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Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ ^x^»-. mr% U ■^^ 13 /d EOINBURCH : T. AND A. CONSTABLB, PRINTBRS TO HER MAJESTY. TiAConrtable, Printers to HerM^eBWiEdlnT aKfsx. Tl K »f Hi \rm i iii 1 J'l MANITOBA AND THE NEW NORTH-WEST $mr> »«$in i^ wac5 of m. TERMS FOR ACQUIRING HOMESTEADS ALSO DESCRIPTION OF LANDS OFFERED FOR SALE I!Y I flK ?0rt|^*tl[^st (Janatra Companir, limttf:!). HEq^'D OFFICE-^23 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Etnigration Ai::;ent, Mr. James Lukk. \rinte)ideiitof Landsin Maniiolhi, . Mr. Charles Ci AV. VJ(Op l}0rtij^nic»t 6anaiia Compng, I.IMITKl). CAPITAL, 06100,000. h DIRECTORS. The Right Hon. LORD ELPH1N8T0NE. SIR GEORGE WARRKNDER ok Lochend, Bart. WILLIAM LOWSON, Esq. of Balthayock. JOHN CLAY, Esq., Kerchester, Kelso. ANDREW WHITTON ok CoustOxN. WM. JOHN MENZIES, W.S., EniNBURfiH. OFFICE A23 GEORGE STREET. EDINBURGH. Superintendent of Lands in Manitoba, . CHARLES ("LAY, Bramki Emigration Agent, lAMKS LUKE. ; ( m> CONTENTS. HT. INBURGH. LAY, Bran I '0 o Oh A a, 1-4 J?; a '/. r h h i\ t( z SI o I' tl tl ol u lea iil « 13 beautiful, the snow is seltUuu deep, tlie frosts are early to como and late to go. All crops flourish, though primitive and rude are the means by which they are tilled ; timber is in places plentiful, in other places scarce; grass groAvs high, thick, and , rich." So said the author of The Great Lone Land The best proof of the climate is the appearance of the people who f have lived there all their lives. They are a strong and vigorous rrace. The annual rainfall is estimated at 25 inches. The temperature in winter falls occasionally to 30° or more belo^^• zero, but owing to the dryness of the atmosphere and frequent ^isunshine this season is very pleasant. The summer is not .!v oppressively warm, and for a short time only does the boat exceed 85° in the shade. -1 Quality of Soil. ^ In regard to this subject let us quote a few sentences from ^ the pen of the Scotsman\^ Correspondent, who visited this part '^ of the world last year, and whose opinion may be considered a ?; thoroughly impartial one : — " The soil for the most part consists •t^^cf alluvial deposits of varying degrees of depth and fertility, iand while broken here and there with ranges of Ioav hills, the 'I country is further diversified with timber on the banks of its llakes and streams. The plains bordering the lower reaches of the Red River and the Assiniboine, and constituting principally the province of Manitoba, are covered with a rich black loam, |capable of producing the finest crops of roots and cereals, save diere it assumes a marshy character now in the course of being rectified by a system of public drainage." So much has been mtten about the richness of the soil that we could give count- ess extracts. Probably the most prolific soil in the world is to >e found in this region. At Kildonan they have grown wheat )ntinuously for fifty years, and though the fertility and pro- ducing power have been diminished, still it is no uncommon 3currence to reap twenty-five bushels per acre from fields which, an ordinary region and with a different climate, would long the *o have stopped producing altogether. Lonj ages ago 14 work of deposition began, wlien or how it matters not for practical purposes to discuss. Subsequently, when covered by abundant herbage, thes«! plains were from time to time swept by prairie-fires, which left the ashes behind to still further 4'nrich what was probably already an exceedingly fertile portion A.N .VMERIOAN HKEAKINO PLOUGH. of the globe. ' Nature was thus storing up wealth to be drawn upon when it was needed. Tliat day has come, for the world Avants bread, and it is looking to the North- West, Avith its 250,000,000 acres of fertile land, to produce the staff of life for the millions craving for it. At present there are only 40,000,000 acres under wheat on the continent of North America; what then will be the future of this new country with its 250,000,000 acres — a large proportion of which is admirably suited for growing wheat of the finest quality — Avhen even one-half of this vast area is brought under cultivation ? llto 17 s not for overcd by ime swept ill further ilc portion HjXr.^^ be drawn the world ?t, with its f life for the 40,000,00(1 erica; what 50,000,000 suited for one-half of Quantity and Quality of Grain. Wheat grown in Manitoba takes the very highest place in the principal markets, and brings about 15 cents per bushel over other kinds. It is an ascertained fact that the nearer you approach to the Northern limit for growing wheat, the better the quality becomes. This is no doubt largely due to the deep and fertile alluvial soil on which it is raised. We give the deliveries of grain for last three months of 1880 at Duluth, where grain raised in Northern Minnesota, Dakota, and Mani- toba is shipped, to show the uniform high quality maintained ; and add those at Chicago by way of comparison. Take for the purpose of comparison the crop of 1880. During the last three months of that year there were inspected at Duluth 1,778,764 bushels of wheat. Leaving out of considera- tion the fraction of 86,000 bushels, which were of the soft variety, and, it is assumed, came to this port from southern counties of Minnesota, the wheat graded as follows, the amounts being expressed by per cent. : — AT DULUTH. Oradc No. 1, hard, Grade No. 2, . Grade No. 3, . Rejected, 87 per cent. H ,. 1 ,. 1 ,. ( During the same month there were inspected at Chicago 1,571,262 bushels of winter wheat, and 7,988,816 bushels of ipring wheat, which graded as below : — AT CHICAGO. Winter Wheat. Ifrade No. 1, . 1 per cent, jfrade No. 2, . . 53 , , rade No. 3, . .34 Bjected, . . 12 »> Spring Wheat. Grade No. 1, . . 1 per cent. Grade No. 2, . .66 „ Grade No. 3, . . 23 „ Rejected, . . 10 „ f I As to the respective market values : at the city of Buffialo, Hhere the northern and southern grain, coming over the lakes m Duluth and Chicago, first meet in a general market, the A3 18 following were tlio average prices per l)ushol during tlic months mentioned above : — 1.18 1.15^ 1.134 1.08 0.95 0.80 With regard to the yield per acre, it may Ix stated tliat in his evidence to Messrs. Kead and Poll, the Commissioners sent by the British Government, a prominent farmer stated that his average return for various years was over 30 bushels of wheat, 40 of barley, and 75 of oats. We extract the following returns from the Report of the Department of Agriculture of tlu> Dominion of Canada, published in 1881. No. 1, Hard Duluth, . . No. 2, . . No. 1, Red Winter, 1.14 No. 1, Spring, No. 2, 1.11 No. 2, „ No. 3, „ 1.06 No. 3, „ Rojtioted, 1.00 Rejected, AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE. 1? 1' 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. J u Wheat (6m«/«.), 20-1 2G?j 20^^,' 29.\ '% '' Oats, „ 591^ 59:^ 58 572 ^Mw Barley, 40§ 08 37H 41 ^..1 Peaa, ,, 32 34 32} 38.1 i.i Potatoes, ,, 304 308 302 318 The various root crops, such as turnip.s, mangold, onions, etc., do exceedingly well, and for size, quality, and yield per acre arc unsurpassed. It is safer to take a moderate figure for an average on whidi to make calculations, but even with a return of "JO bushels per acre of M'heat, the profit to the grower would l)e large. ■■i. The New Railroad. However rich a country may be, without facilities for sending its products to market it will inevitably lie tlormant. Thirty years ago the North- Western States of the Union were as silent as the present solitudes of the Saskatchewan Valley. Ten years ago the Canadian North- West began to attract increased aiUm- tiou as a field for settlement. After a long sleep of two hundred ', months 18 1.134 1.08 0.05 0.80 1(1 that in mors sent I tluit his [)f wheat, ig returns of tho 1880. '2^ 41 38.J »18 ions, etc., r acre arc on which Lishols \)0l 19 years, nndcr the sway of the Hudson's Bay Company, the era (»f agriculture hegan. Sh)wly, hut steadily, cultivation has made progress, nnd since the introduction of Railways into the Province an extraordinary impetus has heen given to its development. The Canadian Pacific Railway, which will exert an immense I inllucuce in developing the resources of Manitoha and the 1 North-West, has been undertaken by a Syndicate of business I men, who for twt^lve months have pushed matters forward V with iunuense energy. Soo!: a Railroad will reach the Rocky Mountains, and its main line will throw out feeders on every side. High though the price may bo that is paid for the con- I struction of this road, yet its benefits will be incalculable, and I it is [)robable that it will cost much less money than it would I iiave done if (constructed by the Covernment. It must be k(?pt ^ in nn'ud that the success of the Railroad dej^ends upon the ]>i'osperity of the surrounding country, and although, from the ,^ terms granted to them, this Syndicate have a monopoly of the Railioad interests outside of the Province of Manitoba, yet it iwill be to their interest to treat th(^ settlers along their system |of I Jail way in the most favourable manner possible. The people )f Manitoba have tlie granting of charters for Railway building in tlieir own hands, and they can therefore promote opposition Ife-oads. if necessary for the weUV./e of the country. For the 'present, and for some years to come, the building of this gigantic *^igh\vay will ]mt a large -mount of money in circidation ; and *^hile thousands are at present attracted to this eouutry in con- %ecti(U» with it, many of them will settle down and become i*fono\vers of agriculture. )r sending Thirty L' as silent Ten years ,sed atten- hundred The present and proposed Outlet of Produce to Europe. The only outlet for the produce of this vast region at present [is by the St. I'aul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba Railway, but so Ifar there has not been much to send. Local consumption has [taken U(>arly all that was produced, but the time is coming wiien Isome other highways for the commerce of this vast region will 20 be needed. The natural outlet will soon be open, namely, by Lake Superior, and through the great chain of lakes to Montreal. When the building of the Railway betwixt Winnipeg and Thunder Bay, at the head of Lake Superior, is finished, the North-West will be able to send its produce mostly by water carriage, which will reduce charges for freight very much. Another great channel for conveyance of grain, etc., is being opened up. It is the same route used by the Hudson's Bay Company for two hundred years to bring goods to this region. Recently careful explorations have been made, and the observa- tions taken show that for five months in the year, at any rate, this route will be open. A Railroad from Winnipeg to Churchill Harbour on Hudson's Bay has been surveyed, and will be con- structed shortly. Churchill Harbour, which is one of the best in the world, is only 2926 miles from Liverpool, while Montreal is 2990, and New York about 3050. The result will likely follow that grain will be delivered as cheaply at Liverpool from Manitoba as from Chicago. When this important point is attained, the success of the North-West, as the greatest wheat-producing region in the world, will have been secured, and the settler will count with certainty on receiving a good return for the labour and capital laid out on his farm. It will also follow, as the natural result of cultiva- tion and other improvements made on the farm, that its value will steadily increase. The increase will be greatest in lands contiguous to Railways. Those of the North-West Canada Company being veiy favourably situated in this respect, may be expected to become much more valuable as cultivation and settlement go on. We may refer as an example to the remark- able change effV>cted by the introduction of Railways on prices of land around Winnipeg, where what previously could be bought for |il per acre is now worth $ to $20 according to situation. Stock-Raising. Manitoba is an exceedingly healthy climate for stock, but as yet not much attention has been paid to this branch of agricvil- I i lamely, by a Montreal, mipeg and nished, the Y by water Quch. c, is being dson's Bay .his region, lie observa- nt any rate, ;o Churchill ill be con- [)f the best le Montreal will likely erpool from cess of the 1 the world, ,h certainty al laid out of cultiva- at its value ;t in lands st Canada ict, may be vation and he remark- 3 on prices could be cordinw to s u X H o I/} H < o /mm ck, but as of agricul- •^^. 23 ure. Cattle, in winter, are chiefly fed with hay, which can be ecured on the prairie at a cost of about 5s. per ton. The cost bf keeping cattle is thus very small. For years to come, cattle- raising will be only an adjunct of wheat-raising. It is well, however, to divide the risk, especially as cattle cost so little for their keep, and the return is large when it does come. Sheep lilso thrive well, while horses need to be acclimatised before they take well to the country. Educational Advantages. In Manitoba very liberal provision has been made for the Ifromotion of education. In every township consisting of thirty- ix sections, two sections have been set aside for the benefit of Iducation; and the school is promptly set down beside any colony who settle upon the prairie. Settlers may thus rest assured that the means of education are ample, and within easy reach of their homes. " Taxation. Taxation in the country districts is very light at present ; on cultivated soils about 5 or 6 cents (2|d. to 3d.) per acre, while ^ey have no poor-laws, or any burdens connected with them. Boad- work is done by the occupiers of land on either side, but ^t much attention is paid to such work in a new country. Homesteads. On each even-numbered section adjacent to those granted to e Railway (except the Hudson's Bay Company and School lands) the Canadian Government have reserved two quarter sections of 160 acres for Homesteads. These are given to bond fide settlers, who are required to erect a house, and to reside on the land. The Registration fee of $10 is the only charge payable by the iwttler. This Company, w]ien appointed by the Canadian government the sole agents for settling up the Homesteads Ibd Pre-emption lands adjoining those purchased by them from tilie Railway, will procure for each purchaser of 160 acres of tbeir land a Homestead grant of equal amount, and will erect a 24 house and barn thereon with as little delay as possible on terms given below. The settler will be required to proceed with the cultivation of the land purchased from this Company while he resides on the Homestead, because this condition is imperatively demanded by the Railway from all who take up their lands. The settler will thereby be put in possession of a farm of 320 acres, while he has only purchased 160 acres at a very low price, payable on easy terms. An arrangement will be made by which this Company will take over the Pre-emptions, which in many cases would be beyond settlers' means to pay for so soon after starting. IIP Terms of Sale of Land. The price of unimproved land has been fixed by the Company at present to be $2.50 per acre, one-fourth to be paid when the land is selected, and the balance in instalments extending over five years from date of purchase, with interest at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum on balance due, payable annually along with each instalment. The price of house and barn erected by the Company, and cost of breaking up part of the land for the settler, shall be paid for in the same way. With the view of meeting the requirements of intending settlers possessing capital of varying amounts, the Company have prepared three plans, by either of which parties may arrange to take up a farm : — Plan No. I. 320 Acre Farm. 160 acres Government Grant free. 160 „ at $2.50 per acre, . . . $400 about £80 House with two rooms below and upper story, also barn, costing, say , . 800 „ 160 $1200 „ £240 25 extending at the rate nally along ipany, and all be paid intending Company rties may about £80 » 160 ossible on ;.^f proceed }^M*ayable at purchase $300 about £60 '^■The remainder in instalments of $180 (about £3G) Company ;w P®*' *""'*™» extending over 5 years, with in- mdition is » terest added at the rate of 6 per cent, per take up « annum, 900 „ 180 $1200 or about £240 a farm of 1 i|BJ|H A Registration fee of $10, about £2, is payable by the settler to the a very low ^BBtanadian Government for his Homestead. e made by "^BL 3, which in « Plan No. 2. [br so soon ^■20 Acre Farm. ;|[H 100 acres Government Grant free. JB 120 „ at $2.50 per acre, $300 00 about £60 ■WKl 40 „ broken up and ready for seeding Hh at $7.50 per acre, .... 300 00 „ 60 3 Company Daid when '^^B House and barn, say . °^ . 800 00 „ 160 '"'jKc " $1400 00 „ £280 ;*ayable at purchase, ...... ^he remainder in instalments of $210 (about £42) extending over five years, with interest added at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum, Total, . $350 00 about £70 1050 00 $1400 00 210 £280 X: The advantage of this plan is that the settler will be able to reap a crop We first year. Plan No. 3. 9iO Acre Farm. 160 acres Government Grant free. 40 „ broken and ready for crop, . $300 00 120 „ unbroken, 300 00 House and barn, say .... 800 00 £240 "f- $1400 about £280 -^ The Company will work this land in shares. They will supply land, (House, barn, pay t:ixes, and supply seed. The farmer -will supply -/||prses, implements, etc., and will pay rent in wheat, giving the Com- fiiny the amount given for seed and half of the remaining crop. For every •ftre broken and made ready for seeding, they will pay the tenant at the rate 4!df $4 per acre on condition that it is cropped next season, when the same ll^ount of wheat will be given to him as is received by the Company, ^ mi 28 v/ and so on till all the first 160 acres are broken, when the land can hi paid for at a valuation eibiier in one sum or in instalments. The cost of breaking-up new land is about $3 per acre, and for backsetting 02 per acre. This makes the land ready for seeding the following spring at a total cost of $5 per acre. Cost and Requirements for starting a Farm op 320 Acres. Yoke of oxen, $180 00 Waggon, Plough and harrow, •Spades, chains, etc., Oooking-stove, with furniture Provisions for one year, House and bam, . Furniture, etc., Seed grain, . Tent, 10+12, $1440 00 about £288 The prices quoted above and in the following list, prepared for the information of intending settlers, are those current at Winnipeg and Brandon iu December 1881. For convenience we have mads live dollars e(]ual to one pound sterling. Any one wishing to know how many pounds are in a specified number of dollars, on dividing these by live will get quite near the exact amount. 80 00 35 00 15 00 20 00 200 00 800 00 50 00 45 00 15 00 mi Prices of Implements. mm ij)|ji ihiE Self-binders, * '340 00 Reapers, 110 00 Mowers, 80 00 Waggons SO m Breaking-plough, 12 inch fuirow. 18 00 Breaking-plough, 14 inch furrow. 21 00 Breaking-plough, 16 inch furrow, 26 00 Cross plough, ..... 65 00 Gang plough, ..... 110 00 Harrows, . 015 00 to 20 «M» Forks, 75 cents ; spades and shovels, . 1 00 to 1 75 Axes, 01.25 ; hammers. 50 to 1 25 Buck saws, 01.00 ; hand saws, . 1 00 to 3 00 Team harness, . 30 00 to 40 00 per s. t Harness for oxen, .... 12 00 Thrasher, with horse-power, 625 00 IB m 27 le land can lie acre, and for r seeding the 50 ACRE8. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 about £288 •epared for tho Winnipeg and wis live dollars w many pounds y five will get Prices of Provisions. to 40c. per lb. ir, cheese, $0 10 to $0 15 per lb. ISto 20 per lb. 15 to 18 per lb. 15 per lb. 3 00 to 3 50 per 100 lbs. 25 per lb. 50 to 1 00 per bushel. 10 to 20 per lb. 16 per lb. 50 per lb. 15 to 40 per lb. 40 per gallon. Prices of Stock. ^ke oxen, • . im horses, . ftm mules, . r Sj • • • • Brs, three years old, . ing pigs, two months old, $180 00 to $200 00 250 00 to 400 00 :\nj 00 to 450 00 35 00 to 50 00 00 00 to 70 00 20 00 a pair [0 00 00 K) 00 )() (10 8 00 II 00 16 00 [o 00 00 [O IM) 1 75 1 25 3 00 00 per set 2 00 5 00 Prices of Lumber, etc. imon Lumber, siting, Flring, lap boards, . » • • • gles, dow frames and sash, Cmside door frames and doors, ide doors, ..... ding paper (for lining between boards) plain, .... ding paper (for lining between boards) tarred, .... $28 00 per 1000 feet. 38 00 to 48 00 „ 37 00 to 47 00 „ 35 00 „ 5 00 •I 00 to 5 50 per 1000. ."> 00 ui)wards each. (5 50 2 00 5 i)er lb. 44 per lb. 4| per lb. 28 Present Fares from Glasgow to Winnipeg and Brandon, Manitoba, uia New York. T(» Winnipeg, Steerage an.l ad Class, all Railway, . . £U) 18 Id Do. Intermediate, „ ,, . . 12 10 II Do. Saloon, Cabin, and Ist Class, all llaihvay, . 25 7 :i The Ronte by the Lakes open from Ist May to I5th October — To Winnipeg, Steerage and 3d Class Rail 10 16 2 To Winnipeg, via Halifax or Quebec dh'cct, Steerage and 3d Class, all Railway, 12 Ifl Ditto, tw Lakes, 10 11 Saloon, Cabin, and 1st Class, all Railway, . . . 23 9 Winnipeg to Brandon Ist Class, . . . .15 „ 3d Clasi, 13 i; Outfit. We would suggest that intending settlers should take a coui)lf of suits of good stout tweed, and for working clothes, moleskins or corduroys of stout make, also any clothes they have on hand, although somewhat worn. A good supply of stout flannel shirts, drawers, stockings, etc., for winter wear. Stout boots without nails. A warm overcoat. Waterproof coat. A couple of blankets, some linen, but no household furniture, as it will h found more advantageous to procure it in Winnipeg. Further information may be had by applying to the Officet of the Company, 123 George Street, Edinburgh, or Mr. Charles Clay, Brandon, Manitoba. ^ and APPENDIX. £10 18 1(1 12 10 (. 25 7 :t 10 IG '2 12 9 10 , 10 11 . 23 9 1 5 n . 13 11 ,ake a cou|)li' ;s, moleskins ,ve on hand, [annel shirts, lots without couple of .s it will 1h the Offices [r. Charlf> WHEAT FIELDS OF THE NORTH-WEST. [Ikoprintecl from //«>•/)«•'» iSV//» Monthly Matfnziiie for Sept. 1881.] tlie summer of 1870 a number of agricultural meetings were held in diflercnt parts oi England to consider the influence of American iipetition on the price of wheat — a subject which the fanners and -owners were then learning to regard as one destined to receive |ro anxious .consideration from them than any other of a political lure. At one of these meetings Lord Beaconsfield, in the course of address, is reported to have said that supremacy as a grain-growing cNifautry would soon be attained by Canada, and that with this expecta- tion thousands of persons from the States were hastening to change tttiir homes to the other side of the boundary line. This statement, Ijibught into general notice on this side of the Atlantic at the time by tKl eminent position of the speaker, was held plainly to lack trust- ■liSllthiness ; and our press, having simply compared +he quantities of wlfeat raised in the year preceding by the two countries assumed to be Is, and having proved that the movement of emigration between Ida and the United States was in favour of the latter, deemed fuliber refutation unnecessary. But the editors of our press, in common other persons, do not at present appreciate that part of the United which lies west of Lake Superior, and it may be doubted if it is illy known further than as a country the failure of which to sustain th# ' Jfl'orthern Pacific Railroad project was the harbinger of the un- welOOme financial crisis of 1873, and now more lately as the location of sevttkil noted wheat fiirms conducted on a gigantic scale ; 'diilst hardly so ittuch could be told of the larger and more valuable portion of this lanci) distinguished throughout its extent by certain peculiarities of soil and climate, which lies north of the boundary line, and forms the new provinces of Canada. However, this country has the elements to support th«F most prosperous people on the continent, if it is not destined soon to pat, the established districts of our grain supply into the same position as ti|ey have put the farming lands of England. "As Red River of the North rises near the head-waters of the Misrissippi, but flowing in the opposite direction to the larger river, formt the boundary between Minnesota and Dakota, and entering the Cawidian province of Manitoba, finally discharges itself into Lake 30 Winnipeg,'. Tlie pniirie drained l)y this river and ita tiibutarii's oontaiii>. roughly, 40,0()0,(K)() acres, and, speaking from our stand-point, is tin beginning of the vast section of fertile land which, stretching in !i widening belt to the Rocky Mountains, is drained by the Saskatchtnviin rivers, and further north by the Athabasca an acres of land, and may probably be found to include 250,000,000 when a thorough 8ur\ in shall have been made by the Dominion Government. The southern limit of this section of fertile land has a latitude as high as that of Montroiil, and what may be called its northern limit lies distant one thousaiul miles. The climate, however, differs essentially from that found in Eastern British America at a corresponding distance from the equator The isothermal lines, as they approach Hudson's Bay from the Pacitii Ocean, bend decidedly to the south. The mean temperature of tlu l^eace River Valley varies but little from the mean temperature of tlu valley of the Red River. Throughout the country wheat may be planted in April, or fully as early as spring wheat is sown in the United State, But as the summer is not warm enough to ripen Indian corn, and tlit winter, while it lasts, permits no thaw to take place, the climate is ;i cold one, compared with that over the grain States of the Mississipi'i Valley ; and to this fact, doubtless, the superior quality of the cereals raised here is due. In 1872, railway construction had extended fm enough in the Northwest to att'ord an entrance to this new territory. But the disasters which speedily overtook the two pioneer lines stopped at once all immigration. Three years ago it wju* resumed. Since thnt time, it may be safely asserted, in no other part of the United States liih it gone forward with so much vigour, and been attended with so nuuii prosperity, as in the Red River Valley. The towns of Fargo and Grainl Forks in Dakota, and Winnipeg across the border — the country around them presenting no resources except a prolific soil — exhibit a growth ii> rapid, and commercial transactions as heavy, as cities which have spriiii, up in the richest mining districts of the Rocky Mountains. Intense n the character of the immigration has been, it has not yet exercised an} disturbing influence on the grain market. The part of the land reclaims is comparative\v trifling. At various points in the valley farms liavi been laid out, and fields of wheat, some of which are thousands of acir in extent, have been cultivated, but the greater part of the land is ^t'i an unbroken jjrairie, without a trace of settlement. The imniigratiui into the valley of the Red River, and the smaller immigration into tin valleys of the Saskatchewan, have been of most importance in proviii: that this country produces the cereals in a state of perfection which Iw not manifested itself further south — a result possibly to have heei anticipated from its latitude and soil. In a climate warmer than i' needed to bring it to maturity, wheat shows an imperfect development o; 31 arit's contaiii\ l-poiiit, is till' retchinjj; in n Saskatche Willi Peace. Tliis of land, and lorough survey southern linut t of Montiviil, , one thousiiivl that found in nn the equatoi •om the Pacitii (eraturo of tht peratuvc of tlu may be plantcM United Btate>. in corn, and tin ,he climate is n the Mississii)!'! J of the ceve!il> d extended i'm J new territorv, sr lines stoppoii led. Since tlwt aited States \\\v id with so mucli largo and Graiiil country aroiuul it a growth ii- ich have spvuii, ns. Intense ;i it exercised aii) land reclaiiiHi iley farms liavi tusands of acri" he land is :-til |he immigratim ;ration into tin iince in provin, lotion which li^i to have beet [varmer than t development oi irnin, with a deficiency in weight. It is always more subject to drought, iv hot sun acting both to evaporate moisture from the ground and to kirn the plant afterward. The same facts are observable in the growth other cereals. Even grass shows a marked change m value made by Ititude. Many of our stock-raisers in the Southwest do not sell their |ttle in Texas or New Mexico, but drive them from the coarse and JBor vegetation there to feed on the sweeter and more nutritious grasses Montana, the increased price which the cattle bring in their improved idition paying for a drive of fifteen hundred miles. [The superior quality of the wheat raised in this new country will bo it shown by a comparison matle in figures. Duluth and (Hiicago are Bcted to furnish a comijarison, as the former is the general point of fpment of the northern wheat, and the latter is the place of largest peipts in the grain States further south. To explain the use of the j[ures below, it may be noted that, for the convenience of trade, on rival at one of the larger places of receipts, grain is inspected by |jerts, who are public officers, and graded according to its soundness il weight. The difference in market value between the grades is isiderable. Take for the purpose the crop of 1880. . During the last tee months of that year there were inspected at Duluth 1,778,7(54 diels of wheat. Leaving out of consideration the fraction of 86,000 shels, which were of the soft variety, and, it is assumed, came to this rt from southern counties of Minnesota, the wheat graded as follows amounts being expressed by per cent. AT DULLTII. Grade No. 1, Hard 87 per cent. Giado No. 2 H „ GtAde No. :J 1 „ Rejected 1 ,, Dl^|ring the same months there were inspected at Chicago 1,571,262 bushels of winter wheat, and 7,988,816 bushels of spring Mheat, which graded :is below :— - AT CHICAGO. H'l liter Wheat. e No. I . 1 per cent. e No. '2 . 53 e No. ;j . 34 scted . . 12 iipriiiff Wheat . Grade No. 1 . l per cent. Grade No. 2 . 66 Grade No. 3 . 23 Eejected . . 10 the respective market values : at the city of Buffalo, where the ^ern and southern grain, coming over the lakes from Duluth and 14499: ^m :\'2 ('liini^jo, flfst nuM't in u ^fiuM'iil miirktt, llio foll(»\vii»j^ woro the avfin^jr prices |Honi-;.{riiwii wlu'iit iiiiiy liavr in t)u^ I'litiin', il i.s piohultlt', ii stiil lower reliilivi- value. It alone lias l)een n.sed Cor export, to I'oreii^'ii (oiintries, wlio.se ntill.s were not adapted tor ^rindin<{ with the hi'Ht reHull> the haril .Manitoha wheat, even if the prodnelion of the latter wore lari^^c eiiou;,di to 1(1 inj^ its nn'rits into notice. Now, however, that the improved niethoiLs of milling 'niployed a' MiniU-apolis are lieini,v of hard wheat, there wil! donhtle.sv come the .sunie preference a.s e\i.st.s in thi.s country lor a j^rain having ii> .special properties, 'riiese inipro\ enients in niillin<; have ha*l a nm-l intpinUint liearin;..; on the vahie of all the varieties of hard wheat. Tin .M'cret of the hi<.;her prici which the l>tdnth wheat eoniniantlH over tin lie.-st ;j[radc~. from other localities is the fact that it niaKesa llour of Mn-atii str(>n>^th. The northern wheat is llinty, and contains more whiten ; tin sonthern is soft, and contains nnnc starch. I'ntil lat«'ly, however, tin I'arnier in .Northern .Minncsoin fonnd that his ^'rain, allhon^h l)y nn analysis of its parts the most valnahle, liroii^ht the htwest prices paid in market, hecau^e, with the lurlliod then iiscil for .separating hraii from tin niiddlin;,'s, it made a dark tolonr<';i lloiir. ,\ lew y«'ars a>,;o the dcfccb Wire remedied hy the milleis al .Minncaptdis, and .so mm ce.ssfnily thai their method of liiatin;^ Jiiat iiii.-. Imiii very ';cnerally adopted ihroii^li out the coiiMlry. The rc^idl has heen that the strong ilonr made of lldi l{i\cr wheat is ipioled at a prIiH< of two dollars per harrcd over ollin kinds- a diU'crence which the haker is willin;,' to pay, hecanse from . '^iveii mnnlfcr of pounds it. makes tlie greatest nnndier (d' itonmls i>l liread, ami tiic private onsnmer is willin;^ to pay, liecan.se it tnrnislu ihi' most not !li\e food. Tlie lianl Northern wheat, instead of Imhi the lowt.-^t, has taken its iii'liltul place as the hi;;hest priced on the li ' of Mniin. Tl»e land is also more pinlilic. The experience of llie wheat laisers n Manitidia hiu< now liecn of siitru lent li n<{th to make understood sonic <' the natural adi'antaj.jcs extended to this conntry for letnrninj,' hir;.',' ain certain crops. Situated in a hi;^li lalilnde, tluMo is alhniled to vej^elalioi' a jfreater nninher of honis of •,iin each day derin^' the entire scasmi i>\ ;^rowlli. The winter cold, contiiMoiis, and with lijfht falls of snow, ficc/r vhe }{iouiul to all e.vtraonlinary depth. Tmh^r the disintegrating' pown lis \.\'.\\ o.so •ohaltlf, II J^liil (irf. to fon-i^ii lio Ih'mI rcstilh tUvtMl iiti(nlufnl into wil! tl»mbtl«'SN ;ruin having lU «i iiail a )ii<»l rd wheal, 'Hk iiiantln over llu (iit« ^lut«'ii ; tilt |y, littwt'Vi'i-, till illlitntt^h 1>.V iiii I, priffs jMiitl 111 ,r hraii iVoiii ilii i>.M» I lie •lt•t^•^l^ \( ••fsstully timi )|(t«Ml tiiniii,i;li 111' iimilr of llcii not ovri" ollui ItccaiiM' IVoni ' of Doiintlfi (il sc It funiiKlii'^ listcad of licin (tl oil tlir ii ! LiuMliaisfrs u [rstooil .soiiif '■ |uiii^ \Myy iiii'' li III vt'm'luiii'i [ill ill' .sraM'ii "1 |»lf HIIOW, flfC/t^ 88 front, the lower iioil if broken up oacli Hctuon for the HUHtennnuo of intM tui tlioroughly m if done by thu IkimI artiflciul inoHnH. Thin itt not e only Hcrvico iturforiuod by the fnmt ; hit* r, throughout the period of owth, it keepH within reach of the rootn u uioiHture which renders •ou^'ht inipoHHible. Hut nioHt noteworthy iH the Hoil itaelf — an alluvial ark loam, with an avi'ia^e depth of twenty incheH, reHtin); on a Mubsoil if day. It iM very heavy, when wet having a tar-like conHiatenoy, and 'i-h in the elenientii whii-h are belie ><1 to nouritth ve^et^ition. ])ropi>ed to this soil, with the other favouring eircuniHtancea, Heed HpringH up and tivvM with an extraordinary vigour, and gives a Nound and abundant crop. w aveiiige yield of wheat iM>r acre in the Red Itiver Valley, north of ]|argo, where the Hoil becoiues heavier and more charaoteriHtie, iNtwenty- ree buHhelH. In Manitoba and the HaHkatchewan region the avenige grtMit4«r, and aujouiitH to tv iMity-eight btiHhelM. TheHo factM bect>nuj ore Btriking when eoippared with rcHulta in the diMirict of the wlu(i in a Hpot a> that ^le pnicticully inacceH,sibl'<, the IlighlanderH who canio over in accordance Hith (.iie ill-eonHidered plan of LonI Selkirk were Hid))ectod to a gro>it dual of hanlHliip. Itut many fan)ilieM tit^iid. The t*^wn of Kihlonan miir the mouth of the |{te rapid way in which this country has of Jate been developing. The construction last year was 360 miles of new road. Recently measures to secure money for continuing the work £is fast as it may be required hav:. -^ en success- fully taken, and it is believed that the line from L?i " ■• ^ .-ior to the Pacific Ocean will be finished in 1883. As a terminus, the port of Duluth has hitherto been sufficient during the season of navigation, which lasts, ho'vever, only six months. During the remainder of the year grain is left to go eastward by rail transportation around the southern °nd of Lake Michigan. This lake hap been the means of shutting off the North- western States from any direct land communication v; ith the East. North of Chicago -i*ere is not at present a single line of railway from the prairies. The States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and the adjoining portion of Dakota are covered with iron roads, but they are all tributary to the Eastern system at the head of Lake Michigan — a fact which sufficiently accounts for the steady and rapid growth of the city at that point. The presence of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, and Mio character of the country north and south of the latter, which is hil'j . !■■ ' abounds in immense ledges of rock, render direct rail connectior < ! ' Red River territory with the East a difficult and expensive matter. ±i> the development of resources which are so valuable and complete will doubtless in time create an extensive system of rail communication, which shall form the shortest possible routes to the sea-board, and be free of the charges at an intermediate point of distribution. The construction of two lines, one along the south shore of Lake Superior and the other on the north shore, Las been deftiitely decided upon, and work on the fu-st line had been begun. The Northern Pacific Railway is now en'roged in bjiilding a road from Duluth eastward to the charter terminus at ^' .it real ch have been d found very trade of the to excite nii so little coni- inder way are t much that is can side, the west of the int 260 utiles rard. During Duluth to the the Company ork they havo eted part and lade since that ates tiifc rapid le construction [) secure money hx^en success- ful, e dor to the port of Duluth in, which lasts, ) year grain is uthern °nd of off the North- ith the East. iway from the the adjoininf; re all tributary a fact whicli e city at that srior, and Kiic ih is hir; >.• ' ectior < '"' matter, a^ complete will •mmunicatiund Cape Horn cannot accomplish, taking the entire year. But it ,y be doubted whether the hope of utilising this short road to Europe ill be realised for a considerable time. At York Factory, the Nelson, iver flowing from the lakes of INIanitoba, empties into the bay. eys have lately been made to locate a line for a railway down this- r from the city of Winnipeg. The want of material to provide this- f^jMl with local traffic, and the brief period during which the Atlantic poort, its proposed terminus, is accessible, would probably deter private enterprise from und'^rtaking its construction until the surplus' of grain in Mlmitoba had become much larger than it is at present, and a sufficient mamber of vessels for the Hudson's Bay trade could be assured to move aflcumulated freight at York Factory. The river Nelson itself is not now lumgable. Improvements in its channel would give a depth of water smfficient for vessels of large draught to pass through to the lakes above,. and other natural obstacles are not so great as to render its future BMrigation improbable. But until the completion of other schemes for ftwnoting trade in their new territory, which are now being carried out ifrgreat expense, it is hardly to be thought that the Canadian government will attempt improvements in the Nelson, or the construction of the Hudson Bay railroad, more especially as the success of these would tend tfljl^eaken certain direct benefits to the old provinces which the present plMs of internal improvement are expected to bring. The old route for inland navigation through the great lakes is now ttbg subjected to changes which promise to establish it as a way for 36 ocean vessels to reach inland ports with certainty, and to change materially its status as a means of communication between the interior and Atlantic seaboard. When the plan of enlargement has been fully carried out, the Welland Canal will admit steamers of two thousand tons, and drawing thirteen and one-half feet of water. Work on the first enlarge- ment has now advanced so far that it is expected the canal will be opened to navigation this season. Upon the completion of improvements corresponding to this in the St. Lawrence, vessels drawing eleven and one-half feet of water will be able to load at Chicago, and sail through this river to Montreal, or directly across the Atlantic. The outlay of $30,000,000 on the Welland Canal, however, has not had as its object chiefly the American trade of Lake Michigan, but it has been in accord- ance with the comprehensive policy of the Canadian Government for the development of their Northwestern territory, and for keeping within national lines the right to handle its valuable products. The money expended by the Dominion on internal improvements is nearly ready to yield its return. On the north shore of Lake Superior, one hundred les north-east of Duluth, the pioneer railway, now almost finished, to nnect the Canadian prairies with the water-route to the Atlantic, terminates at the lake. Its starting-point is the city of Winnipeg, on Red River. The Canadian Pacific road, of which this is the Lake Superior section, is to form a transcontinental line in British America, and may in time become the most important of the railroads to the Pacific. Its construc- tion was a measure taken by the Government, by whom the existing parts have been built. At a ^.ession of Parliament the present year, however, it was decided to intrust the construction to a private company, who are obliged to preserve the full route adopted by the Government, Great as will be the facilities oflered at the eastern end of this road for transporting grain to the sea-board by way of Lake Superior, the Dominion government has taken care to secure the construction of one overland route from the new provinces. The road from Winnipeg to the lake terminus at Fort William is to be extended on the north ahoK to the town of Callander, near Montreal, and to a union with the railway system of the old provinces. The extension was to be begun the preseni summer. From Winnipeg westward the road is to traverse the fill length of the Saskatchewan prairie and cross the Rocky Mountains to ai ocean port near the United States border. The section through thi prairie to the foot of the Rocky Mountains it is expected to have read' for traffic within three years. This briefly is the main line of tk Canadian Pacific Railway. When completed the distance from tb Pacific Ocean overland to Montreal will be 2960 miles, or about 50 miles less than the distance by the Union Pacific road to New York. The larger yield to the acre, the better quality, and higher grade d «.>roi) shown in this Northern countrj', are matters lifted by the vas ahi eqi pw wli( Wh roM the the piioi Bed WW tlWM acTil oiori and to change I the interior and een fully carried jusand tons, and the first enlarge- al will be opened f improvements wing eleven and and sail through . The outlay of had as its object 3 been in accord- Government for )r keeping within lets. The money is nearly ready to rior, one hundred ilmost finished, to to the Atlantic, r of Winnipeg, on Superior section, and may in time ific. Its construe- irhom the existing the present year, I private company, r the Government, lA of this road foi ike Superior, the ionstruction of one from Winnipeg t( on the north ahoie m with the railwaj ! begun the presem ► traverse the U ty Mountains to ai jction through tin cted to have read? main line of tk distance from tb liles, or about 50 to New York, nd higher grade o 8 lifted by the viii 37 iiftent of the land above a question of individual profit to the persons now fidtivating the soil. If one-half the ground of that comparatively small firtion which is drained by the Eed River and its affluents were sown to lAeat, the product at an average yield would be 500,000,000 bushelo, or HMre than the entire amount raised in the Unittd States in 1880. HIk attention of the United States within a few years will cer- trfnly be drawn sharply to the supply of grain coming from this wnr quarter, if the reclamation of land goes on with its present UMlrement. With the advent of a system of inland navigation greatly ttoved, and made the most perfect in the world indeed, there is every )n to believe that the development of the interior will continue at ifci|?present rate, and even go forward with a rapidity never witnessed iMibre. An immense amount of money is ready for employment. By Hil^ Canadian Government and Bailway Companies the news of these Oiiettled fields will be spread among the populous countries of Europe. i^|>opuIous country lies directly adjoining. The land itself, level and roftng prairie, will allow railways to be built with the utmost rapidity ami, cheapness, and furnish no obstacle to cultivation. Scattered plenti- MQgr throughout Dakota and the valleys of the Saskatchewan are beds of ^M^soft coal which has supplied the fuel of our Western States. That iM0essity, iron, is not lacking. The extensive region north of Lake Sl^rior is known to be rich in this ore. In 1880, from the mines on tltt south, at present the more accessible shore of this lake, were talin 1,900,000 tons of easily worked ore, which had a value of lia|!0OO,OOO. Within ten years it is certainly possible that there will be ready for shipment at the edge of Lake Superior an amount of wheat which shall eqiMll the total quantity now received yearly at all the Atlantic ports, at a pllce of seventy cents, per bushel. Low as this price ^vould be, com- paifd with prices heretofore prevailing at the lakes, southern-grown whflftt of the average quality would be worth ten cents, a bushel less. Wheat can be raised in the Red River Valley and delivered to the rail- road at a cost of less than forty cents, to the bushel. Fifteen cents, more,^ the late for transportation to the lake from Fargo, which will probably be the late also from Winnipeg over the Canadian Pacific, deducted from the piiee above, leaves remaining a high profit to the grower. This is in the Bed Biver Valley, and with a yield of twenty-three bushels to the acre. Wilb a yield of twenty-eight bushels, the increase would pay cost of tlidiportation from far within the territory of the Saskatchewan. Vwit will be the effect on agriculture in the United States of this tniitiidous addition to the wheat land, and on present routes of traffic of a d'H^lion in a valuable trade, it is impossible to foretell, and without the sodVi^of this article to consider. That it will exercise some influence on oranA-iculture cannot be doubted. Wheat could not now be raised in ' '^t /M m V. m 38 the Mib'iissippi Valley at the price supposed above. The lai^d of the United States has no longer the riches of unbroken ground ; at least, very generally throughout its extent the best parts have bee' tilled. There is a wide margin for profit left in higher and more liborious Kjultivation of the soil. This however, is not the method to which we have been trained. Hitherto our crops have been increased by cultivating new land. A course of giving more attention to the plants, notably Indian corn, for whose cultivation we have special advantages, it may be found expedient to follow. On the other hand, a decided fall in the price of the other cereals would probably affect maize also. However uncertain may be effects on the United States, we may expect that the centre of activity in wheat, never very stable, will soon pass to the Red River Valley, to go later, possibly, still further north- ward. Most valued by the farmers in Minnesota for seed is the grain coming from the Red River Valley, and especially that from Manitoba. Taken southward, if not renewed frequently from the original source, it tends to degenerate, and become soft. Harder and better still is the wheat coming from the region of the Upper Saskatchewan and the Peace River. This perfect grain has the greatest weight of all, and by cultiva- tion even in the Reil River Valley shows a loss of its original <|U.' p pW'l P'" H t 7Z "iiilfil"'""' |i" 1 SIDE VIEW. mmmMmm^ii^mmmmmMmM^ msmmMm&Mmmm /■6x?o- ^aax/SO^ faag I 1 i WMmmmM/mmmmivmffmm/m / ^ >r ^^ /■■■■y... //.'/i,/^... ..,///„... J.„ ,.,../, SECOND FLOOR. »!*'« STOREY AND A c X_ w IF 1 pp. 5?" If ipp" w " DD FRONT VIEW. f Sjr/£^ FIRST FLOOR. rE, COST I950.OO I 4v " PJ3P .1''''' _ 1 SIDE VIEW. a«img5gagsg« fox/a SECOND FLOOR. ■Pil^ ' 1 ; \ I i ■ U^ ONE STOREY COTTAGE, COST $450.00. ^ t If' III' ll'l 1, -' 1 flD DQ FRONT VIEW. . FLOOR PLAN. 150.00. V i i I I lO .'on?^ 93 02 31 l.nl"- »r y,,:,M/.'-^"''' ' f\ fe I^ottii^niegt Clanatia Company (LIMITED). MAP OF MANITOBA AND THE NEW NORTH-WEST TERKITORY. :-ti. '■■Vllljlo. r-i-i V *{«^ \&