l.lXtf/i '/'//it ,///,f>/// f '/>/</■■/ is''. ///,///.i////
■ ill . /i.\7f// , \ }/// .
h\
U:l
M (■
t ;(l'.«i,
///,//'// 1 /',///, ln'///>/.\-//,'J> <7 Ji'i/.v.vhi ',' ( '//, /rJ/<i/>>f i/')i ( i/r<i/i •■/ '/,'iia:s-/',i
r.L'ROI'E.
V'i
!il
anJ aldiouLrli
cunlcllcii (he
lulutioii : (h,
ihat Ihe has
on the hours
(h<" hasalway
conftnor, ir
complain uf
In witnds wl
to the end t
not deny he
bills.
" When a
her Jervants <
rior firll. 1
afked her pa
and made th(
howling than
dicir leave, w
lace, and ma(
the otiicrs. '
ones firll, '
he would hav
noil moving
to be excufct
thought he on
as hr was a 1(
was brought 1
as lupportcrs,
for ute than lln
in his face. ^
where the cor
hartlhorn ; w
have armeil 1
there fainted.
and recovered
in an o])cn chj
and, as a gene
was carried to
and though tii
the ilreets, it
the chapel ; a
over again, ej
home in a fci
was uncoverct
like the Roma
lied, ail the cc
dinner, which
ing, as every
but the hufban
to attend."
Language, Jh
Ciimuials, L\
THE Rudl
old Sclav
it i and, with
with Greek w
rupt fort of Cj
Various dialed
empire, as th
Ukraniah, and
The arms o
with a dilplayei
her brcaft, char
a Dragon Sino
caples are the t
trachan. Acc(
tal open, with t
former was tak
pretence tliat t
Truvor, were
The eagle, how
rial, but hang<
with the dragon
No. 6j.
IX'ROrE.J
GREAT RUSSIA.
Ciij
sikI aUlii)Ui!.li flv." may liivr lor.iiiittrJ fornc fins, flic has
cuntcllcd the i.iiiii-, vvlicrrupoii Ihc lutli iccctvcil ali-
luluiion : that Ihc has honoured (iod and his l!;int'< ;
ihit the has not ncKlcdtcd her prayers, and has failed
on the hours and days appointed by the churel; : that
(hf has always bchaveil herl'clf towards mc, wlio am her
confcflur, ir liiih a manner, that 1 have no rcalon to
complain of lier, or dtny her thi- abli)iution of her fins.
In witnefa whereof we have {;ivcn her thole tellimoniah,
to the end that St. I'eter, upon figlit of tlieni, may
not deny her the opening of the gate to eternal
blili.
" When all the company were ranged in the room,
her fervants came to take their leave of her, tiie infe-
rior firll. They all killed her hand, and the child,
afkcd her pardon fiir any crime they had rnmmitied,
and made the molt terrible noite imaginable, raihrr
howling than crying. After that her acquaintance took
their leave, with this diftercnce, tiiat they killed her
laco, and made a hideous noife, though not lb bad as
the others. Then came her relations, the molt dilbnt
ones firll, VV lien her brother came, 1 really thou^'hi
he would have pulled her out of the c;^'^n. But tiie
moll moving lunc was the luilband, who >• d be!;i;eil
to be excufcd this difmal ceremony ; but . brother
thought he ought to comply with the Rufs cuftom, lelt,
as hr was a foreigner, it Ihould be deemed a flight. He
was brought from his o\<n apartment by two gentlemen
as I'upporters, and they were really, in this cale, more
for ulc than fliew. 1 Ic had true but (ilent lorrow painted
in his face. When iic came to the door of the room
where the corple lay, he lloiJi^ed and alked for fome
hartlhorn ; whili, wiien he drank, and feemed to
have armed himtllt, he advanced to the coflin, and
there fainted. When he w?' ken out of the roam,
and recovered, the corpfc was -a. .ied down and plaCvd
in an o|)en chariot. A great train of coaches followed ;
and, as a general oflker's wife, a party of guards. She
was carried to St. Alexander's nionaftery to be buried ;
anil though the coffin lid was put on as the corple pafled
the llreets, it was taken off again when it came into
the chapel ; and the fame ceremony of leave was taken
over again, except by the hulband, who was carried
home in a fccond fainting tit, the moment the coffin
was uncovered. The relt of the ceremony was much
like the Roman Catholics. When the corpfe was bu-
ried, all the company retired to the houl'e, to a grand
dinner, which had more an air of rejoicing than mourn-
ing, as every boily leemed to have forgot their lorrow :
but the hufband was atfeded with too much real forruw
10 attend."
SECTION IV.
Lanf,ua^r, IlmilJiv, Govemmmt, Modf- oj
Ciimuials, Coiiii, \Viigl<t\, Mnifuns, (3c.
' fivvi/liing
THE Rufllan language derives its origin from the
okl Sclavonic, but at prefent differs much from
it i and, with refpcd to religious fubjals, abounds
with Greek words. Their alphabet confilbs of a cor-
rupt fort of Greek chara(5ters, to the number of ■^S.
Various dialers are tiled in tlie difTcrent parts of the
empire, as the Mulcovire, the Novogrodian, the
Ukraniah, and that of Archansfl.
The arms of the tbvereipns of Kuflla are, a I-'icitl Or,
with adifplayed Eagle Sable, bearing a Shield Gules on
her brcaft, charged with aCavalier Argent, fighting with
a Dragon Sinople. On and between the heads of the
eajrles are the three crowns of Mofcow, Cazaii, and Al-
tiichan. According toothers, they were Sable, a I'or-
tal open, with two leaves, .ind as many Ste[is. Or. The
former was taken by John Balilowit/, anno 1540, on
pretence that the RulFian princes Rurio, Sinans, and
Truvor, were dclccnded from the enipt AugulUis.
The eagle, however, fpreails not its win^^s lil<c the impe-
rial, but hangs them down -, and the kniglit fighting
with the dragon was added, in memory of the total de-
No. 63.
feat which the c/ar Demetrius gavr to tiie Tartars in
the Uulicoceian lickl.
Tlie government of Ruflla is abfolute defpotil'm. 1 he
fovcreigns, if males, wtii- called e/.ars ; if females, cza-
ruusi but -. preltnt the im|'erial title is alfumed. I'lic
people are no lefs llavis than formerly, but much of
the power of the nobility is '..valiowcd up in the great
importance and authority of the crown. The lovrreign
appoints w.;vi lides, or governors of provinces , an .1 bellows
all offices of conlequciue, wiietlier ccclefiallical, civil,
or military. The c.ar I'etcr uitroducrd the titles of
count and prince ol the empire, and inlhtuted an order
of knij;hthood in honour of St. Andrew, the patron of
liullia, dilUnguifl^ed by a blue ribbon and a liar.
Stale prilonrrs here are, in general, privatrly fcized,
partially adjudged, and fecrctly ilil'patchcd, or lent into
baiiilhir/cnt to Siberia, of which the following is a Angu-
lar inciiltnt, as related by a cliaradlcr of eminence,
who refided many years in Ku.Tla. '• I was not long in
Riga (liiys that perlon) whrn I received the following
inttll!^;ence from good auihoriiy. One Dr. Fondcr-
hollf, a (jcrmaii, was, a k\v years before my ai rival,
phylici.in to the army. I le was laid to be a man of
karninjj but of no great forcfijl.:. Mappening to re-
ceive an affront from one of the great men of the court,
who was in favour with the emprc">, the doflor retorted
ll-vertly, mi;! rendered him very ridiculous. 'I'he
courtier had the adtlrels to get the doftor fent to Sibe-
ria in the following manner. One day, as the dodtor
was attending the field marflial, who was fick, a cao-
tain of the guards arrived with cxprefTes from St. I'c-
terfljurg, and demanded imuicdiate audience. He was
introduced, and whifpered Ibmething in the field mar-
Ihal's ear, who dcfired the doflor to amufe himfelf in
the great hall till he had finiflied fome bufinefs with the
officer. \\ hen that was done, the docflor was again
called upon ; and when he hail given tlie ''eKl marlhal
his advice about fome diforder which he at that time la-
boured under, aud was going to retire, tlie eount dc-
fired him to come to dinner, as he might need his far-
tiier aflirtancc ; and, at the lame time, invited the cap-
tain of the guards to dine, telling him he was not able
to fit at the table himlcif; but the vice governor, prince
Dolgoruki, wl>o was prefent, would bear hi.-n com-
pany. This was agreed to. At dinner tlie captain told
the vice-governor, that a relation of his, in his wav to
the army, was liiddenly taken ill, and obliged to rc-^
main \n a houie diflant three or four verils from the
city ; and that therefore he defired him to appoint an
able phyfician to attend him, for which he would be
amply rev.arded. The deputy governor pointed to
Dr. I<'ondcrhollV, as [jhyfician to the army, and one of
tlie nbleft profellbrs in Riga ; and, at the fame time,
politely defired the dodtor to vifit the officer. Dr.
I'onderholft agreed, and was given dircdlinns to his
fervants to get his coach ready, when the pjince told
him that that was needlefs, as his coach was large
enough to carry them all fuch an inconCderable dif-
tancc. After dinner, when they h.id arrived at the
houfe were the pretended the patient was fupjiofed to
be, and had taken a few glalFcs of wine, tlic dofloi
deliretl to fee him, but wr.s anfwered, that he was a
ftate prifoner by order of the cabinet ; and therefore
they ailvifed him to make no refillance, but get into a
travelling waggon ready at the door ; telling him, at
the fame time, that if he offered the leall refillance, he
would be bound fall with ropes, and might be very
cruelly treated, on the way, by the loldiers who were
appointed to convey him to the place of dtflination.
Thus this man was conveyed to Siberia, and there lon^;
immured, or kept in a hole in the wall, with oniv i
fmall flit through which he received his provifions. I;
feems he had I'jmc money about him wiicn lie was ar
refled ; but the captain took nothing from him except
his fworil. The foldiers on the wav, robbeil him oi
his watch ; but he concealed what little money he had
from them. Forefeeing that his money could not
maintiiin him lon^i, and perfuaded tint 'e could not
8 "M long
■r '!i,!
fl!
M'^'
■rty
* .', i ' I
6>)o A KIAV, ROYA!. .-y.r. AUTIlENriC ^Y.Vl IvNf .,i UNT* I'.RSAl. Gl.OClJ AIM lY.
lon-i; fubfill upon the poor provifion^ allowtvl to luch
prilontr.s he arfeclc-i to he a f'ji-tiinv 'ellcr, and ;ii)-
priix'J the ibklii-rs, who kept j.-uarj iipc-ri liim, of 'liis
lielign, olFering them tl;e hjlt" of v.hat he got by liis
art. The foltlieis, being ai-qo.iinted wi:h iiuny i.i the
fuperllitious inhabitants, toiil the doftor every tliinsi;
concerning thrni before they came to l.im, wineh he
repeatcil to thrm, whereby his fame, as a wife man,
fpread far, and he acquired the means of fiipport.
HavinsT neither boohs or company to aniufe him in
this mllerable fituation, lie [;ot a lew licni, and diverted
Iiimleif with feeding them. Ik f;ave their eg as a
biacii colour i and wrote up in them with a pin, II it
Mii^t'.ii.iklick Do'ilo t'omh li.vhi. I'ngekickhtk fignilirs
unforiunrlr. 'I'iiefe eggs I'.e fold to the inhabitants as
charms. They {-.new not tiie n'.e.iniii;; of the writing,
'•ut thouglit it rcnderetl the qrg , mure valu.ible. After
lie had been many months thus comined, :t happened
that tlie goviTni.>r's lady let up in this village, in her
^vay from Rullia to Siberia, and wanted eggs, among
other things, for dinner. '1 iie holicfs toid her tiiat
there was, in the place, a priilmer, a very wii'e man,
who fold extraortiinary eggs She delired to f.e them j
and, as ihe underllood the German lang;i.;ge, w\u lur-
pri/cd to fee written up.'n tliem the name of the very
phyfician ivho, a fev. years before, lia'.l recovereti lu r I
from a very dangerous fever. She went to tlic hole,
Ipoke to the -Jodtor ; then applieii to her liulbar.d, ami
caufed his fituatioT to be made much tafier; and, as
file w-is a great Civourite with the F.mprcls, wrote, to
her Majelly, and re[)refented his undelerved mis-
fortune to pathetically, that the goveinur received
orders to liberate him, and feml iiiiii, at i'.er exp.ence,
to \k)kow.
Tiie executive part of the govcrnir.ent of RulTla is
veiled in the l')veui;!n couiimI of chr.nctrv, \ kick is
cliief:y compofed of the third clafs of tiie nubiiiiy, ami
divided into fix ilepartmcnis, in wnich are feparateiy
1 inkdcrcd, foreign alliiirs, war, finances, pu'. licaC'
ejunts, civil iirocrlles brniigkt by aj ]/cal, and eii'iiinal
eaull-s brought by ap|K'al.
The determination of thf two lail meniiijoed, for-
merly depended ujion tiic cqoiiy of llic judge. In
i6.t7 •* cod«, or body (;f l.ivv;;, w..s orLlered to be
tomj iled by tf.e wiiijl hk n in the empire, wliiih was
accordingly done, in one vnhnne in li.lio, iniitled, Sa-
brona Lljl:e::ia, that is to lay, Univcrfai and (.ieneral
Rig'it i and by tkiis the jndgrs v.vre to r^^iil.-.re their
leii: ccb. T' ere is this gie.it ^nid linrolar aviv.ir.tage
in II. e courts c, -ikiicatiire of this country, tliat they
are neither e.\penl. • ur tediotis ; ("or a |:ivv-fuic is be-
gun an.l ilerermin a .n tiie fpace of l\\ or il^xn weeks.
INievtrthelelb they a:e extremely venal.
All ti'.e pe;'.fai;rs and hull landmen are llive;^, either
direclly to tiie fovertign, to the b.nMis or kird.., to mo-
naileries, or to linne of tf.e geiitry -, and the greater
number any of tin-m iiatli, .>.-, brii.Mc obferved, the
richei he is efleen.cvl. 'Ilule arc employed i-.y (hem
in whatevir wi.rk cr buliiiefs il,cy think lit; and this
i-, one reakm v>hy they af.'ect to appear n; jre thill and
M.'itr.iiftable than tliey, perhaps, naturally aic; becauie,
y any of them betrays a gre.;ter vivacity or drxteritv
t',,\n the rell, he ii fine to have more buhiiefs .-.nil trou-
ble upcr. lii:, han.k, V. idi'uit any propofiionable re'.varti
or encdurageiner.r. It i-, ufi.al f:jr the f-veriigns to
reward foiue of tin- krvicts done to them by a:-,y n ibles
or oflicer^ vu!i a run, her of thofe villager; f.n.l as
there is an accoiiiit of tii' ir iiMiiin-r in all p.rovinces
in forty davs tv.D i,r tlue-: hundred thoul.inJ of them
ni.iy be railed, by luminn.-.ing each niafi.r to (kriiilli
llith a t]U''t,i.
In RuIHa no p.erfon cm he convicted of a capital
I rime but by coi,fell:'.n. However, the iikjIi inhuman
tortures are ulcd. The ordinary i<iiiiiihi)tents are the
batoags and the linont The former is ulid in (amilic,-,
f'.r the correction ot children and flavcs, and alio in
the army. The perfon to undergo t!ii., ;ilirr puking
uli'his clutlies to !iii drawers, is la:d [fit '.n hi lully on
. ^, One fits acrofs hi"> head, another upon
Ins teet, each fiirnifiied with a fwod iwitch, with which
thev lijuntlly tickle his back.
If a man kills his wile or Ikive, he i; only whipped
with the knout, >vhuh is thus peitbrmed. A liilty fel-
low takes him upon his back, anvl another ties his ftet
witliaeord, wh.iih lomes tliroiigh iK-tween the legs of
the perfon who carries him. In this pjihire he is held
f.) fall that he catinot llir, and bi-ing lUiiiped to the
middle, the e xeeiitiom r, with the knout, which ks a tlrap
of liried elk Ikui, imtanned, killened to a tlick, which he
ap[)!ies to ti:^ b;rk !) i!e:;ter.)i;!lv, that every l.illi brings-
the bio, id, or leaves a very thick wlmle. 'i his is call-
ed the modcr.ue ; but when t'enteneed to be mure It-
vere, the txecuiioner, ad\.ineing three or fjur (leps,
till he is wiiliin re.ich of ilic olfender, gives the hift.
Ilroke on ihe middle of the b.ick, retre.idng at every
I'troke ; and is to expert that he ne\-fr hits twice in
a place; each llroke bringing the lltlli with it. When
the puniilinirnt is ordered in tlis extreme, he llrikes tht;
Hanks, and often cuts into tlie Ixwels, uliieh few
furvive. It is a f^encral remark, that lean people turn
(iit after ilie knout ; and tiiat it is an infallible cure for
thole who are hide- bound.
A l.'.ce traveller relates, ti'.at he fiw three women
buried alive fiir ilrowning thiir li'.iliia.tds. They h.ii.i,
it fi-eiiif, crofl'ed the Mo|i.-o in a boar, all three to-
getlier, in learcli of their hufoinds, whom they found
all lirunk in a public-houfe, ami endeavouring to per-
fuade them to go home, were fevereiy beaten by them.
1 lowcver, by the alVilianee of tome other peopde, they
got them a: l.ilt into the boar, where they f li adeep.
1 lie wives t«) be revenged o:i the hui'i...nds for beating
them, when the boat had reached the middle of tlie
river, tiirew tiiem in one alter an;;th,i r ; and, after
drowning tlieO), came on lliore very ui'C-.inccined. The
matter iiiiniediately cjme to light. 1 iicy were feized,
tried, condemned, and ouiertil to be put alive into the
ground up I'! I'lur lutk', ami there to rem.iin till tiicy
died. 'I'wo oi ihem iued ten, and thiC other eleven
days. They ijjoke the Inil three d.ivs, complaining of
great pain, but not aiicr that. Tliey c; ;t.iinly mult
li.ive got lome luilenance in ti.e night time, or they
could not Iiave cxilled lij long. 'J'he eldell w.is not
above twenty y ars of age.
■]'he traveller fill cited, !;ives the following account
of the wiiimlieal manner in which libeikrs are puiiiihcd
in R'liiia; " While I reiidcd at Moli-ow, there was a
gentleman who thought lit to publilli a qiMrto volu'ne,
111 vindication ol the liberties of the iubjecf, groisly
leflecV'iig iij^cn th.e unliiriiti(l power of the Czar, and
cenluri:i:; tlie legilkiture ot that einpiie. The ol'Vnder
V as immediately lei/ed by virtue of a w.urant, lig,:;ed
by one ot the ]-rincipal oilicirs of the ll.:rc. lie was
tried in a fumiuary way ; his book detenniiied to be a
libel; and the audior condemned to eat his own wonls.
This feiircnre was liter.illy c.irricd into execiitio:i on
the following tl.iy. A fcalToki was en cltd in the moll
populous paic of the town; the imperial provolt was
tlie c.secutioin-r i :)nd all the magiliraus attended at
the ceremony. I'his book was fevered frcm tlie bind-
ing, the margins cut off, and every leaf r.jlled up, as
n- ar as I can recoliedl, in tlie form ot a lotttiv ticket,
wlien it is taken out of the wiieel at (i;:ik!i;ai! by the
IjJ'H'coiit bov. 'ihe author of the hliel w.,s then lerved
v.idi tlieiii kp ratdy by the provoll, wiio | ut them,
iii'o Im mouth, to the n.) Imall diveriion t;l the Iptifla-
tois. I he cliliiiler hatl receiveti .. ciioplete numihkil
belore hi be:%.n to .hew; but he w.,., obliged, i:i>on
]'..iii i.f the level ell ballin.'.do, to iw Tiw as many ( 1
the leaves as the C /ar's ferjiant-liiigeon .md pji^liiian
ihoiight iioflible (or him to ilo witlioiit iuiiiuiliate
ha.Mid I.f his lit'-. As loon as tl.ry weie pk-.ilev! lo
determine ih.u ir wouki be danriiors in | iM.'ecil, the
II iiiainder ol the f.-nti 1,1 e w.is lulj coded iiir that lime,
and leliiiiicd aj'aiii ihe next d.iy, .it die lame place and
lioiir, anil liiuily lonliiniiable to the t.uoe <crcfiU'ny.
I reii.eiiib, I u v.i, iliic/e di'vs l>',Joii- this cxeci.tioij
wu.
M
U'llV.
, aiirtthcr upon
ttli, with which
i; onlv whippfil
\\. A hiRy tl-l
liu'v tirs his ftcr
^'iTii the legs ot
jihire he is held
llripped to the
, whiJi is ;i Dr.'.p
1 llick, which ho
I'vcry l.iili l)rings
.-. 'i his is c.ill-
to be more Ic-
c or (.Hir Ihps,
V 'lives the htft
Te.'.'inn; at t-verv
er hits twice iii
with it. \\'he!i
le, he llrilccs the
vels, v.iiicli kw
IcMn i copl"' turn
inr.iliible cure f'jr
i-.v tliree women
:iJs. 1 liey hati,
jar, all three to-
.viiom they (ouriii
'.ivouriiia: to per-
' i)eaten oy them,
tlit-r peop.le, they
• they f< li aileep.
•v'.n.is t"jr beating
le iniJ.ile o! fliC
;thi r i am), after
li'Ciiicerned. The
[ I'.c ■ were Uizeii,
: put alive liii:) the
I') re;n.iili till tiny
tlic other eleven
-, CDtiipUiiiin:.'; of
ey t; : l.iinly nnilt
(^lit tiiiu", or they
lie tidell was not
fiillowing account
eller-s are jwriiihccl
l(i\v, there was a
a qu:.rto volii'ne,
le lubjed, grotsly
ot' the Czar, and
le. 'I'he onVinkx
a v.,urant, ligncd
le ll re. I le was
ctennined to be a
at his own words.
i:'.:i) execuilo.-i on
c clt d in the moll
eri.il provoll was
r.i't s atteiKicd at
\x-d tn '.ll tiie bind-
caf rolled up, as
c.i a lotttrv ticket,
t U;:iLil:ai! by the
)el w.ib then Urved
it, Viiio I III thi',.i .
)ii i;l ihe IpiCta-
ci i!'.]i'ete nuiujikil
w.i- i^iiliiud, iijiun
lu i:i w as niariy ( 1
.'CHI .iikI I'hylician
w'li'Mir iinnudi.ile
■ wiu' plialed to
■> I'l j rvi.eed, the
.dcti i.ii that time,
le Kiii'.e place and
• l.ui.i- ceremony.
I'll ihi-- txec:.tioiJ
i:
cOl'K.]
w R E A T RUSSIA.
.91
w.isovrri but ! atten.led it co.iriinily, and was con-
vin.-ed that he h.ul adtually Iwallowcd every leaf of the
book. Thus I think he may be very jullly laid to
have eat his own words."
Traitors, ai-er having undergone a variity of tor-
tures, are baiiil'ied to Siberia ; but rometimes not till
t!;ev liave been deprived of their eyes or ears. Coiners
-re oblifjed to fwallow the melted metal of the coin
wliicli they counfcrkiied. Thole who are hanged are
obliged to put the noole about their own necks, and to
lliiig theinlclves ott the ladder- when commanded by
the executioner.
'The IvlKin of ci\ il laws in Ruflla is very imperfe'ft.
'The jnelen: T'mprcl^ h.owever, has made lijme attempts
to reform tiiem. The courts of jullice were, in ^;e-
i.eral, currujit ; tlicfe by whom it was adminiHered,
ienorant : bu: t!ie emprels has made fome judicious
regtiLuions, and fixed a certain filary to the olhce of
judj^e, which befirc depended nn the contributions of
the unhappy clients ; and thus the jioor were without
hr;pe or remeily. 'The ofFice of an executioner was
K)rmerly elleemed honourahi'- ; but it is now Jul 1 in-
famous; nor is the executioner permitted to fell his
ortice; for it mull: continue in his family; on failure
of which, the brothers arc obliged to choofe one out of
their body.
'The coin of RulTia, till the reij^n of Peter I. con-
filled chiefly in copecks, or filver pence, except that
which was brotieht thither f^rom foreign parts ; for iner-
ch.mts were obliged to pav the government in rix-dol-
lars : but after tiie lofs of the batde of Narva, that
monarch was li) rtrai!.i;htened for want of money, that
a.) exjiedient was tried, of recalling all the copecks,
and coining new ones of the fime weight and value,
though alloyed wirii two fifths of a biter met.1l. This
induced the people to ho.ird up their old money, in-
Itead of bringing it to the mint : upon which another
expedient was thought of, and a new order ilfued, where-
by 10 per cent, was given, in new money, to every one
that llioukl bring the okl : and kirner pieces were order-
ed to be coined, Inch as rubles, h.ilf and quarter rubles,
and pieces often, live, anil three copecks value; on
which account, a rixdollar, which, tluring the currency
of the old coin, was valucil at but ; ; copecks, being
now re-coined, and mixed with liime alloy, made a
ruble, or 100 copecks. This greatly dillrelfed com
merce in general, caufcd the exch.uige to fill between
■^o and 40 per cent, and was attended with other incon-
veniences to the tlibjec'ts. But the Czar, who was a
protligious gainer by it, and diil not want his oin to
go out ot his ilominiuiis, but to miiLe tlie f neign ores
flow into them, was ilcat to every tl.ing th.it was laid
againll it. At preli.iir the Rulliaiis have gold ducats ;
rubles; half rubles; (]uarier rubles ; griveners, or 10
copecks; copecivi of lilver; live copecks; tv\o copecks;
and halt and tiuaricr ditto. 'The ducat is worth two
rubles, and the ruble is, in value, about 4s. (nl. (Icrling.
'Ihc halt anil quarter rubles are exprelfive ol" tlicir own
value. A grivener is the tenth jjart of a ruble, and a
copeck is an hundreth part (if the liuiie.
I'he Rullian pound in weight, is txaiTtly the fame as
our pound.
VVi'.h refpctl to t;-.e rujuid meafures, eight crulkas
make one vcdro, one half \cdro one llackan, two Ihick-
ans one anchor, and fix. anchors one hog, which is ex-
actly the fame as an iMiglilh lio^'lliead.
'The jirincipal mealure of cxtenlion is the verft, which
is ', :o3 feet Tiiglilli ; and 104 vcrtls make a degree.
Tiu- Riillians reckon dilUince',
do by miles.
ly verlls, as the Tiiglilli
S L C T I O N' \'.
Pc/.nil.il.o)i, Cii.v.'W,"7cc, ivul M. !.!.!>': ii 11 J A\u\: I Annti-
TML', RutTian em]iire, though of liich an amazing
extuit, is well known to be badly peopled. '1 he
bell writers inform us that it contains between leveii-
teen and eighteen millions of inhabitants and one mil-
lion in the conquered provinces ; but, according to
the belt accounts, the number at prel'ent is much in-
creafcd. Almoft from the moment that the prefent
I'.mprefs began to reign, flie has increafed the number
of her fubjccls by many ways, principally by a general
and very aftive encouragement of all arts, of agricul-
ture, mining, manufaiflures, and commerce, and this
with fuch cllcfl, that all of them are more llourilhing,
at this time, by many degrees than they were formerly.
Another means which llie has taken to incrcale her
people, has been by ir.viting foreigners of all denomi-
nations ; and this flic has done in a greater degree than
any of her predecelTors. Almoft from her accefTion
to the empire, flie has brought continued bodies of
Germans, Poles, and Greeks from Turkey, to fet-
tle in her ilominions, and thefc not few in numbers.
I''rom the coafts of Germany lliip loads ; but from
Poland and 'Turkey, whole towns, vill.Tge.s and dif-
trifts, have left their habitations, and fettled in Ruflia,
Nor has it been certain times, but rcgulac emigra-
tions, in conlcquence cf her continued encourage-
ment.
This encouragement, which the Kmprefs has con-
ttantly granted, confifls in leveral very important ar-
ticles. All the cxpences of the Journey, or voyage,
from their native country, are borne by her. She
feeds and fupports them by the way. Upon their ar-
rival at the territory appointed them to cultivate (which
has always been part of the crown landsj every family
has a cottage ereifteil at her expence, to which they
contribute labour. They then are turnillied with im-
pleinents neceffary for cultivation, and one year's pro-
vifions for the whole family. A further advantage
is an exemption from all taxes during Hve years. All
which is a fyftem of fuch atlmirable [lolicy, and car-
ried into execution with fuch iinuliia! fjiirit, even while
the finances of the empire have been much diftrellcd
bv expenfive wars, that there fccrcely is an inlhmce in
hillory fuperior to it. Nor can there be a doubt but
that confulcrable advantages muft arife from f'uch a
fyftem, nor only in point of population, but alio to the
revenues of tl.e empire.
RulTia, upon tl.c v,!>ole, is well fituated for commerce;
and her e> -irts are iron, hemp, wood, hides, grain, pot-
alh, wax, cord.ige, copper, llax, furs, linfccd, filh,
leather, tallow, materials tor flii[)- building, &c. The
imports are lugar, beaver-llxins, tin, dye-woods, fhal-
loons, Norwich thill's, lead, cloths, flannels, Mancheller
velvets, bral's wire, I'liirituous liquors, filk, fjiices, in-
digo, I'.nglilh beer, v;ines, fruits, china, pajier, &c.
The commerce is with I'.nglandj Holland, !■' ranee,
Ciermany, Poland, 'Turkey, Fertia, China, &c. Here
it is to be oblirved, that, as the annual exports of
Rufiia greatly exceed the imports, the balance of trade
mull be greatly in her favour. The foreign commerce
of the empire, under the prefent Mmprefs, is much
iiicrral'ed in confequence of her conquelts t'rnm Sweden,
and f'nre the ellablilhment of her new emporium of
Peterll'iHg, whereby her naval intercoiirfe with Europe
is rendered much more fliort and eal'y.
'The -evenues of the Ruffian empire are sreat, con-
fiilerinp the value of money ; which, in thel'e i'orts
of dilquifitions, ought ever to be confidered, though
it rarely is to. 'The I'.mprels is, in many articles, the
f )le merchant in her dominions. The \\\wk trade by
land to China is on her account. 'This is nor, indeed,
eoiiliderable ; for a caravan rarely goes now. Rhubarb,
pot-all. r':, and fi'ices, are branches in whicli Ihe, and
no botly elfe, trades. Salt is an article that brines her
in an inimenli' revenue. \'ery large quantities oi' the
beft hemp of L'kraina are bought and fold on her ac-
count ; mucii iron, the fame ; and even beer and brandy
are her's. Bciides thele articles ll;c has culloms, tolls,
and a poll-tax. Alio the crown-lands, which are pro-
digioullv extcnlive, and added to the general amount,
proves that, as the retiniices are large, the revenue muft
1)0 coiili lerable.
Tht
ir,:!
!>i,l
'iJ
m,.
liiiiT
t^J
A NEW, ROYAL AN I. AUTHENTIC SYSTEM oi LNlVFKSAI.GrOGRAPl lY,
I, ! I «■
Tlie regular troops of Ruflla, cxclufivc of tlie Col-
lacks and Tartars, arc computed at about ^50,000
men : " But fucli (lays a modern traveller) is the great
extent of tiieir territories, and the number of furtrclll's
which tlicy ha' I- to fupport, from Fetcriburgto the borders
of China, that it takes mueh time before they can bring
more than half that number into the field, to ici oiRii-
fivcly againft an enemy. The common Uullian foldiers,
arc tajight to defpifc life ; and by this means tlicy
are brought to ftand their ground, arJ keep ihcir ranks,
perhaps, equal to any troops in tlie world."
The Ruifian marine, ei''-ubiilhed by the wife regula-
tions of Peter the Great, afterwards cieclinid; but was
again rendereil refpedable under tlij; aufpices ot" the
prefent Emprefs, who invited to her affiilance, a num-
ber of Britilh lea oiiicers and artihcers, by whole means
llic accomplinied a very im[)or:ant defign. The Riif-
lians have now a eonliderable naval armament, con-
fifting of fliips of the lin;-, frigates, Hoops row-gal-
lics. Sec.
Many thoufands of tailors are kept in conllant [lay,
and in fervice, either on board the ihips, or in tlie dock
vards. The harbour is at Cronlhult, leven leagues
trom Peterlburg. It is llrongly defended ; and the
canal, and large bafon, will contain between 5 and Cod
fai! of fliips. Upon ti;e whole, Kullia is now a for-
midable power, both by fea and land.
HIS T OR Y
R U S S I A.
WIlT'l refpecl to the origin of the RutT.ans, it ap-
pears from the concurring tcftimony of hillorians,
that they are delcended from the ancient Scythians ;
and tills account is conlirmeJ by tiie very import of
the term Ra/Jia, which fignifics a wanderer, as all the Scy-
thian, or northern nations, were formerly. The annals
of Ruflla cannot be deduced, with authenticity, from a
I)eriod more remote than the ninth century ; though a
tradition prevails, that KioF, or Kiow, and Novogo-
rod, were founded in the year 450. l-'or a number of
years, RuITia was under the government of divers petty
loverei^ns ufually iHled dukes, who were, in general,
fubieift to the Tartars, till they were at length conquer-
ed in tlie year 1450, by John or Ivan Calllowitz, who
I'ubdued fcveral of their territories, and annexed tlicm to
the Ruffian dominions. His grandfoii, John Baiilov.itz,
added divers provinces to tiie Rufiian dominions in
1 5 A.I, at which time the RufTian Ibvereigns aifumed
the title of Czar. In his reign the I'.nglilli arrived at
Arihangel, and began to trade with Kuir.i, v.iiich, till
thc.i, had never been vifitcd by the fiiii)s of aijy na-
tion.
Trom the death of John Bafilowitz, UulTia was un-
der the governmeiU of leveral fovt-rcigns in liinellion,
of whom the only memorable circiimllances recordeil,
arc, thai they were, in general, weak and cruel princes,
.md that their territories were rent by civil wars.
In the year 1695 the Czar, lo well known in hillory
by the dilliiiguitliing title of Peter the ( Ire.u, allendcd
the throne of Rullia. ' or a fummary det.nl of his tran-
r.ictioiis, that w(juld exceed the limits to which we are
under a necefiiiy of coniining ourlelves in iliis depart-
ment of our work, we mult refer the reader to the
hillories of the n'lrthcrn nations, (lome (;t wiiich we have
alrcatiy prelcited, as we intend to do the rell) and
give only a general ;;. count of his vail power, and
the i-minent [litcli of renown to which he lailed his do-
minions.
Tlie czar I'cter was t!ic Um of the czar Alexis
Miciiaelowir.'.. He ni.yi'd conjunctively with John,
liis half brotlier, from .ui2 till lOcyj, when ': be-
1 ojne fole lovercii^n (;1 Uuflla. l)e;eimiiiing, tiie year
loilowing, to Lioiid a .ieet, 1 >r tlie jjurpole of naviga-
tion and trai'iC, he f;irmed a dclign of vifiting tlie
nuiiri:nc countries of l.uro|e, to obtain the neceifary
inlfruilions. He alJb [)ropoled to encourage artj and
ilicnies in general, an^i ii.vite learned men, ami inge-
.•iioir iriiti.'.frs, to return wlih him to Kufiia, by otfering
1
them great rewards. For th'' prolVcution of this plr.n,
Peter began his travels. 1 ic hiil vilited Holland, then
England ; and, by iiilig(nt and freqmnt attendance
and obllrvations in the ilockyard at Ueptford, ac-
tjuired loch a competent knowledge of (hip building,
as enabled him, in procefs of time, to fubdue his ene-
mies, and extend his conquells. Through the bent of
his genius, and the alliduity with which he profecuted
his plans, he role gradually through every rank and
krvicc both by ka and land. 'I'he feveral defeats he
luilained, and efj^cially that at Narva, from Charles
/HI. of Swcilcn, (wluc!i wr h^vti recounted in our
hillory of tlut kingdom,) inl't.id of checking, en-
larged [lis ambition, and te/Kled eventually to render
him conqueror, through miiitity experience and tried
valour.
Tile generous frieiulfnip he mnniffP.eii to Auguftu.s,
king of Poland, previoi::. an.l liiSileijiient 10 his being
dethroned by Ciiarles \I1. does him infinite honour.
Nor does his l.ill marriage wiih Catharine, though a
young Luthianian woman of inrerior rank, tarnilh his
ciiaradir; on tiie contraiy, it evinces liis difcernment
of mciic i f >r Ihe aiccrwards ap['tared to have pollelTed
a foul capable of conceiving iIk- lliblinielt ideas, and
execu:in!;_ tlie moll important deligiis.
'1 lie dt_U--: of the king of Sweden, at the battle of
Pultowa, was attend>-d with a liiccellion of triumphs
) tliat lulded renown to his reign ; but it derived its
moll cifulgent glories from his cultivation of com-
merce, arts, and Iciences, which tends, in the moll ex-
a;:ed degree to aggrandize a nation.
In the year 1717, iie nude another journey to Hol-
land, not incognito, as before, but as a lovereign prince,
and was received with all the honours due to his rank.
From thence he vilited France, and made himlelf ac-
quainted witli every thing he thought worthy his atten-
tion : but his principal view being to imjirove his owa
people, he engaged artiiis in all profcflions in his fer-
vice, and, bv tiie lalaries and rewards he offered them,
prevailed with many ot them to return with him to
Ruflia. Before lie arrived at PcteMburg he received
advice, that a ccnipiracy had been formed to dejiofc
liim, and let Ins only Ion, the czarowitz, upon the
tlironr ; to v.jiicli tli.it prince, it is laid, was privy.
Many of the conipiraiors were put to death, on the
Czar's rcmin : ai.d the czi.rowiiz tied to tlie court of
X'ienna to avoid his father's rclentmcnt j and, as his
conliiit was filler to the then emprefs of Cicrmany, it
was given out that tlie court of Vienna had obtained
hiii pardon ; but however that might be, wlien the
czirpwitz returned to Jiulfia, he was a[iprchendcd and
impriliined i and being tried by a court of oilicers of
his father's appointing comlenined to die. 'F!ie fen-
tence, indeid. was not cxccutcel, the piince tiying a
natural ileath in prifon.
After tills event Peter cauled the Czarina Catharine
to be |irocUimed his hiccelior, anil crowned ; and tli(*
nc;bility and o.'iicers of date took (he oaths of allegiance
to her: loon alter which he died in the 5 ^d year of his
age. L'poii this, the feiiate proclaimed the Czarina Ca-
tharine Fmprelsot ail the Kuliias, and renewed their
oatha (it alkgian.e to her, wlio was about ^j years of
age at hei' acuflion.
'Fhe Ci'.arina apj'lied lierli. If immediate h' to perfect
what the late C/,ir had begun , encouraging all .iiti
and kicMccs, and inviting leanud foreigners and arti-
ficers, by oliering them large revenues, to fettle in the
Ru'.lian dominions ; and obliging her lul>icc'ts to lend
their Ions and dependants abroad, to quality thrml(:lves
in every |( ience.
Catharine liied, after a gl
the ;(Ah year of In r agt
Peter, I'jh ot'the czaro>\itz, to f icieeil Ikt
nous reign, in i"::;, 111
h;i-. il;!', app<;iiueit piilice
Peter I!.
at his aiceiiion, was in t!ie 1 ath yiarof his age. In his
proclamaiiiin it was tl-.'-wn, that he hati a nglit to the
Riiii an throne bv hereditary dclcent, as well as by the
appointment of the late emperor and emptels. I'lic
niMtlier ol the emiKror Peter [1 Wis i].; princcis
IMIV.
tion ol' tliis pl.-,n,
til I l(.'llai;il, then
■qiunt attcnilance
at Ueptfori), ac-
of lliip builditip,
liibduc liis enc-
auj}\ the bent of
ch lie piolecuted
every rjiik aiul
Icveral il«l'eats lie
a, fiom Charles
ecoiiiucd in our
f tliecking, eii-
lU'.ially to render
rience and tried
fieil tu Aufi!iiftiis,
lent to hi.s beins
inhiiiic honour,
luriiie, though a
rank, tarnilh his
liis difcernnient
to have polleired
niell ideas, and
1, at the battle of
llion ol triumphs
lut it ilcrivcd its
tivation of com-
i, in the moll ex-
journey to Hol-
lovereign prince,
s due to his rank,
made liiinlclf ac-
worthy his atten-
improvc his owa
cfliuns ill his fcr-
s he ofrVred ihem,
urn with jiim to
lijurg he received
formed to dcj»fc
rowitz, upon the
id, was privy.
: to death, on the
rd to the court of
tnt ; and, as his
s of (.icriiiany, ic
ina had obtained
It be, when the
apprchendcJ and
jurt of oiiicers of
I die. The fcn-
e prince tlying a
Czarina Catharine
rowned ; and tlie
)aths of ajlc;;iancc
.' 5;;d year of liis
I the C/arina Ca-
ul rent-wed their
bout ;5 years of
iiattiv to perfect
oiirjging all aiTi
Ligncrs and arti-
s, to lettle in the
luhiccis to lend
[ualily thrmlclvei
ign, in i~:;, 'u\
ipl-fjiiitL-il ])iinir
I IKT. ]\-terJJ.
'his a;.'e. Ill his
id a li'^hl to the
as Well as by the
eriijiieis. I'Jic
^is d.: piiiRels
Chaiiuiiu
EUROrE.]
GREAT RUSSIA.
6jJ
Charlotta Chriilima Sophia, of Bninfwick Wolfen-
buttle, liftei' to the confort of tlie emperor of Germany,
t'harles V'l. It *a» by 'the particular direftibn of
Petft the Orcat, thac^lie late czarina appointed Fetcr
tolbcceed her; for other wife Ihe would have transferred
ihe' empire to one of the princclfes her daughters, of
«?hoin Ihe left two, Anna Fctrowna, then 19 years of
age, married to Charles Frederick, duke of Hollleiii
Gotrorp, and Llizabeth Fctrowna, 13 years of age,
unmarried.
l*rir»ce IVlenzikof, who was prime minifter of RuRla
at rfie de.uh ot the emprefs, and erteemed the richeft
fubji.'dt in Europe, attcm[)red to prevail on the young
Emperor to efpoufc his elded daughter ; at which the
nobility of Rulfta were fo incenfed, that they refoived
on raining him, and caufcd him to be brought to trial,
wherein he was charged with l)cing accelfary to the
death of the late czarowitz, his imperial majefty's fa-
ther ; with caufing the firft confort of Peter the Great
to be continued in prilbn ; with embez'/ling the public
revenues ; with caufing leveral great imn to be de-
prived of their honours and ellates ; and with a bound-
lefs ambition, as appeared in his dcfi^rn of marrying his
daughter to the Emperor ; for all which he was il-n-
tenced to be baniihed to Siberia, and his great eftate
contilcatcd.
The relations ofth? young Emperor next proceeded
to give the lare czarina, tiie Hrit confort of the em-
peror Peter the (ireat, her liberty, and reverie the fen-
tcnre of her divorce. They al; > repealed a law made
by Peter the Great, which lubverted the right of pri-
ino^'eniture, and the natur.il order or fuccell'ion in the
imperial family, and the rcll of the Rulli in families j
made void the procefs againft the late czarowitz, the
rci_;niiig Emperor's father j reftored the noblemen who
had been baiiillied to Siberia under the adminiltration
of prince Menzikof ; and having concluded a [leace
b;)tli with Sweden and Denmark, they proceeded to the
coronation of the Czar at Mulcow, on the yth of March,
1727-8.
Prince Dolgoruki, who lucceeded Menzikof in the
poll of prime miniller, appeared to Iwve no Icfs am-
bition than his predeccllor, contriving to get his eldell
daughter efpoufcd to the reigning Emperor. J le was
congratulatetl thereupon, and their nuptials appointeil
to be celebrated ; but the Czar died of the fmall-pox,
on the 29th of JaMuiry, 1 -.:■;- ;o, tliree days before
the marri.igc was to have bjcii liilemnized ; whereupon
the lenate and great officers ot tiie crown, caufcd the
princefs Anne, duchefs dowager of Courland, to be
procl.iimcd I'.mprcfs. She was the fecond dairghtefjOf
the late czar John, elder brother of Peter the (Jr^t;
Catharinf, her eldell filler, having been married to
Charles, duke of Mecklenburg.
The conrt refrding at Molcovv on the death of the
Czar, prince Dolgoruki, and three others were ap-
pointed to attend the einprels Anne, and convoy her to
Mofcow. Thefe noblemen arriving at Mittau, the
capital of Courland, congratulateil her on her fiic-
ceflion J but infilled on limiting the prerogatives of the
crown, and veiling part of the legiilaiive autliority in
the ftates, which flie confentcd to, and figned the capi-
tulation they had provided fir her ; the principal arti-
cles of which were, that Ihe Ihould not 'make peace or
war, or raife taxes, without the concurrence of the
Ihtes ; and that Ihe fhoulii not marry, appoint a fiic-
cellbr, or dir()ole of any confiJerable office, without the
like alfent. But the Czarina appearing to have many
friends on her arrival at Mofcow, the articles flie had
llgned were cancelled ; and both the clergy and laity
took the oaths to her niajedy in as abi'olute terms as
they had done to Peter the Great, without referve or
limitation.
The ambitious Dolgoruki, his fon, and feveral of
their relations and fritnds, were foon after banilbed,
and their eftates conhfcatcd, being principally Con-
cerned, it is fiipjiofed, in putting limitations on the
prerogative, as mentioned above; but the declaration
No. 6 :.
piibilflied on this occafion, charged Dolgoruki, and his
fon, with Ijehaving infolently to the Late Czar Peter II.
endeavouring to marry him to Dolgoruki's daughter,
and embezzling the public treafure.
The emprefs Anne died in October, 1740, having
nominated for her fucccflbr prince John, an infant, fa
months old. Ion of Anthony Ulrick, duke of Brunf*.
wick Wolfenbuttlc, and of Anne his wife; daughter of
Charles, duke of Mecklenburg, and of the princefs
Catharine, cidcft daughter of the late czar John. Dur-
ing the minority of the infant Emperor, Ihe appointed
her favourite, count Biron, duke of Courland, to be
regent: but the mother of the young Emperor, the
princefs Anne of Mecklenburg, deeming herfelf much
better enritled to the regency,' and even to- the throne
itfelf, as her fon could have no right to the RufTian
throne but by her, the ordered count Munich to take
the duke of Courland prifoner, and caufing him tobe
tried for high-treafon, he w.is condemned to die ; bnt
his fentence was afterwards changed to banilhraent into
Siberia.
Through fome difguft or other, the princefs Anne of
Mecklenburg, caufcd count Munich to be removed
from all his ports a circumftance that tended eventually
to her own ruin. While tlie foldi cry were under his
command, (he had not mtich to fear fr»m. them ; "^ut
he was no foontr difplaced, than they began to cabal
in favour of the princefs Elizabeth; 'the you.ngeft
daughter of Peter the Great, by his laft. confort, the ctn-
prels Catharine i and on the 5th of Detxmber, 174 1,
all the avenues to the palace, and the chief ports in *he
city, were feized by the guards, who, with the friends
of the princefs, alTembling in the palace, proclaimed
her Emprefs of RulTia. The late regent, and her con-
fort, the duke of Brunfwick, and their infant fon, were
made pritbners, as were alio counts Munich and Ofter-
man, the chancellor. The Dolgorukis, the duke of
Courland, and other rtate prifoners, were recalled from
Siberia, and their fentence revoked. In the mean time,
counts Ofterman, Munich, and feveral more, that were
not thought well afftfted to tlte prefent government,
were tried for high rrealon, and condemned to die ; but
when they had been brought to the Ibaffold, and pre-
pared tor the execution, it was declared, that the reign-
ing Emprefs had changed their fentence into that of
banilliment.
The emprefs Elizabeth, having waged a fuccefiful
war with Sweden, and thereby greatly enhanced her
power, replaced the national order of fuccefTion to the
throne of RulTia in her own family, by adopting the
duke of Holftein Gottorp, declaring him to be' her
heir, and giving him the title of grand duke of Ruflia.
He was married to the princefs Catharina Alexowna,
the daughter of Chrirtian Augullus, prince of Anhalt-
Zerbft, who bore him a fon that was chriftened by the
narre of Peter, and afterwards became the unfortunate
Peter III.
The reign of this Emprefs may, in divers inrtances,
be faid to have been truly glorious. She obtained a
complete viftory over the Swedes j and fuch was her
importance in the political fcale of Europe, that the
court of (ireat Britain deemed it expedient, in 17:1.7, to
court her alliance at the expence of a very confiderablc
fublidy. A treaty was accordingly entered into, and
articles fignetl by the plenipotentiaries of the rcfpeflivc
monarclis. She was iruiuccd, from f>otitical, as well as
private reafons, to efpiife the caufe of die houfe of
Aullria ag.iinll the king of Pruflla, in I 756 ; and, not-
withftanding the fuptrior talents that monarch dif-
played, both in the cabinet and field, her conqiiefls
were of fuch importance, as threatened the deftruftien
of the Prullian power, which, however, was. prevented
by her critical death, which happened on January 5,
17(^2. _
Elizabeth was lucceeded by Peter III. grand prince
of Rullia, ami duke of Holftein Gottorp. Hr pofl'efTed
the warmell attachment to the king of Pruflia, from
his political .ind perfonal chara^'ler; and feeraed to have
8 N adopted
iiii ;
VM
' M
M lit
*^i !>
.1!
iujj^ A NEW, ROYAL A-;n AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of LN:\TK=^AI. GROGKAl'l IY.
adopted his principles and praaicts, as the governing I
maxims of hh own contiiid. From theic inotivts. l.e
is luppolui to have introduced lonie peculiarities and
innovations into the empire, whicli were cxtremtly
dii'^'urting to his Ibbieth. However that may be,
a confinracy was formed at^ainll him, wiiich was
carried on in i'v.di a manner, that this un(ortiina;e
prince kr.ew hut a Ib.ort interval hetween the Ill's in his
crown and his de.uli, whit h happened in Ji;ly, iy6>.
He was riK\eei!<d hy his coiilnrc Cathaiine the II.
the tirll remarkable otewrrcnre in wh'.ile reiLMi was the
death of prince Ivan, Ion ol the [iiincti; <vt Med.iiii-
burg, who fell a victim to an ill coneertcd conlpira.v,
formed by a party to railc him to the in.jiejial throric,
to which, it is univerlally admitted, he had no leg.i'
pretence.
■flu- tranfaJlicnj nnd event of tlrC war between Ruf-
fia and the Ottoman Porte, which commenced in
17(18, and ternnnated in 1774, are well kno^vn liom
.liillorical record. \Ve have recounted tl;e particulars
of the fame in our hiftory of Turkey, i:i the full di-
vilion of our work, under the article of Afu, tor whi^h
the reader is referred to page loCh The part the l.'.m-
. prefs took in the dilmemberment r. f Poland, will be
ihewn in our iilliory of that kingdom.
It will be neceli'ary M relate, tliat a fiiort time be-
fore tiie conclulion of the war with the Tiiri<s, a rebel-
lion bmke ot:t in RulTi.'., which j.;re;ir!y alaimcd the
court of Petenlrjrp, a pretender appe.tri::'^ in tiie per-
f jn of a Coflac, cailctl Pugatlcheit ; and alliiminjj the
name and chara;"ter of tlie late unturtunate tmiierjr
Peter in. by his a'vlity a'J. ad, Irel'.,- drew after him
iuim'.-rous ii, '.lowers, wiucli invrc.itld to fiioii a d^'grce,
that they lf)od fevtrral eng:i_;cments -with.atile Uuijua
nenerals, anil conuiiitted gre.it r.ivai^es in- t!ie cuuntrv.
I'hey were at lengrli, however,, totally defcate^l j.aiKl
the pretender bein>» taken pril<)ner, was ct iwduAed to
Mol'cow, in an iron cai^e, and there biheadedj J.inuary
In i'lllice to the prekirt Emprcfs, it mu!] be ac-
kMowicJ,;e.i, that .(lie hi-, fiilr 1 tiie- tlw.ine wi'th.dif-
tinf<iii.l,eLl lullie. iijje li.;s (ir,i:r.o:ed. t'. unce, extinded
C)umuri.e, anil intro.luced ui.uiy" fai'itary reliirnwiions
ill the iiueiior [loiice oi h.r iiupire, than wlucli iMihij)'
can more eli'ccfually tend to a<!;',randi/.e heill-lf, as
well as l.er liib)e,;t>.' We ll;all only add,, that riiie
tranf.iclion of her rei)'" particularly reil.iunds to her
honour; thi.s is the ctlaiiiilniKeiit of an aniuil ciutrali-
ty, lor the ]Moteclion oi the commerce of the nations
not a: war, Ircm any attack'', or inlults from belligerent
powers. Mils armed I'.eutrality was aceieeltd to in
i;o.\ by tiie l.;r.[;s ol Swvden and Deiiiiiaik, and by
the Stato (itiur.il.
'i"lie llaiiuiof war are ap^.\\n bi;rlt out befvcen Ruflia
i and tlie Porte, and tlie emperor of tierniany has inter-
poled ill favour of the firmer. 1 ime alune candevide
llie event. I lowever, our reader,, may be afi'ured, th.ic
wlu ever tranf.fVions may o. cur from the c>;mmence-
uient I f the lame to the clofe of thi) wcik, ihall be
miiiiitely and faithfully irileitcd by way of lir,![i!ement,
as we have already aniioiiuced wi:h relpect to events
i;i ;!(:ne:al.
C II A P
VII.
o
A
N
D.
. 1 •
'is
-!
'.!<■
i
. :.!H f
S E C T 1 O N I.
. Oi.^in rf the A'amr, f.xiint, S.l:ulinii, Bcani'ards, Ci-
inate. Soil, ProdiUlioni, Kiixu, Cs". .
IT is the rrcneral opinion that Poland takes its
name from J'vin, a ScUvonian word, li^nifvi.v;
a Ciiuiitry lit for hunting, on account of its [ la;iib,
woo Is, wild be.ift--, and evuy kind of gair.e.
lief)ie the e^'.'.raordiiiary pani;i',n of ihii country,
the kingdom of Poland was very confiderable, c.\t(.nd-
ing about 700 miles in length, and 6;-...^ in breaddi ; tlie
lituation being between 4'i and ;7 tieg. north lar. aii.l
. 16 and ",4 deg. eall long, and the bouinlaries, I..ivv:ni.:,
part of Kullia, and the Baltic Sea, to the north j another
jiart of Ruir.a 10 the eall ; Hungary, Turkey, ar.d
Little Tartarv, to tl;e fouth ; and Oen!:any to the welt.
I'rom its liuiation, the clim.tte of this country is r.i-
ther temperate, and th.- sir not cxcelTive end -, yet
fjmitimes the la;;es ar.d rivers are I ) frozen, tiiat car-
riages pals over them ft r live or fix months together.
, Tiic foil alio is generally firtile, lit f'r tillage and paf-
ture, and piroclu< es a vafl tjuantiiy of ceirn and c.iti'e,
, even enough to li'i'ply the populous naiion of Holland,
who yearly ftn.l vail fleets to Dant7ick, to buy t'le
corn and oxen lent down tliidar from tlie Icveral
parts of l^;lun I, It alio produces h ney, w..x, hem, ,
. f.ax, kai'ier, pot-alV s, fair, v.o)l, fih-petre, viuiol,
and i]M,ckfilvtr. Wirli tliefe |.,ij.-lc Cf.'inmoJid.s tlie
inhabitants | 'irchale tli';!i; of odier nations, as wiins,
. cloths, jhiH', wrouglit I,:,,, tapellry, lev.rl^, lubk'-,
martens, tin, Ikil, ii(,n ware, l.(.i;-.,ly, a:;d I'pice.v.
'1'hi.s cpuntiy l>rod'.:crs alio all kinds (,f fVui'- and
I.etbs, afi.l a .^ood brie. I ol hoi!es. There are vines
in many i-l.ices tlie grapes of whi.di are gr.itelul t ; t!ie
t.aflc, efpeciilly if the liimmeraiid harvell lie faviiurallci
. but the wine is generally very il;ar|i whm drawn oil.
. in .the mountains tlure are miiiC; of U ad, liiver, tipi er.
aiul iron ; b'.t the nofl. ccnfider.-'.hie of all I'.rc the fait-
mines in Ixiia- j'ei.-.r.d, whi.h are the chief riches of
tlic country, and bring m->ll money inf.) tl:e exchequer.
They work in thole u.i.'ies as colliers do in ot;r coal-pits.
TIic fait is generally of a blueilh colour, but lome of
it is wi'.iie and ti.mlpaient. They have aifo fume veins
(jf lal-genuiKc. 'ihe v e-ixi., are well Itoicd wilIi hares,
rabbit:,, f -.iiirrels, d^er, to:,es, bears, wolves, an.l boars.
Tlie Maf.vi.iii foreils hive plenty of elks, wild alles,
wild OX; n, called i:;., ar.d bullaloes, whole I'clli, when
kih.d, the Poles elUein a great dainty. In the Ukraine
(fctie are wild horles alio, wi.ole llelli is equally elleem-
( \. The wolf', reremhlinj a harr, or the i'.uropean
Iviix, c.illed !.•/•:'> CO I tn :',■.*, and by the natives >v\, with
fpots on its belly and leg-, adord-s the bell furs in Po-
laiul. Tlie iju.iils in Pcdolia have git en leg';. It is
laid their litili is unwhoiefon.e, and, it immoderately
e.ueii, can es t!;e cr.unp.
IVI.-.nd i-. a I kiiii I'.at c-:i:.'.-ry, ratlier inclining to
iiLUih laiieh, I) that n.) eoii;ideiable woods or inoun-
tii.isare found here, exee|)t thofc that for:j:i tiie' frontier
ti liuyg'.ry, wiiieli is a cra^_:,y ri-igy of ,;co miles in
Lrgth, ar..l .-..ilcd th.j Ciap.ii.li, or Carjiadiian iHoiin-
tiiiis, ■] he eal'ern ] art of the country, indeed, is f.:ll
of wouds, t'orelL, lak.'s, niarlhes, and rivers, wliii.:i
al:i)rd '\ ikli^lufiil prulj tct vj that part of it whieh is
o, <'ri. •
Tiie ir'.Il fonfiderabij rivers are tlie \ iunl.i, tiie
Nieniiii ir Croniis,_ the Ni'.jer or Lorifthenes, the
i's'ieftir or '[yias, anil the B. g or N'eg'.is; and the only
l.ii.e vvotliy 'if oblU'vaiiou i, liie gre„t lake Ciop'to, or
ihe W l:;:e Lake, which, it isulliimed, will dye thole
will) l),;li( i 1 it ol a f'.vutl.v coi:ipu:i jii.
One 01 die- moit f i,;-,..;,ir proienLious of Poland is
111 ii.ii.i, of.wlfr.li it m.i\ let be iiiipro| er lure to give
an a eount. .Vfcoreing to. natural iiiiloiians it is a
kiiul ol g.i:ii>, v.hieh liows fpuntane.ii.lly truin feveral
Ions ol !•
id iiitrw.udi coi gi a!'; into
^iLU'.es 111
the
buiit r.ionallei
>1IY.
,rew ittcr blm
ii-iU>le Ruiluii
!■ tlic co'.mtrv.
ilcil.ue-l i.ai>,l
\ C'ltRlUttca ID
aJcvlj J.iiiuary
It luuij Ix" ac-
ir.tnc wklLilif-
kiiCo, exci ndul
ly rtluniwiiorib
I »v!u» I) n >(t>ii\u;
lize luilrlt, as
adJ, tlut pi\e
■d.iiiivis lo lier
ariniil ntutiMli-
ot' the nations
from belligerent
acteeeltil to in
.ninaik, and by
t b'. t'.cen Rudia
iir.any lus inter-
alone an de^idt;
be allured, that
the c.;minfni.e-
\vi>iL, lliall 1h-
y of I'lijipienient,
\:\\'XCt to events
EUROl'i:.]
1' O L A N I).
6()s
of a!i ;-.rc the falt^
ic chiet rlclies ol
to the cjieheqiier.
I'.o ia iiu-,- toal-pits.
)ur, but lonie of
e alio fume veins
lloicd v.'\:h iiarcs,
.volves, and boars,
f elks, vsild alfcs,
wh^HC ficlli, when
, In the Ukraine
is eciiially elletni-
or the I'.iiropeati
e natives )v^, widi
,e bell ftirs in I'o-
len legs. It is
It iuuuoJeratcly
■adier inclining to
|e woods or niuun-
foi -n tiie frontier
• of ;' o niiks in
.arj.adii.Ji Hionn-
I'ltry, indeed, is (i:ll
and riveri, wlm-li
■ [.art of 11 \shieh is
;':ie \ iftiila, ilie
|r UorlftheneE, the
;',is ; and the only
t Like lio[to, ir
|ied, wlil dye liiole
i in.
|U'".;s of I'oland is
I lT Ik re to (!,ive
i.iiloiiauii it IS a
l.a.lly troin feveral
|al'. into {^luiucs in
. ■ ' the
the form of an i [Tentlal fa'c. I: not only proceed; from
the alli and miickcn-trce, but alf) from the larix, pine,
fir, oak, i',inii>tr, miple, olive, fig-trcf , &c. It Hows
in July and Aoguli, from ab.<iit the nervous (ibres of
the leaves, whii.h, br.u'J, dried in the air, concrete in-
to whitiih praini of the fi.'.e of wheat; infoiniieli, th,it,
in Anj'_ul>, the greater leaves of the alli-tree 1 lok white,
as if tliey were covered with fnow. However, ic is
very fearce, on account of the tlilliculty of i^idiering
it. 'J he virtues of manna arc well known, ic being a
mild laxative purge, and tii'-in^ht to uiifolve giofs hu-
mours, and libite their acrimony ; whence i: is gooil
in tacaniis an 1 com^!k,, proceeding fro;:! an acrid
plikgm. I: i> alfo g lod in dif jrdera oftlu- biealland
lun,_
ia the ;
of the bcliv.
when 111!
knirif\', i:;l
tlwUl
d witii ciaiiimy hum
Limmatioii of die In;.
a thick hot bile.
a:i
It is ufcv
tenlion
S 1. C T I O N II.
D,p
cofi
„■ r,.„
Pi
pj! Plica
IN treating of thi>; cniintry, co;ind>.'rtd I'l its utnull ex-
tent, prior to it> ilifmeinbeimenr, we ;;iail divide it
into the twelve following proviiices and artend to eacii
in line order. [Jiefe are I'ol.'.n.i, pri:[:erly 1j called ;
I'olidi Prudia, Lithuania, S.':r..:gitia, (. oi;il.uid, W.ir-
fovia, Poki' h'.i, I'olefia, Red Rului, Podjiia, V'cl-
liinia, an.l Lfl^rania. Moll of thef; provinces are di-
vided into dillrlits called palatinates -, and the latur are
again fubdivided into Itarollies, or bailiwicks.
l'oL.\\L\ pr()[)erly fo talkd, is divkied in Upptr, or
Little Poland; an 1 Lower, or Great Pulasid.
LI|)|ier, or Lit. le' Poland, Cvintains m.;;w woods, but
is fertile i:! fjine pl.ices, aiid in gener.il w.-H wacere.l.
'I'here is but one mountain in Little Poian.l, called
M''iis Calvus, (V Bald Mounl.iin.
Idtile Poland is liividcd into tiie pnlttin;itcs of Cr.i-
cow, Sendomir, and I •.blin. I'iiel'e three p.d.itinates
form together the diocelc of Cracow, whicli contains
101 S churches, includini; 1 1 which are collegiate.
Cracow, tlie meuojiols of tlic pal,idn..te uf th.it
name, and of the kiiigdo-n of Pol.ind, is li.atcd o:i a
roeky bank of the river Villula, aUiut the middle of
the palatinate. It is very p"pulous and the lar;;eil
.ind befl h lit of any town in P dand, tiie h:,uxi being
of free-llone, f.ur or five liories ki'^h, and covered
with boards in the form o( tiles. Tiie public buildings
are m.igniricenti among which are tiie cadiedral of St.
Sranilluis ; th.e church of St. Mary, in the grand pl.icc,
fiirrounde.i wi:h four rows of very tine buildings ; with
50 otiicr churches J and 17 religion,; Irnifes in the C.il-
tie, city ar.d fub'.irbs; togetlier widi t;ie noble, welL
built inonalleriis ol the Jcluid and no'iiinicans. I'lie
only remaining places of wurlliip, din'ering liom the
Hate, are two Cjreek ciuiiches, .ind a Jtuiili fynagogue.
Tiiere is an iiniverlity here whicli ce.ntains 1 i c.)i!eges,
where all kinds of fciences are tau.-.ht. Tliis univcili-
tv was begun by Cafimir th.e Cjreat, fmifiied by Ul.i-
tlillaus Jagello, and had its piivileges c Jiiiiruied by
l'0|ie Urban. Though the caurc generally relides at
Warlaw, as being more in the heart of tiie kingiiom,
Cr.icow is a noble, large, popiilous city, lull of gentry
and clergy, and honoured with the lellion of the fu-
preme court of i'ldicature, the keeping ul the rayal
rnfignsor re^};llia, and the plaoc ol the ki.ig's corona-
tion. The king's apartments are adorned widi very
curious p.iintings and fiatues. Wiihiu the callle llands
the cathetlr.il, where the kings of Pi land are crowned
and interred. Here likewili; the relics of St. Stanif-
laiis, the ancient biilvip and patron of the nation, are
eaieiully kept, and highly venerated.
Near this city are lome iiduiii,il.>le file mine-, which
were difcove;ed in 154S. Tiiey prjdice a gicac aii-
nu.d revenue to the crown; and tlie propiietors are
llkewil'e obliged to make a yearly prellnt to every cicy
ill Poland I'he I'ak is of tour kinds ; and on one li le
of tiie mines inns a llieam of brackidi water, as a fine
frelli one iloes on the other fide.
The other towns ol i.iis palatinate arc Zator, SIv'eria,
Biecz, Sandrecz, Ixlow, C.;entochow, Slacovia, and
Wlifca. In fume of thefe are mines of lilver and lead ;
in others collegiate churches and monalleries.
Czentochosv, on the river Warta, near the confines
of Silclia, in particular, is cclebratevi for remarkable
good beer. VVithouc tlie walls then' is a monallery of
hermits, where a pielurc of the \'irgin Mary is depofic-
ed, and whicli tiiole hermits affirm to have been paint-
ed by St. Luke liimfelf. This hath drawn a great
concourfe of pilgrims hither, who have made rich pre-
lents to tlie hermits ; yet thefe treafures are not lodged
in the monallery, but in a fmall fortrels.
Tlie fenators of this palatinate are the biiltop, p.ala-
tine, and callcllan of Cracow, with four other inferior
callellans.
i'lie i!;rifdiflion of this palatine is very large, and ex-
tt nds leveral ways, not only over the ciji^en ; and coun-
trymen, but alio the nobility and gentry. The pr.Ttor,
or mayor of Cracow, is named oy the king ; but the
eaflle is principally under the command of the pala-
tine, wht) has ten tleputiev, or buigraves, by whom,
in times of peace and war, a \\nct guard is kept, both
night and day ; a;;d tiiey mull always be ciiofen out of
tlie gentry.
The palatinate of Send'i.mir, or Saidomir, abounds
with mines of g >id, lilver, copper, iron, lead, llcel,
at\\ marble ; and has its name from its capital.
Sendomir is pleafant, a;id defended by a Idrong
callle on the foutli liJe of the town, o;i a iteep rock,
befides walls and outworks built by Caf.mir the Great,
who dietl here of a furfeit by eating too much fruit,
whicli, about this fpot, is reckoned the beft in Poland.
I'he molt remarkable llrucbiies in the town are the
D.iininican m inaflery, a collegiate church which is
very rich, a fchool where the Jefuits teach, and other
religious iv.nifes. The chief cjurt of judicature for the
palatinate is kept here. The inhabitants are reckoned
very polite. Here arc two chtirches, much frequented
by pilgrims, both which lland in the midll of a forcfh
I'lie towns are Cunow, Schydlowicc/, Viaklen, Op-
tatuw, U.idoni, llz;!, Solecia, Uozentiri, K.ielc-.4, Cnen-
cia, Uacow, Laginia, Corzin, and X'i.dcci. All that
can be laid worthy of mention concerning thefe feveral
places is, that they produce the relpeclive articles of
timber, iron, lleel, earthenware, lilh, &c. which tend
to t''.,' advantage of the inhabitants.
The palaunaie of Ljiblin contains many noblemen
and gentlcmens feats. It is governed by four principal
perf):is, the palatine, the callellan, and two fenators.
The city of Lublin, from whence the pakuinaf. re-
ceives its name, is a linall town, but has xcry great
trade, and is particularly cekbrated for four great an-
nual fairs or marts, which continue a month e ich, and
aie relbrted to by merchants from many parrs, both of
I-'.urope and Alia It is a bilhopric, lutlragan to the
archbilliop of Cracow. The Jews lynago;^ue licre is the
finefl in the whole kingdom; and the city befides con-
tains feveral churches, convents, a college, and the
(liieftribun.d fiir Little Poland. It is a healthy place,
tliough furrounded bv niorafles, which are, indeed. Its
cliief defence; thorgh Calimir the (ircat walled ir,
and furrounded it with a ditch. It hath likewifc the le-
cuiity of a cit.idel, wliich communicates to the town by
a briclL'e.
C.limir is built of timber ,imong the rocks near the
Weillel. It is a large < ity, v.dtli a beautiful p.ilace,
and extenfive gardens, belonging to the archbilliop of
(inefa. Thi. is the town where Charles Xll. king of
Sweden, caufed general Patkul to be broke alive upon
the wheel.
otiier towns in this palatinate, but
Idiere are three
ol no note.
Lowi R or CiRFAT Poland ; though f) called, is n-
tlier liiialler than l.ililc Pohnul ; for it did not receive
its appellation of Grcdl from its extent, but from hav-
iug
St. I ;
'i'tl
A NTAV, ROYAL Asr AtTlU'.NTlC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GKOGUAPHY.
M ''
«(,6
ing been fiift fcttln! into a kingdom by I.tcfno I'r
(,r«it, the original fiiiinv'.er of the l^olilh monarchy, h
is, in general, a level rhanipaign country ; has pleaf.int
rivers, lakes, ponds ; and is well furniflied with all
manner of fill, and fowl. Its hills abound with llicep
and cattle, and its vallies with corn.
The palatinate of Pofnania is fituated to the caft-
ward of Silifia and Brandenburg.
The fcnators of this palatin.i;c are tlie archbidiop of
Gnefna; the hifhop, palntine, and callellan of I'lA-
nania ; ami fix oti>cr caflellans. Tlicre are fevn.il
other oRicers in this palatinate, both civil and military.
The Starortas, or governors of citits, have fonie ol
them jurilliiflion, others none, as i: is likcwife all over
the kingdom. Some of its towns are w:\llcd ; but the
houfcs, in general, are of timber, except ilie public
edifices, which are of Hone or brick.
Poi'nania, the capital, is thought to be inferior lo no
city of I'oland, except Cracow. It i; the lee of a bi-
Ihop, fufiVagan of (inefna ; and it is defended by a
good ciftle, a double wall, and a dee]) ditch. It is
famed for its traile, well built, and lias a cathedr.d.
The billiop's palace, and an univerfity, are in its fu-
burb.s, encompalTed by a morafa and a deep lake, but
incommoded Ibmetiiius by the overtlowings of the
river. There is a tine college and monallerv in the
city, in the former of which tliey have n)any I'cliolars.
The inii.ibitants make as hanJIbna- a figure in their
koufcs .ind drefs as any in Poland : and their Staroila,
or chief m.igiftr.ite, who is chofen aiuitialiy out of the
Kcheviils, or aldermen, is dlgr.itied with tlie tittle of
general of CSreat Poland. Mod of thrm are Papitls;
but here are many Jews, who have greater privileges
dun tiie citizens. The public buildings are generally
of free- Hone, of which the moll coniiderable is the
c.ilUe. There are three fanious fairs kt^'t in this city,
mucii rclorted to by the Gen an tr.iders. In St. Mag-
dalen's, which is tiic princip.U church of the city, is
lliewn the tomb of the duke MicceP.aus, who intro-
duced Cliriftianity into Polaml. Mere are feveral
Other churches, befides monalleries. The Itreets
are fpacious, and the town-houfe a |)icce of fine ar-
chitedure.
Befides the capit.il, the only place of note in this
palatinate is Fravenftadt, which is remarkable for the
vidory obtained near it over the Saxons by the
Swedes, which proved f) fatal to kin" Auguftu-.,
that it permitted Charles XII. to enter .Saxony, and
Itf: Poiind and Lithuania to the mercy of th.it ccn-
qutroi*.
The palatinate of Kalifch hatii I've fenators viz. the
palatine, tlic callclLin of Kalifch, Ijnd, Naklo, and
Kamin.
Kalifch, tlie city from whence t!ie pal.uinate hath its
name, lies among marflies, and i; fortified only with a
brick wall, and low towers. Here are the ruins of a
llrong cadle, whidi was tlrflroyed by the Tuetonic
knights. It h.is a magnil'.c.int college of Jefuits, and
Ibmc religious houlls. It was t.%ken hy the Swedes
djring the wars of tl;c l.afl century. The Saxon's and
Poles defi-Mted the Swedes near this place, in Qclober
1706, jutl as a trc.ity had been figntd, wliTre king
AuguRus renounced the crown to king St.inilla'js, his
electorate of I^axony being then over-ruti by tiic
Swedes, and no othLT way left to relieve ir.
Gnelna, or, as the Germans term it, G:.ikn, is now
deemed tiie capital of Great i'uianJ, and was formerly
the metropolis of the whole kin^jdom, and the refidence
of the king. It was built, as is generally reported, by
king Ijtchus, I. founder of the nionircliy, and called
Gnefna, from anuigle's nclt found tliere, whicli, in the
Polilh Linguage, is called ( lenefiad. The kings of
Poland v.ere crowned, and the regalia kept here, till
t ;20, when they were removed to Cracow. It fjliered
very muc li by aiheadful lire in na t, and has bceii de-
clining ever fince ; fo ttiat it i-, ntiw only confiderable
:ur being the lee of an arclibifliop, who is primate of
i',l I'olind, leg.iteof the Holy See, and, in cdi- of the
king's death, regent till a new king be chofen, whcm
alio he claims the right of declaring and crowning. He
can reverie all proceedings in any of the bifliops
courts ; and it is death to draw a hvord in his prtfence.
A golden crofs is carried before him when he goes to
the diet, or to the king ; and when he lits, his chaplain
holds it behind his chair. His marfli.il, who is a Icna-
tor, carries a ftall' before his coach, and filutes none
with it but the king. He vilits no ambafliidors, though
tiiey vifit him. During the inttrregnum, he may coin
money in his own name; tlie ru'enuesof ihe crown
then beloni'int^ to him, and he having the fime officers
with the l.'n;': but at all limes he his dn:ms beating,
and trumpet;. l()undii)g, wiiliin ani| without, bi^forc he
fits dow'i to table ; and he may vifit tl;e king when he
pleafes. 'I'he canons mnif all' be of ii'^ble birth.
There is lodged in th.e cathedral a great treafure of
gold, lilver, and curious enamelled vtfitls, becjueathed
to it by Sigiiiiuind 111. and liime other kings. The
toHib of one of the archbilliops is calcd with filver,
and tlje j'illars are of Corinthian braf>^.
The palatinate of Siradia is fituatctl to the north and
Ibuth of the Warta, and contains
Siradia, the cajital town, which is fmall, but popu-
lous, and has a calile to defentl it.
Wielun, which is the feat of the Starofta, caftellan,
and ]irovincial diet. And
Petricow, a tolerable well-built ne.it town, about So
miies from Cracow. One of tiie great tribunals of the
kingdfim, for determining dillerenccs among the no-
bility, and appeals from inferior court?, fits in this
town i as does alio a provincial court, anti the fynod of
the clergy.
The palatinate of I^ncici„ hath five fenators, viz.
the palatine and callell.in of Lcncicia, and three other
caflellans.
The principal town, called I.encicia. has a great an-
nual lair, aiid is the fear of one of the litde diets.
Piontkiini is celebrated for a fine monaftery, and
good beer.
The pnlntinne of K.iva lies caft from that of Len-
eicia, and hath four fenators, viz. the caftcllans of
Sochaezcw, (iollinin, and Ravp, and the palatine of
Rava.
Kav.i, the capit.il, is fituated in the midft: of a plain,
built of wood, tolerably populous, and defended by a
calile.
Loiiitz is u fmall nea- town, hith a caftie furroundeJ
by the river, is adornei! with a llately church, and the
palace of the archbifiiop of Gnefna.
Volhora is a populous tou n, where the bifliop of Cii-
javia has a noble palace.
The palatinate of Brczellry is fertile, and fends five
members to the diet.
In the fuburbs of Crcl\vick ftands the church of Sr.
Peter, built with free-floue, together witli a college of
24. canons.
Ul.ulill.iw is a palatinate, the capital city of which,
of the fame name, is the fee of a bifliop. The cathe-
dral is an ancient Gothic llrufture, but rich in plate,
orn.aments, and relics ; and encompafietl with tlie
houles of the canons and prebendaries, and a large
frtc llhnol. The chief ornament of the place is the
bilho()'s llately [lalace. '1 hough the .adjacent liiil i,
marHiy, and fo I'carce of fiiel, that the inhabitants liii
fer very much l')r want of i:, yet it is fruitful in corn,
and fends great qu.intities to llaiif/iik.
The palatinate of Inowlocz, or Inowkuliflaw, is di
vidcd into three territories, and lends four callellans fj
the diet, befides tlie j.alatine.
The chief town of the liimc name, is fmall, but df
fended by a flrong (.illle.
liyd-'oll is noted t'nr a pre.nt trade in falmon.
Dobri.'i .bounds widi triiit and filh of all forts; an.:
was fnriiurly the occalion of many quarrels between
the Tuetonic knights, PrufTa antl Poland.
PI(ie/ko, or Plo/kow, isdivid.d into lourdiflrifl'
Plolkow, it' chief town, has been a biihop's, fee a Ion,',
time.
I'UROl'F.
time, 1 , ver
ed by a ( ,il!
and monalli
JJenedi.liue
lie.;, they k
Ihrinc, jhm
P<>i.i»ii
by the ajij)(
beloiigiii;; t
it from I)t;(
l^raiKknbur;
td into a kf
lore, is into
as his lale I
Poland, ft j/t
cities (il 1X11
Jn /'(„'///, y
I'm Ilia.'
I'olllll I'll
from I'oI.Kiil
peipetual all
inli,i!)!t;i.:us
( .ilini.r l\'. 1
hill Pniili.ifh
oi rni.md, t
the king iho
till 111, hoiii d
ttrs relative t
louns of this
formerly wry
ill'' ifiuihe
nuf.>hi).)iirho()
open ; but ih
lakes, u;ui woi
lidi ; and the '
wax, honey,
into foiii- p.d.i
burg, aid V\';i
Ihe inhabit
characterize 1
uhich may be
Dantzick th
the
Maiirtibiir;
i'.ll)ing
i he I'alat
it. o'.ui. It
ludgC.; lu.S
f(>llou;n^r pi ,
I he ci:v o
f'f the p.dat,
1^ (i;u Hi d on
Ti^c iiiiuii
cd their nial
firoteetion ot
Ihewn a jifi',
likely ton\al
i he citv ol
r:i: r;e^ oi; .1 \ ,;
not only a 5 t
I'ut asone oft
fore, J.(,ndon
to e.viel, ill (I
in luir< nc.
i ids cit\- n
icrntd bv ihn
City; the ,'\lri
or the Inipcto
lobioid ih;ii (
I' rtilications .1.
by tuo hills, (.
iltl'f. A l-„;|
rail)' co\ercd u
the rivers Mot
imlis. One,
Hvenrr, hciiiK
.No. (■
'HY.
cliofen, whom
crowning. He
:)( the bifliops
1 in his prelence.
when he goes tu
fits, his chaplain
il, who is a t'cna-
anJ. Tilutcs none
jaflatlorf, thoiiph
IM11, he may coin
ics of the crown
the- tiitne officers
IS ilri:iiis beating,
itluiut, before he
tl-.e king when he
ob!e birth.
great treafure of
rilVls, bequeathcii
ther isings. The
calcd with filver,
1 to tlie north and
fmall, but popu-
Starofta, caftellan,
at town, abont 80
eat tribunals ot the
cb amopjT the no-
:ourt.s fits in this
, and the fynod of
five fcnators, viz.
a, and three other
icia. his a great an-
the little diets.
ine tnonaftery, and
from that of Lcn-
;. the caftcllans of
and tlie palatine of
he midft of a plain,
and defended by a
a caftle fiirroundeJ
fly church, and the
.a.
re the bifliop of Cii-
tilc, and fends five
Is the church of St.
er witli a college of
apltal city of which,
jifliop. The cathe-
but rii-h in plate,
ompafied wich tlic
iidaries, and a lar>:e
of the place is tin-
the adjacent fwil ii
the inhabitants lut
it is fruitful in corn,
ick.
Inowladiflaw, is di
■nds four cillellans fi
If, is fmall, but df
le in falmon.
filli of all forts ; ana
nv quarrels between
Poland.
d into four diHrift'-.
abiil.op's, kc alonft
tiiiii.-.
F.UROPF.J
time, is vcrv pojiulous, h.is a gi.oJ trade, and i. d Jitid-
fd by a lallie. It has a caihidial, with other lihiiclies
and nionalkrics, \\\ll endowed, efpeciilly that ct' the
Jkncdi:lints, in the I'ulnnhs wheie, amor,;' dtlur re-
lic:!, tlicv kci p the head ot St. SiL'ifiiKind in a golden
Ihrine, |';iveii 1)) kin|; ^ij.',ifiuiind III.
I'lHii.!! l'Kt>si\ liatli been utually parliculaii/.td
by ihe appellai ion of Uovil I'uitlii, on account of its
bi K>!if',i:i;; to till- crriv. n ol I'ol.md, and t) liilliii^iiilh
it from Di'.ial I'ruliia, which belonj.!,Ld to ihe l.onlc of
Hrancknburt; ; bit hath, tor Ionic time pall b -encrcl-
cd into a kinsidoiu. The modern ilidiiutio.i, ihere-
lore, i.s into /'«//>'' Pyiijjui, and the ////(;..•' r; -t /'iii///,i ;
as his late I'nilliaii iiiajelh', in the ililiiiemlH rinent of
Poland, fii/.td upon ;he opulent, comiv.ercial, and tine
cities ol l)aii:/.iik, Thoin, and I'lbiiiL', whicnareall
in J' .',■'(' P),ih,.., but a:iiK.\cd 10 lIu' domiiii<.ii:; of
IVuilia.
Polilh I'liiiha was toriiuil} a dillin t politi'al il He
from Poland irfclt, and no taiilur t oni'ei;icd than bv a
pei|ieiual aliiaiice. In the year 1 f»i(i, however, tiie
inhabitimts put thenilVlves uiuK r the [irote^iioii of
C'.ilimir l\. when it was expielsly llipulaied, that Po-
lilli Prullia (liould have nothinjr to do w ith the kin.;doiii
ol' Poi.uid, thoiij^h it I'ad wi'.ii Us iovcie!|^n; ami that
the kin<4- Ihojld peifonally, and alone, com;- among
thim, lioiil diets, give orders, a"d diterniine all mat-
[i rs relative to I'olilh Pruiiia. Some of ihe i itus and
to^vn^ of this proMiire, anil |>.ir:icLilarly Dant.'.ick, had
lurireily very peculiai piivih'ges.
i he foiiihein parts of this divili-.m, excepting in the
ncij^libiHuhood of Daiit/.ick, arc barren, but level and
0[ien ; but theotiier parts arc over run with niounrains,
lakts, and uiK)ds. I'he lakes \ leld plenty ot excellent
liili ; and the woods atinrd w ild boars, ro^'-bucks, game,
uax, honey, and timber. Thispro\ince isdniJetl
iiuo four palatiiv'.tes, viz. I'omereliia Culm, .Mirieii-
burg, ai-.d V\'armia.
Ihe inhabitants cfPnliih PrulTia have adifiich which
chara^tenze li.x ot iheir prim ipal cities and towns, aiul
wliicii may be tlius tranllated,
r\in:z:ck the rich. Culm the delightful, and Phiczko
the long ;
Marienburg tlic handfomc, Thorn the devout, and
I'.llimg the Itroiig.
'I lie P.ilatinaie of Ponicreiliahad forincrU' princes of
it> own. It has n,)u a |rilitiiu-, and four provincial
ludgci; lies in the dioceie ol' C'ujovia, and coniams the
follow ing pi ices.
Ihecuyof Danrzick, which is not only t!x- cipital
of the palatinate, but the metropolis of Polilli I'lullla,
is lii'.iitid on a branch of the river Vifhila.
'I i'.e inhabitants of Daiu/ick have fre.jumtly c!\ing-
ed tluir mailers, and ha\ e liiiiiHtimcs been iind r the
fjiiitection of the {''ngliili and Dutch ; but they ha-. e
ihewn a grearcr attatiimeiu to l\ l.,nd, as being lefi
likely tori\al rhrm in tieir trade.
'ihe eiiv ol l.'ant/ick is large, i-opulous and rich,
rairies oil a vail tradi-, and hath long been conlidered
not only a> the chief mart and maga/ine of I'oland,
but as (!ne of the greatelf granaries in the world ; there-
loie, London ai.d Aii;lfeidam exiepttd, it is reputed
to CM el, in opulence and commeice, any other city
lit I'lIK tic.
'i'liis c;i) ii ilividiil iiKo tl-,ne pairs, whii h are go-
\erncii by tl-rieddlii'.vt luiators, \i/. \'oorlladt, or lore
t:i!V; the AltHailt. or O.ii City ; and the Reehti It.ul',
c^r the !• nipcior's City ; a'l rncoiiip;tirevl with high walls,
lobiotd that coache-; catib go round upon them. 'Ihe
ti rtilications .ue ol \afl extent ; but being commanded
bv nu) lulls, on the fouih-well, they cannot 11. in I a
lici'e. ,'\ i-nal goes through the city, which is gene-
r,i!!\ covered uiih men ham Ihips. It is wateied be
the river-; Motlaw and Rodauii, on which an' I'evci.l
ii'ilN. One, on the Kodauii, yiehU the Hate .1 ;T.at
jeventT, belieiis what il brings the jnoprietors. 'J he
.No. (•4.
1' I. A N I).
6</7
hoiifes are parti; flono, and partly biick, and f.'cnerally
lix or I'eveii Hones high. The public buildiniis are
very fair. .St, Mary's church is a (latelv fabric, with 4.S
alteis, 37:2 windows, and a front, iiad, at .Aiuwerp,
that coll 5000I. Mere is a m.ignificent town l.oal'e
with a \erv lofty fpire. 'I'lie arfeiial, and e\i haiige,
the lljiiare of St. Dominic, and the college, are noble
llru.tures. Thc.e are ;o paiilhes in the city and fii-
buibs; three magazines, well furnilheil \v th;muiuini-
t, on and other lljres ; and many gran ir'cs of fjven and
nine Ifories high, with fuinels to let tlie corn do.'. 11
lioiii one to the other, which liivcs a great .leal of la-
bour and charge. 'I'hcy are civ.ompalled with water,
(') that lliips lie clofe to them to take in the r la.id'iig;
and no iioufes ae fuffered to be ivar iheiii fir ieir of
lire. The chief export of this pla^e is in corn br t'ghc
from other parts, of whuh aa increiiible (iiaiitity is
(hipped from hence every yeir. The c.tr/.eis liav, the
fole [irivilege of biiving up tfe cor:', as ftxin ..s i: enters
tile harbour. Tiie nr.igiltra'e-, let a jiri'e up '.1 it; but
tiir.t the coimtiy p,e(>i;le, who are thj fellers, may not
be impofed upon, and dchi}ed, the citizens are o!diged
to buy up tite whole tpiantity wriich the boats bing
in, let it be what it will. I'lioiigi th.s city laks olf a
great iiuantit;- of the w();)lljii in iiiulaetures of Circat
iiritain, yet the Dutcii, fending fo man, ihips for corn
to Dant/.ick, which mull go em, ty aua\ d they have
no!;oo !s to carry, ami the Ireig'u cotting them n itlimg,
they hiive the chief tnde of cojrie. D.ui:ziek is the
<hief market to which t lie Dutch, and alfo the Scots,
(^\\<\ their pickled licrrin;.;:;, which area iiinlf prolit-
able nierch.indize in Polaiid. 'l"he Datch fend |uiiipcr
fpirirs hithrr, together with fait, fulphur whale-lins,
and train-oil. Heliiles corn, of which there is not fuch
a quantity exported any where as here, the Dantzickers
export pot-alh'.'s, lUirgeon, Polilh linen, fail-cloth, and
great ijuantities of fpruce canvas, which is ufcd lor f'.i.ls
tor fmall fhijiping in I'.ngland, and in Spain and Italv.
Tiie Dutch fetch great quantities of I'olilli iheeijs'
wool from hence, which is the bell in all tlie northera
world, the Knglilli and Irilh only exc^'pted, and which
they employ in their cloth ir.aiiufacturc. The French
alii) bring fome of it away. The Pol iili wool is ex-
p.irted like A ife to Germany and Sweden. 'I'he Dant-
zickers have a wine of that fort the}- call Tokay, but
it is no other than the i'oliili winco of the mountains
of Cracow andPololia: a:id thei- import great quan-
tities of I hdlaiids gin, which is i.etth drank in Poland.
Some of t!ie bell oaken plaitk. for building lliips, i;
brought from thi^ city. 'I In.' Pi.t.-h cargoes, beddes
thofe already men:ioned, generally conlill of EnL;!ilh
woollen inamiliichircs, the I'ugtrs of the l-'nglilh colo-
nies, American tobaccoes, with French lilks, wines,
and brandy. One halfolt'c port ciitloms belonging
to the king c\ l\)land lince tlie reign ol Sit;ifnuiiid
.■\ugullus, till lis late Prulhaii majelly convcrtid ;ill of
them to his own (luol.miertt. The harbnir of Dant/.ick
is iiotikei, 11) thir very l.irge ihip-; cannot come up to
the cit\-. One of the fuberbs of Dant.'i 'k is called
.Scotland; and the Scotch f.idrrcai r-irivileges ."llii'.ved
them, in conlivler.ition of thetr gall.int dcfe.ice of the
town under on ■ of the tamilv of Dougl.is, when it was
beliegid by the Poles. It is I'aid there ii.ive hicn ufually
upwards ot' 30 ceo Seirch pedlars "at a time in Polam-I,
fome tiavelling on foot, fome on horfeback, &c. In-
lieed, ill the time ot king Charles il. t'lee amountixl
to < j.oco, when ^ir J.ihii Detiham, ami Mr. Killigieu,
were feiit to tnimber and t.ix them by the poll, whii.-!i
they did by [larticuLir licences from the kingoflVi-
laiiil, brmgii'g home iq.'.ic-j!. Ilerling, betides defray-
ing tl'.e Lxpcnccs of t!:e journey and commilliort.
In the great chu
rt 11 ii.ri
' is a \all [)ill:ir, holiowc:!,
which, it IS pretended, wasanticntly ^xfi^A to immure
ecchliallics guilty of heinous crintes. A.-- liberty of
leiigion is publuly adouetl in Danr/ick, there an;
chute he.-, ol'all kind.^, Lutheran, CaKindl, and Catholic,
'1 hei eaiebi-lides convent-, f'.ir the relig oiisofhoth fcxes.
'J'he cavirons o^ this citv are uticonimonly beaurilul.
b O ' La";vc
, 1, ,;ll'
!.;fV
4-
698
A XF.W, ROYAL and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTPiM 01 UNIVERSAL Gi:OGRM'I!Y,
ivr,
U
the li Ini iu!'i'ri\iint, thoiii^h this town was ,
r rnlaiul, \it It «as i;.isi.'iiuil In-
In.l 1
iiTidi r the pm'ecti'in o
11
U'V
Its i)«n inai^;liiatcs 111 Idrin ot a i(|iiinl!C
four jmxonliils 01 Imrgomalicn, outot whom the km;;
named a buigruc to rcpivlcnt Wim in the llnatc, aiul
The iVnatois coriiiniifil lor
'Ihirc were
iii-t ol' the (e-
liu;i» ientences vt' ileati
liie ; and tour ot'them were i^alvinilKs.
103 burghers ciiofin to inl'i) 1. the eoiHiii-t ol' the
nates, and join "ith them in ehuling tlie miniiU-rs.
'Ilie magilhat.'s liett rivinrd aM c rimin il e.nills with-
out apjieal, and all i imI rallies nut exeeediiiff 1000
livre>. 1 he ICD hur^hers, uho |oincd with tile
lenate in itiipolin}; raxes, npreiViU d the grievances
of the people, andnviintained thrir p'ivilej^es. Wl'.en
tile kingeamc hither, lie was onl\ ailoweil to hriivr a
tew guards, and was treated hv ihe city tor three days,
'i'hcy had ;i lecreta'v a!wa\s at loiirt to take eare of
their intcrel's, anJ the right of coina'^e. '1 heir mo-
nev, which theycoiiM coin wuiinut ilie kin.','s Ka\e,
had t!ie king's ellig; on one tide, aiv.l tl',e city arms on
the o'.her.
ILre is a college, wi:h profellors in all faculties;
but thev do not gi\e the degree of do^io;. I'he juiil"-
di, tion ol' ihi.i ciiv i> aiiove 40 miles round. Iheelhi-
blillxd religion has lueii Luthei.mifm tince iji;. 1 he
Lalvinilis are niimeious, and are allowed the fiecdom
of their wc)rlhip ; ^•. are a'l le.ts in u-enerai. 'I'liis
citv is noted for i-.aviiig been the biith-placc of that
tminent geogiapher i'mhp C Iwveiiiis.
there is an iland lea or l)av here, callcii the I'rif-
chatV, famous f)r llur.;;eo:i, a vail i]'i'.ntity of which i,-
tiken here, cured at Konuiglb.rg and J)ant/.ick, and
i'ent to all tiu'tra.ling p^urs ol i'.urope, eiji^cialiv I'ng-
land and Ho'.l.nd. I'eter the (ireat, t/.ar ol .Vlufcovy,
liaving brought ,1 fine yacht hitiier froiu Holla ui, took
great delight in working it m this liay ; and, n order
to acquire the mariner's art, did evcrv part himfeif ;
l)eing fometinn-. at the helm, fomeiimes before the
inall, and riietimesat the top-mall head, c\;c.
Oliva, a ;mall lea-port, live miles noith-well of
Dant/.ick, is famed li)r a bene.iicline abbey, where a
peace was concluiicd in i6*iO, lietwixr the emperor, the
king of Folaiiil, ami tlie i lector of liiaiulenburgh, on
one part ; and the kingol Swei'en on the oth^'.
The abbot's |)al.!ce and gardens are very elegant ; but
his revenues, which amiHi;ited to io,o;odueat.sj or near
50O0l.) per annum, and the lands of the convent which,
he enioyed in f.ill t'o\ereignry, were all I'ei/ed by the
late ki;-.g ol Frullia.
In this palatinate are I'wl- otlier to.\ ns, b t neither
of ihcmm lit attention.
The palatinau: <jf t'ulm hi; lour ll-nalors, viz. tlie hi-
lliops of Lulin a.d Wi.rmii, t!ie pa'atinean I caltellm.
The ci;\ ol l':, is name w;i, limit and well t'orlilied bv
the Teutonic knights. It is |)lcafi:itly lituated, but is
iniichdeca. ed lince tlieSwcdilh vMir-.
The city of Thorn, the moll an ientofany in Poiilh
rrullia, is likewife the haiulli'm.ll and bed built. '1 he
flreets are broader, and ti.e I'.o'il'e, moree Icgant, than
thole of Dani/ii k. lie name i, derived t'rom the
(ierinan word 'I'll ir, w hicii ligiifi s :i door or gate,
becaufe the Teutonic knight-, hy b iilding it, opined
to thenifclvcs a <l'>orin:o IVuilia ;and the device 0:1 the
tity leal is a giie thrown open.
In thr \c.;r 14;,!. this <ity, in eoniunction with the
lell of I'olilli I'rulli.i, threw oil the opprellive )oke of
the 'I'eutonic knighr., and put iile!l under the protec-
tion of i'oland.on cnii.f'iciii i!i:ir it llinuld enjoy iis an-
cient right- ai'.d pm.kgc^, which were tijual to thole
vi Dantzick.
It had heretofore the right of coining mo!iey, chuljng
its own magillrates, deteimining mil and criminal
caufes, fending reprefenta-.ives to the feveral diets, jnir-
chafwig fiefs and ellate>, ^;c. hut its rights and pi ivi-
legcs now depend entuel;, upon the will olthe I'ruliiaii
monarch.
the German and I'olilli language.., are fpoken here
in the utmoll purity. 'I'he territory appeitaining to
the citv is of conllderal'.le extent ; and at a villap;i?
about lix miles t;ntnthe city, all | erfons, whoreloit
thither, may drink as nuieh bei r as the pleafe gratn.
I'he tow n is ilclendeil bv a iloiible wall anil niooat. The
wooden bri Ijieoverthe Vi!lul i is the longellin I'.urope,
as half an hour is required to walk over it at a tolera-
ble pace ; and it the fame time it is the moft cxpenlive,
as one ihird of it is fiire to be annuallycarricvl away by
the floods In fact itionlills, pioperh fp»akin!', if
twobridg' s,as the ithiid Ma/ ir divide, it in the middl •.
I he .^--t.i.ithoufe h\th none in biirope which excels it,
except that ot Amlleidam. (ireat quantities of fi'ap
and g.ingerbrcad arc made here and exported. The
afpirattus, that grows wild in the neighbourhood, is
not infciior to what is eulti\ated in other places. In
this city the celebrated atlrononier Copernicus was born
in the year 1472.
The Lutheran co'Ic' e huh live prore''^irs, with a
teacher of the i'clilli laiv'u.i'^e, a line librarv, and a
pr.nting-huiile.
Ti:e liilhop of Culm, wh.)fe dio :efeand fpiritii.il |ii-
rd'diction extends to thisi itv, having, towards the entl
of the lall century, ellablilbed an annual procelii.tri
with the holt on Cor|)iis-Chrilli day, the year 1724.
w ill fcarce ever be forgot by the citizens of Thorn, fir
the execution of a terrible decree that year from the
( hancery at VVariaw, at the inlligation of the Jellii's,
,ind the f.dfe dcpolitions of their pirii/ansj by whi'ti
Cevcral I'loielhint magillrates, and oti'.ers of note, wc:C
not o:ily p it todeath.and others lined, whipped, an:!
impiil'>)ned, on account cfa tumult, becaufe lome of
the Ciii/'.ns children did not kneel dicvn at th; proccf-
lion, but St. Miry's church was t.iken from the Pro-
tellants, and given to the Papifts; their Ichools de-
llroyed ; the torm ot the city government utterly fub-
verted j the burghers f<irced to fubmit to a new fet of
magillrates, who were all Roman Catholics ; and, in :i
w.iid, tile inhabitants were llripped ol all their privi-
leges that had been fo dcarlv piirchaled, a ul after-
wards confiimed by the peace of Oliva. Duiingths
many of tlu- inhabiianls tied to Dantziek 'or ret'iige,
i Init tl'.ought lit to retire from thence elfeu here, l.ll liie
I'ohs lliould oblige the magillrates of that i ity toile-
l;\er tlu 111 up. 'I'he Jefuus ccllige having been broke
open and plundered in the tumult, they deman led
2J,DOO tlorins of the city, w hich paid down one half in
hand, and mnrtgiged the city lands for the other;
though the damage they fullained did not exceed ico3
lloiins, and their whole college was not worih the fuia
total 01 their demand. Mean time the coiuiiinicin lor
the execution i;f the horriil I' nteace, wliicb even the
reigning jjope thought too cruel, tlaid about a lortnight,
and coll tlie < ity .)0,OOJ tlorins. li\e or lix fol, tiers
were quartind upon every I'rotellant bi.rghi r, who waJ
obliged to maintain them in lu.xury, on pain of beuig
tre.i'ed wi'h inhumanity; fb thai: the milery and
calamity upon titis occalioi in 'Thorn is alniolt inex-
preliii)h'.
lie haning tower in this town is much admired;
f "r tl'.ouith tlie oiitlide is built obliquely Ir im tlie
g'roimd, to that it teems re:idy to t.iil, yet the tl mr
.iiul ctiUn!;s within are perfectly horizontal, and tnc
w.ilis perpeii.li -iilar to the hoiizon. In t le ui.iverliy
libriiy two of Cicero's epiltk-s are prelerv.d on wa\,
and <;reatly adniireil by the liieiati.
ITnin:;; del' ribcd all the plates worthy of note in
this palatinate, we pit's to thai of Ma;ienburgh, whin
is an open, level, populous, and Ir iiitul country, pro-
ducing ( urn, ca:tle,gral's,6cc. in abundance. The ay
ii good. 'Ihe fuel generally uled is eidierturf, Itr.iu,
or llubblej and the few woods h:irboiir very lier c
wolves. 'Tile inhabitants are jii uicijially I uthor.uis,
or Riiiiian Caihohcs ; ;ukI the palaim.itc has i nU tuo
i'en,iio!s, VIZ. the pal itine and the calKlian of ALuku-
bui"/u.
I he cit> of M;!rienburgh was totindcd by the 'J'eu-
tonic' knights. ThecaUle, which was ere Ji.d in taxi,
is a brick llriiclure, IbrtiticJ on one fide with a trebl •
3 ilitch.
ruROPF.;
ditch, dffer
fecurcvl by
gone fcvcra
powers.
Here is
■Virgin Mar
houfes beinj
adiacent foi
ncighliouri;
river; but
are ver) e\[
is made lien
Llbing IS
only port, i
was built n
the fame la\
vas one of 1
penal citv ;
iialtic. 'Th
ttoiis. Tlio
hy whic h it
lieni.d on th
'The city
New Towns
which are I
zii k, form ;
of Polilh Pi
the tortificat
it in tlurg'd
Catholic an
plaee. It i
and is as fru
vince, Amlli
bom hood h
the nohleiDi
be dillingui
The arch
protefque ai
?'..! almoll :
deligned tor
formerly fv
by a tie;K h.
pre:'t mcalu
to its new
Chnllbu
on tI.e rive
Draufen, o
Stum is a
the p.ilatin;
'I he fou
billi<)pri<-,
royal jurii'd
under their
rhuf of the
berg, a tin.
north call
niiii'lberg.
l'ril"c!;alf, \
a goixl hail
Pillau.
ratliedral
' The cliu
Ikaiinllaw,
for a good 1
built byc.i
gaged lined
burg; but
the whole.
Prullia n
come an ex
prows too
many otl.i
lofl'.
When ei
A w ate hi
Till gro\
And elbc
'I
1
riiY.
ami at n villa«»i?
ltIdii-;, whn ri'foit
tlu' pliMlo ij;iati'5.
,11 anil niooat. The
loiv^i'llin I'.uroiic,
ivcr it at a tolcra-
hcnioft^xpinlivf,
lytanicil away by
I'Cih fpkakiii!', of
c-i it in the mitl.lL".
i: which cecils it,
iliiaiititiis (if fi'ap
il ixiiortcil. I lu"
iici!';'.ihi)iirhnoil, is
oilur places. Ill
ipcrnicus .vas born
profcT()rs ^vith a
iiii." libiary, aii.l a
■fcanil fj5iritii.ll jii-
[, UWAwU the c-nJ
ann;i:il proc-nrjn
lay, the year 17^4.
7.cns (if Tharn, f >r
hat year from the
tion of the jcfuits,
inizans ; by whicti
thcrs of note, hc:C
leJ, whinpcil, an:!
, becaiife loiiie of
uwii at the procef-
i:n from tlie Pro-
tlicir fchools de-
nniciu utterly fiib-
iiit to a new let of
uliolica ; aixl, m a
I ol all their [>rivi-
thafetl, a 111 after-
•liva. During this
aiif/.irk 'or r(fu;;e,
; elfewherc, 1-. It liie
of th.it I ity to ile-
' having been liroke
It, they ileiiian le.l
il il'iu :i one hall'iii
mis for the other;
Llid not cxceeiJ ic33
1 not worth the fum
the coriiniillion lor
c, which even the
id about a rortnight,
] i\e or li'< foi, tiers
It burgher, v. ho \\a«
y, on pain of being
at the luilerv aid
lorn li alniolt iiiex-
is much admired ;
obliquely fr im tlic
1 fill, yet the ti xir
hoi i/.ont.il, and tlic
In t'le ui.iverfry
e prefcrv^d on wa\,
s worthy of note in
vlanenbui-gh, w hi »
iiifdl country, pro-
rtutidance. I'he M,r
is either turf, Ih.iv,,
harbour very fiere
im'iiuilly 1 uther.ii's,
.uin.ite lias (lib two
( allcllan of M.iuen-
luniled by tliC 'J'e'.i-
was erea.d in 1 .I'm ,
C lide \vi
i
h a trebl ■
ditch.
rUROPF.] P I-
ditch, defended oti the ot^rr by (Iron;; ftonc walls, and
fecured by high rowers at the bank ;. It haiuuler-
gone fevcral re\i>lurioii., uid lieii lubjev.'! todill'cniU
powers.
Here i^ a mign'li'tin clinr' h, dedicatid to the
Virgin Mary, but th-.'toMn is nemlv built, iivll of its
luiufis being of wood, and the itil-,abiran;s po: r. Ihe
adjacent foil is (ru'tful, and w;!l culri^ated, as is the
nciglibouring illand of the faitie name, f..rmeil bv the
rivcrj but the d) kci, to prelcrv r it lioni imuid itioiis,
arc very expenli-e. 'll\^■ bell muid in l\ lilli I'riillia
is maile liere.
Klbing IS the nietropoh:. of the pa':itinati', and the
only port, exce| t Pant/ick, in all Po'ilh Hreliii. It
was built in 1 : iq, by the lurghis of l.idvck; hid
the lame laws, prnihges, and ami<, 11s tl eir ei\'; a 'd
was one of the I l.ins-'l"owns, as \\eil as i I ee and im-
perial city ; and one of the molf conf.deiab'e on the
tialtic. This city alio has undirgne various revolu-
tions. The iaif v\as in th'- difunmbeiinrnt (f I'dand,
by which it w.is fubje-tcd to t'.ie [ii.my cal.imiiics inci-
ikntd on that event.
The city of flbing is divided in'o the Old and
New Towns, or rather the l.J()por and I ur To.ins,
which arc both tortilicd, and, with I'hoi.i a"d D.int-
zii k, form a repofitory tor the archives an, I trtafures
of i'oliili i'i'.i)';:i. Its llreets are broad and llriir, and
the turtificatio.s very regular. Its [irincii'>al ( onim ne
lii in llurg' oil, butter, clecl'c, meati, and corn. The
Catholii and l.iithcian are the tw.) rcligi ins of the
phi'-e. it is li'iiated in a le-vel cc iintry, like Holland,
and IS as fniitfid and p'tvuLiii-; as anv pirt of that pr.)-
vini e, .\mlierd.im ex( epted. The boors in the neigh-
bourhood have as good hoiifes and aj^parel .ilmolt as
ihe noblemen in Coiirland ; fo that a hnor i; hirdly to
be liiltinguilhed, by his liabit, Irim a burg! er.
The architecture of tlie hoiifcs in te.is city i> mull
protef.iiie and lingular. They tcriiinate m a point ;
n..'. alnioll all the upper Ihirics arc untenantable, being
dcligncd tiir granaries, and not for relidence. It w.is
formerly fortilied in the (Johic talle, and liirrounded
by a trench. Ikit even thel'e feeble raniparis are, in a
grei't miahiic dcmolilhcd, fiice it hath become fidiiect
to its new mafler.
C'lrillinirg is a conlivlerable town, vith an old callle,
on t:.e river Sergamen, uhuh diliha'ges iilill'into the
J)raiiren, oj-p li'.e b.lb 11 :.
Stum Is a Imall town uiih a call'e, when' the diet of
the palatinate, and a lo.iri ot iedii.itere is I'eld.
'Ihe fourth palat n.ite if tins (O'liuiy is Warmia, a
billiopric, tlie people ol vi Iiie'r, are e.ciiipted from the
royal jurifdieton, and g, veiiud b;. tie laws of PriilliA
luulcr their biihcp, ulm is a prince of tlie enipiv, the
rliiifofthe riiilTian fciiators, and ha; his feat at Heilf-
berg, a llrniig place, built in i :.] d, o 1 the river .'MIer,
norih call fiom Mbing, and ■{' miles fniith of Ko-
niiielberg. I Ii> cail.idial is at I lauenbuig, on the
1 rill'!. a if, uhereil ree .\e> the river S( lion, and his
a good hai hour, 10 mil s norili c.iil Irom I'.lbing and
Fillau. i'.ic t.iiiious L'l'pcmiciis was a canon ol this
cathedral.
'The chill town dC ilr; jialatin iie is ihaiMiiberg, or
l^rauiillavv, .1 populous placi', iiaich tieinientcd, lamed
lor a good trade, and an iiniverlitv, or rather a college,
built by cariliiial 1 loiiiis. The toeen has been moit-
gaged iincc i(if>-? to the chs 'or.d fimily of lirmtlen-
biirg; but his late I'luli.an .Vir;c!fy tvv.ik pulhliion of
the whole.
I'miila ma\, in this manner, from a final! (hue, be-
come an extenlivc and mightv empire, till, perhaps, it
grows ti)() unweildy to fup|i)rt itiilt, when, like
many otlicr llaic-, it may decline as rapidly as it
lofe.
When empire in its ch.ildh.ond lirll appear.s,
A watchful fate o'lrfecs its tender yeais;
Till grown more llrong, it thrulls'and II retches out,
And elbows all the kingdomi round about.
The place thii" made for its firfl brcatliing free,
It moves ii'^.iin tiirialeanl luxury;
Till, I'welling by degree-, it has pillefs'd
'I he ureati r I'picc, and now ( ro\'ds up ihe reft j
When from behind there Harts lome petty (late,
.And piillies on its iiou un'.viildy t.itc :
Then i'o'.\ n the precipice ot time it goes,
,\iid links in minutes wi.at in ages rofe.
The cxtenfivc country of I.itiiua.via, wlddi the
nittivcs ihemlelves call l.ctva, was united to Poland in
1501. It IS, in length, about jfiO miles, and ;j p in
breadth, where broadelh It was t'ormeily almi II lill-
cJ with woods, and Itill contains many c<iniidcr ible
f irells. It abounds in honey, w.ix, t mScr, bid'aloe-i,
wild horfe.s, wild alles, pitch, tar, bo.ir.i, elks, urii,
wood, orks, iScc.
Tl-.c niinvro's hikes likewife proth'cc great qiiaiiti-
ticsof lilli ; but the great numbers of likes and lorells
oecalio.i t!e air to be tl.ick and foggy. Here are
many llocks and lurds; and buck wheat, as well as
other grim, is plentiful; fo that provifidns are (heap,
though agri eultuic is greatly neglected ; but money is
very fcarce.
'i'he mibiiiry aife i great pomp and fplendor, and arc
cxceedinglv fond of ret liirn.^ a nnmeions tr.iin ot do-
mellics. The Roiran C'atliolic is the edabliihed reli-
gion; but Lutherans, Calvinilts, Je \ s, Turks, Coeeks,
^:c. arc tolerated.
Lithuania was governed by its own duke, till it was
united to I'ol.md by the marriage of its great duke
Jageilo to I Icdw ig the dowager of 1 .c\\is, king of Po-
land and Hungary; but each country llill rct.iincd its
own laws, culloivs, privileges, dialect, &c. In a diet
held at Lublin, in the year 15^1"), it was more tirmly
compacted with Poland than bef'r?; and a denee uas
made, th.it both countries llioiild firm but one Hate
under the fame prince.
In tl.eir courts ofjuRice, the tenth pnrt of what is
adjudged 111 all real actions goes to the judge's bar, and
i/immediitely p.aid into court. The judge claims half
the damages L'iven in perfonal iicti'>ns. The common
]5cople, the (ieimaiis, .mil burghers in t'le royal, touns
■.•xceiued, are llaves ; and fo exceidingly illiterate, that
foiiie of ihcm even retail", many ol' their ancient idiil-
atrous fuperllitions.
The poor people here have only Monday to them-
fclves, and fometimes their lords even deprive them ot
ihat. They wear a coarfe alh-coloiired habit; and, hir
their legs, they have buikins of bark; and ge ler.illv
fj-e.ik the Sclavonic, wliich is the langii.ige ufed in ail
their courts of judicatuie. They have a great mix-
ture of Polilli, and alf) of the Latin, which lalf is as
common here as in Poland, and fpokc by people ot all
ranks, infeimich, that Michalon, one of their authors,
makes no d.uibt of their being defccnded from tiie old
Isomans; and the rather, bccaufe the Lithuanians hiul,
not long linec, the f.ime ciilfoms and fuperllitions, as
burning the dead, divining by augurs, &:c.
The bread they ciimmonly cat is a coarfe black fort,
made of r\e,tlie lo> rv w heat, unw mnowed, and barley-
eais. all gr .iind together. They have tie b, lilh, and
liiwi; and what catile or jioiiliry they think ihev liiall
not be able to keep m the winter, they ul'uaUy kill in
autumn, and prifer\c in fait.
liiever\ hoiife in the country they have four or five
h.ind-miiis 10 grind their (orn. Whijethev meat work
they have a conllaiit Umg. 'fhcv b.ne alfo a for of
verv loiv; wodden trumpet, which, when the\ lnuml,
almoll deafens bye-llandeis.
Their pedants have waggonsor c ins, all of u cod, and
made very light, by interweaving boughs v. i h each
other; and their coverings are commonly the l.uiie, not
much unlike the colliers or liine-burncrs carts 111 Lng-
land. Ihe wheels arc of cue tlat and entire piece of
wood; and, as the axle trc s are ncvc-i grealcil, a nuni-
b( r ol them togctncr make aa intolerable Iqiieaking
noife.
Their
I 'in
,iM
1' 1
1.
'M
IH
s-o A NF.W, ROYAl . \sr. Al.'TI IFNTIC S^STl.M or UNIVFRSAI. CI'.OnRAPIlY,
Thill hdulisaic I'uilt r niiul, uvl il\i.r.li)ri-' tluv call
ihciu tower-. I'Ikv .uc m u io'.v , a;nl <i[i(.'n at top, to !it
(uit tin- (nuikc aii.l IK'ikIi ; ;in.l giiU'iallv covcicil with
IvKM-iN, lli.n'. , or l).u'iv ol tr i'%. In tlu-lV ihc pcopK'
iiiul ihi ir latilc li\i' UYCth.i, by uliitli h;>th olicii rc-
t'.'ivf itijiiiy.
One- lit' tlic cmplovnunts tl'tlu- men, in tlio u inter,
i> I.) lUili'bkl. \Mtli Lliopt tiMCliu--, an.l ilallx.% ihatgrow
in tlif rnai Ihc'i i anil part of thi NMMiicns Imlini Is, with-
in doors, is to weave tdaife <li)th. I'or tear ot ihc in-
curtions of the Tartars, the I ithiianians lecuK' all
tluireorn, llraw, fait nu-.'.t, anil, !ii ihcrt, all their pro-
\ilions, in ia\es, w hieh tlv v lii^; in the toiells, anil
liitle the eiui.ince with ilie li.iik aivl hiaiuhesoi tret^.
The tirll pal.itinaie nl' l.ului.mia i-. \'iliia, whirli
edniprehenii^ three laii,t' i!ilh'K'!>, anil isdisiileil into
two Cijaal pails by the ri\tr\\'ila. it lia^ on!\ three
I'cnators, viy,. tic bill op, palatine, and calUILin; an 1
its.nanic is derived tVdiii the eaiii'.al, not only of this
p.iliLUUte, but ot l.iiluMiiia, \i/.
\'ilna, uhii'h the inliabitaiits call \ilcnll\i, and the
(I'umatu \\ i!Je. It Hands at the eoiilhix ol the \ ilia
aiiil W'lln, and i> a lart;e populous town, with a gooii
iiade, I lit ehi: tlv larrud on by tor ij^ner-;, tl'.c natives
bciiii.^ poor nn.i i.i/;'. 'ilie lioido aie lo fiiioak)-, and
tlic inhabitant, ul.o a:e I'aNe-. lo their iio'.ileiiRii and
ilieir bellies eat 1.) m; i h girlie and onions, that halt
ol them ;'.rc bli 'd bc.'iic they gr.i-a old. The) are
iiiiieh i;.' en to i];iaiie!s, lb that nuiideis Ibnieiimes en-
luc. 1 he lh■eet^ a:e badly ]a\e.l, duty, and Iwariii
with bigg.irsj tor lure i> no liolpiiil. Mult iit' the
hoiill> -.lie low. 111 an, II, 1 biiik ol wood, exeejir thole
ot I'oir.e t'oieii^n iiiei;!urit-", the i;ieat duke's palace,
the cailiedral and clv.irdu v, whieh aie all built ul (lone ;
as are al'b lie liern.r.iinc ir.onailery, the univertity,
and ihe Ru::"ian coinjan\'s waiehoule, where thev keep
their einiii:e>, llibles >xc.
As it is the moll c ninideralile llaple tor trade, l"o it
is the feat ot the chiei i oiirt of judicature tor Lithuania,
which lits yearly a; lids ()lace and at Minitk, by turns.
All t!iC inhabitanr;, exi\ p. the ineniberi of the tribunal,
are under the jiiiilJichon otilie palatine, who is gover-
nor (il the cit. .
lleie is a ruino'.is Old c,ill!e iipiin a hill; and an-
other much more beam.t.i, ot a inodeni IliiKtiire, at
tl'-.' lover [-art of the to'.iii. In the duke's [lalace there
is a wiH-lurnillied arlenil, or uiiiini-y, and a good li-
braiv. The cathednl, iKdicate I to .St. Stanillaiis,
llaiuis in the lower caltle. It fa:, a lar^e liNer tomb of
S:. Calimr, who was iai;oni/evl by pope L.eo. X. Its
reMiiues are conti.ieiable ; and tin ii;;li the archbi(1io|)
is a Roman Catho'i<', he c! aUe:._!.;es jurilil;et;on over all
the bilho; ., ..f I'ol.lh IVMlIia, ui.o arc of the Cireek re-
lijjon; wlfihis howiver, ililputed by the billiop of
Kiow, IL.ie is a gr.at bc'l iluit reijuiics 24 men to
rsi'g it, wliieh. was giien In' kiiiL^ Sunrniiuid HI, v.ho
aliof^ave ti.c lilver tomb, and an ah.ir of the f.ime me-
t:si. i'uc collof^e here u.is lo'.i'ii.'.l in i;',9, b, king
S'.o'-.en, with profeJlbrs of miinit;,, law, philo-
; "plyv , the llcbiew langtiage, and |.hi!ologV; and ho-
r. lUf.d with tlie title ol'aii unneility by pope(jiegory
Xlll. The 'oun ..^ iihej t;>r luakiiij; very good guns,
And I'lur lii'.lium^iiii ol v,.ir, eli.ilii b\ deiiiiui arti-
ilccr^,
! I.e I'i.lnirb-; arc as large as the town, and full of the
like tm.bi.r cottage.-, u.Koliavi- not p.utilions, but
coiiliii only oi <, le room, r.n.iiiioa to the faiiiil)- and
then ii'.tile. liotli l.ic i '.'.i!c^ ,i:c built of bricks, and
lla!ik(.! w;tli tow,;>. i ,1 l(,;tiru.uionsarc but indif-
teienr, iiiivl it. g;res :iv;- in:;, ihiu in time of war. The
l-'ioliiialUs had a cli, ri 11 aid eoli^gc here formerly,
h>il wlcre deprived ol ;. ii'i by adurecot the diet of
I'ol ■:J, Mliich, neiertiitlif-, itU tlic Cireeks in pollef-
l:'ii
•f tht
ir monalier;
ciiur.
;ie (.1 ic.eir reii;iioli.
Kiilfi,
Tl
Tart,
and the tree cxer-
ic town is inhabited b, Pole
ir:
In- It
l.ltl
, am!
■| he V
o:h
er nations, as uel
from \'ilni, hue waggons for the ferviceof travi Ijeri.
They live according 10 their own lans, «ith(»ut givin^^
caiife ol'coni[)laini, and ow n the lin >, I't I'oland lor their
fovereign. (neat luimlur^. of iheiii ulide in the vil-
lages of a valley three mile.troni hence, in the way
to Koningtbcig. I oreign menhants likloin come
hiihci' but 111 tiie wiiUei , when the luirllvs arc fro/.en,
aiul they can biing iher gooiis on jledges ovet
the (now . 'I'lieie was fo g.eat a taniii'C in thete parti
in I57i,that in \'iliia alone there died of it no lelij
than jcooo. Here was a great lunult in ijSi, on ac-
count ot the bilhop's zi.il, in burning the books of tlic
Lutherans, Calvinills, and Ruliiiiis. In Kno the Riil-
iians, to be revenged tor the ihiI'lIiu t done by the I'olcJ
at Smoliniko, took this pl.i-e, and fet fiie to it, b\ w hiili
47.X) houfeswerc rediued toaHies, together with feicil
Catholic, and three other chinehes j loth it the ijiieeu
ot Poland h.ul but jud time toefiape, with her atten-
dants, in boats; of u huh I'ome, never! In llV, were drown-
ed. In 1(144 the Ichol.irs ruled a greu tumult, vvhieh
could not be appiafed till major i^gmlki came with 4OO
j foldieis, ol wlioni t.vcral, to|.ciiier vwth the m.tjor
1 himlelf, were killed in the Ikiniiilli.
' (o-i;dno, in tlie p.i'atinate of 'I'roki, the Lirg,ell tow a
in I.ithiiuiii next to \ ilna, is tituateii on the river
I Niemen. Mere is a fmepilice, a callle, .1 lollege, a
I [ew ■> fenagogiie, a C'ai i.eliti- iiunnerv , three (Jreek aiul
1 nine Roman Catholic churches. I>i lide> ihel'e lure are
tuo oh.r palaces, the one belonging to pun. e liad/.i'.il,
and the other to the Sapirtian t'amily. Verv tew of
the (tacts of this city are paved; and a greit put of
this town was coiuuired bv lire in the )■. 11 17;). it
is a pl.ice of good trade, has a |)rovincial diet, and a
court of )ii he itvire. In the lird divillo.i of LitluianLi
arc feveral fiiiall loans, but or. no conliiieration remark-
able.
The feeoiid divilion of Idthuatiia, or Lithuanian
Rullia, contains W hite Rullia, and is about (40 miles
m length, Ifom call to wclt, and 24O in breadth, from
north to loath. It lncludc^ Black Rullia, or the pala-
tinate of .\ovogrod..ek, and contains ll\<jn towns, of
which we can only mention one that dcferves attention.
This is N'ovogrodeck, a esinllderable tomi, 6S miles
Couth of \'ilna, li'aiatcd on a hill. Mere are a provin-
cial diet, <a highc.iurtof ludic.itiire, an mlerior court,
a ctjilegi-, Roman Citholic and (ireek eonvents, a:id
lev eral ehiirciies.
l he palatinate of Miiilki h.-'s two fenators, viz. t'.ic
palatine and taltellan of the loun ot Miiilki.
.Miniki, the capital, I1 a large, will bmli town, de-
tended b;, a deep ditch, a (hong callle, .md odier for-
tlliial:on.->. It '.^as oin e .1 dleiine town, but lis conle-
iiueiiee i-. now much dei-liiuT
lior.llaw IS built ot timber, has a Ihong caltle, and
is regulaily fortilied. As i^ alio Brod/ieck, 40 miles
to the fouth ol Ijorilfiw .
Rucliai'ow i^ a l.irg.; an.l populous town, lituatedou
the banks of I'li- NiejH-i .
The p.ilat ll.iie (if M,f..'ll.iw , or Mill.iw, is, for the-
inod I'aii, 0..1 -;u:i VI ,M woods, or o\er-tloaed wth
water; but wl.al plain ' v.n\ it hi-, l-^ generally friiittul.
It likewife ab.nuids with c:it'f.; of all forts, and excel-
lent lowl; is divided ii'.lo f.eo large dillrids, which
are tho.'e ot Mil', liliw and Mod/.eria; and has two Ic-
natois, vi/.. the pafitine aiul <:allellan
Its capital, of the fame name, is a fmall limber-luiilt;
tow 11 on ili: I iv, 1 'OS. The R.'.iirians received a p,ieai;
j defeat it. -r : .ri let.; ; iii.t m l'i«:0 they took it, and
I malHiLred all li;e ir.li.ibii.ini-.
1 Mohilow 's .1 large, well built, popllloll.^ town,
I fituaied on .'.e rivrr Nie|icr. It is a i;ieat mart foH
' t'.)r-i, reLkoned one of the iliongell to.ins of l.uhuani.i,
, ai. colli, lin^ ,1 '. e;'. \]'K- lo.lei'e.
irtars, wlio lie along
aca, V. !', i,.li dois not run far
le pila'ina'.e o
f W
tine a:i.
'1 he
111
: call el:
cit\ oi
tejilk lia.two fenators, thep,iia-
an.
W'iienlk, the ca;)ital, lituated near thi
conllux ol II
art .in.l iLit-Jie
Wi
eplk, tlie I
'/.hu .in,l D.'
Ii.ij t'.io llio;i;r calUt
IS detended both bv
is laige
and
ml 1 ;
lY.
ill'of tlMVlIloM.
, withdut |;i\in^^
i'(il.i:ui tor tluir
liilr III iho viU
icc, in the way
s ilKlom tome
111 -s arc tVo/.cn,
:i IIl'Jj^i's ovL'i
r.o in tlicll- parts
cl of It no Ills
in 13X1, on .11-
iIk- h'Uiks < I the
In i(>io liu' i'^iil-
oiic liv the I'lilc;
I- 10 it, 1>\ « bii-li
i-:!ki- with fc^t;!
o tli.it the iiiiLV'ii
, V. ith hiT ;iiti';i-
I. i'>, wcTiiirown-
u tunr.ilt, M iiii h
si i.iiiu- ui'.ii 4OJ
villi the iij.ijoc
llic l.ir;;fll tow n
•il on the- iiMi
lllo, a n)llc^;i', .1
three lireik ;iiul
it-, ihtli- hi IV ar-j
ipiiu. f llad/i'.il,
\\i; lew ot
a !;r(.v\t p:ut of
)i ir 175 j. li
nci.il itict, an.i a
10, 1 ol Litluianui
leration ivinark-
, or Lithuanian
about <40 iiiilcj
111 breadth, Ironi
ilha, or the ()ala-
leveil to\* 11:., if
.ferves attention.
to\Ml, ('S miles
ere are a proviii-
ii inlenor eoiiir,
k eoinents ai.d
nators, \h. t'.ic
liiilki.
built town, tic-
e, aiul oiher lor-
n, but IIS eonie-
i')!!;:; tafile, anJ
Ll/ici.k, .(0 iiiiies
tow n, lituateJ on
lliw, is, (or the
\er-tloAeil wtll
iiK-rally t'ruithil.
loits, anil exc-;i-
ilillri.ts, whitii
aiui h.ls two le-
i.ill liiiibcr-b.iilt;
reee.\eil a ;',riat
iiey look It, an,l
pnpulou'! town,
a uieat mart (oH
.ns ot l.iil'.iiania,
:nators, tliep.J.i-
ticuateJ near the
leteiiJed both by
Ci; is laige aiul
popa'unii;
IvUKOI'l- ] I' O I
populous, I'lit Iniiil 'Mth limber. Co iinicr<»' i; ear-
ned on trom lieilee to tlic tit> ni KiJ^a, l'\ niialls ol
the I )\\ ina.
Oilka, 01 OrC.i, i> a lai';^c liniher built i itv, at the
contUix >ii a ri wr ot it> ow 11 n m,e w itii the Nieper ; is
iltteiuled on oiu- liiit by tlu- Nieper, and on tlie other
In p.'llilai'ois, in. I a |li.)n(; laftlc built oC llotie, whuii
js wtilluil bv I he II' IT Orla.
'Ilie pal.itinate <t I'oliK/k, <r I'oJDezko, n divulal
in'o t<\o dill net., .1. d 1ij> ta ■ h nators, the palatine ami
calUllaii ol
J'f)loe/k, thee.i|Hi,ii, wl\i( !i (lands on theiivcr I)w ma,
and i> a l.n^e a: i populiuii nmn detmUd bv f.M)
eallli". In 1 ;'> ..ihii llaiilowit/., ).^reat duke ot Vlol-
io\ \ , took It, ai' t eairieil awav noil ot its iiihahitaiit .,
It letiiameil 1:1 tin hands ol tlie Rullian^ till the voir
I ;"i), wien it \'as moviKd 1)\ Stephen liatlioii, who
limit and eiulo.vid a very fair loiindation here tor the
Jeiuit-.
I'he provinee ol Ssmolui \ i^ of a triangular h riP,
anil lituaied bitwe<n louiland, Semigalha, and the
kinp'lom ot I'nilii.i. 'Ihc lenuth, from eall to \\c(^,
i> lieu ii/'nules; and lh( I'reati ll breadth, trcni norih
10 louili, about ip. The Coil I.I mailliv, a- the name
itCelt, 1:1 till' lai!}.'ua(;i ot tlu- lountry, inplies. It
eoirains mail) ri^er^ and lake'-, and has Inpie goovi
paltnre an.) com lands. >ome parts are niount.iinous ;
.uid till' wood- contain protlii.nou^ Iwarms ot b. es. 1 he
honey i'- excellent, and liie wax remarkable \\>v its pu-
ritv and whiteiiel^.
1 here is a breed ot lunl'i^ heie which aie liiiall, hut
f'prgl.th, (wilt, and haidv. Though the aia'.'lc ("oil
is veiy llill", the inliabitant- arc to dull and lliifiid, that
they life none l>iit woi^len plough-lharcs ; becaiile,
when one ot their llarollai, or governor .1 ot' bailiw iek>,
rhou^dit to intuuluce iron tliaris, in a I'eafoii which
h,ip|)ened not to kiiully as ufu il, thev imputed the tauie
ot It fold) to the change ot this good tool ; fo that he
wa.-torced to let them have their wooden iliare^ again,
tor tear of an inliiri eetion.
In 1404 V'ltoldu-s, liuke of Lithuania, gave this
coiiirry to the Teutonic knights; but, in 1408, it was
taken from them by Uladillaus JagJlo, king of Po-
land ; alter whole death, in 1446, bv a treaty with Po-
land, they were again put in poUellion ot tie duchv :
In 1525, when Albert ot Ihaiideiilnirg was made he-
reditarv duke of I'rullia, it tell to the iroviii of Po-
land; but It was almoti ruined in the Suedith wars.
The ordinary people h ,e live in (ottages, which
Hand, for the molt part, near lakes and riV( rs, and are
< overeil either with t! ate h or boatds. Ihij are low,
and built lonnwavs, with the hearth in the middle.
They have but mean fiiiniture, and but one room tor
themfilves and cattle. The better fort drink out of
horn cups, and eat oil" of wooden |>latters. Moll of
ti:e iiiliai)itants dill'er little in manner-, habit, or lan-
guage, from the Lithuanians. 1 hough CTirillianitv ,
which was lirll preached here in 1200, prevails in
many |)laees, vet fonie ot them Hill rct.un part of the
old Pagan idolatry, the motl ridiculous of any in
l!uio[)e, efpecially in the deferts, where they worlhip a
four-footed tcrpcnt, by the name of (livotit. About
the end ot October, men, women, children, and t"er-
vants, meet at a place apiiointed, where a cloth being
tp-rcd upon thaw, feveral loaves are let in due m-der,
and bctvicen everv two a large pot of beer: then heaths
ofdivers kinds, both male and female, are brouglit in
and lacriticed; alter which they cut otf a bit troin
everv jari, which they fcatter about the room, and
then eat and dunk heartilv. I'he pealaius of this
com try diller but little trom thi-.feot Lithuania. How-
ever, they have the foUoiviiig peculiarities worthy of
remark. 'Ihcy arc not lo laborious as the Lithuanians,
and conl"ei]iiently have not fuch plenty of [irovilions,
&;c. theieloie, inllead of bread, they iile green tuinips,
as large as a man's head, which grow wild without IwW-
iMg. I hey have a peculiai way of making mead, me-
theglin, and beer, by iinciiching feveral red-hot Hones
No. 64
\ N I). ;0I
in tliem fiicce tllvdj , afici it ha- been l>.)d il .1 whole
mghr, in oidir to nake their bellies loluble. Ihis
drink they put into vctUl.'i m.ide of the bark of trce.i.
They rewaril thofe that drink hanl with prcfentsof a
truck, lii'U, handk ichief, ive. They live tofoextra-
oiilinar. an age, that it is no rarity to lee perfons here
100 or 120 vearsold. Ihey are.geiieialU fpeakiiig,
more robutl, bold, and nimble, than the Lithuanians j
and thev plow, low, and h.irrovv, all at the (ame time ;
I'o that the ground, having been once im()ioved by
burning, will be.ir crops (even or eight \eai- together,
without dunging. When thev burn the woods on the
land-, it' thev meet with high tree-, thev do not tut
till 111 .iown, but onlv prune oil' their tide l)ranches, to
let in the riv s of the fun upon the ground, which they
pertoim with great dexterity.
Ill the time ol war they bury their corn under-
ground, in re{)otitoiie.s made tor ilutpurpofe; previ-
ous to which tliiv I'moak it, whith makes the corn
keep I'cveral years.
Tni- province has three feiiator-, \ i/. the bill;op,
tatlcllaii, aiiit llaroll.
Rozi'in, the < apital of this province, is but an in-
conlideral'le, fm.ill, and ill biiih town.
Midnuki- rather a bettir built town than Ro/ion,
and is the fee ot .1 biihop, luli'ragan to the archbilliop ol
Cinefna.
That fiiiall part ot" thi.s province, railed Polilli Li-
vonia, is of very little importance, and contains only
one p'ace that deferves the name of a town, vi/.. Dune-
burg, which is a llroiig, well fortitied plate, lituated on
the Dwina.
Theduihyol (.'01 ui. vno, called by the inhabitants
kur-Semmer, is a large track ot land pro|ecting intci
the tea. The length is :o:;, and the greatell breadth
So miles. Main parts of the country are wood)', and
fome I'wampy; but when thofe ("wamps arc drained,
the foil rem.irkably fertile, and vields grain, fla.x ;
palhire. . in abundance. This duchy is likevvife
well fuppiied with tilh, and abounds in iron ore, mine-
rals, ijuarrics of Ihme, chalk, llucco, timber, amber,
\c. with which the inhabitants trade to Riga, Libaw,
W'indaw, NLiiiel, ixc.
Horles and cattle are very plentiful here: and one of
their modes of agriculture is to let the wa:er remain
upon the low ground tor two or three years, and then
drain it, when the foil is found to be exceedingly cn-
1 i( hed.
The ellabliilied religi.in in Coiirland is the Luthe-
ran. Otl'ti fects, in general, aie tolerated, but exclu-
ded from holding publii emploiments.
'I'he nobility are ditlinguilhed by the appellations of
old and new. 'I'he former only are jurmitted to enjoy
ollices ot IhitC; but neuher are admitted to tit in the
diet ot Poland. Hoth, howevcT, have an unlimited
power over their wretched tenants and vatl'als which
extends even to lite and death. The duke is the pa-
tron ot" fume ot the cliurcl;es, and the nobility of
others. W hen thite necellity reipiires thcnobilitv arc
obliged to api'ear on horfeback properly ariiieiL but
: they are not under any necctlity to inarch bevoiid the
tronticrs. The duke is permitted to appear in all the
regalia allowed to fovereign princes in (Jerniany, to
I coin money in his own name, i<:c. but, in extraordinary
i cafes, the nohilitv may appeal to the RulTian court ; this
country being now lubject to Riitlia, He keeps a court
with all the proper othcer.'J of (late, and is able, w ith the
; aHillante of hi.-, nobility, to railc a very conlideiable
army.
In the vear 1 55S Ketler, the lad great mailer of the
Teutonic knights, was, by the king of Poland, made
j hereditary duke ot Courland, on condition of his quit-
; ting Riga and Livonia, and holding the duchy as a
licfofth.it crown. I lis dcfcendants continued in (KilVef-
lion of C'ourland rill t--\-, when the tamily being ex-
tiiic'l, h\ the ileath of herdinand, the lall of the Ket-
lers, the L'ourlanders chofe for their duke, l'!nic(l Count
Biron, a native, and chamberlain to the Czarina, Anna
^ P Iwanowna
l!,-(l
^wW
*,'
i-f
»0i A NFU. KOY.M. ^M' A U HI TNT k' SY>.rr.M «>i I MIVl Kr\l. (IF.OCUAl'l lY.
,
) I
l\i.\irn\:i 1 ; anil Ik u.u ai'icrwai\l' iiuilU-,1 hv tYv km;;
ot I'lta. .1. Ill 17 V 5, low ever, hv* « i> li.milliod, «itli
:iil 111. f.imilv, tn Silv riv, whi rt' lu' i oiuiinicil foitu" ,
M.ir i i-iit at It ii;',i(i «.!> ifiiilli.l, ..ivl II Mll.iti-.t m lii<
I oHiJiirf .iiul iloiiiin iiiis. Dnrin »ti< »! Iff r:\ii' Coiirl.iiul
nis I'ovii n> il l)v t 'iir t>liu ir> el IIi'a; uIkti puDd'
t h.iiliii, 1 1 ."".iMjiu.^ cj; |iH);iii' in tin- tiin .iv, hv iiuan-.
el liiN l.\,hr, t";i kim; of I'ol.iiul, nil il-.r i li;iii}.;c in tlu-
(■iiir."t;i)ty dI Uiiil'i.i uMij^ut hiin U) i-v.uiiatc it. I'hc
ilikc liiroii Ji^L'.Ivju: t!u \cmi- i77:,aiul m.h fiMCCvivii
Iv h\'. Inn.
Till" jiivlf^i's hiTc ;iri' lour iip'.nn- or fiijnrint'.niiairs
M,'. motor t'oiirian.l, prop n l'>c illcil, .uul iwo lor
.•liiniL; ill a ; Iwt troin ih t'l' :\n .!;'|hmI lits ui tin- hii;h 1
riuini il, m \\'>:vh t'lf ilA.j m (.Tt'in pr^'iij. s 1 aa I I
I un li' 111 thi> courail a Ivii-n.i appt-al inav I'l- m.uli to
tl-.c i^fvcrnment ct' K'.illii, it the imIV 1^ lut'i i.-ntlv iiii-
p 11 UK i .;!i.l ilijHitci, hit'Accn tho tii.ut^' .i:ul his
nohlc.>, .lie licciilui on!v by ihi' iniprili cf" U'.iili.i in '
j'tTlon,
I'.viry two years .1 .lii'T i> 'xl 1 .it Mif.iv.', to \>l-,ii.Ii i
ii'prc'VnritiviN ar • I", nt t"r -m cM-r, ])aii!ii.
'I'liis iliifjiy bi'iMi'f.i into Courl.iml I'ropcr, on t'lc
v.iMl lij.f, an>l Simi.j'iiI a on tlii' iviil liilc of thcri\cr ',.
.Miiliii ! an<i c.cl' ill iliofc- i".'o tu.i .n t.imlups. i|
'i Ik- lirft c M' •111!.!,) "I C'liula;!.} I'mptr is (Joldiii- |
;%'n, lo ! ...ii .. :V .M ;. ii:-t lo.\:i, ■.. :..i.li v.m t";)riiicrly
(.r-.c .lit -■ ! I.mli'. I .i.i'uK on Im.- i ivi r W'ctaw, wiiitli
t.;'I, I",' . [rx ! ,',.;. 4 -J i.i;!,-; ..!l, .; ,il is 70 i'nit';-« i;!
if.ir.i ...r;!. 1^ I" 1; ("•:>•! !.r,'.)l .it prcli'ir, l)iit t'^r
Its i.ii,;!.- nirilvii..iu.;i, till). _ ;i r. is a..oiiK\l wuJi a \i.rv
i'-r r.i'tl ■. " ' ;
Wiuli.i, rail, .ll'v tlK' i:i;- -,h t,int> KijIV, ha'h an ]
liiil)i;iir I'ta; the r.ni'h ot the Ha't i'. It is ri\ kon il '
ill' (.apit il tity til a [i.;l;;r,;: ;;c ut'tiK' lame nana-, ha:, a !
latllc, l.uniiily t!-.c icliticn.v' ol' the l.uoiiiin kni li''-,
a-i'l the place where the iL.tes o! Courlaixl l.eki I'nir
a'llnihiie-, vhiih inaiie it popuk^iis; liu; it i. ivnv
mil h il.i'.r eJ, In im; unly !,.j p.;ri.ii liy IniiKiini; ihips
ll-r ::'e i!:;ke, a'.ii h\ lt^ tr.uk- in pitch, tar, m.ix, i\c.
i\\\ r:,- i Iroiii it.
l.:.-..r.'. l-.;;-s a po;),! rcu! and liarlioiir, where loinc ol'
th.' d ,Le I'L C''n.;:a;,,r.. lli;;- :■.:■■: alio In. ilt, and |;o;IeHVs
the t-re.iteli tr.ide ot'ani i l' I...-, t iwi..-.. i
i:\ • \ or JMte.-,, ;.> a i\s:.;-:c...le, as wtli as the feat of
.1 ;i;:h -p . t C onria:'.!*, ■ahi'!. i-tntrc, hcin'.; protelt- ;
.iMis, pi.:i tleiiirtKe , toiine:!\ uikIlt the king of Fo- i
1 ' 'l' ■ pr.c - . ' i;m; !■,:■ i:.i iii- i nde iNdurinn to force a '
I'dfjMi-i iir.:U)[> iipon tneiii, they fuhniutid "to the duke
.,t L'c'Ui'a.ivl, .ir.d are :h; iiiiiell ge.itry in iiis doiiii-
'1 '.'. c.ip- 'i.i>' 1,; .:i Tu' !• ':ni is fo la'.led fiMtii iischid"
r. V. :i, w, ;• li :, ..■(■11 •' miles call of Ci.klingin.
h:,-.iii;i!!;.i_ -li-ijiafu n J;vilionot L'ourland. .\Iittaw, ■:
on the rr.i ;■ .Ni.iiia, : ?. imlcs fo.ith ol Riga, ii the capi- !
t.d (■! <'>\\-. Jivi.io;i, a i>i, r;decd, of the whi.le diich\, as ■
v.ili .IS :hc leac and biM cil place of its dukes, who have
a i;.i;::iuliccii'. i. ;..!.■, v.; leh is fortilied by two ballions, '
f ic.-.nip'i'.-i! >. M.'.ri'.e-, and lias alwavs a flro.",..'; gar- '
r'l.n. i ht tic.vn 1., alfo will foiiifnd, il-.oipjh nuanly
>■<■■■'•■■ <■'■■■- '■•■ :!.' iKingpart ;, olbrick.p.irtl! ( ftiniiier, 1
:;-i 1 ,.•.. J ■■•■. III! .lJ m.iterials. li is large, and tlie feat ,;
''f ; e V ■': «.. .-.v. d'.ithy. It was fevcral time-, taken '
1). iiu .■■.vL. •.,-.; .rlicularly by (jullavhs Adolplius in
!'■: , ■. id .1 ., . ,n 1701, and alio by the R'nlians in
f' ". ' •■' ..>"lAn rtcovered. The Aa r;ve;-, on which
il-e ..a ; .; 1' .1. :: . paiie.^ by this city to the Dwina, with ],
■■ di.-;.i_:. ;.: .\v.:iRn ir.ight l>e navigable, if the pi.-oj.le
' ■ 1- '■'•■' •'•■' tiuiruwii mteiell, el.oaked up the
ii.'j.iiii '111.
1 in, U1-. -. ' I Mittaw ii notvervan. lent, being fousKl-
\ !/ .-. |;ri\;tj gLr.tlenun oi Coiirland, m 'the year
!.;:■ . i. ' cc pics at It.iil as much ground as l-'.'.ga, j
:•!:!, a- ',•,•-■ i!i-.e s are more fpaci-nis, a'nd the bull. lings '
IM, .V 1, ..:;eied, it cannot properly be regarded as cpial
i'; ,;•■(. .Mi.li oi the lioufe^iare <fw()()d,and \\.i\- m-an 1
in ::.. r appcaiarce. It is badly paved ; .md, uhuh is ;
Nciy li'.gular, t!:: iiublefTc havcoppulul and puAMited '
f I
the duke's iMtiiiiion to repair thi^ ilifwi.t, lronimotivc<
ol ia|>ii(e and oMlinaey.
I'a'dkei- another llron^ town en tiie river MiiUli, or
Mull.i, withiu.illle built on a ro> k, v^luiii hai it larpe
giriili>n. It v.ut.ikm b\ the Sweiles in 1701, wit.*!
the King of I'llm.l's m.iga/iiu-, \almil at <,x),ooo
crowM'. J Mh\ h<' i\ m.indeit ho, 0.10 iVom theilm hv, bo-
lide. \ ill oiiatiitt; s ( f piovihons. In i-o, the C.'/.ir
fuipn/ed ih town !>y lliaiagem, and force^ltlK- Swiililli
;.Mnilln in the calUc to finrcn ler, jiitl utter a vLlorv he
hill obtiii'Cil o\er tluvr ne.ir Miiiirciulort, in this du-
chy. The .'<«iiles re[ ollltlul it, but ipnitikl it, with
the whole duchv, m 1704, after levy mj', great liims
lium the inl'.al'itai'ts.
I his ducl.y was an exact lefeiiibliii' p of Poland in
iiiiniatiire ; the fame ar lloiiai\, the fame turl)uleM( i,
the O.mc political eviK esilteil in both. I'oland w.is
full dilmeiiibercd ind divided, C'mirlaiid alierAards in-
vclUd ifn one lide by I'mllia, bet. vein wliuh .nnd the
tmpire of Uiiiria, thi'. little inovince ll.arid the fate if
its leiid.d p.ircMt, fnuii the ambtion and avility of
afpiring cionardu. 'I'hc rii'.hts ol humanity, of lultice,
and ol iilieity, have been fo trample.! on and delpile.i
in the pani im of Ci laiui, iliat no fuiiirc a. lien, cf a ti-
milar iiaiiire, i .ii firpri-.e, in the pr>.fc.;t age. 'I he duke
i.^ a loNcrof l,;r;is, .in.l has nolil, immdet an a ■adeni/
in .Mitt.iw, winch is now lompUateil, .mil v\here j;ro-
teller^ .'.re iiueriamcd, at his ov. n evpen' .-, i irihc in-
Ih'iKiio.i ol the voiing iiobilin am! jcrlonsol oniiitina
mthed.i. hy. I'l. . u a very lii.liM.- t.) n lation, and
.toes hull g:ea: honour.
'I ne prii,..-.cc ol W'l" >• 1 •, (ir tlic dm Ir,' oi \\'.\k-
s\v, i> the i.ndl ( onlider.iMi, pin of the kin,; i. I Po-
land's ilonii:',;i,ni, l\i ; ■, tiic regal reiidonce, .i':d tin;
par: where I'v.^ moll conliderab'e ot the n;)I-iii;y rf-
liJe. Il I-. ah, ,1; 1 . ■) luiles in Irivth, l-'ini li,>.;:!i-well
to no;tii»a;i, .i;i,i aln ii* yj in brea.lih. il \\.x . tiie be-
nefit of l.-.^ral n.i.igabie rivers, elpci iilly the WeiHel,
will, h riins tl,i\.iigh the foiith pin ; and the Hog, which
[lall.s quae acrl>l^ Iriim call to well. Il'.f countiv u
pl.iin ami Iriiitful, xieiv'ing pleiuv ot corn, cattle, iilli,
aiiti lowl. h w.is l.-niierly governed bv pi in esof us ow n,
bur, in 15:'), led to the king of rolaiui. It ii divided
into three pila:i:ia:es, of which .\lilovia Proper is fub-
ject: to the bilho;) <.,{ i'ofen, and Ik'.s eight fenators.
I'he capital ol .Mafovi.i is Warl'aw, which li a large,
himlfome, pop.ilous, trading i it. , dck i-.dcd bv a doulde
w.dl and dllcli. Tl;e kings ol I'oland iifualK k'ep their
court iiere, in a noble kir^'C K|iiaic j>alacc, biiilt b.
.Sigiliiuiiul Ml. .md beautified by his liii cel!'or.^ i an I
thegrantl diets oiihe kingdom have their fcliions here.
1 he city is ilivi.led into fiiur part., vi/.. the okl .uul
new towns, the fubirbs of (..'racow, :ind rlie Ih.it';.
The chief church, dedicated to St. John the liaptili,
is very fine; as are the arfen.il, the catlle, iliiniaik\i
jilacc, anelotl-.cr public buil.iiiii'i. i here is a wonelen
bridge of e\ illeiu workmanlliip om r the river j ami
bevond it the king's palaee, call.d Vi ildovv, w lure ilv.-
g'cner.d eliet imers It wa\ built by LiadilLuii \ ii.
andi Ihinds amidd delicate garden's and groves ; an i tvit
tar (mm it, i:i tiie fubiub called Cracow, there is .1
liinll chapel, erected by the kmg ol P.ilan i, in token
ora V ittory gained over the Moicov itcs ; wiieiein ivale-
pulchral mintiment ol Denieiriiis Siiil I'liis, gt'.Mt ih.ke
ot Mclcov,, whi), being tak: 11 j rifoncr, die.i a ca iiivi-
in i'oland.'
(iotids are br.',;ght to this city hv t'-'c neiiihiv-'Ting
rivers, and lent lioio hence to I lain/., 1 k. 'i He k.ng ot
.Suetieii too.k p^oHellioii of thisi iry in i;~>), ptit n gii-
rilon into the ealtle ne,\t \ e.ir, whi-n he den-.a'i led : ;3.i
tl'inni a week lor thiir lliblilfeiice : hut , in 17CC), kiiii;
AugulKisiccovcretlboth thetownand ca lie. Thjto.vn
paid him 50,000 ri.xdollars to be cxcnci'id I'iimii phin-
ilcr. In i-oj th" Sweiles ilel'trtcl the .'saxon and Li-
thuanians near tiii^ city, whe'i ih • Savf>n generid Pa'-
kill W.1S taken iirillmer ; an.l iv.-.M ye;;r Stanitkuis, king
AuguUui's rival, \\d, iro.vned e.t re with his ipatci.
In 1707 the .Moll ovitv> phindeieil the pala'. ;s an'J gar-
d.-n,
, trummolivf*
riMi Miill",i, or
ti li li.u A l.ir)s-
in 1701, wiih
111 at (X>,ooo
ihcilm hy, Ik'-
i-oy tin- l.'/.ir
•i«ltIii.'S\\iililli
ti'r .1 Mvlorv lu"
)rf, III thuilii-
iiitiil It, with
H') t^ '"'■'•'' I'll"'*
e 1)1 I'ol.m.! in
imtiirl)uli'M( I,
I. I'olanil v\.ii
lalU'inaids in-
whiih aii.l il.>-
ami the ta!i- ' t
■iiul ilM'ltV ol
lUiv, ot niltii'i',
i;i ami ild'jiilc I
•aJii'n.cf a li-
ta_;f. 'llKilukf
!c.l an n'.'aJ>:i</
mil «!u'r..' I'.ro-
H' •-•, i ir (lie in-
ms ol t Miulitinii
1 :i ! i:!):i, anJ
huhv of Wak-
lic lin.,' Ill I'l)-
icncr, A'y\ tliL"
he iv.»l>i:i;y ri'-
1'nni li)'.;:!i-w fll
iiha. thcbc-
lUy iliL- W.ilil'l,
I the DiH', which
The iDiintiy m
irn, cattl;-, iilli,
in iM'l Its own,
li ii ih> uicil
I Proper is liib-
t I'cpators.
lit h li .1 l.w/x,
li-.l by a ilouhK-
iialli k'x\) rhi-ir
alacc, l-i;;lt b.-
Ill I I'llors ; a!i \
r li liioiis htio.
the ok! aiul
>ii,l the IV. ,!;•;.
:i:i tlic ri.iptiii,
Ic, I 111- ni.iiki I
re i.> a u (Hiilen
rlie rivi r j aiul
w , w h( rf ih-,-
LiaiiilLuii \ il.
|- )Vfs : an 1 nit
lu , th(.ri- IS .1
Ian 1, in token
w lu'iein Is :\ le-
ns, ^;r',Mt ii:.!-.e
die 1 a ri.iavi'
nvitihlvo'rin;;
'i iv k:iv,; (.1
-);, jiiit a ;.,ii-
ien-..i"i Iril ; ; 3.1
in I ".-''), kl;ii-,
l!e. Thjto.wi
vtil hi.'in rliin -
>axt'n a;ul l.i-
>'i leneral I'a'-
S!a!i:lluis, kin;^
,\ nil his ijuec I.
il r, :•; and <^ar-
liens I'f t^^• kiiV'.inil nobility lirrr, ami f( :t the lb-
tui-s, A:« . 'i» M' fi o'.v. Ni'xi viMr a [ila'iic i \yrA h< rt-,
t' at lar.uil oil 'aft inmibets; aiul a liie lioke laii, [
tthi'-li I'on. inneii b'.iiii iii^ nine ilays, an i aliii'ill reiim cd 1
t\\:- whole t ity lo .ilhci. in 1 1 ; kin.; Aii^illus re- j
liirne.l lull, tr, andiielila jjeneral ilict, w hith rem kniivv-
liilf.'jiil Ins title ; and in I /I <; hi' onkii-d this i iry to he I
let. Ii.il with in:reiu hiiieiits to [ireveiu riir|in/e b) thi'
bwcdts, and their •onlulcrati's.
A I'len il wiit'T lavs, heolil'eiMd tin- I' me p ilitc-
nel» heie as at I'.ti.m ih.it the k'lif' in iiniain- a k: ot'
I rciii li eoiiKili.ins, and treqiuntly i;i\ei ball . and ion-
icrts, wuh nob!' tealts, lor ihe eiiieriainiiii nt cil the
ni'bihtv . and tiuit the l.ulies, iljieiiall) , aie p.ilhonate-
ly lonil ot iinitii and plays J arc \er\ ainiible, witty,
aiul rpiii^litly ; and have .1 moll delie.itc talli tor every '
th:n;; ilut palii.; iiiukr tl e name of divcrlion.
Abo.it hail a lea!;iie trom thi< rity, pi'.ir the villai^c
ot \Noi|, there is a plain, wh.rc the nol les met, aiui
cncam|) in rent.s, lor the election ot a kini',: and about a
Itai'.iie Ir.im tlieiity there i>a.()lier (.i.ue, that was
bnik bv kiii^ John bobiellsi, w:ih the name ol Villa
N.va. ■
(J/.rll\'), or C'/.elloehou, |. a I'lmll eit\, the rapiial
of Its pd.i'inale, and deemed liic llre;ii.'.ell e.ry m thu
pir: ot the country, i' havin^^a loiiri !■, wherein s kept
tna: rich tieafnre called tta* \'ii;.',m'.s 1 aii.l the no-
bilitv Ici ! their [v'.\ rtVe.:l.'> hith-r m time if w.n-. It
v.as l).i'i;vd, in v.ii'i, by Charles Cniitivr, kin;; of
SwedLii.
'I'tier.'are throe othrr town- in ■'^is pala;;nare j one
<>! whi. Il oiil. il:l'ii\es ii.iti e, vr/.. I'ultovia, bemu; the
r.iid.n.e ir. ?!u' bilhop . t I'olo^/.ko. The town is wall-
ed and \<\l\ b.idt, Willi llat.ly p ,n!,c ediliees, an i a
til on;; c.ille.
Tl'.e ehut' plves in iIic pro'.in rof Pulacmia, are
AuL^ull uv, a hatuUome tovvn on a lake, founded an 1
n.im.d, Moin kin;; S;f.;irmiind, Aiimilt'.ne.
liule/., a lar;.;e town on the river H.el.i, where tlie
jews carry on a j^icat trade.
Is.al.l'Kek, alinilltown, nf whi<!i f;reat part was
ilidimid by tiro m the year 1 "s (. In the neiu'hhoar-
hood Is a verv tine I at and gardens, lnloni;i:i ; tn the
hoiiiiki i.'.niilj .
'I'yko.M is a conlidera'ile town, with a haiidf'umc
caOie, 0.1 the I i>er ^.arew.
Aiicil'/.s II. k.:i- (,l J'ola
ihe \^ hi:c l'!i;;le,'
I'h; paiatina.c of Po; isia is ov/ri^rown with wnoib,
and <.'■:.^ nii.iy lakes and poo.s. it ha.s two iVaat irs,
ihe \i.<' iMiK a."iiealit!l ;n.
brief 1.1, the eaiJit.d, is fortin.-.i with a e.illl^-, h;i:it
on a rnJ,, ind w ili.ed bv the river Mnchavtrz. Merc
is anaeuleniy, the molt ianuv.i; inl'uione lor Jew.-,,
wlo n't.jiien: it t'rcm It.ile, (jenrany, Moravia, Silelia,
«s:( . a:i,i I ke de';ui-. Wiil.orit tiie citv there i.i a
rA.iJ [ .il.i,.e ol mojcrn arcl'/teeliirc, withv.iricty of
pie li'iM p,.irders.
I'lidl.o i i a [iictiv larire town. 'IT.e inhabitants arc
very indiiltnoiis, mike leveral tralinr; |ournies into
K'.illia iind (ieini-'.hy, ;ind are fvencrally of the ("ireek
|err..Mi]Mn, tiiere I eini^; a bilhoj) of that feet relidint
diiioinr tl-.eni. 'i hi.i; to,-, n has fiidcred much b\ the ra-
\aj;es oi";he CoHaek-.
Hiala is t.iii.ed to; a pnlacc belon;,;in!; to prince Rad-
n:\i:, vhi.li ;s I'.OA a ( 1; mnaliuni, or college for tiie
inltniction ot youth.
K: l\i ,i i.v Is lUMV I So Hides in K'li^tli, and iip-
vaids of ICO in breadth, terdle in fome part- but
inoiinlainou'! inolhe;-, and, in ;-eneial, well watered
t!'r;ni",h tiie who!-.'.
Red iiciiia is liivided ir,;o tlircc [vaiatinutes, viz. Leni-
beiii;, Chelm, and Vr\,:.
'1 ..e palatinate 01 l.en'.beii; has ni.K fenators.
I.eii.eiivr, or I c'ljv ! i, the capr.al, is a lar;:;c opulent
city, t:tpati.d amtm;; hills on the river 1'elrew." It is the
lee ot ah .-.rchbiri. >;), wl.o is il -emed bi^th a fiiiritual and
teirj-o.alli rJ. IbLsciCy i^. iai:.'e, v, Jl built a.ld lortilied,
.\ N I).
t>^
In 1 - : :, in tiii'. ti.u n,
, in;liti::eil the cr.ler ol
having two ciif^lc*, one within the v, alls and one with'
II ,t, on a liliiij,' (.;r..und, th.it commands the town*
both which, to; ttiier with the city, were founded bv
I. CO, duke of Riillia, aboiit anno ijSy. The < hiinhcn
are generally f.iir anil will built, and abound with cod-
ly orn.imen;;. H. re is an acadeni'. , fupplic.i bv pro-
fctlirs fioin that of Lracow, where learned men aie
much cm ouraj^cd. 'Ihe Armenian (atholus hcie
are wholly (j,o\erned by their own piel.ite. Thiy
enjoy jrreat priMlej;es, onacioint of lie confider.ib'e
comirejc* they m.iintain with the Pcrii,in. and other
ealh'rn nations. 'I'liev aie not onlypio^id. d wi:h lilh
tor 'lieir own conliimption, liom the nun. ports be-
li,n>:injr to it, and tiom the neighbouriiiL; rivets, but
fall ;;re.it i|ii.'ntitics tin- c \j i.rt '.t'on. HarbcU arc lakcn
in I'reat numbets in Roxolani.i. I lire is kept a very
taiiious winter l.ur, to wh i !i the nuM;..^arian, Molda-
vian, and 'I'urkiih merchants retort in !;reat ninnbeis.
Jav.irow IS taiiiou.. tor a natural bath, whol'e vir-
tuis arc delenbed by u Politli phylician, named Sixtiis
I .CO.
I'.\'mitlaw is a populous, pleafinr, tra.linj';, well
built city, and an cpileopal fee, on the 1 ivir .Saa, « 5
miiti wed tiom Leiiiliertr. J'he Kullians have a
billio]) here, an,l the Jeli.it. Irul a (iille^e. The citv
IS delended by j.'ood Ifionj; wall-, and a calile built 0:1
a rock on the other tide of the river. It his I'everal
famous yeai ly l.iirs. The kinj^ has a verv fosciosis park
near it, fu'l of all kinds ot wild bcalls, 'and llronj^ly
wailed m, that th y mi\ ilo no mifchief. The counti v
abounds with ealUes, to kecji oil" the Ti rks and Tar-
tars, the chief of which is l,;id to be that f;',lled Craliiei,
built en the river Sia.
J 111, daw is delended by a caflle, a:'.d f.imed for ,i
fair on LaJy-dr. the moll fimous in Poland, f]-,'-
quiii;ed by meieliants, wi;h their ^no.ls, from Pel li.i,
('inlhiiitinople, V'eni.c, Rullii, and Hill.ind. 'I'luie
areuf'iall) tir. night hither at tl at time, 400,030 bkuk
cattle, and 200,000 horl'es. There is a colle ',e h^re,
and without the loan a tlately niinnen'.
Uel'o\ia has a llron;^ ealHc, an annual fiiir, and a
lin-ii m.ri'da^tory, c.irried on by the del'eendmti of
the Ci rnian, whom L'a'.iniir the CJre.it took pril'oner ,
and lettlel here to nian:'.g" it.
I ■11. ur his a tiro 1^ ca'.lle, and feve.a! mvniiicen:
chincl'.LS.
'The l'oiith-ca(l part of Red Rullia is called Pocutia
or ihedillriet of llalicz.
i Tilicz was once the m«tro]ioli3 of a kingdom, then
the c.ipital ot a duke, and afterwards tlie I'ee of an
I arehbilhop. Now it is !;r..-atly f.iilen from its ancient
fplendor, thou .',h it is tVill a I.iri;e town. 'The cail'e is
I llroii;.,', the houfe:, are of wood, an. I the inhabit.mts are
i riiiKirk.ibly clo-i n;(h.
Coloni IS ,1 town on the river Prut, much t'renuciu.d
on account ot th.- line I'.ilt, witii wliieh ii f.nnidies all
'he rcll of Reil Rullia and Lithuania, there bcinj; manv
l'l)rin';s here, aid none at all in thefe provinces, ccccpt
only in the dillrict of Pivm. 'daw.
Crofiia is the llapie of Hungary, whoTe wines, and
other merchandi/e, are broii{;ht liirner, and difpofevl
of at thefe fairs, which are more frcipiented than tluMe
of iheir neii^libouiliood.
Sniatyn had formerly fairs, but has lin-e much de-
clined.
'The palatinate of C'helni cont.iins the town of C'hclm,
from which it receive; its name. It is the fee of a bi-
(liop, fhou;.;h not the reiident c.
Krafnollow has a court of judirarure, and is the re.
lidence ofihcbilliop ofCihclm, and of a fhirolla.
'The pal.uiniie ot Helz contains Jlorolla, where a
provincial diet and court of indicature are held, and a
dai'o'da relidcs.
Rava is a fmall town, where kinj; .AiKTiifiis enter-
tained the czar Peter the Great, in the uar K.uJi, for
iliree d.ivs fucccirucly.
Hel/el is a conlidcrable tovvn, f.om which tlie ['ala-
tinate reciives Us name-. 1 lere a jxu.iinie, c.dlellan,
1 and
f
iil;! ^m
ANKW. ROVAI,, AND AUrillMlC .SYSIl.Moi UMVKRSAL CI ()(;RAI'I IV.
704
ami ft.uofta rIkIi.- ; and a pro\inci.il diet ami a court ot
jiiJuature arc held.
/.iniollii IN a town Hioni;ly fortiTicd, has many toii-
luiLTablt privileges, contains a chaniahlc louiiuation
called Mons-1'ictaiis, and fevcral chun hcs, and was
oriii;inallv I'oinidcl liy the celebrated /ainolki, great
.hancellor of I'oland, in a very pleafant plain on the
I)anks ot' the \ cine.
The principal pl.ices of the province ol Ponoi 1 \ are
the tol lowing :
The city of Caniin'rc Podoliki, the capital, is a po-
piilou-, well Iniilt city, lurrounded with high rucks,
belidcs bung foriilicd with walls, a deep, broad, and
iKep ditch, tilled with water l)y the river which fiir-
rr)und> 11, and by a very llrong callle; To that it is the
nrongcll pl.ice on this lide, and iifed to be leckoneil
one til the kes.> of I'olimi. In the reign of king .Si-
giiinund 111. it w.i^ taken by the L'olficks. h has
been attacked fevcral tinus bv the \V.il.uhian>, Turks,
and 'I'an.irs. In lom^ it fullered much by fire; and
in 1(172 was taken In the I'urks, who kept polilliion
of it, and thereby often made inro.Ki.s into I'oland, and
tarried away vail numbers of captives, till it was agreed
to be rurrendered by the pjace at Carlowitz, in the
vcar Uh»o, and e\acuatcd next Ipring to the Poles,
when the die; refolved, that this town and Podolia
Ihould he free (rom taxes for 10 yiars. It is the lee
ot two billiops, one a I'apilV, the other an .Armenian,
'I'he Cireeks ot I'odoiia pleaded to be rellored to their
churches, liut weie denied.
'Ihe Lower Podolia. which is the eaft part, and alfo
called the pal.":;nate ot Hraclaw, from its chief town on
the river Hog, was taken b\ the Turk-, in i()7:, but
lellored by the treaty above mentioned in idiyiy.
W'innicza has a court ot jullice and a college.
Human was belieged and taken in I'rj, l^y I'lc
Tuil.s, who committed great barb,inties here, con-
trary to the capitulation, ravilhed the lair lex, murdered
the old peoi'le an,l young children, and earned into
llavcry all that were able to walk.
The province of Voiainia is divided into the Up-
per and Lower Paint inares/
Thu Upper, which is alfo called the i)alatinatc of
Lufuc, or Lucko, from its chief town, is a I'leniitul
country, near :ooniiles m length, and too in breadth.
Ita chief town Ituulson the river Stei, now a lake, which
cncompallcs pait of the calUe, 90 miles north-call irom
Lcmberg. It is a large city, and the fee ot a bitliop,
i'ull'ragan to the archbilliop of CJnefna ; but is chietiy
inhabited by Jews, Armenians, and other eallern people,
vho trallk in thcle t our.tries. The cathedral and
chapter-houle are in one of the calUes, there being
two built on hills near this city. Here alfo relides a
KulFnii bilhop.
Pilave/.e is a fniall city on the river Bog, two leagues
fioiv C'hmielnich.
Krzemcncc, the capital of the diflrict of (.'remen, is
a fmall city on a hill, lu'ar ihe river kua, with a wooden
(alUc, founded on a ro; k, and mud walls. Jt has been
olten piundercii b\ the I'artars.
Ulcdimer, or VVoldxiiiiiers, is the refidencc ot a
Kiiilian biihop, with a contidcrablc jurii'diction.
Hrodi is a town with liiong tortilications, has ;i col-
legiate church, and a public academy.
Olika IS a town, with the title of a duchy, belonging
to the family of Rad/.ivil, adorned with a line (ailiedral,
and an academy for all forts ol art and Iciences.
Lonllantinow, adorned and defendul b) a well for.i-
fiid calllc, Ihuuts near the lource ol the river .Slue/., 75
miles north Iroi 1 Caminiec.
The Lower N'olhinia commonly called the palatinate
<.l hiow, together with Looser Podolia, comprehended
in ihe Ukraine, lies calf troin the U[)pir Volhinia ; and
the river IJorillhenes, or the Nieper, palles through tlie
niiil;ile ol it, Irom norih-wtfl to loutli-eall, diviiimgit
into t'.o parts, of whii h only the wellern is now lub|(Lt
to Poland; thceallern being under the Kutlians, The
cornier is fruitful; but the latter, winch, however,
; abounds with falt-petre, is a meredelen, by reaf.n .>!
the ncighbouiiiood of the Tariar-.
! Ui u\n\\ is a large coimtrv, bounded on the north
i, by part of Piilaiul and Ruliia, on the fourh by l.ntlc
! 'Iar;ary, on the ealf by the (K k/akow-l artars,' ;ind on
;, the well- by Moldavia. The name Lkrain is Scla-
:• vo:-.ic, and lignilies a frontier, which it really is againll
|i the Turks and 'Tartar:. 'I his is ihe country ot the
!! ( ollack>, who have their name irom Kofa, a li,'. rlie,
1' their uliial we.ip.in; or C.'ofa, which, in the Ruiiiaii
Ij language, ligmi.e^ Iree-boottr, or plunderer. I hey
i Wire oiigin.illy .1 ( rew ol dillbiute rovers. tl,.\t aliim-
j| blcil together, tn.m the Irontiers of Ruliia, \olhiiii.i,
1 and Poilolia, to a pia. life piracy on tlic lilac k .Sea. 'Thuir
' chief habitation was betwixt the rivers Nielier niul
\ie[)er; but tliey extended themfelvesa great wav calf
i from the latter. 1 he L'ollack language is a dialect of
' the Polilh. They arc vigorous, hard., brave, and verv
' jealo'is ut their liberty ; tickle and waveriiig; but I'o-
cial, chcarful, and Ipnghtly. ilnir forces conlilt en-
j tirely of cavalry ; and they arc, in lliort, a powerful
' peoj)!e. 1 heir common people arc of the (ireek
V church; but thebetiir fort are generally Romans, or
I Proteliaiits. Iheir full coiifuieralile appearance, as
tVR6Vl-..
an united bod\, was in
154S, in the reign of -Sigil-
I mund I, king of Poland; when thev called themfelves
i volunteers, and .illcmblcd to the number of doco, for
, detcf.ce of the couiitr\ againll the 1 inks and Tartars,
: whom th.ey tretiuently iiitcicepted at the palies of tiie
jl Nieper, u hen returning with their prev. Being fixvi
■ t joine I by multitudes to lliarc their booty, thev couLi,
j w ith fnallow boats, pais thole rocks in th. mouth of the
II Borillhenrs, that hinder the navigation irom the
ij Ukrain to the Black -Sea; and, during the I'ummer,
■: they roved over the lea, and its toalls, maUng delcents
i upon Natolia,and pillaging and fpoilin;, wherever thev
' came, even to tl'.e vyalis ot L'onii..;"."-,nople. Stcphm
j li.itl.ori, king of Poland, formed them into an ordcrlv
'i| militia; and, intending to ufe them againll the ■l'artar^,
jj gave Jiem the tow n and terriiory of Trethimirow in
I this palatinate, which they matle their magazine; ap-
ij pointed a general over them, and gave them ntany |)ri-
il vilcges; aiui for tome time they did the Poles giea:
jl ierviie, by op|)ollng the 'lartars : yet being leniible ot'
': their llrength, they began to fet up for themfei'.e.;
i ;ind in the year is^9, lebeiled ; Init their general
It being taken and executed, it was for a time ijuieied.
Abdut the vear looo they weie fo powerful, that the
]\)les weie tore ed to raiic a large army ag.unlt them,
vvho often worlleil theni, and took their generals; but
llill they continued mutinous; whcretoie their privi-
leges were taken away ; and they cont'iuicd in a liaicof
enmity till about the year 1640, when king Uiidillaus
\l. making war upon the Tartars, collected them to-
geiiier, and let over tliem tor a general Lhmieinilki.
who was alten\ards a better aiul iornudable eiumy to
Poland i Icr the Coilacks being opprelled by t!ie Pijpilh
nobihtv, tlie;r landlords, and, on complaint, receiving
no redrefs, all'embled in vail nin.bcrs; and, lalling iit
the I'artais, lurioully attacketi the Poles: but king Joi'ii
L'atimir made Inch a lland againll them, tlia', in 1640,
the I'artais accepted a peace. Chmielnilki, having
obliged the prince ot Moldavia to ioin him, it prodiu\il
an ither war in iC'si, wherein tlie'Tartars and C.'oii'.Kk-.
were worllcd; and lince that time they liave not been
lo lonliderable.
In Id; 7 this country was religned by the Pules to
the 'Tuiks, with liberty to the t'oliai ks of th's part to
cluife their own general, or jiriine, liependi nt on tlie
lultan, who kept pnll'ellion of it till the year i()c)v,
\clun, l)\ the peace uf Ciilowits, it was rellorul to the
Poles. I he only towns cf note, on the well lide of
the Nieper, are,
'I icthmiirow, or the Nieper, a llrong pl.iee, and
defended by a catlle.
('z\kali"\, which ul'cd to be the chief retieat ot the
C'oli'acks Hands ncir tl e lame river. It w;-.s burnt by
the I'oks II) I'ljO, but has been liiicc repaiicd.
4 i)LLT10N
J
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llic ,
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( !,.'■
'k.
tn
,ue
hon;
.'!>
e verv iili
U.
hrc-i
ii.
)!<■
'f :>!,.
d!i
peine
L-
elMi
, p.^rl
1 > •
lit
e .i;
1 I'.e
1 ;'o>\
th
"r
t'liiii
ci
11..
M/.
an
1 1).
; '■ ' . r
. h i
v\
II,.
■ >. ';.'
''■(
v,n
' i c l
tlu
. c .
.
O.le .!•,.; '< ,
I -K .;, ;.
•■:ul v.i;; ,1 _ I
ktn/, nil, I '
II .' 0,11 I, I
!'Ie:l--. ill ;
111, . < iiiT I''- '
'T.u JMiil
?;■"■' ^1; ;-l
Ti.e i^.!i,!l >
ill '.;!'.■ ov i;i.j
1:. i^l.i i ,'1. II
*■■-; !:ed I'.u
'Tfeonlv t
I'.^ .1 V, i vh.
1 h ■ i\>liili n
II m., Ill ger
n-;.i imini)\i
'•■n,i.iiil>te,!!v
<-iIi/ln^ atr.l
in the f.rll p].
vho, bcin'_; p
all the in:;n,
arc nor prop,-
■ui^K liiiidlc,
and .ire, in n
of i.i.inkind
the biil,\ 111
WIVK I,, d lilii,
iiianv of oui
'!/:irs. ■( ii,->
'■'■t I li.ivcn.
ihcMi mdolii)
le> I Inn ciiii"
m>;'^ .;r.' ill
to M iiii'ii .' ;'i|
<llc)U-l;, :;m,;,
"I'l. h (I llnr
iefentn\ :u, p.
thcii- oj.prcll
< I VKlLll, c.
Ihe I'oK-s
111 i\e t!\'ii- hi
ue.ii ,i v.!l, \
lev, an I .1 k,i
;;ii'Jcd M irli ,1
aitiw. I i.cv
11. ■ k, lolis ;'
vniibinds. I
1 icce w I'll t'l.
No. (.,
IIY.
iVn, by I'v'.if. ■!! Ill
ilcii on the nmtli
; loiith iiy l-i'.ilc
v-'l':irtars, yiiJ on
L- Lkr.iin is Schi-
ii really is apainll
liu I oiintry ot t'nc
II KoC.i, a (ijvthi-,
h, 111 tlic Ruiii.ui
iliiiuliMfi . i lu-v
i»M.Ts, t|-.;U aliliii-
Kllll'l.!, \oliiilll.l,
cHlaikStM. 'Mu-ii-
ivirs Nidic;' aiul
cs ;> {jrcac way lalV
iiajic IS a ilialciJt (if
IV, brave, aiul very
w.ivcrir.g ; Imt lo-
r fortes conlill cn-
llioit, a powirtul
lie ot" the (irick
crally Roiiiins, or
)le appcarancr, ;;s
he rtii;ii of Sigif-
V called thcnifclvcs
iiilur of (looo, tor
j'urks anil Tartars,
It the pallts of liie
iiey. Heine; fnoi
booty, thev toiil.!,
in th. inouih of the
.igation from tin-
inng the fiimmcr,
Is, mal-ing defeenis
ilnv, wherever they
:Miople. StC'iihtn
leni into an orderly
againfl the Tartar,,
of Trethmurow ii\
heir niai;a/inc ; ap-
ive them many pn-
did the Poles sireat
et being feiifible of
or thenifei'. e- ;
out their f;tnir.il
for a time qu'.e:ed.
powerful, that the
my a}!;ainll them,
their generals ; biii:
icrefoie their privi-
iiif'nucd in a Ihneot
n kin;; Ulidillans
collected them to-
neral Lhmielnil'M ,
mdable enemy to
lll-.t by the Tiipilh
mplaiiit, rerei\iiv^
, and, lallinj; in
ok-.; but km-; John
hem, tl;a', in i64>i,
limielmlki, havinj;
in him, it prodiu ,d
irtais anil t'oli.Kk-.
ihey have not been
icd by the I'ules to
lai k^ of th's [jart lo
■, dependent on the
till the year if>9y,
was rellorul to the
on the wed fide ot
llrong place, and
chief retieat of die
It w.'.s bu! Ill by
ce repaiieil.
ti.K(j;'r:.-!
P () L A N I).
:i'-',
V. C 1' I o
•. R.r:!.:, I)
(.'< r, ill •iiii\
HI.
/V/. II.!.f:.
/.!;•!. f.ul
.1.' ; (l:ilLill., !Ll! .in.i li.ur /.'::,■:,'/;,■, oi', .
I ' !•'. l'.>l, , in llicir pirlon; in (■encnl, ari' r;ll,
•.\(ll ;r:v Kirtioned, a;..lcomi.h. '! I-, ir co'n-
!'•'. • ii :i IS I ..: , .Mid tin ir iiair coinii.onli' of a l..;Ie \ .!-
I ... I he in >, ! ood conllitlitiiiii,, :i!id liav< I l;i:.!;!i-
t' i li.'.k. i i:e. aie t hara. Utile. 1, njvin t'le uhole, a;
r;.i',(, lion,!,, .i,id lu)f|;i[alil,' : hiu tiie common ptipie
.'iic very ill) ^ lie an. I hijroired.
V\ i:!i n 'j:. , I lo ih- fi-p. rior p.opir 1 f l'.>I-,nd, like
l'. 'U <it '^cr:.!, l.'ici ai'e ri'Iiei I'an^iie.l v iiii .t tiiliiii ;
liiii cf which, ilicy wc.ir Turkey leather hoo's, with
their folei, and deep ii'.'.'l heels, bent like a half-moon.
v rn rrv a iiole-axc,
Ih',
lide. On h.orlcb.i'-k the\
and ;; I'abre or ciitlaf, by their
lliort (
covered
with furs, both witliinand without. Perlbns of r.mk
v.ear r.:ble-, and the lliiiis of tygers, leopards, &:c.
'Ine pcalants commonly wear a Iheep (kin, with the
uooi on, m winter; aiivl, in fiimmer, a thick coaife
cl')ih, iii;lrad<if boor.s, biilkiiis, and Ihoes, made of
the l)'.rl; of tires. 'I'lic habit of the women much re-
leiniile ithat of the men, being a fimple I'olonnife, or,
long robe, edged with fur. Hui fome jieiloni of
iiualif, , .if i;(!!!i fexe.:, all'ect the I'rench or i:n-AUh
mo.lcN of liref;.
'liieirdier i; j-.-neraHy frefli meat, fowl, and fidi :
anil ihey tirink tlie Ur.)nge(f of Kheiiiih, I'rcii. h, Spa-
.. ;,l liipciiK ,.il kn(iulc,:iMiif thin '^i ilian IOC. u:-. ilieir '•] idlli, Italiaii an.i 1 Ii;:irarian wines ; brandy, anifeed-
liiciMic pi'rluii> lo an' 't at I'.eiglu. ll warer, and other Ipirit;. Th-ir fauces, ixe. arc Co
I he i'l'lci like moll of the n,):ih,rn 'vi'i^vi;, an.l i enricheil wi'li fiiices. that Ibme of the nol: '
Ilk.
.1:1 "ovfrnmi nr ; where the f ii,l,i' l,i\
t'li-T !■
.If
'Miin,, pre\.
cieii;;, men a i
) |!) r il:i
,r^ ; nu iLii.iius )i
an
w: II,
■ llei., ^v
I 1-.
ptin.r (,
o.ie ,1'
pk
•f l!
' .;: li. Irom tne ci i!;lie pol
■ 1 rr; '.f liobie i xrr.i, ii()n t,i
lie !i ;\ e iin'U' ciMviderah
t'
Ipe
lealt jj }.',rcai aims in thar rommodit)' : and tluir iifu.d break-
l:n:t |' fall is ;i hot pot of beer, uitli eggs, fiigar and ginger,
i.iius )i 'i h( V iiang the carc.ills of elks at their gates till they
(link, thin I'lvf;. and eat them, as a gre,it curiblit}', to
be iiict with iio where but at the tabks of their chief
; \ et their burc her's meat ii delicious, and they
I'nt;. of g.)od lilli. V\hcn they are iii\ ited to
nob;l
h.ne
i.'iother s t.iliie
th
II
e\ mult carr^'
lb
eir Ipoons,
tVc
uit
h th.
em ;
d their liiic.n toit, if thev would
i.!i o\\ r their p,'ala;iM i (■leanl\' : for they ha\e no n if
) n inking but a bro.id piece
,1 ii:> la \e-
, t to no:v,' but the
►1
)f Ihirched linen, fewed round the table-cloih, that
u.'uimtlie; nhale tor r'leii king, a:id |, tlieir lervant < ma\- in
)t (1
eal It.
■Jhe la
tn.e:r
11, MC)
w ,ia!
Mr
lies carry nap-
n.'ir nolM:i!e.
iMi
ltie\
;u: if
,1 h
kins «i;h them, anil put up as much fweetmeat; ivaA
tniit-i
the
The marters reach meat
from i,ie tible to the ler\ants, who eat it as ihev Hand
■I i!ie
' t):l
'in
;i^^ : and
if he doe
laiUr of the feall is reckoned
s no: make liis gue
ells
ilrunK
\,i:i \\..\.
istiiecultom for the mafter of tiic houfe, and Iiis
n t;u ir milt;, m
mtmiile-., to ilr'ri;; II
ell
WKIC
the
re li.p e
btUl
d ti) fill !i a llalc of
iielts, that are itnited, are obliged to put up with the
I
I'flS I'M,
V ho lu-
I" .lit
c:'i,':'i;
!'m-o',i 'hoi'
1):;:-
rolilii 111!-. I. i:i,
are \er> .ii'K'.i ,
Iifiii., in
'eileral, .lie lull liltie av
Ikill
;: i !!;.■ ar-
witli mo-
common li-l!.
I.<um[)er^ are iinicli in falh.ion
;rc ; nor v. i
II the
ea'.llv e\cu
'the hnufes
lean', perfon from pledging them.
'.re "/cnerailv
lou, for thev (eldom lie
.f tl
lem are (
U' brii
■id (h:
the
:i imp!ii\ei!ii n:.
w i
, r I.e.
leateli p.arr ot woo
d. 'I'he kitchen is on one
the co'.iri
the liable ^m another, the dwelling-
i;:i,toulUc
ciii/
•lien of go"d n.iri:;al t dnUs aiiu.ng ihe | houfe i, ti.n a third, and tl-.e gate in the tront. ■|''hericlier
and tiadin''- pan of t!ie I'oliih
UII,
111 !!
.rl
pkice, Iliee ,iii
pt Vl''
), 1,1 II, l.v
v'lo, ciiii'.; pii'leelid in ihe nooih'v,
fort h.iving hangiiisj,^ of tajiellry, or arras, an
t.ill'.ita curia'ii-i ; b.ii felJoni anv accomiu
otlLCe llran'-';eis.
U
Kds w nil
[el.loni anv accomiiiod ition to
;ill i:
le 111, Ul.l MM,
it liu
!1
nil ;
.'iiililh , l!u'\'
The i.'ihabitant:; of I'
arc nor pioperb inllruetcl in tht-r reffH'.'ti , e i iMd>
,1.
iliii
till
; I't in a it
I'l oPi'Ulllv'll :
n>l .ire, in m.iiiv re((iects, ileiiK I fe <■, '.111111.111 n
h!
gaiiilin 10
*.>l>t I'lM, .li
of I he c!i:i
CI
iriMianit -
n till
<if i,i,uiki:nl. The f.iM'ii r-. ■v\
the bulk ol the pro,il,', ,iii- i;i a !'■,' 1 i!^
were convert eil from Pa-
.Mdebert, arciibilhop of
lid e\ei llnce the religion
Rome li.it h bet 11 [Mcilominant here.
ar 0(1
.0 li 1 111
ai
d
It ill l\td i\ul]ia, where many of tin- p.
;e C'leek i hiU'ii. ,^'onie of the ( 1'
MivK ;i..l iitiiaii'iu.
it
liiailv ol mil
W,
i> 111!
■i to
llcirs.
i:k I'l 111,
I l!
,\e I'o o'h, i- id..'.-, h'.t ihofe vA'i\ lanin
\i retclinin
',e, lii'll eiiir'vh I'l li. iwne,
hit ir iitiialio'l iiMlvC:
l:f , .Is 111 I 11 ne IV-
i j'.rle I'l.'d .md rai
lo tl
iMbmii to tl'..u of I'vome, but ha\e th
Ci'reek. 'I ii, '.■ ha\e alii
the chiii\h of R
ou II lan"i:aL'e.
cluircll
eir worlhip in
iminiaiis, whocompl\ witli
1 their
lut ha\e tlKir \ioil!i
he knv,, thoiiv.h a I ,ipi
ihli
liv his co-
i">i.iihiii (i.ith, to tuler.iie I .uihcrariifiii in Polilh I'riif-
olV .uiion';- them, . li,i, wliiie time ar.r whole cuk . of Lutherans, as Dant-
to '.I hO'll
';rie:i a'V. I if, ;us
iuibilit\-
■k, I-,
uoin, aiii
i M
irieiilniru; ; and fome
whi, h d.lli
lefentnv :it.
: tunes, to |, '
11 ki
!lv
;ht ol I.Kir oppniiioii.
L-nill;
rpecialb' in the Ducal |-
I heir
ins a
['•rcvent
I'liiil.i'ioii, anJ
iie.n lit) nu' am
th
eipe
ruiha.
I-aiill
us
r.ni'.'.li
lor
.mils was o
ill
f thi
itioii ; and his followers, from
opjirellois, liuin li..
loi cid lo do I
11:11 c.illcd .Socinians, grew very numerous
i\ a'
in the ! ill"
I
f violcli,
Ihe r.
1 i\c l!iei
(lit tl
!l
11
lle.ll ,1 \. !l, » h., h le.u lu,, i.\o\: ,1 lo l!
h ur cl
li .l\ illr'- 0:1'
illO't,
uliilkei
'C mill,'
,111
1 of
,;ov !i o\t r It, liii' ,1 wiili fur, .111
i\!iiur\ : but king jolin Caiimir made an ciliet .ag.um
t!-,viii, which was eiiforceil by his fucccHbr, king h'hii
.'M.I\elKi, V, 111) drove them quite out of the kingdom.
'i hey Tlie generality of the Papills here are great higot<,
and their inierefl is llrengthencd by the [irelideiicies if
ihiir biiluips in the Lvr.ind aiul pettv diets. 'I'he in-
ir,lei1 \i irli a liih 1 b,it the Ikeve, Ir
1,1
amis
r,e\
live tur iMps
11. 1:
;k 1:
.1- II
lo
d th
w iHih iiiiis.
1 iece w idi I'l,
^o. ('
Th
Inns .ir.
■iiei.li.s .ire w ii
iloii; coM.ii i or
1 I I'l.iki' but one
t'ciior I ler<j:\ have a |ilace alio 111 all courts ol judica-
ture j and the great fecre'ary of the kingilom isalwayrs
a clu;rclini;in. 'I'he regular c lerg\, as they call the
monks are more elteemeu than the lUular ; and the
ilockui :■
Th
!i mi ndicaiu i'
liars li:i\e the iMl
viliure to enter the privat
«^
room
i .1
11
!l!i
, nt
!■ I
m
!*i'l
^o6
\ \i:\\ R^^^ \i. '.sn authf.xtil svsir.Af or i:\ivri^"^\i. r.; oc.iniNiv.
»
II ! ,
fodin o\ .I'v, lioiilV V, it!i[-)i:i k:r'c l,i:'.;:;it tlic dcor. 1 '.w
li( iilar cli ijfy ;nr i/cmi.ii'v r-.-'i, l>iu liilliiluic. lhf.:i.
t'lrior civ rn\ Ti-'IilDm n'lrrul tiiiir oiVici- in ilii" (,tiui\ !),
liiit ;';i\i.- poor I'chol.u . two-jviKi.- ;\ li.n lo oliiii.iie Icr
thvin; nor do the liiihojvs lorrcvt tlic iiiUiior tkri'.y
for rlu'ii- ini!lu!i.i\ ioiir.
The icniiimii ;k-..)1.' iva. Iv i,\\u]lv of inil-ritv,
■v\ilhot]t abiiki', on t'lt;;- t'l". J:i' s |ro\iJul t',.-\ al--
Itain iVoni tli'lii, ivc. ani i!n\ viil in't tat l)iii;i.r a.ul
« hccU' on Ilk li da;. .;, t!'.(UiL'h the ' op:- j,i\ i-s tin 111 a Jil'-
jicniaucn. -\t the iii\aiiin ct' tlu' l-.olt tin- |k;':-.!i.'
kn;)ik iliin- heads aj;ainl} tlif i-.a\>imnr, or Inn i-.i-s,
iiard i!V.'.l'. to hi- heard U a d.ii;.i:ie •. Tluir iliiinh s
are r.n>', an.i \\t!l adoin.'d; ani t''. -piielts alli.vt rich
\v(lii!tii:s. 'Clie pn.-lis at 1 ■■nivild l-a-.e a eajK- ihi-;
v.var.-.r ina!"--, imhn i;!. I'.-i io t!nck v.itli |iaii, aiul
'lUv-l-, il.ai It is A |.irl>.ci lnir,k:i. In v.inriril-c v.n.
Jiuiiot" lalik, ai-ai if:-.:,' -f li'.e null, liaw tiirrcd li.i.-s
in thj (.-hDr.-hc.., ihar thi.;. may piturNe il'.eir kxt Jioiii
llic e\erl];\ V told.
Iholail-uaLre cf the I'oV - is ad; lit :i <f tl'-J >' J 1-
^(•liK, aii.t is horh liaril. and i-\'.a;iM':i:,'i;>, liitiii the
^all !n'!i''i>er (•t'e().".ruiia:u^ ill i'. ' i'e i irhuaiii ui,, :in<|
Li\()r.::;:r., i;aM- a iail'i'-Mje I'.iil d e":r-.i|ned I ,ii!n
11 Old.: I-.mI tin i;i.!;:ui :'.:id t.eviya.i loil;:,'.i. < are wiidLi-
Jlood in the jiro\in,\-. l-ordniiij', 011 il;i le > oiinu!.-.
Moil of tin- difeafts ct t'vj Fo'e. liiiwed i;;::: t',,ir
• iriiiikiiriil's, to vhieh rhc}' are lo a.ldii'Ld, d 1: liu'.-
have a rn-vul-, li-iist' in", " I 'nr a 1. .■". 11. a', a. .• , Jl
liriiil; va-ei- as uii.e, ii" h.e do-... r. 1; in! :'■.(.• ellee'.s of
»lrinkin".'" Tiie diilvii.jn r iu;(iriar \'i I'.c I'ole-, is
that enlkd the idea ; i'l uiii' ;i ir.e l.air ol the head is
matted to;Mv • a'ld > :r '.:v 1 di i" ' ;te 11 i;hi'-' time, in
lj)ite o\' al! ran I'l ;iie-..;u ■:. it i: !h i e/. oil, it o,-.
<alioiis a diiviu! . ol li: Ji;, :! i-.n; a !:•; il !■ I • ol it, to.:..'-
fli( r uitii an 1 n;pti. n >)l piiiiiih.-; all ever tin I'oJ; , aii.l
ixiiii!, ill the hiad a'ul liin!-:, ; \et ton v/n : •, v, i.o l'.,!ve
Ijeeil inle.ted \wtii :t, iw , iln} ('<'■> ei:; oil ll:'.!r rair
w itiioiit anv had eoMi'ni'ae.nc e. 1 lie fol. ■ au ne.; iiuii li
Jroiih'ed V. ith o:l er itdi.il'i ^ ; and ieeix', i'ah.:n;nr
fc\er.., and pleiiiiiie-.r.re i\ Idoni of Iikii ;:i v,o:!:i.\j;kn^e
hert a^ :;i othir eoiintriis.
'I'he lu}>ti(n;al an.l ir.aMir.oir.al . t ;; ir.onies in Po-
land, are the (iinu s- in odier !u>:i',!n (- adiolic i o;;n-
trie.s ; hi; r the firuial. of tiie ]>i.ojiie ot'iiiiaiit;. ari lo
pnnipniis and nv\;j;iiileiiit, that 0:.<"- look niorv- like
liiiiinplis. '1 heiorpfe is larriid 111 a luarle or el'.ariot,
lirawiiln fix luilis all eo\ered u iih hiai k. The eof-
/in hd- a 'a.r>\ If:, k \el\il pa.il > \e;-il, w.lh aerol'^of
Ted lafiii iM ti'i iMiddle, ami lix ion;; Mai k iiik lallels,
iii[ipor: d h. lA of die d.eevalivi' . d.iaia lii.', in elole
iiioiirn.n;;. Soual piKlK. iiicnk aiv.l orlu r-, \\alk
liefore the heiile \(' li v.a\ ta| i r- ; and, inmudia.teiv
before it ( ciin - tiirieti.en on hoiliini, k, \t ho (air. the
«rll>^ I'l l|-.e de, ealul ; one Iv.^ I\\ oiJ, •■ ,.odu r lus \.\n.c,
arai die tiiird lii-da t. \- foon a. the fuiural lervi-e
IWIMI-, the', iide fiirioiille into the 1 hair h, hieak tlie
.iritis ol the die. did I i.e.n ": h. <e.''' n, an,' ih.- hod\ is
iir.!;!;!; :>;'•• I wlil'h;:. :e isa le ul, \( hi le li.iih i h r:.ry
.ind Lilt, il.lllk ;oi"ai!'>. \'. li. n V.ni-r.n rt ij;:allt\
ino'.rn, ihe\ \' e.i!- 1 oai f ■ hi.i I. Iliill'; and ll.i ir hiv. 11 I..
not nm. Il iKTia-ihaii eainas; and tlv ;m. iter tl'.e i;;.a-
lity, tile 1 oar'er a'c the ii.oiirn.ni; '.wed-. \\l--n''-e
kini^ ilie., h.e Is la .1 on a Ind of Hate, and a 1 utain
rimiher n! l> ivator-, en leiia.llieal mil tilii; .'i.d, aieap-
pointul I.) aMiii.l ;-.: . eorpfe. The puhl; di iVays tli.-
fulUTal eNpei;(is (n.t ol d'..- :. \ < line oT ! ;k tioun. I l,e
♦ jilt- en has the r.'ji.e lioi'iur^, p iid her, u h -n f ,; lius, ai
.'lie kill;;; aiul.di th' lilVitoi ,d. lU/'r-, i\e. llil' ie[)aif
lo ihe di.t f r ih .Ii.iim ol a Li.v, luult he in
M.i. I- .
!;• the Inv of i'li'.'.nd, liir '■:i.i!e (•! iHe I'adier is
c-qualh. d". idid am p.; : Iv i iiiKiii n, e\i. p. .on ol'ilii ni
r'o into a inoiialii r , in w hu ii i .lie ihaii ;.(rl> are lii •
> ided aii'on;;il the ,. Il ; an; I the \.i'iii;'e. ■ iMldren in re,
;: . in oi'ii r l'<!pilh ' oiilV I i'- <, an elii o,,i i;;. d hy lli. ir
(vir- IU^ to t.ike die \o\\ iip.ill them, ih.;' their c(lati.s
Ine he p.l'lii'. c.i eal:;-ei;, Uj tlic ehkll i'jn.
'Mie li'itliod of hpntini; hnll.s an.i he.trs in roljii.i i-i
ten,. They fiirioniid tlie wiidhiil!^ \uth a ;;rea; miin
1.1 r of lioif, iiiin, ot v h'iDi e\ei;, one rides up ;ind
dart ;an arrow a( him, iiiinii vdiii li the creature jiuifiiis
him, dm ill;.': which anothei darts h.iiii liehind ; where-
up'iii he l.K i ; i.liou! to piirruell.c kilter ; anii thus hv
iMiv. I'.ey ii) !■ Mial"'. him, ihat the ixad, heir...; quiti;
iiiidi \'. lili paiirmn;', lo iiiaiu aliaiLiiu-, fdls (loun, anil
is laiil'. iikm. Anoi!'' r wa'. of i.ikiii.', tliern, is hy
lili.i'!', a ;;reat ni;i; f. 1 i I tuis, and durihv tn»lo!ip>
II I '", >a 1 :•.•'! laeh I 11 titer, ha\ in;; his juill;, dart -at him ;
an.! ,1 . d'.e lull 1 uii- io\\.i:d. hi-, i iieiiiy, t!ie luinu 1 front
I'l .',1 t ;:i\e; I. 111! In; tlead'-u o'lid ; hilt if he hrcsk-;
thine ;.'i ;... I n, lof ':e, thi lu \1 iiimtir ludds our a [dece
el r> d . loth, .^tam't u hi. !i ihe heall law iiijj at) a.ntipa-
d". , iv, t.Mi!.\. ith Ici'.es ti-.at [ I rfon, and runs at aiio-
••a 1 , w he, Ih in:.' pi '■. 1 ed hir him, i oil 11 iioiiN kills him.
\'. ' ui the; 1 i:n. tf i-tar-., the;. lake thofe of the hi^-
;%(i li/.e \', :;!inet.; and, uluntiiev h:i\e h impered
.•.:m,;'.ll the hii '.ers ride aho'it him, aii'l ha\ in..': piiincii
d'.i\. n liN i;(ad.!Hil f. et v. itiij^ieat «ooden forks they fo
bin ' him about with llroiiL; heirpen cords, tint h<- is
I! ■! .il)le to Itir; li'eti the', roll him into a ;;reat uoo.ii n
( I,. It. 1 h.e kilols ot the eoid. are fo con'ri'.ed, that
v. iti' o;io piill tney ti: i\
he untied. 'I he hear is kelit
thus tdl ;i.c; ha'. L a P'ind to hunt h.i:ii, an.l tiiin thfv
let him out of a ir.ip door niadic for ihe piirpole.
.s i: L d I {) N i\.
(i3:rr}:m. 11! 't ro'.ir.i, /''lirr (f tli- fupcrky C'jf',
h .rr.^rj I:r.:t:Ui 1::, o , .
\ .'^ the pardtioniii'- ;'"Vi ' , ! the difmniln'i-i-icnt
X \, ot di.- p.i(,\ :n( e-,oi' I'oi . 1, , roceef -d to chan:;e
\'w 1. .::;:ii;,,!i ::i .and l:(j-. ernm: nl, 1 ndu r presence of
allien •.ills; ti'.eiii, thi L'..:ie:al form-. 1 amot 1 e deertain-
eil. \'. ;. em, liuivt.;:.-, ( niv ri Lue tint nio.le v> hicli,
il. 'iiir.e de;',i,e, lufiWiU in thofe part.-: which nin\ now
hi !.M:.i;i li.e d'..i::i;i;ons of tile kinj.;; of I'ol.ind.
I he ;,i.\inimeiu 01' I'olan.l, in iAi* , tld'er- litd.-
froi;. a.ri .11 iiioenic . Iln kiiy-.; i: vh.eted by the n'^-
bihl;, .,,.d I hr..) ; mni:edi.itti;. alter wliieh |-.c lienb the
/.;./.,•, ...;;.,; (.f li-.e kl";,doi'!, b) vv hit h he cnj^'af^c-:
t<i iirrod'.iie no f-:ii; -ur^ m'.o the aniiv or j^overii-
n:t nt ; lo ih.i; :■ . !ii- po-.. er i eiii. iimlerih.id v itliin \ery
n.irro.. Ivinmh, he ; :, in ell'.t, no riKre tl-.aii the prince
or I hi; I !e::eii! ill a fise 1 ommon'.ualth ; li nee he can
donodiiih, vMthoii' tlie bnuiid.el th;it authority which
(he l.i'.., s of the 1 iti t have inven him, and the noblei
i.ii.e I .lie to main' ii;i.
I or ihe adnii:ii;'r,\;io:i of iidli'"i'> ■i'- il .md erimjnal,
fe'.^ral eiHirts are lu 1 I in r<i!and ; but the moll con-
lid. i.il-l<- are th;' pirhami I'.Ls, lompofed el" a certain
numb. I o|';'iMdemen,i h i:i,\, aiitl laiiv, w lio arc chofen
1:1 ea- il ;:al iii:iaie ; the 1 w members once in four years,
i-.r.dili-. ,. '■ ii.i.!ieal on-.c in two '.ears. Of ih: le [lar-
lia'i.i n!> t hi re .ire two for tiie kin;Tiloin, and one tor the
dm lo-. I holl for t'le kin;.;d 'ni fit at laiblin, in L'p-
p.i r, anil i-iiiieow in l,o,.u- I'.'l.i'il; and that for liie
dm lu I-. Iield oii'M :'.r at \ ihia, and tie (>i!itr •.. ar at
"lir.lki, or \o\oyi<'di. k, b;v turn:. 'Ihife collrt.^ re-
ceive ;ippe:ils from mlerior court ;, an,! Irom iheiii lies
noappeal, cMept to the kin;.'- and fiinfe.
.V km- of I olind can neither nvirr'. , nor divorce ,i
V, .le, w ;thout tl.econfent of the repaibl.i . It he niarric?
,1! 'I r liN I oroiiai ion, the c|ueen i aiinot be crow ni.\.\ w ii li-
en, t his :ilkiil;;theiri onfent ; nor even then, uiilefs Ilie
I'ca i<oii„iii (.'.ilholie. Whin ihe is to be crouiied,
i;h; km;'; mtiltiondu.l her to ihech.ur. h, and prefent
IkiIo li,, arelibilhop of Cr'nefna, or the bill op who
anoint . her with iliei onfecraied oil,a!id puts 1 lie crown
iifion hi.t held, and the fcepire into her ri):;ht hanii, and
il,i ;dob" of poll! into her Mi. The qu'cns of I'o-
laiul have no olhcers hut a iiiarlh.il an;l a ch.iiueilor,
neitlur of whom are lenalors, bur onlv jiid;!,es of die
dill'i rc,-,i es iliat h.ijijvn amon;; lurdnmedic . 'I hev
aii!\.i.r the ad'l.'ide-, di:U ;:u- iii.i'.ie tv the li'.'.in wlun
iV, IV.
1 Ih'.u's i'l rol.iii.i i-i
with a ;;i\.\u iniin-
oiic lidc-i up aiiu
he cK.itiTi; junruis
ill lichiiKi ; whm-
,iiti.r ! and tluis l)v
\iidi\, Uc'iiv.'^ (uiiti:
It-, r.ilU liov, n, ;inj
.•.kill;', il\ctn, is lu-
ll (lunl>S LIU l<>!ii\>
jidll ;, (!;iiU;it liiiii;
11V, t!u luinur from
I ; lint \i lie brca!\<:
:ir I'oKlsoiit a piece
1 .miller :in niitipa-
n, :ip..l I'.in-; at iirio-
(iniini)til\ kills hill),
.e thofe of tlic liii;-
uv have h iinpercil
.iivl h;i\ ii'.,-'' pinncil
U)i\k'!\ !l)l!o th<'\ ((>
•n conls, lint he i<
into a ^reat woo.U ii
.■ lb con' ri veil, that.
'ilu- luar is kept
!-.i;',i, an! tiun tlicy
I' I he ptirpole.
1\'.
Ih- f:iriri'A- Cup,
the ilifiivnilieriiu'nt
nieeei -il to ehan;;e
, 1 niii.r prefenee of
c annnt 1 i ifceitain-
•;' th I'l I'.'o.'e V. hicli,
;!![ wiii^ i"' nia\ now
nj; of r<iiar,d.
1 IV, ilit'er. lit'.Ie
; iln'teil by the n-'-
■r wliieh l.c lit^n;. the
y u!;ieli he <'n;.;a<^i";
e .■;niiv or t^ovein-
ir.'rii-.t.d \> iiliin \eiy
IK ri- t!'.;;n ilie piinei:
.alth ; lime he can
i:il au'i'ioiily wiiieh
m, and tlie nobles
. i\ ;1 and erinii;nal,
lilt the moll eon-
ijiolVd ci' a eert \iu
lii'., ultoare eholeii
s once ill tour \ears,
ears. Of ih iVpar-
■ iiti, and one lor the
I .It l.uhlin, in L'p-
1 ; and ih.it tor iJic
hi il e oi!v.T •. ;ar at
. 'riufe eoiirt.s re-
aii I Iroiii them lie-J
II n ifv'.
\irr'. , nor divorce ,i
iihjii . It'he riiarrii'5
\v\ becrouiKil u ilh-
Ncn then, iiiilcrs llie
• i , lo !ie cnuv '.\~<\,
hiin h, and pn ient
or the hill op who
l,;',nd puts the crown
I hir ri;;hi han.', .w^
■{'he ijU'cns of I'o-
i.il and a clianceilor,
oiiK judjfis ot" i!ie
\ doiiielHi . 'I'hiv
I tw :ht ii'.','.:i '.vlun
KLROri.]
P () L, .\ \ D.
yo;
1
ol
i.naiiibanivjor ii.akcs hcra comjilin-.cnt in his inalttr'.s
i.iint, 01 ulun a prel'trit i:i ir.ade to lierat the iiiairiaf.',c
jl' a mail) cl hououi. The km;.; Ijrnillies tlie i]uecn
V, itli t'li.'iiey toueli."./ thcclian;e ef her hoiileiiold ; hut,
i;itir hi^idciiii, lie mult iv,ainiairi hcrlelf, and all liir
ittiiuie, V. i:h the r. venue v, liiclitiie kin^; bcHous u|.'oii
her, wiUi the lo.nlni ol the rep!iL>lic, both lor her
tlov. ry, anvitiir Iv. ;■ mairiaue prele;ii. 'I'lKle revenues
arc c.'.lled thj Keloi iiia'ion, ait 1 confdt of the rcverlion
of a cc; tain niimber of IKuoltie ., uliicii Iheciniior. en-
"oy f.ll tiiev b'.coine vacant by ihedeati'. of theprefiu
[joiilllbis ; ,i;vi fon.i tinie.i tliofe uho poU'ei's the lia-
rolu. ■. ili.u are in ir.r refoniiatioii, outlne her: but if
the .ki'i.j dies hitOK the queen's nfoMii.r.lon be (eliled
Ui'o.'i lur, tlie repuliiic allons her a veaii. |K'nli(;n out
v\ the ciou n lands.
The titlcsol iIic km;; are, l.iiijMif I'olan.l, c^rear duke
cl l-i:hiiania, duke ol iviiliia, Pi :!ii.i, Vi.iffuiia, Si-
^■.■.o^ih.l, Ki.iM.i, Volhiii'.a I'od-lM, I'oi.iciuj, Liionui,
iJincii.ni!,.., Siiiiia, an 1 L'/ernu ho-, ia.
• ill his ie\>nue i- cL.t to liindVlf ; in he piss no
troi'j)-, noreviiiivi oun fuir.l-; ,i!! riie r::bli e.\-
peaeeii biiii;; ;./rn\ided for b; tlv,' f.n.i'e; .iiu! all the
olHcer.^ of tiu- houlihold are I'ciuli ■', ntLimn, \i iio
lerve witli.iiit falarv, in er.;-iei.itii>n cf fouie o!l:ce.
t\ Kin , <i| !'oI,i:id iiiaynmit fun., ;uid capit.il piinilli-
iiieius ; .md, u|'):i JnMiiior:-, or lelHilion:, lan lummon
f!'e iiobilir , ;.i l.is li.i.vl.ir I. I 1; :iu en^.iia- nieivcrury
Irooj.s, ,;,ib;ui,: aiiiii s, a'lvl puniMi tliol'e \ilio tianf-
j'rils t;K-ir linti. i he km:.,' !:>a'.' no'rir.aie the !;,reat
• 'ihcers of II It.', ti-:!!,r i^ci.li.illJc il, iiiii.rarv, aiul i ivil
pioi;ioi.on> ; I u; all are accounial-,!;' for tiieii con hirr
(orl.i |. aiu'; neilh.erca:! t'le kuii; iiif|.)'ace theiii uneii
«'■'. ;.ij)poin':cd. .\ll tiie la.vs, Iimlihs, ne;;ociatio:r.,
ac«i V :.t).i:*!ci, inull I)-.' in i;ii n i;':.-, aii.i |>als i;;i'.ier Ins
lial , as do ..11 ji-n^js p;iknt, ^\;c.
'he ;>';i,ue cnl;;;!l,, of i (> biihoj-:;, brildcs the p!!-
li;atf, uJ;o i,;h:;!', an ' .i''0'U i io la. iiii n named ti;,
th ■ km ., .i;id ,iix t >:• lifi' ; \ 1.-. til.- t.n r.rea' o:;;-..u-s of
llac-ot il'el.uv'.dom of • olaiid .uvldm ;.i ^^x l.iiliu.inia ;
to V. I::i;n ar- .ddid, thepil.iliiies ..n.i ::;e lelfcr feilafis,
who aie I he i .dkl! msaiid lieutiii.iicis ol the [lalaiin.Ues,
a.Td ihedejnitie of ['e nohditi. 'I'hc.- are cre.ited bv
til- kiiif^, after they h r. e t.ik n an o.^th to pieferve the
biicrtiis (if th,.' K pulili, , bv vnaie ulxreof ilu\ con-
'lo'd ih.e ki'n;.', \\\wv. ht invades tlv.'ir piiMle<;e.s: and
J' tiii.s court IS loosed upon to be th.e biiluark of the
iot:.|.|,i;i\iialih, a;:ai;ill tlie at tempt > cf the km:;, ih ir-
ter tiair of the I'^ii.uors are ahi.c. •• iiboui his j)»ilnii,
•J 1 |i> t'.ace of beinijhiscounll-llorN ; thoutrh, in iiuth,
llic) are but fpiis on him. \on'. of the fe:i:ito-s can
K" out of the km::^dom witivaii leave of the re iiblic.
Jn the yeneial diets thev fir on the ri;.;ht and lift h;iivl
<it the kin\;-, accordin;;' to rhei! di;.:n;H , iin^S not acconl-
iiri.;- to the feiiioi!r\- of their rc' e lion ; and it is i'u\
^*ho, without the kill::;, aoprove and ratd'i all tiiecon-
llltutions which t!ie nobilif, pn-pof,- to them In- their
ilepiitie- : lo iImt the (eivuoi's .i:i , a \\ wiii', mt .!i uoi:.
Iiei,\ecii the kiii";;iii I the nobility, ;o (>i\iVr\e .i.ul ile-
1' nd tile luihoiuv of the repulilic.
i he ( liiif licul.ir fenatois are, in iiiinib; r, ;(., \]/..
,i- ['al.itiiK s, who are, pro|i. if, , ;;o\it:iois i>f pro', mces;
three c.illi ll.in-, \\i. of Cracov, \ ilii:i, and Tioki;
iinltl;,' |l,ii(,il i^f S.uiioi'itia. It isoblirved, that tho'
thei]uabt\ of callell in and It.iiolla is infi rior to that
of pal.i:ine, ihefe lo!:r Lift mentioned poiii is almolUl-.e
firl} i.mk amoii;; ihe he fen,iror<. 'I he o litc of a p:i-
laiine is to k-.id the ticoii, it' his p:u ilin i:v to the;iiiiu,
ti> piilide in tl-.e all' iiililies of ihe ivn'ilits in his pio-
\ince, to III a price u|)c,;i coT'di and tcercii.iiv.li/.e, to
lee that tlie v.iidits and mcifuns lienor alrere.i, and to
jud're and dif iidthe Jew-, lie his a v u .-iMlat'ne
under him, uh.oif'll : I'.e an (>:i.ih to iiiri, ;i:ilulio
ou;;!it to ji.ive an (Hate in the !..:\i, w!ii h Ua-, c.il!
I'of|el!iotiaIus.
'I'hcc.illelLiiis air tliene\t indiiiuiiv loihe (laliitines;
and thi re are two lorts of thiiii in tl: • kingdom, \»lio
art ufuall;, diliui;j,uilin;d b' the title of ;;;cat caileil.iiis.
and petty or fub -cafli ll.m-:. Tluy are all fenato/.s;
beuienai.t.--, or deputies of the palatines, and heads of
the nobiiity, in their rcfpe.'iriveiurifdictions.
I he I'olilli diets are .if nvo kinds, viz. either ordi-
nare or e:,.traordinar\ . 'I lie ordina>) diets meet every
(econd '.tar; !m' the exti-anrdmai} diets onb \\;ky.\ par-
ticiilai- occ:uions, ulien I'limmoned bv thekm.;; iii;L
one dilii iiiinir voice reii 'cis all their deliberaLioii., in-
c;r-.-tual.
l'!\ei\ ;;entliin:in is a foviieiLi;!! prince in his oimi
if'a'c, ar.vt h:i . (lower of life and death overhis tenant-.,
\\ lio.iii jarfect ll.ni ., u itho.it law-, or [irivileges tojiio-
teci till 111. 1 he\ daie not leave their iiialter's l.mds to
;;o to another's, iinlefs he \ lohitc; their w ives or d.iiiirh-
lus ; lo that they are oftin;.i,lad of that plea. Jf ai^en-
lleiii.m .I, ,iiall, kill . one of hi > own llaves, he on!', p.c. •
I j Ir. res ; aiul if he kills another's, he is oiil}- ohli;'ci.l ui
lurnilh another, or as iiuicii money as will buy oiu', awA
to ni.iiir..iin tlie dec afed's f.uiiilv. Jf one pnrltiri.in
kills aiiulhi r, l',e c:mi;ot be e.s.ecuied w ithoi.t the kiiU','s
I onfenr ; fo iliat ili.y Inquently tfcape. No foidiei.-!
can be quartered upon the ;_;eiitry j and if anv oliii ^i
does i:, in- is fiiitencid to die, or clfe declared infa-
icoii, Ii. cIk du-; : ii'ii can the Itini; hiinlelf lovl;.;c at a
noblcu..>n"s lioufc uuliout alkin;.; nis leave. .Vlcan tiiiic
their hoiil'is iiic li.'h i'.iiutuanes for di linv[ueius, tlvit,
ilioujdi till I' in. I', Ik- arreiled there, tiie;,' caniKK be
takiii liom thetv e without the mailer'-, liave. liv the
conliii:iiiiin (if I'.il.ii;,!, [Ill- j.entry c.miiot be arreiled
till convi.iid by ju'.li.e ; ib that he inuU be lirll funi-
nioncd to .'he iriln:iial, where he is to be tried. If he-
do, s no; .ippcar, he i- de, laied contuniaeious j and if
iie d,u , iipi e.ir, and is c.^nieted, he is then arreiled,
:md imprifoii'd, in ordirtobe afterwsirds lltueiiced,
,iccoidm.; to the licvs and the iKituie of l;i;crime. Ii'
.'. Ic.rei;;n.'r dii s without ilil.e. Ins (.Hate t.iils not to tlie
king, but to tlie lord of the manor. The produet
ol the lands of the !,'enire ma\' be C'.\ported without
jJaviiig cuil.ni ; .ill. I .1 cirtiia.ate, upon lutli, e-vempt.s
the pi ri Iiafer fr.mi pa;, in"; it. Keiiher the king or
the republic cor.tl;s liie title of prince on -inv but the
Ion-. Ol the roial faiiidy ; and though, live or li.v of the
chitf laniilie.s liave, pirh.ips, the title of p- 'lues of the'
eiiij ire, it gives Jiliii no fort of jirecedi.ic,-. W Inn
thiir gentry iravil into Iruice or Ciirman., th<ry
ali'mie the liih ot' counts and barons, that thev may
have the (ali'.r acief-, to j). rfon- of ijiiality ; efpecially
:il ( I'li :i;an;. , vviieti ;l\v Ic.iice tiiilll.aiu one a gentle-
luaii i.ii'.Ur.i Iviri'ii, and coni'..i.|ueiiil\ , not wortliv of
their i o;r>erla;io;i.
liKv iievirh.id anv order of knighthood bifore that
of the imiiiaciilate I onception, erected by .Sigifmund
III. V idi fome pnv ile;.;es ai).)ve the rell of the gelitiv,
who fo much iiefpifed it, that the order foon lair.e to
nothing. King .-Xugullus, in 17.05, created that called
the Older of the White fagle, in leiiiembrinee of hi:
h.a;)pilv meet in;.; the die: ol Lithuania, when the .Swedes
M\:\ ."stiiniil.iUs thoughi to h,ive intercepted him. The
b.idge is a wllitv' e.ijle, ci(i',',in.d with diamonds. Ho
conferred it on fevii'.il lonl,: but the f, ii.itoi-, ;ue dif-
tni'.uilhed liy wearing ;i golden crols, with a badge in
the midilK' of it.
The king inlli'iiie,! th.e order of .Stanillaus in
17^15. 'Ihe b.ul".' I- a g.ild crofs enanulled red;
and on the leiitie v\ it 1 ; a medallion, with the im.igc
of ."^'t. .Si:iiiiilaus,enaiiu'lle-I m proper colouis. Miuiv of
ihi gr.indet.-, have fiich l.irge tiriitories, that the\ can
mile from ;ooo to 10,000 men apiece, and maintain
liiem, whiih make, them lb pr.iud, that when gn.it
nieli.s law lints are di cided bvthcdiet, or other ti ibii-
inls, the cMcutioii of the lenience mun be left to the
lo;i;'ell fword; for the ;gra:idees foiiietimes r,iife liveor
li\ hundred men ofii lide, plunder and burn one ano-
tlui's towns, belides calUes, and light it out, rather
thiiii fubiuit to the feiitence of a bench of judges, They
clli'.ni themfelves, ef[)eciallv the fenators, above anv
( ierm;m prince, want nothing of fovereign power but
llie liberiv of coining monev, which i-, relerved to the
republic.
I -> j'''i|
i - '■ i lil'i
i ■
I
r
i! ■ -I
.. ;Iy
ir-;:
ill* ^ ■ "m
(
L
: W
:| i^
!l
I >(
ti'iif 1^
-^^
1 1
pill
liii-
lit cities w
A NF.W. r.OV.M ;Nn .\i; 1 1 IkX'
and Conii' (if ihc\u i i. lu-roiiii ii\ lbs,
ith u!iivli iIk' ki!>'; h,-s iiiiiluiv u> aiu
SY -,«»•!■, Mo: L'MVi
ll,-|\c l";;lii
\r.c,
AP[
1 1 .
KMiiri"
■iMlum" to inM>i>lin i.' nWi ii'lorm.Kiiin ;iitiiin ; tlu
nc ni u >•)!■*!
ij
S K C 1 ION V,
iithiT I. M li cr ii,;lir.ir\ .
tii' uli.it i< I..
li.
U c- Lit'
IV l.itvru'.d I'.'.u
til" kiiM'ikim u! rolaikl.
mtir.cr,;-.
Rf.
I'jnr.r:, iiiij .h'::ui'ii >n oi /'i!.i
n I s r o K V
}' () I. \ N D.
T
cotiiimTi c I'.nJ ir.ulc df T
Hl.I.
.1.
.nvn:
oi-r ;i (it i:i.
conluKTiil, ;;rc ncitlvr v.irioiis in ii'ii
(.•;;rcc. In the iilteiio'- [urfs fdiiu' I;
mi woollen cldtli.i, :\vA hirJ \\.iivs, :iic mannl t,ti;:
finlivc 111 I
II
n.uuiji , I-, trui
,re lene
111.
r
th.i'. ot m:in\ a.hvr
u/ir
eil ill i)S!' iirit\. I j-.e anc
ll(
limed b\ I'.i'itii--, tlie K(i
but
(■(Hiimcivi
is (.(inrmed to tile tif of D.in' -
111
a few otliec to'A n-i on the X'ilhila and li.dtie. Di
man niltoiian.
!'";.',ive> ,t (lioit ac'oiDit (,t tliem, a-, a nide and harb.i-
i.-t [leojile, !i\inL; bv loIjUry and plunder, anil rani-
:i' tioiM piaei- u> nl.i.i
lit 111 a Itate ot n.Uiii
Ml partieiiiar,
iration
In the \
an ix. ijieiit ])oit ; and tlvi
(■ I - a n i\ 1-
tiie ^'iihiln fi-oni ihence to il'e interi
!.:r> e. ■ '1
'.eni oi" ( i;lii\aiion in iser\ l[-n[c aiul
•ili'n V. e'ic.h
if th.-.L maintained anv
of the ki
n'_:(,oni, v.
Lfe
liy all kinds of mcrel-.an'
liii^i I'lOritN o\i.r ;h'- iii, wa.-
J .e. I
iii>, ulio all. me
■d the
niav he nnnoneil and exported with <n\at fuili
Th
irth
c (dills o
iboin
title (1
fdiil-
keal'Oiil -Me \ .ar
c. IVoin th.at period iliei
f i
,i^l
(i.ani
\ are the iroiii ducat:,
, the fil
d. the
ve''il(ii! ir ')
f Daniziek,
is «(>rthahoiit 4.S. (id. the ri\-ilc)!iar of I'horn, whi^h
is Morth:;hour .;.s. ;d. and the y;\-dolI.tr of Sirifmund
HI. and Llladillau^ 1 \'. which is worth about 4-. (-d.
Noruithllaiidinjjtliecircumfcribid [Kiwerofthc ki:-.:;
of r(>!:;:vd, •.\ ith rclpeet to liis [Kiiiiieal pivroi^ati\e, t'u-
TcwuuL-.i of his diiniinimi-: are adeqi!:it(. to a f.ii'.nd'd
iiiainteiianee ; iini, ,; . iiefore oliferved, he [laes n.i
troops, or ot!-. c.-s (-f lia:';. Hv t!:e ciifineiuHeiT.ieiit,
Poland, ii'.di-ed, lo:i ne.tr h;ilf her annual in. ome.
'I'o I'uppu ihi' li; fi. u ncy, howe\vr, ir wp.s fnntd
necelfarv 10 new nii.iel and iivreafe the ta\e-, not
only to make up rive km;.;''- rewirie, but to keej) up a
Ihi.'idiii'; .irni , U y ibe d( fc.'i 'i of th( fe parrs rif the
lsin;^'d()ii) whi'.h t'le i>arti:iiinin;r powe:s fiitleredi tiic
kiii„' to retain.
i)}- the ancit nt !:r.>s of Pohiid, the n'i!)il:t' , i:-^on
all ureat oecr.lions, v. ere to take the field on horfJi.u k,
too-ether wiih tlieir adlierents ; and whvn this ri.'le
vas properh carried into e\e( ution, a l.iiul'. of lor.C'D
men miLjhr be raif'd. This arniv w:!'; aluavs ci'led
Pofpoliie ; lr.it, \'ri^n-\ a \ari(r\ of (a.iifi-, it ufiiiilh
ino\ed with i^reat dif'icuke, and was ;r,-ix.,-;ij|v witlmui
clifcipiine, fiibordin.ition, or expiriem r. 'Ilv,- Poli'.ii
army, Iiowr\er, of l.ueyiar.-., hath not been fo luime-
r()U.^ ; yc.:, j:i ', i'Viis to the late (lifir,eniherme;i:, the
(H-ace elKililiihnient was j'l.ooo men ; that i^, :4,ojo
for Poiaii'l, and i:,C30 tiir I.ithiiuiia, tuo-thiidi (;f
Mhieh were ca\a!ry. The two bodiis of troops that
1brm the Poiilh arnn are conim:i:\vI( ..i Ir two ijeneiMl ■,
uh(>a:e ii;.iipriui;n' ol" e.n h otln r : and rhou!;-h l!iee
.ire named b-. I'le kin-,', thee ai;- not oMii^ed to;;i\('
an aecounr of iheir opera';loii> bii' to ihe re;t!bli , :i.-id
ha\e an abfolute a' thority o\(r the troops. IIk-
• oIoiieK art- l]kei.\i:e abfohitc m.i'lirs of their rcd-
inent^ ; and it is ti;eir buiin> fs to lind fublifli iii-e for
fhi'iv, and to pay the iii a-- well as i!u •,■ can ; bin ii, in';
r.iri I;,- p:ii.l themfiht -, tliey del'tro' the coiitrr- , and
ruin the larmer.s, to f.ti>fe tiieir ,i\ iriee, aivl ili.ic ( f
;lKirtroop>. The Polifii nohil'.- arip.nr xdlhmore
nia,;n;fK'i-n ■'• in ill-' lidds ti'.:in i:i ihcir to\in^: their
'eni^bein;; !noree!eyantIv oriumu n:edtli,nilheir lioufi ■.
'I h casalr'. , whiih is th.e ,^:eateli parr of tiiearmv, i,
< lii(ll\ compofed of pentlemen. 'I'he\ true li:K liorl's j
;ind til, ir f:iddle.-, bridle^ tve. ate ri 'dl' '-i-.i luifnied.
'/ he \e-. rnntvll totlieir ( ,i\ ,ilr\ is tin ir infritrv ; fiir
iir.ich -.1: tl;e I'.irmir i . iiri'/niiiceiitb, onvinunted, tlie i
■1,
l.ittcr i- b:id!\
»nit uniform
meaiicll ot tin f>
\:i!j.abon.l d'.i.!'. w
brtle dilii;!;" a
lurv ; hut it rlii;.
\v ith }.;re.i! preripiia; ioii,
ficulty in rail) in^^ them.
Tl'.e m:!rll;il, .1^ \(ell a-
;iadly .u r.
1- 1 ■ rei ru
.'d, and olun wirli
:( I fr
■ ■'■•:.■, an I i^<
. ' r; • Poin;,
:rrAy tin Ui.
ire n jHiIf I, •'<
Hid :e
0.11 ai;i"'i
ui 4.-t
.; the
,V of
.1,
reU ;ie;...:
•r.iops I'-i' ( iiet \erv
I ' . aira. k with <j;r. at
. i;itii,.i.liare!',- retire
!■.'■ i-i the ::reare!l dif-
imniercial, frern nf the
Poliih nation, has, doulvlei , been ('rea;lv (h-'kedbv
;. re(pciii\e iiv.adei--, \W) !:;i I ir e\]i. iIh'V to I ei p
'![) ''. h nriiii'.'! :!.■> iJia.'l nol only oweiaw; li:;' j-i.^jilt
were under (ii'.er- ;m r;\ ci.Lt-., till te.e uar "OO, whci
ih. y ".ive til • fi>vereii;n coiiinianil to C'racus, the fiim-
d.rof the city of Cr;ieow. On lailiiie of idue in lii-j
lin.', (the \\\\ of whiJl w.is Calimir I.) the Poles
el eted to ilie lupreme ( (ininiand, in S {o, a |)eafa!ir,
ni!,ied Pialhis, who, liu.i>"; to a j^nat a;;e, and riilin;;-
V. i:!i ho;iiiiir to himfeli, .uid ad\uiita>^e 10 the people,
i-\i:\ nati\e of Poland, who has, from his time, been
tle.'ted kin-;, is c.illed, in comniemoiaiioii of him,
a i': ;1[. 'I he title ('f Duke was retained I'ro-ii the kill
nviKioiied period till the ) ear ()i;^), when Ijoleilaiis af-
ri:;!;rd the tale ol' kiri.v, con juired .Moras i.i, Piutjia,
a;i ! Hohemia, an! rei'.deied them tribu:;u'V to Po!:i:id.
I'ol.-ilac- II. maiT. in;"- the hiiiefsol' K^d Kui7ia, an-
n. .ed v.v.\: pro', in e to Pol. in, 1 in io-i>.
I lie kiui' - of t'ol.ind, aiiicnL"; whom wai ("alimir 1 1 1,
v.tr, abfoliire f ivereii.ni.;, until the i\i';n of Lewis anno
1 j~a, wlien the Poles iiili'.kd o!i limitinL; the pre-
nM.'.riee; p:;.lr.ibiv b'Caule Le^\i^ was kin.i; alfo oi"
IIun;vu-\', a:id the'.- fuipe.'ted he wov.lA fnour his n.t-
ti\ (• i ountrv to llu ir I re.uili ■(.'. Lews hi ini; fucceed-
id hy his d;iii:;:uer aiivl heirefs, 1 Ldwi;;is, an:io l;<S?,
Ihe m:irri d Ll:ut::liiis \'. ir,\\M duke of Jathimni;;.
o.'i condition he )! ould Iklhuc a C'hrilVian, and thiii
iliiie Ihould (iicceed both to the e row n of I'olaild and
t'-thediieh) of I illiuMnia, v^hu li l..i\e been u;iited e\cr
liiv'e.
L'.'.idiili.u , tlnirlbn, IlirccLded tlieiii, andwasaifb
ki;i:.'; of 1 luM;:;:'. . 'I iiis prince w:is killevl in a bittlc
uilh .\mur:Uh, the '1 uikilii eiiipc i ir, and ieaviiiLj no
ilfue, w:ii fuciciiled In liis brother t',i!"miir l\. be-
t'lun w!i'i:iiand the knii:h.-s "f ih- Teiironi. order,
I'.ho had Ivenp!:; .d in riiit"!i by the i'o'^H-, there
w vc ( (ip.iitiu.il \'.l^^; until it w.i; ,i'',i.-.'( d, thai the
kiii'dit.-, Iliould reu.ain ] olieli'ed of ['..illern cv IXcal
I'ruliia, the (.^r.iiid lualKr takin.Li; an ordi ot' fealty to
tile kin;: of I'okind. In tlii-. reit'il the re|relen!:ili\e.j
<;f the li\.r.il pa!.uiii.ire'.,or province^, were lirlt liim-
liioiud to lit in lliediit, or airembl\ cfth(' llates; the
;rriat olii. ■ is (f the ( rev. n and dii;;iil;ed i Itrgy onlv
inio.in; tl;it p:!\ ;I. ' e till tl.i-n. In this rei','! alii)
the leaniin ; of l,:i!:n w.e> (b mil' !i ineoi;ra^',eil, that it
became the l:in;.;t;.i 'eot'tliet cimmon people. .Sii^ifnuin.l
fucceeded to the -row 11, anno 150", in whole rei-^'ii
Luther's doctrine was recei\edat lluu/.ick, and ibme
otJKr to\'. ns in the nortli of Pol.md.
In tlie rii'Mi of Si;;ifinund U. t!ie Rtinitn, inva.le I
Livonia, 'hin poliehed In the Teutonic kni;:;liis, who
I ailed in the Poll s to theiraliilhuice. Othi r Pics in( ci
lalldl in the.^ueiles; an 1 rl:ele rhree po:' ers i-ontiiukd
tor tlie dominion of Liv oni:i mi'.'n \i:\r-^.
I lenri' of \alois, d'ik.' ol' .\:iuhi, w:isel(.ied kin;;
ofi'olaildin 1574; but his bro'lier Charles, till I leiuh
kin;; iImiii,', he iiuitted 1^ kind, and I'licceeded to the
cro'.'.n ot' fnneej.no i';77.
.'-rejihen P;itliori, flin.e of Tiaiilil\ Kii.t, was e'ecied
kill;; of Pol.liui oil till' all !i: :ttl'i;i ol' / leiir) . Ill his
r- i';n tlie fup.reiii.' court, of jultice were In It er- eU'd ;
bi.loie u!ii( li time rlie kin , ukJ eo;.neil uue t.u- i.ilt
refc-'il in'.ai'es t.f appe.d.
Sr diiiund
EUROPL.:
."si'.'innuiii
iT-'.iJ klil^,
1;, ^17.
Ld.idillaus
aii..i in\.;dint.
and, ij:i . ir.
to ei'Ii;:rii: tl
to Poland.
L'U'.lilia'.:.s
1 101 her, joli
t'.-:i 1 e:i!dlli
'J.ioMi^^.d, 1
a'.i'l i>( ' .:m' I
L. me (..;
i.w.t, bet loll
C. I. o..r iii::(
iU ■■ 11.1 1 e
llej.oie,' l.,:;i ;
Via. Il:.l !e a."'
_ M.vhad .
1 111 k^ I OHijI.
lei:.. I t-, J.
iiv:iiii of .'. li
ot VK .ri.i a::.
i.'i 1 1 .,.!..
I , Oil iheii
iieuy. i.i...liii
•-0:111 i:,.,i till
*».'s (.in i.iie.l
ihii.ue-, :. Mit
and ,i.,:k:.i"
li-n I,, -.hi-,:
an ':■■. I'MiKi
i' . i,.c.. J
the cM.'i.i.r :;i
i^' ■;.' ol ioi.
J."'\- ;..! tile
V..O-U. i(-:( n.
I; c.M ■;■;, j:i(,
L. . CC:,:,;!,!
C ■:.■■"... tei
ill. ::v.:i, a,,,
I. :...:::' ei nf,
\- 1^ ; '■': .-.1
i.r :i..' :•.
•'1 I ■ - ;
I'l i/i'.,;:., (
i-'ic : :.(.; .\i
I ■ ,'-.:■;•
J i-u:i. ( 1 ihi
'■•• ',.;.„ \
I • '. lU ' ; 1 , 1,1
ImI:!..! liS i.,l
I.':-, v,li il i;.
<'-.!. (Other I;
t.i id .::,..■ .\i
I'l:' :;.-, i.ho V
1 I i.i.'i n; i;.i'
'ih.- I MK. h
111; :■ II, he 1.,
'■.,i''.u!;; l!.-.:-
.••ii t ■•-., l.l.s 1
t' "I l(il 10 I ■(.(.
lor ol M\;,.l .
ri 1' i.e I), .no;
" •: •„.;', a.
\^-' a [i.iueil
J ■ i.ed i;:- ii\a
h ■'■: :;; d, wi
■'. ; I. ,11- (.;
P.iN ; :(, in. I
/\e.' ' 1, Ml,
ihi I. ...,t:.ir(
\ i.i:i«:-.,,hlr,
td ii,l( s, .1:,.' [
iiiii e:i a ; v.;'A
i-.i;.ii.il ut lis
.\(
Pt
1 1 .
liion ;iimiiv; tluui
'. c'ly bngu'.J Ihuc
.ll.llKt.
) I. \ N n.
lli.r. of m;in\ o,!vr
int\. I l-.c anci^nr
• Rdir.an liilloi inn,
. ,1 liivlf :uul barb.i-
|)liinilcr, aP.il rani-
1 a Ita'.c dt' nature,
Miy llnll' anil dc-
h.-.t iiiaintaincil any
, ulu) air. liic.l t he-
lm tl'.at jxrioii rhi-\
ir.o \(..li- -JOO, wl-eil
I C'raiiis, tlic f'Hin-
li!ix' of illlic in lii-i
nil- I.) the FoIls
in S_{o, a jxaiant,
tat a;;v, an.) nilin;!;
ia;y lo thi; pccpli.,
iim h's tiiiio, Ixi'ii
^iv.oraiion ot' him,
tainid I'nvii ihe lalt
when l5olci"iau< af-
I Moras ia, I'liiliia,
libu'.arv to I'olanil.
of l\(.ci Rufiia, an-
)i!i wni ("alim;r III.
•<.i;;n ct" l.euii an;u>
hmitmii: the pic-
, ua^ km.'; a! lb oi'"
O'.'.IA t'lviuir hn na-
■',. 1, iii ini; I'liCLCi-J-
!«i;.;is, anno i ;{"<},
hike ot" I.ith'.:ania.
hridian, ani thi it
V. ii ot' I'iilanii .v\d
e been unitc-i e\<-i-
uni, an.l uas alio
s killed in a battle
r, and JeavinL^ no
• C','.!iniir l\ . b.e-
• I'uironi. order,
V tlie I'ojic, there
.I'lj'.-cd, that the
t 1 ..iilrin or Ikeal
n;li ot fealty to
the re|releniali\es
e>, uere lirll (unl-
et' lh>' dates ; the
:i;l':ed ekp^y oiilv
111 tlii-: reii,'i all'o
•.eoi;ra;',eil, that it
pcojile. .Sigifiiuin.l
, 111 w hole reij^'ll
.t/.uk, and ibiiic
le Ruiiiin. inva.k 1
oiiie knij^liis who
Othtr |-'r(:\ini e-;
piv I IS I'ontindid
lar,.
, uas ell :ied kiiv;
arle i, tin I leiieh
,1 i'lieeeeded to thi.-
;'.■ Kli,', uas t'eoied
.|' / lriir\ . ill his
\M r>' 111 It er-eUii ;
.::- ;1 wue t.ie i.ut
Sr dii'.lind
i:i;:^oit;
p o 1.
:ini',iiii
1 ;!i.
ii.n ol
ol.n
ua
fureedtn fiv ln;o P,
itnoiinLin..
l.in!-
eialiii'ii.
iiin,)
d
Inin, anno
i(.
ciuniia. Hut in iiii.igre,;r Jm'-
tielshe appears to ha\elKei) lb little i;i t'avoiii \> i;i>
Ills ('u!)|ecisthe Poles, that thcv sjave him no niaiinei (.1'
ihll
and in\^-iin,!.', iJidna, took ilieiapi'a! i.;':
,1 \h
iiKe or c oiinreiuinee, bui left hiii. to make the btib
atvl
ir. aiv Iliac en
llkd,
rl.i tt
.i\ inees o
r Sll;
.•killk
: 11, (■
iiul
i<iiii;
jua L he eoiilcl uitli I iiillia.
Allf^riilhl;, 111.
Sranillaiis I'onia
ilieil at
Orefd
e!i in I
:.6},
when Lo;int
ro.vlki was uiMiimioiillv eholdi ki:i:
to I'oLind.
L'!'.-.ui;a'.:s leaviii;."; no i(
t lelher, John Caliinir, ai
b. the name ot Staiiidaiis Aiij'ulUis
I
ie \\;\ oorn i:
was Tut
ifi
il -il by Iiis ;i I 7 {.', and ( rouned km,' of Poland in i7f'-c Wiii: ■ a
|S, lIuiU
'h h
dWVi
111 I^!i ' r^e':! LIK O,
d L,
ks Is,
e Ua- '■ (invale nobleiiiati, lie r>
■d ('(
I
e lo'. ,1.1 Ioi.iv!\'.
•i.:ol>li
t I ,i.,l
i".'V)iri,i..l I
;r
.'.n
eLVian.
o Hie
I'oh
and ua,i hol'ell a iiieiiiber uftli
pecniiailv' la\oiir(ii bv ll^e eiiK-iel'.- ol I'Clili
id Ibn,
!1K b.
. r-, to t';i l.uliiaiis a.ia i ;!rk
I'
dhi
11.1 U!
.Ill'' O
( Ss
powers, ilie p.iper.s w h
ieil l-.e liuned
n, i(>:i.|U',retl I'o- i nine of iiis eleOlion, were de.-ii/d too favoiiia
.l',.|l| 111 ll\ IllOilt
an
riav o:
!■ .iO,cc
John I the I'loteUani-: i
n
'eiicral, Vinii i
I
iic(;
m
M '. Oili
a''ai.i,r li.e
.Sw.
•dc
ii.iii!aii3 to
; but the
lie
in i'oJaiK
ible tu
rtii.ii-
ihe ariii)-, vdi;( h ihc eivprefs of i^iilii.i
I. fi
I'liillieil a prcteiire tor \aii(jii
cont.
ill- li.' inl iideil to render hnni'ill ablolute,
uiLuus to be tonneil aj'ain
11
bv li
■'■n
re:ii\
111
to !•
i.UKf.', aiul
oin.iii ri.i_i
lei;,. I 1-
11 ol
'...li'sl '.'>-. i\'^ i!e.
o !o';;a in his i,
Iki
.1 ,111:10 1 ii
atiii/Ucs 1
ami
toiupiriti'' :ioi)ii
iiuluiet
to thr
1 ■ lUini III
al Ic'tyll, \i(i\.
alk'Kianee to tiv.- 1
• e". !t,-|i.
: anil |wt ihenif'Ke; iimler the [;i-orec(ion ol' tlie (ii uid
Ik
oi V i( .i:..i a:;. 10 1 i<
Jciin citiilki, \wio
ll.le.w. lilsl.
alU
J ni •
1. alt^
I'iit x.iie lie-
L.^d on tilt
le.l t!ie lie;;i.
11,. leiL n, diet
li
> otcMfioiied the O
ttoii an 1 o.tc
I'l . 1 ,;l .
L , Oil diedwuh <.f Sobitil.i, tlicre ajijiwiicd a f^rcat
liriiii i,i..!i:lUis lor the tllron.'; but the p'inceof
C L,':i,i i ,..! tile ;,',ii..;;i li niiinber ot ei, wois I'or him, and
w,!-. •,!'.«, i.:!eJ k,i-.;',ln the pmiMi ■. 'ilk n li ifilu ean-
I'ld.iu , : ;iM\.i, ii.'iiiiiit;' .\iii^uliii~, tu -tor ot' ,'^a\(m\,
and ,'.,:k;.!;,; Ills |'ar; ii.iieh I'l'jHiioi to ii:.K of the
liMi li, ;he I Ii. uir svas |iroc!ainie,.l kriv,", aniui 1C197,
ail i:-i j'liiKt 111 Ccnti obli<;;ei.l to veter i lo I'raiiee.
^■. > J..i.e .dieadv relatetl, in our hiiiory <d' Sweden,
til-,; i:,!:i,;,r in .-.hiih ,\ii-ulb!s w •, . i!ii>vn from the
!;,■ :;. ol lol.;".,!, b'. the tikbialu! C!-..ikvs ?\ll. (who
J'''\ :,d tile a;i.;,..ii i-i;:eiit of Si,uii!',ei-., ' .i:tA after-
\..ir^.. ^e'urv.i h\ die f/ar i'lt^r '.lie H:^.:^ -, and (hall
t':'.;\: ■;: , ;:iij wd lo oblerN e, I'l.lt .\i';j;ulliis was not
k. '. ee.:,l,ii,K,l on the liiront, wh:,;! he iieki upon
(1 . ;:,",,. teriiis, nil liie u.'r 171;. 'I he i'ole-,
i:i, ■;.'.!.'. a;:a lied to .'>tanillall,^, were perpetually
.1, :..:•.•.■ ec ;ii', iraei,-; aii.f plois a.L',.iinil .Auj^ulhis, who
\.,r-. i !■; .-d 1. 1 ii.,i'n:,o.i hi,, .liiil.ont', O'. means ot hi.s
ia'.n -:::.;,. ^ '
11 i;.,!,!. nate'.d Ion, piir.. ; M;;'.'i!,'e, afr; rv, -id,,
ih I.'.':., i:-, t.' i.iit ."^ae, w,,s tJKi'e.i i1ii,',e oi t'our-
ia li' ; ;-,i,; .\e;,;.'.i,. v .i,-> not ai'le to n a.ilain him in
I ' i'". ■■•■., ,r ,.;ii;l tl;e |,nii.rof Ui.;,,.!, aad tile
J, \-<VA. I 1 i(l( 1 111. ..
Ill i..;„ \r. ..ik:> 111. di ' ; an,! lv;dia:h havi:i;r
I : ', n 1 V , , ni !' I;..' ti':;e, the r:;;i!'i ':'', s (m' b'r.i'iee h id
i-,il:c,l;c\ ;.,1 .i| ti,^ k.idiii;^ n HI 1.1 '.,':■■: ; of ,^:a:llf-
l,': ,v,l> u i:,i,! -h; r iiie lr,n h I ■„ '\;d mar.iLd.
('" !.i oilui i:.;iK!.i!;t ^ :i ; .:■.■;■ ,':i ' :;iii: ainadi iiireiell
to 1.! .;:i, , .\i ;u;k: :, ;l,e i. 11 li' :!;e ;■;;. kiii.r, to the
M:' ,;., \.l;o \,,'.i tiie on!. !u;:'..!', ;'-e il'L;e ol lll.s Lite
I . ,.l.'i n; I;. ;:, .
'1 h ■ I i.iiih ha', in.'- !;a'lv\I .n.rllie ;■■' • are to t'leir
iii: ;■ II, he i,,i! , .i\ , I ,1- 1 ;; 1. t,) ,',e :. . :,;! p'!,i;in.:-,
r: .,1' HI!;; 1 !,■. :v to t iki li eh pie.il'ji. a ■ : ' ,lu ■ ,,diide
.'^cij'.nior. 'Ihis (K-i
to (((elate war a;;.iiiill Riillia, and invaile Poland v.iili
a I'ouerfiil army. I lurried 0:1 b\ blind zeal, the ton-
fidt rates |)ieei()itated the luinof tlieir desoted toiin-
tiy; aiui hime of the neinhboiii i:ii;" pov. eri, invited by
their ineautious eiithiiliafm, tin.k an adv.iiiia;;f of tliij
ij (;i\il war, and difmembern! this onee jiout 1 iiil kin:;-
ij doip. .So far w.u ihlhmulation iifed in the difiiieiii-
j liernient, or jiartiiioiiiiig of l'(iiand, (,\s the pow lT'I
;! coneeriled think proper to term it, i tii. it lh(\ a!' e.%-
jl prcfvly deny liasing had the lealliiueiition to I'ti/.e anv
I of the Polilli province*, or in any wife to divide tlia!
! eoiin"y. In the act of renunciation, tranfmiuvci to dr
I court of Warfaw in. the year 17^)4, and le.iied with
!' the fe.il of tlie Ri:i!ian er.ipjire, the eiiipr. Is cf Rulii.i
jj lavs, " .She did by no means arrogate, cither to her-
I; felf, her heir.s antl fi:e,T|.|"!br,s, or to Iv r enij'.ire, any
,' ri:j|it or claim to the diliiia,-. or territories wliicli were
all t ",., ;,. i> tr, i,i l.;.
'i'f t rone;
t''i l(d lo I (.oi'.!,'" p ! Siaiiii.au-, aiivl e;. !,.■ 1 ■ :;; • elee-
lor I'l ^.;\. .1 . Stiniilau; N.a- a,iu d!\ le-e'tv :< d '.0 the
tl 1, !.e b. .uoMik-.r-'ile I'ait), ( f \- h.ul. ;!ie pi: • ejni-
II •: '..,:> :k llie Iu.kI; but ,\i.:;i:i; ;■■, t ::eriii;,'; i'Mland
w,'' a liOwei f d ar'!;s oi' .'-.i\(>iH ,ikI Ruliiiiis, eom-
l':.~\] r.:- ii\,il to retie.it i:;'.(> 1 \;:v, .',iv k, from w'Kii.e
i: ■ (■: :i; d, wile, ";re.u dil'liv ulr. , into 1 r.inec.
•' ,' e kiiiu oi i oiand (iirtU'd iiiio ,1 ( iinledeiaey wiiii
I'.i\:::i, 1 r'..!'.ia, and ;'ie 1 leiu h, againll the lioui'e of
Ai:i' M, 11 I HO, in lio, IS ol'eoiiiing in lor a lh;i:e of
lh(, l.,,,J :,M> (Ic!, iiiioiis ot'lhe l.ue emperor Charles
\ 1. Ill u l... !; I,. -did iv-t f.iceeed. 1 le .ift( r\\ard.s chang-
ed li.lis, .;:,,' iniei.d inio an .dliaiu'e widi the eiiijirel'-
actually in polh.llion, or lubjeci t;: the authoi ify ot tnc
kingilom (if Pol.uid, or sntai: duichy of Litli'.iani.i ;
but t.'ial, on the ( (intr.iiy, lit r laid irajtlty woeid
guar.intee to the f.iitl kingdcin of Polai'd, and dutehi-
ol' Lithuania, all the ininuinitic;, lanti, tcrriterii,-, and
di!h-icls, which t!-.e faitl kingdom #iii dutthy ought !iy
riv'lit to p(!li'efs,or tiidnow actually po'IeG; and woultp'
at all times, and for ever, maintain iliiin in tiie full
an.l fi\;e enjowiieni thereof, againll the airemiHs of
,dl and e\My i<erfon or |.trlbns who Ik'ndd ai any
lime, or or. any pietext, tndavour to dif,)ok!'^ tlieiii
of t:l',' f.iilit."
Tile king of PruiTia, in t'^e f.imc \car, ligiicil an
a''l, ill aliich he tle( lared, " That he liad no ( laim ;,
f >r:iutl no inetcnlioiis on I'o'and, or any part tliLi't -
of; antl th.it he n noiinced al! elahiis on that kingdom,
eillier a.> king of I'rulii,!, ele.'tor of IJriindenburg, or
duke of Pomerani.i." Ititlie fame inririimeli; l;e:^aia-
r.ntt ts tile rightsaitti tei ritoric:-, of Polaiul ag,!inll every
(:;!itr power uhattver. The emprefs i|iie( n of Ifun-
;;.lr) likcMife, in iliC \\\\\; r6:, wrote .1 ktler, w;','i
lurounha'id, to tiie king tif Poland, in which llie
I' ue him the llrongt ll alllirances, " That her I'liend-
Ihip for him and the reiniblic was firm and unalte-
r.ib',- ; thit the iiioti(.n of her troop.s ought not to
a.l.irm him ; that lla had never eiitert.iined a thought
of fti/ing iin\ jiart ot' his dominions, nor W(julde\eii
felkr all}- other [lower todo it."
.sin-e tli''l"e illuiive declarations were ninde, an.l
lallacioiis protellations given, the partitioning poucis
puidillied each a manifello, in which they lefnectivel,'
I ii,l t laiiii to certain of the Polilli territories. In ihel'c-
iiitieiilions the king of I'ruliia flu'Wed himfelf a deep
piililician, b\' contrning to lav claim to th.e moll \alii-
lliar
then by obtaining the riclielt, moll [)o
,r.;;i I'
le v. as
:k:it(.
tlie
puloiis, and moll commerei,il p,irts. In t!ie\ear i""7a
tl'.e refpeciive power; thiew o'l' the malk, and bej;an
o avow rhe'r ilite'ition- .
The P
rufiKin ■.tinlul, hav^
c.i.ii.ll ul h
C
-111
.No. f.
1, [ luiidered, .iiid he
111' reCi
ti R
'i , inllr'aaion^, tool; oecaiion toquan
I
with
^f|
Hi
'H
'i
■ hi*!
pt).
lit
m
"10
A NEW ^0\\\. \vnAL'Iin:\riCSVSTi:M<.i LMVI'R-M.Gi oc;r\['!
with rlicni.\,';i(lnUtsofD.un/.i< k, anilliiwin.; hcvu pal-
jialilv tin- :i,';,,KH()r, v.as, anDuliii,", to ihdk inlliiK'-
runis r!ic lull lo copipl.iin. 'I'hi' km;; ct' I'luilia inr-
tiMiial U>hr lli'J,lll. ntliiutul ; l.ui, inltuul (iricllHIU;
toaiic.\ilan,itii)ii,(ir lu.iriiij^lMiili paiii^s I''' I'liii^K iilv
("iirpiilcil the cil\- wit'ia llKHi- ltoii\ i>l' troops, linil
tlictiia;;irtrati--. 100,000 ilmaK tor what lie- tirimci iluir
jnlolciii'i-, Ciiztil upon 1000 imn to rciTiiit bis army,
r.Di'i ha\ ill" thus cxcciiri'il his intintioiis lirlJ, In- bf^'an
',\.Tv calml', to arjTUc thf iiiattir " ith tlu- ma^iltratcs
r.tt(.rMarJs ; and hasingrooli. rinion(hati.il \wlh thi-m
rn tiiiir iiiipniiiin.i.-, as he (.allii.) it, tolil them to do
lo no iiion-, and iic would tVirl\ tor;'i\c tluiii.
'I'his, I'.ouivcT, \*asa trifiiiii; pri huli.' to what uasio
fol'.ou i tor, the cnfiKn;; M-ar, the I'nillian troops eii-
t'wl ('"rtat Fol.m,', and i irried oil' from that jiro-
\ii'(e .ii'.d \'.i nLi^hliourhood abo\e i:,ooo t'uiiiiies.
•Mvn.i the 1 lUer >.iul oj" the lame ;. ear his I'nilli in ma-
■; l\\ pulilill'.eda;s edicl, commaiuling, under the moll
ll.e!e pe'i.ihlei, tint all perlon.s IhoiiKl take inp.iy-
ireiit iirt'.i ' 'e, provitionN corn, horlVs i\:('. t'le 1110-
iiei ('tiered h. Iiis 'roc^p; and commin.iries. i'his nio-
niV v.a- either li'vei li'.ai ini; the impri-llion ofl'oianvl,
.111 I worth nn!v oiethir^l ot'iis nominal value, ordu-
ea'.
, i'r
111 ir.iitaiionot' iXiteh lUi
eat-
hut abose 1 ■
j)ercc:h. .nllriorin valu' to the real dueat-> otHol land.
Witli this \erv bale money ho boiiyiht up a fuilieient
(]i!anii:y ot" forage and pro\ilion^ to Dock his iiml^i-
yiius, and fupplv his ainiy for two uars ; and ilie
|)()or inh.aiv.ta-its, after havinu; been lluis obliged to
part from their property nuu h below its value, were,
ihrnigh ne.etlitv, compelled to ( ome to re-piirchafe
eorn i'roni tliol'e ir.aga/ines, and to pa\ good fubllan-
ii.;l Mon.n for it ■, for thi i'rullian ^()mnlll!ian^■^ abfo-
hiteh refufed to receive again the fame coin which tiiey
h.-.d paid. I'voiii thi. curinii,, though, niit \ci. Iio:i. :1
nianunivre, the king of I'nillia cleared y.ooo.cco ti"I.
lars. I heiounii', b^ingrl.us ihinpelof money and pro.
viiions, the ne\t planofhis I'rui'ian majelly was loc! ar
it of its inlv.ibniniv. 'I'li increalethe iiopulation ofiiii
ow n ilominion-, at tlic i \jieiv.e of i'ol.'.n I, had lo.r^
beiii his aim. To'-his iiid hieiiicted, lii.it evir\ citv,
town, village, \c. in the pLues wiii^li '. is tioojs pof.
feUed, Ihould tiirnilli a cert. tin number cfmarria;'.al)le
young women ; and the pareiiis wi-re ordered to give as
a jiortion,a fe.it her-bcvl, tour pillow ., a cow, two hogs,
and threiiiucats in gold. This crnl order wa; rigo.
roully e\ecu[eil. Ihe parents wore iJripped :o fiippU
extorted portions for the children lavillied hom tluir
arms. The sonng women were ir'.hum.mly dragged
trom their |iarini-, their friend-, a.'ul tluir coniveiion-i;
and being bound hind and toor like criminals, weic
carricil off, in fpite of the lanientatioiis of tlicmfel\i.s
and relations, in cart::, waggons, ^'c. .\fier ihisciiiel
exertion of arb;;rary power, the exa>-iions trom liie
abbies, C()n\enl^, catlicdrals, nobles, ^^;c. were fo great
and iiMrean>nabIe that the nobles tied trom their cliate--,
aikl reiiretl into tonign coiinriii ;, and :he prielV; aban-
doned their chur-'ies. At hngth the triatv of paru-
iion wa-; declar:'d, and [)oHel:ion taken, b\ trie relpec-
ir. e |)owers, of the pro\ inces ul',ir|)ed ; when l'nli;li
I'riilHa, and fomedirtri'ls bordering ujionlSr.indenliiirg,
were allottcil to the king of I'rulii.i : ah,, oil all riie
toiith-ealtern parts of the kin;;dom, with th'- rich fali-
works of theciinMi, I'lll to theemprefs i|iieen of I lun-
g.ir\ ; and the er.i|>rcls of Rullia took polleliion Cil'j
large- leiriforv about Moliilow. 'i'his violent difniLin-
bernunt and par'irion ol' I'olan I, hayjul'l'.' been (nii-
tideridas the lirll great breach in tlic luodun p.olitical
l\ Hem I'f luirope.
c II A r. \iir.
K ! N G D O iM
O F
P R r S S I A.
A "-; Pn:!":.;, fo eallcd from the norulli, the ancient
J\ i':'..iliitaii'- . of the countr\ , lias, t'rom the coni-
r,i: ,M.ii,.i-t of the ••■relent century, become a tbriiii-
d.'.ile p'cer i:;h.-i i';e coiuinent of I.uro|)e, v\e lli.iil,
t"ii|- ;', .■ i;.!i'i-:K',;')n df 'ui: reader ^, jii'i fent, m one point
1,1 \a'., .I'.l t'.e t. rnK'tics under the dominion of the
i'ri.:\ in ;-,.'i i: ^ li,.irianging them, 'a ith refp:. ct to name
,i!id liii.itii'ii, ;a liie following order, and defi ribiiig
ilmri .1- '.iic. pro/reliivtl; (K\ur. 'the diMliclis and
;ilu.;:;oi:i .ire a. tillijv. .
IVu il,n,.w Ue'/al Pu!i;ia 1
i:r„;idc:K.::-g "- - - ^ j
.^V. idiiil eillM - - - J I
Vl.cj'.leluiig - - -
II.;1: ri'a i: - - -
(.!.i:/. - - - -
M;;..:.n - - - -
Kave:v!)i:' - - -
I.'n .:i ' -
Lle\e , . - - _
.\iair. - - - -
^lark - - - - i
J'iil! 1 rieii.ind - - 1
i.ippe . - - - ;
oiii.k - - - - r
'! lu k'enbuig - - - J
fa.'dr 1
Neuf'hntrl -
i'lii ol Sileiia
1 ::e ei'i'lllries laid', a.liiieni-
Oi.i..J li\.;ii I'uIaUvi.
ri'ol.ml.
L'pj;er Saxony.
Lower Saxonv,
Htil'.cn.ia.
- , Dm h\ of
' \ "3 ! W'eliphalia.
Cir. le of
W illphalia.
NeMii riands.
.S\iitzeiland.
Piussi \, tbrmerl'. teriiKil l)i i m , but now R (. • '
Piii ssi \, i., bounded on the noiih by p.irt if '-'anio-
gilii, on the foiilh b\ Malo\ii anil I'ol uvd Proper, o ;
the e,i;t In [lail of 1 .ithu.illi.i, ..nd on the ue!l In I'oli'o
I'ruliia and the i'altic ; the length being about iijj,
and the bieaiith .ibout 1 12 miLs.
.\utunin, in thii country, i^ ufually wet, aiiel wint, 1
fevire; \ctih.c air Is, in giiieral, wholefonie, being pu -
rifled by high winds.
'i'lie ( hief productions of I'rulTia are corn, Max,
hemp, fruit, hojis, [)alUirage,game,fbxi s,cat'le, l,o:fe,,
(lieep, deer, bears, wolvis, luixes, wil.i boai-^, \c.
'I'he Ikiltii , w uhthe rivers and lake-., pleniilall) fup.
[il\ the inha!i:iants with lilh ; aiivl, on tl-e ihi)re of t.'ie
fonmr, great i]iiantities of amber are t'ound, en, loi'ed
in will, n are ofun leenfpid.i.^, tiics,gnat-,, miner.ils,
' a'. es, hill-.-, frogs, ant-, chops of veaui, ]iieces '.l'
p<ceuliari:} .
v.ooil, iVc. Pope tluis e c.iiiiini.nis o:! ilus \.oiK!erf.:!
Prett\ Inamber toobferve the forni.s
Of hair, of llraw,, of iliri, of grub-,, of wormv.
'I'l-.e things, we know, are iieith.-r lie !i or laie ;
liut \. onikrhow tin- di \ i! the) got th.cie.
'I'liis veiy reii'arka'ile fililhinee is elef nhed b) an
eminent natural hiliorian in the following w;'rd..
" .\mber is a hard biiuiiinous fiibllan, r, briti'e,
fomew hat tranfp.iicnt, and ol'.i \illow, or <itiiiu-(o-
lolir ; tiiough fometiii.es il is wlutilh, and (ometinics
brow n. '1 lie t ill is fomew hat at rid, aiul blMnlunol;^,
w ith a little- ,i'li ,11 ,.iic\ . 'I'lu- fi.i !i, .\ !)e n warm, is
tragr.i.'U and o.unuiinjus; ,im!, wlicnrubbed, il will at-
tract
f'. 1
I'.i •
J .'.
i!.t-
ei.e
\ 1
^l;l1^, 111" worm-.',
l.. 1 I ii !l 111- Mil ;
uot ii;ru-.
KUROPK.]
KINGDOM
O I
P U U S S 1 \.
7M
tr.ii-''. ftraw; and liii; ot'ilii k-. h;,' its tlcirii :'l \ iruie. It
is t'oiiiul in lar^o qiKiiiiitics in I'lulli.i, wliicli i^ the
coiintn ulurc it isdiictly ;;(ii, |virticiiiariy in clu l>:i!ti(.
f^''.i, luar thi.' (liorc ot' .^i)il i\ ia, mIhiv it i^ loiiiul
f\\ iiiiiiiin<^ upon tin.' water, ami is taken in tut ;. 1 iow-
cvcr, tiiis hitiinun is not a prnjiktion otthi- Ra ; for
its «a;u- (itii\ Icrvcs to ualli it oil" iVoin the howtl:. of
the eaitli, ;;iul remove it to (ikue; near the (hoie. The
^cins I'C tlii - liifimien hive liein loiiiui, hv the oicier ol"
tl'.e Kin^' I r Pnillia. In iii;^'^in;'; foi- tlietn, thev lirlt
rut with (".::i'.i, \iliie!i, heini; taken a»a\, a itiatiini el'
ciay ;;p;eaieJ; aiul liill ileiper there uai the mineral
<;!' \ ilru'l, uhieh l)eiii.f expoleii to the open air, it «a>
ro\ere,! with an eif!ore(eeiiee of <;reen \itriol. Still
ttei jier there ua; a laiuty mineral, out of uliirh, with
{•riipir inlinri\ents, they i;ot amher in variiiiis places.
li; tliis mean;, in tlie iVIarehe, near Kiiftrin, as alio in
the Trai k of St<)l[)en anJ I)ani/iek, it was met with
aiiioMi;- I'a'iil, an.i loimd coiK' Uil in heaps ; whenre it
ajrieais thev uere ;;reatl'. milKiken, who took itf'iirthc
rolin ol'tiees, that drojipeii ti'mi then) into the (ea. It
ilen.s to pr.KeeJ t'lom a hifiiminous foliile w ooil,
iiy the alliltanee of the Jliiiterranean heat; which, i
at firil, is proliahiy like petroleimi, M\i\, after paliini; ;
throi:i;h the mineral of vitriol, ();, the mixing there- \
^^iih, lieeonies coaj^iilateii into a haril boiK. There i^
no doiiht that it ha:, been lii]iiid, beeaiife if is often i
foimd in a round form, eontainii'.;^ fevcral forts of in- 1
feilis : befuli s, the oil uhuh i obtained from ambej- i^,
for virtue and fiiieil, like petroleum. C'harl.nn, who
Mas a \eiy ureal nuuraliU, has foiiietmie.-. found real pc- '
troll um in, liideil m pieees ol'amher, w hi'.li is a t'artliei'
reafon to prove what is allerted. I he j^reatefl plentv '
(if thi; bUiuiien i, f'.nuui ne;ir the lliore of Sudavia, af- i
teraviolen: north u ind, attended wiihatcmpelh .Some- I
times amlv i i . lb tianfparent, a. to fef, e to make burn- j
int^r nkiKi^, one of uhii h is ke|>t in the ea'imet of the
i.ind|^ra\e ot'J leHe C'atiel. Amber, propirlv piv;\u\\i,
heeoiues a inedii. ine for openins; the oblinittions of the
bowels, an>l promoi.n;' ;ill forts of excri'lions ; and
C()nfe.]iien'l'. is a \erv ufeful remedy in i hronieal dif- '
c.es. It i.slik"Mi!e fiiil tobe sery ellieaiious in eurin_;
«"old diliird. rs ot'the brain, anvi partieularh in piinsof !
tiie !;< ad, il'i;i\ and ei>nvu!ii\e dileafes, a; well as in '
'ir. lU'i ir and Ir, pn. lu.ndri.ir fis. I !i.' dole i> from a .
feriipl',- io a i!i:nii i'l a po.u lied ei.;;-;', or anv other pro- i
j;cr\ehicle. The MiLi'.ile fall of amber is iliuretie, ;ind ■
a'.''.'o;:'Vet! a f.:;;. iiic in li\ llerie anil eon\ulii\e liiil-ali-s.
'llie.ii.jl i-, fii'm JO L-,raini to lo. fl'.eoil isreiom- i
l!.i ".I'd '!! ;•■: \:'us diii-rd.r:, pirtituLirlv inihe;;oui, |
pa! ' ,.;', I i ■•.•:■;!■:■, !\-. ano;n;inff ihepiarts thereuith. It
i.. ; ; •! i^rn .Mr,'>. It.i; t '. ■ f'l f.'-ent'. diii[)s.
' ewife I'l Hind hire; an i a:i in- '
I". e:iif il r-d enluur (ailed St.
^\'(K)d, pit-etvil, uav, honev ,
' ■(':'■..• allies ol'fome kinils of
id.;'i nduil ;-f l.d.es and ean.iis,
aeri'i.' euua'i'. , v. Iiu hafli'ird <.^i;..)d
a. I ol r. .:y\\
re>;. . I\.'i
josn ,s I'l'.
Jill 'i, ■> ■ .
V....d . '.!>
J. -.el.:;
'• vl I-. r.;
a!'<i Hi
> ! ni.i'
■ r,\( I ■ "
In 1454, one half of Pruflii rcvo!t.-d from t'lC
kni;'hts, and p;it ilfelf under the proteetio.i of Poland.
'liii^ oieaiioned an almolt eontimial war bccui.\t th.ic
country and theordir, till the year 15:5, when, by a
treat) coiKliuledaf Cracow, it was agreed ihar .\lberr.
Margrave of lirandcnbiir;;, the l-^lh and kill nialler of
the Teutonic order, lliould have the eaflern part, under
the title of a diitchy, and that it fhoulii defceiid to his
.md his brother's male heir.s as a (ief of Poland ; but
in i^i>7, fheelodor I reJeriek William had thi io\e-
iei;;n!\ coif ri;nd :o him and his heirs, on condition ct
ils reliiinin:',- I')tlie f'oles in c;ile of the failure ol'lieir'i
male. In 173;, Ducal Prullia was railld to a kinL^il-iin
In the eleetor I'rederiek, who was, in a llion time
after, iiniverfally acknowledged as kin ; of Prullia.
.\t the lime of his coron:i:ion :-.t Konin_L;lb.r;.% he inlli-
tiited the oriler of the Waek l'!;i,i;!e. 'I'ht enli-n i, a
IX'^IA erof, like that of Malta, enamelled w i:h blue, ani
worn at the end of a broad oiaiii^e-coloured ribbon,
which. palVes over the left Ihoiilder. The fo\eieii;n is
grand malUr; and the number of kni,;hti are alua)^
thirty.
Another order is that of Merit, founded by his late
I'riiliian Majelh, in the \ear i';40. The mark is a
golden crofs, with eight points, enamelled with azure,
;ind on the u]>permoll point is the letter b' troMiied ,-
on th.; three louermoft jwints this motto, /-br Mcr,/ ;
and on the four other jJoints, which form a St. An-
drew 's crols, ;iie fo many fpread ea;.i;!es in gold. IT.i^
(tar is tixeil to a black rii)bon, which they put about
their necks, and it hangs down their breall ;.
The late king ofPiutlia brought the trideof ih'a
countrv intoa \erv llourilhing lituation, by the inftiai-
tion of .III excellent police. I'hc imports arc trivial,
and the exports m;iny, confeqiiently the l)alance is
greatly in favour of the eoiinirv. fhc nunuficturcs,
exports, ^:c. Ixing iron work, paper, copper, brals,
li.'i; M, gold lace, fiKer ditto, nual liores, (illi, o.it:;icali
lallou, glafs, giin]iow<kr, cloih, camblet, lilk. Hock',;
iiigs, amber, liiifeetl, hem!)feed, nieail, caviar, tXc.
I'his countrv alone brings his Prullian majelly a very
conlider.ible revenue, the lingle article of amber pro-
ducing :fi,ooD dollais annually. The oihcr ixveiiue-f
aiife from the crown demefnes, duties^ cudoin:;, toih,
fubiidks, ^;c. The king ofPiulIia is abfolute in thi»
as ttell as in all his other doaiinioni, in |H)litic.il, civil,
ei.clrlialli.al, and feudal maUn-.
The country is giiverned by a rei'.ency, conlilling of
four great olhcers ol' llate, viz. the gteat mailer,
biirgia'.e, c'lancellor and marllial. Thefe are a:lilted
I", coimfelhirf; of Hate, depiuici from th.e noble;, and
d. piities from the comii;.i;i>,. Mere are likeuife a
b;)i|-,| of i-.)mmcice, a board of nsv igation, a Cvillege
of war, a dem I'r,.- chanilki, and feveivd tiibunals of
jlllfil c.
I lie m:lir.ir\ clkiMillrm nt here, a-; in all other parts
i:fhis I'luilian ma;ilt.'s uomir.ioii ., is ver, co;y,id.-r-
(•!ich regiment is quartered iifion a i)ariicular
iiMan.i 11. 1', 1
liir.- ^ :', lie
i'lev ioiiv
rXi.air.i;
c ! 1.1 !■ ;s
S'l-vh;,,:,;
.11 . .... I
:l,.
'.:i' n. l I. udam.ig' s, tiouescr, are loi;;i-
ir i'i'.;".,i.i'.ic'n-.
e . ir I" I'), ! he inhahiiant. of Prullia
'.!'.; ' .■.■m!.1" of bearin : ;!rms, amount -
SiiK„' lint I eiioil, I -,000
men of that diifriet b:\
to join the regiment uhen-
V Ith
!'.;;ii;',i
I''
i-
.1 ■ ;.'.!l'
1'.
1
:i ': Ml,
;.:;'.;ivr
i!
e i.i
'. : I
\ '
'V'.,'
, h:- , ^
(..
. rill
m r ..i
li'
.elt
•\' tie M
t!
e 111
li. iil'V;
! i I'll
I
I
t'.i
• 1 . '. 1 . 1
t!ij li'
'..in niimbc'- 1)1 (ierman, S',\ if.
I', fettled i:i thiscci. ntr; ; and
, lu'.e, I'ciit'vCjUiiu ! J ilu'ir coming iii'.o
ceacd a:'d fi.'iinded 1 1 lo", ns, 400 vii-
l.e , Si, le.ils, and ijjio I'cho;)!.-, : lup-c
::i'', il.i: Ills at the p.relear time mull be
•i!i:du;;i'le.
•1 ar.'lJ,
•!', pic'.i: ^
;; . ol til- I au. nic ci'd.er made ;i con-
ii' • c;)i':i:n , in wh:cii they committed
:;in bir't'iii ie^ ; fiir, inllcad of conveit-
", I reicndid v..i; iheir vic'.v, iheyevtir-
:■.■, :.:;,l jHit tiiC l-ierm;iils in tlieir
d. ; :1; ■ l.'.rdi.rans and (.■al-
ia the I ;th century the
dillriei ; and all the vouny
regiflered, the; are oli'i;i:ed
ever comiiian led fo to do.
Th! ; ( •iLiiUi-. is nov, div^fd itito the iirnvitice-; nl
Smalaad, \aataa;!,aii, Olial.ind, and l.iuie Lithua-
nia.
i he pi'O'viii'c or (.ule of Si-aakiad li..^ tiear the
gulph ot'Co'.a'land, aiul isn lebr.iied lor the vail quan-
tities (;f amber u hicli . re found. up;in the co.ilh The
priiiiipal place; of tl;i; jirovince orcircle are,
Ko.'iiglbiig, or jivoninglbenj, the cai>ital not onlv ol
' this provia^e, but of ihe whole kingdoni of Pnilf'i ;
' and is liiuated on the river Pregel, in i;4ileg. .| - miti.
north kit. and :i dcg. ^; luin. call long'. It i~ wed
I fortified, h !.■ leveii bridges over the Prei'vl, .lad w is
fo'.ui'ded by Oilbcartus, or Fremil1;iiis I. k i.tg of Moli;--
mia, in the year 1 ^5 .;, when that king came to the af-
': lilian--eof ihe Teutonic knightsag;iiiii! the I'.iganSnia-
; landers. Ii > onfills pio[ieily of three tovsns, f,!rnK\i
I bv fo niiinv branch s of the river, with i!i>; rel'pective
' ■ ' fuburlj;
•j'ii'fj
''f
i
■i ,
f ■ ; '■
■I r
' Hit
V ! 1
li.r
M.W, \\0\ \l
mi XTicsYsri'M <.; i.M\i:u
(.: '. 'CRM i!'
l.ilKirh^ f.
1 1
i- .1 i"|;.i.' D'.is i.ii\ , Mi\ popul'i'.i , ti-rmiiiation i.t' il:i' So
It It |ii:ils u:v I i;:r U\\
(I (-(inr;!'!' . .1 'iiMl MinnlKi'ot itiLV-t< and lu)Ul..s; hut
;1liiiiit
lU'on, ,uu
!'. |.ii..l>t l'.i\ Uiroiicc llini't. u,i l;i ,n
ill.- I
i.micr arc
!;lid
iMit « ,;r.(.;it r!i-<'.llKi.',
;i i> 1 11 [ .HI
'.lul 1
WislA \
). r cic rri
i v.iil'
I
ii;.- I'i .m ai'iiii
:iik1 till' l.:t.- ' j/ituiiul, alter li,i\in
.iin t'.nin.l- - .ilori;'- ill. Ilioi'!. <M th. l;alii' , .cuU.I'uii .iii.i;iii i;,\.
.>H I :
111 In (-nc o*' til.' In it d-.ilsis ot" I rulli.i. 1 luivis no- - v.aw
th
-nc
intr unr
rli i-.lirii\.iti" 1 in it, I \i
cdiuliM ';\i!'--;'(iit! !.:i\i n
1m C
l.tith.
Hi
anil
r, vM.enlu' aitt_ril.ll tliL' ilu;
"■IV d lv, !!■'■ ( ;rii nil's I, ; ■
:|ir till' (iil;iiii.il l;it( -
■Ilk-. \ . to Martin
1' \\ nriin in I , : I ,
I iii^ nui i; ^ piv-
W,
'luat aiul litt!'.- I rr,'i I i'-js'. i:i:i i
Irn I'
il.iu, at the ({inlliix i I' il.r I'n ■
I a I I V
I 11 ll.." (!( tiK- II
lil'.dll'H-l
l.iri._<
iir. luati; '1
.1' ll, k.ii.
1.', II n< .1
;i;. 1 h, .
\ to tk \\ .lK\,ili:ir,r l.tlVii'. till I:
linatii.?'. Ko'iini.llH r'.' las a i :inli It laiii^' trait.- in w lu n the kiiu; d ri.ili .i riir.'iiiiitti tli
ij: . it til
aiiil it.iv ; Ih;1 ir i> iV'.cii (uiiii.; i, or !< JMiLlill
i till
111
liiiiwa Iroiii IMl.iv. , tin- liM-iMur at f.. n;ini!:i u
iiiN, an>i lliilr ivIim ii\v' rcil
I
ll' pro\ mcc, <ii I ir
ill Nanta
jivir Prt;'.'.!, lb ili.'i only \iry l;r.all \i!u!iaii conic | >niaruivl, istrtilc an ; juipiiloii., and i.
ii;i to thi'toun. In tho iit\ aiul I'li'
tv;.i-i, a.iHii:i; to
oiu ;..'i> ill.. 1..1
ll.'-. art. ii'ati) i lo\t iiijr pi^u^.s :
.IciK, p'.ibhr auil iM'lvatc, v ii:-. 1' an- yitai ^ ;i.l\!iiUi- ; .\n;;i ilnir;', wliii li is I
to It. Tl
t'l in if'
;.il..l I Pi'. 1.. C.ii;,, tiftlt- l| ilir.lljfvi I.', a II
l.ir to; r !:•■ ii.oii, ot a ('.Ulan lorni, I the ri\i r .\ii:.', r
nil. 'Mil
run;' i.hilf, ii:
,! I
r iu::!.i lo;
.1 r
i;rioi<
'ro.nl i!i!; !k .
II
.ir ][.•< ( l;i:ii 1
\. 111. I, l< I ,.o.u it. I
H.MiiriKi
. ! .Ml;'
,:iui Hill
I 'i'liKrl'.' a : l.i!'
•1, .Hi,! i: ■ iiMilf IS
Hill.
,(■
ar. I iii.'r lli. r.,il,i( r li ll".f
l(."j;!iii;i rru'vr:
Ml, in. Ki'.,.'; ^ thi'
hniji
II.:
n ■
-111,
rixir ('ill
, a l-,.;n :|i nic iomh, v., in a <\'.{t\.- o.n rhe
I ir, iM n. ll' III with I Mall and lai'ir.ii!.
tii:'.,', In 111 » 111. ;; .ii<oN .
rlon.s
:!i.,i'.\c'n, on tni- i?
\\r On. a, his two tallies to
reci:\c
I'l'l
m-
;.'.(• i-i ,1 Ml
11 I iiiiikd I"" n, V I
an flc'^aiii |-
1 IS
mIiIi line !:.ii.l.:is
lilt I M..i li),in,l..l i:i i{:5; a:ul in it nhiukv u a li'
!'■
i^nrr, litiiai- d ar
!'iM:e-ll.-ff;
!;■■ i;.f)i|;h ol '
-) liDles ft '
.Lu !
1 11 co.iiaM
ed a lhutins.r i'l'-'.d ll
lar t'ir e .ilioi'.lec
u ot
1. 1' cattle ! hut ■ im i! is
■| he lan/ei \illtl., ton i^^md to k
lb
tie.i'.i r .;iK
tak
1- in ilieir iar!j,":i s
oMiiv,lt)tn.
here, as M.e i ixli lit.
• I
|Mll'.'!:';:o for an hiind.. :
ii|'.ar.ired, -Md ine reljxvtivt parts itaij; diinini; t
v.,i!iiin:r ot' the waters. As tl
k;
11' nf.,',liDoiii inn, pioj le
1 !i'!} hath not .1 fiiirn uiu di I'tli ol v\.-.!' r to t ,".rr',' iheiii j jirettnded to :-to;4nolliea'.. the iiitiire of apjiioa', li-
i.rto \\,
iin''thi
iH,
1 . .; I'l.i^i (t iciiiidi r- HILT Nwathii
r tioni the nn'tion-i
ot thii I
ilau.l.
It was
T:.i\ ; aiiii the tov
:i .inA harliotir are d. I, nded hv ' termed the (
i.nilav en .ilni.an -.^
\1
a Uron;: tort, \'.;i' piami.i vith. taiin
I
:ie ro\ mie, o
r eiich' of Olnil.in.l, is fertile, Iiut
iiiia in w hii
h i*illaw IS fitiiated, i,, limn it' lertility , IlI^s populous than it has licen. h eoiKain-. the loUo.v-
1
id plt.il'.intnel's, ternitd the I'ar.idil'eot I'rullia. in.^ pi lees :
^\'o'..'ram is .; fm.i'l mII.I''" in the ii'.'i'dil'onrl.ooil of ! ()!ttii)de, renr.irk.iblc onii fir it; I'a'l-works
i.'.'.M, \i hen ll.ir (I ;i , ;,ie lv ilnl ah 1 ]'.n k -il up, an
I I Holland i- a will lortiiiei.
t a. laie i- ii'-d ct th
i\pi'ile,i to ]ii';iaikl
I lie (.'iir.l: ;.e Ne
the
eateU
part heiiv; the ri\or \v e
Ueelkc. I
t IS .!
.1 lie.' Iilher\ on the C
lianiikinie ton n, n;.;r
.(I ly, • . .i;,K, ami li.i-:
V ; '■o:i:.;;n , Inne e.'.--
or peninfula ( Vroriinlis, a i leiieiii falt-\.oik., a iiiai;i/.inc for corn, l.iiii
n, irrow niji ot' l.iiul, ul.ich (epar,Ue^the li.ilii'. .'^lalroni ' and has I'everal li.'ie feat! in its neii,h!io'.n!'.-.H)t!
the 1 1.1 1
i..lied Ciiiirehe-Holl', is a li.irun, narr
la.''..lv t' i k.ofuliii ha late travi I'lr tliii' iIm!-
o'lrniiLan is a ui i! Unfiled, low n
vl.ii lenwariien i ; a eon'iiler.uil..' to-.m, n. i
liiiur,
I i'.e road In. - un. r a I'pit i I land .un-ii \ ^ ni!
.ind ( leil.tnt!; liiiial
Ki n:y;ih
11 I ;..i;e
•ii- ihiii.i linule Oh, 111 linidth i h.iriKr.-, (•!' roirei.o'.i.i. 1 i".
"I > ; .•;n,' in m'lie <i'ic., ii
i'hi , e.Mi.ii.rdiil.U', hahk ol 1.111,1 te;:;i.,-.
I thru',
ittle t(
Ihe n.rili,,
i' I, ;, r i.a'
\>h
an; ( I iiK town ' l\oil
:n:'l')em") Iroin w hieh
ith.
1.11 li.e V.' iMur
I :i
.ir hai; a iihii m lina
.111
1 tl'.e le„ I
1 ;.:i i.;.^;
I lol',- to l'
i.h'- ;',:';■■'
\. Ihd o !i
,i: piialnn
•1 li li:. v.ai.r.
iiiooth, one
as the liinds,
i,iid and linn.
iotiiie l!ui,;iire.
. . ..1, a. Ill o ■ the
.li.il r. .1 Kit ly
>: iii'.ii !i i:;f.. ■ 11.
'I he t
I'.iiie 1^ enhiikU labie, ami tne lait-sv. .ks inij/Oit
ant; and l.ir n rn aiv.i t,)i.i ;e l hi re i,-; a ;;ri. it ni.i;;
,e r/ar refer l!u
lu ( ;
l,.i.| ,11 iji:. I vieu M lih I K
:k J. kill;; of I'nilii.i, .it
1 lee, in the )c.ii
r !.i.', i; hi
iio'.e 1 l;i \^ ,1'. e> i lo;
1
', !
I :ol^
■J hi
, hut the I Itiv.'fh
,iy hit;h.
I
n:e ot l.i:
in '.iiier.il.
I.
ii;i;:I. .1 \> l.\.\ ihil
ill
ahoit o in l>r. i lt!i. it i .
Mrv \U)':
;i :!■..■ fir.d ahoiit Ii
an.i \'. as ahi.oil ■.l.poiml u
h, e in I ", 10 : hut
1 1 .i.rii K
. ii-.i peC-
ilh.ii'i n !to;i J
d it,ii ! I i li'.e lu il pu.i-hoiil'e, it, hi-
elieour.:
''.;,il ill. \ 1. I le fi ) I il'.le line 1 li.uiiK e\et ' d ule in ;t, li
ili;' a ;;rial r.
ol l,i:^:'.'h.
to
111 e V. Ill n. It ha-. Dei u e'^ir. u
11. u
.uri:
•I 1 ; It Ii
1 i
ih!( luiiihon, tii.in
ilal
louiv'-, \\ iiii all fli, n.i eil'iries i
e.i .1 111. a .'■.'MC ila' , oleiv
dii\ih hv its iur, a lonjr
.Nil
u.iir.
nil ; 1.. ;i '.'.e:; 1,
.eil Ll','. n, o
n the l.ike ( iiMlihe-
it s vi mill . li-om Kc.'i
inulb.i
'llHMMiJ
1 1/..- .dual h. .i.iii ,.'.ii.;.J!i.! till y.wiiillions i 'ihiilii onliderahli , i oniills i liielly in tlax, linfeed,
n, ..'1 rlie Ml. r'..i!, > liii h 11 , lily liiiics ; tlir, .id, ..,iil lump. I ie: . are likeu il'e a 1 reui i} , an. I
o: ih. e.irriaj;i', .[ a Cup n .n'nt.i ;oi'. , uith a fait f.Ktorv, nnal iiia.^a-
I'OII
il,,i:i.
Ill" 1-a; ;
1.1 t':e :: .
he tore \i I.i\. .
in In. 1. 11-.
lui h a iitua-
/ihe, am
1 a liio:;!' iitaJel to ikfelid the v. hole.
'.. Il 1 , ;"Me, .ih.l i,,or.' ilian
1.1 ;,.'. .. I'lMi iai \ ;l 'lily o\.-r-
li.i.s 1 t' il:e litlie land Inll.s,
i'lin:' lo liii.li ill;; and Hup,
u" li .',.•■ .ii'll ''lulniofl pn.autioii and r.ire tlie
!e tc-d, and the e-.. ellent
J diet IS fain li tor the cattle
huiit r in.'.de ill its mij-hhouihood. 1 his i.iaii .
a ia!'. lai.;or\, and is di fended In a caille.
Inil.
I iir'' is a to.i n litiiaiul
at the
■f tiie
inlier, widi the .\n'.:erh:
n; -.1 !ii'in 11.111111': o\, r.
.\I
ip, Hdilen.ieil r.\ a c.iuie, i on-
ornih!
t.iih' a ;!iaiiier\ , fait faelor\, and h.njli court, and has
t oiiie.i!'
I'.i' 11 .1
ir-s! ; . ;:■.! .diout v iidii .i . )ni!dtra!.!e tiadefor heir an.l con
.iiM I i .uiitt an inn
J I
iall'ipeiKiu n is a litiail lieu huilt tou n, \. ith .'i
i-'or in!';.!i:.,i.r. -; i nij.io,
1 hoil- ' ihartir tJi.iiiicd in the tear i ■;
'.Wli.!:ap|:e:
L.I 11
.1 .11 iiile ol' , carr\ (511 a L'li.it ir.i.le ri
I he 111 .ihit.iiiis
ittle i hut uoi'd 1,-. kail e,
n lo;)'.i.l i!:(';- I,
.ll 111 , tliaii and frelli \'..iier li.ircir
liid.
:v.\ V.
.1 hn'iiii .u:
ere h ar; 1 1
I ot l.'.ad-i'rif^ e\eept : liaj-'nit i . a liiiall to'.. n, furro'.ih'.ied ly. p;.liir.idiK-,
1.1 .1 r.iL"
I
knees, j and detelldid hv a ftiohj!; <■ 'I
)K,\.S 111 '>HI ill.
has i'.
d on t!
ill, I.
inenlierL'
li tl.i fuiiilicrn !' on the u ell, I'uiii'.-iania on the north, ,uitl ^ilelia
I Ith
the
Mill.
|U;.lS tl'.'.' ^<l^■^^ 'Jli'I't,
I <<IKC niii|\u;i lii.ii
;>.nJ iwclily l.in I i
lull .ili.lilil i; . \^:,
ill i!-;, li'li l"; .i n .ir
;i I .( 1 I All>-, II II. .1
, k.lL.i' CM. i h. .
till l: •■ >('•"' '■ ' '■
[In. i-i.ij --i: . it lii •
U.in-,-.-', :i.;''ii':i ; ti>
nd i-.-i.: ...'i. iIk K i
Iv lu'llll i,i: ;, ,1'1.1
1 o,i' ■ i.:k,, »v|i: •-
I, '.•k!:v.r, ! cnli'
licuiriiii!, iiiiii uill
V. iili :i I'.i.fiK' on rl;e
I aiul i;i:!i|m;i.
his two lalllis to
i!i line i;.ii.l.ns. Ii
\ii ini'v ii ;i ii' I',
tli;it Oil- I' .ilioidixl
ilttk' ; ImiI :' i\v r is
lilydimini'. tlic
i-i.^hboii! ill;', jnoj le
iiuri' of apino.v. h-
thii iilaii.l, it was
.m.l, \- i' r;ilf, hut
s r.i'i'-uoik-;.
idlbiiu- tow '1, n;.'.r
I-, . . .il.K, ;unl l"i.i-;
'o.it.iin ' li'iiiL' c-\-
r torn, t'.n:'.. ■,•.■, >:<-t.
ii!io'.:r!v.H)(.!.
tou n, IV r'v biiilr,
1, a.iii <• ■ I'u-
K.li.il i; a l;:ii' ly
Mr lU'.K h i:'.!'-. ■ ir-
falt-\»' . ks iiiij;i)it-
s a ;;ii.it ni.i;;.i/.iiic.
iiii. [ vilu wall 1 u-
,4n.\.-, in liic )xai-
a 14 i^-i i'ii!i . ill
in I'l. I Itli. It I.
k '■' ilHai'i n itou J
:■ ol for^ii'jiiis ic>
C\tl\ ii.^l'>' V 11 ( lil-
.^i-!i"iriis«.fl;!;.
1 the lake I liiil.-ln'-
Ib.i-. 'llu' tiaJc,
ilv m llax, linlWc),
vill- a 1 iL-uii; , aii>l
^tor\, M';. al ina;^a-
tho \>luili.'.
, aii.l till- i-\. flKiit
1 iii-, lov. a loiitams
lalllc.
tin- ^o:illii\ (■(' [Ik-
',L-ii 1)\ a caiilf, ( oil-
hi;..'li toiiit, and lias
nil.
nil! tov. n, \. irh a
'I iu- ill aliuaiits
Hit \\iH\\ l.^ It .ir<. <■',
Ji'J I)'. [X.Ui'.'uioi-,
',(■ call, I .'VAX iilK-ri.',
h, .iiul .Sililia, uith
the
iiOl^Oi'K.l
K I \ r, [) o \\
r R i; s N I \.
7tj
l!ic i! . iciMic ofSawiny, on the louili. Its li'i-ih i
', .1 mill ., .111.1 it'>L,ica,ti,ll hri-.;'.li!i aliour i,:o. Jn \.n- ,1
ler tl;i' 1 lit: ate i , fM'ei-iliii;i|, i n!,!, ali I llii ImiI 1.1^1'-
ncfa! i"io( rmiM'iii, m it h, in a -'er. 1111.111111', lamlv ; '
llu)ii'_',!i 11:1. i'l the late i\-i;''K \ \,irirly of tii' rlmil li.ivi
liei II ; ik. 11 10 impii'Vr it. 'I'lu I liicC |itniliictio" . arc
!■;■ '. • !' 1!, liii'kt, lb\, v.'W'l, ti'ii.i' ( o, hill)-., illiillil, ;
/a!t :.:!■-■, .iiMiif, lion, ll.iru, \i'. MMiuiali' e of ,
I i':i ■ ail I ll'.<|i afc lii\it hrre ; aiul ihi mooiI, not oiilv !j
!'.:• j.lv liu' in!i.ihi;atu> wi'h I'm!, hiir V. i:h tinihiT, char- 1
I 111!, l.ii, aiul viiD.I-alh..'', liol oiil;,' lor iloinelt'i; life:,
I- .r CXI .11' iiio'i. I'liv !i!!>. ii.,inii!aaory i-. Iikcv. ili- ;
1 ... ' :i. J 0:1 1 I ii ^i lili ;;ii It hii,, V l<. 'I
I'''.'.- ;'rin- 1;m1 imiisoI l)..il'.ik .ihiiiv; .ire the I'lliv,
\\.....i.v.'r.t(i. !Ia-.J,.!il>l S;-;.e.
I'l-'. lis. Is 111,1 kike< ,ilu..iiul uilli [][]:, a.'i'l ,ir. |
i;n,t J Ii. i,i:m1:. '
I lis l.iie IV.l''.iii M.ijed) ^r.atle iiiireafu! not onli 1
l!ie man'!!".!, t;!!!.-., hei th niiinlier of peojile, villa;.',-, |j
a:ii| e'lii 'oun. in his lii. minions, an.! more [i.iiiie.i- j
kill. Ill ill',- lira:iiien!v.irjr n.-|.|i[on..s. i;
'I In e'e. loi.ite ct" l!;.'.neien'M;r_;- i- d:-, :.,!.ii into three '
p. ft-. \ ,-. 'I'll. \ev, \ku>k, 'll-.e .V!;.kile .Mar.k. an.l 1
liie.Xh (.rOliI "'ia' k. ||
'I'lir i liioal;- is very i o:>l, ::n 1 liie v,;:i'er lliarp tor '
I -v . 11 or ei;j,ht iiioii''i--; I) It ih' \ has e i 'kill, ol iinlij.;.
I; i. ii'it \ery iVui;!'':!, h: re.ilon of it; lokl aiiil \ .nv .■
krl; Ivit 1; h.i, l.iir;e Imeil ; aboiin.lin;; \wlli il'.-er.
Tla Okl \kirik ha', I'l. my ..f iierb- ar.,1 I'r.ii; . ; a;ui
I'le ^>e'» \Iirtk f.-me'iiiii I'l 1 i'.i;hir'.-, s\ In isin are
fi-.l- "(It !Io. I, . of ;iiiii), .iivl jiiiiie hl.i' k latlk-. 'IIkv
ho'.i'l, iivl'iii, in I'diii-.' ,'.i 1 ., ot" tluir \'.i:i'..-; hut the
."--'r- ens till pile it to a p:iisi.;i>. I'lie eoiititr'. peopli-
aie "; r.Li.iiyv poor. 'I'lv, y r.re iMrh ristn to drinking;
.iii>l i'e.illiii;, -.v't the', ar" ;:nis erl'..ll . a. kr,i)u Ie.l_.;Lil
i.ilie\ei\' l)ra\e. Ilk 1 o•l>|llodll:L^ ,ire cIiieiK e\-
ji.'ili'l hi the I'.he ,itul tl'.e (.Mcr, luf.iist uliieli there -
I .1 1 .i;i',)iu:;;ieal ion h\ a eat).'.!, sii;nh f.ise-. their pa\ -
i 1 ', tnll i:i ;lie ''oiiiid. 'I ile eoimtr;. i . u.ili n d In k,--
s.i.il f;i-o.l risii ^ ; an.l ii.i:. m.'.n;. ].\kv^, the 1 h:el' ol'
whk h l^ tl" ( l.ei/te, and .iiv the bjl lloek.d \-. iji lilli j
oj n ill ( 1' r,i..;m .
'I i: ■ N. M Niiii'k i- .ilioii! I JO mi'i . in I oiiij al>.
It !' I"n, , -.1 !o liie kni:;ii:s of tiu- 'I'e'.'innii; orvkr til!
the I ;i !i c I iiti::". , uh'.n it \- .! oun li, -.lei b, tl'ie l!l.ln-
(i; :i'-;.'i ;' f.'.mi! . ; but the;, had noi pe.r eable jiollelhon ,
of II till il-i- iMh. '1 ^i^ di\ ili-.ii of the I'nillian do- '
million, ali.un.ls m;ir.- t!;.'.;i aiv, ot t'li: othvr> in corn i
a;id po'riiiv, .md il.l^ sKie.Uvl. on tlie 1 ank, of tlie ']
i\U : , 1)1, t llir-, ;:re ot' il < y,\.M .1 ' 1 '.:ir. .'soitii limes
flu- boor-- find III le 'I'l, iniitit -. ol oi.liiu:;, ,ir,.i |iie-
tioi!-, ('ones, ■,\ I'll h i'ii\ klj lortiiljis.
Ihe
-.il pki- 1 . in th.- Xi « M.ii. i. are
tiir.iin, or Knltrihi, 1; • ea] il.il. I; ■,.,1. bu: .1 flji- ;
iiiL^ si!, '.;.,(■ til! 1 ^ j7, when il wa.-. walled wi;h lion.-,
a'l.l o:luru!l'e tortilied, and is aeeouiui.i tl'e kev (,f '
the \(\i \!a:ik. (nillas iis .\doljilHis heiiey.ed it in
sain in i(\lt. It i-i ihoiiL; botli by art and naairi-,
b.-ni'!' litiiateil in a niarlh, at t!ie ion:!ii\ of tlie Odri-
and W'art.i. It has ati aillaal s.eli i'lnniil.ed, .in i .isi-r,
Itron^- <i;ad(I. I"l',e li'ir^lKi^ iiase luat lioiifis, well
Ihrnifi'.'d ; an.i :!ie n;,irk.t-p!,ue is the Iv.ll in .i!| ihe
ni:;ri|uif.iie. !>. !;ili> i!ie tow n .( ouivil there 1, a t oiin-
< i! ' f the re;:: ii '. , and a court ol' baiii>.'. iek.
I',;Iki iiluirg is on!;, note.! for i's liror.;; lallle.
!)ie!li.n is another town ssitii a llron.'; f.'itref;, n,-,i:-
file i'ohlh frontier, at the conllii.x of tl'.e lisir^ N,i,'e
.in.i Traj-'c. On c':e I'olith lidi it i^d,el'ended by a !ai_.,e
in.uili, wliiili r!-:;-. he,^ a!mo(t a miilquei-lkoL fioiu llie 1
loMii. 'I'l^e foriilie.ition i> a ri;_';iil.ir pi.iUai;on, with
ii;tehi-s. 'i lie .Swede, iiik it b', iIh- tieaelurs of one
f'f the inh.iliilants in i'.-,'), in:! rJloi.-il ;t lis lliepe.iee
in 1(1; 6.
I .iiidfpeii';, o;i the ristr M'.iita, is sers e mseniendi
liiii.ited, hasm^a maiiiifuiiire, s. l.:.;ii eontills m,i. h in
(..iKiii'.; of iron ordnaii; <■.
.Sinineber;;-, or Soiiiieber;i;, was the relidtnee of thi' ■
laiiili'iuf the oukr of Malta, till th.e i-Iector lei -ed it
No. (.,. I
in the ioih leiuiirs-, and atl'im.d thopov.fr to prcfcnr
lluir b.iili.'Vs, ali.ldifpofe of thi ir olhceis of |>ower.
■Sihuedt, upui) the Oder, iuhe appenda;j;e of one of
the Ion, of ilic fmiilv, who has a pleal.inr i^ardeii aiul
p.ilacc lieiej atid from htiuv I'lidijJ, j;reat unele to the
l,iie kills'; of IViiiIia, ss i-: denominated piiiii e of Hran-
ilenliiir;^ Scliwedt.
'Ihe .Middle Man k lies in the middle of 1 lie mnivii-.
late, ;mvl i-, the larjri !l '■! the three tlisilion,, contaiii-
lif^ alioiit too miles i'rom the banl;> of the l',lbe loth.-
O.'iei.
I he 1 iiief to\sni are
l.ebiis, on the Oiler, sshith was formerly a billiopric,
founded l)_, Mieelkius, the lirll Chrilhan prim e of Po-
land, about the sear ijO;. It embraied the reforma-
lioii in ij^; ; an.l in ih:K, it was united to tiie do-
minions of Hran.leiibiii!:;, bs the elector, sslio wa'i it-!
bill. op, and, as I'liih, chancellor of the uniserlity of
Ir.inikfoil. 'I'he l"ee, which h.i, Imce been feciilariz-
ed, was fnliuiLran to the archbilhop of (inel'na, in i'o-
kiiid. 'Ihe liPi,n llands bitwein tsu) hills, on one of
whii h areth.- rums of tiieold calllcof the billiop, which
wa^ burnt.
I i.iiii kfoii, on the O-lcr, i^ about 25.} miles north-
s,r;i of \ i( n.ia. i !ie Oilei-, oser \shieh there is a
l.ir ;e timlier briil^e, divides it into two part^. In
1; : V the eleeior .Sii.',ifmiind <;ase it \x,\xm pris ileges,
iipcn its enteiiiij.'; into the leai'iie of tiie I latis 'I'owns:
.iii.i joachnii I. foumied an uniserlity hire in 1506,
fupjdyin;!; it with learned proleliiirs from Leiptic;
liiKc sihieh time it l„i; bnd m.iny learned men. The
i'lotelhtnt reliy.ion was ellablilhed here in 1 5 (S. k
w.iioiKea tiee ,i!k1 imperi.il city; but iviw exempt,
and iMt I.) Miij>ortaiit as fi.irnieily. NesirtI.elefs it
ila^ a ion:iderab!e tr.ide, ehii-ils iu biien, cloth and
fill-. In the Oder, a. id tlv cana! betssixt that river and
tlie l-.ibe; an I h.i> three si'eiiC fairs a i ear. ihe iheets
uie wide, the lio^ile . Will buill, and the iiiarket-()lac\'
I';-,.i'- ioiis ;rid ll.itvl.. I'hi . I i" y has Hood tiie lliojk of
s.irioii.-, re',i'!(u!oin. Il w.l.^ pur under t!ie ban of the
empire b.i. tile emperor L'harlei 1 \ . and, to paeifv hini,
the inhabif Hits uiie fori ed to yi.iv him dossn i;,ooo
lo.n k-. ol lil'.ir. In io;i ;lu; .Swedes rook i; by Itorm,
ssheii liu , put all ih.e mJiabit.iius to the I'ssord, to re-
sen;',! ilie i.i.ifiiii re (if :coo Swe.ies, whomrhe empe-
ror'- ;;,ni!.'.l, coiinr Tilly, had inhumanlv (iiit to
ik.irli. I hnuser, 11 s-,.i. riltorcd to the ele';tor by tlie
pel. i. of \\ ellpliali I. V'l iihoui the uates there are the
iiiin, of .m an.'ieiu t arihuiian iiionaliery, of sshi'.h
joli.inius ,il) lnila,;;ine, si ho i^ l.iid to liase wrote po
i!.i I, on s.uiou,, fuiiie'ts, wa; prior.
Mniii lunbuiji; is a fmiil town, inhabited chiefly by
ti'c defi eiid.ints of tiiofe Irench Froteflants ss lio left
ill. il count r-. on theicpc.il of the edict of Nantz.
I iiillenwald contair..- ;in ilid'or.il ]iaku:e, and is t.ic
fiat of a b.iiliuick.
l!'.-rlin i.:> not onh- the capital of the eleebirate of
lir.inden!)iir;r, but of tiie whole Pruliian domir.i.i;,,--.
an I mn, wnh jiidiee, be deemed one ol' the I'l. If
an.l lar^ell -, ities of •( lerm.my. It is the roynl r ii-
diii.e, coniilb (.f lise town^ united tor;etlier, ati 1 ku
rcceised ailonilliiiiL; improseiiients of late sear:, 'll-i,-
Iliii-L^ .ire handfonie, Idii;;-, and cajMcious. liircaii
liMiie sere e;eL;;aiU I'qu.'.res, and many fine pakirr-.
One of the principal [lublic edifices i< the rosal pa!i-'e,
;i ;iicdij,'ious pile, but irregular, as it \sa.s ere.'ccil at
ditJ'erent timei, and bysarious architects. It is de-
corated with admirable [laintinsis, and beautiful tipef-
Iri-, and furniihed w iih a i;reater quantity of plate t'-.an
any other couii in luiiojie. It contiiins likcwile :i
line e:i!iinet of r.iritii's, natural and artilicial, an excel-
lent collection of medals, adifpenfary, and on- ot' the
liiiell libraries in h'.iirope. .Amon.^ the other iirmcipal
(!riKti:res are tliecouncil-hoiife, Calsinil^ ;;s mnaiiiim,
i'.ic.ii <;arril'on churcji, prosincial counciUhoule, fes.s
Il naj^onue, iind ros.il niiipa/ine. In the kill mentioned
place a j^reat nuantirs of roii;;h wool is ke|)t, to In;
rccularly delivered out to poor nuiuifaciurers, that it
S S m.iy
fP
I'll
!^
111
hli
i'iii
i
■ '-if
, 1 'i
't'i^
'hi'
.if:
A MAV. ROVAI. Asr. \L rWFN'iK- •.V-TI.Mur LM\ F U'^ \I. C.I .u(,i; Vi'l ii .
' /i
h
may In' f|nin aiul \\i>\ , ,iiul .ilur«.iril. ilvfJ .'.'ul li'II
bv tlir ni.in^ij^crs ^^^' tin.' (>rph:in.hui;ri' at I'nl/ii.mi, to
vliiilu harity the prolit* .tr, .ip[>r();iri,iti'il. In iKilm
i-.a (iiii- hofiiiL.il, 111 wluili .iboM Soj iliiUircn aii' nl':-
rali\l }:ratis. The l.uthrtaii i;unii.iliimi, m >-. h";'l ul
Athlitii- hlxiTiil'i'., is liuiatiii iii tin (.'un I Ii>i;ivr;
iind at tin' kin;;"-i CJ.iti-is tlu- conn ot'i dl-ts, in viiiv !i
y(nin_4 luill nan ami }',iirlimi ii arc ir.itnicU\l in a!l
ihf cxt-nilV^ mccHan ti» viiialif, ihi-iti tur a niilu,i:>
lit'i'. All till- abi)\c, (■\ii.'|'t the pnal jwla i', aiv i;i
JWrlm, picpiilv r<) lalkii. TK- paian' itiVlf i. la lii.-
qiiartir ialli\l Old C'uln j and in the iiilniih^ arc th •
inai,';iilici'nt j^anlcii vi' coinit Kiullen, the bcaifit:,!
hoiilc and i^arilm called Mdnliijoii, and the hoiill and
j(ard.;i i>\ lieUidu'e. T!ie liorpu.il of invalids i-- a
liatclvand in.iu'niiVenr ln;ildin;:, an, 1 ;>!vne laoj per-
ions are mainiained in it, e.inliitiii,:^ <>t'.!;r.eers and iM-
• iier., with thtir wive-, .ii'.d elr.lvlun; ifidtln I'e, Ix i^iles
l()dj;in:; and tiul, havi- a lerr.iin «ee!.!. ali<)\eatKeof
mciney, hread, i\>. 'ilure .iit liver.,: hrid,_'. > i',er
ihe river Spree, an.l.in jariiciilar, one u hieh i>ek';;ant
and niai'.niliedit : it cimhlls ofliM- aii lie>, and h.i-, a
iine nienl llatui- on it of the ;',r<.'.'- elt u>v Irederii k
W'llli.iiii. In the niu-.-ndieeiit ;ri.i nm-Ie Cahini!!
thiiieli of Old C<i!n, is the hurial-pla' e til' the iin.ii
laniiiy, iie.iruhuh are the ridin;; .u adeni'. , the roy:;]
ilahie.s, a leho..! it" exerciie-, and iiiaMV ()ili.;r hiiiid-
in^'-, [Hihlic anc! p: i\ate. In tlie tii!,,;r-iu)u(eA cf Her-
lin as intich fii;vir is i elined as lerves the' whi>le I'ruliian
dominions. .\Ianv Drhir maniit'a.'tures are tairie-1 on
here, partieularlv dik- oI porcelain, int'erinr in no re-
fpevt lo that ot Meilien, exeejU in the |)aintings. 'I'he
great po[)iilati(>n and inipioveineiii of tl;is eity, as v.ell
as miier pait-. lit' till I'liilli.in lioininiiins, have he;;i
aferiuei.! lo tiie emi/ralion and intlueiiee ot" the hieneli
ret"i;j;ei.'-, «lu) iiUiodiieed a \ar:eiy ot"arts, n!aiuit"ac-
tiiri.., iNie. lHl".iri imkno'.wi in the I'liiliian teiriiories.
'Ihe canal- cut [n Beilin t'lom the llavel, the Oder,
;<nd (he I'.lbe ;;reariy j)r(imote the trade nt" the eit), and
liipply the iniiabiMiit:. Uiih plenty ot" iiili ; and as the
late kinj^ot' Piiillia aiua;, s made a poi-it ot Liulnllilli-
inj; and ai^fjrandizinj:; tlv metropolis, it is no ^'.iin.l.i-
Jhatit ll.ould be the admiration ot' all v.hoviii: i:. flu-
loilowin;; inlii:.:rions add to the beaute ol' the capital,
as ueil as to the b, iielit ot" the inhabitants, \'/.. tin
academy ot Teieiicc-., the academy ot' belll•^ liltres, the
*-'olleL,'e ot' I hviic .iiind ("i.ii.aTy, the an.itomical iheaire,
the tapclhy manut'aetore, ihe opi : i-hoiile, the arl'cna!,
fe\eral«ill rci'iiliited iiil'pital;, and main laitheiMu,
Cahinill, and t«o Uuman C'alhnlie i hurcln s.
inilepirvlilU ot' tl.il^ ihei'.: aie a \arie:'> ot" Jileafant
«;ardeii , v. :'.lk,, i>^i .
The p-olue ot' Ikiiin i., will !-e;;ii!ated, and the in-
habitant . more ticiire t'r :m tie di prulation-, ot rohber^
than in moll other citi.s. Kuund the uivirons are
many plcafani Milages, canal., phafm-e hoiiles, jfai-
»ie;;-, \c. Amon;;the p. ..'are in l!ie \ leinil-. , beloii''-
Jnj; to the foxcreiim, aix iholi- ot' Sehoenhaul' n and
Charl()ttenbiir<;. Tlie liili i, aboul the ilillance ol' tu o
mile- t'roni J'erlin, liiiiated onihe ii\. r I'aiika, wiiiih
"alers [{.< iii'.r ^aidLn>.
CiiarloiMduii^ iKuvTon tl;i_ Sjirce, fothat one mav
}:o to it in a lioat j tho!!;.;h the CDniinon ua' is throii;^h
i!u park, at the end of the ^rear walk trom the new
/cswn. \\ hen liie kiin^is here, all tlie road hiihei iiom
Berlin i.- li'.;hlcd uitli lamps cjii both lido, it wai
forme :!y I ailed Lut/enbiir;% and bur a fmall \i'la;^e,
iill the ell ■. iiel's wit'e to hredeiick I. cl-.aiiiicd with the
fitiiation of It, lie;;.'.n to build here ; and alter hi r de.uh
the works were carried on by the elector, whocaufed
the place to be calk-d (..'harlottcnbiirL;, in remembrance
of his confort, w hofe name w as Sophia Charlotte. This
e.iltle, or palace, is one of the n.ol't conliderable flitic-
t;ire.s it) (lerniany, the ajxirinu-nis bcini; t;rand and
I'plendid, and the t'urniture vi r\ rich. There ij one
ciiifat'iirnillied with the choired pmci lain, and another
\iith lullres, a tea tahl', and all n> ei]iiipa;',e, ol' folul
<.;o!d. Jt has a lum;.'iu<;i;i chay.el, adorned on every
lide VMili ;,old .ii'd piintiii;^ ; and a nmll beautiful j_ar>
dell ne\t to the n\ci, w iihoiu iif the moll manmliLint
oranjviii's in raiiope; not i>til> for tbc number and
dil'poiition of it . iiie,, but tlie ;,ir.untf. of the build-
in;;, wlrre they art kepi all the \, inter
OiM!i|ebiir^;, lo callid lu iI^ founder I'lvderiel: F. n
hotiiur of hi. mothir, w'.ii was borii piinccfs c^i
Oian;;'', i> dwiLJitfuU. liiuat/d near the Spree, about
i^i mdes noith-vvel^ ol' IV.rlm. The aparlmmtrof thi :
paLi'^e are ^ru; 1. 'Ihe rich imniture has been itmov-
icl t'tKerlin; and its line (I'lielain, which was not to
b.- n -.rched in I'airope, pall'd into the lunds of the
<le.rtcir of !^;:.\cjn/. I he miles from he ive to liertin,
a;Kl l"ii);u thence to I'ot/vtam, aie dillini',uil!ud by
mile-llones. Ni.irthi.s fear lies a fma'l cir\ of the lame
name, furroun led b;, b.auiilul meadous, war red and
iiivide.l by niin.- cmals dra\Mi out of tlu I Fuel, .iiiil
boim.ied bv \.oi)d;, acrol-. uhiehareeiii lesi i.il Ion;'
\1ILh.
SiJiridaw is of no more note than from bein;; ufed a;
a pntbn for llaie criminals.
I'landenbiin; is a very ^n. lent city, and i^ave name
to, and \ias formerly the metropoli , ol the Mar iiiif.itc.
It Itaiuls on the bank^ of the 1 (a\el, which divides it
into tl;eO!Jor L'pper Town, an 1 that called the New.
In rl'.e ;;ieat church are maHi monaiuenis of I'rinces.
'I'iie llnets of the L'[)per Tcm ii are built crols-wa).s,
.ind centre in a fine m.irker-pl.ice, where i-. a S:ali;a
Isolandina, w hi. h was an imaj^e fet up in many Cenn.iii
cities, as a teltimonial of the j^reat priv ileg. s i^ranicd
them by the cinperors. This town i> v ell rupplied
wit!) liili t"roina tKiLibbouiin,;^ lake lo miles lon^. It
li s in the roadfrom Herlin to .Vlaudcbuin ; has a con-
liderable trade, tin.l a ;';,ur Ion coniilliii;^ of a batr.ihon
of rrenadiers. 'I hou;^h it has no forlilicitio:! evcept
a few round to^vers aloni; the w.iUs of th- New lo.c i,
vet it is Itron;; by il^ litu.ition amoiiL^ marlhes i an! hi;
a hill on one tide covered w ith vinevarcN, on the t",,' c>f
wl.il h is St. .\laiv's,an handlome church, loimcily one
ol' t:ie riehel> alibies, and belt built chuiclus ot (Jei-
ii:.in.. It has twohie;h t'-iuare to.-.ers, wliich are (i. n
a ;','i.it \>.i. oil'. Thouj^h the wall, are very ancient,
the ilreci . .lie, U'l the ico't pari, Inndi'ome and ii--
;j,til.ii. Th.e i!i\cl liiin;-. f_;reat boats hitlier fiom tlu-
1,1b ■, w irh .ill I'./M s ot' in: ichandi.^-, fiom i!ie to'.' ns on
ihai 1 IV. r.
■|"h.- Alt, or Old \Tarck, called, b-. foine authors'.
Tile (I'.ihlee ot dermany, beeaufe it abounds in t"riiii;
an.i herbs, is div ided into four petty provinces, called
Ofllind on the call, /.iirmimland on •hewed, Aivjtr-
lan.l rn I lie l'"'ith, and /.mlan.l on the north. Ihe
l-'.lbe Icparale-. it on the ea!t trom I'rei;;!!.:/. Thei-hicf
p!a' e. .ire
; S'e.iilal, or S'tendcl, .i I I.m^ Tow n, well built, and
■ ilron'rlv t'ortilied. I lie i ouits of i iv il iudieatine tor
the ( )kl M.irik .ire held he re. The inhabitant.-, h.ive.i
I |ireT'.- ;.'ood trade in corn and lin-n clo;h, and make a
;',')od profit b\' travclleis, it bciiv; in (lie loadtroiii
. .Ma'jdeb'.iri; and bafuri, lo I lambui;; and l.ubeck.
Soltwcdel is a hifL-ie town on the welt fide of Jet/.e,
a little below its c onllii.x w ith th • Dune. lliis cit\,
i a;id the neii;hboiirint,' territoiy, had formerly {irinces
; of their own, who did !,'re.ir ihini^s againit the Nuns.
I if is elivided into the old and new Towns. I heir
; chief trade is in beer, whicli they export. It was an-
cienti;, known bv the nime ot I leliojirlis.
flardelfben, or (.'ardcl; :;en, in l..;tin (;"arde!c{^ii,
which name foinc derive t'loiii the pkallnr ij.iidens in
the neinhbourhca),!, where there is an old fort, called in
their lan^iia;;e Iron jaws.
Tani;ermun 1, c)r An^ermiind, on th.e- I'.llv', .it the
mouth of the \n;.,a'r, was liilta caltk' built Ir, the em-
peror (.'harles IV". who botiL^iu this .Mank, and relldeel
, here-. It fell foiin.time after into the I ands of the
diiki ^ of I'oiii'.rania.from w hom the elector l^'reef ri' k I.
\ look ir in i.|?o. It is a place of jirettv i.',oncl ti iJc in
I corn and other ceunmoditn. ,, conveyed to ! l.'.iobur_^,
[ and otlKr pi.tce:, l.n the i.Ru .
Oi'ciburi'
nk'ir. ■ of
;\i'irt.
,1 MKilf l)iM;itifii' ),ar-
ln' mull ir;;in:i:li;int
ill- tbi' iiiiiubLT ami
cund. ut tlic builil
iimi
• lilt 1 I'liiliri!.!; I. ii
;.ir I he SiiKT, about
ic apartiiKiurof tbi !
i!iv h:i-. biiii ixnuix-
ii), wbiili w.i> mn ;o
lo tho luiuls ot' the-
mn hi IV L- to Ikrhii,
III- ililtini_\iiilhiM b,
ni.i'l iit\ ot' tb'.' t'lmc
c'.niliiu -i, uat' rill an. I
It ot' tin I I.imI, .iiiil
1 .III- I 111 Icsi i.il b)ll;;
m t'loni b(.iii;; iifcil .u
city, atvi ijave inmc
li^ ot thi- M.ir luilato.
\cl, ubii b ill Mill-, it
I ihi: ialliil the N'cu .
miimcins ot I'liiici.'i.
arc built <:rols-\va>.-i,
C-, «hcTi- is a Siaiiia
t ii|) in many (JciDian
■at priNilc^i s !;raiucJ
ouii i> s til rupi'iivj
wC 10 miles loii;^. It
aLjdibiii.u ; h.isa lom-
liiiliii;^ Ot a bait.ilion
o tortilicitioii t-M'cpr
[< of tb • Nc^v 1 o,\ 1,
)ii^ mirlliL'-- , an 1 h i;
!ic>ariU, on the- coj,. ot
(.hurcb, loinu-ily one
lilt climclus ot (lei-
)>ifrs, \\bich arc (i; n
all; arc very ancient,
, Iniuiroinc aiiii rc-
lio.its b:;!icr tioni tlic
fioiii ill'-' ti)'.' n.i on
ti, 1)', fomc a\ithori,
I- it abound-) in tVui:;
-tiv provincc^, called
on -be well, An:^(r-
on the north. riic
I'rei;i;liil/. 'I'liCi.hiit'
)v. n, well built, and
t' I i\il iuiiiiatiiie t'or
be inhabitant.-. h,i\e .i
-n c!(i;b, and make a
n^; in tlie load troiiv
ir;; ai\d I ubeck.
be u Ji tide of Jctzc,
■ Dime. 'l'bi> cit>,
had t'omierl'. [irmi'es
L^-i againlt the I liin^.
new 1 ou ns. I heir
e\iiort. It uas an-
I'iopclis.
n l.iiin (;'ardLli.^L;ii,
le pleai nt <{aii'i ns in
. ua old tort, called in
on tb.e i-'.lb<-, at the
allle built by the em-
is M.u'ck, and relideil
ito the 1 niiils ot' tiic
heek-v'ior i-'re.l ri k L
' prette <!,ond tiul. in
ii\e}ed to ! I.'.mbur_^,
Oi'crbur'"
M'ROl'!'.!
K I \ (. i) () M
I' k U s s I
:'i
(Kiel bur;', i. n'ltril rora;.t<iod corn ivaikri.
V\'erben, in i(',m, ua.s taken by the .Svude. , -ilri r
iihieh (il(lla^u^ .\(lo|phiis Ordered tin- ci-.IHe, which
«omi',.inil-i the tovin, to he b'lilt, tliinkin;i; it iiiii'h'
I'l- riiaili. line of ihe llroiv,'ill (iliee; in d'ermam . In
i(i{'i It W.I. taken 111 the Iniin rialill* and S-ixnii-;, who
\-i.re loiceil that lame year to luricndir i: a'r.-.iii to
il'.-Suetk-!. Next vearrhc linperialillMiiook ii ; In:; in
ifijo, the Hran(ienbur;',!u T^ ;',()i poU'eliiun of their t'f it ;
Mid, upon .1 lufpciilion of . inn- ni-.vi vcar, beiv-.e n t'l'in
. rul ilcS'iidis, v.lurein a was lereed ilia' it ihituLI
b -di ir.olii'ied, ihcelietor's lH•al'lnt^ jinlled i; d-u' n.
I liMlhur.r, in .jt', wa< lu.idea bill-opiif , ru(IV.!;;.in
I t >'.i;I<'''"'' '. :iii'' i" bilhop rilided :ir U'lrllock, .1
I'iMiwt I'ri i.'ivt/, but aliobilud .'It the ret'orm.ition ;
lin.'e wl'. I i. till lei. ion here hi- I) en l.utlier.ui.
i'l't/ii 111 i« a la':;<' to" p, ijtii i.ed on an ill.ii'. 1 abo it
T'ur mil . I t i'.e i'i'.i!li.-.-i 1} ot' i^eilin. Tie caltle
I ::il- Ik.i lilt nn.lcral it eoniidi rabli-, i'm ■ ■ v. hi-, h
t!.e tovii h.i. coniinually in< real'ed, and uiu d .i
x.irii', I'l imbelbllinicnts. It contaiin manv Ifrait
lliei -, M lb i-ai.iis in the miildle.and trees on i\ii.-h :tdi .
'I be j)alac(- ii '■.ia'';n;!''-. cut, and liv- l""ili's in the vici-
ii!;y \tr\ lKa..'.i'ul. Ikfore tiKcaillv is a li]u.ire aiiorn-
(d \. ill I'onan < .lunins, nbii h halhi \ery lin ■ 'garden.
I ;n ;,. union i e .erciiid in ihe ;i ra in the fiont, and
lu.ir ir a Iai;;e lorell [alid in tor hunrinn;. The t'oreil
Ui'elfi'.'in.un.s.i |-o' .d leal, with villi- in I'oriM of a If.ir.
.\bo!it tile lov n are alio m.inv \ ine-,arfis ; and the
iiiaiset-[Ia' e coin '
a Ibitel-, ob'-iilk of v.ineiMted
^nl■^•,.•^ M-..iiblc, wiili a [ledeital of while inarbk", imA
111.11,, ie b';|i^ of the km;; ■ on eaei; tide. Two thnu-
liiiid leldiir.s chihlreii are maintained, (bvjhei.!, a'l.l
tdi,, .irid, in tl-i- oiph.ri-lii/,iie. Here is a t'mind.-r,',
11 annl'aoioru-s tor vi!vet,-iiik, ;v)!J .and lilver Inec, C\:e.
.'si ■. , : d eli;;a'i; ehurehe.;, one of which i,,ntains a
liiii I I of iliimes; and Itabks tor the horfe-L;;uard.;,
ot' u.'ikii, with the foot {;ua:ds, and oiher b.itralion-,,
tlie pirriloii i onlill.s.
.Nut t.ir li im i'ot/.dnn is the J'ala-e of '-iin -So'iei,
on liic top ot a mountain, from w hence therein a ileli;jlit-
tul l.-iMiiii .c',-, I ompri/iivj; a view ot the town, neiL^h-
I'ourin;; ocniry, river.s, lake-, wooiN, Miv-vaid-,
j.Mne , k\e. I'iie palace, thoi;i:h not \erv capi'.inus,
I-. m3;;iiiiicent ; an 1 the furniture, llion;;!] no; I'upeib,
tl.; int. III!.- paiiuinqs, llatues, {;ardens, ^jc. i on-
ti.hi te lo m:d • thewlolea inoll ik !i;;htful place. The
fm.iil ina 1 \i 1 i!. 'U liliiai'. i - ke[n in :m .i; aitiiii-nt w.iin-
Ic'.'.-l w;''i iiiiar, ami adorned \» ith loiiai'o of <;(ild ;
and t.'ie ie\ -.tLiI l|,o'. on which the palaire i; litiiated,
h.is pl.uiia'.io.'i^ ol \:ii'.\ards, and i- cur into teir.icc--.
J-.\cliiliveof iheal'o\e princip.il di\ ilions, Dranden-
bei;; co;it I'lis I'oiv.e other interior dillriels, cinle-, an,!
town., bi tide.-, ii Viral vilL-.^x.-^, hamlets, ^c. Aii ilnr
<'.in be faid, in miieral, of thel'e i -, ihat fonu of them
Iia^e nulrlel^^ to: laihe.i of the l'ri:ii.tl,iiit ]:iofe!iion,
a:id uihtriijiit on KMiiideraMe tiallie.
: miles in len"t!i.
!';:i - -I ',s l'o\; ; < a \ I \ i , abo\e
a:i;l fi-ini ;c to S j in breadth. 'I'he foil, in in.ur,
part-., is I'.uid} and b.irieii ; and tlie iiitib'e lands, ne:!r
the llii)re,are tVioiii nil;, o\eruhelmiil with liind ; \ct,
in o:her parts, thtre is corn enouj'.ii botli I'oi eonfump-
tio:i and e:i;)();t; be tides L;oiid ;-'.illuie.s filled with cat-
tle; and niair. laive wood-- and toreils, which abound
wiih ike:-, wii.i boar^, haie-, fo\;^, wolves, \\\]ii
luufi , wild bulls, ^;c. and to.iU of ;ill forts. IIe",j
are al;<> iii.neis ; an.i l.icli pieiiry of water fowl, t;:.i:
they rieko:i ;o (on- of duik-. Thev have fjc.v
pleii;; of lidi and t'relii w.iti.-r lith, [larticularl'. falmo.'i,
and very laij^c laioprews, efj)-jtiallv in the bai of Ste-
lin, and lake ot l.,ill'en. .-Vbout (irypf\wild and i^ii-
ge:i, tliey have good berriiis; lilhine; ; and, in the l.ike
NJadduje, near ColbaL/., there is a bv<^c broad litii
c.illed Mufcum, t'oun.l no w he;e ell'e in (i-rir.nn-.
There are many fiiranl fer'ilc iiiealov. ■. lietwixt the
branches ot the (.)dcr, and t'rca
all kinds
i;uj
r i-iutuititie-. of t'ruit ot
thev ha\e no wine of their own I'rowth,
.llent
mum, a
nd be
iLVl
l1 forts
LXUtlCU-
lailv tin bittct beer of J^tctin, the mum of ('jryprwaiJ,
ami the ttour of Wollin, which mariners tninfport ;
iind tis there arc {'c irce any mountains in thi- coiinir, , ii
ha no iiu.'us, but I'omcfew of iron in the L/'fiper I'o-
Mieranii. I: abound-, wilii amber, <fj)icially on the
eoalts ol'lii.ind nbur;'; I'omei.inia, where it is no' only
thioun iij) be the fca, and found amonf^ the fea-need-i
an 1 liiii !-, bur .ill'o dii;.^ out oi the ro- ks and mines.
There ii a piifiiul.ir lake in ihi-i roiintry, that com.
iiiiriic.it' -, with tlic fia, wlu-ie they ji;ather it in net-i
«hin the fen bcj^ins totlou, and fonietiiiu s draw up
piecis a bi'; as a man's lilt. .\t lirll t ikin;_,f ii|) it ii
li't'i, but foon hardiii., bv the air, into ,i ftony I'ub-
ll.ince. Ir is of li-vcial colour., white, yellow, iilaik,
and lid. The fort f.>und in I'umerania i. ;i ikiik yel-
low . It ii ("iippol'ed to bi- an oil diltilled truui rockj,
like pctioleiim i and that the infeiis whi, h ar; foinc-
time-.t'iund en lofcd in it, are en t tingled thirc while it
is lii'iiid i and thtit wiiich is taken in the fca, an.i in the
aiijoininjT lakes and rivers, is broke oH' from fonie rock,
or vein under i,'round, Iiy tkn ds and tempelb. In
fomc plai-es ir is found in .i matrix of wood, whicli
the IkilU.I know- at lirll lij^lit.
The p(.*o_ k- are reckoned as llout and nimble a: any
in (i.inianv ; l)iit charged, on the other hand, with be-
int; intem[)irate, credulous, and prodijr-il. The clia-
raeler is;^'iven of the ancient inhabitants, that they were
Ihr.iDj^e' 1 to decci*; or robber- , locked up noihiii:^, were
hofpitibk-to all tlr.ingers, and fo kind to one another,
lliat I'.KTc were no bei^gars amoni; them.
'l he nobles of this duchy,, la well as the fcv.ral town?:,
had foriiu-rly vi r;.' p.irtii.uLir privileges, wbii h his lati-
IVuliian maietlv jcreally abridged. The inhabitants
are [irineipal!,- of (lernian and Si lavonian liefcent, a
dialcit of th(- latter bein;; the language of the country.
I.utliertmiiiii is the elhil-litlied r:-ligioii j but C.ilvinilU
and j-vomaii C'atholi ■. are tolerated.
The duchy contains an iini\erlity, fevcral colleges-,
gramtiiar fchooN, i\c. I lere are ll-vera! manufac-
rorii-- ; tin:! ".treat comir.eice u carried on by means of
the hal ii and feveral nivigable rivers. It was for-
iiicrlv contiilend as divide.! into .Anterior and I linder
romeiania; but it is iikiII fuit.dik to conlider the
wliolei,nikrihediltin''theadsof I'rullian Foinirania,anJ
what hath been iifuall)' called Suedilh l-'omerania; tho"
all tin- former, a:vl the gre:itell part of the latter, be-
long to the king of }'rulli;i.
In I'lulliitn I'omerani.i the principal phtccs arc a.?
tollow :
Sieti;i,or()Id '^tet in, a rapacious and handfomc town,
an.i very lliongly fortilicd, contains many manufacio-
lie,, hath grc:it trade, and exports prodigious quair.i-
tic of corn, tiniln-r, linen, and naval ilores.
'J'he proli'.ect of die river, and the i Hand- formed bv
!i, is vcr;, agreeable ; and the nei;.diboi:ring hills h.uca
\-r\' romantic appearance. The i,.iiiicip:il building: aic
theci 1 leges for cducu ion, colli ge of |ihylician^, tribunal ••
I'f jiillice, board of health, chamb. r ot'commerce, rouit
• •I admiral ty,ro\al gymna'.iiim,or lihool ofcxercife, ("u-
perin'i ndency, arfenal, callle, free-fchool, and dock.
I'hoiigh this town is liiuated .)0 miles from the lea,
(hips ot conlidenible burden come up to it ; and fmalicr
vellels mai- go much bi'.^her.
The inhabitants are lem.ii k:ible for their cotii-rcou-^
behaviour, and ha\e been celebrated tor the valiant
del'elicc of their cite a;';ainll the Imjierialilts, who be-
lie;gcd it four monti;- , in 1650, in vain ; and again in
1(177, when it held out live months, from jiiK to l)c-
ceuiber, againtt l-rcderick William the (Ircat, then
ek.ior ot lirandenbuig ; who, after one of the moil
rttr,.ii k.ibk- lieges thtit h.id been known in luiropr,
whereby moll of the citv w;is burnt to the ground, at
the expence of ;in immenl'e quantitv of w arlike aniiru-
nition, an-l the garrifon re.luced from ^oo men to
70J, was obliged to grant it verv honourable terms of
I aj iiulation.
J he biirghcr.s were even more refolute, if podible,
in tl'.e det'encc of the town, than the Swedilh gar-
rifon :
H
4
I
ri6
A M-.\V. kOVAI.
AUniLMICsV-Ul'Moi UMVl;k^AI,(..l v)v.K \l»Ih
,!?U
i
iilon :
iir, on
i!ic I ^ih of \i!'4'.ill, v.luti moll (.f till ir ! (iri)l'» I l.ilf. It v.i.i w.illal in i k; i -, and Hoi^illiu-i Hf.
iiii
the ii\u luul In. ii (link .iiul ili.i;t<uii,
Mui
the i.r.liuli.il, vv iiM mam
the lioulls, l>uinr, t'.i'
t li\t(>
rolt'niii ihiiii linnininililc tirnis, v\likii ihcv rc-
iliikc "i I iiiiiirariia, (aiilulii <allli' lo hi.' l)iiilt hue.
in i.|'ii) itvi.is liilii;rtil li\ tl;c (kctoi ol Ittaniliriljur;;,
aliilliil li\ lla- iNiii kliiihuij^irs, Imt iluv \\i re ()lili.'uf
On till' • :A, \i lull '.lu' town luui luilaLil iiiucli ,| to .\l aiu:c.ii ir. 'i !;• u' is a line walk i<\ Ian ttiis li
ni'ir.', lit' ioi)k |n!\ nf tlie inhabitaiu-, .iiul iiiaili' :Imii |i luiui' iluoujjh llii. miili k'ofa <,'irat ton It, whuhj;
anotlm oll'i,! i but tlicv «frc olillinati', iiiaJc it liuith
I'oi anv to talk of ;i riirniuiir, k>.'iirLi.l thiir «i\i-> aiul
ir.olt :o iiiiif, iiul williin a kai'iic <it Slit
« iiiiilrcn in
|)I.Kes prepaiiil lor ttitiit uiul.r-^ri
)un<'
lIiMiiiiil.a.'.a u
k
oki.Uilf tiailc In intalli ot Kiilii' ini"!i-
iiuiin>r lake
aiul iii.ul.' M;'i>riiiis fallits, Inn were npuil'tit. 1 he
Mil (it Si j'teiiilur he kiit atiuinpeter to liirwani iJiein
'I'll. pi. I a-i t'liee annual l.i
ironi,' I a
II k
li i^ ill lenJeii In ;i
«'t ihi'r
il.uv:
I'er, aiui tn oiiir tliiin larger pri\ile''es
fli.iii
thi
liiii
hi! icliil
II
e lumnionei:
Molpe I-. al'otrilied town, with an aiu lent ealtir. Its
•i;';r>-i^-it'k liiiiatirn, in a\a!Kv una riMrof the liime
lliein again on the ;.'il, alter hem;; ioiiud hy Sjoo '| ii.iii'.e, umpteil the iliike-i ol" ronaraiiia to biiiM .i
l>ane>, but to no piirpofe. Ihe iketor, haMn;,' un- ii i.iitle lure; ;uJ lluritore loiiieot' ihem are, in leveial
«ierntinn.i
th
.Ithe
em ajr.iin on
;lll, lilkil the ilil' h, ^;e. riiii:monul I llilloiii.s, Itilnl linkis olSiolp
the ill ot" \o\einber, and tl'ie.iti lieii
.\t \i.i.h
their nun it" thev nt'iiriJ hi
oU'erv i hut tJUi u
III tun, on ilie .ake ol L'limmerio, is a rotneiit
(.f
ulie>-.
plied t'u) wiii'.KI hulil our to tlie eikl of tlir \eiM, and ! I'l nkiMii is .1 nmail.aliK- pleafi'ir t
lioped to lia\f tlif (.<na' terir, . then : and lliiHi;;li tin | l" illiiil.ai.;ui, 011 the (Aki .4-, pje.il'.
town wa:* HI nun-
ui,l
.|00 I iii/.eiii
kilk
loldi
tallii
IllMl
ers,
thev eontiiuud refoliiie, and made \
bt lidei
i'l'uinis
(•illliiil.ai.;ui, oil [he (A:
,Ui\i- name to a en
k-illmtK lltn.itivl, aiiil
I);
im lome time linee fell to {\tv.w
ii.tl
On ihi* :otli, ami alii) on t!;e ,(o;li of that 1 nulutory, after Ijeinj'- e
nit a
eel I'la-
LliaMili
ure \Mre quatiels b<tui\
t tin
■arrilon. wliu li
line, re\i\ed it.
in lome iiu.i-
v,i I'lr iapitul.\;in;-r, and the lllll•;ller^, that oppoKiJ | 'Ihe ille of L'Kdom i.abour li\ miles in len;.^th,
it ; in uhii h kxeral fell on l)(i;h tide-. The km;; i.f 1 ahoiiiuis witli wild boars, deer, and hares, and was the
Sweden having fent i!-.e tinvn a new chariir, tlie elector [ I'aik whire the dukes of Pmiierania kipt then «;ame.
f imniuned them aj.;ain, Ueeeiiilnr H), and oirerid i<) 1 In lojolhe Swides, to tlie niimlur ot (ooo, l.indeil
iMiilirm their new privileges w iih an e\( riiplion tun
ta ,es
fevir
al f.!
li.t, tlie\ p
if nor iriartei.
ir many \iar-. ; but lli'l they n biftd, and made
; Inn ne\r dn, finding no hope-, of n -
Mifidaii honoiir.ibk- ea|)itulaiion, whitli,
1, thev divlarcd tlv.', wmilddie l\\oid in
KUul, a
id be Iniried in the ruim of the
,ltv.
The
elector giiKn^uliy loniplieil, and latilied all the pri
^ik
ia;iled them bv their iien eliarti
but tl
iiid took it viithout relill
.line i hut, in 16 r'l
ll
;jj Imperialilh eame upon it In furp.i/.e, and put
Kill to the h»ori
iiid li
lulintr their I (nintrvmen wuc
I'lepaiin^r to re-take it withveiig anee, thev eonfiimetl
all I he provilijns that were in the iiland.aiid thenaban-
iloneil It.
The Hie of Wolj
iiroaile
11.
in IS 2? imh"
whi'
n 1 IS
tnirghers, iniiid:'.;', on too high teinis lor the garrifon,
holiiiuies vure iinc v.ed with vi;.;oiir on both iitles, till
the :f)lh, v\lien they aei epted theelector's term,, who,
on the 6th of Jani.'ar. followitig, entered the tnun in
friuiri'h. I k' eoniinuid their magilliates, who, with
ihe |ud;;es and ini.'iiMers (wore tealty to him; and,
of hi.s own aii-oid, exeirptjd their lilhe'v from t.ixcs
for eight years, on condition that ihey Ihould rebuild
their ehurehes ; and he promiful to rebuild the great
one himfelt". i le alfo eontiiiucd the iiniverlitv, the
J'ehoo!'., and religion, as t.'iey \uie. The belieged had
a line tram of aitilkry, but wanted powder, filt, and
^\oa^.
I'olu.' is remarkable onl) for its hop trade.
Anklam, or An' lam, was formerly ealkd 'I".in",Iim.
Some authi rs will hav .■ it to be the fe.it "of ihc Angli,
nientiiniLil b\ laeitus, whoad'.amed from In nee to
the f'.lbe, and. t'.om ihi n^ e to t!ie iliand of (I'n.r-liri-
tain. ll m.ide .1 good figure oH'e among t'le J i.ins
Town-. It is a ;vant,igeoull>. ii;ii.Uid ami-lii g.ood
«ial)k lands, and excel! nt palhire, w ith the i uii.i pi.
rney of lifhing, and of e\pin-ting tf.eir i omn:odi'[;e-,
abroad by the river I'l lie. Ir has f'ji.i parilh thiin lies,
and a \ early fiir on the fecond Sundav alter tlie bir;!i
of our lad.. It fulferul by ft mi, d lies in ij.e i.;th
<muir\, whui ,1. 1 ;lUlel;e^, ui:!i a :;;onalier', afjd a
tl \Mi-houle, Were burn:; but the Io,,ii vi.i, nbuilr
w ith 11. .ire b'. :ui'.; .
Pa(!"e'.\a!'. k ires two paro, lii.d, and two oihcr
fhurehe-.. '!ii. re :. ,\n exeellenf liirt ui brer !;ev,ed
litre. It i a piovri'.ihip, w iiii l"piritual juril.li, .'lon
«)\ir 10 paiiil-c.. WIkii I'omeiaiiia and tlu- !^ i.ir-
«;t|ilate \ur- u.'ider d::.(.re;it foveieigns, tlii-: pl.i. c, be-
ing un the '"ilir.'.i (,1 l.iili, v..i.. fiequentb. ;i b. iir of
< nntention.
(■'art.'., oiK- ef the pafTe.. of the Order, was w, died in
1 ;;:■;, by Ji.irnnm:, I. duke of I'onnrania. It has
♦•ight parilhci i::;d(.r i;-. iurifd:cii(,n, and fevtra.l \earlv
fiirs. It wab a great fuilerer tlurin;', tin- long wai-; in
(itrmany ; tor its fituation rendered it alva'. sa place
< f im[)i)rtan(:e ti t'le poi'iefiiir.
L'kinnundclhiiidi >Wieie tlv, L'kcr iivcf fills into
lllM'J
the Sv
L'fi
e >w in tiom i_ in, > u.
rum, 01 lulini.'iii, li:;--
lota in
The town was Duilt o;,t of tti
muly one ot the largtil tines 111 furope, next 10 L
llantmople, being mhaliited by Dants, Swidei, ,,n.
liuis, Je.i,, and imrchants ot al! iruions, who h.iJ
their leiMiate llreets, and houles of exihi.'igf; and
l,ud 10 h.ive been fo po\\eitul, as lin;',l;. to m.iuitain a
vvar againll IXniturk, and to have taken its king .Siii-
noMe jiil'Mier tlirce feveral time; : but, having been
partiv Oei,ro;.ed In lightning, and paitlv bv the air,.,
o. \\ olden. ai, king ol' Denmark, it was, in \ro
total), d.iiioliilied, and ha. fctn but an ineonlid.T.ible
town ever lince, t 'ommer c having been tr.uif-
lerrid to l.uoeeka u, iJant/ick.
•Maigaid, on tile Ihna, i., a ea;v., 'ous, handfomc
to.jii, ir.iiiaimng' lev eral ehurehes, inone of which the
Caivimll. are allowed th • cNeieife of their religion.
Iluvaiv', lHi;.!e-.ai. :..■■!;•, a treedehoo!, a houi'e of
ioiK._t;on, v.iuous m;; nd.i HLres, and 1 eonliderabic
ii.ide. Ihe llreets l.i' ll; ; tin 1 are erowde,! w ith fol-
iliei), and nothing is l<i;i i,.-- ngimei-.t,. The [lolliU
boil-, tile biliiui,, ;.;-„i [lu- m :-- 'pea fa r.^..,, are .ill mili-
t.irv.
Camin is a <(mliderab!e town, ha- a foundaiion for
ladiis a proMidiiiip, and t;:n-, ;.(x. Iv fairs, b\ whieh,
V. nil ils eoiiimeiie .uid f.ilu-rie-., il is likil> to bec.ime
Dpi:!, ni.
k. l;Viid( n, or Helgart, i; a little i.n,n, w'-h a good
ira-.te. In r.ime public- acts, it is e.ilf-d Ix-lgrad, an, I
ii'l.-i.id.i.i. I; I- a very ancient loe, n, of whuh we find
iiu ciii.iiii a. eount till the preaJiing <>f the- ;',;il'|)el in
link; parts, whieli w.isab.uic the 1 ith miiiirv. It w,i.i
heietolore very i-onlklerab.le, botii for the nuiiiber and
v.iiour of its inhabitants ; but has grei-rlv l'.;lfeied by
v., IIS ,ind eonllagrations. Xiar the above-meiininied
are li viral tow lis, or their rcm.ii.n-- ; bi:i none of thmi
ill I'l-rve puii, uLirdefeription.
Colim is a \er\ [ilealani town, with ,i good air, a:id
the ulii.il reliiknceot the billiop (•rt.aiiiin. It bciig
but a league from th.e Baltic, the inh.abttant; can ealily
e.Nj 'ut their corn, ami impen what con :i<oditie.s liiey
walk from abroad. '1 he I rilihe i iolle lake is a Irea'-
lurc kOlIiein ; for they cften, jh the winter, bring up
100
EUROPE.]
K I N fin O M o I I' R I' S S I A.
I i- ill liiultcl l)v .1
IHTIO, IS .1 CotUi lit
l.n.n, w >:h a "ood
< i:!i .1 i'otvl air, ,\:;i\
looo wtinlit <it' filli there, at one ili i'ii;lit nl ilit nci.
It is not only ruinmiuli il with ilii' tulc .it lih'Ji uita,
lint li.is .1 lli\ani i-.ilk'il N Kiili.ul), wlmli iiims nulls
for li'Vil:»l iili'.. I'lif .uli.licnl louiitry is liiiillnl, mu\
iniiit|icTlcil villi ri.\i.i.il Intl. liilK, on «lii' l> iId^iI nr-
MKily l'i>|iilh iliapcis, iiiikIi ti.i|iniii«il l)v piliiiiius.
In 14S0 It \v.i; rnunlily trcaiiil \>y ti«^'\].\u^ X. iluki ol
Ponu'i.ini.i, till' :i ni'.iiiiiy ot ihc iiili.ki ii.inis. i Kiv arr
a p.iriili iliunli, anil twootlurs, oni- nf wlmii, nt.ii the
r:\llK, w.is litTi lolnrc a nim;i' ly. Tlu ic is allit .1 1 ol-
jcni-, wliiili liab lint tbitli lomt oiiintiit piitt IIdis.
On Si. Siiimn ami St. Jiiili.'' ilay, in if504. the town
ua^ liiiriii (t^nvii, lull lo 11 iclniilt ; aitil in i;;;itliit-
Icii-il vciy iiukIi liy |kIIiIciu<.'. I luc ,n\ thru.' annual
tans,
C'oriin ii the taimil ol a oailuvnk mar Btlj^aiil, ami
has a verv ^ mil tallK'onilu rivir I'tilam. At ilu-
entriiac ot iln- tov\n there is a wo ulen lirul^r ovii a
river, tornuil by tin- I'lnlhix ol three linalier oms. ji
's a very plialant place, aiulhas l)ilonj;eil to tlic bi-
Ihops ot Caiiiin I'Vtr lime 1140. It has 'i 1 annual
fair . Ill 1(14; ii ln.!.l out a'j;aiii(l a Ii ;',. by tin.- liii-
peiiiliit'.
Colhei'i^, or Coll'iir^, is the lapiial ot thai pait
called the (hii.hy >il Cailub,.., ami llamls at tin. iiiouili
ol the IVrl.'.nt, near the H..l:ie llv>rc. Salt i mule
here, <i| whith j;n.at iiuaniitie^ are lent a! loail, 10 the
t^reai iniolu'.Kiit ir' the town, ami imiea'e 01 ilie re-
venue ot the I'rullian iiioiiauh, to wli 'in ilie town
tame In the treaty oi Muiiller. lis hubour is ilc-
teuiK'il I V a llrniij; lallle. It hath loiiie tr;uK'; i>'n-
lains 1. ur ihurehe^, one ot which ii ei'IUj,iaie; has a
foiiniliiion lor laiiies, aiul a grammar IcIiolI.
Near the above aic IrnlcriLklbui;',, a market-town,
which gives name to a bailiwiel. ; (iul/.o, a market-
town, wliiih gives name to a "lillrn't ; an. I Naiiu,arteii,
a tmall town, liiuated on a Like, Irom which a lurJlbip
reecivis lis appillaiion.
Swedish I'onmmcania lomprehemb the illaiul ol
Ruij,> n, whu li has .ilic.utv bei n ileleii'.eil in our .it touiit
ol S.ie len; the ill.iml ot Hiiklenree, which is rem.uk-
able only tor a lij^^hihoule; .\ lew llinlkr illaiiils, ol
too liitle impoil.iiice to uieiii meiilion; aiv.l hmie
plaees on the toniimni, the piiiicip.il ui which are .1-
lollow :
Stialiiinil, the largi ll ami ri hell town in Swcdiih
Pomerinia, iheli.xtli in rank ot th • 11 ins Towns, ;uiil
a tiee iin|ivrial tiiv, llar.ils n.ar ihe b.iiiks 01 the lea,
o\er .it;ainll the ill. .ml o. Rr 'eii. 'I'll ■ luoll aiiiheiak
account ol ii is, ih.u beiiu: loi the iroll part il.llio)eil,
it was m.:g:iiti'.cnily rebipii, i nl '.n'tii, and pe .•, led
with ( iernians, be jaroiii.u , the | , iiice o! Riij;cii, a' inii
i.;c(i; and thai m ll ot ii b. in>; .ilie'ward. 1 uuu In
the l):iii. s, ll.e l;lu.ilio'i w.b al'.cied by his Ion ai'om
\i^o. '.\heii it w ;'.' I iHi a. !■ on i.'.v jiopui )U', and
was loiiitivd. In ihe cr. ll wars o; (ieiniain. couni
\\'alli nitciii, the impei, ll pencr.d, i elie^ed it ir. \am;
not loni;a'ter whi li, ;he citu'-en' pui t'.lenllelvc^ umler
the pioieotiiii 11' ( iull.ivus Ad. Ipluis, kin.; ot S.>eik;i.
The elector ot {{randvuburs; luok it in in-S, alter de-
lliovint; 1 ;oo lioules, by l"iinb-., in one luidit'-tinie. In
1711 the Llivjs ot I'll.ucl and Drnii.uk belie_i!,(.d it m
v.iin. In I 7 I ; the kiiii], ot S ' cd.n, Charles XII. ar-
ri\.d h.re from hi loivj, cuiti'X'inent in 'ruikey, attei
lii^deLar at I'ullnua, .mui'ated il..- j:;.irril'ai to hold out
a viuoious liei;e aj;.iinli llie kni^i,- o' Deiimaik and
Prulli.i, .illllied l.y die Kullians .uid Saxons; but, not-
wilhruindini; his continu.ilb lu|>|i!vini; lluni with men
and provilion trom tl'.e ilie ot Ruij.eii, the town wa'
tor^ed to turieiider on terms, att.r tour months lie<ie.
It was, however, by the treal- ol i)eaee in 1720, re-
lim|uiihed aiiain 10 tb.e Sw d -•.
It enjovs ^,reat privileges, the i hiet of which are, th.il
the m.iiiillrales ,uv empowered to d.ttmiinc all caubs
anioiij:; themlelves without an apjjcal ; t" coin money,
and r.ule troops for (^-a and l.iiul I'ervice; to m.ike
league and conlederai les tor advancin;; tlu ir trade;
to chute whai pi inte ^i the empire lliey pleale lor their
No. 0().
7'7
piciitviori anil, in tale of a naval war bv the empire,
they are not ol li-td to \entuic then llups ;inv tarthci"
tlian Is coiidlli-iii with the dtety 01 tlienty; nor arc
ilie\ olihf^ed to hIm more dianthev pl.t!, m the eon-
tiibutions whiih die oilier towns in iheiluthv are taxed
at. It lulleied nuiih by a tire in \(>u'\ a- well an by
fieges, luit II now a llonrilliin,', litv. It li ■< in a (ortof
pemn'ula, torinai b\ the lui and the lake li.mckcn.
I he let, Ironi heme to Rii:en, is .ibout a niile over;
iml there are lix t>.iie-, with a nri'iy l)iid;;es, leading
tothemirom theiiiy, 10 whi h the nieuliani lliip-i
111 the haibiiur ar. latien.d. On the land lide it is re-
L',iiliil\ toiiiiiidwitli ' iilwark' and liili-|)oiids, iwonuil-
1,11' t-lliois in bu idili, belicl.s l,iri;e diii lies, and natural
iiiailhes, only pailiible by four eaulewavs and biiih.-c-,
leadinj; from four j; .tes, ami all toiii'ied; which nuke
ai'pioatlies d jt \er\ diltnult. It has an excellent
haven, wh.re llvjis I' iix- up into the veiytcjwn; and ii
io w,ll lliu.iied tor fi.iili, ihat it h.is a veiv gre..t anil
.'.ilvant.igeoiis loinii.ere. I oih bv li a and land: for ic
IS to be obiervcd, thai h.re bi^in the t.sport o; thull-
llaple liinmodiiies whiih.ill l.nrope tends ti.r to the
H.dtic, as vorii, and naval tlorts, viz. hemji, (lax, he.
: lit tlpeiialiy torn, ot wh.ii h gnat i|uuiiiiic< are e.
polled, this biiiij; tiie till! eliy in the B.dtiv , to whieli
the l)i; cli trade lor it. lleie are dlii great c[u.int!ties
ot hiney, w.ix, tar, pilch, roliii, hides, t.dl.iw, and
linen, eip ciahy e.invas, ot which a i;ood toil is made
h re. '1 he lire. Is are 1 r la.!, .and the buildings Iv.auti-
tul, the private houles being ot Hone, and uni 01111.
li.iib ll.inds on a Ima'l I .ly, 1 j miles from Stra'liind.
It j;i\cs name to a t'mall pr.ntip .litv , ,'nd is celebrated
101 .111 exiel .nt kind ot l..er. ll is U tended by a tlrong
i-.ilUe; ai'd h.iS .1 iounvlati^'n lor ladu ., lirlt l)egin in
'"v-
Kcnz, a Imall villa -e in the nviglibouiho idot'Uanh,
IS iiuieli lre;uen'td t r its mniial waui'.
Irebelis is an old but imp 'riani fro".iiei tmvn, with
a cllle and 1 .iiliw tlv. About the ifii. ot the 121I1
ctniiiiy, R..iib.ir, duke ot I'oin rania, took ii tioin the
pc' [iI- ot Riigen, and convert, d tlieiii to Cliriilianity.
(i.ktisv.ilde is li:uaied at the b utomola gulji' jp-
p Ilie 10 lie ill.' > t Kugen. h i- conliderable, hand-
loiii I 1 U;lt, lirone'.v t irt:fied, pofledes a sinod trade,
'as threat piiv.l ^ s, and piodikes ,1 laige revenue.
I lei, are an unive.iiiv, a graiiiimr ti. liool, and ( icm.in
t.min.iiA ; and ihethrie pallors of the lown .ire ih.olo-
gi. -li pioteliiii . In tile nei. hbourliood are f.ilt Ipring';,
wlhcli .lie nut ol any iitihiv fir want o! fuel, 'ilu;
lown ha- a goed harbour, \wili many lliip- I elon^in^
to I!. ILie.ue two annual lairs.
\\ Ig.ill, a ti)wn near the iiv> r P. nc, has a pretiy
u',"o.' 1 ade. ll g.Vvs name to .1 lounty and lordlhip,
..s It did ..ncieiitly to achichy; .ir.d leveral t^f th duL.s
. i roiiierani.i are intoned in n- par eliial c!. inch.
Ciio.lkow is a touii on tiie liver I'ene, and .1 capita!
o, a Ci'Ui.tv "t th. I.ime n me. I'p.m ti;e dea:h ot i:s
tall count w.thoui iu'ue, iIk- dukis .4 I'omct.i' i.i, !■>
wli.itn It ilecoleed, lei.'.ed it, and li '..1 li'C inveiiiture
ihervot i'A the eirj eror ; bv.i it :;ft.rvv:'.rdb belonged t.>
the S.'.edss, though no.', to ti:c kiiv;;ol Prultia.
'1 hi- town was the (iil'i in ilule pins that r'.e'jiveil
Chiiiiianity, up.'n iisl e;ng ineaeh.d Iv, Orion, biflup
ot' li'.nibc'g, talKd the . p. Ilie of Poineiania, who
bu.ll .1 chuich heie in tl.^ !• o:n 01 its Pagan temple;
,ind It was ilun a town ol U me eminence ; I'Ut it was
t.vken and phiiideMl liv ihe L) nts, a'ld the pe 'P'. or'
Riigen, in i.;i7; and, ait.r tlu deiivliti in ot its ^:.)tle,
b. til inh.ibiiaius ot Str.liund ; nd ( ii iplwald, in 1 ;o!!,
li ;;iiaib dwind.'d. 1 1. '.e w.is . nee alfo a c.-.lle.],ia'i,'
e luic.i, on v,li.:;c 1) n 'd ievei..i parilhcs ilpemled, as
t ' l|ii,iiual juntdki ion, wlixii 'le now lli.'.rcd li.t'tve.n
W'olg.Lll and (iiiiJiwali; and Giotlkow itl'elfdepe.i.is
now on the lyiioil ot (iii,.r'.vald.
Lii' t/. ll.ind' on tiu I'ene river, betw-.-n 'ires)!; \v
and D.main. The P. nierani.ms rook it liif; liom the
coiinisoi t.iiottlco.v, and .'.ticriv..Kl ■ liom the puueesof
MeckLnbiiiL'. It has tour aniiuai lairs,
8t In
1 I •
m
•i 1
ii:i,a;',n-J
■'!■
i ;
'. ■ M I
m
P9
< i
ir '
.;'i
ii <i
! I
I ,
718 A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEaT or UNIVERSAL GEOGRArriY.
Ill Swctlifli Pomcr.inia, as in tiic divifnins of the
Prii(Ti;in iloininioiis 111 (;iiuTal, are many towns anil vil-
lage?, too inconfukTaiik' to merit inlertion.
MAr.DP.Bi'RG ib a level country, watered li\- the Elbe;
ill lume plaee- woody, in others marlliv orlanily; but,
in inotl parts, To excee(rm;i!y rich in ralt,asto be eai>a-
blc ot f'upplvHigall (iermaiiy with that tonimoiliiy. It
was formerlv an arehbilliiiprie, credcil at the leqiiell
ot tlu' ciiipv-ror Odio I. with riibjeclion to none in Ipi-
ritual^ but the pope; and it- ]>ielate wa^ primate ot all
Ciernianv till the rctormation, when the tanons, havinjf
embraeed Luihers dodrine, ehol'e the eledor ot Bran-
denburi','5 Ion adminiltiator of the archbilhoprie; alter
which it remained in the adminill radon of a ("eciilar
piince till 164S, when it was eltablillied by the treaty
ofMunlter, that, after the d.aih of the then atliiii-
nillrator, the whole country lluiuld devolve on the elee-
tot of Brandenburg as a feeular ellate, anil a dukedom.
It is aecord.in^ly now lubici't to thai ekaor.
Mag,debui g, the capital, it \nds on the I'dbe. It is as
ancient a city as moll in (iermany. The name fignilies
Maiden Town, which liime aleribe to the worlhip paul
in it 10 Viims till her image and temple were ilellroyetl
by Order of Chark'T.a^ne, who, charmed uiih its fitua-
tion, built St. Stephen'^ church there, with its tn-afure,
together w'nU a lort, to a-AC the Saxony The town was
tiill built about the vear 1^40, bv (.'Jtho 1. wiio made it
imp rial, and was enlargeil by ins cmprel'-. i''.dg'iha,
il:'.ui;liier to our S:xin kin^; i-'.dmund, who, fome lay,
founded it ; but others, w'tli more proiul'ility, ihatlhe
received it Irom him a- a part ol her dowry in mar-
riage. The lirll tournameutv in f iermany were ap-
poinied here by the emperor i lenrv the Eowler, to
which none were atimitted but thote of noble extr.ii.'tii.ii,
and un: l.milhej r ]'uiaiion.
1 he (ituiuion ot th s city is very fine, having an out-
let on all lidest > I'paeioiis plain , thai are very fruitful
in coi n, as well as an inlet of riche^ by ihe river i-'.lb/ :
but tlieie are few town'- in (jennany that have fulieied
() much as this by war, liege-, ravages, and tire. It
ua= llie grealilt full'eier in that called the llurtv vear-
\var; r.Cvaule, tor lo lo.ig a time, (ieimanv was ra-
vaged on all fides: li>r, in i^^i, the emperor'- general,
count Tilly, took it by ftorm. aflera long fitge, niaf-
iaireti t!ic inh il;itants in a moll baibarous nianiur, and
burnt .ind deliioyed the whole town, e\i e|it ilic (athe-
(Iral, and a few in'onlid la'.'le hou'e-, or niher cot-
tage . o- iillnrmen; to that 1 ri cluinhes and thapels,
m.'.ny o' them covered wiih lead, and one wiih copper,
were re'.I.'cid to allies; and of 40,000 Ijurgher-, not
above ar.-) eltap.d, and thele ha! no lupport, t'te
gen.ral liavi;-.i, oider^d his I'okiiers to fpare luith^rage
'I iie e'ee*- irs o* R •.-idenburti hive (ir>ce rri>aMed it^
. ' « .'t
'.•nlenivirg hive Iir>ce npaireef
f iitiiicaiions. whiih .. l-. ing been carried on in:in\' vear ,
are \ct\ lliong. The\ iiave alfo rebuilt one Hatch
chuic'i. Tlie Jefuit- h.ivea'f) a\er\ line iluir^ h; the
tiiae .■■, ligions |-e;ng tolerated here, according to the
treiiv .■! WMlphalia; andi the i.wn is populous ex-
te. live, a'ld has a fl Hirifliing trade. The cuhedial, a
ma •:•.;. -itnt itrudurc, built alter th'.' Eng:i;h model,
wa- t nmd d in 1 2 1 -', by ,\rilit.ilhop Albert I.andde-
ili'.ate I (a- the former thai was Iniint) to St M.iuiice,
Here i- ihat cal'ed Oiho's cliapel, where he l^ rcpre-
''■: t-d 111 M iflo Reli \i> over iIk a'lar, with Irs enijirelV
1'. i iiln. an 1 t!ie li^uies of hmjIks ofgolj, winch
hid bi-eii iiHiii h\ them u|jon the lormer uithedra!.
T::i' i!r.i;c'i hu 4.1 aliai'; and t!ic
choir is . t .Mie ti ^ne of divers co
wioi.giii, iiinf; I fuiiburgill- long, tour broad, and one
thick. I'ch'iulthe hi-.h altar are the tombs ol ilieem-
p;-roi fH'o, .uv\ the emptet's Edgiiha, whole bones
Were lem a ed b.ither from the rums ot the oM caflie-
dr I. In th from of the choir there is a tine marble
iUiu- ol St. Maiii,.-, he patron of the church, iiaving
a fhield in one hand, with the Imperial eagle; and, in
iheoth I-, th, Itandard wdU winch theuti/.en- inarchto
till- fifkl in time of war. Anion; ijther -Jiium -nti arc
iigii alt ir in the
nirs, ciiiioufly
M
the fiatues of the five wifi; virgins (miliiiL', and the five
foolifh ones lamtntin;'; both w- II executed. In the-
ruins ot the cloyiler of the Augntlin friars, in which
order Martin Lviiher was one, there are a chamber,
bedttcad, and table, which a]ipcar, by an inlcription
over the iloor, in (ierman verle, to have belonged to
that reformer. The elecfor Frederic I. luiiir a houlb
in thisiitv, which f.ues the great li|uare before the ca-
thedra!, and is oppolite to the eitatlel he bmlt, wliidi
is divided from it tiy the I'^lbe.
This riser bring- up a great many nu reliant fliips
from Holland, Hamburg, Sec. to the iiuay <if M-:g-
ileburg, and forms an illand before tiie town, which
has f()ir.e works of earth call u[), with fev^rai houfes,
and large wharehoufVs of fir timber tor buildini; |]i;|)s,
that is carried to Hamburg, and there Ixiught up In-
i)i\ers ni-iihants. The illand is n^iiKtl iioih to the
lountry and the town, by two liridgc:. Over .againll
the town houfe there is cm lolld, in a fort ot cage, an
einrllrian llatue, encted by the city in honour of
Of ho, aicompanied with the llatues of his two wives,
i'.dgitha and Adelais; ami fiverai figures of .irmcd
men, holding the arm ot hisehiel h reditarv domains.
In the great market-place tliere is tlie Itatue of Roland,
of the tame nature with thole Charlemagne canted to
be let u[) in all the townv which he either loundcd or
repaired. An acadenr of cadets is erect. il in thi., as
well :;s Beilin, and other towns, where voung gentle-
men are inltruited in the rudiment- o: war. The great
lljuare before the el.ctor's pakace, has fc'.v equal to it
for extent, and fine houles that encomr- ifs it, which arc
ill uniform, and three llories high. Tlieie i' an arlenal
tull ol cannon an 1 Imallarms; anil though not loniag-
niliecnt as that of lierhii, niav be ranke.l amon_; the
chiet elle.vh.re. The chapter ot M.ig.leburg meets
in the cathedral, i- on the lame footing :'s I efore the n -
tiirmation; and theianons mull all prove their no-
bility ; though this i-. a jiunctilio with w!ii', h the elector,
wh ) confers all its ilignitics, I'ometinn. ■ difpenie'-.
Hal'e, a laige town, received iis nair.e from the
iali-|it-, difeovercd here previous to t;.e iiirih ot our
Saviour, which were bclhnved bv the empero.' Oiho t!ic
(ire:it, on the ari hbilhopric of Magik bul■.^ i lis Ion,
named likcwile 0;ho, gave the place a eliait. r, called it
Ha'k-, aiivl made it an imperial iii\. 'I'li.' lo.wi con-
tains tour l.dt fpiings, manv boiling lunilis, ?>;c. Tiic
toll ut (lielalt brings a very confiderable revenue to ilie
king ol I'rufTia. The renters of the lioiling houles, are
tailed piaiiii'rs, :o-,l mull be freemen of the cit\ ; but
the workmen .ir le/med hallers; and th'le Hill retain
the Sclavonic drcfs, cuiloms, manners, language, Jvc.
Ihe |irinci|ial pari of the lalt m.idelKrei conveveti
i'y the Ellieio Brandenburg. l'omcrania.S,kiia,l'ru:lia,
I'raiuonia, cVc. wlurc it is dil'pof'.tl of I'y the king's
f.ii;t"r>-. Thek- fill Ipriivjs, and tiie ir'.iverlitv , ha\c
renikivd Halle a fi iuritlong placi;. 'I'he univerliiy
was founde>f in i'iii4. In l>,ederic I. king of I'rufti.i.
From that period to tne ])ielent, the mcreate 01 the
fludfiiis h.'.slicen ami/.inir. Thi\ have not only leen
cininuit ill pouit of d'pniv, i>ut their proficieiuv in
the various (l.'ji.irtmeiu-. of t!ie I '.lies I. ttr.;.
This iinivirlii\' is t',]vruir (o iha; ol L;i|i|iv', with
nl|KLt to the abilitie i of tlie proltd' IS, tlu difcipliuc
of the (Indents, .\i\i\ th ihe.ipnels of living. In tl;c
tower of Halle aie a librarv, loniilliiig of abo\ e
ir^,03o voliim'.', a Lutheran and Cal\ in,;l ■:■:■ mniliu'ii,
a free feiiilar Calvmill nuiiiurv, tlixe Lu.h.i.in
(hurclies, manv Calviiiifl ihurilns, a I'opifli thapel,
a J wsl'ynago'Me, levei.il c hapels, ho'piiai-, i\e.
The ma'gilliatcs have large eli ites, an extenlive lu-
rii'l'i'tion, great j)ower, and main, privile/e-. The
orphan hoiil ■ isalau<libie inllitution, and theiorrec-
lion and workhoule ate ot inliniie iitilitv. The inlia-
biiaiits larry on various manufaetoiies t ir gloves, tluirs,
fulliatis, ffanm 1, porulain, gold, nli'oons, met., I but-
tons, lilk It ii king^s, wooll. 11 llo, kings, (.lotiis, linen,
tobacco ;j;pe», lilver, lliiih, led atid yellow lea-
ther, SiC.
Ill
iriRAriiY.
(miliii'j, :iiiil thr tive
il cxtciiud. In the
ilhn Irwxrs, in uliicli
litic :\u: a cliamlici',
ir, by a'l iiikription
to ll.lVC I'flollL'Cll to
,rii I. luiilf ;i ImiiIc
ll|ll.llf Ixt.MV thf c.i-
;k1c1 he built, whicli
nany nuichint fhips
> thL- ijiuiy lit M-:g-
iro tlictown, which
with t'cvLTil hoiirt.-<i,
.r lor liiiil.liin: lh;])s,
iheic Ixinglit up iiy
, loi'Kil ii.iih to the
idtrc. Over againll
in a lort ot cagj, an
citv in honour of
.I'.v of hi-, two wives,
il figures ol aimed
Il le.huv.v il'iniains.
Ik- ll.ilUi ot Rolaiut,
ai '.ein:i'j;ne caiilicl to
ic either toiiiided or
i is erect. il in thi., as
w'iierc younor jj^cmlc-
it . o; war. The i;ieat
I.', has tew e(]ual to it
ur'nr' '.(s It, which arc
1. Theie r- an arieii.il
i.\ thou;j,h not lo mag-
ic rankcil aiiion;^ the
:ii Magil.-lnirg meets
oiing as I ch)iv the re-
t all ]irov.' their no-
I'ith wlii'. h the elector,
etiiiie . ililpenic.
(1 iis n.ur.e tiom the
VIS to tix l)irth ol (iiir
tlie empero; Oihothc
.lagiKhni.:. 1 lis ion,
ace a chail.r, called it
itv. The town ion-
ins; hoiitls, ftc. I'ne
derable revemie to llie
he boiling I'oules, aie
.■men ol the eit\ ; but
; ami ih;le Hill retain
.inner"!, Lin;;ua;.',e, Re.
n.ide here i cinvevecl
icrania.SiUiia.l'riiriia,
tilld oi by ilie kingV
I the u••.l\erllt^, have
lace. The iiiiiverlity
K I. ki .g ot' I'lullia.
lit, the iiKie.'.le ol the
ie> have not only i een
It their prolicieiuy in
relies I. ttre^.
I that ol l^^ipfii', with
oil d' as, the dilciplinc
els of livin ',. In tt-.c
1 "luilliiig ol' alM)\ e
I Cal\ in.ll '.','• mn aliuni,
lerv, three Lii h.ran
l»s, a I'opilli ihapcl,
is h"'p;ial-, iS.e.
' lies, an eMenlive lu-
iaii\ privile 'C^. The
111 ion, and the i urtec-
le iitihtv. The in'.ia-
toiics t ir gloves, Ihilf..,
1, ribbons, inei.d luit-
I. kings, 1 lot'.is, linen,
led a'ul yellow lea-
til
El'ROPE.]
KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA.
7")
In the environs of the town arc nvmv plantations of
mulberr\ -trees, for the piirpofe ot feeding lilk-wornis,
and the improvement of the l"ilk inanulaeiorv. The
(ieniian laniniage is i'pokeii here in ils utmoll puniy,
and the nunners of the iiihabiMnis arc courteous and
pohte.
(il aichc, near Halle, is in the lame bailiwii k, is ce-
leluatcd lor ."i orphan-houle, in which zni orphan^ are
conllantly niaiiitainedandedui ated,.indiuanyother pei-
I'ons oci alionalf. relieved. In thekiioolare taught fle-
hivw, fiieek, l..uin, I'rench, theology, logic, mathe-
m^tic^, plulic, gco '.laphv, hillory, wriiiiig, aiitlimeiii ,
hnging, anil e[iilti)laiy correlpondenvC. I lere are two
infpcviors, ;o pici eplors, a dilpeiilary, laboratory, mu-
leuiii, piiiuing-prelle , Si . I'.xi liilive ol ihe pretep-
loi-., olhcers, ami orphan-', on llv tounda;ion, ab ive an
hundred other Itudent-, and |>ooi Ich ilars, are allowed
their tlinncr and luiipcr, intbmuch that with perfons o -
calionalK ailmitied, near 700 perfon^ cat together 111
one large hall. Independent of the above, here ardour
Cieriiian Ichools, under the dire'ctionot two inlpectors,
and 1 1 o preccpLors. Near the orphan hoiife i^ an aea-
lUniy, where young genilemcn are langht at iheii
own expence, every polite and uletul iiranih of eru-
tiiiion.
Tiiereare ollui towns .n the duchy ol Magdeburg;
lome of which have fab. Iprings loine coal and cop|)er
mine-, and others carry on tiade and manufactures;
but th.'y ate, in ge icral, too iiiconiiderable to merit
jiaitii ul irdel> ripiion.
l-I.vi,KKRs r ADTisaimall province, :;omile5in Icn ;ili,
and ■? i in bicadt'.i, has a goinl foil, yield- pleiiiy of
corn, and the toiclK have ihne of veniioii. The largell
■'■ik is ihc Mackel. in ihe middle ol ihc cotintrv.
The north-well part is lull of fens and marlhes,
through w'hieh tlykcs and ro;ids are call up towaiils
Brunfwii, l-klmlhadt, ?cc.
1 lalbciiladi , il-. principal town, which gives n:\iti-io
the couniiy, wa. herei.it.ire an imperial city. It lliikb
cm ihe river H;'tlieim,or H.'iteim, 2.^ miles louiii-well
of Magdelnirg. If was made a billiopriciivCli.irlemigne
in 7S0, wlien ilielec wai translerred !iulier from Oiler-
wi k. Hilb'iian^ give an account ot 4Sot their hilltops,
m ill nt th'-m as being of the hoiiic of IJrunlwie, and
more remarkable for being liildi-ri than tcholais.
Tikir i;ih bilhop, Ramhard, '.i'caled the emp-ror
I I.nix \'. in the \\')odsiil'\\eiro. Tikir iSth, L'.rie,
was rouled 1" Henrv the Lion, duke ot Bi'unlwic, who
look and bu 11 ihe town, w ith the ciiizens ami i lerii,\
that lied to the catheilral. Their iglli, Allien ..I
Hriinl'wic, foiiglit 20 bailies, and gained moll ol ihem,
over his rivals, who were I'-i up againll him bv ihe
pnprs. Tile ^ill was Alli.n, a gr. at |ihilol'oj)h, r,
who being defeated bv Gcr.ud the E'.loiiuent, billi >p "I
Hildell.ee'i, it ociaiioned a iell here, that rhetoric
was to.i hard for logi, . I'iieir 4-t.lh, 1 I nrv luliiis
of li'iii'l'.vie, was chiilen when bul iwovears old, on
condiiion, th'i the dein and chapter lliould have ihe
giivernmeni fo:- i2y.ars, and pav I'l. ir intaiiidiilliop
anaiinuilv. In ivii he intioduccd l-ullier's retorma-
lion. He was I'lccc tki\ by his ihrc fine, one alter
theoiher; the 1 all of whom, CInilliaii, took put willi
t!i ■ I'li'i'll mis 111 ihc livil wars ot Germain . ami was
a guar, but unlor.unale warrior. Tluar4Sih, and fill
billioji, was [.,ei>|io!d William, ot Aiillria, who being
|iiit in bv the Iir.pcii,.liils, iello"ed I'operj : but ihe
Swede , rel.'.king ihe town, rellored I -ui herinir'ii, aiul
kept p.ilUllioii ot bothcia and dio'cfe, till the billinp-
rie was tcMilari/.ed, aiui given to the elector ol IJiaii-
denburg I y ihc lre:',l\ of W'eilphalia ; and now il bears
die lil'e ill a prineipalil y.
Tlie town is well built, the ilreelsllrai :uid uniform,
andni.iiiv of the Innldiiigscompacl and ll.itelv : but the
moll remarkable is an inn, called the Commis, or la. -
torv, rcckoiual the largell in Europe, and lo have the
liell accommodations |iir llrangers; to that in the time
of the ci.il war, W'.illelillein, the emperor's jv'i'er.ll,
kept his court in it tor Iciuc inonths, and found lodg-
ings in it liir all hisattenil.intsand guar.ls. The trade
here is inconfidcrable, by ivafoii of the fmillners of the
river; but as it is the leal of the regency of the iiriii. i-
pahtv, anti of the courts of jiiftiic, 11 is much Irc-
ijueiiteil. Its cathedral, whieli is a tree-llonc pile,
adorned with remarkable llatues, belongs to a ihap-
ter, wherein the C.itholics and I'lolellaiils arc equally
admitlcd, and both arc a'loweil their public woilhi[).
Behind ils choir there is an image' ot the Virgin Mary,
with 7: titles ot' honour. The C.ith-.llcs have feveral
e oiiveiils in the town, <if which thai i.l the Recollects is
the moll be.iulitul,,uu! lluir church is very line. Upon
the whole, it is a llrong and ])opulous citv, has fix gates
:md a town houte. The houles whit h are on the hill,
or about it, are called the town ; thole below it, tin.'
luburlw. On the f.ip <if an hill, in an el'nlanade. Hand
two cluirtlies, with the canons houles.
Gruiiinsen is a tinall town with a large caflle, for-
merly the relidencc oi'tlie bilhops of Hdberriaiit. Her';
is .1 curious chajiel, gilt all over the inlidc, with tinegal-
kiics, ."^c. This town gives name to a bailiwick, as does
At'iheilleben, .1 tuwn on the Bode, containing a Bene-
diciine nuniierv , and a convent 01. Augulbne monk^.
AiciierlLben. on the l'',rne, is the le.ond town in the
jirovince, and com. lins three chui\ lies, one ol which is
common b.ith to Luiher.ins and Calvinills.
Weferlingen, on th.c A Her, i^a market Lav n, and con-
l.uiis a Lullieran abj.cv.
I'^rnilleben, on the S.ikt', gives name to a circleand
buli'.vick. D.irdeli'en is a walled town 'in a hill, /.illy
is a Iniall town w hich iiives name to a bailiwick. Hoivn-
b'.irg, on the I'te, docs the lame, and ii likewile cele-
liraied for its hop trade. Ollerwick.on the lite, has 11:-
ver.il woollen mantitaclorics: and Reinllein, formerly ;l
111 'ngc.illlc, gives name to a countv antl circle.
(ii.Ai'z has for its boundaries Silelia, Moravia,"
and Bihemia, and is t'cparaied from them all by moun-
tains alinoll inaccelfible, To that it is a cuuntry very dit-
li.iiit to be eniered. Its length is about yj mile-, and
its breadth 20, Ixautitulh diverlitied wiih villages,
lulls, ilil.'s, m.adows, lields, llreams, 6cc. atid pro-
iluces whe.it, pallure, wood, iiuairy-lloiies, jalper,
cornelian-, game, iilli, pit-coal, maride, top.'.tes,
mineial vvaicis, &:c. Ii is vv.iteied bv ievere.l llreams,
parlicularK the Neyl'/.; and is, up.m the vvlu'le, an
excietling fertile and pleiiiitnl c untrv.
Since (ilat/, became I'ubje't to Prulii 1, the diets have
been ilireoniiiiued. It w.is not comiuered b\ the
I'luli'ian moiiart h, but ce led to him in the year 1 742,
by lliC queen of Hungary. For ihe gov.rnif.ent ot
(il.i;/. there is a regeii-. v ; b^ 'n app.'al, in lither civil
or c>cK liallival mat;ers, lies totiietouns u B.ilin; and
the eili es arefubordiiuit.- to the waraiul d imain cham-
ber .11 Brillaw. The language i,(.iei
he prill
cip.il luanulaCtiiiv- are due ad and coifn; but the la-
vi'iiiii ■ empli'\ii'.eiits of the inh.ii i^anis are tillage ami
ei.i'H'g. 'Ihe ]>..opK', in geiur.d. v.eie Rom.,n Ca-
iholics, lill il ■'. c> r.iiiiv lame into the i' -(i; fllon ui ihe
kiiiL', o! I'iiif'le ; liiice whi-'h Lutli. r.uiilni has b.ui i Ua-
bliiii. d. The lincipal pl.v . s are t!i. lollnving:
(ilat/., the cajiital, s liliM;!-! near the Ney:/,, .mi the
deeliv'.tv ofa hi!l. Il is veil io;iili.-el; contain- .'.n old
i.illh, whiih has been miK ii impiovd bv the I'riil-
lians; and .i ih w i.ne, whivli t' e^ liave lat ly vreelcd.
The latter i- adirirablv tiliiat al in a lull, i.ppoliieto
tlw firm.r, wi ': a river bei we. n iheiii. 1 ler- ..u. com-
inoilii Us b..iii.i. k- i.ii- ihe >.' m ..on ; and the a.l.umr
cciiinirv inav I e h'll under water i y means el llui.es.
The town cori.'.ins ,1 co'l, ae, tw.i lonvmis, tcvcral
iliuiilus. .iml , icy 1 ii.lcr.'ble tt.'.de. l''tom i' : lunt-
mit 1 f ih ■ old citadel the c:iuntry ivay be l".en, .vhich.
a... '\i 11 as the town, ha- be»n ivr. ally imprinMl Inice
the I'iiiHiaus b : ;i|-,ie polleli'ed of il.
1 .au.lei , on the Bi. la, contain- liinie warm b; tiis.
Ha
|i !,
ri!t is a. walletl t- wn oi ihe Nv) /.
R..iner/ is an op. 11 t. ,vn, renKirl.:'l''e I. r a m;n ra!
fpiiu', iiid IS m.!iiut.i..Lui\ . oi cl. il'i ph I'l, and
p.ilicr.
W'imululbur;;
m
1 1-
»■' !
■i
t
720 A Ni:\V. ROYAL and AUTIir.N'TIC SYSTKM or TNIVTRSAL (iFXXiRAPIIY.
Wiinl'
H'.rii 15 tiirrouiKkd bv wall?, aiulha^.i "it-at
i
'M.
tl
trail.- HI thread ami wo.illi'ii; ai Neurotic, a liillc opcri
to.v.i, has loriioili, llutls, ami riuilV; ami [[imldorl]',
a ln>.all Imvii, is rcmarka'iK lor a cupper nine.
Ill this pro-, imc iIkti.- is a hii'.h mouiuain, wlikli
i'lTM-s a^ a wcathcr-^lai's lo tlic whole (.ouiury:
i-',i; bv tliv- iIoikIs lh.it on :t^ head appear.
Flu- wil. r iwams predirt uIkii llorms are near;
A-,k1, iioai th' i'ppearance ol its top, c\phiiii
When Inonswili tail, orie'.l th' appro., eh ot rain.
Ml M'KN, \\lneh wa> s.;i\e:i to tiie elector ot Hiaiideii-
i iirs; at the treaty of Munller, lies betwixt Ol'naburg,
and Sehauniburj;, and is io miles trom e.ill to well,
.md .> ; tioin north to I'outh. The luuthern pan--
abound wi.h corn, ot whieh they export a great qu.ui-
litv; but the noithernaie lull ut woods .mtl hills, and
lKi\e plentv ot sianie.
Tl'.c capital, ot th.- lame name, i^ a neat, w. 11 iorti-
l.i.d town, on the we!t tide ol the W'eler, ;o mile^ eall
ol O.nahurg. It was mailc a. hilliopric by Charleniai;ne.
and evniinu.d lo .i- luliragan to the archbilhop ot Co-
lo2,ne, till it;;S, when it w.f- leeiil.iri/'..l by the treaty
ot .\lunll-.-r. Ill Charieinagiie''-time a eatlle was built
at the loot ot its liiid.;e o\er the Weler.ot which lonie
remains, witii other .iiUKjuilies, ;-ire }et viiible. In
I ;:i; the reli>rnii:;"n t >..k. pla.e here with Uk h vehe-
nieiKe that the thijit^i \.a-- "bli^ed to leave the city;
tor which the inh.ibilain- were, in i;;S, juit iiiid.-rthe
1 .in I'f the emp'.ie; and in i ;4-, the\ were, in con-
Ki|'ience, I'bhii. 1 to l',.:rc;idei iheir town to Charles V.
'I'i:. ;, W' re aliu. it cv^r .,tt. r'.varils in c.^ntiniial trouble-
and revoliiiioiiv, .in the Icorc ut' religion, during the
u \i - in I iernla:•l^ . Th, cit\ was taLen by tlieliiijie-
ri.iiilK Liiuler louii; Tiilv, in initl; and l.y the duke
Ol ISiunlwic Luneiili.TL;, in i'S4. It. wa- taken the
tirll time ii\ ll onn, when Tilh [ait near ;,030 men, lul-
ili rs and inhabiiant-, to the t'Aurd. In i'>;6 tlie
.'s.\e i..- and. rt. ok to pioiect the I'rotellant ir.liabitants
a;- 1 ;,ll the p,rl>iiiti m ol the ch.ipter. and kept p'l
U:ii..n ut it on :!.'.! ac. i5iint till ii'i^, when, in purlu-
aiM-utih. tr. a!:,.i otWeltphalia, this oikx imperial
iilv. a;id one o' the Hans Towns alto, wa- delivered
tjihe elect ir oi Hiandeiiburg, wlio keeps a garnlon
1, ic, - ■ " ' ■
ti.i i:
IS m
h.ke-.^
a iar,
1 11'. i
r-i .
1 .
111.
o: ;
.-Ic
The iii!!orii\ ot the inhabiiant^ are I'roielianis;
. . tiiedi,d,.inobL' and lartie, thougii il.:ik llriic-
\\'.\ .h Is l.iid to have b^en kin;; \\ iitikiiur-. pa-
wl. , ua hi-, conveilioii, luiiied it intu a c'uurch,
I'.e pulleinun o'' t!ie Ru::.,.n Ci'.iiolics; a- .ire
i.c ill. c'lurch-s .,. ."--t. I'.jIi 1 i'.i'.d Si. Siiiuun, with
■ ;n );i.,ll r*. .^'i.iinin.', to the l.utei-. This pla.e
d. I.j;- a p. Ill ,.l.ir '.I 1 1 of paicb.er, ii.ucll ci-
te.-:!! d 111 'leiilUi , I'm- .\|-.it fi.e uat-.llc It IS
a \i,,;!.d to-.', ii, dele, e.l ;y 1 il.ehal -moon-, but loni-
li:i:.d,d by a iieii hi) urin;', I i!|. It has t.\u chapters,
o;,e .it I anuns 'Vm\ tlu uih ro lanoiuli's, intowhich
the l.'.c'es mull make piuol 'f their nuljility to bead-
mi!: >;.
Miiiliii has ii:ti'r. d t>rea!ly In war, and has f. vual
t .lies !i ,n belli -vd .iii.l lak, ii. I'pon the jiLiin in it
\ ci;iit\, a memuial.le battle wa^ toui^lit between the
I ..n li. .11) ! liie I u.ikdeiale army, iiiider prince l-ciu!-
i: l>iril\i'k, on the ill ul Aiijnl;, i 7 tI).
e- ■ iili.idiv a.lv.micd toivaid. iii<ciniieut
■\':\ iini\, -aIikIi w,is lompoUd ahnoll wholly
; .- It w,i il.e llower o; th.ir i .iva'n , who
• 10 . ihui k ul t'le .dliis I ly be.viinui;' ihe i ii-
^i.i.'.-.r.ii ui. 1 I.. Iinint ol the baitlewis a'm ill whully
liill.iiiied I ^ l';e l-ai;j,hlli iiilaiitry .md I'liiie c uj) ot
ill'. '^'.11 11 , iv'ii.h ll ...d the reiter.ited eiMri;es ut |u
rii.mv I' di- ifh-iK', ihc llren-lh and nf iv ut the
I.eiiili ano;,-, with a let ilutiuii. lleuhnl , and ex
JitUij Is III t'lcii m.ina-uvres, which weie n.ver c,\-
ce: !.d, or, p.rhap , never e(|iialled. Thee cut to
pi les. Ul eiili;e!>. luiile I, thele b .'die . Twu brigatles '
o, t j! aittmpt..d to Inppurt ihem, but tiiev vanithed ]
b t/icdi. Kn^iilli intaniry. Wtl.lejjiav.'s and Kiiijjl-
ley's regimmts tlillini;uill>ed themfelvcs in a partiailar
m.inner this day; nor were then commanders lets dil-
linguillutl. The cn-.-my's horfe, which lompulcd tluit
centre, being entirely dilcomliicd, ami their right
having m.ulc no tort ot impreirion, they thuught ot no-
thing litit a letrcat. At this point ul time the prince
lent orders to lord Gcoruc S.ukville, who commanded
the whole Rritilh, and icveral biigades of (ierman i.i-
valrv, lo advance. But the orders were not liilllcienllv
preiile, ur tlie\ were not lulii.iciitlv uiiilerlloud by the
|-lnglilh c.imm.inder; lolhal diirinL;thedelav ticiali.ined
in w.iiiing lur explanations, the critic. il minute iialfed
awav. The Hritilh cavalry loll then lliare in the glory
ot the action, and the vi..iur\ was Ids dculisc than
it w'.iuid otherwile have been. The lolsot ihe l-'rench,
111 this adion, amounted to about 70CO men, killed,
wounded, and taken; among whom were Icveral utiitcrs
of cunfiderable rank. The lul- ol the allies ilid not ex-
ceed .'000, ,ibout 1 ,100 ot whii h weic luiglilli ; tor as
tlie l:Ingli'h. had the greatell glur\ in the action, loihey
were thegrcitell luller.rs.
I'lterlhagcn was aim. ill villagi t.ll 172:, when it ob-
t.uiud the privileges ol a town. Ii ha-' a Lutheran
ihiiicii, a brewcr\, dillillerv, and is ditcnded l)^ a
callle.
1 lanfhcrg gives name to a d llrict ; has ,1 brewery,
dillillery, three vali'.ils leats, royal f.am, .md i..lile.
In 1722 it was made a cii\ and magilliacv.
Luiicik i- a fortilied tuun, inh.ii ntcd f'y Luther.ins;
tlic maglllrate- having both civil and irimin.il luriklic-
tion within th. diilrict. PLrcarc .1 It hool, alm--liuiife,
riigar-huiile, cha[ner-houle, Js;c. The trade lonliilsof
c.mlc, yarn, woullen, linen, beer, and Ipirits.
Ravi:nspui;(; lies t'outli liom Oliiaburg and Miiidin,
north-well from Lippe, and nurth from Rheda, is ;S'
mile- ' -ng, and 40 broad. It beluiiL's to the king c.f
I'nilli.i; isiiiotUyruiks and niouniaiuous, and has its
11.111 le trom its capit.il, which is li ill. lie d, loigedier with its
Ibong l( rl, on a hill ii.ar the River 1 Icliel, iS miles
loulh of Oiiiaburg. Here it m.iv be proper to oblerve,
that null of the ancient feats ol the Germ, in |)rinies and
nobility are thus liiuated upon hill-, w-hich is the re.ilon
that lo many louniicsand lordlliips uf ( ieimany termi-
nate in lieig, i. e. a hill; as the i-ealiin why lo many of
it- towns end in burg, or botch, is, becaule both theli-
moiiob liable- ligniis .1 low n. The uther touii- in tliii
pr.ivinic are
Bielvelt, orHiiheldt, formerly a H.ins Town, 10
miles loi.ih e.iii ul Ra\ciill)u.g, at the I uitomoi a great
hill and det'emled li\ the impregnable luit ul Sparen-
burg. It mule a bi.ivc rdiihin e a'.' null the 1-remh,
when tlK\ att.ickid it lioin a nci'l.bouii'ig hill with
granades and fne-balls; lur the buigher- ein- red lliei
lioufis with webs ot linen (their ihef manutactiire)
dipped in milk, wlii.h preieiited ti.cir doitu', mm h da-
mai'?. Their linen i- bicaihed uii tl'e adia. eiil hiils,
wlieie it i watched bv bu) -, who, uii th- appru,;ch o'
ti.ive'Ii IS 111 till iVig'it tune, ii'akc a liideuii- how I. Tin'
luwii lu-, in the roai,l Iroiii .\liinl n lu Munll r.
1 lei\ uil-.!i. 01 llertiirt, i-- a pkal.mtb Inu.i'.ed town,
and ianied 1 1 the m,aiutai';iiieu. liiRii. 11 milis loulh-
eall ;ium Oln.iluug. It is a I'i'city l.uge pla-.e, .li.d
divided iiilo time piris, i.ille.i the Old'l'uwn, the
NewTu-,\n, and Radeuiih, bytleiiMr- j-.lla, Aa,
■ind \\ erne, li was tormerly .ui imp.i.il city; but it
IS ill luilt, and chielly not'd toi a taii.ous nuiinciy
luiiiulc.l in S ^', tlu- ai.bel'-. ol \.hi. h tuimerly held this
I 11 \ 111 |iibi.,cti'>ii, till Anil' , 1 ouiii. I I't Limburg, and
.iblie.s of ii-ii- luiniuiy, iMce up tl,- i itv tu W illiaiii,
duke ul Jiiiieis, 111 till )i.ii I.;,. I'h ■ li.ile bel.ing-
iiig lo 11 w.is loiiiieily a luu'.iv, .md .un\eited in t..c
v^ai 71^0, to the iile ol a li .,1: ■ cua\ ^ r.i, wheiethisa.-
ii.y iiovv iland-. It einb, ami ihe retoiniatiun aboiii
two ceiiliirie- a;'u; and is, poli.ip-, the unl\ one ol
Its kind in l''.iiroi)i ; b- aule ilic al>liels and .ill the luiiis
are (Jalviiiills. On alib Is w.is the leiiined |irincJs
l'Ji/,il;tlli, ol iht I'.laii e hi, lib, tiller to the prliiicls
bopliu .j1 iJ.iiijver, whole hterarv cornlpomlence
u illl
KlRAniY.
i(llvi"s in ;i p.-iniiular
['omm.iiulcrs Id-- dll-
.liicli loniiiokil tlnii
III, anil thi-ir rii;lu
, tlicy iluui!ilit oi no-
il nt time llic pnncc
lie, who ciim[ii;uKkil
liuilcs ot" (.KiiiKin i.i-
s utic not (iitlicn.nl K
ilv uiukilbuid by ilu-
:;tlK-(lcl:iv oci.Ui"ni.'il
ritic'.il nv.nutc |i:ilivil
uir lliatc in the gloiy
as kis ilmlivc iliaii
■JK' lofsot llu' Ircniii,
ut 70C0 imn, kilkii,
11 were leveial ii|}in.r.s
i ilie allies dill luit cx-
weic Knglilh ; tor as
ill the action, ibiluy
l,Ii 17:;-, uIk 11 ii ob-
1. li ha- a Lutheran
■.ikI ii dJenJed b\ :i
Irict ; has a brcwi-ry,
lyal f.am, and lalllc.
iKinitliaev.
la'. utcd F^v Lutherans;
and triminal iiiriklic-
L' afihotil, aliii^-li'iiirc.
The trade (.unfillsol
r, and Ipiiit-.
Jlnalnirgand Mindui,
ih Irom Rheda, is ;S
kIoiil's to the king if
.iniaiiioiis, and has its
iialtd, ti)<.',e!lKr wuliits
iiver 1 Iciiel, iS miles
V be proper to oblerve,
he German primes and
lU, which IS the realoii
lipsiif (iermany tcrnii-
ealon why I'o many of
is, becaule both tliele
I'he other touii m ilm
ly a Hans Town, 10
ai the I ouomo: a p,reat
gnable loit ol Sparen-
ue ai'imll the I'Venili,
nei;;l-.bouii'ij; hill with
iiis:,li'jr- eov red iliei'
fir I li et manutacture)
d ti.cir doiii;', nuiihda-
n the a''ia' ..nl hiils.
Ill), on ih ■ appMi.'.th o'
a hideiiii- Imm I. 1 In'
d n to Monil r.
kalanth linu'.ed town,
. luiin. 11 imlis luiilh-
pritly lar^e pl.l'.e, .'.i.d
,1 the Okl Iw^wi, tlu>
ly tie livers I'.lla, Aa,
m inqxiud city; but ic
tui a taii.oiis nunnery
.1.1 h t'luierly liekitliis
uiii.t- lit' Limlnirg, and
p tl,,- uty lo William,
1;. I'll.- I llale bel 'iip-
, and mnwried m i..e
i.iis^iii, uheic this ai -
, iln' reloiiiiaiiiin aboni
ili.ip , the mils one ol
,. aibeW and all the luins
the kraned priiK\ls
b, . tiller to llie priimis
lin.:ar\ correlpundeiKe
with
EUROrE.J
K 1 NT f ; Ci M OF r R U .S S I A.
^21
with M. Def. li-lcs ihat prcat man ha-- pubiillijil ir
his uoik--, whicli thew that Ih.- was the miiacL- 'ith-i
K'X. Cunl'd.i lb'..' ellales, in th;' nei^hb.aiihi'i.d ol llii'
Tl
ure IS a:i.) .inoiner nninicii on
CUV, inlon'^ i> It.
a hill, neir th town, v.liiih :s i Un\. ol nuiUry to i!ie
alib ■ , and wh-u tl-. ■ \'iiiii ■ 1 iih^'^ aiv t.ui 'lit nci.'dl.-
■k, .Si
was loin kd in 1
ar I 101,
.mil 1'
i;i<' iinmci
lai.
llllis
on u
fa d
eaconels, wiili a
li\ .iiLinl'~, arid all th'j oliic.-is th.il I elm;, lo inllci>,iaie
1 1 ■; V he ; but oth i.\iU- liiliiect t')tli.- ;ibiK-!'s o; H rvo-
d,';;, '.'.ho, as pim efs of the eni];iri', has all the licrcdi-
liii otiicts I aii.r.oa lo ele lor
.S'le li.is h.r Lat at the
I K-t
.iinon'
IIK'
prelaivS ol Iiie Kiiiiie; a
Ilv
lor va(
P'
her h
ai the looti! h'.rtnrone, 111 prel ui.ng lur
and lilver.
Hit ;,o?ol. a y<
ibb.
le rcvcnii- 01 mis ano. v is
lere aiv no vows, 01 un-
Tl
ible ivll
taints, impo
)fed
roniv are laoies
I 1, .IS jOUII
on tlic nuns, who com-
inir o;
of the lull uuahi\-. '1 he k
r.uii
t of !■
i-v.ivenlbur
pi
otestor ot tl
ibb.'i. He has alfo a iiairiloa 111 tlu ti/'.sn.
ol
I'-nav-rcii, thought to h.iVi- b.-.n ilr i.ipi!
Angrivari, was th.' relidcm e ol king \\ iuikii:d, uh.i
loundcd the lolk'siatc church of St. Denv , and i\a-
lursil Ml It.
I'lot
owe, on I
whli ,
■B
he Wkt
c.illk
er, is the cajiital of an ani ieni
' 1. li wasloinierlv count Wal-
dei k'
R.
md lies conwPKiu lortr.ide.
IS a Ini.i
iman
Cai
lolie
I
hamlet, w
iKIicran,
111
1 a tounil.ition for
and C,
Ivm
lit
/eriinold IS a Imall inwn, wluiva coiilulei
iilie-
abk- li
Ir.-.dc I. can ill! 1 in ; :;iid Biinde is .inoiher iinall town,
l.imed hke^iiie lor us Inicii ina'uilactoiy, and alio l^r a
inineial fprinf!,.
I^i.NOi.s Is litini.'d b.'Uveen the i:illK>p:ii.-. of Mun-
fler and Olnabupj, has a kriile liiil. and produces
pkntv of pit-coal and ttoiie. Caivminn is tiie clki-
I'liihed iviij^ioii ; but there arc manv L'.itluraiis and
Roman Catholus. On the deaih '^ William 111. king
Engla
I lie whole countrv was U'l/.jil by the
of I'riillia, and incorpor.itcd ivitli Tecklenburt;.
Till
principal ]ilaics are Langen, the ni-'tropolis,
pn
Hands
ot Ol in
5 on the river
!■:
hi
■, hy
d, a
hi
It
lady the Ik
to W
I re Is
ure IS very broad, and beats l.irge veil
inio the tt.i near I'anbden. It o
d
The l'-.
that i
alile, a
I her t-Mtifu aiions; biu ihe lurmerMa- blown ii|M)iany
vears at;o In the ma.',.i/.ine s
tak
itiji lire ; and ot the
I, liter liieiv "nli remain its ilit. li, .imI a in iw
-brid.
,e at
•ach t;:iie. The land about tins jil
mil til e lioiii U) 's.
W
aciu. ii.v r.cie; belidci i\hii h he touiided liv. pl.ues m
iMi.'iin ei
1 li
:t-d
a Latin lih.oiil U
li
po >r tl liol.irs
.nil
Idi
evciA thinti.
!.■ iCiild to iir.imoie the I'r. te
'.nt ieli..i'oii III tills
cmintry, n
the pto en
and biniil:
at that time eiii
li
ireiy
I'oiMih:
un
il u \s.i\- obiii d to hav
1.1 llie
'rot.
;ant
and a
lage
is th .ujTht, by Chivcnus, and otlievs, to have Iieen the
aiiciem Col una Ulpia Tr..|aiia: and o'.er ilie foi:tii eati;
of die town there is an inlcrijjtion, dtnotini'., tli.ii )ii-
hiis Cafar founded .1 caille here; that Aii'.'ulius t;ai-
rili)ned it; thai Ulpiiis Trajanus made it a i njony ; and
ty. It i- now tinall, but |>leilanl,
havini; I'everal line lioufcs
.Elius Adrianib ai
veil built, and wi II pi op
b. loii^inii to pell
jt
nai
'Uiiiliers are niwin.
lality :
1
It tliofe of the
le cal
oriii.
delii-lit-
hilly le.iicd on the top o! a liiil. but irric,iilar, and not
very
I roil'.'
I-
nil an ancient (i'lti.u Itructiiie, called
the .Suaii To'.ver, iluie is a nobk p: .Ip.cl ot the n^ie
. iniin;?, oainlry, and, in p.iilii ul.ir, of ilic Rlui
i\ hicli li'js tl'ree III
le- fiom It to the
1
n Mtli
1, and tiicij
iiviiles itl It :ntotwi) br-uuhis, both ci'inm.in
K
.kd
)V
tlie t'Tt .Sclieiik. '1 here .ire llaicly apaitmeiits in the
i.illie, wi.ieli w.is the jxilace ol tlieir ancient dukes, and
li'C kiiiy; of I'ruiha reticles wiicn becomes to tl
iit\ ,
lublills
by the relidence
wli I I'l'vern the ducliv
the llaies, who allenible in the cal!
,d bv tl
Tl
me ti'Uiitr
.1 I'.ilU, .nil
:id th'
meeting i.-t
le governor-;
inai'jiiiaic. ot the city,
the
and
i-liapel ot the c
oil
lave a large handfomc church, betides
illle
jflhe
but the
pu
■li
c cluirclics here.
are in the
poll'eiri.
n ol
the I'apiil", oy virtue ot .m agreement with ihcilukcs
ot Newburganil Jiiliers, wiiu w.is theieupiin obliged to
allow ill. Trotelbnt
riicr Idc
sahi.eiiy in ilieir dominions.
\'. hu
li runs by the t.n;.t ot the caille, is navi-
ile, by fmall vclfels, to the Rhine. On the welt fide
I the ciiy are thole cillcd nrinc
i| the ciiy
larks, Willi many pKalani
M
.luricc of N.ilVau'
anais, fine water
works,
gr..tto-, J-.-i . Abi'vcthem lies ilic high bill uf Stcrn-
b, '■;, from wh.cnce may be teen Utrecht, lhiii:.^li ^o
mile- off, with near 40 other cities and giv.ii towns,
1 1 of whii 11 ai' ■ teen liirougli lo many walks cut in the
wdiid":. The |)iince's hou'e ttands in a wood on th';
e.ill I'de ; and, aii.ong I'thcr rariiics, has a noble cwl-
ki't.oii ol old Roman urn.s, and divers odiei nioiiu-
nieiils ol anti'.;uit\ .
nali. 1'. o: C.i;u!ch,n-
Belli
the ereat cluri
a nio-
.1111 ii her
ot I-
r.iiuilc.uis, ai\
the onU
pui
two leagues li'iin this city,
buiki
thi
IllJS 111 llic Clt\
On tl
le roac
ther
e is
1,
i\ Moi-
l.iiid, wiieie the late king of I'ruHi.i relided in 17:
le iviiniud liom the Imp. rial army on the Rhin
111 'in
he
nee til Saiitcn, wliu li is li
nn. coniiniKil laiise ot w.'.lks
leagi
lies, (here is
f:
to..n, p
or l''.mbiick, 1^ a large, rich, beauiitiil
ifantly liiuated on the ealt tide ot ilic Rh
liHir miles vail ot Cleves; it 1-. very ancient,
■f tl
hi,
t:;s
Tl
)wii-, .mil has a pietty good trade. It w.is for-
liell'cd by tlie Diuch ; nut, on the em|)eror's
rliiahon,
y
they religiied it to the duke ot Ckves in
pe
iCoo, on c .'iidilion that the
Sr
ik
h-iulel rellofe
Rl
iiniterir to iiie el
•I" oi
CI
ugne
v'lhich the
rtormini:, the Diiicn rcpotkli^d it, and I'oridi d t!
y not
ell
ccjuld not he li. re one iii'j,lit without ieiveliom the' Mg.i'iill the Spuiiaid : bin ilicy a:ieiu..rd; relloreil
llVvl
Il till
,\ oil
lis,
1. r towns i,t t!ie iIikIiv, a a lioiuief
in.igillratc'-
llu\ e.Viit
dil
piinillim.nt I'r ili.- reiolt wiiTeto iliem to the eleel. r ol Hraiiiknlnii;;. It '.ea- taken by
-J, I 1 the ek'C-
ie p.opie .'.Hint the \c..r io-'4.
W.IS
li'pprelled bv t'le priiue ol Or.iiuj,.' m 11 i inn.
1 heie I a go <1 1
a priiitina-liinile.
lii.n'
Rl
leda I- a '.111
di t:
ai llie .iia lem
illli
io'j;'tner wiiii
iwii, Willi a caille, near t!ie
Li
llie riencli in
lor, w'lo fui'l
b.
m iiti '!!c.l It to ihe
1) I.
Ov
cr again
II
It, :n tlie Ri.ii.e, ii
iilii, li, ne:.t lo the l. wii.
1 .'l 1 11 ,e ill. •Ill
til. corner ot
111 iiiilcil tl e riva'.
Ti
h. .e wa- a I ,ii
'Veiiior and ni.
and Iblvnliukn
It are iiuuii
tJ'l
anit
in iiirc.inderaiile town ; but neai' j nu. iiv ' I the bu: ?ii r , .ir. 1.,'alvnidl ., and t av. a i hur..li
Tl
n
t lb me, and lever.
le ihi, In ot CiKv t-.s is, in gt'iie
l.i !t, .ind w.ll w.iter.d by liie Rhine
us.
il, lenile
Roer, !•
1 lit tlie I u
.ler.eiiii ,a.
re poUelkd ny il.e I'apills accui'd-
Dvki
J^ipi e, liiJ, {v,
iiiiiihI.i
lil'ek I 'llie, game, ill!:, and hurfe
riie inliabiiaiiis are I ml of tr
iii|ilei.
nine 111, les lii':;li.'r, on the laiiu tide of tin
cut as .1 le, Ui'it\ av'..unl
Inn , y. as a 101 nil. . I lu.v 11, am
Itak
en .iiKl relUir.'i
111.
llie eouniiv abmi'iil- in corn, biiiis.
and 1 ikes aiford i!
Tiic moll rem.irk;!
n many c nunuii i.il ipp itunuie
thie 111 ace
Clevi
flUl it
iiin.
III ineirop.
d
has It', name 'roiii its
lie;n!>
li
le niiill p.iit, aiiii'iig clil
on llie ik'i li\ ii\ I'l .1 liii
Made,
iiween the Khine and ihe
in <
'lie ot the lincU couiiliies of (Jenn.
till ,
tl by
tie fiencliiii the l.uue manner as Kmmerick, but lately
iliur.ani
u lieie 1 1
The I'rotcllanis liaxi
.1 eluiiiii liei
ey have prelerv
d an
excellent b uliuiiie in iiill:
ood, coniiiuiing the liill.iry ot the :ile oi C'liiill.
.S.inteii, 1) miles Well ot' W'etel, and 1; Irom C. eves,
a viilk"' between hills, h.ilfa league l.oni tlie Rhine,
o eruis liippoled it
large t.).\ II, hi ancient, thai Lh
e the \ eteraCallra ol T.u iu
.Iml
1 W.IS ;or lome
time
Nu. Co.
e the relidence ol luluis Ciei.u. 'i he place is niucli
b V decayed;
:wm
i4i|i
li
,1 %
;-;i
m
m\
I :
I
A Ni;\\, llOYM.. AND Ar'rill.NTIC ^YSIiM ..I I MVl i;<AI. cr.OCRAIMfY
_-o (iiv. .ill
m limiuT
tlK-
kI; hut li.is a I'ltat ilnircli, like a latluiira!, with w
I'mm
1.1 il
:llt;i
.Ip.l hi!i
ihiinil nice
orv la'.V'.il eM|iiilii
1 li.l- .1 r, .1! :liul \.-if ill ll.v' n'.lli j;c ol' iho
ot' rclii
iiricils i.iv
M-
m
Si. WmWo
IV) tortitii atioii^
/n h.iiu
I. r
If
town 1-^ w ILi!, i '.It hi- IV) toriitiiatioii^. '^lli^wasthc
i)l,K\' ulirn- tin- pri'Vili'i'.vl tr.aiv wa- mule in 1(114,
ot ihc lin\cllK)n (it IiiJM-
i-.', I'.vKii ,lic t.ilni^u■^ el iii.iiivKiibur'.; aiiil
lor the |),i;i'.iioii
,iiul C'k\x
Ni-wbuip,
CaK.ii,
Clt\ I-
(or:! Jitiiicc aiMinll .iiiv lirlmn 1
Be
■g.
.-.n th. rivi'r
>\,is in. lit .uui t' It
lict'.vceii
>.uiten aiH
or
(lekkrland. li I
(Ink. A of Cl>.-Ve-,
iivaliun tioiii ColoLMie
1 litli, l)\ a
0011 i;iiw populous aiK
IiWik- ill liiieii : l"it line, me i)t its dukes liuik a vail
onui i:\ here, tor tlie i o.ts 10 lirui;; tlii-ir corn to, it
has be. n tiiort c^nilii-iciable ior nukiivj; malt ami b.rr.
Its moll llaieK buiKlunis .ire the to\Mi hou
Ic, St. N
't il
lever.ue '.'
le.ill note
R- I iiipiie, .liiil the 111
onliJer.ible; .ukl tl
-t. i.t the
Th,
y jilai.es ot the
M
tur-
or
M.
riMii;'a;i, liiLiH. well tortifiecl
town, w lie re tl
IH;]
IK
le 11 a ca.
.1 i-'h-n-s hi.|ii il
'a\inht iliunh, ai
tVliool.
leir iiuet-
Itiil
I.
Crelcl.l IS a Im.i
lit
it..in'
^I'lnlactur
<v.v;i, il.t.';
t lii;
Iv. a t III; I,
'III II, e Ivet,
I iMauk i- i.ik' :h\1 llie 1 :. -c t voiintv ::i W elljilKili-i,
,)eing43 miles b"ih «,n-. it 1- iini,;t,i.l I eiwun t!.c
Lii
ippi air! i^e Roer, tlivuleii iiiio 1 ;
d
tubiect lo ih. kiiH', ot I'lulVia. It i ilv.uj;!.! to have
it- iiaiiu- Il 1:11 I
lem^ til.' aneient lU'iirul.M v hawcen
(
eiiii.inv a:
< Tailu t5e'.:;i
It
mi till
1- I cUieliy
'1 Wcff.h'.l
11, li all tiuiii tiiat ot li:i
chi
latt
cl
clniren, a;nl a 1110:1.1
ib-rv ol' D'Miiinieaiis; tlie 'i K'tnh-iail t'loin L
ealtle
er ot whiili h:is .1 i;o 'd library, it In. a ihonii
a hnc iii.irkei-plaee; but llic ll reels ire
inJ it i^ liirrounvkil u
ith water ami morallei
Till
,a ft
le road from licnie to C
country, in wl.u h .ire l"ni.
i'. ves is tiifiiui'ii a larren
.illle
Hen
this tov.-:i a:'
111
.M
iiitui llukls .Marienliooi-i, a
tieh mo-iaiKrv, with a Latin iiiU riptioii on the will
neM the road, expreffing th.ir !;r.uiiui.le to Fredeiiik
Wrliam, elvftjrot Br.indenburg, t'r a^ eepting tlieir
>:rea; eolled;'.i;i of M.'sS. in i''iO, inllead ot turning
tht:ii I'v.', a:'.d reculan/in.i their revenues.
Wilel, (.alied NeihcrWefel, to ditlinguiili it troiii
Upr*^"" ^^'^'•''1 in t!;e tleci orate of Treves, llands on
the eall l:de <,■ tlu R';inc, near the iiioutli of tlu- river
Lipp.', ir iiiile- ea;l of Sant. '1, :uid iS l'oui!i-ea!l ot
CL\e . It W..S t «r:iK;iv a 1 bins Town, :r'.d alio i:n-
pen.il, I'lii e\i.n''| 'ed, I'V the du
k....tc:
I
ir;iin.
il-' ti'UI.tV
1 Vi ■.
; itkh IS !er;ile an
nil., tru
I riel
li'.Mr. I I
n nip, uoo.
ipi I
lb
1, .UHl VI ills
I', ■.line, ll.i\,
tiih.^c.
l'(
he 1 rineip.d m.mi.i'.ictiiiis are m if'ii and fleel.
ot .1:
p'. rluai ns arc tole:M;ed
loveriinunt is invelled in tl
le iaine uilleue
tl
le coiitn'.nit:, :i- |ia;il
It 1-1 the eni'i ire, ae
V thole t'.'.Mis
to tl
evc'-', !iom
ic niilit:irv
; and ilie
ris that of
Cleve^-. 1 ill. pi.iKipal pl.ieis a.e :v Io'Ioa :
Haiiiin w.b, .iiu:e:iiiy oiv.- if the ! I in- '1 i.uii'^ : bin
thLiiii^ii the adiiieiit cou:iliV .-louiid- Ui.ii e^rn,
hemp, and. tl.v, ,[ j. .1 po,,|- pl.i, c, th.ii fui liii> eliirilv
by lo'/jiig tl.lsl|ler^ b.ef.'cii H.ind> r.biirg, &:i . :inil
llu- Net'uiland-. Itw.i Cikin'iv ihe b'leiK h ;:i I'l- ;,
but relior.d Ui \t veai to the eleetrr of Hniiidi nlv.irg.
S 'e;i, or Soiill, 1 ;i p. pui.iii ^ i;y. t.-.ited 111 ihe neck
ot tins i.Mintv, whieh (luMt^ ii.t'i) \\\ llphali.i ; .-f
v\hieh iinle l.nv r..,kfi;ii tl;-. 1 ipfcll eiiv. e.\',. pt
Mi.nl'c:. It
Ip.llv.U'
I
a:'.d M
cord
ins; to the
M.
.■11 leated tor tr.uf
ti.t loni'iiirle i-t mei chant- who
ll(
itiieui.i. It I'-
ll ^'le.v rich bv
d lutlr. r triiiii the
\lii. 1
■ It r. t. llltl-d U ll
• tea tower- , and .1 l.i:
, ..nd iii;i!-.y c!
le 11 ad,
diti
t l,:i- 14
1 is . o.k-iii.itf, ;iiuliir.d,r the jurildioiioa cf il
e-. utio:i in I'l.
perl
tiloned h.y the
Dote
S|)ar.ill
1 . «
thei.aiuls, am
was 14a r-
1, toMliiim It uas morti'.auei
1 b
(lie e eif
by il.L !•
■r ot Biandenl
i\ mil in I C'-
luri
rake
MKl
Wh.
11 th. \
o ex.;i.'te
■hindered
ted I
leavi
'tiliiict^on- ti.-m the iiilribn.int-, uhi
Il fciaeil 111:1 nv
ct tl
le-.i tl
r. : I -e ;
)iit it uas rello.e
in
■6-
aichbilliop ot C
■ H-ne.
It
li.i m.iiiv tirivil
tkularb the lib rtv .^t hunti
kill
.my
ot lud
4 tl
neit;hboiMi:'.K ior:,t,
|)ar-
iiiL, leinlon in
lo a court
h
K.iture uitlnn it;el:.
-ipi"-'-'', < xu pt t.) tile ell .111'
'I '111 u inch t!.ere
)t \V,
It
to the
iiianv mtea |vv :lli
but 1? in (o niiiioii- :i Ibit', ll
las a'*
I at
very t
:;i <\ . .itlei 1! ■■■ IVeneli Ii.kI diliiiantkd it. Thougii b I'luiidcred in |(.
'.lei lu' ir.,t to tile king ol I'lulbia a- its lovereig
V
It IS !ioverni\l b\ it-, own
n,
I?
I he to.Mi, ail
H
la- full
ere are leveral
It- two U,b.!i;rs,
.ri
•iiil o: loldKrs,
:.d M-
11
irlitled,
:>ti
lUe Ml 1 rn V. a'.
;\^ the idai e li:i- been taitifi i
ll a-. e rt time, it ma> w
tita..
ot the til. ll
toAaid--
r-
Rh
IS in Kill op
I;
rei koiifcl
la^ a uciod
paitieii ai-, 1 .
oi the
d I'
■ll ihu
d. il \-. :i- t.ikiii ami
bv C liliin, iluke ol liuiiilwie;
i\ uar.iiul lire.
and a timoii- niiiinerv, in
T'le I aiii.er.in lioile!-' V\o
ei'ed much, at luiidi v mu'.
.radik
I lies.
ami a luinnen ,
itli.r l'iii:i i!a:u nuivuiie- ii
(,
lill.ill liuboiir io:- Velieb
tliU trad.e on tb.ii 1 !■. er : an aileii .1, \ull itorv d aiiIi :d
bo.ildil:'.', kill
ni.n!-. wi.er.
milu-. :irc cdue '.i.
I. liU'e.i i-!i the .111 lent
l.i
nei.ibv o
','. Inch, like
a Ion . (free
• Ilii ui:ibhlli-
t ill. btii la-
iKie
!i..
fe
,\:
. r. e or m Mu'i'
lever.il
1)U
I take n.
r th<- Mj.v 01
:oit :
d th. 11 ll. e in ilk ni,
nor are llitv Ik
.1
and nioniderie . The piiulifjt ihc great 1 down to m.mv 1 iil
(^:d:erv,
do'.^. I :■■
I'lk.iMe fir the tirlh ot l',regiii!e B. rtie
:lof l.i:idfe\ ) ishole moilkr, tiie -iuelkls
II
ilUe
.1 plei , 1'. lit
Lulher.ui a:
•■."'.-'ed bv :in
d C'iilvinili lb
.-.fSiitlb.k,
d .Mr. Butie, her hiifi
:e i:i!.;ll)it.i:i;
111 111 ikmii ;
ig tore. -1 ro ib. biioiul le.i, tro'u i]i!een
Mill
[i.rle-
I an- i n-^:ir tin; town the-.. 1 .1 f.ee le 11! u r ".iiid.u n mi !■ ir
:i, '.vt..' r.dueed to liH li dillkullies here, h.taule
an aiiikl
d
1,1
p:iMlv I'l.'Mi.Ulf, aik
Ihey
;iot
clMiiee.
;t
.ot maixc ilii'iiilelves
lai
kn.)
Ml, thatihe. cuuUl ; j/aitb Ron. in C'lili'i'k.
.■Iter ai c Mnnio'iaiioii
il
Ml
a bn
dl t
iw!i. c-i:it.iiiiN a
i.\n, loiri'led, and rielilv endorsed. In .1 Liiihei in. Cib. kini. .iiid Ri.>iii in Cuiioli. li.ur h, and
.f this d'lih'. anil Ins Ion, lor the .k.'.d .im
.1 ir..mut.iotuie o: 1 ii.tli. I i
T!
niiniii from hence to Duilbuii
jI.i
a ;::ivenv I'lil
■.V.li'd.l.l.ldi
;i ilii d.l'n 1
r
r, ki.ii.
ii.i!'ii,'.n:s like", lie 111 , ki-
ll. .niniei . I 'i.i.i al, \e.
t'.v I ioii- 111 a!:iii ilii.r, M/.
Duilbar
i' ■.■..IS kjiiii riy an imji- ri.il i i:y, :iii'. one ol
T'l'.n-; ha. :i I'roti ll int unr, t 'lit' , ;i c oil;-
the I litis
tnan'li" of iiie \'>
nunneiv, and :-\ j pariih eliiirelie
iT -.v nil le.; vein-:. .111 1 I I
1) II Ini'iiul 'A- I' on.' I'l li
uili '.\ :i;t'' vein-
II.
or.ler, t.'.o in jiia
lien
.1
iil.d ,1 .Le
M u k, a It i\.i.- ol
Old i- wv-!l toriilied. rs b.iliwiek.
n
le otii -1 towns III till, iluchy aie iii' o.
dciabk
wh
111 1^
\ 111 11 h Id 1-1 ti e uiliabi-
1 111,11 101 '^ loab nt, th v
M
I. i.'Rs l\ .1 lit lie piiiici
ip.ality.
water
•d b.y t
the Rl
|)lenl\ ot eoiii, cattle-, and veiiilo:'
On ll
lord, the mil' ot .1:1 iii.|.i li .1 ;i\'. u liieh liic 1 leelor ol
il inileabuu' l'>il. .tW.i
The I li'.MDii' ellalihlhiii.
d;ath ot the lall
count, and his d.iu-.iliier
11 I :iii
\Vi
•le to the lv)iile ot Natliiii
III. ki
)t f
W.ilpui.'i -,
the death of
inai Briciiii, !■) tie. I'leetor.il
lieie n
Lull.'
I :in.
pJl'Mll- 'I
I
liilk'll It u
lm:ill p
It I-
■■■.'■lie Ali'
I o.'iiiiuir.ie.iui/n uitii t!i'- K.iiu
til til
pi el I V g
ood ti.iue,
d
Us IIV.
i:
an .I'.'UiJiil'}
.1-, tl,
e t.in^!. ■ il, lull. Ill the luld lie, bet*
np
e.n th.
ri\ei> l-ipjic ami
EITROP
Rou, lea
winch w:i
Of the
lliliice lo
rip.ll tl:!d
ll-U)'.
Kast
r'',Ml;t>EN,
raited I
til ir ri|:,lii
Inc. itior,
TIk- ail
(ouiiliv le
niul dailiii
Here are a
TiiC great
thecounir
bur, belid
plenty of v
and tiie inl
'Iliei h'ef
th.- ]ieople
i Ik' prev.i
v-iy eoni
I he fe, lin
Ihe jirii
l')u in 1 :
l.iii' di:
on the ba\
I 1 e;t\, fi
regul.n Inil
llroiig wall
Jies in the I
tlie h.-irboiii
man coall.
ihiv i:in b)
nn'l, bv o|
coiintrv iim
Then hoiil
toivr.diall is
duibion , I
'll. ii- hb, nil
provili- n I-
to all bill
Clbl billed
divided ritJ
and the .S;.||
the to^.\ 11-1,,
Noiden,
<ii n, IS I I
Jii't ualkd
H I'C llllp
.\;ii:Ji,
|iv a Iboii-;
fit I'.aii I !.
court 1 I
capital o: .
niailb.v :in;|
jem. nil
the I'lm ;
Lcila, will
firitlVhl I
Oeean, w;
VViimui
IS no.i m ,
i .ii'i'i-
healtiiv, 111
C'abinillv,
w hi- h wa-
lub'ect 1 1
Biiiiideiib,
I .eill; ,ll|
tier. Ill ae
cluitehes,
for ladies I
the honk
Detmoll
coniaiijs ,J
R \rnY.
i!a' I c\k\iy ii\ the
1 I iIk ci:\1c. Tlio
(111!)' jihucs ot' the
m.ili. Well tcitifud
ts ill Ui iliiir iiint-
i liun li, aiiil :\ I -iitin
i.\ \v. A I il.;;l.l, .'.lul
. V Ivcl, \c.
.tv i:i Wcllplialil,
ui.ii.ii 1 fiwun t! I-
I ; i ,:iii '. I k^, ami
i- ili.'iu„l.t lo have
'iH'iiiul.'iv ha\\ci.'n
ht \'. 1.1' ironi till-
; t'liut vl Hci',;, and
rul r'nh, and yi UU
ir. I '.I', ■ line, ll.ix,
\;tk-, tiih.fvi-.
•c III ii 'II ami lUi !.
lUil lui! ; aiul ihc
■ u>l;i<_n'- as that of
H- ! I ill- 1 i.uii : hut
.il.ini!\i.'i- \i.-i cm,
, thai luMhU liui llv
i:uli nliurg, &;i . ami
, llic i-'rc:uh la i"",?.
1, r dl' Biap.dnilvar<i.
irv. li-aicci 111 ihi' mck
i.t'o \\\lt|.h:iha; <l
'J liri^tll city. tX'-^pt
iluvi' Ic '.vail, whciV'.ii
K'.p ilitJi. It has 14
iliihs lii.ipj.; uiK >'t
le jiiriliiiciioii lit ilic
iianv piivil ;'cs |iar-
ir1 killinu viiiilon m
;. it ha . Ilii a court
i\ wliiili ti.tic he . 110
it \V\.i/.!ar. Ii has as
(ii nuiKUi- a fhit'-, that
ih h \.a' laUn ami
'\, lUlkf 111 liiuMwii ;
iliii. -, \'\ v\ar.iail inc.
a tinujii- !!\iiiiii.-!v. 111
_■ Llilhciaa ].<);i!.'.^ l\o
liiuiiKTv, '.'imh, like
ii'i', i;i' , . a ''111 I t tii'i.'
1 Rill I' 'I'lih .ihilililh-
.L-ialA lit ih. lii-li la-
• ,1 th.ii he 111 th'.-'ii.
hit ; no. aiV llicv 1h»1
(!t '■.■■v'.cd I'V an "Kl
aid Calviiull >!;MriIi.
)'o,i.l 111 I ail iiiikini;:
tf 11! '.r I'liiulaiH'ii t'T
paiilv Ih.iUK.uit, aiul
Ip.i'.ll iiuvii. caiaiiis a
1 C iihoh. . hiir h, ami
lai'ii ,'.ii:s hk'.' '. ik- 111 ik'-
..iiii'.it.i . t'M.i ah Kf.
(i)ii- 111 alaiiillu', \i/..
■alii; 'a!,;!" veil',' .
I IP. 'I'll., a . and ivi k-
,, M Ilk, a It wa.- oi
,i 11 |,,|i| {■, t'lA' lahalii-
111, ■irm'^ KiuUat, ih v
V. uhnJi tiic ' iecloi oi
1 h./,..a' illalihlluiKiU
I 1, ,1 liiiali phu.-, il 1^
iKttv jiuoil liadc, ami
r, h\ lis liv-i- iMllpl'.r,
tlu- rivtii Lipjie ami
EUROPE.]
K 1 N (I I) O M
RiKi', Icaici- fix iiiihs fioni lioth. It lias .111 tiniwrliiy,
vvhitli vviis cr.'i.'ti.il ill 154;.
01 till' ii'lu'i' iiiwns ill tlio cciuiitv ol Maik, it mav
I'litiiei. tuiiMriM.-, iIiuiIkv aii- 1,1! lil; ami tiicir prin-
cip.il trade aiul iii,'.i;u;a.:hire toiihils ai hraN, ii'on,and
\\ii()!.
I'".AST I'iui-.si. ANP, 1 It iicTwile called liie earldnni ol
F.Mi;|iEv, u.l-- rciiiifilv iihd. r the prolee-'ti.'n ut' the
I ''lied I'loviiiics lit ll.illaiid; Init they chrpulcil ol
I a ir ri;;ht to the larc kia.^ ol I'luffia, to v. iiom, and lii-
liiCieli'or, it Insliiiic lli.il time I'eeii UilneL-r.
Th_- .lir '>1 till, pioviace i- tliiek and m lill, the
louiiii', jo'.v in I iii.ailliy, ami i lie inund.ai ions i, 'liueat
and daiiii loll^; hut tile palUires ai'e rii li and fertile.
Here are alnindaiiee ot linrle , iheep, luiriied i allle,fs.c.
Tiic gieat niiiuhcr ut dykes ,ire hii'Jilv li r\iieable to
tlietouatry, whieh. however, iMoihices hut little e'ira :
Inir, iieiitles the artieles alreaily lueiuioned, here is
pleinvoi venilnii, lilli, wild and latiie IoaI, herbs, Js;^.
and the iiiliaiiitaats arc well (irovided with turl tor fuel.
Tlie I hief river is the l"'.otis. The liiigii.'sie^ Ipoken h\
tile |K-ople of I'lill I'liellaiid, arc 1 Ii^ii and Low Dutch.
'I'lie prev.lilinj' reli:'iiin is the Lutheran. Tlu' trade is
v.ry coalideiaMe in liorles, homed cuile, butter,
ihe Ic, liaen, rape-lecd, barley, and wool.
'Ihc priiuipal [)l. ices ol till-- pro\inee arc the i'ol-
io« in J :
l-!ii' (ha, litiiau-d on li.c 1101 ih lid. ol tl'.e h'.ms, aad
onlheba\ e ilh;d Dllart, is a rich, !arL',e, ami jiopii-
1 1 e!t\, tnriiii d towiads the land by a double ditch,
iei;iil.a- bulwarks, and b:iliu'is; anil on the louili by a
llroiii!; wall, aad the river. The itlaml Neflii, which
lies in the Dollart bay, over a^ainll this eity, makes
the harbour as laipc and coiueai ent as aay on the (ler-
iiiaii coall. They h.ive alio artificial canals, by whiTi
tliev can brill.; lu|;e vcfli Is into the hearl of theiO'.\a;
nni\, I'V opeaiiv;', their fluiccs, lay the nciglibouiing
country umler water, and render the town inaccellible.
I'heii houles are, in general, neat and high. The
towr.diall is niatinilii ent. The inhabitants arc very in-
ihiitriou-, iiiueli (lilpoleil to trade, zealous atllrter- of
till ir lib, rtics, and excellent fddiers. The\ make good
(irovilii'n lortluir poor, and allow Ircidoin ot worlliij')
to all bur I'aiiili-. In >~;o the l.ate kinsi of I'luihi
I'll!
h\- a llronii; oil
of Kali I'i'ielli
court I 1 aidi .
capiial ol a h
niailh.v and !i.
fill hilled an Liil- Indi.i innip:;nv here,
ihvided into tirie pan , the did I'mvii, the l-'.ildern,
uad the .Suburb-. I lie iiioli 1 eiiiai !-..ible buildiaj;s are
the tow iidioule, librar\ , and -.aii;cdi d.
Nord.ea, litiiativl about 1 -- miles diihiat 1im n I'.aih-
iltii, IS :i |1 alant, well buili, and. pnpulou- town, but
not walled 111; aor is die haiboiirdeep enougli to re-
cu'vC thip- nl anv great I uitlua.
Awneli, ab ui ten mile- Imiii I'.mi'ihii, i- delcaded
■, thcie-'i! lice ot th' i ouat or prMiee
. This i I'.ie place wf.ei.- t!-.e liiinemc
111' tor ills louiitv ^ Ik 1.1. It is the
dilhiol called Au;iiherl:iai.l, ulueiii-
it w, d-.
Jem. u!ii i .la 'puleai i urough, u i.h an h.arb nir ■ 'ii
the Km-; Le r, 1 luie, will inh.ibited town, on tin
Leda, Willi a lonlidcrable linen maiiuf i'. t'liv ; and
firttlVhl i' .1 b iiiiuah town, lituatcd oa the Ciciiiiaii
O.ean, with a Ibnng lal'le to de'ead ir.
W'liiiiui; i w.i- I'laieih a place ol go'jd trade, but
is iio.v ma. h d c I'.td.
Lii'i'K 1- .1 1 o titv, in ;.\cniral, mount. unniis and
liealiiiy, bin ha I me aia' le l.iad. The inh.ibiiant- aie
Cab inil!--. l.ipll.iih , die capital, is a cnniiileraiilc to'\ 11,
Avlii' h was loinietlv tree iml iinpcrial, bui now partly
lul 'eel t 1 i'- own luuni', and paitly to the elceior ol
IJiaiulenbuip. I he piia. ipal pi lies are as to!!ow :
LeiiiL.iii, liTiiiciU' a 1 laiis 'I'owii, contains a Lu-
ll. er.iii ac.idemv, onu Calvinill and two l,,iitlieian
churches, a pal ice called Lip|iehoir, ami .1 found itioii
forladic-, the abbels 111 win. h is alw.iys a (.ouatels ol
the hoiile of I .ijipe.
Detiiiokl, on the W'aira, ha; a Ibong i allle ; Hoin
contains a jiahice ; Sabx.-L.'lUeu is telcbiaitd lor a tali-
prc-
r R U S S i A. ,,*
Ipriiig ', H.irndort is a b.oi'ough, am) iia"; a pala ■;■ ;
.Swalenherg hi awillh; and Liiipuod give . name to
a tlillrirt.
(ii'LicK lies between the Ma'le aad tin Rhine
abouiuh with corn, pallure ground, and cattle, ami
ha. an excellent breed ol hoiies. The foil alio
diiieswoail, or wad, lor dying.
juhers, or Giilick, the capual, is a fortified ur\n,
dciemled by a calile, in which w.is the p il.ice of the
am lent duke .
The (ithei towns, or iMther vil'ages, are not worthy
ut meiitiijii.
'1 ACKM-.MifRn, in I ;^io, fell to the counts of Ben-
ilieim, and lince to the king ol I'rulli.i. Its c.ipital ot
the lame name, has a llrong cail'e ami a fort.
Iklore we pioceed todefiiilietli.it part ot r;cl(|cr-
laml in th. Nciherlands, (which is called L'p[)ei(iel-
ilerland, and iiurodined here as belonging to the king
oi I'mlli,!,) it is neeedary to obl'crvc.tliat it is entirely
diviiled from that part which is called Dutch Gclder-
l.md ; and alio conlidered as a diilincf territory.
Upper (ieldeiland continiieel in the poiicliion ot the
Spaniards atier tiic commcn-wealthot the Uniied I'ro-
vince- wasktiled; but wis conquered by the allies,
diiiiii^ the w.irocealioned bv the death of kin: Charles
II. ot Spain, about Ins luceeHion. The king ol I'nil-
lia laid claim to it : and, by the treaty of Utrecht, if
was aj,i\etl, that he lliould keeji the city of Gelder,
the preleeiorlhips, towns, boroughs, lief, lands, ouic
and other rent--, in that part of the hisih quarter of
(iLldeiiand, which he wa^ actuallv m poliefiim of,
which was yielded to him, his heirs, ami lui cellors,
tor ever; together with thecouiuv i.'f KellLI, and the
bailiwick ot Kiickinbtck. By the barrf.r treaty, con-
t huied .It Antwerp in 171 1;, the einpero"- g.ivc up to t!ie
States-Cicncral tor ever, the ciiv ot' Vmlo, with its
dillriet, (ort .St. Michael, ut Sieveniwe:f, with its
territories and liillriet, ami lo ihulIi gr- and :-.s w u ne--
celhiiy lo enlarge its f atilieat ons on ihe otli. r li.ie ot"
tile Maelc. The [-11 incipal piaces of L'pper Geiderland
arc the tollowing :
(kider, :o miies diluuit from Ckvcs, liands in :i
p'ain, on the river Niers, which, dividing itfclf lierc
into two biandies, forms an illand in whii hthr, c:iv is
litiLitid. It leieives theNki-s into its rren lies, |j,s in
the tirelil ot ir iillus, and is lo weil lurtilitd ill oilier
ie:jieel , thu it is retk^jiieel one of the llroni.eli phii es
111 the Netlieiiaiuh. It .as .111 amunt i aliie, toruKrly
the leat ot It- governo:-, and is luppofedto liaic been
bui't bv W'lch.ud, the lirli lord ol th;-. county, who
erei:l.ii it into a p.im ipahiy, attertiie eh :itli oi Charles
the B.dd. Thelieii.U hciiv; ..ttirwaals tiiarrieel to
C);iii), ot N.ilfiu, who «a- eie.ited count by the eai-
pcior 1 lean l\'. .v nut the \ ear ico, one of hi- cie-
leend.ini. wa r.i.uh ih.ke l'\ tuc em.e-dr Liwi, ut'
li.ii.iria, ill i',;ii; but his p lleiily t.uarg, it euiieti)
liieiuiiiitot I'y.'.m'tii, wioiOidu to Ciiarhs, dukeof
B.i.gMndy, b\ w lio.e tiai:.'i ter it i..aie to tic houfc of
.Aaiii.a. It \\.is t.tixen l.\ ihe eonledei.ites in the bc-
g ii'ing 't ihe war in the Low Coumrie-, but beti.ived
to le .">pani iiei- 111 1 ^ei;, 'I'iie Out h belieged it in
I'l;-, |('M, .md i'.|c, but without lueLcf-. 'Ihe
1 kikIi lei/ed it in the b.ginningol the w .'.r ueeaiioneil
b' tied.ath i;l Ca.iiles II. o* Sjiaiii, a- l..fure men-
ti lied; but it w.i - let.ikeii by t e I'l iilli '.n , .iter a
iiKukadeot 15 m uatlis and 14 d.iys bunibardiiieiir,
iSvlli tie.iiv o' Uiieeht, tt was yiekled to tlie kin ^ of
riiill.a. 111 excli.iiige lor the principahty ot Oi-.iige, to
uhicli lie had a r.glit, as li-ir to king \\ lihaai 111. and
wh ill the I'iemli king hail lii/.ed upon.
K.tiil, .1 large biiroiigh, wiih a lim eal'le. is the
e.tpit.il ol .iiounty, or dillrii.''t, whicii wa-virkl'd to
the king of I'rulli.i by ihe lame triaiv. 'I'his buiiugh
li s un ilie M.iele, about 1; miles ihllant Iroiii Gek;er
to the loiitli.
Strakn. ;ib"Ut four mile- dilhint fiMU d I f r, was
U\
m
^i
i'm
• \
I .'i'l
'« J I
;il
foiilieilv lortilr d ; bill the I'lx
a\ iiig i.iken it in
1072, demolilhed its furtilicatioiis. U belongs now
to
f i'
,,..
|i.
■ ■. 'I
i ''
.
li
f!
m
M
;'4
A x\E\V. ROY AT,, and AI' mr.XTIC SVSTF.M ov LNIVF.R=i\L ( ilOf ;R.\I'MY.
to I lie king of Piiilli
il,.
U'lial i)t I mi: u
tcrntoix.
Wathti-iuloiuk iLiiul- on ihc lit'.'c intr Nios I'^f
ilc^ abi
.)OVl' ("it'llitT.
It
wtll loriili
Hit ll'' ill!'.!
Iheiigih contills in tlu- luarllics tliat ruiroiiml ii, mvi
in its diichc-, tiUfd with the watirs ol llic Nici ;. In
tlic bec,innin<\ oi ilic wars in the Low Count li.s, u was
taken liy I .ewis, count ot Nairiu. broilier to iIk I'liiK^-
otdran^c, in an li.uJ winter, by niarrliinj; loni.' troiip^
over the iee, which the- i^arrJon hail ni^l'.cteil to
bicak. In i :;SS it wa^ turioutlv batuavd by coiini
Mansliclil, s^encral ol ilie SpaniaiJs; ami it isoblcrvcl,
tliat bo!iib< were uleJ, for the lirll time, at thi- lie;;-. :
notwithftaniling whicli, the bcliegeU detendeil tliem-
t'elves To braselv, tliat the Spanianls were going to le-
tire, a'tcr a three iitoiuhs liege, when the town wa^
betraveil to them bv ilic L'\)vcinor, iult a-^ it wa^upoii
the point ot being relieveil.
The priiKipality ot' Niufchatei., though apart of
Switz.rlanil, belongs tu I'rullia ; and i^ biiiiiiiled by
the tiiiliopne of Balll, and the territory ot Hie!, to-
wards the north; bv the lake N>ut>liatel towards the
call; bv die cuitoii o( Bern on th.e loiiili; and b\
Franclie Compte, oi* HurLiuiuh , ^'•11 the well; being
ab()ut twelve leagues in length, troni n-irili lo louih,
.md lix in breadth, troni eall to well. The air ot this
countr\-, near the lake, i> temperate-, but ver\ ih.irp in
the nii)untaiiious parts ot it. The toil isllony, but pro-
dui.es l]^^■ \i^{[ wine in Swii/erland ; liy the lale whercol
I:' toivigners, the natives make great :idvantagc?.
The l.inj,uai;e i- Freneh; and the inhabitants refem-
;it various time
,de
itl
heref
,aiul under ilitlcK lit pretaues ; it may,
ire, upon llie wuo e, with gre::t propriety,
b.
deemed a I'ludiaii pnv
this place.
SiLlia extends, on botli fide
Carpathian mountains, where it riles, to the borders of
ituh tlelerilkd ill
the Oder, from the
H
ranclenlHiri
t is le
•aicd fr
Bo
lieiiiia .and Mo
L'ie that nation iivire in th. ir manners
am:
cull.
Ills than
(lermans. Tiiey are, m a manner, a free in.de
pen-
dtnt pe 'pie, notwuhllanding they have alwavs li;id a
piinee tor I heir liiavl; lor nothing is determined but In
the concurrence "f 1 he three elLues. 'I'luy have :,\{o
tlie privilege ot dulling their own magilliate-. and
llandar
aier, ar. 1 are lubjccl to no ta\es
Hit
V.'!
at
X.ulii
;.;ed ai 1!
:!ai:i;iati
N'eutiliatcl, tilt- ea]i
iA, calkd bv liie f ici
n^n!i-
ll.s
lliey lay upon themleives; and the whole counliy 1- o; i
the retornied religion, except the two \il! iges uf Ctv- 1
ti rand Landcroii, the iiiliabit:inrs .,f «ln,, i, .n-e Roman '
Catholics. Lpon the death of tl-.e duJiels u( Nc-
niours, the fill louiitelsot Neulch.Ui 1, as heirels of j
rile lioule ot L^ngueville, the ll:'.!es cf the countv
ucre incliiied to I'le.'iiiii tlicnile!\e, t ■ tl.e l.,:lur of the i
lite king ot I'rullia. as lu ir, by hi. m..il,,r, to the I
houle ot Orange, which derivcsl its liile to N.ufchatel '
bom the ni.irri.ce o! one ot ils j)rini e- wiiii the heirels ;
ot tile home ot Chalons, the direct loveieign of thct'e
t'.vo eountk-. Several compi nt'-rs alio aroie at the
fii'.e tune, who cliiiiKil as hei.s, m b'oud, to the i
lion.e ot I . ingueviUe; i)ul tii flat,' reected their
claiiii, and ad|udg-it it to the heiis i,f the hiuic of
Chalons, .iiKi the Ising >it I'rullia ae, ordm 1\ t^ok poi-
Islii 'ij I 1 .■. The clue! towns in ilit n-uh^v 01 N'.ui-
a. N'eutiliatcl. tiieeanit.d, and I .and.ron.
mans New burg, i . litu-
end ol the lake lo whiiii it com- i
;.an;.-, .iboui 2c mi'es nortl -wc-.l o.' Bern, |
ui: ol l-'nburg. 'I'hc lo'.wi is w\ 11 built, |
ii!i lev, ral liandioiiie foiiiiiains. hisgo-
.mtd otfto buighers,and enio\s lirgep;-- I
iihoii" \'. Inch th.e moll loiil-detable is, that they 1
•i'..:'g'.t.-, or fellow-citizeiis, with the canton of ■
hi.h r I. 't oiilyihtir protector, but unipncoi .
'ie.er.., uutween ihem and their f.vereign ; and '
thi> i.Uiion '...[•;.■ "t' d them in their reliLii'ui, and civil
rights, while ij.cy -ure iindu the donnnion ot I'opilh
prince-. 'I!;. .. :.■. ut .N.ulchatel were fjimei ly allied
to the cantji- .■! B rn, I..iKtrn, Solcure, and I'libtiig;
but Inue the i;.v, li.iure of the king ol I'mlfia, the Rj.
pirti ll.ites do n..t leem difpolLd to renrw the .ilhance,
ami they may 1 e loA: d upon now a allied . iilv loBerii.
^ Landeion,^ liiualed ne.ir the lake ot Biel, 1' 1 'iii.irk-
able tor th.e It.'en.'^th i t ii-j fitu.mon, and a noble caltle,
the relidcncc ol the prim e.
Some parts of Silesia iuiving liern ceded to the
lire king ot i'ludla, a;id others leued up..n by him
a:„i 1 ; luiih
a:.J aljtn.d ,
Verne; I fiy a e
Vi'.ege-.
a:c suu
Jkm, \
. 1
f!
, tl
r.ivia, on the louih-well and fouth. by the mount.tins
called Rillenbergen; and boundetl by Poland on ihc
e.ill; Lula'iaand part of B jhemi.i on the well ; Bian-
deiiburs; on ihe north; and Hungirv on the foulh.
l-'rom north-wetlto l"ni:h-e..ll 11 is about zi:, miles,
and .ibout loj wher^ br'udcil ; but it is nuieh con-
ir,ic;ed at boih ends.
On the tide iie.xt to Boheiiiia tl'.crcare nianv barren
mountains ; but the rcll of the country is .1 goo 1 foil,
.ibouading with corn, wine, fwcet cine, or galengal,
madder, ;ind ll.ix: and on 'iie mountains whit h diviilc
it tioin Moras 1. 1, are mines ot iiiver, the richell in der-
many, which wcie moag.iged by the ciiijieror rjuirles
V'i. upon the .idvance ot nion-y troiii Cireat B.it.iin,
i\c. liy the title o[ tiie SiLlian lo.iii' , at live .md ll\ui
pst tent. 'I'lure ae Olivers ol copjur, le.ul, iron,
ijuicislilver, tail, lali-p.ire, and Cialk.
'I he chrt 11101, ni.;ins are j.'ttenberg, of the Silefi.in
Weathercock, lo c.iiled bic.iule the n. ighboir.iii}'; p ii-
[ile prognollicate what wcaiher w ill enlue fri 111 the ap-
i pearance ot i(s lunimlt. Her? are the ruins 01 .ui old
] c.illle, demoiillud by tiie citi/.cns ot' Br^lla.v, becaii'.'e
i it was a llieltu lor iwbbets. I-'rom tb.is hid ihev ilig a
I tine d.irk y,reeniili in.nble. (irat/,b.rg or (Jr.uiilherg,
; onwhiehdiike I'lederiik bui't a cdlle, now a w.iieh-
1 towtr. .Spiiiuvrb, w,th a bcac. n, ne,ir the t;>ri:ier.
(ieorgeiiberg, in the duchv ot .S.hweuhiil/, t.inious
tor the Tvtra Sigill.ita, liill dikovered b\ Moni.iiui,,
an eminent i>'.ivlui,in and clr.iiiii;, who wrote a Latin
tieaiile on iis virtues.
The ch.cl liver is the Oder, which riles near :i
loun ot tliil n.ime on tiie bi. cr- of Moravia, and
traveilcL the iciiintn Irointoulh to norili-well. Many
Inialkr nvus rile f.cie, and l.l! into llie Odei'. 111-
creaiing 11 to a iaige navig'.b'e dn.im befire it palies
into Bi.uideninirg. 'Ihe rivers abound with trclli wa-
ter lilli, ,1- do aho the p >nd- and lakes, cfpeiially
lampieys, winch are t.ikeii m vail (|uantities in ihc
Neillilh l.ike, iVc. The m.adows alio have i attic,
the toitle- veiiilon, with all t!ie wild and lame be, ills
.md lowl that are in any part ol ( i.rr.i.inv. 'I'li ■ niini-
lierot inliabitan;> .ire compuied at a nullrn and haii,
iKiiig a miAture ot (ierinans, MoriVian-, I' le-, kc.
The Iiiiguage IS in lo.lie [)l.ins (iernian, and in others
Sclavonu. Sine- tly countrx tell under tlie dominion
ot the rruffians, 11 1 diets have t)cen held-, but all the
other jM-ivileg.s ot the iiili.ibit uits h ive been confirmed
t ) them. Th.- elLiDhlh d ul'g.on is ihe I'rotcllant;
but R man Cathiliis, j ws, lireeks, ^;c. are tolera-
tol. '1 i,e pniKip.il in.iiu.l.iCture.s are wooileiv., linen-,
loii'ins, thre.iel, hats, glals, guiipviwvler, and iron
wares.
Ciirilli.mitv wa- j. hinted here, as in I'ol.uul, about
the ^nd ot ifie i;th. "r I'.eginniiig of die lotli ciiilury:
but at til ll the Chiiiti.uis worllupped in private, lor
teirol their ma ;iihate,, till ..bout yo;, that th.' court
itlelf turned tii Chri;U..nitv , when no lei's di.in nine
biili"prie- Wet- er.s.'ted ill thi- coiintn'. S.)on a!t..r Lii-
tliei's apjie.uaiue tiny eiiibraeed the .-\uglburg conLl-
lion, loi which llr v li.,d .i ch.irter i;i.i;it d ihem by tiic
1-
empeioi R ido'iei 11. in i().':o: h'li i-erciinand II. re
pealeel dieir i ha-ier, ..n.l ver\' iii'i '.1 ullr.une I the cx-
crcile ol theii reliio'in, whieh, tl,..u h ielioii.d by the
treaty of Well pli ill. i, v.is.igaiii iiiwuicl l>y the Aiif-
tiiaii lamily; (dl Chailcj XII. km,', ')i S.veilen, obliged
dlow 11 li > ni I'Vini, wnlh trdh
.■, \ei , li.ue been viriuallv le-
lubl' <;ii 'It I' I that tiiii ■ ; but
.Jiiiiiii./i! Ill' a 1'. t. llani p )■'. e: ,
III tlu liee c.-veteile ot the I'ro-
llie eni|!(.-ior j.ir [)h \o
coiicellioii . 1 hele, h
I yoked, .11 lome period
j ii'LVj being nndei tlu i
j thi-y ate Itiily cjiiiirm';'.
\ tetUut tch'^i';n.
Th.:
^fiRAlTTV.
lit pictiiui's; it 111.1)',
1 er^::t prDpruty, be
.i> Uu li (Itlcnbkil 111
li the C)tli.r, from tlu-
■'.!t.S, to i1k' llUlllLT^dt
III! BcliLiiiia and Md-
;ti, hy the moiini.iins
c-d by I'lihiiul cm the
i.i on thi- welt ; Mran-
.>2,u\ iMi the louih.
It IN about 2z^ mili'v,
hut it is nukh con-
I'.erc arc ni.uiv Ivirriii
jiiiUry l^ a yoo.i ("oil,
L-t iMiic, or i;ak'ng;i!,
oiiiuaiii- whii h iliviilc
."Cl", i\k liehtll in (nr-
' the i!ii|icror riuirlcs
(• ti"in I'.iivat H.it.iin,
i.iii' , at liw ami I^\i.m
'1 copjiir, Lad, umii,
clialk.
nl'cig, or till Sik-fian
the iiv ij;lilioiirini'; p ii-
I'll enluf tp in tl.e aj)-
irc the rtiin- m An ulJ
IS lit iJr^ ll la, lieean'e
111 tl'.is hill ilicv diy; a
t/.b.rg or (jrai:ill)eiv;,
t ;ll!e, luiw a uali li-
V 11, near tlic ti'n:;t.T.
SJuvcidait/, I'.iiiioiis
iiveled b\ MoiUaiUb,
li, who wrote a Latin
1. whieh rile-, near a
t.r- lit Morav.a, ar.d
t'l iKirili-wJt. Many
lute) I he Oder, in-
tii am lietiire it ]i;',ll'es
ilioimd witli trelli wa-
aiid lake';, elpeiially
va'.l (juaiitities in the
nvs alio have (altle,
ivild and tame iHalis
i.Tiiiaiiv. 'I'll ■ iu;;ii-
at a aiiili.ii and liaii,
hit iVian^ 1' !e-, !vc.
iernian, and in others
•11 iind/T the dominion
leeii In 'd ; but all the
s h u\ been eonl'iined
ill i- the I'roteltant ;
reeks ^'"- :i''e t'lera-
;.sare wood; iv., linen-,
uiipowder, and iron
, a^ in I'eilaiid, abmii:
; ot the loth ci nlurv :
|i|itil in privaie, tor
ut ()ii;, ih.it ill. louit
II 11 I h li tli.tn nine
unti\'. S )rin .ut^r lai-
the Au^lhurjT co;,!, i-
r f^rant-.d lliein I v the
liut 1-erdinand II. re
ih h lelh-.uned the ex-
hwu h relloud by tiic
ni\aded by the Aul-
li' ol Sweden, oblisied
i > til i'.',a'"i ^viih 111 111
KUe bejil viriuallv le-
'!i I'l that liiii ■ ; but
<.l'a 1'. t. llaiil p I'M;,
Cl. cxeieilc ul the IVo-
i:UROPE.]
KINGDOM OF !■ R U S S I A.
Tiie excile revenne here is only levi. d in walled
tiwiis, aiiil ihk'tuaus; but, in the reli ot the duchy,
the eontriluitions are li\ed, and th fanie hodi in peace
and war. The while revenue trom Silelii, and the
couiitri ol (ilat/, ii very eonfiderable, and managed
by the doiii.'.iii oliins ol r.ie:ii'.> and (i oitiw.
Mmy Sil liaii-, ol llu- h.i;h r i.ink, l.avc dillin-
p,ui(]ieil the'.nlebes lor the r politi .il itul mila.iry ta-
lent-, learnln", wii, Ke. bui the hiw r .1.1 oi people
are, in }j;eiier.il, rr.iher ilull. " Th y h .e ( a\ a p.r-
tiii 111 ob:er\er') more o; Mats thin M i.ui\ in iheir
tomp liiion, and their |ia.i> are more toiid tliui lluii-
•ng-"
bilclia is divided into I'ppcr and Lower, and tlule
are ai;iin lu ihvid.d mio principalities, and loiillhip .
IJotii the pr I, city ,in 1 lurildvtion ot loine of tliele be-
loni; iiivr.edi.uely to the kiiij;, and others to hi^ Tub
jeoi .and vallab.
Lou'KH Sii.KSlA is ilivided into thirteen prineipah-
ti.- , and three lordlhip'', to which we lliall attend iii
dtk iiider.
The principal'..;,' ot" Br ll.iw is a ple.d'int and tVuit-
lul louniiv, ill the matdlc ot S.l.iia, lyiii;; on Imtli
liiie^ .>, the Od.i. It iiii' du'.e a.is l'„)iell.iu , a I'o-
Jilh prince, to ueaied 1\ the enii" ror I'reiUriek 1.
in I I 'i ; ; i ut the lollowaiti; pritues not beinii; able
to lielend their.lel'.cj igai,,!! ihe Tatars and I'oic-,
Were ioricd to pill themielves under the protei 'ion oi
the kipjr ol'Hoh.mia, to wliom, Biiiio Ui\-^, the em]ie-
ror I'red^rio. II. ».ive it a-, a licio: the em[iire; but it
vv IS tub eel to t.ie hou'e ol Aulbia betore us cellion t'l
the k::;''. :;{ i'nillia.
lirell.'.w, tlieiapiial of all Sileli.i, is lituated at the
lotilhr. I 'I the Oder and Olav.-, at the dillance ol i ^o
miles 11; i;tli-. all ot li.rlin, ant 147 north ot Nienna.
Ji is a riih, populous town, ai.d, inclu.iing; the lui inb-,
ot grv.it e\eii;. It c.intains iii.iny larife iiiiilorm
Iqiiares eap.i iou^ llrcets, lt.it.lv pulilt, cdilice--, haiul-
lome pnv.ue lioules, Ive. The torliliiations are ol no
gre.it im]ioriai'. e. IJreflaw eoiitains llveral R'lr.ian
(.'aiholie .ind L.\.theian iliui lies, one lor the ule el t!ie
CdvinilU, and ailothei lor the(ii\e!.s; iao tena^^o. i.es
I ir the Jews, a iollet;e, a pilee lor the biiliup,
tao I.aitheraii jj^ymnaliums, or li heiils ol exercile, .1
nolle unive' lily, ;ind .1 ma.uili eat > xehan^e. I hi
I .ty 1. next in di>;imv to li run and Koiiiii^lhuig, be-
in^', ill. thud 111 i.iiik in.illthe I'ruirian d Hiiiniorii. I'lie
iii.ijj,iltr.iiy IS Lut'ieraii, th.- trade and iiianua. iuks
I .intiileiable, and the m naileries and iiuiiiieri> ■ 111 1^-
luiieeat ami well endowed. 1 hie .lie hkewiie ie\e:.i;
•j,ood public li!>rarie'', iW'i .irnioiu-^, a c I e::eof phi'i-
tiaiis,:! iuiii!,\e. .\l.-.ny veulv !.iii~,ex elLnt m.iikit-.,
and other .ul , .iiu.ines win. h itenioi-, induee \ .llio•|■
l ireii.;n ir.eitlMiiI .to lelon hither. The a: u ulan.e ot
w.ller e a <!r. ,\ i aueiii. nee to ihir. • it\ . Th. h..u es
.-.le all built uiih lloiie : and there .ir f.o ill.md- tu.a
it firmed by :!i.- livei t)der,in one ol whuli i. a . lu.reh,
th, tower ol .\liteh w.is bun-.t by li^itnin-j; m 1 ; ;, : ;
a .d 111 the o;h. r lil uid, lalk- : Tliiiin, the c.u iiedial is
liii.aled. I'll s iit\ w.is t.ik'jii b\- the ki;i;5 ol Frullia
in 1741, .in.l retaken bv the Aulbi.ins in i;;?;
but thcyd, ..I not l.ee,i it [■> i •, ; tor the kiii^ ot l',uil,.i
lii.iiie himlil. iiM'ler 1 1 It a.:.:.a the i.itiie year, .uid liaih
retaititd 11 e-v ei laue.
In ihi.s priaci] ihiv are many oiliei- town> a-ul v-l-
lu;e-, but u 'lie i t: 1 vr.ut, ol tuention, ex ept th.- vil-
lat^e ot Len hen.wlu.e, in 1 75-, 1 lie lauiii.uis ol)t.-an,d
a li.',nal vi.'iuiy o. ei h Aulln.in..
■| lie piineipilii> cii Bac, is erne ot the l.ir -^ell and
111"'.! auu'iil n .ill Si. ;..i. It 1- w aered, by the Odi.i
and Oiaw, and p:, do es.orn, [lalbne, KiIlulo, bee. h,
m.idder, u.ik, puie, lloiie, i\..
Urnir, belioei niaiiv liiiail towns, vill.ip. s, hamlet-.
See. contains the fix lollowin-; pl.ices, wh.eli i;ive lume
to as m.iiiy eir^le .
Hrieii, the capital, which llandson the Od.r, i^ on.
01 the hamllom. d town- in .Silelia, w -il-f iiiiti d, and
lias a collei^,e, where the luolellbrs a'e Laitheran ; and
N.;. (1(1.
an alaclem^
b r.il ait'.
where the nobility arc trained to tlie li-
Ihe tlreet. are iiiuiorm, the houfe- sjene-
rallv ot done; ami St. .Nicolas's cliurih is a high.ll itely,
old labric, with two towers. Mod ol it, except the
public buildings, \v:^ bmni, by the Hufliies, in 14^8;
aid, in 1740, the I'rtiflians obtained a victory over the
/\ullrians, at a little villajie called M.ilwit/., near tlii-v
Olaw, lltuat-d on a river to c died, is de'cndcd In .1
callle, c.intainsa copper llati:n<:;-m;ll, and iscel.bratcd
lor the i|ieintii\ ct tobacco r.alcd i;i its 11. ighliourhood.
S.reliLn has larec lubiirbs, a manuiaci iry of iloih,
and in 11-. neighbiouih-.iod a quarry ot t;re^n maiblc.
R icheitilein and Silberberg are mine towns, and
prodii e ;;old, liK\r, and lead ore.
Crciitzliur^ is deleiidul by a llnne: callle.
Nimpii li, a I own, with a callle, on the Lohe, is litu-
ated in a coiiimandry bJi<i)j,iiig to the kiii»liis of St.
j.hn.
The principalis of .Sihweidnil/. li'.sa capital of the
iame name, on the river WViiliitz, Ii derives iti
name from the great herib ot twine kepi here before
the toiell was cut down in 1 o^o, and has a v. ild boar lor
;t arm . It is liiuated on .1 riling ground, with a view
over a dJii^hthiland fruitful countiy. IiswidL-, wiiieU
leeen t.> be very ancient, are Iniili 01 briik, and foni-
li. d with ramparis on r.umd rowir . Here are a caiUe,
a li. e fcpiare, and a e. liege ut jeluits, who have a
chinch, one of the lars;ell and linell in Siklia, with a
v.'iy liij^li tower, and a clock th.u is heard at a great
diilaiue, with chime, that llnketlie li uirs. It Is beau-
tilied Willi many other elegant ibuclures, bclides us
churches ; and h.is aw armoury, wheiem there is a piece
ot ordii.iiice oi cxcellive wcig;nt.
Siiigt.oneol the towns of this princi|«lity, ll.ind^
'11 the riv^r P .llnitz, and is noted fa" excellent beer,
.md thai iem.ukableminei.il callul 'IVrra Sigdata.
Landlliut is a I onltdcrai !e town at the lonllux of
the Bi'lier and Z^ider, hiving a Ihiurilliiiis!, linen liade,
and giving ii.mie to a I ir-, le, in which is fituattd the
C'llbiti.in abl'ei ot (itilfau, richiy endowed. I he ab-
bot is \.c.ir-g.ii. r.d 01 Sikli.i, and wears a mitre.
R.iclnnbach, on the f.il, is a IiiliII tow;, with
m-.nul.ictur.s ol tuiliaii, caiua-, andhneii; a c. mnia.n-
dry of the iiider ot St. |olin, and , piiory iledicatcd tu
Su 15aib.iia.
The princip.ditv ot jawer, or J titer, is wateiid by
the ri\er Bober, whieh riles in it, .ind runs thioujjh it
Ir nil tionh to loiuli.
J. AVer, It-, cipttd, is liiir.ited in •. p'ealani valley, ami
a g.ieil air, near tl.e r-^kv m.uiniai:!-. which divide*
Sileiia ir.aii Bolu niia. It is n-a f ■ iarge as Scliwealna/-
but has llrong wa'ls w:i!i higii i imparts, and deeji
i.fc ivs. It li.s .1 conlu
ot Bcrn.iidine-., and a a
-r.ib
e cli
ia\h, w it'll a conveiu.
1 a gr. at citad-1, in which lehdes the
ha fill', orheut.rant, ofboth theduchi.sot ja-.ce:aml
Scl;w\i.lniiz. Ti ere e
oi a large f'.]u.i;e of
peiple t ! w..lk under,
the evil w.ir- ;ii t o-
dow'i, but has been
a line towndi uie in tlie nitvklle
h u c-, built Willi gaiLri.'- for
Ttiii i.ifia.il letreied much b\
;, waeii f e
nice rebutli
wiurcli .'■.!•. hiiriii
111 a iii.ae llately
Ba:;.'.l I.'., a I'lLill town on th.e I'.-i'vr, is n ted ibr
! beauiiiii! br-.-wii . atllien -.xarv, a. id ..a cvcll^iit quick
I prill.; I't a niinera' ii.uuie.
l...e.v, nl-,ei;',, 0,1 th.- B .b,v r, cont tins a Francileaii
c tn.iit, wall a C'P. ni.iii'lrv el the eider ot St. I h;i,
ml .1 I .'.ithii.in .-rat.a-x . .-X d.-.tkilii kind oi amli r is
l.nin i here ; and within its 1 in le i-- a linen minuaet a..
I bio. hi. erg is on.- o. liie Irsndt'.mi 11, l.ug II, a:'d
ra 'I th r, ill I .'..lis in Sihliu Iv.'a.a .1 at the conll-.x ot
th li 1. er and '/..ik.n. li ha-- a l.i. .-,.■ ii.ide, a gi -.ic
1' e ;cr\'. 111.! a 1 apital l.i'.eii maiuif
r', ; a:. a iii .nc
m.n.-. .4 ii.ili
f linen, g'.if-,
. i .1 , to which tl.e loven }nve^ n .j_n , a
.I'.dioppcr, w.irni bailis, niaiiUl..eLu.e
lilk dam. '.Iks, i^(-.
Th ■ principality of Liii-iiit/. ii; cipi. i ms, h-nile, ami
aell watered bv few. .a rivr, l.!i.: ' i.ief of which lb
I't
It'f'
'Ml
(■;■
i.-
I.tii.'
m
-26
A NEW, ROYAI. anh ArTHrNTIC SYSTr>T of I NIVr.RSAr, riF.OGRAl'IIV.
ilic K.u/.li:iili. It contains nianv ! iri;i' wiods, ;inil ^
.iIl! lait'J tor proilutiiig a t'mc burd of lio!k\ and
plcr.ty ot niaiuicr.
I.ignii/, thcca[mal, i^ fiiuatal oti tlif Katzlvuh, a
rivukt, two (j'criu.'.n mill"; noith iVom JnvM'r, ami lix
•Avll ttoni Balliw. It wa-- wallid roiii\il, m.idc a ciiy,
iiu! adovr.ai by H •ktl.iii'-, the tiill tlukc, who ril'ulnl
hiTv' alxiiit 1 I 70, wlkii It was llic i.lii t"i!ty ol Siklia,
nixt to Briiluw. It was fartlur h.aulilieil ami loni-
fiul by B>i-c(liu' thi- Bill!. VVcdfi k k II. aiiothfr ot
Its (hike-, i-acoiiipallid it with a diii.li ill i^^i, tii k'-
I iiiv It a;;a;nll the trck|iitiu miuilions ot thi' Tiiiks;
and Ht-nrv XI. aiit;ir,(.:.;id the dittii, and made new-
work'; to (lri.ni;t hi 11 It. Ii 1-, in Ihort, a lari':f town,
has a noble talile, .1 Ihiitly towndioiilc and hofjiit.d,
and is taiT.ous lor a vich-ry ubinined near it, over tic
Impcrialiil-, in 16;:;. In 1741 (lie I'liifTians took it
I', .thoui oppoliiion. It loni.un^ levcral churilics Ro.
man C'atholie, LAiihuan, 8ii . a eolkge, a iiiilitarv ;ic 1-
deiTiv, and tlie palace ot tlic an> iiiu prince^, witii the
ihapel in which they were buned. Hi re arc iiuuiy
meal, lawing, tan, pap-.r, ami po-.'. dtr milk, and a c n-
liderabk- trade in linen anil madder.
(iold: f'-;:, on tiic Kat/l)acli, i•^ a eonliik'ialilc town,
whiih took it- luiiie '10m a gold m'ne tliat wa-- lor-
merly worked liii., a:id contains a Fiancilcan convent,
with a commandry of ilic onlcr ol' St. John. In the
neif;hliourh'U)d is a hill called Spit/biri^en, or the
diaip-poiiucd bill, which, ;it a ili'.lar.ee, rt-lemb!c' a
p\ram:d, and is ■•{ .1 gi\>ii colour.
l..uben liives n.iiiie to a cii\ 1 , aii-l h-is ai loth m inu-
f'.n.'\orv. I'arcliw t/, a ln;:ill i lun on the K
has alio a manut.'.cto-.', of cl'lh, an
diftrid.
The i^incipalin it' W.-l.iw is in general, woodv
and marlhy, \a h.i- a le.v corn land-. Tlie river-- are
tlieK.it/bachand Oiicr ; and the circles aic lix in
number, towLih t!-.e follow iivj town- give name.
W'ol.iw, the eap'tal, lontaininti -i Carm..-liti. (on-
Viir and ihunh. the C'itUrti.m albev of L-u •.. , a
I .ii.ue, ;ii!d .1 I, .mil' I. in ( hurch anil 1- lio -1.
W'n/.!/ I' a iniali :.;wv., containino a R ni .a C.iti^o-
he ih'.ircn and .1 u ■;: ■ '.
R:uitdrn. al-ii.i:l open town; Sleii>-.o, on ilie Oder,
r. inatkablv loi t- lioih maniiiaciorv ; Rat/-, p, un ti:e
Baitlch, le'ebiaic'vl t- r us t.vo miner:'.! Iprini- ; ::nd
I lirruiinilr, on the l^.me river, whith h.id a R --t: in
("iiholic and l.uthcran > h.ur h ti'l 1 ; .9, .-henilic
whokw .- : !h!it di'Wn In t';ie A\.:': ].".<. .
'I he prmupahiy ot < do aA i-- tlie liriri-'.l ir, I.."v e;
*^iklla. It h waleied b\ ilr- ()rk-,, H.irtlcli, aiivl B-
ber; \ le'.ds abnndince oforn, -Ai-.e, and wo. 1; h.is
kviralwo •; ;i manut.ic'torie'- ; ,-nd is ilividid iiiio li.\
I irih-', ti A ll. ii ll;c t-'l!()", IVJ^ l-WVIl' L'iv tl I'll- .
(tk-e.iw, ;|ie ca]ir.il, ha- I'.ecj.'ilct .-t (iie..t, to
dMtuisiaill) it troni Mi.ither toi-.'-i oi ihe :,inK- :ia:i. 1:1
I'pi'er Silen.i. h 1- liie uat ol liv.r.d c -iirt-, ovice-,
i^e. h.i-- a ci-lkac -1 I .uili-.ran, a Ca^inill, an I f. v ral
RonianCathobi, cliirih- iml convert- ; -./id is dioi'-ly
toniiiiil, an.l Will .j:::ilo-ud. I: w.is laken in 1741
!:\- t!;c I'ruiiia:. , and its foriiiicaii.'n coniider.i -h .lu';-
i.M.ied ; and 1:. ir - cirel.- is a Like, tiic IiiIma ot
>h'h IS i.ini.^it oui, .iiid brings a colli. ii. mi 'e ii,,n
■.(:i!!'.:.ul>. .
II' 11,
'.^.vcs name t-) a
a'kal le t-T it- ironworks; (iriinbi 1;.., |'.m,.,.ii for
imy.iib,; .S^hiiii 11-, on iln- Sehv.eiiiin-.-, iiiip-ri-
P
ir ;:i;
Ottmaihaw, on the Nc.l/., where the bilhop !ia« ,1
pal ice,an-l a lourt ol re^'eiu \ .
Neyl/- Hand', on the riv- r ot its own n.iiiu', and is
noted lor a peat trade in bed lickini.^. It is v-aterul
alio In the river Bitlan. an>l is the ordinary ruidciKC
ot the billiop of Biellaw. It is as large as l.iunit/. or
Bric(», and much more migniticcnt, widi fpacioii- lii-
Inirbs. jMoll of the Ivniic-i are hifl,h, and built of tree-
I done, ft);minc^ tine llieits and puh'ic Iquare'-. It is
I eiKompalied bv a uood w.ill,and a ditiii lull of water;
has ll'ver.d churilus and convents; is commmilcil by
a fort on a ncijihlvnirm;:; hill, erected in 1 74;, by order
of tlie late king ot i'riiliia, and dekiulcd b\ a lh>)nL',
garrilbn.
Cirotkii'v is but a fm.ill town, ami the houfes molHy
Iniilt ol timber ; but the bifho()'s palace, the cluireh,
and towiidiall, arc ol Itone. It h,is good pates anj
\wills, w'lh a tri|ile ditch. It llan-h in a line plain,
n.ar a foreli, in a good air, and ;i (ui lUii loil, betwt.-n
Britiroiitlu north, an.l iVUinlK-rlnirg m the (outh-
will. Ii has a lai"i parilli i lunch. Tin- town, ami
its jirincipalitv, were told, in 1:41, by the ilukcs ot
l.igiiit/ and Biiesi, to the bilhop ot Rrellaw. It has
Ix'en li.b'i.it to divers accid.nis. in 1400, and 1 ^49, it
was I urindown-, the lall time bv ligliin;-.?,; lo that only
the paiilli I hurch, and a lew luiiil, ,1 leaned. In 14 ;8
it WIS plundered by the I'ol s. Diik- William, ol
rro|--p-u, took it in 144;; and it fiiti'ered veiy muih
in the .Sw.'idh war witli the empire.
The piincipaht) ot Oels is fandy and barren, divided
into four lircl. -, and ha- four towns t)f no importance.
Th- ]Tinc!pa'ip, ot Sai^an abound' with wooil and
iron, and contair. ■ but one place of any moIc, vi/..
.S..gan, near th • Iromiers o! l.ulaiia, remarkable lor
an a'-ii.-v, a i\uc:.\ palace, a Laitlu ran clv.in h, -i Ro-
man Catholic ihurcli, a college, and leveial iron and
co|-)per miils,
-The p.nncipalliv ot Munlb rburp; i? verv moun-
tainous; notwithllamlinj; wliiili it \ leld- abundance of
gram, fiax, lemp, woixl, hops, caide, (lucp, K;e. it
r- -v-.atirid bv the .Ncl/ and Olaw, and c-"i' tins
iMiinlk-rlmrii, the capital, which Hands in a truitt'ul
I'l.iin, at the h-.-.ui o! the river Olaw, and i.ikes its name
liom a moi.illi-rv built here by the emperor I lenn- I.
who 1 undcd the -. It' ; but has noth.-.g reiv.a! kable,
c.\i pt its old c.i.be, wiiicii is a llroiig foiti'cls, the
iclio .1, and a han-ilonv- towndioule.
Ilenriihau, onb. rtmaikallc tor a Cillertian abbey;
hranker.itein, on the I'.iulo, which contains a palace.
'..-u-,.'.i, '.vine; , ill 17.-9, was burn! by il,e Riifliin'
S;.'o-|--ii, al tr,e i.-iiilu.x of the S; rotte' .»;id B.icr, i-,
leii a'k.u
it- vir
anion a-.o-iu .1 11 tloih manufa.-ton
call:. ; .;nd Tr.ylla.lt, r.inarkalile lor a V .Ille. a . 01,'-
\ent, a Liither.in uid R'nuui C iiliolic eliiiuh, a el th
manuta.-.tory. and a mill-none quar.v, which bJ 11^-,
lolely to the kii.s'^,
Th-j priiicip.hi) ol .Neyl/. is remai kable fir it n..r-
liiern diltnct- being more fertile than the louthein.
In I- me pan- of it i.iba. co is cultivated ; ant it i-, \vi-
teud by the Oluiv, tin Nevf/., the Billaw, and th.-
Opp-i. T'le i^rincip.il plicjs are
nuat, two liiiTilies, a Cilienian a!
levcral
oliii'.-', courts, i^Ci. ami W.uiha, a lillie town on the
.\.y!/, whieh i:,i- .1 well endowcil p i-.n.
Tiie f.vo hit ;-i:;iiip:iliiies .i,e th 'le o! Tram hen-
I erg and Cfolasii, la.h > f whiili loniains two imon-
li.ier.ible town .
Tiic I'-rdlliipoi W.-.rt ii; er-j, c^.mta'iis fvb.- Wart-.'n-
bc'rg, a liiiail t'w:i, with a pila.c, a Rom. in (.'..iholii',
Luiheran, and L'al'.mill clivrih.
The lordlluji ot Miftlh is oiih- r.niarkab'c for its
lari^c toreds, which are il e property of the king; ami
lor one t AMI of the li'.mc name, which is fituated on
tlii-Birtl-h, anil contain- a LjUiher.n and a Roman
C.i; ;oli. I bur 11.
'I Ik- l.irdlliip of (■j-.ifili'i;.'. .s iurroun'.k-d l-y the prin-
eiji.fiv ol O.l', .u'd Cont.iiii! only two itiConlideriUile
to-vii^.
I'l'i'i.K SiLKsi.v isdivid-d ml" lix princij-abties and
"lu loidlhip, wlu.h .ire i.srolfiw:
The I'rimipahtv oi Ojipelcn i- virv barr. n, am! bill
A I .ke . Tiieo; 1 town o! an\ note is
Opp'.len, oil the norih banlx of the Od r. It i- the
capiial ol (lie piiiicipahn, and loni.iinsa c.ill.ge, and
levei.d convenl--. In ll'eciri f- lo which 11 "ives iia'iie,
thtie is a r-.val :'-uiv.lei\ toi calling I 01; b .
I'hc prim ipahly ot Tropiiau, watcicd by th, Op'pa,
is very Icriik-, and conlams
Ti-jppau, on the Oppa. the lapiial of I'pper Silcha.
It ij a walkd ^■J\■:^, and contain- levcral i hurch'S. con-
\iiiii,
lAl'IlV.
:; the hilliop Iia« a
wn nauu', and is
!>:;. It i'' \'rit(.TMl
iiulin;ir\ iiiulfiKC
r.gc V' IJvnn/. or
with t"p;icioii< fii-
, ami liuilt ot Irci'-
ic k]\inre'i. It is
itc li lull cl w.-itfr;
is uniiiii milcil by
ill 1 74;, by onUr
lulcil In a llrong
till- liouUs molHy
ilacf, till.' cluirtli,
giHxi pates and
(!■; in a line plain,
^itiil foil, bttwcv-n
irji in tlie loutli-
TliK town, and
, by tlie ilukcs i>t
t Hi i (law. It has
141:0, and I i49,it
Inir.o; lo that unlv
(:Il;i;ic(I. In I4;8
I)uk ■ William, cii
l!li\d very iiuRh
ind barren, divided
ut no iir.[iortancc.
ids with wooil and
aiiv 'lolc, v!/.
ia, rimarkahlc for
an civiri li, a R"-
id Itveial iron and
"2 is wrv moiin-
ifld- alunilanie oi
lie, lluep, fvi. it
inci c-vir lins
1 ll.uids in a triiitlul
and i.ir.cs its name
eiii|«r(>r Henn- I.
>tli,i,o; reir.aikablc,
ilro-.i;; fuitrcl's, the
I Ctllcriian abbey ;
I I oiitains a palaie,
i in aM c , k'vcral
1 tiil'.e lov. n im the
i.^l V.
!\ lie ut TiMMi hcii-
.eniain-' two ir.eifi-
ra'iis n-'lv Warten-
X Kor.i.in (.'..iIioIk',
ri niiirkah'c i;'r its
y of tlic kins;; and
tiieh i"- (ituatcd on
i..n and a Roman
lunvltd iy the prin-
two iriCorilidiTabIc
IX principal'-ties and
trv ba'v. n, and (i;ll
)te IS
;h;()dr. It i- the
laiiis a eoll-gc, and
^hieli It ;-MVes iKiMie,
boiv.h .
iteitd by the Oppa,
tal of Llpper Silcfia.
vcral I liiiich'S, con-
vviab.
ErROl'E.
KINGDOM OP PR V S S I A.
vents a coller'c, a palaee, 8«.i:. ar.d 1 lildleliiii, a Inial! |
lovvn, v.a'led and toi titled.
'I'lie prineijiality of J.i'^erndorf, i likewile leriil. ,
an 1 eoiit.iiir ti\eral mineral Iprin;.','*. The prineipal
lov. 11 'S
[.jV rndni;', which takes its name lioni the j^reai
number of iuintlinen that formerly lived in it, there
I e.ii •, pi. I IV ' t '^ime ill the iiei:;liboiiiinp w.iods. It
i, tailed, b\ Litm authors, Cornovienlr, from it . arms,
Wiiiili a:e a pa;r oiliorns betwixt two lliine'.;and w^'e
j;i\eii l.y Lewis, kin;; ol Iliingar\ and Uoiiemia, to
(jeor^e, mar.uiis of Brandenlniij',, wiio built a e.ilLc,
and other fortilieatii 'IIS, to del' lul iheiown; .ind ihoiii^h
(hlpnllelied ot it by the civil war. in (iermany, kept
lip his 1 1 .im t 1 it till the eiiip-ror pave hiili the eirile
ot Sch-.vihiis, 111 LuwerSilclia, tor an eiiiiivalcnt. From
lu'iiee the king of I'riilTi.i f' rmeil lh:il elaiin v.iiith uas
a pii icni e lor his inv.Klmg Silelia.
'J'h.- prim ipiliiv of Raiilior ha a loil tolerably ter-
tiK- in i-in and pilbirc, and alviumb in hikes, pond-,
llreaiiis, ive. It forms a eir. le, tlie inhabitam.s ot
which are I'oles, or dtfecnd.mts ol I'ules iind the
i.i.h plaee w.iiili iiaiiiin; is Rilillio,- on the Oder, ■
wmhIi lunt.eii le\\r.il loiuvnt^.i jialaee, u briilije
over i!u- r.ver, <\c.
Ti-.v p:iiu;pal:iv of Teleh.ai i- lull ol l.;kes, nioers,
V I lain, f\e. I'he i.nl\ pl.iee woith namiii;', is
'r.leh 1. a willed ti.wn, wiili apaLuc, a Lutiieran
aud lloma:. C.ithoiie ihiuch, .1 cllcge, and two ion- '
\er,l-.
Th- piintipalily of IViliiz i^ tol.rahly fertile, but
c .n; mis nophuc worlliv of olvervaiion.
'I l:e lordlhip o| Plels e.intai;is only
1'!. s, a fnnll I .!v, niir the ri\er Weillel, with the
tiile of abaro;i\-. It is w\ll deLnded liy its rivei'- and
marilie', and h.i- a lare.' e.illle, whiih is laid to have ,
a> niaiiv ui;'d "v- as ih.ie are day-- in iIk rear, :ind
It.iiuN in a <j,ieat Icjuire, eneomp;itred by hindome
hoiife-, iiihal''ied b\ mercliaius. Tin- Roman C.itho-
iie- have a ehureh here, and tiie LiitheiMn^, who ar^
th,- maiority, ;UMiher.
I'l.ii pint o:'l\.laiid whieh, in the partition, wa. al-
I ti d to th -n inareh of Pnilha, has been .ilreadv i!e-
I. r Old Ml oui .leeouiit of ihe farmer iinh.ippy kingdom,
imd-: ihe till, f /V///j I'mff.i.
Mii:.'>y J-'orcts, K.viiii<i:<, iiTc ,■/ I'l iij/ui.
Tl lb, iiobi'''ty arc, in I'cneral, defeindcd from the
.meicr.i (i.rninns; but the pe,\l.intry are ot a
n.rxed bienl, and eitl er v ill'il to the kiii<!; or nobks.
'I'iie iiKiiM :!' > ■ i.ie- ot rin;'li i ,ir.' d. ;l\ advanein^ ami
i'"p:-i\ini;, r • iic'.i!.ir!\ iliofe o' lilk, linui, clodi,
1 ami 1,1-, e ■, iron, eepper, p. .per, i.'.uupowd. r,
I r:', ;'-,e.
d'hc km:; 01 I'liiflii's ii'.lc runs tlm- : Frederiek
W Ih.'M. km-' 1)1 I'ruhi.i, man rave of Hraiiduilar^.
o' r;e 1 1 .ly Roman empne; areh-chamberlaiii and
el etor, Kivcreianand liipr.ir.e duke ot Sileli.i; lov. -
r'.i_.;a juiii e ol Or.m".-, NesHelntel, ai-.d \ al iv.'.in, oi
tl,.~ eou.ilv i! ( d.l/.dikle! , Mai;dcliUr;j;, Cicves, Ju-
lie:- , I',, •I;, "-it tin. 1'. Mil lar,'. i.ilie Caliiibi, and Wends,
M eLLiil.u'.',, a:; 1 Crollen; duke lair;;rave o! Nu-
rembii!'L.'4 lai; 'e ol f l.ilii il'iadi, Mrideii, Cimin,
Weiiden, Shwerin. Rui/elnirp;. f'.alt brielland, and
IMcur- ; teirii 01 1! h ; lie a, '!'•. ekiLnbui g, Liiigen,
IJi.rea. and L\;darii; lo'd o:' Ravenlbiii, ive. '*^e. ,|
As an cKeV.r he polielles ih ■ liventh plate; as ai\h-
. him'erl. in earres ill ■ 1. ej-ter I 'e or; tlie emperor at
ills I oreiia loii; and iiouetler. live voiees in the college
of prim 1 the empire.
The loval arm- aie at'' -at, an ea'
lip
trov, n.
Or, tor I'iull
A.^
p'ayi
lable,
the imp rial f.epir.
is of the lever.d
tub
cf to ihe I'lulii
crown.
1
It number of troops in the pay ol the
727
He has a
I'lufi'i.i is giiier.illy computed at 120, roo,
liody t)t .So li|iiadron^ ol htidars, each of 1 ;o m, n
\oiiihliil, tonitb, and well propoitioned, eollt.led by
emillaiMes dilpeileiltiiioughout Kuiope, and at any ex-
pi n e.
■| heanii' of the Imliitrs are a hght miiflvct and fibre,
both whkh are kept in .admita le order. Their clo.ith'
iiig IS ut co.aile rtd cloth, mad. clo,e to their bodies,
and ltren;.;thcn d at the elbow, by \. at her in th • lliape
of a heart. Th ir breetlus are of .veil dtell'ed llitep-
(kins; then boots lliori .and lii;hi, bu rj-e lok of lucni
diirabi ; and t!;eir caps are llitngihened in the ordi-
nary, fo as to ilanda tut. Tlievare the only d romi-
naii« n ot foldirs in the Frufliiii luvice who have no
ehapliin. Ikiide> the hiiliais, the king h .s a fniall
body ot nun whom they call hunters, wh 1 are reputed
the m-'il fiiditul courier!! in the aitnv, and olhiitinvs
haveb.en promotal lor then fideiiiy in h.azirdousinter-
piizes. WIkii thele huiiier are iak> n inlone.'s, no
i.|Uaiier is giaiittd on either tide.
11". I'rulh.m 1. .Idlers, in geii.ial, are rcmarka'de for
iln.il veiy Ihort tloathing, which is obvioullv laleu-
lited lor ir.apy wile eiuls.
The king'- guard', and ibme few other rei»inients,
■are tlo.uhcd aimiially; but, in general, the an- y has
new r(.i',i menials iwieeia three years onlv. I-icdc-
ruk II. r, iiiiiicd the foklieiy to wear while Ipatter-
dalnes, wintir and fuiiimi.i ; i ut hi^ lueieliiir, the Lite
king, oblerviii;; the inconveiiienee, .as well as incle-
ganic, ol ,t, gave iii- men bla k fir the winter, made
ol tiill.ar, or a thick kind of linen cl nli. Tlic fol-
ilitrs l.ave alio breathes of woolf.-n cloiii in thi- f.alon ;
wi.eiias in fiaiimer tlkv are of wl.ite dimitv or linen,
w! ithare vuy light and clean. They oblcrve an uni-
foni.itv about then heads, by wearini; pig-tails, which
ue eiilily kept in repair; and are generally powdered,
bi.t always lo wlun on d.iity.
Their arm-, are reputed the largell and m .11 weis;i|y
efai'.y in Europe; though lonii. v>f the lu/ileer, '"\vhu
are fmaHer b. died mai, have their arms projiortioned.
N, t'.Mthll.inding the grcai e.eight of their arms, the
ie.ctic an IS larrkd i;ere to the h.gliLil per eeiion; and
nothing can give more pbaluie to ih le who have any
id.aol I arn.ony ot this fort ot moli n, tliui the exer-
> ile ol tl'.e I'lullun loidiers wlii.litli.v go tlirouoh
twieead.iv. \V hen th. we .ther i bad t is jierloriiied
under cover, lor which proper pl.ic s ai . appoint.d.
I'ne leail motion of the leaJ, noi aicordino to an, is
corivtt.d; lo that a loldier in tf is fcrvice mutf apply
ililig'. 1,'lv to his duty or lu will p.'.is hi.^ tune
verv ill.
Twithitds of the army, according to their efldililli-
meiit. 111 aild Iv compo.d ol fore.^^n 'is; luid this r 'a-
toii. .\- .■.. ' .is ihe Im.ill numhcr of mhabiiaiu- m the
I'.miian d nu:n n , iLndei.-> it bviou how dillicult it
mult beiore run an a m\ : to ihaLl-owev.r f rmuhible
die 111 iiaieli iiuie appear, if we con.idethis touiitiy .is
ii lie pi. Ill, ail in re! uo.es ol w-mIiIi a; of tn;.al)it.iiits,
that li.eiiglh mi.il be d^ciiied aitiiieial, in lor.ie mea-
luie, whiwi has lo grait a connection with toreign de-
p. ndencK"-.
Ttie pay oi a common I'.ufirm loklicr i-, eight groch
(touri'.en-penee) ii \\eik, an. I of thi tliree-pence is
iiippoled lo g 1 in w.illi ,'._, :ind m. it. 1 lab for i leaning
ill, ir arms toi v.liuhihex are lii mueli dilliiiguiihetl ;
In:' they :ire allo.ved bfe d.
I'he royal revenue ariles from th.' piodiice of the
e;^el e, iiilioiii , lervices, and various ta.x s, which,
111 I'll, liia, are luimer his andheavv. Th ■ domin oas
.lewill lituatdby ii.uure hir tr.id.-; ■.>.<h\ the .-.ciiiii-
iu ioim 1 the m uilime erriones, obtain. d hv tiie I ,ie
ill hive grea. I',- inereafed
ine ie\enu.
Or, tor Coiirl.ind. To th. le .ue added the relneeiive
■idd.
1
t,) llie Ulffllll
tiie e.
1 1 1 .S '1.' O R Y
wii of Pru'i'a.
p R l: S .s I A.
I 1 I', anci nt I lilloiy ot Pnalia. h!e that ofotlna'
in.;doms.isciivel 'ped .n ihc .na-.cs ot i.oni.ctute
aiK. licliuii. The n.ime o, P
r.iinaii w.ts
unknown ti
the
1
ti
I '.,'
:*K
■t-4i
m
23 A NVAV, ROYAI. ano AI'TFTI'NTIC SYSTPM or r\!\rRs.\i. <;r(V .RAriTV.
1!
hi
i:.r I
ihf lentil ttntiiiv, aiul its i tMUoldi'.v is v. iv uin 'i tarn.
Tlicoii'.'.ili.il iiili.iliil.Uils .ire liipp 'Uil t'' li.u.' ImiivK-
liiiuliil troiu tlu Scl.ivoni.iii^ ami .i;i] c.ii to li;i\ ; Ikiii
4 .ii.ivi- .iiul w.iiliki- piM|ili', as ilay rctulul to liitimit
to the iK-i<;!ilniiiriiii.' iiiiu(-. ulio.oii vaiimis pii'ti ikvs,
JtUMnjital to raliiic tluiii to llivirv. Iti |>utKiilar,
Ukv niadf a n.i'lc llaiul a;:.iiiill ilickiiij:,s i.l l'o!aiiil ;
.i!nl, in tlic year i i(\^ tlic I'.ililh iivmauh, lijltllaiis
l\'. u.'.s liy tlu 111 Ji'liati'd aii'l ll lin.
Tluy rimaiiud I'a'^an- in opinion, ai.il iiuk'ptn'.iiu
in iiniiinllinu-, till tin- tinu' oi tlu- iruiailcs, uli.n
till- Cietniaii knisiliis ol the 'IVutonic onUT, about tlu'
year 12^:', aiiftiipial to tonvcii them in' Iciur ^t
amis, ijfwral hlooil\ wars inlucd. m which tlu- in-
habitants ot I'ruliia ^mtc ahnoll (.Atirpated b\ the /■-■a-
lous Tuiv ot tlk- Teutonic kni.;hts; and the latt.r h.iv-
inu rava[;cd ihe counirv v iih intr.diblc liarbaiity, at-
tempted to re- people it wiili (lermaii .
111146^1 a treat \ \\a^ cnteretl into Ixtween ('afimir
IV. kini; I't Po'.md, and the ■reutnnic knij;lits, in
uIkcIi It w.is .liTtetl, that the counirv now call.d !'■ 'nili
I'lullia, lliould continue a tree province under the pr.i-
te.'lion ol t!ie kini!, and that thv kni;;'its lhoi'!d p li. I-
tiie remainin;.'. part, on C'.;nditio:i 01 acknovsl.dj;!!;^;
themlelves valiaN to I'oland. This treat\ v,3', luiwe-
ver, loon broken. Anotlier t'eries ot bloodv w.t: ^ en-
fued, and the knights attempted to bicom,- niijiir.n-
dent ot the I'oles, but their attempt- proved abortive.
In i^:; -Albert, iiuri'javc ot 15iandeii'ourt^, atui the
lall grand mailer oi the 'I'eutonii orvlei-, Li.d aluh li.e
habit ot his order, embr.;ced Luther. iiulm, and loii-
cluded a pea^e, and entered into aireaty at Cracov., in
which It w.is llipulated that the mari>ra\e lliould beac-
kno'.vkilged duke ot the e.itl part oi I'rullia (which on
that account was lormerlv i died, nuc;d I'luli'ia) lu.i
Hill it was to rem .asatietot I'olicd. in iln man-
ner the rovereie,nt\ of ilic Teutonic order eiuied in
Pnitlia. alter it h.id lublillcd near v"^ years.
Inthe\ear i'-i;7,the elector iTeiieritk W illiair., '..i
Braiulenl'ur'j. (urnametl tiieCreat, liad Dmal Fruli.a
confirnu-d tul-.ini ; and, In the convention- ot \\ elau
ami Br.jmbiry;, it was freed If iin iis v.itlaip.jc to I'o-
land ; ani.1 Calimir, kint; ot 1' 'land, ..cknov. Udged its
indcpemiency. 1 he late kiiif; ol I'liilii.i, lu hs me-
moirs of the houl'e ot BrainlenburiT, llns, tint th.i.s i'Ve-
derick Williair. began hhreign luvierthe ir.olldefptrate
circuiulLincts. " He was (I'us he) a piiiiee without
territorie.-, .in elector without pouei, a luicelibr willi-
oiit inhentame, and ni'.l in the !i nv. i' o, his voulh ; an
nj^e which, expiilid to ihcM'.aiit oi p.iliioi -,. rtiideis
niaiikind ahr.oll imapable ot diie i.'.i; Vvt h. gave
mark- ot the moll con'.umm.ite wild..;;, aivl otiverv
ih.it lould raid.cr
iini W'
I.
.Hi
.CC. I
nini.'.:)'.!.
di .;>l\.
d I'V Irs
vittue
Till- I'ie.lt ptince dial A;';ll :■ , I
lo. .iirick \\'iluanulK (i:, at w,;
i./n 1 .cderiik, wliowa- .iIm i ,\.,ids tlie lirli king ot
t'lui'la. Tlii- great tr.ular a!;. :ai.',n was chiclh nwiiig
tu the iiilkieiue ut tl.v I'r'Uviiant p.W'j'.s; tor as theri-
tor.iicvl religion hail b.en intr' liuieil into tins cmintry
bv the niaryrave Albert, and the elcvior- u re ut ih.it
perluafion, ihc Protellant intereil u.ts iilkIc ulv ol \"
raUe Frev.;,u.k to the dignitv ot a l.inj., wi.icn w.e it-
fteted in 17. 1 ; and he wis aciordinvi'iy Iwoh a' kn ^a -
lcd_Led .0 luih, ii'tonK by the empire (.il (i!-iiiiauy,
bai iiv ,di die other powvr' ot l''.uro|)e. II:' giaiidlon,
Frederiik 111. l..:e kin'', of ['ruffia, in tli'- iirmoiii of
his tair.ily, g;v.- no very favouiabi.- jiicturi of ilic vir-
tues, or high opinion of the aluiiii.' , ot lln pimce.
He, howewi. Ipeiks \variiil\ in pi.iile ol his uwii hi-
ther, I-'iedeiii^h^ Willian', wlm lu ^e.ded Imluiek 1.
kingot PrulFia, i:i the ve.ir 171J. Th;-. priii. e 1 .i-
tainiy had great tal.nt , and uii..onim.jii i.Miiia!^'. ; but
he too fre^iuemly exerted both at the exper.cj ot tlua
magnanimity and humanity wIulIi iv..i ought to adorn
a iiion.irch. He anialled fo mu h m m.. y during his
teign, that, at his ilcatli, whidi I apj.entd in 1742, he
IS laid to have lett behind hini tlic en.;riiioui I'uiji ot
y.ooo.ooal. ll.erlijig, a creal'ure which jnabled ins late
lo'i ai'l fiKcvli -r to pu.l'iic th ■ i.mii imp irtiint plans ;
.uid whicii, lomed to hi la.-u. 'i\, > outage, an. I great
militiry laleiits. r.til'il In, 11 10 tlr. itmoll io;.lec,uenee
in tl'.e poliiif..! Il.de of l'.ut>.pe.
iMfilerik III. began Ins lei'.'n janiiaiv ^t, ill the*
vear 1740. Ni thi'^g rem.tikable ot hi . carl\ vears has
be.n tiaiiliiiittcd to us, exupt that hi had then a t.alle
tor litcr.itiire and the poiit.- .ins, .iiul llicved a p.irtieii-
lar I'afiioii lor tine lucidia,' ami del'iu v ot manners,
in cppoiiiMii to the iiu leg till cuilom< th.ii prevailed in
his t i;her's ciiurt. In paiiu uir, h:* tailur w. is fond ot
ilrinking I I exi els. ;i viicwliich the fon abi niinaiei!.
Till-, anvl other correlpond.nt ciriumtlanic., .it length
ilctermu'.ed liiiii to have hi- tair.er in 1 Icuct manner,
and, .is u I-. oenerallv b.Ueveil, to leiire to the court of
JMij^laad, where he propoled to live iindu the protec-
tion ot h,s tini le (king (icorgc II.) till cither the death
I't li's l.ithir, or I' me other occiiirence, Ibou.d remove
the dilhciiltie- to his return. W'li iiev.r the d.clign was,
it is lertain iliatlu ha. I concert. d it witli a young oilier
ol ihe gens d'unies, ii.inu'l K.iti -, .x.d two other-.
The tceiit, ho.eever, was iliilovercd ; and the piiiice,
K.ittc, .uii! one ot tiie otticeis w\ r. fei/.ed ; but ihe
other tortiai.uel'. ma''e his e'.i.i)e. A iduneil of war
w.i ai'poiiiied I ) enc,u.:v ii'-llu ..lultioi of ihileoHi-
cer , which aller.tblcvl at Kopp, niih. One 01 tluin
w.i. calhiered, and londetuneil to thne veais* imi rilon-
nient ; another, lia\ ing leiired 10 a foreign country,
was iHitla\Vi.d ; but with r.u'iil to youn;- K.itte, the
vol.s were e'j'idU ilivivled ; one hal; ot hi- tudges
were tor linding hini gtiUy oi de.ith, and the oilier
halt were t raci|Uitting huii ; fo that they were o'.ligcil
to Lave tiie dc ;'.:cn ol 11 to the king. The atlair be-
ing at this criii , 'oung K.atte wtoica pathetic epilllc
to the kiii^, imploring his cleme.u v, l^it in \a:n ; toi
the king ordereii htm t-> bi: beheaded. S, viral [v rliins
ot diliinction interelled themlelvi s in hi- taie, and tried
to uve i.iiii. The king, however, reiiuiii'.e 1 ine.soiable,
and tiie iini'.app", Ka.ie w.i b. hi.uled. Tile prince,
wh.i had tieen leiuud, w i- loon atierward- let at li-
berie; luit, that he n-A'.'J-'-. ieel the power o,' a king
and latiier iti its utniol't ngoar, u. was, r.p,..i:.'L his will,
maineel lu the prineels lu;zabtth Chriliiiia, ol Uiiinl-
wiek \Vollt.n''Uttle. He lild not, iniieed, 1 pp.ile the
lumm.'.n.is ot i.istathe:, bui fi.btii.liiv^lv 111. tilled the
[.Kiicls, but witioai pi.e.lliag > iilier ille n or .illec-
tioii fir her; and conlidering the i l.iini o: j),uenl.il at-
leciioa as li.lly l.iti lied b\ the exiein.ilc le.iK in. he
abllained. duiingihe lite of h's lather, hoai h.r bed.
1 lull ie.lude ! troiii piitiiic buimcl , in coiitcntion with
his iather. in ai;en;Uioii tr.>m h,- .;iie, his waolc l-ime
wa- loeni III iiii.;.i:v aci;uiii.ioio .tnd iile ul ij'cculation-.
Alter the ile.iti: oi hi- :aiiier it. di.l .111 act ot luiiiieto
hi- priacvf-, y r.ce.v.;ig !ier .i- ias v,i;c, aid aknoa-
ledgmg her .0 '10 ii'ic a b. oie las w-ole conn. Wall
I leP.i.ct to the -..ars m wlii>li he it.s been ea".ig. d, ihey
I are lo conne'ied witii tac politicil ill'ti.s o! mixi c.un-
1 trie . tii.i! «e ih.dl detei a naiiiMve ot t'l. in til v.a
proceil to our gtn rai hillorv vit (ierniaiv.
I I'lii- uiKPuai.d ni'iiM'.i It liiipMwil till ri-otpeac-,
as we'll .is t.ucc 01 \..v. and dnli i_ailli:d iiantJt as a
pi.et, piiiiolcr art, an.i 'e>_i!l Uor. In 1 -jiil he e.vpended
all la'itii' .lie ,■..111 li-. lK ibla'iuii ; t.u't tn'. I't!'. ling i olo-
iiic , reii.-v.-i ..!'.il:,i-. .'..-id other l.U!<!a 1 e purpof s,
w'au'a evii.ee.i . o-.iitnnii Ue |.i' il.iruluop'v , a- v>ell as
hai.il po'.i- ' . He palii the d bt '.d li.iM.- , Aujiill
1711. i7,-ji. ai liie -ifh \e.ir Of ll! . .;;:■■; aa>l eas oi, -
le.ii^/i i,a the titi-iiie '-'^ Ins n piici", brederic^ W'd-
1 iiai, ^1 11 ■ f his d eca:e-l i'loil.e., Willi. an /\u;',i.illus,)
a |i.i;.c.' v.ai leeais to I. ive laibiOcd li'C polilici!
Laiel-. air.l tu iiilKril ihe m.irl;,il proverb oi hi.s n;.-
I'r.acd pi\ ieeedijr. the l.itier 'I wMca wis cnlpii .101. ,
mill. Il.cnuoas e.xerii aflo vlmJiC '.te the iiiui..u('.i.
lilt'.' ot his royal liiler il'irir.e' lli._ late commotions .a
H ill.ar.l. Fiom tilts itii.l 1 l!;er coidideratioas, tin :■■■
isrealoii to antieip.iLe tfiC 'd .;. . ■ t hi , re. _.';., ..'ai. a
pioiuiles well to ll,) lulvii.i, in paitii al.U", as w a
the pjluicul hiUm ul Lu! .i[ic in eeneral.
CHAi'.
i^ iRArnv.
I'll; iilnvirt;int pl.ltl'. ;
, nnirai;c', an. I i!,riai
I iiuiioll lur.laiiiciKc
I I:imi:iiv ji, in till"
lit lir. t arl\ v^.■ar^ lia-;
i.\t hi liail tlic II a talU-
aiul ihcwcil a |).uticii.
(Ivliuuv <'t iiKiniur^,
loiU' til. II [irkvaiki! in
, li!» t.lllKT w.istoiid el
ihc Urn aiHiiiin.itii!.
Miinllaiui'., at Uni'.tli
ci in .1 Icuct mamur,
(1 ll-IU'l.' to tlu- lOUIt ol
live un-la the proU'c-
I.) till litliu tlic ik'Utli
rrtnce, iKou'.il rthovi'
nicv.r ilic tklii'.n was
It Willi a voiinj^uliitM"
III'.', .•.:-,'l f.\i) other-,
crul ; ai.il iIk- piiiu c,
wcr.' lii/cii i Imt ihu
C. A IdUIKll I't WlV
. • . luUi'."! lit till. Ii' orti-
, nich, Oiu 111 lluin
1 lluii.' 1 L-:\\< iiu; lilmi-
U) a forii<!,ii iiuintiy,
to youil;; katti-, thi-
ni.' lial: ut hi^ ualgi.'^
ili-ath, and iIk oilier
that llu-y \Vi.iv.- nMii;c\l
kinu,. 'I'lii; allair 1 >•-
r'loic a patlatic cpitlic
CiK V) but ill \a,n ; toi
atli-il. S. vtral [1. il()n';
is in hi- taif, ami tviiil
, rciiiaii'.c-i iiicsoralilc,
iuaiiftl. Till- prince,
1 atifiward- lln at li-
.1 the powvT 11,' a kintr
1, waf, ,-.g,ii:.'l. liU will,
h Chril'iiiia, ol IJiiinl-
)t, in',i.-f'!, < i/|i.i!c the
Imiiliivv Iv iiiai iictl the
.. il'ii^T I !'ic a or .ilVc-i.'-
c I i.iini o; ji.'.icni.il .il-
1. xicin.il f iLMi' n\ , 1k'
iatluT, hoiii li. . IjCiI.
ii.( , ill I oiutiiiion With
^ .\'u\\ hi-, wiiolc t^nK•
aiul ull'Ail Ij-iLHilation-.
di.l .111 act ol iiniuc to
lis WIU'.
■nd a
Lima ■
11-, w''iilc Loiin. W ill
IS Iktii c;i".u; d, liioy
il ill'ii.s 111 Hi;. CI O'liii-
:i i: ivc. (!.' t'u la i.ll v.i
.i>, .d I hi :i' of peat- ■,
1 i.uillud Inniillt a- a
. Ill I -/ui he txpciulcd
taJt- 111.' . (irt'.'iiiij, tolo-
iLT l.uu!:i I c purpof s,
i!.i;u'.iu;p\ . a- Uv-.i as
I 'l.r ot ii.itii.' , Aiij.iiiL
I 111, -i::'-; ail. I v as lU, -
[)lic.v, I'lxuLricis Wil-
i;., W'llh.iiii .Aui^ullus,)
iinl)'iiii.d l''-i: |io!llit.ll
i.ll pro'.,-., Is ol hi.s Lii.-
wMc'i v.is t"iil[iii:.ioi. .
rilC itC the 1I1U1..U ill. -
hv iati- C'lmmouoiij .ii
i-i- utiiilid'.riUii";':, li' :■•
!, , it' hi . fC,,_\ll, V.i|i.ll
1 pauii ular, as wi a >
u tii'nural.
^ ' ClIAl'.
>*">;
i!ll
'^■■il
Ih'.-
,?«
[ 7^9 ]
M
C II A P. IX.
GERM A N E iM P I R E.
h.it .iboiiiiJ wicd
r.in. In o:li(r
ciri: r, r!:rre .uf
S E C T I () N I.
A'/fV', r>o<in(Ur:r\, S:ti'tit 'if, E'-f>:>, Stil, Cli)r<ilr ; Prr-
dini I'll-, l'if;<tit/>!t-, A.uvuil, dud M'.iindl ; A'( !■''>, c/r.
'■P'Ht''. an; lent Grrtii.ins wcnr unJrr ililVt ront appi-i-
-l liti'ins, .1^ AllciiiJiini, Tcutom-h, C'ici.'. wliiih Ull
is l.liJ to Ji.ivr hrcn tlirir mull ,i.uii]li'.- ili'fliV'-'tKi'l.
'I'Ik* (irriTi ms th'mlclv«-"i, call tlirir i cuntry l tun li-
l.ini!. (ii'i: (..\rf nt' moili-rn lii'rnvMiv lav in ancient
(iaul; .1 I ihi' word (ii'iniiiy \> ol iili It bur in > Urn.
'I'lic w\<<'.\ \vub:\h\f ojiin'on rrrj-f''lin[5 tlii' dtri' -tioii of
it is, tiiat ir is tMivpoi' air. I of Lii , or (/'.;>, ami Man,
wliicli, ID thp anciuic C'ciLii:, ligniiits a warlike man.
This fxtinilvi- empire is boim inl by tlir (jcrman
Ocean, and ihi- Haliic-, rjn tlie nfrrii ; by Swit/ttlanvl,
anil tlie .\lp.'<, on the I iin.'ii by P')lanil, and Hoiiniiia,
on til'.- eall , and by I ranrr, anvl tlic l.o>' C'ountric.i,
or Netlw iland-, on llie welJ. It lies between 45 and
55 Jt'jrees ot nort'i l.iti"'.!e, and 5 and ly de^^rtes of
call Ijn^jitjJc. lt,> Icnj'.h is boo, and breadth 50J
miles.
j'lu- liiil of tliis cf iititry is cxceediin fniitfni, parti-
C'll.iily oi' tlie banks <,.' tlic liiiine and the Danube,
where ! ■■ air is ie;r.;'e'.Ke ; but in the northern
jj.irfi it i> ( i ), and the ^iroiinJ leli. (riatfid. In tholi
jir ivmces that lie nevr tl'.e fet, nin
lakes and rivers, thepj i^ j i>.iuy
jiarts, where ti.e lur;':!.' rS Cm- erri
liiMu-iimes conliileraDi-- iii-) i.;l.ts. i'l-.e nordi win.l.s
fr,):ii the IJ.diic, a:!.i t';e lii .ik nirHintiins of Swe len,
bri.ig froi>s an i In v.v : The e iilern bliiU c 'min^ '.\er,i
vail coiuintir. of t!\'ee (r ! vr tl; niland iii;li-s,
Iroin Ciiiiu a:! Japi.'!, h.i " Iry and unwholefome
vc.uhci- : riie fj!:-;i, in the lu p -i ■'•, ii'i .-s r. fre i'l',;
bre.;:cNfr.)in liie Alps : bntihe' t: .i Ae.'. wnd, as witn j
lis, i-i both the ino't freipK-.-ii .1 ,d vsli. nel' 11c that
blosvs in (jernunv. In i;ev.T.d, rii.s .■■m.riv, and V >-
land, are li) iiise Grc.it liritaiii, b;'i ii viiniue a:ul
<i.ii, rliaf no e i.iinries in L.urope aj ee t>.--rr v.itu l''.iiy-
lilli e iiillitiiri'1,1-. iieiidrs j',reat [•!■ n:v of e /in, r.irtle,
llv.ep, w.iii, el irli, liorl'es, full, Cxc. the earth a:i',>id.
ini:.cs of divers forts of metals and miiurals, as iron,
Viitiiincn, iii'tc, orre, copper, tin, le.i i, and even I;!-
ver in loiiie parts; alliim, vniil, ijiiiekiiUcr, fair,
coal, ,:x.c. In !j;ener.d the fuiface is even, and tiion^ii,
in fiine pirts, it is hilly, it i. no where mouniinr-is
exeept towaids the Ib'.nh and f >ii:li-weil, where r!ie
Alp.s, and a U w inonntains in Alfice, ferve a^ bounda-
ries and bulwarks aj^ainll Italv anil Krance.
Their i.irelh and walks afford many things, h)th (or
the tulUnai.ee ol the poor, and the luxury ot the rieh.
Tliey yield |'lenty of wood tor tuel and buil.lin!'^, and
abound widi v.uirty of wild liiwl, and all torts of veni-
li>n. I'liev alii) teed v.iil nninliers ot le'^s i and f iine
ofthein, as the forell of Arde-me, good mutton. Tlie
rivers iw\ lakes abound with ridi in the utiiioll vaiiety
and perti-ction. 'i'he orchards are full of I'riiit- trees ; .
and, in the I'lutlicrn provinces, there is plenty of the '
m.ire dwic.ite tort, as peacl.es, apricots, tigs, olives, f
&.C. in perfecli m. They have rich wines, of which :
the Rlienilh an 1 Mofillc, in particular, arc exportetl !
in v.ill iiu.'.n*i'i^s t'> firei: n n.uionsj and n'^t only I
C'ud, but pie;i.ral)!c, to Ionic of the wines ot Italv. ■
1 he very mountains of the Alps, on the 'jeruian ll.le, '•
:i:e in toine plues cuhiv.ited to the top, r.nd the val- 1
lies aiioiiiiii widi p.itlurts antl vines, in tliort, no
Ci'untry, prrhaps, in tiic world [irodnces fo f^reat a va-
ri.:ty of every thing conducing to the coint'orts of life as
this i tliough others may exct rd it in the croodnefs of
foiiic p.irticulu- arci;:les ; iievcrdiclel's, even ol tiiele
No. C-.
' they have enoiigli of every fort; and they mi;.'!it ftill
have tiiein in greater [ erf > lion, were the inlnbitanti
j ind illrioiis I or 1 ulur ilid the lai- led men give cntou-
• rag'/mcnt to liull)..iidry an! i.,d illry. l-'or want ol
I this, the people iieiiher imdiilland, nor take care to
I manure the liiil, or to improve the native tre.ifurc (d'thn
Country 1 and to this gemral neidedt it is owing, that
j the fiveieii;n [ rintci in tiermany arc I'ofl'i rers, as well
j as the liibie'ds i and the landlord becomes b.inkrnpt
) with his ten. lilt : tor to this ignorance and dil'juiiage-
i nient ol luilhandry, on the ons hand, and to the i:x-
i eedive vanity and pad'on of ih- ir gieat men for fcM'eign
luxuries on the other, it m.iy in a great ivc.furc be
I attributed, that (ierniany rxp irts kl-, an 1 importi
I mnre, than any to.intry, periiapf, in tl'.e comincrcijl
j world.
1 here is a fort of "-nr-i fo'.ind in (lernunv called
I I'lna Sigili.ita, wiiich fijnie call Terra I.emni.i, be-
' caule it is alio brought fr nn the IHc of Lemn". : it is
a hard eardi, with white, vt.lIo.v, a.i,! red vein.'i, anj
lii.l to be An antidof ag.iinit all kin.ii of i-idfins.
riv re are good rjuairi^'s of marble in Havaria, Tirol,
l.iegc, and oti.er provinces! anil for precious Hones,
ns diauiond^, agics, rhryll Is jifi'crs of fevtral co-
. lours, fine ahba'ler, itverd forts of perls, tnnpiois,
rulii's, Cvc. thi. coMiiriy furpallcs moft ot'iers •■> En-
ri'pe, there beinj vail: c lle.ti ins oi tiiem in the cabi-
nets of t!ie e:ii,iror, rlie ele. tors of B.ivaria, Branilen-
burg, I Ian iv'T, Saxoiiv, .ml other princis, and i ''
many piiva'e men, a^ will as thole v.-hich are t!u- orna-
ments o( ih'irches r.n I im.'^^ts. Tin v are d:ig fjr the
moll part ot,". . f the nfines, ami f're.juendy ItunA in
t!ie ri.i-rs. .V remarkable n ttiiral em i ffity* peculiar
t ) Germanv, is 'h ■ Sihieffeillein, ablickilli, jjl'tfering
kind of dune or fi!', wliieh meltitl, yields ri.otli i.ip-
pt.r, aril f^u-.nn lilvir. Ii '"ne pirt of S.ix mv t.'icfe
It nes me ,lug 11,1 in the li- !dii. I'hey ex'ii;>il. a lively
repre:; iitation, l-y tair c ij-.per llrokes, rfrilifs ol'divers
I'lrt.s, ir i^, and other am. iials, tlut abound i.; a neigh-
b'liiiin^ I ike.
I'i.e pri.K'ipal rivcr^ of tliis country arc the fd-
lowing :
I'h'- Danuoe, or nmnv, lo c ill; d from the S'.vif:-
ntl's of the currriit, riles in rhe DUi-k l-'orell in Sv.-.i-
bi.i J ruiis through S.v.ibia and Havaria to l'.iti'b)n,
M\~] th'.nce to \'i nni. Altir dividing llun;,,iry into
two p.uts, it c. rriir J i .s C'luri'e to Hclgr.ule in ,Ser\-ia,
;;nd th, 11 pr ^ceeding to iiirkey, falls into the Hi.. ck Sea
by levrral channels. It is veiv broad, anti I, is t.'-.ree
great cataracts-. 'i'|.,- S.iw H.-.jIHI, or Swin.-'s : nour,
near l.init-/. ; I'l cal'nd Irom .". [ oinied i(: k haiviiiig
over, which h.'.s un.iir it a ii .I.' r-n-j v.!:i:p;,id. '1 he
Der Str.idel, nearljuin n, in .'u;; ria, v.i.eiv I'-.e lull-
ing of the water makes a li.irid. n i,i-. An.l tiie Der
\\ iirbel, another very llan^i,fl■ons vi'iir -.hi!, aboiir a
firlong from Per Strudel. The warcrPKU of thrfe
p.uts have a inetliod ot pa.fing iliem wirhoiit m':ch
danger. As I'lon as this catar.ic't is [-aliVd, a man comes
on board from a chapel dedicated to St. N'icil.r;, on
the bank of the river, with the faint's piclure, and an
alms-box for the pall'engers to il'.rov/ in Ibinetliiug, as
an offering to that faint l-ir their deliveranre.
This river carries market-boats, &.. of i ^ or 15
tons, every week from Ulm to \'ienn?, v. .'lij'i, witn
the turnings and windings, i.s a court'e oi' i.boiit 4C0
miles. It receives ten otiier rivers betorc it comt . to
IMuradi'. It entirs 1 luni:
miles beyond Ximnaj
and, before it leaves Germany, runs aboufjoo miles j
antl about loco more through 1 lung.iry and Turkey
in L'.urope, before it fills into the Hlack Sea. Ics
whole courfe tliidier, from its fountain, is about 2*
S Y de;reei
ill
I
\
..J
,1. ' '
W
f^-^.
A M'AV, ROYAL and AUTlIb-NTIC SVS'I I'M ok UMM KSAL GKOGRAriiY.
,l,i
y
■r
,''ij
d.-iirt'fs ; \vl;ich, rcckoiiingOo iViik^ to adei^r-f , is itiio
miles, without inchkling its tiirniini:s ami winJiiips,
wiiicli mull rnxki- it .it k.iil one tiiirii mo'f i lb ili.it 't
mav well be affirmed to be ionj^er than the Nile, in
I'gvjit, whieh, ill m.'.nv jartiiiuiars, it relimbies. It
has tliree iii-aJs ; but which is t!ie true onr the (icr-
man geoi^raiiluTS tliemfclvih are nut af.ree;!. CUiveritis,
wlvile aumoiity Keius rlie belt in matrers of this nature,
plaees it in tiie Black I'oicil, at tiie ; -,0' of a little.- hill,
and lays, the loiintain is wallod in. Tlie waters ot
this river are always muddv , and wliiiiili; and the
ch^Junel is kept al.noll as t'uii in the Ihninier, by the
mched fnow liom the liills, as by the lloods in the win-
ter. Its waters lia\e been llnind by relocated e.X|ie-
rimcnts, to lie neili.^in.i;, t:ioug!i not to the lame de-
gree a.'^ miiinal I'prin^s ; and, it is laid, that in thute
places wnere there are m) natural baths, the |ic()|ile
b.itiie with tl'.e wa'er oi'tiiis liver inarmed. 'I'hefe, wi'li its
other virtues, are a!lT;beU 10 its wailiin:Hn many mi:ies,
and to its r.ilinr tinctures, wluth arc lo I'.rong, that a
fort of ialt h.is been acUiaiiy irade of the water, which
has fupplied tlie want lif bi-tter ; yet it is freili cnouj^h
for drinking, after it has Ihiod Ibnie hours to fettle.
The Danuiie abounds with all thole (ilh that are to
be found citiier in our runinns; or ftamling rivers; and
they are generally much large', b;ic not lo I'wcet as
curs. 'I'here air feveral Hil- in it not comir.on clle-
vhere, which feem to be o'" liit falt-vvater kind, an.l
ar^- luppoled to come I'- m the l''.ii\ine. Of theie tlie
r.ioll re;nark,i')le is .e I lanf -n, a grillv :"i;h, Ibm^wlr'-
like our llurgeon, almoil as large as a cr.xodiie, f :r.e
being 18 or 20 feet long. Shoals of tliem come about
the fiilicrmens boats at the found ot a truin[K-t it l.cin.
It is deemed a dainty by the .A'.illriaiis and f Ui.-'L,..rians,
and is onlv to be met with, at noblemens t..i'.. ..
The Rhine riles tioin two Ipriiv;-; in the Alj ■,
W'hich i:nite eight miles from tlii- eicy of Coire. It
foon aker diiates itieif into a large lake, called tl-.e Bo-
den Sea, or lake of Conllince ; wlunce, [jaliaig wtfl-
ward to Bafil, it ti}r,'s to the north, and runs bitwn-n
Swabia i.nd ,\i''ice ii'.to the I'.ilaii.iate, receiving the
Neckar at Manhciin, and the Maine at Mcin.'. ; then
il runs to Cobleiit;', wliere it receives the M.ileile. It
afterwards waters Coli gne, and pailes on throu.:h the
duciiy of C'leee-., reci.ivir,g t!:e Roer and the ldi'i:e,
and ot'ie: l.n.'.'i-r rivers !i. tlie way; and palli s into
the N'ethciiaiuis ai ScheiKnenlihans, live milts btlow
Clevt-, wi.eie i: is ver> b.o.id, .uul ir~ courle very
fv.-.n:: but tl.i- na\igati;in of it is interru; te,l liv niiie
Cii.w.. -I.-, the moll dangerous whcrfof are two in
Swiizerluid, one near ^chalfiiuylen (where the whole
river
Here
7,3 l-'O a
w.'.terr.i.'n
at ::•, il Lii
,1
■,v^
■ W
r.iJj ut
is VL-ry \
Rhine ">
tlie mi
.0 ' .;i-
b, , n.u
V :i y lie;
by its c'ii viiuni' a:io.
of Kran.l; nb' .■ •,, an I
. .;iirfe it It i'j \'.-:v
aie Com '.ion in llan:.
Ti..: O '^-r rii'--. in
[\:\: t'-.::.; :!i Siji fu
Baltic Sea. I: n:;is in a pretty ilrait cnurl'e throi:gli
the I, irth-e.ill part of lieiinany. It is navigable tor
Imall veil". Is p, great way ab ive Stetin. Canals are cut
betwixt this river and the b'lbe, which very much pro-
iii..te tlie trade ot the electorate of Bran lenlniig.
("ore it fills into the lea it fiirnis liveral ill.v.ds.
river, an.l tr.e adjoitiirg lakes, are full of tilli
bar
Bc-
■hii
tiiC
e ciidoms on the laimon anil !,\mpre\s, fine of
which are of a vail bulk, amou.itnig tj a confiderable
tlie mountains of Thuiinrrn,
Wellplulia, and cmpries uielf
luin.
The W'eler riles in
runs thiough ! Idie and
into the ocean \o miles below Bicmi-n, wit'
miles of the mouth of the I'.lbe. It is {■> |i;ll olii.h of
feveral forts, tii.r. here are I'ome in le.ilbn fur every
month.
I'he Aller runs througli ilie country of I,
and f.ills into the W'eler below V'erden.
The M.iine riles neir the borders of Bohemia, [i.if-
Ics thtij'!gh I-'ranconi 1, tlie electorate ot Ment?, tne
I mth p.-.rt of the piioi ip.ilicy of Nalfiu, walhcs the
walls o^" l'"r.inkt()rt, and otlier confiderable cities, and
in
ibur"
tails into the Rhine at Men
I: is nut over-ltocked
I..C w,;:err.u'n lu.'ier iiaul their bu'.ts aiiitire,
and hu:;^ii tliem on the oiiier fi.'L, or el;'e let the:'.i
dov.-.i l/V roj.es. The direct coiirle of this river is
about .■.-..-, niiles, an 1, includir.g turnings, fico.
The I-'bc rili^s in me !Tio'..:ut.iins ri-ar 1 lirchburg,
in Silefi.!, uv.i'A tiie coniines of Bohemia, througii
wliich i: run., i.l thven feveral Ipiings; whidi, bei'n:;
unite!, oiN ii'.r.-h.'.ar.l, between Miiliia an.l Luiatiu,
into S.'.Nony. A ii:tle In low (jluckU..dr it di.i>les into
f.vo i.r.nche-, wl'.ich fil! into the Cterman Ocean ')-•
.i..:<rs (.■-;',.v Hamburg. It is very large and deep
tiiat liiips of fotir or live hundred tons
in it. file courle of this Mver, v.hicli
. . i> a. ln.'ig as th.it 01 tlie Hh'v.v:. It runs
-i.r!',:, ti.;^ :i:;li the ivTth of (.ierm.iny ; as toe
es throu;>h tae wed, and the Danube through
;■: an.l I ^ idnily p.u:,. 'I'he t;de runs about
ui) .-ve ! I., n.nr,.; i an 1 i!ie river is n.ivigabi'-,
v;ii . , a ^..le.it '..:.:■ up ioro l»ernii!iv ; whiih
!i pr ■■ ;y)!e: tli ■ tra^e
with lilh, perhaps on account of its clearncl.s, occalion-
cd by the mints of gold and filver tliroiigh which it
;)alVc.„ liitnc degree of mud being necelliiry lor the
iiourilhinent of all forts of tilk.
Tiir I in is a lafje river that riles on tlic frontirrs
of Switierl.ml, runs tiiroiigh I'lroi and Bavaria, and
falls into the I3anu'.;e at I'ailau. Its coiirie being
among the Alps, it cannot be very navigable; and, as
i; wj.iies 1. ve! .1 i.ik ; ;'.j and niinerals, it cannot abound
wi h lilli.
The vail pafllon w'liiJi the Germ'.ns have for l.unt-
it'.g tiie w'M boar, is alligned as the caiile why there are
iii.jre wiials sr.d chiles vet llanding in (ierm.iny than
la mo'l other co'o.rries. The llyicanian lorell:,
which, in Civfar'st. lie, v..., cine days journey in length,
and li.\ in breadth, is now cur down in many plaa-s, or
parcelled out into wo i.ls, wiiich go by |iartijular names.
Mollofthe w ))d a-e ; i.'.e, iir, oak, and beech. There
is a val'i number ol liie.tr. of kis note 1:1 tvery part
ot tills couotry ; almoll: every count, baron, or j'ciulc-
man, ha.ing a chife, (;r piri;, a.l.irned with plealiir.--
houles, an.l llocked wi'.h iker, of wlii li there are li-ven
or cigiit Ibits, as roebiu ks, Ibgs, \c. of all fizes
,ukl colours, and m.iny of them of a vaR- growth; p!i aiy
ol hares, rab'.its, foxes, be.irs, wolvi ,, boars, Cve. I'hc
lorclls aha abound wiih wud lowl.
S 1 C ']• I O X II.
Citwxl D:f/:r'!U 1/ ;V (!>in'i rmpny, Pii'!:iU!\!r
D'y^iipti:ii: 1/ li:c Jf.: i\ii CniLs.
G1"KMAN"V w.is i'ormeriv divid'd into ten I'reat
cii les; but llie circie of Burgnuiy, or the pro-
vinces of th-; Low Countries, being now detached fron,
the enijiire, we Ih'.il, in del'cribing (ierininy, conlinc
ourlclvca to tlic nine circle. a.i tliey now lujiiil, vi/..
tne country, elpcv-i.iiiy
■■>;n tne .-)p!ic, in the inari]uila!e
the Mij) iuv in Hoh-mia. As the
il )u, ;t aboun.ls Willi ficli Ihli as
n; wa:.;-..
.M ra.il ; and, a'":er a 1 ,ng ciir-
and Urandcnbiirg, filL itito the
Upper S.ixrmy,
J .Oiler .''a^oov.
AS'eflph.dia,
V.'pper Rhine,
Loieer Rhine..
!• ranconia,
Aultria,
Ha^aria,
Suabia,
l.le no.ti,.
; In tlir ii
Thef'
;.!inni:'
we !hall
-' 'Nilll
defcribe in th' ir lelpaive nnli r, be
Tin CIRCL1-.
I
:l b>
e f,f I
thole I
pper .
! (he
Im'1'1 i;
' .i.vony is
I iver f
b-
iinded on
le .ind L
ll.'
laxony
tile e.ill oy i'rulli.i, an.l pan ol j'olmd
Jim.
a a
.i^
HRArilV.
trait coi:;:l- tlirn;:^Ii
It is navii_;.ililc for
in. Caii.ilb are cut
i( h vrry iii;:tii pro-
r>n.i ii'iiluiiij;. Ho-
^^.lal id,' .lis. 'Ill's
f tlill of till, J lii(;
I'mjirevs, I' mc <,f
ig tj a confiiJL-rable
jins of 'rii'.irinfrn,
am! cnipries uajf
Buiiicn, wifl'in io
I I- f) tt;ll of li.'i of
in IcMlon for tvciy
"try of l.uii'./iburr,
k-n.
i of Bohemia, p.if-
aie of Mcnrz, tiie
NalKiu, waliich the
uierable ritics, and
i.s not ovtr-llorkcd
ilcarni'ls, oixafion-
r [hroiii;li winch it
r.ccclliuy leu the
ifes oil tlic froinirrs
au! Bavaria, and
hi courit; being
navi-abie; and, as
b, it Luiiiiot abtniiid
"lis have for hiint-
caulL' why [Jitic are
g in Germany than
llyicanian lurcll-,
r's jijiiriicy in length,
in many pLucs, or
by partijular names.
I anJ bcfch. 'I here
note in every part
■, baron, or i-enilc-
■neii with plealiir.--
hi'li there an liven
, 'Vc. oi' all fizes
vad growth j pli my
-, boars, Cvc. Ihc
II,
■iiifn: Pu.!:ndjr
■ii!"il into ten I'lCat
<?,iM.iy, or the pro-
iiow deraclu\l fmn.
(iennany, C'lnrmc
now liiJiiil, vi/.
1] . -'live nnii r, Iv
IS l)'ii:!i;:",i on lln-
llhilli' ,111.1 l.'.vvrr
in I pair ol i'olaiul
ad
EURori-:.]
ami S'lefu; c:i the f >utli l)y Bavaria, Bohenya, and
Fran.' i.iia i .'.r.tl on ilu- north by the lialtic. It is
of CiiniiJerabie extent, an.l contains tlic tollowing
placts.
Ti.e l''.i.EtTORATi: of Saxo.vv.
Saxony, in rjeneral, is one of the moil fertile coii.n-
tric:. in all (jermanv. It yieLls a rich iiKreafe of all
kinds ofgrain and hiiits. 1 iops, tlax, tob.irco, anile,
ami woad, .'.re eidtivatril here. The minerals are of
great imixirfanci.'. The porcelain e.irih is excellent ;
and die Terra .Si.^ill.if.i (already tlefcri':ie.l) excremel?
good. 1 iie co'intry pr iduce^ various kinds of marble,
and the d::tiiK-t pieces of preci.'.iis (lanes. \'itriol
and alliim are pre|),ired here. Coal is dug : and the
mines of liber, copper, tin, iron, and lead, aie very
valuable. It iikcwne abounds in hone;., cattle, llieep,
venifon, ivc. tvc.
The princip.il ri\ers ar» t!ie I'.lbe, Mulde, PleilTe,
Schwarze I'lller, ."•all, and Wliite-l'lller. Tliele ri
vers, as well as the lakes ami rivnki.s, prod'jce great
i|uaiuirie'; of iilli ; and the \\ iiite-l'.lllcr yields abun-
dance of fv.iiitiiul piarls.
'I'nis eie-.i oi.iie is, in s^en'-ral, well cultivated and
populous. Tlie provincial diets are held every fix
years, and the l(;levt diets convened every two years.
I.iitlieraiiifm is t!;e elhiblill-.eil religion; tliough the dif-
feient branches of the electoral family have iifu.Uiy
been Rom.in Catholics. Wiin rcj^ird to cccklia.iu al
matiers, t!-,e country- is di-.ided into piri'lies, fiibordi-
nate to fpiritiial inlinftors, which latter are all ac-
fountalile to the eccleiiaUical council and upfA'r con-
fillory of Drefden. Roman Caiiuiltcs and Calviniits
are toler.ued in moll parts of the eleclcnte. Ltarnuig
fo'iiilhes here, coinmeiTc i> encoura-^cd, and manu-
factures in the various blanches are arrived at great
ptrfiLlion.
Among the cleclors of the empire the eledor of
Saxony is the lixch ia dignity, nnd great marllial of the
empiie. I lis revenu'^s aie v'ly confuK'rable. The
whole is divided into eiiilcs, which are is fjllow;
The e'.eclora) circle, or duchy of Saxony, i.i very
near .y~ I'liles in Icigtl), ai'.d alinofl: as many in breadth.
'I'he iijil is f.m.ly ; and it contains the loll,jwi..g
pLii cs.
\\'ii;einbenT, tin- i ipiial, nn tl-.c cad fide of the
L'.lbe, 55 milts nc'tt'i-well Iroin Drefden. It is the
(t-at ot an atilic judicatory, a confiilorv, a fpiritual in-
fpeclioii, and a general fuperint'-ndency. It is well
fortihed, a';d contains an univeriiry and a Latin lli.jwi.
Mai '.in l.uduT firll preached here againll the Pope's in-
dulgciKiisj an I in the cathedral of .Ml Saints he was
buiie.i. The library appcrt.iining to the uiiivetluy, is
very v.iiuai'K i but the I'ri:fi'.a;'., t.iking the place in
1756, did "Vfat damage to the Ibrtific.itions.
Kcmber;." is .1 fmail town, whc.'c inliabi'.ancs are noted
for t!u' c'jitiv.uion cf hop: . Z.ilina h.is a feat and vi;ice
in the d.-.eis. Scliniie iebcrg i., lijrroiiiiiled, in a romin-
tic man.'icr, by mouirains : And Rcmliards contains a
curious i.iboratorv hv niaking mechanical and optical
inacliiiie;^, i.'i particular the ciiiaia oblcUt.i.
By iiirans (/f wlilch, wood?, iiills, and tl.iles, appear;
I'locks gra'.'.e the plain ■, birds wing the filent air.
In darkui'd rooir,;,, where light can only pafs
'J'liro' the fiiiall liide of a convex [i,lafs.
Or. ihe white iliei t the moving lii',urc.s rife;
'1 l.c loul'i w.ives i clouds il',)at along th' Ikies.
Barby, on the l''.ibe, is defended by a c.uUe ; Gom-
niern li.is a callle and liiiieriinendincy ; Aniiaburg is a
borough town on a little ili.'.nd i llciberg has a wool-
len ami a fait- [n tie mannfidory j and L.iclrA'iiburg has
an tledloral ['ulace with plc.iiuie ;.:,ai(.k-ns.
litre eVn roii.'di rocks v.iih ti nder myrtles bloom.
And iroddtn weeds lend out .1 lich pciliime :
GERMAN EMPIRE.
73 «
Here wedern gales etern.iily rcfuie,
Antl all the feafons lavilh all their jiride;
Bloiloms, ll'uits, .ui.i llow'rs, togetiicr rife.
And the whole year in gay confulion lies.
There are many inconfiderable towns in this circle;
oi' which nothing more can be laid, than tliat they have
all a lea: .'.-id voice in the diets of the empire.
The circle of Thuringia is very fertile, abounding
in Corn, Cattle, flieep, horles, timber, ixc. Itcoiuains
the f iliowing places :
Tendad, whicii gives name to a bailiwick. Pfijite
cont.iins a Ichool, wlieie 150 fchol.irs are inaintainetlj
antl taught gratis; l*"r.iwen|)ri'-fnitz, a niuket town;
and Treli'urt, a town on a hill, near the W'erra.
Weil'enfels is a haiidfimc tovn on the Sial. Above
the town is a white rock, at the fummit of whicli .1 line
CilWe is erected, calletl Au^i idulburg. This town like-
wile contains mauiiaclcries of (ilk and velvet, a Latin
fthool, a.id a gymnafium, or fchool ot cxcrcile.
The wife, f^ir health, on exert ife depend :
God never made h\-> wori'ib for man to mcnil.
Ro'back i.s a village, cek-brated for the defeat of a
formidable army of Prcncii an.l Audrians, in the year
'757> by the late king of Pruflia, in its neighbour-
hoo.l. The other tow:.s and villages of this elide are
fo very inconuder.able, that they merit not enume-
rating.
I'he margravatc or circle of Meiffen is a plentiful
country, .Tnd its 'ields are fertile in grain. Its forefts
I'urniili plenty of vei.ifon, its rivcis are full of filli, and
its hills ab )und wuh niiner.ils. It contains likewife
many confu'eralile vineyards, but the wine is not genc-
rallv admired. Lipontlie whole, however, itis allowed
to be one of the mod fruitful and populous dillrifts
in Germany ; an.l its inhabitants have univerfiily
the ch.u leter o( being the mod lively and polilhed
people in the whole e'ripire. The prin^ ipal places are
the following.
I)re!den, the capital, not <^nh' of MeifP.'n, but of all
S.ixoi.y, is fituated u/ miles ncirth of Prague, and !io
nortn-weft of Vienna. The name is derived from
three l.ikes in the neighltourf. joti, wliich, in the coun-
fv 1' giage, are cdled l)r\ leii leen. This city is one
of the 'ine.l in Gerauay, wirh refpecl to ih,' plealant-
nefs of its fituadjii, the beauty of its ltr'.;.:'tiire , and
the number ami magniiicente ot itscinbeilillimenrs. Ic
was oii.rjnaliy (iirtihctl by Charleiiugne ; ami, fince his
tune, the works have been fi gicatly augmented and
im[)rovetl by its dukes ami electors, tl.at it is now a
place of great drength and importance. Many of its
parts are tiefendetl by a tlouble tlitch, ami the ballions
have done facings, 'i'lie houli's, which are built of
free done, are lofty ami liibfbntial ; and the llreets are
lirait, ijiacioiis, eleg.uirly pavni, and well liL^luetl. The
cathedral church is a noble llrudiire ; and feveral
l.u'ge lipi.ires give the whole city an uncommon air
of magnificence. The (lone bridge over the Pilbe,
which tlivides the city intothe Old antl New Town, and
coiifills of 17 an lies, is one of the nobled drudures in
the univerfe, At the entrance of New Drelden is a
noble building, calleil the Pal.ice of the Indies: it
confills of three llorie,,, all the apartments of which
are filled with the mod curious Japan and China
wares. All the houleh'ld goods are Iiitliaii ; and there is
one fet of funiitiire Ic.irce to be parallektl, which con-
lids of feathers of v;'.riiitis colours, all natur.il, but in-
laid wi-ji ti) much art, that it might be taken (or a (in«
ilowertil fattin. A very pleafant gartlen belongs to this
m.ignilieent palace, which runs down to the b.ibe, and
is atlornetl with llatiits of >vhite m.ubie, that were pur-
i haled for the late elttflor at Roi'ie, of the c.inlinals An-
nib.il ami Alexander .A'.bani, nepci-ws to pope Clement
\l. bt fivles 'uo noble ibtlif'-.s, and two very tine
lountains. Near the Pal.ice of thr 1 ndies d,.iids a mag-
niticcn*.
4
H
M
^11
Ill i'it
\\\
m.
Ml
m
*^1!
i : 1.1
:i^'^
IP
A NL.\V, ROYAL, and AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M of UNIVI.RSAI. GF-OGRAPflY.
ni -a-nt ftriidure, bnik bv t!if trt.ucs of Saxnny, for
iiMinr.iiiiing two comp.in'R-s of c.Kkns, all jif.-iu^nK'n
of tiie coiunrv, who ;m' hfie iiV.liiidcd in tlic li-vcrai
^:u■n.e.^. In tlu' f.ime ftri it thnr is an amplii'.luMtir ,
or .:riM, Cn- the Um<\k-> of v.ift bcaiU, U.ch as lion.s,
tii;-rs be;'rs, ami, in lliorr, all the tkri-.H aiiini.ils
from the four quarters of thf world; ol wliich <;r<at
n'linbfrs arc kept tcir the purpnfe. Here is a luiimii--
hoiifc, uhrre k-ars arc kept ; wi:hf uintains aii.i ponds,
in which thev waih ; an.! raii^ed polls n>und thcni, by
wnicht::cvchnib up to k-atYcLis i.n the top, where they
drv tf.emlelves. Here i. a place eaiud the Horn (kil-
1.-1V, which has feveral aj .urniei.t>, painted, wiili a
repukiitari 'n of hurting v^ik! bealls and lowls. in
ti-.e did lov.n tlurc is a 'laree cdtle; ami fo:ne ot the
forci'.icationsiVili i<i he ieen, which were made bvCliar-
leni.'.ijne. l.i this quarter Ibnds alfo that callid the
Pri
m
^.^•'^ P.ilact
bi!t ail I'f it f.a>
piarr, c(,ii:airiiiig
wiii'.h wa^- ("ormerly a very fin- build-
be en ci>;;l'.K".ed bv me, except
one p.arr, C(,,i:airiiiig very !ine ai-artments. In; erbly
fiiiniihed, and accouMiK^ '.itcd by the cledor to the nio-
liern talle ; but they bcloi,;.; only to 'he tleck.r a'.d
ticctrefs ; fir the eJecitoial pr.nce and princefs kvc \n
nfepirate palace, wiiich cot,.:i',unicates v' Ii it bv p,,d-
K'lic-, uhere t!ie rooms arc \ eriedly well O-.lpokd, aiid
iiJiTne.i with hue ])a!a:in:'?.
I h* ehc> t's p^i.cc, rrcaille, j ins to the bri.'-e :it
th.e entrance of the New [own. It is an ancient Ihic-
ti'.ic, .-.nd makes Ivr :i iv,,Mn ap| ear..nce. The inl.de,
liowever, iar f'.:rpaiVes the outlide , the apaitmeni ■ b< -
in_- nr)ble, and fph ndidly hirnifned. '1 i. ere is a gri-at
t;il;rry, wl.i h -'V,'.,i. ■- .-.LriviUe bulk-, vcfji',., picture-,
uni
III the elecl ir's ftables, .in] tlie rkiin;i;-l)Oufe, is a
great number (;f exciclin /, fin.- iiorl'es ; and foine ot all
forts of tlie rarell breed, wl.ich have iron racks and
copper muiy;erb. There ij a curious tinintain and p/ond
near tiiem, liirniunded with bdul'.rades, for the horfes
to water and wafh in : and bcf .re the ftables there is a
I on^; arched walk, pfur.ed. w':t!i curion, horles ; over
w!iic!i there is a ijailery, wi::i tiie pi hires ot all the
dukes and ele:b)r., of Saxi.-.v, in their '.-obes an 1 mili-
tary habits i piuicilaily t!-.c t-.'.o i»e:iciMis, 1 icn/ill
and 11 )rfa, under wliom t'le S-.x. ni invaded l'.ii;^ia.Ki,
are depided hers .-fter t''. ■ r ';■ m.ic lu.iiir.er tiicy .ire
■,,. In rlic chambers
li.t-nci, ., an 1 odier
-id, le t':e I'ui'-.iih
: i a i '::•., di \\')\'.\ pre-
riinv c;i:iif:f.e' , par-
;',.:. 1 r.ivclv.
1 levcral .iVer curiof".'. j; a I
wi'ii hue d;a'A [ ■■•j,'
bi s . ' n;.'.:iv n.i'i' i
of a 111: I •.w'.ivj, z ■.
cuiiofitie.s h. ih o:
of a vriv great valu'-.
I c-.;io,
il,
aC'i'
in cl
,-1.
wi ir
I.
, ;,all, .uU'rnci
, s 1 I giants, tlie r.i-
l cr. .. 1 ige cliambers, f 11
■\ I.■.rl'.;^^, and the greatid
..! na:..:\', ef, ecially plCairf-,
and w-';„lerlul j eil'ormances
paiace are two chaiiek, onv
t.-.r the Roman Carlvilies, 'the ot!ier_ lor the Lutherars.
The liill: was lureiofire a tlu-atrc for the operas; but
or\c >'l tl-.e eledors turned it into a rl'..'pcl, on iiccount
of li.e marriage of i,i- only fon with the eldtlt daughter
o^ the emperor J'fci h. The 'ieond, which w.i:, al-
ways ti.e ciiapcl I'l
t.
P
kuit electors of S.ixnnv,
he kft f(T the ule of Lis wife, wlvi ci nlkintlv adhcied
to ih'.t relig'en. The trealure of it is e\tremelv rkh,
fonfi'.'.ing of velTels, and otiier move.ibles, of gold and
filvci-, l-.wcti.f'jre con'.ecrated and given to this cha| el
bv the ell dor-. In this p.il.ice is the regal treafurv.
( "mm
Vauk,
1,
rtoni
!'',■ cal'ed the Grunc
ieAol;-,e, or the Grein
r.o'jied of t'.n • ai c!ied rooms, whicii contai:i
rr .di.r..')U.. iici.es, and. ikim: .ill ow r with g!)kl and pre-
cious llones; fo tli.it it is one of tlie tii.cll pl.ices in the
worl.l. Here arc fever.il (cts of brilliant diamonds, ru-
l-.ie«, emerakk, pearls, laj)p!.ire:., and other jiecious
every let is complete, and conlills of button'-,
buckle-, loops fir hats," &c. fwords, hangers, Iv^ord
btlt-, canes, mulls, Inuff-boy.e-, waf lies, tweezer-calcs,
pocket bo'k-, in ihort all the jev.ri:; that cin p.ollibly
be iiuijined, even to the firniture ol a horle; and tiiey
are r.uig' d with admirable nicety, in cales of tryllal.
Near this p ilacc tliere is a very fui'- gartlen, called the
Zwini'ir-f .arteii, which i» reckoned ilie Thuilleries of
Drelifen, though not large enough toddervc the name.
Itis femi.irTed, in tlie Ihapeof a horle-flioe, wiili mag-
nificent buildings of frec-lloiiv', th.it form archci; over
vvliidi tlieie runs an open gallery, that unites three large
jiavilion'-, anvl h.\. b.ilullradcs ;idorned wirhflatues. In
th.e midid'.emoll: tlieir i a line grotto, and gn cn-lioules
fjr orange-'.recs, and the moll delii ions Irui;:.. The
uo's-t llory ,;. mains a very beautiful filoon, faced with
p'lirble and. gilded ornaments The ceiling is mag-
in. i.:ent, t!.e windows are of large jlire-glals ; and die
rell of the' b.iikling, which ioii..s tiiis garden, is of
r'-.e fame in.ignuiccnrc ; but teems a little too much
'nctimiv-red witli carved work, wliicii In;, more of ilic
Gothi'.- t'l.in t'.c raod.rn talle.
r. 1
. . V.
li
ei]' •li'i in ita'.ue.
,,|.
(.•i ui.ie,
;';..it ijiantiriei
luiii .;:r, .md ci ..;s
: ne l.H 1 n i.'e.l 'ly the
• i.tni Ills ol 1 i.r'.ilh
aid f ot, V. ill V. ir
..■.itiivd a. lo tijin
l'ruH.,i:is in t!;e year
• •s I. w i.illcd hotels,
I'a. > . ; I;. a til it cilleJ
1.1 iIh- occu| ad Ml lit' .1
d.-f.T'ibed bv our m m'.i'.h
over the ikibles are !..-;it t' ,:
lumptuoiL etyuip.igi >, m U'.
iii'Kle, p.liic.i wi'ii m.i:H- |.
ci.iii. fi ines. 1 Lre ..; ;'.
ticularlv a gun, wl.ic/. .'.;l, h,. , 1
with lilt liia'tiinlkiii ; I I.I .1 ■\\' <
whi. !i, m ivc i ov a \,"..r.-\ ■'...:.:, i
' h-v ir .ill of .!■! a:lei..:i i.'-i.-, v.
of ail f.rt> (if ar.v.,, k'. cr 1 : :,s .'i
ot' IV,.. I, ill lil.cr aid Ia'« '., ih :t !m
ik-'t.irs in I'u ir wa:-- ; a'ld ic[
and 1 lui.:;.'.rian p ■ 'ic . o! !. :
commaiidcib :.'. v..t .r 1'.- .i ■, 1
riui.id : lv.it this v.a- llr'pi c 1 i.v
I • •('. I'heie are live nv i, :;
w '. ; II, in lia.v, wm.i.l ; al . ! r
t'; ■ 1 1 ,;el dc lli.ym, v.hu.i is
t.i 1 i.lv ci tl'.i: iiaii.!-, is elldiiidi tlu iujII; cciLidcLitvlc
I ', ilicin .ill.
■['he l"ui)u;!is eft:.::, city I're veiv t xunP.ve, but iiavc
no b'.il.iing of c..nl.\iiiCi-Ki', ex.ijt tlie pal.ice in tliC
e'.e.t ir's great g.ir.lri, i aikd t!ie l'url\iih pilact, iioin
bcin ; liirnillv. d entirely at";er ::,e Turki'h in.urier.
l':xi.e:f',. ii.uH' odier fv-it<, vi.t. I'lln;'/, .\! irif/-
b'lig, .\ug;.iilM;:) iig (ivhicli iics in the circle ol the
mount iiii-j an. I .\'i;ieb'irg.
Witlii.i thive mile, of t le city tlieie is abcv! onpiarry
of Iti:;--, wiii.h a •.or. ling to defcription, I'liiu what
r. ;'J,n'.lle^ tlv: (iiants C.micw.iy in Irela-i.i. i"lie ll ones
ri;e aOjit 17 ells ab we gro'intl, repreient columns
wi'h feveral c irner-, a.id are j nn.-.l as if d ine by art.
Ti-.c 11, ive fi'om f)ur t) f-ven c ikim;v^a[)'ec.*, arefn lorii
on tiie outfide, 1 mk a.-, if tii.-v w.r- ii.'.xe.i v.rdi iron,
.ire v. rv weigirv, a.n 1 ii,u\l ,is a lam'.nt.
'l ;-.e [>eople of Dreflcn r ,ntend wirh di >W of I I ille
fir ipealving the bell high Dutch. It li.ls i.ven oijferved
01 tlii;:n in geuer.il, th.it there an- none ;r.:.:e devoted to
pl'.afires; Inch as play, m ifiu'T.; h-s, balk, fealls,
running at tin: ring. i... e:, on lk\!g.. -, tournam.-n s,
hunting-matches, v^c. of ..11 whicii li.cy i-.ave ai-un-
d-mce; and tilays and inaf.|ilci.ides aie liee for all
p.eople of faihion. The ci.i.'vr.^ wives .ve more I ;-
cial>le here tiian in any t.r.vn if (kruuny, and l..'-..liy
give themlel'.es the air of qii.'!i:v, t ''pcci.illy in the ar-
ticle of drefs, a luxury wliicii lia. im'cded tlij wives of
tlie mech.inics, and tv-n thf Icrv.mr.i.
KeiieLl ).f U a fur.;; vill.i,-,', n-ar u'li. h, in iT.tj,
a !:.l ) );ly engagement wisf night b:rv..'e 1 the ."sax H'S
an; I'ruliians, 111 whi- :i ih.e loriivr wcfj d-icitu I wi:!i
gre.it ll.iughttr.
."^^iil prefling firwari to the lighr, tliev br.-ki;
'1 liio' llimes ot filphur, and a nutiit ol" Iniolse,
'i'ul iLiugi.ter'd leg;ons fill d tiie ticncli h.crlow,
And b :rc their fierce avengers to the fie.
1 ligji on the works the mingling h lU tng.tge,
'1 he Little hindiiiig into tcntiild rage,
W itli lliow'i s of butlels, an>l with ltor:n'i of liie.
!-'inbs in lull (iiry. li'Mgs on hiaos expire.
'I Ir wiilern tun n"w lliot a t'eiblr r.iy,
y\nd faintly I'i .itrer'd t!:e remains ofd.iv:
liv'ninn app'toachM ; but, t.h ! what ho:l; of foes
Were ncvei 10 behold that ev'niiig dole.
Dipoldifwall 1, ]'. li.inau, Dolina, Gottleuli, and
licrg^iefzliii'.i I, iiave 1 .itli a feat ami voice in the diets ;
aad
illng-hoiill*, i". a
, .iiul li'iiic of all
,• iron ra.l.s and
tl unt.iiii .Uiil |;)ik1
■s, lor tlic iiorfcs
rt.i'olfs ;in.'ie is a
)'i-, horll's ; ovi:r
' euros nr .i!l the
ir \-t)h^\ .v, 1 ini!i-
r:;cr.iis, lL':L';ill
nv.uIi'J I'.ii'^Ij.kI,
; !;>.i:ir.fr tiicv .ire
l;i r!iO (.li.'.nihcrs
;u-ir--, .i;i i ();!ier
If <.'x rui'-.iili
:.! 'rn.i! '■vii!! [-rc-
V cii:; if::':" , par-
ti u"> !..:. 1 :.iii.ly,
':i'iin llal'j'j,
wiiit;.
i.it q'l.uitiries
;Mi;i .\:r. :i'i.i ecus
U\ 1 n I ■':J 'ly the
u ills ui 1 i.r'.ilh
: ..)i, v. i !i t , ir
'liv,..i ,(, to (iJlil
nioui:;^ in t:;L' year
, !• lallc.l llOTfis,
. , I; ii til it (mIIcJ
\t; (KCU| a:! hi nt a
• 111 >ih ci-'i.. Jli.iL'Ic
xtriir.\e, but have
tlie i>.i!.ice in tliC
rl\ii1i pilacc, iioin
ki'li ni.taicr.
. I'lhi::/., M irit-/-
tlic circle of the
•e is abcJ. or quarry
crijitio;!, I iiiu \siuc
L'la'i.i. rhc ll inci
rcprcu'iu cof.iinns
as if d ::r.' by art.
1^ ap'CC", an- fnooth
: iiiixc.i v.ith iron,
'.'ir.
wi?;! \]\)fc of 1 lalle
i \,\: \ WW obk'rvcd
>:-.'■ :','.■. '.i- devoted to
raU-s, lulls, fcalls,
i\l;:.s, to'.irnain/n s,
:l i;.i-y i.:ivc alu;n-
is aK" ficc- fur all
wiv'Ci r.'c inon; f)-
lrr:na:-,y, al,^! ton.lly
irpcciajly ill tin' ar-
ikdcd tllJ \MV.". of
■a: vvlii, h, in l "15,
j;rv..t' 1 the Sax 'hi
wir'j ii'jii.atc-1 \vi:h
', tlu'v br..ke
ii'.'ji; oi lim.ikt;,
ttcncli lulow,
) the iof.
, h'ils engage,
ra^:.' ,
h Itor ns of iiic.
IPS expire.
>ir ray,
of ilav:
.vliat !io;li of foes
11"^ dole.
ma, (iottli'iili, and
mi voice in tlic ilitts ;
aivi
EUROPE.]
C. E R M AN E M P 1 R E.
7?3
and ill'- lattt-r lus a mine (/ficc*, an acid fpring, and a
cold l).uli.
I.ii-bil.idf and [5arc-n!U'in are borli defended by callles ;
and in the n'-iyhbourhood of the l.icter is a tin mine;
New (levf/.niy conr.iins a mine ofllee ; Hoheiillein is a
lioheinian liet'j and Neull.i.k lias a linen ami Hocking
iiiaiiOMiHorv.
iMinTm, from whence the m irciifilate is denominated,
was formerly its capital, but is now in.onfiderable. It
(lands I?, mile.-, north-welt of Drefden, on a river of
its own name, on the left (iile of the Kibe, over which
it ii.nl tlie bell w(ji )den bridge in the empire, till de-
llroyed in the Clerman wars. It was maeie a bilhojirie
about the middle of the 10th century, but feciilari/ed
after t!ie ref iriivirion, ami fubject to the eled ir ever
lince i;8i. Ir ie> partly in a v.ilicy, and partly on
the lide of a lull, on tl'.e top ol which are the [)alare,
a venerable old pii.-, i;i i'onn of a caftle, and thecatiic-
dral, in which are the tombs of many [irinces and no-
blemen. Ileic was a monallery formerly, which has
been converted into a public Ichool, and the revenues
applied to the m.iintenance of the Ihideiits. In Meiflln
is an admir.ible porcelain maniifuliory, which produces
j^oods eileemed by iiiaiiy to be lu[>erior to thole brought
from India.
.^cliandau, on the Elbe, lits a great trade in timber
and corn ; Belch ofsvverda, on the Wefenitz, in white
yarn; Stolpen, oti the fame river, had its calHe dcino-
lilhed by the l'rulT:.in:i in ly^t') ; ami, in the lame year,
at the villaw of Kbenheit, the capittilation was drawn
up f)r the furrender of the Saxon army to the PrnfTians.
1 1 lyn, or 1 lava, on the river Reder, was plundered
an.l burnt, by the 1 lullites, in 14:9, and again burnt in
15 ^S, It was formerly a fio'jrilhing town, and the feat
of the margraves of Mifnia, the remains of whole palace
are Hill to be iein; and before the long wars in Ger-
many, here was .1 great maiuifacttire of woollen cloth.
Torgaw has a bridge, with llonc pillars, on the Elbe.
It was l)uiic by John l''red:-rick, the eleiftor, in 15J5,
am) beautifif .1 with a llately caille. It once h.id a very
fl'.niifliing tr.i !e, and the ei'-£l ors i)( Saxony hekl their
dic[s here; b it it was lo often harralled and opprelled
by ilie Swedes in the (ierman wars, that t!ie face of
tills otice fair city is cpiiie changed. 'I'he caille, which
is .idorneil with a beautiful church, has feveral very
large and noble ap.utmenti. There is a fpacious hall,
adorned with the piifliires of feveral emperors, kings,
eleflor:, and other princes : and in another room there
are the pichnej .j. liieir fools, or jefters. In a gallery
«( this caille tl.cre i the geiual; gy of the Saxon fa-
inilv, with the pidures, arms, and abllra.it of the lives
o( Its piiiices.
M'ilberg, im tilt I-dbe, is famous for the vicT;ory
won by Ciiuks \'. over the Protellants in 1547, when
l'"re lerick, duke of Saxony, was taken by the duke of
Alva, wh ) commanded the Spanilh .uixiliaries. It is
the capital of a bailiwick near the forefl of Rederwack.
Here is an anci-.-iit caille, which was a tew years a<»o
repaired. This was yitlded to the eleelr r by the
billiop of M( ilVon, at tlu- fiiiie time \ ith the caille of
nrtll<.i'i, a little below it. Near this place, in 1730,
the el.elor made a gran.! encampment for a month,
W'hl.ii was I .'. miles in co.iijiafs, formed of •28,coj
men, and viliced by the king of Prullia, and feveral
oiher princes, befides miny other perfons of diilindion.
I'Veilericklhil !iu a 1 i iking giafs manufaclory ; and
Scinlh'iibnrg t'.ives n'.me to a bailiwick.
/ei'hayn is a village celebraied tor having been the
feat i^t the pleafui ; cinp fi)rmed liy Augutlus II. at the
cxprnre of ^,oc-. ,0 o of dollars. On the I'pot where
the ramp IIoikI are fix large pyramids, eree'ted to com-
mem-irate the lircumnancf.
Kj>n;g!lein, on the Mbe, has a fullian maiuif.iil-lory,
anil is defended liy an impregnable fortrefs on the top
ot a rock. C)n the tide towards Drelden there are
(trong works, and a trijilr battery of c.mnon. The
caflle ran nritlier be umierniincil, or racked with tliot
from the adi.u vnt cmincnLcs i and, as it contains a
No. (.7.
well, magazines of all kinds of provifions, paftiire and
arable land, gardens, 6cc. &c. it would be impolTible
to reduce it by blockade. It is die repofitory of the
archives, and the place of retreat of d.v. cle'^toral family
in times of danger j and, befides, coir.mands the navi-
gation of the Elbe.
As tiiere are, in this circle, as well as throughout
the empire, a number of pl.tces, lo inonuderablc as to
att'ord IV) one objccl wortiiy of note, wc pais them over
without mention.
Leiplic Hands in a charming fruitful pl.iin, Letweea
the livers Saal and Miidle, abounding with all the ne-
cellaries ami luxuries of life, particularly large and rich
meadows, mowetl c;;n(lai.tiy twice, and fometimes
tlirice a year; befides pleafant woods, and many tine
orchards, v- ith all forts ot' fruits i there being neither
orchards nor gardens within the walls of the city. It
is fitiiated at the conflux of three other Iclier rivers,
theElller, PleiHa, and Pardo, or Barde, 28 miles north-
welt of Meiilen, 41 welt of Drcfden, and 2.18 north-
welt of X'ienna. It is llippofed to have been builc
by the Van^ials, abot.t anno 700, and to have derived
its name from Lipzk, a lime-tree, with which the
country once abounded. It was in this city that, in
1520, Luther dilJHited vvidi Eckius againft the pope's
fupreniacy, and tiie people loon after adopted reforma-
tion principles.
This part of the country having been the chief the-
atre of the long German war, this city was, in two
years, taken five feveral times, and latt by the Im-
perialills in 163;, but reltored by the treaty of Prague
in 16 ;j. It is remarkable for three fignal vidtories
obtciined near it by the Swedes over the Iinperialifts,
viz. in 1631, when Gultavus defeated Tilly i in 1641,
and in 1642, when the Tchdukc Leopold, and gene-
ral Picolomini, were tlefe.ued by the Swedifli admiral
Torltenfon, who afterwards obliged the town to fur-
rentier. It is"famous alio f >r an univerfity, which was
founded in 1409, by I'rcderick and William, dukes of
Saxony, out of a detachtiK'nt of the Icholars from
Prague, of whom there came hither not lefs than 20DO
in one day, bv reafon of the quarrel between the Mul-
fites and Papilts. It has '24 protellbrs in four colleges,
wherein the nations are dillinguiihed by lev<'ral dalles.
It lias bred many learned men, and been honoured
with the d'akes of Slefwic and J lolltein, Stetin, Po-
iiieraiiia, and Mecklenburg, and other Ibvereign princes,
liir its reftors. It is not fubject to the elector, but to
the town. The library has abundance of MSS. that
belonged to the monalteries demolillied at the time of
the reformation, .n which the molt valuable, becaule
it is a rarity, perh.ips not to be met with cllewhere, is
Tret/.er's Greek commentary on Homer's lli^id, in
excellent prcfervation. There is a monthly book p ib-
lilhed here, being a fort of Journal des Scavans, or
Memoirs of Literature, cont.aiiiing an account of re-
markable [lieces in all parts ol learning, intituled.
Acta Eruditorum Lipfiiv; which lliews that plivfic,
anatomy, and tlie mathematics, are very much cul-
tiva'ed, though divinity is their chief Ihidy.
The city is the feat of a high court of judicature,
where the eleftor liimlelf is obliged to appear, when
fuminoned. It was firll opened about the year 1520,
when Auguflos, the then eleiitor, eltablilheil the col-
lege, to confilt of a |>relidenr, and fix afTelibrs ; of
whom three are civilians, and the other three of the city
council, with a re;'illeriiig clerk.
Some call this city the jewel of the ele.5toratc of'
Saxony, not only fi)r its fine flruidurcs, but for lh#
conliderable revenue it yields to its I'overeign. The
town itlelf is not large, but populous, with regular
ftrccts and ftately houlirs, generally live or fix llories,
but, about tlie market-pl.ice, eight or nine llories high,
lubll.intially built of free-flone, adorned with tine win-
dows. The town lioufe is a nnble flriiCiure. St. Nicho-
l.is's church is the bell adorned within of any Lutheran
ihiinh in Geriii.iny. The ground-^^oors of molt of
the houles are waiehoules, where the merchants Itore
8 Z jheir
m
m\
i
(II '.' i r if
a
1^
H'ii
'•I *T.'
ii
!ft I I
734 A NEW, ROYAL ano AUTIlENriC SYSTKM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
their goods for the fairs at Ncw-Year's-Tide, Eafler,
and Michaclm.is, whi.-li i vait concourfc of inercliants
attcn.i from the mott norcd place;, in Kuropt', who
are exL'inpred from tolls. So many rich curiolitics are
then brought hither, and there 1= fo great a vent lor
thriTi, that an immenfe fiim accrvies to the revenue.
The German ton>i'ie is fooken here widi great piiriry.
The town is fonihtd witii rimparti an.l a ditch j but
they aie r.ot ri( U> much inif'ortance Ub its ftrongcalHe
of PKilf.nb ng, on ihc river I'lelllr, which, however,
vhcn Charles Xll, of Sweden, marched into Saxony,
in i:o5, the elector did not think tenable, and or-
dered the gDveraor to Uirrendcr it, witl'out hazarding
a fiege.
I
The fub.'rbs are very large. The city has four
magnificent free-done gates, at each of which is !ct up
a poll, after the manner of the i\omans; wliicli kind
of p ilf s are af thr gates of all the towns, and even ct
the vilLges, of the elefkorate; and, from hence they
Count tiir I'-.j^ies, which are divided at the en,i of
everv quarter of a mil"- by other (mtIIs, not lo large, upon
all the great roaiis, fiiewing the dittanccs. 'i'lie [gar-
deners of Liipltc are ellcemed the beft in (iermany,
and value thcmlclvcs upon forcing the produdls of na-
ture more early than o-ners. Tiieir afpar.igus is dc-
licMus, and extrani^:inary large. This place is par-
ticularlv remarked for iCi larks, whicii are fcnt all over
Germany, Poland, Holland, and Denmark. In the
w');hK are uhiin.lince of nig'.tingales, of which great
numbers are taken, and kept in cages. There are to-
lerable g'>od ordinaiies here as wtll as at Drefdcn:
but till- (irovifi.jn at the towns and villages in the road
betwixt :hofc citxs, though fo mucli fiequented, is ill-
drelTcd, an 1 the lioufcs nally. There s a remarkable
wood in tliis nrighbourhood calle.l Rofcndahl, which,
in the UngU'ge of the country, fignities tlie Vale of
Uofes, an,; coiifills of i + w.ilks, all agi-i eably diverfiticd,
with a great meadow in the middle, each walk iiaving
a noble (n)int of view.
Old Kaniladt is the village where the peace was con-
rhided between Augulhis, king of Poland, and Charles
\[. ki.ii; of Sweden. Delitzlh is noted tor its ftocking
manulactory.
(jrimmia, on the Miiide, has a fchool fjr ico fludcnts,
and a fuperintendency. It gives name to a dillriift, and
IS noted f)r manufactories of thread and flannel.
Leilznig is remarkable tor its lalmon fi'liery ; Do-
beln is a manutlnfluring town; and Rochlitz has a
feat and voice in the di-.t?, feveral manut'actories, a
Ifrong caftle, and a liiperintendcncy.
The urcle of l''.rzge'.iurg receives its name from its
mountains, which are rich in mineral ores. The mult
confiderable places i:i it are the following :
Krcvberg, the principal mine town on a branch of
the Mulde, i; miles to the foiith-well: of Dielden, i-,
Itrongly fortified. Near the principal church is a
chapel, in which many of the eleclors have been bu-
ried ; and the town is lb plealantly lituatcd, that there
is a Saxon [iroverb, which m.iy be thus rendereil into
I-ngli'.h i
l)i ! l.eii.fic's wealth on me depend,
M) fortune I'd at Freyberg Ipend.
It is t!K feat of feveral mine oflices, a court of
jullice, fuperintendency, i«:c. In tiic neii^hhourhooil
are Icvcral \aluabic mines of filver, copper, tin, lead,
fulphur, vitri',1, &:c. 'I'he wood for the mines is
brought down the Mulde fiom Bohemia. Here is like-
wile a Ijiewerv, a l.icc and thread manufactory, a bell
f)undery, a cannon f^ui, icry, a gymn.'.uiiin, and a
public lil)rary.
Brand is inhabite 1 with miners; (irimthal is the
place where the filver is feparated from tlie c.>i'j<cr ; a'nd
bchopa contains a linelting-houfe.
Oedern is a manufa.turingtown ; Cheiuni',; w.is once
an inperial citv, and is n )W a large town \v:h a iu|KT-
intendcnry i I'Vom!.e;ii)ci;j has .i I'ufi nia.V'fjliory,
and gives name to a diflridt ; and Mulde gives name to
a bailiwick, has m,uiufa(5luilcs of cloth and leather, and
is defended by a cilUe.
-irainten is a borough town near tl;e wood of Tha-
raud ; Travemlein is a fmall town with a calUc; Kc-
chenherg has a calile ; and .Mtenbcrg lias a lace mai:u-
factory, a tin mine, and a ceiv.ent fpring h gives
name to a bailiwick, in which are fever.d tin, filv-r,
and iron mines, mills, ftiK-iting-luAifes, iii:. widi an
elecloral f'lrcll and hunting feat.
Soon as Aurora draws away tlie iiiglit,
And edges eallein clouds with rofy light,
Tile hr ulthv lu'.nttman, vith a chear''.ii horn,
Summ ins the ilog'-, ..nd |',rctts the dappled mcni ;
'i'lie jocund tli'inder wakes tli' enliven d ho' ;ids ;
Tiiey roulc from llecp, and ar.fwer louni'.s l^r I'. und..
Zoblit/. has an iron four.dcry in its vkiniry; ar.d ir,
celebrated lor the great ci'iaiuitics of allicfio> (,f divert
Colours, gr;;nite?, t\c. f>iind in its nrij:l.boiMiio"d,
which likewilc abounds wiui tl;c ferpent li. :w. '1 Lis
(tone is of various c( I'liis: the rtil being the r.'.oll va-
luable is claimed by the .k.nor;; but all li..- i-.vual
kinds are worked into vario'.:.-, tiinkcts a;.{i uter.lili, by
tlie inhabitants.
Wolkenllein, on th-* Z.fdv ya, cont.ins flveral
fmall towns, ilie inl-.abit.tTts of ail vMiirli art e'.lier em-
ployed in the lace manufaftory, "r in miMi-g, ;-.i this
tailiwick produces great quantities of minerals, (jf
which we iliall dclcrile tlie following.
.Alum is either native or factitious. The firmer
fort is, at pref nt, very littL* kr.ov n. Tiie laiti r is
uliially dilliLguiflied by the namr of the country from
whence it comes. It is cf a very b.ivJing nature, and
has alwavf been locked upon as a gtf at ilyptic. 'i iiat
of the ancients had a fir.cil like avjua-fcrtis but the
fiiftitious has none at all ; and, when placed over the
fire ih an iron pan, it bubbles up ami iielts like water.
When alum is let to cryltallize, it roiurcres in'o a
figure with eight fides, w|-ich loid^s like a triangular
pyramid, with the argles ci t o(^'; infomuch that it is
couip<j|"ed of four hcxagi)n lurfai.cs, and four that arc
tri.ngiilar. From a chymical analvfis it a[>peais,
that alum confuls of an acid vitriolic fait, and an
altnngcnt earth or bole intimately united. Alum is
recotiMuended for fwel'ir.gs of the gums, and againft
fluxions upon tlic tonlilo. When burnt, it will lukc
down praud flelli in wounds .ind ulcers. It is of lu
uft; internally ; only it is fometimes given, with a large
portion of nutmeg, for the cure of the ague.
Cobalt is a follil body, which is heavy, hard, and
almoll black, not very unlike antimony. It has a (ul-
phu:!()us, naufeous finell, when kintiled in the hrc ,
and is commonly mixetl with a portion of brats, and
loinetimes of a little filver.
X'itriol is either native or faftitious, and, with re-
gard to the colour, is diltinguillieil into white, blue,
and green. White vitriol is mule into lar^r lumps,
wiiicli looks almotl like loat'-liigar, and has a I'weetilh
talte. It ii found in mines, where it Ipiings t'rth ir ).a
t!ie tides, under the appearance of .i wonlli' lubil.'.nce,
which bring dilTolved in water, mull I'e boilckl to a doc
tlacknels; and, at fall, it wiil turn into a white mafs
like fugar. bometimcs tlitre aio found in the laim;
mines pieces of vitiiol, which ai': alre.Jy cryllallized,
and .ippear tianfparent.
HI'.ie vitriol is dry to the tou'ii, anri is firmed i.nto
blue cryllals, like l.ipphircs, ot a riniiiiboid.'.l limn, but
II, It, .iiid with ten fides. It obt.iiiu its line colour from
cop'jjer, and has ,i pun;;ent talle.
Green vitrirol is of an herbaceous colour, and li.is
various names, according to the ililiereir |ilaces from
whence it is got. It .ibouiids wih iron, frcm whence
it has its colour; and is cither in hige cryllals, of a
rliMlibaiilal fiiriii, "i in j h i es i omj f;fi d ot cr)flalline
grains, united to[',ethir, w!,:cli .'eel a l:".lc oily to the
touch. 1: has a liurp ta!';t.
Common
RAPHY.
iildt gives name to
th and Icithcr, and
till.- wood of Tha-
virli a caCclc, Ke-
[j; li.ir. a Lice inanu-
rpriiig Ic j^ivfs
fi-scr.tl tin, filvT,
v'xi, in., wi.h an
ig.ir,
y iiglit,
•ar'.ii horn,
I. i!ap]il(\! incrn ;
livciiii lio' ;iils j
liijni',5 Lr i'.uiid ..
rs vi»ini:y; ar.d is
alliilii)> (.f u'.vtrs
us llri.'l.bii|;lh()"i!,
rpviu li. ;w. '1 his
1x111^!; tl-' r.'.olt vii-
b'ji uli li.L- ir.-viial
cib .i;.(i utcr.lilb, by
, cont-ins lc\'('ral
iiirli art fi.lirr tin-
ii; miMrg, r^ tl)i<
s o( iiiinfr.ils, (/f
oils. Tlic f'jiinci-
V n. Tiie lauir is
)f the coiinii y from
b.nJiiig nauire, aiid
;!rac rtyptic. 'I iiat
K|ua-f(.ni^i Init ti.f;
n placetl ovlt the
nd '!',trlts like u.ucT,
it fonircres imo a
^s like a triangular
infrsmiirh tiiat ir is
s, antl four that arc
nalvfls it apfifais,
tii liic fait, and an
y united. Alum is
gums, and againft
burnt, it will ukc
ulcers. It ii of lu
given, with a large
thi; .'gue.
i:> heavy, hard, and
iTiony. It has a ful-
.indltd in tlie tire ,
•ortion of braf^, and
tioiis, and, wit'i re-
ed into white, blue,
ie into latj/ luinp';,
r, and ha^ a fweetilli
it lj)iing:. f irdi IV )aJ
a woollv luliil.'.iue,
ill be boilcti ti( A due
n into a wjiiu' .rials
foiled in the lame
a're.idy cryllalli/'.ed,
1, and i'. firmed into
i.iiiiil>jid,'.l liirni, b'lt
. its line colour I'r.Jiii
■mis coiiuir, :ind h.ri
dilli-reir I'laces fraiii
h iiini, frrin whence
liige tryllals, (if a
ni| 'ificl of crUlalline
1 a l:"ie oily to the
Coinn'.oii
EUROPE.]
G fe R M A N E M P I R fe.
735
Common fulpliur, or brimftone, is cither native or
faclitious, or rather depurated. Native fulphur, lom-
moiily called liilphur vivum, is either tranl'parcnt or
opaque. The tranlparent appears like a gem of a
gold colour i though Ibmc is met with that is yellow i(li
or giernil'h. The opaque is ufually met with in hard,
fuki malTes, of a grerniih Ihining colour, or iintler the
1 oim of an aili-colouring clayey gicbc, inclining to
yellow.
I'ailffiticius fiilphur is prepared feveral ways ; for in
fime places it is boiled in water; but, in the hot
baths, fnlpliur is railed in v.ipours from the water, and
ltii:ks to the cover of the Ipriiig in iiardilli lumps, that
h.ive the api-e.irance ol Hour orfulphur; and a great
quan.ity of this is gathered every )ear. Sometimes it
is extrjded fioru a whitifli clayey earth ; and is as
often obtained from the ftone railed the pyrites.
Arlenie, [iroperly |o called, is estrafted from the
min/ral called cob. dr. If tliis be mixed with calcined
flints and pot afhes, the mixture, la a very llropg 'ire,
will turn i.ito a ghfs of a b'neilh colour, tiut, when
reduced to power, is called finalt. In the prej^aration
of this glafs a copiiius I'noak is exak-d, or r.irlier
flowcTs, whioh, flicking to the fides of the I'lrnace, and
C(jllc(ftcd together, appear in the iorm of a whue pow
tier, which, put into a crucible, and melted in in t\
reeding rtrong hre, turns into a white h-avy, h.ird,
glaiVy mals, and this is named wv.ite aiieni'-, v.!ii..h is
a mnft tiangcrous poifon. But when r., ten pan., of the
former powder one of filphur is added, and n.'fc.l a.-.
before, then yellow arfnie w i be pn.uu.eei. ;':i:n,
if two part.- of the lulphur art added to ten ui tl e
powder, and meked a-. Ijeforc, it will ti:rn to a le.niil.
mafi., which goes by ihe name of red -'f.'Vv;.
StolLicrg has a . ioth .tii.nuraclory , ai^J f rr'-uilay:!
gives name to a bailiv'ick, which contains Ent. .kin,
Zwonit:^, and Scholc'.tan, all c! them ii;i.)"rg towi.-^.
Tin- miners here are reiTiarkably civil, and exceedingly
fond ol lhe'.\ i:.g the llujierranet,us ".venders Ui die luines
to Itraiigers.
J\ow thi.fe piulounder regions they exi^lore,
Where metals npen in valt cakes of ore.
lieie, fulLn to ilie fi iht, at large is fpread
The ilull riiweildv mafs of lumpilli lead:
There, gliinm'riiig in their dawning beds, are feen
'1 he more alj'iring feeds of fprighilv tin.
The copper Ij :iikles next in rnddv llrcak:;,
And, in t!ic gloom, bctiays its glowing ciiccks.
'ihe lilver then, with bright and burnifh'd grace.
Youth and .i blooming lultre in its lace.
To th' rrms of ihofc more yielding metals flies.
Ami in the folds o; their ciribrarcs lies.
So dole diey t ling, fo llubbornly retire,
'I'heir love s more vi'lcnt than the chymill's fire.
Sch.wargenberg is an ancient town, defended by
^ caltk, and inhabltai by miners and artiiicers in
iroti.
Schneeberg, on the Mulde, has a confiderable trade
in gold and lilver lace, thread, filk, fmalt, &c. New-
f'adt is a I'mall mine town in its neii^liboiiriiood ; and
l.ybenftock is a mine town, 'i'he mines not only pro-
iliice nutals, but various kind.s of jewrK.
Joharin Gcoigenfladt is a town famous for the mines
in its neiglib'iiirhood, for a lace manufae'lory, and for
a great quantiiV of emery made by its inhaljitiinf!.
Korchberg has a cloth manufie'fory j Zlchorlaw a
foundery and finalt mill i Welllau a lUitl' mamifadory ;
and Critninichaii, on tlie l'le|];i, a linen and Hull"
iiianufaelory, with leveral dyers and callico printers.
/^vlrkau, on the Mulde, has a lice li.hool, libr.uy,
and ■ aille, called Ollerllein. It was foimerly an Im-
perial ( ity, a, id had a mint, which was afterwards re-
moved to Dretilen. It cairies on a gi eat trade in di-
vers valuable articles.
'IT.e circle of Vogtlaiui cojuaiiri the following
plates:
Oelfnitz, on the Elfter, remarkable for a pearl fiftiery.
Maik Neiikerthen is iniiabitrd by feme of the btft mu-
lical inUrument makeri in Germany j and .S hoiieck
has many peculiar pfivilegM granted by the emperor
Charles IV. in the year 137O.
Plaiien, on the Elfter, 68 miles from Drefden, is
the capital of this circle, and the feat of a fnperir.'.en-
dency, and delis'nded by an old caftle. This place is
lb plcafant, that inany perfims of opulence retire hither
to pafs their time in a kind of rural leifure, or to di-
vert that leilure by ynrious innocent amulements.
Keichcnback is celebrated for its excclLmt fcarlet
dying.
In the circle of Netifladt is the town of Neufladr,
On the Orra, which has a ciftle, mineofTi'.e, and feat of
fuperintcnitcncy.
The (irde or foundation of Merfeburg lies bei.'. ixt
Saxe-Hall and Naiimber^. It wa' fo. merly a bi-
lliopri'; (liiiliagan to Magdebnr.;) bi:t kcnlarized by
t'le cieatv of Pallaw, in favour of the houle of .Sa.sony.
One of tlic dukes, who was adr^nnilirarsr of ir, haxini];
introdijccd I .udicranijni here ubcur 15'.;, it ha. l^eii
lince ap[)iied as a porii'.n 'or one of .-he younger Ions,
to who ri it gives "he title of uke, whl, w-.t'i t'l- reve-
noes of odier o :iliwick.'i, .',s v ell I's of -his on.e i.jble
bilkopnc, is inabled to kee|. a Ij-le lelid court.
MeiLbcrL', A here the doKC refidi's, is a ci'y in a
chaiiiii:.g fituation, auadft gardens and iv: . ■, on
t''e b.'.nivS ol the ."-ala or .Saal. 1 'ie emptier Otho 1.
wh()lonnded its lee in 9j2: v.wd-: it .s.') m I iii.eri.d
ciry. k is a kirge p. pulop row n, and diorght to de-
rive its nan.eii im Nl-rs, wliom ihe !' igan Saxons wor-
I . pptt! li'K- by me iiime (f Irmanrecl. The great
.•liurcli, wi,;..n was the cathedi.il, lo!:n.l< d b;' r'lC em-
peror i leniy II. a Gothic buikling, is remark:ible for
the nigniiieint tomb of the emperor Kodolj^h, who
die<l, attvr the lot's of a hand, in batile with his com-
pel if ' i Irnry IV. ard n .. t li a libr^.y (/ very an-
citnt MoS. It m
re\enues of thi>, and 'he f-.i.rr
ill fiieiitir tf ihe S ;X'jn ai,i. ^.
I ,
c oblervtd here, that part of the
bifliornrc, '. ' ■■'zed
..._,..' ^ '" ■'.'.'•", is
nppropriao ! t ...tiI' th'. tr.ainttr.tncc of a numb r of
canons belongir_; .j vach cathedral, r.nd the refl to the
adminilfrators of tlie refpeftive princes. The city is
\\ell biilt, though not in the medern tafte. It* walls,
and its feven tcwers, are of free (lone. The wars in
the lafl century diil great damage to this place, v.l.ich
was fuccellivily the prey of t.ie c<;nier.d.ng arm'es.
Count Tilly took it in Hijt, as the Swedes did after-
wards; and the Imperialilts and Saxons alio maftered
it in their turn. It had formerly a very fiourilbing
trade, and a very fimous yearly fair, from the year
1047 to I20D, when it was almoft burnt down, and
the merchants rcinoved, with their efl'etfts, elfe^liere.
Lauchlhdt is celebrated for a medicinal fpringj as
is l.utzen for a famous battle fought near it, between
the Imperialifb and the Swedes, in wliich the former
were defeated : but the celebrated Gulhvus Adolphus
lolt his life.
Hark I the llirill trumpet tends a mortal found.
And prancing horfes Ihake the fblid ground ;
'I'he furly tlrums refiunding from afar
^^ ith all the tlreadful iiunic of the war.
From the drawn I'words eft'ulgent flames arife,
Flalh o'er the plains, and lighti n to the Ikies.
The heav'ns above, the fields ami Hoods beneath,
Glare formidably bi-ight, and fbine with death.
In fiery llornis eld'cends a murd'rous l1iov. 'r :
Thick llafii the lightnings, fierce the thcnilers roar,
As when, in wrathful mood almighty Jove
Arms his lire-bolts, reil lillllno from abo\e;
I'hrough the fing'd air, with iinrelillcd I'wav,
The f()rky vengeance rends its fiami.ig v, ny;
And, while the firmament with thunder roar^,
I'rom their foundations liiirls imperi.il tow'is.
So riilh the globes with many a fiery nnmd,
'1 he fi'.ape ot"man half buried, in the woun.
And
ii
m
r»'si 'ii
i't:':!
m
I l'
;b"
7/'
A NFAV, ROYAL, am. AUTIIl NTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
AnJ, lo ! while in tin- lliuik of \v:ir thcv cluli-,
I'!!
' .
i •' •
it
ll
Wliilt Iworiis meet Iword^, ;\nii I'ics t-ncoi:ntcr foi'S,
'I'he trcicli'rous eartll bi.-nr.'.tii thrir footlKp litavfs,
Her tinniils tremble, aiul lur Unoin l.c.ives;
SuiKli-n ill binds of liif eriijitions rile,
And wliirl tiie torn b.i:talions to the Ikies.
Thus eartiiqiiakes, niiubling \sith a thiiii.i'rini^ foiinil,
Sliake the \v iile world's firm bafe, and rcn-i t!ie ground i
Roi-ks, hiiis, and groves are toll into tlie Iky,
And in one miglity ruin nations die.
The fonndation or billiopric of Naumbcrg lies be-
twixt Saxe-AltenbiMg, on the north eall, and Saxe"
Gotha Oil i!ie well, and was feized by the ek-clor o'
Saxony in 17 iS, on the death of the lad duke o*
Sjxe-Zeit";.
riie city of tlie like name, whiih w.^ once a
billio[>"s fee, iin-ler the .irihbilliop of Mat'drburg, and
an imperial to«n, Hands on rf.e river .'>ala, or Saal.
This t(7wn ib faoious tor its fairs which are the moll
confiderable in S.ixoiiv, next to tliofe in Leipfic. An
hillorian of credit fiy.s, that, in 1714, it was bnnit
down u['on irs fair day, which is June nj ; and that
h'-Tc is a large caille, built bv one of the landgraves of
Thuringia. " Its ancient cathedral is yet Handing; and
th? Lutherans have a chapter of canons, who mull
prove their nobility bv iC defcents, both by the fathers
and iT.otheis liJe. The fuburbs of this city are almoll
all \inevards, but the wine is bad. 'J'he billiopric was
f)undtd by the emperor Otho I. in 051, ar Zeits and
tranl'planteil hither in 91:. Lntheranifm was intro-
duced licre in the be^uining of the i6di century, by its
bi:l-.op, at'ter whole death the elector took the adilii-
iiiltration. It was ceded to him bv the treatvof P.ifl'aw
in I 55- ; and it pave a title to the branch ot irs fanv.ly,
which w-as called adniiniflrator ; imt the fill: prelate
turned Papilt in 1717, by uhiJi he was rendered in-
capable of enioying the I'rotcllar' billit pric.
For a defcription of the cleiflorate of IVindenbnrf!;,
the reader is referred, to <iur account ot the I'rulilan do-
minion.-, i.i \v!;ich it is in<.luded.
The Frir.cipa'itv of Wkimt?, lies between tlie river
Saal and the county of Schwait^lvirg, and. ctMitains the
bailiwicks of Bercka, Jena, Orianiund, ];)urnlbera;,
and Tonvioif, with feveral f .refts and towns. Uefides
that which i^ properly the duchy of Weimar, the duke's
o-her tihites in L'pper Saxony are thole (jf the branch
of >aNe-Lna, (n which this prince is jointlovercign
with the duke of Saxe-1-.ilenach, -wth whom he enjoys
many other things in comrnon, lu( h as the r.-verlion
of feveral eftates, archives, tolK, and mines. 1 lis re-
venues are computed at about So,o:ol. a year, witli
which he maintains loco regular troops in the fiacll
orier, and keeps a tolerable court. The chief places
in this principality are the folfiwing:
Ma!!;'.!eia, a m.uket-town ; Iiutllol", on tiie LolTe,
ronliderahle for a beart fiiri and Sai/.a, on tiie 11m,
famous for a lak w'ork.
The I'lineipality of I'r.rx •.cii lies nn rlir !•' rentiers
of i K'lle, It is mountainous, and tlie lurfaie barren ;
but tl.c hilK are replete with mines of iron, copper,
allum, vitriol, laliiie Iprin;^-, iVc. Luther.milin is
the cllablilhed religion, and the principal |iaeev ;ire,
lMfcn;'.ch, which gave name to the iiriiv i|;ality, and
is its cajiital. It is fnuated on the Nede, aivl contains a
^^ymnaliuni, a ilucal palace, a feat of college,, and a
fuperinreiKlency. In a caille, on a neighbouiiiig
mountain, .Martin Luther fuilVrcd 1 1 :n )n'hs impri-
lonment.
AlKlcrr, a town of great antiquity, is defeniicd bv a
Lallle, and gives name to a luperititcndency and baili-
V, ji-k. Tile emperor Otho had a palace in this town,
and lield a diet here in 'j'^. Many of his medals have
I'een liiund in di:.'ging about the tov,-n an;l iti environs.
'l'h<' nisd.d, faitiiful to its charge of l.ime.
Thro' ilinH's aiiJ ages L)ears each form and name:
4
In one lliort view, liibjeifled to our eye,
(iods, emp'rors, heroes, l.iges, beauties lie.
Willi lliar[ieiK'd liglit [lule antiquaries pore,
'I'll' inlciiption v.iluc, but the rull adore:
I'his the blue v.irilli, that tlie green endears.
The ficiril mil of twice ten luindred vear.t !
Oh I when lliall Britain, conlciou:) of her claim.
Stand emulous of Circek and lioman fame;
in living medals fee her wars cnroH'd,
And vanquillid realms llipply recording gold.
Jana, on the Saal, 14 niiics cafl of \Veimar, is a
wclkfortified town, i)lealantly fituated amidll vine-
yarils. 1 lere is an imiverlity, witii a library, oblcrva-
tory, pliylic-gaiden, &c. a conlillory, Latin and (ier-
man fotiety, free-fciiool, and ducal pal.ice. Both tiie
town and unlverlity have fine gardens.
The Duchy of Cor.viK; is fituated in the circle of
the LIpper Saxony, though the inhabitants call tlicin-
lelves I'"ranconians. It belonged formerly 10 the counts
of Ilenneberg, but lias been polVelled by t!ie dukes of
Saxe Ciotlia ever lince 167+.
Its capital, cf the lame name, is one of the mod an-
cient towns in Germany, prettv large, well built, and
defended by tiie duke of Saxe-Ciotha's llrong calUe, on
a neighbouring hill, where Liitlier, who rcfided here
lor the moll j'art during the diet of Auglburg, in 15,0,
to be at lianii to inllrud liis adherents, w.is fe.eral
times impriloncd, and where he compofcd ievcr.il
iiymns and epilUes. Here is a college, with 1 i profcf-
lors of leveral faculties, called Calimir college, be-
caufe founded in ido:, by John Gaiimir, elrcl: or of
Saxony, who had, in 1597, alio built the houfc for the
coiMtb of jullice. The court, or palace, where the
d.ukes reli.led, is in the town itielf, very near the great
cuiri ii. The Aug'burg conteHlon is the religion p,-o-
tcdc:d in tliis iluchy. In the citailcl are old archives,
wherein are preferved many important inllruiitions re-
lating to v.-x hillory oi the reformation.
The diicliy of Coburg belongs, in part,, to the duke
of 1 lildburgbaufen, or I lilpcrrnaulcn, which is the
name uf a town, with a fine caille, where he refides.
It is a grand building, of Iree-llone, according to the
modern talle. To liim .ill') belongs Holburg, another
town, with a tine callie, and kveral others of lelfer
note'.
Steinliead is a fniall town, and w.is anciendy a gold
mine.
Sennel.iurg gives itame to a baili.vick, in wliiih are
two market towns, named Indcnbacli and Murfchii';'/. :
I'.ifzfeld, on the Werra, contains a ducal palace, a La-
tin fcliool, glafs-lioule, vitriol manufactory, powder
blue m.uuifictory, lias a luperintendency, and give*
name to a bailiwick.
Koninglherg is lituate 1 on a Iiill, and defended by
.in ancient caille. It contains a ftijierintendency, and
gives name to a baiiiwicl;. In Lmmerfladt town,
on the ri\er Rodach, are a hunting palace and a
fait work.
The Principality of S.\xr.-GoTii.-. io bounded by
N'aumberg on the eall ; the lanJgraviatc of Helle and
Sa.\c I'.ifenach on tlie well; the county of Eulurt aiiJ
I lalle on the north and n.irtli-eall ; aiui l''raiicoiiia on
the lourh. its dukes are tlefcended from the elector
John l>ri.deiiik the Magnanimous, who was depoled
by the em|)eror Charles \'. in 1574, fince wliidi tiie
youngell braiu h has enjoyed tlie electorate.
'Lhe eftates of its ff)vereign are (befules the duchy of
(iorlia, including the lordlhips ot 'Lenna, Waehlen-
ijurj', iuul I( hteilliaiileii) the b.iiiiwi^k of' Kranlchfeld,
the monallt ry of V'olkcnroda, and, in the country of
Altenburg, the towns of Altenburg, OrlamunJa,
Kala, l.etu liienbin;;, Sclimoelie, Sicliweiglioff, itc.
I li-- titf ;, are the lam- ns thofe of the duke of Saxe-
I'yli'nach, with the addition only of the lordlhip of
Tonni, and they diller but little from tliol'e of tlie
clertor of Saxony : and as of all the Saxon princes of
the I''.rncllin>- branch, tliii duke is the luolf powerful,
lo
f> 01' .ill t:
hi. i:. the
ths- oTicti
princo.
fin.tiKcs,
0! ;,;,ei;at
'lis 111 rrie:
0«.>tlul,
rwrr ! ,tm
two ilavs
in if, CI.
thud .M" )^'
vere'gn I
ti'ucli, il
a longer '(
ingjy; an
in fever.:! ;
John :■
finer b) '.
or.i.r, de
\.\ 15 ,:,
bein ' au-i
palue,
lliilr, le
and li;k
ii
RArny.
eye,
mifs lie.
b |)ore.
ilore :
emlcars.
1 ycMr,( !
f iu-r claim,
1 fame ;
1
111
ding gold.
)(" Weimar
is a
;d amiiiil
vine-
library, obi
irva-
Latin and
(icr-
alacc. Both tlie
I in the circle of
itants call tlicm-
erly lo the counts
by the dukci of
e of the nioft an-
', well built, and
llrong faille, oa
^lio rcfidcd here
igl'ourg, in 15,0,
ents, was fe.cral
;oiiipol'cd levcral
■, with 1 I proftf-
inir college, be-
afunir, elrd )r of
the houfc for the
lalace, where the
ry near the i^rrat
the religion p,o-
are old archives,
it inlirudions re-
1.
part, to the duke
pn, which is the
where he rciides.
according to the
lolburg, an )ther
others ot lellcr
anciently a goU
.k, in whiih are
and Murfchhi'/. :
cal palace, a l.a-
iilactury, powder
Jcncy, and give*
and defended by
erintendency, and
'nimcrfladt town,
in: p.dacc and a
ij bounded by
■iate of Ilcde and
itv of Muliirt and
anil I'rancoiiia on
I iVom the elector
who was depol'cd
, fiiice which the
pirate.
idcs the duchv of
Tenaa, WaJifcn-
k of Kranichfcld,
in the coiintrv of
u!|^', OrlanMHida,
licliweij^hohf, lic,
le duke of Saxe-
)f the lordlhip of
roin thole of tlie
i- Say.on princes of
le iijoll powerful,
lb
FUROPK.]
C; ]•. R M A N F, M I' 1 R 1',.
fj of all the i; ."irrs of Sa>r.iny, next to that o! Drei'.Ien,
hi-, i;^ tS>' ;n.-l! rii.inroir. an'.i nMrniii.jnr. iU: i.:.. .til
the iicViCdS of .1.1 ■: ll'.a: ::■:■■■ c:.:i;:i.;j:i t.) f).\i,;,';n
prince?, iiv i :•-' iir:.!. rir ni.;n i;^"nv ;ir "i I,;, jMbllc
fina.iics, h..i !'..;.jc^- . aic [III- J'M'i bi.vic.r.l v.iiii ta:ic.-i
(,1 ,,;,' ti.il. in 1 nini r-V. i il , ..•l.i: .' j: . .■. -il c; ;a.!ajd,
'ii'> \]\ I i!''s {:• ■', .;.ui ;ii • ili.li :. 1. 1'vCii .....I i)i.j;ctl ^v""-^'
ii.itli.i, ti.c . U'ilal lit;,-, i'. a I.'.r;'e v.il!.,: ', Avn ,i;uhc j
r'Vrr l.i:n.' It r. f;'na:> t in .; hr..- curilODiitry, about
two tiavs lourn.-y 1 1..I1 of . I.'.aw. cj. I'l chid iia.ie i,.
in d\ci ■ I- vi.l, "I wii" ,'! t'l-v :.;.'e liir.-e crop, tiu:
third .',r )'*"!.; v.i; i. I :;:■. ;.;:;) 1, c; \:;'..cd I'icii a lu-
verc'^n l\..lami- , ;■- to (nic ■.vo'i;! Is :i!iii,_.ll witii a
ti'Mch, ii ;.iken Im i.^M-. It ieic:nl):vv p!.uit.iiii, hii: lui',
a l.iii:;er '( .. . "ir.r lois latfM l).;.-:in :■]■ nir.d CNCced-
ii'.^'y ; an.l, Ivii.., 'i:n;i ,!)r over to I'.ii ; ia.l, tliiiveuell
in fcver.;i j.l.K >■■'. i I' .c .ir>- t-vo. h'ircho :;nd an iuMJiral.
J(/iin ! !■ Jrri' k, ei'-tor 'd Sa;: ,:iv, bjin^^ taken pri-
fiiner b) '^'hait-.s \ . the old r.iitle ot'Ciotli.i w,is, by his
fir.l.r, dcinniiincl. \\ hen t;-,.- il.'tor w.i, ict at liberty
ill 15 ,:, he 1'. Iv.illf ir, .m ' Mia.le it larger. The place
bciii^; ai^.iin t'.'.cn in iv'<;, v^.i'- licinoliihed a Iccond
time, after a 1 .r.^; an.l ixpi ulive ii. ,^e j but duis- l-.r-
nell, iDrnanici! i';c Fcius rilvjiii it, caufcd b,/h that
and the t Asn t ) ti,' 11,. .11,^ .r.M \.ii 1 ditc!ies and ram-
parts, and ''ivc ii I'li- nil-,- fi iM'icdL'i-.dein, or the
CaiHe of !\.'.' ., 1.1 oji;;- ;i.; •;■. t.) it:, ancient name of
(irimmcrl'U;;., or -.'.e C.ild- ol' I'urica. It fl.uiJs by
ilfcir on ,1 nill, l'i-i!n u!i( u'- time is a vail pr >!pecl
DviT a Hi.ii. • l.ii-i. If I MV-iin-. a iibr.iry, a cabir.et ol
ci:ri fities, a tha;J, a lunir, ^,n armoury, a the.itre,
an-.l a l.itv.i.irorv , ,uid is enibelillied v.iili fine gar-
dens, .1^ i-, I- ,; leiickiha!, ; notiier diical palace in the
fubiiilis. 1 f-rc are llver.l cliurches, a inilitarv and
Other hofpi'.aii, an acadruv (or cadet.s, '.-.iiif-'is Iclr.ol-,
a c )ilei;e to'iiiiii-,', rki'11 ;-h(:ule, green hoi.lc, 'nater-
works, poircl'in, .ml Jtiicr uianuia';lories.
The I'liuMj -':'. y ( t' Ai. i i.m;i-!'.c. i^ well vv-.-.tered,
has a truittui Ion, an.l rich n.incs. I'iiC iiili.iliit.ints ,irt
laillierans, .uvl luw; Ive I'.ip. rintcn.'. :..;>■ : a;;-.i tiie
princip '.] '!i ■■ ', ...r ; , * ;.l : ,v :
Carnl!i;r-', on ti,c ■'^".il, wnuii w,is I, i,-.i( r'y ihc ca-
] it ll ; S'li/..', Oil till- I'll, |-'.':;l.!lk.'.blc- l-ir ili fa!'.
woik'-i R'k!i, o| ;;i,- i;. .i.i. .1 .v-.rkct to>\:!, c:):u.'.:r,-
in:.; a i!'.-"i ..:i ! '.; irki;'.;; :i,:. . .I'.u't-.ry ; ai-„l Dri..;'.;::: la,
on t;-,-' S.ii!, a t ,,v,i uhilIi dtcaycil (icm us ; riilir.e
gr...-. :., IT.
Ri ■.r,ii);::i; li'.i m..nula:K)rlc:i ot wo-illcn ckuli,
cair'icn -. ins, ^.■.■.
.-vkcn'i"!-,;, on thf I'leiV--, .-^7 m'lli.s wt-ll of DiJ'Jcn,
is the feat ol t'le chic; i;ri;' cs 1 -r the dillricb. ot :l.c
prill. i;).iiif,-. 1 I'.c t vvii, wiiich is lar:;e, and was once
an linuciial o v, t -.ira rs ,1 j.iu'ulation l.ir the educa-
tion (•! younj, .. .i-.s of Ji-r;i\cd I .luilics, a home be-
Icniiiii ^ I > 'iu I'cuMCi.:' o.dir, anoipii.in houfc, .liioule
of . .me. t; .11, a coil';-.-, .I'jiar;., and muleuni. It
gives 11.'. lic to a uii;,i i, uiiiii contains Lucca,
tch:'.! li.cii, (i ';..-:.■, i:id Mu:s...;t.:.
TIjC m.ll . ...': . .'.■•ic ] :;,. Cs in tiie fiii.iU piiiii-jM-
lity Oi' Saxi. Co,,, ,,o-'\\.m,ii I.I), are
.S.ialicld, .1 I.. mil .-ine tour, on tne Saal, wiiich con-
tain^ the lui'i: fir die circl-.- of I'jiiHr Saxony, a d.ical
paluc, a I ,r.iiniiui- Iciio-'l, \ iniol houle, limliini!;-
hou!r, fc\--.T,\l clr.irchc.-i, ni.'.i'ui.i-. lories of cloth, !j:old
and li;k lliili>, v,-,c. .S.i d i i,i-,.b'.)ey, a Henedicline
nio'ia 'erv , on '.- .1 . .1 > n .1 1 I'.aii.^-ii.e ncir this tonn,
tlu all.) t a v..ii 11 \,,i, ,11 ,, , ,1 |,i!iice ot the enii ire,
anil '..iU 1 . .t h.-hI \oi. j ;:; , , i-|s.
I'oliu. ;. i., a fiiMli bur ; ',/.; .;:s t.)u:!, full of [-^t-
ter-, .loiimrs, an, I .'ui: ..-i . . I.. :.;'in is a town clc-
br :' d j.-r ii.i'lai.j; ■\ '|u.iirs o' •.><.■. ilrnt Hate in the
neii'J.oourii.nd , ..r. i iniicinhu 1. a I'o.iil town near
the river /.C) t. ii, in wl.icli aK fidue iioa aixi Clipper
wori-.s, wkh a yi.i!- houl--.
Tils' trrritoric: hci ii;:!!!!.', (■> die lioi;ie oi i '.\i-'(iciJ
con'.iin ciiiy lilaiickenii,.y'', a ini.ill to\\,i, and Wan-
dcllcben, a niaikct-tov 11, on lac .\oti.lU(.t.
No. 17.
Tiie little Prinriralitv or" O-lrfi
7i7
contains tlie
f^)ll.)V. in;.', places:
(.J^isilurt, from which tiie jiincipalitv receives its
ni'iiie, isaco::::.!erah!et.jwn, includiiiirtl.t fuburbs, with
a callle, on a Ii;.!, ni ths. vii inity. It i.- the leat of a lU-
peiiiiiendm.-y, and has a "leat annual rair on the Wed-
iieM.iy in the }■'. titer weeiv.
Daiirne is tli.- leat of a lupcrinrendcr.cy, and has a
iliical p.ili-e in tiie neii-hb.".:;- ;oo I.
juterback, on the .'.ngcrhack, is a liii.dl tovn, near
wi.uli, in 10.J4, a batrk- was f.iuijht between the Swedes
an.; liiijHri.ililN, i,i \>hich the fjiincr were viiforioiis.
Tile l'iinci|iality oi' Anijalt, lituatcd between the
liv'is 1-dbe and .S.iai, ii tiivi.ied into the four branches
ot iJellau, ij,;rnbsTg, Zerblt, and Cothen. \N'lu-n the
d -.niini.iir. v\ere liius divided, it was ai^reed to tubmit
to tile eklill ot tiic fiir.ilv, who has the fui);L'iriC go-
vernmen:, and tlie only power to ailcmble the re!l up-
on iiiatirr:, ol conlcjuence. Tl.cy iiave all but one vote
in tlie diet, in wiiicii they g<m rally dej-ute one of their
number to rejin fi nt them. The ri^ht of leniority has
bc.-n ellabliihed for foiU'- years in tlie branches of
Ceiiibrrg una Zerbfl, wliicli .ire t'le moil numerous.
It appears, fr.im hillory, that ti-.is family has been pro-
d.uciive ot mighty warri.ir:;, and many other famous
iiien; and that they Iiave matched into the ^.;rcatciL fa-
milies of the cnipi e.
The ell.ites ot the prince ol' .'Xnliak Delkrj are the
|'iiiici[ality of Delfau, with the town of that name;
\'\ orlitz, ui),)'i tiie Llbe ; Rutlegatl:, Sundcrllebtn -,
Oraiiienb.uim, a feat on the confines of the eledoratc
of S.ix-iny; Ragun, jeliiitz, &c. The p'ince of An-
iialtTiernb.irg poilellirs the lordfliip of iJLrnburg, on
the .'^aal, and Bellenitadt; Old Anlialt, from wlunce
tie- family is (k nominated ; 1 larf.^gerode ; Little Zeitz,
will re he relides; and the ab*"'ev of (jirnrode, for la-
dies; ot wiiicli la!l the princes m .-\rihalt have the ad-
vowfiin. 'l he piince of .-\niiak Cothca has the town
and territory of that lur.r, betv,'ecn the Saal and
Mulda, with I'lotzkcw i ili.- b.iiliv.itk of Nienburg,
on tlie "'.lal, hcntolore an akbey; W'olfen, the upper
conr.iiy ol V.'orealdorl, ar.d Guftcn. Ike prince of
-•Viihalt-ZerbU poiVclIes tlic town o'' that n;:me, widi
ti'.e bailiwicks of Liiidau, Cofwit/, Kofiiici;, Rofla,
.-.'lualigcn of M..L',^k-bui-<.', W.iter-Nienburg, Dom-
biii'i, Meckcrn, and the lordlliips of Javern, or Ye-
vt-tn, in Okierburg. lie has alio lac revcrlion of
th.- teirirory of Kiiipliaukn. It is computed, that the
revenue of eadi is ab-iut 70C0I. a year. 'I'here is no
univciiity in this country; but prince Lewis of Gothen
toundcd a learned fo.dity, the members of which have
been chiclly employed in tranda:ions of ancient Cjreek
and Latin authors, and tlie iir.pro\ement of the Ger-
man langiKU-e. lie iviis the hrii [relldent; anil, in a
Ihort time, above 20 princes, and bco mdiicmen, cn-
lereil into the r,)c;ety, which is called tiie kructilying
Society, and ha^ very much advanced tiie learning, and
improved d.e languajj.e of the (ierman... Tiie people
01 Dedlui, according to the I'reljnt State of i iermany,
are Calvinills, and the otliers Luther.iiis ; but, in tlie
to.n 01 Zeibli, there ,.re b.ith Calvinill ami Lutherans.
It IS a good corn country, w.ite: d by tiie Saal anJ die
Mulda, and its principid trade is in beer.
Tlie chief towns are
Dci.au, on the Llbe, at the iiiilux (>f the Mulda S
miles louth of ZeibU, and 20 call of Hernberg. It
lie, in a pltalar.r Iniiifi.l country, ib well fo'.tined, and
ad rncd with the prince's palace. In one of the cha-
pels till re is the tomb of one Rehebeck, an old miller,
who, liavi'iu f-illowed Waldemar, manpiis of lir.iiiden-
burg, to the w.iis, win re the latter was (lain, the fiir-
mcr pi rioiiated him fi artfully, that he u.is rcljiciled
as the niar-iui-; liiiiiliil. The tiaile ot this tmcn is i:i
excellent liter, whicii is tranlpoitcd all cvci the coun-
try. If li.td a line bridge uur the fdl-'e, wliicli the
I mi- ;i iliUs btiriit in ifiji .
.'.viMl itands a little call of the J'dbe, 10 miles north
of iklkiu, and .1') ii'jrth ol Lciplic. It is very ancient,
9 A and
\i
•I ai
4
M
10'
iim
r y|5
'm
738 A Nl'AV, ROY A!., and AUriiF.NTIC SYSTFM of irN'lVrK<;AI. GrOC.RAI'nY.
^*'f^;
IS^,:
and well fortitifii, accniuiiv^ ro the import ol the naiuf I
which, in the Wi-iKliin di.ik'iJt, (i^nifies i-dit. 1: i> |
remarkable for little now liiil lHin>^ tlu- leat of its prime,
and a brewery, prodiittive ot t'uch exci'llcnt niilt li(ju()r,
that in Krantonia it tirlls dearer than w.r.f.
Bcrnbiirg is atbrtit'td town, in a fn'.itl';il trrriro:-.-, en
the banks of tlie Saal, 8 miles from the Mb,-, i8 eall
of Deilau, and n loutli of M,i^;deburg. '1 he prince
has a palaee here, fcparatttl from the t.;wn bv the river.
This place N\a3 taken in i(i;,o, by (i.e troops ol the
delator of Saxony, when thry put the Swedilh gariilon
to the fword, and plundered the town,
Barbi belonns to a priice of the WtilTcnfcls branch of
Saxonv, who has eret'ted a noble calUe in it, withcoin-
niodious apartmcnfs, and crinilon velvet iurniture, em-
broidered with r',old. Here is a fnperb lidnon, whic!',
with the cldlet and ceilii'i;, is finely paintid. It has
gardens dcli[;hthillv iitiiated by the fide of ilie I'loe.
'I'he duke of ISaibi is th ■ only ralvinilt prince of tie
Saxon I'aniily. I'he town llanvls near t!-,e inllux of t.ie
Saal into the F.-'Ibe, betwixt Anhalt and Ma^;dcburp;.
Qiiedlininir^^ is a little (late in this circle, betwixt t!ie
priniijulities of Ai.l.ait uiid 1 lalberllaJt, which h;'.s the
title of an abbacy, hum an abbey of L'reat note, that n as
founded here bv 1 leiii v I. \slvi was buried in i^ in y v ;
and, bccaufe i.e fpent iv.iich i>. hi^ tin!'' here in tak:nj_;
birds, was li.'rnaiiui.i ihe ho vh r, :\ Iter )'.e h.ad defeated
40,•:o:^ Hun-, near Miirllvjrg. he bet'an to build the
rlwrcli, to tiilfil a vow wW^h ht hai made for the
profperity of his arms; Iv.t, liying loon after he had
dedicated t!-.e ciiurch to ^t. Servetiis, his widow Ma-
tilda carried it on, his Icn the emperor Orho com-
pleted ard richly endowed it, and his daughter Ma-
tilda was the full abbtfs. Succeeding enip-'<jrs were
alio verv bountikil to it, and declared t!r, nili.-Kes its
protectors i but, on the exllindtion cf the then Impn:.d
family, the proteclorlhip palled into tliat of Anhair, and
thence into that of Saxony, in which it cor.ti'u.cd tiil
the clofe of the lalt century, when the late elector !old
the protedtion-fec of the abbey, and of tlie city of
North.uucn, to the ek '.'tor ol' Brandcnbur:."-, v.i-.o tjir-
rifencd tl'ic to'.vn, anil cllablilk.ed leveral lo'irts in it.
Tlie abbef^ I cinu; a prince!-, of the emjiire, and the i-.\i\
of tl^oil' [■•iicciics who derive tlieir title folely fr"m
their auh.ys, complained of th's to the die:, ulicrcin
(he has her deputy among the prelates of tlie Rhine, but
\,.;ft,r.iir •r''!' "* • I'-- '.it i.ow Ihe has li-rK; more th.in
the ihavi 1'.^ o[ j ■ . ..1 the citv, and the abbey itlclf has
lolt much of its ancient fplnui 't: for the abbifi'cs have
not, as f'.rrr.?:! , w.-ir I.ere :itary oflicers, \c. The
chapter has four dijiiitatie;-, viz. t:ie ahbels, the prio-
rrfs, tlie dtanef;. And the canondfcs, or nuns. All
thcfe ladit.s mull be at le.iO baronclVes, and prove their
noble extractijn for cij^ht defcents. The abbelle"- l)„ve
commonly been of the Imperial or cledoral fainili'-s.
Thofe of Brandenburg, Brunfwic, and Anhair, pulfefs
fiefs, which tliey hold of the abbey. Xo abbcfs can
be chofen witiiout the coiiien: of its hereditaiy prote'--
ror; antl the emperor's confirmation is I'ufHi lent to ren-
der his election valid, without any from Rome j for
that court has notiiing ro do with the abbt-y ikiee
'5.'i9> ^'•hcn L.uther.milin was brought in by its abbel's
the coui'tcfs of Stolbcr.'.'. Here are no vows made ;
the canonelfes, who receive and return vilits, know m
relraints; both the abbtfs and her nuns may '"ave the
abbey and many; and (ince the reforma:ion feveral of
the abbcfies l;.:ve been v idows. The revenue of tlvs
Lutheran abbey dees nit exceed 5CO0I. a ve;;r; its
tltate, befiJes t.'ic little ciry of (^iedlinbiirf|, bcinitonly
i.'ie villages of Ditlurt and SuJerole; whicli kill i^
ckimcd by the elector ol Hrandenourf, as helonginr to
his (i^cularized bilhopric of I lalix-rliadt. 'i'he abbey
lias more the air of a little court than of a religioui. hoofe.
'I'he abbe.s gives audience" with all the afl'eCted pomp
of j'ecular princes, and i^ Icated under a canopy, fur-
rounded hv her chaplains and otfici . •.
Qticdlinburg, her place of .cfideiue, is a litdc ciry
%n the river Bt-de, th;t was foniieil; a II'.".- 'luwn.
,in.\ afterw.inls fubieft to ihe abbey; Init tlie ci:i;:,T.;
rdielliii;; .igiintl tluir a!)bels in 17.55, they were m.idc
fubjed to the el-.rtor <•! Saror;v, though now it is in
oilii r hunk, it h.ul t irrii riy a c,;i;le on the top of a
ntijhboiirl'i;; hill, liute demolilhul. A famous council
w:\s hel I here in 1 tS.-;. 'ihis l'\\\i\ is lii very iii .ir the
frontier of 1 .ower Saxony, that fome gcograj hers ii.ive
pl.iced it in that circle.
I'he flee Impeiiil .'.'iIk-v of Walkenried belongs to
the tamily of Briinl'wie SV.dfcnbuttle, who polfelii it as
abdliwitk; I'lit, on its account, pay an aUeirment to
the empire, and to the chamberof Wct/lar. The only
pk.ces of the Irall importance, in tlie wlio'e bailiwick,
aie the town of Walkenried, on the Zor:;e, anil tl.c
town of Zor!:;e, which conMins iron manufiulories.
The I'liiih p'lt of the princip.ility of Sciiwar .iirRr,,
whiL.h is t'epaiatc! froii the north, is furround^d by
C'obiirg, .Akenburg, I'.il'rn.ich, and I'.rfort; and the
n irth part is eneomi;ailed by Th'.iringia, the electorate
of S.ixony, the counties of StoRjcrg, Hohenftein,
I'.iehsfelde, and the territory of tlic im[ierial town of
Mulhaufen. In this princip.dity are many fertile Ij^ots,
yielding all kinds of ^mm, rootr, fruits, ^ve. The
c.)u,.iry likcviio prod.ices wi'v, g.mie, filver, :\::,
timber, veaili).' c >pprr. and .ikball.-r.
Till- rivers .ire t.ie Scluvarze, Saal, i I.line, Wep-
per, Ilm, d.ra, Zoiganyr, iind !■ foe.
The iiir.;:bit.ii;ts amount to ab iw ico.io". Luthe-
ranifm is tiie rdi-ion profeik-d, and ti:e lirincipal pkicei
are the f>ll.)wir,^:
Sonderhaiikn, on the Wejvrr, lus a pa'.-.ce near it,
t!.;- apartments of which are f.ne, and t!ie ivirdena cle-
g.in". In t!i.' .innourv is an imii^: ot' I'liilrich, a
vWuiditli iiiol, lii lli:,mi^ black men!, hs liead, on
v. i.icii the ri'lic hand rells, is la:-;^ean.ldif|;rpport;..'iate,
with a hole in the top of it; and i:s b'-llv is p>romincn:
a;id holbw. In iieu of a mourh a ru:y.,J. h..l-- is liib-
ll.iute I. The legs arc both mutilated, .\rn\ ihe ri;ihc
i-. bent in a fwriicukir manner. I'lic middle ot' the ietc
arm, which relh on the lap, is broken off. i'his town
g.ves name to a bailiwuk, and ii the lea: of the pub-
lic (fifices.
Ariilladt, on the fjer.i, ha, a hr.n ifjm- done l;ridgL'
(.f fix arehes. On the fame river are br.iU aiii inin
w.jrks, with f-veral milk, and a !iilt-p-tre houfe near
the town, in which arc f.vo pala e^ bel ).".ging to tiit
prince, ll-veral chu: :',.s, an I a public khoil.
la Augu.l* iiburg n a fine pala-.e, an 1 .i g.irden.
Cieren is a market-town, with ir-'u works, and a
l.iw-mil! . Langeviefen, on i!ie Ilm, is a 'ii f of
.Mrnrz ; an.i Brcitubatk, on the fame ilver, cout.iins a
palace.
The prinri|):il j>kices in i.e territories of Reoor.-
sTAtT, are Rudoiltadt on the Saal, with a callle on an
eniineicc in the mighbourhoo.l, feveral college and
cour'.s, a Latin feliou!, .iiul fuperintendency : .hid i.i
rhe bailiwick to which Rudollladt gives name, there is
a iiii 111 town call'-d Teiehel.
likuickenluirg on the Rhine, h.is fjinc paper-mills
and c>i[)per-niincs ; Konitz is remarkable only tor iti
filver mines; J .eutenberg has filver and cop i-r mines,
a copper mii , finelting-houfe, cvc. b'.hrenf •■. is de-
fended by a callle; and Ilm is a hnall town, on a river
of the f'.m" name.
Krankenhaiifi 1! is environed on all fides by hi]l<;, and
gives nain. '•) a bailiwick : Arnlhurg is an anc :_'at
ca'lle ; at ' 'ranlberg there are the ruins of another
caiHc ; flermingea, "n i:.- 1 lelme, is •.cry pleafintlv
fituaied ; Scholerheiin is .1 ni.'.rket-town, belonging to
the 1 !oi>(}/a.ten family; .in) Iv.di^ra is f.irruur-.dcd by
the [ih-iitifiil difliiek called t;:e (ioklen I'i.iin.
Sioi.iii-Hc; county, which lies noitli of f!ie lower
county of Schwart/burg, eall of ir;hcnllcin, and well
of Maniifeld, is '.jout io miles long, and 10 broad j
and gives name to coiihi-- of an ancient, and onre a verv
p'r.ierfiil family, whole domains lie dilperfed ; but
in jll of tiicm are in the circle of il-.e Upper Rhine;
and they have right to tlv I'uccellion of th'* counts of
.bchwartzburtr.
; Imt tliL* i-i;i,:er.:
, rluy were in.itte
)ii^^li MOW it i'. ill
f on lf,(r t(i|) of a
A famous council
s 111 vtiy 111 .ir tile
i^cograil'crs h.ive
.cniii.'J bflon;;s to
who iiiiiriib it .i-i
y an allcllinfnt to
'ctzlar. 'I'lic only
: wlio'e bailiwick,
c Zor;;e, and the
nanu(a:lorips.
it SciiWAR -nrRr,,
is l'.irr:3uni.L'cl by
I'.r'iirt; and the
gia, the electorate
)crir, I lohenftcin,
iniiH-rial town of
many tL'rtile Ipoti,
iriiiis, ivc. The
ainc, lilvcr, '.\i:,
■r,
al, I Icliiie, Wcp-
KO, ic. Liuhe-
.'•.e [irinc'pal places
!■; a pa'acc near it,
d till' !;irdcns ele-
',•: of I'ulliich, a
t i!. Its l;fai.!, on
it difi'.rt'porti.-natc,
l-^'-llv is |.r'jniincnt
Tuu:J, h.L- is fub-
ttd, and rlie ii_;hc
invldle of tiie Ictc
'n o!f. Tliis town
: Itit of the pi.ib-
ifjm;" done I;ridj^e
ire br.iU an J imn
:-|'-tre hoiife near
b;d jn.i^in^ to U\c
c khoiil.
.e, ail 1 a j'arden.
un works, and a
hn, is a 'ii f of
le MNcr, coiiMiiib a
Itorit's of KiDoi, •
with a cadle on an
veral college and
iten.lency : and in
/cs name, there is
. fome paper- mills
rkable only fjr iti
ind cop IT mines,
I'.lireiil' • . is de-
ll t(iwji, on a river
fi-.lrs by hill', and
urg is an anci.-nt
: ruins of another
is -.ery ]^leala^tlv
own, belonj^ing to
I is l'.irruu::Jcd by
n Piiin.
i)ith of the lower
}Iicn!leiii, and wed
:;, and lo broad;
It, and onre a very
le (lifperfed ; but
he Upper Rhine;
1 o.' ihi* iroiints of
bchwartzburir.
F.UROPr]
G E R M A N F. M I' I R C.
739
?chwart/biir^. Tlit-y are divide! into the two rliiel
branch s of llenbeiv: ;!i:d ( hulirn, and the latter into
thofc of Sti'lbcrg ami vlitenbL-rg, '1 hey arc loverci'^a
counts, of the Lntlvraii reli^'ion; anil, bciidc-s tl.iir
larj^e bailiwicks in tl e i ircle above mentioned, tlry
hive the county of \N'eii'.ij;c-rode, in the principality
of I l.dbrrlladt, near the b uk-rs of which, ani-.n^i; the
mountains. Hands the callic of StolbcrtJ, wliiih it is
laid, wa:, built by Otho Colonna, a Roman i;t.-ntli-'iian,
to wh'iin the tiiipti'or J nil in <;,i\r this part ot tlie 1 lyr-
caniaii h'orcf^, in reward f"- his kTviccs j and v^hogave
it till 1 i; ime from the iron niiRs he met with in the
foundation of it, vsl.i.li, ir, ilie Clcrinan lonnue, arc
called Sd) I'lmil).
M\N rti.i) is one of the f jur llyrcanian coinrics,
the other three btinj^ Stoibci:^! noheiiilein, and Ke-
geniUiii. It is about •50 mill's from call to well, and
18 from n irth to loiitli. It ab ainJs in iVver.il funs
of minerals, very [iroiitable to the inhabitants; paiti-
ciiliriy that called the ScluilfcrlK-in, pci'iliar to tiiis
ani-l tli' niT/hbonrin_L; provinces. It is a blackidi (flit-
tering kind ol' Hate, which, melted and bruii'i-d, yiidds
much copper .'..•Ki lib'cr. /vn antheiuic wrirrr !avs,
llirr;- is Icarce the like in the v.orld ; that o'lt of it tin-
inli.ibii lit, :;ielt co|)per, lacli luiiiJred wcijdit of wl.i; h
com, II r. 10 or 1 : ounces of pure (ilver; and that fins
ll'i'H- i> V'.rv (••, ill! in heriv lie adds, that in th' fe
Hoik s arc I'vt :•■ n.p-i-fr.ira!iiins, in fair copper Urof.' -,
of fi;h.-i of levi ral l.rrs, fro;;s, water-rats, and other
animal.-., i.,.v abiii.iid i:! a neylibouring lake.
Tl.i' '/.lAJ;^!,;' of i!ie c.i'nu:, cC Maiiitcld is llippofcd
to he derived I'.om liurdi.iid \'. count of (^lernfurr,
to whom the empci/r I'Vcdirick I'arbar.JlVa u've this
coieuv, f-r hi.'j li rvi,-e in tr.e 1 loly Land; and his
fucccOiirs have cnjoved it ever fince, but pay hom.tge
to tlic eleclor of Saxony. Theic have in-tn fcVLial
great iv.vn of this family, fome (,f whom have been
privy-co'.:;;lellors to the emperors cf (nr'nanv, and
cfe|)i.ry-governorh of Saxony i andi the i.i;;:-/s of le\crai
of tl'.em Ihine in the annals of Germany and the N'e-
therlandsj but it is nvw diviiled into fjur or fr.\-
br.i
ic.hes, whii'h nia!;es them
d.-raiilr than
formerly. Some of the yo'ing counts, in the i(Kh cen-
tury, '^' ,'olcd leveral of the I>utheran ei 'Ctrines, v.hiili
trave .•II' . :,'''■'} - df.d M.uiMcldian'^^ The two cliirf
bi-inriies JL-ir .:.(.■,.,...... ■' • " .iid l'i:\ben. The
l.i ' ■■■ 'he tov.i- of thai- name, .uk\ has notliiPL;
to di-; I ' on u.,; the hnnti;;g, 'illiery, and j'..uroiiaye
of the clijrches; the family beiiiy lo (kcply in eicbt,
that t!ic i^reater part of the cliaces, whith foinieriy be-
I-'.ni'ed to it, Were leized by the cretlitors 1 and the re-
tiiaiider was feqiufti ri 1 to the eleflor of Saxony, v, Iio
ni'iriLMiietl his }..ur, in 1715, to George I. king ot'
Grii: liii.'.in; lo that all die prefent coi.:.it is [ oHelled
ol, IS . niy B.iuidet, with its dilhicf, two elfates in 15o-
li ■id.i, and the fmall principality of I'ondi, in the kinij-
uo;r. 1.1 .V.r les.
'] .;•.- 1 iin.c o; this country being an herctlitary count
of ti'.e I II rm.i'i em; ne, we lliall lii're give I'ume account
of th.it dignity. 1'IkIc; count-, liave a voice in the Im-
(J'.iial tlict, m.'.y purciiafe eftates in any j)art of tlie em-
] .,ii'r';> il'imin , ns, may lill volunteers, and cannot lie
fued by the emperor but only in the Imperial chamlx-r.
But that wiiicli joroperly relates to counts of territories,
Inch as tlioli. of Maiui-ld, is, that they were anciently
ireatcd and invclled by the delivery of one or more
banni-is fur feifm of their territories, as dukes were in-
V( !\i\\ i and tlie llirrc' 'er of them was made by the
rc-dclivery of thofe banners to tlic emperor.
None of the town or vilkiges in this county are
worthy of deli lipti )n, excejit l:'illeben, the capital of
the co(..ir/, which is divided into Old and Kew, and
ctdcbrated for the birth anei death of the grct reformer
Martin Lutlicr. It is populous, a great thorough-
kue, contai/-: ni.iny breweries, anel has a calUe to de-
.. d it.
Tiie county of \\'i;rm(,f,ro:j i- , fitu.ucd on tlie bo'---
d'-is of the principality of 1 lalberlfadt, is 12 luiks
hr^, 9 bro.ad, partly level, and partly inountainous.
The lilockberg mountain here is reikonetl tUv liigliell
in Germany, and the Inow generally covers it all the
ye.ir round. The level parts of this country are fertile
in grain, pulli.-, Ilax, fiOit, hcrb.s, timber, itc. And
the whole abounds in liorfcs, game, chalk, lime-flonc,
m.ule, lead, cattle, falt-pctre, cobalt, frectlone, clay,
■'ml iron.
riie elbbliflied religion is Lutheranifm ; and the
principal placi.s are,
\Verni;;en.\!e, which gives name to the county, and
is defended by ? l^'tely calUe, ailorned with admirable
gardens, and containing a tine library, and many valu-
alile archives.
1 he town confills of three parts; th.e Old Town, the
\'ew I'owii, anil the Suburb of Nofchonlatle. It may
be laid under water by means of the Zillicher Rivulet.
The corporation lk.s a property in fume large wotds,
from which the burghers arc allowcdi timber tor build-
ing, and a certain quanuty for fuel. The inhabitants
are emjdoyed in breweries, diftilling, and cloth and
wordi.n niaiuifiidories. Along the Ziliicher River arc
Icvcral oil, ti;lling, copper, meal, lawing, and other
miiis,
Drubeck, a large village, has a fiundation f-r fix
I'rotellant ladies; and lllcnburg is deiended by al'.rong
callle. Ill the iieighbjurhood ol' tiie latter tlieie are
various mills; and 111 the bailiwick of llalkiixle, is a
colour mill and a leui mine.
The Lor^idiips of R k c ss f. n are furroun'-ied. ' >xge-
Iv.Tg, Vogtlar.il, Neuftadt, Culmback, Bambtig, Saal -
fell, l.euti-nbrrg, Altenberg, and the b.iiliwick ot
Zeit'. Tlie plains are fruitful, the hills rich ii. mine-
rals and the ri.'crs abound in hlli. The people, v.lyi
are Ijitherans, employ tliemlelvcs in wooucn ar,d iron
iLiaijiilaclories.
The principal places are,
(.reif/, ont!:e I'lllcr, a.-ownencompan'eil with woot!i
:ui 1 moi.'n'ains. J t contain-, a handf.niie church, Latin
.chool, orj>!ian-houle, and fome woollen manutadories,
/eulenroda has a mamifaeliory of fluffs, ftockings,
i\c. an allum mine, and an annual fair.
l'rav\renth is a market-town, celebrated fr its iron
works ; a::d Mn'.chlitz is a market town, uliich luu an
alum mine work.
Gerad is 1 handlimie little town, fuuatctl in n pleafmt
val'' near the liillcr, ami contains a gymnahuin and
woollen manufittoiy.
Schlewitz has a woollen mani^faclory, and gives
nmie to a lordlliip, which contains tliree niar;-.ec
towns, viz. Tanna, Gorgv.itz, and Market lluhcii-
leuben.
The great indullry of the inhabitants of tliefe 1 ord-
lliips renders them very rich ; fur tlie jieople (ecm to
make bulinel's their p'e;ifure, and to C(jnlider labour ail
amurcment.
Tlie greateft part of the inhabitants of tlic lordniip
S,;hon'iu'rg are Ludierans, very indtillii.ius, iuid
h i\e leveral flourilliing manufiultnies. 'i'he cocnts of
Sehiinburg have a sc'at in tlie eiict t^t tiie emigre, anil
in that of the circle.
'I'he principal places are,
\\'aldenbi;rg, on the Mukli, famous fir ir; brov,-n
and earthen wares. Lofnit/. lias a cloth maniiraclory ;
Wechfelbur, on the Mulda, contains a noble feat; anel
Bur!;lladt has ,' llutf manufadory. The peo[ !e of
thcle iordlhips are particularly attentive to theii- reli-
gious duties, and leein to be unaftectedly pious in their
demeanors.
] Liil I lieav'nly piety, fupremely fii;!
Whole Imileb cui calm the horrors ol'defjjair.
Bid in e.ich breall unufual tranfporta I'ow,
And wipe the tears that ilrain the cheek of woe
I low blell the man who leaves each meaner fcene,
f.ike thee, exalted, iiniling, and ferene !
\N hole riling Ibul purfues a nobler flight;
Whole bolom melts with more renn'd deli£l::i
Wlioi';;
■''I
T.iai
i'ii
«
i : • il
' ■ i ; ; ■II
74-
A Xr.W, UOYA1, AM' Airil! NlIC SVSriM 01 I'MV! R?A1. (m -V'jRAniV
thniii'lits, < !au v.
t;,i;.'i i r;-. a,
J ImIv
C'liii Ui.<r at (.ncc I cvn.il t,n- \\r «» ui tiiv.i' ;
'rill li),i>.'tl t'r'Mii I' ml!, as m- 'i!> iitK'')ii luM;
I's :uii:ii en rh'.' Oar;
(•:• a!' li.c kiin I'v'ii r;:.:
V. iiui
I'lci' a!, li.c kiir. i-y'ii ra.;!.', hf.irs away,
Aiivl II' i.nts il.i- rijji-'D.s ntHi-mal Jay.
Th-.- c.-ir-.tv 'if n •• -.ii-.-;-., tlv iiij- r.iih.r h;I!v,
ahoiiivl^ iii i' 111, (-ji'il'. <M''l , ilo r, ^M.'.ii.', tiinlx I",
iron, alaii.'.iti:, .ii;-t •.•.((■'.;•, whiiii Is'-tvi it iv.iy not bu
im^ 'orcr ir.ic
niii.-.
Ih
(■ Mi'j't
and «il iii'i I), ir 1'
tr ililK 1 , l.;.li- Ir
grcltiT pa
mull
I k-s i be i;i
111 ail ai'i'i-, r>i;!<. ir is I'.Iu'r,
rent, an. I !.s
111 nnii iv : Id 11; .111. I !li< i,(auT ;[ iMir.cs to an
•lalJ, t'u-
tT C 'li'.Il
i-i\nt l|Hi
r l^ till- \.
II
o-.Mvir, It 1-. (j|
I'-
ll llilO
11 ail.- liu'lu u-vl till' i;.'-
i
;i' '.vliiri- 1"
,'h'i-;,-ll>ir.'h..^ a
t;riii t^'Xtiii'f, uii!i a I'u "I'li I'ji
ri')'.;
h'.it tii
:;,;IM);. li"t i' t'.
vt'iv i:ri'_-:,l.;r.
,t a 1/
'.f, i(m; act,
:;'.i.:u - 111 ilia
>f a (' iiiuiirin
fiint j ami it i^ n. "ir.ill
bri'^.'.rncl'. ar„l tiaii;, .:u;
tin^H', which iiiaLi i' ai.|irar rif ;i ik-i-ji
aiKl, ii;-(iii that ai.iunt, is m iic \'.liuil
,!.■ wiiui', vw.ii ; iiat
It i..; . ri;iKii;iiCb a lil'.tilli
WIUll It 1^ \i
ii:ii. It 1. not n L'vi' ir c 'n m. r. i ii..s
f.rttiy iii'ii !i lu.t' III
li-.to l:r
'I hr ;'.rt-'!i '11
an.l !.t a r! ,',i, !
'Me, h;-. Iv,,
"■I'ii .'.:■ VLl'V
. ;...r v.\; ^
a In A
.s into ti;;' i'! "lly
rj. I: i-, (li'.i'ii cut
;. It ail' tMii-.M-lv
iu-tran!iMri-)i! M'tic
'1 .1 1'l.t 'cr, ai
I'o i.ir^ir :.'.■'. a ',:■ . : .■: ui. It i. o! a .! a; lT.a:t;jul
crcc , .'■,::[ .{■:; ,'1 ..:...!S . (.T'l' : i:i., i , 1. iir I;,n..ii;li ait,
; '.'.5',.. !i It 'la: '.u\rt . lo I iiic ! ', .;ii i;]'iu(.:cd witli \Oate.
It i-v >;::;Tr;A',y ..ii.:h- .... ! ^-'i i/. : bi'tM;-.> iiitw liiviiih
fii-c- , a; r .:■ , t!y:i' a ti-. '\- brim-rn li: it ami iliail'lc.
If". \'-:'v ;r-,ir hai.ii.e':. ..•.".J':r.s i: ca' .'.b'.i: of a fir.e
P'i^i'''
i he I. :r ,. ,y [.-K- V. i .fi'iT is r t fi heavy or \'.ilii-
aMe a.- ; :-.' i. ...r, ,s.:.' is -cneraliy liiurii in f'cnes i i
a !"..: !'-..;-e, . in i...> n, 'i^ c inclir s in iliiin.r, r. 'I'lic
'■;!.. e •■■ 1''' -'y li'il ''i liijii I ;ii :.;] iiar!.'-, ..ml i''c co-
I ■' r .;iv..^^ I'lil, w I'Ji i .ir,eti;;r:s a iil'.iilli a.:.: liinic-
t:'I:^■ i !•• \^; iil; c.ul. The lU.^.l rL.llaik.iMe J !,..^6 i;i
ii ':!l-i.^, ' l.'tli "ivr'. !:::r.c t:i the cr;',:i-"v, aiv.l to
.:-....■ w\i !!.!', a vill.i..e ,,;i ihe lie!,;-, i:,at Ivjr.ngs
to t::t til ..I'll <• I'lUiiilv.i -1 .H[ir;ilii,r'., ... i I', .'■,:, ins a
iiiiall cu.k''-; .11;: Hir ikr.i.ie, a ini,:'! i " -i in the
1 <r..!:l'i;. (;t l.'ivi, s'.li'':;, wi''-, ;:.e ro'Mi d' K le'ten-
be;-, is n nv iii.i.r: .'.itc.; v.itli V..: .,:;;;J' ..;, . i,; j l.ij-
l:erlKr,lt.
l'':i.h, ( a ''le / .ir.r, h '.s le'.er.ii iii:;!"'rul' lii ',
.:■.! i. -ix ;Vat ' t' a Mjh nu'. i. Ln. v ; •:'.\. hu • , a huall
tu.Mi ^.ith a i'..i:u:.i i,;i': , a ;!.;'■;".; ii-ll, .i ji- er mill,
..I' ! a L':":..;\\.: ri;:.!l; B; iiiu-.i.'t'in is ,; t.iiuo':' iijr its
itMin..;!-; :. ..idicu li.Ali.i.^i a i.. a ir.aii.e: ti/..n (.:i
the i',.ji,!e.
TiiL ciiirii-; .,1 i,o\vi:i{ s -.xdw.
■•J'iil.S (iiil" i'. l',;iu!,, ', m lie iim::., !'v 'h-.l-iliv
of '-ihtv.ie ::)[ r'.r LS.iit:,- ; (,,i tie f iii'i In' the
cinleo! I 'j [ ii' ' .;:.:• -.v, anJ .i | .n . '' th ,: (.ft: r I | [ cr
)''.!i;nc; on!, ct'' '>■. tin- r'M i.- <ii \' i ''j h ili.i ,:ii,l tm-
N' I'tiL^'^ea, r,.'; 1 r •; •,,.- ciu l;vi,i:i ofihi' tinle .,r I '[1-
i'<'r Sixorv, i:i ;',.:i..- ] .rt , ,• i, n. «,!'.■, fm.lv, .u.J
ni.u-fiiv i b.iir. in i'r.i;.;;, it i.iiy li- el'.eti'.eJ a. \eiy
hnitfiil country.
I laving alre.uiv .;c!i:'!;:d th':!'' \ aw. of this lirile
'1'
i; V \ ;. w
.iii:'ii m.inv
I N ; s '1 I rt c
I'l s m II 1. fcim!!" arc Ih'.i'.uv
luaiiiiv, limly, ,,i l Iviruii, v. t icvi'ial lallrijt;
l;i.i!;i:l in i;ra;ii
many v..''ul)ie r .
ties of timbir,
u all ihe v.iii.iii.s
khi.l.
)l
s aic
, as well as
c:t aie lil.'.'v. ;|.- ''rcat (iii.inti-
jitih, t.i.'i, l.il: Jjir
"•::s
:tl", t', '•'">•■. Il.:..ei.ll--, t!'i', IV c.
'I'll, le teiriiciics ii.ivc m.aiy in.i.uif.i. I' lies ufvwiolien
c, (! Lion, cii-ret.s.
cl.')!h>, lli.|r>, lii;:'n, thre.:i.!, la
ki tv
oils ir.ive
ra.-mihni.t,, talll I , iul-
luiuv, tol!..,io rii e-, liilf, I
liai'ci', p
.lUio'u ,, .ue t' let -till m
r
U'., Ihill'., t\(
.lllli.s, C(J-
ll.l
A'l r an i ii
. . r i; '..
a .ro.ii I
iKC;.il,ll lii'i;
h.i 11, tiic \ J
Iir.:i,c:v s v.i;
kinc' M.I
■ i-laec:.,
inil'.s ,ii,.
.ai
i; but R
paai,:iilar
(unari
ly at
ilOll!
1 I,
..s aie to-
tUll.l.i III
i:ii W
.C.l .1, VI,
if both
of
.1 I!
]•
l'.d,'.u'd:i
iiiieeii M 1
: ' .■ t.i i. ;■',.! At^.eliili.', tilU
' l:!!' .1 1.1. 1 . ; i!u' cio.^n of
b 'til "I the i)...',i.li a'l.l
hi' uish. lilt iiyue, ihe rii'ht oil :c((;ii m tell tc
.1X011, '■'■'..o VIS tr.e
nri.inc
i.r '11 r " e; w lueli
ir.e ,ieie>li aiv t:
lanilh, an I
I!
.laieilv
■ilienty, in v.n .ai cnteied at once
'-. of ihc l-^cottilh, i'ldilli, liritilb,
roy.d (.ta'.ilics. I; ajipears that his
a >!ei"eend. d lioiii ih' -i-ottini, Nor-
111. m, ar..l \\ ehh royal f.iiiiilies, alter rl-.c cnmiiielK
I'riit:
fiod, a'
we (..'v.-'M-.! to '.iioic
.u a have not bi.rn ;io-
aml I'.irucularly ir.iiii t'.e I'l iiit.e'/.'net l.imily j tioni
^blr;;.lr.t, t]!:eeii "f :■ v" :!.;••.. 1, d, ,i'_.,-htu' to luir king
I leiiiy \'1I. froii! I'le h"ii;e if 1 .an,:a'.ler ; freni the
Scots royal family i-f i;..;''il i.iid li'U''v'; and, hillly,
froin l.ini.; Ja;;ie-, d..' i'lf' ir.cn.Uv !i li v.ie.it iJrit.iinj
f;i thiu liis ni,i;ell. r:iri.'.i]'.-'cs the i !> .! ol' all the royal
Ma.ilie.s that ever . : ;i. 1 n ilii- ■:' I. It mi^ht be
dei.iohfii.i'ed, th;'t im- i.'.ni.ly '. . ci.e oi die inc'it aii-
cieiu Mid illiillri. I.' in l''iri'^ ,■ -, tl: .i Ir dcLeia't;d ii(an,
ami has iirernvaii-d. wid:, in il, i' not .ill, the fove-
reign frr.ilics in C'!!h!U'iid.i;i! j tl;,;: there h.ive iircii
f.vo tn'i.iiir'. e; wuiim^, ..:. I ai^ (iiiprels of 1,','a-
ILliitin 'I !", of t!.i. ;,.';.'. ; ■ : i:i n. '.^i ,i the li.arc
u.'iiiii <-:.■. n C • '.'.il, 1 e.'i I <; '. : ,'. II. nii'.'lic
hi\eh,-i; Ih t'-.e :,',''1.1 d; : ■ '. ',,,;i:.;;e, h:.l it
no- been ■ .r fir '. .. f '- ■"..■■ ' -.■• : :■. ihe !''n ,, lane
rtl'^i^in; ,;'; ! d. • ;, .:.. : :,: '.•'','..;• •'.' ,,;dcd fiic
kill, ^s of ;>.'..'■ ,:, i,.. . , '. .:,.:.',. :.'.',','...; die
I leil'it. ' i' d ■ •■; ia .. ' ' .•-■ .' ..■;■!.:. :;;f' ;; (if
llelle, B.id.a, :.'■ ..J. .: . < ..1 | ],u. , of
the hiiile of f .i:; ... ; : '•• iM i". i . . '.- ;. : ...'.j ;[■.
veral n.ir'e.! : rei et -, ■, '. .,'- , ; . ,: i.'i',. ■ --i
:-; i bill'.;,, .'f t,.;. f.a. i^ , .,!; ; :,. ,. ^ l' ;,.J c; l, :.■■,
b^ii.le.s oi.e c adi.; A.
'I'he cr. .dun 1 r the e!' .'^l;■a^ , v.I,' ': : .••ic-.d i)
f'le diicliirs of 1 I.inover .iiid <-. ' h ' . < .a.tlttd .i.
i:.e c;in;',:»-.'; :,t '■<'• 1 !.';;• in .o : . :.i oi'' r<i:'ii oi
1 ia ;; \> i' , m Iii. of ^i.^i'Imus ic i. v, a:: i i;.jj:iiv
(ti'"jt'd b', hi'. iad'ie'iM-, in c. if]', i.i . a widi iii.ilt ot
tie!': ■•."..,..},: ; . c; die c'l:] ue, ii.r.lti'r) (.lic-
terlMl.;:'!' tie- .ic '""...a o; : e i'.,,;,-! Liiiiuh of ih';
r.ilid,..- f..afily lo die tk.i....i>e (li the !di'i;e. h u.;.
oii|(). rd by l(.\.i..i (leim.iii piiiHr;., .iiid ; ....'laci'lai Iv by
d:e duke of Iliui.^vi \'v'i !'ca' lU'de, 'i ii ,i [ ri.n i||.j
( i' envy 1 hi'..i. the d.eil eii.;.eior ' .e-n fid, i'; cid.r t)
tellify hi'i gratitude to I'.e I'rotellaats I .r l! . ir .'u'i r.in.u
in rlic war a''ai:'.l'. I'i..iice, .iiid, c ':.l;li/i:;> n.,!, iiiiy
die jieif'iiial iiieiir ol duke I'rr.e!;, bir. ti;e j'.i cat 'i.^uity
ol" the I^iunl'v.ic funii}', wI.d had the t'aii I. .it in tiio
colle;?^.? of" I'rinees at the diet, .iiid v.,i, nue of the iiiull:
conli-lei-.tble in die ein[iiie lor auiiiiuiiy, \Maltli, and
[lo'.ver, or lered il to be |.:it to die q'.e'.iioa ia the Col
Ic'ic of ek
ill)
it K
Kii.ion, wlnriiii it v.as rci, i.
,1.
8i'*5',
lAI'lIV.
M I « i:
KIIROPE.I
r, i: R M A NT F. M P I R F,.
74«
liiut;- ,\ri: Ih-.i'Iiv,
vir.il liilhiiLs aic
k'li.l., ai Will ,H
\:':\'- rriMt i]i'.'.i!ri-
ill lie. ofwoolk'ii
(t iicii, i-iri'i'ts,
.l-.i.t... t.illil , lul-
ilr, I'll- .iiiv.s, co-
., .v..
; I'M ; l>i;r Koiii.^a
\-, ii.;ii;,:i;l.irly at
.11.. I j< .',.1 aic I.,.
. . ...■■ li:. ,. ., . ,
'•>■' III •, iiiii.i,; III
'. . i : I '\ '', ''.-•
.■ . 1 1..-..U11 .1 .
.::•!.:, .;.! -ic
:.' •: :, ■■:■^^.^^ Win
■ •> . . .;;.;> u( 1j,):Ii
>. . .1 .1 .!, V 111; ot'
I'-.-.i- .\l';Lii!lL', the
•'■.!• ii re; vliiili
I.I I .1-1 1 :i; II) ti'll to
\ I. Ptcii\l ;ir once
!:, i'iailh, 15ritilli,
I; .'.jiptjis tlut his
I'li 'uotiilli, Nor-
!ur il'.c coiiqiifll,
-■nci family i fioni
■''.iir to our ki.ng
.i;i..il:(.T J fVcm the
l!u(\-i :;i;a, l.illly,
t ( '11-, It I'rit.iiii ;
.! ui ;;!1 tilt- loyal
K It iiii-ht be
!■ '<! i!n- iiK;il jii-
i' >!i.Li.r.v't:.l liian,
ii'it ail, llic I'ovf-
ll.tri- ii.ivf lircn
< llipril:, (jf <.' ■;!-
;. ■ ■:: .1 tl.c l:..;rc
• !I. mi'I'.i:
<. ..;;.;; V, !,:,! it
:■ .'..■ ;'n., ;.;nt
■ ' -i.,.t li t'lC
.:. '. . : .:.''',„ , [']f.
. ; •: - ::■;.;■' ., .,f
.1 1 .,!,.. ,> (]f
.••" :.:\. t >
< .:.. ! .•ttd a'
. Ill'- re I "i I:,
, a i iiiliiiv
: V.i'li 111, lit (,I
r.!i r r ) i . uv -
■I iiillliii i.i I'r:
f.r I. .:•:.•.•. il U,',
.mil i.,i.-.;cii.iilv 1./
, '.Ma ,r;,:,).l^
■•1) li !, i': i::i.ir I )
:. I .1- ll ir .ii; iViiuC
■:,1: ll II. /, IM t.ii'.y
);i. t::r;'>c-.:t'i.^:iity
:'.(-■ I. lit 1. .It ill liio
.1 1 iiiif oi tl.c inult
iirir\ , wi.dtli, ami
j.i.;liij.i i.i thf I'lil-
h it \.aa ixi 1.' ',
I'll-
the lytli ot iXiolicr, i^iO'i tint tlic dcrt nal liii^tiity
llioiilil Ik; i-oiitci icil on the laii! ptinte Kiiufl aiut lii'^
litii''. Till? colli i',c of piiiucb iiiimfiii.itc'ly cnieici!
their jiroicll ai;.!in.l this rcl'iliitiDii, is tuiitrary to the
liiw. i)t the empire, I'lciiile ent rcil ituo uithowi their
conl.nt. NcvertiicU'ls, in Deteiii er following, tiie
ciiipernr jr.ive priim. ImihII the invcUuire, by il livei-
iiii; the i.Ucio:al i. ip ii) in- plenipoicnti.inis ami ile-
ti,lM!'i; liiiii clivior.
'riie cxttiit lit The partiii.l.ir ilomiiiions ol' ilic elec-
tor il a-, tollows;
Milti li'li> Milf^litn.ul.
The prinripnlitv of (■;!iihciilia"cn 40 40
'Ihe iliiihv ot Hanmc;-, or Caleiilnirg 40 [•
'I'iie t'ui !iv ot Limi.'iilnii;j; S'a ;t
Tlic till, hy of SiX'j-I.a'.veiibiir.' ;o 1;
The liikhv o ii Ciueii, ini-lii.lini'^ Vetilen 00 40
The coiintv oi Ho\a ; > 1 ;
The coutKv of Diephoit ;i 10
The tiei'loi's icveiuies arile from the lalt-piis, or
Ipnpi'.s, wiihiiulie wallsol lainen^nir^: fin. n taxes on
land, r.utle, iikii hamli/.e, piibli. -ho'ife?, anti inn^;
hot p;in ipilb fVoiiillicii h miiu-^ of lilver, iron, anil
copper. The niiiif- of Cltullliall, with ihol'e of St.
Anttn w anil /\1 ciia, \ n M near .'o?,'^'icl. a ytar. 1 'pon
liic '\lio!i', this eleclor's anrvial revinue isiaUolated to
amouf.i !o at lea I 4- .',o'.;l. In the year 1 ' .yj, he had
neir i i.,"'".o re};iil.ii- tin.ij>s 01 fn.it. Now tint tiie
clhusi.l ilu' el'.ii'i.ite aic 'ii^ci .il)ove one-halt, h\-
the addijiu.'i ot L.'iiv.,! n"-r; . id IJri-n'.-n, he iniv raile
ail ai'.i\ o( bctwiM :^ and 4-','.^o men, without
fiic.iilv '"iidifiing lii:> l.i!>'-i,~. Ill i!ic v;ar r;.i.^ he
revi. .1 I .> i;ody oi :i),S ,.' nitn ; a:i i in Septcmbi-r,
17;;, tlM' niiinivr wa ao;^aKi:fe.l to i.;, i-j ref;i:lai
tioiijx. In I'.; liu'e was an iiciLi'i.ary and perjie-
tiial oinon :r.,;de beiv.'et.i ih^ el.'ioral family and that
ot .Saxon\ ; will h w.is renewed in i-;i and 17;", for
the mil imI ';>uaiar,ief ■■( ii,c nfacea'le poifcffion oi tlicir
eilatc. ai'ainl' all ia\ .'■Icis.
The Diiehv of I'm men has the W'efcr on the '.vcO ;
the Kll e, .i-d part ot Lamenl tug, on the eail ; th;-
(ierminSa on iIk- n >rili ; and part of \'eiden an.l
(Miienlvai;,; mi ihel'iitii. Ill Jiivided iii'o the lanil jf
Bienu.i, piojicih lii called, wliiJi lies Ionic milis
rn'.ii: I tli'j iity; Woriteilaiid, alnii!; the coall, tiom
the Willr 'o tiie month ot the l-^l. e; J I ideland, the
lioith pan 01 the dicliv, at the montli o the Mil)-',
\vh :( ill • people .;ir dieiiied iu;iioMr,i, lait lo 'ond ol
(V'V ^Inatli-., tint ihe.r r.eii^hbours hive a prov.rb,
ll;:t •' I'll le .lie no pcil.mt^ in I l.ldi l.Ukl." I'ail < I
It lielongs to I lamluni',, and p.irt 10 .S ixe-l^awenburif.
Ke iii^eiland, in -vvhuli hcs.Siali; and Al.I.md, a
pieal'r.t n -it ill liaik, of nboui Kj.niiics in len_L;th.
Hi.twixt li.i men an.l .'>tai!i tlie country is di.U'if; Imt
the otli.-t 1 ills, to'iaKh the liver , aie vtiy plealant,
and a ',i-;i',i wiih litid.-., nie.ul.)ws ar.,1 oi'vhards. The
inlia' I' i..'^ w.'i.i t.iinmlv u-li .| fo lun.h on their va-
lour, th ir dii V k iimil in luild torts, aie Hill i lieenitd
as aood f(il.l;e:s ,1, am m derm.inv ; and it is laid of
the Wiiilil indi-i' , 111 particular, ih.it thevwill iii.iht
an : dunk wi;h the I eii men in (icrmanv . The liuia-
iion ot the coiintr", between iw\i tutli navigabk river ,
h.is dilpolltl tl.e people in 1; neial 10 trad..
1 Ik- einpi.,.,ir Lii invii us I'uis gave thi^ country to
Anfg.iriiH, ill J lirll.i.elii illkipol liremeiiand Ham bur'.;-,
wiuiin he had iiiatlc m. tiupulran of 1) nmaik, ami all
till- known countries 10 ihenoilli. lie died in So ; ;
and his d. .iih is annuallv obfervcd In the common
pi opie here wall great liileinnitv. D.'iini.uk and .Swe-
den well' no longer d i-'endent on ihis lee, when Luii-
tkii v.-.is eiCk^Ud into an ai hbillM|)rie : but this coun-
tr\ continued lulije:! to ii, archliilli.i;is, lill, by the
II. ..ty ol Willphalia, tiie .irchbilli.'iiric was feculaii/.ed,
con\eitetl into a diichv, and given to the Swiilc. tor
relhaing the peace of the eiii|)ire, and giving up other
places which thev had taken eluring the war. A-. their
ancetlors had liequenl w:u^ with their archbilhop in
detente n! tluir liberties, iliey pleatleil tor the lame
No. oy.
exemption; when mndw" fiilvcft to the .Swedes who
toiuinued their mall.r^ till 171.', when this country
and Verdeii were cimquercd U\ the king of Denmark.
Thl. prince niortga 'cd it ll'on to the el.rtor, who, in
171;, hael .! -,0,00 I. granted him by his parliarncni
to enable him to make the piirchal'e of it. Tlierc w.as
111 oppoiiiion, indeed, m.ide to if, in both houl'e-, and
a clamour r.ufed ap,xintl it without doors; but, how-
ever 1 oiivenicnt it 1111 ^ht be for ihe eii clor of Hanover
^\.\io'c laniily was poHeflalof Ihvmen once bfore, and
to whole dominions it lay loniiguous, ih- f.-iddatiire
vyill-lv judged it might be of the nioil dangroiii con-
lei|ueiii,c to iheirown of Cireat Uiitain, tliii any loreigti
I rincc, e'pecialb a m.iritime power, lliouki hold the
k. v, whi. h I he king, it Deniiiaik tlkii lud, of the Kibe
.Old ihe W. el. On I'lirvc) 'ng the m.ipsof this p.irt of
ihdiipire, il ippears iha', whilll that king was in
pnllelii'iii 11 ilie ilinhiesi'l Hieiii.n uvl W-i-de", he was
m;ill.r,il ihe lei-CMll from Denm :rk almoll to the
Seven I'rovime . The inap^ ihew, that the p'.'be riini
fur .1' out ■-, ij mil(- , tliiough linhemia, .Sixn.ny, Bran-
dcn'.iurg, ail i the ill .if (ii-rmaiiy; and tli.u the \\\..
kr p.ll;e^, !'■ I nb.Mii .- ; j mil, , il. -01:0,11 I lellia, \\ .-(l-
pliiiia, Ol'v bill-.', and l-'in.- eti .r i /jiitin-j 1 1' the
I'liip.re. 1 le v. ill ii.voi 1 ime u! thole river: to our
trade will be luaniki; 'lo.-ii dmlidtii.'g ih.:t all wur
woollen, and other linghlh iiianul'icUires, and al.ivjil
all 0,11 e .mmodiiies, both tf metlic and foicign, to the
viiiie ol maiiv luindr.d t'loufinds a ytar, arc by
ihole lireims coiive\ed t 1 in.uiiiiera!ile markets; and
tint ' y th lame navigation a greai pan ol (,ni richer
Hows ii.niiiuially home to us; 3 tr..de too preeious to
have lain ai t!ie nier.v of any toreigner, eiiher to lock
il uj) from us, or to lay wh u iinpoiitions he pi. aleii
on il, as might h.ive ! ..en the ca'e, h the king of Den-
mark h.d 11 It ixen difpoiiliieil of Biviiien and V. iden.
In 17:7 liiis country '.ufTe.'e.l veiv irui h b\ inui' !a-
tions tioiu t' e l-'.lbe, the bmksi.f win h are in tome
pl.aees vcr\' low, and would be '■•eip entiv ovc-ilown,
were il not lor the ilyke . In 1 720 the crown ..f .Swe-
den confented in form to th ■ d:'iiie,iil'erm iit ot this
ehieln tiom i> other dominions, and eonlirmed it tJ
tlh h .iile ol Biunlwie.
'i'he common eli.ilcei of this, and a very large part of
;!ie low.T circks Oi ('ifi-iuiny, is.irni ol l.owcrS \on,
luiihei D.iteh .ir 1 f.'li (iei'iian, Init p.aitaking ..f both,
■ ir r.ither ihc 10 it ot bo'h; tor it le. ins t.. hive i-etaincil
moi-.. ofth. ancient .\ngio-Saxon than of the Duic'i or
1 hgii (ierv. Ill: )et ivery one underiiaiuls llirvh-t i r-
mui; .iikl u i>- ihe l.mgiiage of their printed b.joks,
lermo;-", and uiitten letiers.
This duchy is w.aterrd by many riv.rs. The Tecii,
ihe rmme, anel tlie Hamma, j.iin logethei-, and lall
in:. I ill-- Weler; as dn the H'ept, the Liin, the -St.nel,
.iiul ieveral others. The Fila, theSJiw-ingcl, .uul t',c
(M\ , tall into the r.r.e. Tlie mole remai'kabk pLiecs
aie,
Moxttlnkl ■, (nil. 'ted 0:1 the Kliii, or I'.il, 1; miles
well ot 1 Limburg, and .[..-i norih e.iil .a M.r.nien, in a
ple.lant countiv, fo frui.iul :.s t.i be reckoned one of
the granaries ot llamburg. It i a [irctty large Dwn,
With br.iad titeels, .md is fiiii'. undei wii'i a dit li anel
wall, iip.n which there arenkl luiii.nis lowers, lis
riv. r, which come out i^i l.,unenlurg, and i navii.', ihle
tor i>.;a" up to the t iw:i, tall- into tlie Ml e at Craiitz,
.ilhiiii k)iir miles .'tf, where the latter is about a mile
ovei ; and tio.u iieiice there is a tine pio pe"; of Mim-
burg. The town, whiili lirll had its iiie from a nun-
iieiynl ladies ol a liniiiv of, 1: 11 11 '.me, was of luch note
foriik-rlv, as to be admitted 11.., .1.- Hanleatic L..a_.;ne,
and llill retains the pii\ ilegc-- ol a cit\, wtli . urgo-
n.allcrs and t'enators. One of the dukes ol IJruniWa:
atleinpied, in v.iiii, to -..duce this pfi.c 111 142. j, as
did, in :;\i, one ot ihe counts of M.msleld, w\o,
becauie he could not take it, let lire t.) ihc nLM_.hbour-
iiM iv.iiuicry. During the civil w.u^ ot ( ierm.iny, it
was leveral limes taken turv, and le-t.'.kei: bv, the
Sivedes; who, being ai ieiii^di ft'tloied leiitin 1(71),
y H kept
M
4
I
'I
:W
i *>i-i
Wi
Nl ■ ! t
i\
74-'
A NI.W, ROYAI, AND /
AI'TIIF.NTIC SYSTF.M or INUTR^AI. flFCX^RAl'lIY
ki|)l iU^^itl" till ull nl llu'iliuliv ot niViiKli, till tl
\vlu)li' uniii
,lr\ u.is nif>iuii.Tcil In tliv I).in>.-, .lli'l UuH
n\
;uk- iHOr lo l!u- iki-K'l- ot 1 LlIlDMr.
Si.iili.'li:\»a
•il ir.ul.', .nil! .1 lu-.iltin ;iir. It i- li"i-
ntctl on till' ii\.i /Asing.i, i>i StlnMiii;
into ilw K!l I' ' mill- IkI '\s it, ^7 mik^ nm
mil tails
U) •.! I hi
n-
iMiri',, ami 44 ii'ith I't IJr
haMiic, I'll 11 a liii mil
'l'lli^ |)
iciial I'liv , aii'l uiK' lit til-"
In lull'
I ll!"
Icatt ninliikra'nU. is (.iTiain'y mmU tin- oliUll, iioinp;
iiuivil lui- Ihiiipiii^ wluM tlio monk*, t'.nt l)\' ilu- jiopt-.
10 I'.ir ^Tl till' S.i.\ui.-, i-!nl',irki.l In r.- tur l'ai;;l:iMi!,
wliidiNVj joo uaf l>i.toi\' I Iim!nir;j; vsa?. built, .'.lui
above 500 biluK till' buililiiiji ot l^nbn. An.nili.
bilh
lliipnr i\.
I iiiuUi! Iv.'iv In Cliir!i-' ilu (iivUi, v.l .1
IIMlk' It IJK' III' tiupi
tl
.'lis I'l' till' lUTlll. I I,
as t'lTiiiirlv iiuloiM.-il vMih t;rcat |)iiviki;i".i
I ir all
'liAyns, w
luilHiilirh iliai "I' Ivinii aiiatvliiin or laiVli
i.tllii.kr-, u
ilia li.'.lit <■! I'll tur ihijis pafliiii' up tlic
1.
Inii
aniv tl' p'HT,
i l.iMilnir'.
lulllrippin
tli.ii li u-w put uii'ivi ilu'pr.iUirh'iK't till' ail UI'iIImi
..'ii, the l''.iii;'illi iiKi\ liaiii^
jt 111
AlKf it-
iipi'ii lomi'ilir^ull t.'.k> 11 ai I lanil'ii'Si.ivmov 1
. Iiiilu r,
\\ it'.tra..k ; lii lli.u 11
n'vaiiK- ruli aiul p. p
l\i!l ill i;i")d iuni!iiu'n; tiioui^li tin- l'".ii}ililli iiki"-
M I laitil'ur.',. l"lii.' louii IS VM'II Iniilt ;
ail.'
a 111 I I
cliaiits i\'!uru.ii
u' cili/.i'iis i;u'ai pnsikj;'S, a-« a imaui |.>r iluu
valiaiii i> rtoiii'.aiu I's in tli.' Iiol
It liail li'.a.i
pii\il. ^iN ali'i );r.inii '! n li\ ikt' i inpror W iiu i llai.
till 1 l.aiii'i', til. ua;' iio'ii I'lrati's, ar.il pri'ti.'ting t!i,
nil ii kanis ir.ii'iMfT, on ili.- \\ .1. r; .iivl in ■•iv"Uvi.-'-
llllS . ii\ . '.sitll
a:l
w.'l to g" lUnMi liK iivii, ail! pa
I Mil j; lull laiuk'l lull'. 'I Ik iiiluil 1! (Ills iir>i tin 11
pMVil
( i> iiiiaii iiiiks
alio 'I till'.ini' t'n 111 t
in- IjVI
!!•
Ill', a
li
a\ nun, ili-.Mi 10 :l,r K a ; ,is
anil it'. I'.KMi-h.ill, n.arkii-pi.ii.1.', .uul iluiulu- ,
ult'uuu'
liM. vuk' ill ilu 1,'.. It I luiiii , ( )'. liiuiii, \\' 111111.', .lllll
l.i'ii'iiiii, ^vllR!l ll ^s iiiU) I Ik W'l'i r. '1 I. 1 il\ is u> II
liippk.il with lllll, |.. ill tlolU ils liiii^ .uul till' U.i;
Bk
iUl'lllllv
nr l?i\ni.'-\< i.li ■■„ i- .1 w.ilk'il town, '.miIi
pLiui'- ;
I'lp ll
a ^oiiil calUi', t'lal iiiininaiiii^tiK' iv. iij;lil<-.miiii
unil .1 palan, uIikIi i\:'.<. tni'iiurlv iIk' ar
Ihb.ll
I'l'lllLll S, 1
B
it IS litii
111 till' n\i'i'
Oil
i'. tliai run- 1
iit>) till Kib
ll mi
i"i
1 i I' 1111 Si. ilk'
aiiiLH imrlli ot Uii-
iiu'ii; .lllll til-' I iiisl ir.iik' o
it' It I- bv p
.ili'i'ii
IMS hi'UMXt
tlii'll' towns. Till' chaiKvi) ot' iln.' iluiliy is ki pt at ID
1'
Riizlnittk- i- a b ,iir»\i, k, lontilliiv^ ot'a lallk', wiili
iHluuiiiA I" till' 1 l.milm.glurs, ami liiu-
I. ..■l!,'"ii, ; /ll ill'- K:bi t.'.lK iiitii till' North
■ipi lit laiiil lit this
11 Si uk'. il.'ri.' th'- I lani-
4
Si 1, nm 10 links I'ri.ni lin uini.tl [
a'll iiuA
ll.lVi
IV. IS' iiioiiiU
Irv.ial r.
Ills ill l..l|.'!l.
Viiioiij', oUi' is llu\ i..it.li (.M'^al ouiutii I s u! I'llninii
ul l.Liinri \s; li
lllll
iiruM lit uhk'i
ami ilif 1 'tl. r puK'. il
..['■ Ill iir
, iliiiil .I'lil
at ill,-. Ill
tlinnighoiit all (itimaiiy. Rir,iiiliili U.^iul ,\\l\\ tliini
\i .ill till.' piii ill ^.' tli.u iiiiiluv ill, I'.' p ll I'i or n "Ills
llioiilil be I'abk' Id ari'i ll, aitacluiiciu, it mhcr iiiipo-
liiio'i, iliiouy,l'.oiit ilu'iiupiii; .111(1 L'li.iili's V. gavi."
tLi 111 ill.' riglii ot loiii.ig,-: but, o'l its r.i i i\in'^ th;
r.tunii.iiiuu 111 155:, am! /.laloiiih ikLiulingii .lo.ai li
o!k' ot tht'ir ari.lil)illiops, th.it imp lor oiikriil ih.'
cil'. to 1h' Ivli'.Ci-i! bv tlic iliiki' 01 l^uinlvvii.!. ; aolnili
,t nial^'lo galkui! aikun :;, that, at.r :iliiio|! a
I. iiiiirv, ami
Iviii'tilu is h
ii.irih-wi It I
'.v\ .1 ll all Ul', ca
viai s muti'iui'.n
, ik was luri \'i! 10 I n'r 1
I. T
, h
allal Caxli,r>i'ii, whii!! is ot
;r.at lu'iuli; t ' lli.rs n '.i;r..,„ fii thv I'.llu 111 vMaicr,
1 U Tl' likivvik' I Ik 11 lliips
t..| i,r.
,!kn ilk' rivir is t,.li nt iii.'
■lun li.ip, mi iIk.i .nvival trim lni'.ij \i- .\j^.
(kr- .iml ik'kr
1 ku- ai'i.' pi
IVllfgill [
,11. .ll , Uli.i
tik- ll.iiui,', .iri.'ub'iii;iil 10 h.ivi' .1 v.u .it .il
:iii 1; bun;,, I'v.ulv In p'li a pi!
Ilia'.' tik uu:
, m^alion lliall ivquir'.', mi bo.'i-ii nl iv.'n lluii imiuii^
illiops (!iii II I i inbraci' thr ri'loniiation ti
i.is iitv ilaiuk'.l
.1 ritilit ot vot.
ll !i luiin III iln
ni-il 10
lint (.A'l.r fuHi' L'liaikiTi.,j:'U', whi.h w. s mniii
ihiiii i tiiuiigii ill, aithbiinop i ppoliil it") bv ilu iin
pi :\n- 1 ciiiiiiaiHi 1 11. Ill I "4
iibill
til uvar ; , on th, Ic-
iil.Ui/.a.i u ii'i th. ,lHilblllk'piir, 111 th 1 ii'.n ul i|ii, . 11
Chiiiliiii, oi.^.i.ihn, 11. V. .'.ilpuit.'- ail'' , v, hull laiiv
'i a r.i[iuMi' i.'i 1' .4; ami thoii[!,h thi . ','.■ r, i iiiijioicil
I, ., (
iiilo ilk' Eiik. But", 11 twithilamliii^ ih.i- i- mi-ol tin- \ uir.l.r L n oi. • (i- il.iv u , i;i lo.-S. 1 i' la. ; .on! aeaiil
nioll ilan^v'niiis liv.r m laiiiip', t,, , :iu r, .is all iliip- I uii'li.r Ci'.arl, ,. Xi. who il.iiin. i ilk lov i-i;>iii' <'l iln'
«.oiiiingtn]lam!:uigaii' 'iblii;,.! t'l piv h.ilt pil't ii','', • ''"' - as well as ili it ot ilu'iim hv . w hii h 1 ,..i b.. ;". 1, l'-
wlktl-iT tlkv !':ivc' pilot-, mi b.i.ir.lm mil, i1k v an- ii-l- | t'l I'J ihi' Swiilis by ti'uuv: I ul lin' !■ n i" ' < il'i, ,!i'.
ikiii ;a I'.a.Vi.I ill L, 'I'll wi.al'ui, wli.ii tl.iv .u\' l,,il! ; 1 1 um, il it, on ih . ball-, ot llr. !Olha.iiil a ihi ti.ii,
waniiil, ui.k!; h.i-"^ oh affniil ilu' h I- nl u. iii'. li I. ! "i Olnabui;^, vvhuc '. iivii- dci l.uc ' a lu. ii,,p,i,,,l
lhl| -. 'I'liv 1 laml urch.rs havv .Ui.ah.r tinliiilhi , i il' ; lli muh lli, .ui i,b|ihop;i.. , n ,:1, .ill th ■ 1I...I1I b'-
migh.bnurlioo'.l, ^alk-il Nei\-wi\ik, m Niu i.ul-, ' lo'i;J,i'.-i,i • U, vvi uri Xnl, b\ t!:.'c;i:j) i : imKiiipr, 1 ,
\vhkh rv.!",-,- t'ori!rinsrik'ni!i'j,ih.j linikr, mi i!;e l.iml- , t' Hii ' "kvii m Swk.kn. 'I'lu-^.'. i\ . n.v.i.h k:-,
i.ik' ai'au.tl tik- loi'iuv. '^ ■■ ""' l'-"'S t.i'.isii.il, b li.i;nl it above l'\ vvc i ■., bul
Ailioinini' to Ilu- baili'.'.k kill Rii/liuiik' i~ ihi hti!, ' raiisd ilk- U.gv, at tin; iiitcipolition o! tlv n. luhbin.r-
vliliik-t i'-' IL :-.!ii, 'ir Haikl.i'ul, o!k-nio:! ii'illivm ing pruKis; .iml ilkii Inllowta die Ucil-, of ll.ilun-
part 111 lia.i.ui'iv.') Alu.h,wiiliiis>,iiil ll, Oiun ii.rH', , hauleii, in :'.'",b '. mil ill. c ii;. w,>s ,.bh'.v'(l to pan
on then-. I .\k(i.uiu',ai..l liie luvn e.l ll.iikln, .ame, ] vsahl-.nie ot ii-. am . ■.' p:-.vil ;'..s, an! ;.,w veii'-
ia the i- ih I'-Pliav, I'li-in llie an M'illu'p^ nt H'rakn,
la till. h...il,. m Si-,.-Li'.v.,il iiri: bill ihe ll'-'.'..- i;'. ■ < ■'
iret'-iU'Dns to ihent;h! ul i.itiii;', all., vol iiuj, 1:1 th
iiei. It I' jji'veiik'il bv ,1 kiiuc', ronipui. I ot j
fhit houle Ivionuni; ixliiu'l rrthevia- M.K.i, iml a : Inii'o.m.iltei-, or . (.111111 . .ri.i ;a leniim' , m , .in'.:' on
liilpuiL' :i.tili:ip, .iii'iiii tl'.e inheiiiam i , lui'.v^ nil. f-
male heirs an I thek-iigot Su,.kii, ilk- .niin 10: eiiu'.u;
il \.i be t iken into lniu. 'ballon, umkr ',', hkii i: : 1 ! 1, -
ik.u'is. Til iiillle lit OltiiklmH', uhi.l, b: ..i^- 1..
S.i\. -l. i\>eii!iiii;, ll nilkamb ir.oll ot ihc ■ 'I'bii^i .
Cir.-lllailt '. l.ill'.er ;i tmtl'el-. lii Ul .', t' ..' ;:, . 'I the
ri'>, 1 1 pv.-'.le; wiii, h, hiving fill. 'I ii-- uiu h. , t.'.il lulo
the W'el'.'i, ;.i uiik-s niinh-w,',l ot l-iriiiie!!. Ii iv.i'-
tollllik-vl iiv Ch..!-;,- X. ot S.veikn; t.iki n la ihe.iukL-
Ot Briiiihvlei. in i''7'', ,iml rellnred, I'V ilu ti. '.',!', ot
l''.)iltainbk',ui, in iii-ij. Clunks XII. in 1 f,,/^, i.-.-:uit
loua. uira.'i, in; ! ibiig ui I'lui ,livi:..i,'is, vi.-. one imi-
;.:u 1' .lUi . and i'.«. lenaior-, l.iiiiliit lie kn.ir u ml'..
I i.'-i aie ehoie.-i ' ..i: ot th. i hi. I eii' n ■. to tiiai di, ..-•u
V. ; '.:n nr is a kiivl ot anlloerk'. 'I'iiis I'-iiiie d -
, ; ;, ..il I -i.il, ,, (1 I l.liailieal iiiimii', an!e:vh; iiid
i'..iuii iheie ii. no ripi"!!. I '.( I pi ;;. i'..- I.i'.ii 1, wi. ,'
di" ll,:!'. liligiMl i-vte. I ( rnl'Ji. nidi piaM.rs u' •^oK',
01 ,u iiul ,: icl. ikriiiig; in v lu h . .'le th le niiv u ■ ..-i
,ipp-, .1 III ilk mil" 11 .1 1 1 iiiiiM .1 W ^ ;/l,n-. It .u.y ni
ilk' ni.illb.is di.', or i.eiiiiif uii pi.li, llu v mill'
dull', aiiolher in 24 lioiii' ; in winen ind, oneekeia
c'd libertv iiUi.nM.n.e, with ;o\eaisexi inpii m troiii | is eliokn out o! eaili il.ds I'v in', ..ml llien Ihut up m
ta-xe-, luali Pr.jti-'il.int-. th,il ' would ti.ltk- Iki. . but j i 11.10111 witlu.ut leemjj; am, mie kll ilie ek,-i ii.ii is ovek
the inhabitaiits are i'. vv. . ' Hi y have then mvii llatme kn', -, v. iiJavuu riia::,!
Ri-enuii, b.' lapi. ll 01 llii- diuh'i, 11,111 I -. in .1 '.luii- \ in i.-^-:, bul have been Inic iniended. b has ,1 ,11 .1-
till plain, 2; links e.ui ol Old nbiirj, and about ^1.0 I di.umi ot aboul 10 miles rmind. aimmi hno widi [.il-
n.irth-wul i.t \ I, u'-.a. ll is ,111 ,uim nt, l.n .---■, poiiu- ' lines well Ho. ke.i '.^ nh e.uih . an : ii bordered with li r-
1 111 , tloiuill.iiig, lie,', imp. rial nil. , and die tlnidm i iiioiies I'.elonoi.i!". to Ins Bn: ur :c ma ell. . Tlieiiv..-
rank amoni!, the I I.ms, wineh are [liinbu!<i, Lubei , j Wek-r, whieli luiaMi'ableaboiii ;o m,l. s iVoni the 1 a,
aiklBiwiu'm Tl.e Ian. r, though u i- 1 -...kilned ih.; luiii thiou^'li n. a' .1 ilivuls die ol i e.tv noiinlie new;
iRAI'UV.
I liu' ukUll, ln'iiijv
, r.nt l>v I III' |iop<,
Ik ..■ lor 1''.ii;;1;iin!,
ui'j, w.i'i huilr, .■.n.l
I.uIm. An.irtli.
!i> ilu (iuat. v^l .1
. I l>nr\ \ . i.'i:in'-
• I u\v;iiii tui- ilu,,
II • 1 1 li.ul ii'. ,r,i
\\ inr V\ III. I |l,li. ,
;r i pi.'N.'ting tli.
I|\ i ' II ■•il'i.U Ui-'-.-
|Vl I'.ilH >ii\, will,.
' .il i' iMis |\in ilu ,r
1 '^'o! I i'l-.a, io',11
Al; ID ll.r Ka ; .1-,
111, \\ ■ iiiin. , .iml
. 'll. .i!\ r, v.^ll
li^.i^ -ml till- U,i;
i:il I ll^ ill r. ,il-M.
illUtlll S u( hllllKIl
I, i' II i; till, ll .I'ul
I 111 gr Mt i!K\iM
'a II. >iu! .■•val tliim
II 1' ll • : 111 i; "ll!-,
(.'III. IT other iii'po-
ikI C.'ll.llK■^ V. civc
ll'! its rvnivin;; ih •
iLK'luling II .;p,.;ir li
mp ror uiiki\,| i|,.,-
MuiiilWii.!, ; ;i;4.lmli
, ili.it, ;riiT;ilin.>|l .-i
) I 111' 11. Tl'i- .in !i.
oiniitiun till I ;.S:.
■ I'll !i lliiiil II. ill.
i.ii w. s iviiiiirtii.tl lo
'O'.iil it") |.\ ilu rill
Mii'iu.u :■. u\\ til. ic-
III I'l. 1 is-,n 111 iju, , II
t'^ .11..' , ulikli cini-
1 ill '.'.■ r. I- MtipoU'il
I I' 1 !• ' .0111 ;u;:iin
K I. IV I niir ..(' iJH-
l^'l. ll 1 ...I JJ., . M,!,'.
ll'- !■ 11 I'' ' . ll!. ll...
ii'..ii.i Ml I'l ll It,
lilt- ' ,1 lu, 11, ,|, I,, 1
u.:.M ill- lijlii I,.,
t'ir.p r 1 .111(1 .•mpr. I ,
-.'. .'. . iuv.:,l, I.;-,
lllOVC |.\ Wi. I s, I, ,11
iin 1)1 ill 11 ii^hhin.i-.
till.' Ul'.U lit 'l l.l'.u.i-
• u',,^ i.jilj..,,! (,, |,,|.
;'.. s, aii.l ;,, tx '\\ lis
i;', iiii., voiiiiir i,i III,-
uc, ifiinpiil'.'. I lit' 4
i.|i:ll')l ' , iv. 1 i.|ti'i,i!;i-
vi:..i;is, VI,-. out- 1. Hi-
ll I i 111' liiiir vv 111!'.,
il. I1-, 111 that Ml. ..■..
• • i'liis |..ni!c ',', -
iiim', an ! i:v:i; i-.j
I '■■■'■ I'..' l.i;ii 1, ui ■
ni:li I'liil.l.is ()■ ..III,!,
• .'Ic th ir nviv i. ■ ,.•!
^W:/i,l^. It ,;i.y 111
11. ,pi, ll, iIha ii'iiil'
iiu 11 . ikI, oik- i-ki'.ii
■.i.'l ;l;uii i'-.iit up 111
: tli;' ..'l ■'■ 1 ,;i is ovfi.
, ^1 . ', h V ( !< 1 !i:i,. :; ,i
iiilvil. ll has .1 ii; ii-
uii'.iai iiiicv ui;li |-,ii-
i ll l).iri!'jR-(l wiilii ;■-
' i;'.:rill\. T\\c ir.^:
;o ni,|. s froiii thv 1 .1.
M c.lv liutii tliL' ii'.w;
Kt'ROPF,.]
C, r. R M A N I, M V I R F,.
lull ili.ri,' i> ll ciniimitii tuHi by ;i liriil(',i' ot b.i.ii , ,iii.l
ti'MTil woivUn liriil(T,'s. TIk' riv^r is not n;ivi(5ilili:
r.ir Ihips iir himU'ii l.iiiliiT tli.in Kvjri I'lcl., lix iiiiK ■
ilil.iW ill. lilVVtl, wIiTl' lIuTV i^il I'Ullllll.ll.illIC, ilfui
wliir-.ill I'lips I'lul ami iiiil":i.l ; I.) lii.ii all umiU arr
liroiij^lif tip trnni t!i nci- ill ll 'i-bi'tt iiiuil v tli!''. ll
has .1 ' iiiliiliMMi' tr.ulf t.) liiij;! iivl, i rp.ti.illv with ail
llnis.it Wcllpiiiilia liii'.'iis, .iii'l ii'iiil- li'v.ral Ihip-, pir-
tiiiilii'iv to |,iiiii!i)n, fvoiv \.'ai; tlicri' bcinp a };ri;it
Ci'iiriini|)tii)ii lit iIk' Enplilli w.hiIIui m,imilai.'tiii' s
wliiili tiu'V rviiiw ivil Hilly ilir.viK Inin Kiifrlaii.!, lut
li\ wav III' I l.imliiir.', amlll.il'
an I ililin'ik- lliiin
at'.iiii tlii'iiiniiilu ui, iK'cir. k-iit Willp!. ili.i. It hkovili'
li'iiii. Iliip ll It mci-, Spiin, I'l'iiinjil, an. I It.ilv , ami ,i
gi at iiuiiili. 1 ti j )..\ is's Stri:ij>lii-. It lias alio a con-
(ill •i.iiik' ililanil II Ilk, p.irtirillarU lotlr..' gival t.uiN.iiiil
ir. lit. Ill (i,Tiii.i!i\ , to whicli, ain.inj» iitli.r (; )i«l-, ii
ll ill! I,.ri;v ipnntiti.". ol'i :ilittK-s aiiM liii!;.ii', pi'iiit-'il ami
r. (iiuij ii.Ti-, lliimj^li n.n in that p. iK-cli'ii
ll ill
li^ I-
1- viTV imicii I. .'>'. inai I'l'ivrniin
iii.l ilun toK' I'Xpi.rliil m larpi- ijiiiiitili
Dt'i r
civ'iiiiHluii'i ar.' luiiv.r.i
lir.ili.-r, coin, c'tlv, ai-
■aiii, I ; 111 ilivliiii^ 111' which, iiiil cKuli, th, i .'.r.- \-r
.;i".li; 111 ih.it hinh .iiv |.. Ill hilli'r, tiirili.ii luirpuU
t. ,n
kl I Mtltlli
1
ui> Ml tin,
ll vxii'iri.UMii .ir>' \vr\ low, wlrch i- a orvat cite
ru.^.'ilK'ii! I ) tiMiK', an. I i^ivvs t:;i.' ii
ih.ibitaiii-
t.
iiv. r ti
. I)
1II..II 111 111..- IMHIItn.-- l)-t\V XI I us Clt\
:ii..i their riiiuiihc.
B-oiii.
Ilmiiniij;,
III I
lit,- wh
II 1 ik-^'iii (I ilv iH'Xi pun
|.i
.niviii.'
I
r ci'miiiiTcv ; an.
ill tiiiiiii u-.ir, It lif.'Ui i'iii..iil t.ji'c.- ID c iiivin thru
pi rc.i.iiiii;i a.
Wll.L.L
h.irpiioiur , |i.'i;vj,
t {.'.ik'mIIv U-n.
■ tiili IV ill (I
I'll
s iD Ol-
io Ih
Mil
I t
1. I.
■rllK-.l till-
1 xpvri 111 i'- III
c"iinti-\, a:\- iivinunt!" Ii
ili.-l biuh In tlk- Dr.tLli
:IJ1.
l-aiji'ilii
H
th t'l ol.laml iK-w towns av^- torlifi.-i! w-tli
i-i.. Thv-r
a hr.i.t'l iliu-li. aiKl a c mni
la, !■
Init l!
ll h. h
vvi-r.il i.i\v,-'s on till- \v
I. v.-alb lit !h.- ivjw
ill
atu-r tiu- okl ni.inn.-r
I'luii liavv . i.'hi Ii".,- Ini'u-ai'^
nvi-\-.-r, \\r iicr^r bv i.atuii- ih.iii in.
'an'illiii ot '•00 'ii'ii, b liiL, the
ll i!.i\ an.
iniil-.t, at ill.- lowii hiail'i-, Iv, 'oo ..t the cii i/.i'iis. Oi
lu-vip. u.i
11
11 r.imii..ri-, winch .irr|>lint .1 W!th
.1 f
tiilTv is I ro 111 I.T C!>ll
.1; W.-ll .Is t.i.'t-
aii.! a ii.oll I
igfv i..iiik [iiMlj . -i ol iliv ri',\i',
aii-.i III: ic. Ill cou;^(I'^■,
1;. II. w I'lU'ii li.is atiniiul .'.rl-iial, u-
■11 11.
li-.l with
am
Ini ll avnis, ami
Ih aiici'. n:
otl
u ;- lit, iilils Linl til i|s ot
.itul iiioi'i ra. 'IIkii- i^ a Id!
'I',
\> huh is a ion ol .inn .iivv tor l i- biir[;hcrs, Lunu, .i
lini-- nr h:il|, \\\v 'c tl vir r-niiual ot' tr.i.k in..-i.is ih..-
ot' wMc'-. ir- .ul.iin-.l A;ih liiiiil a-nr
.-\i i!
i-!ii-,|iHi ill :, I. ilu- lijiipc ot auirnor m ci iiipktr
ar.n .ii;, \^li i, ' .-.' I'lm- nice!', niilni uii.' itiv,- It ■]! , .i>
1,1,111 .1 \ m 11 111 on thiio, Ints uji the bciv.! .il hi-
li.-ini 1 uithhi- t;'iiiiclii.'.iii loi.iliit.- wm.
I'r.. !i til.- t;il:-.rv ot till- e,inil .mciii
tii'ii- tl
Iter p.ii- ol the l.ii.i
u liich I on
inn,, rani;nl in
v,-i'i lie.'itrnl ni-innii', th- i..' is i pill'ioe to iiic a ni-
nalii! n, .11 .'Cll. r.u , luiilt .iltci' llv i-etoi-ni.iti..n, u hich
u,i-:'.t lull ofily .1 tic kli.iil, liiit aticrv\..ii.ls aiKaM.i.-il
lo tl.i I'ltl.- Ill '11 uni-»i-il-u ; which, I" the numitiscncc
III U , i.'l V, o th\ .ii/.ni-, inai.vS n-ij^ooJ .ili»iiicas
(oiiii- ol the bi-tl in (iCiiivun, .iiiJ h..s proiJuc-.-il in.in}
c , .■ .1,
V' 1 .i.iic, i- 111!, il, ui' |i',vn-li(iul',-, is ,1 Lir.j;,' (j I-
ihic llrii.-line, luiiliin 140;, ami a.lorncd oiithc out-
li.lc, with ri-\.-ral ll un. ■ ot the ciii|vi'ors .inJ ck-i'tor-,
bi-li.k-- tholo o: I'lalo, Arilbnlc, Cicro, aiul other
anciiiit- ; aiv! ,1 ]i.,',i!;c ol the okl I'.mi n. iv toun-. The
e .ii;icil-chamli.-r h is tli.- pi.-tii;e ot 1.: (i.rnian eiii-
|K-i-or', il.iwn to I .'.-.ip.iM. The coii"t- ol ji-illice, and
ot' ei aii;irliiH-nts, are plaliu'itiian iiiits with tiic cl:ji,ii:t\
of tin olliccs thev are put t.i; au:l the lower jiarr, or
Iv.ill, in i\ hich theic are door, that le.ul to ilic courts ot
jir'hc.-, is liiicil with lov ^iiui print lliojis, and others
tor ll.iti jnary and luibeidalhcr) w.ires.
At one eml ot ihislniil.ling, biinetniri'rd bv .ifi'tvt,
there is a public Itnictiiri-, tviih a pi -./.'..i .in | jhop^
iiiulcrit, wliitli lervrs tora'i- x
iDlliiiili lu'iiuetitcil as thole .ill.
eli.inj;,e; Imt is 11, .t neat
iiid II ami
I A'
nil 'r-
lam, ami oiib rcioMclto I" the iiieiclii.nts ot) iDit
.1.1
II
IC
arc levcral holjiitals, pnrticularly one tor
I>traniuute'! or dil.ibleil mariner-; and another ti
I'd,, lime. (I. ci'cp'.l, and old, ol Imth Icxes. It
I'l-
plain but coMiiiKiilious iliiK'hire, with a verv
thapi
Ai
IS a
.laii.itoine
lo.iiiMj; toil IS .1 luniie of cone.iioii t.ir
N.i^.ilvinds .ml eniiiiii ll-, vvhcr.' lun .tics ire alii) kept,
.iiiil (ill h as h ipjiiii to kill a pc, lijii 111 ulv rii-ntb , tlr
jileaof clKinrc-niedlcv not l-.ciiip, adiiit'-.d in tl
aseoiin-
ti\. .Such lliict tlileipliiie i. kept heic, thit it is ol
icrved,' thoiiuli there .ire at leill 100 pi'olli^at.- per'.liiis
111 It, not .111 indecent word is hi.-.ir.| out ot'd.eiriiiouths^
being almoll continiully oli':.'i.d 10 accompany the
tilkiii.iller in lin.yng pl.dmi .iiid '
11
e ne'.v 10.'. n,
■n t!ie louih li.leol the WM'.
vliicli ll.iiids the iinuen.t
r, in
\ and arienal, coniiih ihie.'ly
ot giiikn , .iiid liiilepleirme hollies, heloii^im:; to the
priiieip.il iijenhants, ai'd oilier in!- ih't.mi-," ot the old
1 .11 J li.is l.irj; r an I n.iieh nimv re'tii! ir ili'e'-rs tli.in the'
iilt r; .ind tliev are 1110. 1 ot tlieiil pil.iisteil with loivsut
limes ;.ni| wild elu-rniiis.
The ill-eels ot the old i.iwii, oi. the north I'.ik
river, in '.Jii.-li are the cailiei!r:il and th ■ leiv.t.
ll 'tile.
isiiti r 111 till- iii.iiket-nla
lilaee, wlierem ll ni.ls mi
'.III 1
i:i;.i(',e, one ot thule i-rec\e,l in mani- o! i!:c
(iermaii 1 itit-s, bv (.r.jcr ol'Ciiarl s the (ire.it, by the
n.i-iie ot St ituaRoMiid
n.ij on wi'lcli :• an m i-. n' in-
len|)ti T, d,.nii|i:r,>; il 1 1 be .1 i.l! ,iii,,n, d ■ t tli h'- nv
!',riiit.'.l b', Cii. tries the (ir.-.it lilhis.it\. On t',-
opp.ilite li.k, 1)1 the iii.iikel is a pubhe-lvnile, uhi.ii,
.11 liie iaiiie lime, I'erves as .1 h .! I i.t com'Moii-h.l!' : r
the levei-il
illei-i
or a
ll. ii\b
ceiltli ll .'t 1 1
l.iS .11.1 i.)
.! the iiUr.'JH ,■
\\n is I, I'd tl
iKen w.ille
■k 'l bri.l
■•03 \e:'.rs
On the lar.'.lt ,,|
iti
ui.v!.. n hri-l;',s, there is .m etii^ine ih.it r.uh.s niter,
.m I diip'-iles it all over the till ; and there is a Ion ai
ill-- li.-.id ol It, wiiiil
I I- Weil 'iii.iiilei
I
11. 1 r the knale li.iii'..
.1 ipici.Kis Wine ci Mar,
lo.-.- lllllCIl
".'.erein ar, li,e liui^s vetl'el-, each ot'wiiuli
alin - 100 iio.^lh.-.Kk, wlier.-ol' tuiir .ire .ilw.iis ke]it
111!! i.r R '.eiiilh ,\in.-, and ihe tilth is k-tf efiipt\-, witli
Inull
d.oi- :,t t!ie head ot 1;, t 1 .j:r.itil\ {\\:\\ as !iav
the curii'liiv to enter. There is one vault ot ■, l',.'i-, e okl
h.i,L, the ke\ .it wliiili is ke; t b\ 111
miller, aii-l on'\ a tiiim'' jr <u ho
I ire 11, 1 If
tlk--, kt't
in the
■ it' tlie in.ill.r ot the cellar, t.i be I'eild at :'.l)iiii' a
.'.e e,;\ coins .1 lit;;,- pine
iivl. a .).)ii-
i| ill.ir, o
lit ninni v .-t lis o.w n, e.ii
.ill -lit a leillp. iin, : 10 ; 'h' then var.ls ;ii
L^lilli. Tlie eiiil.iin, w ;,i h .1:
a V,i I't, wli-iCli IS w-
ike \Qo V.
i.ll 111 ihe . a
her 1 1 IIS T
te'.-.i ...Is l;ee;-.nie Hi.ii-'-
■1 1.',.-,t'::1'; IK".." Ci"'.!e;-
'\ li: ail a. id l.ill, an ! in.ikiii.i thiir Ir.
.11
HI piMI\.
line ot oood lii;ii-'i- lo the cimpin;, , is i.ud lo luue Is
iiirruiit.il here.
en
Oiunbiiri.', a liitli. t'lrtili.-il i'i.\n, 1 .v
miles 11, ,rl'
Il-
eal! ot H:-. ill n, with a lli-on.; luiil.-. 1
boiik r ,a till, bilhoprie, i\as iormerl', l':;e l':;i'-ip's leai.
It ue- t.-.ki 11 1,1. . . ill til.' Ini-- li -.'ill-, and on; e in' ilie
.S.si.'k-, ill the (I rm.'.n . -vii '.\.irs. li 1- ■; ; ieti\ lar-',.-
liin-oii'.'!;, o!! till ii\,-r W . ;i.me, tr.iiii when e- t'",- i,i,iil
tiuvarils H;-.;!!' n ' \eri bi.!, l;i,-.,l\, and iuil oi' the
hram lies i.t the 1., I, in 1 he mi.l.Ue ot' u hi-.-h isat-.-il,
uith tour ba^lll.lll^, ih.ii eoii-iin.inils a l.iii;^ dil.i.', ....r
eaulew.iv, with li- ■. ril > nls in it, over whi. ir.ire liiiii;-.- .
On ih.e.ither li.ie .1 ilie toun, 11 iniies trom it, ll" ui
tiie ni'.'ii ul'.ri ..t Ci llerzvViii, Lliariiiinj;i\' liir.atev!,
ulii. h is n >i\ a I -'nil '..rible liiroii'j;li, .1 jonied wini
mail', line i'.ii'd,-iv, and a ha.ndt'.-nie ei:ir,eli. Tie i'.
tii.- pl.iee ulier.-, in 1757, ''"-' e-,iti\\ Ol i- 11 u.;. e.i'i-
elud.'l li.l'.veen the duke ot'Cu'ii'i-.i'land .'lul the .hike
dc Richlieii, tiiioiu;h the mediaiiuii otci.uiu Lyiicl,
the D.inilh j;oveiiioi.
Sthamibeck
'■( s'
A NF.W, ROVAI. AND AlTHr.NTlC SYSTF.M of I'NIVF.RSAL c;E(XiR.\I'HY.
■■ I
m ife
'■>4
Sc:',inilbcck i> alarf^c \ iil;|j;i.', which givc^ tuuno t>';i
ditlrict, and h.is a wo.. lien inanuKiCtoiy; Siocl docstlic
iamc; B:\i\lcl is a viUagc, uhtic the nobility hold a
mi-cf.iig t\WLf a year; and NaLnualdc is a village,
w'liCM. thcic l^ a loiaidation toi a:i abbel's and i .• I'thei
laJic't.
The ii:ii!'iwick otWildabaiili-i', on ihe Hcintc, h's
bui a %'t.v uidiiicrcnt loil. In i ;o? the crown ot Sue-
elin niortgagetl chis lailiwAk. to the e!e:tor,ii iioule oi
Biu'itwic Lun.T.lHUf;; .uul, la 17.:^, at the {le.ue ot
Snvl'.hol'.i, n'.J.do over all rij^ht and daini th.reto, as
vdl .is to BrtMiea :'.:id Verden. Tiic only pl.Ke w.;iili
uicnti'iiing in this liailiwick is the town ot \\ ildelliau-
I'eii, t. Jill whii-h. the whoL' receives its name. Ii is
lltiM'.ed on the 1 lenue, c^'iitains about ;o? lUvcllini;
hou'iCb, a tew churches, and tome . iher |uil>lic budd-
iivj^s. About halt'tht inuaiiit mis are Roman Catiiolits,
^■. lio are not allowed the ii.e ot'b.lls, tluiuli iiuilie, 1 r
proe.iiioi'.^ : n.i.u. i'.'l\ j^rmtteil tn be baini/ed,
manied, or bLui.-d i \ ih.eii owm piiviU, biM mull have
thotc ceremonies performed bv a l^iiiheran miiailei.
H-iv arc llill to be le n tlie villigc^oi an ancient
abbey, and the n.in^ o* ati Id lal!'..
fii.' piinajiality it Li'nen' ;;e:;o /r.i.L is bounded,
0:1 the north, bs ihedo.hv > t L.aweiiburg, or Lm :i-
bun:, and th. Kll.e, on the I'.mih by Calenbiiii',, 11 I-
I'clhvini, antl 11. t ot I'lroatwic; on the call by aiioil'.ei
part ot' Bi'.inhvii , x.\d the d,ich\ oi Me. klealiurs' ;
..lid 10 the well bv i'leaien, Verden, and iloy.i. in
m.nv. parts tlu l-.'il i i.iady, iKathv, and marlliy. The
binV.v ot the Kr,>e, Aii.i. an 1 Jet/e, are, howevi 1 ,
iert:'.'.-, and al'.o.inil la iiiaia, roots, tiees, and trui! ol
var'. u^ kind'-.
i lere aic hkvv.ile plenty ot raiile, bee-, veii, on,
i'a't-lpriag% an! liine-lioae. Th.- rivus lib.-, Aller,
and lipienau, pr'da.e great (luantiii.s oi tiih : . lul b. -
inj, ad iiavigibL, are ot 1^1, at atbaata^e lo ;he . oun
ii\ la a cemineieiai poHiL .it v;iw. '1, e\ih lepriiui-
pal. ry contain ai) ut ..jo Lui i:eran t huiches, whish
ai.- under tlie d.ici'i.on ot two g.n.rais, and 1; liiboi-
oin.iic lujieiintiacai' •. The in,iniitachire~ aie linen,
nbb.'ii , Ii '.", bh.i. bed w.ix, gold u lies, lilv.rdi'to,
rottoa , Ito.kmiis, il.us h, r liiied liavus, wi..d a
'.'..11..S. Iriig'. read} bi.ilt, with boats and loiiu lm. ill
Ihij.'.
Ol .iLcu'-'-t it this priiKij-iality th kini; (d ( ir, at
Biita.a has a t'. .It ..::d voue, liL/ihiaine i :|le^! 01 the
pim.es o! the iinpae, and ih.c en. leot J , )we; " ixoav.
riK I. vena, sarileirom the dcni.ln' -. tolls. >ii ihc- l'.|!,>t.-,
ccintri'. a 'li^, d ilie- on ^.itii. , b.e:, w;:i , br.iadv,
and ori'.t tommod.lie'- ; .md the piaieipal plac. s .u .
th, t illc/v. laa:
o
l-encn iirj, tjie m.tropo!,^ ni th. pi iHipiHtv, i a
large vity, 'au.it. d . n ih n\\r l.l.iai;, 01 lla, .lai:,
wim I IS 1, .MfMbhTrani hence t.) t!i.' hllie. Ii is.;;
in. its li.jiii . i.imiuan, ...1^1 (,,■; ipjiu Il.iiun^ i. Ii w
forn.erly aa 1 !.ir,s Iowa, ;.:;d. aa I '.pei lal e ;v. The i
i;ame h e b.ind.uv.d i,y lorn, tr.iai i.iaa, ilieaa leiit j
'anu- .rtl-.-. llmenaii; ar. 1 Iv uti: l^ Iomii l.aa.i,thel
i'.i..iMa, .la i!r,a,'eot whiih was woilliij p.-d I ' ^e, b. tin '
iaii!i"t.ai:s, in .ae tnae ot I'ag.inilai. IKiev. islor-
t-ii;b. iwV.r.l c Hiv ats, no: n: the ;, v.iiiRs i;| na. ot 1
v.hi..h, the Bia daJtir.e, an aca.kau lor m.ii'i.il ' s.i- \
.-.■.ts w.t. a.i.i,.hj.i, '-\l'xi\- the \.,ulh ..; t'.e,.; ii i,.di!\ \
are taoid.t, g:.tti., d.ineili;', leiu lag, tld,iii;;, .ail the {
Iteiica l.i.igti,i<:e. " |
< )a. 1.; il;c l,i!i;e lev.'niie. a L.atia U liool, . oiaiiling I
>•'' I'J-i uai". , wa hkewiie toon 'ed, aii I will en- j
dowed. Tl,elipeiint ndeney ot tli le, avi li.eill.ic
appMpiiated '0 then lapp.^ii, .a, nvei.rd in a l.iiid-
l.h.'*' di":.-'oi, an i .111 aalHite!, wl|..] me bmh leleil''d
J;om the L.ua: lU.ii'j, a.jbili; , . 'I'l,. inll ..I ih,|j nlti-
eeib IS th. he.id ot I le llaie. (,t ill piiai li^ditv, and
tiic prel.deiit ot tiie j luvim i.d ojlh^r. 1 le allailRs
thcitleot . \<.elleiKy,aad la pal ihc .vi'iiin.rs iliks him-
;cll, By lie ^ruce tf G.i, Lmuli^kift Ihrc.t.r, ami
L.rd i-t the Miinjton oj St. M:cl..ul 11 i.wicd'u, ^. 1 he
{'.i^lu: cdilie.S arcthlee pai ilh tliuiches, ilaec l.olpi-
tals, a I'alt maga;:'ne, an anatomical theatre, the duca!
palace, the lown-hnule, the academy, the liarracks tor
the g;'.rrilon, and ihcionvi iii:i a! churchol St. Michael,
in which the aiuient dukes he interrid, and where the
icle rated t.ille, tak.ntroai the Saracens b\ th.c cm-
[le.or Otho, i, depolued. ll 15 eight feet long, and
t lar bro.id, uas |iii'.t.d ovtr with chafed gold, and
h.'d a rim richU enibellif-n d with precious Uone~ ct
im:aeale \alii. ; Ini!, m 1 • .iS, a ;;.ing of robbers broke
laio the I huiih, anu llnp.pea tia in.ignificent table oi
I i.iri^e di.uiioni!, ill, emei.ddis .ii.d labie--, ami nie.lt
(tlhe!!,o!d. 1 I ere are iiianv rich lalt-fpriii!.'-, a titth
III the product ot which belongs to the kiiii' ot (jrenr
Briialn. 'Ihe lalt is tiie bid in (Jerm.mv. Theotiur
.irlick"- inwliiih the lonaaercal part ol' 'tie inhab:-
tanis deal, ,ire wool, lionev, wa\, L.^.e-llone, lla\,
hilt)', beer, J>ce. and warelu iit'es are ertiUil .'.lo.ic- the
bo|■llLr^ Ml the llaunaii, tor the reception ot gooils
tiom .ill p.irt^ ol ( krai.mv , to be t'orwarded to 1 lani-
inirt^ and i^ub i.
Ahlden, on the (V.d Li ine, has a pal.ice, in wliiili
S plr I D roihea, Cuiiloit of his Bruann e m.i'elly
(iioigti. ;■. i; led alter their I'epaiaiion till -.cr deaili,
in 1 ;.:'-. It 1 the u.it '.A ,1 bailiwick, ;ir.d has :i great
iiade in h(>ii..s m.-.i tiii.lii r.
rit/.i:, a I lapict town, at the Conliiix it tl'.e
W'lp.i, and iwo otiier riv. let:, wlach form the r;vei
lla.eaaii, vva^ iormcrly tailed LawenwaKt, i. e. Lirti
la.ivll, ,aid had its prei'tn: name iromthe neij,hbour-
ing n,oaallir\ of Oldeniladt, fornierl) ta'kd (.)kl L'l-
!in, It r- 'aid, thut the tiril Knglilli Saxons came to
Britain from tlii^ pl.ue; and that th.ote who ietuni:d,
hang ap a tai gilt llnp in the niarke:-;>laec, ;- a m.-
iii'.ri.il 1)1 il til' aicci ,', whieli lonliiui.d ir.erctid nu",
Winn nii.lt ot tie toun u, is burnt do'.'.ii, ,u .1 "iwr
v^liody r. bud! : bat the ibectsaie larger, and the honks
aio.e Iplendid .md regal. a, thanbeloie.
Lit I, on t'.e All.r, givts ii..mv t.. aodlriei, wiurein
ihe iieble t„.ialy ol Botlimar li.ive thne manois ;i:ui a
villa.',e,trom whah they t.tke their name, with a church
ot th a- o'..;:, t . wiiu h tiuy ..ppoint a min.iler.
S .t.a, ..i tie confiii.\ ot the .'^oltui.iad F.olane,
givi- n.inv. to .1 b:\ihw;ck, which aboiiads with \v.< d,
and ii^r.taii.' manat.ietori-. ■. oiAair. .is, philli, lindkv-
woohev, w-K'Hea cklhs, lai/e, iliili'-, .'■.c.
1 lit.'.ackir r .1 lai.di lov.nin ;i htlle ifland in ihc
Jet/e. 1 hi talUe v. is h.iiu. 1 lv the relideace ol lonie
ot ihe duki'. Id. re is a great annu.d t.ar; ,aid the
l\ahw;ck towlacli the ioww gives name, coiit.iins the
1. rel; ot Cjhoriie, v.IjaIi 1 a! init ic miL-- in compals;
t aioaii Is with .1 k-'.d > t te.u'ered uaine, lUer, wild
b'.ir:,<\c. .aid o:i us eat* iide ll..iids airv.d h.ii!na:g
ii.it.
'/.ell i- leat.d or. -i laady pi. in, ne.u the c<.:a'li;X . t
ih" .Ad.r atiil I'l lal.'.e, is mil. s n,T;h of I !..:.ovi '■,
.aid .).;!oui.. ■>: li.itia':. The town i ..i:eii -a, 'v..\::y
.ichal.r, d.i'i.l 111 i.:o;,, w hi rein it i- call, d T ell .K
cor.albi.t tare I'll. IS, tl'..i! ran p;.iaik I, isw\. loiii-
li d, iIk- laap.i;;- bei-.'j l^roid and lagh, an.' wed
iiioa'iivd wall i.ia'iiMi, but ao; iiL'ulir. 1 leri .i.-. h.ld
tiie ci.ei I'.a;!- ••. aidic.ltii't '.a the dauhy ; ami. in
I4')s, .;s ila!.-- (1 l.iii; ) 1 vmIi .1 j ilaie ni.a th.U c.-.Ted
th' 1 l.ai' .Vi 1 (late. wiaili is .1 lip.Mle 1 aiMiag, .lilli
toar [datloiiiis at ilie loarcomeis, moate.l louad. .Se-
veral lo.ii he^ inav go in tront on tlie 'eria.e oiund ihe
t'.wti, whuh !■. :u!oi;ucl with trees [daated all .ilong ;
and the adjacmt an, garden-, loii.ads, and li i tos,
t-i:ai a vti V ,ij,ie( a le latull.api. Theic 1 at oiu:
cliuo h in tiie town, and that wilhoat a lleeple. '1 he
hi I 111 h lea.g. e^ have then cle.ach in die lubuil s, .vhiili
lie veiy lui.'.e. i f i\ are liill ni.inv I len: h C.i.lioli, ',
,is w 11 as I'lotelhini-, and lac Iomu 1 h.ive a ch,ipil.
/\il the building are ol tiadn-i, ( ., epi llie il'iiuh,'-,
llieiallle, an.i the lioiile ol loi a . i 1,11, which aie ol
buck. The elector has . I regeacv here, wiiicli iiidges
all ciiiles without any appe,il, I ui to ihei ouiiiil ot I' ,tc
aiHan.ser. Betwixt this low 1 aal 1 i.rbiag il is a
taiidy load, wiiii lcai..e any ll,ia^ bat licuh. l"lic
poil-ft',-is.
to i;rea' d
OGRArHV.
cal thiatrc, tlu' diica!
k-mv, the barracks ior
lurcliol Sr. Mich.iL'l,
ciritl, and wliirc tl\c
S.irncenj l)\ the cm-
cicht fc'tt 1(1112, nml
ill ilialfii gold, .1111 i
;tli jnvi. ii.ii^ tlor.t- ct
uii-ij; ot'nilihtTs hrokc
inaL!nifin.Tit tadlt- ui
II. d luhit^, ami m.-,it
li lalt-IJTuiL'-, a null
Ai th.' r.ini' <it (j'li'nt
i(-r!;i.!n\. Tlicotiur
il p.'.ii ut rhi' mliaiii-
a\, !iii;i.--iioiK', (ia\,
arc crcL^U-d .do.ig tin-
I.' R-ct'ctioii <i; iiooils
forwarded to l lani-
i;'.". a ]-.a!a(L', in wlmli
lis Bri:ariii- r.ii'. l!y
ai.'.;io.". liii '.tr dculi,
wick, ar.d lias a f^rtat
tiic Ci;n!':ux c t il-.;-
uliich II r;r. l!ic r;vti
awiTiwalit, 1. 1-. Liid
; irinii I lie ru'i^liboiu-
rm>rl\ ta'lul Old I'l-
iil;lli S.woiis laiiic to
I tl'.Ot.' wlio R'tuni: d,
irkci-jilacc, ;■■• a ii;.-
tiiuiL-d li'.crctnl I (M'>,
iriii do'.Mi, .'.I'll <\\ .r
ari;ci', .;r,d ilic licuii-s
he .'on-.
1'. ad.llru'i, win rein
e thru' maiio's and a
r naiin','.\itii acliuali
oiiu a iiiinalcr.
L .Sell ui .;:,d !vi!uiu-,
I a!'OLiij(;> uul; \v.> d,
111',. IS, pliilli, !i;uiL\-
rtiiH'-, \c.
a !:ti!c ili.uvl in ihc
the itliiicnci' I'l loiiu-
.iiiniial t.ur; .md ihc
.',-. iiani'.', com.iins till-
I'' link-- i;i (■'•aiipal'. :
rid L'.anif, ili cr, w ild
..nd- a irv.d !'.ii!M!!'.j^
ni'.ir ihi- C(.::l'.i:x > I
,.s 11, rdi i.f l!..:,ov..-.
.un I ,.i.i i. •■;, '[-.A .;•.'
II It I- calkd '1' . I . Il
l)..iaik 1, is w. . In: !i •
and liipii, a:..' ueil
.■nlir. Hvri ..•. i..ld
i!i:' lUu i.y ; .ird, in
iLuc lU.il tli.ll c.'.l'id
il'.MN' 1 l!l!dlllj;, .lilll
, inoatf.i liiiiml. ,Si--
tlie ■Ilia,'. Hii.ncl ilic
Ls I'jlanli-ii .lli aloiij; i
ii hards, aiut -x r to^,
. 'riiiii. I 1. 1 ijiu:
iluiut a liicplf. l liL-
I in .lie luliuil •-, .\liiili
in\ I lev. h Ca.holi, -,
II III I li.ivc a ili.i|H k
t ^' I'lll lllf I I'Ull II. ^,
I i I'ai, wliiih arc ul
v licic, wiiitli |iii.L;ci
lO die I lUliK ii 111 i' .tc
M.\ 1 l/.rbr.;u; ii is a
iij.; Liii heath. The
Pu[ldt;,-i-.
EUROPE.]
c, V. R M A N E M r I R E.
?4.5
pon-lla;.>,c5, which are of four m;le<, arc \cry ill I'erve i,
and ilu imis the wiril in (iermain . 'I'lMirdi there is
iinu h lie-.ili heti\i.\i this to.vn and H.iiiDvcr, yet the
KHiniiv !■ "i II eiiltivateii; for the iiiliabitarits iioi mily
nvikc lint oi the heath lor fuel, but it alliilervcs tor
palhii.ige and manure. There is a trade from heme
to Hreiiien, by ih.' river Aller.
In the nei^hinnirliood ot this town there is the cafllc
ol Allien, wlieie the !lcirc^^ of Luiunburg-Zell, who
w.is nianied to the late elector, and atterwards di-
vnried, died, after ;o year- telidcncc. Ii uas rather a
Viihiniary rciiiiihcii, than i onlinemcnt ; as llie had
ilic hel! ot iit.iiy, anil lu'l libcri\ togoujiither I'.e
pLaled. I Lie ilKi Mk !ale queen of Dnmark re-
iireil. at'tci th ■ leveie iieatnient llie met with as belore-
liieiiii'Mud.
During the «ar in the \ear 17^7, a nvill barbarous
and inhuman tranliict ion reduced the inhabitants of / 11
to 'jreai dulrels; for the duke ot Riehlicii ordered
not only the luburlr- oi Zell to be luirnt, biit even the
iiiph.in-liout'e, which contained a (;reai number of
ciiiklien, to be let lire to, when the uhole "as ixduced
loathes, tMi;eiher wiih the pour innocent int.uits. An
inliaiue o! cruelty iVa'ccly to be pandk lied in hilVor\ !
Haulewic, on the F -like, tour miles Irom l.,iineiiburg,
lhoii;.^li now only a l!raj:<;lin|.', vilki'.'.e, u.is tnrmerly a
llrone, populous ciiy. It h,id nine iluiichis, ot which
only llie laihcdral is left, wherein there is llill a college
ot ei^h.t rclulenti.iry canons, and a few vicars: but tin
bithopi ic w.i- ir.iiistcired to Verd n; and tiie ihUrici
al'o'.ii the c'.ii; h irandnrmeil into kitehen gaidcns.
Oicrtiie (Mil- ilu'ie are time I Kirbarous L mil \ cries,
in an ^ild ( i otluc ii:;'.i icier, which lliew tint the town
wa-, buili 1;: vears before Rome, .iii'l d droyed by
H. nr\ ti'e I ,ior, in 1 i.ii,. Thev wrii", that he took
this ieiei'iv on ilie liiy b.caule it ctulcd to acknow-
ledge liini,alt-i I'.c wa pio:cri''ed i>y tliecmpeior Fre-
dellik I.
Daiiiiebeu^ llands in the moll ciflcrn pan ot tlii'-
duc!i\, on liic liVer Jet/.e, li\. miles from its inllux into
tliel'.lbe, and .•? ; fnith-eall ot I .iinciibii/;.!. It is ihe
cliiet town ot the riih and iruitlul couiiiy ol tliis name,
which was jiiven by us eouril, in 1402, to Oliio, duke
of Uriinlwic-WoltcnlHitile, and \ieldcd by the latter to
tlie lioufe of LuneiilHiri»-Zelk 'Ihe ( ieinians write
it D.uiiit'il.urg, confident with the etyiiHilo'j.y ot its
name, wiiii ii iit:nilics a M"uni:iin of I'ir'-trccs. This
ci'Uiav li.^ .tlong il'.e f.lbe, h.ivir.f^ '\! i k! nburg on
the iinrth, the niarquit'ile of Hi- '.ndeiiiuiL', on the call
an 1 lout'i, anil ili. duchy of i .11: enburi.', on the well.
Sii.iikanbiuij;, i a l.irgc tradiii", to,,ii, .it the coiillu.x
cf llie Elbe and ihc Weekt, or Hclii.'.
Haibuij., on liic Seeve, ;o niilei 'leni /ell, is a
ir.idiiv t v. n, with .1 good haibwur. Ii i-- well lortitied,
popii' HI-, 'as.icatUe, earnlon, .■.iniouiy, maga/.ine,
and b.niaeK-.
Lame 1 a vill.ige with a L.tniieran convent, and .1
niedicin.il t'priii'.;. Medhigcn, on llie llmenau, ha-
likiwile a Luihcran con'.cni, winch w.e, tormerly .1
Ciltertian mon.itierv.
\\ inleii-aii ill r-Lukc i- a city on the Eukc, over
wliiih it has two 11 llie biiili!,cs. Iteonlains al .nlhei.iii
abbi ) , lulu .1 vol. e and \' al in the dieis, is a gie.it tho-
rough are, .iiul give- n.iM e 10 a bailiuiik.
Ebllorl i^at'iwii pk.ilaiitK litiiat d, and containiiig
a convent, winch w.is toriiierK a I{..nedK'tinc nuiini ry ;
but i.iiililt- now ol a l^utherun abe.els, a priorcts, and
14 ' ill I laili s. 'Ihe leiigi.ais rcilricti ins here aic
noi \iivgic.ii; bu: lovciM'ilh tills iheconveni, as
il IS lelebi.Hiil lor In im the litre. ti ol l.ulies who h.ivc
been ilil.ip|ioiiUe 1 milieir atl'eCtions; .\ni.\ u is tuppoud '
that lomc 01 ilie lie.uiiiliil leihile- liaxe, with the J-', in
Pcinlcni, l.u I,
Oil' lliut me III aeloitler; ihcre, will plcas'il,
Rehj.',iou-. hardthiiis I will leaiii to b-ai :
Tu tall and Ini/ie at muliiiglu hours ol piay'i.
No. OS.
Nor iliink a hard within a lonely cell,
With melancholy, IpeeehLf faints to dwell;
LJul blet the d:i\ i totliai refu;'e ran,
iMcefruiu them.iiTiagc-cli.iin,and Ironuliaf tyrant man!
Wienhauten is a village on the Aller, wii.li a I.,ii-
ther.ui convent, confilUng nf an alil'.et's, a priorefs, and
2 ; other ladie>.
Itenhageii, on the lie, contains alio a Lutheran con-
vent ; but the nuns here, contrary to the other inlVitu-
tions, max be "i pleb. lan e:;'ra"ti'n.
Waliitodc, I. e. VValo'sCml , wii the river I'olune,
25 links north-well of ZcU, and 40 liauhweft of Lu-
nenburg, IS noi t.ir from the cuitines o! llie duch) of
Vkrdcn. Il w.a- at lirtlonlya mon.fUry, built \>\ one
W.ilo, but is now a Lutheran convent, contilliiii; ot
an ai'bey, a prioret-, and nine other ladies. It is like-
wile the leal of a bailiwick and tupcriniendancy.
Some parts of the I'rineipality ot (iRcnuMiAoiiN
are vi ry teriile, iiroducing variety of grain, pulfe, mar-
ble, and mineral; the mine- and quarries being chielly
in the mount.uii ami loivll called 1 he H ;ri ,•, The rivers
are the Liine, the (3der, ami tlie Ock.r. The tlaiis
are comp'ifed ol the .ibbcy of St. Akx.in ler, and that
i.f t:.e Hlelled Virgin, at liinbeik; tin noble pro-
pri, lanes ol nine man.;rs; and tl:e ^iti .- ol Einlvck
.md Olleiode, ai whuliihe diets are alterna:ily held
i.nce a ye.u. Luiiieranifm is the eilal'lilbed religion;
..nd the manulaiitures and commodiiic- of the country
.lie lla.x, linen, land-done, marble, C'lpjier, filt, lul-
jihur, /ink, llareh, printeil cottons, thread, timlier,
llaie, iron, le.id, vitriol, lapis calaminari-, powd.rblue,
woi/llen goods, and lire-.irm-.
Onaec.'uiii of this principalitv the eleclors have a
vote in the college of princes, iioili in the diet of the
enijiirc, and in that ot the circle ot Lower Saxe'ny,
Tile lovereign's revenue- arife trom the |)roduc,' of the
demeliie-, and ol the mini-; and appeals lie trom the
coiiits here to the cliaiKerv ot Hanover. The pyii:i-
cip.u pkices are the tollouing:
iMiilieik, ill, capital ot the priiiiipallty, is tittiated
at iheionlhix ot the lime and the Lcine, about 4Z
miles from f lanovv r. Il is well loriilivl 1\ lowers,
iiulwarks, r.impans, a double diieh, an i ■ ii:,'. .rks ;
and turrounded In a tine c -11111 r\, verv tciiiii, iMrtii u-
larl) 111 Corn, li w.is lor.i.crly a ire- laipeiiai town,
.mil its magilhat.,- Iliil [lollels lome valuable iirivil.ges.
It is largi; .ui.l [lopulous, divided into three parts, call-
ed ihe jvliinller, the Newlladt, ap| ii'e \larki ; and
has a tolerable trad.-, parin ulai 1;. in beer, woollen
maiuitactuves, and printnl cothn . fornierly it was a
killiop'slee, Ihe cathedral and. h.ijiler of which llill re-
niaiii. Tlie latter coiiinl- of a Luiiieran I'enior, nine
i.mons, oiieM.ai, and t 'iir vie Ms in o,dina"v, who,
together, Und a if p..iy i" ilu ^lici. Ti .- revenues of
t.:e aiii kilt abl ey ol ilie Uk Ue.l \'ir_in are now enio\ -
1. 1 ii\ a leiuor .iiul inn.- can ,is, who li.ive likewili. j.
Hi leieiii.iive at liie die! . A l.'.rge diilMJ't Iv l,,ngj
i. , ae.d I iiiliKCt to, tlie I'lriki ei.o.i of Ein'-eik, which
1..1- a tow 11 to caib .isihew-.u' '■;'', .lUil tormerly
Coined golil, lilvcr, and lOjipcr money.
W iliLiran is a mine t '.\n, liirroi.nd^d, on all tides,
In kilie, lu'j.^'.i d mounlain- : f .luieni'ed and Scliiilen-
b. rg, :iie liii.id tow n-, eoiii.eM i", tiiK king lioul.' ; and
Ciilertek! IS an open nunc loe.i, n.ili .1 nnni h.r coiii-
\\\X moiiev .
Si. .Andrealbiiig I- amine lowii, wiih a iii:'.iuil.iclor\
ot powder blue, .md .1 libcrt -..el; 'iig-luMle : and near
II .- a reiervoir, Irom vliiice,'" .. i .i .1, iv.itr i c n-
vey.d 10 all th, mine V ik-. 'i'h:' ■ ■wn i- '.i' pi alanib
litiiatcd, iliai a p.rfo', wih a 1 h;l, I'qiliicid lUrn ol
iiviid, inighl reiiu- liuliM', aii.', \>illi pro['riei\, e\-
ikiiiii,
I III, ye foil t'l.itsl \i riiiipid
iiv.iiJ 'piiii ' lii'd lloo.l-:,
Ye llnw'ry meads, \e \.di .aial ii.,i/e wood- 1
N'e limpid lloi'ds, il.al ever mir .n'rnig llo.s !
^e Viidant iiicids, while tlov'.'is iteriui hiow !
.> C Y.
i
I 'i\
.'<ti
J40 A NEW, ROYAL asp AUTHF.NTIC SYSTr.M of UNlVrRSAI, fiROnRAl'IIY
m
III
Ye lh.iJ\ v;iks wluic /cphvrs cvir plav !
Yf wood^, wliL-rc litiU- uarl'ki-s tuiic lluir l;n '
Hiic ^nint mc, hc.iv'n, to iiul mv iic.ui.tul ^l,l\^,
And Itcal imklt'trum lite l>v How dei.ivs
Willi ;iii;(.', unknown to p:iin or I'oriow, hkd,
T» tlK' dark grave retii insz; a- to rcil ;
Wli.le j^i'iuK" will) OIK lit^U ilii^ mortal tr.in\c,
Dill'oUint;, turns lo alhe-, wIkiki.- it lanic;
A\ liile niv ireid loul departs witliout a groan,
And loytiil wing- \m llii^Ut lo world- unkaowii.
Altciiau '■• a t'mall mini.' t.ns n, m a v.dlcy. turround-
ed liy irii;li nij;i;cd roiks. It contains a (ilvi.r lnietciii;j,-
hoi;l'c, the aqua ioriis troni wliii h runs into the nvcr
Oekci.
Claulihallisa lar^e < pi-n mini.' town, in wlni.h are a
iilvcr InK'hing houli.'. and a mint. The phuc is de-
fended by a garrit'on, .uul eontams f.o ihurchi."-, .u\
orphan-lunile, a. graninui-fehool, iiiinc-oirue, ami
a tori.ll baili^viek-otrue. Tlioui;h t^ie rell of I he loiin-
tr\ is I'o pleafant, theaii' ot' tlic 1 Ian.'. Forelt, .ilnioll tin.'
whole )ear round, r- to eold, and ra.;i,hail, fnow , loi.■^,
a:id llorms arc lb tVciiueni, that t.ie cultivalioii ot
iIk land eannot be purl'ued with a ly ilegree ot lumS.
The mountain, which pari ot the fo.cll cover--, confills
of oak^, alh, alder, pine^, beeth, alpin, birch, ami fiis.
Thi- aii-'azing plenty of wood i^ ol tin.' utmull impor-
tance, a-, witlioul I'uch .1 pr. 'luiion ut limber, tin min-
ing work-- couM n.it be c.irneil on. Th.\i pan <l tlie
forell called Brunlwick-1 ,unenburg-H.ul/., isdivi.l-'d
into L'pixr and l..<'".ver, asid .igain lulxlis ided into muie
and forell Iniilnvick-^, part ot '.vh;ch belong to the ki;,g
ot (ire.vt Hrnain, .uid pan tothe prince ot Hruntwie.
Ollerode, a t.iwn tituated not tar trom iIk H.ul/., i-
divided inii. Old ami NtW I'own. It contains a l.irgi
t^ranarx, three panlh churclie^, and i gr.unnuir Ichool;
li.i^ .1 main;t.u"tor\ lit woolU n eloih^; .ind i^ diteiided
b\ a calUe. mwhiili I'.vir.il dukes ot H: unlwick aiul
Lunenliiir^ have tornierlv retided.
On an eminence nut t.ir Irom the above to'.vn, lor-
merlv ll.jod the callle ot (irubenhagen, which, as well
a'- the |>rini.ip.ilii\ iileif, took its name trom the noble
tami!\ ot (ir'aben, every br.inch ot which !•, now i.\-
tiiic't.
Siixder Melclui, on the Lein'.', contain- l"i>me l.ili
w :k-, .1- i!o^ the im.ill neighbiiunng vill.'ige ol Sal-
beck, which 1- ro'vi.inik.il!\ liiuaivd, ,nid Uurouni.lei.1
L>. a \e!\ plealaiit ci.a!nir\ :
\\'!..;e or, ll'.e ireesl'Aeet holleyluckle- blo-,\ ,
A:id ruilib iL'ti^iv- p..iiu the ground bele.', ;
Whe'.e till llirill linnet chariir the liilemn lliade,
And /e]ih\ r'- p.mt .ilong the CMolei glade;
Or lli.'ike the i'ull-niHi bv .i nvir-lide,
While the ga\ lull lu.i.ii- Ipaikli on llu lide.
dii' fur I'me grot, whole rullic luK"^ dei Lire
1 ill, .Hid ii' 't ipleiidor, WM^ iheluiiUKr' i ii, ;
W lure lole- teed lliC'ir iinatlcct', '.I ih.Ullls,
And tile ciili'd Mile t.xteiuh her chllping ,uiu ;
Where lia;'p. lilelice lull-- the quiet I. ml,
•A'.d mak ii e.ilm .i> lumiiier w.iii i ^ lull.
1 li le n;.::i m i\ K un to . hei k i.ich iii'^'-Miii' ill.
\:id ill,]!' tu reiliiii diiolieiiicnt will;
To 'V. it i.h 111 .iHolKMenl bre.ill, .iiid liml
\\\:.i'. t.iv'rile p.U.IioIis rule the gidd\ iiiind.
1 leilniii.' h . .1 c.dlle, linen ill inut.'..-|. 'a , .iiid iron
VXolks.
.S. li.ii/.M- ;s (.l.teiiilid b\ .ic.illle lilu.lled on i high
rock. Iti'jMun a Imall garrilon, and i- luineiime
Uted a' a ttale pMon. 'I'he callle gi\i ii.ime lo a
liailiwiek, which 1 .)lllaln^ lloiie ipi.iirus, iiuii w.irk-,
pleiitv ot ll.ix, clia.k-)iit-, cop]icr mine', ,uid ,i linen
inaiu;t.u"lijr\
In llie nt'ig'ib'iuiliijod .iri. line iiv.rn, c died tiie
Seiiarztel Cases, where the ebu loliile and di'-jp-llone
aie I'j'jiid.
.)! l..>t yt I V iit' l.l'V-''tl' \ll.\'vil>.ill Ilia
Lauleiilnirv, on the Oder, i^afi.f ot the lUiliev of
(j^iedliii'ourg; lia^ mines o! co;i])er and iron in its
iiei.'Jil'o'.irho.Hl, ami i-- iniiabited by miners.
I'dbingerode IS a tinali town, whicli gives name to a
b.uhwick, th.ii abo;inds in warm Ixuh'-, pine, tl.Ue,
Thro' in. x'ouiig wood how pleas'd Sabiniis flray'd
Or tat de'.uhleil in the tiiuk'ning llvulei
With annual jovs the reit'ning ilunjis to greet.
Or Ic; the tireteliing branches long to meet.
His ton'-, tine tal'le an iip'ner \iii.ilove^;
L'oe to the lirvad-. ot hi,-. Ia!hei\ groves;
One boundlels green, or tioiirillrd larpet vi.ws,
And all the tadul family ot 'lews.
The thriving pl.inl'- ignoble broomlliek' nv.'.de,
Now twi cp tho'e aliess ihiv were born tei Ihaile.
Bill notour pallions onlv dil.igree:
In talk i- ttiund as great variety.
Svlvius isravilb'd vv hen he hears a hound;
lli-l.uU haliS to death llie oili'ais t.uind :
\k{ bolh li'\e iliUliC, llui' Ml dltferelit u,i\s :
1 1 in .'. ki nnel, (lie at operas.
A llorilt lliall, jierhap-, not grudge fome hours.
To \ it'.v the lolours in a beil of ifnver'-;
Yi t llie'.vlinii TiiianV workmiiilliip disine,
1 le p.illis on, ami oiilx eiics, 'tis iiiie.
The priiiii|'.;litv ol C'ALr.NiiuRf; i^ ;i miles in
leiiiitli, i\ui\ \y in breadth. A eonlider.ible part ot it
i-- mountaiiiouv and l)arren; but other dillriris .lie rii li
and lertile, and abound in i orn, |iuile, timber, i.,ttle,
lib, and meduina! Ipiing-, llunc^, minerals, \c.
The rivuk-t-- abi.uiid with all kimN ot tiili. In the
priiKipahtv ale three I'l' teltant .ibbii^, .uultixion-
vcni--, ot which three are mhabile*! bv men, ami lix by
',voiiu.n. Lutiieianiliu is the eli.iblitb.ed riiigon, but
Cal'iinilis ,llld R.Miiaii Catholu ^ .i;e loler.il, il. The
commo.hlic"- ai.o maiiiii.u' nia -.ut ih^ c.ainlrv .ire \\^tc\,
cotton, tobaiiu, ll.i\, l;;k, iron, i "pjic v, '^1 ;K, ii ilmin^,
Ipunges, Ldfe;-. i"i:ipii',\eie.', li.ie.i, la'.il , I '.ilher, i^o'.iA
l.li e, liberiiiir 1, enil.ruidi rii ', iloiie ware-, > ii.liels, 6,.c.
In ll'.e '•■. 1! !-.;- Tu- i-'ieni. h iwaT-ian il.i- pnmi-
I palil\.. .ind di.l g:e.il daili.ig.', lMiiU,:lith '. '.V, ri In n
1 dllji •lii Ihd o! Il, 'Ihe pi' imetor • .1 il i i:il ilkd to
j ,i\ule 111 ill ii'lle;',: ot p.ince-- .it llieilier oi ine en.
: p'li , .lud 1 h.'i it III. I iri.il.. 'I o llu li.pie.ii ■ II lium.il
|i'l ll'.:i'i\i| 11 r imiu.it'. I'vo .lilellors, .md iw i lo li'i-
i li;;';i 11. Ill ot.ippe.il.il /.I'. The ia\.Mi ■ .uili trM.'ii
deilKln. -, e<i lie, a nil hi.;; \ l,l\,tlamp-i!lil>,i .ud dill",
ihil\ .111 C'.ni, I aii... tli'.ep, m.igi/.ine-, ;\i.. I h. pn:i-
eipal pl.icib ai li.e t.ilo.^ ii.g ;
I l.inover, till n.c'to iiioii--, .ind teat ot lli'- ek.ii.i, ,i<.
It .ih,\.i' was .1 il;e duki ,.ill', ii'u. i 'iii .y.i! oil In ir
eoiiii hni.er I; in C ..Lm ii ',, I'n li.e ileilli i.i (ie.i.L.e
ill. I 111 .Ink. .a HimhIah kC'.i'i iibiir,'. In. phataiilK
tilii.ilrd 111 .1 i,,i. |\ i.iil, . I the river I , ii. , whuli in
n.ivi'j^aiil II. le |..r tiii-ul b . .1 . Il 1. o, links Imiii...
well Imni /ell, ,'7 li n. Ill unl „ iek, .md f>; e.;li il m
Loll. lull II wi .iilcieniK C'lfil Liwiiiiud.l, tl' III .1
ll-:"hb 'llin ', L ildi , tub: ! I i T'l c..liilt- ol llL.t 1 : 'i ;
111 I hi. I II . pi.i.'nl ii...i'e n I L ni\ the I ,r.n'. time, be -
i.,iiil'./l iii:ii\ her.'; lliii'Vii, in the old Saxoiiihi-
lc.a, Irjiii; ii.j', the t I'll ■ .1 I L.veov. r ill l''.nglilll. It
j.divii-l' I by I'lj liVe; in'o il.v Nd and O.d To^wis.
IM ,ti
I
r.RAPIIV.
iif lit' tlu' ahlirv of
]H'r and iron m its
•\ inuurs.
iiith i;ivc^ namf Ui a
liatli'-, j>iiK-, li.ilc,
s .1 mill tor l.wMiijr
ul New Hullo, aic
riiK.iiaruii.iuK ihi-
Linpi.ior> ami jiriiKis
to ivlidi-, wlkii liny
Ik- ilivorli: II el iLij^-
\\r, is oil I'm' dc'c'ir.c
nuihc pUA .iK ill al-
c (iLrmaii towicigns
'11 to nuilitlaii'^, ami
lis : lo capiiciou^ aic
ciuauii'' IS thai liiiiu;
.asM Sahiniis llrayM
uiij 111 ulf;
iho.Ms to <;i\'ct,
long Ul iii'-'tt.
ilia lov\" ;
s grows;
illiVl larptt vkus,
.vs.
ooinlliik'- iiv.aif,
;rc born ti' lliailc.
;i\'i.' :
\.
us a i'luiiul ;
li'ais li.uiiil :
ditVcri.iit ways:
;rud'j:c foiiic liouts,
ot lliucr-^;
i.uilhip di\ iiic,
'lis line.
;:;uRf; i-- ^^ miles in
iiiniidi'i-.ilik' part ot it
other tiid I iris .u\ rii It
, |iulU', timber, i ..ttle,
llolll."-, niilKl.lls, (S<'.
kinds oi lull, in ihc
It .ibbks, and li\ eon-
ed bv men, aiui lix by
laMillicd lelii^ion, but
> a;'v' lv>k'i'al.d. Tiie
it t';i^ t'liiiiiiv are 'A'h'I,
i"pi^r, '.il-.i^ iiihions
le.i, iiiai , i ail.cr, jni'u
oiR- ware-, 1 :'.pels, (\c.
h o\ er-.aii ll.'.- |'inu i-
r'l'iU.jh ill-'. .V. Ik to n
loi "1 il !■ Lil/ild |l>
at ihi.' diei OI liie cli.
o ihi li.pit'.ii ' liiinin il
lli'llor-, ,ind I'.v'i lo li'i-
Ihe lt\: Ml ■■ ariK ll'illl
iiamp'cUiH ,1 ai'l dilP',
^ i/.iin;-, i\i . I 111 liri;.-
id lial ul ill'' 1 li.'!"i, i'-
', [ I'u I'Mi' am! oi Till ir
i^n li.e de nil I'l (ie.i.:..i"
iibnr.'. Il 1. plealanib
■ i'lvei' I ■ hi. , uhn.li i>
Il I', ,''l miles liiull."
,>i(l,,,iiul ,V\' ^'■•'' "' '"
l|. d 1 ,i\veii;oda, Ir- lu a
I'.e c niiii-- ul lii.t I :'i ;
,1,', llie I a. Ill', lliuc, be-
I, 111 ilk' old SlXoll d. 1-
vi'-ov. r in I'au'lill). Ii
. \(..i .uui 0,d Tiiuiis.
Mill
EUROPE.
(; ]'•, R M A N E M P [ R E.
Mill ol the luuil'es nro rit" timber and cl.i\ , but there
are iii.iiu i
'f brick and lion.'
11
hroail, and well turnillied wit
h la
reels are regular,
it
forliliei
anil
Hie r
avelin> before ll
niounted Willi taniuin.
II
ere was onec a mon;
.ilarlv
llle
at one end of the
det'ervc
Relibursi is tl
leal ot a
747
hailiAick, which yielils
ds
grain, flax, hops, oak, beech
medicinal Ijiring; and Ricklin?en is a iiaroeliial
Kc.
liiice iiieianvirphoted mioa p.ilai. ■, at one
til\', near the i.impart^, ilioni!,h they tea
llial name. It has .i larsic Ibauiure of free Hone, with
fever.d t(|uare courts, and a line ll.iir-cafe; but the
whole IS rarher cominodioiis tli.m maiiiiitieent. Tins
is, however, adorned wiih fine tapellrx and paintinj; ,
and vtrv riihlv tnriiillied. Mere i- a caliinet ui curio-
lilies, w.lhaiioble iolleition of medals, ancienl and
ni'vlern; and a very tine eliajiel. When the court is
here, theie are frequent concerts, ball-;, and aflemblies ;
and a I'leneh loiuedv iiled to beacfed ihree times a
\ve?k, ai a theatre in the |)al.ue, where all people were
adii.iiicd ij.ratis, the e.\ pence being deiraved by the
ele't.ir, i !crc is alio an opera-houle, vilited by all
toiei>.,iiei . The mull ir-.i.akalile ol the churches are
Si. James's, iiiwhiih there ,tre twocrucilixis, with line
pictui-.- ol the apotlles, and man\ tl'.lIll^; though ihe
Luilurans pay no ailoraiion to them. Thai of the
Holv Crols is rr.'-vA: liner and neaierihun the other, hav-
ing .1 doi ble row ot galleries round ii trom the ali.ir;
ami, upOii the iirtl, the hillor\ ot the '/'olpel, in ; ; parts,
painted b\ the abl.ll millers. Betid.. s ihele, there are
Si. (ieor'\c's and Si. (iiles's cliui.hcs. Heie arc tui.r
fairs a yen, niui. h treenienied b' loreigners. It was
o.ue a free Imperial iit\, e.nd a- I l.uis Town, when il
li.ui a llourilhing . immerce; but iischiettr.ii.le now is
in ili.it Iweet, i m mudeh liqiMr, calKil Brewh:;n,
uhicii li.e'. lend in great ciuantiiics lo llic neighbouring
towns .ukl 'iUages. This liquor had its name from a
laiii'ius bre.ver, one Cmirade Brewiian, ollhis iieiL!,li-
liouihood, who, having leivcd hi^ time al Hamburg,
came .ind let up here iii i ^26. I'he Roman C.ithohc
iliiirth I'.eie was granted to th'ile of ihu commiiniHi
|i; Eriull, tlie liill elecinr, as one of tiie condin nis
(Icmaiuied by the einperor i.,co])old, wlio iiivcfleil liiiii,
and alio engaged liim 10 admit of an apullolie.il \ ii .'.r
in his li'imiiiions, and to permit hiinioretide.it 1 1 in-
over. Tliei'c is a conii lei'alile number ot Roniaii
Caih'.lics: bul the nobilitv and i.'cntr\- are almoll all
Luther ins. The [irincets -Sophia cauied a new chin eh
lo be built here tor the hrencli reluirees, lo wiiieii our
kiiig \\ lli..m III. w.is all.i a Ixneiactor. Bclidcs a
li'iiti t.ir oiplians, there isoiie hulpital within the town,
.Tiid .liiollicr wiiliOiil. Tins city Iku aequireil new
lullre liiue ihe ateerfion 01 the lilulliious houle ot
ll.iiiiver 10 iiie el'.etor.il cn'.le ;e 111 th,- il.eiof tlie em-
pire; but 111 ire cli>eciail\ tinicit adi.in.vemetii to the
thr ne .if Gre.it Brilaui; and i. oi piiiieiil.ir note lor
the t.nn ii;s ir('at\ c.)iitliiJ..d lieie iii 1 ;ii, to eounier-
bal'ii.e i.i.it of N'ienni.
In t''e lii, ii.m- .ae lecer.il rui il 'eits, iiariiml lily
on. 1 •.!.! I ihe I'aiii \ , or \\ liim : and .UMiher \Iont-
I liil.iit, ..ir .M.uiiit ric.U.i'il, w'.iieli were i'lnll In iwo
lilleis-in !,i,\ , M.idimf '.!e Kilnianlec i_iate lounteis of
jVvhngieni an. I ili, i.oi.i!i;el' of I'laieii. Tliele had 1.)
the plea'a.ii I ll I. e of |-lereiiliaiilen {^i. e. ihe liouli.' 1.1
til', li.fd oi the iii.i ior'' a catlie built on the river LeiiU',
I'.y oidei ll the prii.i.', who was ihe Iirtl elector, about
the t.ime d;ll nil e 11 irth I mm Hanover as the p.. lace of
Keiitin ',i..n is li..:ii ih.it ..i Si. I.iiiks'^. A llran w.ek
Lads up 10 ill.' lunilv , which is adorn.'d wuheharni-
ing gardens: a '.uKlern. is oi evergreens ; one ol ilie
l.i'gell and nobl.ll or.ingeric m Iviirope; .1 iieif.'i
the. lite 1 ul out int. "1 u I en leats, w itii ar'.ois and tuni-
mei hi.iiles on liiilili.ic ul it, f.ir ihee.-lors lo diels
ill, ihe whole Ic; oil vv;ih line li.iiuis, many ol them
gill; .md, above all, here .ire iioiile f'liinl.iin^, w'th
vei y I irge baloir, bi aii. iiiil eaii aues, .md vviiei -vviM'k ,
that thiovv the '.viler lip mill ll liiglur than the lamous
loiiniain at St (Jf.ud in I'laiui, which was .iKv.,\s
lookeil upon is ihe m- .11 conlidcrablc ot the kind, nil
this was let ll]), bv the .lireition ol a verv capital L'.nghili
near wnic
meniorv
h th.
a ll
and h;
villaa
lie monument, erected t.
) tlie
duke Albert nf.S:i\ony, who, in i;,'i;
:;lieging the c'llle, had his leg Ihatierc '
in tucli a.
aililieei, under the palioiiage of the elector in lyio. ' ihroiigli which tlicy palled. 1
manner as to 1 eeaiioii lii^ de:itl
Newtlidlai.i Riibeiiberge, on the L/-'ine,aver which
there :ire twofl.ine bridges, has likevvile a fluice in the
tuiiv- river, !.i,iv. s name to a biiii \ii k and tiipeiiiiten-
ilen. V, and was f.irnieilv delend. d bv a calUc.
Cal.nbuig IS .m incieiit duc.d palace, trom which
ihe principality took its name; and Barfinghaulen ciiii-
lain- a Lutlieiaii convent tor lathes, and has a teat and
voice in th ; diets.
Marienf.e, Wennigfen, Maricnvvarder, and Wulfing-
haiilen, hive eaili Luiheran ci'iivenis tor la'.licf., and
lend rejireleiilatives to the aflemblies ol'tlie thites,
Mar,eiii\,de contains a conveiii of Roman Catholic
monki; NTiii.der is a town on ihe Hamel, with falt-
vvoiks; LocKiim is a village, wiih a Lutheran abbey;
and Pattenfeii has lliil the rcm.iins ot iis ancienl moat,
w 11 , ram|\irts, &c.
\\ iinilorf is the l'e:!t ot' a tuperintendencv, andi;fa
Liitheian abbey, to which belong an abbets and tour
conventuaiills, who miiii all be ot noble binli, to-
gether wi'.h te\eral ciiioti'-, the llnior of' vvliom is I'u-
jierintciulant. The abbev has .1 feat and voue in the
diets of the iirincipaUiy, ami wa^ founded in iiyo, by a
biiliiip of Miiiden.
Hanu'len i^ a very ancient city, fituated in a fine
coiinuy on the river Hamel, from which it h.as its
name. The Hamel dilcmbogues ;ilelt' into the ^Veler,
on which an admirable (luice was linillied in 1734, at
a great expence. Over the Weler there ii iikevvil'e 1
bridge ol nine wooden arches. l"he otiier public cdi-
lice^ are an abi ey, two Lutheran churches, a Calvinill
ditto, an holpit.il, atown-houte, a tree-tchoul, a poor-
houie, and b'.irracks.
There aie wo. .!len, lilk, lii!cn,a:Hl leather manufac-
tories. Tiie iiLigitiiale'' are .illnv^d loenn m.in- y, an I
have very eMetilive jirivileges, .i.id iivil and criminal
jiirildiclion, within their liberties, which contain many
villages, forelb, a I'errv, &c. The aiVnoioi l''ulil i, vvho
was i'ornierly lovereigii of the town, h.iving lokl it to
the lilhc.p- of Mindin, when ihe latter eame to t.ika
pi.lTciri. n of it, tlie . in;', ii- oppoled liim, bul were de-
I tealed, wi;h i',ieai ll lughter, near Sedemiinde. Tliis
I event is fuppuied to have i:,lveii rile 10 a llorv , which,
ill ugh rid culous, anil b "ulering on the marvellous,
, we preknt, a ii ii'iay r.itoiel k.me cnteriainmeni to the
I I'e.'.di r.
i " There came into the town oi Hamelen a very lin-
gular character, who lieiiig by pr.ifctlion a piper, and
.illeaing a l.int.iihcal diets of various colouis, vv.is call-
i L-d \U Piui Piper. 'Phi- mm, I ir a lli'iiilated I'um, iiii-
I deiiook to exterminate ail the rats in the lowii, vvhieli
hid I'ln.i, been antii'vcil by ihiile veiiiin. T.) cflecl
thr- ill. Pipvi went tiir. .ii.-'-. iii the lo.-.n willi i:i.< in-
tlriitiicnl, producing the liiiiileil tun,-, v huh bringing
full .ill the rats, 1k' led llicni lu the riv r Weli r, ami
drowned them therein. H.iving .:ec''.iir|.iiihevl his un-
d it. iking, hedem.D.ded Ir.srewai'il; i ri! iheinhabi-
i.r.ts rending iioin iheli' ..mti.iei, and ull'ering him
mui.'! lets than the liim liij'uluel, he tlirsal'.'iicd them
With I'.venge, and I'erumiii'i 1 i^ prpe, v.ent throii:?li
I'.e llreeis ,is beiore, i..l:ii,.d bv ,1 niiiiiber ulb.iy ,
ei'.it at Oil;; ol'ihe gal. sni tlie citv. L" linm; lo .1 hi!i,
ihere i.peiud in 1 1.e I'.k ii wide li.ile, iiilo wliii li the
Pper, ami ail ihe bo',', ex ejl one, entered, and the
h iecl.ilid up again. T! .' p.i'Mii ^ .'. piuieJ, 1 '.e lols ol
ilkir cliiklfeii, an. I m.ii vv>ie lent .in in i|.i-l'.-iif
ilieiii, but no oilier iiitsliigcnce llii.i liic li I'l "s
e.iiiid be obl.iined. To p.' [1. male the nil in rv ol an
.vent fo extraoidin.irv, it vv.is, in .1 ll.iliili, oid. lined
lii.il tioni llieiiee|..|i|i, no. linni, pipe, or ot.i.r itlfiiu-
iicnt, be loundcd m tie ll'.-.-ji k.uli: ...', lo die g.;te
t vvii.. alio ell.iblillkd,
tli.U
ilf'i
mi
m
I '5*1
Ll'
■m
'i ■
74^
A NF.VV, ROYAL,, and
AUTIIF.NTIC SVSTI'.M of rXlVFRSAL (;i',of;PN.Arnv,
th.u, tioni i\vM time toiwanl, m :ill public wntinr^s th:U
Ihoukl lie inatlc in lli.lt louii, altiT the date tlieiciii let
ilown ol tlic yeai' of cuir Loid, tlie date of tlie year ol
the goiiii; toith ot tlieir iliildieii Iboiild l>eadiied;
which tluy h,iveaci.oiduii;,ly ever liiue continued. 'I'hi-
great wonder happened on the 2 2d ol julv, i }'/(>•"
Bodeinverder is lituated on the Weler, over one
Inanch ot which there is a bridge, and over another a
krrv. It ha-> Ibiiic trade, particuhuly in coarle hnens,
and IS lulveet to iiumilaiions.
l-.auenau, a inaikel-town, gives name to a baihuiik;
and Rdier lontainb a [irals toundery, andapowdei-
mill.
Sprvinge, u Ihiall town, with a ereat beer iiadc,
give^ name to a baihui^k, whii h contains lome I'ah
Iprings, woods, pit coal, niaiuiiadones ol glals, Imeii,
tarthen-ware, Ke.
Laueiillein is the capital of a bailiwick, in whith are
lalt Iprings, a coal-mine, a liiKii manutactory, and a
glalshotile. The town wa^ loniurly walled-, and
near it llood a calUe, the remain^ 01 uhich .ue lliU to
be leen.
Heminendorf, on the Sad, was the rendezvous o!
the llat.s betore they agreed to meet at Hanover ;
Dorpe i- tamou- tor its ii'iniifaclory of earihen-wafe,
and black tiuniture tor lloves ; Salz-Heminendort i^ a
lji)rou:;li with ihre^- lalt-rprings, antl twelve boiling-
hotilcb ; Diimgen has a inanufaclory of tlone ware;
firohndc has a ferry and toll; and PoUc, on the
\\ elei, 15 the leal ot a bail;\'. ick, in which thread ilock-
mg- arc knit, lime made, veliels lor ilic Weler luiilt,
and trum wlunce laiiie uuaatitie- ot timber aie earned
to biemen.
(luttinien is lituated on the New Lcine, which i^ a
canal diavwi irom the Old Le.iU-, and alioot ;o n.iles
trom flanuv.r. It is Hiong, well built, and well
paved. The ancient gyniiiaiuini was, in 1 ;.■-',, eon-
seiteii by hi- U:i;annic ni.iieity, Cieorge II, iiu^i ..n iini-
Ntiiity. It- libi.iry 1- the bjl in (iermany. I leic !•■
alio .n fi;-.; oi.lervatory, an anatomii.al theatre, .1 phytic
gaiden, akho 1 tor ttaching midwifery, anaiademvof
Iciences and Belles Leitrts, and n (Jerman loe^ety,
which are all included tind.:, .'iid belong to, the imiver- ]
lity. The Latin I'chooi has cigl;f marters, and i- imdir I
Very g- od regulations. There are allii an arnioiirv, lix I
Liuiieran cluui. iies, one Calvinill chuivli, analm'-li'mle 1
With ai ir.ir. hI'elong:ngto it,.indan orpi'.an-hiiui'e. On i
a hill, in the teiritoiy belonging to the town, aniienib, '
liuod an in, penal pcrg and paLumetown, lalleddione,
wlikh was the prim ijxil reliileiue ol the Saxon em-'
pcrors alter Oiho thetiivat. The Io'>mi*s eii.ire and :
jlinldiCtion are very eunliderable, i^nlilling oi leveral '
village^, wood , mea.lows, antl palhiies. l'o)me;b' it
was one ■ 1 die 1 lans, ;intl had a mint loi ci'inrr;'. In
the camj.n gn-i ol i- ■- and i 75S, it i<,as, tor 'ijaieiniu,
in liie h.i.-.ds ot the l-ren. h. |
Hediemundi n, on the \\ iira, . lll,taln^ a linen manii- 1
faaoi;. ; ijiclielitein, in 1mi dilli, Sickle-llone, toimeilv il veial inleri'ir [iie. en.ls and vicars
one Calvinill cluirch, a biiilge over the \V\ira, a (ice-
Khool, and baiiacks loi a regiment ot loklier^.
1 he gardens wuhin anil aioiind the town aie verv
numerous. The inanuiaiiuies are ot liik, flax, and
tobacco. This being thecomiiien. lal cenlei lor 1 Idle,
riuiiingia, Nuremburg, I'rancklort, iManconia, Bava-
ria, and all parts of Saxoiiv, a mi uber of lactors re-
tide here; and none, who are not lixvnien ol Miinden,
ate alloweil totiade beyond tins town; but imitl con-
lign tlieir good' tutactors here; and whatever is I roiiglu
III any vellel, mull, according to the llanle weiglJt,' I c
unl.iden i;eie. On liated ilay- a vetiel goes up the
f' I.Ida iiom hence to Cajiel, which none 1 ut fieemeii
ot .\lunden ha\e a light to navigate.
l he priiKii)alit\ ol Wolfeniuttle, whuhispait
ol the duchy ol Brunlwic, isdivided into two parts, by
the diocele ol I likKllieiiii, and the principal, ty of IJal-
berlladt. The northern pan is rather level, and pro-
duces conllderaide (]u.intities ot gram, liax, liemj>,
pule, liuits, eatile, liL, fvc. The loulhern p.utscoii-
i.iin leveral mine-- and lalt-work^. The ineis are tin
\\ e.ei, Leine, Oeker, Schiiniei, and Aller. J'he liaies
depute rejjrelent.ilives to the diet-^, v\hih are held .it
Brunlwic tour times a year. LutlKranilm is the ella-
bi.'.hed religiou. The chief manutaiHuics are l!a\, uool,
lilk, tobac o, glals, Kad, iron, llcel, porcelain, wax,
bl.i.. king, ^e. Tlu- high colleges lor this priiuipahty
.lie the privy council, convent oiiiee, ehaiueiy, iiea-
lur\, high court of jullice, and c nlillory.
Biuiii.wc, the m.tropoli> cit the countv, i-^i miL"!
Well trom Magdeburg. It had Us name liom us loun-
d^r, Buino, duke ot S.ixoiiv, who ere;',eil :! in die
Kar t,Oi. It w.is ( li. I.- a llaii- Town, an;! .111 Impeiial
tree citv. Thougii it is imich deca^.d trom lis piilline"
Ipleiidur, 11 is llill rich .uid ptrpulou.-i, c< main- Icuk!-
lome houl'ts, is wed pavcil, .ind llroiigly h.ii iiu tl. Ji
is about two nulc- in i iKumterence, and divided into
the (.)ld and NeA lowii. l lie piiiicipai tia.k 1,. in le.i-
tlier, huiiei, h ps and mi.m.
Thechkf buildings arc the ducal jxiLv •, , ulnJi it
capauou^, niagiiiiii.ent, lj)lendi(lly lutnilhed, and cn-
tains manv tin. painiings, an excellent hbr.iry, and a
cabinet ot curiolities; an armoury, an acadenu lor
mariial e.iirciles, a college, a theatre, a cullom-houle,
a houle ot ciri\ciiin, ,1 i oumil-houl'e in the Old anj
New Town, a mint,, 111 01 1
houle, two gymnaliums.
iia^i a (.atlle, oppoiiie which was aiiothei tonril'.,
binieiiiteiii, or .Sevthedlone. Bur-leld w:i^ anc
^1 I
;.k^ ill (je; many; and had the peiimlliuii ot liuldiiu'
niikct, the po.\ei ot coining, and the privilege ot
IV
one ol the moll celebratid convcni ol B, n d ^iinc
m. '
a 1
elect, ig lis o\\[\ ab'ioi.
N :i: e;m c.nlains Imiiic manufadones, a ['arnli
churi.li, a tiee-f, hool, and anciLiiily had a j'.'neilicti.k
coiivi'itto; both le.xe-,, loun.ied m ic^i, b\ (Jdio.duke
ct B..V ..r. I.
I l.nd.vieii, on iliL Elp'jide, ha- a ealde, .11, 1 1, tlu
leit ot a I'-'peniucndciuy and bailiAkk; .ind .liar 1-.
divide.l 111I.1 0;d and New, the fotm.T ot \\;u,.l, 1
walkd.
.Mui.den IS htutted in a vale on the hulda, which, u
little Iclo.'.. iMiib the Wtria, ami then th.' united
Itieams l.ike the nam, ol the Weler. J 'icie 1 ivtrs
Willi the illands ihev loim, ,md the iieighbi.uriiiu gar-
moll eiK hauling |)iij|-
a college ot [ilnllc, an an.ifMuy and lurgerv IcI ool, ;i
la/.aretlo, a caiile, Si. Leonard'.- holpu.il ; a kind of
•'oikge, vailed the Teiapleiiof, which loim.ilv b. ioiit-
ed 10 the knight- lempkis and tli,- loljowing eliurchi. ;
or.e |.'r die L'aUiii;;!-, i>iie lor ih,- R-maii Call' Jllu^,
and tvn I ir i:u- Lu■lller;ul^ ; among '.err 11 i. t!:t, c.iihe-
dr.d, dedic.itid to Si. Bl.ihus, w lu, ii i ■ aiiain- liudui.il
burying pilac, , the icc .ad ot tne elc, t iiai ta'Mh , .uul
tuo laige moiuiaiciU' ot dui.ellin;'. tlu Lriii, aiul
hi-- lecond conloit. 1 lie i h.ipter ol tins caihcdr.il coii-
liil- ol a pr'.voll, a dan, a leiiloi, ten cin- ns, and li.--
the cle.in b ihc nrll
uiul iir n of
; the Halts,
Ciiiiveni t
Th,
l.ut.'.eraii Ic
w:, 1 I , oi.. I
iiior..-.. r I
member ol the ll.ucs
St. I'.\ iKlc coiiHilb u| ,1 di ,in
.1 gu.it e iiii.iattte, .u..! liv,
Ridilagliauleii 1 ,1; w,,i t\u) aa e !i 'ir. 1
ramp.utsol li.e ,.n\ .i.c panel uiii
tiie ;'ankiu bJ Jiiging t ■ the do.. .1
in exq.iil:t tail
..•>;iiiiaiii.' v.-r
an
■HI
til'- ) e.ii 1 ; -;o, I ■) , ik J.ir e.i, .1 ll ,1
c'.itlei. '1 Irs \c.is tiic 1; ll i.ipi:a; |
the lehirm.ition. The ro.i-l lioni
uille .s i>
I an
I I'leiii !i L'ol p 'lie;
line,
ill ol
on '. ,1
this ,
111!
id-. Nc. altc
,!
pect. TliepuLlic buikiiiigiaie iwo Lutli,i;iancliuiche<i,
f iMm.mv, 111 I'.e ' e.u 1 7 ;;, Li'i . .
I i;e Luiii 1 ill I ill w ni o: ih 1 i b C
ol It c;wii, and IS I'lu it. d ., iih.iiii Si.
J^u, k I CI 111 !s a viii e.ic, wleie l!v r ■ I-
■un:.Mc. The
iliil, MTV-trees;
l^a'a. e :iie I ad
ia\ea:,d h. r. in
:ii\ . .i ; I', .e-
' ■■' 1- ' h.it ill.'ii.i.ed
|i-ne.- lo \V 'hen-
le ■ liii ta e-. 'i'he
i!.: ng, I h w.ii in
:■ .1 d II 111 I , 5'~>.
,' lat' 1 c haicli
r.l.r'-. /au.
I cuiuni 111 \ I lif
the Te I'.jni' o.lci ; .f.^l S heppealhi li, uii die .■\lti-
liau, IS ill' leit ol ,1 lap liiiienileai \.
Sil/.d.ilum is :i Mil.'ge «lii.|igee, ramc t.i a b lill-
wick, and takes u- o.\a tiuai a i-.'iilid.i i' ile lal!-'.\"r!c
ill
;'.ial ne
Ciaih
liii- A'..; le
t'n'!,i'.\ed,
Heni\ |',:i
bi.ay.
• ae i,;mii!.
n . ; I.' !
p.i'.i!ia
Wcil'e.
i.'Ti in ol
1 Is 11;, I le
IRAl'llY.
r I lie \V\ir;i, a iice-
t ot toltlllT^.
tilt town ;iic very
of lilk, ll.ix, anil
lal tcnli-i tor 1 K lie,
ri, I'laiKonia, Ikiva-
inihcr ot lactois rc-
iLMiicn oi MiMulcn,
\vn ; bill mull coii-
u lull evil' IS I iout;lu
hi- lUinlc wiigllt, I c
villi.1 LOIS up ill;;
I none 1 ut titiauii
.ti.
TTLE, \v!ik1i !•> part
:il into two pans, by
inintijiality ot llal-
tlici Lvcl, and pro-
jiiain, ll.ix, iiinip,
.• loutlicni [vuts coii-
Thi- in CIS arc tin
il AlliT. I'lic liaus
■ , \i In 1\ arc hcKl at
kianiun is the cita-
lUlRS ,uv tl.i ^, wool,
ccl, ])orcclain, uax,
loi thib piiiu ipality
iicc, cliaiuciy, lua-
> ntilloiy.
louiitv, i'' rt 1 iViiK'S
name tiom its toun-
lii) ere.'itd u in ilic
i\sn, and .in Impciial
i\ ,d ho. 11 i:s jnilliii'-
loiis, naiiain-^ Ii.iik!-
rongly li.iiiind. It
.e, and ilividcd into
iicipai tiauc ij in Ica-
cal pal.u I , wliiih is
kitnillicd, and cn-
lleiit library, and a
\ , an aiadtiiA lor
lie, a i iill.inidunik-,
loule in ilu- Old aiul
le, tuo L^yni-arninis,
id iuri;ei\ Kl ool, a
lolpual ; a kind I't
nil loini-ily b -loiig-
toilowiiii^ ciuirilii ;
e Ri'inan Culi'ili^,,
^'.ei'h II IS lilt, i.ulie- •
h mniain- liu du. al
clcv't.iiai ta-Ml' , .iiiii
Uii!'. the I. ion, and
I this caihcdiiil coii-
, leu CUV lis, aiid le-
tiic dean i^ ilic nrll
el an loiiiiditf II of
I, u... '.; llic llaus,
>. l . e e'iii\ent t"
>li1 ii' till' All. I'Wf
I'.n i.inhi. irv-lri.s;
Im. al pa'a' t :ue I iid
ui'- in\e:i!.d Ik i'. \n
ll..ti!li\ , .1 ; I', .e-
i' m. ' li.ll ini'il.i.Cvi
\<i\)L.- to W .len-
lide '. nil tu e^. 'i'he
i!i: III;; i li u.u in
.;■ nil d It 111 I ,5'"'.
Ci'/ lia> ;l ll.'alelv
Si. I\ ur's iMU.
■ I' I loiiun III 'er of
en'la il , on the Alte-
eei r.anic t.' .1 !>:iill-
...nlid-iil'lc I'.ilt-'Aork
ill
r.lJROl-E.
r; !•: R AT A N E M I' I R E.
7A-)
111 the neiijjlihoiirhood. Th: ducal palaee here lias a
line larj^e }>,all.ry, whieh c intains above a tlioiilaiul
p:ciiiivs, by llie molt eiuiiKnt millers. Here is lil.,--
wile a Imall i;alliry, cmbcliillied with maii\ bcautilul
p'iintini;;s. In tlu. i hiiu eabinet arc above ;;o:,o pieces
ol cxiiuilite bcauiy: and in anotlier ab.ivc looo
enamels oi' Raphai-I de I'rbino, admirably execut.d.
The great i;allery i- :oo Icet lont:, 50 broad, and 40
liioli; and the leller one it'o I'lig, and 10 broad. In
Tie laitiT, belides the alio'.e cabinet, arclix Imdl ones,
lor fiiriiirnies ot' ait and nature. 'I'he i;a-vien, the
tliapel, he, are cxireiiuiy gran.l. .Xdioinin;', to the
paiaicis a eonvcni, whi. li lends rcprcfeinative.s to the
diets; wa) toiiiided bv duk.- .Anthony Uhiv h and his
duihel-, (led eated 10 the Virgin Mar\', and has a pro-
voll, a d 'luin ', and i; tillers ot noble tamilics.
W'oil. nlnitllc, trom wlnnce the duchy, is ilennmi-
iiated, liaii ! on the ri\er ()• ker, I'evcn mile- Inith-
tali ot I5runiuic. It i • the ancient le.it ol the diikes;
and el ut;i lonifud, ih.at ii is deemed one ot the
lliongell t'lwn^ in (ier:iian\. 11, re is an arlenal alio,
well unnilhed. WoUen is iliviiled into two jiarts, one
called Arx f iiielphica. which is the ducal palace, lo
iia;i-.i d from duke Kcberf, of tii ■ t:uiiil\ of tiie (in- Iplis;
the other i I.ni ickll.Kli, trom thcf iiir.der, duk' Mciiiy.
The pil.icc, wliii'i is the lli'.ip H.-tl and nioli liately that
lulonps loth.' duke's t..!nily, his iiobleapailm n",rieli
lurniiiii' ■- I illlv paiiiiing-, andalibrarv rivk..u.vi one
ol the '.'ell I'l !'!ur. 'pe, whuh wMs founded l>y the Icarn-
■-' i ii'.ike Auguilii . 'I !k' librarian's catal igue, [Jub-
lillicd i:ii''0^, numbcriii the v.:.li.mc- at i 24.000; ano-
t'e. 11:1 idfio, ineniioned only iT, ''("'> volumes, and
I I ;. :o.i ii:.ct;, iiy ;fi,:9; authors. There are .icoo
M^^. pariiciil.u'l' 4;S tolics ot French emijallics,
truilcri; e>l tiom the h'reni !i kind's lilnai' ; 4.1 volumes
wnlleii hv ihe founder liiir.iclf, : 2 of ■.vliuh ai'e on
nuilic; IkIhIcs a very learn.-d iract on the .intiqu ty
and niyllery ot th.- game of cliels.
Tile new church 1- an .admirable piece of anhitcc-
tiire; .iiid nian\ dukes and, duchellL-^aic ' Uerreil under
11. i leie is alio an academy, ,.nd a muf um. The
(ow.i I n.it halt to l.irae as Hiuiif.M', and the lioutls
aie .i| iiiiiliei; Iv.it there are leveral preltv Icuts luarii,
111 tlie r. ad lo Hrunfwic. Tiicre i. a:iorlier palace .i;
the du'-e'sat Sali/iiahl (abnit .1 L.i'ue fi.im the lo". n,
aiidli.ini Hiiiniwic) ilu' lo.idto wiiicii is lined uidi a
Very line ro.\ of trees. The caill". Iiiiiit In ihike An-
th' ny I 'Iriv li, is a very maeniii cir. Iraiclurc. ILlidcs
its luinienlely iicii fiiniiiiire, ;lei'e |. a numerous, bu;
111. 11. '■ (olle.-tion fii picuires, in a grcit gallery, which is
or.c oi the liiiill room- in.il! (iciiiiany, Tlicrcnc tw.i
*c'' i.iets, one lull ot ihi' fiicil porcel.iin; tl:e oilier ol
'. ai, . .ind utii-, pa'iiieii by Rapluul.
1 lilml'.. li , w liich ha ii^ n.uiie t;.i:n ilie i hii . ai' ut
li, !l '.I'd i : iniLs e.ill .if Hruntwic .ind Woheiibu lie,
;iiid Ilea.' ;iv ;r.)nti r o'M ig.iciurir. It was built bv
Ci a:U ii'v (iteat. ,;niu) ;.S'i, and 1- chieliy noted t.r
lii'- Aca.liiiii.i juiii, o'- uiiiv-rlitv, '.ouiukd and ri* lily
town \T cncompatfed with walls, difclics .mil rampart:-,
and lias three churches, and a tine fuburb, culled
OllendorlV.
(iandi rilieim i- an abbey on the borders < f th" bi-
llmpric ot llildelheim, iS mile louth-wcll of (ioflar,
which was foun..led liy a duke of Saxo-iv, in the ninth
cniury, for ladies of iv.ble famili.'^; and its firif ab-
belii's were fucciffively the foundci's three ilairj^hiers.
As conlideraiiie as it was forrnerly, it is now greatly re-
duced, and d 'jiends on the duke of Drunlwic-W'oifen-
buttle, who maintains an abl). -is, f .'ur canonetlcs, and
eight canons. Though this abbey is in Lower Saxon-. ,
I he r.ljfjcis takes her teat among the prelates of tli«
Rhine, li embraced the rct'ormaiion in i\\t lOth cen-
tury, lo that the abi)efs and nuns are Luihcrans. There
i a c.ilil.' m it- b.nllwick, i'. hich is water, d !i\ the river
Clanifi, that runs into the Leine. The bailiwuk i-;
aboiii two niile:> in compals, a:ul contains about ao
villa.:c-.
Sclkniii-'cn is a fmilllown, with a i'l.'p.'-rintcndency
anil a Latin Iclio..!, and near it is a falt-woik an.l a
convent.
Iluttcr is a town ll.iiiding on the rivulet oi
celebi itcd lor a peculiar kind of beer, called
n. 1 !eie \v:'s anciently a Bened.ictine mo-
wlr. h at j-ietent conliihof a Lutheran abb-r.
ami t 111' c 'i!\eniiMls. In it.s ihurcl; lie buried
Kcni
Luiler,
1>1. k|i;
nailery,
a prior,
the emperor Lot: ."..'ir.s, li.s cmprt's Riihen/i, riiid
duke I Icnry the M.ij:ii.m;iiiuu.^. It tr.kes precedence
ot .ill the oilier caiveiit^ in the principahiv, and fend'.-.
a rep'.'clen!ative to the diet and liie grand c.enmittec.
Siippk ngenbury is a commande.y of the oukr of
St. j lin; Calvorde, on ti.eOhre, Ins an oldcallK;
\'ois'...id, a market-town, on tiie Alier, iwhefeatof.i
i.-aiiiwiik and luperint.'iKLncv ; Hcli'en li.is a ike al
pal.'.ee; Mu'ienbur; cof.tains a Luilieraii nunnerv ;
Maii^nth.il ha- a Lutlier.in ni'.
l:erv, and .1 fite-
■Jk
V llllKC
luiius, and his Ion
en. :a'.\e'i, U).a:l
llenia jueu-, w!;) ..ho lumiliied it w itii a go xl h-
lit.uy. It h.a v. rv c.ini:d.-'.i' !e iniv.lege-, pull, iili'.l-.
< lie ; ,r,in!.d by ihecMipenr Ma.Minili.in II. that its
u.[ 1,-r I r e\,-r 1 1 h.iv. the tit!,' .iiul dignity ot couiit
pafifuv. Tceekii '■, o{ U-m-A-er, and the duke of
VVohe... u:;l , are 1 j: .! !ov:ici.!,ii', and hive ihedi-
i.'''i'iiot It .il:^.':-n;t -S. No univ.iiiiv in (iermany
I IS II:. I le I bell 1 ti '^nr", or had moie learned Liithe'' in
I ro'e:' •!=, .'ii.-in tin . 1 h - ti.r.e f.i.,uhies in wliivli it
'■'III I d ,■' e , .ir. diviiiif , law, .md pie lie. Aiii.in '.
Hie 111 .leil'. iipes in 11. |c ran , l.ie:.' il xw .inciaii t le-
|.i . p ntaieiich, in i>'..o volumes, t.ir whicli loiii.
J Ailli Rabbi, . o!;. red a i;rc.it fum. The fuulty of
liivine. hcie w is lIkUi e.l wiih guing tl c.r oj imoii iu
the cale ol the L.trria ', oi the prncefs of HiuiilAic-
WollenlHittle, with the cmi^iior Ciiarks \l. th.ii a
I'lvteikint princef- mi;',lii. with a fate confcieiice, cm-
lir.ui (lie Roniilli religion; bui ilie\ rehited it in 17CS,
by a piibhc declatatun, as a I'oinlh torg.rv . The
No. 6.;. ^ ■
I'eiioi.l.
Se len, the il.tt of a t'uperintendcncy and bailiwick,
receive-, its name trom an adiaceiit Like; (iittel is a
Imill loi.vn with an iron fuinilervi and Julius Halle is
a lali-work ;n ilie b.'iliwi. k of Hart/burg.
I'kIwCv 11 ti'.e Wei^r and the L.eine are
I fd/cuuiukn, uliicli h-is a toll, and lonie ir n anil
!'!ecl-,v. ;k- ; .•\e.ielii.]\b.>rn, wiiicli contain ■ 1 Ludicran
t -nyint ; and 'I'liuiciberg, wimli has a manuta.torv of
porceLiin, and is defended by a Itrong old ealtieon a
101 k.
l he Duchy of Mr.cKi.i^N iilbg is bounded bv Pome-
r.uiia on the lalb ; bv the bilhopnc oi Lub:c, and the
ieriitories of Brur.fwie and Luneii' urg, on the well;
by the Haliicon then rili; and, l>\ the .■Icctor.ite of
lii.indeiiburg on the liiuth. it is lituaied between ;»
lie;!,. I 3 mill, and i.|. deg. 40 'vi 1. iioiih la;, and le-
iwci n ;i aiul _^4 deg. ;, nun. welt Ion. tr ni the ill iiul
ot f'eiio, b.eing 1;; .iiiles in leag'h, .'uida'-out i}0 at;
its gii atelt breadth. It i- w. il watered bv leVvial tine
rivei . and lake-, and \\e!l u;; ili-.i with liili. It is
lil^e.ule cxtieiu Iv leriilc, aid )".elds plenty of torn,
heitip, lim ci, |i .du'c, ill. -p, I uticr, ciiecie, tlax, t'ruit,
gani', i.utle, '.'..).)!. ;\c.
The pealaius her r.re in a ll.ite ot v.U.iin.'.gc ; but
the n .i)ility cnov conliilciable piivileges. '1 lie llates
are C'liipolLd ol tiie nobditc, with the diets, that are
tummoneda'ruial!y,whii h are I.eid alternately at.Stern-
I'lii'', and M.ikhi.i. The inlai itant- ot this country ar..-
luoitlv Luihei.in , unil.r th.' direclaon ol their lujcr-
it.leiulatKs. I'licre ar.' .'i!!o fiiiu Cibiii It ati.' i-l.)-
1:1a !i C'ltlioli, s. Tiu' uhok' lie. hy i divi.'.e.l iiiM dir-i:
ui. I , uiii h a:e thole of M.cklen ur;v, \N la.en,
anl .S..ii,.eird. Tiu priitipal j iaees in ■..iiich .1 e a'-.
I.cl w .
1:1 the lirc'e o'' Mecklenburg are Seir.veiiti, tlie
i:ijiiial of the diK'iiv, a (onipaec inwn, on a gtsai like
01 ihai name, li was the .ce ot a bilhop. ir.uitl.ued
hither tiMui Meckleiibiii :. ill lo'.i, and fiil'.'iagan t.j
tl'e archiiiiliop ol liteiu.n ; . ■.:: eiiii\.'ri,d luo a lec.i-
l.ir prinsipaiiiv by the tveatv o. l.)inabui.',, and granud
9 I) ■ ' '-J
m
i
v'J
V>
,o
A Nr:\V, ROYAT. AND ALTilF.XnC SY^TF.M o: TXiVl M'vU. f IFIV ,R.\l'iTV.
'«
to Auoipluis ItciI riik, ilukc of M.c!.lt'nburp, a' a'l
ei'Aiivalciit loi' Wilai.ir, wii li wa lo ivtiiaiii in tl i
pol'l'llioa ut tlic Swid. -. II my lli> l.iun, I'.nkc jt
Sax.inv. v^l)o foitilic.l the tOMi, Iniilt ;iik1 lU'iowKj .1
i-athflwl ht;ie, auii iliuvc tiic I'.iuan MtLkk-nWui'r'.i' is,
by llutuUi-id, I'UO a put ot llic l.vkc oi SlIv.sciiii,
w'iKTC the ii-cn hiliv p b.ipti/..-il th, ni; f'loiu wli(.-;i.x-
iliat p.irt ol ilic lake is ib'l calkil ilif I'ont. 'I'lic
ilukc; o;' Mcckli.nii.ii>!, iiai t 1 r.l:Jcni.t here at a i.-.utlf,
in nh'ch were iiiipriunvii tin. buroonvitUr-. ot Rollick,
la 1 " I '.); b;it. aii-i' us. niuiuiis <.<<iiiinenii.'nt, thiy svm;.-
fet .It libt.ri\, on ii nuui'.-uij, th.ir iininvinitif ;iaJ
priviU-G,e-.
l'archn\ i* litu.Uc.l in t'le l-.'bo, which dlvuli. - ii
ii>to thcOkl .uk! New Touif. It v..\d ome a i.a.llc a' d
a ir.int, and lias lliil two chi:ivhc>.
IXniiitz, 4; rnile-^ eall of l/.inenl urp;, liands m an
inaiul mad;.- by tlie e •nikixot thi I'.lbeand h'.Id.;, with
a caille on tlie i'nner, where thj duke o! Mckien-
buig Seluvcrin obliges lliip. to jay ti-li. Tliis !.);f,
wIikIi is l.iid to bt the llroni;ell, il not the onlv o,ie,
tn thcduchy, is aci .iTiMe l-ui In a limber bridi;e. in
1 ;2S th'' elec'tjr Lewis ot Br.'.ndaiburg, ahcnattd
thi^ town to the e lum ot Schwerin, wiili the cultoni-,
.'.nd nil the count:', o:: botii I'lhs the Klbf, i't-y.o
marks 01 Biandenbuig coin, fireat part o; ti;oc.)un-
tr\. howcv^T, returned bai k 10 the KraiKl.n'iuirL!, 1 1-
mily by iiurriar:,v; but th, eailic remait-.ed \:\ tliehand^
oftb.e duke- ot Mecklenburg, v.i-.o n.e lliil poljelied
ot' it, iOi;eiher i'.nli t !L- cv.lb<ni'^, .\lii> h :uii' uni t> i
c midtrai-ie turn. In i".:; the bnp.ria! cen rd,
count l'iii\ . to ik lh;^ I .>n; i''.it, in iii;i, it ■.a-;\-
t iken b\ tlie Svved.s. In i :; 7 tie Inijii. a.'Jil'.^ ar.d
l>a.\ons re-to k it, Th. ^w.^iili iicncr.d, Ba.iiiicr.
attempted to lecoxtr a in i i'i;i), .mvl blocked 't uiipaii
oi ihc toil nvin^ yiar, i ut iA\\ w-: :■.. tiler 11 t.ll i' 4;.
Tho;>; [-irilo:. -r:i who :iie iiitenv'.od ;or a 'ong > onlme-
nii.nt, are reiMaily lent iin'ur.
' i.ide'.^.ilii IS remarkable to" .1 tirr.it v;cl;ovv '4iiain-
fj ..e. r It, in 171:;, I'V the S.'.cdes ()\cr the Dines.
Mei.kicnbu'.g, winch "ivc. name to tlie d'.M hv, and
titlr ii) the duke-, tiiuuj^h lormcilv a l.irge t iwn, ;' now
bi:: .m iiiditieretit vil!.ic.e, it !• imeiiv i::vl t'irec cm-
vent-, and wa- iIk lee it a 1 tlho[>, t. at L''aih:..!I'i de-
t iinv d ..-■ W i.i'.ar rtile.
a. um, a
I'.iilena, on til. IJd.i, h, .'■ a hi!! c n'.a.n
l.i;i wors, and i;rw s h an.- to a ii -.^ii '. ick.
Uobberan, wim h w.-.- a-.i ientb. .. d it:.nmor.ai-
ttrv. i- now (.nl\ a luintin,-. le.it. In I'le c! uuh nnuiy
a,reat ptr'.'inaj^e-- have i'e.-n 'orn, i'\ i .1 ;.-cd.
1-1 the Lirele - ■! \\ a[.,>\ s a ■. ( r'.riiw , i w. li .nti-
hed tow-n, 1 ■; nule- luuih oi Rj-.to k. a:;.! ;7 tro'ii
Schwerin, It h.i .1 calMc, ..'.i-.;! w i«, th leiidence of
the duk' s o; (iulbow; at.ci i''. Lxdiic ion ol \>inili
br,'.': i:, the emperor ad i; ' .d th •, ch , an: i: v'e-
pf-i.i, 1 les. in I I'V : , to the laii; d ike ' t Mr, kien'iiii';^-
.Scii. :iii, wiio leml'-u.--! the 2, irituii; o;.t ;h,- iro 'ps
ol Sweden aiul 1^ wer S.ix iiin k:u1',.1 10 ip.'! tlie jijaie.
'I he duke, ho'.-.\\ei, (oniinue-; tiier^ ", lil .'V;'!.!, uln-n
;coo ot th: troop ol the dirci.-j,: 1: tiicii^ i ..tt..e:N-
tvi :i- d "l.'li;,'! Il 11 lo luiiLndei. .Ul i eu!i [-ill.il the
diiV .hid the bt.peil.d ininili.e;- t ' q-v;;' tl'jC 1 ut, 11,;. 1
v\!u'i' .hi, I .a ,1 ^arriloii, :in.| deiiu.i the (:ni[H-ior
to n;in-,e c nvuiillMner- to take th'- .i.imii,ii;i„i ,.,■! upiju
the:ii tih the liii.v.elii jii w.is kill; d., \\\ia h .-. .> .n . ;o 1 .
its wild -, .1 -'-..Uid ulilice, wit 1 hui; lion; , 1 ; , 1 1 be
iry,
I
ti;e tmell 111 a : t!r.- loun
cgmt garden.
RulloJ;, a Ir.e I npeii.il 1 a-., ,ia
Towns, li.iiids rjii theiiv r W.an.i.
m.le> be o-.v 11 intM 1 1. 1! itie Se 1.
cii V, wal.ed in 1 1 '•. , ''y li,H-i\ ii.ii., k
and, as appears bv its ili.i:i.r, ilii
dclled Ly i!k- l;iv.s'<,'l 1 ,ub i.
the ducln, feized by the ln,|
ILil 1 lliiit
1 'lie '..I t'ri 1 lans-
. 'vi 1' ;j !.iil< Llg,ilt
It I u\\ an. Kill
■ I :!..■ lleioli,
in ill M, iw ■
1 ill town b. ini', with
illll 111 I li '. ,, \wl . ic-
Kiken by the Swc.le. in 1 (> ; 1 , wlio, .ili r ;:,e fi-aty ct
MiiiiIUt, l.uiilt a tort lieie, ;in-.l, [>\ :lu--' iitiicii, de-
n-uindej a l-jH ot all llnpi, w;u,li ve,-} lu id leilencd
th-v'tr.ale ot the '■>'•.:). M il nf ilu' town was biniH in
1117;, but. it wa-- t.i.ce ret ;. t, with more n\.:: nilici iv.c.
In lyii It was lei/.c.l li' the Swedes, on |-i.tence ut
Its b.aving turnillu'd th. il- ci emus with jn vilion-; nil,
in 171;, the ihii.e of Me, ;.!i nburi;, not b in>;powtr-
lul en -U'ih lo dtiend it a.- •. i/l ih. D.ines, ap,recd tl at
they lii'iuld h ivj a j; '.rr-.lon ,ind ni.'.i;:t/,iiic here, I iiC
no (-one em wuh th, civil i.',ovei-nm--nt.
Tiu- univv.ntv, one o' the bell and 1 irj;. Il inder-
inany. wa> loti:-.d. d. m 1 ■, in, 'i'li.- . i:v, ieinp; at ha.f
iliC'i'.i- -svvrlilh diik-.-, chules iiiii, o! th-.' cipjii- en
[iroicii t-; and i)i:r of t:-.ciii their Rc-lo' .Mt-niii 11-,
V, il • a! j-omt. tkcir ille.ttn'j . and li.pei;:i;.nds iluii-
tre.iiurv. l-'or iIikK- two i.iikventni - ihi^ h:i. b.. :i
o:-ic ot th- iiV't't llourilhiiii; iinivirlitie-- !n(;,rmar,y.
' Th-.- l:ihop ol Schwerin w.is liv cluricr, iiiiile|X'r-
petual ciiancell -r, wh>)dv-putid one i f I'-.tc i.'. Il pio-
icllors V .,e-i h.i:Ke'iof. 1 he iitv i-^ iii->ii! il into tlie
I)!-!, \j.N, a:id .Miitdle I'own-, CiniuJiiE; of 14 wiilc
Ion :: ilre\! , bctulvs Im .u.-,:uid niin\ ih-'inand llatciy
houle , li bo.iil (u K,,:> ;en-i..;k '.: ie tniniv, ea h
I. veil in nunn'Ci: tev,:i dci rs m .St. Maiy's thiir. h,
le\en large Ibeei-. cintcii- ^ in th-.- !z:,;it m.nket-i laci',
leven '-ai.-s, lc\u) brioiie-- over i;k \\ arna, lev. n
towe;- .n tiie tow-n-hall, leven jircit ii lis belofi^>iti<T
to th,- tow n-ii'.ck-., wh. h thmie at lert.i 11 h.our , :'.t:il
lo ^n \ail lime ir^cs i.T th. ir Cv>rnn-ion i; .nl. a. The
ciiict commodity ts beer, the lame as Icru-.erb ca led
LmIxc beer, w-hi. ■! li-ey exi.'ort in .',r. at ijuaniitie;
oi 1 111, years .ij.') t'e-, l\i,i i;o priviic(i,,ii |-rewcrs,
\vl'o'--iev.L i. it Is tail!, a'- rn.iny thou^.ni.l ii.^ns a \ear,
bilul.s wli.it pii'i 'ti.irpitons iii-e-."..<i 'or their own
u:e; lO that lii-.' 'itike 01 Mecklen; tirg's u Vi nue, Iroiii
thec.\cile on beer, nnsii be gieatciihin f.om .til odier
artiel sioji'ditr. 'I'he river \\'ai|-i:i is r.aviiiibl,- to
•'-.e veiy \v ,1! ; l-'i' i.'.;-L:e thips coax n.) tadia' than
\\'.uni.nv>.ndei, :; hide t-.wn, i.-vui iii'is Imw, ■, -ivlure
llie Swede.s ; ':! 1 t'lelr t.nt. Tlieeif- otRoliovkis
'^ovi -.-ned by ^4 a'.;:eime:i. 1. hoi. n !-. .:-\ \,<c m bihi> ,
iiiayi;li!\, ar.d merchants, l-'our a;e bu'i:o;iiallei',
two c:..iml'erlains, an-d two ileu.-.rd-,, nv !-:-.ilitl''-, forthc
river, to cleanle and take laic o; t'.ie liav. n :'! War-
i;em;a-ii:er. 'i'liere arc two ui-:. ts t.' d lermin-:ill
cuiL.s ci\ilur iratiit.al. Th.- .14 .ildc;;r.en .iii i ;iMed
tlie upper h'>uli .delcrorni. 'dkauii^ rn'.:i'b-,( oin ninniv-,
and cir.ile ■ liu r- ; l-n, onniit: •.'^ e:\tr,i()rd:ii: i\ , a
I iwcr-iiouie, oi i-r-_ (.ommon-C"-. in !lmvn,ch"l,-n out 01
the diiti'er.iii tr.'.cks, i- i'u:jimoncd to id-*, their opinion.
S-,.lte IS t.im^'U- t>'r its i;.lt Iprings md boilins'.dioules;
Ribnu/, is I'.tLiated on .1 hike, and h s ;i i-.imni rv for
l.tdte' , ot th. Kin\ r .i' .St. Cl.'.re; 'scliwin. on the
\\ .trna, ii..s .e.c. I c.; ;.il 1m- , k-weik ; and Dai gem
contains .i diic,' | .: ace.
The C'l.' i.- "1 .Sr \Rr;.*p t' ..:-t:>iiis New Hiandcil-
b.uri.', ineia; r.u. iro .tcd 011 .'. l.i.s-.. iiltiuba di--
ptiu to ill-.- ii-!ie: c n.-.-.iittee ot lii,- it.-.r. «, ha .1 t!i:m-i-
n:ar-:ciio ■!, iwo ■\i'\'\'.-, a liiperitn -ndai.t, niul is
I iiote.i t'-r It 1. I t'-..:j. The n. ii?.lil cu.l'ood is ila-
i;ulailv pieaiant ; i-iil d.e-iiili dctarits .'.ic ad iciirrk ■
i ai).v health'., th .'. a Ib-.m 'cr iiaL^h: b, induced to think
I til,-', ii.i-1 u-Kii.:riv. Mtiv puiiue.l. with p:i--.-at ib.-:ttiels
\ :,.e .1 .VI, e ; ivcn !-■ trn. t 'hci'.vin;; cxptetl.vc lau>- ;
I T' d and 1 e itr.i'.g: i-.v t' -i! t!; - llict id nctvts
'.I'.-.'. la:-ji. ..nd " iia a ino-.e c n.i ..i";,d ti,nc.
'I he i^K-'.n I ---i.e .11.- bv t..il mIkI'.M.
AI I-' .\'ci, ..i.il l:ii-.:;!l,-'il ; t:-.e \ '.pid c Id;
l..--;|".-ii d, and :il' t.i.; i.itK 'ta- ol the bluud.
C'<ine, i.iv io::'.p.i.-ii. 1--, y -vv.m t. c- the chart'as
Dl n.itiirc a..d ll.e veai, ciiit, iii i.- Itr:'.y
W I ere cliaiice "r i.iiicy l-a:!- o-iir nvui w,;l^ ;
<'"ii;e, whil the 1 i: v jIi.im ... 1, ;i(c/ s i.m
'liielliecv heaven , cn.^ r.ij) ih. lai'bs in b;tlni,
And llu'd a chutuinj, b.n u m- '.'.rihe loiil.
Nia w,i-.-n In it' hi winter Ins witli I'ti- kly troll
111-, \ i;f"r>ius iciliei. 111 iii.m vily '.' .irinth
liidulg; .1; lean.-, no:- c'lii wh. n l-'.uru . bl.il'is
Till, way un,l that, i.oavcib e i he l.ib'mi^ W'>i d'
My
N. .1., wl
Tiie I'
N m:i
Si. |..hi-
.doc'il
Wl
b. I'cee 1
iiiei, .I'll
il <■' idpi
..ut ot dl
I u ,, b,
and ;is
• ■I 1 .n c
Jl.;,-
t!i ,-
^ ' ■ I 1 1 ■ ; I ;
.1 .\i
I lie I le.il
1 >.e;..l
th-.- S.u-
lilliiv I
o:v- o!
« . , 111
l':neidi
novi,-, I. .11
pi ci-
:l'.d .111
ll-Mcd n
ti'i I ill ai
it I :.",',
b 1
ivIlb.U'-
RAIiTV.
iDU'i vv;ii IniriH in
iu)u m.'.vnilicitHf.
s, ■•!> I i.Uiltt: ut
nil j r viiion ; in!,
I,, nut ii lilt; [jowcr-
Ihiu^, ;iy,!i'al that
1. ",;:•./.. IK i'trc-, i i.t
III.
: •; I'.rgvU in (Icr-
. ::>', i cinp; at lull'
1.!'. o! tlv.- tlQ,lll', fll
i\^' :i'r M.V'iiili 11^,
lup>.-ii!i;^ luls lluii
u.i ■■ i!ii' b:i. \'.: :i
iii'.ic . ID ( i. rnimy.
cli \r;ir, in iilc |x-i'-
if I f r,t fl.I Ii piii-
1^ ilivu! il iiuo il'.e
I 111 Jil;^ of 14 Willi!
iii> tii"i^i:ini| ll.Uc!v
f iniiv.v-, t:i Ii
^;. M:ii \ 's thu' , li,
t;:. :'.! nt.iii\i.t-j l.u'i',
V W .liil;i, Ii-. . :i
rt,.t I) lis licioiit'iMr;
:il ' iTta 1) hour , :;t!i.l
ill. .111 O .1(1. I!. Till'
If as l('i'.!u-rl\ l:i It'll
in .'J-.:'.! iu;:i:ililic ;
■) ii;;\i!f.'.il I rcwii'i,
IkhiviiiI ii-ii"; :i \ tar,
'!c.'. .>! 'or liiL'ir ow 11
; '.irg'-i li vi inn-, ii.iin
1 ih 111 t.niii ail niher
aina is navigabk' 10
omc 111) tii'liw tli an
I n lli'v ^ I'lWi ', aIi, i\-
l-.i' ci:- ot Rcli.uk iv
t n :■• .;'l I ,H' 111 li|lll> ,
ir au- liir'^o;iialti.-f,
:im':-, or i-ailitVs t'ortlic
li tiic liav. n ■■'■'1 War-
!. t-s ti' li UTiiiin ■ all
'.4 alili; ir.cii aii i a'lcii
11^ lii'.a lv,i oin m: iiiiv,
I ; •'i t\traoril;ii:.i\ , a
:;i-ilnirn,t !i"l.n onto;
1 10 i',i\, ilu'ir opinion.
g,s iiiii iHiilini'.-lioiiffs;
irsil I; s a r.iiniii rv for
!ari'; ^liiwin. on the
.-ivi'iiv ; aiul I)aH::^cni
;it:>i"iv N'l'w Hianiiui-
].\h: . Ii :t ill! , a iK'-
ii,- tl ■.'. s !'••> ■• 'J'- 'ii".-
pcrint-iuLiMt, ..ml is
1 iglil f UiI'och! i; i';i-
i:t.iiits .'.;(■ a, I 11 iiii'k
Ii; Iv iniliii'iil to ii'ink
V. all cjvai I'K'.tr.cK.
: ixML-ifiVc liiu'' :
; • tl.ici ii! nctvi s
I. 11. 1 ..ruj ti^nc.
;,.l.>l.i'.:,
\:.p..l I Id
u: liiv Iv.uo,!.
.'.M 1. 1.' till- charms
. !m I.' llri'.v
I \ir ri\ hv' \val'< ;
• ■1, ; U L/ ^ t.ui
li. liii'l's HI lialm,
■ ..'. r i!.c I'liul.
v.'Ui pri' klv trol!
vilv \' .irinili
1. 11 I'.iii II . liLifi .
il.i. l..b'ilii^ \w iI-
EfRorr.]
r, i; R M A N r, M 1' I R F,.
75t
M/
M,- h!)Cial walk'-. I'v.' Mvhcn tlu' (kic; ^n rain
Or Uyp rclcni, no Kaliiii ih 'uKl toiifmi-,
Or t.iil'.e cl.alU'r'il ^allciv, ui ai\aik-.
Cii) (.liiuli i!k- nior,ii!:iii".; from ilic xilicri.il foiinc
Inili be llii; rcci.iu ^\:\l . t!ic ihiarhii morn
l{^•am^ o'l.- the h.ll-.; i^o mtHint ill' I'.Miliiiij'; (]iid:
Ah .ad\, I'l-i', ih iici.'|i-ni.HUliM JK-a^lis c.ittli
'I lu- lainii-d mazf-; .mil. on la.'Cr (port
liii. Ml, Willi i-im.loii.s im;i:i;K;i. ■ U",-
I'.uli ili-Hili 111 tra^c. ()i il.jiiohl 1 iiri.y
l)clii';'ii »nim .u', go ili.'.t. ill ■ ilflp'i.iU il-vr,
Aiul tiiu)' II' 'Ii- p II l-liiuJ s ...vakc
'1 lit; vocal 'or. ;i s\iili li;c ' '\i.il lioni.
W'c'ci.o'.ii ' i- t'v piincijial plaic in a I', ml- tvrritory,
c.-.llcil I'om -1, the inhaiiitani^ ot wliuli aic Ioiik' ot' ilic
niiill li\ima;i.' ar.il li.r.cvuLiit ul liuuaii bi-iiij],'!, ami
p:.Llic. chanty without c-llcniation.
Cii irity, ilci.-;it, moilcll, Oi.ly, kiiul,
S(.(i 11, the liiiih, tinil rc.ir.s ili. :ihii,-> miml;
Kiious V, itli jull reins aiul |^' mlc liai.'l to p^iiki'.-,
II twixr v'lc ihaiiT: ami arhitr.'.rv pride.
Nor fo m provok'd, l!ic iMliU t'oigivc^;
A ..' r.,v.cU llic r,..icrs, a'- (l).' iniicli hflh vc ;
!■ I ;>' I c llic In'iiig';, V, lie- c'W-; llic .11 rives;
^■; , 'i;'.:ld our ii'ii, I, :'.s Ihc- lo'iii. 1)111 live ;
] .,-.stlu' iMii_L;h |;..tii<;orpi;c'\ iili na. lire even,
A;'d op '! in I'.i. Ii he .ri ,t little heav.ii.
|-.;;(.h 01 1'lT ^v.t whi, li ( ioil nn man hcll.'Ws,
( I ^ jirop^r hoi;!i.!, and I'.'.c lellnc^ioii kiiows;
'1 .1 • .11" 'ly pMrjMle d.dica'c. it po\v..'r,
Ai. i, liiii'liiiig its -.i."!-, e\il'^ no ni'iiv.
'I'hii', ill .ilu'dieii' e t.i v.hat hcav\n decree-,
Kaov, li ig/ lliall tail, and proph.-i y ll'.ill ceall;
Hut iartir.ij; clurity's more anipl-- Iway,
Tviiir bound bv li.iie, no; uil 'cc't to dec.iy,
A;i ha[)p', iriump'i lli.dl 'or ever live.
And endicl' lood dilluli.', and endlels i)r.iile receive.
Str^lit/ e,!ves name to a branch of the ducal laniib ,
niid is fiuuUt d .u'.ioni^ niailhc-. li eoiilills oi Old and
N. A, which llaiul at a mall dilLmce iioni each oil er.
The priiic '^ palicc, uhicli i'. .u tlv' latt r. i-- adorn d
with jiie.iuint >_',,uilen'', aivl has a veiy elcg;'.nl ap; e.ii-
:ui c.
Ninai ' "as ancimib a comiiiandci'v ' ftlie order o:
St.johi', iail ;■- iiovv .1 i),iihu :ck ; and Miio loiu.'.in :.
xluc 1.1 ka' .
\\ 1 i;:!'- ilnr ; a'.iviiv; luv- fiii a bav ol' the R.i! '.'.
b.t'seei R'lilo'.l. .livl Lshec, i^ miles vv, |[ ot' the for-
mer, .ind rail o! the latter, and ;; well ol Stralund.
it is fuppoied to hav>' 1 c -n bi.iit 1 \ lie 1 it'' eeinw' ,
out ot ill. r'iiii- I'l Meckl''.ibi; ■'.;; for b..,ine ifiim'-cr,
I w :. bin'ht I i !.!<)'., 'lid r buill h \n,l!oiiie'\ ot ib.iie;
and iis i^-),c: ".ii lu 1110 '.ll.i! :ii I'.'", upon (lie I I III
111 r.in e> ; ; 1 t'lMt tl lom be auie 1 i'.e of I'ac clia;
M ins-'rM.i.n . iiojii 1' t Tl iK.!, a:'d tlieliu!." i-r
ih.ir 111. -.1 o! V, ar. It w.is i.iiveii bv i'.e brpe:!;! t'
('•I i" ; llic civ.l ...11 i:, i"e'i-, I'uriet'k ii by the di. r
il \i -.! :.' 'It ',, iiid ti' ■ S.ve.ie, ;n ii!;i, and I'
the iic.uv of .Mutiii.r I'jvvii I 1 ll'.el.tter. Ii ha be. ti
1 i.er.dti : es til 11 bv li e l).l;ies, bo.: a^.iiii nli- r dl 1
ilee Sac ic^. bs ir.ija/.'ties '.Vi. :e blou 11 up b\ h^lu •
Mi'iv 1,1 i(.i|.-\ .roll !■: ilie ne'.'. cii'. ilerirov.-d, wtli
on.- ot li'., tiew ■ aics; tlie a;l" nal, i hureh^s, ..ivl h -u'.''.
d-i;i'.a;j;ed ; an! I'la.iy j e >p e kil'ed and wouiidn.1. It
« . , 111 ill, lelir" d by ti'e D.'.iie ; and, in i-i",
b I'leidtU'l I-' iheai.e , Dines IJr.uiik ill iii'i'ers, Ha-
noveii.,11 ., S,,\ ins, r.nd Rufiia"s, \>. i'o iound i.i it ; •.
|ii cc . t c.iii'ioti, a -v.!!! c|u.'.ntity ot bombs, <; enadoi •■,
a'.d airr.u:,,! .11,1. 11. a iiv.i, \-\ .icati in y.'o, ■■' -
li 'leil to theSwide-, on C'Midilii.a t!a! the vl's iiid
joiiili aliens Ihould Lie deiuohllicd; .uid in luch '.lue
it iiO'A reniaiii .
It is here proper t.iobl'erve, that the hoiife of Me- k-
ktibure, is diMded into two braiieheb, Scluvt.iii and
Siiclii/.. 'I he latt r coinnvnrcd uitli duke Adolpliiis
I'lediriik II. \ ninsj,er brother of the ihikc of .Sciiwe-
rin, and snamtlather of the prtl'ent duke oi .Sirelit/.,
Frederick IV. who wis born May the r,th, \j-[', ami
iui I eedeil to tiie i;overnment Dec. 11,17^1. He w.as
made a knijjlit of tlie irarier in i7''4; an.lh^ilii\e
brothers and two lillers; the yooniTcT of the latter be-
in;^ our {:;racious loveivigii Sophia (.'liul'.tle, wlio was
bom M'.y "1, 1744; and ni"'ied the .SMi oi .S.-picm-
ber, 1 7()i , to his piefeiii majelly, (ie...r:.-:<' III. kitu', of
(ireat Uiitaiii, ^e. As lier mn lb '■; lliiim'T virtues
h.iv. i-mle.ued her to the Uritilli iiiiaei, we think it
liceell;ir\' li.-re to nivc a I'mall Iji ciii-eii m her liier.iry
.aeomiikninient , fir whi h llie i^ ... remarkable as
I for her other ami'able qualities. 'J'he iollowin^ i legant
; cpill!.- wa- written by her to llie late king ot I'riTfTia,
du:'in;j, the w.ir in (ieiman\, and has be. n eiiiialK ad-
inir. d lor ill luan.mitv ot the I'eiitin. ems, e.nd elegance
ol the diclion,
" May it pbal'c j-mir M.aif.stv.
" I AM at a loi's, v hetlier 1 lliou'd congratula.te, or
C'ltidile with \oii, on \our late victory; lincc the lame
Inc. els, which hath covered you with .'.'lurcls, has over-
ipieud the country ol Mecklenburg with d. I'lla.tii 11. I
.know, Sir,', tiiai it I'eems utiberoir.ing my \-\, hi ihi;
age it vicioii . retin. iiietil, to f el I'lr one'- count: v ,
to l.i.iieiii the horn rs of war, or wifli for the return ol'
'.'caic. I know \oii may ilrnk 11 more piopcrly my
pro'iiiice ti lliidy tiieait. ol' j.l.i.lin'!, or to iiilpjet:
iubjeets ot a niore domi Ibc uatuie. liui however iin-
beconiing i; may be in tie-, 1 .1:111 >: refill the delire of
intern ding f r this 11 th.appy peo| Iv.
" It was but afcw 'eir.sago, taudi's territory v.oro
the nv ll pi- :liiig '.;';p' -nan. e ; du lotiurry w,.s culti-
va;ed, tiie p.al.i ' ■ k d. cli-.'.i|ul, .u' ! the toAiis
.iboiiiided 1 itli lich.s -.lid I'iIa-iiv. W .'.i aa al: -la-
jtioii, at pr kill, 'ii'iii '.o cli iri'. an; a rcetie! I .'in .ot
e^jxat a.i il .ciipiioii i.or i an e.v I'licy -id I ai" i.or-
r as to t' e |a i.a. ; but biieiy t-v 11 conquerors tl:Ciii-
t. Ives wo.ikl Wtcp at i.,e liiueuu- j foipcOis ivi'.v be ore
ni.l
" Th. 'vvhole countrv (my dear couup !"■ li, onu
i !ri;_lu'ul ivalle, ''lel'iv ivj; onb, o: i-e's to i xcire terror,
I IV, and iklp.iir. TIi- r,u;i.'el ol tiie halbe .iiii.in
and th 111 ph id ,'re ouite d.! ii.iiv.ied.. 'I"l e ImiI'-
baiiiiiii. n and tl;.- iliejli :d '.'.r.' l> e 11c bd i.r ihiu-
f I'.e', ind help to r.'.i.i ,e tlv I'l'il the\ lorni-'-b ciilti-
va.d. The towtis .ue inli.'.'iiud nly b\ old .iicn,
v.iHiK a, and cluldren; perhaps here .ind there a wai'-
lio:-, le. wounds ,1.- lo! ot limbs n-udered untit for
le; vc , 1 It .it las d .ir : hi li.tl.' chiklreii iiaiig around,
I'v .111 ;ioyol'i-, IV wound, aiul j-i-iw them.eb.es
j ! il I- b "f tli.v ;.:','.; 'be.ae il or tiie fie!.!, i'lit
I lb s w le iiolMii;.',, '.Ill vxC n I i. 1 the eltciii te inlo-
I ! live I'l eit :;■ .aiii' , '.s it li:,, p.-. ^ t.' ad\aiice or le-
li 1 ill pi.ifuiii, tlie op.cr.itio. ~ o diei :uiipaieais. It ii
. a^po.sb. I >e\pi\bl''. V Hill! ■ 'n w ' ic'i v. 11 tliole who
. . r th iii:elv. ,,i:r iricnds e; r.v. I. .en t lofe tVotu
w.oiii I,.- le' 'If c\; CM rcdii' '■, op;. pis us with new
1 ..l.ieiiiiie . bioni >.ou: am , t.ir.or', it i- ih.ic
vvec-pvii lehil. 'I'o \.ii vveiwoinea and children
ni'.v c nipliin. w! ok liuanniiy ibiop to the me-.meli;
pat: ion, :,i d i\li le ji ,wer i'. i apable ol repirelling ilie
„ie it-ti I'l -Ilia e."
:\j die ab ive -|'i'Ile li • bc.-n elc' 'ui b iiaraphi'a.i'ed,
\>e lub-en I lee.e 01 th-- p.incipal line- il the poetical
I
\\ 1 III .!', eoiiqudl U'.its vou on the tlirone ol'fatiie,
.And maili il d-ed- ini'ivait di/" vmir name;
Ol biaailh'd ar:;,-. ","i,!'. gloiv br's-Jitb I-eams,
.'Mid de d- > Kt -rioe. i'l! the to!,!; r's dlvin-;
■; ..mb.ing 1 view, Ir 111 wiicnce the g!^:') ipiings,
O: kina.dike lieoies or ol I'ero-I.iiig- :
.Sho. k'd I behold liie iouice whc i;e d.iri thole rays
Which lliitie on vic'iors, and round co'iq'ivr'-. bla-/c.
i lenci;
: ■?■
'/ ill
7;a a new, royal, a-.d ArTFir.Niic -YsirAr oi rxivrRs \L rri)',
RAPiir.
m
vi
Ml
0:
1^ T:^
Honcc I'm iniKiibt, wU.U- [i-impicil to i ai^.'
My ui;ik uti.i^ on ymir late lu'ct!^,
\V hclhi r V on'ji".itiil.ili('ns to i if low,
Or
ni'.li to it.ir-. :'iul Iwc'ltlu lircini )l woe
I'or .ill iiiolf l:iiiifl> ttiiicli voiir Ijho'as ciit"'i
Ciusvii \i.tir Uiviiis. am
I i>Kl
VGUr tiJIUHK'
ll- 11-,
M
lant :;s ini!i!Oii,;l tiopiiie to adoin,
AV'crc tViirn my touniry'^ hkciliiit; hoWiU torn;
^V liiic, 1:1 wli il'b tiuly tiiavc, niul prcntly UIJ,
You OiilllriM lu-roi"; digiiilvM oloKI,
iiUM I'.',, .1 I'lcv toariiv
My n.iirvc Mickl
!>- (.Ifloiiicii ot Ikt krtik' (harms:
Nomorelicf pl.iiiiN their plintcoui vcruuic vIlIJ,
No !oi\i',cr Cv!!.-. (V\k> lilt happv (i.lj;
No'.iniig is km, f'V h ant, wiiiixVr \\- go,
But tciiics ot liorror, aiul the ligns ot wi.t'.
I kr.ow, irrcat Site, a patriotic tln:nc.
In mv wiak li.x n<av iinb^coniinn ic.m-
For, man ag>- 'o vicioullv r.fuiM,
By tolly l.'il, .iikI to cai'iitc rcl!j>,nM,
t'.'ri'..i]^s vou il'.rm lli^ \cry ni-,;/ ot ,ii-,n
riu' tlioiigiits ot' rap'nc, ard ti' . a' ■ : ,
(V (l.ii.glutT, liy coi;. 'Miliiif; .11 i.- • . ;•
O: Ix.rn (liM I'.vou!^ lor 111 •rial w -i; ;
O;' iivoiMniii,; 'Auloiv-, ami ..t' ! i\li -'.••. .
Or' hurn'.r.g to'Ans, ami dcloi.it: ,1 |,i.. - , .
IVriiap- yen dt\in t'licli tiu)u^lit« unlit for liioll,
^^ h.< li-.ou'd til, ,r mind^ to lotur llKnK•^ loiiipui't ;
A\ ho ou..'!it ;.) ll'.idy onK li..,\ to plcalV,
And toiiii tlie prol'i'cot i t" i! 111, iIk calf ;
T' mi'p VI ■• i:h car-.' '.In.' li..i:r..!i to charm,
An.i point till.- 1 fV '""■'';"-' ^'•■t-'ii thtircstlav arm;
'1 ..i.u-tilc 1 r.i'c- , 1-y -.rt I > iuolv 1'. rcnc;
•- .' .ii i.'f '..c. .lii , an.i uin:;ii ■ t mien ;
'i o i ,K i.'.ni i i*i> in all I'a.' 1. ilv v. 1:1,
'i 11'.- ..[ p;i..i',.,i n ot llu v.,;;l,l :.• izain,
lltiio't. iiv 1 . c-L-. aiL aits 1 'v..ni ;l.s :ii,
VV'iio llio ,M ii.> iMJKr l"i.i;t;:r.^n;s adm:\
I .r.ult t;;r . 1H.1 tranigrel''-, and, unt;j;;ii,.'d,
* >' A V tilt- J:> ia:fs lit a let lii.g inir.i ;
I ;i.ull, by ioi; liiinianiiy iiupir'd,
I'. Nj'ieis tlic tli.'iij^iits irom ll)"c-.i: aRciv. ;u quir'd.
W I'ii triiil . oKMt Sire, p^Tunt r:. ;.,) u:i: !■!
W'l.at I'v. b'ii. 1.1 all' — All, It I ycl i.c ■^,ld ;
And uitile tl;i-ni!i\c5 i.f ni\ ■.uLin.tiy bice'.
I ■ : t'lo uiili.'.p; y lit m: inl u ^dc.
A :cvv )i.ar r.i.,.,in Nk-L'cif.-.bui.;'- do:r,nin,
I' .1.1 ili;"."v .nn.'di.n c\ 'rv tirlili. [ilain ;
I ••■ I'l u 1,; \ . a: IfitncK ilc'd ..wav,
1 . I ■..i.^ (i ic- liii.t:i:i, a: id il.'j l'iovi.' v.c • vt :
Nil. !r.\ d.,,ir ii'unny, f Iri (he u ii w;,! i,,) •,)
N 'V, mv tl .;i I oi.n'.iy i a u.i;. o! svo-j :
1 )•-•,;.•[ ,., .-.i-.n ni.ki.' a ti 1.; u\ vc:,l;
'I he- j. . . [ ll;. , VI 1!. \,,if', 1- dcl'tHA 'd,
I I'tn te ■ ir 1 ai; I w,il m; acl.in^ .\i .
Ar. ; a!, '.ill ioi '1. (he war ari; ;
I n. d. V :. •,. n 1.1 '.hi n.artrd tra;:..
\\ il.i li;t..ni.ii^ go:. .111 pur pi.- c\ 'ly Ji. .1." ,
'A'.di VAilvj i I i.il liic liicni ri-.CT' ll ,..,
Ap.di on ;:.: .r ii I nl^ lli. aniii);.; piaplc (hi' '. ;
V. n;le iiiiu camp- ih- tcri.K Ir Id,', are ni .de.
Aid t;l .L^;in \w) »!■- 1 an (i aric I'loni danger li. i :•. ;
A\ ujds \\'..t".\- le'ii.elUi'd f'uiiiiir .limle,
An'l d:e c.^li in lUi nt \s;,ile from di r.di I'l. v inde;
y. lij v,,ir.ii ill.,,' t'.w, CI tl'i,,j' lellcHion '.'.ceji,
Ar.d ll.,:-, .X ,i:;U.i Ipiri! liorio.v lie p ;
\V :-ui ■ iv.e; d a'a i-, i ir .1 tn.iiblid du/ ;
\\ ho i! u;-. t'.iuMie lur ^ , "i' Im.dl r. p, ■'
A funnh' ; b; ■, peil,.ij, , l.is 1:1, i-. c^,.,
Al.d '(/i :n;..! n. ,, lli m ;j ,■ , i;,. •
N ' iientlc IlK'ihi.ul
ic!id Ins (hccv
I .tr;
I5. rli II. ill the war, and 111 ilie liniroi. i!,.-in'
Anil lolilicT
> iiii.wn, a li'.irv^c revti!e ot
lua'e.
D.lirov ih .|( tield> ti;. V u-\l to ml
W til an>;u.i}i d .ig. , ilie aomci (it an,! wad,
A- lear tor I, ..(hand- or 1 -r I
n I ie\.iil
'■l'- a wariior iiercand tiieic i-, (iiiin
1'
I) iMu'd ihelieid I
()-, i
y many a lanMnu' wound;
P :A'd th
y llie I,)!n 01 mr.l-s. not want ot will.
1!
the uie of Lina-inaiv (kdl.
■und Inni ihe ciirioii^ pradni^ clnldrcn Twarm.
The tamri.i
J, Ml .|!iei, H ;.!) 1., .\pn
Rep'iie': .sii:i ii ii-,and lupi-lie,!!,.. ti.: ;...
The tiie, uii.dilel.j leii. >(■ di ,r Aoe,
Can ..niy an;.\, r wiUi .i luiiv /I .., ,
And Willi,' Ins (iknr lorro.'.b' j^ikI e.\- ; I ,
In i\.\le li:-> ijwn, l)y Ili.uiiiH, ilieir dnL,. T .
Tiiu wi.-:^'d by ;ea:-, n ) lr.:(!) .ndiiian lemiin;,
By Luliivation tur.tlore theijUm.;
in<;,.n In tongue, ami, as I.e l|.e,'ks, I'l-ow warn: ;
I V i,anvl the imlVy ot c.icii aciiin^ wound ;
1> v.j'.ir tsuh w.id. a-'d catc!; ;ht'ni..r:;al i.innd;
A.d ul.ile th.- iMd:- • r\^:.\y recites
T. e ra.^ ot' I arile, .Tnd the blood 01 lii^'ts;
Til-' llve.i ion i nei^innj;, and the dar I. o; arm,;
Tl-.e ninii lin<j.drui-.', ::;,.: beat- to «ai'- alaim-.;
The clan.. 'ring tn.nipit, an, I ilieia.i.i a's id.t;
Til,' ilMii.' ofoan , and ;, Ids ,m licair.in.' . ,,^,
T iie liilc .iuJitor- erect 11, ei. erelts,
W'W'if a new a: our I. res ili.-ir youilif'ii! briall .
T.> you. ^rit .S .S-, we i!,tTeh;re nrik. app. al,
\^ h'/e lui'.i.e imiy v.,n cm lulVrnn^ li.al:
II 'in \i.L ,ii.,i',-'. u,i j.SiK, We iiopereuel;
'I e; y>.,ii . .i;.pa(li'.,:i nuili ..!iu,i:;e (,ur lusa":
loywucVn lielp.leS '.cMi.de- m,i. c iii[il.iiii,
Niirlled iheir leais, nor plead liiei. i u.le 111 \aln;
Andti..m, ling ba'.c-, witii tender I , ,k , im| l.)ie
T::e r"\al hand 10 ..ip. n mer, y'- dom.
I'M''!, :\h le k.nii liuniam y lio 'ps ih.ja n.
To ll-,;, hi the piaiai.i un',1' rne ah lie ..luun;
T'g'i.rd th, nean.li, e.h.i tor iii.ii. e |v\.r,
And g'\e ;he Ir.in.ldi l( I'uj pheant rediel's;
I o vi ,. ..iji .'lion (jxeds with tearful oe.
Who! ■ io,.er ithcves, and bids ir,;uilice (ly.
H.Avr.iTc, an imperial uty, th, £;rcaicfl miporiufn
otCi imaiiN, and ihe l,,,.nd i'.\ ihi I l,.n.- Town-. lia:,tls
I'll ill'' n' idi li'Je i.'t :!■. 1'. tc. ^;;i,|, s noil' .wrd dt
Luneni'uij:. and 41(1 n'.i-iii-well i>f Vienr.i; (■:•,! h)i;(..
lOiki^. 11 iiaii. ;,!'. ; ; de,.% 4 ! n;i;i. Iiu\\e hiroii-
^', n 10 Ciiarlema-i.e, vvl;,', to.';.'! tie pru^'', '- 1 1 die
n 'rihcrn S, 1 .\ n,.;;-,., In'.ii t,,.. f ..- u.i ihe l.lb'.mc
o; ihem at v i- pl.ie., ;'.:.d cm.-, d .1 ' '.mJi, ili,. enlv
"liC ;:: ll.nib'.::;-, toi ..b \e ;.i.:' Ma's. !i w:i, (iril.
deil.ued a !:■ e ar.d ni.;ependi. nt >iiyin 1 ; .0. 'I'.e
em, .'CIO. M Lxini I1..1:, hi the di I li .Aiiehn.r;.;, in
.5:0, d.i!.;iid. .[ ;ce i:id imp.iial. S;n.i i'l,.a t "li, d
ha- biMi inv red ■'.:;h li Vi'it :nn pe)W,r wii'; 11 \l<^ own
li;il!d:e!, ,11. In 1 ,_,i .r '.v..- Uirnn ..-i.d to th.edi.; -t
thetmpir. ; tlK.i.^ii, ;... I.o;!. IXiim i:k an.l I K.id'.i:!
proteiltd ,gain:l .i, dit Handvn.^licis h.ave n t vet m-
,.,yed if;e >■ .;.it .,1 li''.i;i.j; .u.d votin;; theie. (i.c.u p-i-
v,:._c ha.e, l-.i,,.\e\er, iircn mimed 1 i' 'n f y le^ei.il
liiipLfor-; .s:,.:, fr lii ir k.ep'n.; a he.lr.-ii i.i .a.
, 1 lei^ola:.. , ' .r ( .. :.:..i;i n. le Aiiliin :i.e let, ill. ) .ne
jj v.xeu.ed I .'in pv. in.j, ;■ |1 ..t Siade, m our ki:;-. .as
>|i,leeioro! M.i-.. '. -; \; t t!K kiii;.s u: Deir.m.ulN faee
I li'iii; comp.lir.l ;»,r,;i !..'.t_ra! dii.t, tu jL.y l.ll at
I Uio'klt.idt.
;| 'I'nc ii;i;;.:.ija. i-:;;...-;; :< L.i.'.t.n Swedui a:..! Den-
I maik '..led !•.. I,., iii, > Met ,e..uinv ol ihi \ \.u\u ir_[:''i : ;
i I'ul, 1:1 1 1:, 'jii (j.iai.i.n 1,1 t;,e nc'ii feili w.;., (; e
;' DaiK- , .\lii:( . ,'.-ii -, ..n,,! .'si, n , h.ivni;; then ;.'nr.s in
th' ne.^il,,...,ih<^ ■ t, ;-ii;;di dieii I' [i.i,.ite den .'.ii.',-, wiia
lh,-a'-, .1. ...I '.■ of iLt'u'.d; .Hid I'.'.y ..ere cImsj,! d to
o mp'-ui,.l 'vviih !:i.ni t.,r \ery I.L.j,e fi: ).■, d iiio,.i.y.
Denmark h.is tx ite.! mo'iey I. ,0 ,1 ;i\ time^ lliKc
11145. .'\l.er tl.,, it. e/.:ir .'1 .Nu.l.'.v m\ lui; iiur,--
•^.1 li.-n.e ,di',r pi. leiili'.'iii. In 1 , 1 -, li.e city u.i ■. .ri.d
b) a plu^u. .
It 15 leu d witii all p'dii ie .. ', '.magi I'lr ir,'de,
toreign and il niie iic, l.avng u., 1 puii aid liv.; .i .
n ihiDp, in Ijiiup, e.v ..ii,e.\ e, : .. . I'i a.ne . ikliu. ,
ihe I'a'je, winch tnii.--. th. (i ri.i.iiO .11 h.i,, r,::
niiabnaijii hav'a cli.iiirel oiu,-, -dm die Tra'.'. , t'ttii,;
Ukc ol i commumwati-^n . I'i. LiJC and ihc IJalte,
wilh'iui
I', a
I c;'. (..irt-;
iirii - ll,;irr-:
I. Vtilf 1)1 t.ilc,
I iiliiNau'.
'1 l:t and w.iil,
1 iivail.
aiil. Im_' UMiK'.J ;
i:ct ot will,
kill.
( InKircn iwarin,
'l-'l^s, i;i\)w uaiil; ;
1'-^; Wound ;
c nu;i::alMiiiul;
od Ol ('i'.' (<:;
u- ci.-.! k o; arm-;
tii w.u'- al.u:ii-;
I a.i.i ,i's iM.- r;
liivaiiM;' • ,.,
L•!t^,
I'uilifn! 'iriall .
t mak, ajiji. al,
Villi'-- li.al:
i.op;- rtlic'I ;
-i:;^' ()ur i'l .1 1':
.1; C- Ul[il.;|ll,
iln';. I u.lc 111 \aiii ;
'^I'l' I ' .k , illij Ivjic
- cloni.
li'.i -j'S (low ri,
t!i li.c '.ruwii;
r jiiiii. c \v\i' ,
int ndids
.'arliil i\i',
s irjuH.CL l!y.
\' £;rcaicn i iiiporiiirn
1 [m- 'I\nvi,-.r!a:,dH
;i I- s ntiii' -\vf!l lit
' Vk'hi: l; I,;;! I,)i-.r.
[r.lil. it l>Ul.' i.': (lil-
!]• til I'lM^',-. '- I I il.c
. .- ull llli.- Idli ', I lie
.1 .1 ' '.nil ll, iik i-iiiv
' \'.vs. fi ua- iinl.
> iiy in 1 : o. 'I'lC
1 > 1 Ai:-li);.rt\, in
I. S;ii. t iLat t :n. it
I'oA .r wi: •: n 11'= o'a :\
:■. ..'1. ■! til ilx' ili.; .-t
.ntinrk Ull. I 1 luul-.iri
l!:C!'. liavt n i vet i n-
:>.;; thcif. ( icat ivi-
v.cd li'.iii ! )■ l(.\ci,d
1-; a liidit-ih.L.i at.
hm ;i,o IcM, ill, y ,iiv
til', I-) mil ki::-^, as
.^ i)t I)(.:i:'.',,;ik \a\c
n.i . to |...y I, 11 .;t
!i '^widLii a;.d I kr.-
<l till } lami iiipli ; .;
(.; IK 111 I, tin W.i;, tif
aviii;: tl'.fii ;.'iir-'i in
>a:,ilc dtii .'.I'.,;--, w II a
'ii.y ■-■> til. oImi^i d I'l
..-^f !■.:■).- .il ;i.o ,iv.
..i -I ;1k tiii.t- limr
.". ; ,.ul I ill; liiii,-.
', 1..1. tPl) u.i ■> iI:'. ,d
'. iiua-j^t. l-)r ir.ulv-.
I Jul i ai d I ,V'. i .1..
. 1'! ana- . ikiio. .
.11 ( ) . i\ ll, I- , 111'.;
t'l tin '1':;.'. . , t- Til: .-
'.:c.. and I lit l!alt-o,
willi iiii
EURorr.
r; r, R M A N F. M 1' I R I..
75.?
I
w'-tlioiu i .nn; ar ilic tnnibk' and lia/:V(l o('>i'ning alvnil
hy llif K.illScM, n/.ind t\w coallnf Jiiihnd ami ihc
Sc.nv; niid vviiiimit the nlMlniClii'ns ot llit toil, and
ol'icT di;li'. ultic- ol' i!k- S nmd ; I'u that vcIIcIn in tlic
Travc ,iro v.itiiin .\o \\n\r~ ot t'u' liiiti-.', \v!ic:eav it i'
4-;i iri! -■ aiid iiio'-' round juiiand.
TIk' tr:'(l.' ol' llaml''ii>', r'.rr.d^ tli.it of any liiy
v\li'cli Im' ri'i kini'doin of rcinu.lii- .inn.'xcd to it ; and
t!ic export 1 and iiiijio't^ ot' it lin.j;'y, ex. fed iliol'c ol
riat'V' -iTii kiiii»d":ii - i-v.'n in d-rnianv. 1 li ■ F.ih;-,
jiid i!-a IV i"'cat n'v ".l.'e rive.' I'm Tail into it, al'i-.r
n fiiii'l' tli: i;!;li , w'.i: o. ilv lar'^cli, ric'iiti, and iiioll
iradi! ,' pin ■■)' (it-i la'iv, tti-r.iili it wii'iail tlic pio-
(ln'.•\^ .'.!id 1.1 i'.;:f '.tmr.' oi Aii''ri.i. Raiuaiiia, aiul I'p-
pc • at' ' I. nvcT 'ii^' 'iiv. .F di!.' I f.'.w .id Sjirie it
ins :ride with ih iJaii u-n: im^; cl.c't • ate ; and, hv a
ean.d ti.Mii tin' Sjve.- to thtO I r, its loinnuTee tx-
t-r-i'. iiu 1 Sih-ii.i, M..ia\ii, I'ol.iiul, and ahu ll: to
Hiiiii;!!' : '->'',ii It lii^ ni -r.' nian'.if.:c'tiir> - tor i\-
pofii 1 I 'ru. iiiidl. (iiie'^ in tli.' w.ul.l. 'rii.- i'hi>l
ixjiort- (eihel'v to fireit Uriiain'i a'e o vavi -u lin ns
of U-v.i-.ii c-iiii.iii-; paititnhiily S.ld'a dia| er-, an, I
the liwn> !>' Milhii .md Liiia:;a; CI vimny linen tf.ini
( ):"n.i!ini":. 1 .•itv.iii-MV.;. f'vc. H nilnn-', do\la-, and
(■:h r ibi-ii/. hi' i^ -, ti'iii L.ower .S '.\on> ; roar'e lin ii,
I'aii.i-, < 'I'f'.i-, !il"d- li.iii-!-, i:ii man', oilier Tort- trom
1, ■'A -I fi.Tni'.-r. ; !in n-varn l.oni ili.- t:i!rie loniitriv- ;
tin-jvat. , b'Mi., iron mik] Ihel wiie, i.hicll\ t''om L'p-
pc;' S.iX'inv ; l.l,l,)d^ou■d , pi)' - and h'^l'K.ul Haves,
wa ;- I it lio!-';, o.-.l. p' ink .iiul tinilicr, kid-(kins.
h'r.' I'laiidtnbiirn ; corn li.'iii man\ pro\in e'-.i.ii'clh
Hi uideiilrii.v anil .S.y'inv. Ot the inini er ol' artitks
wh' h i''-v 'ni|i.)rt 'roin ;-.lirii:'.d, >.' chief .ir;- (Ik- wooI-
le'! maniiric't'.r;' ot Kn^.;! ind. 'I'h.- v. 'ue ot iueh lioni
yoiklliii'v- onh ■- l.iid lo Iv :\!^ov^' lo^.i'vl. The ar-
I'lleot rinahih Si-'-. k:n_4- 1 ' nie- lo a'' ve .■o.oo-ol. p.r
i'lituiiii. 'I"'".; ".!'o!.- ol I'.ie l''.inj,!;ln iiMiitit'ai'hiits
\eiiled ll' n.', am unc to Kveral luindi il thouf'-nd
piiiiiid> arir'Mllv. 'fii..' I", i^'idi ni ri hints, Irivin'.;
{.•reat p:i\ il <; ■ , ni.ike an exiiaordin.'. ''. lijure her-.
Thjy app'.-:'.;- a- a i5"d, .■, l-oid .i toiirr, with pirt'i ul.ii
iuri;d;ct ni ■jid pov/e. ^ am m"; th'-in!-.-!'- et; and a^ t _
an; tailed in Ijiiidon the 1 l.\ni'-urji Compaiiv, !o nv
ihey lier- < ■.dl.-d tiie K;i".hlh l-Fm-or S-Hki>. 'J'!!, \
li.n,-a I h'.irth and niiiiiia'r i! iheifi'wn. Tiie I''::;'.-
l-ih lie i'.ii;iv.-r:)ii , tiiispa t '> ii j. :-..il''. illI the l! 'pit
ot t'lt l''.'i';hlli ir de, Ih v h \ i- {:.■ I.imc priviIcLy
lo iiiipun ivjnaiL,': .dh.'W d rhe Du't';. Ti.e I !a n
lull;'. V dvive fj.r It ira 1. to Rnrii.i ,'!.,1 I^:vo;;i,i; .:iid
I'll .,'ioi!- ;> K to ih. n'l'i' o' the . "'p"V .ind t.) I'o-
I'nl, ihcy li.iw ■.'I '.t i-i;:r;;-, n I tiiilv in lin -r, \ irn
nnJ li'.' Ilix, In.t in ho ■- , w.'X, annil' ed, liiri. d,
d'U;'.-, i\' . ill h' l! eOder '.t'l';-, .^pe.-, and lo i:;t .
tlie l'.i''f. !ii I'lie m:' ',p.ii''.-t o I'rand n' in'g; t'.er> -
tore ill' I > n. - t i'.'.t.l iiU' M-it lhi~ tr.ile, ti r o' t lin
anv p; . ■ ". Aoi.>iiL 2 l''.ngliili ihips iot,.,' in;-)
til!- hi • II iti a yeir. thinii.di m .I'dv Irom Spain, Tor
iiijr-d, .'. .d li.-.h ; Ir 111) aid to whith the ILini' iii'..>
nuMtliinv pv iheni douliie the iVe^dt thev 'io t i
ih.-iru.vM iTiip-, i'ec.'iile ihe l'',ii;.!;hlh leiUT ti,e li'im
the Turk- iiy ti, i Med:!.rrai'.t.in p;" ■, iliev faxe
more tii.iii il'.ii in inliir.in'.e. indeeii i-.ev , in .";:;;,
M-'itd 't t.''M;".', nuth Oi ih.> ti.-.d-' iiUti ll:. a own
hand-, on th. p uvs ,i I iltoiii , ('\C. but h.ipjiiM the kii'^
ot Spain lo d: ] Iv ;e.e..l',"d the:! treaty VMih th.. piaii-
<.dl'.,it V ot Hirh.u\, aiul luii.dhing them elp.i.arN'
Willi ",,iihke li If-, ,\i . tli.il he n 4 o!il\ inliii ited com-
ni,i\e -.vitii 1 1 rii;i:ir ', hul laid .■■] enilvi-ri iiithii
fi'iod' M Spiiii. '['he diiler. Ill e, h wever, \sa- lei "ii
td d, an! inuie ,i, fimm ■ l:itt.h on tonduion ol iv t
l'..;v:n;, :in\ m-.ie In. ii li de >m !i ih linb.ir.ie-.
'l"l;.eil\ h.isi!,reii p il i:i the I h .e.:'a:'tl w ileliili-
01 y ; a;'d the I. i- nn.l uhiL" iie .- .i in: !'.i',-,,'"!;e i> .i
n:v.u'd 111 It-, i'lh.iSii ..nr. It t niiii'iily leiK!;i ; ■ or
Oo llups annii:dly in till', truk-; I'.i t!i:it ihe> .. ^ p, -i i
i!i>at iiiiaiitities ol oil .iiul iiiis, th.ni'.h the\ I'H' p' ni
the Dm eh more than their ..wii lhip>h:ppU. In v,:n ii
litb out Hup-- of force to convoy the incichantnicn, and
N I. f"j.
ITT.' lie iai.l t'l lie flronfr, both al kmil ant! f'e'j, ocin.^alilj
to arm i .' oi i4,o-:-c) nun, anti h:ivini> a. or.dint garri-
Ion ol' near j:-do. It i xports p,reat ijwunitie^ o( b.er,
hiewtil liere; and hi'S ieveral mami :..ttire'-, ;:■: .veav-
i r''s, ot'il.inialks hroi'.uif;, velvet's iheri'h. Il lllk , and
! l!ij> ird):ikin<;, there being a*- ^nod lo.vf ri!^;::r nride in
I K.inibiiig .1- in Loivi'iii tlunili, indeci:, they are
. I'lrtet' to buy tlv.ir Mi.feavado In ars cliitHv l.im
ditai Britain. Callico printing cmpltiy^ iuiiTi''ir< <A
pei'ple ; and o' Lite they iiavt b ■j:;iiii ti runt hiitn.
■iHii. In llv."i, H.imhiirfT is bei ., me a nth md j'ov.ei
liil ( itv, .ind, A ihoiit dilpiite, d.-'v-. . ihc y^ie:'! .1 inla.
trade, at tin I'me, ot any city in l'',ur'ipe, L,,in.' ..■
:nul ,*\mi1erdani exi ejited. It ha-; an iinil-Hibte I ,• .'i'
loap.la.ein ih;' diet ot the empire. It has pu-i.- •
llon^ alii) to b ri;' (ii tree a i in , a> n'.. to be liibut!
to the empire, as other Imperial tit its :r -, ai'd, <'ii th.ic
aeioiini, ahvaysr. tu!e to p:i\ coin ill.i!ti'i.is |.j the mi-
lit '.i\- ched in lime ol war: but ihen ili I lam! ii:oef.<,
nnoer eoloiii o. :i paiiii id,'.r rre:;i'. with t!:e empena",
'.l.'y '.\oidi:'i; t.) embaii.i! • tli-.tvile'v.-, in c.de ot a
uar in (i rm;i.' , do t!ie l,im • thiivi, in t.'i'e"'.
i'he vv^mnenl Ir le is vel'eil in the XMafc.'.nd thrc.^
eolt^;'.- o; I iir._!i:i-ii . and is a mixi'iie of tii.' ari-lo-
v.i;it:d antI ihm 'tr iiiial. (), t!ie If r, b ;iure a'l
i':eir la.xe- :'.n I imp ll- a.? raiUL 1 b, tie b'lr'jh.r-,
v..;!'oi!t \,' J.- t ' ■'! tiie le.ia c ■ ir.iioi 'ii!; < nc
pe-.i;}-, e.iit! 1)0,... . . e--; .isemetii of 1 1 e fi.- -nces in
111 lO'.f thebii .- ... ■■ tl:e tovn -r, becaule rhev
li:ive a l'eii:itee' 'n die pr.n, iiial perlbns of tlitr
lepublie, V. ho ■.:■'■ i.i.: , e jiower of :ilieml)iin['- and
dill' King th 'i, ". vl liie i iir;licis; ;o «!ioni
li'.e lmr2;!it; , ff 't • i:i " : -..t oi" tlic Ihiiipces, arc
ace. am:. ill' . •. hi ■ ^'.t w :li :o:ev',n prinvC-. without
tl-e interv < .iii . ' tl;,- bi.r..'!itrs; ::nd w!;o are v.fleil
','.itii aim' . " : o: I'/.erei .iii ' , l.v.i: t'lat ol' la\--
iiip, i.ixe ai' .' i;\m'; I i ■ lin ■.;•. e .
'I'ie: o\ti .::in! tlue: . l;!!'; 'itei, i'; u".der t' c pro-
ter!i:n"! ti e i iiper r. t r >- h' h i!i- ll.vr,! -'.ir.diers
j i\iv him !l , . ss ' I- wn ■ a yea:. Jhii h ..v litb this has
.iv.i 1. d them i> t''i\v'!! kii-i.-.a; and lli-' jiiot. tli.^ri
iiiev h.r>e trom r.iv:,lu)d, ii.rth I'l!'. o! tr:id-', i-, eer-
i.iinly iheii j.', ■ -Utll let I.:' i\ . 'J'!:e ien.ife C'.p.lil! ol:'
; l',i!!L">m ::iei •, o' \'-hom di iv v\: _.; l,--,'. vt is aiitl "iic
mer l.,i:r. (.' ti! v.'l"'m |"elide ::! cm.",.''- lor a "e-'.r;)
zil, iit'i , V ,-. II I..',' ■ ers I'.n I i :; m rcli.int ; 4 Iv ■-
■.lies, wli):ir-:i!l l.iuver , antI .^.ve tlair t;p!;ho;is as
our .iid;.n' do in th • h >t!'.- ot loid,', l:ut h.iVi' no Vote;
,11.1 4 :e- r i.i'i ::, o' v- ! .Ill die p' rtipal is e.illed pr.)-
tli .', t.'.ry. /\h I'ele ,i.;e, iip.jn ever \:ii ante, clvit'eii
.iLiiil ih ir own b.'.it-. Ik.e is alio a c Hirt of ;,i!mi-
:.il.;', tonii liir,:. of .1 !)nr>i:on..'!U'r, f.-iir I'enitors, (1
men 'imt-, .:nd : m .il Vi oi ihij s, al'-il .| i'\ a lei. le-
laM, :.;,d :i^^ .'er iiadi!!:
1 ! e'r l.t.v 1 il'ecivil, or Ii.'lir.i in ; a:i-!, m evimi--
111! I 111 t , th.' llaii:.-. of lie ■ p>- e r CI. a:' s IW
j u th ulrcli l'e\ l:i\e li-.f.. I:,.' ih. h ■ v.n ihltiiU' , but.
I .'III pu.', de! .uel ','! .■t'::e.l ; y :,'.im!'e:|r.-'l-. tommc.lts,
,nl I '.mr:..!!!! rv pr I ti! !.!-. '1 : e ii d o\- 1 hi 1' .j
ti'i e I'.He ', s io 1' ;il ■• 1 h. v">''i ; ■ -Mie:! (■ r pintr. .d
r.ller ) w!i,t ':'. f '.:;:!- ot ; rn'mh,! , tli 'ei oiit of
e,; I; - t tlie 'iv v. id 1 f ihe <. ■ \ ; h;- '^r-, ...t pow.r,
a!^, ih. t > f the iiii-nn s :u 1-'.. .loe ; t.m dn :i. .I it the
f nate 'o i.al! a eo.iv.nli •; oi the i iiiid; is, aiul ev 11
i.np.,i.h a Ml..:.!.-, aiidie.'i'-, ,i c -rt' r.nt.- w ah the
f .'.i! , 111 I ! at or u I'.e.' o( t:Ui 1;--. When tie thive
'.ell e-. coMlli'i ■; ill the who'e ■-: : .S ) nv .idie s, arc
al'e:iib'.u, and I' el ivit.'lt t' ■,■ l'::ii.- 'ti'r, •, '.\ '.: e!i h-;
11 .hi '. ^HM":di'; ;i-' t.ii -, [ a' i i;!:,l\ l-r.- .avi' -mm.,
1 tl;e 'j,il'. s ot t''e , it V .ne llii.t, ;i Pr 11 ', v'l.i" I i- .'"..' it
up b'e;.-i,.- ihe i'l. n a . :' nf-. :n I l' iil.n ,-; p. |: .1 :i .dl
I i~.i\ !m, -. \'. h wir i •!.' .I', - ■;,'! \ .:e 1- iuiii;
.L,'-l, w'-:'.! i!i ■ ',1! : ..I : i [Mil lit the f I :,;;■, I '1 ■ m.U'i-
j ..;\ >.l' ih.e ; deu-::imi.s it. 'i her e.tle'' ' ":ll e'.
i \ . 1 iimeiif , "t ..h,. 1 tl,. I, ;ul.M^ tl''' I.' I h 1 - " ;in i.f, il
! i'V a t-ui!iiilon, ..r . o"\ . ,1, . n ..' i!u- p :':•■.■•. ar.:':-
j r.eiC'.in:, and tie.itori., ,_?. , in ::!!.) .'f ri:.- _: pi.iu'pa',
;ili.l 7 fma'l. r, ih;u\ le-.- o.' •. '. p.,i;,
.) !■; 1;;
ft
' J
if
¥\
m
A NI.V. , ROVA?. •%•!> .M'TIIIMIC .^V^ri.M or l-NIV|-.R> \r, (.KO' .RAPi IV.
In <vncr.ll tlu- ri'lij^li:; c i .'ulin 'ii, ml t!u CiU
^iiiiils wtri' iiMigul 10 v^ ;■> wiiilliiji .11 A'.ifiu til
witlii.i thil'. tew UMrn [vut, r .if ilv y li r.> Int'ii .ilKiw^d
I 01 .: ii.'.ii.UfS vviiluii til. w >'!■ .'I this cltv ; but tins
I; .»)a\ 111',' ;'.^)i j;i lutal tti till' '.v'un.iti C uii.ilii: ; .•.;:,.iin'l
vilioni il.i\ W..0 .o c\ ii(^..i.itiAl ill Vi'i, lip II a I'lililii
att.-iupt ot ilitir p'lills ij I., tki pini'.htv • in ili-' tii\.
tli.U .1 tiv)h ihppcii :i:ul ik;ii !illi I .1 c'..ipil tl'.'t w.is
LiiiLh.ii; Iktc hy li.c l.iipv... r-luLiit, t>.;Mliir \iil'i
tlu-br(ininilKi'"' ; ouK i t. i ■■ i.ivh ilu. H .iiiluir'jK ■
b. iiii', iiirr.Utiii-il by ''i- riiip ro. Cli.ili-. N 1. v^iia
milii.uA ixtiu:.'!:), tli.v wi'^- I'MchI in lin.! aiKalK-r
lioiiii.- :inil iliip^l utl.,i ...i \p.mi', .iml to m.ik.
good .ill th.' otlii.-i !• lis iii'l ^hm.uy. b.iiks r-'^'i'S •'
ii'i., :wul liiul.ng two mail' 'wis 1)1 I'x i :i.Ui., .mJ, iv.o
ol il.f hiiri^lii-.s, io \'i.iiiri, I ' b-^ ihc t.iv.|) roi'-- p.ir-
ilou ; ,.tc,r«lr-ii. ho took llic' ciii/.vii- iutii lib Ipt'.i.il
pi.'tvMU':!, ;ii,J (.'.p la.d iliv r laiiii.- w.uuilj, ;nj.uuil
til.- artiq.i.'.l.v! pr..ii.:iro;v; I'l' ihc i');iiif^. TIkv ;i:\-
oblip il. hovv.Vw!-, to ...i j.v ill.- R'T.u'.'i C.u!i Xu >'i(,ii
Wiiilhip ;;i t'-.j ;'.nil\'.li.ul 'IS I'oii'fN '1 ;'.t^ li,r..- ticc-
v.!i;u iIk'v imII .1 p:i\.i;i- ti'iit-'liioii, praiou^ i>i the i.uly
loniiiuinion; t!'.oj'.;li it liirlci^ in imrliiiH' iroiii om'.
tli.U 1- j; ■rifi.il, ..uo [lic a'^loluiioii t'.u- l.'.;in.' ; biii even
the poor.'.l "I t'lc \\- pi.' her.' n:.. lo'vcd lo j',i\. .i ic
to ilupiic.i '•■;■ r.iCii coiilfllio:, ; .i ciil'tOiU luii i wiii'
knovwi 111 .;.i . cUKr I'roull.uit city, is ricLoiRtl mi.
nijiv iiio.x. ui.ibk- in i' is; lnnutf i:-- ■ lui..l.t> .ii'j i..i-
iiirnii.!) lii!., .m.l li.'.vc ;.'.K..t lu'iis "I iiuiiir\ ai uUm,
o.i; ot wlii.'i i1k\ iiii.-'ii .::',' ril th ■ clci'.;> :i loiiip -Ui'i
niia.ti-iu'.n... B.H ilic r.iiuc u. Hi".,bui^^ \- u:;U
■ii'-.r lor u~ i;iif o! I'.c p > .'; lure i'-ing nior. Imlpi-
iii-. in 1 lo: O' io; '. '■.;■.. U/.:. lli.ui man. .itlxT I'l lul-
l.-.,.; i.'i\ ri r, i.^ii-L'; o .,• in pailicuUr lor o:j'Ii.iii-,
liN. u.:', HI ,. L" a l-l .pii.ll i:i Loiulon, ih.- ", . .uU l.■-
\|.•nllt' .jt '.. in. a ...li .i:.l- lo liCv.ixt ■; J ..1 ol ;.,:, 7:;ol.
-•s iiR-.i.iu , i,.!\ ii.iw.' :;'.>.v:.' :;go inlar.is a'.no.; I .i;
.■iiiil.-, '.V.J, w'a n .il;l(.- U) iliv:^ t'i-!ii, Ivc ,.i.. iiki:i
i.-.t 1 tlu- Il li.tL-. Th. [h>\ ■ thai ..ic 41. a;. a. J, arc put
o.il ;:i,l IK.I nt l>:i'..i :U iIk' o::!V.Ti:;} ; V.t : il X\- pi!
lo tr. ;.■-. .■.•a] !!'!.■ i!,iilb, :; ur liuy cii rcil, Ipin, ki.it,
iVt. .i:,' :,-r.'. t 1 r. ;vi. .■. 1 h, lr,.il!i.i£; 1 ilcci.;, i.,ii
;. 'I V.I y t .'.l' , .1:1 I li-ri.; on ■ ri.' 01 ill- i.,r.ii-.
liuic 11 .1 l.iij, laiip'.i'.oi; liuipii.il ! -r..,!..'.:. , p . 1;
;:..-.i.!:. 1 ;L.u i.o! l.tk; aa.l .c!i..t. . . ■ Ir. 1 .k- o-:
..... ■•c.l, .aici. 1:. .. . kA'. ayc.i Ic-i::. . ; '■'.I..:, .ill 1 1 ar..-
. :....L.; .;; i'l n iu '-.v-, .0 wlII .".i . luMi-.n, 1 | ;h .;l
..■..i.ik ;k.-.r'i.^-. I.', t :c ki\i ' , ,t t:,'.- poi.ii... In
tk .. ^.i... : :hc .'1 R.'; 'a i[i!; il, ; i.; :■ i-.: , i I. I'iiiui, a:- 1
'.:..::. ,- ;i:, ..: :ii, .',o:..-d. lo-n. 1 >i. I,,l.\ I i
k. k j-. . jr ;i •! hi-.-', -k.: 1- ro icii ■..: ..k ; .1 .0 .-i pc.l-
i 'ix ' Ji- ;k !t. -ih a ! a.f ikc pi . ■....-, . !■. 1 ; .'. -.i-ju
I.'- t nipt.-; : o.vU.ii'.A' 11 pt.ip..- t 01 t.' i.i .r. . oni..
k r t ..••- . ' ■ ; a\ 1. 1. ;■ - 1 t 1. h'.);!l'.-. '1 . . . ;.i m .iiy
.w.Lr k. ._■.,: , k--i..l i:,c.;., lu: p . ^" .i./i, .".i-
■J.j.-. , v./.i , :..t-. an.! ;■,' .11 ".ii'li j;- 1 1 .'-xii .i-,;
u;.lit!wi IV. .-. •.•k-li.li c , .;- h r. c C .ic '!.
'.'. ■ .-IC 'lie 0- -Hit u'ti; L- I.' ' , .i-.ti > .1 . : '.■.'il. y , v, itii
V . Lk tk ic i ■.ia.:in •! i..i.;l I,..- ■/ t!,!.-.', .'i '■.'. ki . Mi v
. .' I;..'l. hLr' ..:■■ alio 111 '..t.LS to:- :....'n ::_ '.'o.mI
j-.l - 1-..1 'i lii; ij;-- ; V I'lW.
'1' c- .'i'),ii. ^ ,1 1 1 iiiik. 11^1; .lie a!> .la . .r... -. 'Jki..
til..;, .-a. .: . , I .:■ ,c, .1:1.: hl.i..;.'n-- !.l ; , k.,t
u;-- .1 ,i;. . . .1! '1 .. I -.i,', ; .nii i 1:1 k/ -. i-ic
-.1- '...;.]:■ ;' . 1 l.i-i- a. Ii . 1 m'h k, 1 .t- . i.j.n ■
.-1 ;..in •. ■ v.; all . i_;p r, i.:a.iiiaik' .1 •:■ a; !
-;)pL'..i.ai -, . : '. k ik'j tai a ■ ait: "'i''. >.■•. tai!-.;. I :ic
;Ot.-.ii 1;.,;, rt .T. 1' ks I kiij III-'.': 1.1 1.' lit,.
'i'li.U 'I S . ':: .-> i liipp iR-l kv La.',- ;.', i' '.k '■■-•.
S:. \li i.,u." ;:(.Lp ' , .; .0 Ic-1 ).: k. S< . C :.:>:'. .■.i.\
his:.;l-.- ■' . . . .v.lii ,..' ill I , . ,t ;mu: :■, il 11 Iiv- ;
.■i:..l the L. ; . i. I.j:;n ,1 ot l,.;i,i ., '.im i;. , di i.iiuili-
a.t^ s-,i.iuu..k) lota, ki.-, '..li.^d ... Ill-,- a Ip.r -, ki.c
S;. li.'id-'. ill l-'c t-i; . I, k'.it iiii II I 11 '. K,...!a.i
tl f 1111.1. kc '.; II •!-;,:!■. I, .1 I r ).. ! ikf:'\ p,il;. Il-, piik
p.' 1 .jt v,ia:(; 111:11 bli-, .;:ii.jall c .:: 1, .11. .1 1 ! 1., J
u:Mi liji.i. • , .i-id ..ili.r oi-|..iai .11: 1. .', 'IJ ; a. id its
c..^-.';, i...K>iicd one ol ilic ujl in l.u. . jc, ha 0;-.i
! pipes. '1 lilt calk-i! il'.'j iii;.iii, or d.'ii» , \k i die ca-
thedral wiiilt th-.- toNMircin.iacd a-i .a. li krhopi 1, , .,ni|
v..n i'H.It ahoiil tiu- vcar ( ;o. Tin; Ipil., a -.d tower
liiai laj-poits it, ar. i-.t ir ^i'.-* kit In. li, 'I n t\ |l.i[
bi-iiin:; a d.'n and ill. pur 10 I', ih.)ii.;U > . l:ii/..i,
: 0.11 \ I-.;)'',o:at llu'rck- no ipptal, bo. tot ,-|'r.f.
I a i.li.iin' cr at W /'.i . ,\Ii:p- <<■ liit i.io;ii., ni
I ."^ilLUM-nkatu; .aid ih r^. n aic Inin.'d li'.:r.-. w' .■
I ri.i.uci arc wiiitcn in a an • i..it.ilo^iic, \\\ k ili ii .k.-.r
I i.ciKM-;. I-. ..nd h.ia up in iIk- bod\ <i il.c . Iiu.ili.
Thi> .-til , till, wilnkc whipicr, and a l.u.'.c 1 anil ir
I o. lio-.ik-s l),L)n_.-,in^ lo it, aic under tli- lar-ivdkKc
p.-. tivii' n ot hi Bni.'.iiiiii ni:i illv, as biliop ofllic-
uu-ii, ,i'ui indcpcnd.tni oi' thc.ity uirildi. ; , > ,. Th. ro
.lie li.e odier scry larg,t i luircli. ■- h.ie. a ..1 ti 'l-.t lelUr
cluireiKi, or i.liap.ls ul ea'.c. Thiiei .i.S ln.l i lllnl".
!:i , or aaucility ! -.ii-, well endii-,-.e<', .r.i.l tu.nillied
-.-.itli o al It pr- lell" .-,(1 v.ho.ii W(.:e 1 aelv t!ie k.nnej
l-.ilu-uiu'., anil M. 1 lal ik-i. the j; .-o.-j-.irhvr. The
k-n.itedi '.itea:i.i I.v.mi r.iHi .;ii -icenf, kiiLC, and 11 1-
ble lhi.,':an;, a 1: irneJ, wali 'die a.'.t ..--ot :aipei ;r^,a:: 1
t!;e o woiii.ii. ; anki .i '.iinkiiiii' 1 . !,.;. :\ .; .k-iiior ili- ir
II .V bank. 'J heir i x^lianj^e is li 1 , k: t av rior t<i ikat
.1. i.-.":i; a:;.! i .ipp.ii't. ton..- 1. u.iifl; m.Ic. One
p.ui o: die l.,i...a. :> pi .n;':d aih i.r,,.- '.lei'; .aid tiic
o'iii e 'V.rcii V. .lii .1 l.kl, where tu-.ll'i-.': eoa;;ei!
o: w<.,;,ii-.'.;. e me '. .\l 1 1.:- lai.eie.'.d o 1! 1 ill, j :!).
kei-.a.iw. On t' e |-ie. t bjkre tlie t./.vn k.m'e the
l.i . er^ hi'. e a r It o;' . ,x h.ai;. e, .is ike publi niinn-
I.I.I.- 1; I'.ea'. an e,ra:-.t..i ti.y-lb p ;n '.h. kuia n i::lio ur-
a:j..d. Ik.e wiup i.'i'. .aid U vea.l piinees o! (i •.ni.iny,
k.ive di.il o.Mi ptkl-kou i- Ii i ••, ii.,in ip,, .1 Ir, \> iloi.n
',! lle:ri'.\n ..pp.)i.-.ta.. !U; I a; ill.' polldiou.k Uir I'lij,-
.a.d an 1 H Ua.d i. the 01, 1',^ on.- liiat lan p'.-o,,e;lv be
.id t 1 1 lI ih; to :l . pnl iR. The niit'illi r. lideiii arid
o:n; .-ly 1. .'.•>-. .1 ikil.ly k.ill l-ukl U\ tlieniielve- ; .-ind
the re.:ki.:a. lai a p.r.\er u: 'i. \ l.':<^ l,.a^ and daVeieaiei
;liatak;l, 1111. n. in t uiuiy r.-.n. T:Are is .-.n opei-.i
or play-' o', k I1..1, ekie:'-. ' ■. ike ti.; , lakiaueal ol
kie tell. an;- :aij iidier i.i' i '. '.',1 iir',-. i.'' -..'.li :i here
.r.i. loiiie tiu.a liol'i ti.al:.! . k. 'k.,ri.s in I-'.ar pe.
'1 hi. c:.\, .\!i eii Is akaoi. .1 ,; (.1, nK: I'jrni, and
I .ilii'.it I .-s lale . ill i.o;apai , i'l ii,..a:.i.!y (kiin::. .i^uai
pat ef It I\a.p, ap'in itlaadi. da.- \' .'lis aaJ l./iiiiie.i-
ti.;'-, , lli.it h, '..'.leli to vi. w, ai, C'V. led widi '.'la ■;,
I Mid I U'.xd V..!.: r.i-.-.- ot'lleti, lo k s;!), ik.a ;i r.e ul
I ike ' o.,k i.e ;o ke k.ii u.ili a; 1! \i lide o- tkew.ll.'i
. -.'.liLli :b ne.v.t a. ;\luaa. It h. s|;\ ;;ates, and tl'ivC
. :.; .mee- by w.u^ ; t.-ot!..:r. ike l.kke, and ii- lioni
tiie .\,.k.-r. U ■ ki.M.le-.l into kn ()M .a, i .\..v (k y
j k a eaia', a,,d. ki:; ,1:1:1. led b\ a ti.ic h:.;ii m :tl, wnh
.: .; bul'.v;ii-k , b'....k . ekir.i oat .V ■.» aa.'I :..i;ili .1: ions.
in the I'lok. Hi '.',.iy, aa : a very
,',.,■
.: k. T
itU 1^
.lUo 1. 1.0. ic 1; a,, -.1 oa .■.v,i:k, vv ;!i ■ ,'1 :.;- .varks, f'uarj
; liic lai.'k; ' ..!:■ 1 .1. iIk .\klj. t:.)di l.i .e, .-kvn.t h.ili a
; ira'e ak . . .- di-- tj.;', . a.- I on t,.t.- (■'■r \~\- of tli:ii
I I aon, . . .1 '.ke 'a.k. \. .et..,.l tk-.i:i;,,l ill 1.1. e,
I oek) . :l.'.Mi.a. ike a •- •. .eiyk:i k 'iiiK' '.: .'-a. 1 kkci
' du .'■lMr---.e.'i.i , to k'.i . , f.:!! tl-.e k; I; .' l)i...:'i.,ik,
I -Mill ;.ii !:! Iil'li--. (. :1 1 1.'-. like a '1 I'u-m. :i\i^i \]x
j •■■■-. k-, at„'/.-, I;i ■.!!:. ^v'.. r '.■:, a'.\ 1. I. .\i-,iia, liicie-
' .1 ( l.a.'.- ik,.i- ol f....' ... ..I. . .l.|...lv a-.iiakued by
J kc I..... A- .'..'.J,' , ■. -k'-d !: I >. 'Ii.l lll-l S il.di l.l'jc,
n'o uki. h ili.i 1 I i-. ;. ;>.ii,,'.td, t \o .,: tl:re'j ni le>
I .1 .iv- Ilia v.ly, !....:..;. 'V'i:li ki:n • ai: .lie; oa- ■■, 1 .: 11 -
j .0 dai'n b 1,1. .1.... al iii.k a,. '..id . M... a::';',, ta.H b.--
I |.j;i'i 1 ' in . Bi a.ii. n. ni i e ■■>', re-ii:ii.:e la > ii,- i ii auu ',
I ii)..i.i li.v lakes b. 1 i'.v lie ay. T -...id. i' e alt a
' a. .■•iiili .1 ly the kill, li.el iiilk ; .id Iir.v:i.id the
' Hold, ky ai'.'kvi- ka.le 1 ,-, .r, e.iilef 1 ;k /Vakjr, ukm
loiiii, .1 ', ;\ i.l ,ii. kvaai -all widiiiiit .he to.-.a; :ai I
' aao.iiei-, ili -o li ii"l '.0 l:ii e :i ihi', ',(■; "t al ii.ai
, ! -30 tc. t a...a.e, .. itiu I I' -.- .-.'.'.la .) It; .ar ;r v.hi'.n 11
, dfiVC) die P'uk 1 - III I' , .ai'l, pa' Ml by leeeail llaiees
I .ia,l I an a-., di'on'j^li la -.■.h 1 e!i\, kil's inlo the I'. Ii-..
j Mca, a'e ..i bi ik.e , ;; | u lUiiaiLl , (beli.les o w ml-
uiidi,; and 6 Jlui.ev, and it In hkeuiie l.aj^eia.u--
keaa
ait t. ;
As n . I ,
ilnv il. I
iia 1'. 1.1
tappo:'
will: a
wall a I .,,,
ipeak 1.) (I
aelk , . il
A v.'.lk
ll;.- p..a,-ii
Mikeni \
.aid I) r. ie:-
V'.. a-i \. u'l
ha, lie .
k- 111 .I'i/.ti
tkein is I'i
'.V ;y la.il.'
tleh.l! t
whu. il 'i.i-
w liK a i , v;
and o'.ii
lurevl ky I
c-i
■ R.M'IIY.
il>'iiu-, w I the ca-
.v.< li'.ilnijiii. , .iiul
.c t; Ii,, ;; .il tower
I'.i.ii. 'li. u i!.;i
l'01IJ,ll ' y I 111/..'!,
i!, I'll, ui I v' ii'i^t-
■ "' tiif '1 '.i:i!'. m
Uil'.vl h'.--!.'. V'.' ,•
L-, wi !i til II . llilT
Ullv I I lIlC t lllhlll.
jikI :i l.i!,',c' I urn' ir
tier ih i.ui" Ji.i;c
, ;!•: ll'!l,ip oi' l!ic-
iiriuii. ; i 1:1. 'i'hiTc
-ic. ;i ..1 (.1 -I'.t U-lUr
lie I .is h>.;. iiiuf-
'.■.ii', .r.1.1 Ui. nillifil
;i' liitlv t!ic l,.iini"J
j: .-I'l'.r.irl'.cr. 'Ilic
t.tnt, l.»v-c, aiiil 11 1-
;;•• i:t '. Mji'ji lis, .1:'. I
>;. ;v .'. .'.■:! lor tli. ir
, '>. t Ml' liiir to t'..it
iiii.iiL-li 'i.lc. One
I 'ii'^.i' '.111.' ; .iiul tiic
ii ■ • II' \- >•' co'.ir.til
t '.il o It 1 ih. i-'ib-
liit.' ti.'.vii !;.r,i'c tlic
IS till,' inilili niimi-
ilu l:i;iK n 1 lili ur-
^niiKi < ot ( ; ;ui.uiy,
U'.iii i",>.l 1)', ]) riom
.■ {'oll-liovi.c tor I'mj;-
lii.U i ,111 projcily l)c
: l?iii,lli ii ri'lciit aiul
h\' !l».'r.>'<.lv!.'- ; niul
^ li.ii « ,uk1 (lnVclClufi
'1' '. il- i'i .•.11 0|H.i'.-l
:C I!.-,; ll./ir/llL-lil Oi
il;-,-. iV -'.h : 1 here
,ri.s IH l-'.ur pc.
^i, 111 i-. r.):-iU, a:vl
.1.1', (hon.i. .1 cj-M
k- \' .ills ,11. J IwlUliCl-
,iv K'l will) t'r;i M,
ir^li, ill.;; ;i nc ut
.'.i li'.lc- O' lilt- w .1I.S
i\ ;.;a!c?, .in! tl'i'.c
..ll.C, ,Vtvl !i ■ tl.llT]
Ol'l .r, i N..V Ci y
ti.ic lii,;ii u -.11, wuh
k .lli'l !'.|tili ,1: n'US,
x-.i ..i't,'.-. 'r..ti\ is
; I ;.:- .w.rks, tio;-n
I 1 ,! i\ .I'l ii.t lull a
.- I -' ■. r !-!■ '.A tliil
t',1 -.I ,-i!„l ill l-,i.c,
t' '-Hill '.: ."M, I lildl
'J '.I 1: • '' I )l...'.'l..ik,
II II • '•.- ■'. atiLi li.v
.\ 11 I • .\i-,- .1.1, liiuir
.r .Iv i.-.iicil'ii^-il i>y
i'.\ .iiiJ S ii.iii 1.1')C,
t Ml nr il.ri.'-- ni k-i
1,'-. .llt-r i>!i' N • .:n.-
1 l..,M:r,',, lli.ii h.--
'..'j 111 ' II.- I il iiini ',
|1' '.. .!,! I".- all 11
1 ui lir.V;ud till'
_ii -,S /\:lifr, U-';i (1
',; ,1,1- t..>v'i; .liil
ill '.', yc! "I .-.I k.i'l
') !t; A.: ;■ V. 111'. II 11
1. liy IcvL-i-.U liu'u'cs
, • .I's iiilu tliL- I'Vli-..
ij , (l)cli'.lcs o u lul-
li.e'.vilc l,ii^cir.,ir-
kc-l':.
n ROrE.)
(I K R M A N T, M I' I R V..
kit'. As tin- lulc ll'iw', in c.iii.ils tlinuigli moll oftli
tiru-tll reels, ami imi'' 4 Icigufs aliovc the tin, i.e.
21 troin till- river's nuuitli, tlic town is li-i,|ii^ nily
ilama.-e'l by I'lirini^-t iU->; aiul liuul.s a nl f.i'iiili ^
have I). en rii 1 il liy itiniK-ll . liier,- w: two lad
in'laneos 111 16,1 ami i;i ). 'I'hoiiuli ilie li.uboiir i*
f(-)Ci-iii'iioilioiis, uiil rivi-r lo deep, il ,it '.irj;e nicicliatit-
llii|ii I )me lip to liic wall , yei iliole ut e.Niiaordin iiy
Ii/. a:ieli M-.u tli-- new mill-, 4 nil - I el"W, wlun- tli.\
iii,l".id iivio liii.iHer Vi liils. I'll-.' ili-.-i'i-. .If'- neiKia!!,
troo'.cd, bm pretty wi le, lul oiiilli-i|) all (I rm.iin Ur
li.i;!i and ll.Uely lioule ,w inili .ire moil I'- ui Ivi, k. Tin v
uiualK reckon li.re l-v llivcr-. ar.d lub , 't wliiili |S
niak. 4s. 61I. (or ad' liar.) [' is liie i luloni, wli ii a
tiiizin ila , lo :(:a\e ilie u-ntli ot his ell.ii- ti) tli - eitv ;
niid 1 'i-igntib, n )i iiatiiia!i/,td, [>ay annually torlii'iru
to ira ie,
|-lanii 111-;; h.is a iliHr',1 for ti iniK - round, alioui.d-
insiniiii i-x.Jieiii p,il!ni.-, \\it!i i-oi;li,hi.ilii • villaj.e-,
and !i);.le tiat . Il c()iii|irizcs the bailiwiiLs ot Rm-
v.iiibu;ile, Bil-.\^rd..r, C)i-|iu iuv.-ult-r, an i l'',;ip'-'nd -M
Alic-'a.ne, New-;;aii\v', Kiiilr.serder, .-. .d Rolla' ki
lailiwicks, aiecmoy^d ''\ ilie Hai-iiI uruli. r-, iiii .ii.-
nii'M wliii iliccit;/.'.-;-' 0! L,u' ek:,a .ne a (,,illl',', ani.! tin
I,|| 'r i"w 1 .Kui bailiwi. k ot Hi-rgdorl. Tin- r,.-r. ' .nil
liiri- ;;u-ail -,lil. ,b',ii in tin . ;ii j Jiii un ■ .'H.J i.ieiii 'iiy ;
Vi.r\ :r\\'.',\ in ill. ir I i-pi'-e , but a lilir.l in tre.'.iiriJ
llr.iii; er-. 'J li -y n,.; liaiV.i-l g;'iil.-ii-, ai t'.i- eiivs.'. :ies.
in tlh- t :,'i- I'i' 1 1 II .i.il Scarce .i incrJ'i.nt or lon-
1:1 i.i.i!;. ili'ij k -.-I I r b'l' ha-' his ti>ai.l). Ti..- lomnuiii
e. .i . .-.u on!-- a '',1 p-.iil-v l.iidon ana.\le-iiee btiv.'i\.-n
I'.i ' U'lir-, h. .i!n! di.r.'. .1 I y n.cn, ot' whom I: or molt
:!i-e ii'Pii.tii.ie-' :i'.ki-d t' tliof. iiiaeiiini- , dr.v.inj, ■
lon^ wei'Ji:. ' i,.id'.iat. >! .it la-.-.- .;ie \rr\ lui.iK-r.u; .
thoiij^li haidi'i a I. mil ol ili, m cnip.lo\ C'l in il. \ai:\\
ariilii cr, wlio inn pfrtorin a pirce '>i W'lik bevoiu! iiis
brotlur .mill.'., ii m.de h\-e oi lib e nipanv; a benetii
not oiheiw;!'. lobe .itiahied, but by ier\ liudc, niarrv iiv^
a li-.-'ni..n's wid'.AV or d.!iij,li'-r, or at a v.n iM-e.ii e-,-
penie. ]i\ llic vi'^ilanJi "t il.e ma -jlh-.-.tes and ih.ii
biidles, fe.v or n > beii.;.':-; .ire 10 Ik Ui-ii 111 the tir.-.is;
which n-iay b^ ali rilred aliii 10 tin- iiiinii ;'..-Un-. of k.i: •
flockin^-.s, which is funi lenih e.\ienii\.- ti cnijno'-
all I he poor. Ollijcrs ar.- empl .',-. 'I I' 1 i .iiry woo' t-
b.' ( arded, Ipun. ivc. bv the poir .1 th'-ir ••■•'A hibiia-
li i.--, ':i<liheiill h ih. .\'.k, p'.'. 1..' ilii nidnc -.v.i'v s.
Th I -ill s are j; r.ii.illy all' iidcd to ili i.'.iirc i I v ..
ter\-ant maid with .' b 1 k, hai.i;in'i [<\ .\ lilve" c: .1:1) on
ci.'.e i-ii; a-v.l, ii 1. 11 i id \w t,.,r. .. Ii a bi-..|V i:..-,-j
out'., c-ilier. 1 i.-j h .ivMii'ii'-. li >oic i- 1 e C' mm n
j M 'intoi in.-,|, *a-'oi . A'ler liiuince i i'.h;..;i is ;■,i.val^
I'l-iin HKTcd .-n I-'ii.l..y , ::s . x.ciit: m is .Uhv.' ihe t,i|-
I' 'W ill':; \1 '".liav ) |-ii ;. A..t^s a e c .1 li .! to .1 handlimc
11; • 1.: ; -11, w ere ihey are ai' '-.M-d a mjoiI i,ed, .111 1
all I',-.- ■ '.-I'-h- c -ml'i'it- luiiinj; ili ir >■ .'ntion, a-i.l
arc c h ' ;.'y a rend.\i U\ I'o'iu 1 1 v 'v - 11 in 101 ii" ..
As n I I. ,ii,.i! IS |-ii,i'. Ili.i' I. w'ili,)iii I U- .tl.i!-.'; j.Mirt-v.
t!nv i'V.v-iied -reis'i- ; riiir ^ ti xi't luc 1 i i,-
III. !'. in |''i-,> II' n t' ill. i'.:-.;i'.ih lit ev:J nci' l-i
liippi.iii .ciiainn. Th- ui.ii^c ai-.- ,.|.\a\- p:'>-;i-n;.
with a i!.-ri. 11 v.:ite .-.'V.n ih - Cuiili-lii' n, ai .1 la'-l
vvuh a 1 11; ;ai 1 1': i .V n I '-i p. ! 1' ; : ■ ': 1 ill' ■ c nh.ai an.!
ipeai. l) llie ! :l.r,i.i! iiu.ii.i.il, -.vnli mt l-'Cu;^ cye-wil-
:;ilij I . il'e iiu l:v.
A w .Ik II.)-; bv ihe l:: a' b.f 11 .'I'iIil- .'M.iir li .ni
ill.- pi.i'.di '.;-.'.■ 10 M.j il ,11 if the ci;', c.i'led i- i
M -iviciv; W'.ilk, 1-1 eel |.)n!',, and :j I; ad, lai'i I
.iiid b ',-' jer.d b" Me - n .a li li.ie. On on'. tide 1 1 i
V. . ii-i \. k'i 'everd ii .;i , luiheih ra low ot im' I
lioolc . Mm\- co:iv 11 s, ,\ , Ib.ll r ma;n; Inr,, b.'i ••:,
le 111 J'i/.id, AW now Lulh. I i.--. 1' e i^miie -! ■ i- it
li.ein is liili •.-"iV'u.i.d i-v • il'. ;in .1 I'j.ils of w-n.e w
i.v.-;-y nial.-l.ic-L'r c.iri'.'i! by ti i.x.coli 1 1. 1\-.) 'e u
tl.cb. ;1 t-ihi'jn i-i.-,.'.l- in .. cive, .111 odd k;iid ot ta-. . 1 n,
u'hicli !ia-ii p;odi'j,KHis ilo k and Vi-ni "i nU', I luk, iVc.
wliicli i. w-e;l rc;^ii:a'.eil y .1 iKpiil' 01 the m.io ib.itcs.
aiiil i'rai^^s m .1 lonlidei-.-bL- leveiuic. Corn is nua-
lurcd ly ihe Ichcp^l, ol wiiich oj make 10 cpi.ute.'^
■/.sS
Kiijj,lilli; an<l ro namliiir(T ell rr.a'.c but 48 .ind ;i
hill 111 L-'iukm. i innburji, ;,>id I.ineo'n ai.. in ilic
line I'.tiiiide; bit 11 !> ci'iilid -lably c-iKLr in winter,
and 11 it.-r in (iimnu-r, at tli former.
'I'm DioeJ'ei'i I li i.i)i-.>iiei\? is limuid lutwe nthc
•ive:s[,ein- :'.nd O. k r. 'l ii' !.aili.-,i. k ol Huiukr-
loch Iks li-jur.ite from it, b. inir .ncl'l'td l/. the prin-
> ii aht sot Calenbiii}^ and ( iiiibeiih.i.'en. 'I his di.icelc
i .I- nr'ts Ion.', ami ;,o broad; and ilr.- toil is feriilu
111 i^riin, I. ops, o.ak, alli, ih-», piilt •, !• eeli, and birch.
I' ' iik-.'ii. p'odiii-'tive I f 1 ill, Il n.-, il on oie, black
i.iilL-, l.o^s, linrt'e-, llitep, j:iiii -, i\e.
I'l'C iiiha^'itants deriv^ j.uiiiy if 11 ]i, of \arioii'i
kind , Ir nil the riviilcs win li wale.- tl is ciiiurv.
'I'l.e it.itib toiiin'i of cLrg\, nol)ilit\, .md ' iirgelit;?.
The I'l hj;:un IS Liiil-.eraiiiim; the ni.iiiiil..i.Uirei are
1 iodi, \\,i\. l.iiii, Il jckiiigs, ii'ii v\.ir -, &:e.
1 lie j!riiieip..l plaits arc as lollow:
11:1 ; llv ini, I n liu Inn 1 ii , tlu capital of the
di " i-.i-, litiMiid I.; miles tr iiu llai.ovei, is an old-
t.illiioiii'i, l.irge, iiie^'ii'ar lown. 'I'hc madilricy and
biiii;hu -. are, in ^^en.jr.il, Lu'.her.uis. 'I'ne piinci|)il
ii.ldiii ',. are ill- i.iihidi.il, 1 s.i.il mniull.-ries and
iniiiierie , manv clnirclics, t'-e i lian -.ry, the nobility's
li . 1. wheie the dici- are hj.'d, the jefiiit. ciHe;.; . the
Ji-.v ' 'iiiidi^ii., tl-i.- gyinnaiiiim, and the Latin icii lol
ol S.. 1., iiii.ert. TIk in,'.i;ilb-aies poli'el's civil and
rill i.ial jiiiildiclion, impole and colj ct duties, and
.ippl\ ihcm to public ute^. The to'Aii was aiiiienily
on - of tiie 1 lans and the capit il of 1 i^nrv the Lion;
and in i.,e ncijjhbuuili I'd th-eie are tv.o rich abbies.
I'ein. 1,0 lithe Ku'.e, li.is a j^arril'n, :in ejjii'cjpalpal ice,
.1 ea| n i;in conNeni, and a l..uther.in eluireh.
\\ (■ lding..-n isa comman<Iery ol'tlie Teutonic order;
Sil/.-lJeilnit a link t town, with I'ali-works; iMulc
Olileulorla luaikel i wn on the Ihi-ie; aira .Sal/.iicben-
diU a m.uket hwn, which con.am- !.dt-w-orKs and
l.-.-.-:-al cunvenl-.
Lull pnn^i-.- i^ a t-wn on ilie L-.iniu;o, where thcra
i- an Mil Mlh Bern- I;., tin.- 1 iiiiniry, v. Irnc a'-boc is pol".
lelied .-1 ihe ;o.' -.i ''.iillili ; ..n • f die to Mi, .'ilid is ail"e>
paliiMi of ih. l.,i.'ii'ji-'n il-.iii h.
Ciionau, o;i me Lei;i.-, C'tita'ns a [)"iiiin'can (on-
vent, ai il 1; \ e name li a baili-.'. ieu ; il.'.en.m is a
I'l-'ii wii .1.' i'L-.t lie IS ni t e '.'l 1 01 tir, ebct ir of
ii '^i.iv.i ; il., e, nn the S.i.'l, is iioireil'ed if a liigli
i.'i 1 AV p-oielction; and Alield, on the Leine, has
ii,ii!'ai- pn, .:e; .
(iOjLau, ti.nii;;': a:i Imperial cliy. and independent
ol lie li;un'w;i i.imiiy, is ulinlly delcribed in this
cijuntr\ , be aua i; 1 luiroir.d.d w-it'- their dominions.
I, 1' ; l.iiv;,eaii' i 111 1 i;y, 2: mile loiu'i-eall of Hilde-
ilieim, 2 ■, loutli I i i'lun'.wic, aird 26 well of Hal'ier-
,'',.d!. it ..a' in: 1 i.i ijoi, by tiie imperor I lenry \.
.\i o h,.d .1 p.i'.iee .u.e, aii'l a'!o ,oriilied 11. It ll.iivis
..111 ill ■ i' 111" liil - ■ I'ib.eiior , wh-' h rill • to the l',iit!i-
.a:i ' I t'eile.fe d, Mi.li.iil. 1 '. 1 ill.- C),-i.er near ihe
' ■ ninie^ olll-i! i!c..n. d liar en ,.i\ ^ t:ie li,r;ie pri-
vi,e'j, a- iil':.rir 1,;:;-' ;ial e t: -, i-eiidev a.i e.v'e.iip-
I .-il l.>ni toil . ,11 .,11 1.. .ike's ■ f ill-.- , inp.re init ihr.e.
1,1 .',li II peiiil w, I- ; Is . .ii d A.'-."' Alc'i/il'ri'.m Ini-
fr>,''. 1 lie ;.i)i!,i ,iu lovcie ! w ilh iLiif. 1; is iitii-
•icl in a \all..',, 1 i-ioiiiide.| '.■. lii. m iimi'.ins, in ',\hicli
l:-e !;iin,s b ill > t luin ,ind l:lvi-:-, vi/, I :oe of Sleiti-
,'-',. I ^r!,■!■l•!;^ R m,llbii.j:, KIo, k. :il-erg, Sec. Th,'
l:,il l,;n; , a:. . nv ;o\ d euer in di;.'?i i;; th'-in, or
I. ■; lir,;:, uiii;' 1, ;j., .in i V. '.nil lit; ihe m.td and mi-
n' r.;l- , oiaili.-t-, tn-.i aiedug'iui olth.m. 1, his
I e :i ihe i-eliiU-iM I I c e.ii, lois, ! t t'-c 1 -.k - : ;s
I'lli". '1..', ul 'in.i ;_• ; airi I'C.iiile ih v- Ir.i. ;:,n
,' 'eiiiil.d llie dal^s nete, il h.i^ 1 een cail'j.l a p.l.".i-
II ( uii-.
Tn - ei ',-. e,-oi- 1 r. deiick II. :;.i'"-i i ^ ; ;. with cin-
I n; ol ill. ii.i I ot .i.e uu, lie, iiani d to O.ho I.
'!.il e "I 11 unl -. ic, t --- :c:.t'i ul it ni.n.- . I !i ; 'loiil.:
III iii lint .'.ic '-. -. j;;e c-iii 'IS t.i tin ii' ; '''!:. ■,er',! cf
li^ priike. l:ave' ei. : .iiuin , il !■ ■ i il I'-i i!i u.e.-.i bv lo;ce
i.'l aiiii!-, but l.ii ,1,1. : ..1 -...111. 'J'lie ['i.iii..,L'jrlhi|-i o''
it
'iKi!
I- ''1
i'.\
i|:u
I I 1 1
■J, A NF-W. R(1Y\T. Avii
M'TIirNTlC SYSTF.M ot- r\I\ FR'^AI rroCRAPIfV
it i^ in ihr king o
if Cir'Ct Hill li
iltoUir "t 1 1 '•
Tl
lici
plcu' (hi lOiin
novcr, Mtcm.itJy with llic iluk- ol UrtmlWu
.Wuli^ a- ' ill III .ill (iiimiiiv, iinil imi.' I
tiv ..rci. irc'li'iifcil .i tli tliill-
Vit> ui tin mlliniiiim-i
IhHiIc. T'nrrv I no rilijr.u'ii to
r :(.a li. r' I'ut tJK
Lvitlui.1!;. U \v.i'= ill
tlic Hi II ilii'tiiH 1111)11
. tlii- tii\ lint Ivirilu'lil S<li«.iii''.
k, IS laul I" liivi I'.uihI 1411 lilt
;iiiil cull■•m^ 1)1 iliiir .iii' til
w.is Kti 1)V the Lit.- ilulif An!
r'l
p in i'>i,iiiy
I W
1.1'fn-
ai( ot III .1,
,1!11' 'Jriil- pt)H
.Icr
'V\w Impcri.il 1 .Dullliip lii '^11
1 f M s I !itii;iir
twt'i II llic jMincii'U
ol W
triiu'iTniIf
bt-
litv ot 'Hid), til 'li. anil t(:tcoii:ii\
III. i
(I l.iiMnrh lo iIk alil>cv
of W.ilki niciil, Init now belong U
llu .1
Ul ■ 01
UtunI
wir,
'I'lu Impcil.il Ciiv of N. Ri'M
•.iMFS 1- fiiuntiil on
thi- /"ifV'' 'ibv ii! 11 11 III--
was toiiii' il\ I'lK- I)! iIk
louih-f.u'i from ( ^oll.'.i-. Ii
1 1 in*^- ro\sii'', I ivIjIr'Jul
for ii iiiiioii'- woi
ric- on .1 gr
ks 111 aUl'.iiKr
;rul tuiiiMi.', .iiul *■■
ir.nlc in ihc iliililk-vy iir.UKi'i- . 'I'lu
mlui'.'itani" .iiul n.-iuiiiiacy arc I .uilitrans; to i!ic 1 it-
i-at
tcr o
if ul
!i -.m ilic c av
tor of Bian.k-nbiir
transtfial all \m ri^la- a',.l pitroivaivi-
in conliJ- ration of luint; paii
HI l-i -,
M ilii I r\
1;
ill i)t lit- tiiiirrv- It (i.
ttali o! loii'tria. > iii^
.'t I .r.w. r Saxon ',
,1 a liipiJaii'il liini. In ilu
i!'! ii.iii!i ua: "11 ilif Rli. unh
anil llu- fuu;:li ani"iiv' l^'"!'-
Tlif IniiKTiaK itv of M; m haum s is lauat'-il un
tall of Ciiiil. I'. I'liit >ins 2
llic rmiiu!, 40 II"
Luih
tor .\ii2,i
pufi h.ili
(.ran i liiir,.hi'^. v
'. ith uR'>iiiati (.'.'.tl'.oliL- tiiuii'laii ii
lUin
k- nun
■ It till
In the I .(111 I'
illMIV till • 111*
iiiMTor
I
,cv.i , tin.' onuc
)fri:il I'.R'iZi
in till- 1 lU ami ip. pr.i'.ncf
i.\ hu-
ll Iio'-
tlic ninth pla.c on !'.'■
huu 11 ot i.r.pi.'; i:il V •III''
1 tiu tliiid in ill' If ot
in ihc ilicl ' t tlic • nip :f, u-i
.l.,o,v..r Sa\ony. k ua 1 ini. ily on^' of llic i lans-
T-..' ;••, ai.il lu'i' ;'.t prvlcnl aiokr.ihk- trail'.
HiANK i.NBtM.f; :.:u\ ReinstI'IN, thou^^li twocnin-
tic-,a;c uliKill' .iv.fi.kTcil i<)i;ctlK-r a^ one thief to^vn.
TIrU' counius, lo ■itlicT iv.ili (^ic.'linliuri!, Holicn-
lt..ii, Siol'icr,', a;u. Siluvar/tlnn>>., in I'l.pcr Sr ■my.
ula.ul' iklcrii-.cil, ... r. torm.ilv oiu- province, an. t tlien
f.-.Ik'il Haa/mp,o\v, i.e. the lliTuir.iaa C>uin!v, li:'v-
iiit; luvP. a p.'.it 111 tli'J an. ii.nt H r. .uiian for^lt, now
laTkd Haa/, o: \ihuh then lliil r.niairi (jicit wooib
a:u! 1 .i;h', tli..i al Diiinluiih .j.aiue. 'lli \ ..^e liiuaici!
loii'li rroni Bainl.v;i, fou;',,-\i\li froni Magdc! iiig.
\k .■'.' troni }-lail.. n':.i!h. noiili Iro'n 'rhiirivj,ia, .-inii
f.r.! I;-o;ii llikk !'u:;i!. k i-- lo lol'l a coiiirr\ ih.u
ihc Ino V he- . n i! n'.ou:.t.iins t:ll Mnliii;n;'.;ci-, anil
riti'M-islitilc lO.n; bm ilu- sailus are tlil.d with -ule.
'l'\,. ,:.:;.;: :m;U- .i;\ lb irj, :;.ii.l v inru/.^ii?, ;inil nv.iu ol
I'lLin livL ti. a Very ureal ai'.c. Theri- iiic i.\'n niiiit >
■;k 1 ni'i.!.!.. us lii.'ot . :,i h. > '.'led H''i"'kcn. or
buislv. I I I IS '.ctoml iiul l.iNo'.M loll, piiiiii- !,cv\is,
to in.ike hull tijine i oiip, iila.i)!! t >.• the ri'hi of
prinio^' n:tiire, wliiih lit liil luwly inir.niiiCiil inn»
liiifa.iiiK. to tli.ii Um\ pieuiiliec: Ibr the ISnii'iuu-
print."- hill b.en Ion.', iileil to i pnti ion ot fiml iit
tluir taniilie-. till iliat inibini, (o p, nm-ious m "r ii
oius. vv l^ tiril .ibolilhcil liy the Iliiio cr bi.ui li. A.
llii> ( •.uiiy IV iilicr gives lt^ potlillorihe r.ink ol a
lov. i.ijMi piiiiic, or ailiiiittaiK. into the tol!evi,e o|'
priiui' It the ihet of th." empire, the th. n ilnke of
iilink.nburi;, in onk r to pionMC hinileh' boili iliele
;li the e'lVt )r of 1 I in mr,
.1 lirii the vol.- .iii'i U.ii will li
'OS, m.ui>' a tri.itv wi
piivi
wluTtii' l!ie I itur vr. !i
licinu'\ .■■! Ill llu iiul for h:.- din hv ol ( !iub 'iihafv n i
liei 1
ml 111
ami the ilnk.- e;i(:;i;;e.l n.ver to V"! . ..t the
>oniiirnii'v to ilie tin.inient' '-'t iIk' iki'for; bin a!t.
ir.i il'j'. c..'i'
.1 M tl
till' vot; am
le eki'or.
le'l.'.' 1 tor (;
rii iiih.iU'.ii it-
Tir. louii ot IVianiM iibii';", is llMi.iir.l ?, mil s ufil
't '.hieillini'Uij;. aiul .\o fii'ii oi W. lienl'iit;
I III' tl
I'liail, api; liie l',M'..:es r.r.' ;ii-lii.
;ur oi I'.ie print ip.'l 'v o
Uiv of ihe link >, ,.!i )
Anh.i'.t. J! I- but
■in.! iiK'onv.';ii ni.
.ill'e luir, otrf'iil i!'o
mil I 11 ■II'- ill It. n
ah tor bnlklin^ t;i.:tis, a:
I .-ill III
lii^
luer I ' 111 ; re ill in \vi
li t:;ru , and li'.e ail-
but
v.ith lit 111. I el .
'Ml. Coimty of RAN/.Af is I'lvr^it io m 1 - ''in •■,
anil li.\ I'loul, anil his a foil t^kralVv teiihe. li was
' fv.rnierlv call, il ill,' bai.iw'ck ot' Bari.ill, '.It, aitevwir.l.
ir.', I li inio .1 ioiin;v o! .he cmpiie, by ilie unptrir
l'ei\! 'i-i.tl 111. Baniiil lit, ainaik i' 'un on the /\' c,
am! r.lmik.un. ai.'-h, r n iikti own on lii-.- I.ur.c
nvvT, are ll'.c only j lac.■^ ol any ti'iili>kr..iiOM in ihe
vvlu'l ciunty.
Tik' p:iniip.'.lilv of RAT/.niiT.r, bil n s to the
Sireli:/. f.iniib. but <I"C noi e.-ii'.iin .I'lv pl'.ie worthy
of n. iii.'. e\iept the town ot Rai ■ : o: ■, u ..le the
rej;uicy, tnatiiM , ami lonliilory ai'-h.M, 1 in wliieli
bdoii'^Z"- 'o the ilii'livi-.f Sa\i' La\en'iiri;; i-.il lllt;
lowIl oi S. o.ib '",, whiti'ivv'S na m- 10 a b.ihvviik,
ami tormeflv i; n ained an e[)neo| ! p.iia^ c.
The ['iini r,:al IV ol SciiwiRis i^ t'l ■roniukil 1 v the
ilii h.v oi '.he ;.i"i' 111 •;:!', aiplth I 'uhhip-. <it \\ i nvar
ami Ror. '^r.. b r. io ni-lts k.nt?,. li ^ bioaJ, a-.d was
lornicib
■n'.Iir'L, out lei
ul a;/.;d .'.I the | e.^ j ol
tS;.vklbei... i;i. Broaciu o! the 1 ...i.n-. i- re...n..i;i U e.'iihalia. 'l h o:;lv p ai ; u - ot no: i«e iir,-
tlK^t:llUt nCeruvnv. ; B^a/'s a i-.v„ ■. i-.te ii -■ !■ lb p^ loinKrh rt mkil ;
iL'uiM H koniir- a;.l I /' ..i^ erode i a r.- ii an.l R!u:n. ^ hi ii i^ v- - n m;. lo a b iiwie).. .m.l con-
m.l.,..i:iei,.; . .all. a !i:mi:.'' Hot. |..,. , ,•• ,1,!. i: t.an .i eunMUl 'or I '.it whof' :•• P'vb, ,n.
I'w e' '.Lir. -t II '-Li'is i
l.i e. ;s f>
c -veivr, IJ'.urr , ' wlil.hl.,. a n.ui'i \ i '■: ...'C- ; bill
lAinc .ver -o..:.'. in .' .1 o! it ; ih ;,'.h '• ■ •■: the
ruin.r; h.,ve .litiini d t^ ■: U..\t: y.oA- is t.ir in it .i-
C'"' ll.i •, wh.Ji 1. 2o mil ■-. J ..irjv-; b"n- > I i f'l-'H;;
i:..,iui.- Ii'.\; 1-e^i: ■he'i i' ii-'I uiit, '.i.n-h thi '.e';',!!-
L- ur.i.;-, ■-■eniry k. i-p ior i ;iiti ■ ; iml. a'l'o ' .ihir^,,
tiie ikeieion .f a g,'a:.t. 'I'li r. ar. :..orr,! ro, i.,i ra'is;:inii;h
n ir ih- eonv. lit ot Mii h.'.. hi . in, am! iv) l.u bom j: Medt n.
Bimk :,!.,, r.r, whu h re;.r. h ni f.'.o monk- iii t '-ii pio- i I 'I'iie DuiiV oi S.\ \ t-1 . \'.'.
p. r ii.ibil , a- UK 1. .IS !l shcy wtieiarvi-il . in. mi'l i' pr 'i..'-. -I h ■ I'.: i. in. I'.a" I
ih'T, 'ore arciallel tie Monk- Ci li^'.-. \kriViallle
-;e tuun.! in ii' le ■ .)' liii- '. uii the l"p o! i.:.i. i tfiii 'le
roi'ks, .11.. 1 ;o; .e .i.nu.v hv.v.'i oul ol the lOik ; 'ul
ti.ev are ii"! ii-^L-ndd. 'fli n.ol'. i. iii.nl- ..L ' • i.| llniu
i.'.\,:.l tv-.d Bi'iLk'.liei',', wh . li, Ih ■ uih hi; ,i-.i^ li\,
\v;.b bialt ;o - ■■ i bh'i C hull. b'. liic Lh.nit :, a -
branch, f tlu. SaNoii , v.ho !, .d ..:, i.l I and lemplc ot i bir t'hh ; ■ ne.r ': ni.e. 1 he i.i,'.!;..:-, eniiihn'loa
SaruinlR'K', \vl...ti -■■ '■ .lil-ned bv Cii.nlenia.jne, j v 1. ami h-.u m ihe de'-, ar.- ■ ; ,;, num.'-r; .in.iiue
v.hocalkd ihi I'l.iee H..;i/,bui, . A lak-'puh;' beii,i., ! iLi! s an- ' •■inpoie.! oi i. .n b ;'«, a.-i b'.nrj.u-. Li-
1 I .1 1 ..». ... . .1 I. .1 1 ... .1 . .... I t li r ii.tt ! n 1- I r I- I'll 1 »I.lb. il 1 e
m 1-. HI ii.ivjiii, lu'.' I'll m bi.a.ith, .'Li.d i-..ider- on
:li ■ HTiuo;v ',.t I l...;:ou:'j-. Ill vivtiiri'e, ab.m .ds
i:i ^1 ,11. I'l.,. . ..it:;t. a:.-: lilh: ha- n o.'.n i.).!r:-,
enleliaflc;'.! '.d '..i\'.i: and w.i- ^.ik,], u. i-;i, lo
ihe.l"-i .'.ut II. ;:.'.- . •. '1 h" h'-uL itir.t .ne lai'he-
( );i, r!u!'.:rl"i, oa ih^ iiver
■r"i. I, tlu l.iii'ie'>
III.' n donn.u' >v .
it IS ^^.al.:.'( hv ihe i-.!lv , vi,: u 'la,.!i it ; a'.d i.
bo'ae.'ku Iv I ki.leuioniii-A :': .m 1 laath.bv iain.n-
liuri^ on ihe loial,, ai'.d Me. kl.ii uii; en tiic .an.
'I'hi- e tiintv i' ml v-.rv teni'e ri ji .an, b'.it ab 'und-.
inlki.\, (lUiui.i'j , woo. I, lati. . :'.lh, t\e.
)i 1 ab'H.t .S-) :m!e in.l n".tli; and I's «,',i\ lU.H.
>! icov-rtd ai ih'- boti"m. o! th,: hill, in ih' iiiik- ol
bali'is, duke ot Brunlwu , lie budi .i linall lov.'ii tor
tile ■.■.oikmi.n, t ilkd Juhus 1 lall, uiiuh i, r.oiv urown
rich ..nd lir»e, I'y the tral; in lilt, copp;. l;-;t'dci iiui
P'jts, wiic, iSci.
th.raniliii is ihe eli..bhtlKd leh;.,,..,; and iIk il:r'.'V, m
grniral,ot ih.r ilial'.v.mav be phiecd a-p;'aern-. hirth'.Mc
of ni'.'il oilu! 1 ouniii. -.; fir tlie.r an nia-n I') li.er holy
functi'jn, til' II humiliiv. humannv, •/.•,■.!, .'nd bcnevo-
ieiiee, a:e uxh. that tliev Iten. ijineiii, aalividiiallv,
111'.:
-iRAPIIV.
rcfi-iirc'l a tli.dull-
> !<i till inilMuiJDrn
l"'iiv p u\ loiiiity
I i liii,, <i Will 'en-
I. 'II, I'l nil ■• Lewis,
\ I >.■ the ri-i;i of
ly inir.xliu'iil intu
■; t'.T llu- l!ni;iiuu"
II ti ion ol l:i!ul in
[11 rnieioiis I'l "r- ii
iii'^. cr lii.ni. Ii. A .
(Iiir iIk' r:ink nl a
tn'.i tlic i"i)llc\\c lit
tlu- t!i. n iluu.- of
liiinlcir l'";!i iliiii-
f!icl )r ot 1 1 111 viT,
\i>t.- .nil I U.lt will l»
IV 111 ( iiulv.iihiip/ n ;
t. ..I tiif ilii'i Inii 111
f ilrri/i- ; inir a'l. ■
jr (iru *.lll,.i<.v.ll K-
iiiatrd ?, r.iil. s \\t\
„ W. l'iT.lnit!l- . . u
Anli.ilt. Ii 1^ but
.m.l iiK'fMn\-;u 111.
:'{.• Ik ri', iitK''\i! (I'l*
gratis, ni"' <!'.! all in
111., and il-.c ail', liut
-Av)\'.i lo m 1^ - 'nil \
■ab'v Icriiic. Ii was
ari.itl.di, am-rwaitU
If. Iiy ilic tinpcv .r
V ! ' '\vn Mil iju' A' I".',
iiuii on l!u- lame
Liiiilid.i,.i;oii in tlic
rnr, i\l n s to tla'
am ,i'iv pi'.i (• worthy
at '■, : n;.', w;;;ic tiiC
air IkM, 1 III whiv-ji
^ascn' lilt;; i".d the
la ot- to a li.iiuwii k,
Ipaiac-.
IS I'lnuiiuKd 1 V the
I I'dihipi "t \\ I ir.ar
I. Ii ■. I'loa.l, a-,i! wa-.
i./..d .1! -Aw I t.oj ol
1 , i.v ol no: uc ;u.'
p^ loitntrh, ri'.idcd ;
a i; .ili'.viui. , mid Cini-
■: i^'v h ,11.
.Iv.v.l !'.■ i:.l C. is ^
;.iih, .11, d iMuk-r- on
V . iv [< ;;i!t', -d'ou .lU
I'.a- 1! oA n > .!.;rr- .
< i >iicd. III I 7 ; I, lo
'].i. it.iKt aic I M'h.-j-
liul'.nn, I III iht. iivir
■.'■V'\i.. 1- th.- I.iirhc'}
■ ( n , n d(ir.n;i:o)i .
ii ili\ II :i It ■, a-'d 1 ■
a:i 1 la rt:i. In [ aiiun-
bii; ini tiic i.a't.
II |i'.:iii, but ali'vmi;-.
■,!h, .M-.
'\\\ ; and i's ^nxnull-
;i.'.!:iir', I'lUiilnv, to a
; iii nui'.i'. 'ii; .uid the
\ :■.,'. li'.ir'.^i.ti-. L'l-
,..,; aini th^ 1 1. r.'V, ri
Lfd a- p;'lte^ll^ lo; th"kr
at, iiiion to ihc'.rholy
11 V, zc 'i. .Mid hfiievo-
i J ip.ciii, aaltvidiiallv,
iU'C
riTRoi'E.i
r, F. R M A N I. M P I R V.
7i7
tlic t'ollov
gooil pnc
ll
uiractcf wliiiii Drydcti '^ivc.
ol the
If i<thf» hii pa
rilli »i
id Iv.' took,
])nl n(
Wltl!
Sin I
r.i'd
pi'ifnc
or cur
, fly p.i
witli bell aiiil
liiarinp
lull ort'rini.r n one
L'ry man
tiee to loll Ills I
Ytt of \vs jiit'e ll hail loine to Ijiarc,
To terd till t'lin-lli'd, Mhl t" elotl'O llic lure
l-i
riih'il 111- wi- to iiiat
iioorrr than liinii
It
.■rce, _
not U\
True prieO^, li. laid, and preaehci'. oi il
!sot ilieir I'ov'ivij'n lord :
It all the puhlie Itor
Wtw only IK
Notliin::, \v;i t'eii^,
Ivitnillfcl riclu-s to rehivc ilie pi
Who, Ihoii'd ihcv Ileal lor w.mt ol his r-liil,
He uid .'d liinile't ai.M>niplice with the tliiil.
And dill
T. r
llie
' 1 at hind, wiilunit r'(;iieH,
li( k, to In lour tlit dillieS'd.
Hedulv w.Uih'd hi'
.Aii.l Ir vu the prowh
thick l)\' nii'ht ind d.iv
Th
111
lent tin w
frmiii he tani'd
ai; wolt'irdecniM the pi
ily f.
t!
pe
X .iv a\ .
nitent lie cli-ai i
V!.
rpr I'.e the i leh oil nd r 'ear d.
hill ■ ir.'i' 'i, liMi nioie h^ pra ire wioughi,
(\ livin;;!' ir.i mi of the tnilh Ir; C'uv.' ! :)
I or tin l>v !o!e U'Vi re h'-^ hi ■ he liniir'd,
:a' a'! nuiiut
■111'
do- 1
I i:ie will' h till V heaii
i'orpri.lh, hrliid, arepaueni f.ir the lell.
The ' oM ot !i V 'n, who lie.ii- tli ■ (iod imp
, h'-ii if"' |i' ' 1 'll I iiin i' ' 1 pi I'liek'
ali)ii'4 the well lide of the Wtll-r. from tlic (Jcrniati
Oeean on the north, to H'^\Tu on the foiith ; and lic-
Iwieii l.owii SiXonviMi ihc eall, and the Nvilii ilamU
111 the well. The iiieai.ll exlf;it,fium i mth toiioiili,
I-. ilioiii 'ioo mil.s, .ml I ii'3 Iroiii e ill ii> well. 'I'he
I'lpivialK in ll
iilierii part, is very eo!d ; anil
^■le.it pail of the loll IS iiiailhy and lurreii. 1 !<
\ei, il h,i> pLntv if >orn.tii'l p.illiire; Imt tlr hiiit
Krvei ehielii' to tecii llie 1.'. ine.
i»vei\ O'diiiarv, ami Krve* eliielly
ol whiih till, louiitry has j!,o ,d il
ire of an t.\e
•lint
lo that the h.ieon, and partieiil.irly the haii
ihev lend aluo.
d, ai\
iivus aie the WMer, tl
ilk Aa, &e. 'I'he
V- ry III 11
h elleenied. Tli.'
L'f
the Liiipc, llr- Roer,
d,it
meet w
lull,
ith
here,
accoinniodition^ a traveller may
uouioiilly exprellei! in a dil-
vciy eonuuoii in (iuinany, whici
1, in I'^iii'iiiii
runs tluis ;
hint's 111 re will ihive a ir.ivellLr nia
.^oiiK null
ilniall bee
r,v o.ine n
read, and lodgings bad.
W,l!i'!i.ilia,
coiifellcd lo be t!
Ill
wrei
heil
part ol all i lerni.iiv ; ainl
.1 loiiie writers are
o! opiiiinn, tint III ' ieiii]'er ot th.- pe'pk' is, in a great
niealun
ith
in' the ilimati.
lev are ^^
)od
ipri
1 ih'ieis upon the whole, but have not ta'.enis in i.nu-
nion with the oihir (leiiiians ; lor iliey apjily tlieiii-
lelvis nuieli more to the breeding of ci'.tile, tl;an the
eiiliivatioii ol arts and Iciences.
'II
e greater part
of
'I
h I'Aieh'.ii im.'L!e IS no I ini'i r I. en.
AVi
Wa!
■,,'v U- ■ '1:1 on whom the pi-ipK-tiui
■ Iniiv till- biler bralseontrii't .i mil.
1 what he be;;'
J, hi^ bn linen li leliev'd,
And jiaveth.e ciMiities hinilelt rueiv''
(iave while he taiie
Bi
eiailc he llvw
ami e'hl\'d the iiiori
pro f, 'I'.va , ealv lo \y
poi:
I tlihciiile isa prey to the tyrann\ ami avariec of eertaia
fiiiiitiial and temporal, wlio, hav-
liinli
petiy prini.es
ill;; great vaniiy, and Imall revenu.'. to lupporl it.
I are im r..liv inducei
their lubiM't-.
•|1
1 to pli
nuler, rather
th;
-tcel.
'bility boall of tik an.iijuiiy of
I tli.'ir petlii>iee, bill ilil'pLu luiili'. r eler.ante in their
manner ot living, or the leall ilegree of h jf|)itality in
i their difpoliiion. Ther.' ate, in tliis country, alniolt
as man
Holli tlie no'oilitv an,', commons de'ive tneir pi i
vii.
s troni an
act c.iiLd the I.a.' 'ii'iir'
ihiil
was i;ranied l-y
idliliinied in .i
( il or^e I. k:
1 Ps anieles
t f.
ill
leat LSI nam, .iiu
Bi
elk.
Tl
I.tuherin flip niu nilaiii , ai'poiiiied h) llii- kinif ol
K.u l:;itaui, IS
ani-' ui\.
1 i..ie .
ll
il the Lv.ral p.
du
dill
erenc reli<j.ion^ as princ.s
fuel
1 ai eub.
Roman Catholics, and I'lotelkuits, with tli.ir v.iiious
lubdivilion
\ mill
'ui tlie niaior
pan of the laiier ;ire Cal-
\V1
and u
Chailes the (Ireatliad coniiueinl ike S.ixon?,
ilbllli
Clinll
III - li
lanity anioiii;
tir
re, to which he ijave l.mds for their
ir. but lew niaiiula.'iu'.-i ■; ; Inn muiy lor.uiio-
'ilk .1-' li.ir.lpoii.d l.oni h.-iiee lo oilier lounl les,
. luppoii. In ill ■ I h'l
(.nil 111.-.;!. ru',c :e ': ,li'
nneuliullii, a io.. Won
le of Willpl
lalia are three very
loniid la'i'e one, who li.id fovereign pun, c^
mere. Ik. . tl
ir.ini.iii. ai th ■ iieneral paitition
w.is niaile o: 111 ''iiai iliiKeiioni i
ol S
i.\onv,
ati
th.at
er the
11
and i 111 :h pilviii
;.OOii!i:;.Ue lo
th.- iiuhiIki-
11
no\er, i [ rol.ripf
■f H.i
ind then ll was
that
loini
d i.art'.v by ihe
but an ;P|i
ol its
pe.i
the P.ltLs;
.1 1 oiiinl >':\
Ike lull
the .lie
ion o; Mnnll
■T
ibian
er enl.iitie'l lll^ luunir
ll CI
oi;ne o
biai
am
I th.it
a,;d thai pari of Well-
anil th ■ I one
I'es 111. el ai Kai/.. ' UI'.
K.i;/, 1 ini.', 1 ;
;iii ii
!■ id
hk
ll s I'o'.llli of L,
th. laa-.e n.inu .
wliith ll-' lli'l holds, and by tli.it tenure llile,
'he ii him:elf diikeei Wellph.ilia. The eld'tor palatine, a>
if Julitrs, and the kin;; of I'luikia, a-- duke of
;i U le h:
laih-tlr;
.111.
ilCi
lif.i lied on
- 111.' KAI o
lul'.i. e; ha
Cleves, are aliern.,tely coi
ihe liilliop ol Munller.
dii
of 1 1
lis eiule, w.i.i
r:
:e ternioiie i .!u:i;ne..l in tin ei:
I i e .liii'ul w.i.K
de, .ind a llroii'.',
,11 :ilnll iic.ir the
1,1'iie'i \
Mrrif :i.
;ib.
riie bilhopric of I'.MM-.RB'IRX, ',\lli
h.i- a c 'ninlera-
folk:
.Munlle
Me li.id . piv. ' ' '.:1\ ii
1 corti .ni
piiles 1 ..ll .ll 111 ,: ill r.
li.as a toi
Velli;;es ol a dici'; p..l.icv
.
Nl ollen, aknal! Kavii,
1 '> ni'i'"-
r.i .|1 I'urron .1-.' b\ l.ik
; (jiunai
Bill hen, .1 \ li.i e, \\1ki
diep. .lie
'/eiibai ll i;ives n.i ..e lo i
1 ailr.'.i.k,
.).'
I wi od. It is
, and lontaliis liie
I'loni I..ulec, i^ al-
ls ,1 111 nket-lown ;
r Id ; .mil Scliw.u-
v.hieh lOii! luis two
Copp.r iiu.k aiH
Till CIRCL
I ) t.ic ilo:iiinions Ol I 1 .. ■ :, ii.ile,
h.i . the county ol lap'peon i lie north and w. ll-, hLli'e-
Callcd, and \V,iUkck,i'ii the fouili-, and Munller, and
thc'ui.hy of WMlph.ika, on t!ie .' .'il. his 40 miles
II 111 e;'.ll to W'.ll, ;ind, in f. a,e p'..;c , 30 from north
a verv I'u'h:^ III CO!,!; bur abounds
'10' lis come hitlit: *'om llie
. 1 o\ at ih.-ir tair.s ; .ind they
I'l li'lllh. 1'. is I!
I' mill h in c itlle. tiu'.i
iii'ipjibouiiiuj; 1 uun.iii 1
W EST I'll Al,l.\.
h.i\i rich liili Ipiinp-, .nj kime iron mines
ty o! deer and othei ;', u.e. li is to p ', .'
loruain a, m.iikei-t.)'-> -s, 54 par
,l:id 10 i;enlle:iK'ils li -Is, all lub;;
iV
l-n-l i,,i|;, n.i\i ricii laii ipiin^-, .11.' .oioe iiou lunii-^ ^ n plell-
IS to
c , ! ■• i.:.iiialleries,
to th.' iiilkop, who
of till;. coiinnN fioiii Weil'- I I a priiKe ol ihe enipir.-. .uid wkolc ke i- .ne jl th©
,ui-
;iie name
e. ;i \v
CCIMi: derive
fenpkd 11, i. e. ;i wiute hone, ti'e aim-.ol il
lieiil diikisj kill , ih.is iiior.' pi >b'.i)K li 0:11 W'elilield,
or \Vi ilveldtn, the coiinirv of it^ainien; inli.iiiitant'
the Well Sa.xoii-, on the well lide of ihc Weler, b.'-
Iwixt ihal and the Rhine; as the coi;ntr\ on ihe other
iiJe was called dollvelden, or EalUiekl. ll Uiticlics
No. oy.
.1
iiioi; I oiiii; i.iOic in cniiiiin'. l'!\e ci'.i; 1 .
p'fe'loi '4 i;i|iuul;tr i..ii.,n ., wli.) .ne .ill i
lludy inlo.r.e I'lemh or Uali.in univeiru'', n
coin-
■a to
i e 21
year- old, and [i-ove tlk'.i n.iii'e extra.'; i-.n bs tourde-
;;iees. I'he reveiiu.s of this lee. which is .'. r.iH.a;j;an of
Alent/.jand now eiijovcJ by ihe eleclor oi Cologne, are
i; F ' very
ill
w
in-
'U.
d.'-'j
■ .'!!
'I
lis |«
I i
: if
ill
A NTW, ROYAf., a\d ArTIlENTJC SYSTEM ot TNIVFRSAL GEOCRAVfiY.
tin- I'opilli inhabitants^ ot" thfll parts to .illbmlilc oner a
war, each with a li<j,lital taj-c-r, ant!, htailiil In ihiir
pnelh, to repair to the woods anil (proves, to \ilit inii
i;cs and relics placcil thirc in httle tliapii, v.hiih,
cxcopt upon iIkIc oitafioi'.s, arc ii vcr opened.
War', e, torincrly an Imp. rial i ity. and one of thi-
H.ui;-, n i:ic I'ecomi V ity in rank in the i'ilh' pi ic, an 1
liu.' Icat of a diet. In the ncigliboiirliO' 1.I aie in\ne • I
n'on and lc;id ; and a llroiig p. datable beer u-. b:e.-.id 1 ;
tile inlMbita.il-.
Eraivel, un iht Hiu k.1, was formerly an Iripii, ;
cit-,, but is now grtatlv de!.a\eil; and Dnnlveriur .;
h.ii a I iiadel, and r> a leat 01 tlie land ihef-.
15. veroni^en, near tiie eop.lUix ii( the Hevir wiihtiu
Welt;', 1^ tamou-i tor iis lalt-lprinns. and ha^ loni-
trade-, and Orenburg, on tJLe Mouta, !■..■• a fipod
trade by barj',t^; anil the nt'ghboiniiio larnieib breed
<.;ieat ipianiitusof e.'.tile.
'1 h ■ liill'.oprK oi MuNSTr.R has th,' ioui.i\ it" M nk,
and iluchy ot Wellphalia, on thcliiutli; I'.nil) 1 11 ;.!i,!
Oidenbvnj^, on lliei'orth; tlie e nini\ o. l!en;',.; ;ni,
aiul the Lhnted I'roun.es, o'l l!ie v.ell; and Oin..-
burg, I'adeioorn, aid Raveiilhnri;, on ilie talf.
'I'liis i.-. tlie mill e.Menlive ot ail the i illiop'ics '■'
W'-iiphaha, ! e.ng ,'0 miles n ! hl li, and ..l.or.i .' .->
in jir.adth. ll ii l^ 1 .nie irjiliol pi;-.i,is, a t.w «■" i'-,
an.i many qe.a':ie> ol Itone; b'.'t i^. 1.1 !;en.ral,alK ■_
ei '.intry. '1 iie puneipal nwr ('.vi idi .;i n.in.l m inl, ,
lie tlie Kmb-, \'ecl-,t, Lippe, a;ai H rkel. (iveat rauil-
beisol black cattle arc bred I.eie.
The provmci d iliet-, which confilt ot the iIt'tv,
luibL?, and t.Avn depulie-. are held at MunlKr; ,.i i
til- grcatell pa;t ot the inhai''Hani'i are Ri^nKin Ca
thuliC'i. '1 h-.- iiilliop ol Mup.lKr, who is alio ii;i:a!ie
el.-.lor oi Coloi;ne, hasawr, (..nfal re.l^ie rcveni!.,
laii maiiuain iSooo men, and b hc;i to.iU IbMniicis wii •
die m hi- tcrriioiies witlioiit c'nldrin. Ti.c i ha: l.
ol Munllcr, bclidcs the bnliiij', conlil^.^ ol .|c ■ aii'. .
l^h I moll be all ot noble deicent. Tiic pnntipa! nlaec .
in the bilhopnc are the t"oi'i.\\i:'j, :
Mmil.r, ;h ■ cap.ital ot tlie li'ilioriti , and of" ;!_
cici , tieiives II- n.'.llle tpmi a nv nalleix enel d h 1 ■
oy Ch:'.:' m;<j;:.c. It isfltiiated at the conflux »( d
rr.ir Aa., \v:th die Mmb>, or I'aui^, ;; miles railh-u'e:'.
r 'm ( >;!;aiHMj_, and 4;o nort!.-'.\' l! tioMi Vienn.-^. ';
15 e.:paci.'U5, ltronj;l\ foriilud biotli li\ art and na'i ;e,
and lit a lUful.ir torm, I [,re is a noble cit\, c:dled
[':e Miille, ^s!lic!l\va^ erifted ly the i elebr.itc.i bilhop
Bernard \.\n (iaicn, to lie a cluck upon t!;e laii;;!'i. l^.
Tl.e- i.itliidral is alio a tup ■!> and noble cdifiee. !i ■
:i le- liiefe ll, ere are )',.\\imI liP.e eon\ents. ,.nd e"I; 1
'■.eautdid bui'dititn, l':irioiii;di 1 ! v ven pl.alar.t f.:;-
i.\c:\ . The bdlii.p wa- tor;iieil\ nomuiat.d I \ ill. u' ■
peioi; iiut l.n. e the b.;:Mnn !ig . f the 1 '.ih ce;i; urv, dn
|^ri\ ilip,! ' t nonunalr •!! is 1:; tl'.c de;-.:; and (.lapier
Till!. City ii lelciraleii to; thr. ■ tatno;; !r..nl",;.:ti.in :
I'irli, the re\o!oti"ii m i ; ; ;. ih i al; nc-.l I v a iniiv.bei
<j| enlhuliads v !h) bemi; lu ad >l by a ta'. i r, d.n ,;;'.i-
— -.. ... .,,w.,,,, V, ..,,^.,,|,vvv.. ... ;i ii-d y«™ ,-/' /.,;v</i«, Ir.'iii the pi ;cc '■; Ins b.rdi, <:i'-
ir.:;.jd-; e LtI erain:ni ; b':i (h. I liliop ex. ci t d 1 o .,(' [) ili'elicd the i:,aj;il!iate'. , l(l^)k poll' tii n ui t' e i :y,
the pr, le.p I' ( r /ens .ilio h-e.l end)!.,'.' d u, a: id hjri .el ' j turned out the i'urglu ;■ , a;al pei; tralcl li'.e iivi'i :ioi
t!; ■ '■-l'. to .ib'u . 11. In i-i;; I'le tnlh-p e)l llaibci- rid ciuekies At length, n 1;;'). a ti r al.in' li ■ ,
;* . it, v.i'.i .v.i diil.e C'lr.di.iii ol Bmiihvic, made u Con- • the place uas taken, and jnl'.;i ot L>i\den, wIm i...,(
!;.le'.ible bi-ay h' i--,and lent the >' 'id and lilvei .m.iiies , 1 aliiinii d th'' title ot kinti. uiiii I'ewral ot hij adi.eii i.t- .
o' the lair-.ts I" the mint. In lO ; ; it wa taker; by uire executed, atid their i 'Mie In.n _ up in ipmi ' OKeu
A\i!h,ii)., landiM i.t ot Hefi'e ; lull delivered up tu the on llie 1 .p .i| ll.c hi^lvell lleei'li in ihc i .t . .' e. nn 1,
empei ii in I'.oi. In i6.|') it I'uirendei'-d t') ihe | the tn-at\ cmik liided here in r'.j!-). v.lm h leiniinated
S.vtd.s and Hell'iai s; bjt the latter were lu m diuve!| .;o y. .10 war. Third, the n.ible ertbri' if mid ■ i-; vi.
out o! 11 by l-"i 11,, I Wila'iii, bidiop ot Oli.aburg. ' ' leiic . of" its libernes, ap, nn i ihet\ r inn;, in . uli.: ; ■ . '.
Neuliaie. ; . l»o; .n^ , with a c.dlle ; A'tenheckeii is J ol th.c bilhop lii-'n.Lrd Vati Galen.
a vill.i!^^; vM'.l, a leniaika' i« Ipriii-tj S.il/kott-.n lia;. its |
name from le, ;altl;)iia.i:, and 1.' the leal ot the land I the Fe,nbsj -.ind Waicndolf, on til
v.-rv c.mlidcrab'c ; a-id the billiup i^ ali'e to rail'e a bo-
ib .)'■ ^e-o.) nun. In this bilh'pric i' ih-' t'amous field i
ot'l'atile, where Qumtiluis X'arii-, wnh the Roman ,
irnv. under his command, '.'.as routed by theCrmans
-,.iid.r Aiminiu , and. the latter lhe:eb\ heed tiom the
Ro.iian voke.
In d'c tr.:n!i'..'tion of t!u- Royal Soeietv, iniblilhed
in Dec -mb.r if'i'5, there is an aeMiunt ot a lp::n^ m
this territoiy, win :i Ict'e illell'uvii e in 24 hours; but
letiirns e.it!' a L'rcat u ■;1", .md Inch force, a- to turn
three mills n ■: tart"rom its louree; fir wliicli reatim it
I .all.d Mvilder Horn, i. e. Roill. rous Spring. There
is a.iother remarkalile f.iuniani, cilled M the--rn, two
miles tV.iin Paderborn, which is a terrible Ipiiii;'. ; tv,o
jiarts ot' which, n.iia toot and an li.i'i I'oin eai h uiher,
iiev,- ve^y ihlVerent o.iialities ; tli. '. v limjiid, blueilh,
lel.ewarii, .lii.l contamin'.; l.d-arniD.n.ie , O' hie, iron,
V.rrii.l. ill.im. i'ulphiir. ;.i:r. ,..n.i urpinieni ; the oili.r
coll a- I.e. ti.:bid, anil edi iidi, with mu. h the l"amc
cont-nts hi:t llr.in-er in;a''l-, .ind l..-a\ 1 r thm ili
bet'orc-m.-ntioneel. It 1 I'iid to iie .1 p.ileet eure lor
th- V, irm.. All t'eivvl- th.u d.imk it iiv: imm.di.itely
liuvnn into c. nviil!i"iv , but livin ic.nv led bv an In-
tidi'Mi iM e'.<'-V.mon i'alt .\i\d vir. t;.ir. '1 ' e third Ipii;;-,:,
vdiich. is a. oe.t t>v(-',tv pace-lrom ilieoih.i two, i, ol .;
gre^niih C'linr, b.it very il.ii, talle b 'th hur ;i;id
iwei.r.and i-- i'uppvif d t" !■• .: m'Xiiiir ot the othertwo.
Tee c ,\ o; r .dere. vn, \. 111. ll 1 ';ne o! t',e H.m:-.
Town-, i- a 1.11;;', m 11 built, l.irini^d, and pipni'ius
citv, 20 mile call ot Lippe, and ab uit ^'>o lou'.h-well
of Hanovc". Tnieitv\va 'mpon.il till I'-oa, whn
Til- 1 1 r , ii i'llliip, I e amr b itii !' Ipiiitual and
t'-Tipj al 1> v.-,-ei2,n. S niv e't if e!.;;-.' e- are iiKioni-
hi-e'v.. It- ca:'.i dral :■- a i;ran.! libii' , i.iii lior to lew
m '■he em-plre. Olli < 11. s \'»'-' ' golden ciuciiix to it
o' eo pounds viLij,!)!, t 1 tliC v.i'ue ul 'o.o.io guild rs,
or ab ut !-1cod'. llrhnjj;. Ti.e i'lllioii' pala.e is a de-
cent Ori,-t,i,-e; ' iii the b.lli /p-, when they vou, h at ■
to \ilil this Irmll beiieii- e, whkh i- not very often, te-
tide I'even irnle. oii', at Nieiilms, a callle Ir.iilt 111 \ :,i.o.
An unr>er(itr e.is loir .led liere in 1 ; ii, b\ ili.- bilbi p
cl" Tu'llenJnir^ ; .\r.-l in- ii;.;'i I'.i (.iiv iLinds n-i i.ir
from the Lippe, e, h.^h ii an wit'i tie I'l'-. -, i: .;r N-- :i-
lie-, 'el it ha il-nimc tmrn ;!.. I'.id.r, a i i\ ukt -\lii, h
lias I's ri.e 'id' und rtl.e h;^'. alt.u o! it- 1 ..th eh.J, anel
B' •■ n. i. e, .'. Ieri-;i>_.
I.i • • - Cii .; hm i^n. 'iM l .eii re! i onventr ■!) lure
Ol I'le bia:,;.- .uid S'.xj'i , .dier /. LVen: number, lioth
ct' S.i\o".. and \\'e!lp':a! ..a , e.eri- oapl,/ d. He b.nii
a cluiril: !i Te tli.it .•. .s de'.li \ut b\ ti.e .Sa\ ill.-, but
re', u ';, in -1}:, ■ W'ltrerii,!, t' e ;j,re-,ii dul.e ot tl-
S..N 1:1 , \'.' Mt'ie'i, ;i i i..,d, lr..n:'uei l!ie I'.-.- Ini'ier
from ITiiiic I, live fjiman m;!e3 oil", wl ere it had
been:,:'t plae.ied I v ( laileir.i.euie. In o .•, liie lathc
dral, wit.i it ';!,.
was dellro'. c; !)\
tie y^ars 10 -^:, 1 : , . ii^--. . n 1 1 ,e,o.
liril w .ije.l rv'.r.d 1 it- I elle.p, 111 t
the I nil c .-
til.- ''i It pill o; the citv,
.1 i 1: '.. d ;l;i- i.Le ll.. tort'., lie in
' ' ' -n T! I ea\ -.N.ls
be >.,iiinj; < d
la , i;otlu ndiabit.'.nt' aitempted to
diet-; 1
ii.ht n.ui li.i tile l.^.m ■
I'jrivilei'e
Wuni
buit; take", its name tiom ,1 vif-.torv oitaincd her
Cnarlemaijnc over tlie .S..mi.
Al'iie, has a coll '?e.
lid li
liiiieli, 01
by
1 the
B ckh-m and Aideii, on the V.'el r ; T-'.j
l"aini
ua. a caniia
Lippelpning derives it-i ii.»nie from
the Li
ppc, near
the iii'.iuth Oi which a i-. li-.uaicd. hu cullom.iry fgr
leais m the luid dieis. 'I'lie htte
manulactory.
C'jCbfeld r. tlie lai-;^'.fl town in the bidi^pric ne-t ■ .
Munllerj CoppenburfT 15 ind,. pr-nd'.nt ol the billiop .
Wcine, near the Lipp'', lend-, ilepuiicc to the d'c-j:
BuchoU, oil the A,-, has a 'Jinlidc-able ironwork; r.v. I
ftL-ri.aciu
170,, ll
ti;e;iei.i!,
I he ,
rial CI'
vi ry lev
lliop, u
a, uell
lor t .ino.. .
'Th;. bidi.
<e.l piiiic
Kvron.es,
pe ple,wi
siv\ is al '
<i'ppiel]iii.'
C":UI'.oIk-
Tlie ir,:
Hi'lland.
are every
herrint;- ,
hroiiglii I
Then 1
I living lei
men's pui
ci.mplrat
inile.id 01
biiithens.
DGKM'UY.
irts to .idem' lit" one- :t
and, hc.u'til h\ tlitir
t! ^rovi."^, to\ilit ini.i
litilc iliapf! , wliiih,
n A\T o|ii.'n'.d.
\1 I ity, .uul OIK- of i!'.;-
in t'lic i'illi' |v:n:, .ml
jourliO' il .lit' iivni; !
ib!c beer u li;i.-.i(.il I ■.
tormciiy nn Iniriii ',
il ; ami Diii.kiriHi'^',
l.UKt tlict'-.
ol the Bevi r wuh tir,-
iiiiiyrs, and lias Ion!-
llouta, I'.'.'; ,1 jiood
Lioun.'ig, larnieis hai''
,s til.' loui.iy "t M irk,
e foiitli; Mnibd; n wr..]
c Mint\ (i; l<eii;l.. :ni,
tlu' \Mi!; and Oln.-
.!r';, Oil ill;' c.tlh
'.'.I the 1 il!io|v ics '■•
.n-_:li, and ..l.or.i r ^
, piai.is, .! Lw «■ « 1-,
:j, i:i t;en.. ral,a 111
•.'/; 1 1\ a! iiiml ki li,!, 'i
! H rkel. ( i:ej; laun-
:onfift (if the 1 1 ti'v,
h-Jii at MuiilKr ; .'.i .i
!aiU>- ,iiv Ri'iiLin Ca
.r, who IS alio ii'.ualiv
t.':il;d r.-.lile ivveniK,
i.:\ to .ill ll'Mlliieis wii I
iildn '1. Ti.e ( lin'.ai -
^■|l^ldl.^ o; .JO ■ .iii'i :■
. T!ic princij'.i': pla^ci
li'.iliopti , and of !!i>
nv n.dlery friLt d 1' r •
I ,;( ill',- conflux o! il
ns ' " niiks I'ailli-we;'.
■"> li ti.>:n Vic":n.^. !;
•lOtli li\ art and na'i :e,
1'' a noiMe cii\, ( .IKit
■ llie 1 iltiir.itfd l.ili'i.p
».k upon t!u- llUlp^'.l^.
nd nobk- edifice. !i -
e eonvents, .inl c'r. i
i ! V ve;\ pl.alant ^v'.i -
noniin:u.d I \ tli. i v. -
t tlu I '.ill ei nv.nv, ;!u
he de.-.:: and el a;'ler
■ f.iiin;;; iranlactKin :
eial:>:ievl I v a miir.l'ei
d by a lav 1 .', d.-n .;:;i-
pl ;ie '■; Ills b.ril!, Ci'-
pol!'. Ill 11 oi t'.e I ;y.
ip ii.ile'.l th.- ir. I'i \\o\
, ;6, a t. r a I'li • li • ,
ot L.. \,!-n. wiM t...d.
evvial n't li^. adLeia.t-.
llun ; lip in ii'Mi ' .!i."l5
1. ill die I ii . J e. 'iiid.
\V). V, liicli tei ruinated
e crt'ori'" It iind • ri .:.■
t\ r m:v. '.c. uluip 'i i.
'!>■ We:,, T\ .. ■■.
:!■!'■ fajiii: live!', I. c^•• '■
tier lia, a capital i.ii '
n tlic bidi^pric w-s ' .
p'-niJi rit oi' tlie billiop .
rlejiulK'C to lite ci'<"i :
dcrable iro:i work; r.n I
Moni.ijciii
ET'ROPr:.]
(, !■: R .M A N' E M P I R E.
759
M.nimep.i is .a to'.vn an I lort, at the e(jiillu\ of the
Hale I'nil i'.ins.
Ai Weeidt, onthe lIlM, the riMiellant aivi ileraied :
Vrihli is a town ami tori on the riv r o! ih.' tain.'
name; and Cloppenburg is a lin.iil town, ij. niik .
norih-'alt of .M.ppen.
The bidiopric ol Likoe is bounded, on the nonh,
i>y Kaliaiit; on tiic i"',iili l)y Luxeiiibnii:; and Cli.ini-
pai^iir ; on the weli by Namiir ;ind 1 lainault ; and on
tlie eall by Limbtirj^ and julicr--. It is aliout vo niiLs
lonj;, but verv iineqiuil in the iileadili. 'I'he loil i-
fruittiil, liic ail' t nipeiau-. ami ihe earth lieh in iiiin s
of iron, lead, and pit toal. Tlu rivers are the Maeie
and Sa'iibre.
The maniitacturc^ of Liege arc beer, I'erge, leather,
arni>, nail , marble, tVe'.
The lt.lt'-' .'le eoiiipo'ed of llu'ee bodies, llie eh ip;> r
of Lirjre, ill*' ni)bili;\ ol the coiintiy, and ihcd.putie
ot ihr ia;iital.
The biliiup i. b^.th I'lnpon'-l and fpiritiial loi'd ciflhe
toi!iiir\ ; bill, in lie latter cap icily, lull'raL'.an lo ihe
aii hbilh.ip Ol Coliv_n. . Ti'.e chapier conlitls of do
jx'i.bn-, who niiid [ir. ve their d :een: to be noble for
(oiir general Hii', fruin lunh parem , or h.iv.- dipKurui'
from tome rilebrated mm-.'; ;iiv. Tn,' moll loi-.nd^r-
abl.' pLii..-- .lie til'- iiill'>'ivi:iL', :
I.,iege, the;'.;, i :,; l.e.id.' :ii, ealicd Limk iiy the
inelenl inhabit, n'-, (the lapitil.) is liliiiled on I he
nxer jM.ieic, i: ir. ies loiiil; 'I Miell/uhi, .;o ini'.es
n-irih-eall oi Nainni-, a-iil .,o miles li)uih-eali of
iirti'iels. 111 ^deuiees. _;(> i.un. eall long, and ^o dec.
.10 min. norih lai. being about four mil^s in ciieuni-
ference. It r a populous wealiliy eit\ ; two branehes
of the river M.iill, and other rivulets or laiials, riniiiing
tl-.iougli levcral ot the llreets.and forming litdc iilaiKi>.
No city 111 (icrmany can equal it in line churches or
convent'. There arc not Ic!-' than looihurihcs, and
a. very num -rous iK-rgy belonging to the churJus and
monatlerR'3, whii li arc moll (il, al.inlly lilualtd, and
have ample entlounii'iiis. Aiiiong oilier religious
houli's, iiere i^ one ol Englini nun', and .m univerlity
ot pieat tami .
The foriitications of the irj-.vn, wliRliaie nit very
flrong, are' commanded bv the neii>hbouriii!', hills; but
the citadel is eap.tl le ot makiiu'; .i good <Kienee. It-,
biiliop, who was eieftor e>f Coi'igne, put i; int) the
iiand.s of tlie French, at th.- beginning • t qiu^n Anne's
w.i:'; but the duke ot \iarlborough took it iro.i! th.'iii,
anno i;.^:: and t'.ic I-reiKli l)eiieging it again, ami'-)
lyoi, they were obliged to r.nicthe tige by llielame
general, on lir. reiiirn tioni the Mo!, lie.
The niagillrate' of Liege pretend th.ii it is an impe-
rial ci'y, or fovercign llate: but they li.ive lull: red
vrry leveicly tui dilpuiini!, the aiithoi itv ot ilKir bi-
lli(-ip, \vhoi-, III tact, aiil'^'ui. |.ivereiL!.n i>! tic city,
a. well as the li'lhopne. Mt is cliolen by the Oo ma-
icin.mons, who ai'e, moil of them, of nobl ; extra'";i;iii.
'I'hi- bidi'i]) IS line of the moll conlidcr.il-)!e ecieli ilti-
r.il jiriiices in (iermany, having uilhin lli^ divek- 5:
luroiiies, iS walled t'nuis, .md ^00 vill.uje , lull ol
pc' pie, with a revenue ot ;oo,oco du. .its per annum,
and is able to maintain a liod\ ot 8oau men, without
opprelling hi, lubiects, who arc generally Roman
Catlioli^v.
The trade oft lie inliabilant-- i-moil ci-)nlid-rable w itli
HeU.iiul. (iicat iiiiaiiiitics ot nun, Itoiie, chalk, fv'c.
are everyday caiiied down ilutlierb\ the Midi'; and
herring', i hcele, buiier, .iiid all kind, ol gr.iecry, are
brought bai k in ri.turn.
There is a pii ivi iln.il i.'.yint'; pn-' lil- heif, to tlie tol-
I'.ming tenor; That tin. 1 ilv is tiie u,iiiun's hi II, the
men's piiigatoiy, and pnelb p.ar.idile. '1 lie women are
coinpl .at flaves ; ,,s tiuy ihaw ihcir boils uji the river
inlle.id ol liorl, - ; d''-^, U\\ , .ind c.iiiv all kiiuh of heavv
buithciis. The priell-, have tnilv their pii;dile iieic ;
for tlu'gieaiet! princes 01 iMirope make intoell to be
ot tins I'li.ipir, Ix'i aulc the revenues and povsi,r of it
art greater ilum ary other can boall of. As to die
poor laity, if to have no money in their pocket?, and
tiieirconlciences at the abliilute will anddilpolal of the
jii-ieds, may lie called a purgatoiy, we Ihail not Iind
ihi-, pioverbto fall vuy lliort ot die truth.
Tongies, or Tungri, a very ancient town, fituaied
on the river Jeeker, 10 miles no;th-welf ot Liege, and
ic^ w.ll of Maedriclit, was i.fi>,reat tame in the time of
the Roman'-. When Atilli, the Hun, took it, h-de-
ilioynl 100 chiii'i hes; tut It was Very early made a bi-
th 'pric : but the lee, upon its decline, .vas removed
to IVIacllricht, and from thence to Liege.
Huy, or Uiigum, lituated on the eaft tide of the
Made, toriiieriy called Henefac'tum, a town of great
iinte antiently, is at ])rel'ent a ilrong fortrds, 1 1; miles
liiuth-wed ot Liege; antl was frequently belieged cur-
ing the wars in the Netherlands.
Dinant, lituated on the river Maeii:, 12 miles
touth ofNamur, wa^ taken by the French, but rc-
llorcd to the billii'|) of Liege by the ptaee ofRylwiek,
anno 169-.
Bouillon, fitu.ited on the river Semoy, j?o miles
loutli ot Dinant, and abv>ut 10 miles from the frontiers
ot Champaign, i^ a foititied town, and, with a fmall
ter'uory annexed to it, givc^ the title o! duke to the
billiop of fJege. Of this pla^e the famous G xlfrey
w:is iluke, who, ( ir his c .nidii't .ind ctjurage in lubdu-
ing Jerulalem, and taking it tiom the Saracens, in the
1 1 til century, was m.ade the tint Clirillian king of
that city.
St. Tren is fimoin for irs Benedictine abb. y, the
alib ji ot which names one iiall of the mai,illrates of
the place, and the bilh ip the other; and lor levcral
convLnts of nun^and friais.
'I'lanchimon, lix miles from Liege, gives name Vo a
maniuilate ; Verviers, on the W'eze, has a conliderable
woollen manufactory; Cuivin, lituated on a hill, is
only noted for the ruins of an old calUe; Tiuiin, oa
the .Sambre, has a collegiate ihurch, and fjiiie con-
vents ; Hallelt, on the Darner, is a linall pri tty town ;
and Lobbes, a Benedictine abbey, is immediately lub-
jvct to I he lee of Rome.
S])a, or.Sp:'.w, k a imall but celebrated town, on the
licile river We/e, 20 miles dillanee from Lieje tow.irds
the louth-eall, and 7 trom Linlbui-g lo'Ajrds the louth-
weli. The cvcnuc', to it are exceclng il 'ny and dif-
ticuh; and it is lo I'urrcninricd by m')untains tii.'t you
cannot Ice it till you appro.ach very near to it. In ira-
veiling to Spa, eiiher by Liege '-r .-Xi.x- la-Chape' I -, the
w ly lies chielly through unculiivaied delerr , and th.o'.e
.ilnioll rocky. There are nothing but n-iouiitains on
every tide, wlii h liicceed one another, and over wliii h
travellers iiavc ui.ide fome impertect traces ot a road.
The rains and temj-iells, which .ire tVeiiiient th.ere,
even make tlie pall age lometimes dangerous, iiy rolling
down gre.it lb iie^ trom die preci|'icvS. The c.i.ichmen
of the country are theiiilclves otieii at a fit^ bccau'e
the tracks are detaced beiween le.iton and lea'on. The
town conlills of 4 llreet^, in ilie firm ot a crof-, and
m.iv cunt am .ifout 400 li'iuks, tor the convenience of
thole th it come to dunk ill - waur-,. It uas tornurly
a mere vill.ige ; bur, through the tan-ie of its mineral
Iprings, has been cnlirged, ,uid ereclei' int') a bo-
lou ;;li.
Here .ire five prini ipal wells, winch go down with
iU'p-, like that at Tunbiidge. Th.' cine; well, c.illed
I'ouxhon, or I'ahon, in the maikei-pl ic ', is the molt
idol led to, and hastiiis Inkription upon it, whi', h e.x
pielks the qu.il.ti-so; the wateis:
Siitiil.iti J. arum :
Oi/hii'Ium rclWal. durum 101: . I.>um:.'.aj'i\.u.
Dfli.'c f^iiijiid! ; Ji I allien dih' l-iLas.
That is to lav, " S ured to healili, thete .v. iters open
1 ibii ruction , 11 ncict crudiiie', div up cxi.lii-.e moil-
ture, .md llr.nglhen wliai is we.ik, pr uided you take
tlieii-i with precaution." It i*- fi-ciiii this t'pnng tliey diaw
tiiat
I
:] I
'il
•ri
u
i-J
fc
A NKW. l\0\.V.
' -i'
MH
Si
%
5 :r-
((■? I
;0o
th;U prodi.iioiis (]u.;r.t;!y ot'v.J.:.T vliiili - tranlp.Trcd
into t.iii'ilin c.Hiiiirits .in.l cliivially into I.ns'l.Jni
ami l-lolUiiul, W.u.d ii;-. r.i lolili--, w.tli tlio iov\ii
Ic.il. . . .
Next to the '.vi'l! o: roi;x!ioii, then- is ;i tount.iin ot
trdh water. Ahicii ir. ii !|n-in.: "i a mea.iow, h'.lt a
mil-.- ilill.'.iu t'liiii ihc t..un. 'll.L- iounn d ii i- oi
Lihic rt.-ne aiul t!ie top of li.i;-: it 'jdutsitb watir
out of th.e iiivnitli^ of tliree fio^-, wlKiice th.- I'.coi'le
eall it tlic 'ro.ul's r..uPtain.
TIk- well ea;!etl ( ;• lontl I'.v, or ( leroinh'.r. is in a
wood, I'.lvmt two ;ii:le >l::;a:it 'loiu S;m, loA.uiUtiie
Ibutli-v.efl. It IS e"V'.i(.\i \\illi .1 iloni.- ot liliie-lloiic,
tuppoitnl In four |mI1;uso! led and uh :c niaible. It
i-. eont'ideralilv lef | h ntitiii ol .■..iier tha;i I'iie LMiiur,
and '.[ ih>- moll tic.;ii. nl:d. l lie ihue .'iher wells
ealled ih'' Saviuiciv, ri.e W afro,-, and ilic 'I'.innek-t,
or little Tim, are not niiiLh i.led. 1 lie l.alons tor
diinkiii^ t!:.fe uat.i> are m tin- li-'I months ot June,
Julv, a.; 1 A. i.ll. ThJe Aa:.:- have b^-m known
niaiiv a.', - a;',o.
'I'm t'-:'ii»h;-i. nave a V TV line le.onatl.rv at Spa,
adorned \^::'.\ . it -e <.',iniens '.'duii- ., I die eoiiipany
w.'k u lio ,';i ;k :l-,e w It i<-. I'-e in:i, i .dlrd dii Court
et I .oiVo.i, '. \eiy .x..\, and die . i.i and moll Ire -
i[n nte '.
.Se\e:d ; rinr.''-, h ho ' :i\ be n h re. h ive left pioots
o' tile 1 111 r;i,v; ; !:;i i\::'.v Mai -a-et de V'aloiv,
( ;,Le:i o: 1 1 •; ''i ' : .M I I: , r\ 1 1, iider lo 1 Icnrv
HI. and. ■■•..i'. -. • I ! : -\ |\'. ni,,> v, i- here in t!ic \ear
I- '. II'-!.i. 111. ...V ol 1' .i.in,l .'A.l hi, n>e, who
w.i I'.eie 1 ' I- ;. 1 'e liT.' ■ .X^-.'nd i h.irr.ele,
du' I- ■! l\rn-.i. in i . i: An.,, .;■ (,ne tine, king
Charl.js 11. I' f.n.lan.l, :!,<. k,n;: oi l)e:i!nark, a: d
til! 'ii..t \) ... ut '! •;.■. ;p.v : .And, in I'l;, I'eitr
the (i c..'., 1 / ir ot MuIluv , drank the water- here
di.rinp; lev : .1 .'. eek%
Tie pwr,:ie ail j.-'j). 'd---, '.tiir. ''. and I'peak :hc l,inn-
Wallo '!!, (I 1 aii' '.o'.-, i-i.ii.:', as al L;e'j,e. T:;e\
arc goV'.r:,Ld by.' iiri', r, iwo beiior.!. liters, leven
r.i.lxvni';, a.",di a Uv, i.i r. n.imed bv tie prine.- "■
Lie-.'.e, andi i' a,r;'. ;.l [■■: lur- verv yen. I'he pe"! Ir
en'.p'u, rlv?;;v.. ;v ■ m •■ d m ' i'o\e' tor hi'ik-s t.id f,
l:;u!r" .and (>;'ii.,- i o .e \,-..nillKd .'.lev the matin r i t
C iun:'.-w a;'. . ',v ',uh il;.. v ! M to it e L«Mr,[\iny a ilit \ ' ■'
h.iin ;hf \ i.'.' .
Til' luv". b. liig 'cioited, io!v pcoj-le li'^'ii .ill
paits et 1'..;:" p , ' n .•. u. -t ol il wa;.,'-, h.is been
aU'.a all.jW'.d a ii uiiahi-v diu ii;^ tl-.e- hotted wai--.
'I'i.e .». ir.:i'. I'.'imiit : iv i \ e i 'i 'iiil'iil in lOin,
bcii::; c:i!' li'. wo-', in aint.iin . '. i.l li ilhs; l".it ii
al-,e.'.n,;5 v..'.ii ipi ;-.^_~..t innKr.il ,;:i.i l.'.iei u.iter, and
in U\i:al I. a;- : . .■.nv ; a'.-.'!"'- h.ihii ers, win. h
lIoA tioni t'le ir,-. ,l i,n , p- iii' e [' .-.-.v o. riot::, an
Dther kind.^ ol !,,': .
TIk- ' /.i., I(- • I i ( I- . e.'ie! a rnon'.:in ni
!..' , ,n I onmu ; .I'.r,,'!! 'it \\n- b nel:, le.- i(\ ned
t:vj:-.id. .i.ki., ^ :!.. le v.at.f ;t.i. in: ,i;p' io;i np n ivlnJi
1- a: t^i;(;'.v: ■
AUrilEXTIC SYSTF..M of UXIVF.rsSAL CF.OCRAITIV
1 !
I'tTtr. Ill,' I r s r. i v :',.' ;ii 1. I ol God, i-;r.[i. 1 T ot die
i;, I' s s 1 A N N
Pv ;.,d 11-, h iPi A ; invi:.i-i' !■■
Ridoi' r .il i:;dii .i\ dlli-i[ ,!iie, ■
Anui.i.-.plinrei ' talll i:::t.. a:;'.l,irl imoii!' hi->p. oplo;
\N !! 1 h.iv,!" . ', i hii own iiidiilliy.
t'. ;'t 1 in It --'i.'.e.l'i! fl'-d of llup.;
I I -. ,;, ■ ■/', .1 ';;v ,i,,i'^;nen!cd Ins inin ■ ,
A -J !,,i, ,■ I , .;c!\ M.I ■!. mill- veiy li'./.e ul v.ar,
J I 3 :• ,■. iii^, a '..r, 1, red 'ar-,' .1'. ,u <;iiii d,
\\
.lb ,4^1;
Ar.lhaun'l' . J,ed ,n;o ;h; tiianiiei .
ij'. tie le • I il null' : s in l.iiopv,
C.iin ■ tlii'.OL'jh l-;,i-.,e lo .\ '.n.':: and L.i'''.e,
'I'o tlie!.; ;v,iur5 at Si-A,
As to (he ii.iv. n I)' '.'eallli ;
Atidlia'- ill", hapj-idydiank'il il.ut. ni jilheiith!iillp.iii|^ ,
I'dUieuI II ly ihai ol ' i i. p u n s t i. k r i,
W'.is reliored t > hi-- firmer drenp^th.
And Ins di lived he.dlli,
In llie ye.ir 1717, zid ot IiiK- ;
Thenee returning thriiiL'h Hi'liand
To his hereditary dominions.
Ordered this eternal niominieiit of his iiratitiide to l-r
erected, I 7 1 Ii.
The biiliojiric ot OsKAin-iir. is (itiiated in-twccn the
W'eier and the fjiv ; beini', bounded bv .Miiideii on d.t-
lall, Mtinlh.r I'll the well, Diepholt on thr north-eili,
and Ra, eiifburi; < n the foiidi-wetl. it i' aboi.t ^;
tildes K'lu', and .. ; btuail.and prmhues ive, j\u; iii.-i;:; ,
caitie, t.iit, I o.d- , iiiaibf-, c\.i..
The inhabitant., who .lie p.irtiv Pr.iteli mis and
paiilv R":i';:.n (Jaihoiii , niK,- threat quanl il le^ o!. and
deal eiin;i.'.' i.ibly in, ham , baeon, \i.
Hy a lie.iiy eoiu liideil herein iiM^. llii'. bih'piic
WIS to liL- in ahernaiivc bri-.u-en the Roniiin C.ulio w -i
and I'roiellants; and the I'rotell.int bilhop ua- anv.r. ■
tOL.ea younger pvinec ol tiie lioiile 01 Urunlwie-1 ,1-
iv.ni ui'i, oi, in i.ile ot l.iilire th.-r.-ol. 01 Biun,'.'. ;e
Wo.taibifth-. Ill e' nleipienc^ ot tin , Itipul.ilioii, Ins
prelent I'.nt.ii.ni, in.i'rlU ' k e- nd, In, lT..d.ritk.
bom A',;_;'ill 10, 17";, imi','u billiop lA Oliiibuig.
Ihi: ii;oi._l;Ii this I'llhoptie is tlni alt, rn.aivelv hen -
ilii.iiy III tins l'r,.)teilaiit tami!\, it r- 1 01 H w idi re-
paid to Us Rotiian Catluilie billi 'p/S ; tor li.ev ;;ie
eiioieii o.i: of diri'eruii lamilics, by a ihanierol 2;
eaiions, o! wiioie prebends tli:- reveniu- of 1 ;S art m-
loyed li\ the Rom, 111 e> >, lelialli, s ; thul', ut lour ate
.i[-.prop:i.'.teJ t.i the I'uppon of a c.'Ile^c; and ihf diu
ibiec ii\ the Lutheran ear. on-, v, h 1 mi: tapald "i
e e:ti.:'i, but not ot beiMi.i elei'tLiI, Inliiops, is t| ^ Rn-
mm C.i-.hohes are. Wli.n th.ey have .1 I'l piih i-i-
llKip, i.e IS lu(lVaii,,iti to the ar.hbdhoii of C^uloiinc;
I bin t'lv I'rotellaiit bilhop, who is a !elr,j^or.d pnnee,
ind.eed, has Indc to deiiionlha'.e Inni an ei eiei-.ilFr ,
1 b'.U till ,iili-; and It u .s.lT ed, li\ the ivei'.v .it'iiv-
I l.ud, thii when tlierr is :i I'oiKlh.iit : illiup, the ar< h-
j bilhoj) I i' Cologne ih.oiiM In puid iheixeiule •! his
j ii'.eiiiiiiiiht.iii nil lulii'ijon.wiih le'jard O'tiie I'lutillatits.
I Siae i;,e re'omia' ion, intii dueed lure in i'i;4, ili"
I billi ip. ■••li dier I apad or I'rotrll.inl, h.is little morr
j than lii.. I'.aiiri tlie I .iillii i.i'is not alloiMn.: tlr ■ ■.■ 1-
I ( T.e ot e;.ii opal unildictuii, and the I'a'Hi; iv-: In ::):\
Id- fit en u_li to obt.nn it tor li e bilh.ip it theV o-.vii
, o; 1.1 111. It |siib;>rved 1 v lull.); la-e. ti;at CiiVa^ tin
j ( d. .'.! , I, h : 1, unded the u e, ...I'l • e^n. .ited in ■ i :i!:ie
dral to ^I. I'etii, and the l-.'.o ivarivis (.'nll'iii a',<'
j C;iip:nia:;, exemjiied u- latli ^p Ir •111 ^il! mannir e.
! Iivima 'e ,Uid lei vii e, e\i.'.]t ;n .in 1 u' allv, ,il rhei.ti
! piKa- 1 iiar:' ■, to ncg>tiate a:iv ir.r . -i ' li;it sIimuM b"
pi'ipokd be!-A,xt the lam !.i oi i.ie -ii-.v 11. an . w^.ei.i
eiiiper ; .
'1 he I. venue iflh.s bdhopiie :;ni' mn;- to upianl ,
ot ^o.o?."l. ail'' ti.e b.llnjp 1 .lof to lailc _ ■ >
men; tiio.i lih' has oiiiv uni lietedi'.iiy otrieer. a piai d
ii.;iin., Ol li.w.iid. I'he 111, nun. leiuies :ue eo.irle li-
nen, uoolleii .iiid y:iiii. Tiie diet', aie hehl ,il Olii..-
burg ; itid the iirhuipal pl.ie ■ ate the f Ihv. mg.
On ibi.i;', 01 Oiii.ibui.', ti.'' e.'i ii.il, '.vas luinieily
an 11: peiiul I ilv, and one oi ihe I {.ms", Iml r n av lub-
le.'t I- iIk b.lhop. It h.is II- ii.uii froi'i; ,1 lirid.!',- over
ih Oil, vihKhiiivi.le.il nil.) ilie Old and Ni,,^ Tnwiii
and I. i.liialeiKr; -.inle' will ol ll.iiioVki, 111 the midll
ot I line pi UN. It Is .1 neat, welld.uilt iity, and
.ui. 11, d Aiili I'l \eial h. null line piiblu iliiu tin-' . Il ii
ell -'iinpalled with w ill .uid dileh ; bu! eommailded
by a moiini.un wiiliin eaiitioii Ihe.t ; np'M v.hKli ihiie
i.,i;i .ibii. y, 01 lai ud leliiemenl , li)i i;;(.ii lit ipi.iliiv.
TIk b, limp's palate, lalie.l Pe'.ci Ibr.!'-, 01 -1. I'llei'.
eillle, I uiil tiiilitieil, and lepatal^o lioiii lli, town 1 y
a biidpe. Ill an In .vapon, ivith .i. eoini in tiie iiuddK',
.iiid ai eai h enriiii a turret, in one ot the ii-eiiiin ni'
ot this palaee (jroigi- I, evpired, ilie ilihiit Jum.',
17.17, III ilie ariir ot Ins biother, pntu.e Kriiell, and,
:is fjiiie 1.'., m the vety loom wheiein he wisIdui
Thu
GRAPHV.
>r I'lMv.'tl},
of Iinv;
h Hcliand
it his m'.uitiKlf lo 1
itiMtui in-twccii tlic
<1 hy Miiuli-n on tl.r
(jli on ilic north-till,
:l!. It i' aho'.t 4;
tliuis 1 w, pa.luir!;:; ,
tlv Pnti.!'! '.ms a:i i
.It qii,<;it.lic- ol, and
II, iV..
1 'M^;, liii'. hlh'; :ic
l.L Rom. .11 C.iilio i< -i
lit bilhop v, a aUva; ■
'.i!r 01 HrunUvR'-l .1-
1kti-uI. 01 Biuii,'.'. :.,■
1 ihi (tipul.!l!iiii, 111";
:i.l I' n, 1-'..a! ink.
illiop (jt Olii .liiiit;.
u- all. iii.ai\i.lv \.a\-
, It i> rol lo u i;|i re-
111) !>- ; tor I l.cv ;;k-
I'V a I hail! or ot ?. ;
vtnin> ot 1 ;S an i n-
is ; thuU' ot fcuir ate
roUc^c; ar.J tlu< du r
V, !i 1 arc ia--)a|.| "i
, l.nlilop^, ;•- lie Is.')-
■y have a I'opiili i'l-
'iil>ilhop I I toloiinc;
IS a U'lVijUiral prinn',
liiin an ti clciMl'ti ,
!n ilif irt- \:s at lic-
.nt i illiop. thf an li-
I'l ihe I \i.ii ilf • t his
■.■ard lotiic I'loi, ilai'is.
i.il hire i.'i I'l ;.:, th-
llai'l, ha- hitk' ni.nr
)t allow in.i 1 1-1 • ■■ I ■
the Faoii; iv : li^ ;:■.',
c hiHi' p . ,| ;i c-i ov, ii
la-is tiiat Ci'o-A- thi
! ol-ii, aud lii ■ I :li;i','
ivavivis C'liii'iii a'.''
> ir iMi a!! iivarii)'. r c
1 1 '!• a(h-, ai thf ( ;i
I'-a', •! 'li.'-i ihoii!.! h'
.IV aiu III an^ ; \s\,':ei.i
; .■.i-.:"iin;-- to npAuid".
.i!il' lu laiie ^ '' •>
.'liiUii V oii.ce;", a t'l .1! i!
aciuu:- :iic coarli' h-
itt'. .lie helit .It (_)lii.L-
ic the fi IK V. i;ig.
e •; ii 1I, y.-i' tciniieily
I hiiis", I ml r 11 .\v luli-
1 froi'i; ,1 lirul;'.'- over
Oil! and Ni:a Towni
l.iiiowi. 111 ihe midll
i\' II hiiilt I ii\', ai.d
.ihh. lIllJi 1.111 ■ . It I1
I ; till! Loiiimaiidcd
'A ; iijM.i whh, h ill' 10
I , tor iiicii ot i|n,ihiy.
albr.i!', .ji '•■1. 1'' III '.
U^u lioiii th-- town if
a Conn in tiic- niulille,
oik; ut the ipailiil iii >
■d, t'lc lllh ot .I'll"-',
, |inih.e I'.iii'ill, .iiul,
isl;eieill Ik wai li »iii
IhB
rUROI'f..] O I'. R M A N !•. M P i K 1£. .^-^^
The Fapills hold the ratlieiii.Tl chiin h, and the elnin li : the two circlei of VVcll|)haliaand Lowcr.Saxony, whii h
aiut 111!) la
li' IV ot rhe 1 )ominiLaM.s in the Old t
I lithe
Marv
hiiri I
:• th
of .^t.
e great par
(ihn III the
I 11.
,u:K
lili.s ( huHy (if ((>rn, \iool, tlax,
loiicv. wax,
>\ eiilniri.
:hial
( iiiiren
f
K has alio a fine parilli church,
llie ornaiiicius that archite.lure ca
v,;th
1) the 01 1 '. itv, and a voice in cluiliiii' th.' n 1-
' hicji
ates oi Ho
h: tl
lerefore the I'ovcniau'iit ot the tit\
can give i. , 111
are the iiionuinents of many of the- count.s of
ID nil AC'
II
ere are
ih
rce coiivcnrs li)r iiioni-
.IIIC
flN.tV
; liC mh.iljit int.s, wiio are verv indulln-
o.'
no;
■niv oreci.
I al
II'.
OKI Hriickhauren is a borough, with a cadlc and
man.)!- l-.elo,igin;; to the lovcrciji;n ; Liehenaw coiuain:i
)uiul.i:ve of lull
I,-
ca;de, Init carrv on a contidrr.ihle trade 1:1 maki
e, and other ] m.iluifK'torie.'. of hicc and fi ythes ; Dr.ikenlnirg is a
In-
n ;
11 1)
■d l>
ewiiig a 1^
Uit.ii>:
though thick Ion
loroiigh on the VVei'er ; and 1 iarpitadt is a hor
•11 the 1.)
and 111 iiiakii! ' Uie lie
W uh
ite or..
liadi
elme, wiili a tenitorial lurifdiclion
rh b
Weli
11 III'' (at'iedr.al ari
!ii
1 A
een lonie ornaments o
'.rUstl'i
liii .\t, aiiiont: uhicli a:c his crow n <
i;t, Ins torn
el gicH' n
ir.' moleiici
ri'1 1 li.
'\l
iatio.)'i, ^'■.
■\srh
e excrcile o:
)f til
f b
urn IS a iiorough belonging to tlie landgrave
MeDi; ; l)iit it coinams a noble lounckilioii fw la;!ii
tain IS tlie liip.'rior
ot uhicli the kini' of (Jii
Br
\er
•all;- free, neither F.ipiiis or I'roreC.iiii
11 rug the governnirnt ot a billiopof tii
;io'i riie BriiMi"\»ic famih having 1 o,;
.ellingerode has a liiiiiiar lounrlatioii ; ami .Sniiiingen,
■.e relidLii.,e ot a fiipcrintendaiu, has four co.-r.kicr.ible
I '. c.iilv tail's
'11
counrrv o
f Vr.u.vENui/RG appertains partly to
r ;i,i,i, tl'cv
and bin
i: at when ti.e poIleHi.ni of ir 1 1
lopricas parr of 'h ir uinto; ;e.^
the arcr.bilhoj) of Treves, and partly to the count of
I.o'.venltein-Wertheim, both of whoin ir entitles to a
more .haii ordiuaril.
. I-' I
\.v:i iiv; on Mieir liib;eci
ih
rilllll';. Ills 110
ti c
V
l.-ed.d t!
lllcf
hin vv.'i.-re ine in
a:n.i l.iil- to III i.
feat and vo:ce in the Wellphahan college, and alio
le. It IS almoll furroiinded by
Treves, and contains onlv one
111
the diets of the circl
I the
:hb,ll:
opric o*
DP. :\ l.ir [heir l.\ . , aii
■oil _ ill ill w i.h.out II ''ard 10 i!k
pla.e wcrili notice, viz. t!ie borough town
:.f W
bi
ig, whi'.it is ilel-.-nded
<t til 11 li
.llioilt 10 mile- lollt'l oi
e ro'^ntv (.'I '.mlis
;y acitaile!
iLKr, w hit 1-
IS 1 s nil
les If
i.id fiirroiinded bv the billiopric of Munll
on
llollC
lor
I o'l moiliousi a;
1 Wll.cll
bell. 11; s partly lo the enriie, antl p'-tlv to t
toimerlv r, f
Ir was
th'(
lie it,
it H.'int.ii
taki
in I
11 and I luiidi re
d b/
mate 01 .viuiiiier. isuaer.;d bv
the
.'\a,
ind
pri-
ijives to
irll
en 111 "ivi, s nan e to a ilillri. t, "
hid
its count a ieat and voice in the VVell[)halian college,
lib
and loiirerK
h.id
1 con:;;in;
I pal ice, u lieie the
.i!.d in the diets ot tlie circle.
The
lb' olace worth
billr
ili.'ed. In one of the
• toiindition tor l.iilhe
n iti« e 1, the tow 11 ot .S:eiiit'iirt, which Ih.nds on the
parilli
an l.ul
\\ iJeiibiiru;, on
I-
ins, I., a iiii;:
c'oUegiaie ell ,r' n, two liuiineiie-
its ov n.
md I'll
tiiwn, w.tli a
I ii.a<ri:irac\ of
.\.i
contair.s a Calvmilt and Roman Catholic
il church, a conimandery ot' St. John, and a college tor
the Itiidy oft!
■the l^iicl:
oera; arts
y
.)! V
i:ki)L.\, whicli 15, in
le^, and in breadth i S,
agth.
inded bv Ho\ e on the
Ml ill- ■■■< a borough, coniaining a Roman Cat!'
loiith, Bremen on the p.onh, Liincnbiir"
da 1,1 111,,
iii.ilh;-i of It
t.'aiholKs.
Quaeker.
I .iitheiar a
luith, and having .1 co
ur, li ana h
ib;
:d
Wei
er on the well.
li
m the c.\\\,
.itercd, but
■loll
t lie fimc privil '^ts a.s \K
is poor. The inhabitants are Lutherans ; and
an ! con-
tiiC whole
bel
ons's to t
hek
o
f (}rear liritaii
h, comiiioil to I'oth l.uther.'.n.s and 1'.
n :l on account ot thi^ ducin, h.is a feat amo
Ml
al the I'.K
ol the empii
md th
ng ihe princes
ole ot tne circle.
liitlr tow n, w :
I'o.'ilh church , and die re\enuc ol ihe 1
1 iie oijly places worthy of obfervation are,
\
I ruen, on lile
.■\h
er, the tapit.il
fouth-
of
I .inin- 1
s ilivuleil
f
•|he
II h
unicran canons n
I t)f:
ti illl irll;:h 11-
...buisr IS .C .\,i'.
.il Irom Ilamliiiig, wlii..h w.uoiicean iinperi.il cit\
ill 01
Kenii,
o: H,
Itrong .ind pi
lopuloiis, IS now del a\e
d ; but, however.
01 the 1'
<\ Hi-
Il(i\el
.■>remen on fiie norih
If.e 1
...all.
Ih:.
It t
has 1
;.' nhurg on the ..id,
!i. M
Ol.
bel 111;
ed lo coiiiiu o
t a-i
< tl- it ."'.LXiip t.lilill
Loti
to whom It
lilt after tlie
it.
\u!;'il lictween
the t
•a.h 111
iniibe
ot
1 II ve and Nseiib'.iig, l.iebi
liiickl
hi 1.
ei .iiiie lui-
leot ro I he c
hike of 1,
uii'.-n-
e r 'It. ot
-clf/.eliiu.
!•
ihli toiuams a dihedral, three other churches, and a
I.aiin Ichool.
Rotenbiirg, on ilu- Wuiunie, 15 miles from \'c'rtlen,
ha; liatie tr.ide, i- poti
I" t
iiious, .m
-! liirnieilv contained .i
Tr.e
loleial
pal
ill dill
tiie
feitile
rKl calle.
watered li/ I lie
I hi
ie\- ol
.OKVt.v, IS
Wei
er, aiul
Benedictine abhe\', fouiukd by the emperor Lewis 1.
Ihe full monks ha
been taken fro
I'
dv it is called L'orbie, or L
oivev
,'\bl
Corbie
w hi
/.I iii-nirir, and I,m
h'liid
ot ll;-uiilw ic ; and I re
11 1, 11-
laiid
il-.:ra-.
-I lie
abbe) istheonly jihiee deler\ ing ot notice in the dil-
iiicr, the abbot being a jiiiiuc ol iht empiie, .md h;iv«
the I Mi-r
a Ieat in n
ill
lolleiic o
I'
id at
tr.e el lets uT
i\e t.i.ii
I i;
I • I .1- ilo.l II I .
il'.e ( ircle ai o 1 1 e enip
iliiiolt ulu il . to Ins IJril.iii.u.
M.^r
a Im.i
own, l/uateil amoi'trrt hiuh
1 ell
hill ., on tl e hull riur
dilt,
iiu lioni
hi'.i io\' 11, ol lae lame nam
11. 1
I on Ilu- I III
ie 10 ;he 111 i.i ealt
d
from Limhun; .0 the
the Ui
I r.
islmall, l/.ii x.ell I inilkd, In.- '■ h i th.
Tl
R'i 111
koii I'
MC ore
lo:
■ft'
lie about ^00 hmiles, m<
dl of
le Kill '
.•(•
UcllplMha.
Ill inli.ih.lul I'l II ;
-dlell
on llie e.i!; iiink lilii ol i'm- VV ( ll r, 10
tl.i.l !l.
Il lijll. lined ie\A
1 M.l
tor
il li
i'\ Ih
1 w.il-lo; iliCi
illl i.-Ik' till w.lr^ 1
er ,or wooUen-tliapers.
1 li le .ire fe^er.il Ipringsiil mmer.il waters, which I'oiiie
p',1 iiciai'.s la\ aie .Is wholtdome and ilrong as;h..lc ot
■I Cer-
II
e ri li.teii'
ol ti,e 1 Ol
of I
ol
I. e ; .111,1 :t> ' 11 iioi V aboum
wi!
(1.1:
lai'.ure
an 1 1
h.ill
,1 ■ .1 I all
.1 I . la.
iiulel tl
, thoiiifh within
!■, nevertheleh-,
)f 1 1
the
territot » ol
m Ipintiial ni.itrLi-<,
III lUlii ti.iii of ihe archbiiliop of Colog.iO.
ereo.i t' ^
wilh hiiMil '\'
illti
.1 uoo.l i.iiii-
\l.i
.1 lii.il ciiiin.li Is
md III 'e 1.-
dieated to .">!. G
h
nvfiit of Lapuchiiis, an
C' 'Mill mds the Wi
h
.IS llroni' wall
ICll
!o lb'
>l' ' oili'ioi mills ot bt. "sepiili lire
But
It is chiel-|v n
lor Its abbey u
A \k
nedieiine ihouks, LuiJer
other vic: |, , ih ii .ilmoil liMii'.i'id it. Il h
' '1 o'. er '1 e i\ . ('■ r, w iiu h,
i.iiiie .ibboi w all tiiat 01 Stavi
il "\ .eui- 1.1
I..1-, 10 pull I
|i 111", riiiin',1, I , r.
.'." ouimju c l:et-ii .
"s 1 Hill)
•I loiieoullv lalk
,' .Si,i; hi In l.imi
!'i II- iivvi- .-Xmbieu-, w'licll l.ilU into '.he Reclit.
., V, It
111
11
Mt^f
: ^w ■.■■ »t-.i
■' Iff
■ y
;s
761 ANEW, ROVAI,, ASP AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL (uOcRAPHY
It is abi)ut 6 miles ilillaiit iVom M.ilmcili xo the call,
and 9 t'roni Liiiilnirg touarJs t; i louili. I'hcic arc
here about 40olu)ulcs ; and 'lu' in' abit.ints carry on
a prcltv {;iud ti'.idc; iho' tli's tu.vn dciiig quite open,
h.isl'utUred VI 1 V iiiiK h dunnu tlie wars, lleie is a ta-
iiuius ,iiilH-\ of liencd Kline iiumk-, tiuin.ltd in the year
6j7, at the r.niictinieuiih that > tM.ihiiedi, with «liuli
it 1^ united under the l.inie il'bot. liut the le.iiouly
bct\uen ihele two re!iij;i(n;r. 1.0 ills i'i ilie reaionwhy
the\ c.\n ne'er a^iee in t Iioiee ct a rcj^wlar abbot
froni .uui'iijj,:! Ihelnl^i^fc^; lo duit e\or lince the year
lyh l\\i:\ l'.a\eai«a' ^ ciio'c.' 1 c oinmeiKl.itor\ a'ibots.
Tiie abliev eiiui\ i;, v in; li n at the lame tiir.e [laro-
chial, is a lla'el;. hiiil..lin;;', alur t'u tnudcrn talle. U;i-
iler If tluTc IS ;■ tr;. pta, or Uihlerraneous th.ureii, with
ti\e altars. The abbot oi Stavclo, who i.s lliled a 1
pniue ot' rhi' cnipirt , i^ Ipiritu.il and temporal lord of i
thi^ t.iwn, and ot its terriiory, u' rih i> \cry large, in- I
iliali.';; i;:elo\\!iol .M.ilniedi ; and !n > yearly income I
iinii';:;,: 1 to about 1 .'',o;j ci(>\> ns. \
I i.e ti ide oi this tou n conii:! ^ in uoollen cloih, and
mountainous, in many pla^ e s, in fomc pnri^ H (ii li i . •
ctJiii, palhira_i;e, lnlU,vine^, uooii, and herb. ^ is 11. U
incoa!.., iron, ^.e. Tlie nianula. lures aieclmh, i',::i
and lleil. The fame m'l'i lu y and liict lervc* l.,r ti 1 .
duchy and that ol' Ju!i is. 'I'he molt eoir.'.dcraijle
places in Ikr^ are the tollowin.;:
DulFeldorp, at the c ontlux of the Duli'el with .lu
Rhine, is 20 miles from L'olo^'Ui', a.nl ,- fiom "vj.m.
ller. It Hands in the midll ot a line Iruitlul j l.',i:i.
The Rhine runs againll it with iiuii \io!cnce, t!:.i! ilu ■
have been oblijj;eil to make L^i^'at w . rks to li,- ik ili ■
curiMU. It wa.s an Imperi.d cii\ , ,ind liad a ;',(i()il traiii;
b^fire th.e removal ofiis fairs to liankfort. It is'.u 'e,
pliafaiu, well buili, and defend, d b. aeiaicl, \\\w
Is lepaiatei! from it by a fmall h.iriuni, lomu.! '';. 11
Rhine, and confills ot tuo nu.il ballio,'.'. 1.; ..1 u.i:i
brick , andin tiieothir part-. 11 1.1 lorificd b-, ii\^- lv:i-
tions. '1 he public budilinu:.^, touardsiic n.er, in ;.
aline appcai.inc c . |attici:lai ly lt^ llatily [a'.',, e, \:\
old (fothic buiidiiiu, (uith laintin^s In \aii''.' iv ,
Raphael, Paul \ eionele, Unli'tis, J ilio Koniano, I 1-
ii.v LI M li ui iiii> L\M\ n ;. oiui < • ^ III u ui niLii i .vuii, .iiivi 1 iv.tpiiuLt, laui >i.!oneie, t\inK.i>, j.isio ixoiiKm", i i-
oi'uv h'.jti's, and I lueli;.' in .1 jsuil iiiiaiuity of leather li !ian, cVlc. bral's :in'k)ue<, l.il.ie-. (.1 nuiii^le, p' r. .b!i
tin Mid 111 I e. T!ie;e ari alio fume 11. incr.il fprinj^s, faid i| cabinets, ^...,' \Uiii:i \i.isi f ckxlor [wlatii'e^ . Ii l
tibi.\.r. uhol.ionie. jj k lidence du! m;; tlic de\ ul.a o;.s ot 1':. ' l.!'.:. . ■' !■
1 1 c i',..'.; :ct 111 ! ';-,i;iiig 10 ihe Ai-hey of W'erdcn is !j the I reiuh t' u.ud'. 'In- t n i I't the lali leniu; v. i"
Ir.'.i.rt.i in tile co;i;Hv I't Maik. .Si. I.u.luer, wlioli- II maik<t-jil,i( c, i.ver a ,;:nl!'.i-.e [ .1 ci-, i- ,'.n c]; '<
I :;a:e n '.'as, 1:1 S i. luu'cd tin abi)e\ lor monks of li 11. Hue in bi.if., 011 a pti! 'Kd c.f;;.iy ma;!\c, c'
illc (iii,'ur ot St. Ixe.ed;.!. '11, e revenue i.-. ahoiit '' cLiior [ohri \\il.::un, ,n ;'.iiu:iir, v.ii.i ili.'i,
:c,3CJ r:N I'.i 1., rs. I lie kin;.', of I'riiilia il.iinisth.e I' bo!i!'i ! o;i hi, l.i.l. l.>:.. ,iii liree ■.'i.Kiy r-
::,lu oi i>'\erc:^n'.v lure ; .1 d iliC o'ii\ khhi kabie || Ini lo-n, \',!iuli i > imp 'i ;i d iniiLi' lioiii :1 > lo» •
pl'.iei- W'euUii, a liltle \>a'.le.i town <n i.\- Koer, ' 1 1 u ■., .uid i \p..i t> d n • ri'.n ii.i.in'.iU' ; 1 C 1 1 ■; •'' .
W ill, h, Ik lulls flK
< iiur i'.
),■,, .-, eonlai;!s a Lutheran other part, ot ( i'> mi. m, . 'll',;-v>., ■ i !''ld.
• .. I inii li>.cd al ManI eini, a ii j; u y ii itL'.lili.id he
i'lu '.':.: , orieiiit,'!., of tlie .\!)be> of .sr. Cor- I; loithe cour.ti u s (.1 I'.cii;-. .;lid ju ici-, \vl!:.!i b. ini; i 1
Nil!' M.-s,.;; i- I'urn i. >'c.i b;, ihule ot jubeis, ;, !j,:,a! rex ; niie to ll e i U L'i< r, are {.-.osin.cd by Ha;.
l..iii'ou:^, .;'..•. Al", !a-( : ■!.-■. 'I'he .'.'.-boi In-, ,1 '| uul.oui uhofi' 1 1 nl'cnt he cm l.iv no tax.. s. All u;.
1- . .. .'. . . .. I .1 Ol .• I 1.1 . . . . I /■ .1 i; _i
eal at ti^e .'.a., ^^i the un;.. . , 1 'i tb.e Rlu :;.;': leni h of j l'|. 'll- aie lu if tuli i.iu ,1 . but the C'.iti olics a'one ;U '.
p;il.ne.-; i'l;: al tliule o. '.\<. k i , le he iu • .in.or.g ihc ,! ai'.m.ttid to < i\ 1 en pio\ iue;us. '1 liO' h li.e p 1:;. ;
!>;:niLs. {' fioii be tie i ii Cloi ',,, \ i : tl.e ;:;'e is d.;.' ud by tlu.l
lhe.\b!u}ol I .Hell, ,.i.d ;;s lerritory, is finroiiiulid [j iif .'^-ixniiv ,.n,l l!i liulv nb;,r..;!
I". 1.:;;, I'.CMs, W I rl^ii, ..nd ilic . ount;. of M.iik. !! Katin^e
']'... ah'iDCi v.as I'uin.Ud by Aiuc.', i'lilmpi.t I lildt
•.!;en h.i'- .1 k.l a::d \ o ce at thedi.;-
i- '.imou.s 101 lis l\\ oid-bia.'.e inanuficto! y . Niliibiti'
i ... .UILIC* V..I.S iO;.l.:ucl in .\i;u. , 'lliUi('i.l IIIIOC- li I- '.imOll.s lOI lis l\\ OIO-|i|.U.t Iliaill.l.lC I O! ;. . "iKii.vi
I..I :ii, in tiie \ (.a: .^" 7. I !u Ku'.l; ol I'liiliia is here- '• j;l\es name 10 an am kiU aid noble Ian. li; , ■ .umel!
Ca.\\\ [iio-i ..i.ii. I '.e ab'.el.s liik ■ ;.i.:fi.lf piinrefs of 'j i.as tlie lirll p'air an.l \oii.e at the ilii. , and a t loth
li.ehoiv Ruiiian I nipiie. '1 lu i luij.tc. eorililK of none |, m.iniit uioi v, 1 Ucr.aia !i.is a ii.amitacioi , 01 tLiiiible- ;
!■..-. liiible l.uius , and 'Aw abbey I'.is i fcatin the dieis 11 and Kornl eip 1, dcundm In a llrong uil'le.
(1 ;::e e;i j .:. .;,,u c ;i. ie. 'Ihe heiciiitiuy dfiiecis a:e '| Hcnlberii; has a ll;o;'i; t..il and m.ii'allery, of the
tlu 1: a:l!u.:, l',e'...irJ U .-.Li, and I lu.nii'crlain. ! oriii i of ihelhl) (idl.u. uh was bi.ilt m i..^!s,a.id
Mil nw .. .'s, the oil; I I.e c .■) r.: y conlidcr.ition in m iIic liili if it- kind m the eni|iiit. Ihe caille, 01
•he te:. ;;oi ;, , i. f.ii^e^; to '.\:v .i'.:i).li .is it-, iosereign, ' palai e, heie, e.as Iniili 1:1 a forelt, on a lull, by l!;e
u;t h.u \»rv c^tinli .e p.ir. ;le.;i. . It is lar^e, has Come i; eleeloi John \\'ill;am, ae.d is wor:h\ of notue. It Hand;
.... 1. .. •... 1 . .: 1 ' . ■• II .1.- 1 . 1- ... .t 111.:... 1.'. .1 t
tiadi, a eio'J.i nuiivita.'io. , an academy, a f;wnnalium, (
a (. oii.n.aniie:\ ot ■;•,, I'eiil.niC order, and le\er,il Ro
man C.;iiioli .md 1'; .;e::a;-.t churthes,
The .\i-lK\ iif 'i , oKs 1 . lituatid in the biiliopiu.- o|
three leagues from tiie Rhine, Ivt'.s^.ii voli'j:;ne and
Diiit/. It is buiit of a verv haul ' or.e , .ir.,.t ihe o: -
naments, partieiilatl. ilie pillai.s tli .'. .:ppoi ; tlie gal-
lery in the lionl, ate .ik'iul ol ri.- n;.:. l'',i . iiiig out 1 I
1 lie .\.o(.\iii J ■ OK s i . liiuaiiu in iiic unnoji; u. 01 : icry in iiie iioni, ate .1 is 'lui 01 ri.
Liege, .".lu! i ounty 1 ; lloa::!. It i.s ,i;i Imperial free '' th.e neighboui ii!gi!;..'.ii ;t s. Il'.c i|',iii!ik i ts aie larLe,
leciilar I. undalion ; .>.. ii.-.ud in the \ear loco ; has i ucil dec oiatul \, u'l ili, Imell pair, ings , .md ;i,e\ ha\
a k.i: at dicdiels of ill. li pile .11 d e;:. Ic ; .ind a i i.ap-
rei, " hi. h coiilills of ),: 'u i lici an.l C'juntclic-, ol ihe
or.icr ol -it. lientiii. '.
Tile \bbey of Ihr^ <m, lltu.itcd in Ua-.enib,iig,
aa.iK. .! Ill ill-- e '■ di lent'i;., l„is 1 fe.it at the
diets
1 onta.
lo.nul.".
'Mu abb
Ma'} <•
in I ■•
wii!', .■ '
■u.s in - ,
an.i 1
\. .r-
f^U 1
I i.,iie a, '. if I'-', L'M.s liih'i'l piincels
,1 r'-,c b
.i.i.in ( iiipiu to i;s abbcl's,
' t I .a. i ^ 'nonel;'. >, an. I 1 . a 1 .uther.in
i -' I.. i!,i, ol l.ulies Is iiideterinir.at. .
; ,.:i'i: ,t il;e Kiile;j,iale ciiii'i h ol .St.
I. , .ills, :'.;u! if i pr I mU are
■ve.ir .1 f ■Ii ! : ribho:i,
II I mi the I , J t llioiildei,
.■ :; tne l':nir " ol mir Sa\ loui
an e\fin:i-.e piofpia m ilie e.iv ol Coiogi.e, ;he Kliin.-,
at.tl .ill die li.n uuinti;, ; lo'itunn^ a :',.eit \.iiu.y ot
beautifui i\ ene.s and en- h.nuin;; iaiuiK.ij es.
I'nncij.)a!;tie> of N \.s.m-Si(,i .>;, or :ii.:rN, N.'..';.>\i-
l.)ll.l i.Sll.klU,, e\i .
' f'li*;
■Sigeii, or .Sr geii, r.iar uhi. Ii 1- an uon ir.n; ■, I: liids
on li.e ii\ir .Sieg.i, 1 .-, miles Iroin i)il . in. iil , .ii.d jJ
noilii (,ill l;i,m Nallan, on ihe top oi a 10. k\ ink, de-
fended bv 1 lining u.ill, and iig.:l,ir !■■: in al.oii , .md
i.|,i\i s naim s 10 a 1 ouiii\ , ot u l.u h it i, die ( apt d, .is
u.ll a, iidr to i.„,i:ii'i b:an. h o| ;!■;■ N.illiiii i\\:< .1 .
, Ini;.,)llu prin I ol N'.ilkii:- Me. i lis I'.i'd.i; 1)7,11.111 « is
..lUt •- ' .lie Ml b . ill is a ll.ii, l):o.iu,iii hilln 1 1 1011. I leib 'in, .1 u! loon In. .pi.c Io 1 1-
iiioi!-, Ill, II II « I |,. ,'i.eiUi .1 i V ' ,,t. Ills Ir.ini ( .cm a;\} ,
.■ ■ . : ie, l.iP', .v> bi.iail, I'. I i;:il, l.itoni I, l).,miiik, ev .;,)'.',h h .in .u adeiiiv
,|il"ir,^. ino nr.ii.ioii,. ii 1, M.i,.i.li!(d lo: I i.iiiim;', up 01, ;i m ii,.;ri,.il i xc n ili -■.
,.. !'''Uniii ; .,|i liee.illb', I line I .1 e.ili le f. le, 111 \> I.e. h 1 lu i ii . ;oi .if ( olo; lie
.11', i \ till . I I,' , I ^ \l.'i k ; .ml ki-ep- a r 11 1 f.iii .e. liiir- loi ol ll.f i 10 h ; .1,1, 1 n. .1 I.U
■..-loi.i!.' ul Lo,. '. I 1 I', a',h lioiii In. I i> ,1 wi. J 7 od ii..n li;ii,e.
Ihllimbei '■
\rnY.
)nic pniH ir (>i' li i , ■
,i, and herbs ; is ri. ii
.mil's aic (.'oil', i'.i:!
Ill ilict .'vTVfi i,,r til .
lu' iiiiilt ciiir.Alciaij'a-
tllL- Diilil'l uitli ,I-,r
I', .1,1(1 ;- tiom M.iii-
a liiK- Iriiitl.il J l.'.i:i.
h \i ■li.iiii-, i!mi ilu '
i! w , rk.i ID 1 I,' ik ill:;
, .iiui luii.1 a ;;(H)tl tr.iiii;
•lankfori. h is ai 'i',
li. a 1. i a I i, ^^ hi>- .
iiiDi 1 , loi Mil .'. ■ tl'
1 haliiii.is t.! ..1 vv ,i:i
i tiirilii'il I)-, li\ c l',;i-
uar>!.i [1 (■ 1 1 .(.r, iii .^ ■
ll^ liaii ly [ a'.ii f, im
niiiys In \ au I ). k ,
^, |.i!i() KoiiKiiii', '! I-
I I iiKiii'li', p' r. .li!i'
cilor I'.ihitirL' ^ . Ii ii
ol I'l,- ' -Lit:. /•> 1 ■
l.iU (Tiiiii; V. 1"
:., Ill-, 1- .'.11 (.,];. ;
I' L%( \ iu;i;!\i. , !■'
ir, V. ii.i ill'.- 1 . - -
i r(.\- V, . . kly V : .
.!■ llDIll '■'. I llM ■. ' .
mil i 1 ( 11 ';,.i":, :<
.., ■ r ri'l li. .1 I, ;■■'
) ii I !!.'.i:,li.nl hi. ,
I ■, wli:. !i ii, ini; i;i
f:,osiri.nl h\ iKu.
V 111) uiAis. All II i. ■
; C'.iii olii ■> a!i)ni an
'1 ill) li I i'l' p i;".^ ;
■ is il.;}- U(i by i|-,iil
U liii- liii ;•; ^■ l:;-;^!!!
u.t.icli") . NiS'i i'l d'
loblc la'i-ii; , ! .ir,:u!';
the ilii. , .iiid .1 1 'I'lli
Utai'tUl . (II tl.illll)'lS ;
roiifi; I .li'ii'.
d nil alU-ry, of the
,a.s bi.ilt in 1 .<)is, a, id
ipire. I he cailli-, oi
it, on a i-.ili, ill ilx
1, 111 ;i()tiic. ll ti.ii.d;
K ;\\i , :i I. (il(ij:;ni.' and
vl ' (iri(.' ; .iiul tho ill -
ill.-.: .:pp(ii: tlic g.il-
• r,i.;. [•>,(■, liiii; out i !
i|',iiiii!i : li .lie Kitlc,
■. in;j,s , illd ;i:c\ \vJi\C
I Cii.'.ijvi, ;hi: I'thiii.-,
11;.; a .\.c d v.iiu.)' ot
iimK .ij I '.
(i| : ll .:!N, N. ■,.';.; \i -
, an iiD.'i ip.ii;-, I' liid-i
I Dil . Ill- iiy, .ii.i! j J
1)1 (1 .1 111 k I iul', di'-
1 II I ■ : :ii .ii.f.n ; .iiul
II It l^ ilu' < apt ll, .is
III ;!•;■ N.illau lai- .1 .
i n's I'.f.l.iyii ',11.111 « Is
id liMil' 111 ' .I'm' I'l I i-
;ii, lUs liiiiii ( Hill all),
;,-, V. h' ll .111 .11 .idi inv
111 11.;; ii.il I \( ll III '.
h' 1 !, . ,1 1 111 ( ii!'i: 111
i I 111 ll ; .III I lliil l.ii
.11, c.
PiHiliibil '■
!;U1U)PI'..] C, F, R Mf A N
Dilliiubi r.'!: fl.ind.s'oii the rivor DiHa, ifi iiiik-s well I
Iroin Marinin.^, ami _j.'. luirth-tall Iidiii Nallaii, and
[„i\ts n.iiiic lo a loiiii'v. Jt has a uoiul trade in
cattle .lid uiiolkn got ds, and two\c:ii-|y laiis. riic
(.■(Hiirs (ij ili.it bran -h, callcil Niiiriii-Dillcnibiirg, had
thiirliai in a line llrdiu; i aHle, that tlaiul, on the top
(it a iui!.':!,b' iiriiii!: hill, w In r • ;> a I iige arleiuil, t'lir-
M'ilied uitli :iriii-,ird aiiiiniriilMii Im I'.Mial thniirand
hmie .ii.d fii 'i ; in t the ;iu-!iiiiie ''I a tiiiinlln>:is
whale can ,ht near Cit'.i lek in i yiS, v Im h is uortli Ice-
iiiji. riie callle is riiidiiiulcd b\ theto«-i, uhich is
buiit in.i leniieiri le to the well, iiiirth, and call ; and
there is .i line chin i h, unere the cminis nl this lir.meh
are inrernd. t In' imnr i:;ii,uil is on tiii fuuUi tide ot '■
the i adlc, andai'.cMied u illi pavilions, '.. alk.;, and otlier ■.
c.iilKi:;,!iiiieiU.s.
I.' Ii'i in, nr I'eiiiiiflein, i ; i liles nonh-talt irmn
N ,l:.ui, ;;i\(^ r..iiiie lo a eiiiiir\' '.ihicli ua^ the in'ieii- I
: .:ii e 1)1 tiic liaiaimis, a youn;. er br.iiieh ot the la^ ■
iiiii. o: Xaliiiii, and \i.is the t.ipial of it. It i; .mold i
touii aiming roi'kv bills; Inii ,ias a calUe, and a
liiiiieh, uoitliya travellers vnu. It lies in the niid-
^\a\ lief.i i.\i Coblciu/. on the uel!, ar.d .^l.upui!';on the
l.l!; .
I i.iil.iiii.ir Is the capital ot .i rcn ,l u''. on lln- ron'ini s |
ol'!!TeIi\t(i'ali- liflVev e:-.,x', ii' .,|iidt le ntl- cl a (ii in- jl
I i.iaii I he |,.iie ill'' ex.iiv:! ion o' t i.it brim i oi llii' ',
N,iiriu iinniv , it ii.indson ihi 1 .1 h'l, .,i iiiih. north j(
ol Mi'iii/, ,i.»i I ill 'in^cd by .i ; i.od ' .iiiie. I
J'iir • oiiiir. <►! S'.vv I;. J Ion 1^ ri! •■ ip- U to the
niar;.';i o I d Kr.in 'i ?■ "nir.r \,iip .I'l, m b r/yave of j
i\i:i hlMr.i, ' ;■■ c nitroft Wi't/,en!hci:i and j 1 ,- ,l'niri', I
and thi' 1 J. • • -r '4' i iC' ' ,
J il' IVM) llni' ;•.,^^ ;• *\\V'.-*' t* fV- (i/l,- c, blK .rH '-
jn-ihi 1 I) lie oni . . ,',;y.<»'.<"e '3 ''^'<i'/f f i' thi e.r !<*. J-v f
thciMii.s, . ..iM'uflv •"■■rf Jif-vx,w,r :{'■, ^,,l-,.ive,,.;,;iai'(/ '
the tree Cefi i \- of ihen* i. ,jj»i!i»f*v I ><■ W'l'!; it>V.«'".-> j:
Awirth ll i ivf;os:'i;j; ar-', V
\1 (.nkii ,1 fly fjiRf >4-i.K'.^, j^p-i' {*-it^ >4 ,t ftetvnev,
w !i ll ll 1 . i''.,ain- ,4» Jf,'.i'ri!er.iM jf.'ifii' . Jji •;•>»)»* ' ***«■•- , iW/irf' ;*
delended \v, a <:^'f''U-, "
Jre :lbiiv^, on tlx- .'^ie^, is viviindci?' '»'• » i'/-- r ;' , .
is iht 11* :ghl)(>;irin^ t jun oi 1; dw.iij, ,-^i i'fc» len- 1
liuvj,, whii b lias ;i Iko:!}' i allle. ;'
'Ihi' C xinfv o|' Willi Is iii\id 1 into ■ xci p-F^ ^. ji
Ne'.i-\\K !, or Iz-'wer i.o;in's, anil V\ <d K'...i* (, tr'
Uppei ( ounrv. > biinl, pl.u e, here .111 Uiinkt-'?, «« ■•
the U' m, a Ima'l on.i, < oit.innnj^ about i ;o hoiid -,
and a I illle ; l)ier,:ii;i, viveh u I'leleiided bv a tor-
tiils; .in.l Neu-Wiid, J .oi.ili b ll ie..',ul.ir tii.in on the
Khin,-.
I lie (. oimtv oi'Siiv r\'t!ii<(, is wa 'r»d in the \Ve-
f r, and r,nroundeii bv Caknb'arg, Nfirnfrtl, l.ijipe, and
lvtu-i''b,;ri:;. ir produces i orii, palbire, I'alt, illiiin,
I r ita s, uitii y,')\i.\, liher, wriod.flieif), tVce-lloiv, lime-
Hone, pit-iuai, j;i(>tuni, i«>5iper, fi^t ()\ rites, « .ittle, I
lull, i\ .
i! is J :, nuies Ion;;, : , I road, and the iM>iabitants4»i-
niodlv Liuiier.ms. rheio:int' beloiii;^ (."''"K lo the
k.iiyrol (lieai liritiin, the l.i:Kl;;ra\e ol' I Iclli', .md the j
., oiinl ot Shaueiilnii;; l.ippe.
1 lie i\ui In ll have a diiimi ; \ oice in the diets of tlie i
circle, and a |oiiit voice m ihecoHij^e ol the Wellpha- j
ban i Hints ol tlie cmjiiie. The princi|>al [ilaccH .iie, '
H.i;j;( nlnii>.f, with a c.ilUe, iioltdioufe, and in.imitac- '
rort'.s ot imcn .Illd bill kr.iiii ; .^teinluale, on ihe Steiii-
hndc: 1 ikr, Hith the lame in iiii.t.ictoiics is ihe lomier, ;
a'ld .1 lilhen ; .iiitl .Siil'h.ij;e:i, nhiili is uell t.inilied, [
Im.- a i .illlc, orphan hodlc, ,i ll,.;i.i\ iii.iuloleiiiii, .md .i j
(.e!( br ile.l iniiicral Ipiinj;. i
.'diaucnl 111 i; from viliich the louirv liciivcs its I
.nrne, .It preiVpt evhibit.i oillv t'.ie riii'is i I an old !
i.illle; \ilbvck, on the W'd'er, h.i . a Liiiluian 1 iiiii- '
d.ition lor .111 .ibbcfs and I .■• laihc i .md \)olii iibei k
1- the I ellii.'e .■; .in ancient i-loiller in a neijilibciinny, '
VMl.id.
Hill klili.i, : ieiii.uk, ible tor li\ tlliny',s, ,1 Itl ,i;y;',r.illle, ,
a bi.u.tiltil LJuiicli, a will eiidoc .-J orphan Iiciile, .in ele- i
r: M p I R i;.
763
bi.i'i! i 1 l!-,e Wellp'.vilian 1 ol
,L'ant tou n (choo!, n hvfc ralviiiil} i in,fc!i, and an r.d-
niiiable f.iiintain in the marker-place.
Rintein, a lortilied roun betveeen ili' W'lfcrnnd I'.x-
tcr, has an iiiiivcrliti , tiie pro:; Hbrsoju hii hare iiartly
J.utlicraiis, and partly Cilwnills. ! (ere is a rcyency,
conliltory, and fiiperiiitendancy j and (bine trade i.<
tarried on by means of the W'cfir. To the iiiiivcrlity
of Tovm belong the revenues of l"'qellorl, lornierly
a Henedictine nunnery.
■Soltoif is fiinous for its li;;c white flit ; Olicrnkircben
for a noble foundation for laitlicran l.ulies; ;ind Ro-
denberg for its lallleand iiiedicin.il fprinij.
The (.'oiinty of Dki.mimiiohs r, which i.; tidi'.abb/
fertile, is furrounded by t!ie U'ei'er, Oldenburg, l)c[i-
holt, and Wildliaiifen. The govei 'iiiient is veiled 111
the regency of Oldenbun'; , a, id the onK place of any
conlideration in it is Delmcnhorll, from which it takes
its name. This town is (ituated on tlie river Delme,
and has a llrong 'allle to detend it.
1 he C'oiiniv ot Oi.ubmh i!'. is .^0 miles long, 'jo
brnail, and bounded by i all I riiil. ind on the vieii ;
IXlmenhoi 11, and llie W'efer, on the call; Jover and
Jode on the north ; and Miinller on the foicli. It is
feinred b. dykes ag.iinll imind.uioiis, and prod.!' c-:
|)alcir,i"i', cattle, and turf Ir is nutid for its iioir'.-.
Ihe king ot Denm.irk, to vi lioni this count', i-e-
enicled in rig'it tluieoi' to :i h.u aid v.ii.c
e ot counts of the eni-
pir.', .'.id ill tlie V'.'^ts ot't'ie i in.le. The aJni nillri-
tio", is v.lled in ,1 'egency, fubordMare judicaioiies, a
rov,il loiifillory, and a fup. riiUend.ince. The iiiinci-
pil (>l.ice> in thi- county are,
(■.*,-d,i.Hiir!'., a town reg'ii.rly firii'i.d, an-.! Iiruarrii
at thi i.wnihiv of the Ihicl' ,.n i lie il,;,i;... 1; h.'.- .1
callle, vv ''ll !', iiv now the niiii. Ill ( oi f'e ley^ei;, v : ,i.iil
.1 cliiiri:h, .I'teiirii was fornii rlv '.he 'cui i.d phi r of tl'ic
'/i.-;n;s irf<y.'^* nbnig. 'file celei-r.iti d h'.Mii, caihil
ih ::>*ril <»f <,i»1<!enbiirg, wis once kip: in ti-e callle,
bvr' i* IS ,»t prefent in the iiiu'eiiinal t-'opeiiiKigen.
\Vi^.l, ilt.utid ilia wood, c.ilL'd //>c A'-' :(' '/ /,/;-, ',
vt4» iWrmerl'i tlti i.ipital ot a feii^iier. , and i.ad a vvin.j,
f>l (Is |Sne callle buriu ilou n in <~,\.
Thi- f.oiinrv of Hf.xriii im is 40 miles long, 1:
<ir«ad, IWroiinded bv .N'liinller an.i the l.lnited Pro-
Viitn'.s, »:iti .1 ounds in woo. I, llone quarries, grain,
irt'UlMce, h V, V en foil, g.iinc, catile, Iriiit, and
/^ilh. If hai icn and udollen manulaciories. I'hc
■ . Vfu: J'ls a ..at ,'ind voiic in tin coliege, and in the
<l'4i'fs <>f jli' ci'le. Till' inhabitants are Lutherans,
Cui^itmU, arui Roman c.uliolic^. 'Ihe principal
pJ.K 's ar.-,
|{cfi(i' 'n, f: 1 which the countv takes its name, a
I.irge hull ^h i\n, ;{o mill s north-well troii! MuiilKr.
It ID di'k'.i, ly an old ; .illle, where the counts le-
fule, is tfcuaud in a woft*" and has a Rom, in Catholic
and A I'alvimtt church.
VViiimar-^—i has a nobh' foundation for ladies, and
,1 ^jr and \ UK c at the VdfA •ii.ts; .Schurtoif, on the
v.... hte, is tfct: oldelf tows-, in il,< (roi.nti -, Noriii-horii,
Uhuiuii ' xl bv the Vec!*'*'', has .1 ti'lerable trade , and
I renfwi, en. a cloilU* t** ijriil.ir cmons ot' ihe oid.i
of St. .\iigi:ltine, hi . ;. j[.»'i,l voi.eat the land diet .
and was ioimerly tli '.itMail }-•"■ e ol the ciuiius.
DoK I viiM.i is an Imfn i.al < .: . , has .1 leat and v iv, i
at the di.'ts .'I the circle, .ind.i,' 'at thole of tlie ei,i-
[iire. It was formeile one o. ihe Hans-Tow p,s, 1,.;^
toiir I.ul 111 1,111 i luiiclu.'-, t«o inon.illei ies, .md o;-
iiiiniu'r\ . li is populous .ind rich, has a commiiiii'..'
iiiinwi:!i ilu- Rhine bv means of the I'liiplir, and c.ii--
111 s on ,1 '• . . able trade.
I lie Imi . , ll C'ilv o\ Ai\-i \-('ii MM 1 I 1 is I ; ii.iii s
.'•.orthe.ill lioni l,iiiibiirg, 1 ; l-'iii h- .veil fi"ni li'iici-.
and
iiiiiih-eall o, ."^pa. 1;
Ik"
roMu
m a V ,ilit , , fiir-
idid with mount. lins and wood-; vi't r en|o\.. ,1
veil vihol'diiiue ,iir i and the hill, .11.' i.'ici.J vi;tli
vines. Ii- I ,11111 ii.inic, \ijiiilgia!ii:iii, ; liippolid ru
b( . lei' id liiii'i Sireimi. liianus, !ii ii(cii,int-geiu rii
ol (i,i)h.i Heli';ica, who, li.iviii!' d;!', ovi red i!'c I'piiiv^
heii
,1
{ t
).''B
il
f -
\.
I'iiJ \ »r-
7^4
A NF.W. ROY\I. \sn AUTHFNTiC SVSTFAT of UN1VI'U=;\I. GF.OCJRAPHY.
hiMC, anno 5^, aiioiiicii them like tin- lioman Ixiths.
niiii biiilt a p.i'.u-o n.'.r t'.iim; in ( oiirirni.uiiin wlurcot
the niti'i's lliU llu-iv, at tlic fiiii ol' the town IiduIc,
a n;ci c ot" aiKicnt .ircliittviiirc, wliuli iluy call (iia-
ni;s< 'rnwci, ami i'.iy it «as a [lart nl lli^ palace ; tli()iij;h
the bu.Mini; does not appcir lb aiK leiit. Aeeoiilin^
m Chaileiua';ne\ Pra^iuati. S.m.tion, th s (ira;uis
Mas brother to Nero aiiil Apnppa ; aiul the Chronicle ot
L'tiecin lavs, he \*a> l\i;iillud hiilur bv Nero. Anila,
the Hun, i'.aviij; plunilereil aiiil ilellrovcil this city, it
lav ill nuns till tlu' time of (Jhar'.ein.iLCiie, who, hunt-
ing in t!ie luiuhb 'iirin^ wioJs, his hoile happeiie.l to
Orike his hocji' into one of the fpiiiu;-. The (•iiipcri>r
obfervin; ihis, aiul hr.il^iv.:. In tf.e \\:\n^ ct leveial
great buililin;:^, ti'at this iiuili ha\e bie;i the old
Acjuis, ordered the batiis ;,) be fearelied cut, and le-
bu:lt 1 founded and eiiilnwed the corie|;.i,Ue church ol
St. Mary, 111 whieh he er'pl.'v ed a '.jrcat quantity ot
iiiaiMc, cliat he fe:u lorl.om Uoir.e and Kavenna ;
and \v \5 lb charmed wiih ilu- titiialion oi' the pla e,
that l-.c built a palace here, tOf;eilui with all that p/.rr
of the city whicii is er.clofed bv the old v. dl ; and n.ade
it the I'eat ol his e'r.p;re on tl-.is tide tl.c .\lps ; ovdiin-
in,', th;'.i tl'.e t'utuie kin^s cf the Uouiaii- lliui'd be
ciowiivd hire will an iron crown, as ;u Mil.in v. i;h
line ot il!\(r, and at Iv in.' with one of l'; ild -, v, h,,cli,
tiiout^ii o;'l'i.r\i-d tor a \>l-,:le, ha. bie.i lo v.; fm.e
dil'uled.
Hot'
1 t
Norii;an«
f\ood it>
fered
J pai.ue an
fu- t' e I
ur
n.
,ik!i 1). I t:
I [o'An were burnt in ^S:, b; the
iiur h, Ivim'-.l:; Io n U'h iiiaible,
.\t e, the touii u.:s rebuilt, ir '.ii-
r tin -, in 1 1 .;»., 11 :, 1 ':+, 1 ::,(> ;
and paiticularl\ m p>;'', \' . . n in 1 '...ri lies and (!a-
}-cls, and ;:;ohoi. fes, w •, re i':,,it; b.;t foon alter le-
tiuiit. In idSS th.e f.iHiOijS Irv.i;'. wa- in ide Itere be -
twceii Iraiue a:'d Span. This t"wn 1- i.died, bv the
Jrcnch, .-Xixd.i-Ch.ipi !1 •, troni ailMpei 1.1 the j'leit
church, where a.e ab..i"..laii> e ( t leli^jnes. it i^ noted
for fcveial coiiiKi',-, '•'.■ tVe tin, v-l;arUin:i;'iu , aild
],euis the I'lous, concenrnp t .e ]:r(.Ci.;!i. :i o! the 1 '.olv
(■holl, letoniiation otioin'-crs, the repulation of ino-
n.'Htr.es, and lueh as had fei/ed t'le (i ili imontcs of the
ctujrcn
If I'udirid
h
duitiv.
ne
Sill ceediM'' iir.oiTois contin.ieil to lioniii.r
this
CII\
lirefiiiic, anil to cn!ai|re it?, pnvileg'.'s; In
made Ireeand iniiKTial. I'licv werecrowncd
hotife, which wash nit in i<;5.(, and rnicc reprreiiby
ihe citi/eiis, 111 I ope» rf haviiij^ the conineis ihere,
and not at So,ir,iiis, is a noble Ihue'hirc i f fiee-floiu',
and one of the iin-ll inCiiimany. It is adorned with
the ilatiies ol all the emperors liiice (harlen aL'ne, anil
wiih ciiiious h.lbiry-painiinir.s ; particuliil) thofe by
Aindfajia, liighlv x.ilued; anioiv^ wh ch are th it ol the
refunejtion, and th.at ot L'li:.rlen igne's givini^ the
1 itv ilu ir charter. The upperim (I llory of it is one
hall, till feet by fio ; in w Inch tli- emperors, whofor-
ni,;!;> received their fiill crown ot iron here, ulel to
entirt.iin th.c eleet. 1 .:, an,! other |ri:u,.'!, wl.o alliiled
ar the corop.ation. In the market-place, over '.uainll
the town-horli", th.meisa large llately lou^tiin, with
tour Ipriiij's, tilt iiin, Irom above, into a copper tif-
triKjofeet in diameter, and weighing 1 2,00-J poiindt.
Round the edge-, of it there is a Latin infinpiion, iin-
P'litiiig the difioverv of the hot I'piing b\ Cii.mi.s; a^
w ;:1 as the renew ing of t!ie batiis by Charlemagne ; as
lh.it the cold tout. tain d,d lorm(tlviun iirothe baih^ ;
ani
that the fcnate adorned it, will this ciiiein,
io;o. I'rom lilts tlu water nil
llotie cillern brhnv, and lioni
t
a
1 w ars of
(Jeiniain, when moll ot t he citi.'en.s wee I'lotedants :
but the marqui<: de ^piiti'.i tori^ the ticin m i()i4,
ar.il re-eli.ibliliitd I'opei;. . :•■ that ih.e i'ro•.ellatu^ have
not ttrice been allowid an, ; '.ue of wo' (hip here, but
go to chureli about two mie^ oil, in to.it part ot l.im-
buriih whuh i> lubiect to the Dutiii.
veith their
that It ua
here tor 500 \ean afiir C n.uiemajnie, a.~ i. e\[)relTy
(irda nid h\ the goldi n Hull ot Charles I\ . bu' i\er
lin^e .Ma.ximil ati I. w iv 11 {7 einptrors h.ul been
crounul here lui; el;.. . h. , tii.it 1 eri iiiuny hasbee.lpei-
foiiiud at iranklorr, w h.ii h, l)> mg in the centie ol the
enitine, is irore convenient loi t'-.e ITnn ts ; Iwipart;
ru'ai '\ for the Ipiiitu.il ekeioi^, ..ml toi tl'.e i k'- iol j a
la'in., v.ii,) inn fend ti.r tiuii e juifiage-, ' .0 lelurn
I: (11: 1'.'.. k b\ the liavigibie ilwi-., the Kh IK, .VI;u!'- »
^v, . Ni \ ertheh I -., the eiuperii-, when ciii.u\\\^ a.
li.iik'o't, ]>rot(ll. It Ili.,!l be u I funit pr, |, '=, t>' ihi
p',-., LIS It :!,^ . ■■. ; t« r V ' .iilM\i,u'iie l.i\i,ii liim-
felf iven a 1 ano' c" .1 , i .uhidrtil, and cvi\li-i.| l,i% (u( -
ceir-r
I tow; e
It! ;_''i-'s l',\ ,■ ', '.hoiil ' 1 i> ,-, ,in.| Ih Wuik-
), ur I .V <ni-,ei.;' ■, o • u , . tc-. ii. he el
.Ml',* /, V (I , ,ii:\ . 7 r •,.:iH^ thio'
(lt> •■> i.vU t' ' • I ,. ••
1 hi'. ( f 1 »., \' VC !«•
'> e-, 'v, I' :, ,.■ ..„>.'
. ■';,! • uifi-
■ O't'iT
1.1
, !e.' li\ pipe-, K.t,i .1
i,ni, e It IS I oiiv ■ , d
rout'h the ei'.. (, 1 the top oi the louiil.iin t'.iri-i«
111';..' ! r,ii"> Ib.f.eot C h irlem.i'tne in .iriivr.r, nel.lv
!' 1., with h's t.iee touar.ls (I'eim.iny. ,\:. the city liii
:,n .1 \ ale. f,.rionn,',>ii with mount.iiu.s and wools, t'nr j
ni,- :j otner pitbhe lotintains of good .m i cle.ii water,
bet'vte.'. man\ pri^a^e ono. Here.ue ten hot min.ia!
tbtintain-, .ittd fan,' eoM ones, without St. jair.e-.'s
date, belid.s I'.'.er.il in the adiaeent fields; and the
'.l;eam.^ titat lun t:;r u ;h ilie lown keep it very clean,
and drise leveral mii's.
1 lerc are 3,:) paioelnal or coUegi.ite churches, bc-
lides ihe eadv.frai, a itirge old-lainioned (jothic pile,
\,hieh u.i\ eonle, i.ited by pope I,eo 111. in prefcnee ol
the einpeior Ch.iileniagne, aiul ji'15 billiop,. 'I he
fleeple, at the w I'lt end, is adoined with fiveial p' ri-
mids ; and on the top there is a large globe and ero^t,
from t! i.t...'ir, whiih is much liiLi,her than the body
of the ihtii h, iiins a gallery, lupported by a ion.;
ai\ h, 10 a 1 iipoiji near the middle of the tahric. 'Ihe
intiife ).- beaurdied with a vail number ot pili.us of mar-
ble and brafs, jJilt ll.itues, bials doors and p:rtiLion.i,
and a great dcil of Mof.uc w.-rk. Over the place
where Charlemagne was lull iP'frred hai^gs a lar.'c
croaii ofliher.tnd brals gdr, ailonud with i6fmall
towers, Imio. nde.l with S d.itues, each a toot high;
and ;: lelhr Karucs all of lilver; among which are
coiiini'.'nly ; iTcd 4S cattdkllicks ; tind, at cert, un grand
f.lii\;d-, noltl"itla,n 4,0 fijiers. 1 l,i, erou n was the
gift ot the t ii'p.enir I'redeiiek I. w ''o, reiiKn in;; C'laile-
mai'P.i's I odi , inter.'id it in a liber collin, under the
alt;u I't' ih. I ho r, ,in I 1 ljv, r,:il it witliil.i wliiie m ir-
l,le l..ml> Tone ir h.i I I elore, with t..e b'.id ot Proler-
pine t:p,o 1 II, I p;M)ied to !ta\e brc. taken l";om the
i,imb ol .1 ilu- t ft.o. Out of tilts lomb were i.ik 11
^ ere.i o 4''v r nine- ,md nliqu' s, wloi.h the la d em-
peior I ,1 ,>»i Ir 111 .\iion, king 'I P, rlia, thel'airi-
>\\
l.V.UIor
, , lleie is alio
,■!( peiitv > ' ■' I. in bl.ii k maible.
I ,uev ;a w« «■» j»|i|Jiii"»' fee, .,_
;(.il toi'e woii\l'> ihi VirgiiiMuy
•■■'■:
I ,1 tl!
'.llOlll
t ike a I o.ith N- h.i h, «heii
. tite n .ii'llil.iiv - It n I C'Mlle
.,l the
•■1 ol
[0 i-'M-.
I r . iflw it
aiij^ »>; J.i.il.il. Ill,
lie ,i'iini,.ii i,t III ' .K
'\ ,e I Uf . Ii •. 1,.
tlic lutii' ■ , o:a 1 ii
till V > .All li ■ euw
,it ihi !■ rh it ' > ,» MviO't, ni.e't "t i f(i;t ol H.i',
th,it I ■ t.i b o.'.ihit b vt» i>r 'a'luo, and bun,^
orb e-.jKiied I , .It i ' Ui|>ol a high to>'ei, it ^^ r.oC
it. Ill I'diiiii t w'' I |« ii o .i,par; I ;' i.s. i ..
I , a'Je '.ui.) I li»;h, I « J I- h A<
I I,
: lit
i 1 :
i;-0,e .111
I he jn
■ ; i-\ n
s I.
i-r; It.
.'.1 , mo ihi
.1.! na. 1 1>
io,,te, o; i^ii e.s.-
•^'ai 1" .; I'M Me i n'l •■
b, md :• \ U. '.^. ' '
Ilia r B >t. S'ep! e, ,
iiiji , ,i',es, on wb..i !i
in iiigHraii 11. 1 b r^
W ltd i 'or ').ll,0; I ,1
ab" It V 111 ■,. ■ I.",'
Ill ii'i.i •o!n'>. .11 I
.id.j . \', .. . ., .1 ;
.\,par; I ;• i.s. ; :.) A
bie.i -11 r about Dur
\ p. I I. ol the co'd he w.is
•• the b'oo.! ol rl'c |;ri/to-
i h ilil .n gtild 'tid pn ei •
>ip ■ t .lie Iwom at their
}\\ luiv I I ihe Virgin Mar)-,
■■ er .i-t-H-, <• i.b.illid Oil a jiilper,
I, 1 .w.'l iO tlie iniperiii tihaile-
^iHl,
ri, !\
ihe
o \
i.l
.v»
be I
>ii
. u
I wiuk ot St. Luke ;
III a co*ir ot lilvii"
t:i t.
AI'FIY.
Ill liiicc rcpiin-il liy
ilu- conf^ifis iIkr",
lu'tiirc ( f fii'L-.floMc,
It is :ul'irnnl with
• C'li.ii Icii aL'ni', :\;\\
,11 ticul III) tliolV liy
*li I li arc til a ol the
HLjiu-'s giving the
ll llory of ic is one
I'liipiror-i, who I'or-
t imn luTc, 11 (V.I t(»
ri:u .s', w'.o .illiilcl
-j>l,irc, over '.n.rnil
itily 1(111 -t liii, vi r ll
, into .1 it)|)[)fr cil-
Iml; I 2,00.; [Kuinds.
itiii mli ripii'iii, iin-
Jlill;; l)\ Cil.illi.!. ; a^
)v Charlemagne" ; as
mil iiro ilu- liaili^ ;
Aill ijils Llilcin, i:i
!iv li\ pipe--, i.M.i .1
11. e It I-. 1 o!i\ , .1
tlu luuni.iin i' 1 re i«
u- in .irni'ier, ne:,lv
ly. .\:, the t;ty lui
li..^ ae.ii uoo.ls, t'urJ
vod ail 1 c icar water,
aie ten hot ininoia!
mthoii! St. I.uv.e'?
■ent liciils ; ami the
n keep it ver\' ekan,
'gi.itc cil'.irrhes, he-
ir.loned (jotiiie pile,
:ii III. in prelciu e of
305 bilhiip.. '1 hi.-
:ij u iih ll veial p' r 1-
irge glolic aiul er,) i.
iiL;lier than the b.nly
iippiirtetl by a inn,;
t)t the tabric. 11, f
bcr ot piliais of mai-
iloor^ ami p'.rtiLn'in,
rk. ()\er the |>1 u e
•rrreil hargs a laiye
iiriKil w ith I () I'liKill
i, each a toot lugii j
; among whieh are
ami, at cerl.iin ;;ra')tl
1 1.; .. i>)>i 11 UHb tlv.:
M), reiiKivm;; C'.ai '■■-
■.er collin, iinJer the
w it!i the \v hue in ir-
h ti.f b'.ill of l^Dler-
bfc. taken fiom tI:o
his tomb w\'ic tak 11
, V. h'eh the la il i iti-
. I H, Ilia, the 1'm\[.
■, ,, ll>-:e Is a: I.)
. I. i.i i)l.t( k niailile.
»•» j»ti)»iiini lee, ...
HvIIk/' (I ) VMiir
1 ;>> ihv V irgi.i M uy
.■'• 1.1 i fo.t ot H.I',
r 1 a'la u , and bi in/
;ig!i tin' er. It !■> f.oC
,i, pai;l :i \i. ; :.) .\
»■ e;t ^iit ai)Oi.i Dur
» III tlie L'o'.l he «.is
li'oivi of the proto-
ivV ;i gold '!k1 pri el •
; .Uv' I'worn at tl'cir
V I I I he Virgin M iry,
i:bolliil on a jilper,
tiic 1 nipcri'i t lull le-
I Wmk of St. Laike ;
ill a co\ir ol illva-.
{•.UROPl::
GERMAN E M 1' I R T-
^
gil', loiiivi il tl.c Himr tomb; and ('hariemagne's
)iit on by hi.s rucccliiir-; at their conmation,
in the ihibbing ot knight:, ami i-oiitirring
IWOi
aii'.l M
otlxi lionoui-;. At the ea(t en.i ol' the eMtheJial Our
S-iaviinM is reprcfenti'il liit:ngin ilatc, with a long robe,
onathronr, rniiiJ v hyJi arc th.c four animals reprc-
fcni-'ii i;i I'v.ekielVs viiion. Over lii.s head is a circle
ot goLlen (lar-i ; and iindi-rneali is a ("yiiibol of the
troll, wliieii .ipnearvd to Conlhintine when ho detVat-
cd M.ixentiu.s. Ifeie is alli) a rcpr(Teiitatinn of the
?4 ( iilcr , menrioiied in the Kevilation-, iiiing t'roin
the I'cits, 1 r'ing alidc their erovMis, anel lidling liown
l)cfore the throne. The windou; are curioiifly gilr,
and the paveinen: is of' cl'.cque.ui iiiarlile. 'I'lure i.s
an mum ni'c treafiire lure, conlKting of NctFels of gold,
and liiver-gih, cop.^s einbroiiiered with pearl, and
other rieh vcihnenti. Over the chief altar there i; a
chcn of lilver and gol 1, of antique workmanlliip,
and curioully engraved, in which are kept the four
lelitiui s abo\e mentioned. ;\t the entrance i^f the choir
tnere !> .1 pulpit, covered with filatcs of golil and lilver,
and ailome.i with preeinui Hones, el[;eeia!!y a very
lirge aga'e, ihe gift of the emp-eror Menry Jl. The
nliar of th- choir is covered witli plate.-; of gold alio,
ir[)refi.n:i;;g- Our Saxioiir'.s pallion, which, it is f.;id,
v.is ioiind ;n Charlemagne's fepulchrc. In the upjier
part of tlic church, ovcr-againlf the prince'.s altar,
bet«een iv. n pilars, is a throne, or chair, of white
ina!L)Ie, i'lppofed to ha\e been placeii there by the
emperor ( h;iilen;agne, in uhicli thi: emperors iifjd to
lit when com' crated, ami receive the tirl^ obeifance of
fh<- c!e:;o's .md the chapter ot ihe c;it!.edral, in quality
of king o! the Romans. It is not po'.i'.l^iJ, becaufe it
vas lornmly covereil with i'la:e.s oi gold, though
thcv are not iio\\ to be feen.
'I he eirperor, as duke of Ihalumt, at.d the ekvlor
pal.itine, .IS duke of juliers, are piole^tois ol this city.
'I'he l.itter name.i the r,;a). r, or coiiful, uho is for life;
and ainHed in the government by 2 burgomaller.s, or
Joint cor.fuls ; I4 efchevins, or atderinen, who arealfo
lor life, and act as judges i and i 20 common-council,
that are elected, as are likewile the bur^omallers, by 1 5
tiad.iigcoiiij anies of th.e burgher-, and continue in
the r olFu e tuo )e,irs.
'I lie b:tlis of tivs citv are well known, and nuich
frequented in tile inglitli, and moti other I'.uropeans.
There a'et'. ice u ith in the inner walls of the Old Town,
viz. the l-n:pi r n'.-, the 1 ittlc Hath, and -St. C^iirinus's.
Ch.ii! n..;ri,e .'..is lb much ilehglucd by the firll, that
lie o;,i •! 1 iv.te.i his tons, and his nobles, to bathe and
fwim i:;;;.- uiih him; for it was the cuUom anciently
to b.i;i e there, an hundred, perhaps, together ; but
it i-- 11. u ilividcd into live bathing-rooms, the Little
bath :01ns to it; and tlie fpri'igM.f lioth life fo hot, that
they let them cool 10 or 1 : f.ouis before they 'ife them.
They :ire impregnated with niire and fulphur; and
fonietm e- cakes of brimltone and falt-petre, of a con-
fiderable thicknefs, are taken out of them. 'I'hey arc un-
pleal.ip* to the talfe at lirlf, anil fmell like a rottenegg.
Tsiear thefc baths there is a fountain of warm water,
much reloiteil to in lunimer morniiiL's, and drank for
chronical dileafi^. Tlu. fe in the New low n, which
are t!ie Role Hath, the I'oois iJatl;, and St. Cor-
neil'.e;, arc not fo hot and i lear as the former, and
their Imdl i< fomcwhat oll'mlive. Nearihe hot Ipring.s
lie many lold one-, bv wliiih their heat might beiem-
peieii; and, with .1 little i li.uj';., they might be made
the molt elclighttiil bah ;ii the world. A phyfician
of eminence la\ ;, tli.it b.u!iuig in thefe waters is goml
ngainll all ncivous difmdcr-; fuch as convullions,
pahies, numbmis, trembling, fciataa, gout, fwillings,
d.l'emjiet:; of the bouel;, -.ertigois, tingling of the
iM.s, nephritic (|iiUni| er-, moift and cold alVeCfioiis of
ihe woiiib, barreiinef;, abortion, fcabs, uid the drc;_:,
ot meicurv. 'I hmigli tl;c) aie pioperelt fer bathing,
ihfv arc- alfo drank, in feveral cafe^, uith luccel's,
aganiil hot dillempers of the livei, fp|. en, leins, and
boweU, obihiicfions ol the nielenters lancrei-, livei,
picen, ami reins
Tlirv rnr.' the vc!
uiil Its eliects, a cachexv ai:
)ly. Th.ey
iniindi(-e
;ire gooc
againit inveterate and fliibburn fevcr>, tertian and
quartan -gues, and bleed irg at the nofc. Tiiev
proJiu e i;ood eli'ects in t: e fcuivy, rheiimatifm, and
other dil'cmpers, pioceeding frnin toonvicli leiiim in
the blood. rhe\ kill worni^, dry over-moill parts, and
help conception. They punrc the urinary vell'els of
all impurities, cure l)r.ingiiries;ind floppag, s.an.l lome-
times dilfolu' and expel the llone and gravel. They
are excellent aganitt allhmas, and the molt inveterate
cholics, fiirrhous fuellings, fcrophuloii ;dillen'per->, ini-
pollhumes of the melcnierv dlalr:'.(Ia^, ulcer-J of the
mouth, and dillempers f^f the l'um^ and teeth. The
drinking of thefe waters is relief alio in im:l;inch(jly
and livpochondriac.il ilillempers. They recover lolt
appetites, Itrengthen weak and flatulent llomachs, and
quench immodeiatc third. I'lom thefe virtues may
be il'cn the agreement l-.etween the waters of this jilacc
and thole ol the ''nglilli baths. In line, all ihofe-
baths, cfpcrially fome that are very kit .-ly repaircii,
are neat and ci.imiK.dioi: -, the accomiiu dations and
provilions good and reafo.Tihie, and the;, are tre.jueiiied
liy the belt company.
.About a furlon.g out of the fouth gate lies the
charming village ot 1'on.et, or Porcet, «!-i';h h;id its
name from the wild hogs that abouiuled !-:: iiieriy in
the neighbouring woods. Here are all') many hot
fpringsonboth lide.s (■l',i finall mol rivuLt, -.vhicli runs
through the town. I he\ arc con\e)eil l)\ pipes and
conduits into 14 houfes, in which aie formed 2o baths.
Some (if them are much hotter t!i;in thole in the town,
and mufl be cooled iK liouis before they can be ul'ed.
Tlieir water is clear and plciifaiit, without any dif-
agrciable Imc'l. 'Ihe;. are, lor themort part, fiveorli.x
v,;r>ls fqiiare. Theieis one quite open to the air, call-
ed the Poo. Man's Bath, whuli h.s a IjMing fo hot,
th .* tiie people fcald pigs, and boil egg; with it; but
it > -i;. i-ved, that thev only harden the y-.'lks, ai-.d not
the '. .,. Thefe baths arc net fo llroiir: as thnfe in
the city, and, of conf'equence, tlie belter for weak
people; and ihofe ot ;iil ages and conditions bathe
in tiem f.r tluir vlivcrruui, w ithout any d.uiger. They
air good againll the fame dillempers a^ the others, and
particularly againrt dell. xion-: of tlie heal tmd b.reaft,
moift and fque.imilli flou.aths, dioplies, Ilit: fuelling-,
^c. and nia\ In drank, a>will as thole of tlie city;
but the latter are more foluiiv e, and thole ot the village
more Itrengthen ing. The t'ountainsare, in' jth places,
fo plentiful, that they are capable of filling, leveral
times in a day, above ;o baths, of 60 or 70 tuns each ;
and moll of them, but tliofe for the poor, are fo con-
trived, that the od water i^ dr.iwn ott by fubterraneou.'i
conduits, an-l the bMV cleanfed from all impurities.
It In computed, that, from the baths in thecitv, and
in this village, theie How oooo tons of u .iter per da;. ,
which carry as many pounds wei^'lit of fait. '1 he lirl)
feafon for thefe baths is about the i f^th of .Ma\ , the le-
cond about the iSth of .\ugi.ll, and continues each
time fix weeks.
The village of Borcet i- well budt, has four liand-
fonie churches, and a nunnery of Bernarehne>, whofe
abbefs isa prmcefs of the empire; I)UL th.ere l:e: ati ap-
peal froni her court to the el'chev ins oi theeitx .
The adjacent couiiti e ;ibouiv.U with corn, U lir, and
pafliiragc. The wooiis fiirnilh the illIlabi!ant^ uitli
materials for fire and buikling, as the quarries ilo witli
(lone. Thev ha\e ;i'l'o m h coal mines, befules others
of iron, Icail, vitriol, lul]iluir, und kipis calaminaris;
ami are well fu[iplieil with neccirar'e> by
aiul Maefe. The territories of the city are
contain ne.ir 200 villages, enclofed 0.1 ail
mount. iins.
Helidcsthe places alic.ldv defiribed, the
W'cilphalia contains the- t'olloumg lefj
counties, leigmorie^, iv;c.
'I'hc County of DiHMioi.r lies fouth I't Delmenhorfl,
isw mile- long, 5 broa.l, and eoiiMin- a like i :illed
gH ' Dumnurrce,
the khi::e
large, and
fides Willi
1 in le of
lalider.iblc
Mil
\ M W, ROV\i. ^^l. AUriU.NlIC SVSI KM oi> LNIVI-IUSAI. (;F,()(;U\r 1 1 ^
■ k
::i -4
I 4
Sill-
7^.6
lliiinmciT.i", uliii'li ii'.ii)iin>!» wuh lilha'i.i wi!,I il.i, k- i
'I he luil IS OiTiL' ; an. I tii-' iniiahit.iius ihdUI'. l.'i-
ihfianilin. Tluirtuiv'.c is in maill- iiiun aixl uoi.lUn, |
whicli ilui- mamitai'tiu\', anil alio in blark latilc. Di^',- ;
li.ilt, U'.v.' mil'. tti\Mi, l> a loiouj^h, riUiati.\l du thr '
lln'.r. I
l'\ MONT, r.ini>'i. lor Iin Miiiuril waters Iii'.> >n\
t'u' biirdirs ol I I.iia)\vr, nc ii laiilm', ,^ iiiilc< !i)Ul!i-
will (it Hanovii, aMi.! :iii'a;l o l.iiiiv' *• I' '•^ '1h'
iMpiial I,!' a I'l'iKUy, uitli a \iiy iIiom r |orr, fi).iai-rlv
riiliii.it 111 lI^l .Ml louls, , 'ul nn« lu'lnnj^s to ti.c iiriini' '
iiM'' ililii i^. 1 1'( fi' 1^ a ri I' riliiri (irGiTnifn aiui
ii;lui nob,l.l\ liiilui li' ill ink tin' u at;'r>, ul.i.Iiaii-
) r t.rrcii I'Viii rn :'.• Ii (M >;i, .w.A ixjxiitnl .ibi laii
l.iiin Uiinicn, III \' '.i-. li iI.i ^ .ni. iairi.!l li) t!u WLlVr.
In I lie III i;;lil)i'Uili'). '.I ii ■ II n' III I no lalr-piis , aiui the '
kiii;;'s iron ami lii\u nniii - aie not fai-oll'. 1
'i'iic toiinry ot' Simi ..; i ^. ;,,. i . !u !J by tlie priiKi.' ot '
Orange o| tlie iliv':i)i ol llaiiover; hciice tlic(.i\il
aiv.l iieli-li.illieal ii:i1:l".i:"i its aie Tiborlinate to rl'.ofi-
i.r liruiilw iC-lai:K;ibt:i|; ; a:i.l ilu' (K . lOi lias a iLai i;t
tiiC i(i!!e;.,i', an.l at til.; iliil •■. 'llie onl'. placiU lli.a
ioiin\ '.VMitl'i ul iil'li rv.itio 1 i> S|)je;,illi; :■ ', an a;i-- j
(■:e:'t v'.ilii^ i>na ii!o:!;' 'i:i, ::i -hi \i I'lif. rt'« hii !i t' i-re
i.- i:i l":oi|i;:.il '..( nl.i v.o.i.eii, .iii-l a . ..'!.■ :■.> wr.cli
ji.! ■,iini.;.' .^ . ! 11 .'. i.'.
I I'.i. I ii.iM . , ( |.i: '■■r; i l".i lo- ti leil l^v Ru-'iif- i
[•■ml;, 1.;';- , f.i ! ::i 1:1. a .1 CMni!):i:};. L-^ i,7i-'h j
I I ; II lit , ,Nbiia,lh(i. I; roiint i-ni(;'. , .1 |. ii a;i.i 1
\ .1 e 111 ;' '. I n''' !'■. , .iiv! !;< ;!i.«:l'i'" ot t'.c i :i-i !■• , ami I
i:..i".I> i'l'il, ■ ;l li R:I b::!!', l> litii, ;■. t| en i! e f- Ml -. ;
1 lie bull' ib.iri I (li (iiii:i-lful u,l^ iri'itiii ni 1 a 1
I ..ii^y i-. tl-... iiiiitr.ii- i;, '..•'.^.'.\ II. a .1 i.niite>its !
'■ -i::!; : > .1 (- ; m the i...^. L;r, .;.i,| :n :lv li , n oi the
( ,r !■■, .; .1' . :!:;• n'lint. .t'll. !. in, vh.Ji .'- IV^ a-
rainl b;. ilie M,u iL i.iuii ilu il.i li i.l 1 ..inl'iii;;.
'I'l.i- b,,L'n;or. 01 .\.w..iii IJoi;, to liu- jn 1 e ot
Sa'" " 1.0, 0:1 it> ai . (Kiiu, <n|0. .1 fi-i,: ,nui \. i.e in
the . .-e, an.l in the die-. . I trecin le ; .i- i!.> . :Ik- j
(iHin: .Me^trr.iich, i.t il.c II . tii. y.c^ it' \\;i ii.ii^-nii;- 1
ai! I' ell!, in. ' 'i
li.. .cin';, el' 1 ;i i/a; w 1 b; !o '•_■* ro I'c [-ainee ot j
.\nlia't-bi ;i ! . riJ-Hii.iii. i 1 e f. i;;':!^; .< rj \'> lit- iii, J
I ■. ;-, pi-.il >i.h!i:i.\( k(.;i. '«. IcM! to tl.f i.o ;;u ot li.i !lT-
li,.,,., .i.,.i botii eiiiitl h. ir i.ropriLtii;-. to .1 Il.it in '
l..e . < l.e,;e, an, I in tl'e I., :> o! tlie eiu !e. ii
'1 be (iH:iitii.-> dt' 111.11, keiiheiii anil ( I'l-iu'lbin, the j'
r i .•;;;■:■ I ^ ol (it h men, d'lmb.iin, aiul .\iu;'.ail:, \\ it k- '!
tiiiaJ, .M\ kiiilonk, Keielei.lli in, Kujil', an, I l.uui- i'
iiitibiiii, S l.kin.lLn, .iiiil tlie io.:iit_\ uf ll.illci iiiui.d,
.ill ent::!'- tl-,. !r rel| i, -Ive iiMipr.cio! > to.i lia: aii'l v(;.>.i.-
in the h/.a i_, ;!:uI 1,1 theu,i.l.N oi' the eirele.
iiu. t IR'- !.i: or Tii; [: I' T T. R RUIN I".
TUl.-l cin Ic i-Uio'.inilcl b\ thi Lower Rhine, uhleh
;'.l:;iol! riterk . ; ^ i:, and li;. W Llijili.ilia, riai.eoni.i,
S'..iliia, L'i'jer S.i\t,;ii, I.ouci S.i.\, ir.-, .Mi'.i, e, aivl
l.'iMMin. 1: u ,s a: rie.Mly mei h 1 '.rjer than it 1 1 at
|j;r.:i;, a* ,1 ire;t poitioii li.ith iuui dilin. inbcrel
ii.wiit 1 •. 1 I..;., e. Thi .1:^;- aie 1 i id at Ir.ii.kloit,
r" ■ .'hiM .1:1; l.i.p: at V\'oMii.s, jn. 1 1; pielui!. two
..'" : .;■• M tlu- I .' '!ii'\ r o: '.\'i.r/.l..i-. It • ill'. i;iii ,., .m.l ii
li,l",.i; . Minn- .;r.. i\[<: f ■:\'i.\ u// il
1 ii b liiopi-. : t \^'o'' \! .•>!.'. .I'lo, I 1 : lUil. s in length, 1
.in.t " ;'i .vi'.'i ■••■1 ere t iDU-iell. li i- uuirl'e .ted by the ,..
Ki.::; , r ', I iioun.'ei by ilu.' l.nv.r p.il.il iii it, . In
L;tne. ill' ■' '.re:', iii'i rv.i.m j.^, .' al n iMnb ; il'.oiijdi '
i'Miii |,\'. ;.i:;>.', I :r;,.;l .1 11 urn and viiv.. '('he '
I'.et. l.iiv i>.. .i.l I...1. ia'i!\ nj.p-, il^il. 'll'.ei linpter
I h..b . ;'''■ b:'.! op, vl'ci!' level'.'.e diu', nut e.\eee,l
-, ' -1 a .d \'. i u, I 1 l;,:ii:u.il ., ilub;,..; to il'.e artii-
l,.;!.op,' M-.ti.
W rii. , ;:.i e.ii i .r 1 I ., i, liti.atid u". ;' e' e 'i! li!,
■ I ;i.e Kiiille, .'t the .1 li.l", e (.| .. i,i,., |, ;i:.,,i,t
1 ! .1 k furl 0:1 the .M.iit'e. \\ '.lU ;! .■ 1m|v i.ii 1 ! aiiii'ir
■- : ki| : ! eie, It "a. ui:-' u! r I ii.,,i',i , , ,j|, II '>',.■ ,_i:;e-.
'! ■ '■•'•■'• 1: i; I n.l-av. 1 1 (' tl e • I'jul ■
Hi '.:.': ^^.
ii;i:);e.
il:et held litre ill the year 1521, to w liu 11 I .utlu'r laiiic
aet(irding id lu.^ riimiiioiis ; thoiij^li liis fiieiu's wo.iKi
lain have ildUiadid liim, by reiiiuidn^ h,in nt John
lliib, who Was burnt by a deeree tit ilie louiieil ot
C'onilaiiee, iiotwithllandiiij^ the pdljioit planted him
by tlu-ciniH-ior .Sij-ilniuiid ; Imt 1 .uther, far liom luiii.'-
terrilied, laid, '■ That thoii<^li he wa.-i fine to he eij-
'^A'^iii vwth a.s many devil. as theie weretile.s upon th..
hoiires of Worms, he was refoKcd to ;-;o." 1 le i am •
hither .lecoiihiiidy ; and in.ide fii ha de/eiiee of h:,
doeiriiie, that he «.is pudeiibeel, an.l oblii^ul to ab-
li Olid ; iluring w hieli t imc he w rote that book i .illeii his
ll'ik ft 1,1 ihr I'fif.trl. The Lutherans have only one
eluin h fur their life ; aiul the I'.ipdl- have all tlic fell
of tile ehiuche.. 'I'lie C'ahanilb have one at Nevvhaiifel,
h.df .1 lca;iie oi;i ft the cii), vv lu r • the Liiiheiai:,
foiiietimej leiuple not to have their I'lildreii baptiiil,
eeMtrai) to the i iilliiu of I■'l.ln!^!l)lt. 1 lie'to.v n lui'
110 other foriilieation th.m a double w.ill ; and is a,
l.irj.e a. riaiikhrt, ill jHoplid, an.l j oor. It wasofte.i
lakwiand iitikeii duiiii;; tlu' eivil u.iis in G.inian', ;
bill lulfeKd iiioll b) the 1 uiii ii, ulio, in ihS.j, Ii;d
in allies, in ,i few lici r-, uI-..k h.i I b-.n the vvoik ul'
Ill I'.y.^i the I'.'pini cK iy,\, \. '-.o had ivit b.cii al
luu I il 11 ni.ik e all) pnu ( llii ii, e 1 1 1 r on f.e day after
I'alle', iKi|- to cairvtlic lioll 'n piiolie , lii teMiiiiun^
toeairy i: inproeellion ihr'uijji |i,e line;,- u.-, (..Iirilliuas
lia;, the nia;.ilir.itc- fi III a no,.ii) lo f.itbul it; but
the |irii<I, at the tu.id of the pr.a eili.ni, lir.n k him
ovi r the l.v.id With a i eiliirthat he e.n i le.i in his hand.
Moll of tlie biiij,li (., Iieinii J'lu.iibiiiis, lan to adill
the iiot.iry ; but a j,,-. it luifnbtr of I'op lb pejfanr»,
biijught in for the purjiole, lire,! u,oii them, vvh.ieli
fo in< e'lfeil the I'lOienaiils, that the)- diovc the pro-
vellion baek t.i the ehureh from wl-.eiv e it came, and
wounded leviiil cf tl;e I'apilts, ji.i; tieularlv tl.e m-
foleiit |.i:ell. I he I'apilis complained ol t is is a
bieaeli of tile tie.il) <>fl\)fvuek, hit.vi\t 1 r.iiiee and
the enijiirc, wh'eh rcllorcd W'omis, and its d peii-
deiKies, to the billiup. The I'roteiiantN ph a Jul the
treat) of W'ellph.ih.; m their ov\ n delen.e. .some of
the piineipal authors of the tuiimll were lei/.e.i, and .i
I'.il.itme regiment ijiiartertd in tiie eit) to prevent d,f-
tiii b.inees. At tlv; lam_- time tie eleetor eneluud it
w ith a wall.
The eiiy is fubjeet to the billiup, but itn.ler the pro-
teetioil ol the eleetor pal.itine '1 he I'.ipilK, who.iie
very nunieiui, lieie, h.ive tlierailieiii.il; but ;he ma-
L^ilhate.i, aikl molloft!-,e in. ahir.ir.t ;, are Letiierans.
There is fo much vai.anr (.^ro.ind in the tow n as, being
planted widi vines, yields annually i ,co fodders ot
will,-, eii' h eijiitainin^; 250 iM-pJilli j^allons. This
wine IS fo mm h edeeiiied, that tiie inanllliates make
])refeiiis of it, with lone liili, to pri-ues, and o.l.er
travellers ol' i|u,ility. The preferit ot'tlle lilli i^ to de-
note their rij;ht of lifl.ery on the Rhine.
The churches of .St. Raul and St. John are very an-
cient. 'Ihe latter is built of va'l Iquaie llures, in an
irregular manner, w ith n.irrow win. tows, an.l galleri, <
round the (.".r.iide, jii!! undirti.e ruuf; .m.l -he walls
arc above ' . feet thi, k , fo tl..it it feni.s to f ive W-rw
ileligned for a li rt i.ither than .1 ■ liur. h. 'l lie i..;:i-,e-
elial is a king, hi;.li, aiitl llroii;.', 1.11, Uii.-, with atuwii
at each of the ti ui roiiteis. 'lie uin.iii i !,ti are do-
thie ; and over one ol the galis there is ,'ii liieiogl) phit-,
i)ein;r a figure ot the li/.e of an al-, with I'lur he. id.-,
vi/, thole ol' a man, an ov, an e.igle, and a h.m. The
two lirlt are looking upwan's, .uul thetwo otl-crdown-
w.irds. It is fuppol'eel to be a reprel'eiitation oi thefnii-
be.db: in bi/.ekiel's vilioli; 01, .1, lome think, o'\ the
hieiu-J\ iihi' ^ of the four ev.ine, lilb. ;\ viom.in lit, on
ba, h, wiiii h tlu) fay repreleii! . the gofi'el.
'I heieaie two public h.ilb hire, in one of whi h tiie
n,a|'.illiau-» allemlde twice .1 -.'..; k li r matter., ol llaie,
Mil in till other for the adumi.Ibation oi ;iil!iee. Il
w I, in ill ■ lurmcr that Lmier, I). i;i).', luatcd with the
deb.iie, and the In; thai Was near lam, called loi a
Ill
ri.
II uliu n I.utluT laini:
i^li l^^ fi i(.'i\i's wo.iM
iiui.n^ li.in i)t John
ti" i)t I lie I Diincil cit
li.ill'jiDit gMiHCil him
uil>Lr,lai- l'iv)m li^iii';
;• u.is fine ti) l)c ui-
>■ ui'i\' tilt.s upon ih^
1.1 !() !^l>." 1 Ic ( ailiL-
I li a JcfiTKt: of ii:.
, .111,1 ()l)ll;i;;d to :i'i-
tL- i!>,!tl)(i(iki.i!lr(l Ills
litr.ins havi only ()iv„-
p'.li liavc ;ill ihc tvil
ivc one ac Nfwh.uill'i,
rtliir-' tlic 1 .u!lu;ia:;i
.■;r i'iilJri.11 luiuuil,
foi t. I'lie t()>\ II Ikii
iMe wall ; anil is ,i.
III 1 oor. 1; uasoUiM
II u.us in Ciniatr. ;
, u li,i, ill I fiS,(, ; lul
I I I) '.11 tllC Ulllk 1)1
,. '-.o h.i.l ivit iucii a!
i I j,t oil t'.r (lay afici-
|llll)lit , lil U'lMIIIUIlfJ,
.0 llriv;,' c),-. C.luitliiias
I) lo forhul it ; bill
iiit cllioii, fiiiuk liiin
c- cani'.il 111 iiio liaiid.
oell.iii! :-, ran to allill
■ ol I'oj) 111 [K'afint-,
>l u,.'()ii t-iuiii, wh'A h
thcj- lirosc the [ini-
whciv e it came, aiul
paiticuiarl'. the in-
plaiiieil ol t IS ,'.s a
, In luixt I ranee an J
mis, and its d' peii-
oteliants pKaJul the
I n d^lcHi e. .soine of
ill v\ eie fe;/.e.i, .'.liil a
■.',■ , il\ to jjreveiil li.l-
he ekvlor ciielolnl 11
p, hut i;nder the pio-
llie I'.ipilK, who .ue
ihedral ; luit ;he ma-
rant;, are J.etiieran-;.
in the to« n a',, being
ally 1 jCO li/dihr, ol
j'Jilli i^al'on.s. 'I'liis
me iiia;;ilb"au ^ iiiake
I I'li'ii e.s, and oJ.er
It of the full u to Uj-
Uhine.
St. John are very a;i-
\ fniaie llnr.rs, m an
iii.Uiu s, and ^.illt li' <
ro(.f; .ir.d 'lie xi.ills
it feuL^' ti) h ive been
, liureh. 'lhee,;ih,e-
i'.ii.di.K', ui:l) a ur.\, 1
,e oiii.iii cnti are (lO-
ue IS ,<ii iiieroj.;l) [line,
;,!•, « ith f lur he 111,-,
ij^!e, a.'lJ a lion. Tin;
il the two otl-.cr ilmMi-
jireleiUationol'ihetoiii-
i> lonie think, oi' the
111 .. .\ Moni.in lii , I'll
i; 1 the jJ,!'!] 1 1.
•e, in one of ulii h ilie
k li r matter, ol llaie,
:liaI:on of iilUee. U
l)..in;j, lleulcd u nil tl'.e
lear him, talle.i lin a
gUf.
i-.Ln;(M'i:.] c, v. r m a n
jilif-. ol nine ! '.vi-.ieh, bjinn; hroii};ht, he '>«a:> focaj^er
ill II uif'ouife, i!i,it he for (,t to drink it, aiul fooii
alii 1 i: 1)1. 'ke t pieces on the bench, xwthont any
I) id. ■ , t.iueliin ■,, cr being near it; w hence the Linher.ins
i:i;ij! i,' 'e.l that ilieic was poifon iiiivcd with the wine ;
wh:reiip'i:i ihe\ broke thcb.nih, and Hill kept the
nieces a a memorial oi his d".li\i ranee. A line chiirth
WiiM b ili lieie for the failluians nor main \ears a;;o,
in uhu lithe hillo;y of that ,',ie,it. maa i.s will ;).iiiutd.
!•: M r I R I'.
-61
Thelt
.1
• iiit here, \\!ii(h is a noble llrucLure.
M'illl a l'i>ai, i.i'is p()rlie(>, .iheie a v.i!l nuliib'rol bones
and hoiiis Iuiivl; hei«. en ihe aiLlie.s ; thr lormer of
wliuli, ih'.x i'i , .ir-,- tj'.ofe of I'iaiits that lived anion;.;
the .in> :e •.*■ \ .1.1.^:. :ie.. ; and the latter, the honi.s of
oxen t^al di'U the Ihmej whicli biiik the cathedral.
'I'he (.iilfi ie of ih( Ivotife i-. a.loriied with, many pietiir^s,
i);:i:k nhiib fiini. of ihofegiaiu.s Ji armour.
';.n. e thi> I . y was laid in allies by the I'rcncii, in
ifvij. It 1- l.:'!e more than the tliadow of its loimcr
hcMc: . 'i'he nciufl traders, confulerinf^ hou much
both ihey and ilKir aiueltors h;.d fiiifeied by realiiii of
theii I) II ;.•; lo epeii 10 I 1 i.T.'e, retire.l to hVanklon and
llcli.md , fo u..it iij el):''l I'ipp. r' noa is lioni ih"
1)1 il I 11 .>: A (.' .. [li r i tile iirl! ol ■..lioin, liout\ . r, l;ein'i;
alu " a I li!.."i ", and olien an ecileli.illn .il (liCUn,
\i rv fiidom u.'ihs lie!;. the citl.'ells, ;is .lie, in-
d'.ed, liiof. i:f 111 (il other Iii-peri.d town':, .iri -.ery
era 1 pi 1 !'.'.:* u iiiapgcis. 'I'l.en is ,1 feii.ite, or lujirenic
ei-uii il, htu, iiMii[)o(id (.r ?.-, iiieir.bers, wher.of 1 ;<
are f 1 lile. 'i h: ;i' is the fun !'. country in tlie world,
tioi.i this c:l} to Oppeiihi.!!!! and I endale. 'I'h.c
f.iu' f;-.',. iw, ^ plain in which it ftaiius .iboiind, w iih
cm, \in, ,ir.h., and fniit-frees. .\ u ine i.s prodiiceil
heu', \ih: !i I'lc.illed l,iebe:i-f iMi:en-Mih. h, 1. e. Our
]ai'\'.. .\iilk. 'Che Klvne is about { or 4 :j paces
from the town ; but it i.-. f.iui it lornii 1) ran dole by
its walls. \\ h.K h '..a)- foever one apiir.Mciies the town,
the four takers of the c.irhe.lr.il are leen, w hich are all
built (f red free-llone. In ilie (.ampaign of 174}
kin:; (I'eoi-e II. took tiphs quarters in tins city, and
Id.'ti^e.l in tiie bith.op's p.'.ia^e, after the battle of Oet-
tiiv-^n.
.S, 1.111, iheiii_;h o:il)' a fortrd': on the river \'\ ilehnit/,
gixes uaoKMo a b.iihwirk ; and Lcinin;^eii is a town on
a iii;ie.nr:iin, the 1 ii.ulel of wliii.h wasdeIlro\ed by the
I.cvh.
Ncuiiaiifcn, riirkeim, Rhein, f loekheim, and Dirni-
ftcjii, are all boroiij^hs, w it'i i'r. •reliant <. iuirches ; in
\v''.i(h, houev.'-, t'ne Rcmui Catholics .ire .iKowcd to
jiertomi ri.or iil.jjious duties.
'1 he Billi. piic of SriRi. IS iinerfeelcd by the Rhine.
'Ji e olher p irt . are furri'tinded bv the rcrritinMesof the
rlcetci palatine, ai'.d the ipar.:ra\e ol H.ulen Durlach.
.S< me parrs are moiint.ur.ous a'ul w>..)dy, and others
Ie-.. '• iinl hr'ile, in corn, ahr.onds, vines, and chtfnuts.
It cNtend.-i ]t miles in length, and i: inbieadth. 'I'hc
b.ll.op, though futl'raL'an ro the archhill op ol Meiitz,
;•. a piiiicc of the empire, has .1 feat and voice in the
iti.rs thereof, and of the circle.
The linpi 'Kil c:!\ of Sivire is (itiiated on a delight-
f 1 I l.'.in, on ihe e:i!l ti.le (.1 tf.e Rliiiu', 1 ? miles foutli-
vel! fi
Ik
lib
It
V..1S erected bct'ore the
I'lie oi' Our M'. !• Ill, and the fee was founded in the
lo.rih ;ent;iiv. Ihe ma. il' rates, and many ot the in-
Inhiiants, v\i l.Mih.eran< ; I tit the Roman t'atholics
Ivue :i'a:'y . huK he-, con'- eni ,, cvc. It ha> a feat, and
vote-, in tile liu I'i of tl'.'.-eiiijiire, and thole of the circle,
J'-', ipg .'11 iilielliueiit to the.iiipire, and the chamber of
Vx'e'.'iar. 'I'he Irencli, who burnt th;.> cit) in the
\(ii U'.M) 11 u. dried, iiu!ifi'riniinatei\ , men, women,
a'a! childr n • d itroml l,\eial valuabh' marble mo-
la.meiit^ if ; 111] 1 . ii ■ .Old I ii'jiiili'i s , e\ en ralli.icked
ill g-.ives, an ; l'i.,itti ri d .;bi)',:t the bones of the vene-
rable ih .'d. PrtMiUs to this d( v.ill.ition it was the
li II ot l'"- Imp! nil ' li.uiiber. .Siiii.c lh.it tune it has
fi n i'.iiil uitiiaddirion.il beaiif. . bur th.e Imperial
1 h..iiibi i ha' Ikcii leiiiov; lI, ,\t tli ilut hcM here in
j,;^, ill' x,o;d /-"i ;,•._.'./..■ to jk iijiiie, liiicc which
time p(ili)ns ol tlic reformed relijvon Iiavc : .en dif-
tmoiiillud b) that .i|)peliati<>i). It is lingular, that the
bilhop I, not permiuedto refide in this city ; and when
he is chofeii, belore he is fiili'ercd t ) e.iter it, he iiuilt
ledrefs all c.aiiplaints. i hen, fitting on horfeback,
between the two outeimoll g.itts, with one Ii.ind on his
left breall, hemu.tgive it his benediLtio,i He tiien
makes his public entry, and the citizens (lay him ho-
mage. Tills citv is iin.ler t!;.' protection of tiie elec-
tor palatine. The fortifications are but very iii.iif-
fercnt.
I'hiliplluirg, eight miles to th.e foiuh of Spire, was
ar lirli but a little town. Aftciwards it was cnconi-
palfed by a wall, and at length (reeled into a cif)- in
l44(. It iscorvenieiuly litiial/il for commanding the
ailjaceiit couirry, and wastheivlore fortified with i'evtn
royal ball ions, by I'liilij), bilhop of hpire, 'who w.i.s
alfobilia)pof Tiers,; in i<'i'j, before the civil wars in
(jeriiian., and called by his own name. The clcjitor
palatine, 1 rederic V. under whole foveieignty and
prote-titin it was, fufpicious ol'the bilhop's ileligns in
tbrtif; iiig thi, pLice during a jieace, or.lcivd him to
delill ; but he rtfufctl, alledgiiig, that he had the em-
peror's placar: for hi-, warr.uu. L'pon this the elector
raifed troops, and den.olilhed the fortiii; aioiv, ; for
which tne emperor fummoncdliim .in..l his confederates
before the chamber of .'-pire, and deligned to prociCii
agaiiill iliemwith theutiioii feveius, which was one
(it I'.ie caulcs of «the civd wars in Cjermany. It luis
futiercd fc\eral memorable lieges, in the fpaceof 100
yc-ars. ."vjiaola, the Spanifli general, repaired the for-
tili'-atioii,, and made it almolt impregnable, in 16 j{.
It was taken the year alter by the swedes, who gave iL
to 1 e'.,i; Xlll. and v.a. retaken by the In perialills in
16(3. il was taken fiom them in i6.f4by the I'reiich,
iiniler the prince of Condi-, who joiiicd the (jermaii
Frotellants. Tlie 1 tench kept it till ih-(i, bvvirtue
of the treaty of Muniier ; and Lewis Xl\', added lb
greatly to the fortil.caiioiis, that tlieyex:ended to the
Rhine, which lie. a quarterof a league from the town ;
and over the i:,reat g.ite put a Latin mfi ription ; thu.i
rendered int.) Lnglilli :
" Lewis XiV. tiij moil Chriilian king of Trance
and Navairc'j ha\ing finillied the wars 111 both Cjcr-
manics, and rellored peace eery where, caufed this
fortrels to be ll rcngihened with tliele ramparts and w alls
at his own royal ciiarge, as a nionumeiitof his own
v.ilour, and of th.e le.dveiy of the Oerman liberty.
I Ie coiiii)!eated it m idod, fjr the terror of his eiv.--
iiiie.s, ihe fupiiort ol his aides, and a fecurity tj the
Trench ; it being the fccijiul bulwark of France on this
fide ol the Rhine, and a key into Germany ; the low ell
in litiiation, but not in Ihengdi.
" W'iiat he Ihuts, no 11 an opens ; ai'.d v. hat he open-',
no man lliuts."
In ifiyfithc hnperialifls rct(«)k it ; and the emperor
ordered the l.iiil l.atin inlcrip'tion to be er.ileii, and
another put up III its iua.i. InTiiglilhii ruiiithuo:
*' Leopold, the enipero;-, pious, fuccefslu!, and
augiili lonqueror, having undertaken a ncceliiiry war
fur .illilling his confeder.ites, delendinj, h.is fubjects,
curbing his enemies, and rellonng peace every wlieie,
took this fortiefsb\ liege, that il might be a monument
to polleiitv ol his I lenking otf the yoke of llaveiy hoin
tile neck i-fiommon l.bert\ ; and relloring it to Gei-
m.iii,, lioiii will! ll It had been unjullly taken.
' " In the vearof G'.ir falvation iC)-?^.
I
1 " 1 111 the teiiorof hi', enemies, the defence of his
j fub|e.ts, and the f 'i ;irit\ of Ciermany, he Unit .igiinlt
tne TreiK h, anil opened to the Ciermaii ., this lecond
bulwark of 1 rance on tliis fide of the Rlime, and key
10 Ciermany, a. .1 liappv ( men ol liii like I'.i. icls in re-
e.. wring 11:01 e'
•■ Vs hat the Trench Ihut, tlie Oermans open."
Tiic
K
i^
i ft
< I I •}
!4
•;{,l A NF.W, ROYAL, and AUTIIKNTIC SYSTKM or UNIVKKSAL (ii:oC?RAl'UV.
The Girnun' h;ivinc; rogaincii it, ilUT a iK-ge d*
tour iiifiinhi, r was gKiiitcil to thcni l)v the j>c;uc ul
NiiiK-piicn. In W'SS the Iromli tDok u .i^aiii -. but it
\\;is nllnrcil to x\\: cinpin.- by the trcity dI RyfwKk in
ihq-, with thi- toi:ihcatuiii> on the u^ht rule; but
tli.iiV on the k'lt were iieinohllK\l. It w.vs a)^.un t.ikeii
b\- the rVciKh in i-.^4, alter a ion}; ami bUxnly liege,
111 which the taininis liiike ot Herwu k (natural (on ot
kin^ James II.) was killeil by a cannon ball, betwixt
I IS t«o qraiKlliins as he went to take a view ol the
f. ercl'.es'; but the\ relloreil it uiion the peace that
loi:o\Mil,ai the he^innini; iit'the yeai i ^-.j^.
The billii'P ot^piie lelidis in the caltle, a noble
jiile, tiuiiulnl in iji.}, in a plain fun-.ninileil with
nv.rlhes, bv George, count palatine ot the Uhme, aivl
M;iu)[) ot' Spire i ami repaunl, in 1570, by billiop
Maiquar>.l lie llatt>ein. The cmpeior has the riy,ht of
<arril'oni;!g it ; but the bilhop has alio fome fort ofju-
iiHli:tio;i m it.
Uiiivhall, or nruchfil, is a l.ir;',c open town in this
biOiopiii:, on the river Salt/.a, w iih a calUe, which is the
or.iinarv relii.K'iice ot the b''.1)0[), nine miles louth-ealt
ot I'hiliplbur^,', and 12 -.lorth-calt d Durlach. Here
p;ince 1 ii;,;ene kept his heai(-i[u:ir:t.is during the liege
ol rhiliplbuig by the I'rench, 1-J4.
\lt!i[i, in the fame diocele, though but a vill:ij^e,
'■.'.- r.irnierlv I'ortiiied, becaulc i: commands ;i p,ill'.i:;e
lithe Rhine a little abo\e Mmheini. In the N'otitii
• i 111. nuj-ire
iunk (U' the
I'l '.'a h I I'll;
garriion m :
It IS callcil
de A
\ erv
\.\ R'.pa, bccaufe the
ii"h. It was a place
Uliine is hcic
D-.tance to tl'.e Romans, that the\ keiit a
Welbdat. and Rottcnbur
r«
an; fmall
lirlt IS liruitcd on the I l.irt, the banks of
g )o.l wine i and the latter is dctende.l by
Kidahei"
to^n--. Thi
wh rh \ i.li
a..:!;le;
The r.i h Provoillliip of NVrissnsiu r(; wa. oripi-
ii.illv an abbe/ of lieneiiictine-, lituated in the ancient
mipviial cit'. of Weilllnhur;^', in the l.,)«er Alla'c ;
buf, Ml Is.;'', '.i wa. niivened into a lemporal pro«
vollihip, anii annexed to the bilii..i<ric of Spire, on
\»hi. !i a. ('lint th.e bifhop has a feat and \oicp in the
diet, ul tl e ( mpire and circle.
It ii n • elLry herj to obl'ervc, conrernina; the bi-
llioj.nc ot Stralburg, or Stratlburg, the ( athedral and
< haHcr o! which are in thecity ot Strilburg, in .\lface,
V. hic'i i iinJ.cr the dominion of brance ; that, there-
tore, in rcfpect to that jxirt ot his diocelV, the billiop
is ("ubici to I'rancc; but, on account of his bailiwick
on the o:1kt tide the Rhine, he retains the title and llate
t>f a jirii.CL ot'tlie (Jerman empire, and hai accordiiiglv
a teat and vouc in the diets ot the empire, and ot this
f ircle. But, m fpintuaN, he is fubjejt to the .vich-
billi.)i) ot M'.ni.'..
The Ihlhopric of Hash, is cvtcnfivc; but the I'.tua-
tioii I- in ililkrent dominions, as part tji it licsin Swit-
•/erlaiul, and put in Jiis eiri le. I he inhabitants are
jaitly of the Roman Catholic, and partly ot the Pro-
lellant perfualion; and the Hates conlilt of tin- clergy
and nobili'v, uith the towns and baili\( icks'. The
l)i!l,'p, wl (lie mthedral Itandi in the ( ii)- ol'Haii!, i;a
prini e ot the empire ; liming, as I'ikIi, a feat and \(ite
\'.\ the diet ol the empire, and of the circle, lie is
iikewif.' -..n a'.lv of the Swils. The only places in his
d.nnir.Mr. , uhicli belong to this circle, arc,
r«elir!av, and abbey, whole nbbot is mitred; Scchof,
um'cr ihr piotciion of the C anton of Bern , St. Lnlit/..
on the l)au i,
on the Allen,
Is about :^ mile, in length, and 1 1 in bieadth. It !iir.
longs to the circle ot the Ujiper Rhine, and is divukil
into I J Imall bailiw u k». "^ome reckon it a part of Urtle,
others of Wetteiavia ; and fome ,i)',ain inike it indepcn-
ilent ; becaule its abbot, who is elcifted by liiars, th.it
mull be all of rank, by lO defcenis, i; h^rd cf the
tow n and country, and primate otall the abbots in (ier-
many and (iaul ; is a prince ol the empire , lit, at the*
loot of the emperor's throne in ;ill general diets ; and de-
pends immcdiatelv on ihe pope, to wl-.om he pays 40.;
tlorins, or 40!. on lus inllallatitni. But the country bor-
dering on leveral I'rotellant itatcs, as .Saxe-(iotha, Sn. .
as well a^ 1 letret'alill, theie aie feveral heie ot that
religion. Th.e abbot i>, morcmer, perpetual ch.iiiceU
lor to the impiels, and puts the crown upon her heavl
at her coronation. The revem.e of this country is be-
twixt 20 and p,oool. a year. The abbot is able to
raife 4 or 5OJ.3 men. His ihapter coiitills of eight
provofts. fie has al' thetcui gre.it olliceis, lich Ci]ifi-
pagcs and liveiy, and a inagniliceiil houfliold ; atiij
there is alw.iy.s a companv of horle guaid>, and a regi-
ment of Ibot-guarJs, well cloathed and luo .nted, to at-
tend him.
Fuld.i, which is the c-apital of the count), flan.]-;
on a riv^r of the fame name. It is contiguous to the
abbe\ , which n of the Bciu'ilictine older, and one of
the iiolilell in all I'.urope. It was f)uiided, anno-44, by
St. Bunilace, anil endowed withgreat privilegcv In feve-
ral emperors, l he great church, dedicated to ihat lainr,
is .1 llately tin:-lb)ne pile of ancient architecture. The
monks have two M>>>. one ot the Ni w Tcllament
Kimplete, and the four I".\a;igelill-> dillmct j all laid to
be written by St. Bonilace, in a character much ditfer-
cnt fromany now in ufe. It is an open town, b: r dirty,
and not \ery well built. Ihe palace is a llately pi'eot'
tree-Hoiie, with apaitments rii hh t'urniflicd, a.id, to-
gether w ith the abbey, may be reckoned among the no-
blell buildings in (iermany. A tiavellcr ot rank la}s,
he W'a> glad when he got out of thi-. country, becaule
here he met with \ery haid drinkers, bad roads, and
difmal lodging. It was tiirmcrl} a free .md imperial
city, till It became fubje^i; to the '.ibot.
I lire l-.!e!d, on the lame riser, .!o m;!e, n.irth from
Fiilda, anki (O louth-eait of Calfel, is a Imill but neat
city, noied tor another al)bey, winch is of, is noble a
Ihiii •..are a-, any in the empire, being built upon an arch
fupported by 16 pillars, of one entire lloi.e each, k
wa> f lunded by IVpin ; endowed by Cliarlcs tlie (ireat ;
and one of its liril abbots was .\lcuinu.-', or Albinus,
his prueptor, who lies bui led in it. Since i6c-(), when
its lalt iibbot died, the leviiuies have been kept bv a
branch <f the famil\ of I lell'e, as adiiiiMillr.iior, and it
was leciilari/.ed by the treaty ot Munllcr. Its dilUict,
which has the title of a priiu ipality, is about 1 ; miits
long, and the fame in breadth, and li.s on the ealk
fide of I lell'e, towards Thmingia.
The Mal'er'.hip of jsr. John conlirts only of the
town of I lellerlheim, and a tew villages belonging to
the order ol St. John. The (nand Mailer is a prince
of the empire, and ha> a feat and \ote among the
priiK es in the diet of the empire ;>nd circle. Heire-
tliam is a market-town, and the reliJeiue ol the (Jrand
.\IalUr.
Ihe .\bbey of Vvvs\ is filuateil in the forcll of
;\ 1 denies : was founded, in the ei:;lith centurv, bv
■ v.
wiiuii contain; a [irovoi'lilnp ; B.iiutiut,
I oin-TininL^ a bill-.op's p.dace, with a col-
lege an.l a ( apui hiu i loiltc-r ; Arlelheim, on the lame
Pepin, king of the 1 ranks ; and, m 1570, incorpo-
r.ited with the aichbilhopricof'iriei>
rucr, 1-. llir rclideiKe ol the i_h,ii)tei
a iiMiik( t-towii on the Rhine
he tcrritoiv
am
1 .Scl
leli
ngen
Tl
of the abbe, of t
called Hlirhei, by the (;irinaiis,
caili-.l ! agonia, bei aulc it
tui c- h-trees ; '
1 ieiice thearch-
billiops beiime its admimltrators, ami, .is lu.h, base
a feat and vole m the diets. Prum, tiom whidi tlic
abbey takes its nunc, is an incoiiliderabie town 0114
fmall rivulet.
The dui he of .^ursNEUN was long poirelfcd hx a
lie town ol I I r Pf
b\ till- I ,a;ins
collateral branch of tlie palatine t;
imilv
w;m
"g.
wa. am icnrlv a wildernefs ot' lit and vote in the college of priitc
eyolvi'i
but that lail-
1 to the electors, who, 0.1 that account,
and, loined wiili
lilt It IS now imjirc
d
thin-.
lich foil, fiuit-
<t nill'e, ami north u! 1 1
tlie hilliop A
:1
■)t \Vc
imonmg princes to
r the
|;ariii.ul.iil> good wiiks. It lies circle, suinm rn, ilu- principal tow n, which takes it'i
inau
Re
:-k,
and app''ll.itii)n from a riw I'f the I'.ime name, li j2 miies
t welt
I'llY.
: in l)ic.nJ!h, Ii [«.•.
lime, ami is ilivulij
Kiiiit.ipariof Hrlll'.
m inikf It iiulcpcii-
tc'lid Ij) liurs, ili.it
lit,, li K,ril (,f tlic
!l il'.f abbots \n (Jcr-
cmijirc , li;, at thu'
ncnil clicts ; aikidc-
wl-.om liL- jjavs ^jj
5ut the icuntry bor-
as Saxc-CJotlia, itt.
I'vcral lic'ic ct tliat
, pcrj-ctual thaiKcl-
ou M i;j)on hrr hc.iil
>t' tin-, iijuritr'. is be-
lli; abbot li able to
IT KJiUilh ol ciglit
t (^llictl ,, I li.ll Cv]! I-
ilU liOufliokl ; a id
!;uaul>, aiui a n'l^i-
aiui 111.' .ntal, to 41-
tlif lount) , iLin.l-!
< lOIUl^UOlli to til-
ic oiUlt, and one it
niiivied, anno "44, by
at priuK'gc^ b\ lc\e-
\li. atcd to ilia: laiiu,
It architi-diirf. llii.-
the Ntw TcllanKiu
. dill met i ail faid t()
lai.icfcT nnicb liitler-
ijirn toun, b; : cliri\ ,
ec i^ a llately pi'eol
V ruinifiicd, a. id, 1(1-
koned among ilic no-
avellci ot rank la} >,
l-iii country, beeaulb
i\cr,s, bad roads, .\nA
) a free and iinpcnal
'.ibor.
;:o niiies north from
I, IS a I'mill but neat
till li is ot as noble a
itg Ijuilt upon anartli
■ntiie lloic each. It
1) Cliarle.> tl;e (j'reat ;
Ucuiiuis, or Albinus,
t. Sinic i6c6, when
lave been kept in a
adiiiiiiilliaior, and ic
Vliinller. Its diliriv;!,
ly, is about, i : iiiil( >
and Ir.s on the ealt
conlins only of the
villages belonging to
d Mailer is a priiiec
and vote among the
e and cirele. I leire-
•lideni-e ot tile (irand
ited in llie fotill ciT
eighth eentury, liv
, in 1 ,"0, incorpo-
Kis. 1 leiue theaicii-
, and, a^ lluh, have
uiii, lioin uliich the
miderable town on J,
Irng ijofleired bv a
aiiuiy ; but that lail-
ho, 0.1 that aeeoiint,
e\N, and, joined with
lining princes lor the
o\i n, w hich takes it ;
111- name, i, p miies
welt
ruROPi'.]
GERMAN F. M P I U
uell ol Mem/, ar.d has fcvcral churches. The duchy
tontauis, bcIiJes Sninncrn, leveral I'mall and inconli-
deratile towns.
I'he Utile Duchy of Lautkktn, in the iail century,
re\<Tteil to ihceUvtoral houfe, which is therebv entitled
to a feat a id voice in the iliets: as ilid the bailiwicks
of Liuterenand \'eldi-ii/, belbiwing, at the fiiiie time,
luiulai privileges. V'elden/ i, litualed on tin- .MofcUc,
and l.auu laiioii the (ilaii.
'I'nc Imperial and free City cf In ankiout on the
M\ivK was aiicieiulv c.illed Irani oforili 1, tiiat is,
•//'<• /•■/)./';/ //'I iiiiiik< ; foi tile Ir.ink, iiled to crul's
the river here, 111 order to make tluir iiKiirlinns upon
tiie Saxons; on ^ihichaccouiu the laiter at length built
this city to reihain their ravages. It is now called
I lanklort on the Maine, not only on account ot its
being tituated on tlia' river, bur to diltinguilh it from
1 r.mkf MI on the CMu. It is iS mile^ call of Ment/.,
ind :o lioiii the Khine. It is fpacious, populous, and
(ipuleiu ; one of the Hans-Towns , and the feat ■■f the
Imperial diet. The river interfects and div ides it into
iwopan.s, which have a communication by means of
.111 cleg.. nt llone bridge, lonlillingof l.^a^iK•s, with
a tower at ea^h end 400 pa. es afund'.-r; but the whole
is under the |iirifdictiou ot the fame niagiltrates. I'he
nver IS about li.ilf as bro.iJ as the Th.iiiie, at Lonilon.
riu- town is fa'-idiin led by hmIN, encompaliid with
deep ditches of running water, and forrided with 11
billions, I'lirabI • I iHinterfc irps, out .corks, c\:c. The
M line, Rhine, iV ■. rentier us liaiatioi aiiiiiiiab!.- tor
trade, p.irticularl) foi bringing i'.reat qu.iiituies ol corn
an I wi ic tiom b'rani oni.i, and the I'.ilatinate. It ha.
two annual fairs, winch are frequented by merchants
wi.h various cummodiiies, |)artii iilarly books from
moll parts of luirope, of which rhe\ diltribute printed
taial.Mue-,; fo that there is greater choice here th.m in
any town in L'hi iileiuioin, during tlie mart, which fills
three vceeks; but at other limes the bookfeller; have
Icarce any b'.iliiuis. There are three m.iris every year;
and the name-, of t'lr foreign nier. hants are written
over till ar. h, before the doors of their llio[)s, vvlm h,
wiien the m.irts .irc ended, arc ihut ii|>. Moll ol the
ftreets are large, except tvv() or thtc.-, which are lull
ot tiadeis lliips. Sonic of the h.iufes are built of rid
marble, or timber plaillered, an. I jiamted or covered
with Hate;.
On the 11 Mill lidc of tb.e cif t'lerc is a fpacious horfe-
fair, or m.iik,.,, vihere a vafi number of good horfcs
are fold to the Irench king, aa.l the neighbouring
princes. The Jews arc the chiet' lockies The city
IS round, and h.is iio fubuibs; but 1^ iiutcli l.irger,
richer, and more populous than Mem/..
'I'he chief llriutures arc the following: St. IVirtho-
ioiiiews's cathedral, which, though tood.irk a pile with-
in, IS a llateiy venerable piece ot" architecture, built
t)y Pepin, father to C'harletii igne. In a long iiirrow
part ol this civil ch, c.illed the conci.ive, they ufed to
chute the emperor. Ic has a very iiie.in altar and
benches lor fo celebratcii a pl.ice. 1 he other part, in
which he was crowned, beiiii,' acloilUr of iron, l.illened
to the baliilir.ides of the choir, looks like a great bird-
cage, having no ornament but an orilinary crucilix of
lir.ils. A bum h venter takes notice of a ciiriolity here
if another fo:t, the tomi and vihile iiiaible llatiie
(iKimliiig in a niche ol bl.i laible) of John Charles,
bilhoii of Worms, v\lio, .. .le infciipiion liiys, was
ilei.cn. led tioiu the buMii^ ol frankenllein, whtj trace
llieir genealogy t'roin ktlicr to Ion, tor more than I030
)c.\r> baik.
I he town-liiiufe, wliere tlr.- cmpiior and cle.lors
jneet in council alier the election 1-, over, bcfules tiie
llirone, has unlv lonie ben' lie^, (oveiedv.ith gre, n
cloih, jikI foiiii- pi;tures. The great hall, where ihe
Impeiial te.ill i-, kept on the coroiioon iliv, is not
very regular, though largie. I he ll.ior 1, covered uitli
black ,ind yellow cloth, tlic livery of ll'.e houfe of .\uf-
Cri-i. On the Celling is painte.lihe Hon ol Caiiyme.le
liiiiied auav bv Jupitcr'.s c.iglc; and \j\ .\ raven lear-
feio. ;'.).
ingout the eyes of a pcrloii who had falfe.'y .vcilcJa
in-
other of iminkr. Hcloie the houfe is a gre.it fq.iare,
viherc, at this folcmnity, an ox is nialkd,'f>ulFed witli
veiiifon, wilil-fowl,and fuckmgpigi ; and thither one
of the dec'tots conicin pcrfonfora Ihec ofbcef, wloch
he larrics to the emperor ; and, after he has dined on
it, it i.s abandoned to the fiopulace. .Another of the
electors carr s hini a glals of v\inc, which, on that oc-
calion, runs Irom a tountain in the middle ot the fquare.
.•\ tliini cariici him a meafuie of oats from thence . and
in tins fquare, after the coronation, another diltribute*
themeiiuls, l\c. llrui k upon the ocialion. Here is a
vellry, where the tlctorsare lliiit up during the elec-
tion : at which time the niarllial ot tne empire fland.s
before the door with his fword drawn, to prevent the
princes Iromi oniing out till it is over.
Uriiinlild, which viai fiirmeily the emperor's palace,
is now the iiianlion-houfe of the Teutonic knights,
w here (lel)t()r^ hav e a fan. 1 lury for 1 4 days, after w Inch
they may be t.ikeii up.
There is a [loit, or hnrbotir; and
The citadel or fortrefs ot .Saxenhaufen. There are
alfo feveral noble fountains in the (it), and pariicularlv
three in the great iiiarkct-pl.icc ; and divers mineral
fjiringsand bath> belonging to the city.
Thi.-, city is govcricil by a pra.-ior, 1 2 biirgomailcrs,
14 elchevins, or aldermen, one of which is always a
biirgomaller, and 42 tommon-i ouncil. The Icnate,
which (luifcs two biiigoiiK.lters annually out of their
own numbi I, is diviitcd into three benches; thcfirllis
ili.it of th<- ell hcvmsj thr fecond 1- that ot the liteiat,.
or learned, out ot which the lirll bench is fupplie.l i'\
cafe of a vacaiK y ; and the third is that ot tradeliiien,
who never rife higher. The grand bailitf, who is al-
ways prclideni of thecouncil, is chofe out oftiie lil he-
viiis J and his oiiice is for life, a, well as the el'i hevins.
IJelides thefe, there arc fyndics, whole power is much
limited.
The nia::illrat'.'sarc riiofcn from among the no'iilitv,
but ii.imed by all the 1 nrporations ol tiadefiiicn, excip'-
the t.iylor.s, hec.iuff one 01 them was chiet in a revi ■
ag.iinit tile m.igillrates. 'I'he government here is
milder than in moll of the Imperial towns ; and their
liberties, which the\ boall of holding originally from
Ch.irlemagne, fecm better t It.iliblheil.
Ihe iii.iginiates, and moll of the inhabitants, are
Lutherans, and have live churches, in cue of which is
much painting and fculptiire, an altar ol black marble,
a marble pulpit, and le.idiiig-delk; the tigurc of our
.Saviour, with aglobe.aud acrucilix, both ofalaballcr,
^c. 1 he alt.ir-piece is a repreleniation of our Sa-
viour's pallion in the garden ; an i the cieling, andchc
fronts ol the galleries, are painted with fcripturc hillo-
ries. The Rom.m Catholics are permitted to perform
their religious duties in the cathedral, and have feveral
chapel.-,, and two convents ; but they are not fiiirercd
to make public |)r;)celiijns. 'Ihe Calvinilis have two
cluirches .iboiit a l.'ague lioiii the citv, one lor Ciermaii
and the other for Irench retugees ; but ihe cerem.)nic<
of baptilin an. I in.irri.ige, mult be perlorined in tlie 1 .1;-
theran churches. In the loiincil held here in 7y4,thit't:
hundred biihops alliiled anainll the Nclloriaii herel'\.
Thiscity was one ol' the tirll that had Ipirit enough to
demand the free exercife of the Lutheran ri.iigion,
which, belli", refufed bv their magillrares, 1522, tli. .
depofed them, an.l I ii.ii'e others; and, in I 5J0, the
.\iiglbiirg conf ■iritin was ellablilhed h.cre.
This city V. ,i> bcjcged twice in 15 j:, b\- Matiiic.-j
elector of Saxonv, am! by .■Vlbcrt, margrave or Bran-
denburg, wlio look It ; but it loon lecovere.l its li-
berty, and has tlouriiiied ever lince. On the wall ot
tile gieat bridge ot Sixeiihaufen, i.s an in.iiiV.Tcnf,
thiHigh imK.li celebrateil, piciure, rcprefcnting ad.'.i.l
iiilant befmeared with blood, and an ir.fc:!['>ti.in be-
neath, denoting, that, on I'.ilm Suiuia. , !~-;, a child,
of two years and a half of av.e, calkd S inoi'; wa^
murdered by the Jews. I'nder ihec':i!.i .1 jew is ex-
hibited ilia black ( lo.'k. with ->. u:'''. I'tujiiii^' i.-ti .1
^ 1 t^Ji:,
■'t
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSfO
(716) 872-4503
/.
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fA
=1
'"^J?
^
■^
A NKW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC .^VSTEM of UNTVERSAI. GEOGRAI'HY.
\\< i' ' i
.770
lio:^, ^^lIll lii'! t.KC tinvarils its tail, which he hnlJs in
Iiishaiul iiillcui pt'abritllc. A numerous tij:iic tbllowo,
ami lj>i;s in iiisl.uc" ; and a uwU ol uonu'ii atul licnils
fiinoumls him, iiifullin^ lioth him aiul liiMoiuiwiiion,
wiiom another liiiui larrics on his ihouiiicrj. llic
jioiHil.uc lirmiy liclic\cihis Ihiry , yet it is well known
to the Irarni-.l, and more iVnlilile part otthf iiihal^ 'aiits
ot I'rankt'ort, to he an ahfohiic liclion, ddigncd nicre-
Iv to jircnulicc the people agamll the Jews. i'liis
l"ci!b have a (Vnaj^ogue here ; but the walls are as black
and fnioakv as thole ot" a kitchen j and ihcy are con-
lined all nij;ht to their p.;rticular qiiaricv, which is in
a rtrcet about a mile in lenjiith, but very narrow and
dirtv, with a gate at each entlof it, that is lluit every
cvenmu, and the keys carried to the magillrates.
Their hoiifes arc generally ot timber, plalkred, and
four, live, or fix lh>ries high, but as nallv as a hog-
(lye : vet, in this little iitiarter, it is laid, there are {
or 4000 fouls. llxir chief trade is bii\ ing and felling
old wares, hawking toys at the inns, and changing fuch
money as is not iiirrent here ; but none of this can
thev do on Saturday, which is their fabbath ; nor on
Sundav, which is oius ; for if the\ were to appear in
the Iheets upon the latter, the\ would certainly be
pehed b\ the mob; 10 much are thev h.ited by the
Cierman popul.>ce ; who, in i^>i4, rofe againlt tlieir
anceltors, anti pillaged thiin rru-lly u|«)n this account.
'J'lu" citizens of Iranklort quarrelled with their ma-
giltr.Ues to fuch a degree, that the mob befet the an-
cient lenuors in the council-chamber tor four ilays
to.;etlier, and thereby tbrctd them to(]uit the place,
as well as their olfices ; and they could not be rcllored,
no'.wi'.hUanding two mandates came from the emperor
to that piirpofe. Diin.yg this, on St. I5ardiolomew 's
tlay, a great ny.rh vented tl'.eir fury alio on tne Jews,
who baniiadoed the gates (f their llreet, made the
belV defence thiy could, and killeii ami wnuiuUil tome
ot" the ring-leaders. This lo cxafpcrated the rcll, that
thev broke upon their quarter, and torced them to
then biirying-jiiace, and to ab.uidon all that they could
iv>t I arry thither to the ravage of the plunderers.
'I he\ were, houcvti, llopt in their riot early next
inonnng, by the ma;ority of the < iti/ens, foot and
I'.orfe, well armetl, who fei/eil the plunderers, fecured
ll'ic tiVicts they had taken tioin the right owners, and
fo pur an end to the infurreaif.n. The Jews, howcer,
will) had intrenched themldves in their burial-pl.ice,
ie.vr;ng the populace might rife again, and force them
out ol u, begged and obraineil leave to retire out ol
town, with their families,: d fuch effects as were laved
or recovered from the plundeiers.
'Ihis fatal day they alteruaids called the Day of
ihcir Triliulation, as they hail called then quarter Lit-
tle Jerulalem, and, it is oblerved, that the dav t!iev
were obliged to tlv from I'ranktbri wa.s a fokiiui fall,
\»hich they had been ul'ed to keep in iik inory of the
delhiielion of the ancient Jerulalem b) Nebuchadne/.-
•/ar, and by Titus \efpalian. Mean time the remains
of thefe poor Ifraclitcs, at lianklort, are obliged,
under fevere penalties, to fetch water, when any lire
bleaks out in the city, be it ever to dillant froni their
quarter. In recompcnce, the magiUracy jierniit^ Lheni
tiichufe 1: I'.nlges, oat of their own b,)dy, to ilecide
their own dilferences, who are cillcvi bawmeelleis ; and
thiife wl o uid ni.t fubmit to their decitions, are allowed
to appial to the Lutheran tribun.ils. They are obliged
to wear a i)iece of yellow cloth, that they may be
Jviiown tiom the other inhabitants: though their habit
is very dillinguilliiiig; for thcnien generallvwearcoarfe
thread-bare cloak ,,tl,ii-brimnud hats, old greaf) nitlles,
and thick pointed beards. I he women we.ir over their
clothes ihortcloaki nl black 1 rape, biniml abcut their
recks byclafp.otgilt copper .and round their liioulders
a Ip 11 kliiig border of tmfel, a loot m breadth. As tor
their lic.id-drcl,, it i.s onl\- a conrl'e .uappei, ending at
their forehead in two large horns, about lour lingers
liioid, one of which is covered w uh black gau/e, and
ll.e I :li.r with a bit of hnMulved blue. 1 he J. w ilhgirls
aredillinguilhed from the married women be their head-
drets, which is nothing buta [lieceof red talfeta bordered
\yithagoldgau/.e, with which their hair is iiatheredand
tied. .'\ great nuiober of the JewcHes here wear ear-
rings, which reprelent the t"igns i,f their houlcs or
Ihops, betheycat.ilog, or any other animal. \]\ their
lynagogue they have their hot and cold baths.' Ihc
former are in t«o little rooms, where there are caul-
ilronsto heat the water. The cold are in a fubterra-
neous pl.ace, ;jo feet decj), furroundcd by an iron rail,
where the women peep o\er, to fee that ilie who bathei
plunges overhead and ears into the water, acconiingto
their oKl law, which oiilains, that every hair be pun -
lieil. 'Lhere is aplace with ovens, for baking thei:
vutuals on their fabbath-day, to which each l.:niil\
carries their pot, or pan, on the eve, and it is taken
home next day, when the fervicc is over. Their tim-
ber houfes being fo dole, and apt to catch tire, their
quarter has been twice burnt down.
At fcveral houfes in 1 lankfbrt there are pine-trees
planted by the doors, denoting they are taverns ; and
cvphcrs painted on the door-potls, marking the dit-
terent prices of' the wines.
Saxenluulen formerly belonged to the eleclor ot
Merit/, but was bartered for the townof 11, )chll, which
depended on I'ranktort ; and fmcc ihiscliangc one of
the cuy coirncil mull relide at Saxeiih.uifen.
As to the three originals of the famous (JoKlen Hull
of which two aicpielerved at I'r.igue and Nuremberg,
the thml is kept in an apartment of the town-houle
otlrankfoit; but is never the wn to th angers, except
in pretence of two of the council, and the fecretary.
It isafmall manufcript, in quarto, conlilling of 42
leaves of paicliment, with a gold feal of j inches dia-
meter, weighing 20 du.;ats, appendeil to it by a cord
of ullow lilk. Jt is written in Latin and (iothic cha-
racters, without dii)hthongs ; and kept in a bhick-bcut,
together with two wiittcn copies of a tranllation of in
into the Cierman language. This Bull, which they
likewife call the Caroline Law, contains the rules and
ceremonies to be oblerved in the choice ot the em-
peror; fettles the power and authority ot all ranks of
the nobility ; and lo binds the emperor and ihe princes
to one another bv (,ath, that neitt i.r ma), with im-
punity, inlligate or atumptany thing to the detriment
or d.inger of the eomiuonwealth, tf.e country, the
empire, or its neighhour.s ; and, among!! other con-
ditioiu for which the author of it is et'pecially com--
mended, it decrees, " That whofoever hcieafter had
a view to the liiiperialdignity,t1u)uld be well acijuainteil
with the langu.iges, particulaily the Latin, Italian,
liench, Tutcan and Ciemian ; that, when he was em-
peior, I'.e might be able to ant'«er his fubiects in the le-
veral l.uiguages, w iihuut an interpreter."
An iiiL'.enioiis w 1 iter thus eharacteri/es this famoiu
city, aiivl the inh.ibitaiits of it." I'heri' are, j la\s he) lew
places, upon the v\hole, more dilagieeable, aiul lew
towns in (iermany where the common jieople .tic mor.-
iinpolillicd. I he burghers are not to be matched i >i
atlecfation. As moll ot the eleclors and princes of the
empire ha\c iheii agents here, to whom they give the
title ol lelidents, they are for the greaiell pan, mer-
chants of this t It) , w ho lolieit the title, in order to be
exempt from the authority ol the feiiaie, and Irom the
payment of the ciillonis, and to qualUV ihemlelvesto
pl.ue over their doors the arms of ihe princes to whom
I ihey lend th.e ne« Ipapers."
1 While the empire wa. in the hands of the Irench
I the princes weie all obliged to appear in perlbn, un-
lets they wereexcuted by the emperor anil electors ,
but now moll d ihem lend llieir deputies to lave
' charges, w huh nun b retards their proceedings j be-
I caule then deputies are often obliged lo feiul lor their
I intlrm lions. To Inch abbots and bifl'ops who arc
I not di|>uties, the emperor dues rioi write, but only to
"' their director., that they may give them notice.
i '1 hough, time Maxrmilian's time, manyof ihe princes
have loibornc to lend deputies, >ct thev a'c as much
1 ol'jiijed
i.L'ROpr.
obliged to
did. Soiiii
emperor in
rei]Uiri ihc
who do not
Ifnt'arics.
that of thci
notice to thi
ihe elector
according t'
they beg au-
him lor calH
the goi tl of
feiidoihvei';,
Mcniy. ; bu'
crer.w.rs \ !
piitus ot t,
niarlhal of 1
the empeioi
lie has 10 [IV
but all alien
his robes ti
flep. The
In 1 '.M) lte|i
railed fo lii
thing the) d
are put up t
thev are ret
of the Ihue
and till h\
pi'f.'ls lldll
till'-, the i
nv.!, w hen
<lay t>r nice
a:n ther, wh
tc the enipe
a l.iw ur • o'
ili\i.U\i uv,
tiil.ir.
■Ibc ai' ;
guild}, thiui
«\cleliallica
traorduiarv
order does
lormeriv evi
W'ellphalia,
Letwe.-n th
the eccle'.ial
votes ; tor t
allowed iinf
tf.cir votes
ol ihe bi ncl
l-ranconia .1
nre alto all
deputies of
ol member
Is held, lit .11
ol the voice
to them, ai
ami .S(iirc ;
circle of ill
All the voti
rxi ced ; sO,
The emp
and the ( h;
llare^, with
nicoiding u
Treves tits ,1
I'leoioral col
I'alaiine, a
tluiie ol' M
the left. 11
on ti.e right
on the li (t.
ol the Uhir
piities of t
iiml r the fi
Ufiiaburg 1:
i*^'^
:;RAi'nY.
• oinciiln tlicirhcui.,
f rciitaltftabordcrfil
rhair is :;atlnr(.'dai;d
jUcs lure wear mr-
ot tluir liocilts i)r
■r animal. IJy their
:i ti)lii batlis. Tile
licrc thcic arc caul-
1 arc ill a fuhurr,!-
daJ by an iioii lail,
-■ that llic « ho hathci
water, a>:coniinir to
cvtry liair be puri-
i, for baking thti:
uliich each l'.;r.iil\
vc, and it is lakta
5 over. 'J'heir tiin-
to catch lire, tlicir
n.
there arc pine-trees
y are ta\eins ; ami
s, marking the dit
.1 to the eioolor ot
"uot'llochll, which
this ilianj;c one ot"
■nh.uireii.
famous (jnldcn Bull
uc and Nuremberj;^,
of the town-hoLifc
to Ihaiigtrs, except
1, and the fecrctary.
to, confiHiii"^ of 42
feai of ] inches dia-
ideii to it by a corel
um and (iothic cha-
kcpt in a black-bux,
f a tranllation of in
s IJull, which thev
iiains i!ie rules and
-• choice ot the cm-
)rity ot all ranks of
lerorand the princes
K(.T ma), with lin-
ing to the detriment
h, tlie country, the
amoiigll other con-
t is elpecially com-
"oever hc;e.ificr had
d be well aciiuainteil
the Latin, Italian,
t, w h.cn he was cm-
lis fub|i'Cts in the fe-
eler."
:teri/.cs this fainoiu
ere are, ; la\.s he) lew
fagiceablc, and k w
lion people arc luoie
It to be matched f ii
IS and princes ol the
, hoin tlu> give the
greatell pait, iiier-
tiile, in order to be
feiKite, and Irom the
ualifv ihemfeKes to
lie princes to whom
ands of the liciu'b
ipear in perfon, un-
peror and electors ,
.'ir deputies to lave
ir proceedings ; be-
;ed to fend lor their
ml bitl'ops \»lio are
It write, but only to
give them notice,
many of the princes
ct they ate as much
oblij^ed
I
I-UROPF.-,
obliged ro fiihinit to the rcrolvcs of thcdiet as if they
did." Sonii limes, in cafes of great importance, the
emperor not only fends letters, but ambalHidors, to
iCijuirc their prdence ; and, in urgent aflairs, thofe
vho do not n-nd, make their amballiidors i)lenipo-
teni'ancs. .All tlie princes bear their on n charge, or
thai of their deputies. When they arrive, they give
notice to the hereditary niarlhal of the empire, under
ihe elector ol Saxony, who alllgns them apartments
according; I" their quality. If the emperor be prellnt,
thev |iei;'aiuii(nce of him, flievv their fiiinmons, thank
him lor calling ilic diet, and p'-oiiiifc concurrence for
the u,o' ii of the empire. If he be abfent, the [jrinces
feiuloiH.cis, 10 notify their arrival to the director of
Men!/.; but it they are deputies, they fend their fe-
(ni.ii;rs \. irli ih.eir lull powers, as do alfo the de-
putu-i oi il c towns. When they arc all come, the
nuull:alof thi- empire acipiaints them when and where
the emperor, or his cnmmiffary, is to tell them what
he has 10 i.ropofe. I'here is no upper and lower houfe,
Iv.it all aU'enible in one room. The emperor goes in
his robes to the throne, which he afcends by three
(hp . 'I'hcekvtors tit on a bench, which they afcend
ii\ I wo Heps ; and the princes on other benches, not
railed l() ingh. If the emperor is preCent, the firlt
tliinir the;, do is to attend him to church, where prayers
are put iii> t.ir a bletliiig on their confultations. When
th'.v are returned, the elector of 'Irevis, in the name
t)f the iKnc, thanks the emperor fur calling a diet;
and t!-,t fccietary ot' the empire, receiving the prfi-
pof.'K lioni the vice-chancellor, reads the-ii. .After
thi-, the ciMlegcs rilire to their feveral apartments ;
a: i, wiuii they have conlidered them, agree upon a
<lav t)r meeiing ami imjnirring their thoughts to one
am tlur, which, when (lalfed into a nfolve, they fend
to the emperor ; and, if approved by him, it becomes
a law or 'on'.titution ol the empire. The princes are
tli>. kled mu) benches, called the fpiritual and the fe-
ci: l.ir.
Ibc ar'hvliike of AuUria, and the duke of Bur-
gundv, though fecular princes, fat formerly on the
<\cteliaflicai b/nch, becaufe they were princes ot ex-
traordinary cniincme ; and the matler of the'lcuton:c
order docs flu' lame. The l.uther.m princes were
formerly I vcliidcd Irom the diet, till, by the treaty of
Wellphalia, they were .illnweii a place by themfeKes,
l-itv\e;n [he c<( letiallical and leciilar princes. All
liic m Ic'.ialtical and tecular nuinbeis have not equal
v(.tcs ; tor hu h of borh as have princeh dignities, are
aliovveil tingle votes ; Ini: thofe who have not, give
ti-.tir votes by companies, as the iie[Hities ot the tow ns
of the bench of the Rhine, or ot Suabia. The towns of
I'lanconia and .Suabia, which iiulude thofe ol .Saxony,
nre alto allowed two l-cm lies, and two votes, '1 he
ili-putus<if t!ie Imperial tow ns make up the thud rank
ot membi r.-. 'I'he depuries of the ( itv where the diet
IS held, tit at a table b) themtehes, ami take an account
ot the voices of the other delegates, which are brought
to them, ami regitkred In tlie two regitters of blm
and Spire ; the lormcr reprefentiiig the cities in the
circle of the Rhine, and the latter thofe of Suabia.
All the votes in this augult allcmbly are faid not to
exceed ; 50.
The emperor's throne is covered with i lotii of gold j
and the ctiairs and benches ot the other princes and
ll.ue-, with cloth ol liber, velvet, fatin, lilk, tvc.
nicoiding to their rank and nuality. 'I he elector ol
Treves tits at the toot of the throne, as director of the
electoral collci',e. The electors of Cologne, Bohemia,
i'alaiine, ami Biaiidenbiirg, lit on the right; ami
thofe of Meiit/, S.ixony, Bavaria, and Hanover, on
ihc left. I he eccklialhcal primes tit under the electors
on ti.e right, and the Ik ul.ir princes under the electors
on the lift. The iie|n;tics ot the tow nn, and ol ihebemh
ot the Rhine, lit un.lir the ccclcti.illical ; and the de-
puties of the town;, and tlie bench of Suabia, tit
iind rthe lecular princes. The deputies of Lubec and
Ofnaburg lit at the crofs bench btfore the elector
GERMAN F. M P I R t.
of Treves ; and the marflial of the empire firs at a
table, in the middle of the hall, before the ciofs bench.
The directoral table, with the ollicers attending it, is
on one li'ie, before the fecular princes. Thoi'e princes
only have a right to lit in the college of princes, ami
to have a dclitierative and decitivc voice, who contri-
bute to the fujiport of the emjiirc, according to tht
Matricula. The directors of this college are the aich-
hiflKjpof Saltzburg, and the archduke of Aullria, who
prcfidc alternately, as trclli matters come upon the
tapis. The votes of the fecular and eccleliallical bene h,
which arc taken alternately, are collected by the mar-
llial i alter which, the archbilliop of .Saltzbuii,', and
the archduke, draw the refulr, and report it to the diet.
Such princes as polfcfs feveral dominions, have a vote
tor each. The magilhates of the city w heie the diet is
held, are directors of the college of the towns. The
abbetres, who arc princclles, fend deputies.
Though the point of precedency, amongihe electors,
has been long lince fettled by the Golden Bull, yet the
other princes, and the rcprcfeiuarivesof the cities, have
not agreed on the matter to this day; inlonuich, that
it occalions perpetual cjuarrels : and the diet woiiKl
fometimcs break up in contulion, if fome of them did
not, for peace fake, \ leld to the rell ; entering a [srotelf
only, that liich an mHance lliould not be made a pre-
cedent. One fourth c)f a feHlon is faid to be ge.
nerally fpent in difputes on this fubjcd ; a fecond iti
drinking matches ; a third in difputes with the empe-
ror aboiit tiieir privileges ; and fcarcc a fourth upon the
bulinefs [iropoled to them from the throne; the em-
peror alone having the power of propofing what is to
be dcbatid in the diet.
'1 here is another alFcmbly of the empire, called the
allembly of deputations ; where the deputies, chofen
lor that purpolc, detuniine things that have been re-
ferred to them b\ a diet ; or when theelect'ir ofMent/,
in the emperor's name, fummons the deputies, at the
requel^ of tlie directors or captains of one or more
circles, to take orders about their allairs, or to fettle
controvcilial jioints, v\hich they are not able to decide
thtmfelves.
'I'he f.oidlliip of Or/.Biuci; belongs to the WalJ
bott-Balienheim family; that of Dochltul belongs t
the family of Oettingen-Baldern, and gives the pro-
jirietor a feat a^id voice in tlie diet of tlie circle : the
l.ordlliip of Brit/., nheim, c n the banks of the Nahe,
belongs to the elector of Cologne, who, in confe-
qucnceof polleliing it, enjoys a teat and voice at the
diet of t'-.e circ le ; and the counts of Wurtembiirg,
lor the little county of the fame name, have a feat am)
vote in the diets of the U(iper Rhine, and in thofe ol
the empire.
The Imperial city of Wrr/i.AR, orWtsTi.AR, on
the borders ot the county of Solms, has nothing in :t
worth notice, b'.it the great church. However,' it is,
at prcfcnt, the feat of the Imperial chamber, which was
removed hither from Spire in the year i6S^«, wlieiv
that city was taken and delhoyed b)- the l-'rencii. The
provotllhip ot the tow n l)elongs to the prince of I letie-
Darmlladt, to do jullice in liiii name, it Ihiiids on the
continence of the rivers Lohn and Uillcn.
the Imperial Cii\- of !• Rii;nnciu; is fcated at the
foot of a ridge of hills called Dc Hohe, and cnjovs
large privilege-, granted by the emperor f'rcdcrick II.
The mart now held at liankfort was kept here till
the year ijfo, when it was removed thither at the de-
tire ot the merchants; and, in lieu of it, thiscity has
four annual fairs; one of which is held on the full
Siiiulay alter 'I'rinity, in remembrance of the dedica-
tion ol their church on that day, which brought p{.\\-
lais thither with toys, and at length caufc-d the clla-
blilliment of a fubltantial ira.le. Some of the empe-
rors relided here loimerly, certain months in the vear.
I'his town has fullered by terrible tires, particularly in
I (H(, when cpo hoiites were burnt; and in I447,
when 700 more Ihared the fame fate. The lall lire was
faid tu bcouinj^ tcj a quariil between two of the tosvnli
men
. U
-.niM
•v.
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPUV,
men,
L-ngc
one of whom fired the other's houfc, to be re-
.1 on him. It was attended with fuch a lofs to
the'citi/ens, that they were forced to fell or mortgage
the villages in their territory, to defray the cxpcncc ot
rebuilding their hoiifes. I'riedburg is noted for the
depth of its cellars, there being, in Ibme hoiifes, two
or three one imdcr another
The Duchy ot Dixx-I'onts gave title to it:
dukes,
was
a branch of the palatine lamily, one of whom
Charles Guilavus, king of Sweden ; but it became cx-
tind in 1732, in the perfon of (Juihivus l.coiwld.
Since that time it has been in fequcllration ; tl.e l.:nd-
prave of 1 lelle-Darmftadt, and the abbot el 1 ulda,
both Roman Catholics, being adniinilhators. The
elector palatine, as duke of Ne«biirg, claiiiK-d this
fiiccellion, as does alfo the prince of Birrkenfeldt,
who is a I'roteftant, and nett claimant to the ekvloial
dignity after the houfe of Sultzbach. The duchy,
which is fuppofed to have been an ncient liif of the
bilhopric of Mentz, is di\ided into five bailiwicks;
one of which, called Bifchweiler, liei in Lower Alface,
uhere dure are other lands belonging to ilie lamily.
It is, upon the whole, a mountaiiinus, barren country,
but ha^ foiiie fertile vallies. It has two (iiiall rners
that i')in near the cajiital, from wlunce it i-..i» Us n.iiue,
and run i'outh to the Saarc. Calvinifm w.i- generally
profiflid in this duchy, til! the Swedes beuiinc pof-
jillel .1 it, when Lutlieranifm began to liounili, the
king o: Svcden giving lome ofil;e beft livings ai'd
piefeinunts to the Lutheran clergy, which created
great animofiiies between the t\M) (ipinidiis: hut the
late k.iig olbwcdm dying without illui, and ilu duJiy
devoK '.ng on, or it leal! btiiig claimed h\ , a I'opilh
family, t!ic i'rotillant llibjecis liioiiglit lit to unite, led
their comir.oii (.iiciia, the I'apills, ibould take advan-
tage of their quarnU.
The city of l)ciix-ri)nts, which, in the (rcrman
language, is called Zw cybriiggen, and, in the Latin,
Bipoiuium, from its twi) bridges over the fniall rivers
of Blile and Sih\\olb, v hereon it Hands, is liiiall, but
neat, and was once delendcil by a good callle, linrc de-
molill.ed. It futreiid nun h diring the civil wars in
Germany i ar.d alio 111 thole between 1 raiue and the
empire, when it was tak^^n in 1676, by the I rench ;
but rdiored to the king of Sweden hy the treatv of
Kyiwick.
The Landgravate of I IrssE is fituated on the north
fide of the river Maine. The whole countrv is hound-
ed on the north by Wellphaln , on the well by the
duchy of l^crg, ant', electorate of Triers ; on the louth
by the eleJorite of Mcin/. and Iranconia ; and on the
call by the duchy of Weimar and Thuringia. Its ut-
riKilt e\tent, from north to louth, is about 100 miles,
ar.d the lame troni ealt to well.
'i 111. air is co!d, but healthful; the witcr wholefome,
and the foil fruitful, proilucing much corn ; and, tr>-
wariiS the banks of the Rhine and Lohn, grajKs. Here
aie large forells, with abundance of deer, and game in
general. In the mountains are fome mines ot copper
And I' ad.
The houfe of Helle, which is one of the molt an-
The eltatcs of the landgrave of HelVc-Calfel arc.
Lower Helle, in which are the counties of I'lels, C'al-
fel, and Zigenheiin ; Marpuig, in Upper Helle, ami
Erankenbuig ; the |irincipaliry of Ilerllifeld, a lecula-
ri/.ed abbey on the luMai the lower county of ('.iize.
nellebogen ; thecounty of Schaumbuig, except Hi;ci<e-
burg, which belongs to the ct>unty of Lippr -, and
Smalwald, in the county ot 1 lennebuig ; the bail
of R
ottenbii
luu 1
:nlnirg anil .\ixenhagen.
The landgrave of Helle-Uarmftadt, who is little in-
ferior to the former, either in dominion or w calth, pof-
felies ihe greatelt part ot the upper landgravule, in
vhich there are Giefien, Hi;t/.bach, Aendorf, liatt. .1-
berg, Berg, &c. the county of Nidda, whicli conlili-;
ot lie-veral bailiw icks ; tlie ioidlhip of Irt.r ; the up.pLi
county of CatzenelKbogen, in which lies Daimtladr
city ; the land ot i'.pltein, Hraubach in Lower C'atzciiei-
lebogen, and Kirnbach in Suabia. The fucceliion
alfo ul the county ot Hanau was, in 17,(6, upon the
death of Its count, awarded to the prince of 1 leile-
Darmlladt, as next heir, on cond.tion of his I3.i>iitg a
llipul.ited luhi, b\ wayof cohtpenlatiDn, tothr huule of
Cali'il. The I miT ot Poland, as elector ot .Si.'.onv,
ought to have l.adhis ihare in the fucceliion ; but liis
nia]elly gave up his right.s to the landgrave oi n,.!lU
Caliel l>\ a rreatv.
The branch of Rhmfels polHllcs the greatelt par: oi'
thelower ( Dunty ofCat/cnelleboge:!, vi/.. Rhii.tel, .'^i.
(ioar, tort Cat/, Schwalbadi, and tievernh ufe-a ; the
bailiwicks of Ric!;en!>iir;:, llorenli.in, and Bni ; Roi-
tenburg, and its dllnctj Wanfried, l'.l'Jiwei;,.i, and
Sontra in Lower \U\\'^.
Ihe branch of Hombuig polIeHes Honiburg and its
tenitory; Bingheinn iwid \\ evelingh.eii and 1 klim-
Itailt, Willi its dependencies. Ihe prince ot i lomburg
has moreover an .ippendage of about loool.a-vear lioiii
Hiire-Callel, and joocl. Jroin Darmthult.
The branches otC'atlel ar.d Honiburg are Calvinilts ;
the blanch ot Harmltadt Liitlicran; and Rhinllls pio-
tcHes the Roman Catholic religion, which is, h(jw.
ever, not tolerated in the dominions ot the other
three ivinces, except in the fniall prim ipalitv oi
Herlbteld. In thele counties are leveral univcrliiiis
and acailemii s. The titii.ition of the country beiw .\v
Upper a:id Lov\er Snxoin, and the neigbourliood
ot\Vetl|)halia, onalions the language ot ilie piopic
to be a mixture of High and Low liutt h. 'llielatt>--
molt in force here arc, the Rom.in or Civil, to whit h
they join municipal laws ot their own. The pii)p!e
are numerous and warlike, being railed and ilil> i|)luud
by the )ounger fons ot the nobility, who ar ■ made
lieutenants and captains in leveral diltricls, aiul re-
ceive pay of the regent. In the prirue ot Hitle-
Catrd's militarv I'ervue are a general, two linitenaiiu
generals, a major-gcfieral, a ci^lonel of the ar;iliery,
two commiirarics-general of war, and one chief pay-
in ;ulcr ; two troops ot lile-guanis, one of whi:e, and
the other of blaek-horfes ; three other regiments or*
horfc, 'hrec ot dragoons, and live ot tool ; one o(.
which is guards; belidcs the militia commanded by
a lieutenant-general. The landgrave has a privv-coun-
Ciermany, is liivided into two principal !| cil, or court, )or the game and t'orctts, a chanirrv,
nd co:ilillor
cent in
bran, lies, Caliel and Daimlladi. Ihe former com-
prifcs I ietle- Caliel and Hefie-Rhiiifels, the latter I lelie--
Darmlladt and Hclle-I lonjburg.
Ihe rights ami prerog.itives of the fovcreign princes
of this houfe are great, they having three votca at the
diet if the empire. They belong to the < inle of the
Upper Rhine, but Heirc-Lairel has a voice among the
louiUi of the bench of \V'ed|>haiia, tor the i ouim of
Sehaiiiiibuig. Caulis, not exceeding 1000 florins,
ate determined by the courts of the county ivithoiit
(<r fccretai-, 's oilice; a tivaliiiy and co:ilillorv, tor ee-
dcliallicai altaiis : aiul anotliei louri, ladid the
Iicnch comimllion, uLiting ()articularU to tin- brench
in his dominions. All the privy coiint'ellorsan- mem-
bers ot the conlillon', tovvhom are added a lii|eiin»
tendaiu, a mctropoliMii, one of the court puacher-;,
and I lyiulic.
■flu piincipa! places 111 the laiulgravaieot' 1 letU. are
the follow ing ;
Cadel, the cajiital city ot the Lower Hefli, titiiited
ippeal. '! hefe i)rinces have leveral privileges in com- i! in a rich plealaiii iiluin on the river lulda, near thecon
mon, luch as the right of protection and Imperial prc-
♦e^'ture of the city ot Wet/.iar, which is at prefent ex-
crcifi'd by Darmlladt alone. The princes ot I ktle-
Cilli'l arc not deemed of age till they are 25 ; but thole
pi Dirmll.uJi arc at it#.
fines of ihe duchy ot Bninlwic, 40 miles forth ealt
tiom Paderboin, anil >)X north-ealt fioni Menf.'., n a
place of good trade lor woo! and other merchandize ;
and tbrtilicd to the well with walls, ditches and a
llrontjciudel. it h the fut cf the landjjravc, w I ole
palav<:
311.1 .1
.lo.; .
tie. I..
II
i .he I
lhr;u .
VVi. k, ol
d 1" .
/.leijt :
l.uul;;ia\
a c Hiiitv,
l)V I .ew
111 154.,'.
dlfln't...
'viiu', u I'
in l.'.voi.i
loy.d It
(i Vl'
ol .1 d'
|-.:>;;.'
1 liili \.\
and tebii
river Wi
loniinoii
WeM
It IS mil
1 llUIUlg
riiY.
HdVc-C.iird nro
cs ot I'ltis, Cil-
Jppcr I kill.-, ;iiul
rllitclci, a faiil.u
I'ouiuy ot C'.ii/A-.
ig, except Inickc-
ot Lippe ; and
■^ i tlic bailiwii ki
:, who is littli' in.
ion or \vc.iltli,pi)i"-
laiulf^raviic, in
Acniiort, liatti .1-
.1, which conliiis
Itt.r ; the iij-.tv.!
h lies Diiiinll.uir
1 Lower C'.it/.ciKi-
Thc hkceliion
I ~ \(>, upon the
prince of 1 leile-
n of his p.n iiijT a
on, to thr lioule of
lector ol ^.'.'.oin,
ICCvliion ; but lu^
!ra\c oi Hcitl-
he grearcU p.irt of
. v'l/.. Uhii.lci, Si.
iCveiUi'i jll-.l ; tl'.l.
n, and lir ki ; Kot-
1, I'.lllittei; ,1, and
> Honihiiri; anil its
nj;h.cn and 1 Ichiii-
)riiKe ot i loiiihuij.^
loool. a-veai lioiii
(hidt.
lurg are Calvinilh ;
uui Riiiiilv lb pro-
[i, which is, hou-
lions ot the otiier
,ill principality oi
leveral imi^erlitics
ic country hciw .\fc
the nei^l)ourluiod
laj^e ot llie pioplc
l3uii h. 'Ihc law'.-
or Civil, to whh h
own. The piofjic
il'cJ and dil> i|iliiud
ty, who ar.' made
1 didricis, and le-
.' prince ot 1 lill'e.
al, two liciitcnani-
lei of the aniliery,
md oiu" chief pay-
, one of whi:e, and
:)tlier tegimen'.s or'
vc ot toot ; one ol.
tia coiunianded hy
c has a [)ri\v-coiin-,
orclts; a cliancery,
\ ( (vitillorv , lor ec-
coun, i.i'hd the
Lilarh to tlic I'iciuh
iiinlellois ar.' iiieni-
re added a lii| enii-
le court puachcr-,
^rava'eof 1 Iclic arc
)wer Hide, litii ited
1 iilda, near iliccon-
(.0 miles foi'th tall
It fioin Meiir/, i< a
)ther inerchandi/e ;
alls, ditches and a
.e landjjravt, w t ofe
palace
KUROl'F..]
(. K R M A N F". M P I K. K.
p.ihcc llands wiihoii: the town, furroiindL-d by biil-
waiV , w-.th apartments contrived in the very ramparts,
to I >d.;e !iis I'amilv durinii; a liege, out ot the reach ol
bdiuh-. The pala.e is of Ire.'llone, magiufKeiii,
both within and wit'ioiit, and a;iv)rneil with ciiriou'^
gard.nsa'ul toiint.iin-. Ii is o'tlervedasa rcpr nii h
to till inh.ibitants, that torvva'.i of inil'ilh\-, they fuf-
Ici otlier nation- to run awav with the |irolit ot manu-
facturing their wool. 'I'heieisa i;ym!ialiiim, or aca-
demy, here, which has Ixen muJi eclipfed by the uni-
verlity of Marpurn. Here is a great arfenai ot fiee-
flone, with arms (or i ^.o:"© men ; and in the room un-
der it are 1-0 pieces of caninin, j.imc 64 plunder-.
Irom the ]ialate there is a prolpcct ol no lets than do
towns, the ieaft o. which contains ^00 hoiifes. The
llicets of this ci;y are i'paeious, lull of Ihnps, and
contain tirveral tine maikcts, with piod provilions ol
all tiirts. Tiie landgrave has a lihraiy well lurnilhed
with bo-'ks and curioiiiic. In the great church are
the monunKnt^of the landgraves in brals, cop|K'r,
and marble, of very good workn; inHvp. Tliecal'ie-
t!:al, dcdu e.tcd I') St. Maitiii, i^vcry Ipacious. There
arc tour >.iher clinrches, wliiih havi' two minillers
eadi, belides the loKJiers thurih, which has hut one.
There is a church likewife in the palace, tnr the wor-
lliip of the c.iuri. A line llone bridjie over the river
divides ih.- lily into two parts, ot which that called
tlie New Town is well built, with unilonn houles; and
(he ihc^ls are jirettv even and Ipaeiou^. The laud-
grave, the founder "f it, has alio made oue of the lii.^ll
aiju. duels in tlv whule couiilry.
Welter tormerJv (ontaiiKil an abbey, the revenues
o; Which were allottetl by I'hilip the Magaaiumoir,
to portion eait the daughters ot ancient nobi'- lamilies.
l.i.uileiidorf, in ilie lia'hwick ot' fieilmar, is ir.l'.a-
biteil chielly in French relug( .•■;.
1 lania, on the Wolira, com. .in-. o::e of t'e tour
higli holpu .K of Fletfe, in which .\'v p. .or and lick
are caretullv atter,;!ed and m u!iiaiii.d. oci ofihe re-
\cniiei.' the CillutLUi I 'nveiit. The s; veriK"'- c(
771
wiien it
L-I,,
the landgrave of 1 lefTc-Rhintcl-- (incc IJS7,
was taken from the elector ot Meniz.
Sinalcald, at'wn una rivulet of the fame mnie,
has a good trade (01 iron ware, manv mines of ti;f
neighb.,iirho( il turnilhing the inh.ibiiants with plenty
ol that metal, which ilie) wnrk, and fend to iortign
p.iris. 'I'hey alio mike and temper Heel, from wlieu.e
a village near it iscilld S;ahlburg. This place was
famous ,'or the ati'embfks of the I'roieftant prin..es in
eicli o: ihrle !r fpials
n ted
i.e tw.) I unc. ot
era
latv ly
r.omi-
Roi'emeriii:;, a town o
■ n.iMes, al
H lie.
I the liver Inilda. is plea-
fmtlv 'eati il, :iiu! I, as ac ilegiate cliurch, wiili adee.n
a.iil .to .a:. : s, w, il LHilow.d. This place llaiuls 111 .1
\.'l|.-v I'l.^eiii f.vofill. ml'pper Helle, and g^v-
ihl 10 a ! ■. n. h it ihe Helhan fainih. It is dividcl
i;u.itlie().| ill New To.cr.-. In the Oil iheie I- a
rallle, win- h was deiivililhed in the y. .ir lil2, l)\ the
li'I'd a '!' ; ''. It icbiiili by Wilhain IN. Iuui.':aveii!
n !:, , w
an. I .1 > I
dug . ni
the low '
II n
n i;,a., adorned it with a liiv gar.len,
h, built through int wi;:i w'liie m.nl'le,
,! 0.1. iiv at M 'iir.i', a \i,ii e '1. 11 iiiluw
. t .e la:n liver.
, a t.nvii wall a c elle, in tlie I '■^pi'i- F I ij'c,
lie o' l!,e I ;■.!.. ch i-t the lamijv, Ir.im
l.ti! H If Honiiairg, which has the Iv.ili-
whiih ili,s IS the head lown, fit its appen-
it iiii<
cd.i
I ,iie
the:-..e
W|. k,
da- .
/legmhein, on the river Schwalm, in the low\r
landgra\.iie, is a !;n ill but iitat ciiy, and gives name to
a c 'untv, ilwiiichit is the capital; and was united
l)V I.eui the I'll. lie, the lanilejave, to his domain,
ill 1.54^. 'I he Uiccellioii In tius ellale was tornierly
dlfputeil b> the
Ivin;.', nlerr.il to till diei , a Worms, it was adjudgul
in lavDur of the i.ii;dgia\e- ot FKlle, who have cn-
toy. d It cvci l.'icc.
(i.yliii r, Ii mi!e> n. rih Irom C'allel, i iliccapiial
of.i bil'vvi.k ill Lewer if lie.
f'.iilr.veg.-, 24 miles ti.nn (?alf, 1, is .1 w.illed tovMi,
I nil b\ Oh.ules I'.f (ireat, deltoyed by the Hutis,
aiulielniiit by F I •nr\ II. It Hands on the bank ol tlie
river Werra, bv which wood and ci.ib, the prim ipal
lommoditi s of ihele parts, arc conveyeil down to the
Welir, and iVi tu thenc to the n.aghbouring louiities.
li IS lituitid in the l.ow.r Melii', ne.i. ihe cmliiies of
Ihuiingia; .md hai> belonged, with its teriitory, to
No. yi.
1530. 15.1I. '.vvs. and 15:
Older to ni.ike .1
le.igue tor the ilcfeiice ot the Auglhurg cont.luoii
a'jainll the empeiDi Charles V. and the I'.'pilli princes
ol fiermany, whiih league grew To power u!, thii they
torced the ciiiperur toa treai\,he!d in i.;i7,at I'.ili'ne,
by which Liiiheianifm was dtabhllKd in leveral parts
ot the empire.
Mupurg, which (hinds in a pl..ifint ci.untry, ontlie
river F.ohn, wa^ once a tree and lm|)erial city, after-
wards lu'.i|ect to its own lords, and is the chief town
lit the I'piicr Hetie, and the f.at ot the (upreme court
o( ludi' ature, 10 which a|)|ieals are brought both Irom
Call'el and Dirmlladt. li has a itrongcalile on a hill,
an I is utherwiie well fortiiud. The great cliurvh isa
ll.iiely I iiilding, aiul ha^ many noble inonument-'.
1 he imiverlitv here, loiindid ini;:6, is one of the
mod c inlitlcr.ible in (iermanv. I'h.e protellbrs are
C.ilvinill'. The town is large and well liuilt, with Ipa-
cious llivets. It has a very largel ;uare, adorn. d with
a town-hou('e of lurious arc': it^cture. Tlie caille is
l.jvuatul from the townbytl-.e nver. In theuthcr
put is a ll iteb building, the Ivmie of the commander
ot tlie Teutonic knights. The palace of ll.,' land-
grave, llands on a rifing ground, Irom w lieace there is a
\ icwover lar i,e plains and valli.s, w.'.ti red with rivulets j
i)eiides liii's anci vinevarcb, ol whi.h there isa fine
p.oipe.i al o, inim its (ree-lh>ne bridge over the river.
Connefcid i- ,1 villa;' with a line white al.ibalLr
ro' k luai 11; Melfun 111 con;a:ns a feat belonging to
liie prince; Irieilw.ild contains aiietlier ptincelv leat ;
and \ach, on the Werra, wl.ich gives name to a bai-
hwiik, i- .1 mil. h trviiuent'.d ihorouglil.ue, between
I .I'lpiic ami hransf 111 on the Maine.
W'al.ik.ipp. 1 and AILndort b; tli give name to f.ai-
liwick--, tlie toriiier having fom. cc al-pit-, and the
l.itlei mnt.iining leveral lalt-wotks.
( lubenllcin, on t!ic F-ale, giv>- ."amc to a bailiwick,
and I. (amous tor its lirulg,-, where, in tlie open air, a
loun ot uidli.ati!ii is held, calkd. tlie Bridjrg Court, in
which ivciv dt cndant is uliligeil 10 depolit a tine;
I'.ut on acipiitiil il is return. d him, and the pl.iiniill
iiiriieil^d in double the turn.
l-'e'lhurg com lins a palace b 1. iigiiig to the land-
gr.ive, ami is ddended I y a caille; Ciudenlnirg i- \\
markably tertile, and contains .Nideiitlein, a very an-
cient town, ali.l M I \iiaiuen,o;;e ot the tour h:gh hef-
intalsi.t I kth.
I'l.iiikenbiii;',, .1 large tow n, l.ud m be built by rheo-
duriik, king o| I'liiiKc, in ;20, It.uuls 1^ miles: utii-
.alt o! Ualdick, nth ■ wclternmoll b lundsot th. lar.d-
giavate of I'pper Helle, to\ i-ls \\ eilphaha. In
iioo(()me mines of lilvcr anil copper w re dilcovereil
here, but tluv turned to little or noaccoiini. About
lix miles well i- SachlcnlHirg, where are the ruins of an
old tort, iiuilt by the am tent Saxons, to fecure their
ainf l)e I lolunlo.. ; but ihcir claiii'i \ Irontier tioiii any incurlioii by the fiench ^arrilon al
l''raiikenbiiig.
Abteld, U) miles f ill tiom Marpurg, is one of the
ancient towns of Helle, and had tormerlv very great
privilege-, 1 V n power over life; but 11 loll its iliart. r
ill .in .11 cideiital lire m.iiiy \cars lliice ; to tiiat now the
inhabitants have only a memoiial ol it, by tli. ihict
magillraii '• having a (word carried bet.ire him. The
town-houle is an liandlome biiilihn-,; and over the
door is a monument in lemembi.mn ol ili. tiie, with
a Latin iiili ripiion, denoting " Thai when tilings are
irrecoverably loll, it is the bell way to frget them."
riiiswasthe lull town III 1 Ulle dial embi.iced Lutliei's
reiormaiioii,
„ Fv Ciicdsn
A NEW. ROYAL akd Al'THF-NTIC SYSTF.M ok UNIVF-RSAL nEOGRAI'IIV,
i*
r:4
(;ic(li.n, ;i tiiwn in Upper ILflV, is d^tcndctl liy a
Ihong u.ill, ami regular t'ortirKatlon-, aHvl lia^ a well
llorcil arfcnal. Its trade is drt-lTini; and Itlling ot
I loth. It has tour gates, and as many fpacious flroits,
with a kiiiare or market-place in the centre. The
compats ot" its ditch is al)out an hour's walk. It lias
one great duirch tiedicated to St. Vanera-; and is
jioveiiied by a council and a magilhv.tc, htfules liie
otlicer'- ot the landgrave. It ha:- a f.ur lietween Fal-
ter anil Alccnlion day, which l:ilK a week. Romid
the lu ig''.boiuhooel are Icveral rallies, as Solnis,
Konisilhurg, Ket/.hurg, Cileiber, \c. Itoneehadan
uni\erlity. which began to ilourilh upon the dclertion
of Lutherani'.iii bv the proletiors at Marpurg, anel
their ailhtring to Calvinil'm: but, in liizi, the laml-
grave L.ewis, «ho was a Calvinill, lupprclied this uni-
verlity, ami recalk\l the lludent^ to Mar|'.urg.
St. Goar, the caiiital ot tlic lower comity, is litui-
ttd on the well tide the Rhine, where a toll is paid,
the produce ot which belongs in coniniou to the two
lovereign br..nelies ot the houie o! Heli'.-. On a lugh
rock, in the vicinity, i> the llrong tortrel's ot Rhintcls.
("loarlhaufen is a fmall town, on the call fide ot
the Rhine, oppofitc to St. (ioari Recheii'.nirg is a
cartle on a high roi k, with a mineral Ipring; dianan
is an hofpital lor women, and one ol the lour calleel
the liiah holpiiab ol Hell',' ; and I,angciit'c!rAa!hac!. i^
a large villaae in the bailiwick ot H.il'.cnllcin, tamoui
Icir it'- mtiieral waters; in w hi, h bailiwick there is hkc-
w ite 1 lar'.llhalerlead, a cclebr.Ued medicinal bath,
I'jiper Roibach, a t mall town, will lie ever tamoiis
for the gicat victory obtamed here over the French,
by the kinir ot I'rulFia, on t!ie ;th of Noven.ber,
757-
a palace, whivh wf-ereiTled by the land-
ir il>
a lilver iiiiiie; .'.iid Thai
grave I'lnlip 111. Ureileiv ap i- tamou-. t>ir il> inii
Itta
I'liilipL
; 1'!
Works ioundery, an
for a copper mine.
Fieyliadt, on the Rhine, was erected in thcxear
174;, by ilie lapilgrave Lewis, and contain an alyUim
tor ilebtors.
Hoth- im, one of the four hi '1 hoi'pitals of I Iciic, i^
fitiiatcd in the bailivxick ot Doinburii.
//.vingenherg is fiiuaied on the lJcrge-Sir..l.'.c, or
ITII ilrea, a ro.ul I'o caikd, wliith cMeiub 40 miles
o\er tl'.e mountain- trom Darmlladi t^ FleKlcl' erg,
Biaiiliaeh, oniheRlune, is defeiuled In two eallles,
and celebraitd tor it mineral Ipriiig^. .xnJl tojip^r and
lilver mines.
F.m- is a large villai;e, tamous tor its bath-; and
Okl-Cat.'..nJleb''gen ha- acallle,and l')ine iron mines.
Dannfladi. lituated on a river of the lame name,
.nt the dillance of 12 miles fouth from iMaiikt'ort on
the Maine, is en; loll-d 'oy paliladoLS, and lietuidcd \a
a lliong eaflle, which is the landgrave'- palace. For
iIlC b'.'tter luiiiiiv ot the Count , there are two forts;
one on the vhine, iiametl Markbur,', or Marienburg;
anvl an"ther on the iNFuiie, lallcil Rulielheim. Tiie
palace is a llatcly llrufture, and, had it i>een tinitlieil
;'.-eording to its model, would have Iv en one of the
iaigeft and moll magnificent in Fuiope, ut tor loilg-
ing ihe emperor and all the nine eleilor-; but the mag-
nitieent w uk- that wi re intended, have lKeni|ui:e
laul alide. However, the part', that aretinillKd m.ike
a gi.ind appearanie, and are beauiitied wiih a Ipauius
garden, abounding with all tons .il tiuits, and yield-
ing annually great (piantities of rich wines. The em-
peror has, belides, two fine plealure-houles, tW(i miles
trom hence, Kranchllem and .Sen-leld. Fhough the
town 1- not large, it makes a good appe.iranee, moll
ot the houles Ining buill of fiee-llone, and veiy high.
Tliou'jli well lortitied, it has (eveial times luenlur-
piiled and taken. Inthisluwn the (ieinian^ lull gave
over tilts; becaule in 140;, the lianconians and Hel-
lians having challenged one another to this e.xereife,
fcvcral ot the l''ranconiaii nobihty, and iiiiii; of the
Htllim-, Were killed on the Ipcjt.
The deer tome I'omciiines dole to the pahlaJocsof
I the town J there beini' no province in ( ici many moir
' pioper tor luintin<;, nor in Kurope where there are moro
I deer; the great plenl\ ot whuh is verv iioublelome
. to the poor pealanis, who are abroad dav anil iiighi ti,
wavcli their fields, and guard tiiem from iheirenu' aeli-
I ments It is a flat even countr\, with a ^ravellv I iil,
; whiih produces cxcelh nt |iuilt, and i> interlpetled wiih
woods, through which are cut excellent roads.
The County ol SroMitiM was aiuientb divided
I into hither and farther, tr.e former ol whi. h is nnveoni-
monl\ ealled tl-.e eountv ot Sponhcim, and the other
that ot Starkenlurg. It islltu.uid betweui the Rhine
and the Moielle.
Ill the hither county, of which three-lilths belong
to the elector Palatine, and the remaining two-fiiihs to
the prince of Baiien-I'>aden, the principal place i-
Kreut/.n.ich, or Creutznach, the ca]iilal, a well-built
town, divided by the river Nahe into the Old and NvW
Towns. The full emperor- ot the Franks h.iil a palaie
here, in which they fometimcs relided. Near the
town is a callle, and, at no great tliilancc u|) ilic iiver,
two tait-works.
In the tarthcr county, of which one half bel-Migs to
the iluke ot Deux-Foni -Birkenfeld, and the otlier to
the prince ot Baden-Baden, arc,
Birkenfeld, which once g:'.ve the title ol iliikc to ,1
branch of the tamilv of Deux-1'ont-. 1 hi- biaiicli
afttiwards liK> ceding to the dm hy ol Dcux-l'or.ts,
added Biikeiit Id in their title to D.ux-Fi'nt-.
'I'rarbach, or Trancrbach, n a town lying on the
M'lfilit:, and lontamin^ a ehuii h common to die Ro-
man C..tholics and Luiher.in-, with a lAitheran ^)i\\-
nafuim. In the neighbourhood are many \inyaril«.
The town wa'- once vcryfb\'ng, but the lortilication-,
have been dcm< lifhed.
Siaiki nburg i- a lallleon the Moi'ellc, bv the name
ol wliicii this eountv ii n iw generally ili;;..igui;!icd,
theiounis hiving refuleil in it fnquntlv.
Tlie I'rin. loaliiv and Count\ of ijoi m i- fitiiiied
between i -. >rr..in and I zAver ■\il..ce; ;'nil, to dilli.i^iiili
It 1. ni till County ot ihe l.ime name in the i1ik:.\ of
Lu\;m''U.p,, i; IS eall.d the I'ljier counly, and I'l;
oih.r ih. Lower. 'Ihe piiiic. s ut Solm are now ilui I-
ed iiit'i I wo Oram lies, I loogibu , or S.il iiZu. dm ; .uul
■j L.'ui/-Loe-, or S.ilni-KuiHiri.' ; eacii of which 1 "ueli.s
an equal (hare ot the ellite. belanj^ing to the firiiur
I Count-, and vole alternately ai the dut-.
! 'File Fiineipalil'. of Nassac lifs niolily in the Wei-
ll tci.ai. 'i'iie length of it is compiitiil at abwut :,o
jl mk-. and the bieaddi at about ;o. 'I'liwu.'Ji it r-, in
! geiv.-ral, wo()d^ and moiintamou-, ilieie arc foine li.ic;
|i pallures and lorn-lands in il, betides excellent baths
II and mineral wauis, and k vcral niiiKs of iron, lead,
] copj.cr, .uul oiler met.ils. NFill irlihe prinee.and
1' in'iabiianis ,iri Ca'\tnill-. 'Flic prim ipality i divided
I into I'everal counties, beK)nj,inL; to the ilitii'ient
I branclK- ot the tamilv, whkh is <pnc of the moll an-
I iientand illullrioiL- ot Furopi, having produced, bc-
1 fide m.iny o;iier great her.ie-, Adolphu-, emperor of
1 (iermany, and king Williim III. ol (iieat Biiiain.
I The eldv line, or ili.it ot Walram, c iniob, at pre-
I lent, of tin- branches of Nairui-Saai!ii..ek-l 'lin.;en,
Naflau SiirbuK kSaarbru. k, and Nallau-V. .ilhuig.
" The re|iielentati\c of the lall ui thele married i;,e late
: inince of Orange's only lilier. 'Fheotiu r line, ot that
I ot Odio, will- h lOhliilcd lormcrly ot t!ie kweral
i biaii.hes of Nitlau-Sieg. n, which was I'oprh, Nu-
1 laul) llemberg. Diet/., .xnd I tadamar, i- n ,.v re-
I diiced to that ot Nallaii-Diet/, the repieleniatl\c of
which, William, prince of Oraiij?,e, eiijojs all the
I tetriioriis thai belonged i) the othei biiiKlies ; and,
I onaicountot tliem, ha- level al voie 1.1 the tlier of
I 1 he em pile, and thole ot this tiivle ainl \\'>.l!phaha.
All the branches pav a mairiailir a. id chamber tixi^
tion J but tliofe ot the el lei line have no leat, or voie-,
in the college of the piiiiees i.t tlie empire, being only
members of ihat of the Imperial Wetteuu counts. 'Fhe
eluet place- i:\ the, p:m^ ipality are
Diel^,
EUROPE.]
T)ietz, th(
.nn.iihcr brai
prime of Or;
on the river
liiuih-eall fri
fine calllcs, 1
town. It ha
nicatcs with
f'ubje.-l to th(
mat ion, the
lily i-.f Herl-
is about 14
ncral, llony
iliccp; bill il
for ihe mhab
N ,liau i
tomierly llo
w Inch was th
callle the pri
took their na
rived 11- own
the iount\ , Ii
Inch as it ai
trom Nalua,
bailiwick, na
Nallau-Diei/
another to N
adioinmg, N
aie joint ])io|i
W'eilbiirg
which gives 11
iheicof, who
town. Over
iieighbourhoc
pleafure-lr'Ud
W'eilmunit
and a great d
W'llh bailer
fitnued on
balh-.
Bibarith, ;
lace; Sehurl
the Schuiier,
Jain- a Fail!
Saarbruik, o
over a river
I lombuii
to Nallao-Sa.
a (hai\ ot In
cipiliiv of N,
'Fiie Couni
I lelle, north
waid on I e
1 1,'le, and t
ot Mill/,
ii- breadth u
marble, tlao
wood, and
livei Fdei .
'Fill re are i
of iron and
family ot \\
the lacrcd R
polllein, lo
temales, not
priiiee has n-
|iriiices in th
1 I'l le he has.
dei k 11 4 1
in lieu ot ill
Tix-dollai-,
Helie-Catiel
on the elde
Flere are tl
government
jultire. Til
derable; am
jianics ot tou
I'l lY.
n ( ill many mm ?
CrC lIlCIC MX lUITk"
viTV tiiHihU'lumi;
il;iv :ilitl iui;lu t..
iiii ihtir tni I' :i'.li-
t!i .1 i^iavclly I lil,
inti.ripfrl(.'il w'uU
?m mails,
iiuicntlv iliviikil
vlii. li i'> IV 'w fiMii-
ini, and iIk- i.tlici
ictwc n I'lic Rliinu
inc-liltlis liflong
ninp two-tlnlis to
lip.ll pl.KO l^
ipii.i!, a wtll-lmilt
i iIk- l)Ul ami N^w
a.'iks li.ul a jialaic
■Ikic-'l. Niar tlic
..nice lip lilt liver,
nr lia'.f h.l .•iig-. to
, and the otUir to
tuK' ol I'liikc to ;l
1I-. T lii^ I'lamli
ol lViix-l\r.is,
iix-P''nts
[own lyuu', on the
>iii:iv>n It) ilic Ri'-
a L.utlician ;jvii-
inaiiy \inyard?.
I the loiiiiaaiioii!-,
illl!c, hv tlif naiiio
.ii:y d.;l..igiu;!K-d,
.1 iitlv.
boi-.M i- (i'uite'l
;'nd. to illltl.i^i. ill
c 111 llii: ilii. .V (t
ounly, and i' c
ilin arj now ili\ i I-
>>)l n/iii..lin; -iiul
lit V. Iixli poiiillls
iilVJ, t'l lil>- lilllKl"
■111 t"-.
U'lHy in tlic \\ \t-
utrd at aliwiit ;o
'l'luui;;li II ir, in
icic arc loinc li.ii;
L'S exullcnt hatlts
iiKS 111 iron, lead,
'1 ilic puiii-.-i and
Kipaluy i diviikd
to till.' ililii'icnc
le ct" the nmil an-
ns; pi'uluccd, bi--
phu-, cnipfror ol
ol (Jicat liriiain.
1, I'.niri;! , at prc-
aai'.Hi.rk-l 'iin.;en,
Nallau-W.ilbtiij^.
I- niariicd i.c lat.;
• otiu r line, Ol that
ly a\ the teveral
was l'opi;h, Nl(-
aniai, i- ii i.v le-
le iepicllniati\e ot'
[;>., eiiji)y> all the
Ki ill iiIi-Ik's; and,
tie 1,1 the diet ot
e and W'^llpii.iha.
I. id iliamlvr taxi*
.' no llat, or voie-^,
iiioiro, lieins^only
tltiain.ou:it^ 'I'liu
DiiiA
EUROPE.]
(; E R M A N EMPIRE.
773
Dietz, the capital of another coiint\, liejonging to
another brantii of the Nall'au faniilv, ol uh:ili di.
prince ot Orange is the head. It is |)lealamly litiiat d
on the riviT Lolin, 9 miles cad troni Najlu!, and k;
I'outh-eaH from Cohlentz. It is walled, and lias two
tine callics, or towers, Handing upon tw 1 hilL in itie
to\*n. It has i bridgi- over the riv r, wireh conimu-
niiatcs with l-'regen-lJiei/. It had aeollegiaie ihurcli,
(iihu^rl to llic electors ot Treves; but liiiie th.' relor-
iii.ition, the reveniKs have bc' n a|)phid lo the univcr-
liiy r\ Herb, rn. The louiuy 111 whi h this town lies
is .iboiii 14 miles long, and lO broad. It is, in j;t-
ncral, liony and hilly; his plenty of venifon and
lliecis Inn in the vallies there is torn and wine enough
lor tin- inhabitanis.
N.iliau i a fmall town (jn the Lehn, near which
ti'inierly (bi.d Nad'aii-b.rg, a very aiuient ca(t!c,
which ivas the original feat ot the famih. l""rom this
callle the priiK i]i.ilii\ , finiily, town, and bailiwiik,
took tluir name. The cillle, aiiorihng to lomc, de-
rived its own name trom Nalgui, the original name of
ilie i iiunty, fignifymg, in the (lerman, a mariliy track,
Inch as it antientiv was; but, accord'Hi; to others,
fiom Nalua, a tamous German commander. Of the
bailiwick, named Imm the ti'wn, a part belongs to
N all ail -Diet/., aiiotlur to N.i(laii.\Vt ilbuig, and
another to Naliaii-l'lin<ieni and ot that ot Camberg
adjoining, Naliaii-I)Kt/., and the elector of Triers,
are pint |)io|irietors.
Weilbiirg is a handlbme town on the river l.ohn,
whith gives name to a county, and title to the pnn e
ihercol, who has a fine palace and gardens in the
tnwn. Over ilic river is a llone bridge; and in the
neighbourhood of the town are a large menagerie and
pleat'uie-li'iule.
W'eilmunlKr Kmtains lome filvcr and cop])er mines,
and a gre.u deal of iron ore. j
Willibailen is a handfome, populous town, |
fituilcii on the Rhine, and n ited for its warm i
balh-. I
Uib.uiih, a village on the Rhine, contains a pa-
lace; Sihivrllein is^el brated for us wir.e; Lohn, on
the Schutter, gives name to a lordlhip; Oiiweilar con-
tain^ a Lutluran and Roman Cailioiicf. ehuivli; and
Saarbruik, on the S.iai, take^ its name trom a bridge
iivei a river of the tame name.
ir>mbiirg, a lowii lituatcd on the \\\fgaii, beloni^s
to Nallau-Saarbruck-S.iarbrnek. The lame prince has
a (]iai\ of f >m.' other ililhicts in this part ot the priii-
ciivilitv of .\all"iii.
The Coiint\ ot Wali^ccvv terminates fouthuaid on
] Idle, norihwaid on the dioeele ot I'aderborn, uell-
ward on' .e dm hy ot \V\ iljihaha, and eallw.ird on
Hi'le, and the bailiwi.k ot Irii/.lar, in the electorate
ot Mentz. It-- leiiiilh is computed at about 24, and
its breailth at 10 miies. I: yields iron, lead, cojiper,
maible, flue, mineral (nrings and abounds in grain,
wood, and cattle, (i Id l^ tometinies found in the
river luler. Tiieinhabiia'us, in general, are Lutheran-.
There are lome Moolltn manul.ictorit"., belides thole
of iron and paper, in the county. The title ol the
lamily of Walde' » run^ thus : " Waldeck, prince ol
the tacred Roni.'.n empiie, count of I'vrmoni and Rap-
polliein, lordol H li. n .1 k and ( i.rollei. k, fvc." Tfe
iemalcs, 'loiwiihit milii.g, are onlv countelle-. TIk
prince ha- not wt obtained a leat and voice air.oiu', the
princes 111 the diet il ihe empire, but in tha; oi tin--
liide he has. To the empire, his all tfnienl lor Wal-
deik is 4 lioile, and iS toot, or 1.0 lloim--, nunthly,
in lieu ot them; and to the chambu ol W'a^lar 67
tixdollai-, 74 kiuit/.er'^. The couniv is .1 liet ot
Helie-Callel; the luce, llion to which was liill lettled
on the eldtll (on, and his ill'ue, in the year i(;i,7.
Here arc the ulual high court-- and college , tor the
poveinmentol the coiiniy, and the adminilbation ot
jullice. The revenue ot the county is pretty coiili-
derable; and the piinee generally maintains five com-
panies ot loot. The chiel plaeci here ate
I Corbaeh, the capital, divided into the Old and New
Town-, which conta ns a gvmnaiiiim, with two
cliuiche-; in one of which is a (lately monument of
marble and alaballer, creeled b\ the (hiesof the L'ni-
, led Provinces to the prince of Waldeck, who wa»
I tield-mardial of their forces.
Liwer Weldung' n is a pietty large well built town,
having the epithei ol Lower, to d';(|ingiiidi 't from
; Old Weldungen, a tmall town, with a" catllc, died
hrederichdein. In the choir of the c'lich beio'icin^-
01 the former of thele towns, is a m niument of"^ila-
I bad r, crcrted by tlie republic of V nice, to a piinec
I ot Waldeck, who vas commander of toeir f)r^,s. la
Its neighbourliood all') are f mie mineral fpriiirrs
In Rhoden is a lea: beloni;ing to the printe. Near
WaMt\k (lands an oldcallle, which gives name to the
county, and title to the piince.
Arollen is a regular well nuilt town, danding noc
far from the river Aars, and containing a palace, whicli
is the ul'ual relidence of the prince, and a ihurcli for
each of the three religions. Here is alio the feat of the
high colleges.
Adort is a vllligc in the bailiwick of Eifenbu'g, in
which are iron works, wnh two copper mine-, and a
Lutheran foundation for ladies. There arc copper
works in fome of ihe other bailiwicks; and at KleiiH-rn,
a villige in the bailiuick of Waldeck, are two chaly-
lieaie fprings.
The County of Hanau-Mi-nzf.nburg is fertile in
corn, wood, wine, and fruit. It produces likewilb
lalt, cobalt, filvcr, and copper.
The river> are the Maine, Kinzcg, and Nidda. The
cdaiililhid religion is Calvinifm; but Lutherans and
Roman Cat hohe-- are tolerated. It is a populou- ma-
nutac'.oral and commercial county, and the chief places
are the following ;
Hill HI, its i.ipital, is (ituated on the river Kinzer,
which divides it into the Old and New Town--, both of
whkh are fortified. The New Town, wliieh was built
at full by I'iemilh and French refugees, who had k-, ac
privileges granted to them, is regular and h indlime.
Ihe callle, in which the counts u ed t ) relidc, and
which Hands in the Old Town, is foitified, and his a
tine dower-gaiden, witli commoilious aparnients. The
Jews are tol.rated here, and ib^ell in a particular i;uar-
ler. The Magillracy of the New Town, and the dit-
po(al ol ah oliiies in it, bel.mg to the French and
Dutch con^ircuations. Here are an univeiliiv, witli
li veral manufictori -, partkularb liiat of roll I'Aiv co,
and a ver) conliderable traflic. A eanal run from the
town to the Maine, on which river, near the town, is
I'hihplrue, i.e. I'hiliji's Re|)ofe, aprtty villa, built
by line of the counts of the name of I'liilip.
H.igen, a (mall town, \ields exell.nt wine; Dicber
is a tliiiving town, with lilver, copjier, iron, and co-
balt i.une- and wi'rk- ; and C;ienliau!en, on the Kin-
/.eg, 16 mile- north-eall from Hanau, was formerly
an Imperial citv, but now tielongs eiuiiely to the land-
grave ot IKtle-Cad'el.
In Nauheim, a imall town, is a falt-work of cond-
daable value.
Territories bclc»iiiig to the Princes a/Solms.
Tlie hou(e o( Solm-- I^ divicKil into many branches,
of wliieh ihol'e ol S ilm--L;uibach-B'.ruth, with their
collitcral branihes, h.ave their ellates in Lulatia,
and the electorate of Saxonv. Tiie matriciilar aii'eil-
.'• " !|
h \l ll'l.
Biaiinlels,
a jialace, llrong'y loiiilied m
776 A NKW, RCIYAL am. AUTIIKNTIC SYSTKM of UNIVERSAL riBXlRAniY.
giving natiu- 1» a luiiiwi. k, whitli. wiil\ ilii.' I'lwn and
caltif, l>ik;:ij; t.ulic Bi.uintlU l)i;uuli; and miitains,
belli!.". Dtlur phu\-, AliL-iilHiri:, .i rr.mvmllr.iunli.in
conviii! loi lidics ncir wlmli ihc lu^h.-ll louit ol tin.-
c.iiiniy ib lulil .uinuillv in liicup.n .in', uiilfls in lloni.v
v.L.iilifi; .-.nd Biirn-S >lms, a villag , m wliuli lloml
I iiiiKily !'"■ ancient t.inuly I'tai ot thccmnts >.| Sol.iv.
The luiliMi k iuib alio ifvcral iron min.b and ^^.>od^ in
it, and al>olllKl^ in y,iain and cattk'.
IliiiiiHii is a liuill tovvn lu'.iid on tin.' Morl-ll, in
that part ot' tlicloidlhip ut Mun/.cnlnii>^ ulii.li liJon^s
I.) tlii> laiuily. In tlic town i^ a lulue of ihc count-,
and uithont it a park toi >!i.xt, 1;i the lame pan »t tin-
I'.b .\c loidlli;)! Hands aUo Arcnilmri;, a luh Mkv iit
Ucinaidin.- , lubKd to the aulilmliop ol Ment/, tlic
r.vciniv ot which is laid to .iiiiouiu to alioiii ;o,o:o
florins,
Wohiduini, (iamluJi, and 1 locn-Solms all -^n,-
nanus to bailiwicks and tlie latter contains a p.ilacc.
Laiibaih. <.n the Wetter. i;ive- name t > a baiiiAKK,
and title to a priiue. In the neifthbouihood ot the
latter town cxc.'lknt t'uU.r's i.aiih i^. tuiind in L;re.it
aliiindar.ce.
In tiie territory of Solm--Rode'.heim are
RodJlKilil, a large couiuv town on the Nidda,
containing; the count's palace, and gising naiiie to a
baihwii k, the greater part ot which bcloni;- alio to a
louni; and Alienh.im, a rniali town, liliialed at the
conllux of t!ie Nidua and Wetter, ami i.',iviiii; name to
a liailiwiik, oi tlK greater part oi whuh the count l^
al'.'o proprietor,
Tlu- County of KosicSTi is lie^ in the Wetievau,
along a ridge ot mountains lalled the H.>e. The elec-
tor o! Mcnt/. at pretent pol^elle^ nearly the whole ol the
countv, a fiviall part on!\ being held by the count^ ol !
Stolherg, who, however, have, at various lime-, pre- |
tended to have a rig'u, ar.d laid iliim, to the whole. '
In the m>.an tniie both thele pnne.- lommue to |
vote, on account of it, in the diet iit ilu' I'pp r Rhine, i
and b"ih are memb.T- "t theeolUge ol ilii Imperial '
W'.tterau counts. Ol the nuincuiar al'eliiii; nt lor
Konigllein, M.'niz pavs 8.t lloriii-, an 1 Stolbeii; 20.
Tiie ]ilaic i:i thiscountrv are
Ko.iigitein, which tiue isanie to it, and contains a
callle on a hg'i rock; So !eii. a nee Imperial village, I
ill wliieh there are loni.' lali-pans and a meiliei.i.il b.uh}
Ranlhill, a f.uall town beion^in.; to the lame count ;
un I Divlenbui';.;, del. nd. d by a c.illl.-.
1 he Countv o| li'i-iiv Isknbc :o, |o e ihe\l to dif-
tin; iilh it hon> Lo.vei • llenhuii, onthe L-o.v.-r Rlrne,
wii ni..de a e iiiii-\ in 1442, having ben onb a 1 id-
lli.|) be'ijr--. \' oiU.in-. wood, i im, and .kiu.-; is we!l
\va;>red ; .ui.l ii. lonus partK to tlie liouli o; li.nbuig,
partly 11 tint o| 1 lelle-Darmlladt, and paiib to ih ■
1 ■.■u'lis ot S.ul: il;. 'i'i'.e h ^ule o; llenburv, on ac-
coi:nt ot it's po ti on of this ci.un'v, ha-, a kat in tiie
di..ts ot till urele, asid alio amonii, tiie Weiterau counts
The pun. ipal plaics in it :u- a- f l!ow ;
Biiileiii, taniou^ tor it iron mines f .m^en-Die-
l'ich, an 1 Oli'eniiach, on the Maine, ii..l mging to the
pi in .■ . f li.iiburg-Biri'.t 111.
1 1,1' II /. ;r-l)ie\eii.l'.en, in the Impend foicll of j
Dieyeiilun; and New Iteiilnirg, a regular built tov\ n, ,
bc.lonu,iiij. to the .ilwve-meiitioned prune. [
B',..ling, n, thougii a fni.-.ll town, i-. the 1 apital of the
whol ■ c 'unty, and gives nam.- t()adiibut, wliieh,
with uv . otliirs, b, fjngs t.i the t.iiintot li'enliurg-
Buoinj,en, who \i\- .1 pahue m ihc town. In its
neig'iliouihoo ! .sa park tor de^r, with lumc lall works
and viney.iid-.
W .eht. ilha. h I a fni.ill town, giving nime to .1
diilnei, which, \suh ih.- town, and two otiur dillrich,
belong to the counts ot lleiiburg-Waehterlbach, who
rtliile m tlic town.
Meirh.ol/. lb a village on the iiver Ken/.i<j,, in which
thi- ( unts ot IJLnbui.^-M.erhol/. relidc, and which j
gives iK'.ni- to adiiUict belonging, with toiuc others, to '
liie lame count..
Of the Wii.t) ivul Rhine-(;ravi;s, and tlcir Terri-
t cries.
The Wild, or W^lld, or Raii-Ciraves, in latin,
CoiiiiUsj\uuliirii,JoKfl<iriiJ!!vf/lii-iy ij iirjuli, were I,
calhd troni the rough and wo dy tiniiorus whuh,
.IS well .;s thole ol ihe Rhin.- (irave^, lay dilperled
al'out the Rhine, beiwem Ualil and Bonn. In the uth
icntury the lerritoixs ol th. loriuer Kll to the laitcr,
troi whom aie delceiulul the lounts of Salni, the
counts of (irtimbach, the RhineCiravc of Stein, md
Wi!il-( iravcs ol Daun and Kiiburg, Kacli reigning
houle (its and vote^ in the iliet- ol this i ircK', m\i\ m
thole ol the empire, in the college ot the Impel ..il
: lounts o| the Wutcr.iu, I'ayiiig laeh a mairicular al-
' iellinent, and alio to th.e ehamlier at \\ ri/!,ir. Th.-
i Willi and Rh.iU Grave lands are moitlv tiif-.
Ill the teriit' i\ o! the lount^ ol (irutiv aihare
v'iiumbaih, .1 loun which gives name toalordlliip,
or h.Liwiik, Ivjiig I'll the nver (ilan, and atlijidiiig
ametlulls loiiKliaii-, agates, inoih;is, \c.
Tioii.h'.n, i>n the lion, gives name to a loulllup,
which contain- Taliang, a market town, aiul 14 htiL-
vill.iges.
The teiritorie- oi the Rhiiie-( irave of Stein con-
tain only Rhingraltnllm and Wildenburg, which have
both callles-, (jrchweiK r, uhieli li.e a palace; and the
large villag ■ ol Woillall,
'I he \\ ild-(iiavate 01 Duin contains Daun, .in elc-
g.iiit leit on a hill, near the Suinnern ; Kirn, .1 toun on
the N'ahe; I 'i' mringen, a maik't town, which give-
nan.- ti> a liaihwi. k; .md I'utlingen, trom which a lord-
Ihip leceive- it-, appill.ilum.
Leiningen, or Linage, the capital of its countv,
lland^ eight mile', louth-i'. ill ot NVorni.., and north-
well Iroiii Spire. This louiiiy, whiih border-, upon
I'lankendale, i- lliaied ani.)ng jour branches ol the ta-
mily.ivho take tlu ir name ot diltinction from iheleve-
ral parts ot 11 in their [lolleliion. The countv ot La-
ne.,: e, properlv fo la'ie.!, i> a tief ol the billiop of
.Meiii/, and theretoiv ua united to luance in i6,Si ;
l;ul, 1\ il.. tie.ity oi Rvlwuk, tho'.e count- were le-
ellablaiie.l in tii.ir aiicient ll.it.\ and they are therein
e\pr^; ly tilled the loiini- il Leiniii'jen. The piin-
ii[)al plaie-. Ill it are New-Lemingen, 'I'urcheim, Cirun-
ihidt, aiul Lanlheim. The otlKr branches of thile
count-., who are all L-utlcrans, me in potiellion of
Haiie.ibeiii, in the middle ot the I'.ilatinate, n.pt t.ir
t.oni W 01 111'-; Bioich calUe, on tiie Rhine, ne.u Uui;-
ii'Mj,; Dachthur.j,, in tlu- WelUMh, in Allace; an.l
W, lieibui j , in Walbravia.
The L dlbip ot Reipoh/kirchen belongs to tla
eoi.iii ot iilleli-.eim, on wliu h ai lou ii Ik- has a leal
and vol'-- ,11 the di- ts .>( i-n.- uieie; a^ ha: h iheiouiu
ol \^ied Ri.'ikid lor ilie loidlliip ol Kirchiiigeii.
'1 he count" lit l-alkenllein bi-f-ng-- tiitirily 10 lie
em]K-rori but contain- only halkeiillein, a Imall to*ii,
ileluid'.tl b\ a lallh ; an.d Winweiler, uhicli giv.,
name to a bailiwick, and has a Ion re s.
The County ot Wijr.tNSTttN, win h is abuit I'i
mile^ in length, and 14 in breadth, i.envir.-ned i)y the
territorie- ot 1 Lllc--I)armlladt, Naliau-niilemb. ig,
and the Duihy of Wellphalia. It prod, ue httlegtiin.
but good p.illure, and plentv ot wood; wiili mines ol
lilvei, copi'-.r, and iron; and is watered be the rueis
1 .ohii ami I'.der. Theiouiits, who are ot the liuii.-
fimily 3.- thole ol S'.yn, are divided into tiie t a >
biaiiihe-. ot .Sayn-Wiigenllein, ot W iigenllein, ai d
.Sayn-Witgeiillein of Berl burg. Tli • lounty cnmi-.-j
both branches to a vote in tnc coll ge ot the Wei-
terau counts, both at the dut ol the empire, and
th It; of this circle. The revenue ot the countv 01
Wiigenllein, including that ot the lordlli;;) ol H mi-
luiig, which lies between the duihv ot B..rg and
county of Maik, and belongs to the counts ol
Witgenllein, is conliderable. In this county are
Witgenllein, .1 callle, leated on a high m nintiin,
the rclideiKC of the counts ot Sayn-Wiigenllcin, ol
Witvicnlleiii,
I
s, and ibclr Terri.
• (iKUrs, It) latin,
ij t'irjuti, were l.i
urlill)^l(^, wlmli,
ivi-, l;iy (lilpcrlcii
1 IVnn. In the imIi
IT till to ilu' laiiir,
I Hill'' ot Salm, (lie
ii.ivf ot Stein, :i'iit
;;. Ivuli rciffiiiiif;
'I iliis I ircli', .iiul III
■v,u ol iliL' Impiii.il
u li a maiiKul.ir al-
r at \Vtt/!ar. 'I'h,-
ll'ililv lilt'-.
( iruini mil are
naiiK' to a lonlfliip,
(ila;i, anil atl'oiiliiii^
ii.mie tc a Inulilnp,
t'lwn, anil 14 ImL-
iiavc i.| Suin (.oii-
(.iLninn'j,, wliitli liave
i. a inilacc ; anil tliu
>ntains Daun, an t ic-
crn ; Ku;i, .1 town on
t town, wliii li (;ivi-
11, troiii wliith a loij-
a[)ital ot Its coiiiitv,
Wonii--, aiu! imiili-
wlikli horilcr^ iiji. in
.ir lira 11' lies oi ilu- la-
iKMion iioni tlic levo-
'I'liL' louniv ot La-
Hct ol ill.' bilhop ol'
1 to I'laiKt in i6(ii ;
tlioA toiint-~ were iv-
aiiil they are tlieivin
^inin^en. Tlic piin-
!,cn,'rurclicini, Cirun-
Kr brantlii^ ot tliilc
ate in polKillon ot
ic I'.'.latinati.', n<pt t.u
tiic Rliinc, neai Dui;-
\iA), 111 Altaci'; and
rtlicii belongs to tiie
;'.i ion it Ik his a leal
lei ■!'■ li:i:li I lie louiiL
) ot Kircliini;en.
long^ eiitiiily to tl c
.iitlein, a liiiall to^ii,
nwciler, uliicli j>ivlj
orii'e;s.
N, "111 li is aUuit I'i
h, i>ciivii'oiK\l bv the
N:iliai.i-l)illc:nb.ii:,
t pr.'i.lui.e little gi.un,
uoo'l; with miiici ul
watered b>' the ri\eis
who are ot the lam.
iliviileil iii',1) tlie t A 1
ot \\ ii^enllein, ai.d
Hi.' Loiiiuy cniiii'.')
eoll g^- of the Wei-
ol the empire, ami
nue ot the couiitv 01
the lorillliip ot H 1111-
iluihy ot Bjr^ arul
g,s to the counts ol
I this eounty are
on a hij;ii iiinint lin,
Sayii-\Vii^>,eiillcin, ot
NVtfieiilleini
KUROl'K.j
(; F. R M A N 1; M I> I R P.
771
I
i
VVit'^.nlLiii 1 and B.rlehiirfj, a I'liiall town, on the liitle j
rivei Ikrleii, i .iiiaining a line palate, belon;;iii^, with
the town, to the county ol Sa\ n-\Vit^eiilUiii-Her-
Jebiiig.
Thk CIRCI.K 01 TiiF. LOVVRR-RIIINI-
'T'l IlSein le is bounded on th • i.ill liv P'ranc^niia, and
the lower jiart ol the eircle ot the Ujiper Rhine ;
oil t! e well by the iipjier part of the circli' "I the L'p-
]ier Rhine, Lor-- 1 and 1 .uxeiiiluirg ; on th.' norih
bv the circle ot t.ellphalia; and ontheliiith hv that
ot Svabia. Ii lontains extUilive ol the I'.ilatinate,
Jvi. tlu three arehbillvipii' . and electorates ot NLnt/.,
Tri^r^, or Ticw, and C'lloji^tie.
'I'he liiets ot llii^ i,;iele are liel.l at I''rank.!ort on the
MiiiU'; .mil the ek\'\'ir ol Ment/. i^ iIk r'.Kuiioiiini;
I'niu e uid iliieelor ol ir, Itisoneot' tholee.ilUd the
anieruii .irelei; and its lontrilnition to the enijiiie has
g-fi'.rally been eipial to that ot the I'p^ier Rhine.
In dei'( ribiii^ ihi;-i irele we lliall olHerve ilie U>\\ iwing '
Inbdivilions.
'I'he Arehbilliojirie anil Fleftorate of Mint/, lies
on ilie banks ot the M.iiiie, between the electorate- ol 1
'I'rier^ nil the well, th I'alatm.ite on th ■ louih, I'laii- .
loniaon theeall, and the Wetteiau on the ivirih. It 1
i> about '10 miles in length, and 5.1 in breadth. Be- I
tiles the Main, it is watered by liiree other jirincijial
ri\er . the Rhme, the j-^-Xt, and the L;)hii. It is, in
!.'.enei il, e.seeeding fertile, and produces great pl.nty
o) loiii, Liitk, wine., truit, lait, llax, to'.iacvo, and
timber. It has fe\eral kinds of manut'whire, ]iaiiKU-
larlv thole ol' woollen and linen cloth, glafs miirijrs,
and porcelain, in which, as well as in wine, ainionils,
chelnuts, lla.\, and ton.icco, a eonliderable traile is
carried on witli the adj.icent co.intries.
As the electorate i^\^ Ment/. is under tlie dominion of
nn ecileliallic, almoll the whole jiropertv ot it belongs
to priefls, monks, and nuns; and all p'aces and otiiccs
are p.iHeired by the tleru\ . 'I'he iMedoniinaiit religion
ot the electorate is the Roman Catholic ; but, in leve-
lal plate-, there are many I'roieitants.
The eleclor is tliof 11 bv the ehaiHcr, which confills
ot 4: canons, 24 of whom are ca|iiiular-. 1 I.' i- not
only the tirl! archbiiluip, but alio ilec'tor oi (iermany,
in eoiik'ijU'iKe ot lii.^ being aich-vhancellor ol the em-
li:re; and he alway^ fits on the right hand of the em-
li.roriii all public conventions, lie is viiitor ui all
the lourts ot the empire, direCl.or ot its poll-, and
[guardian of the aieiiives and matricuhi. 11.' crowns
the emperor, nominates a viee-tliaiK.llor ot the em-
jiiie, and lipids .1 el,.'inciry .at the ltr.[)enal court. To
hull alio all toieiun. p;iiices and llate. direcl what pro-
p.1^l.lon^ tlu\ make to the empire, as well as apply t'>r
the redrets ot grievances. In lpiritu:ds he llainU ini-
mcdiatily under the lee ot Rome. The blllioprits
lubuct to this luril'ilic'i ion are tliole of W.mn-, Spire,
Siialhiirg, Conllaiuc, Auglburg, Coire, W'Linlluiig,
i:iihll,idt, l'.iderborii, I Iildellu im, an 1 I'lild.i.
For the government of the countrv , and the avimi-
nidration of lullice, the iliief eolleg.s .ire 'he privy
tonlcrence, the privy ihan^ery, the Aulic council, aiivl
the reverlion iudu atory ; to the kill ot which appe.ils
he Ironi the infeii.ir judicatories.
The revenue-- ot the elee'lor arc l'u]i]iofed to ani.nint
annuallv to about ioc,oocI. ariliiig chielly from the
tolls on the Rhine and Maine, the t.ix on wine, and
that [laid b\ the Jews, the lullvr of wliii.h is very eon-
liderable. Fie is able to maintain 5 or (000 men at
all limes; but. to I'ave unneceliary expence, I'eldom
kee|is above half that number ot legul.ir troops; lor
iiis income, wli.n he is only arclibiili 'p ot Ment/,
without coniniandanis, (which isleldom the cale.) will
n It allow ol any greater llate or cxpcnees; and his
houlliold is fulled rather to his laeied than his tempor.il
tharnfter.
The iiiofl confiderablc places in tliii electorate are
the t'oUowing;
No. 71.
Ment/, which llaiuls on tlic Rhin.% near where the
Mime tails into it, is the capital of the archbiihopric
and ekaorate. It is called, in L.itin, Moguntia, Mo-
LMintiarum; and, in French, Mayence. Itislituued
13 mile- well from I'tanklort, 2j north from Worms,
4.S liom Heidelberg, 43 tr. mi Spire, i,S() from Sital'-
burg, 00 liom 'I'riers, and 74 tioni Cologne. It is a
large .iiid populous citv; hut moll of the llrcets are
narrow, and the common buildings very plain anil
irregular. The elector has fcvcral jialaces in and about
the city, moll of wlii; h aieoriiaiiiented with beauiiiil
and extenlive g.ird-n-. It was made an .■<- Iibiiliipric
in -ji'), bv I'epin and pope dregory 111. 'Ihc catlie-
''".' IS a fifty \. mill ij building; and in it are foir.e tins
iilonunMil , erecteil to the memory of deceat'ed elec-
toi-s. The \eltments in which the electors lay nials
ue extreiii. ly ii> h; and the canopx under whkh tlic
holl is earned in procellion is entirelv covered with
pearl. 'I'he elector's chief paki' e is biiik of rcddilh
mirblelliiiie, embellillied with ornaments, and is re-
gular and magiiiliceni, though but two Hones high,
and built alia the old (krnian manner. On the v.in-
iKiwaot this biiifiing, as will as on thole of tiu' catlie-
ih.il, are painted a wheel, winch is a part of the elec-
tor's c lai ot arms. D.li.ks th.- cathedral, here arc
many collegiate and other churches, with leveral mo-
n illciie-, nunneries, and li 'ijiital . Flere are liisewile
an univcrlity, loundid in the year 14S2, by the elector
Di.iiier; a bridge of boats over the Rhine ; llianufic-
tori.s ot dockings and tluti's-, and two yearlv lairs.
Hut the moli eonliderable building in this city is the
charter-houle, whieli, tor elegance and extent, is one
ol the liiielt in Fairope. It has apartments large and
lommoilious ennugli 10 lodge a lovereign and hi- reti-
nue, and is beautiiully litu.ned on an eminence tront-
ing the Rliine. At tiie toot of this lioul'e llands the
I'avoi ita, a fmall but elega'.it elecloral pal.ice, w lih moll
dcligliilul gardens.
Ment/, has a llourilliiiig trade, cipccially in Rhciiilh
wines, ot which the vineyard? in this neigh! lourhood
yield the f.ell, iiartieulaiiv thole of Ho^kham, from
whence the tilled Ion ot Rheniili wine li.as obtained the
name nf Old Flock. The city of Mem/ claims
the inveiui.in ot the art of iiriiiting, which, if not:
invenied, was at lead much iiiipr.'ved, by John Fud,
or, as others fay, by John Ciuiienburg, about the year
145c.
Afchallenburg is fitu.Ucd on the conllux of the ri-
vulet Afchatf and the Maine. Flere is a dne cadle, in
which the elector tiequ.nily relides during the I'ealon
t >r hunting in the Sjialfart, together with a collegiate
chuith, a college, and a large cloiller. The town
gives name to ,1 bailiwick, in which arc alio Seligen-
dadt, a town lituated on the Maine, with a Benedic-
• '.lie cloiller ; the abbot ol whkh llile- himlell lord of
( icilalbach, Omer(bach,and i loflladen ; together with
Obernburg, a fmall town, and Dettingen, a village on
tlie Maine, remarkable tor a battle fought near it in
I 74;, b.'tween the Englilh and I'leiieh, in which the
latter were repulled.
liingen is a pleatant town, lituated on tlic well lidc
ot the Rhine. It had a t ut in the time of the Ro-
man ; and has a c.Ulle at this day, which llands on a
hill, ami i.verf inks the town. It is 15 miles well from
Ment/, ami was formerly an Imperial city; but it is
now lubieei to the dean and chapter of Mentz. It
h.is a handfome Hone bridge over the river Nahc, which
runs through the town, and emjuies itlelf into the
Rhine. /\ toll is levied here lor whatever jiatles up
or do'>vn the Rhine, which is twice .as broail at tins pi ice
ai die Fhame at F..oiiifin. Not lar troin the town is
the cel.'braied Bingerloth, where the Rhine is conliiied
beiw.en two high rocks, which, with the wai-ilill,
Oiiali Ml d by tlie river Nahe's emptying itlelf there
' into the R'.iine, renders the pail'age \eiv diiiger-
ous. At a tiiuiU didaiv.e liniil hence, in an illand or
' rock Oil the Rhin.-, is the tainiiis Moiilethurm, that,
is, the Mice or Rats 'Fower, lb called, as the people
9 L Fei-i
il-
-8 A NF.W, ROY.Xr. ano AUTH 'N'TIC SYSTEM or I'NIVI.RSAI, GI.Oc.RAl'HY.
^.'■-
here will li^vi- it, fi.ini the lollowiii'j, iir* umllinti".
All aicliliillvip, vvlio li.iil at'.riMt amipiiliy m '"^mr-,
ami iilcil to till '.hem tlu- nis ili.it c.U '• ■ . -orn,
was, I'V tin- Hill \eni;iMnci' <it luavin, lo |iii! -il \mi1i
r.ifsaml mi.c, tint tii hi'Ji In- lU-ii to tliis t>vMT t"
avoul them, vet ihcv pmliieil him ai roN tlu' river, ami
at lenp.ih licvoiir.d hmi. Olhci^ rejtcl tlii^ Ihny as
talnilous ; ami think the lower wav Coialleil. Inmi the
(Jcriiians giviiij; the name ot rats to the oihi\rsthat
were jilueil in it t.i levy the t^lls, oKI I'liiKiiiu'* lv;n<j;
geiHTiiHy ^alh'.l rac ivlls.
Crariberi;is a Iniall town ruiiated on i nvuiiitain,
the inlivlnt mi- ot which aie partly I'lottllmiv ami
partly Rom;in Catholics, it cmc^- lieioiiiinl to the limi-
gr.\ve oi 1 lille. The ilillrii'l , whiili it !',ives n iim to,
contains Ionic tine uooils, with gre.it niinil'eis ot
chcliiut anil other trnit trees.
Wtvil, or Klliiil, a fmall town, lue miles well from
Ment/. has a (Ironi; i.illl., aiui i^ the capital ot' the
Khine^au, a tr.iikhinu ilnv.! the Rhiiu-, ami verv
friiittul, el'iie.i.illy in excellent vines. There are le-
vetal other tm.ill town* anil vl filers in the Rhine.rui.
Miltenlnir'_;,on the Maine, contains atallle, a I'lin-
ciican cloilU-r, ami a t;\ iiinaliiim.
Frit/.lar, a i)retty llroni; tow'n on ih.- r.ver Kdos
contains two collc|>i.\te churches, w ith an I 'rluline nim-
ntrv. It gives name to a territorx whiih lies Ixiwixt
Lower Utile an.l the coiiiii\ ot W'aUlet k, ami has
another tmall toun in it, called Nauiiiburs',, oi Num-
Inirg.
Belule'i iIioIl- alr^wlv inentioiuil, there ■.I'v kverul
other inconlnieraMc town'- in thi- ekvionic.
The Arcliliiilioiinc and I'.l'-ctorate if Tkhps, or
Trkvis, lie- betwoen Colounc, Berj, ;\nd Jiihers, on
the north; Lorrain ami the I'alatinatc on the louth;
Lii.xeminiri; on ih.well; ami Wetterau on the e.all.
It^exiuit, Iroin n^rth to li'iiih, is about So niile-^;
an I lt^ breadth, liom call to well, about (<o. It is
watered not oiil\ bv the riv^is Rhine and Mol'elle,
hut alio bv the ^a.ii and Kvll. On th" banks ot the
two torimr the counlrv i- populous, .iiul truittui m
corn and wine, but elb-whtre mountainous and woodv,
yet aboumiing in game and acid Ipring!, as alio in
metal- and niinuab ot various kinds.
The ttates eonlill ot' the prelates iir abbot';, wiiji
the ri.pr.'llntatives ot the eleruv, and ot certain towns.
The mliabi'unis are all I'apiil-, except in liiJi plices
as the elector |ioli'. ibc- in (omm'ii with other piincc,
where iheie arelnnc Vroiellant--. I'nder thcarch-
billiop arc 5 aichdeacKn', and, luli"rdinaie to th'le,
zo provincial deans. The ancient 'I'rcveri, liom whom
(he city ot Triers and the elictoratc take tl.eir name,
>verc a vuv w.ulike i>eople. Their general, Ambiorix,
cut oll'.i whole Roman army. Thev worlhipped Mar«,
and A])ollo, t.ll Coiillantme ellai^hllied Ciiull;a:nt\
among ihcm: but at what time the bilnopric and
archij:lho|iri w. re created is uncertain. Thech'.irch
ot Treve-, liowe\er, is commonly accounted the moll
ancient in(rTmany. The chapter, whiih elects the
arihtiillujp trom among themlelvcs, and make him
Iwear to a capitulation, conlills of if> capiiul.ii v can' 'i: ,
all ot whom .ire ot noble delcent. At everv niw
election the po|)e receives large lunis tor conlirniati'jn,
the pallium, and tor annats, or lirll truits. Tiie
archiepikopal title is, " Bv the grace o! (iod, arcli-
billi'jpot Tieves.ot the ' l')ly Roman Kmpire,ihio'.ioh-
out G lul and the kmsdom ot Aile-, arch-eluiri' ellor
and ele-i'ir, and alio a'.lnunillrator ot I'rum." Hr is
the tecond il vtor in rank, and at the election o| an
cmiieror ha- the Hill voice. The tolls on tho Molt lie
and Rhine, his denieCnc-, and his oliice ot noble jJ,uar-
dian ot the Minors, with the taxe^ belays on his tub-
jeits, are luppoled lo bnm^ him in ab 'ui 70,co3l. pir
annum, lor the t^oveinmeni ot t!us c L'Ctorate, and
the adminili ration of julliee, bclides [he regency and
revilion court, there are th.- two aulie iudicatorics, to
winch ap|xals he trom the interior loori-. 'I here are
,*llo two Ijaritual high courts. Th'.- hereditary oliiarj
are the maiOtal, tin- chimbirl.iin, the fewer, and cup.
heater. Among oiIut jneiogativej, this elei'lor h.is
power to banilh exco'ini micitcd perfiiis out ol the
eiiijiire, it th y do tmt r.ioiKile tlunillUe- to the
chinch within a yc.ir ; ai.d to take poll' lil'ii of the
ell.ues o( minor', till ilu v ;',ie of age. I le has alfo a
nnht to rt-unite.ill theli f. ot hi- iliocefe, u|H)n l.iilute
ill heirs, CO the domains of lii-»hiirch. llis lubicois
may apj-cal to the ihunb.r ot the empire-, in all c.iulis
abov- :c; () (l"n.'.<'. Th ■ rei:ular iroop> he maint.iitu,
belidc a militia, amount to I eiwitit 1 1 and i ico\ U -
lides I li I -;.;uaiil ot ^o nteti.
The il.iei jl.i. c- in tliii electorate aic th.' lollow-
in;', :
Tilers, orTrcv^i, il<c capital of the anlibilhopiir,
IS liiuattd on tlie M'>le'le, over whiih ;t In- a haiid-
lonie llone bridge. It is ' o mil. well ol M.nt.', 3:
loutii (if Cologie, and Si north, ot Siratburj'. Tins
cit> vie- with ti'.oll in Ivirope for antii;ui!y, h'.vi
bcm .1 large and 1 >U\
colony in it. It wa--
to'.ii bcfoie Aiiioilli.- letll.d a
tree and inip^r.il till the ye.r
I V'O, wl'.en It wa- foipii/.'d, :ind lubtce'led, by its
arclbifh >p, lames III. Tie pri\.!te luiiMings are
\eivmcan; and the cw ie riei'lur well loriiti'd or well
;:i!i.ibita). Near the c t edral, a large Gothic cdiliee,
i"- the elei^tor's pai.tce, wl.iJi was a tew years ago re-
biiili, ami is aio'erabie hiiulloni.' Imil'.ling. Here aiL-
; c 'llegiat' and 5 paiilh ihiiiihe-, 1; ni onallerie. and
nuiineiii-, an uni\eifitv t'luiulcd in i.y~i, a houl't- of
the Teutonie oider, and anotlier ot that ot Malta,
'Aith tome lemains rii ihc .mct'it Roni.in liuatre.
Near Tiier- i- a Im.'.!! fiwn on tlie Moklle, called
I'lab/el, where, in the ti ue ot the R.)min-, llood a
palitium. it giv.s nam. to .\ el Itru't, in which i-
L'onz, a borough on the Si ;r, o\^r which tli.i-- is a
bridge her'', e ailed Confirbruck.
Coblentc. is a large town, liiuateti near the c influx
ot th'.- M'llelle antl Rhine, J5 mile- n Mth-well liom
Meni/, 40 loiith-eall liom Cologne, and 5: north-eall
trom Trier'i. it i- well Iniilt, and llroiv'b tortilied;
has a brtdge > f boats over the Rhine, and another of
llone, conlillmg of 14 arches over the .Molelie. Here
are leveral C"lleg:aie aivl other i hurches, l)elidcs mo-
nalKries and nonneries, a gvinnalium, an ar hiepilco-
pal leminai y, anil a i .vlUe. Ilu- Roman- had a tort at
this town ; and iheliill king- of the I'Vanks lieciuciuly
r.iidid in it.
On the otlui fide ot the Kliin,-, nearlv oppolite- t.)
Cobleiit/., I- 1 leiiiiaiillein, or i'.biinbreitllein lallle,
an impiegni'. le f >ri, well <!tlended by out-works, on
the lummit it ail eproi.k\ lill, which lommandsthe
city and the iao river-. It is eltcenud one ot the
Ib'ongell citade'- in ( Jcituany ; and the afceiit to it is
by a winding roa I cut out ot the rock, in the courle
of which are tour handlome gates. On the outcrmoll
gate there i^ a ll .lue ot b.ials, above 15 f.et high, re-
prefenting th. Virgin Maiy, w!ili the ■ t.int jeliis in
her arm-, .iiul .1 lib m ■ ne hand. l;i the middle ol the
citadel i- a lipiare, on one tide of which is the governor's
houle. The ' .ther three .ire oi ciipied In maga/.ines and
barracks. Amon;' oilur i uriolities here is a prodigious
lannon, iS teet and a half long, a foot and an half
(haiueier in the bore, and 5 fv.t 4 inches in the breech.
Tiie bill made lor it to cany weighs iSo poutub, and
iischargeot p iwder :- 1^4 pound-. Acioriiingto the
inlcri]iiion on It, it was uKid. in i-ji'i, i-yone .Simon.
In another li|u.iie 1 a very tine lount.un, being a laive
balon of ifoiie, in the centre ol whiclv ll mds a m.irble
pillar on a br.if- pedellal, with tl'C elector's arm*', fur-
rounded with tour dolphins ■ | the l.ime metal. On the
to]) ot this L'llumn 1 a llatueol the \'irgin Mary.bruif-
ing the head ol the lerpeni, wliieh i- illo of brals.ab.uit
li. leet in height. There la well her.', dugout ot the
rock, zh'o t et if ep, the water ol which is clear,
and exceedin :!v wh .Llome. At the f >ot ot the calUe
i- an cle'Moial pal.iee, eticloled on one liile by the
Rhine, and on tiie other liy a rock, it i • 1 ut an iiuhi"-
lereiit budding ; and the tipartiiients ate low, incom-
moJ.ous,
i
modioiis,
ailorncd w i
the iliapel
fiull, IS (
cli.iriiiing I
in ietigth,
through tlu
piirpole, ai
C'oblci:t/,
houle, and
(T tour 'eig
is a hanil!<)i
mile- trom
«)f orat.irie
principal ae
reliiireitio:'
Olierw.;
at the fivii
IS well fro
liee city, I
'I lieis ever
ainl .1 ver\
i .imbiir'
has a lb me
three iloillc
:ilf> is L.ow
ter-, a vill.i
celebrateii i
nitich ul'd
dollar-; per ■
tin- b uhwi,
Hern ill!
and a C.ipu
ill whli h i-
magum, on
hid a 1 amp
Witthch,
rloiller, am
name to a '
regular, wl
ot tlie V'lrgii
In th,-dillrr
\hh in 17 V<;.
Weir.hb:!
of the Urothi
.St. Ma XI
in (l.'i;Ti:'ny
vmcial ll .t,«
burg. The
at fio^'> due;
u Ith the nir
.RAIMIY.
the |i wcT, anil cup-
i», tlib ili("h>r li.n
jUTlutH out III till-
■ tlKnililvc- to tl'c
kc poll' liioii ot tlie
i|;('. i Ic JKis alio ;i
.llOClK', lljX)!! t.iiluic
iiiih. Ill', luliii'cis
c-m|iir.-, iti all cuills
Mc)cip> lie inaiiit.iiiii,
.11 I 1 M\i\ I iCO", I)..
irate :iiv tiu- loiloiv-
t ll'i- uililiilhopiir,
lii*li ;i hl^ a iiaiicl-
wtll ft Mnt.', 5i
ni StiMlbiiiy. Tins
>r aiiiii;iiity, Inviin;
f Aii|Vil''i'^ U'lil.il .1
iilKr.ll till i1k- jc,;r
.\ nilijtdfil, t y Its
■ivati- iHiiUliiigs aii:
ivi II torliti -il i>r well
.irge Gothic cililiie,
^ tiw yi'.iis np,o rc-
'liil..lin^. UtTC an-
1 ? Ill itialUric arnl
11 I 47 J, U llnMlc of
ot tliat ot Malt:',
<imiaii lluativ,
tlio Molclli-, lailal
!<■ Rim.in-, lloDil 1
[■(irii't, in uliitli i^
r uIikIi lii.r.' is a
cil luar I he c influx
llltv II Mtll-Wcll tlOMl
u', anil 51 nnrtli-t.ill:
1 llroni'K t'oriitiiil ;
ine, anil another or
r the M.'leHe. Here
III Iks, lieliiles mc-
iiim, an ar liiepiko-
{.omaii- IkuI a loii at
:ie Frankh liet]ueiu!y
, nearly n]ipolite i.)
11' ■nlireitllein lallle,
il \i) out -works, oil
Uiili loniinaiiih the
ice:iu il oijc ot the
the atceiit to it is
roi k. 111 the coiirle
On the outerinoil
1 5 t. et lii^li, re-
t!ie t.int Jelus in
li tlieimJillcol the
1,1 !i istlie governor'^
.■li In niai;,a/.iiits aiul
1 I'.ere is a priiili.^inus
a toot aiul an h.iif
iiivhes in the breei li.
IS I X-i poiiiuls, anil
Acv diiling to the
;i',, ! y one .Simon.
iii.un, bein" a iai^.H-
iil!i II mils a in.iriilc
eieiloiV anil'-', Ui;-
1. line metal. On the
\'n (1,111 Marv,hriii(.
• illo III liral's.ab.iiit
ler.', ihigciiit ol the
ol whii 11 is cle.ir,
the I 'Ot ot tlic lallle
:i I'lle liile liy the
It i. 1 ut an iiuhi'-
lUs are low, iiitom-
moJous,
F.rRorF..i
HERMAN E M P I R n.
779
moilioiis, anil much cvpofeii to tlicl'iin; but they are
ailorncil with l)i.uititiil t.iptlhies .nil j),iiniin ',s; and
ihe eliapel i< very elicanl. The panlen. tlnnigh
fnill, is c'lihellilhf'l with Itatiie^, water- irks, a
eliirmmi^ oranp,ery, ami a bower, more than 5 o lect
in le;i[i;th, by the (iile nt the Rhine, tinni wh.nte,
tlironi'Ji the upenin^s, whieh are well co.itiiveil t'^r the
lMir|iole, are lecii the lilillie, the Molelle, the eitv ot
Col'lcut/, the briilj^e airojs the Molill.', the charter-
lioule, anil .1 very line loiintry t' the ilillaiue ot three
IT lour leij^iics. The way to the chaiter-hmite, which
is alunillomc biiililing, beauiitiilly fim.itcil alimit two
iiiilei troiu the calUc, h lull ot ihapels, 111 the manner
«it' oratories ailorneil wiili llafia";, rejifi leiiting the
prmcip.'l aehons ot Oar SavMiii, troni hit birti; to his
leliiircilii;:!.
Olierw.Ul is liliiatui on the wefl liile of the Rhine,
at tlie fivii of a hill, 2\ mil.s I'lUiih Irnm L'oblent/, and
iS Well lioiii Ment/,, it wa^ once an liii|>,Tial aivl
tiec my, tint has \■tt;^■n lulii.i't to the archbilliop ol
1 riers ever lince the year 1 ;i2. Ii has tour cluiivhes,
ai-'.l a very large cafUe.
1 ,im!uir;;, a t^iwii on th.c river l.ohii, over which it
has a ihine briilL:,e, cmt lins a ci lleiMate church with
iliiee ihiillcrs, ami g.ves name to a baihwuk, in which
all.> IS L.nwer Rrechen, a ihiall town, ami L.ower Sai-
lers, a vilLi'^e on the i',iii(l>.ach. Near the l.ill is the
celelirateii mineral Ipiing, the waters of which are fo
much III il atiil e\poiti!, that, in 17;;, iS.ooorix-
(lollars per annum were otVerecl for a leale of it. In
liiis biiliwiik a'lo (ilver has b,en finiml.
Hern' illle, on the Mofelle, contain- a ftionp; caftle
anil a CajUii hin cloiflcr, anil gives name to a baili.vi. k,
in which is a copper minei ami a place called Novio-
niaoiim, on the I\l ilelle. where Conitantine the Ga-at
h 111 a I amp.
Wiiihch, iin the river I .eler, contains a rrancilian
rloiller, and a call!.-, c.illed Oitcnllein; and gives
n.ime to a liailiuii k, m wh'.cli is a colles^e ot canons
rejiular, where aduration is paid to a cilebrated image
o! the Virgin, and whither manv pilgrimages are made.
Ill thisdillri't the Ireiich weredefeaied by the Imperia-
lills in 17 ; ■;.
\\ ellilib:l!ig i- a liivill t'lwn, near which is a cjoillcr
of the brother of ihe Crols.
.St. Maxiiiiin is one ol theoldefl and riclied abbics
in (i.imuM. The abb t is the tiill among the jiro-
vincial ll.t.s here, as well as in the duihy ot laixeni-
burg. The yearlv rcveiuies of the abbey are tllimated
at 6o"io ducats. Befides the bailiw ick ot St. Maximin,
with the mrifdii'Hon and regalia therein, to the abbey
belong alio the fJgniory and burgiavaie of Frcuden-
huig on the S.iar, and otlii r ellates, with the luperiority,
jurildicti.^n, and right "t taxation in theiv.
VVerhei:';! is a borough, in wl-.ich, and the bailiwick
ivip.ud Iro.n it,asbelonging m common to the elector "f
Triers and the prinie nf Nairiu-l'lingen, both the
R im,in Caih'4 e and I'r'Uellant religion are tolerated.
Munll.T-M -infeld, a Imall town, gives name to a
baili'.Mi k, which yields loiiie copp.rand gold, and con-
tains Canlen, a very an, lent borough on the Molelle,
with a collegiate clunc''i, ami a Fran.ifcan cloiller.
Mayen, a Imall town on the Neite, contains a
call'.e, and gives name to a bailiwick-, in which alio is
Montreal, a tlrong little town, on the I'-lz; ti'gelher
Willi K ivferlel'ch, a lniili town, and the Benedidinc
abbey ol I..' II k.
B.ippaid, a town and cillle on the Rhine, where a
toll IS levied, coiii.iins ilnve cloitlers, and gives name
to a bailiwick.
l'".ngcrs has a lliong c.ifllc 011 the Rliiiie, between
Cobleiit/ and Aiuteriia h, whiJi gives name to a
nei.'Jibinii iiig teniioiy. Hie is a n"ble bridge, touiided
bv Cono, archbilliop ot Triers, who died in ijSS.
The iijeater part ot t'.ie Archbilh ipnc and f.ledorate
of Coi.oGNK lies on the welleni bank ot the Rhine,
where it runs near 100 miles in length; but the breadth
is hardly any where more than licven or eight. It is
bounded by iheduchyofC'eves on the nortii, ami flic
el-iMoiatc of Tri IS on the fouih; the dm hy ot Julieri
on the well, and that ot H,rg on the tall. It is a pla-
lant and truilliil country, (eljiei Lilly that pat liuiateil
on the Rhine,) ,ind produce^ excellent win ■, u.rn, ami
nioll ol the n.c.ll.iries uf llie. The archbilliop is the
liipremc lord ot it, as alio of a pretty large track ia
We'lphaha; and is riiher and more potent than either
ot the other two ecclelia'.lic.il tieciors. ' His ilominioni
contain 5: towns, and about 17 boroughs. He hai
theleiond liitlrage in the ekvtinal lolL^ei 'tnci crowns
the cnipeior, when the (crcnony is perlonneil in his
own diottl'e, or thole ot his fulfr.V', i:-.''. Hia lee was
railed from a billiopric to an arclibilh/ptic in t!ie eighth
century. 1 lis fiitl'ragans, at prefent, are the billiops
ot 1 ,iege, Miinllr ami Ofnabuig ; as were tormerly
alfo thole ol L.'trecht ami Mindeii; but he h'" no au-
thority 111 I p' rituals over the I'loictl ints of the bilhi'iiric
ot Olnabiirg. Mis title is, " Bi the gra, e ot ( imi
archbilliop of Cologne, and arch-ch im cllor ol the lu'ly
Roman empire throughout Italy; as alio eliiftor and
legatus-n.itiis oi the holy apol\olic fc, duke of lin-
gern and \\\llpli::|ia, ^c." The right of elicfing the
emperor, evchilive of the other princ. , ilevolvcd en
him, and the other arch-oHiicrs of the empire, alviit
the en I ol the 1 ^tli century. The great chapter of
Cologne is one ol the nobLllin Europe, conliiting of
40 canons, who are generally princes or counts ol the
empire. Ofthefea; cluil'e the archbilliop, and may
advance one of their own body to th.it h.gli dignitv, if
they are lb inclined. The revenue .'.riiing f 0111 the
aichbilhopric amount to about i;o,oco!. iLrbng; I ut
tin- elector IS I'enerally polletVed 01 feveral other gre.it
benehies. He has his hereditaiy otliecrs and hi- life-
guards, conlilting of halberdiers and veoni -n, b-.-fkles
a regiment of toot-guard?, wliicli make a handlomc
apptarance.
The chiet cities and towns in this electorate arc as
follow :
Cologne, the capital, which gives name to the elec-
torate, IS leated oti tli" Rhine, 20 miles loiith-call
tiom Dufleldorp, 16 eall of Juliers, 40 north from
Coblent/, 60 eali from Maellricht, dS north of Triers,
70 loutli of Miinller, S2 nerth-well olMentx and Ni-
meguen, 100 from Bruliels and Aniwerp, and 120
troni Amflicrdam. It is one ot' tlie laitxcll; cities of
Getmany, aivi ■ erv conliderable on a count of its
buildings, numiier of inhabitants, a:ui great trad-' in
Rheniih wine, and ;n'..«r commo-iitics of Gcimany,
which, by mean^ of the Rhine, are Irouglu- hither,
and tianlpoited to Holland. It is a free city, being
governed by its own lenate, who oul.r and judge all
civil mattirs and caules : but criminal caules are
ludgid by the elector. It is called, by fonie. Second
Rome, I ecaule of its lenate, buildings, and extent ;
and, by others, the Ho!\ City, becaule o* the many
ihurihcsand religious houics in it ; here being, be-
fides tlie cathedral, which is a verv magnilicent, though
up.li'iilhed, pile, ten collegiate and ig parochial
cluirche-^, alii) ^7 monallenes, and great mimb.rs of
chapels and holpitais. The walls ol ti.e city are fiankid
with S 5 1 .w.rs,andenconi]xiiriil withihrec deepditches,
beautitied with line rows of trees; and all the churJics
and hou!e' are co'-ered with ll.Ues. Tlie government of
iliis city is in lix burgomalleis, leven efchevins or alder-
men, and I ;i)commiin-coum il, who hold their olllres
dui iiig life. Only two ot the buigomailers are regents, .
during a year, by turn". The elchevins are cho'.en by
the an hbilliop, ami the council by the co:r, panics ol the
city. There are only 50 of tlie council in power f ^r a
y^ar,lo that it returns to the h'.me pcilons once in iliree
years. When a liurgoinaller dies tlie council have p' wer
10 ch.ul'e another. Moll of the inhabitants a;e I'apifls;
but there atx'many Protellants, wh.o are their chiet tra-
ilers. The Lutherans have a church in this eiiy ; am! the
Calviiiids one on the other lide of the RIoiie, at Ma t-
heim. Moll of the houfes of the ci'.nons and prel ends
have large g.udeiis and vineyards. In St. (jreoii's
tluncli
y-i
\i
I
1 1
?So A NF.W, ROYAL anp AUTlTrNTlC SYSTF.M ft? I'NIVF.RSAL (iroriRAIMIY.
tliiirchilK-r prettn.l toflitw loooluiilsut m.iriyr<,\vlio
lulf^rcil in ilu- (\i^; I <>t M.wimiiMinn-. Some u| th,
lnn.1' ot' tlic prttkihUd viiiMn martyrs, moll ii 'Uil for
miracl
Icsaiv kc|'l,iiu:ik-5i)t lilvcr, in ilic iliiiuli ilali-
I ID Si. I'tIuLi : otlicr? lOvcrcil wiili lhi!l~ ot ^,)Ui ;
aiiil loiuf liav..c.i|><i>t > loili of (;oKl .>iul vilvit. I l>rc is
alio .1 lllIIIK', \M
th
iw Uvci.i
i<< iiuirci),
1 l.i
Hl.il> il
I. ml rihc-.
1
liioiinh wliuli llicv
IR- wllolc ICMIUIC O
ami
noUiinix
1iiileiu«, m.iiiv ot whom In-Ralmi wiili a U
to 1,1- I
II' ht.Uil
linl ll
ic tolling; 1)1 I ti
nr, ; .1
IK r.i
<l
ll, \v!iiili mull l)c lonliiliTaliU' (ivi'iiliw
dt ilu' olVtrmi's aiul jvlts ir.:u',r I'V piUrim. .iinl oilu r
iUvoiu-s') IhI )ti);s ti) an aMifl''- ami lix i.imin.li.s
wlio mull Itc all iiuintclin, to ilo lioiiour to St.
Irlula. In t!\c tliunli ot ilii' C.ii'niliii,s tin.- only
oni" in till lity whole altar is plan il to tlic cill, is a
pulpit, the moil ma(>;nilii.\nt in Colojinc. In llic Cor-
ikhtr'> clnirili is thi- tonih ot ilif laiimus Duns Scotus,
rurn.mui! ilif SiKilf IKkUh, on uimli i-- in;;r.ivi.i! i
alio, " That tluM\- arc as nianv i Inin lii-i anil cli ipi K in it
asilavs in th.- viar; that llit-i arc very t^vv laniilics of
ipiality; that th.c \uli;ar arc txtrcnicly clownilli; ami
tli.it the nolil.incn ol the chiptir llay no loiipjcr in
to.sn than ihtii iluty ol)li(rts iIkmii." As a Iriv Inipi--
n.il mv it lu> a Icii aiul Noiic at tlu- liiits ol tin- iiu-
put ami cink'; in the toinur of wliitii ii has ilic lull
Rh
!h Iv-nh
place on tin-
(>ii the otlur ilile ol the Rhine, diici^ly oppoHir
Cohu;tic, is a villaj^i.' cilLiI D.iit/, inhalntiil (.ineliy
I y Jews toKraieil hy the tleclor; but tluy ari- iii't
lulll'icil to Ciller the city without a guinl, nor to lie
oiv night in it; ami ihcvpav a llorinol f;olii tor evi-ry
hour they llav. The Jews in Dan/, liv.- Ii\ fatteinn^
herik of I'uim.- for the Chiillians; I'o tliat more ! eaii>
lliis ipaapih: .•'iC.'iis me i^tnuil ; Aniu mf Ju/ifpit ; j iliin men an' lien in the llieets, which arc lAtremcly
(Ja'.li.i me doiutt; I'.tloma me tenet . Amon(> other ' u- j
rioluiesni the call. eilral, lliev llievs the lomlis ot the I
ihiee wile men that caaic to Aoiihiponr S.uionr, calhil j
from luMce the three kin^s of Colo;;ne. Tlu\ he in a I
larjic purple Ihrlne, Ipan.jeil with (;"lil, let upon a pc- |
ilell.il of lirals, in t!ie nuiklle of a lijuaiv mai;|oKum, 1
laceil within aiki wiiliout withmarhle ami lalpir. It i* |
openni every morniiij^al nine oM ii k, it two ol ilieia- .
lions of the citheJral are prelent, where thele kiii;^-. are
lei'M 1\ ing at full ltnj;tli, v. ith then lieail- heileckid with '
a crown ofi^.lil, [;.unillieil with precious lloms. Their i
names, which are Cialp- r, Melchoir, aiul Halilialar, are
in purple characUrs, iipiii a little i;iate el the lame me-
tal with that lxh)re the lluiiie, whiih i- ailoineii with an
inlinite number ot large iiih pearls anil precious Hones,
particularly an oriental top.iz, as lug as a ])i.;eon' epg,
valued at a'.Hive ;,l\o3o crowns. Over-againll ihem are
fix large braiHlus of filver, with v^ax candies, which
burn night anJ il.iv. It is laid, ilie bones ol llufemen
were broua.ht to Conllaniin pie I'y I Kleiia, tlie motlier
o: Coiiflanii:ie; uoni thence to Nli'an, I'V Kutorpm?,
biiliop of iliat Ice; and afterwards to this i)lace, bv
anhbifhop Ramokl.
Here i> ri very lloiirifliing univerfiiy, rc-eflablillied
by I'rban VI. in i.;SS. The toivn-houfc is a vail fa-
bric, alter the (iothie manner, wh.re are levtral rooms
adeinni witli no'.ile paintings; and others lull of bow'-,
arr>'ws, buckler*, and all lorts ol antiipie arm^ ; jiarii-
ctilarh a crol's bow of whalebone, 12 feet loiv^, S
inches broad, and. 4 inches ihiik. From the tower of
this iioule iheie is a beaulifcl prolpeci of the city and
countrv. On the liont of it is the ligure of a man
in liatl") Relievo, engaged wi;h a lion, leprelenting
one ot their burg omallers, wIjo, having cx.ifperateil
their dcigy, tluy put in a li 'n upon hmi, wiiieh he
flew on the l"|Jot. In tlie giand hall are li'.c |iiehires
with inluiiiiions, to perpetuate the memory ot the
battle of iloehilet. Seve.al e cUliallual coiir.cils
have been held h re; the full in t!ic year ;.|6. Ano-
ther was held b\ Charlem.agne's order, in ilic eighth
te'ntur\ -, and feveral in the ninth, |or reformation of
manners, againll incelhious marriages, and oppn Ihon
ot the ])oor. The jiope generally his a nuncio here, to
take e.nc ol his interelU vvith the IVipilli clei'b.rs.
Though the eledor, by hisollicers, adnii.iiilers iullice
in all cinmnal caules; yet to jealous are the citi/ens of
him, that ilie\ will not permit him, in perlon, toreliele
above tiiitedays at a time in tliecitv, nor to come into
it with a gieai train; lor which reai'on he j'cnerally re-
jides at Kunne. Cologne was made an ari hhilliopric
'" 755^ ^'I'U in 1260, entend into the llanleatic
league. it lus the pieced-.iue of all the Imperial
cities and IS loriilied in the anuent manner. |i has
upwarils of 2j gales, guarded iiy the iiiilitia, which
conlill- ol tonr conip.nits of foot; but liie llreees. in
general, arc dirty, and badly javed; and the windows
tompoled ot Imall round ])iece' ol <'la(s.
A late traveller lay-, " though' this is one of the
grcatefl cities, it is one of the molt melanchnlv in lui-
fupe; ilicrc being great numbers of piiell!, friars,
lililiv and il!-pavid; ami the lioulcs are built waii
pieces ot timber intermixed wiili cLn'. The princi-
pal buildings belonging to tlu- vill.ige are a H ndlie-
luie '.onvcni, aiui a p.uocliial ehurcli on the brink of
the river.
Bonne, the ufual pl.icc of refdeni c of tlie ele.'tor,
IS lituated on the wellern tide of ihc Rhine, 15 mik»
loulli 1)1 Cologne, iS norlh-well tioni Cobleiit/., 21
loiiih-eall irom julieis, j^ noiih-eall tioni Treves, and
112 iu);th-\\ell trom Meiii/'., in a liuitlul countiy, wlmh
p.roiUkes veiy good wine. Tiie woods abomul with
vaiieiv ol game, .is does a ridge of mountain', on both
tides of the Rhine, from lienie as lar as IJingen. It is .1
fmall city, but well inhabited. The ekclor's palace,
lituated in the callle, is a very elegant and fpatimis
building. The diuri lies are llaicly, elpecialiy thecoUe-
giate, iledicated to the martys Calhiis, I'lorentiiis, and
.Mahilius, whole bodies, with feveral others ot the fa-
mous Theban legion, are laid to be buried in it, being
brought hither by St. Helena, whotounded ihis church
to their honour. The to.vn-houfe is well-built, aivl
adorned with line paintings. 1 his was tormerly an Im-
jierial city, but is now liibicct to the elector. In the
bailiwick, to , liich the tov.'n gives name, are feveral
ek\"toral ple.ifure-houles; and a tmall town, called
Heymertlen, on the Krllt.
Anderm:;ch is a town on the Rhine, fituated about
20 mik" louih-eail ot Bonne, upon the confines of
the cIcClc rale ol Triers, ami the duchy of Juliers, It
was formcly a free and Impel ial my, but is now fub-
jie't to the .kcior ol Cologne. Alter it liad lain a long
time in rums, it was rebuilt in 1520. It is fortilieil
uith a wall, laflle, and bulwarks; is the boundary be-
twixt this archliilliopnc and that of Treves; and has a
cullom-lioule belongin<; to Cologne; but its princijial
irade is bv lodging pall. nger"!. In 1702 it was taken
In the piincc of I IcIleCaliel, the more to llreighteii
Bonne, which wa' th' n Mocked up by the conletleiau?.
This is mentioned as one of the lortielies whieh Drulus
built to awe the (krnians; and it is believcil, that Ca-
ligula, his fon, was born liere. It is the hamlliimell
and largell of all the towns from Bonne to Triers. It
has three conlideiable monalleries in it, and feveral
chiirche";, the chiel of which has two twin lleeples, not
unlike the towers of Notre-Dime at I'aris. Two com-
panies of liildieis aic kept here by the chapter ol Co-
logne. In the baihwii k, 10 which the town gives name,
isanabbvy called St. Thomas; and Rens, or Rees, a
fmall town on the Rhine, near wlfu h is a remarkable
[licce of antii]uity, calkd the Konigllulh, a large round
building, of tree- Hone, relling on nine pillars, theaf-
cent to whi, li is by 28 Heps. In this building the elec-
tors tormerly met toconlult about the choice of an em-
peior, and otii r weighty matter-; and fomc cm]).rork
iiave aetualh been elected here.
Zulpich, or Zukh, a tiiiall town, gives name to 1
bailiwick entire'. v lurrounded by the diiihv of Juliets.
Konigsleld, a borough and citadel, gives nametoa
dillrict, in whicli ii a C\irmelitc cloiller, and a famous
mineral Ipiin^.
Nuys,
them;
APHY.
V with a (one; •""'
Drld!.." IL- i.iM
csatiil tlnpi Is in It
cry t>w l.irnilii.s of
•Iv clowiiilh; aiul
It.iy nn Ioniser in
Ai a Iri'i: linpi -
I' 'lilts ol till- iiii-
lith ii lias ilic liill
, iliicaly ()]ip(ifii-
iiili.iliitiil liiiflly
Imh liny an.- ii.t
a i;u.iri!, iim to lio
in ot f',olil tor cviiy
livf li\ t'.itii-iiin;^
that more- hcail*
liu'li arf lAtrcmfly
iilc'> arc luiili Willi
.l.i\. TIk' pruui-
.■ an- a H tKclit-
ri.li oil the I'riiik it"
IK f of tlic cIi.',tor,
If Riiinc, I? n)ili»
tiom Ci)l)lcnt/., 2 1
III Irom 'i"ri'Vcs,an'l
lUll Cnuiltiy, UJIK It
fvoods ahoiirul u ith
mountain', on iiotli
II as Hiiiiri-n. It is a
"la- iLjtor's palacf,
i.f;ant ami I'pations
ilpi'cialiy thciolk'-
!iis, Moivmiiis, and
r.il oilicrs ot the fa-
.• hunc'd in it, licini;
toiiniltd lhi^ cluirih
Ic is WLll-hiiilt, aivl
wa. t'ormirly an Im-
thi- elector. In the
■s name, arc fcvcral
Imall town, called
hiiie, (Itiiatcd about
jion the confines of
uchy of Juliirs. It
ity, hut |s now llih-
er it had lain a li)ng
520. It is fortified
is the l)oundary l)e-
; Treves; ami iias a
le; hut its principal
1702 it was taken
f more to llreiglueii
liy the contedeiatiF.
tieli'es which Drului
s believed, that Ca-
It is the liandllmiell
onnc to Triers. It
s in it, and teveral
vo twin lleeplcs, not
t I'aris, Two com-
the chapter ot Co-
lie town gives name,
d Rens, or Rees, a
lii h is a remarkal'le
i^llulh, alar^eround
nine pillars, tlieaf-
ns Imilding, theelec-
tlie choice of an em-
and fume em])..rorii
'n, gives name to 1
r (hii li\' ol Julieis.
lei, ;;ives namet'i a
iiller, and a lamoiu
Nuys,
KURcrr.j
F, R NT A N' E M 1' I R T..
78.
Nti\"., a tortitled to'.vn, near the conflux ot tii
Rliini- ami l.ilVi, has a brilk trade, ami contains a lol-
Ki'.e of I anoiis re>.Mjlar 4)1 Si. A.i jiilline. It h I I out
a fitRc to; a whole vcar, anaintl Ciiail s ihe l^ildduki
or Uiirnuiidy; lor winch j;ieai pinil ^ s Mere i^rintvii
to It hv llie emperor I'tedeiii k l\'.
7.<iW a lliia!! town, with .•» .allle. on the Rhne,
w'iiiih (;i\es n.ime to a baili^iik, continis aiiotlir
linall town, lalKii Wering, or \Veiiiij;aii, and a pre-
inonllialeiili ui abbev .
KiitV.rUliied. a linall town, contains a caflle, and
pivis name to a louiii) vnIirIi b. Iohj". to a branch wl
the hotiieol Saltn.
AlirweiLr, a Tmall town on the .Mir, is not d for
pioijui ill!' I X client win; .
The ilillrKi . ilKd ilic I'alitinatc of the Rhine i.
divided, bv the Rhine, into two parts, .he I'pperaiid
Lower I'aliiinalc, Thet'inur lies in the circle ol
Bava:i.i, an 1 bi lonj;s ti the i lector thereof ; but tlie
Litterbin the CjIcIc we are now treating (lt)be^>nt;^
to the elector |>alitine. The Lower I'alatinate i-
boiiiuled on theealt by the county of Cat/i ncllebogcn,
tlu arilibifhoprii. 1)1 Nleni/., the bilhopric < f Wcjniis,
ami (tart of ihe territory of the Teutonic order ui Fiaii-
co'iia; on the Wilt liv Allm-,t!ie duihy of Deux-l'onts
l.ic coiiiitv of Spanheiiii, ihe ilucli" ot SmiiiKin, and
certain diliricts ot the elerlorate of Ment/. ; on the
north b\ part ol the ai\ libilbopric oiNLii:/,. and the
county ol Cat/.ciielleboj>en; and on the lini.h bv the
ducliv ot Wertembini;, and the bilhopric of Spire.
Jt contain^ 41 town, belidch teveral boroup,iis; ami
its grcatill I xient is aliout So miks. The air is hcalih-
ful, and the I'o.l tiuittul in corn, pillura^e, wine, to-
bacco, and all Ions of poll.- and iruits, particularly
walnut'-, chefnuis, and almonib. This country alio
breeds abiiiuLuKe ol cattle, and is well water. d by tliL*
Ncckar, the Nahe, and the Rhine. In the lall ot
thele, near Ci.rmcrllKim anil Seb/., is found gold, the
exilulive right ot learthiiig for which is farnieil out by
lilt eleclor.
The llate of re!igion has v.uiel greatly here fince
tlie icf iimatioii, Lntheianniii and Calvinifm having
lurn ujipemiod by tuln^, till the ehiloi ale devolved
to ihe I'opifli biaiii lies of the laiiiilv, when l'o|)ery,
with all Its fuperllitioii, was eflahlilhed an, w; fo thai
the I'idteltant religion is now on a very preeariou-
footinjj, in the Palatinate; though mofl of the iiati\i'
are llill of that peilualion. The two leits of I'rotell-
ants, the Lutherans, and Calvinills, have, indeed,
greatly contributed to iheir own ruin, by their mutual
jealoiil'y and aniniolitv; biingiio let- rancouius ag unit
one .iiiotlkr, than againll their common adverfaries ihe
I'apills. The l^utheraiis reckon themleives jo.ooo
Ihong, and are pollelieil of about S ; chtiiche^v but
not one lial* ol iheir [iieachers and Ichoohualiers hive
a couipetent mainitnance. Tlie number of Calviiiill
clcr.!,y here is elUmated at 300, and that of the Roman
Catholics at 400. Betides I'ehools and Je'.uits colle!j,es
in this country, th re is one univerliiy, liameb , tliat
of Heiileltierg; but there is v^ry little trade in it except
in wine. Authors are divided abcjut the origin ot the
name Palatines, or !'fal/gra\e-, as the (leriiians cah
them; but it teems moll hkelv to be ileriveil tVom the
palatia, orpafues, whi h ilu old hrankilh and Cier-
nian kings, and Roman emperors, were |iolH-lied of in
dill'cient parts ot the country, and over which lliev ap-
pointed fupreme flc.vards or ludges, who were ealled
I'alatiiies, or Plalzi;rave--. The countries where thele
Palatines kept their couits were, I10111 them, 1 ailed
Tal.uin.itcs, wiii ii name came at l.ill to iieappropiiited,
by way ot emiiienee, tothis lounirx, as biingilie m< ll
coiiiiJr.ral>le of them. The amient ileeloral hue laii-
iiig in I'vi ;, the eLctorate devolved to Philip William,
duke of Neuiiurg; and up n the death of his leeoml
fon, Charles Philip, to the priii, e ol Sult/.bach. This
elector has ihe title ol an h-trealijrer of the empire, as
well as the eleflor of Brunl'ivic-Luneiiburg, and is the
fifth in rank among the lecular eLcLors, He is alfj one
No. 71.
of the vicars of the Cfnpire, alternatelv with the elcclor
of Hivaiia, and eiiioys many oilur prerogatives, in
h 5 own dominion- he dif'poles of all vacant ben. lices;
hut al'ows the ecLlelialli.al council, tompofed of two
cleriM men and twi. laynicr., lO pr lent two candid ites,
o,' whi. h he iliules one. hL 1 all.) m.itler of .all the
lythcs in Ins ifmi noils; but h.- either grant thin to
the cler|;v or lalaiics in lieu of them, out of the reve-
nues of ili churili. Histitle i, '• l'l.l/gia\e ol the-
Rhne, aiih tre.iliiier and elee'bir ol tie holy Roman
eiiipi.c; ili.ke of Bivaria, Ju'icrs, Cleve-, and H.ig;
piin cut Mors; ;ii.m|uis of Bergen -op-'/oom; count
of Vildeiis S|ianlKiiii, the Mirk, and Ravnifburg,
and lord ol R.ivenllein." In this louniry is an order
ol knigliiho 10.1 called St. Hubert, th.e bulge o| nhiJi
Is a ipiadrangle I r. Is pi iidani to a red ribl'.on, with a
It it on the bi -I'll. The whole of the ekc'toi's revenue
aiiiiiig from ill,- Pal.itinate, the duchies of Berg and
juii.r-, the liij^m.iry ol R.ivinllein, and tlie duchies
ol N iNurg, and Sult/.bach, liaili been cllimat. .1 at
about 300, r.ool. per annum. The military ell.;b!ilh-
nient coniiils of lev, ral ie|',imeiits ot li.irl'e and toot,
b lilies the hii'le r.nd Swils hfe-uu.ards. Ail the dif-
ii lit couits and councils, utual in other countries tor
ii.e diif'ereiit deparinieiits of government, are alio to
iie tound here.
'Ihe mod n ip.arkable towns and places in this Pala-
tinate aic a^ follows:
MeuLlb.rg, the capital of the Pal.itinate, 10 miks
liom Manheiiii, 12 from Spire, 3b from hranktort,
and •; ir 'in Mentz, is htuated near the river Neckar,
ill a g )od a:r, and encoinp;-.(l'ed on all (ides, e.xeept to
tlie Will, Willi hilb covered with wines. It takes its
n.ime fr.im I leiilel, which lijinilie-- a m\ rile, and Berg,
amoii''aiii; there being, or having been, iil.iiiyof
thole tries on the mountains in tlie iieighbuurh -oil.
it i- an amient citv, ami has been freiiuently bJie^'cil
and t.iken, plundered ..nd ikllroyed. Tl-.ough it b at
pielent linall, it is neat, and well built. Tiie elect' rd
palace is an antique building, but. Handing on a liiil,
coinniinds a fine product. A- 1'> the faiiiou library
lure, many valuali.e books and manuleripis were t.iken
liom It 111 i(>2.i, fivheii geiiei.d 'I'lib made iiimi'elf
mailer ot the town,) and lent to Rome, Vienii;, and
M'.iiiich. The pro|'i||;ii;, of the uniierllty here are
paiiiy CilviiiilU, and p:irtl\ R"man Cailioli.s. The
C.dvinills have alto a i;ymnalium. Of the churches,
loine b.loiig to the Calvinills, lome to the Luther.ins,
and tome to the Roman Cathohe-. In a college calleil
the S..pience, wliuh belongs t'l the Calvinills, 12 poor
lluilents are provided with iodging and b'lard.
Oppoliieto 1 iiidelber;; i^ a I'.il;Ii ni'iuntain, on whiih
till R iii.in-had acallle, a.iil which, by lome, istliought
to be the Mons Pvuis, mentioned by Aininianus Mar-
cclhnus. It is now c.ilkd the ll.'b Miuntain, iVoni a
cloilter erected on it in 102;, to which freiiueiit jii'gri-
mag^s are mad". Tiie famous tun here, which ibj.-d in
a cellar under one of the towers ot the electoral |)alace,
ami contained (lOO hoglheadsof wine, was dellroyed by
t!ie Liemli in i6;-;ti; but the elect. ir Charie-- Lewis
laiiletla new uue lo be made, which is much more
coi'lulerable.
l'J,L,lu miles well of Ileidell-erg, on the call lide of the
Rhine, ll.iiuls M.iiili.'im, the pi.ice where the elector
olu.dly lelides. It is one ot the lined towns in (ier-
luany, ami llrongly lortiliuli but it labours under two
eipital diladvantages, the want ot go.id water and
wh'lefome air. The elecloral palace is one ol the inoll
ma.inilicent 111 Europe, and aintams a gr.ind collection
'it paintings, brought liuher Irom l")ii.leliloip, beli.les
antiquities ami cuiioliiies among wliieli is the cr.'un
ol the unhapjiy l''reilerick V. kin.', oi Bohemia. The
three religions tolerateil in the ciii;'ire have i luiivhes
inthiscit\. Here is alfo a Jcwilh 1\ na.',0:;iie, with
a Cajiuchin and Carmelite cL:i:tcr. S.iiie ma.v.iiac-
tiires, and a conlideralile traik, are earn. d ,.11 m this
town; the latter chieliy by tlie je\\r, lome ei whom
are Vvry nch.
y M Bachai-iclv
i
t ;,J
.4
■ifl;
rnl
A NEW, ROYAL and ArTITRi>JTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY.
i
m
^I^J
RuliaMi h is a town on the Rliinf, iIk- 11:1111 ■ ot
wliiili, as tome ini.iginf, is a corruption ot l{.i> lii
Ara. i.e. the .Mt.ir ot Hicclius; tliciv Iniiii!, a lUme
v]'\y 'liti to It, on thf Rhine, (haped hke an ahai, aiul
i.il'.ctl, by the inhibitint',, the ahar-llHK, upon wlii h,
it is thought, vi. tins were Ir^iiiKnth oliuvil t>> Mu-
c'uis, the iivi.'.Mxnirinj; eoiintry yielJin.; Miili.'.dine
wine. The inlialiitants he.e, as in all othtr i.'uns ut
thel'alatinaie, aiv a medley ot'C.uh >lii.N LuiheiM'is,
;uul Calvinills. The town i oniains a eloiller; a.iu on
a m Hintain n.ar ii llamls the calUe ot S;,ileck.
Oppenhtim ll.unl-onahill near the Rhine, and wis
(Hue an Inip.Tial tree eiiv. In i^,SS and I'lSij it was
laid walle In th. Fr.neh, as wlu liiepiiiu ipal 1 lwn^ of
the r.ilatinate; hut it has lime reuivered ill'eit'. All
the three ieli;j,ioiis have chiiri lies here.
l;ii;leheiiu"is a boroiij;!) on ihc S.I/,, in whieli Sehal-
tian \lunll.r, ilie '.'.eocvraiilier, and, as lonie tiimk,
C'har!eniag,ne, ilie v iiijieror, were born.
I'rankenihal, a eoiuiderablctown, wa- tormeily tor-
tilied, but alK-rwards laid waiU-, and diiinantled In
tik rr.mh. In i-}C p- :'.'. i-i i\ ile'j, -s w.ie promikd
to all I'rotellint^ and Roman Catholie- who ll.ould
tome and letile in it.
Al/.e\ , on the riw, Sel/, eontaiiis a callle, with a
church tor each o| die three religii ns, ami jj,ivis name
to a liailiwitk. In the neighbiurl.ood ot this tnwn is a
Hone monument, eiencil in memory ot a dangerous
leap, which the ekoior Fcd,ritk I\'. made over a
veiy broad dtih, on horlebaik.
Neulladt, on tlv. Han, ha^acolkg^, a gymnatium,
anil iiives name 10 a bailiuitk, whieli viekts an exce!-
lent \>iiK', and lontains r.\vial liiiall t iwns. Near
N'euft.idt i, a callh.
Germerlheim is a laiiie io.\n, with a ealllc, tituated
on the Rhine, wheri.- ii i-, join.d hy the (jiieivk, and
wiiere is a iirolitabk- iilhery and a gold walli. The
emperor Rodolph 1. ot I laplbuij;, di^d in this town,
which is I'uppvi'.ed 10 bj the \ leus Juhanu^ ot the Ro-
mans, and give^ name to a bailiwick, eoniaining alio a
commandery ot the order 1 t St. Jolm, iog(.thi.r u itli
Icvcral Imall town- on ilu' Rhiiie. At Sel/. is a gold
wafli ; and at the lame | 1 u e was anrienth a nolile pr^-
voillhip, the revLiiueb ul w hi. hare now cnjviyed bv the
Roman Catholic^.
Molbich uiiuains a callle, with ehurehes Ivlonging
t I the three reliiiions, and lias a manutaoloi\ ot lii'th.
It gives nanv- !■ i 'laillwit! in which are le\vial lowii',
]»artiililarlv Sin/laim, wlui there i^ a 'argc ihulUi
l;elonging 10 the I'lanciican-.
Ladenhcr;;, i-- an am ient town on the NVckar, 16
miles Irom Heidelberg, of uli;i:!; (HR liall l-rmerl) iie-
i mgeil to the eleclor, and the other to the liilliwj) ol
Worms; but now tic whole i^ the elect ir'-. In the
time ot the Romans it wa. named Liipoduaum. ILr.
are ei.urclies ot three rchuion-.
isrclteii is ii'iteil lor b.mg the !
Melanc'thon.
W'cmliciin i' a town lituated in the tincll p\rt oi'iiie
Bergrtra/. The neighboiiriiniHl pr iduce^ gir'd wine,
and contain-, a ealllc on a mountain.
The Cil\ <it IjdL'RTis the capital ot" Thi.iinL'i.i,
and was mide a bilhopric by .St. Bo.iitacc, in tlu- eia,litli
iith-plate i.'t Pliiiip
I alio give^ mine t.) a bai';.'. ick.
century. B 'tii the i it', and its ti.rritovy, w
Ikll I, ot
cnniiikrable extent, are liibjid to tl-.e ekciorate of
Ment/; but the inhaiiitants of bath, or .it kail the
grcatell pan of them, are I'n.tellants, aiwi entidul, by
expref^ ilipnl ition-,, Im tin- free eXrrcile and eii:..n ment
ot their ivhgio. . I'he ci\ d and 1 liminal eouii^ eon-
(ill of aneiiual iiun.lier ot R.,man C'lthohi. and I an he-
ran atVcfiiir-; and tl.emeii.,l)eis of the loun-toum il are
partly Cat h. lies, and partly I'roiel! -.nt'. ; the kill having
likewile aconlill'ry ot their own perfualion. Theeity
of Erfurt is laige and w.U t'ortiiie.l, but not v \ jio-
pulous; and the buddings are niollly "kl talhi'Mted.
The territory is plealaiit and fruitful, l)i)tli in corn ,ind
wine. Tiie garrilifii conlills ol two battalion- nt im-
perial ami electoral troops. There i^ a i.Jl heie, c.dled
Sulanna, which is laid to be the largeft in Germnnv,
weighing. above 12 ton-. Here alto are two citadels,
with many tluinlies; ibme collegiate, fome Roman
Citholic, and tome Lutheran; together with a rich
Benedictine monallery; fevcn cloiliers, of which one
is the Seoitilh; a Luiher.m gymnafiiini; an univertity
ot live C'll-'ges, the jiotiHors ot'wliiih are partb, Lu-
therans, ami partly Roman Cithilies; the Imjicrial
acadtiU) ot natural euii lilies; ..; litljng .i( adenn ; a
botanu g.irden; .in allronomical oblervatorv ; an ..na-
tomuil theatre; 'evcral gout libraries; and an acaile-
mv o| the uletul leience'*. S,vcral diets ot the em-
piie have been held lure. In 1(164 '''^' '^'''y \^^'' l^s-
liegid and taken In the elector of Ment/., with the
lulpot tl'.e l-'ieii. h ami Lorrain troop-. : I ut, by lliini-
latii)nsuidi the elector .ind princes ol Saxony, who
were Its pictectiiis, lis privilege-, were, in a g.reat mea-
lure, lecured. The tcrrit >ry '-elonging to the cit\ con-
tains z liuall towns ami 7; villages, among which are
; ealleil the .Kitchen Villages, .is being obliged to
periorm icitain tuvices to the archbilhop's kitchen.
That p.irtofthe Lower Rhine, calleiltlieF.ictiSFi.Ln,
islurrounded b\ Helle, Thunngii, and the principa-
lities (it Grubeiih.igen and Cak nbiirg,. It e.\ten(!s
about 30 miles m 1. ngih, and 2 J in breadth, and is
divuled into the l'p]ier and Lower Eiehsteld. The
' t.'rmer 15 mountainous, liit healthy and populous ; the
latter, though not enimiiig, perhaps, to pure an air, is
11101 ;k vet, warm, and truittul, abounding in corn,
lattle, tlax, and io!i.icco. (ireat liuantitics i,f linen
; and I'crge are made in tl.e uj.jier; in which th.- riveis
; Leine, Lutter, I'nilrut, Wippcr, and Rume, have their
hmrce-. The Tliuringian lani;ua'.;e is Ipoken in the
ui)|)er, but 111 the under the lower Saxon. In both are
' .^citie-, 3 borough-, and 153 vill.iges. The diets,
j \' liich confitl ot the ivprefentatives of tl'.e abbies, nun-
neries, and certain towns, with the nobility, are held,
it the ■..L'.ther will pernut, in the open air, at a iil.ue
called j,ig.bank--\Varte; it' not, in the council-houle
at lieilingenliadt. Theie are a f.w I'rotellants in the
Luh^ield; but the prevailing religion is the Roman
Catholic. With regard to ecdeliallical matters, the
lountry is divided into 10 pr.iviniial deaneries, and oi
p.inlhes, in whichare 2 collegiate foiuul.itions, 2 abbies,
.mil () n .nneiies. 'I'l.c right ot patronage, in fome
jilaccs, belongs to the a;\libilhop; in others to thi;
iloillersand toundat ions; and in others to the nobilitv.
.■\t H ilingenlladt are held tlie luiireme temp<'ral
c.iurts; and there alio relides tlu lieutenant, or admi-
nillrator; but the • at of the archi'.in'.copal loiumiir.iry
which has the Ipiriiu.il jurildiction over the whol.'
Eich-teld, is at Duderftadt.
The only places ol note, intlii (lart of the touiitrv,
are the two lollowing:
Heihiigenll.idr, lituated on the rivi r Leine, in the
up|icr ihitri:!. 1 lere is a line e.Ulle, a colle;;iate church
dedicaieel to St. Martin, with three other churches, ami
a khool; and a town on the H.ilile, in the lower
ihllrict, cont.uninj^ an I 'rf.iline nunnery, the luperior
of \'.liieh is lliled Woithy Mother, and is changed
ev^ry three years. The inhabitaiiiN many of whom
are Lutherans, fubfill chielh b) brewing of beer, and
cuitiv.uing tobacco.
The Duchy ol WkstI'M ali A, whiJiis al^out 40
miks in length, aiiil ;oln bic.ulth, is houndeil on the
e.ill bv the billiopric of I'.iderbon, and the territories
I ol Waldeck and 1 lelle; on the north by the bilhopric
! of Munller, and the c unty of Li|)pe; and on the
I ibuth by the counties of WitgenlUin and Naliiiu, and
the duciiv ot Berg. The lo'.\er div ilion of it i-. tole-
rable teitile in corn aiRLattle; and in fume partsof it
.ire l.ilt Iprings. The higher put produces iioii ore,
c.ilamy, lead, wjpper, line woods, i.irn, cattle, ganu,
tilli, and tome g Id .iiid tilv.i.
The rivers, that either jials through the duchy, or
along its borders, .ire the Rluir, thcLenna, the Bigga,
the Dim.l, and ilieLippe. There are 2H towns in it,
belides boruughb and cLillei-. The provincial diets
aic
a Capu
F.ITUOPF..]
GERMAN E M I' I R E.
783
jKirt ot'tlic country.
nre litUl at Artmhcr;^. In t1ic year 11 So tlic i-mpcmr
Frctliri'.'k I. mado a donation of tliis iliitliy to ilic
an liliilliopric ol Cologne, whivh was conlinncd l>y
I'll ccidinu; emperors ; and, in ij^'H, tlic lall duke ot
y\r 'nllMir,; cctiiil 10 it alio tl'c eouniy ot' Ari nOjurir,.
The ducliy if. now L'ovi-rncd liy a Iwilil]", luuler (lie
ntililMihop, and is diviikd into tlu IIHa.ov, ih,.-
lliarllrank, and tho Suiland; or ollK-rwitc into tlic
R>K!cn, tlic Weil, till,- Billi.in, and ilu Brilm
cjiiavti ;•••.
In tin Kii ieni|iiaiter, hcfidcs the town wIj '1 p,ive^
name 10 i', lituated on liie river Mor.s, and eonraininy,
a Capii hni nion ilKry aiul niiniur\', is
(iir.ke, a Imill ti.wn, in whii h is a loundaiion lor
ladief, and a il'illir ot ()lilir\antiiies.
In :lii." Wc'l iin.irtir, Ij^iitLs Ari.nlburg, the capit d
ot' a . .uiu\, and a handlonic town, litiiatcd on the
Klr.ir, I'l li XT, 47 miles norlli-cill trom Cologne, arc
the iinill town'- of Werl and IJetlike; the tinlmn-
lainin iCapiiLJini doilUr, and the other a BencdiClinc
pKlV. illlll|l.
The I imc quarter contains iillo lewral .'.hhits, nun-
ncrie and e.iIlK'-, a miir.r il Ipring, a ccmm.inderv of
the I'e'iMnie Older, with a lUid, and hunt:!i;j,-!eat ct
the citi-lor.
In the HillU'in quarter are the towns ol" Fredelnirg,
Drollliaii- n, ()lj>e,.ind Aiiunilorn, with leveial eloulcr^
anil caiUes.
In I lie Miilon cpiartcr are nine finall towns, wiili le-
veial eallles ar.d cloider'.
'J he CoKlit^ ot Hei KI.INGHAl'Sl.N is bijuikkd In
the hillloprie 01 Miinllei, die dueliv ot CLves, and the
county ol Maik, lyin;; on the call lide ot tiie Khinv-,
anil extendiipj, abi'ut 2.' miles iromeall lo well, ai'.l 10
Ir im noiili ,,i louih. ll heiongs to the lecui ColuLine,
anil is governed by a lii uten mt. It eontanib only one
j)la< c that nu riis any atcciuion, namely,
Ketklinuhauten, a town, giviiu; name to the county,
and containing a llrongealUe, with a nunnery, theab-
bels wlieieot iKitli power ol punilliiiig eapiialb. She
alone is obliged 10 ni.ike a voa (f{ ihalbti ; lor the
nun>, attei having Ikcii accitain luiiuber <[ ^ears m the
houi'e, may marry.
The Co^lnt^ of Lowf.r-Isf.nhl'rg lies near that ot
^V!ed, in ihe ririle ot VVeilpliaha. The ei eater part
ot ,1 IS piaiilicd bv ilie elector ot Triei'f, wi.o lias a
liai and \okcon aeci'i.iit ot il at tlie d:els ot this
ciK le. The I. !l ot it iK'loni;- to the counts of Wied-
Uiaikel, and the barons or Walderd'T!. In lii.il part
ot tliecountv b-loiu'ing to the eltiib.r i^ a iiuall town,
ca'led Fieilb'.. h.
The Biirgiavatc ot Rr.iNrcK lie- on t'ne Rhine, \\-
tvicn the <.';ai liv ot Jiiliers and ill. arelibil!i..p;ic tjt
C'.'logne. it li.;d lormerly burgrav^s ul its oan ; l>ut
now belongs to the counts ot Zinzendor!, ot the I'.invlk-
Bninn line, who, on account tit it, have a leat and a
voice in the diets ot ihis circle. The onl) town in it
is KeiiK\k, tiiim wIulIi it lake^ its name.
Tile piiiic;palii\' ol Apemheiu; is luir'.uiided by the
archbillioprie ol' Col :'.;n e, the duch\' of julitis, and
the eouniy ot Blankenheim. 'I'iie ilukes ol A;\.mbeig
anil Arleliot are a braiuli ol the hoiife of Ligne. Till
1 57(1 they were only counts, bui were then made
priticcs of the empire; and, in 1C144, dukes. Tliey
have a leat and voice both at ihc diets of the empire
and circles, and in the college ol princi'^. They take
th< ir title trom Aren'.herg, which, though a linall
town, has a lallle, and is the capital ol the priiiii-
The |)rinces of Thurn, or Tour, and Taxi";, iliough
they liave no immediate ellate in this circle, ya have
a leal ami voice in its diets, as al'o in tlioie of tiie cin-
jiire. The tirll liiey ol lained in lonlequence ot ad-
vancing to I he ciriie, in the \e.\r 1714, by wav of ptii-
chalc, iSo.ooo rix-dollars; and the other in confequeiKc
01 an imperial decree, toundcd. upon ilieii having iiad
the oliice ol poll-mailer of the cmpiie ere(ted in their
favour into a tree ellate. Tlic) took their leat among
tlie piiiuc- in the diet of the empire, forihr fiiR linie,
in 1754.
The Teutonic order of knisjlits .are poflcH'cd of a
bailiwick in this circle, named fiom the town ot CoB-
Li.NT/., wliiJ, entitles them to a feat and voice among
the piclues cf tl-.c empire, an.l alfo in the diets ot tiw
circle. To tlii% bailiwick, wiiich lias its feat at Col 'gne,
\iA in;.i I'even commanderies, or tommcndams.
The CIRCLE of F R A N C O N 1 A.
pKANCON'IA is hounded bv the circle of the Up-
p r ,\nd flower Rhine, Bavaria. Swabia, Upper Sax-
ony, and B iliemia. The bilhop of Bamberg, and tlie
maigrav. s of Biandenhurg-Bariiili and Anfpaeli, arc
Uimmor.::ig princes for the circle ; but the bilhop is
lole diieMor. The diets are held at Nuremburg, the
arc!ii\e- :\:\- kept at I'amberg ; aiul the inhabitants are
a mixture ot R'Hian Catholics, Lutherans, and C'al-
vimil^.
The Imperial City of Ni/rf.miii:hg, wliieliis fituated
;; miL^ to the f.uili of Bamberg, was made Im|)erial
by the emp.ror I'lvtlerick B.ubar ifla. It is one of the
largeil, fineil, and riehell cities in the empire; and con-
lidering iis great dillancc from the lea, the wonder of
Luh'pc lur trade, and number of people.
Nuremburg, in general, furpafl'es ail other cities
in Cjermany, except Berlin, in the flatelinefs of its
buildings; but exceeds that, as it does all ttie others,
in thewe.ilth, ingenuity, and induffry of the inhabitants.
It is eight nr.les round ; defended with large ditches
iiicdi w;tli llone, and high triple (lone walb, with
;65 towers on them, ot which iS ; are ot tree-llone,
mounted with ;co pii.ces ot cannon. Here .arc :;;o
llreeib and alleys ; and moll ot tlej lioufes being uni-.
torm, are ol free-fb^ne, (> or 7 llorics high, jiainiedoii
ihe oui-lide, andi'.dorned at tlic top with gilded ball-.
Fhetlreets are large, very commodi<5Us, open, and well
jiaved ; and next to thole of Hanau, the neatelf in
Ciermany ; but they are not very llrait, neither are they
■n a level. 1 lere arc 10 market places, regularly built,
1; public baths, 12 londuii^, and 118 well-. Ti:eir
elnei t'.uniain is adorneil wuli many iirafs iLitue- ; one
ol N.ptune on the top, three vards anil an lialf liigh,
.\iu\ above 22CO w^ighi ; md 01 hers ot njmfili'- and le.a-
liorfes larger than the h.c. This fountain will tlirosv
ut 200 hogflieads in an hour, and coft near 3500
crowns. The river I'egnitz is let in by 12 !an',c arci;es
under I he walls ; and, after running through the miildle
of the city, is let out by 12 otlier arches. It forms
leuial plealaiU ifiand-, wherein are moll agreeable
walks and meadows, where thiy whiten linen; and
alio liijiplies the ditihes and town with water. L'pon
the llream there is a great number of mills for tanners
and braziers, as well as lor corn, paper, iron, and mak-
ing t'wo.d- blades, knives, and otlier iron-wares. Tiiere
are (10 mills wiiliin the walls, many of them for grind-
ing corn; and 7 wooilenand 11 llone bridges over iliis
river. One of tiiefe bridges iias one arch only, of 97
feet lioni one bale to tlie other, like the Rialto at Ve-
nive, ihougli not lo high or lo long, and is accounted ;i
woiuler 111 arcbileelure. At one i:i\d ot it there is a
large market, built of hewn fbiiie, on the gate of which
the bull hers have pl.-.ccd a vail ox ot llone, lying on
his b-llv, witli gilded horns and itoots.
The inhabitants are about (io,coo; yet h.ive but 2
parilli churches properly fo called. The lirll is as
ilat-ly as am one of us kind in tiie empire, viz. that
bull 1 y St. Scbald, a Uanilh jirincc of the blood royal.
In wlmm this countrx was converted. It is a large
(ioil.ic pile, has 7 gates, an immenfc beli, and a brals
uwiiument creeled lo his memory, with noble antique
ligure:. The fextons have a rate collection of n lies,
winch they Ihew only to travellers of quality. The
fecoiid is St. Laurence's church, anotiier tjotluc labric,
uli;cn is chiefly Irequeiited bv the Lutheran nobility
and gentry. It has eight gates, two fleepLs in the
front, and is the Liigellin the cily. Here the chief of
the citizens have iheii tombs and clcuithcons ; and
there
J I lit ''I
784
A NEW. ROYAI. and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAl'i lY.
i
%
■*
m
? M
fh\
tWvc h a rcgilkr of :M lli.U liavc Wxn Ini.inl li.rc tor
(50O\i.ars lpfi.ityiiig the liiiic anil imiiiKr i>t tli.ir
ilcath. Bi IkL's tlK'U', tli'U- .ire ilic tluirtlits ol tie
Vir;i,in Marv, St. Cilcs the Holy (iiioil, .i!ul ilic
hofpiial (if St. James, in wliich are the moiuiiiKnis ot
matiy princes ami counts of the ctupiri'. Near St.
Laurenci'< church arc thicc lountaiii', one of them ;in
odagiin baton, wiili :; l.up,c llraf^ p:llar in tlic nii:li'lc,
from whole iliapitcrs proicc\ fix niu//!.'s (it Lumi ,
Ipurtingwat r oi:t ot ca h by a twillcil pipe. ():i il..-
cornice arc the li\ cardmai viitUiS Ipuriini', water troni
their breall-. ()[i this pillar O.uuls a Ids one llut.d,
on wl'.ith arc fi.x inf.ints, every one of them Ic.ining on
a'l cfditcheon, bc.iriiij; the arms (>f the (.mpirc, th.^lc
ot Nnrember}^, Re. and th.'y all hav.- trumixt-, out
of which ids ])lenty ot water; as it do^s likewtc trom
the brcails of a liiic llatiie of jiillice, on the top of
thisf.iond pillar, and trom a la,^.- ollrii!) \shich tup-
ports it. The whole is of hrafs, encloled by an iron
j;ratc, carved and gilt.
The catlle, wIktj the emperor refid-s when here,
is well fortilied, and IbuuN on a hiji,h hill, or rock,
troni whence there is a line prolpecf of the cits. It
his many (.urious pictures. \Viihin the fiill j^,ate i^ a
fmiil antii|ue chapel, whuh was formerly a cli.ipel
tledieated to Cre(.!o and 1 Iirminful, two divinities wor-
lliipped by the ancient (lerman, whole lljne liatucs
are aj^ainll the wall on the outfule. Here i-- a well in
the rock i6oo ktt deep-, and the chain of the bucket
is ;03 wcidlil. The cielini; is fupported by four Co-
rintl-.ian pillar>, each 45 feet h'gli, in the empeiorV
apartment there is th.c pi:ture of the homage paiii bv
the magillraics to the emperor Matthias in 1612.
This (.allle has tour lowers, two of which hjok to-
w.uds the town, and tb.c two others to the call and
noith.
The fladthonfe is a flatcly bwunit'ol fabric of hewn
flone, 100 paces in breadth, and iiuich laiger than
that ot Augflnirg. It hi- three great [lorticos, witii
marble pillars. 'I'lic front is vory tine, having a no-
i'le portal in the niiildle ot it, adorned withfcvcral
Itatues. There are two other ver\- grand gates to it,
at eipial dillan-e-, whi^h arc no let's fplendidlv orna-
nieiited. There is a f.ng galK ry, on the cieling of
which a tamius tournameiii, that was held here above
;, 30 years a:;o, is leiirel.nted in relievo. The coun-
til-chamber, dinin",-rooin, and other aparm-KiUs, ,ire
well juinted and L'.ilt, tilled with the arm- of all na-
li ins, and adorned with cii;'io;is j]i,;li:us, nud.il-, ;>;-
ctllcnt works, both :;ntii]iie and modern, iiiois, liv.ll ,
plants, miiuril',, and oihernatiiral productions. The
toun^il-cham -cr is linall, and not luital'leto the dig-
niiv and power of the llnate. The llo irof the lenatc-
ho':ie i- paved widi gilt llones, intermixed with others
ot ihiieient colour-; lo that it exc.eds that of .•Xmlier-
dain : and in one of the chanibers i, a large pidurc,
that quite covers one fide of the wall, reprelenting iIil-
inltrtainment wliiih the empcn , Eeidmand III. gave
in the grand hall here, to the plenipoicntia ie , at the
treaty of Munller. Here are the pi.-'uies alio of all
the princes, and moll other gr. at p.-ifonagcs in (i.r-
livuiy, who have bd n eiitertaineil here, 'fhe d; piities
ot the circle o! Eiancoiii.l meet every dav. Th Me uf
the bil1io])of Hambeig, and the niari|ui nt li;..ndc!i-
burg-Bareith, pivlide at it; but the de]nitii3 01 the
ecJeliallical ponces have the right hand. Thele de-
puties .ire, in all, iS, and are attended l)v nine le. rc-
tarie^ who lit at anolhir table to write their ivlglii-
fioiis. Within this chamber, over the door, is a pic-
tiiie of thice broilkr', piiiicc- of -Saxonv, viz. |ohn
Gcon',e, FiedeiiiL, and j,,hn Chnllian, who"fui»-
portcd Luihcr in his relormaiion. The kcond of tliefc
holds the Impel lal crown, whiili he w.iuld not accept
of. The lapellry wf this chambir contains the Iiiltory
of Neliudiadniz/.ar.
The arlenal, winch has arms for r,') '^-> men, i^ one
of the tinell, and hefl furnilhecl, in (l.rm.ui). Here
arc good ramparts, uad a iiuuiciyu.s ti-*iTilyii. The
city has fix gates, each defended bv a large tower. Tlie
pui'lic lii'rary was lonip.Hed, at the beginning >.f tl'.e
relotmation, of all ll.e book- belonging to the convents
of thi'^city and its neiglibourhooi!. It conlills of l'o:ir
g:dleric5, and 2(1, 000 volumes; particularly a (irvik
MS of theCiofpels, and (inne of St. Paul's Eiiiltlcs,
above icco \ears old ; with tlie pra\ ers and hvmns lor-
merly u!ed in th.' f ireek chur. h. The c!niac>crs aic
verv ditlerent from ih ile now in I'fc. Here aie a I tier,
ot I -uilur's liiuid-wriiing, to the iiiagiiliaics of this
(ity; a picket-book ot jolm hVedciick, tlc.'tor ot
S.ixonv, being f. nii'sol feriiion- he h.ard l-.ini preach;
and a liguie of Moics, whiih, thouuh hut a foot high,
h.is a gie.it part of the I'entatcueli wiitten upon it.
'I'liis iity, among nvrnv other iirivikgis, has 'he
culloi.ly of moll ot tiic Impeiial ornaments made iile
ot at the emperor's coronati'in ; Ituh asChai'cmagne's
irown. a'^out which ih re is a mitre envichul with a
vali number 111 diamonds, rubies, emer.dds, nnd pearls;
and, on the I'ront, a c it-ol (iiainoiuls ofgreat value.
i li- Dalmatic robe, 1 r inanile, ciiibroidered witii huge
pearls; the gulden apple, or g'obe ; his (word; his
gilcLii ltc[)tre; the InijHriil cli ak, embroidered wi:h
eagles aiitl borilered with I '-"ge eiiKrald , diainoiub,
lapphiie-, and ihry fol.tis ; the Iniikins, coveie.i with
pi.ite- ot g>ild; the gloves tndir. idercd wi'h curiuu".
Ibmcs. '1 lieli.-are kept in the churi.h of the h'ltpiial,
and Mere all brought liom Prague b\ the emptor Si-
giliiniiid, on account oi the troubles that w\.re in
Hol.eiiua in liis time. Heie is a'lo a large cliell,
fuljjended in the air bv iron ihains lalUned to the
cieling, in wliich are a vail r.,anv la. red relics; but
tlie\ are never Ihewn, exce[it to lovereign prince, and
their attendant-.
The couiuil is compofed of 42 perfons, whereof :S
are kledcd Irom the ancient patrician tamihes, and
the roll trom among the burghers; |i) that there are
1; cfchevins, or aldermen; as many counlell irs, or
common councilmen; S oth.er lenators, who are all pa-
trician-; and 8 other counl'ellors, ele(^\ed out of the
cor]ioiations of trades and crafts, who are coiilci)uent-
l\ , ])lcbiiai.s; but thvl'e aKpiiclcc fo impliciilv in tlu
decillon e,t the p'.itrician-, that they niav Ic laid to have
no vote. Tlieic :'.ie two burg^maller-, one choleiioui
of the clchcviiis, the other out of tlic council, who have
the luperiorit\, the one ol the mditarv, the other of
tlij civil government, and are changed every month.
The raifing of troojis, taxes, ae.d other mat leis ol
great moment, are referrcdtoalckc't committee ut levcn,
named the Sept^■mvirate, who call in three or lour
civilians for advice. They have lalarics tor their at-
tendance on Inch occafions. Hut no lawvers are allow-
ed anv vote, or lliare in the admlnillration. In extra-
ordinarv cales there is a great coiuu il ot 400, cholcn
out of all the c.illing,s and trades in the city; and they
annually chute the members of the other courts. The
niagillrates never allow meclianies to meet ])ublicly,
eNcejit at uoilhip, w.ddiiv^-, and funcr.ils, for tear of
tumult-; and the Icnator- are, in gencr..!, lov.rviir-
cumlpect, that " as prudent as a Kuranlurg j'ciuiur,"
is become in the coiintr\', a common proverl'.
No I'apill is alfiwid the t'ued uu ot the city, there
being but tew lure; and thefi aie obii'gcd to worlliip
in a chipd, or Imall i lunch, in the lioule ot llic
Teutonic Older. The Calvinill- uere formerly obliged
to I") a Iragui out of to.Mi toaihurch, in the mar-
(|uil'ate of Anl'pac'i; ^n\.\ the Lutheran minilLrs, in
the town, 1 apt!/. (1 tlii?ir cliildrcn: but the lather ot
i'le late king of I'ruliia, whom ih.' Niircm'icrg'iers
tearcd niU' h more thin they lo\ed, liaving ilcMindid
that ihcy lliould be all iwid a place t ir worlliip nearer
the city, tlicv now meet two or thic iiuiii|uet-lhot
without the gate ., in a long h.ill, wl.iili lipids about
500 perlons.
The Jews, who live in a village wiihoui the cit\',
where tlicN hive a lyn I'gogiie. are not allowed to lodue
li.rr, or to come into It, wiiliout pasin '. a Ifiriii lor
cvtfry hour they ilay, at al Colujjne, and thai 0:1 the
fame
iRAl'ilV.
;i lai;;e tii\\\r. Tlic
ni; to tlio eonvi.r.t5
It ('Olllill^ lit ll'MT
rnciil:irly ;i (Ii\il^
;t. Paul's Kjiililcs
iis aiul h\ mils l!ir-
I'hc clnrar'urs arc
HiT'.aica I HIT,
iia;',ilhaics ot this
ciltnck, rit.'tor ot
li.aal l.ini prcaLli ;
:;li Imt a to t lii;.],li,
. ! i'tin uj'on it.
I'livikiiis, has 'he
I'.aiiKiUs maiL iilc
h asChai'i'iiia^',11'-'"'
f cnriCiKtl with ;i
lur.'.Kh, anil pearls;
nils ot Liivat valti,'.
>ro;ilc-i(.-(l witii l.'.ijie
; hi'. Iwonl ; his
i.ml)!''ii!i.Tiil ui:l»
m.ralil , iliainoiul--,
ikiii'^, i'i\cii.\l with
. iikicd ui'h I iiri'!:;
ii\ h ot the iMlpital,
^', th'.' imp.ror Si-
)u:ilcs that wv-rc in
a'lb a larjic thcll,
liiis lalUrv-il to th;-
nv fa^ rt'ti ic-lics; imt
)Viicii;n [iiiiiLC , aivl
ptrfoiis, uhciLof 2S
itiKian taiiiilics, aiul
rs ; ti) that there are
iKiay counleli ii^, or
ators.wiw aie all jia-
?, cleded out ot the
who are coiileiiueiu-
e fo implicitiv in tlu
y mav lictaiii to have
ailer:-, one tholi-n oiii
tlic council, who have
i:htarv, the oilier ol
in'\ed eveiy moiiih.
mil other mailers ol
dcommitiec ot Uvcn,
.all in ihicc or i'ln-
: lalarics tor their ai-
no lawyers are allow-
■nillration. In extra-
niii il ot 4C0, cho'eii
in tlie city; and tiiey
e other lourts. The
es to meet |)uhlicly,
1 funer.i'.s, for tear ot
genera!, fo v.rv iir-
Nuninburg fauitcr,"
won ]iro\eri\
]in ot the ciiy, there
c obliged to woiihip
in the houfe ot ll'.c
ixere lornicrlv ohheed
ihurch, in t!ic iiiar-
\itlicran I'.iinilKrs, in
n : but the father ol
ill' Nureni'ier^her-i
•d, h.iviiv;', ilei'jtndid
lee t ir wurlhip nearer
If three muli|uet-lhot
, w l.ii h lu'lds about
age without the citv,
■ not allowed to IoiIl!,c
It pa\ini a llorin tor
giK', and thai on the
liu;e
EUROl'K.]
fame pretexf, a dtlign to poifon tlic wells and fountains.
The religion, as will as ([ualilx, <;t every |;er(on here,
mav be known by iheir habits; wiiieh re<;ulalion was
inade by the niagillrates, bothol tiiisiityand Auglbiirg,
to rcilrain the luxtiiy of the meaner tort in clothes, and
to deted rioters who are but too eoiunum in all free
cities.
No citj in the vvorld has a greater nun>ber of curious
workmen, in m.tal ot all lints ivory, wooil, i'ic. or
atiords ariilieial commodiiies cheaper. Tiiey are
particularly tanious tor cloi kwork. There was a
txich made here, for the kii.^ ot D.nniark, with
t'prings, li) as to go torward or backward, or turn
.n'lout, and travel a league on Hones, without horfes,
anil o:i!\' managed by two boys within. The lame
workman made, tor the Dauphin of France, a rej)re-
femation ot a lijuadron of horle, eng.gjd with a bat-
talion of tiKit, both ': them ir.aici-.ing, and tiring, by
fpring-work. The Su.vmberg brafs is laid to be the
m.ill daniie, the brightelt, aid the leall lubject to
flaws, ot anv in i'Airop.e ; and is made, eluetiy, out ot
tiiC Tirol copper.
The Imiicri.il city of \VEis5E\reRC, whiih is ;8
mi'es tijuth ot Nuremberg, aiui lii uat^'d on the Norgau,
liP.s a i'eat an'l voice both in tl-.e diet (.>! the circle and
of the em; i'.'. Its territory is very liiiail, and contains
but one i.'.ci.n'lilcrable vi lag.'.
Tiie Imperial citv of Schwilinfurt Hands on the
Muiie, I. .Is a good b.-idge, and a g) innafium. The terri-
tory is liiiall, but celebrated tor its excellent wine ; and
tl:e ii'.li.-'.birants ar; I'roteriaiM^.
Tl'.e Imperial city of \\ i';oshkim, 27 miles from
Kureniberg, llaiuis on the .Xileli, and is very ancient.
It h.is a leai and voice at the d'cts ot the impiie anil
lircle, is a fmall territory ; and the inhabitants are Lu-
therans.
The Imperial city of Rom FMiiERG is lltuated near
the Taiiber. The inhabilants are Lutherans. It has
il feat anil voice in the diets ot the circle and empire,
a conliilerable territorv, and contains icveral churches,
a gymnalium, Teutonic houle, i\:e.
The leigniories of Seinsheim, Reichelsberg, and
^VlESE^■TlIElt), entitle their lords to a teat aiui voice
in the ihets ot the empire and ciicle : but the leignio-
lies of \V ELziiLiM anil IIansem have not thole pii-
VI lege?.
l he combined feigJiiorie^ ot Li.mburo and Spick-
rr.LU, entitle its proj rietois to two voices at the
diet of the empire, and in the college ot I'ranconian
t jvints.
The ci unly of Krbach, on the fouth fide of the
Maine, is 27 miles long, 20 broad, tolerably fertile,-
and inhabited by Lutherans. It gives a leat and voice
in the college ot I'ranconian counis, ami at the diets
vi the circle and emjiire; and contains lubach, a
town on th.e Mumiing, with acalUe; and Michellladt,
the leat ot a rigeiicv and luperinteniiency. In this county
the ellates ot all who die unmarried alter the ;ige of
25, are t jrtLited.
The County of \\'ERriiEiM lies on both fides the
Maine, between the archbilliopric of Mentz and the
bilhopric of Wurt'/.biirg, apart ot it terminating alio
on the county <<t Lrb.uh. It abounds in corn, uinc,
p.illurage, wild fowl, anil venilon. The inhabitants
are moilly I'l'otellaiiis. A part ot the county came
by marriage to the tamily ol l-owenlUin, who derive
their pedigree Iron; that of the eleiHor PaLiliiie, and
are divideii into the two branches ot Lowenllein-Wer-
theim-Virnenburg, and Lowenlfeiu-Wertheiiu- Roche-
fort, the former of which are I'roiellants and counts;
the latter Roman Citiiohcs and [irinces, or ]iriiicely
counts. Thev lake the title ot Loweiiltein from the
county ot that n.ime, under the judldiklion ot the duke
of W'ntiiuburg, of which they are ]iro])rietor.. ; be-
tides oti'.er leigniories in the cm[)ire, Pioheinia, and the
Ncllierlamls. Thev have two voices in the l'"ran-
conian college of counts of the emi-'ire, and have alio
No. 72.
G K R M A N EMPIRE,
78^
a feat and voice among; the counts in the diets of the
circle. The reft of this county, befides what is pol-
lelLd by the counts of lAjwendeim, belongs to the
billio[) of Wurtzburg, and the counts of CalOe. The
chief ill it are
W'ertheim. which gives name to it, and is its capi-
tal, lying at the conllu.i of the Maine and Tauber.
Here each of the above-mentioned branches of the
Lowenftein family have a jialace. Tlie inhabitants are
jiartly Proteilants and [larily I'apills ; but the ma>Til-
tracy is wholly Froteflaiit.
Rrenberg, a Hroiig callle on a mountain, gives mime
to a lei'Miiory, which had anciently lords of its own.
Little Heuback, a market town on the Maine, con-
tains a cadle, and gives name to a bailiwick.
The counly ot Rieneck gives its poiidfor a feat
and voice in tlie diets of the empire and circle, and in
the college of Lianconian counts ; but contaii.; only
Rier.eck, a Iniall town, with a calUe.
The County ot Castell lies between that of Seh.wart-
/.er.Li.rg, and tlie bilhoiiric of Wurtzburg, and well
from Bamberg. It is about 27 miles long, and 8 where
broadcH ; and belongs to its own counts, iliviiled into
two priiicii)al lines, Remlinger. and Rudenhau'.en, de-
Icended from the ancient dukes of Franconia. This
county is a lief of Wurt/.burg, to which the counts
are hereditary cup-bearers, 'i'ney have two voices in
the college ol the Imperial counts of Franconia, both
at the diets ol the empire, and tlsole of the circle. 1 he
oldeft ot the reigning counts is always ailminillrator
ot the feudal feigiiiories of the whole houle, and
cui)-bearer to the bilhop of Wurtzburg. Ihc chief
[)l.ices are
Callell, a village, containing a fine palace, in which
one ot the collateral lines of the principal Remlingen
line relides, and giving name to a bailiwick belonging
to the lame line. Near the village formerly llood a
callle, that gave name to the counly, and was th.e re-
lldence of the counts.
Remlingen is a market town, from whieli one of tlie
princi])al lines takes its title.
Rudenhaulin is a village, v.liich gives title to ti.e
other capital line, and contains a paiace beiongnig to
them.
The Bifliopric of Bambero i. bounded on tl e north
by the principality ol Coburg and the Viyiitlai.d ; on
the fouth by the piincij ality ot Brandei lanf.-Bar/itli,
the territory ot Niireiiil erg, and the piii.i ipa.ny of
.Schwartzeiiburg ; on the i eft by tiie Liilii'i ric iif
Wurtzburg; and on theiall by the territor) of iSurem-
berg and Biandenburg-Barciili. The length lii it is
about 60 miles, anil the breadth 40. The toil io very
fi riile in corn, wine, falFron, and liquorice; yieliiing
alio, in lome pl.ices, L.urel, fig, lemon, anil orange-
trees, with wooils of forell-trees, and lome metals.
The county abounds likewile in cattle, ami Ls well wa-
tered by the Maine, and feveral other rivers and
brooks that fall into it. The inhabitants are all
zealous Roman Catholics. Here are no ellates. Be-
lore the year 1006 this county was called the county
of Babenberg, and had counts of its own ; but w.as
then allotted for a bilhopric by the emperor Henry
II. which pope Benedict \11I. exemiued from all
arehiepifcopal jurililiclion. The billiop's piivilegis and
lirerogatives are very great. He is the only one in
Germany who has the privilege of wearing a cardinal's
hat, together with the pillium ; and there lies iioa;-, .al
from his ilecifions, in lecul.ir matters, to the courts of
the cm])ire. The king ot Bohemia is his cup-beaiv,
the eledor palatine his llewanl, and the cledor of Bran-
denbui-g his great chamberlain. Thele, or their pro.xies,
if tununoned, mull attenil, anil tlo the iluties ot their
oliice.^ on the day of his inftallation. He is able to
bring into the tield 4000 men. The revenue ariling
from his bilho[)ric, befides his bailiwicks in Caiinthia,
amounts to above 50,cool. The chapter, by whrm
the billiop is eledeil. conliils of :o capituh-a' canon'-,
All his il>ues,
cxecptin(4
and I 5 domiielli all oi noble biith.
q N
786
A NEW AKD AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GLOGRAl'HY.
^t)
*■' ;
excepting tliofe in Carinthia, arc held immediately ot
the empire. At the diet thereof he has the fourth
place on the fpirltual bench in the college of princes,
and is a rummoning prince and diredor of this circle.
Here are all the ulual courts, council?, and offices, for
tiie different departments of government, as war,
foreign affairs, and the finances. The following are
the chief places in the bilhopric :
B.imherg, its capit.il, pkatantly lituated near the ri-
ver Rednit/, is about 34 miles north of Nuremberg,
and in the center of Ciermany. It is furroutuled with
walls and a ditch ; and is, in general, well buiU and
populous. Here arc two epirco|)al palaces, or tallies ;
one called Peterlburg, and the other (Jayevtwerih ; an
univcrfity, foundetl m 1648 ; feveral moiialUries, nun-
neries, and churches ; befulcs the t.uliedral ot Si ^
(icorge, in which is the inonuimiit ut Henry 11. who
founded the bilhopric, anil hi- conlort Cunigunda, |
with a treafure of jewels and relics. Several die!>, j
both of the em[iire anil circle, ha\e been held htri-.l
Not tar from tlie town ilantis the bilhop's I'ummcr pa- j
lace, called Marquirdfhurg. Among other curioliiies
in the trealury of the cl-.urch ot' St. George, is a tolio |
m.inufeript ot the four (iolpels, in Latin, uj-.on tine 1
vellum, in a neat Roman cluirao'ter, with lome Ijotiiic 1
letters intermixed ; and m'.)lt beaut ilul miniatures to be
iecn every wliere. The binding i^ vMiod, covered witli '
curious Iculfjlure?, iii ivory, of Our Saviour's i.;.lli;>n ; i
and bordered with a gold edging, on which are the heads
of Our Lord and his Apoltles, as are thole of the four
Kvangelills at the tour corners. The whole is enamelled ;
and the intervals between the figures are garnilhed with
jieurls and precious Hones. There i-. anotlier Latin ma-
nulcript in folio ot the tour Ciolpels, with a commen-
tary by St. Jerom, and fine miniature';, liut not com-
parable to the former. There r- a third in Cjothic let-
ters, the corners ot which are .alio enriched vsith pearls
and ])reciuUb llones, much in the tame manner with
the firll, with a Iquare of ivoiT in the middle, rejire-
tenting St. John baptizing Our Saviour. The liiid
emperor alto gave a tine large Ihrine of gi^ld lor reiics,
wliieli is alto kt with precious llones. In lliort, it
woukl be tedious to mention tiie vail number ot anti-
pendiums ot altar>, which are c.'vtremeh rich ; the ean-
dleftieks, lullres, lamps, cenlors ot gold and lilver,
ami other rich articles of this tivalliry.
Here is an ancient church, whole iiont is adornctl
with the llatues of feveral i'amts in niches ; but the m-
iide is very indirterent. llie Dominicans have another,
with an altar. I'he Augutliuc friars have a monalleiy,
dcdicateil to St. Stephen ; and the Benedidines an ab-
bey, dedicated to St. Michael, and luuiding on an
eminence ot the lame name. One uf its abbots, who
was a great botanill, cauled the church to be paiiued,
wiihtn and without, with all tijrts ot known plants and
liniples, A couiuil was lield at this city in loii, to
put an end to the ditlerence among the Gi.rni.in bilhops;
ar.vl, in the time of Henry IV . its bilhop, Otho, con-
verted the Pomeranians to Chnllianit'/. An univcrlitv
iv.is toundetl here in 1653, by Melchoir (Jtto, one of
its billu)])s. There are leveral public touiil.iins in the
tuwn , but no lortilicatioiis more iIkui its ualls ; lij tiiat
in time ot war, the bilhoj) relides, and has commonly a
veiT ilrong garrilon, at l-"orcheim.
Forcheim, 10 miles ibuth-eall fioni Bamberg, the
Lacoritum of the ancients, is dronglv and regu-
larly tortilied, having walls of free-tlonc on the con-
Ikience of tlie Witent and tlic Rednit/; yet duke
Ilernard, of Weymar, the Suedilh general, look it in
1633, at the tirfl. onlet. '1 he buildings are generally
lild, and out ot repair. Huulrand gi^'es it the Latin
name ol Korclianuin. '1 here is a popular tradition
•re, that this was the country of I'oniius I'date. The
I'arilh clmrch of St. Ma.liii was ma.le collegiate in
The neighbourhood of liambeip, is very agreeable ;
but .as one comes toil from is'uremherL', thniii"li a toreil
fir-tree;, tl
lere is an avenue to 11 lor a (
I'.i, liter ot a
league in length, formed of wheels anil gibbets, on
which an; expoli;d the ^bodies of malefadors, by wliicli
this road has been intdled from all quarters ; for this
bilhopric being contiguous to teven or eight different
Hates, the city lies la the grcatelt road of all Germany.
This city had formerly a wall j but the inhabitants, lor
their rudcnels to the bifliop in 1435, ^•^'''^" condemned,
at the council of Balil, to raze tlie walls, and never to
rebuild them. In 1609 the Fopilh boors here attempted
to plunder the Jews, and the neighbouring I'roteilants ;
but were loon tuppielled, and their leaders punilhed.
The Bilhopric ot' \\ urtzburg extends 80 miles in
length, and 60 in breadth, is well watered, and fertile
in corn, truit, hedis, wine, plants, jullures, &c.
The eltablilhed religion is the Roman Catholic; yet
there are a tew much opprelled and jjerfecuted I'roteil-
ants in the country. Chrillianit)- was lirll introduced here
by St. Kilian, a Scotchman, about tlie end of the teventh
century: and St. Burchard, i!ie lirll bilhop, w.ts a|j-
pointed and conl'ecrated by St. Boniface, who is alio laid
U) have been a Scotchman, and was the chiel apotlle of
the Germans, and firtl archbilhop nf Mentz, to which
lee the bilhoj) ot Wurlzburg isfutliagan. The bilhop's
title runs thus : " Prince ot the holy Roman empire,
bilhop of Wurt/burg, and duke of call Frankenland."
His revenue amounts to about 6o,ooq1. a year, with
which he maintains a contiderable bod) of troops, even
in time ot peace, with a I'plendid court and houlhold,
liorlj and toot guards, &c. being abllnlute in tem])orals,
and living in all the llate ot a fovereign temporal prince,
but in Ijurituals an .ajipeal lies againtl him to his metro-
politan, or toe Pope's nuncio. His chapter conlilts of 22
capitular ca., oils, and 30 who are ilomiciled. Thefe
mull all be of n< ble birth, and each has an income of
3000 German crowns per annum. The bilhop has
iliC honour ot the pall and crols, with a teat and voice
111 tiie ('lets ot the eni])ire and circle.
\\ urtzburg, the name ot tlie c.ipital, fignifies a town
ot heros, a gieat variety of which is found about it.
It lland) in the very center of Franconia, on the banks
ot the Maine, 40 miles well of Bamberg, and is well
fortified. There is alio a Ilrong tort near the town,
lontaining an epilcopal pal.ice, m.igazine, and a church;
but the paLice, in which the bilhop utually relides, llands
in the town, and is a noble tlructure, the lirll llonc of
whicn was laid in the year 1720. The cathedral, toge-
ther with a leminary, is dedicated to St. Kilian, the pa-
tron of Wurtzburg and Franconia. As this citv is un-
iler the dominion ot .an eccleliallical prince, it contains
a great number of churches, moiialleries, nunneries,
and other religious tounilations. Flere alio is an uni-
verl'ity, founded in 1403; a houl'e of the Teutonic or-
der, and another ot the order ot St. John; a foundry
for cannon and bells, a handl()me college, and leveral
hotpitals At the entrance of the bridge, over the
Maine, is a triumphal arch of hewn flone. Of the ab-
bies, one, large and magnificent, belongs to the Scots Be-
nedictines. '1 he cathedral, an aiKient (jotliic llruelure,
is richly ailoined witoin with Itatues, altars, pillars ol
marble and lilver, finely executed; belides paintings,
Uuli.'iures, gilding, and vcliel, of gold and filver.
F,\ I rv thing annoit is carved and gilt in the church,
luch as the j ulpit, the organs, the benches tor the ca-
nons, and tl'.e aitars. Moll of' the llatues are alio gilt.
The great liofpital otSt. Julian here, is one ot the rich-
ell and moll magnilicent in I'uroiie, having a greater
e'.l.ite ,ind income llian the bilhop lumlell. In the callle
IS a line tr.iin ot artillery, with all the implemenls necel-
lary lor gunners, and vafl ([uantities ol ammunition in
geiu'ial.
'I'he liiil of the Franconian Principalilies of the Mar-
graves of BRANOENBURr, IS, upci. tlic wliolc, fertile;
and the mountains abouiul with cop]ier, lead, fulphur,
marble, line clay, gold, iron, vitriol, antimony,
crvllal, terra ligillata, lilver, &c.
The country contains many v.oods, is well watered,
and abounds inlilh. 'I'he ellablilhed religion is Luthe-
ranllm , but Calvinills and Roman Catholics are tole-
rated.
L LI ROPE.]
rated. The :
woollen cloth,
The princi{
Bareith, th
palace, creCln
ran and one C
lie vi..Micl, &C
and in he nei
called the He
St. Ciorgv ■^■
noble palace,
nufaeiory, &■:
Streitburg,
for the yellow
Hot, on th
manufadory,
its copi)er ai
madile ; .mil
Rof/.Lui.
CullemlMcl
telberg, nor I
ot the rivulet
to be the vc
plundered by
proach of tl
princes their
able to I'utlair
with their bv
BlalVenburg, '
.ulvanced to
a great boot
and demolilhi
wards obligei
In it are ke
Brandenburg,
plomas, ads,
pieces.
Near Weil
formerly mini
its name froi
perch.
Lechtenbei
baili.viek, in
feveral forts o
Golderonai
was formerly
found hereabi
Lrlaiig is
cr.lled ) of th
the Rednitz
into the Oli'
called Chritl
margrave Ch:
tow lis in Ger:
almiill envin
taming a nu
univerlity, ai
are alio cam
llr.ckmgs.
Neulladt,
the principali
name to a
margraves ai\
tluilu of .'\ll
Tlie Bilho
I 'i)per Palati
burg, the CO
of Anlpach.
in length ; bi
very unequal
but lutVragan
() and lo,occ
and 14 dom
delcents. T
inhabitants a
was founded
Wilibald, alt.
ilrll bilhop t
ht'
lY.
s and gil)l)ets, on
cl'aCtors, by wliicli
quarters; for this
or eight dirtcrcnt
ad of all (jcrmaiiy.
ic inhahitanis, lor
vmtl- condciuiitd,
vails, and iK-wr to
oors here attempted
>uiiiig rrotellants ;
eaders ])unin)ed.
xteinis So miles in
atered, and t'ertilL-
I'allures, &c.
man Catholic; yet
Ijerlecuted I'rotell-
irll intioduced here
cend of the leventii
ll hilhop, was ajj-
ace, \\\\i) i.sah'o laid
the chiet ajjulUe ot
1 Meiit/, to uiiieli
i!;an. The liilhop's
ly Romaa empire,
eall I'rankenland."
oool. a year, with
'(hI) ot troops, even
oiiit and houlliold,
)lblute in tcm])oraN,
ign temporal prince,
II him to hismetio-
hapterconlills of 22
domicileil. Thcfe
1 has an income ot'
The liilhop has
itli a teat and voice
ital, fignifios a town
is found about it.
iconia, on the banks
mbLrg, and is well
tort near the town,
azine, am! a church;
ilually relides, llands
"e, the lirll ilone of
riie catheilral, togc-
oSt. Kilian, thepa-
As tins city is uii-
1 i)rince, it contains
lalleries, nunneries,
lore allj is an uni-
ot the Teutonic or-
. John ; a foundry
;ollege, and feveral
c bridge, over tlie
1 ilone. Of the ab-
jngs to the Scots Be-
nt (jothic Ibuclurc,
;, altars, |>illars of
i betides |)aintings,
if gold and filver.
;ilt in tlie church,
bciniies tor the ca-
llatue^ are alio gilt.
.", is one ot the rich-
, having a greater
limtell. in thec.illle
IC implements iiecel-
• of ammunition in
iixiliiiesof the Mar-
ihe whole, fertile ;
)|)':r, lead, l'ul|)iiur,
viiriol, antimony.
Is, is well watered,
d ri'ligion is I. ul he-
Catholics are lulo-
rated.
LLIROPE.]
German empire.
rated. The manufailuies are of ftockings, porcelain,
woollen cloth, hats, white and brown earthen ware, itc.
The principal places arc the. following :
Bareith, th^ capital, which contains a magnificent
palace, erectid fubtequent to the year 1753, two Luthe-
ran aiul one Calvinill church, a mint, a Roman Catho-
lic ^i..ii)cl, &c. The feat ot the high colleges is here ;
anil in Sc neiglibourhood, in a vsuud, is a neat lioufc,
called the Hermitage.
St. (iorg. n-am-lce, a town on a lake, contains a
noble palace. lu.-J gardens a porcelain anil marble ina-
nulactory, & :.
Streitl)urg, i market town, h.is a caftle, and is famous
for the yellow narble dug in its environs.
Hot, on the Saale, contains four churches, a woollen
inanutacton', and a gvmn.tlium ; Neila is famous fv
Its ci)[)i)er and iron mine'', and cjuarries ot green
marble ; .iiul W'inliedel is a conliderable town on the
Rjf/.Lui.
CuUembach llands on the Maine, not far from Fich-
telbeig, nor trom the Iburcc ol the Red Maine, one
ot the rivulets that tnrms the Maine. Some take thin
to be the very center of Ciermany. In 1430 it was
plundered by the Hullites. In 155,^, upon the ap-
pniai-h of the inhabitants ol Nuremberg, with the
prmcc- their allie-,, the citizen'-, liiKJing they were not
iiiile to lullain a licg'-, let tire to the toAii, and retired,
uiih their Ixll elKcl--, to the neighbouring .atlle of
Hl.illeiiburg, or I'lallenburg. Their enemies, however,
advanced to the town, extinguiihed the llames, made
a great booty, took the calUe, alter a long liege,
and ilemolilhed. it : but the Nurembergers were atter-
wards obliged to rebuild it ; ,ind it is well fortirted.
In 11 are kept the ancient records of the family of
Brandenburg, confilling ot title-deetls, Imjierial di-
plomas, acts, and other important and fundamental
piece;.
Near Weifl'enftadt, an old town on the Hger, were
formerly mines ot tin and cryllal. A iarge lake takes
its name from it, abouniiing with delicious carp and
perch.
Lechtenberg is a market town, giving name to a
baili.vick, in which are a cojiper and iron mine, belides
leveral ibrts of marble and nudicinal Iprings.
Gokleronach is a town on the river Cronach, where
wa-> formerly a gold mine. Marble of various kinds is
found hereabouts.
l^il.ing is one of the lix hcail-towns (as they are
ci.lled) of the principalitv, lituatei.! at the conllux of
the Redniti! with the Schwabach, and diltinguilhcd
iiito the OKI and New. The latter, which is alio
called Chrillian- f'.rlang, having been begun by the
margrave Chrillian Krnell, in 1686, is one of the tincll
towns in Germaiiv. it lies dole to Old Erlang, being
alniod environed with a wall of trec-llone, and con-
taining a nurgravial pal.ice, with a line garden, an
univeriilv, atul feveral churches. Some manufadures
are alio carrietl on here, elpecially thole ot hats and
llockings.
Neulladt, on the Aifch, one of the head-towns of
the principality, contains a margravial palace, and gives
name to a bailiwick. HLlides this principality, the
m.irgraves ai\ potielied of conliderable tiefs in the arch-
duchy of .Aullria.
The Hilhoiiric of Kiciistett is bounded by the
1 'p]ier Palatinate, Upj cr B.ivaria, the duchy ot Neu-
Inirg, ilie county of I'apinheim, and the ])rincipality
ol .Anip.ich. It is a truitful couiury, about 40 miles
m length; but the breadth is fmall in comi)arilon, and
very unequal. The billio]) is a prince of the empire.
Inn lutlragan of Mentz, anil has a revenue ot between
9 and io,ocol. The chapter conlills of 14 capitulars,
.ind 14 donuciletl, who nmll all be noblemen by 16
delcents. There are few landed eflates here ; and the
inluibiiants are all Roman Catholics. The bilhopric
was toiiiideil by St. Boniface, who made his tiller's l()n,
^Viliballl, alterwards •.■;'nonized by f)ope BenetliCl Xlli.
lull bilhop thereof, m the year 745, Here are the
jil
ulual hereditaiy otiices, and high colleges. Tiic billiop
IS perpetual chancellor of the univerlit- of IngoUladt,
and lord of feveral fiefs poircHed by ji inces and counts.
The only conliderable place in the bilhopric is
Eichflett, or Aichftadt, i. e. the 'Jown or City of
Oaks, fo called from the huge oaks that formedy grew
near it. Here, belides an e|)ifco|)al palace, and a ca-
thedral, dedicated to our Lady, are feveral cloitlers and
churches, with a larg- college. In St. Werburg's
church is a rock, or altar, as it is lliled, containing
the breaft bones of the faint, from which, what they
call an oil, but which, in reality, is only a vaj)our,
(for it neither burns nor fwims upon the lurtacc of wa-
ter,) is liiid to flow, and force itiell through the Ilone
twice a year. This holy oil is put up in fmall phials
for the ufc of pilgrims, and other devotees, who arc
allured of its miraculous virtues, and for lliat rcalon
relbrt hither in great numbers to purchafe tome of it,
and j>ay their devotions to the bones of the taint. It
has a curious cathedral, to which one of their bilhops
prelented a fine jjixis for the hod, wh ch is of pure
gold, in I'orm of a tun, of great weight, tumptuoully
adorned with diamonds, fine pearis, rubies, and leveral
other precious Hones. In 1704 this town was taken
by a French detachment. It lies in a valley ; but the
billiop relides, tor mofl part, at the fortrels ofW'illi-
baldlberg, commonly called Walperlbcrg, which is
abou; two miles oft', upon a hill. The archives are
kept here ; and it likewiie contains an arfenal and
library.
The Trincipaiity of Anspach has Wurtzburg on the
weft, Bamberg on the north and call, and Swabia o.i
the fouth. It yields grain, wine, iron, timber, fruits,,
tobacco, marble, medicinal Ijirings, &c.
Some parts are mountainous ; yet the others produce
good pallure, in which abundance of cattle are both
bred and fed. The wootls are well tlorcd with game ;
and the rivers with filh. The chief of the latter are
the Rednitz, the Altmuhl, the jaxt, the W ornetz, and
the Tauber. This i)rinci[)ality, exclulive of that of
Bareith, brings a conliderable revenue to its lovercign.
'i"he predominant religion is Lutheranifm ; but at
.Schwabach the Calvinills have the free cxercife of
theirs. At Anipach is a military academy . The prin-
cipal manutaclures of the country are ta])eflry, llock-
ings, cloth, llutfs, gold and filver lace, wire, needles,
jiorcelain, leather, ami mirrors. The reigning mar-
grave has a teat ami voice in the college of princes, and
at the diets of the empire and circle. His military
ellablilliment is a lite-guard of hort'e, and one regi-
ment ot toot. The principal places in the j)rincipa-
lity are,
Anipach, the capital, which flands on the Undcr-
Retza*, and contains a palace, in which the margraves
commonly relide. Here the chief courts, councils,
and offices are held. There is alto a public library
here, with a colleclion of mcilals, a mint, a gymna-
liuin, a porceLiin manufadory, 'jarr.acks for tome com-
panies of foot, belides two garden", with a fine oran-
gery and grecn-houle, belonging to the prince, and le-
veral churches. The town is thrall, but well built, and
furroundetl with wall'-.
Bruckberg is a beautiful pleature-houfe belonging to
the margrave. Handing on an eminence.
Schwaback, on a river of the lame name, is popu-
lous, and carries on great trade in gokl, iron, brafs,
cloths, tapclliy, llockings, tilver, tleel, hardwares,
llutls, lace, and tobacco.
The Teuionic Ouder of Knights was founded
in the year 1190, in Palelline ; and were, at firll,
called Knights ol the \'irgin Mary, or Brothers of the
'i'eiitonic Houl'e of our Lady ot Jerulalem. They
mull be all (iermans, and ot ancient nobility. They
are to biiul themfelves by vows to det'eiid tlieCiirillian
religion, and the Holy Laiul, and to protect and airill
the poor and the lick. In the years i::6 and 1228,
after they had been obliged to quit Palelline, they ob-
tained a grant of all the lands they Ihould conquer from
t!ie
I
^1
i-)^
^ Vl
fii
A Ni:\v AND Authentic sy?;Tem of unkf.rsai. cnocRAPiiY.
) '!•
* ■ v.
the Pagan Pmnbns ; whereupon they fulxlucd all
FrufTia, CourKuul. Semigallia, ami Livonia ; Init attcr-
wards loll tlicni all. The fupcrior ot this Ipiritual or-
der is lliletl the Grand and Teutonic Mailer, Adniinil-
trator ot the Grand Maftcrdoni in Pruliia, Mailer ot
the Teutonic Order in Germany and Italy, arul Lord
of Freudenthal and Kulenberi;,. He is a prince of the
empire, and, as luch, has a leat and vote in the diet-.
of me empire, and of this circle. Both Roman Catho-
lics and ProtcthuUs may be invdled with the order;
anil the Proteilant kui^hts are permitted to marry.
The elUto, whidi tlu-y are polilllLd of in (iermany,
were obtained partly by purchale, and iiartly by dona-
tion, anil conlill of what i-. properly called me inallc-r-
cloni ot Mergentheim, and twelve bailiwicks. The
Ciraiui-Mallcr is cholen by tlie cliapter, conlilling ot
the counfellors and commander-, or commeiulers ; the
latter ot whom are adniiniUralors and judges ot the
bailiwicks and comiiuiuierics ; but, in weij!,ht\ matters,
an ajipeal lies from them to tiie Grand-Malier. 'I he
tounkilors alio, and the comnienders, arc choten by
the chapter; the latter out oi the tormer, and ton-
tinned bv the (irand-Maller.
The County of HennebeRc is about C4 miles in
length, and nearly ;Li much in breadth. Belides con-
lidcrable quantities of grain, it \ielils alto tobacco,
medicinal and lalt-fprings. with mines ot tilvcr, coj)-
ptr, and iron. Tiie chief river is the \\ erra, into
which leveral tinaller llreams t.ill. The inhabitants
are all Lutherans, except at Schmalkakien, where the
Calvinifts have a church. The chief manufae'lures ot
the countv .'ire thole of arms, haiil-ware, anil tullian--.
The proprietors of it are the elector ot Saxony, tlie
dukes of S.ixc-Weimar, Meinungen, (iotha, Cohuig-
Saallield, Hilhurghaufen, and the landgr.-ve ot Helle-
Caliel. Some ot thefe princes are entii.ed by it to
voices in the diets ot the empire and circle ; and all ot
them contribute to the jiavmcnt of its ati'eirment to the
empire and eh.unbocoun. The principal places m
the county are,
Sehlenliiigeii, Iving on the little river Schlenz, and
belonging, with its bailiwick, and leveral others, to
the elector of Saxony. Here is a callle, in which the
prince:, of Henneberg uted lometimes to retiile. The
town is not large, but has a gymnal'ium in it, belong-
ing in common to all the duke", ot S«\ony, who have
a Ih.are in the county, and a commander}- ot the order
of St. John. Not tar Iroin it is a meiiicinal ijiring,
called \\'ilhelmllirun.
llnienau l^ a tmall town on the Ilm, belonging to
Saxe-Wcnnar, and containing a nnne-otFice, on ac-
count ot the copper and lllver mines in the neighbour-
hood, which were formerly more tonliderable than at
pretent.
Meinungen is a town lituated on the river Werra, and
giving title to a branch of the hotife ot Saxe-( iotha,
who have a {)alaee in it, with a hbrar)' and eabinet of
medah. In this palace alii) are kept the I lennciierg
archives, belonging in common to the princes ot Saxon\ .
In the neighbourhood (>t this town tobacco is much
ru!tivate<l.
Sal/iungen is a tiiiall town on the Werra, taking its
name trom its talt Ijirings, and belonging to Saxe-
Meiiuiiigen. Near it alio is a medicinal ipnng.
Schmalkalden is a large, po| uious, thriving town,
having fill f'.'Pne^. and a citadel near it calleil \\ il-
helnilburg. A great trade is carried on In re in iron
;uid lleel wares, there luing mines of iron in the neigh-
bourhood, and loiges in the town, whidi is tamous in
hillory, on account of tlie meeiinj.s held in it by the
Proteilant princes, concerning the reformation, and
the league cone-luded by them in 15JI. This town,
together with leveral bailiwicks and dillricts, belongs
to the landgrave of Helle-Calli.1.
'I'he County ot Scnw ar r/.i-Niifiu; is about 16 miles
in length, but very n.irrow in i)roportion. Some of
the inhaliilants are Roman Catholics, and ion^c Lu-
therans. I'he prince has a feat and vuiee iji the col-
lege of princes in the tlicts of the empire and circle ;
and is pt)fii.'lled ot other eflates in the empire beiules
this county.
The County ot Hoiienloiie is 20 miles long, and
nearly as many broad, tolerably fertile, and well wa-
tered ; and the only conlidcrable j)lacc is
Ochrengen, the capital, lituated on the Ochren,
containing two palaces, a gymnatium, and lever.1l
The C I R C L I: of A L' S T R 1 A
'T'H l", circle of Aiillria is bounded on the north bv
-*■ Moravia, Hohemia, and the circle of Bavaiia; on
the Ibuth by the Adriatic Sea, and the territory of Ve-
nice ; on tlie call b\ I lungar\ ; and on the well bv Swit-
zerland. It i^ the largell circle, and the tirll in rank,
in { Iermany i anil the inhabitants, in general, are Ro-
man Catholics. The principal part of it belongs to the
illullrious houfe which bears its name, and which l.aili
been upwarils of 300 years in poliellion ot the li:i-
l)erial dignitv.
The Arihiluehy ot Austria is divided in I'ppir
and Lower; the tormer being lituated wcllwani, and
the latter eaflwaril. It is bouiuleel by Bohemia on the
north, Stiria on the li.)utli, Bavaria on the well, and
Hungary on the call. It extends near 70 miles from
north to lijuth, on both tides the Danube. It is, in
general, level, fertile, and well watered. Th.e diets coii-
lili of jirinces, counts, provotls, barons, kniglits, bilhojjs,
abbots, and town reprelentatives ; and in them they
;reat of contnbutions, taxes, mihtaiT afiairs, &c.
The diets ot Lower Aullria is held at Vienna, and
that of I'liper Aullria at Lent/.. The Proteilant re-
ligion, for tome time fubieijuent to the reformation,
made a very conlidcrable [irogrefs ; but at length was
prol'cribed, and, in a manner, fupprelVed. The areh-
liilhop of \ienna is a prince of the holy Roman ein-
jiire, and bears the jiall and croi's. The manuiaciures
are lilks, cloth, llockings, mirror-, plate, hard-wares,
gold and lilver lace, lluft's, lin n, porcelain, brals,
gunpowder, gcc. (jreat quantiiies ot alliim, tiitJioii,
wine, &c. are exjiorted ; but tew commodities are
])ermittcd to be im|K.'rted ; anil thole which are allowed
are loaded with lo many impolls and liuiies, as to
aiuount almotl to a prohibition. At \'ienna there 1,
a ihamber ot commerce, an exchange, and a loan bank,
which was ellabiilheil in the year 1704.
Lower Austria was divided into four circles i;i
the year 1753. two of thele are lituated on the I'outii,
and two on the north, tide ot the Danube. '1 holt lo
the louthward are calleil the circles below and al".iv.;
the tbrefl ut Vienna; and thole to the northward, the
circles below and above the mountain ot Manhartlberg.
The ])rincipal places in Lower Aullria are tlie fol-
lowing :
\ ienna, not only the cajiital of the circle of Lower
Aullria, Init the metropolis of the whole German em-
pire, and the reliilence ot the emiieror, is lituateil in
48 deg. 14 min. north kit. and 16 deg. 57 min. call
long. This city, which is walereil by the Danube, r,
b\ I lie Turks, called Beez ; by the natives VVien; and,
b\ the Poles, Wieden. The Danube is here very
wide, and forms leveral beautiliil itlanils, which aie
well flocked with wood. This city was famous in the
time of the Romans; but lince that period we ha\e
but very little account of it till the year 1158, when
Henry 1. ol Aullria, rebuilt it. in 1192 it was en-
larged, beautilieil, and lurrounded by a wall, with the
money jiaiil for the ranlom ot Richard 1. king ot V.Ly-
land. This ranlcim was 140,000 marks of lilver, in
Cologne Weight ; lo p-odigious a lum tor tholi' times,
that the 1-^nglilh were forced to tell their church-plate
to raile it. It was made an Imperial citv liy hrederii;.
II. in 1236; but tour years after it became tubjeci ti
the houle of Aullria. j'Eneas Sylvius, who wrote .;t
leall 250 years ago, lays, this city abiiunded wit 1
palaces tit lor kii.j^s, and cburcln's wliith \ied wn'i
tho'-
I
\
lY.
cmpii'c anil ciicU- ;
ihc cmpliv iKliiiis
20 miles loiii;, and
crtilc, anil will \va-
acc is
III on the Ochrcn,
wliuiu, and Icvcnil
, L'STRI A
dal on tlic north hv
cialc ot Havana ; on
I the icrritory ot Vc-
1 on I Ik well b\ Swu-
antl the liill \n rank,
,, in {general, are Ru-
•t of a l)elon<2,s to ihc
liinie, anil vvhieii l'.a;h
I'liliiliion ot the Ir.i-
is iliviikil in V\\«.r
lualeil welUvarii, ami
x\ bv Bohemia on the
iria on the well, ar.il
Js near 70 miles troni
lie Danube. It is, 1:1
k'reil. 'I'l'.e diets eon-
irons, knij2,hts, bilhops
s; and ni them tliey
militarv aftairs, Ke.
held at Vienna, and
. The Protcilant re-
it to the n.t'ormatiun,
I's ; but at length was
iiliprelVeil. The arch-
r the holy Roman em-
)l's. The manuiaciures
•ors, I'late, hard-\\are>,
n n, iioreelain, brats,
lies ot allum, latlVon,
tcw commodities are
thole which are allowed
oils and liuiies, as to
1.
lan:.
At Vienna there ii
, , and a loan bank.
704- . . , .
\\ into tour circles in
V liiuated on the ibulli,
Danube. 1 hole to
11. 1'.-' below and abovo
to the northward, the
iit.un ot Manhaniberg.
Aullria are ilie tol-
ot the circle of Lower
the whole (ierman eiu-
emiieror, is lituated in
16 deg. 57 min. ealt
■,! by tlie Danube, i-,
the natives \\ ien i and,
Danulie is here \ery
.titul itlandb, which aie
iitv was tamous in the
.0 that [eriod we ha\e
ill ll.e Mar 1158, when
111 liy2 it was en-
ided by a wall, with the
Richard 1. king ot V.uy-
,oco marks of lilver, la
a luin for thole tiiiie-,
10 tell their i iiureh-plate
upcrial city liy l-iedeni..
Iter it became lubjeci t ■>
, S\lvius, who wrote at
his city abounded wii 1
urcliwi which \led wn .
1 li.y ■
n'Rorn.] c; i: r m a *-
thole of ItalVi a charai^er which it deferves mucli
better now, evX-n lhoUi;Ii it has lultaiiKiJ divers nienn)-
rable flexes ; [articularly by Matthias Coivin, kiii;j, 01
Hun|',.iry, who took it in 149^. and d'..d hen- in 1495.
Uy llie grand teignior, Sr.lim.ui the Magniiicent, in
15Z9, when he m.ule 20 attack; u;)on it with •;co,ooo
men; hut Philip, elect -t laLitinc, bravely uclended
it; and the ciiiijeror, C'liarle; \ . coiivng to its relief
with yo,coo men, ubligeil tiic Turks d raile the liepe
on tile 14th ot OCiober loiio.vin;. liy the Turks in
I5j:iainl 154,?; and :\g;in in 16S;, wlien Kara Muf-
tap.a, grand vizir, lulu^al it wiih ico.ooo men, who
cannonaded it from the ;.;th of July t ) the beginning
I'l .Sj[.teinber, and laid part oi the Impend pak.c ,
as well as leveial other giv.ad llruftures, in allie- : but
count Staieiuberg, though reduceil to yeat lliaiiv, gal-
lantly IkKI it out till relieved by John Sobiefki, king of
I'ol.md, w I'.o came ui) with his army ; and, being joineil
b\ the Imperiaiiil-.undjrtheela-tors.jf S.ixony, B.iva ia,
aiid Ifmover, Cli.irle-, late liuk: ot Lorrain. and tiie
brave ))rince t^ugene, attacked the biliei^jCrs on ihe
lilhof Sepremlier, N. S. and totally routed th.::a ;
fo that they not only quiit.ii their camp, but their can-
non and baggage ; ami the vi/.ir, who leli his tent tor
the king of Poland to tl.ep in, w.i>, by the gr.md
is M V I R 1-.
rSi
feignior's older, llrangled,
leiuin to Belgrade.
On the lyth of April, 17:5, a ii\.ii\ ot peace was
Cir;;cluded here belween the eniperor and Spain, atter
four )ears had been I'pei.t, in lilllebut ceremony, at the
congivls ot Cambray. On the lOtii ot March, 17,^1,
ihal called the llcnnd \'iel\na treaty ot peace and al-
liance was concluded here, belween the emperor and
fireat Briiain, wlier.'by the latter guaranteed the Prag-
ni.ilic Sanclioii ; and the former conlented to the in-
trodurtion o( the 6oco Spaniards into Italy; and loon
after agreed to the fame with t!ie kiii;^ of Spain him-
lelf, by that called the thi;d lieaiv of Vienna, chi-
cluded the 22(1 I'f July 1. jlloiviiig, between the eni-
peivir, Oeat Britain, and Spam.
Fklides the old inner wall, wh.iih wa-. built with the
ranliiiii-money of our king Ricliard 1. this city is wjU
tortificd, .after the modern mar.ner, with large bro.id
ballions, faced with brick, and edged with tree-done,
vi/. I 10 towards the river; ten towards the land ; and
a v.;y deep di'eh. jnti^ whleh they can let the river,
but generally keep it dry, for the lake of their cellars.
Ineludii.g the fuburbs, It is of large circuit; but rhe
lity itl'elt is not aliove three mlle> round.. It is ver)
populous and ni\er without liranger , in the habits
nt mod ol' the lairojiean nations; here being generally
not lets than _;o amballiulors, and other minillers, ai
a time, Irom foreign princes and llates, and Irom tlie
princes and Hates of the empire, belidcs vail iiumbeis
o\ qu.ilitv ot the heredilaiy d'.)minion , who are ol-
t; n at court. Bur no Turkilli ambatlador is ever p.er-
iiiitted to lodge in the city. It contains about 6oo,ooj
fouls. Some of the houles are well-built oi llone, fix
fleiries high, vvilh Hat roots after the Italian manner;
but tholl.- whiJi ,ire otherwite, are generally contempti-
ble, being covered with pieces of timber, in the lli.ipe
ol' tiles. The llreels are cf a middling li.'.e ; and
many oi' the houles have f',)Ui cellars, one under ano-
ther, with an open ij-.ace in tlie middle ot each arched
root', for a communication i.l air; anil from the lowcr-
moll of all there is a tube to the lop, to let in the air
tr. 'in the llreets. Tlie malignity of the air, which
miglil be more unwliolefomc were it not for tlie wiiuls,
is generally alcribed to the loads of mud and dirt in
the llreets, owing to the neglecl of the Icavengers.
Between the city and lliburbs, all round the wall,
there is an cm]ny fpace of about 6co paces in breadth,
in which none arc permitted to build. The city con-
tains above 1500 houles, 29 churches, and 8 chapels.
This city was at firll a bilhoprie, but is now the lee
of an archbilhop. Its cathedral, dedicated to St. Ste-
plieii. founded by Henry I. of yVullria, and linilhed by
lii.iiv II. is a ilately fabric; but the windows are
darkened by its p;viiitedglafs. The lleepleand l'i)ire are
No. 7;
the fincll in OciTTianv. It is 480 feet high; njid un-
der the crol's, on the to]), there were tormerlv the'l'urk-
ilh arms, a half-moon and lla., let u\) by tlie citizens;
becaulc, when Soiiman the Magnilicent belio'ed the
city, lie Would on no other c .ndltions fparcthe lleel>lr-
and though he w;ib obliged to raile the liege, and m.irch
oti; yet tlie arms continued there till the Turks belieg-
eil it again in i6Sj ; alter which, becaule they (ired at
tliJ fleeplc, they were taken down. This fjire h.is
large crochets, above a yard long, adorned with f)li;v:e-
work ; and there is a moll noble |irol'iie:t from it "of
the city and .adjacent country, and ol tlie courle of the'
Danube through moll of Aullria, and alniL-lt to Pref-
burg in Hungary. In the tower there hangs a cafe of
wooden hammers, with which they call the people to
ciiurcli, from liood Friday to caller d.ay ; becaufe
they will not futi'er the bells to ring out during the time
that Our Saviour is lupi)ofed to liavc lain in the grave.
At the entrance ot this church there is a llone placed
in the wall, whicli they fancy to be one of tliof- where-
with St. Ste])!ien was Itoned to death. It looks like a
pebble and is worn very fmooth by the fuperlliiious
people, who think they gain lome merit by touching
It. in this cliu.ch are many fumptuou: monuments of
princes and other great jjcrfons ; but the prin's-s of the
Aullrian family, who have been fo long in pofi'eliioii
of this empire, have chol'en to be buried in the chancel
ot the Capuchins church, without any jiomp, or leav-
ing any memory of their names or actions, on their
monuments. The Aulic church, where the moll im-
portant ceremonies are performed, is not the court
church ; though it is fo near it, that there is a p.aH'ago
to it, from the palace, by a long galler) .
1 leie are many other noble churches, and rich con-
vents ; particularly for Scotchmen, in honour of their
countryman St. Colman, who was reckoned the pa-
tron of Aullria; and whofe botly, long kept here, had
mirai uloiis cures alcribed to it ; but it was after.vards
carri ■<! to Alba Regalis. The church of the Auilin
trial-;, which is very large, has a chancel refembling
tiiat calleil the Santa Cafa, or the Virgin's Hoiife, at
Loretto in Italy, on the top of which are many columns,
llandards, and other trophies, taken from the Turks
and Tartars. Here are likewife two elegant and fpa-
cioiis colleges. Before that which faces the piazza
there is a colunm of copper, in the center of the mar-
ket-place, on a p^d.ellal of white llone, bearing the
llatue Ol the X'irgin Mary, with the ler[)ent at her leer,
and tour angels round her, with inlcripti ms, recom-
mending .Vulliia to her patronage. St. I'eter's church
Is imieh cflecmed tor its antiquity, being the uklell
in tlie city, and built in the fame place where former-
ly Hood the Ara Flaviana, dedicated to St. Doniiiian.
Mere is a noble univerlity, founded by th?; emperor
Frederic II. who endowed it with great revenues and
privileges. It was afterwards enl.irged bv Otiacar.
king of Bohemia, and conrpleated by Albert 111. of
Aullria, who divided it into four dalles, wiih their
peculiar rules and immunities, i. The Aullrian clal's,
which takes in the lludeiits of Aullria, It.ilv, and
other provinces beyond the mountain;-. ;. That of
the Rhine, which takes in the ivell part of the cm|)ire,
France, .S])ain, and the N'elherlands. ;?. The Idun-
garian includes Mungary, Bohemia; and 4. That of
the Sa.\ons takes in Saxony, tlie north of Gern-iat-.\-,
all the northern kings on the continent, Cjrcar 'Britain,
Ireland, &c. The chancellor and the mailer have
power of life and death over the lludents. In 1706
the emperor Jofepli elected an academy f()r painting,
fculpture, and architecture. The public library con-
tains cliielly clallkal and civil law-books. I'rotcfhuUs
are not tolerated publicly to exercife their reli^-jon, ex-
cejit in the chapels of ambaliadors. The Jew-s were
once permitted to relide in a luburb beyond the river
calleil Judenlladt ; but being fui'|)ected of le-cretly
carrying on a corref'|)onilence with the Turks, they
have liiice been cntirelv banilhed from Aullri.i. The
Inii'crial palace is mean, low, dark, and badly fur-
y O inihedi
7<;o
A NF.W AND AUTHnNTIC SVnU.M oi L'NiVl'.RSAI, CKOCRATl lY
J ' b *'■ »
;5'
nillu-cl ; tlnni|.;li [\w lihniry, which confilh ot lii^lit
riKfiiis, is \uii Uuikcil \Mih m.-i:iuli.ri|>t^ ami (^riiitic!
boolvb ; .iiid tlu' inuUuiu ioiu;iia> UKUiy ailmirablc
raniics lunii c! art ar.;.l nature. I'lic tluutrc i^ liiptrl) ;
aiul till.' UahU-. arc laiiatious buikliiigs, ot avail liiigtii,
1 m IV) talk-, lxi;-,i; ihviikd into ll-vcn iMviliiins, ulmii
aj.pcar, at lirll ii(;iit, to bo lo many UitHTciit hoiilos ;
luit ilio iuiKV rooni'- an- ill i;oiunv>.il ; aii.l ilio loii<^;
oui-, tor Ilk- lii'iiii..-, is 111 narrow, tiuit iIk\ ihml all ni
utw vow. Inclccii, a bad lalu' licrf i> loo iirivali-nt in
the 1 luidmgs in general. Tikiv arc, it mull be ;id-
mitttd, loine ImuI , anil even j ;ilai\s, wlnrein the
rules ot arcnitecUi.- have lu\ ii iM\kr\vcl; but then
tlie\ are ever tlurgvd \vi;h lluliUir^, whieli derogates
tro, 11 liie ancient arehucCtme. Ilvui>, ho>vever, the
btll arfenal in tne empirci wiiere is ihcAn, lo llran!;er'-,
the head ot tiie grand vi/.ir, vvno was llran^,led at Bel-
grade, alter lie Lad niilLariied m the tifj,e ot Vienna.
'I'lie (jerinan loldurs. whenllky ti)ols. lljlgraiic, in a
f iriUer w'.u wuh tne Turk-, iijjenetl his tomb tiierc,
in liojies ot tri.-aliiie, but tound notliini;, exce])t the
b>Kiy in its Ihirt : and the governor, remembering that
liiH lain, grainl v./.ir. when he laid lie;',e to Raab,
(wvliith lie was .lUi.) obliged to raile,) threateiKHl that, il
li. i.iailered ti;e Ioau, the luavl ot its bilhop, then
Ciium Coiionii/, ihoukl be cut oil', b.-caule he took
li,^ miiiev out ut the convents toeik(iur..i;e liiegarrilon,
li.nl tne vi/;r'i cor]'te to the v.ount, who ^^ave it to t!ii-
artcii.il.
In ij.ie ot the baltions there is a p;rcat inaKa/ine ot
tlemen ol the bed-(lr\mb-.r, wiili -'oijen kevr. al l' .'Ir
brealls, who ;ire all counts and bamii'- J ot which i:u:i-
jlil\ are alio 6o pages ; yet cer^inoiiies and tl.e etit,ui.iii;
'a name by winch ihey call aiai.nt ulhge?, {!,i\e this
court an air ot conllraint that is to be leen no vlicre
die ; and though it is iiniverllilly extlaiined :ig..inri, it
is as punctually oblcivcd as it h was an article il re-
iigi
at I
T!rv are verv
uri, ot tl'.e I'avs ut I'.il.i
ti nd, in llie ciiy, as wtll aj
r..ila, which is the name tliey
give lo thole ot Icltival and cercmunv , when there are
commonly operas anil cnmedies. Tl'.eic are tliiej
dalles ot them; the Court gala, vvhicli is univertal,
both tor the Imiienal family, .,iul tor the nobles and
plebians ; at which time, clpl.^l,d;y v\ tie l)irtli-da\s
lot the cmi)eror and emprcU. tlie curt is ixtrcmeiy
I gay, and (^liiieving with gold, an.l diamond:;. On thel'e
I ilavs the archduclielles ibcw.ule it is tiie ciilloin at
I \ ienna lor liilers to tire!', alike^ mull be ilivlled all in
^ their hair, as well as tlieir miids ot' honour ; and they
j wear robes much like cliildreiii veils, with great train-.
I The granil gala, which are kept in th.c city, is tor tlu:
; teiliv.il ot' luiiie minillei". The little gala' is when t!ie
j ladies are let blood : tor if any lailv i>t diiiiiK'tion doei
I but fend tor a furgeon to o[ien a vein, it i. enough to
]-ut the whole ciiy in gala : nay, the hullniiid makes a
gala here lor his wile, the wife for her hullvind, t'lc
' children for tikir p.irents and biotiurs and tillers tor
one another j U> t;iat tor thi. caiite f.'.o-third;. of \ ienna
are alv.ass in gala. It is a lingular cullom at this court,
mat the cmpiels-dowager can never tjuil inournin;j
naval I'lorcs tor uie emperor's galik-, i\i. mi th. | tor though their oliicers and otlkr doiiKllics wear lo-
Ijai.ubi. Tlie lev .-11 channels, into v\Iuch the 1 ).uiiibe ji loured clothes, their apartnk;its ;i;id coaclie; nuitl a!-
' ' ays be hung in black : neither mull they be prefeiil
;. play, bail, or concert ; lo that by lollng their huf-
bands, the) lo!e the jileafures of lite. The emperor's
p.leat'ure-houles are no better than his j-alace in the
citv. The catile ot th; I'avarita, which is in the fu-
burb of Lenpoidll.idi, is a great irregular (iotliic build-
ing, full of luinings .ind windings, like th'.- Ilreet it
looks into, and ajipears nvire like a great convent oi
Capuchins, ilian ike nianlio.i of anem; eior. The gu-
tlciis are I'reity iar^:;e, but oi!,er',vi!e i.iean.
I .uxeml-Hin;, tlijugh a neat conveni.ni box, is even
muth inferior to the l-avorita : bur the court only iv-
lilies there a month or lix weeks, during the leaion liT
heron-hunting. Tlie minillei>, who attend the cm-
]:eror tliere, have houtes, which, thougli not grand, ae
commoilious ; but any otli.-r ]]crl'on who g.ies tMiher to
pay a vilii, mini rMiirn lo \'i.nna for a l.-d. Tlr;
couil uled lo tpend a I'l.-al j'art of th.e I'uiiinier at the
]ial.ke ot New I'avoril.., \\l.ieh gi'a's n:'.n.e to c."e I'l
liie lulnirbs ; but tl-e prir.ies oi Ma'id"; Id liiive I i;:.!
one there wi.ieli is njjt n nuire r.i.'.,;iiifa e.;t. The eir.-
i^ IkTv (.i;vidi.d, coniam uv^rai illan h, conimuiiieating
tOj;etlier h\ leven bnilges matle ot timber. The high
bridge Is I'.jrmeil iiy tne interleeiion ot i.\o tlr^ets liy
c ,ual angles i tlie touP'lation ot one b n?', .is higii as
tne to;<s ut t. e noutcs ; anil, in the oiiier, an arch is
built 11 the loisermolt ILreet, to let the ui'iKTmoll pat's
over It. Here are two icmark.able columns, of wliich
Oil • 1: called tlie Concepiion ot the Iminacul.vte \ irgin,
M\ii tlie utiiti' Si. Tnniiy. The variuu.; lubiirb.; ot the
CUV almoil embrace it like a bow, and appear like
io mans dilierenl towns ; the principal being cailcd
Leopoldiiacit, a:, i abounding with handio.iie lioutes
tit tiie nobles and gentrv. TIk Prai, a wood in an
iiland tormed bv the Dai.u'ne, is much ireijUentetl in
fair weather. In its Vici iiv is a walk, called the
Kmperor's Garilea ; and i.ie ruii..^ ot a ,..ilice, which
wa3 dcuro}ed in' the Turks. Another illand, nameil
St. I'eUi'-, 16 capable ot encami>ing a large army.
At the cabinet council the emperor ])reridrs ; and
ne.xt to liim tits the king of the Riiiiaiis : ami, in the
privy-council, the prirne miniilci' is preruliiu ']"!iele
Il .ve lo Ic ret.iries, the principal ot wliom llgns the
e.iiperor's letters. The council ot war has iwosienerals
.,1
peror JoUi.h, n
or Schonbiun, ;ihout a
1>: j,aii a line lioule at
lioikHJr
tiuiu nils cu\-, vvliicl
as prelidents, and leven majurs-gencial as members, p if tinilhed according to its ji.ui, might have been ai
with ijro[)er tecretaries, &c. I'he Aulic council con- 1| ther V'ertailles ; bui his cmprefs-dowagir, to whom le
tilt--, oi an ecual nuiulier ot Roman Catholics and l,u- 1 left it, tuU'ereil th.e u.irks to run lo ruin.
tiieiaiis, iionunaied by the emperor. It is equal in' The pal.ice of the !;reat prince I'ugcne, ot F.ivoy,
j ov\er to tlie imperial chaml'cr ot W'ctziar, as there is Ij is very iiately, but liuiated in a narro.v llivc*, with a
I very little court before it. 1-Iere is a tpacious talocui.
11 J app.al trum eitiier. The court of chaiicerv, toi
nli ihe huliikls iranlailed at the Imperial court, where-
ui ilie eleCior ot Meni/, is alw.iys chanceiloi ; but the
vice-chancellor I'relides in liis ablence, and has an
alhliant, an ali',lli)r, two t'ecretaries, and a referendary.
'I he writs are either in the fierinan or Latin toniiues.
Hire IS a council ut tmances, and an Imixrial council,
vvliere is alio a prelideiit, conlUbng ot many lords;
and gentlemen ; among whom are the govciikjrs of the
Hungarian cities where the mines Hi-, with the chief i
oltkcrs for the civil affiirs <,i Hungary, Hohemia,!
.Moravia, Sili tia, &c. who lend directions from ' '
lo the refpeetivc governmeiir. of thole countries.
Thougli oilier chief courts may exceed the
in ponii), yet, lor real graiuKur, this mitllrips them
all. \Ioftut thcotfiiersol llate.and uf the houlhold, are
printes or counts, as are ,ilto the c.ii)tains ot the liorle
and lout guards : and there are not Ids than too gen-
lience
Imperial
atlorned with large pictures, reprelentmg the clixt
victories of the ])rince over the brench aiu, the Tuik- ;
and in two rooms next lo tliis, a !uit ot ricii taptl.;.,
made by the famous Devos, at HiuU'els. In the bi !-
diamber bevond ihct'e, there is a lullre ot ro^k ci} It.ii,
faiil to have colt 4co,oco llorins ; and rich tapciuv.
rolled up in j'ilatlers of grci n velvet, embroidered with
gold, and adorned with ligures ol needle-wiTk lo lin. ,
that they leem to be minialureb; a;id the clolet nex: : i
it is gilt all over.
The palace of Liclite.iliein, which is l.irger, and li '.
as magnihcent, is worth I'leing, were it only lur u
])aintings. The palaces of the tuburlis, in general, ar.:
inlinitdy more grand than thol'e i^): the city, and the;
li.ive both court-yarils anil gardens. I'rincc luigene
h,id
one here too, where he uled to jials the tine lealon
It is a luiierb ftructure, with niagnilicent gardens, i i
KURorr..]
r. r R M A N' i: m i' i r i-,.
; "t v.'liicli i:ii.i.
■ nn.I tl;o fii^jU.ito
|1k- WjIX 111) V lllTf
Ihiiilial :i^;,.inll, it
"us an art'.iL ( 1 r^--
rity, a- v.^.l a:;
Ji^ t!u' ii.ii.u' llu'v
1} , wlii'ii iln.iv aa-
Tl'.ci'i.- arc ihii-v:
|^vliii-!i is uiiivcrliil,
'!■ till- iio!^!.'s ami
I o'l t !■.(.• birtli-dav';
ji< uit is ixtrcnu'ly
li ii ti^i- tMlltnn at
li;ll be divlicj all iti
honour ; and ihcy
I, with ^rcat tIal;l^.
lie lity, is tor tin-
-• v.ala is v.litn t!ij
t (li;iin:t;o!i docs
ii, U iv. enough to
.-■ hullnuid makes a
her liiillriiRl, t'-.c
iiirs antl (ilK-rs tor
tv.o-ihird;. of \ icnna
lul'toni at this court,
vcr i]uii mourning ;
douKiVks wear lo-
ul (.\i:k!us iiu;I1 a!-
ml they lie prcl'enl
by lolliig their hul-
ile. The em|ier.)r's
in his palace la the
wWwh ii in the lu-
le-ular f I'otliic build-
,S like the llreet it
.' a s^reat convent (;l
iiem.eior. I'lie ga-
!e i..ean.
iveni.iit bo\', is cwn
It the couit ( ni;- r>:-
durins; the leAioii liT
ulio attend the Cui-
lunigh not i^irand, a:e
lii ulio {^,K's iliitiuT ro
na tor a bs.-d. 'Hi'.;
t!>e lu'iKner at the
,ve^ nan.:.' to ere il
.\lav-i; Id h:ive 1 u;,r
j^nili.e.it. 'i'iie eir.-
-■ iioiile at S^honljoii',
'111 lliia cil)-, ivliicl:,
iiight have been ai.-
>Aaj:i.r, to vdiu:;i l,e
nun.
lai^ene, of Favov,
ariiv.v Hree', with a
is a I'pacioi'.j taloi'ii,
IMcleluinp; liic chiu'
ench aiiu ll,e 1 uik- ;
uit of rich tap'. Il;\,
;uliels. In the be'l-
ullre ot r0v.k ci\il.ii,
; and ricii ta|iiiii\,
^■t, embroidered \^:i'''
P.erdle-Wdrk li) lii'u.
md the elolet ne\: : >
ich is larger, and I', !
were il only lor i;
nnbs, in general, a:.-
1 the city, and lii
. I'rince I'aikcik- li.i i
pals the line leali'ii
''nilieent garden-, i i
ul.i. .
■■>'
which are a line caliade, an oranf^ry, and a meiu\;^',crie,
lfjr.;d with the nmll uiif.oiiinton irealiircs th'.t the li.ur
pari-- ot tnc 'Ai>ild can lurnilh. 'I here i*- a laloon Ive-
low llair-, all lined v\itii marble ol leveral colour., the
cieiln;', of which is lineiv j-ainted.
The ci\ il I' )vernment o| this city is adminiller.d by
a lladtholder, who mult ah.ays !)■.• a j.crloa of noble
cxiiartion, aiid an otlicerci ilie ann\. 'J'lie m)Vi.riior
lias lildoin any oilic title than colonel of the city;
and he hai .i iKiitcnant-i lio.icl to command in iiis ab-
k'nce, wh'J has the direc"iion o! the ti)rti*icatioiis, the
arlvnai, aid the 'j,arriU)ii, uhiih never lliiv. Irotn Vieinia,
ai'.t conliils of seleran loldiei-, or the burghers and
ariiiiccrs of the iil). 'J he employments in this corps
a!'" V. ;\ III rative , but not bcin.', on llie roul to h-Mioiu',
nit much liiliiited In' peiiimb of extraction. It i.
maintained at the charj^^e of t!ie city, aiul uled to
nv'unt r-'ird at the emjieior's palace, as he has no other
foot-i;ua:\i . Vienna abounds with cotiee-houfi"-', \wiere
the iiews-u liters arc not Id's t:ee with the character.
«!f their cenerals, ll.itefm.n, S^c. than I Ik v ire at i.on-
d'ln. Tin re beiii^ no holj lial ul invalids here, the
rt'.urch doors are always plied wilh beggiii;', lokhers
that have been dilabled in tl-.e tervice. All r<;iMid,
upon the city walls, are birracks, or huts, for the gar-
ril on, which are veiy well built, l)ut not all of them
occupi.'d bv i!ie fokiier-, li'iue being lippling-lioutes,
and other-, tor common woini'ii.
Kk)ll:er-Net,biir^ is a rich k.undati.in ior Aiip,-.ininc
r:in m' -, Ha'.kn is lamiHb fir il, hot baths; and Neu-
fl.tdr contains a mifu.uy academe.
Molk is a markel tv/»v:i on the Danube, marwhidi
is an exsmpted cloiller of IJjnedi. nines, the greatell
and riiliell fiundalion o\' the kind in all Aulbia. The
abbot i, I rimutc of the lower eliates ot this circle, and
prerulent of the feat of prelate . I'he abbey i iledi-
cated to St.C.ii ■ mi, wholi; tomb it contains. This Si.
C'olmaii was li.e apollle of Aullria, and ci' the blood
royal of Srotland ; iuit his fate was Ibmewhat lingular;
hr, in iiallii.L', lhrou!.di this country in the liabu of a
pilgrim, he wa. ial:en up and luuii3;ed a'^ a fpv .
I'riM.K .Ai'bfRiA is divided into tour iiuart;.rj, Hau!-
Inuk, Traun, Miclici, and 15huk.
'l"he ]irincipal p.laAcs in the llaultnick (jiiarter are,
l.i:i/, the capital of I'pper Audria, Handing on the
Danulie. Here is a \\<j xlen briihu" over the Danube ;
anci . n a hiil in the neiL',hlioiirhood i^ a citadel, whicli
is liimetira.s the relideiKe of the em, eror. The town
is well built of white fr.e-llone, and p.npulous con-
tainir.; f \ . al h.and.f'ine cliiii-ihe- , cloillers, lnuarc;,
and iouniain<, aiid is n-.u h r.lovied to by t'.i: nobility,
who luue villa; in the ne^iijib-urhond. It i^ allii the
kai of feveral counts and colleges lor Upper Au'iria ;
canies on a coiili.lerable liMde in gundiarrels and linen
cloili ; and has handlbme luburbs with two j';reat year-
Iv fiir-, at Iviller and Uarih^iloi-.ew-t'de. In the neigh-
bourlu.od likewile aiv \ kuuations ol l-oj .
Vxl.; is a well built toAn, on th.e river Tiaun, faid
to have been tounded by tl, ■ emperor Valeiian, alter
lis expedition arainil th.e Si\ I'li.ins in I'annonia. Mete
is a caiiie, i:i \shirh tlie e;i oeror Maximilian 1. liied.
from this to'.Mi allii the nei;j;!iliouiing e.xtenlive barren
heath I f Welliir lakes its name.
(iinunLlcn \- a town liuiati'ii on the lake el (imun'l,
o; Ti.um, which abounds with tilli. h h.is a conli-
(krable trade in lidt, made at Mallbdl, in the neigh-
bourhood, brought h'.ilur b\ the lal. , and exported as
tar as Vienna. The lalt-j its were lirll dilcovercd in 1303,
bv f.li/abeth, conloit of Albrecht I. On an illand in
I lie lake is a m; al citadel, called Ort.
Fock'abnuk, or Wikk.bruck, is a welkbuilt town
on Ike liver \ okl, which enjoys the privilege of grant-
ing proleclion to all flaves, whofe burghers and mer-
clianls, with their w.arcs, .are toU-tVee, throughout all
the Aullrian ilominions. Near it, in 1626, tlie rebel
Bavarians were deteated.
f;-ar.kei;I)iirg, a town (landing on the borders of
Bavaria, and containing a, citadel, which, togethe'-
widi tlij counlrv denoi>iina|.;d (roin them, an I th •
incorporated tligiu.jrics, is the jiroptrty of count Khc-
venhullcr.
Kainmer is a tit.ulel in the Atterfee, which i. ilie
l.irg. .1 lake III the whole conniry, and abounds in
ex^iuilitc litli, ot which it yields a new fpecies every
luoiiih.
Schaumbeig is a citailel, which f;ivcs name to a
countv, n ).v belonging to the family of Siahreiiberj;,
but tormciiy an immediate county ot the emjiiiv.
The county ot Neiiburg alf) was formerly an imme-
diate coiinlv of the cmpiie, but no.v belongs tu the
billio]) ol l'alki:i. Though this county is a part of
Atiliiia, it IS fnrrounded on all tiles byUawuii, ami
has llveral cit.ukls in it.
The molt reinrkable place; in the Traun tjuarter
are,
I'll', in I.'.tin Aniiia, Anafum, or AnafTanum, a
IboiiJ, '.vell-built to-A-n, lituatcd on the riverif the lame-
name. It was built in the year 990, on the fcite ot
i-auriacum, a Roman colone, dellroyed by the Huns,
alx.iit the )ear 450, ami the teat of tome Roman em-
'-eror.i. Liis was tormerly tiiiiieet to its own count,
..il the emperor Rodoijih purchaled it, and annexeil it
to tiie domiiiions of .Aullria. The river Ens falls into
the Danube two miles below the town.
Steyer is a conlidcrable town, lituatcd at the conllu.v
of the two little rivers Stever and Ens, and inhabited
chielly by liniths, cutlers, and other artilicers, who, by
mean-- of the Danube, tranljiort their workmanlhip to
v.iri nr. places.
In Mich 1 quarter are Schlog, a cloiAer on the river;
anil the Millack-Bad, a celebrated medicinal bath near
the Danube.
In Black quarter are Freylladt, a llroiig, well-buiit,
ioy.il town, on the north tide of the Danube ; and
(irein, which contains a Francifcan cloifter, a i.oretto
chapel, a mount calvary, and an hermitage.
'i'he iHicliy of .Stiria is diviikd into I'pper and
Under Si aia ; and bounded to the north b)- Aultria,
I iroperh' I'o called ; to the fnith b\' Caricola ; to the
well In Salt/.bur- and Carinthia ; and to the call by
1 lungai\-. The air is unwholelome ; and the inhabi-
tanis .ire greatly trimbled with fevers andlwelkd throats,
which latter complaint is owing to the givat quantity
of lliow-water which they drink. Ujipcr Stiria is very
inountainous, and exceedingly cokl, but yet tolerably
tvriile. The mountains ctintain lilver, lead, cop]>cr,
antl iron ; and the fummits are covered with foreiL-,
which fujiply wood for fmeiting thele n-,etal--. The
Heel of this country is reckoned the bell in Europe.
In the whole iluchy are 20 boroU;',lis, near lor:; mar-
ket towns, and about 5C0 citaoel-s. The common
people gener.Ul} ij.eak W'endilli, or a very harlh dialect
of the German ; and the betier liirt are mailers not
only o\i thele, but alio of the Italian and French. The
land cllates of tl is duchy co. dills, as in Aullria, of tlie
prelates, lords, knights, and royal towns; and their
allemblies aie lekl at Ci'rat/.. Tl-.e Roman Catholic is
the only religion tolerated iii Stiria. Seikaii is the fee
ot a bidiop, fubjecl to the archbilliop of Sah/.lbuig,
whofe vicar he is in moll parts of Stiria. :\x (.iratz is
an univerliiv; and in lome other places are jjMiinalia,
and leveral gnod college-. Ti;e principal manufaiftuivs
of the count r\ are iron a .d lleel works, of which there
is a conlidcrable exportation. Siiria continiiet! a niar-
(juiliUe, till the emperor Frctlerick Barbarollii erected
It into a duchy. It has been conllantiv fubiect t..>
the houl'e of Aullria, lince Rodoljih 1. and to this day
retains peculiar immunities. The counts of Tiaiit-
manldorf are fuiireme hereditary llewards, the counts
of W ildenllein chamberlains, the cmmts ot Saurau
m.irlhals the counts of W'endilh (.irat/. mailers of the
horle, &c.
The principal places are the follmving :
firatz, or (.iracz, the metropolis, lies on the river
Muhr, 20 miles tVom the J')rave, and 74 fouth of Vien-
na, and is a neat, well-built city, in a plealant, truiitul
COUIiUV,
I
n
iii
751
A NT.W AVI) ALTMLNTIC S\M f.M ov i:NIVr.:\S.\F, CI'OflRArFIV.
rounfry, ami ilcfl-iulol ly ,i v..ill, ramj.arts, ami laltlc,
oil a rixky lull, ami oihcr (ortitiiuiions tli.it rciuK-r it
aliiiol! Mill ivj;iubli.-. 'I'iic lalUc is dii :i hi.'.li liill, t!i.it
co'iiiiuinds a lui^hhouring muiitrv, wlurc is tlii; ,u\li-
<;iiki-'s p.il.iCL', w.iiili i> liiK-lv turiuiluil, ami lii^ a
jiDiit lior.uy ami imiliiiin. Ilif i^ a lai|' : i\)iii.;j,i',
\\A\ cmio'voi, t\' iili li.i'> tlu' i.iivik'j'/ 111 loiilLiriiii^
iii't»rixs ; U) lliat it is raiiUil ainoii^ llic univciliticb ot
(jiTiiuiiv, ami is well filial with ihulviits. This town
is t'-o rciiiloiii'i- lit tlu- I'oviTiior ot Siiiia, as it was
flmiu-rlv tit' till- aulultikLsdt Aulln.'., i aitkulaily IVr-
ilii.aiul II. .iturw.irtls iiii|AT<>r, who • a;:i\l tluM'.l.'ivc'
liy its ;,:iiiK'. lis liiluirb-, wlmli uv lavRc, aiv vsallii'd
b\ .1 riMik't of its ijwn li.inK' ; aii.l its urritory is wry
poj)iilo\i^.
Marhvirg, idchratcd tor il^ Rom.m monuments, is
alio renurkahlc tor if. :;ianut.u Uiro~.
Ralkehurg;, or Rakelllnii^, litu.iti.i.1 on tlie riv^r
Muhr, is one of tlie llroni;ell towns in Stiria. Ihe
neiiilibouring loimtiv j'n^liKes |ileiit\- of ^raiKS ami
oilier truit-." '1'Ik- liuri!,li'.'rs lia\e the fo'ie [irn iii.;j,e lo
Inn all the new wines iluriiif^ i Haleil tine, .itier wliieli
the [H-alants may lill to whom tliev plet'.U.
Leulenlnirg, a market town, is noted lor the bell
wine in tliele jiavts.
Cilli, or Zilli, wa5 formerly the capii.il vi an in<le-
pcmlent coiint\, wliieli tlie emperor Irederiik III.
took potreirion of in 1457, when the lall eount was
killed, leaving no heirs, and iiieorpor.ited it willi Siiri.i.
In this eounty (lands the lii^'li moiinlain li.ul;er, of
I'aeher, rieli in all forts oi m-s, :\, the mineral waters
that iliue from it evidently lliew. 'The hi<;hway be-
tween C'lUi and I'etiau was orit!,inally a Roman eaule-
way ; and feveral Roman mile-l'ones and other monu-
ments, have been found near it. The inhabitaius of
the county are all Selavonians, otherwile called W'emls,
or Winds. The town, lliled, in Latin authors, L'iiia,
Celia, Celei.i, ami Zelia, is very ancient ; ami, by man)
Roman coins, and other monument , iliUovered in and
about it, appears to have been amieiitly a [ilace ot
great conlideration.
(iuniuwitz is a marki-t to.sn, near wliiJi is a re-
markable Ipring, being warm in winter, aiid C(;l'.l in
lummcr.
Stuilenitz li.as a noble female foundation, or priory,
bcloncing to the order of Dominieans.
In L'pper Stiria are the tollowing places :
Jutlenijurc;, flu- capital, titualed on the banks of the
Muhr, in a jilain, furrounde>l with high mountain--,
continually covered with liuv\, contair.s a royal tort,
two cloi'.ters, ami a college Here alio are two great
yearly fairs.
Leuben, a neat j^lealaiu to-.vn, n;'.ni;i!',!; upon the
lame river, was once the ca[)ital ot a eoiuiiy. Here is
a college, two cloillers, and a great tr.ule in iron.
N.ir it is the rich nunnery ot (jots.
Seckau is a coniiderable town, ami r.n epikojial lee,
under the archbilliop ol Salt/.lung, by whom the bilhop
i-- eleded and invelled.
Bruek, on the Muhr, is noted for a great cattle f.iir,
a line public (Ijuare, and two iip.nialLries
Kil'enartz is a coniiderable to,vn, and famoin for its
mines and forges of iron, whence it ha-. it-> name. It
I'npplies all Ciermany with lied, and main phueswiili
iron; vail quantities of both being ililjioled of at the
great yearly fair, and a' other time--.
A part of the Dueliv ot C-\rinthia was aiuienlly
railed Carina, .ind the iiihabitanisCariii ; but the fornKr
ufterwards Carinthia, and the latter Carantani, ;.iid (.'a-
rinthi. The lounty oi Carinth'a is boundeil to the
loulh by the terntoiits of Venice and Carniola ; to tlie
north by Stin.i, and the arelibifhuiiric of Salt/.burg ;
10 the wed by Tirol, or Tyrol ; and to the call iiy
Siiria. The .iir is cold, the foil b.uren ; the ri\ers,
brooks, f\i. abound with filh ; and the mountain', yield
many minerals. The principal j-hces are a;, follow :
(."lagenftirt, the capital of the whole duchy, (landing
140 mdeb Ibuth-well of Vienna, (being anciently called
Ckaudia, and il,e feat of il-.e d-,ikt-.) n well l-.uiit .u,,!
fortified, and contains feveral iluiiclies and i.o:<.\(.iit
with a larr.e ollege, a gMiii-alium, and a pn.vineii
lioule, in which llie llaics aflcmble. Mere is alfu un
eijuellrian llatue if llie emperor I'heubald. wl-jiu;
S'. 1\ 111. i'a\-, •' That in lu^ time, it a man was (Iron^ly
lu'i iC!ed cit theft, tlie\ uled tirfl to hang him, .\\k\ tliea
ti) him three da\s after. If he was t,,und guilij, ih^y
let hi> body hang till ii rotted; it inii'Hciit, ll.c) iinjj.
him (.U)yM-\, buiied Imn at the | ublic charge, and pin^ij
lor his lljul." lietween this lowii and .St. Vi.it are Imiu-
r. mains ot an a;;cient town, liippolcd tt) be 'I'lburiua,
wl'.ere Rom:'.ii coins have been tuuiid, and other am,.
HUities. 'Hie Lutheran reii;^;ion vva^ liipi>ri.lled hti.-
anno i6cc.
ViUacli, near the Drave, over which there i x
bridge, i-, a ; opuLus tuwn, a great tlunoughlaie, a.ij
famous for its mineral wateis. I'lie lituation of tlm
town is among hills, and the churches are note.i f.>s
their tine paintings, Ihe goxernor is nominated an-
nualK, the em] eror naming him two fuccefTive vears,
and the bilhop of Hamberg a tli'ri!.
'I'he Duchy of Cakmoi.a i^ bounded by tlieGulph
of Venice to the well, by Sclavonia and Croatia to the
call, bv Carinthia and Stiria to the iioilh, and by the
Adii.itic Sea to the f'outh. It i-.. 110 miles long, 50
l)road, ratlier cold, but, at the f.ime time, toleraL.y
fertile. The lower clal's of peojile Ijieak the Scl.ivoni.ui,
or Wendilli language; the better li^rt the German,
but both with a very indili'erent tli.ileet. The pealiuits
aie a very hardy let I'f people, going barefoot in the
midli of winter, never covering their brealls from the
inclemency 01 the weather, ami (leejiing on a h.ud
bench, witiiout bed or bolller. In the Upjx'r ar.d
Lower Krain the people wear long beards ; antl luch a,
live by exporting the commodities of the country un
pack-horles are calleil Samers, or, more jiroperh,
Saumers. The llates of Carniola conlill of the ciergv,
the nobiiiiy, knights, anil ro\al towns. Clniriianiiy
v.a- ilril planted in this count\ about the middle of i!ic
ei^i.tii centur\ ; and, in the fixteeiith, Lutliei.uiilni
m.uie a coniiderable progrets in it , but, excepting tlio
\\ alachians, or L'ikokes, who are of the Greek church,
and llile themfelves Staraver/i, i. c. U!d Believers, all
the inhabitants at prefent are Roman Catholics. Jn the
whole iluch;. are ^; billioprics, 24 cloillers, 4 comman-
deries, anil 134 parilhes ; but to the b.ilhopiic of Le)-
bacli belong alf'o many |Mirilhes in Siiria and Carinthu.
The prir.cip.il lommo^luies exported fi- m hence are
iron, lleel, ijuiJ.-lilver, white ..nd re.l wine, oil vi
olives cattle, llieep, cheele, linen, a kind of woolkn
lluti' called Malialan, Siianilh Kailier. honey, w.ilnuts,
limber, together with all manner of wnod work, as
iioxes, dillies, trenchers, I'lKions, tieves i"^. . Carniol.i
wa-. long a marcjuif-.te or margra\ate; but, in the
year I2ji, was erected into a diitln. On the ex-
tiiietion of the margraves, the inhabitants made dunce
of hrederick 11. iluke ot .Aullria and Servia, for th.eir
loveieign. 1 Ik arms of Carniola are an eagle crowned,
on whole bie.ill ami expandeil wings is to be (eeii
a diced crelcenl. The counts of Thurn are ("u|irenie
hereditary llewards in Carniola and llie Wendilh Mark,
the lioufe of Averlberg chamberlains and marlhah,
the prince of 1 .amberg mailer of the horle, the count
of Cobenzd cuji-bearer, the baroiii ot I'a k aiul 1 lohcn-
■Aart tewers, the count of (iailenberg raii",er, the count
of Kal/.enllein keeper ol the je'.veb, the b.iron of Lck
llafi'-bearer, count Sauer of Ankenlfdn carver, and tlie
Count of Lanihieri falconer. The | rincipal oliieers
for the government ot the county ,ue ihe land cap-
tain, or the goxernor in chief, the burgi.i\e of Laubadi,
land lieutenant, and laiul vicar.
This uuchy has leveral immaterial I'libAfu ilions, luch
as Upi)er, Lower, Middle, Inner, 5cc. I u the jirin-
cipal places are the following :
Laiibach, the capital, Hands on a fmall river of the
I, line name, which falls into the Save 10 lu'les below
it. The air here is not reckoned wholefbmc ; yet it is a
piopiiluu-,
I
'it
Fl'llOl'L._
a prpulovH,
Jciiek 111.
tlie iutil list
tle'iintleiit
cafile i but
is nor vrry
ever, it hel
I-'rederick I
K.odlc of A I
lai'.-s and il
c.niotis, ol
Ueieis a tin
and the pri
TluTC are
river i. no
Europe.
Caainlxr;
ovtr winch
and is bin.
c I lurches ;
chins. It
Bavarian fa
lony ; bei
iiioiuiineiit.s
town.
rullmoiul
lidc ol the
gives title t
i.ick, O)
ai.d barnt 1
tilled, and
tilt emiv ri
It 1- hi; li. I
I'll, It p.m
h r'iie ; am'
loullhip '
which ;;ive-
is will, iiit
it. .Viitigu 1
Ikickttz, a
Callua, wh;
Sr. Vicr,
(Ironi; callic
goo.l trade »
lar;;e ju imi
1 iie nji,^hb
and tuiits, I
i.s iblel eapl
polite fide o
Mary of L(
in lilii i aim
of which,
cafes of wi
was iornur
iiiid Ixive a
tlier reckon
its imiiolts.
Iviiknitz
lake, cilici
miles Ion;;,
and forells
lorell of p
tverv year
bottom, le
returns Ipo
tliat it looii
the grouiv.l
bil.)reiieLl
;n.- r(;re,u
wliie'h ripe
gral's grow:
u. ■ cattle
neijjhbonri
lore the Ipi
arc carp,
without lii
lord of til
ptafants c;i
No
APFIY.
.il. ) is Will l-.uiit uni
.liiii(.ln.s aiul iii::\iiit,,
liuin, .UKJ a |'r.,viiiii,l
iiM.-. I lea- i. uiu, a„
vr ■riia.luhl. J.;„ia;
•• It .1 m:iii v,.is (Ir.)n(ly
to Ikuij; I, Mil, ami tJKii
U.l> t.Ului JJIIlll), l|;,y
it illll'Kl.llt, ihl) |,hJ,
lilii ili.iij^i', and j.injij
11 ami Si. Vui arc Iuhjl'
I pukd tt) bo TiLuriiu,
l"iinJ, ami inlicr am,-
a v\a'. lu]i|ir,lla| |,u;
vcr wliiJi ilwrc i- i
rca; tlK)i\)uglilaic, a.ij
I'lic lit nation ot thu
uircln-. ail iKJttil tor
nil r i^ iioininatiii an-
II tuo luccLfTivc' vcars.
u!.
louiiiJi^J l)y tlieGuljih
iia aiul CiMitia (o iln;
I III- iioiih, aiul by the
is no ir.ilis long, jo
: I'mu- liinc, tol„raL.y
.■ Ijnak tlic Stlavoniaii,
ti-'i li>rt the Gcmun;
Lli.iLii. 'i'hc I calaiiii
goiiijr haix'tuot in the
tluir brcalU trom il.o
il n;.(i-inj^ on a Ij.iul
In ihc Uppci ar.il
g bcal•t^^ ; and lucli a>
tics ot the country un
or, nunc jimijcrlv,
conlill i)t tlic iiti-j^v,
town-,. Clirilliaiiiiy
>out tlio mitldlf uf ihc
.Mcvnth, l.uiiivTanitni
r , but, c.\tu|tini^ tho
nt the (Jreik chuaii,
i. c. Oid Ikiiavrs, all
nan Catholic?. In tliL-
|. cloillcrs, 4 coninian-
) the l-iili(.;'ix- ot !,(.■)-
I Siiri;'. aiul Carinthu.
-irti'd li' 111 luiiLr arc
.ind r.d v\inc, oil lA
n, a kind ot uoolLn
llicr, honey, walnut-,
icr ot wood work, as
l:c\vs iS:.-. t'arnicla
.rav.itc; but, in the
lii^hv. On the cx-
labitanls made elujiee
and Servia, lor their
aie an eagle crowned,
wings is to be (leii
( Tliurn arc fuinenie
d the Wen.iidi M.uk,
:rlaiiis and niarlliah,
the hoile, the Count
1^ ot' l-Ak and lloheii-
erg ran-',er, the count
-■b, tile baron of I'.ek
iltiin carver, and the
'ho 1 rincipal olHiers
y are the land laj)-
InirgiMveofl^aulucli,
iai lubdivilions, Huh
, ^c. I 't the priii-
1 a (inall riwr of the
^•ive 10 lu'les below
.holelbinc ; yet it is a
{ioi.uluti-,
■i priJiilfiui, well built city, uliicli the emperor I'rt-
Jeiick ill. made the fee lA a bilhoii, lornicrly iiiultr
the juril.lictioi) of the [lairiarcli ot A(|inlei.i, but i.nw
tlc'unilent on (he |>o|>e. It has a tathedral, and a laij;c
L.dile ; but it is coininaiukd by a hill; iiiul the town
is not vrry (Iroiig, tlpetia'b towards the river. How-
ever, it held out a he^e ill 1 440, till tlic enip-tor
ircJcrick III. c.une to its reliel. I'lif priiii fs of the
l.i'iift ot Aiillna have the rij.Mit ot appoiiitiii!; the pre
lat^•!l and the tha|)ter here, which only eiiiiiiU ol ii>c
c.iiii)iis, ol whom, indeeil, the bilhoj) nominates one.
lien; is a line lioufe, whore the llat' > ot the diictiy meet ;
and the prince de Averlbcri; ha-, alii) a pal.iec in 11.
TIktc are leveral cuiivtiits lor both l'exe>; and the
river i> noted lor breeding the larj^cll cray-lilh in
Europe.
C'laiiibcrj;, or Krainbcr,!.^, on the banks ol the Save,
over winch 1; has a briil;;!', lland . on the top ol a hill,
and is tiirtified with a llron.; cilUe. h h.i> tluie
cluirehcs ; and iii its fuliurbs, a monafli.ry ol (!aj)u-
chins. It once j;ave title to a marejuis ol the ancient
havarian tainily. Suppofed to have been a Koiiian co-
loiu ; bee.uile coin.i and tiudili, with other llonian
nionuments, are lieiiuenlly diij; up in and about the
town.
lljilinoiulorf, in thi, neighbourhood, mi the noiili
tide ol the Save, has alfo niaiiy Roman ,iniiipaiti('s, and
gives title to a Uoi'ian l.unily in Stiria.
i.ick, or lJilho|)tl.u k, i.ia city, whicli w:is plundered
and barnt III 14^1 ; but i.s lui.uiloinely lehuilt and for-
titicil, .Hid is I'liliieet to the bilhop ol I'rc) linj.j, to whom
tin emii ror Mary III. ;.;;',ve it; and the governor ul
it I' his li.uleinnit.
Tii.it part oi lilria which belongs tii Aullria is very
t>r'i'e; and divi.lcil intd the e.uiitv ol Mettrrbeig, and
loiiilhipi'f C.ii'uj. I lie chit-l p'laces are N'etterbiig-,
which gives name to the county, and is its capital. It
is witl. Hit vails or ramparts, but has a calif, to delend
it. .-Xntiguina, a large town; IViben the fei: ol a bilhop;
Ikickc tz, a town with an harbour, on the Adriatic ; and
C.illua, vvhieii gives name to a lordlhip.
St. Vict, lituated on a bay of the Adriatic, li.is a
(Iroiii; calbe, l^ otherwil'e well fortified, and polfelfes a
good trade on aeeouiu ul its exeelient harbour, by wliieh
large jurntities of goods arc exported and iinporteil.
The Ti-ighbouring territories yieUI abimd.inee 01 wine
and iruits, particularly ligs. '1 he governoi "■ the town
is ililel captain, and relides in the calllc. (Jii the op-
polite fide of tiic river there is a chapel, dedicated to St.
Mary of Loretto. I'lie neigidiouring gulph abounds
in lilh ; among vvhicil is a ipecies called catta, the Ikin
lit which, forming a kind of Ihagrcen, is uled lor the
call:, of watches, ealkets, tclelcopes, ivc. I'liis town
w.is lormerly incoriiorated with the duchy of Camilla,
biid hove a lliare in its taxes; but, at prelent, it is nei-
ther reckoned a p.iri ot as territory, nor is it fubjecl to
its impolts.
ICiiknit/, or C/,irnitz, is remarkable for its l.imous
lake, called the C/irnitzer Lake, or Sea, which is lo
miles long, and H bioad, enconipailed with mountains
and forelts at loine dillance, and on the e.ill lide witlia
lorell of pear-tree;. I'iie water finks under ground
fverv year in June, through many large holes in the
bottom, leaving it iiuite dry till September, when it
returns fpouting out of thole holes, with fucli violence,
tinit it loon riles to the height of a pike, and covers all
the ground again, making that fpace a lea, which was
bt lire lields of corn, p.iilure, and hunting: for, after
;lie retreat ot' the wiier, tl.e peojile fow corn here,
which rijien,-, for the fukle belore September: and the
grafs grows here fo quick, that it affords pnllure lor
ti. ' cattle and deer that are turned into it Irom the
neighbouring hills and torells, whicli are taken oil be-
fore the fpriiigs rife again. 'I'lie lilh that abound here
arc carp, eels, tench, i*^;c. which none mull catch
witliout licenfe Irom the Prince Mekenburgh, who is
loril of the manor, till the water retires i and then the
pcalants catcii great numbers, by laving their nets orer
No.. 7i.
C. V. 11 M A K r. M P I R ¥..
79,1
the hole!!. The adjacem inhabitants fay, the lake coi>-
llantly obfervcs tlmi courfe, but can give no rcalon tor
this llrangc pluiTionunon.
l.aas lies near this kike, with a callle, on the river
Hoick, tiiat runs into it 10 miles louih-eall Irom
C/irnltz, and is noted for a breed of well-lliapeJ
horrcs, though not fo jjood for lervice as thole bred in
Karllia.
U|)per I.aubach, on the fanic river, is coiifider.ibic
liir being a mart lor Italian goods, which are brought
hither in great ipiantities over the mountains from
(joit/:, and lent to all parts ot Germany.
The province of W'indilchmark, in Latin Vindoruin
Marelii.i, lies in the fouth-ealt corner of this ihichy.
Some reckon it a Sclav oniaii principality, and lubjett
to the imperor, and not apart ot C^arniola, to whicli
it adjoins. Though it is a innuiitainous barren enun-
try, I I'jii cially towards the foutli, it produces corn .mil
exeeltcut white wine. Its iiihabit.ints are thought to
be ;: branch of the V'encdi. Their language is a mix-
ture ol the Sclavonic and German, and their leligion
Koinan Gatholic.
Meiling, or Motling, the chief town of the Win-
dilihin.irk, Hands in a pleafant Iruitlul country, on the
liver C'lilp, and the frontier of Groatia. '1 he chief
tr.ide ol its inhabitants islattening fwine, in two neigh-
bouring woods of cheliiuts and oaks. This town lies
lull in the road from Laubach to Croatia. The wooil
thiou);h which it leads is rough and Itony, but the relt
ol the country is pleafant and fruitful. In the year
14,'ji this town was fuprifed by the Turks, and molt of
the inh.ibliant.i inaila( red ; and in 157S it was again
llorined and plundered by thofc iatidels. There is ,1
lioul'i- heic ot the Teutonic order.
Kuudphlworth, Rudelfwcrd, or Newfladt, which
llau.is on the river ( airck, it is f.iid to have been a Ro-
man ei'lnny, but fubdu V the Goths-, whufe kiiig,
Diet •ricii, reiided here. It is a well-fortilied town,
anil tamiHis tor the bell wine in thole i)arts. About 14J5
it Was beliegcii by Albert of Aullria, and Ulrich, count
ot Cilli ; but the troops of the emperor Sigif.nund
obliged them to raile the lii'ge ; and he granted the
town great privileges for its l)rave oppolition. It has
an abbey, a convent of llecollects, and hot baths, at
liHir miles dillance, much inquented by foreigners.
Newllaiit is the name coniiiionl) given to the town, and
Kudolphfwortii to the abbey.
Gortz, or Goritz, is an ancient town on the river
Lo/.ono, in Goritia, fituated in the middle of a wood,
and by fome thought to have been the ancient No-
rieia, or Noreia, near which Dictericli, king of the
Godis, defeated Odoacer, king of the Ileruli. The
Old, or I'pper Town, was taken in 1507, by the
Vdietiaiis, who tortilied it, but regained bv the em])e-
rcn- Maximilian I. two years after; and in if)i6,
they again attempted to furprize it, but were forced to
retreat.
The .Sclavonian tongue, which is fpoken in thefe jiro-
vinces, reaches no farther well than this town, where
the cnmmon people Ijicak a corrupt Latin, more like
l''rinch than Italian; but, in the courts ol judicature,
iliey fpeak Iligli Dutch, as do alio the gentry. It is
the refidence of the governor, and other pcrfons of
ijiuility. 'J'lie inhabitants pretend it is a dillinCl pro-
vince, and that their ancellors were a colony of Ger-
mans brougnt hither from Swabia. Ho ever, it is
deemed a part of Carniola. The river on which the
toun Hands falls into the Guljih of Xenice. The lower
part of it is quite open, and has a college, a convent of
rr.ineifeans, another of Ca]nichins, ami fomc very line
houies. The towii-houfe, where the dates of the county
meet, is not la--ge, but well built. In the Upper
Town, which is called the I'ortrtfs, there is a good
guard. Appeals are made from the courts here to the
regency ol Aullria. The road from hence to Laubacli
is very flony. The county or dillricl of Goricia, of
which this town is the capital, is 35 miles long, and ij
broad, and has line vineyards. It had formerly its par-
9 P ' ticulir
i
m'
bif
ro*
A NTW Ar;r> AriMFXTIC SVSTF.M or VNIVFUSAI. OF.OOIIAIMIV,
liiuhir count*, tlir lir.iiicli <it' wliiv-!i W\w, f\u\w\, tlu Iutc, li;is been to li lul loim' lliips ainonj^ tlif Arclii|
riujurnr KruKriik IV. took pollt ilioii nl it in 14
l>> ili;it'it IkIom};s to tlii' luv.ilc ot Aiilhia.
I.ij;() lIl.uiiN, liciiii wiifiicc tlitv l)iii)j; l).uk wiiits, t'lit.
ton ).iin, Iriiit'f, anJ |i»:nt lilk, };ri)^rain-yarn, canuU
Siilliiiliiirp is a market town ol note, on the banks ot liair, i^e. lint die elm 1 luislorimie wliieli the Aull
the (Jurek, which liipplies it witli plenty ot lilh, p.irti- ans labourcil uiulcr in earryini on the great traile pru-
Ciilarlv the bi ll eray lilh in the eouiitry. It is Uibjcct polcil Uur.w this jiort, was, tl at they liail no (unj of
to tlie eoinits of Avi rlpertj. j.'ooil* lor ejtj'ortation, ciiiier 'ir ihi ir puuhieu or 111,1.
l.aiuillratie is a llroni,' town, ahiioll ciu oinpalled liy niitiilUires ; the onlv artieic they eoiilil r.xpoit, cl ;iiiy
t!ie
(;
It h
■nils aiu
1 vMli,
I hie!
iiiiklieUoii over tiie inijjhbourin;^' v.ihie, b^liij; thf wroii;;ht iron iraile in l^aiiiitl
1 were lorinerlv a w;l<hrii'ls tor Stiria,
dt'
le ailKuent eniinfries
tb
iiulecil.
t
lever.i! Urines, but ot' late ;i;',(S well iiiliabiteil; the RriMt lerviee to the N'ciieii.ins, beeaut'e they iiavc ii'i
vali.es luvin,' been eonvertc J into nieailo'vs aiul pal" iron works near them. 1 he Vinetians l.avc a navi.
tiirage, by a eoni|vin;' ot Wal.iehians, tliat liiiltil I.ere ' ;;arioii alio thr'niph Stiria by the river Miihr, to tin:
Iv the name ol (''ioken, who are of the (ireek elinrcli, i I'amilie, and fo to N ienna } anil thev have the like iit
jiav the emperor I'otiibutr. but own him tor lim
(
unJ,
by the jjreat river Save, wliieli ri
iijion ocealioii, turnilh utm with men in pinpor- | Croatia aiul
ibe
\U
I'rom iliel'e ('oiir.tiii's the \'i
tion to rlieir number
nrri iiii reeeive a j.'vcat (inantity ot lar";( black ci'.tile,
Rciliut/. is a noted town on the borders of Cr.nicila, \ili:e'.i ure boiiijht. lean, Iroiii Lri'.itla, '.iiid then bronylii
near t!)e '/irniektr See, biin,.; tlu: ehiel ol a b;iruny il.iwn to t!ic ta't martlivt ot Vt iiier, and led tliere irl
ol the l.imc name bilou^^int; to the tainily ot Tn^ler, ifi'.y are fit. Some al'.o are bou".lit at tlu- Icveral tiin
and the place where the Imperial traiiiei! iands ot tlii-; on the troiitifrs ol f.irinihi > ; and they allbrj the bnl
county niuller. 'i'he Turki. burnt molt of it dov.N i.i beet, wiien ted in the vieii la
,U
iimls ot l.omli.irilv, tli.it i*
I4S>-
to h<: loimil in that part of the world.
(bidi
The province of Knrtlia i rc-koned a pr^t of the '1 he Mrian liottom is dtnated bctwci-ii Carnidla and
V ol (!arii
uil, bttwixt whieh
ill
thoilnh
'll
It tiTini.rly bel
It i
ri-
I'la it lies.
d to K
lii'rdula,
ahnolf eiieo'iipalled with the rivtrs Allien and l.iloii/.o,
rd
tiie eiuiiiyot (!oit^. 'J'li.- iiaiiw Isilcru.d trom Mria,
roval ma;Ue! town, which ii imineiii.iti ly f d'levi 10
tlie
Aurtr
-ehainbcr (irat/
d 1;
es 111 a ilieii
Huit ;« miles Ion
j;, and i-> broad, and remarkable lor vi'lleN, amiilll liieji moimtains, on the fmill river biria.
u breed of j;o()J iiorl'e», which arc bou'^ht u;i by moll 'I'his town is di teikled by a eallle, and etlehrateil tor
of the Italian iiobHit\
t was dilmembered from ijuicklilver mines.
Til
it--,
e common tort ol oulLklilvci \i
Iriuli in 15CC, and is divided into Up['cr and Lower ' txtrici.d tron\ the ore bv means of lire 1 but the vir;;iu
Karltla. i (inlckiilv er is tt>undin luiincrous tiiiall dri>p:', or trieklen
In thi^ province is the lanion< river 'riini\ii<, men- thro.i.'l, the V'^in. of the mountains, Malelactor!, are
tioncil
■ 'rg":
in the tirll ,*l!neid. it is called at
coiu!e".iiu-i:
I to tilde mines to work tor lite, i\i thib I
.mJ
lirlJ U^cca; and, alter runniiv^ under i.touikI for ct 1 ibour 1. tlie ninll miv. holl'ome that can be.
[ibovc
4D mile^
r
iinavi's, as loon as it biiil-
out
As wi
<i;;ain, and t,.!U into the Gu
III o
f Tnelle bv 1.
aimot jireleiit the reader with a more .lecu-
Trieftc, the chief t(
if
all I rate deleription of tliel'e mines, or a nunc pathetic dil-
! pinv ot the miferies of tlmfe who are doomed to toil in
iwn ot t:.is province,
:ai-..!s on
the Adriatic Sea, at tin bottom of a bav, to v.hieli
em.
liaii what arc eontuined in two
ll and
lett
IV a learneil aiul iiiu'emous traveller, o
f th
ers, wriitiii
e name <.'.
.f;ivc^ name,
It
the ru.us ot tlie
w:'.s a Koir.an eolonv
d built !rom b.v.raid, wc iiili.rt them without iart'
.uieien
t T
cr'relluiu o
f tiie Car
.ipolo^y.
ni ins
tiie rums ol which are I
to
be f
een on on a iiei:;ii-
bcuring mountain. It is a linail but llroni; and pn
1. r. T T j: 11 I.
luious niacc, with a Inrcre I
rgc
uuD'iur, t:ie only one
th,
1
lioule of Aultria has in tins country. It is alio a l>iltio])'s
lee, under the patriarch of A(]uile;a. The \'enetians
leized it in tiic be;.;iiiiiiii^' ot the 13th century, 011 ac-
count ol the plr.icy ol the inhablunts j but Ma\linilian
I. took it Irom the Venetians, A. D, ly.'.j, and his
lucctllurs have been in pofieilion of it ever lince.
V- -at (juantities ol filt are made here and exported j
a' ' the nei^'lihourinn; country jjrodiice., j:ood wine,
T,iere is a line towii-lioufe in the middle ol' a large
I ;uarc, near the port, where are two beauiiliil (lone
pillars; one with the iinaj^i' of the Vir(;i!i M.iry upon
it, and tlie other with that ol tlie emperor. Here are
a cathedral, a colh-i^e, and a churrh. 'I'he town is
\vell built ; and the rucks run into the k'a here in the
l.nni ol moles, which bre.ik tlic waves, and render it
lale riding, even tor fiiips <t burden, \\hen in ]Hirt ;
but it ii only freiiuentcd by finall veil'els, jnll to crof;
ov-,r to \'ei:ice: thouf;li the emijeror Charles \ [. who
bad no other lea port in his hereditary dominions before
tlic treaty ol peace at Radadt, which threw Italy, '^i-
tily, and the Spiniiii KetherlaiuK, into his hands,
made this a Iree port, and gave great encouragement
to the thlp^ and inerclinnts of all nations to come to it,
defigi.ing to make it the center of the Audrian com-
merce in thi> jian of the world : but the merchants of
T'rielle nut having a flock, the Venetians thcmfelves
came among tlnin, and carried on tliat very trade for
them, by which they were fo languiiie at one time, as
to think ot fujjplanting evi n \'eniie ill'.li : fur trom
" AI" I'F.R p, '^ing through fevcral parts of thf Alps
this port the Venetian mereliants llruck into a
commerce, Uy the river Save to I>el;;rai!e, and
new
rom
and having vilitcil ijermany, I tliouglit i coulil not n--
turn home without vililing the (juickl'lver mines at hlri.i,
and feeing thoi's dreadful fubtcrr.meous caverns, where
thonlands are erndenmcd to relide, Ihut out fiom all
hopes of ever teeing the ihearkil light ot the fun, and
obliged to toil out a milerable 11..; uiuier the whi|is ot
im| erious fa'k mailers. Imagine to ymirttll aholeiii
the fide of a mountain, about live yards over: down
this you are let, in a kind ot bucket, morf tiian io:>
l.ithom, the prol'i)e;.t growing (till more gloomy, yet
Hill widening as vou de Lend. At length, after Iwing-
ing in terrible lulpenre lor loine time in diis jireearious
fitu.ition, you tlun reaeii the bottom, i.iul triad on the
;■ round, whieii, by its hoil.iwi'd found under y<Hir teet,
and tlie reveibi rations of the echo, leeins tlinn-.lerin'.;-
at every Hep you take. In this gloom}' and Irightlul
folitude, you are cnlighteiud by the leeble gleam ol
lamps, lure and there difperfcd, ti) as that the wretched
inhabitants of thefe manlions can go from one place to
anotlier wiihuut a guide ; and ye' let me allure you,
tiiat though thev, by ciiltom, could fee ob|ecls very
didindly by thefe light.s I could fcarce dilcern, for
tome time, any thing, not even the perfon who came
with me to Ihew me thefe fcenes of horror.
" b'rom this dei'eription, I fu]>pole, you have but a
dilagreeable idea of the jilace ; yet let me all'ur<; you
tliat it is a jialace, if we compare the habitation with
the inhabitants : Inch w retches my eyes never yet be-
held, 'I'he blaeknefs of their vilii;';es only ferves to
cover an horrid palcnefs, cauled by the noxious ciuali-
lies of the mineral they are emj.loyed in jiroeuring. As
thence to Sinopc in the Black Sea; and likewife to i they in general conlill of malefactors coiulemncd tor
Conilaiitinoplc. Tlic molt tl e Ccrnuuh have yet done !' jlfy to this talk, they arc led at the public cxpence ;
but
i
i
jcr Wlll.e,
■was cii.m
l.ihour in
iiioii, a tl
'• A.i
young wi!
h) be boi
this plact
• vcn in tl
<liaiins li
This lad'
himihi's
procure
lefol^ed I
tllem
inaiilioi
ivitii liii
lies ot
tit (>puh
licr uui
" V.
much I
the dci
in it, w
in.miioi
i,i ili'o
:itii.->tiii
Jiad. w 1'
to the ll
.lb u;,s
liiiid.
I'lie;,,!;
them I
brother
mate fr
eaiiu' w
the l;iii
who w .1
with a
abode,
<if the 1
hupollil
grlel-w,
eiiuitioi
lier hul
" So
pcaraiic
IV.
iiionj^ tlie Arclilpc
j; I>;iik wiiR's, i\it.
ii;r;iin-yarn, i.iimU
uhicli tlif Aullri^
Ik I'ltMt traili' ))ri).
V llilil no tuilj dt'
ir pimlllti; or iiil-
n!il •..\|i(iit, 111 -.my
,u!>' ill ('.iiiiitlii,.,
\]u li, iiuK c.l, i-i 1 I'
Ull'c tllCy luVC llrl
•liaiis I. live ;\ liav'i-
rivir Muhr, ti» tin:
i-v havr till- like ill
wliii'li runs ii,'(>
c t'lUli'.tlirs tllc \\-
l,ir^( Muck CiMtlc,
.1, 'ii.! tln'ii bronylit
in.i |.\l ilit-rc lii
t at t!; • Itvcra! I lin
tiu-y allorJ tin- h'lt
r.uinh.uJy, that \i
!J.
tuciii rami. l:i aiul
s ili:ru . il Ivom Mna,
r.nccilati ly I ;!'H'-. i lo
:, auil lii i ill a li'i-p
i1k tin, '.11 riviT Klria.
anil ciU'liratcil tor it-;
I liirt oliiuiiklilvcr is
t Inc i but tlic viii'/iu
nail tlrci''', or trickles
in>i. Malclaclors arc
l>)r life, a> thib kind
lat can be.
cr witli ;i more accu-
r a nunc pathetic ihl-
arc iloonitil to toil in
n two h'tters, writtin
:iler, ot the name it
lart'.icr ap..loi;y.
I I.
era! parts of tlif Al|«,
:ou;:iit 1 ciiulil not rc-
cUlilvcr mines at Ulria,
iiu'ous caverns, where
rule, Unit oni Ironi all
I lif;ht of the I'un, aiul
.; unikr the whii^ ot
e to yiHirlcU a hole in
ive yarils over : iknui
iicket, more than io.>
till more gloomy, yet
At len'.!;th, alter Iwinj;-
limt; in 'his precarion-;
ttom, •..;'.J tread on tlie
jiunul uiuler yonr feet,
cho, kerns thnnderini;
f^loomy and trighthil
ly the tecblc gleam ol'
lo as that the wretched
n go from one place to
^er let mc allure you,
conlil fee ob|ecls very
lid Icarre dilcern, tor
the |iirlon who caini:
of horror.
ppoli-, you Invc but a
vet let mc allure you
lare tlie habitation witli
my eyes never yet bc-
vi!a;!;es only ferves to
1 h',' the noxious (juali-
oyed in jirocuring. As
:facl:ors condemned tor
at the public expence ;
but
nmoiM-.] G I. U M A N
but feldoiii ronfump much provifinn, as t'u y Inic llieir i|
ap)Kiite.s in a lii irt iinii', aiiil cominonly' in .diont two |
^cJM c\|Mu , tlnoui',h a tiit.il contraitioii ul all the joints '
«it' the body.
*' III (In., Iiorrid iiunlioii I walki'tl :ilier my guiilc
for I'l. lilt time, i>o!u!criiij; on the ilr.iiige tyranny and
tivarice ol mai kiiul, when I was aecoltcd by u voice
btliind me, ciUiii)' me by my n.itne, and ciupiiiiiig
alter mv iiciltii with the moll cordi.d .idectioii. 1
Uirntd, anil l.iw a tiiMtmc all black and hiUous, who
iijiproached II f, aiiil with a piteous aeeent ilcmandiii;:;,
'• Ah, I'.vcraril, do you not know nier" liood (iml'
vliatwas my lurprile, when throuj'.li thevk.il ol tins
\vretehiiliiel>, I liilcivered the leatnr' , ol a ilcar and
tild i'liciui. I lieu to him with allcvlrjii; ami alter a |
icir ol coii.lolei ee, aikcd lio.v he tame tliere. 'I'o ,;
1,11, he 1. 1 h d, ili.it h.ivmg lought a duel with an olli-
tcr ol til' Auilrian iiilan'i), ag.iiiilt the emperor's
4;oin:;!.ni.!, an I h..s;iif; le.'t iiiiu lor dead, he u.is
• ilil, ,1 d I.) l!) into llie lorelN ot lllria, where he v..is
ln;i I US' II, and allerwaid, llicltered by lone baiuliili,
who ! .1.1 hull, inleilcd that iju.irter. With tin. 'j he
hved nine monili.s, till, by a tlofe iiivtiliture of the
jdaee, in wliiili they wen; concealed ; and alter u very ;
obllin.it.' reliiianee, in which the gre.iter part ol them i!
werekiiiid, he was taken and e.inicd to Vienna, in j
c.rder to be brokm .dive upon the wheel. llow.^ver,
upon arriving at the capit.il, he was tiuiekly known;
and leveral ot the alkiciates ot his lu'cul.ition and il.m
J er will eilmj; hi,> iimoc>.nce, his pimilhinelit ol the rack ■
^vas cli.in '.ed into that ol perpetual banillimeiit and
l.i'jo".r in the mines of Iilri.i- a i'eiitcnce, in my o[n-
iiioii, a tiioul.md tiini'K worle than death. \
'• A.) my old trieiid was giving me thi-s account, a ;
Vonn.T woman came up to him, who at once I perceived
i.i lie bom Ivir better lortune : the dreadful lituati.in oj
this placti was not able to deHroy her beauty ; and
«-vcii in tliis keneof v\ reteliediiefs, die feeiaed to iiave
<harms fulheient to grace the mod brilliant alleinbly. I
'Ihisladv, \Mi5, ill lad, daughter to one of the lird i
lamihes in (lerm:my ; and having trleil every ii'.eaiis to '
j'rocure In r hnlliand's p.irdon without elled, was at lall ,
K lidded to Ihare his mileiie^, as llie could not relieve '
t!iem. With him the accordingly delceiided into thele I
iiianlioiiN, Iro n \,!ieiiec lew of the living return j and \
ivitii liiiii the is contented to live, lorgetting tiie gaie- ;
tics ol life, and wi:li hiiii to toil, Jclpifmg the fpkiidor '
ut oM\iKnce, and lonienttd \\iili llie coiilcioufiiels ol ,
licr own conil.moy. |
I. K T '{• T, R II.
" MY lall to you wa.i e\preiiive, and, pcrliap'!, too i
inueh fo, of the gloomy litii.itioii of my mind. 1 own, !
the deplorable filualion ol the worthy man del'eri',)ed
in it, was enough to adil double Icveritv to the hideous
iiMUiion. At prelciu, however, I have the ha|i]iinels
«.i in'orm.ir., you, tli.it I was u fpecl.itor ot the moll
;ilii.\tiiig leenes 1 ever yet beheld. Nine days alter I :
Jiad wniii ;i tnv lafl, a perldii came poll trom \ ieiina, ,
toihe iitde vi'iage near to the mouth of the great llialt. ]
.1 !■ uas 11. 11 alter lollowed by a feeond, and he by a j
I'.iii.l. d'lie liril emiuiry was after my nidortuiiate '
j'l.eii.li an.i i happening to overhear tlu; demand, gave
them the tint iiitelligenee. 'I'wo of the'.j were the '
brother and coulm of the ladv : the tiiird was an inti-
m.ire trleiid aiiil teilowioldier to my tiiend. 1 hey
came wiili his pardon, whicli iiad been procured b)
the genei.d, with whom the duel had been fought, and
who was pertedly cured of his wounds. I led him,
with all the expcilition (d joy, down to this dreary
abode, prelented to him hislriends, and inlormed him .
of the h.ippy change id his cireumltanees. It w-.nild be
impollihle to delcribe the joy that brightened upon his :
griei-wom countenance; nor was the young lady's '
emotions lels vivid at feeing her Iriends, and hearing of j
lier hulband's liberty. i
" Some hours were employed in mending the ap- ;
pcaranccot this faithful couple; nor could I, without
r M I' I 11 r.
7'i5
a te.ir, Iichokl my frieml takinr; lenvf of the foriiur
wittilud comp.mi'iiis ot his toil. 1 o one he lelt hill
m.itiock, to another his workiiig rlothes, to a thinl
Ilil. houlliold uKuliU, lucti as were lu'ced'urv (oi him in
that lituation. We loon emerged from ihc mine, wneru
lie < nee again revllittd the light of the luii, (hat lie
had tot.dly di IpaircJ of ever licmg again. .'\ pidl-
I liaile and lour were ready the m .\t moriiing to lake
them to V ieiinu, wiiere, 1 am Imee iidornn d bv a Utter
Irom liimlell, they are returned, I he empiror ban
again t.d;eii him into t.ivour, his lortiim. and r.iiik sue
rellorcd, and h>' ami his tair putiu r have iio.\ tliu
plealiiig l.itislactioii of lei ling lii.p.pmcls with ilouble rt-
iilli, as tliey once knew what it was to be mili r.ible."
'I'hc county of 'I'irol is partly level and partly moun-
tainous : the |!l,iciii ot the loriiicr are Itrtile, and tliuiie
of tile la'.ter covcrcvl with woods, abounding in game,
and rich in mines, I he nuii are ri.luiU, tin- \wimeii
l.iir; and both, in their th.iracUrs, have a mi.^ture ot
the (ieu:i m ar.il itali.in.
A p.irt.cular kiiul ol f.dmation is iifeil all over T iii.I.
When a perfoii comes into a licuile, he fa\ s, " llail !•
jel'us Chrill." 'I'lie atifwcr is, " May C'hrllt lv. prailed,
and the Holy \ irgin Uis inoilur." '1'' en the mailer
of the lioule take.s the vilitor bv the liami. This I'a-
lutation is li.sed up in print at all the dtiors, v'nh an
advev.ileineiit tacked to it, importing, that pope Cle-
ment Xl.granteil too days mdtilgeiice, and a plenary
abl'oluti Ml to tliofe who lliould pronounce the l.ilutatioii
and anfi.er.
The emperor has forts aiu! ehadels to advaiitngeoufly
lituatcil on rreks and inoimtaiiis all over tlu- county,
that the' e-nnnui.d all the v.iHies, averues, and palles
that lead into it. The inhabitants, however, (to keep
tliein in good humour) are more gently treated, and
not fo hi;;li'v ta\.'d, as thole of the othc r hereilitary
countries. As to the I'tates, tin y are mueh the lame in
this countv as in the other Aiiilri.m tcriitories, except
that the pealimts li-re lend depuues to the iliets. 'i'irol
came to the houle ot .\ullria in the year • j6j, when
Margaret, countefs thereof, bciiueathed it to her un-
cles the ilukes of .'\utlria. 'J he arms ol 'I'irol are an
eagle gules, in a field iirgent. llelides the governor,
here arc three kn-ereign colleges, fubordin.ite to the
court at \'ieima, which lit at l;.l'pruek on the Inn, the
capital of the county, lita.iteil ::.^ iiiiies wed ot Vienna.
The city is hiiall but elegant ; the luburbs arc large,
and the \\liole is plealant. it contains leveral hand-
ihvM: ehurehes, convents, niarketphces, fountains, and
palaces, is the retidence of the governor, and feat ot
the colleges. The eadle is large, but not regular;
convenient, but not beautiinl. It i,^ adorned with many
line paintings, a cabiiut of euriolities, groves, gardens,
and walks that lead Irom it to live dilterent churclies.
Adjoining to it is a wooden palace, whither tlie court
ufed to rctiic when an eartlK|u<i'.>e happened, to whicli
the city, by biing ihut up among fo many mountains,
is tre.juentlv fubjed.
The tortilications are not extraordinary ; but, about
a mile otF, is the (Iroilg callle of Amras, or Ambras,
which commands the town. In the I'raneilean churcli
is a r.oble moiuimcnt, erected by Ferdinand I. to his
grand-father Maximilian ; ami a chancel, called tlio
lilver clianecl, beeaiile there is an image ot the Virgin
ol I'olid lilver, as l.irgc as the life, in the miihlle of tlic
altar, together with many other images of faints, all of
the fame metal. In this city Chriirma, queen of Swe-
de , (irll abjured the Proteliant religion in 1655 ; and,
ill 171 g, the priuccfs Sobietki was detained here by the
I emperor's orders, when llic was going to Italy to be
married to the I'letender. I lowever, llie 'boii made
her el'eape, and was marviei! to him.
I lall, wlndi ttands a league north-eai't of lri(i)mek,
' on the Inn, and is reckoned the feeond city in 'Iiri>l, is
fauunis for its falt-works, there being, in this neigh-
bourhood, a falt-mine, out of which large blocks of
fait are dug, and thrown into pits tilled with trefli
' water; from whence the I'alt, when melted, is convey-
ed
I
' I'l I
Ml
Ml.
fi 1
A NEW AND AUTHENTIC SYS'ITM oi UNTVFUSAl. rir.OCRAPIlY.
'■ -u
r!'i Mp
cd by wooden troughs to ll;ill, ami tlu-rc boilal in
hu^e pans or citlern.s. A j^rcat iuhhIkt ot [icalaiHs arc
contiiiiiallv fiiiploycd in fclliiip; trees in tiie woods ul
fir, with wl.icii the double range ol' mountains alt m;^'
tlie Inn are covered. Thele being rolled down Irom
the mountains into the river, are eonveyeil bv it to
Inlpruek. and Hall. Here i;; a mint, which, with the
fait worlds, mines, i^c. render this a very llourilhing
place.
Ambras, or Amras, a (Irong ealile, lies about one
mile and a halt' call of the city. The name was derived
from the dclign ot' it, which was a (liady lummer-
houfe. It is pleal'anily litu..ted at the end ol' a tine
park, over-looking the river Inn ; but •■• oulJ hardly he
vilit.'il bv travclltrs, were it not lor its curi<iruiis; the
apartments containing hiile ir.ore than the bare walls ;
thnugh they were I'umptuoufly fitted up I'ortnerly for
the archdukes of Aulhia, who ul'ed to fpend their
fummcrs here, as iluy did their winters at Inlpruck.
Ambras is adorned with fucii a number of (latues, and
fuch an infinite quantity ot medals, &c. tliat, in i(h i,
a large bock was printed with an account ot them.
Belidcs the inimcnie treal'ure in gold and prccion^
jione,-, the feveral jirinces, ranged on horleback in all
their rich old tilting accoutrements, aiid a tlioulaiul
other remarkabie things, liere are tlie armour ot (.'hark s
XI. king of I'Vance, and the llatue of Krancis I. on
horfcb-ick, in plailter-work, exacfly reprefeiiiing him
in his arm.iiir, and his horle in his trappings, juli: as lie
was tal^en ai tiie battle of I'avia. Here i.« likewilc the
armour ot feveral einpero's, kings, and prmees ; with
'he picture of each prmcc, drawn to the hie, jull liy it.
In lluirt, here are abundance ot Ipoils and trophies
taken in tome of the moll important victories obtained
by tlie houle of Aullria tor j or 4C0 ycnrs palt ; par-
ticularly the ctligies of two Turkilh balhaws on Iiorfe-
back, witli the colllv habits and harnelfes in whicli
th.ey were taken, embellillicd with gold, tiUer, and
])rccious Itones. One very extraordinary pluviiomeiu'n
among the collection ot rarities, is the trunk ot an oak
encloling the entire body of a deer, whieli I'hilofophers
t'uppole to iuve perilhed in the tnou j and that, being
brought down, upon a thaw, by a torrent from the
neighbouring hills, and covered with mud, it was there
tirit enclofed by the roots, which, as the tree grew,
torced it by degrees up into the trunk. Noah's rain-
bow is lo admirably ])ainted on one ot tlu' cielings,
that the great duke ol Tufcanv olfered 100, ceo crowns
tor it. Here is alio a good library, and a gallery lull
of bufts. The chatclian, or keeper ot this cattle, who
is generally tome invalid, comes purpo.ely Irdiii Jn-
fpruck to flicw the apartments to ttrangers ; and when
he does it, is always attended with a Itrong )',uaid, ami
expects a iuitable rewani lor liis trouble.
At a little dilbiiice lr(5ni tlu- town, on the limth fide,
is the iaiuous inonaiiery ot W'iltheim, where the monks
pretmd to have the bodv of their founder I layinon, a
gigantic prince, 12 teet and a hall higli, wh.o, they lav,
killed a monltrous dragon, which threw down a^ much
of his monafiery by night as his men built by day.
Th.cre is a pillar before its gates, with an iiilcriptiim,
importing, that the road from Italy towards .Xugliiurg-
lay acrofs the field where this nioii;iltiry flaiuls ; and
that it was ripaireil for near ico miles together, in the
tinieot the emperor .Septimius .Severus.
i'lrol, from whence this country lias its denomina-
tion, is only ninarkabk' Itv, its I'ltuation in a plealaiit
valley, and lU ancient cadi .
'I'lic margravate ol Burgau, between the Danube
and l.cch, with the city ol the fame name, and land-
gravate ol N< Ih nbeig, and the county of Iluhuibcrg,
all belong lo the lionle ot Aulbi.i.
Tile terriiory ol llritgaw, which eaiix to the houfc
ol Aulliia by purcliaf;, in 13')", contains
hriburg, on the Treilam, which was lorinerly very
(Irong, and had Hood many fiegcs; but its fortiheations
were demoliflied by the French in 1745. I'he town
is large, populous, and wtalthy, liavinu- im uinverlitv,
a follege, ar.d feveral eloillers. '1 lie l.ii Idaric here
are lamous lor polilhing the granites, jafpers, ami otlur
]irecious llones, that arc found in i.orrain and tlu;
luighbi'uring countries. 'J he tower of the great
church is lo high, and lii curioully carved and cou-
llriicted, that there is nothin;; ot tl'.at kind in (leniiany
to he compared to i;, except that ol Strallnir;.']!.
Hril.ick, called Old Ihif.ick, to diliinguilli it frcMiv
tl;c New, (which was built and llrongly lortilied bv the
French, on the other tide the Rhine, in Allace,) cauu
to the houle of Aullria by mortgage, and was once an
Imperial city, it was reckoned \ery llroiig iiiuil 1741,
when its fortifications were ra>;ed bv irder of the ijuceii
, ot Hungary.
Neuberg, on the Ilhine, was formerlv an imperial
town, but in tl'.c i.jth century, fell uiufjr the doii.inion
ol the lioufe of .\ultria.
i The abbey of St. Blal'e, wliofe abbot, in i/.y;, w,;j
made a jirince ot the empire, is alfo he;ov!ii.uy p.rch-
aulie-chaplaiii of the Ik.uI'c of Aullria, in ihc iiutrior
, Aullrian countries; but lub'cct, in fpiritiials, to li;e
bifhop of Coiilluue.
'I he lour torcit towns are lllieinleiilen, Secklngen,
I.aufeidnirg, and Waldlhut. 'Fh.e iirlt is tl;eca|)ital cf
a county, and was once a free Imperial city ; t)ut was
mortgaged, in 1 41 3, bv tlie emperor L.-wis of Bavaria,
to the dukes ol Aullria. Hard by is the village of Kai-
lars-AugU, on the Ilhine, where anciently itood the
Augulhi llaiir.ieorum. The fecond is a linall tow ;i, and
lieid ill lee d its abbefs. The tlrrd is tiie e,;pital ol an
ancient countv, well lortiJied, and feated on both lide^
i the Ilhine. It is held as a fief of the foundation ( i
I Seckingen, aiul came to ilie houle ot .Aultria m i.;- ',
I wiicn tile line of the con;. ts of Habiinirg- Laulei.bur:,
became extinct. 'I'he fourth is a linall but llrung row ■,
beinjc, as its CJerninii name import', a kev to tiu, !'.!.uk
, I'oreii. It was built and lortilied lu 1:49, by Albert,
count of'Habllnirg, who graiueil it leveral [)rivileg;e';.
'J he landoavate ol Oiteiiaii belon;:,s j arlly to the
lioul'e ol Auiiria, aiul partly t^) the immcdi.itc impuial
, knigli(ho(Hi o! tlie circuit of the Ortenuu.
! The billiopric ol lirixen i':45 miles lin.;, ^.o I;rr,ad,
' and, thougli fituated ain,ong the Alps, is trmthil. 'I:.e
' wine here is excellent. 'I'he lulliop is a ]irinee of the
; empire, and the chapter conlills ol iS canons, ol whicii
' nine an- noble,
I Ikixen, the capital, is only a puft llagc from the
[ territories ot \'eiiice. It contains an ejiii'-opal jialace,
I a calile, two convents, a c athedral, two other cluircl.ts,
; feveral l'(]uares, many Iiaiullome houlcs, painted 011 the
I outfide, ^c. Mount llrinner, in 'he viciuitv', is ^nl
■ tiv.ued to the very top, where there is a poll-hou.e,
I tavern and chapel.
'I'he billiopric "l Trent lies among tlie Aljis touth
' from '1 irol, north and weft from the dominions ol
j Venice, and call from ihnre of the (irilons. it is near
! f'lo miles Irom call t() writ, and 40, where hr<xu', li, tinu*
I liuitli to north. .Some make it a part of ltal\ , but the
bilhop of Trent, having l)een a prince of the empire
. lincc I'Vrdinand II. the Germans reclion it in tliecircli:
I of Aullria. I'he river /\dige runs through it h mi iiortli
I to louth, receiving feveral final! rivers, iliat lile in liu:
mountains on eai i; lulenf it. Its foil ]iroducts a good
pale rid wine, oil, liiiii, and pallure; but not nuich
corn. The ancieiK inhabitants were the Tridentini ot
' I'lim . The eoinnii 1 languages ot the prelcnt arc the
I (niiiian and It.ilian. I hough the lioule ot Aultii.i were
the teinpor.il Iovit( i' ii.i and owners ol tlu comity, yet
I ihey providtil li.indloiiiely for the hi mop, \,lio h.i-; ,1 (dii-
■ liderable revenue, not only IrcMii the city ot Tui.t, but
I Riva, JJolx.ino, l',o\( redo, i'vc. I !e is fuliVagan to
I the arclibilhop ot Salt/biirg; Imt, htfoic tlie tnaty
ol Munller, he was lulir.'gan to the p;itriareh of Aqui-
j ieia, whole i)iiliop, Herm.igoras was tlie founder ol
i the lee, A. I), yj. When the billiop dici, tlu- em-
peror fends a g/ivernor, wiio prefules lifl another ii
\ cliolcn by thcclia|)tci-, which is compnled of 18 canon-,
! v.iio always cliul'e the bilhop out .u their body. '1 his
diocite
1. i,
\-' . Ii
'■■■■■;.
ti.ii,, >
;!)k; !■,;;
■J ii,' I i.
ol II.
rciigi .^
try 1.1. ■
mi!><-, I
'111.
in leii; >:
taiiiou
IIY.
I he Iniidaric! here
es, jafpcrti, and olh, r
ill ■i.on.iiii iiiid tlio
tower vi tht; gn.;;:
illy carved and lou-
l;at kind in (k-rnuiiiy
)t .Stralhiir;!h.
II ihliiiit,".rilh it tV(nu
(Migly tcirtiiitd by t!ic
iiu-, ill All'acc,) cair.j
ngc, and was once an
•ry llrcn;^ until 174 i,
bv I'.rdcr ol tlie i;ui.eii
lurnurlv an iiiincrial
II unilcr llic doii.inioii
al'bot, in r;.',7, was
alio liiiwiilaiy arch-
.uliria, in the iiucriov
, in Ipiritiiai.i, to li.i;
finlc'idi'ii, Sfckin'^i"!,
;c iirll is rl:c capitai I'l
miK-rial cuy ; but was
;ror l..-\\ii ot IJavaiia,
ly is the villa;rc i>t' Kai-
c ar.cicp.tly itood t'u;
id is a iinall town, and
v.d is liic lapitai ol an
lid Itatcd on both lidi.--
ol tlic loundation 1 1
ic ol ;\u!lria in l^o .1,
Habihuri;- l.uuli r.bur.,
Iniall but llroni; tow-,
rt', a key to tuv. I'.la^k.
d in i:4'>, by Albert,
I it Uveral [iriviicL;^.
b(lon-s ] arily t>> tlio
iie iii::iu:diati: inqAiial
l^ricnau.
miles len.;, "lo bvrad,
Alps is trinthil. M i.c
o]i is a ]irinec of tlic
jl I !i canons, ol w-h'.eii
poft ilarje iVoin tl^e
IS an epii'-opai pal;!>:e,
d, two other ehurel.i s,
loules, painted 011 !!,e
in 'he vicinity, is .nl
ere is a polbl.ou e,
inonij the Alps, louih
oni the dominions ol
le (irilons. h is neat
), wiiere broad, il, tioii*
part ol Ital^ , but the
prince ol the empire
reckon it in the cireli;
,, throui'h It ir im north
rivers, liiat lite in liu:
ts Toil products a i;ooil
idure; l)Ut not much
^ere tiie 'I'ridentini ol
ol' the prel'cnt arc the
lioule ot Audi ia were
lers ol tht eoi'.nty, yet
III, Imp, xJio h.i-i a eon-
tlie city ot Tiii.t, but
i le is I'uli'raj^an 10
but, bii'orc tlu* treaty
thi' jiatriareli ot" Anni-
, wp.s the lomulcr ol
liilhnp dies, thi' cm-
|.relides lifl another \<
•omp.ited ol iS cannii',
I ,'1 their body. 1 li^J
diucilc
r.URorr,.]
G F. n M A N F. ^r P I R E.
797
diocefe was iiiucli ci.hirgcd by llic ciiipero,- V'.om-a<le 1).
and eonlirined by liis rucced'ors, who made I'lc count c>; , >
'I'lrol |irotecU)r ol tiie iiilliop, and obli;.;ed hiiu, in e,:!e
of an invalion, to aiiiil him. iieveral princes, both ol
(iennany and ii- ly, jiay homat'e to him lor part ot the
titat'.'.s wliicli til', y hold ol'tl/b lee, p;i tieuhirly the duke
ot Maiitu;; ; and liic emperors, as comus ot Tirol, pay
liim o/,iit- rents, as do many earls and barons. [,
I'rc!',;, the c.ipt.il, ricii'es iis name Iroin three
niomit.nn,-, "r p; 'ks, winch lian"; o\er it, and is lituated ^
on tile river Adi^^je, at the .liltaiice of 235 miles fouth- ;;
well Irani \ ieim 1. '1 lie liii.'h mountains about it ren-
der the air exe.liivc ei.l in winter, and extreiiuly hot
in fiinuner, as v.cM as cxpofe the iown to Irequent in- ''
nund.-.ii.u-. 'rheeily i, Imalhhiii populous, Im rouiKicd |
h\ a V...I;, del, .idctl l>y acalile, ami contains lever.d ■
]>,dice>, iliuuiics, e invents, i.e. Tlie c.ithedral is i
luaiiii.icen;, tne epiic ip.d palace large, and adorned '■
v.it;i liiu I ;'.i.;t';!i,\s. I he elnireh i.t Sr. Mary has an
(•.i\.aii ol a pvoili ioiis li/.e, that imitatis various luulieil
iiiili ument^, tiie liii;^iiij; of many lorrs ol birds, the
ereuii leveial dili'erent Kinds of wild be .ills the founds
ol dunn.-, truinj:ets, Cs.c. The iai,ioiis council, called ;
the Couiied ot 1 rei'.t, was held here.
Iviil, o- llcva, i>;i ihe lake l)e Ciarvla, is famous for
the i\e-lli'it oraM.;;^ and h'liions w hicli grow in the
11, ;u!:bo.i.iM:iJ, i\ ; :; Celebrated iina'_;e of tlie 'virgin,
ain: le.r a coi.l.di ,..' le {: uli. .
■] lie I illi'ipnc "1 linir, or (ilioire, ii governed by a jl
biih p. v.ie, liile.-. hi.nlLil a prinef ol the empire ; and, ]
a.- a ', :h' ; :, . . uiKh. t.. ■ nclihilljop of Went/.. Tliou'.;h ;
h'/ is hhciJ. a Uoiinii Ca'.'iolic, moll: of the inhabitants j
111 ti;e. land.., fu-5|. ct ti) hi,-- trmporal jnrifd'.etivin, aie |
ri.ilelhMis. I ii < I li.ip'er CMiili!is of 24 c,mons,ol wiioiii 1
1,'ii.e ar.: iii l)'e.;. H'l'h ne and they relide on an enu- :
in r.ce ir.ar llie tov.i el ( : ,ir, called riol", where is ,1 •
ip.ieiou-, a'-,,! \vi . ' uilv e '.lo.-. lie lias tiie ri;j,ht ol .
coil!.!;;-, a.i ' ;< pel 11' I .m leveral tine i Hales and lie!s,
11. t ciilv a.iu.,: . -'v.- ^..rh.lll^, ut ill foine l.irei'.Mi couti ■ :
till •■, ;i lir.'l aiiii .". iice. li', *i)re the lelorm.ition, he
li.id ail.) livne juril.l:. IMil over [lie city ot (loin". His I
title nn.s tliu- : '• i5y thej;race ot Cio,', ehxt^d billiop |
ot (.'liu'-, or C'oire, priiKc ot t!ie holy bouiau empire,
ioi'd ut f iirilerdnir;;-, I'u.llenan, i^.;." I'he lee is very !
anci-'Ut ; aiul ,1., p,iu,r, bodi ten p.iral and fpiritual,
jj^loie the ri iorin,cii'>;!, was verv ;.;reat. /\t ]irefent its
(pir,ip,il, or Ip^iritual iuril',lieii,in, extends partly into
tiie hcrediiarv coi;iil.-i ■» 01 tiie luuiic of Aullria, ai.d
p.utlv int.i ,^^vitxell,l!ld.
'liu 'I'eui.mi': ord. r hns two biiliv'icks in the circle
of .\u.hii, on ac ■oiiiit ot wliich it is riekoned a Hate |
thereol, n.enelv, one in the areluliuiiy ot Aullria, and
;mo;iier on the iiile'i, ,; i.l the (lelaii^e in Tirol. |
1 he little li i^^r.iiuy 1 i I'l.ilp, belon;;ii\''; to the |irince \
of Dietriciil'i in, lie,^ v\\ the lior,lei"s ol Tni.l, m the ■
v.i'lev oi r,n;;edei'l. The tinpevor l.eopold made a '
pvci .It 01 it, t''L,> liier v.itli ti.e Innreine jurifdicuiiii, to ]
piii.te i'e.dii, ..;.,: ].'!. pli of Die 1 ricnll<-in, who, on that |
Uv ■!: It, 1.1 if'M :, iil.l.'.i.iCil .1 le.it .iiiil voice in tlic col- ;
ii.^^ ui p..,.,,s at the diet m the empire. . I
excellent cattle and horfes are bred. It aliounds In fait,
copper, lilvcr, lead, iron, lapis calai.iinari-,, marble,
mineral v.atcrs, ^e. The land.s bcloi;;r to the clergy, as
lure are not any nobles; but the pcilants are, in gene-
ral, trained to arms. 'J'lic lloiniili is the eihihhilu J
reli'^jion ; and the oppreliions of the i'roteltants liave
lieeii fucii, that they have continually eini.;ri.'d iionl
iieuee : in particular, in 17^2, above -jojooo ipiitteJ
tiie place, and dilperled theniidves into divers jiait.s of
f.inepc and .America.
The arelibiliiop, who is one of tl'e r'eiiell prel.ites in
Ciei'iiiany, is prince r)t the einpne. peipe'tu.ii le Mte ta
tlie lee of lioine in (Jcrmany ever fmce 107^, and pii-
111. ite o'' Ciennany by the treaty of Munller in 164S.
I !e Ins in the diet on the tirlt bench next to the elec-
tors ; and, in the coilege of princes, lie and liie arciiduke
of .-Vuttria pre tide by turns. NVheii tiie emperor .uites
to him, he ^jives iiini the title ol Your Iriendfliip;
w'lereas the ctlier prel.ites have only t!ie title i.ii' Your
l)e\oii.)n, IT Your 1' ely. ile has, moreover, th^;
lirll voice in tlie diet of any of the eci-leiiallical p'ln.xd,
after tiie ekcfor,s. His fpiritual jnerogativt^ arc very
great. There lies no appeal from tins archbilhop to
the nuncios at \ienii.i, l.ucern, and (,'ulogiie, as tliere
does from the other billio'i'S ot the eirpire. lie more-
over noiiiiiiales to the canoiiieates vacant in the inoiuhs
ol tlic pope, in wliieli inontlis the jiope has a ligiit of
nomination, by vntue oi the (Jer.n m coi;e'i;dat. lie
may, as well as liie archbiliiep of Coio:ne. ilref, m
the habit c^ a cardin.d. He has the il li on! o'' the
tiHir biilie.p.ies ot Cuirck, Ciicimlee, l.avanr, aii.l .Set;-
cau, or Seeciu. Only tlic nomination of the biilio-
prle of Gureiv. is a (':iiative, betwe. n this prelate and
tlie arclulnki- ot Aullri.i. His fulir.e^ans are tlie bi-
lliops of Ilatiihon, Freifingen, PalV.iw, and Brl^;en,
llis revenue aiiuunts to near 8(i,oool. Tiie vciv i.i't,
w'.i'eli is carried into Bavaria aiul ^^va.';ia, bnn s !;i;u
in -j.ijOoo er.-'uns per aniiu;ii. 1 le l',;-, better tli.ni
ooooi. a year tor his jirivate purle ; and, lor oiiiei 1-
tl!!'.
at tl'.ree folemii leiv.
CCS, lie IS jiaio iie.'.r
.1. h..r
■1 k; (.i!U l,"e; or BAVAIIIA.
ilL-i ciieie IS L.e.indcd liv i!;e creies ri .Vudria,
,'-''W.il)).i, i'l. nv. oni, I, ,11 .1 tlie hin-dom lA' Holie-
11 la. It r»i.>.v, ,, It, II. em lioai tlv i!ii,-iiy ol ll.ivaiia,
v'i,.h eoiill tut s ll.- j;:eau.ll jurt oi it, i^ 1 c; .1 miles
f-iiu',, and 11; 111! wiiere v.uieii. I'he ill. ts are
tnu.eiv iieid at K.i;-!... ii; aiul the 1. ' . i^r of liavariii,
:iiK! lull. I p lil ;>,di...'iir.',, are jo'i c li.iiinn nini; princes.
'J he eleiior i,| li,.vaii,i ;s likcuile tn n .ni.n y 1 oniinander
ol llie ciu ul ir t,ac,.s. '1 lie ii.ll.lha.l t .reel v.llioUS
religious pi rliiali 'OS. 'I iie .ilr i.. wn.'..lou.e, tiie coun-
try iiiount,iiiious i an,l tie; p.iiuipai i.\ervavelae Da-
iiiilie. Lech, Inn, tier, Ao.ber, ami '-a'.'.i.
llie Arehlvllio|)ric of .S.m. r.'.iium. is near too miles
ill length, iliiil () 111 hreadlh. It i.>, in I'liieial, iiioun-
tainous i hut inanv places tuutuin iine p.idurcs, where
No. 7;.
each ; but, as he is abfolute, he is in,iller ot aii uie re-
venues of li'.e couiitrv, and by no means account. ibic
tor what he lays out. Ijiiidts he commonh holds the
deanery in commeiid.nn, which brings him in ;in addi-
tional lum ot 2C,-.J|. He is able to 1.1, le 0000 men;
and, under the archiepileopal iniiii', ],■■ l)ears, in Ins
arms, the fniird on tiie rigiil, inxl the croi t r on (he
left, denoting both the temporal .iiui Ipn ,tual pouer.
His chapter is loinpoled ol 24 canon.-, who n:u!l he
all nobles by eiglit deleents, and are only chinked 10
four montiis reluleiicc in liieyear. Tiu v '11111 ii ot no
princes to be iiiembi rs, t'l.it they niav have a piea lor
leUil.iig thole ot lla'ari.i. oi v\liole power ihev are iea-
lous i though they are obliged to them lor mil! •d liieir
wealth. 'Hitl'e canons have no vote, or re\ei ue, till
tliey have been ordained pried. They l'.i\' each a
lioule, and foaie ol them pal.iccs. '1 foii-.h tiiey do not:
ling in the choir ot th.e lathedrai, tl.L> iole a p', ii)ni-
liie il they are not intfent: and ti .a: ,ii tin y i.ive
eight months vacation in the u.ir, to g,u winre tli'.v
plc.fe, yet they are to lliiciii lied di \vn to one Ne.n's
conllant relidt lice in thecitii, thai il tl;e\ Iia.'jien to
lie abroad but one niglit, tluy null bee/m ili. term </■
«.■-../. IVith the piov,.:! and ilean li:i\e li'c c'. Iier and
initrcj as have all.i the pro\oit ,nid oe.in ol I'.illaw .
At his cmiiing tothi . ke, he inuli j)a\ loOjC^-c cowns
to Rome kv tiie p.ill : but the ouiitry generallv raiks
ittiirliini; belides making him a free gift ol the like
lum at the fiine time. This prince has a f;re;'t ninn-
. ber of oiiitei.s and ar.endaiits, bei'des a iuiniei< ii.- .md
fplendid retinue, lie alio conlirs tin oider i.i .'■^i. lie-
1 perl, (wlioK' kill du.i w.. ar a nielal w e.h tl.'l l.iii,.".- elii-
gV, mill li.e red etol.-, ot the ordi r on ih. uvelle,)
uhich wjs inllituted in 170;, in ihi aoii.il.i .p Ji liii
lirnell, who has therito ainie\i d fix ei irii..MK!i.! i .>, or
prebends, of a conliderablc nvenu ■. IK' ^.,|^ two vil-
1,1s, (jleillieiin, and lieiibron. or 1 h. lu niir..))!, which
are both inae.nilicent and bciutilul. 'i he latter ti.e-
') i> ti.dlv,
A NFAV AND ArTnr.>:T[C system n T'XIVF.llSAI. GF.OC'.l AiMlV.
:rii
II
I M
ci.iilv, not iibnvc ;i iniU' t'rdiii the city ol' SiiUzluirp;, is
wortli viiiiiiig Oil ;\v'i'miiu ol its line waters ;iiul c:\i
i-ndcs, rii-li itatufs, >\c. aiul the varimis prol'iiccts ln)ti\
ol thccitv ami country, from two tine luiuincr-lioulcs
at tlic hirtlicr end ot its i;arilciis.
S litzburg, the capital of the arclihifliopric, takes its
name ironi the river Sal/.a, on wiiieh it is litiiatcJ. aiul
over wliicii it !v.\-i a briil:,e. it is well hirtilicJ, and the
reliilence of the arelihilhop. The call'.e here is very
li.-i-iiu, and as llron;'ly ;.;;\rriroucd, an^l wiU rrovuled
with provilions and warliise Itoirs. Tl'.e arehhilhoj)'-.
]>.ilaee i> niairnitieent; and in the area before it is a
lountaiii, elteeineJ the larj^elf and grandelt in der-
111, T.v. ] lie titv, of which one part Hands on a {teep ■
i>)c;%, i< \v.;! luiilt i btit tiie lireets :'.ve narrow, ami
bulivp.ivcd. Iklides the aliovc Miemioncd, there are!
twtv otlier llatclv p.ilaees liclongin;.; to tiie aiehbilhop,
L-.'.c ut whi.h is eilied the N'eiKbau, and t!ie other Mi-
rabeila. 'liic hitter of thefe has a very beaniifnl jiar-
deii, and nu'lf eMenlivc oranj;ery. 1 he river Sa'./.a
runs clol'e bv tiie w.ills ci tiiis garden. '1 here ;-.re m.iiiy
other ti:ic liruciures in the city, palihc and jirivate,
fiicli as palaces, nionaiieiies, liolpitals, and churches. ,
In the c.itiiedraU dedicated to St. lUipert, the apolUe ol
Bavaria, all the aitars are of niarbie of diiferent kinds.
The winter and fuinmer riding iclioo'is lure are noble
llruviures. The univerlitv was fiiuiKlei.1 in i6:o, and
I. )iniiiiled to the e.irc ot t'le Benedictines. Btlides it,
tjcre are two cullt^es, in wliich young noblemen are
cJ.ucateJ.
('., litem is a town remarkable tor its gold, filver, and
lead mines, and Kir a v..irm bath.
llallem il.iiid- in a valley crolied by thn'i: rivers,
formed by t.-rrei.ls from the mountains, \\!:ich brmg ,
down a vail dt.il ot lloating wood that is Hopped here
bv tlie piles, which citlicr erols or lluit up the rivers.
Tliio wood tliev lay up in llore for tiie f.\lt works. Its /
lalt is carried in 'jreat niiantities tl.rou 'h B.iv.iria, and '
. . . - t
It corner ol I'irol into .Switzerland, where it i) p.ud tor \
in 1 reiich meiiev, wliicii is one reafoii that there is
tearce any coin current in liavana but that of I'Vatice. !
There is a great hi,'!i nunini.iin on the well lide ol
tlie town, the earth of whicii being tnixed with a fort
of .illu.il, or flit petre, they throw i; into laree trenches, ;
which they liil with Irelh water, and let it ll.uul tliree |
or tour v.cLi.', t:!l the earthx jv.rt is lunk to the bot- i
to,n: then they let i; out, and boil t!ie fi'iiie jiart in [
iron pans three Icet deep, ar.J i or i 2 in d'euneter; ;
and vliei; the water is evaporated from the t'llt, which '
it kav^n at the b.'ttoni, tiiey t.ike it up, and put it to j
drv an.l harden in deal calks, without head or bottom. '
'J liis iiuHintain is pierced in athonland pkices, like that
of i'v't..;! ill i'eru : therclore, tiioie who go out of cn-
ri ■'■.y to !ce the works in it, have need of very good
guiuc, kir Iciir ol' being lo!! in the inllnite variety of
tt.ii:t<, or eruihed by tliJ tall of the earth.
'1 iitic is no lei ni;^' thele wurks without much cere- -
inony. lieloie they enter, they generally repair to a
chucli on the top to pj.Iorm their devoaons. This
clone, thev uuic a iitarty breaknill at a public houl'.-
f.ear the chureli ; and luing ;:ccoin'.nodate-d with lome ;
boti'eso! I!', 1. 1 : .ii-, ilicy ,:i .,'eeouircd with a furtout ;
ol coarle hi,', '1 ci^e.h, witl' leathers over their right arm
ynd back, tlis better to enable them to make their way
through the tiinber-wor,.>. Tliev ;uit great boimets on
their head>, lu that but little ol' the face is feen, to keep
«nit the Cold J'jeing ilur; fitted out, every man enters ,
with a li'^hti d candle or torch in jiis left hanil. A great
number of guides and others go before and behind the
ipeelators, lell they thould be trigiitened in the dihnal
taverns. '1 he eaiidh s lomctime^ yn out, by realiin
of the prod'gious ra])luity with whicii they defceml from
one beam to anothu ; but il nonelh.mki happen to be
lelt burning to ii-^^ht tiic red, the guides cpiiekly llrike
tire, and re-kindle them. AitiT having viliied all the '
lubtcrraneaii cuiioiities, wliieli takes up live or li.\ '
liour-, they give nioiuv to the guides, and then go to
li.c tow;: to resale. Be.ito arc continually jjoiii^; up and I
down the rivrr, with the fdt made here, for Faltzbtirr;;
Iri 111 whence it is c;irricd ilfewliere. (Jn the eppiiiite
liile ol the liver tlifre arc forges, where tlu'y melt the
eoj-per that is dug out of the mines ot this archbi-
lllopric.
■J'he F.leeloratc of IVwakia is about ic^o miles in
length, ami 6o in br:'adth. Thole p.irts near the Alps
are muunt;'iiiious, cokl and barren ; but proiiuce wood,
game, wild low 1, cattle, filt, miiteral waters, filvei,
liael, iron, copper, ike. The parts that are lifuated
towards the Danube are inueh more level and lerille,
yiekiin;'; grain, fruits, paltiira .-.e, i"ve. '1 hf many
rivi'r> which wati r this country, and the various l.ik";
which it contains, abundanilv fiipi.lv ihe inli ihirants
witli !ilii. A cominiltee of the flares, eonliriiie.; of pre-
l.iii s, nobles :ind I'.nights, aiieinblf at Munic!:, when-
ever eirergencies rciiuire. 'I'lie only religion toler.ited
is tiie Roman C-athohc. The convents are numereiu^-,
aiiel tl;e clergy ricli ; but the ]Hafants are niilerabiy
[■•oor. The niaiiul.ieluris an lilk aiul woollen ihil;-,
clocks ;md watches, coari'e cloth, velvet, t.ijKliry and
Itockings.
The title of tlie clce'tor is. " \]\ tl;c grace of Co !,
iliike ot Upper and Lower Ikivaiia, as alio of the Upper
I'.il itinate i ]ilalzgrave of the Rhine, arch-licward of
the IKdy Roman empire, and laiulgravc of l.iuch-
tenbeig." He has live h.ereditirv olhcers, a mailer of
t!ie houlhcikl, a lleward, marlhal, cup-bearer, anel
luM'.thr.an. Ill i 7 ;9 the order of St. George was re-
viveil hv the elector Albert, the enlign of which is a
en. Is enamelled blue, and vvoin pendant to a broad (ky-
blue ribbon, with a black ami white bonier. '1 he
elector h.as the tilth feat in the electoral college, and
I'everal votes at the diets both of the empire and circle,
in the colleges of the princes ami counts. His ordi-
nary reveitnes, arifing chit ily from the inonojxilv ot
eeirn, lilt, beer, and tebacco, tolls, mines and contribu-
tions, amount to between '- and 70",oool. peralmim.
With refjiecl to his luihtarv efl.ibhilimeiit, he 111:1111-
taiiis, in time of ]i MCe, about 1 :,o ; regulars, exelu-
live t.f ic,c-o militia. His court, lor magnilicencc
niiel fjiicndor, is cxcee.led by none in dermaiiy. Dur-
ing an inter-regnum I'.e i> vicar of the emp re, alter-
nately with the elect ir Palatine, in all places beloiv.-ing
to tiie vicar'ate of tl'.e count Palati.ie of tlie liliiiie.
IVavari.i. is iliv uleil into Upper and Lower, 'ihe prin-
cipal pl.ices in the former are as lo'low :
.Alunich, tlie capital e( all Bavaria, aiul the reiid'.'lice
of the (lecloi, luuati'd (Ml the Iter, at the dillance of
214 miles well of \'ienna, is one el the moll po-
jHiloas ami agreeable cities in C"<ermany. It was ori-
ginallv erecleil on a Ipot ol ground belonging to a con-
vent, and liad from tluaice the name ot Munchcn,
which lign'hes .Monk's Town, and which line' has been
corrnpteel into the word .Munich. The elector's palaci;
is a nioll magnilieent llructure. It was built by Mavi-
inili;'.n ti'.e elcvior, at a moll enormous exptiice. 'J'ln
infide i^, far more beautiful than the outtule -, the ar-
chitc eture i^' which is not very regular, becaufe it was
1 iiilt at ditl'erent periods It c<Mitains 11 courts, jj
great hall.;, 19 g.dleries 2600 laree crols wliuiows,
chaj.eis, 16 great kitihens, i: l.w ■ cellars, 40 vali
apartments, all on a lloor, in wliich ;ue -oo great room-,
richly painted, turiiilhed, t'^ce. and there is hardly .1
cornice, niche, or grate, but has a bull or relievo i •. •
marble; wliieli are alio tlie ornaments ot alinott every
chimney piece, 'the particiil irs inofl remarkable are
the long gallery, adorned wilh pielures ol 1 eo illin
ti'oM-; ] erfons, bv the greaiell matier-; and another
gallery, the {■ieling of which reprefen;,. the principil
I towns, liver-', and catlle-; of Bavaria. In the former
! arc till t li:;'ies anil names of _;6 princes, the preilecel-
j f>rs of the two lalt electors. The Anlieiu.nium, or
: Statiiarium, containinr^ a vail number ol old ami iie.y
pieces, ill iiiarbh-, (lone, wood, kc. The grc it hall,
called the' emperor's, n bc.iutilul apartiiienl, iiMle.l
long, ami 5: brond, whieh (Jnllavus Adolphus liiid he
Wii foirv he ce'uld net I'ct trunfporied to Stotkhohn.
> tv * 'II.
ihe
I B V I
IV.
.re, i'nr '^iiltx.burr;-,
. On the cpiMiitc
licre tluy iiiL-Jt tin-
lies ul tliis arclibi-
nbiuit I --? mile-; in
p.ii'i* iie;ir the A^ps
but piDiliice wiH.J,
ral \v;itei-.-., U\\c:,
; tliat aiv" fituared
(' \v\\ I ami lertile,
.^':. I he niaiiy
.! th'.' \ariini.-; l.iL";
Iv ihe iiih.ihirants
.'S cuiiliHiii;.; (i| pre-
at Muiul!;, \v!;en-
ily re!ii.,iiin tnli-rated
iits are miinermi':,
I'ants are miHralily
ami woiillen llul;-,
velvet, tapellry aiul
t!ic ;;racc of Goil,
a^ alli) of the L'pper
lie, are!i-l!c\vartl el
ui(lL;ravc of l.eiich-
olheers, a mailer of
il, eiip- bearer, and
St. tieor^c was rc-
iilii;!! of which is a
ulaiit to a broad Iky-
white border. 'I'lic
kch'Tal collet;e, and
he empire and circle,
ul coniu.s. Ills ordi-
11 th.e mono|xilv ol
, mines and eontvibn-
jOnol. yvr aim .mi.
iiblilhmeiit, he ir,;'.in-
!,o;o regulars, e.xclu-
iirt, fi)r nia^nifiL-eiics
J ill (jcrniaiiy. Dnr-
of the emivrc, alter-
II all p!ace^ beloii'ii:':;-
ilati.ic (if th.e Uiiiiie.
,1 l.owiT. 1 lie priii-
o'low -.
iria, and the reiidence
lltr, at the dillanee oi
;iiie 1 I tlie moll po-
'.erniaiiv. It was oii-
id beloii^iiv.; to a coii-
• name ot Miinehen,
i which I'liic'' has been
The I lector's palace
It \\,i> built by Mavi-
nnons e.vpcnce. 'I'hi
the ontlulc ; the ar-
rj^ular, becanle it .vss
rontains i I courts 2:>
larce crols \\iiKlow ,
, far;'' cellars, 4-.i vaii
h are ;oo great room-,
md thcie is hardly .i
i a bull or relievos o"
iiieiit-^ ol ahiioU every
iiiotl remarkable ar."
pictures ot no ilhi!
iiiath r ■ i aiiil another
■prefeu;. the princip.il
varia. In tlie lormcr
princes, the preilecLl-
Tlie Antitinarinin, or
mber of old and nc.v
kc. 'I'lic pjrc .t hall,
il apartment, 1 1 i! U.i
aviis AdolphiK faid he
fpnrted to Jitockliolm.
Ihe
EUROPE.]
The Ikiircafe lendinn; to it i?, from the bottom to the
top, marble and f;old. 'I'liis noble room is adorncrd
with cnrious jiictiires ot l.icred hillory on one lidc,
and profane on tlic other, with a Latin diltich un.ler
each. Jieyond this there is a line hall, where the elec-
tors !^lve audience to the loreii^n miniliers. Here are
cij^ht j',reat compartments, iliewin;.; t'le dnlerent man-
ner in which ioreiu;n princes <;lve auuience to amb.d-
i.\>.\t)\ ., bi-lidcs oilier p'cUires, accompanied wiili hiero-
glvpliics, i^c. I'ht hall, li'.kd with antiiputles brouidit
irom Home, exceeds all llie red; here bciiii; J54. fuills
ot jatper, jiorphyrv, hv:\\<, and nuirble, rei>rel'enting
(.ireci.iii ca|ilains, Roman emperors, generals, &;c. be- ;
lides iiumliers ot idols, .md velilU ot the I'agaiis ;
vain bic lur woikai.inlhip, a.-i well as antii|uity. 'I'lie
libi.iry, wherein, beluks a v.iil colK-'clion ot jiriiited '
books, III moil languages, ancient ami inodein, there .
•.ire a great m.iny v.iliiabie M.-i.S. p.irticularly a I.itin
treatile i;i folio, in an old fi]uare character, laid to be
written b\ pope CUement I. to St. J.imes tile Apoltle ;
and the .New d'eitameiit, in the Indian, Armini.m,
and Wendllli tongues. A chamber ot rarit'cs, con-
taining, beliilcs the figures of I'arnallus and the nine i
Mules, Willi laiidleapes, ivc. in coral, and the I'agan ,
Ucilies, a neat perlpective globe, in thecircumlerence ot
which there is the whole hiitory ol Our .Savii.iir's pailion, '
which being inverted, liiew.. tlie elevation oi the ferpent
in the wiUleriiels on one hde, aiiil Our .Saviour's cruci-
iixion oil the other, fk'rc are liowers .md plants call in
^old, feveral d.ivvcrs full ot ancient and motiern coins
and medals, an.l a rt.in.nk.ihle picuirc ot C'hnilopher
Frefcliaiiimer, a iivil noioriou, aiV..lii!i. A little cha- ,
pel belonging to tlie (. I.\'tri Is's apartmeat, where Ic.irce j
any thing is ti. be leeii but gold and lilver, pearls and
r.eiiis. ihe vci \ (Kgai;-. are ot lilver in relievo; and
the I'.ibinets ot reck chivltal, worked in ligurcs. 'I'lie ,
Imiiilure, in lluirt, of ilie wliok- p.ilace, is rich be-
yond iin.igin.itioii. In tile trcalury there are whole
iervices ot gold, an^l nianv other collly vefi'els, vatl
number oi pea; Is, ilia.nonils, rubies, and other pre-
cious lloiies; r.ne pictures, curious wcnks, medals,
&.C. ami, am mvj; :iie reil, a cherrv-lione vviih ; .p heads
ilillinctly engraved upon it ; .iiul a boat, ol pa in tree
vood, petrilud. 1 here Is a \,.ll qiiaiiliiy ot marble
ill this palace, which is artificial, but lo uell 'larileiied
and polilhed, that it leo.;s like natur.d : and there is
a profpcu, through little galleries, to all the churches
and convents in the eitv. In the beginning of the year
lyjo till'; new ap.irtmeiit w.is bii.iit down by a lire
which bloke out in the night time, lo that fcarce any
of the line Imiiiiuie was laved ; and tlie elc'dor and
tkLtii U were in im;uiueiit danger ot being burnt in
their bvil. 'I'fe iieireil church to this palace is that
ol the '1 lieatiii;;, which, together with tiu ir inoiiaitery,
vas built by the wile (>f Eerdiiiaiul-Marv, ehctijr.
The friars, wlio are ;-, mull be all men of qu.ility.
They dare not aik alms, ti: Mi;.,h tliev may nceive them ;
and whi n iliey have lulkui'd extreme want, at any time,
I'orihoc di\s to^ aher, they -.mx' aliovved to ring a bell,
as a tul.eil ijl their ihllrel-:: but iIk,' eleclors ti 'dom lei
them w.ir.t. Uoimd o:\^: hall of the garden there .s a
j^raiid pia;'.,j, adorned with pictures, repreleiiting the
feveral Inlluncs ot the iniiues ol the B.ivarian l.enily,
At the end ol tin ; piazza there is a very line buildmg,
the lower \u\\ ot which is an orangerv, and the upper
part a fummer lumle, where in that fealon, the elec
tor lias a dianm;'; 100m. Ncr this there is a kind ol
nienageiie, in which lions, ;in,l other wiki beults, arc
kept. 'I'lie pia;'/..i !• i.ls lo one ol' tht' Imell riding-
lioufes that is to be fe< n. It is ,(>') feet long, aiul 76
htoad ; has iio great windows; an.l .ill round within
there runs a line corridor, or v;all; ry, lor the lpt:lators,
vIkii tlu-re are caroufals, or touriKiineiUs. liireisa
j^rand box tor the cKctiu-, richlv carved, large enough
10 emiiaiii all the electoral laimly. Here is alfo a mag
nilici lit opera-room, wiiii a li.ige tuitable to it, and
I'uperl) decorations to eacli. I 'poll fellival days, or
utlicrs, when there is an opera licre, it U rcnuuked, as
G E R M A N E M P F II E.
799
a very unaccountable cuflom, tliat iuil as tliey begin to
play the overture, a lultre of cxtranr.linary grandeur
and llrutture comes down unexpectedly ihrough the
eieling, from the top ot the ilage ; and --"s loon as the
firit act is over it is drawn up again.
'Ihe inanulaclures ol Muiiicli are thofe of 1:1k, velvet,
woollen cloths, and tapellry; aiul it has tw.i aimual
fairs, at which great iinantiiies ol fi;t, wine, tS;c. are
fold, '1 he llrect> are boiad and regular, and moil of
the lumlcs well built, and p..imed on the out-lidc.
The markct-piace is extremely beautitul. 'i'he fervaiil
maiils at the grea^ inns liere, on holldav s, wear a lilver
chain round tlieir necks, conlilling of three rows. I'lieir
brealls are likewlfe laced with tuo other eiiains ot the
fame metal. It was formerly a general cult; -n to place
a green garland, on a bundle of thaw, txli re e\ery
houfe containing the corplc ot an niimairied peifon.
The common laiutation here, and in the other Ciatholic
countries ot Gerunuiy, is, " Prailed be JeUi Cihrill;"
I and the anfvver rcturi.cil, " For ever. Amen." Two
popes having granted an indulgerce i f 100 davs each
time to all that ufe it. Not tar Irom Munich are tour
I other palaces, with line gardens, belonging to thecicc-
I tor, vii:. thole ot Meillitim, Nymphei.burg, Uachau,
and Stahrenberg. The lirll ami l.ilt are abmit three
le.igues from tiie capital; the lecond about half a lea-
gue ; and tlie third ab(.ut two, at a market-town ol the
lame name.
Ingokllladt, a fortified town on the Danube, 45 miles
north ot iMunich, contains levi.r.il convims and
churches, a codege, an excelient arfenai, and an uni-
verfnv, whieli liu.iits ol having produced the learned H'.l-
larmine. i his mnverlity is aecomod.itcd wi.h an ad-
mirable library, and a cabint t ol eiiriofities. '1 he e:iltle
where the governor rtliJes is txeeedlng Itriing. Over
thcDanube there is an CM'g;mt biijge. In llu i;reat cliuicll
there is an image ot'tlie lioly \'irgin ol great value.
Rain is a wcll-kirtilied town, wlicic tlie c kbratid
count 1 iilv received his 11101 tal wound.
lleichciihail, on the 'i'ala, is iainous lor an excellent
fah-fpring, fome of the waters of which are conveyed
above li miles over mountains to Traunllein, and
f.)me are boiled on the ipot. A furprifmg aqueilucf,
about a mile and a half in length, and 12 tatiioms be-
neath the furt.ice ot the earth, p;;;les under the town.
Boats mav p;ifs tiirou'jh it in ulnuit a e,uarter of an liour:
but the whole was confirucred in (u-dcr to carry elf the
l.iperlluous waters ol the fait-lpiing.
Donavvcrt has its name from tiie Danube, on the north
hde of which it Hands, near the contiux of the Wer-
iiitz, within 1:^ I'.nglilh miles north ealt ot Hochtlet.
Though the town is linall and ill built, yet, being near
the road from Augihurg, it is pretty much ti. iiuemeJ
by travellers. All that go up and down the Danube
arc obliged to land here, and p;iy a fmali toil, which
biiiigs the town a great ileal ot momy ; as does alfo the
))jll.ii;e ot their briilge over that river, (where it receives
the W'ernit;',; becaufe ol the many gieat towl.^ in its
neighbourhood, it is a llrong place, wliicli, revolting
from the duke of Ikivaria in 14:0, was made imperial
by the emperor Sigilinuml, ,ind lo continued till 1037 ;
when it was put ur.iler the ban by the emperor llo-
dolph II. tor embraiiiig tlu' I'rotellant religion, and
afterwards obliged to lubinit to the diikc v\ Ikivaria,
who invelted it wi'.li a numerous army, took it by ca-
pitulation, but, contrary to the terms of it, difarined
the citizens, and put tlie Jefuits in poif.'llion o\ the
chief Proteltant clmrcli. The Swedes took it twic;' i:i
the civil w.irs ol (iermany; and by th.e Mimlter treaty
it was rciiiilatcvl in its ))rivileges, to t!ie;;ie;it i >y oi
the i'rotellant princes and dates; tliC'Ugli it was rellored
to Uav.iria, by the treaty of Munller, in 164-!. It
recovered its liberty by the prolcripiion ot ii.. (lector
Maximilian, when he took part with iMance ; but it
was rellored to him again by tin; treaty ol U.'ll.idt.
I he river Wernitz, which talis into the Danube lu're,
after receiving the I'-ger, illes iKar a town ot the fame
name in I'Vaiiconia.
S.:li-.-!lcmbcrii
lii
'".'» L I
Soo
J'V-\
"4
'I if;
AN!v\\', ASD Auriir.NTic sYSTr.M of rNivEusAi. r.r.or.RAruY.
l<:'ivnvi;i poill-l'i's the I'.nnc [)rivilcj:;ts lor cnc!i of tlie tlirc?
I'rou-daiit U-iuiiionc.v. a .^ ulzl)iir;;li, [-"jrhauin, umi
ISnili'iU'rk, aikl die Roiiuiii (l.uholic ll'igiiiory vi 1 loi u
StlicllciiihcTg is (nnious for tin.- defeat of tlic I'lLiich
nni.1 li.i\.iriaiis in 1704, wlicii tlic tuiikdcratcj, cluLlly
the r.iK^lilli aiiil JScots fdklicrs, torccil tlic treiicUcs ami
IK-Kt day made thcmlcUxs iiialicis of Doiiawut.
'flicrc is a vcrv a,:;rci'ablc iirol'iiccl tri>!!i htT-c, of the
townj; of DoiiawcTt, lli)ch:Ut, Ne\vbiiri;h, and ln;,nil..
llai'.t, tiitrcthir with leviral ha:nlcts ani^ viiLu;e<, and
;i fine (Hunitrv on both liilcs ol tiu: Oaiiulic.
Lov.tr i^avaria contains l^audlluit, a town I'tna'tii
T^ miles north-eait of Municli, on tlic river ller. It
iswcll tortilied, and luivi the name, wifith lig?iities ti;e
Ihdwark ol the ('oniitry, Irom i;iiio ot iiavaria ; who,
vlien Katiriion tiire\\- oil' i'.s \nkv, and was made a
free Impeiia! citv, built a ]ui.:ee l'..:re, uhicli his km
fiil.irgcd, and, ahiuit i ^04, added a caltic to it. It
iiand'^ in the neliell ami plealantell part of all Iiavaria,
•and is. the feat ol the elector's dept!ty, or lienienaiit ol
L.ov.er ]5,;>ai;a. wIm luis a eourt here, and feve;al olli-
ceis lor tlie i;o\einm' nt ot the country, which conlills
cfo bailiuiek.-., ;.<.'. market-towns, 14 inonalterics, and
74 noblemen's ieats, with tlieir deiiendencies. 1 iie
town is, in general, well bm!t, bein;; lormerly much fre-
quented by the iiobdity, who attendeil the court, as it
is now bv the elector's ollicers. Its principal church,
St. ^kl^ti'n'^, lias a tower which is reckoned the l'.i;,duli;
in the e:npire, ha\ing a profpect ot almolt all li.iva
ria; ai;d thvreiore it 15 caiicd L.andlhut, i.e. the Hat
of the C't uiitrv . 'I'lie new buildings m the duke's pa-
lace are d neat arcluiixture in the llal.an talle. fk;c
Ua brid;_-e over the ller, and afuburb on the other lule,
called >ak!ental.
.^tautainhol is exactly oppofite to Ratil'.ion, on the
otlier f:de ot the Danube, both places having a coiii-
inunicaiMU by means ol a bridge.
Ai'ach, a'm,n-ket tov>n 0:1 ii;c n.itmbe, is cele-
brated fur an e.-.' . c'.a mmeral Ipim;;, the talle ol
wl.icli IS vcrv i;:;agrce.ible, but ib.e vntuea very
gu.n.
1 i:e I'r-' IR 1'.-iLa '. in \Tr is fo called to iri!lin;.;u:ili
it lioin tiie l.e.w.r. belonging to the elector i'aki-
tine, to who;n this ,.llo belonged until about the )ear
l6:c, wliui tl'.e elector, aibmiiirg the title ot king of
Bol'.fi.ia, in cppofr.ien ro the imperor, 11 was tranf-
icrredi to tlie duke of li.ivar.a, Ma.xiinilian I. \\\V<\ the
title ut 'Jejter ; bctii vmucIi vere conhi-uu-d to his ia-
niiiv bv the treaty ol Mnnller ; but 011 conJ.iiion, tlu.t
in c.k of the laiiur, dieixol, they Ihoubl revert to ilie
J'al..:hR br.'.!.'J.i. Mnce this country came to the houle
ot ii-.va-.ia ;h.- di^ts have been dilcontinued. 'i'ids Pa-
latinate i~ liounded by a part of franconia and Swabia
on the v.'-h, Sa.vony on ti.e lunth, aiul part ol IJohemia
r.i-.d tlic l\/;;ibe on the foiilh, excepting a fmali part
ot it, \:1,.... l,:,s on th.e other li.lc ol th.it river, being
ub.'U' ' •' ■ '< -^ '■" '■ ;"tli, .'.lid 4 in bseadih, but in-
terki'-tl bv till- te-iitorv ol .Su'/.bacii, ami tlic dilirict
cl N'i.kek, bel.'i :..ili'' to fkimiierir. ■fhinigh it 1.1 I'.ot
iiiilnii!!ul in *',ra'.n, r.s cm 1
i! ff'-er, Copper, and injii,
aie •.!,'.: ioilov. ;: .^ :
Ambi rg, the cajfual, liai.
m:!ci iiorlii ot Katiibon, is
r.i iies arlfe Iroin it.s mines
The places ol note in it
hi'c;' on the rivt r \'il.s, ;8
the )■. iulence ol the e,o-
\enior and regeiiey, lont:;;!:- an i h etoral p:;! .(;■, with
a coll<-ge, and i-, well lortificd. In its neighbtmiliood
is an iron mine.
Trefui;/, on the I'reimh, lins a caflle, wliur Fre-
derick, duki- of Auilria, was confined, when he wa.
taken 1 vil aier bv the elei.t( r.
\\ ail':, . ill n ; an ab'b'. v ( ! ( idertian monk.s, the ah
liots I't will.,!; \.e:e j.nnc^.> 01 the empire in iormer
time;.
The b'tli. piic oi 'lovimcn is furrouiided bv the
rirdeof li .v-ir''.;, iii.l e biii-p is a princi' lA ihe iiu-
j;.rt. Iresnia,, on v,n M r, is the principal town,
coiitaiiiing Icveral co;i\i ills .enl i liurehet^, a cathedral,
;i '.rynnialium, a l/illioji's iial.ue, i'cc.
i he kigniory ol l.b.reniei:. belongs to the elector ]-ia-
larnh , v.ho, on its account, hi,-; a feat and vefice among
I ;-• cc'J.'i!* ol I '.c cini'ire an.l ci.cie ;
but the elector of
Waldeek.
Ihe little I'rotcrtant cnuntv and town of Orteiihev.^
jointly belongs to their own nnints ; the county of li.i < -
belongs to the elcitor ; the |>rovoll ot Herclitologa.l,':i
is a |-rii!cc ol the empire ; and tlie couiuv ol yiLniin.iii
belongs to the l.oldsowitz tamii>.
'the bilhopric of P.iliaw, (U' i'.dl'au, llamls on both
fides ol llie naniib<', where it receive.^ tin iimontheoi,-
li.le, and ihe lit,', on the oilier. 'Hu' ihrte li-.i r.- alMuc-
mentioned divide it int'.) t'liie ]iaiu, vi/. I'al'.iw ill !',
on the Iburh lid^' of the Damiln-, a;ui li'.e v.ed tide n
ihe li!i; Inllat, on llie e.dl ii'le ol the Inn, and tl'.e fnrii
lide ol tlie Danulu ; and lht.it, on the lejith i..;e ot i' ■■
D.mnbc, ami the banks of the II;.;.
J his bilhoprie w,i,s foimded in the vear 6j), I v
Theodore III. iluke o\ Havaria; and its diocel'e ixieiK,i
:o miles on tlr' north luie of the namibe, b.nderii'g
on .\ultr;a and !) 'hemla. It was commonlv t/ivi n to ,1
younger l\iu ot the houi'- of .Aulhia, belore the file
valt aggr.indiiemeiit ot that lioule, and vieldeil near
I f.oool. a ytar belore the erection of the bilhojirie cf
\ i. una. In 17:0 the j>ope made the biuiop indepen-
dent ol the metropidis of .Sa!t;'.burg, ami allowed l,i;n
the pall, to imkmiidy him, in lome lovt, lor the lols
(d do ]\irilhes, 2 abbies, a provoii iliip, and a priovv,
ui.ich were difmembered from liis diocv le, on the irc-
tion of the new archbilhoiitic of N'ieniia. The ciiaptcr
conidls ol 24 canons, who are all m ran!-..
I'adaw, lb,- c;.pit.d (d'the bilhoprie, i,^ noted for many
meetings and c<inlultations ot the (lerm.m priiieo,
and paiticu'arlv for the trea'v made in it anno 155:,
br ijuiethig ihe troubles ot (/ermanv, in the cont<-ii •
tii'ii betw; eii the 1 niperor I'ha.ks \. and the prote!-
t..nt ])rinces ; wherebv ihe l.uliieraiis, whouereoidy
tolerated belore, v.ere n av eiir.'dilhed in the ireeex-
ercile ot their re'igi, II. I; isaiieh, p,,puloii-, tradii. ;
citv, ami naturally llrong, being h.nced on all fules
with rocks and rivers; and to pent in by a mountain,
that it runs in a niriow liiii at the bottiiin ol it, tiom
ea,t to well, above a mile in lemnli. It is an Impeiial
{lix citv, but under the p.r teciion ot its areh! IIIk.]-,
\\!;o is a ]irmce oi the empire. The private hiiiidin;-'i
h re are of \vood, lor wh..ii rerilon it liitkred nuuii
by a fire in inf. 1 ; but it has bi en rthiillt in the Italian
tiiie; aiu! the churches areli.iub., elpeci.iily the ca-
tla\h:;l, which i,s lull if hi;e torn! .-, aiid i ilnr inonii-
mcnts, and didieated to St. .Ste|;lun. 'l!:e bilhop's
palace, the chapter-court ne.ir it, and the cadle on .St.
Ciregory's 1 lill, near that part of iho town caiu d
U/.iladt, are liamlloine buikhn,.s. 'liie other part,
called Inltat. is fuppi'kd to l,.;ve bet n the Holodormil
ol the ancitnis ; and, indeed, the btiildi"gs have inoic
ed the air <il antiijuiiy than thole ot P.'.haw. Here are,
belides the c.thedral, three other chuehes, a monal-
terv, and a handlome college. Without the town tlicrc
is .mother church and monaflery. 'Ihe calile was
erected in 1219. There is aiunher tort at the bcttoiil
ol the Id I ; and they boiii b'donp to the bilii'.ip. 'Ihc
du'^i: ut Iiavaria took it in 1704, but loon luiie:'dei\..l
it to the Impcrialilk; and in 1741, it wa . It.iipr.ied by
the late elector, 'this is reckoiud one ci l!ie tm p;ii;-
cipal cities on the Danubi': and the river 1!;;; producer
pearls, that bc'ong to the emjieror and theikctorol
Havaria, each of vhom has an oliicer here to take care
ol his intereil . I'eopk: here dul.. liiaveiy InilliaiiC
an.l fumplMoi!- manner.
ihe hmc',;ravate oi I.euchtenberg l;e!ong : totheeke-
lor (d Havaria, who, on aeeount ot ii, l.;'.s a lt.it aid
voice in the tiiet.ol the empire and cirel.-. l.eiic'i-
tenberg itielf is a market loi.n, In,', .'i 1 ullle dticnded
by a itirtrefs, and •;ives name to a b..;ii.', '.■!..
'dhe I'm ciiialilit ■ id' N'l v.: I'.o ;''i.l Si : .'ii.-.en lie
mollly in tf.e I 'ppi r ralalieate. 'i'he iormer princes
thereof were brai.ehe:-, ol the i alafme lainily. Ol the
' Ncuburg braiicU I'hilip \\ iiliaiu bccumi; elector ; but
both
..Si
I
VUY.
IS lore:!'-!) nf iIi,- tlirc;
iir;;li, t';,rl);uim, aini
olic li-iijiiioiy vi lluiii
mi town of Ortcubev/
; tlie i-iniiuy oi' ll.iii-
>ll ol lii u lltoloi;;i,i/'n
c county ol .Sitr'ino.iii
I'-mIiu, llatii!-! on bojli
■!Vi ., the Inn on tlii- or,';
111/ ihric ri\i I'.s ;-,li()\c-
.11I>, V!/.. I'.llviw itlli,
I', ;i;iii li:,- v.cii t;<lc i i
till- ll;li, ;i,kI li-.l- lou-:i
n the nurtii i.Cx o( t';;,-
in the vcir 6 j i, I v
ar. J its d:;jLi l( ( Mclii i
'u- Daiuihc, h.'i.lLr;;'-.;
ciMnmonly (;ivc'n to ;i
llria, btlorc the l.iic
li', ;niil yiclilcil mar
on (il ihf l)iliii>|iric (1
tiic hilliop inJe]>cn-
'luri;, :in.i ;illo\vi-il lii:;i
Ionic jolt, lor ihc lr.!>
V'jKiliip, iiiul a |irio:v,
.i> iliciCi Ic, on the crc-
\ iimui. 'llic ciia])tcr
!1 oi r.nik.
pric, i;, iu)teil for in^i'v
the (iirinin priueei-,
made ni it aiiiu) 155:,
riiinnv, in the eonten ■
vS \ . ;nul the protel ■
leiiins, \\h() were oiiiy
Millietl ill the tree cx-
leii, p,)pni(.iis triulii, ;
ig h.nceil on all lij, j
itnt ill l)v a mountain,
the bottom ol it, lioni
i!;th. It is an impeiial
:i:on ol its areh! illioj-,
The [irivate biiililin;'*
ealon it I'lilil red nuieii
■n ri built in the Italian
ul\, elpeei.iily the ea-
nil s, aiiil 1 [Ul r niomi-
itp-lii II. '1 i;e bilhop's
, and the ea;t L 011 Sr.
; ol lbi^ li.v, II eaiud
. <. 'llie oilier jiart,
e hem the Uoiodorniii
le biiildii';^'s have nunc
ot Paiiaw. Hen- are,
ler eluuhes, a ii;on;'.|.
Vilhout the town tl.i ic
■ry. Ti.e eallie wai
iher fort at the be ttoiii
;: :o the bili::'j). '1 iie
, but luDii bii 1 e:\leri. J
(.1, il was lurpiiied by
id one oi the tm piin-
the river 11;/ pr(Klueej
ror and the ikthir of
Ihcer heie to take earc
u l.> in a ve: y biilliant
;r^be!on;:totbeeice.
t ol n, l.:'.s a It at aid
and ci-.i'l.-. 1 ciie'i-
h.iN a ( idlle dileiided
a b..Mi.M>-l..
• I, :"i.l St ; /n.'.en lie
'I'le loriaer piinees
ilatine lamily. Of the
I became elector ; but
bolli
FrUOI'i:.] G F, R M A N
both liis Kins d\!i'0' V'lhout male ilTue, the other braiieli
liuceeded to tl'.e p..l.i'.r.iate, the diuhy oi Neubiirg, and
tle^foral di;;nity. l.acli has a rcgeiiey of its own, and
ihe iiihabi;aiit> ot botli are a nuMiiie ol Uoii.au Ca-
tliolies and l.utlieraiis. In the dmlij ol Neubi ig, the
pritieipal places are,
Ntubcr.;, wliieli gives name to ir, and is its capital,
flaiidiii;; on the Danube, 40 ir.iK.s ii.rth of Munich,
and wt It of Ititillion. It is well built ami Icjrtilied,
contains an electoral jialace, with a colle^je, and is the
I'eat of the rej^eiiey.
Uocliltadt Is a liiiall town on the Danube, near wb.ieh,
at ilic villaf;e ot' IMenlieim, the ilnke ot Marlborou;;h,
and prince l!iii;tnf, obtained a iKjiial vicfoiy over tiie
l''reiieli and Bavarian^.
'1 liis lauious battle ij thus cleiMiitlv defcribed by the
celebrated Addl;'^.';! :
Te'inld, in awl 111 march, and dread array,
'iiie loll;; extended li;iiadioiis Ihape their way.
Death, III approaching terrible, imparts
An anxious horror to tlie bravelt hearts ;
Yet do their beating brealfs drniand the llrife.
And tiiiill ot" glory tjuells the love ot lile.
No vulgar tears can IJritilli minds comroul :
Heat of revenge, and nolile pride of foul,
O'erlook the loe, advantag'd by his ]ioft,
l.eU'en his number'-, and contract his holt.
Tho' tens and tioo Is poiFell the middle l|)a''e,
That, iinprovok'd, tlu y wcmlil have lear'd to pals,
Nor lens, nor II 'oe.s, can Itoji Hritannia's Ivaiuls,
Wiun hi r proud to'.: rang'd on tlrJ borders Itands.
But oh 1 my Mule, what numbers wilt iliou lind,
To ling the furious troops in i atile jnin'il .'
Methinks I hear the eriun's tunud'uoiis luiind
'I'lie victor's liiouts and dying groans conlound ;
1 he dreadlul bunl <'t cannon rind the Ikie;,
jViid aii the tluiiuii VS ot i!ie battle r;l'e.
' I was then great Marlbro's mighty foul was prov'd ;
'J'hat, in the llioek of charging bolls, unaunM
Aaiidlt e(<niiirion, horror, and delpair,
I'.xainin'd ,dl die dreadlul reeiies of war ;
In peac; Ud thougb.t the lieid of death furvcy'd,
To tainting rquadroi;,-, I'l-nt the timely aid ;
Inlpir'd ri puk'd battalions to engage,
And taught tlie iloulitlul battle were to rage.
So when an angel, by divine eoniniand,
\Vitii riling teninelis lliakes a guilty land,
(.iu''h as ot late o'er pale liiilaiinii ])als'il,)
(Jaliii and fcrene, l:e drives tiie furious blall:,
And, pieas'd tii' Almighty's orders to perforin,
Kidi s ni the wl.i.lw'nd, and eniovs the florin.
lii:t le,- i!ie liaiijiity li.iulhoii.1 troops advance,
The (.head ot I'lirope, and the pride of France •
'J !ie war's whole art each private loldier knows.
And with a gen'rars love ol coiupiell glows :
Pr HulK he inarches on, and, voiil of lear,
l.an'.'iu a; the lluiking ot the Hritilh I'pear.
\' nil ;i. loll nee: with native freedom b.rave,
1 he iniMiMt I'lriton li;oriis the liighed Have;
tJ.i.r;. mp: and hir\ lire their louls by tnriv:,
V'ch iir,' en's '.'i-ry in each warrior burns;
T.u'h light, as 111 ill- arm t!ie importaiu .lay.
And all '.he late of iiis gre.it momutli la)'.
A thoula.nd glurenis actions, that mij';iu claim
Triiiiiipliant lauuls, and immortal lame,
Conliis'd ill crowds ol glorious aftions lie,
And troops ot heroes iindiilm^uiili'd die.
Tlie biiliopric o| Ratiibon contains i :;r!_'^ pariflics.
The clia|i;' r coinilU ol 24 canons; and the billiop is a
prince ot the empire, but luirr.igan to .Sdl/biir!^.
The Iinpcrhil city of Uatiiboii, 60 miles to the north
ol Miiiiirli, is large, populous, riiitl wt 11 f.>rtifi( d. The
ni.igiihaey and burgheis are l.utlitrrans ; but the greatell
part of the inh.diilaiits are (lathohcs, and liav..- many
churches and convents bclongiii'; to tii'iii. Ti.e abbot
id .St. l.meran, and the abbcll'es of I'pper and Lower
No. -,{.
V. u ? \ nv.. So I
Mui.ller, liavi' feats and votes in the diets of the ciii-
I'iie and circle, and are alk lied in tlie inatriculas In
tiie tirit of thele abbies are two curious maiuilciipts
i4' the gofpel, written in the eighdi and i.intli ce:-.iu-
rie,^. In the lame abbey Apolf inus, to dilliivii ihed
for his Ikill in the Cireek tongue, wa> eiimaitd. I he
abbot is exempted from the jurifdiclion of the b'licp,
and Ihiiuis immediately under the pepe. In tin 'e-
male Inundations, the iady-ab'.H ll( s are I'lected I15 the
two chapters of ladies, who mull be all of noble bir.li ;
and though the abbe lies m,.ke vows id celibaev. i.e.
the other ladies may marry. There are two illands
in the Danulie, near this city, called Obcrwcrth and
Uinierwertli, i. c. the I'pper and Lower lllam:, whicli
are in.habitcd by millus, boatimn. .md fdheriiien.
litrides the abbi(.-,> ineiitioPed ; bove, among ether reli-
gious lunil'es, here is a cloillcr lor .Scotchmen of the
lloman Clatholic Religion. The city driies r. gieat
trade, cxpnrtiiig, by the Danube, N.ili, and liegen,
large i',u,intities of I'.dt, corn, wood, and provifinns of
all torts. Over tl e full ot thele rivers is a budge <.f
1 J arches. 'I he dict^ ol tlic eiipire have bet 11 i eld in
the Council -court of this city, almolt without intern p-
tioii, Imce the )ear !6'i2.
I
Thl C'lKCI.i'". OF SWAB I. \
> b.->niuled by Sw'it/erl.ind and Tirol to the leuth.'.
bv the I'al.uii'.e and f.aiiconia to th'-
rtli ; oy
Bav.n-ia to the ea!! ; aiui by All.ice to the \v, it. 1
the two la't a is lipaiated by the r!ver,^ K i"c anel
l.eili, and bv the great lake ot Oonltance Iroin Swit-
zerland. Il was once iall«d Alleniania, which is now
the name of :.!! (Germany. Th.e Clernians call it
.Scliwabeii, and ihe French Souabe, It had the Latin
name Suevia from fome tribes of the Suevi, the bell
warriors in Cicrmaiiy, t!'.at canu- Inim tiie north parts
ol it: and the great.dt ji.irt of Cii riiiany was c.lleil
Swabia by the komans, becaul'e tiie Suevi were the
molt cor.liderabie peopU' lliey kii. w, and extended
th.:ir dominions hirilielt in that country', but it was
afterwards appropriated to the llermunduri, the molt
eonliderable brancii of them, w!io i diabite ' that part
now called Swabia. where tlu v eltablilhed a powerlul
Hate in length of time, which contained ..II ti:e country
betwixt the Rhine, the Altis, and tlu- F.lbe ; an.! thev
called their g'lveriim-s kinc^; but t lovis, king of
Fr.uice, deprived them ot th, it title ; and its governors
had alterwards liie title ot dukei;.
The moiiern Swabians retain 'he courage i>r their
ancellors the Suevi, and are capable of all the latii'ues
of war; but both lexes are addicted to tenluabtv.
M;my of them are grolsly fiiperl'iitious; lor thong, 1 the
religion, which they prole:-, in general, is Lutheran,
\ct here are I'apilts, C/alviniils, ami Jews; a diverl.ty
of religions being almolt unavoidab.e under fuch a tii-
verl'ity of lovereii;ns. In this couairv, parti. . .irly in
the duchy of Wnrtemtiurgh, the exiciit'oatr, or hang-
man, inllead of being deemed inlainoii,'--, ct-. drinks',
;ind irallics with ever) body, aii.l is co'iip.un h rth.'bcll;
atid lb far is a man from being ai.'u nc'' lor it, th.at
evrrv freth execution givts h.m a title 01 hor.our; and
v^hen he has performed aceit..in iiumber, i.e is com-
plimented with the ilegree of docforol phvlic. i\t the
liiine time it is oblervcd, that tl .t viry prohliion which
is reckoned the moll noble, the moll aiuient, and tisc
molt innocent, the palloral lile, fo c.'bd)i ated by the
ancients, and the molt ingenioiis ot the Luroinan mo-
derns, is not only defpifed, but abhorred, by the Siva-
bians; the meauef^ iieafants excluding fliepbere^ l.oin
their companv. Tiiis circle is 150 mik s in lemih,
from call to welt, and i to in breadth, Iroin nenli to
fonth. 'I'he air is healthv, and the f.il gen.eiai'y iruit-
tiil; for ili'Ugli fome parts are ir.ouiitainuus and i\oody,
vet the hills tilford mines ol lilver, ec'jiri r, r.nd other
metals; and the lorelis much pine and iir timler, be-
fuies great Itorr of game, and good bnedsoi horlis,
black cattle, and Iheep. The other p.nts ol the coun-
y U iiy
i ' ■3' -I
fie I
A NTAV ANo M nir.NlIC SYSTF.M or liNIVF.llSAr, Cir.OC.llAI'ilV.
111.
^Il^
ii'l^i >
f'l •
try vitlil prcnt !!i>ri. ol corn, w'nic ;iiul llax. '1 he in
li.ib:t..nt.s iuc cliK'iiy cinploycJ in in.iking linen cloth,
t)t uliich tlay vcn.l ;j,rcat (juantitii-. to other nation's.
Its chief rivers are the Uaiiube and the Neekarj the
loriner of whiiii rif^s in the principality ol I'nrllen-
beri;, anil the l.itter not tar Ironi it; but threat p.trt ot
it is alio watered by the Rhine. :
'1 his coniitrv was formerly j^overned by dnkes ; but
the emperor 1 lenry IV. conferred it on his Ion in-law, 1
I'rederick of 1 lohenllauteii, in whole tainily it conti-
nued till its extinclion in i :<)S. Alter this |)eriod the i
llcwards appointed by the enqieror, their deputies, i^c. I
became mailers ot dilierent jiarts of it, at various tinK>, 1 '.
and under various |M'ctcnees. 1 he lummoning princes h
are the bilhop ol (.'onllance and the duke ot \Vurteni- li
bur<;: tlie Uuier being, however, lole director, the diets ,,
are held twice a year at Uhn ; and the Hates are divided 1 1
into live benches, viz. eecleliallical princes and abbots, ; j
temporal princes and abbots, prelates, counts and ba-
rons, and free Imperial cities. il
The religion is mixed, and, on that account, it no- 'I
minates two allellors to the imperial chamber, the one
a Lutheran, and the other a Roman C'aihohe. 'I'he i
Danube, Neekar, and Rhine, lire the principal rivers;
and the diilerent counties and llates contained in this
circle arc as loUow :
That part ot the Billiopric of An si;i lu. which lies
towards 'i'irol, is mountainous ami barren ; but the
parts on the banks ol '.he Lech are fertile in corn anil
]\ilhire. The bithop IiimlLlI IS a prince ol the empire,
and fullVagiui to the arel.lilhnp it' Mentz. The piin-
clp;d places in the bilhopne are the follow in;; :
Ti.e imperial city it Ar.;,il)urg, peopled by a colony |
plaiv.id iiere by Augufli;,> (!ieiar, is lituated near the ;|
con:'.ux ot the Lech and \\ ertach, in a pleafant fertile '
country, at the dillanee ol i.; miles from the Danube, j
It is well fortified, and ha.> tour large and fix linall gates. ; i
The catliedral is a inagniiicent pile; belides which [\
there are many oilier elegant churches, as alto iVveral ' i
nicnaitcries and nunneries. Ot the cluirehes many be- ''
long to the Roman C'.uholics, and feveral to the Lu- ;
therans ; lor both rili;/ions are tolerated, and have a ,|
lliare in tiie ;,;)venunent ot the cny. In the year 15111 ']
Lutiier appeared before the diet in this city coiki ruing 1 1
his doctrine; and, about 12 years fubttiiuent to this j
affair, Luther and Melanclhoii drew up and prelented j
their conuiiion ot laith to the emperor Charles \', !|
whence the Lutherans are laid to be of the .\uglburg i]
conie'.«on, tliongli their prelent creed dillers v\idcly
from it. Ik'lldes the above-mentioned public buiid- P
ir.c:>, here are the tinell townhoule in all Germanv ; !;
manv
i>tj.,tii!>, well endowed ; a Lutheran gyuni;
i'.ui.i; an academy lor arts and lcience>, founded in the
year I' 55, and called the Imperial Francifcan ae.uie-
niy ; two well turnillied armouries, a li.jule ot correc-
tion, and a woik-houle ; with feveral beautitid foun-
tains and retervoirs, whence the city is well tupjilied
witli water, brought by aipieduds from the Lech to
live towers, and Irom thence, by nican.s of curious
water-works, dillribuied throughout it. There are fe-
veral c;ini, fawlng, flatting, and fuielting inilis on tlie
iujueducts. riie palaces ot the counts of I'uggar are
niagnilieeiit. 1 o tliel'e count.s belong a great uuintjer
f/t tinall lioules in the fuburbs, called tlie I'uggery,
which are let, at very low rents, to ])oor burghers,
and others. 'I'he trade of the city, though ftill cou-
fiderabk, i^ tar liiort of what it was formerly. .At
prelent, ixi'.Uiivi ol the bank commerce, and the
'Urol wine.-, with whicli it luiiplics ■.ilmoll all Ger-
many, it i.jihilr, chieily in gold and filver-fmilhs wares,
and thole < 1 tin .md ivory, clocks and toys. The go-
vernment of the city is almolt entirely in the hands of
the jiatricians. The biliiop however, has certain pow-
ers and prerogatives in it. The revenue ot the city
is very conliderable, and its garrifon conhtls ol jo j
men. In the council houle are foine very noble halls,
which, with the other apartmelUs, are adorned with
iine plaures, Iculptures, itatues, j^ildin;;, i^c. Of
tlie fountains, the molt beantiful are tl.of' of .\u!u!luv
and Hercules. J5etwi\t the g.ites oi CJ ;"-ii)g nj
Klenker, is a very curious wicket tor adiiuiting |i.,i.
per perfons in the nighi-iiaie. In the cuhedr.d ;ai;
feveral chancels •, and the arms 01' .dl the eoiiu;; , ,
poll'etled by Clli.irle.-. V. who here l.iid up his Iword,
tlandard, tceptre, and crown, wlicu he hid adicu to
this world, and retired to a eor.vent. In the library
belonging to the gvanialium are tinne einious bcok-,
and inanurcripts. 1 he abbot ol the Henedictiiie .1! h, y
ol St. L'hieh and .'Mr.i, in tins citv, has a te.ii am. in.;
the prelates of the Rhine, and pay ^ tiie ufual taxes i >
the empire. The revenue of the abbey \^ very conli-
derable. Thi^ abbey is a jnivileged phtce tor debtoi ;
and ctiminals for three days, but no loiijer, without
the abbot's pcrmitlion. In the convent ot the Carme-
lites is a remarkable fun-dial, being a Madona, whole-
hands holds a feeptre, marking the hours; and whole
head is enriched with rays, liars, and all the li'.;ns nl
the zodiac. 'Ihe public granaries contain gre.it quan-
tities ot corn. In one ol the arfenals is an old baiter-
ing-ram of brafs. Hill ]ireferved entire. .All order.-, and
degrees of pertons here are dillinguiihed by their prop.-r
drellts, lome of winch are very odd ami nncoinmi :i.
Prints ot them all, done on patleboard, are loUl i:i
the town. 'I'he l\olpi(al ot the Holy Gholl is a vei-y
noble one, and patients ot both religions are admitted
into it. The inn, called the Three Kings, is very
commodious. Neither Jews or t'alvinills have a tole-
r.ition lor their worlhip here. .As an Imperial cif. ,
Auglhurg has a feat and vote in the diets oi the empi: j
and circle.
The Bifhoprie of Consi .vNcr; takes its name Irom
the city of C:onllancc ; though the bilhop liimleh relides
ulually on the other fide of the Like, at Marlburgh.
'1 he chapter eonfiils (it 1.: e inon-;, and four expei-iauHi
but the I'rotellant religion prewiils in mofi p.uls ot t'.ii;
diocete.
The city of Conllanee, lituiited on a celebrated h;ke
of the fame name, w.,,; iormerly bnperi.d ; but in liie
year 1C4,', Ferdinanl I. .mnexed it to llie territorii >
of the houle of Aullri.i. it i., well iortii:ed, the lie -!
a bilhop, anil has been the llat oi feveral iliets. iJ!-.:
famous aflembly, known by the name of the Council ' i
Conll.mce, w.is held here by order of the einperoi .'••;
gifnnmd, at a time the empire was dillracled by reli-
gious ditpute.s and by ilie feuds railed by three p->pe..,
all then living, viii. one let up by Italy, aiioiher bv
l-'rance, and a third bv Spain. Hut this council dcjioli 1
them all, and elected Martin \ . in tlieir llead. Ji
likewilc condeinned the doctrines ot AVicklili, Jolr.i
Huts, and Jerom of Prague; ordering 'he fepulehre ol
the lint to be defpoiled, and the two Liittr to be bur;-.:
alive. Tliis council coiitinned litting lour years, durin '
which timi- a vail number ol loreigiiers rellded in an. I
near Conllance. A conliderable trade is carried on
here by means of the hike, and the Rhine which ruiu
from it ; but the chief tribunal is he'd .tt Altorl, .1
neighbouring market- town.
I'he other places are I\hirlburgli, a pretty town ,
Oeliuingen, containing an opulent abbey; and R. .
chenau, a Iknedictine abbey, on an illand ol the Ian...
name, in the Zellerzee.
Ihe priory of liwangen, on the borders ot l-'ran-
coniu, gives its prior the title of prince of the empire ,
and the town of the lame name is the place ol retidenee
of the pricjr and chapter.
Kemptou is au imperial town, containing an abbey,
the abbot of which is a prince of the empire; and the
abbey lands contain a market-town, called Gronenbach.
The Duchy of WuKTt.Miu rg is the prineijial do-
minion of the circle of Swabia, and is nearly lijuare,
being ui)W'ards of Oo miles each way. One divition ol
it is into the Untcr, or Under laiui, the Middle land,
and the Dpper-land; the kill of wliieh makes a part
of the mountainous track called the Alb, and Black
Forclt. It is alio divided into the land above and
below tlie Steig, wliich u> ih: name of a ridge ot
' mountain;-
M'ilV.
arc tl;i)lV of ;\u;u''us
jtib el Ci ';",ill;; nj
.ct li>:- iuhuiitiii;^' ji.ii.
In i!k' t.iihi'ilr.;! im;
s Hi .ill tlio coiiiit;', .
•re LihI up Ips Iwori!,
ivliLii lie I'iil ;uliLU to
r.vciit. In tlic li'or.iry
•c Inir.c I inicui bi'ok-,
till.' Ik'iiL'iiictinc .il Ii. y
citv, li.ij II liMt am. '11;;
ia\ > tiic ulual taxis lo
c abbey is vfry eoiiii-
L'gcil place tor debti't ;
lilt lui loii^XT, witlioui
oiuciit cil tlio Cariiu--
a\i^ .1 Mailiiiia, whole
the lu)ur» ; aiul uiiulc
IS, ami all the li;;ii-i nt
i;s contain K'"'--'' qua;;-
rl'cnals is an oM battvr-
.'luirc. AH orders and
igiiiliied by their prop.i
odd and iiiicoinim ;i.
alleboavd, arc lold in
; Holy Glioit is a very
reli^^ions arc admitted
Three Kinj;s, is veiy
r CiilviniUs liavc a tole-
As an Imperial cit;. ,
tlie diets of the enipi.j
K takes its name Ir.vii
le billiop liiiiilcll relides
c lake, at Marlliui;;h.
IS, and tourcApe^hmn;
ils in moil paitb ol i',:w
ed on a celebrated l;;l-,c
ly Imperial ; but in tii/
N.ed it to the territoni ,
.veil iiirtifed, the lie .1
,t ot' leveral illets. 'Liu:
name eil' the tAnineil ■ i
i'der oF the emperoi .S: -
: was eliihaclcd by ri.li-
Ls railed by tlircc pr,x•,^,
p by Italy, another bv
1)111 this eoiiueil depoii I
\. in their llead. k
ines ot Wleklili', John
irderinji; 'he lepii!elirc e
ic two Liittr to be bur;,:
ittiiij^- lour years, duriii /
ioreii;ners relided in an 1
ble trade is carried on
id the Rhine which ruiu
lal is held at Altorl, a
hurgli, a pretty town ,
tilent abbey ; and 11.. .
on an illand ol the Ian:..
ti the borders ol I'ran-
ol prince of the empire ,
; is ihc place of velidcnce
.vn, coittainliu; an abbey,
; of the empire ; and the
3WI1, called Groneiibach.
eRCi is the principal do-
a, and is nearly fipiare,
;h way. One divilion ol
r laiui, the Middle hind,
, of wliieh makes a part
lied the Alb, and Bl.ick
ito the land above and
he name of a rid'':e oi
niouiitaiii;-
KI.IKOPr.j (i r. K M A N . 1.
mountains iu,ir Sfat;; '.;'.i. '1 Ms diuiiy not oiilv
abounds in grain ot moll liirts, but alio in llax, iiemp,
and j,;ood u me, commonly ealleil Neekar wine, and
fiuit, elpeeially jieais and appl; s i infoiiuieli, that ey-
iler and piiry are the common drink ot the peafants,
when wine happens to be de.ir. In this cotmtry arc
alto mines of lilver, copper, and iron; woods ot lir,
oak, bv'ceh, birch, and ]iir.e; liiine lalt lprin;.;s ; abun-
»lan. e ol lliccp, ;,,'aine, and ottle; co.il, turf, cobalt,
lulphiir, terra lij;illat.i, line clays lor porcelain and
c.ulhen w.ire, leveral foris ol inarbl; , bl.iek amber,
alaballer, mill Hones, miner, il I'prings and bath-;.
Silk IS alio cultivated in it. It is well watered by the
Neekar, the Kns, Natjold, I'ils, and ilems. The
inhabitants arc very numerous. On important ocea-
lions, diits are called and held at Stutgard, conlilling
of the l.iitlieran prelates aiul abbots, and the rrprc-
fcntatives of the towns. '1 he cllablilhed religion
is I.utheranllin. Bclbre tlie relbrinaiion there was
about twelve very rich convents in this country, whole
revinu. s are now chielly applicil lo the maintenance
of churches, I'chools aiul tiie cleri;y. iklides I.uthc-
taii-;, here are foiiK' Calviniils, W.iLlenlcs, and jews.
The Waldenles are allowed the public exercile of their
r'^.i^ioii ; but the others only in private. The principal
manuk'.eb.ircs ot tin.' country an: porcelain, earthcn-
w.iie, linens, woollens, jirinied collon,-, gla^^, pai)er,
h.i!^, Ilockings, lilk.s, Cvc.
l"';c princes of W'urtemburgh had long only the title
(if counts, the dignity ot ilukc having been lirll con-
I'l.'.rnl iip.ni ld)erhaid I. in t'le year 1475, bv the em-
per'.r .M.i\iin;li;in; and the right of primogeniture was
I ti.i'.j'.ilhed in the la"'.;ly in the year 147^. There is
a ! i.tL.'i ol it fettled in Silelia, wliicli, Iroin the duchy
olOcli, I'.as the title ol duke of Wurtemburg Ocls.
The dukt'.s title i.-.. " Duke ot Wurtemburg and Teck,
coil. it ot Mnmpvlgard, lord ol llevdenheim and Jul-
tin'^ren." lie is hereditarv Handard bearer of the em-
1'
i:
buildings, Hanked at each angle by a towrr, • 1
adoriud with elegant groves and gardens, an ora; ■ ry"
whiili is fearce to be paralleled, curious iabw i;-ir.,
;':ri/,ii'S, and water works, and a llately lilealiirc-li. .:! • ,
but the walls of the e.iiile are w.iihed by ditches, wtiie;'.
give it the air ol a prilijii. There are, however, I'evi ral
y.r.ir.d rooms in it; one, piirticularly, where the il. ike's
gentlemen dine, and wlii.re labh s are lometimes 1'pn.Ai.l
tin' 2 or 300 toreigners. I'iicre i,i a bridgi o\,i its
moat to the duke's gardens ; and near it an avi;'.ry,
with all manner of birds. In the moat is not ( niy
l>kiiiy ot lid), but I'uans, and other water-lowi ; aii.l
that part of it whicli is dry, taeing tiic gardens, har-
bours leveral deer. NVar tlie wardens is a tlie.itre ;
;j and beyond th.u a large court covered with fand, lor
i ' tilting on hoi icback, and rumiing of tlie ring. Be-
' I lore the entrance to the cattle there is a grand Iviilding,
j which is the duke's chancery, or fecrcf.iry's oltice.
I 'The duke has a tolerable collection of antiques, hulls,
I and balforelievos : but the piece that iiiofl: dei.■r'\^at-
1! tcntioii is the Jupiter Uoliehenus, broiigiit hither In.iu
I iMarleilles by the celebrated antiiinary I'atin ; it bc-
I ing a reprefcntation of that deity in armour, llandinj;
I . on the crupper of an ox, juil in the liune attitude a.-j
j! he is copied rroin this original in the antiquities ot"
1 1 IMontf.iucon. Here are abundance of urns, lamps,
little lares or houfeliould gods, and ancient coins, both
of tilvcr and gold, with fliells, peirilactions, foliils,
the cajMices of nature, both in wood and Hone, exotic
plants, monllrous productions, the exuvi v ot animals,
ikc. belides the drelTcs and weapons nled in th.e me.fl
remote countries. 'The hall is a moll tpacious room,
linely adorned, in frcfco, with reprel'entations of vari-
ous huntings; in each of whici'. pieces the duke ot"
Wurtemburg may be dillinguillied, with the princc.-{
and priiicelles ol his family, in whole time they were
performed, 'i'liere is an ail'enal, in which app.ars ;i
leries of the duki's ol Wurt.-mburg on liarbed Ik rl'cs,
jin-i', and graiiddmnthnan ; in allulion to the laft of |' richly armed, and accoutred alter ;lie faniion of the
wliicli, the order ol hu'iting was t'ouiukil here in 1702. ij age they
iveJ 111, um lari'c a:
the life, aiul the
jt 'hat order is a gold crol's, enainelleil red, 1] ai,.reulogiuin of everyone let lortli on the nppofitc
wail: v.hich is graced alii) wit'i llandanls, and ot',,ei:
,;iiiied bv the dukes in their fev;;rai aclioni;
T
appended to a broad watered fcarlet ribbon, iv.illuig
from ti'.e lelt (houlder to tiie right lide. On the lelt •
bread oi the coat is a tilver liar cmbroidircd. 'Their
grand tellival is on St. Hubert's ilay. As a prince of
I.e empire, th.e duke has a feat and voice in the college
o: princes at the die ts, paying the ulual alVethnents to I
ik. (I'lpire and Tnpcrial chamber, and is fummoning
prir.ce and director of this circle. Caufes are deter-
111. ned here in the kill refort, no aii|)eal lying from the
courtiudicature to the aulic council, or any foreign
t 'viiiil. 'ihc revenues of the duchy arc very large, '
Tiie duke has a great number of lumtiiig feats. So
nuincriu- are the deer and wild boars, that a writer of
c dit l.iy.,, " Above ::o,ooohead perillicd in the winters 1
(I 17 ;i and 173:, by the feverity of the weather." It j
io no vonder they niukiply tall, as no perlon, on pain
oi ilcath, diirccnler to wound or kill them, unlcfs at the I
duke's hunting matches; to that the poor pcalants, I
near tile torelb, are obliged, in I'ummcr, to keep.i con- 1
llaiit look out, and to be continuaily watching their '
ilrcks and corn iickls. A very ancient cullom pre-
v.;i!,4 throiigh the whole duchy, of adorning their apart- |
iiRiits with deer's horns.
Stutgard, the capital of the duchy, is ^U miles call
'I Haden. Some derive the name from its being anci-
i ntly .1 Hud tor breeding liorles ; and the arms of the
city arc a colt. It It.inds in a Iruittul iilain, has leveral
line gardens and vineyards about it, and is cncompallcd
with very high hilis aiul vailiis. It has three luburbs,
(,\e gates, three churches, and i?, divided into two parts
lu tile Neekar, over which it has a briilge. It is
p.etiy large; but molt of the lioules are low, and ill-
lir.ili. The (Ircets are broad and lightlome, but dirty ;
\iL the town is gay, being much Irecpiented on ac
count ol its natural hot bath?; which aregootl for many
thiealcs. 'I he duke's calllc, or palace, is a noble frce-
lioiie iabric, ucU lortitied, com|ioted of lour piles ot
tropliR s,
liarticiil.ir.v the I
of a fav.Hirite horfe
kd under
that iluke who commanded under prince liugene and
the duke of Marlborough, ar the battle of Ilochdet.
On the cieling oi this art'eind are I'ome noble repre-
l'entations of battles wlicrein I'ome of the ancient dukes
of \\'urteinburg loll their lives in the fervice of their
country, under the emperors ol" the Saxon and Sv.a-
bian rr.cc.
I.ndwiglliurg, about three miles from LStutgard, i.stlic
feat oi a ]ialace built by the duke Eberhard-Lev/is, in
a place remote from any river, great roads, or toreits.
It is lb ill contrived, that it looks more like an oran-
gery than the palace ol a lovereign, the apartments be-
ing too iiiiall and inconvenient, as well as irregular;
yet no coll has been Ipared to adorn them with carving,
gilding and painting; though with more prot'ufioii
than iudgment. 'The luriiiiure alfo is rich, but a< a!i-
I'urd as the l.ibrie. '\'Uc bell thing in the who'e paL'.co
is the chapel, a line noble llructure. In the gardens
there are leveral terraces, which, riling one above an-
other, entirely bound the proi'|)ecl ot" the palace, which
is encom])aned by buttrelles that alio cramp the apart-
ments. The town is as irregular as the palace, and in
no rel"])eifl agreeable ; tor the tituation of it is upon
uneven ground, and moil c ' the liout'cs are of timber,
and llightly built, having been run up out of necellity.
Tubingen lies on the Neekar, aiid has a calllc near
it on a hill. Here is held the high court, in which all
caulcs are tinally determined. Ai diis place are an
univcrlity, a fcminary of divines, with a coilegiuiii
illullre, the lludents of which mull be all princes or
counts, a Latin fchool, and a wiuillcn manul'adory.
In the neighbourhood is a medicinal bath.
C'aiiiladt, on the Neekar, has, in its neighbourhood,
an excellent mineral, and leveral tiilt-fprings. In the
town
mn
I: -.>
»/!;?;
?■>
I'l
A Xr\V Asn
town IS n mtfon ]iii!Uiir.;-liouli.' ;
vill.i'^!', ;> lilli in.'.iuilacU-rv. At r.'
aiKifiit lamily lent v[ Wuiti'in'.'Ur;;
AT'IIir.NTlC PVSTrM or T'NIVKUSAL CTOGU APIIY,
to tl'.c ihicliv i at'
kl 111 Us vitinit/
1.1, ill nil ;ulj:i>'fi!t
rc.it iliiliiiicc iv t'u-
wnit-ii i;.ivi' II riu'
it / thcuicicnt foiuus IkUI
Iio'.hI
tails
\1 llcllllni.l
It.) tllc N.
tlic V
Of till.- \.ilky ol K
ru
Til
livf miles IhIow .Stutf'-.irtl,
rivLT lalls 111
'I'lii- town w;i< nl note ioriiierly lor tiuirnanui
til
eir eiuirts in the open ;iir.
ik
I'
coiitai
tllL li
n little town on tlu
a iliu I
a', witii
Alb,
1
iie.ir \\\c river
l-.nv
el.l
IV tlie nobility ol .Swabia, atul was luhj.C-b lo itj
, ore (i| wlioin t.uifcil it to be eneoiniMHul witli
111 a
a wall. I'V. dt ri. 1; I. iiia.i.- it liiiinri.il in i
\ linen niaiuitaJorv.
the eiiiivrors Conir.
,!i(iurlioo.l aie niii >
tor k
a.
il ec'jv
, niar
III aiu! lieilerirk H. ib.iroli'.i.
and ill i!ie dillriot to wliicii it j;ives luiire, lo'iie line
il aiul
"ran
ted it
m.niv nnvileies.
re wi;li t
M. Vi
leiKii arniv in i 7c;
;,iul
lui.
abeaiiti ul white eartin aiHi
tl;at
1 rail-d eontribnrioiii lar and lu.ir. It is a Koiikiii C'.i-
the lldli'.nitdlie, vhicli is a laiv^-e iioii ii|e, into wine
h tluilie ti'Wii, with live e
linnl
es, two iir,!
nd K vcr.
t'-.e w. ovl, M.ed on tl;c Alb, luiiij' | iir, i- conveyed, in conveni.
dant,
the t'M> ol a tnount.iin into t^u' river
aii
iliC nili.ibit.iiit-
the imIiicI
lem! abro
tr.ul
(• IS 111 It
bead-
t r!iur!v
L'oveni
.1
a
1.
a I
I 1
V tliaf Uitu llie iNeCk.i;
bnii
It ti
n' i:
.■lioll^. ol iMI.dl'V,
lit now ti.e
null Stii;
The I.ordlhin of K
lnn\'ri rs.
I'l.ille I'
\\i r
i^ in tiic
(■(•) rtK'ks and I'lmii't-.ii's, en
be
P
oil'.:- 1 ' tiie .d.
on
tV.e Ar-en, the iher K' clier, in the county i 1 Oiti
i:IU
it >t,
ax s taxe.< to the i iwic.
Gall,
ill bwit/.eiland, thoii'ili
th.e Irontiers r.l I'rancoiiia. It ilri.Liided l-iinuib i ii
til
e iliiues o
Ihc- H
ienedivline
Abbey of Ottobenren is the ritlicll : ^'
iV,
I Wurtenibi
in \j.l'-.
but
was inaile
Im
Ti
s town lias ] I. rty ol
[HTlal bv
i'l
in all Swabi.
watei
but it Okies its rile to its Inriiiir ol l.ilt, \i
'I'i J Roman t'atlioiic Imperial te
t;.e river Kcii;;iiit:,
ib-.'.ch,
)!" O'Venbur
on the lame ri\er.
tlioe;;!i not fovhiic or ]>' inant as
nther li'.lt.
ricil to Nureinbi
T
I./ re is
an
.1 ol •/.ell-Ain.Ha:nnierlbaVli, ab-.nt lour miles from 1 river to its liihurb.
tl
le latter, are iii league
with each otlit r iiuitu;
lllv.
to
Kolh
iHMll
a bvld 'c here
over tl
luppcnt tlieir eoniinoii privde-;es
Tl
cinpii
Tub:
penal eitv, co miles
fontU
Il is the teat ot a chaiid."T, or court
loliowimj imperial tv)wiis all pay taxcv to ti;e
but the reli'jioii ot the iiiliali.iants is dillerent,
it inllice, I'l r the whi-
a^ may be teen by the follow iiig tabli
iirade 111. du
It wa>. taken
hieliv, tirll e-ecft
hi
lo I I.).;
city.
were in alli.ince
N.
i3o])tir.i;Lii
Aaieii
Ijuei.honi
r. i- iilienJ,
G.eiieen
li
tli'.;u)n.
Situat
eil on
with the I'lotdl,
i-llorcd at the treaty ol' iMimlUr
d >wai 1.1, who n.ai;e it a Iri ;;
by tiie I''reiiLh in ifi^i, when they
of the empire, but
It w;
.M
l.iit'
i.x.'d
Ihe I-
Cvler
Wc K
bv the French, under M. \
aj'aiii lii/.cd
alier he had
i.ilkd the ni.icl
I'.
:lt.
,i: ll.e en. I el wireh it flane
but tliev were loon obliged to ouit it
It
IS in the ter-
:i r,in
Kill (.'ath.
\V
i;ii|)ter;!i
liircli
M::.ea
n;;ro
Wan?
ilaveiillHTg
i'iiiciiai 11
ir':.kellbul,l
I.in.i,;u
Ueibn n
LM>erlin-cn
Niirdiiiv;(.u
lUii.iiii. ■■•11
AaCh,
i L'a:li
l),t;e
Ditto
nitt'.!
Ditto
Ivoelier
15r
■.ilanc
ritorv
,f II
e'.'ow.
e.id ol a ce
unty callei.1
1 lohenber'', ui
r the nroiecTion of the hoiil'e iit Aid-
but It is in l;M:;iie with tlie .Swit/.er.-.-
it h,
ln:t
li\e miles from .Se
laul'in.
id not tar troni the l)a-
I-le
.ibe. It is lortilied after tile ancient manner, and en-
atfed with b.-oad deep diteh"'s. In IJ3J this low
II
.(H
nirnt down by li-litcMii
W
Tl
ic eoniities and
lordd
ps
f th
c n
•ble f.i
eiLicIl
the 'I'ruehefs, the lordlhip of Tctnaufr, the e.
bi
It: to the Teutonic order, the abbies o
Haindt, (Juteiizeil, Roihniuiiller.
AV'
, Cionlfn
h, /.W'ifl
irv < f \\'( I
M;i
1
IIe;:;b.:e!i,
eterlLuilen,
,d tl
Cal-.ii
Ditia
MiNe.l
ul tf
Cath
)f ^
I. akeCci. fiance
li.er
Neekar
Ditto
tenhaulen, all give li:eir jiroprirtors voices
' and l^-ats in the diet.s of the empire, eire'e, vvi-,
I Uhn, a name thought to be derived !r' -.n ;!iec:,-oves
j of elms near it, and i'uiiiiofed to lie tlie .\1 i;u.nisol
I'toleinv, is an iiniierial ciiv, 17 miles w.ft ol 15',ii;.;aw,
1 city
and ^o f ■nth of \Vurt/bur;l
of the
1)
amir
wiiicu Here
It fl.md-;
Iv'ins to
(111 11
■It litl
iin'.;i;iv,';n
•er
the
the Danube,
alter havim; received tlie nniteil itreain
be i!a\i;;ab!e
it the I.antei
on
.ini
.-J links lUMt.l 1)1
iple
111.
itracv IS
Li
rtiv
L)U'. t!!e ):'.:
ijiiK.n (. .itli
l.uti
an
fevera
aw, onpo
lite to the mouth of the lie
bi C
d little 111 iiids bi fore the town.
, and forms
iarlema'Mie's
if
time it w;'s but a little vilhfje, ol wl;i(
tyrant to the abbey of Kiehenaw, near (
■iimihjjii was an
.itv f
rt lij;ious ^ ; was ruined
ar with his
b\ the
I.oth
t;-.e
.k I.
,ind now .1 ioys ( reat priv
) ear.y as
i-
an e.\einriiuM
lurildiction
rivals lor tiiC ciiinire.
bi
It
. dnrir;,' his
it n filled to
onitaiice.
ojien its t'ates to 1
ioiii;li
■lant;
lyp
ri-
ot t:ie tri'.usal <
I il
vileci'
but it was rebui't, and incotiir.ailed
V. I!
w
df-.
A
yr..\
)\ it W,
Suit/.er'and, Italv, and other count
L'(;(id trade IS 1 .irricil on
nes ail|a-
iihont the year
by tri
:o ; and its inllablt:lnt^ ( nneliiii'; tiiein
It rrew
to h
e a
handle
oiiie larsje town.
cent, ill li'~",v, liavarian fait, tiraiii, cott<
j.itier.
pa]
la.j,';
its di
as L'i
llri.l.
t;,\.ii I-.
liul
iiy well Lirtitie
1, liui not lo [lopnious or
id ahnoff
r well built. I
id In 13-16 the emperor Vrcderiek ii. granted it many
11
:ii IS conli.l
manulactorifs o:
privileges. The inhabitants having purebafed their
Ireedom from the abbev of Uichenaw, tlie emperor
J.cwis of Ikivaria mad
le till
;-itv II
Tl
irai's, pewt
aiul
•warm liatli,
ite f,
to|:etlier with u governed bv 41 cfehevins, 111
off of wlioni are o
f t!
iind,
in H li.L 1
cui iv an umimr.eii jiriv
i;, and a bee hunting-
iitirlibpuriiig lorillliips
funtiiU', ; but the iiirif
■lie
ind the rell tradebnen ;
d tliev
le
uil'e two
ly
II
out ot
tre ar!
the f
oniier, viui
I^r
rihde 111
on
r-I.
ll'i
U) ll:e tO\. 11 I I
I. Ill' ■ diliiiet i'l ioiiiul terra liuill.ita
\uir.iiiiii''en.
In tl
(
I niuiuL C'tl tlie liontier> ol tiie coniitv o
.l-ei;
he capital 01 tlie couiitv ol
IS
name Iruiii
f Ilf
Kecli
lour burgomailers, who enier
ir altcrnatily. Sex en o! the
oldell members make the fecret coin.eil, ar.d ( .\ecii'e
the laws. All the inntrillratei, as well as mod of the in-
tlinr council
on the olllees every
y^
labitants, are Lutheran
till
'rotell;
lilt liavini
been
till
.ocl^.s lierc into tiie river Kems ; uim the nei'rh
le coalliix ot a
II
great many i, the prevailing nligi
iboi
man Catholic-, have 2 ehure
rvir iiiice 1531. i he Ho-
aiid are excluded from
thJ
IV.
IS In l.)\v .Stiit;;;iril,
liuin^iiiiuuts 1k1,1
I was lulij-i'l ti) its
(.•iu'()in|\iirul w'ltli
rill ill I I 'S'j ; inul
niciii U 15. ili.ircilj,
ilij,^'.-. M. \ill.ui
iinny in i 707, ;,iul
It ii ;i I{om;iii C.i.
'. :|'ils, :!rnl liver. il
in lis lif.ul^, \vlii,-li
I I'Mu i!y irovcnit J
i ' \\( r !■, i;i tlic
:\ii'l incui't .ii's, (■!)
Ot ti:i:;i ;i, ,:ii.! i.,\
'ciiili'd (■■riiKiU 1 11
in:u!c Iiiipcri.il bv
ii.is I i ;;y vi Irc-i
■:\\)'S. Ill I, lit, wlik'i,
'llitr l:;lt, !■, i.ir-
ijc lnic ci\ cr the
ity, zo tiiili-s loiitli
I tliambrr, or court
I "I'ch il, r.'iiio 1 i.[-,
\\\ui ii.:u!c it a in c
II ifi-n, ulun tl'.'.y
s ot tiiL tiiipirc, but
t \\;i> n'.Miii kizcd
!i 1 71';, alter lie h;ul
I c'l vliicli it flanJs;
it. It IS ill tlic tcr-
ol a ccuniy c;il!ii.l
it tl;i.- hoiii'c (it Aul-
^vit/.rrs, it hi'iiiir tnit
luit tar iViMii the l).i-
.'lit Mu'iiiuT, aiij en-
tile iV'Ji'e f.unily oi'
tiKuip, tilt- eoinman-
orJer, t!io .ibbics ol
IK-. ;;!, r':, ('..iij^eii-
tcrh.uiii 11, .ukI tl;e
eir projiri' tors voices
, eire';-, v'ci'.
ived 111 '.n r'le jj'oves
be tlie Al iiu.iiis oi'
il';s wtfl (il !5',ii;j;aw,
.uuls en tl;.' \.(lt fulc
lis to !>■.• n,l\;-;ih!c',
earns of the l.aiite.'
I tilt" Mir, aiul lorms
In Charleiiia;;ii'.'s
I \\i;irii he ii;,iJl- a
near Coiillanee. It
arius Ii. ihiri;:;; his
bee.iiile it rduleJ to
u! };ia\ite'! in:iny pri-
■ot;ip.anei.l uiti: w.ill-,
an;-. 1 iirieliinj; tiiem-
itullonie laree town.
II. ;.;r,iiite.! it iiKuiy
ill;;- purclMled tluir
leiiaw, tlic finperor
Iiiiperi.;!. 'I'licy arc
1 whom are ot t!ie
ar.il tlity c'ltil'c two
rr, vlui prdkle in
otiiafler-^, who eiiar
:ely. Sex en ol ihc
oiiiicil, ai;J i xeeiili,"
ell as moil ol'tlie ill-
tcilaiit liaviiv; been
ite 15^1. 1 Ik' Ho-
J arc excliklcil iVom
the
rUROi'E.l
r; r: r m a n7 e m p i u f.
805
the public oiHec, u'lw.ll as their privy council. TIk'
tkoloi of IJ.iv.iria bafely liirpiilej this city for the
ImvikIi ill I702i ami they kept it till aflc the bmle
ot lioehliet, v.vlu'11 it fuiieiulere'l I" ilie lmp',iiil;l's.
It w.is .1 very liciell iry pi. lie Inr Inn to le, ;irc his i|.i-
miiiiiins on that litle, .iikI to ficihi.itc the p.ill:i"e of
the i-'icr.ch to join his army. It is a great ami popu-
loll^ my, with rcijuUr loitilic.iiii)ns, and wide dce|i
ditihes, Ii I led by the wateis of the Danube and the
lilaa ; but it is It) lltM.itc 1 that it H.niid not be able to
liillain a lonj; (iege. It Ins a bridge of (lone, of four
arches, over the Danube, the pnti.ime ofwhiili is de-
tfiuled bv fort I lie.it ions; and there is a little liiburb o(
pK,iriii-e-l)oiifes, and large gardens. Tlieic arc in the
city two (ipiaics, in the laigell of which is the town-
iiotilc, a (lately building, where the lenatc meets. At
one end of tliet.)\vn there is an aifenil, fioin whiih
the l-'ieiich carried oH" all the amis, Sec. th.it were in
11, bctore the liattieof I lochllcr. The river Blaw turns
nulls forfeveral oeeupatioiis; there being a p real num-
ber of li.inds employed ill the minul.K'tones of (bill's.
linen, cotton, andfullians; in dreiling leather; and in
the iron, and other tnanutiinories, as well as eloek-
work; by which ilii-) is become one ot the richel! cities
in ( iermany.
The cathedral of Our Ladv, now belonging to the
Lutherans, which is 355 feet in lcnp;ili, is letkonvd
the long'-'lU higliert, and beft built in the country;
;iiid, bylonu, the linell in the einjure. This chiinli
has 5 Ititelv fpires; one of them loz feet high, fup-
ported by .•56 liaiidlome pillais. It h.is a large lijuire
lower, with awa'cli .ibva)s at the tojs of it, to give no-
tice to the eitv of any approachin.^ d.mger from the
coiKitry. I'he organ is a (iiulhcl piece ol art, ofex-
tr.aordinary height, weight, and diiicnllon'.. The taber-
nacle is a very line, though (Jolhicp'ece of work, of a
fingular kind of marble, and ornamented with abun-
dance of Itatue?. Thcv keep, to this dav, the pidure ot
the Lall: Supper, which was put up above the gre.at altar
bcfoie til'" ufoiniaiion. The benelK"- in t!ie choir are
adorned wiili l.itloiieal pallagesof the 15ible in ("ciilpture.
Beiidisihis, the L.ut'.ieians hive r^vo other cliurehes.
I'his place may boall of giving birth to I'^reinflieiin, (o
miieli rel'j-eded tor his great learning by the whclc
woild ; and particularly by Chriltina, queen of Sweilen,
who made him her librarian and hilioriographer.
lis territory is near as large as that of Nuiemliuig, be-
ing lixtierman leagues in length, and f mr in bre;'.dth.
It is ahiioll invir.uied by the duchy of W'liiteiiiburg,
except on the louth and call tides, where it is boundcil
bv the D.inube; and is divided into .10 baiiiwieks and
lordlliips, ofw'.iieh that of (leillingen rMnprehcm.h
the greatell pait ot the county ot I lellenflein, which,
with other counties and town-;, weie purchaled by this
city loon .after it was made Imperial. The garrilon
lives here in little houfes let apart for it. In time of
war it IS maintained by the empire; an ! this city fur-
nillies a quota equal to that of Aiiglburg. There \v is
a great iMancilean monallery here, the revenues o(
which wcr'.- appropriated, at the reformation, to a
collene, wheie iluy have protellors in all arts atul
Iciencc":.
Olm is titiiatcil in one of the mod fertile pL'.ins in
Swabia; though it has been almoT ruined by ihc I'c-
vcral wars in this country. This city, before thole
wars, was fo rich, that it palled for one of the weal-
thier in the empire ; and tlie (icrmans had a proverb,
that "The ready calh of I'lm, the ncatnels of Avigf-
burg, the indiidry of Nurcmburg, and the arlenal of
Str;!li)org, were the four wonders of ( Iermany." The
archives of allthe free cities of the circle of Swabia arc
kept at Ulm, where their meetings are alio helil by
turns with the city of Spires. Though all the country
from hence to Augtburg is even, vet it is tirelomc to
travellers, becaufe ot the pavement of the caufeways.
The liiiperial Abbies of SehutVenried, WeilVen-.u,
Roth, Raggeiburg, Kayfeillieim, I'llpcrg, Yrl'ce,
KlcliiiijJ,cn, Oehfeiihaut'en, and Sahiuuilwcil, entitle
No. 74
their abbots, or proprietors, to voices and Celts in the
diets; .as do the I'lini ip ility of Lichenllein, .ami
piinctly I .'uulgiavate ol Klrigui.
H\Ai)i N, or H\ni.N, liiuated along tl.e ca'Tcrn
b.iiiks 1)1 the K.hine, is divide I between twopiinccs
ot the lime taiuily, who receive title trom their rclpec-
tive capitals; the one being Ityled the Margiave ot'
llaulen- Balden, and the other of Baiden- 1 Kirl.ach.
Ilie Ihare of the tormer, as lying Ibutli ot the other,
i> ihdiiiguilhed by the name ol the Tp^er; and that:
ot the I liter by the ame mI the Lower M., giavate, or
Miiqiiilate. The right of priin igeniti'relliip liuth
been long introduced into both thele bianehcs. The
'vhole county is near ()n miles long, and zobroid, and
lies betwen the duchy of Wurteinburg and Biifgaii.
It is fruiit.il in corn, wine, hemp, llix, and wool;
.ibounding, in particular, with chefnut-trecs. There
.are alio main' quarries ol marble and free- Ih me in it;
larce herds ol Iwine; pleiirv of tilh, 'owl anl veuif iii ;
.iiid the baths and nuneral Iprings arc fo rommon, that
the duet towns ol both maiquilarcs have their n.imes
trom them. Both ptinces e.xeicil'e an ablolute au-
thority in their dominions, excepting Co far as it is li-
mited by the laws ot the empire, ami lay taxes on their
fubjeits without alleml)ling any Hates. The Upper
M inijavate, or that of Biadeii Bifden, is bounded by
the Rhine, the Lower Marj,ravate, the duchy of Wur-
;em!)urg, the county of Ivicrllein, and the Oitenaii.
Other ill ues belonging to the margrave are the lord-
!hip ot Mahlberg, lyrig between the Ortciiau and
Brilgiii; the county ot Kbcrftein ; a confider.ible (lart
ot the ciiunty ofSponheim; two manors in the lord-
Ihipot Gr.itlliillein, and one in the duchy of Luxem-
burg, with (evcral baronies in Bohemia. The mar-
grave votes in the college of princes both in th; diets
of the empire am.1 circle. His annual revenue atiountsto
alioui f )ur hundred rhouland florins. As to religion, both
the margrave and his fiibjefls are Roman Catholics.
The following are the principal places in the c.juntrv.
Ralladt, where the princes relide in a magnilicent
caille, ill which were (etiled the preliminaries of the
peace concluded at Baden betwixt the empeior and
luance, in 1714. The town, which is not large, and
bclongeil foiir.eily to the counts of I'.beilU-in, Hands
in a line plain on the river Murg, whieh a little below
falls into the Rhine. Not far from it is a palace of the
margrave's, called the Favouiita.
Baaden derives its name from its hot tvuhs, im-
pregnated with liilt, allum, and t'ulphur, and which give
relief in the cramp, gout, and other nervous dillem-
ptis. The town isplealuitly lituatid among vineyards,
and contains a palace of the margrave's.
StolhotVeii, litiiate not far from the Rhine, five miles
(outli-well of Baiden, is taiiious for the lines call up
here in the war tor the Spanilli fuccellion, to ':;;uari.l the
empire againll the I'lench, who were repulled when
they attacked them in ijo:^ : bi.t, in 1707, they forced
them, and railed vail contributicrns in the a Ij.accnt
country. Near the town is a I'lenedietine abbey.
Kehl civcs name to a didi
containing the noted
forirefs c:dled, from tlic vill.'.ge. fort Kehl. The fort, fo
called, tiillllood at the call end of the biidge over
the Rhine, at Stial'.iurg; but was aftciwari'.s built ac
the conflux of the Ken/.ig am! Rhine, and is now in %
ruinous condition.
The lower niar>]uil;iteof l>adc!i,ro called with regard
to the courlbof the Rhine, viz. that of Baden- Durlach,
or Deurlach, is contiguous to the marquilate of 3aden
on the north-call ; and has the duchy of Wurtemb'jrg
on the eatl; the Rhine, which leparatcs it from Allace,
on the well; and part of the Lower I'alaiiiiate, ard
the billioprie of Spire, on the north. The places ot'
note here are Durlach, its capital, a pretty laige town,
which lies on the banks of the Plintz, or I'hints, ac
the foot of a mountain, en the top of whieh there is
a llrong to.vcr, with a conllant guard. The marquis
has a magnilicent palace here, tar c?:cceding that of
Baaden, a go.id library, and a line coUecl ion of ancient
t) S coins
M
n
m
Hi
Wii
•c6 A MAV, ROYAt, Ar.n Al'TUrNTIC SYSIKM or ll\IVr,RSAl, f .lO .U \!M lY.
m
■ jf
h p
fdiiis niul iiK'dals. Tlic lliccts MX lli.ut, ami tlic
Iiouk^li.vuly anJ uiiiloiui. I lire isalli'.n i!vmii;iliiiin,
witlipctdii'is »t tlicltvcr.ll Liiultii-s. The t^uMi ainl
piLiCf lutlcTiil nunli in (lie ililUrcnt war-, wiili ilic
liciKih, who, in ie8i),l>uriii ihim ; loiivii 'he I'roitllani
f anions thought littoadill its prince, vnIiu wu"- a Ltitlie-
raii, witli coiitiiDutunn Im tep.minii tlie I'mtellam
e!\uulic-, wlikh tilt lieiichmineil in tluxountiv; and
lie hiinlill [;ave 1.U!m- iinr.iiiniiies to Inch toiei'j;n Fro-
tcil.iius as woiilil teiile in this c.iiiiial.
Cailhulie has a t.illle ami palace, lu>ih Iniilt by the
n-,.\iii lis Chaili.>-\\ illiani, who t'a\c it the name, li^;-
u\t)\v^ ChaiiciN Rell. k is thus ilettiibeil iiy an cmi-
rent ti- iveiler : 'Mmagine the inargra\eM'uiile (la)s
lie) to heat the entrance ota great lorell, in the ceiiiie ,
ot'.ill.ir, knineil by <2 w.tlks, the chiet ot which, be- i
liiiiii the palace, is three CJerman leagues in length.
1\'.o lart^c- uinf.s advance tioni the main buily ot the
houle, «hii.lulcviaim;ifioni each other in proportionas
they im^ihtn.ihc whole, toftetlier, louks like atheatie.
Behind the | iincipal buildinij; is a verv liij),ii otHa-
goii to.ver, which commands all the walks. Beyond
tliecouit, between the two w ing,s, aie the e,ardcns and ;
pantries; at the end of which there is a temicircle ol
hoults of an equal liright, built archwa\~, between
which there run live lliects, the middlcnioll whereof ;
fioni-tlie pUace. At theend ot the three cliiel llieets,
oppolite to the palace, are three cliurchcs, one belong- I
ing to the Liiiheians, another to the Calvinilis, and a ■
tliiid to the Roman Catholics; to which three pre- '
Vailing iciigions ot the empire the late margrave ^ave
iLjial liberty ut cor.l'cienLt when he foundat the !iew
tow:i.
" riic phcalant-walk, which joins to the caflle, is
a very lir^-.e encloluie, ditpoled in vaiious walk«, and
planted widi tir trees cut in ihefliapeot a tan. 'I'iiere is
a gitat bat.in in ihe centre, alwa)-) toll of wild ducks,
which i^ cncompall'ed widi four pavilion% made in the
form of Tuikidi tents. Two ot them aie aviaries, and
the oilur two lunimer-houles, with Iotas and eoixhcs
in them alter the manner ot the ^ Icrn countries.
The late margrave iilcd to ilivert himfelf by playinj^
in conceits uiih tome young ladies, whom he taught
mutic. He had no lets than 60 waiting-women to at-
ttnil him, tl-.ough but 8 waited upon one day; and
thele, when lie went abroad, attended him on horle-
back, drilled i.ke luillars. The g'-neialiiy ot ilicle
damllis, who had all lodgings in the palace, under-
llood both mul-L and dancing', ; and n'it( :ily peitormed
opc:a^ at the theatre ot the p.ila^e, bu: w^re nuificlans
oi the ihapcl."
'I'lic iciritories ot" tiic piincc of 1 luhinzollorn are
34 miles lonj!,, 10 broavl, and tolerably feitile, b'^-ini;;
vvaleied by the Danube, Kyach, Starzell, ?cc. 'J h^v
do not contain any remarkable town ; but the piince
!■: Iiereuiiarv t'liambeilain uf th.e holy Roman em[>nc.
The abbcls nf Lindau, and the abbeis ot iluchau,
have both kats and voices in th.cdiets ol the emplie and
circle, as hath the jniiice of I iieugcn.
The county ol Oettincin lie-, call of thceluchy ol
Wurtembiirg, in the north-eail eoi ner ol the circle, and
tx!eni.k> about 18 miles in Ln,'th, and 12 111 breadth.
The principal river in it is the W'ernii/.. The loids
ot this county are divided into three lines, viz. that of
tl-.e t.)ettiiVj'eii-Spicll)eig, who arc princes ot the em-
pi;e, but have no leat or vote in the college of piinees
ihereot; and thofc of ()ettingeu-\V.illeilb.in, and
Oettingen-Kat/.eiilicin-Baldeiii. In the diet ot the em-
pire tluy belong to the college ol S'.vabian counts ; but
in that ol the circle the [iiincely line liasa le.tt and vote
)n tlic bench ot lay piincts; and the otiitii on the
bench oi counts and b.irono. The lubjects ot ihele
princes are paitly RomanCatholiis and i^aitly Luthe-
rans; but the piinces tluinrtlves are all Roman-C.i-
lliolics. The only place in the county wonh iiieiilion-
mg is Octtingen, a town on the Wcinit/., whence the
county takes its name, and where the prim cot Oettiiij'cii-
Spiclberg refides. Jrlcie i^ .tllo a cu.nmaQdery ot the
Teutonic iiider, a laige collene, and a locictv for th'-
impiovement ot aiis and Iciem cs. The bailiwick, tn
whiili the town gives name, with lour others, belong tj
the lame prince.
SECTION HI.
Piijliis, Difpc/itioiis, Pofi'l.ition, Suhrdiii.'lii/t, nnd
Divtijions cf tic Gaiihins in gentra!.
NOTW ITl !STAM)1N(> we have been iinavoid-
ablv led, in our delcriptinn ol' the rclpeirtue
ll alls (it which this extenlive enijuie is eompoied, to
introduce leveral particulars relative to the manners,
tiilloms, is;c. of the various inhabitants, we deem it
necellary to bring the whole into one point of view, or,
in other words to cliaracteri/.e the Ciernians in general.
The (icrm.nns are ot a good llature, with fur com-
ple.xions anil agreeable feaiuies; but neither their lliapc
or mien aie to be .admiretl, any more than the bright-
nels of their paits, whuli are not at all improved by
their regimen or v^•ay of life; tor no people eat and
dunk to greater txctl's, (iermany, however, haspio.
duced gieat men; a circumllance which may proceed
from their iinwc tried application to whatever they un-
dertake, and then travelling to other countries: anl 11
is nowondtritproduccsgre.it gencrab, being jx-rpc-
tually engaged m wars, ciilu r with the Chi ilban'pnnce?,
their neighbours, or the Ttnks. 'I'he (iermansare,
ujion the whole, an honell, holpiiable people, free front
artillce and diguile. A modern author, in his cha-
racter of the (iermans, lays, " That they want I'pirit
to actuate then large bodies, ami heat to conco^'f their
phlegmatic humour: that their courage appears from
the many victories they have giined over the Infiilels:
that they are tree from malice and dilTimiilaiion, much
addicted to gluttony and drunk'.nnels, but nut over
amorous: that the common people are laborious and
honell, btit (low and heaw : that the merchants and
tr.adefmcn are very fair in their dealings, holpitable,
and complail'ant: itiat the nobility are men of great
honour, and commonly ("cholars: that they value tliem-
I'clves much upon their birth and family: that moll of
the [irinces being poor, their younger tons generally
engage in the lei vice of the emperor, the electors, cr
tome foieign Itatc ; or procure tiiemlelves tome oi the
lich ecclelialtical pretermeius, which are To numerous
in the Rom.ui Catholic llates : that the I'rotellant cleri;v
are learned, and e.\emi)laiy in their deportment ; but
tlic I'oi'iih ignorant and liberrine; anil no people
have more kalling at marriages, funerals, and birth-
days : that the (iermans have excellent mechanic
gcniures, fic."
The number of the inhabitants of (iermany can only
be deternuned with probability. It is, m gener.il, jio-
pulous; and, in that relpcCt, Ins r.illier the liiperiority
over France ; for w Inch it would be more than a niaich,
lilt was united under one lie id. The mhabiianis arc
computed at al'out 24 millions; and if they do not
make to gieat a figure abroad as the I'Vencli, they are
jirobably more happy at home, a; they have moie li-
iieity, and live iii greater plent\. hew of the tcrrito-
iies ot the (jer;n.in princes are I > luge as to be aiTign-
ed to viceroys, who might oprivls and fleece the peo-
ple at plcalure; nor are they without rediels. When
ihey rulierany grievance, they may appeal to the gene-
lal diet, or gieat; councils ot tlic emintc, lor relief;
whereas, in France, the lives and fortunes of the fiib-
lecls are entirely at the diljiolal ot ihe(;ranil Monarch.
1 he Uilijedt.s ot the petty |)rinces in Cierinany are gene-
rally the tnoll unhappy; tor thele [linces, attei'ling the
giaiideur and Iplendor ot the more powerful, in the
nuiuber and appearance of their olliteis and domellies,
in their palaces, garih.ns, |)icUires, curiolities, guarils,
luiniiure, drels, iiiulic, &:c. iS;c. fleece their tenants,
valials, and depend.uits, in order to liijiport all thi^
parade. In Ionic pl.lccs, ho.vevei, the burghers and
pcalanib enjov verv conhderablc privileges.
The
lO'.R AI'IIV.
I', :ilii! ;i locii.ty fin- ilio
••-. Thf l)ailiwuk, t..
iliHir others bclutt" ; >
i III.
in, Suhnrdin.uitn, nnd
1. 1 IIS in gtneral.
WL- linvc brcn iin.ivoul-
ptinii ul' tlic rtijicclivf
minic IS tunipolal, to
':i;ivi- to tliL- Ml.iiiiitrs,
ilul)it;uits wi- ilifii, n
oonc point ot' view, or,
111' CiermaiiK in general,
ll.itiire, with t.iir coin-
)ut neither their fh.ipe
y more tluii the lirij^ht-
not at all improved by
tor no people e.it ami
laiiy, houevei, has pin-
He \sliicli m.iy proceed
':i to wh.Ut ver they iin-
> other coiiiitiics: an.l it
ueiicrah, being perpe-
th tlu'Chiilhanprinee?,
^i''. The (ie^man^ are,
-ii.ible people, free from
ern author, in his ch.i-
' I hat ihey wan! tpiiit
111 Ir'.u to eonto>-t their
r toiir;ir.f appears from
.lined over the Infidels:
ind dilTimiilatiun, imicli
nkcnnels, but not over
leople are laborious and
that the merchants and
ir dealings, holpitable,
jliility are men of s^nat
s: that they value ihem-
ikI family : that moil of
youiij^L-r (bns geneially
iii|'eror, the tieotors, or
•■ theinicivcs fomc of the
whieli are lb numerous
hat the Piotellant clergy
11 their deportiiuni ; but
ertiiie; and no people
ts, funerals, and birth-
ive excellent iiuxlianic
nts of (icrmany can only
'. It is, Ml general, po-
ns rather the luptriority
.1 bw more than a maich,
. 'I'lie mhabiianis arc
jns ; anil il' tiny do not
as the I'lcnei), ihey aie
, a; they have moie li-
;\. l'\w of the tcrrito-
fo large as lo be aiHgn-
^refs and fleece the peo-
tithout rediels. W'hea
may appeal to the eene-
ilie empire, for relief j
.nd fortunes of liie fub-
ot the (/rand Moiarch.
es in Creiinaiiv are gene-
elepiinces, affecting the
mole powerful, in the
iroliiceisanddomellies,
iircs, curiofities, guards,
^". fleece their tenants,
.ler to fuppoit all this
EUROPE.]
G E R M A N E M P I R E.
So;
:ver, the burt
e piivilfgcb.
and
Thf
Tl.c principal divcifiiinsoftlie Germans, in gcn'ral,
but moie particulaily thofe ot Vienna, are fea'tin^,
dmcing, fencing, v', ""'"m- ^'>'' nmlieal entcriain
nients; tor the latter ot which they prclei ve an im no-
<lerate pillion. In the \vi;uer lealon, when the ground
is coveied with Inow, an 1 the waters aie fro/.en over,
the ladies take their recuation m fkdi',es, ofvaiio s
(liapes and devices, I'lich as Iwans, Icollop-fhells, tigers,
p,riliins, Kc. In one of i hole a ladv litf, richly drciled
in Velvet, laced with gild or fiber, lined with tins,
adoiiicd with jewels, Kc. A gentleman lllew^ his gal
lantry l)V driving her ; and the horle tint draws the
fledi',e IS ilecoraled Aiih plumes ot fcalhers, iil)bons,
l)tlls, \t. When this aiiuilcment is taken at night, a
feivant rides befoie the fleilgc with a lighted toicli in
Ills liaiui. Hiiniing ol game, bull-hunting, and boar-
hunting, arc favoui itc diverhons.
The divcrfions tor the common people arc l"uch as
feeni hardly tit tor a civiii/.ed and polilhed nation to
allo.v; paiticiilaily the combats, as they are calletl, or
bailing ot' wild bealls, which is much more lavage and
ferocious than our buU-baiting.
The moll ex a i delinption we can give ofihere di-
ver, ions, will be literally lo traiillate a iiuul-bill, aMlif-
irilnited through the ibeetson Sundays ana Iti'iivals. —
It run' thus.—
*' This day, liy Imperial licence, in the gieat am-
jih.itiieatre, at live o'clock, will begin the tollowing
tli\ CI lions :
" 111. A wild 1 lungarian ox, in full tiie, (that is,
with file tinder his tail, and crackers fallened to his
faii and horns, and to other parts ot his body,) will be
let upon bv doijs.
" 2d. AuiLI boar vill, in the lame manner, be
baited by ilogs.
" id. A great bear will, immediaiely alter, be torn
by dogs.
" 4tli. A wuU will be hunted by dogs of the fleet-
ct) kind.
" 5th. A very furious and enraged wild bull from
Huiigaiy will lie attacked by fierce and hungry dogs,
" bill. A fulb bear will be attacked by hound-.
" 71I1. A lleicewild bo.ir, j'lll caught, will be bait-
ed, for the full time, by dog^, defended with iion
aimoiir.
" Hill. A beautiful All lean tiger.
" 9eh. This will be changed tor a bear.
" loth. A trelh and fierce I lungarian ox.
'• iith. And l.iili\, a furious aiul iiungry bear,
which has had no food tor eight d..ys, will attack a
young wild bull, and eat him alue upon the Ipoi; and
if he. IS unable to complete the buliiul-., a uolf will be
ready to help him."
Tliele barbarous I'peaacles are vifuallv attended by
tuooi tliiee thouland (nople, among whom are a great
number oi Lidies !
SF. CTION IV.
Ccmmcrc?, Exports, Imports, Muhanifm
Coining, StiUidard of the Coin, and Liin^itiige
Prhik^e cf
Tl US very cxtenlive countiv being boixlercd by
the (ierman t.)cean, IJaliic, (iiili)Ii of Venice,
f;c. and intert'ccted by many navigable rivers, is ad-
mirably fituated for commci'.e. The exports are corn,
liorles, caitlc, tobacco, butter, cheele, honey, fyiup,
wme, linen, woollen-llufis, yarn, ribbons, lilk and cot-
ton IhiU's, Nureniluirg wares, goat-fkins, wool, all foits
of wood, particularly for lliip-biiilding, iron plates and
ft'jves, cannon, ball, bombs, granadoes, tin plates, lleel
woik, copper, bralV wire, poicelain, eaithen wai ;, mir-
rors, glatlcs, beer, IJiiinlwic mum, tartar, Imalt, /.all'ei ,
Prulfiaii blue, hogsdiriilles, |)riiUeis ink, and many
oilier commodities. The frencli buy up great num-
beis ot horfes in .Germany to remount their cavalry.
Towards the middle of the 13th century, feverai towns
upon thcf ;er:iian Ocean and the Bailie entered into a
league for the lecuriiy anil [jioinotioii of theii trade and
iKuigation, and were therelMic called llaiit Towts,
riioogli this league hath long fince cealed to opeiate-
in iigiid to levcial ot ihcle twwns, in coi.lKiuincc of
the ilecay ol iheir trade, yet Mamliuig, Liibeck, and
Hrtmen, are Hill i died the Hans-Towns; and a league
.icluallv liibliils between ihcm, under the name of
which thev conclude tieaties of comiiu-rce with foieigij
pmveis. Hamburg is the chut to.wi of tiide in (ier-
maiiy ; and next tii it aie liaukloit on the Maine, Nu-
lemburg, Ar.glbuig, Vieiin.i, Imme, and Trielle;
whuh lall is a tree port. There are great annual faiis
at fiimc towns in the emp.ire, as at Irankioit on the
Maine, at Leiplic, at Buiiilwic, I'lankfoiton the Oder,
N lUiiibeig, and Ment/.. A new trading company to
Alia was eilablilhed at laiibden, by the Kite king of
I'ruflia, in i 750. The impuits ot (he (ieimans confilt
ot a great vanity if articles. In particular fiom tng-
laiul they import woollen manutactuies, tobacco,
lugii, ginger, KalMiulia goods, tin, and lead: biic
leveial of the (ierman piinces having prohibited lome
paitienlar foils, and otheis ail our \suollen iiranuhic-
tures, die balance, of tiade is much againll us witli
(id many.
The genius of the (iermans hath appeared in the
invemion and improvement of many mechannal arts,
elpeiially clockwork. Ihey have exceeded all the
world in the connivance of a variety of motions, to
iliew' not only the couile ot the hours and minutes, but
even ot the fun, moon, and liars; whereof the clocks
at Siialburg, Prague, and many other places all over
t lei many, are fuiiicient iiiilances. 'I'he emperor
Charles \ . Ii.:d a watch in the lewel of his ring; and
in tile elei'tor ot Saxony's ll.ible I3 to befeen a clock in
the pomcl of his ladcllc.
'1 he Germans claim -nhc invention of the art of
printing. The Dutcti lay, indeed, that Laurence
Coder, of llaailem, foiUKl out the art by accident,
and had brought it to fome perfection, but was robbed
ot his materials In a lervani, who fled with them to
(.ieiinany : but the (jermans alledge, that John Got-
lenburg, an alderm:in of Stralburg, tirll invented it in
the year 1440, lemoved with it to Meniz, and printed
leveral books, in which he made tile of call letters of
metal, in the lame ii.annei as is nnw ufed.
The invention of guns is alio laid to be theirs, which
was hkewile produced by an accident, in this manner:
one Baithold Schwartz, a friar, making chymical expe-
riments, mixed lome i'ali-petre and brimllone, witU
other ingredients, and let them upon the lire in a
crucible; but a fpaik getting in, the pot fuddcnly
broke with great violence anil nolle; whicluinexpei'ted
elfiel fiirprileii him at lull; but he lepcated the expe-
iiiiuni, iuul finding the etlccl conllam, let himlelt at
woik to improve it. To ihi: purpole he cauied aa
lion pipe to be made, with a Im.iU hole at the lower
end to tire it at, and putting in lome ot i:is new ingre-
dients, together wiili lomefinall llones, let lircto it, and
toiiiid It anlwered hii expectation, m penetrating all
bet;jrc it. '1 his happened about ll:e ye;ir 1: 3.1, and
was U)oh impioveil to the iiiak ingot gieat ordnance, ?>.c.
but a celebrated writer, in his Natural Hillory of Ox-
fordlhire, is ot opinion, that it was invented lOo years
before, by Roger Hacon, a Francilcan friar, who was
fellow of .Mertoii n. liege in (Jxloid ; and an emiiienc
piofelliir, in his notes on that friar's epiillc Ad Pari-
ficnUiii, is of the fame opinion.
To thele inventions of the Germans wc may add
their improvement of the art of chymiflry ; which, be-
ing brought hither by Albertus Nhigiuis, was veiy
mueli lludied by the Monks, and much time loll br
them, in the faich ol the phi!i.)lo[>lier'b llone, and t!ic
liudy of the Uul'iciucian philolophv.
The emperor, elcciois, many princes and prelates
of die empire, :ind of the Impel iai cities, kveral
louiis, fome ot the gentry who are t.ivouied bv the em-
peror, and all Inch as have gold and lilver muKs, enjoy
the
r
A M\\. R{^Y.\I. \sn Al TlirS'TIC SYSTF.M of I'NlVr.RSAL ( .L.iK.R M'l IV.
lit. ^sa
'1 '(:
8.-.8
the privilcpf otfoinitip; tri'iiiv n« l.ii ;•■ tl>e i|ii:uiti!v
rluv yifl^l. Suim, lioxsivii, liivit'.ic piiviUi-.i' > t .om-
iri)ri)nlvtiii.illiii''iify ; IhhoiIum ;i l:»r!<.frt|'tu>.», uilur
(it Vilvn- , 1- puld. ' Hilt llifif aifoillv llntv <>( I'Mii
mints allownl in aili » m lo, iiiilir> :ini.i'iii' "i il'i-
iinpin- lias miiHS ol its<-.v;i, ;ukI u.ims lo m.t i mint
lUMi- If. Bv tlie la«s of the iinpiu' tin- i-nn nl f uli
tinl. iuie,lit to I'C ix.iniiiK>lyi.M!lv, an.l all iliciiuiiu\
<i| tlu'cnipiii oii;:;lit to lit aii-ouliii.;to()iii.iiHl tlii'l.inic
ItanJinl, wliuh at pulcnt is iliat ol l-ciplu'. Ilic
Mvincy ot mnll nations in lli.iopc govs Ikic luir if.
vihif. Tilt moll con.iuon (in nun (iivcr coin is a
rix-tlollu, whivh is woi til about 4s ('il. Init in loirc
places only 3s. 61.1. A < iciman tloiin, or giiiklcr, is
«oiili ^HiKially alioui halt a iiovvn ; .ind a ^■oUWliit.it
ah '111 OS A iiowii, in Ipetic, isajnal to an I'liiililh
irown; Inir a tiov. 11 iiiirint only to j<.()il. 'llic I kt-
imniiiiii, in gcnfval, i;. luitl.cr tiuf llciliiif^ of iliit
wciiiht ; luinj; mou- ilipi. " i'' ihounht, tha'i aiiv oihoi
coin in I'.iropc. This "i'l> •'i'^' i^'"--" vanity •'! nio-
ntv that i'.ruircnt Irtc, is nu li.iill ililailvantar>c to
ir.uk-, anil links alio tin; value ot tllatcs. A (iiisnan
mark is is. '>ii.
The lan'^itipe ot the ficriiians is Hit!,!i DiulIi. ol
wliuli tin 11' ait to iiiiny ili:'.k\-ts, tl..it the people ot one
piovineelcaiee uiukilhind thole ot another. I.atin ami
Irenthare ilie moll uktul l.iii;;ii:i;',ts r..r a toreip,nei'
tr.ivclliag in (iernian\, evt rv lei vant almoll in tl;cir
inns imileillanilinf, lomelhing eiihei' ot' the one or other
ot them. I liCjh anil Low Diiteli are ilit'agreealiJt am!
hiiih to the t.i! : an. I lioili are but dialeCis ot ihe Okl
leutonie.
Riiigiout
S \: C 1
(1
V.
Pvliliiiil Gi,v(r>iment rf
Gt)m,ii:\.
THK inhabitant-, of the C'lipire are pretty equally
divided between Roman CuIioIks ami I'lo-
ttliants the latter being of twi elatll-, vi/. L.uihc-
rans and C.lvinills. In tludaik ages tlu popes got
into thtir hands almoil the whole inanagcment of every
thing relating to the elurth and eci k liallics, both ie-
viilar and regular : nay, ihey even claimed a po-.ver not
'.•nlv to contro'il, bi;t lodepolc prinees, ti.al luUe their
l',;biei'ts from their allegiance, and dil'pole of their do-
miiiions as they thought tit. The tyranny and iiiiir[ a
tionsnf the pojxs, and the ni'inlhoos connptions and
abules that had ei,",-r, or been iiuroduccil, fr -ni
woilib views ot po-.vcr and grandeur, into the a .cient
duC'.ime and dil'-iphne ot the cluiuJi, i lultd all, that
were capable ot any lefleftion amo;.g the- laity, and
everv honcll man among the cleri'v, larr.elilv to willi
for a refoi inatinn, v.'l.ich wa^; at hut boldiv atrcmpied
jiv anative ol this couniiy, l)i. Martin I .u;!/.;, in the
I' til century. The llates ot ih.'eminu, i';it (.nibraced
the reformation, from their proielbng, in i;2i), againll
tlic concluhonof the diet at Spire, by which all innova-
tions in religion, till the deirec- of a future council
Cuuld be oliiamed, were tkclared unlawi^il, obtained
the name ot I'lu ellants. A religi'Uis war toon alter
broke out, which was extinguilhcd, in lumc iiiealurc,
in i.i;52, by the peace ot I'ali'a'v. and inou- finipleatly
Iv that ratiiii.d at Auglburg in 1555, by which a full
toleration and liberty was gianted to the I'loti ilant'.
This was farther confirmed and explained by the treaty
of Wellpliali.i, in 164S. By virtue of thele conven-
tions, no other religion but the Roman Catholic, l.u-
tjieran, and Retormed, was to be introduced in'o, or
tolerated in die holy R.nnan empiie. S(jnie other tccis,
notwithllandiiig, inlome places, aitually eiuoy the free
exeicife of their religi<jn. Such of the above perlui-
(ions as cxilled in any ftatc in the year lOi-), are l\ill
to be alloweil ; but it lies in the breall of the rel'pedive
fovereigns, whether they will tolerate any that had
neither public or private exercife in the country in the
yt3j aboveineiuioiicdi The power ot the I'r ot, liant
dales over ihiir Catholic t'ubie.-tsin legiid to religion,
1% the lame as that wlixh the Catholic ihites haveovir
their rroiiilant (ubiects. Kach party is obliged t,>
allow the other tlie liee e.xercite of their religion in iluir
dominions, pmvi.Ie.l thev were in p ilfclhon of it in tiic
year 1024. In the Roman Catholic countries hen, as
well as e';e.vlitrc, the tkrgv arc, in .1 great iiu.ilue,
111 l.-n..iuknt of the iivil power; but in the I'une ' uit
;!atc5 the tupiemacy is veiled in the lovereign. l he
I'rotcllaiit, or evangelic body, have nuitualb agre< I,
til-.: whencvei, tor the future, a Laitliciaii lord ot a
county lliali tuin U) the retormed church, or obtain .i
countv ot that perfuaiion, or i/.c ic; ;'<;, that in that i.'.le
he lliall leave Ins tubieCts the tree exercile ol ilieu rtli-
■.i.ion, with their whole lormot church and Ivhool-ilif-
ciplinc, and all other privileges whati'oevcr.
Widiielpca to the Ic.uninc; of the (iermans, there
is no where a more general taile tor reuling, cipecially
in the I'lotcilant c'.untit^, nor arc more books any
where written and punted, than amon ; the (it: mam.
No iieople applv thcmlelves more clolclv to their llu-
dies; and the I Icbrcw is in no country lo geneially
learnt, or better undcrllooil. Printing is higlilv e.i-
couraged. V'.vcry man of letters is an author. Thev
multiply books without number, (ire.at number, of
ihefilcsand difputations are anniially publilliedi tor no
man can be a graduate in their univerliiies, who has
not produ,.ed at Icall one controveilial publication.
.Soon utter the ditfolutioa of the v.clUrn empiie, the
I'lanks fubdued all Germany and (l.iul, which were,
about ih.? '. cai tico, crertcd into an empire by Charle-
magne : Init So years afterwards the 1-rench race were
dileaided, and a new emperor from among the Cier-
mans eleeted. The race of the houle of AuUria be-
gan wall Rotlolph of Hapthurg, who w.is eledeil em-
peror in the year 127^. Chailes IV. at the diet ol Nu-
lemburg, in 1^56, formed the whoklcme legul.ations
tor the tle.l ion ot an emperor, which .arc to this day
knovwi and obferved, under the name ol the (iolJei\
Bull, m the year 1448 the celebrated Cvincordat, be-
tween the empei>^>r Frderiik 111. and certain fpiriiual
and temporal ellates of the empire, and I'ope Nicholas
V. were lettled. 'I'his emperor was duke ot Aullria;
and his poik-rity, notwithllanding the empire is elective,
have hid tlieaddieis to continue it in their family tor
jco ycais, namely, to the year 1740. whc-n thev Icll it
' only lor want of an heir mak . die lannlv ; but the
Aulliiiii family aie now agu'n in podeiiion of it. In
the reign ot the emperor Viederick 111. the court, now
c.Ued the Chamber ot Wctzlar, was eilab'ilhed, and
tlie empire wis d,i\iied into 10 circles, lli' luv-ce!K>r,
I Chailes V. tiriL lAore to a capitulation. In his ti::ie
Mexico am! I'cruwere cuniiucrcd, whcrebv he became
poflelied of much laiger teiritoiiis, and more riches,
ih.in anv prinre bttv-re him ever er.ioyed. His brother
I Fcrdunaiid tii iblilli-d the A.ilic Council. It was in-
I lerted, tiir the ilr'.l ti:iie, in die capitulation ot the em-
peioi iMatiliiis, g.a.itUcui of Ferdinand, that th.c elec-
tors. h;r the I iture. 111 ould be entitled 10 e!ea a king
of the Ro;!iu-.s, .v;th or without the cor.lent of ilie
cmpeior. la the leign of Ferdinand 111. an end was
jHit to the rcli^:,aju--. wars thu began in tlie reign ot
Charles V. in conU'iiuuice ' 'f the leloimation, by th.;
treaty of \Ve;tph.dia. _ In the rcign of his ion I .eopold,
the iliet of the empire was opeiievl .it Ratilbon, in the
year 1 6 •53, where it Ibll e ontuuics ; and the Imperi.il
cham'ier i.t jui'.u.e was removed from Spire to Wet/-
lir. This e:np'-ijr conferred on I'.rneU-AuguiK-is, 01
Biunlvvic l-uneninirg, the ninth electoral dignity.
The empire ot (Icrmany i- eleciive ; and the law -•!
the empire do not require that the emperor Ihould be
of any paiticuLu agi?, naiion. or religion; but as the
I'ljoiih are more in number than the Ihotcllant ekc-
loi'--, a Roman Cadujllc is always ele^.ed to the Im-
perial dii'.niiy. 11"^ emperors uled lormeilv to be
crowned by the popes, till the rcign of Charles V. bui
from that time the papal coronation lii'^ been dilpeuled
with.. However, iinmedi itclv upon his entering uiion
any p-.no
his eil.iie
(K.R M'lIV.
in rL-'4iiil til rili)iii)ii,
ill lilt ll:ltc» ll:lVi- DVCI"
I p.MtV i» <iMl^!;iil to
•I ilicir ii'liuum 111 ihcir
II p iircll'ioii ol II III tliL'
ii'lic niiintric> lifii', ,is
, 111 a (;it:it iiK.ilinc,
I'Mt in liif I'iDU 'lilt
\ tlic lovi'tL-ic',n, I he
live nuitii.ilU aiiiinl,
u L.iitlicran loril nt a
il iluircli, or t>l)t.iin a
tiT'j, that in th.ii c.ilc
X I'Mnili.' i/l ilicir rtli-
cliiirili aii.i Kliool-ilil'-
whiitl'ocvcr.
it the (i(.rm ins tlicrc
tor rc-ulinp, crpci.i.illy
■ aic more books any
1 :uiU!n'; tiic (iiiin.irn,
ill cloivlv iM tliLir Itu-
1 cmuitiy lo pcncrally
I'liniiMj^ IS hi^!ilv t:i-
s is an aiitluir. They
cr. (irt'.it luinihcri ut
i.illy puhliilifdi tiir no
ir univLTliiic, who h,is
U'cilial pul)iii:;ition.
till' v.cllirn cnipiu', tiie
mil ( i.tlll, wllilll \V(IC|
I an fiiipiiv hy Ch.irlc-
Is tiif I'li'ncli raif were
tiiini anidiii; the Cici-
it hoiilc ul Aiillri.i hc-
^. V, ho was tlcda! cm-
:s IV. at the ditt ol \u-
whoUlunit; reputations
which are to this ilay
ic ii.inK- ul ilic (lokicti
chratcd Concordat, lic-
III. and (iTtain liMiiiiiil
pill', anil I'opc Nichcil.is
\ was (Inke ol Aiilhia ;
ngthc empire is cleciive,
Lie it in their t'aniily tor
17.4.0, when they liil it
. :he lanii',> ; but iIil'
I in polliiiion ot it. In
rick III. the court, now
;ir, was til ib'illied, and
) cii'dt". I'll' lii'.'celliir,
iitiil:ili>n. In his ti:ne
ixd, whcieliv he hecaiiic
toiii?, and nvrc riches,
IT er.'oved. His hroiher
lie Ciiiincil. It vvas in-
: capiiii!:it!-jn ut the vni-
irdmand, th.it tiic tlcc-
entitled to tleu a king
lout the eoiileiK of the
rd.inand 111. an cnil was
: begin in ti'.e reign of
the leloi Illation, by tlij
■eign ot his ion I .eopold,
lied at Ratilbon, in the
nucs ; and tlic lnijicri.il
ed tioni Spire to Wet/
on I j'nelt-.Aii;H)iK:5, ui
ill eledoral di;j,iiiiv.
L-leciive; am! liie laws nt
It the emjieror Ihould he
01 relij;ion ; but as ihc
;han the I'rmcltant ekc-
ways c!eT:ed to the Ini-
irs nl\\\ l.ji-nvilv to bo
e reign of Charles V. bui
lation h '.'^ been dilpenled
V upon his entering upon
ih-
F.URtM'E.]
r, F. R M A Nf n M P I R F,
toy
the Roveiiiincnt, hr tcllifici lil* vcncr.ition to the pope
by an cinbaliv. The title ot the enipeior riinsilius:
" N. by tlie pract ot fiv.il, tkvted koiiian eiiiperur ;
at all tunes .uigiiienier or die ciTi[iire in, or of, ( icr-
iiiain , king." Then loll iw the titles ot the hereditary
Imperial iloiiiinions. The ll ites ot the inipire (',ive
llie emperor the title ol .Mod lllulbious, Moll I'ow-
crfiil, .ind Moll Invincible Rimi.iii emperor ; the kill
ot winch is omitied by the elecUns. The tiiiperiir is
looked ii|H)n, h\ all othiT cro\Mv.d lic.idj and Hates
"1 Kuiope,ns the tiril luuopean [loieniate, and as Inch
jireredenee is jj^iven hiiii and his ambillailors. I le is
the liiprcnie h.ead of the ( iemian tlii|'ne ; but Ins power
in the adminillraiioiuliei' ot is very limited. With rc-
Iptvt to ecclcliallual matters, I113 preiogative conlills
prim ipallv in the right ot the liill petition, by virtue
ui wliii.li, ill all foiiiul.itions and il liiiers ot the ernpiie,
lie iii.iy, onte during his adminiOralion, confer .i be-
iielice 1.1 .mv (.eilon ipaahlieil lor it by the llatutes;
aii'.l on ihatot a panisbiicl to each foundation orcloil'-
ttr III . . empiie, liy virtue ot wlucl;. lucli toundation
ib oi>liPy.d t) .idiiiit into u the perl m who has obtained
the ciuperor's bnct, and theie pu'Vide him, ilimiig lilc,
with all iieccirarieii. \\ itli relpeci totcuipu.al matters,
he ca.. create princes, dukes, maiquilks, t units, ha-
lons, kniglits, &c. raile countiits and territories to a
higher rank; bellow arms; and grint letters of lelpite
and I rotc>:tion, kxuiing .1 debtor againll his creditor;
tllablilli iini'.eiluie-, 'lies, r.iid maikcts; empower
any i->im'![i to .idopt anoth.r, and to allume a title fiom
his ei'.i;e; erect any I'laic into a laiu-tiiaiy; confer
iu.i:o:iiy on niinois ; kgitimaie chiidien born out of
wtdloik; conliim the i.".:trai;is and llipul.itions ot the
members of the euip;ie; lemit oaths cxtuited from
them; invell Inch as poliels litis ot the empire, and
decide in feudal matters illative thereto, &c. but he
cannot gram to any perloa privileges for printing par-
ticular books, for new invented machines, ,Scc. I Ic
appoints moll of the oliictis, civil and military, ot
t'.ie tiapilt, except luch as arc hereditary, as the great
c'li.incellor, trealiiKr, fs;t. but tlieleare only honoiaiv.
Ill ancient times the emperor had tonlideiable domains
ia the cmpiie; but almoii all iliele have been liiceel-
lively moitgagcd and alienited, lo tli.it at |iieleni the
cell iJn revenues ot the emperor cannot be al'certained ;
but as he has the dilp'iial of moll oliices, the creation
of pi lilies and noblemen, is entitled to all conlilcations
and lortcitures, and invtils the feveral princes in their
cllatcs, befidts thole that hold liefs ot the empire in
Italy, the protits of thel'e ariidis mull aiiKiunt to a
l.iiye ii'n. I le has alio lime oll'erin'.;s tioin the Jews,
.:uA i.ie f'rec-gitis ot the order ot knights of the em-
piie. A liicceli'or to the empire is lie'iiieiuly cliclen
li\ liie ek\lo:s duiiiig the lile ot die enijieror, who is
filled king ot the Romans. Me is elected and crown-
ed in the latne manner as the emperor, i-.is the title ot
niaicllv, :i;id takes precedence of all other kings in
ChrilltndiMU.
The diet of the empire conlills ot the emperor, nine
ekotois, compol.d ol eccleliallicaland lecular princes,
.lad depuii-:s ot Imperial cities. .
The electors are divided into Ijiiritual and tempor.il.
The Ipirii.ial eleftois are tiiC archbilliops of Trier.s
Coliigne, and Mem/.. I'lie reiii|)oral electors are thole
<jf Hiv.uia, I lano'. er. Saxony, Hrandenlurg, Bohemia,
and the elei'tor I'al.ttine. The elector ot Mem/, is arch-
chancellor of the holy Roman empire in < lermany, and
dircitor of the elecioral college.
The eledor of Tieves is .-irch-chancellor of the holy
Roman empiie in krance.
'i'he elector ut Cologne is arch-chancellor of the liuly
R'iman enipue in haly
The kingandtledtor of Bohemia, is arch-cup-bearer
of the holy Roman empire, and precedes all the other
electors.
The eieiflor of Bavaria is arch- fewer of the holy
Rom.m empire, thceleAor of Saxony is aich-marlhal,
and the ck:tor of Brandenburg is artli-thambcrlain.
No. 74.
The tlivlor I'alatinc was originally arcii fewer; and
liiite the iicaty uf Wellphaka aicli-;ii ilrrer. But
vdienilietlei-lorot liavaii.i, was jnii under liie ban of the
etupiie in the year i;c^, iheclci-for ralatiiic rtcovereil
the oliice of arch-kuer, and the tlettor of Hanover
ol lained iheotiitc of arth-titafurtr, by whiih he tlill
lliks hiintelt, till another luitable ,ireh oliice can bo
conferred upon liim. Ne.xt to the tlti'lon arc the
primes ot the empire, wiio .ire partly Ipiriiiial, and
patily temporal. I he fpirim.il aie arihl.iihop«, bi-
lli.ij". abbots, provolK, abkellcs, the mailers of the
Ttuionic order ol St. John, ,^;i.
Not only all thole pi iiices who h.ive Icats and Voices
111 the diet, but minv others, nie veiieil \wtli great
pouirs in die leljuctive territories; but they aie Hill
lubitct to the general l.iws of the empire, and Iviom
not to engage in an\ uars or .alliances to the preiudiee
of the tm|itior. The Fianks, m iniit.ition i 1 the
Romans, leduicd all (jermany ui'o I'lovinccs, over
vdiiiliiliev placed gnvrrnois uith dijieieir rules. They
weie generally oi nube timihis, and, it llieie w.is no
maieiul ob'iciion .uv'inll it, tktir Ions wtre appointed
(o luiieed tliem;lioiii whemetluk governors tame at
lengili to inlill on aiijlit of lucceeding thtir aiicellors,
and rcluftd to pay homage to the f iernian emperors,
eveiy one taking upon him to exercile legal power in
his province; trom whence have fpruiig up I.) many
petty fovereigns in the empire. The third college of
the diet is that of tlir tree or imperial cities, 1. e. Inch
as are governed by magiilrates ot their own, and Hands
immediately under the emperor and empire. Some of
tliile are wliollv Catholic, others entirely Lutheran,
anil others again ot a mixed itligion. Wiihin their
leiiitory they extrcife I'upreme power, and are divided
into two benches, the Rheniih and Swabian. As the
princes ot the empire took advantage of the neccdi.
ties or indulgence of the (jerman emperors, to ertvr
the governments thev held, in capacity of viecrovs or
governois, into independent principalities and Hates,
lo did the cities no<v called iixc aiiit imperial. The
emi'dois, tieip.iemlv wanting fupplies of ir'.ney to
i.ur\ on wars, or tor other occalions, borrowed large
luiiis ot the wialthv tr.uling touns. and juid tlitin
aj' nil 111 miinilicciu grants and privileges, making
them tiee llates, and independent of the governors ot
the provinces where they llood. .'Vccordingly, thele
cities, like the princes, exercile all kinds of lovertign
power ihat aie coniillenc with the general laws of the
empire. They make laws, conllitute courts of iiiflicc,
coin moniy, raife forces, and enter into alliances and
confederacies; only acknowledging the emperor for
ihiir fupieme lord, and contributing their lliare to-
wards the common defence ot the empiie. The die:
niiets at Ratilbon on the emperor'sluminons; and any
of the princes may lend their deputies thither in their
llead. The diet makes laws, railes taxes, determines
dill'eiences between the leveial princes ami llate.", and
can lelieve I'ubieds trom the opprelV.ons ot their tb-
veieign. There are (wo I'upreme councils, called the
.•\iilic Council, and the Chain;ier ot Wet/.ler. !t was
leiiled by the emperor Charlts V. that every circle, and
Lveiv prince and member ot each circle, Ihould con-
uilnite towards tl;e ordinary a:;d extraordinary taxes
oftne empire. This contiibution was entered into a
b 10k called a matriculation book, which is kept by the
eleclor of Ment/.. By the matricula twelve florins
were to be [raid monthly in lieuot cvcrv horleman, and
four tor every foot luldier. Atterwaids it was enacUd
that 60 llorins ihould be advanced in lieu of every troop-
er, and 12 foreveiy toot loliher.
SECTION VI.
HISTORY 01- (iERMAN\.
TH K ancient Ciermans were a br.avc, independent
people, and peculiarly diilinguilhed by their love
ot liberty and arms. Tdiey oppoled the force ot the
g T Roman
'i;. ;'.
il 1
A NTW, ROYAl. and AllIirNTIC SYSTI.M of I'NIVKi^SAL GEOGRAPHY.
"iV.:/l
!^l:):i!! }^
Roiii.ui tiiijiiie at tlic lu'isiht nf its i;i.iiuk'i:i. The
toiHUiv was diviik\l into a luiiuhorot priiivipaliiics,
iiulcpiiulciu i)t t,-:u:l> ollici ; liioui;!), oiwiliouaily, cnii-
iic. ti.vi l.y a nuhiiry iiiiii>:i, tor ili.t(.-niiiri.j, thciiilclves
a';aiiili Inch encmits as tiuciuntd tlii: Iruity ot tluni
all. At Itngtli, howivcr, tl\c Roaun pow^'i' prevailed
i'\<.\ a i^rcat part vi Gtiniany, and it wa.s rtdiictil to
llictoiKlition ot a proviiu-c-. \\[\v:\ the iiorthern lur-
baiiaub hioki' throu'f'Ji the Roman barrier, llcrmany
\va>o\eiruii by the I'rank-, ai)''it the year 4S0, and a
(.unrKlcralilc pan ct ii loii;j, icniaincd ni lubicction to
tlie L-hift ot that nation, in ihi- limaiion it coniinuicl
troai ilieabovciner.tioned pniodtoihe \ca: 800, \vht.ii
Cluilcuiagne, or Charles the Gieat ot l-r.ance, was
advanced to the Imperial throne on Ciuiibnas-dav.
1 It wa< the ion ot kiii^ l'e|iin, and lliccecilcd hiiu m
liie kingd.im ot l-'ianie in the vear 768'. when J )eli-
ileruis, kina ot L":n'>ardv, polielieil that throne, who,
liavin.; inliiiied the pope and elergv ot Ronic. and eoiu-
ptiled ihem to part wiih a i;reat dial ot that power
lhe\ had iillirped, Chailes invaded l-oiiiba:tly, de-
tested and depoi'ed IXliderius ; anil golini; alierwards
to Rome, the popi', who looked upon hini as his de-
liverer, declared hiin a paintian, a title equal almofl
to tiiat ot emperor; mvelbng liim with aiithoiiiy to
conliini tuture p-opes and g,iant die Italian biihon; die
invellituies ot iheir lees; alter which ihc pope l«ore
allegianit to hint upon Si. I'ctci's tomb. Chailes, in
utLirn, j;a\e the pope a power ot eonlbiiiiing (xarths,
ur governors over the piovinces ol -Ancona, Bologna,
M.iiuiia, Modcna, I'aiiiia, Ferrara, &c.
King Cliailes atteiw,;rds made a conqiied of part of
Spuin, of die nuiih it Citrmany, then denominated
Saxony; and pope Adii in dvmg, Leo 111. beinp, elec-
ted pope, was contiiir.id 'n the t.h.iir by Chailes the
Circat, as patrician ol Rcme; and, on Chridnias-tlav,
800, ( .; iietore oblc. \ ed, ) the po-pe and lenate ot Rome
conlcrrc I tlie title ot Roman emperor on king Chaile"-,
and ciovned hmi in liic church ot St. I'cter, the
people tainting him emperor at ilic lame tune.
Statues of the emperor were let up in inoft of the
puljlic places n\ Rome; bi t lie thole, however, to re-
lidc in Cierman\, and l.ft the pope, 111 a manner, tio-
vei nor ot Italy; ot which the eiv.|ieror had the title ot
kiiicr, as well as tint of Roman '.aiperor. lie iniov-
ed thcie honours 14 years, dviiii; anno,Si4, ar .\i.\-la-
Cli.ipelle, aiul was biiricil there in a f hutch Lc had
touniied having deligned to make that cuy the c ipiial
Lit Ins cmpiie.
He was l..ccccded by his ton 1 .ojowic, or I^euis,
King ot Ai)ii.tuin, tiiniamed the ( mdlv, who oidtitd
the lisUleto l.'e ua'itlated into die Sa.Non languas,'.-, and
to be di![ erie.l among ihe conitnon (;eople. He was
an unlo.'iunaic prince, all his ihree t(jns lebclling .-,v;atnll
him; aiiij haviT:g taken him priloncr. ihuthim up in a
monaliery, Iroiii wiieiue his tuhiecis leltutd him; but
while he was u|ion the march a<!,;uiill Loih.aiius, tut
cldell, he died; and Lothaiiiis tiii:cee;ic(i hi;n. •..•ho,
attc-r he had reigned 15 yeais, abdicued hi-, th.one,
and lelided in a nionatlerv till he died, aiul wa-. luc-
cetded liy Ins ton Loilowic, or Lewis II. It was in
tins reign th.'M the co'-irt ot Rom'.- liril atl'uniS'J the
po^.ver ot eleilini; die piipc wlIho.l^ the Icavi; or con-
cunen'.e ot the loveiei'^n. ndmn II. ■.'. .e- tne liiiuh.it
was clioien wuaoiitihe emperoi's licenie.
In the reiun ol Lewii 111. called the Grot"-, JMni
'.lis coipiileiiLVi the Normans invadin!» l-Vance, and
IKiictritinj^ as taiasl'iiis, which iheybehegcd, ihev
compelled hini to conlinn the tluchv of Norm.mdv to
them, whiih they h.id pollelled ihemklves ol; and
Iiaving done lume otiK-i unp-jpulu iitts, he w.is depo-
fed by his liibjeiits, who placed Arnolph upon the
thioiie, the naiuial |(jn ot the ih.ike ol Havana; to
that the cmpiie can no lonp^ei be (.(lecnierl heicdiiary
in the line ot Charlemaj^ne, who v a-, the founder of it.
Arnolph being opp lUd by f iuido and Berenc^aims, to
whom the city ot Rome adhered, he deleaied them,
4iid took Rome by iLurn. Lcwh IV, the l.m ot At
iiolp.li, liiccecded him : but tlic pope llttint; up another
Lewis au,.unli him in Italy, cieateil him a i!,reat deal c\
diliurbance in his rei^n. However, his Ion Henry
liKcecded, bv his own appointment in his lad will.
Coiiradi.', ilukeot Iranconi.i, was next adv.mced to
the impel lal throne by the Cieiman nobility. He op.
poled the encroachments of the pope, defended the en.
pile a^aint'tthe invalions of the Hungarians, ilied attvr
a proliieroiis leipn of 17 years, anil was luccceded hv
his toll Oiho, who oblip,ed the kinjz; ot Denmark i.\
acknowlediic his dependence (jii the empire, and admit
Cliriltiaiiitv into hi-- kiiij!,do;;i. 1 Ic fubd,i;c<| the kwri
ot Hoheir.ia alio, and ['l.iiited Chrilbanitv in that kimj-
dom. On the other hand, hedepoled pope lolin XII.
advanced Leo VIII. to the papal chair, and decreed
that ti:;are popes Ihoidd be appointed only by '!,,_•
ellipeior,
(.Jilio 111. accnrdint; to {'omv writers, lirli reiliued
tlie ivaubcr otek:i;toii to t'even. He reigned 1;! \cars,
when he was poiloned bv a pair ot "loves, his concu.
bme eave hini tor rctnlini», to many hir, as he hail
ptoauied. Henrv, duke ot Havana, who was cholen
emperor by the electors, anno 1002, defeated the
S.iratens in Italy, and drove them out ot A, ulia ami
Cafiiina.
Henry III. detemlcd the empire acainll the Bohe-
mians and Hunj;anans; alter wluch he went into Italy
to pacity the diliuihances at Rome, ciccalioncd b' the
Ictiing up ihiee j-opes at once. He ilepoteil them all,
and advantetl Clement II. to the pap.iUhair, rcvivint
the decree, " 'i hat every pope ibould be appointed hy
the emperor."
Hcr.'v V. on the other liand, was compelled hvthr
popc to acknov.'ledge his fii|iiemacv, and renounce his
ntiht to the invclhturc ot biihopncs.
l-redcnc Baibarolla \va<. to dillrclied bv the pone.
; that he lubmuied to let his holinel's tread upon his
! neck.
iTcderick II. wa-; cxconimunicattd by three pope?;
but at length dcjuik'd (;ie(;oiv 1\'. and iluiinp, tin;;-
ccnteils between the po[ses ,ind cmpcrnrs. aiofe tlnli-
fvvo tamoiis ta.'tions of Guelphs anil Gibcllines, uniler
the one or the other of whiih all the prmcc* of }'"urnpc
were enf.-.gcd ; theliili adhering to the popes, and tlie
other to the emperor.
Atter the ilcatli ot Frederic there was an inicr-rc''-
iium ot j.0 years, lix great pri ices contending for the
etiipire; among whom was RicIvmI, earl of Cornva'.l,
brother to Henry HI. Kinf.ot ''.nakind; and HM,|.,',]ii,
earl of Ha| Iburg, who, at length, obtaiiK-d the Impend
dignity, bv the content of all the ele.-iors, ami wis
conlirmed bv the popt". He fiill o.i.:iL'onrd the ad-
vancement or the .'\i:!trian family, by creatini!; his fon
Albert archduke ot Aulria, who liicceed'.d to the
empire alter Rodolph, but was depoi'ed, it is laid, for
tuhmitting to icrve witli his tniops, as nii icenaries,
under K.dward I. km;.; of faigluul, againll France.
Albeit, loll ot Ro.lolph being eiowned enipeior,
and i.ontiimcd by the pope, made liw Ion king of liu
hetnia.
Heniy, earl of F.uxembuig, was iu-\t t l.cled, but
poilonc'<l I1V a monk.
Chaik-s IV. in 1,147, 'i"! inditorcd ihe GoKlcp Mill,
containing the rues ;uid ceremonies to be obili ved .11
the eltctioii of an emperor.
Sigilinond, Kini; of Huni'arv and Hohcmia, ws
unaiumoiiflv tici'led emperor; in whole reign joliii
Hill'', and Jerome of I'lague, ilil'puting the pope's au-
thority, and bciii-'. lummonrd to appear at the Coun 1
ot Conllincc, were buint for heretics then, notwiih-
llanding they h.ul the emperor's late condii-i tor tluir
re'uiii.
I'ft'deriik IV. duke of Auftiia, being unanimoufly
eleiitcd, married 1 .eonora, daughter of Alplionlo, kiiv;
of l'omi;^.il. He reigned 5Jyi.:irs, luing loii'.'jer th i''
any emperor had reigned hi tote him.
Maximilian, his lon,riii ceeded him, hiving bei"'
elected kin;^; iil the Rcimans anno I4S.J; and mariieil
OCRAPHV.
lopekttiniiup another
ttil liiin a [ric.it ileal ui
•vi'vcr, ins ion I Icnry
H-nt in his lait will.
was ncxr adv.inccil to
lun niibiluv. I Ic op.
pnpf, ilcti'iul.ihliccm-
lliingarianv, thai attvr
and was fiicccalcij hy
kini; ot JXnm.uk i.\
tiu; cmpiic, ami ailnr.r
1 le luUliiul flic kiiv
irillianitv in tiiat kinij-
cpt)l(cl pope John Xll.
pal chair, and decictj
ppointcd only liy tli,,-
writers, (irfl rcdtKn!
He reigned iH years,
ir ol oloves, his eoncu-
niaiiy her, as he h.ad
ivana, wiio was cholcn
) 1002, dctcatcd the
licai out ot A, ulia atul
ipirr apainll the liohe-
liii-h lie went into Italv
iin'c, occalioned li< the
He depol'ed iheni all,
u- papal I hair, icvivir.T
ihoiild be appi>iiited liy
I, was compeilcd hv ihr
inacv, and renounce his
p'.ICS.
diltrcfli-d hv tin- pone,
liolincls trcati upon Ins
nicattd hy three popes;
V l\'. and diiiinp^ the!"
I emperors, arolc fholi'
15 anil Ciibfllines, under
ill the princes ot Fairopc
ng CO the p'lpcs, and the
there was an intcr-rcg-
"iccs conicndmii for the
th-.,d, Ctrl ot Cornva'.l,
'ni'J.ind; and R..,!..',]'!),
h, obiaiiu-'.i the ln)pei:.il
II the ck\"lii;s, and w !s
til II oitalioiit-d the ad-
lily, hv creating his Ta
who liiccecded to the
5 depoled, it is laid, Ui
tioops, as nicict-naries,
land, ai'.iinll I'r.uKC.
cinp, ciouned enipenir,
uule lci> l.;n kinp i| liu
',, was lH■^l il-iied, hwt
(litiitcd the f l.ildcii Hi 11,
iiniiii.'^ to be ol.luved .ii
arv and Hohcmia, vs
; in whole reipn jolm
dilpniinn; the popeV a'l-
to ajip.ear at the Couii. 1
heretics ilicrc, iiotwiiii-
's late condiki tor ilair
^ia, bein;.; unanimoudy
i|j,hter of .'\lp!ioiil<i, kin?
yi ir-;, beiii;; hll^rer llri''
c him.
L'ded him, liivinp; !'«'•>
iiHK) 14K1J; and married
M.ii",
EURorr..]
C F. R M AN E ?vl P I R F,.
8if
Mary the dauf;hltr and heir.l.s of Clni'es, ihike of
Burgundy, wlieichy he became entitlcil to all the do-
minions 01 that h ou'v.
Chailis \'. his grandion, was elejie.l e::;per-ir anno
1511), after an iiiter-re;<,iuiiii ol lixinoiitlis, havini;becn
oppol'cd hv Francis 1. kiliji ot hrance, his compctiloi.
He caulcii Luihor's doctiin;" 1.1 be ondeinned by the
diet (;f the empire, whiih the Lutherans protcltini?,
ap,ainil, obtained the dcnomiiMtiuii of I'rotclbint?.
This i)rince was victorious id more than 30 battles in
pcd'on. The pope and French kini;were his pril'oners at
the lime time. I le hibducd the I'roteltant jirinces, who
li.ul tormed the Smalcddit l'-ap,ue againit him, took the
cltolor of Saxony an.l the prince ot Fleli'e prilone: >
deteated the 'Fuiks, and railed the lie!j,e of Vienna;
and in his reisrii great part of Smith .-Vmeiica was fiib-
dued. He wa-i l"oveitij>n ot the Philippine lllands 111
Alia, of part of the coall of Barbary in Africa, ol
Spain, Germany, and the grcatell part ot Italy and the
Netherlands; and alter a reign of 3S years, ii.liti,nul
the I'.iipue, and his hereditary dominions on tli!.- lidc
ot (ictmany, to his bro'.lier Feidinand ; and Spain,
Italy, the Netherlands, Anierica,i!ie Philiiipines and
the rell of his territories belonging to ih- crown ot
Spain, to his Ion Philip II. aliei uhich he ixiiied into
a convent in Spam, where he dici.1 about two years
alter.
Ferdinand!, v.-as uiiani'.iioullv elected emperor on
the relionation ot Ins brother Charlo. He rei'jrned in
pe.itctill his death, which happened in the ye.ir I5'J4.
Hib Ion .Maxiniiiian rucrceded him. B'>th ihelel.iil
emperors wcie lemaikablc tor their indulF,ence to the
Protellants.
Rodo'.ph tiiccccded his father Maxi.nilian, and w.is
.1 very li irned prince.
He was luceeeiled in the empire by Matthias, under
whom the retoimcrs, called Lutheians and Calvinilts,
were fo much divided among tlumielves, as to threaten
the empire with a civil war. ^^ltthias dying in 161S,
was luccceded by his coulin h'erdinan;! 11. b'.;r di;- Ho-
liemians oti'ered their crown to Frederick, the elcnor
Palatine, the molt powerful Proiedant prince in (k--
iiiany, and !on-in-lawto his llritannic majeily, J.;it;cs 1.
This prince was fo incautious as to accept the crown;
but he loll it, being entirely defeated by the duke of
Havana, and the Imperial generah, at tli. Iiattle ot
!'i:U!,uc; and he wasallodeprived ot his own ele\!lorate.
Irrdinand made fucli ule of his advantages obtrjned
over the Pidtcllanis, that ihev tormed a Irefli cnnle-
ileracy at Leiptic, of which the celebiated fiut>avu.s
Ailol|)luis wa; at the head. I'Vidinand II. died in \l<]y,
ivA uas Imci ceded oy liis Ion Fcidin.md 111. who died
in if)57, and was lucceeded by the empeior I .copold,
aiii!,id and not vc-y fortunate prince. He had tun
oieai pov. en, to contend with. Fiance in the nr.e tide,
.ind the Turks on the other, and was a loler in his n u
with bo'h. I'rancc took iVom him Allace; and th.e
Turks uonld have t.tken Vienna, had not the liepe
been railed b\ John Sobielici, king of Poland. Prime
F,u^;cne, ot Savo\, was a younn adventurer in arms
about the year ifH>7, and being one ot the Imperial
generals, nitve the Tutks the liilt check in Hungarv;
and, by the peace ot C.'arlowitz. Tranlylvania was
ceded to the emperor, [..eopokl, howivci, could nor
have wiihltood the power ol h'lance, luid not the prince
ot OiaiiL'e, afterwards king W'llliint III. ot Kniiland,
l.iid the loundition of the grand contederacy againlliho
I rench power, which overturned all their machination^.
The Hungariaiis, leneilv encouiaiHxl by the I'Vench,
and exafperaied by the tyranny ot I .copold, were liill
in arms under the [irotccUon ot the Tuiks, when thr.t
pi nice died in 1705.
This emperor being very ill lerved by prince I .ewi^
of lladen, the general of the empire, the !• rench |iaitb
iccoveied their all.iirs, notwithlhindmg thiir repeated
ileteats. 'I'he duke of Mailborough, though lie ob-
tained very l[>leiidiil vicfories, hail not all the f'uci els
he expected, or dclerved. Joleph hinlclf was lul-
pec'le lof adei'P.n 10 luhvcrt the liberrirs of (Icrnmnv:
and it w.as evident from his conduct, that he expecled
the l'ai;ililh Ihould take the labounnT lur in the wai
whi.-li v.a- cinied on cliutly on his .'ccuunr. He died
oi the 1 null-pox in 1-1 1, before he h.ui reduced the
Hungarians, and w.is lucceeded by Charles, king ot'
Spam, who leaving that kingdom, and arriving\ac
Frankfort, wa^ eiecttil on the izth of Oaober, 171 1.
When the peace of Uticclii took place in 1713,
Charles atfiill indicated a detign to C'litmue the w,;: ,■
but loon linding himleif unable, no\w he was fori'akcti
by the i'.nglilh, cuncb.Kk-d a peace with hrance at Ua-
den. 111 171.1, that he might .attenil the iiiogiels ot the
links in Hungarv, where tliiv received a toi.il deteai
liom prince l.ugene, at the battle ol Peterwaraden.
Ih'.y leccivtd another ot eipial importance from the
lame tienjial, in 1717, before Belgrade, which Icll .
into the hands of the ImpcnaliiU; and next year the
peace of Paii'.uowit/., bttwtca thctii and the Turks,
was concluded.
'I he emperor bcinirnow at peace both with Chrillian^
.111.1 Tuik:,, prcvaihd on the llatcb ol the kingdom of
Huiigiiy to p.ils an act lor litthng the fuccellion of
ili.it crown upon his female illiie, accuding to their
leiiioiity, which Was dtJiie on the 2 2d ol June, 1722.
Hiis is wli.ii has ficqucntiy been termed in the (jer-
man hiHoiy t!ie " Pragmatic Sancl ion," and has given
life to fcvetal liil'putis and contention'. I lis next care
was to promote the trade ol his lubiuis. I le incoipo-
r.ited a company of merchants, therefore, at Oileiid,
to tr.idc to the lull and. Well Indies and Atrica,
which tl'.e Dutch pretended to be much alarmed at, and
preknted feveral mtmori.ds tothe emperor on this iub-
jed, declaring it to be a breach of the treaty of Mun-
iter, and oilier treaties tor the inhabitants of the Spa-
nilh Netherlands (now Aullrian) to tr.tde to the Kall-
Indiesi charging the emperor with ingratitude in en-
croaching on their trade, when they had, at a va(l ex-
pcnce, conquered to mnnv conlidcrahle countries fl r
iiim in th.- Lite war, with which the emperor was rather
to alter his condiu'l, levei.ii
■■y the Oltendeis for the Eatl-
. provoked than movcc
1 ihips being fitted out
; India trade.
; There having been a coiigixi's at Cambray to co.m-
' pofe ihe remaining diltereticcs between tlic princes of
F.uiope. the cniperor and Sp.iin, wearied with the de-
' lavs ot the I'Vench, who took upon them the otiicc of
mediatois and fenicd to take a pride in carrying the
miniltcrs >'i tlu contending powers trom place to place,
as tint Court rcmovi'd, thought lit to nccimmodarc
mattei.; tiiemlclves, withoui commuiiicaiuig tiie leims
to any fi'icign jiower. Pjy this tieaty, ligi.ed uii the
30th ot April, i:'25, the emperoi acknou Icdged I'lii-
hp, duke of An'iou, king ot all the Spanilli dominio.is
in his poireffion, conlhmed Saplinia tothe duke of
Savoy, and ceded the reverhon of the duchies of Tul-
cany, I'arma, and Pin cntia, to l).)n Ca;lo=, prince
of .'spain, at'ter the death ot the nigiiing [irincrs; but:
it was expielslv provided diat no forces fliould bo
lent thither during the live ofilic reigning prnucs.
KiniT Philip, on the other li.iml, C(\:ed to his Ion,
DonCailos, his tciiitiines on the roilt of 'Tulcany;
and agreed th.it none ot die F.ihan dominions IliouKl
ever be polllHed by any piince v.ha ihould fuccccd to
the crown ot Spain : and king Philip renounced, in fa-
vour ol his Impel ial maiilly, all rights and pretcnllonn
to the Spanilh doininiof.s in Italy, Sirily, Flandeis,
01 cirewlicre, in the pollell'ion of his Iinperial mi-.iclly;
and both Charles and Philip were vo llile themlilves
kings of Spain duriiv, iheir rclpei' ivc lives. This v.ms
called the \ienna 'Treaty. A treaty ot conviieii e .iil'>
ua-concludrd between the fame patties, Miy 1. 1-J5,
in whi' h Spun agiced that the emiirioi\ lub'O'Ms
llvHild eniov ihc lamr privileges in Spain as i!k- moll
l.iv lured naiicns, and paiticuhidv ihatihev might dil-
pofe of the I'.all- India tiu'rchandi/e, which ihould be
til ought over hv the Ollend hull- India company, \n
Spain. 'The ciiipciin alio cT.teied iiiuj alliances, ot-
'cniix;
: !■ F
.Si2 A NFAV, ROYAI, anp AUTUF.NTIC SVSTF.M of UNIVERSAL rirOGRAPITY.
\ !
'.mS
(I ,
tcniivc aiul tlctcnlivc, wit'.i RnlFii and I'ol.iin', and
itlxr pii'Aci^ were invi'.al 10 accede tt) it. I iu' em-
j-eror all.) ik^hircd Trieile, on tlie t;i'lp''i ^'t ^'euite, a
lice piiit.
The nuiitime power?, efpccially ihe Duuli, appre-
hending ilieie were lonie I'ecrct articles in the Vieiini
ireat\. iluit would be jirejudiciid to their cominercc in
other pan- ot'li-.e world, as well as in the I'all-lndies,
conelinlcd a irc.itv with I'lanceanil I'nilli.i, Si'|neiuber
3, 172;, whereby they 'guaranteed each utliers domi-
nions, "and their refpec'tive rights and privileges in
trade, and agreed, that it any encro.ichincnts were made
upon them, they would ali'ul each other w iili their
force-, to obtain' latisladion of the parties to the Vi-
enna treaty ; and this alliance being concluded at Han-
over, obtained the name of the Hanover treaty. The
kin;- of (ircat Britain and Pir.lfia hirther aiiieed, that
in cafe of an otlenilve u-ar, they v.ould not turnilli their
conij'lement of tiMops to the empire againtl I-rance;
and if they IliouKl be compelled to it, thcv would lur-
nilh as many forces to ailill I'rance, a^ their comple-
ment amounted to.
The colli t of Vienna being acqtiainted with this
treaty, made many fevere reflections upon it ; and it
was reported, at the lame court, that the Hritifli am-
liiir.uloi, atConilantinople, endeavoured to excite the
Twrks to invide the empire. To difcover the tiuth
■.»!.,-uof, orders were lent to all the Imperial generals
and olhcers on the frontiers ot Tuikey, to let nobotly
ji.ls without giving notice thereot to the court ot Vi-
eniia; and a Brintli courier being (topped in purliiance
o! ihole orde.s, king (ieorgc complaincil of 11 as a
bleach ot tlie law of nations; though the courier was
releafcd on ililcovering the badge ot an Fngliih inel-
ll'ngcr, and delivering a letter trom the Imperial rdi-
dent at the I'orte, by whom he was to I'tiied ; and the
Impenalills inlillcii that they had uuich more realon to
complain that fucli negociations were carrying on to
dilhirb their peace, than the king ol Cireat Britain had
lor apprehending his meli'en.;er.
Whatever truth there mi^ht be in tliefc fuggellions,
the Germans were to much out ot temper with the court
of fireat Britain at this ti:nc, that an Imperial edict
pafled, to prohibit the importation ot luiglilli manu-
factures, or Kalt-lndia goodj, from Lr,i?,ianil ; and the
Spaniards, who were now become the allie-ot Vienna,
aliuut the lame time laid liege to (jibraltar, to which
thcv were jirovoked by the court ot (jie.it Britain's
lending afquadron of men ot war, under 'he cn'iiinacil
oi admiral hlofier, to block u|) I'ortoL lO, and pre-
vent tlie Spanilli galleons coining ii Europe. I low-
ever, a treaty of pacilication being let on toot between
the allies of \ lenna, and tluife of 1 lanovec, the ful-
luwing year, it wa.^ agreed, that the liege ot Giiiialiar
Ihould be railed, the Oitend tr.ide to India llioiild be
I'ulpcndcd, and the Biitilh Iquadrons be v. itlidiawn
fiom I'ortoBello, and the coalis ot Old Spain ; which
ticaty wasllgned the ;jill ol May, 17^7.
By akiblcquent treaty, made .at Seville, anno 1728,
L'.-ts\een Great Britain and .Spain, the toi met agreed
to aliill in tranlpoiting 6000 S[)aniards to Tukany, to
ieciire the eventual 1 iccefiion ot Don Cailos to that
d'.cy and I'arma; to which treaty both the liencli and
I )jti.h ai ceded.
1 lie article lor introilucing Spanifli forces int 1 Italy,
during the lives uf the duke ot Tiifcany and I'arma,
alarming the emperor, he proitlled againll it, and or-
dered a (jieat body of his forces to march into Italy in
the year i;:o, to prevent its being put in execution,
which occilioned the tiaiilpoiiaiion ot thole forces to be
put oil' for the pieleiit ; but Sir Cliailes Wajjer, with a
Briiilli IqiLidion, loiniiig the Spanilli llect, anno 17^1,
t'jnvoyed 6000 .S|\iiiilli loice. to Leghuin, coiiipellini',
the then reigning duke, and the euipeior, lu fubmu
to that aiticle : though the emperor leprefeiited, tint
the introdiicmg thele Spanilli forces would endanger
the lots of all his Italian dominions. Howevci, both
the Kn(;lil]i and Ditch guauntteiin; the pollelhoM ot '
all his Italian domiiiion-, to him, he acquiefced in what
he couid n.i! well avoid ; nor was he much millakeii
in Ins conjecture-, for the l-icmh, under pretence
that the emperor had alfilleil in .idvanring the elector
ol Saxony to thethi.me of I'nianil, to the jire) dice ot
king Staniduis, his father-in-law, entered into a con-
tcdeiary with the kings of Spain and .Sardinia, and at
once invaded both his Italian aiul (icrman dominions.
Thcv made themfelves mailers of toit Khcil, oppoliteto
Stralburg, and belieged I'hiliplburg, beloie u huh town
the duke of Berwick, general "of the luenih, was
killed in the trenches. However, the Aultrians not
being able to relieve it, the place furrendercd.
The armic' of the Spanianls, and their allies, met
with llili greater luccefs in Italy; for tl;e maritime
powers, who had guaranteed the emperor's lienditary
doniiiiions 1.1 Italy to him, refuting to lentl hun any
afTillance, ' is forces were driven out ot Naples, Sicily,
the .Miianeie, and all the icll ufhis Itiilian dominions,
except the City of Mantua; whereupon he formed a
peace with the allies on the bell terms he could.
The Biitilh court were much reflected on, for fuf-
tering the em|)eror's territories in Italy to be thus toia
liomliiiii. which they had guafiueed; bi.t the Dutch,
who li.ad done the lame, con.enting to a neutrality m
1- landers, it would have been highly impolitic, alter
that, toi the I'.iiglilh to have taken thewlmle builhen
of that war upon themlelvcs. Thele terms weie agreed
Jii by way ot pieliminanes, in the year 1735; and, in
the year 1737, the emperor found himfelf oliliged to
engage ui another war agamll the 'I'uik-, in which the
Rulii.ii.s bore a conlideiable part and were fiiccclt-lul,
for fume time, on their tide. The Impcriahlls all'o,
commanded by count Seckcndoif, took the citv of
Nilla, in Seivia; but ''is was lonn retaken by the
Turks ; and afterwards Media and Oil'^vo ; which the
court of \ienna al'cribing to the lU-condiifl or cow-
ardice of their geneials and ollicers, count Seckendorf
wasimpriloiied, the governor of Nilla, general Donat,
loll his head, and the duke of Loirain took upon him
the command of the Imperial arm\ ; but toon after le-
turned to court, being taken ill of a fever.
'Ihe ve.it lollouingthe Tuiks invelled Belgrade;
and the emperor at tins time, entc-tained liicli a con-
fidence in the tiieiulihipof the grar.d monarch, that he
trulled bin. to ncgociaie a peace fur him w ith the giand
leignior; by whicli treaty it was agreed, that the em-
peior iliould weld up all Servia, with the capital citv
of Belgrade, to the Tuiks, the foiiitications beinj, liril
d.miijiilied ; and the Save and the Danube ma le the
boundary of the Aullrian dominions on the lo'ith ; ihe
river Alauta, and the Iron-Gate mountains on the call ;
ami the livei L'nna, in Bofnia, on the well.
Soon after the demile ot tlie empeior Charles
\ 1. ir. 1/4.0, the kiL'g of I'runi.i, with ,1 powerful
army, cnteied antl cotujuered Silelia, which he al-
ledged liad been wri)ngfully difmembcrcd from hi*
family. 'Ihe king of .Spain, and the ekCtor of B.ivaii.t,
preferred their relpective claims to that country, ami
in this thcv were jomctl by h'ratice, though diiectly in
comp.uible With a fiiimer agreement.
After a conliileiable time had eiapl'ed, the Imperial
throne was Idled up bv the elector ot Bavaiia, who al-
lumedihe tale utGhaiks V II. in January, 174.;. The
lieiuii po'iied tlieir .irmies into Bohemia, where ihcy
t'.ok I'l.iguc; and tiie queen of Hungaiy, from politic
views, cetkd to tile I'lUliian monarch the niofl valuable
pan of the iludiv ol Silelia by a foimal tieaiy. Km-
l).uialk'd on all fides, the unfortunate queen, as th.e
LU; relouri e, iIuca' herlelf into the arms of the lliiii-
gaiiaii-, who though not w\ll all'ecied to the houl'e I'l
.Aullii.i, diccl.iied iinaiilmoufly in liei favour. Succets
crowned her arms; the brench weie diiven out ot Bu-
liemia ; and his Bi itannic iniijilly, George II. at the
head of an Knglilli ami Hanovei 1,111 army, gained the
battle (jf Deiiingen in 1743.
'I'he emperor was at this time (i) liiciimllaiu ed,
flirough the loli'cs lie li.id lullaincd 111 divcis encountiis,
that
nmm
)uRAriTY.
(.■ aciiuitlVcil ill \vli;it
■i lie iinicli millakiii
11 !i, uiulff prrtctiLf
>lv.inriiig ilic ckctui
, to tllC jUfj (iici- oi
tiiitii.ll into .1 (.aii-
aiul SarJimi, ami at
( iiriiiaii iluiniir.Dii?.
oit Kln.il, oppoliii.- to
;, lu'loic uliii h touu
ot ilic I'lciu li, was
;.'r, the- Auiliiaii.-. iiuc
kirrciHlcrcd.
and tlicii allies, met
,' ; for ll'.e maritiiin-
(.:!', pc'ior's licKililary
ing to Icml I'.iin any
)i:t ot Naples, Sicily,
lis Italian dominions,
.■rcupon he t'oinial a
ernis he could.
rifkvtcd on, ibr I'ut-
1 Italy to be thus toiri
need; 1)1. t the Dutch,
in;j; to a neutralit) in
i^ihly iiiipoliiic, attei-
en the wliole Liuithcii
cl'.- terms weic agiced
le year 1735; ami, in
nd himl'elt o!)li<^ed to
'I'liik'-', in which the
I and were iMCcelrliil,
'he Inipeiiahlls alio,
loll, took the city ot
loon retaken by the
id Oilbvo ; which the
ic ill-conduft or cow-
trs, count Sctkendoit
NiUa, general Doiiat,
01 rain took upon hiiii
iiv ; but loon aiter le-
)t a t'ever.
.s invellcd Belgrade;
ntevtained lutli a coa-
rand monarch, that he
for him with the ^^raiu'i
ag,rectl, that the em-
with tlie capital citv
jWiticatitins beiui; liiil
the Danube inaa- the
ions on the Id'./.Ii ; the
iiouiit.un.-- 1 a liie call ;
111 the well.
tlie eaipeior Cliaihs
Ilia, with a powtrliil
Silelia, which he al-
liucmbercd tmiii hi*
the elector ot Havaii.i,
to that country, ami
;e, though duvet ly in
Kilt.
tiapfeii, the Imperial
or ut Bavaiia, who al-
1 January, 174.:. The
iiolicmia, wlieic they
1 luiip,aiy, from politic
larch ilie moll valuable
a loimal iieaty. laii-
jitiiiiate ipii-eii, as th.e
the aims of the I luii-
llciled to the houle ol
I hei favour. Siiccels
iveic iliivtn out ot Ho-
lly, deOij^e II. at the
liaii army, ^viiiied ihc
line (i) liicunillaiued,
d 111 diVLls tncouiiteis,
that
EUROPE.]
O K R M A ^J r, M P I R C.
81J
^
that he was ililpnied n an arcommodaiion with the
queon ot Hungu V almoll upon her own terms : but
llie would not lilUn to any propofals, tirniili coiilb-
niiit to the ai'viee and opinion ot his Hiitaiiiii ■ tna-
|clly, ler only fiithlul allv. This pcrverfe conducl in
the iiueen all'orded tli.' kin^ oi I'ruliia a pretence lor
inva(hni> Bohcmii, upon the principle oi l'ii]iporting
the lm|ierial dignity ; but hi' cHiirts not iieinn; attentletl
with the liiccels expected, heaiMndoaed I'ome parts
(if the kin'i,dom will, h he liatl taken, and retired 10
Silefii. Soon a'ter this the emperor Charles \il.
j).>id the debt of nature, in the year 1745; ami the
duke ol Lorraiii, then grand-duke of Tulcany, lon-
fbrt to her Huiv^viri in majelly, alter furmountingfome
diliiciiliies, alceniled the Imperial throne, accoreliaj;to
the uliial mod>; o' election, umk-r the title oi P'ranris 1.
The delignsof the emprels-ciueen againll tlie kill'.': ot'
I'ruiha were frulhatc<l liy the ill-luecels of the allied
arm\', and paiti'ularly the lol'^ ol the batik ot I'onte-
iiov. A lerieso' events ibllowed rel'pcdiiigtheoperaiions
of the eonteiiduii^ powers ot I'-tirope ; ami it maybe
I ud, upon a review o! the whole, th.it the war continaetl
in the Low (ountries with variotis fortune, though
chleliv to the <lil"advanta[^eof the Atillriansand Dutch,
nil terminated bv the treaty liirned .at Aix-li-Chapellc,
in April, i7+!<. I'vihi treaty the king o- I'ruliia one-
more o itaintd poU'eihon oi Silelia.
In the year 175^' a uelli war was kindled in the em-
pire. 'I he kinL", o' i'ruliia, lulp-cliiuj; a dcli.',n lormetl
between the cmprrfs-qujen, the empiefs ot RulTia, and
the kiiiu; oi Poland, as elector ot Saxonv, unn.ituially
alietted by France, toilrip him of his dominions, the
tormer monarch, in conlequencc, dedared agaiiill the
.admiliion of the Ruliians into Germany, as did his
Hritanai maielU' aj^aiiiil that ot the I''r ncli. Hpon
this pnii iple an entire re.oneiliation was efleded be-
tween thole monar'.hs, who prolcnited, in coniimclion,
a war more turious than ever. The Pruliian hero ai-
ihieveil prodigies of valour, thou<i,li loaietimes moll
vii'oroully prelf.d I'V the enemv. M uiy capital en-
couiiters took pla/e in (iermaiiy, b 'tween the l''i'en. h,
wh') were ilriveii out of Hanover, and the L',n ;lilli, or
ih. ir allies. The at. hievemcnts were valiant, but not
o! pte.ii importaii c, becaule they were not tle^ilive,
thoU)>li attended with great lol . o! blood and tiealuie
to Great Hntain. The kin^ of PrufiKi, n'Tv.-it!i!l:uui-
ing his (^reai military Ikill and uiiparallelled lortitiide,
was, at len;j,th, iieirly overpowered by the Kufliins,
wholuul taken Herlin, ami were leceivint^ daily lucli
leintorcemenisas threatened ttu completion ot his ruin,
when tlleemprcl'^ ot Rullla, his moll tormidable enemy,
paid ih'jdebi of iialuie, the 51I1 of January, 17O2.
George II. having rcligiied his lite and crown on tin;
25th of O.'tober, 1760. tlie miaillry of his luc^ellbr,
(ieoige III. were dilpolld to put an end to the war ;
and the new em[)eror o! Rutin re. ailed his armies.
M.uters were .at length finally fettled by th.e tre-.ity of
1 lul ertlburg, in 1763, l-.y which the poli'ellion of
Silefia wa< again fcciiied to the kinj; of Pniiln.
On the demife of the emperor Fran. is 1. in 1765,
his Ion Jol'epli I'uccecded to the'-Impenal throne. 1 le
evinced, loon alter his accelTion, great talents for go-
vertiiuent, and joinetl in the d.ifmemnermeiit ot Po-
l.ii'il with RulTia ami Prullli. llolliliiies altcrward-j
commenced i>etween Aiillria ami Pniilia, on a..(ouiit:
ot the liiccefTion to the electorate ol IJavaria. Great
arm inients were lirought into the lield, but nothing ot
importance was done, as an accommodation took place.
The emperor then fvirnetl his thoughts to the pro-
nioiion of the happiiiels oi I;:: fubiects ; in order to
cH'cct which he iiranted a moil lilieral religious tole-
raii m; and aiiolillicd, iiy edict, in 17S3, the remains
ot lervitude and villanage, as alio the ule ot t.Mture,
as Well as removed many grievances under which the
common people lalioured. 1 le i-; a lover of literature,
a patronizer o: learned men, and appear^ to poii'el-- 4
foul worthv of his very elevated llation.
As tlie llimes of war are unhappily broke out be-
tween the Turks, RulTiaiis and Imperialiils, and .1:!
there is caulc to apprehend, from tae great hollile
preparations, a bloody campaign will lollow, the
reatler will be ]irelented, at the dole of this woik, l.iy
way ot lupplement, with a detail ot everv important:
event tliat may take jilice concerning ii, as tli.v will
all ) wiilieveiv material incident that may occur, with
relpei I to political alFaits, in other plrI^ of the world ; io
that in contormi;y to our plan, welhall not only prefcnc
the public with a Cotupleie Syllem of (Jeography, buc
alio a concil'e I lillory of the moll dilUnguilheil king-
eloms in the known world, tothelatell period ot our work.
C II A P
X.
B O H E M 1 A.
Tnr^ ' nuntry, called, in (icrm.m, Roiheim, and
loiiujitedlc Bolimen, obtained its n.inic from
iheBoii, its ancient inha'-itants, who were a tribe oi
tlie Celtx. that retired into the I lyr. am in h'or 1; (^whicli
run'. thr.ui;',li ihi- country) in ortler to avuid the pci-
lec'irioii> of the Roman''. It is bounded on the e.ill
bv Poland; on tlie well by the palatinate oi' B.ivaria,
with part o, Sixiinv; on the north by Lulati.i ; and on
the foiilh by Aullria. It is about 300 mil s 111 length,
from iio'tli to louili, aiul 2 •50 irom call to .>iil. It is
divided into two parts, .Bohemia Piop r, and the Mar-
quil.ite of M irivia. .'\s ea ii of tliel'e divilions has
I'liiicthing peculi ir, cither in die produce ot the coiin-
trv, or the niMir- o' tlu inh.ibitatii , wc Ihall defcribc
litem I'lparatel}'.
S
C P I O N' I.
B O II 1', M I A P R O P 1: R.
Bf )1 IP.MIA Proper is bounded on the call by Mo-
i.ivia anil Silvli.i, on the well iy Bivaria, on the
n.Jtih I y Lulatia, and 1111 the f.uith by Aullria. It is
abuiii tyo miles in Kin^ih, Itoiu tall to well, and i.p
No. 74.
in breadth, from north to foutli. It is almoll; ftii-
roiinded with mountains and woods; in the tornier ot
wlii li are mines o\' gold, lilver, copper, tin, iron, lead,
fulphtir, and nine. Here are liktwile abundan.e ot
carbuiv les, emeralds, ainethylls, jafpers, fapphires,
crvil.ils, and other precious llones, nioil ot wlucii arc:
purchafed by the Jews, and exportcil into forei^ti
put*.
The cliiinte of Bohcaii.i i-. latlier unwholclbmc, ow-
iiiii;, as it i~ fuppoled, chiellv to the large tli^k woods
With whi h it cibounds. The foil is, in general, tole-
r.ibly fertile, being well w.iteieel \ i'h rivers, partiiu-
laily the I'.lbc, the Moldaw, or Muldaw, the Is.'ia,
(Xlcr, \ illui'i, Teyn, and Igla. It proi!-; es gre.it
plenty ol corn and millet; as alio abundan. e of hop,,
laliroa, ginger, red wines, llax, wood, and timli'.r.
'I'he inli ibitaiits have exi client pailurage; and, belidei
cutle and llieep, breed great numbers ci tine liorlc,
which .ire ( liieliy purclnled for the ule ol the I'Ven. h.
I'lie woods abound with various kinds ot g.ime, as alio
feveral forts ol wild bealls the moll rciiiaikalile of
which are bears, lynxes, wolve-^, tbxes, martens, badg-
eis, beavers, and otter i.
V.
This
li
1(4 A NEW. ROYAI, and ArT[TF,NTIC SYSTF.M or UNIVTRSAL <~F.OGRAPin'
» i
This lountiv .ilf.i proJui.-." tcrr;i fi'j,ilhti, or Icilnl
cirth, Mol«.-ovy-t!,l.ir-, lior.c, pit-Ci):il, aliii:ii. vitiioln
w:mr, m.irlilc, niiinr;\l xvauis, and hot I iih'^. 'llic
rivcis procUicc vaiious kiiu'.s ot '.■xcflkiii lilli ; aiiil in
Ionic of them :ii'c toim I gold iluth I Icre were formerly
gre^it numbers of iiilt pits : Init the woikin;; ot them
not antweriiig theexpenee, they h.ivc licen lome time
laid afule ; and tlie country is lupphed v, uh that article
I'rom Mifnia, anil other places.
Bohemia Proper is divi.'.ed mto 12 circles, or pro-
vinces, cxckilivc of Piasjue, ami the tcrntorv of
Kgra, or Eger. Before we tike notice ot tlie towns in
tlie other cnclcs, we llull dc'lcribc the cty of Pra2,tie,
which IS not only the piinciixtl place in this tlivilion,
but alio the capitalcif the whole kingdom of Bohemia.
The citv of Prague is I'ltmted in 14 deir. 40 min.
eatl long, and 50 deji;. r, mm. noith l.ir. \\ hen the
Bohemims firil I'ettled liere tb.ev called it Boihoh.fim,
as being the capital of the kini'dom. It was atttiwarila
called, by the Sc!avonians Prague, \\hich name it
lias ever lince pnlirveil. It is l.tiiated in a p'eafant
and fViiitfiil C'untiv, in the mi-'li ot i!,artUns and line
iiclil«, and is iurronnded with magniiii ent palaces be-
longing to the nobility and gentry. It is.ilnnitiz
miles in circumference ; and is watered by the river
Maldaw, which ri.ns through the ]ii incipal part of the
citv. The houies are cliietiy built ot llone, and confilf,
for the molt part, ot thice llories. Here aie near 100
churches ami c'lipel^, and about 40 cloiiters, bclide-9
Ivn.igogne^ t':r the je^s. Tlie C'hrillian inhabitants
arc romp'.. ted to lie 70,000, and the jews about
12,000.
Prague compreliends three towns the Old, the
New, and the Inciter Town. The Old To.vn, which
is as large ;;s the other two, is very populous, the
homes uniformly built, and well inh.ibited. 1 lere
IS an univerliiy ahc only one in Bohemia) wliali was
founded bv the emperor Charles 1\'. in thevear IJ5H.
It h.is itill a great number of ihidents, tho' very in!e-
rior to whit it tormcrlv contained. 1 lere arc alio levtral
monalteries and colleges; ot the latter ot which theie
is .1 very magnilicent one near the bruh^e, that for-
merly belonged to the leluits and was tountleil by the
emperor l-crdinand lor an hundred of that order.
Great numbers of Jews live in this ipiaitei, from
■.\l'.e:;ce it is called by lome Judenli.tnt, or jews
To.vii, Thele pe iple I'.ave aim ill the whole trade of
llieuiy in their u^wi h.uul^. 'liu-v deal in every kind
ctcoiiimodity, elpecially the pieei jus llonts luund in
the Biiluaiian mines.
Tl'.e Ne\\ Town is In f.ir the bell built nt tiie tluee
and the itiects longer and much more l[\icio::s, I lere
a'C the rums of the jialatc of ihe'r ancient kin^■;
iikewife a \ery haiullomc eolkgc that furmeilv be-
longed to ilie jelviils, over the eiitiaiicc ol vvhieii are
i{ llatiics ut men, as large as lite; and are maiie ot
none, uliM..' qual'ity islutlias tu icremble biat-. A
Imall tortrtb was lome yeai^ ago buiit lor the kcuiity '
L'f tliis part ot the city. It is a neat buildir.^, and has |
tampaits well |iiovided with cannon. |
The i^eiler To.vn Is p.lcalantly lituated on the welkin '
i.de ot the MoMaw, and communicatrs v. itli the Old
To.'. n by meaas ot a bridge, which 1^ one ot tlie
largeil and moii lubliaiitial 111 luirope. It iahiIlIs oI
24 ai^hes, is 1700 feet in lengili, and {5 lu bn-.idih.
it has a magnilitent e ite at each end, and ihe li'.lcv l4
it are decoiated with leveial Ibttues of lainl'. P:o,,l
this town lies on a rii'iiig giouiid, the lumiiui ot v.l.ieii
IS tailed Ratlchin-1 bli; and the llieets and buil.liii|j^s
that lurround itlorm amjthei pait, which isdr.linguidud
by the name ot I'pr*-"' Piague. On this I, ut are
many elegant builhngs bel'ni-ing to the nobility ; and
here the emperor has a n^annilicent palace, with a luni-
lucr-lioulc, wliieh allbrds one ot the molt beautiful
prolpects in the univeile. The halls, galleries, and
other apartments, ate adoii.ed wuh a prodigious num-
ber of paintings, e.Keiuted by the bell liiaileis.
The ^;i eat hall whcic the c jro;iation Icall ii kfpi, li
deemed, exchilivt of th.at ar Weifminller, the larked
in I'.uropc. In this part ot the city is -i vcrv h.indloinc
and Ipacious cathedral, calletl St. \elt, which cuntairs
m.'.ny ancient monuments and magnificcnr tombs-
erected to the memories cif lome ot the moll dillin-
giiilhed perliinagcs of this kingdom. The original
editice was dellroyed by the Sweilcs in 164.S. Amontr
the remains of great men interred in this c.ithedial
are two taints, St. W'encellaus (the founder of the
cathedral, who was king of Bohemia') and his wife's
confeli'or, St. John of Ncpomuck, who, bccauic he
would not ihlcover her contellions to her iealous hul-
banil, was, by hisorilcr, thrown from the bridge into
the Mokiaw. He was aiter.vards canoni/.ed at Rome
by pope llenedi^Jt XIII. in tli." vear 1721, at there-
ijuetl and expenceof the emprefs, and of the ifates nf
the kingdom, (irc.it numbers of people, fiom a'l
part^;, rclort to the Ihrine ot this taint; and liis torn!',
which is adorned with a rah lanopv. is loaded wnh
the moll vah.aiilc preienf. Thi laint is .at pretcnt
held in inch veneration in Bohem.a, that thcKi.no
thur. h wlicie he b.as not a chapel, no piil)lic building
without hisettigy^and l>arcc any pcilon to be teen «ho
has not his picture han'j,ing bctore them, like the badpe
otanordsr, to a llraw-colour.d rib. on. Jlic tlatuc
ot him in 1 lals, a-> large as the he, is crcfled on tiie
I rid; e near the Ipot lioin whine, he was ilnown into
the river.
At lome dillancc from the cathedral are two fumptii-
ous palaces, boih of whiih have elegant ami extenlivc
gardens. One ot them belongs to the family ''f count
Coloiedo, and the other to that of count Wallenllein.
The latter is the largefl and moll magniliccnt. The
hall is h.tty and Ipacious, and the ganlens large and
bcautitul. On one IkIc of them is an aviary encloled
with trees; and on the other are large liable- of curious
architti^iluie. The r.acks are n.ade of fbel, and the
mangers ot marble, widi a maible pillar Ictwccn ca.h
tlall ; and over every manger is tin- [iiCture of the horle
it belongs to, as lai ge as the lite.
Thetown-houle, which is a verv beautiful (hiKlure,
i' fituated in a Ipacious Iqiiarc, and has a noble clock,
with a great varici , ot motions. It is a uni:orm 1 uild-
ing ; and the principal loom, which is eleganilv linilli-
ed, is oinaiiKiitcd with the picture of the cmp.rors of
Cierm.-.ny, and the kings ot Bohemia.
The market- pl.ice conlills ot one large and Ipacious
llicit, where a n;arket, oriather tair, is kept every I'ly
in the Week. In or.e part of it is a large llone column,
on the t!,;! oi u'lich i> the llatue ot the N'iigin Mary
in '.mIi l-ril,-; and .;; the comers a:e lour .'.ng.l-, e.i h
01 uin li hold- the li.niie ot a de\il in ch.uns. Near
this column is an antkjue toun'ainol airious uorkman-
lliip, Ijaving 1.' U.'".!^. Theb.iiimi otr.d marble; and
in die ctntie is a liguie '..n a ped.ellal, round «hii h arc
cnguuei) the 12 I.l'Hs ottlie /odiac.
Tiiecallle llan.i;. on Katlchin-llill, oth-rwifc called
the \\ hue Muuus.un. It i-. a regulai tortrel", and al-
u-i\s pio\ ided wKti a iiioiig gariiloti. On the lame
.;. -oiuaiii l!aiids.il;.. tiu- arcfiiepiicopal palate.
J iie iniialiuaiit-' ci! I'laguc .lie, in ^er.eial, pior,
and llicir (iio[), meanly hiriullieil ; m.'' <.Mdiil,iiiding
.'.inch, tli'.ie are Ic v » uics where the noiiduy and gen-
ii v aie more wcaliuv, and liv 111 gieater ll.iti . 1 [eit-
^1- lii'.r h gaming, iiMkjueiadini'.,
ii.ai',in;i, ,1
all.
\U An I'ahaii
lid Viiy
in lullrc-
livjlieiiii.iii
re exp.oi;-
are
al.o
L'l I'^it'l . (Vtl. , *>4-. II Mil ■luit'.ii *))'ilii.
II. I pun., ipil ti.iliic ot this cii\ conliil
and ilii.-iking-glalie , v. hull .i:c mail.- c.
> iNii.d, and lo gei-.cially ell c. im .1. that tl,< v
id io moll pans 01 l'.uio[!e. 'll.de ciji;.a
|i,liihed i y the Jew , wlnj turn them to go./d ai co'.ii-:
l.y lewini' them ri ring-, i ai-[ ciidaiit , and llur;-
but'on..
The tiihiiiials ol' the regency mctt a: the cmpi.ro;'<
palace to execute all public bul.iiel rtl.iiive toii'
kiiigd"in. Ih; line; ol thee iiiijiinals confll oi 11
lladt holders, at I Ik, head of v^ hoin i', ihe great bin grave,
j;ovtiiioi yl ihw kii;|j,d(-ni ;-iid ciii'S, ('.vlio ij uniuedi-
ac'iv
174!, til
llornud
..f Bavar
Bohemia
(ome mr
ik-lhllc
carry wi
ning ol
horfe,
gartiloii
Lobkou
the tp.i
nila.
tid'-Tab'
tlro\'ci
Aultri.i
lix da\ :
But the
reign ;
ol [iriui
gariifo:'
lliade
repull
The
from 1
PragU'
the will
rock, ;
bcmia
■.Or.RAPin*.
clhTimtliT, the hunjcil
t\ 1^ i vciv li.iiullonie
\ •:{'•„ which contains
I ni.ij'.nificcnr toiiih';,
c ot die moll (lilUn-
■.'.'.loin. The original
<l(.^ in 1648. Anionu;
irc(i ill iliis caihfihal
(the fo'.iticlcr of the
i:cini il and hi5 wife's
•.I-;, who, litcaule he
n^ [.1 licr jealous hul-
Uuin the l)rii.lpe into
Is canoni/.eil at Rome
vear 1721, at the ic-
Is, anil ot the iKues of
ox people, fiom a' I
s lamt ; ami hi'; toni!i,
inopv, is lo.idij wiih
hi iamt is at preknt
em. a, that thei. 1. no
I, no piii)lic Iniililing
pcrton to he Icen who
re them, like the badpe
I rib' on. Mic llatiie
he, is crv'ificd on ilie
C'. he was thvown into
ludral are two fimiptii-
elcgant and extenllvc
to the family r-i count
of count Wallenilein.
II magnificent. The
I the i.';arJens large and
n is an aviary encloled
ai'ce liaMe-of curious
r.-.ade of fhel, and the
iile jiillar between ca.h
till- picture oi tile lioric
vcw beautiful fh-ikTuie,
ar.l has a noble clock,
It is a uniionn i uild-
hich is ele;j.aniiy linilh-
ture ul the tiup-rors ol
lemia.
one latj^c and Ipacious
• fur, is kept every i' ly
is a l.iri^e llnne C(>hiuui,
.tue ot the \'ii .'.in Mary
s a:e lour I'.r.v,. I-, v.i h
ile\ il in chaais. Ncai
tin oi lurioiis woikman-
im i o! r. d marble; nn,i
lelbil, ruuTid whii h aie
liac.
i-}-lii!, othcrwife called
rei^ula: tiatref , and :il-
ariiluii. On the lauie
:nl'-opal paiace.
ait, in t^etieial, pior,
Ihcd ; noiwidiil.indinc;
e the noiiihiy and pen-
in ^uT.l'.r liati . 1 11 II
lU',, nailing, and vuy
.p.cia.
ciiy ronfils in lullie"
.:(• imxi'.r (.:. Hoheini.iiJ
Lil.iha! till V :;;e expi-ii-
J l.clc i.ji.al are aho
1 them to ^u.<d iU co\ii..
r-pciiilaiu , and iLir; ■
; UK!. I at the cniji.. r^^; <
buliiicl relative to u;'.
tiibunais cciufll ot li
iiii isihe vjlM 1)111 ''lave,
c'l'.i'b, (nvIio i' imn.edi-
.I'cly
EUROPE.]
n O IT E M I A
Sm
i
ately under the ompcror,) and the thancrry uf liohe-
iiiia.
The inhabitants of Prague enioy many ancient pri-
vileges. Amoiijj; the charters by which thel'e aie held,
there is a retiurkable one prcfcrvcd in one of the
chutchi ■:. It was quanted by A!:xaiuU'r theCireat;
and as it is one of the oldell records in Kurope, and
conlequently a great cuiiolitv, vve 111 ill, t.ir the enter-
tainment of the reader, pieleive a tranflation oi it. It
is as tol!ij\vs: " We, Alexander the Great, fin ot
king I'hilip, founder ot the (irecian empire, governor
of the 1' -rlians, Mcdes, &c. and of the whole world
from eall to well, and fiom north toiiiuth. Ion of gr.at
Jtipiter, by, &c. li) called, to you, the noble llock of
Sclavonians, and to your lineage, becaufe you have
been unto us a help, true in faith, valiant in war, we
confirm all that track of earth from the north to the
louth ot Italy, from us, and our luccetlois, to you and
your pulleiitv tor ever; and if any other nati"n be
found there, let them be youi tlavcs. Dated at Alex-
andria the I2tli ot the goddels Mintiva. \\ itnels
Kthia and the eleven princes, wiiom we appoint our
t'uccelibrs."
The city of Prague has fullainet! great iniuries, at
difierent periods, lince the commencement of the !all
centurv, having b.en I'everal times belieged, taken ami
plundered. It v,a- lirll attacked by the archduke I.^e-
opold, bilbop of I'afiaw, who plundered the Letier
'I'own, as he vould have done the whole, had it not
been timely relieved by the emperor Mitthias, kingot
Hungary. Nine years after this it was again plun-
dered by the liupeiialill-. who eiueied the city, and
carried off an inetlimable booty. This depredation
was made foon alter the famous battle of Wcifiinlx rg,
or the White Mill, on the bill ot November, 1620,
when Ired.rick V. elector Palatine, was totally de-
feated bv the lorces of the emperor I'cidinaiul, uniler
Maxinuhan, duke of Bavaria, and thereby lolt the
Bohemian crown, and his German ekx'torate. It
Ihared the like fate in i6.'ji, when it was taken by the
elector ot Saxony, after he had made himtelf mailer of
Bohemia ; but the following year the great Wolilein,
\v!io recoveretl the country from the Saxons, took this
city by tlorin. In 1(141 the Swedilli general Konni!';-
fmark furpnlcd and |ilunderetl that part ot it eallctl the
l^elllr Town, with only joco loldiers ; but the inha-
bitants of the Old Town, aliiiled by the fcholars of
the univcilitv, repull'ed him, and that part ot the city
elcapcd being plundered. On the :Otli of November,
174!, the h'lcnch and Saxons, after a very Ihort fiege,
Itornud and took it ; and the next month the elector
nf Bavaria was there proclaimed and crowneil king oi
Bohemia. But. in 1742, the Aulbian. having for
fome montl-.s blockaded and befieged it, the mailhal
Jlellille colliiled all the provilions, !vc. that he could
carry with him, marched out ot the citv in the b.gMi-
ning of December, with leveral thouland foot and
horfe, to Egia; and the lame month the ivll of the
ganifon capitulated to the Aullrian general, prince
Lobkowit/., and marched out : not long alter which
the queen of Hungary was crowned queen of Bohe-
mia. In 1744 the king of Pruiria invelled it with a con-
(iderable army, winch having, with its bombs, &c. de-
llroi'co great part of the Old and New To.vns, the
Aultrian garrilon, alter the trenches hid been openeil
llx day^, lurrendercil thcmfelves priloners of wai.
But the city vv is I'wi ag'.in in ih- hands of its ia\c-
rcign ; lor, in Xivenvie; the lam/ year, on the approach
111 [irince Chules Auh the Aullriati army, the I'mdi-in
r,ariifon I'vacuaieil the town. 1 lis Pruliian majclly
made another attempt on tl.iiciiy in 1757, but uas
repulled, and all his efVoits rendered totally aboitivc.
The territory of Ko^a, or Kia-.R, receivis its name
from ii^ capital, which is lituatcd yo miles we. I ol
Prague, and is the only place ot any note tliiduglunit
the Nvhole dillrict. It is built on the declivity ol a
rock, ai the toot of the mountains which enclole Ho
Lciiiia on the well, and near the Ewr, trout \ilieiKo
both it and the territory have tlicir names. The citv
IS well fortified wiih ad, uble wall next the river, and
in other parts with a triple one; betides which it hatli
a very thong cafHe. Fiedciick I. m.ide it an imperial
city in 1179, for its fidelity to liim agiiiill th- ihikc
ot Bavaria. In cont'equence of this it has the privi-
lege of coining money ; and tiom the judicial lenteiices
of it -council iherc lies nu appeal but to the lover, ign.
In this city are leveral ancient and elegant build-
ings ; among which are three doiiiers, and a hand-
lome college that formerly belonged to the jefuits.
if. • aie hi.' wile leveral chinches, with courts of ju-
dicature, hofpital':, baths, and ibjrc-lKnifes for corn.
At a Imall iliUance from the city is .m acid tpring, the
waters ot which aie purgative, and remaikable for re-
moving dilorders in tiie eyes, ears, and other parts uf
the head, in ii,; ncighijouiiioud are ;illo minci of fil-
vcr and gold ; but they have not bc^n wrought tor t'e-
ver.il years [itifl.
'I In river f.ger is very ia-oad, and to deep a- to ad-
mit vellLls ol very confidera! >le Inirthcn, win h i^ or
the utinolt luiliiy to the inha.-itanti ot' the cii v, wlu)
are alio plentimlly t'upphed fro. 11 i; with a great variety
of excellent till).
1 he twelve circle , cr p.ioviiKes, o' Boitemia Pro-
per, exehiilve of Prague, and the leiri.orv or l:lgr.i,
are .is follow :
Beiv.m-l'od' rad, Rnlowni^/, F.eu'nieii 7.. Saaz, I'd-
len, Prachin, Bechin Kaurzim, I'liiafhu, Chiudim,
KonigingratE, and Biinrtaw. But as the kingdom of
Bohemia has been greatly delijlated bv war and perl'e-
cu.ion, thoujjh there are many towns in ih fecirdes,
1 here arc lew worthy ol noiite. The pria.-ipal, how-
ever, are the following:
Lei.tmeiitz, which give, name to a circle, is fnita-
ted on the J>lbc, thirty-live mile-. ni;rth-weil of Prag;u.'.
It is arhh, weil-bi)ilr, popul.'us town, a royal b-^rouih,
and i illiop's f.c, the p.relaie 0-' whi h is a I'.iriVagan to
the archi'ilhop ol Pi ague. Mere i- a ha:;vliotiiv col-
lege, which formerly i elongcd to the i.fuitt.
In the town of Krupka, or Krauppen, 1 an image
ot the Virgin Mary, to which pilgrimage ar.' made
from various parts ol the kingdom. In the neighi.;cur-
liood o! this town are lin-wMiks, and a lollcge that
formerly b. longed to the jduits.
Loworice is a I'mall town, near whiJn, in 1756, was
ibught a warm batiL' bawcn th.* PiiiiTiatis and
Aullrians.
Toplvi is a fmall luit plcilant town, and remarkable
for eoniainingfeven warm ; aths.
Idnbogen, or Loj'et, ihe capital of a t rritory, whi-.Il
wai ;!;iiK.\.d to the cii\.le ol ,S;ia7, If. the vear 1714, ii
leaicil on a high lleeji rock, n; ar the 1 iverKger, 72 miles
trotii Prague ; and, being a frontier town, and itron.Iv
loriilied, it is called th, Biihcr.ii in key to ihetJernian
dominions. The inha' i;,ims Ipcak the German lan-
giiage.
Wary, or Caildiad, that is, Cha;!e.-'s Bath, is a
royal i oiough, and ccLbiated rr it baths and medi-
cinal u. Iters. T x\c lu;h aie -i. two loits, diiiering
bodi 111 heat and Iboii,', h ; th,' o,i.' b ing biiihng hot,
and the otiier littic moie; ihan it.ke-v.arm. Tiie lotirce
■ if ill. Ill is 111 th,- midillo of a liv r, tonued by toirer.ts
hum the iieiglil)uuii:i.; iiT.v.miains, whoie w.ucrs arc
ex, ceding cold; iio'w.tliiiu.d.ivg v.hicli thole or the
iii'iier.il l|)iings, elpeci.ih> o. the hotteil, are teen ;o
laiok. in the river. Thet'e w.it.rs ar.: litiuliLial in ihe
lUre ot various diioidtrs, p.irticulailv the gr.ivil; a..i
their viiiues h.ive been p.inicul.ii iy del'cribe^i by llcli-
iii.in, and odier pl'.y.i..ian3.
I'llicn, which gives ii.i.ue to a circle, is a l.ir:;', -v II-
liuiit town, liiuaied aboii, .',4 inilei louth-weti of
I'lague. It h.is two large I hurche.s and lu.ii the i:i li-
ne o il i- .1 t|>ai 1 Hi maik. ;-phlc., v, Ji lujiphed with
moll kir.dso: provitions. The will an. I louih lid.s iit
It aiedctended bv a liul ...ik and a !::is;c di^.h, wrhin
which are llrong we.ll-, v. itii t.;ucasaiul taiti a . Ih.s
CUV hatii I'uiVertd s-.t^.itlv in the ijp^ctivc wars of
B.ietui.;,
I
Wl:
3i6
A NF.U', ROY At. AND Al'TITEXTlC SYSTEM of IXIVERSAL CEOGRAPHV.
I'.Ui
Vl
.ir
■S
[:\M:\$
K,>licmi.i, luvin^ been i.ikfn, ict.iktn, and '.Hiint tc-
Mral tinics
Ncp!niuiLki'arm:ill town, aiul noicii tor ;.'iviiig hinli
ii) ilic r.iiiu d; tli.it naiK', ulio i> lo mucli vti)cia\il
b\ iIk Huliijiniiiii . 1 iic piinci|ul building- arc a linall
calik', widi a cKuikT o! Ciicallians.
liudutii , aiuyal boroii^li, I'uuaiidiMi iliciivii Mol-
tkuv, i~ a linall hiii niat town, will-lniilt, and llronglv
tortilifd. I'lif cliiit l)iiildint; in ii i a lIoiiUi- htlon^-
inij, to ilic iiiUtr ol D.iininican^. y\ll lalt Iroiulit out
ot tlu- Auihian dominions mu!i be liill cxpolcd lu talc
litre, and pay toll.
Kiittinixr;:, a mval bniouuh, about 30 mil.- lontli-
call ot I'ragjUC, is noted lor it liivi-r miiu';, and ntli.is
which vuld loppcT, and wcrt- foiincily vt.T\ protiial li-.
Konii;ini;iat/., which ;.uvc5 namcto aciak',i a loyal-
jointure town and nlhop'h Uc, lituatid 43 niiks iioith-
call ot I'laiiuc, at the contiux or the river-- t.lie and
ImIIiz. licic i- a coiii'iMiid. I V ol the Tciitoniv or-
«Lr, and a tine coll.i;. ilui toniK'rly belonged to the
jeluiis.
Ik'iiaikv, a Inwll town on the liver Iter, is iciiiark-
a''k' tor haviriu, \"--.n ihcrtlidcnce ol Tytho Brahe, ihc
II lebr.iled a!lronoiiu-r.
Pirj'cus, Mav'h'rs, T.iTHgttti^t-, Religion, (Jc. idc. ef the
hii.Uit.inis 0/ BiLiiitii I'roptr.
T""!!!-', B'jhcniians ,re a niixtuic ol Sclavonians and
(iermaii;; ilie -..irmer of whom live in villaijes,
and .ire liases. The inha^u.ints ot thv towns aie nci-
th.T tond o! anr.f, arts, or t;adc, but pretcr an idle,
indolent lite. 'I'h. y arc. in general, well made, llrono,
and tubicci to tew diltalcs. In their dilpoli; ions they
are fuinle, hut courageous, and always nuke a point ot
tullilling their engagements. The geniry, and mid-
dling Ion ot people, are open and agretal Ic in their
conv.itation ; 1 u; the boors, or p.alant , arj llv and
morolc, and gre.uly addict- d to ilutt. The people, in
'^^neral, art illiterate, nof.uthlhiiuling there are many
leminarie-oi learning in ditLrcnt pans o( thecouniry.
Thi- I- owinj, 10 tlu- neglifieiue of' the parent , whole
natural ind jlcn > rendtis them ibangcr 10 the Ipirit ot
liter.uy emui iiii'n.
Tlu- language o: the Bohniian- is a dia^cV ol the
Sclavonic, but fomewhat hariher ilian that ot then
ri-ig'.ibours, who fpeak the laiie language, a^ the lat-
ter change t!.-,- eiinl'onants more into vowel. Mi.ll
people o! lalhic'i), however, ihronjih their interrouile
with the lovirt ol \ ietina, Ipeak |-li'j,!i Ditth, or (icr-
iTian, with uhi- h the l.ui|ji.age o: the coniinon people
i.~ alio intermixed.
The u lig! -n ot the Bohemian' wa that o tlie f Irtck
church, tii; )-<,i!el!aus, lurnanud ihetiood, introdu. ed
I'opery amc 11 ', them. John l-Itii's, and jeioino; I'lague,
v.'crc burnt ;h ilie Council ot L'oniLuice, in the icth
century, lor c.-,.'eavoun:i\; to bring al»out aie ormaiion
in religion. This occalioned a bloody war, uhkh uin-
linued tor many vcar^ ; but the lluiritcs were woi lied ;
r.i-.d, in 154") !'>2 greater pait ot them were obliged
to ijuit their eouiury ; upon whiih they withdrew to
the neighl uuring tlominions, cipt. Lilly Poland and
Ptullia. Mo'.vevei, when I .ulher appeared, i;reat num-
beisoi the Boheitcar ein;iiaa-d hi-, doctrine, and theft
at iin'thad toLratio.. , t utatteiward , l)eing pt. f.cuttd,
they look np arm-, and, ia 1618, chole hrederuk \ .
tleftor l'.ilai;tie, ii r t'leir king; but the war ended
vinfortunattly i-.odi tot the king and the rroitllant Bo-
hemians ; the toriner ceing taken prifoner, and the
latter perlea:tcd with the mofi unremitting Uverity.
Jn 1627 the lemaining Prijtellants weie deprived of all
their rights and privileg-.- ; and luch a- would not fiiii-
niit 10 tilt Roman Catholic church were lompellul to
quit tilt country.
Snue the abovepe;iod Popery ha. \%x\\ the ellaMilh-
ed religion in tliis(,uiHitry. Phere are, however, a lew
Paifhcran in Ibme p.;u^ o: :t ; but they arcoi.ligeil to
be on their £,uard, and to ion>.uil thcmftlve, ati iiiueh
as pofiible. The jews are more indulged, havin" nti
ample toleration tor the extrale ot then leligioii.
i'he archl illiop 01 Prague is alwavs legate of the
holy apollolic let ot Rome; and it t peuiliar to his
oltite to crown the kings ol Bohemia, lie is alio a
prime ol the hol\ Roman empire, (though he 1^^ no
feat in the diet,) p:ii-.iatc ol the kingdotii, and per-
petual ihaiKtllor ot the univerlity o: i'rague. Hi?
lulii igan- aie the biih(>p5 ot Leuimerit.'. and Konii'in-
grat/.. The gjvernmenc of the church and ilei^v 1;
veiled in the archicpilcopal eonlulory, Irom which a:i
appeal lies cither to liie lovereign or pope.
Conftit:.ticit, .^lanufdilurf!, Kiienuu, is':, of Bsheinui
I'rc/cr.
IJC>1 Il-.Ml A, tor a conlidtrablc time, v.as governed
liy dukes, and attersvaids bv king , who Were li-
mited in their power, and elected by the Itatcs; though
they uluallv kept to the lamily of ilic dece.alcd mo-
narch. A ter the i attle ot the White Mountain, m
1020, the crown wa. made hereditary in the Aullrian
tamily ; lu ih.it li.mi iliat iiuie, llit Ihue- have hail
no, lung more to do witli relpect to ttie right ol lucul-
lion. riiellai^s, imkecl, are luniinoned every year,
by imp ri.il command, and meet at Piague; but it is
only lor torm\ lake. They conlill ot the clergy, no-
bility, gentry, and repielentative. o! the town-. Here
a coaimilhontr Irom t!ie loveitign lays before them ihe
necellity o, giantiiiJ luch lupphe a^ the court demands,
\Uiich uluallv am.junt to a very gr; at tu:;i; and
iheic arc granted without hclitation or examination.
1 he pealaiits htie are lonilmen to then lords; and to
tlie hard yoke which galls them i-. doubtlels owing
in a great meatiire, both their perverfe obllinate difpo-
lition, and their indolence; the Litter o. Which, among
other things, is evident Irom the wretched condition
ot the villages; whi h, thoutdi wood is to be toiind
litre in gieai plenty, and building is lar Irom i-eing
expenli\e, are very tuean and delpi.ai'le. The clergv
are compoicd ol the archbilhop ol Prague, levtial
bilhops, provolls, and abbots, btlides thole oi inte-
rior rank. Ihe nobility are divided into piinccs,
counts, and barons; and the nexi degrees to tliele arc
knights, burghers, hulbandmen, anil ptafants. Each
iirelehas two headmen, or captains ; one out of tlie
Ibue oi lords, and one out of the ilate ot knights.
Bohemia is generallv loniidered a-< a part of (Jermanv,
1 lit uiih very liitit real.m, tor it 1- not in anv of the
nine cireles, neither doth it i ontribiite any thing to-
wards the torccs or revenue- oi theemjjiu, or is lub-
iccl to any of its laws.
The chief maniifa:iure ol Bohemia is linen, of which
they export great quantities, together with i.orn, mail,
hops, and mineial watcis. They have alto conlideia-
bl" manutactorie- oi copper, iron, glab, eai.hen-wate,
.md jiaper, ot which alio :i part is exported.
lilt revinues ol Bohemia are railetl by t!ic flites ot
the kingdom, who are allembled annually at I'rague,
to provide luch lums as the cmpreis demands of them,
over aiii' al)ove tiie culloms and duties to whieh llie r.
entitled by her prerogative. The revenue is tuppoled
to amijiint to near ico,oool. It.rhng a year. Ihe
llaiiding militia of ihc Aultuan hcrcditaiy countries is
i4,ooo men, toward whi.h Bohemia t.iinilhi- 9,000.
In limes of war thcie lervc to till up the m.uuhi.ig :e-
aiiiViiis.
S E C 1 I C) N 11.
Tut, MARQLilbATE et
.lURAVEA.
in length.
'"1~^HIS maiquifate is about 120 tniie-, in icngtii, a::
JL 100 in bieadili. It is bounded on the ra.l I)'
Silelia and 1 lun.guy, on the well by Buhcif.ia Piopei ,
and on the louth by Auiliia. A great pair i;t it v, over-
run with uoods and ni'iuiitiins, where the .ur 13 veiv
loLl, but much wit. ilotiiti than in the Lw giounds,
which
on liie
to St.
and
Xir.RAl'flV.
c indulL^iil, having an
ot (litii icligiuii.
.iKv:iv. Iff^.iic of tlio
nil u I, ptMilur to Ills
ilicniia. 1 {t: IS alio a
iit;, (tiioiioh lie ha-, no
he- kingiloui, and pcr-
iiliiy o: Fragile. His
utiiicrit/. aiul Koiiioiii-
f iliurch and ili.-i'j,v \i
iliiloiy, tioin whitli aa
or i'oi'.e.
t'.it/, cr.
if B:hemui
c time, v.as povcrnc'd
\ king , wiio Were h-
■d by t!ic itates; thQiit;!i
or tlie (k\ealcd mo-
Wliiic Mountain, i:i
sditaiy 111 the Auihiaii
the I'taie^ liave had
to itie right ot hitui-
luiiiiiioiied every year,
■et at l'iat!,ue ; but it is
iiilill ot the tiergv, no-
ve o: ; he town . Here
ign liysl.ttoie tiiein ihe
e a^ the court (!eii;and>.,
very gi; at luin; and
it.ition i<r examination.
n to their loids; antl to
em 1-. doubt jefs owiiiij
perveilc ohltinate dilpo-
L' latter o. wiiicii, aiiinn"
the wretched eoinliiion
i<\\ wood is to be loimd
(liii'T IS tar liom i-cin'j;
Icipi.aiile. '1 he clergv
Imp ol I'r.aouc, Icvtial
, btliilcs tiiolc o: inte-
; ilividcd into princes,
next di giixs ro thel'c arc
en, anil peal'aiits. Kacli
.plains ; one out ot" ti;c
)t' die Hate ot knights.
d as a part of (Jermanv,
r it i- not in anv ot the
lontrilnitc any thing to-
: the empiu, or ib I'ub-
ih.ciuia is linen, of which
lijether with lOrn, mail,
hey have a!(i) eonlidcia-
ron, glals eaidKn-\va;e,
rt is ixported.
■e railed iiy the ftates ot
ed annually at Prague,
iprelj demands ot ihem,
111 durics to which llie i.
I he revenue is tuppoled
l^.rlin^ a year. The
a hereditary couiiirie'. is
uhema tLiiiiilhc^ 9,000.
till up ti;'.' iii.U'.hi.ig :c-
i N II.
uF .\1URAVI,\.
120 mile, in length, av.d
jundcd on the cut LV
ell liy f}uheinia I'lopei,
I'V great part ot it i', o\ er-
, where the .ur \i veiv
m in the L\v g:ound5,
v.hieh
lajiiCPK.] H o 11
which are tall of bo^'i and lakes. The mountain^, in
};eii'Tal ,are barren i but the more level parti tolerably
icrtd^', yielding corn, hemp, Hax, lallion, pillufage,
wmc, trnits, and (.'.arden ilull'. Moravia alio abounds
in horles, black ( .itilc, Iheejj, and goats. In the woods,
and about the lakes, are plenty of wild lc)wi, game,
\eiulon, bees, hares, foxes, wolves, beavers, and a
bealt ot pic\- < ailed Kyfowe, about the li/e ot' a dog,
having it-, belly and feet fpottcd, and leaping fuddenly
on its pre) , from rocks or trees. This country likcw ile
produce, marble, baltard diamonds, p.methylls, alliim,
lion, fulphiir, I'alt-petre, and vitriol, with whokfome mi-
neral waters and warm Iprings; but fait is iiiip(>rted.
Iisriveis, of which the M.in h, Morawa, or iVloraii,
are the chief, abound with great variety of lilb, parti-
culaih trout, cray-lilh, barbel, ce!s, j.ick, and ]ienh.
Tl'.e inhabitants ot Moravia are, in general, liberal,
not III) to be provoked or pacified, obedient to their
mailer:., and true to their promifes; but credulous of
old prophecies, and much addicted to drinking. T'hetr
l.mgtjnge is a dialect of the Sclavonic, dilfermg little
from that of Hohernia; but i i.c nobility and citi/cns
fpeak (iermanand French,
I'he Ihites of this country confifl of the clergy, lord;,
knir.lits, and burgelles; and the diets, when fiimmoned
liy the regency, are held at Urunn. I'he marquilatc is
divididinto fix circles, each of which has its captain,
anvl coiiiributes to its fovereign about one-third ol w hat
is e.vacted Irom Bohemia. Seven regiments ot loor,
one of cuirallieis.and one of dragoons, are iifuall)' quar-
tered 111 i:.
Chrillianitv was planted in thi> country in theninth
century ; and the inhabitants continued attached to the
liuirch of Kome till the 15th, when they efjioufcd the
doctrine of John Hiifs, and threw oil' I'oper) ; but
alter the defeat of the electf.r Palatine, whom they had
« liolen king, as well as the Bohemians, the emperor
I erdinind II. re-eflablillud Popery. However, there
are Ihll fome Proiellaiits in Moravia; and i<)nie years
lince a let of eiuhulialls, called Hernhuriers, or Mora-
Tian Brethren, headed by one of the counts of Zin/en-
dorf, appeared among them, who, at lirll, met with
great encouragement in England ; bat afterwards
when their tenets and practices came to be better known,
fell into contempt ; though thev ha\e Hill fome fol-
lowers among the lower lort. The bilhop ot Olmiitz,
\i lu) (hinds immediately under the pope, is at the
lie.ul of the eccletialUcs ; and the fupreme ecdc-
liallical jurildietion, under the bilhop, is veiled in a
ccnlillory.
ihe commerce of this country is inronliderable. Of
what they have, Brunn enjoys the print ij\il [).irt. Ac
Iglaii and Trebitz are manulactories of cloth, paper,
gunpowder, ev.e. In fome parts ot the country are alio
non-works and glafs-hoiiles.
I'he chief places in the niaiijuifate of Moravia arc
the follow ing :
Holomauc, or Olmut/., the capital, is a ("mall, but
neat, well-bui'r, and populous citv, liiuated on the
ri\er Morawa, So miles north of Vienna. It is di-
vided into the l)id and New Town, in which are fome
ffi.iL lolls, regalar llreets, with fine hmifes, all [lamted
oil the outluie, two great fiuares, a cathedral dedicated
to St. Weii.'.tfl, leveral holpi'als and cloillcr.s of monks
and nuns, an univeility, riding academy, leaincd fo-
< lety, and 26 churches. It is a royal borough, and the
lee of a billiop; and, by nieansof its river, carries on
I coniiderable trade with Bohemia, Hungary, Poland,
^ilelia.and Auflria. In the neighbourhood is a cloiller
nt canons regular of the oiiler of Pia'iiionllatenles.
w hole abbot is mitred.
Brunn, or Brinn, is well built, fortified, and inhabi-
ted , and a place of tiie greatell trade in Nior.ivi.i. Here
aj-eluld ihc courts of luduature and the diels. There-
are ll^ I loillers, a collegiate chinch, the billiop's palace,
an I a large college, with an hofpital of the knights ol
Malta in the fuburbs. The cloiller of Augullme hcr-
iiins 1, lamons for an image of the Vinjin Muiy, made,
N'J. 7s.
K M 1 A. ji,
as they jiretend, by St. I uko, and a foundation for
young ladies. The citadel is called Spielberg, or
Spilmberg, and fland<: on a mountain rlofe to the
town.
(rihlawa, or Iglaii, a flrong, well-built, pojnilous
town, anil royal borough, on the river Ighlawa, was
the lird towncT Moravia that received the Aiiglbiirg
confelllon. The princijile buildings in it arc a large
college and gymnaliiim, with two inonaflcries, one of
Dominicans, and another of I'lancifcans. The trade
of the town is chietly in beer, and a coarfe woollen
cloth. It is much Irequented by travellers, being fitu-
atei on the borders of Bohemia, and in the high road to
Hungary.
Hiadifch is a flrong royal town on the March, con-
taining a large college, and a cloiller of I'rancifcans.
About a mile Irom the tow n Hands the Cillertian c loilfer
ofWelehrad, whofe abbot is the lirft of the regular
prelates at the diet.
Kromcrzi/,, or Krcmlier, is a well-built town on
the river March, or Morave, belonging to the billioj.
ofOlmutz, whofe large and beautitul palace here was
dcflroyed by fire in 1752, together with the archives,
the fuburbs, and 55 burghers houfes. Here is alfo a
collegiate church, feveral cloilters, and a mint.
L U S A T I A.
LUSATIA has Siiefia on rhe eafl, Mifnia on the
well, Bohemia on thefouth, and Br.indenburgon
the north. It is divided into the Upper and Lower
.Marquifate. The air of the former, which is a hilly
country, is more falubi ious than that of the latter, the
li'.iiation of which is low and fenny. The mountain-
ous tracks arc barren, but the vallies aie fertile; and
both of the inauiuifatcs produce wood, turf, wheat,
rye, oats, millet, beans, peas, buck-wheat, lentils, Hax,
h.ops, tobacco, iiianria, w me, ixc. Here are likewife
medicinal fprings, quarries of Hone, e:irths and clays
for tobacco pipes ami earthen-wares, ball ird diamonds,
agates and jalpers, allum, \itriol, ^:c. Cattle, venifon,
and lilliare|)lenty. The country is well watered. The
language of the people is very inarticulate, guttural,
and barbarous; and their drcfs, at once, Hnguhr and
mean. Both marquifates were anciently lubjecc to the
king of Bohemia, th.e arch-dukes of Aulhia, or the
electors of Brandenburg; bur, in the year 1636, they
were ceded to the elector of Saxony. Chrillianity was
cllablilhed here in th.e feventh century, and at prefent
the reformed is the ellablilhcd religion. The ir.aniifac-
tuics are woollen and linen Hufls, caps, gloves, Hock-
ings, IpatterdaHies, h.ats, leather, paper, iron, glafs,
gunpowiler, bleached wax, itc. many of which the in-
habitants export. The imports are lilk, yarn, wool,
fpices, w ine, corn, hops, garden-Hull", fruit, iJcc.
The Hates of Upper I ailatia confiH of Hate lords,
prelates, getitry, and comnonalty. Without the con-
currence of thefe nothing of importance canbctianf-
aeled. The diets are either ordinary or extraonlinary.
The former met once in three )ears, the latter upon
particular emergencies.
Upper I.ufatia is divided i'-to two circles, called
Biuiilien and (lorlif/..
The circle of Budiircn receives its name from the
capital of th.e marqiiifite. 'I'hc town of Budilleii is
tl'.e feat of the lime diet , and of the chief officers r;nd
tribunals. It is litiiated on the Spree, 20 miles north-
well from (I'orlir/. It is pretty large, iiandfonicly
built, Itrongly foitifud, and well inhabited. Its callle
IS lituated on .1 high rock within the town walls. The
Lutherans and Kom.m Catholics perform divine ("ervice
in liili'erent p'.iLs of the cathedral. Here arele\eral
other chiin h <, a council-houfc, libra>y, oiphan-houfe,
fpinning-houfe, houle of t orrceiion, two diet houles,
three hofpital ■, a g\ innalium, iS;c. Ihe nade i>t this
j)lace is in hats, Hockings, gloves, linen, gla/.ed leather,
cloth, luHian, Turkey manufaelure-, ivc. to a very large
amount.
9X Carmcni,
:#;;::;■
A NEW, ROYAL, anp AUTUHNTIC SYSTKM of UNIVIU \I, ClOCRAl'UV.
(.'.iriiii.'nv., on tlic l^llkr, ;"nLii"s ci^ht rluirchcs,
thrct; hol'pitiils, ii m.imitiicUn v ot linen, ;ino;hcr of
MDollen clo^lis, and .i l.;uin t'chool.
l.dbau Ilk .1 min.iul fiiriiip;: M.irklilla a Latin
fill! ')!; L)n\lt aiulU'; and Biriith, a Inuill to«n, \Mtli
.1 ( itadd, iN lituattd I'o p'^'alandv, th.U tlic ini.\idow ir.
whkh it is crrctcd is (.■ailed tin- (ioUli.li .\u.
Cliiili:/., the capii.il ot tl-.c tiiclu nt'tlu' fame nnnic,
i. ;c mile-; to the call lit' HiiditH-ii. It wa.s ere:U-d in
I I ji, liv Buleil.iiis kiiii; ot' I'oland ; hut Coon alter
1 utnt, Vroiii whence ai:les it.s name ; toid'orlit/, in the
i^vlavonic tongue, implies IJiirnt Town. It is the (eat
oi' julHee f.ir this part, and the relidcnee of thego\er-
nor, has feveral neat churches, and many llatcly houfes,
huikof ll'Mie. Thcehitf trade is in beer, and in dref-
(iii^' \rd 1.1) ing Moollt n and linen I loth. It is well for-
Iih\l, and the approach to it dillkult, heraiife it Ihinds
in a morals, en the well-tide of the N'eid'e, which rifcs
on the holders of this (otintr) , and run- throuj,h it into
the (Xler. Its great (hurch, furmerly (■.■.lied .St. Peter
and I'aiil, is ma;.;nificuu. Near a frnall church, on a
mount witho.it the cit) , there is a model of the holy
l'e[ii.lchre at Jerufahni, huilt ;oo yeais aj^o, by the
iliu'ition of a ciii/en who had been theie feveral
time.';.
MulUa has a gnat alliunwoil;; CJrcat l\adm. riti
contains a noble temporal lounJatinn for i: ladies;
and llertenhiith is a liiiall plai e helongipg to cotmt
Zin/.endoif. It was founded in 1722 by fomc Mora-
vian bieihien; and is now the chid nurfci) and fe.it ot
that I'cct called Hirnhutteis.
Laubans, upon the iivei (jueifs, and tfc coitfiiK's of
Silelia, is well toitificd, and hai a {^reat linen maiiu-
faetoiy.
/ittau, on the river Neifle, is a line city, ne.tr tlie
borders of Dohemia, J! miles loiith ot Leibaii, ,ind ;8
eal\ of Drelden. Wencedaiis, kingof 15ohimia, en.
compalled it with walls in I :55. It is will lortilicd,
and the houfcs arc built in the newdl llile. It has a
good trade in beer, a great maniilaCloiy ot ihth, an
holpital, which wa.soncca Irancifcan mon.ilicis , and
large populous fubiubs.
I he land ellatcs of Lower Liifitia arc limilar to
thofc of the Upper. Spiritual rvatieis I'dnpg to .1 coii-
iillory elected in i()6S ; the i hiet olliceis ot which are
the prelidein of the ii]^[ier olfk i, the land capr.iin, ai;d
the land judge. 'I'he tribunals ate the L)|i|^(.r Ollicc
and the l.andfourt; and the wlole is divided into live
little cireles, which contain nothing worthy ot tiotin.
C IT A 1\ XI.
HOLLAND, 01 ilic UNITED PROX'INCES.
lift
iiiiH :-lI
i ^ ", ;f
Till-', fivnitcen provinces, which are known by the
general name of the Nrth rlar.ds, and include
the Seven United St ites denominated llolland, were
lormerly part ot CJallia ISelgica, or Hclgic (i.uil. Thev
deri\ed tiie appellatio:-.s ot Netherlands, Pais-Has, or
Low Countries, from their low lituation. 'Ihev arc
lituated between 50 and 5 j decree- of north lit. and
between 2 and ■, degrees ot' call long, comprehending
in length isomilcs, and in breadth joo. 'I'hey are
hounded bv t! e (ierma.i Sea on the north, by the
circle ot W'ellphalia anil other parts of (icrmaiiv on
the eaft, by !• ranee on the fcuth, and by the Hritifli
Channel on the wefL i he Seven United Provinces, ot'
which wc are here to treat, form only the northern
part of this track, and comprife 1 lolland, I'rielland,
C)veryirel, Zealand, droningcn, (Jelderland, and
Utrecht. 'Vhefe fcvcii provinces arc lituated between
3 dcg. 20 min. and j dcg. ;o min. call long, and be-
tween 51 dcg. (3 mill, and ; j dcg. 40 mm. north hit.
'1 hc\ arc about 1 50 miles in length, and much the fame
in breadth.
S E C T ION I.
Cl,'m::lr, ProilKUions, Rii-n.<, uiul ;^, mrnl Oif, ii-alioii.'
ciudliii:^ H'„'.\liul, or I,';' L ;;./, J J'roiiuiis.
A
'^ thi- rountrv is low and fuampy, partly fiir-
roiiitded by the fea, and ah>nmding in bogs and
air is too nujiH, aitd confcqucnih- un-
Haiiis an i fogs arc Irequent ; and the
li:;Klhes, tfe
w h iK lumc.
gout, fdirvy, rheuinatifm, i>cc. are ( otiimoii and inve-
terate. Ilulhind would be ONcrwhelmed bv the tea,
were It not for the d)k(s and dam., whith exhibit
altomlhing proot- of human indiillry, at.d are Ihipcn-
dou. work-, dcligmd to rci-rcfs the miiiulations ol the
fct, and dr.un the uatcrs lioin the land. 'Ihc marlhes
arc very fertile, and fed abuiulaiKc (,f cattle. 'I'hc
milk being exceeding rich, gieat (lu.iniities of butter
and checfe are mailc, not only K n home . onliiinption,
bu- tor cxporralion. 'I he breed of iheep 1, good, and
produces rxcclknt w<iol. The other iiatunl ])ro liic-
tions of the couury are tobacco, madder, turf, fruit,
iron, ivtc. All the provinces either lie upon, or com-
niuDi( ate w ith, the North ^lca, by means of the /.indcr
Sea. This /.uyder Sea, or South Sea, was formed ori-
ginally bv a br.inth of the Rhine, incir.ifed aferwartU
by a llream oi the \'echt, ;ind at length rendered very
capaciou^ In .in imiiid.itioii ot the fea, which h.ipp.enul
in the 1 jth lentmy. The princiiial rivers are the
Rhine, Maes, Scheld, and Vcc;;r.
There arc many fmaller river^ that join tr:efe, :{< d
a vail number ot canals; 5 et theic are tew g(i( il har-
bours in the provinces, 'i he belt are thofc ot Kotttr-
dam, Ilelvoeilluys, and I'luthing. As to the h. 11 hour
of Amlierdam, it is, indeed, one of the largelf and
fafeft in Furope; but there is a bar at the cntranrc o(
it, over which l.irgc vellels cannot |.iafs, without being
lightened, or unlo.-ided. Lheie arc no mountains in
thcfc provinces; and the only lake, piopcrl}- fo called,
is that of Haaerlem. The provinces arc w til ciihivated,
and very populous, cfpecially that ot I lu'.land, which,
in this rcfpcct, perhaps, has not its equal in theiinivcrre.
The towns arc very agreeable, being kept exceedingly
clean ; and having canals in the maldle of the tlrci ts,
planted with trees. Ihe number (<t inhibirmts is
computed ac about two millions. The animals hen-
are much the lame as in Lngland; but their hories and
horned cattle ate of a larger li/.e. Storks build and
hatch on the chtmnies; but, being birds ol pallage,
they leave the country about the middle ol .'Xugull,
with their young, and return the lebruaiy ''c'llowmg.
It is (aid there are (bme wiki boars and wolves heie ;
and that neither oyllers or herrings aie to be found
upon the (■('■•H; but of other tilh they h.ive the (cvei.il
forts, bcnh 1.; iicir lias and livers.
'I'liom'Ji the ipiantity ol;;;!';!''! produced here is n^ t
fulTicient tor home confumptioiii tlioiigh woods aic
unknown; and, in line, though the 1 lollamk rs have
very teu lta])le commodities, fueli is their meicantilc
turn, and luch their geneiil indulliy, as to tiirnilh them
ill an ample degree with all the comlbrtsoi life.
S I;. C r 1 O N
lAl'HV.
oik i Ci'icat K.\i!in rii^
iJ.ttitin for i: Lulus ;
c liL-longin^ lo loimt
1722 by Conic Moim-
liicl mirfci) am! Il.it oi'
Is, aiul tl'i' conrincs of
1 a gri.Mt liiKii niami-
; a (iiic city, ticAr tlio
nth ot l.cihau, .iiiii ;S
kingol' IJolunua, m-
. It if, well fortiluil,
I'lwif} rtilc. k ha> a
luilaCloiy ot ( 1( til, yii
itilcaii iiioiialU'i \ , aiul
1-iifitia arc fmular to
iticis bflnpg to .1 coii-
L't ullki'iN ot \\ hicli arc
the laiul caprain, ar,tl
aic thi- U|i|^ir Ollitc
olc is ili\ ;iJitl into five
hmg worthy ol iiutitc.
' I i\ C E S.
:• ot'itT iiaturil proliR'-
o, madder, turf, fruit,
ihcr lie upon, or coin-
IV means of the /,n)ikT
:h Sea, \va; fornied ori-
e, iiiere.il'ed at";er\vards
It length rendered vorv
he fea, « hich h.ippcuul
riiicipal rivers arc the
r.
er> that join tlicfe, a' d
K'le are tew gnt d har-
left are thofc ot kotter-
ig. As to the h irhour
one of the largfft and
I bar at the ciitranrc of
;iot jiafs, without Inni;
■ arc no iiiount.iiiis in
ike, piopcrl}' fo lalled,
nees are will cul; ivatcd,
hat of Holland, which,
ts equal in theuniverfc.
being kept exceedingly
■ iiiKldlc of the llreits,
iihcr o\ inhibirants is
s. 'I'he aiiinrds here
id ; but their hoi i: s and
/.e. S:orks build and
being birds of palllige,
th(' middle ot Augult,
ihe I'cbruaiy 'bllouing.
briars and wolves heie ;
rings aie to be found
h they hive the Icver.il
L'rs.
1 produced here is n^ t
on; though woods aie
gh ilie ! lollandus have
iirh is their mercantile
liithy, as to fiirnilh thcni
: comforts oi life.
S I;. C 1 1 O N
f
.^ii '
r
\
w
N
h
1 1. :;oi'r.]
Tl O 1. L A N D.
1i^
S F. C 1 I O N II.
'rivincrs.
/'.)>,•;,,',.'.,)• DifniplioH rflht'/iirrttl i'lllfi.i /'
As il.i- loiiiitry enjoys as ^ii-iit .i foreign trade as
■^ *■ .111. m the univiric, ami i-i of grc.i' iiiiporiaiKc
III ilu' li.iU' 1)1 iliaifo .:i Imii('|)i', wc lluill iicat of the
[..III; ul.ii [iiovinco in tl •: folluuing liilliiKt order.
II C) I, I, A N I).
11(1 1 .'ND.h) l:ir ilic null conlidcrahlf, and Rivinf^
II. line to tliL- whole of the United I'luvinccs, is
li:iiaii.d .lioiit 100 miles tothee.ill of lMi(;l.iiid, being
liouii'lid U) li.e iioith and well b\ the (ieiiiian Oi eaii,
to the i.ill In the /u\di'i- Se.i, and to the fouth bv
'/.i.ilaiui ;in.i l.'treeht. It is .iboiit loonaies loni.', rather
lilv tliaii fj bio.id, anddiviiled into north and fouth,
.Niiiu- h\\ pl.iies of this province arc truitfiil in eorn.
bit the^i\.iteH [lart coiifilts of very rich ii;)lliire lands,
where conlKkiable lienls of kineare hrcil. The imil-
I'l>luityot riveis and canals that intcifeit the whole
coiinti), i'lid torm a roiimuinication between abiioll
tvciy viil;'j;e and town, are of inli.'.ite ferviee to tlic
inlaiul (.oiiiineH'c of the Kniiurv, thoiij'h ihey are of
; IX .[ dil idv.il. tai;e to the climate. I he province
< t 1 loK.iii.; la lo |io|)uU);;.!, that the niimbi r ot in-
li.ibitaiUa IS c.inipiilal al oiieiiuliion two hundred thou-
t.i:;d. ill (oiiit nt clealll^lu■f^, no coiinrrv liirpalles,
.1 .; tc. <.cH.:\ it, ciptcuily north Holl.md, and that
i\i'.\ lU ti.e villages. I'loin the couii's of Holland
tl.l^ _,i>)viiice devolved, in I4;j6, to the diikos ot liur-
j'.uiivii, aiui Iroiii them tl) thchoul'e of Aullria, .iloiig
v'Ui the o;her provinces. 1 he liates lor 1 lollaiid and
Well 1 ;i>.ilaiid are compol'ed of the no'iii;t\ ami de-
p.ities ol the towns. Ol the latter tlure .iie einlueen
th.it fend ile,).!tie.^ lo the alieinbb. of ih;' ll.ites, which
{■< held at the Hajue. The grand ]Hn!:onary is a
perfoii ol giv.u dignity and weight in ihi.s allembly,
a ;d hi> olj'.ce requires extrai.)rdiiiary abiiiucs. There
.lie .illo two councils compiled of de'niiie:i, one for
^^ludl and another lor Nrrih Holland, who have the
cogni/.ance ot the revenue and military atl'airs. The
w tune province fends one dvjuiiy Ironi aiiiniig the no-
ble, le lo tiie Itates-general, w lio takes precedence of
al oUurs, to.;ether with three or lour more. There
.i;. f.i.i Uipume einirts ol judicature for Holland and
/v.u.iiul, VI.. the great couiicil of 1 lolland and Ze.r-
1.1..1 , .liul ti.e hot, or court of 1 loUan.l. To thcfe
appe.il., he from thr towns; but the caull^of noble-
11.^. I ■.onir before diem in the lirll inllaii'-e. With re-
l\\\.i lo the ecLltiialHcal governiiient, there is a fynod
luLi aiiiuially both in South and North Holland, of
w .'.y!i the foiiiiei contauu eleven tlallV-, and the lat-
1^1 li.V.
South Holland contains the followin;: towns :
l>>rL is lituated (4 miles from .AmIlriJam, 0:1 an
ill.iiid that was formeil, m I421, by the overiiow ing
c/t the Maes and Merwe. It is lb very lUong, from
II -. natural advantages, that few artilicial fortilications
Kimrciiuilite. It cont.mis the n.int for .South Hol-
taiui, a gymnalium, and .1 commodious luirbour. The
tov 11 is large and po|)ulou:, the llreets bro.id and well
j'lued, and tlie hiuifv-.s high, and built with brick. Itis
.iilmirably calciilaied. In it, lituation, tor commerce j
p .rticul.u ly ill gram, linen, thread, timber, and Rhenifli
w lie, I he two l.itter articles olvvliich are brought down
the n\i'f from d'ermany. .S'rangers ulualiy go to
v.ew an apartment in the Guildhall, where the ccle-
biated Uiiod was held in 1(119, for terminiting the re-
iigio IS d:l}'e:eiKcs between the Arminians. and Cio-
maii'iis. D.irt is t.imous for its t'almon lilhery.
Haiirlem is a city of great conlideratoii, as well as
.uUijiut;., luiKittd on the river .Spcren, 10 miles well
ol ■Amllrrd;un. It has eight gates, is ftirromuled by a
VI .ill, aiu! eoiuaiiis a great miinber ot inhabitants.
wars ; \\ hen the ('hriHians defign d to t)ellege DainictiJI
in I'gvpi, 1 pr.ilii I'lus iron t ha n obl'rucled the paf-
fagc i:;to rhe harbour. 'I Ins cli.im ihc' Ih.ips ( t \ I lar'i 111
iiiuleric ok !o Ii-.m!--, .ind fuccieiUil m tlie JLiz-aulous
attempt, v^lueli fnihiated the c.iptnrc of ilie pl.ice.
As a |in.iiiori.!l 01 thh iranliuiion, t!-e aim-iol the 1 uv
are a fwoid, iHtwetii tinir flars, and a crofs ovti ihc
point, with tliis nio;'(', //</•.. ^rl<l/ ■i,ii::: ,• or, \a-
lour vaiu|uill:e~ viol ■lue.
The Uoiiian (atholii ■ are nm.-c mimnoiis than thr
Protellants. .■\ mull e\;rav.ig;;nt talk', with rega-d to
flowers once presided liere ; .(here feverii kiiuls, par-
ticularly tulps, weie bought and liil I at an enormous
price, (rre.it iiuantiius ^,^ liain, ti read, ivr. are
bleached here, as the w.iters ot the place au pccuiiirly
excell ut tor liit h purpolc-. 'llie Diiildini'- here are
all of buck, and [hellneis Itra'r, and embe'lifhed with
caraU. Ihe gnat iluirili 1-, oii'- ol the linell lliuc-
ttire> III the Nethei lands and contains among orhcr
things, iwolilver bells. The lladt-lioufe is amagnihccnt
budding, adoMi'.-d with very lin- paintings. Ikre arc
4 Dutch, I Ireiuh, I l.uiheraii, 1 .\rminian, and 5
.Anab.iptilt churches, with man) Roman C'atliolu.
chapels.
Ha.iilem is the lecoiul in order among the voting
c ities in I lolland, and its government conlilis ot lour
bur:',omalieis, leveii ei'ciiev ms, one li. out, aiuithiii)-
two I'mators. The manuf.utiiris are linen cloth, rib-
bon., i.ipe, thread, Idk, velvet, ivi.-. (iooi beer is
bievid here, great n'.iiinities of wliich .ue exported.
I'hi (It) claims the lionour of having given birth to
Lauiviice ^.'oller, the |)reteniled inventor of printing,
and iheliitl b(K)k he printed is kept in the lladt-houfe ;
as is the llatiie of l.aiiieiue Colter in the town houlie.
There is a communication with the lake, and with
.\ii llerilam and l.evden, by means of leveral canals,
Seh.mes h.ive been often formed for draining the lake,
but uevirpiit in execution. Totlie fouth ol the town
lies a wood, cut into delighttul vulk:.and villas. V\'hen
the .Spaniards laid liege to this p<lace, in 1 57), for the
fpace of ten months, the inhabitants fullaineel innu-
merable hardlhips. In the \e.ir 1-52 an acadciiiy of
fciences was tounds>! here, which has fmce produced
foine eminent men.
Deltt, tour m.les foiith-eall from the Hague, is re-
torted to on account of its plcafant tituation, bv rich
people who have retired troni bulinels. In the great
chinch is a magnilicent maul'oleum, erceU'd in idoy,
at the e.\};ence ot the llates-general, to the memory of
William 1. prince of Orange, who was bal'ely aliaf-
linatcd b) an emitlary of I'hilip 11. king ot Spain.
\i the feet of the rriiue's llatue lies a dog, vvho is faid
to have died of grief when iiis mailer was murdered.
.'\moiig other ll.itely monuments in the old church is
that of the renowned admiral Van Tronip. Deltt is
tiuiious tor its tine earthen-ware, made in imitation of
china, and known h\ the name of Del ft ware. The
tow I hoiife is adorned with feveral llatues, as thole of
Julii e, Trudence, Mercy ; and over the gate is a dif-
tich, which may be thus tranllated 1
'I Ids hoide loves peace, and honours virtue' . catife ;
C hecks crimen — hates v ice.s — and prefcives good law .s,
Ti.e arfenal lor tlie province of Holland, two pow-
der magazines for the province, and two for the i^c-
iiiiii!ili,A\x kept here, as are likewife the deputies
yachts, which arc very beautifully decoia'cd. This
cit\ is two miles in circumference, of an oblong figi.ire,
furroumleil by an > Id \\:\\\ and ditch, and defended
againll munduioiis ii\ three dams and dykes. Here,
as in moll other provinces, arc chimes extreme!) har-
monious; they play one tune at the lirll quarter alter
cverv hour, two at the next, three at the next, and four
beliire the lioui Ihikes.
l.eyden is one of tlie largell, pleafantell, .and moll
mainilicciu cities m I lolland. It is lituated lix miles
h
Is vei
lar-
bur
n >t
tl
iviic
Du
tinu
tlie
holv
.ill from the oc
e;in, aiie
I ly fouth of Amllerdam. It
■m
M'
t.o A NKNV, ROYAL anp AUTlll.NTIC SV
MaH f rcifli'd on llu' ,iiu iciu Lhaniul .if thr Rhine, uhiih
}\illis ihiiiiigh, intiTlccis, .uul ilnulf'. il mio Icsi'ral
i|1.iikI.<, th.u niiit .ig.im .\l»)iit thi' uhiti- ti.itc. It has
S JUKI'S, 24 waril.s, liibiliMiiiil inio 90 Idler parts, <o
itlanils, ut whiih ;i nuy In- lailcil rcnimi liy htuts, 1 So
(hi'fts, 14s briil^cs, ami 42 towers on the walls. The
dm hcs are broail, ilerp, anil i irciinili ribeil by a qiiiik-
iVt heilge. The ilj>lanadc is atli)riutl with rows of
trees, aiul has the ranipait on one I'ule, a;ui };ari)ens or
nieaiiows on the other. The luiulc'i aie ni\)',niln fit
anil neat, the Iheets broad and elean, anil the canals
regular and agreeable. In the niidille ot the town is a
round Uronj; to«i'r, called tl'.e lliir;^h, mIik h nuafiircs
610 feet 111 circiiinferenie, and has an afcent of 50
lleps, and a fine firolpevf frnin it-> fiiinmit. The biir-
UraNC of Ixvden take their ajipellation from the
biir^r, or tower. The great church is a nohlollruc-
tiire, with a lolty root, larj^e w indows, and three rows
tit elegant pillars on eai h tide of the choir. This, as
veil as the other (lunches, lontain le\eral remark-
able nionLniciu-, an. I other ciinolitiei. Anionjj; the
i\\\, in the church ot Notre Dame, l^ the iiiononieiit
ot the celibraf.'d Jolcph Si aliger. \ lere are many hol-
jiital.-i, which are kipi w ith that runarkable neatnef^
peculiar to tlie Dutch. The ori^han-houle only, main-
lains 900 d'.ildien. The Ihidt-houl'e is a capacious
biiildinj;, with ahandfomc Hone tront. In the burj^o-
ii'alter's chamber is .1 line jiiece of painting, by l.uke
ot' l,e\den, repreleiumg the Latl Day ot jiid;;mint.
I'he waters in Ibnie ot the canal.-., in hot weaihei, iilej
to nrow llagnanti on which a. inint t«o large cinaK,
a lew seals lime, were niaiic, on <>ne ot whuh two
mills were focontrived as tofor e water into the town,
and on the other two mills of a iliHerent conllriiction
Will' tonued to dra«' it Irom thence, w hirh has, in I'ome
incalure, remcvlied the gieat iiiconsenience coniplam-
fd of. I he univcnity belonging to this city is its
greattiV glory. It was founded, \. D. I57.{, by the
ilar-s -general, as fbmc rccoinpencc to the inhabitants
tor ihe great hardlhips they had undergone ; and IcH'es
thc\ had liiltained, when they w ere beliegci! by the
.Spaniards. The li hool is a capacious pile ot build-
ing, three Hones high ; in the uj'permoll llories of
\\nKh the telebrated T'.l/.evir had hi.s printing olVice.
This univerlity has produced many k-arned [)rofclii)rs,
ill particular Liplius, Scaliger, Saliiialius Heniiius,
.md ISoerhaiue. Phytic and law are the predominant
Ihidies ; and the number ot fliidents have Cometiines
aii'Oiinted to :a03 : but onlv two of tne colleges are
endowed, I'o that the Ihii^luiN w ho do not belong to
them aie oMi^jcd to board ihemfelves in tlic town.
When marriculated, ilie Icholars have great privileges,
and even belcre m itricul.ition are to tar Irom being
obliged to confoini to an academic ilrcfs, that they are
fu n permitred to wear I words. The univerlity is go-
Ncnicd bv three curators. The rector i.s elected annu-
nllv, and has hi< own .TtllfTors. Near the I'chool is a
phvtic-garilen, where the botanical jirofeHor leads his
ftvfures i and the Indian cabinet contains a great luiiii-
ler (it curiolities. 'iiic anatomy hall i-i an octagon
I Hiding, the walls of which art adorned with pilatters
■'.lul cornices; and the library, toundcd by William I. i.s
well turnillicd with books. Tne cloth manufactory here
;.i much decay v.d, which tbrmcriy Hounlhed to a great
degree. This city is famous tor tin long and feveie liege
tr maintained in 15-;^ againft the Sjianiards. We can-
not help mentioning the reply of that illiilhious iiiagil-
irate, .Adrian ileX'erf, when the ciri/ens rcprefi nted to
him the havotk made bv ihe famine during the liege,
.i.id inlilUd ii[H)n his I'urrendcring : " friends, (laid
he,) here is my body, divide it among you, to fatisty
voiir hunger, but banitli all thoughts ot lurrendering to
ihe cruel and [jcrlidious Spaniard." Thev took his
advice, in regard to their not fiirrendering, and never
would lifien to any oveniiie^ ; but told the Spaniards,
they would hold out as long a.s they had an arm to eat,
and another to fight.
Ainllcidam is the capita! not only of the province
STF.M 01 l-NMVIRSAl. ClO(;RAPIIV.
of Holland, but of. ' the ImitCil N'etheilands. It,
litiiation Hon the river \mllel, and an aim ol the f.-i
I tailed V\)e. It is in 51 dig. :o mm. north lit.,iiid
, .( deg. \o mm. call loni;. and cuMhI in a iiior,i|\, ,)'.\
I tlroii^and cxteiilise pile, in the toini ol' a i lefee.it.
I Ihe itadt-hoiife alone haih upwards ot i;)o,oo) llroiiL'
I piles ol wood tor Its foundation. Tins cm is luppolui
i 10 have deriM'd its name lioni the river Ainllel.or
1 troiM a tortrels en the Amilel ol the lime apjilicaiion.
I However, it i; mot! pmbable, tli.it it miiveil 1; ,
, name trom theiiver, w hu h is toniud by the conlUuni,
I ol leveral llrcains .iboiii lis miles .iliove the citv, and .i
1 dam which is deliunedto piwent tl.u river from ovn
I flowing the countu ; thili- loined togi ilier make Am-
I lhl-l)am, which h.iih been 'oriuptui to /\nilleidaiii.
It was founded towards the latter end ot the i;rh
I century, and rofe gradiiilK triim being only a fiiLill
lilhing village to its prelent Ihiie of Opulem e and im-
portance. Ihe \mHel di\ides it into t»i) grand di\i.
lions, and having lilled all its canals there, ag.iinfub.
divides it into various finall ill. mils. .\ 1 ommunication,
however, 1, maintained by a g' e.it niiml;: r of bridges ,
and the mails ol the mulliiude of llips.rows of trees,
^:c. give an idea to the beholder ot a loielt in a town.
The plantagie is a place laid out in beautiful walk->.
and planted with trees ; and on the Wvc is a delighttul
walk, whii hiommandsaii admiral leprorpci. Tiie cty
ot Amilcrdam, next to l.oii ion, is tf.oiight to be lie
mod extenlive citv- 111 Chiiltendom. It is, without any
manner ot doubt, one ot the greatell trading I'orts
and not perhaps interior toanvciry ti r ricbc It a.
lurroumiiil with brick walN, .uid a laigei.ich, ,inj
the gates are built with lrie-lh)nc. The walls are
high, ke[)t in good repair, and tlankcil with :() baf-
tions. 'ihe harbour is lliut up with large Hakes ol
piles drove pcrpendiculaily intotl.-.- I'ot.om ot the wa-
ter, and |oiited together on the top by llrong be.inis
pl.accd hori/.ontaliy ; with ojjcnings between tf.em to-
Ihipstogo 111 anil out ; but thet'e openings aie e\ejy
night tluit U[) by booms, laid acrols and locked, after
ringing of a bell, to give notice to thofe w ho would
go out 01 come m to m.ikehalle. Heyond the ditch thii
furrouiids the walls there is a dyke to receive the watii
ot the canals winch would overHow the neighbouring
meadows, that are a great deal lower than the water
in thccanaLs. On each tide of the b.illions there is a
windmill to grind corn i aiui round the whole city is a
great number of mills for faw iiig boards, preparing to-
bacco, making gunpowder, .md man) other ule-.
'ihe gates are very line, pirticularly that of 1 l.iaerlem,
which is a noble piece ol .irchitectine : it is all of free
llonc, and adorned on e.ich tide with large columns,
with a lion's head on the top I'feach. 'Ihis gate 1
-^ teet high, and the arch of it 19. In the middle 1 .
jiLaccd t'lie new coat of .inns of thecity, viz. Ciults,
a pale table and three loltiirs with crelf and linpen.d
Crown, fupiiorted by two lions. The bridge over the
Aiiiltel, which joins one tide of the rarnpart to the
other, IS one ol the linell IhucUires of that kind in tin
whole country. The three principal lanals, which run
through the city, in the torm ot lemicirclcs, are the
I leere-dragr, tile Keyfers-Cr'iagt, and the Frince-
Ciragt i that is to (ay, the c.inals of the Lords, tin
I'-inperor, and the I'lince. The ipiays of them art-
all ot tree-done, and adorned on both tides with
noble houfcs, and line rows ot lottv trees. MoH o!
the houfcs upoinhofe canals have veryplealant gardens
behind them.
Ihe houles of Amfterdam, ingeneral,arc handfomelv
built, either with brick or (fone. Ihe Hreets are f[)a-
cious, well jiavtd, tmbtllithed with trees, and have
canali palling through them. Here are eleven Dutch
C'ahinilts, one higli Dutch, two I rcnch, and three
Knglilh churches; but only the CalviniHs havethe pri-
vilege of uling bells. Ihe Uoman Catholics have
twenty Icveii chapels, and a kind of cloilfcr, the nun.
of which, however, are allowed 'o go abroad, and to
many if they picale. The Jews, Ariiiinians, Anabap-
I I tilU,
f //</,
T
»
f
r
*
I
t.llAPHV.
iiiti'il Wtlicilaiuls. ]{^
, .lt)(l .I'l .11 III 1)1 till- I'tM
:o iiiin. north lit. anil
ii\ii.'il III a iiiomI's, oil
till' till Ml i)t' a I tilVfu.
u.iiiK ot I )o,o )J llninL',
Tliif cm IS rii|>])oKl|
Ml till- rivtr AiiilUl.dr
1)1 (111- lanii.' a|>jili(';iiiiiM.
Il', tlr.lt It 111 llVl'ii i; ,
oriiicil liy the LOiilliu 111,
Il •- .liii'M.- till' I ity, and .1
iiii t!,is risiT tVoiu iiviT-
lU'i) td^'ctliiT ni.ikc Am-
riii(ittil to AiiillcT(iain.
laiicr tuil lit the I ith
iiiiii Ihim)^ uiilv a fill, ill
all" o( opulciii I- .iiiil iiii-
s it into tuo i;r.iiul dw i.
lanals iluic, :i;;.iin I'lil).
mds. ,\ I (imiminicatioi),
c'.it niiml);r of l)riil}.'c-. ,
c of l! ij's, rows lit tries,
( r o| a loit 11 in a town.
nit in hcatiril'iil ualk-i,
in ti.c \\)c :- a lii lii^litti!)
iinal lepi(;fj)e-i. '1 in.' i.'.t>
on, IS tl-.oiij'lit to be the
iiloiii. It IS uiihout an.
\c fTcartil rraii'i!!.^ '"lit ,
nv (ity II r ricl'c It i^
, .iiiil u large I. ich, .inJ
f-UoMc. 'I'hc walls arr
and llankid with :(> luf-
t up u ith iarj^c Hakes ol
ito tl.i' I'ot.om ot tliL w.i-
llie top by ItroiifT he.niii
pininj;s between ti.eiii to-
t thele opiiini'^s an; e\eiy
il at rol> and loi ked, ;iti; t
lotiie to thofe whowinil.l
lite. Ueyoml the ditch tli.ii
I dyke to receive the watci
ivertloM the neifjilioiinii;',
deal lower than the ware;
ot" the h. ill ions there is a
1 round I he whole city is a
.1 iii!^ board.s, jueparing tn-
aiid many other ii(c .
icularly that ot llaaerkiu,
lutectiiie : it is all of free
1 tile with larj^e columns
[)[) of each. This !',atc i-
if it ii;. In the middle i •
s of the city, viz. (iulf s
rs «ith crelf and Impel i.il
;)ns. The bridge over thc
le ol tlic ramp.irt to the
iiuUires of that kind in the
rincipal canals, w hich run
rni ot lemicircles, arc the
■ C/ragt, and the Prinee-
c.iilals of the Lords, the
The ipiays of them arc;
net! on both tides with
s ot loftv tire.s. Mot! o'
have veryplcalant gardens
, ingeneral.arc handfrtmei'
lone. I he t*reets are Ipa-
lied with trees, and have
1. Here are eleven Dutch
1, t«o I'rcnch, and three
the CalviniHs havethe pn-
le Roman Catholics have
I kind of cloider, the nun>
wed 'o go abroad, and to
Jews, Aniiinians, Anabap-
1 tiltii.
^ /yi'f//'fff/ / WAyiKV.a's, l/r. ^y.>^, ttn'/(\\',(M\\{\Y\\\ //iN/.i/io/ !•// 'li'>/t'f' /tn/iff(/t/ .
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71
tills, ^:c. arc likeuilV places of wordiip; but all who
arc not of the (.■(l.iblillii.i.l icliixion nuilf tint marry in
tlu'ir !)uii mode uithout the peculiar perniillion of ilie
iiLiv'iliiacy. In a court yaril licloiiLMiig to one of the
Jew. I\ iiagogucs are Icliools where < I'iliireii are in-
ilrueteil in the principies of the Jew i'.h religion and
tnu 'ht Hebrew.
'.\'!iat thcv term rhc l.ombartl is a cor['Onuion,
cur-owered b\ authority to lend nioney upon pledges
at a moderate mtcrelh The bank here was founded in
1609. All payments, exceedmg the funi cf three
liundreil guilders, mull be made in bank. I3ank
irotiry is generally about five per cent, better than
cuiicnt, and the dilllrciiLe is termed the agio. Inllead
of drawing an intcrell, every proprietor p;us conlider-
ably lor keeping hi-; money in the bank, th.- credit of
winch is vej-y great, as de|)ending not I'o much upon
the trc-afurc aetiially depolited there, as upon the fecu-
rity of the city, and even of the republic. It is under
the care and infpeetion of the burgomallers. This
city has a great Iharc not only of the trade carried on
in Europe, but in all the rcli of the world; and in
particular, it is in pofrellion of one half of that vail
commerce carried on by the Dutch to tlie liall holies,
and governs the whole.
'ihe in.iudrv of the inhabitants of Amrtenlam is
ama/.ing; all are cm(>loyed in fomf trade, nianufac-
luies, or bulinefs, and none are idle, but inch as either
V. ar.t hands, or Itreiifjh to ufe them. i'r.e number of
inliahiiants, is computed at about two hundred tlinu-
fand, ot \. hich a great part are F.ipids and Jews. The
grcatcli tliliulvantages this city labours under are the
want ot good air aixl water. .'\t t'-.e moutli of the
harbour is a bar, which cannot be palled by large Ihips,
till they aie lightened.
This city cannot properly be faid to he adorned with
any Iquares: the principal place I'o called is ihe dam,
which is very irregular, and has no capital building
but th.c Ihult-houle, whiiii is a noble oolong edifice ot
frec-llonc, 2S2 leet in leiv.ih, 2-^5 in breadth, and 1 ;6
in lieight. The arcime:ture of the new lladt-houfe
is admirctl by molV. .\i the entrance on the right
band is the hall of jullice, :muI below llaiis is theollice
of the bank, and the piifons both for debtors and cri-
minals, and a guard-cliamher. There arc ejght large
cillerns ot water on the liimmit of the whole labric, to
be conveved bv pipes toeverv room in the building in
1 ale ot tire; and the very chimnies, In way of pre-
caution, aie lined with copper. The cupola allbrds
an agreeable and extenlive profpej, and has a
round tower, riting 50 teet above the root, fupporled by
jiilkus, adorned with llatues. It iji turnillud villi a
}j,o;)d chiriie ol bells. 'I'his noble edifice is unfurnilh.ed,
and likely to remain fo, through a luperltitious motive ;
as the Dutch pretend that their dellruciion ilepends on
1I-. completion, and produce, to vindicate this notion,
^\\ old prophec}, which imjilies,
W'iien men a tinilhed piece the lladt-houfe call,
Ihe beven United I'roviixes Ihall fall.
'['he new church of .St. Catherine is a m.igniliccnt
cdiliee, and contains many curicus pieces ol Uiilptuie,
pauiiid windows, i\"c.
The admiralty houfe is an old building, having been
formerlv a nunnery, 'iheaifenal is a line llrueture,
2O0 teet long and 22 t)road. Near the arfcnid is the
dock, which is 508 feet in length, and has the tlorc-
hoiifes, iliip carjjcnreis hou.'es, ^;^. ccnriguoiis. The
liall liulia i loule is a very large building, and contains I
w prodi:',ious ipiantity of various articles. The livlia I
company hath likewife a maga/ineor a'fen.il indepen- !
ileiit o( that jull meniioned.
Amlleidam cont.iins many hofpitals, w l-.ich together
jiiamiaia anil relieve great numbers ot both i'exes.
iJeiides ihele, here are man\ [ilaces wieie people .may
have tiiet and lodging tor life, on advancing a certain
iuin ol money, which is not very eonlideiable. At ;
E2I
many parts of thecity pnor boxes hang on tliains, be-
ing locked up and lecuied b) the ovcrieei, of the poor,
who every quarter go round thecity, opin tf.e bo.-.cs,
and dilhibule the money. The pl'ay-houfes pay half
then- proli's to the uf.ol t!ie pocr. Ail who entertain
people at t.iirs are obliged to contribute a third of
their profit ; and all w ho pals through pay a penny for
the fame purpofe.
The exchange is another ornament of .\m(lerdam.
It is built over ti-iree arches
under winch runs [lart ol'
the waters of the Amilel, thro' a canal called Kojkin,
into another naiiud Dam-Rack. lornieily boats
were I'uli'eied to pals under thofe arches; but they are
now locked up uith v. coden rails, linre it wasd't'co-
vered that fome trait jr; atiempted to hide under them
a boat laden w itli giiiipowdcr, in onier to blow the ex-
change up, at tl'.e time the merchants were met there.
At a (luarter alter tuelve the gates are Ihut, and thofc
who come after that lime mult pay a penny for the
ufe of the poor. Above liaiis, over the gallery, there
is a fencing I'chool, the mailer of which is appointe.l
by the magilliates; and a hall, where tlie;, fell ail forts
of woollen cloih. The cliiei poil-oHices ate ad in the
neig'ihourhood of the excliange.
'J he puhlic hollies olcorrtetion are worth a fl ranger's
view; as the Ralp-houle, where rogues are inipri-
foned, and kept at hard lab.-iur; cfpecially rafping or
fawing liralil wood, for three, four, feven, ten ) ears.
or for lile, according to the nature of their crime.
\\'hei\ they are incorrigible they are often put in a
dungeon where the water comes inj fo that they mult
be coiuiiHially labouring at the pump to avoid being
diowncih '1 he fpin-lioule is a place whcie proilitetes,
or difordeily women, aie locked up, and obliged to
fpin or few with great'diligence ; but if they can beat
the chari'c ol it, they may have chambers by them-
felves.
In the illuilrious fchc^ol, or acad
einy, piiM;c
jet u res
are read on ihe oriental and other tongues, divinit),
philofoph}, hiilorv, L\;c. 'llie Ij.v, yers and ph\ licians
base l;keu ill- their colleges ; and here are feseral high
towers with a . lock on e.ich, f.< diftributed, that the
hours ma;, be luard to llrikc in any -wrt ot the citv.
'1 he library, near the fouth church, li a line building,
well furiiillied with books.
'J he lluie-v^ are works of prodigious expellee and art,
and worth a traveller's notice. Formerly tlie city was
treiiuenily damaged by the overflowing of the water,
which, upon ttie blov.ing of the north-call wind, was
drnenout of the /uyder .Sea and the U'ye, with fuch
violence, into the canals in the llreets, that the water
overtiowings not only run into their cellars, but even
role to the full lloor of their houles thn tlood in the
lower pans of theto«n: to prevent which the ni.-i-
gilliates caufed thele lluiees to be made at the mouth
of every one of the lour canals that open to the Wye,
Thele are lirong folid brick-works, 10 or I 2 feet thick,
railed trom the bottom of tl. river, or rather gulph,
I to the kirtace of ttic ground, and built acrol's r'le ca-
\ nals, leaving only convenient ])laces for the paliage of
, lliips; which openin>is are again Unit up with very
' thong tlood-gaies, able at all times to relnl the force
j ot the waLcr, and feceie the iniiabitants t'lon) its rage.
' Theri.' is a fettled cultom in the Netherlands not un-
I worthy ot notice, whicli is, that the cities ■ .\\ molt of
I the villages ha\i- a houle lor rhetoricians, or rather for
j poets; lor here, mider the denomin ition of rhetliori-
I cians, are underilood thofe that delight inpoctrv. As
their iiiclinarion to verl'e is very ihong, it engages the
Dutch (loets to erect ()ublic fcliools every where, in or-
der to exeivife thwiulcKe., and to acquire fome repu-
tation by their perlormancei. '1 he fpiel, or mulic-
houfes, are a kind of taverns, where young people of
the lower elafs meet two or three times a wtek, 10 en-
tertain ihcnifcKcs with mulic, dancing, Cvii-. The pell-
houte was built in ifi (o, and has jfo wimlims.
Amlleidam has two fubuibs, 0:1c at the giite ot the
renuhus, and the other extendini'; to the village t)f Over-
y \ ton
' m 1
A NI-AV, K(")Y\L j,Nr> AJI'.lI.NriC SYSIT.M oi UNIVKUSAI, CEOCiKAPHY,
h '■'■
liNi
'i i'-
ill
t,Mi, where bi'^.its tliat ciiUK' iroi.i Li',.(i>.n :iic idlUil over
l.in.l upon uoDik'ii lulKis. I l.i' iit\ is gosi'incil by ;i
fcni'.tc of ,iii anil when a vacanvv liiipjuns by (kath,
!•■.(.• iVnators clurfi- wlioni the) tluiik iiiopir to lill tin.-
jil.iiC, without .w\y iL'tcicnci' to ihc pcopL'. I'l'c prin-
(.ip.il I ivil ollic-crs in Ar.itlcr.l.ini i4ic tiu' irLafiirirs,
who m'.ivij:;^; the (Uililic icviiMe ; the 1 (uit, wliol.-
ofliv-e at oiuc ifri-iiibli's th.it ot a i>.i ij'jiti.i:.- "I tlie
police, and iliat ol'a IheiilV; and tlv p.'ntioner, who i
a:"ts j5 lei'v.dLr of tne city. •
The militia confiiis oi do eonipanies of foot, of at ^
Icall ;o3 men each ; fo that the u hole niiriilier is always |
from i:,cjoto i;,ooc. I he jius ami AnabaptilU !
not hiini; admitted to bear arms arc obliged to mam- i
tain 14CJ foldier.s, who act as ti.e city giia'd. 1
N'av if^.ition and I'cneral commerce, fr.mi this city,
to 1 ra:',ce a.xl l-'.ngljnd, are not very great; but the
corrref|',onJ;nce between tile bankers ol Amik-rdam,
and ll.ofe of London and Paris, ami the bufinefs of
e>:chan:jc, and that fort of trallic that deju-nds upon
banking, is higiilv confuieiablc. In fnurt, Amlleidam
has her ih.ire mail the bulinefs that is ilone 111 I'airope,
3r,.'. in moll of tiie trading vwiikl.
To this provhgioiis c\tcii: of foreign commerce we
tiuill add the mnniif.n.'hircs,wliiclT, thoiit;ii carried on m
other towns of Holl.ind, are a'fo moie or lefspractilcJ
in thii- powerful and opulent city, with exception only
to Delf «aie Thiie aie icf;:iers for fugir, lair, cin-
niiiion, cimphire, bira.x, ful,niur, yell ia wax, Cvc.
This cii; was latelv beliegcd b) the ir.io|)s of the
k'ligot l'n;iii:i. Com;llot:on^ had been ex. iteil in loine
cf 'he luie>, wlich Kerned rtfoKul to iliprive the
Ihul'.hi^ld-T ot feveral r'ghts he pulVi ikd as devolving
from his picdtcc(ic:;s. \m'dll the general iiimult his
lo^al coiifort, filler to ih • king ol I'rullia, had been
treated, at the inlhmce i 1 cutam p, rfonshigh 111 power,
in a manner dciogatory to her dignity, 'lucnfed at
thi» tile I'ruiiian monareli conniien>ed hoUilit es ngainlt
the iiialioiiients, invelled ill. cap;[,il of AndkTdam,
caufed the infu.gcnt. to llriiiuiei, ami bio.ight them
ro tcims of accommodation witli t!ie Itadtliolder; who,
bung reinveik'd wit!; his nglits, ami peace and good
< rder reliorcil thrciighoit the jiruMme^ of IkiUand,
iiis tioop; eiacii.itetl 1 lie cir;, ol Amileniani.
(jou. a, (l.iiida, or T. r-gow , 1 . feated on the fmall
ri\i:(/ow, tii.mwh'ch it has its name, and the ^'llel,
wl-..cl), ahmit five niile^ l.iuer, liills into the Macs. It
;s al;;ioft of a round figure, and en|ovsa pretty llealrh-
fal a;r, though feated in a irarfu, ground j and In
th.ir Ikiices the inhabiiants can dro.v n all the adi-icent
cci;iirn, winch makes it inacctnil'>lc, except by two
ba-iks, (in cadi lide the Ylkl, ul'.iLli aie fo well lorii-
lietl, that no enemy lan come th.it wa\ ; anil the toun
.s likewife e.icomi alkd v\ith a gcoj wall, and a broad
.mil difp ihith. The market-place is rei koncd the
l.irgtil in Ildlland, ilu town-houie Hand, in the mid-
dle, and near it the great church, the. paintings on
the windows of w hah - :v extraordinary line. They
.;;e the works of two b:oIher^, natives of (louiia,
!iimed Theodore and Walter Crabeth, the moU eiiii-
lu.r [.aiir.ers on glils that e\er were. The l.uiidings
l;viv:ire, ,.>r the ii.oll part, irore neat than (kitelv ;
.;■! ! ;:ier;ry |s kept very clean, bv a multitude of ca-
• ..'. . li.o. fmall curr' nts, that arc cleanled by the tide,
i .u : !•■: iiLinuficiur . ol the inli.ibitant. are ot cor-
d.i-^e. ind particulail, u\' pijies. which are neat, and
<.i V.:.: h they havi ii \ety extenlivc tradu. 'Ihey make
wTo, 11 ;he nc;-lilvi'.irhjod of this city, a vail quan-
: : . ol i ri.,!., a;-,d 1,'e.. it ,s encomp'alled, like molf
<■■'• I" ' :;e> in llnl-'iid, uith multitudes of prau gar-
liiii , .1 !. r.-e.l uiih •va: niii;m-i.|ioiiles. Cioudelluvs,
V. ;.i. ii lakes Hi nai, c li.iui this <-;iv, lies near the old
• iKinrt! ot the Kh:ne, b, twien Hadegrave and I ,ejdcn.
l'../;tei-.'am Mipui, dat die conllux of the Maes and
Hotter, Irum tli- iuicr ot whi,.,,, .■,n,l |)nn, itsnuiie
I- ii'iined. It ;.. i .: n^.l. - lidni ihe I kigue, and 2S
IT'.... .'iiulkr.l.im. Tile lircits ai ■ l|)a lo;is, adorned
w.ih iolty (reci and b'..ii.iiiful c.cuIj; Iiv fonie of the
kill if which fliips of the gria'.ell butifn are hrouphj
intothe\eiy he.irt ot the c;t\. Over the Maes, wliuli
is very bio.id, is a bridge, on which i> pi iced a brafs
Hatue ot I'.iafmus. The 1 ! iariiig-\ liet, and the
lJiM)m (.Juay, are nohic llrcets ; the latter lies alon.;
the Maes ; and on o"e lide has a m.ignilicent row of
trees and houfes, or rather palaces, extending above
halt a mile; ami on the other the ri\er, where Ihips
are continually failing up a;id down, or ataiiclm.
The principal buildings in the town are the exchaii'ir,
the l'.all and Well-In. iia houfes, the b.iiik, tlie .irlen.d,
and the great church, or that of .Si. l.aiireiice.
There are three high tribu:>als in this city, vi/.. that
of the admiralty of the Mies ; of the high-baililf, m
d\ke-graatoi .Schieland ; and tlat cf the judges ot
Schieland. On the call and well tides of the city arc
docks, where they are coniiiuialiy building, repairing,
or launeliing velleU j but the l.irgell ihi[is be'ongmg t,i
the admiralty ot KotteiJ.am lie at Hel'.oetlluys , and,
as there is not a fuliicient deinh ot water at the mouth
ot the .Maes tor f.iips tli.'.t dr.iw al'o\e 1 ; feet, the\ are
, obliged to come hither by >he way of IKhoetlkn-,
and the i Ia.iring-\ liet. 1 he glals-houfe here produres
abund.iiice ol' glafs to} s, and enamellc.i bowl-., which
arc lent to India, and exchanged tv r Chin.i ware, and
other oriental commodities.
Cioicum is a neat well built city, llrongly tortitied
by art and nature, and is, as well . s \Vorcum and
l.oe\enlkin, one of the kivs ol Holland. I'hey ha\e
a daily market lor < orn, butter, cheel'e, tjwls, wiki-
dui ks, and otii.r provitlons. Their lords formerlv
named their leiutc, but in id;: the Hates gave tin in
powf r to npjioiiit tUeii ow n magilhutes. Over the wa-
ter-gate tliei'.- is this iiifcrintidii; " A city happv in the
loyalty of its inhabitants, ulcil'cil in peace, and uncon-
iiuercd in war."
Afperen, a fuiail walled town, iK'longing 10 the la-
milyofthe HoetleLiars, is noted for giving birth to
! feveral eminent divines. At l.eerdam, a fmall citv
I belonging to the famdy of Orange, the ceUbrated
I Cornelius janfeniiis w.isborii.
1 .Schiedam, on the river Schic, is cclibrarrd tor the
number ot|unii)er-trces which grow in the neighbo'ii-
hooil. '] lie inhabitants are, in g'lieral, lilhermcn ami
nct-inakers.
Schaonhoven, lituatcd at the conlhix of the 1 ech an I
\ liet, at the ditlance ot 1 1 miles from Rotterdam, li
well fortified, and ha. a good haibour and trade, el'pe-
ciallv 111 faliiion, lierimg.s, paper, ^l:c.
: liirel, in the ille ot \oorii. ne.ir the mouth of thr
Maes, has a good liarbinir and tiade, pleafani walks ol
trees n the ramp, iris, and is tlrongly tortiti'd. I he
celebrated admiral \ an lioiup was l)oni here. '1 h ■
illandon which this tow n Hands is 20 miles long and
I lixliroad; the air is tin 'k, and the foil fruitful. 1 he
i Uriel was the tint tiwn that the inalcontints, iim'er
ii the command ol tl.e carl ot March, took tmin thr
'i Spaniards in the yearly-:, w hich cccalioned the re-
II volt becoming general, and laid the toumlation ot tie
i| Kepubhc of the Uiiued i'lovinces. It w.is likei.le
j one o! the cauiionaiv towns; which was moit^igul m
1' t^ucen Ili/abeth, lor repaying the cxpen is lie h.ul
jl been at in fupjicr'.ing them againil the ciowi ol J'pim.
I The 1 lag'ic, or (lia\eiiha);e, is tifiated two mih ;
■ call of the fra, nine north- well of Rotterdanj, an I
nine fouth-wcll of L.eyden. I'lie name implic; J:ai i -
Crair, as fornictly the carls of Hoilaiid had a vilLi
here. Since the commencement of the Republic m
1579 it hath become a very impoitant pl.K e ; ihoii!.':i
it is call'donly a village, becaule it is not walled, .ind
docs not fend deputies to the It.ites, It, liowe.i ,
furpall'es many cities in moll refpe<:ts, and, with regard
to extent, opulence, nuiribei of [.'cople, iScc. iseC|Uii-
cd by few. Jt contains above 5000 houle;, ab )' t
50,000 inhabitants, is liiuated on an elevated gio in.1,
in the centre of many cities, towns, villages, i>:c. is
furrounded by a line canal, and comman.ls tie tuII:
beautiful profpects tint imagination can coiiceive.
4
'\ 111. 11
In nil
■^ Im h
ll.:i;i:i
i-iaiii.
••an I)
irlMe,
111
iiU', ^
c! ■ I '
I l-.i
tiu i:
;ind I
Ik.iIii
and ll
tree.
Ihs
I
JC.RAI'IIY.
t ln;iil;ii arc hr,)ui'h!
()\tr the Mac.-, «lii. h
Inch i> plujcil a bnU
iriiig-Vlicr, anJ the
the latiiT lies alon:
m.ij^nilii (.lu row ot
u is, ixtciidiiij^ abo\e
ic iiu-r, uhurc Ihip-
iiii« ri, or at aiuli n.
un aic the cx(.lniv.;p,
t!ic l).mk, thi- ark'n.il,
St. I.aurciice.
m tins cit)-, vi/. that
)t'thc hiirh-haililV, <.i
'■■ at (t the jtiiit^fs 01
ll lilies of the ( it\ aic
>■ Ii'.iihiin ;, repairing;.
;elt Ihips be'on>;iiig t,i
,t Hel\octliii\s; ami,
)l M.iter at the iiicuith
!(i\e 1 ; leer, thf\ are
\i.i)- ot' MiKoetlki\-,
il^-lioule here pioJuce-.
'..elle.i bowl-,, wh;eh
Iv r China uare, aiul
iiy, I'.nmgly f.irt.licJ
uell ;s Worcuiii ami
I Holland. They have
If, cheefe, fowls, wilii-
1 heir h)rds f.iriiurlv
tlie Hates jravc ihdu
Ib^tes. Over tile «a-
; " A city hajjiiv in the
ill peace, aiiti iiiuoii-
n, lie!(jncrin'r lo the la-
eil for i;iviiitr birth to
l.i'crilam, a Iriiall citv
)raiigc, the teUbrateii
c, is cckhratr,! tor the
<;row in the neiL^hbour-
1 g'lier.il, lilliernien and
ronliiix lit the 1 ech and
les fVoiii Kotterd.ini, li
larbour and tiade. i.'l'pe-
T, ^:c.
, near the month of thr
trade, plealani walks <>1
lhonj.'ly loriili. d. 'I'h;-
ip wab born here. 1 h ■
Is is 2o miles Ion,' niid
d the foil Irii'.lful. '! he
ti.e iiiali oiiti iits, uiu'cr
Man h, took tioin the
liiich (:ccali(,'ned the rc-
d the foundation of tl r
nces. It was likoJe
\ inch uas iiioi t^if^id I'l
; the f xj)cn ts ll.e had
ind rl;e cro vn of .*'|)iiii.
, IS lifMted r«o niiiis
elt < f Rotterciaiu, and
he name iniphci hnil -
if Hoiland had a villa
cut of the Republic in
inpoitant place ; ihoiic'ii
Lile It IS not \\alk\i, and
e Hates. It, Iioac-c,,
fpei:ls, and, with res'aul
1 |x'ople, iS:c. is cqiMl-
ve 5000 houle:, abut
on an clevuted j^ro ind,
towns, viUaj^ies, ^'c. is
iiid comman-ls tie :iu:lt
ation can conceive.
Ihe
M i<t)i'i:.j ii o 1, I
the biMlvlii;;s', in general, arc grand, the eom-
|n:iv i-'oo I, rue air pure and wholefonie, and the
|f 'pie [jrilitir than in any other (lart of the Nerher-
iai'd;. i'iic palace, or inner court, is moated about
< ;i '.l.ree tides, and on the fourth is wallied by the
'. )V.i, or l),ili-i'o:id. There are three cntiances into
r, i),'.r!oii;a v dr:iw'-brid;.^es, which might be drawn 1
iij) in cafe (f a tiiimilt. Ihe court is lart;c, and al-
ne.dt f,|'iare; an' in it, before the guard-room, Itands
.! veiy iaij;c tre., which was planted bv one of the
(rimes ul Oiange. The buiklings are old, irregular,
eiui not vi!.- ii> ignilicenr. The lladtiiolders rclide
here J ami the llates-general, the (hues of the province
o' llolianil, ihe roiincil of ihite, the council of the
:! ■!>;!. t/, a:id I lie fovercign courts of julHcc, hold
1' ei.- alfeiii'iiiies here in diHerent apartments. A great
li !l, ol grols U'jthic arthueciure is the moll confpi-
• cou.i hu.'itiii!^ of the place, but with no happy tf-
fe>t. Till- walls arc hung with colours, drums, and
o :r. r tiiijihics of vicnry, faken from '.he Spaniards,
f e;'i h, and other enemies of the coinmonuealth.
1 he inmcs of the battles are w .ittcn underneath them,
as 1 locldh't, Kamilies, Malplaquet, Ntc. In the mid-
dle ol the hail is a fcaffold, oruoodcii IhucUire, wher'.-
;h,- Ihite lotteries are drawn bv hofpit.il b()\s, as in
A N D.
"I
I 0,1. Ion: t'.cie arc alio feveral bookfellers, Ihitioners,
.1,1(1 other Ihops in it.
TIh- ill iminT, where the flates-gcner.il all'enible, is
partly nd..r;icd with line tapedrv, aial emb^llilh'd
vi .th elcii.iiit p.untingi of the princes of Or.ui ,e. T:ie
rhmibir ol triue, I'lom the li/,e and nunber ot the
V, :ik(o '. s, IS vei . luminous, and in it the ambali'adois
ha >e their public audiences. Near it is the i hamber
«ii private conieience, a plain apartment, but contam-
mi! I.: line jj.ctiircs ot H.ins llolhein. The oiitw.ird
court is mtcli l.irgrr, and more opefi, than the inner.
'i'lie liorfe j:,iiaids diaw up here, as the foot do in the
inner courr. '1 he former do no duty, exce[>t when the
'A.vxi are titting: they aredoarhed in blue, taced with
r d, very tiiiely mounted, and make a good appear-
an.e. At the gate through which i-. the pallagelrom
the outer court into the I'laats^ iV-.r.ds the prifon for
<huc criminals, where the '.mioitu 'ate de Wits mir
the rt.ite ; this place isaluays ihewn to llrangers. l)e
ri.i.iis IS an open an v place, almoll in the form ot a
tiiaiigle : it has no trees, but is adorned with ncic and
I'eu'titiil iioules. Lnminalsof any eminence are exe-
i .t' 1 iiii e, on a fcaffold erected for that [niipofe.
Ihe J'la.uj ojiens to the Vyverberg, which is the
vol* agieeable part of the Mague ; is !.■, called Ikig,
('! 1 1.11, t-Cv aufe It is ;.;i eminence made with the earth
• 1 giK.i ni th.e \yver, or large baion of water at the
hotii'iii of it. It conlills ot icveril tine (liad)' walk.i,
M nil I'eats in them j and has < n one tide a row of hand-
}onie buildingi, and on tin- other tlie\'\ver, which
...ioitts a \ cry grateful [irol'peOt on a lummei's day.
i l;e \ ; \ei is lundfonKlv tai eil with Hone. 200 paces
long, and near /co broad : it wathcs tlie back part ot
the courr, and ot prince Maurice's liOufe. There is
^ pretty ifiaiidin the middle of it planted with a tutt
'■4 treci. One of the moll remarkable buildings on
I'-.e VjMilirg is the Hot', or I'alace of Irieleland,
vlu. h belongs 10 the prince of Orange. It was built
by one of his aneellois, and is dark and ilecayed ; for
which icalon Ins highmfs, when he comes to the
1 l.tgitc, does not live in it, but in an hired houfe in the
j'Min. A little be\'ond that palace is the l.ogeuHiu
'.an Dort, or the l.oufe wlterc the deputies of the city
irlMe, wi'.en ihey areat theHague.
I lie V\ \eibuig terminates in a very fpacious open-
\ni\, which takes in part of the Voorl.out, and is lull
el 'igitl.ii |)l;.ntations and gardens.
ll.e \ Oorhoiit is lo called becatife ir was formerly
the entrance into thit wood, Voor ligiiil\ing before,
and Ilout, a wtnui, or grove. It is rhe molt cele- 1
l):.it((l pa:i of the Hague, and conlills of the mall, i
and time ways lor coaches on each fulc, [ilaiiied with I
ircc.>i lieyond which are two j)aiall''l rows of magnili- I
j centhoulcs, chiedy ocvopied by the forei.rti miilifter^,
ant perlonsc' tlic hrit cpialiiv, at the IJa-rne. The
inolt iemarl.a!-.le buildings heie are at the "upper end
ot the m.dl, J he palace of 0|,d,iin, or W.'liana.n .
IS- a neat clega.it Itructure. 'Ihe Little Voorhout 1.
railed roiimi, and adorned with hi"h trees Ike th-
I, odicr Ihe tioufes about it are elc^gantand pleafant.
: i lie Jew s l\ nagogue is verv neat, and pari.'culai Iv ele-
, gaiit w iihin. 1 ,,c Little Voorhout opens to the New
Inncels Cr.dt, one ot if.e mi;lt elegant p,nts .7! the
!.'■'",'■"■ ,. ■ '"''J^''^""'- "r nuliMry llore houfe, is a
I lotty building, principally deli;;ted tor foundin- < an-
I noil. Ihe hreiKh play-houle. ,n Lalnari-tlre.'t, is a
I very iiuJilteient building; and the l^lain, in JJmcli
I Het Pleyn, into which o,ie enters tr,.m the outer-
I court, IS a beautliui grove, laid out in fe^elalcrofs
walk., and lurrounded with llatelv houfes , here the
I toot-gua.ds draw up every atternoon. Ihe deputies
^ ot the cay ot Amlterdani have their houfes here,
. which aic magnthccnt, and wonhv the rcprefentatives
I ot lotrreat acity, and the prince ot Orange has alii) a
tine lioufc here.
! Hie Noord-eynde, or X,>rth-end, is a long Orait:
flrc.t, in the maldie of which is the Oude Hotf, or
Old C'outt, a noble pal.icj, belonging formerly lO
king U imam 111. It is a large modern budding, w ith
two advanced wings lupported bv high aichcs', tioni
t e ar.g.es ot which runs a noble balulhale; in the
midllol K IS the principal gate; and at etich end arc-
two teller ones : this baiuUiade, which is of iron gilt,
itj>araies the court Irom the Itreet.
.\cai the greac market li.ind> the Stathuys, or Town-
Houle; It w.islormerly but an ordinary building, but is
now rvbutit in a modetntalle ; it front:, thcgreat church,
and tr.e Ipace bet>\ee,i them is ufed for public execu-
tions. A fcalic/d U erected, on Inch occalions, before
thewmdowsot the town-houfe, where the magillrates
lit, and fee the lentence executed. '1 he town-houfe is a
(liain and h.mdloine building, butditfers in nothing from
a private houle, only in the irontofit there is thisgooci
motto, in large gilt capitals: .\f Jnpi:,,- quidfmom'iibus
pLiic:' ; that u to lay, " Jupitej- himfeli cannot pleafe
every one." alluding to the dilhculiv of pleating uni-
verially la the admimltration ot |ullice. The ben^.h on
wliicli the judges tic is tinely gilt' and carved ; and over
It IS a mythological painting, on iheadmini'lLrationof
juliice, e.Miuilitely well done.
Ihe great chuich, over againll the town-houfe, is
ver) huge: the choir, which is feparatcd from the body
ol ihe cnurch by a brats balulhade, is darkened by the
great numuer ot efcutcheon, allixed to it.
Near this church is the anatomical hall, belonging to
the luipeons ot the H.igue , they are upon the fame
toonn^ .u thole m Irance, form a companv, and have
a piotellor ot anatomy, w ho ditfeots pubiiclv, read;;
Icviures to them, and 1, paid by the m.igillrate's.
In the llreet, caded the Hooge Welt-evnde, or I ligh
Welt-end, IS the hotel of Spain : it beloni^s to the
crown ot Sptiin, whole amis are alhxed to the'wall, and
whole ambaliiidcn- .ilw.iys relides ui it. This is the on!v
crown that has an lioul, or houl'e, at tlie Hai ue, for its
minilUr.
Near this hotel is an houle wheie l.tdies, whoR,-
foi tunes are luiteiiu.il lo iheir biith.are maintained, h
w.'.s tounded by our cxc client I'lieen. Mary, confort of
\'\'|l|iam 111. lor a ceiiani luimherol Irenc'i Protellinr
gentlewomen, wlto, having made a l:t.-riti'-e of the.r
cdaies in fiance 10 tluir rebgion, and :,ot being ca-
pable ol getting a hveiihuod, would have be;n ndueed
to the iiinicilt ili.irels, had ihey not met w.th f:t.;h a
feal'onal-le rilicf
In thi.- 11a; t oftl-e I [igue is alfoihc Pi ince -graft, one
of tlic moll l.eauiiful and mignilioeiit Ihccrs in Iturope :
it IS near half a mile in length, proportionately bnjad,
and as llr.ut asa line. A tine canal, adorned on b:jth
tides with Ihady trees, runs through the midlt of it. The
budges o\er it areot' hewn ilone, with iron rails' upen
the tides ot tltem. The buildings, efpeciaily thufe lately
erected
A N-r.W ROYAI. ANt> AUTIIF.NTIC SYSTKM or UNIVr,R=AL CrOCRAPt ly.
:x
Hi. ^*
rr^xlal on ciu' luL'tif the l\rcct, rdViiiblc palai I's more ,
il';ii\ pii\.itc IwiilVs, and .iic inh;ibitcil l)y pcrlons of
the lirlt rank.
Nr.ir thit.iit!\er eiul of tliis ftreetflaiuls f llotjcvan
Nkoo]., ;. ,•. NKiHipV. 1 loiintal, or feat lor poor people.
It i^oiie of the moll beautiful hofjiitais of that kiiul.aiul
was built bv one Newpoit, a Ri)ii>aii Catholic nun ham,
lor to po,)r widows of his rclij;ioii ; but the lua^iUrates
oblii^d hill) to allow the I'rotelhints an ei|iial lliare m
hi., charily. I'he contrivance of the buildin;^ is adini-
rablv adal)ted to the ufc it was iiuend'.\l Icr.
■Jhe eiuuons of the Hague are excetding plealaiit.
Among other agreeable obiecis are the wood, with the
palace of Orange at the extremity of it, called the
lioufe in the Wood : the sillat'eol Schevclmg; and
[•■e fand-hills along the North Sea ; with the village of
Vooiburg, and the charming feats and line gardens
round It. I wo miles from the H.igue i:, Uvlwick, a
village; and a quarter of a mile fron. that a noble pa-
lace belonLjing to the prince of Orange, lamou-: for the
treaty of peace concluded there in i(>()-. I'ive miles
beyond .'^oofduutcn.and not lar from the be.uitiful vil-
l.ige O' '-ru( fan. ie, is Honnard\ik, another palace
b'.longing to the prince of Orange, ami one ut the I
fiiKll tlriicuires in the Low Countries. j
N'audcn, a town on the /iiydei-Sea, i llroni^h for-
tilicd, and a kind of barrier 'o Ambulam i ictc j
.lie fome woollen and velvet manulaetoi.es.
Muvde:i is a \(ell-fortilieil town at ihe month of the
ccht, on the /.uyder Se.n. (ireat quantities of fait
arc mad-' here ; and the adjacent couiKry, in cafe of
need niav be laid under water.
'I . c principal place, in North-Iklland arc as
fjllo'.v ;
.-Vlkiv.a.ir, :; miles north of Amtlerdam, is a be.iuti-
ful and pleafaiu toun, furrounded wirhgarden^, walks,
anJ me.uiow.'-. i'he road anil canal from hence to
Jivir.lkd. are very agreeable, as are the walk.^, upon the
ramparts. The inhabitants arc [irim ii)aHy Roman Ca-
tholics, aiiJ the grcatell trade i.> m butter and clieefe.
lulam, near the Zuydcr-Sea, has a conlideiable trade
ill timber, train oil, i'alt, Ihip l)uilding, ivc.
Monik'.ndam, Monikcdam, or Munikedam, lie« on
theZi;;.der-Sea, al)out eight miles dilhint fiom Amder-
liam to ihe norili-eall, and as m.',!i\ troir. Muyden to
file north. Ii has its name from thcfmall riser Monick,
vliich run-throUjih it. Jt is an ancient cit\ , mentioned
i:i the Durdi ann.ils of I2.j6, wdl fortified with ram-
parts and V alls, and has a monk for its amis. I he in-
habitants of this city contribuvtd very much to thcvic-
t 'vy gaiiud by the Dutch near 1 loom, in I 573, over
tl'.e ^ipaniili Hcet, commanded by the admiral count
liull'u J and they Hill keep in ih.e t.iwn-hoiife the collar
(^f the Older of the tjolden Meece, which was taken
from thai ailmiral by Cornelius l)irc/.eii, an.itiveol
Monikenilam, who was adimra! of the Dutch licet.
I loom is fitiiatcd on a bay of the /uvder-Sea, 12
iiiile~ from .Mcniaer to thr call, an.d 1 7 from ,\nitKrilam
;.) the noitli. It is a pleafaiu, rich, and large town, en-
KHiipalied with fo many tlykes anil canals, that it is
reckoned impiegnable. Tile inhabitants are alio f.-med
for courage. .Some derive its name from its cro.iked
b.irbour. Hoorn, in Dutch, lign.fyinga horn. On the
la:'.d fide are rich palbires, fine gardens, and plca-
fant walks. 'I he trade of this city cMilills chiellv in
butter and 'heefe, whereof they o'port vail i)uantities
into Spain, Portugal, and other parts, i fpccially at
their aniiuiil fair in the month of May. They have a
omi.'eiabletradc in Damlli cattle, whichbcing brought
ban iir.u :hi.-,p|,ii e aiefat'vnedin tl.e ad|ai:ent palhires
and then drove to the other place-, in Holland. They
aii'o build nii|N, and have alhaie in the uhale-liihery.
Mere is one oidielix chamber^ ofthe Dutch Mall -India
c.iinjiany. Thj chamber of Noirh-Holland, for the
\V elf-India compai.), i^ Jettlid lun •. and one of the
be lolKg s of the iidmiralty leiide. altirnately at
Hoom and I'.iu hu) (en. Hoorn has given birth to
Lviral 'earned iiiwi, and particulaily to PeKr Jiiniu>,
the celebrated hiltorian i and to William Scouten, who,
failing bivond the Strait .s ol .Magell.m, (lilcoveied, 111
/(ii6, the palliige tailed the Suaii ol 1 .e Maire.
Mnihuyfen, orlMiihulia, Hands on the /uyder-Sea,
1 1 miles ilillant from I loom. It is very iVrong bi u,
lituationand by art. The harbour is one of the bill
in this country ; but as there 'lesa bank of land before
it, it 1-: liable to be choakid up, and 111 ule impracti-
cable for large velleN. They build many ihips here,
drive a great trade in herring lulling, and lend out
large lleets into the Baltic, and other pl.ices, by which,
as well as by their refining fait from IJiiti.in), in liancc,
the city is in atlourillimg condition. This is the iird
town that revoked from Spain, after ihe taking of the
Uriel b) the confederales.
MedmLilick, on the Zuydcr-Sea, leven mdes dill.iiu
fiom i',nchu\feii, is reckoned the moll .mcientciiv 111
Nortl'-ilolland, .Vc\d wa,^ iormerlv ito en. ntal, and the
feat o" the Irilon kmii^. 1 he town is fiiiall, but has a
noble
II
harliour.
ihe
;>nd
banks, or dykes here, are
ronger, broader, ;«nd higher than am m the country.
I he chief trade of the inhabitants mntills in timber,
which they letch from Norwav , an 1 other places in the
Haltic. 'ilic) acre the full who, m ii, ' laiiv.lm
Ciiiiiiea, bom whence ihi) ri;ii:;u\i to ,\i-i!lerd.iiii
r:: hiy 1 lad-d. 1 iie neiglibouiingcounti v abounds in
excellent palUiio, w heie are bred a pio.ligiv.i.s ivimber
of cattle.
I'ourteen miles to the well of Mediiiblick Ik . Solna.
gen, a rich Village ; the adjacent country is reckoned
the richell foil m liuro[^)e.
l'.gniond, a well built village, which gave title to
the counts ot l-gmond, lies in this country.
Seven mil.'- larthcr-othe loutli bes Ueverwick, anci-
ently noted for pilgrimages to it. k has iileal'int 111-
clofures, a good harbour on thi; mnith of the W'lcker-
nicer, and a lake .v Inch coiiMiuinic.ites with the W've.
'I'lie drained lands in Nonh-HoMand are the ZyiK-,
the Ik-emlter, the I'urmer, tile Woormeer, and .Scher-
meer. The /'ype was lirll drained and encompall'ej
with banks by V\'illiani, lord of .Schaagcn, and le-
cuied by llrong fences in 1552, but the lea broke them
down in 1570; afier which it was drained again, and
fecured by a mole ol prodigious height and bulk, proof
againll all attacks ol the fea ; and it is now a very fruit-
ful foil. 'I'he nolle made by the waves which break
upon It founds like the balking of a (lack of hounds,
lioir. whciK e it is called the Hounds .Wood. It is fup^
ported by large bcaiw of timber, iirmly placed 111 the
ground, and llionglv falbened together, thedillances be-
tween them being ailed with large lionet, tliat lefembk:
locks i and the mole is llrengtiiened by a vail bank
call uj) agaiMll it. 'Ilieie were no lef- than jo mills
made ufe of to d.aiii the H.c<-iiiller, which ii em om-
pafled by a ihi.niicl ironi .'bur to eight rods broad,
and IS |oiiied ti I'ln-.iier-end, by a bridge at the ibuilv
end.
.Vcrofs •he mouth of tlie Zuyder-S:_:' lies a r.-.w of
Ulan. Is ; the full of which, narvd the Texel, is dil-
loined from the north cape of Northllolland, by a
very iiarrov channel , nor are the dillances between the
reii null h larger. The three, named Texel, Hi'-
land, and Schelliiig, are reckoned iiart of Mori!,
Holland.
1 lie Texel is about citlit miles long, and li\ e broad;
it is detended from '.he .'e.i by fand hills, and llrong
i banks. .VIoll ot tiie r-i! is a|iplied to feed llieep, of
! wlii. hlhey have gr ., 1 llcuks, .md ihe i heel .' made of
; their milk vies wi'h the i'an lelan. This bland con-
I tains feveral tine villages, and a large tow.i on the eali
I lide, called Uurch, which eiijov s the privilegesof a citv .
, Thj iihabiiants apply themfelves lo agriculture and
herring-fulling; and the Hates, bei aufe of the impor-
I tance of this place, whicii lies at t'- mouth of the
[ Zuyder-Sea, have built ■ llron'; foiticls here, where
they keep alw ays a good garrifon.
I lielai'd, or \ lieland, lies towards the nortb-ealioi
the 'I'exc', and is .ib(jui nine milci long, and but two
! road
I
IRAPtlY.
^Villiam Scoutcn, mIio,
I'icll.iii, (iil'covciai, 111
u ol l.f Mai re.
lis on the /uyilcr-Sca,
It IS \cry iVroii); liy its
Kir i'i oiv: of 1 lie 1)1. It
a bank of faiul before
1, a:ui mule iiiipr.icti-
uikl many tlilps lu-re,
lilliinir, aiv.i leiul oiit
iher places, by vhieh,
Jill liiituiii), in 1 raiiie,
ion. 'rius is the iirit
ifter the takint;; of the
ca, fe\en m.lcs iliilaiu
le in;)lt ancient ciiv in
riy It J CTjiital, aiul the
own IS fiiiall, bm has .1
or d\ kcs hero, arc
hanany in iheeovunr).
mis eonlilLs in tnubcr,
anl oiher pUu'es in ilu:
■ho, 111 I I. • laii vl ',.>
;ti:;u\i to Anller.iain
iijjeountiv aboiiiuls in
-d a pio.Uj.i;iiu;s riiiilHr
Meiimhliek lie.-> Soh.ia-
nt country h leckoneil
-•, which tnivc title to
his country,
th lies lJe\er«ick, anci-
t. It has jilealant en-
: iiriuth ot'the W'lckcr-
inicates with the Wve.
•HoHanJ are the /yiw.")
Woormeer, anil .Scher-
aineJ anJ encoinpall'ed
of Schaa^en, and le-
but the fea broke tliem
was drained again, and
s height and bulk, proof
nd it is now a very fruit-
the ua\ej winch break
g of a pack of hounds,
iunds.\Vo;)d. It is lup-
jr, lirml) [)lared in the
i^ether, theiiillances be-
r^^e Hone;, riiat lefeniblc
j;tiie:icd by a vail bank
re no icf- than jo mills
ilicr, whicii ia encoin-
ui to eight rods broad,
by a bridge at the fuu'Jv
'.nyilcr-Sc^ lies a rc.w of
u-vd the Texel, is dil-
pf Noitiv Holland, by a
he diitances betv.ecn 'he
X, named lexel, Flie-
ckoned part of Slort!,
liles long, and li\e broad;
y fand liills, and Uroiig
|iplied to feed ilicep, ol
and the cheele made o!
lelan. This dlandion-
a large tow .i on the eali
\s the privileges of a city,
elves to agriculture and
■s, baaufe of the impor-
ics at " mouth of the
in-T fortrefs here, where
an.
towards die norih-call oi
nulc'! long, and but two
' road
:
In
If
A'i'i
'to
I,! Ml ! '
:|t',:lL
ir
• ' •■%H«f:|=|:|r ■■■■'■ ■
f-;f'.r *?
S5
MmK,i'^
-Midi: '
ill!ilii:i#ip^^^
^
V
N
s
f*' (■
mm^^
V.'' i:
#
'^W-
y.
■f.
■^
r,
N
r
"^
V
/ ■ J^"
\
s
\\
r*' '•.■f\
KUUOI'Lj
n O I, I. A N |>.
aV
ri;ul
it I-..
iirk.il.
nnlv two rinall \ill.u',c7, ami r, rliidlv
' 1
here.
'x lur tliL' jjrcat ijiiantiiy i)l i,iiilili-i loiiii'l ; ow
lOll.mil. Ill i;..:'..!ulti;ir. i:..r liLui-rnnv/iRlofchui
Sclu'lliii;:, "1 IXr Scliillm;;, lie-! ' to ilic ni.isli-call null ; Irum MiJvikl
Miill.in^r, ihii.irui in tlic- iil.inil ,i| Walcl-.cR'ii, (i
of lUcl.llUt, arti) i.s;il)ciut I
o iiiiirs loiu', aiu
lih
• liioad.
tMlllll-.l
•at boil
>iny, l^ l!i()i,n!y loi tilicil, has an
t, grtat iiadc
and
imitaiiis U\c;.i
It h;n two Miiajics Willi <;hiinlu-, ami ihici' wiliioiit. ; lint- lliiicti;i\s. It li.onk oil' tl.cSpinifh )i,k'-j in 1 '
Thi'ihiit of ilicni, cDiuainiiii; alioM- looo hmifis, wai j| and vuli • ■• • • -'
burr.t,\»:t 1 luj im-ichants ll.ips, In SiiRohiit Holmes, jj uas iiioi
with an I'.ni'lilli iVuiailt
ntarilv fiil'Muttai to the llatis. In i:S; it
. . J t;) i|tici.ni iii/alith, but relloicd by
111 !(,(.(.. .Sonic rci:kon ij James 1. .Sir l=iiil|. Si)iu:y w.is i; ivdiior ct it Mhilc
this illaiid to bclon;;; to the piov iiilc ol liM'Icland, i, in ihi- iuiiui', of tile lii!li,!i. Loa.icd m Hi:
ThcIc ilUiui'. I> 111); aloiij; tlu; mouth of the /uydcr- | to the mtv doers oi ih^; incich.nits.
Sra, by incaii-. of Ic^cral large banks of land, break j niiral ik- Uiivtcr, who role, f
tIuTai;e ol ti'.e oicaii, and foim twoj^ood haihoiirs at
the ie\(;l and \'lie : ti.e lull bei.ig .i iiotid liatinn for
Ihij .s b'Hii.d to li.c li)ui!i, and ti,e oil,er ior thole boiinvl
to ;i !■ lUTih.
l.iC VVieren;;i:ii, iluis called lioni thcjirra: quantity
ollu'-wed, n.'iiied V\ iir, u a luimber of little illands,
\vh;i h l.e muie to tin: loiith, on the eoall ol Nonli-
IKi.l md ; tl.c I hii.f (;t iheni is lue iiiiUs lon>.', and two
br".id lias liMial good villages, a rich foil, and large
flocks of ibccp,
Z I". A 1. A N 0.
Zr \!.\N1') has llaiiders to the loiitli, the |)r.)vince
' ot Holla d to the north, iii.il> -iit to the call, and
th'.- (ienii in Oi can to ilic well. It lonhlts of illands,
is ; iiarded agamll the lea by ,!)keK, has a liuitlnl foil,
but iswiilio..r lul, exiept what I'ligland and Scotland
fiipi ly. .'^heep ..ic numerous, and the wool line, and
fiih may be had in gnat pleiit}-. 'Ihe province is po-
pulous and Healthy, but the air is not whoKliinie. The
aireiiihlv of the Ihites conlilt j of feveii luemhers is lield
at Midilkbui;.', and has the prince ot Orange for its
prUideiu. To the alli.iiil)l\ of the ltat( ^-gcii.ial /ea-
land-i kill's tour diputies, who hokl the ir oliice for life.
1 wo high Courts ofjuflice, a college of admiralty,
and a chamber of accomprs, are the principal tri-
bunals. The clergy are divided into lnur dalles.
'1 he I rincii al jjlaees in Zealand are,
M ddieliur -, the capital, lituated 50 miles fouth-wefl
ot Uottiidam, and take.-, us naii'cfium lis liiuation, in
the midilleof the liland ol V\aKheren. It has the lirll
i'cat in tie allLinhly of thellates of Zealand, and is cx-
tcnlive, laiidfome, and populous. '\\,q form is oval.
tie public /uiLiings nuigmlicent, ami the llivcts broad
anil wCn f\ivcd. 1 he whole is environed In a linecapa-
c.".;;:s ,-.;nii will ftoied wish lilh, ami fie neighbouring
pr^'.p, ^■. , .irc \c;-i, [.(auiilui. 'I'he gates are eight in
iuirii\r; t'lc harbour an.l city are llrongi) fortified,
alio tie ii'.'-ter cental ns \\ pariliies, about 4OCO houfes,
ard i!i ar ^'^oco inhab:tanti. Here are one luiglilh,
one ! ruich, one Lutheran, and fix Dutch churches, a
Rcmm L'; tliolic chapil, a jews fynagogue, C\:c. The
Oaiir-lu iile is a line building, li'aated 111 the markct-
pia' T, a.iorned wi;h : ■; natue.-.of the coints aniK oun-
teiiis i.|' Holland, a llatue of the empe.or t'harles V.
aid a hardfonie tower. The chamber of ihe aU'embly
ol ti;;- Ihle
taruli'-.
and pilni, '.() be i.dmiial
born lure in 160-. 'IT.e
C(;me u]>
'i'he famous ad-
, iro'ii a common teaman
tiu- Unied i'iOMiices, was
j-ri! ce ot Oiar.ge, as mar-
quis of I lulhinir and Veer, or 1 eer-Veer,' is full no-
bleman oi ihepiovince, anil jireiiuent in ihc aliembl)
of the liate,.
Ramnukins is a ftronr: forr, built by Mary, i|uccn
of Hungary, and goveriiel's of the Low Countries,
for Charles V. It Hands pieaiantly, bc'iig encompaned
with villages, meadows, and tieJds ; and on one lide it
has a cre.k, which is a f.de haibour for iliips. It was
one ot the cautionary towns given to queen llizabcth.
VVelUCappclle i^n the wellerii 1 uall of the ill.uul, has
a commodioiii harbour, and is fimous for tlie maritime
laws iil'ed III the Seven I'roviivi, ■, and (alkd bv its
nam.-. Tiie |)al;.c;.of the abbots of Middleluiig, c u! d
VVelll'ove, IS pleafa:i;ly litiiat.d auion-il uoods, near
Uomlvir;', which is now reduced to .1 \iiia|^c, being
luiiud li) inundation.;.
Veer, or Teer-Veer, four miles from Middlebiir^-;,
is wtil fortifkd, and has a good trade, cf|'.ecially to
Scotland, tie natives of whch enjoy particular pri-
vileges here, 'ihe .-.rknal is the belt furnilhed in the
province, and the harbour a very good one. 'He
Cahir. lisaloiie arc allowed the public- cxercile of their
religion in the town ; u hence the Veres, anciently earls
ot (.)\tord, liave derived buth their origin and name.
The illand ol Soiaii-Iieveland is the pleafantell of
all the Zealand il!and.^, and contains the low n of Ter-
Goes, on t!ie noiihern part ol the illaiid, not far from
l-'alt Sclielde. It is fmall, but nearly built, llrongly
foriilled, and cairits on a good trade j belidcs, it is
the on!\ lo'an 0:1 the iHand that fends dciHiries Lo the
Ihites.
Si li(n\eii ifle is 1 7 miles long, about eight broad,
tolerably fertile, has many rich tarn s and genileniens'
feats, and contains the town ot Zirklee, 1 { miles from
MKlillebiiig, ulikh fei'.ds dejniUesto the ilaies.
The ill.md of Diiiv eland took Us name from the great
number oi'diives, or pigeons, whichformeily abouiukj
in it, and contains only a few villages.
'J b.olen il'e is eight miles long, and four broad, but
does not contain any pl.ice worth naming, except
Tholeii, whicn Hands on the Landracht, is well forti-
fied, fends deputies to the llates, and has a tiilkhcui'e.
St. Philips illand contains only one village ol the
fame n.uiie.
a-i old building, but is finely hung .viih
wr.i
aparinun'..-
IS a neat edilice,
ill
rfi,
1 oiiiaiiuiig
k
the commillioneri make up their
1 R I 1 S I. L A N 1).
aLXoiin,;, tiuee t.iiics in a \ear, a
nd th
U'.x \:\t
mod
D.inl.
ious
H
.at in
e cit) islecurity
ere
are t\M pnloii
V.:.\\A
Ua
ho'.ifc
a l:\rg
fe mar
1"
hoik
kct-
llr
fuanl
F
:il'SI I,\M)i
f}x<\ bv the Flic to the wcif,
niace wliere the an
mill tail is ke;t, a iilh-niarket. a mar
ket ft;
(ooningeii and Overyli'el to th.- call, by the
eiiiian Ocean to the north, and by the Zuyder Sea
the fouth. It is ^2 mile.-, long, 27 broad, has a foil
)f I lolland, rich pailurcs, that
tot lie l(
aiiil air rekniblmg tliol'
I
I il-'e.-, an cvcluinL
.'.n^i .11! i i>li)i
a mad
dmufe.
or vege- |j feed huge quantities ol ca;tl(
.■p, horf
es, iS;c. and
an
oi|)han-hoiife, 111 the higher grounds good corn lands. It produces
^r the aged and decrepiil. I'he burg- tin land wood,
las mam lases.
and
< rs Weill.!) s w as
ol iieca'icil lv,-r;i
1718, for the maintenance ; rhf lea by
on III
ier.ible d\ kes.
Hi
gua
rdcd fl-
ing It w
!eit
liers children
b-.- a 1 v\\
th
e nioiiiv tor loiind-
fiiil ale coiniiKri e. The inhab
re are many ca
•'t-. are cniet
\\c
ere is a pond, w hich.
knal-aplills. The language appioachi.s the iie.i
luing lilk-d every fpring-tide, and emptying iifelf Old lai.lilh of.my oilier in tMirope. The
men manii-
agiin, make, a coiKuuuiI llri.')m throiir
n.ii, lilt 1 prevents the water from Ihigiiating. This
cr. is ti'.e llaple liu' b'reneh and Spanilli w
the ca- I taCLiued Here is the lined p. rhaps in the uni\cile,a
nd
lie woollens are iiuk
h ell
ecmeil,
Tliealfemblvof the
Its ti.U
in ot
rtii ks
■ih il-.it.in!:
bum coals
IS very conliderable
ines, II llates here conlill, of about S2 perfons, who le:id live
de|iuti.-s to the alkiubly of the Hates gneral. Several
li they procure from , co.irts ani chaiuhers belong to tltis province ; and tne
bek
iZ
Calvinift
i'li:
sk »
m
*:r,
\ NFW ROYAI, AND AUrlllNTir SVSTF.M o; IMVIUsM. CI OCUAmV
ilV!
r
i\. (!1
■ i
I. .il\inil!mimlti'i>.iri'(liv.iic-iiinti) li\ clalli <\\liu h ImlJ
l\ iuhIi .iniui.ill) .mil .ili( m.iit 1) .
I.iuw.dilin, tlu'i apit.il of this pm\inii', is fonuk%
Jiom Anilltrii.iiii ti> ilu- iiuiih-iill, ami •; lioiii the
(ii.rni.in (Ktan to tlu- loutli. It i-. the lar)',ili, mlult,
l-f't Iniilt, .iiul iii'ill p(ipuli)ii'i town (if till' pro^incf,
the Rat ot'tlii' pro\inLi.tl ll.ms and tlic lovcnii.'.n roun-
til, anil ihi' iiMiilcnii- <>t tin- IbiltlniMer. 'IIk' lliccts
arc ikan, tlu- hoiil'i'> Ipliiiilid, the l>rii)j;cs will pa\cil,
anil thi- jrn.liiis pliMlaiu. Ihe i iiurihis, ihcgiivrr-
nor'> palari', that m here the llatts nii-ct, ami the hiiufcs
of tlu- nohliintii, an- fine (UiicUires. I he foini of the
citv i« an olilon.', fqu.ire, em onipalleil w itii ihoii;^ ram-
paft!, .1 liro.ul ileep ilitih, ami fi\ e hiiluark-i ot earth,
witiia ilitih to eat h. It ll.mils ;na triiittiil fml ; anil,
by its na\ i^',ahle eanaN, the iar^ell of uhiih iiins to the
Docaii, thi\ have ,i l;ooi1 traiie \uih llanilniig, Bre-
men, I'lnlnlen, ami Holiaml ; anil are plentihiily fn[)-
plutl with neeelliines from the luigiihoiiringidimtnea.
One lit their eanals to the welhvaril is feciiml hy llroni?
lluieeN. Mere Mere formerly fmr nuinalUrics, now
tiiiiHvl to other iifi<. They ha\e tuo hofpitals, one <i(
them nolily imioM eil for ico poor ptrions of l)oth
(e\e'>, with arioniiiioil.il ions !or the aj^cil, fiik, ami
liiintii: ; aiiii tor enteriauiinf^ poor lirangers two ni|;lus
at a time. They h.ne le\iial j;ooil 1 iws tor regnlatinj^
their j^o\ernmcn, into whuh th!\ ailmit no military
iiien, nor any Ini: thofeof tiie elhilijilheil relij^ion, anil
of eompetent elhitcs. I'he nni^illraey is compoleil of
threi Inir^oir.alleis, aiul nine fi heepen.s, or aklermen ;
I'll I't thetornicr, anil two of the latter, arc i hanpiil
anii.Mi''. on New Ve:ir's ilay. '1 his city and I laiieker
•ire ilie only two in the piovinee that i huli their ow n
iiiai:i'.trati'- ; thiife of the other tow ns .iie .ippointej
hy tl;e ihu'.ihokltr, from a ih^ible nomination piet'eiiteil
to him.
I r.meker, a town ahout lo milis from l.euwarden,
and tour from the /.lulei-.'^ea, has an iiniveriity, and
a phyiic-garden. The I'alaries of the profellors arc
paid out of the revenues of the old inonallcries i and
the Ihidinrs, neither in thii or the other i:nivcrlitics
of the provinces, pa) any tax for their wine and hecr.
lii'.c blue gl \/.ed tiles .ind brieks are made lune in large
iinantitics.
.^iieek is liruated on a lake of the fame luiiiie, whirh
fiipplies it with plcntv of iith, both tor confiimption
and lilc; but otherMife ot no note.
iJokkum Ihmds in ? fjuittul country, aboiiiuling
V iih corn, pailiirc, villages, and gentleiiiens feats. A
great deal of f.ijr is alio made at it.
1 larlingtii llands on the coail of the /iivdcr-Sca,
at the M'.outh oi' a large canal. Theadmiialry college
ol' 1 licfelai'.d l-.as its feat here. Its iiianutaciures ;'.re
I'.dt, bucks, and tiles.
W'uikum i^ tamous tor the i]uantitics of lime made
there ticm inulVle (hills ; "^ 111 fends de|uities to the
(late? ; and Makkimi ^.a^ m.un lalt-houlcs and brick-
kilns.
Hiniopeu has a harbour on the /uyder-Sea ; the
ir.habiiants arc cmploved in linnng, or lliij)-bii:liling,
and dill'ttr from the other I'rielliaiu iiiihalect and ap-
p:irel.
M.ilkwcreii isa vilLigc fitimtcd in a m.uiliy j^round.
'I he;.' Ipeak here a (lartmilar language, mIiu h none of
the oiher inhabii.int^ of the country are able to under-
lland. It i:. :i n inaiiidcr, or diak\t, of the anc ieiit
.Sixon ; lo that the people of that village, and the
Isiigliiii, iinikriland each other pretty well. The
houle.^ I. ire .irc all Iqiarated from one another, and
^iliccd fo irriguhuly, that when a flrangcr i omes into
this village, he mull have a guide to help liim out of
that lah\ nnth.
At Uykeb \illagc, in the ini.irtcrof the Seven lo-
re iS, are intciied ti.e remain.^ of the teleliraled general
Cochorn ; and on the coail of Iriefeland are two little
illa:idi, vi/.. Ameland and Si hiermonnigkoog, the
tornurof ■. liich belongs to the pi i nee of Orange, as
1 hee ir.depeiiileiu lordll.i[).
I
one o! the ll.ms, .uul has llillgre.u tiMvili ge.;, is laru
and populous, being the Uatol the nigh college
(. K () \ I N (. I-: N.
C'' ROMNCil'N Is I), mkdon thewel' by 1 riefelaiid,
"^ on the call Iv, Mimlli r, onthe I'outli by l).iienthe,
.ind on the mirth li\ the (u'rm.in Oce.in. It is .(•/
milis long, ai\il the gr.aielt breadth is about y] n.ili«.
The air and foil .iie lin.ilar to ihofe ol liuVland.
The number of c.inals and d) kes are very conlidciablr,
and the principal river is the llimle. 'I'hc Hate-, i onlilt
ot the diputies ot the town ot (ironing,en, and ot ih>-
luighbouring lountrv thercot ; and the Cfilleges are
mil', h the lame as m the otiu r pioviiiccs, .'^i \ deputic.
are lent to the llates-genei.il. I he number ol i ll.i.
blillied clergy are I'lO imnillirs,di\ tiled into 7 dalles i
and the pi nil ip.il pl.u e- .lie
(jriiningeii, the capital, litiutul at the rontlus of
feveral nviiUts, whiih torm the Hi'Mlc and liiil.
Ships ot confuici able burthen can come up to the i in ,
in conltiiiicm cot which iteiijins a good trade. lie
iiiiiverlit) is w ell endowed out ol the re\enues ot tl'.c
am iiiu munalieries. 'li.e hmm;, which was tbin.erly
as llillgre.u p;ivili ge.;, is laru'"
. , . ._., .,e Uat ot the nij;h colleges, and
ntainmg j Ij'ai l^u^ ni.ii ket-places and llreits, in
whichare m.un line houfc--, beliiles i liiiu his, and otl.oi
public llruiiures. I)y the 1 im r 1 i\el, and the 1 enif.
It has a cdiimnmicatioii with Willphalia. In ri'-; it
iiiadc a gallant rilillanceagainll thebilliopol Muiiliei.
Koilolphus .AgricoU, and Vclelins, two ot the moll
leainid nun ot'ihe age in v.luch ihcv lived, weie born
here. Under t!ie |unfd:iti<in ofthisiity i^a coiUidcr-
able diltrict, cilkil tlie ( I'orccht.
Ham, or D.immc, llamls onthe riser, or(h;MineI,
called l)amltcidi(^i. 1 he Imini lalills took this c;ly In
fioiiu in I y_i(\ whenthofeol (Kklirlaiul were lor .
ol It ; and It was then agreed, that the walls Ih .id
never be rebuilt, nor the town tortilicd. Tliou' this
isanopen place, \et it has all the privikges , aiit»,
and Iciiiis ileputici to the llates ol the ]irovince. It
has lullered \ir\ much of late bv inundations,
Dell/.yl has a \er\ good harbour, whiih, for litiia-
tion, ar.d olhci ad\antages, e\i ecils that of I'nibdcn.
It IS a llrmu; place, fuiroumlid with good r.uiipart>,
amlKvin baluoiis ; and delemled by a citadel, encom-
pallid bv broad and deepditi lies. In 167: the Dutch
l-,all-ln.li.i Hcct, conlilhng of 1.^ lliips, the cargoi-. of
whith were valued at 10 millions Ihiling, cfi .Tiied into
this harbour from t lie b.nglitli Heet, which purfuid them-
very i lofe.
Winfitnten is a llrong tort rcf^ but was taken and
[lundercd by tlu tioop> ol Munller in i()-4. It is
ihictiy remarkable tor the lull battle tought againll
t!-.e .S|)aniau!b in ijfiS, bv the Dutih, 111 dcle;'.ce ot
their liberty ; whcniount Lewis of ^ illau, brother to
;)r;ncc W illi.im I. deleatcd the Span ■ general Arcn-
l ......
berg, who was killed m the a..'tio:i, alter himlelt had
killed, with hi> own hand, count Adoljihus of Nallaii,
another broth.ir of prini c William I. I'hc Spaniards
loll in the battle 1 .^ o men, all their bagg.u.;e, and lix
guns.
O \ I'. R - Y S S I'. I..
0\I'R-\SSl.l.i<boi;n lidon the foutlib; j.utphrn ■
on the north bv I riellland .ind Drcnthe ; to the
call by the county of H.n'heim, and the bilhopiu i.f
Munlter; and to the well by the /uyder-Sca. It ha^ the
name of Over-I Hel from its lituation in iclpect of Hol-
iaml. Utrecht, and part of Ckklerland. V\ith refpect to
the foil, it is, in general, tir interior to the other [iio-
\ince , being fullof lands, heaths, and marlhes ; \ct, in
fome places, they havx- good corn land and palUire. t he
llates conlill ot the nobility, and the towns ot Ueven-
ter, K.impcn, and /wol, in which their annual allem-
blies are alternately held. The piovigCe was long
fubjcct to the billiops of Uirciht,till billiop Henry, ot
Bavina, transtened it to Uharles \'. and, in 1580, it
acceded
lUROl'l.]
ari edeil to t
hiiniK and ci
pioviihiH; a
ill me to I hi
I leigv ol the
four ( l.ilV.s,
I h'lf towns.
\ IP' e .'ic the
l)( ( enter,
ii a 11 a-, po)
cont unm.; ft '
ii gi mnihUMi
anil live anm
plea fa lit fir:
rhe nver tid
Ilic:.
K.ini[)(!i, <
m.iy be i.il I
1, .1 CDrin'i, I
pkue '.va> one
imt r> trade
1 loirelt IS
nmumden i-
Ami Is i-; fill
\\'«)i lenhove
p'ac.
/.Wol is th
the pioi III! .
1 hiinhes ani
gtanar. . I h
and K.inpen
a Kempii wa
1~^inSpn
. lodilli
tiers, uliieh
\\c U.wc abe
Norili Cielil
and ( h ves,
the nortii 1)1.
the foulh
1)1111. h 1
ot .)w liom c
air is mm h
and the foil
V, au re.l In
^;i;i, I.e.';
il'A I lied ml
.Ti.l Arnheii
Thole for il
(IcputlCi fe
iipwaids ot
K' 111,111 Cat
T:-- princij
lollou :
Niiiuguc
the tju.iitcr
I it', , llion"
the ()|ipu
flood. Ih
:\lf mble in
tlie [leacc i
a;id the co
the ilucln
white beer,
proiim (s.
wliii h the
ed by the
U ho irlidc
of the pi(
higher pai
lio'.ii liidd
are man;,
full as do.
tills ^Itv ,
V \
KAlllY
N.
•Aii^ l)y Iiicril.inil,
I'nulli liy I ).ii(nilu',
On'.in. It is 47
li i^ ;ih(iiii it iiiili«.
•.iilc «)l I l!i'il;itld.
ir very ronliifciiililr,
The lUtisoinlilt
inin;;cn, arul ot ih,-
A liic collim's .iri"
iii.C'i. Si \ (icputic,
111' numlKT (It I It.i.
. iik-il inti) 7 il.illcs i
:\l tin- roDlllls d'
I I'MiU .md I ivil.
line lip to the i.ir\ ,
iMMiiJ truilc. I'll
H' rt'Ncniics ot tt'.e"
lili !l \\;!s iDlila'tly
piivili pc;, i^ l.iiL"'
hij;h c()lli.'};i-, ,111,1
1 1 ^ .mil llrcit., n
iiiu iK->, ;iiiil (itl.ci
iM-l, .mil il'.c 1 ti.i>,
ll'li.ili;i. Ill II.- : It
liitluipiil Mtiiillci.
ivMi ot the inoll
Ky livai, ucic hoiii
Us I ily i^ ;i tonlidcf-
c ri\i'r, or < li,iniul,
ll.s took this c;iy In
Kiiilaiul were loi
.It the walls 111 ,k|
itiiil. 'I'lmu' this
■ piivih^cs , a ( it»,
)l till- piovmi e. li
imintluiions.
iiir, « hu ii, tor (i!i!:i-
ils that di' I nih.lrii.
ivilh j^ooii r.unparts,
!<)■ a ( ifaikl, eiirmn-
ill 167: the Duich
hips, the iwigot > oi'
Ihiliiii;, e(( .ipeil into
«hu h purlin.d theiih
;, lint was takin ami
ter ill I ()-.(.. It IS
battle loij^ht a^ainii
itili, in iletei'CL- f)l
it" ^ illau, hfiJther to
an ' general Aren-
n, alter himC. It' hail
Aiiolplius of Nallaii,
1 I. The Spaniards
eii l>.ig_i:;.u;e, aiivl lix
1: I..
" foiilh h _-,utphen •
iiil Dicntlu- ■, to the
lul the l)ilhnpru of
ycler-Sea. It ha^ the
)n 111 lelpect ot'Hol-
mei. With rel'peet to
or to the otiicr pro-
iiul niarllies ; yet, in
lie! aiKl ;)alhire. The
he towns ot Ueven-
their annual alleiii-
provioce "Vas loiifr
ill Lillioj) 1 lenry.ot
\'. and, ill 1580, it
ae ceded
M.Rdi'l.] II O 1, 1,
aecciKd to the union of Utrceht. Here air high tri- I|
biiii.il^ and < olh- es, arilunit'j^ to thole of the otiier jl
p;o\in,ni and li\e depnMes aii- romironly Cnt Iroin :
III nee t.> ihe ..llemhly of the fhiti '5.(.;enir.il. The |
I ill;;', nl the ellal'li llu'd rt!i>.'iyiC who are dis iilcd into h
tour < l,i(V M, |,o!d their annual lynrufi alrernatrlv in the ;
lint tdwns. J he moll rinaik,ilile plues m the pro- j
MP' "-.ue the fili'iwin;; : j
Mewmer, in the i]tiirtcr nf .S,ill,ind, on the Ml'el, 1
i^ a iv.f, pop'iloiiN, Well Ixiili, ,nid \m ll-loitilieil city, ,
coin iiniii ; It V rr.il iluir, •!','■ heloiij.;inL; to ilillerent (ccts, j.
a in iniiituiMi dhjlre, a niiiit, ;'.Md an iron tounderv;
ami live :innu. I t iii;. are held litre. Ihe} hiew alio a
plraf.i:it l">rr of |v ir, ami have a i/ood tiade. Alonp
the li.er tide ;, a l;.ie ijuay, adorned «ith rows of
Iiee:.
K.miptr^ (in rl i- Vlli !, i, llron;^ fnnn its lituation.aml
ni.iy lie Lilly l.iiil undei w.iter. The wooden bridge
I . .1 eiirid'.!^ liru.'ture, llaiuimi': upon \,ill pih's. Thii
pl.ue w,i> once a tree imperial 1 ii', , aiul h.'.i llill a mint,
but 1'- trade is ^^re.uK deeayed.
Iloirelt Is a lortilied town on the Hlailxwatcr; (ie-
mnumden is remaikable for the m.its made there;
\iiieN is fimed tor its nianul.ktures ot line linen; and
\\ oi lenhoveii, i^n the /.u\der-Se;i, r. a eoinmereial
pv.. • j!
/.wtl is tlu- liinJdiniell and moll \u.ilihy town in l|
till- [voMn... It 1, llroit^rly t'ortili'd, loiitains feveral 11
1 liiir. Iu■^ and hM||)i(al , an arl'enal, a eollcj^c, and a '
;.;iaiv.ir.. 'I he piiiMiu'i.il llareiiiieet here, at Deventer, |i
and Kaii'pen altern.itely : aiul the eel' li|-.irid 'I hoin.i:,-
akempi.i was prior ot a iiion.ilUr) luai this town.
G I', l. 1) i: R 1, .VN I).
I"'! II'^ pnninre i; vifinl! ;• eallrd North-CIcIderland,
i'ntilli;ij;ui1h It from Upper (ulderland, ordel-
•leis, uh'i h Kelo'i,'-. to the kinj^ i.f l*rii|1ii, ami uhieh
wi' ii.ive alieid\ dTenbed i;i that nionari h's dominions.
Nortli (ield;r! m I i , boumlid on tlie lall i)' Munller
and (lives; 1. 1 ;!,e \\i II b; L'rieeht and I l''liand ; on
the nortli U', C)•.er-^l^el andilu /.u\der-Sei; and on
the liiu'Ji by the .\T.ies, whi. h lVpa:.ites it troni Kii-
l)uit. It i^ 4- mile> triuii north f,) t'outh, ;iiid upwards
ot 41/ liom call 111 Uill. Tlu lind Iks hii'her, and the
an I, nun h iluuer, ih.in in i!h' maritime provinecs,
and tiu liul in molt |:irt,, ,irc IruiMiil. (ielderland is
v.,iure,l by ;lie Rhine, and its three branches, the
"1 I'll, l.ei k, ,i:-d \Saal, fevftal > ,ki;\1s, \-c. It is
tli\ uled into three diilriots, vi/. N'imej.;iien, /iitplien,
.Ti.l Ainheim, eacii of which I'.tis its diets and Mates.
Thole tor ilie proviiuc are held twiie a y.ir, and the
diputie! lent tii i!ie lhites-;j;erier.il are ii^. 1 lere are
iip.uiids of 100 CaUiniU minilleis, 4 Lutheran, 14
iv iii.iii C.ttholi., and { Anaba|)til1 conjj;rej^ations.
incipti! place. 1:1 the dil'ria of N'ime;;uen are as
Ninuguoii llands 0:1 tin- W'a,;!, and i; the ('a()ital ot
fillow
:i U L'lves name. !f i-; ;i larLi-eaiK ieiu
the ipi.iiterto wliiel ^ ^^_ _
111',, ltion;..Jy t.irtitied, and pkafantu' litiitiled, where
the Oppidiini liat.Ui'nmi is lujipolcd by tiime to have
Hood. Ihe pill', in i.il (lares, and thole of the dillriiH,
alii mble in the Ikiik-houle. 'I his i ay is fimous for
the peace concluded here in ifi"S, iietwcen the French
akl the confedent's. It ciniis on a I'liod trtide with
the dill he of CI :- ul make, jnear jirofit by its
w lute beer, which 1- ,1 N !' i lleemed thmujrhout the
pros ill! IS. In the tow n hmife is kept the fword with
wliii h the counts I'.i;mont and iloorn were behead-
ed by the' duke ot AK.i's order. The Iniif^rave,
who irliiles in the calHe, is one ol the chief nobles
of tlu; piovinie, atid pretide; in its diets. In the
Iii.;her p,irt of the city are three 1 iri'.e ponds, fed
lioMi liiddcn fprinj^s; and thr(n;p,h the whole there
are iiuiii;, deep wells, which are obferved to rife and
full as does the Maes, thoui;h lix miles diH-int from
tills i-ity, wliereas the W'aji run : dole bv it, burin
.\ N I), 8:7
a valley, towards whieli the dtfccnt is confiderablc.
Upon the f;ate to the iiorih-wfll of the callle arc
thele mlcriptions : J'.> tm/iiiii. I li<r ii/'jiir iiii iS'lavn.r.
Mcli'ir c/l />f/fii-'</'.t lilinia.f '/u.tm /ii\iiu.i pacifica. 'I"hat
is to fay, " This is the border of the fm|)ire. .So f.ir
reachc, the rinht of Stavira. It is better to have liber-
ty with war, than ll.ivery with peace," The reafon of
thele inftriptioti'i is fuppofed to be, that this was the
limit of the Koman em()iri' on this lide ; and that the
iiiipoll, or tav, I .died Si.ivir.i, reached not them, be-
laufe they were exeinpteil trom this i ity to .'Xmhcim,
aciofs the IJetuwe, ;ibout fcven miles lon^, at the cliaiyc
of thtfe two cirie;..
Tiel, on the Waal, 17 niilei well of Niiiieguen,
thmif^h much decayed trom its pnlHne Iplcndor, is itill
poj)iiloii-i, and h,iH a tolerable trade.
iVimmel, the capital, afid only conliderable place of
an ilkind of the fimc naine, otherwifc called Uenimcl-
wtieit, llands on the riser Wa.il. It is a pleafant
walled city, with broad and rej^ular flrccts. It is very
llrong, beiii;; lortilied with good curtains, ballions,
and towers, a iloiible wall, and double ditdus. It
Hands low , in ;i mirlhy ground, which can be ovc:-
Howeil from the W.iiil anil the Maes. Jt furrendered t(i
the I renchin 1^7:, w ho fpent 14 day, in dcllroyingits
foriilicatioiis, carried off the artillery and ammunition,
and <»bliged the tiiwn to [)ay j^),ooo guilders to pre-
vent its being burnt. It wasiitterwanls Ihongly fortiliei
when recovered by the flatcs. 'ihe town chutes their
own niai'id rates, unikr w hofj iurifdiition is tlic whole
illuid ot liomitul, iti which are many good vilLiges,
and which is about ij miles long, atid 4 broad, be-
tween thai and the Maes.
liatenburg is the i hief place of a little diftiiJl, call-
ed .Maes and W.itd, becaufe it lies between thole tv.o
rivets, ncir their conMux. The town has the title ol ,1
barony; and two brothers, lords of IJatcnbuig, were
beheaded at Hriill'els, in the year ij^'V, by the ilukc
ol Alva's ordeis. The counts ot 1 loorn were alio de-
li ended trom tiiat family.
I'anderen is a \ill.ige in the bailiage of Upper
Iktuwc, u here bcgii'.s the new i :in,il, ihiough whuh
the Rhine at prelent pallis. In the fame b..||iage flood
Ibrmerly the .'^t henken-Schanze, .1 very llrong and
ip.uious tort, built in Is ts() by geiieial M.irtin ,Schcnk:
and the Tolhaus, a callle where the diikis ot (ielder-
land frequently retkled, and w here velFels flill pay toll,
as they diii tormerly. The IJetuwe is that track ot
land lying betju'en the Rhine and the Waal. It u
divided into tuobailiagis, i ailed the Upperand Lower,
or I'iallern and Wellerti Betuw.e.
/aitphen, a town on tlie right bank of the '^ Hel,
is large and Ihongly foriilied, and has a bridge ot boat^
over the 'hi lei, which divides the town into two parts.
The whole ncighboitring country ir.ay be laid under
water by means of the Borkel, a river which here ;oins
the YU'el. There arc fevcral churches here belong-
ing to dilVercnt fe.'ts, with hofpitals for the aged, lick,
orphans, and Itrtuigers, and a gvmnaliiim. There
;ire pleafant walks about it, elpeci.iily on the ramparts.
The ciri/ens are noted loi tin ir courtefv and poliienels,
to which the nnny juntli'men w Im live here gieaily
contribute. Thegre.u Mr l'hili|) ,Sydiie\ tlied here of
the wounds he received at the liege ol this city; and
(ii raid \ .111 /utplien, mtillei to the tainous Thomas-a-
Kenipis, was Ixirn here.
Arnheim, the third dillrict, contains a town of the
fame naiiio, which is not only the capital of this dif-
tiici, but of the whole province. It flanils on rh.t-
Rhine, at tl;e foot of the Veluwe hills, (, miks from
Nmuguen, and 4S trom Amllerdain, and is tlronidy
loitilied. It h,i'; all'o a commodious haiboiir, and is
the l(.at ol the fupreme council of ti^lkrland, .\nA the
chamber of accounts. Here is an ancient p,ilace, ia
which the dukes of CJdderland, aiiil after them the
Ikidthokkrs of the province, uled W keep their court.
The walls, being deli;ihtly planted wiih limerrees,
render the walks pleafant. In the rreat church are the
monuineiuj
, 'ir
(I ' >l
■1«
I' '•'
rf ?
u'4?:
! ('
ri ^ ! ..
♦ if; A NF.W, ROYAL, ani> AL lllLNTiC SVSl
luinun iMU ot lV\ov;\l con-.;; ;\iii.i duk; , nt ta-KkThu;il ;
ai.i! lu'.ir the citv i> the v'.laui- ol lloT'i ibcck, where
tlie iinpdiT ller.iv 111. v.;'slr-,rn ir. inr'.
At H:ir(lc rv. \ k, litiniii o.-i th;- /.vi) .'crSea, is ;in
iinivciruv, Mhich.iiii 1641, \v:i-i)i'l) a Ai/'.; J:l:,;'ii-.
'1 l-e ta.ie ol tie to'Ati i . eoiiliJer.ible, elj)-.c:;i!ly in
fiih, ot v l.ieh IK reil lu'rri:\L;- ave in\ich a^iinired. The
nttl.!e(it St. Mary's ehui'i h, a lliUv. llriKiiire, is to
b;'.:h tliat it k i\e^ tor a l,i!',.i--iuirk, bring leen at a great
ciilkuue, both by lea ami l.iiiii. riiHl gious qiiamitics
of bluc-beiiies aie gatieied in tlic r.eiuhboiiring wooils,
ain.1 earricJ ti> Aiv.lleril.un, .lulnti'u inuiis. 'lliepio-
vinciai iiriu is in tbise;:'., the b'liiilcatioi-.s ct which
arc in th'' aticielit UMiitvr. lie taliircs iawyei'
Gcia'- . ^ Wietius is laid to ii.i\e beiii a ;ia;i\e (>f t!iis
place.
lii'.hi- lU' ghb( uii.oo'i of W.igeniiigeii, a firall town
on tiie i\hi!ie, uith a eoir.n-.odfui- harbour, tobacco is
niiich cultivated.
I-.lbi:rg l- a liiiall to\.n on the /uyder-Sia, uhofe
rani[;arts planted witii lime-trees, fi)rin a deligiitlul
valk. Its inhabitant.^ fiirlili: tb.ieriv bv liliiiii}; and and tl
catching wild ducks.
In that track of land called the \
1".M or UMVr.RSAI, CiMX.R MM iV.
.\niers!'oort is lituatcd on the liiile ri>cr I'.em, vblch
runs by its walK, and fills into ilie /imi.r-Sta. 1: ,...,1.
its name from a tori! on this river: :r 1- i;\ iiiiie.^ diliani
from that lea to the fouth,and 17 tioni L iiecht touarvis
the noith-call. It is .in .tm lent tov 11, ami ..a- the ulial
jctreat of the billiops of L iricl.t, w luii iliove oiu by i! e
citizens; aijd the inhabitants of tins place lieqnenil',
hilpid to retb^re them. I'his town was ancicntl, b ,1
filial!, as appears from the remains of it- .■Kl f. ir:i'i, i-
tions. It is now nuich lirger, anil \m11 take luar an
hour to walk round it. It isot r,o ^.^eat llrenrth, being
commandeil by a neighlioiir.ng hill. I he buildings,
'! hey
;l-,e lor.!-
Ih'p 01 !.'•(), b.'loni;i;i_', witiia be.'.if.iful leal on it, to
the [iri:-.ce cf Oran_je
U I
!■:
'-rilF. pvovinc.M.f L':ivchi
-»- and (.;.kleiland.a bmil
inc.
C 1 1 r.
is rurroiiiu'ci!
lolland
p,r, t whicii bor.lerson the
lei'ig'-h is a'.'.. Hit ^: miles,
ri.eair is laliil-i ious, and the lod
re tic R'line, I.eck, \echt, anil
'I'lie provinciaf Hates are coni-
Zu; iler Sta ex.vjj.e.i
the breadth about ;o.
fniiirid. Thi rivers
i'onie fmaller Ificams. ^ .,
poled of I 2 p. eirbers, an>i three d.jv.i'.ics .m- 1. n; to the
allembly ot the .States (n-ncra!. li.e eltabliihed clergy
are divuie;! 1:1:0 three cl:i:ic-, an.l l':i)!d an :mii'.Ml l\ nod
at L!trc\ ht.
Utictht, the capital of ihij jjicvii'ci', and feat of the
flares, is lo caiicd from its ancient le. n' or [lallaiic over
the Rlii;ic. It is a huge and oi.p,,!i .is cin , lia'atctl
U} miies fn m .Vmllcr.laiii a:id Ibitleulain. 1 here
Mere fe\ era! I:i:gc an.l 1 1, li n,(ri:ilitrks, aiul other re-
bgini.s hoiiits here, bcioie ii.c leloimri':!. The
churches a:e i- agnilicenr, cipo. lall,- that of St. Mar-
tin, torn triy th.- catheilral, .■,k\ i;iiia:!-. called the
(iomc. Over that of .'^t. Sa!\a Icr, 01 tlu did minllcr,
where the Knglilh have a place of uoillup, 1- a mufeiim
of 111! to:'--, ot air.iii'ici and raiitie-. '.'lie onlv de-
fence ol the (It. :.^ a wall i\'i ihei\;nil. liere i> a
flatciv tov, n-hrule, with a comn.:ir.dcr\ irf the Teutonic
order, and a cekbrat ■! i;ii;\i ili;\', w hich v.a- lound-
ul in ifijf-, I'iKc wiich it hala tioiiriflied i/e.itb,
though It hrs not all the privileges of moll' othoi
univerlitie-, being wholly fubje.t to tl e magilhates of
the city. The .nail, wul.oi.t the town, haMng live
tow ol lofty limes on each lide, is \(.r, plrafant"; and
the ph;, lie g:irdiii, belon.'iin.; to the univerlity, is cx-
trtiiieiy curious. There are fue churches here that
have ihai'teiii but tl-.e 11 embfrs of thofe puicliafe
lUir place-, ol v.l-.ah lome c(, it (> or 70CO guilders.
'I he Itr.ams whi' h run through fevir.J of the llrects
I. iitii' ute much to the beauty and ( leanlinef^ of the
t'.ivii; and tl'.c c.uial that istuttioni th,- I.eck, an.'
[lallev li.roiii^h 11 t.i AmlUrdam, will c.ir-. lliip, ot ;inv
burdicn. Pupt Atlnui \1. \wis a native ofthiscitf.
Ml.-, epitaph IS worth inlcrtillg: /IJiwui':^ S, \iii.< hu /.■//o
,//, i/,<i i:::i I ■! i<: . na int, .ul:i.<. J:,.\it, t/uiim iju.U 1:1:-
/■■>,iii{, I e. •' Xdiiin \ !. lies hnc, wh.' reckoned it
bis greiid' iiibi. III. :r,e thai he fliuiil.l ever have bccn
• ailed I • v,o\eiiiiien'." Ijir,, m 1^7,^, the ir.cmo-
la'.'Ic union was ' ' ' ' "
.1 ..', in I - 1 (, the
^ ,aii( c on ilv i-Av pan, and the a!l.e> on the other,
i lie i'lpiil- h've a n.!!!'::,,!! auhbnliop ol the < ity .
• I I '' >.'• s.i ''1:> tnanula. I'M) ,.ar;:ed on in 11, wlmh
eii.j '■■', . I nuii.iiei ol liandi.
•1
elpeeially thole of ih.e Okl Town, ine \ eiy ne.it.
have three churches here, one of .thii h is a huge ami
ll.itely fabric. Their holpiials are eipi il to tliole of the
greater cities ; and tliey h.;r, c .1 piilJic !'■ ho.d, wheiele-
\er.il endiietit perfons h:i\e had their education. It fuf-
Id'.'d much foimerlv In tb.e Culdrians, whotctikitin
154). It was alio taken by the Spani;iids in ihiij, but
altei wards i|iutted by them, and bettor lortificii b. the
tlates. Thi. ir government i.s much like that of L'tret hr,
.nd they en|oy almoli the fame [uivd gei. They li. d
lormerly ,1 great trade in bre.\ing beer; but now they
fublilt chielly by feeding cattle, and by hiilbandiy, tlieie
bring good ar.il)le and j allure .,ioi;nd on tlie call .i:id
fmith ; but on the well and north tluie is nothing bat :i
bairen he.itli. It is c:illed Ai: eis!.irder-lJi ig, or tl e
hill of .\mersfor.i ; and isiix miles king, .-'.nd .ilmoll as
many bro.id. I'hcv ha\e plant.d upon :t two rows of
trees from .\mei--ford till witliin li\ miles ol L'treclit.
Jiill upon tlie edge of this lull llands .Soetfvke, a
pleafant palace, adonieii with line g:iriiens, ciiiois
I'oiintains, dclighlliil w.ilks, Ihaded with lolty trees,
[ileafant park.s filled will: dcir, :i lug'- iniary, exccivU
ing tine I'.ibles, i^'c.
Khenenis liiiiaied on the Rhine, a'.ioiit 7 miles. "!ii)\c
\\\i k-ie Oveillede to the ealt, ly from Utrecht to\uiids
the louih-eall, ;ind 1 { lioni .\nieislojd 10 the fouth.
It IS an ancient town, thought 10 be the (innn;--,
nifiitioiieel by 'i'acitus, and is lurrounded with wall and
ballions. On tin iKci^le of th, church is a very
tine clock, with a iroll barn. c., 11. , i:s .-hinie of bells. In
ihe fields between the town.ind L'tret lit arc dug nmlt
of the turfs that llr\e tlie neigi'l-nniruig country with
fuel.
Monilorr, the chief pku'c of .1 l.tde d:llri..'t, is '1:11-
.ited on the little Villi, near llie burilc! > oflheproviike
of lio'iind, 10 inile,) iliovi' C^auda to tiie ead, iIa lioni
L'trn 1 1 towiirds the foiith-wetl, and but three iroiii
Ouikwater to ti.e f.uith-ealK it is no: a large tow n,
but is line, mat, .ml pie'.ty (hong; it was bu, It by
a bilbop of UtrcLl-,1 m 11 s'>. -'s a tiuhvark agiinll the
incurlioiis ol the llollandirs.
S !•; C TIC)
111.
ioii'i .1 Ihhw-,.'! the (even proviines;
laud pe.ii e toncluded betwiell
C.7.;//;,(, Pnfr.i!<, l):lii.lhr.iif, l\.;, ^.'v.'v/., M.i>:>i. ts,
isi. '/ :l.r /'(■■/■.',• ''./' tl'r ( k:: .! 'l'r,i-.<u-. > ill ,^■c'.' ' ■<•'.
■"pHI-; people of the United I'luvinces may be di-
\ ided into Ir.e le.i.iiate ( lalK.,. I ii ', ib.-' nobk.s ;
fecond, the opulent ok u luiUs retir.d l.otii biilinefs ;
third, the men liaiits and tia.ii-is; i.i.irl:, tb.c I'e.imen ;
and fifth, the boors, or ('(uii't!\ t'.niiKii. O! t'-e bill
ihereare but lew in I lollan.i and /caland, haung ;iU
moll bicome extinct during tf.e loiiit wars wi.h i-piin;
but in the other p'OMiices th.y aie numeious. 'i'hi .
pride themfelves upon then ra ik, aiul imitate lie
manners aiulilrelsot the 1 reneh. luonomy a.d ino-
dciaiion once eliaiacterilal the leconl claf;, the o|)ii-
leiu merchants; but of late they have been tainted with
the prolulion aiul liixur)- of their niig!'.hours of Imme
and (iicat Hiit.iin. IT.e 11 en hants and tradefnun aio
tolerably ac ute, and, in ger.ei.il, inienr on the accumu-
litior. of we;iltli. The iiuiiiners aie plain, liiily, and
ill m.inneied. The boors av- niolll\ in lullrious .uui
dilii'eiii, but not viry iaboiioii : liiey are, upon the
w lujic, lumeU and fruual.
All
?
/'4
:
Ii . >T I'.l'ill, V. l'.'.,il
Hii.i-.st.i. 1; I.
i~ \.\ iu:lc.- (lill.iiil
II L iiC'-'hi to«.n\U
:, .'.lui -..a- ilic uli al
, :i i!i()\c .lilt by t! c
1^ l?l,ici; Irctiiitnil,
I was a!i<"ii-nil . i> i
III' it.- ..Kl r..i:i':> i-
\mI1 t.iKc r.iai an
ivat llrcii.-ili, ixi.ijT
I liL- buiMiiifis,
\ L'l y neat. 'Mu-y
in li IS a laii(;c ami
■i|ii \l to ilioli' <>r tlic
iv r lio.l, uh< IV II'-
ir education. It I'ul-
IP.S, w|l<) t< Ilk it 111
iiaitis ill I (ill-), but
t:cr iDrtilkii by the
kc tliatol' L'tn-Llif,
.1 ;r.s. They l'.,a
!-eer; but now they
■y h-.ilbaiuliy, tlieu:
iiiui on the eal'. aikl
le IS r;Othi;ij^ bjt a
,l.irder-15i ig, or C, e
\jny:, .•'•■kI ahiiolt as
iijUi;! .t t'.^o rows ii\'
^ miks ol Utreehl.
II liands .Soetlyke, a
lie uardens, cnrunis
d with lolty trets,
ir^je aviary, cxeeed-
ah<nit 7 miles rlime
■dm Uuceht to\wirds
isloid to the ibiith.
to be :he (iniir,;-,
lillded NUth wall and
e ehurtli is a \ery
s ehiiiie ol' bells. In
Jtrcehc ate dug molt
mirill;; coiiiiuy with
kt;K-di!lri.'l. is litu-
jrdevs ol'thcproviiKe
I to tiie tad, I'lA fiDin
aiul bii; tiuee Iidiu
t ii tio: a larue [own,
Dili;; It was buih I'y
bulwark aL-anUi the
III.
, '.''./.'.'/;>, M'lint, ys,
'nvi'ii-:> ill ;^ii:n,i!.
ijviiues may In- di-
1 ii ■', ihj nobks ;
.■tir, d l.oMi bnlinrl, ;
liiwi:!;, the leainen ;
meii. ()' I'rc liill
/.ealaiul, lia^ini^ al-
illil wars w idl ^iniii ;
c iKiir,e;oi:s. 'i'hi .
k, and imitate il e
I'Aonoiiu a.ii iiio-
or.d tIa^^^, th.e opu-
;i\f been tainted with
iieigliboiirs 111' l-iaiu c
ts and tradcliiu 11 aie
;len' on the aei iiimi-
aie I ia'ii, fiiily, aiul
illl) in lullruHis .liul
liny are, iiimn the
Ancient DrTCH Dkksses.
/ ' //ir '/nil! ,'/ I /,///!/(■/// ///I- //,/// /.'i7:i '! ft ( r///// I'/ ' ''/if/lih )■' nt /.h'' ! .
J tf - A'/i/o /■/// A'iA'ii' .
Ancikni- 1)1 rcii l)Hi;.ssKS
/(■/ 'Ay.ui/rO/ //I //>< //, ,/r i(> iC
li /t I ^ I / /, ///////
( ir/ut/ii'/t ,i'n///' .
/// /0,r.
^\M
n\ w
,i\\
■ (iM
i:UKOPE.j
All appctit
th.iii in any o
rht\' attdiipt
iiliially iinm.i
\s hi( :i tlic g
lays
With at' il
'I lu)'vc bi
The ilnTs '
change r.illiic
ol bo'li IcM's
coas vwiiiou
as h gh as i\v
ivoic lingiii.i
ot their legs,
kiln s.
Ti.cfi. peu
talm, anJ fe!
hut VI he n til
<;ll)W iM'tltlll
abi.u: iiiein,
iiotwiihlla.'ul
They arc, h
The) arc add
fi lends they
eel's in their i
fehes arc 1.
ever, have !
prover'.iiai f
inaii"^ hoiil'e
\erril. T!-i
iiiarMc. r
fitiKal. Th
and hcr!i<.
really in lo\
voiiieii fvt-n
converre pie
to ililMni'.m:
from the III
Diitc h IS ea'
pleafi.ic 1:111
hiiinii'ity ot
torn ot drin
general 11 fa,
■winter an I
fo (Ivit in a
ot I 01 h ll\e
aiid dai t aid
M.iny (if
foiiic li i\'e
reiiuii kjh'e
(^r. titii, ^
United I'lii
tr;an and
iliau-biKits
horie, al ih
■\\hiel-. diiv~
1 he laie (i|
is lixid, a!
and proviii
of exj end
ri:igv' (il
agrvUiuiU
cl ai^c iii't
thi- di. ■.Il
hull it a
ami p'l'.Viie
V. ith e'can
r.ithir ■ de
hi',: , tli.ic
f.i:; .>u[ ol
t>) he V. ith
rtuuii, .Kid
othd, II
Tier i^ n
KUROPF.j
HOLLAND.
8:^
All apjH'iiiis .xnA pallinis riiii lower ■■.nd i-noli r hcic
than in any other couiiiriis, avarice (.'xnijir.l. V\'lH:n
fliey atii iiipt to. fcvcnsjfi' an injury, thcii' iclfuineir. is
liliially unmanly ami rava:e, agncalilc lo thi- o^i.nion
uhiin the gixat IJiyUcn cnteitaincd ot tl-.i.ni, wi.o
(ays.
With an ill gr.uc the Diiti h th.ii- inil" liii I ili ;
'lhe>'vebuth ill-natuie, aiiJ I'l iiiainkis io>).
S L C T 1 O N IV
The lircfs ot the conunon pen])li' is pla n, aiiii thc\
chani^e I'llliii.ns as rareK as the Sianiaid:>. The lireN ;
ol bo'li lexes 13 iiulegaiu 1 that ut' the nun rontill^ of
coas \Mi!u)ut lliape or plaits, w itli loni; p.ii kct,-. pLu'cti
as h >;h as the iil).s. '1 he ilitl":i of the woin.-n is llili !
n.oie lingni.ir, fir tiieireoais reacli onlv to the niid.ile
ot their Icijs, aiid in N'ortn-Hollaiul nok)\ver tl.an tiieir
kill i s. I
'1 i eil people arc patient, lleaiiv, wary, eoveMiis,
talni, anJ CeKioin have a 'y iliiiVeiue isiiii ei h oll.er;
hut uhm ihey are irviiarcii, as bil'ore oMe: \e.l, t'.ey
jitow brutilli. Many of ti.e lower clals eai r;. knives i
abwi;: ;nein, with whi;h they ll il) iheir ainaj.oiiills,
iiotwiihlhi!Hii;ij; the fcvere laws a^^uull thi.s practice. 1
'l'he\ arc, h twever, vciy iiKl'ili:e;ic to ir.eir eiiilJrcn,
The) are a.idKted to Jrmk :ii;,and when 1 hey treat their
fiiends they do it riinip:u,.|iK . T;-ev are neat to ex-
lefs inthcirl'.ouf' 3 ami lurniure, and the Ilieets tl.ciii-
fehcs are kept aitia/.inj:I\ .lean. The win;, 111, low-
ever, have hut an in.liliV'ent ( ara^iei ; a;i>l there is a
provcr'.iial f vinj;;, " TJi it t! i diitie ! tiiiii; 111 a Duieh-
inan',, houle is ! i- •.'. lie," but ihis i hara.tir is r.ot uni-
verdl. 1"! I pa\,M:cn; ot'ti.e eii.mbers ,< ;;iiu rally ni'
niarlile. I'lK-ir genera! mode o! iivuig is plain a.ui
tiiiL.al. The poorer peoi^ie iiveupon lour iiilik, pulfe
and herbs, h is iilieoniiuon U)r a:iv ot tlu'ui to I.e
really in love, or c\.n to pretend lo it; iiur do the
women fLcin 'oiaie whe:i-ei th., aie or n;!t. People
converfe pierty niiieh upon a level here ; nor i; it ealy
to iiil!inj.',ui!h the man trom the malKr, or ihe maid
fioin the mift e(V. The piiiicipal c; >■. iiRi.t ot ilie
Dull h IS eati"g and ilriukiiig, tor they liave no ;J.ca oi
pleafi,re uiii oiiuei led w it!i li .ilUil;^ aini eaiou'.illj;. I he
huiuiiiiiv ot" ihe ail d'Hilulels ini hue- thjui to the tuf-
tom ot drinkii'g and InioakiiiL'. lob icct>, whi ii are in
general lila, e tliroii.diout the i ouiviy. O.-.e ol' ilieir
winter an ufements is Ik.iitr ^v, i.i vvlueh tln^ exeel,-
fo tint in a hai.l froll it i,. allMnuliiii;.', lo iVe ilie > lov.ds
ot I'olh I'eM.i that pals troiu plai e to plaee upo.i the ice,
and dai t aloni; w ith .'.nia/iiig .^lo r.y.
Many of the Dun li exeel in piiiuing and i n;;ra\ mi:;,
foiue liive 1 eat j;u.,nl li.iiiuliu-, and a te« lii\e been
nniaikjble Ku their wit an! ini;eiuiit.', a^ Ir.ifnui-,
(h"c tiu-., ix ". '1 l,e eomii.on mOvle of travi ilin.', in the
Unite. 1 i'ro\ ilie, •, ami, ii.'.K'd, throujtt.out th.- Auf-
trian and I rem li Neilu.i i 1:1 1 ;, is in traJd^iMi!-, or
diau-hoats, uliuh are lai;;.- eo-.eied boa:-, di.iun In a
horie, at the rate ot three iiii'e.'i an hour, the Lire ol
vhith, dots no! .imoinit 10 1. on than a pui ". a mile.
The rate ol ihele boal-, and alio of tlie poll wag;.',ons,
IS lixid, and you aie [)erniitted to laiiy a [ oilmanieau
and proviiion;, lii iha; you are not 1111,'erilic neeeility
of exj eiuiii^g .1: , thing ai public hciifes. 'Ihe car-
riage ot the 111;' ', 'ge IS not fettled b\ law, tliereiorean
agraiiunt oui^;ln to Ik m.i.le, etlierw lie the (!rn<'r will
«.lait;e notwiiai in eouity la ihould, but aicouiing to
e, ,'iul tile mom y mull be paid
; in 1 111 I made. At the inns
anil p'!;>ue hnule-i on du- 1 a. I a jn rfon is fure to meet
villi t't:in liiun ar.d fol't 1 id.; but dieir bc'.ilUads, or
r.ithir I aleiiis, in the lide^ I'l »l e ualls, aie pi.iced lo
111:':-, tli.it a 111,111 may break h;. ne. k if he 1 .ippeiis to
fail out of lilt in. Iklide , a Ir.neller m.ll be conieui
to lie with hall a do/en pi. pic or nunc in the fnre
room, ,\nA be diHin! e 1 .I'l nii'.lu k)ng by lomebiid) ir
othci, il a ihuililli kiiulloid fli'ifcs to h,i\e it fo.
Tl i.r is n.) iMpuiing with ii Du;Ji i:in-ke per, eiih.r
-.,..: t' nekoiiiii^ or ao; other ['atiitukii.
-N ). ■,().
the di . '.tes ot li;\ a'v.ii;.'
hiin il .1 picMoijs lai;.
Ri-liii.ii, I..iiiiiU'7;jr, (oupi/iilia/t, Miliinry and A'.,';.;/
J>'ihnii-''il , Cjiiwutcc, ('.nil, Cr,-.
'"!"' 1 i !•'. pr.\a.liiig uligion o( the United Provinces
-*• is t.'alviiiilm, which i.s rnthr.iCi d by the bulk of
the peoi'lc. .Ml other fe.'ts, however, ol'thc ref .rmed
relii'ioii, are toKiaied and p.ote^lid here. Ilie Jews
have likcwifetli^ ii l\ iiigogue,; m Amltcrdam anil Kot-
ti-rdani. Ihc Konun Cathohe religion was e;eipted
;it the lirll elbiblilbiiieiit ot this government , but tiic
St:ites,at lengtii.delirousotgivin,', all men liberty in this
poiiil, now fuHlr the publi.: CMteiieof th.it religion.
Indeed, their great care h;'s long been to favour no
pirtif'iilar ini|uiliiion into the faith or reli!;ious prin-
i i|)ies of an\ pcaccabic, good fiiljee't, whol,ve under
the protection of then l.uvs, and to fuller no violence
or ep ;>relilor'i to be oH'ered to any man's onfciencc,
w' en 11 s opiuioiior leuo.is did not 'nt'iferc v. itli, or
were of d, coiifequiiuc U: the civil govirnment ot the
Ikite.
1 licCidvinid clergy arc, in general, ihrnughout this
roiiniry, .itiai hed to tlie tamily ot tlu- jMinee i;! Orange.
The tlierch goveinnunt anion ;ll that prevailing lVi.t
ll .u o'ding to the difeipline eliiblilhed hy the grind
l\iiijd hcKi at Dort in 161!). i lie e':cL;iailicai aifem-
bl.e.'. .ire rompokd ol dn'I rent cfiM s, iaii a^ v.e' as
I'eiL'.v, to whom all are ab'j led ih.rir rel]KViue
iiir.et oils.
'1 l.eonly I'ubordiiiatioii among tlie i lergy in Holl ind
\-, th.ii thi' eonlilU.ries are l"ui)i':i!inated to ihc dalles,
and tliefe to ll.e i)ro\iiRi.d h iio.i , t.ir as 10 national
fy iio.ls, there have been no le liiire ih.it of Dort, men..
iioind above.
I'ie Dutch language isadiale.T of cl'e werm.in, and
has a harlli found ; but die buter jjrt ot people fp.eak
1 re lie h.
ihe cities .itid towns of tlie United Provincfsare
little ripublies ot iliiiiilelves, whole deputies, witii
the nob liiy, compofe the ll.!t'..s thereof; ;ind the de-
puties of tlie pn vmces, in a limilar ni.iiitier, compofe
the ll.iiis geiiei.il. L\ery town, or provi lee, may i'eial
a, ni;iny i.iembeis as th.cy [)leafe to the fa es-getieral ;
b;;t all belonging lo one toiui, or pro\ inee, have but
one \oti-i. i and no refolition taken hy tue ftates-geaeial
is of :iny force till ratilied l>y the llvtral provin \s. In
the cities and towns the legill.iii.c (.ouir is veiled in
the fenates, and tlie cxvcut \c in tlie Iniigo-iiialler-,
fviidic, ^:c. The ll.nes ut the piovinccs, except
lloililld, aie filled mhlc anJ mnb:y t^ids. 'I'hi.fe ;it
I ll U.ind are called n ,!'!,■ •:iul mil iiii>^/jiy !',rJ< ; and the
till.- if the ILites-geiieral 's l.\b and nii.d>l\ !':.!•, or
.'/',ir l.\[J.> iii!;^l<.'.'iiril;:<. Iklides the Hates g.f.^ral,
tlieie is abb a council of Hate, conliiling of Cecui les
t'om the feveral provinces. 1 hey aretw elve in number,
wiureof I loll ind fends t.irec, (fi Ideilaiui two, /,ea-
I iiid iiM>, Urrtcht two, Iriell iii.l i ne, ( ireniiigeii one,
and Over-^ llel otic. '1 heir btilin, ,s ;- toji.cp.ire eUi-
m.itci, and wavs at^d means h r rtiling the revenue,
a^ well as otlier m-Uier< liiat ate laid b^tore the fl iti:-
l.uieral. In this eon m il e\erv deputy j'reiidesa week by
turns ; and the ll.ulti'older has .1 dei ilive voice when the
vote. Ii.i] pen to be e.|Ual. '1 he principal aliaos t! ,11
con e luiJer iliiir delilier ition are tt ofe rel.iting to ilie
.1! my and li'iani ' .. '1 lie thufhnldir is alio p''i:de,U
of the ll.ite. ill every proviii e. In:: itas ri feat 111 tii.-
fhifcs-general. One dilfentiitg voue in iiU provincil
II ile> picvents thru coming lo ;inv lefohiiiuii. I nitu
t"f de.ith I I W illi.im III. piince of Orange, and knig
ol In liiid, there had been no IbuUlioKlei , at Km It for
ihe I'l.v liK , > ol l-|ollaiid, /eal.ii d, ai d \\ i li I relland;
but ill. le alii), in 1747,111 (11 the f lelli h bre.iking into
Dutch I l.mders, m.iJe ehoice of W nliam -Chji li-s-
I leiiry -1 illo, piine of (V.ingc, a,. I l.iilt.r of the
p el'eiii lladilioliler, Willi nil \. 1 1\ ll idiholderlliip
w.is at the I one time in.iile hercditatv to hi hcn.-j mal.
JO .-V ani
;i: 111
■i ■'■!!
U'l
■1 -i
Ji'i •■■''•■■*''
y^o A Ni.W, KOV.M,
niui iV".i'..'.lc, pill-, iditl the htlir liiii not inariy the fon
Ola kin;;, or .i jxipiU. Tin- ll.iiitholdri 's pouii^anil
ni\i('gativcs aiv vci\ i (Mil'klfiablc : in particular, he
li'i-ins ilircctly, i^r by his inHuencc, to have tlu- noipina-
tioti (it'ih;- niagillratc*, ilcpiities, ami mod of the of-
iu ITS, n\ il anil nntitaiy. In lliorr, though he has not
the tule, he has more rial ]Knver anil authority than
nianv kings ; I'or, hiliik's the inllvicnce and rcvcnuo he
ilerivcs liom the llailthoKierlliip, he has levera! prinei-
lulitks and large ellates ol his Dun. With nl'pect to
the adminiltration of |Ullice in this eountrv, e\ery pro-
vince has Its tribunal, to which, except in criminal
caufes, appeals lie from the petty and country courts;
and it is laid, that jullice is no wh.ere diltnbutcd with
more impartiality.
the taxes in thefc provinces, cfpccially in Holland,
are manv and heavy. The ordinarv revenues ot' the
vcpuhl;c are computed at between luoa dthiee millions
llerlini; .-:inua!ly. Out of loo guilders the province
of 1 iolland contributes ^s, and conl'equenily ab>i\e one
hall Of ilie whole public expences. lor the encourage-
ment ot trade, the duties on goods and merchandi/.e
are \ cr\ low . Notw ithltanding the niimbei .\tH\ grcat-
Tiefs of the taxes, every province is faid to labour un-
der vcrv htaw debts, efpecially Holland.
With relp.vt to theii land forres, in time of jicai c
thcv feldoiii exceeil 40,000, and very often fall (hort of
that number. Iliev employ a great many foreigners,
efpecially Swifs and Scots, in their fervice , and, m
time of \»,ir, hire whole regiments of Cicrmans. The
cluef command ot the armv is veiled m the lladiholder,
under wl\om is the lield-marlhal-peneral No nation
can fit out a more liirmidabic fleet than the Dutch, hav-
ing alwavs vatl quantities of timber pr.paied for build-
ing lliips, and greit numbers of (bip-caipcntrrs and
iiiari';e:s : h.owevcr, in times of peace, ihev ufually have
no iTioie than jc in commitlloii, for the prote^'tion of
their trade i;i t'le Mcducrranean, and to convi y their
homeward-bound liulianu n, \"c.
The Dutch I'att-India couipany have had the mono-
jx)lv of the (nice trade confiderably more than a cen-
tu; . ; hence it is cm of the moll opulent trading com-
panies in tl.e Miiseife. Though tlie United IVovinccs
ot ihemleivi. ^ prcdin e very few things, yet •.II ihe ( onv
moJities and j roduet-, of the globe m;'y be pn. cured
here, 'llie Dut« h likew ife acijuire great riches b\ their
hvrring, cod, anil nhale lilhcries ; by their manufac-
tuics ul linen, pa[ier, earthen-ware, &:c. and by lliisi-
bu Idinir. Kvery province has the right of coinage,
but all the pieces muU be of a limilar intrinlic value.
The lol'ow ing table exhibits, at one point of \ lew , the
value, 1:1 Knglilh money, of the Dutch gold and lilver
c lin :
D .AUTHENTIC SYSTEM o-- UNTVTRSAI. GEOCRAi'! lY.
t. U 1. D.
S 1 1. V I.
-,r-,
Val.
|/. . ./.
- - I -. (>
Value,
Ihrei- guilder piece
lli'l-r'der -o 1: <) lii^ix-dollar -
i>,uMc ducat
l.Vi „• - -
o 19 I
y (1
I
Twenty-eight ftiver
piece-
Six Itiver pici c - lO di
Fkccs of live lli\er
and a half - - J " ^
Two liiver pieCL^,'] I
eleven of w hic h ;. i o
t make - - -J
Sti\erpieces,elcvcn |
of which make I '
It is to he obferved, that the fmallell coin, or doit,
is worthabout halt'a farthing ; and that l-inglilh, i'lench,
and Clcriuan coin, pal's cum lit j-.eie for iheir iiiini,ilic
v'nlu'j.
I S I'. C T 1 C) N. V.
Dr/,rip:ir.!! rf //•,• C.iin/v (/ Diritshr, r.r Ihrm, il,
I (iV«( r,7.'//.' LitihU , t'c. ii:r.':i,lt\l nuJrr ihr ///.',■ ,j
I
THE county of Drcthe is bounded (>n the fci;th by
Kentheim, and Owi-^'U'el ; on the norli bv
■ (Jroningen; on the well b) i'nefeland; and on tl.e eall
I bv Munfler. it is tolerably leriile: the Hates co;')!.'
■ of the nol'l. sand freeholders ; the alleml-lv is annu.il!'.
, held at .Mien, but no deputies are lent fioii> thence tii
the Ihite^-general. .MTen, the capital, i, fiti'.ll, will
built, and the fear of the high colleges ; and Koesor-
\\ den, though a fin.ill town, is llrongjy f)rtilied.
.1 The (ieiieialite Lamls are thofe parts ol the Netl.er-
,' lands th.U appertain to tl.e United I ro\ inces m general.
' Thj hereilitarv It.ulthojder is govt rnor ot them all. '1 he
j high tribunals aie held .\t the I lague, MiddK burg, aiu'
\'eulo; aiiiltheelhablilhed leligioii is C.il\ inifm. i'hel'e
!• lands conlilt of pait of the duchies of lUabar.t uid
|i I.imburg, ol the uppei quarter of (Jeldeilard, an! I'lrt:
;; ot llandirs. Ihe principal places in !5ra:\uv, beloug-
:' ing to the llai's, are ti'e follow ing :
Hois le Due on the !>e(l, 20 miles t'vin I'lali, Is
llrong by nature and ait. The m.!;i litv it I'r.e 1 ii.t-
\\ bitants are Ivomaii (.'ai'.-.olics. The town loritain- le-
|i \eial thuri hes, mals-houfes, a citadel, gvinnalium, 6i;c.
il The nianufietures are linen, woollen, cutlerv waic-',
il needles, Cvc. It was once a hiilioprie j and thecailie-
i| dial, which is now in the hand.s of the Prolellants, is
jl one of the mclf inagnilicent in the NetheiLiuds. Heioic
]: the Reformation there were i6 mona'deiies of both
fexes here. In the dillnct to w hich the iom n gi\es
name are the towns of ()llerw\k, Tilborg, ISoMel,
I-.inhoven, (Irifchot, Helmond, ()s, Crave, .indRive-
ilein. The (irave is llmngl) fonilied, and belongs to
'he prince of Orange, who is alio jirojirietor ul the
barony ot Kuik, and. other ellates in the dillri^t. K.i-
vettcin, with the lordllup to which it gives nanic, arc
held as liefs of the llates-geneial, by the elector pala-
tine; and Helmond is the propertv ol' the houfe of
Artmberg. In the fame dilliict is alfo a loidll.ip be-
longing to the leiuonic ordei', and tw« rich coments,
I which, by the indulgence ol the tlate.s, are fullered to
! lemain and enioy iheirancien: revenues.
liieda, lituated at the coiitlux of the Miuk and the
I Aa, which, after their lunction, are navig.ible frcni
hence to the (luman Ocean, 14 milesfrom Dori ro the
|! fouth, ^omilesfrom Hois le Due to the well, and 1^
'! from Antwerp to the north-eall, is |)retiy \»ell Iniik
'' and firtifu'!, and a part of the adjacent ii)untry niay
|; be laid undir water. 1 leie are leveral fquares, one of
h whiLh :^ ileiightfu'h planted with trees, a.ad adorned
'1 with a ino.ited I illle, and I'everal cl.urches, but the
; trade and m;unilai'bires of th.e toan arc gri.aily de-
ll cjintd. 'Ihe llaies have been pollellLd of it ever linee
Ij the • ear I'l j-. Here king (.'hirles II. reli led a lliori
J timtbel'oie he fet oi:t, when invited by his fubjcts to
II take potl'ellion of in, kingviom?, and fnun hence wa*
|| d.iii.d hi.^ I'unous dcclaiation. Here alfo, in \dU<}, the
Ii l.uiaiiis treafy of peace was eoneluded between the faij
'I king C'liaihs, l.(wisXIV. of I'rante, and the llates-
ll gineral, under the mediatuin ot the king of S-edcn.
1 'Ihe neigjibourhood ot the town is \eiy plealant .
among oihi'r agreeable objeiis are lever, d woods, of
whiih one is cut out into beauiilul walkiand \dlas.
'Ihe town g'iv I . n ime to ,1 baionv , wlueli contains iS
little tow ns and \lllage^, the piimipal ol wlueh are
Wilbamlladt and Steeabergen, whu.haie b.iih ivell loi-
tified and •'.arnl'oned.
Hi rgen-op./ooin is not loc.illid liom its bcng iitu •
ated jii the river /ooin, as there is no lui h river.
; Thole who have been of that oj)iniiin have taken for a
river a canal that runs through tin , .;iv, aiul wa-, made
I fi r the convcnii ncy of hriiigin;; ii'.io ii;e town boatj
j laden withtuit-, w hich fciv..- loi fuel f> thcinhabit.mti.
] i But
• uRori'.]
J'ut Zoom, I
border, and
Hands, hei aul
ing bulk on a
It wa: Inini \\
I lill on the V
werp to tl'ic r
it 11 in\K 111 il
vl;o lortilied
w as leckone.l
Antwerp tl'.e;
II ndsas lar as
iu:(> the |iot.'
with batt.Tie-
T here i.'- a en
plies of lULii
out being pri
li) tile le.i t
I aniu):i, aiul
lb ke or I .ml
alio feveial li
irencliments
anil oitc.i ovi
dillicult. It
pretty near t
b\ means ol 1
,uid detendci
here .lie w ill
liliil. The
(,f ar.-l'.it-cti
\. Ill: '-id o% er
I'ee'.n'.v-
\i','.ellli<h
irilii s biloiii
tioiii 1 .lege, ;
to whom It
.ler, are fo\
l.iege, as ha
of Hr,ib,iir.
snd cSiUi he:
garrilon is 1
tonlills part
iholics, ;u'.d
of I. lege,
yontal qu.iii
in time of w
and v.iluablt
w:t!i fi.u
_5c:)j liouli.s
iilo!?. The
Il hrul here,
hvl-.e Hate-
lllUOIUl 01
hoiile-, Wit
In the pa
the lla;e^
V.likel.lu
ll.iniU on li
pl.H e. Is til
Mlege it
In the I.,
llates-ger.i )
Venli) h.,
I'ows, w hie
il.inds on t
t.in: liom (
to the noil I
laij^Cj havi
R\i'!lY.
'Jrr ibr
Ihi-m, ![,
'J
III I'M the fouili liy
on \hc IT)!';!) I).
ui ; -M^A 111) ti.^- c.lli
thf Ihitfs ((cMi.'
flViii' 1\ i; ;ii)Mii.il!)
CDt j'loii- tllfiU'C !()
t.il, i, Ciii;!!, Will
m's ; ;)iiil ko^s .ir-
lart^ oi tliL" Nf'.licr-
ro\ iiici's ill gcDtra!.
Hi 1 thin) ;ill. '1 In-
L', \lii!d!i bupfi;, arul
. C'.iK iiiifm. I'lu-I'o
)iL's (it lir.ibart ::;i.l
icliU'iIai'il, p.n.I ['.irn
in !5ra'\iir
■"'■»>i-
li'lS
1) licih, is
■;■ ri'.y it lI.l' i 'iK'.-
c town ..oiirain.^ Ic-
1rl,i',M)inaliiii)),iicc.
illci), tiitlcry \\,nc-',
jiiL- ; nnJ tl'.r calliL-
thc I'loudants, is
N'LlliL'ilainh. lii'ioir
IlOJ^llfl'l ic.^ of liotll
hid) the io'.i I) i^ivcs
, Till'orjj, Iii).\i(.i»
;, Clravc, aiiil K.i\c ■
lii'tt, and hcii)np;s to
(I jiiopnctor ol tin
in the dillritt. K.i-
) it j-jivps naiiic, arc
hy the clcclor |i;ila-
rtv ol tlic hoiifc ot
i .ilfo .1 lordlliip be-
ll t\v« rith convent'-',
latcs, aic rullcri.d to
fDUCS.
f the Meik and the
are navi^;.ible Ironi
lili >.fioni Doit to the
to the uell, and a^
is pntiv well built
ijacent loiintry niay
M-ral Iquares, one ot'
trees, and adorned
« I'.uu hes , but the
oan are gri.atly di-
lelllJ of it e\er litii e
s II. i-eli led a (liori
id bv hi.s fiibje. is to
aiivl tioni heiiec \\i\%
re alio, in i('in), the
lied between the I'aiJ
111 e, and the llatcs-
l".e 1m 11;; ol S ' edcn.
n i> \eiy ])!eari;if .
le IcMial uood^, ot
III! walki and \ ilias.
\ , which contaJnii iS
Diipal ol whii.li are
III) aic b.idi iSLil toi-
li froii) its be.ng l"itu-
c is no liieli river,
lion have l.ikeii for a
; my, and w.i-, made
nio ilic town bo.iti
:e! f,>'hciii!iabit.i!iti.
1 iiuc
1 loD) thi- eity
11 planted with
the
MMiOI'l .]
J'lit Zoiun, 111 Dill ill, lij^nifics a feam, an hem, or a
border, and was j^iven to the country where this i ity
Hands, bei atile it borders upon the (la : and tl'c < ity be-
iiij^ buili on an lull, e.iUed, m Dutch, Uerge, or I!iri';eii,
It w.is Inini thenec railed b'er)^eii-iip-/o('iii, i, e. " I he
1 lill on tie iJorder." it is 1 1; miles dilhint tiom Ant-
vierpto tl.' iiort'i, and i 'from liied i towards th.e well.
It Is one ')! the llionpell places beloii^mj.; to the iJiiti h,
vl'.o tortilied it lb ih'oilgly in the year l():y, that it
\*as leekone.l alnioll ini|iiegnable. On the tide towards
Antuerpl'iey have built a lar^e hall- moon, whicii ex-
it nds as lar a- the tort called Ky k-in-dr- Pot,i. c. " Look
iiKo the pot." 'I'hat lort isdeleiidcd by tour redoubts,
with batteries pl.inieil V, ith ureat j^uns on e\ery tide.
'there i.-- a canal Iroin t!;;- i'ea to thi:, city, bv which lap-
plies ot men and amiiuinition can be brought in, witli-
out heinj; prev elite. I b;. the believers,
to tlie le.i there aie eleven tons wi
I aniion, aiivl many ledoubts a:vl palilaiiois alon<r
ilvk.'oi i.niteway. Towards Suenbtrgen there arc
ilto li veial lortilications, with many redoubts and in-
ireiu liiiients ; and as the country about it is marlliy,
.mil oiti.) overflowed, the appioaches to it are very
dillii ult. It IS reckoned a lea-port tow n, liecaufc it is
pretty near the lea, with whicli it lias a con munication
by me.insol the liver .Scheld. Its harbour is very line,
,r,id deknded on both 'ides by llioiif; torts. 'I'hc lioulcs
here aie Will built, and the Cquair lai'i;e and beau-
iil'.d. The church ot .St. (iertrude is a noble piece
(;t arrliit.i tiire; its roof being but one (in'.de arch
v.iu!'-cd over. '1 he palace o[' the maiijuis is alio worth
i'ee.iijv.
\i,'.elhi< ht, on tl;e Maes, is one of the nro!i'];cll f'or-
irelKs bilonj..ilig to tiie republic, llandint; l .; miles
tionv i.ieye, ami 4S tiom JjiullMs. 'the lljtes.<;eneral,
to whom It was vielded up b\ the tieat\' of Miin-
der, are loveieigns ot it, |oinily wnh the l)ilhop of
l.ie^e, as liavinf, fiici ceded to the nights ot the dukes
of braban'. There are many popith convents in it,
end ciiurihc l>elon};ing to dilierent llvts; and a tVrong
garriloi) is maintained by tlic l\ates. I he mMgilhacy
conliils partly of Calvinil's and partly of Roman Ca-
tholics, ai'.d the latter mull be natives ol the bilhiipnc
of l.iege. In a hill in the neij;libourhooii is a l)ori-
■/oiiial quarry lull ot Ion;; wind.ng pali'aues, in which,
in time of war, th.e eoiiiury piople teetire their cattle
and v.iluabli elleets ; .;.o,ooo men miglit lodge in it
Willi <.''cat loiivenience. The town contains atiout
5c:!j lioulis, and i,{,oco inhabitants, betides the gar-
iiloi!. 1 hcie is a C alvmid gymnafiiim and graminai-
li hi ul here, ilie mailers and protclibrsof w hich are paid
bv '!\' Hates ; a large college, a coiiunandeiy of the
'tiiiioiui order, a llately town-houle
lioiili'.-, w;ih other public buildings.
In the part of the duchy of Liiilbur
the l1ate>-g;'ncial, are,
Valkeiiburg, the falcon's iVIountain, or Caflle, which
ll.inds on the river (leul, and, thoufli but afmall open
pluce, IS the capital of a county. Iiy a particular pii-
Mle_-e it ;s exempted liom all taxes-
In the upper part of (lelderland, Iki m^^ing to the
ilares-f;eiieral, aie the follow ing pl;u cs:
Vealo li.es Its name from its lituatioii anong low mea-
dows, which ii t;;e meaning of its nam.' ';i Dutch. It
i'.inds on the right Ivink o! the Maes, levcn miles dif-
i.m! Iroiu (ieldcr to tiie (outli, and '.-7 from Ruremonde
III the north. This i ity is of a tquare form, and pretty
lai;j,c, having two lliuarei ; the town houfe (lands in
11 O I. I, A N D,
231
and governor's
, belonging to
one, where they alio keep a ir,arkct three times a
week; the other is the [jarade, and place of arms.
[lere arc between S and 900 houfes, and about 4000
inhabiraiits, moll of whom aie Roman Catholics, who
cii|()y the free lAcrcife of their religion. They have
but one parochial ( hureh, and fcveral convents. Tl.c
Dutch Prolellaiits have a pretty church here; and this
is the only frontier town where there is no I'VencW mi-
iiiller.
'I'lic houfes are verv indiileient, and the inhabitants
generally to poof, that they let their houfes tall to
ruin, 'ihe magithacy is compofed of a fchout, abur-
gomadei , (even fclieejiens, three counfellors, and twi»
lecretaries. The burgonialler is changed annually by
the Hates-general, and choleii among the fcheepcns,
troni a nomination of three prefented to them by the
counfellors.
Stevenfwecrt is a flrong fortrcfs with fevcn baflions.
k Hands in an itland of the M^es, near the borders of
the duchy of Clevcs, and the bilhopric of Licgc, three
miles below Maefyck, and nine above Riircmonde. In
the year 16(3, after the death of the infanta IfabcUa,
the roarquis of Aitove, whom Philip IV. king ot
Spain had appointed governor of the Low Countries,
till he could pitch upon a more proper pcrfon, caufed
this fortrcfs to be built; and m order to obftruifl the
trade ol the Dutch up and down the Maes, he caufed
a biidgeof boats to be made here, the head of which
he foi !:ied.
The principal places belonging to the flates-gcneral
in llanders arc the following:
Sluys, on the (iermaii Ucian, the harbour of which
is now almoll choaked up. The I'ortilications arc re-
markably fining, but the air is (b bad that th.e garrifon
mull be changed every year. .Ml the other Dutch go-
vernors in llanders are fubordinate to the governor of
this town.
Hulfl is a flrong fortilicd town, (ituared in a fruitful
plain, w'liic h may lie laid under water. The commodity
it chieMv deals in is corn, having a canal, or harbour,
which communicate i with the VVell-Scheld. The forts
and lines by which it is fiirrounded render the ap-
proaehes to it very diflicuit; but the air is but
inditfeient, and mofl of the inhabitants arc I'aiiills.
It gives nime to a bailiage, which is of eonfidcrablc
extent.
Sas van Cihent is a fmall but llrong town, on a bay
of the Wcll-Scheld. Its name tignifies the Sluice of
(ihent; for the inhabitants having dug a canal from
hence to that city creded a fluire here tiur keeping up
the w atcrs. About a mile from the town is a fort called
St. Anthony's, which was built for the defence of the
Hull e.
I'hilippine is i fmall but well fortified town, on tlic
wellern.'rm of the .Scheld, called Hrackman-water. It
had its name from i'luliji II. king of Spain, ■■'locaufed
it to be built.
In this part of Flanders is the illand of Kadfand, or
Catfand, which, ai well as many other places whofc
names begin with Cat, is fuppofed to have been lb called
from the Catti, who lormerly inhabited part of the Ne-
therlands. It liesover-againll Slu\s, and is very fertile.
I o defend it againli the ("ea, to which it is much e\-
pofed 111 (lormy weather, llroiu; dykes have bcenereCted,
and are kept in ie[)air at a vaft expence.
Thehifloryof the United Provinces will be included
in that of the Netherlands in general..
■A
CHAP.
m
"liff
( 8j: )
«.
C H A r XII. It
Austrian Flaxders, or the Ausirian Netiierl.wd.s.
Tins poximc of thf Nct'u'il.itvls, boiiiulciJ on
tiic ninth hy thf Uiiiti-il l'.-(i\iiHc, on tiic fill
hv Gfiinain', on the Ibuth liv fcvcr.il p:i:ts of France,
and on the «c(l liy the Cniiii.in oeean, is ( o miles long
.ind ;o broiJ.
The le\etal ilillind dillri:t.s are a- follov :
I3r\bant is boun !e.l on the north bv tb.e United
I'uninics J on tlic loiith hy Heiineg\n ani.1 N.iiiiui ;
on the «el\ bv I'l.mJers, prop.'ilv I'o iMlieii ; a.iil on
the call bv Lieie The .iir is {r<icnl, anJ the foil fn)i -
t.;l. It i5 v.a\re;l by I'eveial ri\ers, the eliict of whieh
i-s the Dcni.r, or Rupel. Tr.eic are two fwie canals
in it, one of vihich joins t'.ic Scnne aiul the Kiipeli the
other runs I'roni Loiivam to the Kiipel. Between I.ou-
v.iinaui Hriiliels is a line lion ■ cauftuav, aiiii a.iother
reaching from I.o.ivain to I'hi' nen and 1 ie!j,e. The
ibutheni part, calleJ W.illooii-lJr.ib mt, is inountun-
oiis, but not unfriii;;ul. la Aiillii.in Hr.ibaiU .ire reck-
oned 1 1) walled towns, belides a i;ieat maiu' b.iroii.-hs
a;:d Milages. 'I'hc itaies of lie province cMUilt i.'f tb.e
clerg\ , iiobilit;.', .'.nd reprefcnta'.ncs of the chiit towns.
'1 iicle lla'e nee: tour tim> s a \ear at Brulfcls, In
ihe:r., and ihe m. eroy, the leginui\c po.ver, and t'.uit
c,\ le.'.ing money, isscl'ted; but the whole alieml-iy
nii:ll lij unaiiimoiis in palling an ,u:. Tl'.cv .ipponu a
kir.doi coiuiiiittee, of two ilervi\men and t ao noblj-
iiicn, tv) nice-, da 1_\ during their rccels. 'Incie are lour
hereditar) ollicer-. of llate fortius prmincc, \ i/.. the fe-
luiVhal, r!-.c cl-.anibeilain, the mar.lal, .ir.dthe guidon :
belides wli;ch there arc alfoa great huiilfman, a great
t.ilconcr, a great forellcr, a chief r.illkC in eyre, and a
mailer o( the wolf-hunters. The l.i;^',h council of Hra-
lianr, wh.ch is divided into two (hanil)ei>, or courts,
ii chieHy hc'ii at MeCidin, where moll ot the pro-
vinci.il caufes are tried. Tie iloman Catholic is the
only ie;igi..n ot tnis couatrv ; and the nuniler a, id opu-
lence ot the cccieliarti.'s i^ vcr.gr. ,it. At Mechlin
is the f-e iif an ai'chbiihoj), to n horn ,\re fulvect the
l^rclatLS i( Aniwerp, Ghent, iiris le Due, Drugi.s,
^p;e>,and l^.lrl.monde. In the ar. hbilliop are 14 col-
legiate churi- Iicn, an.l :d j cioilieis. '1'm1>, \» ith iii,in\'
o'.f.er counnics, < air.e to the houfe of .\flliia b) the
mairnge ot M.ii a, li .tighter of t'luirics the Hold,
duke (ii Biirgui.d;,, with Maxmiii.an, archduke ot'
\u:lra. 'I'ne principal inan.ila. t.iri., .ue laun , cam-
b:■l':^, .ind ,ap \\-:.
'I Ik- Walloon l.ingu;i'/e, which i^ Qiokcn heir, is a
miviu.e of (iernian, irench, and .Spanlli. I he arms
of tliedci h) a:e a I. ion. Or ; in a field, Sab!e. Au-
flrian Br.i'oaiu 1, diMilol into I'euTal tiujriei .. In the
ti'iail.rol i_.iiu\.un l,ie |irin< ipal places a;e,
l.ii;i\,\in iMi the l))u-, I j nnies laii ot I'mflel-,
tnrmeriy the i .ijiii.d oi the duci.y ; bur ,it pi\ i iit Bi ul-
f Is is conlidercd ai Inch. l,ou\,iin 11 a [.l.ii cot great
anri'i'iit , , having been l.ainiled bv ihei'np rorAlnul-
prs.ua I I.e. k ag.nnll the Notmar.s. I nr ii;ipeie,r
( liri \, ua- vdu .red in the c aiil-, wliirh hmg con-
tic'i.,] .he reliihii e o! the ihikes o| lir.ib.in:. M.iiiy
iiinir.b!-; - if t'.;■llau^ have iKeii kept in ii. 'Ihe
C inc I- 1; 11 I iiiillcrs ;\rc veiv n nir, I'v;; and fine, bith
w :l.;n.i!id wi ho ,t ilu ti.'.\ n. uhnhi \i,'. lu.'c, but
n It pi 1 u'.o.;-. ; i r I'ni'if ,ii.' main ihi 1 lo.\ ^, \ ine\ in Is,
r.'a'd-.-n., an 1 or li.ird-, w;thm il.i '-a'!.. I he ll.idt-
hi.;iA . lultl.e < hull h ot M. Piut are \ei;. b. n nfiil. In
tlie i.j.h I u.tiiry the manul'i iu;r ot .mxiHiii ( fiths ua~
I'o ;;; I ,1' lu rr, t!'..it iheie wi r.- s.ill nuin'.Hi - 01 wo leii
drr 1'-, and many ti.ouland n| ui.ivei , in l! e cil).
V. . . 1 thtv \'. ent I, 'Oil! thi-ii uoi k,a gre it b.il w s rung
luM e';il.iien
t . ' !■■ ■ n ri.-e to tie in '!:;'■ - ' 1 In.
V. hi", diH,'r>, IcIl tl; \ r..i;.,ld 1) : ti.iinj)kd.
bv that crowd of workmen ; but, in proeefs of t'nv,
tic ioiirneymeii weavers, and oih ri a 'cIim 11, revolt 1,
took lip arms, ilitcw fe\ei.d ot th 1; m igi''r ites out 1 t
the windiws of the tO'.Mihonle, ;i d i.ul ' aiVc all
Br.ibanr : at kill, however, they wir- inbd .u, Ibiv. ■
()!' their ringle.id.Ts e\ecute I, and n 'f; ot .eodiei,
bani'ed. Ot ilicfe, nun.' letre.l to I igkiivl, nil
veickindlv received Thetr.idcof I.oiivain has evi r
lince bien upon thede 1 ne, an 1 a' pr-. Vr 1; 1:1 on.i-
d. rable, con.ilt.ng cli' Hv in ihecMtlicni beu uh.ch
IS brewed there, of which rot qianri' es are lent tolho
neighbour. ng cit 11 ^, (fp'C... < > IvulieU. W ih a
view to rellore ths ctv tM's 10: nv I 1 're, an 'inucr-
lity was founded in it in nz(>, he I.>'.n \\. d e "f
l>r.'.bint, which enjovs greit privi'.ges, .^i n ed to it
b.itli by the popis an I li ikes. l':'.e;eare .1 ve aO
colleges; ,",nd in t.e hall, w eic th.e pi.blic e\..r fs
are peitbrmed, are three IpiiiiUis- rooms, wh reUi. -
tines a;e r. ad c\irv morr.ing in ^■i>!n!:^, l.iw, a; li
phvti. , to v. hieh thefcholirs, iieer. ci.lhg,-, nay
rclort. Ihe Hull indcrs lire .1 college her- tor their
Ivoiran Catholic, the I n|.',l.ih ore of .Aiigiill n- monk--,
aiui the Ir.lli one of Doiinn cms, and another of ne-
collecl-. 'iogive 111! oi.r nement to learning, p '| '.'
Sixtus IV. granted 10 tlie >i i>e .ity, A. I). 14S j, the
[in \i lege of piefentation to .il' ihe liv ngs in t'e Neher-
laiids. 'l"hcc!i;iri h, which bihinm-dtn the :cfiiit's con-
vent, is admired for tlethganci of it^ ai ticl'.ccti.r.-.
'Ihc convent for JMiglilli lailus is \irv c.i. a' ioi!> an.a
elegiiit, ;ind moie richly enilow cd than any other m
the Low I'ounfii s. The bcri'lurs of l.oiivam boiit
that their citv wa^ never taken n- lor.e. in 171c,
indeed, the I'rciu h enteud u by tti it.i;',em, 1 iit w^ le
loo 1 repulled with gieu lot's b, tin c 11 /.ens. Tore-
ward their lideliiv'and liraverv, 'Jharle, then Hv led
kintr of Spi'n, and atterwar.is cm .errir, prel'. ine.l the n
with a j/)!v'e,i kev, whiJi is'ii.l kipt in ih> lo>\n-
lioufe.
Tieiicn, on the Ghcfc, i'ern m h-s e.ill of Louvin,
w.is foinierly a \ ere cont'.ii; r :b'e city, but is no-.v
gre.itly (heaved. Here are two lo.legiate chuu 1 e-,
the cann is if one of whiJi are ; eimit.cil t.) mariv, but
II th.v letom.; widower; tliev ,■.'(■ n-H allowed to w,d
a fe.ond time, iii.lefs tliev relign th.eir piebend--. No
lavman h.is b(.( n .ible to .! er a:; tlieann.unt of the 1
I'-veniKs, ;is thcv are bi.un.l !•.. o.itn, ivt to reveal it.
lluy nu.tl be all natives of the pl.ue, .m.l the pie-
beiui < aic 111 thc.r ov<. ngii't, to th.i: upon tlie whole tl ey
are vuv opu en'. Helivl;s the above, hcic are eight
nunneries ami fix mona'.lvr e^.
lleleiveisa t.iwn With a lt:on; caltle, bclonyn'to
the duke (f Areniburgh a. id .\fKhot ; a id 1, iiiili. 1, a
line b.iri'iigji tow n.
(I'rmbloiirs Ihilid. upon a (leq) hid, en -I'mp ill"; d o;i
all ti,li.s ui'h p.recipices, excep: toward, theealf, .v here
a Irtle hill 1 ■^ s over ir. It is coniidenhle on'e tor
it..ih'(v i,f"r. I lubei', I'f t' c Bene.lietine ordn. Th?
aiildt n the til It iiobKiiun of Br.il'ant, h s he . tlerf
e.ul ol (ieoi' loi:i, ot wh.hl'cis a ten.por d lord, .ind
Irr, a- f ih,lhc- lirlf vou i in -Iv. a''embii of ihelfatc?
,,f I'.i bin.. 1 h'S al'bi-v his piodu e.l leveral ieitned
mill; .iikI, iriio'gll o h 1 , thec.icbi.il d monk >ige'
III rtu , .iv'hor 01 tliC t liio i. on G.'inblacenle, wtll
k ii'wn b theliained: In- ,iiul ii ri- Ml the year 1 1 1 .\
and hs .l.ionicle v» .is c.intniii d bv abbo' .Anf. lniii.i
t 11 the vcM ii.j',"' v.hiii lir di ll. ( r.'iiib'oiirs is ia«
nioiis in hillorv tnr ihe vhiciv whu h don John ot
■ ,'\iiUri 1 1; line i near it on the <l ll of j.inii.irv , 1 S7'', ovtr
ihe aim. ol the lla''s..-ciui.il, ■ oniina.uKd lyv ^.itcnv
'Ur leel ,1 lU.
wiio h>l! a
.iMiiofi, a:u
vva . I nnleit
tali.n
riiT, wnert
rough iletc
victiiry.
I, ecu we,
firmi '1 line
aliucU mai
which aid.
nierlv to la
l.ai'.di n 1
k in the y.a
comniand <
and the IV
bun', \ illei
tie natcd.
In the 1
places ar ■,
BullVeN,
though but
bant, hit
mdes well
and w.ueri
imn. noiil
of It ai a I
its irreguin
feven mdi
huge to hi
aiiit i.s lur
dit' l!e^.
1 1 1 re a re
gie.it Iqi .
in fuiopo
Ulg I oinp.
cli]i'e> I nt
hellilhed '
eVc. 'Ih
contains t
of I'rabai
aiioined w
painillU's.
Micluu!
bii'h, whi
Iniil-iings
tf the lev
tinciiop,
i'l piCVcf-. of t'lH^',
r.i 'cin I II, revolt • I,
i: 111 '}:i''rit(s out dt
1 d ..11. 1 ' ai^c ;ill
■vi r ■ iiil)(l , u, loiii-
ri '!i ul 'i' () liiTi
to I- ;jl.iivl, Ti i
I I.oiivain Ins i'\i r
;■!■ • y 1 . 11 D.ii-
. I.i II; hu! I u li i;li
■i' (■< .iiv Icni ro ill-
IvuH'cN. Wth a
t I 'ri-, m 'ini\cr-
[.^'in IV. (I ,:,c-r
:'s. t,i n (.-J to i;
1 'c.i- arc a .w jo
tl.c jii.iili;- i-\._r. Is
riMiiis, M 11 ic li, ,
1 I'p iiiirv , l.iw, a; d
1 (■■ IT. (1,11. i^r,., ,,.;,.,.
>'li- ;c hiT- lur tlu-ir
•t' \i:Kiili n.- monk',
ai li another of i<c-
t U) Itai'iiiii:^. ji ■} '.-
t... .A. I). 14SJ, tiij
i\ ngs in t ■c■^(.■•h<•l•-
^' to the ic-fint's ro:i-
ot i;^ aiticliicti.r.'.
MTV CI. a ioi;, ai\t
cd than a:iv dt'icr iii
rs of Loin am boiit
\y lor.-c. In i7i'.-,
Ih it.ij'.cin, hit \\! ic
iu' en /(.-n-;. 'Id i;-.
Charli'., th.'n IV. U\i
I'ror, pr.r, !Hi;.l the. a
I iM-pt in ih^ !i'v\ n-
li'-) iMll (it 1 .(HIS M;!,
'f t-ilv, l-iit IS nn\
l<>.Il'!',I.U'.' thllK.l.l-,
nut. Ill r.i maiTv, but
' ivu ail.m'.d to u..l
tlu'ir pKlHTid-. No
tluaim.ciu of the 1
itli n.it to ii-\cal It.
|)',u I', .in, I the jiK'.
t:po:i tl.i' uholi t! cv
ou', lu-ic an- ti^jju
calllc, I'llon;' n ' to
ot ; a:id 1. Ill til I, ,1
nil. en •ciiipiirid on
. ard, tliCi-alf, .^ 'iiTe
oaiidcnlilc on',- tijr
c.liotiiu' iiiji I. Tii-
anr, h s f-t- . tU- d
tfn.j'or ;l lord, ,ind
leniiiU dt" I ho rt.ifc<;
1 i\\ I'l'vir.il LMtiK'd
:biai d monk Su^i: .
Gi'iiiblac-cnlc, uill
'(■ 111 the year 111:,
31 abtiof .AiiMniuS
fi'Tiib'onrs is (a*
mIiu h don Jol.n ot
[.iiiii.irv, 157^, over
iha.uKd l)v Vitcnv
n, .i:!.l W.I . I I iili.'t'
ft'
a
ri!
r,.|tl.
In rl;
.1 filial; vill.igf, ncir ri iniL's ficiin Na-
1:1 the \rir I/".*., the duke of M.iiili )
.1 ihc Ir.r.ch, and oh ainu.l a li.'ii.d
built in
< omi- '. ,
ir.n;:'-.
!\"!llllil'
nvr, u!u-
rou^li iliiiar
\kt.ir-,-.
I.<(u«f, o!i thr friu""?, a (hiinu; town, fcvcn miles
fioni I uiii:', ;, in a niari'iiv litiiation, whii h rcnder.s it
ujiiidlt inacii ii;|-ili-. The air is cxtiTiinlv bad, on
vliuh ai Clint the fovcieiii-ns of the eoiinty iikd for-
nierl;, to 1 anilli i.Mini]'.ii.iKs hiili.r.
i.ar.dtn 1 ; r'anunis lor t'.c del'(iirale battle Ibiii^ht near
k iiuhev.ar H.iHi betwei'n tiieeoniedenites, niiiiei the
cop.mand ol king William aiid the elevator of I5avar;.i,
and the l';;n'. h, I (immande.l b\ the dukes of Liixcm-
hun", \ iKeii^y, and Herwii k, in whii h the former were
tleu.Ued.
Ill l!'e IhiiiFels (jiiarter of Brabiuit tlie ]iriiHi[)al
pl.,<\sa;--,
lii.'.niU, w hii'li <^i\es n.Tmc to the terriier.. and is,
thoiij;!i but leeond m rank, not onlv ;he lapit.il c^t' Hia-
b.in;, hit of the Netheii.mds in i^eiicial. It is 1 j
iiiilcs ueli ot l.oiivain, lituated on the brou ol .1 lull,
and w.iiereil In the little river Sennc, Kit. w deij,. <i
mm. no;ih; lonj^. 2 deg. ^o miii. well, '{'he [)r(if[Het
oi It 111 a dillanee is admirable, but, upon eiileiins; it,
«rs ine .-uiarit'. is rather difgullti.l to .1 fliani-er. It is
fe\en miles iij ein umferenee, faiui eonlei|ii( ntiv too
laiL;e to hold out a Ion;;; lie!;c, ) ha^ I'cMcn Uron;.; ,i^''H's,
and i.s fiirrminded b\' a ilouble briek m.iII, and deep
dit' lies. It IS piipuloii,, and the houlV.s are handlome.
1 lire air liwu beautltul fquares ; in paiiunilar, the
;ne:it l(]i .r.', or iiiai kei-plaee, is one ol the moll noble
in I mope: around it aie the halls ol ihe ditl'erent Ir.id
Ui;', I onipaiih s, .nut tlie tou n-hou!i . the Ia;o r or-
e'.i])ei ( ne qiiai ler ; and the lionfsof tf" i\ holeare ein-
belhll.ed with f< iilpliiiei, i;ildinii, l.atin infeiinrions,
ixe. file town-hoiife, whieh is an ek"<j,ant linieture,
Kintaiiis the apaiMiients tor ihe alTembh' of the Itaks
of lirabaiu. 1 hev lire t'p.i' lotis and fiijierb, linrh
atloiiKd w itli tapellr)' in utii tnmes, and man\ oiii'i:' ;!
iMMiiini's. ()n the top of the lleeple i> the Itaiiii- ot Sr.
M'ehael killini' the drai^on, of !\ik eopper, 17 le<-t
hirh, whi. h feivcsfor a wealhei-eoek. The public
Iniil iiML^s in !>eneral, particularb the palaces and eoiirts
if the K >eial princes, county and other perlons otdil-
tiiK.ion, M'dher with the clmrLJici and tK)ilkr.-, aic
, N'l. -0.
LL'ROl'i:.]
taken prifoncr. This defeat was imputed to the abl'enee i
ot the chief olficcrs 1.4 the Ihites, who wiTe then at
Briilfels, at»d to the jealoiify fome others had comeivcd j
.I'.ainlt the prince ot Orange. In the abbey of this I
town king Wtlliam took ii[) his head ijuarteri during i
i\ great part ot'hi.s wars with Irance. |
Dielt is a little city ii[)on the ri\er Demcr, noted for
its uoollen cloths, hole, niui other manura.tures ; as
alio for the cxi elleiit beer brewed hi re, which i> fold in
all the neighi'iHiiing towns. They keep, on every ,\lli-
\\ ednelilay, a fmious lair for horfes. This (ity, with
it^ territory, has the title ot a barony, whieh belonged
to king \\ illiain, and is claimed at prefent by feveral
ot his heirs. 'Jhereareat Uielt two collegiate churches,
and feveral coiueiits of Iriars and nuns.
The I'Veneh lines in Miabant running along by this
plaie, it funendered to the- duke ot Marltwrough, whin
lie had fore ed thefe lines in 1701;. Hut toward.s the
end of the l.ime lamiiaign the 1 rench re-took it, and
dil";ii.i:it!ed ir. However, at lall, tlie allies again L'ot
polf llion ef It, ami it was c.jded to the houle of .Aultria |
by the poaee ot L'tiecht.
.MoiU.u;_'P.e, in 1 Icmilli Seherpi n Ileiivel, that is to
f.iv, Siiarp-.Mo :in,and, in l.atin, Moiis Aeiitus, which
li unities the (ame, ii thus called from its litiiition on
liie top of an hill: it II. iiids between IJiefl andSichemj
and, though i'li.all, is •■ i ry regu Lu 1 y built, and of an
he; t.i' on li.'ure. It is tamous ti.r an image of the I loly
\ irj'i.i, «im h lioiot formeily in a little nich ag.iinll a
tree, bii;, in llic year Kio.y, the archdukes of .Aiilhi.i
or fiiiall (hiirch, which is be-
;• olleriiigs of the devotees to tha:
A i; .S T IM A N FLAN 1) F. R S.
8JJ
large and nuuvii'i'cnt. Pehind tiic Imperial palace,
that Hood in the highclV pait of thecitv, i)ik W:::. biiint
down not many viars ago, is a park well Hocked with
deer, and planted with trees, like that of .St. James's at
J.ondon, for the iniiabitants to v alk m. .\t the tarther
end of It is a line ]ileafure linufe, built by the (m|)e:oi-
Charles V. afiLT his abdication. Oftheotler pal.ites,
tho/eofthc prince de la I'oiir :u'.d Ta\: , and of tin*
J'aigliili carl of Avlilbury, are very fine; and of the
gardens, tliofe of the Duke of iioiirncnville are the
moll delightful. In all the pal ires are ollecli.ins of
original ]'aintings, by t!ie lu'ill eminent mailers, hotii
Italian and Memilii. Thearfeiiiil is will worth feeiiiL',
on account of the curious antaj'-ie arms. The cpera-
hoiife is very fpacious and ii.agnilieent, built after the
Italian marner, w ith rows ol lodge.?, or tlofets, in inoll-
ot \. liich ure chimnies. lour line piiUires of the
markets of IJrufiiils, by Rubens aid Snyder, which coft
the dukes of St. Pierre .;o,CO'j tltirins, and for which
the I'rench king. Lew is XI V'. offered great funis, arc
now in the pollelFion of the Orford family.
Thi-i city IS well pro\ided uiiii water, having rn
public fountains, adorned with Ihumsat the corners of
the moll public iircet.. 'I'he low er pair ot the city is
called thcKivagc, and is cut into c.uials, which cor.i-
munitate with the grt.it canal, extending from BiulFuii
to the .Scheld, 1; miles. IJy tliis cinjl, which wav
liniOied in 15^1, and toll the ciry an immenfe lum, a
perlon may fail from IJrullils to the North Sea ; and
large coveird boatv, calle.l tr..cl.-fchoots, aciiialiy go
twice a day to .Antwerp and b.ick again. Fach boat is
drawn In one horfe only, which goes a gentle pace at
ther.iteot' three miles .in hour, and the fare is alxiiit
tv o-pence fai thing l()r every hour. .Along the canal.s,
both M ithin and without the ciiy, are line walk*. plant; d
with trees, as in IloUiind, and alio on the walh. Of
the churches, the mod n m;irk ible is that of St. CJiidula,
which is an old gothit building on the outlide, but
finely adorned within. In the choir are feveral line
monuments of illulbious princs : and all around it arc
many pretty chapeN, in one of which il.ey worihip
iliree hulls, wi'.ich, they fay, were flabbed in the \ear
!;*>.;, by a Jew, and bied. 'I'hefc are expofed every
ttlhv.il, ma chalice, riciily f^t with diamonds; and on
the Sunday after the i jth ot July there is a yeaiiy pio-
celiion, in memory of this llabbmg, when the holts are
carried, round the city, decorated with a great number
ot precious llone.s, and attended by all the clergy, ft-
i ular and regular, the m.igillrates, courts of juflicc,
and tlie governor of the province. The ( hapcl where
they are kept is all (>f marble, and the altar of folid
liber. .Among the cloillers ot all orders here arc two
Knglitii, one <if which is ot Dominican ladiCs, founded
bv eauimal Howard m the reign ol Charles II. c.f
which .V lady of the houfc of Norfolk was always to be
abbefs, and the other is of luins of the Benedictine or-
der. The beguinage here is like a little town, fur.
rounded by a wall and deiji ilitch, and fubdivuled into
various fmall llreets and lane.;. 1 he numlKr of be-
giiines, wlio have all fe[)arate apartments, amount to
above Sco; they are governed b\ tour matrciis, whom
tlie\ chufe out of their ow n bodi ; their church is verv
elegant; and they have a contelior appointed by the-
billu'p of .Aiiiweip. Here is a pawnbroker genera!,
or j)iiblit oiHce, tor lending money upon pledges at a
moderate intcrcll. It ii called the .Vlamit of Fietv,
and was eilabbthi.d b\ the archbilliop .Albert and his
contoit llabella, m the year 1*117. Several piivarr
[Milages lead to it, lo that anv perfon may enter it
without being teen goiii;.', m from the public tlreets.
'1 he II. habitants ot' IJruifels leem to h.ive had a great
predtleeiion tor the number i'e\'vn, as
in this I itv we find tome footlleps of the am ieiii
fi icy tor tha; number; f.ir there are leven |)rincipat
It reels that enter into the great market; leven Itately
hoiileiin the marker, let out by the fenate tor the life
ot iie corporation; feveiiparilli churches; leven noble
taniikcs, eminent for thrill antiquity and gie.it privi-
\j\i lejres ;
I .'i
ir'i
%:.i
m
it I
'J
MM
ll! i
r?i ^
A NIAV ROYAL, AND AUTIIKNTIC SYSTF.M or IJNIVFUS \1. Gl vX.K Ai: 1 \ .
; fcvcn niulu ivcs, lircnfcJ ;ii>d iVorn bv the fcnuto, i| ilicatcil to tlu \inMH Mary.aiul il c llnh-honlo.air mt,'
t'> ^ 111
t the
bli
loiii , as \V(
11 as tlu' IK ll, when calkii ; am
A
levin (niblK j:
Mlisot Done Mor
ot,
k.
niaf^nilicent llnii-tun s
laik.ilile t'ork-aJ- ii the lirll that
ill
•J'hi
(Jrcll
IRS. riu: e\i liiML^c I'oi luen haiUs
built ;,i I'lirop •, aiul tnmi uhuhSii
k his iiioiK I dl' iliai at l.oiuloii,
laiii ton
ing to i,UMa;iy pLuesot i)knhiri-,()rilillerent cxcii
OIK' to tow ling, a Iceoiul to lilhing, a thiiii to l.iiiitinf;, : as liiil alio tl olc a; XipCeui.ini. ll has lour Ipai inii
a loiiith to pleal'ant liekU, a lilLli to palliMe griniTuis, L,Mie.s, ojii'ulitc one another, uhili ar<- aUiay, op n
a lixth to Tprings aiul viiKumis, aivl a I'cNenth lo aiul the ualks on each liilo aii" I'lipi'oited by 4{ pilla
;ai
dens
I liliie nurblc, all cii'^ravcd, but not two < 1' then
'I'hc citv entertained at one tmie fcsen crowned , ..like. I'he length ot this cm lianjjj is i ^^o Icet, an t
heads, belldes the dukes of Savoy anil l.orriin, with '^ the brradth 140. Underneath aie v,ullt^ and iim;vi-
l)JOO
la
horl
e helongmg to
thci
r retinues. The inns, or !, /ines for men hants gi)oils; and abo\e is an
tin'^-hoiifes lure, are ei]iial to any in ilio world ; a lor painting, leiilptiire, architectuie, and maihiiiMti
ll
rani.;;; r may ilinc
ataiu time bet«ixt twelve and three
I'even or eight dillus of nicar, at a moll moderate (
charge. The wine> alio are very good and cheap ; and
lor a necr tritle In the hour you may have a coach to
carrv you wheiever \ou plealc. At the gate ot Hrullcls
begins the t'anioiH w ooJ ol Sogne, ol' great extent, out
ol' which the inhalMtants are allowed to cut a great
»iuaiuitv ot' wood lor fuel every year ; ami as tall as the
trees arc cut liown liclli ones are planted in ihcr
room, bv which n -.ns the for-ll wdl continue I •■
e\er for the bcnefi; .., the [ )or. 'I'hio 1 i". i 'hefi..'
of th>' council ot llate, the pri\ v-councu, ;ne coc:.-
til of linanccs, the war coiinol.and the chainherot ic-
conipti of the chancery and fcL-dal court ol nial>....r,
the court of the grand forelkr, and a particul.ir cham-
ber of a.( (>in[its tor the i)ro\iTKe ol 15iabant. The
trade conlilks in camblcts, laces, and ta|)ellrie', manu-
laLturCvi here, anvi leiu all over iuiroiie. In the year
l()o; it I'uftered nuuh by a I'lench bDmb.inlment : in
!-c6thc alhcs male ihemlelves m.ii'.ers of it ; and the
Irencii in i"4'i , but it w:is rclloicd by tl'e treaty ol
Aix-l.i-Ciiai^tI!e. NciL is a ttatue of gilt marble,
crC'.;icd by ih.e comjiany of brewers to [irince Charles ol
l.orram, ^■ovc.iuu-geiitral of the Aullrian Nether-
lands,
At V'ilvcrdeii, a fm.ill town, fevcn mik> fiom Hruf-
fils, llanvis on the canal of brulills.thc tamoi. -William
Tindal, who lull tranllatcd the New Telkiment into
I'.nc:lilli, ai-.d fuii'ered niartyrJom contrary to the law of
nation-, he heiiig a fubjeci of Ivngland.
Nivel!e IS 15 nulcs dillani lii)m Ijrulills, It is a
pretty corilit-leiabie city, lime, bendcti two collegiate
ihuiche-, there are live parochial ones, and leveral
. onven:s, t)ne of wh:ch is for iH>li:c learning. 'I'hcre
arc ilfo kvcral nunneries, and a chajner of canoneliVs,
who mull all be the daughters of princes, or al Icall of
noblemen of four licfccnts. The abbels is iHledprin-
i els ol Nivcllc, and is ap()ointcd by the fovcreign, who
mull ihi.lc one out of three canonelles named to him
by thi .;apier. The abl)er:> is I'lyaitiial and temporal
laiiy of the cit\, and of its dillnct. Thereare 17 vil-
lager VHi.hin the ilil'rict of th.is city. The to :i eu|ovs
laige privileges; and a great quantity of lii linen 1,.
;!;adc here equal to that ol C'ambray.
About live miks to the fouth <.f this city (kinds the
Village of . Send, lamous for a battle fought near it in
ir^.r, betwun the Dutch, under the })rince of Orange,
a:'..i the ircnch, commanded by the prince of L'onde.
1 luy luught with gnat fury on both lides eight hours
liuring da -light, and two by moon-light i but the
moon felting obl'ged thcni to give over. The I'rench
pretended they had carried the day, becaule they took
moil prifoi'.erslhan the Dutch , but the lat:er lemained
inaUer- ot the liekl o'. battle. There were about 14,1300
men k;llLil on both lides; but the 1 tench loll more
♦len t!:an ic-j Duti-h, and had a great manv oliiiers of
ilr.hnciioii iw.l.d.
Jn the i;..iii„iH quartrr ol \ntwi rp aic,
Aiuwiip, ■.'liiili nj\c. name to the marquii;ite<;f the
111,!, iioiiiaii ( ;.., ;a, or of Antwerp. i his i ity is
liruaied on lh> S lield, 2c miles north of ISnilkls. It
1., t'.-.e thi id ir. rank .11 lirabant, c.xtenlive and clegrantly
built. The hoi.ks arelolt\, built of frollone, and
have courts before, and gtardeiis behind them. Atone
end of a noble llrcet, ealled Mere-Uieet, there i, a
bra/.cn ciiu,Ii\, jj llrei in height. The cathedral, dc-
•1 I- 1
city was once the empoi mm lor trade on this ink
o^ie
)i iiv! liiuatid on the bai
if the
Si held, where lliips oi the gie itell 'luiihen came up
to her tjuavs, as upon the rivei jlaiiics at l.oiid in.
IJul wlieiith, Seven Uiin.id I'rovnuii v»eii- det l.iml .1
tree li.ue, aiul the navig.ition ol the Si |u Id w.i> y uMcd
to th. li by Spain, they built a Ion, calleii I ail 1, li u n
miles below this citv, on the nairowell parid the ■ i\er.
to hiiv' rai Oiipping Iromcoming up, i xcept w ha' ;iaul
■n : ami a'- I MilliiiiLi, in /lalaiul, i
a; til.;
CUlIlM '•) ilv
ii.ii', ■:. t :!■ river Scli 'd, ihe\ to k ellcviiial c.ire to
;■ •',.!.! the nav'ga'i*'" '''■" "•'> iinjiia^ li. aiilv : lo ili.iL
li id- u.'U winglrom .Xniweipto .\mlteKlam, a toa ii
1 " civ jt very conrklerablc, but now one oi the molt
til r itliin;. i 'iirofie. This .Irose the nuuhants of
Aiitweri ti. ; ..I.' 'iieir heads to jewelling, painting, ami
banking, which ihcy have continued to ihuday to the
gieatell perlection. 1 (ere is likewiie an e^i elicnt ma-
nufactory of tapellry and l.u e ; and, toi the promoiioii
of trade, an infurancc com|i.iny has been ere.ied. T'hii
I itv is the fee of a bilkop
V ho, as
abbot of Sr. Har-
nard, is the feeoiui prelate ii>. Hral ant. 'I hebilkopiic
is of great extenf, and the » athedral a n-oll nob! • pile,
with one of the lip.cll Itceples in ihe world. Tie em-
peror Charles V. vvlunhe made li:scntry into .\niv,erp,
laid it ought to be put in a cafe, and Ihcwiil only once
a year for a rarity. The houfe of the Hans-lowns,
built whenthecity was in lis llourilliing condition, isa
Itately buildiil};, w ith magazines abo\ e tor dry gomis,
and cellais below lor wet, aiul in thi- middle llorv weie
300 lodging roonis lor mere hints; but now it is turned
to a horfe bairack. Ilu'ic 1^ a market hereialad the
1 riday's maiket, becaufeit l^ hekleverv lrula\, where
all forts of houlehi 11 good.-, p.eUiies, and |ewels, are
fold by auction. No 'it) m the Neihci lands has lo
many and fuch fine ciuirches as this. Many t f them
particuiarl) the tathcdral and jefuits church, arc
adorned with paintings, b. Sir Peter I'aul Rubens, wlio
was a native 01 this ci;\ ; and b. tjiiintm NLiiTeys, who
is laiil to have been a bhukfmilh, but that having
fallen in love wnli a painter's ilaughler, a;ul been loki
1)\ her father, when lie aikid h.er ol hiiii m marriage,
that he would have none but a [i.'.mter for his lon-in-
law, he went to lial', to iUiiiy p.ir',:;n', an I, in .1 lew
vears, returned lo eminent in his new iirotellion, that he
iouiui no diilicultv in obtainiii;', t'H' father's conlent.
He IS interred at the entry ol the caiheelral, where his
elkgy 1.- put up, with an ink riptioti lignily ing, T n.'.t 1 011-
|ugal lo^e- maelc an .Aiipelks of a blaekfmiih. 1 he
Liel'ore meiuioniel churi h is cxtreiiu 1) inagnifu e.'.t, and
the chapel ol t'ue \ ugin, joining to 1', Itiil moic lo.
Among the eknlki-, ihe moll rem;irkabic are the noble
and iieh abbey of .'it. Michael, on the banks of the
Si h.elil, tlie .ipanments of wh.e h aie- truly roy.il, and
in which all fovere gn prine es that ()al., 'hi. way .ulually
loelge' ; .111 I the I'.ngjilh luiniiciy, eil ihe oidei (it St
'lerela, the nuns of uhieh never wear liiu'ii, 01 e.iL
tlelli, and be uponltiaw. 1 he grate-, ol liie eoiivenl
arefoelitmal th.ii 11 look> like' aprifon.
As to ih.e foitilications ol theiily, it is envn.mej
with a line wall, jilanteil vcitli leiu:; ol trees on eaeh lide,
Willi walks between, broael eiuiugh lor two eoae he-: ti)
goa-breall, being alio eklenelcel by a very llrong,
large, iei:ular 1 itaelel, la loi in ol a |)ei;tai;on, ereCt..d
by the eii.ke oi Alva in l^i'iS, whieli coimiiatuis 'he
town and iieiiihbouring couiitr'. . The mayiltracy
■11 t!
is I
an-
ch t
I'.L'KOl'J..]
of this city
l.iinilies, ani
eleluviiis, be
privileges i^i
which every
ii.s l.ither aiiel
ol Alenij-on,
whom the Ita
Neihcrlaiuls,
this eilv, th
t;,at they dn
1 500 01 'hen
•-^OOO, 1
ing, b,
iireii to
.ie_,e wl
eil I'.ira 1, gi
n:ul' r ■ o.e n
moiii'i aiul
n.it b.en for 1
iKiiiid to ca
g'eographer .\
lleeple ol the
anel two chin
and a crofs al
".ier, on
Nethe, J- a li
nature. .'\ |
I kre is a iji
Meek, fiiiin ."■
a lamous ma
eeileiit foi't (
very oiuch i.
allei make l,u
Nk'i hhn. T'
one , is a line
chime- ol bel
nc' s here; ;
feniied Carme
nalkiy, the 1
terencc eif the
(warden, is a I
jj;reater priv il(
other monalk
tlinc leigedie
altho" thev e-r
ot wine at el
1 immer, to
to liay e)ut Ire
live at lagiit.
cleiilters lead
I'urnhou!
was built
vear 121:.
I'eter, the cl
aiul I 2 ^^itM^
Confenbemk
lite literature
g.tve this cii
ol Miingar.-
alter the' con
king of Sj
Solms, tlic
lau . by whi
e'l Or.mge.
the loidlhii
tie' feivereigl
ol May, 1
luilUels All
king Ihoukl
Irile o, piiiv
Ihe lordl
miles 111 len^
Mei hlin,
Antwerp, is
of prim.itc e
one half of
[iriatcd to h
i: \;':h.
;uk-li'iii|c,air MT-
;\l;(.' I')!- iiji'ii hai'.t ;
ikI troiM u liii hSn
i| ili.it at l.omliin,
lias lotir \^^M ioiit
M- alwav ■. t>|) -11 ;
II 1.(1 li> 4 { pillai .
lint tui) ( t' rlli'iii
• i> I "'O t.ct, ail I
vault.' aiiii iiiai;a •
f\c is a.'i :v .!ilc,iiy
and iiuitlu iiulK .s,
■ M;uic oil till-, liili,
hark', (it the ii> ^r
II 'iuili'.>.'n laim iij)
I, amis at l.oiiil'iit.
\»ii'.' ilci la nil a
"^i 111 III «,is )ii|,lii|
illiil Khlii, 1'tM.n
ll [Urll I till' VIM!! ,
', 1 vccpt u h.v I'ai.l
/. alaiul, 1 a- :ii,:
V (.liiviual I irc ! I
rai lii aMk : lo tlul
\rultcii.laiii, a Ida ii
l(in OIVJ Ul lilLIIIDll
: liic iiK u haius ol"
m^r, [iuiitiiv;,anit
t.) till. ila\ to t!ic
i:c an i ■■( ilii'in ma-
, till tl",v.' pionuijioii
Ihi'ii irc.'k-il. 'I'liij
abbot of Sr. Har-
iiK. i he lulliopiic
1 a tri.ll luilil ■ pill-,
: VMirlii. lit ciii-
.iitiy into Aniv.cip,
ll UrwuI only oin c
ihc Hans-'I'iiuns,
Hng coiulltioii, is a
)i)\c tor ih) goikli,
ll' riiKiiJlt' ll(ir> \\cii"
l)ut iio\\ It IS tiiriii-il
lilt here lalail tlic
I'M'ry lriila\ , w here
ic.s, and )iwfls, arc
Ntihcrlands lias lo
us. Many 1 1 thtiii
tluits thurch, ai\'
r I'.uil Rubins, \ihi>
uimm M.iilVys, uho
h, hut that hasin^
'hii:r, and been lold
ll hiiii HI niarriaj^i',
'Iter tor Ins loii-iii-
'.;:ii'', and, in a tew
n piMfeiliiiii, that he
' r tathir's ( Diileiit .
tailiedial, v\ hi re his
iLiiit; iiij.;,'l iiat coii-
blai.kl'iniili. The
ll) ma;;iii(n e:it, and
to I', llill moic to,
rkablc arc tin nible
11 li.e banks nt' the
aie '.ml) ri)\.il, and
lals 'hi. «,n .u'liially
at the .iidei ot St
: Mear linen, oi e.a
rate-, ol iiie (.oa'.eni
itoii.
iiy, it IS tnviiontj
ul trees on eai h tide,
1 tor tuo loaehes to
by a very llroiir,
I per.tai on, ( not.d
leil lOllimailds i.ll-
ll.e iiiajjilha. y
of
KL'ROri j
A U ?? 1 R I \ N [ I. .A N I) F. R S,
r
of this city is r liofeii only out of the fevcn patrician
I'lmilies, and i onlilt ot two l)urj;omalKi s, and iS
tielieviii.s, betides interior niai^iltrates. Aiiion;^ the
piivilej^is i^raiued to it hy its prim es there is one Iv,
uhiih e\cry prion bornin i' is a citi/.en, thou^;h both
Ji.s lather and mother were loreijjners. Win ii the duke
ol \len(;on, brother to the liemli kiiij; I leiii', III.
whom the dates. {rcneral had appoiited i^overnor of the
Ne:!icrlaiid.s, mule An atiemi
ot I'
irn I,
icSj, to li:rpn/c
this eitv, the i iti/ens ileleiuled thenitehes to bra'.ely
lijat they drove thf I'reiK h out i.C the town, killed
1500 01 'hem, of which .joo «ere nobleii'.ii, and took
■;ooo, '. -iithclor- of only *>) ni'.,i: il ■ duke ha\ -
111;^, bv "ii tlep, lotl tile eonlulenee ■ 1" tin llates, re-
tired to : an. e, uhtrc he toon died of ).vief. I he
.le^e wb ih this tity In Id out ;ii i;S5 ngainii the duke
;overnor of ,,ie Netherlands, is one of the
moi^ r- lOAiied ■ hitlorv. The lie^^c lalled a tvieUe-
moiiPi and he iK'\er eould lia\e tuci ceded, h. d it
n.it li.en lor the thipendous l>rid;.;e lie laid over the
iKlitid to earry on his 'tack Merc the cilebrated
j;eo;;iapher .\bialiamOrtelius was horn. In the iiob'c
lieeplc ot the cathedral, mentioned above, arc j{ bells,
and two chimes, a cloik with a diain-'ter of jo feet,
and a crofs at top, which is 1; feet in heiL';ht.
'.ier, on the eonHiix of the (neat 'rand F.elfcr,
Nethe, 1 a liiiall town, but flroiiji both by arr and
nature. \ pa\ed road leads Itoni heme to Ai. twerp.
Hire is a f'pai iciis market-plu e, v.liere once ever>
week, liiuii .St. John's d.iy to .^t. Martin's, they kiep
a taiiions market lor black laule. The) blew an ex-
cellent fort (it white beer, called Cavelli', wlmh is
very iniieh .itecuied all over the Netherlands : they
alto make l.ui, \ hu h is reckoned equal to th.ii ot
Mechlin. 'I'lie ihicf church, which is a lolhtr,.,.^.
oiu , Is ,1 line buil.lin;,', adorned with an li.irmoinmis
chiiiie ot bells. 1 here are feural con\ents and iiiin-
nc' s here; among the latter is that of Iniililh barc-
fooi.d Larmeliti nuns. The Carlhuliaiis have a mo-
nalteiy, the largell in the Netherlands: the circum-
ference of the walls that uiclofe the cells and kiti hen-
garden. Is a lull I'.nj^lilli mile, and the monks have a
^reatcr prnilegeuranied them by the pope than the
other monallcries ot' that order; for thev arc allowed to
«linc together in the refectory every Wednelday : and
altho' the) cat nothing but tilh, tlie\ have each a bottle
ol wine ai dinner, and base the liberty, fix weeks in
t ininier, to go abroad in i oaclies to take the air, and
to ti.iy out from teven ot'theclock in the iiiorniiig till
)i\e at niglu. '1 he monatlery is ver)' large, and the
cloilters leading to the ( ells arc paved.
Turiihout, a (nuiU cit\ , with the title of a lordllup,
was built bv Henry 1\ . duke of nraban":, about the
vear 1 ii :. 1 Icre is a collegiate church dedicated to -St.
I'eter, the chapter ol wliu h is i onijiot'ed ot a dean
and I .' canons. 'I'he regul.ir c;inons ol the pimr) ol
*. ontei'.bo.'ik have here a college, where thev teach jio-
liic liter.iturc. In the \ear 1 :.\^ the emjieror (. harlc^ \ .
give this city and lordtliip to his lilkr .Marv, qii'.'cn
ol Miingary, to enjoy 11 during her lite. In iCi.iS,
after the com lulion ot the treaty of MiintUr, Philip 1\.
king of .Sp.iin, gave it to the princefs Amelia ol
Solnis, the w idowof prince 1 riderick I lent) ot Xaf-
faii . by which iii'-ans. thi-i lordtliip came to the houfe
ol t)r.inge. King W'llliaiii ill. dying without itfuc,
the lordthip ol Turiihout was adiuvij^ed, bv a decree o(
tic tiivireign lad.il court of Ihaliant, illind tl;e :6th
ot May, 173S, to the kingof I'ruliia, agreeable to the
lirimets .'Xiiielia's l.dl will; but on < omiitioii that the
king Ihould pay a thpulated liiiu 10 John William
I riico, piinic ol Orange.
I he iordlhip ol MrciniN is no moic than eight
miles ill length, and about live in breadth.
Mechlin, tiuiaiid on the Denui, 15 miles from
Antwerp, is tlie vapital. l hearchbilhop takes the title
ot [riiiKiic ot tlie iNetherlands, and abbot of .Mlligein,
one half ol the revenues of the .ibbey being ap|iro-
priatcd to his fee. 1 lis full'ragans aie the bilhops of
Antwerp, Ghent, Yprcs, Rnig-j, and Rurcmondc;
and, within hisarchicpilco[)al |urifdi;"tio'i, are 17 cities,
and 455 villages. I'he c.idi'dial is a l.irge and iiiag-
lilicciif tlriicture. The clock ii]ion the 4 fides of tiic
tower or (lecple i; 144 lect in cncumfercnce, ca.-h
figure being abov ,1 )ard ion;^ ; and yet /o high is the'
llii'lile, that, from the market place, it feeins but an
oidinary clo( k. Hi tides a great number of convents
of men and maidens, there is in this city a large be-
guinagc, containing generally 7'^j beguiiv.'s, and (ome-
tiines mote, who make foine of tlie (ii!> fl Mechlin
lace. St. Rombanr, who was an Intlinian, and liitliop
o| Duhliii, is patron ot this ci;\ . Mechlin is the I'e.i.
ol a governor, a [)rovincial court, and alio a parha-
m( lU or tineieign louiuil, to whii h appials lie from
! ollofthecouri.s ol'|iillice in tlicAuUrian Netiierlands;
oii: t'oiii It lies no .ipp; .il, except in the < antes of the
knights of the fioldi 11 Micce, to the I'ovci'eign of the
order. The city is pretty large and well built, with
broad ( lean llrcets, cinving a conli'icrable trade in
corn, blankets, and thread; but their chief nianufa'-
ture is of thofc line laces famous throughout all iui-
ropc. Here is a Hatcly arfcnal, and a noble hofpital
tor wounded or fuperannuated foldier..
Tlie Duchy of I.inshcro is fnrroiiiidcd by Inlicrs,
Luxemburg, and L.iege. The lountry is pleafanr,
];(ipul(.iis, and fruiiful; aboiin,!.^ :n cati'e, mines of
iron, le.id and cilaniy, and is wr!l wa.ci'd. The
laic-. CO.
mill
■id cdinnions ;
s w,
I! tor-
and a
• y of Rolcduc
the order of
Jc i>y the ju'opL-
ic
the nobility, li
and the principal places are,
I .mtbuig, w hie h Haiuk on an ' '
iitied, has one large theet, t'' '.r
capacious liibutb called D.ihlc"
.■\t about a mile dillancc I. i-v i';
Dands thefanio'is abbey of r,.,'e^
S:. .\iigullin; it is called '" "'.k-i
ol that countrv'. The abb" is te^'iporal lord of tj-
villag<s of MaicklUin, Kc - 'od an. 1 otlicr places ;
and IS the tiill member 01 .1 iates ot the province
of Lintbiiig, and per[)etiiai commilliiry or deputy of
theclergv, al.eriKittly with the abbot of \'aldieu : he
is alio patron of the parochial church ct Roleduc,
which he geiv.rally betlows on oiv: ol the monks of his
abbey.
Tlic Diklr. of Lcxi Miiuiio i.s botitidid by I.iege to
the north, by l.orrain to tlic fouth, by Treves to the
call, and bv Champagne to the well. It is nearly fquarc,
an, i extends about Sj miles each wa). The air is pure,
the land well watered, the toil fruitful, and the counts,
jiopulous. The llates conlilf of the clergy, nobles
and deputies; and the religion is Roman Catholic.
I'hi'ce ditl'ercnt languages arc fpokcn in this duchy,
vi/.. Cicrmivn, I'lench and Walloon. It lies in the
I enter ol the forctl of Ardenne, and contains the fol-
l()wing plnce> :
l.iixembu'-g, the capital of the province, is di-
vided into lJ)iper (^r (.)ld Town, and Lower or New
Town. The former is furrounded bv rocks ; and tiie lat-
tir contains two fuburbs. 1 lere is a thong caiHe and
regul.ir lortilicat'.ons.
The c ity is governed by a richter, or ludgc, and
feven efc hevins, or aldermen, wlio judge b'jtl; m civil
and criminal matters. I'he richter is choCen every
; _'ar,on theeveofSt..\iidicwMcll.val i that olhce is held
alternately by a citizen, and In one of Mie aldermen.
The chict cluirch here i> that of .St. Nicholas, a
parochial one, but not verv conlideiable ; fothatwhiii
theie is all) public act of devotion to be performed, it
is alw.ivs done either in tiie churc'ii w liich loriiierlv
Ih longed to the leluils, or 1:1 tliat of the re(-ullc^"ts
There are three other pantiles in this city ; one ot vc hie li
belongs to the abbey of Nbinller, ot the Iknedictine
oidci, timnded In Lonr.ule 1. count ot Lu\eiii!)uig,
in the vear loS i : betides whicli there are thicc i;on-
vcnts uf men, and as many of maidens.
.\rIoii was fo named from an alt.ir facred to the moon,
which the ancient inlaabitants worlhipped as a deity. It
lies on an eminence,
ii'ilci from JL'-N
r:i>b:iig to the
north-
U
I
W' ill
I f-
«J6
lUlVlil
\ NIAV, \U)\ W. sM. AUTllI N'TIC SYSTKM or UMV|-.KSAI. (.F.OGR AlTi V
well, ;\ii.l w.i-i liirmcrlv a i"<)i\luiiT.il>li' n
ill •, thofc parts of llandiis which l)i'l(»ni; to t!ic Ou:
[HoiiKil .uul l.iiuli'il, Uir !i,\th liiui' lultliwl l>y w.ii>, ' ami lli.ill rclVivc I'ik h ;i-. .ipiHitam io Ir.iiuc h.r tl;.:
;iiiil Iniiuiirm.intlul. ! fnliiing i haptc r, \vc h.ivc <);)l\ hen- lo iiivi,'l!i(;.iti.' tht»k
n.illa^iK-, luiMial 111 thi- i:<';iiity i>f Chinv, iic.ir tlu-
iWnU <)U II ihc lintTiigiUy ol' lie lioulc ui Aiilhi
l^ Id will iH'Dplul, ll.l^ I'lu h .1 f;().>>l ; wlnrh .irc aa I
foivl\ 111 Aii
liaiic, iiiul is lo Will tui.lt, that tiiv pinplc of that
*ouni
loiiow:
(il-
cm, llic can
.tal ot I laiuU
ir> li^cii niil..- iniir.
ry call it I'aiis in Aulcniic. Thcic arc in this | cimilcrciKc within ihc walls, {ihoiij>h not aho\c
titv two ciin\cnts d" ir.cii, ami one ot luaiikin. Ii halltliat I'pai c i> l)uilt upon,) is 28 mi!t > nnr.h-wrll ot
ullcis, aiki {{ call troni
(.>ll
Cllll,
Ih
IS I itV l:i w;i-
i-. the feat ot'a provolHliip, coniaininj^ 14; Milages or 1 Bi
hanilcii withhi il.^ ttilliKt. In thisciiy was hoin John [ iciv.l by the rivers ScluKl, l.\s, i.ievc, ami Moirc;
Heck, a man ot mean cxtra^ lion, w ho, troni hciiig a nut'- ' aiul ihcle, together w itli their '.juiuiies aiul (.anils i lu
linger, railiii iuinlelt, l>y his merit ami couia;;e, to [ tioin ihcni, ilivulciiie w hol( iiuo :(> iliaiuls, whuh
tlu poll ot iiiiarter-ma(lcr-j.',c!ura
)| his Catholic ma-
ariiiics, aiul wa^, iiiai.le}.;o\ emoramli apt.iingeiic-
liasc a commiinu ation w ith cicli luhcr [i<< iiuans I'l
lar^;c am
li
iniiiiHS.
C.Ik
11
roi"iiv
)! th.- ilucln ot l.uxcinhiii:; : he wa.-. killcil at the i' tieJ hotii In art an.i iiatuie : it is at once leune.
torti-
l an.t
lattle ot l.c
ns, m tlie \c,ir i(<4^
comiiiaiu
M,
irclic, or
Machc-cn-raii.cnc, is a rniall itv, lirii-
ieil hy
an ini])orfant c.i
111
anvl the iniiahitan
can, i)
ateil oil the little livu Ma
the coiiiuv ot" Naiuiir.
itiinj; up the lluu es, lay the country, tor a
rrleite, on the nonlcis ot . mile rouiul, uiuler water
It w
.IS once lo o
pul
ent,
jccaiile It is tliechiet place
It is called Marche-cn-i''a- I jvu'.ertul, aiul populous, ai to be able to raitl' tonii
)t" a ilillnct callcil ' ileralJe arm
lamenc; it is alto the Icai ot'a provolUhip, which has j
U) villages unler it-- 'n'lililiUion. The parochial church, 1
duiicatcil to >t. KinioaUi-, i^. a line buiUli 1;;. Here !
i-acon\eni of Caicuhtc monks, ami aiiothci of nuns, 1
of the lan\e orJer, aiul a beauiitul college, whcicthey 1
teach polite liier.iture. 'I liey keep \e.irl\ two tiee
fairs, (lie the Uc.imfilay after Mailer, ami the other the
I nil of .September . :hi^ pri\ ilej^e wa-s grantet' to that
city in i"i:, b. \I..\jinlian iMiiainici, duke ot lia-
>'aiii, wjiilll he wa< in polieilion of the d'.ichy ot l.u\-
cmbur;i.
R>)i;l e, or l\o.Iie-cn-.\rdciinc, litu.i'.ed in that ton II,
is one ot tl.e ili-in;; ll and bell tortilicd tovwi> in the
while province, bcm;^' lurrotin led with llroii'', bui-
warks, and l-ro.ul tiitches full ot water, thdt comes
from the rncr Ourte, which -.uns acrol's this city ; it
la alio Jeleiulcd by a calllc built on rov ks, w Inch i 0111-
maiid:. the town.
In tlic mariiuifatc of Le I'oiit L)'t\ve are fi.\eral fii .ill
inconlidcrablc towns.
'llie .\u(hian \ art of the duchy of (Jelder- loiitams
only the little cuies ot I'.iinpt and .S«aliit, with their
villijre.s and leigniorie^, and the llrong tovvn ot'
Riivtmomt, liiu:'.ted at the coiillux ot' the Rocrwith
the Mac,', ;, miles fiom Maellru ht. It is ihelaiy.ell
town in Cicldirs, and t':ib|cct to the aKhbilliop ot
Meelilin. A toll is ie\ied here; and in the town aie
n;;'.n\ convents, and a charter houfc.
1 i,\Ni.iKs, properly to called, is bounded oit the
cafi 1 ■; luabant, on tlie north by tiie Ocean, on the
welt by .Amis, and on the fouth by I lenneji.ui and
Artois. It i.s-;5 Ml) lea long, 55 broad, lira a good air,
anil pi rha[~s ttu' moll fiuittul foil in I'.iiriipe. The
popdation I/. fiK h that it looks like one ciwitiiuicd cil\.
'Ihe p:inci;ul river> are the .<i held, l.vs, Sch.'np,
nnd Deiulcr. 'Ihc llatts conlitl ot the nobles, ctergv,
aiul commons. Ihe lirll ( lal'-. coiilills of eertain ta-
il. dies, who have hereditary ollices, or barouies; the
fecond includes the billiops and abtiots ; and the ihinl
i^ formed ot the dej)uties of cities and dillricls, the
inirgomallers, and peiilioners. Moll ot the Maiider-
ki lis arc tat, clumfy, and dull, but indultnojs, honell,
and great lovers ol liberty. 'J lu women, in general,
are fiir antl virtuous, but not remarkable tor wit, or
the ull'ectation of it. Moth fexes, however, are fond
ot piiblie diverlions ; aud e\ery city, tow n, or \illage,
aliiuiH, li;i.-, .1 kermille, or (air, in uhiih public lliews
arc exhioitcd. 1 !u manufactures conlill of lilk, wool-
len, tapeltry, l.ue, i otton, brocades, caiiiblets, and
linen.
'1 his country had counts of its owi,, from the 4th
century to 1 ((.g, wlwii it went, by m.irriagr, i(j ihe
dukes of liu:gu;!d\i and .iiurwards ti-oni them, by a
1ubn\|i;cnt marriage, to iiie huule of Aultiia. l-rance
I'li/ed fome of the loutherii paits in lOO"; and the
ft itrs general, in |-i;, obtained tome |)art of the nor •
IJKin diliricts. 'Ihe arm, ot ihisi .luntry aie, J l.rjii,
(>,il.:r, 1:1,1 i-iflii, Or. .Vs we have .ilri-ady dcfcribcd
I
lies, declare war, and oppole its fovercign.
Ill thu city the tamoiis emieror L'iiarlcs V. was bom,
.'v. U. I joj; and ita tint billiop was the celebrated
Janlcnius, trom whom the Janleiiills take their name.
Irom the tower ol ilclioit, in the cciUie of the town,
there is a molt delighttul prolpe t over the whole, as
well aa pait ol the .id|acent coiiiun . llercare nnnv
churi hca, hofpiiala, monaticrics, an,' 111 irl it-j>laces.
The mai ket-pluce, (ailed the hridav's market, i> very
lar ;'e, and .idorned w ith a Itatue of the emperor L'hailis
\ . m Ilia imperial robes. Ihe lladthoufe is a noble
llriicturc; and the cathedral, which is very kipeib,
has, beneath it, alinccrypta, or lubterraneous church.
Hue aie 50 i ompanies ot tradel'meii, and \erv cuiioiu
iii.inutaclories ot dotha, ihilf;, and lilks. Ihe chut
magillrates are the high bai:ill"-), under whom are bm-.
gomallers, eli hevms, and counfellors. Here an le-
\er.il t anala; m pariKular one which the ftate ol I ian»
deia (aulcd to be begun in irii,?, wlv.eh leads icj
Uruges; and another, which was begun in i>a|, and
linilhed in l.;()i, whicn leads to .-as-\'an-tihc;it, and
troin thence to the lea.
The inh.ibitaius of this city are e.cceiimgly fond of
ehimcs, or ( ai ilioiis, as are, indeed, the |H(i|)le ot the
Low CouiUiies 111 general. Ol thefe caiillons, .in
ingenious writer, eminent I ir In. nuilic.il taknts, give*
Us the tollowmg dekKption, 111 the aecouiit ol \\\i
travela ;
" 1 detci mined to infi)iii' tin felt, in a ['.inicular
liianncj', coiuerning the i,niii 11 Icunce. lor this
purpofe I mounieil the town belficy, Irom wheiui I
h.id a tii'l \icu not onlv of the- citv ol Oheiit, wliu h i»
lei koncvl one ot the largt'l in liiirope, b':t i ould cx.i-
mine the meih.inilin ol the chiiius, as !ar .is tlie>'
aie pl.iyeLl by ( lo. k-work, and likewile fee tlu- c.irilln-
iieiir pcitoim with a kind ol keva (o.timiini< .ituig with
lulls, as thofi. of the iiai|)tirord org.iu do wiui llimg^
and pipi-.
" I loon found tliat the ch.iiiv.'a in tiicfc coimrrica had
a greater number of bells than thole of the l.irgel! pe.d
in lingland i but, when I mounted the l). ll'rey, 1 v>jf
allonilbed at the great (]uantity of liellsl law. In limn,
there IS a complete feriea or (i ale ol lloiua aid Icmi-
lloiic-:, like tho!e on the har|ni( h.oid, or oigaii. 'Hii
cariUonciir w .is literally../ :. '/lA, and hard woi k, indee.l,
It mull be: he waa in hia iliirt w ith ihi- 1 oil .r iin'au-
jj toned, ami 111 .1 violent lueai. 'I'hcieare ;v,i.l,iU cuin-
'' munic.itiiig with the great b^lls, ujicii wliicli, uitiihi-
' leer, he played the bals to lever. il Ipiig'.uii , .I'ul rather
f. diilii u!i air--, pertormed withtw.) hand.a ii|)(>n the u|>-
I per fpei lea ol ke; n. Ihcfe keys are pioie. iing ttu ks,
!| wide enough aluiuiei l;> he Itruck w liii \ loleiu e .uui
I velocity bv either ot ihe two tiani'a edgev..i\ ., '.uthoi:!
't the danger ot hilling the ncighb. Hiring kc\ .. H".'-"
i| pl:i)c. has a thick leadier co\e.r:g tor tne litile tin.;ei
'I ot each hand, otheiuile it wouaI be im[X)lilhle foi him
!' to luppoit the pain whieli the \iolence ol the llrol«e
II iieceilary to be given to cacii kev, in ordci to lU beiii;',
Uilliiutlv heard ^krou^I!:oat a very laije town, rciiune-.
I. •• Ihe
li
FA'ROrK.]
" Th-' wri
this country.:
jMcaUll peitei
ami I'erli.ips a
ihel',n.>liin, "
The canlloiie
Vcty dexleioi
treble w ilh ili
the Ivils with
" 'Ihe (ai
Siuul ly, Mot
an liour pall
eiiiploMiunt
kSOlk- ot t'le
iHuier the Iv
loll, ur i- p!:i
i.'ulilli2 lo ill
in the Neihe
rillons --xwA cl
'' 'J'he grt
It er .rt.iiii-
giving iliem
to lie 11 II ; I'
III. 11 1 .11 '.I ea
tiie v.ilv( (.;
..' a Icr-i-fu'i
I '! : I'm' I'v I
iiin.> ii.ii ..ui'
I.; a.i 1 c...,l
, ...:. A
b\ a I.. ;! J, 1
f .;r,e: -,1.1
(. V, A h ail,
ah 1 1' le r.; 11
U' 'thing Ini; .
All 'it is il
li. I , 1 ei .1111
I ir V. iiii II i' .
.iiu ur.tiv, pi
wliK h is tlie
the IXmkr.
It V..I I M IIU
Coik '.'C \i .1. I
ci;ir liv 1-
who 1 i.ni.d
il i;.i:i 1- i,.
11-,. o,'.. 1
w .01 ins I
()i:de .lU
luiro'.m'.^sl
i:-.;ii',.e w
V. II 1 1 er ! n
I UtI, lol!>.M
('.,k. ... \i
l-;.:Kh..-'
duk/ ,1 \'-.
I
Ri ; 1.
S. I il.k
Mti.a'.
C i;;l:.:\
tlK'.l'.li.l i
.Ue ol \\. '
liiii n 111 • i.
I'l the D' Il
ai'.d iliiiu m
111 H.Hi;
nioiikv, . '
Thcktti;
Th..ir.a. I
laiiu . ;.!i !.
l.'.i.i'in
11:. 11!;. 1.1 t
the hliir.:il
b\ ..rt .uul
.uid the S.
No
lorm to tiic l)u'.i-'i
III! io I I'.iPi r li.r tl-:i:
■If 111 llU.lhj;.:!flhi>!(.
tl I' lioulu 1)1 Aiilhi.i,
; . Iv-MTl liiilv.- in I Jf-
{iI)i'iijj!i HDi alioic
S mill ^ iiov.h-wi ll ol
I hi'' I ity i:i w.i-
, I icvc, aihi M'l'.rc ;
>;h lies aiul caii.iU ( iii
Kii :l> iluiuls, wtiii h
nilifi In m.Miis <>t ; 1
!U I'' ItlOI'L^U' Iciltl-
.it oiKc kuircvl .TiiJ
(.•; .111.1 chj inl)abit.in''i
ly the country, tnr a
was once lo opulciu,
I.' ablo to lailv- tonli-
OppDlc its IjVlfilgl).
( h.iilci \'. was bom,
p was tlu' ivlehiMli-.t
mils lake thiir name.
e icntic of the town,
t over the whole, as
irv. I lerc iiie ni.mv
an-.' iii.ir!a't-[)lace.s.
iiii.i\ 's market, i> \ery
oi the emj)ei(,ir L'haitis
llaiichoule is a noble
which is Very 1ii[ki!',
l'Lib:enaiK'oUN ehuivl:.
InKii, an.l sery curioiii.
, aiul I'llks. Ihe ehul
iinJer whom are biii-r
lellors. 1 leie aii le-
vhuh the (tate of llan.
iijij, «!;:(. h ieatls lo
as be^';uii in i ■; > t, aiii
to >as-\ an-tilKiit, aiiJ
are e-.ecei.iin;;!y ibiul of
iiileeil, the |X(>j))e ot' the
Ol thefe caiilloin, an
II . iiuilieal taknts, nivei
111 tile aLLount ot' luj;
nnUlt, in a jnirticular
II It leKnee. lor this
jeltVcy, troni ".vheiKe I
eitv ol llhenl, wliii h i>
'.iirope , b'lt I oulil cxa-
cliiiii.s, as lar as the"
li!»ewilc fee l!ie cunHo-
\s (OiiiiniiiiK .ituij^ with
'li oilman lio w lUi 111 ini;v
'^ in ihefe coiiiitrie> hal
l!iol'. ol tlie lat;;ell peal
inteil the 1)', llVey, 1 wa?;
ol hells 1 law. Ill flion,
Ic III lloius aiii lemi-
, h.oiil, Ol o';;an. 'I'lii
, anil lianl \> oi k, inilee.i,
; witli the < oil if unl lit-
'I'heie are ;v.i.l.i!i com-
., i:p..ii w ',ii. ;i, w iti) 111-.
.il Ipi iL'.'.uiv , a:ul lather
a.) I\uie!s upon tile iip-
ys are piouv tiiiij; llu k>,
ruck w It a \iolem e ami
niiN eiii;ewa) >, 'a ithoiit
L'hb. Hiring kn >. 11^-
iinp; tor tne littie lin.;ei
ill be impolli'.ile I'oi him
\ lolenec o; the llroke
V, in iijiiii to iLs beinj;
rv lurj^e town, require-.
" riie
Ei'Rorr..]
AUSTRIAN r r, A N I) i: r s.
"Wxc tnriUons ar.- fiiil to be oii"inalh ol Aloll, in
this eiuintrv.anil aie llill h r , ami in I l>illaiiil, in lli
iir
j'.reatell pel tec
il is I tri liiily a ' l^'ihie unci
ami I'erliips a l> nbiiou' lalle, whi hniiihr llii I' i iieii,
ihe l-,n,!liin, m theli ilrms h iv.imitat.iloreiiC'iii ap, 1.
The eanlloiK'iir, at \\\\ reiiuell, playcil Icveral pilee^
vi ly (l.'xicioully, in three pans, tne llnl anil lefiiul
treble Willi llic IVNO
liamh
'H the Up /er kl ol k.
the I Mis wi
'• 11
ill the kvl on t' [
y ,.u,.
)eii U
n.nt
le earill ini ur pi.n - ini.' iiaic-- a we,
Siuiihy, Monilav, \\\ . Ineklay, aiil Iriiliv, ti
nil hour |)all eleven till tv.ebe o'. Imk, It i- i
iiiiploMiunt lor a wateh or do. k-makcr to atuiiil ili,
i\nik>of the conini HI cl'.inie-: he h i> an apariin m
in, I It IS bv him that the c.iri!-
iiiuler the
belt]
iii.-ur I- pliMil
Thi^ till
il Aiit
werp are, a, -
ilinn to ilie inhabitant?,, the moll telebialcil ■ itk
anl pahap^ in the woikl, lor ea
111 the Neilieilaiul
rillons ami cllinl.^,
" 'J'iie j;reateonveni necofihi kimi'.t iiuili i., i' ..t
il ei' L.t.nii- the mhabuanls o, a wh le tn.s n, '.\ ii^Mri!
ni\iii<^ihem ihe iron. 'le ot j;oMi ', to anv pirthuiu In i
to hen It ; iMit the want ot I'lni.ihiie; in ^■^'•■\> ih. \i-
braipai ol eailibJI, at the | I ..:'iia' ol ;h j '.'.ver, !,!.
I'le valve e.l'a.i uiii.in, .'.n.l ih'.- :vi! I'l >ili in ili \.v ..-
u' a !ci;-p!ii.lui:i!, isan iai -Lt i' k- ile'. l i i .,u!li.,.l ,1
I I : I If bv ilic 11 ■IC', o; oil.' pal',.!,' la.p lu.lK r n-
iiinji iiuii.iiioih, r, i.\ei> , !.iii •, is iLailenil l,i in. i:i u
1.1 a,i I C'KiluliiI, .1 i • ■, e.ilio I a v i v i!i. ..'le. .li le
) ,o 1. :\ io t e . I, .!.-.■.,:'. ill ;;; . ni tlio e «•■<: U'l
ii\ a b. :\\\, iiMlluai',. in r.i> (>p;ia n, i i;i I e in a ■ ti e-
I 'Hie: ., Ill 'hi .ir.,'. , .f , ,,1 li .c ;h ; i , e Mice |.l i^eil
I.V. -a h ail, ihiiii.; i ., ;..i)..l';, . i . 1,1, '\ a lh;r..iu! i;,i-
a!' I I'lc n' '.nn.i, r. ..nil I'l a ki,, 1 ot ;• i' nc. whiea
n 'thiiij; Ini: .i I'K.iI .'.''; :• e o I .;; . i •.:'. y 'jilo ."
Alr'.t is the e.ipii.il <'l \\hat i, la'leil bop' ii'i Man-
li.i , 1 e^ .1111 \\ \\ \ I 1 lib a lue aii'l blip, lial tiiv ;
|,ir V. ill., h r- .il ai I'ne ca U nt blaiu!. is ibieil t'.'.nil'.lves.
aiii 1, r,i!y, p: iiu i ei il ' holy eiiipiie. 'I'liis i miir rv,
wlikh is ilie iiii'll ..\\a .nl t'lliu! is, he- l-eiweeii
the l)i.:ul,l, the .S. le M, .Ul,! llie i'i,,,|iu.e ol 1 laiMinlt.
It \\.\ I iinuily • I a 1 ue,. r I .\te:r, li;ii. i' . r,:.;;neil the
1.1 I ,■! o, w h a i- 11',.'. I .i!,.'l Dii!, il I I an lis.
II le .i:\ I \ . i.il I or, . l.t-- ot :; ia:\ -.ikl m:!;-, ailil a
ci'l'i ;>• \i !n I. ilu> ti-.u'i puiiie lii. 1 iiuie. rii'ive.iuii
tiar li,\ I- til. I >mli •>. I'liieiiv, ,r I',.. ; v Mu;;;!,
\\hii 1 loiKjIit ill ,iit ■ I I :::; .!..', I. ;l,e:' M ;r. f i<.r '.,an\ :
iniaa 1- i., llie , hui, II !i; til i .., nl o t , (ii.l!.i.,ii
n;..::!.. II. \\a an i;)li'na:e h i ii!,'t i. .i.r.;;^, '.>li..
w ,,)! Ill:, L,..i.ijh, ul.ii h i^ , ;;.;i.iu I mi I is ni.iiii.
Oiale.-.nilc, ■ r ,\i:,L •!.■:. le, .i 'i ,v •, ;;i;c' , 'e'l .wy.
lum'Uin.^J i\ t!:e S, ielil, ,s l.i.ii r.:s 1 iV f..- li .1
t..;il'..e- wov.' Ill I'.. It , nit .in ir.ii \ c 'V.v"! , ,iiul
y. lliUT iie me''!Oi.ib'e 111 liii!or\ |..i ihe icielir.uei!
I mi, Uaifht near ii bv liu' iilae-, loniui iinleil by tin
i'' k, 1). ,\i il'i. 1,111' Il an,l iiiiue l.'i'.:ii'e, an I ili,
1' . Ill ii. e'lniin.uulci ', tic .Ink. • t'lii.reaml , an 1 I lie
il'.ik ■ ■ \'in,liiiii,-, III v.hi.ti tc.e loim.r oia.i.ncil .i
I ,.:i I 1 t ^ a 11'. .
Ui:; l.iii iiile. .11 i!, in:i(lM\ ^irth Rn; le '..iii; :'".
.S I el,k e 1 in u-. li.r ha\ m'j, '..is . a I 'ii .ii \" <i.:..iil
lMc!,i'. r.lice M'eil ni.i!!ii.n:.'.l I ■ '11.
(.' Ill ii.i) , a l!' ill (. ii\, liiu 11' il I'-i I'l. l.,\ , u a-, il.l-
niaiiik-,lb\ li.c I'uiii': I'l 1 ;.^.^. Tii. in iii'.il.i ' i.iis
.111. ol U"oilcii I lollis Mil i,ibe-liii n. Til cli i .i-- a
lii.( 11 ni.'i'ui Ch'rv;.Mr M niiiw . ib.iin :i 'ah.v.iI li
t'l the Diitcli 111 ' 7 : 5 ; ; 1,1, ai 1 , a^., t; i k U'u !i k i/.cil
aiul i.lirin.iniki.1 it.
III Ikaiiliein .lie .in .'iv ieiii pii'r\ "t I'ei eiliciiiie
nu'iiks, ami ,i e"ii',i.iii ul Iiu I lii i ) uiiiiiic in bin-.
'I'Ik ! ,ltcr i\,is f' lavi ,l,ii|"7 ,li\tl,, r, vcmul l.iili i
'I'li.iiii.i I 1,'ic.ii,!, ili.I,, o: Ni>|. Ik, v.ii,i NW. Ill ih.ii
lanii . Ilk I, .mil atii i wauls i r. .unl a i aiiii'i il.
l/Viuk'rm ikU, In e.ilkil tioin i! lin; a , n on lie
111. ulk ol the re, er 1 Jeiil, i, : ii ! ! ■, m Moiul,-, v. liic ■, i:
tke l''kni:lll l.lii,ai.cj,i-. li_.;:i;iie- Ae ulit, r li'nii' l ii
bv ..rt anil n.ituie. On tlie c^e'iUix ,ii lii, Dei.'ii
.iiid tlic Silukl ll.nii.ls a l.t'.lc lull, i.uili .ib, ut lii. jcar
No. 77.
i-:''i, by ill'.' priiue of I'arma, governor of tlie N"e-
tli< ilamis. The liiiiation is pita. an', 1
) HI'' liirroiim
k.l
v\iih I caiitit'ul meulows, waieied 1 y iImIc \\mj riviis,
whicli render tlu- '\liole uniiiiry ri'iind a'ln.t veiyfrint-
tiil, aiiil lontriboi, , at ili tame time, to ilic lheii,;iU
ot the eit< , isliiili is v.ry \.i.ll firiili.' 1; lor by nie.nis
ol Ihiicts.ill ike 11. ij!,lii oni i.i;; I oiiiilry can be laid iiri.
dir wit.r. It Ins 4 Baus,
luiurs, I ot will, !i
are i.f lii.ne, .'iial the other, ol tii;ili«.r, and '' larcc
Th ■ l.oiik"' ail.
1 'f'tl
cm I aviii '
ir.aik i-pl II e . nr ] ii'ike I ,r ir >.
1.11 :.',(, 11. I'll 1 111, .Ui 1 c.inviiiieiiti 111'
a e.i.i d bctoie, and Ihie ijauien- be
drue^ a pretiv po'nl Ir.ide, .ind li.. ineit! a:.t^ and
tradeiiiien cni'iy s.;ic.it piiMlei,''s.
d. T
le town
1 1
l,r,-
eie are here tao paimlilil iliinthe^, three a. bic.
ot niaid.ns, aii'i Icveial mjier reir^ious hoiiies, v.idi an
horiiiial.
) )i nderni'in'
I. n line \ all 1 '
ail' I II , t ;r.i av, wincn e-nt nil
;iie now iioveuKd b an hi li b,
, fix-
lii ill".
In ill.: yi.ir r r^ a eoun rvnian kniii'l .1 iie.ilnre te-
IW' en Deiuleiiii'iiceaiul Al-ill. n .iril.e vill 1 -^e of XT !'-
nel.K r. 1) "L'.i'i"', one morniii;.', in lll^ cvralea, Iiiirpi.Ic
1 It a ■ .mil a hiiie pi', hielu Imi car;- w, in •■^liuli lie
'.iiiiid I'' ot;'Mpi e-,all' civol I ..n! !, k,.iniieie!i
't tlie'li aboul t'e; v.'lue m 1 n'l.iic. Th ' were an-
I .111 nciik, a ii'av'^'t uiu,'' wci. I "lie el .'\iitonimis
I'lii , .\I..i\ih Aui'iliii'-, and I-.!:ciub Vtni., wkicli he
I '' : to 1 ! f I uri'ius; aii'i, .1:11 nj,ll 'tli 1-, 10 ili-j au h-
'li'ke .Mb'i!, '.' il ) b Hij^lit a cieai iri,uiy ot t'lem to
eniii '1 I'll ea' 'iie'.
r.iiiH s, .4 in I s IV. >in Ci'itnr, aivl4') 11, im. Antwerp,
like, i.' a; : eil.'.tioii troin a chapel, whicli an, ieatly
li 1,1 li leii ..I alui'l e. 11 reaiere\eial line cana's:
iheui' 1 , h ■\evei', aie li 1 n u.' , but may abviys be
put ill 11. '11,111 b\ the ibi'ce o! ilieciiy; yet ilieN arc
111)1 lit ,1 diiink, or I'l b. uk-.l lor t ulinarv pnipik-.
The oiik ■.■■.ilei" her.' pr 'pcr I', ir domel'.ie ii!'. ^ ai ■ liich
as are I I'o'ight by ] ne tV -ii t,,e L/, - and i^.I.ckl, t T
w! iih'. vw hoiik' Y-V .1 pi 11 .1 oi,.i,i'ia\.
U'-i'l'i'v ,■ : ,.iiei i.tly ,ui op il lit an 1 i.np I'lant city,
.iiu! h.iih ll.il ih. leiii."' 't 17p.l1. , u!i re t'l,-
n:.' ,',■ 1 111.11--, I'li'iil, t.-oai d iieieitt n.iiio 1 rrii 'ed,
i ; il 01 wlv h ! a'l eiiliiiit 11 ul'es niigiiili. . ink buiii
v\ It'; le.ii li .uic^. I.M- 1 ' e .11. reli.in. i /..^ the-, i \p ;te I m
iilp.iri.d. Ti'i- I il / lis wer. Ill poueiiu!, Ill le d,
1' I. il.v iiniMi; ii .1 ileii- li'v.rvioii t^..- ar !i Ink •
.M U.ii.i'i .a. T.I . iiy, lui-.Vv vcr, liatli bee-i I'lr in iiv
. ,.^ I.; .'1 li.'il.ch. ; y.i I -lei.ii rich mei ',.i'its lllil
ic;, 1 nei., w!i,i ni.e! ikiil;, 111 liie gie.it iiiai.M i-pl i, e,
wli; hi ives ihcni i:. Il II i'l .ill ..\ 'iiige. It ,- I'i'.'f'eC
I'l a I lib ip, .iiliii"4.ni to t':. .ire 1 iiii.'p o' M Mia;
.111 I I'e '11. .e eon. .'ill lb, tlii-, V /.. liiiin sS .is,
Oib.n.l, D.anine. Mi i.ii 'aiCi;, ,iiil(\.,l iil,.,i.h, 1 .1
; , i'l'r'iu .'.lis, \iii.n.!,. s, ami h am'.!. . 1 li. ati e 'i.il
A..> 1 ,1 cie.l 111 ilfij, an . I alia (i'ltiii biiiiii",;. i'lie
ihi.ich, d'.ilic.i;..; t,i the \ , UMl Mliv. .', .11 .le,; nt
•tii:.-i ii.e. and li.i .ill . i le o! Inch .ill he '_;' I, 1 11 11 is
1 -Ul .It I .: oil'Oie.ul. It C'aitai. s i\v.i!- 'in ,,,i io
111 ii'im ins o' <;ili i ipp r. i' e 0.1 "I C' ' i ^ i!:e
1 I .1 '\\ duke''t IJ'.ir^iii-d , ai ,1 I'.i , lier o, ,\!.i.\ i is
!i!i-iiier. Anioi-ij, ih. nirii.i I'ls i u iiiue in die
Iieinn olt'isilnii h .'I'.-iii r eii \ •. lb, em .1 I'lio-
aiis i-B ,k,l, ,iie' i>i!ln'p 111 C n .ib.ai : il i ,i.ro
,111, b .doi lie. I Willi 1' '.111, Mid . Ill ' all! 1 piei loii' ll lies;
.11 id ,, ere piir. Ii,i:. d . lu! | i. .en . d i,i this . Inncii ,it t. e
lime ol' ill. R 111, ,11011, b. .\l.i,\, liiei t-ii,lie.in-
peroi Cli.al . \'. Hiii;:^.. e iiiam-. cmi a bie , and a
I'l, at number ol laiiiii.ii s, caivent., N c. In tiic
I \iiiii;,i. an i.iive'ii 1 a vti y cm 'lis piilpit ; ihe.xo.al
ulncli flip] I'ltN ill,' t'-p is I Ul in the manner ot 1 ,pe--,
II .1.1 u cd .1- 111 li. The Carth.iiian iini.iad.rv is ,1 in le
in I 111 111: ; and 111 lii- ilnirca belon.in,.; t" t'eC,.i'-
iikIiusis,; i (.11111 ul 111 mriuni t,' ili ir.e ii I'v of
II lu-i Jemoii, Ci 1 ol i) A i. il .t ill- I'.i :i ;i 'I lo
,v. 1 1 .l'e.\ ni i: e c tv .s 1 lie I )uiu >, 01 1 ; e oi\' 1 oi .Sf.
1; 1.; I.!. It ci.nn i 01 t\,o el ll 1 , !> I . e .1 li; ' e
,., 1 l.iiaptoii-Coiii;, witlii.vc,i', laiil i.so.'a.i,!. The
.11'. 'ca' .a',iitm,r.t i? seiv 111a ;ailin in , .iildt'io eoi the
1^ C iicnks.
\m'
I .il
,1 i
'If
i
' .1
It
V
u I
'U!
83S A NEW, ROYAI. AMP ArTfirNTlC SVi^TlM ok I -IVF.'.ivXr. M.nr.RAI'HV.
monlis ill the il 'illcis, v.rv n. it . tliry ko p a lump-
til ni. i.ii>!c; aiul hive oui..tr\ U its i|. pciul/.i;; >•!) tlic
a'.'Ihv, wlv.'iviliey ^o loamsil'-' ilicml-lvf.
ArsTni AN 1 1 \is/»i i.r, or 1 1 «vrr,\i',hi TUti-
iIt-I . the ni)ith,C'il-lp.t:':ic.m>l I'i- , I 1/ totlic r>',itl;,
Hflmii t< the il, .i!ul >.'.;.ni.- .tii I I.'c^.f 1 < th^r
Of [he livm-, .-.mrnvn s h.u- ;i'V iw- Kn •Mh ; -ne ..f | w.H. If .- 4^' ,ni',-s I..",-. 4; br «■!. fn.it.ul in [m'.
„ii.u1ii-. \vh.) ireall lOi 'lilMulic of mi .liw . wli )lc I ium c an.l .■..vn. lirLT<I- .ilMnlimr (>■ Muk rvtU- m
rurrn-, iii --U. ^v.t l.ulv I.iuv 11 iS.ii. ulU-r t.. 1 llu-p. i< ^v lln.u,p,l Ai,t, m .,.y ..-, is :im.1 i''' '' '
llie ihik .11 r-^;*. Thi- nii!i> .•lU.a.iin ilr.iiv/.cr at I .ih-mmls '.Mihtinr. r. . <1-, rTi, I. ; !, nur.>lf. (hi .
I'eiiMfw'ih I ..vmK.t-.uul wine. Thr .rier F.iv.v .''v •. In Ipir.tii.iU it 1 h,, . .; r . ;!. ■ '.r h Mil. •;< ...
liih miiine.v, i .ilL\l the lMi...i!v, i. >if .t llri.l .r oii-l.r.
an.l L-uirei I'.vN.
There .ne f w eilii-. w"' ;■ t!:v p.' ir :tnil oiphniv
at- f,. wcl! 11' !i I'.i' "t' .1" 111 i'"i-; I'l h^re :iie
l',\\r.il hii'V'ttl , .111.1 nilicr I'uire-, lor 1 heir in.iitue-
ni;i(.\'. A;ii'>:.'il i'ii'le>'>(rei-<iii. >.»1I 'li'ie l.'ioilnt
t»ie"Hiv"V->^l-' 0- •■'■ "' ''"■■ ^'■^'"i''''' I 'ii'i!-'l 'II
t'u \c.".r ^4! 1,11 \\iieh 1 ;■ ..riilnn ilo■.^ .u-ee.hi .1! I.
..u.l Inou-lii Hi' iiili.r l'> 1... ii.i,' >M to Ibm- tr.i.k'.
aeeirJiii.; ti t!ie..- c, iim- or ituliiKition. Thev aie
(li\lll.i in cl.ill. I. .it"., h'.'l '. ••■lii 11 i" i'lonn. ipc!ti;e
ot'ier ir.lt'i-e.i; ■"■'I i!'--- ^^■^"' ll" c<;' ■ 'rii^r^'K
h.is pi-oiiiifeiir.Vvi.ii l..ih.)ps. .'. .'o;-, :in.loM i-lniii
v\ chTiivinen, "hn hive t '. 1 ;i pule in llicMii
thiirgraiiiiiile, i y le.ui.iv' ihi
reh'«nl
C'.mliMv, .1:1.1 t:i ln:li [■ t 1 .i •_' • .'.ri'l Ai 1 . Tiie
1! i- % loiiil ' !•! ih liv'V, 11 I'l '•■■, :iiul loirii 11--.
I e ;\'!u» lie I'uur !,i "1 ii .". Ivil , U.. TlC pii:,-
. I "I I'l.Kf • .i:e,
M-tiS the ' ipii ■.l.vv'"', \i<' '.n.I iin t'.i'iiver Tr. iiii!.'.
;r, I i lir;'e ■■.n^l w. II f. ■.i>(i'il. Th I'u' iie lirii.i'.iii ' :iie
111 !i'. ihe Inulilia.v in v',rti>'nl iiuullotne, :iii 1 tlio
ilr .!> 'p.uioii^. 'ITiis pi ice liis TDine trSvlr, p'.'li.w-
Irlv in w.) IL'H Itit)', ot' wliieh I. ere .^re miniili'-
i..rie-. P'hie lit. i.iMiie is tiii^ht 'ii I w 1 en'l jv >• ; I c-
\u\ \\\' : ■! IkT.' V-- ! ■ •■ i ll ' i.iV' lit- .11" I mil. IK II' s, |iul
an ili''i>. .St. \V HI !i iM. !i I. r |.> (lie < .l..l'Mieil M.
.\l le;)ii.i|e, f.n:iV-t .1 e'.nt ! r ..rein.i.m U'.i !u;.'.
Thi-v ir. I ; in luinilicr. i:.,:' ; pi e ih i.- n tul;''. Iiy
ii.tur .- 1 I .v.l .rn ll:.u i 1 " .l.'/e. nt-,;».i.l .'.le in tii ■■■. ii :• ": '.i "t tiie 1 'V i'.' .■,■1.
' I'l ill'.' nioji'iv' ih '•.mm;' hi ...i .':v lit itfrvi. e 111 ili'.ir
Th" (Ir-cf- or»;-i!s;es:'.rel'; •.' iiv! 1'. i'-. aivi iluu 1 ' it;. U' al-. In. ,l,ii v ■ l!u' r il ot iV.-.Iu i!i v ue ,il-
ar.- ;L-.er.il line i\\lv.x-^. o-t- ..t ■.sh>'. h .ai'ei i I • .- h.niu ! ■ a-, ili ' p!: afe. .i.:.! .i.ii.i;. i' ieUv. a;
I'ViLlv'smaikc -plaee, vvlieie (!■< i-re'.t liiett^ i e".ii i ili. \ ihink pr per. ^ ..■.,. ,.
ihitleulina nr.iit hue 10 the li\ pii'uipvl nit ■. o! ; M i1,.:.i.hi .t h a vill 1..: • .a > ".1! eu -.t "rle-. tr ini !hn
ih .iiv. Ai .meuiaotthi- tiinir- ll iiuNa line lU' pk , ' .Jv, \vhet<', .11 i- -•. liie I-.'.'Ik'i ir-iv, e .niiia"l. il I'V
c" ilpOii !i, sv.lli a .'.:;i "I >liMi.' "I I'eil-. I'lu , :' e lunili.ils Vin'i- .ml llni.i.-i-, «."va.i.i kcl in
ii-'uiieis ail line-! '.villi l^veral r.-.v- ol lues ''•iiieh .il- 1' 'H' iniik iiUieiie.nn i.'. , ami u.iialy ik(ea..e.l with
f.ir 1 plA''i:it walk- |.) the iir.a iiani . Th,- I'piaie ^ |.m. .vt ll in '.'.te: . ,, ■ - , ,
I illia th.- H 11'',. Iro'ii the calll.- ..t ill'.! 'vii', is lui ; Rivox 'l mils m a 'riri'n! I 1'. is w.ll loifli .'., hii
r...:i.ha wi;li iiviiiv line ••lillei's. .S.v.'i.il i.uirl-ol ' I' \>'i il villaj-.t v.uiiin i, - iii.i l.l.'ii, ami beil nv on
iulH..- a;e h'.ie helvl. .1 I'lit "t ill ■ mi bit ■ t..r tin- | I'.ie l.o'iL- ut i."r.)i tl.i- : i:!i" Kail.
citv ihat ot the libera .1 15,i:.',-. I'lit o: ili, pi.- 1 N 'i" S ,1 ; ue , a t.ii.ill ei,-., iit.iu .1 on ilieiiv r
vo'.llliip.-.ii.i chapter, ami ih.- ta-!iU ...i; I. Tie.- . i- | S .'.n vie. n I'l hi 1 ■ u .. . 1 e i;l .| I'lv W . .,1 ot_
n'-ti'hiiesaic u 'o'.l.na;! 1 .'ition ibi:!"-. iii'.<, 1 vie.lu '. "^ .i'.-'ii. , whi Ii iiin.l 11 >t be hm'' I'.cn |.)r ilie •\'> ■ I '-l
linen a-i.l lace. In Iiiumv, i4;o, I'lu: p tlu ( j .o,l | .S ... u-, which i.nii hl.uv.i, a 1 limb. ,11 li.ibi.ii,
inil.t!i'a!t". oacr..f'ihe(;.)lil.n I'le.c. n.arHmiris .vul H.:!. ■nurc .i.e in (In . 1 1 v 1..H1-
r-" ■, on ihe Ip.iKe. i> .1 biiri r ii..vn, lii nat ■.! in 1 vcnr, a p.nnn.r\, a'l h ipii', a i-l .m 1 I'l' • o Mi'.-
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I'V III. '. It u is .ill u\a .K ti'ii.^l. !''• 'i I . lliL' bai.i'y
lit lil'ii'ih :>, iiiiVrM'. Tlic 1 !. It'll t');i .it I la' |. line-
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lu'i All" ' :, 1".', i' iw.'t'i ilK'.nniV'it lie ..I c-,
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1; ll IV . lip. 11 iv'iu'i.--., an 1 i'i|iiin III I, .III li!):i.'iii'-
.ihlc ti'i'ins, O'f.ilicr 1. Ii w i, nil n .1 to rlc Spa-
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'Ir.i'li lit kill' Cn irli's 11. tlii; l'';i'n.l\ iti/..;l ita'iiii,
.mil kt-'jit It fill till' p. act' .it Utr ht, wl.eii ilvv wore
"bl ..; ll ti) I'Viitiaii' It to ttu i" r.ptiDr. It i .1 p'.iic
ot \irv vr'at iinp..rt.inL.', h-uv^ luiiatu! mar tlic bor-
il'.'ii 111 1 1 li'iHiil;.
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ot Sil ilin.iiit, I Diii'iliii.', 11 11. I'l-. lit til. ' CilU'rti.in
I'll I', Ii'IukI.iI inili.y..ir 1.;..', by I'iiilip, toniit ot
N.'.niiM'.
Cli iilcnt >nt I'liKl.fin till- tip ofa 111 ".int.iin, a' tiii;
I. 'tilt wUiL'li riiii> tlic rivi .\hi''. 'I'^i.' )i,iiiiiivl .Ml
wliicli it i-- i.iiilt bL'|.iiij,.il t Tnuiiv to (lie lunntrv ut"
I .i ;;'", but th ' bnli ip ^.ttitcil 11 1. 1 the 'nipjrur CI; iik-S
V. uh.i built I Ik 1 1' a L. 11 lie w-ili ,1 rni.ill I'f , whieli li.;
.Mill", el 1(1 tlie c:'.il.i. I'll u" Niiliil.'in 1 ;■;,;.
15 iiviiie- i^ a I'r.ii'l e:i\ o 1 tl;e I It b.uik ot' ilie riviT
Mae.;. I hi- in imt b.i-. ;i 1 i.;hl 1 ' tit in the all'-, iiiblv ol'
the line ot il.i pi'.ivitiie In tlu- year i;;.|. llio
i'''e'ii'i I'll', it i\ .ilK.ult, an'l I'.i. k il it. It .^ i .ic-
l.n'kil tir.ly by the in'i.ib:t.int^ o: 'z. li 'in the I'r.'iieli
ma:].' a piuili...,ioii5 (lau '.liter. I'an ol iliem were
iii'o.Mie I ill the iiv.r, aiiil tliolt: .vlio were t.iken were
li.iiv.;eil; beeau'.e, iliouii,li ilicv vvei'e not in ac nil'iiiin
til iK'len.l the t.i'.vn, they wtrer.)o ll'iiiie.!- n.'t t'l fur-
leiul r till .1 ill'. , -ell wa i.i.il' in th ..IK. 'ilu ji| u c
! 1-. 1 •iiiii.leiable '111' lor!' in^ap'.l- 1 ei .-.e, ;i tl.e pr.i-
Mii e-. oi N.'iinir an I I.ti\e'il i:r^
Ne.ir IJjiniiie- .ir. t 1 oe I. 1 ihe niin^ ol an aiui.'nt
iit\ eil...l Ci.cvMii.ii.i. a1ih.1i wa- very ll onir, tlu-
I ih 'I'liant'. ot' v.'ileh were n..: 11. 011^ t.ir ti.eii r.iH-
iiei' >!. Tliev ilct'.tuietl I limileive'- very i ' I'a.; oully
.I'.n:! l.in . C-iii the S'ni:i!e in n.'.:. a.-ii".!! kinsi
(): . I 1 1 .) : I, an 1 .;; i:;ill ill a. Jilu.liop .f C .| iirnc 111
, o. III.' a. i.i! '.liei.' t t' WIS i.ike'i, an. I lev. Ileil with
til 'I !i ; I, in .;i, b'. N rJi ', bi ll ip o Liey^e.
Ill iir, .lb ut ii;; iiiile.s ib:'; mi trim CI. a. I 1 .v. i- ta-
nviiis tor lu) bait ie-. '..niLihi in it- nn^ht) .uih 'o I. Tiii;
r.iii
15 \a. 1 1, V e. n.ir ..1 ili .\, -
itppene.l .'Vii^iiiy ;
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). I '.■ :, b t'.veen 1) in G.i
ll ot the Spa'iilh .ir.iiv, arul
ill 1! 11 , 111 I ih V . ll ll, viiiJ.i ilk i. ..if.i.uui ol ill
I'l-'.' "I I A.\ '.'.. . ._'.
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4. 'I'licAcadciDy ot'Paiiiliiijan ! S iilptiirc, 10111;.' d
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Iviit iuf i-i' til.
Ii IS divided iiiio two elille^i tlie hill 1
I I '1/1, lull liol ,l.;il.oii/cd |.\ ..-Mirs pa
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and ilie le. oiid o: 1 > oilu r .r.'liii .
IV ll le p"!!, a^ \v. 11 a . llic In ul.ii'.
d ID read pul'li. lectures (in I'.u.
le pn^telior,
is ifir lili , Ii
1
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.inlillillicnt' lei;il lo ii-f. a:. I I leri'T'i
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thei
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oiKloii, .111.1 \v.' pri.uiiie uc
ll'.ail ll •■i!lil: I ilur 111 hv ;mj\irti.il ti, sellers.
111'.' iiLi.di oudi od "t i'.iri^ il v.TV pleaiant, and
e()ii:..i:i a re it iiiiuiher ol t r.vns, villa;ic-, ficc. and
Ani'iiii: the lali in iI.h covernnicnt
!o:ii'- li.'ie le.ils.
ir lies
M luloii; aiiutlier at .St. M.li
c.iUed Co-iilau , near ti;e conflux of
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In llic government ■ I oi.- Ill -
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h.iil a ii.nli ll p.Mc uiionic, lo.'ril
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. i.::.p.:ei:ne-::en iiievei v llir-i!; relative lom an oi war.
The Icveial aeilelliles m I'.-.iis thai delci ve t.i li,
lailiiiiliily iiuiui'ii dar, ilu loll.iwini'.
Tile Al
1
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ii.i.il. Ai'>iic
anr) .\io iici
I'livi in ih-.vi
\:: tvv.i <)i lln
ci^ h of uliii
g,L:A cai':ii !■
llm^ llu-l':i'.o:
hv all"! ill' I
iilli' r 111 I III
Inn s iliviTtt
1 1r' oraiiLi
a k;n :. ll
a I.iri2,i' '^ili 'I
; '. Iil-l lllD.li
nil i.llll (l''l'
iiic- r ii\ 'ii
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i, IVC t"!!'- ■ ■
I,., ,.U ,M
tli
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■ i.l.l.ll.', wl,.
1 111, I'll \
. -.l.r, ;.-.,.
i: .;; -i •:■'■•.
i.:ir;..i. li..:n
iir. i;'(.v. 1 ii;
11,1- ;.il.M
\^,l^^^ u\ villi
It I a iii'iii
till ciiiran t
.•fcicip, a'lil
111 Ills li.-.iiJ
111' ft \i il ll a
lir.i- llul!-^\i
iii'ii! ii.in.i
..,(il I li'K-i-
III til- liii'li
I. .:!'•, ..M'l 1
lUjiini. 1
i.iins, p.iMii
p.l.Hl' lit
Ol Vlllf'.' ."
.:,.■.!<■: .
ill .1 1
K.i I. .11 ■
l,.u lor 1 ll
i :' l\ii.:
Ii; .'■ , r.;r
U:t\\- ; t'u'
I he ivi;" I
.Si. ( 1 111
iv iliii'llv r.
! iri-i! .iii'.l
llLMUtllul.
Tlic I '11
Aii:;iiltiiv,
miilicls ni
llnu'tnii',
i.uio ot .11
V iiii;' 1.i-1h
ll! I'diu .!l'>
l!ii:'V-iix I.
Ill lll.l Wl
llVU'l'l'll, »
li.<l tliij\ ll
r.rudi'r
[■RAN C v..
srf
cruelty o; ihc |)ea'iiii ■ "f l..V'-i.i, wtvi w.irf h iv r.pr
Icmi'il mii.in Mitliou^l intu Iroj;'', wliuli li iti\
a v.ill
i|i;:iiiiit\ o! witir up 1(1 tin' prmi
■Jl.^
1.- ;iri' U'VtT;'.! iiii.fi lal'in-, w I'l w.ikt liwi
■ks, .ill .:f '^I'ili
ami i).l)ii- tnri'iiis «':\ic-r-ttM
UViilalioll, well' iil'mt-il Willi ;.',"iii;i'' II
I, I riinrtl c
li^.r.i
wliicli 1! wtnM ill- tiiii
lull:', t'l ■. '\> ,1 li.litii"! ir (k'
■ 111 1
r. I .ii'ii.,,!.
u' i.r Livi' I,
laiiVMi '
Ai.
t I ;i .ilnli '■. :iii (1 -'.i'; iil.'.! l!-j,";i-.
aiiij .\io iii'i ili'iMi' I : ; lour o ii^ Im; s aic i lu-iii ir,
»,-.m 1
Mil.
V:\\\ 111 I
i;: tvv.i ')t till' aim
ItK'., .UK', tlh Dill 1 'MllM A, 111 tllu t lllli
■ : ill's li.lt'. II 111' two Ii.mIioMi'
li of vnIihIi i.uiiC' .1 1 1 ton i:i 111 I ;•.. U. Tli'
jl>(.Ml can:ii 1- ; • l.iii: 'lu- iiHi.iil, iiul ii o !";•/., iiv. in-
dull! ilif 'iMUm .11 la' li'.-iui. In ilif miililk' itisuollul
hvaii"ilii" I. mil, aiiiMit ^ij t'lirmis 'oni;.
mil' r ill 1 <it III • l:ii
■iivi!
;iiU) .1 lul..ii
|.> 1 , iiiil
lull s I'lVi
, ill .1.1.1. I ;...,. llii-ilivilll.i
ricil ill. ln•^■l.^■^ r. \a. lit ami :•
At i!u
r.ui.iiii
. Mini loiii -
palai ', uIirIi wis llr.' r.r.nnvitc l..-»I)it:'.tion of L..\. I •
XIV.
I''i(!it;iin' l..iii is (i r. ni-il in tin- midi'!'' ol ,i |. r ll
t ilic l:i;iif II 111', rii'.-ii ii:;. i, I ii|i ii(' I'.iris, anil
alviiit o;i-' t .1 ■', ll-.f S',-l!,,. 1; ij ,ii inn
l.lic hat': (■ii.'ilv . iv-Iii! ill i| I I II I I '
ttl.lt ;':irili."l' , 1 'I.i (il:t V. ill l \ . V n;' I
ii.;.s
Itll
II
111- '.
.u'o::i :li
'.t tiiili
.!:■ if ;:i'.
lie .11 L
aiiif 1 I'-
ll !'U .I'lv
I vuil
til V IV till ■
I
;inili ^li
'.ml
til'- |>.il.i. L- ;iiv :i !ii|-|,
laiviiii's, 'I'll. I'l-.it.
vvi If .uM. '1 ivli' II the 1 ■ lilt w.i ll' r.'. I'lic:,- l^ in lli.H
r.")ili .1 liii>- I iiiiiiiii \ , built i V I I p.ry IV . in i vn/ ;
1, i'i,.it.ii r');):i! 1)1 .ill IS I'l It «i"'i
i:
ii;ii, .".n.! i\v.:itv WI..C, ami is
1
ic oiaictry. "i ftrci'ii liou:'-. wa arp" : p
Ii
lol t.
1 lIlC 1 lit '.I, u
1
111
nil l.;ll
u iil- y:'.llT\, u'lmli IS iMiK-iin.'i' , -jO-' k-' ' 1 :i ■,, ri.l
Icii 'ii'i.lil. ^^I'.i I -1 :ir iiLiI « .'. !• .V I li .• 1 .,'1 ;
iai.li (i.k- "I i! I e ill :v .-. I'.i' I ..i;!,!, [ , i i li ;nj
IS t ■ <.-|lt'. lIlllC t'lCt ll
ailui 11.1.1 with tmir lar.'r C r:iiili,a-i toliiii'ns ot Ipittti,!
iiiaiM ■, Willi iia'c uv.i ilripit.rs nt ,\liii,' iiiatl-L-.
Til- Miii?ii utiM, the (.I.-. > vliii'.il in juhli. is al'ini-
iil null ,1 VI' \ liij ■ t'.'i MIL',, .I'll! ii'.bl.' p.uniin!';;'., r, pic-
ll'lltlll'. In'ti,
III]
ItMiP'. r.in. u, ;uIIk ,
iiui imiil.'iiLX'
wall II vc.-.ii 'iiIki Jul'', ci
ll
1
I IK
tfci ; '-.p..
r;;.r
l,.l'i ll V, .III I
li'H- r iw "I I Dliii'i'
,! ' '>'i' .ii :!'iil 1. 1 III
I'll' l",i'i;li
.1. .-r, 111
il.r,
111. Oil V.
1, k,:;n.
Ill- 1 .'. h . I In'll
I ■■ I 'l .11 I W > '
III' .1 !i 1 1: III. r.
v. .1 I r villi
At
I'l Mi!<> "I 1 :
t 11 II
II i!if ij ilk-iy ill |;i.in;i' iii- pri',;ic ol |-ii.'ni'\ tiU-
(;.w-:U i:i a llMllti''' (ll 1^ ; ,iii I ; ic 'lilliuilt kimll ol'
I'.inllilg, lu' ilcli 'ht..'il III ;i' .li i'.mi m . vt n p;;t i.;-c ,
t'l' ll I .'. I lvc'"L-.'i l.ii;li. '..! I'.i. :i'\ tt-ali lul.
I'l' ■.;ii,l.''i'- ,iic- .1:1. '. II' I i 1 ;ii '!■ ■ ..lii'ctit'c ft
;'.K I'.U.i' f, .iiul ai'c -ill a. I.)i:, d .sii'i ,! .i.r-s .uul tuun-
1
1. \own ol Font. riiMi ail ..as lonllil ■; i. Iv 'nrival'-
'C U'll'll- o'
II iiiv IV. 1.
XIII.
I l- 'I'
(■ -• r
I. ll
i.. a'li lul.v I ii vL'.i, v.l^^,
I . .ill- I Ml , • t'lU'.- llus
ll 1 I. Ill' I.' uul I'.'inoii tuc-,
l\
I 111- l,ll•^ li.iMi i.r 'iLi/f 1- a liiiu np'Vi', tl;c k'vrni
.ills ot wliicli .'.r.' I ) iMci u,,vi '1 with cacl' ' 'in :', liiu
r . !.i':;i , ml! ill'.' |.,i'i>i,lii,il Ir.iri I
.1 ,'., . ;
I, W'l'Kll I .lili'I'Il-
'.liirri'is :
■ 11 1' I., ll liilr ol 1 . f ''K
lit
I'l .! > ■ iMilii 1-1 I 'I 'I'D:; US'!.':,' V k'l; hi. !i, anil i,v. r 11 i-.;
a]i.;iic III O'lrS'vi 1:1 iuiin.;ihc man lii k ol iIk-
\i ll V. I Mi'iilii. 'v ll II. Ill \ I' in.
Ni-in.r.ii-, a i:! 'if lo'.. II, iiuiatcil hctwui':! i!'c hue!!'?
it'.ln I'j.iu .'.mi \I.
lo.'ii, w.n.'
/I-
ir, am! i hti'l'.
I 1;;. 1 t 1 l;;iii I lie ua\' ' "it ot I
I. At
n.c.i u ll, t.
iiiics, I lie I .ni: 01
ll I a tli:iiiii.:
t!a cntran c \>
.'Ktoii, a'ul till' r''!u'i ol t^'.ipi'l. ll. Mill ; a 1 lucol tlilX'.'il
in Ins h.liil. .\; cvcrv t,.;n:nf; ol lli, ;iv iiiics \oii
111' ti '.Mtli a ht.-.i.'. iliil |. !.i:r..i!;.. ..doi i;c.l .villi :\ I alon o.
lii'.i' llu.!!-uoik, v.ht", ih V ll i\ ■ ifj'U Irnii.' I, in llu
111..II n.iim.'.l Ilia.
10 1 Oi '.l.h l.!l !- (
Ml'h
.1 I'.Mp''
■1 t a- h
lahk' ; il.r ll,!
■.I-. It< ir.iilf I'liliil
. will ll III' '. 1, 11 in
.11 I I ill .^. nil.-.
hucni '.ilia,,'.-, 'I- k-:ul t'l I'
C'Mii'n.n 1, :i Iniall Iiv.mi, lir.i.iiil lixic n 1 i<jii -s
iioni I in
c liiiith, and .X'.v.' iw.uj Id iIil- ill
I nous hoiilc ot C nn'tii '.y, a lir ui. Ii o' -.v liicn canu' into
'Ian. I
W
1 mi ill'.' C.
in 'III. 1'". .nul liuuii'..(-l
d
llic tiinilv til u n.mu , w'liu h 1I..I liililiil lui'i
I'.'i.ii'
, .1 lo.Mi 1)11 111' ii\. V Imnt., contains 1 \c
Willi .1 I'.raii.iry lor lali.
)- i
li'iL'i • u ■. a t:i n 1 11' p
u ,tli a 1. 1 k
T'.. .iii'ti U win 1 1 i.'ini the CI vcrnmeni '-f r\ 11 rots
.1 rii-.Mi'ii piddiii'.' ■.Mill-, '.'.ii'.i'i, Irmis. p.utiiiasic'.
III l..f 1/ It'll n ail.' I 'lit- . I '.n:i! , .iioxt , rvotti . Imin- ji ar.il 1 n . ii..iiil\, inc n inii.- oi ■.\iii.li:- [lini'.rlil to
I, .n--
.i.ii 1 \'v'. V lir li! lli.it t .1 riink'i
ht.'iil
ami
1
ni nil ll ni mv |i:'f r.;'. 1:1
k 111
,1 Iron l'i(.':i'd. I 3 I'vni.ia pallionaU' wr.my;-
iiii. Ic.l on l'''.ali i'V Ciiampaone; on llu-
( iiins, paint nu' , ,\i.'. In ila' p.nk It m • •. iir ■ c.intnu
1.' lie ll'i- ot
mil Iv, the
til
n ,|:rti ot III in.'l
11, |i;c oi.iliilc ol will, ll 1 iini iK wli"'l\' ; I'.is ! C.i'. Is, A |.'i , .ind ! l.in.i' li • .uul on the WfiL
(It \ 11 k'l.' ; led II. 11 1 lie, oi CM, 111 lit. i\..ikma'.il.
I
N
1 ii.Mi ;v ;.-i.i III e,
1;
iiver- :n" ■ inc
'.ir.lc .1: ..' 1 ii.'e. II ,l.ll'.oiin,l in ll.inies.uu: .\ .u. r-wirK-. i'
In a 1'
:k
I .'ill ll'll ill-. I.l
s.ii:
Lies I' a '> Ke io\ .1 1
'.luftiil t;a'\l 11
IT e:i'j 'le
,1'.
.h r:le 11 iIk \ rnia'd : , and i.iL'- into
ill- t).
.11 c.
',!.', w ;. ill I lies in
lul ni- I .1! i;-i.) ill-
, u lor I u.
'.I .uer iioni in.-
- in. , I'l liipph ihe ;i
C.mi '.,', v 111 h rii.s m ,'\:
. ixii.i ,11 .1 V lie, -'.v.
h 'i.iml .111.1 in ' il ^1 ipl s. 1 I:.- I'l
. nil th. Dtlu-r wa'c r w.'ik-i, , oil i.iu
.1
[ .:l I
,1-, l::c
iher In.tl
A-,
ie...e ; .in- 1 the
nti) the 1 1 at
ill'- I ..mihie.
-i' -,r;-> , .I'l 1 l.K
I)'
Inn I' 1 I'll- w ;-. : ,1. i;-..' i.nn e\-ii| 'iv.-: {e\ .'1..I .nils t.i pro. iiuT, m . on eij'.. lu e . 1 1 ;..!..i i.ni.i-.', m.miila' -
Ihe t.veiii It;, rv .11 '-..le. nui '.i.iiu iher.e.- t.) V erla.ll ^. || 1111. ■-, a li u.i.i.m up n ih . i,and 11 tiili r.e>, is liu;
Si. ( i. nil m-. I .. l.n e, a l"w 11 in the t'lell .t 1 ,aie, ,. I, .it ol .i vei\ i Memni- t-a 1 I ,im' molt ol ilie other
is i liiellv ti III ',' ^.al•le loi ! .mi . .ulk--, or pa.a .s. '1'Ik .' p.m ince , 11 h ul ior.ii rU 1 p cii pi Hi^ es, .lepondtnt,
fuel! iii'.l p.nk, . i'ir.iij,'.!Oi^ t' tii.' c.utle-, are vciv ' ii.iv. e-i ei, on ilu- tr.i.Mi oi l-i ii e.
licaiiiinil. (lime, die c.ij'Ual i,| th d.iiii : o' Thicraclie, has
The I'lnvenl ofSt. C\ ., -or n'lns ot tiic oil.-i ot .Si. .1 liion.-, eallle, and oavc n ini,- 1 .1 diuhv an.l p,era'a,c
Aii.:,iilline, w i- toiin.l , in n-;", hi M. M.iiiilenon, l'ilor.u,iii'.i to the home ot 15. uirl uii-Coiiiie. The town,
iinlhels ot I.e-Ai- Xl\'. 1 a v.iv Ip.u loiis and Iplcndul , imiiij^ litii.'.ted on the tronii r- ot tlie L.ow Couniru's, is
lliii,-tiiie, and lieli-re ih, rei Imi 11 it 1 .int.imeil lilii ' ri-i'.n. led a one oi ill. I iilw.iiks 01 Irance, .in..l i on-
l.iiii'- ot i]iial'l\. ,ind tw 1 limulied an.l liliv p.iipiis 01 1 kiU'inih llion. K K-niiid.
V mi!' I.i.hi 'i; t'l iiilirn : in ', o; wh. .111, in even li'.meli j l..ileie, .1 In i 'e low r. n.ar t!ie Contiux of il.' .s' 1 u
ol edui.iiion hev onimi', iluir rank an.l ;e\, iher, weie | ,111. 1 t)ile, i m i n- ,1 |)ow',!ii m,!', ,ule 1 I, I, ill o-^'e ,
l!ii 'X'-nx l.iv-li;h r . I h- voiKis.; l.idie . oinimud iin- t. .11 11. 1. 1\ , .uul Llltle; two . huielu- , .md le\ era! ';'/.' I -
lil lluA Wire iw r,i\, when lii.\ eilli. r on k lie \.il, i lion: -.
iiiarned, 01 leimne.l 1 . ineir rel.itions, I. the) ni.li- | Si. tinmen, o: Si. (Jm, iiiln, o'l the Sininie, i< la-
lied thev hid a poriion ol lour hmulied pill- I ■. I moils loi a la.wi ini.iii'l I 1. i ' . '1 ee'l, ' iitihuuh,
Meiid'jn, iwolcigiies liuiii I'.uis, eoiran.s a line I wlin.li is onto; tiie liiicll iiil-,.iiKe. t.ikes it.s n.inic
' liij:u
f
:', J.
:l>^
1!'
m
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
/.
^0 ^ /f,, "^^^
:/
V]
V]
VI
%
^1
c?;^>.
1.0
>^ 1^ 112.2
I.I
14
2.0
1.8
1.25 1.4
1.6
.4 6" -
►
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
n WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 873-4S03
A NFAV, ROVAI. asd AITEIF.NTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL C.F.OCiRAlM lY,
1^'
Ht
illi^"
' t.
I' :
Ir^
from
St. O
iicntin.
II I he war 1
5; 7 .1 bank- w.t;
~c - ; -T.'/
UniLilu luf'' lulwAt the French v.r.d S|i:i;-i;iiils, cilllcii
i!ic Iviiil.' of St. (^i^iciuin, ill wliicli ilu' F'.i'iicii w^ic
totallv iKll.a.ii.
I'vriiiir.^', o;i til.' Sommc, is I'l, iMpil.il i f :i il.lbiifl
i-ll..cl Sintiiiv. :;iut l.Miin,- t. r a !ir.. n iiiam;f i.''.')rv.
On aiciv.iii: en it' '■ ivuic, '"■ecu <Mtc.i 1 .li,;i-.l, Iml lu'vcr
taken. 111!.' r'liiiiii ic'.m it Li l'i!i.\':li , ui ili.M'u 11.
Auiiin-, I'lC <.ap;!..l ol I'ltainv . ua^ aiii'i'iiilv lall tl
Soiiiaioliiiva, I r HrijM, tliai is, iIk' U;uli;c owr tlio
Soiiiin.'. It i (;tu,iti\l tu ) lca:;i!cs tiiiin I'a'i^ 10 ilio
no!t!i, an>l wa- tin- c;'.; i;..! n: ilic cHtlricl 1 ill^il Ami-
111 ii>. It i- I I'l.icc ot ^Hat ai'.liOiiiiy, wi'!l l.iitifu;il,
.1 1.1 ilic lit lit :'. Iini\"ii. Ilci\ait tii\^' I'lLliiis dvlT
.1^ iiia:t\- cliani.clsot the Soainic, main chunii.s, hc-
fl>k,^ the catluilral, Icveial hufpiiah ar.J mai'tita.'hiri.s,
witlian .uai.l,:T,v 1)1 the art> aiiil li iciicts X'liiiiiiv,
Rohault, aiul m '.!".'. oilier iniirx-iit tin 11, w.renative'
01 thb town. 'Flie lanipaits mike a line walk, Ik ini;
jilantcil witli a ik)'.:'i)!e r'M ul tr^e^. I:i i''e luvi. tlm-
lion o! F'rane.-, Aiiii-:i !■■ tlu ch.i.; i i'\ ol ih. ilep.ui-
iiieni oi S>imiie.
Conti is a rm.iil invn ;-.lv ut liv, !,■ i-nes from Amiens,
uhi-li iiave the title 1 t p;u:.t I.' ainaneli ot the houle
ot Roiiihon.
Alikeville, t'.ic capiial of t'e liilb Vl of I'oiilli'eti,
'^ lituated a'.oiit live L'.."e' 'loin the i}rr. illi Cli 111-
nel, 1 ; from noiiKune, .i;'.',l 7 liom Amicii , ■ 11 :hv'
Soninie. in uhii.li iIk t'l e ri.es here to ihe I'e.Lhi ol
(ix leel. Th.rc r.ie a : re.U inun fluirel.es in llie
ti wn. aivl It la a \ r\ 11 •ui.lli ''j, iiaili, aiui .1 \ .iii n
ot rir.nu'acte.i.e'. '1 ! e ] rolpe.'t o. thi- town, at tiu
ilil'.anee I'f .1 1:11..: te: ot a ;m:.-, i:, reina kal ly licaii-
tifi;!.
Crclly. a (m\l; pi .It on the liver .Xu'.hic, iv noutl
lor the bank lei v.- i\t the Enpl.lli anj Frcnvii, anno
i;46, in whii !i i!-.' latt'.r we-r !■. t.;.l\ il le;'tei!, and
wi'ole motto, iJj
the kiiiij of Hohtnii.i i.ikcn ; rilo:.,. . _ .,
</»'»•«. was a ter'ai'U pi,; 1:1 iIk jiinKc's aims.
Montieu.l, I r. the C lielic, ; l.a,'nes 0:1 the Ikinili
Channel, eont.-.i.'is ali u.t j -^e inh.;,.ilani?, and l:as a
|ir. ity k-iiik iiadc.
'I'lij pcalants r v.nd t'lis Cji t a-e \erv pour, li i'
icir.aiki.ll bv traveller-, t!iat n'.) '"oner does a c haife
llop, th.in the ton aye- ]u);ir foit': I.* inns t' i i;oc ehi-
iil\' : yoti;';.^ and 1 Id .i'l_,.;iii in l!;c elrjrus, C/.\i> iu four
I'll 111 our lie D\:i.
-St. \'.il' r\ , 01 iiil'!i. I, is a Tea pi 'It to'.\n, litiialrd
at tic mi.-'i ih I't li.e .^omme, lour 1* ajMies below A'..-
b.vilk'. 'Iheeiitrane into the .So.v.me is vcrv dan-
p.roiis, Iviai.'.e t ih'- llit!>e- and ipiu ;^-liln^ls uhuh
liv. vc Irom pkiec ti pli e vmoi t. e \.ini! an;l tide, it
that no lluiis .l.-.ic ve;.ui eio vni.r li ...:;;. ut tliv alllll-
ani e ot tlif bJl pd a- ot the 1 .i.ieiv ; h uev r, then"
is (^1 at tradi. '. ■.;■ . Lei ..'.i eai; '.. io o; .. mJi ii,di.'..s .ire
ealily eonveyul ir :■. i.er.i... to An, i.i •, ,i:k1 tlKn.cii.io
Aitois, Champai;:: , .;. ! i" bar. . I ie.. iIkv inipori
Ipi.otioiii M'il.'.iu!, a- ah 1 pi,i-:.;l,. • !v,r iiLikino o;
l-ap;
d tilli, hernnu'
t.
■in leveial coiiniii
Sn.iin ainl I'o.tucal tiiemaii
nv oilier eom-
ill > export into
I*
\n'ni ou;t, o:
u.meouri, ne.ir tn. iivt r
tain
alioiv lor a < loiioii . vii lo; v uln
di
r Br.l
vh ih.
Km-
flilli, coinr.ia;
d.d! V H.
nr\
y
I
. 1 1. ovi r t he
reneli, ilie
;tli o
O.t,
ihtr, 141
■|h. K
l.'iit 1 t-Q m n, ..nd i!;e I'reiie.i f.oj::
Ami
Wire iliL- 1. on
bant, I lov.v
i(h loll
Hi.; the 11. .in
.t ' 1 Nivii-, and Anthonv, iliike ot Bra-
r tu the duke ut' li.iii'amly, the duke ol
(iiiikible ol Albiel, the duke I.! Hir, the
p'.-.iiliar jirivilepies ot' exempli 'ii Ironi I'everal taxf--;
and had a i; ivernor indeper.dent ot the t'ow rnor-,;, -
lur.il ot I'ie.iriiy. The liailvnn' i annot be i-ntereil i'l^t
at hi'j,li water, and is dilended by a tort. IV.etown is
iliviikil into L'pper an I I ..iv.er. N-ai" ih • eiiadel 1- i
nrneial Ipriiis;, lalKd Li Foiilaiiu' de l',r, ih.it is. i!:-
Iron Sjirin;;. li vv.i- liiefi-e ol a 1 illiop till .he rev '1.:-
lion.
AmMetc'.ill'.afm'.'lt v.vn ■•n tlicilnntiel. two'iai^n s
fro 11 liouloene, is wvU t irii, ■.:, a.'.d l.a- a j'.uod h.n-
boiir. Here kiiiij; J.ime II. I.mded, uiien he li.d i 1
I'lanec, at^r his abdK.ui. 11.
Near Aiulies, a fortilinl town, ihre ■ leagues from
Calais to tiie louth, Fiantis I. muI Henry \'lll. i|
l'',njiland, had :'.n interview: their retinue '.v.'.s lo richly
dreili-'d, that tir- pi. ice wlv re llitv met his ever linee
1 een I .ill.-d I e Chainii de iliap il'Or. " '1 Ik I'leld i l'
the Cl.ihuf (i.ild."
Arr.is is the lajiial ot t'.ie liilliie^ n imed .Aiioi',
uhieh i- :ie of tic molt lertile ilillnets in all Ir.mei.
1: 1- .14 leajiues 1 in^, and 1.: broad, I eiii", IkhkuIi d on
ihe call by Il.iir.ault, on the noiiii bv l-l;ind r-, and
on tl'.c well and lout!i by I'icaidv. A conlidei.ible
Iraili- i- eaii led on in the pr.nine.- in grain, 11. ix, h.ip ,
wool, linen, fee.
Anas, (itiiated on ;li.' r;v.r Seirpc, 10 I ae'.ues
Irom Amiens to the no:th. ]• a ve'\' aiui :il an.i
I irgc my, and i- ilivuLd into Iwo pan-: t!ie ine,
called th.-Ciiy, 1- iIk .me'eiii ; .Mil tli. o'lir, nam d
thcToiMi, i- the 11. w. Ti't v .iiei.ieh Inii.aiii led wiih
ohi -.v.i'is, when- tin iv 1 m.iii I'.ill lev.i.I loiiiul li'W> r-,
.built aller tlie aiu I nt m'n'Rr, an I 1 ijate, over wliii !i
was this i'l-ti i])i ion : ;^,''ii! ''< /'liirfcis prciijrciit
Arra-, iis yuris 'iiiiiix.trtiil Li cLiiH ; i. e. " Wh.nll.e
l-'ieii',li lli.di tike Arra-, lliemi.i. ih.ill eal tlicia-."
In ill- new divilion ot loanee, Ana.s is the 1.I1KI t nwx
ill the dcpaiimeiit ol tl.e I'.wde C.ilai-.
Mailiuil d.e X'.iub.m o p'.ilid thole o'd wall , a:id
aildii! feveial b.ilboii-, .ukI m.iiy new uolk^ to iher.i
111 li'.eiiiiih, whiili IS l.-.ii;- .md v.ry cle^p. Theieare
lobe oblervcti in it, .iiiiiiiii', odiei tl.ir.i^s, hiiiettv-,
iuiilt alto Vaub.'.n'- m:i:iner: iliey arc the full workh
ot that kind, '.^hltll were inventcti by that execiknt
engine r. They coiiilill ot a tri:.i)j;ul:ir half-mo ':i,
coverid witli two li.:!f i.nveli'pes, Kparated i;om e.u h
other bv a dileli.
Thi ci'aikl is lonuwhat liiijh.r tosvird- the c uii-
irv. It I- not v.ry l.iri',', i iit d eio.vd oiu- o tlv.'
Ihongell in Fraiue. 'I tie I'.itcii is diy lou;uiU the
loiintrv. The vreatelt p.iil ot the f>,iound ab ol lh;s
utv is I w, and proper to be l.iid under w.r.r. Tli;s
town i- ii. habited I v "Aeilihy traders and aiiiiicer-, wli.i
make fails .ind t ipeiirv-hiinoin^-, c'p .iil.v the laiter,
wlii^h art wa- invLno.il here; iherei re lii.>e l.ipatius
take thir name Iron ili it ot the . I'y.
Aire I- a lor 'bed, tuwn, li;i..ird on tlic ri'ieil.i-,
II mil - fio:ii Anas l.. tl.e noi th-w, ll, :!:;d ei :.: I'ls
two I'olp'lal-. At a hide il.ll.inee to 111 the to\wi lland*
tort Si. lianei-.
tn.iiit is a hide but '.veil lortiliid lo'vn, finrtL I
Un lo
S-. V
theb:ink ot iheiiver I.1-, l;\ le.i^ue Irom
the call, lakinu its n.ime
Jill ihe 111, I
■tvr Si. V,
The Ciuntrv abuiii it ma\ be laid under w u 1.
il.iis, atown litiiaiid on the nair.nMll p.ut of tiie
.dile lo D^er, liom wliuli it i- ilill uit
(\lenvon, tl.e i 01
nailhal o| linicii uut, adinii.dl).
bill
ii'l-
)l .Sci
01 111 r.- ot 111- ii
B'.urboi', t' e ei
and a t;r^at nuiii
j,ril'on;r-
1 \.W
.r I t
an. jneti'e, ilu: :'rtli-
cliannel opp
about leveii Icas'ues, w.is ili
ai'it.ii o
t ihel'ai-Ree.
iiii
i-, or Keci.vi red Country. It is piilly I iri!,e, a.i 1
II tonlli.d, but the harbour is ol veiy dl(Ii.ult .,;nl
j dan^'croto ;ucel
I leie .Me a line arkn:il, and .1 1 ii.i
which lommandb tin.- town, t!i liarliour
.t ()
dol
me :ind
I le.lii- a'itl
' 11 heiliMiit,
piinciial oli.Ci.is wue lakeii
Ji
Boulogne, on the moiitli of 'hi; I,.ane
I- oiiiv ell
Ir. Ill ll;e Heart 11 i oa
!!
I'
ni'laiu!
•lit
Lw as Ihe
th
e ;uli.icent cminirv.
Alltl
ICC
itiiiti
id all
y ;ib(nit the town
may Ih laid under w;;t.r m 24 li urs. \\\ ihe i aiul o'i
C. il.iis tlij miiabitants have ,'.ii e ilv eommuiii :iiion w itii
Dunkirk, St.Oilur, (jravebne, Y|ire-, ?i;i . and in tim..-
ot p.aee a ]>
iket-l
lat pal;
es rc'iiiai
between Kii'ilaiid aiidC.ilai'
1
ly '
w I. e .1 w I el-
lere :iie two incoiue-
eiKcs which iluy who pals tmin Dover toC.ili
1 woo
.1
tuiniai ol aditlii;t called llic li-'uloauis, v,hicliLiijo)ed l| ulwayiwUlUoa\oiu; tlieiullislhaioi lolmgthe li.te.and
bill
i
briiii}; i
ill! bou
Ihut 111
of the
lais iii.i
t( r t...i
C.ill'i ■ ■,
ha, tu
ail' b.)
aMe w I
ol lie
.]',i .-,■.
till- pi
ol .uc
lelHlei
-■r.OCRAI'IlY.
ni'iiin troni li'vcral tnxo- ;
i-r.(.lint lA the i'ow nior-.;. -
Ivmr laniint l)t' (•".tcrcil hut
led by .'. torr, 'l'::v lown is
)v,\r. N/ar tli? i itadcl h i
oiitiiiiT ik \\r. \h.\t IS. (!/•
ol'a I i;liop nil .he KV ■!,:.
'.-n thiCihinr;'.'!. twd uai;ii. s
1 . ■.';, ;',.'.d ha'- a }'.'i'id h.'.i -
. landed, when lie li-il i i
I town, thrc ■ kMi^iics trom
lb I. and Hetrv \!II. .i
llieir retinii,- '.v.is lo n, lily
IV thev met ii \s ever linee-
liapd'Oi-. " "llu lieldtt'
the dill; let milled Ai'.of,
'.tile dilliK IS ill .'.11 li.iiui .
1 I'lii.ail, leini', heunded iMi
he noilli I'V l-l:md r'-, an I
I'lcaidv. A conliik lalile
.ni;ie.' in. grain, llix, li.ij; ,
riv.r Scarpe, lo I ai;ii'.s
1. i' a W'\ aiitlnt and
into iwi) pails: the I'Me,
eiii ; .',11 I tli. I'di.r, nam il
ev Mice.ieli UMi"Uiided w iili
ill Uill lev.r.l iiihiid ti'W.. r-,
itr, an I a 'jale, lA'er wliu h
;;/.' A.t /)■<;): f CIS frc)h!rci:t
'. .( (■/ .;/,'■ ; i. e. " \\ h, a l,.e
Ik- iii;>e Ih.ill eat the la: ."
,ee, Ana.^ is tlie eliiet t )u;i
i>de Calai'.
'.ii\d tliiil'c ii\l u.iil , an-1
111 ■nv new vvoik^ to llier.i
.I'l.i wry deep, Tlieieare
.-.i; oihei tl.ir.i;s, lunettes,
r : lliey are llie liill uork-.
invented bv that i \ee'l, iic
l' a trl. ii'j;ul.ir halt-ir.u -a,
pes, K paiate'.l iroiii e.u li
high.r tow '.rd- the i ' \w-
i lit d eli'.vd erne u tl'e
itch |s diy lon.iii's the
i| the j;;.auul al. iit tlis
le i.iid uiii'ei u., , :. 'I"li,i
trailcis ,ind .i, ii.ici ;•, u h i
lUiS '•']' ■ ' ih\ ill.- Lute.-,
ih:;ei ic lh.> e tap.lhr.s
ll;e . r\-.
iKuat d en tlie ri\er I .1-,
i'..)itli-\Vt II, and et ::; iris
l.'.nee tiiiii the lou n llan.ik
ell torlilKd io-,vii, (iliiUed
i..\ le.igue lnmi Aire i.i
11 die m.irn r S;. \'enaii!.
e laid under u.ih i.
ihe nair"v\ell paiC of the
liiiiii whuli It i'^ dill uit
apil.il ot the I'.iis Reoii-
It is praiy I iri^e, a.i I
)'ii IS ot veiy dilfii lilt ..nd
.1 line ariiii.il, and a i it.i-
vui, ill harhoiir, and all
e e mmiy ahoul llie town
; h urs. W. I lie i aiul ot
1 1 \\\ exinimini aiioii w lili
Vpiis, }k. . and in liai'.-
le.'ii'aily iwi. t .1 vsiek
1 h' re .lie tuo iiieoiut-
iroiii Dover tuCalals would
lliaiol loliiigthe tide, and
belllJJ
rrROPF,.]
FRANC T".
•■549
f
bcniiT obliped to take a Frcnrli li-^it to pet into t'u-
liaihour; tlu oih-r isiliai of laiidi-ii; fo lite as to lie
Unit out of the town, and compelled to |od}:;e in one
of the I'oiile tint Hand wilhoul il. The to \n of Ca-
lais m.ll..s a muc'i li:i'idri)iii. r appe.araiv.e ir in the wa-
ter ti-.an :l\e to.vn olDo'eer; its towels [m.-iii lo Ik-
i-'iir. - \'.h''leon n aeliin; the luiddl.- of ilie llrait . It
li.is two jiier. c)f ;;reat leiij^iii, w'lieh run p.iridle!, and
arehoih o'tiinli r. One of tlieiii ail" nls a very a^ree-
aMe w.ilk over a li larded (lior, w!ii h, at f.vera! times
<.| the d.i'', hut cijieiia'ly in .i Ur.ini.r evening,, is tre-
tp.i .'.■d l)v iiia-.v '.'.■nteel |i.o; 'e ol the ph'.ee. On
iliis [li. r ,1 11-1/ >p of It-ivanis, liom the feveial 'oufes
1)1 an'.'iiinv'datioii, ll.uid rcadv to re.tive iIk p.il-
leniHisai their l.uuliir',, anil eondiiel tlieiii, tof.ei'-er
with ilieir b.ieg;ige, aeeord..iij5 to llieir lever.il tlelli-
11. it ion- .
Tlie only rcmamine; jilaee worthy of not lee in ihi
('iilnet i> St. Onier, on the river Aa. Tin cav i-
defended not only by a callle, but alii) by lar.'e ha(-
tions. There arc in tli;s city feveral iln ■ ib. eis, and a
I irs'e fquaie, built round witli noble hou'i , ann;:!.^
uiiii 11 lb the Tovvn-Houle or (iuikl-hall. Tiie e.-.tl e-
diaUlrjrcii, dedicate'. toSi. Omer, i^ a noMebui! 'ini>
remarkable I hieiiy for ii^ eliapeb, eniii lied widi ti.e
iiiari>le, .>nd beautitul paintinjis. B. fides the latliedi d,
there are lure fix p.uoiliial ehiiielu-, an.' an abi' y,
which, before tlic revoliilion, \v,as exiieiiiely ru h, an.!
belonged totlie order of -St. Bencilrt. There are alio t.vo
bofpiiais tor maidens, as^eneral one tor tlu ti.k, an or-
lihaii-hoiif,' tor bovs, and another for {2,irb, an li;\iie
lor twelve poor men, in memory ot the twelve ap >ll h s,
and leveral foundations; the yea'ly inioiiic ot wliieh
is employed In maintaining a eenaiii number ot boys
at tcliool, in glvini; a fiim ot money in iiiariia;_ze t >
f line poor E^irls, and in elothinif fonie otheis. Here
is ullo :in Englifii feiniiiary. The people have tome
trade, t'everal fniall velfels coiiiiiif; uji iiere (rotii t'le
tea iluou^h Gravtlines, by the river :\\. 1 Mihe <; i
veriuiieni of the city there is a mayor, who is ehanijed
tver\' year, \i aldermen or elclieviiis, and kvei.il
olli r oiikers. The lubuvb i ailed M.uit-I'ont, or
I Iitih-Uiid.ge, coiiiains m.iny houfes inhabiied k\
MeiiiOi t.imilies, who have lettled here minv veais
aj,i: they have kept I heir aiieiciit l.iiip,uage, ulicli has
iio! undergone the lame aller.ilions with tlie eoniiivn
liiiiiilli. They adhere niotl Icrupulo.^fly to fc a.i,-
tieiii limpliciiy ol their nation; and thai i!ie\ iii.u
lun ,i!ii r or eorruj t it, thev never mairv km uiii-'iig
themlilve-. .St. Omcr is the lee ot .i kiilioji.
On tlie eill ot this fuburli, wlikh i- lituatcd al 'iij,
the bank- ot the river Aa, and oi the norih-eall ot
.Si. Oaier, iliere is a in.idli, or a kii'.d ol lake, in
whuli are t'ne taiivais lloatiiu',-lllaiid .. Th \- ilo not
lell on the bottom ot ilie lake, but i^o baek.^ iid- ail
toiw.u<'s, .u cording lo ilie motion thai i- fiiveii them.
Thev arc made to move like l;oats, by rncaiis eiih'u
ol Inks or ropes. There i- al-.va\s jyal • growinp; on
I'lCie itlands; and people draw them near tlie lliore,
lo iliivc their cattle or> them. Theie are afo lome
lives, but thev take care to keep ilieiii \' ly i'w, ft
fear the wind llioukl li.ive too tnuJi hold of tkciii,.ind
ni.'.ke the itlands ino\c with violence.
The (jovernmeiit ol Cmami'.aonk ha- Haiiviult ,-ind
I acge on the iiorili, BnHji^unde on ilu- I' nth. l.iix m
Inn j5 anil I.orrain on the i all, .ind t' . Ilk o l-i..iKe
.aiii I'lc.irdy on the well. It is idoinile l-e- ■, in loin,
places exceeds 140 in bre.ulth, ami is w.iier.d k\ llu-
Seine, Maine, Aiib', Aiiiie, -md Ma^s. The air 1
I'.iire, and the loil Icitile. 'I'll lew 1, 1;- abound uilli
miius, the vallics with iiiiiu-ial waius, and lie oii ll
Willi i'.Hme. 'I'he province Itleii 1. 1 en . it nair.eti'in
its I xUiili\e plains. 'J lie tiaile coi Ink in loiii, w.r,,,
and iio.i.
'1 io\e-, ihe capital oi the piovii-.ce, 1' lial -il or, th.' I
river Sen , .:ii ki:;ue. Iiom I'aris 10 tie loulh-i .ill. '
Jt isjicin l.;ri;e, 1 ut f.utrom bciii^ lo poiuilou.- and 1
Il floiii;lliln;i, .is formerly. Its tiadc is confi(!cr;'.!)le, ami
I leveral iiiaiuifaetiiris .ue carri.d on in ir. The iieigh-
lioiirinR eountn is plealaiii , ,:nd tiuitful in wine, giaiii,
and palhi'-e. Ii is .1 kill;o])*s iLc, and, in the new di-
\ 111' II of I-iaii.
m lit if Aulie.
Font fiir-Selnc,
on the Seme, Ills
' 'cloni'.iiiii ti 1 it
I'.
i'r \ei is tliediiefcily in the depart-
a town, .IS ill- name flie'vs, fituatcil
.1 iin;.,iiilii eiu k ai , w lili fine gardens
I'.'lierii.Ly isa Imall town on the Maine. The country
about it prodiic sfx.ellcnt win-.
Chalons, or Ciial.ni-lur-M.iine, a hrp,c city, (Itiia-
ted on the Maine. Cli dons hi-, a \\ milling manu-
tietory ot Ihakoon-., which take tli-ir name Irom the
lown, and of otle r woollen iluils.
Clerinoni, b. t r^ the revolution, was the capital of
an e.iildoiii, 1 e'.on;.',inL; to the prime ol Coiule; St.
Dilier, on the Maine, is tarn >iis for its iron f ir.'resi ami
\aiiy, ■ n the Blai'c, is remaikab!.' for keln-tlic llenc
01 .1 horiid matlaeic of the I'roiefkints in 1 ^C)2.
Ji^invill , on tiie Maine, was, I x fore the revoliilion,'
the 1 apit.il ol a priiKipaliu belon iiig to the fiinily of
O.leai^-.
Lani;re- is a lort'tied town, and has a miiiuf/\ory
ot toois and knives. It was a bilhoii's I'ec till die
revolution.
C' a-nnont is w 11 I'orillied, and, in the newdivlllon
o! li.UH , i- tlie ehiet to'.Mi 111 the department cf
I'jip. r Mime. .
Lkr\ai.x isa to-.vn on the Aube, near which is an
a'obey. In it is t;,e lamous calk of Si, Bernard, which
lioiib Sco ton .
Do.n Reiiii, fu'-named la Pueellc, is the birtb-plaee
of the lelebr.ited Joan d'Arc, or the Maid of Orleans.
Sen. is the capital of the liilbiel c.illed from it
Sen no-, li is, large, and tlielecofa billi >p. The
liiinciiial cl'urcii is a tine monument of Gothic arciii-
teciiiie. Tiie liiiiabiiants trade to I'aris, by means of
tiie Yonne, in wine, wood, coals, oats, hay, &r. In
.he II. A iliMiion of France, Sens is the c.ipital of
the dt|iaitme;u ol Yonne.
Vitrv le Frar.V'is is fmall, but well built, llrongly
f a-tllied, iiopuf'Us, and rich.
R' einis is on,- ot the moll ancient, celebrated, and
lirgell cities of Iran. c. li b the lee of an archbilliop.
The cathedr.d is a line Ci.nhic llructure, and has a
ilaiely and Uip. r!) i;aie and portico. The univcrlity
was founded in the idth century, bv Charle.-, arch'ii-
ilio|i ot Rhelms, and c.irdinal ot Lorrain. In the new
divill. 11 ol l-ranee, Rheims is the duet town in the
dei'anment of Maine.
In ihisiitv .ue leveral remain' of antkjiiity. Tlireo
ol lis 1; lies retain the n.u'.ies of heathen ileities, \\r,.
ol the Sun, of M.iis, ,uk! ol'Cere-. There is a iii-
umiikal .irch, wli.'hw-as covered wiili e.'.ith, and is
I ompobd ot tlir. e ar. lu s ot ihe Corlii.lii in order, with
. o'unuis, and 1 'allb-relievos in the vaults. In the mid-
dle a -ill 1-- the lr.;iireofa woman in tielci, holding
r.v 1 coinucopi IS in her arms, which keiu lo d.iiotii
the Iriiittuln IS ot the coiintr\ : t lur children, that are
iie.ir I'.er, . xp'e'.s ih ■ f ur feal'ons ot the year; and the
1 ■ inonths aierip eieiiied bv 1 > proper ligiiiv. The
two oilier arch, s are eicli 50 leet hit;h, and 8 bro.ul.
I'l'.Lt on the ri'.'.hi ImivI ha- the ti>j,uies ot Romulus anil
Remus liiekiiij, i llie-wolt : on tluir fides are the lliep-
h. id F.iullulii , .md the Ibeplier.kls Acta Ivuirenila.
Ill the thud arch .ue to be leen a Leda eiiilira iiig
|ii;iii.r iiui-tormed into a Iwaii, with a Cupid wiio
I ; is tliein with his llambeaii. There arc the remains
ol inotiicr triumphal arch In 'his ciiy, and allo'l" leve-
r.il 1 '.lib iiuiik- by the Rom.uis in the iiei;.',liboiulioocl
ul R'.eiii 5. Tiie c'niei tiade here is lh.it ol uire, Se-
vcr.il kinds ot t'liii wo.,ill,-ii iluii'-, mix A with tiik, arc
i:,anu.a>iured in ilrs ca-, .
The |).iiicipa; places of Brie, bel ni^in:; to tlii? go-
\'eiiiment, ,11 e
Meaiix, I II the Main.', a very an. lent city, and the
if a b ih p. Here is a Uli v^raiiaiy. Tlie tr.ide
a 111 p.
10 F
coalitU
A NT'W, R(lT.\r. ANi> Arnir.N'TlC system or- rN'IVF.RSAI. f-rOCRAPHY.
I'S .1?
'Hi
r« t^
hi}
m\ 'I
'if-: I' ■ i
r*
lOIl
(ilU
I i,u iiv 111 ^i,r.iri, woo:
iiul I li. ( r, . Iiit!ieiiC\v I 'aIio were li:lcd i!.uip!ii:i'- d'.i \'i iiti(
Ai i.iil Di
ili\ilion o
r r..VKf, M,
'.ii\ Lb m
[Ik- >!. ivuinKiU ot I 'iliiii lluiui.ri, having
inc ani
I'rovi
1 M.i
I I'hilii) VI. oi l-',aiK-c,
no I luUlii II, iii.ui.' It owr to
I'll co:iiil;ioii lli.:t the i:iii:iliit:iMts
!o\\ •■, .>;i
t'.K litlli' ii\ r V.
lln.!
(li'iiilii Hill rit.iiri tluii' p!uilti!C'i, lluit tile pi ov
IlKi-
riviMl
■):c oil '.iitii.c o' I "111
io l'.i;is I \ iliL- Scuu-, ti>'ni ilioiilil 1)1- lor twr iiii (>rpor.itf>l wiili liie cmun of
.•1-, it
IS o:ilv live
J>i ': m, iR..r i; hoi.l
ot till- k.y- iT l-ii'
I
il'.rt.ini.
,ll\l-I-.lI1lll>
I'la
cini; ciu- ' « nil tUf anil' an
IRC,
ill till
;ul 11
,11 lllf king's lliitll loll llioillil ituov
i.tl...l 1)1
1 \\K V. ar
• A')
- ilion. Iv loinli .1.
1^
nt'w i'i;\ ilion ol I'l .M c, ii is the 'CI' ol .1 liillv'l', and
ill ilsf .K|i..;;.' I- t ol Ai\l:i:,f . I l.ic lb ulini; talUc,
iiiul .1 maiuita !i;:y oi tiotli .iiul 1 rj;c.
Tlu I ■.oviTiv-.'.-:it ct' niro.i'NPV li,> Cl'anip'.p.f.c o!i
t'lfiiori'i, Lvoniuii- o,i ila louili, I'laiu lie Comu- on
fix- c.'.tl, a-i.l NiWMois and Umiiinnii >is on the will.
I » lcni;tli. troiii iMiiii t > I'ouili, is aii'ui 4; leii;iKS
and it^ I ic.uldi. Ir.ini fail fiu.tl, .iliont ;^ ll is
vc-iv ttai'!.- i . I Mil, win , liini, and lol.icto; liciiu',
uaiiicd In the S in , iln. IXIiirii., wliieli lalN into
the SMne. the B;\l)in e, "t nomliince. tlic Armanvin,
tl'.e O.iclie, .1:1 1 tlie T. ii.. Tli. re aiv lonv nutnl 1111-
n. ra! Iprin^? Ill it, wii'a iubt rraneo'.is lakeland pleniy
ot I clue, lor a loni' tiini.it liid ilu'as ot its own,
liiiii rdmate to the triwn ol I'lance; I vit LwaIs XI.
ar li'l, upon the t'.iiluK- ot hei;' ir..i!:. I', izcd upon it,
and .iiiiKsed it t ■ !ii« irow'i. '1'Ik- piiniipal [iliLi-s iii
the !eV(.ial |vris ot Ikiijj/mdv au- I'.e loilov, 1:1 ; :
I) ;'>ii. t:-..- capital, is .i la- e r.;;iiied town. It 1
I'v I.e •: ahilluji, .iiid. :ii the lic-.v d.v li a o! l-ianie,
ill I ipital ot the ilepariin i.t ■ I C"ti d'Or. (.'■ ntain-
a: M ■!(' ■■> oh'icnie-, a > olh^,• of l.iw, allai-.l-. la!-
tl . ,1-..,! 1 ver.d h I, 1: .1 . I o;',: .ine .!e \)r. ;i, a \il
laje ;.i ir ;-, , wisili I ii. ili-plAe ol St. Ilnnaid.
/\-..il :.. > n ill. C"ii;'.n. Ill an '.. l;i.a'. S.i.iuir, 011
tlu- Arniar.i, 'n, has two tm ■ l.-.i.'j; .s, a ij,i.ai,;iy Oi liilt,
acaille, and a cloth-m im.iactoiy.
Cliaiilloti-lur-Seine, euntain- f ) li fp-.tals, in one
of which p or t•.■^velLr^ are niai:." lin d t >r il.r^e iL) .
Auxevie, on tl'c Yoiin^ , is the caj^it ;i ol the dilhict
ell d A.i.xeiiir-, .iiul, in ihe new ih\ili in ol 1 r.;;-ec,
is the ehiet I ah in the dep '.iii-.-.ent ot Vonni-. \\'..-
fuiiiKilv a 1 iiluipV i(.e, cur.iains llveral lio']iii..!i, a::a
a grand p il-.^e.
Aiilini, on the Aroiix, ll c eajital ut Antur.oi , and
i- d, ended I'V a i ila del.
Miy ri, <in the Soane, in the n 'w- diMlloii 01 l-iance.
i- •' e . .ipiial ot I he di ; ai iinent ..1 So.ir.e .md, I., -in-, and
w. I'-nutrly .1 l< ih p'-U.-. In :: i.uned lillh.u
in ?i \, It u , uia.'i.d I hat if ,1 l.r ;r, 1:1 on h .1;, hr k
ll.'.' .Id ni.et ,'i pill,! ,11 t.i .1, iht loi.ii I ll. uild tieli-end
tu d.> iL-veiei.i. . til I'le piiell.
in the ! ihi^ apr-ement was tullv e.\ei.i'ied. N^artwo iluids
'll the j)io\iriii.- are \eiy baii'.n.ind moiiiitaiiio.ii- ; I ut
ilie niouniains eonlain .1 vai .;.i\ ot mii,,r.ih, aiid, 111
oiiie pl..> e , ail I'Ver.'l vM(h l.nh it-e--, wliu h are
VI,-. v.ihi.il'ie, a^ they IV I (Milv \.ild a veiy ihiralih-
w od, 1 111 .i|;o manna, hen/o 11, ai-.d ij^arie , the l.ill ot"
wliiih i^ iileil 111 phvlii. .iiid (hiiiji leailel. The more
levi.1 ami Iriiitfiil part of the |ro\in,e is lalinl Louer
Daiiphi: e. On die nunui'.ains are .ilio fouiul tevvial
l"rtso| -.ul.l iniiViaU, as Inar-, marmot ', >.liamois-j.',oats,
and otlur li>eue>ol f;oai-, tailed. In- ilie I-VcikIi, l-.ii-
i i;iKttoiis, 11 chevrels, ioi;>ther w-ith white h.ne-, p.ir-
tiidges, e.H'des, li.Aks, Nc.
Daiiphine had a ^-i\evi"'r md pailiameni, and 1 011-
laiii' the lollowini' prim ;pal pia e :
I (jiiiiol'le, liiu.iied on ili. i -nl'iix iJ the liere an 1
i Drac, in a plain at th.e 1 ol ol d: e iii-ainLiin^. Ii r.--
1 1 ivcd il^ name iiom liie enip. ror ( iv.ilian, I'lii-.t \'a-
i-.nli:ii.iii I. Iioin 'aIh n. I 11 l^l.lllell, i:i I ,at ,11, (n.itiana-
pol;-,. It I', li'",''Ver, nu:i.!! -uore .;;icieiit -, .'. .is bet irc
,.il!,d Cidai ', and ! el.i: iz; d I 1 ih,- Al.o'.r.io . It Ins
lie> n a I'llliop'^ lee e\ , 1 liiu e die 'oiiitli cent my. The
I'.lplnnal toiiiu ll, , ll.iliillied h. re in 1^4'', in 1 liiir.-
'. ! eit II. Paupl in ' t \ Kimoi . w,i- er.eted into a par-
; n,;iiHni in i-v;;, h\ kin;', L,t .,i- \l. T'iiiscitv 1- ucli
p.op'eil, a-i.l io;ii:n,;iuled h-,- a lort lallcd la Hillille.
11k I;, re vhvide -Ik I i|\ ini. iao uneijiial parts. I lere
are n > hue i i.iMin^'-, i'\e, pi ih. i illi ip'^ pal.u ■, w liu li
ow,s it-- I eaiily to c.;rd-f.ai ! (.'riuis billiopot (ireiio-
I'lc; :inA IS adorned by tic.vllint pimtinvis, repK-leni-
ing Our ■'s.iM '111'-, lit,- ,ukI p'-lVrni, anil ' ly ihe pietnre
ot ihe l.i.li'p. Ti etviwn wa-: Ir-ili d In the eliev.ilier
' de \'ille. Ti.e likin, liiai li 1-. e- o: CircnoMe .lie v.ry
iiin.h tllecired; hut tli - u o' li.ii liull' are hut i.iai'e.
I lieu '.'..I', nor, evi 11 , el'ire ihe rev- liiiiun, onea'ihey
ot ii'.tii m iho wli le <lio, V If, :-.r.d i i.l > 'lie ot m il.lcii',
I \i/. dial ol I let'. III' ih, C I'uli.i.i ortier. Ii t .e
! 11, w tliMii in ol li.'ii.e, (jimolile is the I hiet town in
I the ilep.'.i nil, III ol l;cK.
I Nv,.i till I iw '1 u.'.s ih, l.iiiioiis iii.inatlerv a , I I't-mii-
t '-^e ll die Carthnl:,in nioii'-.s, i lie'! in l"i,;ith, li
( iiandeL'liarir, iiL , or ; !,>. Ciie a L.iMrlerdi,iu. , ! ei .,iilc
liui-liie lull ol lliu Older, louaddUv Si. Miiiiio.
: ll b liuia:etl 0:1 lii'.;h inounia'n , > ovt .-n! -ahIi ihiik
n.ion, on i
h .S,
.tu, w.is a
111
lie till the
r. V, 'liiiioii.
)i:ri) >n
B'
ll IS 'itl. iidi.d i'V a ciii.l I.
L'.-V'i V I t elelirau tl tor r -.vaiiii :;i inr
»n ! I ont -.i/.s line u-n.un tj. the ...u n.-,; R n
ll .iti s.
l-.i.t I
i-.- p
I
,t. 1:
h 111 Ilk
(tail.!
le e i|ii:
s 'Ki th ■ Rel'V.ili:
o; tlii: in-
'll
.t I .
ti tile ' I ;-,;i-
I. a Hi lie
1 Ih
I: id a uirdei. anil x- di.ili ( h, v. hi h he • ii'i ,\ .ite'l
w nil l.is o-An h- iiih. Ai''-i li.i ■ 'ea-'iit- li 111 (ii -
luilile ii.i pi ■ e ol .T ai I ■.l; i
unies 'ill
11:
I -.l-. i! ... IS liiioke, a".d
re; 11. d .,1 l:i - d.li 'u e oi I'li ■ 1
IP 1 1.-"
I'L initiy.
;rnd tkiii
'Idle 1
ail' ll. re ai'. elnillv lor h- 'lUs, i..iHh ,
eapitil ot'tlu; C' i.nirv e.'.lli..
L.e I!
•1 d.e n \v tliMiionol I-'rani e, Utliey i-^ tl
t ..h p, 111 the depirtinent ot A:
lie in Ol a
(. i. ai the I
j'lt ot niouni Si. C'l'iivh, mai tlic
lake ot (j n \ i, 'jivt n.aiiie to .idilhi.t, eMendiiij;
fr"ni;o;t ilT'.eluic to ih.- village "f Crolliy. It l.e-
loiiiv ll to ihe pniin. ol Coiuli
1
le prm 1; tiiy ot Doinlns, ^y
ihi. h 1
les toiiligirais
to tncgovcrn-nriit 'it 15 irjriiiulv, ln.t 1 iiidi-p. iidnit ol
It, txMid- nine le. lilies iti leiiuth, ahii l'
IjttaJth, and 1 a Vir\ ] leaiiiiit truilliil eou
iiinn '
leinaliis ol 1) <iii
111 lie Soant, i:. ill'.- eai
■■■■■)'
■t tl
I a e 1:; (..iveij ot -S.in.i;;, , .iiul a pr'iiio, in w'i^^lll^ a
I .v.n.rddl.
I It ii ,ill'<, am 'ii:', he '.'.iiv,-! m ihe I'pr'ne', ■"''- loiiinl
a 1 rt t.t pr'.eious li lu-.. l..M;e while, Ionic ol aduk
I lour, vei V liiii'odi, ani
line I
ultie.
;n
Thole
de tlaie n'lt (inh the licit.
1.1 lie ll/.-, .'.nd 111 pe ot
i'lt I till 1, i.iro|l i 10) the eye, ilu v expel all itii]iii itic^
'.'. nil lui liiiuiiti:'. It in the i-^.u!
li.ni Cjien.Ji !e 1- ihe 11. in ril I'
/\! lit l!\c le.igi
iriiiL', of la Moihc, the
^.aI^^^l| aIi i li n-.- piell\ hoi, an I hij;!i!v illeemed,
. in -, a 1 1 It itn r, meih. or .ill ililord. r^ ot die ll 0111a, h,
Ih
an I cvvii luiuiicls.
Si. [i Hint,;' lin, III p' i e, 'nit the r,ipii;i| .it iju- 11 m
'I ("iiaiu.iiaur, b Ion .tl l,.iniei|- to the fuiiilvot*
Vilk
li
1 1. Ill' -HI, a! tlu I onllix o! I
I)
lire :'nd Aneea, i«
ipi ll ot the dilliul, i.id d t or. It Riianeolin
The Cloveinment til n.AfpiiiSF. is b.mndnl on and h e. a t .all.. Iilu .ud on .1 lit. p r- i k. On te^ k-.ivv ^
t .--- loutli by I'loMiKe, on ilu north by Hielle ami the h ot the la:\n iitr Iki .' i-~ 1 'jiiilurcl a manna,
Klioiit, on th.-eall b\ the Alps .md S.uoy, anil on iIk I ' wliii Ii I ilh in tli.- nip.hi, and null; aslo-nastlu luii
w.ll by Ih Rl
111' ll Icpaiaie- \< to. 111 ihr- 1 .yi
toi- ind Languiduc. Ji had iani^ pinn.;i ol is -jwi
lliines iijjoii 11. '1 lu. Iioll.r the It.'.loii tli'
ilul 11
e ni'jre piell-
Mu.uti.-r
IllllR-
l'l\l'
rOC.RAPFTV.
i ntu.i'.. A( l.ill Dm.
lUIri II, iii.ui- it owr to
ion tli..t the iaii;il)it:iiits
pt'i, tli:it lllc pioviiKi-
I'M Willi the cnv.Mi .!(■
til Inn llioulil i.ni')v II,
Ipn. Ill IJK V. .\r I ,'4,)
U-(l. N> :ii" I'vo lli'.uls
.mil mnunMin.iU ; 1 wt
V lit iiii!,.r-il , aiiil, in
I.Mcli itiC"-, whii li arc
y \ itUl .1 viiv iluralil."
I, aiiil i;;arii , il.c Liil of
n<i kirici. Till- more
(uiiKc is lal'kti Lower
I ave alio fouiul liviial
irmot^, i.hamoi'.-i.viats,
i!, I'V iIk- I'lfiu i), I'lii)-
w;ili u liitv' li.;it-, p.ir-
il ii:i:Tia;;if:it, aiul 1 011-
i c :
•■iil'.ux ' 1 I'lK' Iil'i\' an 1
<\ c ni' unl.uns li !%■-
rnr dr.iiian. I' HI I \a-
kil, in I ,:it;ii, (natiana-
orc .mi. lent ; ...is iu'! ire
) t!..- Al.ui r.)<' . Ii Ins
c fiii.iili ci.tniy. The
:. If in I -.^ '\ l'\ 1 liur.-
w ! (.iwtLiI inti) a par-
X I. 'I'lli-- t iiv 1- we'll
a lort laliid la IMlilIc.
AO uiiei|ii;'.l parts. I leiv
■ bilh >p'^ pa!.u ■, wliiili
I'liii^. hilhop ut (iivno-
ni pimtings, rcprtlcnt-
i 111, .inil ,\ the pu'tiiro
■r.>li U In ill- iU:\ ilier
i-^ ()'. Circn >Me .iic v, ry
^n I'uitt- arc l.ut i>iar!e.
■ ri.'V"!iiiion, <inc aMiey
nil I lit Hill- ot 111 li.lcn',
Urii.i.i order. I 1 t.c
!e is t!ie I iiiet town in
is Mitiiiallery a:.'! Iii-rini-
«. Ikil in I'l.nt'i, 1 1
Ciiarier-lKuiii , I ci .lulc
tinwul (I hv Si. Mnino.
I uVl .m! a I'll |i;ii L
I'lc. :;.t. r, .1 !i in nk
li, V. !.i h lie ■ u'l .\ .itoil
. 'cl'llf tl 111 (il -
Is tiiiiikf, a".(l kim,'-
il.li '111 e ol I'll ■ r ap^iii-
illo, III whali ii a
n iLe fpr^nns, arf loiinil
while, ri>nie ot a duk
.'a linv hill re. Tlioli-
ilau n"t onlv the belt,
I \ expvl all imjiu iiie^
Ai- lit h\e le.ip,ues
iriiiL', <•( \.\ Mothe, tl;c
an I liij;!ilv 1 iKi nu(l,
luf'l.r^ nt ;lie ilonuivli,
iliei .ipii :\l "t ill.- (Mtin-
ini-il to ilie f iniily ot'
I '■ Dure :'nii Ancca, is
I oi; It Ml ia''i;'iiiiv li',
\> ;■ 1 k. {)'il.\ \v.'.\.^
■ 'J, i; hi re'! a m.inn 1,
lel'i as lo'.ni as ili !i,ii
t.i;oii till.- iti'jri' pieii.
Moiuiivir
Kl'ROPi:.]
Mniictier is a iiiun in thi- (llllri.-l of Biian^- m, wIk re
i'. alpiuv! iliat Ipniiis mil water, now and ihvn li.x feet
lii;j,h, and lonii'li'ius more.
Amiiiiiiii, or I'.niliriiiii, ihrnpitil ot'ile inaritiine
Ai|)s, and ilu' terriiory eil e'l, timii ihe m ^ n, Anihni-
ivii , ll.iii'ls on a llep roi I., at the f 1, t < t'wii'th runs
t!ie Duian.e. It '.. i , In- or.- tlu r voliuimi, tli,- lie
()' ..n irihliillv'p, vUiu llil^d li.iiih.h [-.lii.e a. id i.'iiint
ol Anibrum.
(Jipis die ( a|iit ,1 1)1 ilie territory, call 'd irum il
(1 ipencois, an I \> as ili lee ol a liiih"p. At Si. I'etir
1 V \io iil'iin is a n-incral watrr; ,iiid 111 the I ike 'if I'el
li.'ieis is a lloiiiinir lueado-.v cinlilliiv' ot iiiais and I
lullies.
\ K niie, on tlie Rliom', i ; l.ati'.ics .'riini f'lrcivihle,
wasiiiKi-a Riini.in lolony, and atcw-ird- thi- king-
dom ol l{iiiL',u".dv. It i-. lai-g.-, andciniiiiis lever, il
reiii.iiiis ot Ri'iii.ui Imildin.'s, a niaiiii act irv ot li.iid-
nan , iiul annili rofjiaj cr. .Some mineral I'prnig .irc
foviid m us dillii^'t, wl'iih is ealled Vk-iwi 'is.
I aiii is (anions I'lr lis hernntaf!;'.- wine. Si. An-
ilmlne I'lniained ihf alii'eyo; S;. Antlinpy, whie'.i w.is
die on!v oa^ nt ih it ord r.
\ aleiu e, liie ca|i.ial I't" ilr- ValeiiP:' lis, a pl.ac- ol
.nni v-',iiiv, lia.;d- on ill - Riuin , i r.t.iin. an univcr-
liiv, aiul IS lar^'.e, -.\. II ' .Miied, and ilu- lee of a l-,illiOj).
Ill ihe new diwii in of l-'i:ini , V'llen.-c i- tlu- elik-t
t wii in ilic departnunt ot l):i);i!e.
I);,, on li-e Di'iinine. o-,c. '.\ !i:i li it has a liridj^e, is
tlee:ij iia! of .'. dilli il1 , lull. .us l,ii it iiiiiiv-ral lpi-m|j,s,
an'l I'-r a ll.ip 1 i. i> in ilie iv. i-;Mi"ijrhoiid, calLiI t'-c
liin;-.'-e(-nililt M uKUain, .,nd., till the rsVolulion, w.-.s
ill- ti e of a liiihop.
The piin' ip-.lii\ <>• Oranr'.e is alioni f nir l-'r^-nch
le:i.:n ■ i.i l-.;".iV''> -'"' ' ' '•" '■' '•"'eadih, and had t'or-
inerly uniiits aii.l pi'n.is of its own; but, in the year
i;;i, u (aii'e I'' th.- h-nil'e ol Nili'iu, in wiii; h it mn
t.nu.d nil llicdi.i'i ot' Wiliia'ii Menr\, prime of
( )nn-^e, il idili.'Mi r u; il'il'and, aid king ot Great
liiitiin. In ih. )■'.:<.[■ I 7 I ! 1-H-d, ri' k W'llli.nii, kinj, o!
I'lullia, :\ni\ one o; knu; Wihiam's heirs, ceded it to
Ir.iiur; arid, in 17:', I.cw-is X\'. p.aVe it to the
pri;ue of Coiui. Auiw.'.rds it was .ui!ie\ed to
llie !.'; 'Verninent nl I)a'.:jiliiiie. The onl\ pl.-.CJ in
it w.'itli nuntioiiiiig IS tli.il tiiiiii wliivli it t..kl■^ it-.
nam , \:/.
()van'e,in Lat.n Araulin, llf.iated on the li:'!e ri.- r
MiiiK-, in a Iv aniitiil p nil a!) 'Ht a lea.-.ii - li-.>m the
Khon.-. and live troiii .•\Mgnoii. It wa-, iinti! the revo-
hri. ill, (he lei- I'i a bilhop. Ifei\ .'.ic lever. -.1 ten.ains
ol Rom. in ma'/.'iiiii enee, panimlaily a line tiiumpii.d
auli, and :in .imphitlieaiK-.
Ti:e ('loverntiu nt ot I'RovrNer. d rive- it^ name
from tin Latin I'rov !:-,<.n ; and is boniul d to the fouth
li\ till- Mcvhurr.iiH-an ; to the ilori'a bv Diojiliin^-; ti
llir \\i II In th. Rhone, vvhieh fepaiaie- it li 'in Lui-
tluedo-; and :■■< the call bv tlse Alj^s and the V'.ir,
wliith li-paraie it li'im the domini ms 1 f ih',- kin ■, c f
Siiim.i. I; 1 diMd.d ini'i tiK' Upper ,111 1 Low- I, lis
le:i.,iii beiiii-; a!iout 4.' Fieni-h 1 ' igii. s. and its lueadlli
a!'i'iit 30. TIk- air and loil difii r wid-.ly in the two
di\ i;i 'iis> for in the firmer I'le aii- is icm]i.-rati-, but in
till Lilt r i.Niremelv li'il. The I'ornui v leUls good
coin, ai'jilef, and pears, and aboiinil 111 cattle, but has
hide wiiie. On the contrarv, the lalier ii.is ]il iity of
wine, with cnan^'.', lem ni, pom -liranatc, \\s,, yi.ihn, i v-
pieb, olive, mailic, tiv.-d'ar, and lea-(lierr\ iie.s; ban
does not prod'iic hall the t]'ianiiiv ot C'>rn neeellarv
lor th'.' iiiliabitint . Tlis p.oviiv. e vi-lds alto a kind
ol bo\, the liuit of will h prueeds trom tlu- niiddl
ot ilu- !e.i', aiuUoiit-niie- al' I'e V arriMnv'. O' t!i.n
wiiu--, the Mull ad- 1 is die beil. In iIk- ro.ul and
liaibi)urol Toidoii is laughl a iilli, enelof d in a lloiie,
whiih nuin In- broke Ih-Ioic the lilh can '-e i ome a;,
and call -d a d.uc Irnii its relem' l.ince to th.it liuii.
The tide ot it i-. veiv a-'je.-able : but, in p.en' i.il, tht
tilli III the Meditetiaaean arc inliiior to ilul'e ol the
RANGE.
O'lan. There is all
ill
ill
il in t!
IIS pr.ivmie,
called be. ca-fii^o, that te. ds only upon ;-'.i'apc and figs,
and IS iKIitalc citing, iron, bbuk ai;ate, copper,
and le.id, ar-- lou-ul lee. Th'.ii- arc no eonli-.l, rahlc
rivers in the pr'\i".e.-: i, -.- chiel a;e the Diiran. e, thu
Sout^e, the L.irgi ns, (inallid trnm tlie Iranlpareiicy
ot Its wi'lei',) ihe [,re, ih.- V, rdon, ;ip.d the Var; tlie
lall oi which divides !■ ance Irom liaiv. The woo Isaro
luimcroiis, ami aiVord a ;'_ri-at deal '.f timber liir fh!))-
buildiii'.', and other nils. Almoll the whole trade from
I'laive to Italy, llie l.ev.nl, ar.d the greater part i.f
Spain, is tarried on from tlii- pi viiue.
A. .\, the i apital, fo called Ironi it di.iths, is ilxKagii.-s
III nil MarTeilLs, the fee of an archbilliop, has a (lately
C'llu-dral, a iniblic library, a:i univerliiv, i.vo cull ges,
an academv of linearis, louiilains, a moll btautilul
w.ilk calle I Le C'mor de Orbits fl -, a i'iwnd)')ufe, and
line pala e. li is liiu.ted in a fertile valley, particu-
larK famous f ir it . oliv. s, wiiicli yield excellent i i!.
In the new diMlio'i it l-'r.mce, j\':\ is the chiel town
in the dep:'.riment ol lieui Iks du Rhone.
Buns a.nd b;-Lllesar.- li> pi. niif'.il here as to be of the
gicatell aiinoyanc - t'l ili i,.l) abii.int^ 'l"he in^onvi.-
nience ariliig tniin t'^e'.e \ermin is thus r.-prcLnied by
a Iuj travJler. " I think -^lavs he) we are n')w in the
re;j,i.)ii (f Hies, buf-, aiu! beitle-; a; cver\ pl.ice
Iwarms with tlufe difiureeablc, trou'olcfomc v.rinin.
Not a ninlit has ther^ b en, lincewe left l'aris,tiiat one
I'r boiii of us hive not llej')t on tlu floor, lor kar ot
i ling .iti.icke.l by thofj le:;ii Mis that lie in ambulli
aniidil tlu; crevi, es of liie 1 ids, and only wait fur our
ll.ep to make tluir attack. Ourcuilom is to draw o;!'
the upper m.Utral's wiili the llieet and bo'lLr 1 'n ir,
into the middle ot th ■ room; and by this means we
niten ell ape the annoyanLC, except it be from a 111 .;;-
gler who has rambled trom the main hoi'\ . It is .1
l!raii:;c ciill'ini which ihex have in the:e p.irls, where
the li.at i- olien verv trou'. delo-ii- , to hi-.'g their ro-inis
with a kind "1 dv:k riij,, or .1- tl.i'. miy c:-ill it, t.i-
pedrv; tor it ha- adiit\ look, .'.r;d iiily I'.rves i.i in-
create the w.ir nih oftlem, and t'j turnilh hives and
iiurl'eric> fjr thole detella; 1 • vetmin th.-.t have jiut us
in I'uli t' rrors.
.Sa'oii is lix leagues well t^f Aix. ITre the famous
prelendetl pri piKt Noibodami; di.-d in 15 6.
St. R.my is a conli L r -.bile toAii, and I- rnierlv be-
longdtotl'.e p:i HC of M.in.'.'-'i. It i. liluat.d near
th. lake ol filacier-: Le Ba'.ife, in the bailiwick of
Ailes, hki'vili 1 i!.)n;'(-d 10 the prince i-t Monaco.
Arle , oil the R'. one, foi-ir.i. ri\- a Roman colony,
C' mains m.'.n\ anti-.jue cuiiufitie ,lu. Ii a^R'-)man tomb-,
llatues, an a'.iiphitl.e.itr. , an obealk, <S.i.
This cit\ was foimeily the capital of the king-
dom ot Riir^'undv, ani!,ui'iil the r. Vi-lution, wa- dig-
i-.i'.i'.d witli a meiioi ijl 1 .li lee. .iii'l ,;n ai ai'eiin , kn.'Wn
:n the name ol The R'lval .A-.adilir. of Scieiins and
I i;;i',uages. It w.i, r.ir.cd. in ■.<(''.,, i\ tlie king's let-
te'- |?ate!u; by v.hi.h it was o.ilei'cd, th. t tlie num!;er
of mei beis Ihould not c:M.,,d :;.', ivho .\. e all to be
nob .■ nv biitl: The:-; w :e.it;e;v,aidj 1 o other num-
bers aided t'> It bv luw- lett.i- iialeiit.
Taialvon i a large .uiciciu ti wn on the Rhone, hav-
ing a haiultbme laldc. TIk- inli ibitants of this place
have a very p.' uh.ir ni th' d of th.relliii-.g their c-rii,
which, Willi I'lii - o;Iki particulirj, we lliall rel.iie as
given by a eel brite.i wri.er, in a Ltt.r tn his friend.
•• The corn (lay ■ he) is thr. lived out alm-'tl as foon .is
ui: ; and lor this (lurpLile tluy make a lemporuy
thielhing-lloor on lonie jiarl ol the li.ld where they
re.ip. 'I'his tlinilii,,g lloor is p.repared by nioiilening
a pi -ee ol gioiMi-,! of .iboui 10 or \o t.et I'l] 1,1, -, and
a i.rward 1 i..i.in,', it witli .in m.lru:iieni tint tildes off
.11 incqualiti.--, aiil makes it I .. k a if it had Ivea
1 lull red wii'i a maf.iii's tto',\el. T' e l';:a i -on h.'.rd-
1.11. ihi- Iji' 1 ; :'.nd It is ih.n lhe\e I -.-. uh leveial biri-
dles of lorii .l^ hip,h as ih' k 1 e- i^l a man. The man-
iii r of ihri lliiii", ih' in -Aiien tic.
wiiatl iKver I.-... biiore. .-V w li
.le
tl
illS
11
vwed.
is
,11
V-
■r
i
■ive \c
111
-11
'le
>{l
fw-"
fsi A XI. \V, ROVAT.. AKO AUTHF.NTIC SYSTEM ov UNIVFRSAL GEOGRAPHY.
h M'
U\o^\^ wi'>nui\ civ.]i!ovcil tlii w.iv tlii'ii nu'iO Hands in ihi-
iniilll, :iiul lias arouiul hirlr.ilt ail'vcn or moiv liorUs
Willi a hrid'k' or li.iln.i' lo r.ich. Slicliolil- all tla-lo
liiiiiks by tluir i.Nirciiiiiit.'s in mic ot her haiul'J, aii'l
whips llic hoili.< with ihc oilur ; lo tliat they ilancc in
a tiri Ic arouml, the I'liilles tomiini; tlic radii. ot' wliii li
her h.'.iul is the ivnir.-, and traiupU' ilu' loni'oui vi tiio
car with thtir Ker. Whether thi^ iiuihoit anlvsers li
well as that d ihc flail 1 ( aiinot |)releinl to il leriiiin, :
it iiia\- he inori- eipoilitiou- , inil icrtaiiily makes gre.il
^\aUe.
" 'I'luv lecm to nialse htlle \\\\- ot' the (haw or
reed but iii maniirc, ami therefore i.iki bin little trou-
lilc to l)iiii(lle it lip. In many fulJ-. the ears arc on'v
plikked otV, and ii ii InlVeied'to lot in ih, '^roiiiid;
whilll in others it is afterwards mow, d,
" Women here are reapers; and it is n.it umom-
mon to i'ec live teniales to one man employed in this
kind ot labour. Scaree any ot rhtni liav. llioes or
(loekings, and few a hat, or any other eovcring for the
head, to defend them tri>m the heat of the liiii. Per-
haps to this it may be owing that, amung the lower
tlals ol' people, liandlome women are e\eeeding rare;
all of tliem having coail'e, orlinarv I'ua-biirnt faas.
H'A.Vir, t'loLijIi tl.L countP !■- defh ient m this re-
I'peci, It lias a iiider elaim itielf to be (ailed beautiful
than any other part if Iranec 1 hive vet lien. 'I'lu'
ti-ldshavc more the appear.'iK.' ot cultivation, ai-.d
there are fewer of t'-. ill larr.n n.iked r^'cks to wimli
the counf.v in general .> l'ub:e:'t. H-dL'.^s are not
imeommon ; a'id \ou may lomeiinies lee I'ome llrag-
gling trees and eoppi^^--; but tluleare torlorn, and
have r.ot thole inhabitant- that llv'ulil enliven them.
1 know not what makes the little leathered lonLillcr^
forl'akc thefr parf;, cxeeptini;; it i e ihat the\ cannot
tind llither in a country to naked ot woods; but 1 am
Tore you may travel tor day- tigether and. ivt be able
to lee one.
" It is not often tharnxin areernplo\Ld in ])loui;h-
ing : thole wliieli I obler\ed wcreyoked by the horns,
as Ixinv; the part where it is iaia^ined they tan e.\irt
llie r,rcatclt llrength. in i',> n.ial vu tee a man work-
ing with a tingle horl'e ur al , witlvnita boy or ;nv
nther to guide it. Tir ii plo'.v.hs a'C li^iaci than thwfe
lommonly ulld in iMiglind. i iii niaily^i the I'unc
conllrucaion, ar.d feem lo turn the turroA> wi;h gr^.it
facilitv and expeditiim." *
M.irfeillesis a ver\ ancient, l.iri'c, rlili, and populous
city, liti.aled on the i uil ".'the Meditvrraiican lea,
where it has a fate and '.pa iou- hariioiir, aiiove 7
le.auuc'. from Ai.\ to t'i. I".i:'ii, ar.d 1.) fioiii .\i!es to
t!;e ibuth-ealt. All the tiad ■ v/niLh i-- e.tri'.d on Irom
the t'outh ot France in a m,'.nn,r cLiUers l/.ie. It was
till the revolution the I'ee of a bilbop. 1 hie the gal-
lies of France are hid up. Here .illo is a mr.- aifenal,
a ilack for buikling th.- galhes.an nilLrvatoi' , an aca-
liemy ol the tinc.irt^, and Itver.il tli'.rches. The har-
bour rim- up far into th.e i ity, and i- well lecured and
fortified. The ciiv is divided int^) ih. Old and Nc'.s ;
the lormcr : whicli is but m.-aniy built; bui the L.ttcr
li Very liantllc- u-, .md contain^ a line \va k. Oppoliti.
to ih'j harbour .ire three 'mall ill.md-. Grrat ipiaiuities
tl tar and pitch are made in this iKij,hbi)uiho'id.
Nkirleillcs, in beaui^, has \\u\t: to ln.'all ; bm uukh
in reipt-.;: to its fnuation f r comiiKrce, and the aiiii-
cjuity 01 It-. t'Mundatioii, wliicli is taid to hive be. n laid
in the iiin • of Tarquinins Frilcus. As you approach
it, the Baihdes, which arc behind, hue an um oinnion
appearance, ind lo"k liki^ another city buili o! lliat;-
gling houfes. Tlute H.lbiles are little ])kaliiri>box s,
which cover the country lor lome miles tcpi.ue. I'Atry
citi/en, almoll to the fiwell rank, ha- a b.illide, where,
after the labours ot the il.n , lu- retire- and l|)endi ihe
evening with liii family. The Ipa^c th.it i.acli o| iheie
little retirements takes up is very coiilined. A liitle
houl'c, with a garden of ab(jut 30 yards Iquare, filled
until tig-trees, olives and wines, is theirconiiiiun ext' iit.
Bchi;id the walk ol one j^u'den be^uu another, v. Inch
belongs toanotlur ciii/en; .ind iseoiuinuedi>n,in evf^y
plat of the comp:.fs lull nieiilioned; lo ih.it ihe li.illiiles
iiiav be f.iid to be nis in uric, anil w!>s in riire.
'I'he fir. ets here are crowded with people of d,'-
ferent nations, a moll cMtnfive trade biiiig carried
on with the Levant, and with moll countries of tin;
vvoild. Since the plai'iie, whi^h Iwipt away liich ,i
multitude ol tlie inhabit. int' of this town, in th.- \\..;
\~io, the Marleillois are Very c.uitious of adnni • • .•
any vellel from tin Levant, without alliicl quaraniin^ •
and every letter is dipped in, or I'prinkled with, vuk-
g.ir, betoiv delivered.
The manuf.iciures of this town arc various and
(knirilhing, otwhiih thole of loa]) and wax-caiuikt
are the iliut : though the others, fiieh as of Ihifl's ni
imitation ot iIioIl- that come from the Indies, uflilk
d'lckin^s, piircelain, taivllry, hat-, &< . are far from
b ing incoiitideiabk- obii.ts ol traile. Tliofeem])lov ,1
p:< digioii- number of workmen: and owe not a liitL-
ot their luccefs to the ckarnels of the almolpheie
around, which permits the cxpotition of fiidi ihiiiL's an
want diying and bkaching. The deligns for the ta-
peilrv, liiRii, and Ind. an manutaclures, arc fiirn Ihe. I
by thearinU belonjj,ing to the aiademv nf paniiin;; ai
Nkirieilles, and mull be conieipiuitb lupeiior to tlioie
ot otlii r |il.iees, where they come f'loni the iiniulorid
renins of the workmen themlelves.
The Flotel de \'ille is a liandlome buildiniT, and
hi- feveral pii'lures wovtliv ihc aticntio:< of ,111 ami!.
.\;'.-.onp, iheteare t-vo painted by Serre, that lepuient
the plague.
The cliurji I't St. X'letor contains a great number
of .intiijuitie-. Anion;.', its i uii"lities tluv number St.
Andrew's Crok, whivh is .ilmdl entire, and piel'erved
with a religi'iii> veiu'nuinn.
The Maiieillois are very tiiiid of pageantry and pro-
ccflions of all kinds, and, belorc the revolution, h.ul
two which were rem.irk.iblv curious; one was the pro-
cellion of an Ox at the 1 etc de Dieu, and the other
thai ot the \ oituriers and Coachiikn to the cliurih iif
the fJiand .'\ugullins Whether tlieic are llill cnti-
lUKil, we cann. 't at this p.iio 1 detirmine; but Ihall
quote the ilelcnption thereoi Irom the former edition
ot this work. '• The ceremony of the o\ is iierforined
1:1 this manner. During tiie three days precetlimr
the fead, the c-in[>any of buuhers are employid
in driving an ox through all the llreels of the tnwii,
toll Aved by a great c mcoiirfc of people. On the b.ick
"t this beall tli.v pl.uc .1 htik- boy dreired in a rtieeii's
tkin, wli ) holds a llreamci in his kit hand, a:id kei pi
the tore-linger of his nglit h.oid pointed to the Iky.
On till, eve of the teaii the ox i- guided to the pKuc
where the temple dedicai'.d to Diana "ncc Hood. Then:
the b.'y is taken oik, and the Iniichets, alter they havo
thipped themlelvi.-- ot their lantall ic g.irments, pro-
voke and drive the beall with llicks out of thciity,
amiilll the cms and Ihoutsof the populaee, wlmie
minds have interwoven thi^. ciiace with the duties of
religion. On the next, which is the grand day, he
is led baik, ornamented, alter the ancient manner of
adoriung victinv, with riblions and llowei', aciompi-
nied by the Initeliers ilrelfed in puiitiHcal robes, wiih
drum- .ind /hit s playing In lore them. Then t'olln-.v
liie prielU, fii.ir-, anil the r^'.V^'/w.v nf all the orders.
They drive the animal out of the gates of the i itv to
ihow that they joyfully content to banilh I'.iguiiliii
ti'im among them. The ox is altervvards killed and
given to the pocjr.
"On the feall of .St.FJoi all the voituricrs, coachmen,
|)ollilions, Ki. all'emblc bifbre the chinch of the
Cii. 111(1 All;' oil ins, mounted on their hortes, mule-,
and all'es, biariivj, the fl.igs and colours of then com-
pany. As they make their proccfTion before the grand
enir.ime, a piied Ijainkles every one nl the lidci-ar.d
ilie beads Willi Iviiy water, At'ier liiviiiji, received
till-, they proceed in files, and march to the lound of
drum-, and tit'c. throii^^h moll of ihe gieat lliecis ol iho
town, thcpiiz/.i lo l.'c ri'ii for bv the i!i!;eicnt animals
f '
( /-
.//
riEOCIRArilY.
(1 i-itoiuinii'-iliin,!!! ever
iincci; Id lli.it llii. lUliidts
anil iir'is in rme.
■ ilc'd with pi.i>pli; of (!.•'-
Uivc truilc hiiiig lariinl
;li moll ciiiintiii.s nf ih,;
\w\\ I'wipt away liicli i
't tills town, ill til • v\ ,;■
ry c.iiitious of adii'.ii • •
iihoiit a ihirt ijiiaiaii:i:u ;
or ljirmls.lti.1 v.itli, vuk-
s t(wn arc various and
ol liKip anil uax-iaiuilit
Iters, likii as ol IhiU's iti
from llic Imlics, of lilk
, lial-, &. . arc far from
il tra«.li-. Tliolcctiiplo\ ,i
icn: and owi- not a liitk-
rncl's of the almolp!iL:c
polition of fill 11 thiiiL's .\\
Tlic ikfii;ns for tin ta-
nuladurcs, arc furn Ihc.l
; aiadeiny nf paint in;; at
t.i|iuiitl\ lujviior to tlioiL-
oiiii' fiom the inuuiorid
ilvc^.
haiulli^mc lnii!dinr;, and
iic atttntio:< of an ami!.
1 liy Scrrc, that rcpuil'iit
:omains a prcat nunibcr
iiiDlitius tlu'\ nunibcr St.
i^ll entire, and picfciiid
nd of pageantry and ]-ii o-
■lore the revolution, liad
urious; one wa> the pro-
de Dicu, and the otlier
jaehnuii to the chuiih iif
tiitr theic are llill CMiti-
ioi detirniinc; but lliail
I Ironi the tormer edition
tiy of tile ox is jicrlorineil
c three days preeedinjr
Iniiciicrs arc cmpjoyul
the itreels of the tmMi,
of people. On the back.
■ boy dri.llcd in a flicep's
his Lit hami, and kci p^
:uul pointed to the fky.
DX is guided to tiie pliic
Diana "ncc flood. 'I'lnri;
niichef-, attcr tiicy have
lantall ic };arnicnt'<, pro-
h llick'. out ol tlic I ity,
ol the populace, whole
diace with the duties of
cli i> the grand day, he
.r the ancient manner of
lis and llowci', acioniiii-
n pniititical robes, with
jre them. Then folln-.v
digieux (if all the ordei-.
1 tlie y,atqs of the i itv t'>
lent to banilli I'aguiilin
is altcrwards killed and
the voituiicis, coachmen,
fore tlu- chill cli ot the
on their liorles, mule,
nd colour'' of tliea com-
ix cffion before the grand
eiy one ol the lidji- and
After li.ivin,!, remv^d
id march to the hiuiid of
of the |:,icat itictis of the
r bv the i!i!;ciciu animals
l..n-
rOA/„//y,-;7 HANKKSn, \,u'. ^//.>f, /Il ,^ (\VXW,\\\V\\\^^/t//t.>/', /////////// //i//i,r/ii/.
//<■ ^,//i/- //ii/.ti if/t.i, f/f ///t ^/'i rufc'C/ r>/f//i/ffi/,/// //ii ^1 ///,/</, //I ,/ ■ ^'/•/f/iiu .
Vi< ^cr/ !■/• h/ ///:./// //ii '/I rnii'i r/- ^h7//>f//i/,/ii//ii ')o///(/, /// , i ■ ^'<
///< V
r.'.:<A.,', ..:'/'. I. r/ii../, /.
X ,, /.'./.,,■. ,1.1 h'.i,
ill
T:,cl.-
iMii.iir.i
|Mru!(
api'iiiii
ri\; III
..1 M.i:-
in It
1., ,1,
Ri.
Wli I. (I
T.,,
uiih .1 '
alioiii
nil- 111"
h.i;:, 1 ,
Amih',
Clili.llli
n..| ^;o
< •UII'',
li-li I ! :
i^ till- <
In t;
;iiul live
thr lui'
(' ;nK' 1, i
Dr;
of iir ,
l-;ri
li:ilt ;l
am ii;\i!i
110. 'l
1 iln , .1
I'l., •.>
( 11 til
rlii-.i h.
A \
CUK-ll l'(
tl-.i- V.ir,
nl ll:;U t
lll<|l Ml
rrRopF.i
FRANC I,
851
1 iiir>, l«)in • Ictoro ilicin.iir^Hl totlipfml <ii a loii^ p^li-.
'I'.tU' pii/. s.iic piui.illv inmpliai liis ut' liaiiuU'c ,
oin.iir.C!! 1! n .1 1 clti'i- imniur tliiiiitlii)!,. ih.it nice ■ni-
iivnlv pi'i liil'.J. Ill ih>' cvciiint; ll.iy lu.il. lli iv
I '. kIc- iii\ ilic I'rrtm'n;u!c dc Coiiis; .11 1 I'uri pn -
I ■, I I >tli' pi 11:1 ot S:. Mii Irii'l, will h i i'.' pi lie
apr 111)1. il orilii.- i:i;i-. 'llic hoiks tiller ila- iilU lirll,
vi\: m iviiU", :'.tul til -n t'/j iili'f. Siiili uv liiu r.u e
t'lMar eillc , uliicliiri' lit'i;ui ntcd :is hukIi .is nn\
in Kii-.l.in<l 1'^ 1 o'pltul ill. liij'Jiill r.uik iiiihc iitis^li-
l.L.iih >«ul."
Biriol , (11 Vivn: \, \^ aiianJfoMic town in iIk' laili-
\vu k ul Biii"ioli>.
Tmil 11 I a lui'^c ctv, lini:U(l on iIk Mi li: rr;\n(Mn,
Willi u lint pi iit, I T I ag 'f. call li'iu M rule-, and
.il'oui IZ; (rum l',iti>, 13 til tlu' fovnanilli tliou:-
au lliiiii^i' I ir i(i(.'l. On iw) fuli-s o tli- lor -.i 1 ar.
liii;ii I lU-.i; a wrv Im .11 diilai ii-, (>l w'litli that o' Si.
A. Ill-, 1 11 'III- noiili call, pcitccUy coinmands 11. T!i
iM.iiu f rt tlv,- port is K) mr'ow tliai iw > lliips laii-
n t ^-o into It a-biia(l. I'l'.ii pluv cmiain'; Icvtial
( lilt-., paitiiula Iv an.ulinira't\ tlii(--, an avi' n.d uill
l.iMiiili d,a loimdti\ , livii;.i/in(.-, maim acV iiy >>( wo ij-
iiii il 'ih, fee. Ill tlfn>.w ilivili Mi'i! l':in f, Toulon
1. til.' ( hill town ill il c di'i arinKni ol Vai.
In tlicd IliiCt ot T' iilo:i r ()!!ioii!f', a Iniall town;
ami live k-.;f;iit- c.ll • 1 'I'o'l n 1- I ii i\-s, laiivais for
the licll r..lt and tlit' lin 11 truii in !■] nii : 11 loivain^
( aiK' iluiiil'.c-, and £i\Lb naau to diriv iland. in ili.'
nJ^zlilioiitiivj, fc.
I)r.i..iiu^iiaii, 1 .: Ifa^iR'. n-irth-iall ot I licvi", i^ one
of 1' I' lai'^cll towns in the pi'i.mti'.
rtcHis, on the Arociil, ac Icij^ii s i.Jl ot Aix, and
halt a ha;.;u. Iioni die lea, loniaiii. nni.y icmaiiis <il
aniHjiniv, paitiuihtly an ai]iifdik~i and an aniphiihea-
lie. 'I li lown IS well ti iiili il, lii- a court of admi-
i.ilu, audi a liilliop's ;ee. In die new divili 'U ol
I'L.'M-, I'l'ii^ 1^ 111 die dtpartinenl ol \'ar.
(11 111,- li.iiuls 111 .1 liiiicul lull, and eoiii.nns levi-ral
rhur li.s; 11 ua^ ili !.,■ ol .1 hilhop 1 II lli • lev ilution.
A' An ill >■ .lie .1 •;• od ha'lioiir.i.d 1 alll. , «ifli lome
Roman aatU|UU:e^. Tiie lilli, caliid li.niine , ar^' wtil
tilled I'tre.
Wiue, anancimt tin, (iuiated iwiLauiK-s tVoin
t!;e V.ir, was i!ie le ■ of a liillio]) iili ilu- levoUiii m, and
ai that time tli<' iivd 'j;ovtinilient ol the i i!v, a:id l.iid-
lli-p ut the iiMivn. uere ili.ided l),lr.t\n ih li'.ili'p
and tl'f li lu.ii ol \'eiice, oi the ln-uli-o' Vi.l. naive.
'I lie ahove |)latv- lie ail 111 L.o\vi.r i'loviiue.
Uii n , I'll ;lu- Bleon;', is eeleliiaied tor if li.l well-,
i5 ll c lee ot a
iliv
n the new iln iin n o!
1
nie, l)i;.ii;e is the that town in tlu- dipaitinent c t
1 .ouer /vii;5.
:er m, on tin. I nii.iiue
]\
h
a "ooil ir.ulc, ami is
!eli nJid h\ at.>rtieS. C'..lKll.in,ou theVerdin, give--
lurre to a bailiwu k,
:\ ( /, nine lea'.'U. s aoilli w
■ll
hillv
.M.i
alll^
ip lee t.il ll
f r, vo.ution.
I, e.ne o; ll'.e m 'll po| iiams ums in the
V'
II.
ic 1^ a ealll
and 111 t'.K- n iiihlii iii
iliood
ilh teveial loiin-
a miiKial Ipnna
t> ot Maka were propiietors i,t it in. til the
levoliitit n.
I
iMiir. is a Inia'l pliLt in the dilhi.t ol l-i)rral;iiier
\M
L-ie ti'llie 1 IV 1!
i e ehiaiii
I'et
loiin:
u as 1
01 n ; .iiul
11 at It u.:s aniiti.th', 1 n ili,.i aumnit, e.
1
tl:
',1;
Api is a liiiall I'ly, at tlie c.'ntlux ol the Durance
ll Calavon, ei^ia leariies tioin Aix to tin iiinili,
and made it a colony
ihiohl
ami,
e remains ot antuiiiitx
Julius Calar tnl.iiy.ed
to this day, ilicie aie llvei
al'ont It, It w.;s the li'L' et a |.;llio|i nil ilu r. voiuiion.
I, and t! e count \
Tl
le I Ity aii;.l dillriol ot' Avi
n:i;llin,
'llsUil
tnlf
n vi.liition
hut h
e pope at tlu- time <
)l tl
r.ie 1 I t|.e le.uhn^ characleis in ilioli
tlilbii'ts ivluleil liilimiHi.into lih hohmb, and loliut.
a jiincti.-n with the I'lemli nation. H\ a vi te ot li e
alUn hlv they v\eie iiuorpora.eil uith I'lanwe, and nu..
toim tin- il( p:irliiKnt 01 Vauclule,
Avignon, with its diflrift, anri, ntly hcloiv^ed to the
coimi^ oi riioulotife and Provin.i. At'tcrwards th,')
till to the (Ink s ol Biir?,nndv. 'I'lien iluy were pol-
ell'il l>y the lin^v ol .S eily, who were a'l 1 counts ol
I'lovinie, iiiiiil till' \iar 1 ;4!), that Jihmna, i|Ufen
of.Siiilv, aulioii:T',s (.f I'r >vi-nte, di'|ii!'ed of the
town, and its ililli:.', 10 ]> .p^ C'eiii nt Vl. I t Ko.ojo
lloiin'. The d lb '-t is V rv tr'ii.t'iil, and ab. iiinds in
eorn, wine, and lallVon, At rti.ecminty ol Vcnaiiriii,
It «:is h Id either i y ilic t.iunis o, TJi jiiKaili" its own
C'linis or ''.s eniper. IS until il:e year ii-\; fincc
whiili it liaili b.cn pollclleil by the popci, and g,overn-
(il, under til. Ill, ly olilceis t.il'ed '.c'.ires tillS.p-
iciv.ber, lyt)!, when it wasaiinscd t I'tan e a^ be-
tore mention- tl. It is ver\- truiiful. Tli. onK place
worth 111 nii iiiino: in the dilbiM ol Avignon is that
which [;ive. name to it, vi/..
Avij;non, a lar'^e and b aiitil'ul city, lituil.-il at the
onllux ol the Rh-)neand S irguc, 7 miles from Ariel
) t'le noitli, and 15110111 Aix to the n./rih-w ll.
I lere is a ll me bridg- ovi r the Rhone; a very liand-
I aiie college; and an uiiiveiliiv, iouiKk'd in the \L-ar
1 5OJ. No Its than leviii pop.s lelid.d li-.-rc rnciel'-
t'lvci' , Ironi the y ar 1 ;o 7 to 1 ;/;. In the iluncli of
t!'e rVanciIcans is the l- iiibof the bcuit Jul ini.l le.irn li
Laii.a, lo mu li admired and celebrated bv the im-
mor.al I'eii iflIi. IIk- grave havinir bejn opened la
tiie lime ' I 1-ianu-. I. a leaden box was louml in it,
. o;it nin^ a m-.dal, witli a c.ipv of verlts written uii
parclim.'iit by Hetrar h, in praile of his milliefs.
In the c .iintv of V'enaiirin the prineijial places are
L ll -, on .III iti.iail 111 the Sorgiu, thelinell town in tlii:
coiint\. C.irpentras, on the Routle, lour milc^ north-
eall from Avi:;!ion. Vailion, on tin- Oiwelle, ei;.'lil:
La",ues from A\ iji,non, i-. a tiviall town, with a callle;
a', I Cav.ullon is a mean place, on an ill.iiid in the rivec
Da.ance.
The (i ivcrnment of LAvctrf doc is bounded to the
I'lutli by the .\I ihterrane.in and R. ollillon ; to the
north by Aoverj^ne, Lvonnoi-, and (iuienne; to thi;
e.ill by til.- Rhone; and lo the well bv Galeony. Ic
i-> 70 Kagues in Iviigth, and, where wid.ll, j.: in
i bre.ulih.
The primipal rivers arc the Rhine, -jaronne, Aude,
Tarne, Allien, and Loire. The royal canal of L i-
giiedoc is upwards of 100 miles in length, lix feet u^ep
everywhere, and the breadth abiiit ao tathoms. In
foiiie pi ices it is tarii.d under nioiintain<,ani,l in others
over v.illii--, having .dl alon;!, ilmces, clam', relerv.'irs.
w-:iter-ciairh ■■, and diaw-
Se\eral remarkable
! wiiiib are ol'lerv-il in this pr.ivince. That lall.il the
lers blo.^^ generaily tioni ilic well along the too h.rri
coalU anil is v.iy leirelliinj'; in lummer. another,
called ,'.utan, blows oencndlv from ih. opiioiite ipiar-
ter, and is I ot and iinwln Itruii. : and a third, lallcd
lows tiev^ueiitly in tlie valley
lie, or tlie
llirouoli w.iieh
th - 1-
i\.li ine rum, very
llr
d cold.
W
len the wind in this v.illev bl iw> irom the le
nil litem
led
with run, It 1-. no
u'lwholeloiiie than
loiie,
die auian. l-'roin the i; alls ol Leucate t.> the Rl
in the heat ol tiimiiier, a le.i bre./e lets in, troiii un in
the t'oreiioon to live in the a'teinoon, which co 1> tl:e
air, that would be otii rw le .'.Im tl inrup- 1:1 1 le. In
ey, at the lo.-t o; 1!
')'
.c is a lliiri)
(ll
Will or north-avll wind, lal.ed th- le \ent depis.
w nil 11 mows niiiv in
the 111 lit, and lu-ncral
III the
luniiuer
ll
, t lit
oiiiiii the
ili.- v.-.he) are
-ft he
iliived to
mount ains; lienco
winnow
lieir
lorn 111 the niiilit
;\ vei\ raiiaik
.iiKalil
i Ui
lloni
prevails iii t.i^ p'-o\iiv.c.
wliiili 1^ that ol triadini' i.-.it thea- c in li\ ho
mill
allm
acioiilinL', to t!!
to ill ih leiiptur
Kill
em tullom, ileeu. lit
ly
iiKl liarhoiir--.
'l ll exp.irts
The co.'.lls ot l.an;j,ueiloc are lot only .1 .-lacr.'us,
but deiiitiite of l.ile and g-
conlill chielly of wine, t
woolitn cl.^li, llull':, fill.
iclnui-^
l.^h,
Tl
le comii'.on
(jivilion
I'm,
iMii'
■i-y
A NIAV, :<.(n'\L ANn
AlTlir.NTlC SYSTF.M or rs'IVHRSAL r-.F.OGR API lY.
»llviri,in o\ ill noMiK-c i> int
Upper and l."wci-. li
tlic r
ppit the p
wow lie tin- tiiliowinii!
Tl.iniKniU',
■1 il cit the wliolc 1
'A.vinti.', (nil-
at.il '111
tlv.-(i.\r(.nnf, ovt
rnluvl. it li.is;\Uucl\ lui>i'^c,
t ;lu
'I .-.tui iiii'll .iiuitiu ciiiis m
Fran
\i.'l, ll.lVI.I.
liiilc tr.-.ilc. It s in.;llici- p 'pii
1, ii", or ik!i.
vtrhtv. .\n ;-.i a/tiT,
It is iIk- Wv v( .'.» .lu-h'-illi^p. 1 1> ic all>' aic an uiii-
>t'l icn.fs awl lii)cr..l :-.ns, ii'vcral
tv, :i;h1 lu-.nv ilturclu-, I'flulcs
th- _I.u.>l'ln!! is t!u' flume of
r.uuil.wtiTo arc Tlks tluli!.
iuon'.i:m:r.'^ u,
tl.i- i;itiit
.llHlilil
h.il. I:» I'l' (1
A..Min.'
■n.
!
irpits.
1
I I I' I V ''.U'
in.iu' li> aililln I ' all.il
'ri'.oul'iil.in. 'A
!;„!
1 ;(i:i!:v;i-. a tillll
ronnf, c.^
Hal CaiU.-S.i.i/'in.
iwn I'n tie < ia-
li
I'
lanci-
Tl;
III tlu- rxw ilniii'ii lit
ilviriM,t.nt
tcu- tliul tovvii i:i llii- ili-l'
mo
inilc
.\ .)tltcr-. Tl:c w ltd i' l)roii;;ht tVdin ,1 nvnintiii' five
Ic (litl :iu. T
K' iiuirons 111 ir.is niy arc pi. ntc
with vin( ■, iillvc, tni, an.l iiiiilb rrv-iriY ; iln' 'i itr
to no' vilh till' liik-woriii-, wlmli tiirn\ il'C null loi-
till Tal"!.- .iliiK'l ol tradi. AmitliiT liunR iii'tlrin;«
in a i-inliil^iai'lc icvcniK' tii iIik i iv is tli>- linl lliti i
ot wawr- oi .11
.mvnis
1.11 -
I
nd l\
nips, I'.iat aie
iVlT JmII' pc
'l'lii» pl.Kc i< imi, li I' I I'cd to In- tiioK- (ii t
i:
jidi wlio labour niuler dilDrdtr'- ot i!k- lunj; ; \Uiuni
till.' riputc.
aiicl'
II lis ninv'lpliiu'
am: t.iin..- 'ii
3t r
iptr « i.iionii
.\1 ■ , n. ir ilv T.irn-. lo loa-.m s n mh-iail of
T-ionS ui; , i iIk- :< c ot .'. liilliop, I uuain- k". i ral courts,
a ni.i!',nilu-.nt i.it:i.dr.il, a l-c'viifal p.vl..cc, an an
ai'ifc -.ilk- \v,iik, di-n.i:;':n;u i! l-al.''C.
' G:iillu-,-n t'lf 'r.irnc. M,ir U'.'.,- n.- iroin Al'^v, lia',
a "ooi! tr.uk' in vMnc. v.lii. h i- km il « n tlu Tainc to
Bourdi-.ox; :.nd Rab.ilUi:i maintain- a fiinilir (.oni-
nur .• ' mc.m o' ili. laivi.- \i\l'\
C'.r''i.s \sas a 1 Ihop's iii' bfoic tlu- rfvo!u;ion.
Tu: i'..-'i;i.-. arc fjuiul ii\ tlic iiCr.:,iii oiiriio d ot tln^
tl \v i|.
Miici iix,.'. tiV n 'H tlic l.,/,\\.is tl.c I'c of .ibilliop
LcIvTi.' the 1.- vc u' ii:'.
Carl.u dc R"-.vi 'ou iS P. I'niall vi'h:-. vli.iv the ti-
r.ioii- Ml.'.!". H • k- \v,;s horn : .lad 15 lk:l .t i- l.uiio'.i;,
-.nv \ mincr.il fpriiig.
In ihc L'.-.vtr Laivj;iiei.l«.)C ilic ihu I plucs are tlic
foil' >u in; :
Aki, on til- Awlf. ..t r.ic loot (.f il J ryunian
mminiains U tamni- t ,■ .\]iM Iprin;;.
Liiiio X, ontlie.Aii.il, out K.i.'.uc !i 'm Wn, h.i
foniv' n-. n work-, and a il > k manul.ictory.
CariilTi 'I - , on ll-c ,\.k1-. U vui miles c.ill ulTlou-
I'Hik-. !s th. i(v ofa I'llli p. Il 1 th.-moil ri.f,ulir
hiiiU I wnui 1 a;ii.nKdo , vei\ ; pir n-, l.as.i;jo.>d
ir.i '., ih •■e biing'a maiuila.i'ii v ..; line il ^i tarricil
on i!i !hc to.\:i, andatpiai!) ot w .ite and llelhi.i-
|. '..:.:. :r. Ill I'.- in i .• niikllii' '■.:^. "''-1. 'nd ''• d-'k ndcd
l,v ai it':-. In ilie n' .wiivii'on or Ivan-'. Ca.\a;'-
fioniie : tli-.-i.hlei to-.vn In t'.e iiepa:tm. lit ot .-V-.ide.
Nar vinii!. l'. .1 uv'.l f 'iti:;' 1 c.f, litua: d ;, k.,L;ii.-
from Till -id- r.l'e to the lali, o'l a ea;ia!. whii h, h\
mi an- i 1 ti.e ii-.">i Au .>, .'lul 1 ke Ro ine. ii id a com-
n-.i;-i.i ."it; n v.nh ili-.- ..a; ' i:t mli is tlu iIkiIIo.-. n i-
I't the V.'. ■■'.;• I p T. I .- i'...l", tl ,'.t iliips . .ini'ot ^it niai
ir. It V..1 tin.-:., o: an ar^ '.ilk 'P I' '^n 'h. ri-v-i'ii-
ti.-n, in .\1. 1 '. .ir.l-M i a 1 .'. :;i.u: R -min 11 ;.u.Jii.-
ot vdi'tc m.iil.k-. 'Il ■!'.- toriv.o ;-.n alt.ii'. 'I'li. uiy l:as
fev.ral elnirelits In. i-lts tii.- .. ti-.edril. ' ii\at ipianti-
tie.i ol '."alt are madi in tiic i.en.'Jilioinho •!, w;.i h i
truiik.l in c.irn and oil.liut )i. k!- Iitiie wine.
S;. Ton- de Tomicie^ is a fmall i ity on i!i • river j loi. -iii ;o tlu- jiiiiu e oi Com i, h.;^ a i allk-, and i nutnl
Jaur. In tlie n^:p,h'.50bri;',.; m'v.iniain aie v_i, ■.., i«.-. ol ' for ti.eoiliiirc oi iilk.
"bc..iit'-ul m uiiie. '^ ' ' Ma. vi id h.i- :'.x \e.arly f.iirs, and drives asjoodtra'ltr.
Be/.ier- ij an ancient I itr, litiiat.d t.):ir kai'jies liom ' I'lii, tin- tapii d ol tlu- couiitv nt \'ilav, n.-ar the
Naibonne. It » ■ .vc-rs aH tli-.; iidc-< ot a v iv liecp anu .| I.on.', is a |ii-.itv l.ir^t- my, and wa. the t,e ot a
luh' h.ill, on Ihi- lirjhdt point ot wh.cli i- liiiit tlu- il-.l'-op htlurc ihe revolution. H'-ii.- arc locr.il
tat' t-d'--.!. ^ , . I ^'•■"'-■>-^-
M<i ■;'.;hcr, l-tint'.--l on an emin.nce, n ..r:i'-iiv.r
I.L/, '.b i' -c l..iii.;i. . ir. 1 1 ill. ] i-o.,nie next I • 'I'li-ui- } 'H. govcrnnunt "l" F-'oi\ is boiinde.l mi die will
loule, a-..l i'-.- k-i ot a iLlhc.]-. It oai.iii- .i . i i-k 1, i ', ' ( i.ir- oij^iie, i a the lall and noith hy i .aiii'iudoc,
univL-iif . ;.;.vii. ■' .r k-n, and ..-i .^ adiniv i t '.s'.e c s : : nd v< tlic loiitli ky Ronilillon and the ryriiiean
of ih' 13 ontiii.uv ic'lo-.. of tielaf r, tn.. -.- ai.pdy M mimnn^. It i> divided iiit'i I'jiper and f,..wer.
it plulicaiib, have haul in liojivs of amre.
S!..:.;;\:i.r, lielidi s it', iiniviiliiy, aiul lihools of
medKiiu, ko.ilK an at.ulemy of icicnies, \drc!i 1.
(oniivkd of li\ lionoi iry mtml)er«, thr.c pli\iu,.ins,
tliiee ..iiionom.i , time iiiatluni iiii lans three die-
mili-. and three kot.inilb. Rih. lai. is laid to liiv--
1\, ; 01 this iimverl f, ; and liis ^o.vn and tap are llill
; k:"i-, d.uith akiidol rchjiii.'ii veneration, atiil iiir I
in the tLf^monv of (onti-rrng ihc depiec o| i|i..-i..i-.
In the lieu diMlion o. 1 laii' '■, Nkmtpeliir 1- the ikkl
lo.vn in tlu depart m. nt lit I Itr nilt.
H.i'.iii.i, o;\ iIk- 'I'liaii, not i.ir from M'nlp.li-,
li:ib tome uaim k.ih', tlu- wati; -• I't w , u h wiiluiai;!
r ',n heat at l-cr.ll I'ld;! hoiir.
Xilino contaii.s man nionnmrnt nt antiipiiiv, <,(
\\\mk\\ tin- jirini ipil ..rt- the amphiiluaiii', t.il' ill -i-s
.-Vruus; the timp.l ofDiani; tlu- ipi.idranyular In i^e
Uipp I'ed to have 1 r. 11 tri-'t.d l-y .-Xdrcin, nn.l irid
1 ;miily a^ a iiinp!--; and the o.iangular t"\ver.
Nuirn ' IS a killiopk Itc. The dii:;.',littiil walk, i -IKd
'! 1 l.rplinadc, i> wiihoiit iheuiv. fkre.uc kv.r.il
miautaaories, a t.niidirili'.e tr.'.de in chith and Iilk,
an.'.tademy ol IMk . 1 .tttre-, and autadik I t.iirlnt-
ini^. A great jiart ot the mhaoit.ints are I'roieilint ,
lie h:lU in the reiiihlHuidiood ariiovcred xviih m;us.
1 1 till 11. u diviiion lit l-'i.iiue, Nilniis iv the iliitt town
I'l the department ot ( i ir.
15c.uu.iire, at"wn iituaicil on th- Rlicie, iv noted
It Its t.iir, in which r.i'.i-lilk, and itlur ao id , au-
tioiii!,ht indl'.ld to a c.inlid. raMe .im.'.int.
(.kiilL.c I- a Imall place ■ n t!i.' N'ldoudi-, ketivixt
uliiili anil SaiiXi s i> a mineral pciiodi. .'.1 l].;in;', whii ii
iiin- leven, and intermits Ir.eli iir . At Le (irand
( lal .riniev, imi t.ir trom In nee, a tine Line and red
.'\,- i- madv' out o! the 111. lit-lliai'.e. lalled, in l-'rench,
ill' re.! .
I /'. /. wi tl .- tee ' f .1 liiilio]! litliirc tlu- revohition.
II-.; II. 11 I'/e/ and N'lii'i- 1 that ii'ible jiiece of R"-
. n aniioiiiti I ailed the l'..ii' 'hi f larde, i- n;^' p.irt ot
an ip.iediiei I'V \.liiili wat^r n- eonie\cd 11 ma tprni;:;
■ t Ivi/. to Nilnu- , n ar v^ "> ' • '' lonfiltb ot three
i.ai.'.i ot au he- ai lol ili live: tiiid'.n.
Ill lii-' nei;'h.ouiho()'| ot I / / in tome exielkm
miier.d Iprinns piitieularly ..t llie v.'l .'.-e ol Yoiilet.
Al.iis lias 'he lee ot aliilhoptiil th-.- re-volmion. The
I'rot.tlan's are luiiiuriuis here.iiiout-.. 'I"hiv utv l"'-
tiienilei'. . s t.
, ih.i e t" a'l It. -my, three
The to.-ii.er iv mountainous, Init al-Dunik in uooik
to eh-.-'iiir-iv, ihr--' M li aanv. aiidlia e t-i n iliiud iron, caverr.-, and mineral walei'.; auil the Later is
philoloji;.- . 'll-.e ar.). l!u- e IV iv .i.en.ed r.niarkallv 1 Iniilkil in e.ivn, '.iin., !ve. Th. I'liiii ipal pl.it.s in
l;ihiliii u : tlu ho'jl.. .:•:■ handlon.e, hut tlu- t! reels i I'pper I'oix are
iiair-.w; r.nd here.- a vv'ol t-,id- in 1.1k , v.. .oil ns | Foix, ihce.p'tal, liluated at the lout o( the I'm r-
viin-j, llroni' waters, -> u'. I'lvale, .\ . nean Moumai:> , it 1- d-,-t-,-n.hd kv a callh.
Montiieher i pi-.-.tlaniiy tiiuaie.!, and c nimanik | Taralcoii has m.ipy iron tor.'es; an'l Aup, at tht
nianv keauirnl proljict'. On the I'icrou there is a 1 t'oot of the Pyreneev, reeeivcs it. diiiomiiialion tiom
fu-jntain, wliwh, fur limplicity and beauty, cxteli iti hut watcr.i.
Ill
I
Th
i-(if,R\riiY.
It iroin .1 nv'imt.ili' fivf
livs ciiy .iri: pl.iui-. I
I riv-!ri'c ; tnc ' i itr
tla'f t'ninjT ill 't I riiv. »
. r tv is tlw dill II ui •!
, .iiiil luups, ilini .uff
In- tl'.ol'k' olihi' |',|i .
oi O.w liiiij; ; vJiiiui
II 'IiiImi', mil! Liiri'.' "t
vs of :i I inc.
.iliiy, ami lilioo'v ot
of Itii'rui'i, \.hc!i i.
il)iT«, ilii\(.- I'luii. ,ans,
^niiii> inns tlircc tlie-
I). !ai . In 1 1 ill lo ln\'-
» j;oAn iiiul cap arc- llill
u vciicraiioii. aiiii uW\
tl;c (Ik'^'.rcc I I I Ill-tor.
Montpclitr i ilic il i.t
;lil!.
l.ir from M >nt[\li ■ ,
ti ■• III w ' kIi \wil iii.ii.i
nmrnt ot nntiqiiitv, of
U] liiilK:in\-, c.il' il I .<•%
til-- iiii.iilrniiyul.ir l:o;i(c
I'y Ailri.in, atiil ii'cil
tlic o.ianj;ulir invcr.
ikii'^litfiil walk, clKil
1 iiy. lUw ,iw liAi lai
tr.iJc in cl')l!i ;iiul (ilk,
ml a iit.iiK I 'I !,.iir |i it-
v.'il.iiiis arc I'roicil iht .
ari-iow rcil wiili miks.
Niliiu-s i^ the iliitl t'lwii
on ill.- Rlic'ic, is iv'iiii
, a:ul >!lnr ;'o ni , au-
I'lc amoiiiit.
tlu' X'lJoiiili-, lictwixi
piiioiiii ,'.1 lo; in;', wliii it
• Il ur . At {..c (lianvl
ICC, a line llc.c mii red
-.adc. eallci!, in l-rcnch,
([I litloro iIk- revolution,
tli.u noljif piece ol R"-
I'li ' iardi.-, I^'.'n[', p.irt ol
io:i\c\eil Ir ni a Iprin;;
1 . it confilh ol llirci
: ( i.inli.n.
/ / in- toiiu- 1 \i c!kn!
. ihi- \ .'1 ;i.'c ol Yoiit'ct.
I III! iliv rcMiluiioii. The
.■al)ollt^. Tiii- I iiy l' -
li.is a lalUc, aikl i- nuttd
,, an<l drives auood trade.
\\l\- ol Vcl.iv, iii-ar ilie
■, and wai the I.e ot a
j:i, 1 IvK- MM locral
s hounded < ii 'he uti'
d noith hy 1 .anv.ikdi 'C,
illon and the I'yrineau
iit'i I I'l'cr and L"wci'.
lull al'oimds in wood.
lvate^^; and ;lic l.iller is
Til-. piiiKi|ial pl.ic.b lu
at the loot ol the I'vir-
Ud l.v a call!; .
uriies ; and At (p, at tlu
> iti duioiiiinaiion lioiii
In
r.i'Rorr.T
r R A N c r.
S.;<
4
\\ 1 .o\< r V'lK are
I', III.' , 1! ' il.c Anrir'c, t!i'' (Vc of a ' ill'np. la
ill MA i\{\ r Ml o' IrilK", i'.llllH.ri |j lliC line I AMI
in tl I i! pinnic I o \nii i',c.
,Si\,ii' iM isalin.oi i"\vii, cm ilic Aii.i c; ^la/Lir .
\ •iiii'Ku. t'lc r. :i''ct.i e ol ill loiiir, ,1,1 I i ,» t.u
jli/rii ui 1) ' 1 /.III, 1 Ml I. IIS llic li.MH o- ( ii.i ../.; ;
iii'.l i!'- I'lllii 1 Ol Aiid'iu-, Ir.:. no pL.t, ii-inaiN-
uMi. inil llic viilane ol Ouiiiii'C .
Til- 11,0V. rnnici't ol Rm -i.ii,ioN' i i 'I'lndcvl on !!;c
ni M I'V llic I . Il I l'\.'ii I--, on the loiiili Iiy ilic
(j r-:cr I'ynn i-'.oii iIk wei! !iy C'ud.i:iiic,and on the
ta;l li\ ill. McdlteiraiH-.n .Sf.i. it is : J lulj-u s Ion;:,
and li lir a I, and iiccix . d n tiaiuc finni a Roiuaii
<oli>n'. , la le.i Rui nil. Tlic licat here, in I'uiniiK ', is
itii:-'!-; I III i!i loll IS trnit'iil in lotn, wine, o.l,ihi''et,
t".i""--. I'V . Simp, (;tiail , pari ridiu"-, and pul i- ms
a III, d; I'l.l 1 ons and ox< n aic Itiie. . Tin ^oiiid
i ] ' •.■|;li( I In- luuk-; and a p;ieat di.il ol i ii, vvi li
ii l.ie io;:i, nillet, ami wool, .lie e'vj) i-red tr 'Il tlie
« u:r IV. It |. waicicd I V tlij Tel, ilie 'IV , . II 1 ilic
A -i , •.vii.,li are, propcii-- l; ..km^;, n Iv in rent.,
|- .liKC'l '■' tlie III. l!iii[^ol the liioA- on ilij niouiuani-.
I .'.I'"' i I.Minedv M Sj-ain, Ih.i v, vi.lcd lo
i i.Mc liv tl c ticau I.t the I'vH.'ii III I .-. lii.'iiiies
''.laiii.lloii.i'ii'i ^ovi !iiiiK-nt III! 'tide a ,i.iii'iiC\iila :ne.
'i II p i:u;pil ]•! ices in Roiiflill 'ii aic
r ip' II 111, l!:r lapt.d, lilii.it.d m-, ilie riv. r Te!,
n 1.1 'lie iMinilu- M iliieiranc.'.n, wiik^ , tlioujili not '
lui'i, 1 p pi.lou' , wil! |-'ii'', and llroi) ;lv loiiiii.il. It
i 111 I, . 1 t a I illi'i'. If'ieai.- ii .r:o ■ il* • , Icvcral '
ai- ■', 'lie , liotp'tar, aid iliiii'il-e-, .iiiil i lU'Me can-
non (.ii:nde V, '1 lie r. in lins o ilie >lil io.>n ol Rouiiil- !
Inn III- • n the risei Tel, n.it l.ii troni lieiice. In the I
iie.\ di\iii'in o' j-'i li e, I' 11 i'l. lan is tliciliii.1 tO'An in
lliC depiili.' I I I ill I. i:l,ri. I'uemi.5.
St. N'.i/ii , Will I, aiii! Hiiii , .lu ihue vill.iLCi in
llic (i.liri, I ol r. lyi, ;-.aii; ..t l!. i.ili el \vi ic i lalt i
inidc ol the ka u..lei ; l.'.- ia-o lall arc :i acil tor tneir
warm h.:t' *.
|{ ll.rarii ■ is a f iriicl-, l-i:il: lor tli - de en.-,; ol .'. pa '
li-:din.; tiomCataloni.i lo Rwiiir-llcn ; l*i f' s'..-.il! : d-
liiine l.ttle t' wn on the 'Jet ; Nfoeiit-Lan , t' •.- ' lin-
< -p.i! pl'.ce in till- leriilorv ol C' i''.i",iv, t- '. we it r-
li'.d t'lwii ; and \ jllc 1 ;aiicli>, on tiic 1 . t, l- . a .uo:i^
toll i.e.ii It.
I'lie liomulaiies ot' t'.e f joVe"nnie:it • i N^V■\R^ i-
and Hi-AHN are I.aliou.d on t' e wel;. IIi uneo'i il e
111!, (.'aliiiieiie on the nnrrh, aini I'.ie I'vi.ii.in
Miiuiif.iiii, 'I'l ill' tiiiidi. Nas.irre, ii< 1- d u i:i t! i
) o\e;nnu ill, is but a '.in ill p rl;o!i ot i e in. i. ;i' kir. •-
iloiii nl Nav.iire, v.hi.li, luu.ni.', Ueiii .ei/.ed en n v
1 iiiliiiaiul. kill;': ol Anatoli ami Cat' lie, I liis i' iil alone
w.s r ilortd, and h(.\ i-.ic an.'.ix.d ii t e eioan oi
fi.iii . I: I- oi'iv e-;',!ii leaj^ii-s in I ii^-'i, ai-.vl live in
I K.idih. Navaire is l-iiirren and nuiii:!i i.i ■>■. -md
loiiil.n o- I' one ji'.ae ,. 'illi iioi n. i, w/. si. I in-l'ie-
I'e I'lirt, Willi h i liiii.-.ted on the Nue, a !e... -.le ti.'iii
ill Ixiidi rs I't S]iain, and ciehi tioni U.vie-.iu, li i.
v.ell torlitiiil, .Mid h :-■ i cu'le, i onir.i.-iiKlni;; ike p.i|,
I I lii.- Ill •uniains. T'.i- I reni. ii king look tl.j lit'c o!
kill", oi Nav.irrc frniii ' epce.
IIk- |iriiiiipali!v o' Hearn lies at tl-.e too' of :lie
I'vriiK.iii Miuint.iins, iKiiujabinii i d k a- oe- 'nk'U'tli,
an.l I .•. Ill bri.ulth. la genital it is Inn ,i bairciu ui:'-
l;\; \el the pl.iin- yield eonliik i..l c ipiaiKilies oi
(lax, and a kind ol Indian corn, caned m.illm-, Tiielc
iniMiiitains arc rich in mines ol iron, copp.i,aiul ic;'.d.
^ol1K Ol till in alto are loveied uitli Mia-s, and oii.ir-
uuh pine-tree'; and lh-.\ s'lve rile to I, \eral ininet.il
ipiii'gs, and two conlideral k- iiveis; ('..ee'i.c lalkd l!ie
(kUc ot Oler.in, and ilie oi!ier ihed'Av-ol 15 am.
Si. me wine r- ixpeiuil ir. in this irniitr'; and te.
Spun. mis buy up i;;e.it iiuiiibeis of liorles .md ea:ik-,
io|.Hiher vii'i liiiill ot their liiiiii, ot wliieh tlicr^ is ,-.
LL'iiliderable ir.anutactory.
Tail, il e p'a e of mill no!,- in t! i p''n. ipdiiy. is -t
liii.dl but \mII-1 u It town < n liicdavei t Hiain. Hitc
ar two hoipiti'i, a ii anii'iicl'rN o; iloth, an ai:uiiniy
1 I i.itsaiii! Ui.iei , aed a pi'.itc, in w'dJi Henrv IV.
..a tiiirn. In {'•> iii\k ilivili ii ol l-'i.ipce, P. u is the
iliict Ii.Wll in ill >u ji.-|(;ii.;,t ol ll', lan\cr I'j.i uc .
Tlicf i ■Virnnu .-. o!(lt-^ r\NKand Cl.xsrov^ ,\\lii,Ii
i, the lari'cll it, .lianie, b,.ii,-. ' ; kae.iu's in 1 ri', li,
Ironi call t J Will, ar..l yr. i i M->..dt' , limnoiili lo
loiiil., IS i'l'iiniled n the loiith by the I'yuneaii M nn-
tii.is; on i!ie nouli ';, I.iuoiilin. .\fl (iiirnois ;.;.J
Saiitoiij^e; im the t'lll I v I. n: iiedoe a-.d Aiivcrpnc;
and 111 the Well by ih. *U-i,'.ii. 1 hi- p,-v.-tri-nu-nt is
fmitlul in Corn, wine.
lump, lol ai eo, brimly,
piunc-, and niaii> olh i .o.niiiediii. . llicy haw alio
medicinal ipiiiiL.s, >.\ith c pi'er, coal, .and other mm ■%
and t,ii..|-riis >i| uMib'e ol aikolour-. Tlic il-ic' rivers
ai.- till- (i.iionne end Ad.iir, boili wliali ilil(.''.-,r(.',o
i!i iiiiclvis inio t! e Oi.an. (iiiyir'-, propcrh li>
lai.eil, IS !-.oiinil.il on tne n iith bv S .'nton^e, on the
eali I \ I'eri ;;()|-ii and A'^i r.oi«. on the, ut'i i;y R.'.ailois
and f ial"co!iy,.ind oiu.k w.lt by the{\c.in; ami con-
taii. ilie loll owing places of note, vi •.
Doiin'cai.x, I'll- ci'piial of llu v.-; i.'e e-vevnm nr.
Tien i/,hl.iiii'ing dillriit, i ailed 11 urdcloi-, i.s very
lii.iifiil, j! .1 1 .e;i|,ii ly in vines, clie!iuit-, ami tig. tree",
'1 he eiiy llan 's on ihe bank i t the (i.ronn , about
:c k". lu s tio -I il 1 nioiiih, and i- one o; the niitl an-
c:i:it in I i.iiii ■ . it cariie . on atneat ir.id. wiih molt
|iarts I'l !•' 1 pe, the tide riling t i high iti tl.e river,
that lltips Ol j;i -.1 I uidvn can coir.e ii]) to the quay.
The iiiy aiui harbour aie ■iel, iiJul by three lorf.
'1 he liiuti I a ts ot liie fiiniir are the p.ilacc near the
h.ibair, ami the luburbil Ciartron. It is the fee
ot an .irchlalhop. I l,ie.iie.,ii ui'.'Vei!i;y. '.n a adcniy
o: ii leiieis and line arts, a l.iifte (io[,,i ca;i'edial lic-
dii. all I.i to Si. Aiiilr, w, u ver.il other iliiM.his, t!irec
t'liiiiiM.i ,iiv,ral public tount:ans, an i xi iL.iii'.e, t'oine
rem. tin oi aniiipniy, a.nd a nuniifi^-teiry ot lace.
A' out fi\ leai)ii.s |,(.i.)-.v tiie li-.y i . wattli-tuwer, (;t
ii:;lii-liOul., e.lk-'.! La T ur I'c Cord inn. l"or.ii;n
rioteltaiit 111 K 'ant- . even be lore the rt\olution, were
in iilji, d I. - e m the piivtc exercile of their icliiiii n.
R ch.iivl II. kiiiij; u! l.nL'l.i.nd, wa^ b irn lic'-e in i ;'>;.
Ail in^;^!!'. u- u 1- i.r luainietits on tin- cii\ in the tol-
. will!; pi.ui il. i.ie mnir.tr. " Th- :\\ urablc ini-
jii !i on ..iiili bmidaix c.iiino; la I I o make on a
il.,,: g»r ai hi-. atiA.i'. i ue:l . oiii'.ui.l .! by a i\liilcncc
111 II. I'b .'.luic L.iiis II il i\c as many vo'.aiie-i licrc as
I niiiK-i.-c; k;%-';.ya. d ii.diriiy riigning \-,ithin iho
.-I'lic u.'.l', :>.n i il-i. t in ill- moll exter.,ied I'.erjree.
C mm ii..'.l iitie aii iil'ualb markeil bv retcrvvd
ii'ann.r , and iiic f I - lit L;.iiii. Avaiiee, powcitul in
I'.-' iniiii-nicc ov, r iiie liuiiian li.art, twalliAvs I'p aid
iblorbs le.e nil r - lolt and nv.liinjT p.ift'u.n-. lleie,
ho',vi\ei, there r il s ae iiitiielv loniiovcUei'. JMli-
pation and il ' an. li. ry :.;e iiuie op.niv p'.tre.ni/.ed,
.liid have n ad.- :' moic uhimlai :i:;d .ppaieiu con-
ipiell tli.'.n in bait ihe e piials ot I'liiopc."
Bkiye, Oil ih. (iiioriie, h..s acit.ilel, where .-ill lliips
IvHind lo B.'iude;-;;-. niiill l,.iveilien- cannnn and arms
till they r. tun. N'uir it, on an illand, isalotttli.a
comnia-idi li., rixcr.
nibouree, a; the co:-,lliix oi lli ■ river^ lllc and Dor-
ilu.;,,e, diiw a I.I 111 ileiai'ie tia.le in l.ili.
I'erige.ux, the i a; nal ol the coiiniy, called Peri-
i\o-.d, wliieh imU .ir,- lome niiiK". ol ium an^l iiiinci-d
iv.iiirf, llandis on ih. rA\r Ilie, has lome lenv.ins of
Ri^m.'.n a.ntiqi.iiti. -. It i-. a billiop's l',.i . Iniheiiiv
ilivi: I u ot Kiance, Peiigncux is ihe linel ti-wii i;i tlu?
il.p .rimeiit 111 IJordoine.
l\o.!,/, tile cap'tal of the coiiilti-\ ol Ro.ien'ii-,
ubiJia' LMv! 'li ia-i!e, iion, copper, -.in. I, .mil ml-
phv.i-, li.iml- Oil the river Axcyioii, niiuaiiis Icvaal
ihn;. he , an'! ;s .lie lee ■ f ;i billmp. In '.he lU '.v divi-
\\ n ot l-'iaiKc, ls.t:t:,/. is i!i-e e!;ie: ( :\\n in iln depart-
iiKiiC ol .'\viyron.
A NHW, ROYAl, A^a) AI'THF.NTIC SYSTF.M or I'NMVr.HSAL r.F.()r;!lAl': IV.
mM ^i^
Wfi
':;*i!
t ^
Sr »'
■
Ai Mil«t». i>r VM'iUiiiI.itownoii c'u' nvcr T-iinc, n
HtiUxrfrn. , IkIoic tin- iiv.>lii!.o!», tlu'ic wen- tut- (..ai-
\et\u, .mil ;\ 1 .viiii\inili'rv <it ilu- kllil',tlt^ ot M ilt i.
I'ont (Ic Cui.iiMtci i* c.lciir.vtcil lor iti imnd.il
is.iwr'-.
Aii'uiUnn. rn ilic ( i >rt>niv', In- :i c'i"li.!ir.il''c tr nlc
iul'.unp, ti>'';i ii>, }M,\ii), \Mnf, ami hr.uuU, anii i' ik-
Iciiil li i V .1 i.'.iUf.
Mniitnilion. (Ill tlu- Tanic, i- ;i I .111111' imt will Imil!
ttuMl,ti}',llt Ir.CjVIW troin Tliou'oiili. Il W;i;. .1 liilhop'.
Ifo Ik mo tlu- ic\oli,ii.in. Il.u" aic .'.n ;um.I> iiiv o.
Belle- Lcitri', u' 1 a inan/.^iory ot woolitti lliills
Tlli^ i.iwii iiill'in.di'mli'.'. i!il.- damage by ai!r,.i i-
fiil imiiui.itioii >>i tJK riviT Time, wliitli bgaii on \\w
I4tliiir Ndvcm t-r, ij'"'-, .mhI laiil mo iKnilis in
null'-. 'I'ht |i,M i iilirs t>( ilii* nu'laiulioiy ililiiUrau
ihiis i\|>t -I. riif till «ii liic li.-.iili^ bri'.in 111 tl.c lii-
Iniii) iif Sipi:!' . I'I.e nolle .)>.\ationeil liy tluii tum-
bling w.'s lic.ml ill the ii ii'.libuuiin;: lulniih, with tie
cries ..tle^vial p rl.irs aIio ci'levt ixit toriuli); bm
as the water !iMri>\ini.lc.! eiitiiely the lulniri < I S.ipi.i' ,
it was verv liitfuiilt f, ui ■ in ti'e iirill me; ol ihe iin-
lnp;iy inlubiiam-. Thr use' , \shicli wa |T.'(liRinii11v
r.vol;! am! ra)'il. wis la li i wu^i a muulier o; n\.vs t
an eiii'iin.'us li/e, that ImiI "eni to.n iiji liy the ro is
anil lauuil ili sn alonu; ni.h i. ; a e reimill iiiCi- whkii |
j,)inei| with ilie lla^i^lK■.^ <>. the nijtii. remlereil the I
jutiii^i- o! boats ve'v il iiiiyious. 'riieit obllaths, 1
li<n\cv\r, dill n.it iiulmiiJaie a niariiier, wliu, in lpi;e
the iDirtaii.si'.iul teir-i); hiswitc ami thiiilren, wii |
turcd I.) criil' tiic river, in order to lav.' fu h as \v. le j
01" the piviu .. t penlhintr. Hi- iiuLr^;.- roiil.d l^ve- :
ral ot hisl.liow boa nun to nii.l.le him; .iiul Iv, iiK.iii- '
01 ilKvr h Ip no on ■ pe'illi il. j
Tlie llo iK contmiiid '<> mireallsaiul rcd.iuliK- i!i. ir
alirni-. The inhalMi.mis ot' the oiy. I'cpaia'e.l tnim
the liiburbbva biid.;e, ran lo ihe N'lll il nirhonne. i
At fiveno'ijoik ot tl.e in Tiinj cjt Tii.ld.iv, N\)veni-
bcr iK, ill do. ds Iv ..n i > ab.iu-, ami their dcereal'e
eontimied n'l noon. 1 1 'p.' im lu-diaielv bi-aan to i
fpring up 111 ever\ lii'om, bit « is lo m iiilk-,1 by i!ie
till o: i\w uieautl pan ot ti.c lilnni) ot f lali' ras, aJ- j
joining lo tli'.t ot \il!e Bourbonnc; an.i it was per- \
eiivcii that all ih. houles, c-vrn ihoK iliit weie yei at
a dilKinc- ;rom tin- \.\aUTs, were loiuiin'^, and rill il I
onl\ on a I'l. letanl', whi.h ilu- uauii had alri'ady uii-
tlrrmiiv. d.
At noon ilu- 'well h^-'an aii.iin, ai.d w.is v.iniiniii'ly
aiumentin.:. 'riic lonlUii.aii >n wis tin n imiveilal.
t)rders w. r- i;i\(;n l.i nV'V. crtail the clKct«. Perl; ;;s
iifaihanks .urt <!tlire.l to aHilt in ih removal; an.i
al! the i'ariirj;es Mere eni'a el lo ma'^e liie ivmov.d tht-
niori.- I'le'ilv. Tlie inhunah i:f iiiili.e op--i;ed tin ir
lulls, ilie nioi.ks ilieir t inveiirs and el)i:l;is: tli.-
ehurJv.s were alio offi-red ,'.s itpofit Ties !or tlu eU'ei-'ls
of llie p.o|ile. The iiih.ibil.iiits ot Xillc II uriioniie
aliand.in.d luccelVivcIv their houksi and lii" iiihilii-
tantsot ihe city, wiili ane.irnellr.eli uhi.h iliil huni.iir
tjhunianiiy, letcived their ui-.liappy neiiih ours, a"d
*'ith nuiks "t true tenderncis, i.-ndtavuii:i.Ji u .ai'ua;:e
a j;net\v!)i ii luul noiuutul-.
The inundation iiicfiak'd duririj;; the whole day, and
eoiuinued llill aiinmeniing iillleviti in tii.- moining ,,
V N .vi:iv,u III, when the w.ittr^ w. re iliiuvtivo Uti ] a:id abound
above t!ic u)miiion water level. Su.h.'ii eMraordi-
r.ir\ iniiiidaiion oeealioned lundr)' niisihlv iirini; vil-
las^es to be entiieh ov.rflowvd, and pn-durc.l the
gieatell ravage. In the plami the l)uilvlii'.gs weie
overwh; Iriicd, die cr.iin wallud aw.iv, the cattle drown-
ed, .iiul the oreaieil i)art ot the inhaSitanf> touiid their
only lately in lui!tle i flijjhl, or m ihmliin;,; hie;li tree.,
wlierethe iiorrors o lamine wereioined to llic dreadlul
fptdtaele of ixholding iheir dwellint!,s dellruyi d, and
their eHeCts carried away I y the flooel,
A'^'^cn is a lar^e and populous citv, and live lee oi a
iMlli.ip. It IS fimaicd on the river (jironne; ani had
the honour lo In- tlie native pi icc ot that prodii^v of
learning, J.jlqjiiiieahgei. In liieuewdiviliunut iuiite,
A^en il t' e iliiei I'ovn m ilje liip.utneiu i 1 I .ot :'.i d
(i ooiii. .
^M e Ir.inclic. iiil.iiin Ii meo|wtli«, is t' p i.ipn.il
I I'e I, w.r Maul'e of Uoiu u'.ii.', on (if i,^,|
AviMcu. II re air a tli.ipiii, a ioliej;;e, and a ma-
mil.wiory ot lieinpcn > li'ih.
Cianl.iC, a liiile | I.-.' e in tic I.mvtr M.it.he i.t'
RoueiLHie, is n 'leil hir ii» e\e. lleiit luij' .ur.iU!. nii.eial
w.it.r .ind II .Ipii .
l».il>.i.i^iK', WmuIi ennlliiutiS t'. f r.Miih pan nf i| ^
R"VerniiKiit, r lerir.iKd tiom ( iu\ . nnr, i n the noitli,
b' t';e (laioiit.e. Tie iiihabit.inti ar,- leniaik.tl le ;■ r .i
vu i'His proniin. i I'on o! the l-uni h i.'iitii ■, tor bini'«
f,v,{ bo.ilKis, ami tniu li given to blumlciiii^. H- iKe
ill p'lrtle (i .kc male.
lie prill ipal places are the lol'owin' : \\ |ln, ,•[)
i.u I ..isal nine, ten le.ijjii j I- ulh < i liiurdi- lux.
Comloin. on ihi IJ.iile, c <nia ns levci.tj convrnM,
i.'ivc. name to i I ir.le dilli.ei i.dliil f luionuiis, .ii.,t
I elorethe revohi'i ii w is tie I "e of a li I'lup.
Aie, on i\m A.i hh, !> the eapit.il ot ihe dift.ict of
Tulan, nm! bit ne the rev .hiiion was the :e. ol .i In.
tliop. 1 he kii.-,s ot tl e \ iiiHiiiiis I rni riy k pt ili ir
I ourt heie; and ihe luins oi lii- paiie • t Alaii. ai.-
llill to I c 'een on the banks ol the rivei.
Aei| , I'll the i..ine lu.r, li.ad its i i ,ic fr >iii its Iri
Ir
a
iailis, will h weic c> 'ebiated 111 the R' :iiMi I iii.s.
W..S a bilhop's kv b.loic lii.- uw luii.),i, .unl hi
g"o-l tiade.
B.yonne, the en[vtal ot ili- i! I'rie^ <i; I..l^,)ur.!,
whk h piixliue'- lome liu.is, i-- a p. .in liiire (.i'\ n...
ihv lea, live 11 a^ju s . 11 iIk- li.iiJers ol .^ponto ih-
niih.and wc ;ri.iii I'.ir.'. Ikini>'ia'o ihek 'S'l
liie kinp,.k.lll on the Sj an lll li.le, it is llmiij^lv ;.iM:li •'.
I lete ire a i .1. d I, w ih i\m i.iri', and oiher wi r >.
It was, b. lore ih. r.io'iiiion, i!ie t.eot al illiop, and
had arevcni.iot U),o-c li\u , out ol whu ji his taxi-
lii:n to Rome w.e. ii-ily I03 llo'li*. Ili'oti.ic is llio'l
agreeably liiu.u.d .i' il.e ir iliu . t tw.i met', the
A lour and i!:e Ni\e. Tiie hi I i- K ui e k .' euntitler.i'.lc
,1
than ih • Thire- <.|p'iliie i . m! uli : ami .crois it is a
wiioden bi I'^e, wlili h I'l- tlie |'la' e to a li.liiib,
eall.d Le l-.uxbu g du .St. I'.l|.| it. 'I'l e iviv ■, wl:iih
IS (mill, ami iik-s ui ti'e l'\ leii; is, ii.UiUi islh ■ ( enire
"t ill, ell V, at'il le'i iiib'es one ')! ill' i ..n i!« m H'lll.ind.
n e enlLiii' (. ii.lo tlu /\ oiii, wiiii h I . b' ul luui miks
I eloiv ihe lo.vn, is itii-'i u.l > "ill d ill. nil .inii lia/ar-
•|o..b. It. Ill ih. i.D.il'. \\'n\ Il \ ^\\ c.'IKi'ud and I rin
.1 I ar lowail.^ the ii,oui; . It i-. nutv ithliauding, a
vei\ ai;ie',ai)le paeeot itiuiiiice, and luimlli.s, in jiro-
lulion, a I tl'.e leijiiili!' s it he. Bioiuts for jiiiis
w\re invented iere, and lioiiili.niei deii\e.l the name.
iii. Jean de Lu/. is a linill town, lliuaied three
!ea;^ues Ironi Bm oiine, u\\ r v.'n] h is a brid.;';. |i)iiiin;»
.1 I 1 ill- mII.i.: ft -Si will, wi.li .1 liiib)ur lor tilliin;;-
b'.ais, I'clonjK'i^ |.i i'l'ih ihelrpl 'C'. Thepuiceof
ilie I'yrenei , as it was called, wis mn. hidci! in 105),
in an ille ne.ir thn I'iwn, l.rmid In the ri\er B d.ill.i.i,
whi.li ib tie 1) i.ir.'ary I cv.ixi i-iaiiei anU ."sji.nn, and
call d the 1:1. : ['...iifaM .
M.uiicon, f e la; il.ii rl ih.e lo'iniy ol S 'jk-, which
l.e^ I eluixl f.iivcr Navairc I'.nd iieim, at the t-.'ot if
the I'yrenean M.iuni'.ins, loiii.mis .ibout 70 p'lrillics,
with wo 'is; bui is uii'mut anv navi-
i^.ible river turii.in'.'p iriiiig its liiu'ier tu ilie le.i. The
town ii.uiils on the Cjave, ten leaj^ies ironi I'au t Jthc
well, and has a cilile.
A.ieli, the lapital not or.lv"! ih cmnty of Arni.ig-
n I' , bill ol all (ial'eoiLinv, il.iiak oii ilic rivcr Ciee .
i leie i. a in.ign li, ■. nl i .uh.edial, tli • my b.in'.' die lie
"t a billuij). In the n.w div li ■-! » l-i nice, -lueli 15
the duel lown 111 the d.p.i., Ill ni'.lli r-.
."11. B.iiraiKl, .1 linih c r, l.'i! lie c.i''ii.il nt' the
tounty ot C .niiij't.pes, ami t!,e 1 ei I a biui 'ji b.ji uc
tlie reioluii'ii. It w 1^ built I y S.. Bctianil, aiul tli le-
torc called bv his nam .
.St. Bea:
I a
I'rj; loua on tlie fiir inne, Iw >
I.a^ues IroinSt. IkrUand lo liu loulli. 'I'ne lio'-le
I
t
f ,,
.l:C
V /. I i> .\i ill,
III j'.iilii cnt 1 1 I.nt r.i ,i
itUc)|v,||>, is e' c ^^\<M^\
■i.'iH M'.ll •, III) ll »• n , I
I, .1 ii.ll. i;,c, anil ,1 ,1,1.
lI'C I .mvtr Mil, lu- 1. 1'
llmr liii|' .ur.iiis ni,i.u..l
I' C I "ill |V„I of ll i,
II ( in\ i.nc, I 11 till' II. nil,
.Ult« .11. llUl.ltk.ll Ic '. I .k
Kill ll |.'ll;:U •, ;':ir l>CII:;>
II 111 IiUkuIliIP.;. H \;^r
'll tulliiwiii • : B'Tai, .n
Mill 1 ( li'Uinlfiix.
hl.i l)> IcvcMi t.'ivruN,
I I'llll t' luloiUlllS, .11, ll
Iv . t.i i) Ihi.p.
1 .ipil.il III ilii- di(l,K' ,,f
iii'iii u.'.s ilic :f. Ill .1 Im-
;•llil^ I nil liy k pt ili ir
lii (vilki- I I Alaii. ai.-
llli liVr!.
1. 1. 1 rill .11- fr 1111 it' ll I
III il,c K 11 111 I III. V. ll
■ UA lull. 1.1, .iiiil l,,i. a
ill ■ ilC.ricl o; I...l'.inir.!,
h ,1 i'..ii\ li-.L-f ii'v n.;.:
iMi.kl', of .S|) 1111 I') ill •
IJi iilii . nc ll I'lf 1. ' > . I
.1', 11 !•. llmil^K ,. i!!:li ■!,
1 l.iri-, ;ini| nilui w. i s.
, ilic ;. L- .)t .1 1 iili.ij , .\,',ii
, out ni wllli ll 111!, |;l\ |.
Ilo'ins l!u oii.ic i~, iim I
1 III! . 't is\.! infis ilie
I 1^ uuic ll .' I., iiiliilt'r.i'lc
r' I 'ii : .iii'l .LTi'l!. it is .1
ilif I'l.i' c- l.i a h.lniih,
l|lW. 'I'l I- i\'lV.', wl-.u ll
ll■,l^, 11. u ill-. !•■ ill- leiiir.-
r.il ill' I. .ml' in H. ill, mil.
Wllil ll I ..Iv III tout links
> ..ill it ll'i. nil .iini li;i/ar-
1 avi <■. .Iluit.l aiitl 1 nil
I I-. ii.'i.' iilillii.iliiig, ,1
icf, aiiil liiiailli'.s, in pri).
I I 1-. li \.i:uts lor ..iiiis
ll. n. (.1 ikiiMvi tlic- iKUiif.
I ill I'lVMi, lilnaKil tLliV
'.ill ll IS a luill^t.-, |1)II11I1;»
ill a hub lUi' liir lilliiiig-
•Ic pi . <.'. Tile- p. an- of
, tt'.is lun. Iiiiliil III ii> 5 I,
il.il In till ri'. c-i li it.ilj.).!,
,1 I .a.,.i an.l >p.4,ii, ;iiiil
:■ to'in'v ot S ul,', wliicli
mi iitiia, ai tli.- t.'ot i f
lll.,l:l^ alMJiit 70 p'iri(lic'>.
Hi is viithiuu any navi-
. iiiii''ir ti) till- li'.i. The
ita^'i.- ii.i.'ii I'a'.i I , the
.'I til I 'Hintv i,f Arinao.
..;ki '1,1 liic nvtr Cict .
al, ill" my !>.ln.' llic lie
II '1 I) I'l IIILC, /viuli IS
ni ..I (i I-.
I'll; li c taj'it.il nt' ilie
■ c I I- . t a I'liji p I',..). lie
S.. CL.t..iiKl, aiul lii IC-
I'll t!u' f i ir ,nnc, tw >
1^ luuili. Tin; lio'..u i.c
4i;i
^
f 11.//, tr,, /'/ IV\N KI'..S'.N, \tr- '//.I.
'"/
■■^>/-^.n,.j(\\\()K\\\\V\\\ /.'//.,/,>//^ /,'y„/. /nJ,. >■/„/.
^7
'I ///t/i/fZ/t !■/ - //f///ri-
.Sill -d
c ///.,. /v,V'/ll\\Ki':s's, *w/>^../-//. ,y'(;K()(;i{.\riiv ClLl. ,//'>/ ^nt,,,/. /H,/„rm^
^^^■^::
Ifr//',-////, /,>/ J //,i'//r.//i, .V' K()('lli;i"( )|{'I'. /////' ^/rr/l/<; r . //////. i.
f/' ///' - 'H //i/i/rj.'/ r ■ '////hi
^,
\.mM
iiM' .^|
Ai
m
'hi/iii. ftn/irri
7
%«
r.rROpr:.] F R a
nil of iinil'.le, wiiicii is here more common ilian free
H,.|H'.
'I'lrhi.-, ;i finnli cii\, lull tlv capital of Riiorrc, :unl
iIk' fee of.i h;ilifij>, (I iii(l<i on tlu? h.;n!.s nt tie Atloiir.
In the new (.livitiun nl I'lanee, Taibe is tli.-Lap.ial ot
the ilepaitment of U| per Pyrenees.
Bigners, a town on tlu lanie nwr, is tanioiis for
its ii)iniial waters ami warm hattis.
Al Bareili^e, a viliai'.e liniate'.i at the foot of the
Pvr-n.es, aic tour iiath-^ oi clilKriiit cici!;"ecs ot heat,
wliii h aie (l(.cnii.(l eliiiaeioiis in the rheumatiliii, and
othi.r thl'uti)|)vr^.
The (iovernm'iit oi .S.aintom;!: and AcofMois, or
Ai'GUMOis, i-. -; i.a<;ues Ion*;, 12 It'oatl, ant! hoiuul-
cd on tlie f.'.ll by Aijoumoii and l\rigord, on tlu'
well hy the Oc. an, on tin- north by Poitoii and Auiii'.,
and on tii,- ionth by tlK-(iaiio;;ne and Kurdeloi^. Tlu-
rivers ari the Ciiar-ntc and Bntonnc; and the couniry
abound. Ml ..>rain, wine, latino, trtiit, lalt, and mineral
fprlni; . The principal places :'.re tiic I'llowing:
Siiintes, the capital, filiated on the CUarente, is the
fee of a b Hi ip. Some rem. 'ins of Roni.'n woiks aie
Hill to be I'cen in ic, and thi; biid^>c is laal to have bctn
built hv the emperor Julian. I.i the ncv divihun ol'
l-'r.ui€c, Saintes is the thiet t'wn in the ileparlmcnt
of I ,o\ver Ciiarenie.
I'ons i^ a h.indlome town on ihc Liith- Seiiv,-, over
which ilieiv arc Icveral bridjiji-'., whence the town
had its name. Here alfo is a mineral lp;inu, with
tliiinhes, ami ahrshou'.cs.
Sr. Jian d.' Anijeli, a town on the ii\cr Butonnc,
i^ noted lor us br.uuly, anil wo illen (lulls
Ani;>.nnnois wa-^ ailiuhe, and is w.itercd by tlie ri-
ver'- Cliai\nie and Touvres, and yn-lch jz,rain, wine, lat-
fr.iii, all lolls ot iruit<, and iron. The plaee^ of moll
note in it arc
Ani^ule'iie, the ca[.ital of the province, in the cen-
ter of which it Hand , near the Cliarente, is the lee
of .1 billiop, and contains a manutaitory ot paper, a
•j'.neral h^lpital, feveral churches Stc. In the new
divilion ol iVancc, Anguic.ne is the capital ot the ile
pai inu ni of Cliarente.
Co<;nac, on the Ciiaiinte, is fiiiiated in a moll de-
lil^htlul country, and celebrated tor the avimirable
biandy made here, as alio tor an old callle, m which
1 lani is I. was born.
Rochefaiicaiilt is a little tovit, v.hieli ga\e title to a
tlukc eminent m thehler.uy world.
Til ' f Mivernment of Aunoi- is b Hind d on the f. 11th
and cad I y Sainion|;c, on the north In I'eit ni, and on
t!iewellb\ the Occa.i. lii.onK 1 o U a;j;iies loni. and
Tihout as m.my broi.d, beiiiji the Imilhll |m"\ nice in
Prince; but is fertile in (;raiii, pallurai^e, vines, I'ic.
It ha a g loil harbour, and great quantiiies o: lalt.
'I'hc principal places which ii contain^ are a^ iollow :
Roihefoit IS a lianlfime maritime town, on the
Cliarente, live leagues tiom its m aith, and .about leven
Ir im Ro.lv !!e. It w.iscn ded 1 y order ol L.ew.s Xl\'.
ina\erv I'rong manner; ami turnitlMl v. iili ibiind-
.-ince ot necettaiy lU)re-hou("cs, llores, ma'^a/iucs.ac.ipa-
i i'KH and exiellciit dock, .1 vidii.'.lliiuj; oliice, an hol-
l)i:;d for lick and wounded feimen.a maniila:r irvoi laii
cf'ili, a fni'idery, K.c, The river is broad, de^p, and
Well I'uard. d by forts tii its mouth. The li.ubour 1.
convenient and larc,e; anil the marin.' academy con-
tains ;oo V 'Ung tiKn, who arc inllru'"ied in every
tiling iet|iiilite to qu'.lify them lor navil lervice.
As the moft minute particulars which concern the
fea-poits of I'lance arc of great importance lo be
known to the fiibjeoh oi Cireat Britain, we Ihall tub-
Join the t 'Howing p rtinent remarks.
The diliance, Irom La Rochelle to RochcHns |
Ion is level) league.. The full four are exccdinu j
ple.ilant, the roail Iving al mir the lea-lhore, and in ;
view ol the illandsOlrron and Aiv,, which app.-ar at a
hnall diliance. The city is built in tiie midll of aiarlhes,
No, yS.
N C E.
»;?
which were drained for that purpofe. Colbert, who wa;-
then prime minilUr, uf d to call it La Vill D'Or,
(Ciold- Pown,) from the prodigious fums his mailer had
expended in its ereclion. Time has however, given
thclanciion ol utility to the proi.rt, and rcmlered this
port as nccfilary and important to France as cither
Brcll <-r Toulon. It is liiuateon theCliarenIc, .about
live leagues from it n.outh. Kvery thing appears to
be umier an admirable regiJatiou; and the icveral
liiancl'.cs of naval eqmiimcni aie ca'Titd on with vi u.ur
and oiipatih. The armoury, the rope-wai'ks, and
llore hollies of every kind, are all in the i^etl older,
anil k.|it with prodiiiious iv a ni I . Lewis XIV. for-
tified til" city at the time he i-recteil it; but iis litua-
lioii, at lo conlldcrablc a diilance from the lea, ren-
ders it fulllcienth hi. 11 re from anv attack. It is laid
out with beauty and ele_:;ance. 'Phe flreets are broad
and llrait, travelling the whole place froin fide to lide;
but the buildings do not lorrefpond with d;em in this
lelpect, as they are m )lliy low and irregular.
Rochelle, or La Rochelle, |lic capital oftr.is go-
vcrnmeiii, liiuated on the tea coall, two leagues from
the iile ol Rlie, and four tromOlcron, is a hand'iime
town, with, a tine port of a circular form, and llrong
lortifications. Hue alio are an :'.c:u Icmy of Biles
L'.'ttres, a lugar rdiiicry, aiu! a medieal, botani al,
and anatomical ichool. Beloie lli: reeolution, it was
the fee oi alnlhop, liillia_:,.in to B.iurde.iux. The fait
marihe;. atfeci the air of mis place greatly.
'Phis city, being the chiel leat of the ref.irined in
I'rance, lufl"eri.d very much during the civil wars, and
was often valiantly dctendetl, anvl lung poiieiied by
that party, till at !■ ngth Lewis XIII. after a f)ng and
tamoiis liege, made himlelf m.iller of it in the year
if)2H, thietly by the m^.uis ot an admiraiile ranii)art,
or bank ot earth, which cardinal de Ruldieu earned
I'j be railed againll it on tlie tide of the C).. can. After
it was taken the king cauled the walls and tortilications
to iie demolillicd, exce|H only twii tovver , wli ch de-
fend the port: but Lewis Xl\'. cii.f J new and llrong
tortilications to be raifed about it.
'Phereare two ifl.uuls on the co.tII helonjing to this
province and government, Oleron and Rue, t:ie former
ol wliith i-, li\e le.cu.s lor.o, two bi' a' I, aii.,l about
three tioiii the mam l.nid, liav :ig a twwn, laiUe, and
.1 li',hi-lioii;e on it. I'iie innalitants iveie anciently
t.imed ti r tlieir Ikill fn navigation, and arc tlill good
feamen. Tie other ;lle i. about f ur miles in length,
two bioail, and i i mm two aiKl three from the con-
tinent. It IS p.ipuious ab.iiii'.ds in wme and .alt, and has
le>eral orison it, i.iLii a liuie tbrtiliv.d to.Mi, called
bi, jMaitiii.
The (iovcrnm.iu o'' Poitou is hounded on thr
north by Pouraine and Anjou; on the toutli b\ Aunois
.Sainionge, and Ango^lmol^;on the call by La Marcho
and part of Buy; 'ai:don the well by tlu Ocean, li is
4;; leagues luiii.and 22 1 road. It befjngid IbruKrly
to the kings ..f L-nglai'.d; bur oeing loll b\ Henry VI.
w.as re united to I'rance. Tlie river^ are the Sevre-
Niortoife, Vicnii., and Clain. The produce and
commoditie. are lorn, cati!e, and wo.'llcn llulis.
I'oitiers, the capital of ihewludc province, lituatcd
on 1 he river Clain, is large, an I contains many churches,
tome remains of Romm .mliquili s, .m univerfuy, and
mar.ufaelories of woollen c.ps, llock;n;^s, gloves, and
diiibs. It is the Ice ol a bilhop. 'Phc country round
is noted for vipeis which are in luih great numbers
that \.ill quintiiie- ot mem are iranlportecl to Venice
to make treacle. In the year 1 ;5'i the Frenili were
(I. teatid by the En:.',lilh, under Edward iti, Blick
Prince, near this town, and j'lim, their king, liken
|iriu)iicr, and cairicd to iMigluid, where he vinKinued
fair ve.iis. In ih.' new divilion ot PVance, Poitiers is
the cap.ial of thedcii.irtmi nt ot Vieiine.
Niort is a conlider.ible town, ti'.u;Ued vin the Sevrc-
Niortoife. n.re are a callle, two jx.rilh churehes, a
jjcneral hofpitil, witlimanufaAones ol ihamoy leather
10 H and
m ']■
*\ ■■ ■>:
?,;; A NiAv, R(>Y\r. and AmiFNTi'^ r.vsTFAT or VNivrR'^Ai. cr.onRAr! !Y.
;i '.| w.H^liiii ti. tf';, ill '.\l-.ich, :i- \v;ll .\s i.iulc. i!' ir- I t'l u i oii'lu's imv run (i:i iIr- toj) ol t'lMii. Ilncare
li ,'.i':int- >. ii"> "11 ;\ i-wniuliiMlilf ii.i I . j mn ral Ipi i>i;. v.
Ru!i''fo, a hnilxm i >\vn, ivii ■ I \<\\n- io^n i' n { I'oikmK' i- .i p >it wliiJi ^ivi'b naiin.' t ) a cap- iiDt.il
t.ir line (ivlUi^.
Si. Hii ti, niiir- loi^u.' ucl ut'Si. M ilii, is liiciid
anion.!, mouiu ii ; . I; i tlic Wc n .\ liiili"i\ a i I < mi-
1 III!'! a I'-il'i'-j ■, 111 11- i.i'v ili\ li in 'il l''isiv i\ S.
!il I ;i, is lIlC i.uH.1 l>i.\ li .11 llu l|. [VlltllKIll Ot tllL' No' til
Cca:l.
Tii-'mTst ]•; a iVa-p lit. Hi-r.- is ai";n"i liailv-n'r,
wit!) lomc tiM'K" ill li Tlc^, iDin, li ■ i.p, ..:al \\\\, .'.ivl .i
nia', .la.'.o' y o! \^ ij ; i .
\'. iiMi.-, ill ■ I i|M,i' II l.dwir I5:ii!'.nv, I- r.iii't,!
IM ■, lii'. (• 1 1'l inT i.t i|:i\ ■ aiul p I'T III r'"f ii 111 ot I Ik'
I'liivlv "I Ku il'i'i, hiVMi.!. Ii en t'Oiidi-il by l. •• i .'.iJi-
n ;1 " th.ii iiaii.-. who wa- lioi n m tins pi i.c, iIkii onl\ ,
I . iii.hm. 10 1(1 •I'cs n.iiih of I' 'in rs !.a- a i:V,ll .
r.ts Sa !i- IVt)' u ' as a li u'liiui, and a I ililf. F.m-
ti-!- r -Ic-Conii , "ri du- \ , n.kt, lii- a irailc in iloili
ai'.i! vvii.i'lt ■■ lUilV.
S . M.. IX 111! I a t^i'.vii on t'u- liv i S arc, or S. vie,
in rj:"'"' '' '' '"• '■ ' lilt tn- oi a !i 'Imp. I 1 IV .nv
1^ 'U- 'v '■ IK •! Ill iivita>'!o: H-, ii.vliin, \ \v 1; .,- lOiii jl _' "1 li •'■.!t( ■ luiil'iu !l o Naiili-, on i I .;\ utilie ■■;,
a:i>l lattlc, tin iii!i.i'ii.a:''.s it.a! pi . ;iv I ii _cl\ . || ami lake- its nin,e liom ihc uu c. a \',ii li. 1 lire aiv
j leveial li iiicli.-, a.ul il !-• il.e 'ee^'ta ' :ihop. In iMv;
T'l ( i ui-inineiu o'lVii r I AN \ i^a pciiiiiuh. uhu h new divilion oi I'lan. e, Valines l^ llie laj.ital otilic lic-
lio;-,Ki, Mil Norniainlv. Mime, Aivon, ami I'oiloii, l| iia'lin.-iit ot Moilniaii.
I'ort L'Uii', liiut. liie r. volulii'ii ealkil I'oit c'. Re-
V. Iiilioiin IT. , a lo.M) .It ilie iiioiitli ot ill,- nv,! H t\er.
Il 11 IS .1 I ;t.ul. !, ,111 I in liir'.i o', wh'. Ii is ve:'\ good
.iiui Lit.-; \(.t ilier^' i^ lii'le luul., exi.pt in laiil iks
im! ' e •■.
l,'l'>i I '".t.'T 1' i-l 1 .'Oi le-!', I* a t.'un Ir.ii ;t' il in t' e
!viv 11! I'oit I .iU!i , .11 llie in.i;u!i o 'lieiiv.i S >:',
\\\t 'e ill I'lelii'i l.'ll I'lit .1 ' 'iiirp .1.1 I .ul .111 ; iiiii ' .d
ii.-ii il.ip--, .i:i ! ii.ive the 1 1 'iiii! \\.i:» h ml. ^ anil !i a-
i. a' IK ■;.
1 li ii:'<' o-il !•• a r.iial! \>'."i on t! e lieer P.livei,
1 .>. 1 as',;.;- tio.ii It- U'lnlli, h.ivi-.^ .i i iiovir .'.inl
^oDil i-a . .
IJ lie-Ill'-. .1 iit-iiif.t ;l lllm'. ilii'il r\- le.i;i:'S
1 M-'. aii'i 1 .11 > I 111!, 1 i> . V i .i..i s 111 n !'.i' Ci.nw-
tow.iul ilie eat! onlv, all lli ■ other pails h.in;; lioiiivl
til In -.lu I a. !i :■- ■ 1 .LV'-- I 'I'i;. 4.s broui, and
lii.l it^ n ■ 11 I'i '11 i"e B;i! I'l-. uIid (led Ivtii.i- tr.iin
i' .'iiX'in' ill ilu- . i.th I eiiMii V. Il - w.iteied ly ih
1 • e mil \'ill.i ne, aid ili ain.ls :ii lad. pit-eo..l,
\. 111!, I ill, Initt 1, e.itt!'.', iVe. iui'- in i.iv 'J, '-I lin-
I- iv Oil th' e Mil, .mil loiii.iin- a ii:v!.i ;ej o. I.uiic'i,
.'ill e'Mie'i. i\. . ri'e :yr i"- lim iilditi'ereiit. I'lie peo-
I '.■ Ip .ik .1 : 1 ■.ion liMii uli U relenihiiii; the W'l K h.
R :mk-, the eapnil. luuiled ,'.t lhciiMill'i\ utt'.i.
Ill a .! il-,1. \'iline, ili 'iit ij leai;u.-s ir. .ni ihe I. .1. i-
pulli ln..'.e ind ii,>|iiloi;. I; is the K e ot an arc! -
biilvip. llei. ire a luiiiii er ot ehuvelie biui.'- li.i
ciiludral. .Several ot the |irm ipi' ll;..'- lie limd-
lii'iie, as 111- i.oiill.i>;r.iiioii in fe \. r : , , iihi'li
aliii'ill r^diKul llic whole plue to .illu^-, o li >il tii
inlubitanis to r.-lmi'd lli. ir. I i nn. o' the iqre
wa a line ll.itiie, m i ovi.' , it I .i ai \\'. |i \i' v
iri.Med V the piovm. e in ; 4.4, ' mi .ill 1 hi ueiie:\
Iroir. thil d iHij r u^ II lel 111 llindi-. .\ Ik. 111 o .-
tained t he t;l!r nt •' Ri n Ai:i:e." lii iierilh th. | r 1, e 1
n 111, irii
vv Ih fi >l k •
lie 1 liiel ; I.I.- > 11 li I'- I'll OS iv 1; ill .- hi. t.ll d mi 11
.1 i„ll! , ii'ul I, IS 1 1:1 .| 11. ■'.
Ill ilu- \ .11 1 .; I .\.in!i .0 II' '.. , " it'i a I' oa.'-o"
■I l-.i'Llldlli Ip^, lli; llieUiiltl i-.lll 1^1 11 s ill ,11 ', 1,1, : •,
I'.iik, ,1:1 I ^:e;iio\el 111 III ol till' I'll. 11-' 111 1 !,' Ill
fill one li.'e, mi lici-.i, t' e •.■o.lde ' ol lie.iiih, w I h ! IJull, iin I 1 \I. Cm''., i.s. l.i Api I. 1 ; d 1, t 1 'I' m1
lie; lerpe.U and ]■! le I ; .rul nn tl e .i'i> 1 the ;.; niir i.l .\ .i- ,ai-U ked l)V .111 I'.ii^hlll II tl,ir.iLi di, , on o.i: il
B ei 1 ;ne kiie lin.', .m on- k e.. .11 d n h rc i.nli.n.iiKe i ol eoaiiiio.lore Kepp 1, and a I'o iy ot l.iiid Im e ,
cxn'.'itivi aii.l lev lene. Ii:,ili :r. i ■^ed. Al llv t. ot
ot ih pi I ill: w,i- ri ;i)ler'pii 11 m L.t'ii. At tin u-
iiiider '.laivil 1 l.i.l;.'. m'. N ■ alaui ot j'^ii.ii. r Ipaiic
m I uall iiiri had luen iii:'i)!av d dm 11. i; iliai Almle w.ir.
V i;;ii'in id ill /. il o til. pe.i; le a.ii.n(l 111. mii In, j 1' ej;iiii;oii at I n.',iii la; iiul.ii d, .iiul maiiheil out
till ll iti; .v.is lh:oMi
n ill ; ill. nut d e >;ivei i ; I aiiI I le . ouiui.s ol ua". li.e illmd uas I'lllored li)
III I'.e 'e: v\e"' the d .1. . In th, n. u di '. il.jn - ■! I', in e. , |-'r .:',i i I'l l;i. ;,u; o! i ■'■ ;.
is ill.' il.iil l.iMi 111 the depaniiuiu ij. llle ,1, d [ (^\ i',ei, .ir (.)^ii iioer C leniin. a tn'.Mi 011 the
Re-c
V,i ,n-.
\' M- 1, a f:r.al! tn'.v 11 in tli Vill.iine, li.is a 111 .r.iit.K-
t rv ■)' i',,Kkin : , '.;li\.'-, tLr-.i-.l, ae. ' i . liil ;ii.
IS ei (). e , 1- 1 .:_ I id i> ipii' 1:', li.»- a ^ m i tiad.-,
!' u k . ; 1. ^111 ' n;i _• 1 .\ it 11 '.^.h-uaiei to lee v. iv
! u'li. Il .s al 'I t .1 I .1 I ilh .p. Ill llie new dii 1-
I'aiiilie.iii', '111 I lie I, HI , i .1 n. i, ke; -t • v 1 ii^'w n ! lion o' l-i.i:i. , '.)■.!. npii is ill il.iei lo.ui in ine ilc-
■|i .111. em .1 1- .iiiiti. .
Cli Hell 1 '!. .1 iii.i '., t to.' 11 111; tii: riv\ r Aulim, li .1
11 111 ind 10 ;) r iiji .1- m i^ n i/'iln.uih md, and .1
;ie II II -de in a :'..o'i .;ii,i 11 .le.
.S";. 1' i d • I .e 111. or ;i up ' I . o'l. 1 a two oii the
n..ill eiill 111 H, ■! ' i-i' . Mi_ii' .-a I.l e li 1 o e.r,
del .i.le.l 1 V .1 t It. H.: IL d.i. r.Vol.ilMn il vv.ls the
ke 1.' .1 I'l li'i'p.
\I I !■' , .1 w -11 i: . 'r, p piil'i'i . u.i ed lo'.vn, i^
nil .1 e I ■ . I I V 1 .' the .11.1 n iiiu , .. loiit 1 '■ 1 le !■.;■: s
liii'il t '• 'I 1. 'Ill ...1 11 III I- d,«.t iide 1 liv I I i I .111-
rea I, wiuii !■ u.il- up ii .1.1 :ll n 1 ; .iiidth' ■ .1 'e n
V. 1 V ' o.ii.l. i.ii.l. Ill \',.{K, e.ii.s .s. i"p<r, liiiea I lotli.
til- lei .iiul N.iiiie , v.heie le iai'.i, 1 - mI t ,v I i-j,.i
lllip are put into ir.iailer i ll Is l.i Oe 1 111 10 tee i.il l . 1
place.
N.iiites isfiiiiiied mi lie- l.nir., a'imii S Kaijii s
from the le.i, aiul 1 S '10 11 R r.n s I'.i ill loot ■., I Lie
are ni.un churclies and an unneiiiie. 1 lii^ i i.vn i ir
1 1 s 1)11 .1 ii''e.il IM le ; tliiiiij,h lllrps ot liii ilien laiin II
ci'iie ir.i to 11. It 1 ill ■'• e 'it .1 li.llio'p. Ii i'. t.eivi. tor
the .1! -I- ilfia. 1 luie, ill 1 •;>;.', 1 \ 1 1 nr'. IV. "1 li'...ui
ll' I'l" 1' u l;.i:ir , '.vliiili w.i 1 \oi-.id m I'd; le,
1.' M \1\'. An exe lleiilliiiu in.iii tv i-exp.t i
lieiii'' HI o 'oiei^a 1 ' iinti le^'. 1 li le is .1 k .1 ! o ■..11-
neiiliip 01 lea 'ue Ih-i .v,\t the iiieri li ini- ot t'l '• 111 \ wil
llioii-i lii 1) 1:1 111 Sp on. I'.x I : ly iippnii e 10 1 e Ip 't 1 ihicM. .V
on w.inh ihiibili ' i.ui, ihcL^oii- is divide. I in.. '■ S' . \1 1 • . 1^ 1 I'n.ill 1 e; p pul ii» i ■ '. , Utiiatc I on a
f'v 1 ll I h iieel ! IV a no 111 11 1 o' Ini.i I ill i: ah. mhI nl ' I iile l! n ;, (^v, iiu h is '.ii;ie ' ii ih . 0:1; i;u nt hv a 'i; Ic
wliuh.iie. i\eu''l .M h 'lej,int hou . . |. t. .11 m 1 an > is . it t •. lie i I il w Inch is a lli'.i,,,' Im ; ,) oil
q I IV IS iliou' I'l in I mile 111 len.!,th, aiillh built 11 '^ ; 'h- 11 .n'e.-i 1 • o i' i| iii.Kiiiv. liei ■ a:e 1. v lal I',;.'.;
are liiperi). Inthe a w d v u nut l-ii.ie, N.i.r. , ■ . h in 1 , i nl i'ii'.!.ei iihii.', bui ut dire. 'dt .1 i ;'.
is llie I apiial III III dej<u in .11 ..| I , iw 1 l.'i le. '. \ r ih .'. ! e.. . .■' 111 lo.i 11 ..r,d h .r nr ! 1 ir .ue le-
I) ll, iictmeili.' icvolmi.) 1, w i» ih I e • ■: iliniiup. 1 ..■ ill'i , i"l nher v, iV', wen i .1 ;.iii.: n.
Tile dioev'li' .'..l^ ihi' till '.lei i'l ii 111, i.llhr i- 1 Ii .11, 1 eie .. .Hon II l- li ii". 1 . liileip. 1' 'C
(h ji h id llie ml.' ot I mi ll , .Hid 'A .1 1 I .1' h i n \ . '1 1 1 '• oi li ' ■ v . \ \ -r 1. 'i' .le •.■ 1 ; 1.1 ',■ u I leiil 11 IC
Di.uii, neir ihe K n e, 1 v I' e.u ' '>'it:i i.t ^.. .ii ,. • ..ii 'i •! d« ,1 .. !h i - iilli r ; rid, in
M d'l, I- lining b .|!i 'll iiiio . Ill I iT , and ll ml- ■ ll I 1 1 ,1- 1 , , ii s .1 n 1 ,v pi iv 1 ' -. J die i .1 He ', is
l;ilj;i; vJllU to luiiie Up t.j It. llii. vi iJ, .ue 1 j l 'i^\ IkiiI. ..y iIk (,.i. 1 :..le.l Ann. ol lii .1 j,i.. , '.dij .Uiiie.x il
1' ilii;
T.oGRArnY.
io|) ol tin ;ii. IIiic are
i.-b name t > a cap • notvi,!
t ot"S|. M ilo, is i'\-\iM il
.(■ II a liiilii'p, a 1 I 1 iiii-
ilu li in "t l''istv t', S'.
ili [xiitiuinl ot tlic No:!li
iT.' is a i';n "I l.aihiv'-,
1, li ■ 1 ;\ iivl i].\\, .uvl a
.( r l'>; ii; .nv, i- l' ii ■. ■■ A
If, on I 1 .'.\ o* I he ' 'i,
Uifi t \ . n ti. I Uw ai\-
' 'if "t a ! ;lln)'i. Ill ;nj
iiiii'ii lallid I'oit ('. Rc-
oiilli ot ill.- riv.! H l\i-r.
11' , will. Il IS vi: \ s>ii(u1
uul. , c.\L . 1 t in laid ins
, is a tou n ll;ii it'll iii C. c
.mill I) I 111 I iwi S >:\
(iinji .i,\ I .ul ail i inii ' .il
I'.tt wa; Ji >iil,> ami ii .1-
'. '1 I'll l! c I iviT r.l i\ >'i,
, 1m'. :■ a 1 i;!i 'ur .iii.l
ll 111 ', 'S I'll l\- lea M ' s
. I a..i s l.ii 11 !',i' c.'iiu-
.ii 1 'M- I'l ,1 n (!i ri 'i i\ -.
S W ll'lll .> i'l.t.ll 1.1 'A I U
I i '., , ". il'i a r ii:i.':o'i
I. ..ill .a I; s ill .p ', l.u : ',
I llir I'll. .1 •' Im I !.■ ill
,.1 A;. I I. i; (li.t I 'il '..l
III, ir.iLl .11. .1111 1.1: ll
1 a l..i ;\ I't l-iii'l l.ii t ,
. a 1 ;ijii ot i^ii..i(. I" I pint
(1 ,lui 11.'.; iliat is link' w.ir.
iiUt li, .111.1 inai\ lied lait
.c ill iiid v\as lelloieil to
rcTi'.in, a to'.Mi on the
>ii' .ii>, lia-> a ^ )o i tiiuL',
h 'j,li-'.\aiei to liic V. i v
il!l .;'. I ;i tlic lleiv ilivi-
li Li.u ; I'H 11 in till' I'.L-
1 ui; til-' rii'k r Aiiliin, Ii ii
s n 1 .■,'io...iiili Hul, aikl .1
e.
. i , o'l, i a t 'wn <m the
I (i_i'- I- a !.i c 11 1 li.iM",
!i w voi.itMii ll vva-. tlie
■itil.)'i . vva fil town, i^
il inu , ., iDiit I '. 1 U' l;i' 1 s
I- .Ul lull' 1 liv till ,r.i-
al 11 1; .ill 1 ill 'I 'f 1%
:.\ .'n. p ip' '■, 111. til 1 lolli,
ml ii« I. '. , htiiitc I on a
1 til. I o:ii itunt \i\ a T. ic
liiel. IS a ili'.ji.j loi: ,) on
v. I i'.i ■ a:i' 1. V i.il li;.'.-.
I.', Ini' ot ilrri'. 'ill .1 e ;'.
..li'l ll a-, ur ! I le au' le-
>, w i: il 1 . .1 i.ui .1 11.
h ii\ )' . Iiili'ip. I' 'C
'.!'• ',., i ; 1.1 p ll I a 111 11 IC
:!: I . iilh r ; lu', in
i\ I ■ -. I'Ir. 1 ,1 \[i- '.11
ul I'jt .i J,:... V, li.j .uilK'X d
>f " -i.r;''.
V/,y/' y' Pout L'OKiKXT/// //' //'./■///,> ^ ^>,///,/^n/ ///
it'"*' '■ -«
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^^ri ' .>^
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f B.>^
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rriuii'F..i
ilii' (Incliv to tlir ciovn of F'-
■.uih C'li.ir!' s \ 111. II mi; alk.il liy ilic inuirncr.
F R A N C r.
l,v 1
iinrc, ijy ncr ni:irn.ip;i'
ilhiirn.
:x y\
111 lllC '.Mill
Mcl
I'liHf :s Us IlKnll
itu' icpliu!. •• >.'• 11)1 h." It :■ lo ;ii ^ ll' U A ' i.;.r
I'vni.' ai .1 w DHi cwji'liliil^? I'lif !)■.!', ; Ivv.i iin.ilt
ID X.I', in ;!it.' ttMf |i.;it, :»PI'A r to tik 1 riw'i 1 d ,i
i,i:ii- ; .i> nvMoilivi' ■!; I jpiT;,)! li/,^ ilo 1(1 th ||.i,i!i-i'
till ■; ^ ]>r" I 'liiii! HI 'I'liil I'Miliv tiiL- p ik ; ..' d w\
ir. I'l-il ,11, h lic-lii'ul ii'iicli'O' ^ to t!i iVicf wli.ieilR-
l'(pMi llaiui. I III-' (livtis i',;fv.i'y ii.arow, .iiul ilii'
li ;ilf' hi:;li.
IJuO 1 a I' i".(v,,s V'.i;; 'I't t '". n, ^cital "n tlif lu.nli
\u\ 111 ;i I M'«ti.'Hiinui i.dM-li.l' or li:irlir,ur, will h.^jMi-
t I t!ic ()>c;ui ill till- livili cxiu'iiK- wtllfin pin iil I'.ii;
( 'r, 11 III II r.iiH!.'. It i : ■ U- ; iic^ ilill.iu; trnni Si.
1' I i!. L>"iiioii" I'-'ili wiil, rind ; ti'om the point
n;- j.i ni'Miturv ut C'liuput. 'riic city i'l (ni;ill, and
til.' li.i'tidi.r.iiAv. It I- itctc'iukil hyat.ill'c, wliicii
11 ii'iil^ (Ml !r'"l..vc'ri lUi'ptiiward'- till- lla. .I'ld u!ii '■.
I 11 iIk' hiii'l iKlf IS liiirounili'il with a hro.ul ditc'', :uul
Imi'iO otl'tr toitil'.c.iiiiKV'. The h.iilniur l.ci lKi..c.n
ti'i v'-iiy ;ind ilk- I'uliiii'h lail d Ri'tnii', rvM.', v in h i-
n lug', a-- ^all ilk' liiv. T'lcrc v (ntr ag.>inii tin.'
( .i'Mi' .; tDWd", wMt'h iIcK i\i ili ' i'!it:.iin i' ii'to t!i.' poii
n,i ili.i.t (i ''-'. The li, II I' Mir is cni ■' iiPAlivil witii-^iv
IM i|ii;uh, I'.n whiuliaii.' ' I'lh !,. vi'i.ii u irchoiKi.;, lill.d
\vih all loii-' of n.ival \\ re. T!k i luI m cmi^'IikI"
l;i,. ion-; Inil ihc iiili.incc nl ii, iallci.1 the Cioiikt,
(i;- (lulkt by rt'.ili'ii ot its inni'WiK'l-, i'' cxcc'aling,
('iliiiilt, li-iaufi.' ot' certain ro.lvS, known \\\ iIk'
n.iuK-s ol Min'iiis, I'llits, and Mint':ant, th.'.t li'iind ;
\\:iti'rat high-; id'.'. Tins part, thcril' re, i tlk nio''i.'
ki'.iu' I'.iK.u lo.' ihc 1'1'i'iK.i' 111 pf. ol wa", tor whiL'li
it I-; ilic oi'il', ju'it on till lido the M'-d.iei r:iiK:'.:i :
loil'.al lik■lo■.■^n i' on ' oi the graikl niajiazines of the
al iiii.iltv ol Fran e, Totiliiii, in tlu' NLditcnanean,
1 eii"4 the othei ; aO'l in this li.irliour the g.>ai It
iiiinu.er ot'the l^'ienth nav , a in that the lliip.-. o'' t!'.e
j,ieaieU burden, w,iuer .md ai. titled on. Naval !t 'r. ■
.Hid provilion loi 1 vcniv laii ot men ol \\.ii ww I. n-.e
tini s l.iid up at Hall; and lliips ot S.i aiul ^\•) i',uns an
' iiili Iki. , vvhkii ni.ik s It .1 pc.pii! ii.i a. d rie'i p .ue.
'l'!;ei\ i'i al«a\ - a llio ig ^.ii'i'ilon in V\: i :l...'. I .(.,\ .-
XI V. I aiileil an arlcn.'.l tu be built lie'.e, and elLi' l.llud
a 111 nitiau' .-V'.aden.y,
Th ' (io\ei'niiient of M.mni, I'r.'inr, and the
C' ii'.iy ol I -A\ At., ai'e co.iip; i '.d in 'U.e. M.ili: i-
|i "i:vl d bv l\rili', 'Ml 'he i.'i'.i, In ri.ili'.n'- uid An-
i"'i tow.ud^ 'he \\\ !;, b\ T. uiaiiie .'.'id \ \nd 'ni' i- to-
u ,rd'. til- iouili, and bv Noinnvidy to t'-e r, >rtli. li
IS ,- Icasiue^ loii'j, 2") broad, trii'ttul in e^n, .. nu ,
\M; .d, palhiie, ii>;e. and contains lomeii' ii u. ik .'iat ,
t I'l-Oone, nuair'js ot' mar, !e, in'rei.il w.iiii';- I'^^e.
1; livers are the Loire, Sane, M.une, \\\\'\ \\ ;'e:i,'c.
Muis, the eaiiital oi the uh'ile proi. n, e, liiu.-.i.d on
t''. river .S:i!te, is a very ancii nt i.ity. 'l"!iei\' .i c main
e!io;e!i>'- her.', and iillo \ io|le,',e. Hel ire ilie r, vo''.;-
I'op, M.ins was ilk lee ol alMliop; a'l.i h.'r.- .v.ie
fev i.il loiiv.nt' and an inferior vou'ti I "Klicalure.
M.iiennc, a t-nvn ^^w a river ol the lame name, v. as,
be'u'e the reV'ihnicin, a dudiv and jv eifie beloniiins;
I'l the duke ol Nki/.irine. Is h.is kver.'.l el.urclks,
wi; ii a ;j,ranai\ ol I ill.
l.a Ftr:e Bjrn.iid, a IniaMto'.Mi mi th.e HiiilVe, e^in-
tain a lalUe, ami beKin^.'i.i to tiie I'uke ol Rn.liileu
b'.iore the r. vohii;on.
Ci'ateau (le Loire, o;i the Loir', i- finiecl in iiillory
tor hokliiii; out aL;a::ill Heibnt Canine, ot M.ins, a
)e\en yea IS liei^e.
Tint part of this povernninl called Ferihc is
boundi'don iliee;'.ll In C'harirain ,ind Timerab, on the
•alii and north l)\ N'Mni.uHlv, .i;id on the loiith In
M.iieii'v, l"ini,^ I J kap,!'. ri len;;ili, and \\ in
lit' idi'i. Tl'.e ioii!it; v aliornd in i .',1.1 , the p. coin.
ila\, hay, mim ral walei^, iron mi'i , .iiid L\d-':".
Moitii;tiie, liiuiteil n.'ar tlie boidirs oi N rr'iik!*,
ul the liMiuy, ol the little ii\cr lluiint;, is ilic largtli
and moll
parol hial
popiil.Hm . ily in tin
coin^iv. T' err are tvw)
eliunlies,
.nd
■Jh
ere is l.fc
a L'taiuiry for h'.li, a inanif.ictoiy of vct\ co.iil lim ii
lolh, ]irop', r onh, to m I'.e f .v. ks, which the\ l', nd t.*
I'.iri-.
I) 1 :iiie, 4 kit;it;s liiiuli of Mor'nt'ne, is funoi 5
for a mnv ral Ipi :i^ in its \ii.iiiiiy; and N'ogene Ic-
R'lliou, on liie 1 !'• itie, 11 leaiMei noithutfl ol
L'harires, h.as hv.'iil ni;ir.u! iclori.s, partiailarly ol
krjes, kni-c-, ;>nd liiun i loti'.s.
At l.i 'I'r^'.ppc WIS anlebraicd a'bev of Ci'' r;i iii
m .1'..-, who ,vcre remarl,ali'e tor lie aulKriiv ol their
ni.innei'! .Ill" .inds bet m ei n 1 1 ic c •. ics ' >l' ,Se^ /, , > I()nta'''ne,
Nerniu'!, ,sh1 L-a'l , in a I'.r^c vale fun ouidd witli
hillsan I :orel'.s,\vJ',i^li keiii deiiii^nulio fide it from the
rcll of ihe W'irld. It was 'oundeil in the y^ar 1 140 1)\ a
count ( f l\rciie. But ilk monks haviiv;, in p'ocefs ot
time, fallen iiito a gi'-lt riiiiifncls of manners and dii-
ciphiie, a very Ib'ii't rel'orm^ttion was introdiu td ip thi'i
lib.x ill ill.' vear 1 Uhi^ by Arimnd John Bouihilier do
R 11 e, the conim.indatory iibbiit. .S 'ine paitJeu'.ars ot"
ll. ir inaiiner ol living:, an !o' the uituritii.-, whiclilhey
'oMC'iifed, aic ih'a j ocuealiy deUribcd.
" 1 F re If'cL^ th • ir '.in to \,lioni indulgjnt licav'n
Til. p.'eti ills g,it; of p, i'.ii.ii.c has givui ;
\". h ', I 1 n llei'd ler. , leJ heiv'ns iniplrin.', breath,
N r iiar 10 triumph o'er ei.rnal deatli.
For this w ' llrivv ; loiuj, '.''er morn appears
We rife, we p av, we I 'the the grounil 'aii'.i tear- j
'I'lien l;.ille lo lai'our, dr.au tlie jiuind fen.
Or br.ak ti:* un<;iMlcful grounds of otluriiKn.
T. e lUilkcdid roots we gather yield usbread,
T he iprin:!;"iir b.Vi r.'ii,e.aiHl the earth our bed.
W lieu miilniglit hour to new ilevotion calls.
We rife with awe, .mil 1 leis thofc rvv'rend u.ills,
\\ lere I'ain.s ;mh1 maitvrs ki'-'d the c!;,i!Viiiiig I'-'i!.
I)e:pi>'d the world, and i.lkd on tlieir (i.id.
I .el p:ide unlock ambition'- fmguine Ipring;,
And v\..iled nations eurfe ilelpotk kings;
No I'troii ', aiaiin-' this 1 .;-,e retie.it intell- ;
W ^ l:\e 1:1 peace, aikl [le.ictiu! link to imL
Fleie p. .1.' lei'-i n toil- ou: oiry bell ;
H re mil. d votion warms each huniblc cell;
I Lie ioniw.i! lat;on cle.ir- tlie clouded .\e,
F.v; an !> :he tool, and lifts it to the lk\'.
KL.m v,l.i'c, dvartr.tnd, my limple lliroud 1 ijrread,
A''r' n I'.. |ii. p.i'.e my l.ll aiul welcome fnil.
Here, \\.-:^, \\\\ liieiul, ii-.y plain rough collin Hand;,
I'rep'ir'd ;\;i.' ai. ugft I'V iliefc laboi.ous hand-.
II e.i:.ii- mv '; ;rii', iliiv.s v.iin ihougliis .iw.iy,
Anel lecoik.le WiK to mv kiikhed I lay."
Tie ( lovcrnnicnt of NouMANnv ex'ends from call
I to u.ll (',■ le.uvaes, and hom :v.)ith to lout'", a -out _;c.
1; is bound.d on the lou'di iy Miine, l'e;eh,', ai;d
I Ueaii.e; "illlie noiih by tue Biinlii Channel; on the
' wii't bv B.i:t,'.i!\'; .i.i.l on ihe e,::l In I'lellieoi Fran, e
iiiil I'leardv. It i iiuittul in corn, llL-i, lump, truir,
aiul |viihirage; and aboiiikF 1:1 wood, coals, cattle,
nvkkler, woiJ, mi'.uial w.iteis, 1:011, C' pp.r, 5ce. The
river- are the Meiiie, Faiie, And, He, Ride, l)ivc,Lc/.oii,
C.ireni )ne, Aiiie, Ant s, ,\ iie, Dionie, fsc. It is di-
vided mil) I'pper and l..,i'.'. -r, in whiji the principal
pi. ices aie .b follow :
Kou.n, th ' capital of the province, llands on the
north bank of the Seine, in a valley, almoll fun'oundeil
'.".ith I'iils, 22 leagiks I'umi I'.uii to the north-well.
Ronen i- ihe fee iii an :iiclibillu)p. The great hall ot
the pakice, ilie old c.llle, and the piincipal claucli
arc noble buikiiiii;'.. In one of the towers ol tlu l.u.ei"
is a b.ll ol an en ormou li/e, called Cieoigv Amboiie.
'Flic bridge o b.iats over tlu S..lnc' 1- a gre.u iiei l;'e,
bull', p...t I like a Iheet, and rilin ', aiul ' \m\.\ wiil»
ihe I if. B liocs other to'ubs of gie.'.t p. ll. ii-. in tl.e
i all. ch.l, 1 ih.U ot J.'hndi keol IJetilo:^', >li 1 uas re-
gem I t Fi.uue under "Ui king I lenrv \ 1. The tr.t.lo
ol ihisciiy lb vuy co.ifkLra'Lile, the tide oi ik^od idin,"
i'4
'♦"M^'f
iro A N'EW. ROY AT,, and AITUFXTIC SYSTEM of I'N'IVr.RSAL CEOGRAPHt.
\<u
tm
''■\^
ii'-
'•rtm
l\ M
t 'I' • I
J'o liis:,!i, that vt-n' I'-ol above ;ootons can conu- up to
it, tho'.ii;li it istwdvi- l.a'jju'S irom the m niMi nt t!ic
, rivvT. Ill till' 1 l.ici- Aiix Vi.iiix is a ll.itii.' ot ilic M u 1
of Ork:»n , kiuilinp lufoii.- Cli.irlcs VII, She was
Iniini tnik.uh hen- l>y tlu- En.'.l.lhin i4.;i. William I.
liiriianH\l tlu- Cciiuiucior, <l;iil luTf. In nii- ot llio
rii!Miih> :iu tcvcial iiiiiKial l|.nii.;'. lliicai^' in.inii-
taCuiikS ot 1 lo'li, aiul I'll ot \ iiriol. In (he iir, w ilivilion
of I'laiuc, Rouia is tlic caj'ii.il ul tla' dii'aiiimnt .'l'
Lower Si inc".
Caiiil^hce i^ a I'lna!! Init p"puli>ii5 town on ilu- S ini',
fevcn liai>iits 1 ilou Roiu'ii. llin- i.-> a pieiiy j^ 'oil
trade l^y h:\, .iiul a inanutartory of liat--.
At St. Vakii. a tVa-p >rt town on the iliannci, t'lc-
inhabitants m inii'.u'hiic ibnic wonllfn and liniii Hulls
trade alvvijj; the loali, and llnd (hips to the h.iiinijaiiu
tOil tillierics.
Auniak- has a nianufai'lory ot lergcs and coark- wool-
Di.ppe is a noted lea-i'ort town on tlic Ihoro of the
Briulli Sea, at thcdillin.e ot lo leagues from Rouen
to the .".ortli.'nd !.(.troni I Iavr.-ik'-( iracc to the north -
calk It is liiiiatvd on an even gioiind intw^en two
mountains or rock', at the ni \iiii oi the river Iktune,
called, at I)i. j-'pe, thcrivi r ol Argius, kceaule ii waii is
the ruiiisof that litv. Thi- liv.r, ialllng into the fa,
makes the harbour. I:i tonitkd with bulisaiks to
t:'.e lea, with at'ortriCs at t!:.- tnburbi ailed I'ollet, and
a calUe, which, togcth.r v, ith the craj»^v luountain'!.
that lie on the I'outh, render it a place "t lliengili; and
Si lljch it was eholVn In kni'j: H.-nry IV. tor hi^ head-
quarters, wIk'ii hj was (-]>'.ioled bv il-.t lea;j;ik- at his ac-
lefTion to the crown, Tlietown is wiU Inr.lt, aiul in-
habited bv l'ca-farin<:, men ; m chanics, that make cu-
riiius works in ivory; and mei hant- who drive a eon-
fiderabie trade to foreign part'-, Tlie liaven is narrow,
but very Ions, and can r>.tuve ikipsot i;r.at huritien-,
but, liy real n of its nirrownefs ofdilktult acecf . T\\.i
town has been nUcn taken and reiaken in the wars be-
tween ti;e Knohlli :!:mI the k'rcni h. In the year i6>;4it
wa= a!m ill toial!v ilellrjveil by boni!>s that were llioi
into it irom tlic jvighlh lle.t, coiiunan.kd In the I.Td
B-rkelcy; but tluv have repaired ii linee. The ■ hiel
trade here eonlills in herrin,','^, whiiing'-, mackerel, .uid
cyders, which they lijll in the n- i.'hbouriiig provmce-.,
togf' erwilh ivory woiks, and laces nuule here. There
is alio a manufaet ory wi'ere thcv mike tui):uco-rolls.
The packet boat- tVom H.i ;ht!ielndk)ii fail toiii.^port,
I'orge-, near Anilelte, i- lamous loi it- mineral wa-
ters
Evr^ux i- anar'ci nt i ily aiul ha- a conlideia'jle trade
in linen, wo ill n, iVrge, and corn. It i- tlie iVc ot a
bilh.ip. Here i"^ ihe hiper'o caftle o: Navaiie. In tlie
new divilion e)f Fiance, Evr.-ux is the thiet town in the
departir.cnt of luire.
Elbail, a little :(nvn, litu.ited on the Seine, i» noted
fur a manufactory ot line cloih and larpeis.
At Lifieux, aiownon the conllux of ihe Oi'occanel
Galley, are teveral maniitaclones of linen and wa>olkn
ibiffs. Before the revolution it was the tee ul a billiop,
who was fliktl count ot Lifieux.
Honfleiir is a pojuilous town at the moi.'tli of the
Seine. They make here a great (|uantiiv of lace; and
fenet Ihips to Newt'oundland, and ih.e Freiieii eoloiues
in .'\n-.eiica. The haibour is well defended, and will
admit Hups of three or four hundred tons.
Caen is fiiuatcd at the conflux of the Ornc and
Odon. Here are a caflle, an univertity.an acadcmv of
fcienccs, and many ch.irehes. In the new divilion of
Iranre, Caen is th.e ihief tov;n in the department of
Calvados. It is a ])lace of good trade. ^Vdhaln the
Con(]ueror was inteirrd in the abliey of Si. Stephen
in this city, which he had f)unded.
Bayeu\, an an> lent citv, liiuatedon the river Aure,
IS the lee of a bilhop, and contains teveral churches.
It is a neat town ot good trade, and has a caRle, i
Coutances, two leagues from the lea, is the capital 1
of a territory called Lc Couiantin, and the fee of a bi-
I' fltop, I ler. i^aiollpe. fomc Roman icmains, .nquf.
du:ts, kc. The houle- here beai all I he marks of an.
tiijuiiv in their lliueture and lalle, wluth is lude to a
I great de.',ree. On tlu lumniitotthe hill, iiithccentre
of the town. Hands the I. Lthedial. There i'-at',r.iiffi]iie
I appearance fpread over the wiio'e; and the fmtaiiie
i ornaniems of (lothic building arc miiigl.il wit!i ,i
I wondrous iklieacy and i Icgane in many ol it^ pan .
]i IVijiiiCherburg to VologneMs inountainou .md heal','';
but 111 general ilie louiiiry is interi.irto no pait ot ih,;
norihif I'.uropc, k'liieacihviiie ,cl>!hed withw(ii>d,
and iicli valhes, ccnern.! with liai vdts, torm a nv d
pkafing Icene. In the new divilion of I-Vante, Coi;-
tan.es i- the clii. t town in the department ol Li
Main he.
Ciieiburg, 14 leagues north of C"Utanes, lias i
imall commoilioib harliour, and. In the flowing of the
wav", IS every tide almoll lurr lunded by the lia.
This town was taken by the l-'.nglilb m 1 7,8, andtiu-
fortitjcatiuns de:iiolillie.i ; ami one of the arii> ie>- at the
conclufion of the war Itipulateil th.at the lorlificationj
(liouid not be carried on. Lewis XVI. howev.r,
duiiiigihe Ameriean war, agiin carried in the foriili-
lations, anil was at an immenle expence in eneiiiig
piers, and lontlrue'ting a noii'e lialiiii I r reeeiving
ihi] s of war. Near here is a famous giafs luanut.u -
tory.
Mortain is a little te.wn on the river I.anees. Ste-
phen, king of England, was firtl carl of Mortain, and
attcrwarils of Boulogne, bv m:'.rriage.
At Alenvon a town on the Sai;e, are manuf.ctories
ot vel'ums and linen-clotiis, with a tair, and a brid_;,v-
over the Sarte,
Fakdle is a liiiall town on the Ante, in which, and
adjacent villages, are niaiiukielories 01 linen, l.ice-, and
wujlkn llutrs."
In Argentan, a town on the Oron, arc leveral
churJie-, and manufail'tories of tine Iniii and tlufl'-.
Carentan, fix 1. agues ncith.-t all of Coutances, and
three fiom the tea, i- liiuated on a rivulei, b\ wl.icli
l:nali val'tls can lome up at hi^:h water. The towa
;s imall, i ul the ruins ot the caille are i'eaui tul. k
was cekbrated in tlie civil wars under Charles IX. anil
ri thole- of (he leijue, which followeil in the reigns of
Henry III. and 1\'. The arihiteCtuie ot the great
eliuuh is cleg UK, it having been ciicled in tlic 1 ^tli
century, when tlie G^ithic llmaures had almoll aitaiiuil
lo their higheli [H'iiit "i be.iutyand peifction. There
1^ n"i!\ing III lie.- itiiide winch nv.riis attention, except
a.n altar, and a pa;n;ing dedicated to St. Cciilia. The
laint appears to be playing on a tort of har|illcoid, her
lingers linking negiigentlv iiit > the key-. A blue man-
tle, lo Illy I.Li.kled over h.r ilvnikle'', cxpolc- jiart of
her neck to view, and her fair li.iir floats down her
ba^k. The pup.k ■ f her evis are thrown up to heaven
in a tine phren/,\ of iiuilital enthuliafm.
M /iit St. iMh hael I,- a liiiletown, with a caille,
built on aiOek in tl.eir.idll ot a landy ihoic, which, at
liigh-warer, is overflowed. Here' is an abiey which
waiiormerly much rel(<rted to by pilgrims. As this
pla. e IS ot a I'nguiar nature, we (liall give the followini»
ample and enieii.iiiiini', lieUripti'.n 01 it, in the woidn
of an inj,enious traveikr, who wrote prior to the FVeiiih
revolution.
" This cxtraordinarv roek (tor it is no more) nfes
in the middie ot the t)ay of Avranches. Nature has
lomplei.ly fortified one fide by its craggy and almofl
(jcrpendkular delient, which renders it impracticable
lor Courage or adilrefs, however conltiinmate, to leak'
or mount if. Theother parts are tunounded by walk ;
teni ed wiili femihinar towers in the (iothic manner;
but lutlicijiitl} llrong, lupevadded :o ilie advaniag.s
of i:s lim.tion, to delpile all atiaiks. At the loot of
the in 'uniain begins a llreet or I. wn, w! ich winds
round us bale to a confideralile lieiglit. Above aie
( hamlxrs where priloners of llaie are kept, and other
building- inteiided for refidenee; and on the lumnut
is creeled tlic abbey i'dell, oc-'ujiyiug a Jirodiiiioa:' I pace
«
r
V ,
lEOGRArny.
I- Rdhiiii icin.iiiv , M]\\f.
Ihmi all {liiMJwik^ ol .UN
alUs w!\)ili is iikle to a
il tlic hill, ill thcttntio
. TlKTci^at',i.'ieri|iic
''-■; aiui ilic t'liitaiiic
, .irc iiiiiigl.i! wiih ■!
m m.iny ui it-, p.ii ; .
Mcunt.iiiiou and lifal!;'' ;
ml. rur ti) no ]i:iii ot liu
llll , cl'i'llCll \Mtll Wood,
i.iivclb, toiin a nv I'l
li^ iiion ut I'Vanii', Cui;-
tlic litjMriiiunt ol L,i
[h ot C''4it.\n'X'S, has ,i
I, In I lie llowmp; ot the
loir umdfd by llic Ua.
ng,lilli 111 17^8, and til.;
ori'j ol ilic arii. 1'^ al the
d that the liiitilicationi
Li.wis X\'I. houiwr,
ill larricd i;n ilif loriili-
iilc i.xi>cncf ill I'luiiiii^
I'f baloii t-r rciciviiiii;
a taiiioub g'la:^ lu^uutai-
I the river LarivC?. ."^tc-
irll tail ot Moitaiii, and
i.'.rri.igc.
Sar;c, arc nianiif .oUiri^j
Willi a lair, and a bml a-
he Ante, in wliitii, a:id
lories 01 liiun, lact^^, .liid
till- Oron, are I'cvfral
)t tine In n and llutl'.-.
'.-call ot C' iu!ani.ts, and
Il on a 1 ivuki. In u'l.icll
hi^li water. The town
caille are lieaui'tol. It
irs under Charles IX. and
(ollinveil in llie reigns ot
n liiteiTtuie ot the f^i.ac
xcii cii.v.tni in tilt 1 ,tli
tores h.v! aliiioll aitaiiud
; and ptifction. Tlitic
nv.riis .ittcntion, eX(\|)t
;ted to St. Cceili.l. The
a tort of har|)lltoid, her
•) the key~. A l)liie tii.in-
h )uldcr, txpol'es pari of
x'u- h.iir llout - down her
are thrown up to hcaveii
ithuli.irni.
lie town, with a calllo,
a Tandy thorc, which, at
Here' IS an abiey which
. I liy pil^riins. As this
efliail ;.'.ivc ihc foUowiiu^
ptiwii (II it, in the uoid<
ksrote prior to the Freiu Ii
(for it is no more) nfes
Xvranches. Nature has
by its craggy and alniofl
renders it inipracticalde
■er conluinmate, to leak'
are lurr'iundcd by wall- ;
in tlic (iothic manner;
dilcd. to tlic advaniag.s
attaiks. At the loot of
t or I, wn, \vl ich winds
ilile liti!;'it. Ai.ovc aie
Hate are kept, and other
V. ■.- ; and ou the tumiiut
ijiyiiijj a jiroijiiiioa.-. I|>.u e
I ' (
/
lUNKKSv
l/r. ^// >'< HI < I K,nw,\\\V\W ffi//i.>/i,r/i/ ^hi/,i/. //ii/imfy
\
^/k- ^r/fi</\^\\'.VVV,,///i/i</-l/rr///i, ,/. ^, /,//,/ //,/y /// ///, ^1 /)l'//(riil <J ■ ^ Jil /n;
,M>«
r-:s^^_^
'^=*^^:-^?^-
■ Vi, ^r,'f./ llAVHKI)E<iHA<;iw^///'7<^/''vy/A>'_/ SrnH,rji,'i/ ai //ir . ^10/,/i/r/t/ ,^ \ ^m/Nr
rM.r/l,./.:. f*. .I.t ■''■■'<'■ I . ..X. .V,, /•/.■ A//l'.l/-
■ t
niu)P
!■ K A N C E.
S6i
of I'lMutuI, iiul o .1 lli\ni',i!i :iiu! f'lliilitr tcp.il to it->
i'tii>rtii(His li/c; liiuv' it li.is ll(i<><i .ill llonus, m this
tl vai'il ami y.pnlf I fmiation.Uiiiitiu m.iiiv i. iituric^.
I IjiciU tlu; '.vjuilc .ilteriionii in tlif (.lillui-ui pirt'' ol
tin-, id (iic ; .mil :is tin- S ut-, \\lio i imiiicii'il me
tluo'i '.\\ ill. ill, tmi'"l 111- t'HiM no! (>i 'tilv n\\ i iiii'iiity
I'l" iiiiiui!! I" t I"-' I*-'' "" :i;iiiuiKrii (O ili.'.iiili.T un-
liiii.
" 'I'hc .S.ll>- i!e (.'!• amIiiI'-, or Kni;ilils lliil, iv-
i;>;','.l.il in.' i<! i'.;.v: it M '.litrhi/.n/, in |*>i|iiii l',iifii;i.
It IS a;ii liv ipii iiinv, I 1.1 111 1.- I;.i;l(aii>us ami iiiilc,
b.iat:' ''Mil'.' iun lid v .1 ■ |iiii)r in lU crictinn. lliic
ilii' knijiiis ii; S.. Ml li.u'l uioi ti miciI in tulciiin
ii>,iV''tali'iii "II Kiii'Dit.inl iir.,a(i')M-, Thy wire tlic
<!' 1. tl^!l^^ iml uuaiiiiui.s i)t the iii'umt.iiii .iiul .ilii i'\ , .is
iliiiii- ol il., tuiipl, , ami "l St. j.iliii 111 J. nil.iliiu.v.iii-
iii!\i li ''v ii| nil lire. At iMii- iiul is a paiiiiiii(» ol liic
ani;..ii . , ti..- piiroii ol tli.iroul r: anil in ilih liali
l.twi .\l. liiil iiilliuiiiil, an'l invclh-il wiili ilic in-
li^iii.iiN 1.1 i^litl ood, the LlifvaliCiM't ilicu"! yi St.
Ml., h.v'.
" W e pallfil nil iliii'ii^li kveial Icirer rooms into a
1 iij', |i.ill.i'^e, on one lid ul wliuii ilu .S\Mr^ oprn-d a
dooi, ind iliroui;li a n..iiow I iiiiaiu\, ncrteci;. iliik,
he led nil, In- a lii'i'oiul iloor, into an .ipannient. oi
til, Hi;' on, M.r ii i.itl.ir PRiUi il ilu' laittr tiian tii. (or-
iiRM apiH-llaiioM,) 111 ihe miiKile ot wliiili ll od a i .u'l-,
li wa^ loiupoled ot j.iodiui HI- uiioiKn liar-; ami the
wiikei, vvhiih adiiuttid into ii,w.is ten or i\vel\c inelies
tiller. I wont into the intiik. The Ipace it lonipiiled
wa- about twilve oi loiiiteen leet lipiarc; and it iiii ;iit
lie iK.iily Iv.iiiiy in liei<;hi. This wa'- tlic al) de ot
in.iiiv 1 11, 1 1 .en I \ u iini-. in lori'ier ages,\vhoL- names .uid
iniUiies arc now olijit.-n'leil and li)ii;otten.
" '1 her. was (laid m\ i •nuliK'or; tow. .ids the latiir
( nd o! the I 111. (.ntiiry, a leitaiii iKws-wnii-r in I lo|-
laiid, who hail pielunie 1 I > punt ioiiie vei\ leMi.'
r.ir. .-iltii rrlleclions on Madame de Mainicnon, and
I .1 wi~ Xl\'. Some n.oiuhs aftrr he w.is iiidiiied, liy
a perloii len! exi'ieliK loi thai piirpole, to niake ,i i.air
inio I'lench Manders. I'iitinllant he had quitt.d the
Diiiih lerriloriei he w.is put undir anxll, and imnu-
iliatcly, l» his iiiaiellv'Mxpiel^ tonim.ind, condiK'ied
If) tins place, Tluy iluit liim up in tJM^ lai'e. Here
Ik lived ii[iw irds ol .; ve.'.r^; and lure he, at length,
i..\|iiuil, l)u. ■"'i.the long ni-lus ot winter (tonimiied
the iiian) iiu eandle or hie wa-. -illuwed him. 1 le w.l^
not permitted to have any liook. He l.iw no human
taei t.xie'i't th. lailor, who laiiu onee ever^ il.iv to
pnl'ei.t liim, thioii^h a hole in the whU-t, his htile
porii'.n ot Ine.id .mil wine. No inllriiiiKiu was giv. n
liim with wliiih he loulil dillroy hiinrell ; hut he
loiiiid mean-, .u length to draw out a nailtiomthewiiod.
w 111) '.ihitli he eiit or engraved, on the harsot his eage,
lertain f] urs-ll.■-li^, and ;iimorial liiaiings, wl leh
toiUR I his onl\ cmploviffent .mil reere.ilioii. Theli-
I l.iw, aid thiy .re, imlctil, very einioiilh, j.wl'iim.d
\. i[h I 1 ri'.de a i.iol.
'■ It i^ n nv li't.eii '.ears (laid the Swifa) fiiKf a gen-
ii, man ttrmin.iied Ih^davs in that lai'e. It was Iv.iore
I eaille torelide lure. EJut thai is.ine milante within
iii\ own itii nuiry. Moniiem ik !■ ■ , a perl.in of
lank, was eoiidiuted here by eommaml of the king.
1-Ie icmained three years lluiC up in it, I fed liim
nuhlt e\erv day; but he wa^ allowed be .K^ anil c.m-
liL to alleviate his niilery; and at !i ngili the abbot,
loiiihed with his deplorable lalamities, requelled and
obiaineil the royal paiilon. He w.as let free accordingly.
'* The liibtcrranean ihamber'- (.iddtd he) in tin-,
mountain are lo nuinerou'^, that we know them not
ourlelves. There are icrt.iin dungeons, called Oub-
lutics, into which they were .ici ullomed ant leiulv to
let ilowu maletactois guilty ot v. ry heinous crime^.
The\ provided them wiih a lo;if ot bread and a botile
ot wine, and then ihev were totally forgoiien, and lelt
toperith l)v hunger in the dark vaults ot tiie rock. Th;-
punilhmcnt h.as not, however, been iiillicteil by any
king in the fill or preieiic ccmury.
No. ;y.
" We tontiiiurd our iirogrels through th. :tb!Ky.
He led mi inio ailiamber, in oiu mriii r ol wh'eh vtAi
a k in. 1 of window. Betwi en thi. and ill.' w ill ot rlic
building wa-. a \erv di ip Ipa.e, or hollow, of ne.ii an
hiindied teei ," rpeiidi' ulai ; and at lioituiii wa- another
window op niiig lo the lla. Il i^ calltd the Hole of
M ii.tgonii II. Ih hillorv ot it i^ this. In the y^ ai
1 ;59 II nr\ Ii. kin;; o; Iraiuc, w.is uiilortunately
I.dled at a lournaitient Ix the count iK Montgoiucii.
It wa 1 1.1 iireii'lcd on that noil m.in'i pan ; and he
WIS toned iuntrar\ to lii^ im lination, to pudi the
l.uue agaiiitt hi-, lovereign, by Ivs expr^ li commaiul.
He was a Hiigonol; and having leaped the iv.'.fiitcrc
of i'.iii- and C'lligiio, made he.i.l ag.iini! the royal
lor.f^ 111 Noiiiiamly, (i.pi'oried by onr Kh/.abi th witli
.irms and monev. Hung dnviii troiu Irs torirtilcs in
thole pans her. iired lo.i rock, c.lkil the ronibt lainc.
lliis IS another liniilar to the " Mom ijt. Miihacl,"
only thr.e ciiiarier ot a league dill.int honi it, and of
nearly ujual ilimenlions At that liiiu there was a
caltlc on it,aturwarik ih niohllied, ..ml of which liava;
any veilige-. ii' w leinaiii, I'luiii this fallniln, (>nlv
acc'.riible at low tides he cintliieilt; n.ude excurlions
.md annoyed the enemy, v.ho nevei li.u-td to atti'-k
him. Ileiointil moiK\, laid all I'le ad la' ent country
uiuhr loniiiliution, and ren.lered lumKll univerl'illv
die.idei!. Deliroiis, however, to fiiipii/.e the ♦• Mint.
St, Muhiil," l.c loiiiid mean> to engage ote.- of the
monks letiiknt in the abbey, who promiied to give him
tlu- llgnal tor his cnterpri/..', by dilplaying a liandker-
thiei, Th- trea herons monk having nude ihe lignal,
betrayed hini, and armed all lii'> .'.irociatcs who waiieil
M.intgomiri's airie.'.l. The ehiett.m came, .UUiiikil
by litty iholin loldier^, delpeiate, and c.ij)ablc "f any
attempt. 'I'hey i rolled the land, and liavaig pl.ieecl
•heir lealing ladders, mounted one by one: as thvjr
me to the lop, th y were dilpiii lied .ach in turn,
wiihoui n'lilc. Monigomeii, who followed lall, ac
length dill (jveieil the perlidy. .md clcapi 1 with only
two oi his men, with whom he reg.uned the '■ Tom-
belaine." Tli'.y |iuler\e, with gre.it care, the l.idderi
and '.japphiig irons iilul on tin- mcalion. The Liiml:
himlell was at l.ilt lielieged, and taken pr tbncr, by the
M.irckhal lie Maiignvin, in 1574, al Doinfront, in
Normandy; and Ciiherinc of Mniiei , who dftelietl
him lor hi h.iving iien, though inn' cenib, the caulij
ol her hulband's death, ordered liun to be immediately
eMcni.d.
•' 111.- ihureli iilell detained nie a long time, anil
1 matter 1 t hi^ii cunolity. It rtlls on nine pillars of
mol! eiii rr.iou- dimenlions which ikind u|)on the liilid
lock. I i\:i.\ Hot me.ilur^ th ;n; but as tar as tlio
gloomiiii !, ol the place w./ukl admit, I appuhcnd t' at
e.ieh ol them mull be tive-andiv.ei:: ' leet in cir u;n-
iercnce. Belidesth.l'e th-.ie .ire two .nher-, of modi
mte.ior liz.'. wliidi lupp''it the caiter 01 tie church,
over which is the lo^Mr, It ilie prodigious iiuumbwit
weight be lonliikr.d, aril tin- n.ituie of its litu.iiion,
nothing lets niall\ could lull. ini the eiiiiiee. Tli'.v I'e.ni
as i: tieligmd to oiiiiive the i.ivagis ot nine, and the
coiivullions ot nature. The l-.nkling was begun \n
966, when Riiliard, the leeoml duke of N irmandy,
i'l-gan to erc'i ilie abl-ev. Il was compleat^d about:
the year 1070, under Willi. nil iheCoiiquir r; thougli
many other adi'itions were made b\ luiCLeilmg abbots.
'- The tre.iliny is ei iwded with ulus innu lerabk-,
among vvliii h tome lew h.ave a re.il and inirmlic v.iliie.
There is a line head of Charles VI. of l''r,anee, cut in
crylkil, which ilrew my atteiui in, Tiicv have got
(I know not b\ what means) an .irm o!' Ruwar.l tlvj
Conletl'or; and they lliewed nic another of '• St.
Richard, king olF.ngiand." Who this I unt and prince
was, I conkis, is bevond my comprelKnliin. lam
lure they I ould not term Riv hard I. lo, unle:-. Ins i nicl-
t\ againll Saladine vvi[ied oui all his tins, and canoniz-
ed him. Richard II. has no belter pretcnUons to
laiKtity. I do not ineinion liim who icll at Hotworih:
lo that who this royal I'aiiu w is I imiii leave you to
10 1 ilnine.
8C.i
A NT.W. ROVAI.. AHP ArTHF.NTIC SYSTFAT or INIVT.RI^AL (II'.OCRAI'I rV.
* , *> .i!
m
->\ ,
>'ll
iVivirii". A |i) ilic iivii\ks tlicv know notliin^; ahnut
ii ; I'lit ill V were p.Miiixc lie vv.i-. .i kinj; di l''.n(.'l:iiKl.
An cnuiino » onlil.n voikl'. -lli -H, wi lulling ni.inv
puMlul , J!IVCI11'> Rllll.llll, llu- ln'iul llllkl- I't Niil-
iii u'llv, \Jiin li^ f.niiulcil il\cal>l>iv , n wuriliy ii'iii.iiL
T'le un'Cliiiv. cloillcrs ami i^lls ot tl\r iniink«,
h;ive 1 1'lti m.ii»iiiti eiit ,iiul Ip.ui >ii'*; hm .' \.ill lum
nt lUiMKv i^ w.iiiiiil III put llif vvliolc in n.|i,ir, .iiul ic-
isilLitc wli.uilu laprtot;ige*li.iJiltt.vi.l.iiiil ilituiuicil."
Tlic (io\t rutin, lit lit 1 1 \VR 1 -i-i ( iK \cr, fiilliiiiti-^
p. Ill I't I'pi"-'! Ni'nu.iiulv .
1 liMi-ili-(ii.uc, a lining I'd port Imvii ;it [he
rriiiiiili ot tlic S-iiie, Ii li.-.i^iii.>. well 111 Riiuiii, i^ well
liiiili, llion^ly Uuutleil, ii.is aiuACelleiit Iriilmur, aiul
a ciioii iraili.
Hailltiii, (in ihi Li/anl, eight leagues fioin Mavit-
<le-(ir,ie., lla^ lome eoiieein III ilie iiul ami hcrnn<.
tilluiii>, liv iiKansiil a Iniill liarboiir; is deleinlul \>\
■I. uul.e, ami i"iitain' niaiuiij.inries nt i.miieil Ifnilui.
li.il-, lae^s, rerj;is, Iiikiis, woollen tloilr, iSce.
The G 'vernnieiit ot Orlf anois ediiiill- of tl vciv.l
iliiinet-. anil i^ ImuiuLiI on t'u n> iih l>v Noimaiiilv ,
on iIk tali liy C'lian!pa>;iK aiul UumuiKh , on llie luuth
liy Ni\einoi- aiul Berry, ami (>n ili. well In- Tuuraini
and Maine; iiu liiJini; Oileanoi^ I'ropir, Cliariram, or
B ante rropcr, W ii'leiiv is, Blailois S lay^iK-, iJenioi-.,
reuli-- (i 'uct. ami G.itioMs OiUaimis
Oileanois I'rojicr aliuinuK in lattle, ^anu-. nr.il liili;
yicliiv ^ain, wine, Iniit, anel wooil; aiui loutain the
fulliwiiii^ pi ue.s:
Oileiiis, till' eapit:il, not on|\ t.t Oileanol^. Proper,
but ot '.Iv: •■\l-.olegi)Vcinnunt, Ihiiids on the n'Miiurii
lank <i; the Lone, zn U.il;ik> louth ^l Paris Over
tlv river IS a tint' tluni. hruhj,!-, Kailm ■ into a liiiiurl'
on the I'oiilh lide ot the ri\er. it is o t ot tlu liri;j!
cuie^ in ih.' r> I'uhlie. and vwis loniv. i.\ theeij>iial ol
TraiKe. Iii.oiK.uii-a univ;iiitv. a piiMu lil]i.ir\, ,i
llatelv (ioihi. I atl.rdi.il, and a i'.n.v luiiiii er ot o.liti
chiirilks, a p'..li'', walk, pl.uiit.l w tli lev. ral ro'vsi !
tret'-, roiiif h :-.ir-ii.iute-, a iiiaiui actoiy ol lloikm;^-
ami ilieep-fkii!s, aiul a It'iuinan . It eairii.^ on a ur.it
trade in i'lar.dv, wine, Ipiis, and k\iiai njanulai -
lure'-, «1 i. h, widi many other t' unnioii-.tits, ate ton-
veved ti. ni Iciue to I'aii- , and "tli- r pl.i ts, \\ means
ot tic Lone, and tiu tan.il, u.,itli lakes it^ name Tom
the i;<.
'llie eluti'.s p'.iil hy vtlieh goinji up aivl d.r.wi :h
f.m.il amount , m l.iir.e year , to i ;;,o:o hvrt'. 1
is a lilViop's lie. On llie .Sih ol May, 14^0, OrLan,
then tlo:; iy beliei;ed
Jo.in ol All, lumiu'
and the :in!.ivei!.iry
here. To y:ui\\ uiit
ot l<ra'.'s w;'.s trteiui '
Ville is a portrait ol ihe l,.ni. cxtraordinarv uornan.
It was done in tlu- year 1 ,81, aiid is the oldill extant.
1 he painter Icenis to have ilr..w'n a (latieiin;j; rrleiii-
blanet', and to luvf dsto!.,ted !ier wi;h imac,iiiar\
clia;-m~. Her tat.-, iliou:'li long, i> o; ex.eediii!',
beauiv, lu ighttned In an cxprellion ot int' lliofrueantl
graivk-ui rau-ly unit.d. Her hair tall look Iv ilown
lur 1 a k. She wears a tort ot l-onntt eniuhed witii
pea Is, .\:\i\ Ihaded with -".Inte plumes, tied utah.r her
tlunvMiha Ii let. Ahoiit her iicck is a little band;
an ! I iwti down oniier IjMl'oni a netklate, eoii)])oled ot
liiiall links. Her hahii liis di ^le to the bod\ , .md is
cut or flillied .a the .nir.s or elbows. Round her waill
is an tml loiileru! niidle; and in her right hand Ihe
wirlds the fword with wlinh Ihe expelled ihf enemies
ot' hi-r tountiy. In the new diviiion ol Franee, Or-
lean IS thethiet town in the department -jt Loiiet.
To iIk north of this tity is a toitll, the lari!,elt in
all l-"i ante, wliieh, at the time ot the revolution, bc-
lon;j' (t 10 the taimh- cjI Oile.m--, haviii); been given by
i-e .MS XI v. to Ins brother Phihp. (j.ings ot robbers
JiiteUcd the (orcft ia dm toriucr periodi, who, when
bv the I'.nulilh, w 1
:-.b tall.d tlu .\la:<
ot tiiat (U li'.eiaiiee
.- ilu- iiieiioi-} o; il a
n the i 'luLe. In ih
leiievetl hv
ol Oilean-';
is Ihll kel t
n oiuimeiii
H -el de
taken, were broke upon the vsluel. The new codf of
uului.il pioeee<lin^«, ellal hllied In' ilie C'c»iiViiition,
have let atide iliele exei utu-m'.. 'I'he (ollowini; .ii -
louni ot ,1 rem likable one ai Oile.m- (a- relateil I. van
n(;niioii<« trasJI. O mav (eive as a Ip.t nun ol thole
If. ailliil rpcs'taik" in (•i-mril.
" \\'lun -.v. tame ID Urlvans, we learnt that .1 iri-
niiiial w.is •.<> be bioki al.»e at el.vcii./'. I.iek th it even-
in;;; i-ind, in our r.l!n"le^ ihro'iuh the (beeis I iw the
I'eatiold, ssh. el, ;;n.i prepirations tif the fX.iUiMii.
The papers ol the tondriiinatlon were lolil as I. ill »lvin.r
rpee. h.s arc ..bout the (bests ot London. Bv on. • t
th le I 1'. rm, thai the poor wntili w.is ronvis'Uil o!
bel nuni;.^ to aiioop ot ilii' ves that iiitelle I the tonll
ol Oile..i. : and ot loiveyiiv.', them \ r.iviii.ins, amis,
.iml iieeelliiiies. Il was in this elepul.ition o| piovid-
111^ (or his eonipatiioiisthai he w.isrur[in/.ed ami t.-jki n.
He had I niertd the uiv ihl(;iiil.(l as a p^'aiant, anil,
itiei he had exd ut-d Ins coiiiniiirion, nii^ht liave n-
lointd them in L.tety, had h. not tik.n it into In- ju.ul
to bravi the p.ili.e by lommiitini;; a ilaiin;^ robberv ,
and iiKre.ilini!, the lloifs he meant to ionvc\ to them.
But his unlueky liar was in the zenith ; (or, alter hav-
ing; robbeel a h iile, and bound every perton in it. 1; •
was leizid as he was tleciniping with his lx)it\. 1 1 <
tintcnee was to have the i|u Ibon oohnarv and t xti.i-
oidinar\, in oidtr tooiili_e lum to dil'coverthe hannti
ot Ins eeinrades; aiul atttr>vaids to have, as th, ttn-
iencc lan, 'His aims, lej^s thi>.'hs, aiul niiis broke
alur up 'n a isatl'oki, to be er^ct d (or that purpo'.c,
atthepla.eot execution l\liini;ini; to this (it\, and
to remain on a wheel, with In l.ice turiuil towauK th.c
heavens, till he expiris.'
" When the time ilrew ne-ir tor i-i' t-eni -ndoii-. I'.-n-
teme i,)be exeuited, I w'.ilkul out wi:h a i^i-iukman,
to lie lie proe. Ihoii o| the iriminal. miindinL^ to re-
turn a^ t()on a' the borreaii (or ix lul; iiei ) was about
to I ei'in his oliice. M\ tiiend' 111. 1 in in n had .il-
ready |ir.li.nied a piiiture to h:m ii.iluently li'iiid;
and .IS he had no inehnatinn I-.) lKi;Iii,M it with iIut
reahiv, he ll.ud at the .mbeiiie. I lu pl.uc Jii Mivtrci
;s a lir;;" fiaiare, . apab'c ot Ihildin;.: a vill e.'n.ouii'e
otp.i<|le. ILwiVir, 1 touiiii it lilkil, lhoiii;l' not
t!;!on..id, with m.il..s and IcinaK-s, not m.h' ot'tlie vul-
'.iar dais, but tome in emlioidsiv ami lilks. They
w. re w'.dki:!^ in p.'.rtus as th 'Uidi thev only eame lo
en:o\ iIr' bsnsdi oi a;i .nul exeieil'e. I wa-. ijiiite liir-
|-)i-izekt 10 lie a muliitu.lc ot v.iun ■ ._;iil , whole d.li-
eate n-.rve«, 1 Ihould h,.\. i'lui; ..il, would have bi-en
1 ..'iiai.d at . ven the re. it d i I hum in milen, (lotkini^
'toll-, the exp.)i!i-.on e>l It, .is it tluv i.\[)ei'tesl a fiu
J'ti'tifue.
I '■ I'l-.e I'.art'o'.d was about ;o feet liiuarc, and railid
; ; 'eet ab 'V ■ the ".'round. 'I'he llake, that I'uppori.d
j 'i'le I' iner ol il, appeared thie- (eel ai'ovc the bonds,
ind had a lommon wheel o( lour ( -ct iliameter, lixeil
I bv the nave on it, a> on 11^ a.\|s. We weivex.imining
1 tliis, when the l.iricaii bro.ight l.ime ropes, and a iii-
anguiar b.ir ot iron, the inlbumeiu ot tenor. As I'oon
a^ his torch was lien on the le iil'ijd, the houles arouml
were crowdeel .it the wimhnv,. with Ipeetaiors of all
ranks and denomination--. So m ; Iter laine the <j,uards
(-in horleiiaik, w itii the criminal in a carl. He was
littid out by the borr'au, liavins; nothing on but Wit.
ihiri, and was aitemlcd by two monks, with toi-ches
11. lining in their h imls. I then attemiiitd to retire, but
. r iwd- were pislfing on nie behind, and 1 lound it iin-
polfi;de, without dangei- ot beiirj; irodd n to de.ilh.
The p lor wretch who w.as tol'tilhT I uiil;.iei! to be about
2y or ;o years ol age. 1 le ilid not wring hi, hands,
or fliew any m.iiks ot terror and contrition in tears or
tries; but looked round on th- Ipe.'tators, in a m.inner
that ha- o'len, 1 am p.rliiaded, beentalkly attributed
to unconcern, and a hardened he.iil. But it I might
iiulge by his countenanee, thou_th he looked louml, ho
l.)oked at nothing : his llioii;j,hts were h uiowed u|> ;
and that vaiant horror which ap])eared in his e\-es,
Iccincd to (hew that the t.iculties of the foul llood
alo.f
iI,(K;R/\|'irY.
lull. Tiif iii'w iiuic . r
Kil I'V ihf C'ohViiiti.iri,
)i\.. Till' liilliiwin^ .1 -
)ili,m- (i- i.l.ital l.\ ,\,i
t as a li'.c null o! ihulc
n», we Icnrnf iliui .1 in-
1 1, ^en ■.'. I Ilk ill ic tVvT,.
iM'.'Ji till (dtii', I n^ ilic
Kii)> t-r i!ic c\.>iitiiiii.
11 w.rf li>lil ;i> l.iU dvm.',
i)t l..llluioll. Bv "Tt: ' t
ivutili was rniu^i'lril i.t
• llMf Mlkllt'l (111' im, il
', ilicin 1 i..v!ii. us, aril-,',
IS lliptll.lllull 1. 1 jMOVnl-
u.isliirpii/.cil arul C.ik( r.
inl.it as a p.'ai.uit, an.l,
iiiii:rii>n, mi^lii h.\\\ u -
not t ik.ii It mill 111-- In a;l
;inii'.^ a ilaiiii ', r.>lili'n ,
ram to i(iii\t\ to iliiin.
i- /i-nii!i ; toi, aitir liav-
1 CMTV piTtoii in it, ti-
ll; uiili his l)oi>ty. 1 1 <
ion oiilmary anil i xtra-
ini todiroivcrtlK- liaiinn
iil> ti) liavi-. as th, li-ii-
tliii.'liN ami ii-ii^ l>i,.kc
LT.d il t.ir that purpoic,
'ii<;i;it; to tliis nti, aii.l
laci tii.iuil tuMaiii> liic
,r for !■!• t'rni ruloii. I, !i-
(1 nut ui;|i a liiiitkman,
iinin.il. MiiiihlinL'; to k--
ir ix I uti iu.-i ") was alioiii;
ml" i;i-,i ;inlli n h.ul al-
liiili li.!in ciitjv h iiiil ;
r.) lui^l'.K !i it Miili ihi:
p. 1 III p!,;rc ,in Miirtroi
lu>l.l,ii<: a vilt i-.niDinlir
111 it lillal, iliouni' nut
all's, not u.-.lv lit iju- vu!-
liiiilV aiul liiks. Tiny
Il 'Ui'li thcv only lamc Id
li-ii-ili;. i iva-- ipiito liir-
\Mun,' '^nl , whol'i- il.h-
11; ..I'.ni'uld have 1 i-t-ii
luiiu 111 mikn , ll'ickuv.;
It iIkv i-sps\lfj a f:i
'o f.i't Uiiiari-, and railiil
lie llaki-, iSat liipjiorl-il
c- kit al'ovc tlic- Ihiiii!-.,
tour f -CI iiianu-tiT. tixcd
lis, \\\- ui'i'i.' examining
It liiiiif ii)|)fs, .111(1 a tn-
ilient el tfiror. As loon
all'ijd, tlr.- hoiili^ armnul
s, Mith lp.ctal(ir> (if all
I 111 alicr lamc the- i^uanN
nal in a can. J-fc wa^
ving nothing on hut hi';
wo monks, uitli torclics
aattcnipud to a-tirc, but
(hind, and 1 lound it im-
lu-inj; ti-tiild n 10 ik-.uh.
iili'-r 1 judiifd to he about
id nor -.iiiiirr hi. hands
ind I'ontiition in tiars or
.•l|ic;lators, in a manmr
il, hivn la!kiy amihuicd
I hciil. But it 1 niioht
u^li hi: lookfd Kuind, Ik;
ij,his were h allowed u|) ;
, Il apjiiared in his eve-:,
;ultii-s of tin- loul llood
ulo.if
la'Roi-r.i
I R A N C F..
SOj
alo it fioiii ill l)i)Jy, even hrtoic the luoiucni of ilu ir
linal lip II It ion.
•' \\ hi II till rxcrutioiior lia I lir<iinlit him lo the
midilk- ot the It illold, If piin-cedd t > Itrip la-. Ihiri
fioin 111 a;lJU diAii to ll s »v.i;ll, .ilid t!' n lo hinil hull
to a iT'i--, 'N It appiiivil to 111 . Il WIS |)lain wli.it
illi't th. ii'Miiii" III ill'- i|ii ill III t Miaoidiii I'V luil, IS
iveiv 'I'liit was lovef'i) m h ■ 'ooij, and k wn iii-
1 .ip.il.lc III v.a!'ii:i.^. The ii'icltion 1, n n „l" \v the
l.iiiit ; I lit ' V thl^ I ini..>;ini.*llui In h it oie'i tu'. iih''d
(111 I l)cd, ml li'ine uf \\, vein- and Iij.iiv.m's Ind
liuill. 'Ill' nil i.l.s no.v h |'_,m m tal' to li 1 . ar I 1 •
r> peit I'liiu' pi.i'sTs; aiul Ic 1:1 ato 1 m ' ;, ' 'O iim
lu-'.vin toliM'^, I liippoli', .1 hvnin. All Mrs (i nc 1 1 u •'\
.;i\klf v; lenil'. a;vi.tied; hov\, I 1. 11, mil iklli" t; nw
I iilitioii- wite liiih as | nt'V.'i' f .'It lieinrc. I i ii d
mvlclt III ctiii'l iiiiiolity, and whill! lie was '..n ui;
mule anuthii aliuiipt lo git at a dilKin. 1, .i- I wa
< I. lie to I 111 I. I'k) (! ; oM iiV oinpanioii " hi iii'' 1 1 'ii'o
no' pal-i!.i II ik,a:.d (T ve iiiea |ihnl ot lu'i. ■ t'liriiik
wliie'' he h.ul taki.ii the | 11. iiition to j iii inhisp ik.t.
Ini ■ediitcly a'* the in nk "i.iiril ilur Ijiks, tli
ho re 111
lU 'l-l 111) I !<
bar 1
iilk,"
I Iii.'.' « I' liretikiiift i'lC liiiil ■, iiiltUihaiia i.iir.!;te,
wiihout a iiiifji'.' iiiiiiK IV' 111 I '.- I' .oi {iiiniiiil. I li
hur.\b '. ie.isr.4pi.l .s he euuid Uriktf them, oni (in ( ai li
k)>, ai.d tai h III. h, lu.i m cai'li aim, and two 1 n the
ribs. H.' di 11 ill. I fl-.c luaiv.di'il r.u .ile on the v. Iicrl,
\\h: il he broij^^hi torw.iiiis, .uu! plaC'd Oil the toilitr
llake, i-hiili 1 memioiKil .s pi.i. nl al ove the tialVu.d.
I Ice, '.■ itli I I. a'llll.urs, he folded eai h limb, lo thai
every IraiMure iipjiearedj and hoiiml Iiui. in tlu' maii-
n r in '.'.li > h hi .vis to be .\poteil. The monk', alie
till, '>i.f',.i:i UM '.ik ti) 111 11 aj^aiii; and what furpr''/.cd
me IV . , that '11; iiirn d In l.iad, and l.enicd able to
a:; ' d, a"d lo .'i-twer. Jn tin- liiuati.ai I thought,
aciiiMl 1.^ to iii IciiUnie, l,e\v.;sto be left toliri;j,ei nil
lie exjiired tmiu i';e .in;',iiiili o* his broken liinl - ; bui
tlie 1 liii'eau liad not \fi inewn the 1 onip.iriionate par!
til his .line ; i.ir fooii alter l-.e brou^'lit a io;)e ovsr ilie
tiii)iinir> Iveall, and llraining it, put, in .1 mii.uu, a
peri'd to iiisliic and riilcn.
" I'hc morning we kit Orleans we fr.w liim ex-
poUvl uii il.e wheel, ai the cntranec o. ;!'. lorefl, witli
I veil '"r eiL'Jit- uiil-iwenty oihei-, vviio 1' .d undei-
p I me ill', lame puniiliiiieni. This ijaii •- xei ut ion ol-.\ lite l-
I I'.eVi r w,'. heiore, nor ever '.v ill 1 le ai'.ain. .t '.] e.i.itor."
H'.,ii'.^,i..iey I- a town, fuu.Ued on liie l.oii , lue;
will his 1 Itonc bridge, about tour lea;j;iic- lelou C)r-
li'.iii'. '111. tuuiuil who liiviaeed L.evii. XI. fi..iM
lileaiior iitiicb of (juiiiiiu, who w.is alt. rward 111. .i-
r: li til Fkiiry II. ol EiiL:,lanil, I. it in thi . tii.vn; in
mIikIi t!;£ri' i- nov, a maiiutaclorv ot leri.',e , .iiul oiinr
vo If ■! iKill's.
In the duliiei i-illed .S .logm- are
Romorcniiii, the lapital, eiglii l.agi't-- i.'rii Hi i- to
t!;i I )ii[!i. Heu- i-. a manut.ictor) ol li-H;e- :uu' wo 4-
kii . ioiii.
/\'iliii_;ny, a lilt! ■ to'in '-n tlu Wrrcs.
Siil.i , a In. all tmin on ili." Ijilre.
In Chartrain, 01 Ikaii' e Proper, wliiih is 14 leag.ufs
ion!?, and 11 broad, tl.e only plaecof n.ne is Chartrcs,
I4l.ague< froml'.iiis to the loutli-v\ill, and 1^ troiu
Or'eans t() the norih-wett. It llanils on the l-'air. ;
and eontains levei.il chundie--, betides th.- catliedial.
wliiih h.as a very high and handloine lle-Mile. Ii i- a
billi'ip's lee. The ihiel trade ot I ,is tinvii is in lorn.
1 lie ^rove ot ihiiids, meiuumed by Julius Cxfir, w.i-
ti!i a hill near this town; and there is (hewn, in the c.i-
thedial, a well, into wliuh aj^ieat many C'iuiilians
weic iluou'ii [is order ot the Proeonttil (Jueriniib. In
the new iliviiion or l-V.-Mue, Ch.utiain is tiie thief town
in the department of liuic and Loire.
The other towns o| this diib id are Honneval, N'o-
<;enl le Roi Gallardoii, and Maiiueiioii; wliieh lalf
gave the title of Maithionels to Madame l-'iam es
trAubigny, milbefs of Lewis XIV. and widow of the
ctlcbiaicd French poet Scanon.
Dimois u bound. d on iheeall by Orlcanois, on the
foiitk by Hl.iliiif, 011 the well by Neiidoiiioi , and "ii
ilic noith by iht l.e!lcr I', itlie. It is about n L.ig'i s
111 liMi'.ih, .;nd livuioi t ;lit in bnailtli.
T ns lounty I- vi..uiLt| by I ur iivcis, tin I, .i.e.
llieComo\, ill iM'ie, .i,,i! Ilic Unoe.
Liiae iii-Diiii irilu lapnaioi line, only n' Dunoi-,,
I'ltv.iiO 1 an ,Cliiii.e-, K.ois, ..m'. '\\ i.(t'»nK ; mnc
k.ii',ue dillari koni thi ihii', iiiil.ai' "veil .iota tlie*
fill. It n .III antient cin, in v. '1 . d ti i.(. r- a tattle
buili by tlic foiuio ut Don n.v, i.u,..' o, 1 .I'l'iucvlle.
Intneiallii is .1 • I apel, in Alne 1 .tri- th. uhiiDs t'llie
piilitt-ot the II i.te o! l.orjiiii , ille. I'licre a''.', Itl
ill toiiii, kverai I hull hcsj luiides lour ' 1 ihekil.uri-i"!,
> lull ,ir. laiger ih.in the it\. 'l im dtltri, 1 p.o.di.-es
w 111, Corn, ai.il liiiii. Tluy alio make euir I1...CJ
apil in toiiie puis ot ilin ilhiiKi .ire ir inuUriories if
v^O'illtn llutt-, wliieli they leh at rouis, Ofit-.m , ami
I'aiii..
.Marthcnoir i-a tiiiall lif bi-n-. m .he t.oir ind the
l.oiie. N.ai ilii'. t:iy i- .1 thiiuh, diditaitd i 1 Si.
L.on 111.
\ indonioi-. Contain^ nophiiC wertli iiu-mioniiig but
V'endonie, on tiie Loire, li kaiue. well oi ()ii an-,
wli.ch has .m uI:Ley, a fUegi', an hofpiial, and a l.k
gian.ay.
In rirtlie-fioii t, an- the I'mall villafrei of B'-oti,
La U.ilo. lit, Montiuirail, Auf n, .uid lla.kive, whieli
e.ivi- n.:ii:e to as man b.ironie-, bcl.ir.' the levcilu'i on.
Iii. 11- 1. ilniil.d into l ppir and Lower, and is
bounded on tile louih bv liei ry, on the iionhln Beauce,
on llic eail i y (^il .uiois, properl;. lo taleil, and na
the vu-it by 'rouraine. 1 he only to.vii ot note is
Blois, the eapitil, whence the louniry deiivc. if<j
naiiu. A line, aniienr, and tommertial riiy. It
liands on the Loire, over wluek it luis a tlone bridL^c.
iJUis IS 12 Icau'ifs from Urlean-^ u the liiuili-wiil.
Here arc leviial elm elus, and a lekbiattd eatlle.
It 11 the lieot a bilhop. I'li. inli.il)iiaiit- are fiiil to
l[>e'.k the 1 timh lan-iiage ingn.it purity. In the
..iliie ar • llawn ili. chamber, where the "hike of (iuile,
and III iirodiu, ihe . udinal, were murdered, in 1 ;S!j.
'I'ne lount- ol B'jis weie ancicntlv the molt piwciful
lorda in I'laiiee. kom- kagues from the loun, to the
north-eali, r the oneeioy.d palace ol Chambnrd, on tl-c
I link- livir Gallon, in the n.iildle ol'.i Ijiteiouv park,
I well Ifoekid wiili dter. I> palate 1 leikontd tl,c
i lii.eii |iiete ol ( iot hie arehiiec' life in kiante, and \\.\%
I ! mil In l'iai:eis L \\<:w Stanillaus, the dctliroiied
, km .-1 I'lluiil, rciiiled ibme vears; and here marlh.d
^.\e, in wliom till king had conferred the pal.ue,
oied III 1 73-: -A- liid his heir the eount de Friefc, in
, 1, ;3. In ill.' new il,\iii,,n of I-Vanee, Blois i. ilie
I cine! toun in the ikpariment ot Loir and Clir.
j There are llveral otiier pal.iees ir this dirinci, ami
I ..llo tevei'.d Inial: towns. \Ioi.tari;is, betore llie revo-
I lution w.,s a dukfiki 11, lKl.,ngiiig t.i the duke ot Ik'-
. Ieaii>; Chaiillong; C'ii..ieau Kei;nai-il, on tl.e Oinine,
Containing; a manul..eMory ot u aile uoollcn cloth; St.
l-'aigeau; andO'liie, on llie Loiii, v.hieh lias loine
. iron works in u;e neiglilxi'.irho nl.
I TheCioveinnient of N'iveiinois, is bounded on tho
loiiiii by Ueiuri' innois, on tiie noriii . y Ci.uinois and
I Auienois, on the well b\ Bi.rry, and on the eill by
I Burgundy, being about lu le:'.gucs in extent both w,i\s,
a-i it is iie.ii'h oi a uri-ular term, and yiekli.ij, com,
wnie, truii, wooel, piieoil, iron-ore, and miiijral
ipiinp,-. The m- Il barren and mountainous par; of it
, is ilic dillricV of ^k)r^■anr. It is watered iiv everal
rivei'-., of wiiieli tlir.e are navig.'.i'le, vi.'. the Loire,
the Allier, and the Yonne.
Nevers is the tapit.il of the provinee, and t.ike*
] its name from the rivulet Nie\re, in l.aiai Niveris,
j whlih, with the Allier, falls near die toun, into the
I Lone. 1 kre arelcveraleliunlus, w i'li maiuitaetories
I ot glaf--, white-iron, and earthen-ware-, and a ll.ueiy
Hone bridge over the Loire. '• is the fee ot a biikop.
About
If
If '
S
I
¥.
mJ ijii
I': 1
■!H|i ■■ ' IM
♦ ¥^1*
^
;ii!t'» I-
I
A NFAV, ROYAL asd AUTIIF.XTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL CEOf.RAl'KY.
7u +
Alvnil two IcasiiH shorn liiiui.-, at ilu- vill.ij^c ot I'ou- (
gi-. Ill till' lo.ul to I'.ui^ i;. .1 iioti'd iimK-i.ll lpriii;j,. In
ilu- vxw iluilion ot l''r.ini.\-, Ncwis is iln.' iliKl touii in j
ilu' iU'|vi!tni.tit of Nit-'vif. ;
0:i iIr- o'litv \:Ac >'! ilii.- V"niu' is I'.intcmir, .1 !'•:-
l\y.\^\\ or lii.u.ih ol Cl.imciv, uli.'iv, ln-loif lli,- itvo-
K.iion, u:isiIk- (iv oLi liilli. !>, tlilnl liillu.p ot Bitli-
IlIkih; I>c\:h.u Kunicr, bill> iji of Ik'tlil L.iii, in I'.i-
K'.lr.v.'. iKinj; u!!i;jul to iiuii th.U coimliv in iit-o,
K lloAfvl Cliiv, (.-uut ol Ni-\.i-, ii'.'u li.UKc, aiul l;.i'J
a fm.iil lMl!ui|iicafik',iK\l liuu luic.
I^.. Cli.i.iU' [I'ok lis ninu t'loin the- pri-at li!ii'i:ilitv
cx-.iului h.a- lo:nu-rh i..v,.iia- p) m' ikm|i!c anJ \v\-
grinis In- the moiiks ot C!iinv, ulio li.i>l Iv.if a ii' li
prion. It islituateil on tin.- iii.JiMt\ o! an nill, win ii
by ,ii: I'A N dcl'ini, inlvanci-s t ■ ilic iivo. L .iiv , o\.r
wlutli t'.urc lb Ikiv a lino itoni- Inui. .. I: lias a l.r,;;,c
ni.iik(.t-p!ai.i., and liwr.il ..IuikIks
Tlic (i iwrnniont <•! l?t(i.'Ri'.os%ois is 'o.^iiiiikd ":\
tVx WKvU by AiiNOj,!'.!.-. on t!ic ii -I'.li b\ li.ny ;'.in!
N.\.:no;s oi\ tlu' >.a;l in IJui^iin'ly an 1 \ u'/, .;: d
on thf well b\ I'ppi-T M...c:i-. It i- ;o :• .;|;ai.s loi';';,
2 broad, fiiiitfulin lo;: , wiiij a:;d p,..iuiagf; aiv.! is
wat.-Kd Dv tho Lon.-. Al;.!', a-dClk''. bnnu it.
an.ient duke-. L.juisXVl. tiiu la;i kiiiii, .t 1-raiK.',
wa^ dtlVtiKbd.
Moi.lin-, tlic iapit.\l, o-^ tlic Allicr, avciwd its nan-,.'
from tlic luiin.iovis milN m its Mci:ya\. li toiuair.s
li viial cii'ialifs, 1- t'.c lie ■ t a b llup, an 1 i.a- mami-
t'actoiii.- ot hardw.iK, .ion, !' .tl, t\>.. .uul is, upon tli-
whole, a handloiv.c ii"pulou. io.mi. In one ot the
ehureh.- i- the ma'initi'.ent tomii ot duke Henry 11. ot
Montni Menci, w!io tell a laerill e to I'.'.e relentnieni
ot eaidinal Richlnu ; a'.d ivai the t. wn there is. in .al-
niiral>le mineral IpriiiL!^. In the new c'.i\ iti -n ol liaiui ,
Miuhns is the eaji.tai of the dipaitment «.: Al!i. :.
Bou.bon le Arthainbaud, live le.i;i,:.s weft ot Mou-
lin-, is remarkable tor its ir.ine.al w.ueis, hot and
coid, and for llones relemliliiig diamonds, wiu^h will
cut glal's, uliiJi aretound m tiie lo. ks near ihet 'w;i.
MmIU Lti<,:i.:, near the Cher, with a lb n. bruLe
over that liver, ha- leveral ehurJi.s. .v.A ,m holpu.il;
and a n, :ij,hbcurin^ m.uket loAn, r.amed N'ti;-, li.li
foliu e.\eelleat hut Uiths.
The Government of LiONVOT'; contains th.eprovinec-
of Li'-im.ois, I-'t /,a:i 1 iVau'.<l'>;s; and is biamded fj
l!ie nortli b\ Ma. oinv '.s and liuidund'. ; to the l.uith
bv \';\ar;is and Vel.i ; t.> tic eall the S.iane and the
Rh .ne pan it troiii Hull'e .■■iu\ Danphihe; ami t.. the
\<er. li loniii.at.- on Avi\e'ii,n:-. It pi.d.u.e- corn,
wne, and truu , pan leuLuly i M '. I'eiil eiielnut-, w lUi
pit-coil an.l iiiiiiLial Ipriiic^s; ..ndab'Ui lour Lak:ues
lri)Mi L' ons i- a mine ol lojip. r ,uid \ liri.jl. 1 lie piin-
eipal riveis i.t die pr.A iiue .i:e i!ie Rlune, il;e S ^aiie,
and the Loire. j
Li.mn .:s prop. r!v ibeillo.!, i- tw. Ive Ica^iKS long,
a;u! l^ven broad. Aiuienilv u w.isiub'cci either to
i.nin'-, Ol t.i the .uJdjiih j) and i Inj.!. r ..1 Ly.in- ;
but m th. ye.ir iVi;> 'lie' umkhstjon d.volv.d to
llieeii\n. The only pl.iemit w.rtli d-- lei i' .in^ is
1,' .n-. honi whieh it t.ike- its luiin. , and whkli is
one.. I '' e tin.lLind ni'll i.iiill.lcra'.ile iitie . in Europe.
Jl W..S ',,M idi.d ab 'Ui 4J years bef ire Chrill, io' n alter
til.- aliaihhitin .il Jului- (.'.i-iar. Heic are Liur i;at.s
l'.,xlin_ii, I'.ihe |..urj;i at i.iad-. Iia.^d bv A..!,iip|).i.
li ^ands at i!ie .onllu.x ol ihe Rhone .mel S.iane, ami
hadthcLitm n.ime ot Lu.'.ilunum, trom a pl.iee ot
the Giuls tint ihi id upon i lull htrcabuuts, and wa>
tailed Liiv;,.iun, i. e. the Hll ol Ravens. There- aie
(111! lome rem iins ni tlic li.itely buildings vviih whieh
the R.imans adunedthis (.ity, n.iw ihc Iccond ot
I";.ime, having tw.) tine Iquaies; in one of which w. is
an iquclbi.m llitu.' ol brais .jt Lewi-, Xl\'. Here aic
a i.i.vii-iiou'.c, ,1 iMDie done bridge I'ver the Rhone,
wii.i iw) III w j.^d ,ind one ot llone, oVlT llic Soane,
u ureal iiUiiiUer ul i-haiches, bcliJci llie LaiiitJial, lour
I'ubiirbs, lix i;,ite-, :!n ex. hani.'e, an obl'ei v.itor\', a pub-
lic library, tliiee holpit.ils, ,;n aiicnal well furn;lliu!
with imhiarv lloies, and h,ivin;j, thie.' tort-. It is n.'t.d
tor m inut.ictories ot ^oM .md li;\ ^r lliiil-, ij, lil and li!-
\erl,Kv,, uul liik- ul .dlloi'.s. The areh'iilbop of
L\,ins, bet.'ie the levo'uiion, had leMial otlier aieii-
bilhops and billiop- ir.inuih iie'\ tiiboidinale to hini.
H- lliled Inniul; (...uiu i.l Lyon . l!e the conlti'ut; n
loi 11111.1 111 ■7'i'-., 1' )i:s |, -II ,\r. hN:ih .j lie, and C'le:-
nvnl, ,Si.l-ioiii, Le I'l.), Vivieis, (ii.. no',i|e, lii Ike,
and /Viiaiti aie iu;li.ii;,int?. The eiiviions ol this e it y
•lie very iiie.il.uit ; ami it is ad\ai'.t.ij;oiu!ly li'.u.U.d t r
tiaile lor an inl.ii,.! town, but its lliefts ate narrow, in
the lown-liouf. is ,.;'. a'l.i.nl p.laie o,t btai-, on whuli
is in.'MVed i;u oMiioii whiih the eiiip. i. .r C'i.iiulu s,
wimi lie w.is ceii:"i, deluered bel"ie the R..m.in Ur...te
111 oehall oi t:,_ > .11/. nsolL\.:;.-. iiilhenew i!ivill"U
.'t I- ranee, Lvons .:. liie clue' town in the ckpartiiuiu
oi Kli,>iiL .md L. lire.
I'oie/. I- divided lilt 1 Lpjier and Lower, and had lor-
lueily counts ol Us own i tnii intheiiar i^;:, l-ian-
lis I. annexed it to tir uowii. It i- .i huge triuitul
ealk'., v,.4i^i. ,1 iiy till. l,.iie. .uid le\ ti il oii.ii Imaller
rivers, and i.i ik its n..n'.e iK.-ni tin t.iwn an, iendy
c.illed i-oru:;i Sei;uii.in .i u;ii, a;,d lui \ feiii-, or f.':-,
a lin.ih pl.ii.e wiueh Ib.iuis on th. I.oiii, ,iiid li.is ,i
luiphuious Ipiin^ ne.ir it. '1 iu . i:,ei towns ot ihis
countv are
St. I'.tieiie. del-ir.,ins, a popul. .us low n on the riu r
I'ur.ii.b, w!uieis a c..iii:ilei.ibie li,i.ie. .md .i iiimu-
t,Ktor\ ol Ine-.iiins, and i.lh.er \'. , iks ol iron and iK J.
Roaiuie, • ;i the Lone, from ihi- plaee the iiui-
I h.,nts ot Lvonsionvey lluir ^. oils to le\Lial ji.uls
ol branee.
B.aiii"loi- is a.lillrii'". lu'ar li'e Soane, tcnleaoues in
kiii^^th, and V ijiht in breadth, and istertiK. llsi.ipi-
lal, \ ille l-i.l:eht, is liuiaied on the .M.iran, and
e.'iu.uns a giaii.iry ol lali, an.l .in .i. ..deiiiy u! pouic
lil. i,.!ure.
Th. Governm.nt . I .Aevr.rcNi , is b.ainded..ii the*
b ulli bv the Ce\eniKs, . ii ilu- iv I h b\ Bourbonnois,
on tiic call bv I'oie/., .iiid on the w. ll bv Liiuolin,
Q;_ierey, ,'.nd La M.irehe. il i- .\ Uagu.s 1< ni:. ;.t
1)1.'...!, and i',>uiid inio L'pper ,,i.d 1 . iwer. llu'
i,\ei- are the Ahkr, the l)ar.j,.'i;ne, and die Al,ii;n, ii ;
ill.- inaiuilaciuie- l:lk , liuli-, ilolhs, la, is, iion-
wi'ik--, paper; and the piodmc loiii. wine, ciltle,
clietle, eoals, ki. In Upper Au\ iij^tie aic
^l. I-"lour, llie capital, which i- I'luiled .it llie hiot
ol Mount C.intal, oi.e ol ih.c 1iijj,Ik1i in ,\i,verij,ne.
Il took IIS name I. .1111 that oi .i biilioji, who h.ivi; li,
lome liilur In m Eangiied.oi to |.|,.; h the uo'pil i.i-
waiils the end i<l the lnuitli e.ntiiiy, di.d, au.l w.is
buriidher.. Ill the I.e .il a billup. 1 k re i- .i r .ii-
liderablc tiafii. k ii i_\e:'.nd imilis, as w ell as in knis e;,
I larpet', and i h. s. In the new div.lioii ol l-;.inie,
I ,M. 1 1 'Ur, is the ilikl to.Mi in the liepaiur.enl ul (. ,m-
tal.
/Xurillac c. .mains maiuil.iCl.iiie- ol lajieiiiy and l.ice,
a l.illle, \e.
In L.ower Auveigne are
Lleiilk in, the lapit.il ol the wli..K- province, fitiul-
tid near llu mountain lalleil I'ui ile 1 ). in.iik , 14 U.ii;ii. s
trom M. Eiour to the iiotth, b.iwixi the iivcis Ankr
and Bedat. It wa- built l^ the em|)eior Augulbis,
and theme wa- aiieitnlly called Augullotuiiieiuin, or
Au^ulloiiemolum. 1 leie aie lev ei,,l . huu Ins, l-i luhs
tl.i' i.iihcdral. It is the lee ot .1 i..lhop. In ii.e n i;.'Ji-
bouihood ol ihe lown aie level, il p.iiihinsi lpiiiij^!,s;
on, ..t which, 111 the lul uib o' Si. Allire, h.is loin.eil
.1 lolkl lock, and u kind ul bi d;;e, umUr wiii.h I ho
millet ot l-iiida.ne paths. Ol ilu- n.itur.il i uuoliiy,
.uid ol the liiwn itKl', we li.ive the lollowilisi an urate
.uid autlieniic aec.iuni Irmii an iiineiiious iKUeller.
" The litualion ol Lleiiliout Is :ip,;ecable, ini .1 lilllo
eiiur nee, to which ihe.u.ei r j;r.idual and e.ilv. 1 he
jiUcc Kicll lecius to have Ijc.n built m an age i c moll
bailMtoUli
T
in All
on the
and
m iin
.iiiil L,
oils,
rye,
.See.
rners
In
Lli
ihe e
liilhoj-
narro.i
lijiiin
p. lor.
uoolli
Rom. I
divili.
X .RAl'I [V.
, an ol)t(.i vitcrv, a pi.li-
ancii.ii H\'ll fu;n:llit,|
tl-.K-. t>)rt~. It iv ii'iUil
;\.r lliill'-, ii.'lil ;inil li!-
.. Tilt arcli'iidioj) ot
la'l lt\ti.il Mtlicr aiti;-
.'\ to.uiiilm.uc CD '.;!n.
I . l)v ilif coiil'u;'.it:'<n
IV, li'^'ih '1 i:c, aiul Ck-i-
\ H.;s, ( il, l;i)I<ll, Ik III V,
hv iMVM'n^ 111 lii'.s lily
.\::\ ii.v.iii!!v li:i: ilvi! t r
IC> I'.Kfts ail n.'.riow. hi
•Lut; ot hi.ii^, on wlm li
i!k- ciiip.iur Clauiiu:'-,
Hi'Mf ilic Runiaii kn.ac
ij. Ill I Ik- nc'A ilivili'Mi
Uns ;i in the ikp.uuii. I'.l
a;ul Lo^vcT.and !;ail l->r-
II the \iar I T ;2, 1-1. Hi-
ll. It Is a laipc trii;!tiil
.'.nd livtial otiu i l;iialii;i
i.in ill.' t.iAii ail' iiii.ly
,11, d n.i \ l-iaii-, i.T I'ln-,
1 iIk I .11111 . ,ilnl li,is ,1
1 IK , 11.11 tuu n,s ul ll.is
)piilnis tc'u n on tlu' liw \
b'lc iKulf. ami a in lau-
r u.>rks ot iron aiiil iKi I.
■roni ilii~ plate ilic nur-
ir g. iulb to tcMi.il jLiris
tl'i- Siianc, tcnli-ni^MU", in
and ij t -1 till . li w ,i|ii-
iid on iliL- Moran, aiul
lu! an ai .idtiiiy ot [lolito
•.ncNi , ;■- h' iindi'd "n tin'
•X II' I h l'\ Boinlioiinois,
on ti.i u\ ll liv Liiiiolin,
It I-- 4 ' liagu^s ll lit'. vT
'[ipia- and L/iwir. 1 Ik-
;;"g[u', ami tiic Alagiioii;
ll]-, ilollis, Liiis, 11 ou-
tline loni, \uiH', caitle,
er Aii\ ii^ne aie
.:ili I- I'ti. lied .It ll.i- toot
he Infill. 11 111 .Xi.verene.
o< .1 I'llliop, ulio ii,i\ i: i;
ll to I'l... ll tlu uo'l I. I to-
:i n iitiiiy, ill. d, and was
a billioii. 1 lire i-- a c ni-
miks, as \\ell as in kinv i;,
new iii\ ilion ot 1 ai'i e,
in tlu- dep.uiir.eiil ot t .iii-
loiii- ot lapeliiy ami l.ice.
the wliiiK' proviiuc, litua-
I'lii lie DoniiiK , 14 ii.ii;ii.s
, ll. twixt the iivi IS AiiKf
I ^ till eilipeioi Aiij;iittiis,
llleil Aii^ultoiKiiieium, or
lie leMi.il I hull his, hi Inks
ot a hiitlio|i. in iiie n i;i,li«
eveial iKliilMiiti tiiiiii^',s;
1 o: Si. Allire, h.is ;oi li.eil
I lii:i';>,e, under v. In, h I ho
( )t r.ii iiitur.d I III lotii\,
lave the IoHowiiil:, an iir.ile
0111 an iiu;eiiioiis iia\elkr.
.1111 is .;j;;eialik', on a liiili:
el- i- (;r,ii!iial and e.ilv. 1 ho
e.ii buih ill aa age 1 <■ iimtl
1-41 1 Ml on:.
EUROPE.]
barbarous. The flrcef .irc to n.irnnv and winding tiiat
no carriage can enter tliem, and the Iniiidin^s eorre-
f]iond :o tlie other jiarts; but, to eomjienlale for tiic
intonvcnience, tlie liihiirlis are cli irij-in;^', and tlic
luHites t-i-iodern and ciei;.inr. I viliied, this niornini\,
the pctritvin;'. Ipriiig wiiiel- Ciiarles IX. is (aid to liave
tiirvejid with lo iinith wonder and piealuri'. Il i-
only a t]uarier of a mile tioiii the town. In ths'iinirl'e of
aiies it lias tornicd a ridj^e of lloiic. or inenill iiion, not
lets than 1(1 k\t 111 hcii;lit, almve 100 teet 1 mi;, and, in
foiue i)arts, near 10 in tliii knefs. As il impeded, and,
at li-ni;,tli, totally tlopped the current of a little rivulet
wliiili interlei'led iis coiirfe, the inhabitants were
oliliged to ilii' a pall'a^^r t!ii-oiit:,h it. Thi- llrcam is now
ilive *ed into anoiher eliannel, and has licgun to form
a ncu Inidgi' aeiuti the rivulet into whii li it tails." In
the year loo^ pope I'rhan held a conn il lure, wlun
the till! crulade was relolved on. It was compotcd ot
6DO,coQmen; iheir ehiet was (iodfroi ot Bouillon. In
the new diviiioii ot iMamc, Clermont is ihe i imttown
Ml the dcpartni; nt of I'liy ilc Dome.
Riom, two Ic.igues from Clermont to the north, i-
the pl.uc wliere the ancient dukes ol Auvcryir u!ed
to keep their court. At prelent here ue Icvcal elunchrs
with aiollepe; and the neia,hi-/i'uring lounirv is to
pLaiiini, thai it is ealkd ihesjai den o^ Aiiveriuie.
Near Aii\iu'-I'erte. .ilmalltown, ilie < :\]nial of the
(luihe ot Montpenlier, is alpiini];, which boils, vio-
leiitlv, and makes a n iife like water ilirown upon lime;
•and yet is cold, and without any rcm.lrkaMc tade.
Tliiers, or Tliiern. has the gieatell variety of ma-
nufa.'i ores, antl the inotl trade, ot any to.vn in Au-
vcrs;ne.
Ai Unoude, a verv ancient lown on tlie Allier, is a
very I xtraordinarv biidiie. luppoted to Iv a wnik ot'
the Roman--, beiiii; vcrv' Ion;; and loft\, but ot inily
one arch, which retls on two hi^',h mountain-. The
town took its iume tioii: the bridge; Briva, in the
language ot the Cjauk, lit;niiviiii; a Biid;.;e. To dit-
lingiiitli this lion-i another linall town in the nci;;hhoiir-
liood, of the t'lnic name, it is c.dled Veillc Hriomle,
i. e. Old Hrioude.
Near the tin.ill towns ol Vli-lc-C-imte anil .Artonne,
in I .ower Au\ei-i!,nc, are mimral water-; as tlie.e ;uc
alio al Moiii d'Or, or the (ioldm Mountain, which
is the highelt in Aiivirgne. At \'ic-le-C'omie is a
thap..!, and a tine palice built by the duke ot Al-
ii. inv, u'..o was of the royal tainily ot Siotl.iiul, and
viierov of ih.u kinL;iloni iluring tlie iniiioriu ot
janies \'.
The fioverniiient of Limosin i- bounded ontheeafl
bv Auvergiie, on the well by Anij!,ouiniib and IV- iii^onl,
on the toiith In Q|ieiey, and on ihe north by I'oitou,
and La Merclie. It is 25 leagues long, and near as
minv broad; the whole Ix-ing divided into I'pper
and L, 'wer. The I'pper parts are coM and mount ,111-
oih, tlu- I ^ower warm and truithil; the iiroduc.- beiiis^
ly.-, barley, buik-wheat, chetiuit , o\en, cows, hoii: s,
\c. alio lead, tin, copp. r, iron, and tleel. The
rivers are the N'ienne, ihe \'i/.ere, and the Dordti.jie.
In I'pp.-r L.imolin ire
I. mioses, on the Vieiiiie, (>; li'ai?,ucs t'oiith ot I'aiis,
the ca'piial ni the whok government, and the te,' ol a
bitliop. It Is a lari^e and ancient cil\ . 'I"he tlieets are
narrow iiul the houtes mean, but there arc li veral line
lilii.ires and touni.iin'.. The people in general are verv
poor. 1 lere are ma'iukkUires ol p.ip^ r, leather, and
uoollen cloihs; tour aiiuediu'ts, i oiilbuiied by the
Romans, and other ii ruiin- ol antii|uitv. In the new
ihvilioii ot I'lam.-, I.imogcsi^ the capital ot the de-
jiartmeni ot Ijppcr \'ieniie.
.St. rw'jonird, on the X'leniie, i oniains a chapter, and
ininiilailones ol paper and cloth; and St. Irie/, on
the Itle, h.ith likewile a cliapier uui tome eontiderahle
Jroii mines m tho neighbonrhood.
Chains, a iinvn and callle liiuaied at the t'pring ot
die Tardouerc, one of llic livers tli.il fall iiuo the
No. 79
FRANC K.
nc:
Charente, is fix lea,7:U'.'s dillant from Liitioc!;cs to the-
north-wed, 'I'his little city has the title o' a county
or earldom, and belons^ed tormerly to the vi'coiints ol"
L-inioges. It ha|ipencd that a gentleman ol I.imofin
found upon liis ellate a trcaliiio, whirli had been buri-
ed there nianv ages beiore. Il .onlill d of the ll uiies of
an emperor .uul his eoiitorl, lilting round a la'ilc willi
iheir (hildren, the whole h.iiii; ot lolid I'old. Richard
I. king of I'-iiLiJind, ulio w.is theii mallei of Li^noiin,
preieiided that the trealiire liekopgiu to h-m as love-
reign lord of the country whcie il was fuind. The
gentleman was willing to give him par! of it; liiit I'.c-
ing that the king c!:<imed tin- whrh, , he I'lipl irnl the
protection of the vilcoiml of L.iiii lin, who give hini
leave to take taneiuary ni his caitle ol Cl;.diis. Rii li inl
going to b.ti. ge the place, was \ioundi d with an arro-v
lliot b\ a cri'fs-bow-man, ,ind died ot the Wiiund .April
'i, 1 190. There is a fui-ious horle fiir kept liere every
year on St. (ieorgc's da\'.
In Ixjvver Limolin are
Tulle the capital, at the conflux tif the Corre/c
and Solan. It is the fee ot abilliop, and is furioiind -il
by mountains. In the new divilion of France, Tulle
is the chief town in the department of Cone /e.
Brive had its name troni its 1 rid,-',e; and Turellc,
fnui f.-aguc' from Tulle, was the ca; iial of a vif ouiU) ,
.ind txlonged to the tamih o. the duke of Boi..llon.
The C;ii\ernmrnt of La MARciir is bounded on
the tiiiiiii by Limotin, on th - ny:h bv Berry, on the
well bjr Poitou, and on tlie eil. i^y Auve-gne; iieing
about 22 le.igues from eatl to wet, an.t .S oi- 10 from
norih tolouih. It is watered bv the Vie: :k, the Cher,
the Crciit'c, and the Gariem|ie; and is not only fruit-
ful in corn, but proiluccs win.-.
Ciueret, il;e eapit.,1 of t!ie province, is lifuated in
the I'pper Maiehe, on the river ( lart.uvjc. It is a
hilhop's fi-e. Here is an hofp't d. Am; .mv Virillas,
ihe hillorian, was horn, and loiimleda com n', liere.
In till new diviii.ni of hVanee, Ciiierei is die liue; t,iwa
in the department of Cieule.
Aubuli'on, on the river Creiite, has a maninaitory
of tapetlrv.
The fnivernmcnt of Brun y is lioumicd on the fouth
bv Bourbonnois and Maii ke, on the north In Orleanois,
and on the well by Nivernois ; its greatell length be-
ing about 35 leagues, and iis brer.dth about 2S. Its
name, and that 01 its capital, Bourges, are derived
from the ancient Riiuriges, lurn.imid Cubi, to dit-
tlnguilli tlum from the oiht'i- Bituriges, called \'ibilci,
who were iliofe of Boiirdeaux. The air ot tl;i- p'-o-
viiKc is temperate, and ti.e foil iiuiilul, pr-iduiing
ulieat, rve. wine, good truit, agreatikaloi flax anil
hemp. ..lid km |uiiiii\, lioili tor Iheep and black cat-
lic. Neil \ iti/iiii is. I mine ol ochre, and ne.ir Bour-
nes a-e ipianies ot t'lon.-. Here are teveral ri\ers, the
ehief of w liich are ihe l.,oie, t.i,- (.'eiii., the Cher,
ilic L,ari.'e and Lell'er Siuilie, tlie liulie, :Iic Orroii,
ll e Aiireil -, the Mi ul .n. and tlie F.vre. Tiicie is
.illo a lake, called the lake 01 Viliieis, uliiih is pielty
I ige. '1 111- provime li.ui f. rmeily counts and vi(-
einints ot its own; bill, in ihe reign ot I'liihp I, it w;is
united to the crown. The principal places in it are
Bourges, ancienih Bituri 1,^, and Biiu'ica-, and alio
Avaricum, ilu- c.ipital of ili- \ihole piovince, liliiated
at ihe conflux o; the f'.vre wiili the Alton, and other
iiNulets, iS ir.iics lioni l>ri^ans to 1, e fbuih. ll is o!
largeextent. Thecountrv round i. dry boggy. He.o
area cathedral, fever. il cluiciies, an elegant eh:i! el,
I ailed Hol\ Cli.ipel, a very aiu lee.t univeilitv, .'.ul n
palace, built liy joim, tlui-e of B. rry. A leiv i.iiid-
tiiiiie tipi.tres, aiui a ll.iicly town-houle, embeKilh the
ciiy. A tine p.ihue belongs to the a ehlnlh-ip. In
the new divilion of biaiiiC Boui'ges is the i liiet ti.An ill
ihe depart iiicnt ol Cher.
lllinidim, on the Thiol-, lix le.igues well of B.nirget,
has Icverali hurdles, two hofpitais, and a c.ilUe. 1 he
,0 K toAii
f!,l II
v.i
«. »;
-ill
If ! I
H . 1
>\
1 ^ ; '
-;
m.i:
lit:
1 '■''
866 A NEW, ROYAL and ArTIlK.N'TIC SYSTFAl of I'NMVl'.RSAL ClF.OfiRAl'IIY.
town li.i-- k-vcr.J m.viiuia^'loiic^, aii.l Ionic tr.ulc in
jimbcr.
Dim-U-Roi, i)i\ tlu- Aiiron; :\t\d Cli laauncut, arc
towns 01 liiilc n.itc; Mchun, on tli. l'.\\\, lia^ a c.illli.-
built by Ch.iiks Vll. in whicii lie (laiwd himli.li lo
lUatli, for tear of hciug poilunctl ; ami \ir/,on, ori tlu-
Evrc anil Cher, contains Itveral loavcnis, with an
abbcv anil a colKpi".
Aul'ignv. on the N'cvic, i : lea .tic-. Uni;!i ot HHirgs.
is well torniicil, anil ha- a c.illlc. 'I'his town, iiniil
the revokiiion, pav\' ilic tiile ot ihikc aiul ]k\{ ol
France to ilie family of Lenox ihikc of Ruhiuond in
Jingland. The lillc wa- i;uen In 1 ..wis XIV. lo one
of kinu Charlc-'s nllllreHc^ who was (he niocncr of the
firtl duke of Richnionil. The jireU lu duke, a lew
years lince, atiendcil perlonallv ni the paiiianient ot
Faris, ami res;ilieri.d Ins title.
Flcniichnient, live leagues noitli ot Bourges, con-
lain- a c.ulle. Sin errc.on ihe Loire, wa- the iMoperty
of the houl'e o[ 15 imbon C>;ule. La Chatrce, on the
Indrc, appertained to the prince ol t'ondc; as did
Chateau-Roiix, 15 league- north of Rourge-.
At Argenton, a town on the Cieule, 18 leagues
fremi Uourgts, is a ci'lle<;e for polite literature, wiih a
ihurcli.
Tiie Government ot Touhaini: i- bounded to the
tbuth by Berrv and Foitou, to the north by ih. river
Maine, to the welt in A'l; lU, and to the eal l)y Or-
leanois; its greatell breadth bciiv^ about i>. Ic,u.',ues,
and its length 24. It is watered by I'everal rivei', the
duel of whii ii are the Loire, thr Cher, the Creulc, aivl
the Vienne. The climate is verv mild, and the loil
in geneial, fertile. In tlu- countr\ of N'oyeis are mines
ot ir^m and cpper. Tins proMUee had iornicriv
counts of it- own; but, in 1 '02, wj,- united with the
crown; and, in i.;:>'\ was r.iikd to a duked .'ui and
peerage.
Tours, the capital of ihe province, wliitii alfj takis
its name from it, is liLuainl on the Lone, i'\er which
there i- a tine l>iidL;e. Here are tevcral churches, an
academv, and it is tae lee ..i a i.ilhop. It is a lari;e and
anck'it CUV, anil ha- a pull'- ualk in the center of
the town a mile in Lng'.ii. Tons is ihc birih plaie ot
R.ipin tl'.e etiehrated hiil-.'iia i. 'Flic cathedial is a
tine building. c<'nt;iinin:' alr'rary, in i\ Inch are tome
am lent nunuliript . In 7;- Chailes NFiitel deleaicd
the .Sarai en- iiean'n: ] la i .miIi avvn ;',reat llaughter.
Here is a lilk aiul cl .1 manuiiei iry. in the new lii-
vilion of l-'ra:u e, 'F ■u;s i the cliiet tow 11 in the ik pait-
ment It Indre and Loire.
At Aniboifc, a to.\n tiiu.ited .it the lonllux of the
Amatle and Loire, Chark- ^111. was boin and
died. The name o; I Fig' mi- m hid it- me inthiStinvn,
wherein alio the civil war 1 rnke ■nit in i5')i. FFre
are an hol'pita!, and twoihurehe .
At Loche^. liiu.iteii on the iiver i'ldie, lev^ n leagues
trom Amb.)ilc, i- a Ihoiig cilUe, in one of the luh-
te'rane lus jjailage- ot wli;ih Lewis Stor/.a, duke ol
J\lilan, was kept pr loner len year. I:i one ol the
two ca>;e- alto, which are kept in ilii- ia;Me, cardinal
Bj'vi', Imhop ol .Algiers, w.i- conlined i'V L \h XM.
Chinon, on tiie \ leime, ha' tour liiuiclics. Tiie
iJeliratid R.ilieh:. was a naii\e ol ihi- town; and,
A. I). 1 iK.y, Hc'iy II. king ot F.ngland, died in tin
ta'.lk 111 re. "I'en 1, "^m - ioutli o| I'oui^ is L.i I Fivne,
the birtii-j'.ace 't tlu v.eai phik'lop'.cr Des Caite .
Tl.v (iovcrinvnt 01 .^^•J^.^.I, winch \> .'fi IcMgues
I'Mi^';, Mui i , bioad., I- li ,11. id- d b\' Foil >u t'l ih ■ loutli,
b. MiHU I 1 [..'.■ iioilli, bv T.ioi line to t'l; call, and
I'V Hreiagn. to the '.v.'.i. li 1 luialui, pica. ant, and
Well waiirv.d.
and tome remains ot R"man antu|uitie-. T'le fw\
walls of the cil\'wcre Innll b\ jolin, king 01 Fngjai.d,
and iluke of Anjou. The h'Ulis arc all lovi.rid wud
line; oil whuh aci ount Aiigcis is ticiiueiiilv calltd
the lil.ick 'Fowii. '1 he c.ilUe I- lluiked wiili iS larj^e
loimd tower-. The inhabitants are employed cliietly
in ble.icliing was .uul linen, reliniiig ruj>,ar and ni.ik-
inii lamblets, Krgcs and line woollen llul!'-, Ibipid
with lilk and gold, h 1- provcibialiy laid 1 f Angfrs,
that " It llaiid- losv, lus high llccjiles, iicli whures
and poor Ich.'l irs," In the new di\ilioii of Fr.uiee,
.-Xiiger- is the chiei lnwn in the dcp.utment ot M.i.a
and L'lire.
Ai Chateaii-Ciontier, on tie river M.iiei'.nc, a'";- .1
callle and Icveial i hunhe-.. with manul.ietoiiei ot 'inen
cloili, and Urges, and mineral Iprings.
Saumur 1- a tw«n on the touth bank of the river
I .oirc, over which a has a Hone budge, (ix lea^Uig
troiii Anger- to the luitli. 1 Icre are a caiUe, leviral
churches, an laiiicrlitv, and loine tr.ide m lalt-petre,
hi'". 11, lleel, 'r. nwoiks, medals, ring-, cliajilets, i.nd
llnng- ol belli . Il wa: nae ol th; lautioiury tov.iis
given lo the I'rotillaiits; and dining the time ot a-
biiiiy, in tliiir hand-, the celebrate! John Cameton. .-»
Scoleh divine, was tor loiiii. time pinklforot J)i,iiatv
111 the univerlity. 'Ihe ihllrict 1 called Sauaiiiiius ;
and the governor ot th.it, a- well as the own .md lal-
tle, was Icfoie the re\ohiii.in independent 01 the go-
vernor oi die proMilce. While the town was in the
liand-ol liie Frotellants it was opulent, but hlsdeclimd
linie It- bcint; re-poiielied i>v t''e Roman Catlioliis.
At I)oe, three league,, well of Saumur, isalountain
in the firm c t a huile-llioc, wliii.h i- one oi the gre.iiill
curioliticb 111 l-raiKe.
S F C T 1 O N HI.
Pcijons, Dif{-'f:ii'.n\ Ciiflcms. M.tnntrs, Lci7rnin^, A.'-
l^^ioi, iJi. of lie I iciuh,
TFIF Fren. h, in tluir pcrions, an- gcrtcrally fl.ai-
dei. well proportioned, and active. Then iuir
and eyes arc, tor the moll put, blaik, and their con-
plexions brown, which i- the luppoled caule ol tlie
prevailing cullom ot painting aiiioagtt the temale-, and
even lome ot the other lex. 'Fhe tern ales of the bet-
ter tort are more ceiebiated tor their Iprightly wit than
perfonal beaut\ . The pealanirv are ordin.ary in gen. -
lal. A n.itional vaiiit\ i- the predominant character if
ilie I'liiu li. It lu|ipoi:s til' III under miskiiliin.s, and
trci|ikn!'y iiaiiel- tliem to actions to which otiir na-
tions are inl|iired by true courage. Thi- natural vaniiy,
from wlikh the country, in maiiv inltances, d^iives
great utilitv , and which betore the revolution w.is eon-
i|iii nous onlv in the higher and middling ranks, where
it prodiucd excellent oliicers, now per\atles the whoF"
nation. 'Fliemein- wlach have b. en I'Uriutd bv the
pretent g ivernaieir, there lo tlimulale the people tire-
liil the armies i.l the allied powers, lia\e rmiled the
loldiei- to .lets ot heioilm .md itii tepidity whuh allo-
nilh F.urope. in loiiuer wars it wa- a j'liural obierva-
tion rel|>eeiin.j, till fictuhand Fnghlh.ihal thelicnih
oliicers will le.id it their loldiers will tollow, and the
Fnghlh I'oldiei- will tbilow if their oliicers will K.ul ;
but With a lleadv inr.everance, the I'reiii li loldieis, iij
the war of the iivoluiion, ailva ued lo ilolc lonibit,
wxd \'ok many |iieces ot the artiilerv of theaihc- wuli
the |H)iiil ot the uavotict.
Till- lueiich are dillingiiilhed by their p'llitenel^ ::n(l
good ilK' line;-, which ir.a\ be t;a. .d, llioiiMJi mditlii-
eiit prop, itlons, liirough even 1 iik, even lo t'lC
loAcIl mecMinii ; and it has be> n leiiuiiked bv intel-
ligent iraielkrs, as very lingular, tii.u [vihtenels,
wiiicli, 111 I Vi'iy other countr\ , is 1 onlined to peo|'le ot
.1 Certain rank m lilc, lliould here pervade e\ei\ liiua-
lion.ind piolellion. 'i'liele [leople, liom tint univer-
lal poll ten. Is which ch.iiaCteri/.s then nation, have been
muilicciilurcd lur iiilinceiity: uul litib charge lla^ otteu
bcit
ther i
liibei
coiivei
c 'iiimi
lender
w h jle
phia,!";
tlipui
IlIK'l 1.1
is here
cucri il
[1. M, M
man,
lo'in 1,
llMl
aleil 1,
o-..;|.
Iliaki:
1 ,t I
Iki I
til
tillV
and
mini
,1 cm;.
t 'lull
w iih 1!
pain.
Ill pk
1. ndei
all die
pel.! r
/"••'■■'
can 111
veied
i|iieiic.
jo.inei
ilicis I
culoie
jieoplc
ll'.onRAMIY.
antii|iiiti(.-. T'\c fiul
luliii, kiiifior Knj^lai-.il,
lies :iii' all lovi. rul with
;cis is fraiutiiily callul
l^ lluikt'd w iili 1 H l,irt;r
lt^ aic tiiii)l(jy(.'tl tliitlly
riliiiing liii'.jr ami ni.ik-
c uoi'llfii llul!>, ilri]>ii|
vciliialiy laid if Anj^prs,
1 llfcpivs, rivli wImivs,
niw <li\ilioii t)l lTaiu\',
iliL- ikiKirinitnt ol M,i;:i
I, I.' tivcr Mail tine, ar;- a
ill fna;u;ladoiii.-:> i)t 'iiiiu
il Ipiings.
imali baiiL 1)1 ilie river
lone hiid^c, fix !fa,;uig
li.li' .uc a caiUe, Itviral
luiiu irailc in lalt-[virf,
als, riiip,^, cliaplctb, :.ml
Hi ill; (.aiiiioiiary tov.us
i ilmin':> tilt- nine v\ a-
oiatcl julin Caiiieroii, a
time iirii|(.ll(jr ot DiMiiiiy
rut I iiilltd S.iu:mir(iis ;
Will as lilt own and lai-
n independent oi tlic- go-
ik the town was in the
opul.'ni, !'u: h isdi'dint J
s i!', Rinnan Cutlioliis.
lint Savinuir, i^aloimtain
,ii.h 1.. one I'l tlie "ileal'. li.
O N 111.
. Mmners, Lcarmn^^ Re-
//!'<• iienJ.'.
crions, ari' E,ci>cially fli n-
,i, and active. Ti'.ei: liiir
ii'C, hlai k, and ihi'ir eon-
ihc llippoled caiile ol the
g a:iu)n;^ll die tcmales, and
Tlu- lemak's of the In i-
kir thiir Ipni'htly wil ihan
i!Ui'\ are oitlmary in t-V"' -
e pii-donunant chaia'ttiut
\\\ uiuler ini'-l'iitLinvS, aiul
itlions to which ollv. r iia-
iraju". Tiiis natural vanitv,
111 inanv inlhinees, derives
'■e the revolution wxs >.on-
aiid middlini; ranks, wlure
s, no'A per, ides tilt wlmK-
have I). en pur. tied by the
lliniulaie the people t. ire-
powers, have nulled the
md intrepidity \siiieli alio-
rs It wa^ a j:eneral ohlerva-
id Iuia,lilh,iliat the Iienih
ildieis will tollow, and the
it their oliicer-- will lead ;
ice, the I'leui li loldieis, in
ailva'ued lo i lole ^ oiiilvit,
c aiiiileiv o( the allies witli
illieil by their piiliteinrsirnd
be tia. il, ihiii^li in ditiii-
tveiA link, even to the
is bfi 11 leiluuked by iiitel-
lin^ular, that p'llileiv. ! ..
r\ , IS I onlined to peo|'.lt ol
d lieie p.ivade cverv lilua-
■ people, Iroin tint uinver-
ri'/.es their nation, have been
y ; but iJiib ehargc hat olteu
bc.;i
r.T'ROPE.]
FRANCE.
5^7
I
been cairied lo ) far; and the imputation has been c,e-
neiallv o vin^ to their excel') ot civility, whieli, ii mull
be conlelleil, throws a furpicioiis light upon their tan-
d uir. It niuft, uix-n the whole, be admitted, that
muivi'l the Ficnch, in private lite, have amiable qua-
lities; and that a gieai nundier ot inllances ot' <;enero-
litv and dilinteri'il 'dnels may be tound amonc^ll them.
riie l''reinh all'ect ireedoin ani.1 wit. Attention to
the tair dcj^enerates into gr.ils loppcry in the men, and
the ladies are thargd with adnmiiiiL; indecent Iree-
diHTi-,; but the leemini!; levities of both lexcs are rarely
aliciuled with that uiininality which, to people not
iiied to their manners, they leem to imlicaiej nor aie
the luilhmd-- lo inditKrcni, as rtrant!,i is arc apt lo ima-
gine, about the eoiKhii of their -.vivcs. 'llie i-'reneh
are verv ereduknis and liiii^ious, but bear adverlity,
and reduciion of ciieunillanees, with peculiar Ipivitj
thouii'i, in prolpcntv , like tiieir fellow mortals, they
.nr ■ apt to be in!oleni, arbitrary, and imiurious. An
intci'isieiii ir.aveller remarks, that an old I'Ve.ich ollii er
i- an entertainin;!, and inllrticiive lompanion, and, in-
tl.ed, tl.c moll rational Ipecies ot all the hrencli i;enti'v.
L'nder the reign nf their kms^s the I'Vench exhibited
m.inv (biking pecii'iariiies ot character not to be t.iiiiii!
un.Lr th.' republican j'overnment. 'I'he tollowing is
an extiact Ironi a writer eminent lor his protiiieney in
peine literature, piiblillied prior lo the revolution.
" The natural levin of the I'Vench (fays he) is re-
inforced by the mull piepollcrous ediieatim, and the
examjile of a gidd\ ])eoplc engaged in the moll trivo-
loiH purfiiit-. A I'Vinchm.n is, by fome priell or
nionk. tauL'ht toie.ul Ins niotiier tongue, and to fiv
Ins praveri in a lan^ii ije he iloe- not undeilland. H.
Iciin t'l dance and \<-n^c by the mailers ot thofe fci-
eiicfs. \\c becom ■> a complete conn. 'illeur in drefling
li.iii, and m adorning hi^ own petiou, under th." Iiand-
aiid inllruclions of his barber anil valet de chambrc. If
he learns to ]ilay upon the flute or fnldlc, h i ilt'ige-
ther irrelill.ble : but he [uques hi;ulelf lipon b_ing po-
liilied above the native-^ ot .'.:iy oilier cnu-.try, by Ins
converfail.m with t!x' fair U\. In the courfe of l,is
C 'mmunieaiiin, w.lh wlui h he is indulged Iroin his
teiulcr years, l-.c learns, like a parrot, liy rijtc, the
wlule circle of I'lencli complimenis, which are a let of
pUrales ridiculou even t" a procure, ami tliele he
tlir'HS'' out indillriir.in i.eiy t i all wome;i Aiiiiout ilii-
liiK'tiin, in t'le eX'.u 1 e Ol thai kind o! addrels, which
Is here diliinguillied by tlie name orgallantiy. It is an
csereiK bv the lepciitMii o| whieh he becomes very
]iert, verv familiar, and very impertinent. A I'Veiuli-
luan, in LO'ileOiUence of liis min^'^lmg wiih the lenial.s
from his inl.itii \ , not only be, onits aiijuamted with ail
il;,ii luibini-- .uid huniuurs, but grows wonderfully
akit in [11 ilorming a thouland little oHiekS, whiih aie
oVvilooked \\\ others, whole time hath been Ipeiit in
iiiakmg moie valuaiilc accpnliti ai--. 1 It eiiuis, with- ;
1 it Ciiini'Mu, a l.ldy's dKfliiig-ioom, uhjc the is at
Iki t'liltiie, reaches her whatever llie ma\ want, regu-
l:.'i s the dillriinilion of her patclii,^, and ad\ if, s wli.re
t ' 1 1\ on piinl. if he \iliis her wlien Ihe i-- dtilled, ,
and pei'ieivi-s the lean rupriprieiy in her c.Mllure, he
iiililb i;])on adjulbngii with his own haiuis. It he fees
.1 cuil, Ol evt n a lingle hair amil-, h; pro.iiues his
c .iiib, Ins f, iirirs, aiul pomatum, and kt- it to rights,
wiih ilic dexteiiiv ol a jii 'klkd Iri/.ciir. 1-le atmm-
|;ani s hei to every [>la, e llie vilit , either on bufintk
I'l pleaiute, and, bv dedita.iiig Ins uh le time to hei ,
I- lulei'- himltll ne,iiru\ to her oci.ilions. In ihoii, oi
.ill die loxcomb^ upon the l.iccul the eaitli, .i I'ltir li
pcl;t »hiilre 1^ the moll imperiintnt ; aiul they are all
pitr. iiuittrrs, irom themariiuis, who glitters in lace and
enibioidiiy, to ;lie •:\\i; in baibiue (^isiiber's bov) lO-
veied with meal, who llnits with his hair in .i long
i|ueiie, and his h.it under his arm. A l''icneliman will
jooncr pari wiili his leligion thin hi- hair. 'I'lie lol-
iliersiii France wear ,i \eiy long qir iiti .:'id tin- iidi-
tiiloiis lopiieiy has ile'Vendeil l.i the Kiwill i kii , ot the
])eople. The boy, who cleans lhoc.< ai ihe comei of »
kreet, has a tail of this kind hanging down to his rumji;
and the beggai , who drives an .afs through the ilrcets oi
i'aris, 10 pick up a miferable livelihood, wears his hair
ctt queue ll.c'igh, peihajis, he has nofliirt.
*' When a llranger liill arrives at I'ari-, he finds it
nccellary to fend f>r the taylor, peruiiuier, hatter,
llioemaker, and every other trade!man eo;icerncd in
the equipment of drel-. He mull even change lii-i
Initkk's, and the form of his niifies; and, though
at the ri/k ot Ins life, fuit hi- clothes to the mode of
the fealiin. I'or example, tluiuih the weather Ihould
be ever \n cold, he mull wear Ins /.'nlilt d'eic [lummer
luitj or dcmi Jaifon [mid feali'n ) without preluming to
l)ut on a warm drtls bef're tlu elay wlmhtalliion has
tixed for thai purjKife; and neither old age or infirmity
will exciife a man for wearing his hat upon his he,.d,
either at home or abroad. Fennles are, if p.ifhbk',
llill more fubietl to the caprices of falhim. AH their
drelles and habits mull be altered ami new trimmed.
Thev mull have new cajis, new l.aces, new (hoes, and
their hair new cur. They mult have their tatlaties for
the lummer, their flowered lilLs for llie Ipriiig and
aiituinn, ami their fat tins and damalk . for winter. The
m.n too mull jnovide theiiilcKes with a camMet fuit,
trimmed with lilver, for Iprtiig and .uitumn, with filk
clotiics k)r lummer, and cloth laced with gold or vel-
vet tor winter; and they mull wear their bags a
la p{^eo>i. This variety ofdrefs is abuilutely indilpen-
lible, lor all thofe who pretend to any rank above the
vulgar. All ranks life powder ; and even the rabble,
ec e jiding to their abilities, imitate their fuperiors in
the .oppeiK f ol lalluon. The tomnion peop'e of the
ciiiiniry, however, llill retain, without any material
deviation, the old talhioned mode- of drefs, the largo
hat, and moll en a'mous jack-boots, with fuiiabb
Ipurs; and tins contrail is even iicreeivr.ble a few miie-i
Irom I'.ui . In large cities the clergy, lawyers, phyfi-
cians, ami merchants, gcneraib drels in black; and it
has been o'. ferved that the I'ltnchj in their modes ot"
drels, are, in fome meuiure, governed by commercial
eircumllance-."
Tiie diverlions of the I-'rcneh are much the larne .is
lliole ot the Mnglilli, but ihey carr\ their galiantrN to
anniih greater excel'-. Th people of talhion aecom-
plilli iheml'elves in the academieal exereilts ot danc-
ing, fencing, and riding, in the practice ot which thev
exeel all their neighbours in ikill uni'igraceiulners ; and
indeed, lew ol the common jieople are withoiit li>mo
knowledi'.e ol thofe cmbellilliments. They are fond
ot luiiuing; and the g'- ntry have no-.v left oil' their
lit'.uy lack-boots, their huge war-l'addle,ani.l mmillroui
cuib-bndle, in that cxer, iK, an-1 accommodate tlieiii-
itivts to the I'.ngliih inanntr," _;
The Lite celeaated Dr. (loldfmith has beautifully
ilepided the French nation in the following line^ .
To kinder (kies, where gentler manners reign,
1 mm, aiul I'rance dilplays her bright domiin.
(ia\ Iprighily land, ol nurth ami loci.il eafe,
I'leas'd with thvislf, whuiiiall in. world can pleafe:
Ikuvoiicn have I led le.» Ip 'itiv e choir.
With lunelcfs pii)e, belid- ihe murmuring Loire,
\\ here Ihading elms along the margin grew.
And fielhen'd from the wave the zeplnr flw,
Aiul liaplv, th'j' mv liailh toiu.h fali'ring llill,
Ikit mock'il all tune, and marr'd the dancer's Ikill,
Yet wou'd the villa';e pra.le my wond'rous pow\r,
And dance, fH;.:iiiulot the noor.-lide hour.
Alike all aiv's ; ilanics ol ,uu lent da\ s
i lase led iIku chihlien tin,)' ide mirthful maze;
And the gay gr uidlire, ikiH'el m gelb.c lore,
1 his Inlk'd beneath the burden of threeli oi\'.
So bl- f-'d a life thafe ilioii.'ntkfs realm- diiplav;
Tliii idly biny rolls their world away.
Theiisaie ihofe aru that mind to min 1 Mide.ir;
For honour lorms th, todal temper fe;e.
HiiiMiii, ill .t p aile which i\a! ir,e;il [^uns,
Ol e'en iiiiai!,inary worlli obtains,
y
u.i
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL fiI.()(.RAriIY.
iipa
m
£ 'I
^\ .
] IcTf p.ill'csniircnt-, p.iul i'rom li.inil to liaiul.
It llutt^. Ill tjikndul tiai!'n. louiulihc l.itul.
I-h-m uHirtsi.^ iMmp'-, to ci>tt;i)j,.-s it ll rays,
A'ul all aiclaiiL'lu an avarice nf praiic.
Tlii'V plc.il' , arc jikM^M ; tlic\ give to i;ct i lUi-ni,
Till, Itcmiii;.; I'lcl'-M, tlicy j;r.'\v to what ilicv Icciii.
But -vlulc iliis loltt-r art ilicir blil'^ luiipia^.
It givis their l.'ilio alio room lo rile;
l-'or prail'c too ckarK V'\\], or warmly ("o\ri,ht,
EiiiccMc^all iiin-riial llrcngili of" thoii,'.lii ;
Aiul the w\ak ri>iil, within itttlt'uiibiclt.
Lean lor all pilcal'urc on annther's hreall.
Hence olU:i:atu:n here, witii tawilry art,
PaiUb tor the vukarpraile whuh t'Hi.s inii>art.
Here vaiiit\ aliumc' h.r pert griiuat; ,
And trim-- her coat ot tri/.e with to])per hue.
Here begtjar pride ilelr.'aals hcrdaiU claer.
To boallone Iplcndid lianciuit once a year.
Tlie mind liiil tiirn^ where Ihifiiii^ talhion draws,
Nor weighs the I'olid worth ot' Ull-applaule.
Such is the chai-acler of the Frencli people pri-ir to
the revolution. W'lih the change in the s;overnmeiit
h'lwever there has been no fmall change in their uil-
toma and ihlpofitions. The (lililcultic^ which appealed
bctore them, the hea\y weight ot iiaiional debt, and
the iintrii.ndh condiici ol tuighboiiring power<;, have
given a new turn to Mieir inirluit'-. All th.e zeal which
E'renihni-n tornierlv exeitcd tor their kiii<j, appears
now III priCs torwaid tor the deilruetion ot monarchy.
There i. a tincUire of tVrocitv in tiieir ch.uacter ver\
o] polite to that we have beer, delineating in the pre-
ceding part ot this t'cction. From trlvolitv and trilling
all ranis appear tube engaged in the canl'e of tlie day.
Enconipatled as thiv were with niemie'-, everv ner\c
was exerteil, and the lollowing decicc was palled by
the convention to rou/c every one to .u-'ivity. " The
young men lliall ni.irch to battle; i he man it d men
iliall to'-ge arms, and tranlpoit provili.nis the wohk n
flviU make teni- and deaths, and wait in the hol'intals;
iheciuKiren Ilia 1 m..ke lint ot old linen; tlie oUI nitn
lliall cauletheiiilelvcs to be carried to tlicpublii t'lHiar^s,
to excite the coiiiag;c o( the warriors, to preach hatred
againtl kings, ami thf unity ot liic republic."
Their ilile ot living at ilii- period ma\ appc-ar i'l the
th.ira.'i.'r of ie IMeMer, one ot tlie member^ ot the
convention, who wa^ miirdered by a woman of the name
ufX'orday for having voied torthe death of LewisXVi.
He wa'. a gciiiLmaa o| coiihderable tortune; but, in
the I'pirit ot ti.e tiiiKS, he dwelt in lidgings in Pan-,
for the purpol'e of not being at the (.xpenccMt luppon-
ing a houfhold, which wiuild have b.c;i neeetrary had
lie rciidtdin his own manlion.
The native ciiar.aeter ol the people iiul-.td ;'p]Har-
to be aetivitx. l.'niler the reigii ot an aiikihitc mo-
narch this diliioliiKin dileovered itiill in tie ch.iraeUr
cifagalant; the Ihare the\ now ha\e luthegov.in-
nient hasdivcrted it toother oliKeb. In boili thai ic-
ters perhaps ifiey have been in the exiieine; and a
luiure period may exhibit them not lo lull oi tnvolny
a^ at one time nor lo t'eveie a^ at another.
With all their dvk:ts, the l-'rcncli have manv g i'hI
i,iiahiK-,and :'.re very refpeftai'le tor thegreai atti iition
they pay to llrangcrs, and the general take tor lUv-rature
whivh prevails amongll th"teot the higher ilat . Tlie
I'leneh literati have great influence even in the ga\ ami
diHipaud city ot Paris. Their opinions determine the
merit ol w .rks o| taile and Icience.
I-'iance li.o piodiiced many men who Hand in the
liighcll ellimation m the Icveral deiiartnieiii- ol literi-
ture; luch as Racine, C'lrneille, Mol'.ere, Hoileaii,
I'al'.al, the archbilhop of Cainbray, Moiuikpiieu,
J)'Argen, V'oUaire, and others not to omit the cele-
biateil Madame Dacier. 1) Uartes was the gre iiell
pliilolophcr ot his time. D'Aleml erl llands eiiiineiii
lor matlieir.atical knowledge; as does Biitlon tor that
of natural hitior\ .
i lie French languaj^e i> chielly ciJiiipokd ot woid
ladiially (k rived trom tlie Latin, with fome derived
Irom the (ierman, as intriduced by the Fianks. Lew-
is Xl\'. who liberally patroni/ed everv plan that ttiid-
ed 'o 11'. advancement and perlectioii, lucceeded lo
happily as to leiukr it the moll univerl'al of all the
living tongues; a circuiiitl.iiue whuh e(]ually pro-
moted his gieatnels and glorx ; tor ins court .uul na-
tion therebv became tlu Iclmol ot arts, kiences, an;l
politer.ets. Wiihielpei't to ihe properties of the Ireiul;
language, the\ are ceit.iinly niterior to the Ilngiiih)
but they aie well adapted to tiii'ieets void of clevaiioii
or palhon, and admirably ai comiiiodatcd to dalliance,
compliment, and common converl.itioii. ft i- g lu
rallv iinderllood throughout f'Aiiojv.-; .md perloiis m
the higher elalles ot lite are deemed diheieni in poliie
aceompirhment'. without a tolerable knowledge ot i;.
Tills is bell to be acquired by trctpaent convirlatam
with Freneh people of all ilaties upon their own fpot.
The prev.uling religion ot Iraiicc is the Roriari
Catholic, Ini' toleration is now given to all religions I y
the national convention. Hit. 're the revolution there
were .'CO,ooo eci Ictiatlic, with ih :'.ri hbilhops ami
iiS billiop., who polkti'il a uven'.'.e of O,oco,c
llerliiig. Theie wire aho oc,o-;ei nuns. In Novem-
ber, I 7S(), the national alieriil)'v declared ail eccleti.ut.-
tal prop,_rty was .:i the diipoiil ot ii:e nation, luiik.-t
to ilie charge ot providing, i:ia proper manner, tor the
expenceot divine worlluji, the ti;|i|)onot the miiiille;-,
of the I iiurch, and the reikf o, the jioor. I'liere is now
onlv one biflinp to each tiei..;rtment, and a great re-
duaion of the eiilur cl.igv. M mallei ir?, ;\c. uie abo-
lilhed; monks, tiiars, aiul nun', a:c hbeiaied from
their vows; a;id luch as have no other relource, have a
Imall llipend failed by tlie government.
s !•: C T I O N I\'.
MiKufj:hiyc.\ TruJr. Coiniiirrce, Coin, Government, Ri-
ti/v/d', Tiixes, tJc, of brance,
THE Freneh have, within the lall century, been
ver\ aiiklu 'US lo improve their tmnutaclurcs.
1 he moll admirable works in t.ipi.fli\, tiliigree, and
leulpture, arc exeuited at the (I ibelins in I'aris. The
li!k manufacture was carried to gre.it |i,rteet ion during
(he reign ol Lewis Xl\'. and at this time the citv ot
Lvon- excels in producing the linclt lilks. Tiie wool-
len maiuilaeiiires at /\bl)evi!le are !;t!le interi'.r to the
I'.ngiilh. The manuf.ietories of lo.ip, thre.iil, lace,
linen, Jiaper, g'.its, porcelain, cambrics, lawns, arms,
aitillery. lalt-peire, brandy, N.C. are very conliderable;
but in th oie of haid-ware, toys, uold and lilvirla. e,
^;e. the I'rench arti/.ans ..re out-tlonc by the Englilli.
ILforc the revolution tlie trade antl commerce ot
France labouretl under great ilila'l vantages, inalmu. h
a- merehants .iiul tr.adeis ucre n \ held in lo honour i-
ble a he.i.t as th.ey arc m Fngfind; hcr.ce the ])>. ira
part ol the Freneh noliility and nolileUe loughi em-
plovments in ihe ari'.iy, clunali, .iiivl law. The Hate
of thecounirv, in'ilv.das il iioa is in vvar with the
powers allied lo lell 're the antitnt governmeni, has
ali'oided no opportiiniiy to alciriain the Ipirir aiul dil-
[loliiii'n of the people vMth. r>fpe-t t" trade.
Mnn of ihe iiiie' oi Frar.ce, belore the revolution,
had the liberiy of coinage, each he.ving peculiar marks
to dittinguilli tlieirrelpeetive piece- ; thele mints weir
under the inl'peetion oi the Cour de iMonnoics, or
mint eourts ol I'lns, Lwnis, and I'm. Since the re-
V'llutioii the mints havi leen luppreJli'd in every rilv
but I'aiis.
Aicounts are kept in livrcs, fous, and dcniers.
Twelve ileniers arc eijiial to a 1 ■! or tou, or a hili-
pcnnv I'.iu'hlli; an<l lo I'ous ni.ike a livie. 'Fhe deiiiei
IS a tniall copper piece ; but lols and livivs arc only
imaginary coin.. The li.ird i- another copper com,
eiiu'.! to three deiiu r-. An ecu i- vvoith .'s (ul. a loins
blane 5 . a pillole us .(il, and a louis d'or il. Ika-
ling.
Lntil the vear i7t'9 the government of I-ran<e was
an ablolutc uiuiiarchy. bein!j, loleiy veiled iii thekin>'.
» :;
r.r.or.RAPHY.
atiii, with Ionic ilcrivcd
cii liy the iMaiik-;. Li-.v-
/ J iMiv plan that tiinU
|Krlectiwn, liictiMlcd Ui
molt univcrlal of all tin,-
iKc whiiii ciiuaiiy pro-
\ ; tor his court arul in-
>iK)l of arts, fciencc-s, ami
K|)roi>crtiis oftlif I'leiuti
■ ;nt, nor to tlic I'',iiu,!iili)
Illi'if-'IS VOlii of l-ltV.ll i,Ml
Ci'm::i.)il,ucil lo il.illi.iiiLC,
couvi. rl.it 1011. It i- ^ iH
I Hinopj ; anil pirl'oiis m
JrciiKii littiiicni ill iHiliii;
tokrablc kiuiwKil^c ot i;.
by tr(.q.icMt loiiwrlacun
lilt- iipnii tiii-ir own I'i rt.
ot li.iiicc IS till; Ro'-. n
\v fi'.vtii to all idiL^ion t v
?- 1 '!.■ the rcvohitinii tiitii.
With i.S :in hbilhops .ind
I a !;\v;)'.;i.' of (i,ooo,r
c.cj.T iiuiib. In Novcm-
ilvv ilvi-lareil ailutclclii;!.-
liil t)/ li;e iiatiwii, (uim.-:
in a |)rop(.r ni.uiiirr, foi tlic
!).■ Ii:;.j).;n oi th'j iiiiiiilK-,',
o, iliL- poor. I'licrc IS nmv
|...rtnKiit, anil a great rc-
.\I Mialleriis,i\c. aic abo-
nuiis are libcraiid from
.• no other rclourcc, have a
VJM'iiiiiitni.
() N IV.
rcc, Cci't, Governmenl, Ri-
'c. of tiiUhe,
hin till' lal\ cciittiry, li..ca
^jHov.- their ni.inul.iciurcs.
in f.ipilln, filligrce, nn^l
he (I ibeliiis in I'.iri';. Tiic
I to ^rc.it jirte-.tion tluriiig
ml at t!ii< tinie the citv ot
he tiiielt lilks. The wool-
lie are hti!-.- inferior to the
ies of io:ip, thread, laci',
lin, cambries, lawn', arn.s,
iS.c. are very eon(ii|jr;ibL';
toys tii'1'1 'ind lilvc |- la: e,
out-ilone jiy the Iji^lilh.
• trade anil comiiurce of
It ilifi' .vantages, inalmui li
re n .t held in lo honoiira-
'Jigl.md; hcrac the ]) > irc r
y and iio'.ileH'e loo^hi em-
irih, and law. The Hue
it now IS in war with the
' aniient gnviTnnuni, has
ilixriain the Ipuii aiul ihi-
, Ipt'-t ti i tiade.
nee, beiore the revolution.
Mch having peculiar inaik.
e piece' ; ihele minis werr
; C'our tie iMoniioics, or
S and I'au. Since the re-
en luppreJled in every titv
ivrc-i, lous, and ilcniei';.
a I ■! iir lou, or a h;il!-
5 ni.ike a livre. The deniei
t lols and li\ri's arc only
.1 i- anoiher cippcr coin,
ecu i- wiiitli .", fill, a loins
uul a louis d'or il. liei-
p,o\eriiinent of I'rame wa'.
iji, lolely veiled ni the kin;',.
EUROPE. I
FRANCE.
8:9
The kin;j,doiu was div aieil into a number of provinces,
over each of which ua-. appwinied a kind's lieutenant-
ge11cr.1l, an I a tupeiintendant, wh'j, in (0:11c r^l pens
rcliimbled tiic loid-li.ut nam ot the lounii s in Imil',-
land ; bin ih, ir poweis ^vere fir luor^. cxie;:li,j. Dil-
tni)Utive iiillijc wa^ .idiiiuiilteicd by pailiani ■ins eh, 1:11-
ber-. of aeconnts, lointsol a;d, plelidial couil^, ;;eiic-
lalili.s, ekciioiis, nid oilier c uiris. T'lie courts of
paili inie. t w re t.'.elve, v 1/,. thole ot Paris, Tli luloule,
Koucii. 'if noI)l , Boiirde.uix, Diion, Aix, Rennes,
Piu, M li!. H far.f 'II, and Djuay. H^I'iJes tiiefe there
wer.- Ilipei i>.r couni iS kept ,u C iliii.r, I'erpignan, and
in the ]HoviiKe ot Ail. 'is. Tliele courts conlilled ot a
Certain nimiber ot ])ieliden!s and interior naiges, wlio
IMUihatel their pLiets. The parliament of Paris was
t!ie inoll loiilidcralile ; lor hither the king IrequentU
«. ame in peilon, and here his royal eiliels were recorded
aad pr.;:ir.ilged, liil when they had not the toice ot
l.iAs. It '.vas eompoled oi peers of tlvj re.ilm, and was
iheonb paili.-.mini that had an\ mrildii-'lion oeei tluiii.
The kiiii^doiii wa- divided into gencraliiies, or diltrie'ls,
in uieh ot "Aiiieh commonly w,i- an olii.e ot the irea-
fiii'.'r-, and the king's commill'iry or iiiiendant. The
{; ner.iliiies were I'ubdivided into el clii'ns lubordinate
to die generalities, and which ioinputed the proportion
wliie!) ever\ parilh in ilie;r divilion (liould r.iife of the
limi cleiuaiided iiy tl'C g. 11'. r:iliiy, and Iviit out their
Old. rs aicordingly. I'oradminitljing luilice, and pu-
nilhing iinmnals, tli re were iiiagillr.'.t...:, in every lon-
ti, triable lo'. 11, who were eomni' nly lawyers, appointed
I y I he king, i.illed dilLreialy in divers places ; m lonie
b.-.llifts, 111 others pru\olis, in others lenelehals; b.ut
ilui; p.Aver and duly were liiueh the I.e.nc.
In ilie vear \'i'''(), tlie ivlitl.ance which liiil the par-
liament, aierwards the notable.!, and LilUy the general
aliemily 01 the iLite'>, ni.ade againll regillering an etliel
tor railing money was the me:'.ns ot changing t!ie go-
v, rniner.i ol Tranee into a limited monauhy. In ijyz
tin Ung was dethroned, anil Prance became a rijiub-
h' ; the I'uinvnie power relling in the convention or
national ali'iiiibly, who are elected annually by general
IiitiV.agc ol the |!eopl •, who have been lix moiitiiS reti-
deiit in one lioute at the lime ol election. The pro-
poilionot members tkcted is one in ab ut 40,000
C'li/.eiis, and in cafe two caiuhiLue^ liuniKI have an I
iqu.il number ot fullV.iges, the eKIell is lelurn'al. The
I xeciiii\e couiiiil ha- tlie ailnnnitliative [lart 01 the
;\o' erniiu ni, and conlills of 24 perf /ns ihoxu by the
I'liAeiiiion from a body loinud by the return ot one
iiiemi.er in eaih dei>artment. In ellablilliing llie new
iM'eni 'if governiiKnt and ».ivil lurifpriulenee, the at-
lembly ha', e let .11. 'e p,e,lial I'livilegi and am:, in (ul-
tonis, and l.udJ.owii mie general tyilein 01 i',\il a;;il
irimoKil \i\K lor the whoK nation, in whi. h one of the
I adir.g features isthe trial b\ jury as in l''.ii';land. Vn\-
t;.e more ready ad:iiiniil!alioii t,t lullice tne nainii is
divided into dqAmiiient>, dillriets, and munici'pali-
lie-.
The l:i.\e paul by tiie eomnvin jieople during the
111011. Ill hv, Ixiides liie exiraor(.linai\ ones in time ol
wii. weie lis fori s. 1. The taiile, a turn p.idve.uly
b. iver'v' h.iule-h 'Kiel. :u cording to his lubilanee aiul
lanvly; fr.im ,\hi h the nobility, i.krgy, and irown-
oiiieer-, ivere exempt. 2. Thet.ullion, paid b\ the lame
j'vti -.w .is ihe t:ml. , a.iiounting to about one third ot
liiat. ;. Sublilieiue nr.nev, tor tiiblillenee of ih ■
lokliers ill winter, Iv, w!;:e',i the iiibi> c\ was ex. uud
II "ill iree i|uarier-; paid by the fame perfons, and in
the l.uiie 111. inner, ,'.•- tne two tormer, 4, Cutloms on
imports and exports, 5. The gabelle, a duly on liilt,
whuh I In king alone had a right to f. 11. livery fiiiiily
was obliged to lake a ceruim quaniity yearly, an^l pay
thedui\, whether tliev cnuhl contome it i r ni:t. d
Small exuiesujioii all ncceli'.'iiie ■ ol hie, farms, and
other demetiies of the eiinMi. Other i.i.xes were the
fajiii;ili"ii or poll lax; the iclhs ol ,ill elliies, oliices,
and employmentii; ihe5oili p. liny, from whieli neither
iiobilitv or clergy were exempted; and the lotlia or
No. 79.
free-gifts of thedergy. VaR Itims were alio f nrr.tim i
railed by railing and lowering the coin at pie fire, by
compounding debeiiiuies and govcrnm nr bill-, and
oth'roppreni\e mean-. The whole kiiv.'.doni, inlliorl,
was bot one »',ieat firm to the erown. At the revolu-
tion all taxes u.re repeil il ; and the pr. fent r'.fotirr.s
of (he government arile from the lei/.ur ■ of the richer
ot the church, and of the church lands; t'r ^ni th ; lun-
filc.ition ot the etfeets of thofe who are diliiii'e<!:ted to
the government; and by a tax on projicrtx, evt'ry
individual being obliged, under [lain ul iLatli, t )give
a true llateinent ot his wealth.
Dining the monarchy the nobility conlil' 1 of lour
chiU'es, viz. primes ot the blood, high nob.niv, urdi-
n.iry nobility, and modern nobiliiy. He w im was
nearell to the crown, a ter the king's eliiklren, wis tf.c
lirtl piince of the bk'ol. Among the hi;;;:er iv.ibihty
the dukes and count-, jjcers of France, r.ad the pre-
cc'ilenee: they allilled at the unction ot a Lmi', at-
tended when he held a lit itd Jtiliice, or k;i of jujlice,
and tnjoyed a tiat in the puh.imcni 01 Pan-.,. In this
ilals were likeivile iiu hided the kniglits of the Holy
Cdioll, the governors of provi;iees, and lieut.nant-
generak, with tome oilier iluke-, count , and mar-
quill'es. The ordinarv nobihiv were diviiled into wo-
Mijji de nue at\i\ noL'rffe lie' iifiiJaiiCL: Ti.e modern or
new no'.iiliiy were loch as the king grinted le:t.;rs of
nobility t), orconierred fome plax-! upon, bv which
they becime cnnobleil. 'J'iie ord.:s ol knigli'hood
were tliofe of St..\lieha-,'l, inllituied in 146)- the or-
AkV ot the H-ily (jh ill, fouiidi'd in 1 ;7H ; an I the
order oi St. Lewis, which was iniliiuted by Levis
Xl\'. The tirll conlilled of 100 knighi?" the fe.onil
■•i the la;nc number, with the lovcreign ■.'. .f head;
and the third was a military order, tor th.; encourage-
ment of otiieers of merit. One of the f\r\\ effects of
the revolution was the fetting atide all the above dif-
tindi'ins; even the general and familiar addreis of
Moiilieur li.as been involved in this chang.-, and all
men are aec-.illed wiih the aji|ielLuio;i of Citi/.en.
'Ihe bate kings titles were Lewis XVI. b', ilie s.',Taec
of (j.id kin;', of' France and Navarre. His fubi ctsin
writing or Ipeaking called him Sire; lorcigners c:ilkd
him tlie Moll Chrillian ; and the pope gave him the
a;)pellarii>n iif The I'Udeil S.ni ot the Ciuirch. Tl;.;
ion of the kiiigol l-'ranee, antl heir to t'le crown, was
tilled Dauphin. The prelent government does ivc
take any honorary apjiellaiion.
SECTION V.
CONCISE HISTORY or FR,\NCE.
FRANCE was anciently inhabited b\ a people called
Celfa;, on wh.im the R.im;iii tiril conterred the
iia;ne of (iauls, when Jiilius C.e.ar reduced their coun-
tr\ into a Roman province.
(iaul tontinued in polfeifion of t!ie Romins till the
Uibverlion of the empire in the li'ih ceniur\, when it
became a prey to the Cloths, the IJurguiulians, and the
Franks, wno fuivjucd, but ilid not extirpate, the an-
cient iritives. I'll-' Fi.iiik-, who gave it ihe name of
Fiankenl.ind, or l-'rance, we;e a coUeetion of leveral
pcojile inhabiting ( iermany, but more particularly ot
the i- Ui, who lived on the banks ot the river Sale,
and were more pohllud thin tiuir neigliboiirb. The
Saiii had a l.iw that they held in (vcticular veneration,
which w.is to cxcliikle all tem.iles from regal po.ver, or
the inheritanee of loveivigntw This law wa^ jirelerveJ
b'l the French, and known by the name ot the Salie or
S.iliquc L iw.
The l-'r.inks :iiid 15urgiindians p.uvclled out the l.iiids
to their leveral leaders, who, '' length, atfumed inde-
[Kiukncy, but llill ;icknou ledged the knij, :is their 110-
iiiin.il head. Hence arole thole ikkikious principali-
ties and Ikues into which l''r,m, e w.is aiK lenlly div iiled ;
and trom this f'ource originated iho.c l.veral p.irlia-
tiients mentioned in the prceedin^j leelion,
10 I., Clovis,
:i
1'!J]
%\
Syo A NRW. ROYAL, anh AUTHENTIC SYSTEM ok I'NIVr.RSAF. riKOGRAniY.
^'r!ra''i
(! l<
Cluvis, who Ifcin his ni'Mi A. !>. .}''.S, wis the lirll
Chilli i:iti Till 'iKii ill of the 1-rinks I'lom till"- pcrioil
the I'lcrnh liilloix ben nus iiiipoicint ; ti\il tnuis to-
reign war , jicai uiieipri/.. «, .iiul iiohiicil events lill
the iMi;c«.
Prior toCliiiKmii.'iic, ihi- lirll race ol tlie I'leiich
Willi's h.wl manv MiM(lv w;us with the Sai:uens, who
TCtalialiil upon the polUritv ot the (iotlis a:ul X'ardals
thi- liaibariiic'- iileJ I'V tholi.- people to thur I'riiletcl-
for:.
A. D. Sen Charlemac^ne. kiiij; of IVame, the plor\
of tiu- a.^e ill \\likli I e liveil, made hinilch' nialhr ot
CicnnaiiV, Sjniiii, and part of Italv; wi- ticwneii kiiii;
of tiu- Romans ',')■ ilu p'p.', :inil thus Iviame emperor
of the w,.ll.
C!iarlem;!iMie, at his dralh, left his iiiipirc ilivitlcd
aiv.oiii: tiis ihiKlr. 11, vhi' h piov.d fital to hl^ potlcrity.
Soon "after thi- the N--man . a licue warlike pe<-i)le
from Noiw.iv anvl ne;ii...irk, r.ivagul the kiniidom of
Franee; and, al nut ilie m ,ir o"o, oiilined ihc I';\ nch
to \ icld op N'orniand\ a;id Uict.ii'jic lo Roilo il.eir
leader, who jMotelled hiiulelt a Chiillian, and married
the kini;'s dau'^hter. This h. lmii the Noriv.an pow i
in l-'raiKC. which afterwards l-eiame a <;rea! mi-lortiine
to tl'.,u ration; as f;oiii tl;e Norman, \N ilh;"!!. uho
conquered. En;;land, tiie animolities 1 etweeii l'.iiij.land
and France had tl'.eir ori|;iii, a;'.d the contelS in ;', ne.al
proved inglorlo'.i to the latter.
PaJi:!!! over ilie d ak. ages of llic cruf.idts, and their
relative cm umllaiice , we lliall jiroceed to iliat ].eriod
when I'rmiebcg.m toexiend it" influence ov> i F.uiope,
which wis in tlie runn of l-'ranci I. totemporaiy with
Henry V'.il. of K'lglan 1.
Tins nri:i,e wa^ a candid itc I r the eir.piie ot fl-,;-
manv, but loll the Imn.'ri.il crown; Charles \'. ot the
lioule of Auilria, and king oi Sjain, being ciioUn in
his ilead.
Francis m:u!e liveial capital expeditions into Spain;
but in one, wiiiJi he umiertofik agiinll Italv, he wa^
delcited at tl'.e battle of I'avia, taken priloncr, and
ol'licrcd to aaree to the mo!! iiuniilKitinu terms, in or-
d.r to obtain Ins rcLa'e. His ireaeh ot the terms liv
which he ppnur- d hi' eiilarr'ement, occ;illon''d (oii-
tiniial war" .iLainii tlieemjieriir, till the death ot Franci-,
*\i'h li happtnid in i i j.;.
At tlii^ period, iiouever, IVanec wa rulier in a
fle.iirilhinir condition; and Henry 11. Ion and lu eell'or
of Fiancb 1. wa , in general, a verv lortunaie prin'.e;
furth'Ui^li lie loll the luttle of St. (^lintui, .-.'^uiiii li;e
Fn^iilh and Spanr'.rds, \ .t l,e reiouk Calii- Ii'M-.i tl.e
foiMxr, wh.o never atier h.id any tooiin;j in l-.an.e. In
I j;f, Ik wai killed ai a iiliirvj niatv h b\ the count ol
Mon!;:!i"'eiv. i ie wi.s lir, ^evded by his Ion l'"ranv ill.
In whofe reijiii the religion', difputes began t> break
ou: In Fruii-. Th.l'lotv ile.nts were perlecuted under
Cli tries IX. his broiher.uid UicceHur. Thefe dilpiules
occ.ifioned two ci\ il vv.irs alter the conchilion ot wiiidi,
en St. Bartl'.oiomcw's da\ , i ;72, was p.-rp.tiated the
horrid milla. re of the I'rotellants at Pan , whivh lelt
an indelible fiain o.i the hillirvot p'rance. I'pon this
a lontede-ii V, I died the Holy League, u. is entered
into bv t'le Papills i f I-'ratice and Spain, tiir the exiir-
JUtion I'f the l'i";e(l.'.lil'.
On the d,ii.:i ■ ol Charles IX. Henrv III. king of
Pol.'.nd, fiiccee led to ilic kingd iiii ut brar.ii in i ^j^,
and taking th.: jiart ol' the I'rotellants a;.'a nil the
leaeuer-, wa ali'allinat ed by one Clement, a triir.
H.nrv, king it Navarre, of the h^Hile ot ISourbon,
fti.ceetir, , ih Proiellants obtained an edict, called
the Fdietoi N an:', i ;Hg, in their favour, from Heniy
1\'. v.iicieij, they were tolerated in the Irteexetcile ol
their religion, in all parts ot the kingdoni except Pa-
ns; but flill, the kinu liliferving a creat ni.uoriiy ol his
kingdom /.ealou^ C.uholu', found himlell under a nc-
lellifv ot ileeliiinii; hiinlelt of that reli"ion; nor could
tin , prelerve him Irom the malice ot the monks; t .r
Ravillic, a tiiar, flabbed him tj the heart in iiis
cuaeli, III the llreets ol Pans, ihc i4ih ot May, on
pieliimption that he wa> llill a Pi. telhuit. Lewis XIII.
wa, 1)111 nine ye.irs it age at the time ot his faiiicr's
death. \\'hen he pre up he dilcaided iiismothr and
In I livourii.', and cliof • tor his miniller the lairious
laidiiial Riehlieii, who, by iii, ivfoiute and bloody
iiiialuris, put a peiiod to the remaining liheriic" of
I-'raiice, and lo the religiou' ill. blilliment of the Pro-
lellanis there, by taking from them RoeluHe, in M'^!'.
Thi'^ put an end to t!ie civil war . on .account of f li-
gioii in 1 ranee, whiihhad ' r.naitended with imiiientc
expellee ot blood a-i I treafore, and cauleil conflagra-
ti'n, moll diielul in tluir coniecpienies,
Ricldiai, after having ()u lied. In- .i mnftevlv train
iM politics, all the conlpiiacies which were t'ornicd
a;',ai ill iiini, nied tome months Ik tore Lewi' Xlli.
who, in It 4T, lelt iiislon, .itteiwaiif- tlie famous Le\\!i
\1V. toinh.er.t h:s kmidoni.
During tiie miii-jr'iy (.1 ih.i j>rinec the kingdom
wa rent bv tin- faetions ot tiie great, and the divili. i;-.
letwe'.n the couvt ai^d |.irliament. It was involved at
oiue in foieignimd ilomeiiic wars; but the i)ueen-nio-
ther, Anne ot Auilria, having made cardinal Mazarine
her tiill tninill r, he tiiind means to tvirn tiie amis
even ot Cn mvveU a, lirlt the .'Spaniards, and to divide
ilie d im. lli( cnemie, ol tlie court lo eft'cctuaiiy .imon;
th nifelves thin, when L' v.i^, oiitlie dctli ol lh.it nii-
nilb. ', ill i''!i., '.li'unied llu lenr, he i nmii hiir.lelf the
moil ab'oliite iiionarcli tiiai had ever l.it ui>oii il-.e
till one ol l-'raiue.
On the death ot M.i/.irine I-.e lial the good, fovtiiiii
to put the drnieRic afan of l.i^ admiiiilbaiion int iili ■
liinds ol Colbert, wh.o tormcd new lyUcms for the
:;!oiy, co'umene, and manufiCtui'-s ot France, all
wliivh were carrud into exeaition with great afTidua .
.■\s an luithor ot eniinen e very juillv oblerves, i •>
write the hillory of his reign would be to write that o>
all F.urope. Ignorance and ambition vveie the onlv
enemies of Lewis. Through the form.r he was blin.I
to every patriotic duty as a king, and promoted the iii-
tereft^ of his t'ulvect', only th.u tiify niigiit the better
i aniwer tiie ]Hirp' les ot liis j;reatnels : bv the latter 'i-
I embroi'ed liimlelf wiih r.il his neighbours, and vv.-.ii-
( toni" rendered (iermanv a diliiial Icene ot ilevallation,
I Pie ni.iJe and broke treaiics for his convenience; and,
I at 1- r. :ih, railed a conl'edeiacy againll himlelt' ol almol*
I all tlie ot'.er piin>.cs of F.urope, at the head ot which
' u.is William III. kinsr ot F.ngland. This alliance he
I opp^.i.'fd for lo'.nc y.'ar', till having ])rovoked the F.ri -
'• lull by his repeat.-d intid lifi'S, tluir arms, under t'.e
|| duke < f .Mi.-lborougli, and llicfe of the Aiillrians, iin-
!' d r prin.e i'Ai;;.e"e, fiilli.d all th.e renown he had ol--
1, taiiie.l. His reit;n, vvhi h began Iplendid, ended iiiile-
I rably ; and lie died on tiie iirit of Septemi^er, 171;,
belli"; tucceede-
'on, Lewi- XV.
Tins monir> li, in tin- courle ot hi- reign, w.as fid, J
ihe '•\'ell Beloved, wiiicii he loll fnnc year; bclore lu
died. He was det cfted and I'elpiled bv ids (iib'eet ,
lor ill lliariuful ind lieeiii. oils a'laciiments, anil illibe-
ral tr atin- ni ol lo.ne of tiic v.orthiel! men oi tl •
kingii iin. 1 le died in the ''4th year ol his ag.-, an I
;i,tli of hi. rei ri, A.I). 177. j; and was luccceded by
111' gi.mdl'on, 1 .ewis XVI. wlio was born in I7i;4 ; and.,
in I ; 70, married Mari.i Antonietta, filler to the empe-
ror of ( leimany.
This mr.nareli ii.fjan !-.i- reign with much p^pu-
lint\. In 177S, ill Old. r to alhlf the Aiiuii. uis in
emancipating then. fclves trom ihe governmeni ot the
luuihei couiiii V , he comm in d lii lldilic .agiinll (jre it
Britain. In i 1 l.ind he lupp irted wliat vva- call \\ the
piiiiiitle jiiriv iigaind I'le llidili lid.r. In the war uiiii
(iie.it Biitain oider w -re i^ivi 11 to all h.- Ilips 11, t to
moll II Captain Cook, our lel.br.ated iuvii',atur, who
wM' on a viiy.iiiC round th ■ woiKI.
Tliis war, il iwe\er, helped to di rani'.e ihe natr n.iil
linaiiccs; and in i ,^^ thedil'i uliies weie i ncrea! d. 1 y
tlie Ciille d'l'.ti ompie (a kind ot national liaiik) flop-
ping piymeni. Various nvaiis were devifed by the
miniller of iiiiancc, (^Calonne), to raife tii.- money ne-
i ellary
VV.Illl
tiu .11,
li
r.r.oGRAniY.
:il'r..It!l:i(it. Lewis XIIF.
It th,' time Dt' liis tiuiier's
c<liltaiiit(! liis inoth;r ami
']■ lii> mir.ilUT ti'.c- r.ur.diij
In. iili'lnic ami IjIchx'v
Ik' rcmainiii'j; lihtilic- nV
ill. I'lidiiinnt di' the ('ro-
ll liitiii Rotlullr, 111 M-^;i.
war ' nn atcoiiiit oi n li-
(• n attindid wiiii ininicnlc
:ii', anil latili'il i-onlla-.-ri.
'11 l.'(]llflKCS.
Itxl, by a maflc-ilv train
aviis wliitii were f. >inifii
MllllS ll;i,,iV Ll'.vi'^ Xill.
tuiwanl' I lie CanioLis Liwii
i jvime tli'j Iting.loin
I'.tprcat, and the <livili. r.-,
ir.ent. Ii was involved at
wars; hue the inieen-nio.
.giiiade eaid;nal Ma/,arino
mean'- to turn th.- urtils
e .'Ipaniards, ami to d.-.iilc
eovirt to eft'cctiialiy .iiiion;
-, onilic death ol that nii-
leins lieiiiind lii,v.l'clf the
at had evir lat ujioii llx
le I'.e lia 1 tlie rnin] fo'tuii;
t l,i^ adniuiili ■aiinn i-.[ uh •
niud mw Ivlftans tor the-
inut.cturts ot Frarne, ali
..iition with great afTidim-..
c very juilly olilerves, {•>
a would he to write that o'
id a:Ti!iiti'in were the on'v
;li th^' lorm. r he was h.lij-.d
kin;^, and promoted the iii-
tliat they niigjit the lieiter
£;reatnd's : hv the latter h-
I liis neif!,hl)oiir5, ami \\n;i-
difmai (eene ot'devallatioa,
•s for his conveiuenie; and,
uy againll Ivinlell'ol almoiJ
ropj, at the liead of wlueli
•'iv^land. Thi-. alliaiu-,' he
havi:i;4 provoked the I'.n -
rirs, tluir arms, under t';e
thcle of'tlic Aiillrians, iin-
all th.c renown Ik- iiail oI>-
'c^'.an Iplendid, ended miK--
iirlt of S.)iteni^er, 1 7 i ;,
id'on, l-,fwi. XV.
irle o[ iii . reif!,n, \\.v> ilil.d
• loll I'lmc year, hc!ore h:
i del piled in his itilvcet ,
-IN a'taehmeiits, and ilhhe-
tlic v.orthiel! men oi il,._-
^ ;ih vear ol his ac;;, an I
74; and was luec ceiled hy
■ho was horn in 17 ;4 ; ami,
tonietta, filler to theeinpe-
i- reit;n with much pipu-
to ■.\fu\\. tile Am(ri,.ins in
r.]\ the governnu-'U ot the
n -d In llditic aQ,i;n'' (jreii
ip irtcil wliat wa- eail -d the
lidtliojd.r. In the war witu
'.;vi n to all Ik- llrps n.i to
tel-.'hrated na\ ii;ati/r, who
Aodd.
-ed to deran<',e the iiati' iial
i')i ullies weie i nere;'.!' d 1 y
iiid ot uationai bank) llnp-
1 an. were divif/d l)y the
ic), to raife tli.; money nc-
i ellary
EUROPE.]
FRANCE.
reflary tor the exif^ ti ic; oftlic fla'c. The pirliiment
ot I'aris (ni.ei iral)le for its tvitriotil'ii on former ocea-
fion^) reiu'-d to r.'{;ilk'r the edicts tor layitiJ, ta>ces on
the people ; mil which, accordiiuT to the conflitiition
of I''a!i.c, w.s r.ee.'Ilary ro rcndr th 111 eflVrhul.
J):-*ei'.. ' hy tie ll.'a.lincis ot' the [uiliament, the
mi'iil. .1 hivl rciourfc to :'.:iolh r allVnilily called the
Nota'.les who were cinvened, ami met in I'Vliruary,
17S7, lr.it wee a- little liihi'ervi. nt to his wiOies
as the pail'ar.i.'nt hid I eeii, and Calonne religiied.
Ne ker lueceeded him, and a Iviied the calling the
Tiers l'',tit. (Y- 'l»r. • eifitcs, (no'il.s, ele;gy, and c 0111-
nion t will) hid iioi ma lince the ye.ir 1(114. ^''^ ''"^'
allLmhling ol this udy, alter imieh contention aoout
ti firniN '1h" c oai nous, joined hy a tew oflh.- cLri;y
V and nohles. pro- ecdeil to pvihlie bullncfs. Their firll
' a.'^ went to ilcclare thai the ditlerent taxes eollerte<l
tbioufjioui the kingdom were illc:;al, Ixeaufc noi
voted I'V liie jieople. Tiie king oblervcii their |'io-
»e( rl:r.rri with a;b)ni(hment ; and thole about hiin ad-
vilid liini t 1 relili theleeneroai^hments on his jirco'^a-
lui-. l^oius WIS, hy nature, mild, gentle, and Ivik'-
' volent. Stimulated hy his advifcr-, he exerted his
autiioriiv to liipiirefs liuh proceedings : but the ivlii-
iuiioii ami Ipirit of the afliniblv- were liiperior to his
own, and were accompanied with the plaudits of the
|H-oi)lc.
In jiilv, i-Sg, M. Neeker, trom whole abilities
the ]iiiblic ex])eded the relioration ot the national cre-
dit, receivcii the royal ortlers to ipiit the kingdom.
iX A lb in as this wis known, the ia[iiEal was in e.-.nfu-
V lion, the pop'.ilace were tilled with turious zeal ; the
% I'Veiu h 'juards, when called forth to repel them, ranged
tl'enilelv^s on their (ide, feveral h.oufe^ and |)ublH
huildinL's were iiiilacred and d.li roved, and ainoii'i
others the baltiUe, the mob killing all who retifted.
The conlei]uen(e ot thel'e proceedings was the re-
tr.uhineni of the power of the king. 'Idie national
alfeiubly pafleil rcfolutions limiting and defining the
royd power, and the king, with apparent goodwill,
.in|uii.(Vcil in their proei idin.'s. In (Jchiber follow-
ing the foklierson duty at Verlaille^ gave an enterfiin-
luent to a corjis who had lately arrivetl. In the eou''le
(tilie eveiiinii, warmed proliably with lif|iior, it is laid,
fiiiL's were lung whi; h h:ul a t.'lulencv to rou/.e the
I 'fliers to a love of the ohl government, and nianv ol
theui took the national cockade out ot tiieir hats.
Ne'.v . of this loon re.u'heil I'aris. A mob o' ■;o,-oo or
40.000 loon coileiHed, moll of whom, it i-. laid, were
womin, and fei/.ing arms v. herever they could liml
rhuii, i\\rv marched to Vcrlailles, aiidre(i(:al the allcni-
hi\ on the iiibie.l, and in the end aiiiiiled the palace,
kiileil many 01 the guard', ami the quem r.arrowlv
clcap.il lilt fame bite.
'1 he kinn the next day removed to Pari-, ai-.d wa
fj- condiirtcd to the jiakuc of the Thuilleries. hi Jub,
i;iiO, he look the oath appointed by the new conlH-
tution ; and 111 till^ his ciniilucl appears nuilt de-
lerving eenfun ; fir in June lollowing, thou di guards
fuirounded the palace, he madi' hiscKape trom I'.uis,
aceompani.tl by the queen and his two childr, n, and
tleil touatdi the Nalieil.inds; hut they were lloppeil
at \'arennes, 0:1 the borders of hraiue, by a p"ll-mal-
ter who recogni/.cil his perfon.
Ill April, 1 7<).', m eonU'quencc ol the warlike pre-
p:ii'.:tio;is and conduct ot the emperor, who had j ei-
limalh met the king ol i'mllia at Pilnitz, and it w.is
laid had entereil into a private league (in which oilv. r
powers alio were ini luded) to invailc I-'iance, war w
lie lai\d againll him. Tlie queen was the filler ol' the
emperor : ihc people fulpectcd her to have iiilhien.c
o\(. r the king, and they believed, or profelled to be-
lieve, that he ufed his authority contrary to tiic inte-
rell ol the (late and in conformity to the view^ ol the
emperor. I'nder thele fentiinents, in Augufi fol-
lowing, M. Petion, the ma\or ot I'aris, at the liei 1 ot
the Icdions of the capital, demanded the depoliti-n ol
tliekinjf; and Louis, las iiuctii, and two chiiditii.
were jilaced as pril'oners in tlie Temjile. 1 h. nation
was miincd.'atelv deciarcd a republic.
In theauiuniii ot I "9 ;, th.'diikcof Briinlwii k, at the
head ot an army of yo.ojj PrulVians, Hefl'.ans, and
other (iermin troops, enteral i'lanc-, having lirlt puh-
lilh d a muiifelbide firing that he piirpoled marcli'ni>
to Paris to rellore the ancient government. The ey.';
oi all I'airope weie hxed on ihis arini , and great events
Wire cxpeCied from it: hut after m;iching ioj miles
iniol''rame, wi.houi being |oine I hv the p'.Ml'ints as
lie had been given to r.xpeit, the ihike found a letreaC
iieceliiirv, from the want ot prosiiion-,, aiiii witli 1 mie
diliieuliy he returned into (i niviiiy.
This iinfucccfstul attempt infpiud the Fien'.'h wit'i
more fortitude, and toward- th- end of ih- l.en ■ \car
under (ieneral Dumourier, t!ie\ invKiei! the Aul-
tri.in Netherlands. After a battle near the villaijij
"t Jemappe, they entered Bruliels, took Aniwerp,
and were every where vielori lus. On tir- icth of ] i-
nuarv, 171)^, the king, after a ]iul.ili ■ tri d before the
national allL-mblv, which had be, n re-e'ec"ted, ami now
look the name of the Convent! vi, was fentenced to
lulfer death, and on the following day wa; bJua le.l.
On the ad of October fillowing the i]ueen met the
fame fue.
To delcrihe the number of alfafTinations, iiuir I-.ts,
and cxei iiti in ,wliiili hav-.-hapjiened liiv c julv, i78g,
would be beyond the iiiivts prefinbed to this w irk.
\l.iiiv mem'i-rs of theallembly, and tlr inlands of other
individuals, have met the fate of their fovcreign, and
Fiance ha exhibited tii Europe fcenes which human
wild.im could not fiircree, and which appear too great
for human refiflance.
In Feb. i/t)^, the French declared war ,\g\init the
" Ring of England"andilK- " Stadiholdcr of H illand."
In conleqii'-ncc the Huke of York, with a hod\ of
lorces, was lint to the affillance ol Holland, which was
invaded he the I-'rench forces; and they were loon
compelled by the allied powi-rs to evacuate all they had
taken in the Aiillrian Netlicrlands. The ca.npaiga
of I 79; was afterw.udi purfued with variou-. luccef-..
In 171)4, the internal commotions of France, having
t'.reatly tublided, the-^ were enabled to bring ini.i the
held -1 body ot forces which rendepcil them victorious
b'.- land overall their enen-ies, and Brufieb again lub-
niittcd to them. 'f"he F.nglilli llect, however, under
L-rd Mowe, giined a complete victory over the
licit ol France on the id of June, after three fuccetnvo
days engagement.
S E C T I O N M.
Contaimng a Geogrnphical Dcfcriptioti of FRENCH
FLANDERS.
FRENCH Flanders is hounded on the north by the
Seine ami German Ocean, and on the well by the
fitter. On the call it is b lunded by the Aullrian Ne-
therlands, and on the fouth hy Art lis. It abounds ii\
grain, vegetables, flax, cattle, ?cc.
Lille, on the Dculc, the capital of the French Ne-
therlands, is llrong and hi-auutul, and ha-, one of the
linell citadels in F.u'ope. It contains likewile an hof-
pital, an handfonucxch.inge, anumbci of churches, ami
a cimlidcrable inaruitactory of camblcts, cloths, and
other lltitls. Titer-- is abya\s a llrong garrifon kept
up in tl'.is town. I'he hou'.es are of hcw:i Hone and
Will built. The llreets are llraight, and crofs each
other at right angles. In the year 179^ the Aullriaiis
bclieged this towii, and moll of the houfes were de-
IlioNcd; but on the retreit ol the Pruilians out of
I' ranee ihev railed the liege.
Dou.a\- is a \\\\\ fortified town, with a cit.utel, litua-
led on the river Scarpe, and the borders of .Artois. Jt
is of an oval torm. By means of lluices fliC whole coun-
try round may he laid under water. 1 f-re arc levcr^l
churches, and a fam-nis feminary and univerlity, in
the new divilioii of France, I)i.H!ay is the chiei towi\
in die dep.irtiuciit of the Noitli,
(}ravelincs.
u
»7^-
A NEW. ROYAL, akd AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or rMVr.RSAL CEOCRAniY.
fVi:
■n !
.< r,-
Gravi'liiu's ;i Ihi.ill Imt lliong tmvn on ilu- 1 i\<. r A:i,
about nine miles trom nunknk, i- will loililinl, aivl
has :i li.nl'ouv .it '.he lUi uiliot the iivii.
The I'uniiici ol Cam URESIS is ahoul ten leagues
loiii;, .mil tiom live to li\ where l>ro.iikll. It r very
Inmtiil .mil populous.
C;uiiIt.iv, the I ijiital ot the province, is leateil on
the Silulil, I ; miles trom Douav; it v.as taken liy
Lewis Xl\ . Ill I');;, anil ne\t vear was \iiKleil toiiim
bv the treatv ol Nmuiiuen, toi;aher wiili the w hole
Caiulmli . It i- thi- lee of a lulhop. B.tore the itvo-
Uiiion it w.is the Ue ot .'.n aichi>ilhop. The eiiv i^ not
onlv well tortiti-il. but alio ilelemleii \<\ a iiiaild aiul
tort. 'I'herc is lliU .i niaiuitaitor\ here ot line l.iwii,
wliieh takes it^ name Ironi the city, aiul torwhuhit
has been lunu t.vnv cs. The inhabitants arc laul to be
very livelv and imluilriou^, ami to liavc a i^.niih lor
the kieiieis.
Chaieau-Cambre: s 's.i fmall lovvn, litiiateil 14 miles
trom Cam'pr..-. . I; wa- lornieily alortilied town, but
now lies ijuite open.
Fkknch Hainault, ;o miU^ loni;, ami li broad,
contains the toUowing ptaecs:
Valeneiennes, a l.ii'j;e and po])ulo^l^ town, o;i the
Seheld, vvhieii run-. thr<nij;h llie tow:i, with a good
cit.ulel, and other lortilicaiions, i^ miles tr-m Cam-
bra\. The iiLUiutaitures .tie wooli-.n ihitis i.imMcts,
i'airaeans. and a tort o! tine lawns c.illed batille, in
French.
Conde, on the conlhix o! the Hame and Seheld, is
llron^ly lortitied. 'j^ietnoy contains lonie manutae-
tones of linen and Itutl"; Bav.i is tamou- for Ionic Ro-
man caulewavs; Maiibeuoc, on the Sanibre, i-. well
tortniid; and L.andr.cy, on the Sombie, ua'-vielded
to Lewis XIV. by the treaty ittlie Pyrenees.
Chaileiimnt is a little turiilied town, winch had its '
name trom its iituaiion on a lUcji roek near the Macs, 1
and its founder Charles \ . j
Dunkirk is the moll e.illeri\ harbour on that futc of |
f-'ranc.' winch i. next to (i eat Britain. It wa- origi-
n.ilb a iiKan hamlet, lo'dilling only ot a tew tilher-
irier.slu.t^; but a ihurcl. Ixinj; built there, it wa-,
trom th..i, and u- litiMiion, wliUi is a Tandy eminence,
called Duiikir,.; Dim li^nrying, in the old (iriUic
langu.igc, a lull; and Kirk i^ting the old I'lemilh n.ime
Icr ciuiri h. Tiiii pLue underwent a v.uit-te of rcjiair-
and dcniohtion-- Irom the \ear 960 to i'i;4, being then
in the p 'ti'eirrj'i 01 the .'■'tianiardsand the bell harbour
inllin'.Ki . 1 Ik I'r ncii, enienng into a treaty with
I'-ny.'and m id;;, ail'iLd bv Cromwel!, attacked a:id
IO(
be the treaty o! Al\ la-Ch.ip-lle. Tie.: tli" Fieiuli
.ibi.ivs end ivouied to elude the deliiolitn,n (,| i\;^^
l.iitilii iiion. in ilu' \,ar 1 7m;, the Duke ol Yoik, at
the he.ul oi the lli.iiih .ind /Viillna'i torie , nileiiipi,.l
U) take it, but w.l^ oblig.il to make a I'lciipitaie ic
tieai, with the loN ol his .uiillcrv and a p.ni ol hi . army.
M.irdykc, a village .ibout three mile, to tlie w. H'of
Dunkirk, is ccLbr.iied on account of tiie noble canal
e reded there, with its fluiie .uul balons, byoiderof
Lewis Xl\'. alter the pe.Kv' ol IStreclit : but, by vir-
tue of an artii le of the tr..ity Ci .u luded .it the \ i.igue,
in 1 7 1 -, tills I anal hath b.. n rendered, 1:1 a great iiiea-
line, ulelel-.
The (lovcrnmentof Mi.T/ii.nlii^. if MelVin,l'r.n. h
B.irr.i-, La .Saare, and I'.encli Luxenib.urg. By ih-
tiill 01 theie is meant 1 le tirritory round the city ol
Me:/, in L^orrani, wimhwas yielded lor ever to ili-
I'leiuh by tlie t:\aiy of Weilphalia; together wiiii
iitlier d:;hicls in ti:e bilh'pri, s uf Met/., 111 whuh the
onlv pl.iee worth menti'i'.ing is
Me!/, fitu.it(d at liie eoiilliix of the Molclle aiul
Seille. It 1^ th.- le ■ ol a b diop. Here are maiiv
ihurelus, thieeniidil , and a Jew illi lynagogue, ui
which peojiK' thue are laid 10 be vvso.
The cit\ i- diviiUd into die • ' iidNew, both ui'
whi. Ii are l.ir:;e and l.andluiue; . ; ili. latter ex.eU
tlie former, at le.ill in refpcs'i to b.-auty. The Jewi
are conlincd to a parliiuLir ipiartei, and di!linguilhed
trom ethers b\ wearing yellow i,;p«. in the new divi-
iion o: FrauiC, Met/ is the ihut tov. n 111 the d.p.ii;-
lueiit ol M.J/,.. He.
French Barras is a part ol the du 'ivol Bar, wlivli
has Ixen long in th.' pDireni'in oftli. l-ieiuh. It i.n-
tains livci.il Imall towns, ol which Longwi and jaiiiii/,
are the chief.
The French part of the duihy of Luxemburg was
acquired by the (leaee of the Pyrenees.
Thionville, the ca|iital, is a lortilied town, on t!ic
wellern bank u! ih^ Mofclle, over which n ha .1 l.'cau-
tiful bridge.
Caiignancs i- a town fiuiated ontheCliivi, tix mile^
from Sedan to the well, and t.irmeily called lv,,\.
When Lewis XIV. lonfcrred it on the count of S n'.'-
lons, of the houfe of .Si\ 'v, its name was i. hanged to
Carignan, after tli.il of a t mn in I'ledmont, ot wiiitii
I Ik 11 iiiv's lather was l.nd.
S.iar-Loui^, on the Star, is one of the I'reiuh bul-
warks towarils ficrman\. The peiiinlula on whuh it
ilan.b can be laid under w.iler, .ind the ramp.ut' arc
i: ; an.i it was pm into the hands of the Paiulilh, | plant, d with three row- ol ires.
in i..'nlei,ui.nieota treat \ bet.veenth. in ,\nd the I'rencli. \\
To the F.nglilh it was <if vcrv great impi'itance. Tlicv
therefore inipiovid the f iriifications, anil built a i ita-
ilel ; yet they kqii it only t.)ur \ears; t.>r, in id'u,
two year- atertiie ivlloration, Chailcs il. iMd tiii va-
lu.ilile acuuifition to l-raiKc. A'ter tin- it a. is f utilied
i)t b,on k AIN is 100 miles II
mountainous m loiue iil.iee-.
"III
by Vaub.m in .1 \ery extraordinarv niann.!, .uid at an jl latiir is the lirgell and mod beautiiul.
iaim-n'e expi nce to Lewi- Xl\ . Being a pl.ice w' ere 'i
the I-iench [irivatee's were It uioned in linu or ..-.ir, li
the tortihcaii in- were dcmolilhed in conUiju. nee ul die i
trc.it\ ot Ltrttht in 171 :;. n
I'l iIk year i;.-. j, during a great llorm, the iLi broke j
liji iheiMr, or dam, .md rellorcd to the Duiikirkers the '!
lile "1. lilt; harbour in a verv conlidcrable degree. In 1;
tliJ \c,ir 1740, wIku f iieat-ihitain w.is eni:age i in w.ir '
with Spam, Lewl-i XV. let about imjiroving the advan- '
tage wliKii Dunkirk had derived from the llorm in '.
ijio. In' rc'l .ring the works, and repairing the liar- 'l
b Hir. FIee:v:i.\l nev forts m the plaieol tlio:e whuh ''\
had been del' loyed , and foun elpooled llie Laule oi ::
S;.a,n, and beiaim- a prineipal in the war ai'.ainll u .. ji
At the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 174,S, 11 was lli- ,
pulaied, that all the works toward- the lea lliould Iv ''\
deiboyed a lee .nd time; noiv.ithlLimling whieli, b. - I^
torethe declaration ol the war in 1 7 ^'i.the phu e w.i-. in j
as'iood a llate o| delente lowaids the lea, as 11 hid 1
l"he ( I >vernmi nt
near as m.iiiv broad,
in g -ntral Is rule.
N.m.v, tlie capital, lituuid on the river NL'urte, is
iii\ id.ed irito th ■ Old and New Town, ot which the
Here .lie Ic-
veral ihurihe-, an acaslemy ot tcieiices, a |)ublie li-
i r.'.n , and .m h oipital. in the churili of St. (ieorge
is the monument of CI'.aiL- the Bold, duke ol Bur-
gundy, wiiu was killed while he w.is b.lieging this i. ily
in I'lc \ea; 147 '. It e- .1 bilhoji's lie. In tlie new di-
vili on 111 l-i.ini e N.'.'ic i- the chiet loAn 111 llv depart-
iiieiii o Meur. Tlie otlisr lo'.uis in ihi- duchy are of
no c iiii ipi n, . .
'1 he duche of Bir is liinihil .and well watere.l. It
i iiichided in me governmci.t Altii Lorr.uii.
Birle-l)ue, theiapiial, is di\ i.led into ilie I'pi'er
and I .'■'.\--A\ and ■ ont uns .i.'.eial . i.urch s ;iii,| an liol-
pit.il. ill a IK ir lAv.i, i;-acitl!e, .iml i noted lor
Die
1. tl.o
been at any tunc during the war w'.icli was toiieluded h .lary and an uiuvcrlii
will s. In th ■ lu w div.fi >n ■ 1 houve Rar-le
1 hiei I iwn in the departiv.eilt ol Meule.
i'o:n a .Mouilijn is a coiifiderable lo.vn on ilie Mo-
lill., ii'.-ii w'lidi il ' sabiuige, about 13 mile- trom
Mit/anl Naiiiv. The riv.r divii'.ei th.- I iwn into
lAop.uts. It contun- Lvcr.il ciiun.lK5, witliaUini-
Chrmont
•w
;1'(V,RAPIIY.
■lie. 'I'liv: th" Fu'iuh
• llu lllllicilicull (i| l|,i^
I !, till- Dukcot Yoik. at
ilhuri loM' , aiictiipt.,!
\ .uiil a pan 1)1 In aniiv.
live inilc Id iI;c w, It'of
count ot till.- ihihk' LMnil
.uiil li.ilons, [■>)■ ouli-r ot'
il I'tiixlil : 1)11!, hy vir-
■I'.u lii.lal at the H.igui-,
k-ikIcu-J, m ,1 "ifuiiiKa-
^.nlii' if M^lVii), I'lvn. Ii
1 l.uxcnilai!^. By ih-
riiory roiiiul ilic city ot
b yicidccl lor ivcr to tlii-
I'llpliali.i; together \\i:h
s ot Met/., ill vvhkh ilm
Is
lUix v\ the Molclle aiul
iliop. I lere aiv iiiaiiv
a Je\s ilh lynagogue, ol'
in- I : ■o.
e ( ' ii>l New, both ol"
lie; . ■ ■, ih. laiitr ex. els
I to li.aiity. The Jews
ju.'.rid, ami (!i!lin^iiillieit
> I .p'. In i\w new ilivi-
l1iii.1 tov, n 111 tlie d-pan-
ihe tlii.hy of Bar, wliiJi
II uf til.- I'reneh. It i .n-
ililth Loiii;\,vi and jaiial/,
jcliy of Luxeml'iiig \sas
Pyii-ne^s.
•■ a toitilied town, an i!ic
owr w liii.h it ha .i I'eau-
ed on tlieChicr, lix miles
nd t-riiKTly tailed Ivm\,
1 It o:i il.e count of S )il'-
II- name was liianged to
m 111 I'ledllioiu, t)l wiiitli
Is one ol llie I'reiu li Imt-
he pcninhila on wliali it
ler, and the ramparts arc
) k AiN is 100 miks Ion;.',,
inoLis in loiiie pLKe-, Init
td on the river Meiiri.', i-.
s'ew Town, ol which th.-
beaiitiuil. Here arc le-
ot teieiues, a public li-
tliL'cliuixh ol St. (ieori^e
. the Bold, duk. of Bur-
: he w.is l).l'ei^ii!j5 this lity
lu)|)'s Ice. In llie new di-
: duet toAn in tli'- depait-
lo'.v lis III ilii< ilucliy are oi
lliil and weil uatcrel. It
a A itli I.^oriaiii.
s du iled iiiio r.ie I '\^\kv
iCial . '.iiicli s and an liol-
a c illic, a;id i ^ noicd for
r I'l.ji. . r.arde D.ic i. ilx
t ol Meiile.
ide'aiilc lo.vii on ilie Mo-
d:;e, a'lout 1 3 iiiilei troni
.r diM.'.ci th ■ t /\vn iiuo
•d chore livS, Willi a l.aii-
Cl.niioni
F.rROPK.]
PRANCE.
8-M
CKiinoiu i-n Ar'ionne, ri)cal!filtf)dif}in<;tii(li it t'loin
oti'er ci;ie« ol ilw ixnv nam.', i' the tliiel pla' e <i! an
fuldoii 111 bull, i k, whicli Charles HI. u'ldid to
Lewis Xlll.kinj^of I'lUKc; and I. wis XIV. ^avc,
ill nil jropity, t.) the prince of C )ii '.e.
Betwixt the Macs and M.il.lL- he f.veral lordlhips,
whicii i.ikc liicir names from their capil.il , and arc in-
dt peiuleiu of boili duciiies.
I'l the (iovernment of Ve^duv, the only place
Wiirlli 11 liciiif; I Veidiin, on the M..e-, a la._..,e p"-
pii'o'i citv, cicfcnd'd by a line citailcl, and cilierwili'
\\. II f).iifKil. I: is the lee ol a bilhop, and lu> many
tine cliuii h'''.
'I'lie I'liill riov.-rnnicnl of Tout,, which is ijuiie
hc.-iiud ill DV Loirain, contains only one town, v\/.
T-niion the .\[. |r||e, over which it has a line orijij; ■.
Here are lever d i hiiri lies, two hol'pitals, and a (eiiii-
nirv, a. id t' e town, whii li wasa bilhoji's li-c before the
1 ■.olution, 1:. well lonilied.
l"<\-: (I'oV'Tnment of Ai.sacp. is bounded lot'^c wHl
by R'.irj^undy and l..o laui, totlie call In I lie On inui
and Brifgaii, to the lonth by Swii/.eil.iiid and I'Ulgaii,
and io the north b\ the l':'!atin.ue. The I )il is good,
Viildiiif!; i;. tin, fl x, tniil, toliacco, wood, wine, pal-
lure, litiion, hemp, TurKilli corn, o.;t-, rya, larley,
?; . Tills i;ouniry i< (i-paiaied from Lorrain by the
lot!v Watgau mountains, upon which grow (everal
kinds of larcie trees, and various Ipccies of llirubs,
ph-its, &c. (iamc likewife aliouiuh upon thcin; and
('.e, bowils contain lilvir, copper, lead, iron, anti-
iiioir , cobalt, fu.phur, coal, mineral waters, ^i. The
rives .vluth tall tVom iheic mountain'-, are the Leber,
Cher, Andlacc, I'auers, Sorr, I'reufch, Mo!ier, Selt/-
back, Ij,iutcr, Qi^icech, Hei, and 111. Piclidcs thcfe,
Altacc contains fcveral lakes, anvl is svaicr.cl by the
Rhine, which feparates it from (ieniiany. 'I"hc iiilia-
hitants are either Roman C.itholic. or Lutherans, and
they fpeak the German languagi.
At the peace ot Munller the emiieror yieKl.il up to
Fiance tiie town of BriUn , thelandgrav.u ot Upp.r and
Li'A.er Ahac, the Sundgau, and ihc dilirict or the ten
Impel mI cuies in Aha. e, with the Uneieij^ntv thercol ,
ami, at the i)eace of Ryiwick, in 1*97, th; empcor
and uiipire ceiled to l-Vince the perpetual loveiei, /ity
ofSnatburg, and its dependencies, oil the Ictt tide ot
the R!.|ir.
Siiaihui^, th.- capital of the w'lole countiv, and
forineilv a Iicl iiii])eiial city, liluai'd on the 'ivers 111
antl Breukli, about a quarter ol a league lioin the
Rhina, look the name ot -Stialliurg Irom it-. iLmdnva,
ne. '• .1 highway, called, bv t;ie Liiin writers ot the
luuldle ;i;iC, Strata. Ii is a large and an ient 1 itv. The
l'rnh.'c f)ver tlie Rhine is near an lingiith mile long.
Though tlie city m.-.y be laid under watcv, it is uell f ir-
tilled, and ha- a rcn'ular cit 1 Icl. Tlie cathedral is the
prnuipal Ihakt i.ie ill .itralbuig that m-.-riis obl'.rvaiion.
Tlie ornaments p'ele:;icd to this church, by Lewis XIV.
coll an immen'e lum. lis lUsplc is jullly re konctl one
ol'the h'^hetl in fairope. The gr^a! bell in it w- igh.i
abo\e ten ions; and another, called the fiver Ixll, as
being moftly of thai metal, t\'.o tons, and ' 00 weight,
which IS rung only twice a year. In thi cliurih is like-
wife a larerc clock, which exhibits the various motions
of the planets.
The other iniblic buildings of anv note arc iheepil-
c.ip.li palace, the arfenal, the iheatie, and die liolpil.ils.
I'hey have a tine phylic-gardeii, and an anatomical the-
atre.
There arc alio here, a Lutheran univerfity and gym-
iialiuni; a royal focicty, founded chiefly tor th,> natu-
No. So.
ral hirtory of Alfice; and nianv i liuri he"-. Of ihc
men-.b.is ot the city council, one lialf at. Luiheran.,
and the reil Roman Cadioli, ,. bi th ' new divifioii oi
I'r.'iite, Stnlb irg v, die cliiet town in the depariiiiLnt
o: Ml . Rhin or I ,ower Rhine.
Il.igriuu, IS litiiatcd on the Moiier; Wciti.'niiurg,
on the Lauter, contain '(1, bel'ore the revolution, anaii-
bey of Benedi'-'tipc-; Liiidau, in the <.1ue 1 h. is
llr ingh f niilied; I'ou l/.iiis.on an iflan..! i'l iiie l-lhine.
is .1 hand.ome htileiown; Andlau is tituaied on a ri\tr
ot the fame 11 inic; a'ld Ziixrii, another town, ii fitua-
led on the Soi.
C'olniar, en the 111, the capiial of I'p.p.jr Al ace,
ibrmerly one ol the ten Inipeiial cities in Alia e, is
ilrongly tortilicd. It is inhabiied prinap.illy b\ Lu-
theran', h IS a billiop's lee, and, in the n u diviliuu
ill I'laiii e, Coliiiai is the chief town in the dep-iitmcnl
o! 1 laut RliiiKji L'ppcr Rhine.
NcA-Biilac, a fmall town, laiilt bv Lewis XI\'.
after the peai.e of Rytwi- k, ,ii-oui hill a league from
the Rhine, oppofite to Old-Brific, is Ihongly firtilied,
and to regul.i, that the tour gate-, of the to.viv may be
te.n Irom the gieat m irket-placi-.
The government 'i Allace lompreliinds alfo the
Sundgau, i. e, the foutliera diilricl, to called in oppo-
liiion to the Noidgau, <ii' noriherii diflrict. 'i'his tcr-
riton is about 1 • leagues in length, and 'lear as much
in bre.idth. Moll of ih>' inhaliiiair fpcak Gerinan,
and are I'apilh. I'his countrv, though mountainou-,
jiroduces a great de.il of corn and wine, and is watered
by the 111 or Eil. At th,- peace of Munller, in 11148,
It '.^as icdcd, by the emperor and empire, to FraiKc.
Tlieie aie no places in it woith nieiitionlng.
The (iovernmcnt oi I-'ranchk Comte is bounded
to the ioutli and well b) Cliam])agiie and Burgu:id< , to
th- iiortii l)\- I^orrain, and to the c'.ll b\ Switzerland
and Mumpelgard, b.ing 30 leagues long, and .:o br ud.
It is ill tome |)iits Iht; in others hilly; produces
grain, wine, hemp, and palhire; ami abounds in cattle,
copper, iron, lead, lilvcr ore, tlone nuariies, mineral
waters, lalt fjirings, fee.
Belapfon, the capital, isfeatcd on ilie Doiix, whieli
divides II inio the L'pper and Lower Tow:i. 1 Ie!c .ire
levcral liot|iii.-ils, pal.ices, foint.iins, an arLhbilh 'prie,
and an umveility. The univeility has proletPor- ot di-
vinity, law, phyfie, and the languages. Tlie citv is
well lortilied, and def.nded by two eitadels. li tlio
new divilion of 1-Van. e, Beliinvon is the chief town in
ill.- department of L)oubs.
Dola is a. t.iwnon the river Doux, ab nit eight leagues
fout!i-well tio.n B-'fani^ 111. Tliere are liver. 1 hue
111 eels here; but it was more conlidcrable be ore the
taking 01 B.laiiv'in, when it w.i, the capital of the
couniry. In the new divilion of Fiance, Dola is the
duel town in the department of Jura.
Saliiis, in Latin Saline, is a prt tty large t.iwn, which
takes its name Irom its fait I; rings, and llanJs fix
leagues lout h from Bclan<,'on, and as many lail tioni
Dola. Th.' liilt fprings here are in vail cive taider
ground; whence the water is railed b\ cranes, jiumlis,
an. I other engines, conveyed 1:110 re!ei-.oir?, and tVoin
llu nee into iron kettles, wlieie it is b-nled into i'alt.
Tiie waters are luppofed lo a^c'|Uire their fa'tnefs by
running through mines ot lali, and not to com.- troin
ilie lea. A gieal dc.i! ot this fait is tent into Sui;/.er-
land in calks; and tl.e icll, bv mea:i-oi w.,oden moulds,
is made int.i cakes and lo.ives of three or tour pounds
w-eighl, ami laid u|) 111 the warehoules, until ill. v -uc
fold. Vail c|uaiiiiiies ot Wood ami coals aic re'.jui.ed
fir making the lab, and the fait keul.-. In the neigli-
bourhood arc leveial forts, and cjuarriesot maible, aU-
ballcr, jatpcr, £cc.
10 iM
CHAP.
.t'i
n!
874 A NKW, ROYAL, amb AUTHENTIC SYSTENt or UNIVERSAL GEOGRArHY.
■f!
,'!■
■'ll's'
^ I'
C M A p. XIV.
S P A I
N.
5 K C T I (1 N I.
Ainunt Namfs. SiUuUion, Extent, Boiitildtits, Climate,
Soil, Mountains, Rivers, le^eiiiole and Jmtita!
PiDiiti^lions, iji. (Jc.
SPAIN formerly iniliulcil PortiipU. nru! wis known
to the aiuicnts In tlii.- ii.ime'- 01 \W-r\:\ .iiul Hi.'I|H'-
rui, ;is w.'ll.is HilpanM. It is lituauil bitwua \(> and
44 degrees ot north l,\Mtiiik-. nnd huuit-n j arnl 1 o ile-
grees welt longituilt-; iKing ;oo lullc' in Un^ili, anil
5C0 in l-iroailtli.
Tiic air ot Spain, exccptint^ durin;/, tlu' eouinoi'^ial
rains, is ilry anil Icicnv-; lut it :■ exctirivi Iv hot in the
louthcrii proMni.cs ill .'iiiK'. Jnlv. ami Anu,(ilh Tht
vail mountains that run throiij^li tix loiinliy are very
benciiual to tl.c inlia'i'iaiitf, iiy the lelivfliing l)ret7e^
that eome trom ilie:n in the roiith:rniiio!l paits tho'
thole towards the north ami north-call ire, in the win-
ter, ver\ iu!J, and, in the ni'^ht ti;i'.e, make a tra-
veller lluver.
The I'oi' of Spain i«, in general, 'j,ood and fertile.
It it i'^ not lo iruittui 111 i,orii a-- mn'Jii lK'ex|ieCti'd, 11
is owing tothc indoleme ol the inhal iiaiiis in the ncj^-
Icct ot tillage.
In tliii kingdom the mountain'^ ar.' rem:iikai1e f ii
their numliers and he'gl.l. Tlu- iliut and hightll aie
the Pyrenc.s, heinr; near 200 nllL•^ ia length, extei.d-
ing from the M (litcniivin to ih;; A'.lantii Ocean, and
diviiling .Spain from France. Near Ciibril ar thnds
the celelTattil Mount Calp, , now called tlie Hill ot
Ciibraltar, and, in toriner times, one ot the pillars ol
Heicuk'-. Mmilerrat is w irtliy the aiteniion ol the
curious traveller, as one ot tlu- m )fl lingular in the
worlil, tor liiii.uion, Ihape, and compoli lion. A^iiis
iike no other mountain, I'o it (binds ([iiile unconneded
with any; though nn far tlillant trom Ionic that aie
very i 'fly. Th.re i'; a taiiion^ mon illery and thap.l
on thi- mountain, ileilicatetl i'> the Virgin Miry, and
reibrted to by a greit nonil er ol iiili:iimf. It is inha-
bited by monks ot foeral naiMn-, uho eniert;iin all
that come hither, out of ilevoti in or curioliiy, t'lr three
days gratis.
The prineip.al livcn of thi' kingdom are the Diiero,
the Tagil', the Guaduina, the CJuadaUjuiver, or Siirio,
and the Kbro.
Many parts of Spain pnx'.'.ic'.', almolf fi.ontancoiillv,
the ruhefl anil moll delicioii-* Iruii^; a orang s, le-
mon-, prune-, titri'n-, aliii'Mids, railin , tigs, pcaehes,
pomegranate^, kc. Theuiiics arc in hig!i icciuell
among foreigner-;. Th'- fides ot the mountains are
cloathed with rich trees, trims, and herbag> , to the
tops; and Seville oranges air noted ^very where. No
country produces a greater va:ictv ot aromatic lurlis,
which renders th • tade of their kid-- and lliee[) to
extiuituely deliti-iu. . The kingdom ut M'luia abuun<ls
fo mucti with mulberry-trees, that tiie p.'odiice ot its
foil loinetimes amounts to 20o,ocol. in the (oiirle of a
year. It may be niilly oblerved, upon the whole, that
few countries in the world owe more than Spain doeb
to nature, and Ids to indullry.
The Spaiiilh hoidsare neneially black, or if a chef-
nut colour; their cars are well let, their main-, long
and fljwing, their eyes full o! liic; and tiny pollels
activity and fpirir. Thole bred in Andaliilia arc
ellecmed the tinell; ami, indeed, they are i>;e;erable
lor war, lliow, and the iiKiiage. The mules of Anda-
lufia are much tileemed. The Spaniards, in general,
make ule of mules, riding or trawllmg. TJicy tat
little, and arc fure footed. Sliced) abound; aiul goali
are luim^rmis, p.irtivularly the Chamoi«, or Sln;iiov
goats. The wiiil bulls have nvu li tnocil v. \Vulu-«
are the duel bealls ot prey that peller .S|uin, whn.l>
is well llorcd with all the i!,ame and wild fml tint arc
to be found in the neighbouring ci'untri'.s already de-
luibed. The Spanilh leas a!li)ril exi-e'lrni fiih of all
kinds, i-lpe> lallv anchovies, which are here cured in
great peilection. Honey, lalt, lilk, lotton, .md wo I
III parii. ulai, abound here; and tome parisol ;lic coin-
try proihice rice and liigar canes. Spain is ituuli 111-
felled with locuRs.
There are fdutiferou's fprings In fomc pnrti, .ind w.a-
ters pofrcrted ot cMraordinary liealing i|u.ilitieb.
SI-. CTKIN 11.
Grand Divifwis cf the Kin'jiom of Spiiiu, rvitb r.r /■ar.
tutilar Dejcription cf eaib Divficn.
SPAIN is di\ided into 14 grand diviilnns or
piovmces, whn.li we ihall d. leiibi in the toliowirg
okI.t.
CiALiciA, ivhi h WIS an.ientlv a kingdom, hasth-
Oe an on the '.veil, Alluriasand Leon on tic eait, I'or-
tiigd on the foiith, ami tl.c Bay of Bile ay on the noiil,.
It i o a (qiiare figiir-, i zo m Ics ca. h way, and xerv
moun'ainoiis. Compollella, orSt. JagodeComp .Ihlli,
the eaj-iilal, an arehb'fhop's tec, is iitu.itcd betwixt the
rivets T.imbra and L'lla, having a Ibong callle and
wal's, and (.oniaining leveral g"od llreets, Kpiarej,
mon;illerics, holpitals, collegi. .. and ihurches. The
cathedral i> a moll niagniliecni llruiiure, andeont.iins
the boily of the apollle lam^s llie younger, the teiile-
lary faint and patron of Spain. TIkic is a prodigi..iH
concourfe of pilgrims always ^it tliispl.ice, to pay tlieir
devotion- to the Ihrinc oi the fiint. Here ate al o an
univerlitv, a court oi nciuiiition, a lovereign conn,
two annud fiirs, and a markei every w\.ek. Thee in 1
ot the holpitals is that for the rcteinion ol pilgriim.
Lueo, anciently called f ,uci:s .'\i:ga:li, is the fee of 1
billioj), liitriagm to St. I ig ). H leiie many wann
bathi, fome of which arc only luk'-.'.ann, ami u|Iki>
boiling hot.
Corunna, a fea-jwrt town on the I5ay of Bi:cav,
called by our teamen the (Jroyne, i> a pkue o con-
liderable tra Ic, having a Ipa. ioiii liaroour, wnh w ills
and forts, iVveral convents, chapels, eluiivhes, and lioi-
pitals. In its neighbourhood is a quarry o, jalper.
Orenle is an epilcopal city, on the Muiho. The
boiling Iprings of thii place are lalutary 111 levvral dil-
orilers.
Mondonned 1, 16 leagues trom the lea-coafl, is thr
let- of a bilhop; B-tan/.os, on the Mandeo, lias.igo.Mj
harbour. I'inilterre is an imonliderable town near the
c-pc of th It nime; antl Montforlc, on the Lemos is a
town bcl'.):iging lo the i.oiint ol Lemo--, who has a
llately palace here. On the loji ot a iHighbouring
m':>untain is alpringthat ebbs and lljvys.u the lea does,
and IS alteMiati.ly he.t and loKl.
Vigo is a town on a ImaJI biv, where, in 1702, tlir
Engiilh and Dm h bii'.ni the S|jaiiilh pl.Ui- ileit; and
Fcrroi, two I ;ague^ iro'.ii Coiuiiik'., is an agreeable town,
will a tine Iu'Ij )ur, \sln.ic leveral Span:.li men ol wur
art ulually at anchor.
The [irovincc ot Astthia , whi. !i i^. a princiinlitv,
ami giVi., title to tin- heredila-y prince ol S,iain, hi-;
Ci ili.ia on the wcil, tnc Bay ol Hifrav on the call, llit?
lea on the noith, a:ui (Jld Callile uail Leon on liie
louiL.
I
J
■\ '
J »*!
GEOGRAPHY.
Ill' Cli.imni*, or Sliiriiov
nvu h tt luiilv. \\'ii|\ c<
llial |ii Iter Sp.iitl, wimli
■i anil wil;l t iwl tint arc
itij; c'Hintri'.s alivaily ili;.
lilonl (.XLilLnt li:l) of ,ill
ni.li arc litTO cuivil 111
It, lilk, iDiion, a:id wo I
Ionic iiarisol ;lic cnu:i-
aucs. Spam is iiuuli in-
iC^ in roiiic pnrt<, and wa-
licaliiii' iiualuiL'b.
l)N H.
OKI of Spitin, '.vitb r.r far.
cf ea. b D. vficn.
14 p,ranil iliviilorn or
11 (1. IcniK II) tlic lulujwi!:g
icntlv a kmf^ilom, lias tli *
and 1 .ii-non lie rail, I'lir-
Bav dt Mill. ay on tin. noiil,.
ni Ics ca. Iiwav, and vcrv
or St. lai^odcConip .iKlli,
lie, !-> fitiiated lictwixt the
laviiif;; a lining e all L- and
.■ral j;"od tlitcl";, kjuarfS,
I'^i -. and ilmrchfs Tlic
em llrtu'turc, andiontains
ics the voiiiioiT, ilu' iciiie-
lin. Tlurc is a pr. 'dijii ■m
5 at tliisplaco, to |>av tlnit
he laiiir. Hero art al o an
liiition, a (i)vtrc!;.'.n ci'nn,
ktt e\irv wttk. The i In 1
If rttcpiioii ot pilgnnii.
.ucus Ai;!^u;ii, is the lee of 1
C ). I { le aie many wann
inly iuki. .'. aim, and uihei>
ivn "n the i'ly if Ri'iav,
(ir 'yne, i- a pLvie o con
la. ioiii liariviur, wnh u ilii
chapels, iluiivhts, and hoi-
od IS a quarry o. ial|)i.'r.
jitVi on the Miniio. The
: arc lalutary 111 leveral dil-
:s troni the ica-coaft, i^ th?
on the Mamleo, liis a go.Hj
iKonliderable town near the
nttoiie, on the 1_aiii(js is a
int oi L'.nio'-, who lixs a
:he top ot a ni.i(^lil)i)unni;
bs and lljvvs.iitlic lea do.s
old.
II hiv, wliere, in 1702, tlif
he S|>anilli pliii- ll.it; and
1 unn.'., IS an ap.rtealilo t.Avii,
Icviral Span;.li men ol v^ur
AS whii h ii a piincipalitv,
ditary prince ot S,jain, Iih
ly ol IVilcav on the call, tliL*
1 Call.ile and Leon on the
loiidi.
:<il
n
5#.
w
i
H'k
\4 f
h
i
«:•
.1^
1
i,
4u, 1
't
r i:
i >! <r
llr^'l
4\'
. 4
EUROPE.] s r
finii'i. It i- I tn inilo lorn;, nml ^4l)ro.i(.l; fertile , hut
thinlv iiili3l):tcil.
' Uiciln, tin.- cipital, fitiiafcil io niilvvfiom ili li.iv o(
Biltav, is tlic liL' ot a Ixili.'!). Iliri .ir .in iiniviriiiv,
livt-r.il i-(iiiVfiiis, clu|>. l-i, cinii. !i'i, .wvl lii'ljiiiiiU ;
:iiii.l luTi- IM.U'i, and iIk' lirli Clitilinn kiiii;>, alur tlu'
ii'nqiitll ol .Sj),iin IiviIk- M > n, relijil.
T iicuilur jiLui'' III tlis iirovin i :iri iiironfiJciahlc.
Tin I .oidlliip iif [liic-AV IiisiIk Ww h)' the lame
name iiu the iKMili, OM C'.uliK on ilid'oiitlj, the Al-
iiiri.is on till- \v>U, .i:nl Na\aiic on ilic iMil. li i^ ta-
rn uis K)r its .iiaii>»"s, leiiiDiis, iiiiil appk-', ot whiih
(\<Miil iidcr i. riiiuK'. Tin.' |ii.i)|ilc, wiiu aie ilii' lu'll
( ililiitsanil l.iilo:s HI Spam, iliiivi- tli.irnri^iii Ironulic
C'.lls. whole l.iiif.'.ui;»i.-, II iw iill.d Ur Itil avail, th.y
Ipt.ik, anJ wliiili iiearlv i\l nilile. liic \V Ith. This
provinn' Is iIivkIliI inio tlnt'i. parts, vi/. Uiay I'im-
pir, ( iiiipiilioa, ami Alalia. In Uilia\ I'lopcr the
piim ipal piacv-s ar^'
Kii*ai.,, vtiipaily (alkil Billxia, the lapiral of die
p <'\ iKc. It 's lar^e anl p ipuknn, aiui plalanily (1
iiiii'.d (111 (he river Ylniiiliil, wlure ii Ins i (» loil
|i.)ir, ami a \i,\\..-i irule in iioii, wrought ami iinwrou>j;hi
v.in\, liiHryii, and I hiiniit-.
Uiiiaii[;o, I ; uiili.> loiith-call of H Ih m, has ,i great
iion inaniit.ut jry.
Jn (ii.ipiifcoa aiv
San Sclulhan, a tovn, and noted pnr( on the Bay
of BiKay. Ii \^ liandfiime, well toitilieil, and has a
good harlwiir and titade!; carrvm^ on alfo a lonli-
deralilv tr.uK' in iron, lUtl, and wool; and cnioyiiu; a
pKal.i.iit pnlpecl o( the ka on one lid.-, and the I'v-
lenean Moiniaiii' on the other. 1 lere is a company
w!in.li ti.ules to the Caiacea^.
I'liemarabia, a little town oa the titmoll holders of
5|)aiii, next to Irance, has a p'etiy j'u k! hark >iir, and
Is fortitied loth In nature and art. 'I he Kluid of
Pliealants, in the river Bidifloa, nine miks from Fu
cmaiabia, was tmuuis lor the pjaee of the I'yun.e',
C'lncluiled in i's9. I'-lwieti Nlatia Therel.i, Int.m.a
of Spain, and L. w.s XIV.
Mendrapoii is !■ 1 oiaied for its min;ral Ipiinr;;^;
Solinas tor its lak Iprin^s; ami the S e;ra de Adiiin ■,
in this dillrict, ii the highell mountain anjonj, the I'y-
reiiies.
The dirtrift of Alaka contains no place wnrtlu' of
mention but N'iioria, which is luirou'.nkil bv a svall,
coiu.uns m.inv maf!,nilii ent inoaalKrie-, |)artiiularly
Ihat ot St. 1 ra:u :s, and has a ^M\at Made in ii.'ii, lleel,
wool, wine, and Iwonl-kla'.le-.
'I'lie I'nniiuc of I'iti R Navarrf., fi cUk'd to
didinguidi it Iroiu Lower Navarre, whkli belongs to
I'lance, has Arragon on ihe l'iut!i,thiT>Tenean Moun-
tains on the north and eail, anil DldCallil'- and Biica)
lithe welt; beim; Ho miles lonp,, and 73 Inoid. It
abouttds v.uli cat'le, ;;:une, honey, oil, wine, fmie
grain, a f.",v mediuiial waieis, aiid fome niineial .
I'amp.-loiia, t!ie eapial, liiuateil at the toil of the
Pvrenees, ai.d wallcil, is the fee of a billvp, luliuct 10
the ardibilhop of Burgo?. H^-re arc ;iii iinivcrlity,
founded in ii.od, two catUcs, leveral ehureln';, and
manv convents. Two high roads lead from tliis c tv,
over the t'yrenees, to France: one to Bivonne, ihr aigh
the val'cy 'A Bal..n ; and the other, vvlr.ch is ihc ln.lt,
to St. jeiii pie de I'ort, bv the way of Taraifi.
Talalla, on the CaiL'vo, is a large city, containing
.111 iiniveriiiv, and dek-iiikd liy a c idle.
Tudela, a city plealaiitly li'.uat il on the banks of
the I'Uiro, is walled, and has lcver,,[ churches ami con-
vents, with a llatelv bridge over the river.
Kflella is a handfonie town on the river F.ga, Its
name lignities a ftar, havir.g bien built to guide, like
a liar, the weary jjilgrims, jiatring !lnou:;h tliefc wild
mountains in their way to Coinpollell.i.
L'allantci is a fmall city on the: banks of th.- river
Quelk's, in the dillrict of Tudcia. h^ Roman name
K I N. Hjs
wuCalcantum; .ind romc roins of TIbcriul are ftill
cMant, inlLribcil Muic.ps Calcantum.
Ann. \f.oN, which was aiKicnily a kingdom, hu^ the
i'\reneeson the noith, Val'ntia on tlr foiith, Citalo-
nii oil the nit, and C'adile ind Navarre <n the well|
being i;oniil.' lin;_',and iiobroul.
S'.ragoll'i, ill.' lapn.d, liiuatcd o-; the banki of the
I'bio, almoll in the heut i) t!ie profinrc, k a large,
p ipiiloi^ city, llandin!', ill a ple.if.'nt fertile pi lin, wa-
ttud by four rive;*, and <ontaiivn,; ni:m\ coiivenfsanil
ihnrtli ^i bur the <athedi;d is an old iircgiil.ir IniilJ.
ing. The archlnlkop h,i, n conlidcrable r venue. The
univerfity lure was fiundni in 174).. A gieit many
peilons ot qualitv rcfide i'l tliii env, uhii.li i- the Icai
ot ilie court of royal audience fir Arrai;' n, and of the
gi veinor and capfain-ivn ral. Ol the ihurihes, that
of Our [vidy of the I'lllar, and o! the lonveats, that
ot St. I'lanci , are the moll remarkable. Here irc two
llite'y bridges ovei the Ebro; and the walls of th; city,'
ilii'iigh old, are thong and 1 otiy.
An ingeniou-, as well as ficetiou: tiavei'cr, vvho
made tiie tour of Spain, a ihort 'iaie fuKe, d' cl irej,
tl.it iliou 'ji S ragotia is repieleated, ' y l''>nie pe0()le,
as a liadiiij, city, he law no appearamc of any luck
th iiiJ. On tl e contrary, the pc iple w^e all loungi-.ig
.bout with tlicir ami- ac ri)fs, the warehoufes empty,
and nil a fingle iki.*i' to be I'een on the Fbro.
The julaee of the intpr.lition is in th.e center of tiie
lity. The vv:dl ,, wliich are of a deep yello'.v, thick,
ami flanked with towers, api<ear I'j be an hundred ket
high.
The city p itf 5 .arc fhut as (o'-n as it is dark; but,
fir the value ot tixpence, ih.ey lly open at .inv h"ur.
To juclg- ol die people ot the hi;;her clau in the
privince ot Airagon, bv the full interview, tbjy ap-
p at humble, are obft(iuious, inquili'.ive, and tond of
gallic; converliiiit with heraldry, vain o! their f.uniiy
arms, and .ag.r to Ihevv iliem.
Till re are two nianvitav^bTics here; one of brandy,
the other o' hats, which are ev^eilen'.
Th.' moi.ks ( f St. Bernard reiul Mi;kadel winc^.
riieir garden are vvv 11 kirniilred with tables, lurrounded
In 15a. chana'ians,
Da"X-a, a co'Uiderablc town, 4S is.iles ti oai S ir.i rpffHf
is walknl, and 1 tiiat,d on an eminence, amidlf a fertile
r.iul delicious plain. Here are kveral lonvcnts, cha-
pels t".;iiar s, a:id fountains; and in th.; ntiglihour-
ho'.'.l is a l.irge cave, of which thcv tell many won Lrs.
Near Taia/.ona, a conliderable town on the little
iivei Qi^i. iles, is Mon Cavo, anciently M -asCaci, which
uwm the Spaniards pret.nd it had Irom the tyrant Ca-
eiis who '.va- kilk,! by Her. cd.s. Thet-avn is well
built an^l walled, ilvivcs a good trade, an.d i^ the kc
of a bihop, ful'tVagan to Saragotfi.
Boria, a In'.all but plea'ant city, near Mon Cavo, is
wal'ed, and hasa,cat\le, with feveral con.\nt-,
Xaci, at tie toot of the I'yren.es a well bui!f wall-
ed loivh, has a ilron ;; catlle, .;nd is the ice of a bifliop.
Calatavud, 45 iiiile-. t'outli-well o. Saiagolia, is plea-
I'anily ti;uated, has a go, ^d air, llong walk, niinv con-
vents, and is clcbraied kc its tine leiupred (\;el.
Ba balli ) i tiiuatcd on the Vero, (jver which it has
a rtatclv bridge. It llands in a lertil ' ,dain, is fur-
rounded by a wall, contains fevv.ral convents, and is
the fee of a bilho[>.
Catalonia has the Mediterranean fiiuth and end,
the I'vreiiees no'tli. aiul Arragon and VaiL'iicia well.
It is 150 mile; jonv;, 1:0 iiroad, is vvcil watercl, ha, a
fertile foil, ;'nd a temperate air. Tiie p'lncii'ai piacs
are the tollowint', :
Barcelona, the cap'tal, a vvell I'l-rt'.'-'cd cif, is lliui-
tcd on the Me.liieiranean, becve.-a :' :i .-r L.k-I'.rcgat
and H, I'os, at the fooi of the moi:, -.i.a M a'.niy, oa
which ai-,' !. veral !'ori , c.omiiiarding the loan .ind iiar-
b>ur. The Litteri,! ti.ve lievrv 's fpai 10115, deep, .lad
fafe; and the trade carried 0.1 by u cjniiderable. t-lore
are
m
m
-iii
A- J
I
Hit
1 1
1^'
■Kit 'Ik
^.6 A N'i:W ROYAL, a:)d AUTHENTIC SYSTEM pf UNIVERSAL CEOCRAniY,
arc msiiy y,oo(l lli'Lot^. lionl'cp, tluaclii.'?, i.olkges i|
h I'piial',' tonntains, gaulcnN, aiul conv^.n^^, wiili :in
uiiiviTlitv, iv.\ .\c.uli.niv ol an-- aiu! ii.iciKcs,a court ot
in.juiliiion, the loiirt pC rov;il uudiciKL' lor C.ualonia,
in which ihv governor an^lciptiin-^en^ral prclulc, and
Uk'Hc (if an"a'.viihilln'|-, I'li.- ia;hedral is large .u\'.'.
mae,niti.ont ; ami ilv.if arv.' I'.vjra! aniiquiues ai'cuuhc
cit\ . Nf.ir the ca;lvihal i- a iluirJi, w h.ri.' piovnio.i^
arc ihl\iil)iual cwrv iia\ to a ccn.'.in mmihcr ol
poor. The territory rouiul it i^ extienuly tertile aiul
lieh-htful.
Tarragona, aticiently called Tareon and Tarraco,
(lanils near the lea, :;o mile> from IJarcelona to the
louih-wel^, at the mouth ot the little river l-"iaiuoli,
where it has a lafe and convenient haihour tor 1 mail
niip>, and a g'.Hxi trade. Here are an iiniverliiy with-
out the town, and the lee ot an aiihl'ilhup. One ot
the chict" div '.lions ot Spain was anciently called, ti'Mu
this city, Tarraionenl'.?. The climate here i^ lo leni-
peiaie, and the Ibil lo ri.h and warm, that the trees
bear fruit, and hloirim. in the middle of winter.
Lerida, on the Scgre, an ancient and llrong city,
tontaiiij Icveral coiuents ard monalTries anunivcr-
l;:\, a vourt ot inquilition, .snd i- a biilioii's lee.
Tortoia, on the l:^li;o, i> .in aniiem w illed city mar
the lea, and r.as a t iidi;> ot boats o\er theiiver, with
a lh\>ng caille and other lort,.;eations, an univerlitv,
and teseral ..hurches and lonvents. Ii i-. the lee ol a
bifliop, gives the till/ ot nniqui;, and carrub <'U a
good tr.idc in lilk am', larthvn-w.ire.
Tcirolis, nearLciida, has .m air whi^h \- remiik-
ably l.iliibnous, and paiticulaily in cale, ot iiii.inity;
lo il;.ii it lb comniun, all over C.U.ilonu, lo lay to ,i
pafl". n.UJ perl^n, " You inu'.l be Unl to 'I'eiiullb io\
A cure."'
CarJona, a handfome i-wn luar t!.c iiver Cau'one-
ra, IS wlH lortiried; ami n^ar it is a mo iitain ot laii,
which \ield3 a great r.vei;ue to tl.e d.ik^, win tak.es
lii~ title ironi tli. town, of uhicli he i^ lo:d, and one
ot ihe ncheil j^randee-, of S|..iin.
Bal.iiii' 5, a little town on a \-a\ of the fui,
neai
, ha;>
C.ipe Pal.itugel, with a gO' il harbour, is lortih
a citailtl. ami give- ti.etiileof cuiiii.
G:.'"ona, aiKiently (j..iu:;d.i, .1 i .iiiiidi'ra'. le town in
the c.ill jiart of iIk [r.iViiKe, lt.ind-> near the i .i,liii\
o! the Ter aiul Onliai ; lia- Uroni; old waif', and otliei
lortiheaiions; witii niir.y convent', and in univeilityj
bein^' alio the Itc ot .1 buhop, lu!ti\is;an to ih,- .:r;.!i-
liilhop 01 Tariagona. The iieighbDuung iountr\ is
re> koiiei!
ries on a
the moll tertile in Catalonia. The
good t
10. Ml i.ai-
raoe, and "ivi. ■ the title o! louni.
Roles, a llrong town, wilh a g )od li.irliour, on a bay
owes if- name and ori 'in to the ancient
of l!ie lea,
town I't Kiioil.i,
wl
li 1'.
'ua .1 1
itlle way
r,'
rCa; e
1'
eucetda, a l.irge to'.vn, .;nd the capnai 01 tl'e car!
C\ id
ague, li tonilied in tne nuMletn 1;
eaildom, and bill
cit\
n.es, IS well waile
lopi
r.'ji t..r irom tn.-
1'
.as the marquis ot Allorga. The billiop is immedi.tteir
lubieet to the pope. This citv was liic lull ol any luuc
that w.is te-iakcn trom the Moois.
Salamanca IS ai\ ancient, large, rich, and populous
citv on tile river Tornies. Here is an univiilii\,
the guatelt in Spain; likeuile many palaces, fquai,-,
ion\'. ni~, I hurches, lolleiH!;, ch.ipils, ami holpial".
The buhop of this liiy is lutliagan to the ardibiiliop
ol' C'.invpoilJla. A Ri'i.ian w.iy le.uls Irom luni e t.-.
Meiida and Sev'Me; and tlure is an old Roman hiiilge
of it ne over the Tormcs. Ot the colleges in the uni-
verlitv, Kur are a|>propriated to\>Hing mui of quality;
and near It is an inlirmary tor poor lick liholar-. 'llie
lUidentb arc drclied in Idack, and have their irowiii
lliorn. The moll beauti.ul part ot this city is !'..•
gieat Iquare. The houles are three llories, all of
iqual lull, lit, and cxad Ivmmetry, wiih nsin bako-
nns, anil a llone balullrade on the top of them. The
lower part is ar^lied, wlmh tonus a pia/ /.a all round
the fquareot zu] feet on each tide. Ovcrloiiv: ot the
,iivhe.i are medallions, with bulls ot the kings of Spai'i,
and of fcvcral eminviit liv.n, in llone balio-n lievo;
among which are thofe ot I'erilinaiul Coiie/., l'"ran' li
I'lzans), Davila, .and Cid Ruy. In this Iquare th.-
bull lights are exhibited tor tliree davs only, In ilie
month ol June. Ihe ri\er Tornie> runs bv this citv,
and has a bridge over ii.
Cuuiad, or CividadRodiiao, a citv on the .Aquaila,
had 11- name Irom U.m Rodrigo (jon/.ales Giion, who
rciuilt It about the vcar 'zcz. It i^ the Ice ot a bi-
Ihop. futlVagan to the arc'.ibilliop ol CompolUlla. h.as
a line Uoihic c.thcdral, and con:, .ins manv inn , vihuh
are beti.r than any ;n Portugal, and tup ri.)r to moll
111 .S|-ia:n.
Za:ii ro, onti e Douro, is fiiuated in a fertile coun-
II \. wc'l foriiiied, has a noble biidgc, 1 ihe lee ol .1
I) Ihop, «nd coiitains many churches, toiivtnls, and
Ivlpita!!.
Allorga, on the Ailuia, has good t >r,ilicaiions, i.<
the tec ot a biili^'p, and give'- iiile t" a marquis.
Toito, on the IJ luio, is pl.alantly lituaied. Tlurc
aiea llal.ly llone biidge heieover the liver, ir '"v con-
Vint-, leveral I liapels, iluirches, and ho p-t.ih. Here
th.' fimouv /cjjt'j tauricd' were conlimied, in a ihet lield
y I'erdinand and ll.ibella.
I'aien.ia, I'leaianllv litunted-n the river Carrion,
was dellroyed by the Rom.m--; but leiniilt bv San.ho
tliefjreit. Here aie m.i;'v convents chinches, and
ch.i-ii'ls, and ill.' fee ot a billiop, lullVagan to the ar^li-
I ill "p ot Co.iipotlella.
I .M-dina d 1 U.:o Secco, or the citv "f the On River,
1 lo cal e 1 to di!linguilh it trom Medina ilel Camp >, m
11
I tlK lime
!ue, IS a flourilhing town, litiiatcd
m a
r-
Iruiti'.il ].'iiin, and contains a llrong caille
,th 1' ' ei.d climches, chape
h.f
■iitals; and is a
and ibnd. betwi.xt tlu rivcib Catwl and Segrc, .it the
tool ot the I'yreiiee .
Urgcl, originally Orgia and Orgeli'.rn, an .incicnt
n.h\ belong. IV to the admiral of Calli
M.
Una
irtains main conveins
■and
churches, witii leviial holpitais, carries on a good tr.ule,
,ind has jiecuhar piivilege-.
lias an ancien
L calUe
and '.ev^ra
Convents, and its territory is extremely feitile.
Lec
las the All Unas on the north, Kil
rcniadura
onihc lo.ith, G.ii
Old Callile
upw
I F irtuj;al on tiie wi;
and
the call, k IS iSc
o miltJ long, antl
ardb ot 80 broad; iias a truittul toil, abouikh 111
cattle and game, aiut contains ic-veral c]uariies ot llone
and mines oi lewel
The dukes of Ni
ii<-'
a are here-
Jita;y governors, and the ehiet places arc the tollow-
jng.
La'oii, the cajiital ot the province, (ituated 16
Est
iiKMAoeR.-, h.is l\)rtiiL!,al lo the weft, W
Callile t.i tlie eul. An
luli.i to ihe loiilh, an
I L
to the n irtli.
It
IS 1 :o m
les I
one
I 10 hro.ad
eon
ill
watered, and the foil lo remarkai'ly luxuriant, thai it
isjullly ileeiind one (jf the moll truittul jilaces in Eu-
jpe.
M
It contains the I
eiivia, whh h w.is
III.
oliowing |ilaie^ :
built I'lginall' by C;elar Au-
is liiuatt'd on tlic Anas, over whu h it liai
ll
111 ret.iiiij
miles iioith-vve
tuiian 111'
H 11
.Ma
at the lO'Jt of ilie Al-
ijjntains. It IliinU in a pl.'aiani eouiitry, is
\\tll iniiit, and coiilams many convenis and
ipcl
Willi leveral tiolpit.ils, and one 01 the linell cathediais
in bpain, yf wlin.)i uic king i» alwi>» a canon, as well
gu
abridge, i-lmall, but well lonilied, and
lome tr.igments ot its ancient Ipleiuloi.
H.id no/, is ihe largi ll city in the province, ,ind well
lortilied. Here ,iit a tine old I'l'iiiian fridge of llone,
lome handlome llieets, ihiiri lies, monalUiies, uinl two
modern i alUe', with the 'c
a I'ilh'
til
e arJiiiiOiop ol Compoll.Ua.
p, luitr.ij',aii to
Plaz.encia, a beautiiul well built city, and billiop'i
fee, on the banks ot the litil river I'.xerie, i.ik^s its
name from the deligliifulncl» of iis liluation, in ihf
miJll
iiiidi'
l'l,!/ei
verlitii
lil'lVl-
1 i'.lV
domii
liillu
ill- da
Til
fllOIll'
All
over .
tl.u s
kni"Ji
■i':i
br.iui
tam'.i,
Ol
been
Ni'w-
and P..
\ ,in e
a' .mil
taiii-"
and I >
P.ii'
liai;.!'
call-.c.
Sp.M:
til.' I
to i\
bu-.M
1 I he I" :
11;. ill'
iIk- 11:^
t!ie ci!
tenth
1 ediiii
CIF.OCRArHY.
riio billiop is iiiiim\li,UiIy
:y was the mil ol iiiiy note
loots.
irai', lull, and pnpuK.in
Here is an iiniwiliix,
!-■ main palans, UnKir,-,
', i.I'.,i|h1s, ;inil holjii.iU.
Iraiian lo ilic ardibillu.p
uay kails trom lutiic tn
V IS an oki Roman biidoe
)t tlicioUcges in il-.c um-
Io\>Hini; nun (iqualitv;
r poor lick ItluilaiN, 'I l;e
k, and liavc tlK'ir uouiu
part of tl;is city is I',.-
arc ihrcc llories, all of
metry, wiih iron bako-
m till top oi'tlicm. Till-
forms a pia/za all round
h lidv-. Ovcrlbnv ot tlie
nils oi till' kinjis ot Spai'i,
1, in llniK- baii'o-r>licvii;
irdinand Coitcz, I'Yan' is
Luy. In this Iquarc ili,:
tlirc ikus only, in ilie
ToMiic-' runs bv tlis i.ii\,
1:0, a riiv on tlic Aipiada,
ngo Oon/akb Gipni, wlio
'2. It is iIk lie i)t a bi-
lliop ot CompolUl'.a, lias
ront-iins manv mn , whu h
j;al, and tup riir 10 moll:
i (::uati-d i:i a fertile loim-
)lc b;Kt;^f, 1 the Uc oi a
thun.i.i.s, loiivtnts, and
las j',()od t'lriilicaiions, 15
^ tail' t'l a mari]uis.
[I r.iaiitly l;liiaicd. 'riiiri*
i;vcr llic liver, ir "n i mi-
Iks, and iio'p'iab. ihrc
Loiilimiid, in a diet held
ci! I'n I ho river Carrion,
; but relniilt bv >ian. ho
convents ciiiirilics, and
), lull'ra^an to iIr- ar. h-
tl'.c I ilv nf" the Hrv River,
II Medina del Camp;), in
ihuu!, town, litiiatid in a
contains a dro.u; callle,
1^ am; III. Ipiiah; and is a
ral ol Callik'.
aiiis manv convents nnd
s, carries on a i',ood trade,
ii2,al lo llie well. New
to ilie loiiih, and Leon
■s long, I 10 broad, well
arka My luxuriant, thai it
loll fruitful ))laccs in Ell-
in j; plaice :
. Ismail' by Cx-lar Au-
c Anas, dver wIik h it Irn
oiiitied, and llill leiaiiH
I Ijilend':.
Ill ilie province, and well
d R'lman bridge of' Itoiic,
lies, monalleries, aid two
"1 a I'illv p, luilrajvi.i to
la.
■II built city, and billiop'i
liver I'.xerie, lak^s Us
U ot lib filuation, It) I he
iiiidlt
I
r.uRorF,.]
I N.
s;;^
midll ot' tliai mnfl delicioii'; Ipnt called La Vera dc
I'l.'./eiii ia, o)' the Orchard of' I'la/.encia, which is di-
verlilierd wiih btaiitiful leats, villages, SMidens, and
ijiMvesof the lined citr'in, lemon, 01 utu;e, and lig-tree-.
I i-ie the emperor Charles V. Iiavin,; rel'jMied all his
ilominiiMis. leiired into the timous monallerv of St.
Jullu-, wlure, alier living iwo years a rev lule, he eiuLd
Jii- days.
'I'he I it\ is well built, handi'omc, delendal bv
{lioni;w.db, and ha^ a lai'de.
Alc:;niara is a llroiig town, litiiaied "n the Taivii;,
over which ii haili a ma_r,iri;cnr ondge, built in the
da\ s of" the empeior 'I'laian, and lielongiiig lo the
knii'Jus who lai.e their name from it.
I'nixillo i-deundcd by a IliMnt; citadel, and crle-
tiraied forbeiiig ihe native place ol Fraiiei^ ri/.ano, i!ie
tanii'U^ loiur.x-ioi ot I'eru.
Oi.nC A^TiLr, formerly a kingdom, was fo called.
bec.iiilr it uas rccovernl tiom ihe Muors l.oiur :han
NcA-Callile, which bounds ii on thef uth, a- Alliuia
.ind Biliav ilo lo ihe north, I .eon 10 i!;e wcl;, and Na-
varre and Ariagon to ilir eall. It is i :o niii.s long,
ai.out icol>ro,,d in ;ts vuiaieil e.\;eiu, has lome moun-
tains, but, in geiier.i!, I-. Very kitile. It I w .11 watered,
and I ontams,
l5ii|io , il'.e capital ol ilii' p'rovliiee, whii h l.a- r.iiic
liar.d'iome Iquaie-, ])ublic biiueing?, ,\r.d palaci'-. 'I'lie
catl'.cihal here is one 01 the noblell a;.d richeil in
Spun. riic re ai\- manv elegant fount.iins to liippiv
tu.- Ill' ■\\'\\ v.a el", the inl abiiants i-t uhicli are laid
to i\ nvae 11 id mi nous, ;'.nd lo i airv on ,1 greater luiin-
ber ot trades and manulaiuircs, tlian i . common in
1 ihei" great ciii.'s ol .S|iai!i. The walls are am leiii Inn
11;. ill.'. Anioi.g the holpitals is ohl- for |)ilgrlms. On
the norili llde, nii an almoll inaccclVible lock, llands
tiie ciladi 1. The city, whiili was built in the ninth or
tenth i\iiiur\, on the ruins ol Auca, claims the jne-
ledenceolall ollKr-. in ihe cortes or parli.imeiil ol
Call lie.
Valad'ilid isalar.ge, populous, willed i ity, ]i!eataiul\-
(iiu.ucil on the banks ol ihe rivir I'lluerjja. I lereare a
great luimler ot convent:,, li 'IpitaK, lijuarcj. colleges,
and el uicIr- , w .ihan umvcrlil\', li.e ne,\l in digiutv to
that of Silam .11 , and the l^c -t a billiop, lulliagan
to ihe a!eli!iillu)[) ot Toledo. Ikr ■ are a'lo a line
io;al p..laa', an academy, a court of inquiliiion, a huh
iou:l of ii:'li',^, Icveial Uia.uit.»."lori^i, .uiil a coiiiidei-
a'.d ti;.d.'.
Mon.ilU-iio de la-. Ro.,lilla' is tamciis lor it . adml-
rai'le C,-.:' 'Ii.ui i. in^ le.
Avil.'. I- .1 1 oiifiderable 1 il\ , h iviiig;m univeifty, nr.d
being ihc Ice of a bilh p, litliagan to the archb'.ll.op
<i'. Sr. jaeo. 1; is paitici.laily taniou^ lor having given
1.1 ;h to Si. rhcrefi.
CiLdiori:'., orCai.'iguii , on the F.bio, 1, ll'c lee o! a
I idiop. 'I'l.i- place IS l.iuious m hilh'ry h r ihe liege it
loi'mcih lullained agunll a:\: ol l'omjiv-y\ '..vncral ,
till the bra\e ii;i,'civ wcie loicul 10 lal lach other;
whence the proveil i.d ixineilion^, I'.imiiies Ca'aguiina
or the r.uiiine ■ 1 Ca'aguii-.
Sego\ i i is a V r\ .uicieiii, large, opulriii, populous,
and hanilfome luy, on the ii\er Atyad.i. lis wealth
antes not onlv tiom tlu gieat number of iioble lamilies
who make it t;.iir cl.i.t nlnKnce, but muih more
li\jm lis l.iige i ommeie. a'ul iiianutac; ores, elp.eially
thoie ol eloti: and pap.r. :\ gi-ai deal of wi'ol is alio
exjioitcd trom hence, llei- is ilu piincip.d mint ol
.Spain, a iMV il pilaic, wiihaii univeilitv and a bi-
lliop; ic. 'ihe Roman aiiuethict here is a ,n ll ama/.-
ing Idiric. It was built .ly ilie emperor Trajan, and
toiililis ot two rows ot lo ly .luh.e^, cirried trom one
mounl.iin to another, ;ukI ion\ \ w;U r .ill over the
city. Notwiihllaiiiling itiKisltood lo luaiiy n nturii s,
it IliH n tains its lliengih ;uiil 1 i.iuiy; logre.ii were the
art .mil (kill 01 the Rom, ins in I'Uild.ng, buond what
the lollowing ages could boall ol, '1 he ro.yal p.ll.icc is
niuuiucd with taniion, and lub a^aiiiloii.
No. 00.
Ni-.\v-C.\ST!LE, whkh wa-) f.irmcrly a kin;nlom, has
Olil-Callilo on the north, irom which it is ])ar:ed by
ridgci ol mountains; Kllr:imadura on the well; An-
dalulii on thefouth; ;uul V'.ileiicia and Arragon oil
the eall. It is aco miies long, and, in thewidell pl.ue,
i()o bro:;d, well watered, feiiile, and h.is :i i-ond air.
The inhaiiitaiit^ Ipe.ik t!ie purcfl Sp.tr.ilh; and \.l:c
provi;ice collt;iins tiie loll.iwliu places:
M.idrid, the capital of the wiiole monirc'iy of Sj^-.in,
and the relidence < f the court, llantls in ilie center ol
a large plain, liirrounded with mount. i.n-., and in th.c
very heart o!' S,\ii:i, on th.c bank^ of the little river
Man/an ires, which is alw•ay^ verv f.v And lliallow,
except when il is Iwelled b\ t'ne meltii.g of tlic (now
on the mount, litis. The llrcets lure are wide, llrait,
and h.anilfome, and adorned widi liA\ia' line lountatns;
t!ie houfes lot'tv, but built of brick, wiili lattice win-
dows, excepting tholi; ot' the rich, •'. I;o have gkifs ia
iheir winilows; on!\ diirinu the lummer heats ihe_\' iifo
gauze, or lome Inch thin lUili', inile.id of it, to let ia
the irelli air. T'lerc are u.o ikuciy biidgcs h.re over
the .M.ui/..inar, s, fevcral beautiful lquai\^, iii,i.v ma,i,-
nilicent ihurchi-, C'■il\.llt^, P'.il.iees,
.'\mong ilie l.'il! i- one tor all
a:i>l liol[.iials.
dift
mpers.
wiih a large 1. venue. Around the pl.iea-ma', or, or
grand Iquaie, aic i>i,..//,as, with houL.- a'.l utulorm, and
a contiiuud line ol baiionics, for viewing the buU-
fijht'-, ;uk1 other public Ihews exhibiicd in il. The
roy;il p:il;ice wlii^h ll.;nds on tl;e weft lidcel theto\,n,
oil an eminence, is fpaciou^ and nvagiiirKiiu, conlill-
ing of t'l r.c courts, and comm.indir.!^ a fine proijeei.
T' e ccmp.als of tl-.e wh ile town i- con^puted at about
nine niiles, an I t!ic nieubif o' li- inha';ita:us at ab uC
I ,-',.'-; '..o. it is \..\ll fiippli il wiili ].;ov;li.in5 of ail
kiiul ;it re:ifon:iblc r;'.teb-, and tiic court, with tli.' re-
fort and relidinco otihe quality, and the Ir.ih lol'.'.V-S
and otiins that .ne kejit l;e:e, occalion a briik ir.uio
;inil ciicul.iiion it mom v. 'I'ii-ie ate three roval
ac.ulim'es f.eic; one t.'r f'e imptov^ir.eiii of ti o
.S]\i:j(h l.mgu;;;'. , .uutlier for hiliorv , and another 1. r
mi.li me.
We
,;.ve I;, en
OU!\
th ire fj'l ■■.'.i';r: remuk.
be a I, ;ic;p. :'.ii.:i; who iii.'.i.!e th.- iv i;r ot Si"..,i: w;i;.;:i
tliel" tw.) ■. e;vs.
Madiid i. built up 'iia li'-iJ.v f il. Tc.e dull f!'-es la
fiich cloud' , lb. 11, un:il I'oinc Irier.dly 11; owers f.-.il, tra-
velers, inii.ii.- ;-.iriVil, are alf.ioll tmothered with
dui't, ainl i;ui haiiiiy '■.■e to iiiriip_.u;th tluir hort'es.
Throiiuh a 1. ;ig Iraciou-. llre.t, j^ 11 ;-ots and ir.oniJ.es
.leio be 'III .It ..Imoii eveiv window, '1 he ri;itl,ing;
III bell-, ih.' UMi.inK' \ane.y ot iLepks ar,dfp..te.,
hollies 1". veil or i i i:t doiic hig'i, .r.ul the ber.'.ui'ul
gate calletl Al. .d.;, : i\ .-.n ,.r, •■ d.gniiy an..l coi.ie-
qurnce to die e:\iiaii' e ml 1 Ma.'.i'd.
Thceiuiroii: ot ilc i.ipu.tl ;iie \ei v , Icafam, :mil
I oi.iain Icver.'l roval 'ea; , amo;:;., wi.iehare the lol-
low '11.; :
h'.ver tiiuc the kings of Sp.'.in li.ivc d fertal Ik;en-
iviiuii, th. hollies \\.\w be. n uiil n ', !o dee '.v, i!v ;pr'ii;;j
diiid up, the lounl. litis ih laked v.ih m: lafii, .uiil 11. •-
thing grows in ihegaid. .1. . 1 !u gio:to , eiump-.', and
aibours, are all dediov. d. One iiaiu. is icm, lining,
which is thai ol i'iiilip II. .i.liuii il?iy c\. i iilcd; tli .iigli
it iLrves only to p.ipelu.iie th'- memoiv ot a ileletlabli;
tv lant.
'I'he pal.ice oi l''K)iidi is enliven, d bv the paintings
of |o:iK- emiiK lit ni;iiKi . Th. id.iice i^ railier heav/
and lonlmel. 'Ihe -.uikii .;; l.ud. cu: m the loim
ot an amphiilie.nre, ,iiid cnii; .d by the 1,'iip' ct'
the river \1 111/ ma;..;, a;i.| the hill-.. th;ll nf. !:i e!; lieii
"ver the grounds, round M.idiid. llorai 1 1 i.m.uk.
able lor ilsc;ite;ldes, loiniid In tic fp.'ili ' • .u'l m.llCil
fnows tli.il llowtium moun;,uiis. The ;r!- i-.r.- i- i old
and pier. me,. Iruits do iioi np-.n; lo'i . :;i ■ w tliout
odour; ihe tlee^ .lU I'uiiuil; pu.L. an I cainatioiu
Ic.ircily blow, or come to :uiv' >.■ lour, tvcii '.o l.ec .i»
■rxi
the ilolc ot' Au^utl. The f.nd
til till palac- a'o
iiucultivatcd, yet llie_, au in In 1 li-.^ii, I'.nsI, lo bee .00
JO N' ' Kiule,
mi i
m
m
k\
j 4
hi.
t,
M
Wi ^' m I I
8-S A NF.W, ROYAT. and AUTlTF.NTtC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GF.OGRAriTV.
I'cnil
oi iivK.ltiv
w.iiit on
111
!)• I'lK pluiglilliirc, guiili-d by i!k' li;
'lliouj^li tlic kiiij', is ii'i-.t! oi'luiinirf!;. lie li'Ulom livs
at r.iiV
icli- :ip:iri;n. Ills, iliiit uiir rcix'
111
liintix toroniurpri:nc-S'i!'f'i'i«'(.-iir,vutc.limo:i'.li:ii'
ul v:\\-
L-l.
Tlic yivk and
CXI rut.
mtiil;
WlKlC llK'
nkns ot' ilic Kluui.l nic cA ]n\-
llllH'l,
1 ofl"'~piin;.'; of Span
'.I- paiillicon is:ilnl'tcir:iiK'oii-
un<is. uiicMis anil r.'\.i
aiv ml on
tnuia
iiy.
til. Rv I he linlit ot a lani|
1, thai Inirns ton-
am
1 hl.uklT.S
tomh^ aniUialio-relii'
i .ilKnviil to iTioi'U!-,
This c.
cvry ihing, may
be
ken ihe
No iH-n'on ot oiihn:'.ry ri
r in till-, v.uil
It I'
.11 r
the It
lihp
11.
oi 10' ally.
W;iril^ ot two million'- ami an halt alone.
The villu;e, wiicnce the Eli uiial lake? its name, is
called L'.jaria!, a «oid ckiivcd trom Eiccr':n, (v^n\\\ in;.;
" Drols oi m. tal," becatife torm.rlv iron mims were
wi.ait'ht at this ph'.ec. In the chnrehare llveral admir-
ahl, p.iintint; . The water ;)t tlie l-'.lViiria! i ell. ,in;d i x-
eellent. It has nvithei tallc orliiull, i> lo't an.! limpid,
q'li. kl\ liot aiul told ai'iin. T';e nv. at and ve|;a:'.'>K-
billed in it are to n I tt-ti.d; n:id t'.ie !i.".en w.illietl
in it ai i;vi re- a betur o I>'ur.
1;'. ilu-Calidi Canipj i: an ei;ti lllan tluiie at' Plii-
lip 1\'. iin:J> ailmired. A I'ionoiis tr.c is jireierved
here. Never was on,- m Te beaiiitiil, or that termed
a richer or more exi n:i\e lliade. It is alleiukd h\ a
llairea:l- ar.d nuith rclorted to i->\ i!-.c voutli ot both
llx.-cn h'liday.
T'le p.il :cc oi Saili.ela n;ij'l-.t 1-crtndird ;mi en-
chanting Ipot ; I'vit the piik, <v'.iden-, and I tiildinos
are I'lll'.i ,d to mn to diea'' . The eai;le all'; and r,
tiie p. a 1- Uippo|(.-d t ' 'x- haunt d.
La (Iranoe, otherwile lailed St. Mi l]honfus, coti
Philip 1\'. immcnleli-it'.is in liuiMing ar.d beamitx ing ;
but is no'A tallin'jio deeav. Kxeclk'nt knivc- .'.ml ra/.oi ■
may be IirI licre. Fine lookin.i-ij^lalli'* are made ailo
in this plai e. The manufacture was e<lal'li(lied by an
Iriflim.in, wlv iiiwnt.d a maehine to pclilli 4S[)litcs
to'-iether. He via- impriloned I'ome yiais, iiille id oi
I eiii;^ ie.'ardi.d |. riii- ini;en..iiy.
The ilimaie i>! Madiid is one ot the fin tt in ih.
people
s, and
I
WiMid. In aliivll eveiv month ct the vear il.c
niav eat llian berr^t , lit iind, r verdant Ihade
paiher role . Somct. r.u s, imie d. there are (harp non
wind.s, that chill the :'.ii-, Itrip liie tree-- of their toli.-.r.-,
lea; 111 the llowirs, and bloA i! I'.v n the Innis; but, i.i
retu'n, th' 'e wind- br a!, .a-.d dilperle tiic •. l.,;ids, J .;r
lip till liL.,/-:!, bii;j,h:en tliedav, and r.d aiMe the
Ipkndor ot I'.i- ''in. Nothing lurpai;; > the bcaut\
ot the nijit at M. lr:J. The tweet. I: tl )wei . dil'iile
th ir liagran.i. '1 he whole atmolpi.ei, i- p,.iia:iie,..
In all the lei'iaies u;ider iverv liaUony, a., iitu'iu^r,
and pliMnu on t'le <;vittar or lluce.
The l)eauties i| protpti't, and
III 1 '.b
'fill
conflitutc the wliole met it of Araniue/. H.rr i- a
finellatue ot'Ve: ,s. The attitude, antniarcd h-ik', and
beautitol form, I ear the ihnii.ell releirdilan; .■ to lit.-.
'I'l.ledo, on t^.e Tagiis, ;,6 mib-s fuuih oT M.uhui.
is an ;'n i.'nt, liri; ■, well fnriiiied city. The alc;,x' r, ■ r
ro'. al pilaie, 1 ui;t by Cha;le5 V. i- lituated on a Itccp
hill near v.o intab' \e the lagus, andei>inmand- a Mry
fine prolj.cft over the eity ami all round i;;e i oiiiitrv . A
iiianulactorv uf Iword-blailes is carried on here on the
kinti,''- account only, in which .ill the Uv id. ha"i;er,and
dagger blades for the army are made. T' !edo i, litiia-
ted 111 a ferene air. Tlu' eluin lies I'lm-ni , an 1
holpitab are luimirou?. The biidges aietln-e; and
lieie are a e^uit nt impiiliiion, anvl an ii;;!\i rliiy.
Ti-ledo is one of the riihill billmprics in Sp/ain.
A!iala de Heinies isatowium thcrivti HeiKia--, be-
longing to iheaichbilliop uf Toleilo, and containing an
iiniviliiy, in the ihurch uf whh h i ardinal Ximenes lies
intene.t. Here the lull I'olyglot Bible vv.is 1-. gun, com-
pKaicil, ami jiriiiti-d underilK pationa^'.e and liirection,
as well as at ihecjiar;-.', ol the prelate abovcm. lUionnl.
f juad.ilaxai.i, a luwu ya tiiu Heiurci, liab .i manu-
facture of elotlj.
Talavcr.T la Reyna, a handlomc town on the Tagus,
ifed to
pa
t (>t 11
)ftl
le vlnwrv Ot tlie queens ot ^pain,
whence it aciiuireil' the cj>itlut of La Rev na. llieic
is a manutadure ol e.irtlKii-waiv at this place.
\'aii;n'tia, which was ant icntiv conlidercil n.^ a
l.iilgdom, ha-, tothe ioinh amiead, the \Ldit. ,:-'.ne:
Ar
lauon ami Catalonia to the north; and M
NewCallile to tl
dl. 1
111
iircia
iro.ld, we
t IS 200 miles lone, Sd
walciid, li.ts a temperate lerenc
leniaikibly fruittul, and contains the tollowing place--
111
\'.iKntia, I So miles louth call
d
M
v\':u
I'Uiatcd. on, and has 5 briilgcs o\er, the liver (jiia-
d.dijiiiver. li is a larg.-, pi jmiIoms, trading citv, at.cl
h.i- a port within two miles of it. It is th.e lie of an
aiehbilliop, ami cwntains a tribunal or inquilition, a
I Aereign court of iodic ituiv, an tiniveiliiy, and a wool-
len manufactory. .Mmoll eviiy h ule h.i- adeep -ic'l ;
and iiere i^ a giand lonuiion I'e^vi-r, by whi.h the lilili
ol everv houle is carriul oil' under ground.
Segorvc,or Segorbe.an anei.m nntl ]deal'intlv fitua*
ted iilv,onth,- banks ol'tli.' Mu'Vicdro, gives liie
title of duke, and is the 1'i.t ot a billiop, lutli:',gaii to
iC an hbilliop o; Wilnuia.
Alicant, a famous ijiy and le.i-port on the M.'diter-
ranein, lia^ a lomniodioiis harbour, from wh.encc a
great quantitv ot deli, ions lruli% with excellent red ami
white wine, loa]i, and anile, is exjiorted. Ii has alfo,
or II- di-iencc, llrong wails, b.'.llioii'-, a.ndai I'i'e.
Dcnia has a convenient harbiMir, witli a ciUc and
vv.itch-towir. It '- alii) well t >riilied.
L I .M:ita contain' a conlideiMblc tidt-work.
Morviedr ) i' a I'niall town, I'tuatcd on the I une fpnt
where the I'licicnt Sa;;uniiini llo' it. The rem.iiiis o.
a Roman ami/!-.:theaire ate llili to le (^cn here.
Anpaicsia comprises t!:c three ancient cl'llrirls of
Seville, Cordova, and jacn. It is bounded bv |'',flrc-
iiKuluraand NewCallile on titer,. inh; ly li'e ^Iditcr-
ranean Sea, and Straits of ( lib
'.I, on t'
bv
Poitugai on the will; and bv Cliana !i ,'.i,>: Murcii o;)
tl'.e I a
it is 240 miles 1 iif:
pulous, opuK nt, and
1 V^ I'l' '■■d, wdl vv.-
i.ral, populous, opui-nt, ami I'.iti'e; I'lir the heat in
I lummcr is extcllivr. That part called the kin-^doni of
I Seville lontains the fill. owing places:
I Sevi'.k, the (.apital, (uuit-.il i>n tlie river fiiiad tl,]i:i-
vc/, ..00 miles touth-'-v .-'.i trom Madrid, was .'nci..uly
the eap.ual of H(vtia ; and trom I'll in Cal.ir, w ivi beui-
' tili.d -lid eii'ar.:e(| it, w.'.s cail.d jnlia R-miila; imr
I It; Icqnent totlii.it w;is the relid. iice o: feveral d'otliic
I :ind Piloi.'iilh kings. Tlieie is a brid-^c of br)ais Iutc
j v.r th -rivcrCiuaitalcpiivcr, wlii.h is n;i\ ig.ibleior lar;;c
veli'eK .10 Hiiles tioin its m ai'.h. The compif's 01 ih.e
I I uv Wall- I- ci dit niilc", ;ir.d til- niinibir "I its inln'.u-
tints i voicjiiited at a' out 1 2 ,'-;o. It ('ontui'. i
\ gr- al nun^bcr ot c.mveni-, liuirches, tquares, hi)l-
j pitab-, atiiint, ;in exchangt , a ciillom-hoiile, an uni-
1 vriif, and a i:ithedral, the lugcll and tinell in
.'spun. Th.- a;- hiJidiop has a \e'v large income.
I lerc ;ire many t'e. ufir and eccleti ilVical murts, par-
tii iilarh a C'-ui't it inquilition. This citv can ies on .i
!'re it trade, and his various mantita.'toric. Along the
tiverarc ;! ijre.it iiiaiiv eommoclioiis ijuays; near whi'.li
is alto atlatciv tower, called the flolden Tower, which
entirely command'- therivcr, uf, ;iiid luluirbs. Tin;
court t'or the itgu! '.tion of ever thing lefiiin;', t')tlc
WMl-lmha ir.ide and comp.'.ny 1^ h.ld !;.r.. The .id-
iacent country is very fruittul and ple.i'.iiit, and par-
licul.iiiy iMicd lor Ime oran-aes. The lir-.itell incon-
venience to whi. h the city iicxpoled is the osi rliovviiti',
ol tile river, which ("oineiinie- m,!k--s die '.il;i;l h.iyocl-..
The;e is a .M uritli aquedu'i m liie neudibouihoo'l
worth til iiig.
Caili/. OIK ol the moll ancicni and c kbraiid ciiics
in Spain, lands on an illiml, wliiih is leparaied tinni
till continent by a n.irio-A i.iiial or :irm of tl.e l,':i, over
uhicli there Is a bii-:ge, well torlilied, on tin- Atlantic
(Jcean, being abjtii 300 niiks to the luuih-well of
Madrid
U
from '
tilabll
againl
and I'e
iin ler
and d
It 1
Com;
w o;il
\.li;
niv
( ir<
i ro 1
Oce
111,
(hli:
I!
tiicii
\ I
11':'
tlOi
.l^ey
wh.it
meil
on ;
ab.
the I
I
toj) .
may
and
(ide
l\
Ron
tiqil
S.
bom
bele
Sp;u
and
!•
[■.OGRAPITY.
)mc town on tlic Tagus,
ot tlic queen'- of Spain,
ot La l\.i'\ na. I'licii;
V at this pkuc.
iciitlv conlukrcti ns a
rid, the NLilit. .-nnriii
I liu' north; uul Mun ia
li is 200 miles long, So
i|K'iatc I'ercnL' p.ir, a !'')■!
ins the 'iiil!i)\vini^ [■"lace- :
eall troin MaMvi'l, is
s over, the ri\cr Ciiia-
Miioib, ir.-'.dini; cite, ai.d
it. It is ti'.c lee of an
ilnmal or inquilition, a
n univer(iiy,an(l a wciol-
ly h ii!e h,i> a ileepi.vc'l ;
ewrr. Iiy wh.i.h ili, lihh
ni'er [TroiHul.
i.nt anil I'leal'antlv (irn-;-
1.- Ml" VK\!ro, oivcs ilie
ot a I'llliop, Uitlr.'.'.;an to
>l
lea- port on the M ■(liter-
harbour, Iroin wl'.ence a
il% witli cxrvl'c'it reJ ;\nd
is exjiortei!. li h;i'; alio,
'i,i|}ions, and a < I't'e.
arb;'ur. witli a ciile and
r>riilicd.
eraole hdt-n'irk.
, I'ti: ucd on the I une I'pot
1 llo' aI. Tiie rein.iini Oi
till to I e r^en h.ere.
:c three nneienf d'ilrii^^ of
it \'- b niiided bv {•'.flre-
hcnorih; by li-e ^blitcr-
iibr..h;r, cn\l, '"v;'!;; by
>v C iiana ',1 .uni Murei.i on
w:,, I V^ '^'' '-'-'l' ^^''■11 ^^"-*
uhI e. rti'e; bur tite heat in
part r il!ei.l ihe kiiiij^dom o\
[\ |)| lees :
.'I e!i the river fiuad dqiii-
oiii Ml. hid, was ;inei.',itly
v:u I'lhu C'al ir, u e.o he ni-
laiLd jiilia R -niuia ; imr
• relideiite o: feveral ( iothic
e is a lirid;^c ot br).',ts here
wl'.i, h is na\ i^ablelor lariifi
uitli. The tompils 01 liic
I ill.- number ot its inh I'.n-
it I 2: ','':;o. It (■<vir ii:'s i
, iiuirelie<;, luuares, hol-
1, a eu!lon>-lioule, an uni-
the lary,eit and tineli in
las a ve'v !ar[:;e income.
i eeclcli irtical lourts, par-
on. This citv cariies on a
niaiiufaJlorie'. Along the
uodiotis ijiiays; nearuhieli
1 tin.' flolden Tower, wliieli
r, cif, and luburhs. The
ever tli'n;.:f relaliii:', 1 il e
Liny Is h.ld h. le. Tl'.e .ul-
tful and jije.i'.uu, and jiar-
v.;es. The lireatell ineon-
-.expoltd is the Dverllowi!'.!',
■,c- ni.ik.'S direuliiil liavock.
iiiei Ml the nei^diboutliood
ineienr and C' lcbrai(d cities
ill, wiiiih is repaiated troni
anal or arm of the l-a, over
■II t'Mlilied, on tiie Atlantic
r,iiL» to tile fouth-well of
Madrid
EUROPE.] S P
Madrid, 80 fr ^m Seville to the roiith-wclT;, ami 5S fromi
(iibia'iar. The iflanil is ab nit 1 () or 17 miles loiijf
and ii.lv)ut 6 in breadth, proihieing liitlc L;iain, but
fiiiien Kul wine and pallurc. The c;t\ is tori !(ied a'ler
the iiv)d.rn ininn.T, and its fpaeii'us h:'.rbou;- and bay
ar. detendedi iiy leveral forts. Tiie number of'inhibi-
tants is eaiii)iited at 40,000. It is the lee of a b:;h op,
lutVragm to the arehbilliop of Seville. Many of the
llollle^ arc ll.iieU ; and a tew oi the lire. ts broa.!, llrait,
anil well pa»-:d. Pioviii -n- an. I houl'e-rent are rather
clear. A gre.it deal o. lah i' m.ile in, andlilh eau.;ht
about, die ill.md. I'hi- citv is the center of the Spa-
nilli Anienean nimnuree; all tl-.ei^oodslrom 1 1 ill.md,
I'.ngland, lialv, Iruve, and Spain, beni-; Ihipp 'd off
from henee in >Spanilh boitoms, and uiul.-r the na.ne
(if Sp.milh f.vCtors. What are call d th.- Pillars of
Hercules are only t^.vo inconfulerable round towers.
Here are a Spinilh th-'atie, which is but meat-; a
l-"rencli theatre, whiJi is more elegant; and a ile-
C- nt opera liouie. When the draiiiatie diverlions
C'l'ichiJe, which is ul'ually about h;dl' pall eleven, it
is ciidomary to walk in theAlamedi, oi- Mall, till
iiiidiiiglit. The royal .)bieivatory is well lujiplied
viih philolophieal and mathematical inllniments.
Cadi/, is ditiuult to approach on aceouui of r-'Ck; and
(amis. In its vicinitv IS a fmall itland, now called Si.
Pedro, bu; ancienilv 1-Iercu!ciim, Ir-^m the t'am.ius tem-
ple ot Mercule- whieli it conlaitied.
The I elcbrated town and h)rtref^ of Ciibraltar was
taken imm the Spaniards by a combined lleet ot' F.ng-
iilli a;u! Duieh lliip., umler Sir (.i-jorge K.e'oke, in
1704; and, att^r r.ianv (luitlel's attempts to recover it,
conlirme 1 to th.^ Iviglilli by the trcaiy of LJtreehr, in
171 ;. Ri peated attempts have b.^en made to take it
from I'.ngland, but uithou; fuccel's. The lall war
tlVablllhcd its tame, when it fullain.d a long fi.ge
againll the united lorces of Spain and France, by land
and lea, and was g.iUanily defended by its garrilbn,
under the command of general Elliot, to the great lof.
and ihlgiacc ot the ali'ailants.
It isa comtnodioii. pon, and natiirallv formed for
Commanding th..' paliage ol tli.^ lb ails; or, in "ther
woiib, liic entrance into the Mediterranean and L.'-
vani le.is. But the road is n. ither fafe againll an ene-
my or llorms. (iibraltar Hay is about 20 leagues in
ciri umfe:ene ■. The (Ir.iits arc 24 miles hnig and 1;
I roid, thiough v.hii h a current runs tioni th.i Atlantic
Ocean into liie Mediterranean. 'I'lie town was never
large or beautiful, and, in the lall liege, was nearly
dellroved bv the enemies bomb-; but, on iiccaiiii of
its ton iti'.Mt ions, is elK^nud the kev ol Sp.un, and
theicfiiie always turnillied with a ganil'on, wi.li pio-
vuleil tor its del nee. Tlie harbour is t-irmed by a
mole, which is planted with guns, (iibrahar . an i-nly
lie .i()pioaclied b\ a very nano.v pall'.u'.e, between tin;
inouniam and the lea, acrof which the Spaniatd- have
drawn a line, and toriilied it, ti) prevent the garrilon
from havii.g any communicati'in with the country. As
they are thus cooped up they have no provili.ins but
what are brought lioin England and IJarbary. I'or-
nierly this place was under military gc)vernment; but,
on account ul'iliveis abufjs, has lincei'een erected iiiio
a body lorp rate, aiiil the civil power i- now f nlged in
the magiilr'.t^a.
Thole who have coura^ie eaoucrli to climb to the
topof the roek, will find a plain trom whence they
iiiay have a proipecl ol the tea on ea. h fide the llrait,
and tl e kingdom^ of Rarbarv, l'"cz and Moroccvi; le-
fides Seville .iiul Gran.ula in S-p,iiii,
AU.uitara, between S. ville and St. Lucar, lias a line
Roman biiilge over the moralles, which is a great an-
tiipie I iiiiolity.
San Lucar de Barameda isahaniirmictown and har-
bour at the mouth of the river (iuailali;uiver, 4, mile
below Seville. It has been upon the decline lin.e the
Sp.'.nilli Well-India lleets weie allowed to let oui tiom
and reiiim to Cadi/.. Its piincipal trade is in l.ilt.
Pott St. Mary's, at llie mouth ol llic liver Guadelete,
I
N.
r
79
is walled round, has a fiTliil call!-, a g) od lee.bour,
and makes and cxp irf- great i|ua;i;iii'.s of fdt.
Palos is a little town, with a tolerable li til) nir, at
the mouth of th ■ Trin 1, fr )m when e C ;' 'p''-""
Columbus, in the year i.y.)Z, litt out on the lii '. ivery
oi America.
Xeies de la P'rontcra is a large town on the little riv tr
fiuadalett 1 ; near whiih was fought, in the year 7 14,
the famous battle between the G iths and M ) ors, that
oc! a!i ined the fils of Spain to the lorrner.
The lecond diiliicl:, an tieiiily rall.d th.' kingd ini
ol Cord )va, contains onlv the loll I'.viii? pi \ce oi note :
Cordova, anciently an opulent Rom ui colony, litii-
ated on the river (iuadalqtiiver, is celebrated lor being
the birth-plaee of the poet Lucan, the two famed Se-
necas, Averroes, and the learned phvfieian i leluis.
The I ity has a conii lerable trad'.-, pariieulaily in lilk.,
wnol, and gilt leather. Tiic llone walls are flrong and
l')try, the luburbs extenlive, and tlu etwiiuns tiuitl'ul
and plealimt. Cordova is the gr^aieit market for h.orlei
in all S|.a:n.
Ill the ilillrict of Jtien, the only plaecs worth men-
tioning are
Jaeii, the cajiital, luppofed to be tiie (.iicnnium, or
Gietiiia, ol tiie Romans, and (lands in a rich foil, and
wholefonie :iir. It is the lee ot' a billiop, iUOVagan t>
Toledo; and contains maiiy coiiv.'nts, cluus h' s, and
hoipit.ils, fomeuf w'lieli are very tine, atid is d fenileJ
l^y a c:UUe. St. Veronica is the great object of devo-
tion here.
Ub.ih, the L'bea, or Vetala, of the R imaiis, ha;
a callle and walls, Hands in a frutt.ul c.nitiiry, uiii en-
joys lomc particular privileg. s.
B.ie/ 1, anciently X'ati.i, B .ith'.i, and Beatia, a.
confiderable ciry, three mile, from ilu river Gua 'al-
quiver, is noted for dving th.j tinelf fcarlet, maki;. t
the riclKR tatlatas, and f.a-. an unlyerrit\', founded i:i
MuRciA, which was anrientl / a kingdom, has Xe'.v
Calli!.' on th'. north, Aiulilutia on the well. Val.ntia
en the norih-eall, (ir.tn.ida on tlie fouth-well, and the
.Mediterr.mean on th.. 1 null. It is :o) rniles I )n;i, i)o
broad where widell, well w.itered, tuleiably fertile, and
contiins the tollo'vving p'aee- :
Muriia, Irom which 'li.^ |irovince takes its name, is
limited in tl I'pacious and delightful plain, on th ■ river
S.gnra. Tiii^ city is larg^aiul populous, liavin ■, many
convents, churches, lijiiarcs, and gites, with a good
wall, .1 louit ot inijuiliti' n, a llaiels pal.ice, and a
callle. T!ie tidjaeent coiiiui v abounds in muhvrry-
ue. ~, ole^e-, lugar-eanes, tin.l line f.u'is. Tite i ty
hath olteii .ulV.red bv the inund.ititns if the Segur.i.
Carih,ig,na, a iioteil lea port on the Metliunaneui,
was built by Aldrub.il, tlu Carth.^gini;.n general, and
calL'ii C.irtiitigo-N- V.I, or New-Ci.tha ,e. 'i"he air
here is ti mperate in fuirmer, attil retitark.ibly r.itld in
winter. I'nderthe Roiiian> and C triiiatiintans tins
was one o! ihe moll fl'niiilhing cities in ah Spain; lor
trom hence iliei Ihipped oli thole ve.lt ipuantitics of
g'dd ami lilver whi.li they dug in the Pyrenees and
other iiiotinttiins. I!,,ih i ity arnl haibour are well for-
tified. The i.iy on win !i it llands abounds in iilli,
elpeciallv mtickarel-, and tlie neighbouring country
allords di.imonib, ruli s, a'liaihylb, garnets, a';ate-,
and mines if alluiii. The eit\ is pn ity large, tin! iis
harbour one o> the bdl in Spain. Tiie biiliop is tul-
Iragan !•> tle.^ atvhbilhop of Toleihi.
Aim. ii ,1:011, tl liiile fea-p.'ri at the mouth of ilie li-
ver (iuad.ilaniiii, |s ceLbrated tor the miiKS ol allttni
in its neiglibouih 1: d.
(iRAN.\iiA, which is fomctim s cil'ed I'ppf' Ati-
d.il'jlia, IS b'.Hinded on the limih atid i .ill by the Medi-
lerranetm; on the well aiid north by L'uei Atidalulia;
.ind on the north-call bv Mu a i.i. lis e.sicnt, Irotu
Will to eall, is i\o miles; but hs ;:re.iiell breadtii ex-
ceedb not iSo. The air litre 'n temperate and luahlu ;
uiid
!i
I ll
5;iS
J!^\>.
A \r.\V, UOVAI. ANo AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M or UNIVERSAL ( iFOr;?s.Ari fV.
siul llvu-'.ii d'.'.Tc ;itv nr.\:)y moum.-iiiT- in the |M(iviiirc,
aiul lo: lie ot' I Ikiii \M \ liiL'h, \M lUc\ arc alinolUvfrv
\v1km\covcici1 nii'i vint^ :\iul luiit Wxc-, loj^ctlicr wiili
Kriri,-!, myril-.', i<A et-b.ilil. tiiViue, l.ivtiulcr, mr:< ram,
ail'! oi'.K'i' a:\ini:'.; iv.' iicrbs, which <!,i\V' an cxinr.liu- talli.'
to ihc Hell) oi il'f'.r ilu.-i) anil laiilc. The valhcs are
iM'ciuvK' iH-'.utitul, and the \v!io!i.' is w.U wa'eie'.l.
Thi^ u. the lail it the Spaiiilli kingdom^ iioli' lUti ll^
tile Mi-oi's not biiii',; rcvhieed till the y.ai' 1411:. Tlie
jiiimi;\;l ] lansarc ilie tollowiii^ :
(iraiMil', th.- eapital, iiaiul-- in the midll I't aiVuil-
tiil ci iiiiliv, h.i, a line air, and is eapaeioiis and po]iu-
Ion-;, b'. in;; uni oi llie lai<;i.ll cities in Sj-am. Ii is ot
a eiriu'ar trmi; and the liiowy tops ot ih.e Sierra Ne-
v.iiia Miainiains, \vhieli;u\ Icenat i!ie diilaiu e 01 iliree
lei;.Lii-N L'leiilv iliwrli'V r.iid add beaiitv li> t'.u' ver-
tl'ire 'it ihe civeiimi.'.' e;U liere. (iian.uia is di\:d.tl
ini' tour i.nKiiiers,arid !\a- tw ive sia'es. It 1- an aiei-
bilhopnc, an umveiliiv, .aui a r. val liianterv. Ii lof-
laiiis :.; :Mr:lh e)nu\hvS, !•) i onveiu--, 1 i holpiials, ..nd
tour c '.1 ■■;. s. Thj niarlih's, uhi'. h are dii;; out o. lln
t;uarri.s 'n this jirovince, aic ih.' nvl'l btau:i:iil in
Spain. ']'heie i- one \\r i.i :n (iruv hi e nliilinp, <.n-
ihJn « i' ih.op-, wherein niain'e. Inu'.i', t.-' ae> o bo.\. >.
Iii'i-, >;lo t>, ll'ile^ l'..r cai-riuijs l-.r.u eii ts, lu; khi.e^-
;.:.d otlicf ;o\>, aiC e\po;.cl 10 lile. The loval pah- i
oi't'-e Ahi.'.ni' ■■M 1 one o! ihe in I'l niagni!iecil! edi
fiees \^'i.ichi' c Mwi'.s er.ctul in Spain, ll i- litualcd
en a b.i'l, v^hiJi is a'.eeiid.d bv a load, bordered with
cdc,e-. ot I'jn.lle cr ■•.ni^'-ial nv r;ks, aiul r- w- 01 e'.ins.
In (ir.ui.'iia ;ir.- b.:..ui.'.' aili.;'.liv, a eirenhir ainp'u-
theaue lor bull li.vii-, a c am v'. iiiqu'liiion, ,ui'! a
rov.d ti; una!. Tr.L I'l k ni'.ni.laciorv is ii'ilMi ra'' le,
."aiil tiw- ai'lcnal ti:.: b ll unnllieil 01 aiw m >pa.;\.
AVithcii;t b:^ V av i :\ lar.'.e pl.un, eaied Li Vi^iade
Grainda, '..liKii 1^ uillut haniUt-. vilia^is, \c.
]\Ialaiia is an a;, lent, !ar.:e, wUl ioii.ned, and po-
piiii'Us eity, 'v.tli a niK' liir' our, on thi Medileiranean,
e IK 0111 pallid V. ;i!i adi i;!>b' \v..l!, and di.tend^il liv two
cailie . Tile I xportaiion ol v.ines, railiiis, ahiionds,
fij;s, Kir. m ,o;aii';i , itiui diiei luiils, lr,.:ii hence, be-
I'lie^ \^i.i.)l and liI, j ;odv:i.ts iiiiUKn!. dunes 10 du
kilio.
A;n-.e!!a, a linall ciie on the NK diterrancan, wiiii a
fate and eommodi us ii.id om', is the lie 01 a liilhop.
luinap,;.
aiui'ia.
Jl'ti: up. Th,e llioit Joak, fornurlv wian by ilh- Spa.
niardb, is no.v chl'ul'ed ; as are mil', IpeClatle'., l,in.>;
lUMids, niullaeliios, fee. Tlieonly p.iaik ot llieir loriU'.r
pra'.iiy eonlills in the de.p brinvn eoKnn otthc lialVi's
ot the people in uen.ral. '1 he S[>aniard-, bdore tli,:
aee^lTion ot tb.e iioiil.- o|' Uourlion to thtir dnone, ar
tided tliat aiitie,iiated dels in hatred or eoniinipi ol'
die 1-rencli; and liie poMiniiuni will prbai Iv ii.:.l
loine diliieiilly in abolilliin^ it, a^ the Ijiirit of lii, ,i;-
luiiy is far Irom being c im;;uilli-d. An old Calii-
iian thinks iiinit'i If ih.c nu.ll inipin i.mt Iviiig in natuir,
.11 id (he laii'iC pride is ecnmioily i oiuniunieaied lo Ifn
di'.iendaiu-. This is the tiiie rea.on wiiy fo many ut
till m are t<ind ot r,nio\iii2; to Aiin.riea, wheie iluv
ean ii'iain a 1 ilien naiive 11111101 taiiee, without the ilan-
i.V r ot leeng a lupcii; r. Ruhcuhius a- this pride iiK'.y
'ppeii. It n-.lpiie- the potiel''"s with jjeneroui ftriii-
111. Ills; ii I cKit; leldom louiul that a Sp.niilh i.cbx--
mui, giiuleiuan, or even liaiki, iSi;uiliy of a iiie u>
aition.
1 i:e lu ulcs ot tlv Spanilli iivbiliiy arc iiniiien'elv
large, and the apartm nis e.vtr: niely (paeious. '] i;e
llairealc and hall, dpeeiallv the laiter, aie the tin. i!:
pan et tb.e h"u!e. I'lie _/r./A', or pirloiir, is lurnillKd
\M!!i ir.ai'^e , lookin;>-o;,ili s, Irannd eliair , and
otheis vey lo.e. Tl . rjl of ihe li aiie is ind;l!eren!ly
kirnillKd. Tb.e number of le'vaii's kept liy ti.e
graiide.s is iiinr.od.rate, loir.j o! them having two or
ilir.-e iuindreil donellr s.
'J'lie Span-aiils aiv reniark:-blv tenipcr:u^- \„ their
mr.r.ii r of :iv,ng. T' en- buMi.Mll is if::al;\ choe^ -
la'e, tealeingveiy Uloom thank. l.i.h- ibiiiKi r;
u uail\ a ]K!.ln'!o; oiixii, imntoii, v, il, Ji.'ik, anil
gieeils, .dl 1h iled tog.tlKi. '1 he\ b.ve n.ueh in- n
gaiiie, lallad, radilhes, t^.e. and are alio l^^nd oi
mullnooms, l^oney, I'liails, and tii.al eg?s. 'Iju' mt-i
Lhiiik I ui l.ttle v.me; and the u.inieii moilly ule
water.
lioni time immemorial the Sietba, or atinn-ion's
!] n.;|>. ha^ be n eullomaiy in Spain, lioni one to about
j ihise in the afiern' on, all the tlreets of Madiid areas
i I'liitary as adtieM. Tiic tiadeliiien Unit their lhi.pi,
;Ik meiliani, s quit their work, and every l)wdy Iks
f dow n to lie. p.
I Daneing 15 a favourite divi 1 (ion with the Siianiaids.
TI.euiM
kjucra is a '.andli mi iown,wnli a ealtie, -o mi!. s
1,1 ;■ Ir, in f .lanai'a. N.ar it is a t..med lali-i-iit,
!,im
lb til.- 1 :avi ill
h 111
le .lie
kinds
though ih.\ ail d.ii.eid to ih.- lame linu-.
i'
:e OIK 1 tiie UKiit ilanee; the othtr 1
tlie w.
le leniioiv wan tliai lOiinno-
' .iid ot animating exp.etf
..nt and
ons
'liie JMndani'ij i-
ienbed In' a.n eminent wni.r as
Pet
D.
vues.
r. c 1
;;, Drc,
:\
li:i(,is,
111.
si: d ol Vvi\ loeiv dance, uhuh the Spainaids
f /• Li
learned tr .m the Indian^
,;11 1:1 n IS nuah doublvil,
but the toiind.itiun tur il
Lea
'.'■.i/:licns, Bu'.-Jiiln, L.
cf the ^pa
S':
to A
Al
v.lent, ;s nut tl.inlv intia. .1
'ii 1"
ti.e iir^.u oralis o
iKi ua.
,'nd p.iitiy to the
This
I |'Lii|ih l.ni
th.' na-
their :a;ii, lie-
are at
or no pain ,
caule
lltltllHtt is tl
nun.
.r o' iCi kli
jt bi.th k.\es
ot ivh'uev.
inor. pirtia
blaik !.a., I
c 'ii:ui.f.,uic.
le generally t-i
e C.illihai '
ano well 111 ut
Ih
d vciy I
u.attiv ll ;r,pl(.-\ion
ut ll,' ir
n,attd
ind ex;,lelli\e
The !
L- hiautv
of the Sii
mail ,ai';esKign- iiiollb in tnwr iioVv Ls .ind
r^iiumt I
t
)e acKiioali il
Ilia;
.1. \,onun as an
vet
t.
untiy in t:i.
r (r 111 lormiiii' ilu ir
IKI::
.Tlrtl ItieV aie I oIlillliMlb 111., ill
lov i,iu, ll ait 111
.t n..
luppiyi
Th.; h.'l'ii- I : til; Spat'iOr gentry ofb .th tl xc
em
IV m I
he V
.kIi 1 .If.ioil.
Ill
\Vl
calioii to A.ilK (!ie llieet i m^ii.i.n, tin
s are
len iv. .uien ha\c oi -
,* LU'.k lilk
.11
an
■i ill
en ar;
llilcd
ir I i.vereil will
Ihe tneatiie.il ie|)ie:eniaiii'ns of Spain arc very
ii.\..il. 1ai..|1 lonie ]-)KCes , : 1 .ope/, with a fcv lia-
gviliis t,| Ra. ine, ihe\ have noihing but taicis i.\-
liiliued. The pl.iv uiu.db l.ilis ihree lu.urs, in the
1
0,1. ol .'.hk ll nianv ludier
ou^
iranks at
e exiiilileu
and keiies iniiodu.
lepuiJiiani to cmimiKi lenll
as ue:l as eomm.ja iteeeiK
neral, handlome;
T
e .aclreli
es .lie, :n
lUt,
I heir couiui. nances, ant:
1 Ih
ew mol
IS the acti.rs, diilort
horrid alpecis, elpe-
iia.ivwluii iliev lau'.'.li or weep.
Tl:
pec
ere are l.ats in
the pi!, where [i.op:e eonveik as the\ do in the l!i ..ts.
II It
'I
tiiar-. a;i'l nuns.
lo t.
and I iiiv taiic
liel.
eii 111 t
he f
line box, CO.
kack
ni
ins rull's, p.hinies of teathi-rs, r.unid hat', thole
worn
un ;er the arm, .uii
1 oih.
(Irelleil w.t
I- 11 1 pieii r\ aioii ot manneis, no char.i.'enlue drels
h ll
h;
•11
1
.\nalc\ii.
iIrv il,( ,a liom
le piavers otien appear on iIk
Tlr
a,:tielle - aie v, 1 v In,.
in I 'iinnion,
IS i.ttell
pliy
ly the woni. n~
llai'.e as
. Men.
and the company
oi.ligeu 10 w.xA .ui ll air oeiore tlie cun.uil is
drawn iiji, hciaale the liei.nn,', diieiin.i, i^ueen,
i_h,iiiil)eriii,ud, 1
n M'l (i.i!,c lha\ iiii'
'IlicS;
111
lanilli ti.iiieilie are
■arharous,
:!iu
troplie g. IK rail) llrckn
actors ami aciie
I Jt'.id die beiuie the I
peeiaioii
Tl
le pa aiK
I t!
Iksal
1 box.
eai.il-
s arc
mcxorai)!.
H'.W
or.RAPiir.
nuilv w.'in hy tli,- S;\-,-
iiili', liHCtiulcs, l,',n:>;
inly HKiik (it ihcir ioriDM-
rown i.)l. i;i .nilie li,\l,i'.,
a' Sivuii:iril~, li^|..iv tli.:
x.n to tlair iliioiic', .n-
n li.ural nr conuiiijn ol"
inklU will pr-ll.li l\ ll:: 1
t. ■■'.- t'x Ipirit uf i'w.y..
'•nil '!• An ..Kl c..'i\i-
1 .:ii.int Iviiig in natiiiv,
ly <uiiiiiiunii:\itcl !<' lii<
f iv.i.oii wliy lo iii.iiiv I 1
to AiiKiica, wlicic tluv
Mtaiuc, wiilunii tic itaii-
iciildus a, iliis priiti- m.'.y
'i^ ttilh ^rtH'i'd;, lltiii-
ul i!!:it a S|v;nilli i;,.l.;c.
uki, :s ;j,uiiiy of a uk ^n
!i. hilily arc iinii.cni'cjv
\lr; ;iu-ly Ipaiious. '] ia-
tlic laittr, uic the lin.il:
11' pir.'oiir, is riiniilliiil
s Iraiiiitl chair, mul
t liif h ai;o i- iinlillcicntly
■t ffviii's kc-: I i,y im;
.■ o! thi-in hiMiii; iwu or
k l>lv tini|)erat^ u, tiair
UMi.fail is i.fiiaiiy cliof, .
drank. T,,.!,- thiiiKi- a
imiiirii, V, ll, p..ik, a:ul
1 hi'v l;vc iMif'i i:j„ n
. apj arc aim (.aid' d
ipil tii.il I'.; ■■.. 'I'lu- men
ilic vvMUKii niDilly ul'e
lac Siclla, or alii moon's
ll)ain. IVum one to abmit
ic llact-. < t'Madii.l arc as
ra(lc!iii(.-n Unit ihci;- llmpi,
ork, anvl every I) .Jy hes
■iifioii with ;!.(■ Spaniaiils.
I 'n;iM, ■•1 w.a-h ill, IC .■^rc
iiai;c;d to th. lame ii;nc.
; ilu- olhei" IS galL.nt and
d liy an eminent writi-i' as
uliiJi the .S|^ai;iaiiis lu\e
na the t.a.ndaiiuri ha- ihis
ll!' ns of Spain aic very
■ '! l/'pc/, with a tew tia-
e n.Jihm;^ Init farces i\-
lills ihree luHirs, in the
nh pranks aie exliil iied ;
;naiii to c ammon Iciife,
The adielies are, in g,-
1 11 as tlic acbors, diilort
moll liorrid alpeels, eij)e-
-vp. 'riieif are l^ats in
. as thev do in the l!r cts.
to I'lays; and I >m. fines
eoc kade^, civvies, a v.il,
, round hai', ihole uor;i
liul \i iih (loAer . '1 heic
s no char.', 'eriliie drels
a app.ar on ihc (lai-.e as
lie :,ie v, ly lii.e. Men,
put-.; and the company
ur i'eioiv liic eiaaain a
nil,', duenna, lUkeii, or
lie lliavins.^
■arharoiis, ami I he cai.if-
lors and aciiellls all die.
The ['It and hox.s aic
lUROl'E.]
S P A 1 N.
8Si
M
inexoralile, and iiothinr; can he heard for their hitfinf^.
The guards m vain tlireatcu and Itonn : fonutimis
ihev arc tircil with haw liiij.', and |oin in th.eir hi.'lls.
Neither xoiith or beauty can dilarni party.
1 low people can tind am charms or niaifiiiliccncc in
thole horrid eonibats called b'ail-lij^hts imill be the
uondcr and allonilhiTicnt of all civili/cii nations. 'I'hcy
are peculiar to this coiinrry, ami make a capital figure
in paintiiij^ the I'cniiis and maniurs of the Spaniard;.
On thele <Hcali(ins uning ca\alicrs have an opjiorru-
nity "t tliewiii}; their (Ourat;e and activity hitorc their
niiilretlcs; and the valour ol the cavalier i . proclainuai,
honoured, and rewarded, aca irdinjj; t() the number
and licrcciiel; of the bulls he has killed in ihelc en-
counters.
The biill-fipjiters raife horror, and the bulls excite
pitv. .\ man mull be as unteeliiif; as a (lone not to
be foftcncd into tears at the li^ht of a number of bar-
barians, killini?,, without any emotion or concern, a
poor annual, (;agi!;etl and mullled in fuch a maimer as
to deprive hiiii v\ the means of delendini^ himfclf, or
even feeinj; his murderers.
The atrocity of thiscontell is fiirtlier aggravated b)
the tranfports and acclamations ot an immenle b<)d\
of people ; by the clapping of, [)erliaps, tw»:nty thou-
fand pair of hands, ,ind the beating of as many pair of
heels, at the verv moment when the bull, mortally
vounded, nearK futfocated nith rage, is tottering, fal-
ling, bellowing out his la'.l groans; llreiching, llrng-
gling, and making eli'orts to rife ; linking again, tfoth-
ing at the mouth with anguilh, bleeding and g.ifping
iip'on the ground, where lavage bull-llayers an- con-
tending for the honour o\' giving him the lalt pang.
To heighten the Iccne of barbaritv', the tender fi \,
who tieiiible at the fall of a leaf, U\ their eves on a
poor animal in torture, bleedin;;, paining, and expiring
at their feet; feem to count h.> wouiiiU, iiis groans,
and dropis ot blood, and to regret, when lie die^, that
his Ih uggles and fullering^ are over.
All the bulls ufeil at thefe Ihows are brought from
the mountains and woods of Andaliilia.
Such arc the tights lii much talked v'-, fig'it
veral popes and fovereigns have lb olien .;:'. .ir
\.iin, toabolilli; hut rh.c popul.u e, on e\ery oevalion,
aflembled tumiiltuoullv , threatening- deilruetion ; aiiil,
in Older to appii ale them, it ha,-, often been tiiund ne-
i elliiry ro (;u rili^e a great number of bulls. 'I'his bar-
barous diverlion IS, tv, moll writers, fui)pofed to be of
Mciorilli original, and to have been adojsted b\- the
Spaniai.l,-. when upc'ii good terms witii that nation,
partiv through complaiiance, and p.irtb through rival-
Ihip.'
'J"he ground-work of the Spanilli langaiage, like
that ui ihe Italian, i; Latin. The S[)anilh, indeed,
riiglit be called a ballard latin, were it not for the
terminations and exotic words introduced into it by
tl.e Moors and (iotlv;. It is, at prefent, a majelUc
and exprellivc language; aiiti wh.it is remarkable,
foreif^ncrs wlio underliand it the leail, prize it tiie
moft. Of al! the .Sjianilli dialects, that o' Callile is
the mofi ligurative and emphatic.
Though main of the Sjianiards are men of genius,
and ihev ha\e a number of iiniverfities and academies
amongll them, tluy.ire li) rellrivteil in their difquili-
tions, that little progrefs can beexpecled t'rom them in
the feveral braiu hes ot literature. They havi- culti-
vateti hillory u aih the greaielf fuccefs. There is an
acadcmv tor ^lu^ brant li ellabliflied at Madrid, .md
employid in invedigating the annals of Sjiain.
ihc moll dillini.^tiiiheil dramaiic poet of this nation
was I.o[)e/. de \ iga, who was i oti inporary with our
Shakefpearc. 'I'he moll celebrated u riteis of humour,
in prole, are Cervantes, author of that admirable jiiece
of fat ire, ( ailed the llillor\ ol the Renow neil IJon
(juixote de la IVTancha; and Ciuevara, who jirodueeil
the tamous \vov\i, cMcd El l^i.i.h/o C.ixue/o, whith 1 ,e
S.ige moderin/.ed into .i romance, known in I'inglilli,
by the title of " The LVmI upon two Sticks." The
No. 8 1 .
r !e-
1. in
Villnns of Qucvcdo, and fomc otlicr of his humorous
and fatirical pieces, having been tranflatcil into the
KngliOi language, have rendered tha' autiiorwell known
in this country . Spain has likewife produccil many
travellers and voyagers ei)uall> amuling and inllrut-
ing. It ajipears, up<on the whoh-, that if the Spaniards
could tlilengagc thcnifelves trom their abllrai icd
turn of thinking, and thcr tyrannical form of go-
vernment, they would make a cajiital li;,ure in the
literary w orki.
'Ihe Spaniards embrace and prnftife the Romilli re-
ligion in all its forms and ( cremonies. In this t'^a^y
have been l"o (k-ady, that tl.cir king is diningi'iflied by
the epithet of Motf Catholic. The horrors of that
religion are, however, at prefent grcatlv leHi ned in
this country, bv moderating the penalties of the in-
quilition, and ihlqualifying the ccclelial\ics, and their
o;'i, eis, frori carrying into execution any fentence
wiiliout the roval authoritv. It a|)[)cars, upon the
whcle, thattlx- liery zeal, wh;c:h formerlv dil'in*; liflied
the .'-Spaniard: liom the rell of the Roman Catholic
world, is much abated ; and that the powerof the clergy
has, (it'late years, been much reduceil. A royal edict has
alfobeen illiied, to prevent the ailmillion of noviciates
inio the ililti rent convents, without fpccial jjermillion,
which has a great tendency to reduce the monadic or-
ders. The riches of the Sp,anilh chi:rel'.e> and con-
vents arc objee'.s of admiration to all rravellcrs, as
well as natives: but it is a julf remark, tiiat there is a
f.mienefs in them all, excepting that they dilfer in the
liigrcesof treafiireand jewels they contain.
S K C V I O X 1\ .
C'.iiPH'yce, Mam'fiiili'.rcs, (piTrlicu'iirly TfcoL) C :>•,
Coveyiimoil, .VldLs c-f P:ii::j.:iyc;:t, Rr.nhs and Oi\:jys,
Rrvani'-, is,-.
T!TOrr;ll Spain is well fitiaited for trade and
nav ig.ition, the native,;, th.roiigh their n;itural in-
tioleiiee, iieglct thi ; a,,lvantage, and leav^ it to the
other maritime nations. (lold anil filver are the chief
branches bodi of ilieii exports and imports. 'I'liey im-
p;irt them Ikmu America, aiid evport them ro other
countries ol Iv.irope. Cadi/, is tl',e cliicf emporium
of this commerce.
The P'.,in;if,i., lures of Sr.ain are chiefly t:i!., wool,
copfier, and haidware. Ol all the wool ufed in manu-
factures, that of this country is certainly the hell:. Ic
is liner, more tilky, and unites better in fulling than
an-.- other wool in i*-un)]K'. But all the wool of Spain
is not ei)ually tine. Several forts are dillingiiillieJ,
which dili'er from each other as to qualitv, number of
piles, and the names of thole to v.'iom it belong>. The
full pile are thole of Segovia, It is comiiuted that
tl'.ere arc fold annualb about (;;,o(;;)arobs ot this woo!.
.'\n arob weighs :o pounds. Thefe piles are deligned
fir the finetl woollen lliilfs, lVC. aiul are ufed in manu-
facturing the bell cloths. The next fort are called Ca-
valier-.. There arc various other forts of piles ol mid-
ling i)uality in Spain.
The kingdomsaiul provinces in v.liichthe finell for;>
of w(-iol are lobe l()und, are .'\rragon, the kingdom ol
\alcneia, I'liper and Lower .'\ndalulia, Callile, a:'.d
Navarre. .\n old pa-iialice prevails, th;it it is the elu
mate w hich occalions the linenefs and w hitenefs fo mu>-h
admireil in Spanilh wool; whereas the manner in which
the Spaniards re.ir tlieir Hocks is t!ie real caafe of the
perfection oilheir wool. ( )!her nations have luecels-
fullv culiivateil all arts and fciences, cxcepi ihe ihep-
herd's art; t!ie Sp-.mi.uals, on the eontiarv , havcneg-
le. ,ed all bat this ; and we fldl lin.l in .Sjiain loinetraees
of that palloral life, whii !;, in the eaiie ages of il-.e
world, priKiired honour ;ind hajipui Is to ihole wh.o
devoted ihemfelvcs to ;;.
Many elVorts have bet n made bv tiie Sjvmilli govern-
ment to prevent the oih'-r Imii-ojhm!-.- n .ions from
reaping; t'le i hiel .i.iv.uu.c;.- of tlie .. -.n (nm-
' lo O i.ier..e.
\i i\
'^
SS:
IIHT. (.'
A \l\\, KDVAl, ^^.n AUTIU'.NTK" S\>I| VI u:- INhi ii^AI. ui u;
>i'iiV.
but tlH'lV 1..11 I1C\'.
Iiii-
ol indiilifN is av*
iul, till a ip
;lki.nii'i ,ii>;til)}^ ll.i' ivuivis, li>;\s to in-
able tlKMi to Uipi'lv thi-ir Ar.uMii'.tM poljlilums with
thfir own tonimcidilii's "f iikii haiiJi/c.
Ai counts, in Spain, ai\- kept m reals antl niara\i-
ilicsilc pl.ua, (M- liUir, \*Imi1i aic iiiraginary coins;
34 niaraMilus niakirv^a rfil, iqi:al to li\o-pcncc- halt-
ptMriv l-'ni'lilh. '\\w ;mM loins arc pillc.Ic.-i, or ilouh-
iiMvis, \ah:c !-s. doiiUle, qiiailruplc, half and quann
pilloks. 'I'lu- liUif ei'jns arc reals i!e piata, or liUir,
\wiitli rouK'.\liat alvne li\-[ieii,e of iiir money ; pial-
ters, or jiicces ot eii^ht, worth ahoiir 4<. (>il. hall anil
iliiartei pieces o\ eii^ht, Init ihclc arc rare. '1 he\ ha\e
alfo rni.\ll hrals iiionev , called quartos ami octavos, like
our hallpeni-e ani! larthini;'. 'Ihe .Spanilli clcudos, in
rnnens, and ducats, are nna<i;inary coins, and botli ol
the \alucot alioi.t ( s. ot oin- money. 'I'licre are alio
inia;_>.inarv pialUrsaiid [i;!h)!es.
In Sp.aina nioll id I", .)tiC government prevaihj anil
the dillrels, To vilible in melt parts ot the country, l^,
in a great mcarurc, th.e rcfult of that governmcn.t, 1:1
the adniinilliation ot" which no proper attention is paid
to ir.e mtcreits ai;d welfare of the people. The mo-
n.ir hy i^ hereditaiv', and tvnialcs arc capable of (\ic-
reilioii. The kinjfs of Spain are in.uipuiated w itiunit
beingcrowncd, b\ the dcli\cry o;'a hiord. 'I'hcir li,--
niiiiie never ir.cntions their nan e, l;ut "1 the Ki:iL' "
'I'iie l-.eir app.:'.re:-,r is calleil
ctixr children, of both !eM
lar.ta'^: that i^ c'nil.lren.
prince ot' Aliui ias ; and the
■;, !'', w.iv 01 dilhiiciiiMi, in-
ne aum;nt;t:at.on o! t!".e i'ovcrnmcnt, and o
.ere .iie 1 u r.i! i n
K :li anil ti louii 1
as tiie
pHita, cr I ,i!ii:',i.t-> oiin^ ii, t'u pi i\v-iounoil, !,ic 1 orii-
ilof C
ril o*" the Ir,
tiHiniii ol ;l,e ie.,uii'ii;ion,' the coun-
the fe\in i iiurt.s of nv,a! audiences,
C^i
Since tl
c ; I _;n:\'
reign of Philip 111. tl
;;ot tl:e
I 01 tc
I -th cii.tiirv.
aiK
or
1U-,
■ailiair.ei'.ts ol' thi
Ki
nudiMii, have bcm liif nntinied
uucs thole al-.c)\e-nien:io;'..
m.!
li:bo:->li-
ils lor tn
natc trihun,
branchc' <if buti;
tion ol a li
live linan.
M
-f Midrd
.ll\ ; a lUlb,
IS iiilve^ieii to liie
d
ill!
[ICC.
niM-ea
11.0:1 nil
1, all the q.:ar
, \\ no ilci iile^, « ifliiii,
|)ute^ amoni; the imn.
HuarrcN arc unfiiquent hir
A Sr
la
W
(in'y liihi 1
le di '■^^\■ ^ tl
hut pi.i< I Iul I \en
I excels,
hut thi
I'pi
ie ilr;-.:. 01
1.1:
1. 1
I'll- arc
a. thev au: i \i 1 ■.
dto
!ua\ . 11 en; Ml I
.1 loUol runncr.s, whole buliiui's it is to
lis, tair\ thi m to ]Mifon, cRort tiuiii to the
"allou ^, a:nl i ondii.,t the i;.\ei iitioner oac
ktol
ll^ houle.
1
a;n
ar a p.utu iil ir iiniloi m.
fi
.!> Uc
\ iil.iiiiA .ire l.ilicrril to li\e in
ouM I'c put to di
I, .1,
euncrc.
If th
I V
t:u'
are Icr.t to uoik at Di.iii, .1 iiiv of
Ai'r
ihe
I
'ii the C i>alt 01 Barb;
r>. , or lorto Kko, oi-.e i
Ki
il
A:
in
No.ti
Il Ok
tlv,'
eit to ro! ;,i niilun.
1ft!
to pa'
Cr:mii
tl
e atrocirv ot the < rniie hiould ohl
:enie of ilcath,
II e'inus lia\e
th
their 1
e oiiciUlcr
i.injH'il
and th.'s pii]Vliiii:c:'.t, u liu h
,i!>d Iraki ■, the l.an-ltand (;n iiul, is tile kali p.uiiUil
rams kr.oi kcil oi:l :
c imaginatinn.
■k, th
.uui ol iteatl
le ( \i'. iu:i
iiu r, aio'cil u 1
a;u
hitii dc
a knile
tie
ih
;.il I'.-i the temple
am
lb
;ine.s tlieil
a; p.iK:. 11:1 iioo
into a hrc p.ii j
.: 1
tins
hutcl
uriii'' wi'i;
lampa cp'.n hiio, quarter-. Ii.in,
^, and tlirow ■> tlu 111
.At the li-i;t (i|
a lew let oiub, all
u: poll
the fpe.taiois turn p.i'.-, :in 1 liuukier w iih ht/r
hildien Ihrit
ror
k. tl
■iiu n l«oon with terror; th(
ine lu
fierings ot the n
It
lor .i,i\.' li{ <•!) loivr o\i I .
\.lih holier , w hip-
ped, i-randcd, and Icatheied; and m ti.i. coiidilion hd
cuii Iks are Itrippeii, anoinu
he e\ce'.:t'.
.T th.ro'.irh diilerent
I-
Ml eptm;; tlu- pr;!on tor tl'.e nohilit'-, a:i te.c ■e'.
i'l M.iib'.d are ( liarnel-houics. No linlineuon t
made l-eiwccn guilt and mi-.lintunc. 'I'iie ineorri;;iiilc
villain, the iiOMi iate in kn.i\ii\, and the debtor, are
Irvijiantly Iheti hed iijion ih'. I.ime wad of llraw.
I he carc.iu, or iiill.)^, the br.md, and ihe gillies,
are the puiiilhi. -.cuts tor truial crimes. l)lii. eisol all
lor:^, ewii kin:,-'s olli ei^, are lent to th'' gallio,
Whillt thev are eni|>lo\e,l in rim ing or failui'.', th.iir
t'lne o! t!a\erv is goin.Mi:',. When thev aie dik liarjcl
the, refume their rank, l.'.cry thiny, depends on tiie
term, of eonipaJ.
I Pe Spamlh ciniri> ol "i.il'iice, fo lenient v. ;:li refpi.i.
to loiiic partieulai crimes, lliew no men . to thiifc w ho
lot) a ch.ureh. The king, indeed, throuyb regard tor
the party, liimcMiics i-hanges the punilliiuein of de.uii
into p;rpetiial onr-i ifonuieiir.
'I'iie genual n.mie tiir thufe Spuiilli iiwhility an.l
gentry whoaie unmixed uith the Moondi blood, is
111 lig.i. Tlic;, are divided int.) priili e-, d ikes, m.u -
qu.Us, counts, \n'dunt., and oiher mfv'iii;- titl. .
.Such as are I reared grandee- m.ie llan.l covered be-
torethe king, and ait trc.ited with ]iniu;e!y uiitiiieiio.-i-.
.\ grandee cannot be apprchcnvled without the king's
I order ; and eardir.aU, arehoillin|i-,, ambaikidors, knigliis
j ol t!ie iMilik'il Ikei e, and i ertaiii other gie.i; dignitir-.,
lioili in ( Irireh an.l I'tate, h,a\e the [irivdiges, as v\eli
a- tl'ic grandee :, to appear covereil li.t.ne the king.
Ol !i.
e ouk IS nl
;iuhood in Sp.aln, that of tl
icc' e 1^ I he PI lU'ipal, w I
w.l^ inllitute
:1mIP tile Vf I,),]
if 1
I i:l'e.iii,:n n:i>V ti
,\ui!ria. The le.-d.r of
1:1:1 t'.iLd in t!ie \ea;' 1 1
ot
Iv
e ol |).ir:'''iiil\-, a
e),nn .md the houi
d
id
de C
d
oiiipolliii.i was
entinaiu
I II
le 1:1,1, r of L'.e.i:r,c.,i uas f.
111.
Tl
inlbiuiio:! lo 1 ,
kill ordi r> h >\.'
nexal lo them,
poiiirl 1', th.i: ;
tini:
to b
)f A!
)f 1. 1
king, Ol
1 by .S.in.
a oAcs ii>
Tiie three
i.ip'c. I' iMin.m.lei ies, or e;
lie mi'.ri-- 01 tlicm wire once
f.i
:liMU\l tl
^m r s auilioritv over
I; ulicreiiiMi
;) the k
i:ig pro. uree
I thole
mil
lerlli
■eht
.-Tied on him;ill bv the pope, ih.it they
if ihe Hate.
no loivu r a.lime ihe in
■eiv.leiic.
de^ tl
Kie aie hie oilier-
ih
er of
Mont
I u.
ela, anil tin- o
iltifiitcd ^eInli
,r ot (..
Il ol 111- ma;
Ion.
uli.i h latter
,);iour of the
'Ui peiiiin, of
11
deU e:it i.ui Iv loivg to this oiiier.
:e reienues arilinjr to th.c king, I.e.ni Old S;
j a; e i > impulevi .1:
lOO.cz:
I lis .\m,r;i..ui income,
it 1-1 true, I- iir.menfe; hut it i:; generally in a manner
eiiMi /./ici) 01 air.iei
Tl
f.:ur,
11 i)
f h
paicd before it arrives in01dS|),ii
relent C.iiholic .M.tiell
ciu r lii.iJing, hi/di tor himfelf and ;)eo
01 ,111. (
if h
Mvileeelioi
T
y are on a
th,iii thofo
le t.ivi s I'loni wlience'
Liiia! re. eiiiiis ar;fe are I'o \;i,iii
;inil .noitrarv
t';-..it thev lannnt h.c aleertaine
,1.
111.
in all
k lids
lion .
t.ived
ol iiooils.
oufis,
land-
an; p
iiieiieruiu an.l mili'.arv i r.V.T.-
1 lie Ian.
ee, gei
of the kini' of .S'lam, in time of
amo'.uu to Piiv. icn
.pid. S';,occ
a nine 01 w.ir tl'.e\ are piopoiiioneil to Llie exigi ncie.s
ll.i
1
1. 1 the
\'i alloon or loieiirn
:rc.it
;)e:ii!encc on iii.s
1 le h.is taken i .iie !o lailc
ni:ir
:ie, an.l rciKler l.i^
licet
anlidei-
dilc. 'I he I o.dl o: Spam i.s well tci iind .\nA \'.aii hid;
lo th,it the vihole kiiigdotn may be loon .Maimed in c.ife
if :in inv.ilion.
\\i
our g
, III trr
lal del'
1 S|
it of the illinds llcloni'.ing to Sp.uii ii
r:p;:on o
1 I uropeaii ill.m
.\. tl
Mill IS iii':m:r.e;
oiiiif.il, we
ro;i;ie, ted u i:h that of
Ih.ill mil inline tlh III 'o:;eiliei , at the i loli:
4 0111 aciiHinr of the l.iuer in the loUuuing chapter.
c HA p.
M
V'/
111
ol
bl.
li;iVri-iu [•.;.; n; r •
.• nobi!it<\ ;i!i t:;^ •,■<
S. Nil lilltlM, ilOII I
iilU'. 'liu' i:u'i)rii;';iiilv
y, ;inil ila- dchior, arc
!ir \\.u\ (if llf.iu,
M.iilil, aiiil tlu- i^illiK,
I riiiH--;. Ol'ii. I'l-, (il .ill
ff iViu tci tlv !'i!'iiN.
iMw int'; or Liiliiv.';, tlu ir
lifii thiv an.' iliK liarjii.l
y iliin;.', ilii^niis on the
, fii uMirn: V, :;li ri'l'|Ha
I IK) ii!cn ;. to tliolc « hf>
•cJ, thnni;',!i n.'(;ai\l tor
U' [)iimllHiK'iu ol' ik-aiii
I' Spniilli lUiliiliiy an. I
the Mooriili hlooJ, i-;
,t.) prini v>, ctikis, in.ir-
i oihiT inlv-: iiir tic!. ..
m.-i\' ll.in.i ( o-.crc.i Iv-
llll 1M"I!U.(U (llltllKIIO.T-.
ivlcil without the kinir's
.!>, im'oailiu'nTv, kni!.;hi'i
III othir irri-.K (!i;.';:iilir--,
• the [)rivi!i_i;e<, as v\ell
•red ii«t.)re tl'.e king.
.1 in Sjiaiii, tliar of ilie
uh'i I', \^a^ i.'illituted i;i
,(• ol' H.irj.v'iiiiy, an, I is
S;)ain aiul the home o>
i;;<> lie Coiiiiiolkil.i ua.>
I eriliiiaiul II. kiiic, Oi'
I v>as r,;;:.i,L.l !\. .San-
.;• ol' .ALar.l.'.ia o'.xes i:»
,; of l.e.ia. 'I'iie three
ii-.leru'-., or ell.iU's, .\:i-
, of thiiu u^re oiu e I'j
le kin ;\ .iii:horitv awr
I. iiiwl thi^i'.j in.iileiiliiiw
),■ the |iope, that they
ie;-eav!eiK . of ihe Hate.
1 .'^,i,i;.,i ;■ ', iIk' o;\!i-r (It
li.i;k . 111. uh;i_h latter
I - I , i:i h.,i:ioiir of tin-
1. N.ine I'lii [leiioiu ol
isc.ul.r.
■ km,;, Lean OKI Si-.:;n,
1 lis .\iner;,-.iii ineoiiie,
is generally in a manner
e it arr;ve> in Oiii Spam,
r.holie .NLijelly ate on a
f ami iieoph', iluiii thofe
The taxis fioni uheiiec
I'o v.ii iii.i-. aiiil .u'oitrari'
.1. ri;e>- ;.i!l i.:.o;i all
il,, tiiii'\-r, ;i:i '. provi-
'.ary i rj. -f.^ a:e iiisevi :le
ir of Spain, in time ol'
K IV. I en - ^ .Kii! S o.oco.
lUioneil M llie exigeiieie.s
re. It JcpenJ-enee on In.-;
le has taken e.ue !o raile
r Lis fleet v.e:'. i onfloi i -
el! (ci in\,l aia! v.Ui lie.l.
,• he liio;i Planned m eale
I,, llekmi'^iiiji; to Spain in
roju.wi .iI.ukI-;. A, the
I oiiiiv. teil « ith that of
u ni 'ii;;(ihei , at the ( Iclc
II the lollou my ihai'ier.
C 11 A P.
( ^23 )
C II A P
X\\
() R
S 1-, C I ION [.
Boviidiiriis, Sinoi'i'.ii, i'.^'i-m. Climate, Soil; I'egctable,
/Inimtil, and .\1:>\!\.. I'ruuttiliniis; Rivcis, Mciai-
'^''II1S L;n ;\i.m;, '.\'':ch is the nioll wellern in I'!u-
X '"pe, ;s hoiiiijfil b\ ."-pain on the north and eall,
and In' tlu' All.intii (■>' ;.in on the I'outh and well, li
1.'. titiiated between (-aiu^: degrees ot north latitude,
and - and iodc;',iee^ of well longitmle; being .iboiit
•?'H) miles in length, and loo in breadth.
Though Spain an^l I'urtiigal are in the lame tlimatc,
)(t the .lir of the latter is nuieh.more temperate than
that of the t'ormer, on aeeounr of th.e pioximitv ot
the (ea. I.ithon liat!i been iiuieh reforted to by vale-
tudinarian^, ,ind lonlumptise [iiifons, on account of
its air. The fod is \<.r\ tiuitful inuine, oil, leir.ons,
oranges, ponu-gianaus, IJv^, railins, alinonds, chef-
nuts, and other line funis; but there is a want of corn,
i)w ing, m a gri u nu.ifme, to the negjeci of agrieiil-
tiiie. Tin ir IS |.lintv of eviillelit honev here, and
allool le.i anil user lilh, and fea-falt. '1 l.c horfe.s m
l'i)iiu;;al are ImiIK, li\elv animals, as they are in Spain,
but ot a llight iiiiki'; but mules, luing liaei tooted,
aiemoie ufed l«>i eariiage anil draught. l!y realon of
the f.areilv ol palUire, tlurearenoi ii.,my l.cil. ot
cattle or tin, ks ol Tneep ; and wh.it the\ h.i\care fmall
and lean, th.o'.igh the tlilliis loleralily good. Their
bell me.it is th;i 'd' hog.s and kills. TheeofiUiy in
ina;i> pails 1, mouniiinous; and ttie mountains con-
tain all ki.ul. ot or,,, partieularlv ot flKer, lopper,
tin, and. iron, witii a varn tv iil gems, beautifully
\ari(g:r.ed marble, mill-tlones, and manv i urious
foliil-. of ihe lajiiilmus kin.d. The piincipial ii\ers are
il-.e Minlio, in 1 arm Miniu^ ; the lama, aiu iently the
ian.ed l.a:i.-, th.e (.'avado , ti e IJiuio ; the ( I'uadiana,
an;.ciitl\ .\:'.ai; an 1 tile 'lauo, or Tagus, whii li is the
l.iry.el) liver in tl'.e k'.iigdom, earr\ing fome gold in
11- f.md^, :ui.l l.r'ing; iieo thi I'e.i a liule lulow I.ith.m.
I hireare leural minei.u Ij^ing,'- :n the kingdom, both
hot ini.\ c '.'id, w i'i, Il aie nm h tn\i'ien!ed. 1 he moiin-
taiiK of Sic'ii.is if' 1 'died. I a:e al'..,iy , eo\ered widi
1 1 low .
S I. (• T I O N U.
G",,.;,'./ /i;-..y.";;;j '/ Pir!'i;;(h', -.mb n J'drti.iday B^.yip-
'"I "^P I', prov live of l'\-TRi--noei;o-r-MiNiio derives
X " s n.ime f;eni il-, lituation, whieh is bt f>\ie;i the
I l^e^^ I ),)uro and Minho; lia\ing (lalieia on the noith,
lie:r;; (ill t!.;- fouih, the Ocean on ilie will, and a lulge
ol iiiciinMi'ls iii| the e.ill. Il is "O miles long, ^o
bio.iil ulu le V. i,k li, remarkable ti.r I'.s tertilit), and
loiuains tlu: tiillo'.iing p'aee.>:
Ihaia, bit',i.;.cn the rivei'- (.".ivaeo ;im,1 Peflc, U the
lee ol an an fbiil'.op, wiio i.s piima;e ol I'orteg.d, ,ind
rpiiiiiual and tempoial lord of the city and neigldioin-
ing ( ouiury. 1 leie .iie a ll.ilelv ancie:;; eathe.lial aiul
ar. 'iie[)ili 0|.al [lai.e, e, iiimv convents, Kxeial panlh
ihiu'ihes, an I'lOl'pital, a laivc i oIKg.e, ,\:;d ri liou/eol
iiieiv\, u !iH h 1.^ a ch.irn.'.ble toiindation for ihe le'al
of pi'ilon> oi' i';ood lliimlies t.illen lo decay, .md lor
m.iii\ingol \onng iiiaideilj, a:i,i [niiling bo\s to eiii-
|)liuiiiei',;-.
I'.irto, or UpoiM, (HI i!u' ii\ir noiiro, ha; a cnii-
modious h.iib.iiir, miK li li'e,]uenled In the bnghlh:
but the b.ir ai the ciitraiiec iu'.o it is loiue'vvl.at iLiniie-
U G A
roil'!. Next to l.itbnn, it is .i city oi' the gieatell opii-
leiiee, lieauty, and trade, m the kingdom. .At the
mouth of tile river i; a eallle to guard it, tailed Sr.
John's. 1 lerc arc fevcr.il hofpitalsand parilli churches,
befidcs the catlicdral, many convents, a mint, federal
courts of jullice, and the fee of a billiop. Here fs an
Mngiilli fador), coik einid in the wine trade, which is
very conliderable, inlonuK hi ha tall reil w iiies, that come
I'lom Spam or Portugal, are i allcvl por; uincs. The
church Dos C'lerigos, wiiich is liiu.iied on the highell
part of the i ity, ferves as a land-mark to jailors.
(I'uimaranes, a fmall but ancient to'.Mi, is cncom-
palied with a good wall, contains leveral con\e;i:s,
hofpitals, and courts of juflii;'. It has manufactures
of linen and line thread, and is defended by an old
eallle.
Caminha is a fortified town at the mouth of liie
Minho; \ alenea is a llrong town on tlvj fame river;
Villa de Conde is a lea-port at. tlie mouth of the .\\\-,
with a llrong eallle; and liari-ellos, on the Cavadi;, is
t'ortilied witli a wall and towers.
\ ilia No\,a de Carveira, on the Minho, is \ull ibr-
tihed, and Point de Lima is an hamlfome town.
\ i.ina de I'l /, de Lima is pleafantly titiiated near t lie
mouth ot the Lima. It contains feveral courts of jui'-
ti. c, cliiir;h.,;, convents, and a confuleralile nia-ga/me;
1 . 1 ;ri,e, wiii buiit, and llrong, and has a g'ud harbjur,
with a conlidera'lile trade.
TliePro\ incecn'T!'. v-i os-Mosri s hisTi' tlieia "o;;!i_
lleira fi.',i:li, l.i>nea'l, .in,l loiiie iiio iiu.i!,i> we.!, k
is i;.) 11'.;.'. 1 King, N J la.i.i.l, aInmtuK i;i gam: .ui.l
liuii;, pii;du<,es l;',jL lUlie eoiii, U-. uateied by tiie
Doiiro, ,uk1 coniaiiu
Ihaiviir/a, a city near tlie ri'.er 1 erveiiga, at tlie
lAtremity of tlie provin.e, and near t!ie bi'Tvlers of
Leon and d'.divia, co;.: en; k'..:.il co.nents, a good
calUe, has ii variety of liik m:i:uda:lories, ai''d is well
loitiiied. 'J'he anccllors ot' tlie prefent ro;, al I'anulv
wcic dukes of Iha; a.i.'a, lie!, ;e tl:ey were a^ivanceil
ti^ the thione, in the [)erlon of Joim, tiic eigiiiii duke.
Thi.-. town is fuppofeil to iiave L'een the ;ineien: Cx'iia
Hriga, Brigantia, or Brig.mtium.
t.'h;ivcs, a Ih'ong town on the river Taniega, was
built bv the ein))eror llavius \efp,\lian, and called
,\qu;\- I'l.ivi-.v. 'i'here is llill a Ivoman bridge ol llonc
over the rameg;a, with other niarK-.of ant'entirran-lcur.
\'ill.i-Re.il ltan,ls bet'.vcen tiic river L'o'-go ami
Ribiia. It is the be;; and lar'',e!l lovMi c: '.' e province,
aiul belongs to the inianta. 1 liar calK.d 'lieOi.l I vi-.vii
is fnrrouiided bv a w.dl.
?vliranda de Douro, a forliiied town on t! e ("ii.iit'irs
of Spsiin, fo called li'om its [ilealant litu.ul.in on l',c
luvitl. fide of the Dnuio, i.. tile fee ot' a bifr.op, a,.,l
billing; to tlie king.
li,'i!i\ li;is Span;i;i Filraniadiir:'. cad, Portug.K'fe
Lflr.iniadura fouth, the O, e,in W'.'li, and I'.ntre-Dour;)-
e-Miniio.md l'rados-M,in;, , no; ;;i. It is ;ih,)iii 14,)
mills c.ieii u.i,, Will watere.l, an,l naturally le, ,,'■..
The moll coiiliderahle places are
t'o:mbra, on the Munda, over which it ha;!ia ,^ ;;,'-
I', tiiidg.e. It was ancienllv a Rom.m ciiKii. . II re
.111 iiou ii'.uiv iiinvenis, collei';es, aiidi:hin\ lie-, beii.ies
till- ladie.h.il, kvei.d ,ourts ol ]ulliee, an uniwrlity,
.ind ihe Ue of a biihop, who is count ol' .\rg.inil.
Lanugo, a City ne.ir the Douro, 1. fiirrminded with
mount. uns, lont. tins feveral co.ivent-,, courts ol lultice,
and is the fee of a billiop.
\ifeu lo a city on ii Un.ili river, v. ili.h Kills into the
.Mondego. 1 lerc are ftvciai i.uiiv>.nts, churches, and
<; couris
i 1 \
f
tk)l4
lit,
^?: ,^■ '!!
i "M
<.i I.
88j
A Ni:\V. ROVAl, ANO AUTlIF.N'Tk SYSrl'M or UMVF.RSAI, (;i (K7U M'lIV.
court? ol iiilliti-. T!
gan
to th
I' arch
Hra
hi 11 1
.1 H
illuip
r.iuii.
)t this
r
CalUlKv Hranro is a tou n « itli a la
ai.
fulVi
lontaininj'a
ilatilv palaic ot' ihc bilhop ol (JiiarJa; Alinniia is a
i'ortiiii'il town, mar the rixir C'oa;
1'
cnaicuu'or is a
ilronjt tovMi oil the Spaiiilli iVniiticrs; and Avtrioha,
a good harbour, and a great lalt trade.
Tl
the !
U' I IO\ nil (' o
ami. liroad
f A
: rv n lo is i
tiTIilc
1-vo
la, ai it\ m w
huh
:o miles long, nearly
foil, and i-oniams
uilpitals.
iro u\eral tluin lu-.v
courts ot iiilliie, lonvent.-., a cathedral, aiui uni\ir-
fitv. It 1.S a fee of an anhhilhop, deleiuied liy a lort
and other works, ami is lamed tor the inlhtution ot
the orde; ot Aus, anfwenng to tliat of L'alatrava in
opain.
I'orta'.ogre is a forti fu-d city, about i o miles from
the Spanilh frontier. I Ktc are I'lveral courts of jul-
tiee, tbinitams, convents, and *lu:rel".es, lie!idi> the
catlicdral, a manuthctory of coarfe woollen cloth, ami
the lee of a billiop.
Elvas, a cit\- with a callle, and other fortilieations,
is the fee o|' a bilhop. The neighlwunng lountry i>
pleafant, and fruiitul in wine and oil.
lieja is a iliikednni, and contai!is fe\era! i lnn\ i'.es,
co'.irisof jiilliee, andcon\ents.
\'illa-\ ieofa, i. e. the Dclightlul Town, Co c.illed
from its hcaiit) ,and that ot the adiacent country, con-
tains feveral convents, a lUltcK ro\al palace, eiiiliel-
Iill'.ed with a fine park, and a lining caitle.
Avis belongs to an ord.er which takes its name IVoiii
it; L'amjio-Mavor is well fortilied ; {)liveiii,a has a
ftrong calV.c; and Moura is a fortilied town, r.ear the
Ciuadiana.
Lftrcmaz contair.s fiNcral eh'.irchcs and con'.ent;,
and IS (irongl;. fortilied.
The I'rovincc of Aicarvf is bounde.i to the loi:th
and well by the Ocean; to thecal! In i!n d.iadiana,
which parts it from Andaliilia; and to tic nurth by
the mountains, called Serra dc Mgarve, or ( 'al.'eirao,
and .Serra de Monachique, which di\i;le it from Aleii-
tC'O; Its grearel^ length being about i .-:o miles, but its
breadth onlv about ;S. I:s name is of N'lo.inlh c \-
traction. Thtuigh mountainous, it is very fer;i!e in
corn, wine, oil, and all forts ol lri::'s. 'I'he principal
j'lace*; a.-'c tlic follow im,' :
Lagos is a tow n w ith a harbour, on a large bay, about
no miles fomh t'rom Lilbon. ILrearc feveral consents
and courts of uillice, and two iorts.
Tavir.i, a city lituatui on a bav, at the mouth oi
the river Sc\;ua, I'.r.b a callle lor its defence, fc\eral
convents, and a harbour guariled by two torts.
l-'aro, a city liluated on a bav, and well tortilied,
with an harbour and callle, contains feveral convent-,
and is the fee of a hilliop.
\'illa Nova ile I'ortiinao ftands oti a river, in the
(lillrictof l.agos, where it ha^ a f| acKnis harbour, de-
fended by two fort:-.
The Province of F.'t?s ■, m.mm p.a i, bounded on the
wc.'l.bv the lea, on the north .ind call bv Heira, and
on the louth In Alentcjo. It is no miles long, (-o
broad, well watired, ami tertile, producing corn, wine,
oil, millet, piilfe, and truits of all forts, efpcciallv
citrons, linion-,
and almond.. .
I.dhon, llandmg near the mouth of the ri- '• Tagus
f:;;i became (onliderabie in the reij'.n of king . oiaiuiel.
1-roni that time a has been the capital of the kingdom,
the relitlence ot its inonanhs, the feat of the < hief
tribunal:, and oHiccs, of the metrojiolitan, a noble
univcrlitv, and the receptacle of the richell men han-
dizc of the I'lafl and \\\\\ Indies. Its air is exi ■■lleiu,
being retnlhed by the delightlul fe.i-bree/e-., and thole
of the Tagus. Like old Rcjine u Ihuicf, on i\-\c\\ hills,
(ireat part of it was ruined In- an cartluiiiake, on \o-
VLinber i, 1755. Jt IfiH contains magnilicent p;ilace ,
( hiircnes, ami puoiu
buiKlings. Its liiuation
from the lagiis in the form ot a crcfcent) rend
ajipearance at ome delightlul and fupi-rb; audit
(rifing
CIS Us
ihli
r\eilh ac'oim
tCil
•atell
port in Lui
IS
to London and Amilerdam. Tl'.e harbour
d 1;
d the
;tv I
tfclf
IS giiarde
.1 I
: •. next
fpa. ioii^
roni aiiv
Imldcn attack tmvards the lea by lort>; though th(-y
would make but a poor deteiue againll lliips of w
\\\ ihat part ol the city that was di-molillied bv tl
ic
earihi]uake is jilaniieil out in .1 regular liirni. .Sonu:
liin.iies and m.iin llreets are built. The hoiifes are
loliv, elegai-ir, ,ind uniform, and make a biauiiml an.
ptarame. Litbon is fupplicil vMth aliuolt all t!u- waiir
w fill h Is iifed bv the inhabitants by me.in-. ol .m .1 luc-
diKt, in the valley of Alcantara.
Lilbon wasdivided, about he year 17,-6, into two
)i,irts, under the names ot the Orie.it il part, and ()c.
cidental part. Thi-. divltion was made on occalion of
the creation ol tin- [>atr:an h, whole dim i I'e conliiK of
the Oil idental part, and the art hbilhoj) has rt'taincil
the Oriental. Sime this partition ilu- inhabitants aio
obliged, under |\iin ol nullity, to exprefs, in all arrets,
the part of the toun in whu h they have pafl'ed exa't.
Merchants alio dillinguilh it in their HilK of exchani'-e
a'ul letters.
We Ihall (oni bid'- our defcription of I.illxin with
the lollouin;! riinarks on the dreadful earthc]uake be-
tore alliideil to. ".Asl.iras I can ludt'cf (avs the w riter)
.itrer having walked the whole morning, and the wliolc
afternoon, about thefe ruins, lb much of Lilbon has
been dellro\ed, as would make a town more than twice
as great as I'lirin. In fiich a fpare nothing is to befeeti
bur vail heaps of rubbilb, out of which arife, in num-
berlefs pla. es, the miferable remains of In ittered walls,
aiid broken pillars. .Mong a llreet, which is full lour
miles In lenL-.tii, liarcely a building Itood thiC 11 jck ;
and i k\-, lv, the materials in the rubbilli, tliar m.uiy
of the houfes along tliat llreet muO ha\e been lary.o
and llately, and intermixed wiili noble (hurches, and
<ither public edifices; nay, by the >]uantities of marble
Icattered on c\er\ lide, it plainly ajijx'ars that one-
tourth, at le.i!(, ol lfi.it llreet was eiuircK' built of
liKuble. 'l"he lai'x; 01 ihe carthi]uake feems !■) have
turned ihiclly a;\iinll tli.il long llreet, as almoll everv
edifice, on either lide, i,, in a manner, levelled with
the ground; whereas in other part- of the town, many
hollies, churche-, .ind other buildings, are left ll.m I-
ing ; though .,!! fo ihattercd, .is not to bi- repaiicil
without great exnence: nor is there, ilir.iugho.it the
whole town, a lincrle building ot a-.. !.:;',1, but what
wciiis \ilible marl, of the horrible 10- Miion."
I eua IS a pojHilo;.'^ citv, at th.e conlhix 01 the Li.s
iind l.ana ; Setus.il is a llrong, \vell tortilied town, :i)
niil.s tiiiith of Lilbon ; S;interein, i>n li^c' 'lagii-, is a
]>Ku cot good tr.uie; ,i:.d Sintra, litii I'ed bv the cape
tl'.at bears the fame name, i-- fupnofed to hsve the molt
falubiious air of .iiv,- plai e in I'. irtiigal.
S 1-, C 1 1 o \ ill.
(.hdra.in-, Vnjcii!, Pin's, Ikncr/^yy Tit'rs, A'.'/7:'.-';7,
jMuiuifj.'iiires, CTc.
Till" Protiigttel'e are interior to I'r.c Spaniards
bii'h in pei'-m .md genius; .^nd ''vv,i.,ih ionnerly
lunie of tlieiu have lliewn theiiilelw •, liiave ;tnd war-
like, upon ( ertain o;-c.ilions, yit their nuuril ( harac-
uriltic-i are craft, treaelKr-.', iiiiilici-, h iiiyhtinefs, cru-
elty, avaiii e, and a dif[io!'i ion tut.'.llv \ ;i! ii:ti\e. I hey
have ufii.iii;, d.iik hai'-, lilaek fp:irkli!i,,, e- ,--, and olive
complexions. Tiie drel's ot'ihe men, aniom; the com-
mon people, is a la'.-;.'c cloak and llomlied hat. I!e-
neaih the cloak t!v.-v i.f',';i!K- c arr\ a daiiu'er, thoii;;h ilu
ufe ol" thiit Inacheroiis wcaj-i;-: is |-r.i!i''vted. 'I'l.e
vuiiiirn ilrefs their luads in a lei-ci.-l, lii' \n':C:, in
lieu of a cap. With a ;-li'il beSuil, and ;i rdibon tied
wirh a bow knot osullir liir.liC.id. Tlu';.- likewilc
vear l.uvy lleeves, heaw pi,i''-Mi:s in t'-'-:r car-, an.l
enormou •
• ii.i.
S;r;;
thi
the
km;
pou
pre,
t,l 1
t!ie
.S,u.
l!ie'
and
( h
n.,u
\ ir
nl
hin
the
Upo
icl
llki
>*
Hiini'iiv.
Its liniatioii (riflnjT
Klicm) ii'mlci-s Us
aiui liipilll; ;llu| it is
1 pori in l''.iii .1. ■, nc\t
'l-.i- hailxiiir is !'p,i, iijiis
is tjuaikk'J trmii aiiv
by lort'^; thoiif^K tiny
againll (liijis of «.ii-.
\as licmiiliiln'il In tl,i;
ri'i!;iilar fDim. Snnu:
iiilt. 'I In- h. mil's aro
inakia liiaiiilnij .ip-
ii!i .iliuiilt all t':c waur
. mtaiis ul .u\ ,1 inc.
ic vcar i7;<), into two
Oric.ita! part, atul (.\-.
IS inai.li' <)!i oi faliim dt
. hull' ili<m li' LOiuiit-, 111
111 hhilhop has i\'taiiu\l
on ilu' iiihal'iiaiits aio
() fxprcfs, if! all arrets,
hty have pallli.1 i-\-a t.
their Bills ol\xclianj^'c
niitioii of l.iilion V jrh
Iri'aJ.tiil carthiinaki' ln--
11 |iKiL'i';rays ;ho uriti'r)
iiornin;;, aihi ihc wh.olc
To iiMirh ot l.il!)on h.as
a tow II more than twii c
aci- tiiithing is to hi-lcin
)t which anil', in nimi-
iiains ot' ill ittcrcit walls,
lh\i-r, whitli is t'lill ii)ur
liliiing llooji tlu' 11 xk;
till r.ibliilli, tliar many
t 111':!^ have hcin lar;',c
ith iiohlc chiirihcs, and
the i]iiantities of nuirhlc
ainly appears that oiii'-
■t was cntirily built of
irtlupiake fcitus t) have
i; Itri'i't, as almoll everv
a manner, levilliil witli
[laits (if the tow n, many
■miKlin;_',s, are lelt llan 1-
, as not to be lepaiii'il
s there, tliroiighout the
ot' a-v. !:!nJ, but \vhat
■ibleto" miion."
. tlu- idiilUix oi the l.i.s
;, vvvll lortilR'.i toun, :!>
rem, on the 'l'a;;us, is a
a, litii'.teil bv th,' cape
ippoleil to i'.ive ti'.e molt
'.ir!i:;.^al.
I \ III.
■norflry Til'rs, A'.'//;';:-.',
r, cr.-.
erior :o :!•.• Sp.niariK
!s; r.Mii •''v>\:"j! lurmerlv
enile!»' . !ira\e ami war-
i L their 11 lUir il i Iiarae-
lalii r, hiuyhtinefs, cni-
t;'!.'!!'.' \:n iuti'.i'. I hee
fpirklin;; e'. .'s, ami i>live
if men, nnioni^ thetoiu-
aiiii l! lu. !ieil hat. I?e.
rr'. a i!aui,er, thouoji ilu
0-1 is |T,ih''iiteil. 'fi.e
iiei-Mo'L till pi'ilV, i:i
'nil. I, ami a r.bboii tieii
iniieail. 'I'liey likewil'i'
i'liKs in th'ir eur-, an.l
tuoriiH'i:
I'.uRorr.]
V () R T U G \ 1..
83j
tnormous nori^:;ays. Rut it is to be oIiumm- i, that the
nobility .Hill nentrv, of both fexes, iiuliiie to .m imita-
lioiiol thi' IreiK h lalluons.
'Che kiiii'i's titles are " Kir.i^ of l'ortu;.;al ami the
Alj;arvts, on this liJe anil the other liile the lea ot
Afiiia; loril of (iuinea, ami ol the navigation, con-
tjiiills, ami eommerce, in luhiopia, Arabia, I'erlia,
liiilia, ^:e." I'he king's elilell liiu is IliKil prinee of
IJia/.il. In the year l-^i) |iope liennikl \\\ . ilii;ni-
tiul the kini^ Willi the title of his Moll laithtul
Majelly.
'ilu- tHabliilieJ religion of Portugal is Poperv in
the llrietell lenfe. Tlv I'ortiiguefe have a patriareh;
but tormeili he ilepemleil on ilie po])e cntirel) , unlefs
\tlu n a lua, rel lublilleil between the courts of Uotiie
.iiiil 1 illiiin. 'i i'.e powir of lii.s liolinefs in Portugal is
noii 111 mil, h curtail, il, that it is ditlicult to delcribe
the iiliiiou. Ilateot that coiintrv. The power ot' the
in,)uilit!on IS laken oMt ot the haiuls of the eci ieli.illi, >,
anil appropriate,! to llale conuiien e. 'I'he patnar. !i ui
l.ilbon Is ireiierall) a caiJinal, .iiul a perli.ii ol tne
highel! binh.
Liurfe lilks, woollen i loths, an, I linen, are the prin-
cipal manufaoiiires ot' Portugal; but tlie commerce,
particularlv witli I'jigkuul, in *iine, truit, ami fait, is
very conliilerable.
As to the co)il!i:ution ol Portu'a!, ir is an abliilute
hereilifary monaril',\. Hoih here a;', 1 in Spain there
were aiicientl\ cortvs, iKitc., or parliainents ; but thev
have Imig liiuc enliieU lull their llia'e in the legilla-
tiire. lor the ailminillration of tl'.e civil government
there i.> a ccinol of It.iie, an, I le\eral fecrctaries; lor
military allairs a i oumil of war; tor the linunces a
treafur\ -court, ami lor the ilillribution of jullice fe-
vcial high tribunab-, with others fubonlinate to them,
ill the fewial ibl'iu'.s into wliich the kingdom is di-
vided. '1 f.e lilies have their particular magillracv.
'I he proceedings of tiie courts are regulated bv the
Uoiiian law, the loval cIk;.., ihe canon law, aiul il-.e
pope's mandate'.
The :e\eiuie.s ol t!ic crown, lime the ilifcover\ of
the Hra/.il mines, are very lonliderable; but the real
amount can oiiK be gikHed at. lielides the royal ile-
iiielncs, the hcredit.iry illatci of the lioufe of Hragan-
/.i, the monopoli ol Hr.i/il fnull', the coinage, the fifth
ot ;lie gold hrou'j,lu Ironi lini/il, if.e tarm ot the Hra-
/;l diain.ir.ds, the malUilliips of the oiilers ol knighl-
I'.cjod, aiiil oiiitr founes, \ leld \eiy large lunus.
s i: L T I O N IV,
IirM'DKV o; Si'AlN
PORTLCAl,.
IT is gentrall) fuppole,! that Spain uaslirll piopled
fiiiiiiCiaul, I,) w hk h ins contiguous , or from Al-
iica, liom u Ilk 11 It is only fepai.ited b\ the narrow-
Strait ot tiibiakar. Ihe Phii'iiicians lent colonies
thither, aiul bu.l: Ca,!i/. ami M.ilaga. Ai'terw.ird.s, upon
the rife of Rome and (.'arthage, the poliellion ot this
kmgdoni becaiiK .m object of contention between thole
powerful republics; but at length the Reman arms
jirewiilcd, and Spain remained in their poliellion un-
til the t.ill of tl'.at empire, when it became a prey to
the (ioths. Thcf-, m tlieir turn, were invaded by tl.e
Saracens, who, about the 7th centur\, ha,! polfell'id
tliemfebes ot tlie liiiell kingdoms ot Alia aivl Alrica;
and not i ontent with the imnienfe regions tliat formerly
< 'iiipofed great part of the .Ml'vrian, (iicek, and Ro-
man empires, thev crolled the Mcditerr.inean, iv,\agcd
^pain, and ellaltlilliei, ihcmfeUes in ilic fjutherly pro-
vim es of the kingdom.
The firll" Spanilh prince, meiuioae,! in the liilhuy
nl this couiitrv , w.is Don Pekigo, w lio dilliiiguillK,!
himfelf agaiiill thcfe infklels (al'terw.uds knouii b\
the name of Moors) and, about the \car 720, took
upon hiiiifell ihe title of king ol Aiidria. 1 lis fuc-
celii's animated other Chrilli;in primes to take arms
likewife; :iiid the two kingdoms of Spain and Portu-
Ni). Si.
gal, lor many ages, wcic |-)erp(tiial!y cmliroile.l in
bloody wars. In the mean time e\ery a.lventiirer was
entitled tr) the cnni]iie(ls he made upon the Moors, till
Spaui was at iafl'divided into twelve king.lom, ; and,
about the year 1095, Henry of IJiiigundyVa .declared,
bv the king ol Leon, count of Portugal; but his Ion
Mphonib threw oil' his ikpcikiem e on Icon, and
declared himfilf king. A I'erics i^' brase princes
gave the Moor, repeated overthrows in Spain till
about ihe year 1 t75, when all the Spanilli kiln donis,
Portugal exceji'ed, were united by the marriage ot"
I-cnlinand, king of .\riagoii, and Ifabella, the iicir-
cfs, and afterwards iiueeii, of L'allilc, who took
dranada, and expelled the Moors and Jews out of
Sjiain. This expullion greatly depo[iulated the ( oun-
try of artills, laliourers, and maniitai:turers ; and the
difcovery of America (winch ha[''ptned a few vears
attcrl not only added to that calaii;ity, but reii,|ered
the rrmaining Spaniards moll ilenloiably indolent.
Toiomplete their misfortunes, leidinandand llabella
introduced the jjopilh inquilition, with all its horrors,
into their doniinions, aj a faleguard againll the return
ol the Moors and Jews.
lerdinand wa.s fuci ceded by his grandfon C'harlc' \'.
of the hoiill' of Aullria, atieruards cniperor ot (ier-
niany. The extenlive polfellions of the houfe of
Aulln.i, in 1 uiopc, Africa, and above all, .\merica,
Iroin whence lie dreu' imnienfe treafures, beg.in to
alarm the |ealouf) of neighbouring [irinees, but could
not fitisty t!ie ambition ol' Charles. He w.is alninll
lonllantly engaged in lorrign wars, or with his Pro-
tellant fubjeets in Ciermany, whom he in vain attenijit-
ed to brii'.g back to the Catholic church. At length,
altera long and turbulent reign, he refolve.l to with-
draw himlelf entirely from any concern in wiirldly af-
fairs, in order that he might fpeiid the remainder of
his days in retirement and folitude. In conf, .|iie.ice of
this refoliition, he religned Sjiam .iiid the Netherland.s
to his i'on Piiilip II. but ould not prevail on tl-.e
princes of d'ermany to elect him emperor, which ho-
nour they conlerred on I-'erdinand, Charles's broilier,
dividing the dangerous power of the houfe of Aullria
w ith two branches. Spain, with all its polleliions in
Africa and the New World, alio the Netherlands, and
fome Italian llates, reniaineil with the elder branch;
whilll the empire, 1 lung.arv, and Bohemia, lell to ihc
lot ol the voLinger.
Philip 11. inheriiedall his fatlier'.; vices, but poireli-
ed tew of his good iiualities. I le was aullere, haugh-
ty, immoderauK ambitious, an 1 through his whole
lite a cruel bigot in the caule of p.opery. He married
Mary, iiiieen of I'.iigland, an unt'eeling bigot like him-
leli; and alter her death, he paid his addrell'es to her
tiller I'-li/.abeth, but will-out fuccefs. His refentmenr.
on thi.s account, produced
difadvanta^'eous wars
with that princefs, which occalioned t!ie revolt and
lofs of the United Provinces. But in Portugal he was
more I'uccel.ful. That kingdom, alter being gaiverned
b\ a race ol \vifeaiid brave jirinces, lell to SebalHaii
about the \ear 1 ^57. Sebaltian lolt his life, and a line
army, in .1 headlirong, unjull, and ill-co:v:ertcd ex-
pedition againll the Moors in Africa; and foon after
Phillip uivted Portugal to his oan dominions though
the Braii;';anza famil) of Poriiigal pretended to a prior
right. 15} this acpiilition Spam became ■polielled of
the Ponuguefe fe'.tlemeiUs in India, fome of which llx
llill retains.
The dcfi endantsof Philip proved to be very .»eak
lirinces; but Philip, and his fathei, had fo totally
ruined the ancient liberties of Spain, that thev reigned
almoll unmolelk'd in their own dominions. Their vicc-
ro\s, however, were at once fo tyrannie.il and inlolent
over the Poituguefe, that in the jear 1114?, the nohi-
litv of that naiioii, by a well-conducied ccnfpiracy,
expelled their tyrants, and pl.u ed iheduke of Bragan/.a
on the throne, by the ti.le of John 1\'. ever llnce
whiih Portugal h.e> been a dilhnct kingdom from
Siiam.
10 P Tlv
i%6
\ NKW, R()V\I. .*Nn AUTlIFNTk -^srF^T or UNI\'Frts.\I. CFOCRVPUV
m
Till' kines of Spam, oi thr Auniiaii lini-, f.\iliti)', in
tlu- [Hilo'i ot C'h.iili.^ 11. who Kit IK) illiic, i'liilip,
duke ot Aiiimi, Icioiul Ion to tin- ilauphin ot 1 r.in> i-,
anil f;r.>niilon to l.cwii \l\ . iiuwntkil the throne, In
virtue ol'his preiiceclior :> will, in tiie ii.inieol I'iiihp \'.
anno i-oi. Altera lon^ ami Woojy lhuj;gK' «uh tl.e
(iernian hranth ot the houlc ot" \iillna, liipix)rteil liy
Fiij^lanJ, lie \ia.-: eondrnieii in his lii^nity at the con-
(I'.itionot the peace ot L'tre(lu,in the \ca<' i i;; ami
tlul^ 1 I uis \1\ . thr<n:}.;h a nialh tl'> train ot [xiiitK-i,
aeeoinplilhed his lavoimte pro|e^t ot transtenin^; the
kingiloni ot Spain, with all Us ritii pollillioni in
AiiieiKaanil the Katt liuiies, tronithe hoiil'e ot Aiilliia
to that ot' his own tamih ot Hoiubon i anc\ent whieh
has proved verv pre|ii(liLial to the coinniene ot llreat
Hritain, tlpctially id the Spanitli Ainerieaii leitle-
iiunts.
Fhilip, after a lont; and turhiilent reign, died i:i
1746, and was tiu leede.l In h:s liin lerdmand \ I.
V ho ilied 111 I -;i) without ilVue. I'erdinand wa-.l'iK-
eeeiied In his Inotiier Charles 111. the preleiit reij^nm^
luonareh of Sfiain.
The I'orluguele Kuild not have fiijiported them-
felvcs under their revolt troni Spain, had not the
latter power been engafj;(d in wars with luigland and
Ilolland; .\ni\, upon the rcltoratioii of Charles II.
king ot Fngland, that priiue having married a
priiieefs of Portugal, prevaileil with the irown ot
Spain, in iftdS, to gi\e up all pretenl'ons to that
kingiloni. Alphonli), fon to J"hii 1\. wa.s then kin:_;
of Pormgal. lie had the iiiisfn tune to difagree with
hi.s wite ami his brotiier Peter, and thcv uniting tin r
interelh, not only forced Alplionlo to relign hi:, crinui,
but obtained a difpenlatioii tuim the pope lor their
marriage hiih was actually conlliminatid. 'I he\
had a daughter i but I'eter, by a lei oiid marriage, had
Ions, the rideft ot wl .111 v. .u John, his lure !lrr, .tm.I
t.ither to his late Portu i.ele iiiaiell,. John, like his
Irher, |iniied the grand lonlidetaiy loiliiid ly kiiv;
William; but neither ot tl'cm were ol much I'erviie
in humbling the pinu r iit I'raiKe. On the lontrari,
tluy had almotl imnedthe allies, li\ oiialioniiig the
lots of the great battle ot Alman/a, in 10 ■.
Jr<hn died in i->0, and was lueieedcd bv hn (vt\
joKph, who, in I ('(», was aitai ked b' .iirallins, and
narrowly f leaped vMth his lite. Iroiii this lonlpiracv
Is dated the expullion of the jefuits (ulio weiefii|),
polid to have been at ;|-.e bottom of u; tioin all pans
ot tie Poriuguelc dominions. J.'feph having no Inn,
his cldi It daughter was married, by difpcnlation trom
the poi)e, to Don Pedro, her own umle, to prevent
the crown falling intoa foreign family ; and the next
Near, 17M, llie vvas brought to bed ot a foil, called
the prince nf !).Mr.i.
When the v. r broke out between iMigl.ind and
Spam, 111 17');, 'he Spaniards, and tiicir allies tin-
I-ieiuh, pieteiiJe.I to force Jofph into their alliuni i,
and togarnlun l.i. ua-tuwr.i againit the Fiij-'lilli with
their troops. 1 |;e king of I'ortugal reiieted this
(iropofal, and ih\ !.ir •il warag.iinll the Spaniards, who,
wiihout reli:l.r.. .-, enierid Portugal with a eonlide-
r.iblearniy, v.l.iiea wl.o'e both' of I'ren. h threateticj
.inotheniiiar'.er. Hi;t, by liie ;»rilt:mce of tlie l'.n;',lilh,
an elieOtiial I'np wa- put tothc iliva!ioii, andagciieial
p< ai e was ciKuluded, ai l\'ii;ain'.'.leau, in the ve.tr
1-6,.
Jok'i^h dird (in the
wa^ fucceeded In Ins i
l.i, princels ot Ht.
m.li Hid her uiii le
I'lo are now the ;
iloiiiinions.
.1 iif 1 ebniarv, 177"", and
Iter, M.iry iTances llalnl-
il S'le was bill n in 17J4, and
bun I'edi) in 1 • do ; and thel--
lilt l'o\e:'.:''ns ol the PoiuiuLUelo
C II A V
XVI.
I ,'
\ 4
1 1 i -!:♦!#
*
SWITZERLAND, or SW'ISSKRLAXI).
s !•: C T I t) X I.
B',u:d.;r;!S, l.xtcii:, Cliiii.ite, Scil, Rivfrf, Lakes,
I'cgiiiiLte aiiii.lmmiil PiOiiu^iions, is,.
Tins country fthe Helvetia of the am ients) is
bounded on the north hv Suabia, in (iernianv;
on the foiith bv feveral territories in Italv -, on the
calMiy 'I'vrol and Aullrui; and on the well bv Bur-
gundy, and o'her parts ot i'rance.
Here it is to be obferscd, that niodern gcogta]ihers
give the name of Suit/erland to all the t nuntries
lituated bciueen Irante, Cjcrmany, and Italv, and
inhabited notuiil, b. theSwits, proi)erlv fo lalled, or
or fub-
aiuci
the Thirteen (.'anroiis, but other Hate;
irifls, of the (irand Ml Ke;ii Bodv.
S\Mi/.cil.uid belli;.', a mountainous rountrv, hing
upon the Alp', the tVolb are conlVqiiently bitter in
the vs'intcr, the hills being covered with fnow fome-
times all the year lonar. l:i lumnicr the inequality of
the foil renders th.e iai.ie province very unequal in its
lealbns. On one tide of t!ie motintains the inhabi-
tants arc often reapi
while they are fowing on ano-
ther. The vallic , however, are warm, fruitful, and
well ciiltiNated. The country is fuhjcct to rains and
teni[)clh, for which reafon public granaries are every
where ereJled to fiipply the lliilureof their crops.
The principal rivers are the Rhine, the Ruiz, the
Tclin, and the Rhone.
The vegetable productions of Swit/crland, in the
eiiclofures and open fields, :iie vines, wheat, r\e, bar-
ley, oats, buck-wheat, beans, iiullet, kiuil, hemp,
t'.ax. potatoes, turni[';, kidne. I^ean ■, pojijiie'-', clover,
\c. 1 lie aii'ii ,11 an- c.itile, Mb .md Imi I. The Bo-
i]uetin and the Chamois ate animals ol' ama/.ing ai -
tivili. The blood of them is of' fo hot a nature, that
foiiie ot the mountaineers, who are iiiiu h liib|ect to
plurilies, take a tew drops of ;t, mixed with water,
as a renud\' tor lh.it dilorder. Tlie tlelh ot the Ch.i-
mois IS elleemed very delicious, i Icre are alfo niinerai
proiiuctioiis.
S F. C T I O N U.
DiV'fl'.KS if y:v:lzer!uvd. P,:y!,u!ur D, \-r:ption of
!/.'<: (.'.ni/v>:i at:.! !'-:iy D'prn:icth!C.<.
TllF. Thiiicen Cantons of Sm it/erland are the
following, \i/. /iirich, Heme, I .ik erne, Uri,
Schweit/, Underwald, /.u;', Cilaii-, li.ilil, Iribiirg,
Solothiun, Sihulfhaulcn, and A[);en/.el. Of thete
in their refpcotive ord.er.
ZcKii M is 60 miles '■': len'^th, and 4^' in breadth.
It abounds in corn, wme, and excelli'iit pilliires, and
is ver\ populous.
/uriih, the 1 ajiital of tiie Cantons, v. one of the
moll contiderablc citie- m Sw it/.erl ind, lor its anti-
quity, credit, and rank. It i;; pl-aratillv tituated
at thecxtieiniiy of a fine lake, wlieie tlie river l.im-
mat diviiies it into two parts, and has two bridges
over It.
The lake of Zurich is alio it ten le;. ics in len'^th;
but no part exreeds a Icagiie 111 breadth : its li;^ure
is nearly of a bow. C)n the well tide of the lake i^
muunc Albis, which i;; pretty lii^li; .uid on the eaft a
chain
•(.UM'ilV.
(ilin, h\-i lud' !lrr, v,\.[
i:li(ll,. Jnliil, likf lii.^
ilii.u \ luiiiml I \ kill :
\ Wire (>l much Utmi i-
ante. On ilu' (ontr.iiA,
Us h\ lu 1 .iliiming ilie
,m/i, m I -0".
> llUll'lllllI t)V hji full
t,\. kal 1" .tir.illins, .ukI
Iroin lliis i<)ii(|iir.ii V
i'.lllltH ! ul;() VM'if liij).
ini (It' 11 ; liom .ill |),iiis
J.'liph h:\\ 111); no lun,
li, li\ »lir|Tnt.itiuii liiiiii
i>«'i i.iv k, to [iri\tnt
n l.\iiiily ; aiki ilic ni'xt
11 l)cJ i)t a loij, talli'.l
lictwccii iMij'J.iml ami
1^, ami their allii-s tlii-
rph ituo iluir ailiuiiii,
i);.imll tin- I'Mi.'lit]i Willi
I'oitiij^a! riuital this
mil t''K- Spaniards, wliu,
iriii^al with a conliik-
ilv lit I'ri'nJi tiiriMti'iii J
U"ill,UlCC vil'iV t'.IV'.ilill,
1- iiisa!i<ii)i aiiilaj^riRial
iKaiii'.-.lLaii, III tlic yi'.'.r
1 1 ilMiiarv, 177-, anil
r, Mary Krai\ics Ifalul-
was horn in 17J4, and
o in f, ()0; aiij thil-
in> 1)1 tilt i'oiui''urii;
^.
. bcnrv., popivA's cIomt,
ilh aiul l(iM I. rlii; Ik)-
aiimial-. nl' aiiia/.iM}:; ai -
fit' li) hot a nature, that
ho ail' nun h liih|(.\t to
I It, ni;Mil w ith watir,
■| '■!• lUili ol the Cha-
I Krc are alio mineral
• N' II.
,.r'/V'(/.;»' /If ]r:ptlO!l of
rr /)T. -■;..V«<.'i'j-.
of Sm it/crlanil are the"
lierne, l.iKertie, L'ri,
Cila:'!-, I>alil, 1 rihui;^',
.1 Apieii/el. Ol thell-
i^ih, n.iil ^V in breailtli.
1 cxceilt.-nt pilliires, anil
( aiuous, i'. one of the
iM!/.erl lllil, tor its ailti-
i:; pleaiantiy litiiated
J, uhi re the river l.ini-
ta, ami has two bridges
It ten le;. les in length;
:• in hreadth : it; liinire
welt lide 'it' the lake i'j
lu^h ; .ind Oil the caft a
chain
I
I'D ROPE.]
S W I T Z !•: K I.
A N I).
II7
chain of" niotintaiin, which are lower and better mlti-
vated.
In Ziirieh are many perli)MS ot learning and merit.
The inhalmants, in^^enejal, pollils piety and virtue,
vithoiit piide and olteiitation. This was the tirft rity
of Swir/eilaiid that eiiilirand the relorm.ition. It was
bc'^iin 1>> /.um^jiiiis in i^iy, and ellahlillKil in 15^4.
BfKNF, thoiip;h it hold* the Id ond rank, may he
d(emid, in power amle\tenr, the lirll C'.iiuon of .Swii-
zerlaiid, as it <unipreheiuK ahout a thud ol the toun-
Irv, ami its popiihumn is a toiirth ot the whole. It i.s
ho leagues in length. The relnnnation was introduced
here in 152S.
The eity of Heme, whii li ^'ives name to the whole
canton, and is the i apital, is aliooll lui rounded hv the
river A.ir. Thehoufes are MH>(lly hiiilt of white tree-
Ilone, and, in the principal llreets, hase piaz/.as, or
arches, under them, tor the coiuememe ol walkinj;
dry in wet weather. Merc a-c a i ollcj^e, |)iil>li( library,
niufeum, {granary, j;uildh.ill, 11 1'enal, leser.il hofpitals,
a h.indlome Hone bridge, and a platloim with a line
profpect.
The eitv of Hernc is foverei^n of the whole canton,
and the fovereij;nt) rells iiuiieU in the j^reat coun-
cil, compofcd of 200 t-Cunlcllors, and (;i) all'ell()rs.
The fonale, or little loiincil compoled ol :7 ineiii-
liers, h.ivc theexecuti\e power.
In Heme, as, indeed, throughout Swit/i rl.iiul,
they are rigidly levere in the execution of the penal
laws, not only in capital crimes, but leller olfeiues,
I'or petty larceny matters the culprit is generally It n-
tenced to the pillory. The pillory here dill'ers from
ours, being conllriuied in the t()rm of a long cage,
fo that the olVender i an neither lit 01 kneel, but is un-
der the ncceilirs ot lontinuing the whole time of the
puiiilhmeni m an exait polUire.
iemale prollitiites, when beiome notorious, arc ap-
prehended, and fentenced tocleanl'e the public Iheets.
lour, and fometimes lix, are harnelled or linked to
the fcavenger's cart, which, on pain of the lalli, they
are com]K'lled to dr.ig Itep by iK-p through the Iheets ;
vhile others fweeji, gather up the foil, and llu)ot it in-
to the i art. An olliier, fomething like one of our
paiilli beailles, fu|)erintends rile execution of this
pumrnmeni ; and if ain relations or friends of the
delinquents prefume toallonl tl'.em allilKmce, ore\en
grumble at their fentence, they are immediately put
i;i then places, to undergo tlie fame difgrace ot drud-
gery.
llal/.li is a \ill.igc, giving name to a territory or
\alley of i onliderahle extent, m which aic line woods
«it beech and pine, excellent roots, wild fowl of moll
kin's, chamois, and other mountain animals, to-
gether with mines, particularU' ot lead and iro'^ and
tine t r\ ll.ils. This \ illage forms "he eallern extreinilv
ol ilie I anion of licrne.
The I'ais de \'aud, which fubmitted to the canton of
Heme in 1 536, and at the f.ime time embraced the le-
loimatinn, is a line eountre, abounding with \i:;e\ards,
coin-fKliI , and pallures.
l.aulaniie, the capital of the F.iis do \'aud, and the
f. 1 (ind i ity of the whole canton, llandsone mile and a
hall irom the lake of (ieneva. It gi\es name to a
b^uliwiik, th.e bi'.ihii' of which relides in the eallle,
\i huh was fornu'rly the bilhop's palai e, and has fomc
lunldaiion in the town. In the college here Theo-
dore Dcz.i tranllated the I'lalms into I rench \crle.
Luc!:nM, til'- 1111)11^ powerful of the Catholic can-
tons, is aboi.t 40 miles long, and (2 broad. The
mountainous ]iarts abound with <heep and cattle, and
the level dillrictsare fruitful in torn. The government
is arillociatical, anvi the chief revenue aiiles from the
cUates of the extinct nobility.
L.uccrnc, from which the canton has its name, llanil-
ing on a branch of the lake ot Lucerne, where the
Rufi ill'ues from it, is a conlidcrahlc thorou;.;hlare to
Italy, by mount St. Gothard, and contains an .ufenal,
a iii.'gnilicent college and town-houfe, feveral con-
vents, with a (athedral or collegiate duirih.
I he town l.irms a line object at one extremitv.
.Mount I'llat, andiheKugi, are noble mo.intains.
'1 he Like of 1 an erne exhibits greati r \ariet\', and
more piaureliiue fcciierv, thananv other of the Swifs
lakes.
L'm, which is 60 miles long, and ao broad, abounds
with mountains, the diiel of which, called St. do'-
haril, is the highell in Swit/erland. 0\er it is carried
a line roail, in one coiuimied ali cut of eji^ht hours, to
the very lummit. This load deferve. partii ulai notice,
being, in moll parts, lix feet wide, andeveiv where
will pa\ed liuriii/ its whole ah ent. '1 he UiilV runs liy
its lide ; o\er whiih are l'e\eral liandfome bridges.
This road, 111 fummer, is perfeetK fali-, not on!v for
horlcs, hut even titr iarriag,es; though, m winter, he
fill of luaires of fnow have proved fatal to many tr.i-
\ I. Hers. It hes between very high mountains, the
lower parts of whicli are covered with thick wiK)ds,
but above are ijiiite bare. Several parts exhibit the
moll 1 eautiful c,itara;ts, either Irom the Uuf:, or o:hi r
Imaller Ihcams ; while m.iny of tliem, b\ reafon ol
the ro( k.- .vlucli obllriici their palliige, aiethiown into
a mill, whnh, by the refracting la.s 01 t!ie fun, toriii
a varic!'. ot rainb;iws, and .it the l.imeimic boihclMrm
and ccol tl'.e tiaveller. Ikit as he advances he u ler-
rifud at the view ol frightful rocks hanging over the
road, and fo worn out uiulerneath, tl.at they appear as
if they vure jull going to tall and crulli him to atom.;.
On the other hand, when he hnds himlelf liuii m, on
all lidis, b\ fiich lUipendous iiiouiuaiiis, of valU) ilit-
lerent al'[ie;is, fome qiiiti' bare, and others tult^'d with
trees, and abounding with v.uious forts ot medicinal
herbs, he has reafon toadiiiire the uoiulerful work': of
the Creator, and to extol the indulh-)' aid. ingenuitv of
the mhabirants, who, at an immenfe ha/ard, toil, and
ex[)ence, keep chtfe roads open. I'or this purpofe they
join rocks together by arched bridges, cut away through
feveral rocks; and when the load I'eeirs ready to
link, fuppnit It by limit walls and biittretles, with
gre.it polls, which they drive deep into the earth,
and Hones, which they tiilKa to one another by iron
ilOllks,
At about two hours dillanre above t!ic village of
(rellmen lies the largcll bridge over tlic Rufz. It is of
done, and of a fur()ri/.ing h igh.t, vwth onb, one arch,
which is an exact femiciicle, the piers of which relb
u\xm two rocks of vail height; and here the noife of
the ra[5id torrent adds to the terrors ot the fcene. It is
CO feet over, and its hei'.rht abo\e the water ;.hn;it 70.
It can fcartel) be imagined how it w.is polliirU' to erect '
a bridge there : and t!ie inhabr.ants, thinking it be\dnd
the power of man to aciDinpluh it, therelore call it
•It'iii;'i-!j!'rittk, ov -Vim- DiVil's li^iJ^^f. In one part of
this mountain, near the hi',!iv.a\ , is a Capucliin con-
vent, in which two fathers conlhintly attend, and, for
a fnuill conlideration, accommodate travellers with
whatever is wanted. Manv ihoufar.d head of cattle
gia/e on this, and the oilier moiint.'.ins lure, in fum-
mer ; aiiil great tiuantities otcheefe are made on them.
Tlu' vales iietw cell th.efe mountains aie exceeding hot
i:! iuiiimcr, an ' Meld the moll luxuriant cro|-s oi
;ua|s. Moft heautiliil cryllals alio are often fi^iind
among them.
The inhabitants are a hard;.', vigorous, ^.iid l)ra\c
people. They have no wine, little corn, and !.uorno
maiuilactuies ; hut plenty of wood, iilli, bl.u '-. c,i;ile,
butter, and cheefe, with which the\ purchafewhat nc-
cellaries ihev want. 'I hey are reckoned about io.ooo
in number, of which thofe of better Ui
live by
th' tlocks and h.ei ds they keep in their giou:ids ; and the
meaner tort by attending thefe herds, or hawking and
peddling German and li.ili.in wares. The government
is democratical, and divided into ten dillrids. The
Iccitcrv of that ^jait wliichis called tile lake of Uri is
s particularly
«
?,u
\ M \V, lUn \1.
M'lUlMK SYSTl'M oy VJWWK^W. (.1 (KiU \1MIV.
i;:.i#i
m:i\: ffv
b'fr!
Ivllii
fr"^
psrtk-iil.li I.' ribl.im-. It i< n;iir.'u, aii.l i'v!;;nl, on I'ni'i
liiivs, xvirli tliv- moll wil.l .iinl rom.intii nnks, wah
W(\k'« 01 liiwh aiul piiK- il)«n to tlu- NvIv \.. iter's
Hi:t t!in fine lake m juriKularls iiUiTiliin}; tor li.u-
in;; I't I n thi" tluat 1 1' w Iuthm) i\w ii\ilc|Kiuli ncv nl Su if.
fi'il.i!i,1 \\a« (iii;;in.i!lv |'l.inni\l, HvTi' i» the t ha|Kl <>t
>Viil..im Irll, o!i.ir.n.k, iiit!inj:;tiut iiiiotln' lake, iiii-
ili-r a lian^iii}; wooil; aiul ihc \illa;;i.- nl Mrii:i;uii,
wlvu' the tuatv <)(' i;i5 was llj^tuil lictween Uii,
SiHv.iii/, aiiil L'liiii'rw.i'.Ki).
'I ''!■ "ith riiii.iik.ii'le plans in tliis lantoM ate tin-
twii tn|i'm ii'i^:
Altcit, i. < the OKI \ illa;';e, a «ill Iniilt town, 1h--
inr iIh' !i :it I'f j;o\trnininf, and die plai e when tiuiU
(i! &.• ■•-•trrv riliiie, lontains an arlenal, a j'.ia-
jvii . , a l.in llmiK' tortn-hoiilV, with a hdiile lor ii:;-
tii'" aiul iiiiiillMii;;n\ ll.il, tl-.iee ihuri he-, aiui two i ,ia-
^el.[^.
I'riVremhal, or L'rleren \'.illi'\ , i^ ahout iime iiiile\
in len;it!i, one in breailtii, anil vnlds j^ocul i)alhira",e.
The inlialiitnnts area tree pe.iple, aiul ratlu r allu ^ than
fubiects ot the eanton ot Lri. In e> elell.ulKal ii.ai-
tefj ihcy arcfubject to the bill'.opot' C'oire.
Suiwirr/ is about \o miles in ''V-;th, aiul ;.i in
bnadth. The land, loi the noli put, is paltiire
};roi:nJ, yiildini; little corn, and nowiiu'; but thev ha\'-
flciuvot' tith Innn their l.ikis and rivers, withhlaik
cattle, |.-anu-, buner, aiuKiieel'e. With iilpeit to i;s
cn'.unimnt and r'.li!;ion, tluy are iiiiu !i ilie laiiu- .1 .
thofe »)!' L':i ; xid ;:s inhabitants too, like tliofe ol
that canton, are hard'. , l-'ld, and vipirou-i.
.SlIiwiu/,, wlrh uHk-' name 10 it, 1., its eajiital, aiui
tb.e ieut of iei;eniy, is li;;;nted 1 o miles lioni i.iuerne,
in a pUalant valii. , and. lovtiats, belides a jwrilli
ehiinh, three loiivints, .1 i>\.!\ houli-, a mint, an
holpital, .in arieiia!, ai-.d ;^\iial haiuHome private
hojl*.',.
At Fip.fidlen, a fir..;ll town n;ar the river Meiife,
1; iiiilts north-eaO fr( in Srhwi-a/, is a rii'h iseiudic-
tint abbev , the abbot ol v.hich h.is the t;;!e of prime,
and la lord o! the town and its rerr.ro;-e, iiiuler the
fovereiirni'. , or rather the proti- rio:', oi tl'.i- eanton.
The abbey IS a lar^e ediliee, roniai.'.iii}^ lu.eniili. ent
apartments lor the abbot, with a hl.iarv, r:id eonve-
nurit rooms for the ivrliife'-, and tlie en'.eitainii'a,: of
fl^ranj^i r«. The i hurih of C)i;r l.a.iy is cmbellillu'd
vitii inallerlv paintin;^., r,> h ;;ildin;^ , and moll deli,
cate lUu'O-woik. In the lUlirict bi-lon>.^in;^ to the
abbev In alio a niinnerv, which, as will a.s the abiicy,
eontaiii.. \ trtafureo! j^ieat value.
Usrirww AID IS divided bv a toicll into two par:^,
ciirtiiifiiillied bv the names of Ober and lJnderwa!d,
i. e. above and below the forell ; but the eanton InMrs
onlv the name of the latter. It re.ii he^ about iSniihs
from noith to loiith, and 15 liom ealt to well. I hie
are lin<- fruits, pafhiri*, woods, .md eattle, with lakes,
mineral fprini;>, and ipnrriis of marble. I'he two
jiai: . iii.ike two ( ommunities, whiih have eai h their rc-
Iji' ai\e I hi, diit, eoiineil, leal, banner, and olVu er ;
but as thev both. ( onlhtute onlv one i.mton, thev !'.,ue
alfo a ( n;v,nu)n-eounc il. Both aie ol the I*opilli re-
li>;ion. 1 houL'h eai h fends a re[)ie!enlalive to the j;e-
neral diet of ihe eanton-, vet thev have but one von e.
The capital of the vale above the foreft is .Sarncn, on
the river Aar, and of that below, Stan/.
/if: i-, a fiiiall ( anton, re.u , iiif^ above i: miles
c'ltlier way ; but very populous ami fruitful, \ieldinu;
Mi.'.i s, wheat, chefnuts, and other fruits; iv.id its moun-
tains produce evcelliiu palhire. Tlie fj;overniiKnr is
(kmoerat.cal. The inhabil:':'! are Uoman Catholics.
Theie are tv.o lakes in it abounding vuth lilh ; and
the wooif', produce nreat pleiitv ot eame. 'Ihe oiiK
j'l.i.e n il'.f cantfin worth meiiiioning is
/ii^, wJiich is delij^htlully liiiiated on a beautiful
"''}
..ike, in .1 leiiile v.dhy. i Ia lake i- e le.ij^inw
lon^, .\\}d oiu bio.ld,
(Ji Mils IS furroiinded on .ill tides, cxi ipt towarilt
the norili, v\it!i loliv mouni.iiiis, one ot wh.ih, < ,ill, 1
I'odlber;;, is almoll iinp.illible. The princip.il \,il|, /
exieiiili Ironi noril) to loiitli above :o mill-), ,ind u
liibiev'l ti) earlhiiiLikci. Tlie otlur \ lie-, \iild I'ood
pa!hira;;e, hut littU' i orn or piilfe. \a(l iiumlur-. ot
horlls, hku k eattle, fV'-t^, .md llu\|), y.r.i/x both o;i
tie mount.iin^ and in the vallus; and ('leai i]ii,uititie<
ol I'litter and eheifi.ue mule in e.n h. Ihe moun-
t,iin> viild woiui, llaie, crillal, mimr.il w.itdN, and
b.iili- ; .md tlu- rivers and likci .ibou.id with lilh. I'hc
riivernment is deiuoeratical, and the linate h com.
poled of hi Perfons, o\er uhiih the land. .man and
pnudiilul reluie, who are never of ilie f.inie lelii'oii ;
lor the inhabii.ints are partly I'lpilK, a'ul p.iitl) I'ro-
t^ll,lnf^i but thev live very peai eabb lo|eihir. Here,
as 111 other ilenu)eratival cmtons, befules the iliets, i< a
louiuilof regenc V, with lever. il <i)urts ot lullice, tiir
civil, I riminal, and en leli.iltu al .lllalr^. Theiefpective
tovMi-, in tlm canton .iie to tritliii;^ a^ not to merit any
paniuilar ileferip;ion.
Hv-.'i., which is 23 miles in lenj;th, an.i aboa: li
:;i brtaJih, contains 2-' |>arill)es, and 7 bailiwicks;
.md It-, inhabit ints are I'rotellants. 'I'lie lower parti
ol 11 ,ue Iruitlul in palhire, corn and wine; Imii thi:
ir.ouni.iins an' liarren. 'I'here are many medicmd
iVrin;^. .iiul baths in it, aiiil the air his w'^clefome and
tim|iLi.ee. Uoth men and women, to, the molt p.ii;,
ue.ir the Ireneh drel's; but the lanj^u.i^e nmimonly
f;i.)ken Is I lij.h Dutch ; thou;j;lithe I'rench alfo is much
ufed. It; j^overnir.ent is arilbjcratical. The only
jilaee wortl.v of iiotiee in tliis canton is
li.ilil, Mai'e, or H.ile, its capit.d, the lai;'.ell city 111
.Switzerland. Its environs are be.uitilul, conlillinj^ of
.1 line level track ol fields and meulows. 'I'he city is
i!;vi led into tuo part-^ bv the Rhine, over whiih there
is a h.iiulldme bri>l;;e. Ii is loriilied with walls, moat,,
•towers, and ballioiis, and loiuains feveral churches,
belidis tlie c.itheilial, whuh is an ele;.^lllt (iothic
Itrueture; a comiiiandeiv d the order ot St. John,
and another of the Teutonie ouLr; a public i?r.inary,
anaifen.d, allatily toun-houl', .ui univulity, .1 ;.^y .11-
naliiim, a llately pal k e beliinjMiiMo the margrave ot
H :,!e;'-] Viuil.uh, beli^li -. athamberot ciirioliries, fe-
\e.al hofpi;a!s, i\c. In t'le aileii.il is iVitw n the ainiour
i;i wliiih Liiarles the Holvt loll ins life, with the furni-
ture of Ills liDi le, and tin' ketile-ilruiii , .,nd trumpets
ol lit armv. On iV.c ll.i;i-iafe 01 liie C'3!iniil-!ioiife is
a pMi'ie ol tiie I .-.ill J'ul':nii.n:. ( )ver-.e-ain'.l the
I lench I hiiri li, on a loivi; covere.l wall, is pamteti the
via'ueof Dea'.h. Si IVler's Sijuare, plaiued with .\\\i
and liir.e trees, firms a plealar.t work; but a fpoi re-
;:;,il.irlv p.laiued with trcvS,clole bv the river, and near
the niiiitier, nukes a liner, ai commanding a moll be.ui-
til'i.l aiul extenlive profpct. 'I'lie celebrated baafnuis
dtd hero in i;-!6, in the -.Jih ve.ir ot' hisa;^e, and was
buried in the rreat churih. Some of the merchants
l-,e:e are opulent ; but the liiniptuarv laws ar* llri.'t, and
.1 limphcity of manners Hill prevails at Ikilil. A lhan;.^e
eiilhnii jirevails here, that the town il.nks are always
an hoiir too lall ; fo that when it is really noon it is onr
o'cfick at Ikilil, .md to on. Several reafons are af-
li-.ned torthi-, liugularity; which the inaj^ilhatc canno:
\er ]-.erfuaile the common people to alter. 'IVade
tlourillies here, efpecially in lilk, ribbons, and wines;
and the polu e is uiiiler e.vcellent regulations. The two
Muxtorifs, lather and fon, and the famous painter
Holbein, were natives ot this jilace.
luiKcuf:, whii h is near .yo miles in length, and 20
in breadth, is ])artly mountainous, and partly cham-
paign; and, belides fomewine, yields pleiitv of pa(-
turage, grain, Iruit, cattle, and cheefc. It is divided
into three inner bailiwicks, and 16 outer, befuUs ijic
territory of the city. '-lie inhabitants are I'apills.
4 One
i
UM'IIY.
like i^ c Ic.i^^iir*
tiiU'-, I'Xi rpt lowarilf
i>.)( 1)1 wliii h, I'.ill, J
riic prim ip.il \nlli /
>.>\» .\j iiii!t», aiiil H
tilt I \ i!i . \ {i \^ i'iiihI
Ik'. \.tl) luitiilu'is it|
I llu V |), 1',I.I/C lii'tll ii;i
> : .lilt! y,WM i|ii.\initu''i
111 111 h. i'lic iiioun.
, iiiiiur.il vv.itcis, .iiul
.ilioii.iil with lilli. The
Ul lIlL- \\ ll.ltC Is 1(1111-
I. h tlu' l.i:ul,iiii.i:i an i
ul ll-.l- I.IIIK' IlllJ'DM ;
i1m|1>, ;i'uI ;Mrtl) I'ro-
i.ihl' to; iilu r. t Irro,
, liilulis ihc'iticH, i« a
I ( oiirts ot inline, for
.ill.iirs. TluTclpfCtivu*
mi; .i> lun to meat an/
1 lin;;tll, x-.\ ahoa; i ^
111'., anil 7 |iailiwi( k-,;
rit>. 'I'lic loaiT (uiu
111 11 an,l v>:iic ; but tin:
c arc iiuiiy mciliciml
L' all hi> \\''i'lclv)inc aiul
iiiLii, to,- ^f^c molt par;,
lu' lanj^iia^c loiumuiilv
the Irciicii alio is miu li
lloi laiual. 'I'Ik- only
vaiit.m Is
1)|'j1, llif laiyill I ity in
bL-aulitiil, Limlillinj; of
liKMclows. TIk- cily ]i
<hiiic, over which there
iii'kil with walls, moat ;.
itaiiis I'exfial chiii. hts,
1 IS an cloraiit (iothu:
tho orJcr ot St. joliii,
)ivivr; a public granary,
'■, an imivtiiity, a ;.',>. i:-
^■iiii; to the luaij^rasc ol
amber ot' curiolitic-i, Ic-
.iial is lhe« n tiie aiiiioiir
hu lilj, u ith the tlirni-
iIc-ih'Min , ..n,l tiumpits
c III tlic C'm:i<il-!ioiile is
cut. Over-.; ani'.t the
.■ic.l uall, is puntcii the
viiiaic, planicil «itli Jni
i!U work; but a I'po; rc-
;'e bv thcnvcr, and near
immaiiilin)^ a moll biau-
'I'he cclcbratcii Miarmus
year ot' hisa;;c, anii was
Some of the meicliant*
ituarv laws m\ Itn t, aiul
lAailsat Halil. A llian;',e
town I locks arc alwaw
it is really noon it is one
.Several rearoiLs are al-
:h the ma<;illratc cannot
.ople to alter. Traile
Ik, ribbons, anil wines;
It rcj»i.'Luions. The two
nil the lamoiis pan.ier
place.
miles in lenpjth, and :o
nous, and partly cham-
c, yields plenty of paf-
id cheele. It is ilivided
d i6 outer, bciidcs the
lahabitanti are I'apills.
4 IJi'.e
\
1 ■: '1*
V
fj
t
fc.
c|
: . ..A. ..'J-
\
****S* «, T- niWlliii....i[iTri **•! u
i^
V-
/^//'
•iy//ii (■////>>/ ViVVi/ ff//f/ff/ /'////< /f//f/f'// f •////('
Kiiin //////ft
//<//'/>/ f/tr f /(■//>// ,'/ ViUS^l"^/ t////f/t( ('/ //ii //'///'<'// ,'////'
I// ///I //f//iir .
a;
't
i
^ Y
^1
'%
'1
1 I'^sjil! '^>
1' n 1
U: j i
it ,
I';
S W I T Z E R I,
ruRorr..]
Oiu' \y.\n (if tliiiii fjirak ;i rorrupt I'liiiich, the (.rlicr
a liallarii CJcrmaii. 'I'hc only pl.iLi'ol note in it is
I'rihum, whicli {.nvrs name to it, and Hands anionj.;
rinks, 111 a valliy, on tlv-' n\ir Soanc, lix liaf^ncs
louth-wclltroin Hi rni'. I K re are ("everal churches,
(onxents, and hofpitals, with a liandl'omc college, a
jr.iiit, a i^ianary, an arlenal, a < oniinandery of St. jolin,
and a ( ouneil-iiimie, >\ Inch llaiu's on a rock, and com-
mands a |.;,reat pro'iwl. 'I'lu' i:o\ernmcnt is nincli the
laiiie as iliat ol' Berr.e, cxcejU that here it is conlincd to
■JO families ot' p.arri. air-, excluliveot' all others. The
town is tolerably v.ell loititied. At tlie dilhinee ot' a
leajnie (rom I lib'.n;.',, in a \> ililerneisot wood-, and rorks,
IS a rem irkabK' hcrmitaL'e, called la Madelaine, tonilll-
in;; nt ,1 i hiirch an! (leeple, with an oratory, aha!!,
relciidr', km I'.en, lexeral chainlHrs, Hairs, a cellar,
well, and other roiivcniencies, ail heun out ol'a rock.
This <.rreat work was perlormed by an hermit, named
Jcl'.n de Pre, havinii; hail no I'ort ot'allillance iVom ane
perfon bi;: hi.s rervaiu, in the coiale oi luenty-iivt
}cars.
Soi.orii'. i;\, or SonicKt, is about i: miles long,
aiul I abroad, and is lituatcd on the i i\er Aar. It is
tolcrabl;. tertile, \ iekiingcorn, v ine, line wnotls, fruits,
and palliirts. The religion prolclled in it is tr.e lio-
iiian Caiholii , exii-pt in one bailiu ick ; a.nd the go-
xcrniiU'nt is ai :!l(n r.uual. The prinri'pal phice in it is
.•^olotlairn, iir .^oleuie, whiih gives name to it, and
is tif.K'lcil 1:1 a pica;'..::;, fertile counire. IJere is a
collegiate chuii h, a large college, a well fiirniii'.e.l
ailrnal, and two i i^iiv ents. 'i'hc t'overnmeiu i. much
ti;e fame as that ot iieri;cand I'riburg', and the language
ch;ef]\ fpokeii is I'lein h. In 1 ■;■—. in alliance was con-
clcdid here bet\wen tin king ot I i.uice, ai-.d the Tlwi-
tei:;i Cantons and their allies, i'or lit'iy years.
Sen \i 111 \ V srv is the moll rouilurnot' all theSwils
Cantr)ns, and Ik ^ cntirelv on th.c (icrman tide ol' the
khine. It i-; about :o miles long, and i 2 i'ro.i.i ; ;'.:id
i-, in ; cncr.d, tertile, \icKling <i)rn, I'luit, [latturc,
plenty ot' lilli, iiiineral fjirings, and gfiod leil wine.
1 i;e inhabitants arc I'rotcllants and the government
aiillocrati.-.l. 'I'he onh toun in it worth notice is
SthaH'h.auli n, whiih is plealantli liuiiued in a |)lain
vn 'ie Khme, r.iul isviiv I'andtome, llu- lireets bei'V
lih'.id, and the houies maynilicent. i lere are feveral
I'.u'dii me cluiri lies, an arkiuil, an acad niv, a nobli'
(.■.!vnet 01 r,\rit;. >, and a i.'oud lorticis. The tirv
(.III .. I'M a I 'i:ili Icrable trade In the Kiiin.', over
which 1; l;.i- a jiridpr built eiuiicly ot timber, iiv acom-
leon carpcnin', andetteen.ed a very curious work. As
Its •luie, in (iirnian, tignilies a Iheept'old, fo it has
a (l.i'p loritscoat (•( arms, as alio upon its coin. In
liiC lul uibs (4 till- city is a l"|)r:ng ot water in acel-
lii, i'oplcntitui, that it liiiiplies above ic,3 pij-cs ; and
in tl'.e n ■•ghboiirhood is a line Iree-ftonc iju.irr^-.
1.1 oi^Vr to view the t'.imous cal'cuie ot' the Rhine,
yn-| nv't e ihir go ti. l.uilKii, winch is a Icigiie (rom
.'^i halliia'ikn, (<r to N'euhaufeii, which i^ <iiil\ h.ilt'a
IcMj'.ue, a-ul u 'ere th.e lad i-. teen to better advantage;
but at tl'.i Later you iiuill crols the ri\tr, to which
fill. I- r.il'i ;; l-.avcan obieaion. Ilcnce vou have lirH
abii k VI. u oi' ilic lal'cadc; aiidwlienvou have vuiik-
ed di V. n li'e I i;l, it pl.u - ,ii-on wni 111 all J'otms a, m,u
go to t!;e iri'i \ , tiom a ]<iol.'c to a lioiuvu'w. As viiu
ii.'i. i!'e r/, er '. ou eii'.'i ir in tu!l tr.:in all t!'e wv. ,
>n,.v. ,1,
A N D,
SSf
d d !!i"",ud'u the tk
ad their i-.i!>
■\h
ot w.itcr lolling down
'^ on lie alto that ti
di-, p .It of it IS oaliied
'I he v\ iriilc K white wi
dl
li t'oam
I u.% ILL U| '-
'token into
xcept here
and th.ere fiime •'leen tint.s, elpiciallv when the \\\f\
lliiius upon 11. i 1,1V ing crolied die river, vou mount
re vou lee it toamiiu';
the lull to a bllic pl.itlorm, built 0:1 puipoie to br
■Ie I>i ll
dihi
Willi 1:
nil \ou are
fall
.veil tiom
the fpra' , unlu's tlie wiiu
Iftl
le V itu ot ti
-\l
ippetis to let touinl you.
it be truly piiwliirelque Iroiii tlu'
dl.
other fide, from hence it is grand and nia eftic. By
afcending a little higher to the cafllc of Laulien, you
have a tourth view, wiirrcin you lo.ik down upon the
falling river, and ;dfo trace its progrefs. In order to
lee the rainbov formed bv the f[)rav, vou mull be on
the f|)ot beiore nine o'cloi k in the morning. Accounts
vary much as to the height of the (atara-t; but thin
i^ chieHy owing to the ditl'erent feafon at which tra-
vellers have viewed it. .Alter all, it is not the height
ot the fall, but the immcntity of the body ot' water,
broken 111 a ir.ol! picturefque manner by the rocks,
thai lonltitutcs the beauty of the caleade of Li!:{ftii.
.■\pi'i.N/,i (., the laH of the Thirteen Cantons, i-;
about 30 miles long, and 20 broad. It yields good
paltuiage, ami tonfeqiiently i.s not dcflitute of cattle,
milk, butter, or chcefc. Cof.tuierable ijuantitics alfo
ot wheat, r\c, barlcv, oats, be:ins, peas, Ha\, and
iiine, arc produced in itj bcfid.cs a gre.u deal of frtiit,
wood and tint, with minc'al waters, and warm iiatlis.
There arc niany mountainj in the canton, tiie higlklt
of which is that called the I lohefantis, or the j-johe-
Mef/mer, which commands a profpeet; of a prodigious
extent. There are alfo feveral kii-es and rivers. flie
inhaiiitants fiiblill chicHv by tlicir ni;inulaciure-i of
linen, crape, f'ulrian, and thread, or by iileacliing, and
the f.de ot tluir cattle, butter, cheefe, liorfcs, wool,
and coal. Appcii/el is the canita! ol' this canton, and
divukd into twelve coiiiniunit!L-s; f!.\-, called the in-
terior, are l^oman Catholics; the other fix, called the
extmor, arc Protellants.
We ili.ill now proceed to tlie feveral bailiwicks that
belong, I'l common, to cen.iin cantons. And lirll
The nailiwickof Tiicroac, which takes its name
from the river 'I'hur, that travcrlL^ it, is very large and
I'.ojiulous, and though fonicw hat mountaiivnis, in i;e-
lural tolerably fertile. A'-.out one third ot' i:-; inha'ii-
tant ; are I'apills, and the ixH Piotelhmts. The chief
pla cs in it are
ri.uienfeld, the capital, which flands on the river
Murk. Here the Diet of the Svvifs is held. In i-- i the
greater part of this tovwi was burnt, but it has been
almol) w holly rebuilt.
Dilienholeii, a i onliderable town on the Rhine, over
v.Ik.Ii ir has a bridge, enjovs great ]iiivilege5. 1 lie
magillra. y is comiKifed paitlv ot Rapills, and partly
(jf I'roti Ihints.
I he Hailiw ii k of the Rni iNrii vi. is about 20 miles
long, and, ^ w here broad^ll, and is truittul both in corn
ami wine, cl'iiecially the latter. 'I'hcre is a i ryllal ])!t
in it, in whiih a vall ileal of yellow, brown, and
white tranfrarcnt crvltal is found. Moil ofthe inlialii-
tants are I'rotellanis. The fovi.eignty of it belongi
to nine cantons, w/.. Berne, /.uriih, 1 .uccrne.Schweii/,
(I'lans, Uri, l.nderwald, '/.lu', and .Ajipenzel, who
alteriiatelv appoint a baililV evcrv two years; but the
abbot i^i St. CJall has not onli a Ih.ire ol' the juru'die-
lion, but a great revenue t'rom it.
T!ie B.iiiiwick ot' S\r(,vns is about :.|. miles in
lengtig and 5 or 6 in breadth. Its mountains i\.xd
great numbers of I attle, and its vallies produce corn
and fruit. The iiih.ibitants are partly I'apitls aiul
partK Rrotellants. It is divided into the Upper ami
i .ouer Saigaiis; but miiher ol' them contain any tli.iig
remarkable, excip.t
I'icll'ets, a 'icli Benedii.Tinc abbev, uhofe abbot is
a prince ofthe empire, .\botit a mile and a h.alt from
thi' convent is a t'.imous hot bath belongiii;!; to the
abbev, the
being im]ire
and v.u'ious iiieial
atcrofiihiih is good lor nian\ didempers,
gnatid with fpirit of fulphur, nitre, vitriol,
T
le
\uliwici
\srri« is cliiclU nuiunta:nous.
notwithltanding which it is far from being iintruittui
The inhabitaiiLs
held
everv two vcars, anil acouiici
ranilt ;
' 1
Thi
ilh
lias a uicc
ith two courts
ifiuHi
me forced and another tor criminal caule
in all which the baiiiit'jirciid.i-
nuiitioning' here :■
Ti
10 «^
inly place wo
M.a:;
•th
foj
A MAN. ROYAI, ^^r) AUTUFMir ?^VS l IM or r\!Vi;KS\I. CMK^RAPIIV
i'M I
!l!^^
.' < ' (
^f • It
t i.
Sihaiiis, i;i V, liiih
.ih'iHV lor l..i1u's. I
alMHls !s a pr
hKil'i (<!' ti-.c I'lr.piic, :iiu
i DbliiiCil tl) li.ul
a Inric iitc ; tl-.iiii'rh lur inms m;i.- n\airv.
'r!ic I'.ii'iuuk (It L : 'NAin was jniii hallil In tlu-
l-.\\>.;t.'. -.V'id (ilaris, In whdm a Iniiiili' is
r;uiti>i?:. V
aiipoii
ItCil
.ilLiina.i Iv tvci » two \i.-.u>
hut wli
(.11 It IS
tlic tuiii (if I'nv latter, iu iv n(iiniiiati.tl bv the I'.ipill
aliiiu',
•i- iiihaii
•Ihc 1
;ants lu'iii^ ir.ofU} ot' tliat j't'tluali'
)aih« u k (It
c;.\Mt
t;s IS luliici-'i to flu' l.mii.-
( aiuoi'.s as the l,)rnuT, a:ul (.ni(>\s inuc
h the r.iii\e y
rile Town nt K M'lTU'^eii'A ! ii , with iis
Dill
:es 1 ; mil; .- li.
<\ (il
1 1.1,
(in the lake. h
is .1 i;ooil town, aiui uel! tortilieil. 1 he wtnuleii hri(l;;(
whii h e\:i iiiK triiiii Ik iu e toa point ol lan>.l in the lake
IS ;-.iar Iwo link's ni kiiutli, \et it is leiiiar
kah!
c tliat
It IS ti
lidc.
itireh,
o}-eii, theie nn
t lieiiig any lails on eiilur
The inliahitants, wlui are Konian (."a
|0v thi
ir atieient prni
iPikr th.e 1
inereij/iitN
ot" /urieh anl 15i rne.
Tl
;c (."oiintN and hailiuies of I5\iii:\ is about lew n
;ii:iies ill len'jtii, aiul three in liieae
b
ith ;
is \\atiii.e
he il-ree naMi;al'ie riNer.--, am! is liilv.ra to
H,
llTi
'.iiruh, ar.Li lll.iiis, w
iho I'eni a baiMl in tuii
:'L',ion i> nn\e
Uaiieii, ti;e
;J, hi
Catl-
le [-reiloiiunaie-
rof the K
oiiuuis, i:, lit'.ia-
i^u on
the river Limir.att, in a nariou plain, betue
en
In ba:
:is were ramoii) iiiiiier Au|;u!lu>
a'ter; aiiiJ abuiulanec of ant:
nilf.ej
in
a lit;:e ililtance ironi tl-.e i:v.mi.
\ery le:i:i
Leei fouiui h
The hot h
beio'A ir, and en tl'e banks ot' the I .ininiatt. Tl-ejjrial
bathis are o:i the lett bank, 1 iuve are lixiv ol' them,
larjre and eoiiinuuiioii-, in the luiiils and liHi.;in:;-
hoiites: and in ll'.e iriddie ol liie town are ]iiib]i, open
baih.s for the iile if the poor. Th.ey are all liipplied
Iv. fe\e!i fprin:;s.
Tin I i<r. Am :s_ or Piio\ im ; s^are d:\id,ed i;;:o L'p-
p.r ..;'.d 1 owir, in both ol uhuli the foil is \eiv limr-
iid. 'il-.e inhaliit.ints are ivonian Caihohi s. The on!',
p!.'. e in ;t-e;;i \sonh inentioiimj; i., Muri, an opulent
.v.d edelirated lJei-icd;^:tine abbey, on the ii\cr l>un/,
t;-,^ abbo: of wh.ich is a ininee ol the empire, and mi-
i>u>' aieb. under the pope.
I. 'iJer the ;oin: fo\er(i.;niy ot' /u:ie!i, lieim and
(iiaiis, .'.re '.:•..■ towns ol Bnnv^oiten ,iiui \K ll:i!;;ini ;
t '.0 !.-:imroi \' in. h eari ies on a ;;ood tr.ide, ifpeiiaKv
i;\ ii'e r,uni;I...ti;!e (;I[;:'.;'er; bi.t the latter is ,iuon-
lii'er.r^ie.
Oi t'le eon-.nion baibuii ks in Sw itv'erl.irid, the re-
!';.'.:::.:i;.': 1 ''ir, \:/. Si liu ar/enhuij.;, Morat, (iiand-
i :i, a:id r 1. iiahi'i-, are i"ider the joint Ic .eiei;',iu\
ol bri.a!'! fnlvsr;'. I'he inhalntants of th.e three
li..' .lie I'nte!',;;-,! ; ln:l thole of th.e lall are p.iitle
I're- •i.i"-. .:-.lp.u;:. I'apills.
i ' ;. \i I ■ s ;-•,!'; \' i> ; s lie in hab.' at tlie toot of
ihi, '■'.■ . 1 1 v .lie !";\e'i in iiuml er, naiuel^', Iklleii/,
k:..,:. ; !'■'.'■, '>.d!. di lire^no, l.auis, I .i::.;L;.ines,
,Nb, .•..„.: .r \.i\ M.i.-;a, and .Mer.d.iii. 'I'h'e', ,iie
a':i :■ i:'.i.pi,i-, I',, r tolu'abb- feitde. The inluiL'i-
t;,r. .i\] I" -, ^ii; I lyi.-.l the Italiui l.nv_;iia|.;e.
L. •.■.'■ ! ■ I'To'. 'M!! ii; I , II. erne, L'li, S.i'.v.ei;/,
;"d I n.' 1- .i!..! 11, au- In .il'Li^ Abbe\, and the
)i(ii:)'.:>j'.i Ol C itil.i'.i.
of t'le ( ailtons, 1:
Is dejiities have a le.U aiul \oiee in
th.e m lerai diets and iiinliiifis of the eonledera.ey. 1 i(.
h.is the difpof.il ol ,ill heiieliies in his tiintorus, .i:id
tiie ni'iirnation of all iud;.',es and olliee;
ri-.e I.
lun of St. C; Ml. IS lituated
i:
T
uiiL^na, ne.ir the ruerSteina. h.
It
lijier
is \erv laii;e aiiij
1'
noMiilo'.is, an. I its mlvilnta'its are mollly 1 rotellan;.
whieh oeialioiis difiuites bet'.veen tlieiii ami tiie ahboi
about reli|.';ion. 1 leie are feveral ( hu!(!ie>. a ' .mn.i
liimi, a to\\n-hou!e, an alms-iioufe, an. I an arl"en.i!
Ihe t(n\n was formerly fiib|eel to tlic abf.ot; but it i..
nou a repiiblie, iind fends deputies to the (.'eneral diet
The !;.i\ernment :s aiilbieratu.il. The inhabitants o
^t. (.;
■Ill are un..'.itiimo
ilv imiiillrious, and ha\e ai
teiilue loniiiieri e in the maiv.il.icUires ol linen, nuilli
ami eiiibroidi
'L'l'e arts and feieiiees are eiilii\ated.
.■ia:i:re is i.i s'reat c'.teeni.
■ri
leir li!]rar\- ii
ample, and we'! ^'riaiv^e.
'I'lie Bill;
oi'.i r. ol I) \si.r 1
I'ltuatcd on the lake iti
ihii !i It !;i\es nanu-. .\t the I'.iiiioiis p.ifs of the roek.
V
V
loiiU ro. k r.L.ir
is ;6, an
.1 its
. r;,. , tl..' r.Kul IS (arrie.! thrmii^h a
c. f.etilikk. I'Ik' hei::lit of the artii
leidth i;. 'i I'.e roek iiKlf, an(J f(K):i
a.liaient, alior.t.i ver-.' romantii: prolpe.t.
1 lie I, ountr\ ol II
ivir:-, < alle.'; I e.'.!';:e
( !i<lSsONS is dl\
1.1
iito three
in.i di'.liniruifl'.e.l bv the feveral
d. noniiiiations ot tii;' (iiitiuii or ti'rev I.e.i.
ue, tlic
().
Ill: C'.w ros ;.
Tl lb". S\\il.al;;. ." ■ I'l ,fe who arc unite, 1 to the
I annuls by a lol.::.n I ;'!e, r.i eonl'eqiieni e ot whuh
th. . ha\t ,ivot' in;iu i .ui'.n.oh. s. llu'v ari a^ |.)llow :
'1 he .\bbe/ol S'. ( : ' i i , ■.■hoi, abbot is l.i'.i lelf.ll of
til'. ' .ilie.i the I'atiihionvol .'••.( ;,ii!, i . fuuate.i lvt\'. een
/,.;!■• il anil the lake ul (.onll.uue. 'Ihe alibe\ , uliith.
), ol tiv 1/1 Midi.- ;r,e or.K r, is \er; Ipai lous, and i oii-
lii'i a jiai . e, a coir, e:'.', i: d li'.iii.ii, and a lil)iar\.
Th'- :v. luher ol monks u i o, !>., and tiom amon^',
wlioih t:.'- ablxir is I hof :i, who is imiiiediatelv fubie.'t
.-.i lie ol tl
l\n br. iflKt
il.
>f (i.) I, and the League of ihc
'til of tiie whol
e IS a pout
d :;
,.lth (o. 1:
m reneta
n',ii;,:'.;aiiious cmni;
but
[■iroiUiees mo
Il of the
L'f-
o tile pone, ai
;..l a pr
iIKe Ol the (1111 'lie.
I.iiie- ol 111','. Ill- ;!i'".abil;!nts .lie j'.irtb i'apills, and
pir'.lv i'roti '.'m:;; s. b i it of th.e beaj;iies is bibd:-
\:,;e.l into I.Mial li'.ler ( oiuinunities, whith are fi)
nianv deli'.ocr.i^^ies, e\ery male above l(' having a Iharc
m tile i^oseniment of tiie eomuiunity , .'.lid a vote in the
eieetion of ma;..;!!! rates. Deputies from the feveral
(•on!miiniti(s ( oiubtute 'he oeiieral diet ol tiie Cirilliin
Leagues, wi'.ii ii meets annual]'., and altermUily, at the
capital of eaeii l.i:ii;iie; but the\ e.m colli hide iiotliuur
without tliei onfeii' oi li'.eir conibtueilts.
■j he (l::liiin, orCiiev I .eainie, is divided into ei_;h.t
d;lb !, Is, win, h I oiit.iin fe\i r.il final 1 vill.iges; but nei-
th.er ol llum inent paituidar notice.
'1 he 1 e.lL^ue of tl'ic 1 Unife of (io.! i , the moll CO!'-
fiderai:;;' ol ti'e ti'.ue, an. I lontams l.!iie\ery his;h
iiMHint.iiiis. I l-,r .'h.. fill It h.is t! I trh' of I'reliddr,
.',".; Is I le. lid. a '.'M.i'! . 1: !. divide. 1 ,;u.) twi)<^ie.iL
I "Uimiinities, a:;.! tl!i'.;i ,i ,.ii,i into Inialler, called Ju-
iildi tions. Th.e pniv ipai pl.i e o! note ;:i it :s
rone, or t'hiir, ti-e . .ipiMl not o;dy of the l,ea.;ue,
but ol li;ew::oh' iejiirii . i: isl.ii..'e ailil populoi:.-.,
.ind il-i Iiei;.'hh.)urhiOo.i bevuifuilv iii\ei,if'ed willi lulls,
pl.iii) ., \ ineiards, corn I;, his, and ou haids. I lere aio
fe'.ei'.il ( h.'.ir. !i; ., an.ufen.il, a ((ille;'e, .i ..'lammar-
ii h.ool, a i',i.;:i,ir\ , aivl a tow n-hoiile, in w hi. h is held,
once in tliue \e.iis, the ;.',neial d;i;, a.ul alio the e.\-
tr.iordman die:.., and the con;,ielK s.
'1 iie l.e.ii'.ue of tlie Ten Juiildu tions is th.e bnallell
K'\ the three, a:id divi.ied ir.t.i le'.en oniiuunities,
out of whuii tile (Iiiet is ann',;ali\' cliofen by t.irns.
'I'he I'ountry (onliUs, for tl.e moll p:ut, of nii'ged
iiioiint.iMi ., '.Hiding i.eith.er 1 orii or unit, i,\iept oji
tile b.inks of t!ie Riii:ie, an.i .i li. w other pl.i. es ; but
ai'ouiuinu; III hoi'fe.s, (attic, hlh, mdk, butter, and
I heele, ol all whu h there is a conliderable exportation.
The hinguai^e fpokiii inn;encral iitlie (Jerinan.
The lountries or territories fubieet to the (irillbu
Leagues he at the loot ol t!ie .Mps, near ih.e ciiti.inec
ol li.il\ , a:ul ( oirill . ol ti;e \ .I'.teline, a:\l th.e ■. ounties
ol' Hoiinio .ind Cl:i i\e:ii',a, ail ol vdii.h .ue \eiy kr-
tile, li'it do not lont.iiM .\:v. tliiii;; rem.u k.i' le. Tlic
language is a ( oi i i:pi llali.in, and the n 1; :;o:i I'operv,
The Hai'onv of 1 I.M.in s', 1 1 is i, iiiuler the protec-
tion ol the (I'lilNin Leagues, aii.i takes its iKiii.e fr()iii
the Mll.ige of I laideiillcin, wiu'li has a pala. e m it,
and a fiii.ill i allle. 'I'lie inhauitaiMs (jf tliu b.irony
are I'loici'uUU-,.
Thf
0(;R Al'IlV.
lu- .1 lial an.i \<)ii c in
lit till- IdHll'lifl^Uy. 1 ir
s 111 Ills tiiriti>ni.s, .i:ul
\A oll'ui;^.
liuiati\l 111 till' L'piHT
h. Il l^ M r\ I.U;;c- aiiil
,11 f mulily I'roitll.iiK-,
en ;l'.uii ;in>i tlii- alil).,;
ral I lain !ii-. a ■ , Mit;;i ■
'•mill', a;i,l an arlcna!.
: to tlic aM.dt; but ii i;
iiics to the irciu'ral dii i .
il. 'i'lu- inluihitaiii-. m'
llriou^, anii luuc an i\'-
.uUiif^ ol Inicn, tiiullm,
I Iric'iuis arc (■ulli\aii.'Ll,
.•em. 'I'Ik-ii- libran- u
I'ltuatcil on the lake to
laiuoiis jials of the loek,
ui H cairieil tiirough ,i
ri:e hei:,'lu ol'the'areh
niek iilell', and I'iXJii
ic prol'iK. t.
i)\-i is diNiJeJ into tlirec
lintriiill-.e,! I'v the feveral
1 or li'ii V l.iaj^ue, the
, aiul the League ol the
til oi the « hole is aboiit
3. 1: i>, 111 general, a
uluecs nuill oltlie r.ecef-
;n are partiv i'apills, ami
[lie 1 .eajMies is i'uiHJ:-
uuunities, w hii h aie I'd
e above i (■ iia\ iiig a lliarc
luiiiit} , ,MiJ a vote in the
piilies tVoiii the fe\enil
iieral diet o! tile CirilKiii
]■. , and alteraattly, at tlic
u'\ I an toiiLhule noihiiis'"
;)nitituenti.
'ue, is divided into ei^ht
',1 liiiall siilages; but nei-
■ )l()i,;e.
ol (lo.l i. the moll eo"-
ennrams l.-ine \ery liij;h
la-i til trie ol' I'relidiii',
I.. di\ided ,nto tuo ;.;ieaL
1 into liiialler, ea'.ied Ju-
e o! note ::i ir :.s
I r.i'.t ti.:\\ ot til.- I.ea(;ue,
I; 1-. I.ii jT and pojniliu:.-.,
iiiU uisei .il'ed w itii hiiis,
and iMv luuiK. I lere aio
a 1 ulii "1-, a 'rainniar-
i-liin:le, in w hn li is held,
ral (i;e;, a.ul alio the e.\-
l;,uHis.
inlilKiiixii is tl;e fniallell
r.t.i Iv.'.en iMiniiiiinities,
ilii;;all\ i holeii li) I .irns.
le moll pan, ol riii'^iil
I lu II or II lilt, ex. epl ojl
a II u oihir pLii es; but
lilh, milk, luiiter, and
, tonlideiable exportation,
ral i< the d'erinan.
es riib;e.'t to tile (oillon
■ Al;)s, near ilie eniuuKC
altelinc, a:id tlic '. omities
ill ol' \ilii, h aie \ei v hr-
tliiii;; rem:'.; k.i'.de. '1 he
and the reli;;io:i I'ojierv.
I I IN i> iii.der the proiee-
an I lakes Us nan.e Iroiii
u 111' h has a pahii e in it,
ihaLiitants ol t!u, barony
The
f
ruROPi:.]
The country called the V\t.\|s, in aili.mcc or con-
federacy with the S'.vils C'liitoiis, is (jiie laruic vale,
bounded by verv high mountains. It is divided into
L[)pir and Lower. The (ojl is lertde in corn, wine,
and \arious forts ot fruits.
In the U[)pcr Valais au ;!.e ;'.inioi:s liot baths called
the baths of l,eu< k.
In tli<' dillrict ot Raro;;iie, belongiiij^ alio to the
Llpper N'.ilais, are the ruins ol the eallle of Chatil-
loii, orC.'hiUon, biii'nipon a roi k, v. ith a very narrow
roail between the calllc and tlie iiioiintain. It has
galleries, battlements, ;\, . a'ld uas verv llioiig before
the invention ol artillery; l;i;t is entirely commanded
by the nioiuitain.
Rarogni-, I'rom whence thedlllriel derives its name,
Mith t!u ruins of thecaltlc, olthefime name, together
with the adiaceni fpot, exhibit, among other antiqui-
ttes, a mel.iiu liolv proof of the imp.iiiiiig clients of
time, uhuc the}- prefent a view at once drear) an. 1
roiran'. c.
in the l.oucr Valais is the famous mountain of .Sr.
Bernard, which has on its toji aionveni, where the
friars maintain all tr.ivelleis tor three dav sgratis, whe-
ther I'.iralfs or I'lotellaiiis.
I'he inh.ibitants are ot' lliort ifiture, tawny com-
|)lcxions, an.i wi.ant counten.inces. 1; r: uncommon
to find either a man or uoni.m without large fwilhngs
in the throat. The people exhibiteii to the public of
this iiie;ro(n)lis fi;me time a/o, cillcd " Monltrous
Craws," uer.Mi(uli)ubt nativesof this country ; though
credulity I .in;;,hr th.e bait held fortii by impollors to
allure. I'lvile '.'. ho Ipciik (lerm-in rellmble the .Sw it"- ;
the riC! iire like tlie .Sa\o;ards. 'I'liey are, in general,
Kiiniiin C';ilh"!i( ^.
'I'he tmui of \lrmii\i -r\ is f.irgc, well built,
popi.loits and adorned v. itii feveral i hurches, and
oihir good ilruetures. Tlie inhabitants are I'pitef-
tani ^. Thou;;,h this town is in alli.ince with the Fro-
tell.int cantons, \ el il fends no de|)Uty tt) the genera!
diet.
The l\.-ptil-!i.' of (; V! \ \ IS on the cotifines ci .'^a-
vov, Irani e, and .Swil/.erland, in ^h degrees ij
lu.niites north latitude. It is pkafantly litiiatedon the
b.'.tiks uf the ii\e!' Rhone, Jul! where it emerges from
tl'..- l.ike. 'lie llreets are, in general, wide, clean,
uid well paved. The h.oufes aremollly built of Iree-
I'.one, with lime-Hone Ixil'iiiu llts. The Maifon de
\'ilie, or town lioufe, i- a large pl.iiii, ancient b;:ild-
ing, \iith great rocii's lor the i ouiu ils to alfeiiiMe in,
and lu: p'ibhc cnteriainment >. In one of them there
ia v.^ekU (oiu'ert I;- I'ubfi iption during the winter
f..ifon. 'fl.iie ;ire li\e ihuri lies h.ere, bflide; I'rench,
li.ili.iii, and (ierniiin chiipeis. Tl-.eac.uliniy has iibout
<' jfih.olars, a:id ii profell'ors. Small medals arc an-
iii:.il!\ dillrilnited to thofe who ha\e diUinguilhed
themleUes m e.u h i l.ils. The pubh. libr.iry has near
40,;:d '.Illumes of [nintnl books, lulkks a g.oo.l col-
le.iion ot m.uuili ripts. 'I he i iti/eiis ha\ e the lilu 1 1\-
bi>:h of It I'liling luii, ;'.;i,l borrowing books. The
arf'-nal i, in goo. I ordicr, iind tiirailhed with amis f)r
I ;,_-.,:■ tiicn. The hofpit.il i^ a kirge haiuirome build-
111;',. The pub'ic fountiiins aie fupplied b)- an !v,\iraii-
\i engine. '1 lie I'oriitii atioiis are in the modern llile
<'n tlie fide ol' .Sa\o'. , I'.ut are commanded b\' lome of
tli;- lu-ighboLiriiv; ground. On the tide ot' j-'raiue,
the' are old l.'.ll.ioiied. 'I'hey are i akulated rather to
pre\tiit a I'm pi lie, than to full.iiii a regular liege.
'I'hi) l,a\( three I'.ite. towar.ls I'lance, S:i\ii\, a-,d
.^w il/erl.iiid. All .u eels by the kike is barred In .i
double ji.;t', ,ind chain. 1 he g.ariilon conlills of - :o
men, .Sw ifs or ( I'eriiiiins.
Tl'.e linenign p.owi r relides in the general allembh
of citi/e:is and burg, li'ci, who f,.i\e attained the age
ol 2s vears. The executive power, and ailminilli.u
lion of jiillice, are intrulled, i. to the couiieil u! :;,
< .illed th(Tenate, or little council. ;. '1 he couiu il ol
fi-s. ■;. The coiinc'l ofio.-^, comprehending, the other
two, ,itid coiililling; now of 230 members. '1 he fit-
S W I T Z E R L .\ N D,
»i,r
prcmc magillrates are four Indies, cle.tcd antv.ially
by the general alfembl). Other olfRers are, 1. IJe
lieutenant, ehofen alfo annualK. 2. The treafurer,
elected tor three years. [\. The proiiiirator-general,
alfo for three years. Inferior de(sartnients of g(»\ern-
meiit and police are mnnageel by committees, call, ,1
Chambers.
Theecclefiaftical cnnllitution is |Hirel) Piell'vteriiin,
and the moll tolerating ol' all the refirnud liates.
I'he revenues ol government are a'lout 500,0011
French livres, or little more tlian 2.),ooo [lounds ller-
ling.
'I'he law ot the rtatc is the Ron-'iin l.iv.', with foni'.'
modifications. Thcy!ia\e tici titles of nobility 01 he-
reditary dignities.
Their arts and manuhuuires are watch-making,
jeweller' , printed cottons and linens, jirinte.l books,
drelied leailier, and fomc other fmaller ariicle.J.
.Since the late troubles a tiieatre has b en built with-
in the city. The only public diverlions lielides tli:s
are two concerts. Private balls are nor uiitrei]nent;
and plays are fometimes performcl hv gentlemen and
ladles. The chief amufement is ( ards, at which the
women contlantl)' play in their to.ieries, tca-drink-
ings, and allembhcs. Mott of the men meet daily in
ti'.eir circles or cKibs. 'i'he 12th of Pjcember is a
kind of tlate holiiki)', kejit in n; --.orv ot the d'.ike of
Savo) 's atiem]^t upon the city; and called the ;!ay of
the Ej'ii'.lr.ilc, In line weathc; there is a great refori t.)
the 'J riille, and other pttblic walk.s.
Tlie teriitor) ot" (Jeneva contains about feven fipiarc
leay,ue:., and ; . liivided into nine parillies. The co'.in-
try roiMid tlie i r.y is fo varie.l, thi.r eery vil'ag.- and
I ami'ia'jne prefents I'relh bea'.ities, arillng from the dit-
terent points of vie-.v in which the lake, mo'.nitai;! :,
and thccountr) prefent ihcm!'il\es.
The like of Cienc. a is hieily a dep.endent of th-.-
cani:;n of B.rne. 'J'he form of it is tli.it oi .1 cr. '-
cent. With the horns blunte. I. '['he !e:ig;!\ t'r.mi C.e-
neva to \'il!enei!\e, ii eigiiteen Ireii. h leagues aiid
tiireeiiuarrers. Th.e ;':;"'.tell brea.Uh i, three lea",'!is
and a.^uarier. It ;s '.^ry ih.illow lu'ar (ienesa, Init
o!f Meillerie is lo'.md to be i^yO I-'rench feet in depth.
I'liis kike owes th.e ■ l.;el' p.ut of it, Wiireis to the
l-Ilione, which entus .l near \ dleneue, .md goes out
ot it ag.iin at d'enev.i. Tl.^r.-are, however, no lets
tiiiiii thiitv-one rivers or torrents, and nine bro.iks, be-
lide^ the Rhone, tf.at furnitli ti'.eir refjie.-tive little i[uo-
t.is. Tlie great melting ot ice ai>d fn.iw in the m oxii-
t.iinsocc.ilioiis the lake to be !i\e or fix ieet higher in
fuiiimer tlian in winter; at wlneli I'eafbii it never
t'lee/cs. Itseuent, the e le.iriiefs of its waters, a!id
the variety and beauty of the couinrv on its banks,
iiKike it ilefervedly ellceniej one of tiic iiiuii k.kes iii
I'.iiror.e.
Siiiingers are no where pi.nlded with a grei'.ter va-
riet\' ot' coin thiiii at lie;K'..i, tlie i.ione, ol almort'
every conn; i) in l'','.iri.pe bang . nrreiit here. Tlie. have
iill'o dill'erent wa\s t^'i reckoning-, be li'.res, and livrci
current. 'I lu ildl'ereiit coins ;ire as lollow:
'1 he
hAr
Mil
of gold, woith tenlivies of (Jencva, is
l-areU leeii. 1 lie nil of li!\er. Pi'-^es of 21 foi ,
aiui ic.', fill- both ii!\ir. the liv re is nominal, ■.\:\A
worth two tlorins. 'lie If inn is vwirth 10 fe.!. ■>!"
I'l-aiiie, or 12 ot' Ci'en.va. Pieces ol' (> :in! ; foN, 1 ',
fcl, .J fol, and ', l-.'i. This kill is vsorlh (> denieis of
l-f-anee, ov 2 ,gros ol this countrv. Thel'eare I'l co;--
pi-r wiillied. I'he I .I'Uis d'or Is worth 14 Ir.r.. 1 .' f 'Is
ot (ieneva. I'h.e l-'reneh ecu is worth \ livi\ . 1 _ '. i'ols
ot Oeneva. Plirce livres current of (J, nev.i i;-.-u.Mti\
from 52', to s(i[ienie l-'.iiglilli, accoriiiiv; to ihe eouile
ol exi li.inge.
The drefs of the men at CJeneva i. c!'ie:'\ broad
I loth, w itho'.ir laci- or trliiimii'.,gs, (-'.eept lio. ;. Th;it
ot tl'.e women Is f'lk in winter, a-'.-.l jiiint.-.l cottons,
whii h the\ call InJieniK-^, in fiimnier.
Thetituation ot' Cienevii l-ciiU'-i i-,::i iiu h heallln a:ul
'htl
aiKl
>f all Ion
'J.
caili'.ol
MiC
be
8c,:
A M'AV. ROVAI. \sn AUTIIF.NTIC SYSTF.M or UNIVF.rvUI. Cr.OGRAlMrY,
J.
im V
U-'\r
I'll-
•if J' i- ? I
W a iU-riral>li.- jilaio of riM'kli'iicc- tor a (h-aiv^tr. 'I'lu'
riciuh lan>;iiaj.',c is will fpoki'ii Ihti- ; aiul tluri.- is alii)
the ir,oit ixTlctl iibcrtv , Ivnh i ivil aiul rclij^ions.
At I'triuv, ill the vicinity ot Llencva, is tlic toinli
ol the (.tUhratal Voltaire.
s !•: c r ION HI.
Ll.\:r.::lcr if the Sv::js. Ifhold'onif IaKvs tin J Proli' ':-
lions. .)/(■< /•.;*//».;/ Genius. .■UmirabU Effe"s of lie
Ik!vc'icL::icn.
Tin-' inhabitants ot' Siwit/erlauil are iiniverfalK -.w-
knouleilj^ed to he a hra\e, hai.iy, anii in liil'-
tnous jH-oj-ile; reiuaikable liir their (iilelity arui /f.il-
oiis attaehir.ent to the liberties ol' their country. I, ike
the Romans ot oUI, tliey are equally inureii to arms
aiki ti) aLjriCiiltiire. 'I'liey are, ingcneral, ancnli>;hi-
cnc.l [Hople, a talk lor literature being uiiiverlally pie-
\'alent air.oiiL; thiin ; aiiil a j^eiv.iinc aiul unaril'iil j;()oiI
bicciling is conl'iileimiis in their f^entry.
Siiiiiptiiary law> are in t'orcc in moll parts of Swit-
zerlaiul; a:v.l noilaiuin;; isalloweil b'.ii upon parti' ular
occalions. Silk, lace, aiul I'everal other articles of
luxur\ , arc totally p.rohibitcei in Ionic ot iIk" cantons;
and e\en the iicad dreires ot' the lailie.s are regariled.
All;:;anu's of hazard are alio llrictly prohibittil ; and
a5 their iii'.erlions arc chiefly of the avtiveand uailikc
kind, and their time i^ not walled in p;ame> of chance,
manv ot' them ininloy part of their leifure in readin;;,
to the great impiovciiient ot' their iinilerllan.;i:i;';.
The youth are dilii^^cntly trained in all the martial e\-
eri lies.
The mechanical j^eniiis of thcSwifs is wonderful;
and their progrefs m all the numerous branches oi
wall h-makin ' almoll incrcilible. Thelirif w itch leeu
lUihele parts vias lirought trom London in i6-i), w hicli
CM ited one of ilie inhabitants to makeone. I L- ;ic.
coniplilhcd his |iurpo(e unallilied. A late intelligeiii
traveller obhrve., that it i-- a great lingiilaritv to fee
the mechanical arts tlounlhing anudll rocks; imd I'ui h
an amazing exportation of watthes from fjiots which
not many years lincc was one continued t'orelh
Amongll the chief of the literati of this rountry
\ic mention CaKin, wlio inlhtiited laws tiir the env-
oi' lieneva, whiih are held in clleem by the moll
learned ol that countrv : Koulicau, who gave a torcc
to the 1 reiith language, which it was thought inca-
pable of rec;-i\ in;; ; together with ,\1. bonnet; a, id
Mell". de Saiilliireand Dc laic.
\\ e ol'i'-r-. J lalUy, that there is no part of Furt'pc
w!i,.h contains, w ithin the fame extent ot regions, f,>
nianv iiide;i!-ndent corunionwealihs, anil fuch a Narieiy
<;!' dill'erem gmernnients, as arc collected together in
thi.. icmaikal-,le cmintrv; ami yet wiili fuch wifdoin
was the HcKefic Union compofed, ami fo little havc
tl.e Swils ol late years been aOtuatctl by the I'jiirit of
conqucll, that lin< c the cllablilhment of their general
conteikiat \ , they have fi arcely had occalion to em-
]ilo\ thiir aims agiin'l a I' 'reign cnemv, and have haj
no hollile commotions that weie not locii h'.j/pily ter-
minated.
C II \ \\ X\'II.
I
A
L
Y.
s 1-: c- r I () N T.
''i:u.:::c::, E: '■■':', ";/'J.'.-.'., '-■-..-, Mcunlaiii:, Riit'fs, C.\'i-
;-. ■..-,-!•, Sci.', ri<,iif(./:o.<:s, i:: c
^I '! US country, celebrated tor havingbcen on, e tl.e
JL '.'a', ol iln- Ronian cm[iir.-, of the niul'i .-, of arm-,
ar.il r.l a, ;-, but now i c:;ilidcrable fo tar only a- ilu-
vel'.igc- c, ;i.> lornicr grcatnefs can bcraccd, is titu-
atcii be'.'.^n-;! ,- and 4'' dcLiiiic.-. ot lunth lat. and be-
tween - and |0 de;;ins ol call I'lilg. ll> length is
;ib('Ut I .);) mill.-, .v.-A 11- iitiiioll breadth about 400.
It^ bnjpdarics arc Iraiue, "-..•, i"7crla;id, and (Icrnian-.,
on the north; t!:e .Adriatic en t'c.e call ; and the Mc-
i!itcira;-.c.in I'li thcl't.uth ai.d well. It, figure is geiic-
rai!'. li ;;/'aicd to that ot a boot.
'li.i I l..tl ii.onirLam-. c'l' It.ily are the Appcniiu ■, and
the Air-: tl.e t'ormer run tiie whole length ol iivj
countr\ , Iroiu ivii;h-wed to foiith-eall ; the latter e\-
r:-;id trom the nver \'ar, near Nice, to the .Adriatic.
Tl-.c p,rii-.> ;;al ri\cr3 are t'-.e I'o, .Adiga, .Arno, Adda,
^c. Ik'fu'.i - i'ui'c, and I. .me other rivers, a g.-.at
luimbcr ol lakt, are fjitad throughout tl-.e wl.nle
coiinri} .
'I he air of Italy i,Mr\ uil.'iicnr, accoriling to t!ic
dilferent llruation^ I'f i!;l l',\eial countries contained m
it. In th.olc on \\\ ;.r;;;i vi ih.e Appenines it is more
temperate, but in i;...:'e ci ;:-e fouih gi ncrally very
warm. 'I'lieairol tic Caiu] aniaof Home, andolthe
1 errarcfc, i> iinheahi!: I, w.-. hi, o-.\ing tolhelaiul,
nut bein'4 dul;. I i;hi\,ui>i, r.nr the marli'.e. drained.
'IhucI the other pari- 1, :(ikially pure, drv, ami
luallhy. In liimiiier llic i:f.". 1- \eiy;'real m the king-
dom ol N.ipKs, and would beaiiuoll intolerable, il it
\-.as not fomewhat alicviati.iby the fca-brei -/es. 'I'lie
loil 'f I;al;., in general, i-, very f.riile, being waieied
b)- a ;',reat luimber oi rivers. It produce.) a variety of
i
uiiu's, aU'.l tlv belt oil in I'urope, excellent lilk 111
abundance, i orii of all fort.s, but not in fuch p!eiit\' as
in fomeothir louniiie,-; oring( s, lemons, citrons,
]>omegr,inaies, almond-, lailins, fug.ir, mulberry-trees
w;t!-.out number, figs, tciiu-, nectarines, apricot.s,
I'.ear., appio, lilbeid.-, ilmnuts, ^:c. Moll of theft-
fiui;.. were at lirll imiiorted ly tl. ■ Romans troin .Alia
Minor, (iiecc, Afiua, .xr.d Siii.i, and were not the
natural piouu^ts of ti;-.- foil, 'i'lie tender plants are
lovercd m w.ntcr on the ,".orth.-Iide of the .\ppenines,
but on tin- fouth tide they have no need ol it. Thi.*
country alio yield.-, gooil patlure, and abounds with
cattle, Iheep, goats, bulFalos, wild lioars, mules, ami
horfes. The tori lis arc well liored with gatiu ; and
th.c mouir.iins yield not onh mines of iron, lead, al-
lum, fulp.hur, marble ot all I'oits, .ilabatler, jafper, por-
plr,r\, Cn:> . but alio gold and fiber, w i;h a >',rcat va-
riety of aromatic herbs, trees, tlirub-,, and evci-giceiis,
as thyme, la-.inder, laurel, and bays, \uld olive-trees,
tamannd.i, juniper, c^aks, pines, ixc.
S I. C T I O \ II.
DivJiciiS of tbc CoHliiicntu: P.nis of ll.ih. /\,y:hii-
L:y Dyirip/ioK tf <h: jivcrul Pols.
\\J^'- I'l-i" ariangc our del^riptioll of the <onii-
V' neiiial put, of this iduntry under theldllou-
inghead , \:/ il.e l-'.ccleliallical .States, or I'ope's Do.
iiiiiiions; the kingdom of Naple-:; I'icilmont; Mont-
fcrr.it, or .Montleri.it ; Milan; I'armaami I'iacc/iza;
Mndcna, Vlaiitua, \'eiuce, (ieiioa, and 'I'liliany.
■) lie 1 1 1 i.i-i \-,iK AT .Sivii:, whuh is tituatcd in
the miikile ol Italy, is 240 miies loii;';, but its breadth
greatly varies. The foil, in general, is excellent, but
badly luliivatcvl, the pcojile Ixing remaikablv idle,
and groll; luperllilious. 'rherelormationgavca great
bluw
i
>
OGRAriFY.
icii in all tlio martial cx-
' the Swifs is WDiiilcrfiil ;
u- numerous liratii lies ot
ill'. The lirll \v Itch ll-cii
It Loiuion in ib^cj.whii !i
s to make OIK'. I le ar-
idetl. A lato inteiji^eni.
a grea; lininilaritv to IVl"
!^ aniklll roi ks; and h\< \\
Mi lies imin Ipots uhn li
continiieil lorell.
literati ot this roiintry
llituteil laws tor the city
in elleeni liy the moll
Lilieau, who irave a lorrc
ich it was thoiij^lir iiu a-
wiih M. lionnei ; a.ul
c.
lere is no ji.trt ol' Ei:rc|n;
'.imc extent ot regions, To
.ealtlis, anil fiich a variety
1 arc colleited together in
mi vet w iih fill h w idiom
iiiolei!, and lo little iiavt-
;i actuated by the ipirit of
.ililliment of tlieir {general
-cely had occalion to em-
.'ii'ii enemy, and have haj
Mie not I'ocii h:'.f.pily ter-
rurii[H', eMillv'iu lilk ill
, Init net in ladi plent\' as
or»n;;cs, lemons, citrons,
ins, fiijvir, miilherr)-trees
■ he-, ni'Olarines, apricots,
milts, ^:c. Moll of thel'e
l.y tlv Roman.^ trom Afia
;d Si ri,), and were nut ilie
il. 'i'he tender plants are
itl-.-!",.!e of the Appenines,
have no need ot it. This
'allure, and abounds wiili
)s, \', lid lioars, mules, ami
ell llored with L;anu ; and
V mines of iron, lead, al-
liii tii, alaballer, jalper, por-
md filver, with a j',reat va-
s, Ihriibs, and e\er-u;ieeiis,
and bays, wild oli\e-trees,
lines, 6;i .
() X Jl.
' r.nis of ll.ily. P..y:ii!t~
l.'.'i'jlVi'lcll Pols.
defi ription of the (onti-
i country under the lollow-
.illical States, or I'ojic's Do-
Saji'.c;; Piedmont; Mont-
Lm ; I'annaaad I'iaccnza;
( iciioa, and 'I'lilcanv.
I \i !,, wlui h c, lituated in
miies loii;?,, but its breadth
n }.',eneral, is c\cellent, but
lie being rcmaikabl)' idle,
I he retormation guve a j'reat
blow
11 m \,
h.
V't
Si'
i I ' i
I
111 111
111!'
In
all '
L."
n
\\ N I!
^'
trwi B"^ ittn
I'lTROPE.]
I
T A I,
So,;
llnW to till' rpilitUP-l power of lllC pnpC. I 1 ■, ll'".\CV;r,
llill pullill'.'. iii. lemiior.ili! immion'.
'I'lic Camiaiii.ior Romu i- umlcr tli • pope's iiiiim.'-
iliiiti: p;()Vi.r:inKMii;b'il iluotluT piMvincc'.irc jjovirnal
liv K: y.U's aial viit-1. j' itcs. Tlr.- pope lioliis a ((in-
(i!U/iv ..( i;irilinils (in culcliiillii.il allairs; but ili
lan'iiMls ill no. iiu-ililli.' with liis livil i^ovfrnmciit.
'I'll* (V jk's tliift minilkr is tl'f f.irtli '.l-p.uron. .\\v
:.n liil'- .'.:i imini-iilc i-llatf, il tlu' rfi'j;;! Ik- of aiiv loni;
duration. Tlu' ■ animal \v ho isiholcn pope mull 1k'
an Italian, and -/ 1 all ;, yiur^ ot :;ge.
'I'lic Ipititiial p^'viT o; itic p'lpi', tlioii;j,li lar Itiori
oi what it tortin. .y wa , is llill c mrukralilc:. 'Ihc
jiopcs's ri-veiuir, a' a Siiii]ioral printf, is illimatcd ai
1,000, o-ol. ariliii;; iMiiitipally tVom tlic uionop ily "t
coiM ami ihiti^'soii win.'; Imi, iii.icpcinK'ni ot this, In
|■L•^.t■|\l•^ t-:irhK;a!ilc lunis for iiuiiiltvin u-s, diipciila-
tions, laiion /.ation<,&c. ll^jhas a lonlitLiahk- boily
ol r iMi!.ii tro'ip-, toLra'' !v v.ril rloilifil aii'l [laul.
'I III I ,,iU'iv A lt.ilo2,ni, w'luih wasom c a repuMic,
:!iul ilidAanl. aniu x. il lu i1k- papal iloniinioii', lon-
taii'.' oii.y on-.' pim- worthy of iiK-ntion, vi/.
l!.ilo;'na, a l..r':'C, rii.;'n, an. I popii!- lis ii;y. liir-
ronndd oiilv by .1 w.iU, wiilioiit balUons, lii' I, 01
tiii'-iitl. Til y li'.v t' ^ .rN littl. !;oih1 aichiu-i liirc or
U'.ilpiur:' in Hdlo-.iia; '. u', in \t to Roni'.-, it b'allsihc
moll i.i|)nal p..inun:!s in ilic \\oiKl.
T.ic irinib.r o* ( lunxlifs i-- upwards nf two liui\ilivd,
I'onii- ot ih 111 well I iiilt, .uid I u h!y decorated, lui' few
V it'.uiii gi od piiuiii's.
Bvil'i. ; . Ill be.n t'aiii"\n !■ rcuhivatiiig the fcicnces
c\'r liiiic ihe Kiioi'ation ol lcarnin;i. li coiuain. an
aniple li; rarv.
'i'lie acadciiiy of ll ieiiccs aiul brlL-s Icttrcs, 1 onllilirc,
ot t.v,niy-f. iir nieinbirs, nifct here everv 'I hurlda\ ;
and Ir im iIkIi' iIu' jho'. liois ot' i h. iiiiilry, military
.■'.'chilis' : lire, p'lviiis, n.miral hlKiry, geop,raphy, and
ali-onoiny, arc t.ikcn, uho give ;)iiblic Icctuus in the
luil'tiiif.
'I'lie botai!!'. garden i- .1 ilcp'.ndance upon inc In-
r;i!iitc.
With I'.i li one 0111 V e;iie;its Hiid o|iportu:iitie.<, it
is no '.■.oil;.! th.i" IJolii '.III ii.i-- r.i..a\s ni.ii ol learii-
111 '.
li I'm niiiif .lil'i ii'.iiii. ..Ill .;;..l ilii^.rs f.ir nian\ o;
th 1 il . Il ill atic.
Ill- Y 1 'p.; p.l.i c 111 tl'.e nob lit' I'.rc tl-.c W-
(!.o, nu!,, li ,, ., .Xlai'i.-i:;, R.inu/., 1, •''' iinpieri, Tariaii,
and /.mv en an. In .dl ihclo arc line lulLclions it
[, .IK,-.
'I lie .-Vliiclli tower, biiili in 1 i "O, is \\~ f.rglll^
fi-.tan.la ipaaitcr in hci;;ht. The (I u il. ii'ia lo.ver,
■vvlii li wa- buiit the year following, is i>;.l\- 1 ;i teet in
h . .1 .
T :C Bilo;;ii..'- p. It tc.-r,ili.'lvcs voluniaily ir.il.-r
t'nc prole. iu>ii ol i e pop m ili.- year i t:i', on 1.0:;-
iliii Jii ot bei'vj, •■ ivcin ■ I by th ir lenatc; ol no'iiina-
iinu, ..n aii'lKoi 1)1 1 .. R i;-, .mi h.ivmii an a'lii'.ilfid'ir
al K'liiie. .V minimal iemic lor.i.biiulv lelid. ^ licrc,
a".d has I'.ii ■;! .inids a lomp.iny ''t SaiIs h.iloai. iti-,
all .mollu r ot Irjht hi.il ■.
C li/.ens WW. X 1 1 1 dv wh.-n tlicv '.\ali< alv'.ad.
\\ "Hull .ue.ir I l.iivl I'l ciol'c i^owii Initl. lud, v.iili
(I. . 'icb down 1' liic . u'.n;-; wIkm they i:,o o'.it tiic\
i; 'Vei theniicivv' . wiili ili- cnd.ulo.
The mai:ufai.ii.'-- .ac dam. Iks, I'm in-, talV.itie-,
v.lets, craiio, '■ ti. s, and ]iap r. The;, exjioit
lienip, 11.;.^, w.i\, .mJ. I; :;-v. '1 li ir niaciron:, to-
ll. uco, and fiuiti, ate !rL;liK elle.. iiied ; ..nd their 1-r, 'cd
ill l.ip-d.ij- h.\s b.cn lon^ a:,d j', iiei illy i.no'.'.n. The
iii.iik.ei. .IK pleatiiiiliy liiiiplied Willi pio'.'iiii'iis, g') "1
111 ill. a kind; l:o.,-;ne.it ii jiaiticiil uK ixcellent ; ai.d
tile'! ham^ and r.uil.ie:,cs are ;jen.ra!ly in repute. Tiny
■jh.i ■, xeel in Iiliji, peifumes, and irtiricia! (lowers.
Th. y have abvindanc. of walnuts; .ind I'lieir nuinies,
gi.ipL-:, melons, and triiflles, are reniark.ibly line.
I he piiiieipal place in the liiichy ot Ferrara (which
du..hv w.ii aimcxcel to the cttlefiallical llatc in 1 ^97) i,.
Ny, 'il.
I'Vrraia, once a nug;niric-cntcity, but now gro.uly lallcn
10 decay.
Roina'i,na, whii h was given to the lie of Ruinr by
I'cpin, king ot France, is a lertile province. The
ehiet places are
Rovina, now a decayed city, but firmerly th. mod
celebrated of all iheRuin.in le.i-poris. In'the l.irgc
markit-placeare two lolty pilj.us of granate, on whuli
.ate the Ihituts of St. Victor and St. Apollinaris; anil
alio a Ixals llitiie of I'ope Aleximler V'll. fitting,
the iiliuil attitiulc ol the pipe in all llatiics anil
public mi>i:i.;meiit-. The cathedral is a i'.atcly old
fabric.
Rimini, the ancient Ariminiini, on the Adriati. , is
now tijivatly declined, tliouLjh tome lennins ot its an-
cient liilendor are tbll to be teen. IJehiii 1 the C.i-
piichlns :onveiit are fome remains of an .imphitlicaire;
and over the Mirecchi.i is a llatelv bridge of m.\rble,
built or rep.ineii \>: niigiillu- and Tirerius. In the
middle ol the .irea, befoi.' the council-houle, is an
elegant t mntain. Tl.e tpieiulid library of count Cia-
balonga is well worth a tra'.eiler's notice.
The duchv ot Urbir.o is one or the leal! fertile in
lia|\-, and ilms not co;;iain anv rem.irk.u.L- place bur.
L'riiino, celebraied lor huin-j uiven birth to I'of.dore
V'iruil, the hiiloii.in, and R.iphaei, theiiaiiiter.
The marquif.t. ut /\.;^ona, on tlie Adriatic, ha: a
lertile toil, and contains
Ancona, a be.iiititul and convenient l.'.-bour; and
beinij, a tree port, and the only conf able one which
the pope ha.i in tiie Adriatic, there ir a tlouriihing trade
here. The chief exportation is of arun, wool, and
lilk. Ancona appear well from the lea, hiit is a nicll
wretched lo'.vn wnhin, tiiU ol trad.- and liench. In
the i hiel Iheet tlv.re is r.iom luit for one carriage to
pals. The mole is a very tine work, ad.irned with an
antique truimphal ariii, ol wliitc marble, of g'od pro-
portions, and ucU picl'erved, erectul in iioinur of
Tr.nan. There is alio a m.jdern a:ch, m honour of
ji 'pe Uenedii^ Xl\'. by V.iiivielli.
Loretio, a imall city, 15 miles fpim .Xneona, is the
l>e ol .1 bilhop. The clrciimllancev.lu.il rviul.rs this
city t!e mo'.l patiicularly tamous, i> the Santa Cal'a, the
Holv l-IoLiie or Chapel of Our Lady. The walb of
1 1'.- 1 filv I ("ii!e (as may be ciliU lien on ihe iniide)
iieot'bn.k, with Ionic tl;.; biisofllone interniiX'.'d.
r iwares tliC eal' end there i-. a leparation made liy
I giatc'.vork oi liiver; this they c. ill the fancliiary ;
and here liands the image of ihe \'iri;in in liiver, in
a nieh made, as tluy pretend, of cedar of Lebaimn,
and c.irv.d by St. Lui^e. She h.as a triple crown on
her heavl, and holds the image ot Our Saviour eover-
e.l with iii.imonils. In h.er left hand llie carries;",
golden gl '^e; and two lingers of her right are held up,
as in tlie act: ot bbtling. The f.incluarv i.s crowded
wi;h lixty-twogri ii lamps, 01 gold and tilvcr. One of
the golden oik-, which was pielentid b\ th.- republic
oi Venice, w.igiis thirty-lcvcn pounds. There ate
alio .ingels atleinling; one u! miiiiv.' .-.old, an. I two of
liiver; and the walls are covered wr.li plates 01 liiver.
All who enter the chaivl armed ar- i xei.):nmunicared.
I'oor wretches a;v continuaih era.'. lin-.i, round it on
their knees. It t'le lie .fun- \\ ithin th, liolv walls Ijc
i.iipriling, the poveit\ wahoiit is no leh to. Such
111 lis ot begg.irs, and to e\cclUvely importunate !
Thecountiv is ilelighMiil and weiU iiltivated, walli-
ed bv two river-, and dilbiluued into lillis and valhes,
iii'undeel b\ mouniiiiis.
The tcrritor\ nf I'eru ;ia contains th.e lake near
winch Hannibal dL'.e.it.d tlie Rom ms under th. c iiviil
riamiiiius; and du lown o^ I'enigu is only n.icd tor
havinn; been once taken 1 y the Uodis alter a leveii
\ears liege.
The territory of Orvieto cont.iin a ton 11 of the lame
name, which is fiipplied with waiir troni a well cut
iiiio a riick 250 cubits deep.
The duchy of Spolcto is lolcra'-ily leiiile, and con-
lain-
10 R Spolcto,
8.)4 A NKW, ROYAl. and AITIIFNTIC SYSTFM ot TXIVFRSAL r.FOf.RAPI lY.
M|:'^:./|i'^
rp.'lcto, .1IU n-i)(ly line <'t il'C m-ll ( ilc'ir.Uiil iiuini-
cijal to^vii- 111 Ita''., .ml <.\\:\ now ilu- Cipit.il b( ihc
iIulIu. It li.r a cilc! r.iU'J .•niimliKt, l>v uliitli w at il-
ls coiucycil tiDiii mount Si. l•^anli^u\l.■|■ a v.ilLy totlu'
titx aiul lal'il. .
Tcini IS a Will i'M^li andv.\ll mli.ilvii.ii t"wii, :iiul
tliiliv I ! a liilliop. Tlu' niii'.' 1)1 an iiiicicnt tlicatii-
arc- llill viliMc : ami ii >t t'ai li. ni litnic i^ ilif taiiiDu^
tafcuK- toinuil l>v tlw i,.ll ■ t ilif nvi-r Mlmo, v.Ii.lIi
rulli.s ilo.vn.i pUiipKi- an li'iiulitil varil- lii;j,li.
Till" priiu ip.il pLK> 111 til.- p.uiiii'.iinv ot St. Vcuv i'.
^^tl.-ll)^', tlif i.'.piial, I pi iiy lo.Mi, liiualtil in a
plain, .It ilio foul < i' ill.- ir.o'.iiit li'i. Scwr-il liiiiarc
liiity lowiT-- prinhui- an a^rc-alilc crii.'t ai a ilill.iiitt-.
It is wlII luuli ; ilic lu'Ui'is .111- in a ^ ukI t.illi-. TIrtc
aiv ibnic pr>ity toiritaiiis aiui llniu- ti'i'iits criluirili. >-,
in a fjootl llilf ol ari-luici."nin.'. TIk- Ihvcts arc pavtd
will 'Iiy wit !i lua, :n I'lcc. - i:>);ii lour to i-iglii Icfi in
Icnotli. Over a riv.i-. i.iilai Ni-ui, in ili> p.in oi Italy,
ari- 10 1 I' Ian ilu' rcmiias it tin.- biuloc ot AiimilU.
AiiiTilii'i; I'l il,e.K-cinint ol Mr. AJililon, it ib one ot
the I'iatc-li.ll mi;; ui ItiK ; t«n I'miieli it li i^ no cc-
nieni, it look^ .i-. linn a oiu-likiu' lionc. ()iii of ilu.
artlic rcm:'.inj uilvoU, :i.
Till- C..;v.p.-.'.::ia lic Ronn. anieiitlv l.aiiiini, has
niaiu likes, .iiul a i-ic!i i.uUr.\.;ti.i I iil, aiul C'Mit.un
liu" follo-Aiiyj; p'.,i'. '.-» :
Roni'.', tli i.ipit.il an 1 K :t of the R'^nian i-miiiri.,
anil iKAV tlu- licul ot ;iic Ri^iiiiin Catlioli. rL-!i(;ion.
NotliiiiiiC.iii I'c nioro r.v.ij^;iilii.-tnt than the entr.tnic
into Rome In the P' iria if I I'^polo. TluToail i tine,
th.c aj'jiroaeh b.autiful, :'ivl ihc gate hanilf.inie. Tlu
traveller immi-iluiicly enters a luge aria, from ih t.ir-
ther fi.leof wliiei! he lees iIk ilir.c prineipiil Ihiil' of
the I irv ili\etjiii;;, ami Haiik.il by the tronis ul two
lian<lii)me iluiuhes. In the mi'ii'le is a nobic l',i;\ptian
obt-lilk, ami a |. unt.fin.
Rome IS .r--ait tliirtnii miles in ur. oil, me;iliirin';
rounil the w.ili, u hiili is linole. :mil VMlliolit am ilili li,
ill ffiided I'lib b^ Ionic tow. r ami b illion-. Tlie .ui-
Cicni w.iil it A'.i.e- n i,et in ivai ji.rt reiii.iir.-. 'l'h<.-
titv, lli.ref n, .5 li;ll it the ' iiii;; e\!ent, though llie
pre!ent po; iil.iii I) .s oi.i' iibina i''c,o o.
The feveii hiil areiii' Avmiine, C"a;.itu'.in.', C. li m,
F-tqnilu c, I'.i! tin , (Viiiiia:, a d Vniiin J ; an-.l, be-
liiles ihele, I'l i.- iie Al ni,- t'el: 1 ■ aiul Cilona, th.
Janiculum ami \ .luaii, tje l'iiui.i:i, .-.nd tiie MoiUe
IVliaC' i.\
Th. inhi'.b I m^- o- mi;.itin Ror.-,-.- hive, 1:1 a niannei,
iUttiietiveti liii'5 I) V1.I.1-, e liXeiis, ;;..uleii , and
V!iie\.-a 's, in 01 'ev to riiia! :i l!:. 1 's,\ |)arls; ani tin-
Camrii' Man-i;^ is he. 1 m.- o ,e ^ t ihc moii. populous
t]uauer> it ill ' I :i' . 1'. I h. lb arc nini h 1 1^ lonli-
lier.ible t!:. !i they w. 'e ... 1 :ill' , line- the vallie. have
been fii.e., i^p vMl'-. e;iur,ii -v i|i;ai-ititi s ..; nibbiili.
It -i^. ul . ! '■ dilli. 1;!: t 1 in VeV :'.Ii\ leeao' the lin:li!er
tl
and lc!s re.",i!.ii lliei i . :n :< lur.il, le '.vevei , ue eaii-
not avoid i.;)i rvme t'.v- ii -.lue iiUNtnre ol intei-elt;nL::
uml m.igiiitic. 'it \Miii comnij:! ;i;id be^iarh' obieds :
p^Jace--, liiuiile. s l''n;itai.i , ar,.! ilie tnieil lemains oi
aniKU)i;v, uuh ra<.". po\eriy, am! tilth.
ThiTc are iiuiiu Pi.i/,/,e, or V
as the Fr^ni li
call them. T li. pria ipal ornamenii ul t!i le l':.i. -./'-,
or open aria- "i R'.>:ne, are the lountaiii . Thai in
the l'ia/7.a Na\oiia i- tlie mod inagniticcnt in thc
whole V, orl.l. It 1:, avi.ll rock, pieieed tiunugh and
through, lo as ti b,; "iivided into tmir pans, wliitli
mule at the tup, u! ere thcxbelilk is placed. Tow. 11 .Is
the bottom of caeh part of the rock is feated a cofili'al
hgiiic, rep'elemiii^the pnneipa! 1 ivcrs uith tlr iratiii-
btiies.
The abaindantc ot touniaiir in Rome ;:,i\es an an i^l
cooln.ls, lite-, and inoiion,- lu th whoK i.ity : bui ii is
a great milbike to conehide tiojii theiii e, as m.un h.ue
tlone, that it i^ plentitnlly tupplud with good watei ;
for ih,- reverie u really the Cile.
The river Tibc divides i! e i i!\, pripriK lb ealhd,
from the TiaiiiUvere, or quart a" wherein ij the ehuiLh
ul S. IVtir, and the palaee ol tl,c \ at can. '1 ,, . n
Vir is about -iM5feei uul-, .it the biid-eof S. ,\n d •
.iml IS navigable tor pa-.it ba.ijue,. I h, w.iter is iif
low and tiabid.
There aie now tin 1- Ijndr.es at Rome, vr. tii.i „.
S. Aii^cl'i, .ineieiitly I'oiis Aeliu^ leadrij;to;h 1 .■ .
I'onle Celiio, or of S. Haiiotomvi, am ie;uiv I',,;,^
l'".ibiii'us; .md I'oni ■ Sillo, aneieiuly I'on. j.iru,.
lentil. Rome tormerlv h.ul u\ brui'.-e-.
Of the antii|iiiiicso: Rome tie amphiih' atie efil-rs
thelirll rank. There ai. i onlld.eiable remains t;! tin;
whieh was bepun by Vefpanai. and linillud by Do.
mil ian, called tlie C-lilk-iim. Twelve thou'aiai jcmI'i
captives v.-erc emp'oycd 1 y Viip/.-im in this I iiiLan ,
wmeli I- laid to have been i.ijuble ot eoniainln" u-.-
wards oi'6s,.3Do fjvetatois. It has Iv.en ihippe I ot ,1 1
lis MiaLMiitiA-nt pill. lis and ornaments at various time ,
uid b van 'ii-eii. mic". The.eaie ili. ni. hi', 1 I (' ,;,-
liu.tiuc, Tiiu^.iml Septimus Sev.iu-. In thet'i'ui-)
\a liioaic the vtneiable remains ot levi-al liatel.
bu flmsi .
Th- bitlis (liTit'i-, CaMea'i, and l^i le!. i' m, i,-.
t.lin fv'ir.c vellije- ot tlieii .im 1. nt <.ni- 'eui. '!"i 1
edill e^ were not niereh- ilui;.'.iud I e b., thine,, but 1 e
.c.idemies, .ual the i!\ nmai! e .. \t.-\ lU ; .uul a!',i i vi-
tumd libiai les and lab'nctsui euioliues.
Ti ere w-ere h-ver.d Ipuious ciriul. s .a Ren;r. T'.e
two noble lohimiis ot rni.iii .-iml An'oiiiuir, .11. uiil
l.nov.n; as are the Rom.iii, ami le-. eral i thei l.aue-
uiliieeil^-. Til M.iiilokuni "t All iillu . and ili.it t'
.■\diian, claim the notice ot ir,;ve!l-r ; as d > n.ii.
Fyv]iti.m .ibeh:ks let up, .md llree o'l |!:. r,i''iin !.
(M the umples, and, imbed, ot .lil tlu I ui'.i! n s
which an rent R -me l',;s |.. ,t u , ilic p.milis 11 i- i ;-
tainly th.- mull noble ami perlifl. The portico hu
ei.dit jiiifirs in fiiint. and three pillais, with une pd" I'.r,
on ill. liil.s, allot gran te, \,i,ii C'orinilr.m (.I'm. l-
and balemeiils; b,:' n nv o! th in i.x.ict'v ot the r.ane
!l/. . 'I'll. in'Uii lien I' on tl-,e o'ce. 'I h ou li 'e I
the.s'.iole biiddiiiiT v. iS en. lulled \. lili n. rb'e. Te.
p II ci) and ootl_\ (li -di c'liic; w.iepreeil!\ bu It .1;
(\]\t.: ni tiMc . lie, dome is ve'v ) lull, l-.-i 111 s
j^!or\ wa probabb. eo\e.eu' u nil pl.it. s e; ever. 1 in-
11. !i le ! I .itii! omely tilted u|i. 0,.p> lite to .h I'o. : ;s
t'i ele.it .il. I ; ,11. d on e :el'. Ii.'eo! t h ;t four ; t' cr al'.,: .
It .1 It pi 1 111 I "iV' ltd iiui.. i ,. iem , luael.. -.'. ' ., !•,
roni Its I ill ul. IV iig-ne, i- eoui-u i.l\ ...l'n..i R uili.l.i.
ficre.ue al-otl.e r.iins ot te'. eral te.iu'Ls, t';i..-.i: s .uei
p.ae, . Th'.- 1 ..' .lonib, . r lep. a,. ...,-.% e r d ad i o-
d;e , in ti'.e Del :hi)'.uih- od •'. Rtjuie, ill e cu on-.
\'i nil r. LHl'd t I tiie mo ieni cu-'miiiks oi' Rome,
ill y a:e .-.s variou^and tin;'u: ,r as the renia'u' ot ann-
qi.ity. it contain _:;oo cl uriirj , lii'i-d m iti .ill r 11 -:
raie ui e.ii '.iie.'iiii-e. pe.mt:--. ■. . .ei.! I 'iljf.ee. 'J...
eliure!; > i .-i:. P.i.:, at Ro,,..-, - th 1110;; alionilb.ui.i,
1 lii.l, .;ad It '.il • 1 .b-'ie, ili.e. p ' :'ps c \ er e.xili- d ; . I'-i
when I .\a;iiai il iiv th. rel - o; art, the i'el! uidu^'
aver 1; may i.eurmed i.uihl.i-.
Tlu- Vata.in i. a vatt p>.ii..e, but i,e;y irrepul.-.r,
lrii.ii)i.i Ir !i built at mae.v diilereiit tiir.v . It is
.ilae.d with the iroii malii d\ . prodi ctaMis ol the
pel. Ill; c ntaiii'- a librarv, cor,, poled it the eh eicell
•-'I k-. .aid iu.iniileri|ils, toecthei with a c.ilanet I'l pleti
wall ail th.ii tan gratih the virtuuli.. The pop, \
l.iiiiiiici j.alaee is on Monte Ca.vaho, on the (.i;_iiriii.il
1 lili. 'I he garden is .ilmoll a miie 1 a;iid. Tliereare
laiie It.itu. s m il, a t;i^r nio, and a tailino, i il'r li t' e
I '.ilieedioule. Tlierc are leveral other pdace , m ii:-
iiiiietntlv built, and fup iblv oinameiiteti.
I'or the pro. union o! litr-iature. then' .uc three col-
leee-,, and m.ini public lier.uie , in Rome.
Rome is ma a [il.ue o! amuf. m.iu tor ihe g.'\' ,,nd
dillipuiett; no purTc Ip. ctaile. bene' .illowed, . .-4 -
I pt derlnj'j ill- time of the carmv.il, which fills loim
ihe lev mil oi January to Alli-wulneid.'.y. Then, in-
d.ed, ihr\ art: attended with e.ii ..id'iur iiiikr.own in
I apilals where thi.- iniuiliiianls ate untler no l.a.li o,.
lliaiiit. Seven or tu?Ja theatri s .-i^c open ; the prni-
ciial
\I. r.FOf.RAPIIY
u\- III il.i' \ :it rin. 1 ,,\ n
•.-, .11 the hi III. -,,1 S. Anil .,
t l);\;t[i.Ci. I h U.K. I ,s \^;
rulp,i-s at Hi.iv.f. w. il, .t (,^
•- Arliih, l(.':uiri;;ti) :1' , ,• , .
H.i;t()lM!i]v.<, :imli!ulv l',,-i,
\i\'<, ,i:ii.i.:i:!y I'oii, j. ;,-ui-
i.iil ii\ hriilj'i--.
onK- til am|>liiilii ;ifri.' ii.ii-<i
lonlidcnlili; rciiviiir n! ilu;
iVii-vi. a:iil lit)illii\l liv I),i.
mil. Twj.iw thi)i!';ii:il ji-Aii!,
y V\!'[r'.;iin i;i iliii 1 uiliiiii ,
■n i.ipalili' o| (iiiiiiinin^^ up.
IS. li h:is 1), in thipjif I vi ,1 1
i! <irn.i;r.c-ms m vaiious ti;r,p ,
Tlierc:iic ili. ni. li. -^ i I (' , i
iniiis Sfv.iii-. 1:1 iln- I'l'ni >
)li; :■^.■Il).llll^ ol' l(.V4.";;l li.'.Ul.
'.ir.i'j:i''\. niul !>i;i. l.l'iii, if.
ifir .iiu 1, Ml ;<r \- 'iiu. 'I"i 1
i.Kii;.'.nv(i I i; l)..ilu:i<-., I ui | <
Ml! !■ 1. M'l III- ; .ukI a!' 1 1 u,-
uni-- L'iriiil. ^ .'.t Ri.tv.r. T'.i-
r i|:iii ■.vu\ Aii'i.niiius ,v. ui il
111, ami It", tral • iIki I .mi ;
Itiini III All mill , :uii.l iliii I
Lf I't ir.'.Vfll r- ; as ili ii.a
aiiil ili'ci' D'l t''. f,r..iiii I.
iniln.ll, i:t .'.il ilu I iii'>! ,' s
> I. it II . ilic luiiih.'i n I- i ,.
ml ptTli I't. 'i'lk- poti;ti> h u
tlutc pill:ii«,with one I il; fir,
I tf, \> i.'.i CiMiiiili'.in ( .'.'lii, 1-
ii! til. in I X.lCl'v ot tl:i- l.ir.U'
i;:i t'.'.i- il u'.'f. '1 h iMi li 'v 1
flu llll'lll \. li'il 11. lii'c. T.
(•'nil.; w. If pii '.' us\ III. It ..;
wmc IS vi'i \ ] Lull, l-'i 111 1
til u nil pl.ilis r! ,;' ,i-:. J !';■
il lip. 0|'|i' Iiu 111 .li I'li ■ lb
cl; li.icil t'l'.! tour; t' it:,!'..: .
nil i.i r.,.,li-in . luiirl,. u' ,, I ,
i- t'lln'i, l.lv I .iliid R till).'..;.
k-. .'..-il [c iipL'., til. .-.f : ■;. .'.''.I
., . r icp..; ,...\'N I, r il. .Ill i u-
I'll I '. Rini'.f, .■'.II- ci; •>n>.
no :t,T:i ci:"i ilillis of Ronv,-,
il;".i: ii .Is I'lr ifni.i'ii= nt iii;:;-
! iiiiir.- , lil'fl M ii'i .ill t' 1'. •:
iint'--.'. .i:k1 r iil|tii;c. 'J'l..
1.11. 11. ■, ill iiuii: aliii;iill;iii.:,
til..; ;- ' 'p.s i\ci fXili il ; . :• I
ri;l. -■ o; :i:[, llii- i<i.ii Ukioo
iilll. h.
t p.i!..L<', !nit \t"v irrigul.-.i,
iKi,;v tliik'nnt tun. . It is
m.iiii il\ . prmli cMi'iis ot the
A , Cii!-.:| ilfil I t the chiic; ll
oi_;ith(.i V. .ll, .1 t iLiiict iijMtt.
t^ the virtuiil.i. 'I'ia- pup \
lite C.ivalin, nil ihi. Q;_i:i::i,il
noil a iniif i .'■.n..l. Tlicif .lu
lu, anil a talhiu', (ill il i' t
i; Icvcial ollicT pilatt.- , iinv;-
iMy omaiiunicii.
liii-iaimv, ilii-'i- .in; tliifi; col-
r. r.irif , in Rmiiic.
II ailiul. Ill; lit iiir ihf i.\..\' .ivl
p. litaik-. hi 'I;.' ,'lllAVlii, >.x-
the- cainiv.il, wliiih i.ilU li.nii
1 Alii-WiiliHiil .y, 'I'licn, in-
with ;'.ii ..hi. .Ill ii:ik:-..)-.Mi in
laiits aif mull- ii > I.h.Ii <■.
. .'hcat.'.-- a.f ()['i,ii; (iic |iiii;
tip.il
I
i
/ii/nfn
/
HANKI'S's. ^"r. L,f,ij, <y i^\X^(\\\^^'\\\ /n//,'.,/i,,/ /■>/ //,,/„/. ////,
y.tft t/i <y
/•///.
/
\\\
',9
-^^ tin ilM^.
m
/ii/'n/i'i,
7 }JANKi:S
l.;.. /,r
"/
(SKOCKAl
in' ^/l/L/i,,//',/ A)'/////. //,
7 'T
IN///, 7 //
7
" ' iL»
\ ■<
II nni
LJi.;
W:
, p
:^^
f!. !■
^¥'
' '//'^ '///t/(> ,/ ///I / /,■> 'Ir// ///> \it///i,i. )
111 1
iir,,I
'111.
"1
i.i i
loci
Idl
lit.,
Ii.ll.
c-.u.i
Kill ■
a
(he V
'\
I'UL
Ap
1
nil)
\^■^^■
t'lllll
In'
I'l
liCI
i I, ■•!
y /if///f/' lN///rHti/
/,/:..)
O*^
/./.. )
cial 'it' uiii h ai'f ti
I 1"
Arientbia, Alihcrti, TcrdinoiK,
,'.IU
I Cipr
n.'i. 'I'i'.c lw,i liill Uiv ,i|)|(r"|)ii;',t (I to le-
n III-,
kill''.
oi)cia., iiic iliiid lo plays,
itl the lail tu h
N.
W'liiu-n -.v.- p-rmuictl lo iipp.'.ir up lii ti.i.'
A L Y. Sgj
One of tlic infccls iilmofl peculiar tu tic kingdom
dI Naples is tlic tarantula, x kinil of Ipidcr, wltli
wliiiliit abouiuls. Tiu- ]>; ilonv hit In this iiUtCt r.rc
laikil liv ilk.' Italian-. /i7>v;«/c/rf/;. I'cw of iutli iinl
i!:f.
hut c.ilii.iii pl-y ill'' k'inali.' part-
1)
iiniiii '.lie
earn IV
nml li'
il tl
I' re
luc ailo lelLuuHS or bal'-, nu((iii i.ides
Hut iiu)i;f;lipuMiL' 'livL-v
!c not u!ua
CXl 1
ll
wi ar
rnival ti;n ■, yet ilic lieqiieticy anil poin|
llvalli
1
•I leliiii !ii5 tunc
livin-, i:i 1 'iiie tl
:i;iuMU
'I'll,- co;iiiiii>n people arc in a ternnrit tlurinu, all t!i
iiau'
if I lie I'litei'v, wliii.-
h i-. dr
!it times a vear.
le ra'ie lor il, thai th ■ ipi unity ol l>ie;',il hakeci
in t
lieeitv is at tlkli.- leal(
■iil'j
, lali
ly kis llian vilual.
In !liiiri, it 1.1 he iucuil whieh i unl'uuies w
hattli.
cater-
iilla
ar luul leli.
onie h IS fo:i!.- r.ianuiai'
liin'
'lilk.
hut I he ante
rial js had, and, when \\r.iuj,iii, it is iieiilier
n r Icrvie an
•I'lu-
artiel.s of exp inaiiun an
:K
leal fl
nriiiL's,
head.
ariilKia'
lii:n
lie
;io:natimi', ellen.iS
il.
(f
1^1 OS
, hulls
wers, iKi-
tails, an.l ..uh trifl 'i. Medals, llauies, hulls, paintiiu
andy/.m'n of marine , make an artieV oi lonimer...
I'loviiums ae pkmi'ul and ^'aod. 'I'Iku' •jilclLi
tiio'i'dna i-. pariiiularh tx.ehen!, as is :'.'l'o ih.eir IwineV
ll ill. Til' w n! meat i- ni'.itt.m. Tliey have eapreiti,
<ii kid; and ihc veni'.on ol wild deer, iir (.api'tok, Inn
M.;y 1 .III. P r. vipine IS alii) ('nietimes (old in llie
mark ts. 1' n iry "ai; 1 uild ioaI .'ae tine and plentiiul.
'I'i ev ^atadl.irts df iraall Imd, d.'V.n to ilievvrc.';
a .d les.ial i'lrd- v.-l/uli ue ne\er l.ikh; a liiwks,
l.iy-, m.i'jpies and '.^l■o^lp.e'^er^. Tlie\ li.ive a ;4o.'d
"v.uiety (it lilli, liiih ol liie li'i.lh water and ot the lea.
The vr ot Rnme is reekuned ^ood tor alihniatie
p pi ■ in wi:it( r. T:;e elini.ite l^ miid, the troll, flight,
•lu.l ih .n l.^ iieneiady inelt!ni;as ii tall'-. Tlieie are
|.)m I'll ■^ thuk, it-nking to^is, Init they are not very
lupiint, and !', iieially dii'perle hefore noon. In liim-
n;ei .on, I. pait- ot i!ie iii\ are I'uppoted to he unwhole-
fii;;e; n.ir '.vill tlie mol' .nd.iueiu pe'lun (ieep on a
gr niul ll.ior duniii; till- fi-a.on. Th.- country alxnit
Roiiiei^ iii'ii'v flat, and lairnl, hcini'. c iveied Willi
\,i i!i,e afne , .. al liie hil's are eaUraeou-.
s lii)ni Rome. Ti'e ht laiion
1
ll i. a- 'H.t I.
lit
IS a '.M\t> In
il-er..ll. r«e
ip:
'I'i
..mil Upi'll <.:
u- anci ui n..;n
iiii Ol a tenii
t the
Tilvi:
The eaihe
'11
!|. ' 1) .i'.,!s "I 'J r oil iMl.s li. Ill the nv.r ah;,), n
, V rone, w a li,
fe
titai
.ri'.i' a no;)
uil iiiii, h;'ai
k'cal'iA'
lie
,1 1 C.
.'d.el
.lel ;ue;
1^
alio a d M> I'-i^
t..li.id. I
Kill 'litis .
N.iiiUM, ml
,1 ill VI. '.\ ll
ilioiiJ; ^o
.■, and level al
Liiur are eK-
in ihe
M\ at
ll! ll UK
^ IV aie l.
;e 1 1
t liii.i.nn.'
auh.e villa ol .Miiieni.
liiil niui.tl um[
t me
i)U')-l
s i an hear the liglit of hfuk or bine
perl on
d. lif.'Jiteil with red and ^r^en object-.
Tl
appy
hut lean
lev are alto
d with an averlion to eating trail or ve.!,aables. A
mehmclioly tileiuc, and alixedeve, areili. lirll tvm[)-
toir.sliy v.liich the hi'eof tlu t.ir.intuia dilcovers itfeli',
and the imilie i^ iminetliati 1\ called in to roii/.ethe pa-
tieni 10 a vioknt ni.iti.in, and by ihal means to pi o-
perlpiraii' n antl a
ments i hkili- tiled are the i:iiitt.i
Violm.
and Siciian kettle tlr
Iw.at. Tile inllru-
laiitbov, trumpet.
Th.
country peeipl
who are more or lets tkillctl in all the c inllruments,
enforce the operatim ol their iniitic by grimaces and
odil tielliciilations. The tai'anto!:iii, on their tide .i-
lilv
exeit themlflves, rcsiinatui" their iiu.ti<in> ac-
oidiiig to the mull;., nil ihe venom is (luite expe
Ik
'I'his exercile and lure torn.. times take, up live or ti.\;
I hat
the\ aie kepi lontiiuialh clancing
iill'
tliac lime, but, vvlkn niture leems to be e.\haul!ed, tne
,11
mulic 1^ tupend..il, I'nd t'.e patient jjut t.i ti.il, w,
lovued, and a lud.oinie cordial admiiiillered. 1. is re-
ni.irkai le, that the p.\!i. ii;, o;i iee.>\ery, remembers
no.hing ofwh.it p. , if. d during tlie prevalence oi the
difrdei; I'lul tli.it if ih.e cure he not pertecUy
elieci-ed, and the po.l'.m entirely vxi-ellcd, the lame
tvmpioms raurn the iueccediiig ye.ir,et'i)ecial'y during
the iuinmer heats; and lii^me have laboured under this
terrible diforder, at iniervals, (or ten, iwentv, or tliirty
\ea.rs.
The kingol Napus, or of the Two -Sicilies, is an he-
reditary monaicii. The high colleges ar, the council
ot Hate, the privy-council, the tr alury, the Sicily
C'luiieihlhe council oi war, Jcc. The title of the king's
cldellfin IS prince of Cai.ihri i.
The city of Napieisone of the m..|'; a;.n'e^able
places in the world to r. Ii,le in. Tl e climate is mild,
i ihe lituatioii ailinir.ilile, liu city g.iv and popul .u-, and
j the environs ..leautiful and inter. fling, ll .sab iiirinc
Ivigl 111 miles in ciuiiii. The principal llre-.t (Stiada,
Tuicil')) IS about I lyo vard'-l au',, wide, llraigln, and
wc.l built. In the heart ot tlu' cii\ the llrect^ are nar-
lovv, and, becaufe (he houfes arc lii;.;h, tli.y aregloomy
d
T
le paveiiHi
,t of .ill is a dark lava. The
(piares are gener.iilv Imau and irreg'
.en- .'ire in the tiime 1 ad talle.
i'lie foun-
'I'o r pel an enemy bv fea, there i^, to the well,
CilK! del V>\-.'. Tow.ud th..' e'.il are liime batf^rie-,
the b:iliion- u! the arlenal, and Caitcl Nuovo. A
blmk-li
I alien
delend
iViOUlh ot th
liar'
Th.- ilock-\aril and mag:'./.in,'s are tpacious.
The
haibuur is i.ithei tu'J c
of art.
vinlincJ.
1 IS entire
1>
A:chiti',^un- i-. bv no iii.an^ in .i p/iod talle at
N
Oi
eluH'ce.i- lad npwaids. tlnre i- not
ilv c.ll d. lilt radiei ,i \..'ia, one ol one, uiih a tioni .r p r.i..
U lliCtl
any merit ;
llie 111
Tf
li el
' nit.
'IlliilU .1 !
iviiiie (.1
'.; n ill iv
it « ill lieie
t I ,ie^..in arcliit.caire.
manvofth-m, mdejil, preleni iuithin<
but a
lare w
all.
lake
iiliaiore in oiiteiviiv'
;Ur
the
liic
Ap nnines.
Th Ink
mouiii 'in, whicli yiel
riiiaiioii ■: ne.v Tibuitine H'.ne Irom
tl
The cimI archilec'lu.
liall!
Napl.
s Is \:\ no lietter a
lie than the cede
■J'
leir tiuilUin.is .
ieav\,
u
af Si
In. ill the cahai'vous i and cr.iw,
with gii.aii
iir.)mmenc-s.
M
u'ino conlilli onh o
The king's palaie has .i hand.oiiie Ironl.
dec, irated
\ all tlir.e ,'i'ilers,
D.a-i.
v^orii'tiiian, am.itr-
! \\ uie
but the innabitanis iini. e
nt ll:
iir, ;Ue,
d a[ianments luitaileto the
it'iei than lain or liio'.> i\aK r.
liave no
lenii. i-, arc < i\\
chuiche . '1 tie I 1'., ll
1.1 ihe f.unt, ai.d toiu i i;
In the wiiol
thic cnllV, Ills, .illvl tlVi
lal'itanis. Tlie pictuies in it are bui lev
,it
o' me c ur 1 cs I', ll
'I'l.e p.dacs ot ihe nubihty aie
lariie. with [ow'X lu
ledicaied ot apartineiu ., and a gr-.'.it gallery l.ir tue lecepii
.1. ..iliesaiid
.1 hi'
llatue.
'1
comivinv.
Ill ol
1 Su
A'.' I r.s i. tl
he laig.ll dale ol
kill runlici arc the huildmg
off
of N
'l.'d f .'. ..'iK .Sicily on till, lid ihe
cilMa. w.iciie,' tlie km
lidv. I ^'
I'I no III M
lel'cs .Sicily, is clled king o
ai' I- ho',, and the I 'll lii'.if; lui' tee
m.ide li.;iii def'_j,iis ol V )ni uv.l. 'I I
w'.r.iantitjue ll.iiik-, louiul .'.t CuiU.i.
ic unnerlitv,
II, I- .;d I'll ll
I'.i.l.
hkewiie pol- leeiiiie : ere in.heologv, medici;. ', pnl.i cs, law. ma-
ihc i'w,) Sicih s. The ,. ihematk-, phvlic, lulloiy.ilie luMi iiiitr
iiiimb.r ot 111-
l,cl'
and tl
le II. ijueiii ear
thiji
ike.-..
len-
der ihe couati} , in gaieial, unpieal.iiu.
al
linraries are
tlu
iluit of the
Segt,iJj
, Si. An:,elo ii Mid.>; .S. rh.hpp ) Ne
n ; till!
prLicvi
i
mm
t':i -A
mU\>k"^^
,'l n ,
Sr,f)
A M'.W. ROYAL, a\i)
Al'TIirN'Tir SYSTF.M ot I'MVPRSAl. ^U'OfiRA^[(^
)111U ■■ I>
IT
ir:';i ; llic lOtr.itv.
){ Monte OlivMO, S.
(Jiov.'.nni ili Cuihui.w.i. f^i
. ihfir courlf. have .ui'umii'.itvil iiul'.c wiib
(Iv
Tlicrc ;iic n. ir loiiy
lanlcs, :\ih1 v
lioipiiuN :inil lonlcrvaiorii's ;u
in tl'.i' llicci
made \\iil» ili<-'
nitvincc 111 tlw pi
ilicrcinoa-lHi;j;;irs;uvl ullc in-opK'
'1"! v!t i-. :in .iiiiui.il pr.KitTion .11 N.ipli"
i.v.ih'.c view ot fxliibiinvj;, fli;n^ ot |ic-
ilc--, and ol C'llccuiu; nv liny |ni
their lupixni, or. .1- l.viu- .uc ot opinion
Uiin.'ni o; lir,- 1 lull '■\li"
tor tlie emo-
I't.nls upon ilu- ui cation;
but c:'inloiir iliimi.'i k:A v.^ to Uippoii.' tluit a p.ut only
of I! iiiiiital''.i.' ilon:iii ■I.I .lie ,ippi-.'p;i
ull ol i!i. p'
,u.i.l 10 llie
Tlicr-.
:ii-c thoji^, I oth .u I'oitiuMiul N.iples, v.liric lpci.iinen
ot all tlic v:\riciK'- ol l.iva, .iiul ot tin' otiiei oihll.nue..,
winch are tlnown out in the enipiioiv.. li''tli lout;!' an.i
pohllilil, mav be Ici n .uiil puulMtnl. It will i.il,. ,1,1
hour and a hall to ^'o Iroin I'.iiti. 1 !■' the tool o' ih,
< one; a little inoie than ..n hour to aKend 11 ; .ii.i! a. ,.i
ha't ihat lime tu i ome down a'.i.iiii.
\cl
cluvius 1^ eonip
uted t
o iiKaluie 2.; ivi!' s round n
it^ bate, ami to I c ^694 lett perpe
the K\el of the le,'.
uiieui ir
li-ij>i
Till, '..real the.it re . 1
St.C
iilo, ail'oinnij
lal
lal.iee, i-- \ a
■. ih
11, noM , andele<;inl.
ai theatre,
there IS
1 '1' at o Nuovo, l.l^, ah'
I'U'Kn'.llli, M^^
i;ij t- n.inu, oldirtlum tlu laii.
; to the royal
Tcair.) de'
.1, notwithllaiul-
In the road le.,i',u;t; irur.i th. tulniib^ o: Ciiiia :.
iioito i!el
Monte di Pauti
'1
are the ii mams ol a
tuinb or maulolcum, tuppoleil iobeihat ot \ iij;il,
!i anv tuundation.
It
was orioiiia
11^ in ll.el.ii.n
the
:e tl.re.
,nVr\..tt;n.'. m thi- i ity
tor th
dui ation of b 'V-- 1; t'e prof llion ol nniti
d.i
li ■ ea-'uv.
ne:!,iii- * n ^- L uu 1
IV, and eon-
llI'.IU- ill
1,
!v-' ("inni :i 1 e^
ai e veiv uc\ ou! , or
, ill I ■ p ei to i;.- munieip:
IV il ec, IS (.1
VI. led mio !i -. w
V, rn.il In a •, ■ ■:
live ol wiiK h arc ^o-
uitc'. 01 n
he hi;
oeloii',;-
e\ hll:
l\ io 111. i'lelHim
.'. , rtune, o'.- . iiuii -, '
or :r.. \ or, w 11 h hi- ^lill
klio are dillnlnilvd into
der v;k dirtciionoi an eletio,
t .-t'
'I'hi e IV l-.as nviiuv r wan niiicn or l.imp
,ue w ;r «.
iMk
iia- i" ^11 tj
tile lied i;i many
A ii.e
■t i nominic.'.n, wli.i lias p. rtu.uled th
but <.f
llreci^,
1 tl
ot a p\ramid, but now rcfemUK'- a larj:c .-vin. " I
t H
(lavs Ml. Adilifon) that \'ii.u! was bu.ieil a;
ei It am
Naples, but aim .il a^
rlie ollu r liilc of ilie I. .wii.
'llie eave ot l'..ulllip(
th.it ins i.'mb iK
Ivoad, flia't, !if te'ra-
uou-. roail, h. An I lir. ue'.i a ui'unt.pi'
the
,d leads to i!ie I ik. A.
ciilar, aivl a ni .- in 1. iveumieieiii
an. I, w iiii n is 1
li; I he mid ': ;
th,- tutlatmic^ 1
It S; . ( ,
or Hone ;ipaitn.i'
.1. re the hot ih. air.s 'a|,i h a:ile prodi.i ., a p
perlpiraii'.;;.
11. lU diloi'dei
1! in I, the\ aie nui. Ii tre-iuei'ti.; in \ i-
In a roek near the bank i't;!A!i!..-
[>eijpK l.i tu! I. nne oil toi
I imiv, to ourn
bell
ir.nue . lie ix.' them up in th.- moil (.■nveiiient
pl.UC'
tOiin;
I'n
,;a.l ti.u- luVL. I'.u;'. ilev-.tion to publu .u -
1- th l)oL','>- ( ihtt.., to laileil beeaule a diOv\ i- alv.a;,
niadi ule ot 10 Ihew ibaiiotrs the alhmilhiiii!, i llleis "i
the vajioui III i'.:s eavitvi lor it ad 'ii^ not.- W Ik Id
m the vapour, w uih lloat^wi;:i
ol the grotto, tin. ai'.imal look > all lip,ns
in a toot it the l'.i;t ,
mg
tak. n
lit.
out ot t!;e ti.-into. or ttuow :i mi.) tl
i.'.ei'.'.i.u' a-vi >.heai
oiiltrv, t'/.h'.'-i
<len-lluli'
aivitrli. are alii. .I.Ian; ; iri.it- ami ;: u-<len-ltult are lo
be I a.| ad ur t.r m 1.) liv ur ;!/e a ciiinate. Tli.- n ■-
l.'irv ..-.- t n : ' t Ipiend. 1 and llvw. Alh.ut an luin-
i',.-..! , ! ii-.im ' ,;\e the ti;';e i : ] since ; a liill iJ,re iter
m:.ii e; bia.' t!;:i ••■ di.ke.
In liie mi. '.I ot uU m-Is uwer riots or outra-e
li ipj-.eii ilian m i.n: b. e\jx:i.d. Tin i^ ■ wrin paulv
L.'tiie n.Ui.-nal I'lai io'tei of tlie lia!;.;ns, and partU t.j
il. e.r n :; peo- 1 he. 1-n.aig imiv. r.ally lobcr. 'I heir
sjeal \\i\\:"-: \-> i i.l wuiri and iioilun^ won'. I be I)
i k.lv I - 1 .i.e .. n.i.-m m N iple- a a fcaraiy 'il r e.
It all I .i:,e '.inr the -.11 untaiiv .1' out < 'j.diiein mil;-
otV, 'AI r. piis'-rKi rw :i'- are male p. pi.i.iM 11 ;
and ' i l' n; t - Uie , ! :■■'.'■ a- it is uante-d.
'if ■ ivii. 11 o' N'.iiil a e :..glily iiit-ie'.i::ici to th.
e'ali., il itholir. I'e ni • , ilill, and the a; : -.ii'. .r- .
In o:d r l.. '-. ve-, M ■,: .1 W u\ iU- V n ^o c .ti.er to
!Vir;iei ■.- R.- : ■., a !/.'. ■ i'.m e liia:. '.ju-. m.ie^ !i ^m the
l.^tle:lll• o. ^-^ ;:>.. ; ..n ' : tie \.'U ma\ hit. niiil.-.
a;, ; ■■ ; !. . \\ en -.'.u i: ve ; de as 'ar -i- M.uca:..
Vol, ,-.. i p:i e.d I .' !.:.■:, ilie ui.li.- aliillm^ y u m
i.iC .Uent, I 1.. 'i i;ni', a p. rdie r. ii.iul y. II. .111 I I'nl-
'■;.fl V u ai"!.'.;; '■ ' !■ ' 11 prilM- tniiliii" t.. v ui '-All
lake, Ir
I'll// II, I r I'uteoli, gloi'ts in Ix-ing the pine whtii-
the tiili Chiillia-i ioniniuiiit\ m it.ilv wa- loriueil ; :i-.
Si.!'..ul. in In- joiiMiey to R> me. we aie told, t.-, n.i
1
le earih
t 1'
Il 1^ ill"- I 1 1 i;.: -.r
p-,-i.j e Ity, that 11 Maidens in the water, and, a 'ir i\ n- ;
111 It tome ti.iK-, look.- inoie l.ke lioiie ih.n . il... I 1
It,.- neiuhbouih.!. .d is what the aiu unt- i all.d ili - ! , -. -
l!,.n I'ldd-, tiomthe f'ArL.tnef ot tl;c clim.le, dn e^ -
d-.:i-.-, ami leitditv ef '.!.e f"i', .'\i..
ISai.e. the ieiel)i..;t I ■\mier ..::(a: iflh,- Old R -
mans, ih.i.d on a bav al on; two i.nh - ami a ii .! u
ia..rili-weti tioni l'u/.'..ioli. bi.; • i liie leal; -ic.'.- ■; ■' :'.
I n I'A to be ieen.
.S.Lk-riio, 11:^ tap'.tal of tfe I'lim ip.il.) Cii' 1, . 1 I'l '--
eijiahiv o:) tin- lide t! e.\; p i :ir e-, i-- we.l l.'Hii.ed. Ii .
a |aeuy good liarboii,- .in. I i ' e, but Ii:;l ti.i.l .
1|. le, ii.wiM.i, 1- the iee ol a- .iuli it'' .p, '■> h '
univeility. ,i:id leVLi.il ar.i.i .il I. ,11-, wliuliaic tnui i
1. 1 lied 1", an.i vi -v ;.r.,:.i il'l-- 10 1'.
Otianto, a;!iiei;tiv , .i.li.l 1 l\. mn' in, 1 .1 ' -.lit 1-
tili.d cit\, .;ik1 tlie ke it an a lil.ah.p, oi' .1 ' "^ m.l
al t'.e ino-..lll ot llie .I'lr. .tii , ■.'.liuii i^ ,md b\- :
bri.i'^.' to aaoliiir Uland, .md tn.il i ■■ .1 1 i;d::e 10 1 .,
njiuine.'i!.
I'; I riMONT, p'Jii ol ill. n ;. nt 1 /'ml'iivi; ■ 1
a ve;
Itie.-i'iii, ail'.ii \ a oood iiair. wlii.li 11 wdl liml I t. uuUil i ouni i \ ; .uid tli-d'.ednuii.t. f lib. 1 il erne
n,,.(h ..f„:. 1":' , 'me ..| tl e iii'-i.ntaiii is i ov ered | the bell m ItaK . luom the iii.u'niam R.tii.m.i'M,
whiili ;a..i • .1 aIioIi d'ytoaf.end, i> a m i' iviene...
and roaii.itk pr.)lp...t. Annu.illy. "ii I'i.e i.nii .;! .\..
;;ull, v.ill t'o.'ols Si., up to iie.u 111..! l-n-l i -'.lie a )' i-
lueot if. Villain i\l,ir\ on the Inmnut. 'I'li iiiliai'
tailf , an.i even ti;e ll'.rl. - and d"us, .iri lull ■; '<< ti..
fill r kind ot wens ill li.c th.o.;: .1 the pe..;.l .1' oat
till- Aip-.
luiin, ti.e ( ipn.il ol I'lidm./iii, an.i :el;.liice ■■!
the kingot Sanlinia, llaii. Isat tin e.mllux ot it.e I' lan.l
I)..r,i. Il 1-. tm.dl, bnt Itronn, ami veiy p j.ul.'n .
\\ illiin tl'i Mt\ .IK- 4K ehurehes amieoiivent ,aiHl loi'ie
ver\ tine lli-ii-i-, paiin ul.irly Rue NiU'.e. and Rm de
^^ ^ ^ I'o. 1 let;- an- likc'Mie m my tiiii- f jUire .. levi.al in ■!;•
ri'ii "v L no will be ii.u...h injietotlie pu'-pofe. Somi ' lulnenl palace^ bi lides ihal ol the ki.iL', a lupeib opeia
otili'l liuaiii- are li.K or t.A.n mile-. 111 lim'.th, ..id. 1 houle, an artiiial, a lov.d piiiitint; houte, an iiniv. ilit> ■
l.a'. ii.ll ilicmtclvtjin ihelea; win':: ..lIk.i-.., a i filed 1 whith li it ciu.uUaiii;le, and one ol the lindl buildiiii;*
■A.;:, ,.;c aihe- a .1 . iiule; : it 1- t.erclor. vei. la-
tijun. ■, io..;i,.i...l ■•. t- I yo-a link i;.. to the kiie -, and
pilA. Pel- 11-. kA..idi 1 1 eve:\ three lli.il y- u Kl.
I'iie -A .IV t...,".t I I ,-. .ids 1 11 t to be ill .1 hi. rr , bill to
•. o oil gia-l-- , ..:■ ! "I'll, t , ! ik. bieatli. Ami all, jou
Will liiid it ;:!' It l.i. ,!, -.-.ithout much inlf ulI ..in . r
...LUlenuiit ; t'.i. i 'W il, )uii ^viil not be a! k I"
iliP. in n.i.^U ..; tl •.- ..It ;. 1 l.iwev.r. t.ivo.i .fole
III u.'iiU.-mee- 11.. I , pet; .i] -., all .a mju i pe. p into the
titri- ^I'llph; ■)!, ai le..i;, il ife we.illiii llpiuld I'e line,
li.ev.ew- ot till. lu:ioii;i'-, ..e, I ..iiiitiy 111 iv p.iy \ou l.ii
\..ui ii..iille. Toil nail. ;a. ill, aluives .uid Itiuiiii'i
ut the IC'-i.il tlie.uns ol li\.i that liavi- If .wed tmiii
*
1 1 1 1 ,
i
r-
it
p. ,,.
1
til,-
1
Ai.-
1
ci: I
' h :^'
i.ror;R.\r[I'i .
ll.it 111 l!:r V;i'l ( . Thtr.
il N.ijilcs, \:\\'.v( i|HtiiiK'n
'ill lit tlio iillii'i I', hi' iiui-s,
tnipnon-. iioti, imuoV ,;i„|
IIIiImIuI. I I will lA. ;,;,
I'liltii 1 |.' tlic !c,(il (ii i!|,
our to ;il^i.:ul il ; .iLi! .i; ..i
) a;;.iin.
iiK.iluii.' i.'f ivil's nniml ni
wi[-f:ii!ii-ul.irhvii;,ht.ii '.\ j
t!'v liilniili-- ii; C'ii.ii.i to !' r
'H , are iln- unuiin'< ut .i
I io he ili.it <.t \iivil, l-i.:
V. .IS urinmallv in tLi-lin;;!
iiblis ;i hupc iiviii. " It i>
) ili.li \"u.[il was liii.icil :i
im that Ills I'tiih lio.'.l i.:]
a Ivdail, Oiait. Iiric'ri-
a 111' ainta'i'. A' i o:;;'-
'.k. Ai'.aiM, nliii h IS 1 ■ -
ticui . . Ii; llic iiiii! ; •. •
aii' ■, i.r ili'iic iipaitim ■ ' .
1 a;ilf proiliii r .i y,' •_' ■
lie miii II tri\nif!!ii..i in \ i-
i.cii the haul. <'i ;; r ill..-
Uil 1' ■taulc a il'>'.', i- :;li'..i'.
(.IS till- ailimiihiiijj, I li'..i-is "i
ii'i II a i! ',t:\ luill- l\ h, M
wiiliin a foot it' the liiit'.i ;
loi'ii' .ill lijv's "i 11 . ; 111,
j^.Mtto, of lliii'U :i iiiio li
;i'' in !\.-in^ tlir p! u c wIku-
iiu 111 halv \\a- lonrcd ; ici
Ri me, uc aie tulil, li., v.A
1 . t I'lit.'.ll lll^ Ill's ) I I i;l:-.r
I the water, lUiil, a.'ir i\ :i-
le like I'loiie lli.iii . .i[.,. I i
t tin- aiu KiH lall.ii ili ■ I 'v -
r.tl <•! li.e cliin.ac, iIh w -
m!, \i.
niiT ., ;;(.i: it' ihr Old 1^ -
1. 1 I \\u i.ul. - aiu! .1 il .! u
. bi.t ' i lie leai; Ntii' ■: ■'■ i:
Ik' I'liiii ip.ilo Ciii 1, I'l 1'' •■■
p I 111! e«, i^ wed |.'iii!,eil. h ..
and I ■^ 'e, Init Ird ti.ul .
e (,t .1^ .111 li !l'' ;■, '. II II ,1
; 1 il I, ill-, w liu il aie liuu'i
I li''-' lo |l.
d, 1 l\, I iin'iii ,1 a ' 1 11 t : -
ail a lili ,!.■ p, I" .1 ' '!l iiid
.l;i , '.'dm ;i 1^ .III d I V ;
and liiat i •. .v I i id:i'. in ' ,.
,n u lit I /iinli.ii^,' . 1 :i \ e: ■.
'I'.edinor.ti ! ■ lil'^ i U eiiu
ihe iiiiU'iilaia R 'lii. in :■ 'ii,
() all end, i> a in i' i Meiii;. .
■Xniui.illy.i'ii r,e i.uh <d Ai.
) ill. II 111..1 l.iul 1 -■'. Ml- a I' ;-
n ilie liiiiimii. 'I'l; iiihai'
.llld d'>US, .I'T l:'li •; lu Ill-
ill. 1.1.;: .1 die ini'pl .i' oil
I'll ihii'.hi, and :i-l';d' in-.' it
^ al liii. i.iiilliix (i! ilu- 1' i.ui.i
IliDiig, and \eiy p ;.ij1.'ii'.
Ill lies aiiiU'Diiveni ,.ni I lo.'i,-
rly kiie Ni \r, e, and Rm d:
mv linr t piiK . !evi ral in .g-
.11 ol the kiiii.1, .1 lupeili op.cia
Hiiiiin^; liuiile, .in iiiiivrilii) ,
ij one ul the tiucll buikliiij^i
F.UR-OrE.] I T
in the city, 1 iic V.ing's p.ihiio is ilegaut. Tiie
tiparlin.nts cm;, tin ;i gicai lolledioii ot [n.-'uire-,
.•'.inoni!,R whiih iimi' ;ivc cxceileiii. Fiom .1 t aiil i ut
irom Mv." river Dora, w.uor is conveyed I'V .'ii .; pi diiri
into tiK- ciiv, and alterwarda diftribntcd ai p'icil'ure
lhiini<.di everv liiict. i leiv are ;i (ine liuulcl, ,iii i;ni-
vertitv, lil'taiy, anil many chanialiL- tound.itioiiS. In
till n.i'.!,lil>iiuiiioiKl of Turin at. m.my heantiRil villas,
toiivent-, .aii'l oilier luiildm^'!.
.Stil'a, on the Dora, iniiiaiiis tin- r.main- .if a tiiiini-
p'nl ;irili,erec'tiHl in honour of Auj^ullusC.cliir. Ali-mt
n ip.iarter ot a le iiyje t'ro:ii it Hands Kort Brunett.-,
h ■■•vn (lilt of a roik, with all iis outworks.
Nice is ;i Im ill ie.i-pori on the Mvdiierr.uie.m, at
f1i- mouth of tiie Paulon. It has an indiireieni har-
b lur, 1- a live p.iri, ami the fee ot a billiop.
M.'NTSEKRAT, or MoNTKKr.R.\T, a Juchy fitimtetl
-,.-i d .: Milan, 1^62 mile- loiiij;, 4S bro.id, and \\i\
i iiile. Il i obtain- a lew loilie.ed lo.v".-,, n n r. r.ai'v-
;ii 1 . 1 he pii'ieip.ll oi' ilieill, t'll d. m tli.- I'd, .^.i
miie eail o Turin, i-, ih.e I'e- ol a lulh^p, lu;ri.iy,aii
;.i Milan. .•Xlcllamlria li...- a llion- i ua 'i 1, and a -ar-
ri'iin C'Hii;'''.in<; of five ret;iinen;^ ot n.l.iiitry, and a
di-iaehiiivnt ot eavalry. Tii-re i.^ :;n ojiera here dur-
in:, the two fans, in April an, I ():t I'^er; Init the p'.ie.'
is iiee' er Li;;.; ■ or n luu!-- iM:. I'he ['ri;i, i^.il biiid-
in,; i;, th.- f ■.■•ndioufe m t;;;- L.r.'it !i;u.'ii.', In the ladie-
(l"al, a '.v^llti. iditiie, whuh conl.iin^ nodiin^ tuainule
a flrai'v,.';.
.Se 1 isadu.ln; the h.'ir .ipparcnt 1 ) th- cro-Mi of
Riii'.iiiia .li-i.ii lia^in;; t!i,- ii;l.' if diil.c oi Savo'-, mid
pnn c iif I'ledinoiii. It is lituated beuwjii l'ia;i..e,
I'l iiiuni, and the kik,' ol (i.:n.'va, heini!!, near rjo iiii'es
1 ' iL',, and iip-vards of ;;o broad. It iii-. aninir^ the
Alp, .11(1 1 • !ife;|iK iilly ii iiiountainous and llcile.
Till, imi is iv.er tlh- A!|)S aie dilagnea'i'e and ilnvi, r-
o'.is, cfpeei.iily a- hu^e mall', s m I'now, called by ll;e
!• ilian- a. ifiiuiu--, ;inii tlie tray,;uents ot rock-, tre-
(]ii nil\ roll ilosvn into them tio.u tlie ;;'il)endin.!, [ir^-
rn iee . 'I'iie way i>l trav. iii;iii i^ eulier in tlei|i;e-,
thiiis, or on tlu' luiks of mules. In Ion.' pl.tecj ili.'
y: '; on the b:ink n t'.ie p;e.-;pi.e- i- I ' n.trrow, di.it
ti.er. 1)1)111 mil iOi.nt'>;-.i li^^le peiioii to ji.ils. It
l".'.!,"'s 10 Ino'.v lip. t' I e mo'.int.e.ns loininonU ah mt
til- be'j,irin;im; ol (i),dob,r. In ihe nioiuir oi Jul',
A'ii;ult, 1.- I S ■pienilier, inanv "' ih.ni vi^ld \ erv lia.
gi .r^, iMih .1 ;j,reai viri.f. o. if us. i- and li.ib ; and
lai ei^ I) x-w,).id, walnul--, clie'nut'-, and pin.'i. T!k
111 ijX 1' and diii'. rent I om'.iinain'ii'' ot il: li mounta iis.
L Y,
■'97
tiiatcil to the north rif the Appenninc MMuntains, bciiio-
nr.ir 100 miles lon;j,, ami iibout ico bro.ul. It is fei?
tile and will '\aicied, coniaiiiiiif^, indcpcndi.-nt of fc-
veial rivers, liime lakes, particularly lakr Lago-Mag-
u,ioie, which contains ilie l?.nomran Ul:;;i Is, vi „ InTj
Bella, and Itol 1 .Madre, llie be.iiiiv of whieh alnioll:
exceed- iin,ii;i;;;;i!iin. Art a".(l nature leeiii |., have
villi with c.ich oth.r ia eiMbeililhing them. In each
01 iMem is a pal. 11' , Aah biautilul garden^, brlon^ing
t'lii- Hiroiiiean lamil\. 'I'h ■ w.Uer of the lak"' is
cl.ar, 'if a ii,i..Miil1i cliiur, .ind abi,nrid<:. xviih lilh.
I'iie hill-, with wliiih it is furroiind. d., ji.fem t moll
I lianiiiiit'^ l.indliape, 1 eiii^'; plinied «iih \i:ies .and
1 111 liiut ti.es, interlpurcd wiih tumiiier-lioufes. 'J'liis
pruvinie biloiigs to tl'.e emiieror.
Mi'an, the c;ipii.;l,is a l.irj;.- walkd city, with aram-
p.ul and litai'tl. 1; is i^overned by a iiictidviit anii
com;, il, 1 |i-i\.- a:-e many ihurcli. s, i;alai . s, convents,
ho'piial-, ."<.•. 'lU^' I. uliedr.il i. a' vail pile, all of
:'; ilile. Tlie dome, liy Rruiielliiiho, is in ilic niiddle
■itiieirol ; .ind imiiied: iiiily under it i- an openincr,
;iir-ound. d with rail , lo giw ligi-.t to th.; I'libicrrant;-
ouscli.ipil, whei-' IS poll- t!'e l-odv of S.Carlo Bar-
rniiieo, ill a I life ot' 1 1 will, lei in lilver gili. In the
Ami'iMlian lollc;;:-, foun.led by I'lvderiik Baromeo,
:i> proled'ors leicli iiatis. In the fame college is ali'o
a:i academy ol p int::>i.',, with ,1 mul'eum, an<-l a li-
liraiv, coiu.iinin;!, a v.ili number of primed boi ks and
m.'.iuillripi ; aiiMiig the t.iil of which is a tranllaiion
oi Jofepl;us's Ilillory of ihe Jews, d.ine by Rtitiinus
about 1 2ro years ago, and. wiiiien ontheb.-irk ot'atree.
The iemi:i;;r\ i ..r fciences, the c -liege of the noi-le;,
tl e lielviiian college, and the iiiailKimtieal academy,
are nobU louiidaiions, and llatclv buildinus. Of the
hofpitals the ive'll remarkable are th.e La/.aretto, and
lilt lali' d the ,'l.eat l-Iofpit .!. In ;i void Ipace in iiic
ot il'.ellr.et- 01 Milin, where 11 n'd the l-oute ol a
barber, wlei had c- iilpir d with ilie cu-.'.v.iila'-v of
h.-alih top iloi; his * d .w-if ./•. ns, i- eivc' 1 a pillar,
called Col iii'ia In .mi , vvidian it: ci;;!i n, to iii.rpeiii-
.ate li'i- memmy i.t li.e i .•■.icrab!.- tf li'e'i. Ti.e envi-
rons of ti;i^ u;y ;ir. verv pleai'.mr, b inj, a 'oiii.d witll
1 e ;i t;.iil ; .1:-, ;-- 1.!
I'avia, on ihrTi
briiliic O' iL-c arc' i -,
I 1..11'
a
s, iiieli.;fd . I'.c.
11, over \\I;;c'i
-, i-an 1.1,
: I..: iioni t^'c eitv is a m.'.mir.ice'it
1p;iii I'.is, Iii.if thinb" in-
)h. n i ■weiini, liinunil - riiint!; a'mse one an nee
1 I
• vend iMiii fno'V, tiie ma.n ca 11 a 1
ill • IliO'i an
r ijiidiiv
■t ilie iivv
M. en II'
11 't Ms '.'. lie.-, I
le.iiiis I im: .in^ Iroiii 1 lit l'.) c
am
;allot '.at r,
111 , Ihe f. .iii and
;i:: ! ihe nu uer'iis
lialiit.il I It .
Cariliuli .n iro;;.! eii , ca'lr.l i^'ert :.i, li ii.ided i.y j )iiii
fi-lea/xo X'iiii'i ti, v.eoihcd 111 the y.ar i.p'-i, and lias
an elegant monuip.cii; o; white iii.i;i;'e eM.'ied I > \:\i
memor\ in the cliuuli. Thep'-k, in whiih tfe con-
viHt ll-ud , is 1 I ■.\v. 'A lMcii!. I il. c i ail Uiuverlity
atl'.i.\i-;, I enlirtiii. ifie^eiiiil'. .-.
Liiiii'iiii, on ii:
n'lU'ly I'ortili. li.
IV
II
IS U
a I
tl
a
bli
i-p,
.1
uc
.hll", f
111 .llMv tn,.
A biiats o\.r li
n iinivi 1 1.; e, a ln;\r.> ,aili,dia:, many oil '
Vi rv lomuni ii.
■.e'K.
'I'ne luifa.e ol il
kc
LiiKi., or if cl.uiclie-, toriv^iii-, i h.apel
?<i
ice v.idi' , ip.v irs like .1 III, I'r lake; and t'.ie an liei
II
11', am
1 A
ii.'ult, i> e\i eednn
T
le inli.i'.iuani-. o
f.Si
did.
;he belli t peopl
]'
M ^ an
I .^C! N/, A ar.
II I
1 IH;
e eX'
is ah. Mil touri;..l .- u' v lu nil. an i coma 11.
cil) Ip' ,ik
di. (
a lor'u
hey lel'i
mbie t
In till
led
rmans moie ii
iie.ii luimiieri ot tn ■ moiiii .line 1
kxe
s, are Ui.orniei
s in the thro. it.
d, :v.u\ I'
sai I icui.u
b d
'iii.in ',
in the
-fbiih
.1 'Ailh
I
lei e 1 no c
hur 11 p.i
M'-ii.a
, tint Is
V, 1.11 ill leei:
.Mi.l no app.ai.i.
diMl IS a mil ins, lu;i\i
liinj;.
tamou
s pamti;;g, liy
n Co,i. j'i
.liicl
1 I-. tlie onl'. iiKiaivenien.
tlie\ fiilFer lro:n ilr' tliMii .• diloider, as the wens an-
il' it Ul flic
liall
i.unlu:
I .!.i;ii;gei
I. 1
Tl
! Tvi!
he 'lui.il pal ..e 1
t a i' uii
nolli Im:
1:1 tlie d. m , b muc I
is now in great part piili •
01 wooil, am'., Ill ge
tiiii'lv im.i'.'ined
tliouiii !!ie lapiii
o! .Sivoy, a
IV
! I'ia, en/a i- aiu ul ero ^ ar 's t'lom the I'o; a I m 'i
n 'ili.ni', w 11
1 1 nil
Tlie li
de, ilille'ulul viillci
lu 11 ion, indeed, i-- line
.ce 111. ;e is the ",i\.,i
ty ol idiici'ts tii-t a line louiitiy uid rii'iiniauis
V.uiety
< .ill iirod.iiie : Init 11 i ■ a p m; i
of nil It n le .'.iid ;inliL|u;iy, but of late mu
Il ; aiidMepo;'iil,i:i '. I: has .i'.' archil. liuie,
llieels and p.Iirv linwri.. Moll of the 1 '
,hd
I.
liitv I wn ; the lionte-
i.s oi III.
B-
otoi'.na Id
daik, th
ill
llAi 'inv, ill'
II .1' Ills .111
.1 ' th
CaiaCii ;;i
dil
'llie IVila/.."! I'nih
mi lie fniildi
igs m
it'ei-ab
ihii al [laki. .' is .1 c.Il
\ciii')i* 1 lod'Uii'A , CO
louiiiiy.
uvir Ihe s' 1;
"1"Ik ii 111 lUid. r ol tl'
.ly ,iie tlie g'
LioiumandiiK', the lw.v;i .iml .ii|i.ii.enl
Milan, one of tlie tiucll provinces ef Italy, 1.-
ti-
tiiiMi-h.ill, on 'J I ■ jii.i.v,.!, IS a i in I' Ills I Ul.
I ime 'iiii.ire aie ilie
I Al liiiiidr.
1. .ind
M'
uellri..n il ill' s 111 ivo'i.'. ■
Rii
IlKi M
(i
ovai'nl n" '
pii'.ue i by \ :
ol It liniliied.
10 i;
I'liii, or Ins 1 11
M
n.il.i : 11 IS o
I 111 I
', c'tlier liv
The diii.il
aeid '.inlv a ihirel
111 t!ie.i'iv;idi-ii.)5t-' Hi
The
li
I' ",1
II
>i '
' 1
'tj
Sc>S A M'AV. R()V.\[.. AM. AITIIEN'TIC SVSTKM or I Nl\T.R.r\[. r;i:()r,i;,\p[;v.
Tlic lii: K; s ot l'u'n;i ;iii(l l'i:iiin/.,i \\^\^^ cxci nil- , Al.iii.-, tl:.' (iutli, ;i:;'l .i!iv-|-i\;U(ls 1 a At;, li iIkII
ri;ritic ihi.- taiiK IV I 'Union. s .iiul ;irc now in the bpi |] git';il lai.iilHr.s ol tiir p-.o;Mc; t
ill) Ian
'I'
•ytl
:cir cxu'in IS ;'i
Rir m:iirvi:ic
u' liciri'ls lit I'.iincll
lioin call t'> Will, ai:
44 ti'oiii iiirtli t>i loiitli. Tl'i- lull wKriik-, llu' p.il-
tuK-^aiul intik' till ; la'i-u ^k^ .ukI mincr.ii- aliouiid;
as alio mines of Loppi'i .iiul umi in ilif .ApiKiiniu .s.
TIrIo ilndiics aic ii"i>d li
I 111.- nniniii.T am
1 iina-
lity ot tluir cIk'cIc talj
elUvniiil tor tlicu cxci'lloiii llavoi
'riiK-liii, aiul iiiucli
ir.
M,
mi N A, u nil li .,; i:tu
:itc.icaii r.rr,
ill ;ill iIr' ncc' li ,ik- ol lit'-, ni.ili> 'uiiicia's. jK'tif-
i\^-. It i- well \v.iiii\il, .ir. 1 til,' dtilst ib a
t'u=\i
vair.l ' t ilic (";iriii.i:i . iiipitc.
M(i Lii.i, tlic capii.il, i^ 1.
luit II It luiKlioiiie.
1
till.
rj-'.i", popiil"ti';, a:\il tor-
it I I Ik- If;- ot a Ivtliop,
I.- a lar-je iinwiild. catl'iClial,
Tl
};i\i-;i hiiih to Itvcial itk' r.it;
ii-- I ity liaili
'c-iloiis, pariiciiLii iv
T.itl
po
t ; C.
ir. g-.'.i-'
the
;u-il 11.11:11. r-, Si
s; '
Illtls, V.'X cT. I
liaii.uul iiill..riaii; lia V'i'n .l,i, tin.- ari lii-
Mo:..t
c u. nil, I
he 1:
:rn.:al,
T!
till al 11. '.lac. 1 a iiik
ecihtic-. 111 ulii ii. a;ii')iii!; tlie
o;l.er line p
(1 :.i N.i.te i-
. ilic Iv.rth of C"'i:i;i, by C-
lue. 1- ni'.iili n.leii..a^ '. Tli'
ire^-ii.
m.-.;i'i! .i'lie toiwln-li t 1- ' ity i-- n >ieit i- ti it ot
nialk'
Miraiul
ll e ''I m 1;
ot -Ali-.il uie.-.t luii'.itx'i- aic exp i.t.il.
01.!
lie e
c ot ai lilo-', and the I'.ipital o
t 1 uh eii it j;ivi ■ 11:1:11 ', an.l -.^hu h, I. 1
loilii li;u.-. . ■ loiia ll In i!' no le t.uii h. ol I'ico. ( )(
Iv aiul
till- Uiiv.lv
.!o. :, U-:',U-.C \V V,
r.iul I'.ein '. i rinu-il in a l.r
1: V w s ill ta
aie ■.\er
M
).'. 11 ati'.oii.' ti'.e le.nnei
.1 '.mall c!i •. ;Mer,
i;iv.
n.i-
1 ilie 1 > ; ei -a liieli 1 iir.i.
.-all
d..uoie.uul liii.lt
wiih all tiicir wealiii. I-Voiii tiiat t
It'll liiUiiei- tu:- d; htr
1:11c .u it\ i;r:i,h;.
vv poweiiiil lroiiiit-.lituaii. n,
lomnu-i
repiili:
w.-\- (
opill.-l'tt , 11
oniu-il; li.al. till 11,1':!.,!
the p.-opU uith riclu•^, rielies g.i\f liiitii t
ainhiiion iirL;eii tii 111 to t onqtull, aiul
:ii;'iii.,,i.
ctued tlR-ni adiliti r,:il territoru
CoIUll.,
'I'l''' tV>V'.iiiiii-:ii ofWiiice, a!!erniaa\ r. voluiinn-.
iial lorni, :in(| du tn
Rle ha-., tl;
uas at iail l'e;il>il in an aiilloerat
pr, nie auihoiiiv witeil in the iiohii <;. T
iitle o
t 1-
\i.elle!U v , aiiu we.ir, .is a ni.u
ll.K f. III! I'l ;1 i'.iA II , le.n I
UK 01 tliliiiu'ti ii;i,
eliir.u ;,) i|,.i;- |u (.•;
c.ips and p iriui--.. AnlR-h,.'.(l ol' ihe jviverni
llic ilo.'e, «
.liv.ihit.
hoi
t o:;iee \\,i<. o;u
here.!
with lor,
ii-ni
t.irv, atii
P'
Inii th. totir.eri- now i It-.i i-,e, ami the luier
very inu, li eaeunileiilieil. Tli-nr-h ill-.- pouer oltlic
U) .e lb till '1, his ll It .ml reiinii are r;-ieiul;J,, H
till.- I- that ol S.-ieir't\ , :ui
illi
laul t
i
I) oe a kill-; Willi reijai.t to lii 10' e^, a leim,
le iov::-.ci'-h 'lur, a iiriloiiei m tiu e
it^ , ami ;i p; iv.
li
m.i:i out ot It. Thouiil
noti.ngiilii (!ii>ni:v'. Th. iii'iuir 1011 i- iind. r rr. ;i
h he may be ilepole.l, 1,.
reltiici :o:iS luu
Ih
c prinnp:!
ll V
neiun
l<nif;l tlio i: i- ti.ai ot Si.M.uk, tlie liaii-.':- ol'wl
I lai-i-e '-.o
I
111 d.l 1 eiula: i liom t':e \ :-ea!l. T'
liler o LonttantiiK
e knijliis v\i.' r a ti'ul
eli.ui).
IroMi a ]
Tlie
ariiiv eontiil.s of Ki
b i,an>Mi;
i ei: ■iia:.b i.m conn
a io;-iirJ,il !c (kn. T
wei n 0.0 •(■< and
o jiurp, p:i I-
i. ipallv .*^Wll^
1).
ihii.iti.iM ; ;uiil the e .mmam
I. let, tliiiil C'ai'.taiio, i-; alwav .1 ti
I oil. 1 he orili
nnalK' to aSoiit
iiei. iicr ot dil!;;! .
try r^vemi.-. ot the Hale anioiiiv a"
v-i. lU-ih:
1 1r link
fo:' :i LO-iliil'. ':■.. 1
A-!erv, ..-ll, t!,e>
t'lUl M) that < t C
was iiLariid to
fh.r. I V H-i anie
ipal
>: ii'.enialiM -s • i
M..ira ami Cairara w.-ie, \\ \'en:c
tio;n the (.iill-jiiv, ind diiliei
and aiiie i.lii>.liv
n I ,t.
de: ll.e (
to Kie h .lie ol
ll, i^ oiu-'it ihe lined (-itic-. i:i tl
enoeu 'mi I'l'i,'!;.'!!. ' 1 >i
.!., „!
Ml
.ilpini.
1:0, the via,.!"!.!! 1- .il,d ll. 11 el- ot \diii. '1
e. tile (.
iM; aiiil eei-.;.iil: the iv-. l! ii:-.e;ular. with rel;-
n ot
to
it- luii.i'i-'i.; I) 111 '
uilt on riR-', m tlie mn
a; L>\ t e I ..i.'unes.
redit.ir\ I
e iR
lUlol ih I
■t M.
fifii
o i-ne ;i: nl. ei", ind
iiii e
•null .e . w-iie'
vfuil.uk T
:e,i I. \,
I . \ ^u^ Ine i iiy m;
r I •':' ->. lb t'.l
prcit ca
ii.ii, v.lin ll il-.-
I i wo a 111')'
ll J i|ii:il put , in ih'.- f
I i.i.lv all '.;t a:!
'*-)•
|-,,. 1.
Ill ,11 1)1
'I ll
u l-;.iilto r. I, arlv in tiieni:
lav till I' ;\iiiie-
Tui;
"\' ii\, 1
il'.i.ite.
n 11.0 rr.ei
l-'lU'ld
teet wi
and a tlotilne ii'.-.- o!
b I- uUlli l.lMll It.
h \ K-' kon .)oo canals t'-ir.
.ihe'i.i iniee ir.: e-. li'iii ihe 'e . 1-
iiin.-a.ian lo li.e :ii
e I ol a
hii'ili
co:i!iiiun'C..tioii ■ all iver ll e citv
a, and li.ib :i du ,il
:i .i;.\ iveiie 11 niini
'I'l
and hid,
•V is riii-roiini.
|i .iaet
■■:\er 1
fri 1111 ;
11.1-. I n a Ml. I
lu.d t'
.'.'.en. -a. t"i
le R-.i, lit ih:
yi id 1 Ir.i.- 1";: ot i;
i::.' if.c t'l iliediiki..
t oni
' '.1' io':,e I.
i: k-.t!...: 1)1
M.ii
M-,NTI
levt;! Ill ,
tu the !...!
■ id I.
n 111. I, II
.. .1 I, lis, U lUv.
ii I ^' nlideul-
;t not
1 iir..ltiii;deol ;li„ikl , ;ii.;.\ ot' th nioctiipi. d!
e -liven'. '.
Th:' 1,
r
and 1..0-, eriMii' nt ot V
■ e'ts t I a lh,i:i:-.
piiLIc eiitcrtaimn.ni--,
eiine, are all iiueiei;-
linmil.ir a; ;-ir.i
lim- ei:v \ui.
;l I,
A a-
lliikiii'.',. hotli t
loni 1
I n ■\ ■ itv air
.iut\
ii>niideiaoi'j tune is i. iniiii
l-ii
.i..t IS ciir;.)ii' in
't .\
M
intiia, t'
iiRi.nt, -.av.
mndtd iiri.i;- i ' iv -ai '
lormtd ii>
1 1 1- ll
'enk'e: aini-.itl all t!v.-
aU'.l nianv ot li.c p.ilices, li.uc
now- the
iiRihiii-; lo .nil .et n -tiee. l-.>er- lod k
the ov.::h.iv, mjj; ol 1;
M
.'.e'l .v:i'n-):.:i . i.iik -. hivlithc Vciutian li he
j1 a:
.iiltecl
in. I
:1
il-e aiRl
:old 'Mill peilon-.ul la'ite.
.Tfpioai lied
0:1 iV
1 .:i.H)Ut Ion.- 11:
i;:c Hi'..
I 'Iiy, liri'.)'^ or e.iii.ea.iv
1:1 eiu liiii,eie:H e. S 111
i.'ii.e
ii.dil
are -.'
.t thev
■ l li
1.1:1, W.iil .1
ally uiKi|i.al, .iiul n.olU)
I'he iluiitl
.ir^li tt.-'.'ile.
Ti,e p.,la
an .1,1 . Ii.i!
are reniarkabk- lor pi.-t
pi.-tur. s and eoed
:i' :e ,.r ' 11 i':iMi
h cluirch.s nt .M
S. Mark, or the ducal
.1- the .iparliiv.nt-. ol the do;'
d cli.imher. lur ilie ttnate, an-
Wlttl.l, illd 1.
ill'
I. :il conni il . am
t tril
con'. ::.{■
The
lunal
'I he
p..lae.-. 1 very
, there
.ill tliC
f S.
treaUirv o
atlie.Iial 1- Ipiieiuu , ail I h.i. In. c .\!il.
' lie. 10 Kotn.ll)'. '.l.l'- III.- ;ll(;nite'
paint
el I ;" III llIM, wilh I
iptr lie I
pan . t the > 1 •:iv.^. !
ill.
I Ih.
I'- ^ < >) II' 11 in icWen and reli
i reh
To 1
i.i.e leave
I .1 :ii:-!il Oiec ' vi:
t the tciii'tilion I'l .S.
A(.t.n\, I/, l-'uilo \ e ..1.
Alitti- '.'.,:y
tli'-Tillare ".!.
giotto, ;u uhi. ll that •;i..it
j-ciired lor llueiv.
Mr.ii.a,- Tietoli, tl
.■\m!.
.. 1
,-.nd tu.ir It 1-
[; Lt lb .a.d to h.ive ott^n
\'i-:nici: rciCc Ir'.in .; wry f:
t ' I e It, ,1)11 niMil .ippiy to one ot ilie p'Oeui.ito'-s ol
^. Milk. Tlie paku e- 01 the iMl'ikiV at N'eniec .iie
in 111 el- uani llije of aiel:iie.:i me : tiie tioni- r^re en-
I'lcli d -A nil C"hiiiiii'j ll) ea. ll tloiv; the orders conte-
(]ii nllv .u. I Ml. ill, I I'll I hen e.n. Ii ih'n e liip[)"ited in il
dilknei an 1 n.uural ir. inner. One ot t!-.e lingula
•t th^ liiii.^ Ill' I ity IS its c-mleiA.iion.
Khool ov le.ileiim-s, lor inllrucuii;; y
nuilic : ot thele there arc lour.
(I
ical
ounir uonieii III
mil I'tvianiiiii to "leat
(.(jiilciiiKmc
cit\' of Venice ir
That
iil-er ' '1
ll.in.l-, where th
.1- on. on ill', lah.
:il)ited
by fill
lernv-.n
Li'it,
only
Ital
11
Tlif I
V,
ij/./a di
li S. M,i
if
rco IS the only op. n are.i 111
ni- e larp.e eiiouuli lor a i mliderablc number of
neonie to ali'cnihle in.
tv.ideJ lirll by , Tliib b<
.ilk about at tiirir cat.
A-ini.' Ill',
only pl.i..e ul ptil'lu. rel'oit, llierc is a
irciit
iy
.[. (^a.Or.IlAl'FTV
ivnwiuts 1 V Atl.-.il, llir II -,^
uplcr lifd liiitln.-!- tor (1; lur
!(>iii th.it ti.-iif.u itv i:';uin.i'!v
lt^ litii.ui..n,.uiil opiil'-t 1 1 .) ii
w.v fiiriiifii; ii.ul. Iiiiiruii. J
ifhcs f;:i\c hiitii t.' ..!iil i:inn,
lonqiul}, ,iiid c.'iuii.Jl [,i ,,
ritoru-.
.nice, ;i:tci- iiia;i\ i\ vuluiinn:,
illcHTiitiial liT'ii, iind t!i^ |,,.
llu- lldhli-;. TIkI'c Iu\^ th;
MMr, .IS .-i m.iik ol iliiiin.-tii>!i,
iinu !o ilk-ii- iuci , uit'i l,v,..
Iicluaj ot ihf goviiiiiiv ni :
ioni\- licrodit.ny, and pivA r
i- tinwili'.-tjvc-, and i!ic- littcv
. Tl; 't! di ill-' pnu(.T of'tl!..'
1 1 ritmu arc I'; icnd!,!. Y] ■
,nil hi-; olli c tor :i:c. I |.
;aid I.) I.i- ii;' cs a IcintMi i i
nti in llu- i.ii\ . aiid a p;iv..;.-
Ill' may be di|i()li.\l, !,c ,.,■,.
'ii. lU'iui!' i!in i- uiid r gr. ;t
principal \' lutuin (.;il r i.;
Maik, till- l)a<!-'^ ffwliicli is
ulai [ liom t';f "^^i rcalh Tic
ii.;li;b v,i.rr a tiMli. l>an;^i:' ;
iiip a ki;-m:dal Ic fltti. Ti,,
o.oviaiid '.'^.coDniep, p'l ,■
I. in ; aiid (l\i.' c iinniaiidr. ;:i
iiKvay a toH-i;.iicr ol diH;!! -
nu. ^ I't the (laic anioiini a;i-
rh |ti'ih:'j;, anil aiilc thitlly
lits : n r.'t.
m-')t' ihf fined cities in thi;
iii'^ll linjjiiihir, with rclp' :V to
)n plies in t'.ij mitil' ut il;.'.!-
Th. pic.t canal, v.hii h d/.-
ni'jll K i|iial p M! , m i!'.-. f : :n
1 i.t an luuui'e I pa i • i.\i'r.
Riilto i- !, arly m tlic i:i;.!d!e:
v.-\ : ; ami a doiiliio i >•:; n!
I'll \ le. kon -loo cana!- t'-n;-
'VLr tie citv ; aiid lird,;
'He ni; :; i 'y is !'iiri'H;nd'.\l
1 , ;ii .:.. ^'t th ni occu; i. d 1.}
ir.-, p-al.lc cnicrtainnunt'-,
oi Venice, are all inicici;-
;. T!k- mi^iihir appr.'.ac 1
ilO; • llukiii;.'.. hoili troni i .
ii-nliilci iMe time is i\ i[uiii I
;n \'enicv: a^tiMli all ilic
I tnanv ot ilc p.i! icts, lia\c
ice. |-.v er I vA kn(jw> tliC
liliii'il'j ui aitiiuccliire and
■o! ta;!e.
rkabh ior pi;lur, s and vo^d
;, or the ducal p.dac-, 1, very
larim.nf. nt tlicdoj^-, there
I ii.ir the ri!Mte, and all ttic
)unal>. 'I he treafuiy of S.
^ and i^:li>. .. 'I\i h.v.e Lave*
,' to one ol ilic p'ocui.it'i'-'. I'l
I tiie iioiility at \'cnicc aie
litcL'tuie: ii;e tVont' r.re en-
a. h l*oiv; the order-, conle-
n cavil lloi\' I- Inpjvated in :i
cr. 0:\- oi ii;e lingiilaiitii ■;
C'inlervaiori, , and UiUlical
inllrucuii:', vuuni!, women m
lonr.
Co i;. the on!v cp n ara in
• a c.inlidi ralile nunil'er ot'
id walk abvjut at their cal..
; ut ])'.iMi. reluit, tlierc is a
^•icat
///./L/v,//v1UNKKS's, t/r, <//./// .y'(Ji:()(JK\l*IlY ^a////io//t/^hi,,-/. />a/nr//y
"''''\v'\VA"K'Xv''^v.C'
/ if, fr /.■,>„> /A <^. '//'.///// ,'/ ' ^' ■'^///'-/i 'V A'/A- //////A'AV ■/.'/"
/
i
/ /
r.i'iioi'F..]
■fi
!l
I Of'
! ii
;m^
};ri:t v.iiifly
iii;.\ it i' crow,
wc'.iiliii nii'ii
lIllT.-. T • 1
ii-i lifilf apirt
withuiit iii..;',ri
friends iii .i
llicir piLi. I's.
oi !|i'iiij!; iiom
pl.Ul- 111 g, I).'
nnnilc ilK-mli.1
Iv o, calioiiai!
in)|irol),il)if ; I
wl'ii l\ iliey an
TlKicare n
f 1' ilic Urimis
pl;ly-lloiili's.
c.'imiva!, in .i
nnlli, ,.inl :i 111
to! ain .iiilml
iilc! i-iih il.i, ,
■I'll;' All II
coinpili. Hi'
V ir, anj rep
(lore, llov
( ov, r ; i .ill ii\
I 'if :lr^l^ .11.-
lcnal«. The 1
lie, ^ liiil np
c.iiric iIi.'iIdu;
tl^c w ,tlicris!
is lu'ri.imi (I II
II' 'nice.! ill tl
firi.-ii'. .i| c.inn
popt's miiicii)
ntt' ;h!o1 In ,
»' '■
I
way MHO the ii
ot tlic t'lrci.'ii
tl.lll lliihiiitv, ;
ol cvcrv kind,
fiik ,)r 1 1, li t!i:t
vent-. A l.ar
r.nd It tr i:.,
div'i,' droj', I
wnid-; " 1)
fduiqit- J:>i!:uu
vitiliu il:..r, Ji
The d.-.\ tol! ^.^
I.:'! t.:- d..\,.
Ore ol I'
tl;'a% .1 1, ■
middK, i'\ It
»\ Itll (! .'i' !', \\ 1
*1'.m:I!. ,:■ -Aw
I in V ■' ■ \')\\\
i;i!^. I! e ■
.-ii.'dl!.: K-
otl:a(l.:i!-, ,
rolMili, [Mvd li
\i["on th- i]iii, is
liT il'.i-ir fiiM I
In fine At iii
to a cxMitci!. 'I
[Ti.-C, will, I, i!
I' '.iiy P'-i''iii
(! v.vi- tl) i:.- i'
a :n.);i- iir>lcr!v
r-tjit.i. liut, 1
(oiiKiiiiU'^ex''
]ic;'.i.e of (j^ov r
lompcnt'irs i
tiii'-n anioi.
their n laii"ii
triu;i\])hs ot •
oar; anti rciiL,i.
riHiile is about
baik. .KMin.
KPROPF..]
I T A I. Y.
57'/
j!;ri:'t viuicly foi-t.ds .ill". milled in it. Iti tlu' even-
in;; it i^ cK>\v\UiI will) :ill l(jrt< nt |ikO|iie; anil :ii fmi.
we.iilni nii'iilxis pal'^ the p,r(..ili'll |i;irt nt ili; nijiit
tl'.ir,', '!'■ ' n'liilis anil \\i.ilili\ |Ki)|ile (iiniciinus i)ic-
li-i iitik- a]viitni nt '(it iheir irsn, neaily tilled up, hm
uitluMit ni .;',nifiicn'.i', wlitic llicv ni.v le.civea kw
friends in .i innrf caly m.inn. r than i1r'\ loiild do.it
llieii' |),il,i. cs. Th'/feari' tli'n"t ililn^ sj wlierr, inllead
oi iii'iii}^; Itonii- I" ;i !or:n.d |ii|ijicr, .uui iefuinini.>, la t Ids
pl.ue iif g, n.Tal iflDvi, tli.y order relrclhiiKMir., and
annilc tlKnili.U\>- . itii card^. Thii ihclc cillniu- may
Iv o. c.Tlionalh \\\ d l')r the iiuipDlis ui nitiigiie is not
iinprjli.ible ; 1 ut ih.u this is th ■ }»i'nc-r'.l pin pill- tor
w! I li they an- lu' |iu nied ib ceiiainly lalli-,
Tlu-rciire no kl'. ihinll-vi"i ili.nrcsai V'niii"; one
fir the Itrioiis open, two tor maiK op, la, a;ul tour
phivdioiilis. It 1 . tlu' tulloni lo i'/j nialk^d ilurini; ilie
tarniva!, in a.itu'nn, ami at the ALinlini: with a
m itii, .iiul a !dk eloak, a man is then Infiii ienrlv drellld
toi any a'.kmhly in V'cnici-. Milks in rhai.ut.r aie
ukdi'iily ll.r.ior I'ljurweJx- i)clurc L-nt.
I'll.' All nd is on an ilhi'id, a'i'oui i! r. e mi'c> in
conip.l:'. I Ii-r ar^' docks tor die '.',,dlirs and me:! "I
V. 11, and rrp li'Mriis lor .-lil (ins o ni i laiy :.nd r..ival
floi'c . I Ici" .iliii till V Inilld diiir men oi u'.u' under
(ov.r; ■ all .aiuio:i ; iiiiki- ealik-, fail-, .uk iiors, .\e.
I ';e ;irms ai.- air.inj>/d ni ilie aim iiic-, .is in "tlier ar-
Irnals. The I'll, finoro, oi llaie i;all,y ot ihei-pnl)-
lic, r lud up hi-ri. It ni ver j>,oe-> oiil but when ii
curie di.' duLV to llu" iTpouTalsoi ih^- Adriatic. Wl.cn
t!ie \\. ..the;- is lavoiii.iM. , ii;e n-rcinony of tlu elp mlab
i-. perl. Mill d on A cenlion-dix . The lol-iiiniiy is a;i-
II iiiueJ ill the 111 iiiiii.', by ringiiii; ot' lirli , .uid
fin:!!' 'it c.iiinon. A '"Ut noon tlu- elo;.;e, willi t'.:.
pi'pi's nuncio and the paiiiircli on i uh liilc ol him,
.nti' iided b\ a iiuiiKrnus p.uiv >if the feiiale and
cler^\', ;..) s I n I oaid. Tli. \eliel is rowed a liitle
way inio the lea, aeeoinpanied b\ the I'pk ndid yulii
ot tlie torei.m ainbaliador , the y^oiulolas ot the \enc-
ti.m nobiiiti-, and an iiure !i!'lc numi-erot liiiall ve|{(.ls
o! everv kind, ni.iny ot ihciii eov red i\iih i.tiuipie^ol
fills .ir ii. Ii lb,'.!]'-, wilh ihe u.•:ldolIcr^ in lunipiuous li-
velier. A baiiil o' miiiie p.! ;•'•, uhile th- Hiic.ntoro,
:'.nd it tr i;., Il'i'vh. luov. io,\aub t!i!' Lid". 'I'lie
ilo'e drop, 1 iii'.'i, int.) the lea, pr-niin iiij; tii.-.e
\\iiid-; " D\''!f.iil,!W!is It' marc :i: f::^i:um i-.ri pt'r-
\ IlilU'. 1 1
J,-
nrmi." 1 1.
I lie." retiirns II. the i.inK- iiau
in-
a- lo.ni.aMv Ihmi mih
V ioelniiK r.
i\ loll will'' ll c lair
le.jns .!!
S. Milk, wh
l.:d I.
(Ipe o! lie It 'e I liniiiiluitie <■' Venice is its
midi
\ k-. t
lour,
i;- , WllC!'. l! '.Vi
lO'.eicd '.\ lib
I.I
.1 1 oni Ii, t.ie
lot-,, -.lid
a, 111 two
|:eilin lit veu i "i.m
: bei - iii.n lil on e.iih lie
(Jie or i-.\o
.! 1.1
g.i.el
d ll-
ot ;-ai
(
t t Mil
.1' I ,on
IK .Mil I am u:
e^ei \- vvher.
' '.lers (bind-
- at \'e.i,co,
as ther-- aie
hi
rooult, i'''''d liiim iiir. i
iiion th- uuii
km I
I'T ilieir fidelity .md itl u Irm-i-f.
11" gi mloiier^ are
jnque th. in;, ive--
s ol tlu 11 |-,.p.irte. '^j .uid are tlL enied
In I
ine AC 11 In r tlu-'- iii-ouentlv clir.li. n.'.eon,' an^ ill -r
to a come!
T!.
pui up
ill!
II'
a Poiij'n lor a
pri/e, will, h tluy d l| I iv die t;r. iieil ardour t ) obi.iin.
If
;iiy peiinii ot . on e u.-
n .1 lil. m, 'CI,
ll
low ,ri\-
<! I:re to
Ilie lonti
■1.
•ii-ient'. aie iii.i ;e lor
a mv.e or.icr.v i ir
tii - i iv 1^ a.'.iu
-ll Willi a
r ll .t.i.
Ho
ill partii iil.ii occ.il.o:
;iaiul {\ ga; .1 is
Ion u limes exhibit' d, iindir li.edi eCiion, and at the ex-
]-icnee of iT,oveinni( nr. On iliele \ ul !i,. oce.ilioii' tlie
lomietitors av.- iho'.i n irom '..uiili i thi- tiril reru-
t ill' n aiiioii.- th. L'l'iidoli.-is. \\d
11 die ,' ly aiiive
theii n lalfiis eneouia .etiieiii, I v e. Iuim, io mind th'
ditleient lolnui'-. The freat riinal, upon thcfc occa-
lions, is unered with b.u-;;. s, b, at , and i^oiidolas; ami
on eiuh lid.- arc |il,ucd baiuN of miilie.
()neol the prim ipd m.um'.ietones ai V.nicc is that
o! ol.il',, on the ill.uid of Murano. They blow I im;e
iiin-ior-,.ind in.ikealjundaiue of irinkc s (ii.'argnritine)
and (louerstodeeor.ite luilr.s.and tor nofeiiayMoadoia
tliecliiinlie . 'J'heN exp'irl little now but t) tiie Levant.
I'rinti.-i^ alii) liiil mak-j.-, one of the eiiicf bram lies of
trad.-, few luiMUiiesm-ik.'l), It r velv.-isor liik llo. k-
in- . The w.i\ brouj^hi troni Dalinatia, Cireee-.', anil
all the I .evant, eniplov ,ieveial nianufaciories. lewel-
lerv toim^ a c, ..ilider.il) e bran. Ii of f irti:,;i coinniefcc.
Dniir-, aic inipori d from t'le L.v.mt.and arceikvmetl
-excellent : ihc;'- '1 lieriaea i- in >,m it repuiation. Tlieit
maratquin, or . h, iry w.itei, and ilieir liiuoi-.;, are ta-
nious. Thoui;h ih.y haven .tiiinj, wiiliin ih.-mi-lves,
yei noiity i- b.-ller turnillied w.tli the ne.-elliiries and
luMirie- of lifu tiom tji„- I'.iduanan.! I'-lelin.
The krriiiiry ol I'.idua is ; :; luilc, lung, a;-; bro.id,
and Meedui^ t'eilile.
Tadiia, the ca| ll 'I, is li'.i'ated o-' t.'; ■ H.enta, ■;.\.
mile. e.i!l,it Wnice, and hi- many JiurJis, liolpitals,
and lonvenis ; but the dree'.s are nariow and din y.
Ihe univ iliu, wnh the pu' lie tUiouh, niulciim, fee.
I, one .)f bi ■ ii'd ob',---'. ot euiioi-.tv. Th.' ehemi^al
l.ibo-,ator\ , wi.h a L-ll.tt'on of mineral-, lia lie.ii
liieb, e;i.,;.|ill,ed i y the prelent pro-elf .r ot ehemiftry.
The anatomical the.iire is ^ uriouih liued up, to holtl'a
mul'ilu-L' of t'pee-l.iiori in a htllc Kjmpai;.; bui it is
furill . nd dark. The n.iik-iiii of natural curMlities
w.i- irdle.ied bv ,\nioiii ' \ ...hlnieii. 'i'hc botanic
^j,arden is .i veiy ;j,e<ud one, iiul .irranijjd a.cordins to
tlie I'ylU-m ot Liuinefort, Tie etc irvanveal ^larilm,
iniiiiuled for e xperniieni-. in hulbundry, is in v/rv tio -d
•ondiiion, under liie wiie . f an active n.uur.iiill. I'a-
diia has ;;lwa\s had men oi learnmgaiii.l emineni c. Ir
was thebirdi pla e o: Livy : r.ir.-r h. w. s a can ni of
the caltieeial : (lalif o he', d n.re . .lu.l ii | ,iely pof-
lenid Tar;ir.i.
lluie IS a cl di in.mut.ub'ry In t!r.- eiiy 'or home
c .n 11111} ti n. Uui tile i;iv.ii nnni'.er i.-f b.i;;;iis wiih
whuii the place ksarnis i- a i'.i.ing ir.dicaii.'n'ilut trade
ai-.d iii.iiiutaclines arc ii.ii in .i Iliii'iiliin'T e, nJition.
In lue.nviron.- ot I'.idii.i t'le l-',u„ar.e.-.n m.ur.tains
will atir.ict the ;; (i e ot t.e naiiir.;!;;: : ihtv are ex-
iiiiet \okan. s, and t'-..ll o- all th iir'du.-.ion-, offiib-
leiianeoiis lir^s. A
I
ei\ nil .1. ui;
f AI
le made 10 ti.e liot liaiiis ot iVI;..no, !• ,ur or live mil
uiy
iioni railii.T; an
r
tr.iich s vil .1 and ni'jiiunient at
Av.,ll.l.
el eilv
I'll Ine
O
a lar
v^ 1 the liver aie
.1 die e.Mtle b
n. ,< iii'Kije-,
111 numlier.
ihat '.Nliu'.le..
c.dles .uc th;
aid oiit\ , atui III.' lio
die city i- t'lat c.lievl t'
r.iees are lonietr.ii. - iii i
tin 'ly liru-
ot wliicli
dhe I'.
c.i
llee
1 1//..1
.!•
toriiiei i\ kl PI , in .\:
'I •), wiieic- no.ie a:;
I'ie lar.'.eir t.iu.ir-
re 'lie aiiiiu-.l ta;
li .AiKuniii. The
l.imde w
I 'lurch oi
th.- t.imil'
r loriierlv I 'i.
St. Mari.i' An :
, u itii t!i ir .u;
'i.^t:
1- tiiu:
n ti e
■e I'lme ni -le
1.1 li' - I 'wn-
ot
.lie ar
■e ll
U.KS ut tiv, I ,
It.. I
he ;i Ll C'aiu'his iiid .-i-aiuliu-' .\l.ucii-, ihe
hilkiriaii Con
uuviii^ the ar^
Ne-,
I'l
n\- tie el
d V,
fl
re are ievna!
tor
ic improv^ineiii o ir.iilie, poh.c c--.eici,
1. 1; lilt ihcuie,
I pr, lervii .on.
i The \ieeiitine I- rdt
R.ini
in amiin.iiKalr;
ore IS we'l wateied, f-rtii
.iiih , and th- Win. i adiu.i.ilil '
triuiii]ihs ot their taiinhi
If
oar; ami rclij-'jun lia. iM lliare in tlie j.iep.ir.nioir . I he
th- w-oiii n I relent tie
1
\
, ill'.- .aiiii ll,
t Ml n,ount.ii:i
'ill ,1 lai'i.;
about
tour mile' , alotiii the I'ae.ii
bai k
Tl
le j.riiicb are tour, iiuiked by ll.i
of
r. mid. n, ci"iLa;n> I'i
nil n.^.v- nil
iliin.' I'ho
d
ar -.1 !-^
II
.'1 1'
ee;i ili"t\ .ri.l l.'rtv llioil-
1: IS ll
.e pi lee ol
lu.
ae
thi:
KK- woi,\-- ii;
tins eilebiaud a..li.te.;i. uaLc l!,e \\\:it.
'ini.uiieiu ol die citx .
T-at;j
Ii
mm:i
m
'n
VC5
'IV.ui
A NKW, ROYAI. anp AlTUrNTIC "^-''STF.M of INIVRRSAI, r.lT.GR ArilY
. i>lvnuiivu I- uiif t.l ilu- limn Ip-cimeiv ot
nnHliiu aiiliiui'iiii
It « I', bf •nil C.UlV HI I ^
V(.rv vt.\' I it l'.ill.ulioili.-
aitliitwi liiinic'l: liviil \v:i-
ly
;SS. ihc
'I'iic limitf i'l wl'itli llii"
nil l>v liiia, aiul 15 no kh
nio<
a"ii
,1 (.n/i, iliuu;.',I'( i>r 111) I xtiMonliinry cxt.nt, li.i-
i\\ ti\tv tluirfiuN .■■"•.Villi-, .uul l-ol'iiiiai •
\\ will vilit I'lc I ii.'iia ik- C'^ivuli, tlicnii-
A
lie;
n;Uur.ui
IK
iMiaro, (he I lii'l w.it'.T^ o
S. I'aii-
cra/io ili Bul'iaiu:
th.- liill' o( Brctio, and tlic
h
;auv t" liic nortli n ll ■■• rilv, ia whicli r.rc abun
itaiKT yt lh■lls,lK•t^ctac(iol1^, h^.
In tliv" v> luiiiic m>iiimaiii> iicar Viccn/.a a:\-
cf ll
ot an
lioll'.s
ILCVi
loiiv. tlV)!n tiK-
dl, l>
li/.- ot a i'>a v> tl
nocluU'-
.haim-ter
till, uriiamciUcd wiih alnini.lancc<>t\liAr;iiingc>ni
llOlll'.' .
ir.p,
( If.noa i< greatly iK f;cncrairil frnm it- toim^ r ('[''ni-
nr Tlic (\ovcrnnKni i"- ariiiiKrati>a!, Tlic liiv'c,
HI" iluki', I'' I
lioltn oiiU loi t\<..) V'
Th
V'
;)ovvci i' loilmd in tlif -Meat lounci
ll. Tl'
.''.iiiiniilri-
Tlv;
,11U
in the la\
I u-v
t'oium mlv
and iliat linhow iImii tiiiK- li i. water v.\ it, ant
tlicv arc then lalUd inliv;
Tilde Viieiiiini- li
are i al.ir. on , tiirnilliinii fine
red. y.llow, and varicj^ain: :\k.
Ilia;; led bv vi. .' vok i
1
at
:d have been
tl 111 is vell.d in a dog , and a iiropcr '.oi
doj^e lias the title ot Serenitv diiiiii;; iiis i Hn' .
jjivat lOiincil make Luvs anil railc nMncy ; :lic 'el'
dare war, |irovlam. I'vaie, and toim ali.ai'.n-.
'l"h'.' Cuiioefe Mritirics are v o niili'^ in
bill lio not excveil 2; in bnadtli. Tluy cxi. i.i'.
that pan .'t the Ma'';ciraneaii call. d i!ie (iiii;.ii(,t
I are dividid into two diilrid-, v./ the
HI'-
iiiat )>
(i.noi
ant
lOern eoall a:\d the welU rn eoal'r. 'i'lic
I 1
tain-.
illv f.
(leiioa, th" .-apital, v
Mediterr.ncai iV it
it appeii u. gwM ad
al, Nvhi, ll 'l.'.iids on t!
COl;
con-
ot ll,-
I '.v:ati ll oil a 1
vaf.a{;i
from tl
K- le.l.
ind ll iiiu'.e
well V. .itered,
B; -rcia, it
til.' lit lie rue;
d on the hnd tide b", a double vv
it i-d
The N\
obierving, Inii ii and B.dbi Streets eonlilt eatli ol' a d"iiMe row ot
nia.
111/.
1 I'
a pUMl'int plain on ;j iiiii>eii'. 1
thi
If.rllreet .ire erookedaiul 1:
oiis and drives
but ihe liiburli oi San I'l tr.i S Aivr.i
a eoalider.il I. i;.i
oti-.tr eir'erv v>.i;.
.1 a'HT
n.ib!
buiiitiiH
11
ral
(■ 'ni.iin-i
k- lie:e ill'o lin.n eloth. ' eliiirthes, tone nt^ h.ilj'iiil , f\e. many ot'whuh a'c
an 1 <;
ea
al m m:in\' cth.r ki;i
ot marble. Tlr i\i
IMlaie \vIk;c the lioiie
liU- lla
.lid?, on .1 101 k, an' I e.);ii;ii.i
>t'm. uh.indizc. The :' liiperbly built
ai-.d . the whole town; ';| rciidv'', and where the {;real and little lOiincil, audi
aad til, alien
d I ne'l t''.!v;i;ilied with warlike (lores
Ih
;!>■; ot Ikr
:\yaU 11 1 . Ill ueiiei.
barren,
I' e
It-nl
ki
ii..rc'l;and the i:!ia'^i!a;ii- :ire lubiect t'
ii'd- of win- in li.e th.ro. ..t .1- ilie Savovarif
two eolLgcs
of tlu
procii: itnri and governaton
I'emble, j. .1 latge l\.i;ie Iniildinn in the ctiitie oi
lity: it ('■I'tain'- fume tine pai;itin<.',s in IilIio, two
V c iiiiaiiv
B.
r:ani.i, a t.-rnlie
il t'Av:
tl.it I
Df A
ndu A and 1 lin Uotia in white
ni:ii
bh-
!ieto.Hot || and an arli 11. d amply iloiei'. ( l| ihecluirih.e- the liiuii
the Alps I
Cre:r.a. i;i tli. tenito'-v 01 C'-t:tMno, w! kh is t'; u.t- \
fill .i.i i ple:V- int. I- li iiat^d on i i.e .S. ri", llr I't;, haul- j
lo;ii.. tlic tec ui a 1 liliop, anil tamed t..'r a linvnma- :
luit.k'lo.-v. I
M;r':a Trt\ 'gi ma i I"' lertil a diiii.:l a^ t' ha\e j
olitaKie i the nair.e 'I .1 coii;inii.''! i! udrn. Tie'il ', !
tlieiapiial, ;:. ai. aaeien;, lln-ii/, i;e.it, but popido .- |
p'aie. 1
I'.itnaiiel I-rio'i ; the nor:':er;i varec f.* Iialv, a'd
t'elor,>:;5 partly til the W n. Tim-, .111 I pirtlyiotl.i- .Anl- .
tnaii . I' '•- \eiy teitil''. b;;! il •■• :io: euiit.i.n at.v re- <
luaik ll le pla. c cxcep' !
l'''ir,<>. a .oiilideiai'l ■ c ity "tl til" viv. r r c.r.'d I .a
R' la. It huh a i.iir i.ilHf, w.tii le'.er..! landl'ri.e :
ehiir. I e;. pdice-. as-.d . > nM-:ii- ; '■ !■ 1 = a cvl!ct-e tor ^
la.'., :i;idi'iaad tr. iir •iiafiai 1 :;.;< . . 1
Ii;:ii ' .: in. iKd ; i:i;-i:.'ia en ti.. A .lUi--, I cl. i..;- |
inn. part to ih Viaetiin-. '.nd I'.'tlv '•• t''C A.:-
trian . I; i. fi ;:a-, tir '••li hillv: b'ii ;iie an is i:::-
whol. I n.t.
C.tpo de li': 1 ;> a ;'" .-; •■..'.:■, on an r.'and in tl.e
luilpli, lo IV ■■: • milt; •• ;i5 !o I-- • iinc.l ly a
bi.d;',. . It i-:.i I Cut .1 : .ill ip. e :;iji:.' :K.i:iy io:i-
vef.t . and ha- .. ( 'itilid i.i'iic ' ; ide m 1 it.
1 .11. i.a ib 111' It '■ini', a~ ' •.;:i^ i!'.- i ipitil ot .1 little
r 'put he, wlia h, ti.r its c-- tent, 1 the i' ia'.l and bell
peopled date o' Ii.r> . Tiic t rrii^r'. is i'i:ty m.I.- i:i
Iriigt;:, .iiiel fi.'!;-en i:i lai.al'ii, c 'lit iin:n.' a!") ".it .; -'
lijiiii' niil.s. .An Mr 01 I ';e.;rtiili;eS ;■.:'..! j-: :.", .1]:-
pe.ii .inuii'.; til. p'.-':]i'r, .iii'l thui: li aiitv iwil r mi-
piu'.dto the ',;'iri.jil. 'I'lie iii"ii:'t.'.in> ,iie i-'Vered
wi,h v.n , 'ihvr , ilielna's .'.nd n.'i.'i.-riie : liicir
o'.iv ..;i ; ',il . ;. I'l '.'/ar ( t' . ;ii. 'J"o .ed' the tea
mil h taitle 1 'i ..1 m tue mea'lo ^ and ir. .lili''--. .\'o
lie ihol'. ot tlie Annimeiat'.oti, Si. M.uy C'lii' nan, .Si.
Oaminie, .iiiil Si. M.^riha. In il.e eathedrd i- a diiii
n.aile ot a tiiip,! ■ etiierald. All ilu- inh.il'^.ani-- here
exeept the pr;;Kip'a! l.ielies, who aie carried in ehaii-,
w.dk on too: "ii a^eoiiin ot'il.c n.irr'iwiiet- or tUapneW
o! ;he llieet-. Th'.' tonti, .itions ol tiie eiiy touaiib
tlale.i ..i> It laaikal'h lb iij^. Theie iieiwo lliaduiie
lii'^'.is over tlu ii\. r= B >n/cver.i and Bi' ..ii'o; il.e
ti;d wiicreot .val!..s the \.'ed, iiid ih.e mh r thee. ill
id.e ol tlic ii'\. waliin which ihcre i- allii ;i In; [nn'.r, ;
lio:,. brid[;e. toming fanh;!!-. The Imlioiir. r.i'in a
large, IS tar iiom bi ini; late; but no ca;e or i.xpe'ice
h.ive bec;i Ipaied to u nd r it .is l.ile aiiil lomii.odi.ni,
as pollible. I )n .' <". k.on th ■ well tide ol the ll irb ua ,
I the taii.ii. "r Ijjitdio'ile. The trade ot' (ieii 'a 1.
di.. ll m vc'-. ,is d.ri'i.ilk'^, philli :.nd ot!;er liiks, I'm-
I. ai.-, 1..'., •^:oVc^. I'M ■■ini .It-, tioii-,01', aii'ho-.ies
audi ir.edKin.d dm s trmt the L.\.ril ; b'at the ' i.i-
iiels ot the harlvair, and the pii. e ol loiiimodiiie-,
i^iea'.h click it e'linni'.ie'.
'I'he '.vell.rn co.il! ' 0!U.ii"-
Si^>>:.a, a lir^'i- t'i'.Vii, wiili a I'.e •n-';, cit-u'el, and .a
h..i;'Oi.; t ip.ible e! reicivir.'j; lai_M- ilii[s, hut paaly
ch'il'i<e'.l !.•'.
St. Rii;. ', a imall town, wiih a ;.:o> d haiboiir, 17
iiiiU- eal'. "I Sue. Mr. Ad.lilon lay-, h. I'.ov teVMil
pc;( n- ii.a. . ih.it, in the midllot' Deeetli cv, li.id iv-
thiii'.' o. 1 ;■ . Ilioalder- but th ;r t'.:; :-, widr ut com-
p •..'.ill ■, ; 'h.r ' 'lid.
\ !'.'...(■ n t''e (jeuoelc territ.;i.. .ml theiouniyof
I Ni.e. the Imall pimcipahtv . I \I"Uie.i, '.heiethv In:.
j duke ol V"rk d'.'d. The "iile I'laee W' ilh menu •;!-
: liii; III tl;'. pa:'.ti['ali'V i-. ih.il wh.eh ■^;se^ n.ime to ■!,
I .Monaco, a I'tiiad town, cut ii;ii:.u ..bout eii;ht • 1
hiiudied foul-, belidi
. a Viiv
Lei/par..'! 1 i: p. ..pi :i;-efi I' • I';.:; m th':-- ivp'.ibli. ; 'I nire hiiudied foul-, belidi 1! e ;;.ir ilon, b'Uill .na
no:-'!i..-. i ; I. \ :<■ i-^rp-.d ill ir m.iMi:-. 'Ihe '| i".l., wh; h pro;e.:^ into th.e f. a, ..nd. m.ikm;.
haliit of e'. icii";i> 1 1 '.i' :. ; a:. I the f i nt .I'lti' re v-. ' 1 :n:i;.;ii .ippeMi.iai e.
thv only p'.-'i.i;. w': '1 v.ee- lu . '1 h' le .ire an till , '
aii.l n ibody we lis ,1 lv,'..|',l. \\ 'Jim-.i'-y i- i T'Compalled i>y ili.ii par; .-1 the M .;-
Ti.ec.ipaal cil\ his ;e i:!.-;i ^.'ood I';''-.!', 01 li.iiid- jl r;n.mci:i i .11 ■.! the TuU;inSea, Moi!':ia, lai .a. ,.;.il
I'ome bu:ldinfi'-. Rniml t! c i.mip u: 1 i ple:iiuii[ '.'..dk b the I'op d, .u,. Ii 1 1 1 f; mile-, loii^, .S ; bnu.l, v.c!
or diive, ot ihii e i:,i!e 1:1 extent , .u.d h.ie the i 'iiii- ! w; '
pany allemble ;i!ier diiin.r, i,r ni the e\eiiiii(T, The ,1 ot
w:iteied, mounl.llii'iu'. in toiiie P.llt-, but t'.'ilil
thmate : . tern
pc
:raie
and liie i.'.uiitrv r.juiid deh'dit-
hei . The i^re.it duke is an alt'. lute prinee
l.C
i) o.'d
er o
kiii
ithuod i- that ol .St. S'.ej'lien, iiuli-
lij'.ei
'4
I
r.i'RoPr.]
tilted in I ^:.!
ti.elal;-.' f
a Ridden b'lu
"I'l'iien e.
(oiiili from \
ten lie dtllrn.".
Ariio. Th.'
and C'un cut ,
niri'ov. '11
r' h "i'l 0'' 01
nnci tit ..'. ' 11
the ni'ai di'K
. ii.'(-:t. ;i
Ihe Ti.lean la
a lieuliuie, ,
ii.id., I did'.'
the iaa.:,i;y,
ti'ver I'll.,'-..
' .o.v ihe il !
i'l'ik up -u il
ll i!''i.:i 11 I
ll :h;in luae \
filial :'ik1 dit.'
(ouii . ;ns, li>
li.ilue . .Ml
and Ir me ih
lri-p;:li'.d mil
ailit III', ie Wu
ai-ehilect- lal
itriuiiiic:, the
or C'lKie, is
nobie iriiii'iii
vv iiili ,1 tr..\e-
Well tui.iilhei
in ia,iii':i "i'dc
rditiee. tie
and eiiiii li'/d
Iciilpiure; .i",
a deli'I'lliil
iK'inaii. a .
viiei . or I ', ■■
thill Is iliemi,
\vi It'll is 1;..
col III >, .'.ml
I'll. ' "1 tl:
bv di i'l.i-ei
lie h.i.d. I
I ; • 1 1 , i li \ i -■
cl:ar'.;e is m i
duK 's ;j,'.'i;e-
■| li' . I n\ i^
Si. St pi. en.
li'.di.l, a 1.1
O- r\ .-lleiit
.;!.,. l;..l : t
S.ni '; ..I'l 1
I iia.iti 'll i
tiuiii ihc I |)
I ; lee- iru
a eal':!,-, :
lidcralHe 1
ot them ol 11'
f.'ll- into ilu
contains a gri
water wo; k-
Vvord.; l/ir
" j.lov th- e
" iiti-."
I..- :"l:
I: ^ il ll. 1
b.illioii , and
i 10 O ih il.
th' j.',e:ur.l I'
niciu e ' t I ..n
and loiniiip, 1
thus conveye
elm f llicet \.
ibllli-, but 111
No. >:
or.RArnv.
;c i>t i.li.uii)ingi;iHiir.ry
.1 frnm it^ t'lirnu r r[''cii'
(ivrati.^!. 'I'kr ilo;_'c,
V" .-.r' . Tht; I'.j.iditiv.-
incil. Till r.'.'.miiKilr.t-
. pi'iiier '.omu ,1. 'V\v:
uiiii;;; 111-. 1 till'., 'l'!;:
Ic nivincy ; '.lu-Icl' :i'c-
I torm ;ilii.ii;.v;,
r O links 111 • > '!\
li. Tluy c\i. 111'. W'^:,
III cal'.il i!ic (iul;.ii i;i
two lllllliJ'-, v',/' (Ix
):ilh 'I'lic Idii;" , con-
Ulkh iMI lil.' Co:. ' (if ll.;
■ I '.mti a on .i i!iclivi:\,
Voin tlu' Ic.i. ii is ,|. .
Inllblf will. 'J'Ik' Ni-.v
il a cl"iiMc row olni.ij,-
(.-t -iri; irook.nl aiul n.i;.
'i.tr.i >i' Aivr.A (■ ini.iuii
■re \w d'. cmI p.iLucs,
fsc. ir.iny ci whuli vc
: p.ihuc wIkic tlic ilom:
H.1 little iouncil, aiici i'.\-
I'l'i ail' I giniriiatori al-
iii in the ctiitic ol ilic
■laintinos in IkIh), two
Dona in white marhl';,
Ml ll'i-cluilil'.i- the tinell
Si. M.iry C'.ur,ii,\n, Si.
II ilie cathfili >' i- a tlilli
ill the inh.il'..ants hciv
ho ate canitil in than-,
c n.iriiiwtKis or ilei putls
ii)iis ut'ti'c lity tiiwaiiN
'I'll -ie lie iwii tli^e llune
cvera and I5i' ■■,'.'.'<.>; ihc
, ii-.d the (itli r the c.ill
iliere i- all'o .i liKpiil'.n;
■. T!.C luil.Olll, l'.")li,;li
inn no caif or i .\peneo
as laic aiut loinn.iKinui.
■ '.\etl fiJt ol the 11 uh Hil,
The trade ot' (leu la is
lulli :.r,ii otlitr lilk>;, hio-
.is, ti ml-, Ol', ail' ho'. ies,
e L . v.rit ; I'lit the ' \.i-
e I'll, e ot uuiiuiodlti..-^,
!i a lir .r-f citadel, and .1
; lai__'.- ilups, hut p.v.ily
i\ilh a L'O. d !i;il!'Ou:, i 7
■ lilon lay-, li.' law U-v.r.il
lllot' Deeelli ev, hail IV >-
th-. 11' i'ii! ;-, witlr lit com-
I!. ■. I, . .ir. I te- i niiniy of
. t M'uiiLO. ..hea'thi Lite
'ill', ['iaec w il'i nuilli ..'ii-
\v!i.(.h '^.se: name i-j .;,
..Ill ii::ii.;; ..!)out cii;,lit ■ 1
tie ;.v"'iion, I'.iliit ■n a
.e r. a, aiid ru.ikiii'i a wiy
i>y tli.ii par; "I ilu: M :;-
-ea, Mod.tia, [ai ' a. ..:.d
lies U.'U^, .S J I'lolJ., v.td
jiiie [Mils lilt lei ill i:i
ail al'i'.lute prinee. 1 i c
that ulSi. Stephen, nn'.i-
I'J'.ei*
ri'ROPF.]
1
/V f, V.
001
tilled in J ; - (• T''' ''"^''-' '' 'ilw-iys ti'--" iv.,u1i.T; ami
the I a !:■.• 1 the oid r ih an oe<an;.',ul tr ivd eiol-, witli
a L'l'ilder, ti iicttr worn ( t\ the hiealL.
"I'loreii e, on the Arn , the cajiital, is 2') miles
((•viiih tioni \'.niee. It ■:;ives name lo a populous and
tcriilt d:lln.:. ller.- are t' air lluiie bridges over the
Amo. Th-' lur'rber ol ili'ii. he., j alaces, h'.l'pnals,
and com ent , .ir.' f^rcat, but the liitets aie crooked inil
narro < . 'I'he oh! and iicv do .d pakice ton.aiti
r' h 'I'l i' oriS 1.1 t;..:ur.ii a.i'.l :iilili..i.d ciiriolities, Iwtii
nnci :',t ..'. ' mo.lei'i. 'I'h- clifpeUoi tiie iiUenneiU ol
the !;i'ai ih'KC-, m th. >.iii, di ot .St. Lo\en/.o, is inag-
'■ li.r'if. Il-ie I- ...I ac.'.d in\ tor the iniprovciiv.nt of
the Tul'ean laii^ti,'};.-, cdle ' IXil.'. Craica, anoihert'-r
a rieiiliiiie, and an. tiier or lidii)^',. 'I'lie ptineipal
trail., I elides wii.i, oil, liuit , .in; I other produce ot
the Col,: I.V, II" lill in .Mou-lu luks, and (;old and
liiver I'li.i'-. I h nubility and gtiiiry do not think it
' .(v.v ilie.n to ir,u!e: though, ai the llime time, ili.y
I'l'ik I!!. 'U it a. .1 great dnpar.igcmeni t > edu' ate ilicir
il.il.:i,;i II 111 ■ piotellioii ol pliyli . 'I'liey uriu- ilie
li liaii licre very w 11 ; I'lH tlieir pronuiiei.ition n t;,ul-
(ur.il :iih1 ddajirecable. Moivnce i adorned v.iili ;cveu
(oun.ins, li.\ eohiiiiii., tv.o [lyiair.'.d , .iivl aijoiit ico
li.itiie-. Mol! ot she l.oietitiik. :.:e lln/it-llglile.l,
iind !r net the lUivnti.ii C'lec'ii, or Bind Fm lentines,
ha- p:.li'.d inio a ; r- .verbid |eil. As t!i 'I'Lilcin or.ler,
aii'l im'.i'- w.'il.. o \e th .r oiip^in to ihi. coiiir.ry, the
architect- take tare to jjjve tluii apkuein all t!ie
itriKinrcs thev tear in this duehy. 'I'he vjcM pia/./.a,
orCniae, is very iiacioiis and mn;!,niticeiu, with a
noble iruiraiii in ihe midil of it. 'I'he arlcnal is w^ll
w )rlli .1 tr.,ve':ei's i.otice, beinfta ihitely biiihling;, ami
well tin.iilhed wnh all loi, of weapon- ol war, kept
in <?"o-,i Midcr. Tiie c.it!Kdr.il is a ver\ m;igiiillLvnt
cdilice, ll-.e wh.'le oiulide being of polillietl nurble.
and eiinch'.-d wu'i i!,e moll ex^iuilite arcliitecture and
fculpiure; a'ui !rom t lie lull, over the cuiw'i, you have
a deli'l't'.ul prol'pect of all the cliuiches, palaces,
nionai't-i -, fee. within the walli, and 01 near 2Co.-)
vil'a . or loiiicrv feats, wiilimit. 1 l.nd bv the ciuirc'.i
flan. Is ihemiiclnelebrat.dC.iiiipatiilcorlquarelheple,
wiiicli is il.e) te. t lii;.},li, :;11 ol' lUK marble, ofleveral
col in -, .:iid eiai uiily '.Mui'.d t.
I'll. .:'! the A.iK>,'t,.ii-eilv ar.j'ubli, , was ful'dii. ,1
bv di i'l.vfiuiiies I'l 1..0 ', li;iC'- wi'i'-l; ii lia grc.itly
(le It... !. Tile lieuf s , aid llreets .ire haiidlomc. 'lie
ii:ii,i!li\ i- in ,1 li'.'iii'hing coiuhiion, and the t.v-
thanij,e IS m '.nnuiciiit, l)iit liiile Ir. i|ueiilcd. 'I'll gi . at
diik 's g'.hies aie i .11 i. .111 i loinm.'nly It itioned, i;,'iv.
'I h . > ii\ is al o th.- I .iiKipal lelidence ot ihe o'der ,.1
Si. St pi.en. an. i I'l I e of an arel.bilho;'. J '1 1 a-
th".!i,il, a l.ii.,',e < ioi I u pie, i o.iiains a gie.'.i iiiinii cr
Col'nio and his two Tons foriiiied the cin', drained the
maiihes, clla.Jlilhe.i the iieedom of the port, and finn-
ed two ni 'll commodious haiboiiri, whi.li, however,
have not d pth ol \v, tcr hiifi icnt fiir incii ot war.
'I'lieiei notliini;loi-e!'een IkIu!'- liiel'e, v.iih the mole,
lay. ii\tto, cor.".! maninaciory. and Itatueot lerdiiiind I.
with the f.air llaves ili.iined \n the | Icfhil: the tirll
by (iiovaniii de'l'Op-.ra, il-.o lliv. s by I'letio T.icca
Carr.irelc.
The inhabitants are ah la 4;,o.-o, or' ,eiiich at lend
I ;,ico are Jew , who have cngroif.d th. ral ni:inii-
l.ictory, have a ionli(.lerable tKule, ai'd ) -\. . tiiechi.-f
rivhes o! the pkue.
Si. nna, a large .meieiif city, _;') mile.. ■'.huIi of ]-'lo-
reiite, has at. rtile pi. .ilani terriiorv o: ur '1; iniie.s
liiuare. The city is clean, ne.it and heain.y, but not
popul )Us. 'J'lie i.ihabitanis ate polite, and 1 peak the
Iiahan language in its hinioll piiiity. The lathedral
1 ■ a v.ry maoiiiticenl (.othic pile. Fionting the ca-
the^llal is a Ip.i lou aniiweli-eealowed hofpital, i'ound-
eil by a Ihoe-i'i.ik. r, whoij ini^rr.il in the ch.irch,
and, .i> a rew..id fir hi 1.1 craliiy, hath been > anoni '.ed.
Over the i'Latiie creeled t'> his mciiiorv i il;i, .--jipo'lte
infeription, iMdir tilirn cicpidcm; i.e. '-'lielhoe-
m.iker vv^iit bcond l.if I. all."
': ( ■
SF. C'llON III.
ttioi-.s rci'p:,iin_^ il'C P^rj'n.:, Genius,
', l.d'^'^iin^e, Cifi. -f the llaliiMis.
V is''; tik.n I ec.ifum to liel'cribc the rnan-
■ i, .ulh'ins &e. ot the inh..bilants of ihi^
ii'iUH .e ii.cy relpcetivtlv occurred, in the courfe of
we have only to .I'Jd the foil )win.' gene-
H
,1;
lee.t
ciin.u; -n 1 ■
paintings, .vaA other cnir hti
tb. cii v iiiii'i i I'j .'roU'u!, cail.u
N'
u- t : e
11 C ■.miv'
■am 111'; \o.\ .r;
that ihe i.im. 11
h is ii) gr-ai, I hat a plum!
tioiii Ihe 1. p 111 lie- the ;'io-.ind at the il It.i.'e.. otiuai
ll.
1; le
a ea
'tt'jai.
file
lo:t,
iitAi'.e
id ha
1. T:
i;\ lia. .1 111-:. a, v. ,i|
lldcianie I-.. :ldtli
ot ihem ot maiii'e. 'I'w.) le;i;uies
e Ai
tirid;
1 ot coll
is ovei II, en
nv t:K- uiun it
lall-
lllto the
I .1.
Ti
plr. 1
11 ii.uileli 1- VI
ly tpa'-
.iiitains a great nirliinrol plants, ansl i d. uiiatcd \Mth
water wo;
Om
r hadiiiil into it are ilieU
Hi,
\tren> (
I'r
I. e,
!•
m-
plov th.: f-, es I
L .-c
.1 .\;-
Ut Il.it tlle.li.illels o! bll.i
I- o'i'v lo'.iitcen miles
la
bom
I'il'i
ball
th-
.1 Ir.'. p i.t, toiimc.l o;i ll.. Ian.: lule wiiii
ion , and -.^ 1.
O iie n. 1
, lilhii with w. t.r: the '.T:'.rril n
n 1 iwii IS
boll! two mi'e in ciiciia
and loiiiiii;' He /\rii'>,
tin
IS convevei
cct ver\
I. P
hi.fllr
fqu.ire: p:irt ot 11 h.i- tlie com e •
e oi'whicii is live mil.s in kn/.ih,
nil rehandife aiui p:iil. iig.is aie
.;a. The nr>.eis arc iii.li;',iif ; tlu-
d : thelijuaies Iji.uioiis an. I li;iad-
lome
Hit not regular
th
e i.',rc
at church magniliceiu.
■ ' lllV llOIl
'- a.uks.
'liie ltali:uisare iifiKi'ly \\\\\ jsrop irtioned, a'lil have
i:.prenivec uiiti nance-. Asioeheh, they tii.'low th,"
laliii'ins ol the coiintiies on whuh tlicv b'jrder, or to
whi' h til -\ an Uiiijeet, n.iineb , llinfeot l-'ranee, Spain,
,i;u! ( 1, ;-ii III'. . W itii r> Ip.ei t ) tlieir genius and t, die in
ar. I'iteeture, painting, c.irving, and iiuilic, they excel
moll oher nai!"Us ot Kiiro[)e. 'i'liey are afl'able,
.'aiileoL.i, ing.iii'iiis, lober, and rcdv willeil; but
i,a'i>u-, x.iulietiv-, ci-remo. lions, a:ui lupcriiitioii?.
Ill then l.mjiis I he li.ili.iM- IC'-m m be.igo.id rriidiuiii
iieineeii i!ie 1-r nch .md Span;;ird5 ; neither li) gay and
volatile .1- the one, nor lo gr.ivc and f.lemii .is the
oi!:er. Tic v omen a'iniire\ello-,v l.air, as the R-uiiaii
l.idi.' aiul courie/ans tornierly did. They alio life
paint and w..i!ies, both for their h:mds and t.'.ees. Tlie
d.iv h', re ih rcekoiK-'d tiom lun-lei 10 fun-fet, as tlie
A'' cni:';i ilid ol old.
'i'he ll '.li:!!! i.!i'gii:-.g-' IS comipicd L,;uin ; bii:. lip.ce
I'le rcviv:il ' t ,u t- IP It'.b', II luilh i:. e;i lo much 'e-
li.'.t it I- ii'iA decnei
d eh
inireli
C.tllO;
link..
'I'uf.
The R
'1. 11 line ni.do-',ii: lies.
re clhciiv w ir.c, 01
pertiimt , I. .:it-, .\n
l;avei:e:s
'Ji .till.'. I lelu.e-
-:d !a
Iiiins ol iiueiu y m ll.i!y. i.i
ilie-. .i:ita-i,.liv--, nlleS, {x...
1 lilk-
l-ur
SECTldX IV
JT 1 S T O R Y
1 1 A L Y,
A
('C'C'>Rl)IX(i to the ac--ounts of moll liillorian-
liib w.is nil p oplei' tV'im Cireece. In thol'c
es, wlien ihc K 'm.i;i In
ll
itoti'.S, Ilk'.- Ill
m U) c.\te 111 til. ir
olhir ei-iii:;iies It was iiaieeile.
■Ill i;i!o .1 .',real minn'cr o I'liidl il.it' «, \'. h.)
V.idii.illy I'ubdued by the Roman-. O.i ihedi
il tiic Rom:.n .nipue. tit 1-Fins, (,
luli, and olher noiliiern nuions, jii.
,-, v., lid lb. lle-
'tt le Alp , :llid
;■ I.!' in e.uiie t'le
r,-i/.e<l on the gre.ueH part of it. Ali
d er-.i-.l a kingi
.•liici
ll -, or
1
m 111
ihe iiorilurn p.irl
It. wliicli wi- o\ei
tiiini
Charlcm igne, wlio founded a ncv aniiire in the welt
Th'
jm,-."
:il I
'JM
»,l!
m
.i '
A NMW, ROY.M. anp AriHr.NriC S\sri':M or IN'IV I ll'^AL flV.OfiRAl'I lY,
iiie hlc^ Hits oi Cluilcm.iniH* tl.iiiitf(l, ami tw
lunu- tunc |)'li' tlt<l. 'h.- I i-.t-iii^nty ■ t li.ilyi Im iluir
civil ivar^ ,it Imiii;c i-hh ^nvv- aa iH'paiiiiintv i«i ili ir
I'urili'tc Oiv iDVofijv"^
i!ic\ pr.li !c(l
Lino'«uiii r !•' .iliii'iir ' r
ol iIk' livtr.i
Sjvov .ini
V i)VlT Wl
(OUllts
,t Ml
II, II time, t. II to ilic lot fl till-
iif, till' at. iilors 111 lis piL'iiiit
S.»rilini.in maiLlh, wlVflailui I'luiinckin^ol ^aulniu
In Mitiic "t ill. ii>iaJr. ,v .iHiiiii. ,
.l.il
Tin- Mil nil If wini
tliii'iivJi r..-v Mai liamis; I ni vva^
prc:it imtiomf the a-t ,) i!ic tit',.- o. i; lal ilnkoul'Tur-
t.lHV, 111 1 ', 7?, lilii'll idi.tmiinl L'l lll^ f r.ilv i i i|i;
.1 atli ..Id. Ill
M<
11 177. «lu) l.tt II . ill
'I'lic j;rcai ilui in was then > 1 i.r.ikl Uv tl"
Ci.a lis VI. ,is ;i fi' I III i\x cnp.r., anil
U)ii-in-l iw ihc (luxe
» I,
iM'pc or
tl III IliS
■naiii, ami hi ■ cmn,.'
hi
liiu ot t!if iluiliy ot l-.oiriin, ulii.li ^\^^^
IrUiti' by iri.ity. l^miml I his Iciuiil I'li, I'mlicr i^i
1' '• prclitii tniiicrdr, i^ now ir.iiul tlu
, alluiMC) .1 11. \v t.iic. Li.<'hriii wlikli
.1 1
nil .w
li-l.
M i:^ i.i
III,
at hiintli pi.tfidal by ilii- v inpu-r Cli rlc* V, ab. ut ili.- laiin s m, a rnMi tr.nlj; aii.l I
viar I
wli ) ua\c 1
t U) lis lo-i ri.ilij> II. km;.', ct
t uniaiiii'i
1 v.itli t';.t
ii\w» till tlif lll'll^U
wtie ilriveii I'ut i"
1 lialy, bv il-.. l.iij.'.-nalil^, in 17c'
Tlitli' w>r>,- ihlpoiritud ol It in ra.!; '^'"i I'V ili
pi-ror'^ ivili'uoi N,i}>l.^ aikl >u ilv t» ihi- pr I. ut kiiip
wt ^p.^.n, It ritutiia
I to ll
II
£'
iviriiii It bs a vi. itov
Tl
e Uiichv
ol M
L- <)! An; 11.1, « iio
ui'i:.\\vas I >i -iv. ilv unv.ni.il liy
the t.
inilv ot CijnzagT, wiui
t^rritorv was toil iii
a.
,is a iK-i
.irii.j-
.111
t ' Iram.c, lli.
iniiiiif, to tlif
tvcrai ihipi 11: \\
li^ii-tablc tortcaie now tlali.ncil on tic 'I'laiaii i. ■.lU.
to prevent tnc i.tL'|i:ii.l.ition .ol tin.-
l.au|.
b
w luir uiis luvi- uiiii('r,.i)nc crcatr vi. iri;i.
,1
01
UOMTiinKiit r. .Ill Naplfs orSitilv, ■ Intlly o>viir; ttiiiii-
iiiconilm \ ot ill. naiivi-s. C'liiilhaiiJ ami .^aratt.ns n-:;.
i]iiiic<.l 11 i y uirn-. Ihe Noniiiii, iinil.r l"an t.l,
(ll "Vfo'.it tt;c S'THi-cn , aiul liv tlitir co ,11 Cti m. wi;;,
the (irccks, ilLiblillu'i! there (w'ulc t'n rc-!^ ot 1 i ro|-e
was |i!unc;al ;n iiionk'l)i ijunorantf! .1 1110
li III,
inor.arcav,
lll'l lh>llll
lb. I
1:1 .irtsaiitl .iriii
OU 11. 1-
houlir or AiiiiiM, wiiiih now poixM-.s it, liu lail ilukc
tlviiij.; uuhout iii.i'c ;liii ; but ( i.i.iil.li .^.^s bpa an\l
troni'it m i-;^, lui n.uli'iM.i >'l 1 .• dn. liv olHarma.
ll c tl i; i' .'.V -ll I'-.i.i'.a '.v.i- ii.-.ur.ii .on to po|-.r
P.v.il 111. liu I.. V :, vii-..'. ; f. u aniiixol IJ ili. lio|,
lei', in i;j^. l.v I'o, .J Jul II II. 'I'iic itUt-a.in; u
llu- il'U:!. O l.ll.K'.. ICIil I . .^l-tl i;i olf l.ilC ijllllll
duwait-r it .Spo.i, m,1ijH- Ion, I. is jilint Caiiioii^-
ni.i ..■:.'•, obtaiial n.ii I'li'.i ■ , an.l li.s niphcw n w
1-. J ',1! WUil tK line'. o I'i,-. (.■ .ll -.
iL V(iu-!iiiiS w, rc loiiati'iV t'n ir,..Ml 1 r:r,iJai Ic
mat ;iiti.' ixiw.:- in l-.iiu';ic. In ii;/; i.u ■> i .iiiquiicii
Conitant'.no; ll iiult. an^l l.t .1 n to"" lo.'i-' '1 nc, to-
peihcr Willi '."cit p.;t o tic ..'niM-.ini o. h.ii.op.- and
Aiii. 'ri-.i'i-r.ov r. .1 .1 1 :'.'.i.i.' 1.) bulla, ov ih.
C'.:pc of < looil l-|o| e. 'zavc t' c lilt hi 'W to tiifir jiH.it-
nel', l^ u loll l: .r.l tlu- bid ,.n u.wk. liy tli-iirccs tlie
Toiks toijk ir 'in iluni ila'ir iiioii \.iluainc piii. iiions
on the ooiitintiit; .i:hI !..'I.iic.:s ilicuar 1 7 1 ; tlicv 1, it
I lie Moica.
Tl.i Cimoe'c. t t l'om.. I'lv , dirpuud i ic empiit t
the Mt.'ittn!".i.Mn S'.-a w:di i'k- Vcii-tiaiis, bui wi-ii
Icidom or ni ver .ib'- to ni..i;ii .n tlitir own in.i i.ii
dcnci.- b' lan.i, be...' ■^'■i.craiv p: t <'X d, aful loin •
tunc'. li;bM-tal, I v lilt- !■ <nili i.d liii(». n.., lb. A
pK'.tn; llu V arc p>iii' il'j.i ot a ; mu. laulj hitici.ui
to 1 re rvi il.i ,■;.] I .j.iiMJ o- .-. .,vi.. :i;u jfaic,
'l':\j ur.Mt.uiJn ot 'I'lil a-. i^Lii ■.; lothfim-
per r-oii.K,iii 11'., wn" .'iaci ".iit l"..:i:u:i. , till
til.,- ' i.'.r i:.:-\ nltn t! ■ t.r.ioi.- lii'.iiiv 1 11 ( t tin.
Ciu' li.l.s, v>lio wt-r. ;ii. }■ ,t / ll- ot til. I'li'i--. .Hid lU- j
Ijil i-iiiiiv . \'. li... ,\. .c . I i ui pi iiii' ,111' I \\, tO' k
piiui. 'I'lic pofitv ih 11 p.,.ia.;;il iIk liupi i.a! ... -
vi'ramir.i' 11, hr.i.ii v lo j t :n ir.l.lvi;. iiiidii- the pio- 1
t'Cllonui:!i ,1; ii; |.::t iht I''' 1\ |.| "■111 . liu i| I lur.t I
lu;-nit;d t i:. : vcs i;.ti a l:ct: v li.,ii. .nv. ;dtt|, and j
bravcl liiiiv d t'n r lili ni- ^ ai'.,ii..:i . o; li ji.i.i!,. hv
iiirn-.. l-a<"lk, I .it lail llu ok lliiir i.til 111 , ai;it l!i.-
iaa,iiv ot M.diii, 1 .:iii b 'or' I'l y v..r. dtcli'<.-d
J. •.■ni.es 1)1 dukis, ill t.ct ^oViTirtd [-lonn. e, lli:iu^,!l ih •
i...'lin .i-id p; v:l ill- .)' i.i- pi-opl- iniiKd. bill 1.. ■■ \ II.
'll.. M'.-d,iLi. p;iilii ii.iilv Ciitnio, v.liu v.a ili; ri.;!'.
(.a .'.I :i c L'.iixi o! Ill (-I'Uiuix, n. ill ', 1:1 t'.cl: ni,
llj.i;i.il 'Villi till- \'. i.c: i..n' i.t tli.' iiuinciik pi ..lu ol
the I. .i'l bilii tia.'.t;, l> I-'ic tin di.i. .v.. 11 ' iindi by
the F 'itii.; J., 1-. . lbs rovtiiu", in rt.uly nioiuy, whiil.
exi'M-led '. : at oi anv Iomhii^ii |>nn' c in Lui...pc, civ
ablcd his iiai I'.iis 10 riL- 10 love'ciiin |>oiii; anil
P';pc; Piui \'. ;.,iv^ </ii(; o. liii dtlcjiidai.c^ Cvliiio, (I'.ic
Viar 1 i'j'.,t!ie |> -pisbcin.' ihtii .ill p.- i^\iUil n I.mo! . ,
tlicir mil ii^iiCH bioke into tht: Inc.tifionot 'l.tiiirui'.
Iin.', aid N.vpks ..nd Sii ilv at 1 iil f iin- inl'i ilie poll' I-
li.)!! ot ill l',- 11 h ; and tin' 1. 0111 ol .•\nioii, with toi:,,
iiit'.rriipti ns ami ir,'ji'i.al r. volunons, lickl it i-li tin-
Spam inb dio. e tl cm . ut in 1 y^.^, .ind it w 1 ili, n aii-
n.x.d t I ;ho i n>..n ol Sn.';n.
l lie l'oVl rniiii'iil ot the Si'.iaiaids v. is 1 ■ ippnifiv?,
tli.it It j;ave iile to ilic taa:oiis revolt, lit.ulcd by M.iiia-
n.ollo, a voiaiki lidiciiiian, v. 11 out 1)1 )■ s or ibicki!"'-.
1 I IS! lilt I; was Id imp i/ina,,tliailicol.k;.;eil tli(di. in;, ly
Spaiiaid-toa ol.lh t Mopj.riiru'' t xt , .uu! toi.iniirm
till- liiierii.s ol the peopli.-. Bil.!.- tlii.i- could be re-
ilMb.iihed p t..v:l\, ll-- iiirni-d di iirious, iliioi.f'.h In,
loiUMiulai.i ,ti. lis ot b(ni\ .iiid iniiiil, and w.i- put to
ill a;, I at tiif Iliad i.-l In- own m b. Na| 1.^ and .Suilv
lontinui-d wit'.i tli ■ .Spaniards till tin- veir 1 7:)ii, whin
ill - a ili-kli.k.- Cli.ir'e-t, alieiwards iiiiprior, took p 1-
liliioii ot till- kin^-'-iii. Hv viituf ot \arioii tieati <i.
w: 1, ll iud ;,itr(".i c. u D.-n L.'ik-«. t'lC kini: o! S 1 .i.i'-,
I •!>, t' till" poll liiun (>i I'ariiiaand I'la/.-iuia, a I'c.i
i.o iir.iki- . u: in 17;',. bif.vi.n ilit lionlt- it' Atili'ia
ai..; I'i H.i'... .11, .i'.. ot ; . e | olb I'l- -n tit NapK--, aiiil i \i:i
La;|.- \va" nci-vcil i:;to tlieia: i;.il,wliere li ■ wa p-..i-
I I lined kip.a; -t roili Si.iliis 'I'li'is was lollo-.i .-d bv
.1 viiy lilooily caiTipaicn; 1 r.t t' ■ 1,11 1 her i il'uli.n 01
bio. Ill was ib.pt/tr.l f.v a p-a^. 1 r: .m-jii b'l.n. c and I'-o
e-i; IT ir, t 1 w-ai. h tiic -.oii.'t it M..dnd and N::p!<-s
ii li:;' iKMnurri.l, . ut altci.-.aid ictviinl in 17^'', and
1 ) '11 1_ iil'jT ic;i amiii kiiii; oi S..jde-.
I. J- '11 I lli a( t' fiion 10 !' c iro,. 11 I f .'s] 11', in 1 " :",
I! b..:i' f lUiul that h s elJull Ion w i- bv i.ituit.- ir-
i.-.-.Kii. ud t .r icijo.iii.j, r,t r^liuii;il ill'.' down ■!
N.ipl -b to lii-i t ird 1 III, Itrdininl VI.
1 l.i- pip.ii 1 I V, r ' no v fvilen;ly at .i low ebli,
I he iii.l'.i ot I'.uit-, -.'iioarc not lini' ■ ii-'-rlv i...lled 1:
I i:,ill'.;i e-, iia ■ en- xttrmm.if.d oi:t 1 t li in v-, Sjiain.
.', ij 1 , and I'ori i^r.d ; and is but -.,!'. i. 1 r.acil :•>
. iii.i I'ojH'.ii loiininvi. 'I'lic po; e In ; ,11 s treat..)
b\ Ru.ii.m Cati.oiu' pri.iois wuli M.y htti.- -..or,.- cori -
ni.'.iv tl. -.tl I- dui- I', him a-- biihoiioi l'.o:-,.c, a.id po!
I' lit.; ol a ttn'poial luin^ipility. '1 ii.^ In 'n 'iition, it
i. icalon.ii.,1;- to bt-'u-ve, will tii.'iunaie ill .1 i tai tep'-
ritioii li.ir.1 till lioiv Ili- ot all it-, toiri.oi inioiunicn; ..
v.h.i h iv( ll, l-nie llu- bc_.-,inri.i;j, 't ;u»- jt Itiit iin-
lurv, "> re i:ii!.!i-iil ', and t.- tlit ulu iii.r, his li .In., 1
|.) 111-.- i.-.tu;lf ot I I- i.tili.r..ir.!i..il b..i-c-:,ii'..sa iirit ':■
ihop ot CLiiil.nduiii.
I." 1 1 A r.
nil
S, yihi.
i,. ill. iiinili t
H
til arte t.l
ll lo
_^0D iiiiL's lo
niotiniaiii< n-.i
Siiri I w- ll ; 1'
nonhfii pan
1 .nie. T'r.- 1
unwliilelbuv
111' li'li'.-- l.s, :i
111! ; iiid till.-
CMt .! .lib. I
all kinds o' V
various ki.id
wlirat, mill
w all Kiri .-1 .
l)i u\-, SlVf,
1 liiii^ary
liiiriicr i.-,iiita
Zcii p'l.i.
la'ti-. leveru! i
thai yield • X
ii.s na lie fioii
Sl..|'l^ IS
p,i\.ii ixtent
loiii-riL! , r
wall v.o f?s 1
li.ut .-i' it,
Ne.-.rtlie..itl
tilt w'lU.r,
(Hianiiiie' il
lii)ii<)i' . V i
from ti.e mi
Iroia llic b-ir
koi/ i- la, 11
i/'liii is 1 1
31 1 i.\ ir il o
(.,( .i-Va
ll I .1 I'loliu
(l.^ll, 1 I
Co ill- V 1 1 C
•It, t -X
C.l .1 ..
I. • . L .
'1 „, ; bu;
1 1 1
1.
the. '.
1,
ir
\
tlie..lii
1
I.'
Cii'v ;
d.
aiTd li
Lt,
,
S
t.l .1
T
li
ll
\ ,, ■
iIm;.-'
(
to
are :
tOlllil
v
s
kill u
1
..le.
ami I
K-
1 1
ti.'i.d,
ot ilk
111
k
11'
ill wliob
h.
hWi^K
.0(,RArilY.
.•<r ;^i,ll »Inki'..rTlir.
(1 Wi Ins f r.ilv \ , ill;
17-7. who Lit \\< iii'ae,
..r.iiil Uv tl'i- iM'pf'or
•\.n:, anil :'iv -ti lo li.j
, ;\iul III ■ cm;k'.>". 111
, ".llll- li w.n I 1 .1 til
' Kid 111 I n, I'lnlicr !•!
lul llul.C, :'.l,i| 'I nil my
vvlikh I i-l.>i c- t'l I' MI,
cr.ii iliips ii; w rv i in-
i iin li f Ti.ii.iii t. lis.
Ik- li.lul' Is.
It- iiri'.riT vi. 'ifmi'Ik- ut
ih', ' iutlly u viir; tuiiio
itiain .tml S.lt.ii MIS nni-
rai 111, unil. r l".»ri t;!,
V ilit;i' cii .11 Cti ■!. Willi
v!ii!i: I'H n-\ I't I I rope
inti') .1 mi'i' icl.'f ; \[i c
Tiv.i.nl .iriu . .■\ ou' [!.c
I .^11 (V ivi itiil \", l.i:i<>i , .
luc^ firion ot T.iiii:ri<l\
lit f nil- int'i ilic |ioli !•
ml. 111 Aniou. Willi li)i,,i
iliiiioiis, licUl ii I'll O'x
yi.\, .ind It w r ill. n aii-
iiiardsv. :i< I . .)])prtiTiv?,
vvolt, lif.ulcil I'V Mlll.l-
' 0111 1)1 1' 5 (ii- ildckin;:;''.
KUlii;iil.l,^C(!ilifh..ii'". tv
IV' I M- , .1111! to 1 r.ntirni
lit ir.- tlitic coiilit he ir-
(.1 (lc lirmu"-, lliliii.i'.ll I1I1
iii inrul, and was put ro
1 li. \.1[ l,<i unci Sii ijy
III till.' ycir I ;.-!ii, vsli;n
ar<h V niji'.iur, to ik p 1-
virtue ci| \ariini' trfati a.
.•ilc/«, I'lC kinsr n: Si. .1.1''.
'.Ki aiul I'i.i/.i'i'.Li.i, 4 i'f.\
L.n ilic IkhiIc- it Ai;iii!,i
IV 'n t»i N';'.|)lis.iini I\in
.\; i;.ii. wlicrc \y vva- pio.
'i'l!;s wai tolloA.'il I'V
t t'"' r.inluT liTiili .11 oi
■ ! 1-: .'.t.-n l''i..ii. I.- a:K( t''C
\i\ Mi't'jiiii! m I 7 ;'', ano
N.ipit:-.
.1.1, n I f Sj m:'. m 1 - .'n.
It liiii w I- t>v i.itui".
i\li;^n(.il ihi' (lo'.'-.'i
111 in I VI.
'.■vi'lcn;;y at ,'. l'".v cb'
rol iivp ■ ii'.rlv ^..llcil 1:
,,!'.'! ui:t 1 I I 1 ;ii V, Spain.
; IS ! 'It ■.,•'. !■ ! r.ilcd :•!
: po; f 111 :;\ It .■> ircat. J
Villi \v.\ lull..' ■.<.n\' ecu -
iitlu'i' oi I'.oii.c, and jiol-
ly. 'lii.s 111 'u liiticn, li
lirniinaic ui .1 t i.ii icp'-
11 If. iDiei.'ri tnidiuincn; .
iri.i;:; • t rlir j r lent i.ti'.-
. tlic ii.lii-inj; III'. Ii 'Ir 1
miuil t'..;v"i.ir.i a iiilt ■:■
!]■
-hi.
C 1 1 A V.
( 9"! )
C II A P.
XVIII.
H IT N ( J A R Y, ana Its Incorporated PROVINCES.
H' V'ARY rc'civcd i'' n.inv fV im itu' Hun'-, a
h.yii'ian union, inKo p-)(ill!cd lluiiilch.s ol'it
ii. ill. iDiiiIi icnaiiy. It lii-s heiwc-n ilic i.Sitia'ul iid
tKi^rcvvall long, a n ! 45di and kjiIi dcp. iiordi tat. is
•500 mil.'s loll',, .ind 2colMiad; lias tlio Cirpuliian
niouniaiii' mill' I Svivi I (outli; M irivia, Andna, and
Siirl I w ll ; am! Wala. liia an 1 Ti anlylvan'a call. Tiic
norilit'ii pan^.irc inoun.ainoib iind li.uivn, luil wlinlt-
1 .iiic. T'l.- i iitlifm ilithi -1 . arc level and tortile, but
unwli. ilfli iiv. Tlu' inoiiiitaiii- 1 oniaiii a gaai vaiici y
iifmi;'.- i.s and even diim nid . C"ia i. very picini-
fill; ind till.- l-lmr^arian wine., putitti'.vly 'I'ok.iy,
CMe •; .ill ..ilK'isin Kup pe. 1 lot'cs, laiil , lilli.ai.d
all kiiiils !>*' v..j;e'.ar.|. aliouiul, .is i!.) wiM luali-, and
variiius ki.id. ol' Ramej ami toluu 'i. lailion, butk-
wiirat, mil
Willi l\u\ .-I
. t. iiic'on--, cli'-fiiut', is:'
T
r. (.nliiMilcl
_. . _ .11; pii'i i|iil ruei- aiv the D.iiiinie,
Di IVL-, Save, Teylie, M nili. and ih. Ttiiic ,
Hiiiiu-ir) i^ disidi-d ml J Upj^r .ind Lin'.er. Th.
former (.oulain-.
Zeii 11' 1.1, wl
ll giv.i n.iiue I I a i-ount\ ili.it loii-
uiiv. leverai iin onliderab.e 1 )wn>. and many viin y.ii-.ls,
thai yiel.l ' .\i:ellint wine, paitieiilarly that which take^
lis na ii'j fiom Tokay.
SL.'i'ib IS a a\'\k, whith gives name l> a cuntv of
gi.ii .xtent, al)..iiiurmji in torn-- pun with liuiiiil
loiii-rdd , rich jiailuie-., piiUV, and lla.\, and in oih.rs
wiih v.o f?s and niounraiiis No wine i.^ made in any
ji.vn ..;■ it, but it has lime iron and eipper mnu^.
Ne.-.rilvj rallle uiSk^piis is a c.ivern, in which, during
the w'l.i.r, tlu w.iier is fluid; but in luinnLT large
ii',i.inii''.C'- .if i.eaic briHi<;lit troni it for cojlini^lluir
h uKi' . Villi. I, ir c<ippera->, not onlv u,u(lies out
fr.jin li.e mines of ihi. cumtv, inn i leaks loiili alio
iro.u ihe lurf.i.'.v of the ;'|-.niud. 'I'lic vili.i.,..- ->1 VoC-
k.ji/. 1- raiiMiis lur ii iiudu in.'.l I'piing':-.
1: fill is iheeapiialo: iln:coiint\ ol M-Vcs, inwhiJi
;iic l..\enl other iow ii'..
(lie .i-Vai.ulin, rr \Var.ulin, in th: i< uuty o: Ililiar,
111 a ilronu, 1 ailk on i!ic eall lide, ami liie e; .ihci 01
C" ".
1
C ll
Low.
|. '
W I
J
' 1
I
C.tl h ! . \ i
the. -..tr . '..
ihedn!. ..'.I
Clii'v : d. I
aiTil tiv.n s a
, - '-r ,
! . - illi.ij^u ill It iVom LiltL'-Waia.lm, 111 the
1 I Ch '.'.
IS a i'n rg town . n the liv r 15 ?;, tlie
IVii.iit, '.•;■ Kriiio y to v, ., h 11 i'H'''''
i.'.-..l iiii.c; Ik\ii in tlvj j: 'i. ;: ii'- 01 ihe
u A ih'iians iiainiii^; p .ika.i i I'l ii, it
•.,.! .nil.) the Liimdum of IL-ngan in
.-.e.-Vai
.1 i.fih.
, h.s k
.; luu i
r.c .ri ;
_e
I lu:..;..iv ill.' I iiiv:i[-:d pfiro .'.re
ii.'Mi'e.l on ihc f>',n'..he, ..b ut -i''' iiiif-
I . f 1 I! ih ■ r, iMlia v.- I ■ k pi ; bii;
■y c.i' 'V-.l to Vhe.iia-, lUu', in i''i' i.i-
, .I'l- I ;o S',. \huiin, il'i- I iv. le .'11 is
lo'.vn i. an'.leiii, pli .l.iiu:;. r.iuu d,
ill ,111.
d h is a.aiili' whiih };ivi's ivt!no
!i • l-il' III iiiou'.t lUs and loeh .
.ih.ii.iiKrals.an i n.tdi. iivdipiin,.', ,
hi ii .,ie iu.irv c'.u . us llgu \ iii
w inn batlis. The t.vvn li is ( onfideraljjc fuhinlis. Tii •
n.i.hboiiring country yield nooil red wine, ami cxicl-
lei.imlins. A fj.v mil s ln.'low H.iilv is an illind,
call d Klepel, vvhieli foriiiirly btlon'.',al 10 [irincc I'".u-
gcne, who had .1 ll.ir in thi; ivighhourhi)!.
Sill niiiit/., the prneipal nv in; town 111 I Iiinc;arv, i<
chilli) inhibited by riotcilints. The >; ■''.! and lilvei
minv-. pio.luci' .1 1 1 fukrabl' ipiantity oi ore.
Ciemnii/, the lapital of ihe e.iunty of Heps con-
tain, a mint; but th'j niineu are l'> txliaulled as fearcc
ll) d.fer.e v.nikin'j;.
'I'he liun^;aiian. are fierce, cru.l, j'rouil, and re-
xcngi'fi.il; biiter tiK'i'rs iliin nierhanl.s, and luinil-
iiieii than tilol.irs. Tin nv.n are llriini.;aiid wei. made;
til y lliave their bonds, I'.'.^c whifkcr ini ilie uppr
lip, wear tut on ihe h.a ', ad -Ih bo.lied coit girt with
a laili, and a ll.oit cloiih I uckltd under the arm, in
oida lo leave ihe il.',lii hand at lib rty. The horfe,
'.\h.o . iiry a bro.id Iwoid and baiile-ax, arc called luif-
la. . and the loot ar.- naniid li.ydukes. Hei'e aiv five
lan.'.u-ige, fpokcn, vi/,. Mungari ui, Silavonian, Wal-
lachian, (J riiun, and Latin. Th ugh 11. it above a
l.iuidi ii.iii of the ii-o])!.' are Roinan C.iih'ilii-S, yet that
Kh.'i.jii is liic elfiblillicd one. I'rotel'.ant-, .ind par-
ticularly tho:e ot the (ircik church, are tolerated; and
Jevv^ arc iliiiibly taxed.
The ordhiiiy revenue of this kingdom is vcr\- con-
llierable. Hungary can ealily bring into the ri.ld >
veiy t'orni'tlabk ai,i,y.
Transylvania, aruieiiily Dacii, lu'dii m.'dv-rn
name from Its (iiii.iiion Tran -Svlvas, tir.l i, Beymd
the Wood' or Foreil,. Ii i- lituaied on tlu' I'ojth it'
lluiuiry, Iv.inja'inn 1 no iniL's fing, and i;o broad,
lis inoi.ni lins vkld iVvcr, imn. Lad, coop.'r. quick-
liber, r ,ek I'a't, cinnabar, tuljihur, vitriol, (idt-p.tre,
anti iiony, re.l ochie, iling'als, and 1 t 1. r niin.-rab ; and
leiCiMi 111 th m I'.n cliihed with vin.s. Many jietri-
yiivj;, liilr, ,'.n.| medicinal Iprin.; , c Id and hot, with a
..'I. at van.' y ot pl.iii-, arc all ) fni.id am ing them.
I'ln; li.'li^ a'vl vallc\s iirj rich ;ind f.rtile, yielding
lorii, pull'., ani tiuiis ; and th.' f'''e(h abound with
Imlh.il.ies, elk^, lfij;s w.ld gnus, bcr , fixe-, martins,
bnxe-, ermines, bt..v.r'--, wilJ-alfe., wolves, bec", h:.
Vhill numbers alfj of Id.i.k cattle .in. I li irlcs arc bre.J
her-. C>, the laitcr th.rc is a wild tort, with inanr.;
iianging do.xn t'l ihi'groun.l, Tiv.- prin.ip.il riv rs :r:c
thcS/.-.iiK) , the iVIir 1 , and th. A iii.i. Tii ' i.ihibi-
t,iiit' arc.) tei^r.il !or..>, as Hun^.ivi.in-. Sax n , Wa
licli ■Il^, Arm I'.ian , B'.ilgari.in , dh'-'chs, R rci.-.iis, or
S..Tv;ans, ;;ii 1 .1 p.- i;ile .ailed S.'kli. H re ar.- ,dfi>
Jvw and '/'gd'.n-.'.'r li pti s, ,;, in If.ingary. Ro:r.an
Catnoh , I'r.ir.il t,; , < i .e .s. '11 ! Ann. iii.m., arc all
I m -re
li'tc,
nu-
likc
(,
are
i.i'.vn i.n th ■ Diniil
iiiiIk',
t'> .1 11.'.' V y '.'
Ti ■■ ..! i.i. 1 in 11. -■
\ 1, . I . (.: ..' . Ill V
dtvi^.-'to e.
n 1 a r v.' :ii'
.IX- I '.l.'i 1 '. 1.
touiiirv IS \ - 1 .• pi '
km V. ,ne,
l . :■. re iwo lo 11- of tlu- .".,r. ■ .1 Ihidi, the Oiil
and the Ni w. Ohl b.i.i.u a nv. 'ii j .. . ; ut ihi. New
is a r.",,il ti e 1 wn, \\ I'.liii'; t ii ihe nnu'li , well t n ■
tiih.l,:inu .Ml ih,- 1 .p i.il (1 ;.., kiiii;i!'. "i. .uid rdideii.'.'
of till k.ng, iinlil It was I'.i/.nl I v die Tiiik 111 15-0.
ill wliolh h.'.r.di it cmtiiiucd till icby, lieic .lie k\i.ial
ite 0.' cergy, n >-
.'.111 .11!.; f iiii.ui, an
1 leix
lu 'Ji our lig
■. ukli e.\c I-
i')le;'..t' ! lieie. 'i'\\- Pim e' ■.:,(. r.r ' nv.:.'
iivr.ji'.s th.'.n t he R .11 i:i C i.h I'lC-. fli.'
th.i'co! H.i:'j,.irv, i 'n'.i'! oi't' c
bil i", ■.eiiuv, iin.l royal i.i'.Mi..
ScL.Avost.\ cxuiul fi itn tl;,' Aiiiith' t' th.' Rlack
.Set. ll i.fi.^s iib name ir .111 liieScl.'.vi, i S^- thian ;ia-
n n. dhic iiiha'-ii mi- .ue a mixture ot' .S.hivonii i-,
Ch ais, W.ili .. hiaiis, ( i •r:iu;is, V; i .;.v;^, Ihiihs, Ser-
\ia;r, .r Ri'.ii.i'., .ivi llu'igu .: . S'.li' •■"ii 'is
I •!! ; I'ubi.'.-t to die \ n '.i.i .s, ..lici .■.aril; to I'n' 1 ii'ks;
bui in i,4'i 1; .\a- uniied t.i M Li.'.-uy. 'I ;e 'i ii.'-
en 1 I'. jil.fc.H 'l,.' toil)' diets lit
all I ih ! . 1 liieir ,1.1 :i. The
a' I I
piut.- ;
t,ui!,'.il
puhlK
the ...ic. o, liv
1:1 ( . Ill, win.', an.
y tolcraicd, is iiie
■in. ;'.:'■, anl lave
;U..i . t iiii.l u-.n-
ounnv I V 1 ; a.i.l ilie h-il
pi! hi;. . I'h.' .iniv l'eli;?;!'jp,
Roman L..t-liol!i ; ).x ihtr.i
are many c! the Gr^ek church.
Qaoatia
n
i
'* !
it
VC4
A Niw, ROYAi. ANP ArrrirvTU- sy'^tim <.i r\ivrus,\r, r,F(v,K aphv
CiKiAiiA. fiin.it. il wnl o\ S. U\i>,i..i, i. So nuL'
\iW)i,, ;inil 70 Ihd. I, Tn L'l' .iK.iir iiili.\Wii.ini >\ ilii«
toiiiun, ikiivi tiiiji'ii MU li Mil til. S livi, amliiKak
t!i Scl.iViMir.'i I.ttij;ii.i>;f. B tl' lioric iiul fmt .»r> i;iin.l
l"KluT», clji.ii.ilU ilic tormtr, Icivinj;; tor hukIiiIsi'
l.iiuc |>ui|).iii> .11 ilii- luii'.ir , i>'.ii.l'ui», aiiil otiur in\ •
^Vil.tr.*. 'I'iu- U>\\ vvlitv.. uilnvaKil, i. iui;il'ul 111 wini-
.;iul inK.iiul in. my oilhi j^i-.iliiois.
Dalwatia iHlori'i? t>' ihc V.naims Aul'.riati ,
Tuins .itid K.aj!,ul.i,is; ili.it i«, ilic Liniia h.ivc tin
inuiimu' pl.i.o, .iiiil il-.f tlifii- Dtlur p.>.vcr^ ili. r
.•ll.
Till' langu.;[,'^' i> Si l.iv.'iii.ia. the riligum Roiniili. 'I'h
m.iiititaiu.- ai\- 1 Kul wit'
!V\-. Mil ', luyrHc-
.111'
111 n'.aml '.iiKii wiili ^ 111, filvc, aiul ollioi < it-
tJK |i!a'.ivari' Uii
aiul C'.iriiiiil.i, c
VU'
ll 1'li.i'k.ks .» imii'l
.1 l'iM|'k' iiuiii!in imtrv
I'll l.ivai
miiih aiMivUi! id r
ipm.
ai.il iioiiil I I tluii „.. \n\
Til. II laiigiia^i I) W allai.lii.in, aiul ilicir mT i. uii
(ill I k.
Ai l.ara i« acap.uiini^ii.iilioiir, anil a « it.ilcl. T,,
rii|)|i!v till' is.int nr li.lli w.iiiiilii ram i<i i.iivMilU p.i.
Inv.il 111 lilU-rn'. I'iic ui^ ij.incuat, aiul i.jiiuii.j
iiii^iiiti . lit llriio\iiris,
R.U'.iil.i 15 .1 liiiall ll |Mil)lu iiiulir tilt I'Mtii-'iion ^ ;
lilt I'mk-. aiul N'liiiti.iiiv.
Raj;iila, the lapit.il, h a lin.ill, liiii «ill iiuilt loun,
ll. Hilling on till ll i-co.iil, in a «h 'Icunv.i .nr, lit I ir-
Hi) loll, anil li.i\in(;.i k""^ li.irl uui, with IcMi.tl n.i.
llUi.Sltuil.''', .1
till .1 c.iiitiilii.ililc triilt
c 11 A r
XIX.
TURK K ^' IN K V U V V
1
■I* *'
ll^' In
H
W'lNci alr.''i!', iK ;. riln-il tlic viri'Hii pirts of
Turkrli I
in;>:r in .Ail i in
Ai
rica, 111 our
UMiiuitiil ill. ll' I'll iittis < t thr L',1 lij, Mc li.ivr ii.>.\
only M f .u .it'Tuikfv ill K-
ili.ill
i;!i.! r ill ■ ill
liiiitl li.M.i oltii' n.iiiiii i.iii I'roviiKfs,
Luilv. Ta.! ."-v, in.l (li-.i.
h .\ \ r
.\ N r !l o \ 1 N C 1. '^.
|>()MA\1
111
watir.i
..■•tTlT... ,
i;i i'li-.wU'
:ii' 111 : '1 mil s
11
T\
1. wlr • f I- M 11
f r.ioiiiii.viiii.u- \\.tt> .ll'
III; iHii 111
livtl
|)a:;s, I. ma il tli.. iLi, v.aiiii aa.l tiTiilc T'lis pi
1- .■ Vfnit.l I v
n,.i;n ih.' 1..;!
.Ill 1 t.uc l.in<>Mi
I:
!.i:iiin ip.r, ilic c.iiii.il lit ilk' wliol,- On.
liin, a Ci- Roin.ui Cii'ioli
il-, anil one f .nihciin
limn I.. 'I'll. Ac; I' iil.tii, . .r I li]ip<ulninu', mIicic hcMi-
i.u.s ucrc .iiiiiiiily run, ivllillput In ih'- Ijiiic ii:.-
iltiKilt a- It w.is liirm.ily ; tor hcic tlic Turks ihrn.v
I'.if I,, lit, or il.iri, rilling till! fpiMl at ilu- mark. At
ill'.- I'lUtli fill lot ih'j lit', ib tlif iillii- of ti vin, or rail: r
iij-ht. tiwii-; I I .ui ihjitli h.iili been latily ail' !til ;
I III- w!ioIi I'crvin;.', :i'^ ,1 ll.it. piifon.
I:i ihc n1.11k.l1 tor live initlc (l.i\f- of .ill ng'.-.. an.!
I'tXis arc|i)Ul, a;ul tlulf iri- j;fnei illy Chril'i.ms
•III
A Iv
Willi.- iiu ol ilic p,irK li.iv;.' a u'oil Ih.iri- ul Iv.auM-,
ill It ui.iN r. mninicnil tl.cm to imii of li^uri, ilu\ ii.-
k pi 111 ll null, nif !• tl^n^- liy il'tir inalU'r'-, ami \>rr.
V ilcil Miih ji'v ll iloaths, anti wl.at.vri tlloniay rnoiii-
ni iiil ti'.fiii tothf piirtli '.lirs
imi'i-Kni c "t tl
lis citv, nil
lii'li
:f, .1:. 1 liK- :'i-l:ilf:)i t
till
I iiv is
pt-:-:,!
t;k- 'wmpni
w.nd C I'f.
ar.il Io'.im' I.
iiil I'-iniiiiir.
I
lulv,,ih-, \i-, is \x[y |;icat, and tlu- inli.i' nam - i.\-
r.:hly litu.Uiil, in ' !ias 1. it o;ili .1 dm- prof-
,.t .1 A .t : ioir.,luiiuc.itu)ii V. Itli v.u: us |)arts ul
'iri.-. It w s .. ;. .iIKIv i .!|. J I{\ /anlluiii; .it'l, r-
(' •ul! lillll
If
Lii.ai:
n- I'-.i
I p •'. ..1
llllvl
uiul
A;,a b. .1 ;.:,.;•,
the l'ul)..r , I,. I
au- iia;i.)iv. tlu
ilfi ..vtil. T:
ar.il iiiul' ; .
a.ii..- at a ■'.
iiuili'. ll I i ;•
;c. 1)11 ,11.1 uni ol .Is i villi; lilt
ll lllUils 111 1 . lit . lUlllll Lit
;. It IS :.pii.itt-il lr.,M;
1
' : .:i .1 1 .1 t.iiui, ail.!, IIU. luiliii:;
..U ll. al ": p,i..unil. '1 Ik- ih. cts
I ' 111, aiul ihe t.hii.'i. aiioiis
leior.s, i-.i:ii (i;i.p. not only
.11 nu.'bti i.t ( iii'i k^ aiiil
Chrilli
« 1 It .1
^rniini-
Ut tiu- p;agi:f o'KIl luakt-'
ti.-.v.
"Ill in tl
aiiioii'' tluni.
■ll 1: ur l.ciatid i(.-.\
Ipi ailing mill i,i|| r , uiitfi
111 Au^iili. i'>'-\. a li c bruk:-
■• ilk liail)..(ii-, ai. i
111 lO-C^iJ lioiil
's, K- c ')-|;
inuil. T
p;-olp.
Il:- cii\ no,
ili-ala;
II, ami all'oii
/\'.liia:, irii-, tuc K-iO.ul titv lu Hn- iini'l't', is about
i-ialit in;
111 I irsu.lit Hi'.i I'. 1.
ol'.-l a.-n;
1; l^
:u Cl 1 t lilt; 11
lu'.ai^ li-i.iiilio ,
ikf ; liir.- .1'):) .11 -
;.; ; a il i c ou'y
! o-i !i .111 Ipi ;ul-
1.- llUJliI-.US
Ir.i:-.! i!if tuip-ror A'.l':.i;i, v li ■ 1 ■; u Ir ■
'■ tin ll llroyt-d b-. an t. iiMipa!- 1. Ii ll.i
p'a'ii in a in.rt.il lo'iuin , v.ill wa;
i(- naiiii-
■t a.'ffi It lia I
ll • :i I hue
■v iivtib .mil
I
h t lit- .- i; I V ;i i.ili
lov i;, .u,- ll .lull'iil)
III 11 t II ll. 1 hci iiioiis, Uiir. I
I'idi-.l bv loftV
foui-.l.uii'i. N\.i:- the hub
i'...n.l t. f iwiaj .0, u ,
ill", , .1 iiii' iiil \ 1..
t.'i- I'lit;;.'.:.
toniaiii- I 1
nr>l.,u'.- i3
II 1-. a fill. ■•11 n 1)
III I iii-'iiiilcr nc-
Uif.
. I.
It ihf I' .i|! I
11 A'
■| hi hall
.1
.d
■; l.iit
nil till
I!.'.- 1 '.I : o: .. I.
'1'"!
Ill I . iiiii.iiii.t.i I PI
U. ii/.i.
tl . bv Chiil!
.n- of th
(iif.k Li/iiin.'.iiiio.i, .ui'l lb t!if Ut- "t oiu ot thfir.iitli
bill,,,;-.
'i.Ji.poli I. .1 I a [1 il town, litaatf on iht 'I'luatiin
-iitiloiuk
lifl.OA"! \ !•■"
I, Willi I iiir 111'
itil bv the I'.t-ijh'b. I', ot Riinic-
-.11. lit l.in.'i u b.
11
K- . ' iiiiirv 1
111 g, Ik l.ll, ir.(;i:!)I lIli'llS,
but I
liis lolll'j kill
s .I'lLi/ini'li in liin-.li. -. lit, an.
k tl
X't
.r-ouiv.ib 111 tall!
and tontaiiib a t.w iion nunc, am
t..|..ii.j
I r J M. .').
If nioli ma niluiiit iii-'litiii.il Ipiii
to tin; i'ltat u, .tL
j-h.i, u-hi,.li Hand opji'liif
III'.- ifia.'h'
1 1 ■■.111 .-.I
'J
r
, up 'n an i iiiin-.-iu ■
u-iiif i;
.Si
ipd plai
;a, a [i p-.ilou- town on Hit tiir.inc, ib Uit pii
I5ii
till
tit- d ■!cint to thf I. ,1 III' r..
ll rj a, I i-i
.1
P
1 ih.s 111 'li|i|.., ot
the m ill lui .Lb ;:. .rl.lc, I ;nt ol ihrtii por] liyi v an. I
l.'Vpti.in ^r..:ia'e; .a .| li c whi.ie buildiiu;, is |itu.-d or
isaiiik.iieJ With iii.irbif, Btlnitb ili;^ inoiink- aii- I'. -
v.ral'U'ers liulc initno:- i 1 .1, 'riulf, mul the rell,
li.ivc uluallv ll Ipiiab, an 1 eiv.hnvid itli mL, bthmi!;-
)•[!, t ) eath .,1 ih.iii; h.ut nj p-'.niiivi, or i:ii u.cry are
lul!c;td la .my ol thcai, Miie .ut Itvi-ial (jr^tk' and
.^EiM I A 111- ili.- rucr' s.ivr
and I)
iriui • on tl'.e nnrili.
Ill .'. ;. i.ik 111 Itiu.'.th, .mil upwavdb ot 1.0 in lucadiii
lion, 11. nil i> louih. The lap-.t.d iil\ i-. Btl'^:,ra.lc,
liiuau-'l ,1, ihe I oiitUiinti- ot the D.mubi: ,in.l the Sase.
ll Wi's a vtry 1 irj^e and important plaie, and has bien
f-vcril iiiiitb i.ik -1 .uid rtiakin by ihe Chi iiliins ami
Turks. Ii u'.i , i..ktn liy [iiiii'i- l-iu{i,ene in Aiii;ull,
1J17, and kepi till lyji;, when it was ttdcd to the
Turks.
W
i- ^ A
a. fiF(V,K,\IMIY.
litiv i-.i I'lMi'lc 111 iliisti iintrv
IvOik^, .1 liiim'l l.l\.l;',4 I, V ,
■, ai.il iiDUil I I iluir ..;• |ii\,
.ilii.in, aiul ilitir n !• ;i. a i;,,
, li.\il)oiir, and a nt.'Jrl. 'I',,
w.iu ;• I !ii \Mu IS t.i' . <ii|lv |iii.
K\\) IS.llKUItl, AIkI lOIIUll.i
iiblii uiul^r I'nc I'roticiion (. ;
.1 I'liull, I'lll M<'1 luiilt lov.ll,
, III .V «li IciiiMu. .iir, li t i ir-
»u| li.iri 1)111, \Mtli loii.tl II. .1-
il.llilc tllilf,
7 Li li k v. V ,v EURO FT..
'1 ill)' ,111. ii'jw in
() V K.
1 C.it'i'illi-, r.ml one I.utlict in
, 'ir I li]!rii'ilii>nu', \\ licit hi '■!!.■
Ill, |v liill [Uil to th'- I'.'.mc u'.-
)■; for liiic tilt 'I'liiks tlirii.v
; till! IptMl at I In- m.irk. A:
h tl'.c- i\l\\r ot livm, or r.iil: r
I', lull li.illi bcvii l.ilcly mMnl ;
.11. piil'oii.
,\- laitlt (l,ui~ of all ng'.-. :i;i.l
• iri- j;cnci illy Clirillians ; lui
IV.' a I"'"' 'l'"''-' *■'' li'.aiiM-,
,cin t'> iiKti i)t li'^ur. , tluA .!■,.■
[1^- by tl'.iii- maltcrN ami pn -
, and wl.ai.vii ilk- may imoiii-
tills I'tv, imliiil;n<i i.'aril', :is
at, and the inh.i' Hani ■ i.\ <]-
.p, not only "• Tiul^-, I II .1
and it'itr Clinllian^, Aniii'ii-
l>;agi:'.- i''ien niaki" <!'i >dt '
ill Aiit'i.ii. i'''.\. a ii t bruUc-
d loA ,;.!■• ilk iiaibour, .ii 'i
llk'I-, .1 : Ul IO,00-' lioul
\ i:o.. :i:!' pk-;il'a;it, and atloid
titv Ml ilii- I nipi'i', IS abiuit
Kiiii.-. I: i'.if'V(l It' nailK-
.!!, v'li I I., 'I ii'lf t a.'tci It li;i I
tlAjLaVc. It lla;!'! ' ;i i I.iiT
i\ , well wail ud by nvtii .nut
. '. I M li/a.
(.d il'iii , by Cl.'dlK .nMjf tiu-
li the kc "t oiU' ut their .iitli-
towii. I'.tuatc uii 1: e 'riuaiiin
d b\ tlie lu-frjc; b. s; ot Riimc-
ic l.mji lo. Tlic ' ' viiiirx i ,
, but has lome Itllib' Ijiot ,
uniams a t-w iion mine-, and
ivn on lip. Bo'.mc, is the piin-
vivr and Pir'nl • "li tl:enonli.
,ind u|i\\ardh ot i.o in l.i'.-e.idni
'he lapit.d eitv i^ Bt.l'Ma,lc,
■ ot t!>e I)..nubc and the Sase.
iiijioitant |ilaie, and has been
retaken l)y the Chi idians and
i'y i)'in< e' l'Aij;ene in Aiii^iill,
jy, \slicn ii was ceded to the
Tuiki,
ruRorE.i
I'uiks, af'frr tli-ir.olin/.ng tl'.c w.dl;
jielKiliuii of .dl Scuii.
Bosnia is 40 rurkilli milr/ni I ie;tli, 15 iiiuiea !th,
tiiii lonliils ol' J laiifji.itlhu's, iii'whuii ^r^ il'vvi.il
inconfidi table tuii^ijj,
\VAi,i.Ae!iiA, fitii.itcd totlie I'oiitliof MoliLivia, !'. of
a tnat'ijiilar ioriii, llie air is icrptratr, and th. i,, 1
I'riiutul. Cattif ahiiii.d, uihI «c(i I is Icaief. 'J'ue
whole IS welt watcud. Hi-- tf.abldhvd religion is t!r-
UrefU thureh , and tlie com. nun ;•; iiple are exreu dy
ignorant. '1 lie waywdc, prtnc, delj-or, or holpocbu
wl Wall 11 hi;), IS .1 \:iird ol th- IH oniaii I'orte, p.iymi',
a ycatly tiiluiti, a-:il tum.ili n- aoody of in i.>[)^ in till-
ot wai. 1 lie pi..uipal pl.ie s .irc 'I'cive;, the i.apital,
on the river Jal.iiin/, 60 mili-s north of the Daimbe,
which has a tol- r.ible ir.id.-, with I'o'r.e fu, ii'ie.iMons j
and lUickerrd, a itron-; town, and arehbilhop's le ,
40 mile:, 1101 1 I of the IViniibe, which lu^ lb .ic ira!. ,
and I ■ tie rdidence 0! thj waywode,
Moldavia, litiia-.ed to ihetall of riaiir)lva:iia, it,
in i',e(uial| a barren l^ut, and the iiiliab.t.uits ,krc a
ni;xtuit oi various neigliljotiriii;^ nations. ll.c|r,i)-
cipal place is JallV, the cip.ial, ,uh\ lelidenee ol' ilic
waywodc ; and Cl.oc.im, a Ihoiifj tuwii on tlic NiilLi,
iiCmT 'he b'jrderbot I'o i.ilia,
LI 1' T I, !'• r A li r A K V.
'X'lll principal parts of T.irtary in Kurope a; j the
tolluwinj^ :
BnsiARAnt \, wl'ich fiorderso-i tlv VA'cl: Sea. Thr
iidiibitants are r.dled White llorli.s: they love front
place t ) place, alonj^; rl.e Nitller, and l.ve on the fleih
01 I'.orl'es, oxin, cheef-, iiulk , pai ticiilarly that of
n'3rc% 6: The chief place ii Bender, which, in thr
Tnrkilh lat'^iia';,e, iLn'lies a ftrnnj: pal'.. Tt wai here
that Cliarlc. Xli. of :>wede;i, rcfuled after hii dcf'e.it ac
I'likowa.
Bl'oziac Taktaky is ii.h.ib ted only n-ar tiie (ci,
and alon^ the iiaiiksot the river. Oc!.,:akow, t!.e chief
J lace, lituated at ihe ii,tlu.\ of the Nieperinti the
lihukSr.i, :s very lirong. Not.vitlilhindiiii.', the force
of Koflia has rcpeateilly been direded again. t ii, tlic
Turks iiill con'iiiue mal'teri> of it.
G U 1'. 1'. C 1:.
'THIS coontiy, wirli rr:'pect to arms and aif, was
once t!ie iiu It celebiated in die woild. It is litu-
ated to thi norrh of the Mediieiranean, heiiii^ 400 miles
in length, .md 240 in breadth. The .lii is temjierate,
but tliicliiating i the foil fruitful, but iinciiltivateii ; an 1
the relij^ioii ChriUi.:n;ty, but iicxcd with liiiitrllition.
lite provinces arc
Macidom \, (Ittiated totlie weft of the j\rc!iipola;^o.
It has a liiarp, clear, and wholelbme air, and prrdtics
rori , v.ine, and oil. It is well watered, but inoon-
taiiious. 'I'heonly confulerable pine is the town call-
ed Karai% tlie reruieiice of the Tiirkifli a.-a.
Saloiiicl'.t, or TlelValcnica, i.Iitmte at the b itroni
of a bay cf ilv l'!;e.m Sea. FTere.Sr. I'anl prca'ii-i!,
ar.d we hv.'e llill ivo if Lis epinic^, written 10 the
Thedaloi.iiiis. it is a [ opulous town, .iiid his a good
forcirn tr.ide.
Ai.ii\MA, com] r.-'icndinp; Illyri •um and l''|)iru.s is
fitiMted to the ealt of t' c ;'aili h of Venice, Ixiic; 1.. 1
miles long, antl 96 l)ioad. I he toil is Uriile, bur l.u c
culivate.l ; and the iiili ibitanis robull, hut i;j;noraiit.
'Ihe principal places are Scutaii, which larrici on a
copfi-.lerable tr.ide; and Durazzo, which has a iu)od
harbour ami ( aille.
1 he dillricl called l/iwir Albania, or Tpiri s, i-;
fiuitlul, and the inhabitaiiis are will aii.ipted lor a
ni.lit.iiv hie. Thetuttiisare tuiaily decayed.
No. 8j.
poj;
Thim.v, now .T^NNA, i< h'tin-Ied bv Marrdni
oiit,.eiiortl , bv the Aiilii|ela(!tj' n thera ', bv Aclaa
on ti,e lou'i;, ai,d I'piiii^ on tl.'e welt, l he . Iiaf rnv*n
I'. LarilTa, t*ult(i be thf birth | lace t f AiM''' , PI. dip,
ilie tai,.u of y\!ix.ind>i the Gieat, rrfi ieci t-ere. It
.ran c- on a r< nrul. rable trad , and i ■■ \ ie.ilantly fitvafed
on the liver I'ein ir.
1 ,iv .1.1 , f.irm ily At ,1 • lA.iif'uitfel tliM't-di moiin-
tainou:, I'l tv; v.vU v.a; re.l. 11.^ [ nrt i] . | |'.!.,ce,
Sei.iiiic., t, e iimie .1 Athers, fituated near the bty cf
I . :1.0a, iiaiidn alii.oll in tlje middle of a pi .in, b.-'n^i- a
b..ri n, bu. hcatth id to. I, the liver IMI is .dn.oll lu'r-
lutiikhn;', it.
Aiheiis, omeM'n.iwned fisthefeit ot the arts and
I. lenits, IS ili|l ,1 li.urii of tlie noil mai;niticent and
iritbiaied aiiiui. lilies in the WntI '. Amonj^ thck- are
the icinaiiis 01 ili.- ten p!e ot Minerva, theanhi-
i.avei, aiiornulwith batK-idievos, admirably executed,
ici letcnt iiy the war* of liie Atn mans, lo hefiuth-
ead ot tlic cuad. I *re 17 in-aind'ul columns of the C"o-
iinthian Older, tlioiij/.t to bs the remains of tie cm-
i-U'-r .'\d,un's palace, juil wi.hout the ci7 tiaiu'j the
ttiii,dc ol I licku,. On I 'c out 'de of the portico, are
rv( iclciuul tile lei'ts of 1 bef us. On the loirh veil of
.\.1mu u a be.iUt Ui! Ilruaure, lomiioalv called the
la tliorii (,l Deiindliie. es. On tlie frieze are bei.uri-
ti.hy upitilntekl the Labours of Hercules. Here are
alio to be hen the temple of the winds, the remains of
the theatre ot Bacchus, of ihi; iiiagMi*icei.t .uiueduft of
the eiiij" lor Aiirian, "f liie temples of Jujiter Olyiii-
pifs ar.d Auij,uitu.., and id' iiverai otlier noble tlrucUires.
l.epanto, the anc.eiit N.mp.icius, isuun.;unded bv
Iniiltul !ii.lds and vi-,eyard>, pio.lucimj; corn, ric..-,
fihves, oranges, lemon , aii.l citrons, in irear | "•ny.
Ihcwiiic IS clleen ed the bell in Greece. iN'c.ir the
eniranee of ihe bay the Veiieti.ir.s, and tlicir alli.s,
comii.anded by IKm Julin of Aullria, natural Ion of
Uuiles V. obtained a coivpitat caval viaoiy ever ths
'lurks, in ihe ye.ir 1571.
Lavadia, lituated on the ^Milpli of Lepanto, i'3 a
li.piloi,. trading town, inhabited by I'urks and
Cjixc ks.
riie l>ti.oi.oNNF.scb,or MouEA.i.a larye peninfula,
lOined 10 Cuccce by the itlhmiis of Corinth. It is 120
n.iles Ion,;, and 155 broad, tolerably fertile, except in
the mountainous parts, and, 1:1 grnei I, well watered.
The prin> ip.d places arc
Coriiuh, tile modern Geraire, fuua'ed befwern
i.ic bays of l^cpanto anil b'ngria, 51 niles will of
Athens. '1 he buildings are not now contiguous, but
intermixed with fields aiu! gardens, which make it
look like a village. The caUle is lituated on a high
rteep ro^ k above it, of very liifficiilt acccfs. The coun-
tiy about it abounds witli corn, wine, and oil. From
t!ie callle tin re is one of the tintll piolpecls in the
world, having the fea in full view on the cad and well,
and a fine country north and Ibinh. The narroweft
part ot th ' itlhmus is about lix miles over.
I'atras, eii^ht miles well of Corintii, is tlv.' fee of an
archbifliop. t'oi-,v„ riy contained a tt iii[)le of Diana, and
i. at prel.-;.: .. p'.ue of fome trade. LaceJcmon, or
Sparta, ;■ .v.' named Midr. , is famous for a code of
laws '. ej; ived from Lyc'ir.y.is.
Nr.i o'.i I'.i Uomana i.s ;. i'ii>ng town, witli a good
har.'etir, and a confidcral-'.. <'.\iie.
C)i ci'.pia, now Lan(..,.i,iei :, once famous tor the games
celeiMiu-d on ;!ie iieiidiboui ri.g plains, eveiy tilth year,
troiii ■.\lience ti.ir lO.iipucation of time bv Obnipiads
took ''5. rife, is no.v an ie.conliderable place.
In (<ur iiirvey of Aliatic Turkey we have given an
ample account of the cliarader, cuftoms, nvdiners, &c.
of the 'i inks in gentral ; an<l .is thole of I urope dit"-
fer in no rlVeniial points, we h ive only to refer the
leader to tiie fame as (oi.iained in the iirll volume ol
our work.
10 U
C II A i\
9o6
A NEW, ROYAL f.rto AUTHENTIC SYSTEM or UNIVERSAL GFOGRAPII Y.
CHAP. XX.
EUROPEAN ISLANDS.
1 1 e i^
'J' '4
t.
I C E L A N n.
THIS inaml, which receivfd its n.ime frum the
grcac mafTfs of ire that are (>fn neir ir, is
fituateil in the Atlantic Orean, betwten 67 .intii)ii dig.
north lat. and between 10 and i6(i'g. well long. It
is about 400 miles in ien 1, and 150 in breadth. For
two months together the ("un n'ver lets ; and in the
winter it never nf s for the fame fpace, ar Kail no en-
tirely. The greati-r part of th ■ iflind is nioiintainnvis,
ftoney, and barren ; but in lume pi ics rlicre are excel-
lent palh:res, and the grals has a fine f<ent. Thi' ice,
which gets loofe from the more northern country in
May, brings with it a Urrre quantity of wood, and fe-
veral animals, fuchas foxes, wolves, and bears.
The whole country is vvcll watered with large and
fmall rivers, that llow from the mountains; briidrs ri-
vulets and large lakes, all of which abound with excel-
lent tifh. 'Ihere are no forces in any part of the
ifland i but this defeft is in a great meafure coinpen-
fared bv large quantities of fine timber, that come
floatin.' afliorc in liiftVrenr parts of the fea-coalt.
Vr'.th refpect to the nati;ial p:odu(itions of this
illand, fuch as quadruprdr, birds, inlct'ts, and fifh, they
are fo much alike with thofe of Norwav, (ireenJand,
&f. that then defcr-i ti ;ns m.Ay be foun.i by referring
back to the natural hillory of thole countries.
The ir.olt rcm.'.rkab!e p'.xnomena fur whi h this
ifland is famous are the mountains, leveral o( whxh
are exceeding loftv, and always covered with icl- and
fnow. In t!ie vallies between them the inhabitants
live; and iii thole near tlie coall are plains covered with
verdure. But notwithftandiiig the amazing coiiincfsof
this ifland, earthquakes and volcanos have been more
known ht,e than in many countries in much warirer
i-limares. Mount 1 lecla is the inoft noted mounrain,
and is a volcano, which fometimes throws out lul-
phurous torrents. The lafc eruption of this moun-
tain happened in 1766. It began on the 5th of April,
nnd continnetl to the 7th of .September following.
Among the curiofities of Iceland, none are more
wortliy of attention, than the hot lp,outing water fprings
witii wliich this idand abounds. Some of thel'e fpnngs
fpout colunins of water, of feveral feet in thicknifs, to
the height of many fathom";. Thefe fprings are of un-
equal degrees of heat. The cows that drink of the
cooler fprings yield ?n extraordinary quantitv of milk.
Thty are ajlo deemed falutary to the hinnan fpecics.
Stones of various colours are found in this country,
but no marble. It likewife produces a kind of chrvfta',
a largi* quantity of pumice-ftones, and, near the vol-
cano' two forts of agate. It is rich in minerals, though
thtie ue no mines wo''scd in the country. The prin-
cipal article of this idand is fulphur.
The Kelander^ are, in general, well made, and pof-
fel's a coi -fulerable flia e of bo<lily Itrcngth , though
they fel.ioin live to a very ohi age. In general thev
arelcjbei, hoiull, docile, and indultrious ; but, like all
(Jtheis who dwell ;n cold countries, thf-y are fond of
drinkins; Ipiriiuous liquors. Tney are I'ubjert to v.i-
rious dilbtd.rs, particul,\rlv the rhumatil.ii, (• vert,
adhm.i, and coniiimpiion i but the leproly, or rathei
a kind cf hereditary fcuivy. is the prevailing d.leale.
Their chief employment is lifliing, to whuh they
biiiig up tluir children as foon as thcv have Itrt-ngth
rnough to low a boat I'he drrl's both of the men .ind
women is n;uch the fame .is that wcrn by the Nurwe-
giHns. 'I he men, in ftlhing, wear a garment of Ihei-p-
lk;n over tlitir cloail«, and this they frequently Ibficn
[.;■ rubhnf' it over witii lifli Iver.
The houfes in Iceland nearly refcmble tliofe ol
Norw.iy i with this dilTerence, that as they are not fo
well "upplied with timber, they in;'.ivr more ule of
Hones, turf, and mud-walls, 'llie Deter fort poflefs
tolerable houfes, v/ell furniflied. The .-oofs are cither
boarded or thatched, and their walls are tluck and
warm.
The Icelanders arc remarkably ingenious and docile.
The countrv noi only affords a great number of able
boatcar})erters, and handicrafifiiun, but has likewile
pro ! ^i^d men of foire learning. As there are no
y olio fchools in the rountiy, the children are tai|"ht
to read, nnd inlbu.^cd in the artiks of rcligion.'at
home, by t'.'ir parents, or by the ininifters of the
diflerent panlhes, in the rourfc of their vifitations.
They do not reckon time by the cldck or iuiur, but
take their ohiVrv.ition'. from the t'wn, (lars, or tide, and
parrel out the d:iy into diiierent divifiou'-, ea-h of
which has its ow,i ippellation ; fuch midnight, t, •
l:ght, broiid-day, forenoon, nooo, afternoon, -.vening,
mid-evening, \'c.
As the inhabitants of this ifland were originally a
colony from Norway, tlu-y Hill fpeak the old Norwe-
gian dialed. TheLiitheian is the only religion hrre
toler.it' d. The country is divided into two bifhoprlcs;
nau-.cly, the fee of Skalliolt for the- foi.th, and tliat of
Iloalum for the nor;h. The clergy here have no
tythes i but lome fmall dues ar.- paiii to them either in
merchandize or money. The churches are, in general,
low, and but indifferently decorated ; nt.erihelels tiiey
are clean, decent, and coiun, odious.
Tiie Icelanders are ruled by a governor, called Siaffs-
nmptmand, or rather by his deput\', t e Amptmand.
The former is generally chofen by :he ki.ig from th.e
Danilh nobility, and refides at Copenh.tg'-n ; but the
latter lives in Iceland, at the king's palace of RefTelled,
on a falary of 4C0 rix-dolkirs per annum. I lis majefty
likewife appoints a receiver, who collects ;!ll the taxes
and revenues, and tranfmits th»ni to the treafury. Be-
fkles the ilew.irds, there are Sylfeiinen, who f..rm the
king's taxes in certain diftricis, and aft as iullices of
the peace, eai h within his own province. The king's
revenues arile from taxes and dues, an annual fimi
payed by the company of merchants, feculanzcd ab-
bey lands, and other royal dcmcfnes farmed out to the
natives.
Liw fuits, in fpiritual matters, or ronrerning free-
hold property, are determined by t!.e Norwegian lawsj
but in every dilpute relative to inciiii and luum, the old
Iceland laws take jilace. There is no other legal me-
thod of punilhing men with death than beheading, or
hanging. The women, con.icr.incd to die, arc fewed
in a lack and drowned.
With relpedt to the commerce of this ifland, its cx-
[;oris confill of dried fifh, fair meat, butter, tallow,
train-o'l, coarle woollen cloth, (loci- ngs, gloves, raw
wool, Ihce[)-lkir:s, limi)(kins, fov furs, edJer down,
and feathers. The niiports au: tiinbci, tillimg lines
and hooks, toba' co, bread, horfe fliois, brandy, wme,
fait, linen, fiik, and a few other i.ecellanes, as well ns
l»:pfiHuities for the better fort.
The whole trade of Iceland is engiollcd by a mono-
poly of Danes, indulged v/ith an cxclufive charter.
This company maintains f,i(ftories at all the haibours
in the idand, where they exchange the foreign goods
for the itK-rchandi/e of the county; and as the ba-
lance is in favour of the Icei/.ndi rs, they pay the over-
plus in D.inifli money, which is the only current coin in
this ill '.id. The weights and meafures here are nearly
the i-iT.e with thofe u'eJ in Denmark.
GREAT
:|
■ 'I ;
FOGRAI'IIY.
D S.
nearly refemble tliofe oi
ce, that as they arc not fo
, they m}k''. more ufe of
>. 'I'lie Ofter fort polTdj
flieil. rhc /oofs arc citlicr
thtir walls are thick and
rkably ingenious and docile,
rds a {2,rcat number of able
:rarifincn, but lias like wife
earning. As there are no
tiy, the children arc tauj^lic
the atti Its of religion, at
ir by the ininilfcrs of the
roiirfc of their vifitation'i.
by the cl<jck or iiour, but
11 the fiu), flats, or tide, and
Jiii'erent tlivifions, ea'"h of
ion ; fuch midnight, t. •
, noo.i, atfccrnoon, '. vcning,
lis ifland were originally a
Hill fpeak the old Norwe-
an is the only religion here
divided into two bifhoprics;
It for the foi.th, and that of
The clergy here have no
cs are paid to them either in
rhe churches are, in general,
lecorated ; nt.erthelefs siicy
in, odious.
by a governor, called Siaffs-
lis dipvitv, t' e Amptinand.
iofi;n by 'he ki.ig from tl.e
(S at Copenhagf-n ; but the
le king's pala< e of RefTell^cd,
irs pi-r annum. 1 lis riiajefly
r, wiu) toi|c6ts -.'.11 the taxes
s th-^oi to the treailiry. Be-
e Syireunen, who t.irin the
tricls, and aft as iullices of
own province. The king's
and dues, an annual funi
incrchants, fcculan.Hil ah-
I dcnicfncb farmed out to the
natters, or concerning free-
ned by t!.e Norwegian Liwsj
e to meuiii and luu»i, the old
riiere is no other legal nie-
:h death than beheading, or
ondcr.ined to die, art fewed
irn'.TCc of this iOand, irs ex-
, Ult meat, butter, t.dlovs,
:loth, (lockings, gloves, raw
<ins, foy furs, edder-tiown,
ts arc timber, fillung lines
I, hnrl'c fltois, brandy, wmc,
other i.ecellaries, as well as
■ lort.
l.intl IS engioired by a mono-
v/ith an exclufive charter.
fadories at all the haibours
exchange the foreign good^
he count- y ; and as die ba-
eh-.ndi rs, they pay the over-
ich is the only cunent coin in
and mcafures here are nearly
n Denmark.
GREAT
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.^'^A,
EUROPE.]
EUROPEAN Islands,
GREAT BRITAIN.
THIS ifi.inci, known by the general n.^.meof Grcnt
Britain, is not only the largcil in Europe, but
one of the moll poinilous, lich, and fruitful. It in-
cludes England, Wales, and Scotland, the latter
having been united to the fnrmer in 170-^. Great Bri-
tain is ii'iiated between 50 and 59 dec;, of h lat. and
between i dej;, 4: min. and 6 dt g. lof s length
is about 6:5 miles, and its utinoll breadt _j.
We fliall treat of (irear Britain und^r two dlftinft
heads. South and North; die former comprehending
England and Wales, the latter Scotland.
SOUTH B R 1 r A I N.
S E C T I O N I.
N
N D.
BiUihlaries, Siluatkn, Climate, Soil, Mountains, Fo-
rejli, RiveiSy Mfiliiinnl Sprinj^s, yeget able ana Ani-
mal Vrviluiliom, (jfc.
THIS kingdom is bounded oa ilie north by Scnt-
l.uid, oa the calt^ iiy the Gerui.in Ocean, on the
fouih by the Englifli Channel, and on the weft bv the
Iriih Sea.
England, from its fituation, is liable to great un-
certainty of weather. The climate, however, is fir
preferable to that of any part of the continent near the
fame latitude, the fummers being neither fo hit, nor
."he winters fo uoid. The air, in many places, is fiili-
jei-'l to vapours; but thefe vapours no'.iiilh the vege-
table fyftem, and, by that means, pro, lure good ef-
leds. L'pon the whole, the air is healthy, the foil fer-
tile, the face uf the country beautifully diverfified, the
profpeif^s admirable, and the iantls well cultivated.
England, except in a few places, exhibits to the view
an enchanting variety of gently fwflling hills, level
plains, torn fields, meadow grounds, wood and water,
intermingled in the trofl agreeable manner. The cliani-
pain countiv is parcelled out into beauteous eriilolu'es,
furrou:ided with quick -let hedges, uitermixed with
Oarely oaks and elms, 'l he I'ariu houfcs, fcarteretl
nliDUt in great numbers all over the (.\ce of the kin';-
<lom, app-ar large, neat, and convenient, in t!ie midll
of their otiiies or oiit-houlVs. The uncultivated part
o' the '.jnnind is cloathed with a perpetual verdure; anrl
the lands, in general, difplay the pfrfcdtioii of agri-
culture. The fears of noblemen and gentlemen rife
like enchanted caftles on every hand. Fop/ulous vil-
lai'es, thriving towns, and tlourilh'ng cities, abound
ni" every part of the kioidom, which excels all the
il.itcs ot t.urjpc in beauty, opulence, and cultiva-
tion.
The moll nnted mount.iins in England are, the
I'eak in De'bylhire, the Wreken in Shr')]yfliire, the
Fndie in l.ancalhire, the \\ olds in Yoikfl.iie, and tiie
Cheviot Hills on th.e borilers of Scotland.
The rcmekable forelh are chole of \VinJli>r, Ep..
pin(». Dean, Shtrwc>j>l, and that called New loreft.
The pr.ndpal riverv are the Th lines, the noblell
perhaps in the world; the Sivern, the Med way, the
'I'renr, the Tyne, the .\von, and the Huinber, be-
fides f'veral others of Ids note. The bridges over the
Tha.nes at Welfr.inlter and Blick friars, for com-
:,„)dioufriel's, architciluie, and wo kmanfhip, Hand un-
jnirallelel. Th'- rivers, in ;_'en<r,d, not oid\ iertilixe
the ground, bt't conduce 10 the impiovenienc of com-
nv-r^e.
1 eimnvrate the medii i A firings would be neeii
lefs; fufliee It, therefore, to oblerve, ih.it thi prinrij.1l
are tho!e oi Hath, Hiixton, (. heltenham, Hiilwiih,
Epfiiii, HarrtwfMite, and Scnrh'irough, ejirh of which
hivc bteii reiomiTiended by the faculty for <h>',i fp'' I'ac
qnaluKS.
907
Of minerals, England produces tin, lead, copper,
and iron. The pits, in the norihern parts, furnilh im-
menfe quantities of coals. Other places produce much
allum and fait; and tliere is abundance of fuller's
eartli, which is of the utmoft: importance in tlie cloth
manufae'tory.
England products corn, not onlv fufficient for the
inhabitants, but to hiing in large funis of money froni
the exports. It is drticuU to al'ceitain the quartities oi
barley, rye, peas, beans, vetcl.es, oars, and ot'.cr grain,
that grow in the kingdom. The moll uninfonned
re;ider cannot be ignor.int that the moft excellent fruits,
as apples, pears, plumbs, cherries, peaches, a'Ticots,
neftarincs, currants, goofeberries, &( . abound here,
nor that great quantities of cyder aid pv'rry are made
ii fome cnunties, particularly th(.ill- of Devon and
Hereford. Our kitchen gardens are flocked \vi:h all
forts of greens, roots, and I'allads. Wood for dying
is cultivated in Bucks and Bcdfordlliirej and in inanV
parts is clover, cinquefoil, trefoil, and other melior.i-
tinggraffes for the loil. It is the province of a botanill
to recm:nt the various kinds of ufefiil and fakitnrv herb%
llirub^, antl roots, that grow in diilerent parts. The
loil of Kent, EU'ex, Surry, and Hamplliire, is moll
fivouiabU to the culture of hop>, which is beci m.." a
confider.ible article of tr.idc. I'h,; timber is various
and excellent.
The F.nglifli oxen are large and fat, and the beef
has a delicious flavor, 'lie iheep are large, and even
more valuable for tlieir fleec thin their f efli, as vail
numbers of fleeces are annuidly ftiorn and manuf.idured
in the kingdom. The hortcs foi the faddle and chact
are finely proportioned, and full of mettle; ttiofe for
draught are amazingly llrong ; anrt the war liorfes have
th.e greatell fj/irit imaginable. Among the animals pe-
culiar to England we mull noi omit mentioning the
mallilfs and bull dog":, whofc Ipi^'t is fo great that thev
will lingly attack any animal wha'ever. But it m';ll
be remembered that this furprizing Ibirit degenerates
when they are tranfported to any other co intry.
Tame fowls are prettv much the fame in Engl ind as
in orher countries, and there is plenty and variety of
wildfowl. The feathiTed (h')ir is alfo numerous; and
wliether we refpedl the grarificition of the pal.ire or the
tar, each is amply provided for. We fhall only add
th.it the Engiilli game cock is remarkable fir his
courage, buf, like the malfilf and bull dog, degene-
rates if carried to any other countrv.
lew countries are better fupplied than England with
river and lea fifh. Of the fcrmer are falmon, trout,
pike, percli, carp, tench, flounders, fmelts, ^c.
There is a delicate lake fifh called char. The chief
lea tilh are cod, haddock, muckarel, whiting, her-
iings, Ikaite, ibles, plaife, lice. The John Dorv,
found towatds the wellern c£)all. is reckoned a great
delicacy, as i.^ the red mullet. As to lliell fiHi, there
are loblkcrs, oyflers, mufcles, cockles, ike. The bell
lifh that comes to the tables of the gic.it in E mdon is
tlieturbot, l<)ld to the Englilli by the Dutch, wlio take
them u[)on the I'.iiiJlilli coalt. .Attempts have been
11 ade to carrv on a tiflierv for that Ipeeies, but tliev have
hitherto prove<l abortive.
With iefpe,^l to reptiles, fuch as adders, vipers,
fnakes, and worms ; and infeifl^, fuch as ants, gnats,
wal'ps, and flits, England is pelleted v ith them as will
as other p.irts of Europe.
S K C T I O N II.
CiUii! Divt/ioiis c/ England. Dcfcriftions cf :he Coioi'
(lis includtd in ca.b Drj-fio.!.
W^l'^'N the Romans added E >:land to their
\^V other provinces, rhcy divided it into three
part-^. The Saxons .iftei wards erecled fevcn kingdoms
111 ir, under the title of the Saxon Heptarchy, viz.
il, r- of Kent, South s.*<ons, F.iil Angles, Well Sax-
(;:; . '^'ot hun;bfrl;v. ', E*(l S.ixons, and Merc;?.
Sines,
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A NrW, ROYAI. AVI) AUTHF.XTIC
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Since tac N-ininn inv.irioii L'',ML;l.inil h.'.r, hot n oi-
vuli,- 1 into I Mi:. tics, a I fr' lin nu.r.licr ot wliicli, i-x-
ccj)i)ng Mi.lvildvx .mti Ciielliiu-, :;rf coniprehcniUil in
lix cirmiis, or ainui.il pi.v id's ol tli<- iudj>rs, liii a 1-
niiiiilU'rii-.g iiitlice to tl.f iiihiecls whu .iic .u a liill.i u-i-
from tlie iMpitd. '1 li' v ate as fill.iu. I lu- liniiiL-
lirciiit, the Norfolk circuit, the Oxt')ul ( irciiit, tli.'
midland c r.nir, tin.- wrtUrn c runt, and the- nditlnrii
circuir. L.ach ol thiMc compielieiA's a c citain n\i n-
bcr ot' coiintiis. The home ciicir.is mv ]• il'cx, 1 hrt-
t'ord, K( ar, Surrev, .\n>.\ Siiili-x. In il;e Nortolk, lUicl.-,
Bedfoidlli^if, Huntm^donlhne, I'.tnihrid^clliire, Sm;-
folk, and Nortol!;. In thi: Oxi )id, Oxon, B^rk;,
GlourrlUrlltin, WorcelUrlhire, MonniHuilifliire, He
refordllnri, Salo]', a:id, StahuirUhiie. In the midland,
Warwicklhif.', I ,iu:ci;ci;li:rf, Derliyfnirr, Notr;nf.'ha,n-
fhiri', 1 ancoliillii'S Ku'kiniilliTc, and Noitliampton-
fh ri-. In llu- vvilltrn, 1 !.:.:ts Wilts, Dorreilliirf, So-
mtTlltfliire, Dtvonlhire, aa.l Ccrn-valk In iIk' nor-
thern, ^'orkiliii'.", t'u- hil1i()]'ru' ot Diirluini, Norihuni-
herland, L»nc.iiliiie, Weitniorlaiid, andCumlitfil.in \. In
iMigiand we number 40 counties, containing 25 ciMc,
17 ; liui ii:;i-, and 8 cir.quc-pons, wliic!i arc llalt-
in;s, Dovtr, Sandwicli, Ilythe, MouiacN . K, c, \\ ;n-
chiiU'a, i,n\ Si.at ird.
SVc tlia 1 now enter I'pTn a dd'cription of thefit'.ii-
tion of, and ihc jvincijul placis in, each county.
Ci'P.Nw Ai.i, M the nio'.t weltem i:'<un'y of l-.n.ilai;.!,
and, in Ihape, relcnibles s\iiu its name i t-plic, a h'rn.
It abound'^ in tin and lead; prodiu cs niiindic, whch
aflVi:ds CO; [)cr us i;ood as 'he S\u- iilh ; is lani'ins for
the belt kiid of Oar- ulcs -, and furnillH-s tlie bnikhrr
With iivi^ir I't^:.^, which, when polillicd, looks tike
Egvj tii;. granate. It has tiie title of a duchy, and tlie
tin.;'s eidcll Ion is diik'- t.f CoihW.'lj.
L auntciton is a cotpor.ition town, and fen, is f.vo
n^etnbers to parlian-.ent. It was fornicUv dcfcndid by
a rafile, <''■■ '1 :s now in reins.
1-almoiu.. IS thrricli.ll .in.l bell tradiag tovin in ihe
(ounty. 1 lie iiarbour IS f ) coiiriiodious thai ilnps of
the gtcateil Inirtiicn come up to its quay. It is uuanled
by 'h- ca'.Ues of St. .Maw.s and I'endcnnis. I'liere is
a fartkicnt flieiter in many creeks tor tl-.e uIkiK- rosai
navv to ride liere lac fiom any winds. The luwn is
v.cll builr, and I'.stratic ve;y confiiier..b!e.
l\'nianee, t'le lartheil town in the well of EngLinJ,
is w.il built and populous, anil has many lhi| s brlon^-
111 ■. to I'. \'i ms ot !eal, tin, and copper, arc Iccn
heie even to the urnioll exti n'. of low w.iter niirk.
DivosbiiiKi. isnaiuialK fierile, but rendered fertile,
in ni ny pari-, by a;t, ar.d conta;ns the fullowing prin-
cipal j)la 'fs.
Exeter, the cipital of the county, and on" of the
principal ciii.s of the kingdom It is f.Hi.iic.l on a
nfinii ^'luuiid, watered l)v tiic nver I x, has fix gates,
and, wiiii the laburbs, w two n li's in circumference.
1 lit catl.e'if.d, called Sr, IViet'v, 1 1 iDa^niii -. at and
ctniuus fabric. 1 his citv i»l IsVv.n ^ita ten ■ smnrmed
bv nxill of oi;rk:n:r, 'i -ny of whuiU.'.ye h')nt)urtd it
w th tiuii ro\al prrf .. Its :>' d.\ x<.t ihc t.x is </l
f;rta( icnuth, a vi Iws hoiii; n un l»«llt liuf>ft>wardn,,x
en.ls. I- ' (V s.ui 11 I- y ,'i (\i«is (thetiiicf »' whuh
IS call ;iii rce;^ vl. \ en;eMn£» in the Wsl.ile of i!i
citv, \ I'll, s well h>p>l t.d \'ii'h Wa rr. 't'il''e s M
fad 1 !■• e, :..x\ R il^'.fiiient, tappol" ii lnw
beii. .. . •... \\ V li Msort klOi's. it IS n')w niu> ii
i- a d, ,\ a j ii ii.il'!! Sut' op f. I !l;e .lfi1^ s, i>.>,
'I .-• s' 1 !• I ... -\v f .. a t;'!r »• l.in-.iu-. 1 »!. >h
., »o.ili..iii, Hifjtforv .iicni iificr s»
t.n tl;.- '.fi MirX. Herr dn- « ipi
<■''•• "la f'lioo! ;-,o;ii •. It-
^ e v\. . .;•!•. 1 ire is a tmc
ji.»r' >•■ "Hs ow,-r tlw »>r, ..*! f- abounds v :h deli-
!.» .• tr I, a'd oihr OHIO iVi It is divert!. ; to tec
li.ea- . ,tih labium , i .e '»■ r, wnh a Ipanirl trained to
dnw: lull! into a di A- lilt. S'jii<»iim*s * man »ill
lak' ;> : l.iiiimnat a::.i.i, iVo:ii 14 t > ;_ q»t!xi lut t»,
foj wiiK . they -il; only ivvo-f<ncc 4 pv^i
..• s • I ■
I'.. .J. !■
I I tor >
ra.T
SY^Tl'.M Of rNIVt'RSAI, CbOGRAP!!'.'.
I'lyn- nth, :r in:!.-^ from l.ndoii, at ti-.c i. ilii;; r,i
the livMi I'lyiiiai) 1 Tatli.i:- iu.',> the ».!i.!i.nfl, co: '.li; ,
11(41 as 11, any ii.!...l.'t.ints a. ! ■.eiei, and is i.tic (ft;,-
chit f ir.a.M, ir.f in the kiiij'd'ini, o\vin<', to us pdrr.
wlrih IS one of ihe l.irgrll and l.ifell in inyland. p
( 01. lilis ot two h : hours, carible of coiuaiiiiiu' i(,.j
lail of ihips; A'\^\ is delen irt'i !iy fcveial forts, p.irticu-
larly a firom, i;:.ide!, ot lar(Te extent. It is the ■■en.-ral
leniU/.vous ut Ilnps outward liouml ; and is vi.-ry coa-
venicnt lor hoineu.i.d bound fliips to provide tlieai-
lehis w,;h j ilots up th'- tliaiinel.
About t>vo miles up the mouth of the river Taniar,
in an iaitt of tie Ita, diliii:^illhvd lium Cat-water by
t'e n.nie ot' I lainou?.e, and Commanded by the calii •
i.n S[. N el. obi-, l.b i.d, is a r-^yal doi k fur buildin;; .inj
ie)-.i;rin;.; ill,.. Here is a t liariiy-lchool, four hoi
pit.il , ,iiid .1 w.'ik liiiufe. Oil' the entianie o! tlie b.iv
l.es the 1 .ivi'one rock, which is covtrcii, .11 lii '1
wa'er, and o-i wlr.'li tite itii^niious .\1r. Winib.nb'
bn It a liglit-i.oiil'e, that was l)'own down inih:t terr -
ii'e luirainc in N'avenber 17O], ..n i larafelf, «;;!;
ib.ofe th.'.t were
i!e\ er more hea^i
of.
D.irtmouth llands on the lido of a craggv hi
about a 11 ile ]< n
'Ihe llref'ts aic nr.jjular, ai;.l
the iioufes generally lii.-h. 'I'he h.ab.ail is (_M))d, an 1
joo lailof ll'.ips iii.iy ride bifc in the b.ilon. Meic is a
Urge qu iv, .111 1 a tpacioii, llnet before it, where n anv
conliderai.lc loerchuits Unc. Hcic are tl.rec chiiiclu ,
and ,1 l.iii'.o iiRct n;^ houle. l)ait;ii.,u;h call Ic is very
aiiei. nt.
DoRstTSHiRE, fiiuaietl on the fourh eift of Devon-
llure, i>, like ihe two lit), a m.intime coui.ty. It i.
one ol the pleaiantii' and rr.oR fcriilc in the kiiii^doin,
aboundiiig in ( orn, cattle, llutp, \c.
Dorclulier is the county town, and w.is the mn,'.
conlKlerable Ibiiion of the isoinaii.s in thole paits. 'I'liey
had a camp near it, with five trendies, enc!ofin[; te 1
•ic^es tin' vcllij'es of which are Ibll viliblc at a place
(died Maiden Caille, about a mile lioin the town,
h IS litii.ited on an afcent, on ilie b.iiiks of tlie river
L-!ome. St. I'eier's, I'l inity, and .VII Saints ciuirche ,
.ind tlie Ibae-hall, are the piineipal buildings in the
town. 'I !ic Ikendd llieet 01 the Romans is plainly
trace.! here; and the toundations of the old Koman
wall appear (|u:te nuiad the town, except toward the
e.d', where tlie diich i. lilleil up, and u ftrect bu.lt
upon it; \et the place is ItiU called The VVa'ls. 'I'l.-t
Ro.. ::ns had an amphit'ieatr.- in the n( ighbourhoaJ,
now called M.niiiibury, t lie terrace of the t^l[) of whicii
i:> a iK^ted place lor tlie inliabitants to walk on, having
an ( levant piolpcct of the town .ind country louiul u.
Weyii.mith i~ a uell Iniilt town, aad has a tMiod ha: ■
bour, ilefen 'cd by two foits. Many lubftantial mei -
ciiaiits rifide here, and cany on an extcnfive trade, k
is joined to Melcomb- Regis by a wooden bridge, over
the little r ver Wey. The united towns luve a chur^!:,
and ab 11, t ., '^ hiaile''.
I'ortl.nnl IS a penir.fula. It is fcarcely fevcn mlli .
1 I t;rinii I'ci '• '. .ind but thinly inhainted. 'ihe in-
lan.t p ts aie 1 inious for quanies ot' tb.e finelt free
foi ai ' 11 <>l| ourable, '.sith v iiich St. ['aul's cliurch,
I \\ (;'ti\io 1 » I t|i(()'r, \.. wereereiftcd.
At l*Mibtv'\ I., loand i.'ie belt tobacco pi()e clav in
!ii:ir, .l.tnted to (he north vi(z ui I)e-
i \ erv f> itiic countv, and moic celebrated
il water.i th.i.i any other county in tiie
\ay»><\ u,
y 'I It* 11'
k .(: ' >:i'.
ti «vli 1 ' miles from B.tth, is the fccond city in
I'l. '*>' ' til d.>miiii'ins, l.>r trade, wealtli, and niiinbcr
ui < <'ii.\iiis. 'I'hoiijjh It lay in two counties, before
itwa. I'li'e Av »unty lit itlVlf, wliich was in the reign
(^^ V.|n.o'' Ml, It was by the parliament rolls teckone>l
: 1 So I ifiteiiliiie. The jathedial was torn-.crly the col-
l»* ;iati ti.tirc.h <»«' St. .Xiigufun's monabcry, which,
when dllMvxl l»» Henry VIM. and erected into the
Il e I I a Udh'p, iu- a;'pli' d its revenues to the luainien-
,iace.>MO*''Jio;., dean, prebendaries, &c.
There
MOGRAP.'Ir.
1 . ihi.iii, ,it ti-,:.: i, ill):; r,:
I".'-' t!it c'i.!! nrl, C(; mJ; ,
! -.iMii, ami i: i^r.'^ i f i;,..
iMi <i')iii, (Aviii;^ to us jjorr.
ami r.ifill III i'.iiyiaiicl. 1;
.1, ililc ot ( oii;aiiiiiu> iccj
■-1 '.\y levi'ial for(>., |).,riicu-
!!;!• txtnit. It is ihc >>en.-ral
J bomul ; anil is vi.Ty con-
ii:il fliips t'j [jiovidc- thc;n-
laiitu I.
iiKiiiili of till' rivcT Tamar,
4; iillr.1.1 liuin Cat Nva?cr ly
il Ciimin.iinlid Ijy the cafii,;
i..y.',l J.I. !. (or l)uilJin[; .ir.J
,1 ili.uiiy-uhool, four 'hoi
Oil' till' fiitiaiKi- Ditlic b.iv
which is coviriil, at lii, ii
ir;;:diioiis Mr. Winil.inl'^"
iS h'owM ilowii in tij :t ti-rr:-
it-T \';o], .,n I l.inifi'lf, wuh
irort; liCi.d o{.
liiie of a L'raagy hill, ;'.i\!
he lln-fts aic lit. i;tilar, uii.l
I'iif li.abiur lb ^M,.)i|^ ;in \
1 lU- in tlu' l)aK)ii. llfic is a
lluet bi-;.irc ir, wlicrc ir.anv
;. He;c arc li.r.x' cluirclic ,
Uaitiii ,u;li cafllc is very
on the fourh eift of Dcvois-
, a iiiaritiiiu' county, it 1,
ir.od fertile in the kiiu'tlom,
(lui. p, v\c.
iv tov.n, aiul was the n:o;l
Romans in tliofc paits. Thcv
f.ve tr;.'i!chrs, eiukifini^ te i
ch are ILII vifibic at a phici:
Hjiit a mile (lOiii the towi).
Oil ill;; banks of llie rivor
iiity, and All Saints chiirLhf ,
le puiKipal buildings in the
.t ot the Ko:iians is plainly
undations ofthi'i.lj lioman
hf town, cxcetit toward flic
filleil uj), and a I'trcet bu.k
Kill calKd 1 he VVa'Is. 'I"l..;
:atr.' in t!ic m ij^hboiirhood,
u' terraiC of the top of wiiuii
liabitants to walk on, iiavin^
town and country lound it.
dt town, and lias :i _L;ood In: ■
rts. Many luLftaiitial inct-
•| y on an txtcr.livc trade, k
51s by a woodrn brulue, ovtr
• united towns luve aclrar^li,
1. It is iearcely feven mile,
t tiiinly inhabited. The in-
ir quaniis of tlic finelt free
\ith V aieliSt. I'aul's church,
u ere elected.
le belt tobacco pipe clay in
d to 'lie north t\xf: of l)e-
coun'y, 'ind more celebrated
.1 any oiiicr county in tiie
IViili, is the llcond city in
trade, wealtli, and number
It lay in two counties, before
iclf, which was in the reiini
lie parliament rolls leckoned
tliedial was torir.erly the col-
liiulim's monaUery, which,
' VIII. and erected into tlic
its revenues tu the niaiiuc.a-
)endaries, Ikv.
i There
r.UROPF..]
E U R O r F. A N J S L A \' D S.
909
There arc in this rity 1!? cluirrlies. The chief is St.
Mary Keilrlift''s, without the walls, built in the reii:;n of
Henry VI. by William Cannin;','-, aldciinan of this
city. Th s is a magnificent llnicture, in the Cii 'lic
talie. Here are a llately bridcc of three arches over
the Avon, a Iqiiate, a ci.koili-honfe, three extellrnt
marki t |>Iace$, li.fi.lts a iilh iraiket, near 20 liol|)itals,
and oilier benevolent fouulaiions, a {luildhall, an ex-
cha!i^',e, two ti:;e ipja\s, leveial dochs, a corn mar-
ket, and th.-ce {jates.
'1 his ciiy, which, wifluiic luiiurbs, lies compart, be-
inj; almi/ft a^^ bruad a loiij,', is about li>. niilesin circum-
ference on the (jldiicelter fitle, jnd three miles on the
Someifit fi.c, whuh, in the whole, make nine niiles
in circuit. leience. The houles aie clol'e and crowded,
I'f^ccial'y towards t!ie bridj^e and the hcaitof the citv,
where many of heir are Hve or fix ft.'ri.s hi;^!i. 1 li.,-
alcent 10 St. Michaers Hill is veiy frcp.
Bath was fan.ous in the time of the Romans fsir its
medicinal wateis, called, by l-'tolemy, tlic H it vV.ue -;
bv .Antoninus, th- Waters of tliC Sun ; by ihe li.it. ins,
C.icr Baden, the City ol Baih ; and by ihr Suxons, Ak
iiianci.eltrr, or the Citv of Vah ludn-trians. 'Ihe
names of the frveral baths a.e, t'le King's bat'i, tiie
C^ice I's-bath, the Ciol^-bath, and th ■ Hot baili. In
the King's-ba:'; i^ a I'tatue of Bladu I, eif^.'.tii king ot
the lir.'ons, with an iiifcription unoer it, im(M.riii^',
that he dif. ovr-red tiie ufe of tiiele batiis 6b] years
beto'e Chriit. That this place was ot old a r-ioit of
cri[)()Ks and dilealed pcifons, appears *"rom the cruti hcs
huiii^ t p at the feveral baths, as the thank-otierin-s of
thole w.io caire li.tiicr lair.e, and went aw;iy cur. d:
but the citv ef Batii is now ir.ore frequmte;! bv th.-
lound for their plealuie, than by th • lick Ur their
healtii. The fprings were doubtltfs fepat.itcd from the
com 1 oa Ipiings bv the Romans, and fenced in wi'h
a durable w.iU. Thr company allemble i- ml nump-
room every mori-ing between the hours ; •.!■ t and
ten to t'niik the waters, a band of nuili. • s at-
tendii g to cr.teitain them. A fine marble li.eue of
the l.te Ri.hanlNalli, t'.lq ; executei! at the exptnct
cf tl'.c corporatien, pcrpetu.ites the memory of a man,
under wliol'e povernment the city of B.ith role to its prc-
fcnt dcLTceot Ij lendor.
Baih f.as amazingly increafed of late years in the ex-
tent and elegtnce of its buildings. The firll iii.prove-
mcn was the eredion ot (j^ieen's-fouar.-, be;-;an in
17 li), in the center ot which is a gar.len, and an obrlitk
70fet high, in honour of his late Royal Highnefs
i-rcderick, Frincc of Wales. Wh -n tlie fquare was
finillied, Mr. Wood (an eminent architect) planned
feveral llrcets contigoi.s to it ; and, in 17. ;y, bcg.in the
North and South I'arades, Pierrcpoint llrect, IJuke-
ilreet, and others. In 1754 he planned the Circus,
a beautiful circular pile of buildings, uniformly con-
lilUi,^; of the Doric, Ii.nie, and Corinthian orders.
Grry-tlreet, Brook-tlreet, Brnnet-ftieet, and the
Cf I'cent, ough' not to be here o.rittcd. 'i he lall men-
tioned IS a iTofl magnificent and ir.uih athr.ired [Jile
of buildings, in tlie elliptical for.ti, confilting of one
order onlv of Ionic pillars (uppoiting tiie upper cor-
nice, and commanding a prul'peCl beyoi.d all defi.rip-
tlo;;.
Wells has it', name from the wtlls and fprings .ibout
the citv, which is bit of f 1 ail extent, though well
inhahiied. The btilUlings aie ni-if, and the eaihedral
is flately,
Cheildar i» famed tor fine c heet'e, It is comir.on
here lor three or f'our d.iii le- to |o;n their milk, an-l '.o
make what is called .1 Clcvldar Cheelr.
Frnme is litua'ed 10 miles troin B.ith. ThwdoUeii
niaiuif..rture is reckoned nit;rc conliderable heie than 111
ans pan of 1 ri,^lai»d.
Briilgewarer is feitetl on the river I'arn-r, nvii
which there is a llone bridge. Siiips of coiilidrrablc
burden come up to its t^uay ; and, f.um its coincineiit
fituation for c.iiim'Tce, the inh.ibitams have i pretty
{^jod coalling tra '••.
No. ^-;
Glaftonbury is famous fir its abbey, t'ome migni-
licent ruins of whitli are llil rcmainin;.'.
Taunton is a tiandf.me town, and has feveral large
wo'llen mar.uta'torii 5.
\Vi' TsHiai;, (Itiiatrd 'o the nort'i-eafl- of Somerfet-
fliire, i> r.ithei enttrtili;, but aD.jundj in ihx'p. The
priicipal place is
Salilbiiry, . r N^w .Sarum, an cpifopal fee, and i
l.irge well built pL-afant eity, near which four rivers
join their flreams, and llow tliiou.^h every fbi-eer. The
eaihedral i, confidered .;s th^ moll elegant and regular
in ihe Uingdon, particulady for its lif.y Ito.'.e Ipiie.
1 he numbrr of windows, pdlais, and doors, in th s
fabiic, .lifoadd to its celebritv. I'here are tlir. e oilier
ciuir. lies billdes the Cathedral. The m !■ ket-place, in
which is a finet.nvn houte, is a fquar.- fo Iptci.ius that
three or :.;ur hatraiions of fiyot may be n.u'tered with-
out beini»ciowdie.i. There are fonic rem.i'kibl.; monu-
ments i 1 the catiii-dral an.l otlui p'.icrs.
lI-\vii'sn!KF., liruatcd 10 t lie north call of Uort'et-
lliire, IS t'ii'ous for hogs, Iheep, and li nber. The
1- rinc'pal plact s are
VNlnciicllcr on ihelicliin.^. It releoibles an amplii-
tl'eare, and is lurionnded by ihaik hills. On St.
Caiherine'.-. Hill, near the citv, are the remans of a
caiip; and on ihe we;! .aye w,.s a callle, where the
Welt Sax '11 k;n:'S l^ept t'leir cou t. '1 J.e c.iliiedral
;s vriier.ihl'- ar.d l.ir. e, btit not elegant. Heic are fix
oih.er einirchi-a, two liof, i'ais, a college, feveral pub-
lic lihools, 6:c.
Soot am; ton, 12 miies 'rom W'inchePer, (lands
betv.een two lar.',e riven, the lt.hin!r and il.e '['t:{'c,
that fall here into that c died Southampton V,'ater. It
has a wall almoll round it, of a hartl kind of llone.
Henry VI. made it a county of itfclf, which renders it
ind -pendent of the lord li'-utenant. The chief ilreet
is one of the broad; It and hviigell in t'.iigland. It i.as
one large quay, and one other c.ille 1 W^ II tl^iay, where
the Giieinley and jcricv vclicls always anchor, vith
which illands th^y carry on a coulideraljle trade. The
ap[)roach to the town, t.oni tlic L;)ii Ion road, is ex-
tremely pleal'ant.
j Pcrtfmouih, the great key of F.ngland, is regularly
fortified, and llaiids at the entranc: of .1 i.reek, on the
I ifland of Portfea, It is alio defended by Suiith-Sea-
c.ilUe, Blockhoufe-eallle, an.l a chain that goes acrol's
the hai boor from the round tower to the oppo(i:e fliore.
1 Ills is the narrowell p- .i: of entiar.ce to a large and
faf;' haibour. '1 he dock-vard is as convenient as can
be ini,i:i,iiicd, capable of docking 25 or 30 fliips in a
tortniLtht. In the dock is likcwife a royal ac.ulen y.
The Common, as it is callttl, is the relidence chiefly
of the anilicers and otli. ers of the dock. Here is one
vcrv mugn.ficent church, hiving on the top of the:
tleeple a lliip (or a weath.r-cock.
Bli;ks:ii:'.! , fuuate;! to tl.e iiorili of ilaiiipiliire, hxj
a fertile loi!, . ui contains
Wiiulfor, -I miles f oai k.on;!on, a pleal'ant and an-
cient tow'n on the I'hames, .md has a tine catlle, builr bv
William liie Conquer;ir. l-'Alwanl III. who was born
here, enlarged and b'. autiiie.l ir -, built the r.-iy.d palace
and chapel, togetl'.ei wiili St. (jeor:;;e's hall and its
ch;ipel, and inllitiit. d here tiie Order of the Garti r.
Q_ieen Ffzabeth added the noble terrace, faced wi.h
free-ftoner.imparts, like thofeof a fori lied lity, whvh
islcar^e to be equalled in I'ur.ipe. King Charles 11.
laid out great funis in rep.fuing, new modeilinir, and
furnithing this palace j and there is a tine eqo,;iinan
ftatue of him, creeled in 1680, over agieat well in 'he
inner court. St. George's had is ef:c:r,ei n.c of tho
tineft i'l F'.ni-opc. 'I'lic royal cha[).d is biaiiiilully
adorned with curious paintings. l he louiid tower is
built like an a iiphitliearre, very h gi), wi'h elegant
apaitmenf;. On the 1 orth tii'e is.'-t. George's, or the
< liapel ot'the garter, one of tiie molt elegant Gothic
firiKt'.ires in the imiveife. In ilie ciioir are the ftaib of
the knight, of the oider, and their banners over tr.em,
Willi a tiirone f(.'r their toveiei^ii.
10 X ' Heie
K'M
»
913
A NEW, ROYAL and AUTIIFNTIC SYSTEM of UNIVrRSAT. CrOGRAPHV
•••^1
Her'* arc twn jv.rl;' . the \.v\i' pa;k, .I'mut iliri-'.'
mllo, aiul ilif ^riMt p.ii k 14 niilfs, in iit\ uiiit.n'iuf,
itofkcd wall .ill kiruls ot s^.um*, .iiv.l l.ivilhly fiubt 11 Ih-
rd by the hand of nature. In the forrl't, which is ;;o
miles roiiiu!, arf I'tviral feats ; particularly Cranbouiii
1 .odpc, v.hich frands on t!ie top of a hill, and has a
view iiT only n}' Wiiulfor and. its paiks, but ofLdntlon
andth ■ ad|,uciu country.
Kciilni;, the principal ;own o' the ronnty, ItainN
on tl.f rvt-r 'Ilunirs, ni ai the inlh.x ot the Kcnnrt,
and I. a'; tiirce panlh chiitihcj, built ot tlint and rqii,,rc
ftonc. An horpitai was loinidid here, aid libtr.iilv
endowed, hv archhilhop l.ind. It had aiTimtly a nio-
nafterv, equal to ii oft mi In-land, both foi r:iiies and
beauty. riu-g.itc-hoiHc is ftili pretty < mire; and ihirc
are loMe n in. .ins of its wall> <ii;hr feet thuk. The
molt remaikable riiriofitv of n.itural hiltory is a mn-
tinued bed ot ovfier-fheil.s, wliitl!, fiT many (;encr.i-
tions, his heeii f.Mind near this p'ace, extended thioiigli
the circiimltrenci. of fiveor fx .ii.r(S of pr.iund.
SiRRiiV, fituated to the (outh of iMid.llefcx, is a
plr.:f.i!it, lirdtiiy, fcrt:Ie c oiuitv. Tile principal |)!ace
(exdufivc of the borough of Sn.itliwails ) ■•
(iiiihiford, a Luge w<ll-bu-,li town, o:' ilie .'iver
Wcy, wh ch «. navip.ible troin tluncr to i..c I'lianni.
Not (.if fro 1, the i\ er lie ri;i '.ous walls of .u. old ca;ile,
ths pi.ice haviii!', ;.t the S .n n li r.is, been a loy.d
villa, where nviny of our kii^s kept tc, 't fil^ivaU.
Here are three parirti churches. I'hi' ro.id li' Chiduf-
ter ar.d I'lrtiiiouth lies throui'h tlis town, wl "Cii has
long been famous for pootl inn.'i and accoiirniodationt.
Here a'e .ilms-houlVs, librrallv eniioweil, ,ind the re
rra-ns of 1 once famous iri.iinirat.tory of (1. in. In the
r.eighbourli'od .ire the wr.Us of wi.at was foimcrly tali
ed .'it. Cafherine'.s Chapel, bn It with a fort of tie,
whiih, when broken, h.is ihf appearanre u( iron, ami
the CTTient of tliem is in a ni.inner nrprneti.ible. The
road leading from Guil lf)rd to F.irnhain is remarkable
for r'liininn: along upon ilie lidp.cof .111 liif;h rh.ilky hll,
called .St. Cirhcrine's, no wider than the road itftK,
from whence there is a ilelisihifil ]irofpec1.
I"'c!indnd, anciently called .Siiene, is remaikable for
if. icamifiil lituation and royal palace, in which ,ire
ma. v curious paintings by the moll eminent malters.
Qi^ift ' Ciroline took great delisrlit here ; and his pre ■
lent niaicltv h.is made gre.it iinprovemeni's in the i^.nr-
dens of this drlijihtful place. 'I'h.e town runs up the
hill a full mile to the [)ark, with fmall gardens declin-
ing all tlie way to the Th.imcs, over winch has been
erected a very neat bridge.
Si's-EX, a mar.tinic roun:v, fituated to the fouth
t'f Suirev, abounds in lliee] , wool, ixc. 'i'he chitl
place is
ChirheP.er, fitu.ited on a plain near an arm of the
fe.:. It is avtry neat fmall citv, w.vUed about in a
tircular form; with four gates opening to the f.)ur
J rmcipal flueis, whn h ineer in the center, where is a
beautiful ciols. .Ml tlie fpace or(piaiter between the
well and foiith g.iies is taken up with the cathedral,
the bidiop's palace, the dean's, prebendaries, and vii ir.
houfes. The church itlelf is not large, but verv
ne.it, with .1 liigh llone fpirc of an od.igoiial form,
citeein' 1 .1 coiiplete piece tA' architecture.
Ki-'JT, ii'.u.ited to the linifh-eall ol Middl.fex, a-
boundb in hops, wood, and fiuir. '1 he princip.il
pl.iCes .i:c
Canteibii V, the ehief of the county, ai'.i tliemetro-
pnli'-.in fee of all lvn;j,land. The cathedral is .1 noble
pile of (iotl.ic architeifture. Seven kiniis have been
interreil in this church; and St. .Au.r- ifbnc, with the
feven archbilho; s that lnr( e^iifil I-; -in one vault.
Here was the rtinne of Th(.iiiiab-a--.e^/<er, li) f.imous
for itsiiches otleit'd by votaries and pilgnins from moll
parts of the univerfe. .Among the rums of the Roman
andS'Xon buildings, and of ivany religious houlcs,
are the walls of a cli.ipi I, laid to h.ive been a Lhriltian
temple before .St. .Aui.'ufline's tnre. Two irates of
the iiionafl' ry, bt.iit by I'thclbcrt, king ot K.<nt,
''iifland. !• . I atheili.d is laid to have been built by
th Ibert, kin;r if Kent. 1 leie is a Hone biid|>e, con-
cer ain p.'.vi
or l.^nf.l.
.iboiit the year (,0 >, at the rcfjoe'l of Anflin themoi.!;,
are flill reiiialniiii;. I lerc aic fix v.aids, dcnomiiiiteJ
from i.s I'x gates, fifteen paiilli chuiche-., and fcvtri
holpii.il.s.
K'lcluOer hes in a v.dley on the eafl fide of tin- river
Medwav, am!, <xcept ("aniirliury, is the oldelhc-e in
f'tiflam'
1
filling of >j an Ins, which is eileeii ed one of tlie linrii
111 Inglanil. K chelb.r apiu ars Kihave been a Kon-a;!
ftation, from tl.r K'luian Watling-lircet running tliio'
the "own.
'l"unhridge, or Town of Bridges, is fo called from
the river I on, aixl four other flreams of the Meilw.u
whii h rif- in the We.ild, runing hither, ovcreacliuf
«lich is .1 ftone biidgc. The river Medway is mailc
navigabh u|> to the town. Five ic.ilt s I'roin 'i'linbridur
town .lie I'uiiliruige Wells, iiuah licipientetl on ;il-.
Count of their inni.'ial waters.
Margate, or St. John's, is fituated on tlic north Cu\r
of the Ille ol I h.u-.e', and isaniember oi the lown .'nd
I o,t of Dover, to whi' ^i it is I'ubjeci: in r'.il ir.atters ot
c v 1 jur.fJicion. T'le principal Itrecr is nt.ir a mile in
ii L;rh, an i built ■>■■, .m e.ifv deli er.r, bv wliich ine.uis
th' iijii et put Is (lean an. 1 dry, but the l./\ver end mucii
(jt'iei wife. 1 he pier i- Miainiaincd and jiicferved by
iiients ftir all ;;oods ,V)d coii-modities fliipped
'li;e batliing-rooms are not l.irge, but
conv n f-nt. There are fume of thefe rooms that cm-
ploy I'evird machines till near the time of high water,
whuli, .It the tbiitifthe tile, lumetimes lUiis two tir
ti.ree I'.iindreJ y.irds into t!ie bay- The f.inds are fo
fale and < le.in, an! every ronveniente for b.irhiiK^ ij
carried to fui !i "re.it jm fusion, that it is no wonder
this pl.uc flioiild be frcejienied by mullitudis of people,
who b.ithe in t'.e |i a either for health or pleafure.
Cireenwich is noted for its magnificent holpltal i\,r
ttccayeil leamen, its ilihghtful jiark, and its allrono-
mical oblervatory. The hol'pital is thought to he o.-,e
of the fii'.tl': fliuchires of the kind in the wurld, and
its noble li.ill is finely paii.ted. It was forircrly noted
for it^ palace, where t^jeen Mlizabeth was born; but
th.it was pulled down, and what is fo called now ferves
fir npartirents fur the governor of the lioljiita!, and
the ranger of the park.
MiDDi.i-sKx takes its name from its fitu.ition be-
tween the ki'igdoms of the ancient 1 .;ll, Weil, and
South Saxons, Amongll other places it contains
l.o\r)ov, the metropolis of Cireat Britain. This
city is very ancient. It is mentioned by Tacirus as a
place of onfidera'Lile traiie in tlie reign of Nero, and
hence we may conclude it was founded about the titrc
of Claudius, and the year of Chrill 42.
The city of London has uniiergone great calamities
of various k.ndi; but the two lad were motl remaik
able; iliat is, the plague in 1665, wh;r!i l\vej)t away
(18,5./) peilons; and the tire in 16(16, wimh burnt
ilown i-),-:to itwellmg-houl'es.
London, in it's large lenl'e, ( oniprehe nding Weft-
minfter, Southwark, anil fiart of Middlelcx, isaiity
of furpri/in;; extent, prodii'ious wealth, and moll c\-
tenlive trade. It is delii>htlully and advantageoully
litu.itcil on the b.iiiks of the Thames, from which it
rites wu'h a <'radu.il atient. Notliing can be moir
btauiiful than the furrounili:m country, confiding of
liih corn fielils, fcirilc iiKudovvs, l.irge tr.icks of' gar-
den firounds, parks, and degant villas, belonging to
the nobility, and jierlonsof opulence.
The irregular form of this city renders it iliflicult
to al'crrtaiii Its extent. 1 he bcfl idea that lan be lorm-
f d of u is from the number of the pe(>ple, who are
computed to be near a 11 illion, and from the iiiuliiphcity
of edilices devored to the lerviee ot rdigion. To ile
tcribernc- various ItnicHures with which this city ubountis
would pequire a voluiric. The moll remarkable, there-
fore, will only be attended to tinder this article.
London bridge was firll built of floiie in the reign
of llenrv II. about the year ii6j. From that time it
hi'
f. CIOGRAPHY.
'rcf;"cfl of A.il]int!ifmr>i;!c,
n p.uilh cluialu-,, jr.a hy^„
f-yon rlicciill liilf of tlic river
uiti rliuiy, is tlir olclclb (cl- in
is IaiiI to have lii-cn (milt by
I Ifie is a (lone l)rid(>p, ton-
is edceii cJ (jiif of tile lin, a
|u iirst()h,iv>- bi'cri ,i Rdh j.,
WatliriK-ltrttr runiiiiiL; tluy-
'f Bri.ic^cs is Co tailed from
'tfur (Ireaiiis of the Medw.u,
niniii-j; hither, over each uf
1 he rivrr MciKvay is maiic
Kiveir-ihsfroin Ttmbridt^r
Is, iiuiLh freqiiiiited on ;:l.
■rs,
i, ;KiMt(il on the north fid^
■ a nitrnljei- dl the town .'nd
It iv liii)j(a in :\il iriattcrs of
ir.ijjial Itrecr is near a mile in
itV ilrfi e;,r, l.v wh;ch irnans
irv, but the l.,\ver end iiiuch
iiiinLaiiKd ,ii)J |)tef(.Tvetl bv
Mills M.d eoihinnditk-s Diiiiped
U-ro'ims are not l.irf.'e, bin
'line of thefe rooit;s that ciii-
iuar the time of high water,
ti le, ruinetinics lUiis two or
tlie bay. 'I'he fands are lo
y ronveniin(e for barhint^ii
fn-'linii, that it is no wonder
■Mied I'V mullit'idis of people,
T (or healtli or plealure.
■ Its magnitireijt hot'uiral t\,r
!;htfiil i)ark, aiul its'allrono-
hofpital I-, thought to he o:,r
I" the kind in the world, and
I. ted. It was forirtrly nottd
en I'.lizabeth was born ; but
1 what IS lo called now terves
overnor of the hofpital, and
name from its fittntion be-
the ancient l-.atl, Wed, and
other placts it contains
ills o( Cireat Uritaiii. Th;;,
IS mciitioiird by I'acirus as a
!e in the reir;n of Nero, and
was fbundetl about the time
of Chrill 4:;.
i undergone great calamities
two lall were molt remaik
in 1665, whirh Iwept awav
tire ill 1666, whieh burnt
ufes.
nW-, comprehending \\'ei\-
part of Mitldlefcx.'is a city
ti-'ioiis wealth, and molf c\-
?htliilly and advantapeoiillv
he Thaiiie^, Iroiii which it
It. Not.hing can be moir
idi;ia country, confilUntr ot
Mclows, larj^e tr.uks of j»ar-
;le;;aiit villas, belonging to
f opulence.
this city renders it dirticiilc
e befl idea that i an be lorm-
her of the people, who are
m, and (romthc imiltiplicity
rvicc ot relif'ion. 'I'o de
with which this ciiy abountis
he moll remarkable, there-
to under this article.
built of (tone in the reign
r 1 16 J. liom tlui tunc ic
has
I
rUROPE.]
i: U li O P r AN IS L A N D s.
gtt
h;
nlter.u
las undergone iiMny aKer.uuiiis aiul impiovment 1
particul.iily liiue the yeir i-^d, when the lioulVs v.'ere
taken down, an ' '
.1 t
le wliolc renilein! more con ve.".ieat
and bi au
iful.
WellmiiUler-br
'e IS re
(l
lioneil one ol the iivi
kinil III the
complete aiul ckg.iut (Iru.-Uires of the !■
known woild. It is built entiiely of llone, and ex-
tended over the river at a iilace where it is 1,22,1 feet
l)road, whi; h is above ;vy.i feet broailer than at London-
bridu
Or
a' it li'N- IS a fine balluilrade of llone,
with places of (helt; 1 Iroin the ram. This mai'iiihecit
ftrudhire was begun i 1 r .(S, and fmiOied in 1750.
Bl.ickl'tiatsbrid.^f, wmch, in magnifienic or work-
maiilhip, IS ailo\veii to fall nothing flion of that of
VVellminller, was begun in r;6o, ai.il fihillicd in
1770. It is lituat.d alioott at an eip a! dillaiicc be-
tween thole of Widminlier and London, (Oininands
a view of the 'i'hames lioiii the latter to Whiti li.ill,
and dilcovcrs the majelty of St. Paul^ ma very link-
ing nanner.
The cathedral of .^t. Paul i^ one of the moll ca-
pacious, magnificent, and regular I'rotellant chuiches
■ ' It <){ I'onland llo;ie, according
form of
in the woi
Ivi. h
,d R.;
to tlie OreeK. ami Koman orders, in liic torm ot a
crofs, .ifier the model ol S:. I'eter's at Rome, to which,
ill I'ome rerpeils, it is ileemtil fiperior. 'Ihisidilice
is the ptincipal wink of .Sir Chridopher W're'i, and
undoubudly the only work of t!;e f.ime maLv.itiide that
ever Was complited by one man. He lived ;o a gnat
age, and finillieil tlie biuUling J7 years after hiin-
(elf laitlthe lirll (lone. '1 he cx[)eiice of rebuilding it
after the fire of London v'.a-. di flayed by a duty on
toals, and is comjued ,'.t a mi'lion flerlin;;.
\\ ellminlUt-abbey is., venerable pile of building in
th" Ciot'iic talle. It w.i;, lirll buiit by KLlwanl the Con-
feli'oi. King lleiiiy 111. ribuilt it from the ground; an^l
lleiirv V'll. added a fine chapel to the call end of it.
This 15 the depol'itory of the decealed Britifli kings
and nobility, and here aic alio monuments creeled to
perpetuate the mcmoriesof p(Jet^, p.hilofopl.ers, htrc(.s,
aiul patriots.
The inlide of the cliureh (d"St. Steplien, W.ilbrook,
is admiied for us liiihtnel's and eleg.iiu e. The lleejili s
of St. M.irv le-H.nv and St. liiide's are fuppofed to
be the moll complete in rheir kind ol any in Jiurope.
I'ew churches in or ..bout L/mdoii are without l<)mc
beauty. Several if the new ones arc built in elegant
taile; and even lome of the chapels have gracefuineis
and p;r)piiition 10 reeommend them.
W'ellmiiider-hall, though on t!ie outfide itm.ikesno
very adv.mta; eous ap[ivarance, isa noble (.jotlr.c iHiil.i-
ing, anil deemed tl-e larj-ell room in the woild, whole
roof :s not lu| poriea with pillars. Here are l;eld the co-
ronation leads of our kmj-'S andtpieeni : alio the courts
of chani erv, kind's bench, comii.oii pleas, and excheipier.
That beautiful column, called the Monument, erect-
ed at the charge of the city to perpetuate the memory
C)f the dieadful fiieof London in i6()6, is wortiiy of
notice. I'liis monument wa;. begun by Sir Chrilloplier
Wieii in itiyi, and linillKd by him in'i677.
The Royii I'ixJianue is a large .ind' noble eJiiice,
Calculated tor the tranfaction ol con.mercial buli.'.els be-
tween the merviiants ot i .ondunand other places.
To thcfe m.iv be aedal the Tower of I .ondon, Hank
of l-iiigland, Cju Idliall, the College of Phydcians in
Wai wick- lane, Chi ill's I lo'pil.il, the College of Heralds,
New Treulurv, the Admuahy-oltice, the llorl'e (iuards
at Wliitehall, ihe Manfion-j.oule, or the houle of the
lord mayor, the Cudom-houfe, Lxcilc-ollice, Indi.'-
houle. Inns of court, a git.it manber ot other public
buddings, befidis the magiiihi.ent cdilices raiUd by
the nobility and gentry.
In the center of the town, VAd upon tlie banks of
the noblell river in [■ uro|,e, v.as a chain of inelegant |
ruinotis houli's, known bytiie names o( Durham-yard,
the S.ivoy, and Somerl'et lioul'e. 'Ihe lird being pri-
vate property, engaged the notice of an iii[',enioiis ar-
thitcilil, 'aIio op'.i.cd the way to a piece of fccnery
ch no city in Lurope can -qual. On the fire of*
uihain-varil was raifeil upon aiciiw the pile of the
Adelphi, ceL-br.ited for its enchanting prolpcA, the
i)
utility of irs whirfs, and it^ fubterra
anlwerin:^ a varieiv of
purp:
)(is of
L-ous ap.irtments,
I be
gener.il beneiit
Contiguous to the Adeljihi d..nds the Savoy, the pro-
perty of governm •t.t, hit:icTo a nuifance; .ind adjoining
to the Savoy, towards tl;c Temple, duod Soinerfet-
houle
wlieie,
be
iM the property of g-ve:nment alio.
a new pile of buildings for public ol!ice.s has bee
fted
i anil here, in a very iragniticcnt edihce, arc
ele-ant apartments appointed for the ufc of the Riyal
Society, the Royal ,\t;'.dcir.y of Painting and Seulptuie,
and the Society of Antiqtiaries.
Among the lid of improvements worthy notice may
be included the S!.\C1 ' '"^ ' ' "
and th
Offi
ce in
Ch
incerv-l.ii.c
and that very liihllatuial building in the Old BaileVj
which iloes hjtiour to a pcujilc celebrated for then
cleanlineli
id h
umanitv. Here the und
ort'.in.it
debtor will no longer be annoyed by the dreadful rattle
of chains, and by the more hoirid founds i;1uing fioin
the lipsofthufe wiet-hed beings who let de.l.ince to
all hiw.s, lium,in and divine , .ind heie-aifo the od'ender,
whole crime i, not capital, .my enjoy a free op'.m air.
In the .netroii.'jiii, an.i its environs, are many e.x-
cclle.u cl;aritable daindations ; parti'ul.iily St. I3ar-
tholo:!;e'.'.'s Hofpiral nea.- Smithtield; the Small pr-x
lbj|p::;| in Coldbath-fields, and another near Battle-
bndge-Well,; the Lying-in Hofpital in Brownlow-
dreet, Long-acie; another in the City Ro.id j .-.nd a
third near Wedminder-bridgej St. Tho'm.is'sand Guy's
hofpitals in Southwark ; St. George's and the Lock,
near Hyde Park-corner ; the Mtddlelex Hofijital in
'I otici,ham-Coi;rt-Roidi die London Hofpital at Mile-
end i the M.igdalen, t"or the retormation of proditutes,
.and the Alylum,for the reception of female orp'ians, in
St. (ieorge'a I'lelds. To thefe mult be added, Betil.m,
or Bethlem Hofpital, fo." lunatics, in Lower Moor-
lield;, , and St. Luke's, lately in Upper MooiHeids,
but niiw creilcd upon a large and extenllve [il.ui in Old-
dieet Roa l.lheFoundling Hul'pital merits ei;ual notice,
as it:, plans and ereiUons arc equally laudable and liberal.
'I'he new buildings in the libertv of VVedminfler
have, witlim thefe few years, increafed to a prodi'dous
degree. .tVmoiig them are feveral magnificent lijuares,
as ihofe of Hanover, Berkeley, GrolVcnor, Cavcndilh,
Portinan, and Mancheder. To the ead of diis lad is
Portland Place, the buildings in which arc deemed
(uptrior in grandeur to any in Lurope. Befides the
above fquarcs there are St. Jamci s, Soho, Lticeder,
tiolden, Bloomlbury, and Dedford ; to which may be
added the ma^jiiiticent I'quare called Lincoln's-lnn-
Fields, and feveral otliers of kfs note, both in the city
ami diburbs.
The number of paridies in London are, 97 within
the walls, 16 without, 19 in the outparilhes of Mid-
dlefex, and 11 in the city and liberties of Wedminder.
The number of meetiiig-houles, for Protedant dil-
leniers of all deiiomin.uions, is very great; beddes
uliicli there are three Jews Synagogues. The public
fehools are, that of St. l',.ul ; Merchant-Taylors Ichool
in Suirolk-lane.nearCaiinoii-dreet; the Charter-houfe ;
the Ro\al llhool in W'edmiiider ; and St. Martin's
fi liool near the King's Mews.
The very elegat't metliod of paving and enlighten-
ing the I'treets i.> felt in the moll lenlible manner by
all ranks and degrees of' people. The ro.tds are con-
tinued tiir I'everal miles .irouiul upon the fame 1110. iel,
and, exclufive of la.ii[)S legul.irly pl.iced on eai !i fide,
.it Ih.ort ilil'iiinces, are reudeied more fecure I y >vatch-
mtn dationed wiihin call of e.ich other. Nothing can
.ippear more brilliant than the lights when viewed at a
didancc, efpecilly when tlie roads run aerofs ; and
even the principal llreets, fuch as Pall-Mall, New-
Bond (Ireer, Ox'ord llreet, ic. convey an i lea of ele-
gance and magnilieence.
The trading p.irt of the ciiy of London is divided
inio a luimber of comjianiec. Of thefe there are i;
pr;n
*
^
I ill
!!'
^i: A NFAV, ROYAL ani. AUTHENTIC SYSTF.M or I^NIVI RSAl. GFOGRM'HY.
\ >J'' 1
;|!
*'te
princifal ; the mercers, grocers, ilr.irers, finiiiinnt;f rs,
jToUilniitlis, ft.itioners, nierthant-t.iylir'-, li.ilieri!.ilhiT>.,
i'altirs itoiimoiimr-, vii-.mrrs .irii! i Imhwcnk! rs The
citv in,ii;i it rates are the ltird-:ii.i\'or, 2^ alJermen,
2^6 fonimi'.ri-i'oiincilireii, a recorJer, two llierill-, .i
ch.inibi rla'.n, a fonunoii ler'ie.iiu, amt towp.-eleik.
The city ami liberties of VVclliiv.fil'.er arc govc rneil
by a high itcward, a he.ul-b.iilil}", a hi^h-eoiitlablcaiiil
14 biir^elfib.
Lxari'.cii bixiicb nf men, befiiks the cUtl'v, :irc, the
Rov.ilSociity, the Col lege (if Ph\ ru-i.ins.mui th< Sm leiy
of An:iq!i.ir:ans. Tlie t'nrll rei-Lli-c ry ct" r.ir'ti'-s is Sir
Hall^ sShvine's Nhilium, kept in liie.it Uiili'c! ftre f,
Blnonilbiiry.
ts'iLs, which i* fituated to tiie e,.ft of MiJillel'es, is
extremely fertilf, and abmind;. in rattle, i.;ffir)n, fttc.
ColchclUr, the chief town of the coiiniy, is .i large
populo'.is I'hce, on the liver Coin, wl.i, h pilles thiu'
ir, anii is iv.;a1p navigable for l.rall trait up to tlie
Ilithe, a Ion;; 11: eet, which may be calKil tl-e Wapping
of Coi'l, tiler, where there is a convenient quay ; and
at ^'cntioe, within three miles of it, is a rood iiillom-
iioufe. This, and ail the towns round ir, aic niited
for n akiiig h.i ze, of which f»reat qnantitiej ar.- ex-
ported. CiiUh.elleris ailb noted for excellent oylUr'.
Cl'.eliiisford Hands in a beautiful plain, haviiii'. the
litde river Chelmer running thrniigli i:, over wi.ieh
there i^ a brldj^e. It is a larce populous town, alitoR
in tie renter of the county. Its fimation render^ ii
the miill freqvientrd ; and it ii called the tliire www.
II rwich, a lea pert town, (< nta ns one <if tiie
fireil h.irbriurs in I'ur.'pe. II;e s allu a [v^o-i ducL
yard, i-, vvhich many Ibips are bi ij-.
Hi ? rioRosHiRr, or Hail.'brdllure, v.l.iih received
)'s nanie 'rum th-.' <:r-a' no:rl)LT c f harts with w.i.cli it
formerly aboiindei!, is (v ated wtllward <•( I-lTex. It is
a County pai ticiil.i'-'iy fertile in c )rii and wood.
Hertfcrd IS the fls.re town, though inferior either to
M'are or St. AlHan s ;n opulence. It is pleafantlv (itti-
.Utd on t;'.e ris.T Lea, and built in the foriu of a Roman
Y. It has two churches, Ail Saints and .^t. .\ii-
tirew's.
RiriFORDSiiiRL, fituated noit'i well of Ilertfordniire,
is fiuitful in cor.i ami p.dlore.
Bedford, tin- county town, is a clean, we!i bnilr, popu-
lous place. Here are live eluirJies, of winch the
rh.ef, and indeed the principal ornament tjf the town,
15 St. Paul's, which had onic a college of | n beiidaries.
The piiory, now belori^iny to the eail of AlhHurn-
ham, was founded before the Nonran co:.c]U(l', for le-
ciilar rarcns. '1 he buildm.'s of this tinvn are preitv
good, and the llrcets broad, "i lie north and foutii
parts ate joined by a tlone bridge over the Oufe. A
famous calHe here was demolill.ed in the rci^m of
Henry VIII. and the fite is now a bowlir.i; j^rieii,
teskoned one of the finelt in I'.n^'l.in;!.
breKiNciiAMSiifKi:, fouth well (.f I'ei'foidll.'re, is a
p)!eafar.t fruitful county, and ubo'jcds particiilaily in
j-hvPcal plants.
Bui.kin2ham,the county town, ftandsin alow j-ronnd,
cncoirpfTed on nil fides, but the north, with the liver
Otife. The callle, now in ruins, was bu It in the
midiile of It, and divides it into two parts. In the
iioith pan Hamls the tov.n hall, a vtrv hand.loiiie con-
\enieiu llrufturc. The lownwa-;, for many year' , a
tlaplc fijr wool, ind levcral of its wool halls are yet
ftaiiding i but that trade is r.ow loft. It is populous,
and ha-, thice Hone bridges over the Oul'e. Its church,
which is in the weft par: of the town, is very lar^e.
Thelae manufa-rtuie is the principal buhncfs heie,
.-.s well as in other parts of the county. There is a
roa I from this town Iciding to the Marquis (jf Hiick-
uuli.im's (late K.trl 1 einph'<) celebrated Icac ar Stowc.
1: luns in a llrai_dit line, i^bout two miles up to tlie
(^)rinthian arch ; which, liO'.^evcr, I'oine'imes elifa])-
pe^r., owliu; to the Mlitijf an<l falling of tlie ground,
ri'.e '..n-.i k, pavilions, pyramids, ob. |j|l<s, monuments,
Jjtarue-, bulb., ^Cl. which adum the elcjaiu villa at
Stowr, are .ill hii'hly finiftied j and the niany inlcripn.
ons are defuMied lur ths ii, formation and inllructioii ^i
the beholder.
Oxtoiu.-iiiiM-, fiiKiKd tothe veil ,,f Buekinnh im-
iTiiie, isapleilant, healthful, and lertile ciumty."
1 he >ity olOx ofvl Hands on the ctintlu.xofthi'Char.
well and His. It enjoys a fweet air, j,, 4 olrno'ul
country, on a fine plain, ariihav evei v w.iy a(;;).„h'.
ful profpei-t. The ) nviue builciin'is are n;-.ir, de
pi'blic ones lumptuous ; and ilie iiver nav-'.ble (01
hari;es. But tint ■■ hich pivfs it .-» cohfc-(]iieiue abovt.'
all other |.l.Kes ,11 this kingdoi,', is the ohlid and u.oit
loble tiMveiliry m lutopp. It ;, „f I., ^-reat am;,
qtiity as to have been an ui.iieilitv beiw.en eiiiht or
nine bundled years. 'I he conftittitiDn is fo ifj.'ul"ar, tie
endowments \\) plentiful, tl e manli..ni I'.i cojivci.'ieiu
for ftndy, mid ev. ry ihin{; lo aj-reea'.ile to the educa-
tion of youth, and the accoit plilhm. :tt o! Undents, tlit
It IS no wonder I'lich iiumlier. ol Uarncd 11 en are daily
lent aliroad Tt tie fervi.e ol' thr cinrch and lUte. It
contains lotolle^es; fiveh.dls; a llauly pile, callut
the fchools, wheteii exerciles lor ihi- llveial degierj
are [ erforired ; the thcitiv, tlie molt miumhcent
buiidini; of the ki: tlin the wo, Id; the Clare -.don print-
ins^ houi-, wh'(ii likewile Pir)a(i"cs ev ry ihini; of 4
fill liar nature in the unvirle; tlie iiiUleuiii, coiuiiiii-
irt^ a eheniie, 1 elabor it(-ry ; 4 iiiiolitory of natural ar,d
artifii ial cur;oli!:i s and a itiquiiif. J \ Jibraiv; 4 phv-
fic paiden, Sci'. It ii- i^ovcn.ed liy a clunciilor, vnt-
chancellor, &:c.
Gi.oce! t IP, !tmi, fituated to rhe wellward of O-x-
fordll.iie, '•. tolerably pleafai.t, but iiuiiifereiiily Itrtilr.
(jloiueib r is a well b 1 1'., clean, lualthy city, fc-
cured bv the river on one fuU , a brai t h of whicli biim ^
tipve'.lrlsof a conf'derable Inirtl en to its walls. It
has a be.tu! fil (a'ledral, fve » luirehes, and i,, we.l
prwvided wi.h lu,fp tals. Th • cathedral is an antient
but macniticent fabric, and has a towrr, which is one
of the neateft and molt curious pieces cT archit.ctiir;-
in I'liijlind, and a whifp-riiiL; [iLice, as in tlic cuoola of
St. Paul's. Mere is a.i elei-ai t (lone br di'c over the
river, with a kcv, wharf, and cuftom-lioufe. Abundanci:
of crolTes, and llatiies ol tlie kinj's of Enida.id, .irt d.l-
peiled in diftcrent pans ol ilie city, and large remains
of iTionalleries. Its town-hall, for the affize, is called
the Booth-hall. L'nder the brid;',e is a curious ma-
chine, which raifes water t) leive the town; thoiiuh
it is alio lupplied from Ro! in Hood's Well, which is
,1 mile or f.w) out of tie city, Cheltenham is noted
for its mineral waters, tor which it h.is been much be-
cjuented, and is now more In, havini^ oht.uned the
l.inrtionof a vilit from their m.ijeltie.s, and a part of
the royal family.
MoNMoitTHsiiiRK, which Was f;rincrly part of
Wales, 's rhe molt wellern Mnglilh county tow.irils
Sou'h Wales.
Monn ouih, 12 miles from IIereri)rd, reives name
ro the counlv, and has itsown from ihe mouth of ihp
river Miiiway, at whiih it is fituated. It lh>nds [ijea-
latnly between that river and the Wye, over each ol
which it has a bridge. It has bem a place of note
ever fmce the eonquell ; lor the callle, now m runs,
was a ftately edifice ar that time. There are Hill ic-
iTainlnt; liu h parts of i's foi tificatioiis as H.ew that it
was formerly very Ibong. I'he town ii, in a rnannei,
fuiroiinded by water, there beino; another iiver, thp
Trothy, over which it has alio a bridii;c. It has a
(lately church, the eaft end of which is curioully bmjr.
1 he place cairies on a coiilidt rable trallic with BrilU)!
by means of tlie Wye.
I iLRrroRnsHiRL, north of Monmoutlilliire, is one
of the moll ferule counties in L'.nyland, and p.irticulatly
celebrated (or i"i cyder.
Hereford, the cnly city in this county, lias a i;oad
ftone bridijeof ei;<ht arches over t'le Wye, .ind is en-
coiiipalfed with livers on ,ill fide, but the well. Its n.imc
fi(jn,tics the ford of an army, it havini^ been for feve-
ral hundred yt ars t!ieh;.-id quarters of the S.i.sons be-
» foic
n
0>. ... . '3&i^
I.
CFOGUAPHY.
tUROI'F..]
t U R O I' F. A N ISLAND S.
Ii(i1 i ;inil fhr i7:any inliTipr,-
.toriiutii'M ami iniliuctioii ul
tothi-vra ..f Buclrinohim-
i't;l, Jml Itrrile (ountv.
'!• »>li tllc-CdflCuxof tl)(.'L'h,ir.
■ •' f'v.trt air, III 4 i.|,M,:'i,l
.' il li.iv rvciy way a ild.'thr-
i r bii:lii:n'!s arc lu-.ir, "t!,e
•I'lii ihe i:vfr nav j.^ble loi
! iWA ;t a ninlVciiiriKC .ibovt
,!-'i"i.', s ill? i)iat:l anil u.cil
If. Its (jf Id j.;re,it aiii:-
ii'.iwil-cv betw.ci! cii<ht or
;fu((il!i(uii.)n IS Id icL-ufar, tl.f
tl (• iranlh.ni r,> nuivci.i lu
[■, 111 a;T«-ia!il!- n> the cJuij.
10:1 i'l;lhr.i.;u<i' limlrnis, tl a
II ■ i'( liarnvJ II en are daily
<'• t!i- i=" r>li iiiul liatc. U
cl)■.li^i a liaMly |,,|,., c^l|,j
I tiles (or ihc I'cviral tliRJcs
<Mtr.-, (he I,, .lit mi;!n:fu-(i;t
■■j:U'; tl'.f L'larc,-,(!o;i priiit-
• I T) aliirs cv rv thmi; nt' a
V ric i the ii.iili-iim, contain.
) , a ripclitury of natural ;uk1
(tuinitie. i 1 libraiy ; a pin-
viri;td by a cluiictllor, v.>t.
niatf-1 ri) rlie •A.i-lhvarJ of ()x-
■alait, liiitiniiiilVrcDily fcnih-.
• 1 1', dean, healthy iity, fc-
■ I'uU, abrai i h of wliuh biin.;,
ble biirihcii to its walls. It
, fvc .hurihi-s, and i., wd
'Ih • cathedral is an ar.tient
ind his a ttiwrr, which i-, one
curious [.ii-trs cf archif.rtiir;-
••niicr pla.e, as i:i the c.iijula of
elei-ai t Hum- br.dj'c ever the
ar.d iiilloii'.-l.oiili-. Abih-.dai.fc
the kioi's of Ln!;la,id, ^re tiA-
of the City, and large remains
n-hall, for the affi/.e, is called
the bridi'.e is a curious rra-
•r t > Iciv" the to'.vn ; though
:iol in Hood's Well, which is
e city. Chi Ittiihani is noted
if which it has been much fie-
lore fo, havin;^ obtained the
:licir majeltics, a;:d a j,arc of
'liicli was furintrly ]mt of
Icrn K.nglilh county towards
; fiorr, Ilei-ehird, pives name
tsown fniin ilu- mouth of ihr
it is fiiuated. It it.'nds plea-
r and the Wye, over each ot
It has bem a place of rote
for the callle, r.ow m runs,
lat time. I'heie are Hill le-
I. loitifications as il.ew that ic
. The town ii, i;i a maniiei,
lere being another iivcr, the
has alio a bridj^e. It lias a
nd of which is curiotilly bnilr.
oiifiderablc trallic with i5rillol
til <it iMoninni!t!ill;ire, Is I'tie
es 111 L'.iigland, and jiarticulaily
y in tliis county, has a pood
lies over t'.c Wye, and is eii-
all fidcs but the welt, lis name
irmy, it havin<> been li r feve-
;ad quarters of tiie S.IaOps be-
to: e
fore the ronqiiefl, and of ilie I'tn;!!!) afterward , who
were llationrd litre to krcji the Vielfii in .\\\'\ H foie
tlie civil wais it had fix, but has now o ily four < hniclic ,.
The laihcdral is a iiU|',hifK< nt Itrui'tiire, and contains
iiioiuiiveiits of its aiiticiit prelates. The billiop's caftlc,
lire dole with the digniiaries liuules, and the college
of the vicacs and chorilters, are pl.-alaiitls (ituatcd. Ir
is a larpe, b it not very poiniious city j the lunilti olci
jihl mean, and ijie I'trc.is liirty, by rcaloa of its lo..
iiiuation.
WcrRci'.ri.RsiiiiM, I orili ealt of Ilereroidiliire, is a
well watered and verv innirul county.
Worceltrr, on the .Si vein, over which it has a fin,
hone bridge, is the capital. The reiratkabie battle in
1651, when Charhs II. was defeated by Croiiiv.cli, w.i .
fought near the fouih !;ate of the city, where bones ot
the flain are frequently dii;» up. The chief manufac-
iuic» of t'le place are broail cloth, t^loves, and por-
celauif-, which is a compolition of ainidille nature, be-
tween rint earth and [dihi. The publK buildings make
a gr.ind appearance, efptcially the r/idcihall, and the
workhoiife. It had formerly a cafilr, and walls witi
three gates, and live watch towers j ail long lince de-
firoyed. 1 he r.Tthrdial, wlucli is ex.idtly the model
of that of Brutlel., i-, .1 huge edilice, but not very
elegant, exce|it the clio;r 01 ti.e (li.ij)cl, on the fouth
(Ide, which is of cuiic.i:.' woikiiianlhip. A handfome
library belongs to the c.ithciir.il, fiipjoite,! bv one fi:iglc
pillar in the iiudcile. 1 lere are the momimerts of king
John; prince Artluir, b:niher to Henry V'lll. the
countefs of Salillniry ; and other illulbious peil> 'is.
Kefides the cathedral, there are nine parifh churches.
The lireets are broad biuI well paved ; the I'oregatt-
ftreet is rei^til.ir and beautiful. The hof|'itals drierve
notice, efpecially that noble one eredecl by Robert
He:klev, of S] etchln', who lai.l out :joo1. in the
building, and 4'.ojl. in endowing It fir 1 1 poor men.
HelHtes this, there .ue fix or feven others. The
Seveiii, thouj'li ^-enerallv rapid eirewliere, glides by
^Vo;Telter very gently. Here is a good water-lioule
and quay.
WARwicKSiiTiir, to the cafr of Worccftcrrtiire, is
verv (citile, and panuiilarlv fiinoiisfor its inn work*:.
Cfivritry is united with I.itchlield in .Sfairordfliire,
as a bidiopiic. There are many traditional Itories re-
latins^ to this citv, partirnlirly that of lady (i;;dina,
who, to obtain and per|ietu ite fomc privileges, rode
naked through the fticets; ,ind an annual procellion is
1:111 made through (he town in commemoration of it.
This citv i^ large .md populous, but the buildings are
f)ld , and fume cf them, whicii aie bu:lt of t iiiber,
proje,;^ out lo much, that in the narrow fireets the tops
of the oppofite hoults almoft touch. The chief
rhmihes areSt. Mu hat I'.s and 'I'linuy. The I'roteltant
dillenters are a conlidcrable body here. The town-
houfc IS worth feeing, the windows being of |)aintcd
gjafs, reprefcnting (ome of the old kings, &:c. who
have been bcnefailors to this city. Its chief manufac-
tures are tammies, and the weaving of ribbons.
\V:;rwick, on the Avon, the tountv town, ftandson
a fituaticn nmaikably rocky. It is of great antiquity,
and mav be approached by f)ur ways, anfwering to the
points of ihe cnivjiafs, and cut thiougli rocks. Thefe
lead to four ftreets, which meet in the center of the
town. The walls an 1 cellai;. are made in the rock, h
is fi'pplird with water by j^ipes from fprings half a
mile ort, and has a noble Itone bridge of 12 arches ovi
the Avon. Here is a caftle, the principal ornament of
the place, 'Irong both by .11 1 ,ind nature. The r'lck
on which it fiands is 40 leet irom the river; but on
the north fide It is even with th-t tirwn. I'loiu its ter-
race, which is above 50 feet perpendicular above the
Avon, there is a piofpccfl of the river, and a beautiful
country beyond it. The apartments of the caltle arc
well c(<ntrived, and many of them adorned with origi-
nal p fturrs by Van Dyke. It was built origin. illy by
W'illiam the Conqueror. Near tlie town is Guy's Clifl,
a high perpendicular rock, where Guv, eail of War-
No. 8j.
Wick,
9'J
aid to have liv d atifrniir, after Lis c'e'VatJna
tile Daniih ^riant Colbrand. j li, (word aad other ac-
toutreiiu-nfs are It, II llr. wn in the caftle.
Birmingham li a very laij^e populous town, the
upper part ot which Hands dry on liie hde of a hill, but
the lower 1. watery, and inhabited by the meaner fort
of jieop e. 1 hey aic empkn td lu re in the iron work$,
'" '*""-'' '"ly "le Uich ingenious artificers, th.it their
pnfurmances, i„ the frail wares of iron and Heel, arc
ac^miicd bodi at home and abroad. It is much improv-
i^d of late years, bith in publx and private bud.lin-s.
Near till, town is a !eat beh,ng'ng to Sir l.iiler Hc'jr,
bait, but converted into jiublic g ard ns, with an orgarl
and o-.her mudc, in imitation of \'aiixhall, which
the nan e it now goes by.
NoarnA.Mi'TONsiiikn, eall of Warwickfhiie
lels waltc jjiouiid than any other county, and conle
quiiitly i,s tx' eiding rich and fertle.
Nuitliampton flan
has two bii.icre
IS
has
us upon the N-n, over which it
Hie buildings were liandfon.e, and
the town laige (having leven parifh churches within the
walb, and two without) when it was reduced tu allies
by adicuiful tire in 1675. Liberal contr butions from
all p.irts ol the kinidom reltorcd it in a .'leat meafurc
to Its original li/c ; and for nea'nefs, "beauty, anci
lituaiKin, tew towns ecpiil it. It lias four chiirches,
ot which the great one, viz. AlUiallows, is a handibinc
edifice, witli a (lately portico of 1 :t lofty It nic co-
lumns, and a (latuc of king Charles II. on the balu-
ltr.de. It frauds near the center of th« town, and at
the meeting of four fpacious I'treets. The lefiions and
adizehoulc is a very beautiful building of the Coi inthian
order. 1 he market jja e is one of ;he fmeft in Eu-
rope. The horfc market is thought to exceed any
other of the l.ind in L.ngiand. Its molt confiderablc
manufiiitorc is (hoes, of wiiidi great numbers ai- ex-
ported ; die next to that Itockings. A coumr ho(-
pital is built here afti r the manner of -he intirm.iric's of
Londun, Briilol, Bath, ivc. and the river Ne:i iiag
lately been made navig.ible up to the town.
HuNTiNCDoNsHiHi;, to the call of Northampton-
fhire, is .1 great corn and pafhire county, and abounds
in tilh and wildfowl.
Huntingdon, near the Oufe, over which it lias a ftone
bridge, is t!ie conltant place for the allize, as well as
t;ie Count', go.il, and is a populous tiitding town, con-
lifting chielly of (jne large fleet, v.dl-built, with a
handl.ime market-place, and a good grainmar fcliool.
More beautiful meadovys are not to be feen anv where
than cm tlie banks of the river, whicli, in the Cummer,
are covered with numerous herds of cattle, and flocks
of (heep. The biidge, or rather bridges, with the
caulewav, are ornaments, as well as benefits to the town.
Camiiimdoisiiiri;, including the Iile of Ely, is fitua-
ted to the welt of Suffolk, and is in general very
fertile.
Cambridge is fo called f;om its fituation on the
banks of ilie Cam, which forms leveral iflands on the
\ ell fide, and divides the town into two parts, which
are ioined by a lai go (tone bridge. It is very ancient,
being well known in the tiine of the Komans by the
name of Camboritum. William the Conqueror built
a callle heie, of wh.ich the gare-houfe is Hill (landing,
and ul'ed for the county go.il. The town is divided
into 10 wards, has 14 parilh churches, contains up-
v/.irds of I :oo houfes, for the moll part irregularly
built, and .ibout 6000 inhabitants.
rills iinivcrlity contains 12 colleges and four halls,
is a cor|>ora'.ion ot itielt, and governed by a cliancellor,
high-llewMid, vice-chancellor, i\:c.
Stotirbridge, a large (pcjt of ground near Cambridge,
is famous f>r one of the greatellannual fairs in England.
The chief articles ibid here confill of woollen clotli,
hops, iron, wool, leather, and cheefe.
Ely, an ancient city, lituated in the fenny countiy,
called the Ille of Ely, and bring furroundcd by the
Oulc- and other dreams, is unhealtliv, tliough it (lands
on a nfin;.!; gr"'-inc
1 It was in id;
an epifcopal fee by
He
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Photographic
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Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
fe
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9U
A NEW, ROYAI. and AUTHrN'TIC SYSTr.MoF lINIVERASALGEOGRAPriY.
i 'i
Henry I. The r.uhetliMl aivl t!ie bifliop's p.ilaro art-
its chief ornaments: 'lie KriniT h.is a rciiuikablc iloinc
an I l.iniliorn.
Newiri.irki!, :i l.aniU'ivne, will I'U, It town, confillint',
of (inc loiij; llrc'cr, the north iklc ol wh i li is in Si.f
(oik, i> (.I'liods t,ir horlV-r.u\s, ami ir.ii'. h !iec)iiciit<-ii
by peri'ons of all ranks. 'I'he town is not moilci m, as
the name imjiorts ; for it was cf note ii'. I'tlw.iril Ill's.
tinu- ; but being burnt down in 168"!, was afterwniis
rebiiih. BclV-lc; t!ie p.irifli chiirrhoi' St. Mai y's, there
is alio a fiiiail chi:reh, All-Saints, whiJi is, pr()|Hily
fpeakin^r, only a chapel of vM'c to Wood-Ditton, in
Camliritigelhire. It i^ a healtiiy jilaee, antl on a ip.iel-
oiis heaih, wh;eh is the t'lnefl coinle in I'.n^lanii. 1 lere
are fcveral verv wiile, lleep, and long ditehcs, which
were riu by the Kail An^lrs, to keep out tlie Mt rciau'- ;
one of which, beint; a llupentlous work, nuic h fiiperi-
or to the nil, has obtained the name of the Devil's
Ditch ; whicli runs niany miles over the heath.
bjrroi.K, a maritime countv, Htuated \\f'\ of th-
German Ocean, li.is but an indiU'erent loil, but is well
watered.
Ipiwich w.is cure in a nourifliiiip ftate, as appears
froin the great nuivber of fliips that bilonsTcd to ir,
whtn it> harbour was more commoilious ; and it h.ul
21 churches ot \s'uch now only i : remain. The tide
rills here i :, .-.rd fome:imes i.| feet. The town is
populous, abou: a m.lc loner, and fomet'iiiig more in
br(adth, forming; a l'>rt of half ir.oon on the banks of
tl e river, overwhich it huS a i'.nod bti-h-e of (l')ne. It
is a corporation; and its chief manuiactures are luicn
and woollen. Here arc a convenient (]uay ..nd cuftoin-
houie.
Nop.roi.K, •.. m:^ritime cnun:y, to the north o'' Suf-
folk, is excecd:n::ly fruitful.
Norwieh is a l.ir;.',e c:ty, near the eoi,l1ux of the ri-
vers \ cnlder and '^ arc. It llands on the fide of a hiil,
and is near two mdes in length, and one in Ireadih.
Tlie town is irregular; tliuiigh the buiUhnc, both
public and private, aie neat and hamifome. The ma-
I ufadtiucs, for the greateil part, are ciapes and IhifTs,
of which valtr]uantities are lent from yarmouth(a neii.^h-
bouring fea purt) to 1 loUai.d, Germ.iny, Sweden, and
other parts in the Haltic. It has 12 gates, and fix
br.dpes over the Yarc; _:;'> churches, belule- thecatlie-
ilral, and tiiaj.els and meetinfr-houles of all denomina-
tions. The I oof of the catliciiral, a lariie, venerable,
and handlome firuiliire, is adorned with ih.c hi'.tory of
tlic bible. The choir is large and fp.'.eious. 1 lere are
two ilu.rchis for 'ic iJutch and Irench b lemings, who
cniov fngul.M' privilejv s.
Yarmouth is a fia port of preat ftreneth, boili from
art and nature. It is eheen'.ed the kev of this cuaft ;
but thouj-'h tl'.e harbour is a line one, it is dangerous in
wm'.iy weather. This place is noted lor its lurnnas.
l.iNcoi.NSHiRi isalar:c p.lentil'ul maritime countv,
fituated to the welt of the German (Jcean, and divid-
»d into three parts, viz. Holland, Kelteven, and I.ind-
lev. 'X he princij.al j'lace in the firlt is
Eofton, on the \\ jtham, which is navigable to I ,in-
coln. This town was formerly made a ll.iple for wool,
111 d the irerchants of the Hans 'I'owns fixed tlieir gu.ld
liere. It is a j.'lealant, \scll built town, and has a good
toreif^n and inl'.nd trade, its church is reckoned tlie
largtit pnrifl) i.huich without crofs ayles in all tlie world.
Its tower, orlleeple, is famous for its height and work-
manfliii;. It Las a beautiful cdtagon lanthon on the
trjp, ■■■.hich is leen near 40 miles tveiy way ; but elpe-
c;ally on th.e lea, i;S t.ir a-, the entrar.te of thed.inger-
ous Ci'i.innels cailc 1 Lynn-deeps and Holt'>)i-deeps ; lo
that it is the guide of manners, as well as tlie v.oiider
iif tr.iveilers, and is a magnificent fpecimen of a fine
Gothic tafle. The t'lwn luis a commodious haven, and
lb pk;it;fully fupplied with frelh water by pij)es from a
pond, cr.cloled in the gieat common called the Well
Fenn.
'lie ].rinc;].al pl.ire of Kcfleven is .St.imford, on
lie Vttiiaiid, which is navigable for barges. I'hc
%-
town is finely fmi.itcd ori the declivity of a hill, ha? .•»
ftone bridge of five arches, a town hall, fix parifli
churches i>nd a conlideiablc trade in malt, coals, and
fiee- ftone.
(irantham, an ancient town on the river Withatr
h ,s leveral good inns of great refort. It is well
built. II<re is a line l.rge chuich, with a hardiDme
f[ ite, which, by a deception of t!ie (ighr, fecmsto ibinil
awrv. A good free-fchool was built and ttidowed hcic
by Bifliop box, where Sir Ifaac Newton receiied hi.^
liil: -ducation.
I.in.ifey divillon contains
Ijneoln, bullion the fide of a hill, at the bottom of
which rtins the river Wiiham in three Imall channels,
ov. r which are fevenil bridges. The cathedral was ef-
teemeil the glory of Lincoln j for its majniticence and
elevation is futh, that the monks concluded it would
chagrin the devil to look at it, and thence an cnviou.
look, by a proveilial eNi^reflion, is lompared to th.e
dev.l looking over I .ineoln. I he city tormrrlv abound-
ed with monalteries aid churches. In the cci.ter of
theold ealtle, which was built by t!ie Romans, and re-
pared by the Saxons, is a modern ftrucluie, where the
alli/es are held. The ri:y is a county of itfelf, and has
ex'cnfive power and privileges. On the down of Lin-
coln is fometiireslien that rare bird called the Bul'tard.
'1 he country hereabout is very rich and agreeable ; the
noble tr.'.ck of Lincoln I leath extending, like Salifbury
Plain, above 50 miles. 'I'he catliedral w.is fuccef-
fiveiy brought to perfcdion bv fcveral of its bifliops.
llcie is the tinelt anil largel't iiell in England, tailed
Tom of Lincoln, ne.ir five ton weight, and near 23
feer in coinpals.
Ki' ri.AM'SHiRK, to the fouth v.dt of Lincolnlhirc,
is the fmallelt county in England, but coiiMins more
p:irkst!\an ar.y other, ami is as fertile as ple.il'.ir.t.
Oakhair, the lime town for the alf/e, is fituatc in
the little bit rich vale ( f Ctmos, and famous for its
market, fairs, callle, hofpitals, and free Icl-.ool. This
town is particularly remarkable for an ancient cuftom
Hill kept up, viz. that <very peer of the realm, the
tirll time becomes through this town, fball give a horfe-
fhoe to nail upon the calUe-gate ; and if he refutes,
the bailiff of the manor has ptjwer to flop his coach,
and take the llioe from one of his linrl'es. I'his is now
called the onier of the liMrle-llioe ; audit is common
for ti e doner to have a lariic one inaile with his name
n..mp,ed on it, and often gilt. One ovi r the judges
feat, 111 the allize hall, is ofcuriou., woikmanfliip.
LticFsiiKsiRi . fruated to the welt of Rutland-
flure, is a plcntifi.l county.
Leiciiicr, the chief town, is the largefr, belt built,
and molt populous in tl;e Ihirc : it has fix p.irillies, and
five churches. The freemen ate exempt from toll in
ail markets in England. Tliere is an cxipiifite piece of
workmanlliipin the high ftreet, in form of Our Saviour's
crofs. The hof[),ta!, built by Henry I'lantagenet,
duke of Lanc.dter, is luppontd by fome revenues of
the duchy of Lancaltcr, lo as to be capable of main-
taining an hui.died agid perlbns decently. It was re-
built in 1776, at his m.i)eft\'s expence. There is an-
other near the abbey for lis widows. The inhabitants
have greatly improved in their manulafture ofltockings
wove in frames, and leiurn in th.it article a large luni
annually. Before the cafde was ililmantled it was u
noble work. Its hall and kitchen kill remain entire ;
and the for;n«r is lo loltyand fpaciouj, tii.,t it is made
a court of ]ultice at the allizes. One of the gateways
of this olaic has an .irth ol curious workm,inl}iij> ; and
in the tower, over it, is kept iIk' magazine fur the
county militia. St. Marg.aict's cluuth is a r.oble and
elegant llrudiure,
Noi Ti.scHAM.siiiRi;, to the north of Leictfterfhire,
is fruitful towards the eaftwaid j)a:t, but unfertile
wtltward.
Nottingham ftandspltafantly on theafccntof a rock
overlooking the tivei Trent, which runs parnllel with
it abuut a mile to thu fouth, and i^as been made navi.
gable
forti
EOGRAPriY.
declivity of ,1 hill, hai .^
a t.jv.n iiall, Cx panni
trade in malt, conls, anJ
n on the river Witliair,
:ri-at rtCort. It is well'
(hutch, with a h.ir.ciiDirK-
nCt'iedghr, ri-cmstoit.nKt
V. built .ii\0. triilowed hcrt-
j.ic Ncuton rccii.cil hi^
nfa hill, at the bottom of
n in ihrcc Iniall channels,
The cathedral was el'-
for itsni,; 'nificence and
lonks conthidfd it would
It, and thtnce an tnviou,
(lion, is compared to th.e
I'iie city formerly abound-
rchcs. In the cei.ter of
t by tlie Romans, and re-
idcrn ftriicluie, where the
a county of iifelf, and has
On the down of IJn-
e bud called the Bultard.
• rich and agreeable; the
xtcndui!:, likeSalifbury
e cathedral was liiccef-
bv fc veral of its biQiops.
t Ih'II in LinglanJ, tailed
tun weight, and rear 2j
tith weft of Lincolnlhire,
jjlaiid, but ccjiuains more
s fertdcas {ilc.diuit.
or the MT./c, is fituate in
tmos, and famous tor its
s, and free Icl^ool. This
lie lor an ancient cullom
y peer of the realm, the
s tov. n, Ihall give a horl'c-
gate ; and if he refutes,
power to Hop his coach,
hi.-, Iinrles. This is now
-ll)oe; and it is commcjn
one made with his name
t. One ovvr the judgci
iriou., workmanfliip.
the welt of Rutland -
is the lavRefr, belt buiir,
(.' : it has lix |iarillie.s, and
are exempt from toll in
re is an cxi|iiifite piece of
, ill form of Our Saviour's
by Iknry I'lantagenct,
led by Ibme revenues of
s to be capable of main-
ins decently. It was re-
; expence, There is an-
idoAS. The inhabitants
n. inufafture ofttockings
1 th.it article a l.ir^e fuiu
was ilifmantled it was a
Lhen kill remain entire ;
fpaciouj, th.>t it is made
s. One of the gateways
rioiis workiHAnlliiji ; and
n the- magazine fur the
I's chujth .sa noble and
: north of Lei«fter(hire,
aid ju.t, but unfertile
y on the afccntof a rock
ivhich runs parallel with
id uas been nude navi.
g»blc
EUROPE.]
EURO I> K AM ISLAND.*;
t
gable. It has three churches j a grand town-houf'
built on piazzas; a fine fpaciou'; iDaikct-jilace, well
fu^jpKed ; a j^oal for the town and county; a iiianu-
fadory for weavinu; fraiiu' l'tockiii;^s ; ami like wile far
lafs and earthen ware. The lock on vvhith tlie town
Hands is I'o rem.irkably foft, as to be capable of beiiig
cut out into Heps, and other [)Uip')|'es, wiih <neat e..le.
The cellars are very {^ood for keepinj."; beer; .ind the
county abounding in barley, the malt and beer-trade
are greatly followed. Here is a lioul'e built on the lidc
of a hill, where one enters at the narrer, and defeends
to the cellar, v\hich is at the top of' the houle. As the
caftle has ottener been the reli.ience of our monaichs
than anyplace f > far from Lomlon, the town has n.ore
(^rentlemcns houtes than any town of the lize in Britain.
in the duke of Newcallle's park tliere is a led^e of
perpendicular rocks l.ewn into a dun ch, lionfcs, cham-
bers, dove-houfes, ifcc.
Ui-RuvsiiiuE, to the wefl of Nottinjjhamfliire, is
barren on its furface, owing to the great nuuribr of
hills, mountains, &c. but rich within the boA'els of
thole eminences. The pe.ik, a mountainous part ot
this county, is much viliteil o.i account of foiiie rari-
ties, called the Wonders of the peak ; amongit which
is the fine feat of the duke of i)evon(hire, at Chat-
fworth.
Derby, the county town, fo called from having been
a park or ihelter for deer, (Unds on the well fide of
the river Derwent, over which it has a neat Hone bridge
of five arches. riie foiith fide is watered by a little
rivulet, calleti Mer:ir.-brook, which has nine bridges
over it. The moll remark:'.ble church in Derby is
All-Saints, or Allhallows, having a beautiful Gothic
fquare tower, 60 yards high, with 4 pinnacles. This
town ilepends chielly on a retail trade, allii in buying
and felling corn, in making malt, and brewing ale, of
both which great quantities aie lent to London.
Yorkshire, the largell county in the kingdom, con-
tains a variety of foils, and is dividetl into three Riti-
ings, viz. weft, eaft, and north, being fo dillinguiflud
on account of their fituations with refped to the city of
York.
York is fitu.itcd on the river Oufc, and its chief
magillrate has the title of Lord Mayor. The cathedi al
is built in the tiothic t.ifte. 'I lie windows are adorned
with glals exi|uifitely painted v. ith fcri[ituie hiHory.
The nave of this church is four fter antl halfwider, and
1 1 feet higher, than that of St. Paul's. The alccnt
from it, through the choir to the altar, is by fi.'c fteps.
The entrance of the middle nave of the church, at the
welt door, is under the largell Gothic arch in Lurope,
which binds and I'upports the two towers. At the foiitli
end of the crufs ille is a circular window, called the
marigold window, from its glafs being llained of thit
colour ; and a large one at the north end, confiflina of
tive lights, rrahing ahnoll frnni bottom to top. The
painting repreients embroidery.
The city belongs to neither of the Ridings, but enjoys
its own libertVi and a iuiifdiiflion over 36 villiages and
hamlets in the neiLrhbourhood, on the weft fide of the
t)ule. This hberty is called the Ainftcy, or county,
of the cityot York.
York is pleafaiuly fituated, and divided into four
wards, containing iS parithfs, and walled, but not
fortified With aitilkiy. The river Oufe, from the north,
palfes through it, and divides it into tivo parts, joined
together by a Hone biidge of five arches, of which the
niiddlemoll is rcikoned, for height, breatlth, aiid ar-
chitfchiie, to be equal to the Rialto at Venice, thoufji
not to ih.it at Hlenluin. The ureat council-chamber,
the exchequir, the llierlf's toutt, and the two city
jirifons, are kept upon this brid'C The river brings
large vefills to the quay, thou:',h at b~ miles diftance
fiom the ocean. It has lour larin* well built g.ues, and
five pofterns. llie other mod remarkable ftruciures aie
Jie guildhall ; the fiatue of king I'dgar, who re-built
the city, and St. Anihomy's-hall. The market houl'ej,
jlj the Urccl ciUed the Pavement, ii a cuiious piece of
9»J
architeaure, fupportcd by i: pillars of rlie Tufcan
order ; and there is another llill larger in a Iquair, call-
ed Thiirlday market. I:i thiseity are 17 churches.
Hull, or Kingllon u|>on Hull, has two churches,
one calleii Trinity, or High Church, the other St.
Maiy's, or Low Church. 'Ihe former is a fparious
beautiful building, the pillars of which are remarkably
iiuall 1 and had, before the reformation, 12 chantries,
in one of which is now a neat library. Here atefeve-
r:d meeting-houfes, an ex. h.inge, a'cuilom houle, and
an engine fi)r makin-', falt-water frelh. Here is a free-
fchool, uiih an hall over it, belonging to the merchants,
who have founded an holpital, callecl Trinity-houfe, in
wliicii are maintained many dillrelled leamen and their
wivlows. The town ctirrics on a great trade in fail niak-
ing ; is large, clofe built, and p.opulons. The ri^'id
dileiplinc beggars meet with here makes Hull tremen-
dous to rhcin. All foreign poor are whipped out, and
ilie poor of the town are let to work. Thev have a cant
litanv among them, vh. " Iroin Hell, Hull, and
H.difax, gootl Lord deliver u ."
Scarborough is a larp,e town, built in tlic form of a
crelient, on the fide of a llcep hill. It has a commo-
dious quay, but little trade. The pier is maintained
by a duty u[)on coals; and tlie mariners have ereded an
holpital lor widows and poor feamen, which is main-
tained by a rate on veffeh, and deduct i(jns out of leamcns
wages, h'rom tlie midtlle of November herrings are
taken here in great nuiiibrrs. Heiidcs hernngsj they
catch ling, uid-filh, haddock, and other filh in great
plenty ; and lometimcs wl.iting aiul mackarel. The
fpaw-well is at the foot of an exceeding high clif}", fi-
fing perpendicular out of the earth like a boiling pot,
near the level of high-water m.;rk in Ipring titles, with
which it is often over-flowed. It is never dry, and in
an hour yields 24 gallons of water, which is purgative
and diuretic. Here is good accommodaiion, belides
all'emblies and public balls. The refoit of company to
this place is prodigious.
Durham Bishopric, fituated to the north of York-
ihire, is (tliough not a fertile counry) very rich 111
coals.
Durham, fituateil on a liill, has a cathedral, which
is an old but magnificent pile. Befides the cathedral,
here are fix parilh' churches. Southward of the cathe-
dral is the college, a I'pacious court, the wiiole of which
lias been rebuilt, or much repaired, fince the rellora-
tion. Above the college-gate is the exch.equcr ; and
at the well the gueft-hall, for the entertainment of
ftrancrcrs. On the north fide of the colli ge fchool is a
houle for the mafter ; and between the church-yarci
and callle an open area, called the Palace Green ; to
the well of which is the (hire-hall, where the alfizesand
fellions arc hekl for the county ; and near it a library.
On the eall is an hofpital, built and endowed by Bifliop
Cofin. On the north fide is a callle, now the billiop's
palace, built by William tlie Conqueror, the outer
gate- houle of wiiich is at prclent r!ie county goal. The
toll-booth, near St. Nicholas's chuicli, and tlie ciofs
conduit, in ih^ market place, with the two brigdcs
over the Were, are the other principal public buildings.
NoRTiH'.MB.'^Ri.AND, the nioi't northern countv of
England towards Scotland, is fertile towards the lea,
and has great quantities of flieep fed in the mountainous
jiari"! ; but lis |)eciiliar wealth is pit coal,
Newcaltle is .w antient, large, difagiceable, rind dirtv
town, but exceedingly populous, and very rich. 1: is
fituated at the end of the antient PidsWall,on the livcr
'I'yne, over which it has a fine bridge. Hence it is
called Newcaftle upon Tyiie. The commerce cat rie.l
on in coals and filmon is amazing, and ha^ rendered
it, in aL';reat meafiire, the emporium o! tie north. It
may be laid to be fituated both in Northumberland and
tlie bifi-.opric of Durham ; though that p.irt 01 it which
is in the latter is called Gatcfidc, .\nd is 1 ke Soutli-
waik to London, the liberties coiriiig no fartiier than
the great iron gate upon tha bridge, which has the anus
of tJie bilhop of Durham «.-uved on t!;c fouth, and thofe
f
9tC A NEW, ROYAL and AUTHENTIC SYSTEM of UNIVERSAL GEOGRAPHY
of Newcaftle on thr northiide. The fuiution of the
town is very uneven and unple.ifant, ifpccially ili.it
If'J
'■ i
part which ii moft conruicrablc for biifinefs, and \\hich
lies upon the river; for it is built on the declivity of a
fteep hill, which makes tlie ftrects difficult and iincaly.
It is alfo crowded with houfes, cfpirially in that pait
of the town heft fitua'ed for trade. The caftle, though
old and ruinous, overlooks the whole town. Tlie ex-
change is a noble and magnificent buildintr, fituated in
the only broad place of thatpart of the town, and conti-
guous both to the river and the cultom-houle, but too
much pent up for want of room. Between die town- wall
and the river is a fpacious place, firmly whaifed up with
a facing of free-itonc, and makts a very fine quay. Be-
iides rhe commerce aboveinenrioncJ, here are fomc
glafs-houfcs, iron manufadories, &c. Here is an liof-
pital, built by fubfcription, feveral churches and
chapels, befides St. Nicholas's church, which is a cu-
rious fabric, an exchange, nunfion-houfe, public li-
brary, Sue.
Berwick upon Tweed is a town fortilieci in the mo-
dern way, but is much contradted from its aniicnt ex-
tent i the old caftle and works now lying at fome dif-
tancc beyond the prcfent ramparts. Abundance ot
wool is exported from this town ; alfo eggs, which are
collc(ftcd through the country, to a prodigious annual
amount. It was always, before the Union, a bone of
contention between the two nations. Both had an eye
upon it, and therefore it was well fortified j but now
the works arc greatly impaired. It is a county and
town of itfelf ; and though lituated on the north fide
of the Tweed, is included in Northumberland. Ii has
handfomc ftreets, a fine parifh church, a town-houfe,
at) exchange, and a beautiful bridge of 16 arches over
the Tweed, leading to Tweed's Mouth, a I'uburb where
is another large church -, and betwixt the town wall and
its once ftately callle is a handfome fuburb, called
Caftle-gatc. Here is a noble falmon filhery, efteemed
equal to any in En^iland, and alio a confiderablc ma-
nufadure of line llockings.
Alnwick is a populous, well built town. It has
three gates, which are almoft entire ; anil an old ftaiely
Gothic calUe, the feat of the dukes ofNonhumberland.
Cumberland, fituated fouth-wcft of Northumber-
land, has a wholefome air, but is not very fertile.
Carlifle, fituated at the conflux of the rivers Eden,
PetteriU and Cauda, is a fea-port, but widiout ftiips,
merchants, or trade, and lus but two pari/h churches,
St. Cuthbert's and St. Mai y's. The choir of the ca-
thedral is an exaft piece of architefture. The roof is
elegantly vaulted with wood, and embelliflied with the
arms of France and England ; the Percy's, Lucy's,
Warren's, &c. This town is the key of England on
the weft fca, as Berwick upon Tweed is on the eaft
fea. It has a bridge over th-.- Eden, which is but a
little way from Scotland, the fouth part of whi'-h in-
dents into England, .it leaft 50 ir.ilcs farther than it
does at Berwick,
Whitehaven is fo called from the white clifFs that
are near it, and fhelter the harbour from tempefts. It
is a populous rich town, chiefly obliged to the Lowther
family for its in provemenr, who were at a vaft ex-
pence to make the harbour more commodious, and to
beautify tlie town, the trade of which chiefly conlifts of
laltand coal.
West-morllanp, fituated to the foutii-eaft of Cum-
berland, has a healthy but (harp air, is very moun-
tainous, and confei]uent!y includes m.iny barren tracks.
Appleby, the county town, is neither ricli or beauti-
ful ; yet the fitiiation of it, in tlie inidll of pUalant
fields, «nd on the banks of the river Eden, which al-
moft encompafs it, is very agrciable. lis name is a
corruption of the Abailaba in the Notitia; and it was
the ftation of the Mauri Aureliani, a baml of Koinan
foldiers lb called, becaufe they were fent hither by
the Emperor Aurelian. Here alfo is an hofpital for
a governefs and twelve otiier widows, called the mo-
ther and twelve fiHeri.
ir
Ken.la!, 16 miles from AppKby, called alfo Kirkby
Kandale, liiat is, a chnrcii by the d.ile u|'on the river
Can, over whicli it h.is two briilgcs of llone and
one ot wood, and a h.irhonr for boa;s. It is much
luprricr to Appleby in tiadc, buildings, number and
wealth of the inhabitants, and is the largelt town in tlie
county.
Lonldale, or Kirbv I.onfdale, is a large well built
town, faied on the iivcrI.one. It has a handfome
ftoiic bridge, with a ftaiely cinirch and a fine church-
\aiii, from which and from the banks of the river is a
hi e prolpcCl of the mountains at a great dil'tance, and
ol the bc.iutilul courle of the river Lone, in a valley
far beneath. This town has a good trade in cloth.
L.vNiAsiiiRE, a maritime county, fituated to the
eallward of the Irifli Sea, ir. famous for its manu-
fachircs, for the fertility of the level parts, and the
treafures cont.iined within the bowels of the mountain-
ous dillrirts.
Tlie navigation made by tlie Duke of Briugewatcr,
in this county, it highly wonhy of notice. It bears
vefiels cf 60 ton.s bi.rtlien, and is carried over two
rivers, the Mtrfey and the Irwell. The adit which
was necefiary to be made, in order to drain the water
from the coal mines, is tendered navigable for boats
(jf lix or I'even tons burthen, and forms a kind of fub-
terrancous river, which lunsabouta mile and a half
underground, and coma. unicates with the canal. This
part leads to the head of the mines, is arched over
with brick, .and is juft wide enough for the palTagc of
the boat. At the mouth of it arc two folding doors,
which are clofed as foon as you enter, and you thea
proceed by candle-light, which cafts a livid gloom,
ferving only to niake darkncls vilible.
But this difmal gloom is rendered ftill more aweful
by the folemn echo of this fubierraneoiis water, which
returns various and dilcordant I'ounds. One while you
are Itruck with the grating nojle of engines, which by a
curious contrivance let down the coals into the boats :
then again you hear the fliock of an explofion, oc-
cafioned by blowing up the hard rock, which will
not yield to any other force than that of gun-powder :
the next minute your ears are faluted by the longs of
merriment from either lex, who thus beguile their la-
bours in the mine.
Y'ou have no ibnner reached the head of tiic works
than a new Icene oflers to your view. There you be-
hold man and woman almoft in the primitive Itate of
nature, toiling in ditVeient capacities, by the glim-
mering of a dim taper. Some digging coal out of the
bowels of the earth ; fome again loading it in little
waggons made for thepurpofe ; and others drawing thcfc
wa,<!;";ons to the boats.
'i'o perfedt this canal without impeding the pu-
bl^^cads, bridges are built over ir, and where the
e.inR has been railed to prel'erve the level, arches are
formed under it ; but what principally Itrikes every
beholder is a work railed near Barton-bridge, to con-
vey the canal over the Merfey, This is done by means
of three ftone arches, fo fpacious and lofty, as to admit
velTcls failing through them; and indeed nothing can
be more fingular and ple.ifing, than to obfervc large
vefTels in full fail under the aqueduct, and at the fame
time the duke'.s veflels failing over all, near fifty feet
above the navigable river.
Lancaller, the fhire town, has its n.ime from the
river Lone, on the fide of which ir is fituated near its
mouth, and gives name to the whole county. Here
are frequently found the coins of Roinan emperors,
efpecially where the Benediftine Eriars had a cloyfter,
which they fsy was the area of an antient city burnt
to the ground in 1 32^ by the Scots. After this con-
flagration they built nearer the river, by a green hill,
upon which rtands a callle, and on the top of it a
handfome church. At the bottom there is a fine bridge
over the Lone j and on the lleepeft part of it hangs a
piece of very ;'ncient Roinan-wall, now called Wery-
wall, In digging a cellar fcvcral cups were found
a that
OGRAPIIY.
I'UROIT
EUROPEAN ISLANDS.
917
t'l.U liaci lu'cn iilld m fiKrificc^. It was forp.icrly more
U'luarkahk: tor ajJiiiullurc tlian coinnicrcc ; hut is
mu'.li iiiiprovuil in the latter, being, at jirclint, a po-
pul'>ir., tliriving corporation, with a toJL-r.ible harbixir
aiul cultmi-houle. Tlic coimiy alii/cs arc held in the
I .iltle, wiiieh i'i one ot the tinelt ni.inumeiits ot antiquity
ill tiiis kingil.ini.
Livor|MX)l h a neat |vi])uloiis town, ami the niofl
fl'Uiiili:n'4 lea-port 1:1 tliele part'.. Tlie inhabitants
drive an incredible trade, with \erv large Ihxks, to all
tl'.e nortiiern and fouihern i)aris ot the world. They
import alnioll all kind^ot foreign gooijs, have a large
inland tratle, aiul Ihare in that to Ireiaiul and W.iles,
with Brillol. It lb .ijlo liic inotl convenient and nioll
frequented ]i;j(l'age to Ireland, Handing at the nmuth
ul the Merliv river, or l,ivi.r|)i>ol-\\ater, as the I'aiiors
tali it. The harbour i> deleiuled on the louth Tale by
a callle, ami, on the well, by a tower on the iVLrtey.
It has tciur ciiurches, many Ipacious clean llreets. an
elegant town houie, an admirable wet dock, with
iron IliKxl gales, a llateiy culloni-houle, a neat play-
lioui'e, &c.
Manehefter, near the conlhix ot ilie Irk and Irwcll,
is a place ot great trade, hindli)nie, well built, and
populous, and has a iji.icious market pl.aee, a college,
an exchaiigf, ?\:e. The tullian manutacture, called
Maiicheller coitons, has been iiuah improved by tome
late inventions ot' dying ,vu\ piiiuing. The greatelt j
variety ot otlar lluirs, known by the name ot ,>lan- I
fheller goods, as ticking, tapes, filleting antl linen
(loih, nut only enrich the town, but render the people
in.hiilrious. The collegiate church is very large and
br.uititul, with a choir remarkable tor its curious carv-
ed work, and a famous clock that llunvs the .ige of the
nionn. As the 1 I.igue in Hollaii<l, isdelervedly called
the moll magnitieeai village in f'-urope, to Manclieller
may with equal proprxty be laiil to be the greateif
village in I'.ngland ; the highell magillrate being only a
onll.
ililc or lieailhorougii :
though it is more jH)pulous
than York, or many other cities in luigland.
Warrington, a large town on the river Merley, has
a market \sel' liipplKcl with corn,caitle, andtiih. Here
is an acailemy founded u]>'>n a noble and extenlive
plan for educating youth in the learned |)roleilions.
In this town, and the neighb^niring villages, fail-cloth
is made for the royal n.ivv. Here arc alio copper
work', lugar-lioutes, and glalvhoules, which lurnifli
the indullrious with thJ means of obtaining a comfort-
able lublillence. On the Ijanks ol ilie Meri'ey, which,
fv means ofw(,ir-< and locks, is made navigable to
M-inilurter, are papt r-milh, gun-jjowder uiills, oil-
null', iron tiirges a.ul llituug-tnills.
I'rillon is a line town, feated on the river Ribble.
Tliuugh it has no manuta:tuie, it has a court ot l\i
eery and other ollices ot lultice, tor the county |
tine of Lancaller. From the gentry many miles |
round relorting here in winter, and having allemblies, j
balls, &C, it is vulgarly called I'lond I'lvllon. It has
a large market-jilace. On the neighbouring common
arc frequent horle races. Near it the duke ot Hamil-
ton, who cune to refcue Charles I. from im])rilbn-
ment, w.is deleaied in 164S; as were alio the Englifh
rebels, under i-eneral fuller, in 171 v
Wigon is iniiabited by ihop-kiepvrs of almoll all
kinds. Ins a mainitacture ol' io\erlets, rugs anil blan-
kets, ami is governed by a mayor, a recorder, alder-
men, isic.
Near this tovsn i; a well, winch at lirll light does not
•ijipear to be a fpriiig, but rather raiii->\atcr. There
is nothing about it that fe..-n.s exliaimlinaiy ; but ujwn
emptying it there prefeiitly breaks out a fulphurous
v:'.pour, which cauies the water to bubble up as it it
l).iiled. A cuidle being put to it, it iMvlently takes
lire and burns like brandy. The flame in a c.iim lea-
ton will continue a whole day, by the heat of wiiieh
you iiuiy boil meat, eggs, {vc.
Ciii'siiiKi-:, to the liiuthot Lancalhire, has a lereiie
air, and good ibil, ai»d is famous lor its cheele.
No. 84.
Chefler, or as it is commonly called, 'VVcft Chcfler,
is a large well built city, full of wealthy inhabitants,
who, by iis neighbourhood to the Severn, and to Ire-
land, drive a coiiliderable trade; ai mav bo leen by
the great lairs hfkl here every year; to which abun-
d.mceot tradelmenand merchants come from all parts,
but particularly I'roin Brillol and Dublin. The houles
are, generally f|)eaking, dillinguilhed from all the
'.nnldings in Britain. They arc, tor the moll part, of
timber, very large and Ipacious, but are built with
galleries, piazzas, or covered walks before them, in
which the people, who walk, are ti) hiil, that, tokxik
U[) or down the flreets, one fees no-body llirring, ex-
cept with liorles, carts, &c. and yet tliey may be laid
to be full of people. By the tiune means a.'lo the Ihops
are, as it were, hid; little or no part ol them being Ui
be leen, unkl's one is under thole rows, orjulloppo-
lite to a houli-'.
Nantwich, or Namptwich, is a large well-built town.
The inhabitants are wealthy and carry v)n a conliderable
trade, particularly in liilt and checle, the latter exceed-
ing all that is m.ade in the county, from the excellency
of the toil. Here are lalt Iprings, which lie on the banks
of a t'relh water liream, ot which tlay make great quan-
tities of lalt. The water brought from the lalt I'pring?
to the wich houles, as they are called, by troughs, is
received into larje cafkslet in the ground. From hence
it is put into the leatls. and a lire made lor keei)ing it
warm, during which women with wooden rakes gather
it as it fettles to the bottom. After this it is put into
fait barrovvs, a kind of wicker balkets, in the fhape of
a fugar-loaf rcverl'ed, that the water may drain from it
and leave the t'alt dry.
.Si AKKoRiisiuR I-., to the tiiuth call ot Chelhire, is
a rich, though nut a ferule county, the principal places
being
l.itchtield, " argc neat town, which is, when loined
to Coventry, a uilliopric. The cathedral lutiired much
in the lime of the civil wars, but was thoroughly re-
paired after the relloration ot Charles II. and is now a
noble and admir.ible tlruc'tuie. It is walled in like a
callle i but llands on luch an eminence that it is I'c^n
10 miles rouiul.
, SiatVord IS the lliire town where tl'.e afTizes are held.
j It llands low, on the river Sow, over which it has a
I good bridge. Here are two handlome churches, a tree-
i Ichool, and a Ipacious market-place, in which Hands
I the thirc-hall. It is well built and paved, and much
; increalcd of late, both in wealth and iuhabitaiits, by
! it^ manufaeUire of cloth. The buildings are, for the
I moll part, of tlone and flate, and ll)me ot'ihem in the
1 mmlern lalle. Not only the alfizes, but the tiuarter
I leinons are kept in this town.
! Wolverhampton llands on a high ground, and is a
i populous well built town, and the llreeis well paved ;
; but all the water the town is lupplied with, except
what tails from the Ikies, comes from four weak Iprings
t)f different qualities which go by tlie name ot I'ud-
ding-well, Horle-well, Walhing-well, and Meal-well,
From the lall they fetch ill the water they ule tor boil-
ing or brewing, in leather buckv.is, laid aciols a horl'e,
wi\h a funnerat the top. by which they till theiii; and
in the other wells they clean tripe, water horfes, and
walh linen. 'I'o ihe high and dry htuation of the pl.ice
is akribed its healthy llaie.
SiiRui'siiiiu.:, louth of Chelliire, is tolerably fertile.
Shrcwll)ur\ h.is two bridges over the Severn, which
furrounds it, exce]>t on the north tide, in the form ut a
horfe-lhoe, and renders it a peninlula. k has a tree
grammar I'chool, founded and endowed by I'.dwarii VI.
gueen F.li/.abcth rebuilt it, added a library, and en-
dowed it more largely. Here arc five churches,
hve churches, be-
tides meeting houles: likewile 1^ incoq>orated com-
panies, who repair in their Jormatities, once a year, to
K.in'j,tland, on the oppolite fide of the Severn, where
thev entertain the mayor ami corpuralion, in bowers
erected tor that purpofe, and dilbrguilhed by mottos
or devices fuiiuble to their rdpecLise arts and trades,
10/.
'$
9iS A N'FAV, ROYAL, Asn ArTIlI'-N'TIC *.V'-Ti:M of l'N'IVF.RSAI, GF.OGRArHY.
m
t f
!Vi
Tlic ftrcets arc large, ami ihc liouU-5 well I. nil i, willi
liangiing i^anlciis ilo.vn to tli-' riwr. Cliarli-s 11. woulil
have creclai ihis town iiiio acitv ; Inii tlic lOAiiliiuii
clun'c til remain a coiporaiion ; tor uliiJi relulal iIk\'
were atierwardsialleil the pruuil Saloi'ians. 'I'lu' lowii
has been tanud thunii;lioiU l'.ii;.!,iaii I lor cake>. Its
hrawn is nrkoiu'il to exteetl that oi Cintiriniry. Hire
is jilenly ot provilions, clpceially laimoii and oilier
pood filh. Here are iiwiiy W'ekh taniilies; and on
market davs the general lana,uai;e Ijioken is \\ eleh.
One s',reat ornament in this town is that called the
<]uarrv, now converted into one of the tiiiell walks in
llnjilaiid, both tor beauty and extent. It takes in at
leal! io aeres ot' ground on the k.utli and louth-well
tides ot the town, betwixt its walls af.d the Severn, ji
is Ihadeil \Mlh rows ot hme lues on eaih lide, and
adorned in the lenter with a fine double aleoxe, aiul
teats on both lide^, one ot them lating the lowii,
anil the otiur the ri\cr. It is reekomd not interior to
the mall in >t. Jaiins's park. I'pon the \\ elih tiiidj'e
there is a noble gale, over the ;uih ol whieh is pl;u ul
ihr ihilvieo! the gre.il LlewelUn, the idol ol ihe \\ vliii,
and the lall \\ elih prniee.
Many curious and neceliarv iianiculars, which pre-
vioiillv intertcil in the relpeClivj counties would have
been ililj,iilling troni the Irequent re|)etiti.<n, may be
known by the follow ing table, where lhe\ ate e.xiiibittj
at one view.
A TAHLH, containing tlie Modern and Antient
give, their Length, Hivadih, Circiuut'erenc
the Number ot Members iluv lend to I'arlian
Names ot rlie Counties or Shires in England, the Titles tliev
Cities and Towns, Dillante from London, Market 'I'uvvns,
lent, and the Numberot Farilhes and Acres contained in each.
y
■■
~^~~'
\ ..-
Ci. Cilv ut
>iii It
1...1UI
.M.,.i„ti
r.ni..i
Nuinip
^.,M.l.,, ,,i
M.Vr n N..nu.,
A ■. 'V. N illir,
Bedford ia
T. 1
u.
'rr..
21
1 s
. 1 Mil.
T.ui.
Bedford
r,.w„. 1
Vli.ol.
I'.-.fl,
124
A..ei
ILilfordihiie
50
10
4
260, GOD
lierklhiie
ReaJinguin
K.
3«)
21)
120
Reading
4C
1 2
9
140 j
527,000
Huckuiiihainlhire
finikiiigliamia
!•:.
y)
18
..;8
Bui kingham
57
'4
■4
185
441,000
Cambndgelhire
Camborkuni
f.lia
K.
40
2.S
'3°
Cambridge
Klv
(J 8
8
6
163 1
1
570,00;:
Chetliire
Deva
i:.
4.S
2.i
i;,o
Chetler
182
12
4
86 {
720,00c
Cornwall
Laiilla]ihadoniA
D.
7«
4^
'.sO
Launceflon
riuro
214
^5 7
^7
44
'7'
960,000
Cumbedand
Luguvallum
I).
^ T
3S
16S
Carlifle
i<,h
'4
6
.s-«
1 ,040,000
Derbylhire
Derbia
i;.
40
sO
"30
Derby
12(>
1 1
4
loO
680,000
Devonlhire
lliaDaiimoniorum
l'linuit;l
1).
tXy
bh
200
i'.xeter
Plymouth
' 73
2 10
40
20
394
1,920,000
l)>rleilliire
I)u;i:um
D.
.^°
40
'.sO
IXirchefter
1 20
22
20
248
772,000
Durham
Duiielkini
y)
3^
107
Durham
■'57
8
4
5^
6 i 0,000
Ltle.x
Colonia
Canonium
E.
47
43
'50
Colchcller
Chelmsford
si
28
22
8
415
1,249,000
rilouccfterfliirc
Clerum
D.
s^'
22
150
GloucelUr
100
■^7
8
2S0
800,000
Ham])lliire
V'ent.i Beljjarum
Claulentuiu
('4
3'^
'5°
WinchelUr
Soutlumpton
<'3
75
18
lb
^s3
1,512,000
Hereford ill ire
Herefordia
v..
.^5
3"
loS
Hereford
'30
8
8
.76
660,000
Herltonllhire
1 [ertfordia
K.
.V'
28
140
Hertford
21
18
6
120
451,000
Huntingdonllure
l-hintmgdnnia
K.
24
18
67
Huntingdon
s9
6
4
79
240,000
Kent
I lurovernum
Rolla
5'^
36
iM)
Canterburv
Rochefler'
5f>
30
28
iS
408
1,248,000
Lancalhire
1 .ong ivicus
Maiii umiuin
D.
SI
3^
107
I.ancalier
Mancheltcr
-^S
182
^7
'4
60
1,150,000
Lcicefterllurc
Rhag*
!•:.
.^0
2.S
96
Leicelier
99
'3
4
200
560,000
Lincolnlliirc
Linduni
i:.
60
3 ^
180
Lincoln
'3-
39
(.88
1,740,000
Middlctex
Londnr.im
Wellninn.illerium
!•:.
^4
uS
95
London
Welhiiinflcr
1
5
18
'43
247,000
Monmoulhlhirc
Monumeijla
n.
■^9
20
84
Monmouth
125
8
,;
127
Norfolk
Norvkum
(iarrianorum
1).
57
IS
140
Norwich
Yarmouth
109
'2;
3i
1 2
660
1,148,000
Northampton
I'ltroburgum
Antoiia Horealis
K.
SS
26
1 1 v^'elerboroiigh
'^iorihampton
81
(>0
1 1
9
550,000
N'.>r;huinbcrland
(i.ibrokrilum
D.
50
40
i;o"
NewcalUe
-7'
I 1
8
46
1,570,000
;■ .'tinijfhaniflurc
Notliiij!liami.i
K.
43
24
r.o
Nottingham
126
9
8
168
560,000
Oxfonhhire
Oxoniuni
K.
4-
26
'3°
Oxford'
54
>.;
9
280
554,000
Rutlandlhire
L'XOCOIU'
1).
15
10
40
Oakham
96
2
48
1 1 ,000
Shropthirc
Salopia
1 .udloa
40
ii
'34
Shrewlbury
Ludlow
1 ;s
'3«
15
12
170
890,000
Siiincr'.etniire
Brilbilium
Aqu-.p (..liidiir
!•'..
60
.i"
200
Brillol
liuh
M7
108
3 =
1
1
.1 "-' .T
1,075,000
Stafibrdlliirc
Liciifeldia
Staliurdia
1-..
\o
2()
140
l.iuhtield
Stafford
118
' ZS
18
10
150
8 ic.coo
Sutlblk
(jiplievicum
Villa I-aullmi
L.
4S
24
146
1|)|WH h
Bury
(nj
7°
32
.6
575
995. ceo
Surry
N'eomagus
ReuiojH.ilis
i:.
34
2 1
1 1 2
fiuilford ■
1 Kingllon
29
12
1 1
■4
140
592,ccc
Sufllx
Ciceitna
!•:.
f'5
29
170
1 Chichcller
61
18
28
•!I2
VVarwickfliire
I'ra'lMmin
CovcMiia
K.
3.!
2
122
1 W arw ii k
Co\ entry
93
9'
14
(}
.58
670,000
Weftmorciand
Co'iiaiiuhuii
!•■.,
30
■^4
120
Kendal
257
8
4
^'4
5 10,000
Wiltfhire
Surbioduiiuiii
K.
40
30
'4^ 'Salilbury
1 Wilton
82
«5
23
34
304
Worceflerfliire
Baniiogeniuin
1 36
28
' 30 ! Worcefler
1 1 1
1 1
<>
>S^
540,00c
Yorklhirc
l'".bMra'. utn
D
'.14
80
360 ! York
'97
49
;o
#'3
5,770,000
Riclimond:.i
i
'. Richmond
-30
I' R 1 N-
IF.OGRAPHY.
la.'Rori'.j
rU ROrilAN IS LAN'DS.
919
sr.nioN 11.
z}} 1,312,000
PRINCirAI.il Y oi- WALKS.
WALKS w.is t'ornvrlv nf j^nitiT extent than it is
at I'lo i.t, as it in'.hulii liic- (ountn-s ut Mori-
nioiiih ami llci'it'ii\l, u;ai.ii li.ivo liuit Iu'l-ii anrie.\cd
lo l''.i);;l.i!ul.
li is l)'iyii'fil I'll .1!! fi'lcf by the lea ami tlic Severn,
it J' litis to I lie counties o\
e\' ^'/. nil tlic eall, \v
C'liider, Salop, I lerelor>!, aiui Monmouth; beiiii!, 113
Mi'e.- lont!; ami yo hro.ui where vvidell . 'I'he eountry,
lliou;.',li "enerally inouiitaiiious, is not alto,;eiher un-
fniitlul, as tlic valley, ab-aiiul in torn, the leas and
rivers with tilb, ami the hill , exeluliveot' the nuials
a'ld nunerals tlu-y ainlain, t'eetl great quantities ot black
t.iitie, (heel', deer, goats, ^cc. Tills country is, at prelent,
divided into eleven counties, exclulive ot the ille ot
An'.velev i accordin|i, to which we lliall conliiler it.
R\ii'soi(siiiRt, lo the louili well of' SI)ro]>lliirc, is
toler.ililv terlili'. The chief connnodilies are llieep
and lioil-.-s. The princijial i)lace is
Radnor, I ?7 luiK's from L mdon, a very ancient
liMMuu,!'., chielty toaliltiiigo! thatched houles. It was
ca'kd R.ulnor by the iMM'lilh. troni Rhaidr (Iwy,
or ti!'. caiarad of the river Wye, near the town ol
Rhii h. It lland' in a iVuiiful valley, at the bottom
ot a hill, where aiuindance ot Iheep are ted.
15 1', HCk soc i^sM in K, to the fouth o\ RadnorOiire, has
a Iharp but wliol.'iume air, is very mountainous, and
ali.iunds with black cattle, venilon, goats, and wild
to.vi..
Hrecknock, or Brecon, 150 miles from London,
which is the ( apiial, and almolt the centre of the coun-
ty, is a coininicl, well buill-town, where the adizes
are h-!d. Iiitindsal the (ontluence of the rivers
Hondhv and L'lk, over which it h.is a o-jod itone
brid'.e. It is well mhabii'-d, and has fome ihaie in
(he w'ooHen 'iianufacUire. I'he ruins ot its caltle, built
hv Heruard de Newmarch, in the reii;n of William
Rutus, remain, lis iiiaikets are well lui>])lied with
• aitle, corn, and oilier provilions. Hivckn >ck I'nory
was loumled in ilie ivi ;n of Henry 1. by Bernard de
N.-\vm.irc!i. It is now a c .llei!,iate clmrch, and Hill
a :uaij,ni'ii;cnt biiildint^, liluated on an eminence, and
built' in the form of \i crol'^. There .are two other
churches.
(ii..\Moni;AVsiiiR|-., Iituated north ot the Briltol
Channel, is tolerablv lertile toward, the liiuthern ]>arts.
Canlitr, I'll mile Irom Loiulon, the capital, where
the aili/.es are held, lias a britlge over the TalV, lo
;vhich linall vetlels may come up. It is a large, well-
biiilt town ; and tiioug,h it comprehends two iiariflies.
has but one church. It has a gootl trade with Briftol,
and pleiuifiil markets ami lairs tor corn, cattle, llicep,
lioifes aiivl fwine.
SAanlev, 20i miles from London, is an ancient,
lan.'e, weil-built town, which drives the greatell tratle
ot'any inthe counlv, eipecially in coals, holds a great
correl'iKjiidence with Brillol, and has an exceedino
)ivl .arbour. The town Hands on the river Twye,
and its markets are well furnilhed with all neced'aries.
Here are the remains of an ancient calUe, bu ,t by
IL-nry Beaumont, carl of Warwick.
Laiidart", thoui'h the lee of a billmp, has not lo much
as .fmarket. The cathedral i^ a ne.it, ancient build-
C\RMARTHF.NSHiuK, fiiuUed north-wcn of (.la-
morganlhire, has a nilkler .ur, ami is more truitiul than
uioll of the Welch counties. , • ■
Caermartheii, 20.^. miles fp>m London, is lituatcxl
on the river Towv, over which it h.is a Hone bridge,
and is a (ilace venerable for its antiquilN . It is a thriv-
in<T and populous town of Rival leiort, and drives
a very conliderable trade, 'llus |)lace was ancieiulv
reckoned theyipiuil of Wales. The Brilons maUe it
the leal oi their aliciublics.
g
1'i:mi!Roki-3hirr is cncompafTed aronnd by St.
fuoii^e's I'h.inn.-!, e.\cept on the call hde, where it
loins lo Carmariheiilliirc, and on the nonii-eall to Cur-
di^;inlhirp. it is a Iniitlul county.
Pembroke, 2.],\. miles trom (..ondon, the county
lowii, Ihind-.it die innermotl eallern cieek oi Milloid
1 iaven. It has two hamhonie bridges over the iwu points
ol it. Here are the remains ot an ancient caiUc on a
roik, in winch 1 h nry \ 11. was born; and under it is
a vault noted fjta tliange echo, called the \Vogan. It
has two parillies, a cuilomhuufe, and Icveral merchants
h ules, well built.
Havertiird-wcil, 236 miles from London, Hands on
the tide ot a hill, is a very neat, well built, llrong,
poj ulous and tr.nliiig town, havinga fine Hone bridge,
pleniilul markets, a coiuintKlious ([uay tor Ihips of
burthen, and a cuilom-houle. There are three i)arilh
churches in the town, belules one in the out parts,
called PrengeH.
iMiltv)nl-Haven has 16 creeks, five bays, and 13
roads in which 1000 tail of Hiips may ride tecurely.
J'f.^re is nodangir in liiiling in or out (j1 it with the tide,
iml .ilmoll anv \sind, by night as well as by tiav; and
.1 lhi[) in dillrefs mav run alh( re on lott ooze, and there
lie fate. The Ipring tide riles in tlie harbour 36 feet,
and theneaj) aiiout ib. But that which makes this the
moH excellent ami ufeful b.arliour in this part of the
world, is, thai in an hour's time a Ihip is out of the
harbour into the lea, and in a fair way between the
Lands-end and Ireland. As it lies in th« mouth of the
Severn, a ihip, in eight or ten hours, may be over on
the coall ot Ireland.
Sr. I).\v in's is an cjafcoiial lee, which was once con-
liderable, but is iio.v im.ill, ami thmlv inhabited. The
cathedral is ihe remnant of a venerable buiWing.
C'audic, ASsiiiRl., Iituated nonh-eallot St. (ieorge's
Channl^l, is a barren '.ounty, but contains loiiie valu-
;iblc mines.
Cardigan, 222 miles trom London, is plelfantly
Iituated at the moulh of the "leivy, over which it
h.is a Hone bridge, le.uling into IVmbrokelliiie. It
is a large, ancient, and poj.ulous borough, and carries
on a conliderable trade, elj)ecially to livlaml, the tide
(lowing up to the town. The chuich is a I'.antllome
Hrurture; but the c.iHIe is in a ruinous conditi.in.
Aberillwyili, though a tinall town, has a very con-
fidcrable market once a week.
MoN rooMER vstiiRF., to thc eaftof Merionethfliire,
ami the well of Shroiilhire, is in the principal parts
teriile, ami remarkable for the horles being larger tlum
in the other parts ot Wales.
Montgomery, 161 miles from London, is fituated
in a very healthy air, on ihe eafy afcent of a rocky hill,
having beneath it a plealant valley, throimh which the
Severn winds its courle. The tow r. is large, but the
buildings indiH'eienl, except a tew belonging to Cv.'n-
liderable families.
Welch Pool, lix miles from Montgomery, is a large,
well-built corjxirate town, Iituated on a lake in ;i fruit-
ful vallev, where is a good manutac'ture ot' rtannol.
On the ibuth tide is a redc.iHle, belonging to thc Earl
of Powis.
Nh;RioNKTiisiiiRi', eaH ot St. Cleorgc's Channel,
is a mountain. Ills, barren, bleak, unhealthy county;
ami the inhabitants are more remarkable for idlenels
and incontinency than any other Welch people.
Harlech, -'2^ miles trom London, is iituated on
a rock near the lea, where is an harbour for Ihips. It is
a mean town, thinly inhabited, but has a garrifin for
the lecurity ot the coall, and an old decay^il cattle,
originallv a Hrong tort oi the ancient Britons. In the
year 1604 the country about Harlech was annoyed
iibove eight months with a tiery exhalation ot a curd
colour, winch ai>)le from the lea, and was leen only in
the niiiht. It let rtre to barns, ll.icko ol hay and corn,
in its way; inte^ted the air and blailed the grafs an.l
herb.ige; lo that .1 great mortality among the Iheep,
horle' , and cattle, eiU'ucd,
Dolgclly.
(jio A NEW. ROVAI.' ant AUTFTEXTIC SYSTEM or UN'IVERSAI. CEOGRArHV.
« '. i, ■'
Dolgollv, ;6 miles from Wilch IVmI, is titiuiial m
awoinly valLvhy tlu- Avon, at tlif (not dl ilic iTiat
moiKit.iiu (.".uliT-ldri-, wliiili, In loiiijimiiion, is ncir
three- miks lii..i1i, aiul oiu' of ihx lutiult in Hiit.iiii.
Here arc inns tor iravellcr-, ami a [Miml market tor
^\ elel\ cottons.
C.\RNAnv(iNSiiii;K. (ituatoil I'oiith-eali oi tiie Itle
ot Angl lev, is very mountainous, hut alioumis in cat-
tle, (liecp, goats, Sec.
Car!iarvoii, i^i mites from l/nidoii, i^ fituateil o'
tho clianiiei that le;ia.'-ate's this from the Kle ol An^le-
iev, aiul w.is buih In eonimand ot I'.iKv.inl I. out ot
tlie ruins of the citv Sa2;oiituini, uhieli Ilootl a hiile
helow It. The town \i:\> a tieaulilul prolpect ot the
llle ot' Anj^lelev. It li.ul a ihoni; c»llle, now in ruins.
The market is lujipiietl with corn, ami ail tijrts ot
provilions.
DuNBionsirinE, to tlie I'outh-uetl of I'iintlhire, is,
in manv |;arts. mountainous a;Hl liarren, yet contains
tome fertik-lpots.
Denbigh, ziomik's from l.oniKm, is a hanillome,
populous town, llan(N on a brainh ot tiie Chvvii, ha^
a c;oo,l iraile, anil is by tome iltiemeil the bell iiuvnin
North Wales. It h.is a gocxl market for corn, cat-
lie, antl otlKT provifions; and two churehe!. Here
are the ruins ot a eallle ililmantled in the civil wars ;
and alto thnic ot an abbey ot monks.
Wnxh.im is a town well inhabited, anil coniain>
A hindlome church, the lleeple ot which is admired I'T
itr curious an hiiect ure.
Ruthin, litiiated in the vale of C'iwvd. is a corpori-
lion town, well inhabit '■• and luis an holpiial and tree-
ichex)!.
FLiSTsiiiKr., Iltuateil.welluf (.'lielhire, i- in many
places fertile and contains loiiu- luitKs.
Flint, i()5 miles trom London, is the coiintv to.vn
and Hands on an arm ot thenver Dee. It had I'oimer-
ly acaille, the ruins ot which are lliil ler.iaininu.
St. Ala[)h, 111 miles from London, is a bill) i])\
fee, lituated in i)k- vale of C'luvd, at the confUix ot the
I'.lwv with the Cl.wd; but the buildings are not re-
markable for iKautji, nor the church tor elegance,
'llie epifeoj)al Ice was founded in the vear s<5^- '\^
kentijj^ern, billioj^ ot (ihilgoA, in Stiiikind, «ho reiiiin-
cd it to hi'- dikiple .'\lapli, trom whom it lias its name.
I'he coiiniv ot .\nglelev, will be dJcnbed in our ac-
count ot llkmds belongini; to or inrrouiidin^ (ireat
Uritain. Tiie toilowini: tabic \\\\\ i \hibil. m one point
ol Miw, tiie i>ariiculari relative to the couiitie* hetore
llienlioned :
R.ulnorlliire
Brecknocklhire
(i!aniiiri.',an''u''e
C'ir.r.artheniluic
rembiokelliire
Cariliganlhire
M ):U:;oiiier\lh.
.XKrioiA'tlilliire
Carnrirvwnlhire
D( nb!i;!illiire
Mialthire
M- :•
CI .1 T-.»t,.
!...,«
H.rl
Vlnlh
,-! I'JI
.\ew Radnor
20
18-
S
2
llkec Knock
^S
U
6i
2
iC.iidiif
T- ■>
11
iS
2
ic'armarihen
40
^7
8
2
rembioke
.v>
iS
'4i
.?
Cardigan
J.O
18
04
2
;.\lonti;aiiierv
■,^
i.i
47
iHarlech
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as
M
1
■Carnarvon
40
68
ua
, 1
jl) nhij,h
.1'
'7
.'J?
2
flint
.^3
8
28
^ ,
SEC 1 ION III.
Pfi/hil', DiflnfilivUi, Genius, Cnjhitis, Afii'iii'i a, 7h-
Jf •'!:■! ; Chil'r. and Or Jen, lii^nior mul iii/enor ;
tcluttje (Miihctibin, tSi. fj ihr I'iopU cf South H,i-
t I'll II.
''T^riF. people of Ent^kuid, in I'eneral, .-tre of a good
X 'iZ-e, aiitlAell Mi.ide. They have ret^ular teatures,
a.'id commonly i;;ir Ikins and liorul comiile.xioiis. It is,
however to be prcfumcd, that the ^'jeal numbers of
foreigners that are intermarried with the natives, have
giVtii acail to liivir perfons and i.jiii;.lexi..n., dltliiitnt
trom thole of their anciOop. The women, in pir-
iicul.ir, are deemed the moll beauiilul in Europe.
Htlide- m.un external uraoes, imuliar t.i them, th.-v
are to bi elleciued torllieir prudent beliaM.ur, thorough
deanliiiels, a tender aileci ion lor ihtir hulhands and
children, .mil all the en^;a'^mtj duties ol dcjiiulUc liK-.
The lalhionaWe ilrefs ot tlie Etv^hlli i» ulually copied
trom the I'tenih ; but the tormer i:enerallv add liecen. y
.ind cleanlincls to the dci or.it ion> of the latter. The
moll common }K-rlonal iklict is tkcayeil tietli, iiuin
the liorbiitic humour coniiiion 'o the countrv.
The nerves ot the Eii^hlh .ite lodeheate, that people
ol both lexes are lomctiiiies lorciblv, luv mortallv, at-
teCted by imagination. Tins over lenlibiiitv has been
conlidered as one ot the lources ot thole lin :ularitic5
which to llrongly char.uieri/c the F.ngliih nation.
They lometimes mai'.nity the fmallell appearances iiii(>
real ills, and yet when leal ilanuer ap'pro,iche>', no
lieojilc t.ice It with greater reloluiion or contlancy of
mind.
The manner* ot the Englilli peoDle varv m the dif-
terent ilatfesot whieh they are compoled, accordiiiL;
to the ijilleience ol education inii inteicourle. I'erlons
ol talluon, alter luiMng lUidied at the univerlity, com-
moniy tr.ivel lor iinjirovement. Thev are magnilicent
in their drel». ei)uipai;e, dwellings, and manner of liv-
ing ; generally polite, hofpitibie, good-natured, hu-
mane, charitable, and torgiving. On the reverie of
their chaiaitcr, we hkewiic oblerve a ihlpoliticii t.)
g.iming and not. They are in geiifial blunt, arilef,
.ind averle to civilitv and criiL'jng. Hence ariles |m,j
treiiueiitly a rudenels ol behaviour, which, by torciun-
ers, h.i', been confulercd .as bordering on bruiality.
The Enghlli merchants are, beyond all others, lamous
tor their honourable dealings, .is well as lor their kiiow-
leilge ot trade, and their extenli\e commerce. 'I'lie people,
in [.'cneral, .ire mailers i.^i the ditlLreiit proteliions thev
i.xercili. I'heir workm.inlliij) is mai;; and elegantly
■linillied, l.ir above anv thing of the l.uiie lort in other
c<miitnes; and though they are not ihe moll remarkable
tor iheirdiicovcries m the arts ot handicratt, the) never
tail to make improvement.-^ on the imentions of their
neighbouis.
The luiglilh have Inen alwa\s eiiualiy famed fir
cour.i..!,e and ingeiuiitv. Their loldiers are tearleis in
the il.n otb.title, .mil have ol t.iine<l a great lumber of
fignal victories, over the moil powerful and warlike
n.itr ns on the continent ■, and their tailors are confelled-
ly lupenor to all liu manners upon c.irth, iti aciuiiv,
tkill and intrepidity.
'.' he divcrdons .iiul pallimes of the Fjiglilli people
ma be illvided into lliofe ot the town, and tholi: of the
coi ntry; and .igai'i liibdivided into inch \-> .110 p cii-
' „.■ to the higher r.uiks ot lite ; lueli as ;ire pr leiilid by
the lower ikils ol |ieople, and tuih as are e immon to
Lioili. The diverlions i^t the town are rid'itos mal-
querades, loncirt^ot iiuilic, theatriial |)ertorm.inces,
and card allemblies, tor jierlons of talliion. The pat-
limes ol the countrv, ()eciiliar to the liime ilegrce, are
hork-iaccs, (lag, to.\, and bare-hunting. A Ipirit of
gaming prexails with great violence at a horle-race.
Flunting if. the Iport ot countrv gentlemen, and tlioic
whom the world dilhnguilh b'. the .ippell.ilion ot lo\-
huntersleem to be int.ilu.ued iviih the diverli on. The
common people li.ive likrwiie their town and country
|allinie', vciiich they einoy witii great e.i'Krnels. A-
moiig tiiele we number Liidgehng, wrelUing, duck-
huntin;^, bowls, ikittles, or iiine-pins, archeiy, pri •
li>n bai>, cricket, Ihovel-lioard, liiioif-, divers games
ol liiance, and Ipettacles ot various knul .
Molt 1)1 1 1,1.* hulks, belonging le) perloiis ut t.illiion,
ate b'lili ol Hone, large, mag.-.i!;ienl, a;id well pro-
vided with oifues. The apartments are tp.iuou;,
adtirned with carvings and painting'-, and the turniture
rich and tpleiidid. 'I'he middling lort ol jieopk- live
111 brick hmilis, roomy, convenient, well liniibed, anil
neatlv furniOied. The liabitations ot the lower clals
are i)ui!t of the lame materials, though not li) large ami
A'-'l', finiih-;-! , and, perhaps, leveral tamilies are crowd-
ed
GRAPllY.
Till- women, in pir-
lx:u!titiil ill I'.iiropt'.
miliar to ilifiii, tli,-\-
II Ixliavinur, tlioroiml)
'I tlicir liiilliaiu^ and
UtUS ol lliillRlllC lilc.
;;lilli i» iilu.illy lOjicil
lit lurally aild licccn'. y
l.^ ot tl.c lalli.'r. The
s lU'taycd Utlli, fiuin
o tlic count rv.
U) ik-hcatc, that people
iL)lv, nav iiiortallv, at-
iVvT ii-iihiiiiiiy ha'j bci'tt
•s of tluilc lin .ularitiifS
: till' l''.ii;;lilli nation,
lalk'll appcaranci'i iiiio
lanucr ai'pruachcs no
lulion or conflancy ol'
people varv m the >lit"-
; conipolni, aciorilnig
!iii intdcouile. 1'i.rloiis
at tlic univcility, loni-
'I'livy an: niai;nilicent
iig?, anil manner ot liv-
)le, [;ood- nature J, hii-
ig. On the reverie ol'
jhierve a liilpolition to
penfial blunt, arllet-,
;in'^. I lente ariles too
lOur, vvhieh, by toivlyn-
Kinkrinij, on brutaliiy.
youil all oiIkts, lanious
s well as tor their know-
■ coininerce. The people,
litllrei'.t protefiions they
IS neatly anl olesj,aiitly
t the t.inie tort in other
not the moll remarkable
jt hanilieraft, they never
the nueations ot theii
An * .IK NT En ( . 1. 1 s 1 1 1 ) i; r. s s I : s .
4
.vavs ccjually tamed tor
r loldii-rs are tearleis in
laineil a ureal lumber ot'
I powerful ami v\arlike
heir tailors are eontelled-
opoa earth, ia aciivuy,
- ut' the I'.n!;!ini people
le town, and thole ot the
I into t'luli as are |Heu-
lueli ;is are priCliUd by
lui li as are e immon to
town are ridi'ilo--, mal-
theairii al pertoim.iiues,
as ot talluoii. The pat-
• [o the liiiue detirce, are
ire-huntint;,. A tpirit ot"
lolence at a liorte-raee.
y gentlemen; and thole
'. the appellation ot tox-
.viih thediverii >i\. The
their town and eouiiiry
itii [!,real eajHrnels. A-
gehn^, wiellling, duek-
uine-pins, ariheiv, pri •
rei, tpioits ilivers games
arious kinds,
in^ to j)erloiis of falliion,
jl.iii;ieni, and well jirii-
partments are Ip.aeious,
nling'-, ami the lurnilur.-
dim-!, I'ort of jieople live
iiieiit, well liiiilljed, ami
lations ol the luwer clals
, thoupji not lb large and
cvcral families are crow I-
ed
/,/, I,./////,/// /a//.. ^i',/',.,n>/ ,0<' !"
AN( lKNTKN(;i.TS!ll)in-,SSKS. .
k
w
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i
I
<'„.,!..;. ^. > r.ANKKSs. .,.'. /^../, /. y ( '.Ki XiKAlMIY ^UUJ/'/ 'U'^- ^"'/"""'
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\N(.ll.MiiN<'»-lSllI)HKSSi;S
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tfii
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Kl'ROPF.]
F.UROPEAN ISLANDS.
<il into one li'ni!o. Tlie F.iii'jilli, in 'T.-iiftjl, arf fmul
oJ ninxl tht.r, and, [KThais, \\\v iiiurc luxurioudy
l\ui\ any other |K:<)pli'.
|)illiii)|t«rs ariliiiR t'lom intrmprruirc arc rife in
r'n^rlaiul, iliK-cially in l\w g^^-u I'VMHi trvcrs ot" all
kinds, ('i:.uwuitl, remitting, and intcrniittin^i inllain-
iiiatii)ns, iiuilii'iiant and eruptive i plcurilits touj;hs
taMirlis, <|iarriia'a>, dvUntcrics, and lonluniutionsj
j'.i'ut, [;ravi-!, dropl\, i.iiinduc, and ilic lins niiktii.
tint tin cndiiiiid dll>•al^•^ ut tiiis climate are tlieliuivv,
till' iivpoiiioiuinacy, and, particularly among tlie tair
le\. In llcricb.
i'lie i!v nirili ot' Knphnd is diOin'^iiillied liy tiie
t nil"- of (ivd.i.o III. by the (;ract ot ( iiKJ, ot Ciroai
Uniaiii, I'ra.ii, and Irelaml, Kinp, Defender ol the
haith. lie llili-; himlclt Kin" ot iTance tioni an aii-
lient ilaiin wliii It Ins preileiillors li.ul to that kini^doni.
The tilli, Dctend^T of th- Kaith, \s.is anantimt ap-
|K'llaiu)ii jjiven to tlic kiii^s ot i'.n'^land ; but inure
jMiriicularly conlirninl hy l.io X. to Hi nry Vjli. in
I ontiiiiKiue ol a honk writtm liv thi-. priiin aj',aint)
l.uther. The title was atiirwards continued by ail ol'
pirliaiiK-nt. The kin|>ot Kn'j;lanil isliipreme hi I ot the
I hurt h, and cliietiiiagillrateol the kingdom. IK '• .the
liiprinic rif;ht otpatronaiv, par.iiiiouni iver all ii.. ec-
1 'i lialliial benetiiis in I'.ngland. I le is the liipreme
tivil judge, and the tnuntain troni wliiili all |\ilHie is
derived. In |iciint ot |ioaim, pomp, ili!;!mv, and re-
venue, he rivals ihe ^i\a!ell mon.ui lis in C'hriUeiidom.
Til.' r.ivil alihicvemcnt farnis^ birne by the leiL'ji-
inLil'ur.'U' ii thus inarlhalled ijuarterly. In tin- tirll
f;ran I i|U.irter Mars, three lions pallaiit-guard int in
(vilc, .^ol, th«t imperial enliiins i.t' Kn^land : ilu-fe are
impaled with ihe royal amis ot Siotlaml, contilfin'^ ot'
S,>1, a lion rimjiant within a douM • trelVure tl(v,*eied
and i.iHinternoweri.d, with lieuis de lis. Mars. The
leeoiui oinrter lontaiiis the arms ot l-'rance, namely,
jiiimn, three lleurs de lis, Sol. The third, tor Ireland,
exhibiii Jui>iler, an harp, Sol, ihint^d 1 una. in ih.e
fourth '.;rand ([uarter is reprolented his prelent majelh'';
OAn eoat of arms, bein<; Mars, two lions pairaiil-i;uar-
d.mt, Sol, tor Brunl.vuk, impaled with Lunenburg,
f^ivine, Sol, lemce of hea-ts, proper, a lion rampant,
Jupiter, haviiig for antient Saxonv, Mars, an horle
I urreni, I aiiia, t',iattai in b.ile ; and in a lliield lurtout,
M.irs, thedi.ule.n, or, a croAii of C'harlemaone; the
whole lurrounded with a garter, as lovtieign ot tint
order. Ab-ive the helmet, as the emblem ot'|i)vereit',ii
jiirildu'tion, is an imperial irown; the (Tell a lion
[.ilfani-gu.irdaiit crowned with the like; the I'upporters,
a lion r.impaiit- uardant, Sol, ciowned at the loriiur;
and an uiiicorn, Luna, gonjed with a crown, and
chained. '1'\k- royal motto, Difii et muiidruii, " (iod
and m\- right," is as old as the reign ol king Richard I.
whoaliiimed it to lliew his independence ot all earthly
(xii\ers.
The elded Ton of the king of F.ngland is horn duke
of Cornwall, and afterwards created prince of \\ ales,
with letter.-patent, by which the laid principalitv and
A certain revenue are granted to him. He be.irs the
king's arms, with theadditionof a hbcl of three jwints,
chaVi^ed with nine torteaux; his device being a co-
ronet heautilial with three oi\rich feathers, inlcrih-
cd /./■ <//!•«, tiL;;nif\ ing, in the derman langu.ige, " I
♦• llrve."
The nohilitv of f.ngland are numerous and wealthy;
ami no country in lAirope can proilucc liich a number
ot noblemen living in all the pomp of aHluence, ami all
the )oys of independence. They are ililfinguilhed by
the ditlerent titles of duke, marquis, earl, vikount and
baron. The Ions of nobility enjoy certain titles byanir-
telv, .according to the rank of their lathers; but the
law ranks them among the commons of Kngland. Thus
the eldell l()n of a duke is ilenominated marquis or
earl; and the younger I'lns are faluted by the ajipel-
lation of My L.onl. The M\ Ion of a manjuis or earl
is denominated lord of li)iiie barony belonging to his
father; and his brothers arc likewifc ad<lreHed by the
No. S4.
9M
title of lord. The lifters enioy the lintio'iiable litli*
of ladv in the lam.- m inner. Hut tins rourldv 11
not c.Meiided t) the \oungcr children ol vilcounis anil
baron.s.
The next ilals .„ order of perlinis, after the barons,
are the baron, ts of l.iigland, lo tailed ,is an iiilv.rior
kind of barons. The title of h.ironet is conterred by
p.itent under the ^'reat K.il. and d. U. mis to hens male.
Like other kiiM'Jits he is dilliii^iuilhed b\ the ap|vlla-
tiv'- Sii preti.\cii to his ciiiilhaii name, in ijicMkiiig .uid
writiif;.
Lxilulive of baronets, there are three orders of
knl^hllllKHl, M/. darter. Hath, md T. utile. Tlieor-
derot the ( lart r, dediiatid to St. (ieorge, is one of
the moll anti.nt and honour dile ord. rs m the univerle.
The feat I't the oriler is in the c.illle of '»\ imilor, lon-
lilling of the chaptir-houle, the hall, and ihapel ol
St.Ceorge. A knight of this order is dillinguilhed
by a blue ^'arterwiiha gold buckle, worn i.n the leli
Kg, and inlcribed llvni /oi/ (jiii ma' \ ffii/i' ; ligiiifying,
" Shame to him who puts a bad conll.uclion on tlii'i
" order;" by an embroulereil lllver (lar on the i.fr
hrealt ; and the pit'f ure of St. (ieurgc. enamellul uikhi
gold, .thd lielet with diamonds, han^'ing at the end of'
abroad blue ribbon, that cioHes the licHiy from the left
lliculder.
The order of the Bath was inftituted by king Henry
I\'. and took its ilenomination froni their bathing on
iheive ot their aumifTion. The order, which had
grown oiilolete, was revived by king Cicorge the F'irft,
ill till viar 172,, when 18 noblemen, and as many
commoners, were iiillalled Knights of the Badi, with
great ceremony, at WellminlUr. Tluy are 'litlln-
giiillied by a liar on the bread, anil a hru.ul red rihb<?ii.
Worn like a belt, over the Ihouldcr. 1 he niuttoof this
jrder is, Tiiii jioirlii in iino.
The order of the '1 hillle, |K>cu!iar to Scotland, con-
lilK of the lovereign and 1 1 knights, who wear a green
ribbon over the llioulder, and on the bread an embroi-
dered liar, rtprelenting St. Andrew irradiated, with this
mono, Si'Dio me im/.iow /,itrj/ir.
All the gentlemen of South Britain, not diftin-
guilhed by nobility or knighthood, have the gentr,d
ilenomin.ition of Klquires. The highcft order of ple-
beians are freeholders or yeomen; then follow coj>y-
holders, iiieiclnnts, traders, mechanics, hired lervants,
and il;'.v-la!iourers. But it is to beobferved, that opn-
lent ii.i'~i-lutiit> are conlidered as of greater importance
tli.ui the degree wherein they are |)laced in the above
Idle, and frequently, by means of large portions, wed
tl eir ilau Jiftrs to nohilitv.
A Woman in England, as liion as married, is, with
all her moveables, at the will and ililjxjfition of her
j hulliand; nor can the alienate any thing without his
I content. Her neceli'ary apparel is not her own pro-
peri ■. Nav, at the death of her hulbanii, all tlic per-
liinal chatties Ihe poireU'ed at marriage delcend to lus
executor or admini'lrator. She can make no contraifl
without her luilband's content, nor reply without liim,
1 in matters of law. On the other hand, he muft pay
j the debts which the has contrac'led; and if Ihe Iliould
I injure anv |)er!bn by her tongue or irelpafs, he will be
obliged to make faiistadion.
! The authority of lathers is H) abfolute in F.ngland,
: that they luav gi\e away their unentailed eftates from
their own chiklren, or bequeath their fortunes to any
j mv: child, in prelereiicc to all the rell. A youth of 14
I mav choole Ins guardian, and content to marri.ige ; at
j 2 I he is at age to make any contract, deed, or will, and
I to (it in parliament. The eldeltlbn commonl} inherits
I the landed ellate, and the younger children ate por-
tioned from the gooils and chattels.
With refpecl to the inhabitants of that part of South
Britain called Wales, they are, in general, brave,
hardy and holi)itah!e ; je.ilous of atlVonts, hally, and
proud. The nobility and gentry Ijieak the Lnglilh
language, aH'eet the I'.nglilh falhions, and endeavour
to civilize the lower onleis of their countryinen. The
J 1 A com-
A N'KW, ROYAF., and AUTIIF-XTIC SYSTEM or UXlVr.RS.AI. (jF.C-f ,RATI I Y.
! i
F '
922
common i)coplo {tlioui;!! romc <.)t ihcm iju-uk 1',iil'.1i ih
imiirtlrcinlO lommoiiiy ulc the Wclcli, bcina, pariicu-
larlv .ittAchai to their own l.in;j,u.i^c.
Si: CI ION IV.
CunJiiiitiO'i, Gfvernmci:. L/n.s, if"/.
IN Jill (l.ttcs tl' re i> .in a'orolute Tuprenie power, to
wliieh the ri;4h' o; le^ill.ulon belon;;--, ;uul \vhieh,
hy the lini;ul.ir conllitution ot lliele kin^iloins, i-. here
ve!led in t.mi:, lortU, ;uul toaiinons.
Tiie rujirenie cxeeiitive p,o\\er ot (Ireat Uruain and
Irelaiui i> veiled, by our eonilitu'i>n, in a lin^L- per-
Ibn, kin':; or queen. Ihe pcrlon entitled to n, wiie-
ther male ct t'eniale, i> entrulled with all the enfigns,
rii;htN and preroi;at ivcs nl loVv:reij;n |)0\\er.
The L'jand tiindanier.tal maxim upon which the riuht
of luci'. iiii'n to the throne of thele kingdoms tlejvnd-,
is " Tliat the crown, by comnK)!! law, and conllitu-
" tionil cullom, is heredi;arv, and this in a manner
' peculiar to itielf ; Inu that the riiiht of iniieriiaiu e
" may, trom tinu' to lime, be Lhaiiiicd or limited, by
" aet ot paiiianunt, iKuieruhich limitations the irown
'• llill cvntiiuies hereditary."
Al the ■.voluiion in lOSS the corn\'n!ioii ot tiie
ellates, or reprelentativc luxly ot the naiion, ileclared,
tliat ihe inik-oiidu>.\ ot Kin<; [ames 11. .iniounteil to an
abdieativin ot ilie <2_oyeniment, ami that the throiu was
thereby yacaiii. in conleijueiKe ot !!iis vacancy, mkI
trom a regard 10 the a.itient line, the convention ap-
pointed the next I'roteliant heir ot ti'.e blo'xl royal ot
Charles I. to till ilv- vae.viu throne, with a lemporarv
cxcejilion. or i)retereiKe, to the perion ut kiiii; \\ il-
ium 111.
On the impending l.iilure of the l'rote(\a;it 'i:ie of
kinj), Charles !. the kiiii; aiul p.'.rhament extentLd the
letllement of the crountothe I'roleltant line ol king
I <nies I. viz. to the i>rmccl'- .Sojihi i v\ Hanover, aiul
the heirs of her Ixxly, beini; I'roieltants. .She married
the iluke of Brunlwick Luner.hurg. by whom llie had
(jeorge, elector ot Manover, who .ik ended llie throne.
In an ae'l of ])arliameiit exprelsly ni.ide m favour ot his
mother; and that princels is now the common flock
from whom the heirs of the crown mull ilelcend. 'I'liis
.ippears robe the true conllitutional notion ol the right
of liicccfTion to the liuperial crown ot thele kinmloni-.
^\■hen liich an liereilitary rioht, as our laws have
ire.iteil i, 1 \elle(i in the royal llock, is clolely inter-
woven with thole li Tties which are equally tlie inhe-
rita!iceof the lub]ev.\ 'his union will torn« a conlliiu-
tion in theory the moU iieau'.itul, in practice the molt
approved, and in iluration tlie moll jermanent. This
conllitution it \i the iluf\ ot every Briton to underlland,
10 iivere, and toikfend.
The houfe ot lord-, is compofed of all tlie peers of
the reaini, Ipiritualand temporal. The commons, in-
chiding llie Scotch me.'..bers, are cholen by the cou:ilies
.ind borougiis, and intli^ir collective boil} are iUMpol'ed
ta rcprelent the [x-ople ot i':nj.'lan<l.
It is iiigh'y neceii'.uy, tor j)relervin<', the balance of
th.; conllitution, that the executive power liiould be .1
lirauih, thou|j,li not the whole ol the le;j,iilature. Tlie
croAU cannot be(;in ot itfelf any altcratioio if. liie [ire-
fent ^llabiilheil law; but it ma\ approve or dil.ipiirovi.-
ol the aheratioiis luL;i;elled ami co:i;crited to b\ the
twohoules. The legillative, theieiore, cannot al)ridf!,e
the executive ])ower of any rights which it has now liy
law, without its own cunfent ; lince the l.iw mull per-
petually tland .e it no v doi-s unlets a'.l the powers will
Ujjree to alter It. 1 lerem icmlills the true t\cellLiice
of our government, that a 1 the pans i,f it form :i mu-
tual check lijion each other. In the le;!,illature the
pt.ijile are a check upon the iiobiliiv, ami the m.bility
a chei k ujjon the people, by the mutual p'ivileye of
reject int; u hat the other his rilolvetl; while the kill};
IS a check upon both, which prevejil^ the e.\i.aitiee
[lower from encroachments
'i'he kiiiy,of Knsiland, belijeshi-. high(ouri of par-
liiinient, has luboidinate oliicers and luinillers to aii;ii
him; and thele are reli'onlible for tlieir :idvice ;inu
comhict. 'I he |)eers of the realm are, by their digi.ii > ,
hereditary counlellors, and may betallcil togtther !.t
anytime, lo impait their iidvice in all matters of im-
portance to the public weal. Ano'.hcr council are tlie
judjiesof the coll! ts of |;iw. But the princijial is the
privy CL-uncil, called, by w;u' ot eminence, •• liu
" council." I'rivy counlellor's arc ni.ide by th.c km- .
nomination, and fubjed lo a removal at his dilcretioc,.
The p.iwer of the privy council coiUilLs m eniiulriiv
into al! ollences iig.iinll the i;o\eriiment, and in co: .-
mittiiij, ofleiiders into faleiuilodv, in order to tak>:
their trial in tome oi tf.t courts of law. But tiicir lu-
rikhction divs not extend to pi;;iilh;nent ; and the per-
lons lonimitted by them aie entitled to their /w.-f.^
(CAW/j ciiually with thole committed by an crdinarv
lullicc ot the peace. In this council the civil govern
ment isregulaled, and every new me.al'ure of thcadni;
nillr.ition propoted and plaimed.
J'hfie isacomiiiilteeol liie privy council, c.i'l. d the
i-abimt-couiicil, conl'lluii^ of a iiuml.'cr ot minill t^ a.-id
noblciiien, aiLordiii;; to the kiu'/s opinion ot I'.-^ir
integrity and abilities, or atiai Iimeni to the views ot the
court. One of the niembers ol the cabinet council i.,
generally loiilidercd ;is firll miniller, though, in reality,
there is no oiiicc of that kind. A refponiibiliiv lor all
tlie tranliielioiis ot government, is, however, alna\s
.innexed to tl'.e title, whii.h rendei^ it a poil of gi,.:it
danger and diliicultw
llie great olilccr-. ul the cniwn, who take place
next lo the prince, ol the bl'Mal, ,uid the two prim, ites,
are nine in number, vi/. the Lord High Steward, the
Lord Chancellor, Lord Tiealurer, Lord I'lefident of
the Council, the Lord I'rivy Seal, the Lord Ch.imber-
lain, the Lord Migh Conllable, the JCarl Mailh.il, and
the Lord High Admiral.
1 he oliice ot Lord His'Ji Steward is only excrciled
occalionally, as at coronations and trials. 'I'liat oi
Lord Migh Trealuier is vtlled in a commillion of live
perlons; the lirll of whom is fuppoled to pollels the
()owcr of Lord Migh 'J'lViifurer. I'hat of Lord H:gh
Conllable is introduced at a coronation ; and that of
Loril High Admiral is now held by commillion, and is
</f very great importance.
'I'he judges ot l-'.iigland, appointed by the king, are
12 ill numlxr, ilil[K}fed in difl'ennt courts of nidica-
ture, iiml divided into ccrtaiu circuits, tor the adiii'-
niilnition of jullice through all jarts of the realm.
The triliun.ilb helil at \\ iilminllcr are, the courts of
King's- Bench, Common- I'leas, Chancery, Lxchequer,
and the duchy chambtrot l^anc.iller.
Thcimnilhments iniiicled on civil criminals in lihig-
land, are dilRrcnt trom tholi; adjudgeil in other coun-
trie'-. Hiv.li tieaton, petit trei!,)n. rape, liKlonn , mui-
der, and k luiiy, are c.iimal crimes by the laws of this
country. A traitor i-. nrll hanged up, then cut down,
opened and enibowelled ; after which lie is quartered,
and his he.id and members expoli.d to the populace.
But in noblemen this lentence is, by the imiuigence of
thecriiwn, always changed into decapitation ; and the
crinunal in that cale is beheaded with an ax on a public
I atlbld. A Ir.iitor ia not quit lorhisown lite; but hi-,
conviction is attended with the ruin of hi', f.unih'. I le
loiieits all his lamis and good-.; his wite lofe^ lur
dowry ; and his children arc de[)rived (jf their iiobililv,
and right of iolieritance. Coiners, though adjudgeil
guilty ot high trealon, arc only haii;ieil and drawn.
Petit trealon, comprehending the murder ol a mailer
or millrefs by a leivant, ot a hufband by his wife, or ot
a billiop by a clevp;yman, wlwiwes him obeilience, is
punillied by drawing the criminal to the galiows on a
hurdle, and hanging him by iheneik until hebedc.id,
except in iIk cale ot a female, who, tor hi_;h tre.iloii,
.IS well as petit Ireaion, is I'enien' ed to beilrawii .ukI
burned alive. All other capital crimes are punillud
by hans^iiig; and in cafes ol muidet, the body i.f the
uini:i:.il
GriViRAl-IiY.
iJi"^lii- liiKlidniii (.( iM,.
'-i'^ .iikI iiiiniiKis to ;i|i.|)
''''■■ t'T ti.ar :uiviec ;;,ij
^.ilm.ir.-, hy ilK-ir,Ji!r,.ii,_
'i-»> 1h' uilUd ti-elLiT .'.t
vii-t- in all matters 01 iiu-
Atuniicr coujuil ar^' il^-
Hut the princiiul i> tl,c
•'»v nt (.•iniiKiui.', " I'iij
t's arc iii.idc In- the ki;i..'..
removal at ill^ ilil^rcti,,';.
iii-il i-"iilil'L.i 111 cnquini!.;
;"M.riHiK-!it, and in Co:,..'
!'w!y, i;i order to tak.:
rl^ ot luA. But liieir lu-
.n!;iilli:nciiti aiul the n'or-
c entitled to tlieir /id'rc.-.
nmiltal by an (.Tdinar;
.'■unul the civil govern
•A mealureof rlieadnn-
i'nvy council, ciil. d t!:c
iiiinil.vrot miniil Mb a:id
kiirfb opinion oi I'.^ir
:itncni to the vieuMif :hc
ot the tahinel ccu.'ici! i..
iiuller, tiiou-h, in n ;lit\,
I- A reljioiuihih'iy lor all
i-'iit, is, however, always
endeis it a j.oll of ,.,v;it
irown. uiio take place
od.and the two [irimates.
Lord lIiMh Steward, iIr'
ilurer, Lurd I'reliilent of
Seal, the Lord Chani!>er-
I"-', the J':arl Marliial, and
Srcward is only excrciled
"s and trials. That ot
1.1 ill a eonimilllon of live
> Uijipoled to potieLs the
ir. riiatof Lord H:^;!!
coronation ; and that "^oi
fid by coniiiiillion, and is
'pointed bv the king, are
(i'ereiu courts of ludica-
.■ circuits, tor theadnr-
all parts of the realm,
miller are, the courts of
;, Chancery, l^xchequer,
ncalfer.
n uvil criminals in j;.nu.
adjueljied ill other couii-
ilon. rape, li)domv, mut-
mes by the lav»s'ol this
gi-U 111", then cut down,
vvhicli he is ijuartered,
<poled to the populace.
''. by the ii!dui';^ence of
odcc.ipiiaiioiii'and the
d with an a.\ on a public
lurhisown lite; but hii
■ ruin of his taniilv. Ho
)di; his wife loles lur
[mved ol their nobility,
ners, though adjudged
liy lian;;ed and drawn,
le- murder ot a mailer
illiand by hi. wife, or ot
'^ves hiiii obedience, l^
'•>l to the L'aliuws on a
•netk until he be dead,
who, tor hi^h trealoii,
ni ed to be drawn and
;il crimes are puniljud
Jitlct, the body ot the
irimiii.d
EUROPE]
r. IT R 1' E A N I .S L A N' D S.
'^•5
criminal is adjud^^ed to the iurgcons, to be by them
diliected in public.
The punilhinents for liualler oHi-nce-. are, burniiif:;
in the hand, liaul labour, imprUbiiinent, the piliofN',
whipping, tine, Sic.
s !•: c; T 1 () N \.
uiul M,\ijii:-e.\ Mi''i;<:i\ ii<ul Sov^il Fon\\ (Jc.
1
M I V. ellabl.lhed religion of l".n^ ->il is a I'rotellant
cpilcopal church. The king of Englanil is ac-
kiiowledf^ed ,is lupreme head ot the church, governed
by iwoarchl'iili'ips and 14 fuirra^.ins, each of theleeii-
ioviiii; the tulv ot lor<l,onaci.ount ot 1 he baronv annexed,
and haviiii; nivcedence iinniediately after vifcounts, in
parliament as \ie!l as in other r.UVniblies. The tAO arcii-
iejiiliopal fees are thole ot Canterbury and York, to
which all the other dioceles of Enf^land and \\ .lie-; are
liiliie-;. The arehbilliop of Canterbury is filled the
primateofall Knt^land ; is the iirlt ]ieerof the kini;dom;
ju'ecedes all dukes and threat olfu is of the croun, next
the rova taiiiilv; and ])ertorms the ceremony of the co-
ron.ition. The dioceles eontained in tli,- province of
Canterbury are thote of Lonilon, Wincheller, Ely,
l-iiKoln, Rochefler, Litihfielil and Co\entrv, Heie-
fonl, Worceller, Bath and Welh, Saliibury, I'.xeter,
Chichefter, Norwich, Cilouceller, Oxf<>iil, Peterbo-
rough, and Hrillol ; and in Wales, the bilhoprics of
St. David's, l^andatV, St. .Ataph, and Baii;;or. The
arcl.bi(ho[) of York is filled primare of EnL:,lan(l, and
iiK trojH'.litan i h.ith place and precedence ol all dukes
iiexi to the roval family, and all great oliiceri of ll.ue,
except the lord chancellor. He e.ijoys many preros;i-
tivis and privileci. - witliiii his own ])rovince, wliK h
Comprehends the bilhoiirics of Durham, Carlille, and
duller, belides that of Sailor and Man.
The church of ('^.n^^land is more tolerant than any
(ithcr n;Uional church, with rcfpee'l to its principles.
Moderation beina; its governing character, no religious
le-cl here is |)reveiued tioni worlhipping Gixl in that
manner which their coiiici-'iees aj)prove. Hence, lince
the retiirmatioii, a number of iecis have arilen under
the leveral denominations of Prelbvieri.in-, Iade[>.'n-
dfiits, Baptiib, Method.ilb, (.Juakers, Jyc.
'l'hou<j;!i unqualified men are admitted as preachers
amonpll lome of thole lecU, many of tiie mip.illers ot
thofe who exclude the illiterate from their pulpits, have
jjreatlv dillini;uifhed themlelves by tlieir learning and
abilities; aiuriome of their writiiiL,s are lield in high
cllimatioii by m.my of the clergy, aiul other members
ot the ell.iblilhed church.
Numbers of fimilifs in luigland Hill profel's the
Roman Catholic religion; and its exercile is under
\erv mild and gentle reltriitions. Some writers have
exclaimed with great violence againfl the nunierous
leOis tolerated in this country : but let it be conlidereil
that civil and religious liberty are clofely connected,
and that it by no means becomes any church, which
makes no pietenlions to infallibility, to let up the
llandard of perlcciition. W here candour and charity,
and a love ot' truth and libertv, unite, anion,; thole
who differ m feiuimeiu, peace, order, and harmony
mud ever prevail.
The l'>iglilh language is comiiounded ot fever.il
others, but'more panu ulaily of Saxon, Celtic, P'rencli,
and Latin; but the former predominates. This, iii-
llead of rendering it deleclive, gives it innumerable
gr;ice- ; liiiee it li.is ineoriwr.ited moll of the beauties,
an<l rejeofed the defects ot the languages of vvhichit
is coiiiixMed. llence it is more energetic than the
irencli', more manly than the Italian, more c )|)i.'us
than the Spanilli, and more elegant than the German.
{•'.ngland may be ileemed the te.U of the mii!.- . Al-
fred t lie (iieat cultivated literature at a iicriod when all
the rell of luirope was jilunged into ignorance and
barbarifm. Suicc his time a continual liictcliion ot
learn.'d men have been diHingtiilhed bv their inaflenv
writings, and done credit to t'he Britilli n.ime; and, at
pief.iii, lii'Mature in I'.ngl.aid fLuns to ha\e ariu\d .it
Its utmoll /.nitli. Indetd, we hive men of geiiiu' a !
ingenuity, who, in almoll every art, leieiue,'maiuil.ic-
liay, ami iirolclliini, exceed thole ot any other nation.
fajgland, being |iKiitifiilly lupjilied with all the c >i •
veiiieiices of hie, could fulilill without the allillaiice ot
any other country whatfoever. But as foreign com-
merce is .ulvantageous, enijiloys abundance or artiils,
as well as a great number of jxior, and is a manit'ell
iiiiiTovement to all nianufacuire in general, lb it is the
luieil aiul mofl effectual inejiis nut oniv to enrich, but
10 Itrengtliea the nation, and render u a terror to i;s
enemi.s.
The Englilli mercliants traffic largely with Runi.T,
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Haniburgh, Bivnien,
both lides of the Baltic, all the northern parts oi (,er-
many, Holland, Flanders, Portugal, Sicily, liily, the
L yant, the coail of Africa, and liie Mali andWill
Imli.-s. The commoilities exported from iMigland aic
comjirehended in the dilferent articles of corn, cattle,
Ihi;) piovilioii, butter, cheele, beef, pork, bilcuit, iron,
lead, tin, copjicr, manufactured and unmaiuihwturcd
leather, cojiperas, aliuin, j^it-coal, liitfron, hops, flax,
hats, Ihoes, herrings, pilchards, cod, falmon, oyllers,
liqu.irice, watches, ribbons, toys, and all the difi'erent
niaauiaclures of wool, fuch as broad cloth, bays,
kerlies, rufh's, fcrges, lays, friices llufls, flannels,
rugs, caps, and tlockiius. The products of wool
are the principal article of the Englilh trallic, the ex-
p 'ris of them exceeding two millions yearly. The
iilliei-v is very conliilcrable, and, if properly cultivated,
would equal, if not excel, any other branch of com niercc.
h conlills of pickled herrings, cod, ling, and tufk, from
S.ietland, and the Scottifli coaft; red herrings from
Yarmouth; and pilchards from the wedern coall of
England; bciides, a coiiliderable number of fhins .an-
nually employed in the whale (ilhery of Spitsbergen.
The imiwrts from various parts of the globe are im-
meiile, and ni.ed not enumeration, as they conlilt of the
(iroduce and manufaclures of moll of the countries in
the ii:;iverle. Many branches of foreig.i commerce
are monopoli/.cd and inaiuiged by incorporated, or
chartered companies, [^ir tlie (lid greater promotion
ot I'nglilii irai , a couiuil of commerce, or board ot
tra'.le, is likewile held at \\ hiteliall.
The Englilh luiiils are perfectly fecure, though
the national debt is enormous; and the revenues are
immeiili-, though of li) complicated a nature as not to
be ealily alcertained. Acconqits are kept in pounds,
Ihillings, pence, and farthings; the former being only ;i
nomin.il kim. Belides farthings, halfpeni'e, lixpences,
Ihillings, half-crowns, guineas, lia;i-guincas, which
are tlie common current coins, there are Ibme filver
[>iei.es, Uicli as pence, two-pences, three-pences, and
groats ; atiJ. Ibme golii ones, luch as two ami live guinea
pieces. There are two forts of weights, troy and
avoirdupois. .All goods fubjee't to walle are weighed
bv the latter, all others by the former. Twelve ounces
of the firli, and 16 of the latter, conllitute a pound.
Mealures of length are the inch, toot, yard, fathom,
perch or pole, .acre, fiirlonjr, and mile. Dry mealiires
are the pint, quart, g.i'lon, peck, bulhel, comb, quar-
ter, kill, and chaldron. Eiquid mealures arc the gill,
half-pint, pint, quart, gallon, firkin, kilderkin, barrel,
hoglhead, pipe, butt, and tun.
'I'lie land foices of Cireat Britain, in time of peac :,
do not exceed 40,000, viz. 12,000 in Ireland, and the
rell in (ireat Britain, and various garrilons beioiid the
leas; but in time ot war, during hollilities, the num-
ber is augmented, according to exigencies; and lome-
timcs the troops in pay are very numeroii-. The navy of
(Ireat Britain is more powerful than that ol any other
Country in the univerie*. In peaceable times a num-
ber of mariners are ret.iiiietl by gov.rnment ; but
wiien necedity requires, the Britilh lleet is reiulcivd
aiiiazinglv tonnidable.
SIXTIO.N
1^^'^', (if
9U
A NEW, ROYAL ano AUTHF.N'TIC SYSTI'.M of UXIVF.RSAI. CKCr.RAl'l IY.
m';
- ..:*i
' ll
w.
ii^
si'.t riox VI.
^o n I If i: n i t.i i s, or
SCO r LAN I).
SCOTLAND, litiutcd to tliL- north of l"iii;lainl, is j
IvmiKlcii iioitliwaul by tlio Frozen, willwunl hy
iliL' Hntilh OuMn, :uiil to tlic loiitli it joins I'.ni^land. j
Tin- iL'iiL'.tli ii i ;o niik's ; ;ind tlu' breadth, where widell, ]
1 :;o. 'i lie i)nne;i'::il part ot tiie cduntrv is nu>iint:iii)-
(liis ;iml hilK ; the air ih.ir]). init wliolelonie ; and the
Toil, in general, interior to tliat ot l''.ni;laiKh It is
divideti into two dilhids, viz. Hii;idand.s and 1 ,ow-
hinds. The people ot the former are nide and uncivi-
lized ; bill thole ot the latter imitate the Enj;'.ilh tiil'-
tonis and manners. The whole kingdom is well water-
ed with rivers and lakes. There arc a tew torelh of
tir. Timber, m general, however, is learee. The
quarries contain free-lhme; and, indeed, Scotland,
in general, in everv i>art ot its natural hiilory, re-
leinliles fhigland, except liiat mull ot its productions,
from the more iinlavoura')le tituation, are rather in-
ferior to thole ot South Britain.
\N'ith relpec'f to charaaer, the Scotch are iirave,
pallionatc, and vindictive; but they are acculed,
particularly the Highlanders, of inlinceritv, rapa-
i ity, avarice, pritle, and nalhne:.-.. Indeed, a cele-
brateil S-itch author, in lixa!.! 'g ci Sc;itlanil, ac-
knowledges tiiat " cleanlinels is a virtue very rarely
tound in this part ot the world ;" but atlds, " jierlijns
ot education, fortune, and I'eiuiinent, ought to be
exempted from this national reproach." They are
tond of raivibling in learch of adventures and money.
Hence the proverb, " In every corner ot the earth vou
may find a Scot, a rat, and a NewciiUe gnndtlone."
Many of ihem attain to a degree ot eminence in the
various branches of literature. They are gooil loldiers,
ami obte(juious lervanis. Their clothes are after the
Knglilli tathion, exceju that their pealants wear blue
bonnets, and the Higiilanders ])laids, the only remains
ot the ancient Roman tliels. i'hey have long viliiges,
high cheek bones, and commonlv landy h.iii. They
Are alidemioiis in diet, atul bailly accommoilated in
iheir houles. Motl of the Scotch are uiuommonly
fiuui ofnuilit,and their tunes are iWeet, e\[irel?ive,
and. atitviing 'Their commnn inllrument is the bag-
pipe. Tiierilieion is I'relhytery : and the kirkot the
kingdom is dividcil intt) i^ provincial tvnods, which
contain 68 preflivteries, antl 938 jiarillies. Sixteen
(leerr, and 41; commoners, are tent from Scotland to
tiie Ihighlli. parliament. 'This kingilom is divided
into the tollowing cuuiiiies,
C.^i'iiiNKss, the moll north.ern county of Scotland,
is ver\' rockv, inchuks many tiays ;unl jiromontories,
abounds in cattle, 'heep, goat<, roe-bucks, red deer,
aiid i)rodui.es cop]^er and iivn ; but the inhnbitaiits
principally live by lilhing and grazing. Tiie principal
pi.ue is \\ eick, a royal bv^rough and market; tiiough
i iiurlo, a town on the other licie ol the county, is deem-
ed more populous.
Sc niKiu. AMI, tuuth-v\etl ot Caithnets, is mountain-
ous and barren, but .veil Uipplieil with tilli and uild
low!, bv realon that it is not only watered by teveral
rivers, but (ont;'.ins above 60 lakes, including \:'rious
linall if! md-.. 'The principal place is the rovil borough
of Dornoi.h, which is the teat of a prelbvterv, con-
tains a tatlie<lral, and confills ot nine parilhes.
Ross, wliieh includes Tayne and Ciumartie, is Mtu-
.itcil to tile louih-'.\etl ot Sutlierland, and has Ino,.' on
Ms mountains the greaii.ll i)art ot the year. The val-
lies, however, arr fertile, the air gixxl, and the hills
produce forelts ot tir, game, Sec. 'I'he chief place,
Channeric, thnugh the teat ut .1 ]iretb\ terv, i. but an
inconliderablc market -town.
Invekmss, to the toiiih ot Rotstliire, is a barren
fou.'Uy, but pnxluccs wood, iron, .ind iiamc. At the
mouth of the Aber, in tlie cer.er between the Well
and North 1 ligh'aiv.ls, tland the towns ol Maryborough
and Tort \\ illiam, built to check the dcpretl.it ions cit
t()me of the Clans. Inveriiets, from which the Ihire
derives iis n.ime, is a royal borougli on the river Neils,
over wliiih there is abridge ot leven arches. It i^ ihe
leal ot a pretbvteiv, contains 1 3 parilhes, and mav be
iutUy liecmed the kev and cipiial of the illands. In
this coiintv is the lake of l.,ochncts, which never
trec/.es in the leverell winter.
Naiun, tituated to the louth-catl of Rotstliire, h.aj
i a lalubrious and temperate air, and contains fome ti;-
I hrable |).ilUMe land. The onlv place of note is N.iirn,
j on a river ot the lame name. 'Though a royal borougli,
I it is poor and mean, and the l-.arbour is i^uitc thoak-
: ed up.
i I'.Loi.N, to the eall t.t Nairn, has a tolerable air, and
j the low countrv is fertile. 'I'he town ot T'.lgin is ;i
I royal borough, lituated in a verilant plain on tlie river
j I ,ol]ie. It is the teat ot a prclb\ terv, including 13
I parilhes,
j Akov i.FsiiiRF, to the Unith-ivell of Invcrnets, is
I a Willi barren country. 'The town of Argyle is the leat
I ot a Provincial Synoii, conlilhiig ot live ])relbvteries
' and 49 i)anlhes, and I'.ives the title ot duke and earl to
I the noble family ot Campbell, the motl jiowertiil of
all the Scottilh nobilitv. I'his llnre is divided into
I'everal dillricts, viz. Kintyrc, Kna[Klale, Korne, Argvle,
i proper!' lii, anil Cowal.
i'l.R nisMiuK is htuated about the center of Scot-
land, and may be deeineil one ot its moll fertile pro-
vinces. The people are jwlite and indutlrious, ami
their habitation.^ neater than in moll other parts ot
i the kingdom. The Ihire is divided into teveral dil-
tric'ts, viz. Menteith, Braidalbin, Alhol, Stratherne,
Ciowru', Perth l'ro])er, and Scone.
i! I'erih, the capital of the province, is an agreeable,
I populous to.vn, lituated 10 miles within land, on the
! louth bank ot the river Tay. It was otherwilc called
Si. johnllon's, from a church liedicited to St. John,
' as the |)atron ot the |)lace. It is a royal borough, tl-
cond in ilignity to the metropolis, and the leat ot a large
• j)reli)\tery.
j Scone, or Scaan, liippofed to be the center of the
I; kin itom, is a royal (lalace, llanding on the north bank
■'. ofihe'Tav, t.imous, m toriner ages, tor the adjoining
' abbev. tuundeil lor tl;e monks ot the order of St. Au-
gulline. 1 ieie the kings of Scotland were crowned in
ihe fatal chair, laid to be brought bv T'ergus from
Ireland, includinii in its bottom a rough marble flone.
' It was remo> ed f rom heiK e by T.dward 1. of lingland,
I and deiHjlited in Wellminller-abbcv, where it itill
' rem uns. Si one gives the title of baron to the viliount
Storinont, a brj.ich of the family of Murray. He is
alio hereiliiarv keeper ot this palace, which is lari'e,
■ Ipacioiis, and m,a9niticent, though built in the ancient
nuuHier. Some ol the pannels are adorned with pnint-
', ings, performeil abo\e 200 years ago; and here is alnd
; ot luie needle-work, tewed by tlie hanils ot M.ir\,
I ijueen of Scots. The houlewas provided with ele!;.uit
I gardens, a chapel, anil otfices; but the whole is now
lalleii into decav. It was in the chapel that king
i' Charles II. took the covenant, when the Scots inviteil
him to this kingilom. Here the Pretender reiiileil
three weeks, in all the llate ot a monarch; while his
general, the earl of Mar, lay with his lorces at Perth.
Hamfsiiikk, to the well of Aberdeenlhire, is .t
verv fertile plealimt count}', inhabited chielly by l.ow-
landers.
Bamli', liluited on the c<iall of the Murray Triih,
is a u>\.\\ borough, ot very little lonlideraiion. It
was of old lei ured by a callle, which is now in rums.
This IS likewile the call- with the ;'l)bey of IJeer, in
the neighbourhood, which belcnged to the Cille;ti.in
monks.
Ahkki>kf,nsiiih F. has a wholetome air, is well wa-
tered,
fertile,
tiiielv i!i\erlitied with hills ;uh1 dale
I ,
-, and pretty
Tic
riRAl'IIY.
• cr Iviwivn thf Wilt
li'WiiMil Maryliorough
fik the ilo|)ritl.itit„is u\
from wliii:li t\u- Ihin-
>i!|;li on tlic rivtr Neils,
;, [lariilu's, ;iih1 iiviv Iv
iiiil ot' the ill.iiKis. ' lii
OLliiicls, wliicli ntvct
i-oll olRol'sfliirv;, !;;ii
ami Lijinains lunie ti;-
place ot note IS Nairn,
oii;;h a roy.il borouyli,
I'.arbour is tjuite ihoak-
has a toleral)le air, and
le tnwn vi I'.ljjiii js I
•rilant plain on the river
iclSytery, including 13
.i-nell of Invcrnefs, is
iiwi i.t Argyle istheleat
n^; ot live jirelbytcries
iille ot duke ami earl to
the iiioll jHiwertuI of
lb Ihire is divideti into
iiainlale, Korne, Argyle,
)ut the center of Scot-
ol its moll terulc ])ro-
e anil indulirious, and
in moll other jarts vi
liviiled into leveral dil-
liin, Athol, Stratheriie,
one.
jvince, is an agreeable,
les within land, on the
It was otherwilc called
dedicated to St. John,
; IS a royal borough, |L-
is, and the Icat ol a large
to be the center of the
iding on the north bank
■ ai^es, tor the adioining
ol the order of St. Au-
;'iiland were crowned in
"uuht by l''erg\is froni
n a rough marble flone.
I'.d'.vard J. of England,
-abbcv, where it ilill
ot baron to the vilcoutit
ily of Murray. He is
palace, which is lari>e,
ugh built in the ancient
are adorned with })aint-
•s ago ; and here is a bed
Y the hamls of Marv,
5 provided with elegant
but the whole is now
the chapel that king
when the Scots inviteil
the I'retender relided
a monarch; while his
ith his turces at I'eitli.
)f Aberdeenlhire, is a
labitcd chielly by l.ow-
of the Murray iTith,
ittle lontideiation. It
which Is now in ruins.
the :'l)bey of [Jeer, in
Jiiged to tiic v.'ilk;iun
liefotne air, is well wa-
» and dale-, and jirciiy
EURori:.]
KUROPEAN ISLANDS.
915
The capiial'.r this county is Aberdeen, 80 miles
north of liiliiihur-h. It Hands upon the rivers Dee
and Don, and is incirecl, divided into two dill inct
towns. 01,1 Abeideen, the feat of a prcfliytery, built
at the mouth of the Dun, has a chiirJi made of he.wi
(lone, with a lotly Hecple 'ir turret, ending in an ini-
peiial crown, with a lound globe of llone, and two
gilded crollcs. Near the church is a library, furnilh-
fd with a v.ihiable colkdion of books. Old Aberdeen
is chiefly .vmarkable for the college founded by knig
James IV. confilling of a principal, fub-princiiiai,
icgcnif, or prolcllbr^, of divinity, civil law, phylic,
pliilofopliv,aiul I lie languages. To tliofe endowments
Chailcs I. adiled eight burfers, out oi the iev:Muies of
vacant bilhoprics. King Chailes 11. beRowcd upon
It the benLliees of vacant churches in fcvcial dioceles
for fevcn yeais. From thefe benefaclions it derived
the lum^' of the Caroline L'niverfitv. The town is
(mall, indilleivnily built, and inconlidcrabic, thou^ii
v.ry ancient. Abi'Ut a mile (Vom hence, at the mouth
ol tlic rivcr Dee, is New Abeiilecn, the county town,
a n.at, pojiulou , and flourifliing plac, .adiirned with
cliuixhes holpitals, a line wharf, a cudoni-lioule, and
many llaiely tdillces built of hewn ilone. The (llfets
.are lai ge and well paved ; the private hoiifes lofty, and
well (inilhed, provided with garilens and orchards,
which appear intermingled with the buildings, and at a
dillance give it the air of a i ity.
Mi:arn^, or Kin'cam)insHire, lliuateil fotilh of
Aherdeeiilhire, is a fertile county. The principal
place IS Sioneliive, the feat of the couniy courts, a fmall
town with a comim dious Invcn, anil enjoys a good
falmon (illiery. Kim ardin, another confiderable place,
(lands on the river Due, and gives the title of carl to
a branch ot the family of Bruce. Cowy is an ancient
bornigh, grcjtly decayed, and remarkable lor nothing
but the rums ot a caiUe, faid 10 have been built by king
Makolm Kemnoie ; and I^'ouixlon, or Mearns, is
a fmall tiHvn, the leu (if a jirelbMery, and, before the
reformaiion, famous lor the reliqucs of St. I'allaiiius,
wlio was lent over to Scotland in the (ifth century by
pope Celelline, to enlighten the Scots, and confute
the Pelagians.
I'OKKARsiiiRR, to the f .utli-wefl of Kincardinlliirc,
proiiiKcs wood, minerals, cattle, and g.ame.
The tounty-town, I'ort.u', brilows its name upon
tlie Ihire, and gave the title ot earl to a branch of the
noble lainily ol Douglas, which title was extinguilhed
ai the death of the lall earl, a gallant youth, who lofl
Ins hie in the battle of Duuiblaine. The town, though
inconliderable, is a loval borough, and fe.at of a prel-
byiery. The moll llourilhing town of this county is
Dunilee antiently callul Alutum and Taodunum, the
birthplace of the hiliorian Heftor Boethius. Ii is
fiuiated It the loot ot a hil!, on the north fule of the
Tay, not (ar irom that river's inllux into tlie ocean.
Diuidee i« a royal borough, and Icat ol a preibytcry,
handloniely built, aiul inUrior to lew towns in Scotland,
in lliengtli, (ituation ami commerce.
Clackmaman, a very Imall county, is fertile, but
contain, only one place ot note, viz. Aloa, on the I ertli
or Frith, a lea-p.nt (>f tolerable trade.
I'^iFi-sHiiu., a ]Kninlula, between the I'orih of Firth,
and the Tay, is i ileiubly lei;ile. The priiKi[)al place
IS Coupar ot Fite, the county (own, (isuaicd on the
river E leii; but the moll teiebiatcd jilace is the city
of St. Andrc.v's. Hither the bones ot Si. Andrew are
i;iid to have been brought from Pairas, a town i)f Pe-
lopiinnelus, in the tourtli century, by Regulus, a (Jre-
tiaii mo:,ik, renowned for his piety and learning. St.
Aiidrov's WLis alio the principal ieat ol the Culdees,
who directed all liicied inlliiiuii ns from the lirll con-
vcrlion of the I'icis to Chullianin , and has always been
(anion- tor its univerlity.
The illand of M.iy, about a mile and a half in cir-
cumference, lies (even miles (Vom the coall ol life,
almoll ojipolitc to the rock of Hals. It tormerlv be-
longed to the (iiiory of Piltenwtcin, and wasdeJic.ittd
No. 85
I 1
to St. Adrian, fuppofed lohave been martyred in this
place by the Danes; anil hither, in times of Popilh
lupei Union, barren women ulul to come and worlhip
at his flnine, in hopes of bein;; cured of their (leri-
lity. FLre are a tower and ligiit lioul'e, built by a Mr.
Cunningham, to whom king Chades I. granted the
illand in lee, with power to exaci two p. nee per ton
from every (hip that palle.., for the maintenance of the
light-houle.
SriRLiNGSHiRK isa plcalani fertile county, filuaicd
to the fouih of Perthlhirc.
Stirling, the capital of the county, which derives its
name from Stcr, a Saxon word, lignilying Itiil, and Lin
water, was anciently called I}inol)ara, ot the fame lig-
niticaiionin the Scottilli language. The town Hands
about ;o miles from Edinbuigh," on the ilefeent of a
lill, the top of which is crowned with a llately old
calllc, of whiih the earls of Mar were formerly here-
ditary callellans, kei)t in repair, and garril'on d bv tic
government. The town isenclofed with a wall, except
towards the north, where the part of a tolle is l'up])licd
by the rivcr Forth, over wliich tlic inhabitants have
built a Hone biidge, coniilling (jf lour llately arches,
and feciired with an iron gate.
Dumbartonshire, to the north of the Firth of
Clyde, is a barren county. The lake called Loch-
lomond is a great curiolity, being Inpplied b) fubter-
raneous fprings and rivulets, lurrouiided with huge
mountains, extending 25 miles in length, and in tome
places five miles in breadth, incrediidy deep in every
part, inteifpcrled with 24 verdant illes, fome of which
are (locked with red deer, and inhabited.
Dumbarton, the county town, which beflows itsname
u])on the (liirc, is a fmall inconfiderable royal borough,
liiuate\l near the conllux of the Clyde and Lcven; and
at prefent remarkable for nothing but its caftle, which
is verv large, and formed on a very fingular conilrue-
tion. It is a lleep rock, nfing up into two points,
and every where inacceffible. except by a very narrow
pad'age or entry, firtiried with a ftiong wall and
rampart. Within this wall is the guard-houfe, with
lodgings for the oliicers: and from hence a long
(light ol Hone llcps alcends to the upper part of tlie
callLe, where there are leveral b.itleries mounted with
cannon.
R EN frewsh ire, call of Dumbartonthire, from which
it is ieparated by the river Clyde, is tolerably fer-
tile, and hath many opulent inhaliitant-. The princi-
pal town is Rentiew, an inconhderable place, which
yields greatly in point of importance to the village of
i'ailley.
Lanerk shire, to thcfouth-weftof Edlnburghfliire,
is divided into two dillricls, vi/,. the (hire ot Lanerk,
and the barony of Ulal'gow. The foil is diverliticd,
being in fome places barren, and in others fertile. The
principal place is the large, elegant and populous city
of Cjlafgow. It flands on the del'cent of an eminence,
near the Clyde, over which it has a handlome (lone
bridge of (even arches. Ihellieets are regular and
well paved, the houles lofty and built of llone, the
churches elegant, and the univcrliiy a noble and beauti-
ful foundation. 'I"he iieople arc indiiilrious and carry
on great commerce; and the whole place has the appear-
ance ot ojiulence.
LiNLiiGHuowsHiRE, a fm.dl county to the fouth of
Stirlingd.iie, is verv plealant, .and tolerably tertile.
Linlithgow, the chief town, is a neat place, the feat of
a prelbxterv, and a royal borough.
EDiNni'iioHsHiRF, or WEsr Lothian, to the fouth
of the Fortii ot Firth, abounds in minerals, is extremely
fertile, well cultivated, and plealant. The Iheritialty
of this fliire is in the gift of rhe crown, and Edinburgh
is a county o! itfelf. The city, which is the caintal of
Scotland, was formerly the regal relidence. It con-
lills priiuipallv of one llieet, with lanes lunning from
It, the ground riling gradually from Holyrood-houle,
to the Canongate-hc^ad, whish is the luburb ; and from
thence to the c.Ulle, which is the highell part ot the
11 B c")'.
f
n-
916 A NEW, ROYAL Avn AUTIir.NTlC .SY.STKM o> UM VF.RSAL GEOGRAriTV.
'<
-^i:
l><
..I ' H
city. Tlie principal llrcct bctiilc; tliis is call' il Cow-
j;;Uc, and i' on the loutli litl^' d iht- oiIkv; ami from
this fevcral lanes run tip the lull towanls the univcvrny
.nnii Heriot's holpital. The liiv is above a nnle in
length, but no where above hall a mile in bieadth.
The hollies are built of Ihme, lix or h ven llories his'h;
and near the parliament eloic they are 14 llories hi'jh.
The whole is wallcil on cverv fulf but tiie noiih,
where a lake eiicumllribes it. TheealUe i^ remarkably
llron}^. The eoum il-houle anil I'cllinn-houle are con-
Tcnicnt I'abiiis for the purpoles tiir which they are ile-
figneil. The hjiih church, whi.h was the laihc.ira!,
is now diviileil into tour churches; bclidcs wliith there
are I'cvcn other I hurt hc<, and a chapel in the calllc.
The ])alai e calird Molvrood lu^ufe was formerly an
abbev, and is a handloiiie convenient Ibuchnc. This
ci;v is <f',overned by a lord jnovoll, tour baililT, and a
common council.
Lciih, litualfd on the Forth, two miles iicrth of
FJinburgh, is not only the port, Init may, with uil-
liee, be termed the warelioule ot Edinburgh, it is a
flourilhing lundlome town intertccleel by the river
I.eith; overwhich there isa llonebiidge, which cn-
ncjts the two jxms.
HAnDiNGioNSHiRK, to tlic noitli-eafl ot F.d;i,!Miigh-
Ihire, is a very tertile, and well cultivated io'luv.
The ihiretown, liiuated on the river Tvne, over whit h
It has a flone bridge with three arches, is a roval
borough, l^rge, well built, and the Icai ul a prcl-
bytery. r.'
Dunbar, a royal borough, at thejnouth ot the Firth,
is the leaf of a prctbytery. It it a mat tniull town,
luas a good iparkci, a iecure harlioui, aiitl a conlidrr-
able trade.
Berwickshire, adioining to l^ngland, liiuited to
ihe fouth call of Kdinb\irghlliire, is a rough, moorilli
count\', irregularlv diverlilied with woods and vallic-.
Berwick town being now anncxeil to England, the
principal Scotch town oi thi» county is Dun^, a'large
populous barony in the center ot the ihiic, being
the teat of a prctbytery, and having a calllc for its
dclenLe.
AiRESHiRE, to the ea(\ of the Firth of Clyile, is a
level, pleat'ant, and tolerable tertile county. Aire,
the coiiiny town, is an aneient royal borough, commo-
dioufly lituated for trade, and eoinpol'cd ot the Old and
new Towii^. wliii-h are joined together by a bridge of
tour arch's.
TwEEnALEsHiRE, orPEfi.Es, fituatcd to the fouth
ofF'.dinburghlhiri-, produces tome grain, i- particularly
fertile in palhirage, well watirtd with rivers antl con-
tains tcvcral lakes. The only town worthr of notice i--
I'cbles, a linall plealant place on the Tweed, over
whiih it has a lloiu bridge ot tive arches
RoxcuRCH^iiiR L, or TivioriiAi.E, tothelbuthof
Berwickfhire, n, though rather barren, a well inhabit-
ed county. Roxborough, the county town, was tor-
imrly a Ifiurilhing place, but is iu)w greatlv reduced,
bv reafon that its royalty was leniovcil to J.dlnjl^h,
htiiated at the confluence iit the Ti i\ and Ted.
Selkirkshire, to the welt ot Kovbnrghlliire, is a
liil'v country, but vielus gooti palb.ire, and abounds
in cattle. 'Iht whicf tov\n i^ Selkiik, a royal borough,
on thi. Llirick, laniou.-, ior its mamilaciure ofbooisand
Ihoes.
Di MFRiFSSHiRE, to lie touth-wffl of Selkirkfliiif,
is a hilly co'intv, but produces latih in abundance.
Annan, a lu- .1 b Tough and lea-)H)rt, was once the
ihief town, biit having gone to decay, Dumfries is at
preleiit tobe loiifidcied as luih. This town, which
iTiay be llilal il,e capital of the louth-wrll pan of
Scotland, i a lai ge If inlliing royal lioroiigh, hiuat: d
ai th; mouth oi the Nid, at the ihllaiu e oi 64 miles
fr:iin {■.dinln'.rgh. Tlie h lute^ are w;ll built and com-
modiou'., the lireets arc open and l"|iaciuus. The
town i". .adorned with an old witlle in tolerable repair,
four gates, a I'lately chun h, an cxclian;',cfor the mer-
chants, a tolboJth, a lar^^c iiiuikei-placc withutuii-
I ous erols and ,1 noble liridge of free-ftone over the
liver, conlilling of 1 ; large arches, with agate in ili-
middle, as a boundary beiweu) the lliirc of Duintrie;,
and llu- flcwartry of (iailowiy. Dumtrie< gives \W
title of earl to the thief of the family of Cri, h-
ton, is the feat of a pielbytery and provincial fyno I,
and carries on a < onliderable Ihari of comnuicr.
Wic! lowN-iiiRF., toihe louth of .•Mivlliiie, abouniK
in cattle, horles, Jvc. The i apital ot ih • thiie {■-. Wig-
town, wlmh bellows the lille of earl upon the chief of
ihe Flemings, it is a roval borough, wlure ;lie Ihe-
iitJ'hold. Ins court, and the feat of a pielbMerv, iilu-
aicd near the mouth of a river, in a bay of the I'.wuc
name, 1 i miles in breadth, at the dillance 01 Sfi iiu'.s
from Edinburgh, it Ins the advantige of a tolerable
harbour and is \vc!l lituaied for trade; but diis i? eti-
iiiclv iv.gL\red, and the toA'n is very poor, and ihiiily
inh.. filed.
Tho lengdi and breadtii of the counties of North
Britain may b.- known by infpccting the follow intj
table.
C.'iir,:,ci.
L ..
H.k.l
I C, ,.:...
Ln,,-.
li '■'
Caithnefs
.i5
20
Fifelbirt
40
17
Sutheiland
Sj
40
StirliiH-lhirc
zo
12
Rol's
80
7^'
Dunibarionlliirc
24
20
Inverneis
60
.S.T
Itenlreulliire
' ^
Nairn
iO
14
l.anerklhii.'
40
^4
Ele'n
■i4
JO
Linleigluiowlliire
14
1,;
Aij 'elli-rc
yo
70
I'.dinburgl.lliii-e
2;
1 n
IVni.lhiie
7='
(10
illaddingtonlhirc
20
1 2
BamtlMlure
3-
13
jlkrwi. kill ire
24
if.
Alierdicnlliiie
i^
3"
j A ire (hi- e
64
,6
Mearns
.'O
jlwc.da'.nilre
*,1
tS
Forfirlhire
29
16
.Roxlniighlliirc
;o
15
Clackiiiainan
8
T
jS.lkitkliur-
■0
12
i
jDnmlrie ihire
.-0
.H
1
iVVij'.rou nihil '
•1-
? ;
Sr.CTh')N VI 1.
Antiquities, (jfr. ef Great Britain.
THE moll cclehratul antiquity in fjirat Britr.in is
the famous Diu'd temple, about lix miles fr'Mn
Salilburv, called Stonehengr, whi.h conlills of tw.) eli-
des and two ovais, rel[K6ti\ily ci'iicentru'. 1 he
tlones th.it compile it arc really llii[>eni!ous; their
height, breadth, and ihicknels are cnoimous; and to
lee fo man\ of them plarcd together in a nice and cri-
tical figure with e\acbiels: to confuler, as it were,
ni't a pillar ol one Hone, hut a whole wall, a tide and
end, ol a temple, of one Oone; to view them curi-
oully creates lech an allonilbment in ihe mind as woids
cannot exprefs.
N ar this amazing work of antiquity arc a great
niimli«r of elevations, lomctliing relembling ihc toriii
of a bell, called barrows or baviows. Thcle are le-
])ulcliral tumuli, wheriin the antie.it iiriton-^ de])'i|ited
the aflics ot their dead, and railed n ir.emory ol lol-
diers ll.u" tlurc.
Monuments of the fame kind as tliat ol Suniehcnge
arc to be mil wiih in many parts ot Engl.ind as well
as in Scotland.
The Rom in antiquities in (irent Britain conlifi of al-
tar^, moiiuniental mil iiptioii , wall', and military way^,
ihe piiiii ip:i| ol ihc liiicr being one licit beftau at
Du\er, .iiid pallid ih;..u;di llie wliof' ii'laiid 10 Cardi-
gan ill \\ .lie . The chief Roman w.dl IS that called
tfii w.illoi tieveiiis, or I'liis w.ill, wliiili runs through
Ncilhuini eil.intl and Cumberland, beginnii)<' at Titi-
mouth and i-iulnig .it Sulway I'U'h, Liciiig about ^o
miles in leiu'th. 'ihe Sixun antiquitiei i onlill of
(Irong fiirtnllei, and ecthlialliLal cdilices. 1 !.•.- i)a-
niili 4ie hardly dikcriuble troni the Sayon; and the
Aii'lo-
of frce-flonc over ilu'
clus, with a gate in ih-
II the Ihirc oi DiiinlVii.-;,
V. Diimtrii'-; giw's iIk'
tlic f.iinily (if C'ri>li-
V and iMovincial fyim I,
iri tit comii\i Tcr.
ill ot Aii\(liiiv, ahniinds
I'lialot ill.' ihiie is Wia-
t(arl iipmi tin- clm-t'ut
lonni^^h, wiuie ;lii' llu--
ut ot a prcibv lerv, iiiu-
-T, ill a h.iy nf ih,- hnw
the ili(l,iiu-t oiSS mil. s
avlvant igc of a tolciablj
r trade-, hut tliis is cn-
is very p Mir, and iliinly
EUROPF..]
EUROPLAN ISLANDS.
9^7
till.' conntii-s (if North
ilpcciiiig the tolloAiiuj
L . :.,..
L. -, .
11. ■'
■Ill IX
li mill ire
40
20
'7
11
iiihanoiilliire
24
iO
ilnulliiie
Kikniiiv
ik'i^lip.owniirc
10
4"
14
1 ;
inlMiri;!. Ihirc
2 i
1 n
ddi.'ijjto'-iirirt
vvp 'klliir.-
cllirc
■(.-.daMliirj
20
^4
'-4
1 ;
xliiii|ihli)iic
kirkllur;'
'0
■0
15
1 1
mine lliire
.-0
U
<\U)\\ nihil •
4
?.;
S' Vil.
Grail Bntc.iii.
iqtiity in Ciirat Britr.in is
lie, ahiHit lix miics fr'Mn
which conlilU of iw.i cir-
rti\ily oi^ncentiii.'. 1 ho
rtallv liiiiH.-ndous; thiir
•l< arc cnoiiiunis; and to
igttfier Ml a niic and cri-
to (onlidcr, ;'5 it were,
a whoK' «.ill, a lide- an J
le; I" view tlicni ciui-
nent in the mind as woids
ol antiiiuity arc a great
ling releinl'linii die torin
liarr'>ws. Tlicle are le-
an tie.it iiriton-i dep' 'litcd
railed n r.:enu)ry ol lol-
n<l as that ol Stonelicnge
parts ot Engl.md as '.veil
f irr.at Biiiar.i ennlili oi al-
, \\M- ,and niihtaiy ways
■inn, one ih.it liefran at
he whole ifland 10 Cardi-
<onian wall is that called
wall, whiih runs thnnigli
rland, beginnii)"; at 'I'ln-
)' 1-n'li, l.ieiiig alioiit ;:o
m ainiqnitie, ( (inlill of
llkal ei-hli(i'>. '11.- 1 h-
roiu itie Saxon; and tlie
An^ly-
Anglo-Norman leiiiaiiis exhibit ni.bic I'pecimens of
Ciothic aiehite>.Une.
SECTION Vlll.
CaNcisF, V11.W "/ the llisr )RY of CiRHAT Britain.
THIS iflmd w^ originally named Alliioii, from its
white elill ; afterward-. Britai:i tr.ini its painted
inh.ibitant'.. The loutli.rn prats received the name
ol K;v.;land tiom t'le A^ifjo-Saxon^i and the whole,
alitr the iinioa witii Scotland, was lerineil (ireat
Britain.
I'll.' anti. nt i'lriioii; wore known to the Phirnieians '
and (lull , wlo traded witli tlicni, till ti.e fertility of '.
the coiinir^. , ami richntls of the mines, in.''ic^d the '
Romans to invade the id.md under juhu- (, .elar. The
Ronlan^ hiiving eoiuiuereil it leiaiiieel the greaiill pait ,
iiiidi r !evei,-,i fuccellive emperor'-; biit tiie eir.pire it-
lell at Iciii^th l)es.',inainij; to decline, the Roman forces .
Were ilrawn irom Briton to defend iialv from the in- '
mrlions of the noulurn harhariaii'^. The Britons, iiii-
protcrted by the Romans, lieine, ineapai.L' if defend- >
iiig themfelves tiom the Scots and I'lct , tailed in the
Saxons ti tlieir anidaiicc. Tliel'e lliaiv',ers, having '
deteated the Iocs of the Bri'ons, became themfelves i
their gieatefl enemies, drove them up into ih,.' moiin- !
tains ot Wales, pollellal ihemlelves of the molf fertile '
p.irts ot the ( ountrx, and divided it into leven king- |
doms. called, the \ le|)iari hy. Englaiul was atterwards i
invaded and coni|ueied liy the Danes, who kept it a few j
years, when it returned again beneath the Saxon go-
vcinment, and fo remained till it was invaded and con-
ijuered bv William, duke of Normandy, wl'.o after-
v.ards leignul b\ ihe title ot
Willi, im I. commonly callal the Con(|ucror. This
luccelsful prince was a (.lefccnd.int of Canute the Dane,
born 1027; paid a vilit to E.Kvard the Confetfor, in
England, 1051; betrothed his daughter to Harold II.
105S; maiie a claim of the crown of England, 1006;
invaded England, landing at Peeenfey, inSuli'ex, the
(aine year; defeated the Englilh troops at Mailings, on
Odobcr 14, io06, when Harolil was flam, and Wil-
liam afl'iimtd the title ol Conqiieioi. 1 le wis crowned
at Wellminller, December 29, 106(1; iinaded Scot-
land. 1072; lubverted the Englilh conlliiuiion, 1074;
rcfuled to iWear fealty to the Pope for the crov. n of
England; wounded by his fon, Robert, at (ierbcrot,
111 Normandv, lo-g; invaded France, 10S6; loon
alter fell tiom his liorfe, and contraiicd a rupture;
died. 11 Hermeiurude, nearRouen,ni Normandy, 1087;
was buried at Caen, and luce ceded in Normandy by
his eldelf Ion, Robert, .ind in England, iiy his fe-
coiid Ion
William II. born in 1057; crowned at Wcftmin-
Her, Se[itembcr 27, 1087; invaded Normandy with
fuccelV, 10901 killed by accident, as he was hunting
in the New Forell, by Sir W.alter Tyrrel, Augull 1 too,
I 1 ■ 1 . » 1 r- 1/1 I i' _ _ I I 1. .
MaiiJe, d.air'Jilcr of Menry I. born iioi; married
to Henry IV. emperor of Germany, 1109; had the
Englilh nobility fwe.ar lialty • her, 1126; buried her
hiilband 1127; married J.Hcry I'latiiagcnet, earl of
Amou, ii;o; let alide (i-Mm the Englilh furcelfion,
by Stephen, 1155; landed in England, and i fumed
her righl to the crown, September, 1131); cro'.viied,
but loon after defeated at Wincheller, 11 41; cliap d
to filoikeller on a bier; IKd Irom a window olOv-
toiil-cilUc, fiyarope, in the winter of 1142; retired
to France n^j; returned to England, and ccnchided
a pence with Stephen, 1153; •""■1 ^li''*-! •tbroad, Sep-
tember 10,
[.67
"^ ; " ; ' ■ - -o
, buiied at Wincheller, and lucceedid
aged 43 ; \vas
his brother
Henry 1. furnamed Beauilerc, born in" io6,S;
cro'.vned, Augull 5, iioo; manied M.uilda, daughter
"f Maliolm, king of Scots, Novemiier 11 lollowing;
made peace \s:th liis brother, Robert, iioi; invaded
Normandy, 11051 attacked by Robert, whom he de-
feated, and took prifoner, 1 107, and lent to F.ngland;
NIaude to the em|)cior of Ger-
Le A is of I'lance, 1 1 1
I) trothcd his daii;j,liter
many, iio(;; i h.illengcd by I-^cais _.
his eldell \o\\, and iwo others ot his ihiKlien, Ihip-
wiccked and loll, with 180 of his nobility, in coming
Irom Normandy, 1120; in (piic! polLilion of N'oi-
luandy, Ii2cn furfeited himfell with eating lampreys
at Lyons, near Rnun, in Normandy, and died De-
cemb'er 1, ii;5, aged oS. lbs ludy was brought
over to England, and buried at Reading. Ho\»as
fucceeded by his nephew, Stephen, third Ion ot his
tiller Adel.i, by the carl of Blois. He was greatly in-
leirupleu in the principal part ot hi-- icij;,n by
Stephen was born 1 105; crowned Decemlier 2, 1 1 ^ ;;
taken piiton.ral Lincoln, by tiie carl of Glouccller,
Muidc's half brother, February, 1141, and put in
irons at Bnllol, but releafed in exchan;ie for the earl of
(jloiiceiler, taken at Wincheller; made peace widi
Flenry, Maude's Ion, 1 133; died of tlio piles, October
23, 1 154, aged 30; was buiicd at F' filhatn, and
lucceeded by Flenry, Ion ol Muide. Matilda, Ste-
phen's (lueeii, was frowned on Eailer-day, ii^i;
diedM,y3, 1151, at IF nningham-caflle, Elfex, and
was buiied in a monallery at I V vulliaiii.
Henry II. lurnameil I'i.Uitagenet, grantilon of Heniy
1. born in 1133, b.gmhi ri i;i;n m 1134; arrived in
iMipJand December o, and was, -.vitli hi- queen, F.le- •
■ anor, crovMied at Lond"i:, the 19th of the fame month ;
crowned at Lincoln, 11511; again at Woreelter, ii;o;
: quelled the rebellion at \lainc, iiO'i; hail hi- 1 11
; Henry crowned king of f^agland, 11,0; invaded Ire-
lanii, and coiupKred it, 117'; inipril'ined hi. queen
■ on account ol Rolamond, his loneubine, T17;; did
: penance at Beckei's iijmb, Julv S, 1174; took the
king ot Scotl.md prilimer, and obliged him ro give up
the independency of his crown, 1173; n:i.med his ton
John, king oi Ireland, ii7('i had, the lan.e \ear, a:i
amour, with Alice, of France, the intended pnni.ef- ol
his Ion Richard, 1181; loll his ekiell Ion, Flenrv, June
It, 11X3; his fon Richard rebelled, ii.Sj; had his
Ion jetl'erv trodden under loot, and killed, at a tourna-
ment at Paris, 1186; made a convention with Philip,
ol France, to go to the h^ly war, luSS; died with
grief :it the altar, culling his Ions, julv '1, ii8(), aged
01 ; was buried at foiueveraiid, in F'rance, and liic-
icetled by his Ion Richard. Eleanor, queen to king
! Henry II. died, 1204.
1 Rkliard 1. lurnamed Ccciir de Lion, was born ai
I Oxiord, 1157; I'l'owiic.l at London, Septembi*i 3,
: 11S9; let out on the irufade, and ioinetl Philip of
, Fiance on the plains of Ve/.el.iv, June 29, ikio; took
; Mofllna the latter e id of the year; married Berengcra,
1 daughti r of the king of Navane, Ma\- li, 1 191 ; de-
feated the Cvpriaiis, 1 191 ; taken priloner ntar Vienna,
; on his return home, bv the duke ot Aullria, l)ecem-
I ber 20, 1 192 ; ranfomed lor 40,0001. and let at liberty
I I 103; returned to England March 20 following f
wounded with an arrow at Ciialuz, near Limoge?, in
■ Normandy, and diecl, Apiil6, ii()9; w:is buried at
Fonuvcrand, and fuecee(.le'l by his brothe.-
John, tlic youngell Ion of Henry II. born at Oxford,
December 24, 11(16; wa- crovcned, Mav 27, iioo;
divorced his wife Avila, and married llabeila, daughter
. of the Count ol An;>oleline ; went to Paris, 1200 ; be-
j fieged the callL^ ot Mir.ibel, .ind look his nephew, Ar-
' thur, priloiur, Au;;ult 1, 1202, whom he murdered 1
I the lame year he was exix-lled the F'lench provinces,
* and re-crouncd in I'aigland ; iiiipiilone.d liis qce. n,
and banilhed all the clergy in his di'minions, 1 oS ;
uas excommunicatnl, i.'.oj; land, d in In land, Jiiiie
' iS, 1210; I'uiiendeied his cro^vii 10 P.uidoll ih I'oot'.s
legate, M.^.y 25, 1213; alfolved, July 20 loll uing ;
obhged, by his barons, to eonlirm M.igna Cliaiia, 1215;
loll his tiealure anil luggage in palling the mailhes
; of Lynn, 121(1; died at Newark, Oeiobcr iS, 1216;
I w.is buried at \Voi\eller, and fucceeded by hi- Ion
i 1 leiiry 111. born October 1, 1207 ; crowned ai Giou.
I ccller, daobci 28, 1216 ; received homage frcm Alex.
' ander.
9-1
A NIAV, ROYAL and Al'TIIF-NTIC SYSTF.M or VNIVF.RSAL riror.RAI'HY.
J Mil
anilcr, cf Scotl.nci, ai Northampton, 1218-, iiowir<1
ap,ain at Welhniiiiur, attii Cliiillmas, 1219) manicil
Klcanor, daughter <>t lUc Count ot Provciui-, | nu.iry
14, i2;(i; pliilsiiil lii^ iTowiiaml icwd-. lor inoiii.\,
ulun lie ni;iiiit\'. la^ il.Uic;htcr Maigarit to iln.- kingil
Scots, 1242; o'hli^nl, l^v his nobles to rtlign the
power ot a luvi-rcgn, :uul Itll Nonri:intly ami Anjou to
the French, 125S; lliiit hinilelf up in the Ti)wcr of
Lomlon lor tear ot hi'' nobles 1161; taken prilbncr at
Lcwi."', Mav 14, iz^>4; woinuiul at the batiK- of
ICvdliani, 126-,-, dieil at St. l'',>.lnuiniin)ury, in Siillblk,
November 16, 1272; and wa.-' lueceedtil by ]u^ Ion
IMw.uii.
MIeanor, I Uniy Hi's ijucen, died m a iiumalU'ry at
Ambcrlbury, tthei.- ih. h..d lelirtd, about ii')2.
Edward 1. born Jane 16, 1234: matried klcanor,
prineel^ ot Callile, ii;;i Ruccded to tiie crown, jl
N<«vcmb(.i tb, 1:72; wounded in .1 he Holy Lantl '.\
With a poifoned d.u;<j;i:-, rceovcrtd, ;u;d laniied in ij
England, July i;, 1274; crowned at Wellniiiiller,
Augull 19 foil >«inp,\vith hii qoon; went to Irance,
and ilid homagi to the l-reneh king, 1279; reduced
the Welch princes, 12821 Hlean.ir, his ijuien, died
ot a fever, 0:1 her journey to Scotland, at I lorneby,
in I^meolnfliire, 1296, and was conveyed to Wellniin-
fter (when elegant llone crofll-- were erected at each
place wheie the coijile rctlcil'); married Mari:aiet,
filler to the kinu, of t'ranec, Sejitenilier 12, i.'99;
conquered ScoiLuul, iigq, and brought to England
tluir coronation chair, Sti. died ot a flux at Bureh
upon the Sand-, in CunUicrland, July 7, 1^07; was
buried at Wellininiler; and, on May 2 >774, Ionic
.■mtiiiuarians, by content of the chapter, examined
his tomb, when they tound his corjile unionlumed,
though burled 466 years. Me was luccei.ded by iiis
41I1 ion,
Edward II. born at Caernarvon, in Wales, April
d/;, 1284. He wa=' the tirll king of England'- eldell
ton that had the title of i'rince of Wiles, which he
received in i ;oo. He alccnded the throne Juh- 7,
1^07; married (label, daughter of the I'Veiicii king,
i;c8; obliii'.d, by the baroii'-, to invcll the govern-
ment of the kingdim in 21 pcrlons, Man.li 16, ijio;
went on a pilgrimage to Boulogne, Ueccmber 1;, 131;;
dcelarcd his queen and all her adher. nts enemies to
the kingdom, 1325; deihroned, January 1;, 1^27;
vva- f'lcceeded by iiiseklelt Ion, Edward III. and mur-
•lered at Berkcly-catUe, September 2 1 following. He
wa-' buried at Ciloutclier.
Ed.vard 111. wa^ b )rn at Windfor, Novemlxr 15,
1312; luccecdeil to the crown, Juuiary 10, i;27;
(fowncdat WellmintUr, leliruai V i tollowing: married
Philippa, daughter of the earl ot llainault, January 24,
1327; claimed the crown mI li.mcc, i;.'9; confinecl
hi) inothir llabcl and cauled her ti.vourue Mortimer to
be hanged, November 2y, 1330; defeated the Scots at
H.iliilown, 1333; invatled I'rance, and pawned his
crown and jewels for 50,000 llorins, 134c; quartered
the arms of England and I'lance, 1341; made thetirll
dilunc^tion between lords and commons, 1342 ; defeatul
the I'lench ai Creliy, when 30,000 were llain, ammg
whom v\. IS the king of Bohemia, 134^1. The (jucen
teiok the king of Stoll.ind priloner, and 20,000 Siots
(lain, the fame yeai. Calab befieged and taken, Au-
gull 16, 1347; aiid St. Stephen's chapel, now the
hviule of Commons built, 1347. The order of the
(iarier iialituieJ, 1349 ; the Fiench defeated at I'oiiii-
crs; their king and prince taken and the king of Na-
varre imiHili ned, 1356; the king ol Sciilaiul laiuomed
for ioo,oool. 13' ■; in wlueh year Ivlwaid loll his
eidefl. ton, Edward the Black I'rince, of a lonfump-
tion. The king ot fraiice ranfonvd tor 307,00^!.
1359. I'our king,e;iiertainedat the IorI mayor's feall,
vi/, England, I'rance, Siotland, and Cyprus 1364.
Philippa, his queen, died at Wmdlor, /^jgufl 16,
13^9, and vvas buried .at Wellmmllei. Fdvvaid dicil
at Richmond, Jirie :>i, 1377, and wa f'lc. ceded b)
lii^ 'jraiidlon, Ri I aid 1. Ion to
Edwaid the Black I'rince. who was born Jiiao 15,
1530; tieated duke of Cornwall, 1337; the lirll m
Englind that borctlie titleut cluke; created piinceol
Wales, 1344; brought the kingot Trance iiritonei to
Englaiul, troin the battle of I'ok'tiers, Seplimbir li),
1350J went to Callile, I3(i7i died of .1 conlumption,
June S, 137'^', and was buried at Canleil'Uiy.
John ot Ciaunt, duke of Eaniallcr, fi'iirth Ion of
Edward 111. w.is born 1340; married Blanch, dauL-hter
of ihe duke ot Lancaller, i3i;9; by whom he became
pollelled ol that dukedom and title : Ihe died i;(hi;
and, in 137', he m lined the d uigliter ol the king of
Call lie and Leon, and took that title, in 1 V)" he-
married a thinl wile, Catharine Swinlord, from whom
deliended I lenry \II. He died i3c.t); was buried in
St. I'aul's, London; ami was t'ucceedtd by his Ion
Richard II. t)orn at Bourdeaux, January 6, 13^17:
h.ad two royal godfathers, the kings of Navarre ami
Majorca; made guardian of the kingdom, Augull ;o,
1372; created p.iiice of Wales, 137(1; lucceeded his
grandtatl.cr, Edward III June 21, 1377, when not
feveii years old. The rebellion ot Wat Tyler and Jack
Straw, 137S. Man ied Anne, filler to the emperor of
(jernianv, and king ot Bohemia, January 13.S2, who
died without illue, at Sliene, and was burieii in Well-
minftcr-abbey, Au:;ull3,i395. Married IlaiTlla, daugh-
ter to the king of I'laiice, 1396. He was taken priloiur
by Henry, duke of Lancaller, his coulin, and lent to
the Tower, Septem; er i, 1399, religned his 1. rown,
Sejiteinber 21; loUowaig; and was lucceeded by Henry
IV. Richard was muidered in Pomlret-callle, Janu-
ary 14CO, and buried at Lanr.ley, but removed to
Wellminller.
Thomas duke of Gloucefler, uncle to Rich.ard II.
w.is fmotlieied, I'ebruary 2,S, 1397.
Henry IV. duke of Lancaller, grandlon of Ed-
ward III. wai born 13(^7; niariied Mary thr daughter
of the eail of Hcieford, who died I3g4, betore he ob-
tained the crown; fought with the duke ol Norfolk,
1307, and banilhed; returned to England in arms
againit Richard II. who religned his crown; and Henry
was crowned 0:iobcr 1 3, 131)0, wiicn he inlhtuteil
the order of the Bath, and trcatrd -47 knijrjits; con-
fpired againll, January, 1400; defeatetl by the Welch,
14c 2; married a lecond queen, Joan of Navarre, wi-
dow ot the duke of Bretagm, 140; ; who was crowned
with great magi ilicence i • 26th of January follow-
ing, and died in 1437. '" '403 began the rt-bellioii
ot the I'eieic-, and lupprell'ed July tollow'iig. He
died of an apoplexy, in Wellminller, March 20, 1413 ;
was buried at Canterbury, and liuceeded by hi- Urn
Henry V, who was horn in 13SH, and, wlun prince
of W'ale-, was committed to prilon tor atlinnting nne
of the ludges, 1412 ; ciowneil at WellminlUr April 9,
1413; claimed the cr^wn of Eiance, 1414-, gained
the victory of Agincourt, Oe'loier 24, 1413; pleilged
his regalia for 20,cool. to piilh his conquells, 141O.
The eiiqieror Sigilmund paid a vilit to Henry, and was
inlhilled knight ot the Garter, 1416. i-Ieiiry invaded
Nwrmandy wiili an army of i^sfiod m. n, 1417; de-
clnreit regent, am' married Catherine I'f I^Mice, June
3, 1420; who was e rowiied at WellminlUr the i e-
bruary lollowing ; oui-liveil Henry; and wa^ married
.afterwards to Owen Tuder, grandlaiher to Hcniy VII.
Henry died of apkurily, at Rouen, Augiii 31, 1422,
aged 34, was buried at Wellminller, and loeeeeded i)y
Henry VI. who was born at \\ imilor, December 0,
14211 akended the throne, Augull 31, 1422; jno-
claimeil king i.f Trani e ihe limie ye.1i ; uowned al
Wellminiter, November 6, 14:9; crowned al P.iris
neiemberi7, 1430; married to Marg.uet, daughter
ol the duke of Anion, April 1 2, 1445. Jack Cade's
infurrection, 1440. I lenry taken priioiier at St. Al-
ban'-, 1455; Init regained his liberty, i.].;)! ; and de-
poled, M.iieh 5 lolluwing, by his feiiiitli coulin, Ed-
ward IV. lid into Scotland, and taken [ iiloiiei in
Lancaihiie, i4'>3i rillored to his tl.rone, 1470; lakiii
priloner ai;:i;n by lij.vaid, .Apii. 11, 1471- <^.een
Ma'^aict
He
haven,
ami w:
manic
iS, 14
defe;i
14H7
for hi
crown
died
bed,
niinib
Jame
at Rii
at W
Ik
Catli^
tluir,
ceive
liead
and
crow
by
tjuee
Hei
lani
bed,
foiin
Cle\
154'
gull
witi
Cat
die.
J^'
fuce
1
cro
m
|»r,uArnv.
I) wa'- horn Jniio 1^5,
bll. i.?,;7; I'li; lird m
like; trc.itul pMiKf of
};<)( rVancf iirilnnri u\
iLtiiTs, Stptiiiihir ii),
Vlitil (it. I coriruniption,
t C.inltil'Uiy,
|iin:illcr, fourth ("on of
'arriicl liliincli, claii;j,luir
hy wliom he lucanii:
|l titl.-: (Ik- iliul i^'iii;
.l.iuglitLr ol (lie kiiijT <if
lilt title. Ill I ;.)h ho
Swinlorcl, horn uhoni
:d i^i.p; was hciricci in
uciceikil hy liision
ux, JaniKiry (\ 13^,;;
■ k.inji'' ol NavaiTL' ami
kingdom, Aiigiill ^o,
, 13;(>; luci.eeiial his
f 11, i;,77, uhen not
ot W'ai Tyler and jack
filter to the emperor of
iLi, .lanu.irv 1 jS^, who
ii'l u.is i'uiied 111 Well-
M.i: I leil llahclia,(iaut^h-
). I h- was taken priloiur
, hib eouliii, and lent to
^0, relij^ned hr. irown,
vas liictceded iiy Hciirv
n Fomt'ret-calUe, Janu-
iglcy, but removed to
cr, uncle to Richard II.
iller, prandlon of F,d-
rried Mary the daughter
lied i;q4, before lie ob-
th the duke of Norfolk,
ed to l-'nij|aiKi in arms
ed liHerown; anvl Henry
I/O, wiien he inlfltuteil
reatrd 47 k:u;;iit^; ton-
; defeated by the Welch,
n, Joan of Navarre, wi-
140 ^ ; who was crowned
2f)th of jaiuiary tollow-
40; began the rebtllioii
d July lollow'ng. Me
mllcr, Mari.li 20, 141 5 ;
1 liiiceeded by hi^ Ion
I ;SH, and, \\h:n prince
prilon ft))- allronting one
at WclhiiinlUr April 9,
liance, 1414-, gained
oiei 24, 141 ;; pledged
111 his C'MUjuclU, 141 ().
a viiit to Heiiiy, and was
1416. ileniy invaded
2^,fjoo men, 141 7; de-
tliennc of {•Vance, June
It WellniinlUr the" l-'e-
lenry ; and was married
andlathcr to 1 Kniy \'ll.
oiien, Aiigi'it ;i, 1422,
linlltr, and luLieeded by
W indl'or, IJcceniber '),
Aii;.;iirt ;i, 14^2 ; pro.
lame yell ; i towned al
4 19; crowned at Fari^,
1 to Margaret, daughter
2, 1445. Jaek Cade's
iken priioiicr at St. Al-
. liberty, 14')! ; and de-
■ Ins ti.riiitli coulin, l-'.d-
aij(l takiii J iiloiicr in
his tlirone, 1470 ; taken
pill It, 147 I. (i^ieen
Ma'gaict
Ei'Rori:.]
EPROPKAN ISLANDS.
M.itf^aict and her Ion taken prifonets at Tewkfhiiry,
hy I'.dward, May 4. The prince w,\v killed in cold
blond, M.v>- 21 ; and 1 Lnry muid.red in the J'ower,
Jiini- 20 toUiwiiij';, and buried at Clieriley, a'^jd 49.
Hiimpluey, duke of Ciliiu^erti-r, fourth Ion of
Henry 1\', was thangled hy onler of liis nephew,
Henry VI. .ukI buried at St. AhiaiiV, 1147.
Ivlward IV. was l)(iin .it Roue!i, April 2-;, 144-; ;
tlelcended iVo!!! the thiol Ion of F.dw.ird III. elected
kini;, Mar; Ii 5, 14''! ; and, belore his coronation, was
oMii^ed t'l take tlieli.ld, and light llieli.utle of Tow -
ton, wh -n ;?c,7.Si fell, and not one prilljiKr taken but
tic earl i)t I), vonliiiiv, M.'.rch i y, was erowned at
WellminHcr, jtnv 28, 14'! 1 ; fee imhlicly with the
iudgesin \Stltininlter-iiall, 1464; inanietjlady I'.li/.a-
beili Ci'ivy, widow of .Sir |o!'.n (ire^ , ol Groby, M.iy t,
1464, uho was crowned the 26tli lollowing. Edward
was taken prlfoncr by the Iviil ol Warwick, in Yoik-
lliir;-, fr '111 whence he was hrouoiit to London, wiih
hisKps tied under the liirfeN belly, 1467; eliapcil,
.nnd w.is expelled the kingilom, 1470; returned, March
:' ;, 1471, and nlloreil, and caulcd his brother, the
duke ot CI ireiu 1', who had j ined the i arl o: Warw ick,
to lie drowned in a butt of Malinf.y wine, 147!!; died
v\ an a;:uc at Well minllcr, April v. '4''i.?i anil was bu-
r:.d at Windfir. I le was liuecedei' bv his infant Ion,
I'.dward \'. who w:i- biirn Nov.niber 4, 1470; con-
veyed to the To^vei, May I4H,;-, i.lepuled, June 20 fol-
iowinu, and, with the duke of York, his brother, fnio-
ttietcil loon alter hy their uncle, who luceeciled him.
Rithard III. duke of Glouceller, broiherto 1'" Iward
1\'. was born 145; j took prince Edward, Ion (if Hen-
ry \'l. prifiiicr at Tewklbiiry, and lielpcd to iiuirder
him in cold blood, (whofe widow lie afterwards mar-
tiid,) 1471 ; drowned the duke ol Claien.e, his bro-
ther, in a butt of .M.ilmfey wine, 1478; made pio-
tcilor o! l'".n;;land, May 27, 14'!;?; cle:ted king, June
20, and crowned July 6 following; ditto at York,
September 8 ; flain in battle, at RoU\orlh, Augull 22,
148;, aged ;2;wa-. buried at Leiceller, andfuc.eedwd by
Heiiiy \'ll. who w,4' horn 145; j k'.nded at .NMionl-
laven, 14.S; ; defeaied RiJiard ill. in Hofuoith-lijlJ,
I . 1 1 I I ■ (. 1 / » . . T .. . _ M
liavc... .^. ,, -.,
anti wa'el.iied kin;; 14,'; ,; crowne.lOciob r ^v, 148; ;
niariied I'lJi/..il)etli, d.iugliter ol Ivlwaid IV. January
iS, 14.S0, who was crowned ih: Novemlier fullowin.'-.
ilefeaied Lamlurt Simnel, the
Anne
ed tiUL-en Catherine,
..,. „ -., im]iollor, June i(),
• 4X7 ; reieived of the French king, as a coiiijiromife
for his 'Jaim on that cmwii, |S<),25^1. bcfide l:„o:.o
crown' yearly, 1492. I'riiue .Arilnir, his eldell fon,
died .'\|-ril 2, 1 ;g2. fj^iceii Lli/abcth ditd in diikl-
bed, Icl'ruary 11 lollowiii,',, and wa. huri'-d at Wcll-
niinf^T. Me ni.uiied his dau; liter, Margaret, to
James IV. of Scotland, 1.104; died ot .1 conlunijuion,
at Richmond, A[>ril 22, i_ioi;, aged ;i •, w.is buried
at WellminHcr, and fiucecded by his (on
Hcniy VIII. who was born June 28, 1491; married
Catlieiine, Inlantaof S|)ain, witlow ol luslaother Ar-
thur, J.ine J, 15C9 ; crowned Ju:ie 2.1. loll owing; le-
(cived the title ot Uctender of the L:utli, 1521; lliled
head of theeliuich, 15;! ; elivor.cd tjUL-e
and married Anne Bullen, May 2;, 15;.;;
crowned June t, i!;3;. Me was excommunicatvd
by pope r.iul, yXugull 30, i';;5. Catherine, his firll
cpieen, died at Kimbolion, Januaiy 8, 1 ;;(),aged 50.
He put Anne, his fecoiid (.[ueen, to death, and married
Jane S.ymour, M.iy 20, i5;6, who died in cliild-
iied, O.iohcr 12, i;?7. He diliolved the religious
fonnd.itions m England, I5.;9; marrieil Anne ol
Cleves January 6, 1^43; divorced her, Julv 10,
I5.^o ; married Catherine Howard, his tilth wile, A;i-
giill 8 following, and I'cheaded her on Tow.r-hill,
with lady Roehford, I'ebiuary 12, 15421 married
Catherine Par, his lixili wife, July 12, 154;. He
died ol a fever and an ulcerated leg. at Wellminfter,
January 28, 1547; w.is buried at Wiiidfor, and wa'.
(uceeeded by his only (on,
Edwaril VI. who was born Oi'tober 12, i5.;7 i
crowned, Sunday, February 20, 1 .^7 ; died Of a con-
No. 85.
9-9
liimption at Greenwich, July (,, ]r,r,y, was buried at
W.lhnintler, and was (uceeeded, agivetble to his will,
by his coiiiin,
_ |, ■ Jane Gr.iy, borni;;;-, iiroclaimd 'iiieen, Jul" 9,
* IT,,.;; ilepoleil fion aft.r, and lent to the Towi r,
wli,i\ llie, with lord Dudley, her hull) md, and lier lather,
■aeiv 1 elK.ided, lebrii uy 1 2, 1 554, aged 1 7, by order of
Mary, wlio w.is b.m I-ebriruy ir, ifi'i; pio;laiin-
ed, Juiy 19, 155-, and .rowneil O.lober i following i
married I'hilip, of .Spam, Julv 25. i5<;4; died of
a drop!)', N ivember 17, 1.^;;};; wa,i,uiiedat WdU
minlter, and lue.eeded by her half liller,
Eh/.ahetli, wlio w.is boin Seplemh. r 7, i ■;:■<, ; f( nt
prilbner lo the T..w. r, i^f;^ ■ began to r. ign Nov, in-
ber 17, 1558; Clowned at W, rtniinller, janu.iry 15,
1559. M ;ry <.:\ S.ot (led to Engluid, Mav 16, i ;68,
and impriloiud in Tutbury callle, Jai.u.ary iV'p.
Eh/abeih relieved the I'lutellants in the Netherlands
with abi.ut 200,6:': irowns bclitUs lines, i^'^q. a
marriage |)ropoled to the cjueen bv the duke of ;\len-
("on, i;7i, but finally reiectcd, i;;Mi. Iie!:eai!e,i .M.iry
ol .Seo:-, ail''otlKnng!;ay-,;'.llle, in Northatiipti.nlliir,-,
hebruary 8, 1 587, aged 44. Th Sjiuiilii armada dc-
llriyeil, 1580. Tyrone's rebellion in Feland, i ;9l).
Eli'ex, the (jueen'^ t.ivourite, lieiuaded, Fi binary" 2 r;,
i6c2. 'I he iiueendld at Riil.mond, March 24, iCo\;
wa. buried at Wtllminiler, and liK>eedal bv th.e fon
ol .\I.,iy, queen ol S-ott, th n J.imes VI. of Scotland.
James I. was born .at Edinbuigh, June 19, 15 ■6; was
crowned king of ScolianJ,Jiiiy 22, 1 ;o7; married Ann,
princcls of Djnnr'.rk, Augull u, i^S.j; fucceeded to
tlie crown of England, IVlareh 24, it?c3; lirll ftiled
king ot (iivr.t Briiain, !eo4; arrived at L 'ndon, Mav,
7 tolloAing; loilhiseld.lt '.on,H.iiry, priiueot Wale ,
Noveiubir '), 1612, aged 18; married his daugliter,
Elizabeth, to the cleitor Palatine of the Rhine, 1612,
from whom his prelent inajelly, (icorge HI. i-^ delcend-
edi went to Scotland, March 4, 1:17; returned,
September 14, ifH7v loll hi-- queen, March 3, 16194
died of an ague, March 27, 162;; was buri.\l at Weft-
miiiller, and liici ceded by
Ch.nles I, who was born November 19, ifioo; fuc-
ceeded totlie cro'.vn. March 27, 162:;; married Hen-
rieita daughter o! Henry IV. ot France, the lame
vear; ciownei!, F"ei)ruary2, 162'jj 1 rowncd ,it Ed:n-
inirgh, it);3; went to Scoik'.r.d, A'.'gull ii''4i ; re-
turned, November 25 lollowing J went 10 the Ir tile of
Common-, and demanded the live members, January
1641 2; retired to York, M..rcli, i()42; railed lii-i
Hand a id at N'.'ttingham, Augull 25 following; travel-
led in the difguile '.f a ferv.mt, and put liimfelf into
the hands of the Scots, at Nc^'ark, Nl:iy 5, 1^46 ; fold
by tlic Sail-- for .'O3,oo;l. Augull 8 lollowing; feixcd
.1 ' byCol. 1 iec, at H ilnil-.v, June ?, 1 '147 ; eleipcl from
o\v^ol, I n^.,.iL I 1 'lint. V, . (iiii.-., , i-'-l-/,*-'*-! --'"■'>»•
l-Iami.tonCourt, and letieattd to th.e HI ■ of Wight,
July 29, 1(148; clofe contineil in Hu.ll cafll.', De-
leiiiber 1 lollowing; removed to Windior-iallle, De
cember 2;, to Si. James's houl'e, January 19, 1O.19;
brought t-i trial the next day ; condemned the 27th ;
behculed .at Whitci.all the ^itli, .aged 4S; and burie.l
in St. (I.orge's elia|).l, Windl'or. His queen, Hen-
riett.a, died in F'- 'nee, Augull 10, id'-Q.
Oliver Ciomwell was bmnat Huntingdon, April 2;,
1 i;9(i ; cholen member of parliament for Huntingdon,
ifi2S; male a col 'nel, 1643; went over to Ireland
with his army, Julv, i(<.\(.); returned. May, 16^0;
made Proteiflor for lile, December 12, 1(1;;; was near
beim; killed by falling from a coach-box, CX-lobor,
ed kin'j;,1nit refufeil the title, May 8,
I '154; elected king, but reluled the title, I\l ly b,
I 6":, 7 ;dicd at Whitehall, September 3, 16/iS, and fuc-
ceeded by his fon
Richard Cromwell, who wa? iiroclaimed Piotertor
September 4, i''58; depoled April 2:, i".^<); and died
at Clielluint, in 1 lertfordlliire, July 12, 1712, aged 89.
Charles II. was born Mav ^<). i''>,"o; cfcaped troiu
St. Jam.s's, April 23, 1048 ; landed in .Seotlind, 1650;
crowned at Scone, January 1, i^'^i; defeated at the
battle of Woivellcrj'i'm;' landed at Dover, May 21,
. , c 1660.
A NV.W, UOYAl , ANO AUTIIF.NTIC SWrKM or r.N'lVr.RSAF. r;F.O(,U API lY.
m
9:0
1^6-^ a;ul r>lloii\l to !».!. ilir.'iic; uinviuii, Ainilij,
iti6i; m.iniol Catliciiiu'. lat.mu ot l\)r!ut!,.\l, Miv
;i, K'i'j; .uul .Ktci'tc.l iliL- >.r.\ trtwliiii, D.'ccml'cr
18, iCi~4; dial, Filini.iiy 0, 16S5, ai'cil 54, <it ,ui
ai)"pl.'\\ ; w.ii. iv.iricvl :ii \\^li:»iiilli.'r, aiul liii\fci,lal
I'V Ins hrothir J.inus. Citliciinc, his iiu.fii, ilii.i.l
DckCmh. r :i. no^.
I.V1K-- II. w.i^lviriiCK-'iobiT 1;, 16; ;; ni.iiiic\l Anne
Hull', September 11160, who il;al lOyi ; in.irrKi! ihc
pruKvi'siii M.Klcn.i, November 21. i('",{; Uuiccilal
to i!ic throne, IMiiuary d, idS;. Monmouth, natural
loll t ' C"ii.iili.b 11. l.v.ukJ in r,n(;iaiul. junei 1, iftS^;
[irotlaniial kiiii; .U Tauiitoii, in SiiiH-ihtlhiii , juno i"
1. Mowing; ilvlcAted, near li; ;ilj,ew.'.tcr, July 5-, be-
hcuiul on To'.vcr hill, July .; loll.'wino, a.^.il ;,,;.
J \me-'s iiu.cn h.ul a Ion born June ic, i6^;!); (led
iVom his palace, necenil)er 12, 16.SS; was lei/Adr.uin
atkr.at l-.Ai-ithani, and broup,ht ba. k to Whitcli.ill;
kti E'lidand, l>eceni!).r 2:, t'ollnving; U.ukd at
Ki!il':ile,inlrcl..nd,Mai^!i 1 :, 16S9; raurncdto I'lance,
Ju!v, 1690; dud at S:. ( i.Tinaiii's, .Augutl (', 1701.
Wilhaiii 111. jnince d Oiani^e, wa- born N iwiiibLr
4, idjo: created Siadili, Lkr, July :, i(';:; married
the prmcels Mary, ot l'',n:l,nd, Noveiiil er 4, 16;;;
lanili'd at Torbay, in Englanl, with an army, N^wni-
ber 4, 16SS; crowned, with iiis ipiien, .-Xpiil 11,
16S9; landed at Carrie ktergii-, June 14, 1690. and
deteateti Jam.'- II. at the battK- I'l Hoyiie, July 1 loi-
liwmt;; pi' t l.ud to. .illaliinatui:; him, l-Viiruary, \6i/>;
tell tiom his horl'c, and i'lcki.' Ins toil.-.r-lionc, I'l-bru-
arv 21, I 7<i2 ; dud .March S, ageil ;i; wa-- Inined
April 1 2 tblliMving, and left his hlUr-in l"v, Anne,
ins lucccli'or to the crown.
Mary, William's (juecn, was b irn April ;o, .•'j6z ;
p.otlaimcd (with hci hu-band; ijueeii resztnt ot '1ns;-
land, |-cbruar\ 1?, l<iS9; diul ot thelmall pox, l)e-
ttml'er2y,i(Mi4,a>;:d,^2,ar.d\',asburieilat\Vcllm:;ilLcr.
Anne was ^ irn i'eb;uir\ '', i()<i^; mau'eil loprinie
GecrgL', ot U, ■.mark, July Zu, |oS;, by whom Ihe
h.ad i_; ihihliin, all o| whom diet! yiun^',. Shccanie to
theirown, March 1,170; ; ir'>wne'l, April .1 ; tollowing,
I'llherl'on, (ieor}!,e, duke ot ( ilouteller. by a tlvc:,
Julv 29, 1 7'?o, a^td I I •, loll iar hulband, who tin- i
..| an allhnii and droply, Ololur 28, 1 ;oS, a^nl ;.■;.
'Ilk- iiue.nilied ol anapopl, \v, Aii^oll 1, 1 ,i4,a.'ed
49; wasbuiiedal Willmnlur; ami Uuicci'kd 1 \
(ioorgi 1. ekci.ir ol 1 I uiovei, dul.c ot IJruiil^Mck-
LiUKiiburp, who was born Mav 2S, itfjo; cie.itnl
duke ot Cambiid^e, i'\c. v)ol.i|)cr j, 1706. 1 h,'
prmcels .Sophia, i,; n. -n, n.oilur ot"'(io'rp,e II. dud
\\.u-n: ;i, I -^ 1 4, a.i^ed 8.}. I le was proi 1 inieil, Anoiul
I, 1714; landut at (;ueiiwi.:i, Scj tcmher i.'^t.illow.
liio ; died in his jouinev tollaiuuer, .11 Oliiibui.',
Siiiid.'.v, June 11, i;;.;, ')t'a [.aialuu dilorder, .u-.eJ
6;, and was lucccfdcl by lii. cldcll l.ip,
(ieori'.e II. who wa- Ivrn Ovtober ;,o, 1 6S ; ; crcatf d
prince ot W.ik-s, CVtobor 4, 1714 ; married the prm-
cels WilhelmitvaCarohnL Doroihea, ol Ui.uRk'iibuij.h-
Ant'paih, 1704; alcend-l the tin. in-, June 11, 1 .;■ ;
loll his iiueen, ot'a niortiliv.ition in her bowel,, N\i-
vcmlvi J', 17J7, aged ;4-, rupprellld a rebellioM,
1745; ^''^'1 l^iddcnly .11 Kcniin^ton, Ocloocr 25, 1 7 a,
a^'^ed 77, and wasl'uccteiie.l iiy his gra:vl;on,C Jeoi j;e I II
I'le.Ierick Lewi--, prmce ot Wales, Ion 1 t'Cieoi^e II.
was born January .:o, 1706; arrived in I'.iii^land, De-
cember 17-9; married Airjulla, princeis of .S.t\e-
(lolha, Ai'nl 27, 17;,^); torbid the court the \ear
t. lloAiiij; ; died, .M.uch .'.0, I75i,ai;ed 44. 1 lis prin-
celsdicil ot a conliimpii'm, l''ebiu;irv M, 1 772, aj7,e<l 5:.
(ieoige III. eldell I'ln ot In-deiu k, la;e jirin-^e ol'
W.iles, ua- born June 4, 17;!); created priiue ot
Wales -.7;! ; Uiccieded Ins gr.indl.ilher, Octobci • ;,
1760; pioelaimed the next day; married Charlotte
Sophia, pnncer-.o; .Mcckleiibiir 'Ji-Strclit/, Septeiulier
8, 17(11, who wa born May n), 1744; and both
w\re crowned, Sepu inbu 22, ;7&i. They have .1
nunurou piogeny.
I R K LAN D.
m:\^l
SKCTION
S:tur.:kii, Pioundarics, Exlen:, Climalc, S'.il. PrcJu.^isns,
Kr.crs, Z,.;<i-j, M'Air.l.uin, Mi-tals, M:nci\:!s, <j\\
Tins illand i t'.tuai.il lictween the 5111 and loth
deg. ot w\ il long, and the 51II and 3'>iiideg.
north lat. li i-- bouiukd on the north by tiie Ducah-
d'^nian.Sea, on the w.ll by the Atlantic, and in the
call and I'lHith by .St. deors^c"-. e!iaiin.-l. It ii aro.it
,:o miles in length, and i , ) in breadth.
The clim.ite of Ireland difi'ers little trom that ot
liniiland, except that it is more moiil, the lealon , in
general, being muth wetter. Tl-.e .lir is clear and
wiioleioine, except in thole parts where- there arc bogs
ar.d lenny <j,rounih : ol tliefe, h'wvever, few iviw re-
main, die greater part having, within thcprefent cen-
tury, been drained, and the ground cultivated. Tlie
loil, in general, i-^ vel•^■ fiiittul both in i .irn and grats,
cipceially the latter; lor which realon they breed a
prodigious numbe' of (lieep .and black cattle. The
jiroductions ot the bog!2,y parts arc variou-. Some
are covered with praf-, Ionic with reed- and rnlhe-^,
and others with liiile Ihrub-, interfperf.-d with water.
S'>me yi. Id abiiiuiance '4 excellent turf; and otiieis,
called Bed Bugs, |iro(hiee laige lir , and other tree-.
The production ot Ireland, with relpeiH t'l animals
and vegetables, are much the fame .as thole ol l^ng-
land. But they have a much greater (piantiiy of game,
inloinuch that hare-, jjheafants, &;e. aie fold in the
public markets.
The whole cijuiitry is well watered with rivcr^ ;
amon; which the moll remarkable are, the Shann'in,
l^irrow, Neor, Suii, B.inn, L.ce, L.iliey and Boyne.
The Shannon is a much larger liver th.'.n any in f'.ng-
I land, but not navigable above 50 mile-. It runs,
I Irom north to louth, upwards of ;oo laiglilli miles,
I and, lil.e all the lell, abounds with great plenty of
. exeellciil liili, p:utie iilaily falmon and pike.
Here are likewife a great nunilvjr of lakes, or, as
they are ulually called, lough-, mam of which pro-
duce larje (]vi -ntities of e:;. client lilli ; and the great
lake, called N.agh, is i."riiaikab'.e tor its peiritying
i]ual;tv. But the bav s, harbours, and creeks, which
every where indent the coalV, form the chief glory of
Ireland, and render that country, beyond any other
in Europe, the fell lilted fur tbreign commerce.
Though Ireland cannot be called a mountanious
cotintrv, \et there are le\eral lofty chain-, a well as
lini'Jc mountains, in the kingdom. Three woids in
I the Itilh l.ingu.-.ge e\|)rel's the ditiisrent degree-, ol ihcir
I elevation, namely. Knock, Slieve, and Bein. The
I lirll ligmties a low kill, uneonnened with any oil-.cr
I eminence. A SlicNc m.irks a craggy high mount un,
I gradually aleending, and continued in leveral ridge-;
and a Hem liynilie-. a pinnacle, or imuiiitain ot the lirll
I magnmule, ending in a lli up or abrupt precipice.
\ .Some of their mountain'; contain in tlieir bowels beds
I ot ruin, mineral, co.ils, cpiairics'ol Hon;, llatear.d
I marble, with \einsot uon, l.-aJ, andcoiipcr.
Siiiie ot the lonils iinHl'.ice excellent timber, par-
tiiularl',- lak; which is elUeme',1 as ,^)od as any o| the
Englilh ;',rowih, and ecpially Lrv.ceable for lliij)-builcl-
ing. The mines A Ireland are l.ae dilcovcries. Some
contaiti
■•laiAPiiY.
I ml y-HiMf,. ShciMiiK' lo
IK-!, April ^;li>llowing,
< ilouttltcr, by X tlvci,
1ki- hiill.,iiul, who liiol
.>Ihi- zH, I 70S, agiil ^.;.
V, Aii^iMl I, I ;i4,;uij,t
r; and runculwil Iv
•(.1, i!ul.c ol IJriiiirwick-
olohei- J, 1706. 111,.
):lKr ot (io'ige II. dml
a:is proil.iuiieJ, Aiiguil
1, -Scittiubfr iX|,)llow.
lliiiDvcr, ai Oiiiilnnv,
1 i .iiahtic ililoalti-, a;',i'J
i.l.lcll U<v.,
IoIkt ;,o, i6S',;crcatf\l
7:4; iliarrici! llu' piin-
JiliLM, ol Ui.uuLiilnii j,l)-
tliion.-, lu;ic II, 1 .;■ i
1)11 ill hit hinvi.! ., N\i-
liippiclivil ,1 rvlicll;,iii,
^toii, Octo'.icr 25, 1; 11,
Ins gM;i>l;.in,(;v-i>i4;i'l 1 1
\\ .iks, toil I t' ( icoi o(_> II.
aiiiVL'i! ill luij^laiKJ, l)t'-
ulla, princci!> of Sa\c'-
bid ihe court the \car
75i.ai:i.'d 44. His priii-
l)ru;\rv S, 1 772, aged 5^.
'n.dciii.;k, laic prince ol
7;;j; created priii.i' (i|'
;randt',iiiu-r, ()ctol"i ■ ;,
day ; iiiaiiied Cliarlolt^-
'Ji-Stiflil/, Sepleiulvi-
y 19, 1744 ; and botli
17&1. Tiuy have a
kal>k' arc, the Shannon,
Lcc', LillVy aikl Boyne.
■r liver tiian any in luig-
)VC 50 iiulc-. It run?,
s of ;oo l'",nglilli miles,
Is with grrat plenty ot
iii.m and piko.
nimilvji- ot' lakes, or, as
^, mam of which pio-
llcnt filli ; and tln' groat
kalilc lor it-; pelrilyiii;_;
our'-, and i leeks uliich
t"rni the chi.l' glory of
itry, Ivyond any otln-r
torei^n coiiiniene.
: tailed a mountainous
lofty chains, a well as
idoni. Three words in
dirt'crent dej;reei ot their
llicve, and B--in. The
)i)ne:U'd with air. oihcr
• '•'■■'c.t'y lnp:h ill' Hint iin,
linucd in le\ eral ridi^e-;
, or inoiiiiiain ot the lirlt
ij> cr abrupt preripice.
am in t)u ir liowels beds
ai ties' ol lloir.-, (liteaiid
;'ad, and coihk i .
e exeellent tiiulx'r, par-
iLil as j;o(id as any ot thi:
IrvxealiK- for lliiji-boiki-
c late dileuveties. Some
(.oiuaiii
^-mr
H.I I
M
1 ■
rCRO'T..]
ru ROPE AN ISLANDS.
ioiit.ti 1 ' T anil UmiI; otiicr- Ciipp-ian'l iron, f^iu-
ri'-i I't t."ii ■ .V : Uiiiii'l III in.iii' |>.iiis, Tlic c aU tint
arcilii" III Kil inii) emit vciy little im .ik ; n i.. mains
a ili'^itti"! i.n:tni wliicli li:i'. nn laliincnt. Tli il'.'
n itilMiiti . •A.ili tliffrr niiv of ilu- air in tii.it |>l;i c,
hv. I'.iVvn i;!, li ill' wtii kiiDwn |irowr|i, *• 'riiai
'• K1I..CI111V .i-.m.iiii^ tiff wiih.Mii Inioak, wai./r wiili-
" out tlaul, and .iir V, iilioni t "j^.*'
SI'.CTIOX 11.
(Iran J Divi/tons of Ireland, rath a Dt'fcripiion c/ each
.. :tfu>u
I.vl'.L.ANI) i> iliviiKil into tour I'rovim-cs, wiii^Ji
vvi' lli.ill ili-krilic ill onit-r.
I 'I .S'llCR, tin- moll nonliciii [iroviiuc ot Irtl uul 1 ,
ill loin,- pan -, mouiii.imou , but, in licncial, IcriiK ,aiul
wi-li ivauTttt. It cont.iins ili • toUowuii; couniic .
'I'lic i.'untyoi DoMcAL l, in ^iCiurai, very iiiiilc,
ail. I ilii; lir tiaranJ wliol' ionK". '1 lie town ot Donegal,
Willi li ^Mv^.■snam^;loit,i^al)oo^lll^■an|lla^.l.•; and t lie only
ihiir; in the whole county worliiy 01 notice is tlu' lait-
w.italake.oi rather arm oft h- iiM.callc.J Lou-h-S.Mlly.
wliieii e.Ktcnils itj inili.s in leii.'tli, ami is abi'Ut live
ni,! •• li;oad at iS m.'iitli. A iliou-.i-id lail iiiii>,ht ride
ih II vM!h Liiety. 'I'lieic are :n uiy villa;.'e^ and (^eiitle-
iiicnS kat-. on iis Iwnk^, hut no town or tratle ot any
c nlei(iieni e.
1 he MHiiiiy of Londonpehu v,orCoLr.RAiN, i- alio
toki '. ;y i-Ttilc, hem.' well uatcivd by tlie river Bann.
l.oiuioiKlcrry, la Deny, the laint d ol the eoiiniy,
and iheKe ol'a bilhop, llaiul^ at rlu bottom ol Lougl'i-
l-'o_< le. It ha- a i^ood port, lo winvh Ihipi ot the ;T-Mt-
tll biirihtn have aeeei-, and a > onilderab'e trade.
It IS Will toititieir, and along tiic bank- ot the
r.vei are liveial ealUe--, and a lort. dre.u c]uantiiics ot
lalinon, l.ilied and barrelled, arc exported Irom hence
Ij loui^n parts.
C "lerain is a handlome walled town, fituated neu the
month ul ihc river Bann; and Ivt'ore tlie buildini; ot
L'l.donderry, gave name to the 1.0'. int)'. 1 1,'rei- a va-
luable l.il'iioii lilheiy.
'Iheiountx ot Antrim c^inlills chielh ol' bo."; a;ul
m.uihe' ; Imt ihol'c ji.iit . which arc enltivatcil are lole-
rai'iy 'ci ;ile.
BlImiI 1. the moil lonliderabk- town in ail ihi. part
ot lieland, hir extent, wealth, .adc, and number ol
inhabitants. The harbour belo^v the t iwn i^ eoinmo-
iliou-, ami ha^ a j;ood depth ol water. A eonlid. table
trad, is carried on irom heiiee i > Sioil.ind, patticnlar-
ly to (ilalg )w.
C'arru kterjjus is a poi)iiloiis town, walud and tbrii-
fied, uiihan e\i client h.u'oour, and licteiided by ;i cal-
tle on a high rock. Merc the alli/.es and iiuarter-tellions
arel'.eld, nut only tor the town, but the county at larj^e.
l:i iliis couni) i one ot the grcatell natural curiolitLs
to 1 e met with in lairope. it is called the Cliani's
Cauleway, and is i.tuated by the lea-liiU, about eight
mile- Iran Co'eiain. It is com poled ot pillars allot
angulai ihapes, tVom three tides to ei;.',iit. The calkin
point, wlikh loin- to a rock, terr.iinaics in a |ierp mii-
culai clitt, formed bv the uprii;hl lides ot' thepilkir-,
fome ot which areiipwanls ot j; feet in height. Eai h
pillar conlitts ot leveral j liiits or llones, K ;ng one upon
another, from lix inches to about a foot in thicknels;
and what is very lurpnling, fome ol ihelc joints are lo
conv.x, that tlieir prominence are nearly oiiaiters of
Iphere , roillKl eaili ot whiih is a h(.l;j,e, which hohis
tliem logether with the greaiell linunels, every done
beini; concave on the oiher lid.e, and lilting, in il'.e
cxactell manner, i1k' convexiiy of tlu- upper pail o:
that beneath 11. The pillars are Irom one to two I'et
in diameter, and generally contillol about toity loiii;-.
The county ol Tvroni: contain- many moun-
tains, which are veiy barren; bui tlie vallies and f.i'.v
grounds arc Iriiitlul both in corn and pa;!ure.
The principal town in this county i- Omagh, but it
doe- not contain any thing worthy ol particular notice.
'J.'«
Thcuninty oil iRMANanii is-n-eofihc t:iofl m,.
wlu lct'.me counties in this province, the meattll put
ot 11 being taken up with b .gs, and alarg,' like c.ilid
Lough- larne,
Innilkilhn, tin capital of the county, is iliuatul on
an illind, and li ui', an impoiiuit pifs. it i-, well t. i-
iitifil and garuloned. It i chielly remarkable lor pio-
il ;. in^; a re'.'imtnt -t its nam m ti.j war beiwem kin >
Williaiii and Jniiis li. in livlaiiil.
The coiint\ ofL'AVAN isverv boi'.pv, notw!thn:tnd-
ing whidi the air is far tmm 1,. jng imhealihy. '1 he
town, which gives name id ii. is vei\ fniall and inllpni ■
111 am. Bui Kilmore, ihuaie I in thf. county, though
aim an place, is a billioji's lee.
Theiountyol Mon.\<.imm is ver^ mountainous
woody, andm.ulhy; and ihe priiu ipal town, wliitli
gives name toll, doth i.oi contain any ihingremarkable.
Tlie countv ol Akmaoii is, in veneial,' very ttitilc,
the foil being elleemed the ri. lull in IiJand; on'.v
there i. aieriain tiack in it calkil ilie I'ews, which 1,
li.lly and b.iiien.
Arm igh, whii h gives name to the oaintv, is the lea
of the prim.iie ot .ill iiclaiid.
t'liaiLiiumt isaliiiall ne.it town, (ituated on the river
B;aekwatcr,.uu! reiCiVcd ;t- n.imefrom a tort 01 nvamt,
built bv Cli.ulcs Blount, lord Montjoy.
Lugain 1:. pLaiaatly htiiated on a gentle eminence,
in a fertile and populous country, about twn mil. , irom,
and commanding a prol'peet of, L'ligh-N'eagh, one of
the largell lake- in the kingdom. Tins town, from the
hmilanty ot Its L^eneral tigurc, of the lair.iuage, man-
ner-, and diljiolitions ol its inha'-itanis, to thole of the
I'aighlh, hath, for many year-, acquired the name of
Little Ln^Lind.
The County of Down is fertile, has a good air, and
i- populous.
Down-l'at tie chiel town of the county, is a
bilhop's lee, eiijted, about the end of the 5th century,
b\ St. I'aitick, Be/ides the cathedral, here are leveral
handlome public buildini.',-, as Hie church, the kllions
hoiife, t-.u) alms-houles, twotihooh, a niarketlioufc.,
.iiid bai racks tor a tioo[i ol horfe.
Newiy llaiul- near a river ot the fame name, over
whicli It has two iiridi;s5. The town is a gie.it tho-
rouL^htaic, and in it a jiarrifon is conll.mtly ke)Jt.
fvillc!i.agh is .1 till, ill, but neat town, ami had the ho-
nour of giving biiili to ih.it great naturalitl and jjhy-
lici.m Sir Hins Sloane. Merc is a handl.ime church,
aeallie, and liarr.ieks tor a troop of chagooii'^.
Bangor has a eonliderablj nunut.iCturc tor linen
yarn. Here arc llill teen the rums of a very ancient
ai'bey.
LLiNSTER is, in general, well cultivated, has
a good air anil foil, and abounds in corn, tattle, titli,
anil fowl. Its principal rivers arc the Boyiie, Barrow,
LilVey, Nuer, Slane, an.l Mor. The counties into which
thi- province 's divided are as lollow :
Dublin, or Di-.vei. in. 'I'his county, except a moun-
tainous track in the loutli part ot it, is very populous
and tiltile, and abounils with all the necell.iries ot life.
It far exceeds any oilier[)ari of ihe kingdom, not only
in ]>opuloiilnels, lulture, trade, and wealth, but in the
politenel's and ingenuity of its inh.ibitants.
Dublin, t!ie capital of this county, and of the whole
kingilom, i-, in magnituile, anil the number of inhabi-
tants, the lecond city in the Bi tilh dominions. It is
Iniilt in the form ot a Iquare, about two miles and a halt
long, and nearly a- much in breadth. It is fnuatej
aiiout Icvcn imlcs ti\ in the lea, at the bottom ol a l.trge
ai'.d tji.uious bay, upon :he river Lill'ey, which divides it
almoll into t\voei|ual ivirts, and is banked m thro' the
priiKipal jiart of the city, on both lij.-, which tonii
Ijjacious quays for the convenience ol lo.iding and un-
loading vcH'els. The inereafe eif Dublin, within 30
-- o - - ■ . ' ■^
ears pall, is incredible. In appearaiue it bears a gre; t
.eleinhlaiue to London. '1 he lioulcs are ot bncN.
The old llfiets aie narrow and mean, but many of the
new tlreets are as eliv.ant as I hole ot ihc n-etropohs ol
Gre it
w»
A NIAV, ROYAI. akp At^TFir.NTIC SYSTFM op irN'lVKRSAI. (.l.oGUAl'HY.
- 1 ' P .
Crrit n itain. Sukvillc tlrcct. oiiic-rwiU' callc.l ilic
Mill, b iLirii. iiUrly nohlc. 'I'lic lioul.'. ar^' clc-.\ni. '
\i\)', aii>l »inih)rmly Iniiltj ami a gravel walk luus ;
ihri'iii^h ilic\\li>li', ai .mci|iiaUlillaiui' Inuu tbe I'uli-?.
Tlw rivir l.il!iv, ihuiiji iMvi^>al>U- Ifr vill, l» mM ii
as il c ciilK-iiili ".ite, in htit liiiall, wiini iDmi'.iirl u<
t\w 'I'lLmus .It Loiulon. Over it ;iii' two liaiuii.iiu-
l>riil';fi (>» ll.'iw, .'V ni'w Unit \\\^ 1" ci» op.'m.>i, k.ul-
in^ln'Mi KiliA !■ iJ.c totliC>^illU-, vvIku ilic loul lic\i-
Iciunt filiili-. 'Ml'" n-w i-xtli.mjic i> an il p.ail' '''"'^ ■
Hire ot wiiiti- tlii:ic, riii'ly I'U'.K-lliltuil with rinii-co-
lii:iins oj the Giiiiuliianoii'.er, a».u[iola, anJ oil.er it-
iianMit-
T'l. I'.i lianient-lioul'c- is a very vlgm: an.l luliilan-
tiil ii'.ilv I'. Tlic I'oriuo, 111 luriKuiai, i-. p rh.ip-,
without paraliil. Tin. iniiiiial pail> h.i\c alio ni.iiiy
bfauiic; amltliciTiamKiin wlmli tin- Iniili'mn is li<f;lit-
cil h.is been muih avliiiiuil. N^ar it i- ■riinuy-C'(«ll>;.',c,
which ixtiiu!- al unit 300 Uct, ami is liiill ot I'Drtlaml ,
ftonc. in till- tiiud l.iilf. But one ol the ureal, ll ami |
nirll lauil ;1)U- timiert iLings tin- aj^c f.in Ivall ot is tlie
buil.lin,; i>t a lloiiewal!. .lU.iittlic l-re.ulth ot ,1 ni"<i< rate
Ititit, a jMopLiiiiiiu. 1> hiiplit, ami time in:les in
leni'.i!i, toconlim- tlu ih.'.nnti ol the b.u , aiul lolhtlitr
velltK in ll'Miny weather.
Steven--(irtJni5a very ixteiUive I'liiiarc, luing o\u-
in;l> 111 ' ir. iiiiiicrenic. It i'^ partiv laitl out in nra>il- 1
w.ilks, like St. |.im-»*!> Park, iti wliich n\av In leii., tn :
line vu.itiur. a rel^rt ot as nuicli tinery and i^auiy as
III my III th- pill Tu placvs m K;i>^l..nvl. M.iny ol tin-
hoiilis louiul the dreen are very liately, but tlieii beau
tics are greatlv inuireil tor want ol unitorniity. Ne.ir
Stevens-Cireen are leveraln^w lli\ci-, the biulilnvjs
oi whith are exceci'.iii;; eivpani.
I'he linenhall was eieaeil at tl'.e ]mli!ie expcnu-,
and opened ir, ihe year 172', Un ;li. r. t piinn o( UkIj
linen clolh^ as were brought t^ Dablm wr lale, lur
which there are eonvcnieiu .viiartnientv. It is entiivlv
undcrtlieilireetiono! liie trullce'-.or the en(.(iiiraj;eme:it
ot tiie linen m.inutactorv ot Ireland, who :iie > oinpoled
ot the kird chantell ir, the primate, the archbillii'p ol
DuMin, and the primipal part ot tlie nobility and t^entry.
This nation.d inllitution h produi:tive ot great advan-
tages, by jnevcntiiii; many traiids, wliiih otlietwile
woul I lie eomiuitied in a lapit \1 Imni h ni trade, by
wliii h niany ih'iMandb are einjiio; ed, and the kini;doni
2,1 e. Illy enritlud.
The barrack^ ar. \i\ .ii'antly ilinatcd 0:1 .-.n eniincn e
IK i; (he i.ver. Tliey tonlill ot tour laii;e courts, in
wliieh are >>enerallv i|uaitered tour bittalli.ins ot toot,
.-.nci oil'- vei.;iment ot h irle : troiii hence the tattle and
titv guards are relieve. 1 daily. Tliele b.irra.ks arc
r.iid to be the lugell and iiioll commodious ot any in
Luiope.
I'JKCiiix l'.i:k, wliiih belongs to hi-, maKlly, is very
liipeiior to St. Junes".-, beinj^ nui h more exunlive,
and lominandin;!, tlie nuill deliglitiul pro'.pecfts.
Dublin is the lie o| ,in artlibiihop, wlio his a hand-
I'onie cathedral, and a chajitcr, conlilling ot a ile.m,
chanter, chancellor, trealurcr, two arilideaeons, a.-id
22 pr.!iend.irii.s. Here i^ a loiitty, called the DuMin
Soiicn, winch hath been ot iiiiiniie beiv. til to the
kingiluiu, tiy diilribi ting p.remiums, to a very confider-
al'le amount yearly, tor encouraging and iromoting
hufi)apdty, and other ulelul arts and maiuilacturcs.
The ( ivil government of Dublin is bv a lord-m:'.yor,
&c. the lame as in L^ondon.
The provilion*. 'I'this cay are, in general, exier<liiig
i;oik1, and ai a reatonable price, more elpecially li-
quor'. The i ell Ijiirits mu be had af hall ihe price
they till tor in London, Th.eir wine is chiefly claret,
the KMiimon price it winih is 2 , p,r hottk ; and the
bell the town allbnl may be had tor 2s. 6d. Hut it i'
remarkable that, notwitlillamling the general con-
vtniencies here, they are deledive of piopvr aei ommo-
dations tor travellers, there not being a ]i!ace ot public
enteitaiiuneiil in the city, that delervci the n.une ol an
inn.
The rate- ot h.uknev coaciic". and eli.iirs .11 :■•: 4
hi'x, as in I .oiidoii, lor the dilt'.unt diilanccs 01 it-
downs, as they ate tailed. Hut lieu arc two lott ot
cariia^j;e', peculiar l<i ih.' pl.ue. The otiv- i>i.ilUi|
,1 nii.lily, which 1? nothing more ||i:iii .m oUI e.»ll-oir
one hoilc CM.ule, ^vlth a km I ol II ol li\ed 111 ili ■
lioni, mil beloie llii Icit, on \siii h the i!ii\er l.-t- n:'i
over liie rump ol the hi'ile, ,ind iliiv. < ou tioni c •,.•
pan ot the tow I tc) .inoih 1, ai tl iied r..:.', lota I.-;-
down. This IS neither it x.ry I de 01 t.dy Vihicle;
but It I-- lonveiii III lor lini'Jt ,<eiloi) , ilic t.ire not \\.
ing nuich mine ihai\ lialt that ol .1 coaih. The odi i
' isialleit a t lail. lu.iiine, an 1 is little le!s than .1 i.;ii-
mon car with one lioile. 1 lu y aie uled ni't ciiis in
this I ii\ , but ihioii''Jioiit ih.' kingtloni, tor t'le convey-
ance ol piopleon parties ot pleaUire, and lor the lar-
ri.ii^e ot good, and iiRM\h iiidi/c of oeykind, h.iy,
llr.nv, 11)111, ilun.', turt, i\^ . \\ 11. n uied tur p.iities
, 01 pU.iiure, a mat is laid on the level part lor th;
I commonalty; anil for the ;^',enleeler lort, a beil is
put on It.
I In Dulilin there ar- two theatres; but linee an ex-
iluiive p.iicnt has bveii obta:n.il, periormances ate
r.irily exhibiud ai ii.o;e tli.uj 1 r.ei,.! them ..t a timj»^
Tneie IS .dl'i the K."ton<l.i, a place ot p lite r^iort
rvlembling Ka.vLigii.
,, In this ciiy aie iS p.uilh ihurtlic, K chapels. ;
I churches fir I- 1 em h and 1 lor Ihiuh I'roieltams, 7
piilhyterian in-enng-houles one tor meiliodill-, j loi
j qiiakei^, and 16 l<.oiiun Cat liohc chapels. Here .ue
f' hkiwile a roy..l iiotpital, like ili.it at Llullea, lor m-
i valids; a b ingin-iiolpiial, with ganleiis, built aiitl
; l.udout 111 the liiiell talle; an holpiiallor lunatie-, erici -
ed ii\ the t.imous dean Sw.tl ; .iml Icvcial other cli;ui-
, talile and u;c:ul toundaiions.
Louth is thelhialletl county in the whole kingdonii
but It liasapiealani and healthy air, and is ver) tiuiitui
in loin anil grai .
Diou^lu'da, the chiel town in this county, is liiuaied
neai the niouth ot the Hoyne, -ibout 20 niilis Iroiii
Uiibl'.n. It IS di\ id d into two p.uts by ihe t.ud nvci',
ONU wMeh there i-. a plain but eoiivcnieni biKl;;e.
j WicKi.ow IS a very mountainous county, bi;i it lui
I' a clear and wholdomc air; and the low lands are wxli
! tuliivated. Haw eui the mountains are tome ot thole
I deep eiark vallies calk d gl\ns, winch aie very beauliUil
ami p'.ctureUiue. togetlur with lome grand and .illoinlh-
' ing water-tahs. 1 tie moll remarkable among the I uier
I is that ealled the lall of FoweJiourt, which tioin the
i! peculiariiy ot lis lilualion. Us |iioUlgious height, and
I lingular beauty, well delerves tie nonce ot a traveller.
The water tails at leall 3C0 teet, ot which 200 arc
vil'ble on die )>lain lelow.
Wkkl'iW, \\huh;jivcs name to the county, is re-
I inaikalle ior nroduuii;; the bell ale in li.e kingdom.
' it has barracks I, r iluee companie-. ol loot, and a knuj
\ ot callle and haven at the nioudi ol the rivei Lcitiiin;
|| but iiuiU ot it- tr.idc eonliils in larrymg proviiio'..' i.i
' Imall vcli'els to Dui hii.
'I'hecuunty ot WtLXFoRois lituated to the Icuih of
Wicklow. Tlie air is good, i.ut the toil v.irious. In
':', lome plates ii is coarle and p >or, but in others it ii
i: truiitu. both m corn and grals.
.1 Wextord, the capital of the lounty, i^ a large, an-
jl cient town, lituated at the mouth 01 'he Mane. Here is
I a very good liar hour tor vttf- Is ol .1 tonlideralik bun hen,
i and barr.uk- lor two companies ot loot, wuii a \eiy
; ^ ancient callle.
! I .mNciorii is a plcilant county, and, in g' lur.il,
I toKr.ibly teitile; but loiue part ol it are very uoggv.
i l.iiigtoul is the capit.d ol the c unty, ami, behdes
a c.illle, has bai racks lor a trooji ot l.or.e.
East- All. ATll i-i a very Krlile county, abouiidi'i,; in
torn, palluie, aiidlKiilsot eatlie. .Viuieiuh. 11 liad
petty kin^', liy whom 11 was go\uncd.
'1 rim, the touiuy town, is lituated on the Hoyne;
but hath not any thing leiuaik.iLle, except banacks tor
a troop ot iieitle.
West-
s>
/
\
.OGUAI'llY.
ici ami cluiir'' ai, :i<: 4
rt'.unt ilillaiKt", ur h t-
It hiu :'.ic iwi" lo!t of
c. 'I lie oru' i> i.ilUil
iiri" tliii) .111 itlil nll-''ll
I «l ll III (ivul ill ill-
hi li til'.- iliivcr l.-t. tii'l
111! kltiw • Mjii trv.u I'll •
I ll itui !■:.!.', lot a I.".-
V I lie in t.ily vJiiclcj
tiloii , ilx t.iiv nut Iv.
Ill .1 to;ui . Tiic oiU I
l^ Imli; k'.i iliun .i >. ;n-
i V aic vilcil ntit < iii\ in
ngiloiu, tor t'lt convey-
.•aiurc, and tor ilif vai-
ic lit ivf y kiiul, li.iy,
\\ Ikh iikd lut luiiii.-.
llic level part tor th.-
•iitccler toil, a bul it
Mtrc";; Init (iiii r :ui t x-
I'.n-tl. ixrtoniiantt^ an;
( ncol iliem i\i a timjif
a plae.- ot p lite rc'.uri
iluirthc-, S cliapcls, ;
;r Dutkli I'louiuiius, 7
jiR- Icr ineiiiodill-, .' loi
hulit iliapcis. 1 IciL- ;ue
; ili.it at LluU'ea, tnr in-
witli ganlciis, built ami
ioti)iial lor luiiatics,cri.ci-
.iikI leveial other cliaii-
ly iti tlv whole kiii;j,iloiii J
h) air, ami i- ver) tiuitli-l
ill this luiinty, is lltuittJ
U-, about J.O links lioiu
ivo parts by ilic (aiil rivtr,
It Loiivtnieiit bml;;-'
tauKHis tuiiiity, bui u !uj
Hill the I'JW laiiiK are w.U
julit.uii . arc loiiie ot tlmli;
, which aie very bcauli.ol
h loniei',raiKlaiul .Uloiulli-
■iiiarkablc amon^ the 1 uter
kcili-oiirt, which huiii tlie
us iirodii;ious height, and
s i; e iioiKc ot a traveller,
o ti-ct, ot which iQo arc
aiiic to tlie county, i-i rc-
bcil ale in the kingdom,
npanie-i ol loot, and a kind
loiiili ol the liver Leitriin;
IS la carrying provilioii-. i.i
) ib htuated to the Uulh ol
1, cut the r.nl v.itiou''. In
1 p>)or, but in odier- it ii
lis.
the county, is a larg'*, an-
louthol ill-: ^^lani-. Here ii
Is ol a coiiliderabk burilieii,
laiucs olloot, wuii a very
county, and, in ^Tcneral,
part ol It arc very liojlgv.
Lit the ci'Uiity, and, belal^'j
troop I't l.oi.e.
iViilc coiiiuy. aboundi'i-; in
)t catiie. Aiuien:!} it had
.IS ^ovuncd.
, IS htuated on the IJoyne;
ark.ible, except banacks tor
• ■i
I
West-
M
i
m
i*
I
N
EUROPE.]
EUROPEAN ISLANDS.
i
Wi ST-Mi ATI! contains a pre^t many rivers, lakes,
and l)o;j,s; but wlim tlic land is tree from tlufc it is
abinulaiuly ftitilc.
Mullingai, the i hid tciwn, is fniall, but very com-
p.i(^l, and contains lianacks lor a troop of horff.
Aihlone is a toli'ral)li.' };ood town, fituatcd on tlie
Shannon, anil has a calllc and garrifon.
KiNo's-CouNTV (whiiii takes its name from king
IMnhp ol Spain, luilb.inii toqueen Mary) was formerly
lull ofl)oe,s; but It IS now well drained ami culti-
vatal.
I'liiiip's-Town, (11 King's Town, the capital of the
county, had i.jriir.'riy atslllc; but it hath not at prefent
any thing rtiiiaikablc except barracks for a company
ol loot.
Q^'i- 1 n's-C"oi NTY was ancii-ntly full of bogs and
wouils bat it is now tolerably well cnclofcd, Lultivatcd,
»nd inh.ibilod.
Mirvboroui;h or Queen's Town, the capital of tl- •
county, ic eived its name from queen Mary, wife of
Philip ol Spain, h has barracks for a troop of horle.
K 1 LKi. NNV is one of the mod healthful, plealant, and
pojuilous counties ot Ireland. It is divided, as ii were,
into two ])arts, by the river Neor, or Nura, which has
its lource from ihofe lolly mountains called the Slieu-
bloom, (>r Blandiiie-hillb.
Kilkeii'iV, the tapital, took its name from the cell
or ihurih , ! Conu , who was an eminent hermit in this
couniy. It is the fiat <jf a bifliop, and is divided in-
to the I'.nghlh ami Irilh towns. The former is by far
the ir.oll c inliileraiile, the other being only a kind of
fiiburb'. Hoth together make one ol the largell, moll
wealthy, populous, and trading t jwns in the king-
tlom. Here are barrai ks for a trooj) ol horle and four
coIn[1anie^ of f )ot, and a well endowed free Ichool,
< ailed the college. Moll of the llreels are paved with
a very good lort of black marliie, (of which they
have huge i[uarrics near the town,) which takes a
lull p.'lilli, and is beautifully intermixed with white
granite.
Ku.iiAHE county is liiuated to the louth of Eaft
Meatli, and is in general, very rich and fertile.
Kildare, the lapital, is the Ice of a bilhop, who has
prccedeiue of all the Irilh bilhops except that of
Kleuli. hi the neighbourhood is a plain, called ihe
CuiT vi'jh, admuably adajited for the purjiofe of
raung.
Cahlow ciuiiuv IS chiifly lituated between the rivers
Barrow and Slane. It enjoys a whoklome air, and pro-
duces good corn and grals.
Carlow, the county town. Hands on the Barrow, and
contains biirraeks lor a troop of liorfc, with an an-
tient callle.
i\U'NSTI'.lv was a pitiy kingdom of iti'cll, before
the I'.nglilh iiiv^ided and coiupiered Ireland. The air
IS temperate and licalihlul. As to the foil, the plains
and valliis, where properly cultivated, are Iniittul
Ixitli in corn and gral's; bu' the mountains arc bleak
and barren. Great n\imber$ of cattle are fed here;
and it is well lupplied with lilh, elpecially cod and
hei rings. '1 he counties lontaincd in this pro\ince are
as follow ;
The lou.ty "f Cork is the larged in the kingdom.
Though a loi.fulerable part of it is l'>oggy, mountain-
ous and barren, yet by the indullry of the inhabitants,
it is pretty w, 11 1 ultiv.ited and improved, and contains
fewral towr.s anii liarbunis.
Cork IS n.uih ih. latgell and moll populous city in
the kini'^dom, ncxi to the capital. It is encompall'ed
not only by w;,lls, but .ilo by the channel of the river
F.ee, over whiih there are I'eveial bridges. Cork is an
cp.ilc-ipd li:e, and a iiiy of great tride, (iluatid I •;
miles up the river. 'I'hough lin.ilki vefl'els can conie
up to the ijuay, yet the larger generally ride at a place
called Pallage. The city, together with its liberiies,
makes a county, and is governed by a mayor, alder-
men, .ind lluiiU's. It has the moll trade of any to'\ 11
ill the kingdom, pa;t!i.uLirly iii bid, butter, and tal-
N5. vSj.
low, of which great quantities are exported to foreign
paits ; and many thips, bound to the Well-Indies, put
in here to victual. It had formerly leveral abbies, and
his now many handlome public llruftures, particularly
a cathedral, cuflom-houic, and two gates, one on the
north, and the other on the fouth. Its churches are un-
exce|)tionably the neatefl, and the moll clega:'.tly linilh-
ed, of any in the kingdom.
Kinlale, fituated at the mouth of the river Ranor,
is reckoned the third town in the kingdom, and only in-
terior to Cork in point of trade. The town is neat,
well-built, and ftrongly lortiticd with line-, and out-
works. Cireat eiuantities ol provilions are Ihipped olF
f'om lienee to hlunders, Holland, Erancc, and other
torcign parts.
Ki.RRY is, in general, a very mountainous, barren,
and dreary county ; but the foil of lome particular I'pois
is fruitful, elpecially in corn and grafs.
Tralee, the county town, is fituated on a bay of the
lame name; but doth not contain any thing that merita
particular notice.
The gieatell curiofify in this county is the lake of
Killarney, laid to be the moll beaulitui, perhaps, in the
world. It is furrounded with one continued range of
lofty mountains, '•-■cks, and precipices, the immcnie
declivities of winch are covered with woods, intermixed
with ever-greens, from neaily their tops down to the
verge of the lake. In the neighbourhood of the
lake are many feats and villas, and the remains of an
old abbey, which are well deferviiig the notice of a tra-
veller.
LiMER ICK. county contains leveral lofty mountains,
one of which, called Knock-Patrick, affords a very
Hne profpe:t of the lea, the Shannon, and the adjacent
country.
Limerick, which gives name to the county, is the
fee of a birtiop, and a very llrong, handlome town. Ir
(lands upon the Shannon, which is navigable hirlhips
of burtlen almollup to the city, though fituated aboi.c
')0 miles from its mouth. The city is divided into two
parts, both of which are llrongly fortilieil with walls,
I allies, ballion^, and bulwarks, with draw-bridges upon
the river. Here is a line cathedral, and barracks for 22
companies of toot.
TirriRARV is, in general, a very ieriile county ;
but the northern part of it is mjuntainous, and the air
bleak and unwliolelome.
Clonmell, the county town, is litu.itcd on the banks
of the Suir. Here are barrai ks lor i wo trooi>s of horfe,
and a good market. The town is walled, neat, and po-
pulous, and Iws aftrong jail and a c ,urt-houle.
Watkrfori) county is chielly level; notwiihftand-
ing whiih a great part of it is barren, and the air thick
and unwholefome.
The town ol VVatertord was lirfl built by certain pi-
rates of Norway, and h.ath been a bilhop's fee ever (wkc
the ye.ir 10^6.' Till it was eclipled hy Cork, it was
accounted the fecond city in tli.- kingdom for ir.ide,
wealth, and poi'uloufnel's, being fituated on a fine har-
bour, and dclendcd on the e.itl lide In Duiicuinon f nt.
Here is a tine cathedral. The citv carrier ow a great
trade, particularly with I'.nglaml; and lliips of bur-
den come up ch'fe to it^ quay, whiih is one of the
finell in I'airope. The haven extends near eight miles,
ine, and is but little encumbered with
The city, and its libiriies, make a
_. There is a cit.adcl on the well lide,
and on the call a bl ick-houfe and llore-houfe.
CONN.^LlJlir 15 the moll mountainous ol the
lour provinces into which Ireland i> divided. It is the
leall cultivated and ciiclnfed, the thinnell of inhabi-
tants and thole the mod ignorant and ur.pohnied.
Cjia/inu is the chief employment ol ilie pial.uit-. Im-
menl'e numbers of Ihcep and bull cks are bred here,
particularly in I he counties of Cl.i:e and Cialway. It
alio ac.uunds in horfes, gtme, vciiion, honey, and
hi'Aks; and is well lupphed uith iiili, hiving many
co'ive;iie;.t b.ivs and creeks on the coail, and l.ve-
11 U '»'
almoll 111 a ili.ut
rocks or lands,
dillinct county.
,t * '
J
'V 1
,,r;#if
il 1
!A V
r^
I '
li, w
^h
9.U
A Nl'.W. ROYAL ano AUTI ll-NTl'" SYSTr.M ok rXIVTRSAL r.F.OGRArilY.
r.il riviTS nirticiil.irlv til'.* Slianniiii, Mn.S.i '., O'o- j kinj^'s ilomiiiion'-. li i> kijit tuicc a year, :uul ckIi tinu"
los a::d CiUl. I'lii- I'loviiKV i.aiUAiii-> ill-- ;l''Aiiiii | i-omiiuiv! a wuck.
toiintii."-. • I.Ki 1 1; I M n'Uiitv i^ very niounlaiiioiis, hut iioleil tur
Gai.vvay i>tlic kiri;i'!l couiitv.noxt to Cork, in tlic i y,ra/iiii; v.ill lituh <it i.utlc.
w'luli- kiii'tdoT.; ,'.:nl,'i:i iM'.cral, vcrv t'lriili.- in oini, ■ llic kumi, uIikIi givc^ iiaim- to the tdimty, i-. flun-
iialturo anil lattU'. icil near ihi- Sliannnn. It ^\a^ tonucily a toxTahlcgoud
TIk- envoi ( iaU\av,\vhiclis;ivcMianu- 1. 1 till- oHiniv, Ioaii, hut b lunv u,ieatl\ lieeayetl.
b t'eau'l i'n ;i r.oli!e h.p , having ir.anv liarbours an.l ', 'lo the li>reLioin>; ^;eiit;nii.iiiiai <lek ri|i(i<)n of Irc-
naiUoneverviiLle. |[i^;iver\ neat, llruivi, and lloiiii.h- himi, we lliall ailil tlie t.'IKnsm^ t:i\)le, exiiilntinj;, ;it
ini'Citv: and adniirablv litualed tor trade, nol only • one\ieu, the names ot' the rtl]e.nive eoimties, their
Itiv.'Mi, l'ri..\'.ltii, iliiet to.wi--, and the nuiubers they
reljieeiively lend to [larliamtni .
<.:■» ,tii-,.
I Jone^al
Londonderry
Antrim
I'yrone
{•'eruiaiiai;!-
C\nan
Monaghan
Arinai^ii
Do An
Dublin
l.Olltll
Wieklow
W'extortl
I .on-^ti .id
Kail Meat h
WVll-Meath
King's County
Qi^ieen'-County
Kilkenny
Kildarc
Carlow
K i Cork
S I Kerrv
;;; ■[ l.imeritk
! j^ i 'ripjHTarv
; '^ 'A iileiloid
J ( ( iahvav
! = ' CLire
! ij ' ^iii>o
.;? 1 Mavo
'^ ' Roleomnion
■J ^ , Lei hi 111
H;..l' C',.lT,.»n,
55 l)ones;al
i''..i..,
;() 30 Londonderry
S
4(1 27 ('arriekteit;iis
KJ
do j^ Oni.itih
10
;o ' '4 liwiilkiilin
4
4; 1 1:, C.ivan
d
;.; ] ;o Mon,M!iian
4
)i\-i ,\n;,,yh
d
44: ^j D i.m: I'atr.ek
2d 1 1 1 Dui)!.'i
'4
1
;. ! ;; Dr .^'i.da
10
T,l , 2.% \\ ll riO.V
J •' •• \\rxt.>rd
10
18
. I .ongford
10
-• ^ Trim
:c Mii!!i.-.-fr
14
1
4^
.'0 l'hi!i[)'s-to'.vn
6
40
;o Mary horoii^li
.'.o Kilkenny
S
16
.^ 7
2S
..'.^ K Marc'
1 8 C\i;iovv
10
H;
;o Coris.
2''l
6 c
47:l'r.;!eo
s
40
i-j LimerieK.
8
(.ol •/> Clenniell
8
4"
Si
■4 W .iteiKiivi
4S 1 i.ilA-ay
8
40
;S F.nnis
2
4.: Mi\()
8
44
iS Leitriin
6
to Lranee and S;->a:!i, init allii to the Well Indi.s.
The biuklini.'s IkuIi public and private, are (.'yneially ,
ot' iLni.-, and handlome. The harbour is about f.vo .
ini'es Irom the el;v, towhiili the goods are broiis'Jit
in lialit-Ts. line .uv !■l:■;■,u'-.^ for t^\i< eompai.iek ot
loot. 'I'lie eitv i^ w died, and was once the lee ot a
bilhop, but i> now Miniii the aichbilliopnc ot luani.
It caiT;e- on a veiy toaiid. ral'le hernnj,-lil!-.erv, and is
a'iii •;' the onl\ place U|).\i llii> coaib ihat has anv \o-
rei,;;i trade.
"I'tiani ha5 been tlie lee ol' an arelibiiliop ever lince
the bejiinnin.ciJt the I'th centurv.
Ct ARE eountv 1k'.> a t!;oodairand loi!, but contain-,
veiv tcA towns. Tiie molt remarkable ^ Cl.iie, lo
called trom Rii lurd and Thom.is i!e Clare, y. air.^er Ions ,
o; ;!ie earl ot Ciloueel'ier, to whom {■Ai.vard 1. gave tiie
countv. At this place are barracks tor two lompanie^
ot tOi)t.
Lnnis is the county to.vii, and by much ilie lull inn,
ll.'.nJmi; ab )ut two mile^ trom Dublm. li i-- liiualed
o:i a lake formed b\ tlic Sliannon, i. a neat pLiLC, and
ll.; a ijood maiki!.
Kili.iloe. abillv;.'s lee, with the pri\ !'.\;r- of a fiir
and market, !la:-..ls 0:1 the S'nannon. '1 iie dioceie is
\jr. l.-.rs;.', c iniai.ii il; i^i parilli churilu--, beliiies
tliaiv!-." A little t ' the \'>v.i\\ ot thi^ town i^ ,1 ridge ot
rvk-, which run i.;'.r.te .acro;> th.- nver Sluiuvin, and
iLip all luvii^atton farther iij). \
Si. ii-.ois a vcrv mount iinous countv, and, in the
p',.'.ins and v.iilie , t;;e air is very unwhoiflome, owiiy '
to their beini; full ol bop,'. The toil, wiieiv it i.^ free ,i
fr Ml lakes and f-:^.-, i.- toler.ibly i^ood, mA lit either i.
iv7 ^.■■a/.lnJ; or til'.a^,'. ;
Si^.j,), tiie ca;/;!a'. iLind. on \ bar, to wiki. ii it gives '
name, a^ -.veil a- lii.' coutity. liionj,!! 11 a lar^e, it is
p'-etiv popu'.our, a'ld ha- an old ' uUe ; ba' a- trad.-
I- ineo'iiki-raiile ; n"-. .vith;'. in.linj, ;'> harb ''.ir i^ lo deej) i
li.at ll-.ipsot ;c.o t . 1 bur; hen ean , ome up 10 ihetpiay. j
l:it!iehill, 01 r.iiii.r r. 'ikiot t'orrcn, ill ihi^couniy, |:
iiiiT, :l;'an'>e i.av.^ .:n i i.i ..Ik's Irue been vli\ overeii. ||
riie' are eaile i t'v '-iia:".l .-iiou;e^ and lujipoied to be , Manm-yi, C:i,hm>, l.anru.v./., Rcji:::'!, (h\fr>iire>!t,
C'i. ij the I'i'Jf.'i'f I't'ilui.
Till', [irelent defiendant^ "f the (jld irilli, or, as
they ,ire uliiallv termed, liie \\ ild liilli, are ge-
neralv lepTeleiited as an ir;iui:.int and uiicivili/ei|
lort of !eo])le. To till- liiav be attributed thole .iiU
of lava.;c cruelty lo tretiuent in this country , x- well as
the irregul.uitiei atteiahiij; all tluir public meetings,
V, I'.i. h .;Mieral!y end in bknjdllied. M.un of their fur-
name.- I.ive an (), or Mav , plu ed Ik ."re in in, whiili
[ om;;;i!\ th.- I' wa.s llled
SECTION m.
tn.- -.'... .k- ot tlie n.-i'.>.
Mwovuunt-. .li. u'id- in 1.'.. , and, 0:1 o'le tide,
i- I :,> l..:.d b\ til. k I. I .-■.I.-; iioill and old, eljie-
.i..l\ up n the m..rili)n-, wl.v re tlie lo,', i, .liui jHi.ir
.1'! 1 ».oiiie; but Iniiii- 'jlli.-r p•^rt^ there i-- r.ood |i.ilUir
a. '. wilii herd; ■ ! ittle and ir. : r.
.Anions rlie l.ik.' md rivers ia t'.iis eounty abound-
i.i..; .Mill lilh, parii.wlarlv l.ilm on, 1 Lou 'li-.M ilk, a
l.i'.e II miles lop^' uid live bro'id. On th-bi;,kso|'
tin- lake fl'rm r ■. l;\eel the ( l.ilo'^laH'e-, a )h .pii- de-
l'..i.,ir 1 fr,..i. the ~^v"t- o! the W eliern ill . •'.:. ) u'ecj , f, initv "-randlon .;;u
t.i ;',,■', I 1:1 ,.i.t^ oS III. 1,1 w,lh t.vo-edpid 1 ..til. -a.xe-.
M,. ., I;;: ...u.,iy I'M;!, Hands on t!i. Ii.rl-i ot
Slis'.'. .1' till- m 'U'.h ot tlie river ,Moy. ll a.i- eiliee
n b'.ili I'l'. : . , hu; tilt biili .ipri, hath liecri l.:n.' tiniv
an:. ■.■ 1 1 I'l; cu.
C..r.i .:. r.e I :■.!'. parliiinv-ii'iry Imr.'iuJi ni tie-
(. . 1 ii\ . 1 .
.1
\'\ lluir chieis I'lilv, or huh a.- jiaiued tluniMvos upon
the antii;uit\ 01 tlicir f.mnlie'.. 'Iheii miiiie i'-theba;;-
pijie, but their tunes are gen:ially of a melaticiioly
ftraui. In the interior parts of the king.ijiii fmif it
t!;. iioM eulbims Hill puvail, i,.uticul.iu\ iheir liineiai
h.r.'.hnr • Ti.ey |'a\ little refperi to the Sabbath, the
i.riiu i; .u part of the d.iy bein-.i )n:rj.ned t 'air.utemeiilsi
.iiid in t e evening tlicy alitii ble .it jM,!)iic lioui. s, when
ll.ev Ciiue lo t Ik- bagpipe, wi.uh generill\ lerniinatiS
ii, I !. I a. id deb.uivi'.ery .
'1 iie i.ir.inion Iritli, in their manner ol livin;.'^, leein
,, to r.luiible the an,ieiit niiloiv, ,is ilili rib.-d bv R.:maii
R' ;,'. 111. moll, the cc'iinh to., n. \\ .1 very in'.ienilieaiit ; , author- , or the prek ni Iniliaii Inh.ibit.mis o| .■Xmeiua.
|.l-,.. !' Mean hi. li, or cabins, built of J.,v aiid_lir.i'.\ , |).initi-
i;.i 'nr.-'^lo.-, .1 ima'.l to.vn in t!a£ c .unty, i-, iMi..iik- 1' uiiid m the mid. He by a, wail uf tlu tame mat -rl.ib,
lib!-.- ! 1: l,..vin^ ;he lar-.ll i.. alt 01 ll^..^ l-ir-. i:. the ft.-,-.: -he Juubic [.ii.|.jle-- cl ..eiuaiuiodaiiii^ the ta-
,; luily,
K
i;n- i' irra* k t-ir a ir.ioj) ol i. ,::■. , and
h;;'e I . -. v.hili f.ii; ill! > L'.i. •!• i. r.w.
' ;i'i,e .ur ;.
(l-.r, .III',: '. i-.e !' .11 '. : .. 1 ; 1. .-.1} o* gra' , '.'.nli ioin- '...rn.
1: i- eni:.:!-d on tlic 11 .rdi br tiie Curle.v .M..,i.:'.i.iiii',
v.hieh .irr vi-ry hi -Ji an. I Ih . p.
on
',co\tMo.-r 1 .1 \.',\ h- ilfhy e'-unf.
1
cont
(ion
I' rot I
tow I
t-Vl. 1
for
inlfi
Lnt:
dat.
niai
dulli'
try
beei
thel
bilh
i.in.
C.ill
tic.
til'
fuel
[; .V
(i.l
low;
niai
tlu
r.I.OflRAPIIY.
. K\' a yc.ir, :iiul lacli tiilic"
ouiitaiiioiis, hut noted lur
K- to tlie tiumtv, !•' fiiiii-
tiirini.iiy a toitrahlc j^oud
, I'l i .
liiial (li.'li.ri|iti(iii ot Irc--
i>t> talil;-, (.'xiiihiliiiu, at
ril]r>"tivi- fiuiiiiics, iIk ir
b, aiul iIr- iiKiubtii liny
EUROPR.]
E U R O P E A N" I S L A N' D S.
^35
I'j'i.j
. .! ' i i 1 T. Mil.
\i, -1.
;5 l)(>iK,;al
11
',o I AiiKloiulL'rry
S
J- CaniiktiTgiis
10
JT Om.ij^li
10
'4 Iiitulkillin
4
^^ ('.i\aii
(,
j,o Moii:!glian
4
1 7 .-Vrriia;.'!!
6
,;j D .A!: Citritk
14
i; I.)ul)!.:i
1 3
1,; !>r .v-ai!a
10
2H W'iikio.V
10
•■ Wcxtord
18
1 ."nij/ord
10
"5 Trim
14
:o .Mu!!ii-.;;fr
10
10 Phi!;[)'i-to>vn
U
;o Maryhoroiij,li
S
.'.o Kilkenny
16
.; ; K iarc
10
1 S (' i: I'lvv
(>
;o <,'..i-iv
if>
47 ; 1 '■■■'■ '^■'■'
s
zj t.iiiH'ricic
8
5fi C.'Ionnicll
S
'4 A\ atcrU)rd
13
4S (ialvav
s
;H Kniiis'
2
;?.; '^"^"
4
4J Ma.)
2
:t> Rd'.'cin'-ivn
8
iH 1.1,'^triiii
6
ON 111.
.!:^i', Rt'/iiij'i, (h\fr>iu:ent,
uf/c I.J Irciaui.
ml . i'l i'h' <jld Irilli, or, as
ltd, liir H lid lull), .ifi' gc-
ii^imrant and Ulicivili/,C(J
ia\ \k attnhuivii tliolc ails
,t 111 tins country , a will as
; all ilu ir [iiili'ir iiu'cmius,
iddK-d. ,M.iM\ .it ila-ir (ur-
I'lu lu lK:"rc I'l Ml, '.vhali
[■'ii!r.;Li!\ ill.' I) Wis utu'd
li a.- [liijiK'd lluniUlvos uimii
I liiir iiHiiK !•■ ilii' hii;-
tltirialh ol .1 nulanclioly
IS ut tlu' kinpi .1111 l-niit.' A
,ii, i,.iiiii.u!aii\ iliL'ir liiiu-ial
ri-l']K\'i to till- .Sa!)lmili, ilic
i;i )n:;.LlK-dt 'U'.'.ulouiflitsi
r.'b'.i; .11 jn.!)ik- lioiu^s, \sIkii
\sl.iili ;i;cncrill\ Kriniiiatis
Ik-ir iiiaiilar ol livin;_'j, Iccin
OH' , as dill rilK'ii hy R.idiaii
iaii iiili.ihiiaiils ot .Aiiiiiiui.
lit of ( i v an i liraw, I'ariiti-
'.vail ol till laiiK' mat ■rl.d^,
(.'t .ii.(.uiuinodatiii^ the ta-
luilv,
niily, who live and fleop proniifcuoufly, liavini'; their
lires ot iiirt in tlic middle ot thelioor, with an openiiiu;
lliroiit;li the root' tor a chimney ; the other beinj; occ.i-
pieil by a cow, or luch pieces ot turniturc as are not in
iiiiinedi.ite \i!e.
Their wealth conlilii of a tov, ibmclinies a hort'e,
foiiie poiilliy, and a tj.i'i tor |)oiatoes. Coarle hre.ul,
polaloe", eggs, milk, am! lonietimes lilli, conllitute
their lood : tor however plentiriilly I he fields may be
lloeked with cattle, ihey leldom talle butcher's meat of
any kinil. Their ciiildren Ic.ireely knnv the ule of
tk)atlis, and are not alhameti to gaze ujion flraiiijers,
or make their ajtpeaiance upon the roads in a llate ot
mere nakedm (s.
'I"he ;j,uury, and belter liin ot' the Irilli nation in ee-
ner.il, dill'er wry lillL' in lani;uai;e, drels, mannel^,
and culbiiiistrom thole ot the lame rank in (beat [}ri-
tiin, .iiid are generally reprelenteil as being very hol-
(iiiable.
The lans^ua'je of the Irilli is tundamentally the lame
With the Briiilh or Welch, and a ilialec'i ot the Celtic,
v^hicii is made ule (>l by the Scotch Hij;hlaii<leis, op-
polite the inlhcoails. It is, however, inagreat mea-
iiire detai ed bv provincial alteration, but not to chargeil
as to render the Irifli, Weli h, and Highlaiv.lers, un-
inlelli.;ible to each other. The native lan;;ua;4e is only
fpokeii by the pealanis ami lower lort ot jieople, ihote
of tlie c.ipit.il and [)rincijal places uling the Eng-
lill).
Iivland lias produced many perlon'^, whole genius
and l.arning would iiave done honour lo any nation.
An-.ongfl tliele might be enumer.it eti.arciibilhop L'lher,
Bilhop Ikrkeley, Mr. H lyle. Dr. Leland, teverai ot'
tlie earls ot Orrery, Sir Richard Steile, Dean Swit'i,
Dein Parnel, I'arquhar, Congreve, Sterne, and (iold-
fmitli, &.C. all ot whom Hand high in the republic of
letters, anil rellert a creilit on their country.
'I'liecllablillied religion and ecclell.illieal dilcipline,
of Ireland, i.-> the t'a.nc with that of I'.ngland. But among
the bulk ot the people, in tlie moll uncultiv.ated |)arts,
Popery, and that too of tiie moll ablurd, illiberal kiml,
is prevalent . Tiie Irilh i'apills llill retain their nomin.il
hilliops and dignitaries, who tublill on the voluntary
contrilninonsol iheirvoiarie?. But evenllielilind lubiuil-
fion of the laller to their dcr y does not prevent
Protelbntilin tn^m making lome progrefs there in
towns anil lommuniiies. (ireat etl'orts have lieeninade
evir time the time of fames 1. in creeling free fchools
for civilizing and converting the Irilli I'apilb. The
inllitulion of the incorporated t'uciety for promoting
Englilh Prolellant working Ichools, ihougii ot no older
date tiian 1718, h is been amazingly fuccefslul, as have
many inllitutionk of tlie lame kind, in introducing in-
dullvy aiui kno','. ledge among the Irith. and no coun-
try can lliew greaier publu-lpirited eflbrt-. than h.ive
been m.ule by the Irilli governmeiii fuiic thai time t'or
thefe pur|«.)les.
Belides the Protellant and Popilli religions, ihis
kingdom contains at leaf! as many ledaries as Eng-
laiul, parliculariy prelbyterians, bajnills quakers, and
tuetiiod.ll., who are all of them connived it and tole-
r.lted.
Tliegovernme.il of tlie chureli is under tour arch-
hilhoiis, vi/. of Arm.igli, who is primate of all Ire-
land; of Dublin, whol- I'-led jirimale of Ireland . of
Cafliell, and Tuain. Thefe arlllbi^nojl^ have under
them 20 luirrae-i:.', whole lees aie, in geiier.il, well
endowed.
■There I-- bill on. univerliU if a ( ollege can be called
fiich) ;n tiiewh .ie k::..;d.iUi, wliiili i^ th.it ot Dublin.
It was founde.l b\ iju...! f.'.'-.ibetii, and at preli.il 011-
liils of a pr.iv.ill,' l'i\in Un, .r. ar.d thuieeii junior 1.1-
lows ;i:k1 leventy 1, hol.n- <<f the honle, who h...ve
maintenance up.m the found.ition. The vilitors are
the clKineellor, vice-chaneell.ir, and the archbilhop ot
Dublin.
As Irfland i Inbonhinl.' lo h.iig'.'.nd, th'' govern-
Jhe km;, lends a vi^e-
I roy, who is llile.i lord-lieiitenr.nl, and who conies as
near the grandeur and dignity ot a king as r'.ny vicenvy
, in Chrillendom, Toaflill him on all occalions lie has
.-I privy-couniil, compoled of ih.' o.Ticers of tlate, and
lucli.jthers ashismijelly is jileafid to appoint The
padiament is convemd, prorogued, and diliblved, at
the pleafure of liic king. TJuring firmer reigns ihc
lame parliament continued till the death of tlie king; but
by a late acl a new one is to be chol'eii every eight
, years. 'The laws made by tiie parliament here are tent.
to England tor the roy.il approliation ; when, ii a|)pr.]V-
j ed of by his m.ajefly and council, they pal's the Great
' Seal of I'aigland, and are returiud.
The feveral orders aiitl degrees of tlie people and no-
bility are nuicli the lame here as in T.ngl.ind ; as are
' alio the com Is of jultice, the terms and maiiiier ot
proceeding, aflizes, lulliccs of the peace, 6cc.
The ne\e order of St. Patrick was inllitutcd T'eb. 5;
anil the indallation ot t!ie tiilt knigh.ls was p.erloinied
on the ijtli olMarch. i7!-;3. It coniid, of the liive-
reign, and 1:^ oilier knight- lonipanions. 'The knights
are inllalled in tlie cathe.iral of St. Patrick, Dublin.
I The b.ulge is three crowns united together on a ciofs,
j with the motto n'und, (liii;, l'c<in\tb':t r i 78J, tallencil
I by an Irilli harj) to the crov. n impedai.
i With reljii.-t 10 the Commerce ot Ireland, her chi f
\ exports C(4ilill ol liiieii-cloiii, \arn, lawn, and cam-
bricks, which are eiuour.iged liy the Englilh g ivern-
' ment. Wool and baj yarn are all wed bv law to bij
\ ex[iorted 10 Tlngland only ; but great quantities ot both
are liiiug.,!ed into other countries. The other cxport9
I are liortes, black-cattle, beet, pork, green hides, lijmc
' tanned leather, dried calf ikins, lallow, flutter, candles,
I cheelL, ox and cow horns, o.^-hair, horle-hair, hcr-
' lings, dried lilli, rabbit-ikins, clter-ikins, goat-flvins,
i &c. '1' he chief articles ol tiieir imijortation are wine,
! brandy, tobacco, fjiices, hops, co.ils, c.>).])er, block-tin,
; lead, Welt-In'.ii.i commodities, mercer_\', grocer\', and
1 habenlalliery goods.
I '\'W coins iili.l here are the lame with tlioleof Eiig-
,' land, ^tlie Irilli having no mint;) but they diti'er 111
their denomination, an JMiglilh lliiiling palling tor
thirteen-pence, a guinea lor il. 2s. yd. and lo ot' the
oitieroin in | roporiion.
I 'The jirincii.al matters reLitiv.; t:. t'.ie Hillorv A Ire-
land have been already notiic.l in that of England.
I We Ih.ill therefore only |ire!erve a lev, particul.irs iv-
i lative to the origin ot its inh.ibitanis. Settinj; aliil-
! the ridiculous legeiub and labie-- ot the Irilh, with re-
. fpert to their aniiquit\, it kiiiv h';g''!\ lealimable lu
\ conclude that tliccoiuitry w.u linl |- .>i'Lii trom Bri-
tain. There is no great iv.ilon to bJi. ve, th.li it wavever
conouend b\- the R.niiaii;, nouvil;. ■.Lindingwh.it hatli
been alie.iged to the cor.l.arv. '1 o.wirds the deeiitie
of the Roman empire a colony of Scots f.egan to in.k<;
a great ligure in Ireland, whence it ac.niiiLil the iiamo
'1 ol Scoti.i. Tins colonv is luppoled to li.ive comeoiigi-
iially trom Spain. 'The illand was atteris.irds hanalil'il by
the Norwegian', and S.ixons; I'.ut never entirely lub-
dued till llenrv II. king of f.ngi.md, m.ide himlelt'
mailer ot' it, b Ii.iili been ev^r liiice lubjecl t.) the
kings ot' England, who were only lt;i';eil lords ot Ireland,
nil the title K-\\ Ling wa^ bello'.ved on Tlerii'y Vlll. by
the llates ol'tlie realm in parliament aliembied.
MINOR ISEAND.'s,
sriiuoi'.MM Nc. .^^!) .\ v r i.r 1 \in i.vo to
( i :; I-; \ 1 B ■ 1 1 .\ I N .
Mlb, Illan,l.>f Anoi.f
coiiiuv ol Noiih \\ al
14 br. lad, a
i;v i-- the tn.ill wellern
h in i.\ \v\'w> I'lig.
te;
ids oiu- member to parliament. The
river Mini lepar.ites it I'r.im Caeinirvonilure ; and on
every li.le il is turrounded by the lea. It ibounds in
corn, cattle, lilh, fowls, ^a'. pr.'.lu.ei mill-lloiies,
i',riii.!(l.ines, albelos or mtiiiitaiii l!a.\, copper-ore,
Beaumiri',
.my oker, white tl.iy, i^c.
1(11' ;|k:
936
A NEW. ROYAL avd AUTHENTIC SYSTFM of rNIVF.RSAL cr.OGRAPMT.
im
-S
, ii '1
W- iiil
Beaumaris, 242 miles from Lnmlon, :i liintlloinc well
built town, on the eaft tide ot the ill.uul, ii;is a ^ooil
harbour for (hips, a very handfomc cliurch with Ibmc
fine monuments of the Bulkeley tainily, aiul the
Knights Templars. It was forme.ly lortiticJ with
a llrong caillc built by Edward 1. the luiiis of which
Hill remain.
Holy-Head, 2S miles from Beaumaris, and .-44 tiom
London, is the ftation for the packet boat to litliiul.
being the nearell land to Dublin. It is tlie in.il wd-
tern point of Anglcfey, but is a little iflatul ol u!elt,
and has a fmall village, called, in Welch, Caer (iybi,
conllfting of a heapof ftr.tgglinghoule' built on rocks;
but feveral of them have very comlortalile accommo-
dations for pafll'iigeis, both with icgard to ioil;,'jni;
and clict. The chur>.li was tornicrly coiiegKitc, and
fininded by one Rccius a hermit, about the \iar 650.
The walls of the ciiurch arc the remains ot a Hritilh
fortification, built a'oout the year 430, by Cal'wallon
Law hire, Lord ol AiiL,Ll"cy.
The Ifle of Wight is reckoned a part ot H.-iniplhire,
thnin;h it IS near ^ miles from the Nbiin Lunl. It is
22 miles long, 1 1 broad, and is diviiled into ;c p.uilhes.
The air is p'ue and heahhful, iuui tlic (oil (o ricli, as
t'> proil'.-.LC corn cniU.gli in one yc;ir to fcrve it I'lvcm.
Through tlie muMIc ot the ifland runs a ridge of l^ftv
hills, which not only all'ord plentitui palhirc, but a de-
lightful proipeCt ol the fea. The vales below con-
fill cf meadow and corn-fields; nor is the coafl def-
tituteofnatur.il curiofitiesiand here is excellent filh of
various kinds. The extremities of the coaft, on the fouih
and weft fides, are very rocky; and welhvard, not
far trom the lliore, are ihofe rocks called the Needles,
from their fliarpnefs. Fartherto the Ibuthward are the
Shinglesi at both which places the ifland is inaccef-
fible , and where it is almoft level, as it is towards the
i'outh-eall. it is fortified by art.
Newport, the principal town in the ifland, is a verv
ancient borough, and a large populous place, greatly
er.nclud bv its plenty and commerce, which the in-
luibitants have not tailed to improve: and as they arc
gro'-vn very p'llitc, they have levelled and new pitched
the town, jiofteiland jiaved it with broad floiie, about
five feet tiom the houles, for to^t palllngcrs ; tor being
tl'.e i>nlv market town, it i- otten very much crowded.
Cowes river is navigable tor harge^ to Newjiori i[uav,
which extends iifeli rmiml great p.irt ot the tiwn, and
renlers their flnpping goods from the llore-houtes very
commodiou' The iV.eets are regular and uniform,
meeting at riglit angle. The corn, beaft, and butter
miuket- are krpt in (tiftiiidf ti|uares, very large and com-
modious. 'I'Ih' buildings are greatly improved, but
neither giand o; regular.
Caritbrook, a I'mall village, about a mile from New-
port, is famous lor a lallle, built about the time of the
Norman conipicft, whuh was the relidtnce of the an-
cient lorils ot the ifland. It is now greatly decayed by
time; but the intrenchment without the walls, the
many euriotitics wiihiii, and the extenfive profpcct it
aflords, render it one of thegreatcft lutiofities in the
illand. Here king Charles 1. was confined till remov-
ed to Hurlt caftle. Cowes is a remarkable port and
harbour at the mouth of Newport river.
St. Helen's lies at the eall end of the iflantl, 1 2 mihs
from Newport. It is only remarkable tor its io.ad,
which :5 laige enough to coiitaiii the whole naw ol
Lngland.
The IilaniN v^! "sc 1 llv have beenalwavs detnud p.irl
ot Corneal!. riie\ conlill nf about 140 Imall illands,
30 luilcs frv-.ii the Land'^ End, the larjicll ot which,
called St. Muy's is nine miles in circuiiueience. It
lu: a good h-irbour uiJ a c.dUe, Hands hh;li, and i^
ir.uic triiitli.l than the rcll. Seveial ot thele illand- arc
"Vertiowid at high water; fomc ot tli.ni bear good
corn-, .indcthcis abound with rat:,hii^, (i.iii , herons,
Uc. They fornieily wen. rich in tin lu.ius, but ilicie
are no velli^es remaining. The Phoenicians, Carth.i-
gmians, an 1 Romans trcqucnied tlicfe iflands. They
aie lituited m the nfuldle, betwixt the liiiftol Channel
on the nuiih, and Knglilh Channel on the foiiili, fotliat
It i'. tv< wonder tluy have proved the dellnidioii i,\ (o
many ihip^ and lives. Here Sir Cloiidcfly Shovel
met his muih lamenieil talc, Oc'tober 22, 1707, (iixat
pain> well- taken to U\ the luiuidc, and afiiil the
maiUKTi U) avoid ihele illan.l , by Hi. Hallty.
'llie 111 o( Man, in the liilli Sea. is 30 miles lone,
8 bro.id, and ctnit.iins 1; iiarilhes. The toil i-. fertile,
and the air good. 1 lerc is a bilhop, calleil the biihop
ol .'iotU)r and Man, Init he his nut a voiee in the
Britilh p.*rliaiiieiit. Tiie commodities arc wool, hides,
and tallow.
Calile i'own i- the metro[-ni)Js wf.erc the governor
keeps hi^ court, and where the couit; ol julbcc arc
held. The calile is buill ot m.irble, and lurioundtd
Willi two bio.id w.ills and a moat, over uhich is a draw-
brulge; and adjoining to it, within the walls, is a
liii.ill to\'.er, where llatc priloncrs were formerly con-
tiiiid.
Douglas, lltiiatcd on the wellern coalL isthe moft po-
pul'U^ town, and has the befl market in the illand. It
h:is increalcd in trade, and proportionally in buildings.
T[w harbour is oneot the bell in the Britilh dominions.
I'ecl, liiuated on the wetlern coaft, is a place of con-
fuleialile trade. Upon a liuall illand dole to the town
is I'eel-caftic, one of the ftifingcll in the world, and
has .1 garrilon in il. The illand on which it (lands is a
ftupendous rock, inaccelTible iVoma.l cjuaiters but that
ot the tov\n, Iromwhiih it 1 I'eparated by a narrow
Itrait, firdable in low tides. Within one of the
churclivs IS a chaptl appropriated to the ufe of the bi-
lliopv and unde:ne.ith the ch.ipel is a dungeon, or
priloii, lor oU'enders, one of tf.e motl dreadful pl.iris
ot contineuient that imas'iiiation ran form. The caUlc
is a magniliceiit ftru:tuie; and the [no([xc\ o| tiicfci
and the llup^, which, bv rca'on 01 th.- v.ill height, ap-
I'.ar like buoys lloaling "U i!ie w,i\c , till the mind of
the Ipeciai'i wiih the utiivill aft • iilhment.
The IlleolMaii, ihoujii h.ld by the Hritilli crown,
was, till ol late, no pail ol the kin;_;dotu ol (ireai Uii-
taiii; but wa^ governed liy its own laws and cullonii,
under the hereditiuv dominiin of a lord, who lormerly
had the title o! king, and who, though he long ago
waved that title, was to the lall iinetled with regal
rights and ; lerogativcs. But, in the year 17^15, forthc
turther and moie eflU'tiiidly preventing the milchiets
ariling to the revenue and eMiiniuri,e ot fiieat Britain
and Ireland, trom the illicit ami clanilelline iiade car-
ried on to and from the llle of Man, it wa-- thought ex-
pedient to Veil m the crownall lights nirildie'lions, and
intcrclls, 111 and over the l.ud illaiul, aiul .ill itsdepm-
Jencies holden hy the proprietur, the duke ol Athol;
who then liareiulered the l.ime, exeeiHing emly his
landed property, anel the patronage of the bilhopric of
Soelor ami Man, the teni[ioialiiies e)f the lame when
vacant, aiul all pairnnagcs aiiel cce leli iftii al henclices.
L'poiuhh anncxatieni of the illanel,tlie lum ot -ei.oocl.
wis paid as lull con.penlati'in to th.e i>ro])iie!or, ac-
cording to his own [iropola's to the lommiiliemers ol
the trealury. This contr.ict was executed by both
parties unehr the authmiiy of [laili.uncnt, April 19,
i-'ic. Bcloie the fonih promuntiy "1 Man is a In -
tic illand eallcel the Call m\ .Mm. It i^ about thiec
miles in circuit, and le pai.ited iroiu .Man by a channel,
.11 out twe) turlong^ bioaii.
Th Hehrides, or Wisiirn Isrrs, are llattertd
in the Ueucaleelonian Sea, to il.e ii> iih-\ecft ot Scoi-
laiid, ot which kihg<!om iliev miilbtiite a pi.it, andaie
lituated between 55 and M9el'-'g. ol nutlh lat. They are
eompiited 10 exeeed joJ in iiiir.ib i,aiid eoiit.iiii alwut
;e),cuo inhalniaiii- . The air 13 eulJ, ilu a]ip.':iiancc
(Ileal y, anel many parts ii.ountaiii'ius, ■,\hK ii jnuelucc
he..!l;, wild '.nville-, '^lab, \c lui odier diiliuis
vehicli
i
ous
l.r.
II US
V.' 1 : 1
(■.i.;i|,
ne'.illy
111' 'Ves
WC'.'l'
"11;
di'll ■
blgei
e\ I S,
laig.-
1 oiiies
the 111
niiin ;
with
bl.ick
ill.U!
jhoii.
OGRAPHT.
riie Pha-niti.ins, C.irtli.v
ued thcfc iilands. Tliey
twixt tlic Briflol ClianncI
niiel on tlic Idulli, lotliat
vtil ilic ilcllruclioii u\ (q
re Sir Cliiiuli-'dy fihovcl
Oifiiibci 22,1707. (iriat
: laiiunlc, and afiui ilic
', hy Dr. ILlky.
ill) S^M, IS 30 mill '^ li'Mi!,
illKb. Tlu- loll i tc-riiii.',
lalliop, calleil tlic I'iilioi)
has not a viiitc in tlic
noilitics arc wool, linJi'<,
nilis, wliere the governor
the couits ot jiillice arc
iiKuhlc, anti lurroumltd
oat.ovc-r uhich is a draw-
t, within the walls, is a
oners were formerly con-
•fl;rn coaft, isthe moll po-
ll market in the illam). It
-oportionally in biiiUlmis.
1 in the Britilh tlominions.
n coall, is a place of con-
Ul idand elolo to the town
inL'cIl in the woild, and
Hid on which it Ihinils is a
' from all quarter? but that
1 {(.-paratcd by a narrow
e^. Within one ot" the
iated to the life of the bi-
eh.ipel 1"= a dungeon, 01
'ttu- mull drtadlul pl.'xis
tion ran lorni. The ea'uC
md the prolpecl <>t tiicfei
I'on oi th.- vail height, ap-
!ic \v.i\^ , lill the mind <jf
I ail'iilhmeiu.
hold hy the Hntiili rrcwn,
the kini;dom ot (Ircai Bn-
its own laws ami cullonii,
in ot a lord, who torinerly
who, though he long ago
le lall invclled with regal
ut, in the year 1765, for die
y preventing the inilchicfs
■.ininHrie ot fneat Britain
and clandcdine trade car-
ol Man, it wa-tiioiighttx-
all lights uuirdK-lions, and
id idand, and all itsdcp^n-
rietor, the duke of Athol ;
lame, exeeiiting only his
,t!onage of the bilhopric of
poialuii-s ot the lame when
andccilrliitlKal benclices.
• illand,ilie lum of-o.oocl.
ai'in to ih.e [)ropne:ur, ae-
a's to the lominulioners ol
let was executed by both
of parliament, April 19,
iromonfry nf Mm is a In -
j| M.m. It 1'^ about ihuc
ted irom Man by a ehannel.
sriRN IsLLS, are fcattrred
to ll.e n-ith-well of Scot-
lev loiillitutea p.at, and are
|deg. ol nuiih lat. 'Ihcy are
I numb i,and lOhlain abotil
air 13 eolJ, the app.'aiancc
lOuntainoiis, vvlmii [irodiicc
., t>:c i ui o.hcr I'.illiKts,
which
El'ROPE.l
K U R O P E A N I S L A NT T) S.
o;7
whiih are ciiirlvated, and manured with lea-weed, \ ie' I
pleniitiil crops ol oat^and bailey. Hire :iie but very
i vv llirubs or trees, but plenty of pot-lrrb , ino! ,
timples, and meiiicinal plants; tome le;d mine , mai-
ble, limi-ltone, tree-done, iron, talc, eryllals, and main
( urious pebbles, l-'uel is learce, the chiel being peat.
The hortes are Imall, but llrong, hardy, and nimble.
Tlic blark cattle are ot a Imall li/.e, but good eat in;:.
The (beep are prohtic; but the lambs Ireiiuentiv l)c-
conic a |)rev to the ea^ile. All ilomellie animals, poul-
try, wild-fowl, lea-toui, birds ot pre\ , Ke. abound.
The teapiodnci- whales, Icals, and moll oth^r lilh in
i;real al'niulaiue.
The peopli mhaliiiing llv.ie iflands are of ihe I'.me
race with thole wlm live in the Highlands ot Seoilaiid,
l|.(.ak the laiiie language, wear the lame habi', and
ci'lervc the tame lulli'iir. Tluy arc, in general,
llron'j, vii;ori'Us, and healthy; their conllitutions be-
i;u' ibxled with labour, and puicrvtd by tempciance.
I he belter fort I'f the Highhmders live lii-.e their
ntigti'our'; but the common people are \\ ret. liediv
lodt'ed, in p.il'iy cottages or cabins, lunli of lool'e
Itones .uid mud, and thatclieil \\ilh I'raw. Their p.ir-
titioiis arc no other than a kind ot li',::dle,pl.u!lercd witii
cl.iv . 'I'I'.ev h.vveneiilkr gl.'.l-. in then winilows, or
any Dlher I hi'iinev than a hole in the middle oi the
rtjot. through .vhich the Imoak linds it'- w.iy. imine-
di.itelv und. r tiii- aperture is a heaitl:, m.ule o!
tione. upon whii h thcv Inirii wo.id. pe.i! , or tins, the
fm.j.'.is I't wh'ih lilis the who'c liiule in In. h .1 manner,
ih.it .1 ilranger, unaeeiilioined to the .uiiuiyaiiee, wou'd
Ik in d.inger ot lufioi atlon. Around the hearth, in
told w either, the tamily lit or lie, and work or iKcp,
as ucialion requires. At the farther end of the tame
houleiheiatile are Hailed; and it is not at all uncom-
mon to tee the e.ilves, the pig-, and the children. King
together promiluioufl'/. Tlieie people are utier iban-
ge'rs to cleanlinefs. Thev are extremely flutiilh in
their lunifes, and filihv m their peil"ns; and this im-
poriiy i-, in all likelihood, one gre.'.t caufe ot thai in-
ve'' rate itdi with whi>h they .ire lo gener.illy in-
f.iled.
In parti.ul.iri/ing the Ilel.iidt-, we lliall l-egm with
St. K Ida, which 1- onl\ li\e mile- in . ir, e.;r.t- reiue,
and li',ua:ed in ;S deg. ot noiili lat.
The whok- itiand is one h.uilroi k, iliviJ.ed mlo
four high m ount.iiiis.tliinlv o'Vereil will: b'.i' i-. mould,
except o.itlietop', wlier^ the loil i tlnee le- 1 il \p.
The hill^ aie clouhed v. iili Ih.'rt grai , uhiji yi-ld-
good pal'u'a^c to th. h if-, e.iItK, a::d iheep; .uul
t"he vadie ot ar.iMe land produce large crop.s ot e\' '•!-
lent bull-'.. The whole illand ;.w,aluiallv tiiK.d wiih
peipeno; ul.-.r rocl.s, except ai .i',' bay t" the touili-
eali, al-.'aii halt anii!.' oro.ul. wh re there is g. ncrally
fne'i a I'aml'hng lur! ind '.agingtei, ihit no veilel c.ui
aneliorwuh any le.iir.tv . The I'lily l.uv.hngpla' e is
(,n the n.irtii lids o\ this lav, and exiiemeiy i'..'L/.ard-
ous; lor it is -iMth great liiiiieully that .1 boat can be
broujlu to the tide ot a llii'.pery rock, on whiehhetlni
la.nds mult nimpwilh un.ommon i.xerlion. 1 hc.e e,
iiiorcov.r. ;i Im.iU bay en the well ndeol tlie illand, m
wiiuh loin- s.li.l- take Iheltir when the wind is at
f 'i.th, or bl ws iioni tie noith-eall : but the lea is ge-
nerally !■' im'peiuo,i, .ill lound, that il tieo,ii'. lulv le-
iiMVes IragiiHUls ot loik- aiid llme^ o! a prodigiou-
we'.d't.
1 he '.ea-f/wl. which aic here v..'ry numerous, may be
dillin^uiilv.dintoih.leiiill'ereni ti.e.iss: th> ;ji,er-lowl.
nell among the rocks wii.'i frrafs, lays
its young.aiid, wlr.-nchey .ire iledgeil,
iger than a goole.
ot a black cofuir, red .iboiii tiu ih
exi's, with 111 Ml win.',-, and a broad lull, \v. a v-.y
Ip.tt d e'j,u, ai.J. I'.atehc. it on the b.ire rock;
rll of jMiv,anddep;irts almoin
l.l!
t oiiies l.illin about ilu 1
the middl' ol June. The Solan g 'ole eouai:>i:.e. uiii-
mon goole in 11/ .and rcl'embles 11 m lliaiv .aid i "loin ,
wlth'dns dilVerenee, thai the up otthewni"- are
bl.iek, and the top of the head yellow : ib.e bill is long,
lli.iii, and crooked at the I'oiiit-, th.t legs are black and
llioii, and the bird 1. web looted. It cullies liiiher m
No. yo.
?\l.irc!i. build- It'
its eggs, I'.ati h.'
retires in Augull or September.
'i'he inhabitani' ol St. Kilda are originally deleend-
c^l from the i>eop!e ot the Harries, and adjaeent ilLs,
Like ihele thev fpcak ih • fate langutge in purity, and
protcb the Cliritiiaii reli^Jon. The\ live io:;''i iicr in
a fm. ill village, liluatcd in a bottom among hills, and
eonipolid of low, wretil-.ed collages, the thaieh and
root being tcciired b\ llraw ropes, with doni' h:tn;>,in!r
.It the end of them. All the animals on the maia
lanrl, inclii('ing dogs, cats, and even wild-fowl, arc
Ipotted. Their arable land is iliviiled into tin ei]iial
j>.ut-, and thele again are lubdividcd, according to the
number ol t.imilie^. They manure the laa I with a
compoll ol turt allies, nib-vcd vwihllraw and mine, and
atld to this the boius and entrail'.ot the lea-lowl. They
ploii'di with a Imall crooked inllrunieiit, fo'.v their
i'arky ven thick, and reap an harvell ot't«cnlv fdd.
The lea-coad furnillies ihein with plent\' of e'.d, hng,
m.uk.irel, lieriing,aiul all tiieull.ei Ipici'- ol lilli com-
mon to the lea. Here -in. likeune oticr ami feals;
but their cliiet iIlII; ndaiuc, l^r lo' «! .iiul profit, i- up. )ii
ihe fei-fov.l, which ihcy uU'.limany dillcr-nt ways;
but tl'i- e;n|lo\'nie:,t liib'ecU tiuni to tlie m.)l1 im-
min 'in d.m",'.r ; tor ti. y are obhged 10 climb r<'Cks,
t!,L V. r\ light of v\liic!', to a Ilranger, w,iukl till him
with hoir, .|-.
Sixiy miles to the ucliwarel ot St. Kilda is tiie L.cwi;,
or, L 'iig lll.i; d, exteikling lOo miles in length fruiu
n-.irth to lo'jth, and t'lom 1 ,; to 14 in breadth. It eon-
tills of a great number ot itles and rocks, and is p;irte;]
bv the lea into two divition-, called Lewi- and Harries;
the f 'rmer h ing to the wellward oi the other.
There i; a conhderable niimlicr of interior ad'acent
ifles anil rock-, which are viliied every fummcr by
the inhabitants of the Lewi-, who go tliith.r in
quell of towl-, eggs, down, q'nll , and leather-, as
well as to tlieer or kill ilie llieep th.it ate kept here lot
paibire.
The llle "t .
L,e'.'.!s, c.xiend- .ibout 24 miles in length, and. in lome
plaei-, ai-ou: lix in breadth. Th-' air .e il i limale are
the f.ime wilU thole of I .ewis. The face ot the ground
is rock\ and mountainous, covered with grals anel
bealh. ' On the wdl lidc, however, the I '.nd is more
llai and arable, producing (naiuralh ) abun.iance of
elov.r and el.u:v, which, in ihe I'ummer, perfumethe
lir Uiih .in agreeable fr.igi.mce. The foil is dry and
l.'.n.iv ; but, when manured with le.i weetl, yields very
'.:reat h.uv. Il i^i oats, r' e, and barley. There are
di\.r. frith water lakes in this itiand, abounding witli
trout, eels, and fahnoii; the overplus ot every lake
being dilehariged into tlie tea, by .an agreeable lirpen-
tiiie river.
Ani' ngihe larg'r illandsofdie Hebrides we rank ilu;
llle of Skie, to called trom Skianach, which, in the hale
dialeet, tignifies winged; becaufe the tuo promonto-
ries of V'.i'lernefs and'Trotternel'-, by whi. h it is bound-
ed on the north-well and north-eai'r, are luppoled ta_
relemble wings. The itiand lie- baween the fliire e>f
Rols anii the wellerii part of Lew i-, extending 40 miLs
in lenoth, from ivrtn 10 fouth; in fome jilaecs io, and
in others ;o, in breadtl , the eii'i umterenee of the
'.\liole amountiig to .ib'iut 100. Tlii-, too, iseom-
poled ot ni.uo diilereiii itl.mds ami roeks. 'ihe il-Ia-i-l
of Skie 1- (M'.ideil between t\u-i pro|vletors; the loutl;-
ern part belongni'.', to the land 01 Macleod; Mtd
ihe northern duhi'.-t, -r baionv ot Trotienief-, b.ing
the pro]>eriy o\ .1 Maci'onahl, whole aiuellor was
Donald, king, or l-a'd of the die-, and .hi t of the
numerous cl.lii of M.iedonakls, who aie loun'.e.l 'h;
nv.ll warlike 01 all the Highlanders. Sk^e i- part ot
the lliiie of Inv. iiiels, and terntirlv belong-d to the
diocele 01 the ille-. On the f auli ir i parted trom th-J
main land by a ihannel, thiee 1. .igue- ui breadth -,
thout'h .at the teiry ol (.Iciieliv it is t'j narrow, that a
heard c.'.lling toi the li0..t, frciu c'ii« tide
Harries, tijxirat.d b\ a ihannel from
m.iii lu.iv lie iieare
1 1
i:
t^
9,S A NIAV. R(^YAT.. anp AUTHr.NTIC SYSTF.M or UVIVF.R^AT, f,F,OGR,\rHY.
m
ifv, .1
I ■
!li
il'i'. t il^i^
ifi'li
'-Si
^•\tS''
w
H II :
'*?•
t.) iIk- iiiIkt. Sku- I- i^c'il provulcd wiili .i viridv o'
I'XvflKtit l).\v^ ami li.iib'nir-, aivl is uwiDUii'lvil by m-
Krior ilK' . S m Hatiil, lu i!k Imitliwaul, !•- live- inilis
iiuirca;i'.t^it!Ui-, cxlul innA .i ini\t\iii- ofluMlli, Wiioti,
moral-, ami pa.hiu- urouml. Oionla, a pcniiiluli ai
linv watci, inav In.' iiUmil a iuik- iii ciicuil, aiul i^ rc-
niirkabU iirtili. 'I'lu lllc ot I'avhay, more to llic
noriliwaul, umi iiiil'.^ m ll)n■.^1a^^, proiluccs i\i client
nalUiic. S.alp.i, m ilic laincilirtolion.is twiica'- largo,
j;vmrall\ iinuintainous woo'l^, anihMJl watircil with
Ipriiii;- anil rivultt^. On thi call lidc oi the illaiul a
llicani. riini\in;.', il 'uiiilic laic ot a ro>k, pcinti. - mt"
a white tabllaiiic. ot v,lii> li il:c iiatiws luak. cxctlLiu
linii-.
Tin. liua'lir ami kl's conluUiablc illaiuh . oiuaiiv,n;j
litilc tli.il 1- HiiiaikiMc, J > IV t 111 rii iKiiriinion.
But th 111 'il cclcliMii'i! iali tlu wcilciii illaiuls i-
Joiia. l.kc'.Mk- called St. C> iumb-kill, troiu St. L'o-
iuiiilxi, wh' c'.iiif liltlit r t.o'ii Irclaiiil, ami vis hcic
buVMl. Tiu '.llaml llict. he two milis in ltiii;ili liiini
loiiili to !i iiili, in the nei.ilibi'iiiliooil ot Mull, aiul i-
aboiit ,1 niiL' i'lcad tr.'iu call to well. One unl ot it
L- rocky aiul i arr^n ; ilu oilur p'am, arable, ami
fiuitiul. TIk ille I't lui.Ji, uhali i- 2j nuK'^ in
lenp.th, ami leveii i ro.ii!, be'. ■■ '^- lo the Ari'.vb la:iiilv ;
ami itla, to the wi it ot b.na':!. In'. 'n.j,>. to tlieCaniplKll
ot Shasvlielc!. Cji,,'.v. part ..t Mi ■ lb. rillUoniot Aigvle.
l'i,I,hi;-;i t' IT nuies in len;'iii. aiul "ne in i'lcaillli.
>iili.h ^o h1 luii'. -•' ot ;ai;. .'.11,1 baile' , .uu! ex.cllci'.!
palUnage loi- . aitu.
The in.- . t But., i'.\; mil,)': te;i niiK ' ii; lcn.r'!i, ap-
p.-avs on the ui.;l l.tle o' CoamI, 1|(.)'ii wIkiu;- h i
I'ep.irauii in- .i iiar, w (.hanrel. I'art oi a i- i('tk\
ami barren ; but, tror.i t'le iiiuKile, luutlnv.;riis, ilk
<;roiitul !-> i.u;tiv.itiil, a.ul jmoUucC' pe.ile, o.ils, .vml
barley.
Beiwcn th.- ill.-' ot Bute ami Kintirc, tin- lli.uul m|
Arran pr.-k-:its iilcit to the view, it i> hiphaml inouii-
laini'iii, ati rJ;r j; -.'o.). I jiaiiui.tp; -, an^i e\t-.-n Iuil'. .'.(.
mile^ !io;ii ii.nih i.i 'iiuil-, but l^ lo nariu-A ih.u t, e
bica-Jaii U aree ar.iuu:U lo leven.
The 0:!e \!)i.s, o; Oikni.v bl.Es, lyino i:i ! . e C -
Lilonian Sea, iNlea^u.s tio:ii -Shetlan-,!, be;.\e.n ,;.
ami I'jtlej. ol l.'.l. an. I i i loni;. Iroiii Lonilon. i elw.eu
1 i!eg. ^'- 111-:!. a:ul ; ik-i. ,. tiiin. a'cciuul il, 0:1 ill
1-Hith, li'ini C .ilhr.el-, tii. niotl n Mt- in |i 'ini "t S.,.t-
laiiu, b\ llie IV nil i:i'l, 01 I'i.iLukI 1..;;, 'i in .z : 1
I (> mile;- in l.-e.uli'u The\ .ii. in n.im.'Ci- .- o-.ii :c:
lui; not a'l luli.ibit A. th - ■j.reater !'.■■; btnu In; li
h- liT.cs, if.it |M....lue. nolhint; b-,!t pa'.iurai'e lor lii' e;i
aii>l •; -.It-. The euire:!!-- ami tule> tii).'..nL' bet--.i.e.;
tiie i!l.i-'..|' are exirenieb ri|iiil; a-i.l 111 the heii.'! imui-
lii'i! 1-1 S.vinn.i .'.re t.-. j gi-.ai -a ii i!|i')- - -, ia!l- 1 t'e.
\\ . lb, ol Su'iina, which au ( own:. .1 .h-ir,-.;. r^ us ' y nii-
rincr . il; -.e-.allv 1:1 .1 t.-ilu.- When 1 1 I-ms ibiil tii in-
libe- lutK. il j:iti> th. vurle\» lliev tiiiewv ov r ouil a
Lariei, o; lonie lai.kv .ubll..ne(-, .-. hieh I u >< ti. the
Vcrte.'., until the- VI till li.uh p.ilivd, l-i be I.'. ]<t <l .wi
to the iottuiii. aiul thro'.vn ujiagtiu u a r-'i'liiierable
d..l.:i.e. Win !i there 1 i bicc/e ot w-m!, ho .e^er,
thip- c:ol~, tliein withuui l.ai or helit.it.' 11.
TIk |-r,n' ij-.tl 1(1 u:J i>: Shlti. asm) ire t'rfe; M .in-
l.uiil, H-u,', il:e Sk-.iri-', Buii.iy, \\h.i',:iy, \ ml,
Y.ll, i'l'i. .\- . M,uiil.ui-,l, tx!. iklin ', '.. uiil ■ lu
I'-liglh, an I .; ,., brvatli li, 1 imleiueil by ,1 '.'le.il nuui-
b( r ot ..-i' , a:i-l a-'M.imls wuli nic.;;(->., b-.ii'-, an-i iiioun-
taiii-, 1-1 ihi; '. ibtiv/i. iil.'j;t (I toi p.illuiage ihauLuin :
111-Vi.rthel !>■., the low v.iouikh, i.ear the ihore, pio-
d'.ic uaib ..ti 1 biiley. ( )n ihe call fvle ul the ill.uid
Ituuls ii.e pruicipal town, Lerauk, contaiiiiiu' about
i -o t.iiniliis. Tow ircl'^ the well is lituatetl .S, allo^ay,
v.hi h, thouijh very tin. ill, 1 th leai of' uuJiLature ;
•iml hci'K hk -wile th. pre|h\lciv ot Shetlaml alieuble.
J: Wj-. Miuirilv (e-. ure;l bv a ealUc, now IjII' n \uuj
<l<;cu), 1.1 wfiii,li iliei : w.is onic a g-irnlon ot Ein;liili
IbUlier, icp.t tliithei b' Oliv- r Croiuwell. The Ifl.iml
ol B-.itVa. lituateilto the e.iil .v '.nl ot'Munl iml, 1^ ,ib ut
live miles long, and t vo in breul h ; h.i '. -nie aiaM.
i;ri)uiul, and t-w) i huc'-cs; but r cliiel'v ic:iiaika''ie
lor it louml, in which thep1e.1t li.iriii-j,-rillu:v is ta;-
iieii on. The landloids ii-.re are coiiliderabh gr.nirs
I'ly leit.iij, out their ground ;mu1 Iioiile lor ihops I'l i!il-
DiikIi ami 1 1 riilnirghci-^. 'i'lie .Sktrries, Buiin-.
Whallcy. and \'iil\, are incoini.krabk- idands the
largell an-l 1 ill not exceeding eight miles in Icngtii :
but all ol ihein are providcil with cluin Irs; ami i;i
\ o.ll ilur ■ ar.- ihr.. g-><)d lie.bour*. Yell, in length,
anio'iir ■ to I nniil , i- indenied hk ih-. ligurc ol e.glit,
has tl'.rv-e ihurelie-, .i!id level. il chapel ; Iml ih. c iim-
ir\ 1 111 -orilh and Inrr-n. I'l (1 u, or 1 . tlor, live mii' ->
in lengiu, i- i.inaikible eT n ieii'i..\ but the ruins ot
!ome "aicii-IO'veis, '.^lui'i iheiv.iises i '.II I'i 1 I.' nil'i;!..
'ri-.ele .ir. from .'O lo p let high, i- ' roal, ..u.l la-
jieiin . lo the tiip.
Tee n.iluiil hill ir-. ot' tlic Ctira les, ;iml Shell, iiui
111 imb is liiui'.ar to thole 01 th.; i 1. bri le-, ns ue like-
wile the ch.iraeiers, ci.lloms, .uid luaiir.er- ol the inh.i-
bii.uits.
To ihc ab-ive w-e niuil aiM four ifland^ in the Britilli
ChannJ, which, though thiv aa- lit.:. it. d 'learer to the
i-r luh than iIk Engliih lO.ill, are -uiecet to iuigland.
T.i. le a'e,
.lEHsi-.Y,a:iil).andk!'.own m i'c Roman--, an.', litualej
]>'' mi'es w.'.l ot Noriiiandv, Tii. north tide i inac-
elu-ii ijij-.v.i-ih I it!y ihli'-. 1 ur i I- louth i.-, .ilnioll
'e i w til ih--.s.iter. 'the li: -h.r m-'ll lul puts arc
well pi.uitcd. p.utK ul I' 1\ w- h app! -ire , troui which
grc.u ini.iiiiities "t cvd.r aie 111. ide. Tiie la.lics .arc
t.; lie, and well ciilt.v.itcd ; and the p.-,i!u .- teed grc.%1
ouain;!!es ol\,it'.as 111. \\ >•■ . Tli. iuh.ibiiaiirs .ippiv
thcintelvcs, in t.iiies ol pe.ice, Ui ih-.- I'r.pi -.cm in nt
c-im-ucrce, and iiLiiv partieiil.ulv to the 111 iiiul.i. I uie ot'
llo 1 iiigs, the produce of h-'Uey, wli; ti i-;'ierc vei-\ i x-
ipii.li-.e, \i. In -.'..ir 1 1111. ;ii. y hav.-.ia l', -n. r il. a con-
• .-in '11 piivao 'ling. !or .\lii h the liiuiii in ot'th •ifl.mil
I i<i admiMt'l- .ilap-e'. Jeii-, is .ib 'U i: miles in
jleiigih, h.u h a he .llh' ah. and . ontain . .ilviut 2 3,'-03
' i;iha!Mt.'.:u . r'.ecai'itsi to>vii, St. I I. her, is hand-
lei. , .1 ,,.1 c. );'.!. .e. 5 .'.b. -.It 4:0 ii-'ule . 'I'lie l3nj,ua-.;-.'
1 s j-i.niii. .oiiupti 1 by an iiit.-riiiixuirc ot I'jigliili
, .'.Tli . T'.i.' g.'vc nor is ap,iOintcd by the Biiiiih
I crow e ; iv,,r t:;. luii 'uriui-eti'in 1- invtiled in ,1 baillil'
•■.:id I 2 luia; ,
<i-. KR^s^^Y, 1 ;■! i-.ii s I .n., and n. ar , -i mnr li in
ibreihh, contains u.> paillics, wlii.li h.r. . , iiowever,
i Iks ight miiiil'ei-, 'o-.e ;il tile parillics bciig united;
■ .md Aidemcv.iml .^nk. .vhuh .ue apjieiidagi- , having
Till- 111, Ik!, 1:
iturailv lin.er th.ui
1 I lev. I 11 i.h r I I popk .iu-, or lo Will iulli\ued.
I'll i-iiig'i.iee 1' ne.u v ihe la iie as th it ot J iiev . Mucli
ci.'.: i, ni.i.l h(-:-e.l'..t in 1 1 I', irc. 111 b th tSe ill iinl'.
Ilk ]).oiilc, 111 war lime, are lond 'li |)iiv..te. ring. Tlie
oii'v harli'Mir is Si. I'et'-r le I'ort, whuh is gu.u.lcil by
twot'irl'. one called ihe t)ld CalUe, Uk i-thir CafUc
C-irhct.
Alde--nev, ui.'iut ciglii indes i-i comptl . onlv fe-
I p.'irui-d from the Coal! -il .\oiini-..ly b\ .inni.iw- llrait.
c.il-(-d the R.ice ot Aid inev. Ii is .i . e: \- h -,■ ey place,
and remarkable 1 1 :i line In'. ' ot luiall tows.
Sark IS lb!i kller tiian th I im r, has ^ fm ■ :ui, .ir.d
is leilile. 'llie three lad ol t.-, ill inn .• ■ . iinpuied
to coiiiain about 20.000 inh.i a n.'- ; .iikI ij tiie lour
are part ol the Nonii.ui pair:-, inv. b ue: ih. o:i!y re-
main- of our .inticnl i-'.'iKl'ielt o'l 1: -iC .
I S I, A .\ I) S 111 the M 1 , 1) 11 I . R K A .\ I-; A N.
Till-'. Ill.uids ot IviCA ;l:'d li .'Mi:sroi;A v :■. e. ti-
led I'yihyuljL' bv the (.i:eel.'-. tioiii ih; val! on iri-
tJii-5 (jt pinci they pruJuccJ. 1 iic ijinici lepaiaiclv
wa*
!'
It ,.i..
it- bicj
cold"
fine 11
C'.atoi'
O] Ulli
ni} 11
pK.lt '
the b
pro-ni.
Ill III!
hav.
and,
tl-.e 1
lion
but it
bccoii
Cit,
the g'
and •
r.
both
cneiii
ill br(
Neai
oils,
C>
lllaik
ot no
lone
il
WOOe
r-FO'-.RArHY.
|r Cniiuwrll. Tlio Illir.d
Mil ol \Liml i;i(l, i^ :il) .(It
'iflil li ; li.i ( fuc ai.ilil.
Jlnit r cliii'I'v rcinaika'';c
|uat l).lii!iL;-ti(lu:v l^ t:i;-
:iri.' conliilcnilili j^uniis
|:hI lunilc lor lliop-. tj ilic
I'lu Skeriic-!, Buii.iv.
|L"iiii.|.ral>k- idamls, ilic
in, ii>;iit milLS in Iciijitii :
Jl vMlli cliiir. lits; ailil i;i
|;!i'iiii«. Vi-11, iii li-n>_',tli,
If' I'lv I'n liiiuii; i.tc.j^lit.
il th.ii"! ; I'll! il; c .iin.
■ ih:, 'T 1 ilor, live iii:i' -,
!i I'^ri/, '"Il i!.c rni.'is vt
II'. n'i|\(.S I ill I'i 1 l:.i;|('cj.
It lii^li, 1 z ■ roal, ..I,, I 1:1-
|ic (>ri:i Ics, A[\i\ Sliiliniil
ih.; i {, hriii-, .i^ irc likc-
I, .ukI iiKiiii-.cr- ol i!u- inh,'.-
J! ! 'o;ii lilrui- in thv Biuilli
V :l'L- litii.ll.il •ic.l:c|- to the
.it, .uv 'iitr^-i-; to I'jiiiland.
to t'l- Ro'iiiin ,:ini;iituat.i!
'I'll, iV'Vili \'h\u 1 ifiac-
, ' iir I'l- I'liutli i> .iimoll
l;i K-r 111''',! ikI puis :iiL-
!i .ij'p! -Ill- , ircmi wliicli
lu- 111. Ilk-. Tiu' \. I, I Its .irc
; a;n.l ilic p:,llu;\- ti.c\l f»rcat
S'-. 'I'll. iii!i.il>u;iiirs .ipplv
uc. Id ill.- :";pi ■.-.■in m nt"
•ul.uK Id iIk" llllliu!,! i nic cjt'
Miicy, will 11 i<!icr(.' v-i\ ( \-
li.y liavr. i:i u ■ii.r i!, a c^ii-
ii> h ilic li;ii\n )ii ottli ■i(],i!vl
Ici !• ■- is .lb ■!! 1 ; miles in
, .i:u! . out lin .li^)^ll 2 ^j'-Tj
Uiwii, St. I 1 lur, is li.ui;|.
4:0 il mil . IJK' l,ifij,u.i:;i-
m liit.-iini.Mii.c ct l'ji;j,liili
ap.Hiiatcil hy ilie I^iiiili
i-ti')ii i . invtilcil ill ,1 luiliK"
! 'ii_, .;ii'l iii.-ir ■; nuifli in
h;:>, V'. in, Il II,;, . , JujueriT,
;i: till p.iullic^ bti.i;', initi'il;
luli .IK- appoiuLigi--, ii.iving
:";tij,j II itiiiailv Ii:v,-r tli.m
•lUi-, or lu U( II culli\ itc'ii.
il IK' as til Itut'I TK'V. Mlicll
1 I. lie, in I)' ill iln' id iii.j«.
V 'uiuId! piiv..ic,nng. The
I'oii, vvlikh IS ..•.ii.uclcil In'
y,d Calik-, ill. I'tiiir C.ilUc
iiilt's i'l coinpif , : onlv fe-
ioiina:.,ly liv .iii.iirow lliait,
V. Il IS .1 ,i:v h .il'i.v place,
ir. ■ :' ol imall kh'.s.
I 1:11 1, I'as 1 :ii' ■ :iir, -r.,I
f I .. . ill :ii I .'. - . iiiipiiritl
ili.i ,1 11' • ; ,iikl li il'.c Imii
ri:. i:iv. h. iii^ ih, o'i!v a-
.■It ol 1 r 'n,--.
I. 1)1 1 L.i^ !■. .\.N I'i A .\.
■,\\ I'l 1' MKvTiil' A V ■:<. f:i].
.i:(.-i.-l.'', li'iiil ill ■ \ all III! Ill-
.'li. 1 iit ii;iaici l(.;..ua:..l'r
U.l>
F.nROPF..l
F. r R O I' F A N I S L A N I) .S.
:i
w,is calliil lOniiii-, and ilu- mlicr Oplmifa and C'lllu-
binia. 'I'll' y lie aliout V' miks will ot' Cape St.
Miriin, on the i.o\H ol S|vii:i. I'Ik- lormcr is alioiit
40 niilcs Ion;',, and ii lnoad. and very mountainous,
Init not iintViiitt'ul where iiiliivatid. Tiie toiiiniy.li'ii.'-
a,i' lali and li^ . The prim ipal pi k e is h ica, a Imall
liuvii, Willi atort and hailioiir, and tiic relidence oi'llu'
covi'inor who is i'uliordin.iie to tlic viceroy ot' M.i-
jon-.i, V'crmiiil'iiM, ll.x mile-, loiitli o! Ivica, is Imall,
anil, al prelciit, tiiiinh.ihiieil. C'.ibrcr.i is anotlier little
illand (itii.iii'd loiiili ot Maiorta. It takes its niim
fiDiii llie imillitude of^oats 1 aiiul upon il ; has a Tmall
g.aril'on and callle rodetend the cntiaiiceotihc liarliour,
aiul i^ a receptacle lor exile-,
Maiorca, ^o null's 111 len;j,th, ar.d 40 in hre.ultli,
is the iH.ir 1! of anv of thot'e ill.md'. on the Spanilii
coal'. It ahuindsiii corn, cattle, horle-, wine, oil,
II >n ', . latiio'i, deer, ralibiis, wild fowl. iS;c. and
is plcii'i iill\ I'l.ipphed with lilh. Mere are tour cipr-,
vi/. I'eliMealt, ( IrDii'. r well, Silmas (biith, a;:',l Ter-
iiiei.ior iioiih. If has watcii t )'.\ersall r-nrul 11. To-
wards the noith anil well 11 i, mountainous, hut ha^ I'e-
VM.il !;■ ud haibours, with plemy ol watei'. Tli.air
IS uholekim,', Iv.n very lioi and liiv in I'uinin, r. A
lonrulei.i. le I odv of horle .iiid tiiol is k'.pt her; lor
llie deUiice o| the it! in.l. The l.iiijrti.ige ul the I'ciler
I'lii isSpiiiilh; but t'l.u oi the coiii'iioii [vople is a
m.'dliy of Sp.inll), [.atiii, (;re<k, :',iid Ar.tbic. The
piiiicip.il piaee m iiisiiiai liom wliiih 11 takes its
ll.inie, \ i '.
M.iiT' a, aiu ieni'c. r.ilin 1, whii I; it.uids on thelouth-
wtl'i. lide ol tliL' Illand, on a ba'. betwixt two lape^, and
is a l.ir^c and v.,ll-lortilied town, ilii- relidence of the
viceroy, the k at ot a court ot inqiiitition and other
courts, and ,-.llu ot a bitliop, who is fulliai^an to the
archbilliopol N'alentia.and lias a revciiu- of 20,coo du-
cats per annum. Here likcv.il'e r. an tiniverliiv, a llatcly
lathedial, a great many churches, with feveralholpitals,
handlome tliiet-, aiul ;'quaivs. Ol the l.iil there ii one
talLd l>'jrii, where the buU-li'.'Jits and other lliew- ,uc
exliibiteil. The iiihabii.inis aie computed at uj)wards
ol 1^11 th ',11., lid.
Minorca lie^ ;; m le- eatl-north-eall olM.i'orca.
It ^'jK.ited leii;;tli, ironi tall to welt, !■ ;.S miles .'.nd
its breadth 1 ,;. llie .in is moitl, hut never exeeiiive
Cold or li'it. 1 lere are le.id mine-, pleiit\ o! lilh, lair,
fine iiKuiil,-, rabbits, lh,ep, honey, wax, c.',pe:-, i 1,
Cotton, wine, fniie of which is excellent, line .icorns,
o| unli.i, jMliii-tivcs, wliieh, however, bear notriiil,
nrities, wiih .1 v,ill variety of petritied llv, II , and a
f: i I.. It deal 'if latile. The w.iter is f.i.l to be nine o|
the l.>. ll. The inh.ibitants, like the Spaniards, are too
proud and la/.v ti uiitivate the 'ground in a proper
iiiiiiiiei, and coiilequeiitly have fail little crii. Tlic\
h.ive a 11,11 ural turn to poetry, love miifu and tlanciivi,
and, like their ancetiors, are expert llini;er% In 1 ■ ;6
tiie I'leiv ll ii'it poliellion ot this illanil. Al li..' cone. 11-
lion "I the war in 1 7'>;, it was ivlhired to the i'i,-;^lilh :
but it wa. i.ik.n by the Spaniards l.ill war, and i- 11 w
become aSpu.illi illand again.
Citadeil,', dieeai it:;l, bnii; on ihe well coalt, wh.re
the goxernor leiidis, .- a Imall pl.r.e, but well lonilied,
and cliii lU nihabiled bv ilir '••'.iin;iilh.
I'oit Malum is one ol the linell 1. arbours in [-airope,
both lor its capai iouUiiis aiu! lecuiity trom wind and
ciiemie , f-cini;loi:. mik-fmo;, and above half a mil.
III breadtli. Tiie I' v.ii is ;m..il, lui li.is ,1 bulk trad .
Neai It IS St. I'liili))'- laide, .1 liiu.ire lull ol lour b.illi-
oiis, which h.isaJ.'i.ns a t^u ^1 1'.arrif Jii.
CoRsiC.\, between the (iiilpli of C.ietioa and the
lll.ind ol S;i'dini.i, extends trom 41 to 4? dei;rees
ot nordi laiiiiide, and troin nin to ten degiees ot call
lon;-',itude.
i'ho ifl.ind lieiii;; lor the moll part mouiii.iiniais,
wo.idv, dry, and lioiiy, ius little arable lanil. Some
9 ?'.)
of the low piounds and vallies, h'lwcier, yi.ld corn,
wine, lii;s, aim )nds ch.'fnuts, ohvcs an I other tr fits.
Here is alf>a gnd brc 1 of .atllean I liorfes ; an I t'le
woods and toivils ah mnd with dee;', and otli.T i' inie,
togeiherw t'l h on 'v anl wax. Tii .,.■ .ire alf ■ t'lnu filt-
works and hotbadi^ on the ill.md, wit'i cryllil-, iioii,
and alliim.
'I'll.' Illan.l of Corli'a will ,;ver be fur.ous fir the
nol'le itand itsinhabitaii: muii lor t' eir l.'vrtv a.vitiU
their Geno-le tM'ants -in 1 .'.i orw.irds a.^iind the i.ale
and ung.Mierous etlbrts of i!:e Fr.'n. li to '. nil ive th 11,
tlioiitrli tliev were .it l.-np,th nvcip i.vi red by miiiiieis
and eompeiled lolfibmil. T ■■.I'i, wli'icommanded them
in the tlru'.'.ile lor tiecdom, wa taken under tlr. |.ro-
te:>i mot the Hi itilli court, bi C'.nlapi-. lue ofdiisd'C-
tingiiillied tyranny and opprfllon, Ti-.odore, their
km.;, tookretuge in KiiL^ltn,!, where h: remiiae'l in a
V'.ry impoveriilied ll.Ue mair years, an'.l at lengtii liieU
at a priv.ite lodj2,in r in Soli,), :;; the \ear i;;;.
Hilb.i, the I ajiitai, li'uu.don tiie north-cai; coalbif
the illuid, ha a g I'hI hirli nir and cattle, h p: ttv well
lort tie.l, and is the lee of;, lilhoi'.
S.in I ioreii/.o, lltu.red all > on the n it'iern l;.!e of'
ill ■ ill uid, on 1 giilpii to whi.li ;r t;i\ .-s n ime, Ins a
li'i >d haven, is tortiiied. and :lr, mi 1 n.c i.l i bilivip.
Ko'i'iiieiois almill, i-ni well | e pi 1 t ■ vn, on tlr,"
l"ut!ii in c (all of ihe ill in.!. 1' m V.e.hi.j is .i lirtlc
fca-port town on iheeallern er,',!!. Con i, on t':ei lolo,
is an cj'ifc '-pal ice. with a llrt.' i/, ealile „nd wall t..ii its
dele: <■ .
A;,i/./.a i- a:; '.pifcopa! fee, a p'aec of ;;.' -d iiade,
.iiul W'.ll peopled.
The Illand ot Sardin: a, wiuth gives a r iv>.l title to
t!ie iliike ot Savov, lu - : ;o niiies well 01 L.gi.orn, is
i()o miles in len',!;th, rnd So in iirea.itli, ha' but ai m-
diil'ercnt air, but a frui lul loil, aiv.l ab')u:'.i.ls in ei.i.!,
win.', oil, fruit, c.Uile, im::. ', hn.ii.. ■', I ear , and
d cr, (foiue of wliieli i ive ti.r Ijiotted tkin=) iv^id, lil-
ver, leao, ir;)n, lulphur, '.Ihim, &.c. Tiie onf. veno-
nioui cre.'.tiir. is a kin.l .t Ipider, The eo.n-iiodiiies.
iiideiiendant of the piodikVioiis .ilre.adv menti'Mied, are
C'lral, linen, tilk, wool, hide-, and clueie. Tiie inha-
bit, '.nis are ot a dill'olut', and idle di 'poliiion. I'iie re-
l:_j,i.,iii i- Roiiian Catlioiic, an',1 liie k'nuuige S;i nnli.
Ca;;iiari, the c.ipital, lituaie,! on ihe l')u'!i tide of
ihi- Illand and on the d.elivitv ot' a hill, i.; divid-
ed into high and hr.v; the former being hanllijine
and well-built, but th.' Luter poor and unhealiliy.
T!ie eailiedr.'! is magnilic.n. ; theaichl'.fliop anil vice-
roy rellde here ; tl.c port is Ipacious, and detend.d by
a liute.y ,uid calV.e i and tf.e town coniajii- lev.ral
coiiv.r.t-.
■['he rivers Sai ro and Tin >, i-y an oppofite coiirl'.-,
cut Saidiiii.i nearly into t .- < e,;iial jiut' or pr ivin e :
ill • one called llCipio de C igiiari, and die otir, r II Capo
de Sati'aii, or l..ugedt)vi. There .ire m.iny jiorts, gwlpli-,
,ind bivs in it, with t'everal tlioiig to'.. ns, a great num-
ber 01 village-, thrcearchiiiili pries, and loui bilhopries.
Tiiedergv, both fecular and regular, have gi eat pri-
vileges, ineomes, and nnnuiniths. 1 he only iniiver-
tity IS thai Oi C igfui.
About Sardir.ia Ik' n.my liivilkr iflaiu!-, ot'wl-.ich
the prin'.ipal ,11, , St. I'leiM. S:. Antioehii, Li V.,:ea,
II 'foro, R tlii, H'.iv.u'.i, Tavil.ia, Alinaria, Scrp. ,1-
lei'.i, T.1//0, Cirbon r.i, .ind O JiaUro. Ah naria, ilie
moll conlid. table oi'h.!'-, by the aiilients lUleil lIu-
great illand ol H.r.u'es, ,s about 28 miles in c 'mp.il's,
and lies aloiii tour iniles from Cape Moir.e 1' ■:■ .aic,
and i:; norili oi'thciity of Silfui.
Capri, or Caprea, is much taken n'tic' ofi.ir tiie
noble ruins on it. ii i- .ihout '.■ in mile- 1 -ng, .iiid one
broad, and is tituated at the etiliai' , '^i 'i.e giil|ih of
Naples, .ibout three miles from th,' i ntii ,11. This
ille was the retidenee of the em|vroi' .\uguiiu-, fir hime
tii\ie, who came here |,-r he- health and 'Ci re:uii-ii.
Tiberius, atleihim, m-ide it a leene 01 the moil infa-
niou>
^
040 A M:\V, ROYAl, AND ArTIirXTlC SYSTV.M a\ I NIVrR"- AT , M,0(,RAP1IY.
^1
1 I
t s
»
!';4h
M
M
nu5u- p!c.iliii\-. Tin.' ['iii\i.iiMl 1111113 aiul icin.i.ii' "t
.inti^iuitv :iri- :\i the cxtn.iiiny ol the liii^rii |>ioiivm-
toiv. W'liat liiiftlv icci'iiinuMui. il ilii ill.iiul !'> 'I'llif-
liiis wa-- its ic'.ijHr.iit h^alililul .ur. luiiv u.uiu iii
suiucr, aiul co'l in ruir.mcr; an>i tla' n.inirc ot its
loall, wi.ith is I'o wry ihtp, tli.ii .i fni.tli laiiiilHT ol
nun iiiav iliUiul it a;i.iiiitl a i;itMi army. 'I'Ik' liirfacc
»'t I lie ill.iiul was ilicii cut into laly aiiiiit-, ailoi:i-i!
wii!'. the I'mpiHir'-.md oilier palan-, and planUil v.itl'.
a variety olsirovc'' and ^ardeii^. T Ik- r^'ck^ alio under-
n^Mlli were out into lil^nwavs grotlov, gillcru"^, Iw;.'.-
nios, and ruliterraneousret:remi.'ni- :lnit ti.ev 'a. reatttr-
ward'ditaeeilor drnioiillu'd i>\ ilu Roinaii'.. Ittaiiirain^
alxnu i-^."c i.iiiabitaius, wlio a:e exempt lioin all taxo- ;
;ilid helon;;s In the ;iiovin f ol Lov.-m. in the kiiu'
liotii ot Nipl.>-. 'rii.i\ ar. !o\hmI tpiinj^s ol trelli
water in u; and, in a d iii li'lul \ ilUv I'eiw.en the
nioun;..msat iIk luo . \in jiiii i ■, liaiuN a i i!y ot tli.
laini- n.inie wilh th lil.ind, \\hiLli i'- the lee ot a luili-'p,
wli' fi- liuinie .■.111.' il'.i.tV. l!i;n the prodls.'.kni^ tli;'hl.
ol ouaiU thai i om tlmhei ai t . n tin kaloii^, paiii. u-
laih. in M III h, '\Ikii vali i;i,a!i!ilie'' ol tlum aie l.nl
to Na|ile> .iiul I>'L! v.i\ I l.rap. (.'n this .aa oi:nf, i!;l
hilhop.K" I loHi.t Hi.- |.-a.ii'i'v tilled, the lii;ll,;-..L
Nr!ii.-\ IS .• I;i!,ill l>i;t pL.tf.'.-it :;;;.! terlile illmd, 1\-
i:ig on the Ne?,p liian e .i:t, al) ■.;: l.\o ;iik- thmi th.
Capo ot M Mi'iiM, a' d z: troni N.iple--. Moli ot ii i-
lurroa.ided «tih hhih, i.raa'v, .m.! inaei tVilih' rot k .
whili llielter it tio.n ih. .Mtidv, r.nd d^tend it tr m
li.v.id.i"'. Sonic ]..;ti~ . ; It aie rich atui tielighitu!,
yieUiitrji; ail if..inri, r ot d.'a. i»\i hut's, :'.■..! i\i. Ikiit
\v lie-- ; InitotlKi' ,ir. .i-. dil n.il .md baiten. Ii ua-
atiiuiitly e.dled In.'.ntii- ; .\n\ niikli liili't ! to eaitl-
<jiiik.e-. Thet;' ar. te'.er.il lioi l-a;i: and inelAi;..il
i...!.:s ,11 It, witlKUVJtti Lti't p'',al.:t:i ioah .'.itds liiu'.i-^.
.Siciiv, tlio m..ll loniidet.ilile itland >fineMidi-
tettane.m, is dividei.! ivotiiii.ily b', .i ii.itow (h.iii,
c.ihed liie 1-aro o: Mtlliit.;. The tales lu.e ll.,w ina--
{iul.trly and violentlv. 'I'lier.Hk ai-.ii.tnlv > alied Sovlla,
atui ii.i'.v C.'-lio Sctgli I, is nn the C.ilabrtan (i,!. ; .tnd
ilie '.".hitlpuol [(•i.neih named (."h.trvhch-, hut .. .i Jo-
Jioiiiiti.uid C.il' ii.il.;, i;es n.a t.u ti^ in .M.llini.
In tat lait dioik oi ihel.rnb'i eaidii|i:aU', whic'i
iinJv.d tl.i-> eouiiti y iti .III 'hi 1; riots it d.l httioit, |
in the year 17S ;, part ot a lo, k, tto.u S.\|l.., .vas d.- I
t.i.lKil trotn tf^ loisndaiiun, .ita! t'aio.'.ti u.in M 'k nee ;
Jtit' th.- le.t. 1- artul that lu. et- tli-i; ■.artii.niak - i
uo.i'.d. i-f all. ikI.-.: Willi till- lanit i'.:e-.itub oiiUtnietuc--. |
the r.h.ibit.ttit-. .t Si.\!la. w .ih ihcir piiiu e, t o >!. ic-
tu '■ ". ih.ir bo.t-, .ti.il r in. tl to a tinad h a ' K; - |
;vj..r.d.,l lit 10.' -. iiiitlhi.e u: I •miiatle p op!. t.,iin i I
iKi, l.e ..it V. the'. 1. u.tht. A tc. ttl ih.o. i. c i.i ht.l '
.1 :iu)u:ii.,tn iK'ar .^ • d.i, attil nii.cU l.jeilhin S.'.'li
lit. it, irotu Us bi:e, atul pic .putt ■! it '.miIi luth v.ol-
me. Miio tlie te.t, a to rati, a ttiott tte:H'.-..t!oi:s wa\e,
w:,:^ti tali brokj U[)..;n tin. l'uiiit> d' 1 lau, in Sitilv,
.iiiil tiitii tnitantly reiiji-iiin>; with .i loi tl noile, d.alhed
ihf uii'ortutwttf p.ir.ce, with moic il.ati ;o^jot' his
t.;i> o-f, int.) tl;, I can.
1 a. a I o' .S:. 1\ ;- lahil r'oii , .itt'i ;'. ;' ,1 :,., :', ;u\-.
that 11 I .1;! u !tie ,.i.it;..i', til It.il- . It piot'ii t^ .ibun-
(.ianec ot .i\eii, wine, ■ il, Iriii!'-, I'i;:ar, !■ t.ey, t.tti: >n.
\va.\,ii'k. ,'\i, v.ith unie t; 'Id, iitv.r, ir.)r., .ihut, vi-
lli. 1, t.,!:-p ire, at.d r.un.r.l t.rt. 'I'lie luoui,. it's
yield tnuralds. '. t; -.r.a^.il. ., povph\iy, !,;;:;. l.i.'ii'i, .it.c!
u flone cahed e.UuclittJ. ot a ;j,;. eiiilli Ip.ikl^ii . olour,
\vh:i h grows loll La ;1;c v-aimth ot "lu'- h mil, tin .k-
Hi-i. to It iikcglue, .mil lb .ill ext.lknt anti'.a; a-.j.tt.d
tin. Itiiigo: l.oipion-, and loine oilicr poiloti'ai iii:e.'i'.
A great deal otior.;! ;s t uiid iiijoii the c.a!'., ttt.d [kn-
tv ot c.\ceiicni til'a; aii.ong wliich ..re ilr j. I' e Ipada,
or I'.vord-liih, aial lunate-, drctu t, i.intiti.-. it I'ltk, r.iw
.'..nd nianulactured, are esporifd tian \K;..ica, .-. hei
a I (jiifiii 1 rot 11 alt noil evet y naiiut; 111 lM:ri.'>.' it-h .! s, • vi
fi;.»ii..i^.. iii.d 2jn./UCL the ititle <j: hi., nan. 11.
I let e. ire Uwr.il ir t r-\ at.d |jood Ipiii".',- t bv' lew :'
the ii\er^ .ire navi;.' 'Me, litvui'.; but .•. !h. it iia.:|, , , ,,
til ei nihnu riei i['it..ub iioiri tie nioiaii.iiir .
Ol lite utoiiiii s III till- illaiul tlK iimll 11 iitd : ,
Mount .i'.tn.i, IK ealled M'ni.' (iiiallo, ..iMmii.-,
b. llo, .1 \t.'e,'ii', .thole truiiPoii* li,i\ a- oiieii | r \t,l
l.il.il iLitlie n ';;h!'oiiiini.T ( omitiy. It is ; 1 nil - i:,
etitut, atul |o lug,h th.ii it hatbtairs ni.iiiy uikl 1 ealh.
At tin- botirin are loin-liekis aiul |ikuii.uioii'- ol I'ui^ir
tanc-. /\iiioi;", tlu- other nioiiiit.iins one ot the moll
vor.lhlerai'le is Mount St. luk.in, iieai l'..Ii.riiio, ami., nt-
i\ e tiled I'.rv.N, ami viiliitiih Trti'iiti. The iriipti ts
ol M Hint .latia tire >^ n r.illv pree.detl b^■ an eaith-
iiii ke.w hu 11 otii 11 do.' tiioiid ,111.1; I' iha!uhee:i:ptii)ii-.
I'll, a i e ; 1. , V. ill. Hi] I ■! lo ihetr I.I..1I 1. ir, are tar
tl' 111 appv.um;', 11 .1 1 1> ui 1. le hglil ; 1 fin;. .1 pcivcil;
i.t.e, and a nuxiute ot It.ili.rts .m,! Sp.i'ir.i k. Tii ,
'p. .ik I hi.ll' St .'.n;(li, ant' l-ilk>w iIr- .^patttlli tall. ion ,
p.nncul.iity in .,t.a in;.; bl ti k.
'I'lte tllabl;lhtt! .clgr-n til,e ill ....tl 1 ih. R.Mr.a .
C'.!tii.)li(. 'lilt iiiiiiilit.; ,1, hill, his, t oiivett! . .ittti t
h;.;ioi!s lountliiii.n-, i- \,iv ae-it, .nul tiiev are wilU, -
.1 \\\A. 'I'lti, I- .1 1 ' ettign tribunal, wlii h iM''i'.»
in ,11 eei it li.iih' a! .illaui, .iitil athnii- 0: no a|i' - ..; il
ill'- P'.ll'C.
1 lie I oh. e ■ i| Si. ilv i , p iliaps, t|,(. niod riiig,ul.ii iii
th. \\',i|,k 'I'll- l.andilii, wh.), in r,n\ .aher tountrv,
\Mii,ld liav ■ lud'.reil tlr kw u punilhin- ni du ■ tti tli, t,"
nail . at., in Sieilv . not mi \ pu' li..lv pro.e.'i.il, b<r
imiveilallv It ir.tl , Pil r iptiai.l. Thclf writ lit- lias- j
t.iktii ;• lieiFt' n ol the V .1 [) luoiii, itt [I'x e.ili.rn p.trt
ol th,' illaiul, where it has b en toiind iiiip(,|1ibk- to ex-
tiip.itc tilt 111 trointhen !e. 1. 1 nil rubleii.uifous retreat?;
intl ih.is I ucut.'.lkliK.', li ti,i'tli.r wiih tlrir del'perate
val.Mii, anil \ iiuliri i\c Ipait, li.i- iiuhnail the I'limeot"
N'i'la l'i..nea, tn in a nv live ot p. .liti , i.. dttl.irt hiiiikit
thetr piotoitoi ami pr.titin. 'I'h.f vc th.e guiiies ai.d
pr.iieot.r.s ol ti.ivelhas; an ! Uitli r.r.- tliei' \:if.\\ notion-,
ot wh.i ih;\ .ah iheir point ol Iv, it,,,,,, thai, !i ■,\.-\tr
deter: :v- th.y aie '..li, r.-;_>ai-tl to |iti-i\- in peneral,
tiity ever luaint.i'n tlu titoli tinlh ;' en tt.klif. ,'.tlM''vir
tiiey ha\e onu- prottllul t. W h. , i , r up. Ic io;i-
l..!enie in l!i.;t-, .i.a'. bt. ll- uiv ot 11 ! li" Ifir it in llic
I ;...lk-ll; inllan.e a'.-"ile..l ; ■ n, oti tia- lOtiir.iiv, ni.iy
.■■r..!! limdeH'iip m ihe it-t ..nr. that hib ; cton will bs
pr,t.-rti-d ti.iiii in, lilt .n 1,, m , .nul hi- p'tiji.-nv lri):n
imp'-.liiioii or d |)te 1 mot' i'\- ihe!-. taahtal and rtlohiif
idnef-iu ; .ili ot wlioni ate known totlie other bandiiti
ot the ill.ttitt, .\h- , 't. ni the lam.; ]iiiiniii|e o' honour,
r.tp,tl not oi.lv ihe pe: lent "t thin own wonhy tr.ucr-
iiav, ill! th I e w: otti tlu V , I. .lit. 'I'he gen ralit\ of
I .i'. 1! r- h;te a co-.ipk 01 ihiit- !.:ii.ird- u. ait .'ni|)aiiy
t.ctii in tl,e.r loiniu'-- , .eitl, by this iiitaiis, travcrl'e,
u 11 1 l.tklt, tile tiMi! d.ii' ',-iuus rmiations 111 die itl.iiul.
lira. 01 tii: ilili' rate I. I v. h.) phi' e llietr.klvc nitiic
,ei\,t. , t lae I'.init- "1 \'ill 1 i-'iaiii a are invelle.l wiili
111- hv.rv, vel'.o.t, .uid gi ren, wiili lilver late, and wear
ab.ul:, (■ till ir titater ; whiih, it not ver\ hoiionf.ible,
ent.tle, ; ,.111 ai leal! lo !o much tear and relju-ri, th.u
th. lu it|^lllrates h.ive been often .Uiligtd not only 10 pio-
tt.t, I ut even t. pav them comr, 111 otder to bf It-cute
a;. .lid ''-eii lev t : liil tlitpoliiioii, whit h itiipils iheiu
t ' lii. tii'it- wiih it.atii '.'tlio-.ver h... giviii ili.iuiutl
tan ■ Ml j.rov ' iii m.
It, t lilt. •;.;.. Ill Mif ami virtue obiervable in this
tit-i.L,oii liaiernity is terv reaiaikable. W'liil,' th.y
■- tt.tf.ti, v.'itii impuitit', , i-veiv el line which dilgriiei
litit.-. it.i!'', th. ir ptant .jt h 111, air is.;bk , veil in the nii-
. utitl ill'- iiu.s; and tilt' inoiiiil' .li one of ihef.- banditti
w.jiiM be pertorir.cii Willi as exa't. a puttciu.ihty as tile
b aitl 1(1 .my ..tlur man. '1 liev lrci[uei,lly iiorrow money
tiom til ■ toiiniry jK-ople, vvlin d.iie nut rctu'e their re-
i|uet! ; but it thev promife to ntiirn it, tluy will railier
lullil iheii- eng.igement .it the ixpeiiie ot ih'- lie and
prap-Ttv ot r.iiiieiinl'iriuiutie p iliengt-r, titan t.iil 111 the
h i. iir.ible jK-rtormanee ut wi.at lliey have iiadeil.ikeii.
'I'hole of them who ha\ ■• entered into the litti vita- ot
luwictv, and attend ilk ^uai Jk totiaxtlkrk, earr\ .iiiir.,
■ v.ht.h
f • M.OMt API !Y.
!pp|i
u
-:';.', I 111
'11 (III- in
Lit,
iiiaii.liii
11- ill.iiul iIk luoll II,, [(I
M
■III,' (ill ill.
>i\y \\
■ l 1)I'':(IV.
I li
"''-•" 1 r M.I
ml
- i:i
■' aiul h'aiii.ii
"i.iny uiM i f;,(i>
IOI1- ot (in. ir
moiiiii.iins oiii' ot ilic i,i,;i|
'". luai I',
Ti
''■iiiii', :inti', nt-
11
II .11 IV
r:i'c-, ili-(
''ii.i; I- ili.iiiili
IC I I1I11I1 -s
'V an lanh.
"■■I'-iiniijM .
Ic- !ls:lll;
ii-ii
11 1
>i',
arc t.i.
■> i 'CI \ ( I : .
l!l.l .Sn,].,, ,|,|,
n
I ll
^"■\ the .'■[.i:
:ili tall,
'C.ll,
in ...U 1 I-. K,^
I ■•. I onvt.;:', , .'.lu
■'lul liicv ail- wtl
'in.ij, \vl iili !t|.
ml' o! r.ti .1(1' i ,
' i!::ip^ tlic mofl ruigiii.ii 111
uli.., Ill :rr ,>il.rr uHinlrv,
■ i( ininillinr lit du ■ lu :!;,;,-
"11 \ i'u iiklv piu.i.-' -il, Ini:
■■!i-l. ■Jli.-lr wrt. Ik- I'.avj
1' iiKii::. i- I'rx c.ili.in i'.:rt
' I'll t.Hind iiiH".irii)L- to c'X-
I nil lulitiii.iihdusiviriat.'!;
p,'-;lKr with th-ir <!flpiTare
li, li.i' nu!iit.\-(l ;!.i- I'niueof
cot p.ilki , i<'i'.il.ii\ liimiiir
. i'lii >■ sv I hi- giiiik-s ai.vl
'! Ui'.h :',r, ila-i- l:i^<,li notions
it ot iun,,,,;. thai, h '.vi-vi-r
MrJ to |,iii -iv in pi-tu-ral,
Il 'inlll .' I') !:i!>1i:-,,'.',Iki--vi|-
:. \\ !l... \, ;■ i^p. 1^. ,,,;,.
'-1"- ul II ! h:' .'■•;; ir m ; he
' 'i, o;, ii!,- (.oiiii.iiv, rii.iy
: ..iU} jl.at liib ] c'lon uill jjj
III- , .i!h1 hj. p.,,|,.,Ttv troin
i'v ihf!. ta.ihtiil aiiili-;(clii(-
known totlii- otlii.-f iMndiiti
10 l.mi ■ piiiiiipic o' Imnoiir,
^ ■■! run ouii uoiihy tr.'.lcr-
' I' oil. 'I'he j:,i-n ralit\ of
-> 'i j'wiiil ii, aci .ni|.aiiy
I. !)>' I hi'. UK. ins, Iravcili.-,
■lous (iiii.uioiis III ihi- ill.iiul.
'■■■'^''> phi' (.• liifiiiliivc-, 111 (iie
1 I'lam a arc invclU-.J uuli
I, with liJviT la. e, and wt-ar
•■h, it not \cr\ lijiu'iir.ililc,
tiiicli t'-.ir and rrlpri, ih.n
ten ohhgitl not oii^y m pro.
i-"iirr, in oilier to !);• in int.;
oliiioii, ulmh i;iip. Is ilu-iu
■.vci- ha-, givtn iImu kkI
virtiK- o!i!crv;i'lc- in thi-.
rfinaikililc. W'lnl.- th.y
.-(.■ly Clinic w'iich dilg'-i, ci
11' .ur isolii; ,vcd in the ini-
iiilr ul one ut (hell- iKindiiii
exact a punctuality .is tlio
v 'rei|iici,tlyl.oirow iiiom-y
lo d.iic iKjt iclu'c ihcir i-j-
' rctiiin It, tiny uill rat her
IC txpcmc o! ih'- lie and
'i'llieii^^.T, than tail m ii,<-
'■■M llii-y liavciindcil.ikcii.
nu ii-d into the Icivii ,■ of
to tu\ill, Tk, tari\ .11111-.,
■ '.'.L'.-.h
i
F. r R op V. .\ N I S r.. A N' I
rijiiori':.!
nhith ihty imkc iMily for :\.^lon, and plaic mi a pol-
lurorcidv iiili'.r tor atiai k m dit'iKc. in all Unpicims
or tlin^crnii- pl.u cs. Tiu v la.y tin ir l.uullord'- hill a' .
) .s.
ci rdin ' to ilu'ir owi
1 pica
ilic
and liiiii is th;' uiiho.
tiiv wiili V.I1H.I1 t'.ic' either arc invelKti, or '
i-h il
alliini:, tint iIka threaten, and
tiitc, 1
d
nlliiit
KV
woiilij, iKrhaps, cNe-
■ th upon the hardy wrcti h who Ihonld
d,uc loatniiipt an iiiipo'iium upon tlu' trnelleis uiuier
Il '
icir protection.
Till ill.ii'il is I omn
I"
Ml 111 I la,
loiilv iliviilcd into tiiree parts or
anil
cs vi/. \.ii ill Dcni .'ii, Val ill Noin
ara.
built lit
Il a ipauoii.'i li.ir-
mc ot
bour, near th-- liiait to uhkli ifjves name,
lix gri.iti.li niai;t-iuuns in the Mcdiii naiie:in, loniains
main n-lilc ulilii c- , l^ tlu- lee ol an archliilhop, and
nil I'al. riiiotorivint^ih. i .ipital oltlnillaiid.
Iial 1^ a large Ip.iiiou- hiiildinj;;, very rich in
M.
,ihl
It I' illd-ovei ilileat
at ni'.'.hi, ii^ liani
!>4«
The v,,ican.i wk, to a com!-
iiliir,
lai,
iiiicrranenu .*••. a.
c li.ii'.hi ; and il IS a:ri-ediliat, imharwcail
Us vilihlc liori/..
h. dili.in. cot 2:; le.ic,iiLs,aii.| il
aiv lo or (.en much taither ; lothat
linall itlaniU of F .cv
I cannot lie k I ih.in .-00 niih s.
Ill/,),
IC .It the Wed i-iul ol Si
M
TI
.iiuiin.i.
and 1-
IC
iva.;nati I,
I pan
1
Ma
Ilk
iiiy, and hoili the-, and tl
aic liii jtcl lo the king ol'ilic Tw > Si, ih.
i<r
ALTA, (ij ni.lcs I. anil ot L'apc rall'iro m Si,
lot an ova! t
■ iir i^ hoi, l)ut
iliiii\
:o till
'Mv.;
and
I 2 niiud.
Till
and the -.vlmle ill.ind is ol auliit.:
loll roik, coverul to tin de.tli of a foot will
'
I '
iHcscotfon, indiiio.
contiirh i\ I
:u la'.hei
•J'
pircandlinelv adormd in tlic mlidc. Tlicot
In-.',-
-,11
Worthy iiotii
are, the ari
hhill
root', hiibs, is,e. I
and
nin earth,
a variety ol' fruits,
llie gciierai hofpnal, lalicd La Logaio, the L
lop S p.llliC,
and tort •
At tl
i/aietto.
ic annual tair, kept iicrs- in AulhiiI,
great tpiantitics ot toieign |',oods arc expollil to I.
T
lie.
IC ti;y Iks on a gcntl
li.gc luhuriis, and 1 weil hirni
Ct
ccliviiy al'iig tiic f'-a.
(lied
.viin ualcr hv liil)-
teir.ine HIS aipudiiCls, and all kinds of pro\ iiions, from
fea and l.ind. Tin- jiort is of an oblong oval form,
ea aiu
.•11 I
jriili d, Willi a lit.ul,!, .md oi
\ that ihips o: .So
icr works
and
can lomc ciolc up to
i|iuv. The city ail, 1 is (liongiy lortiiied, tliougli
ri:;iil.irl\. In '
Re
11 u- iKigliliourli,)od arc fome hot
iiiiiii ;al waters, ellcemcil very g
K diteales.
Tiie
iiict manulacu
aga
if th
'iaic is
ilb cniT
iliat ot tilb. Some ol' tiv,- iniia'aiams arc u
ploved in (iflvng, cultivating vine^ .uul mullKrry-trccs,
and freedin.', Iilk-woniv.
Th,
iivcr
i.iv.i;.;c-- of tlu- latal ear iiiiuake-, of 1 7S
iv tell
ic. A range ot iiiagniliicnt buil.li
.-f
were
in th- t.'ini 01 a u-^lVcnt, \\l,ich eM.-nded lor tin- I'piue
ot an It.ili.in mil.-, \\as, in lorn- pans, totalh ruined.
In till |..,.ir p.'.it. of Meliina moll ottlie buildings
were dell'-'iyeti; and 700 ot the un'ortiinate iniialiit.uus
were eiti.e: ciriied o|} b\ the dieaiitul wave vvliiih.ame
*i-(;.-ii the ro, k otSivil.i, or liuiied in liic ruin^ ol'iiieir
liaiM:.,-.! Mis.
>' '■ , Ii! , aiK.entlv a Vi rv noiilc eirv, i- pr.'ttv well
fo.iiii.d, and lia-> a poi-tia|ui->Je ol' leicivirg tlie iargell
V' tie: . '.viih a llrong caliie, fupplied wiih ] knty of
w-.iii-r 1)1 the fount.un o; .\ietliufa, lo I'.imed amon^
tin- .Ul- i' nls.
i'.iiirnio, .incl.ntly l'ano!;;uis is a la'-^ie, rich, and
uclid'.iii.'i city, lirii-it il ai tii- vcr\ botioiu ofaguijiii,
jowliiihii gives na;iie. It isanarchicpilcopal lee. Tlic
M.ciiiv's palace i- ani.Mnificent lii-u.T;;ri,ado!neii witli
tint iiuipiuris, ganim-, tee. and llrv^- iniUail of a
c.iiiie.tlandinj, hi.;li,.ind lieing flanked wiiii Ionic lofty
tow^r-, and other work-. There are many otiier tine
piii-lic CkiilKcs, as tile C'.dicdral, leverai foiinlaiii',
ilie city gai.-, wiiieli lead- lo the fcafuK, the i;'jav, I
mole, torts, convent-, t-nviidioufc, loniliiiildioule, |
and univeiliiv. The quay is one 01 the hiull waik-
aiioiit liie i!tv, being vviilc, of a great lengiii, and
planted vvitli tie.-. Tiie port is fate and comiiiodi uis
every where, i-i ept on tin- Ibiitli-uell t.-Jc, vvliicli is
lull ol rocks, ill a rife no hi>^iier tlian ilie I'uriace oi
the lea.
Oil' tlic north co.lll.^ of Siiiie, in tlie Tufi an lea, ii.
h ver.'.l iniall illands, cilied tiic Lipari Iti.r.id-. l.ip.ui,
ill- piiiuipai, cnj'iv . a vvliox'tonie air, a.ivlrhh toil,
p o.lu, ing > 0:11, vviiic, and fruit, cipeciiilv lig- and
I liliii-, in gn.u plenty, togetiier wiiii I'ulphur, aliuni,
and bitumen. Il liaili a'lo iome e\celleiit ii n fi)rin_j,s;
and on ihc oalts .ire cauglu a g'' 'at vari.-ty ot line
filli, will: wiiicli il carries on a conlideraiilc coium.iie.
Tlie t-.i|-)i;ai, i a'led alio Lipaii, is llrong iuiiii i>v na-
coninioiiities,
wiio l|)e.il. It
llie iniinii-\ .
it
lilt corn and lah arc the pi.ncipal
conta lis al)ciit (cr.oo inh'.hiiants,
1.
ill. .11 in llie t(Avn', and a loiiupt .'\iai)i
Th
lit-
eoidcrofilie knights of .St. J,,li,i oi (eiiilakni
lllC 111
llie II ilv Laml in H
knigliis luainraiiicd the
I III icniury,
TIej
Land, ag.iinlt ail the ill',. it
ir ground in Sviia, and lli.' H
ulv
s or 11
1'
ol two liuiuirid
iiii
V'
lem, ti.ev r, lim
liiil
to C'
s, tor tile Ipacu
I lie. I t.i
themkbc mailer- of ti-.e lll.uid of RIhh,
'Cing at l.ill comp,
,ii.-i at'tci wards iii.adi;
es, winch ihiv
ilclendid, to: 20 year , agiiinll all tiie p.owcr of"
en;
,i,lo
the intideis. A' the cxiniaiion ot that time tliey w
I .miiiclkil lor. lign the iliand,\viili all its dependent
loSolymanll. Alter fevcral all'ect ing vi.ifliuide- ofior-
tiiiic, tiie Older at Icii'.ili oiitained trom the cnipeior
Charles V. an af • ■ • -
\ liim lot (licir Ic.iitcr
i',iccb; and m
the vear
;o look
jliion
of the itlands of MalM
and (io/./o. In lliele illands liic order lliil exiil:, and
dilli
itlied by the title of the knijlus of Malta
The kniglits contill ot eipiit ton
I iliiel ot vvhicii :
! and (
ail,
rcneli, Ualrm
iciiinn.
gucs or nations,
Spani.irdi, Engii
Ih:
Ik V II ive ' ommai.iicnc-
111
or molt ii.ui
a
or iltates.
)t ihe Roman Catiioiu
tries, and arc l.iul to :iiiiouiii to ab.ni.
ougn
I all I
o he ot .UK lent n,
lie i.
luiilie
TOO.
; liiit
i,nii s no, lilt
hliiei
rit, and Inch
pel
111
Jllie-
eil Willi, i.ii ace
ouni ot perloiial
I ailed aiv.Uurt at gnitia.
Not
only tiie gr.uul-maller, Ihii ilic kn;::iit- in geiisral, are
capable ot iieiiig ;idvanced to a c:irdi.-.ar.-, hat. Accord-
ing to tiie llatiiies. no ii.uiiral ihiliiren, tiiofc ot'greac
jirinces exeepiid, nor pcrhMi- under 1 S ye;irs of auc,
can l)e ailmiiied into t!'e order: 1 ut tiie pope iiiav dil-
pcnfe with th U qiialilication--, and the grand-mallcf
h:i- an uiilim:ud privilege to uiani liiis favour to ll.-^
pcrfons.
\aietta, the i;ii-!':ial, isa iiandfuinc town, with an cx-
celieiu liarb lur, and llroii'Jy foriitied. Here are a,
handlbmc p;iiaie lor ilie grand m.iller, feveral con-
vciiis, nuiincric-, ami churciics, llie principal of which
is dedicated to .St. .loiin, a college of j^luits, a large
hofpit.il, :ind a iiuilding where Turkilli ikives are kept.
Ot tiie other tovvns, the mol' coiindeiable are, Citta
\'itiorlola, or 11 Borgo Senglea, Maiia, called alio
Medini, and Ciita Vcvchia, v.iiere tiie biiliop rslidc>,
IJormola, Ciitaiiuova, Cottoneia. l-'orte di S. Tliomalio,
and Fort ■ R illb.
Tile itlaiiii ot'CJjz/o is verv fiuittul, and has I'cvcral
go ill harbour.-, and llruiig joits.
I S I, A \ [) S 01^ TH I A I) R 1 A T I C, fee.
LI'S ION A, or Leiina, j^ miles north-call of
N.ipie-, IS aiiout 70 miles long, and it) iiroad.
llu- llior- i- lo'.v, li.-.-tw.) callles, and a Molaic kind of
dci.ivcd c.iulew.iy. Tiie rell i:, inhabited Liy luilband-
meii, vviio cuiiivatc tiie moll fertile pan o( fae country,
wlilili, thoiiih mountainous aini lo-ky, producc-i
pkiiiv ')' i.iin, -Aiiie, .ilivis, I'aliio;,, honey, and fruits,
T.ieic l.ve in towns and large vilace^, Ijnic ot ico,
lo.ii.- .;oo families; and th.n is coniider.iblt g.iiii t'rom
:uiil an, vieil inhabited, and .111 1 piUopal le^, u.ldcr | ; good lilhcrics
tur:
tli.it of .\lcliina. S
iiland
lie
aie manv tine muiches, mona'
iioml) ill, the 111.
s, i- now co;iliJjrcd as ih.-
No. 00.
iiliern ofdulc |i lerie-, Sec. Tlic capital, of die lame name, is a well
.11 liL^ht-hoiile ot ii buill aiiu poiiuloiis city.
II F
Corfu.
i'
!1
'<
i ' ^i '
c>4- A NF.W, ROYAI. ano AUTHF.NTIC SY5Tr.M or VSl\V.R<^M. (iKOf.RAI'l lY
CoRri', urCoRCVRA, n .ir tli ■ tti'Hiili ot the Aiiti-
iitii', I"* al'Diit 1 io mill"- in tiaimviuiuc, :uul .i viiv
iiDjiiiitant |i!:Ki' to till' \iiicii.ui-, who li.uc ■iiici illv
alv'Ut 1 ; p.illu-, ami oihir V: (ill-. The |i|.i. i- i- U
niou? tor liili, wini.olivi-, I- iiions, ( vdcr, iki . Coitu,
the piincip.il titVt li:i' -^ mi.iro[)i>ht;m (.liiinh oi the
(iiftk--. It i a h:vn(h'o:iif town, nrul well iliiciuitil
In an imincf-'iiablf lalUc, callcii S;. Aiigi .
Cepmai.'>ni A 1^ r.uhir l,»r!;i-i ihnii Cor'ii, rii'dxii*
friiiitul. 1 iu' cai'itai, lalloi t\ piialinia, i*. ,i lilli..|i\
ll'f. Arp'litK) IS tJK |irnui[\il |>'iri, aiul i!k rtii>l^nci;
yt'tlu- goViTiior ; anil Alio is.i tln'iiij |,.iii\is.
/antf, 12 mik" liniili (irc.'.ph.ituni.i, is i ;o m\l-<
in ciri.umtt!ivu\ , iiuniiirninon., anJ (iil'iii"t to cuth-
i]u.ik',-^. it !i\s liiiiuntr. pliiitv ft wines "''» c<>rn,
ami fruit, /.iiiie, the i.ipii il. is populous ; ami nc.u
Chiari, a tla-port town, are tw'i Iprini!- of elear wa-
ter, which ilir.viv i,p piteh. S uth Iroin Zante. on the
Morea eiull, lie tno Iniall chiller ot iflamls, the nm-
iilivil Sirophaiiis, tiicoih.T Sirivali. Ccri|>o, tornurlv
Ci'rhera, i- a rtxkv- lviri\ n lilir.d, f'oniile i;i liicom e-
reniX', l->et\v en Cnv'ii mil ihc Mare, and lom iii:ii\i; a
town ct the lame nxrx.
LtfCAPiA. or S'. Mai'pa. li.= in tin- Ionian Si,
iind i>.divid.d tVni the lo.uii'eiii i^y a IliaU not a'l vi
50 paces oVvT, ' r nioie than t'nir ttct d ep. The Car-
t!i;;ginia!is 1- ii'ed .icilony iiere, and ttrm.dt'K- llrait;
fur r.eiKadia \\a- (uniierly a iieniiil'ula. Near lie
toun o Loiii as ( i tew r. niain^ ol wliich are llill to Ix
fi-en'» (h>od tiie famed r* k ot L.tuate. from niui li d •
Ipaiiing lovers tliri\v ihemlelvis, as an tfif-ivii! cure
for low'. Tlie \^lu)le itland 1^ fruitful, and near 4-j
miles Ml cirvumfcieace.
Can'pia. fbtmcrhCi- te, 1 (iimt d in th luiiii r-
tlie A cliipela-o. Candia, a-^ ;fpilv the capiial plati,
IS now in ruins, and ill' har' our f > (pn'ii-d a^ to aii-
mit only I o;;t^. The wall , hoACVd. wiiiiii are vei
lla'.ding, nc prciiv lion;.;. It heloiv^ to liic Turk-.
\\h t ok It n i!i''n. The air IS J.!. -d, and th ■ loll !er-
tile. In the c;tv otC'.ndia ilie I e .dcrlicc; refid' ', ar'.d
intlic town ot Candia there i- a Iviiliau. Mount Ida,
to tam.d in hilVr\', is only a buren, di(a<:rteai'i-.-,
ila'-p-poinlid eminti'.ve, lituatcd in th- middle ot t!-,e
ifbnd.
Tiie Cyci aoe-- li'' a nvimlv.r of iflands of iln Ar-
cliipiingo, dilpofid in the form <i:' a lircle, :'.s '' ■:
name inip'^r; . \Vi- lli.ili i.nniii r:'.te tl.em, and ;'.i;end
to I'licii ot tii.ni panicul.irh a- merit d h rip: ion.
The ifland of Miio, or Mc'os, is :o 111 I'" in cir-
rumter.nce; and coiunin": alinii 5: c,o inhai :ta.;i . It
iia- a !ov. n of tiie lime nam- in the ealh rn j at ot ih'-
itland, with one of th.- larj;-H and bt'.l hailiour- in
tiie Mediterranean; which icrve^as nrttn u toi wllel
paiTin^ t-)or trom the L.evant. The ifland ;i! ounds
in deli. at ■ fruit-, exciilent wines, and f.'jood r.ittle. Il
is remark:iblc tiir producing plume ailuin, and lalt i'-
fo p!.;ntifu. as learcely to btar a price, li is fToM-nied
bva^ad.; ai.d ti;e!e arc two liilhops, one ol ti.eGrixk,
and ! .e 'li r of ti-.e L,a;in cliurLl;.
Tiie I.:;-,-, r-., at tome dillame from die h.ir'-' ur, i"i -i
VlTV ro::.anii appear. inrc. h Ifrvisi^ .1 ih' 'lei |oi l!i p-
hcrds. who icLire uiidir it to dr;|- tlieir vi..-ci.i! ; .uid
is the porch t" cert;v;n {ralleric , tlu- purjiolv.- ..t ■Alueh is
di.'ticuit to d''er:!'.in,-, uni-!s ilv.y arc ant lent cuiir-
ries from whicii lion;' wa formeily liu;^ for buildnii;
the tnwn ; bur this I'on', i hi'Jit, t[)on.;y, and bv;us
all i.he marks of Ija- ly dc.ay. The luirouiidini,', locks
are of thk' fame nature; and tlu- luhteiiancou tre i,
contimiallv iindermuiin j tiiciii.
Oil die v.r. edge ot ihe fa, aljout a mil'.- tr jiu tiv le
quarrir-., isaj^iolto, ]jh.'ntitully luppli d 'o\ a hot tul-
piiurou- tpring; the vapour ot whitii m:ikcs du- pl.icf
J. natural llo.c or |v.\.atiu^;,-room, lalutary in vau'j'j*
<!i!or<!ers : and for miny a;',i- thr p. ..pK hive Ind r
loiirle Io this bath 101 ( mnpl, mis t' ,it le-'uii'd I i-
mod .u'livenicdicin. '.w',!, h dermil dieirclii- a; vfoi:..
the iile of ih.t- w:i:i is. Ii wa'- I'eiiili.idy I'.oo.I u, tiiip
liw dil.'ideis, ami is n.uch Ireqiienie.l by the (iutk.
ol the iKiiihboiiiiiv.i idmds on tliat account.
Aril ntieia is an illaiul of the (ir.cian Arclup- 'a;»o,
foiiiuily known by the naiiu ol C'imoiis, ami wluih 1*
dill. In iIk- moduli mhabiiints, cdLdKimo'i. Tin
bieiuii na\ii;at"r-- have nani.il it Ai^;. niiira, tioiu il,i-
idvii mine il.lcovei.d in it; but ili I'c are nou [hv.i
lip, ind the n.i'ivesd.ny all kno.sh-iljt^- of bu h mn d
beinc; in iliw ifland. from an apiinlKiifi in tint il;-
I'urU mi^'Jit compel ih.m to labour in the mines. U
I a iiarr n liwr, dill.tutc of all w.-.t r bm wliat can be
f.ivi d in cilicrns .m,! I. a but (jn.- vil'a;',i in it.
1 h' re is not .1 mor.- «b:mal piai-.- in all liu- [ .ivitii
than il;i- illand, uhcli is imeud with ro. k-., i!nr
ic .III ly lull', r a t \\ tree toiirwi ami in wl m h ihe
land ixlubits no v.umre. S nne ti. Ids uf b.ultv ml
'Oiton arc, indeed lo be touiid round the viila<j,e,
uliiih 1-, only .m ailembla^i- ot milirall" coii i;;es,
.' here ilij women, childrm, and c.ttle, all cii'ti.l pro-
miuiioi'lly tot'cihcr. lb.- di.l- ot ihe women is in-
I on enablv riii;. iiicu-i, ci-ntiiliri<; of .iiienorm -u-- load
ol li.ien liitti>ienti\ dirtv ! Ti.eir imder pitinoai is
only [heir Ibort llu i. cmln-iidered w itli led, ili.t l.av.s
ilivir lcp,s expoled; tiie ihiiknc's ol wIihIi i> JU' med
a piiiuipil aitide ol I. mil' b auty. Thoir 10 mIi m
nature h.iv dinieil ihis .ilvaiii.i;', ■ endeavwiir 10 fu; ply
llu- deficiency I y il-i,e or I'oiii pair of tin, k lb) ki:.>.;s.
W hen the leu, is Io uni' umlc ti.u k all tl'.e wav, a- to
b. tiulv pert",ei. accordino to ill. ir ftandard, ih. la lies
add a pa'r ot lull bi«.!s i,t lui \-lvet, frcou.i-.iiy de-
i orated wiiii fniall lii.er buttons I'lu-pla:.-, wlin
i..!at r.ie Ar. Iiijiili ,0, ji.il-iiKir winter in Av -mie'-.i ;
■ind, ii\ liiending tiivir nioiu\ .imo.ig tl.c naiives, con-
lo.e diein lor all tiieir iiiconver.i nccs.
.•\n ula:;e is cllaljlillied in this dlaml, will known to
I'... It-Ill 111 l.iilors. oi i.ikin;j; a wi e f .r tlietvri.i of a
man", lelidcme th re. The iliii ■ o! fuch <K..iiion.il
adventure- ar.' fuliiii.-ntlv handl'.ime to b,- di!!ini;iiilh-
ed am >ni^ tiiew.mi.n, not ■ itlillaidnvf tiie dref- by
wiiicii tluv dusiijiu'c ti tmi'. b, . Tiie luiialur of in-
:ia:i:.;:'.t' i, muiii ii:ni r.^Iied , .t laie year. ; anil tlicjr
no* icarcjlv amount to tv.o luindred.
liii^ iflaml IS iilcbiMied lor iho earth known by
ih. name ul CimciLi Uir.i; wlii. h, accoiding to t!ie
aniients w■a^ eliiciiijiis 111 St. Anth nv'*- liu, inliini-
iii.itKjij , .iiui oilv.r rXUr:Kil all'iciiinu; being appliid
bv wav of caiiplilin. Tiiey a'to iiltd it tor blca^t,-
mi; "t linen, and . leaning of cloail s. Tlii-- laitii,
lii a:,-';i |on;j; di!ie'.^arded, and .upjioled to 111- lolf, is,
lioA. iir, Itiil veiv plentiful in Arg'ntieia, Siph..nio,
Mil', and o'ler illands ; and is a marie oi a lax and
;;...l i. texture, ot a pure 1 ri;;I\t wl.ite colour, .".nd !oft
lo thi I iiicli. It IS evidently tiie lame fubllaiKc ttiaf
!-• loiind in th-v eoiiiuy of Corn.val!, and w'iii-li we call
Si. allies, <!r tlie loap-rock.
Sip'.anto IS ,in illand of the Ciiecian A'- liipe'ap<.
Tl;e air i-. f) icliolclom. here, that m.uiy ot i!:;- iaha-
biianf- live Io the ive uf 1 zo. Their wattr, t'ruiis,
■ii'd-lowl, and poulirv, arc exce'.l nt, inil nv re ilpen-
:.! V ihe<;iap--s. It .djoundi w.th iiurbli and I'.ianit- ;
'.n I i> not only oiv.' (;f ilie moll ferule, liut one ot tlm
1 1-;; ■ ulir.. ted "I thile iflaml.-. Tin. in' abitants -n:-
jl.nv ih 'luleive- in railin:; olive tr.< ■■ ai"l . ip-- i , ...i I
liavi veiy jjood lilk. 'i'iiey tiaile in tij,^, w,i\, hoi.e' ,
onion-, .ind llraw-h.'.ts, ::iitl their numb.i iiiis am mi.i.
to about five ihoul. ild.
The diels of the ".omen o( .Siphaiito is mm li lefs
<lila«ie.-a!le than thu o' lome o. ihe lieu liOouiini/
illand-, and bears a latl relemiilaiiee 1 > tlie true Gre-
ciin haijit. The plate ex'iibiis t; i- icpicl n...iioii if ,1
woman .ittendinp, th'" c<jnc. in ol her youii-; f milv.
blaiiimoi ksare ulc I tor \oiin<.',cl'il-!ren in m .ay ol tiii
iflands in ihe An liij eia^o; but the beds aic h.'^rcr,
turner, and ni'^'J aui.waid, in Siph-U'io, tliaii in .i y
I
(.r.Of.RAl'llY.
ilif p pli luvr li;\d r
i(ltri\nl ihtir tlii- r. < f..: •
I'' I'll nil. I'ly :.',(.i<iii III ciMj'
tri'iiiii:iiii'.i hy tlic (iitck
n that ;uciMiiit.
ilic ( ir- 1 1. in Ardiip' 'i 'o,
' ot Citr.nlis, ami «1ik li i
lilts c.JI.il Kimo't. 1 1n.
il II All;'- ntiir.i. ti"in il.f
t; Init ill Ic :>ic ii'Ia llii:;
I kiu>.\Kil;;i,' ot I'm II nui il
x.\ ;i|ipr>i\inli in tint l!v,
Lihmir 111 ilic niiiK';. U
all .1. ..t I' I'll' wl'.at cm In
I! uU,' \ ll' I'.'.i. ill It.
lal p'aiL- ill all liu' [ ivnni
uncKil wiih ro. Us ll. it
t>i "Miivv; and in w^ >< li llic
S MllC tl. Ill'' (it i\ui( V 111.1
liiuiid round ilic villa!.',i.-,
1^0 ut milu'al K ci'tt i;',cs,
. and cittlc, all irriil pi i-
(li. !•- (it llu- wi.iiKii 's ;n-
it'iiliM'.; <'t .\.n cn>>i'iii 'U^ l^ad
Tl.cir iiiidcT patiioat is
iidercil wall 111!, ili.'t l.av.s
iknc-'s ')i wliiili i> liln iiii'l
• li.aiity. Thoii' to wlv in
.iniajT- cndiMviiiir to In; ;'!','
[1 ai; pur ot lliuk llo ki;,;-.s.
iK v.-.i. ',1 all tlie V av, :i • to
til ill. ir rtamlarii, tli. la iii-s
till \ .Ivet, tivqiui;;!) di--
niitiuis Till- pi a;.s wlin
. tlu'ir wi'Ucr in Ar" lui'.-'.i ;
iHV .imoiig the nat.vfs, to.i-
nviiii nits.
in tliis iflaiul, wil! kn;i\\n to
n;j: a wi e t^r tin- i.ri.i oi' x
■|io itili.- 1)1 i'.n'li 111 • .ilimial
liaiuli'.iiiK' to 11.- di'.lmjiuilli-
3t 'itlida'ulMvr till- itifl< by
ll', \\\ . The luiMibcr ot in-
liid i.t latf yiar.. ; and tiny
) !u:ndrat.
;d :.ir th.- earth known by
7; wliiili, according to t!.e
1 St. Arnli.inv's- lin', iiillir.i-
al alVictii'ns I icing apprkd
K'V a'lo ulid it tor lik-.aii,-
iig of ikiaii s. Tlii'- laitli,
and .uppolcd to he loll, is,
111 HI Aiginticra, Sipli..ni(',
and IS a niarlt oi a kix and
1 ri5';hc white colour, and loft
iitiv th.f lame I'uhiliiKc that
Coni.vall, and w'iiiii we call
if iliL- (ireciin A', lupt'airo.
iicri, iliai iii.my ol i!:- i.iiia-
1 lo. Tlii'ir wati r, tniiis,
re cxcf'.l nt. Inil :iy :c .Ipcii-
id> With imrbli anil ;',;.v:i;'.' ;
:; moll tiTi ili', IhH or.c ot tl;;:
land:. Till- iniaiiitaiit'' 'ni-
;', o'iivc tr.i- and . ap; i , :..i 1
iii.-y tiadi- in li|_',s, wax, li'ir.e' ,
ml dijir iiiiinlKi i)i'\ •"" "'i''-
,en ot Si] haiii'i is iinu li Icis
)'.' Toiiic o. the iiiuliiHHiiins/
■ reicniblance i" tiic trir-' Grc-
x'lihits Uc rcpitfni.uion ot a
incrrn- oi her yo'jii", f inilv.
\oiin<>;chiliren in iiiuiy ol tiii
,i!^o; but tl'i- be..K aic li.'^:ici,
aid, III Sipl.-ii-io, tlia:i in ay
^.v,y./.. W()Mi':Ny/Z ' />/^Ury\m\\\\T\vM\ n, // - //v//^/^^^'.
^A^
f
■fl .,
M4w
If
5t«
>'.^' ('
>w'ii In "J J
, I ■.'
y '
'I
- ^ ^'/.tr.t > : ///< \\'()MI']Xy XlO,/'/// <////> ///,<■/, f/f- ^>'''
/ //''-I
/// //' - / /r///, //,//,/,/,■ ,
jliaM* ^jLi''^''i"tii,'i""
>'/lt//- '■>/)'//''■>
( , rAHOS,
/A/-
7'
A\i\i;s,
/,..-///../,
//.If I ///
(\\\()K',\{\\'\\\ ^nr/i'.Jn,/ h/ ^n//,//. //
r
i/f ;//<■/// 1.
:/
mm
\^'
in
:t:!»*!'
h.ii
haps
ri'Roi'F,.]
K IT R O P K A N IS I., A N
943
other. Tlu- wo'Ticn plu! llicir liair wiili wo.ill.n h.mjs,
a!i.i, iiinimo- u|uli(; roju.^ ilins ioriM'd, 'all a i1k'!1i uii
the cr nvn ni ilic hcaJ.. When thev tiavtl iiit i ihc
CiuKitrv, ra;'v ikrccii \ ■:\r
\ioii'. t\\)'.\\ ih.' luat
n lie uni, 'V tiiv I'li.'j liua- ia.is wlih itripi;-. of linca,
f.iliciH-.i i: l.ii-f th ■ (Ml.
TIk' ill aid ui' I'.iro. is (vi ■ of the moll- itfi'ratcil of
the C'y« Licks. Ill it livh.s aail popiifit'oii it loun ! a
coium.linhlit; •|l(!llL-lKr (ivcT tar l:Uc of Us ni.it!;lil'Olirs ;
aii'l. Ii\ the (.-.iiira'.^e ot its inli.ihitaus, its fr.x-doin :'.iul
{)rol|.f:ity v.crc luit: lccni\cl. The I'.reat Miltiades at-
tacked them ia vain; hu: the iii/r,' fortu'iatc Themif-
tc le. coir.|) I e I t!.eiii t.^iihinit to the Atiieaian arms.
Ji then tell hiii'.'iri\ely under the pawcro' Mithridates,
the Ro'iians, aaj the Venetians, till the tamou liir-
I'.ir'.lfa fin ilk Uil)ici:ti.d it to the Tuikilh empire under
S I' man II.
Til s idan I i III >'.v lull thiiiU inhal^itiil. Ia a lor-
niei \v.\r with the Tiiiks, the RulFian'- iia.l very |irii-
d !'t!v ti\cd th.ea head ipiarters here. The retidaiee ot
tiie Tones, ot lomfe, ilr )Vl awav a part of the inhilv-
lant-, I'A'crv wIki •, indid, we nn\' \ie',v ihe fid
ve!iic;es of ilefolation. In ih ii, the eouniry is ovei-
tpr. ad with the riihell Iragnieiits.
'I'll. mad)'.e of I'aioshas lieen famous for niinya;',.'s
for i:s fape i"io|- eXislleac.-.
Of all th ■ ii me.;';, wlii.h ih.-tnodern flreeks prac-
til'e iii ^iral ■. . . : ' , the moll common is called tlu'
Roav. .1. Th; . iias a moil (arprilino co'if armiiy witii
the d uie.-s oi il'.sir ancedo.s. The paffion for dane-
iii:, has alwi - li.en tl\ Lenc .im n; t!;c (iveekj; nor
lia\e mi (iiuia md Iti vit'.idc ijcenaiileto luhdue their
Ii.il-aral love aa pleafure; fjrin the gaieties it a lelli-
val ill. V forp;et tlicir milei' .
A'liipa:-. s I- remaikaMe for a grotto, wlii h is, p r-
Iiaps, onr "f t'-e >!.riatill > airiofiiie- in nature. It aji-
pears to he vlinit 4.? lath ".;is h.|;h,and 30 broad. The
rooi ioiiub a pieiiy ^ Kid arch, which every way enter-
tains the e\e .\ .: h an inliiiit.' varieiv of tij;ures, ol' a
while traa!';i 1? iii clayilaline maihic, rcprefeniiii^ ve-
^fiinles, pillir', anda fiiperi) |i)ramid, all wliii-h ap-
|). .11 lo ' e i. ; .. il.
N...\ii, or N ;.\o^, is .1 I ).i(!derab!e illaad, 1 :, iiiiL's
in K.i.',!a, 111! S'i in eiicariikiva.c. The wliol ■ i^
covcr.d with or.K-jjji, lem ni, i;ive,eedai, citron, ;)one-
"r.iait', Ti\i and luu'lie; i"v H -s; aiid ali .lar.ds wiih
Ipiirj^s and oroak-. The ill.'.nd li.i-- 11 i ;^ood liaihoiir;
\ I the inhabiiae.is 1 a: :< on a coniiderable ira.le 1:1 b.ir-
ley, waie, lis^-, cotton, lilk, 11 ..x, cluefe, fait, oil, and
cattle, li is inh.ai'ited both li\ (jieAsand Litiiis, who
live in 'ji.ai d:..;d of the Turk ; I'l that wliea the
iiie.in ll of Tiv.ir lliips a| pear lie:e, tht\ alwayu.ar
r.d I p- like L;ilIev-ll.iVLs; but as lo ai ai tliey are
, lliey llaa. put on l' ir caps o'. \el.el.
il leii.a'e d;ef ol this dkiiid li.io foilietl.ing iruly
k'
riJii ii IS in its api),ar.ince.
bku k \eK\l,
The two wiii'i.s
o' die
diich the) fix behind to their llioi.l.'.i
arc ;\!u)j^,ihii pre]- 'IlLrou-. 'i'li.y wear a lieav\ Il
iuu:i-r,
or oieill piece, ol'vel\tt, covered widi eni-
biui leiv , u.l fiH.il! p at'-. If ue view tliem behind,
we lliali be a>.,ain liifaiiled 10 fee round their loins,
wli t, I or ua a; • f a l;e;!ei lame, wo mull be contuit
to c.ill a c.r.'..La die f, uiLulated <■ fupporl i!ie end.s
of a kind of laeel l.ippei. liaiujng down Irom tliiir
l!io(i!dcis; in wail h alK.e have to adaiiie i^ a com-
poliiion of uoiuidiiv, Tliey aid to this romantic curii-
l,.roll^ il e s all ih eoqu U) e/, Ivliaviour th.y can af-
I'.ime. Tiiey p.an;, ll.ii.kea their eve-brows and e\ e-
lalli.s, ai- 1 covei ih.ar ace^ e.ii'.: pitch. s, m.id • oiiiie
1 aves oi a bfu k lltin n ', t d.-, wlacli th y lliil m the
illand. Hut in the f iriii ot livir patciie ilie\ Iv, iriv ,'.
li. kkii fs bevoiid evLii v\li.ii is ilicAn in our cUni.ie:
llie\ t'oiiictuiies cut tluni in.ai^ukir, lometime- like a
liar; but a patch like a cufceiii, or halt-nio.ai, p'a.. d
between the t e, is tliout^Iit to be inMidii 1
hil.
.lUll-
To finilli I'ae cli.irader of ikele laniai'r.
Iks, II
ii:a\ beadd(.d, that ihcy are lo \.\.n, that ulua ti ey
reimn out of the country to iln
ilicir tn-.vn-Iioiili.s, they
v.ill have pahar 'ortv women in llieir train, fonie on
alles, aiuhome on 'o n ; one ot wh an eame a 11 iokin
or two, a fccond a petti • at, i '.'aid a pair ol II ikin;.s,
and loon: all which o nipo'e, a veiy whiniiieal kiV.J
of proceflion to ilra.ioers.
The ilkuid of Nio, aiici..n(:v called I05, from b im
liill pliateil by a coLmv o ' loni.ins, and cikbratcd as
the biin.;l-|)laie ofHonKr, is aboui ^5 mils in cir-
( umteieiice, is ftriile in lor.i, but lias very htilc wood
<)roil. A fewye.irs a^oa. Uuuli nili ■, t, in the KulTian
lervice, who had oci alioii t.) vilit thi ill md, fioin
linilint; feme antique marliles, perfiiaded liimfelf ilian
he liaddiicovered the tomb.. I 1-lomer; bui as we have
hcanl no more about it, th le is ixafon to foppole he
has reaounccd the preteiili, a.
Thedivl, of the v.om.n.it .Vio is tar troin h madif-
i reeable. Tlu y wear only a plain wailU oar, wia h
Ihi ws tfu if Ibape wiihoiii aiu conHraint ; and iluir
p.iiiCoat- are ih'ii-t enou: h to brine;; th .ir mad. lly n
caiellMn; a ( ireumliance v. liicli eaiinol b. c.mliil.ied
's an indication ofilie piiritv .'f tliea- niann. as : but tlio*
die" are notable 10 induf.e mmh in thf ariicL- of
dri Is, ilv.y nevjrtlisl. s do i:ot violate the ;a.!ural rubs
ot dei- 11. y,
Th. reailirmannersand behivioiirof tliele itlander^
one amoni.f an' th'T, v.ith tluar kind treatment of llr.m-
; er., r. v.-,\ s m idea o! i'il lim|dic;ty of the priir.iiivc
:'<'e-. Men, w. iiT II, and children, appear ca;j:er to .'o
aa\ L);ood(jlh.es for travellers, without permitting their
lei eanis to (hare in their ili'igence. This benevolent
tlitpoiitioi! is without any mi.\ture"f impeitineat curf. Il-
ly or interi.ll:, luit ii the genuine remains of ancient
!', Ipitality. An int;enie.us gentleman, who was lately
on the illand, experieneed the truth of this reprcf.nta-
tion. He could not prevail on anv of them to aecept
the leall ix-ciiniary iccompcncc for tliJi trouble. They
.inly required ,111 attetlation of ilie wJom her.-e. ived;
iheir I luradier, in this rj'iject, t'ecmiag to be wliat
tl'.e!e lionell people c'aclly prid.d themtelves in. It
may be truly ailirmed that h.ofpiiallty is ilie point ot
honour in tlie e..ll, anil th..i thi vinv.e is contlitotioiul
in the (irecks; linee we lin I it in modern, as well as
in remoie tinuo, iind.r tl!eir tyrannic, d ^a~veriimcnr,
a Well ..s in tlr.ir repuiihuui :ij,es ; und, r the Chvif-
li in i'lid Mah laieiaa '.liths, aswell x uivkr l'.i.;uiifni.
Tlie Cii :eks iiiMi lio'pii.dts tr. in li.eir aneeilorb ;
ill.' Turks de'ive it t"oni their iviirdoa..
Tina, an.i.iiih, Tinos, is lev iiieen miles in len-^th,
.md ei^'Jit in breailih. Tf.e riclies ot this ill lad conliR
iiiliik. Tliey make exec diiiggood lilk lloi king ; but
iioihiiip; .an (OMipaiv with the flk glov.s knit here lor
the lu'ies. The t'ortre'.' . f 'linos ll.md^ iipion a rock,
anti th.e town adianing C"iiiains ab ar. 502 li auk-.
Thec'l', kib"ur in w' i'. h the miid-! iv.ints of the
ill. md 'ot' Tina aie emiiKn 'd ;i!l ws t'aeai to preierve
all their p.rfonal attract i ms. Tl. ir p^ineip-.d oojcils of
.iiieiitiiiii are the iiourilliins ol lilk-w.iii;,-, or wauling
the filk that ih.\' produce
neral atti tiii'.ai to n. atiiel
liaxeller, bc' .iii'e il is a •
and lli!-w< th.- lit iliy v,;t
necetl'.iiiis ot lit . Ti;
Ther.- ] I .vails here a gc-
., that is very pi alin.; to a
rtain evid nce ol prolpcriiy ;
i h they can procure the
iniiaiatav
haiatanis o\.' Tina lind
tlieniklve I'likiLKiuly e..l\' aiul klli li si, \vithoiit b.inp,
icdiici.d to the I'cli.- o: appeal ine, g.udy in their ap-
parel.
The k \-' oft' eirci unity isi.M-cdomiiiar.t llir.iu^k' ill"
.ill ihe ( I eci: a illaiub, I ui n.> wa.i.re more 1. on: pi -
. II lus ih;ui 1111.11 ;i, the native- ol Tina, (ire.ii nain-
bers of krv.ini', ! ,rii oa this ilkind, ..re l.> b. Ivuiul
all over ihel.evaat, who are ditliiii.i.uillie.l, by their
diefj, tiieir good uiid. rllaiulinp,. and la il.ir lldelit;, ;
i lit v.h.i never lole lighi of a liiiiie i.i r.iurn 10 dieir
owai cuiiiiiiv, to eiijo), with freedom, tlie aciimfiiions
01 ih.ir iiidullrv. Pol'icandio coiiiaia oi.ly one vtllape:
lioni its callle may be lien all the ill.nid. of the Arch:-
] ek'.i'.o. Lcmiio-, ci Siilim re. he- on the north [■■r{.
of the Aivhipelae^o, and is ahnoll a 1 ;.i.iit ul 25 mil s
iu
^.\
/
944
A NF.W, ROYAI. ANO AUTIIFNTIC SYSTF.M or rNIVF.RS \L (iF.ncRAI'HY.
%i
in lcni;tli ;\nii bn'ultli. 'riunii;li it prddiues coin ami
wine, Vi'l it^ \n\\u ip.il ricliL-. ;inlr Iroin itb minci.il lai tli.
talktl FiiiM Sioilhii.i, ;inil nuuli iilcil in iiKilicinc,
tioni wlmii il\f Turks KCi ivi' ;i t onliikTulin- nvcniu.
Ncgfijioni, the aiuicni F.iiha-.i. is oo milts long :inil
25 biuad. Here till.' Tuikilli gallics lie. Tlic tales
units coall aiv nregiilai, ami the illaml i-- teiiile, pio-
ihicing corn, \vine,trint. ami cattle, in hull abundance,
tluii all kiml> ol jiroviiion an. exiieniely cheap.
Dclos onlv about uglu miles in lompab, is the
center ot the Cycl.aiic-. Mxconelias a town ot the
lame name, ami u^ itihabiiant- arc the bell lailu:- in
the Arehipcl.igo. Amlros, 1:0 miles in conlpal^, is
plealant, fertile, .iml well watered, /la, ^ Iruitiul.amI
contains Ionic ant iqui lie'-, Jouia 1^ iKlolat-.'. I'liei-
mia populous.
The SpoRAPESjor ScATirnfP Isi. ANOs, are a^ fol-
lo.\ : I^ns^ia, ^o nules in eu\umterenec, is very truii-
Inl. Colouri, anciently Salami-, 5? mile- in cii\umlc-
renec, contain- three vilLme-, one ot wh:eli is i.iUeil
Colouri, ami give- name to theillaml.
Sc\ ro 1- I'O miles in circumleivnce, and has aiowiiot
the lane name. Staling ne, or I .emiu)-. 1- ol a Iquare
loini, bi.ing about j, miUsun uteh liile. Samomba
thi, or Samotluace, near tiic eoall o; Rom.uiia, \-':c,
miles m circuit. Emoio contains luiir villages, one
beari!';; the name ot the iliaml. Tlicfl'us i- tanvnis for
\MiK- a:ul marlile. Macronili. i- barren ami uninhabi-
teil. Syra hi- a town oi'th.e lame name, with a gr..„|
harbour, .Sikino produces plenty o' tiL'-, and the^bi;'
inds '11
wheat in the Ar. hiptlago; and Serphanto abou
iron and loidiione. Tli- latter wa<; the jilacc u!i,;c
the Romans banilhed their m ilcfactors.
Cerigo, or Cvtherea, i- about 50 miles in eiiciini-
leicnCi', but rocky ami nv.uiit.unouv and cliiellv re-
markable lor being, accoixlmg to tiieau.ount ot the
aneieni s, ihe!a\ ou. nc i\ lidr nee of Venn-, and 1 he n itn c
placeol Helen, V, ho wasthcoccafionof till' fiege ot 'I'rov.
Santormi 1- one of the Ibuthernmoll iiland- in t!ic
ArdiipeKago. Though I'eemingly covereil with puniH-
llom-, yet, through the indulby of the inhabitants it
produies Iv.rl. y ai.d wnie, with lonii- wheat. N.ar tins
iiland another arof , of ihe lame name, lioin the loi-
toni ofth. lea, in 17 7. At the time it arof- ilvre
was .an eutlujiiake, attended with the null die.-.'.liul
lightning and tluimler, and boiling of the f.a U)t u-
wr.ildays; lo that it w.i a mere voKaiio: but [!;c
burning loon ceafed. It is about 2co leei above the
lea, and, at ihctime of its liill emerging, it \\a- about
a mile broad, am! live mile in Cireumt.remc ; bin ii
hi-lincc imr,.afed. Several other illands, in the /\;.
chipelago, appear 10 liavc had the like original ; out
the lea in their \icinit\- is lo d^cpas not to belatlionitd.
SUPPLEMENT.
1. r'^"n
I I
!.
if ■ il ■■ ''
'Hi
\*i
W'
Pl.'RSl'.WT to our propolal ,.f prcfenting to our
le.ulcr^ the moll auihentic accounts we could
[iiocure ofdikoverie- that mi^'Jii be made by n.uiga-
tors, or event- that mig'it ouur in any part 01 the
w 'Id, through the p.'ogr.l-ot our work to tii.- dole
of ;t, AC fuliioin the toll.'.Mng particulars.
Tnai cliain of iill^d^ c.lled ill.- Falos, or I'klkw
IsLA.vus, litu.ittil '11 the '.v il |vutoftli.' Facili. ()e> an.
bet.ve.n the :;tl, aiid .,th degrees ot north l.iiuude, and
bctwi.eii i_;^ and i ;i.i degree o' ealt longitude, iho'
hcre'.ofore iirp iieftly notx.d In fomc fliip- m.iking
the eali.ni paifagi from China, were never wliied by
.mv F.urop".:;'.s, t;!l the irew of ihe Antili'jie, c.iptain
Willon, a pai-kct belonging to the IvUl India Com-
panv, which was wrecked, in Augull 17^;, landed
there, and were the mem- ot dileovcring to us, a mw
woild, orUt ot human beings, ulio, though ot an un-
luliuated nature, appe.ued to lie gi\atly dillerent Irom
thole coni'ii'iily lerm-tl lavage-, and cvime primi-
pk-. of hirn.inity .lad. generoliiy, that \souKl lellcci
the highell honour on the moll exalte I ofmirr.ice.
A die Aa;eloi.'e, which fiif d from Ma' ao, the ictli
of June, 1 7^5, wa- procieding on her vovage from
Ciiina, Ihe unfortunateh llriuk on a rock in the night
ot the tith of the f )llowing y\ugul!.
The cre'.v, waiting uiih anxious fufp.'nce the ap-
proach ot morning, in order 10 dilco\cr wluther any
land wa- n',:ar, difcried, at the dawn ot day, a fniall
ifland tvi the louthward, about three or tour league-,
ilillant : and foon after fom- other iilands w, re Ic'eii
t'l the ealUvard, which proved to be ih le under eon-
fideration.
Apprelicnlions were naturilly fit on account o(' the
n.uives. Boats, hosvev.r, were manned, loaded with
lucli arti' ks as were ileemcd moll nccell'aiy, ami dlf-
patehcd from the Ihii' under the direction of a ]iriiKi-
jial oil ter, wliofe ikiijiiwas to olnain, it poUii le, a
friendly iiitercourfc with th.e inhabiiains, in cafe they
lliould liiul an\ . As the llii]) was expe.led every mo-
ment to g) to pieces, til'!.: who lemained went im-
comple.itcd, with the alTiftancc of two boats, thev .-iH,
except one man, who tell ov.r-boird Iv fore the' let
out, reached the lliore, .iftcr encountering ir.any ili -
fieultie-.
In the courfe of two day: from their landing, the
crew obk.eed lome n.ilive' approai hi.'i;', in eanovs,
fVi.m the points of the bay. 1 In- Ipiead lb gr,a; i
conil.i nation, that all 1 ui \.< their arm : liut as iju-e
Wi re only two canoes, tl:e c.ii.tain ordered il-.e ji iipk,
out ol light till farther m tice.
A very liiigulu circumllance much, facdit ,ie ! rhe
inieicourle between our countrvmen and the I'.'.tive .
A Malay, who lome time before was call ;'.wav ui-on
thi' ill.uid, h.id aii|uiriil the langu.age; audit hap-
pened that one ot the Anic'oiieV men ua'- a n.iiive o''
Ben;:,al, and fpoke tlu Ma\ lay ti'ii.'tie, by which .iv •i;-. ,
a itaily iommiink.aiu"Mi wa- maintained on both lide .
\V In n till, canoes which advanced flowly t'lwards
the llioie, got wiihin le aring. tlie native of I'lei. al
Ip'ike to them in the Maylay i.;ngue; on whiili, th'i'
lhi\' did not teem to uml.iliaiid him, thcv l!e!j;p,d
tli'ir canoes. Soon alter, iiowever, one of them Ijioki;
in the above language, alking our jieople " who they
" were? whether they were trii nds or enemies '" The
native ot Bengil, b> the captain's direc'lion, replied,
" 'i'hat they were ilillrelled Fnglilliinen, who had I'.fl
" thiirlhip on til'.- ret t, and that tln'y were fiiem!-."
On this they leemed to commune to.'tther; and loon
after lame out of their canoe-, whii li captain Wilfuj
oblerviiig, he w.ided into liie water to imetihem;
and after emi raeing them in a liiemllv manner, eun-
duei.d ihem to liis ollieer , and tlu others who h.id
retire'!.
Thef- people wi'rc entiuly naked. Th'.-v' were of a
ilc'ep I oppe; colour, .'.lid their fkins foft and gluli'y,
owing to I he external life ol locoa nut oil. I'iaili ihiet
had a b;ifket of beetle nut, and .1 bamboo, lir.ely po-
lillied, ami inlaid at ea'hind, in which the\ cairicd.!
kind ol coral, burnt to a lime, i ailed chituim. it we,
oblerved that all their leelh wyi- black, ami thai tiie
beetle nut, ol wlmli they had aUvay- a ijuid in their
niouihi.
(.F.OCRAI'HY.
111(1. Tlidius i- f.imiii!'. for
11(1. 1. Iiaiifii and iminlial.i-
■A' l;um; ii;imf. with :i g.i.,i|
pl.ntv .!• ti,-, .-in, I (!„• Ik;!
and S(.r|i|i:mio ;iboun(is n
latlvr \v.i<, I he place ulu;o
inilcl.i ;iii?.
:il)out ^o milc<^ in t iiccni-
'■untiunoiu, aiul cli;c(l\ kn
lins; to till' an Mini or ilic
iucufVcnir.,;iiul ihciutivc
it.c:'.ru)n()i'iln fwj^v ot 'I'mv.
oiithcrninull iihuul- in t'nc
nmt;ly covered wiili piinvc"
■liillry ot'thc inhaiutant , ii
with loiiK uhtat. N-.ar tins
l.iiR- n.iii)i-, tioin the loi-
At till.- tiiiiL' it nroll- tli-.-ro
d with the iiu-ll drc,-.'.!tul
.1 lioilint^ ot' the r,a lor li--
a iiK-ie vokaiio: l)ut t!;c
s about 2C0 lict above the
iril emert^ini;, it l\a^ about
.' Ill circiiint. rente ; but it
ral other illands, in the A\.
ii 111 ih;- like oi;uinal ; out
dv ep as not lo he laiiioiiied.
S II P P L !•: M F. N T.
J T.
I.iiicc of" two boat'-, tliev nl',
v r-i)i).u(l ixfore the' tit
tti encountering^ iViany di'-
y: from their lamling, tlis
e- approad'.in:', in eano* >,
\\ . '1 hi^. Ijiread (b gre.t; i
t ' their arnv : bin a-^ the-f
c.iptain ordereil ib.e popK,
CO.
Itaiiee mucl'. facdi; .se! the
luntrymen and the I'.iivc .
before wa"; cafl awav ui.on
the language; and it linji-
rlope". men ua- .i n.iMve o-'
lay ii'iijtie, by whieli meir, ,
IS maii.taineil on both lide .
ii advanced (lowly towards
uin^, tl-.e native ot iiei; a!
lay tongue; on wliii h, iho'
leillaiid him, they (Uipp, d
however, one of them Ipokc
iingour |)eople " who they
.■ trianls oreni'inics'" The
iptain'- diietiion, replied,
.1 Kiif^hlhliun, wl'.o had loft
iiid that they were fiiend-."
Timune lojetlier; and fooii
)i' , wliiili captain Wilion
I tiie water to meet them,-
in a liiendiv manner, con-
' , and the others who h.id
ly naked. They were of a
ilietr /kins foft anil i^loli'y,
I'icoa nut oil. Eaiii ihiet
and a bamboo, (ir.ely po-
nd, in uhieh lliev cairicd a
me, ( ailed chinam. It wai
I were black, and that the
had alw.iy- a quid m iliiir
moinlf>.
moui'i'', r'^tidercd llicriliva red, whi-h, to^^eth^r with
th ;r bl.:<'k lee'h, i;ivetlieir mouih.a ver\ dil<>ulling
app'-ira ic. T'l'-v ■ re ol a mid Ihiv^ llaiui /, Ibaii,
and iniiteular, lii ir liiil', well ivmied, and they had
.1 ma, ilic pait. 'Ik ir hair was blaik, long, and rol-
led up eliir. 1 el /fe to their head^ whiih appeared
n at .uid bi'ioMiing. Tiiev tatoocd iheirlCj^sa little
.above ihe amies to the iivddle of their lhii;iis, whii h
(;ive them x deeper colour til. in the other parts oi their
bodies. None of them hid anv beards, except the
youiiv.'ll ol the kiiiii'' h'l'theis; and it was, in lourle
of inie, obl-rved, ilv.t ihev plucked out the hairs by
the lo ':\ and thai verv tew only, \\\\u had llrong
tin k beard-, (Iieiilhed and let them !;row.
Wl.ateVii- luipii/.e the llngulariiy ol' tliele nitivcs
niiirht ex it'' in the minds ol our people, the nativs
w ii 11" le! '.' rapi in adniir.ation at ilieir ajipeaLuue,
T' ■ whiiiii I', ot loli.m' at.iacted them fo much, that
ii «,is ev.deni they h.id ne Vet ivel'ore leeii any Euro-
p an--. '1 h v Were continually exclainung, Kcd,
Ki-tlf ami -.ii'r'l-iitreccy; words which inipiied that
they were p.r'ecily plealeil with tin ir viliti)is. They
(Irokid then bodies anil arm-, outlide the garments,
feeniing to doulit whether their eoV'rings were not a
part ot their real boily, lieing totally ignorant i)t the | 1
ule o' cl latli. Idowc'.er, the Malay iiif irmed them, i '
thai ill- I''.liglilli, livini; in a mil' h colder climate than
theiis, were obiiged to have reiourie to artili^ial
warmih, o iLi hi them irom the inclemency of the
weather, a:'.<l thai, Irom lulloni, they could nut dil-
penie With it, in a degree, even in the warmed re-
gions.
The hand- of the F.urojieans next cng.aged their at-
teiiiion, and paniailarls the i'iack veins ot the wrilb.
The\ probably imagined the «hit<nels ot the hands
an'l ta'C to be ai'titici.il; ;ind the bhu knels of the veins
canted ihem !o think, that it was a mode of tatooing;
l':r th'-y delued to lo^k .at the top parts of tin- arms,
to lee if the whitenel's was continued. Atcr this thcv
requilleda taither view <il the bodv, when lonie of the
cr- w ojMi-d t'l/ir bofoiu , and lo'd themthat the other
pari- wer iiculy the tame a- that. The hair on
the bi\ .il! • ot the fairopeans excited lliMr I'.tlonilh-
itienl, .1- th V wiilider iiuh incumbrance highly inde-
liiaie, and p'.i; k it out wherever it islound.
Th-' naii\es luuingin Imie degree lai i-tied llieircu-
ri'i.ty. ln:iin tOixpr.l- .;|^piehenli"n- that tliev had
iiUiu e 1 too mil. 'i ; but tl.e captain convinced iluni,
h- iii.a::- ol liie Ma!a\ , that ilkir tears were ground-
Id.
A> the nat'ves exprctV.d a detire I'lat captain W'iU
foii would lend one ol his people to Pelew, ih.a ll:c
kin:; in;'j,ht tee what kind oi bein;.',s white men were,
' 1 le bore a h.alehet on Ins
wluili was m.ide ol iron, a cir-
the eajia'a complied, and app 'inted his broijifr toi
tin: p wip fe, giving him atmall remnant ot blueeloth,
a isn ;i;c; ut tea, .mother of fui:,ar-cand\', and a jar
ill in-tuvcd iiiiit, .1- a jiri-'ent tor the king. Tiie na-
tive- bt'iased in the moll tii. ndh luaivier to the hau;-
lilli; aial their nionanh loon aiier pud ihem a viiii,
with Li ion an I b'-oth r. His ma'elly was pcrfvCilv
ii:iked, and h;id iv kind ofoinaiiieni or mark of ilif-
tinctiMM, like Ins piincipd ••tii' ers, who w. re a brace-
L, ol bone ,u ill i
Ihouldei, t! e 1 eai
Cinillame whu'i inr-pri/' il our people iini h, as all
the otl:er hat. i.el- t! ev ha.l ken wi re <if lb 11. The
haiidie of it, whi>h t irmed a tharp aiv'le, Ib.ek dole
fo hi llioulder, lying b. ore and behind, and wanting
not', ingto kei|i it lle.'.ib in ualkin,'.
His maiellv \unild n. t go into ihe tents. At.nl
was tlievctoiv t'pieid lor h.iin, on winch he ;ai down,
Willi Ills chiet iiiinitler o|^|iolii', and his two brolheis
on each tide; .ind the whole was m. eimpat'cd bv hi
attend nils, wlio were niimeroii-. 1 le i!r..nk ,i i up ■•!
tea, but did not appnne ot ihe tiilb . C'.iptaiii \\ il-
lini avad.'d himlblt ot this op]iotliin'iv to obtain pei-
nnfiion irom tin king toi iiild a v^ticl, inoiiler to con-
vey the 1 le.v to lume Luiope.ui leukintni ; and high-
No. So,
945
ly gratitifd him by c.iufing ;• party of men to be drawn
up, and lire three vollies. This oceali iie.l I'neli ho .t
mg anl ■.haiteri^vj, a cipialleil in nolle the repuu ot'
the pi. CCS.
Captain Will'on drdied the king in a filk cnat and
blue trowfers. He wa i xtiemely w< II made, but I id
io(l his note, whether in battle, or t'lom a fcr.phuKais
dlleale, which is prevalent line, w.as not knoAn.
AriaKookcr, one of the king'-- brof crs, rixju lied
a while Ihirt, and as lijon as it \\.is gi\en him, h • put
11 (^n, in irani'porlsof joy, wl.ici; heniilicatul by daiu-
ing and lumpin;',, and in toiniing a hum uirou- con-
trail between his lliirt and his Ikin. This ijrince had
a great |iropenlity to mimicry, and often amul'ed our
people b) taking off their manners, but with fo nuieh
gootl nature, tli.it no one eonld feel the hall oti'en e.
Hecntetiaihedagreat pan iality lor tir.ir Newfoundland
dog, wnich he often led; til! at 'ength the creature lelr
a parti diiy for h'lii, and, at Ids appearance, w ni'd
in;;.!', baik, leap, and play a v.^ruiy of trr.ks. Arr.i
Kookcr would otten imitate liiin in the tame mode of
lahnaiion, l>\ barking, iumping, ?cc. which could not
tail of exciting the iitibic f.iculiie' . This prince was
le iiiinj,l\ about fiit\ years ot age, ihori in llaiure,
)ut 1.' piump anil fat, tliit he was almoll as broad as
he was long.
j Alter i.irious ceremonies h,;d palFed, ihccaptiin
I pre'e.-ued ins maielly wi.h a I'carlet coat; who ihen
making ligns lo go on lliore, jump.ed into the water,
.ind Iwani lo lan.l.
W'lien the . apiain, and feveral oiFiccrs, reached Pe-
lew, on a Vifit to the king, ihey came into a large
tipiare pavement, round whiili were t'everal houfes,
and was conducled into one that ilood in the enter of
one ot the tides. Out of tliis houle ilVucd a numi'Cr
of women, who were waiting to lee tliofe new beings
the Englith. Thofe our peojde were given to uiuler-
tland Were t'le wives of Ur,nc of the rupack?, or great
ollicers ot (late. Thcv were rather lairer than tlie rell
ofthe wonien, h.id tome liitle ornaments about th m,
and their taces and brealls were rubbed over with
turmeric.
Tiie king, and one of his broih.rs, led his giiefls
into tliis houle-, the women tiicn returnul, and receiv-
ed tiieiii with much iov, preienting their conijui'iy
v.'iih cocoa nu;s and Iweet diink. which ail tat di'Wn
and partook oi. The ladies alio leated tiieiiilelves, and
taking a parcel ot leavss, began to make nets, an em-
ployment in which they pats great part ot their time.
'I'lie king int.'rmed his guetls that his houle w.'.s to
lie ih.ir a. -.ode as long as they remained at Pelew, ami
that there they were to (hep. A ter this he rofe uji,
|>revi.Hiflv apologizing to tiie c.i'pl.uii tor retiring, t.iy-
ing he was going to bathe.
So()n alter a mell'age came to Raa H >ok Ir.-m the
queen, reo,u. lling ihu the might I e the Iviglilh .ii her
dwellini;. Tiie\ attended him ihiiher, .ind ob ^rved
immcdiaiely betoie it a rail, on which w.relcime tame
pi^^eons tie ' by the Kg. Tnis i- a bird held i:i lucli
ellimatioti m thofe illuul--, tiiat none but rupaeks and
iluir lamilies are allowed ioe.it them.
Astiiey ai proached, tlie qucxai opened her window,
and Ipoke to Raa I look, to deiiie die F.n. j'th w.uikl
lit down on the paveiucni before her, whi.nb.eing
complied with, a nu uber of atiendant-- Ijiought our
yams, cocoa mil-, and Iweet drink. While th y were
paitakmg of tlulc, the queen alke.i Rai 1 look many
quetlions about our people,ol w!i. m theto ikveiv.n at
notice, and wilhed tiimeofthem would comec'o!e!otlie
window, and diavv up their co.il lleevcs, that Ihe niiglit
lee the col. Hir ot t!.eir Ikin-. Alter lb.- had \ leu d
them attentively, and atkcd, through R.i 11 k, as
lU.inv ciicumtl.inccs refiieduie.t'.tcm .is ihe ti;oughi Ihe
could with pro|)riity obtrude, the tigniiid lluit Ihe
woiiid not longer trelpfs on th. ir cm., In' dciani-
them; Ii) ihcv role and took tiiir leive.
R:w Hook now took ihcm to Ins nvn iioulb, where
diey were welcomed with.jut any p.u'ade. His u'lfe,
f^'
ing
,'.!! .^
'm'. <
I, •! \ ?'f
; 1
H"
'/ f
11
94f.
A Nl.W, ROYM,, ANn Al^THF.N'TIC SYSTFAI or TViNTRSAL CroriRAI'lIV
amonj: otlR'rilimu,>. g.uc them a luculnl pigt-on, mlc
Jic;uv th.U, a^ In-tnii.' oMcivnl, I'lily t.ilK lo tlu- lli;ii
ot' tlu- iluiiilitJ.
TIkiv the (.liar.-iClcr nl tlu' iMiiui- apju-.m-d m .i lu'
and intiTillinp
liiilit : Ins I
hiUlr
vn (.iHom
patUil him
.nil
1 ( hmhiiiR to Ills kiuf, knullv iaiclii.il tlicir tathi-r,
how-
while his liiprcmc pluilurc appcaial to Ik' i
and loiruis; ilicm ah'Uii.
'n
11^ doincliii' Ici'iit
ever, I'j miuli i)i.\upKd thi- miiuls ot tlii' laptain ami
ollacr-, ih.ii ii was dark luioic llu\ tlunii;lu ot rctir-
iiii;. Raa \-\oo^ 1 v^-^c-l ihcv would dilpinlc uuh in-
d the Maiav to condiK'i tlieni lo
,,-.1.
attcndanii', and oalcvci
liR'irdctluu'dl.aliitation.whciv tlu\ ton
,d i;
: (illi t(
lie ki
UT. 'riioui;li tlu- niiiht piovi
.1- to Will ill III lied that tl
iha Tlu.lk
lii|)per, tent bv t
teiupelluous, thi.il lunite w
rain could not peneirate.
The kii'.s;, wIioI'l' iianu' was Aiiixi 1 In ,
iii:n;ti.d to eajitai:i Willor. In pUal'iiie ol'teniieiiii^ to
liiiU the illaud where the V'.:'<;li;!i iMulcd. a- a pie-
ti.r.1. and m'ormed liiiii that tlu y tlillinguilhed it hy
tiie name ot'OroiiIon;;, i.i order to announte pollel-
tl in ot It. the Biitili pen!ia:i: .\a honied, ami three
vollie- of tiiiall arm-- lued. To tlu- illaiui the i ajUain
would liave returned the day louowing, (ihe nii.;lii lie
pali'ed u nil iju oliiver- liMiier the root ol'tlie ho!|iital)le
jirine. K ii Hook.') u ih,- wv ..iher had not turned niit.i-
vourabl^-. T1k\ t'..eretoiv took a ranilV.e tartlur into
the Country, wlien tlie lands appeared to lie pietiy
well luhivated. .md tlie vill.ii;.! toll of" inh
.•.n^\ tlie vill.ii;.! toll of inlialnt.mts.
Thev obicr\(.d t; at ilie lowi-r o^der^ ot th.- women wtf'.
Lniticd in lookins; attir tlic vani plantations, which
()llKr^ they found
veiv ^a^Ml!v
in lA impv ground
and niatv, a:ul
lived in nukmi^ bail.
n r.uilmg
emp
their chiklr.n.
The employment of tlu- nun ("e nicd to he that (>f
gr.tlRnn
.iii.l dait
l:
t:;^v
nut';, 'i!,:' .: tiec , anil making Ipi.irs
line. ...iil.kc inihunicnts ol the I'clew-
.■ oi :! , Ic- they were leniarkahly cxpcit.
:.li:it'.Ja:'t ) root in diver-, en;
:ts ol a I., u
abounn;; prince ;
Lal^ellu■nt^
in which
tiiey
re. ii
■■ere a: 'id in a k'..' t party of iIil En|j,lilh at the
A:.; a i:, -.lie.
ind o!-)iainii
comp
tor\ ! V >U-,' ..f ill I'uperior force ot our fire iirin ,
A- t'.i U.ij.',hihhad beenii'.ctu!inthcirallillan^i-a;>,ainl
the cnen.y, i,,.- kin-; w is delilv. rating wh.;t prel.ni o:
lompeiil. 11 II ill- lli'juld ni.ike to the Kni'.lilii kadcr
Alt
:e! a w I
id
he lent liun. a a p.u-tnui.ir
mark
h
^r.iiiiiide i.nd cit.em.tAo i'lvely voungwom.ii. Cap-
Mill
W
liliv
O W
a- a uravc tober rn.in, and had his
loii w th hini, .: \"Uili a out l.veiiteen, was particu'.iiU
uh
IK
tl
it ])roper to leiu
liem i>a,k iigain. Tin kinj, '.f IMcv was c-XCCiding-
un'..i;>j'\ ihat hi- pi'cleiu wa not acci
pted,
and con-
:i h.« o.iii luind, tint ilieir bcini' reiectcd was
uwinii to ili.ir not ! cini; tuiili lenllv vour
To ob\
.it. till I be Hon, alt i lonie llong parental llruggles,
h>. ai tuailv lent capt.un W ilion his o-vn daughur, a
t little girl, wiiiu.isno m oie than twi-lve "lar.
Iwec
S!ie MS of
nn'
leturiud alio . but it v.as ex-
tremely ililii till to lankly the kiiv' th.u m tl
tun ot ill- pr.knts noi'iluli w.is in;ti
The deatli of Raa Ho'jk's valiant ton .til
oiilei
o'lr
pe.ip.e an opportiinitv of beini; iuiiuainied with iIkm
fun- ral i.re.
H
iviii.^ been inviti.d to an enter-
taiii.'u.nt iv ■ lie of the riipai k', thty were !urpii/i(l,
w..en tlie .'I'l.ll was ende.t, at luarinir the iloletul la-
in', iit.it n- t w ui'.n at loiiK
liitanci;
and
e II lii wlk-iu;e the I ■niid nii
going lo
lliev ob-
Kiid
the pLs.
leiveJ a ion. 'Jill'.- ot fein.ilr- t.rl'nwing a dun
h< Id ii]j in ii mat, and l.ud un a loii of bur, inat
L
Thetl
toll
body,
le ot
aniboos, earned by four iiii ii ■iii their lli'.ulders.
were the only ni.ile- in comiiany.
Our IV
peop
o.' e 1 to th-.' j)liiee ol iiiti riiienl, where the body was
.'lited mtliout any rehrious i eriiiiony, the bearers
tl
hi
e women knelt ilovii, and
tilling up tlk' giave wit
leir liaiuls am
1 ft
.'t, wh
vented the moll
piercing ciic\ iit times indieaiing as it ili-.;ir pliren/.y
Uuuiei
hid t.
.em t'j twr uj) tlic corple
The marriages ot thcll
coiitrai'i between the le\
A plurality ol wiv,-^ i-. alh
people are limply a mutu.il
more tii.i
two.
Th
winch IS hclil iiuiolaie.
I ; iiiit tlli\ hiive teld.-iu
ellablilhed reliiiion.liiii
leemid to pollcl's an innate confidence of the eiticai
ol virtue, ani
1 tl
le lemnora
1 adv
mon
c\n\
intagi's ariling from
After th
mhs (I
ly on I he illand, our cour.trv-
men weie enal'li-d, by the mol) iierlevering toil,
liill more b\ the iieiietliciin' .iiid integrity ot the ni'.-
live-, to build .1 vellel out of the ti.igments of their
'M.i
11 till-, alter leavinfr one of the ere
Hlaiiihiiid, wh'
luetle
'w, n.uiRd
m.iin oil the ill.uul, iliey ilep.irted
permilHon to re
111 tiie i.itii ol
N.
laiiu
I
i\ . mber. and airivei
iiii'iltli, wlunee tlie\
at M
af
acao on tin
:ili of
er'.
1 iioi eei
,lid I.
niiluul
to an ae'iive ami penetrating mind, the molt
U' and ende.iiui;; manners, was tre.ited uilli
W'c laniiot oniii mei.ti'iiing at the cf-le of tiiii .\:-
' ount, ihat .1 tliort time before the deiiaiiure i.| our
people, ihe king of' IMew requelled i.ipt un Wiilon
lo t.ike a. ill hull hi leioiidion, whole iiiime w.is I .ee
Hoo, lo I'.ndiin.l, <-xpreiiin-', .i p.iliioiic hope ih ii he
'.voiild ,1'ijiiiie minyihings wiiuli,,ii his reiiirn, would
gr.iul\ beiielit his native louinrv. This youth, who
add.d
i'"tVi'' ,- . . . - —
the giiaiell care ami attention bv captiiin Wili ui, and
w.is advancin.; rapiddy in a knowUd ;e ot ihc Mnglilli
langu.ige. and ol writing, when lie tell a vi.'tim to the
liii.dl-pox, at the age of 20 \ ears. In iheextrehiiiy of
Ills lail illneti. lie made u!e oi t'ule words to a pcrlon
i\ho came over with hiin. " When vou go lo I'elew,
" tel! Abba Thulle that his Ion take imiehdiink lo
'* make fina!l-p'i.\ .',o .i',\ay, but he die; — iliat the
'' captain and motlur (nuanin; Mrs. Wilfon) very
" kiiv.i ; — all Englilh very good men; — wis mu. Ii
'' t'orrv 1 CiHild not Ipeak to the kin", m\ father the
" numbir of tine things the Knglilli had g.oi."
He W.I-- burkdin Roilierhithe church, wli'.rea toinl)
■ivas ereeM , d lo his meiiinrv
With
the toilo'.vm'' intirrit.on
,iiiy,
To Tin; M
A Na;
O, i'r
ive of I hi
Hon,
r I'e'o- in.-inds
K
And lo'i to A liiiA Tm i.)H,
orKini'o*. the 111 md C'ookoor a a i
WhoiLiiartedilu.- Liicoji ilie i :;-i oi Dece
Tl
Hiri
A a
teli
H.
nil :iv of e;
,li llo
bl I
'J \v.ir-.
IS iiikri'-i-i
rut.-,
ill k
I-' ;l!-liidiii Conip.lny,
tieaiiiiei'ii alt 'i
rill")
ded
r the Iv.ijiiane an
ahcr to tlie crew ■
kind
' tlieii
Tile Ant
Capt.iin
Wilk
V. ..leli u.is wrecked oII'iIliI itlaiid,
Oil t'..e iu"'u of tlu- (yth ol Aui.'ull, I rSi
Stop leader,
A 1'
lb
.t N'ATi'Kr, 1 1. lull a tear
u! mm
■— Lr.t P, . lie bl
ir\ il lieie.
HISTOKY
ANO
VnOi .UI'.SS .T THE
I'.M.IJSll 1 A::, I 1M;IA (.OMl'ANV.
The c.ipiial commcrci.il ob:c:l in Kngiand beuii- the
fall India loiup.uiy. it iKniuid. our attenii -n m us
nil
III pi
in I-.
r
lie 111 It idea oi it w is lorme
ill
the reign ol i|ueen I'.li/.abeih ; i ui ii llil^ linee .uhiiii-
ted ol \.ill alterations. Though the ellablillimeni ot
ihn lompany was vindicated in the ikaiell mar
feveral al
Yoik, atte
lie .u
Ivoc.ites the liartiiiliiv whic'i the iliike of
ds J.iiiies J I. had lor his fivounte Aiii-
caii tr.ide, the lollcs ii liiilained in war^ with the Diiti li,
and the revolutions which h.iil h.i|i|iL'niil in the ilhliii
ol llindodan, damped the ardour .if the public lo
fupport It, fo that at the tune ol the revoluii ui, when
f.EOGRAI'UV.
•oplc arc limply ,i muti.a!
s which IS helil inviolate.
■ ; iMit thtv li.ivc Icld.^rii
:iocltahhlhal rcligii.i),l)ii:
confuliiHT ot the' tllicux
adv.intagL-s aiiliiig trnin
n i1k' illaiul, our tour.trv-
moll [Micwnnv; toil, hi,:
aiul iiitiiMity of ihf n;..
"I tliC t'r.ignu'nts ot' liu'i;-
t'Z "ii.-otii.c ca-u, n.iiiiij
.imlU-d [UTiiiidion to u-
liparicil on i!,c 12th 01
M.Uaooi) tin :;;[|, „tt|,i;
atiff.'. .';<1- I'lo. tcilid lo
1,', ai the tl,.(i- otthi'; a<>
"' ihc <1> j.aituii- o| r,.ir
ftluciUd ia;.t nil W .:i,):i
;i, uholr iia:;',c' w.'.s l.ic
', a puiui'ic ho|)i' iJKl he
imii. ai hiv rciurn, would
iKitrv. This youth, who
traiin^ mind', tl.c moll
laiincrs, was irtatcd with
oil Uv captain \Vi|;')ii, and
■vHowUd :c ot I he I-.aghlli
hen Ik tVll a \i'lim to ilu:
' e.ir-. Ja tliccMiviaiiy of
)i I'ul'.- word^ to a pcri'ou
' W'iivn vou j;o io IVknv,
> I 'II take nuK h diink i.>
, but he die ; — liiai ihc
aniii; Mrs. WiHoii) very-
good men ;— was mu. h
to the kin", m\ tiulier ihc
Kn:',liili liad i'.oi."
lithe ehureh, v,;:. r. a toiuh
v the l-all-liul.aCoaipany,
n ;
Lf.E Hon,
w, .ir Wo- Ifl.uuls;
13 A Tut I,) E,
111 Hid C'ooKOOR A A ;
e I ■;{'.'. 01 Deeeni!)ei, 1 ; " t,
> inllTr-.d
1 Iv'.lidndii Coiiipmv,
.>r the luiiuane and kiiKJ
t.itlier ti) ilic crew .if diei.
a[it.'.iii W'.llon,
I oll'tliat iiland,
h of Aii|?,ull, I ;S;,
ATf.'u. tiaiina teai ;
) Ik- biir\ \\ here.
Nn rR(V,Rr5S ,.r THE
IMA fOMl'ANV.
iitvl ill I'ait^land lieuit'tlie
ind^ our atteiiii ^n lo iis
idea 01 it \v is lormed :ii
; i ui ii hiis lime .uliiiit-
ii[;h the ell ibhlliinent o(
III (he I !ea:ell niailiur liv
iitnliiy vvhie'i the ihike<it'
lad tor (MS tavouritr Aiii-
.■'I ni war- widithe I )iit> h,
d hapjieiied in ilie .liiaii .
ardour o| the jiuhiie lo
e o! iIk re\oluii m, \\\vt\
liu
SUPPLE MEN
the war luokc nut with I'Vancc, it was in a vcrv in^lit-
fercnt (ituatr 11. This w.is, in a luteal nicarurej owing
toiishaviii' no pirliaiiv- ntary l.iiKtum, uhenhy itt
Uoek was oi: n lojj lor one hill lei', than itMeal value,
tlwrei'oie It .. i<i i\lulved ihat a 111 weon)|)aii\ lii(,uldlie
dlalilillie 1 uiid.-r the authoni v of parlianieiit.
The opn..r,ii III .nveii to all the [aihlle I'pirited inea-
fuivs oil- III.!, Wilham, byli.iiui, rendep-d this jiio-
{1. fal a iiiacer ot' vail diliinlty; but ai lall, at'ier
iiuny pailiiinei.tiry enquires, the iKsv rubl'eription
prevailed, and tl;e rnbl.rili.T^ obtained an :\c\ ol par-
liani n. in ilea Tn lui. The old coiiipaiiy, however,
rctiiiiol a v.ill iiu uii. b .i!i in the paihainent, and the
nation, aiivl ih.' aa Ivin', found in loine rcfpe>:U dc-
k'e'bve, lo vio!, ni a llru;'gle beiwceii the ti\o loiii-
paniesar>l', ihai, in the year i 702, they were uniie\;
b)-an iiideiKuie iiipartiie. In 170", from lomc im-
poriaiii pu')!i.- conlideraiions, tlicc impary obiaineda
jiiolon UI on of its excluli\e jirivileges and a nc.v
(.li..ilei v.-.i> i;raiUed theni under the title ot " The
'* United Com|5any ot ;»'.. i\ haiii^ iradiiii; to th.- Mall
*' liidieN." li- exeliilive right ot trade was eontinued
(roin time to time, and, troni loarukratioii-. limilar
to the tiirmer, it-j privilges v.eie exieiulcd ; vet the
inicrell ot ilieir capital w.is ivihued lo ihiee per icnt.
ami called ihe liuli.i three per leiit. annunie^.
Thoie aniiiii: es are dill'erei'l troiii tli, tra 'in;; lloi k
ot th. loiupany, ihe proj)rieio.-. ot wliicli, inllead of
reeciviiii a re;,i,lar aiinuii\', have, a^ lordin;.; to their
(ii.i ; ni lliares, .1 ilividend of the profits ariliii;,^ fpim
the CMiiipain's trade; and that dividend rifcs or falls
aie .:din^; iotI:e eir> iMillaiii cs of the lompanv, either
real or pretended. Out ot ilie body ot directors are
cholen lev r.d eommaiees, who have the peeuh.ir in-
fpi -'lion i.t crtain braiiehes in the uimpanv's bulin.ls.
Tl-.ele i.ave under iheni .1 leuctary,ealhler, i-lerks, and
waieliouie keeper ,
'I he aniizinu; t-riitorial aeiiuil'tions oi this eoin-
piny nui'.l n.evllanlv be attended wiih a proportion-
ii'.l.- in. 1- ai; of trade, and ih's, .nmil to the diih n-
tio'is among its mana'^^eis both ai home and abroad,
lia.c, 0! late, f^really eni;ij,^ed the .up ntion ot llie f-
I'lll.tur-, iiilomu 11 thai a relliic: un ila^ oe>.alio;:ally 1
l.een hid o". tii.ir divukiid- tor ai.eriain tiiiu.
Ill Noveiio.r, ijS^, a i-ill was brouy,ht lor\\ard by '
Ml. lo\, I .11 1 eiecary ol llai-, lor new leL^ulatiiii; the ■
coiiip:!:i'-, u'uKr the iiippoliiion ol ihe iiKompeleiicy '
ot die d.ri:tors, and the inlolwnl iLite ot tiie eom-
|ianv. The bill palled tiie e.'mmons, but an opp;i|i-
tion beini;, lormed a',;aint! it 111 the lioute ot loi\h, alter
loiig ,iaj il.ihor.ae d. bates, it wa- thruMi nut. Vari-
ous attempt lor a n, u lii'.l w. re alterwards made bv
M.. i'lit, ..nd ill,: iKW n.inillr}, iiui l.u!ed, which oe-
947
cali iiicd, with other difputes on privilef.^e, 1 dilWatioii
ol the houle ot coiimtons.
A b II palled at tli.' elofe ot the fellions of 1 -jS.;, in-
cluihii^', the iIhli- lt)llowiiig particiila:;;.
, Firll, tlie etlablilliing a power of eontroul in ihi.
j kingdom, by whidi the executive pov.er in India i-;
! to be coiineded with tiial over ihe rtll ■■{ the cm-
I [lire.
j Secondly, the rcgul.itif.g the eon']ianv's (ervnnis iu
India, in Older to remed\'ihe evils which have pre-
( vailed iheie.
Thirdly, the providing tor the piinillimcnt of tl-oie
p.ilons uho Ih.dl neverthehls continue in the prani^c
of crimes which ha\c biouoht dif-raee tiiioii the com-
pany.
Karl, now Marquis Coniwalhs, wa-; apjiointed to ihc
(upremc government m liid-a, boili livil and miliiary,
an extent of authority never bcior. v.lKii in :;n indi-
vidual. I'jK.in I, is arrival in that country lu jnirfued
Inch m.afuns as eventually tendeil to the aggran 'i/.e-
iiKiii ot the Company, both in character aild poli'el".
tioii-. a- w.ll as promoting tne true interelisand happi-
nels ot the natives. Tothctk the luibtilent t'piiit of
Tipjioo Saib, whofe general oli'ecl was to (ltiti\.\ the
power ol the tlnglilli in India, the Marcpiis foitiu J an
alh,;ii e wi'h the Mahrattas and the Ni/.am of the IX-
eaii, .'.nd a p!aii was coneerted ioinily to invaele the
deiiiini m ot the Sultan.
I'urluant to this delign, war commenced in the be-
guiningofthe ye.ir 1 790, which was attended with I'uc-
ceisto the Britilh arms; and in the loilowing year his
Lordtliip took the comm;\nd himlelt', and advanced
rap'idly towards Scringapatam, ilic capital of Tipjiou
Sa;!i's dominions ; but upon the fwellnig ot the river,
and the weak Itate of the drat't cattle, his Lordlhip u a.
reiluced to tlicneeellily ol'abandoniiiglheenterpr/.e tur
that lealon. Accordme.ly, alter leiidtrmi; Ins batter-
ing tram totally ulelel-, lie retreated with the army to
Ij.indalorc.
i'^aih ontlie return ol the enfuing tealon, however,
ill. .Mart, III-, in conjunction with his allies, reltimed
i!ie im|io:taiu i:iteipM/.e; he invilled Seringapatam ;
aikl iia\ ing earned lome ot the ouipolls, biouglu to
terms ot lulniillion the h.iughtv Tip|~oo, who pur-
ihateel a ]ieaee by a treaty to lurrender up one half of
his dominions to the powers In allianee, and alio to pay
three crures and thirty la, ks of rupees; tor the per-
tonnance eit whieh he deh\eieii up two of his fons as
holhiges to Mai ipiis Cornwall is, who, bv this gallant
atchievemcnt greatly extendeil the teiritories anel ad-
vanced the lev.nue of the Companv, anel tranlmiited
Ills ov, n name with honour to pollerity.
Ork.in and Progress of the Art of Navigation.
VARKH'S opinions Irive Icen lormed rerpechng
tlu- origin "I thai m 'll im|ioriant ot art-,iia\ iga-
ti'M, to wiiiih a liuerliiy of events might probably have
given birth. TIk- fea-eeialls, in many placis, are lull
111 dlands, at no great dillanee Irom the cinun, ni. Cu-
rii'lity would na ii:,i!h iiniiire men with an inchn.uion
to j a's ovi |- ji:t I the e ill.inj.s. A this pali'a.'e wlukI
n't app ai eiiiier \eiv I'lii', or \er\' dangerous, ;!ie\
Would :, It miH it. Sucie^mone of lliele aliempts
vv-'iilel encourage to a lecond. Plinv relate-, that anci-
ent !v llie\ tailed on! y.imon ' I lie ill iiu Is, and that on rails.
I'llliin;', 10 wliieh teveial naiions applied themlelves
in the i aihetl ag^s, might .ilto confil-aite' to the origin
01 11 1\ igation. We are, however, moll inclined lei
fiiiiik, that the lull uleas of this an Wire owing tothole
nations whk h weiele.ited nearihe nmuth-ot the ri\ei-,
where they tell into the I'ea. As the\ faileii upon tliele
i\\ CIS, they weiuld I'omttituc:. be earned out to lea, either
by the current. In llorm, or even bv del'gn. Thev
would be ten hied at lirtlai the violem cot the waves, and
I he dampers withwhieh lh,\ thieaieneel them. Hiitwhen
lluv hael goi o\er ihete lirll terrors, the\ would loon be
lenlible ot the gavat advantages which the lea might
pv'.ure them, aiul, ot eonlee;uenee, v.ould eiieleavour
i I find out the meaii' of failing upon it.
In whatever way mankind became tamiliar with that
terrible eleiiiiiit, it i-- certain that llie tirll elliiNs in na-
vigation were made in the nv'tl ancient times. Moles
informs us, that the grandlons ot Japhet palleil oeer
into the illaiiels niMr the eiiniinent, and ii ol. polielFion
01 theiii. it is ai'o an uiuloubted faci, that the eo-
lonics very liHin failed trom l''.gypt mto (ireeee. San-
ehoiiiathio afcrihesthe invention of the ait 'it building
tliips, and the glory of underl il-.ing U a-Viiva'e,es, to the-
Caberites. The antient iraehi ions i.f the Phuenieians
make the Cabcrites coiempotar\ AiihtheTitan-.
E^Lperuaievi
III
,V«'
Pi
mm
5tn
mMl
,i:;,u I.
r« I '!:
f4S
A NEW, ROYAL- anp AL'TIIF.NTIC SYSTEM oi' UNIVERSAF. GEOCRAl'lIY.
Expciicnrc loon cnuiiuiii^ them, tli.it lliips il>-'-
llgiMl tor iMvig.it'ii^; iIk' Ic.^, oiif!,lu to he ot' a iliH
tctii toiilliuChon t\-oin tliolc iiitiiK'.cil tor riwr,
thcv wouKl m.vkc it tlv ir Ituilx to j^ivc I'likli a lonn
ami tolul ly to lll!^l^ iltligiinl tor tlu' lea, as wi.ukl
c.iaIi'i- tlicm to liliil the iiuiK-iui-riiv i)t its waves.
Thi'v woukl next uuleav.mi to timl out a puihoil
of goivling anil dire;Ung thcai with cale aiul l^itciy.
SaiUs anil oars w^rc the only intlriimcius that otcui-
reJ 10 ihein tor tome tutu-. Ii mull liavi Ikiii long
bctori" iluy thout^ht ot ailiiiiip, the helm. The anci-
tnt? ini.igiiieii, that it was the tins lit tithe? whiih
tint luiig' llcil tlk- klea ot oar-, ami that ilie hint ol
the helm Aas tak. n tVom ohiemnn Iv-a hiuls iliiect-
tii their fli.'Ju by tluir tails. The ihajv o! llnp-, i\-
ti-pting the i'-uIn Ik'niis t.' Ik' i 'pud tVun ili.it oi
hlhes: what the Mns and tails aie to tiihes, that the
oars and he'in are to Ihiji-. liui ihce are muy ton-
i-'Clores more or lils provable, and UvU wiTili e.\.imin-
in^, to the hntom.
T!ie aili-n ot the wijul, whole ill'ed- are ['o leiitible
and lo t;equ.;it, miglu loni lup;jeli the ule ot I. ills.
But iliC manner ol ailjullinj; ami man,ig,ng them was
more d'lheiilt, and would not bi \i< loon dilciveied.
Till-, m all probibility, was [lie very lall part ot the
cr.nllrui";ion ol lliij^s which was tmuid (.iit; and we are
tontirmed m ihis opini'Mi by the praciiee ot the la-
vages, ,vnd otiier rude nation'-, who lu.vkc uie oi;!y ( 1
oars, but have no tail-. It would be the lame in ilie
fiiil a.;es. The lirll navigators only coalUd, and cau-
tioully avoided lolin^ frjit ot land, in liuh iircum-
llanees taiU would true b.en more ilmg^roiis tlian
uleai
It
rciiuired the e\peiieiuc ot leveral ages t
teach navijjator'- the art ui emplowng the wind in the
hrection o
I Ih
It we bihcvt
; vcr, the ancient traditions of the
■-gvptian-, tins art ot uliii'j, the wi
mails and 1.
1
nd, by
riieaitk ot
w.is eXeCetl;i;g aniicnt.
lor.our ol tiii^ tlikoverv
to ill
Hut
liev j;ivc
o\er ami
:ib Vi
til-
lute I reu.t w:,r.li is ili.e to the gi
eat ell
"•art
ji tie hiiioiy ut ih.it pimirt's it evidently :ippeai
;hat I lib dUi-OV^ry cannot be alinbcd to th. Egy[)
ti-.ns.
M n iraifl toon l!a\e endeavoured tii find out t"
)m:
etho..] 1,1
Ih
ip» at lea, aik! keeping them
lirm at the.r iivaoriniis. Tlie\ would at tirit m.;ke ule
ut V.
Itom
tea.
aces,
l,j;t
lary.
ex[)ed)iiiis f,ir this purpole, Inch a-
ir--
li k- I
01
A land,
or ot.iR-r iK.u \
1
i tin,\ lix.il to ri)pcs ;uiu tnrew into the
mill
woo ill
He
lulh
tlent in ihe lilt!
ml
the vcllel- they uled were onlv i'lnall a
Bui a- iia\iu:U:on improved and laigti
li, lomc otiier i
uaili
\\ L kii w no! at what time, or
ti
beca
bv
wiiom tlie
anchor, ih.u m.icume .a o;ice to limple aiul !o admira-
ble
XNas uivenle.
We Imd
nolhinf» certain on llii
fubieCl in ;UiC:clU aud'OT'
this <lila,Vt.rv in aiie'-
now examining.
0!ll\ till
' i\ .v.
The
different iieilwiis. T
y V
.A.
■y agr
ee in
plat 1
nor to t::ole we are
itvnbethi. invention to leviial
cliines niicti
t be t.
nnv:.
ichor, like |i
It in m:in
ver.i
1 oti
I', r ma-
,.t the tame tfu
y ditf
erent count lies.
t IS ceriam tr.at ihi
liill
am I
not iiKUle ol iroii, no', i
.t ll.
or even ol
Woo<'. 'I'hee lall wi.iL leaded wiih lead. \\ i' aie lold
thi bv levei.il wriier-
Tl
ami amon
nil otlii
rs bv Uiode
i;s aut'.ur r.;ai s, that tiic-
'IllJUIl
in tlieii
liill
S
flii
ps COl.i-- ■
] iin, liaMiij, imalkd iiiure lilvir th.intlKir
aain, took the lead t:om llie.r .mcliois.
and put lilve; ;n its place. We may obl>;ive turther,
that the lirlt anchors had
til! many ages after that A:, a. liaMis invented one wiih
two.
All thefe different kind ot'ani.h(
llill
in ule in
fo:
mc countries.
'II
le inhabitant, ot 1. eland, and ol
Ule with a hole in the luid-
In CI
una,
Bander Coiij^o, ule a large ll
le, and a UilL tlirull ihioi
Siam, andthe Manillas the\ have onl
to which they ue ^re^t Hones. In the kun^doin ot Call
Japaii
\ woocli-ii am hois.
cu
t tl
u\' arc ol
The iiznorance < f ilu lirll
agc«
and ot many nations to tliis d..y, of the art of work
iron, ha- bem the O' calion ot .ill thelciudeaiul duii'.y
lontriv.ime'.
Til. High the W-^"^ n.ivigator'- eivdU'd alon", the Ihoics,
and took all p.i'iiblc p..iiis not to lole llglu.a land, yet,
in the very liiil ages they mull treiiii.nilv have been
diiveii olVto lea I 'V llorms. 'Ihe contulion and uncer-
tainty they found thentlelvcs in when th. le accidcnis
lia])pened would put iheiii upon lludMnglome iiiiil'.oj
ot linding wheie they were in theic liutimll.uuv-.
Thev would lo-in be lenlii'le. th.it the inlpcction ol the
hui\enly bo'Jic, was the only thing that > ou'.d all' ml
them .my direeiion. It was in this maniv r, probably,
tli.it alli.T.oiiiy came to be applied to n.ivi ;.;tion.
I'loin ihe lull momeiitmen betian loobU ivethe ti-.o-
tion ot the heav.nU bodies, thev would t.i'.,c lu-tke t at
in tir.t p. lit ot the heavens wh re the Inn ne\a pin'.s
tlui\ .i:e certain llais whiihai'peai eon'.l.iuily ivciv
ni^'Jit. it was i.ily lodlh u\er the polition ot ih le llais-
in relpeel ol our earih, Thev appear al '.a)S on the lelt
ham! u: the obiervator, whole l.ice is luined onti.e eail.
Na\ igators were loon lenhbk', that tin dilVoVity migl.t
be ot gixai .advant.ige to them, as thefe liars c )!illaiitiy
poimed < ut the lame part ot the world. When ihiy
happened to be dtiven tiom iluir coiiile. t' ly :ouiid,
ih.U, in order to recover it, they lind only to dir et
their lliij) in luch a manner, a to bnno l^r into her
tormer [loiiiioii, with rtlp.c't lo thole ll.as winch they
law regularly ever\ night.
t was not
Antk.uitv cive- tic
ir ( f this d. covery to the
Phoenician', a iieipK iqual'y iiuh.lli ru- and cptirpii-
ling. The (ju at Bar would pii bal
Iv . e tl
hi
lirll
gMlllC
which tlicle ancient naMeaiois made choiie i
eoni
1
I IS
eilat onis calif. d.lliiij'U.llud, both ly t! e biight-
nels .iiid pe. uli..r arrangenit lit of t!c thus which loni-
pole It. 1? iiig n.ar the \h'l:, it h.ud'.v ever let^ will?
re'i'eel to tho'e placesw liK hthe I'hicniciar.s lrei)i; r.led.
W e know not in what age naiig.itors
th(l
Hg.ai to oil.
lervethe northern 11. us for the dir. e'tii>n ol iheir cour;e
but It mull h.ivi
I ii
toll
11 m \^ i\ .nil u lit tim s.
T'
at Bear l^ m nlioned in the !> 'ok of Job, who leeiii';
avL c nverte 1 muJi.iulur.ercliants and navigators,
Tl:e name i y iihivh that eoiilU llaiion was known among
the ancient inha!)ta;u- of (iice.e.
ih-v rJateil .ihout itso;i>'iii, prove it wasoiv^rv.(
.C t !
b'
for
Bii
ireciiouol naviiiator^ in ver\ remote ag
tit the oh', rv.u loll I
f iheila
in the (iriat
B
a \eiv Ki'.perfeet .'.'i! un
a Iliii
1
eitani rule f t the diitvi on ot
•ilie kit ion fioims
le irutii I-, Ilu- eoi
It the pule onlv in a v.iv \ague .ind umtuled ir.an-
Its head
■t lutiiuenilv near it, and iistxire
dill un Irom it. 1 nis
nt alpiit-, both at oil-
ier nt hou:'- ol the niLlht, m t'le I ime le.ilon o' li.e \ . ar.
m;l;es .ue more ih.ui 4:" degree
V ul L.xtent oiealion- lervdlV.
ami 111 tl:e
tiop. won
uue hour in d.il'eient le.'.lon
lis varia-
!!■
e 1. oniiikr.i iv i'
•111
T
,11 It eaiiie to
ie reeiTv^d to tiie lioiizoii, to which the courle ot n '.-
visitors
mull
nC' ell'ii ilv I e retcnei
Tl
an allcianic lor this v.iriition l)\ gi
not but oecalion gieit millakes
^y
h.ive made
.h
.lid
1 eiiors in tlio'.e.aj'.es.
wiiLii tliev w
..re guide
metrical rules ami i.ii
manv a 'cs alter.
lb
-L
y P'
i.Mu e ill
liead ol
w.ui h WMC not invviilei
till
It
all!
ia\i been
.ire navi'ation arm
d at
any toleiable ilegree ot [Krtecti
[iroLlhi
1
ion which reoaiires lo nuiLh ihou^ilit and know-
ler.- IS no ait or
1 kr
le
Tiie art ot f.ulinti, is 01
i ; us lu.oi! common o
all oth- IS tlu m.>ri com-
v.iiiuu-i
Ur uii lies in
dilU
,1 1 11 d- ll. IH
rent Ic'.eiui
It .ipj.i
thai even in thea^'cs wc arc n- w examining.
Il'.i
lomenatioiis hadmidelome piogielsm iiiarii imeall.ur
Thefe
dlleove-lles eati
be al' ri; eJ to nothing but that
j\e tijioiiimeri-e with which theli nations \\ereaniiii.U-
eii aieat aril
id th
the like ol
lour lor the adv.uicenient ot it ;
ha-
which coniuiuingin luture age, has 01 'U'lU
the art of Juvij^ation to its i-refeiil llate ot p.rtccli 'ii.
A GLNliRAL
fiVOCiRAniY.
noLiiuf ( 1' tlu Crd at;t«,
■ v, o\ il.t .lit < t workmj;
•ill iht'ciiidc.iiul c'u Illy
co:i(U'il alonr., tlk (lioies,
1(1 l)tc liglil ,.l l.ind.yil,
'.'.il tr.qii.nilv l.avf \\xn
I lie C'liitnli'Mi aiitl iiiutr-
ii> win II ill k- iitiitlciiis
.Ml lliiih iiig loiiii- iiutlud
in iIrIc iiriiiiiill.iiui.v.
th.il ilu- inipcc'tiun ol tlic
ilimi; tli.it loii'.d aH'.miI
II lll;^ maniii r, inil'abiy,
I'litd III n.ivi :.;iion.
ii'.'.,'.ii Id oliK I vc ilie 1110-
ic\ would t.il.t lU'tkc ti.it
Il le lli'J liin iKwf p.ilils
api'car Cdnll.uiilv ivciy
I he pOlllKlll > t ill fc ll.iis
appi.tr .d . ajs on the lilt
i.iu IS luincd ontl.c t.ul.
iIku till dill oviiy ir.i^lt
, astlRlV ll.iis I iiill.Hiiiy
t lilt v\orld. Wlun lluy
ili-ir comic, t' ;y .<iuiul,
l!u V 1i:h1 otily III (lir ct
a I'l linnu Iki into hci
lo ill. Ic 11..IS vMiitli tla-y
ir ( f ilii^ d. cd'.My lo ilie
ilidi.lli 1. u- .md trti i j.| i-
. lal ly , c il.c lirll jviidc
)is niai'.i ilioii c (''. Ti is
.llud, Ivnli ly i' f lniu,lit-
t ot the Ihus which lO'ii-
, it ii.iidiv ev.r lel^ v, it!^
u I'ha-iiitiai'.s lieiji: r.U'd,
\ ii^.iiiirs fiid lie^ .11 lo oli-
iL- ilir^i;tii>ii ot iluir L'liiiie;
I IV .Mil il 111 tiiu '-. The-
le b' 'ok ot Job, i\lio III 111^
ir.erchants and n.i\ i^.uors.
U 1!. II ion ua' knownaiiioiit'
!tc e, .liul the I dc- V. 111. il
, prove it was 'ibl>rv.il lor
w:\ riiiiotc af, .
ilai^ in I he (iiiat B ar «as
111 rill.' t'.T the diu'Ct (in ot
, ihi' lor.de lalioii p.iiius
\a;.;ii. and lont'iiled n;an-
iily r.e.'.r ii, and ils ( xiri-
eis d:tt '.nt lioni it. T'lis
li'. r. lit alpiCi , b'l'h at di!-
'le l.iiiU' k'.iluii ()■' liie V lar,
leni le.'.loii'. This vana-
ii:icali-i.L wlun it came lo
to which the tourlc <il n ;-
ctcned. 'I'luy h.ivc made
.111 b\ g'.itl , w i.:l1i 1 lulj
.csaiiii eirors in tliile.a;',cs,
by pr iciu c inlUid "I nco-
lU li Wvie not iiiwiiud till
ti'rc navr'aiioii arm .d at
ciiun. '1 licr,' is no ait or
lui 11 I'.iUi.'Jit and kiiou-
ji .ill "i''i 1: ill 111. ill com-
opci.iti '11 d>p-nd upi'ii
nt icienns. It apjiiis,
es wc arc n^ w e\aiiiinm'^,
iiijoielsin m iriliineall.iii ■.
lil ed lo nothing', but that
tlict' n II ions i\eie.;ni:nat-
I the adv MlCCIlK'Ul ot il V
II iiiluit .:^C' ,ha- I'l 111 '111
rtltnt llalc ol' iKilccli ni.
A glni:r/\l
( 949 )
GENERAL TABLE or COINS,
INCLUDING
All the MONIES, >vrt/ or iinaginary, whctlici aftvially ufed in Commercial and
DonulHe A flairs, in making Payments, &:e. or ideally employed in keeping
Aeeounts, in all the Countries of'the KNOWN WORLD.
}ictt. To the Ini.iginary Monies, wliicli are employed for the greater Facility ot' keeping Accounts, this
Mark " is pretixeil.
'„* All Fradions in iliis TABLE are Parts ot" an Englifh Penny.
c
c
ENGLAND and SCOTLAND.
London, Brijlcl, Livtrpool, L?c.
F.iliiil>itrgf.\ Cilii/gow, Merdeen, c.-'f.
equal lo
L-
A r.irihiiii^
o
; '
2 Fan lungs
a Halt penny o
o
i i
1 Hallpiiice
a Penny - o
o
I
4 IVnee
a (iroat - - o
4
6 Pence
a 1 lait Shilling o
o
6
1 1 Pence
a Shilling - o
1
i; Shillings
a Crown - o
^
zo SInilings
• a Pound - I
o
o
21 Shillings
a (iiunea - i
1
1
R E L A N I).
Didlin,
Cork, Londonderry,
cr'f.
A I'arthinii,
o
V,
1 I'aiihini;s
a Flall'penny o
o
O ,"j
2 1 lallpence
*a Penny - o
' :i
6il'enie
I .; Pence
I ; Pence
6; Pince
20 Shillings
II i Shillings
a n.alt' ShiUin- o
"A Shilling Inlh o
a Shilling - o
a Crown - o
•a Pound Inlh o
a (iuinea - i
6
1 1
o
o
5
o
F [. A N 1) E R S ANn B R A R A N T.
Chcnt, OJlend, c-
* Pening
4 Pening. n<
8 Pciiiiigens
2 (jrotes
6 Petards
~i Pciaids
40 (irntcs
I 7 ; Si alius
240 G rotes
Jntiucrp, Brtijfeis, i.'c.
o o o,
000
000
000
o o 5
006
016
093
.0 () o
an Urclic
'a Groie
a Petard
♦a Scalin
a Scahii - -
\pl-'lorin
a l)ucat
*.i Pound F'icm
6 ■^
HOLLA N 1) A N n 7. E A L A N D.
Amjln-dam,Ro!tcrdam,MidJUkirg,l'luJhing,^^c.
' Peniiij;
.S Pcniiigens
2 ( I rotes
6 Stivers
.'o Stivers
50 Stiveis
60 Stivers
10; Stivers
6 f iuilde i
No. 87.
M Cm tc - -
a Stiver
.1 S^ahn
a Guilder -
a Rix-doll;|,r
a Div Guilder
a Ducat - -
*a Pound Flem.o
o
o
o
o
I
4
5
9
10
4,
o
a!,
o
HAMBURG.
AUena, Lubcc, Brimoi, tsfc.
equal
•0 L
s.
d.
• ATryling
Or
<r
2 Trvlings
♦a Sexling -
.V
2 Sexlings
a Fening -
1'^
12 Fenings
a Shilling Lub.
1
iT
i() Shillings
"a Marc -
1
6
2 Marcs
a Slet-dollar
\
^ Marcs
a Rix-dollar
4
6
6 ; Marcs
a Ducnt -
9
4
^
120 Shillings
••■a Pound Flem.
1 1
3
HANOVER.
Lunenburgh, ZeiL dc.
* Fening
^ Fenings
8 l-'cnings
I 2 Fenings
8 Grofhen
16 (irothcii
24 Grothen
;2 (iiothen
4 Guldens
a Drcyer
a Marieii
a Grolh
a Hah'Ciulden o
a Gulden - o
*a Ri\-dollar o
a Doubk- Gulden
a Ducal - o
o
o
o
o
I
2
3
4
9
o
o
I
1
4
6
8
z
SAXONY AND H O L STEIN.
Drejden, Ltlffig, &c.
■ An Heller
2 Hellers
in/mar, Keil,
6 Flellers
16 Hellers
12 Fenings
16 Grofhen
24 (irolhen
32 (irolhen
4 (ioulds
a Fening
a Dieycr
a Maricn
a Grolh
a Gould
a Ri\-dollav
a Specie-dollar o
a Ducat - o
o
o
o
1
I
4
6
8
4
BRANDENBURGH and POMERANIA.
Berlin, Potjdcm, ir'i . Stctin, bic.
* A Denier
9 Denieis
iiS Deniers
^ Polchens
20 Grothen
;o Grothen
1)0 (.irolhen
icS (iroliien
8 Idorins
II H
a Polchen
a Cjiolh
an Abrafs
*a Marc
a I'lorin
^a Ri.v-dollar
an Albert lis
a DiKai
o
o
o
o
o
I
.?
4
9
i't
O !• r
Q y=
o ,V
o
9
2
(1
2
COLO (i N.
'I'l'
c50
\ i
I'M
i'-
I ■ ' i;
T \ P. I V 01
COL(1fiN, Af"/.'. Triers, L!(,::r, Munich,
MmiiJLt, PaJrijurii, ^.-c. j
/■ • I
ADutc
; l)utc< -T C.'iuii/cr
"• CiiJit/crs an Minis
S l)lltc^ a Stncr
; Sincrs a I'Mprt
4 I'l.ii'titii ;i C'oplUiik
40 SllVl IS .1 (illliill-T
2 (utilditv a H-ird Dollar <>
4 OiiiUki^ a DiiiaJ - o
BOIU.MIA. SILESIA, ant Ill'NdARY.
r <1 I N ^', f^' .
o
Ui
C
3
o o
O O
I) o
I) o
o o
o o
O 2
4
9
o
o
o
i
S
4
8
/'m^»«;-, /r-T?.;;/, PreJIurg, <-c
A F.'ning
2 l''cniiij^s
3 Fcnin;.!,s
4 I'Cnlii^s
3 Criiitzers
()o CriiitztTs
t;c Criiitzcrs
; Goiikis
4 Ij.'ulds
o
:i Diiycr - "
a (ii>iili - - o
a CiuitztT - n
a Willie Giori) 1)
a (i.nilii - u
•a Ri\-dollar o
a Maul Dollar o
a DiK.it - 1"
o
o
o
o
o
4
()
S
4
AUSTiOl A ANi> SWA in A.
Vienna, Triejie, ;si. Augsburg
A l-cning
B'iulcim, c-'(.
i I'cnings
4 I'cnings
14 lriiin'^>
4 Ciuit/.cr-i
15 Bat /A' II
go Cruitzcrs
;o Bat/cn
CO Bat/.cii
a Duvtr
aCniii/.i.r •
'Jr.fti
a Bat/.tn
a (.ioulil
•a Kix-iliiilai
a S])ccn. -dollar o
a DuLat - n
1 R A N C O N I A.
Ii\inkJort, h'uremkurg, Dcttingtn,
I
A Iciimg
4 Fellings
3 Criiii/ers
4 Ciuit/.crs
1 1; Cruiizci-)
60 Cruit/xTs
lyo Cru.t/.cr'..
2 (joulds
240 Cruit/cis
a Criiit/.cr - o
a Kcrlcr Gi'lh o
a B.a/.cn
an Ort (ioukl
a (.ioold
'a Kix-tloilir
a Haril-dol!ar
a Ducat
o
o
o
o
o
2
.>
4
9
o
o
I
4
f)
S
4
o
o
I
I
7
4
6
Z
r O LA N D AND
1> R L S S I A.
Cracow, n\vyjj,i.-c. Bantzi ,Kottingshfrg,-:c ,
ASliilon
3 Shcloiis
j (irwlhcn
^ CoLiilits
18 Grolheii
^0 (irufhen
ip (irolhen
8 Floiins
5 Rix-d')ll.irs
a Grolh
a CoulUc
a Tinio - -
an Ort - -
a Florin
'a Rix-dollar
a Ducat
a I''n.dirK d'Or
o
o
o
o
o
I
9
17
L 1 V O N I A.
Riga, Revel, N.irva, L:c.
A Rlick^;n - - o
u BI.kIs. lis a Gtofh - - <J
() Blatktiis a N'ordinji!, - u
2 Gr ifiKii a Wlii[i.n - o
6 Grollicii a Marc - - u
3'j (iiollicn a Flunn - u
1,0 Giollicii 'a Kix-dolLr o
lo'-i (irollitn an AUhiius o
64 Whitens aCuppcr-i-'KDol.
o
D
O
o
o
I
3
4
5
DKNMARK.ZF.ALAN'P.aniA. iRWAV.
Cvpenliigfti, Sound, i'c. Utrgcn, Drcmlfiw, cV.
■juat la
/:•
s
J.
A SkilliiiR
-
1 1
^ Skllllllg^
a DupKtn -
11
i
ifi Skilliin;s
•aMiu
(1
9
:o Skilliiij;''
a Rix-niaic
1
21 SkiUmtiS
a Rix-.'it -
1
I
4 Marts
a Ctow 11
3
(> Marcs
a Rix-di.llar
u
4
b
II Maris
a Diivat
S
«
14 Maji-.
a Halt Ducat
10
S W V. D I
N ANO LAI
L
A N
I
^Icckhlm, L'/J\il, (Ji- 'Tiirn, L\
"Ruiifticls ■ - o
: Ruiillh ks a Stiver - o
iS Riinllicks a Copper Ni.irc o o
; Gojipcr Marcs aSilvu M.iu o
4 Coppc; M.uis a C'lppii Dollar o
9 Cc^ppcr Marcs a CJiroliiic - o
3 Cojiper D illar-a Silvei Dull.ii o
5 Silver Dollars a Rix-dollai o
2 Rix-dollsrs a Ducat - o
,V
u
1
«
•f
1
()
s
'
2
1
4
1 1
8
'
9
4
U L' S S I A
AND M U S
CO V
V.
Pttcrjlurg,
Archangel, Mofcovj
s
c.
A I'oluica
.
0,'
z rolulc.is
a Dennlca -
0,'
2 IVtuiica^
^a Copec
I)
3 Copccs
ail Aliin
1
10 Co|)CCS
a < iiievener
5
2 .; Copc\s
a rol[X)tiii -
1
1
■~,z Copc>.'s
.1 I'oltm
CI
2
.1
100 Copecs
a Riiblr
4
(1
2 Rubles
a Xerxxnitz
9
W A S 1 L.
Zurkk, /.tig, C'l".
A Rap
3 Rapen
4 FVnmgs
12 I'cHKigS
I 5 F'enin^i^s
I 8 leninij,s
20 Sols
60 Cruit/crs
Io!> Cuutzers
-
a Fcnii.g
,1 Cruit/er -
a Sc! - -
1
aCoarfcRaLz
•11
(5
1
a CiotMlBaiZ'
n
2
a Livif
a
6
a (tulden
X
6
a Rix-dullar
4
3
St. (; a r l.
Jninzc:, <sc.
n %\
7.
An HcILr
-
(1
,\
<
2 Ffillers
u Frnmf;
! \
3;
4 Fvnin^is
a Cru'.izer -
1 1
^ " 1
UJ
1 2 F'lninjjs
*.i Sol - -
1
s
4 Cniii/cis
aConr'.'eB.ii/
n
2
^ 11
6 i
^
i; Cuiirzers
a (iood BaiZA
n
2
>
CO SpIs
*.i Lavrc
2
6
4 i
1
1;
(Ti
60 Cu.iizers
a Gould
2
6
IQ2 Ciiii'.Zirs
a Rix-do'l.ir
9
4
3
H F R N.
1
Liict
y, Stiifih..u:,
c^c.
1 '
V='l
A Dciuer
-
,•/
4 Dcniers
a Crui !/<-•! -
-i'l \
3 C'niitzers
aSul - -
:vi
4 Ci iiiizcrs
a Piapfrt
1
I t'l
5 Ciiiiizers
a < iis'S -
u
2
6 Cruitzirs
a i5atztu
-!.
■ 6 !l
:o Sols
a Livrc - ■
n
■1
2 ■/■•'!
75 C'liiitzcf;
a Gulden
2
()
1
' !
1 .'5 C'iu:t*«ri
,1 C'ruwn
4
G F.
N l: \
.A\P,an:A iRWAY.
c. itrgoi, Drciilldiii, c-V.
19
/;•
s
J.
-
1 1
o
Xipfftn -
()
o
\
liu
(1
o
9
lix-in.uc
o
o
: 1
la-.. II -
u
1
1
.town
u
1
o
lix-iU.lUr
l>
4
6
)ii..at
u
8
<
1.1II O.iuc
10
*Nn LA I' LA N I).
o
o
iiivcr -
o
o
.o|ipcr Nl.iri; o
o
1
mIvi I Mill o
o
*f
J'lpi'i-i D'.llai o
o
ft
JiljIiik- - I)
1
2
Silver Doll.u I)
1
(>
Ku-aollai o
4
«
Ducat - o
4
ND M r SCO V V,
(L\ingtt, A
loj CO-JO
C""
c.
-
o
o
0.'.'.
Dcniilca
- ,)
o
o,"
Cojiec
- I)
o
o
1 Akin
(1
o
1 '
( iiieviiur
o
o
5
rolcwtm
()
1
1
I'oltin
- o
2
>
Ruble-
- o
4
(i
Xcrv^nitz
o
9
o
A S 1 L.
ck, y.ugy i-c.
o
o
o
FcMii.g - o
o
o
Ciiiit/.tr -
o
o
So! - - o
o
I
CoarleRaLZ'-'ii o
o
1
CiocmI B.U/.i n o
o
I
I 1 ,ivrf - o
2
6
(iiildfii - o
1.
6
I Rixdcill.ir o
4
3
C A L L.
'renzi
I C ruitzi-r
1 Sol
iConrleB.u/. 1) n
J (ioOtl lial/'AH o
I Livrc - o
\ (iouUl - O
\ Rix-i.lo'l.ir y
! F R N.
Sciifd.Jd, i'-'i.
o
o
o
o
o
o
2
I Crui!/rr
.1 Sol
a Piaptrt
:i ( iiv.s -
a Hat/cii
a Livrc -
;i (luklcn
.1 Cruwri
o
o
o
o
o
o
2
2
o
O 2
- 040
<J E N i: \ A.
c
1 A R L I", OK COIN S, &i. 951
a I", N F. V A. [ iiikii'i.ir, Mahivn, D:-m,i, L'':. I'e.'oH.
/'.
l./v, H'Wie, isif.
eqilil
1 to /.
r.
d.
A I')i-tiicr
. .
I I) IlkTS
aDcnirnurrtnto
1 i 1 )ciii^rs
a Small S.jI -
12 Don. cur.
.1 Sol current
12 Small Si N
'.1. Florin - -
4
20 S')!*. cur.
*a Livrc ciirr-.-ni
1
S
10' I'lorins
a I'atacoii - •
1 1
15 { I'loilll'.
a Croii.ulc - -
10
24 I'loiiin
a Dut.ii -
Ill
3 ; U
I v.
<
o
w
Z.//A", C.imi/rtty, I'alcniicmu-u trV.
.'\ Denier
1 2
Dcnicrs
a Sol ...
1 i
Dciucrs
•a rataril -
1 >
I'.itarih
'a I'lctte -
9
20
Sols
aLivrcTouniois
!0
20
I'.itarils
*a Florin -
1
(-0
SoK
an Feu. ot K\
2
h
10
1 .ivrcH
a Ducat -
<>
^
-t
Livrc-s
aLouibd'Or i
! I
D:inklik, St. Omo'l St. QKhitlil, c-
A Denier
I.'. Dealers
1 ^ Denicrs
15 S,,|s
2 Sols
7, Livres
1 \ I ,ivrc5
24 Livrcs
joi Livres
P.iiii, J.\ij)ii,
A Do HUT
j Denicrs
2 Lianli
1 2 I )eniers
■ > S-ls
(vj Sols
6 1 .ivres
10 Livrcs
.-4 l-'Vics
- o
* Sol - • o
•a Patanl - o
•a I'lette - o
aLivieTournot';
all I'".cu ol I'.x. o
a Louis d'Or 1
a (iuinea - 1
a Moc.la - I
MarfiUh-u ^^.■.
HfiM'jimc, <jii .
o
o o
o o
o 7
O 10
2 6
o
1 o
7 "^
Rnurdt.uiy,
o
o
?iyn^/ /o
•AMaravedic
2 Maravedies an Ocliavo
4 Manvedies a Qiiaitil
34 Maravedies'a Kial \ d.in o
"15 Kials 'a 1'iallrc-otK.x.o
312 Maraveilics a Piallrc - o
fto Rials 'a I'ilt.ilc ofKx.o 14
204S Maravcdiesa HilLileoi F.x. o 14
70 R1.1I5 a Hiil.le - o 16
o,V»
o U
2 i
7
7
4
4
9
biircduiia, StirngoJJ'u, rii/i;ii,iii,irc. Ol.l Plati .
A Maravcdie
16 M.navcdies
1 Soldos
20 Soldos
24 Soldos
lb Soldos
22 Soldos
21 Soldos
60 Soldos
- o
a Soldo - o
a RialOldFi.ue
'a Libra
•a Ducat
•a Dollar
'a Ducal
'a Ducii
a I'lllole
o
o
o
.S
6
4
i;
lb
3
6
7
9
I)
i.
10
- a o O n J
.1 Liard -000;
a Dardcnc - o o o ; *
a Sol --000','
*al-ivre'rourn.Ms o 10
an I'-cu ot Kx. o 2 6
an Kcu - o ? o
'a!'ilb>le -084
a Lt'uis d'Or 1 o o
1' O R l U (i A L.
' A Rc-
10 Re/.
20 Re/.
;; Vim ins
4 Telloons
24 Vintins
10 Telloons
48 "i el loons
64 Telloons
Lljl'M, Opwto, t'".-.
- o
a Half Vint in o
a Viiitin - o
a Telloon - o
aCruladeofFxo
a New Crulade o
"a Miire - o
a M.ieda - 1
a joanelc - 1
0.
I
6
,
T
8
^
7
1
1()
MuhuU C.uU:, .Ve://.V, bV- ^r.c Plate.
U
A M.uaveJii
.; Maiavedl ^
54 M.iravedies
■ 2 Rials
8 Rials
10 Rials
a Ouarlil
.1 hTlal
a I'lti.irine
•a riliaieot'Fx. o
a Dollar - o
o
o
o
o
o 4
,75 Maiavedies *a Ducat ot F\. o 4
;2"Rial.s *a I'lUoleot'Fx. o 14
■;6 Ruls a I'lllilc - o lO
o I
5
10
7
6
1 1
4
9
G E N O A. .V,,:/, St. Rmo, C'c.
C O R S 1 C A. B.i/tKi, ec.
A Dcnari
-
".
12 Denari
a Soldi
4 S.ikli
a Clievalet -
1
20 Solili
•a Lire-
8
;o Soldi
a Tcltoon -
1
5 '•'f'^"'
a Croiladc •
3
7
1 15 So'iiii
•a I'cz/.o of I'
.x.o
4
6 Telloons
a Cienouine
6
>
20 Ures
a Fillole -
'4
4
I'lLDMO.NT, SAVOY and SARDIXLV.
Th ill, Chanibcryy, Ciig'iiJii, cTc.
A Denari
-
-
Ir
; Denari
a Q^iatrini -
ir
12 Denari
a Soldi
-
i
12 Soldi
*a Florin
-
20 .S..ldi
•a Lire
-
1
6 Tlorins
a Scudi
-
4
7 l-'lorins
a Ducatoon
•1
.1
i^ Li res
a FidoL
.
ift
^
i"o Lires
a Louis
dOr
1
MHan, ALili'im, Purmn, Paii
A Denari
12 Denari
a Soldi -
20 Soldi
*a Lire -
8
1 1 ;; Sokli
a Scudi current
4
2
1 1 7 Soldi
*aScudiotFx.
4
6 Lires
a Philip -
4
4
22 Lires
a I'iliole -
16
23 Lires
a Spanilh I'illole
16
y
Leghorn, Flvniitc, £<fc
A Dei.ari
- . -
'J-
4 Dcnari
a Qiiairini -
ii
12 Denari
a Soldi
i ■r
:; (>iiatriiu
a Craca
{J
8 fracas
2c Soldi
a f^i'ilo
*a laic
s I-
S !
6 1 .ires
a I'ialtreofFx
4
7 ; I .ires 1
a Ducat
.1
, r
11 Lires
a I'iliole -
1,
6
R
M L
ill
«).W
1 \ n I, F. <- 1 COINS. &c
'I; 1? '
I
fci:i
i<l
\' ■
« 'fj I
'fi
c- 1
C ;
I
u:
ROM K.
rc.iM I'i'i.'ii.i, Aihoiui, f'.
(■yd,/
' /.' /.
» .
./.
A (^l.unni
- o
o
; (^lamiii
A IllVlK •
o
o
M H.lylK^
.1 Julio o
()
1 J H.UiK'.
a St,iui|)t lulio o
(>
,;4 H.iViH.'i
.1 Icllo.)!! - O
I
7
1 julios
aC'rowiiiurrtiit
^
1 i julios
•a Crownllampt
()
o
1 S [iilioi
a C'luiiuiu ■ o
V
o
:i Julh'-i
.1 Till .L- -
'i
10
.\c
43
100
N A 1' I. K S.
fi.j/cV.i, C.iipi.i, <■■''•
A ij^j.iiniii
(j^i.itrini
( lr,llll^
nu.iirru
( iraiii>
drams
( iralll'^
I'anns
laniis
a drain
a farlm
a I'aulo
a Tariii
a Tollooii
a I'JtKat ot I'.x. o
a I'llloli- ■ o
a S[)an. I'lllolc i
o
o
o
o
o
.?
o
o
4
.■)
8
4
4
4
')
SICILY
r.iV'fvc, Mfjhm, ir'i.
A Piihil.i
r> I'lduli
8 I'ichili
10 drains
2 (irams
6 Tariiis
13 Tarins
()o Carlins
z Ounces
n drain
a I'onii
A Carliii
a 'I'arin
*a I' lorin of Kx. o
a Ducat i)t'l';.\. o
*an Ounci.' - o
a I'illolf - o
o
o
o
o
o
I
A Qiiatrini
(■< Oiiatrini a Ha\oi
a lulio
♦a Lire
10 Rnucs
20 Havocs
; julios
S:; liayocs
105 Bav'HS
100 Bavoci
;! julios
A I'Kuli
1 2 I'icoli
h\ SoK!i
iS Soldi
20 Soldi
I 24 Soldi •
24 fJros
I : l^ires
a Tclloon -
a Suidi ol Kx.
a Dui-atixm
a Crown
a I'lftoio -
\' !•: N 1 c 1;.
Soldi
dpvi
lulc
Lire
'rclloon
Ducat cilrront
Ducat ot I'.x. o
C!ic(;;iin -
o
o
o
o
o
I
T r R K i; Y.
j\Lrr.i. C.inJij, ('.'\;')i/o, c"V.
A M.iMf'Ar
-
4 ^IaIn:a^^
*an Alpcr
_? A<'pe:i
.T i'anic
1
C, Alp.TS
a H<((ic
?.
lb Aijv.-rs
an ():1k:
6
20 Aij.ers
a S ili'i.i
1
,So Alj/ers
•a I'l.illre -
4
ioc Aljiers
a C'ara|;roui h
^
10 S'jlolas
an Xcriti'
10
M A 1. 1 A
o
o
o
1
()
4
8
o
o
()
o
h
'X
A R A B 1 i\
Mtiiiiia, AA ,1/, ALJi
'. t'
( .
ffidi to
c-
J,
./.
A Carrct
5I Carrcti a C.ivcir
<•'',
7 Carrel* u Comillii-t:
Ho larrcts a L.iriii
10
1 S Coiiialhces ,ui AIn 1)
1
4
()0 Comallico 'a I'lathc
4
ii
So Cavcers a Dollar
4
()
100 Colnallu•e^ a Sii|uin
7
i>
So Larinsi *.\ 1 oinoiul -
.5
'/
I' 1, R ;> 1 A.
A Co/.
.
4 Civ.
a Hilh
1
to Co/.
a Sliahce
4
2 Co/.
a .VliiiicHida
8
. i Co/.
a 1 .arm
u
10
4 S!i iliff?
an Aliallice
1
4
; Abalhct
ail Or
(>
8
12 Alullui-
a HovelK) -
1(1
; } Ahallui.',
*.i Toinond •
.>
8
(; I / /. I R. A r.
A IV. ka
-
-
2 I'eckas
a I'icc ■
-
4 I'leces
a l-".uiam
I
5 Pieces
a \u. -
2
!(' I'leciS
an Ana
-
7
4 Anas
a Ru|iee
-
2
()
2 Rupees
an Ijijililli
Cr
1
14 Alia-.
a l'ai;odi
S
')
4 I'.ik^odas
a (j<ild Ru
lee
1.^
1)
B<,»il\i\, Ddbitl, i>-.
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'>."
1
2 Hudgioul
s»a Ree -
0^
?^
s Re/
a Fiete -
C)
J ?
1'. I'mcs
a 1 ..ulv -
.S
>
20 I'lfttk
a Qn.uter
6
r
240 Ri/
a Xeiai'liimo
I
4
r
4 Quarters
1 Rupee
2
3
<
< '
14 Quaiters
a I'.ii I'd.i
S'
n
Oo (garters
adold Rupee i
I ;
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-
1 .
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a Ba/.araco
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a \ intin u
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4 N'liitins
a Larec -
5
>
3 Larees
a Xerapliiin
1
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42 X'inlins
a 'rani;u - u
4
b
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a Piece
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6 Pieces
a Pual
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8 Pieces
a F-'.uiani
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10 I'aiiams
a Rupee
2
(>
2 RujK'es
an V'.wd,. Crow r
T
u
;f) I'aiiaiiis
a Paoixla
8
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.) Pai^oJa-.
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upci-
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BENGAL
T A HI, V. ■■.F ( O I N S, ki-.
9:']
f'^
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A Piece
4 I'l'i CN
(. I'llCM
I • Vh\ IS
to An:»s
1^1 Ann
2 Rll|H(.'*
i Rilli:(.s
l_56 Aii.15
n V. N U A I..
Cii'.uul, C.i,\iiil.i, (Jc.
cquu! to
a I'an.im
u \\/. -
an Am
a l''i mo
a Itiiiif'.'
a I'rciicli Ecu o
an I'.n^.Ciown o
a 1'. ;;Oi|:l - o
S 1 A M.
d.
o
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6
(i
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9
M I) R () C C O.
7',_g,v, M,:!,uc,i, dmhodia, Sumatra, J.Hi
Borneo, ijc.
<
■J
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S.i>itiiCnit,Mi'.jiiiii(z,l'\:,Ttinjiiers,S,ilUt,i''(.
A r iiKc . - o
;.). I'likcs a Blann'iil o
4 ll'ani|uil< ar\ Ouiihc o
7 Bliuijuilj an (Vtavo o
14 Bl iiii|uih a (ji^iarto o
2 Qi^iirtos a M.ilio
48 Bl..ni|uiU a Dollar
j.V BliiujuiU n XtciiMii
100 BLiimuiK a I'lllolc
1.
o
o
o
1
4
4
9
16
o
3
8
a
4
S
h
6
9
A C jri
iJr)-. Cori
li; IVrtccs
//iO I't'ttCCS
5 o Fott'-'cs
(,00 I'VttJCs
2 TnaK
4 S pocds
U ij.ittk'crs
a Fcitco
a Saialccr -
a Sdco
a Tui.il
a Dollar -
a Ri.il
an lu u
a Crow II
CHINA.
o
i>
I)
o
O
Ptkin, Canton, iJr.
A Cava
10 Ci\i
10 Caiulancns
^; CuulariCiis
1 RllpLfi
70 Caii'lircciis
7 Man .
2 RiiiKcs
10 Mitts
a Caiularttn
a Mate
a Riipc.'
a Dollar -
a Rix-doliar
an lieu
a Crown
' a Talf
J A r A iV.
o
o
o
o
o
2
4
4
5
5
APlti
2-3 I'm-.
15 Mius
20 Mates
_^o Macfs
13 Onnte'' ^ilv.
2 ( 'mil C-- (iokl
^ l.ip.imte--
1. 1 OutK;.^ (JoUl
- o
a Mate - o
an Oun. Silver o
a Tale - o
an Iiijjot - o
an Oiin. field ;
a lapantlc 6
a Double - 1 2
•aCaitec - 66
(1
()
o
o
o
o
o
8
6
6
4
o
o
S
o
4
10
8
8
o
o
o
o
Ed Y V T.
OL! tiihl New Ciiiro, Alexandria, Sayde, i-c.
An Al'ptr
; Alpcrs
a Mcdin -
• J
?.y Meilins
an Ital. Due.
4
80 Alpcrs
*a I'lallrr -
4
•;o Mrdiiis
a Dollar -
4
h
9') Ai'p.rs
an I'.ai -
5
;i McdiHS
a Crown -
5
200 Alpers
a SLiltanm -
10
70 Mt'lius
a I'aigo Dol.
10
6
n
A R B A R Y.
Aliin-i,
1\<nis, iripuii, Una,
c-V.
An Alpei
y Alper^
a Mcilin -
I '
10 Al'ivrs
a Rul old Plate
6 :
2 Rial.
a Douiiie -
I
1 '.
^ 1) 'iihlf)
a Dollar -
4
()
24 Mcdiiis
aSilv.ChiHiuin
,^
4
;o Mcdins
a 1 dollar -
4
1)
itio Alpcrs
a /iquin -
8
iO
1^ Dinlilcs
aPKL'le •
16
<.)
No. 8/.
1", N G L 1 S H.
Jiimaica, BartaJccs, L''c.
•Hilt'p-nny
.
0.
VV
2 H.-iltpeUte
»a Penny
:^
7 V P'iltC
a Bii -
•y
1 1 Pcntc
•a .Sliilling
8
1 1
1 tr
7,S I'nce
a D .liar
4
h
7 Sli.llings
.1 Cro.vn
5
20 '^lnlli:i;js
'a I'oiind
14
3
•4 M„llin;j3
a Pillole
16
9
;o SliiUings
a Guinea
1
1
FRENCH.
St. Dcwingo, Martmico,
- A I lalt S ,1
.
0"
.1
2 H ih Sols
*aSol
O'r
;.
7'. Sol'.
aHalfScalin
3
1 1
t f »
I ; Sols
a Svaliii
5
?
20 Sols
•a Lvre
7
-/f
7 Livres
a Dollar
4
u
8 Livres
an Fa u
4
10
1
ih Livres
a Pillole
iC
9
,■2 Livivs
aLouisd'Or
I
E N G L I S H.
Nova Sio/ia, New England, Virginia, L~'c.
* A Penny - 001
1 2 Pirice 'a Shilling o 1 o
20 Sliill ni;s 'a IV.uiiJ 100
2 Poiinus
J I'oimkIs
4 Pounds
5 Pounds
6 I'ounds
7 Pounds
8 I'oundb
9 Pounds
10 Pounds
The Value of the Currency alters accor-
ding to the Plenty or Scarcity ot Gold and
Silver Coins that are iuiported.
Canada, Florida, Cayena, <j:c.
* A Denier
1 2 Dcnicrs '' a Sol
20 Sols ' a Livre
2 Livres
5 Livrc-
4 Livres
_; Livres
(> Livres
7 Livres
8 Livres
9 Li\rcs
I o Li\ res
The vaiiic of the Currency alters aceor-
dir.g to tlie Plenty urScarciiy ol Gold and
Silver Coins that are inipau<d.
Note. For all tl;e Spaitijli, Portiiguefc,
Dutch, and Dani/iJ Dominic.;.., either on the
Continent or in the Wi'.st Inihev, fee the
Monies of the rtlpee^ive Nations.
u 1 AM' W
. I
f 054 1
A
'^'■J
n/. I
m
V.r
iiiX^'l
! 3
NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE,
From tih, MINUTEST 015SERVAT10N,
C O N T A I N I N CJ THE
Names and Situations of the chief Cities, Towns, Seas, Ciilphs, Bays, Strcights,
Capes, and other remarkable Phiees in the know n .World ;
u I T H
THEIR RESl'ECTIVE LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES.
'( i
lawns.
rnv.mes.
Countries.
Slttarttrs.
Latitude.
I.o»zitude.
A
D
. M.
D.
M.
A Be ale. 11,
Al^crdi^.-cndiirc,
Sco'land,
Europe
57
11 N.
1
2T W
J^\^ Acauulco
, Mexico,
Notih
America
17
10 N.
101
40 W
Adiiatii S.a, or
Gulphot Venice, between
Iralv and Tui
key, Europe,'Mcditerranc.an Sea.
Adrianoplc
Romania,
Turkey,
Europe
4Z
CO N.
ar.
.10 F,
Agra,
Ai;ra,
Ea(l India,
Alia
26
4. N.
7<S
30 E
Air,
Aiilhu'c,
Scotland
Eurujie
5.>
JO N.
4
3?W.
Alcj)jio,
Syria,
Turkey,
Alia
.^5
42 N.
57
z4 1-
Alexaiulria,
I-mvci Egypt,
Turkey
A'Viea
.5'
10 N.
50
■ 9 E
Albany.
New- York,
North
America
4-i
4S N.
/ 5
;o VV
Al.GIFRS,
Algiers,
Barharv,
Afriia
_;6
50 N.
3
16 E
Amhoyna.
Ani'ioyna I fie,
I- Ail India,
Afia
4
i; S.
•■^7
25 1,
AMSTF.il DAM,
Holland,
Neiherlandi,
Europe
52
.., N.
5
04 !•;
Annapolis,
Nova-Scotia,
North
America
4.i
00 N.
64
00 w
Ann.ap ais,
Maryland,
North
America
it
vo N.
7''
;o \V.
Antii'tli,
Syria,
Turkey,
Alia
.-<>
;o N.
5-
46 E.
Antwerp,
B'r.iliant,
Netiierlands,
Europe
S'
.; N.
4
.9 E.
Ari.lii[x!a^^o,
Klaiids ot
Ci recce
Europe, Mediterranean Sea.
Artliuiigei,
D'Miia,
Kullia,
Europe
64
ro N.
to
30 E.
Ailraean,
Aiii.iv.an,
Rullia.
Alii
47
00 N.
5^
00 E.
Athens,
Aeluiia,
Turkey,
Europe
.^7
5S N.
24
C5 E.
Atlantic Oecan,
leparaies
Eur .pe, AG a
antl Atri.a Irutii Ann
rica.
AVA,
B
fJ.'vYoiBiiLa;.
Ava,
E.ill India,
Afia
10
10 N.
05
.;q E.
.Call ol
Tranrc,
Europe,
At
antic f.)c
an.
1^ — ot Bung
Coal of
India,
Alia,
Jl.C
lian Ocean.
Balin; Sti,
between
Ci.rin.andSw
:den I'.urope,
Atlantic tX
ean.
Baklivia,
Chill,
South
America
;^y
;^ S.
£1
10 \V.
'%x.
Svria,
Turkey,
Afia
.^j
40 N.
1 ..
00 E.
Barctltina,
Catal 'Ilia,
S|)ain,
Eun.jK
4i
a6 N.
.;
iS E.
B..lii:i,
Corliia If!/,
Iialy,
I'iuropc
*>-
i.j N.
9
40 E.
Bath.
Sfjiiuiieilliiir,
(•:ngla:.d.
Eurup'
.S'
27 N,
z
3 . W.
B;-',clat,
Evraia Arabia,
Tuike\,
Alia
^■»,')
40 N.
4?
00 E.
P ibr.i.
l^yraia Arabia,
Tiakcv,
Alia
.5°
4; N.
4"
oj E.
Bapavia,
1 iva Hie,
V.iW India,
Alia
6
CO S.
lu;-
00 E.
Ba/.ii.,
Ba/il,
Swit/.cilaiul,
Europe
47
40 N.
7
40 E.
B.lf':i,
lllLr.
Ireland,
I'.urojK'
•;4
i9 ^'•
f)
50 \V.
Bender,
Bvllarabia,
Turkey,
I'.uiopc
4''
4. N.
29
00 ]•■.
Bl RGLN,
Bemen,
Norway,
Euiopi-
to
10 .N.
5
40 E.
Beklin,
B'aiuienluivg,
C lei ma..; ,
iMMupe
^i
i] N-
1 \
V- E.
Bcin,
H in,
S\\ iizerlaiiil,
I'.iiropc
47
.,0 N.
1
-•u l'-.
Bti'ui', ii.
B i\v'n.k,
Siodand,
l'.uro|pe
55
4S N.
I
45 W.
Bi-I^radi-,
Scrv 1.1,
Turkey,
J'lurope
45
CO N.
■/I
'J.O v..
B.nCKolcn,
Su:i.aira Klc,
Ealt India,
Aija
i
.?5 S.
101
00 1'..
Bilioa,
BiKay,
Span,
Euroj.e
4J
.1'. N.
.1
iS \V.
Biiii.i:ii;lua.,
W'arwicklhu'c,
1:. upland.
I', mope
5^
30 N.
1
.,0 W.
B .iiiliay,
B 'inbay Hie,
Eill India,
Aha
'y
oj N.
7'
50 '•■•
B'lkUari.i,
Lllbcc
laiiary,
Ali4
-H
,5 N.
('1
B;U
on V.
deaux.
GROfiR APHICAL TABLE, &c.
953
^ABLE,
ION,
is, Bays, Strclghrs,
Vol Id ;
ITUDES.
Towns.
PiOviiUiS.
Cownriiii,
Q'M.'/fry.
|5our(|(:uix.
(iiii. line,
Franco,
F.urojii;
Hi)!"nju;j,liili
)llll'jl'-,
l.mliilii;')',vlliiiv,
Siotlaiul,
]'iuro])e
Bolton',
l.imolnlliiii.',
r^ngiaml,
Kuropc
HOSION,
M.UiaLiiuk-is,
New ]'',ngland,
America
Jirala,.
Krali.int,
W'thcrhuuN,
I'^oro|)c
Bix-il,
liivi.uiy.
I'rancc,
]'luro[)e
Hniiioii,
I o'Axr S.ixonv,
( li.Tiiiain',
Kuro|3e
Rrkslai',
SiLli.i,
Bolicmia,
J%uro|)e
liiillol,
S>)ni.rli.'i(hiiv,
Fni;lan(i,
I'airope
nrililli SlM
Ik'I'aci.':i
Brit, and (iorin.
Iuuuj)C
Bi:ii.k, or 1
'.:\i:u:
Sui,
"rurlvcv in
F.uro[.v Mill
Alia
Bkissi.i 5,
liiab.uit,
NctliLTlands,
h'-uropc
Bni-cs,
I'lamaTs,
NotlK-rlands
I'.urojic
Biu'iiAick,
1 ,o',\ lt S.ixon\ ,
( 'cDiiany,
Faropc
Buu.
V
I.o.vcr,
1 liin;;ary,
Furopj
Bi;ti.iN(; ros,
Jcik-y,
Nortii
America
BfENOS A
V p. 1 S,
La I'iata,
S.iutli
America
LiUitHilc.
Loi
7ilude.
D.
iVl.
\).
M.
44
SO N
00
S8 U.
59
48 N.
3
44 w.
53
la N.
00
z3 !•:.
JZ
20 N.
70
40 w.
5'
40 N.
4
40 K.
48
2? N.
4
.3 w.
53
2S N.
8
20 E.
5'
.5 N.
16
50 E.
5'
33 N,
2
40 W.
Atlantic Ocean.
50
;o N.
4
06 E.
5'
\(, N.
3
OS t:.
5^
^0 N.
10
3° I'"-
47
40 N.
'9
-zo E.
40
08 N.
75
00 E.
34
35 ^-
57
54 W.
,'ituile.
l.oM^ituJe.
M.
D.
NL
22 N.
I
20 W
10 N.
101
40 \V
CO N.
ar.
30 F
42 N.
76
30 l-.
JO N.
4
35 ^v
42 N.
37
24 1-,
10 N.
30
■ 9 K
4S N.
; .■»
;o W
5" N.
16 K
Z-, S.
'-7
25 1,
.^ N.
5
o.^ !■;
00 N.
64
CO W
00 N.
7^'
;o \V
;o N.
1 ,
4', l'-.
I.; N.
4
29 E
vo N.
to
3-T E
00 N.
5-
00 K
S8 N.
24
cs E
20 N.
05 .;o
;^ !^.
£1
loW
40 N.
37
00 K
26 N.
2
■ 8 E
^., K.
9
40 !•;
■27 N.
t
32 w
40 N.
4?
00 E
45 N.
4"
oj K
CO S.
1U-;
0) I-:
40 N.
7
40 \:
39 ^>
30 W
40 N.
29
00 ]•'
10 N.
5
40 I-.
3 3 N-
•3
^2 I-.
,.; N.
7
20 I-
48 N.
1
45 W
CO N.
21
20 l',
S^ s.
101
00 1''^
2'> N.
.1
1 s \S'
30 N.
.\o \V
oj N.
7'
30 '•;
15 N.
<^7
00 E
BouiJcaux
/^AIRO,
F.ower
I''?:pf.
Africa
\^ Cajiluri.
Sardinia,
Jtalv,
I'airopc
C'aciiao,
'l'oni]uin.
i'.ali India,
Alia
Calais,
I'lcardv.
1- i.mce.
luirope
Ci'.nliletown,
Ari;ylelli:e,
S.otland,
Furo[)c
C":i!ul)rHli;,e,
Camlirid;;i:lliire,
Fngiand,
i'.uroiic
C.idi/.,
Antlalulia,
Sj-ain,
I'^uropc
Caiciill.i,
Bengal,
L.il India,
Alia
Canierlmr;-,
Keiil,
I''.nu,lain.l,
1 Europe
C'andia,
Candy Wland,
Tiirke\',
Alia
Can roN,
Canton,
China,
Alia
Ca.mh<,ui \,
Siam,
l-ait India,
Alia
CarlilK-,
Cur.ibcrlanil,
i'.nnland,
I'.uropc
Catli;ij!.eruins,
lunis.
Barhary,
Africa
Car riiAcKSA,
Terra Firma,
South
America
Carilig.ui,
Cardi'_^anlluie,
Wales,
l-airopc
Candy,
Ceylone llles,
I'.all India,
/Vlia
Cal|)iaii .Jea,
IvufTian
'I'artary,
Alia
Caliel,
Helle CalKI,
(iermany,
Europe
Ca|K; Clear,
Ci)rk,
Ireland,
Europe
iMiiiilcrre,
(I'alicia,
Spain,
J'',urope
\'iiuent.
Ali;,rave,
I'ormual,
I'.urope
Veid,
Nei^roland,
Africa
1)1 ( iootl
Hope.
Hottentots
Catfraria,
Africa
Comorin.
Hither India,
Moi^ul Empire,
Alia
I'iorida,
Ivill Florida,
North
j^merica
Horn,
Del-F'jego llle.
South
America
Catle(;.ite Sea,
hetwien
Swed. and Denm
I'airope
Ceula
Fe/..
Morocct),
At.lca
C:he(lcr,
Clii Ihiro,
Ltit^land,
I'ain.pe
Cii ^Ri.Ks Town-
, South Carolina,
Norih
America
C.vita Vecdii I,
I'opeNTerritorie
N Italy,
l'",urope
Corr.N ii A(i LN,
Zealand llle.
Denmark,
I'Airope
Cork,
Munller,
Ireland,
i'lumpe
Coventry,
W'arwicklhire,
F.ny,laiKl,
Europe
Const AN 1 iso-
IM.I-,
Romania,
Turkey,
lairope
Coiillapce,
Swahia,
( iermany,
l-'.urope
Corinth,
Morea.
Turkey,
I'Airopc
Ciaco,
Little I'-Iand.
Poland,
FiiMpe
Cuialloit,
Curali'.iu llle,
Well India,
America
Clilco,
IVru,
South
'\.iierica
D
DAmali'us
Daiu/ic,
1)1.-1,
l)i.i.i.\ ,
Delll,
Derln-nl,
iXrbv.
IX'try,
JlieU,
Djver,
Ssria,
Turkev,
Alia
r.)iiih I'iullia,
I'olar.d,
I'.uroiif
M.'n.>al,
lvi!t India,
Alia
Dein,
Fall India,
Aha
Holland,
Neiherland'..
l.ui-o[)e
i;ai;illan.
IVrlia,
Alia
Derlnlliiic,
l''.ni;land.
l''.iirope
I liter.
Irelan 1,
Furope
Malabar,
Fall India,
Aha
Kent,
Eii!^,!and,
Europe
30
00 N.
32
00 V,.
39
25 N.
9
38 K.
21
30 N.
'°5
00 E.
5°
58 N.
1
54 F.
55
30 N.
5
40 E.
5^
15 N.
00
05 K-
3^
33 N.
b
01 W.
■2.1
00 N.
S7
00 I'^.
5"
16 N.
1
.5 E-
.-1.1
19 N.
^5
23 E.
23
14 N.
"3
06 E.
13
30 N.
'05
00 E.
54
47 N.
2
35 W.
36
30 N.
9
00 E.
10
28 N.
77
00 W.
5^
10 N.
4
38 w.
7
54 N.
79
00 E.
.51
20 N.
9
20 E.
5'
10 N.
9
40 \\.
43
12 N.
10
OS \V.
3^
53 N-
9
c(> W.
'4
43 N.
•7
20 W.
34
07 S.
19
33 '"•
7
so N.
77
30 F.
24
\l N.
80
50 W.
56
35 S.
79
55 W.
Atlantic Ocean
35
4 N.
6
30 W.
53
IS N.
1
CO W.
45 i"^'-
79
1 2 ^v.
4^
05 N-
12
30 F.
55
4*1 N.
12
SO F.
51
49 N.
8
40 \V.
52
2.S N.
I
25 W.
4'
00 N.
28
56 E.
47
37 N-
9
12 E.
37
50 N.
-.>
00 E.
50
00 N.
»')
30 I.;.
1 1
S6 N.
68
20 w
1 2
'■i\ s.
70
00 w
^ >
1 , iN.
3 7
20 E
^4
22 N.
iS
30 ^■
;o N
89
10 E
21)
00 N.
7"
30 F
S2
cO N.
4
05 F
4'
40 N.
53
30 !■:
ii
S8 N.
I
?o \V
S4
S2 N.
7
+0 ^v
2 1
37 N-
69
3^^ I-;
5'
08 N.
>
2S F
])KLSl.'t^
f)>f
Toxin.
Dundoi.",
I)urh:iiu,
Du'.nliartoii.
])unkirk,
Dai'.b.ir,
Duintru'S
GKOClRAriilC Ai- TABLF,
Provi-uvs. CoHKtru-f. Qiuiucn.
kc
?.\Xiniv.
(itT'ii.iiiy,
I'.uropc
I'urtar,
Stoihuul,
I'.umiic
Lei 11 1 1 1.' r,
livlaiul.
luiropc
I'.uropc
Diirliani,
Kns;l:uul.
Dumbaiioiuhiiv.
SlMtl.ilul,
I'Airoiv
I'"!:uiiii'i>,
Ni.iluii.mii'',
V'.uio'pe
I'.iiropc
KuroiJC
H.uKliht^tOlK
Scoihiml.
Diiinlrif'.niiiv,
Lkotl.liiil,
Xclii.h Chan. bct\\\.'cn
N'.uolii.
Lir;n!Hr.|;lilluiv,
rrulfui,
1,0'Ai'r
C'll.ltl of
D^voiilhiK.
I'IdIN lU iU !1.
Klbiiu^,
Liiibdcii,
Vlthiopi.'.ii Sj.i.
LxLicr,
'I'urkcv, '^"'
Souhind, I'.nrope
I'ohuKl, Kumpu
< u rniain, '-"''"i"-'
(uniuM,' ^f''^'-^
Kn^-,l.ind, ''^"'■'pe
LiUittidc.
I.O'icitiiife.
D. M.
I).
M.
j 1 oo N .
'3
36 K.
56 2() N.
I
48 W.
^j 20 N.
6
i8\V.
S4 4« N
I
25 W.
y> .54 N.
4
20 w.
HI 00 N.
2
20 K.
5.5 58 N.
i5
2^\V.
,5.5 08 N.
3
23 w.
Aikintic Ocean.
38 01
v.
27
5^ K.
55 5«
N.
.^
GOW.
54 '5
N.
20
00 W.
5 3 *^ .^
N.
7
10 II.
Ailintic Ocean.
50 44
N.
3
30 \V
-lit :!
I'^Alkirk,
^ l-'.liiUOUtil,
tc/..
Fcrrol,
Fl.ORf.NCK,
Foil St. D.iviJ,
C
Snrli:i|i,
t'"in\vall.
F.7.,
Ciallcia,
Tiilcanv.
Caroiuandcl,
,'^cinhiiu!.
I'.ll^l.iiul,
Morocco,
Spain,
Italv,
£.iK- India,
F.u'opc
I'.i.ropc
A/rica
I.uropc
i-'uropc
Ana
r~^ I'.nrva.
fifncva.
Switzerkind,
F.iiriipt'
VJT *-'r. so.\.
( icnoii.
Ji.ilv,
l-'.uropc
(ilu-;it,
1- hinders,
Netherkand'-,
l-.uro])c
Cubrahar,
Andalulia,
Sijain,
I'.uroj)e
t.I.il;2;>w,
Lanerklhn-e,
Scotkaiu!.
F.urope
( iIouccIKt,
Clouc.llerlliue,
Knukmd,
I'.iiropc
(.ioa.
Malabar,
Faft India,
Alia
(jonibr on.
Fariiil.m,
I'erl.a.
Alia
CjottcnliuriJ,,
(lotlil.md.
Sweden,
Ian ope
f irccnoi-k.
Rentrewiliire,
Scotland,
I'Airope
( iuanu
1 .;uhoni- UK',
Fall India,
Alia
(iuljih ot Ho! '\iiia
Coall oi
Sweden,
F'.urope,
Finkmd,
be 1. ween
Sweden and Rui.
I'.urope,
Vi-niic,
bjtwcen
Iialy and 'Fiirkey,
FuroiK-,
O.rni'.!',
b.'tween
l\rlia ami Arabia
Alia,
Pcrlia,
liet'.vteM
IVnia and .Arabia
Ana,
; Si. 1 ..I'.vr.
C'Ult of
New Scotland,
North .■\nurica.
California,
belue.n
Calit. and Memo, North America,
.\U\ico,
Coatl ul
Mexico,
North America,
55
;S N'.
3
4SW
5°
10 N.
5
20 w
.53
30 N.
6
00 \v
43
■30 N.
S
40 w
43
30 N.
1 2
1; K
1 2
0; N.
80
55 !•:
46
44
5'
3^
.Si
5'
<5
'7
5«
.';5
J 4
20 N.
2; N.
00 N.
00 N.
30 N.
05 N .
3, N.
30 N.
00 N.
52 N.
00 N.
Bahu Sea.
BaUii Sea.
Mediterranean Sei.
Inih.in Oce.m.
Indian (Icean.
Atkmti'- Oieai).
Facilic Ocean.
AtioJUic Ocean.
6
9
3
4
2
74
5/
1 1
4
140
00 v..
00 v..
36 K.
00 \V.
05 w.
i(>\V.
20 F.
21; F.
30 F.
22 W.
30 E.
II
li V
'mi ii ^
:. 1
;1i : ■ '!
T TA-iih.
Ilo'.kmd,
Netherlands,
[■■.uropo
i_J. ll.ina.uivl
, Floiikin,
fierinaiiy.
F.urope
ileilel'poat,
Med. and B!. .Sea.
Furope and
Alia
llahiax.
V or kiln re.
F.n;2,land,
Fiirope
H .^ 1. 1 1 \ X ,
Nova Seoti.i,
North
America
11.1:1. ver.
Saxoiiv ,
f lernimv.
Furope
Hav.;nnah,
Cuba,'
lllaiid, ■
Amerua
Haerlem,
Floikiii.!,
Neilieriand-,
F.uro].e
Hiighlv,
B.iual,
Fall India,
Alia
1 It IVluKi,
Flereloidlliire,
F'.ngiand,
Fan ope
Huil,
York 111 ire,
Fnj>land,
Furope
Hudlon'.. Bo-,
I
TS.h.,..,
\ Oi Uvl,
Co.il! ot
Faljt.idor
Ni'tth A
JoiuK
Atr;i a tu
Aha
■ - --■ Co:-intll,
Joill; li.e .Moll. I to ( ileeie,
Furope
r.iiam.i,
jonr-.
North and Siaith
Aiiietua
.M J.ac'-.i,
loins .\1 i',.n...v tu
I'urlher Indi.i,
Alia
J. ,1.0,
lapan 111. ,
Flit India,
Alia
Jl li V> \t KM,
Vaieltme.
Turkey,
Aha
Indi.ji ( ) can,
Colli Vi
India,
Alia
F'u'ernt 1-,
IhVirni-elhnc,
ScotLind,
Juiri.ipe
InlhS,;,
bel.veen
G. Brit, .viid Ire!
F. I nope
F I' \ 11 ,\ :,,
Iric A",ein,
P. riia,
Alia
i\ ...,
Ivica llle,
lulv,
F.iUwpc
Nutti.
5-
1
N
4
00 F,
33
4'
N.
y
40 F
^}
45
N.
I
;i\V
44
40
N.
^5
.3\V
5 "
3^
N.
9
;; F
^3
00
N.
84
00 W
_^ -
20
N.
4
10 F
2 I
4^
N
f>7
;; F
^ -
en
N
^
■;8 W
\-\
45
N.
■12U
Oi
ran.
3^, ,0
N.
',"')
CO F
•2 0.5
N.
3"
CJ I'.
Isviiihrrn i)cean.
5 7 M
N.
4
ciW
Atlantic Ocean.
i-'. h'J
N
51
-0 1:
\8 \o
N
1
.;.l F
KI.LSO.
•uh:
1.0,1c i/tiJe.
M.
I). M.
io N.
'3 3f' K.
if) N.
2 48 \V.
so N.
6 i8 \V.
^8 N.
1 2^\V.
H N.
4 20 \v^
30 N.
2 20 (•',.
.vS N.
i 2^\V.
08 N.
3 25 W.
Towns.
K
GEOGRAPHICAL TABLl^, kc.
Provinces. Coimtrics. ^uirhrs. LatiluJe.
M.
KFLSO, Uoxlv.roiiglilliiiv, Siotlaml,
Kilniiirnor, Aiillme, Scmland,
Ki''ilc, Muiilt-.T, ]ii-l.uul,
KiNCToN, |;iMMn.:i, Well liulia,
Koi.iNCi «£Rc;, I'liiliia, I'oUiul,
Europe
luiiope
Kill" ipe
Amcrua
Europi*
D.
5.5 3S N.
55 JS'N.
17 40 N.
54 4i N-
«7
Longitude.
D. M.
2 1 2 W.
4 .SOW.
8 ;o W.
77 OD W.
2 1 35 E.
an.
01
N.
27
5? E
5«
N.
}\
00 \V
15
N.
20
00 W
-■•'
N.
7
10 E
an.
44
N.
3
30 W
5«
N
10
\
so
N
;o
N
.S'^
N
Oi
N
7,
6
S
4SW
20 W
00 \v
40 \v
1 - 1'
55 K
20 N'.
6
00 l'^.
2; N.
y
00 v..
00 N.
3
S6 E.
00 N.
00 W.
50 N.
4
05 W.
01; N .
2
16 \v
3, N.
74
20 E.
30 N.
5/
2, E.
00 N .
1 1
so E.
S- N.
4
22 W.
00 N.
140
30 E.
4
00 E
y
40 E
1
,-2 \V
^s
.^W
'>
s; E
84
00 W
4
10 E
f>7
;; E
^
:;8 W
12 W.
I ;<) TO i:.
3'p cj I'..
4 ..'W.
,1 \^ v..
\ ..:. K.
Kt.LSO.
LAmaftcr
Levant S^a,
Lii 111',
I.C11!.,
Ltiils,
Livilcn,
Ltiptic,
L'juelUT,
Linlitiii;. iw,
Lincoln,
Lille,
Lini. Ill k,
LiSHIIN,
Ll.MA,
LiiihliclJ,
Lo;-I^EOUR(,,
Lo'-ctfi)
LO.NDON.
L'lnctonikr!)',
I .V'Ml ,
Lii.\-;i\lnug,
M
JV'l Mniorai,
Mauki i>,
MtnclKlk-r,
Mili.i,
Mantca,
M..kK\.l,
Mulral.,
Manilla,
Miilcillc;,
Nk-dina,
Ml. CCA,
Mcd.i.Tian. Sja,
Mnillill v.;
Mls^ na,
Mexu-o,
Milf.)i>i llawn,
Milan,
M 'L'HO,
Mo HEN A,
MoiitK'al,
Monipc-licr,
Moiitrok',
Moi'i'irn,
Mosro'A ,
Muiilki,
K
JV'Nank'infaS
N ,i'i IS,
N A K \ A ,
NcwtalUc,
Nitc.
Ncupoii,
New Yo. u,
Nif^i VI 11,
N')Ciin;.:.haiii,
M'lithampton,
Norwich,
No. 87.
Lanraniirc,
Coall ui
L.alior,
Edinlnirgniire,
Yoi kDiiic,
Holl.ina,
Saxony,
I-.fiiifli riliirc,
Liiilniii^ovvfliiir,
J-ifr . Inlhirc,
Maiiiicrs,
MiiniUT,
Eiirainail'.ua,
I'ciu,
Siariordiliirc,
(."dpo Bitioii Iflc,
r>'pt''. Tcmtoiio,
Alidcllcicx,
I'hler,
Hulllan,
Lyons,
LuxL-niburg,
Canlon,
MiKM-'-a llli',
N\w Cailik-,
I--a;icalliiic,
Malta I lie,
Manilla,
M.;l.uui,
Ci'iomanikl,
Plalil>pin>- lll.s,
PrnvtIKC,
Ar.iliia Dfl'-rta,
Araliia Iklcrta,
hciwein
1\/,
S. ily lllui.l,
Mexico,
rciiiliiokcfliiic,
Miln.'c,
Arr.liia I'clix,
Mmlcna,
Canada,
I .an,L',iicduc,
l''')i'tar,
M in ceo,
Mo'io.v,
W.llihalia,
L iriiin,
N Mikiiu;;,
Naples,
I.IVDlli.l,
N .rlliunv'crl.inil,
I'l.im-'it.
Kluide 111 '.nil,
New Yi.ik,
AH'yiia,
N'tini^lianilhirc,
Nojihaniptoulliuc
Norfolk,
Enii,landj
Svni,
Eal' India,
Scoilaiid
l'".ngl,Lnd,
Neilu 1 kinds,
(Jeimanv,
E;:u:anci,
Scotland,
Eni!,laiid,
Netherlands,
Ireland,
I'lrtui^al,
South
Enirland,
North
Italy,
Englanil,
Ireland,
Germ, my,
I'laiu e,
Neihei lands.
China,
Spain,
Spa'ii,
iMigl.ind,
M..iiterranean,
lt.de,
Eal'l India,
Eill liulia,
E.ill India,
l-rauie,
Arabia,
Ar.ihia,
Europe and
Birbaiv,
Mediterranean Sea,
Nuitl;
Wales,
Iialv,
Ai.il)ia,
Ii.ily,
Noith
ri.ii'.te,
Scotland,
Haibarv,
Riillia,'
Germany,
Cit.many,
China,
lialv,
Rullia,
I'a\i.',land,
Iialv,
Noith
North
'I'liikey,
Vjii^Luid,
I'.lli^l.Uld,
LnglaiKl,
Europe
Ali.i,
Alia
Europe
Europe
Europe
Eurojie
Europe
I'.uropi;
Eurojie
Eur<j])e
Eur, 1^)6
Europe
Anil riea
Ear<pc
America
Europe
EiU' ipe
Euiojie
Europe
Europe
Europe
Eumpe
Alia
Europf
Eur' i| le
I'.uriipc
Euro|)e
Anieriea
America
Alia
Europe
r'.urope
l.'.urope
.54
C5
N.
2
55 w.
Mediterranean S.a.
3^
40
N.
75
30 E.
55
5«
N.
3
00 W.
Si
\^
N.
1
24 \V.
5^
1 2
N.
4
05 E.
51
20
N.
I 2
40 E.
52
40
N.
X
0^ \v.
55
56
N.
3
T.Q W.
53
'5
N.
00
27 w.
5°
4i
N.
CO E.
51
35
N.
t<
48 W.
38
4^
N.
8
5 i W.
1 2
'5
s.
77
;d W.
5^
43
N.
I
40 W.
45
54
N.
5'^
--) w.
43
15
N.
14.
1.^ E.
51
30
N.
I'lijt Mer.
55
CO
N.
1
40 VV.
54
00
N.
1 1
40 E.
45
46
N.
4
55 E-
49
40
N.
5
40 E.
Alia
22
13
N.
113
5' E
Europe
39
3"
N.
0:; E
Europe
40
30
N.
4
.5W
Europe
5i
30
N.
2
22 W
Europe
35
53
N.
'4
32 E
Europe
45
20
N.
10
47 E
Alia
2
1 2
X.
101
0.-' E
Alia
'3
1 i
N.
b'o
32 E
Alia
20
'4
N.
118
CO E
Europe
43
'3
N.
5
20 E
Afi^
25
00
N.
39
5 3 !■'
Alia
21
45
N.
41
00 E
Africa,
Atlai.tic
Dvtan.
Afrua
34
N.
6
00 E
Euiope
3«
30
N.
•5
40 E
Aineriea
20
00
N.
103
CO W
Europe
51
45
N.
5
t^W
Europe
45
^5
N.
9
3,0 E
Alia
13
-l^
N.
43
5^C
Euiope
44
45
N.
II
20 VV
America
45
?5
N.
73
11 w
Europe
43
3"
N.
3
50 E
Eur. [jc
5^^
34
N.
2 W
Aliica,
■;o
32
N.
6
to W
Eur< ipc
55
45
N.
37
^' I7
Europe
52
00
N.
7
10 h
48
44
N.
r,
CO E.
32
00
N.
liS
30 E.
41
00
N.
14
1 1) E.
59
CO
N.
■I -^
•- /
i\ E.
55
^3
N.
I
■24 w.
43
4^
N.
/
03 E.
4'
35
N.
7'
CO \V.
40
40
N.
74
00 \V.
36
0-1
N.
45
o) E.
5.^
00
N.
o() \V.
Vi
15
N.
C J
55 \V.
52
4-
N.
1
2i E.
It K'
Oiynipiii
953
Toufif.
O
C. !■: O C; R A 1' 1 1 K A I . T A 15 f . I'., ?cc.
iU''M
/^l .viniM.i,
f.rcocc-. ■>
Turkcv,
F.un.po
VJ o
L M I 1 / ,
Mor.ivia,
lV>licnii:i,
!• iiriiiic
Oporto,
Diuiiii,
roiui-j,.il.
i .uropc
Oinub,
Ornuii Ilk',
IVriKi",
Alia
Or.ui,
Ali;i(.r!s,
H.irlMry,
Atiita
Ollcml,
M.iiuk-is.
Ni'lhi-Tlaiuli,
r,uro|i(;
Oxloiii,
OxiortUhui.-,
Lii-Luul,
IIUKIIIO
|*Aiiiu\ or Oii
J^ciital OCCM!!,
iHtwi'cn
Alia am!
America
Padua,
N'cuuv-,
halv.
Kuioik:
I'aincy,
Rctitrevv(hu\-,
Siotlaml,
l'iin)j>e
Palermo,
Sitilv Ilk,
\k-iliierraiu'aii.
r.iirojic
Palmv ra,
S\ria,
Turkey,
Alia
Panama,
Ran.ri,
Terra iMnua,
Ameriea
Paris.
Ifle ot l-'raiKo,
IraiK'.',
l'.uro|)e
Parma,
I'arnielaii,
Italv.
luiropc
Patna,
Ben|;al,
I'.ati India,
Alia
Pkcu,
Peau,
i:all liulia,
Alia
P.kin,
lVk;n,
C'liina,
Aha
Pembroke,
Peinhrokelliiri',
Wales,
I'.uroix^
Ptn/.antc.
C'ornwal!,
I'.ii^lanJ.
l''.urope
I'lNSACoLA,
Well KiorKJ,'.,
North
Amenea
Perth,
I'en!ilhn\-,
Seotland,
K uropc
I'tTtliamhox,
New Yolk,
North
Amenea
Ptrkpolis,
Irae Age in,
Perlia,
Alia
Pi 1 EKSBIMU-.U,
Ingria,
KulTia.
i-.uropi'
I'm I L AD t LI' HI A,
Peiinlvlvania,
North
America
Pila,
Tuiiain ,
Italv,
{•'uiope
P 1. A c r; N r i a ,
Newiouiuk Ifk'
North
Amerua
Plyniouili,
Devojilhue,
l".n[;laiKl,
Piiropc
riynioutli,
New Englaiul,
Nortli
America
l'oiH'i(.lu'rr\',
Corouianikl,
V.i\\ India,
Alia
I'ortiiivmtii,
Hanipiliiie,
Jmi^!:uk1,
Kurojie
Portlinoutli,
New knglain.1.
Nortli
America
Porto Beilo,
DaricPi,
Terra I'lrma,
America
Port rOrient,
Briianv,
I ranie,
l:!urope
Port Royal,
lainaiea 111-.
Well India,
America
Potoli,
Peru,
S-uth
Amerlia
I'r Atifi;,
J'rdlon,
Bohemia,
I'ilglalld,
kuropc
l'.urM]>c
Lancalhne,
I'RhiUlRG,
LVi-er
iiunjjary,
PuroDc
^ CL
.
^"^I IHF.C,
Canada,
North
Americ!
\J (jviUo,
Peru,
SjuUi
America
I.
ililiulr.
f.Olf
'.'/■;((/'.
{).
M.
1).
M
.i7
.;o N.
21
CO V,
4<;
;o N.
If)
43 "■-
4'
'lo N.
9
CO \V
2 6
io N.
37
OO I''.
■,'^
\, N.
o
c^ K
5'
i; \.
i
43 1''
3'
43 N.
1
'3^V
43
3i
4S
44
-3
'7
40
31
30
40
:-.°
40
4?
47
3°
4'
3"
43
10
47
iS
i I
5°
48
4^>
o
-,o N.
4S \.
?o N.
00 N.
^o N.
^o N.
4, N.
43 N-
CD N.
00 N.
43 N.
08 N
22 N.
.'.' N.
30 N.
-,o N.
00 N.
00 N.
?6 N.
■.'.(. N.
2() N.
4H N.
27 N.
4S N.
10 N.
00 N .
42 N.
00 N.
00 S.
00 N.
43 N-
20 N.
3^ '^'•
;q N.
39
.Si
2
10
'\;
97
I K)
4
()
^=7
.•>
74
34
73
1 1
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4
7^
.So
I
-o
07
'4
6)
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43 I'"-
GO !■:.
52 w.
23 K.
31
00
CO
2 b'
K.
1:.
P..
^oW.
00 W.
20 w.
12 W.
20 \\.
CO I'..
25 i;.
20 W.
15 K.
00 w.
1 ^ w.
25 w.
MO I'..
()') \v.
20 w.
coW.
.5W.
00 w.
CO \V.
20 K.
r^w.
48 \V.
CO W.
R
bi!/ '
! ,
!<) jaiiuiv,
Kagul.1,
Ratilboii,
R.ul.
Rlielil^,
Rhuoi s,
Ril!a.
RoMK.
Roletlo,
Kotterdaill,
Koiii-n,
Sr. Ari.i V T IS,
I)oiniii;.n),
I Icii^^iia,
• — I A(,(),
-^Silculor,
SalKv,
J^ XM \KC11 AM),
S.iliihur\,
!^ AN I A 1"l,
S.-. . \ S N All,
■"^.lyJ, (ir TliLbws
Rra/.il,
Dahnatia,
Bav.iria,
Livonia,
C'hampa;ine,
Riiocks llkmd,
l.ivoiiii,
P'lpeN rcrnt.
l4;vpt.
Mollan.i.
Normaiidv,
lori'
FiM F .„.
I iilpaiii ;l,iille,
St. Ikkna,
Chill,
Bi.i/il,
r y,
llb.'t
Willlkiie.
New \1..-\iwJ.
f ieor(;ia,
Lpi'cr
Souih
N'enice,
f lermaiiy,
Rulfia, '
I- rani e.
I .evant Sta.
Ruilia,
halv,
Turkey,
Nithcrland-
Iiaiiie,
North
Well India,
lllaiid.
fioulil
South
Barb.iry,
T.'.rtar'i,
I'.iiid mcf,
N'.'iili
Noiih
America
l',uro])e
Kuropc
Puro])!-
I'.uri'pc
Alia
I-. uropc
I'.iirope
Alraa
I'.urojjf
l.ur"pc
Ann r.i.a
A;u' 1 a
Ahica
Amerii a
AiiurKa
.\''"Ka
Alia
l.iiiopc,
2Vnurii a
Air.er t I
Atiica
:i
40
s.
43
loW.
4.2
43
\.
1 8
2, K.
aS
3'-'
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1 2
05 1;.
39
00
N
23
07 |.;.
49
'4
N.
4
00 !■;.
•;'!
20
N.
2K
00 \'..
^''
33
N
•'4
CO 1:.
.1 1
34
N.
1 2
43 ••■•
.; 1
10
\.
41
^; r..
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3 T
N.
4
:,) !,.
•■,'»
2')
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1
10 i:.
•9
43
N
Si
1 2 w .
i,S
JO
\.
7"'
c W.
1(1
CO
S.
2tU.
34
CO
S.
77
, U .
' ?
00
s.
5^
o-> W.
3^
f.r^
h 1
1)
2- \V.
4-1
40
.\.
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31
'
\.
1
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'."
CO
N.
101
Q. \V.
3'
55
N.
t'o
■20 w.
^1
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\.
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•.'0 l'.
Samaria
(, i: c) f . R A I' m c A L r a b l i:;, .\r.
950
1/11,1,-.
M
^o N.
o N.
io N.
,V3 N.
N.
N'.
f.'i:i '.iliJ'.
I)' M
2 I
9
.^7
CO !•;.
CO \V .
oo !•;.
c^ K.
45 Iv
V-. X.
I 1
.; F..
+S X,
4
o'S \V.
^o N.
15
45 I'-
30 N.
59
00 1;.
^0 N.
.Si
52 w .
^o N.
2
25 K.
4^ N.
10
5. K.
45 N.
«:.
00 K.
ci N.
'/7
CO I'..
00 N.
1 \h
28 K.
4^ N.
4
<;o\V.
o8 N
6
CO W .
Z2 \.
•'■7
20 \V.
2 2 N.
1
.>
1 1 \V.
50 X.
74
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5° N-
54
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oo N.
50
2:; K.
00 X.
75
20 \V.
^6 \.
J 1
■ ^ !■:.
2 X.
3 ^
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26 N.
4
,.^\v.
4« N.
1'-^
2^\V.
27 N.
>So
'.0 K.
4S \.
1
oh \V,
lo N
70
20 w.
oo N.
iii
coW.
42 N.
•1
i5\V.
00 \.
/ 1
00 \V.
00 S.
"7
CO W.
00 X.
'4
20 K.
4^ N.
50 W.
20 N.
'7
J^ K.
^; X.
6)
4S W.
:o \.
-.■i
CO W.
40
45
N.
45
1 8
I0\\ .
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5"^'
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4
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^^^
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45 !•:■
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4'
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i
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\
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1 .• W .
:o
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s.
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s.
77
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t:o
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«■.■
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5^
.•) 1.
.Siiiiurin
7'A-f,7.(.
I'io:-iiii,'s.
C.iiwui ics.
Qmtrl
S;im:iii,i Ruins,
1 I<il\ Land,
Tuikev,
Alia
.Si. ( ia)rj;o\ Cluui
l)L't\veep.
I'.ng. and bxl.
i'.urope
Seaiiiormigli,
Yoiklhire,
l'^;ii;land,
luiropc
SCOIK',
IVrllilliire,
ScDtiand,
I'.urope
Sc.iul Al'o|)li,
J.iiL- Taitary,
I'Airopc and
Alia,
Niiniiora,
'I'iiiki\ in
1 -urope and
Alia,
• Kainlchalka,
C'.i.lll ot
Kamlchatka,
Alia,
• Korea,
C'.ail ol"
Kni\a,
Alia,
Shr>-.v(lmi\ ,
Sliiupllure,
I'aij^Iaiid,
luiropc
Shciltls
Durham,
I'aigiand,
l^uropu
Slu-crjici-,
KcPt,
l'.m;land.
Furo])c
.S^■|lir:l^.
I'arliHaii,
I'ei'lia,
Alia
Scvi!!.-,
A;i'la'.uiia,
Sp„l-,.
I'lurope
Si AM,
Siaiu,
Vm\ bidia.
Alia
Si.l..ii.
raiefline.
'1 inkev,
Alia
S.m i-(i,i,
Xatoli.i,
TurL.'y,
Alia
Si)uih;un|)ton,
Haniplhirc,
Kn;4and,
IvuHipe
Spav.',
l.K,..,
(Jeinian"',
I'.urope
Scuiul,
belA\;eii
Deiiin. and S.s'cdd, urope,
SldrmJ,
SiaiViullhiro,
lM,-!ai!d,
1 .urope
Stiriiiij,,
Sicrlin2,lliMv,
Sei 11 .a.-.d,
Ivarojie
Slrurriui,
I'lfniera.iia,
(jcinuiny.
r.uroj:c
Straftniri^lT,
Allaco,
(iem'.ai;\-.
I'.uropc
Sroi'kiioi.M,
l'|>lan lia.
Sweden,
1 'All ope
Strcit^lii-' ol P'lvcr,
I'etufcn
I'ai^. anil I'rance
luiiope,
(iibrakar.
between
I'Aiiivpe and
Africa,
BalichiiauJcl
, hetAeen
Airica and
Alia,
— — OriiiLis,
between
I'erlla and Arab.
Alia,
— Malana,
between
Mai. andSumat
,\tia.
Ma.vilaii,
in l'atai!;onia.
S'luth
America,
l.aMari',
in I'atagonia,
Sourli
Amer.ca,
Sue/.,
Sue/.,
Iv2vpt,
Africa
Sunikrlaiui,
Dmliam,
l'',nij,laiid.
PLuMpe
SlRINAM,
Surinam,
South
America
SritAv,
t.'ambava,
I'Vill bulla.
Alia
SvRAcisr.,
Sicily llle.
Mediterranean,
Europe
1
rr^ANdlKR,
Fez,
Bailvirr,
Africa
Jj_ 'I'.mjour,
Tanjour,
lialt bidia,
Alia
Tauri-, or
I'A 'latana,
Meilea,
i'erlia.
Alia,
Tcllis
( ieor!i,ia.
PeriM,
Alia,
Ti-t nan
1-e/.'
H,lil):irv,
Africa
'riiorn,
ke;2,il I'lUlFia,
I'nland,
Europe
TOMOI-SKI,
Silvri.a,
Rullia,
Alia
Ti>lc-.K),
Xew Callile,
S| aiii.
Europe
Toulon,
I'roveiKo,
!■ r.iiu e.
Europe
'rrapcloiid,
Xatoha,
'i'urkev.
Alia
Trent.
Trent,
( ^enr.iny,
i'Airope
Troy Rmns,
Natolia,
Turkey ,
Alia
Tkii'oli,
. Tripoli,
Barbary,
Airica
Tripoli,
Syria,
Turkey,
Alia
Tl S IS,
Tiniis,
Barbarv,
Africa
Thus,
I'iedmont,
balv, '
I'Airopc
T\re,
luilea.
Turkey,
Alia
I'
l)''
lloiianJ,
Netherlands,
Fairope
^ V
-¥ r J-.Mei..
\'eiiue,
It.ily,
pAirojic
\ \\\.\ Cru/.,
()M Mexico,
North
America
Verlaille-.
llle 1)1 I'lance,
[■'ranee.
l'',uroiie
\' 1 1 , N N A .
Auibia,
Ciermanv,
F.I I rope
\v
•« ¥ r,\r«i^k,
Warwicklhire,
F.n<2,land,
Furopi-
W \\ AK> \\\ .\\ ailiivia.
I'olaikl,
F.urope
\\ atertorJ.
Munlter.
Irelaiul,
F.urojie
\Vliitelia\en,
t'i;:r,!viiaiKl,
Filmland,
Euro]ie
Willi AMsiiiiu;
11. ViitK.a,
Noiili
America
Wells,
SoaieiKtIhir*',
I'J'Si'i.HIld,
Europe
Winehcller,
1 jamplliue.
I'.n'^land,
I'Airope
Worms,
Lower Rhine,
(ieimany.
I'.uiMpe
WorcelUr,
Wureellerlhire,
Ensiland,
Europe
Y
XTArnioutli,
Norfolk.
I'.r.i^Iand,
Europe
1 York,
Yurklliuv,
EiiLiland,
Eun'i'e
Lain
uk.
/./,',
illuk.
I).
M.
1).
\\.
.5^
40 X
3S
00 1'.
Ailaiuie (Vear
.
s4
i:-! N.
10 W.
-.('
24 N.
3
10 W.
Blaek Sea
Black Sea
Pacilic C)
;can.
Pacific
j.:\n.
5-
43 N.
2
46 W
55
02 N.
1
1 ,- W.
5'
25 N.
CO
50 E.
29
30 N.
^^
00 v..
37
15 N.
()
0; w.
14
i,S .\.
100
33 1:.
n y
- ■■ N
,
1 - !•'
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.s .1 ' ^ ■
1 '
1 J 1,.
2^
2,S N.
2.)
CO E.
5="
,- N.
I
23 W.
5^
30 N.
5
43 E.
Baltic Sea.
52.
50 X.
2
CO \V.
S^'
10 N.
3
,0 W.
54
2? \.
'3
I2 E.
48
3S X.
7
3. E.
59
30 X.
18
oS E.
FnD,lini Clui
intl.
Me.'.:ieriaiiean Sea.
Red S a.
Periian Ciulj)
1.
Ih nan Ocean
At lain, i^ S
Sea.
Atlant. &S
Sea.
29
SO N.
33
27 F.
54
'y, N-
I
10 W.
6
00 N.
y
30 \v.
21
10 N.
/-
2; !•:.
57
04 N.
'5
05 ^-
j^
42 N.
^
45 ^v.
1 1
27 X.
79
Q/ E.
33
-D X.
46
30 E.
4.?
30 N.
47
3 !•;.
.55
40 N.
-1
iS \v.
12
^6 N.
. '9
CO !•;.
.■^y
00 N.
(jg
00 v..
59
45 N'-
4
12\\.
45
07 X.
6
00 E.
41
30 N.
43
3. E.
46
0:; N.
I 1
02 E.
39
30 X.
26
30 v..
33
30 X.
'4
30 E.
34
30 N.
36
1; E.
3"
47 N-
10
CO E.
44
50 N.
7
30 1:.
J-
i'- X.
3'^
00 E.
52 07
N.
00 E.
4i
2i
N.
li
10 E.
iH
;o
N.
97
4S W.
4'
40
N.
1^ E.
48
20
N.
16
20 v..
y~
18
X.
I
5 2 W.
S~
'5
N.
21
0,- E.
1,2
12
N.
7
1 w ,
';4
;S
N.
3
30 w
sV
1 2
N.
7"
48 \v.
•1 1
12
N.
40 \v.
?!
C6
N.
1
s W.
49
;«
N.
8
OS E.
5^
10
N.
-
i,\\.
c,t
45
N.
,
4S E.
.■:•+
00
N.
I
0; W .
( CjCo )
M
urn
•■it
'iiii
mm
Ihc S;ii>r-phil COXTEXTS of the (JIX)BE ^/ //j.- EARTH, ami its
D!v'jioiis in S'jiiarc Miles.
(il.(1ill'', (ii I',\niH ami Si.a, 148,^10,627 Squ.irc Mik-s.
Sj:lf .111(1 unknown Parts 1 i 7,843,821
The inhalv.t.ililc I'.irts 30,^)66,80^
Ali.1
10.2 ;-. 487 1 I'erlian I'rellnt 800,000 1
Netherlands
12,968
Atn.i
8,5-0,208 Rul'ilau I'.mi'ire 3,303,483
Norway
71,400
Ku;o-,x"
2,740, ;4<; ! Turkilh l.nijiirc 960,037
I'oland
■2 16,4 1 4
N'ori!i Anicrita
•;,6iy(),o87 i Denmark 1 (13,000
Spain vNJth Portugal
144,236
Sc'uili Anicriia
3,434,673 1-ranee i3i,oq5
Sweden
76,«35
Chinrlf I'.iiiiiirL-
i,74'.i,oco (ierniany 3'\V5c
Switzerland
7>533
\l.)giii\ Knipire
i.i 111, coo ■ lUnu^ary 7.'!'5-'.')
Pcilian under Darius i ,6 -0,000 , Italy IS^'S^S
ISLANDS ill Order ot Magnitude.
i5i)riieo
228,OQO( l-oriuola 17,000, Negrojiont
1,30: 1 .ellilios
220
M.iiiaivalcar
1 6S,ooo! Aniany 1 1 ,qco' Tenerirt"
1,272 Corfu
'94
Suir.atra
1 2cj,ooc Sii ily 9,400 (iothlanJ
1 ,oco
I'rovidencc
168
J.ijian
I iS,ooc Tiiiior 7,800 Madeira
9.^'^
Man
160
1 ireal Britain
72,926; Suidinia 6,600 St. Mitliael
920
Boriiliolin
160
Ci, icIts
68,000 Cyprus 6,300' Skyc
9C0
Wight
130
Manilla
3S,ooo lamaica 6,000 Lewis
88q
.Malta
'.5^
Irelr.nd
4i',ooo, Ceran^ 5i400j Funen
768
Barlj;uloes
140
TeiTa ilcl Fueg,'!
42,073 Cajie Breton 4, coo Yvica
623
/ant
120
Mindanao
3u,?o , SiKOtora 3,6-0 Minorca
3 20 1 Antigua
loo
Cuba
38,400; Candia 5.^'°
Riuxles
480
St. Chriflophcr'i
80
Java
38,2^0 I'urto Rico 5,200
Ce|)lialonia
42c
St. Helena
80
Hilpaninla
36,000 C<jrli.:a 2,520
Ainboyna
4c
' iucruley
50
Ne-AlMUiulland
33,300 Zealand '.9.)5
Orkney I'omona
3-4
jerlcy
43
CL-yliin
27,730, Majorca i,4'>o
Scio
300
Bermuda'.
40
Ireland
27,437: St. Jago :,4oo
Martinico
2 6c! Rhodes
36
f. r'^ife'
' 4
A GUIDF.
.RTII, ami its
12,968
7 1 >4oo
^16,414
jrtugal
144,236
T^iiSi
7.533
lOS
220
194
dentc
168
160
lolm
160
It
150
I
'5^
ulocs
140
1 20
j,iKi
100
:hnflophcr'4
80
Icltiu
80
-iik-y
50
y
43
luda?.
40
dcs
3''
■ Pf
A GUIDE
( 9^1 )
GUIDE
CjKCKiR.v.'iii-, iVsTRcvoMY, llic U.,;: of the (ii.oisis, IvIai'S, &c.
C^ r.Or,!', \!iJY is II'" JiTiv:.! fro:r. tv.'o Gr^-.-k w ■,•>!., [■/■n, (i.^ailyiiiL^; .'■'■.■ v.\y:h, mI vja;*, fj ihfu.he,}
y 1-11' ■ 1 1.', -t iV'i.. ril i).;> :;iitioii '/'aIi:!! i.; callal liu' iVrri juculi. or 1 tiTcllria! Glilx'.
T(u"i' .'i,- (itluT I ' 111- . whk 'i, (lioui'Ji comprifai in tiic t^jncrul one >'>t (I'^jgr.ipliv, imy be ck'ii.'v/il :il)ilraif\odly :
fliiiS //v./' p '-'■•'• i:;r,-''i'.-'. .1 (I.^KTii'tinn itf u-:ifT; C'W ,?r,;,o//v fignili/s tln' di-lcripiion of a couniry, or iTuvinw ;
/ l" ;^r.!r-i'r,- la. '. r iIk ik,i 'i:i'i-i\ i>i .i parlc^ul.ir ciuhr";, city, t')'.vii, vill.ig',', &c.
Ti-RMS USED IN GEOGRAPHY.
T Fl 1'". priiuip.il tci.ns iifi-d i:i Geography, rrfpe' l:!i^ tlio dclrripti.m of lind and water, arc as
foll.-.w :
A ("■inti!U';ii impl;. '. a !arr-' portion ol cartli, coiiipntni;^ Icvcrai touiitri-j-, wiiich arc not ll-paratcd by
flic k'a.
An Illand i^ a purtion ot" earth cntirilv liuruundcd hv \vati.T.
A Pcninlula i-^ a quaiitity ol land, i'Mui.d to tin: coiuiUL'nt \)y a linall :wck, and cvjry wh'jre :[['<: furroimdcd
by waic;
An lllhni'is is thar neck wiikii conni-'Cts iir,' pcninlnla to the iiiai;) laivi.
A l'rom')nl'>rv, or Cape, is a lii;;li |Hiint ot laiuk wliieh liretehes into the lea.
Ai'. Ocean is ai; imnienlf colk-ciion ot water, liirrouiKliniji a jj.reat part ot the continent.
A Sea is a lipaUcr rolk\'iion ot' water, or a-, '.i-.f-jiior ocean.
A Guioli is a part ot'the tea alniol\ lurrout.ded liy land, e.vcept at one linall part, where it joins the main lea.
A Bay is, inj2,eneral, kl^ tn.m agiilidi, and lu:. a wider enliance.
A Creek is iels than a bay, and n)a\ be deemed a Imall inlet ot'waie;, running a little way into ths land.
A Road IS a [ilac •■ ■.. . liie m.ill, where there is :> v^ood anchorage.
A Streii;hi, or Siraii, is a n:irio\.' pall'age ol water, wliicii joins I'ao leas, two gulphs, a lea and a gulph, 8cc.
A l-ake i.a colk'dion of w iter, hirroiinded by UikI.
A River is a llream of water, which derives its loiirce Ironi liime inliml tjjriiig, meaiidcr'i tlirough the country,
and empties iilelt either into the ocean, the tea, or lome other river.
I'or the helpot memory, we lliall ncaintulatc the foregoing geographi'jal ter;ns in verll-.
A Coi!tiit:i!i\ A Tiiick- of lanil detin'd,
, Comprilins; cour.iries not by leas disjoinM.
Tlie v.at'rx ek-incnt an ///,,h./ iiounds,
And ev'ry wliere with circling waves lurrour.ds .
And a /'('»;;//»,. i's an earthly tpace,
\Vhicli (one jiart only) flowing waves embrace.
Tliat part, or neck, ",vhieli loins it to thf main.
B\ ilk wiird Iftkmui fully we explain.
.\ /'■ ''.'.•..•■I',' 1^, as all a'^ree,
:\ ])>iiii of land project iiv; in the tea.
The earihly glol>c the I'lirj^inj; Oic.tns bound.
And leiler SciH more narrow Ihores liirrouml.
'•'or an inferior lea a (.iu.'f'k n\:\\ tl.md,
Almoll encl.)b'd and circiiiiilcnb'd by h'-ivl. ,
A /)'.(>' IS a fmaller (,'h/^/Z' eL lin'd :
A CVi-[*v's A fmaller bay, Icls mnv'd l)\ \\m\
A Ro.iil is whore a fliip iiia\ ride -.Mth eaie :
A Sifi'i^li:\ A narrow pain ih.it joins (wo lea-.-
A L:ike\ M\ inkuul lea with ceriain bouii i>,
VViiicli banking earth on ev'ry tide 'iirnaind-.
A Hh\r thr..iii;li the laud mtaiid'rmg goes.
Streanij from its loiirce, and to rh.. (ue.'.n llo.v^-
No. 88
u L
OF
■■■ ./
<■-
I*^;
A (.111)1. TO f;UOGRArilV, \t.
Ol- Til!. AR'I'IIKIAL S1'II1:R1., OR (ILOBK
'11 ;r
:in .Ml iici 1 ni.uli
ih
iMii'i' iiv 1.1 nr.uw 1 1;
cl
A
i|\< ftilC,
I
th 1
I'.i. .IV '>t nvil
r;;n.- ii| i'. .!■ lilolii.-, or l>iiii v ; .iikI I'.i iliu.ii.iti.- I ';...• m .!;o;i- o iIk- cii di.
!iiia;i5
I'l Uh IS, i\
c.i:
Kvcry ciri'c
■ IV.i!V..t(.S.
;ii!a 2t^o full, 11 p.ii 1
vhi.l
I Wi. Cili i!
.(.■gu\; iiil'i (i 5 iiKii,' uju.il [).m
'1 Iv /'.'(»«(• ('' :l till
irr ',;i- tin li;r:uc oi'. wl
c\t 111 I; 'iTi n:i II': K'l. i:
K.ii ..i;i(..i iiic r
liiiliil i- vli.'.wii; :iiu! :: im- riirt'ii- be !'ii|'ii.'l J . f m iiifliutt
•I ili.ii iir, L. liiii
I in. I- 5 .iic l.lld in in.- Ill .liti'
a 1'
win II tlic liirl.u\ ■ i>;. wliuli il.iv ait m;uK- iiiiliiu' t > «ii- iiiii-ili'-'t lac'ii ui'ii-r.
"1
•'f 'ti
Tl:^ ./.\7'.< is ■' .It I'll.' u'.uii wi' , oiiccivc It"
ul . luiiii rouii.', rqiickiitnl m i!k- .irt'.''n.ril ', lUihi- hy a
ll-i l!"'Oll.'Ji ilic nii
-I i'
r.i;!li, .:iul oil \\\<\ !i tic wlio!,
Ill t.'.u cMri-iimic> 1)1 I
lie A.>
IM '.ot the 1.
Mi.it'.r; a;ul it the Avis lu- inui^incil t.in.uii tlie Uai
aic lali. il tl,
ihc Ariia;,Mi., oi tlii.' North and Sa vitli I'olc- oi iIk \V\ili.l.
. pri'icip.;! i i,.at Ciivli x.c tli' Ic :
p nil i^ tallnl tlic /Vrcik, aiul the
The E'fi.itcr ]^ a ;;u'at ciriU-, p,uin>: from f.ift lo wc'.l, which p.iris th- ijl.i'ie iaf.) tli.- noiih a;;. I foiitii
■nicil ill. I'-'iuatoi, or I'.iiuiiv \l i .1 Line, ix'iauic- wIkii iIu- Inn ariiv^'. there tlicni-'his aiul
lie:ii:l(iheie . Il
iJ.i\ - .ue eqij.i'.. li i- ahodiM ie.l into •,6o ili^'te-
le.kmud cathvarvl Iroiii tik- tiili .\Lridi.ir
Tin- //;
»•;.::■« i< t ;.il ere, It I If 'e svhrJi paits t, e iipiKi'
th;
iin .li;
nui
lu'iiiirplkre troin lie lower
I.
\;llMe front
I .lUi'Ji o! th'.' larth a-, we i.oinjir;_;i,;ii! in o;ir vik w, in a iiiLiiin ni-innLr wh ;i
nit on .1 i>!ar , i (a'^'ltiie S.nl; le 1 I'li/oii. It h.iiii'Sv
we ;• I
1.1 luppcv.e tie i\i- at
iH'ie, h .\ I I'j, liie /I iiiiii point oi\,T ih«
mil Hie n.u::r immiii uikIii III-'
• t. I il lis H" '
P'
nil the Kitlo:;a
11.
l/.oil I-.
reprelintid i^v a
I e icr ol III,- I. .Mil, vicwin;, tlie ulio'e lekiiial luniilphcre iipwaids
t.'ail MOH.iii iirtl.- til oii,p,(ilin^ tn.- ;:,lui'e, i.ii v'
hi' h
Kii c.
vii.il iiher c;ri
The inner on: i- divided into twi Iv' tqi
iivi',led into ihn'y ilc;.',rei'
rt , Ihi'
i'iVUIl' tlie i\ie,\e h'ji'' <> ine /•'•diai
K
Stvie, dividcii 1
30. riie iii-xi loiiiains a t,iK,.d,u. .ii'.oidin,; t 1 the (Jld
ilcu iiiio luintli'- and da\!.; and t'.i otli.r is a calendar ait
din;; 10 tlic N.w Sl\
1 ;.,e Mo-:.!:,
a !;vtat . ir, K , diMding Hk ^l.re mli) the t.nt an, I wed leinilpiieie
■ ' The Ml
it liis diit.iiy iio;i
and I'-utli, palihijj, thuHij;h the p"liv ol liit npiatoi. The Mtnd^.ui 1 i h.ui^j^i.iiilf, I'ling prop: rly ih.it put ot
tiie heaven- where the lun 1- at noon; lo ilm every plate on ilie e.irth has a dillVunt Meridian, if we move tall
or wt
11; b-
t nairinc noriii 01 lonih, 11 11111.1111. tiit laiiK-.
Tl
K- .iiei Kli'.ii
s marked
the Cilolie ait ^4 lenii
t!rck^, endini; in the polts, whith wt iii.iy multiply .n plealurt ; lo; f ;.-, .uiapheis iii'iMily letll.' one Mtrid
fioiu whtiKt tiit\ reikoii the loiii;itui!e ol am plate, tall or well ; iis m the new let ot Maps lor this Cieoyraphv,
L' r.ik;n is iiuult the linl Mtiidian. Tin- ^lobe hangs in a hral^ mtle, on win. li is ]'l.ked a.-ioihtr liiiall Ural-,
till, tailed the horary tir> It; tiiis i-. divii'td into 24 eijual parts, and deferilns iIt hours of day and night,
wiiith, in 111111111;,; ol the Glc)l;e, are pointid out In an indc.'i tilted i.' the pule. This is to lliew die riling and
Itttiie
Ilia
the I
\,n, moon, ai
d tl.;
the t
iiK ot dav I
n .ill p.iits ol tile tanl
de'irte. ol latiUKie
iked oa ai.y .Mtridi.in lint ; I'ut in map- .iKvavs on tiie two ciittimoli.
There are two otlitr inciidians, called Cciitrfs. which i)iiiip alio great circles cut the Iplirre into four
tuts l':e eihj.li. ..t the tirll litgiee ot Ciiucr
o!, s, i'lit tilt t'le tili|>lit at the heginninii,
xirt-
The Sohlite C'
'oes tliruupli the 110
and v^apriti'rn : t!it
i:qi
Coh
hk
of .'\rie and Libra. By ih.lt the iealons are diltinguilli
Rl'
ewi:e thi'imli tlie 1 oi, s
i
lor when the t.iitii,
d,r the lequin ix Colin t. then C'liniiiiKe the rpiin;4 .md auiunin; hut .vliiii it paliis iiiidci the Sollike Ceil
111 ilsaniuiaJ toiirle, pall'es
tlie winter and liimmer I et'in.
Th-' Ei.'.ftii \- a ^rea; ohiique eircle. culling the equator at .ingles nf 2 ; de|^rc.'s, zg minutcj.
fcri'i es the annual I oiiile <'f the tartli, niTtli and l! iitii : but the courle •! iIm- planets and
grets taftlitr on caih l,':e; wliiili broad j\irt of the qihert i- 1 ommonly lall.d ihe Z nii.it,
itiii:; that V Mtit in the midtlie, which i-> ilivided into izligii-., laeh toiUii
iirec- ; the V.d
The tharadti'; and ;;ane.s ol th-. lii!,ii^ .ik tlui^
It de-
iIm- planets and nio..n lies eight de-
tt.nt.imiiig I 6 de-
liiuiig JO dtgrtes
(kWIMI 'I
dmcfr -'j
Leo 51.
TJbm
Siorpio "!
Sii^ilLirius }
Capricorn '«
./'jiiarius "
f, '
]';'■■ " in 11;
There .lie two moie (ireai Ciri K^ t.illed /Vr/zirt/, or jizihiul/j Circles. Thele are p.ri.cnditular to the
liori/.on, and pal- through thr /.enith and nadir. Mii y arc not drawn on the (ilolie, but itpielenicd liy the
quadiant of alti'uile, ivhith is a ver\- thin plate ol brai'-, madeio fi rtw on the /i niili i.f any phue, and to rcatli
the horizon ; beii);; .illo divided into y : dtgite , lor l:.king the .illitude ot the lun or li 11-, when they are not on
the ineiidi.m.
The Iv.licr CircL- aie t iur.
Thi twi) 7>£i/7'i-( are ti'.'le .t Can. cr and Caprieom: the full is zjdi'greci, 2y nnnules, north tiom the
equator', and the other r the l.unt dillante to tiie loutli. (Jn all globes and maps thc\ aie known by a double
line.
The
)Br..
III. I'l Uh Is, ,\ .
It' 1 'I ) tlloi,' nj;;..: [i.iit ,
- Inl'p.'l .1 . I'm .iilliiilt;
I'f 111 .lifi; 1, .,[ 1';.UK-.,
i\\ on ulii li tl (• wlinlj
llii.- \\.l, ;i|C i.lli. ll llic
*.^1 iIk Aicik, anil ihc
ill.- ni)r;li a:;.! foiKh
IV, . I here ll. J tll-lu^ ami
riilian.
•cr, (ir ill.- vilihlo (V'lni
a 1 iitul n 111, inner wli :i
K- /t null j.cint ovc-r ;hi;
c K i!io;',al 1 |..ii/.oii I-.
iici\' iipwaiiU; wliicli is
'(■>l 1; vual iil'.c:- cirj'j .
'uIml ; vaiii ot' v, li;, !, 1,
, anouliM;; t 1 (lie (Jld
Si\lc.
^ : it in-, (iliiaiy north
111,; I'ltDjr liy ili.u put i,)i
. iidian, i\ we move lalt
1 the GIdIic ail. ^4 Iciiii-
iliy IciiK- oriL- Mcriiliin,
Vlaps U'l ihib Cicuii.riplu ,
1,1. Ill :i.1(ii1kt liiiall liiaU
aurs (ll (lay ami night,
IS to llu w the rilin^f and
,0 t!cj;;rcts ot' latuiiiic uic
lit liie Iplifrc into four
lie lirll ikt^uc ol Cmicr
I liliiic at the higinnini;
Us aniuiaj louik-, p^lii-s
Uiulci llu Suillk C Ci.hlll.-,
•«, :9 niiniitc3. It lie-
aiiil Mio.jn lies fight de-
icii,ic, I (■nt.iiniiig 16 dc-
ii loiuainiiiL; 30 d(.-y,r(.'cs
orn o
us ~
IV p.TpciiilicuLir to the
litit ri.()Hl'jnicd liy the
any plan-, a;id to reach
IS, v.iicn thoy aic not on
liiiuitfs, noitii tiom tlii;
aic known by a double
The
A CIUIDE TO fiF.OriRAPIIY. he. ^r,}
Thotwo rcmaininoiCircI.'i arc lljlllmilkr, .ilkd ihc .7».'/(r nr J'ol.ir Ci'iks. The North Polo Cirik- ii
dill iiu 2? d.-nrcci, .'(} miiujtcs trn;ii the Noiili I'olf; aii,l ii',u South I'.do CirJi.- i- cquiJiilant tio:ii the S. nth
I'olc. Tlitlc Circles hive alio doulilc line .
The Cirdinil I'oin'-. ar; tlu' tonr ii'iirtiTMit'th'; woild, call, wcl', north, ami I'nith.
Tlu'C 'Ihitcui! I'.iinf :\!e the priniipil dlviiions and lu'odivilioii' oi' i!i I jia c!i "i : in ill ^2,
The ' M'h I'.! ';•';' vi*" ! ni' 1 r'.ir pi-t . l'- th',- two TiMn'cs iiii! th
named /oiijs. I'^v,' 'IVinpeia; ■, two I'Vicid. and the Toirid /one.
I' l,ir Ci;...-., tliofe Ihc parts ate
The North l\-in;iti "c /.in.- ii.ilndi' all the 1 ivl luf u-eii tlie Tr"]'it ot' Cancer and the N'lilh F'ule
Circle; and the ."south l . ,nper,U'.' /one indiidci all l-etwcen the Tropi'. of Caprieom .v.v\ iiiu South I'olc
Circl. .
Tie t'wi Fiij',iii / nescotu iinali the land Iroiii the lu.i I 'ol,ir Circles to the \^ry ^ole^. Tiiefe, liy the anci-
ent-, w K tlioii".ht iinsnhaliilaiile ; lull navinatcrs Live dih ov.red nii;i\ \\', ll-ptnplcd coniuri.s within the
Ai''iic Circle. al;;io',l rpiindilie NoithroL-; tlu,UL;h nmie as yet has 'itcn dilcovertd within the Ani.irciic, or
bciilh lin^ul Zone.
The T. ;ii'! /".>■• MK hides all the I'pacc iHtWjen the t\v 1 Tropin-, the lv|U.Jiir \y:m<. in the middle. The
\vh"li. i~ til i.i... ■ 1' iiili.'niid, il.ii .ell! II li s Oil, ler the hill annual coiiile o. ih. ir.n; li)r \.'iiii li rea'on the an-
tieiiis t!ioiij,ht u eiiuld 11 ; he pe eile>l lor e.'ii.viue heat, an\' more than the l'.iJ,i 1 Z me tor e.\tr-ine cold.
Tl.c Te.np.er iie /'. :i'- iKii.iin, in I.itiiud , e:ic!i a ^ d grces, 2 niinutcs lii iir.' thv Ipacc h.etwcen each Tropic
and the Poled. I, . Tl.e lii;;id /one cMLiin e eh 4'i deijjiees, ^'1 iniiv.ee ; tli.it is to lay, 2 ; dea;r.cs, 29
iiiiniilis. on either li le llu P.ile: and the Tu.i ul /one, in like nianiic:, '.on'a iis 40 decrees 5,S minu'is, la-
titude; that IS, .^ ', debtee--, 2i> iiiinui.'-, on eaJi ful the tquaioi.
Ol' SHADOWS.
T I I I', aic'-nt- nil' irinied the inh.'.iji;. ■.-.'. . of the earth accordine, to aIucIi w.iy the S'.iadow^ of ilielr budicj
weie i.iit bv ill' noon id. Ii;n.
Pcrihii aie thofe bevoiul the IMir Circle', wholl bi.;:iy Siiadov,' turn round every 24 liour^.
UeUrrlu are th -fe people in ih.- Teni;- rile /ones, v,' ole noon Shadow, e^cr fall one way ; the North 1 eni-
peiate Zone ihrowinj, u north, and the South Temperate /.one throwing it luuth.
yfmrlunn are ih..;e wlw live in ihe T.irid, or M (Vile Z me. Their n ion Shadows liili diflerent ways at
dillirnit'^e.lon- lor u Ir utlie (on o.ts to ih'j lign Cuuer, i-eine; the North I ropu , their Sn.idows tall louth ;
and whn ih,|on leiJi sCip-icorn, or I'le South Tropic, iheShui-ws -' North. And bec.aule, twice a
yea', tluir bodie. inikeno lliade at .lil, the fun pafilr.g jull o\er tlieir heads, tht ; ,ire theretore called
/'••M „/ i. noni -,;. which means rcoi.l akut ; and ...... a Skuhr,. Ikh-n/a, is from :.:;,<, meaning ce
only, and .,... Mtpi'.j.u l^ Iroiu ..;.. bi,lh iv.iys. And ///./; is Irom ., and .,x,. ; taat is, -xithout a
OK sm'.vrioNs.
Tl li: Pmcu .vc thole people wh > ^^c in the lame parallel, have the fame latitude ami kafons, and the fame
poleclevalvd ; but luu. opo.,nie meiidian-, and coiilaiue.iiiy oppolite d.iys uid nuht-.
The //«/;■■« ,are thole uh.h.ive the litn.c meridian, Ini. opp.nite pualf U-, e.,u,dinant Ironi the Ec]nator.
,1. , con.raiv.ules. Their loneuode is the liime. :md ( o:iKqo. ntlv .he i,in,e le:,. ;h ot cljy and night ;
Lttl. . h.iuconti.i.y piles , aid icnoa ; and when n i,s noon w an .e.,e, a is roulniglu with .'le othci.
V«//f. ;V< ne Inch whofe pai.all-l :ind nu ridi,in are both opp.ofite. Thev h n e the whole globe of the earth
le;w!^rdu ;! ,n hunetrud ..ppohnon: thev have con.rary pole. ele.Ued: their icet are d.rcCly oppo.ite,
and conkiiuciuly then lught- and d.i's, \Mnter.ii:d U.niinei.
OF LA IllTDl. AM) LONCiirrDK.
, ■ I,.,. ,„i„.,.,.||i , iliil,,! I'lis o tlie laili iclicle, IS more particularly callea
tiK Pole ; uhuhd.ll.inrehenuv but 9, degrees ca.h. „o Lu luide . an e.^.cul thamun.lui.
!►
¥{
I
f
h ' n
9C4
A GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHY. .V
pviMtioii. AccorJinp,ly -ill :1c "1.! tuipi begin th ;r K.ill I.ongittnlc froi" Tcncnril- ; ami. hccaufe then onlv one
(vie ot ilu- ^IoIk was known, tlu' iU|;rec- wen- unly I^^o: I'ul liuvc ilic lilatvtty '>» Amfti.i, tlitv ,iu- t»rrie>i
qiiiic uiiinil to ",60. Till'* imMliul \s i« .i!w.iys ilKcnuil, ami Tin. ritlcro koiiai a poml llin'linjj in.ndi.m, till
tiu Kictuli, wlv) tiWv notliini; which ihty thcniliixc ilo not invent, tloiulit |)io|ki t.> alu'r it, and m.ikc the
Ifland Karo thfu nt« nu-inh.»n, whitli, liv late olMervjtions li(•^ |iill two Jc^ic. ^ more s, il. VVht-iclorc, t >
prtviiit coiituli'Mi. our ni>Hkin ( ii- 'UMphiT-.. .iiul ili'hneatois i.t iiui", mvkr the iiiciroiioin ol' flie;r . wn mtion
the tirlt real Mieiuli.in; am!. i;i ilin cati', I .oni;itiu!>- is two-tolJ. Ikih^. Irom l.jml .'ii, ci licr well ur lalk i a^
M ','ra it isii'mpni vl lioni loiiic kiu an |H>rt » r lit.ui-l.iiAi.
Th.' l.onAi'ii'lc "' •■ly r'-''*" ''*''" I'<"'^1 ''^ litin^', kiiinsn, ilic (hiliieni- in iln hiMir o' t'io ilu i- alio kiriwn.
l-'or a> the iuii ^l.•It,■lln^ In- liinrnaUiivir.t in :4 h>ni!s, he j;a;ii» m i.i h Ikhii 1; ilciie-, b i ■■, i t'.vuilv-
toiirth pirt • ! ;6j, or cne tie'.',ii e in lour mmiite*. .Sn ilut .t( .iir. pluc i, iUj;;ie< eall o; u , niun ;- .111 iijur
K))n^r \Mth them, a> ;t !■ an hour later with thole who live 15 dei;iec- w ll lioin us. 'I he town ot I'tniSii.ke,
ill Wale^, I'eiii'i tivc iU';rres w^ll ot Ijunlin. then no in ^ th.ietou- :o tiiiiiut.- Ii!cr. It a i.loi k, "r .itiy tune-
nicio. (.oulil he to niailc as to t;o ei|ual ami trui' at :in\ lealon, or ilillan. c, tin.- thcorv cit L, 'ii^jitinle at lea
Lalllv, Though all vlegre.s t I .atituile are ctinai in kngth, vet decree* o( Lonnituile vary in every new
p\ralkl ot' Latiuule : tor all the iminhaii lines nieaing and iniciiec:tmg ea h oth.r at the pol •, the degree, ot
Loniiitude do iiaiurallv diminill' a they pioteed either way Irom the I'.qn.itor. The hell explanation ojwhieh
i& aa orani;e wr.h the peel Ibipp-d otl'; where the natural partitions not only relenilile, hut are truely the mui-
dians ofa Gl 'he, eioiVmg ea. h oilur at the top and bottom : where.is, .1 the oran>^;e i' cut in lliec. the coair.iry
way, thedivilKinsarc parallel, and the ilegiec^ ot' L.uitude all iqu.d.
The t'olliwm'T Table llitu ■ ho.v the degree otT.ongitude diininilh tliroi
reckoning o; parts, or ini'u-, tor ,1 deijtcc at ih.- Lnuator.
Hit .ill the p.irallel' of Latitude ,
J
■n
i ! mi
|i
a4 T A B L F„ p.y King //'.• ?su»ilnr of M/ItS cofh'diiuJ ;/: </ DigfW of Lor.ghial .,
:>: aich ParoHcl of LiUitudi: frm.'t the F.-jutU'if.
Hi tire )l
,f 1 M, f
I 1
.^9
90 1
2
.:i)
04 1
^
.^''
02 1
4 i
:-')
S6
6
•;g
"7
^7
7 1
.s'>
5 'J
8
5^
40
9 .
."'^
20
10 i
s9
c8
1 1
"<;«
8., .
12
;S
08 i
13
\s
46
•4
ia
2 Z
li
58
00
\<i
5 ,
60
•7 '
57
33
18
C4
'9
,'6
3«
21
=>''
00
22
.-i.i
<'?
'.^
5.^
- 1
i +
.^4
til
l■■^
5 +
3 a
20
H
00
^ -1
T 1
44
20
53
CO
2';!
5'
4S
3'-'
5'
<)'<
1 .I'TU**'
Mac>
3'
51
3i 1
3°
33
3^
34
49
35
49
3&
4S
1 •»
.1 ,
47
3^
47
39
4^^
40
4''
41
4-;
4i
44
43
43
44
43
4;
4i
4"
4'
4:
41
4S
40
4'»
3"
;o
3'^
3'
.1 /
^ -
3 7
3"
.i4
i 3.'<
i;;
1 -^^
5"
1 33
37
,1 "
3«
? I
;>>
■ 3'^
60
;t
J' I I
I I M'V
A3
88
74
15
34
wi
■S
62
o
28
1')
4;
(18
00
I ;
3"
s7
7 1
C.T
18
.1 ')
4'
s ■!
''7
7'5
00
00
■:'..y
M...
•■ !
01
, ^9
e'4
lu
' 28
'7
f'3
27
24
''4
26
; ~>
'■;
23
3(>
Ub
-4
4'
i\~
43
»',S
1 y
4S
(">
1 1
.-;i
- .
.'O
; 2
1 "'
34
- i
18
5.n
73
'7
V4
:+
: '"
.v^
>
1 .;
; 2
-(>
' +
51
i.^
;3
7^
12
48
79
: "
4^
80
1
42
J ,
Cn)
•8
V ^
c8
> 1
H^
1 07
",2
■■> a
C!p
'.•8
"'
03
2 ;
80
r' j_
18
.-» '
c;,
14
>-jS
C2
09
; )
01
03
J
CO
CO
A r A li 1. 1-.
li, hcciufc then (inlv or.e
tiKti,.!, tlicv .110 c»rrie>t
il inliiy, m r.di.id, till
u".-i ii, anil iti,ikc (he
c \ I'l. Wlificlon-, !•;
'. 1 . ot tlicT 1 wii n ition
01 liti well ur tilk 1 a>
t':.o il:i\ I' airo kirnvii.
■HO , l> I ;', I twiiilv -
It o: 11 , iv)un ;- .III lv.)!ir
I ho iDwn ot Pcinliii.ko,
II .1 iloi k. "f .,:iy t;iiK-
ir\ tit I. 'li^;itin.lc at Ic.l
a\t' Kinttntcil tl.imtolvii
s arc exactly kno*ii with
anliii'^ U-iiu ttiol'o tiiiu-i
upiuiV Mjoii^, anil ilie
will cJi, It) il.oit iiitn.
tiimdo vary in evciy now
tin- iml ■, the df^rcL', ut
Ltll oxplinaf.in ot \\liich
, liut arc trutly liio mui-
cut ui lliof' ilif ooatr.iry
tho ^'arallfl' of Latiiudc -,
<nw of Lor.intticl: \
'a
''4
70
Si
Ml.
2S
-4
21
'7
1^
1 ;
I +
I,;
I I
1 :
I J
Cm;
cS
c<>
05
r* 1
• r
C,
Ci
01
CO
■-4
'7
•!4
;2
41
4.S
4S
.■;i
.^4
!>4
>'
4S
4^
4-i
;8
2 ;
14
09
CD
A <.Uli;l. 10 t.LuCRAl'lIY, .Vt.
^5
y/ T A r> L 1'., //j.u:'//^ in zcluit C/ii/uih' any Coniitiy /.rr, [uppnfiiit tie
L'H'^ih of //), yji^', iiHil the Dijhincc nj Place ftoni the E'iuuio>\ lo be
hujicn.
\h
M i
I. ■ „ i> I) I..
H. M.
N inu-t . t C '
I'll..
.Cy CI.MMl.- Nu.llt „| ll.t
I. \\ iiluii t.io lull climate lio tho fioKI and Silver Cualt, m Ai icaj
Malact-a, in the I'.all-lndios; Cayenne and Surinam, in Terra
I'irnia, Snutii Amerioa.
II. 1 Ici.' ho Ahyliinia, in Afri'.a; Siam. Mulial'-, aiui Pondi. herrv,
in the I'.a!l.liidi ' " ' " '
Amorlra; Toliag
Sir.iii'. ot Darioii, hoiweeii N^riliaiul South
.u, (iran.idcs, Si. Vin'cnt, ami H.irbadoo', in
the Well I
lull s.
j3 ! 7 ^i '3 j^)
III. Contain'' Mioca, in Arahia; R-
Mllh.l"', |\U
t.ir
lonual, in the
Kall-I
Indi.s; Canton, in China; M. xuo, IJiyi.t Caiii])cachy, in Nuitli
Amrioaj Jamai.a, Hilpan; ila, St. Chrilh'lllul^, Antigua, M.
tinuo, am
V> 2.i 6
;o .iS ,
8 .;.; 01
<; 5^
1 1
1 2
K)
• 7
i3
2 )
2 I
22
^ \
•^4
2S
20
^''
.^«
V)
C.l
(12
".?
''4
'Vi
'V-i
ii'i
111)
(id
(I'l
(!■-
(1,1
7S
-S
,S4
i/j
.'7
20
v'"'
I.S
0^1
4';
2 I
47
o()
2 I
JT '4
K '4 ja
i4 i '5
I
-9 ; '7
10 . 17 '^^
3 -
-*^ I
IV. K^
I <;uadaloii|)C, iiiiho WelMndies.
,vpt, aiut t!io Canary
Ulam
Alrica; Delli, oanitai <.(' tiu
Mo^'jUl I'.iiipirc, in Alia ; Cnil[)h of M.xioo, anil l. ill-Moiida.
in Noiili ;\iner.iai the H:'.va:in:ih, in liie Well-lndi.";.
V. (jihrahar, in Spain; part of tho isleditaranoan Sea; tho B.u liar)
Coall, in Atrioaj Krula'.em; Ifpahaii, cajiiial ot I'orlii; Nan-
king,, in China-, Calit'^rnia, N^w .Me.Kioo, Well liuiida, U.or^^ia,
ami the Carolina'^, in Nutli Aniorioa.
VI. Liihoii, inl'oriuga!; Madrid, in Spain-, Minoroa, Sardinia, a-.d
part 111 (iteeoe, 111 ilie Moilite:ranoan -, Alia Minor, p.irt ol il
Call
Samairai
.It Tartarv
I'oki
Chi
Coroa and Japan; \Vilhaiull)urg,li, in Virginia-, Maryland
i'hiladelphia, in North Altierioa.
VII. Norihorii \'rovinocs of Spain; S.nnlioin diito ot 1"
1 linn
ienoi, and Rom
I
111 Turkey ; tlie Calpiaii
Italy; Coiilhi:,ii;u)plo, and iho B'a> k S.-a.
Soa,
.lit ot Tartarv ; New Yo:k,
B'lllon, in New llnjiland. North Aineiiea.
\'|II. P.iris Vionna, capital ol' (iorinany; New Sootland, Newfound
land.
1 Can.ida, in North Ainerio.i.
IX. London, l-'landers, rr.ii;uo, Uradon; Cr.icow, in I'oland
I'roviii OS of Ruflla; part of 'I'artary ; noiih p.irc ot
oiithorn
s'ewfoiini
.Hand.
X. Diihlm, York, Holland, Hanovor; Warfaw, in I'oland ; I.abra
dore, .nn.d New South Wales,
North ,'\i
. iiS
I .;0 ;
23 '9
;- 20 I
44 ' -3 P \
4.^ ; ^' i
;- *' .5° '
XI. Kdinhur;j,li, Coponh.iLien ; Miifoow, cajtiial "t Kuflia.
XII. Soiiih part of Sweden; Toboliki, capiial ol Sil eria.
XIII. Oiknoylll.s; Stockholn;, oapiuil of Swede
XIV. Beraon', in Norway ; I'oteilhnu'Ji, in
X\. II
XVI. s
Rulli
u '.'.on -^
iihoria, am
Stiaits, North Ainorica.
X\'ll. Drontheini, 111 Norwav.
Ithe foiith part of Well Grocnland.
X\'lll. I'art of l-inland, in
RulTi.i
XIX, Arcliaiigol, on the Willie Soa, Rullia.
XX. 1-Icila, in Loland.
"9
'4
P I XXI. Northern \
larts of RulTia and Siluii
^' \ ^3 :■<
I Month
1 Mmths
; Months
4 Months
^ Months
(> Months
XXII. Now North \V.des, in North Anion. a,
^ I XX 11 1. DavlVs Straits inditio.
i XXIV. Samoiida.
XXV. South pan of Lapl.uid.
XXVI. Well (.retnland.
XX\'1I. /oiubla Aulhalii,
XXVIU. /emIilaBoroali
X.XIX. Spitlhcr^ei
XXX. I'nkno'.v.i.
■ liiil C
ivX-nland
No
M
'III
1:
.\ r .\ B I. r.
ibi)
A f.rinr. to cronRAiMiv, fn
THE SOLAR SYSTEM.^^^
TO c-yphim the tlilpolition o
f till- live
lal ll.U"t^ ot
iIk- (niivirli;, and ilcmonnrati- i
R- n.iturc (.(' (he
avi-nl\ nuiiion-- v iili iclp.ct to caili ctlici-, and tc the i.artli, it is iKccliaiy t.i umKiilind tlic Syjifm of tit-
er i
S^'WT.il S\,'}(ws li.ivc, :u yaiunis times Iiccn rormal vhicfly t'lom umiccliiir; hut the
)nilliinG; ininrovc-
niciits m .■.itroiinn
ly, iv.adi.- '11 l.ucr agis, liavc fxplodcd cri'inc<nis luiipolitioiis; iind cxpi.'ricmo, alfilUd
V c\-
1
[iiriiiiint, li
aw, .It ! iii:tli, tixid, on a pti
nt b.il'f-, tlic onl\ tiiK-S^lk'n
a, lalUd I
iif Sclar .Vv//(-;«.
This adniiral'lc l-MU-i-.i
,as iiivcini.d In- Ci'pLTiiiciis, a I'rnllian, and alica wauls tullv d()monlirati.d and c\-
j)!ai;K-d by Ux incoiiiparablc Sir liaai. Ntwioii, who c
Icaii
V ckitidati-d ilic lra;:ii!)nv • the univirlc
^\'lK•|■e order in varltlv wo Uc;
Aii.Iuhvr^, iho' allth.in'.'s ditrtf, all at-rce.
Tii'? S-ik-in ci-nlifl'-orihe Sun m ilie t. liter, and tlic Plamf- and ("onKf^ !r.,n mp alout it,
Tile I'ia'.Kt'i aicvail bodi' s.
lliii.c nuieb b\ ielk\'iin^ liie li
iiiih, to lis aiMxai likeiiai-; nut that tin' iia\t a;i\ h^''.:t 1:1 tlicM;
lit oi the lull.
api
but
1 he V
'• I'.aeh ri.aui, (liining in hi- I'ropci Ipheir,
" Dn.s, with lud Ipced, his railiant voyaj^e llecr
iih dificrciii hillrc erown'i
I-
iJi ices lll^ lamp w
,:iows Ins i(
iirle with .liRcrciii periods boiindi
" Nor hall^
i I, is pallilgc thiougli the liquKt !pat
n- , nor -e
tards, liis neiuhbwurs' ,uc.
Now Ibinc tlKlel'lancts with riibdv"--! ravs^
illrcgild their iiical'irM d.ay
111
I)o'. s innate hi
No; but ihev ^\o, as i- b\' lyllem llicwn
I)ut fcriive beams and o\o\\\ no! thirnwii
All leivantsto that louue of light, tlie Sun."
'.n. I are c
th.'r r,
Siccndnrs
ll.e !'r:mar\ PLrvets .i.elix ui number, vi/.,
Mc
Tv.itl
Mai
!
Jii; !tir,
S.i;urn.
'1 I
iLd V
riniaiv
I
et--, becaule llu
V move roiiiHl the Sun; and the oilier I'Linet? are tailed Sceond-
!e\' nioxc rouiii.
,1 the rnmaiv I'lanets.
'1 ii. S
ci mviaiv
1 mi 1^ ..le ten in niinilx
T, and ''o under tl-.e general name ^ t Mociu: of thele aw niovcs round
I' e /
't^ifcr, :\iv
fn-e
Saturn.
Wii'uiiua to CC'«i-.r, ii I- u:uverlal!y aarecil, that tlicy
■;iip;:.al
nci'.fe bodies, revolving about the fun in
i;.c
Th-ir jKnoeKal tmus are equally eonllant, ceitam, and legular, as thole ol the riaiii-ts ; Inic
!;(•> ih-,mli.lve- are abundantly more deiiic, as they pals ihrou-j,h s^reater extreMUs ot heat and euld, with-
anv 'enUDle ii'miinui :i.
il Cornet- are Snlitie-, witli iarac
1
atmolnh
leres lurroiinumi
'them. T
I tiu ir n^aicll ai c. Is to t!ie I
un.
iuai emitted theu;iom,arc To nnu h rariiied,;is u; be ainindaiitlv lightu ihanihe Urn's atmojpliei
'.nti nie
itndeel i:;to Ion
.1 tl
ta,!s diiminillu . .id tlieir atnu'lpl
g 'uiid l.uis, towards thole jiarts oppofite tlu Ion
iKies ir. 'eale ;;iai
.>\s Comet', reee.le from the lun, their
lu.db , until t''es' apjvo n h i!ie I'leaiell ditlanee liom llie lun.
!i il.e.r ti:l' are I oii'.r.ieted intoeiri umanibi 11
t atmol 'hen
W
nil iiiiiiO to moiion.Loniet- am
Cc
. .\ ;hi v'.itt reiu e
ill l':aiKts move from ealttowell in ti.e plane ot 'IxeehiHie, ami
Ini: C":!ut , in their v-
1
r\ elliiaiea
111 ijibil - ne.u v. i in ul.u
il orbit', tiaverlc the Lompats in all dir.eiioiis, (the plane ot ihc ecliptic ex
tl ; ted
.lit.
that 111 a ir.aiiner to wondcrlul, as not to r\
itvrfere in the oieat - ol
I ..en I llier.
Si
uperiiilioii
■1 tl
ie;n as omiiiou-, an
1 tl
IC NUltl'.u
hippoleit tiiev we
re cert.'iiii lorerun:;-ri ei! lome tremendou
Thus tiiril h in .lir the C' in
'- ;\iul Ih oi ni.ilignaiu '^ih an s from pole to pok
'Tweei. worlds anil woi I
Shake- the blue pla^^u- ,
Il t \ 1110
ive, Jiid, horn ihuraii
the 1 elbkiiie, and wa:
S U N.
TUi. Sun, f.'.aatcd in the cenire of the univerle, i the fountain of light, the (ource ol the kalons, th?
laiile ol thi \ie.Hiui'les ol d.ay and night, the par'-nt ot veget.ition, and the Iriend ol man. It is a j)iodi.i;ioiis
f odv of intt ■ .e h. at, .md amazing illiimmatioii. In liiie, when we vi-.w the .Sua we beliohLi ;,lobe ot h.pi'd
liie,' wlv'lt di i.-.iei is eiiua! to 100 diatiuter-^ .if the i .irlli ; the thiiknels being 79 ;,-: - -J mik- . Il liilht'eis
iisV;, lim s 1 ._■_: 1- than the earth, and its lolidity i.ocj.coo greater; thai is, the luila e 1 the Iqu.ir. of ih-
ihiL-.nef ,, and tiuloiuli'y its tube.
• Tia'.i.'ll tae \»w •(iiii;ui Syrteiii fci-n;s t.i .lillci, in l.iinr i<-f|)ca.. Irntii llie laiiiiliU ol the C'rt-ati. n liy .Muds, \i't I'oili ,iil- tiur,
nil 1 tl.- \.! ! a; a i un\\ i.i |).iini nl cxiiu ll.-.ii. M.ilts :il!inU' in ili< Mii.ainii nl (lie luii nuiii'l il'.cv*n jM-.ttJin li lunif li.ni- miil.iktii
(■„..-. omi, • iiclIiii'e.MUi. liiU U 111. M. la !.,-ii-i,illiilr.|, lli.it M„lc , li.i.l .in i'MiuLmt iiml l\ill-i» . ki.l iiiojilr I.i .li.il uilli; m > '^i
<■ ■■■.■:■■.: . 1. • ukril n. :i ;V»f.-.-//. ii'it a a /'/(/!,//''i', Mi.l » illiiil l.i if.iKe llicin ^-o.*^, nul /lar'ifj . lit; iln leluie ijsiil.LCil ii.J
t ■ t ., .'!!-' 'las tu liic iiiu t lailiitilute il-.aici ol liu lunLliDii <» ,1 ulunoii. I..n\ ;-tvtr.
'' "1 he
lintc the nnturc of the
tiii.inil the Syjhm cj the
:c :'.:;. )nilhiiifT inipiovc-
\|xrittKc, adillal I y ex-
ill- !^olar Syficm.
1\ >!"nionitr,Ui\l ami c\-
out It.
.:i iliciiiliKc^, but
urn.
I'l.imts arc tailci.! Sccoiul-
of thclc cm iii..vcs:otiiiJ
volving alimit the- Cun in
tholi' (il the I'laiifis; hut
■• ot li^ai ami i^KI, uitli-
nvarcll ai t\ Is to t!ic lun,
hail iLc lull'- .uiii>(phcri',
■cc.lc Iroiii the lun, ilicir
.•tl ililhuKi- liom till- lun,
uion, Cornet^ ami I'l.iiicts
111 ijr|iii> iK-aih mmlar ;
I">laiK- lit tin.' tchjiiic cx-
■ ■■c'w I'lhur. Sii[K'illiii.in
r^ o! I'^HK' [ri.';n!-'niloi.:s
A f,ri[)F, TO r;r.Of;R,j'H V, ?c..
967
.1
'• Thi- Sun, \\\\ lolls III- licamy ori's on Li;.'li,
'• i'liih' ul the woild, aml;!,l.)iy of tlK' Iky,"
" llUillnoiis in his c(iurli, in l>riglit array,
" M,u-i lies alonir \\\: heav'iii, ami llatitis day
" O'er cirih, ami o'tr tlr.- main, ami ihc ethereal v
" 1 Ic in the moin rcn'.'ws his raeliant round,
'•'■ And warms the fragrant liofoni of the ground ;
'* Rii:, tr,' the noon o' liny, in liry ;;lcanis,
" He (laif, the olory of his I la/iiu' beams.
'• liiiieaih the liuinin^'.s o; hi^- lulirv t'y,
*' Earth, to her (.enter iiuie'd, adlllit^ the iLu ."
M K R C U R Y.
Till', riaiki Me:\ iirv is ahoui iv/o-ihirds of the eirth'. ina;},nitudc, being 2700 miles in di'.nieicr. ili-. dil-
tance In in ilic earth is !-iy,ooo,oco of mile'-, nnd from thcfiin 32,000,000 of miles His levukition rcuii:'! tb.c
lun IS m.idi. 1:1 ,1 litilc more than SS days, with tlie veloeitv of iod,ooo miles in an hour, wiiicli in almoll as I'wii'.
aj;-.i:! ;^ the e.iilli travels; for we only >^i) s'.co-) miles in the fame fpace. The heat of the fun in thi' I'lam 1
is loiiieil'.in^ niorr than ieven times greater tlian the heal of the lioitell part of the earth in the luoll lulirv lumnier,
whieii is lulfitient to make water boil.
" Mei ury, neareO to the central Sun,
" l)oe^, i;i his lival orbit, cirelinii run ;
" 15iit fel I ini 1- tlieobiecl of our light,
" In It^lai j^^lory luiik, and more jirevailing li<j,lil."
V E N U S.
Tl \\l I'lanei \ cnvs app.ars to the i'\c to be tlie b:i!i;hieil of all ll'.e I'lanet- : and, from ih fup.rior h.ifhc, it
ranno; be mi'.tak-n tiir any o! iIkui. The tliilaneeoi \'enus tVointiie fun is iio,03c,ooj of nnle*^ : henv\ oiu'.i ii
lound the lun i- |vr'oinu'.! in liiile more than ii^ ela\^, and her motion in an hour is -o,o;o nfile-. I'to'ii ih.e
uneonunon bii^^luncl- ot dn- I'laiiei, the poet^ ha-.e made it ;lie(iodeleS ot li.auix',
Sheluni'd, and made appear
I Icr neik letulgviii, and dillKVel'd liiir;
W'Ineh, llowing on her llioti'der , rcai !i'd the in'ound,
And sv le.v Ipread lunbiolial leeni arovnid :
In length of iiain d.f.end.s her fweipinj; i:own;
And by her ^rateUil walk ihef^ieen of Love .- known."
]• A R 1' r I.
TIlI'E.n.li lorms its rcvohition roun
make- w' a; we leriii a year. Tlie F.aiih
8i,';ot>. "CO (.f niil.s. 'I'lic line wliieh ihi-
! l!;e fin in V"- t'-vs, ; houis, ani.i 41) minutes, uhieh rcvolmi'in
■s near S,^,o-o iniles in diamet: r, a'ld dili.int Imm the fun about
I'lanet defeiibes in its annual motion is tailed the Eeliptie, throu;T!i
WllUll It i'lOi
ditl
tro!ii weil t" e:'
a' e.)riiin<r to the iign
5 of tile '//
iilia.
d It 1-. this motion wlncli caules
(he ditleivnl :ia:ons ot Iprnv
tluile lealon?.
tuinm; r, a'.u-.nin, ami v, inter, and ot the various lengths ot days and nights in
•Idie 1-.
nil. in p.'.lliPt: tlirovi-;h the (> iiP!:e,
ilwav
ceps it^ a
lane ol t';e eelipiu
jn. h:i li 10 II e p
The peaiini ■
and ni-i.i mih. )!e part-, whieli are tumn
\\\\w\\ I- '2^ degree- ami .1 n
lalf.
.is in a lituation parallel to iil'eif, ami '-nually
rtli loiiiul ;is own axi-, ni
akcs it day in thole parts which arc turned
.i toward-, tile ll
Iroiii the lun.
W hile ill. biejii r.idiaii; fun in I'entre '.dow=
'1 he I'.arih, in annual moii.'ii, round it goes
At the tame time on ii- vwn axis reels,
And give us ih nnv ol tealons ,is it w
heels
lie
II
li
eiice we
;li s we
e in v.ui'us orue
r 1)1 i
are bled uitli chan;.',e<if day and night.
M A R S.
urce ot the U.ilons, tli?
I. an. It Is a inodigious
lielh.ld a ;,lobe of li.pnd
);o mile . It'. I ullage is
III e I the hjuar^ >A if-
\'\ .Mull ~, Ml li,,;h .III- tl ur,
I-. u iiii II loiiu ti.u r lUMl.ikt:!
[)i njilt- III lU.ll will); in i fiD-
. Ii'j iIkkIuu- iui.i iI.llJ 11. J-
•' The
MARS ; liiiiaicd next .ibovc the earth in the l\ttcm o
.He
Mil
le iinuerle.
lis eourie bein
SI in the interval betweci
tl
le <Mhit o'
I lupii. r \'M that o
I the Faiili, but vcrv >liltaiu Irom
esetiiteil
has le;- hillre than am other
,■ lla
tl .ippi
)f a diilliN red
It IS tlie le
lue. M
all ol all the
lanets,
M
ertur\
Mars IS eonlklerablv lets tlian
Iviitl
itsthanieter 1 emi!
'nlv .H
1 'line
s. Ill-- tliilance h'oin t!ie lun is 1 :._;,ooo,,~oo ot irile-
abi.e.t tint eentraiiuiuin.irvin n^; d.iys, proeeeding at tlr-r.iteot 45,000 miles in an Hour
[
.uul he revoke
roni the fuigu!:ili\
appe
this I'iiivi, the aneieiit p let^, in
their lables, deemed it tlieCiodu
\Vi
Thu- on ilie bank-- of Hebrus" Ire zing Hood,
The ( lod, ol li.nile-, in ins aiigrv mood,
Clalliiiig hi- Iword againll Insiua/en lliiJil.
I, CI
Hei;
lie Ihc reign-
and leouis along the field.
le ill. wim
1 his liiv I oiirler-
(jro.iiis t
hefide.mh, r.f.iumi-. t!ie latling lk\.
'• //■)-.;.' Zi, 'I\rrw, 'hwijott, iuniiilt.
I).'
Dire l.tee-, amideiorm'd. Ii 'miii.d tii'- cu-,
l-r;end. of the Ood, and ■' no.veis ol tiie war.
]i riTi.R
I
A GUIDE TO GEOr, RAPHY, fee.
J u p r E R.
ii:-
Tl'PlTER i-^ the lurgcft of all tin- Pl.iiiuv, but bcmi; very remote Irom ilic Snii, would I. ;ircc i-iiioy niiy
iii'i-t. h.ul not the -^re.U Aiulioi' of N.itiirc pioviiled it with lour .noons or r.itelliies which rcv'lve round it in
iliiUrent orbit-. , , . .
The di;inutcr »( Inpitcr i^ uinv.\rds of 80,000 niiks and the nwls ot m;\tier it ^o^talns 225 times
"reater than our Einli. 1 lis dillaluc from the fun is 424,000,000 i>\ nuU-. He nvolvev rnind his own axin
in () liourb and :,f> nunutcs; round the tun in 11 yearsaiul 10 monihs ; anil iiroctcd^ at the rate ot 24,000 miles
an hour. . , ■,-,,, ■ ,, , • ■ ,
I'.xelulive of a f.unouM'p. . by which the dnirnal motion ot this Planet was originally deternunetl, it ha;
iwaihcs, or !-el;<, "(Hindi! . that are moveable, and which arc formed bv el luds •, and hke the trade winds to u%
lie' in tracks parallel to I'le ei;,,ator. The poeI^ lcii;ned this Planet to be the head of die heathen Deities, o;
fabulous Gods, and reprcienied liiin a^ haung the command otihe thundtiboU'.
" The pow'r immeiil., eternal enernv,
" The kill'.; ot (iotls and men, whou- awful Land
" H'fperfes thunder on the leas and lain!,
" Diipoling all wiihal oluie iomiii.u<d."
SATURN.
i
SATl'RN' i; tlic moll di'.lant Plana in the v hole hllem, beiiij; 7 71;, 000,000 of miles from the fun. He vi
50 rears in performini; his revolution, and y t movi.s at the rate ot iS,oot) miles an hour. 1 le 1- 61,000 miles
ill diaiiuter, contain- 1)4 times a- miicii matter as ilie Earth ; but hi- den'.liy is not more than a Icvenili part of
the m.-.t!er whi.li c 'mp' 'iVsour Pinna.
As the li<'ht and heat in Saiiiin are not above a ninehah part ot wliat we cu\n\ from the Inn, the wiie Creator
of the I Miiverle liath accommoitated Saturn with five moons, ".hieh levoh e round him in ditla\ni orb-. But
the moll lingular ciieumllanec relative to this Planet is Iii5 riii.'. Tlii-- is a vail bodv ot earth, ot the
thiekncls of near 800 milc^, wliich Uurounils Saturn in torm ot i eiielc, at the dillancc ot 21,000 miles trom it-
iV.itacc.
SECONDARY PEANETS.
,;!.f.«
Tl IE S^eor.iiarv Phuuis, as we h.avc already oblcrvid, are tai in number, Vi\. five beloiuMiig to S.uiirn, lour
to Jup:ia, and one to our Earth.
\\ nil re'.peei to nine of ihele Moon=, orSattUite^, namely, iholc belonging to Saturn atid Jupiter, they were
i.nkn-wn till the lall c .itury, by rcaton of their l)Cing to iliiumuuve, that tliev lould not be iccn trom our I'^arth
with lit t'.-.c ul'e ot io..g tcklcopes; lunee, till thole optical i'jalic; were impiuved, tliet'e Secondary Planets were
unobierved.
The Moon, which liglits our E.irtii, contain- about the lortleth part ol the (.luaiuuy, or mats of matter, which
compote the Planet We refide upon, it e- near 2200 miles 111 diameter, 240,000 miles dillant trom us; and its
I'lirui'-e is about 14,00 1,000 ot lipiarc links.
The M'lon is the tiuiekell in its motion oi'all the Planet-, maki:v2, its revolution in 27 d.w s, leven hours, and
t'i.iee c]iianer . The light whuli thi- Planet .itl'ord> u- at night is not ihe only baulit we receive trom it; tor it
g ovcii.s the waters, ando^cationaht tide-, wlmh .are ol 1:, unite beiKfn lei mankind.
'• The Moon, as day-light tade-,
" Lilt- hi'r broad ciule in the diep'niiig Ihades;
*' Ariav'd in glory, and enthron'd m light,
" She btLaks the lolcmn terrors ot the night:
" Sweetly inconllar.t in her varying flame,
" She changes llill, another, yei the lame :
" Now, in decreale. bv fl )w de,2rees the Ihrouds
" PK r f.idini'. hiilre- in a vale of elou<|s:
" Now, at ini real'e, her gath'riiig beam-- diij/.ay
" A \i\.\/x ot light, and give a paler <lav.
" Ten ihouland liars adorn lu r glitt'iinj, tram.
•' P'all when Ihe tall-, and lile with liei agair. ;
•' .And oVrthe deteits<it the iky untold
" Their biirning tpaiiglc- oflidtKal gold.
" Tiiio' the wide lieav'n- llie move- fuemly liiijiht,
" (jj^aen ot ilu g.iy altciulant- ol the night.
" {)i.iabo\c orb in tweet conluiion lies,
'' And with .1 bright dito.ckr paint-, the llcies."
V 1 \ 1: D s r A R s.
THE ditrercnce, v/nh regard to vihon, betwe ntlie lixed Stai- and Planet- .s that th.; lati.i have a note
Placid killre than tin t.iim r. The tixcd Staishave the loiine ol ligiit wuIjiii iIk iiiI> Iv. s. being ."run. ; lur the
lanets are lompoltd ol opake mailer, and luve no light but what tlit y receive fiom the Sun, it their own Sa-
tellites. Hence, thou.'ii the fixed liar- are at an iminenle ililiaiu e, then bii,dilnels exceeds th.lt ol the Plmet.,
and they are to be dillinaiillud bv then twinkling; tjioihdi Venus and .VI- rcuiv both twinkle, lnjt iiut in lo i!,reat
a degree a- the fixed St.iis.
Be\ond the atmo|'|iheie of our Sylleiii the heavens arc lllled v\itli a lluitl mu.h iiioic Miill-d than our a;r, and
here the li.\cJ Stars are placed at dnrcitnt, but iiniuenle, dilUnct": iiom 's, And verv i^reat dillaii-oj Irom each
other.
wmild li :ircc fiiHiy -.luy
liii.li itv'.'lvL- round II in
it loiitain"! 220 times
Ivi"- I'Himl liis own axi'*
he rate lit 24, ceo miles
lally <!ctfrmin>i!, it li.i-;
ke tlu' trade wiiui^ to u-^,
the heiihen Dtilits, 01
A GUinr, TO (-,F,Or;R.\PllV, ?c,-,
969
01 h T. " ^Vc■ mv.il have a vaR iiii-a ofti.i:; Ipaee, {\:\^ an aenirate \\ritef,> when wc Ciitifidt r that the iargeft of
;h ■ ii\e'l Si 111, wlii. h art- proSaMv the iii'ircft to ns, aie:ii a ihi'ance xok yr^M tor ilie ex]ire(iii)ii of all that we ean
( iiucive lui'u U:\n\' , and toi all iiieai'^ot acimi'a(.:r> -n ;.l. 'I'h> In ill It a e, doiilitLl., iiioieand more remote,
lo tlic Icill, v.'iidi .li.- Ill the i:\:\\ r.ia.^nilude. Tiiele mull l.e in a p.rl o the Ik aveiiMiiore remote ffom us dian
til. .•' '.u I ; ,uu! Ml iiev'in 1 il.. : ■ k k li ope' diii. iv. r 10 iis iii'.re Si.u , ' -i liiilaiit to i) ■ at all pereeptible to the
na'.i'ii e' ; an ' 1 1 : ; 'p irii ,11 1 i dv. piwtrot'tli '.■ iJliuni'iil', ni'iie m Ivls w-.: dnco'v^i.'' Hcn^e svemay obtain
lo'.iijideao; ihe ininiit.- wiUloinaiu! poWv-r ol the(ireai Cr.:ator ot llic l.'nivcrie;
" Will) Ip.iea 1 th ' jure eci nk in (i'.l'Is on hi;'.ii,
" And atih'd die I hainliv r-. I'l ih ■ vaiihed Iky;
'• W hieli he, to liiil their t;lor\ vulh then height,
"' Ad'irn'il with 2,lobc^ tl'.at leel, a- drimk, wiili light.
" 1 li, h in.l cli!e:ied all ihi iini' lul Iplieie ;
•' lie nil n'd their orbs and pol lli'd all the Siars."
O F r M 1: C 1. I M A '1' i: H.
s from thr lun. He \i
ur. 1 le 1^ 61 ,000 m;ks
le than a I'eventli part "t
he Inn, tiic wiiV Creator
1 m dill'viinl la'b^, But
. bod\ ot earth, ot the
Ol 21, (,'00 miles from ii-
)ekin'.Mng to Satvirn, four
n and jupiier, they were
)l he Iccn troni our I'^artli
I- Seeondary Planeti were
iir mat's <>( matter, which
s dillant from us; and its
7 da\s, leven hours and
we receive trom it ; lor ic
Tl Il'.Rr. arc '4. v'Tuivites fK\ ca-h tale the eqiMi r ; and under tlie eci lator the longefl: ilay is no more than
t'.v. Ive luniib ; ai.d m pr ijiortioii .. ■ we adv.uiec loA.iid- ii'e 1' ilar Cir. le, ihc .lays inereale in every Climate half
an hour ; and .it the I'^lar Cnekv the l"iijj; ll day i- 24 houi^. 'I'u knu-v what Ckni.ae any uty, town, or vil-
l.u'i;, I in, obiei ve the l.iiit;ell tlav, lioiu whuh deduct 11, and multiply t!ie remainder by two, when the pro-
duct will be th.; nui.-.ber ot the Climate.
I", X A M r L F.
The longeil ilay in LondiUi is —
From which deduct
Hoik-.
ID
iMuliiply the remainder by z
The produ:! is the Climate ofL mdon — 8
lake leatons, climes mull diller ev'ry where;
r>ul man is fitted ev'ry eliine to bear.
O F Til E COAJ PA SS.
IM the Com pal's there are four Card! n.il I'o'nts, vi/.. Fall, Well, North, and South. Between thcfe four
iM'and points many
are conlined M ; '•
pr. ivnui '
,1,
intermcdiaii' |)<'inis .ue I'lrmci! ; but ihete, for tlu* purpoles of (Icogvaphy and Navigat
;\, .illtliele relpect the piilliion i>i place-, we find In them how empires, kingdoms, llates,
, Sv. . are li mated with rei;ard to each other ; that is, wheiher they he . ortherly, foutherly,
Iv. 01 Ae;leil\, or
agreeable to anv ot the inlerhir or iniermediate p lint-.
I'he mvi iiiion 01 t
hv M-.r
. Compal''- has been, peril. ips, ot as gruU and general utilitv as any dilcovery
that ; vei beni
ol anolhii ; I'le w
■lited minkind, a-, b\ its nuans, the wants ot .ine country are a. vommcidated wiiii the luperfluities
Hare of individu.ils lituattd at a threat dilKim e, become intcrelling to e.icli other ; and the
abi:anli ol the wh 'le uni\orle are linked in one great locieiy.
\V
iiie the toikird Needle trembles lo ihc
P..lc
T.ielailor iUers wherever waves i an p'll,
1 , 'll t ' l!ie figb.t .if ea;th, and li;;ht ol d.iy.
'F
loumllcis oceans
lie ex[v, ires hi- w.iy
" On tlu' true Compafs all his hopes dejiend,
" 1 lis taitl
and hi- direc'tinii Irieiui
■The A'.rv
Mi.'i'j tj .; Dcgi
of I. .it: tide in other j\.:ti
ill Vropcrtion to cufs of Sixly-^iine,
i.it ill ■ l.iti. I have a iroie
V s, beiiu', i'liii. ; lui! the
the .Sun, or iliiir own Sa-
xc^eiK that of the I'lmeti,
winkle, but not in logttat
• i.iiill.'d than 01, r a.r, and
i;r.;it dillaiuej irom cadi
other.
Statute Hi iiilli miles
e 1. •\ 47 i Rhieiand p
Italian mil
Common f mkilli n.il- s ditio
Spaniih miles —
Marine leanu 's o- fiance i^oiirs tlie Lime;
I luaiaii leagues —
1 . w |)iiti.!i tl IV. 11 r.<; ii 111 ■
■ich (_.iccordNig to \
liieil le
I'ues ol i'ol.iiid and neivnark
J^we .illi mil- ■
I iiingari.iii imles
Walls ot M '(■ ovi-
I
ciiian, Ai lo! tn, a!i;i
:-lian iviii
Cliin.le k I .
'Flu* I'leneh 111. al'ur
fio
60
'7
■io
20
80
. to • U.s ,ls 1 ; I 1 10
. r, t re ^j-O
'an- leet
ll.atuie mil
Nt
at; eipial lo 52^.) Britilli, being our
OF
ri^'M
tw
f Iff is
. * m
'! ■':
9:«
A .' ; L I J) i: T o r. e o f ; r a ? i-f y, .«s..-.
OF MAPS.
IN' .ill M;ipstlic nortli i^ at ti>p. tin- knitli at bottom, the cad on tlic ri^ht, ami tin- wtil on ihc Kit ; or ii ■(
liciiiliiiw;li., it is always cxpnliiil c-itlur liy words o'l critli li.k-, mliy .i Maiinir's Compals, \vl..i\iii iln- m:ni.
ota tkur-df-lis aluavs ilciiDtis the noiih.
M.ip- .uc l.r.il down .mil pioponioiml to a ctitaiii liaic, wlmh is aK^ays taken fioiii tin.- ilcvc. • ci
I.atitiak'.
Tiie deprccs of I .aiitiiil.- arc- aKvav". maikc'l "n t!u' eall ami wcti fu\c of the Map.
The ile/ives iM l^uiis^ituiU- .uc alu.iys mark.ii mi tin.' iioith and t'ouili tide nl' the Map.
A ili.;L>,ue ot I.aiittKli i> aUvays 'l the f'me hreailtli : wlicnt'oir the liiltance ot tuopkucs tiatcil direiTlv north
and foiiiii, is ininivdiatelv known I'V knowin;j, tiie ihtlcant Latitiidi.-. liut adeorcc>it L.on'Miude is d ihilcienc
extent.
The Lalitii.ie and Lon;'icu!o 'faiiu'e Ivino; kmnvn, you nuv liml it inimcdiatr'iv intlic Map, Iiy diawiiv
a hru-. or ilire.ui, irol's tiie .Mapiiolh ways; and where tiie two lines uit one an'ther, the place Itands.
Thi- I-'arih heinoa (ilo'.ie, a Maji r,t' tlie whole L'-arih mull iie.liarily conliil ot two I'aris, Ivth hde ^il the
.'.liilic not beinn viiililcat onee. .An ordinglv, in aii'ii\erlal Map, the riglit hand imk llicws il.c Okl Wnrid
IT Ikirope, Alia, anil Africa; and the kit hand cuelelhews ihc Nev W'orkI, or Aniirica.
I'pon the general Maj) arc niaikcd the Circles corrcfponilent to thole m the Sphere, naniciv, iIk I'"..-,uini)C! i.il
Line, the tuo Tropies, aiul tl. tM.o I'l'l.ir Circles, all which i rols the M.ip from eall to we!!; and the full
MciiJ.ians rurroiinding the two l-kniiiljihcies from north tolbiitli, l!ie I'aralkls l^ing Iimiu noith toloiiili at ten
dcrjrccs dillancc; and the Meridians at the tame dillanee ironi well in call, are alio niaikeel iipiin "er.tral Maps.
I'arriciilar Majis, ieiivj, parts ot this, retain tiie Meridians aii-.l I'.iralK is hel'>:i;iivj, to that ivirticular pan,
which are made Im.iil.r or lar;;er, ,is tiie j aper.ni whicii it i ihawn wi.i .ulmit ; and the iliilanec ol places men-
tioned in it are alw.iv exacih proportioned to the breadth oi the Par.illels. S ) that let a M i;i lie i \er I" t'mall,
the dillanee ol placss is exa.'tiv Ih.ewn, it meaUnvd according to the ilcgrees of Latitude i;i that particular
Map.
In both general an! '..rtiuiluMaps, the thick flvtdowinc li-enotes the Sca-t ■'ail. Hiv.r- an; marked hy
large ihadowed lerp, mine line- ; Roid^ bv d nible line- ; iliviliins ot C 'iintries hv dotted lir.es; (ai'^^tr for
1'
and linaller tor Siu di\ iiiosis
d divilions of Natii-ins are otten ll
le'An Hv chain
represented i v ti.e- ; M iiintains by riiiii_^ lliadows ; Sands
bv lliatlowed ceiall-.
hv d 'tte
be.
Mailhes
•Ik
el
Tl
le names (
)t r
lov n cs ,ire wiiit. n in
lativr cipitals ; and Iniailer Uiviiio.is in t'mallcr
m r. unci Koman v hira:
exact iiiuation
InialLr
The
owns i;i iiu:ic.
a Market-Town, ii ti.eii/, oi tl
•as the leak- wi!! allow. 1'
ur loiii. tiiiies a mitic over it.
ly a little rouml o ; bnt larger p!
lie adi
lit
lull "t X
Lake
it Citii
i!uircli tor
almit.
irlieular qua'aii^aiions .;t Cities are duliii'iiillicd 1
City Is notei
i;
In-
ch
ithl
loiiles about it, as niuel
a- a
r.iil
loiiru
;as a cr. 'I
fs oVi
r It.
An Archbilliopric has a dovibie cro
An L'niveriity lu a liar, or f ^meiitiies a Cudttcus.
An .Alibcv 1- ihewn by ai rook, or pailoval ll.itl'.
A F
on r^ Is In am
like baill-.
ACalllebv alitth flae.
Ad
Ot:.,
■ma::
S .at b\ a houie only.
.r r.ia
atk
d
n putu u,.r en^_^ra\er
.h:
mil they e\'p!aiii m the tiiai'^im
Ot' TIIE EARTH ABSTRACTEDLY CONSIDERED.
Tin; hr.t th.;.
ih.t
eir ii s',; to our view- i- that hu'j,e tuil'\ I'lb'la i e the i ,'• be o: ihc I-!iitii, ( o;;
iiii'-V;: ol in.iiiy I. l;d in.'.terial, a- well ,;s great ipianiit.es of lalt atul irclli 'A.aer; i r 'aIm. h i\,>|.ei the philo-
lopkc'- i.tun: !.!■ i ail u the Teir.'ai i^ai (d'le. And though the iblnl matter in iv, r rhap . be nv"-c than t'e:
fluid, y, '. tiie w..;. 1 l..!,es up iiui, ll the I'reater part nl' ihe I ui face of the t d. be, e.s i- plain to air. oii'. wl; <
loekiip .1 .1 iM.ip oi ti'e I-', utii : f r, belide t!ie ri\er u;ul l.ik>.s, p lob and fViuui.uns, whuh water tlie V.\v\h
ill v..;ioii- pLk. , th.e o. .an, and its pa- tii. -ilar fea-, ar-- niiieh more e-steii< led ihan tlie dry land ; whu h, iloiibile;..
\va- Old. :e.; by i!,c NLker of a'.l Things, (or 'l;e good ot' maiikiiid ; th. re being !i.ch gr^.t o.> .ilie'ii lor waier i ,•
nioilkn :h-e Kartli, lupply u with lilb, and faulii.ii, e(5inmei-ee and navigation.
15;. t leiernng to a:i> ther p'.a. e '.'.iia; we lli.ill liiy ab-ont the vsaier-, il we conlider the F.aitli propeily to laiicil.
'.' e (hall find it to be a heap of van u"; Indies; or therein ate diUovered land, ei.iv, mould of vaiuus colouo,
(evcral ibri' .( itone-, inans fits, ;ul,,liur, biiumen, min ra! . and metals, wiiii ait luiiiiber. Nor is it iiecef-
lary to ilig to the ce:iter ot the earth, wl.uher hum.ti indullry can never peneir.iU, tor the di(e"very ol thel.-
Ihii.g; tl-.cy arel'tnctimesmet w,ih. m greai liiiiKlance. not manv h el ilc p. Hut ; i the miiK • oi Hungaiy
and I'eni, wliieh are i.ud lo be de,-['er than oid.nary, great (lore ot Uich things tippe.ir.
Th.- a-i. lent philolophci fan I f hoohneii, wh > h 'llowed their ■ pinion, aiul m.uiitained that the I- aitli i- '.'ne oi
til 'le ;■ iir Hk'incnts wliercol .ill 'lungs conlid ) "\ kiving (luli ,i medley ot things to lie uiuler the luil.ice oi ti.e
Earth, laul tins was nut the pu;e 1-. lenient th y in.- .ni, hut that it was tiiniewhere about thecentcr; but liticc wi
man can ever come at thote pan- iiearthc center of ihc l-'.artli, this coniccHureot theav e. uleleis.
It Dcs Cartei'i hy;'0the(is w. re but well grouiuled, that the I'lanets were once of the like nitiire with tl.-c
fixed Stars, lonlllbn^; of a firv lubllanc^", and lanie .alierward- {■> be cruiku over with thi k and lohd matter,
there might be llill, at iVis da\ , a gre.it tire in the eenter of the F.aitli, as icune peo|.le iiii.igine. But iince" the
grounds on wl.itli ..e lu'|. puled the I'l.iiiets to be denvetj, may lie le^koned among thole thin!',s wlmh arc
ivery u-'.y doubtful, an 1 1 niy leem not impollible, thaiv-h, perhaps, as far iVoin being true as real impjliilnliiie ,
11 i-- a ralhn.l', in hi loilo-.eeis to i.ike thi iniauinary li-e at the center eif the Luth l^r a < eitain truth.
ll th le p. .Its wh.. h :i i-.v ni,.ke up the liarih wer- oiuc loole, ami cirried routi.l ihe lame ceniei i'l a cir-
i.ular motion, ue i mil 1 then giiher, (mm mollcerfiin ex]ieiiinent-, that the groliell ol .ill the [laits tell down lu
tiie ei n.fei- ol the liartii. Now, tin e we kfioA- iiothUL; luaviei than mei.ils, it would iioi be abiurd to lupj'ole,
thai the i:ii..'.)il bywtl-. 'jI thcLarth weu lihed with aprodi^jioui lloiv of vaiious metal-.; anel ihii beii;^' prehniied,
our
40
(i\
ilei
tha
bro-
il.
toi
L.
oil
tl
tuil
or
[cfl oil ihc K'ii ; or, u k
In from tin.' ilcrrct- el
JuLS r.atctl tlirivllv north
.unfMimli,- IS (.1 iliilc-u'iic
Jiaihi' Nhp, l,y tliawini;
(ic pl.lCl' ll.llui-'.
I'.iiis b..tl, (i,lc; ..( tilt
If Ulcus il.c OKI WnrKI,
.1.
Jnaiutlv, il;i IviuiniioiLiI
111 to wc;'l; .mil tlic iiill
in riditli lo lo'.!i!\ at ten
li iipt'ii gtr.fral M.ip^..
Ii> ili.n [).utii.ii!:ir p.ui.
L' iliit.uii c ol pl.u'is iiiin-
I :i M III li.- I \(.v |.. I'm. Ill,
iiiii.lc i;i tli.u i-i.ii-!K-ul.r,-
Kiv.T- :\vii m.ukcil l)y
iK'ti.'.l lii-.f- ; t.;r'j,tr fur
til nil liiu -. I'orclls ;iic
'V ih.Kh'Ucd !.(.i!s ; f.akf.
Hit c.i];i!.jl< ; !;u:.u Ciiiis
ic a^lilitiDii III .1 lIiiuiU tor
lunircs nhiiut it, as auK. h
I- ,1 Iiillioprk h:is ;'. tr^ii ,
DERl'O.
ii 'ic o: ilic 1-! lllll, ( I.;;
\\\:f h i\. .!.■:) llii' jijiiln-
■ lh.l|) , I'C nvre tli:in !'■■;
I |.l.ii:i to :un oil', wli '
, whuli w.iur I'.ic Kiri!<
■y liiid ; wliH 1), (l.ni'.i;!;-;,,
T^..i o. wifion I'll w.i'.'.-i i ,•
F.:i!tli proiKily f.) t.-iilci!.
ri'Hilii of' vuiKui'- I'oiou;^,
uiiil'CT. Nor is it iK'Ccf-
T I lie (lill'ivi'i V (i| tlicl.
1 tlic iniiK . ol Huiig.iiy
(1 iliiU till.- r.iri!i i ..■ni'oi
Uiiik'r ilii.- luil.iLC III ti.j
: ll'dcntcr; but liiicc :v)
iiklis.
till- like intun' witli liic
(hi k iiiid lolal 111.11 Ifi.
im.igiiie. But Iiikc the
lliolc iliinj'^s w liK li ;iif
rue :i» real i.ii|).ilhliilitii.' ,
.1 tain truth.
u- faniL- ccutci i:i a lir-
.ill llu! parts ti'lKlou II to
I'l In- ahluril I'l hippolf,
iiiii lliii bcii;L' prcliiau'ih
one
A (iliDE TO (iEOflR/MMl Y, .S:c. p^t
our opinion '.voiil'l riTcivo C'.ir,ni-!ii:Uion from nrignctic cxpcnnicnl ., by whi, li it ocncrallv nppcnrs t'l-.t thp
I'..iiili is ol the nauiri'iif a Lmat loailllmy. Th.rdoro wc ini-lit, with »rc:it icaroii,'lulpf:r, tli.ii at tlu hJaii of
the l''.ait!i, t!r.MV aii; iron an.l li'.uhloiic in !.\rcat a'nimlanrf, whicli woulJ be jull contrary to tiicir opinion wlio
liolit a lirv icnicr. Hut thi- our livp.itliclis is built upon no certam r^alini, ami then. f-iv, for the avoiuiiiT of
error, it i;, iiiim h tlic fiU-ll wiv ti)fulj'i ml our alllnt in this cafe. "
1 lowcvir, ihi, is oblcrvabf', tint tlic deeper wc dig into the ground, the Iieavicr the matter is; and tliough
iliere b • ivi i "'r.inp, luar the renter of tli'j E.irth, yit Uich metals are du<T out of the deepelt mines as are rarely
hiund on the luii.ue; and it, iniha 1 of di ;i^in[> mines a mile and a liali'dcc|), wiiich is liardh ever don.-, we
could go loin- miles do.Miwaid, perlrqv the matter would ill!! be eloleraiid heavier.
But lie this as it will, tiiu iiiiuli we are fine of, as to the parts ai'oui the furfaee of the Earth, that they are
under .1 i.intinu.il i ii.iii;j,c and aller.ation, wliih may proc eil from \arious caufes. Amoni', ihofc caul's we will
not reckon human l.i'iours ; but this we fee, that the hard.ftbodies in the world, the very adamant itfeifn.XeX'
tepted, iiein;; ex|iiileil lo the open air, do wear an<l w.iile in time, and underc!o various alterations without tlu
hand of man ; and, th.ieiorc, the uliole furfaee of the h-.irth, whereon the air pcrjietually pieties, mull needs be
lubjeifl tofuch alterations.
Betide the perpetual ihane;e of le.ifjn?, heal and cold, rain and v.iiid, earth piakcs and ninnina, water;, arc
always mikinj:, a worK'.iful chaii;.^e in that [lart ot' the Earth which is i;exi the lurfaee: and ii v..; take in the daily
mui.iiions of innumeiaole ijiimaK and pl.mts, which are ted by the truits and moillure ot the Earth, and,af[eta
Ihort time, piitiity aiulretcn toEaiih a;j;ain, welliall have real'on to believe, that thisliiitai-e ')n whi'.h wetiea'l,
I ipeeially in ceiuntnes that have been lon^ iiih.abited, is, tor the molt part, comjioled ot the bodies oi men and
bealls, or r.uhe; ■'! a matter which i- ev. ry day puttiiip, on new lorms.
And bv In. h perp.au.il variati 'tis "I matter, there mull needs hajipen an incivale of drv E, uth, and a decay oi
moillure; for it does U'lt app ar t;,.it the parts of iluid bodie-, whi'.li have been once hletiled wit:i I'olids, and
have been to impiegnateil urh l.uis a t'l loje their fliiiditv, ilo ever retrieve it apiaiii. Thi- !> cvid.nt in plants and
animal., which i!,rinv bij'xer lij lonj;; as thev rec, ive Ijiirit and n lurillimeiu from liqu iv, but afterwards turn to
i'.rrii|iti >n. Some coiu hide liii.u hem e, that, in older to prevent too f;reat ailecay, or total failure o: inoilb.ire
in the I'l.uiet ., fi kI created Comets; tiat lo lluir fumes dip' -ng themfelvi. . through the vortex oi the Sun, might:
l.dl i'lio the laiter voriicc ol the i'lanets, and atipaiicnt t'neii lii|uids.
Miie Aer, th.re mui't needs be .i va'.l clian.e made in the Earth by me.ms of t!ic many lires v.'.ieh prey upon
it W'll'.in.
Phil.iiophrs t'omeiimcs cop.lidtT the Earth as a huge lo.ulllone, which, when we come to fpcak of the load-
Hone, we ll.all h iv,' an opportunity to enlart;e upon. M'.anwhile we may here oblerve, that, in this refpec'r alio
the I'.arth is iiiu-h .ihe.ol, .is appears Iroin the variations of the Magnetic Ne.dle, which f .metimes p.iints di-
re.-ily .a the I'ole, and lom. times .Iccline. lever.d degrees call or well. But this cann'it happen without an al-
tei.itim in the |iores r.f that magnetic mat.er which llows out of the Earth, and whieh feems t.) come at one
tim. direeMh Ir im the 1' de, aiuf at another time from I hole parts which are on the righ.t or lei't hde of the I'ol.-.
And whe'.her this vari iti'Vi proceeds tV m the tires uiuler ground, whi. h may I'poil here and there a mineot load-
llone, (.yet to as that ii may afterward' rceover its vinue a{i,ain,) or whether it be fr..;ii lonie other cauie, :s wliat
no mail ceitamU know ..
G E O (; K A P III C .V L PROBLEMS.
I'ROtSI.EM I.
II:- LlUIi:::!: cf.iry A'...-:' being gii'c;i, a rectify lie Chhe for that Phue.
LI'.T It be nqMire! to reclil'e the (ilo'v lor the Latitude of Loiidjii, it deg, 32 in:n. north; and Madrid,
40 ilcf. 10 luin. north, jiroceed thus :
Turn iIk- I'ole, on wliuli the dial-plate is fiNc', towards tho vertie of the [-[.iri/.on, flijipiiu'; or moving the
(T'.ibe bicki.ards or hir.v.iid, in the ii'itihes of the Uvvi/on, till the Horizon cuts the br.i/.en Meridi.m in 52
de''-. ^' 'uri. (vi/.. a little ir.ore than ;i and a l.alf; ; fo is the G!')be te:litied for the Latitude of London;
t'hu IS, me Math I'o'e will ili. n be elevatuf 5-1 de;,-.. }i. min. aivve the Hori/.on; and London be.nL^
brou"hi lei the Nkridian iifeif, wi.l dien be ir, Zenith, or right up, and .u ec]ual dilhuice trom all parti of the
Horizon.
Depref': the l'"lc till the HoriZ'Mi cuts th,' brazen Meridian at 40 deg. to min. and you have then the p 'lition
of the inhabitant- at .Madrid.: and nirnin>T die (il ibe till NEidrid comes to the Meridian, you will find it in th:
Zenith, or lop '.f the (llo'ie, under 43 cl.->;. 10 min. ,, . , , . , , o , r, ,
NcU. v. u were r -oMir.d t'^ reciifv tlic Globe for S nith Latitiule, tlci y ni mull elev.ate the S:';ith Pole to the
"iven L.itiCU'de, inll.-.u! of the N"rtli I'-le; but tins i- better expl.-.ined by the -icKt Problem.
PROlU.ENf II.
The T.:uitK.!: and Longitude of any Place gr:cn, lo find the fume.
lirli You arc 10 obler-.e wheilier the L'lngilude be reckoned fvom -Longitude, or from the tirft Meridian ;
I'lr oil ll>me (.'lobes the lull ^E ndi.m begins 23 deg. on .ahci- .:o deg. and on Senex's (;iol'Cs iS deg. well of
London , but II once v. u know where the tirll .NLridian is on the (Jlobe, it is verv cah to know ihediflerencc
from the iNL-rid.ui ui 1 . 'ud-'ii.
E X A M r L !■:.
min. Wert Loimitu-le; tiie
There are two cerlup pKice- ; '.i.e has ,S de;v N' rth Laiaude, and 77 deg.
other is;, J de;. 4.^ mm. Mo-.ith L.uitud. , and i;ld.g. l-.all Longitude ti.'m LoikLu ; 1 dem.iiid wh.it I Lkc-.
^'''i'iw/rEH-iheiiit! M.ue, I -lev.ite to the Norili i'ole ili deg. becaufe it is 18 deg. Noith Latitude . then 1
... .1 1 s..iii.._.i — '■■■ LLijuator,
-ihroiigli
mill, well war :, be brought iiiukr the
Meridian
■I-
S)'l
'< 4
Rule. i"H- |iie iiitt I'l.ue, t "lev.ite 10 iiie i-.oi, .. . ...> ,„^>^^. ........... .^. ..-.-r, -
tvi.n the ( do! e to the ri..|,t lian I, '.r e.Ulward, (becaulethe pl.celies wet Ward,) til ,77 ^ eg. ; mm. on the E
c...,;.iedliomthe\Ieridianoll..oiid'Mi,(wli,clionSeaex^(;lol)eh.'^sacyplierthiis^o)oiUlieEq.i:iloi,)pa^^^^
or under the iNEridiaii: or, m other words, 1 turn the Molie til
/'
97-
A (ilinr, TO (ir.OCiRAl'HY, fee
MtTuli.in, ami licri. I lix tlic (ilibc wiili .n.)uill tlir\ill iii liftvviM tlic (iloln- :inil the I lori/.'itr, tlirn I Idol, iiinl-.r
the L.:\l
lUKIf 1 S Ut'tl. I Wliuil IS 111
tlio /tnitll.) on iIr- Mcii.tum .i-iop ol tlu- (
III) If, .lIUl lIlKlCf I ,■)
Mfiuhaii I tiiul I'. Ml Rowil, in _|:iiii.iu :i. tin- pi, ire it'i]irif,|.
Fur the l.tiiiv.l Phict 1 i-lfv.iu the Soiit!i I'nli- .iliim.li i.v
lei^. on tiie
ri
II ) M( iMlion til il. \.itc the r.>U' JMivly tn tind ;i
,icc, but 11 I'. I)e;t>r, lin.uile \'n\ h.ive ihen i lie le.il li. in i m nt ihc uiIki'i l.uil^ ) to ih,- i;iveM I ..ititiuie ;4 i|c
4i mm. .mil then iiii n the (i oW till i S (K ^\. V..\\\ I ,cini;itiKl'' 'I I ."iv.kMi i^iiie unil^i- the Mi luj
lief tills 1 tind ilic Cipe 't Cloud I lope, the [
il.i.e I. ii'.iiiei:
d.
I. in; .'AM Hill u(i-
Inl
H|
It
'|H;c
m
^^^E^i
rROBI.l". M III.
IV L.
,,/,■,/,
j/'/A
"■■:!-■ I':
) i: I I N I r I ()
r. //.
■ t'lf f.D'ti l.ii!J:iJi-
All tliofe pl.i. cs that h.ivc the I'une L.uiliKle, h,;\e ili,' d.i)-. and night ot'ilu- lame leiiij,th, ai the \
of the year.
Rule. Bring, the i:,iveii place
line tinr_r
LC to the Meridian , h
lie I
iiiiiUm .;o iiet
nun. and
M
min. North
as Lond'
Mad
ill '1 t irn llie
Cilobe; and all th ili pi ues ih.ii pals under ^j deg. f mm. have the lam
ulrul 40 d' p. 10
I
in (ierni.inv. <\;i.a;ulall iliat p il ■ iiiid 1 40 d-
at I Hide
nil, uln. Il
vi/U will lii.d to be I'ekin ne.alj lor one, .im! ni.mvotlKr pl.iees.
10 iiiin. li.ivc the lame Latitude
.is
Pko'n.i: M ]v
Jjtc:: the Dijaci.c 'J r.c l-t,n
/ /'.
H
ere arc tun \ uiations or kUiC
Fuji. I ill- I.-U'f '.'. s 1 e both North 01 b.'iii S '"ih. ;h n tu' llr,'.") the lei's t"r,^ln the greater L.itiliiiie, and the
I z deg. j.', 111,11. tli>- liill iieing 50
remainder is the .liti'er.nce, 01 anhve
deg.
about
; I inin. a
sO ii(g.
in. and the other a.z ih
Noil I
an.i Landv
H'tueen l^ 'iidon and .Madr
ittteiii Ciiulv and S ocki'.ohn is 32
7<!rg.
;o mm. tor St h kli'
N..11I
(./.v. 1 on. he" on the N^illi, ami i1k otlKr on the S uih tide ot the h.ipi.ilor. I'that is to la\', if one iie
Nirth, .md the other South Latitude, tlun add tiiein io_;etiier, .ind tiieii lum is liu- dilltieiwe 01 the Lat tude
rcqii
d.
ThiisC
opcnl'.ai;en is ^; deg. 40 mm. N'^nli. uvl the lll.ui'l "I Madigallar is 19 de
South : thclc
added tt'gether make 73 deg. lo
nun. the ililKri iin
.1 L
itniule uipiiret
I'ROIU.l. M V
Vu- L.
:uiii '/ i.v/v
given Jnm ,in\ M,-niii.ri, Ij It'
A/e.
' l/:-'/]: P.'ii.cs havri7 the (.i»ic I..ilitiuli.
This i- d nc :i!tir the l.'.n-.e manner .is t!ie <ilhcr; rn'5 here the ,i!iu\er will Ik- on the I-', j'aaloi, a., the others
were on iiie
M
liar
1 would kiioA what iilues have tin- fame Lon^itode as London, anil tin- (wm; I
lie ,!s M.,!;
The Ru!
1 rint:, L nd ni t" the Mendian, then al thole pi ut~ on ihe (ilooi I'l.in iheN i;lil',,lt tn tin
South pan ot th- Hor/.-vi that he
iiiuter the edi'C
tlie .Menu 111,
h i\ . th - I line 1 ,
•ng,
de as 1.^1 i
thus Fort Nall'a
LoDilon.
a; 11 l-'i|t M.na, 111 (iuiiie.i, li.ive the iar
or \i.r\ ne.'.nv
ihe l.uue Le
A:i I Mi.f
low, 1:1
Miifenvia, has \irv nearly the i'ainc LongitiaK as Al.-ppo, in S
\iia : alio
, aiularuoii.
.1 l:ip -h, \:\ Suia, have tlie lame l.oiitM
itud
mm. Irom London
I'ROllLI. M VI.
/)',
7/.-
../■■ i,f l\
W'M
Ru':e. H. re art t ao \'a'-i.H!on~.
iirjt. h ;1k- places he both !■: ul .,r boiii Will <> the liiil Meridian, or where vou reiktm the Longitude
from, vi/.. li iliey ixidi Iv- I'lail, 01 iioili be Will Loiij,iiiide, 1 imi I'l.li'.liaci one tioiu the other, and you have
the liirtLfi nie.
Th.is 1 fill I jenililem lia- -/< dej. 1 ; nun. l-'.ail Longitude bom London, and IM.in 110 >hg. 52 min. l-'ail
Longitude; thereloie In'ilbast ;'> iK-. . 15 min. Irom 11 i de,;. 5. mm. and there rem uns 74 ihg. ;y min. dit-
terence of L.oiigiiud - I-. i i or \\ ell ; iii.a i-, Tekm is 74 dee,. ;; ii.in. I'.ail Longiui.ie o! jerulaKiu, or jeru-
falein is 74 d u. r; mm. Well b,omjitudeot P.. km.
.''■condty. It on'i- p 1, e be l-.i|l. apd the orm Well Loii«'iliidi, ol ihe full Mei.dim (lupi.ole London, or
any giiier .M.iidiin) then a'id liicir 1 .o.i.uudes lo-edier, and the l.im is ti;e ililieience ul L.ongitiide reipiiied.
1. X A M I' L I-. I
1 woiid 'r.now iIm- dill, rcncc of the I .ongi'mle l/.twecn jen.lalem, 3(' ih- ', i; niin. Fill o| London, and
Von R \a'.. ii I.ei-.i X, 7- tie'.', 5 mm. Will,
Heu, as,,;, 1 I-..1II, ,111,! il,f laiiei Welt, Lidd ^/'i li. g. I ', min, and, 7 ' dc'.', 5 min to;' t her, and 1 heir lum
lUi'.kc II ; de o mi ;, diih I. n e o^ Lon.Mtmh' ; that b, jeiulaUm h ll.J de;e / > mm i-'.itl ol I'oK Roval.
or l'L,it Ro\ il I, n;dee, .-. ; nun \Vel! ol Je u, il m.
1 X A Ml' 1.1. IF
Fekiii, in China, 1 , n d,-;-. if, min. Fall Fongiiinie, and I'oit Royal 7711.;!, •; mm. Well-, 1 add iliele
film logediii, amllmd 11 1 7 dei;. 20 mm. diir, u 11 « ot F.onijiinde ; but lieeaiil,- 1! is more than 1 .Vo deg. I
lublb-.ici i;>7 d'.g. :o mm tioiii ^'lO deg. .md tli.ie remiin, 17.', deg. 40 nun. the dni unc: required.
iMunu.FM
I' tl.C I'nk. |,,U-;v I., (ilKl :,
U- Mnuli.in; ,:i,J h,(1 ^„^;
I-'!.!:iJc.
I^'"'^'!'. at ,l„. |,„„e tu„,
["•■nul M.ul>„l4o>l fT ,0
['• I'.'v.- the r.i„u. L.ati.uJc
■'Vt-- tllf l.iiuc L,UlIllclc:l^
:•■• ain-LiiitiKlc-, ami the
,^• m II. ill- liiil li.Mng5o
.^o 111111. tor St .. kliuliu is
'''l:lt I'' to (,1\-, ifniK' i,i-
iitiuciKc (If the Latitude
t-V- J^ -'iiiii. South : thclc
the fwic l.jiuiuL.
I:-' I', juaioi, a. the other-;
"' 'I"- N i;l. I'ulr to the
'■""^' lull- a. Loiuloii :
I lie l.imv l.(iii.;:iu,ic as
' '■ :illo S.a;ularoo:i, A:i-
:iiio:i.
ou trik..n the r.ongitutlc
file other, aiul \ou have
■ill no .1.^. 52 11, in. I'.aa
'111^ 74 il's^- ,;■/ niin. ihl-
c 01 Jeiulaliiii, or Jem-
111 (lujipoie Loruioii, di
e ul l-.oii.;itiul;- liiiuiuil.
r.il' . f I.., I). Ion, aiul
tofi.'tlicr, and their I'lini
M. lull ot I'oit R..\al,
Hill- NVelli I aiKl tliele
1^ iiioie tliaii i,*:o >\e^. |
tie.. ret^uireJ.
I'ROIU.KM
1
I
A GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHY, &t. ^..3
PROBLEM VIL
nc Day of the Mwtb given to find the $m's Place in the Ecliptic.
Ru.'c The d:iy of the tnonth hcitiR .iven, look on the inner Calendar on the ne.v Globe., and nou hav- the
%, and tlie decree oftlut lign that the Sun ,s in lor that day. aeeoahnt; to the New .Siyle. '
IMC he upon old Glohes ,,ok on the outer Caletidai. you have the fi-.n, and degree ol the li.n.
A/.A \ou may lurther ol.lerve, tlint tiie Calendar tHed throughout Europe ,s the Calendar tor New Style
on "tl!;: Honzo„;^ '"'" '" ""'''' '"'"'^" " ''^" "'^ '""'^ ^^y^'=>"'' '^-^^^'' °^'>- things, wJoS
EXAMPLE.
and K'liil«r..'''' ^""'^ ''■'" '" "'' ^""''''' '" ^•'^' "' ^"' ^'^■''^' ^^^'^'' ^'' >'"^' ^'' Scptcmlicr 2.,
1 look lorthele davs of the months in order as they (land in the new Calendar, (vl/., (or New Style beforo
aim^^hel'I^'isSolIif"^^''^^ ""^^
T,m.n;.;I.M,gain(l\Iay 2.I(indo,iedet;.ofGeii,,„,:ai,dahoonMareh.,If,ndhemt^^^^
Ik .liter. Canter : on bepteinber zi he enter, LiUra: and .^n Deeenibcr 21 he enters Capricorn.
PROBLEM VIK.
The Sun's Place given, to find the Day of the Month.
This is only the reverie o^thelormcr Probkm: for hiviiin t!,e Sun's place given, leek it in the Circles
ainoii;;- the lis^ns ; then agamk that device in die Calendar, New Style, you luve the day of the month req.iircd,
EXAMPLE.
I would kno;v what time of the year the Sun is in i deg. of Gemini: as .nlfo when he enters Aries, Cancer,
Lil)ra and Capricorn > 1 nneed according to the rule, and you will liad the liays to be May the a ill, Uuie the
21II, September the in\, and I)ji.ember tlu 21II, as in the kill.
PROBLEM IX.
Tie Latitude and Ihy of the Motuh gi-ccn, to find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic, and verify the doles
for ufe.
Rule. I'ind the Sun';, pl.iee 011 the 1 1.Mi/nn \,\ I'l.iblein the Seventh ; and having noted what de'2;rcc hei? in,
lo -k upon the E.liptie on the Globe, and lind the lame lign and degree as you tiid 011 the Hori/.ou ; ilien brin;>-
thiv tlegrec of the P'.ehptic very ( areluilv to the graduate ed_;e of tiie bra/.^n Meridian, ;: : \ i,j.'J:;ig the (jloi)c
lle.uly, turn tlu Index e\.ae"tl\ to the upper twelve, (which reprelents tWL'Ne at n kjii) ; and thus is die Globe
rectified for that day ; and ilie d.gvee of the IvJiptie that ii.s umier the L^jualur rep;■e:eilt^ the Sun's piaee at
noon, or twelv.- o'clock thitdav.
*.■ The Allron oiucv's day i reck..vKd from, orbegir.^at, tw.lvc oMh k •, and if you (ix th.e Q^iadiv.nt of
Altitude to the LalituJ.- in the /Celiitli, the Globe will be completely redtitiLd.
PROBLEM X.
To tc'.l the Deci'iihition of the Sun on any Day cf the Tear.
Rule. Ilaving lountl tiic Sun' ■ place in the Ecliptie for thi' given liav, bring it to the brazen Meridian, and
(il)Lrve what degree ot the Meriihan it lies under, and wliether it be on the Nortli or on the South tide of the
Ei;uu<'r, lor that is tlie ileilinaiioii reijuired, which iv calk-d North or South declination accord i n '.b'. Thus,
(Ml April zil! the Sun has 1 1 dcg. ^o mm. North ileclination ; and on Mav tl;c ;ill he has 20 dej! 30 min.
dei liiut'.on ; luit on (Kiulier thi. :7tli he has 12 deg. ;o min. South declination.
PROBLEM XI.
'7'he Latitude and D.:y "/ the Month given, to tell the Sun's Meridian /lltitudc, viz. his Ihi^ht at Noon.
Rule. Bring the Suii'^ jilace to iIk' Meridian, and ..liferve what ilegivc of the Meridian the Sun's place is
under; (ortluile degrees on the Meridian that are intercepted, or he between theS.^udi Wrgeol ti^e Hori/.on.and
th.' degree v.iiiili i' ovcrihe Sun's place on t!ic Meridian, (counted on the Meikiian,) is the Suir> Meridian
Aliitu ie retpiiied.
Thii , I lind his Mei;i!ian Aliitule i;i London, Miv the 2111, to be sgt-leg. but on November tlic fdi be has
Jl :j deg. 30 iiiin. AltitUvle.
PK' on I.EM XII.
Tie Latitude and lliy rf the Mcvlh g'ven, to tell the Sun's Altitude at any Time.
Example. On 'Mw the 2l(l, at nine m the ni- ruing, and at live in the aliernoon, at London, 1 would know
the Sun's Ahiiu.!.' oi- h-.ighi '
Rule. Rertify the( il.'be tor the Latitude, and bring ihe Sun's place 1 1 deg. Gemini) to the Meridian, and j
the ln.h\ to the ui'i-er t\' elve on the n:.i!-pl'.te ; then Icr.w the Q^iadrant ol altitude on the Zenith, (vi/.. the ^v;
led edti-'ot'the Nut nu:!l I e fixed 0^1 the Meiiilian, :<: 51 deg. 30 m:n.! thm turn the Globe till the Inde.T. 'U|
points to the hour, vi/. nine in the morning : this done, tix ihe Globe by thrulling a quill between 11 and the *,|
I lori/-ii : la''dv, turn the Q;^iidrant nlvnit till th.e gudu.ateil or hgured edge touvli the Sun's plae^ . ^vi/, 1 deg.
(iemini,) and I'.e degree. on the fj^iadrant, couiitidl oni the Hori/on upwards on theQiiadraiu, i- his height at
that lime, vi/.. 4 ; ilei\. 30 min. Then turn the Gluli. 'ill the Index points at live in the .it'temooii ; and alio turn
the (Jj^i.idi.uu 0:1 the W'ell-liile (\vidi an un'.'. rawing it' 'ill it touches the Sun's pkice, and you li.ave alhait 14 .leg
on the Qiiadrant, hi. Altitude at tliat time.
N.ll. At NorihCape, (m/.. North Latitude, 72 deg. at nine in the morrning.^May the ^nl, lie ulllbeluit
about ;2 deu. high.
No. y.; II O PROBLEM
f
m ' '
i.*
.i
974
Tli Liitituje gi-jc'i.
A r.riDF. TO nr.ooRAPHY. ?.>-.
PROBLEM XIII.
to teU !hc Rijing and Setibi^z "Z'^'' ^""^ ""^ I.nigih of tit D.iy ,ihd Ni_iht,'at any Ttmf if
ti.'
Tear tn any Place.
RcdilV \\w Gln'.c, (V
i/. elevate it toi the LiUitudi- britip; the Sun'', plaie t > the Meridian, and Index
ivv.lvi ; tlitn turn ii till il)i.Sa:i> plaec lonus cvin with, orhcs iiehi ai;:iiiiil, ilu- inmr Vir^o, on
the liall'-iKle ot ilic I'l.n '.on, then thi- liulex will Ihcw yuu the tinv. ut tin. SunVnliuj' ; turn it to the Will-lide,
to tiie uppei
Ot
Vcr^c of the \\
unt ho'
on/.on
and the 'ndex will fltcw you thcCeltin
Or il
ui'^ ; naviii!' iv't the hour
the Si
ua riU
inv it wants ot twelve, torlo many hours will it let at'ier. Thus, it the IiuK x jvmiUs to torr in the
morning at riling, it
ill of
courle
be at eight at ni^ht, iV
Fnnecd thus, and you will find the Sun, on May the ifuh.at London, to rile ahout four in the morninp;, ami
5 at eioht at niulit. Now double what he want- of twelve at riling, vi/.. eipht hour-, a id it i;ives the length ot"
that dav in London, vl/.. lixteeii hoiiis.
PROBLEM NIV.
To tell tht Sun s ri^bt AjiC.fion.
fur t
I
rinj.
h.it IS !
tlie S(
lace to the brazen Me
wou
Id k
."It ;"
IU>'.V tliC
leenlion uq'. '
Jun's ri'.ihi A.
ri'
■ilian (■
d
dei^rec of the l-Aituator is cut
,C Mei.tli.m.
iil'i, .line the 21II, September the 2:d, .ind December
lie 21!
Iti
nd the Sun'.- plate for tlufc ditlcrcnt d,
(Oi. in ,oc\ in;i8r\ and in ! 270 dc^
!() t
he Meiidian ; 1 find the Meridian cuts the E
tor in (Oi, HI ,9c
.) 1
W' I I'.'llt
Al <•
1 rfciuireit
Note. When tlie Sun enieis Aries, Marih the 2ii
Kiht Afcenflon, becaiifc it
qu.i-
niiited
fr.
ini, or
Kgll
at, Ar
ihevef
Mar^h the 20th, he mull have his greatell rij.;,ht Alecnlion, viz.
PROBLEM XV
To find tht Fun's dli^Mi' Jfcnfitn and DcfiCnficn at any Time, and in any Latitude
Ruk. Rc-tifv t
he (il.'be tor the [..atitiide, ar.d 1
lir;nii the
>lace
(lo'.vn
to the eadern ^'crge of
the Horizon ; then oblerve w'.i.it dep;ree the Hori/on i. uts the Etiuator in, t(r that is the oblique Aleenliei
M
retj'.iired.
Tiui . on
cnicrs Aim
(iXo\ .and C.;o4''
ar 11 the
C.in^^
2il"t, I:.nc til
Libi
Mi. SqMem
r.K-r tlie
ill I
I/eccmbcr the iill, vr/.. wlien the Sun
1.1, an. I C,;iiricurn, you will luul h;, oblicjiic Afcenfion at Lonilon to be ^o.) (■
And on the fame days liis oMiquc U.-ieenli.'n will be (c), (12 ^) (,iSo). and (;
ind a hah.)
\ r
Hi L::i:i!
or fe'.i
IkJlx to .
A.
I'ROHL i:.M XVI.
cf the Month given, to teil the .^:in\< (ife«/:c>ut! Dffrrr'ue., rir. h
ozL' mm;
h h
k1
GLin-
anji.i-ucnt.y to Ic
tic Lc
IKC
Days, J^fp'f'' tbi
lerc no
R
Uii.
Bv the laO- Trublcm fin
find the Sun'- ri^ht and
Ak
■nil' in : I lien
ri2,hi Alcenlion, or tiu- c 'i.tr.'.ry
and the remainder is the ulccnliona
:d dui;
Uibtrae't the obli;iie from tlu
o-nee reiiuired ; which divide I by ht-
tecn,
thedcCTreefol tlu- Eir
tor t
ives the an'over 1
:i time, that the Sun rilv
li.at pal's through the Meriilian of one i.ojr. ^or levm aiul a hall for halt an li'>ur,)
;ind lets bciore and after li.t.
T
1U-, :jn
Ma\ the iOih I lintl the Sun 6 deg. ot Gemir
i.iht .'v.
.b'.ique aUenlion is 34 dcg.
4.ileg. troll) (14 (leg. ilieic n
nfion i- I'.v dcg. and on the him
JO deg.
ir. .ikcniion.i
dili
erence ;
wiilcli, ill', :>ie\l b\ 1 ;, gives two hoi ... the time tli.it he riles b.lore, or let- alter lix.
I'ROCLEM X\li.
Tbs I..v.itude and Day cf the Month f^ivcn. to teil the Sun's Amp'ilude, './'. his l)ijhince from the Eaft and
ll'ill i'oints of the Ccmpiifs Le rijes and/cls upon.
Rule. T!ie filobe being rcclilied, bring the Sun's plue to the caflern \'crge oftlic Horizon, (which Ihew- its
r nng,) tliCn the degree upon the innernrol* Circle of tlie Horizon, counted from the true Eail Point to the place
■Ahue the Sun'- place lies a.:a:n!l on the Horizon, Iheus \ou the Sun'. Amplitud.e.
Piocc'.d attording to the lule, you will find the Sun'-. Amplitude a; LonUi.n, (May the 21II,) at rifing, to bo
abi v.t ^4 deg. from tiie Ivilf to the North, and .it felting, VV dig. fiom the Weil to the North ; and the I'.ont
he 1 r^s up. n is Nortii-E.dl by Eitl, and he lets North-Well by Well ; but on Nvivembir the ;-,th he
lias ab'vii 2; deg. and .\ liilf Amplitude fiom the Eall to the .South, and al fttsing 25 ileg. and a h.ilt liom
the \Vl'.> to' the South. The P..ii,t he rili^ uoon i E;ifl South- I'.ali, and the Point he lets upon is Well-
Soaih-WeiL
PROI'.LEM Will.
Tit. Latitude cud D.;y -iven, te tell the Snn'i Aznniilb, id:. h:s Diftamt from the Eajl and If'eff, or from
the North and Scutb Ponits, at any Time.
Rule. Rectify the Globe in general, then turn the GLVoetiU the Index point- to the given hour : this being
doiK.turn t!.e fii^iadrant till it touches th- Sun's pl.Kefor the givn dav ; .and then the f^iad,i ant will cut the Ho-
riz.n in the .'^.zimuth required, from the Eall or Well Points, or froi.i the North or S lutl- Points; for you may
reckon lro:'i cither, only then name il properly, and aci Midingly. . ,
Thus, on Aug;:!' the 17th, at nine in the morniniMhe Sun will have about 30 deg. Azimuth, from the Kalr
to the Sojih. or, vi :,i. a 1 . the fame, 60 de-. Irom iiuuih to die L.ill : tor Oo deg. and 30 dc g. make 90 deg. il'.e
\vii'/le quarter l.o.i Eall to Soutli.
PU(;i3LEM
975
'<i.iht,'at iViyTiiiif (f tl'
If Meridian, .-iiul I,kIcx
|iiil, ihr iniur Viri;f, on
I urn II t., tlic Wul-luk.,
I't tlic hour llicSiinrilf ,
l^xp Milts In toi-rinthc
jf'Hir inthc niortiinfT, ntul
'S'-m I .:,c M.i.ctun,
[the 2Ji|, .i;kI DcccmlHr
iMoridi.in cuts l!,e F.qu.i-
It i. touiitcil
iglit Au.-niii.n, v,^.
I.atituJ,-.
'" iIk' i-iiKtii ^'c^ge ui
IS the oWiijiie AlieMli^n
«i(t, VIZ. wlieti the Sun
Liiiuion to be ^o,) (,-'i),
nnd a h.ili.)
-/-. l.'o:i' finicb h rifts ,
•> J"PP'S<-' there litre no
ui thc()t)li.,i;c- from th;j
<l ; which (iividf I |.y (it.
'l;'-l:ahl..rl;aitaiihMur,)
<''4di'?. aiul on tlu- faiiu-
i^ .ilifiiiiun,.i (JilifiincL-;
''Vice from the EjJI tin J
'.'ri/,on, (wliii.li (hew its
tail l'.ji:it to tlie pl.ii..-
he- 211I,) at rifins, to ho
. Nortli ; and the I'.iiiit
1 Nuvcnilur tlic .^th h^-
5 di;^. and a hall Iroin
he !i ts upon is VV'cll-
KriJlatU n'ejl, cr /,m
y\vc» hour : this Icing
.■ldi;ii)t will tut the I !o-
.1' I'oints; lur \i'ii III \y
zimuth, frjm tlic Half
d.g. tiwkepo ik/y t!;c
A r.UIDR TO GEOGRAPHY, &c.
PROBLEM XIX.
nc Latitude, D.iy, and Hour given^ to ttll the Sun's Almicanter.
D E {• I M T 1 O N.
Alm.cantcr, ar- C „vi.s o( Aititiuic that rut. parallel to the Hori/.on. whofe Poles are the Zenith and Vadi, •
(o mat yoM may inuuvncax many Cnclcs ot Ahiiiuk'. viz. Almiianteis a^ you nkale '
Pt.!i'!Hu t'^'''' '^'"■■'"""" "'"'""' ^'"^ '•^'■'^- ^'^ '''^' Altitudeotd.eSunatai.y imie/tlwrelore I refer you hack:-
PROBLEM XX.
The I. Uilude .;«./ /y*^//, cft/^r Day ^ivcn, to tell what othtr Day of the Tear ,vill be of the fame Ltngth.
PROBLEM XXI.
1'hi Latitude ,iiid D.iy .?;:;•«, to tdl the B^-^inninir, Ending, and ( eonfejuently ; the Length, or Continuance,
cf Tiiilight .
1) E [• I N 1 T 1 O N.
Twil;p,ht is that laint h^-ht whu h I)cp;in5 iiiiiiKdiately altcrihe Sun lets in the evening, till he is 18 deg. below
ihc I Ion/on ; and it l)e<:!;inr in the morning, whui tlic Sun comes within is' d-g. of the J lori/.on on the liall-lide,
and ends when h' rif.'s. Thcrefi>re it is plani, tint Twiliuht is not onlv l)n-cr when days iiicrealj in length,
but it ih alio much lliongcr, as will be lecn l>\ the vsork ol the Piobicni.'
O B S !•: R \' A T 1 O N.
jV,;,'(. Yon were told that Twilloht begins and cnd^ wl'cn the Sun is 1 8 deg. be' ■ liiv ! : izon ; and as the
Qi_iadrant ot Aliiiude reacht- no 1 )*er than the I lorizoii, therefore th.e rule is th' .
Recti V tlie (ilobe, and brinp, the oppolite dcfziee of the Sun', place to the Q;^ li ■. . ■ " Alutud-e, lo tluat it
tout lies jull 18 tleg. ontluf.)i_i;ulr..nt,ftlieii .. i- plain that the Sun's real lil.ue w. ; 'le .er II-.a.; i" dep. below the
Hoii/oii); then li.^k at ihe Index, lor that Wi" point (ii among the niorni:;7 he m_ sj t: e beginuing, or (it'
amnnj, th, c\,. \mv.\ hnirs) cndiii;j; k,\ Twilij;ht.
Ppi.ced tlien .according to the rule, and you will find that on March the . . . i.ul ' -ptembcr the 2:J, Twi-
light begins about lour in the uionrng, and end* about ci.!;ht at night.
The Sun on thelV days, y,)u know, riles and lets at fix. Add, therefore, lii length ni nvrninn; ami evrning
Twili<!,ht to twelve hours, (ihe length of the day then,) and it ^i\cs lixteen lioui^; tlii-, li.lvuacted tioui tweiity-
fnur h:nir , leaves ei'dit h<nirs, ilu; ien<;th of tlic ical or d iik nit;ht.
So all'oon Api lithe a4t'.i,Twir,j;h: l<|.'.insa!ii;ut l'.a!f|)all two, ends al' "it half pall niii. . wld h is in all (sen
liour-. But on l)ei ciiibci the .:odi ii begins at li\, and cndi at Itx, which i-. in all i ui three hour^ and torty iiiii'.ut.s.
PROBLEM XXII.
Tie Ilciir g!v:n -: here you are, tc tell :::h,u Hour it is in any other Part of the World,
Rule. Brui;! the given placet ) the Mer.d:an, and let the Index at the given hour ; then turn the Globe till the
oilu r |)lace, or ]'lai e-, ccnie under the Meridian, ar.d the Iiul.x will jioint to the real time in the place required.
/.'.v. ?.//."/'■. \Vlien It 1-. two o'clock in the attcriioon at Loiulin, I Wi'uld know the time at jcruliilem, and at
PoitR. '. :d in Jamaica '
I'lo, eed acc'iidinij, to the rule, ami vouwiil find that when it ii two ir. the afternoon at Loni n, it is twenty-
\]\ ■ lainuiis jiall four at J.^ruiideni ; and but lifty-tuo minutes pall eight in the mornins; at Po:t-R'.'yal.
Or t'.n-, !''■ Pi'.blcm the Sixih, jeiufaleni is :;" deg. 15 min. Eall Longitude ot London ; 1 divide, ther.foro
3 > dc;j;. 15 mm. by lU;ee:i, aiul t'le ( l^ioticiu is iw 1 hours, and the remainder is lix, which is fix times, or twenty-
iinir lumiite-, ami the odd liltecn miiiuies.or iiiilc^, in oi:e minute ; lb that the ditlcrencc is twodiours, twenty-
iivc minutes-, a;;d a. Jerulalcm i. I'.ail ol lamdon, it has its hour before us tlieicfoiv it is twcn;y!ive minutes
aucilour in the alter. 10011. Ami thus for o:her pi'.ces.
PROBLEM XXill.
Tic D.:\- cf the M:n:h given, to tell thofe InLslnUiius that ivill have the Sun in tk'ir Zenith (or ever their Head)
0. 'hit Day.
This cannot happen to any other inhabitants bui ihofe in the Torrid Zones ; th.at is, to all luch as have no.
.ibiive :; lieu, and a half of Laiitudc. either N iviii or South.
Ride.' l\:uv' the Sun's place to the Meridian, and. oi-fcrve cxacf iv his detlination lor that day ; then t untiie
( Ilobe any w ,ivi anil oblerve what pla. es jufs under thai dc\i!:rcee of declination on the Meridian ; lot all luch w ,il
have the Sun rii-li! iiver their heads lome time or oth.er on that day.
I would knoA what inliabitan: -, or places, will have the Sun in ihcir Zenith on May the iilP
Proceed .is diic>\cd by the rule, vou will find Si. lajo, in 1 lilpaniola-, St. j.igo, in Cuba; Cainpe.achv, anel
nianN other place-, will p.ifs un ler th.it dei<,iee i.l deduuuion, viz. (:o de;e,. North,) atul will have the >un m
il'.eir Zenith that dav. , ,„ , „ r ^- 11 er- •
'le O.oonoko-lllamls, Bay ot aiam, lile ot Leyion,
Alfo, on April the nuh, the inhabitanis of Porto-Hello, the O.oonoko-lllands,
md the Philippme-lllamf , will have the Sun in, nr near, 'heir Zenith, on that day.
then vertical, viz.
PROBLEM >NX1V.
The Day and Ihur given in aw: n.tce, to tell thcje b,la!'!tants, or that Place, to which the Sun is
in the Z'lhtb.
Rule. Brincrthe -dven place to tlie brazen Meridian, and turn the Index to the given hour; this done,
turn tl,.- (,'olvtill t'"- liu!e.v p .ints toiiie upper 1 ', or noon; then look umler the degree ot declination on the
Cilobe of that da- - ' 'lull is the vciy tpoi, or place, to which the Sun is Uicn vertical. Hxunpk
1'
9;
(1
A filJlDE TO C.F.OflRAPMY, f.r.
Example. On M;u the i ;tli, :i; ^-v^hi minuti'. jufl tlvc ii» ttic atieinooii .11 LoiuK^n, I woulj kiio\s %h.\\. platr
li.T- the Sim ill their /; nith r Aiihver, roit-Rnyal, in j.im.iica.
Tiiu- a!l'i> > oil will linil, when 11 i'^ tliirtv-t!iri.cininiiU'- jiall li\ in ilu- nioriiini; at I.mul m.nn Ainil ih' mli,
;i;k1 Ai.^ulliliL'it''tb,tlicialaim,i:,i ul C.iiuly, intlic Hl.imi ul C(.')ion,uiil li.u.iin Sin tlicMiciily in s'l-. 11 A-;ut!i'.
OF THE MAGNET, OR LOADSTONE.
'I i
t t.
\V1'-Ili.ill mn fuquiic u!k-;\ flu- l..aii(lonc was full kno'.vn, our picli nt InifiiK-lV l>ri!i<; nn'y lo give thr
Natii;-al HilltHV ol It. I'lill. llicn. \w will I'li'nvr its variixi-. pi..p. nics w'.ik'.i c\!» riciir'e Ii.is madf
kn.Hvii; anil, in tiie next plai.c, iiiopolc tlu' oiiinunih ot iiliiloluplms Luntviiiiiiii it. latuii.il nature ..!ui
ililii ilition.
riie I,oai.lll'-»ne :■ t'ouml i:i ip>n-niincs antl is muili o\ a iDhnir ami w.'icjit with
IT.
'WiMT, II i> nott
he MKlt'il and Ii inuncivil out like iioii, but llies to pic.c^ uniUr 'Ik- hamiuor, and turns to a (alx in llic li
L-h ll
Utlli
hat it- part. e\ict\i tlioll- ot iron Uir hardiuls ii'^MdncIs, aiul an iiiiiiiali- 1 miil-.inatii 11 one wiih aii-
uws 11
Tir^ i-- worili o ■{'<.
bec'inlc it wiil he ot iile in the tollowinj); dilVouil
lis known
pvoptr'.ie- .ir
iIrU': i'lni, when ii nunc Irtelv,
South,
lb as tli.it pari i-i it wliitii Oaiuls I'loiK I'ule, never uirn^ toth.ei'il
uui iMi unit any oliiLule, it points N..11I1 ar.J
if 10 !\wui it in the water u
a riei'e ot woi
I'hilotopliers h.avc ohlciwd, ihat the Loailll
A ah'
intliiif- 10 !Ik'
Fall or Well wiiImui anv rule
avs point till
The way to j^u
N'l'rih and S.'ui
It a lue
inoiion.
nit lunictuncs
W')
AKKlltoneb p
ecd :'.i a certain dillai-ce tro;ii
cai h lather, do mutuallv a
their vaii^us ^ -liiion^. Theii- J'arf. whicli I'.and N'orih, I'einj, oppole
•ir
pp
' K II
111
or rtrc.lc, aecordm;; f^)
10 a dill .lite lioiii eai li ollur; but
the South-end ol tl -• one draws t> tl'.e
NortI
t'ihe oiher ; and lo ■;v(V '••'iyj.t. Tiule pan- ot'tlie I.,
dit.
vc I all ihcir I'olcs and, tor a real'on wh'th will appear h.re.itf.r, wc iball eail that the South I'oli whieli turns
to the Nonh.and thatihe Norih-l'ole wluch p.ini> i' the S.'
Pole
Lo.:d!lone^ will hold up one another ill the.-.ir In turns ii the Norih-l'ole ut'ihc on ■
the oihcr; an i ".vVc' vvf.i. S.>m.'ti.nei a ii_^htcr LoaJllone will hold 14) a l.e,i\ ie;, wlien
i;t M tlu
lOlilll-
ilie I.eavui will
n.i
t hoK:
li
Itvl-.
It i . obfcrvable th.u all L.oadllines ar.' nut eouall'. bnili and nimble in turnint!; \t the Pi.lc'. ol ihe W ■
IS 11
ir a'tr.vi.iu \iriue a
hou;
11
;h a Loadilon.' j;.re:a!ly ha- two I'ol.s, p.jinliiig Novih antl Soutii, as we l.iid before, y^t iher- a. v. Ionic
ineii\.lar oius, w
hich k
eeni i.) h.'., c more
l'..le
A-- one Loadlione holii-. 11
1-
d.ill be llijv
ther, lu it doc^
i Lireatcr or lel. wt'i;!ii inaii 1
I. el'
the:
di^r
a Loadlbme, tiie [i.irinles will iii:pok- tlR'i:iltI\e'> dire.
lU retwevli
t'leP.
and
e>-.s nicline
to an or;,;cular liguie, lo .is lo lie paral
llhthi
iheL
le, unLl It W one
ot t::e irrei',t:
L'
I e'.o'.\-nv;ui ioned.
Tl'.e Loailtr 'n.' impair itv \iriue'- Im i("n to o(T. laalh . that iron, loii'.hed v.ith .1 r.oadd.iic, ap|'.-'.ir toh;ivc
\\ the J)
a:or^luid, tliouu,!) ii"i in .m v.iiu.u 1 i'>ii.<.-.
]i. 11 11, eit 1:1 t..e
(■ans ci' the v\\)
M
Id.
nine
•- Net
y til', help whtie.)! tl.e\ w
The g.v.it hi.- it llii
' ly l.,.d i'..e ^.'ol,h a.,
. nir.u.iie.iii 11 1 e\-
S.uiih, .ukI ail oiher
It ii obluv.abli that, on thi I'dc the Eq'.iitor, the Noith-Point ol tiie X..dl is uuu-dipu i,' .1
in.'o to ilie .South ; on the lurtlu r llde the N jr!h-Po;ni 1, eL\ated, aiul iheSciiiili deph.ll d ; b'.n
hail di It \i
11 .di.1 ihl
it keeps no I'.tuati >n, nor !>. ot a:i\ iilc.
; lit
I,
tlian It iii'Cs tiv 1
.u.u/a. tonaiii
lUaivs :t" v;
uc i'.' ir n, lo wlun it !■ Itt i:i ion, it aui.aT:
r aiti wti.'lit '
■fit
LMadlo'ii.
0).>.
led if' ihev li.; Ion" near or
an' ; her, \w
th the North or S uih Pole
4 oneopp.)!ei
Itot'
lam,- P.:
lio'i ; a:'
ae.,ii.i\
ot iiie I'ti
it tluv are thorouzhb. b.eaicd in the fiif, wli'ih hkewil'e '.luiils the iiuo,neiic xiituc in
h
lii ■, \ inue 1 iii.i-h impairetl in no:i !^y its :
MP, pbucd a; knj;th North and South, and
.111, t
o wIulIi the 1^0
lib
lontuunn" lo tor a !o:i^ tiiii, wiilio'.ii alte:ai;.^n
ne I' no', lu I,
tlv
o!ien
. ii.a;inei;c viiiu^
a^ the old cr' He- up'jn tiiurilKs ai -■ tound ti
I, Hi
1 1 ;■■
' \^
or THE SEA.
AFTER ,'i'ur.tain- and iivcrs, it i- now |.!oji(;,- to view the eomnion reteptaile of them all, the Sea, wb.icli is
(hai v.;:i ijuaniiiy of ialr water exieiulint!; tr-ni North to South, and ti"ni Wt-d to Fall, luin.unding ihetlr\ land
. :i ive.\ llde, int" v. liiih all Iht u;r d; .lurgi- tliunlelve-, and out of which lui ;;hty L',ulplis and bays are tormed.
;lr. ureate:! '■ I uh;c!i i- ;ht MLvht nan; an.
Th
lie is, in onewoitl, e.iile.l ihe Ocean, but variouily diilin-
.'.ulhtd M\A na;-.i(.il, f'-o;Ti the tcviral cunin'.- by whole loalh- it inns. In 1; diere are tliel'e three properties
i.iicliy .onlideied by Naturah.lls ; 1- n ll , us inleparable lallni Iv, S.tondb', it- lonHant eipial'ty ol bulk, not-
r.idillaniiir:" die inceliixnt llowiiig of all river- into it ; and Thirdly, the tide or liowing and tbbini; ol it- waters
1, )• t ev.rv d:iy : all whkh propertl."-. wc lliall lonfidir.
'I',.- lait'iiels ofihc lea-water leenis toprotc-etl troin the lame eaule as that c ! icvti.il tountain-, by ihe Ik)!!-
ir.L; ot v.'hich water lait i^ p)"dikf.!: ii,i luue the bottom ol die Sta is ol luch \all exttnt, it is realonabic
t.)!;;ini. that thee ai, luge nuiies uf i.ilt in many plate ol it, which being diluted, I'prcad ihroirdiout
the Sta. Ahu ihcr.,- is lonicthinp; even 1:1 the river-water which helps to incrtalc this laltnel-- ; loiihe rivers
c:'.irv iIi.N'.iv Aiih iliem an int r.ilddc muliiuide of laline particles, lAdiich iliev walh oil' ih ir banks as tl ey
I'll! 'alo.-iu,. 'Vhtte particles are n-jt, indeed, lo tonlideral)le as to l.ilt thai pariuular Ibeiiu ■, bi:t v.luii
tlicv all uittt tooediei, and laile 111 oil'.- bottoii!, tlie_\ may well iit allowed tii thaiige ihe talL, ol the water
Tutiiciently.
\ l.nn wc mav hke'-viu' be fati.fictl why the I'altn'.is of the Sea is neither augmented or dimiiiKl'ed, at leal!
in .'. leulible I'l.-uiiicr. ll i- nc-i .nij^iiunttd bv- il • inlhiem e ot fall paiticlc-. 1. liecauK- a uuil'l o! l.iline
j,a;;ich' .ir- 1 oniinually ilr.o'.vn oti upon liie Ihoie, wlieie tliev puitrih, and come no moie inio iht v,aui-. .:.I3e
c.aul'e jicople luakefalt upon the Sea-ttiall li'r toiiimou iilib. 3. Water cm be impregnaitd wiih l.dt 0:1 ly to .1 cer-
tain de<;r;e, al whi.h itll:;n.l-, and reiecis tl;e oveijilus. 4. In the l.ill place, the f.illnel'. of the Sva i-> not di-
niiiiilhed, bi eaule as much i- imp(;tted 01 liiluie.l from ii-, own miiie^, as is g'H out of It.
Tob.elp us in lintlir.s.!^ out the rcalon why the water of the Sea is not auf^nKiiied, let u'- fee u In ther there be not a
wav tor its tlaily dimiiiuiion, as .u-ll as incieaie. h r lutiii lenily [il.uii ihit ihere i-. a vail ipiantit\' ot v.ipouis in
th'j uir, li'Jiu the abii.i. lance ol Inow snd iw\, wluch .ut loruitd wt condeukd vapours; but how to cliimat.. die
ipianiuj
''1 "M'n Ai.riltli.i2tl,.
fii.iiCMily iiitiitii/iMitii.
""■in?; on'y to give thr
ia:- ritn.c Ins 111;,,;^.
|n • iiit'.iini naturt ..;i,|
' '"^••■' A cr, ii i. nott .
]"'- tOiK.llx in I he Uu' ;
('iiiliin.i(i..iii.iic«iil. an-
!'■• it poinn N,,,;I, .uj
I'" t;:- u .1 (Ki-in )ii.,M,
S.'tiili; lujt lujuctinics
Jiirnci-.l,'. .■ncordin;.; t,)
jiK.' :u)in i.ulio(liir;l>ut
■pair- oftlic L(i,ullt.)iu-,
■Soi.iii-l'ol, wliiji i,„|is
5" ■ l-i- I lit to tiu' SoKih-
"1 hIicii ilif Leavi.i will
'-If. oi ll,cU...ilii ; tMi-
I'^c, ya thtr. a.i ll^mc
i of.v(..:i [■')(■ Pu!,.-,aua
-ailil III-, I mil. r.. It [k- one
i;ulil.;!c, ajjv.ir tv)li,:vc
I •■niiiti,.it.i;i II 1 . i-\.
laJ Souili, ;uii; all oilier
M'l^i. M i!i.inili.u al.;,li
" 'i; I'lii 11 .ilu ihi Linu
t ■ .1 |,,r aiti \ui.'l,t <'f ii
■l(-' "t'oiU-.ipiv.fcd t()l',»
I-' tlu- IIKloiK'Ui. MIIUC in
Ho 1,1! If.
o'.il.illLMl:^^:), i..;. ,,r;(.ii
mall, ilicSea, wliiciiis
.nil. uncling the (li\ land
li^ and h.iys aicloniK-d,
n. l.nt vaiu)ull\ dilliii-
c tiitlc iliicc piop.iiics
e(]ual!ty ol Inilk. lu.t-
iiul tijhiiii; ot it- waters
'iiiiitaiiis by ihc Iwil-
xtait, a ii i\aii'nai>le
tl, Ipicad l!ir,Mi:;limit
altiit-N ; tor I lie iiveis
Ii' ill 11' Ijjiikb as t! ey
ar ftie;:ii' , hut v, luii
■ I lie tall. 1. 1 the water
>r ilin-,:ni(l'.ed, al lead
ale a Uijil.,1 ()! iihiii;
into the ualer. .;, Be
with fait only ti>aeer-
l> of the S'-a 1-, nut di-
" In ilier there be not a
i|iiatitit\' ol v,i|)(iiii:, III
Jt liow to tiiimali. ilie
ijiianni}
A I, I 1 1) I. TO GF.OGRAI'IIY. kc. 97^
|iuanli!v of ihe evaiv.r.;;, nisof uat.r 1 v Ionic ecrtain rule, is the nuten.d pn.nt ; wh.a. lli. learned Dr. Hallcy l.as
liaopiK alteiilj.leil inilic t.'la'Aiii- iiMMiiti-: ' u .. .. . 1 un.^ iia.
I le look ., ,,af. ol vsaier alun.i lour iikIk^ ,1 ep. and .-.boin ei^^l.t in.lu^ diameter, lalad t.> the lame .Icsrec
1 IS ll,e.o„inio!,.Sca wain, by l!,e loiuti:m ot alxait a lometh |,a,. ot lalt, .n vvhiel: h. p!.,e^ d a iliernvmietcr.
and. l,v means .„ ., ,„„ „j enals, he I :r,H.t;!,t the water to th. lame d.g„e of h.eat, nliKl, is ohlereed to Ix that
..I ...11 .Ml ,n ihe .loitell hifv.m, ,, th.- ilieini >,micr nicely Ih.^iii,-, it. This done, he aihxed tie pati , f water,
*M.l. ihs ihemumiasr 1.1 it. ,0 oneu.d ot the beam of a par ot led • , Und exactly eoni.tcrp .ile.l it with weights
in. lie, .tl.r kale; and. bMleappluair nor removal otil.p.in or enah,lxha..ul it vcrvsalv to iiiaintaii! the wa-
lu ... ih. lame diru-. ■ t l..,a p-.. .leh . Dur.ng this, he loi.nd the wei^^ht ol tn.' water Tenlibly to deere.aa-; a.i.f,
at the . .Id , J I .u. . Ills hr .a.lervsd that ilu le warned n ar hah an otmce Troy, or 2 ; ? -grains ot water, win, h, iu
l.iat lime, h.id po.ic ,.il .„ vapo.i., i. aisli lieeoi.UI hardly it.ei,ve it liiioke, and th'e water not knliblv warm.
1 li.b iliiani.iv, ..i lo 11,,,. t a in.ie, leemeo very eonlid.ia; ie, benii; Intle lets than U:. ounce.' in 2.1 hours, t.o.n lo
liiiall a li.rlaie a e..ele ol .is.'lil i.u1k> dianieier.
To icduie .hi. e\pei..ji,!i! |., an exact talenh.-, and d.eteimine the ihieknefs of .!,.• (kin of uater that had C
tvapui^at..l, !i. alluiue, the expeinn.nt alledj.e<l bv Dr. Iki.u.d to h.ive i-e.n iK.adc in ti.e Oxtor I Society, that
Iheeiibek.-l ol Ln^lnli «au 1 wei^.h', ex.aellv ;', ii-nad . 1 rov ; thisdivuUd by .7.',^, the number of inches in a
cube loot, will ^;ive J ; ; on. - ii'liih 'plains, orliali ouiise, 1 ; one-third giv.in-lor the wti-ht of a .iibe ineli of wa-
ter ; wl,e.\lo.elhe u.i-tw o, .■-.jia.is is ..li(,nt ;; p..ris of .^S of a cube ineli ol water, and IhowMJat the thick-
nets ot the watei . v.ipoiaud ua. the ;,.vl put ol an ::.c!i; I ut we will lupi>o(e it o.ily the 50th part, for the fa-
c.l.ivol caleulition.
It, th-aeloie, ttaiu. a. wain, a'. l!;eaa- in liimiixT, exhale the ihi.kiur of a ^odi part ol an inch in two hours
fin..i It, whole luit.ue. .n u h'nii- .1 will exhale tl.e ..ne-tinih ot a.i ir.sh; whuh ipi.'ntity nmH I e fnimd alnin-
ilanily tutli. ient to lerve tor all the laia,, fpiiiig., ,.i,d dewi ; and aeuni,.t for ilie Calpian S-.a beinp, always at a
Hand, lien he. wa'.li.u; .i.>r ow iliuu .up ; a- like'.wic I ir il.t cnrunt lai.d lo kn always in at the Jiir.uts Jt (iiliraltar,
iliimy,!. thole Muliieiianean .Seas leei.ve Ii) .uahy and fmli eo.ilide.-able iiurs.
'lo.-ll 1(11.11 1 the ijuar.i.tv wf uat.r aiilin;; m vapours our of the Sea, he thinks lie out'ht to confidcr it only for
tlieiinuthe Inn IS up, tor th.it the dew, all nii^ht leium as nunli, il not more, ot thi vapollr^ than are exhaled ;
and in liimm.r the davs beinj; Ioniser than 1^ hoin.v, 1 his excefs i. balanced by the weaker anion of the km, elp;-
I lallv wluii riiinj; ben re the waiei be warnud . to that it we allow one-tenih of an iiuh ol the linf.ice of ihe Sea
lo be ratUi' ev.n dav ai \ap .ur, ii m.iy 11. .t be an iniprababl.- umje'-uiie.
l'p>.ii ihr k ppMlai.iii, iVciN 1.) kjuaie indr.s of I'le liirlaee ol die water )ie!d' in vapiair claily a cube inch of
waiei; and e.i. h lou.iK r 'oi hail a wme pint ; every Ij.ice o. lour teet Iqiiare a g.ill.'ii; a mils fiili.ire dy 14 tons;
aiiil a iquaiv d, >;ie.'. U.ppoie ol I ij rav.d.ili miK ■, will evaporate 3' millions ol ions.
And .t the M.dilorranean be tllimai.d at 40 deiy.e, long and" t' air 1 roail, allowance^ being made for the
iimjuahiie^, tlure will be .1.0 li|uare de(;.'ees ot Sea; ami, coiiieijii. nt>., (he wli >L- Mei'itc.-ranean mult lofe in
luiiinie.', day. at leall i-'S ' inil.ion>-ol i.nis yXml tin- ipianfu ot vapour, ihoug,li very great, is as
,.\iid ^ei ihiie remains an 'ih.r eau.e, lOiicli cannot
vaiMiiii, in a
link- as can bi i
I e reiUui
•ncluded Ironi ihe exp..i:iient produeei
the h<.at ol di.. lun.
■d ..rule, namely ;hc\\':na , whereby the I'ui lace ol the \',ai.i 1, ikiiiaiied i ll'l .nKtin.e^ taller than by
or WINDS.
IT 1^ well known 1} .\( Wind i? noihi.ij^ eh'c but the llieam rl ih. iw:, to;j;et'.ier widi tir.li vnpours as the air
cariu', .il.pi!;-, V nil il. IJ'jI iheie ar ■ a j;re,i! many pi'opei.ii- ol Wind.., the is.iions and j'.'.ninds of ulikh are
not c.ilib diu.'Viu.l. II v.e\ir. \\. will liiii eunliiiir ihe Winds 111 e. r.erd. a- they are eonli.nt and varialde.
Seeonul' , wr I'.il! p.iiii, ul.i.iv ex.'.ninu tiuir vaiiou- appe,u:au\s ; and Laltiv, lay lu:iK".liing o: ih^ir origin.
'111. W'iim! nrn .e divubd 1:11.1 loiillani and vaiiable: il,e .oin ei aie alwav-, at cert.iin r.nus 1 I the year,
and incertam pan- otth-'"- dd ; but tl... laiiei varv lo nuieli. th.u they cannot be redu'.etl 10 .iii\ rule. Nuw
lii.ie .t ,, eal.er .0 lind oui the c.u.ie ol one .■e!;iilar ell'ect, than of manv iireiiular, K t U-, in the liill jihl'-e, '.reat
ol e 11.11 inr W'inib. Ami heie we mult t .Le n.);i. e. iliat the Win.'.- aie conii.uit and jieri.Kli. a! oiilv in ihu open
lias. Now tl'.e •.•.iiiveil.d (.X .an iiiav 111 li [irop.ib. b.' divisled :h ilr\e p.u ... 1. 'I I e Atl.i.tie and l''ihio|)ic
VKuiiis. .-. T';e Indian Oee.in. ;. 1 he -'eat S.,)uih-S,.:, u: I'.e iiu O.tin; ar.>l ili.ujdi ilnle leas do ,'dl emn-
nuiiiK.u.- I'.v In • io.,uli, N ,t as to o;:; ;'te:uit jiui; ol ot .he |itiii;dival W'liub, tlu y a;.- luiii.. .ently Icparated
bv il). mt.rp. 'ill. '11 ol e.it irasks o; l.ii'.d ; ih. liiiihin!', ber.%een Aniea and yXnv.iica; llie Iccond b.lweeii
All K.i an ; India i ind ilje 1 di bef...ii.n Chni.i vni J t] an, .uul ihe coal I .1 Anurica.
In the A;laii;:e .i:;.l ! ;hu.i.:e S.a-, i.ls,\en the Tiopi, s, ilnre 1-. a i> iim^l lail. ily Wir.d all the\ear. ix-
ccpiii);; ih.ii II I' I'l:!''..", M vaiv and dielit. i looe U .\ points i..ward- th.- iiortjh»>r I'.udi. ai^ei.li: .i 10 die pc.laion
ol ih, pla.e. Til. eb:l:valioi,s wliuhhave be. n r....d. o; iliefe detl.v-tioi'r' areas follow : that r.ear the eoall of
All., a. as 11) n .1 v..up.l' ilu Cnary Ilie-, yoa :iie hue 10 iiuei a Irelli oale ot north-sail W 'iid, about the
iaiiliidi ol .'.S de.j.us lunlh, wliali llMoiii come.- lo the ealiv, aid . I eal!-n.-nh-e'.!l. or pal'es the n;iitli-n 'rlh-call.
'lin-- uiiid a i 0111 anies ih.'le IkhiikI to ihe tbuthward, 10 tlie iaiiiu.b ol tui noi^^ir^nd. :.1\ i:t 1 o le.igu.s Irom
iIk I iiiin.a C...;:!, wli.ie, nH .1.;- '.v.inh d--p,rie nl ii'irih laiituile, ih.y tail Int,. eal.u- an.l loinado.-.
Thol. .^\ .1 aie Ih-uiivI i.. the Canbbe.- ilie:. li.id. :is they appio.isli die Amen. .\n lide. lliat the alo.efalil north-
eall W 11-. 1 ; e 0,11, ■ lli'l :iioie .ai.l ir,w;-e v.ille:-|\, lo ,.s l'i>nielinie- (o be i all. Ir.im. times c-all by loi.th, but yet moll
lomir.o.ilv to ill. n.'iih.^ ad .1 ilicia'.!, a point or u\o, not moie. h ishiieuiliL; obi'erved, ili.u the llrength ol
tlullWiii! 'j.,i,luilb deeieil.s .IS V 'u :ai! -vw-llwaid.
The limit, i.tdii ...iiii.inl :ind v ni.ible Winds in tlii-. ocian.aiv larih.r extended on ;',!.■ A;r.cri.aii tide than the
Ah H, ill; tor ul.u IS \..u 1;., ,t not wit', thi c.i,-'.iii Wind nil \o:: have palled the latitude of ib dcincvs on this
lldi-, ,.ii tl e A:i..;...'ii 11. b ii M.iiim. I \ i.uldsto ;o, ;i, .r ;:. dega.soi l.ui'.ude; and this is veriiieJ likewil'e
t.>die l.i.di'.v.inl o: il;- l-'qii.t-i; I -, i.ear i!ij C.ipv in G od Hops, the iini.ts ot the Trade \Vin.ls ai. tliree or
luiii d i."i'- iH-.iiei ills line, lli„n on d.eioati 01 iji,: I.
l-i,.in die !...;iiude ol |...ii d,. ';; . s i,i.r:li, to ;1 e ..haJald limits on die 'ouih ot tb.e Kqinlor. tie U inds are
pi.rpslu.dl\ l'.! ..un lliel,H.;:i .iV/.l eait. .i;;d iii.<:i soumonly 1 :yA.ij:\ die f i;:li-.;nl and e.,:.; obleiving always
ili.^ lole, 'iha:, n,, tlu- Alikanlide, the- a.e ni.i.e ibiuherlv. on th.- Ibalihan more eallerlv, L as to become al-
.uoll due e.il!. Ilk l.llleibil, 110:1 ll..vh-.ve b.in.; ilill the Uk th. in dii^ p.u't ot ihe oa. n the W.nd li.is beeil
likeiv obfeiv.d, loi a lull veir tonethcr. to k.-.p :;rtantlv about the ioulh-eall, the iiu.ll ulual poinl louth-ealt
by tall. Wli.n li ; eallerlv it g.-n. riib lif .'.-^ iMid. with gl, o'liv, daik, and lomein!.- rainy weatlk r.
'I'lk lealon of ihe year ha^ lome Imill ellect ,.n ihe'e conll.mt wind •, h.r wlun llie lun is to the north ot the
l'lm:it..i, .he Ioulh-eall Winds, etpcsialiy between B.alil .uid the Coall ol Guiik.i, vary a point or two lo .he
r\o. o'j, I' I
■il
rS
A 1. 11 1>1. I ^' lir.O..RAl'llV, hi.
M-
•|g
1 1,. I ' R .•- j|
m'\
r, \i(h ninl t'c '1 Mhv.itl l-..Mr,i- m\"'c i.vlinlv ; aivl nn ih' ii'iiii.\'y, win n ilu Sun r. liv.v.iuls ilit rr.ij)u i.('
c'lipi -^t'liu ll'i' J^>ut^.•t>l;lc|•i^ W ikI* Liuunc lu llet■.llUIl^, .iiul il.c iioiih-i-.illulv Witulv, ..ii iliis h.k tlu I, in,,
Micr""ic ll.>tlh« t I. . , , , , . I 1 r 1 . I
A- tli>rr i«iM I 1. wii'.'ii! i'iiH'>'xi-i;'!ii''i, Id ilu ir I", ni ilv- o.v \:i ,i ii;u k o. ti.i, wluivin th.- Iiiiili'.'il" ;i;i I
(■<iiit!i-«\!\ V.';i' ' 1. n. 'p-;ii.;', >:i.l il'r i :ill ;ii"rn !'■.<■ (-..ill o Imiiui, tor.il.DVi 5-.0 lrl)vn•^ loj-i ilui, iioiu
S't-rri l.-'o-n t > i'"' i'i '"•: >'■ ■^I''>|•.^.l^; I t iIk' ti'',iili-c.ill Tiaili.' NViml li,iviii;> [Mtlhl tlu' Lno, .iiul .ippnu li-
'ipr» ti'c'i"'.ti ' I (irn (uf' 11 S- III- 11C1 li.i;,iK-, in 111 I" inwanl' ilic lln'ic. .iii.l be-^ oin.x (iiutli 1. uiIiimII ;
n'"l Ivv iUm. (■», .!• " "M I ;;> :u"'", 11 w ic- .ll"> >' in I' mli. Ii'miIi I'lilli Wi ll, iUu! I'.i v\i li t!i l.iilil iuiilli will,
Totlir nor:liw.ii 1 . f ilu l..m-. !• nvan l..iir .\ii'l u-u il' .n ^ 01 I .jiiiikIc. .iiul iMwcrii ihc M.rulruis ol C.ipi.'
Viul mil o! ill < '!i 1 ' "'' ill ,iiu- till iH.irlli.ii li.uiii'. li'irc i- :Hi.uk ot u.i wIuriii it weir ini|iri)|v.r to l.iy
i!K;\'i> n'nvTr.'.ik Wiiut, m w 1 viv viii,ii>li-; tdi 11 Ucin- r.'(uliiiui..| Id i>t'iKtii'.l . .ilin-,.i!icM(lcil uiili icrril'lc
liui'n.l. i:\iui r-ii!ir;i;', :i;i I nil :.. ii^i'i ni. till' "in n;viMi"i' ti-iu ilitiM'i ill this |virf i.f ilu- U:\ T/v R.iiiis :
tin- i-'.k \\ iii'i' ill. t.'i!.-. ror,li:l "nlv <^l Ihhu' tiuMi'ii iiiu' ;: >r. |Vii* 1 I'l vi-ry liiil". ■'minii.iiv o, .iiul Li's txtvisi.
' Aliv.lio nil.' tlic \\ .iMiv.'ii I .'I'-. tMii ilioi'' l""i!i>l Id \ U',', "I'l. ^"iiiit II iliiir I'l-r ODiHli' ID pi-t a f.Min :is
tln'v i.'.n to tlu- ioi:th-.<ii:>l. t'i:ii iIkv in.'.v 1 f iir ■ ot .1 mi li.lli ;■ I't" tun In-.. if it t.« tlic- wcllw.iui; .iml toitlic
ihnicif.'.'Dn, th. ill- li' 1 u v.. ".! h und ti.vii Amici .i. imu: m\.,m id . :i iIk l.iutii.lc .1 .;,- <lcnivi- a- Idoii :is pol'.
fi'ilo, wli u" 1I fv li'll • m! i' . W iuk's I,, h, v.iiia' !'• ; t!ioii-,li tli' 111 1! Diilituiy WmU 111 the luiri''. pirt .it llic
Atl.lllIU- (1,-.:in . Ml •-. ; bfHv i-ntliclDiilh.llv! w.lK , , .
\\!i;t 1- liCT. Ii.l b ID iv i;.-J.i,1".!dI 1 1.- ^ ,, W ■ .•! :it L-ir, ■ .! 'I '.1, r th-;: ..i:..! : f.ii ui'-ii 'liul n ■.tr lli.-rr,
tl'c l.ir.d ;uul r. ,1 >\vx.-.--- .ik .ilnvll f.ny wiiii U'..li'.l. i ;uil.l. ^' c.ii v.i.i i\ w'.iiui li ^ppc-i.^ 1:1 th .ir p.Ti.ii! ,
t'.'a-c. aiul(Iii..-ii n. rr.iiiiil;ci'itirUiuii Di ilic i-.i.hhv '•■:>, V'.ili'v-, :i';.! a ..' , ..mI iMiii ti; s iiiDir texture nt the
( .il. iiio'c- Df kl c i\.!-U ol iciAi...!-..^ .iiul 1. Ili.nii ;\ 1 c.u, ;\!ui .It .1 '•.' z. ' 1 v Di.a.i.liiv; v.vp 'u-s. i- ludi, ilr.t it
V re ciu his i.MH.! .m'- • to . n- ui.l Idv iIh'iii, ■ , , 1 • 1 . .
In liiL- Ii).!i.-ii(V' ui \'\ W iii.i- :iu- p.uilv^',inrr.il, .1- in ilicl.i!.. ; ■ t \.. :v piitU pn i...l( il ; ili.it 1. lu.l I'le
v-u ti-v l.knv. an! ir ■ diIum liah iv. 11 up mi i!'.i- d; p..:ii, p-ihi ; ,11 1 ilii i- p.'int-<, an-l tiiif s dMIuhiii ■ ^ ;irc
J'.f.i.n mdiirivn I 11 -'MU: <■ '■■•. 'I ^ Iniit^ ot cu'" i^-. 1. .'t . .1, liil ■ - id ilw I uu ■ . iKinp,,-, o; ,m -;,-
1' y\\\- tlic ■..:..\.^ . 11 1:,' ri- *"- '■ "v v,.\ liii.l t > '' !■!'. ..■ : I -i ■I'c dil. u. i.' I I'.ur uKd ('.v\s Dr.
H..;i'' ) tD be li'.' -Iv i;.; 1 .1 •!, ai:.l ilx > h- 1 li.i\^- i,.Un il.-r \u. h\ iii .1 txr...! m.-.iluic, luiuwuiii.il il-it
^|..,; .-',, I ■..'. ■ "■ ,1 1 !: .1 ;h ■ ... 1 '■.'. 1 '• •Miiii 111 !• !■ .\ I'l- 1 iii.l .■!' ••
''I'Ilu Ihiuivm' . lull. V. ; i-:i:;.l . ■ d .•, .- ..-li, 1 ■;.,.,;, Mi.l.i-itni .-lui Ni^.-l 1 I!:.::.!, ihv ••■ nci il
Tr.il.- \V.. ..1 .i'<-..i.t r I- r urli- .ill-", . ui ' "..i i t . I , .v .i.l 1 x u.i.' biii^. t.. ill iD.fiu . .in.i pu;p. U-, .ilii.:- ilic
l.iiiK- m..n>-fi-:is inll.t. wnu l-i'iiiHl.v:i i!.i' 1-ihi. p '<> r.
T:.. r..tD-.x:.i.d ,.. .iS'.-.-.iii Wu.d^iM.i. I uii! .„ivv.. ■ .,■ . ..Ii!i- l'.n:.r..-r, during the' onilv. dI .Im-i-. jilv,^
ami i.,i N..V.M11-.V, .ittliuhtiim-, 1 u.v.m il.i- i.-.n!, lit f i.' ol ih:,caiid 10 dc' .H-'i-s I'cuil? ni'.nr tin- .Mi-ridi.ui ..t
il.c n.Mth cihI ot M,>!i ic.u, and |..lv,i- :i i .\. . :u..! .lU.. ii l.ii.ti.d.-, ; .•int' iicir S.i'uair.i iuvl .Ir. „ tlic > .viirnyr
wimb trorii liic n .itl.-'ii ;'. . ' l..tv, , ui r.-.' nnitii aid w :l, la m .uul lil..'.s f.ii lull tl'-i. viar ; tU.i 1 . Ir. 1,1 tin;
li. (jiniimp; ot' IX- t'iil< r Mil M.n ; an.l lliis iii.iii .'11 ..i. .1 v, 1 a- l.i;' .i. tlu M.iliu , :\ !'' .
To li r i.'iit'.^.u.l "1 'I'l^i- di-v;'t'i'' iDiiili liiiJii.l , D\ii II. aIidL .\ia i.in . .| Inl'in S;a, an ! ( iuli'li of
P.iial, t:.>:-n Sun. n-.U..t!K- I .i.r< lAiiu.i, t',. u- 1 ai'-iiici m ir..> -n I !..-.v-i-- ti^ni O ; Ik-i t.. Apnl Mp.m the
n rih i-ali pDinf; I'- 1 m iIk 1' .r lull via;, li.ni v;' .1 lod '. .1, up .11 tin- pi,.!!!',- p..ir,is.i; lD..u:i-Mdi .ukI
wtli-i:.iitli-\vu\. and that v.itli i.ithi-r -nor.- I.r.c il ai. I'.r ' -'. r. .. ..■nijnniol wiiii d.uk raiiu wc.itlur; whirc.is
t'li- -i.ntli-.-ili M.nvicK-ai-. Ami ihi- Wind- aiv iv : !., i.. .;t i:.'. . ;' n in I'.iin.ih .11 poini , iii the < iiilph ot Bmivd.
.vtl'tvu-i '11 th. l-ulian .S,-.i, v.hu-c a icitiiti and |i ..-.. -u.-i ic ivirl.ui. li is all., r. luai isaMt-, t!:ai the
i:..,-,ii-«iil Wind, latliili- U.'..-. .1. tjc-iiciall;, i.i.ii- ;.,.ihi.-.lv ..n ih- Aru m 1..I,, aiul more wvit-.-ily un the
' r ".'•"' I- -.'.V.'a-.-d •; Si;-.iat-a .-rA Mi'''' '• to '.i-..- nD;;lr.i.,id . t thi- l.i''<.-. '.".d aloiii; tin- mall ' 1 Cni'-ava
^,. 1 f;,' ,' ",i,. pv-'i'' " M 'vn..;i'i '-:■'-, '.''..-i.!.!. , ill- ml th- vl'. W ■ '- ai c nru ii n.i iIk-i I' , ..11.1 ihi-
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laptn; t;>c n nlicrn ii. -..•. n :.l.,i,i. 1.. 1. '■- .u V!;." vi n N. .-.-:■.: ■:. -v. ! H'c' :... h :n m Mr Llow.:,,, all
iiiehix'^i-rn .i;ilr. Th.-..|,.; . t 1;. ■ . ..;.■. :i ai • h.-i.- t;. W - m in tlule I'arts ot the w ^id, .uc
r :, I I. :, i, ',.'., , '• . , ,'. 1 •:.-;■, ...I ! I. ■.; n 1 . -. :. .lul or tw.i 10 tlu- ea!'.v-. -.i.l o. tin-
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...'., \\.r :i', ■',:.•.'. I 1, .a.do; i .• Id ..; ..-ilv i..-.v,i..;s :lic I. iidi-i.i'.l.
i ,;li :i. ..'M.-ur 11 ;■.-..!- pi; I- ;' c : lu. ..' tin- ca.in'ji/i .;rttn.led with lahi^',
','. ' I .' ,. ,i ,j .s ;., ■•. i.;id\ ic :-.a;l..'-,'.i;:, d.i .: -.ii.- nid .>! ih-J -.Mikilv uioiiIdoii, 0,1 i:k-
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men i.'^a. v icr.' c ', •It' i''- k r,: up </ iLc M >i,'.')is
l he e l(.ni[icti' aiL- l.\ .i^r L.i-
Hvi"!'i dd,'ll,il;i .t li.e;. Wald-, ^aid.Dic ih.U Uil n iluU- Ic.f ;i.. ..:.li:;ed t > ■.! i.ivc t.;- iia.an'^p:..
j.ri'.ilii 'v -..■- -, ;.li" I. .''H.:'. 1'' V la.; 11..1 ..latan Wind, a:ul I-p-.'. .'.v pul uv; ;^ Inn it ilii-v than, c |.
lutfl"- ll' ,! 11. .5 Si;. I • . 11- .■\ .a .11 D 11 111- la .. 1; 11. 1)111', itlv hippva , lii '. .ir..' to;-. . d, t.. .^'ivc ..-.i-i h .,v s.j
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ai. onvpliiii a ; d.^:. laii.
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kii'A'.a t lad n'i:iaa-. 'I '..■_ , h; i ii.iv;i...it. a :>
by i.a. I)'.at.-ii tr::. ' ', !., ;\ ; i.,L. i.na . ;■ j '.i ,- - ,.,,,•. 1
tl,,; V.'a.l. thy laid ;i i, ,il.,.ii,.'s i', i what is i-o..ai au'.! hv thi ■ 'Id aiciiai^o' l)..d e ..iilL.u '.an, an.l
i;nce l.v S.h man, i , th.lt'i',- 1 a uu ■; ■ ..a^onur.v li f.v. en the W mds ot lh-..>.i, an I 1.1 .le o, i,..- ,\tl uitie
an.l 1-!'.io1.k; ih.it ! ' ;ik n „d,'....ud d! I i- l'...pi.ia,i the pre..l.iuiiaaiil Waul is h 1 .vcn ih ■ i' d! an.! ii..a!i ,.,:,;
•in.lt ,d./', ..:!l'-.vaal tl:.' t ! hue is a i .inii.ait liealv -aie ivtwcen the eail and l..uth-,all, ar.,! iliat uu li.un li..v.
th'.- liai '.vi'li lo iiui.'i I. 1.1' ..fv, th.ii they liaic-ev, rn r.l to atieiv.l ilu lail ; and io iiiu.di llieii -' ' ' ' ' "-
to tail ol eiJiaii- t'..a. \ad (;^.aai '.n 10 wcd.s tiu,e, v.liiji li abut 130 Biit.-ii mile-- a day.
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:> iiV 111 Spuii.adsuii. y.o vea-iv ii .ai Nia.S, .a,!- lUv Maaliis
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.!'.;'aii. 1-. !.'.(.•!'. I \- 1! .■ v,A'. vi.i .' VVif. ' tii'.i:' 'l\.ir''ini i i''''\.i"l. Alio S, li .nt.ti, anil other*, who
il i\.' ", 111- '>y til ■ M -I II' ■'■ •' , Il ". I' |v ir •! I'T li'tiii- I'l' iIk.- |i 1 !i I'lll \'\"\'.\ s iiiii'.li a! "lilt iIk |'i..h- Litioi'le
lo till toiiiliwai.l : I 1.1 I III" ,■ aii.'.iii^n liitAnii tin- Wiiul^ ot li' '. OiiMti ami t'.ii: !■'. Iiiopii , iippiau in tli.it
\ip."i ;lii' I'lLifl ■'( i' 1 1 ill ■ ,: 'i • '< 'iii'i h loi I'.i I'v, a thi-r' .!'• 11' r tlic llinri ■• ol .An"')l.i.
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I ."IV , t!..' piiiui)..! i' \''\ I '•, if ill. NU(lii irnin n ai.il i5..1;ii ; t inu- are coiiiiiion loull tmintrn.- ; otlnr. arc
Ilioic- pi. iiiiai lo to".;. [-^ o ■\' \y ; ::■ , CI' tlii I ;ti-r lot t!i • fti .!l tamoiis ar ■ Mu' liunii anr , nhi, h chiclly
ill i'l! ill.- C.iiili' '. , 'lit ii ',.•:■ •,,.. :;.i:<-. 11' T . i 1. 1!'\' tVf : I lit. Til. ir liirv i. f) 'j^rct , that ilicv throw il -wii
,Ti| lifiii'. t'l.'ii, tv -I II''.''.', i '.I ;i .I'l 11 III' , I' I I'-iji'i p' i(li'»io';ll'.', and M '■•. alioui tlii'vis o| v.nl wcis^lii.
'I 11. \ 11 111)1 cM'i, I'lit ill'. Ill ;.', '' . v.'.r. li 1 I '!(!.'•, f'l "•-• 'ill! ;.',(>; nt't'i. r ilo ilicy txt.'nd \ ry wiilc, liutair
I 1 Mft'iii ■■ t iiilui'.- 1 t'l.i iir'-'i*- ' ■ I".:!', a-i! itotli.i i iiiu-s lal-.c a hi ;",i' ii' |h'. A- 'or tiifir iliiralioii, it is htit
I ir .V I'-w iliv', .111.1 I'oiiu ',11,, ^ o .' ,1 t V. Iniiis, 'J"lii V ar • iivir co:un; 'ii in Aiimii.t tli;iii any wliiri-, iliougli
r.iii.ipc iiiilAliiaii n ' 1. " ".■•i .r v.;', ;;t ih i.i.
Il iiiiv I'l'olit'.r. -1 ■■: il \\'iir' , v. ' I. ill. r I' ml 11. t oi- va; i 'hie, that tonic an- dryiii;:, otii rs nr*? moill; totiiT
J', I'.hi'r 1 Uni'.! , ■;!; i ''iiu!-. ('■ in i i •"•■■.' Tin, "ili-'is i nM. IJiii ili.ir inllii ini.' is noi on.' and thf taiii'j in
all iil.ni- ; f'r 1'" 'i '*'» 'n '■ ' ; > <oI I .m.l I'.i'' i i on ' i ': i.a', .,r.' w.inn aiid wet in anotli-jr.
'I hil • .itf ihi' I II 1 1 il .1! ...... 1 i,.s . Ml i.'iMii ', Wi . '. ; 1 .r 1 . r ..■.mini <'V 1 v tliiiv' l'< loiiiiiii.', to this I'uliiuT:
wo'il.l |i tin- w.'ik ol 1 ' 1' 4o'.ii;i:., .i';;ior..i nv .'.11 'it ..iven fr t.'\.r.d tiiin'.'.s, hclon- llit truth ot ilu'in ii*
ijfit. : ..I. C'.i •.inc.'. W f i( .■!• ••.(-• Ill til. :'.t pr lini.ii' rrr- '.in't 'v'- to :ii .Hint lor tin- laiilc- of dMill. ml Winds.
W'l;; ! , 111 il; I'l,.; -ih i' !i-. ' 10 I i' thi' ll.iani, r,. , u-,, nt ..f i!i.' .'.li ; and where I'luli a . iiriciit i^ porpttiial,
an.l 1'^^ 'liiiii'. .■.:!■, it i-. '■ '.'.Ian t'.-t itpro.i .'.-. I; I'-i .1 ;"i:mii 11' , iiiiiiiti-rmiitini; eaiitf. Wlicreloict'otni*
Invfl' -1 iiih 'ill 'p..';. I h iliiirn.,1 roiii"'! ". lii. i;'i, uii .n the .i.\i-, ly ulii. I), a- thefi'.oh.' turns call,
ilu'lo'.i'i r 1 ihi;.! -'i I '-.!'!. .n, li. ill ', I'l i .. e I'.i 'I','', ave litt In iiiiid ; lii that in r Ipu"! to the cartii^
fin: I. e, ih. ■,' ni'i\.' ut'' • ■ li, . n.l I''" oiii- i i')i."an e 1'.. Iv \\ I'l'l, Tiii' opiii.iii I'.'ei'is i.intinned, for that
ll.il,. u.ii 1 .1' t in ' .'•:' IK ■;■ I'.ie li ,inn '."i i, 111 ilio' ■ p'.ia el ot l.iiittide '.vlitri tl..' d.unial motion is iwiftell.
Ai;d w. Ili.i'; I I ■ M'.' .t'ii'it to It, 11 liiei'iir' .it' I'liMii ili .'iilaiuic S a near the liqiLator, the weiltrly \\ iiids
„ ir til ' ,... 1 ,.' (. I' '..-.n I 'l"-| ■■ '...il ^^ 1' ri\ in -.r on- iiaderihc V. ,0 uor iiulie Indii'n ."=. 1 , dul not de-
,li:i..li n'M, I , , .i.i.ul'.i-: '.■..■^. r. I,!. ,■ ilieali iKiiv... Uipt to lUeearrh In' li.e pun. iple 01 p,r.ivity,
M.M.; : ; •.. , 1 . , ., .'...M.r ."it ui ,ii!\ il.ii fne Mr'.i e of ;!..■ i.nih liMVes '.'.idi, a u.il 111 ulput .f the
il,ii'"..| :■ III:"-, .'. ' ll;.' '!■■ ' 1' a'' m ilr I'l n, « 1 ;■ :i is ;i' 1 1'o s wmv.
|j ,.,,,,,,,.,,. ,1,,. ■■;.[■./ I ,. c ,,;li 1- i.iKle, i.;|'.i le ol pio.h l; a l.ke i mi'Mnt ellei-i , arreeahlo lo the
kivnn 'i>!.'i"vt' ■ 01 tli' 1' n ■•'. ' - .'lan.l «i'ei, :.n.\ ill. Ku\s ol ili.- iiioii "n . f liod l.i..lu-. Such a one is-,
u.- i.i'i V.iv, 1'.. 1 1 n '> ■' ■' ' ■■■ ' -•'!' ^ '•'!' ■' '■' ■'■•■ •""' ^^■•''"■' ■''■ ' '-■ 1 ■''^" '•'^'•"^' "^''V "\-'' ''','-■ "eeans, con-
|.j'i,;,. ,i,:'|, I .1.1:. :'',L- !;■:;■• . : .• ! i.l, ".;:' I lin: ui n of th;' .:.!' ' i.i.it; ' • utin. 11, ; ilierctore I'lrll, aeeording
,!, ,1. ' j.. .,; ■'■■• . . .Il - •'. ' :i ; ie ' I 1 :.-"l, or •. .\pan'l.-d \i\ iK-at, and e..nl' '.iue'uly nine pon.l.-ioiis,
'„,:,, ';, , ■- ,1;,. '-ul- ihi-i "1, v.h ill are n."ve riilli d .mil lisp iiil.rou-, t, Inn.; it to an
.HC' Itii. I'.iii C'inlinii.illv ihinin^ t.) liie \\.ii.\aid, th.at p..i:t lu-.iaid wi:i.-|i
. . I ; I, ;, 111 ,1 - ■ vh''. I'leai ir.eiidiuii 1. t, i- u I'l liiiv. . nu d v.eli'.ia.d, :iii'l
.,: ; 1, 'v . ' 1' '-1 ■. /i 1.. I di..t ■..•.!•.•. T .i- .; ■:v. .1 lUi'y \. .1 i i i'.iir.eJ,
i| 1, :i;-,,-,i', 1! ') ; .:i, tr. : :' ir.ip I n : nn'.'.ei, :'nd !•■ l-i' p '' m.; till ihu
to ;.i'....li o li- ::'.., : a:s\... i j.i is.'.;j,iiii ie!ii..r..l ; ..n.l lin; ll.e \s .lleilv Wind
'j',', ,'.',,',','/, .'.'..'. ,■ , ; 1 ;: f ,M,v..- , i',:-.r li..- :• ilv Wind llvii!.', on di n- idi li.le "f ih ■ r(]ii,itor, he lo
' ' ■ ,,, |, .;•;, 1 ,', II,'.... I ' iM |...iiiiwa|-d l!.e.. ' -, i 1; n II til Li.e I'.ie .!ir M niuchiii'.re
111-11! Ill 1
..i:-li; 11 I!'
lij.. ... [■■■ .! , I 1- l-l -. 1 • ,.'
( .'ll, I. I i' \ -.1 ^ !">.■ . ' 1
v,';., i-.'li ■ 1 ' • ■' ■- o' d ir' 11
lie--.t II" .n . I'll. «1 1.1
I..', I.l.
III. 1
r.i: II
t ll-
i. ; :
ll' d
ll ,:
I,.
.1 •',
'.- ll
1; ,.,. tr „ 11, 1 ,. -1 I , I the ion Ik-iiii'' iwi.e m .1 "-n' v'.nie.', a-;.' i; no time dil'-
l\, :,',;. y ^^\..^■\| ,l,,ia,ii- I'e heat, I'leii'i; :'• l''e lui- 01 lii.- aii;le . .f In, i.i..nie, is
.. •;'• ivl.;.'.! l^ 1 !,l ,.; it Vii.l.r, w 1 I'-iii i.ie mi I'l "i". -'' ' ' 'i "
.1,
,],,,,_ \\l ..'ijs 11 .li-iiiu- 'I oi[ iis, ilu.ii;;li tlie Inn 1 onlMiue loii;i,\ir
.V\ .;-. ivl.i,',. i, .1 !,; ,1 ,1 vii .1,-r, w'l i-'-;!! llie an I ■ e "is, ■'.■ I'm tlv.- fumnicr
-l! ned.'.'ei- wiii'i 'iiit iii..'.ei ih ' li n-'-" i' : uh.-itioic tli. .'.ii ,..lh. r. irili.M.i.l and
, I . . , . i' t'' I 1 ■' -f 111 tl-,. i,:id !l. , il f '!1 i.\ . i';..i loni lioiii li !. s ii o.i.,r.ii t.i i lu! toward the
1'.;",^ . . ' ,,i" ,'': y "ir ', ;'\" ;!i liii'Vi 1 '1 . 'lliI- Wi:.-!, ::..! Avi . ;,ll I'l.- plueiniKn 1 . l' t!i.- 'general
,,'.'. '',■ '1' ' . 1"',. -•.,,' ..M i-ii .,', ,,'1,1 ii-,id''iil/uii'.\ i iowa I loni.d d.ev.uii.i, .IS il.iv a:e Unmd to
ii.ii.iii-. .'vi-i .;..■ .11.'. 1 ilii.'!';. Ci,r-. .... I'll
.,,,■,., .' .;„,'; :ii,,;,t,:-.i-s,'ointerp'Vanll.i al. i!i.'e')n.r:i;iivo;i!ieoi.-:ins re;v.-..l'-;.n I. :iad to
.' ' , ., .r 1 ■ ■ f ,• -> 1 -i n -It 11- 1.1- h n.oi:,.l;'. ■:'-, v.lii li :;: V !■- lupiiola! tlv I .0 | ..luip.d taiile-^
' ''."''i' 'i , V,. "!..',. J- ',\ i ', I, ii-.ini th- ! 11,'..! J, r.'ji.il lu'e: i n 1, a • oiiiuiy lyiir.; 1 . ■ die luii j i-,.\ e.-. m
'.■'i''") '',' \ ' !.' I ,".' I .'.',-• i • i.'i'it-i !,, ■,ii ,'e 01 ;i ly ep lu.i .0 I'c. liie lua- ( .alioncd liy the r--
'iJi;,./, "'iV'-i t ;;■ ulii'ie .1 111 die and, 1, in. le.iii.li to ill Icw'--^ - nntleltil; wlici.
" - ■• ^ ,11 t. -J .'. I I 111. '. i'n''i'e d.ine .lin'.. li ' vii.i thir i lu.i d ■ (. ■
;!i i.iutv; .. ll". , n.ai ;!-.. toali oi (jiiiiKa, '... - \\ ind .I'-.v..'. > ki^ i.-.
n , 1 1
;' . 11'! 'lie H
I » ,' .' II' 1 e-'". -^ii ' '.■' I'l'
, ,;.,'. e .- i..l.''il!i , ; 1 1 i' 111
,,. ,., ,. : , I, Ll ^;l::,; V. i - ' .i' \-- -ui 'I e.ii!
1',-^; ' 1. : liiiii-nt I .ili'il !
I ,,-.,1 i-, lii le -; .veiel'oiii..iii;' I 'e..l 1" g'V i
1
V , 'inc • I i 1101 ill. m
v.- in- 1.1 - 11 laii.l jiM-is oi' A'ri ! ar - pi ) I , i v.i
,.„,,,■ il 1.11'. I o n l"l-,il ai alii evoi.. I e 1 1 pi .wa.vm
' .. 0.1111 . 1 ! .1 t 11 1.. ins. I , . V', :.\..,-; i,i ,,,;. . ,,,!, ,v.ll thuvol'.tli.- len.Un ^ ol uie an here i-, ,n-
''^''"''■''7'"';iiTl Ind-'r o '.a U- we^'h; .a the incumUni alii.olpiKi-c Ivino
:i;,;;:;-r,i;: :h:^:n::;!l--uAl;n:K ....... Imne, „ d. ie.iK.a duu ilK.uil,e,eli".J. not.iie
to.'iy.i v..p'jur
it uctutb, but leti 11 f.id nuo luiiuuu ram .
But
r
\
\\
^:;:t
I
Hi
fi '
5-0
A (.11 Di: TO (.l.OC. U AT M V
iMC.
But a tlic io>.', .'.uc
Llltc
V iciKiii I
if its uiv.i.or L'.i.ivilN ,
L-lK
■^ Uiviii IMi
c liot aiul raiinrd, it
flrat
ivo til, it tins
hv.t:
ill al^iiul
111 ;i coiumui'
nil
1^ tl-.llloll-
Ipcrlc iili-'lt 10 puloiw till.- (.V
liiih
I ;is talt .IS It raiilics; lUii! tli.ii, liciiig al< iinlcd, it mull
parts wlKii-lhe t!,r,at.ri I'.cat i--: lo, l)\ a kiiul nl < iiciiiaimn, tiif noiili-i
nuiiu tli.U I-, ilif ii|>i'if an imiii mow hy ,1 uMiiii'.ry tiimnt Iroiii tlioli.'
wiiii a I'liitli-ucrt.iK ab >Vi.-,
a t
ic luuih-ialiiih wuii a norili wi-
ll W
lit Tradr Wind Iv
Tliat
l)calli-iuk(l
tins is m..ic tlian a
oare toiiKi'iuic.
the
alini'lt inltantancoi^ cliana,c ot the Wind to tl., oppolii. punu, wIikIi i- lif(nnniiy Iniaul ii
]ianih)i
' llK' nni;Is i.>:
, railf
W
uivis, levins to alurc ii>
hut thai wl.uli a.i'Vrall t'liiiiiiir.i
Ih
liu- piircnoiTiciion 1 f tlio moiiluoii'-, by this nuMii^ Molt catilv l<)l\
il without it hail
I' pot I
irtl:
I- cai:ljs (
.ft- Ml
dl
\\ cx|ilu'abl
Kiiriiaiu's
ilc.i.aiKic.i, tliLV arc li.iidiv to boaaoiiin.tl for 111
li.
\e\xx, ii iiia\ ill tiit- liitl jilac
lat I hi
c valid ol all
ds is liiiKh the lam
all parti! iilars.
and ihcriicit an ix-
iraordinary nioiion n:av he (.'xcitcd in ilic air, 1 v the lame ua\ a 11 is in ih.' water.
ow it watiT lall- (
iipli iilace. o:
il i,.cr.
'.liu.'ncc of level il iireams to^crtliei, t.
loill ,1
main whiilin"s ar
If, tk
;aili,'
111 It ; ti',;- 1- apjiaien
lomci
'OUS t.> this 111
I I'l loiKMts iilhiv.; ilou.'i lioiii 101 ks
111
;ivis II a vioUni motion, aikUaull
md eonllufiiccs of river-
m .t.
Anil
Pl
Hi II a tiun[; may liip
li,,ppen in l.i.- a;r, Ihui mull luedb lie lunou^ tempill'. of Wnid
111 iMraordinary i|M.uii;t\ ol vapinua l)ediivin by tlic Wind uiioij
:i tcrtaiii place, wlik 11
I'.u'v laiiiiot lalily get ovir in' naion o| iiuniiitain or io|;ii,irv Winds, ilat oppoi'c them
For cxamjiL-, I'upp •'.-■ a Wind from lomc point between nortli m\A eall carries a \all 1 ollci'tion ot vaj.'oiirs out of
1 htiiits upon the > ' iitincnt ot Amirr.-.; now 11 is |)oiiilif,' tiiat not oiiiy tl
Africa to the L'an ' 'i
mountains and womis
till- w;iH
ot I'aiiama niav rclill the 1 uncut ot t'.i
W
le
III
the vapours together, but a
contrary Wind, tiom a point bctwicn tlie loiitliaii I well, may i low at thelame time on tlie ucllern llioic ol Amc
rica, Willi
tail K
iC the va
pOL
bai k
W
un hull aKiKounici liapp n--, ilni.ni
:e an aliout t
ti
,i'ul in all thai irai
\apouis III this circular motiiin mu
ill be t
uruiu-
luie
il
Soiiln ar
. 11 IS ;n
d \o.ili-A
\ wild uproar
mcnra ;
lie wu.r.
I
aihl the
or \vc lee at
th
conUueiicc ot tworivir-, it iliiir uirrents Ic rapid at tlie
eddu« which whirl ab ^ut things that arc can iii'.o ihtni
uj) aa,ain.
valf
pa c wluve lhe\
I IV. \ eaule violc.'.t
iwiii;.', ihem loi a lime, and tii-.n throwiii;' thm
l!ll
Tins Ih
ws 115 the realo'i vvliv heavv boilies are <
tlien dallied to t! c
iiuiaui a-ain.
i 01 th.
;ir hems:
Itcn |ollt;d ill ihc
in a circular nv
A IIr- WiaillMiJ
luiriKancs, aiic
1 with ■^le.il bay lolled backwards
and h
irwaii
btiuien l!ie itroi.nd aiii tlu- iloi.ds. And as the w.ae:- ul the rolhii}; ka do in I run tot'
ic
mores in an even llr
into dillinc; bla; .
lull in lucli waves as d.Jli i y fits and I urn , lo tii.' louiic ol a viole
Wi
llokt
T
o come now
toll
le common
lanomcna o
f Winds, tlie dr
y or.; are !i,ch as lari v few vapours aloivj, witli
them, and tlu-rdote diaw otrthcmoili |i.ati. le Iimiii bodies ove:' wiiiih they p.us. Thus in 1 IoII.uhI il e nurili
and call W imls, with the iiuermei.liaie |-,o:iii ., aie il
vapours, in KM-iipaiiton of ihofc which lonie liom
li.j eall are v.ill tla^,k^ ol huvl, wiieie the heat at Miiirumi
rying.
cipecialh the we
llcrly
be- .uile tlu colli northern Uayi'.ld b'.t lew
p. Ills ol the Ol can; and Irorn tlunie io-,i.ards
er 1 but vei\' Imall. I5ut the other Winds,
, are moil
bi
Ocean llldom fails to lend us rainy Wi
C' aoif thev iliuc lioiii |j,e vi,ai.ii aud vaporous
>ail5.
Tl
Well
em
ol coiintru s.
Sjcli Winds iiather (. louds a^ blow troiii t
Ih:
L-vei , ill
piop-
nts aicoiilin^ to t.ie vaiious lituaiion
irtcrs where t'l vapours aire, wliuii, in 1 oniuiii'lion with thf
tide (hole Wi
luaKe i.iir weailKi , \wiicli
bii
ittlc \a-
vapours ot our own ti j^i 1,1, till the air. On the lUier lulc I hole
pour along with them, and bear away iliat wimh lianas over u'.
Winds arc wan;, or lold, as the countri, s aie iioin \\liencc t'ley I'low; and, therefore, when a brilk Wind
blow.- Irom a Cold ijiiarter, it allays the lumni> r hiat, whih i-- \ei\ liicloiiie in liill weatlnr. Thus a quieL
blall o! a jiair of bellows will put out a liame, whuha ;'> ntle b!ou in;; ineiiaks; tor the i|iii(k blall drives
all the llame to one lide, where it is Uifled b\ the torce ol the liii iiiiibenl air, exi' pt il meet with more tuel oil
tl:.'.t Tide; but a ^^entle Wind augments the motion ol tlie llame every way, and makes it Iti/e < 1 more parii
ol the Mel.
Now, bci lule all the lieat or n)ld ot Winds [iroieeds Irom the luat o|- cold ot the coui.iiy whence 11 blows,
tlierctore the lame Wiiuls are hot and lold every wh.ie. ii.yoi.d the 1 ne th y are i.il the leveile of what th-v
arc with le; !■ 1 '.li.ircold Winds are trom tlie fouili. a 'i.i . a e ti'iu t!:e iv i;h ; and as o^r li.uih NS'iuil- aic
warm, lui iii
■dii
but b
tli.v bll,
an ail hea;
the lull, loi the \eiA lame i^alcn the north
W
mils are waini to our .•'
r\ntl
I'romwhat has been laid it is luliicieni'y r.inrikll, that ili'. fun ImIu- pi iiu :j;a! i uil'j ■ I Wiiul, and m'tiontiie
caule o
f Vi
But it
we exec
pt thole
ml.
ml anil
die.il Winds wliii.li blow 111 k mc lea-
ti.el
imits ot
the relt laiiiioi be uetermined, noi lan we In wh.ii tmv will beuin, or wliMi they wileiid. J'or inltiuiie, w
tannot uive a real in win' an ealt Wind lli.
le luiiimer, andiiMli Wi.idaiioiii
mi_k;ht b
lever
dileoverevi, 11, loi kveial year- tog^ether, a nr
1 countne
torih
w ' nil le Ills 111
vonii.mi an I inei'ulir lo us, iiii;^
lei vat ion was m i.
li
tlie
w
I'olill
Hills, and their lliiltin
)h it
in
c uucs; at le.ill ue ihoi.id know Imw lar i raikd W lud w .old i oiiiiiiue 11 .
made wc mull Lie lati tied witii what knowlnliie we havi.
igs
• t'.iind lo loilow ccrtam
till lui h expeiiiiKiils ate
n
f
f.
Ae.ii-
1
All,,.
s
Aihe!
a
Aa.iM.
B
A.l.ii:
B
A.lil.
'
Aim
''1
\.|mii
■ '
.\,Uv.
i
A.IlM
u
A hi
AiKi
A;
.A;;: II I
.■\,'.
A, i/l
An 111
.\is,
As
.M..,;
.Ml ■.
Al.,1:
Alii.
a; !
Al. I
A'-ii
.Mr
A!, I
•^;
J N [) i: x.
I
aiul r:iiinr(l, it is d. iniiii-
, liiiiig all i-tulc<l, It mull
ii:\iy n:ric'nt thim tliolc
lui IkIow will bcailciuifii
'lint iliis is mi'ic than a
mil !■ licqiKinly imiiul in
11:11 11','; thi ■ hyiiotln-lis, is
uK cxpliiMl)!.'.
11,1.1 till m ;ii! |v.rii' iilars,
III; , ami ilicR'tcie an i-x-
Now it waii-r lalU Iniiii ;i
loliiii nioiimi, ami laulls
:i;ul LiiillufiitC' 111 livcr .
|'uri"ii> tl.■lliiKll^ u| \\ 111,1
iliivi 11 hv tlic Wind iijioii
Wimls, ll:at i)p|)iilt: iluni.
oik-rtion ut vai-'uiiis out ot'
iDlii'iJ-- tli.it not only the
vaiioui') tugctiicr, hut a
tlic ucllcrn iTioic ol Aiiie-
11 1,- mail 1h- a wikl upni.ir
Siiitli-Anicrica ; aii^l tiic
iL- wu.r. l-'or \vc k'C .it
tall i :, til' \ tauli.' violt.'.t
.uul llitn ihru'.viiiL; tlii-ni
INDEX
T O
BANKES's SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY
i
liiiliii" ('f luiniiancs, ani'
UMt liiiy I wilt' 1 lijik.varus
lliiii!, lea do int iiin to ilif
ii a \ lolci.i Wind IS broken
V liAv vaiioiH-- aloiv:, \mi1i
'I'lius in I loll.Uid it '.• iioilli
norilRin Ua yi'.ld Iv.t Uw
1; and tiMiii tln-iKc towards
. IJut tlic other Winds,
irou'. pa! Is. 'I'lic Wellern
iiij^ to ilic v.iiiou, liiuaiioii
.nil, in 1 oniuiiotiuii with the
ithu, uhich bnn<; little va-
iTcfore, when a biilk Wind
lill wt.ulur. 'I'luis a quieL
; to] the ipiiik. bl.ill dri\ts
|)t It ineei wiih mor.- tuel on
iiak.b It Iti/.' < I mote paili
ih,- country whence ii blow-.,
;i.li liie uveilc ot what tlu V
.\<i^ as i.'ir I'oiiih \\ iiui- au'
.e vci\ lame ivatoii ihc- north
.|j ■ t Wind, ami ni'liui the
,,v ill I' mc k-a^, ilif limits of
y \siil end. I'or inlt:nuc, we
I Wi.id aiioilr.r. l'ollll)h it
• Win, Is, ,ind iheir Huttings in
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apii, liui.i.liiHiuM 111, iiiio China, 225
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moiii.i •(i.,!
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ol till- Natives, •:().;
Mlli'!lil>rl '.J,
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I'cail l'illRTii;s, Ijj, i.)j, J.1J.
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1 IVi^n. .I,).!
I'l'Huans ill.
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Pilopom-lii-, 01 M'jrea, qoj
I I'cMilia, ;i5(>
, I'l-iiiliriiki'lliiic, I) IIJ
Pi'iiiilvlvaru.i, ,^()(i
' I'liilaiola, .jo8
I'eppcr fja^iuica) Cultivation ol, ^^r
I'cia, 2 ;o
I'.Ti Iks H^)^
IVifriirms i;,3
: r''ii;i, ,5^1'
ri'jiiiia, 01 I'ciiiKlkv, 68 1
I'll :r|inil-, I -,0
1'. 1 111, l-l 1
■ . .N,ui,m1 Uilloiv ol, 1-1 ( ^
_-_ I'lTluiv, MamiLTs, and Cultoii'.s
I ,,! liic liili.iliu.iiii. ot, 1-11 1
] Antuiiutus ol, iju ;
i lllll. IV ol, I;,.! I
I'nlian CMilpli, i-l j '
' IVilli-Aiul'OV, -|.in
I I'.-iililliiri'. i;.'4
i i\-in, -,1"!
I N.imr illIinorv.il, i!>.
j . l'cr|,M>, Mmm-is. .in,l Culloiiis
I I, I ilu- Inhaliii.iiU'i, ^.,0
Hilton I'l, J !«
I'fti-rllnir.;, (.';■•-
IVllipolv, .'77
I'liaiiiaci.i. 1"',
N'rti.;i.il llillorv ol, r I'lu-aUiii CliiiirU :v.'0
iloii^, CultoiiK. ami l'|i,|,i,|clphia .Uia i- ^
' "■ ■ .\i:uiKM. 40''
I'liillipina, .'H j
I'liillipuiL- UK'S, 2^^
I'lllllipopoll, 1104
I'liillipibun;. -I'l
IMiocuKia. iXi
l'ti..l.-\s,l('-
l'lii\i;ia, I - I
I'l.ll CII.M, fvo"
I'l, ai.lv, H.;S
I'l.u, 111.- ol.
l'i.li;i-oiis I'.-rliaii 114
ricdiii.iiii, Si)l'
IMloiv .("tiiiick-) .■,(!
I'llki, Hi ,
I'liics, llK-ot, 11
I'lliauni-^. 01 Fillu-r lllamis '.'80
I'lnaiiii llliii'l. X->
I'l.iuiaiii I'k-c^. 1 11
I'lavm jChim-lO; -J.',!
Oaiii, ;; , 1
od.iiiii swiiiiiii iii.iii.i. '.':,.•
<),|rnlii', o il
OllupLiS (11)
Odiiiiti-ioiis KniT. mH
(X'l.s, ;-o.
()clU'ilv',aii, hvj'i
O-lU-inoa IlhnI, Ho
Okir, i.'H
OMlnim. 771
Oldoiiliiiin, 7(1 )
C)l(-i-,i, i«o
Oliv.s, Moiiiii ol, iS()
C)liiiiii/, Hi
()!\iiipi,i, 1)0'^
OlvniiMis, joi)
Oonalallika. 47 •
I'l I lolls, Niinnois, ami dii-
lOMls ol ilic NaiiVL-s, it).
Naliual llilloiy ol. 171
Opium, ii)(i
Olioiio, K,S t
Opp.'li'ii, 7J(i
Opiual l-'iiMiH-s, K'liiiuli- J--i(>
Oiaii, |C ;
Oianm , I'linciji.iliu oi, 8-,i
Oi.M.k->, o, ()ikm-\ Illcs, ij,j8
OiliMM';, K().'.
Oilfaiiiiois, ill.
OiniU', 14 j
Ol |i'.ia, I 1 ;
Olana, 1."
Oliiabiir.j; lll.m i, X,)
15illio[ii;. '''O
OIK-iid 8)8
Ollritli, (8,
Otalia, 7--,
Olahvitc- llkma, n I..
987
I'lymoulli, f)cH
I'odolia, 704
I'oland, ()i)4
- N'aiiiial Hilloryol. ili.
(jcograpliical Ddcripiion ot,
I'lrlons, Manners, and Cultums
1)1 the Inhahitams. 707,
;\i CDiiilt ol, I'ldiULal and Com-
im-riial, 70(1
Hilloiy ot, ;o8
7'^i
I'olniiuc-I ice, 720
I'ohK.iis, -Iv:
I'onieiaiiia I'liidian' 715
Sweiliih) 717
I'oinerelia, (i,)7
1 1 I'ondiLlietiy, 117^
I I'ontiis, 17 )
I I Poor Kni(;lils, Illan.ls ol, 'ju
I P.ijie's DoMiinions, 81)2
Pol. el,un lowci, 227
Poiil,in,l Ulanil. ji 1
Port,. Hello, .343
I'orlo Kii o, 3^41
Port I .iiiuiie, ^fiS
Port L Oiient, 8_^(j
Port Mahon, <i )i)
PdtllllloUtll, |)C<J
Poi.iin.il, 88 ;
Ciilloniv and Mmn/i. ot the
Iiih.ihitanu, ^84
Millon ol, 88;,
I'oniignele P.illelhoiis m India, 275
Poiiiaiiia, ()ij(i
Poloe, ji I
Pot/d.iiii, 7 1 ,3
Poiiuelano, J ■, 1
Power otlhe Chiiiefe Emperor, 2a8
Praihip, 8i,j
Pi,igue, 814
j Praia. 314
Prianian, 217 1
' imeol Ann.iinljoe. r^'uMi kjble Anec-
dote ot, :^4'j
I' inti: Edward's Illand, p 1
P.iiicc ot W'.ilcs'.s lllmd, ib.
Prince William's Sound, 467
Peili.'ns, Man-
ners and Cul-
I t.'insotilieNa.
lives, 4I18
! ' Natural HiUoiy
; ' ol, 4fa()
I Piimiii.',, M.iliodot, 111 Cliina, --'Jj
-Origin ot, 777
•'. !■:
.Manners ot ilie N.i
lues, 48, »<:.
Otaliooi.iia Illand, 1 |
O'.ideii ul.-, 8 j7
Over-Mlel. 8.:(,
Oxloidlhii.-, .)! •
P.Xd.iliii, -•.) ,
I'adeiboiii, 7 ■, '
I'adiia, 8,),)
l»,uiods, 01 Paiioda,, ChiaelL; -in;
P.ihaii, • H)
Palatnbo.iii, .•()
Rilaiupiiii. -■''-■>
I'al.itin.iii-, 8jj
P.ilermo, .) 1 1
Palelhne, i8,.,
Palliate, ^77
Palliler's Illand, 80
Palm lll.iu.l, jii
Palina, 4.',t
Piobat .'.-,1
Piuiii, Aiibeyol, 7(18
I'liillia, Kin^.loni ot, 710
Hillorvol, 7-7
Pohlli. Oi)7
I'lara, ;)o(i
Pulo Condore, 24 i
. La.la, 01 Illand of Pepper, 29 j
Sapta, {14 _
' Piinilliinenis in Corea, 1 \
— I'll Ha. i.-,o
China, 2ji
Alj;iers, 408
Pvrnniids. l-'.i;vptiaii) 386
Pvinuint 7 -, 1
Q.
Ql'ebee. 401
Queda, -• ,0
y„edlmibui>;, -jS
Oiieen's Coimiv, g.j.l
Cimeii Chailulie's lllands
2: Illand,
,40
'1.1
PI
■llOW, ('
Ploikio, 7CI
11
Queen ol Mala, J04
Queileii, 731
Qiieiiiiib.i lllands, 4 ,0
(Jiieliiui Illand, i | (
Oiiiil ot Betel, jo..'
Qiiu-klilvei, n'lii.iikalde Mines ol', de-
liiibed, 71)4
Qi"lli,;a, t-r
Ommiiiin.i. 01 Jefiiits i5irk, f)45,
Quito\e. ( '4
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