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 OA.isrA.r) A. 
 
 HAND=BOOK 
 
 MONTREAI. MEETING 1891 
 
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Royal SociEiy of Canada 
 
 / 
 
 MONTREAL MEETING, 1891. 
 
 HAND=BOOK 
 
 FOR THK USK OF MKMBKRS Ax\D VISITORS 
 
 GIVING THE RULES OF THE SOCIETY, ITS HISTORY, 
 AND A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF MONTREAL 
 WITH PLACES OF INTEREST IN 
 ITS VICINITY. 
 
 27TH NIAV, 1801. 
 COMPILKD BY THK lyOCAL Co.^IMITTEK. " 
 
 1091. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Tlie ruiyal Suc'ety of Ciinii<la was fuuiKli'd by (lie Mar<jiiis 
 ot'Lonio ill 1882. llithorto itsamuiul iiioetiiiLCs Irivoli^Tii huM 
 ill ( )tt:iwa. Last year the Natural Hist«»ry So-icty of Montreal 
 invited the Society to moot in tliis city, and tlie invifati<»ii hav- 
 ing been accepted, citizens' committees were api'ointed to make 
 the iieccssai'y preparations for the reception and enteitiiiitnciit 
 of the Society. It was tliought well that a Manna] of the 
 Uoyal Society, giviiiu' the main i'act- as to it> origin, objects 
 and operations, should be comj)iled and printeil, and to this 
 end a sub-committee, c msisting of Dr. Bourinot, C.M.<i.. 
 lion. Secretary of the Society; Pr.»f. PenhaHow, H.Sc., 
 and Mr. John lleade, was constitutxl at a meeting of the 
 General Committee, in December. The Printing and Publisji- 
 ing Committee also undertook to prei»are a historical and 
 descriptive sketch of Montreal, for the benefit of the visitor.-, 
 the t isk being entrusted to Mr. 11. AV. MeL icldan. Tlie two- 
 fold result is the i»re>ent Utile volume, whieli, it is lioped. will 
 prove acceptable to tho^e for wliom. it is intenled. 
 
CONTHNTS. 
 
 Pack 
 
 I'hc Koyiil Sticit^'ty of Caiiaila : — 
 
 Foiuided by tlif Man|uis of Loiiio... ............ 5 
 
 The Provisional Council 
 
 Iiiaiigiiratioii - 
 
 First Meetin<; - o 
 
 '^ < . ^ 
 
 Recognized l.y ihc Queen .nd Catiadian Parliament Id 
 
 Act of Incorporation ^ Iq 
 
 Regulations j^. 
 
 Afliliated Societies .)(j 
 
 Tlie Society's Work ;.^l 
 
 Recognition by Learned Foreign Societies 33 
 
 Circulation of the Transactions 35 
 
 Precedents in England and Australia 3(j 
 
 Relation to the State ;^g 
 
 Officers of tlie Society and Sections l.'^82-0l 40 
 
 Membership by Sections in 1882 43 
 
 Deatli of Members, 1882-1891 ] 4,3 
 
 List of Members, 1890-91 .,.. 4«] 
 
 Retired Mem bers -^^ 
 
 List of Presidents /^^ 
 
 Officers for 1890-91 ...*...".'..'.*.*.".'. 51 
 
 Transactions, 1882-91 , Contents of 52 
 
 Montreal, Historical Sketch of 79 
 
 Public Libraries in Montreal 88 
 
 Societies in Montreal affiliated to the Royal Society of 
 
 Canada yi 
 
 Art in Montreal 95 
 
 Historic Buildings in Montreal , , 97 
 
 The Towers, poem by the late Mrs. Leprohon 9 a 
 
 A 
 
6 
 
 C0N7ENTS, 
 
 <^'iiMteau.le Haniozav. . . . 
 
 Bonsecour.s Church .'...*' .' • lOO 
 
 '"^f- Gabriel Strecf Church '"1 
 
 Xelson's MoMuuic.K I02 
 
 'nic McTavish MoMuu,(-nV.V.V. If»2 
 
 i^nvafoHuu.es oftho()MRrM.n,;e : ^''^^ 
 
 ^ ^^t-Con(p,ost House,< . " 1 0,3 
 
 Educational Institutiohl 103 
 
 Places of Historic fntore^t'" 105 
 
 [^^olocryofMontroMlan.lVieiniu' ^^^ 
 
 'x'funy of Montreal .. Ilfi 
 
 Entertainments an.l Excur^ion^ ^^1 
 
 Citizens' Conmiiitees,... 129 
 
 I:u 
 
THE 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 is\fc|[^^-^^^ ^'^*y'^^^ Society of Canada owes its exist- 
 I eiice to the thoiighilnl incerest of Lord 
 
 ■ ^^.^^...^ Lome in the intellectua u oi^Tess of Canada 
 Ihe movement out of which its organization 
 arose was inaugurated in LS8L Ah'eady its enlightened 
 founder hal established a Canadian Academy of Arts 
 for the encouragement of design as applied to painting' 
 sculi»tilre, architecture, engraving and the industrial arts,' 
 and the promotion and support of art education. The' 
 success which had attended the formation and early pro- 
 ceedings of this institution led his Lordship to believe 
 that a national organization which would be to science 
 and literature what the academ\' was to art would be of 
 real service to the cause of the higher intellectual culture 
 
I! 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIE'IY OF CANADA 
 
 in tlie Duininioii. After consulting with the holding men 
 of science unci letters, hoth French and English, his 
 Lordship invited the gentlemen whom he had designated 
 as provisional officers of the pro})Osed organization to 
 meet in Montreal. The meeting accordingly took place 
 on the 29th and 30th of December, 1881, and thereat 
 a memorandum from Lord Lorne on the subject was 
 read and considered. 
 
 A provisional basis was then agreed uj^on for the con- 
 stitution of the new society, the hrst mec^ting of which 
 took place at Ottawa on the 25th of May, 1882. The 
 Governoi" General (Lord Lorne) had invited the mem- 
 bers of the ])rovisioual council to Government House for 
 the settlement of the procedure, and the arrangements 
 proved entirely satisfactory. The Council consisted of 
 Principal (now Sir) J. W. Dawson, (J.M.G., LL.D., 
 F.R.S., President; the Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau, LL.D., 
 Docteur es Lettres, Vice-President ; and the Presidents 
 and Vice-Presidents of sections : J. M. Le Moine, Esq., 
 and Eaucher de Saint Maurice, Esq., first section ; Dr. 
 (now Sir) Daniel Wilson, E.E.8. E., and Goldwin Smith, 
 Esq., D.O.L., second section ; Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, F. U.S., 
 and CliJirles Car[)inael, Es(p, third section, and Dr. A. P. 
 C. Selwyn, F.P.S., and Dr. George Lawson, Ph.D., fourth 
 section ; J. G. Bourinot, Es(j., F.S.S., Honorary Secre- 
 tary. All these members of Council were present except 
 Dr. Goldwin Smith, then absent in England- 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 hi 
 
 s 
 
 At the general business meeting, held in the railway 
 committee room, Parliament Building, Ottawa, on the 
 morning of the 25th of May, the Honorary Seei-etary 
 read the Couneil's report, the recommendations of wliich 
 w(U'e afterwards embodied in the cliart(U' and constitution 
 of the Society. The public inauguration of the Society 
 took ])lace in the Senate Chamboi", at 4 o'clock in the 
 afternoon. The members of the Society hjiving been for- 
 mally presented to the noble Founder, His Excellency 
 set forth the aims of the Society, and expressed the hope 
 that its creation would promote the intellectual devel- 
 opment of the Dominion in the higher ranges of thought, 
 letters and research. '* Imperfections," said his Lord- 
 ship, " there must necessarily be at first in its constitu- 
 tion — omissions in its membership and organization 
 there may be. Such faults may be hereafter avoided. 
 Our countrymen will recognize that in a body of gentle- 
 men diawn from all our ])rovinces and (ionspicuous for 
 their ability there will be a centre around which to rally. 
 They will see that the welftire and strength of growth of 
 this association shall be impeded hy no small jealousies, 
 no carping spirit of detraction, but shall be nourished 
 by a noble motive common to the citizens of the republic 
 of letters and to the students of the free world of nature, 
 namely, the desire to ])rove that their land is not insen- 
 sible to the glory which s[)rings from numbering among 
 its sons those whose success will become the heritage 
 of mankind." 
 
 1 
 
8 
 
 7 HE R YA L SOCIETY OF CA NA DA 
 
 The President, in liis address, mentioned some of the 
 reasons which, in his ojnnion, justiticd the institution 
 of siicli a body in Canada. If the idea had been broached 
 in the past, it liad be(?n abandoned owing to obvious 
 difficulties. ]>ut it liad at last presented itself under 
 happier conditions which gave fair ho})es of success. It 
 was fitting that the representative of a Sovereign, whosti 
 rule had been so favorable to culture and research in 
 the United Kingdom, should show himself the patron of 
 letters and science in the new world. Tht; time, moreover, 
 was auspicious. l*olitic(d consolidation had been draw- 
 ino' nearer to each other the once scattered and isolated 
 scientific workers of the North American provinces. 
 Such a society would be to them a bond of union and 
 sympathy, and by the interchange of ideas would sup- 
 ply a needed stimulus to men of kindred pursuits. It 
 would, by the j^'blicition of its Transactions, be of 
 incalculable beueiit to Canadian naturalists, hitherto so 
 largely dependent on foreign aid for placing the results 
 of their labours, in a wortby form, before the world. As 
 a centre of literarv and scientific effoi-t, it would, with- 
 out interfering with the claims of older local societies, be 
 of very real help to them. Comparing Canada with other 
 countries, the President thought it was rather matter for 
 surprise that so many })ersons amongst us had won dis- 
 tinction in the paths of research and of letters than that 
 there were not more. Finally he spoke of the great 
 
HAND BOOK. 
 
 lespoiisiliility of tlic inciiibcis, and lie IuijxmI that by 
 rariH'.'^t and iiiiiti d ef'tnit tbcv would ]»r(>V(* tlieins(dve.s 
 deserving- of tlie name to wliieli they as])ire(l. The Vice- 
 President M3t loith in Fiiiuli, willi liis cnst( unary urace 
 of styh', tlic inttdh'Ctnal ]»roL:V('S8 that Canada had already 
 aehicved, dw(dlin,Li- esjiecially on its literary, as J)i'. 
 DaAvson h;id d\V(dt on its scientific asjiects. He trusted 
 that the Koval Societv would ])r(»\'e a connnon nieetin^ 
 i>i'ound not onlv i'or scientific and literary woikcrs, hut 
 alsf> for the culture of tlu; two on-at races wliose lot 
 was cast together in this broad I)oniini(»n. 
 
 The Society then sc] aratcil into sections. Fifty-six 
 ])a]iers, endiracing nearly all the de})artnients of research, 
 were either read or jii'i'sented at the fiist meeting, and of 
 these thirty-three were jmblished in tlu^ Transactions, de- 
 ferring a year later t(< the general results of the meeting 
 t^ir William Dawson was able to express a high degree of 
 satisfaction at what had sofar l)eeriacconn)lishe(l. " We 
 have occasion," he said, " to congratulate ourselves on the 
 rece]jtion which our inaugural nu'cting met with at the 
 hands of the public and the newspa]»er press. Kvery- 
 whei'e the institution (»f the Society was recognized as wise 
 and beneficial, arid if any doubts were exi)ress(Ml with 
 referiuice to it, they wt^'e baseil not on hostility to the 
 Society, but on a very natural ditlidence as to tlie 
 ca[)acity of Canada, in its present state of ihnelopment, 
 to sustiiin a body coinparal)le with the great national 
 
trz^ 
 
 10 
 
 7///-; A'OV.IA SOCIETY 01' CANADA 
 
 societies of other countries. The amount of orimnal 
 work produced at our first meeting was evidently an 
 agiTunihle surprise to many ; and while there was some 
 friendly criticism by which we may hope to profit, on 
 tlie whole our debut was recjarded witli that feeling at 
 once kindly, considerate and ])atriotic which becomes all 
 true Canadians in witnessing any effort, however feeble, 
 to sustain and exalt the greatness of our country." 
 
 Meanwhile th(i Socii^tv had obtained the recosrnition 
 of the Queen and of the Canadian Parliament. A letter 
 from Lord Kimberley, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 
 dated the .22nd of August, 1882, to the Marquis of 
 Lome, gave the pleasing information that Her Majesty 
 had graciously permitted the Society to be styled "The 
 Koyal Society of Canada." On the 1st of March, 1883, 
 a Bill to incorporate the Society was introduced in the 
 House of Conunons by Mr. Tasse. It was read a second 
 time on the 19th of the same month, and on the 6th of 
 April it was considered in committee, read a third time 
 and passed. It received the royal assent on the 25th 
 of May. The following is the 
 
 ACT OF INCORPORATION. 
 
 (46 VICTORIA, CHAPTER 46.) 
 
 Whereas the ])ersons hereinafter mentioned have, by 
 their petition, represented that a Society called, with the 
 sanction of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen? 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 n 
 
 u r\ 
 
 The Itoyal Society uf Canada," has Immmi foiindL'd iti 
 Canada by His Kxctdluiicy the Kit^lit, lloiioiirahlc the, 
 AIai(|iiis of Loriiu, ( rovernor-iieneral of (Janada ; that 
 tliij said Society has been maintained for some months 
 by the petitioners and otliers, and that the objects of 
 the said Society are : first, to encourage studies and 
 investigations in Hterature aud science; secondly, lo 
 ; publish Transactions annually or semi-annually, contain- 
 I ing the minutes of proceedings at meetings, records of 
 the work performed, original ])a[)(3rs and memoii's of 
 merit, and such other documents as may be deemed 
 worthy of publication ; tliirdly, to olfer ])rizes or other 
 I inducements for valuable i)apers on subjects relating to 
 . Canada, and to aid researches already begun, andcariied 
 so far as to render their ultimate value probable; fourth- 
 ly, to assist in the collection of specimens, with a view 
 to the formation of a Canadian museum of archives, 
 ethnology, archaeology and natural history ; and whereas 
 the said petitioners have prayed that, for the better 
 attainment of the said objects, the Society may be incor- 
 porated by Act of the Parliament of Canada, and it is 
 expedient to grant the prayer of the said jjetition : There- 
 fore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts 
 as follows : — 
 
 1. J. W. Daw^son, C.M.G.,LL.l)., F.U.S., President ; 
 the Honorable P. J. 0. Chauveau, LL.D., Docteur es 
 
12 
 
 'I HE ROYAL socir/rv (^f can a da 
 
 Letlics, Vicc-Pivsident ; J. M. LeMoine, Kscpiire, 
 J)anii3l Wilson, LL.I).. F.U.S.i:., T. Stuiiv Hunt, LL.l)., 
 F.K.S., A. ]{. v. Sulwyii, l.L.l)., F.Ii.S., riv.^sident.s of 
 Sections; Fauchei' d(j St. Maurice, Esquire, Charles 
 
 C 
 
 arpnuu 
 
 '1, M.A., (Jeoi'oc Lawson, rii.J)., TJ..JJ., Vicc- 
 
 Presidents of Sections; J. (J. liourinot, F.SS., H 
 
 ary Secretary 
 
 J. A. (hant, M.D., F.(,i.S., H 
 
 onoi 
 oiioi 
 
 y 
 
 Treasurer; Goldwin Smith, JJ.(AL.:the licvcirend Ahbe 
 Begin, D.D. ; the KeVL'rend Ahhe liois, Na.[)()K'()n Bour- 
 rassa, Fs(|uire, the llevereiid Al)be Casgrain, Doct(Mir 
 es LettreSj Paul DeCazes, Es(iuire, Oscar Dunn, Es- 
 ([uii'c, the Honourable Hector Fabre, Louis H. Frechette, 
 LL.JJ., Na].oleon Leger,dre, Esquire, Fanqdiile LeMay, 
 Esquire, the Honourable E.G. Marehand, dose[»h Mar- 
 mette, Esqinre, the Ilonuurable ]\Ir. Justice liouthier, 
 Docteiir es Lettres, J^enjannn Suite, Es([uire, the Eev- 
 ereiid Abl)e Tanguay, Josei>h Tasse, Es([uire, the Ilev. 
 Abbe Verreau, J3octeur es Lettres, K. Maurice, l>ucke, 
 M.I),, the Reverend ^Eneas ]\[cDonell Dawson, Lieute- 
 naut-CoL)nel G. T. Denison, B.C.L., the Very Reverend 
 G. M. Grant, \).\).^ William Kirby, Es([uire, John 
 Les])erance, Esquire, Charles Lindsey, 'Esquire, the 
 Eeverend W. Lyall, LL.D., George Murray, R.A., the 
 Eev. J. Clark Murrjiy, LL.D., Evan McCoU, E^^icpiire, 
 John lleade, Es(iriire, Charles Sangster, Esquire, George 
 Stewart (the younger), Esquire, Al[)heus Todd, C.M.G., 
 LL.D., J. WatfcOD, M.A., LL.D., G. Paxton Young, 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 U 
 
 ■V, 
 
 :e, 
 
 ;e- 
 
 10 
 
 re, 
 
 JO' 
 
 M.A., C. l)Mill;irnv, (\K., HcrlHTt A. l>;iyiR', Estpiiro, K. 
 J. Chapman, IMi.D., LL.J)., J. W. Chcninian, M.A., E. 
 Dcville, C.K., N. F. Dupuis, M.A., F.K.S.K., Sandford 
 Floiuing, C.M.Cr., C.E., W Fortiii, M.1), G. P. ( lirdwood, 
 MJ)., F. N. (Jisbonic, M. Iiisi. (j.K., K. Haaiud, 
 rh.D., tlui Very KevcieiKrr. E. Ilaniel, M.A., li. J. Har- 
 rington, B.A., Ph.D., (1. C. Ilolfinan, F. I.C., A. John- 
 son, LL.D., J. T. Loudon, M. A., T. Macfarlane, Af. E., 
 J. G. McGregor, M.A., D.Sc., F.K.S.K., L. W. liaih'v, 
 M.A., IMi.l)., Ptobert Bell, MA)., (J.E., F.iJ.S., G. M, 
 Dawson, I). Sc, A.P.S.M., F.G.S., Edwin Gil])in, M.A., 
 F.G.S., J. Bernard Gilpin, MA).. M.R.C.S., the Jleverend 
 
 D. Honey man, J).C.L., J. M. dones, F. 1^.8., the Kev- 
 erend Professor J. C. K. LatiamuK^., D.I)., J. Maconn, 
 M.A., F.L.S., G. F. Matthew, M. A., Alexander Murray, 
 C.M.G., F.G.S., W. Osier, M.D., W. Saunders, Esijuire, 
 D.N. St. Cyr, Esquire, J. F. Whit eaves, F.G.S., and 
 
 E. Pamsay Wright, M.A., B.Sc., together with such 
 other persons as now or may hereafter hecomt; members 
 of the Society, to be lu^reljy incorporated un<ler the pro- 
 visions of this Act and the by-laws made under the 
 iiiithority thereof, and th(ur successors shall be and .are 
 hereby constituted a body jtolitic and cor[)()rat(^ by the 
 name of '' The Poyal Society of Canada," lau'einafter 
 called the Societv, and mav, bv anv lei^al title, acciuire, 
 liold and enjoy, foi' the use of the Society, any pro})erty 
 whatever, real or personal, and may alienate, sell and 
 
14 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA 
 
 (lis]))S5 of the same, or any part thereof, from time to 
 time, and as occasion may re(|uire, and other ])roperty, 
 real or personal, may acquire instead thereof; Provided 
 always, tliat the annual value of the real estate held at 
 any one time for the actual use of the Society shall not 
 exceed four thousand dollars. 
 
 2. The Society shall not hold any property except as 
 aforesaid, and such as shall be derived from the following 
 sources, that is to say : the life, annual and other sub- 
 scriptions of members, donations, bequests, or legacies 
 made to the Society, and such other moneys or property 
 as may be acquired by and from the ordinary trans- 
 actions of the Society, or may now belong to the existing 
 Society, and the moneys arising from fines and forfeitures 
 lawfully imposed by their by-laws : Provided always, 
 that the Society shall sell and convey any real estate 
 acquired by them under the provisions of this section, 
 within ten years after they shall have acquired the same 
 unless the same be required for the actual use of the 
 Society under the provisions of the next preceding sec- 
 tion. 
 
 3. The affairs and business of the Society shall be 
 managed by such officers and committees, and under 
 such restrictions, touching the powers and duties of 
 such officers and committees, as by by-law in that 
 behalf the Society may from time to time ordain ; and 
 the Society may assign to any of such officers such 
 remuneration as they deem requisite. 
 
HANDBOOK, 
 
 16 
 
 4. The Society may make such by-laws, not contrary 
 to law, as they shall deem expedient for the administra- 
 tion and government of the Society, and may rejieal, 
 amend or re-enact the same from time to time, observ- 
 ing always, however, such formalities as by such by- 
 laws, or by the by-laws now in force, may be prescribed 
 to that end, and generally shall have all the corporate 
 powers necessary for the purposes of this Act. 
 
 5. The present by-laws of the existing Society, not 
 being contrary to law, shall be the by-laws of the 
 Society hereby constituted, until they shall be repealed 
 or altered as aforesaid. 
 
 6. Until others shall be elected according to the by- 
 laws of the Society, the present officers of the existing 
 Society shall be those of the Society. 
 
 7. All subscriptions and all penalties due to the Soci- 
 ety imder any by-law may be recovered by suit in the 
 name of the Society ; but any member may withdraw 
 therefrom at any time, on payment of all amounts by 
 him due to the Society, inclusive of his subscription for 
 the year then current, and shall, upon such withdrawal 
 and payment of amounts due, cease to be a member of 
 the Society. 
 
 8. No person otherwise competent to be a witness in 
 any suit or prosecution, in which the Society may be 
 engaged, shall be deemed incompetent to be such wit- 
 ness by reason of his being or having been a member or 
 officer of the Society. 
 
Il . I 
 
 1^ 
 
 7 HE ROYAL ::-OCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 9. Th(» Society sliall iiiakf? annual reports to tlie 
 Governor-General aiul to both Mouses of I*arlianient, 
 containing a general statenientof the affairs of the Soci- 
 ety, which said reports shall he jnesented within the first 
 twenty days of every session of Parliament. 
 
 rl 
 
 As adopted at the opening meeting, and subsecpunitly 
 modified from time to time, the following are the Regu- 
 lations of the Societv : — 
 
 KF.GULATIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OP CANADA- 
 
 ^ 1. — Object H of the Society. 
 
 The objects of the Society are set forth in the pre- 
 amble of the Act of Incorporation, as follows : first, to 
 encourage studies and investigations in literature and 
 science ; secondly, to publish Transactions annually or 
 semi-annually, containing the minutes of proceedings at 
 meetings, records of the work performed, origirial papers 
 and memoirs of merit, and such other documents as may 
 be deemed worthy of publication ; thirdly, to offer 
 
IfAND-BOOK. 
 
 17 
 
 ])rizes or otliov iiulucemeiits foi- valuable papers on 
 subjects relating tu Canada, and to aid researches al- 
 ready begun and carried so far as to render their 
 ultimate value probable ; fourthly, to assist in the col- 
 lection of specimens witli a view to the formation of a 
 Canadian museum of archives, ethnology, archiWogy 
 and natuial history. 
 
 2. — Name, 
 
 By the gracious permission of Her Majesty the 
 Queen, the Society will bear the name of the Koyal 
 Society of Canada, and the members shall be entitled 
 " Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada." 
 
 3. — Honorary President and Patron, 
 
 His Excellency the Governor-General shall be the 
 Honorary President and Patron of the Society. 
 
 4. — Division into Sections. 
 
 The Society shall consist of the four following sec- 
 tions : — 
 
 1. French Literature, with History, Archaeology and 
 allied subjects. 
 
 2. English Literature, with History, Archaeology and 
 allied subjects. 
 
 3. Mathematical, Chemical and Physical Sciences. 
 
18 
 
 IHE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 4. Geological and Biological Sciences. 
 
 The sections may meet separately for the reading and 
 discussion of pajjers, and for business, at such times and 
 places as may be fixed by the sections under the control 
 of the Council. 
 
 5. — Officers. 
 
 The officers of the Society shall be a President and 
 Vice-President, with an Honorary Secretary and a 
 Treasurer, to be elected by the whole Society, besides 
 a President, Vice-President and Secretary of each sec- 
 tion, to be elected by the section. The elections shall 
 be annual. 
 
 The Council of the Society shall consist of the officers 
 so elected, and of ex-presidents, during three years 
 from the date of their retirement from the office of 
 president, and of such ex- members of the Council, not 
 exceeding four in number, as may be selected by the 
 Council itself. The ex-members, so elected, shall con- 
 tinue in office for three years, and afterwards until 
 successors are appointed. 
 
 6. — Members. 
 
 The Fellows shall be persons resident in the Dom- 
 inion of Canada, or in Newfoundland, who have pub- 
 lished original works or memoirs of merit, or have 
 rendered eminent services to Literature or to Science. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 19 
 
 ng aud 
 les and 
 control 
 
 It and 
 and a 
 )esides 
 h sec- 
 shall 
 
 )fficei\s 
 years 
 Roe of 
 il, not 
 )y the 
 I con- 
 until 
 
 )oni- 
 pub- 
 have 
 
 The number of menabers in each Section shall be in 
 general limited to twenty, but may be increased if any 
 section should so desire, in the manner hereinafter 
 indicated. Nominations to fill vacancies in anv Section 
 may be made at any time in writing by any ^hree 
 members of that section, and the nomination papers 
 shall be lodged with the Honorary Secretary, who shall 
 make a record of them. When the vacancy occurs, the 
 Honorary Secretary shall notify the members of the 
 section in which it has taken place, and transmit to 
 each a printed list of the caiididates nominated, together 
 with the reasons in writing for such nomination, at least 
 four months before the annual or any general meeting 
 of the Society. Each member may then place a mark 
 (X) opposite the name of the candidate for whom he 
 votes, and return the voting paper to the Honorary^ 
 Secretary, who shall report to the Council at a meeting, 
 to be held at least two months befori the annual meet- 
 ing, the number of votes obtained by each candidate. 
 Should any of these have obtained two-thirds of the 
 votes of the whole section, the Council shall so report 
 to the Society. Should this result not be attained, then 
 the Council may select one or more of the candidates 
 obtaining the highest number of votes of the section, 
 and cause the members of the Society to be advised of 
 the names of the candidates so selected, at least one 
 month previous to the date of the annnal meeting, 
 
 36. 
 
i ! 
 
 20 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 i 
 
 ' 1 
 
 III ! 
 
 when the election may take place by vote of the mem- 
 bers present, or the matter be referred back to the 
 section concerned. 
 
 In any year, when no vacancy occurs in the member- 
 ship of a section, the section shall have power to in- 
 crease its number by electing one new member from 
 among those who have preseated papers at its meetings, 
 which have been subsequently printed in the Trans- 
 actions of the Society. 
 
 The proposal to elect an additional member shall be 
 made by nominations in the usual manner, but each 
 member of the section shall have the opportunity of 
 voting against the election of an additional member 
 absolutely ; and if the majority of votes be against the 
 election of an additional member, then no such member 
 ^ shall be elected for that year. This clause shall cease 
 to operate as soon as the total number in any section 
 shall have reached twenty-five. 
 
 7. — Duties of Members. 
 
 Members shall sign the regulations of the Society, 
 shall be })resented by the President to the Society at a 
 general meeting of the same, shall attend its stated 
 meetings, or send reasons of absence to the Honorary 
 Secretary, and shall pay an annual subscription of S2.00, 
 or the sum ot $20.00 in one payment, in commutation 
 of the same for life inembership. These payments shall 
 
 SI 
 
 t 
 
 ti 
 t 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 21 
 
 entitle members to receive the Transactions of the 
 Society. 
 
 Any member may withdraw from the Society, an<l 
 the Society may, by resolution in general session on the 
 recommendation of the Council, L»rant to such member 
 the privilege of retaining Ids title, and his name shall 
 thenceforward be entered on the lists as a retired 
 member retaining title. 
 
 Any member failing to attend three years in suc- 
 cession, without presenting a paper, or assigning reasons 
 in writing satisfactory to the Society, shall be con- 
 sidered to have resigned. 
 
 8 . — Co TTes^^onding Memhe rs. 
 
 The Society may elect by ballot on proposal by three 
 members, or on recommendation of the Council, persons 
 not resident in Canada as corresponding members. 
 Such persons must be eminent in Literature or Science, 
 and evidence to that effect must be presented to the 
 Society at the time of their proposal or reconnnend- 
 ation. The number of corresponding members shall be 
 limited to sixteen. 
 
 That in acting under Eule 8 of the Constitution, four 
 of the corres])on(ling members shall l)e elected for each 
 Section ; and the name or names ])r()posed, the names 
 of tlie proposers, and the reasons in writing, shall be 
 announced to the Society through the Honorary Sec- 
 
22 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 retaiy, at least one day before the balloting for any such 
 corresponding member. (Kesolution of May, 1884.) 
 
 9. — Meetings. 
 
 The Society shall hold an annual meeting in such 
 city of the Dominion as it may deterraine from time to 
 time. It may at any annual meeting appoint other 
 meetings to be held in the course of the yeai. The 
 time of holding the annual meeting shall be on a day 
 or days to be determined at the next previous meeting, 
 or, ftiiling tliis, l^y the Council. The offices of the 
 Society shall be in the city of Ottawa, and its meetings 
 shall be held in that city, unless otherwise determined. 
 
 10. — Pilfers. 
 
 The title of any Paper, Memoir or other production, 
 by a member, intended to be read at a meeting of the 
 Society, shall be submitted, together with an abstract 
 of its contents, to the Council, through the Secretary, 
 previous to the meeting at which it is to be read. On 
 its approval, each such communication shall be assigned 
 to the section to which it belonos, and having been there- 
 in read aud discussed, shall be submitted to a committee 
 of the section, and on report of said committee, may be 
 recommended to the Council for publication, either 
 entire or in abstract, in the Transactions of the Society 
 
 -; 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 23 
 
 • any such 
 1884.) 
 
 % in such 
 n time to 
 int other 
 iai . The 
 on a day 
 meeting, 
 5S of the 
 meetings 
 ermined. 
 
 eduction, 
 g of the 
 abstract 
 cretary, 
 d. On 
 issigned 
 n there- 
 umittee 
 may be 
 either 
 Society 
 
 Communications by persons not members of the Society 
 may be submitted by members on the same conditions 
 as their own productions. 
 
 ' ] 1. — Associated Societies. 
 
 Every scientific or literary society in the Dominion, 
 which may be selected by vote of the Society, shall be 
 invited by circular of the Honorary Secretary, to elect 
 annually one of its members as a delegate to the meet- 
 ings of the Society, such delegate to have, during his 
 term of office, the privilege of taking part in all general 
 or sectional meetings for the reading and discussion of 
 papers, and to be empowered to communicate a short 
 j statement of original work done and papers published 
 during the year by his Society, and to report on any 
 matters in which the Eoyal Society may usefully aid in 
 publication or otherwise. 
 
 12. — Circidatio n of Ti 'ansactions . 
 
 Copies of the Transactions of the Society shall be 
 sent to the following : — 
 
 All members who have paid their subscriptions. 
 All Associated Societies. 
 Such foreign Societies as may be selected by the 
 
 Council. 
 The Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces of tlie 
 
 Dominion and Newfoundland. 
 
ir 
 
 24 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The niombors of the Privy Council of Canada. 
 
 The Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court 
 
 of Canada. 
 The Speakers of the Senate and House of (Commons. 
 The Chief Justice of each Province. 
 The Premier of each Province. 
 The Speakers of the Legislatures of each Province. 
 The Minister or Superintendent of Education in each 
 
 Province. 
 The Universities, the Library of Parliament and the 
 
 Libraries of Provincial Legislatures. 
 
 13. — Duties of Council. 
 
 The Council shall manage all the affairs of the 
 Society in the intervals of its meetings, and shall make 
 arrangements for the meetings. It shall meet at the 
 call of the President, Tliree members shall be a 
 quorum. 
 
 The Council shall report its proceedings at each meet- 
 ing of the Society for sanction. 
 
 The Council shall have the custody and disposal of 
 rxU moneys, collections and other property of the So- 
 ciety, subject to sanction of its proceedings as above. 
 
 In the absence of the President and Vice-President, 
 the Council may appoint a temporary chairman, and in 
 the case of vacancy of the office of Honorary Secretary 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 26 
 
 11. 
 
 eme Court 
 
 )iiimoiJS. 
 
 vince. 
 
 ►n in each 
 
 it and the 
 
 rs of the 
 hall make 
 leet at tlie 
 lall be a 
 
 sach meet- 
 is posal of 
 
 f the So- 
 above. 
 
 .-^resident, 
 n, and in 
 
 Secretary 
 
 or Ti'easurer may appoint a tempoi'avy Secretary or Treas- 
 urer to hold ottice till the next meeting of the Society. 
 
 14. — Duties of the Honorary Secretary. 
 
 The Honoiary Secretary shall keep the minutes of 
 the Society and Council, and shall conduct their cor- 
 respondence, shall receive and attend to all nominations 
 for members and otiicers of sections, shall keep the lists 
 aud records of the Society, and, under advice of the 
 President, shall attend to any business that may arise 
 in the intervals of meetings. He may, with consent of 
 the Council, delegate any part of his duties to a paid 
 assistant appointed by the Council. 
 
 15. — Duties of the Treasurer. 
 
 The Treasurer shall have the custody of all moneys 
 of the Society, shall keep account of the same, and sub- 
 mit these to the Council at its meetings, and shall 
 receive subscriptions, grants and donations, and make 
 disbursements as shall be ordered by the Council. 
 
 IG. — Addresses and Special Reports. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the President, or, in event of 
 his being unable to do so, of the Vice-President, to 
 })repare an address for each annual meeting. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the President of each section, 
 or, in event of his being unable to do so, of tlie Vice- 
 
26 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 111 
 
 I ' ! 
 
 President, to prepare an address, having reference to the 
 special objects of the section, for each annual meeting. 
 
 The Society in general session, or any of the sections, 
 with consent of the Society, may ap[)oint committees to 
 prepare reports on any special literary or scientific 
 matters, or on the progress of literature and science, or 
 on works published in Canada, and to suggest such 
 honorary notice as may seem desirable in the case of 
 meritorious works or researches. 
 
 The ordinary committee of the section shall be limited 
 to three in number, and consist of the officers of the 
 section, or any members that the section may select to 
 make np the number. 
 
 i;'| 
 
 17. — Reading of Fwpern. 
 
 I. — The representatives of each section in the Council 
 shall be the judges of the papers to be accepted or re- 
 jected. No paper shall be read in any section, at any 
 general meeting of the Society, unless it has been pre- 
 sented, either in full or in abstract, at least three weeks 
 before tlie first day of the meeting, and formally ac- 
 cepted by the Council, in accordance with Rule X of 
 the Society, except by special permission of the Coun- 
 cil. The publication of any paper not so accepted, as 
 having been read before or presented to it, may be dis- 
 avowed by the Society. 
 
NAND'/KWK. 
 
 27 
 
 e to the 
 neetina. 
 
 lections, 
 tLees to 
 oientific 
 3iice, or 
 it .such 
 case of 
 
 limited 
 of the 
 ilect to 
 
 Diincil 
 or re- 
 t any 
 I pre- 
 v^eeks 
 Y ac- 
 X of 
 oun- 
 ci, as 
 dis- 
 
 II. — No paper already published shall be accepted 
 by the Society, except in cases where it shall have 
 been entirely recast. 
 
 III. — A pro,f,'ramme containing th<^. titles of papers to 
 be read shall be printed, and sent to the members of 
 the Society at least one week before the time of meet- 
 
 ing. 
 
 IV. — It shall be the duty of the Secretaries of each 
 section to prepare before each day's meeting a list of 
 the papers to be presented to each section, with the 
 names of the authors and the time demanded for their 
 reading. These lists shall be printed and made public 
 each niorninsf before the time fixed for the meeting. 
 
 18. — Puhlication of Papers. 
 
 I. — The anthor shall revise his MS. after reading, to 
 prepare it for the press. 
 
 II. — The first proof in galley shall be sent to the 
 anthor, and also a revise in galley. 
 
 III. — The matter shall then be put into page, and a 
 proof sent to the Secretary of the section to which it 
 belongs, who will sign the proof when he has corrected 
 it. Should the author demand it, he may see a proof 
 in page. 
 
 IV. — The chairman of the Printing Committee or his 
 deputy will sign the final revise, and will see that con- 
 formity in headings and in type is observed. 
 
28 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 ill 
 
 V. — If the authors of pajun's are to be absent in 
 places not accessible without delay, they shall indicate 
 some person by whom the proofs shall be read; failing 
 which, the Secretary of the section shall be responsible 
 for their reading and correction. 
 
 VI. — If, from the absence of the autlior, the proof of 
 a paper cannot be read by him, and he has named no 
 representative, and if the Secretary will not read it, the 
 Printing Committee shall not delay the volume for the 
 author's return, but shall omit the paper. 
 
 V1I.~- All matter in tlie French language shall be 
 read for literal errors by a French proof-reader skilled 
 in tlie typographic art, and familiar with the present 
 usage in France. 
 
 Rule 11, regarding the affiliation of local literary and 
 scientific societies tliroughout the Dominion, has proved 
 most fruitful in concentrating and developing the intel- 
 lectual efforts of all the provinces of the Dominion. In 
 1883, twelve societies responded to the Hon. Secretary's 
 invitation by sending delegates. This number has in- 
 creased from year to year, until now there are altogether 
 twenty -four literary, scientific, i)hilosophical, and 
 historical societies represented in the Transactions. The 
 full reports of their proceedings submitted by these 
 orsjanizations of kindred aim are extremelv valuable, as 
 indicating the work that Canada is doing in the various 
 fields of scientific research, historical investigation and 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 litcrjiiy ci'uutioii ur criticism. Some of tlie delegates 
 have contributed records covering the wliole period of 
 their Society's existence — records of undoubted interest 
 and vahie to the future historian of our intelhMjtual 
 
 progress. The following is a list, in the order of tlieir 
 seniority, of these 
 
 AFFILIATED SOCIETIES. 
 
 Literary and Historical Society of Quebec 1824 
 
 Natural History Society of Montr(%'il 1827 
 
 (Incorporated, 18.*>-,) 
 
 Institut Canadien, Quebec 184G 
 
 Canadian Institute, Toronto 1851 
 
 Institut Canadien, Ottawa 18.32 
 
 Hamilton Association, Hamilton 18.5G 
 
 Societe Historique, Montreal 1858 
 
 Nova Scotia Inst. Natural Science. 1862 
 
 Natural History Society, New Brunswick 1862 
 
 Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, Montreal. 1862 
 
 Entomological Society of Ontario 1863 
 
 Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society 1869 
 
 Miirchison Scientifi'i Society, Belleville 1873 
 
 Nova Scotia Historical Society 1878 
 
 Ottawa Field and Nattiralists' Club 1879 
 
 Geographical Society of Quebec 1879 
 
 Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba 1879 
 
 Society for Historical Studies, Montreal 1885 
 
II ;'i;i; 
 
 30 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Corcle Litteraire Francais, Moutrual 1885 
 
 Cerclu A. B. C. (Philosophical), Ottawa 1880 
 
 Canadian So'jicjtv of Civil En<»ineeis 1888 
 
 Wentwoi'th Historical Society, Hamilton 1888 
 
 Society of Canadian Literature 1889 
 
 Natural History Society of British Columbia, 
 
 Victoria 1889 
 
 Every one of these societies has its special place in the 
 advance t'uardof Canadian enlightenment. Some of the 
 older historical societies, especially those of Halifax, 
 of Quebec, of Toronto, and of Montreal, have [)ub- 
 lished valuable documents, and have materially 
 contributed to the promotion of historical enquiry and 
 the preservation of the ])rovineial and national archives. 
 The younger societies, led by that of Winnipeg, have 
 used their time to like good advantage. The writiugs 
 of Prof. Bryce, of Mr. (j. N. Bell, of Mr. Gerald E. Hart, 
 of Mr. W. D. Lighthall, of Mrs. S. A. Curzon, of Mr. 
 W. J. White, of Mr. Ernest Cruikshank and others, have 
 added to the store of knowledge already amassed by the 
 Earibaults, Murdochs, Scaddings, Le Moines, Vigers, 
 Croftons, Stewarts, Archibalds, Hannays, Verreaus and 
 Babys of the older organizations. In all the branches 
 of science, admirable work has been done by these local 
 societies, and several of them have, through a common 
 membership, enriched the Transactions of the Royal 
 
 -■■ 'i — iiiim i UM 1 1 1 )1 
 
HANDBOOK, 
 
 HI 
 
 .. 1885 
 .. \)^M') 
 .. 1888 
 .. 1888 
 .. 1889 
 
 Ll, 
 
 .. 1889 
 
 e in thti 
 e of the 
 luliffix, 
 e pub- 
 tei'iiilly 
 ry and 
 chives. 
 , have 
 ritings 
 . Hart, 
 >f Mr. 
 i, have 
 ^y the 
 ^igers, 
 
 Society. Their membership inchule.s representatives of 
 every branch of science from pure raatheniatics to the 
 latest application of electricity ; astronomy and meteor- 
 ology; pliysics, mechanics, engineering; geology and 
 mineralogy, chemistry and microscopy, biology in all its 
 departments, botany, zoohjgy, ichthyology, ornithology, 
 entomology, medicine in its various signilicanct^ includ- 
 ing hygiene ; economics, sociology, and that borderland 
 of research where science and literatui'e meet on ec^ual 
 terms. 
 
 Though the work of the sections can hardly be said 
 to have been fairly divided, some members contributing 
 much more than others, while of a certain number the 
 names have been conspicuous by their absence from the 
 yearly programmes ; it may, on the whole, be said that 
 the promise of the opening session has been fultilled in 
 the successive meetings of the last eight years. In their 
 chosen branches of study and research, all the four sec- 
 tions have added not a little to the sum of the world's 
 knowledge, and if this total be enlarged by the aggregate 
 of work done by the affiliated societies, the whole makes 
 an intellectual product of which the Dominion has no 
 reason to be ashamed. 
 
 The points most criticized in the constitution of the 
 Society were the combination of science and literature 
 and its bi-lingual character. As to the former, the first 
 president took occasion, in the address already quoted 
 
32 
 
 TFIE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 from, to show that, instead of being a drawback, it was 
 an advantai>e. After indicalinof the close relations be- 
 tween the two departments of intellectnal effort, he thus 
 expressed his satisfaction at tlie Society's comprehensive- 
 ness : — " For these reasons I rejoice that our Society em- 
 braces both science and letters, and I am profoundly con- 
 vinced that it is for the highest interest of Canada that her 
 scientific men shall be men of culture, and that her literary 
 men shall be thoroughly imbuerl with scientific know- 
 ledge and scientific habits of thought." In a paper read 
 before the Society on the relation of such bodies to the 
 State, the late Dr. Todd showed that New South Wales 
 had anticipated Canada by forming a Royal Society on 
 the like broad basis, its avowed objeijt being " the en- 
 couragement of studies and investigations in science, art, 
 literature and philosophy." Lord Lansdovvne also ex- 
 pressed his satisfaction at its two-fold division, which, he 
 said, greatly enhanced the interest and value of the 
 Transactions. 
 
 As to the other point which was the subject of discus- 
 sion — the union of French and English speaking mem- 
 bers, so far from proving an obstacle to the Society's 
 usefulness, has been one of its most fruitful features. 
 The French and English sections have, by their harmony 
 and goodwill, set an example wliich the whole Dominion 
 might follow with advantage. Differences of race and 
 creed have been revealed only by mutual courtesy and 
 
 I 
 
k, it was 
 tions be- 
 , he thus 
 hensive- 
 iety em- 
 dly con- 
 that her 
 literary 
 3 know- 
 per read 
 s to the 
 I Wales 
 ;iety on 
 he en- 
 ce, art, 
 Iso ex- 
 ich, he 
 of the 
 
 iscus- 
 mem- 
 eiety's 
 tares, 
 nioiiy 
 linion 
 e and 
 y and 
 
 HAND-BOOK. 
 
 33 
 
 willing co-operation in the grand ^\m% of the Society. 
 From the rule of kindliness and deference there has been, 
 from the opening of the first to the closing of the last 
 meeting, no instance of departure. It is also noteworthy 
 that the Society has been the means of renewing relations 
 between the two branches of the French race in the new 
 world — that of Canada and Acadia, and that of Louisiana 
 — the Atkenie Louisianais, of New Orleans, being one 
 of the first of foreign organizations to respond to the 
 invitation of the Honorary Secretary. In the list of 
 corresponding members, moreover, eminent sons of the 
 French race have their places along with distinguishe d 
 Anglo-Saxons of both hemispheres. Had the Society 
 effected nothino: else than these exchano:es of cordial 
 sympathy it would not have lived altogether in vain. 
 
 The letters from eminent foreign societies which 
 greeted the entrance of Canada into their exalted 
 sisterhood were most gratifying. M. Camille Doucet, 
 perpetual S'' ;retary of the French Academy, in acknow- 
 ledging the Hon. Secretary's invitation to the Institute 
 of Fi'avcc to send a delegate to the meeting at Ottawa, 
 >aid thit Dv. Bourinot's lettc. nad been received with 
 the most cordial sympathy by each of the five Academies 
 that constitute that great centre of universal learning. =^ 
 
 *A private lettt'i.- U(JI(b« ss(m{ ^^s Mr. Doucet to the late Hori. Mr. 
 Chauveau, whicii wv,-- oired oy Mr. TaMsf' in his ailnurablo speecli 
 in moving the .second rep.Sng A' the Incorporation Act, i.s no per- 
 tinent as evidence v.t we ijontiuients vhich the formation of the 
 
 I 
 
84 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 M. Xavier Marmier, an old and much prized friend 
 of Canada, would gladly have responded to the call, had 
 not an untimely illness stood in the way. The Belgian 
 Academy, through its Secretary, Mr. Liagre ; the British 
 Association, through Professor T. G. Bonney, whom 
 Montrealers have not forgotten ; the National Academy 
 of Sciences, of Washington, through Mr. A. Hall ; the 
 New York Academy of Sciences, through Dr. Albert 
 Leeds ; the American Academy of Arts « nd Sciences, 
 through Mr. Josiah P. Cooke ; the Asso. fati >n Frnncaise 
 
 new Society awakened in Canada's ancient motherland that i^ is a 
 pity not to reproduce it. " I am in receipt," writes Mr. Cr.mille 
 Doucet, *' with the letter which you did me the honour of writing to 
 me on the .Srd of this month, of the report which it contains of the 
 inaugural meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, and I hastened 
 to lay it in its entirety before the Academy at its last assembly. In 
 organizing, as vou say, in imitation of our French Institute ^nd 
 of the Royal Society of England, the Canadian Academy ha'5 ^ -. 
 to friendly nations a testimony of goodwill and atlectionate teem. 
 The Academy thank« you for having informed it of you^ i,\iA > 
 ization, and for having done so with so much cordiality, aii<i 1.. 
 language so elevated, so piu-e, so French. The old Acadeuiy of 
 France delights to extend tlie right hand of fellowship to the new- 
 born Royal Society of Canada, and wishing that it may, after 
 three hundred years of existence, be as flourishing as its elder 
 sister has the happiness to be to-day. The addresses delivered at 
 the second session have been greatly appreciated by iny fellow 
 members, who all applauded their eloquence. Particu^i 'v mi« 
 pressed with the sympathy which your illustrious patron, desires 
 to show for France, the Academy wishes yju to convey to His 
 Excellency the expression of its respectful ^rntiiude.'' 
 
 i 
 
 ui 
 
 w 
 
 K 
 
 11 
 
4 
 
 HAND-BOOK, 
 
 35 
 
 zed friend 
 e cal], had 
 le Belgian 
 he British 
 'y, whom 
 Academy 
 Hall; the 
 )r. Albert 
 Sciences, 
 Fi'ancaise 
 
 tt.at if is a 
 ^r Or^mille 
 fvvritingto 
 ^-ms of the 
 ^ hastened 
 ernbly. In 
 titute wnrl 
 ha'5^;", s;, 
 
 te tetui. 
 'Jj flii''-. lit ^ 
 
 ^adeiny of 
 ' the new- 
 ay, after 
 its elder 
 livered at 
 
 fellow 
 
 5 ilea ires 
 
 
 pour I'avancenient des Sciences, through Mr. Dubuisson ; 
 the New Orleans AthSn^e Louinianais (already men- 
 tioned), through Mr. A. Mercier — these and others 
 of the world's centres of science and learning sent 
 heartiest greetings. 
 
 The circulation of the Transactions has done much to 
 make Canada better known at the chief seats of enlight- 
 enment in the Old World. " Not a week passes," says 
 the report of the Council for 1887, " without some 
 evidence being furnished of the attention that the papers 
 are receiving in cultivated circles abroad, and requests for 
 the volumes are constantly at hand from various centres 
 of intelligence to which they have not hitherto been 
 sent. Only a fortnight ago, for instance, the Hon. Secre- 
 tary received some very interesting volumes from the 
 Imperial University of Japan, at Tokio, with an expres- 
 sion of the wish that the Transactions should be regularly 
 sent to that institution.'* More than six hundred copies 
 are thus distributed every year, and that they do not lie 
 unread on dusty shelves is shown by the best of evidence 
 — the extent to which they- are quoted in works dealing 
 with the themes of which thev treat. 
 
 Apart from its relations to the centres of learning and 
 research in other lands, and its attractive potency on the 
 ^•attered circles of local intellectual effort in the Domi- 
 nion, the Koyal Society can play a not unimportant role in 
 connection with the State. This phase of its usefulness 
 
 1. '■ 
 

 36 
 
 T//£ ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 (vvliicli hns hardly yet, perhaps, been allotted due signifi- 
 cance) was very clearly illustrated in a paper read ])y 
 the late Dr. Alpheus Todd, C.M.G., before the Society 
 not long before his death. Citing the example of New 
 South Wales, which was the first of the Biitish colonies 
 t<) establish a Royal Society, he commended the states- 
 men of that great country for availing themselves of the 
 co-operation of learned and capable advisers to advance 
 the pL bV* welfare in matters that lay distinctly apart 
 from the '^nain of party politics. In so doing, however, 
 they weie simply following the precedent of the mother- 
 land, which had long assigned to the Royal Society of 
 London certain duties of a scientific nature which it was 
 peculiarly (jualified to discharge. The application of the 
 same principle in Canada was a logical sequel of the 
 formation of such a body. The same subject was very 
 appositely though indirectly treated by the first presi- 
 dent in his second address (1883), wherein he outlined 
 the progress already achieved mainly through the Geolo- 
 gical and Natural History Survey and the provisions for 
 science teaching in the Universities. A perceptible 
 stimulus was given to the scientific movement in 
 Canada, both in its practical and scientific aspect, by the 
 departure of the British Association from its narrower 
 early traditions in conseiiting to hold a meeting in 
 Montreal. In that meeting (1884) member3 of Canada's 
 Royal Society took an active part, and among the sub- 
 
 ft'! 
 
HANDBOOK. 
 
 37 
 
 e signifi- 
 read by 
 
 Society 
 of New 
 
 colonies 
 states - 
 s of the 
 d Vance 
 y apart 
 •wever, 
 nother- 
 iety of 
 it was 
 of tlie 
 of the 
 3 very 
 
 jects wliich they chose for their papers there were seve- 
 ral which had a distinct relation to the State — such as 
 those on Standard Time, on Tidal Observations in Cana- 
 dian Waters, on our Mineral Eesources, on various 
 branches and details of economic science, and on ques- 
 tions pertaining to our native races. 
 
 But, in reality, it is not occasionally but always that 
 the Royal Society is, in sympathy, aspiration and the 
 sphere of its labours, in close relation to the State and 
 tlie needs of the country at large. Such relation arises 
 necessarily from the fact that the membership of the 
 Scientific sections is so largely composed of officers of the 
 scientific departments of the Government. The head of 
 the Geological Survey and the principal members of his 
 staff, the Surveyor-General, the director of the Experi- 
 mental Farms, the chief Analyst, the head of the 
 Meteorological Service, the director of State Telegi'a[)hs, 
 the Goverument Entomologist, more than one emeriiiis 
 otticial of high standing, and several members of corres- 
 ]>onding services in the provinces — these, with represen- 
 tatives of the universities occasionally employed in public 
 functions, form a sort of State Council on the whole 
 range of important questions in which scientific know- 
 ledge and experience are essential to the general welfare. 
 An examination of the contents of the Transactions for 
 any and every year will, in fine, furnish convincing 
 })roof of the alliance between the Roya Society and the 
 
 2 
 
38 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 State, aud of thebenetits which the former renders to the 
 
 latter. 
 
 Nor is it the scientific sections alone that stand in this 
 beneficial relation to the State. In seconding Mr. Tasse's 
 motion for the second reading of the Act of Incorporation, 
 Mr. Ross, of Middlesex (the present able Minister of 
 Education for Ontario), pointed out very clearly the 
 services which such a Society might render in the field 
 of historical research. He reminded his hearers uf the 
 passages in our annals that were still shadowed by ob- 
 sc^. . .cy — such as the great struggle of 18 12 and the boun- 
 dary treaties that left behind them such deplorable con- 
 fusiun. Nor did he withhold his sympathy from the 
 attempt to encourage Canadian literature, and to make 
 it. as far as possible, characteristic of the life, the thought 
 and the aspirations of the people. 
 
 '* As I have the honour," said Mr. Tasse, in discussinti 
 this same feature of the Society's allotted task, "of sitting 
 beside three gentlemen who bear the poetic names of 
 Homer, Shakespeare and Burns, it will suffice for me to 
 remark that the three great poets from whom, I hope, 
 these gentlemen are lineally descended have done more 
 to immortahze Greece, England r nd Scotland than the 
 most eminent statesmen and distinguished warriors. 
 x\nd in so far as the lloyal Society devotes itself to the 
 cultivation of what is highesf; in thought and sentiment, 
 to the study of tho beautiful and the pursuit of the 
 
 -mi* 
 
 WHWWW Wi 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 39 
 
 true, its mibsioii is a noble and onlightene<l onn, wliidi 
 merits the support of all patriotic Canadians." 
 
 Since its formation in 1882, the membership of the 
 Society has been considerably modified. The original 
 composition of the Council has been already mentioned. 
 The followir^ tabulated statement shows at a glance tlie 
 changes that it has undergone from yea* to year to the 
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HAND-BOOK, 
 
 4;{ 
 
 Tlit^ iiK;inbt'i-,sliii) of tho sei^tious was thus composed in 
 1882 :— 
 
 Section F. — French Literature, History, Archaeology 
 and kiu(b"e(l subjects.— The Uev. Abb^ Begin, D.D., 
 Laval University, (^)uebec; The llev. Abbe Bois, Maski- 
 nonge, P.Q. ; Napoleon Bourassa, Esq., Montreal; the 
 Rev. Abbe H. R. Casgrain, Riviere Quelle, P.Q. ; the 
 Hon. R. J. 0. Chauveau, LL.D., etc., Montreal; Paul De 
 Cazos, Esq., (Quebec ; Oscar Dunn, Esq., Quebec ; the 
 Hon. Hector Fabre, Paris ; N. Faucher de Saint Mau- 
 rice, Escj., Quel)ec ; Louis P'rechette, Esq., Laur(5at de 
 I'Acad^niie Franoaise, Montreal ; Napoleon Legendre, 
 Esq., Quebec ; Painphile LeMay, Esq., Quebec ; J. M. 
 LeMoine, P]sq., Spencer Grange, Quebec; the Hon. P\ 
 G. Marchand, St. Johns, P.Q. ; Joseph Marinette, P^sq., 
 Quebec ; the Hon. Judge Routhier, Quebec ; B. Suite, 
 P'sq., Ottawa; the Rev. Cy prion Tanguay, Ottawa; 
 Joseph Tasse, Esq., Ottawa; the Rev. Abbe H. Verreau, 
 Montreal. 
 
 Section XL — English Literature, History, Archaeology 
 and kindred subjects. — John George Bourinot, Esq., 
 F.S.S., Ottawa; Dr. R. M. lucke, London, Ont. ; 
 Rev. /Eueas Macdonell Dawson, Ottawa; Lieut.-Col. G. 
 T. Denison, Toronto; the Very Rev.G. M. Grant, D.D., 
 Princi[)al of Queen's College, Kingston; William Kirby, 
 Esq., Niagar.i, Ont. ; John Talon Lesperance, Esq., 
 Montreal ; Charles Lindsey, Esq., Toronto j the Rev. 
 
44 
 
 7//A ROYAL SOCIE'I y OF CANADA 
 
 VV. Lyall, LL. I)., D.illiouHic (Jollei^v, Halifax ; Gt-ori^e 
 Murray, Ks^,, Muiur.ial ; tli<; liev. J. Clark Murray, 
 MdJill (J(jllt'<^^e, Moutn^al ; Kv.iii McColl, Escj., lviu«^^sU)U, 
 Out.; »I(>lni ilead<i, Esr^ , Mouti'eNil ; Charles Saugster, 
 
 \\ 
 
 iSfj. 
 
 Cltawa,; Dr. GoMwiu Suiilh, Tor* ..>; (leoroe 
 
 SU'wart, jr., Ks(]., (»)u(^bi3c; ; Al|»lieus Tcxhl, Ks(|., (.\M.G , 
 Ottawa; Dr. J. Watsou, Queen's College, Kingston, 
 Out.; Dr. Daniel VV^ilsuu, Prcisideut of the University 
 of Toronto ; Dr. O. Paxton Vouuu, M.A., Uuivi-rsitv 
 
 Coll 
 
 (r,> 
 
 I'L^t 
 
 o •) 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 Section III. — Mathematical, Physical and Chemical 
 Sciences. — C. Paillar^t^, Esq., C.Pl, Quebec ; Herbert 
 A. liayue, Es(|., lioyal Military College, Ki' stou, Out. ; 
 C. H. Carjmiael, Esq., Superintendent ^^, orologic.il 
 Service^ Tonuito; Prof. E.J. (^hapnuin, University 
 College, Toronto ; Prof. d. B. Cherriman, Superinteu- 
 dent of Insuranci!, Otta\Na : E. Deville. Es(p, Chief In- 
 spector of Surveys, Ottawa ; N. E. Dupuis, Esq., E.K. 
 S.E., Queen's Colleue, Kinn'ston, Out.: Sandfovd Eleni- 
 
 'r>^> 
 
 ing, Esq., C.E, C.M.G., Ottawa; Dr. P. Fortin, M.P., 
 Montreal: Dr. G. P. Gird wood, McGill College, Mont- 
 
 O"*' 
 
 real; E. VV. Gisborne, Esq., C.E., M.PT.E.E., Oitawit ; 
 Prof. E. Haanel, Victoria College, Cobourg ; B. J. Har- 
 
 O J 
 
 rington, Esq., IMi.D., VlqKWW College, Montreal ; G. C. 
 liotfmann, Esq., E. Inst. Cheni., Giiological Survey, 
 Ottawa; T. Sterry Hunt, Esq., LL.D., Cantab., E.R.S., 
 Montreal j A. Johnson, LL.D. (Dublin), McGill College, 
 
IIANn t'OOK. 
 
 45 
 
 Moiitrciil; J. T. Loudon, Kscj.. riiivciNity ('<>ll<*u;o, 
 Toronto; T. M.i('f;irliin(\ M. Imil,^, Actonvali, V ^} ; •! • 
 C. McGregor, J).Sc, F.R.S.K., Dalliousiu Cnllcgc, 
 Halifax. 
 
 Section IV. — Geological and Biological Sciences. — T,. 
 W. l>ailey, P^scj., IMi.I) , University of New Brunswick. 
 Fredericton, X.B.: George liarnston, Ks(|., M(aitrea,l ; 
 Dr. Kobert Bell, C.K., F.G-S , Assist. Director (Joological 
 Survey, Ottawji; Dr. G. M. Dawson, D.Su*., F.G.S., 
 A.R.S.M., Assist. Director Geological Survey, (Ottawa ; 
 Dr. J. W. Dawson, C.M.G., F.K.S., Principal McGill 
 University, Montreal; Fdwin Gilpin, Es(i., F.(f.8., In- 
 spector of Mines, Halifax ; J. Bx'rnard Gilpin, Fscp, M.D., 
 Halifax; Dr. J. A. Grant, F.G.S., Ottawa; the Be v. 
 Dr. Honeyman, Museum, Halifjix ; J. M. clones, Fsip, 
 F.L.S., Halifax ; the Kev. Prof. Latlanune, Laval Uni- 
 versity, Quebec; Prof. G. I^awson, LL.D., Dalliousie 
 ('oUege, Halifax ; J. Macoun, Esq., F\L.S., Albert 
 University, Belleville ; Alex. Murray, F'.sq., C.M.G., 
 F.G S., Director of the Geological Survey of Newfound- 
 land ; Dr. William Osier, McGill College, Mositreal ; 
 W. Saunders, F^sq., London, Ont. ; Dr. A. Li. 0. Selwyn, 
 LL.D.,F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of the Geological Survey 
 of Canada, Ottawa; D. N. St. Cyr, F^sq., Quebec; J. 
 F\ Whiteaves, Esq., F\G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa; 
 Prof. K. Kamsay Wright, M.A., B.Sc, University Col- 
 lege, Toronto. 
 

 40 
 
 T///^ ROV.IL SOCIRTY OF ^A^fADA 
 
 Twelve members of the Society liave been removed 
 by death ;— Mr. George Barnston, Dr. Todd, Mr. Mur- 
 ray, C.M.G., Director of the Geological Survey of New- 
 foundland, and for years Sir William Logan's assistant; 
 llev. Dr. Honeyman, of Halifax; Mr. J. C. Dent, the 
 historian; Dr. Fortin, M.P. ; Mr. Herbert A. Bayne, of 
 the Royal Military College, Kingston; Mr Oscar Dunn, 
 Prof. George Paxton Young, Toronto ; the Abbe Bois, 
 the Hon. P. J. 0. Chauveau, and John Les[>eiance. 
 Others have, for various reasons, withdi'awn from the 
 Society, and others have left the country. The actual 
 membeishi]) is as follows : — 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. 
 
 LLST OK MEM15KRS 1890-1)1. 
 
 L— FRENCH LTTEKATUilE, HISTORY, ARCif.E()LO(;Y, 
 
 ETC. 
 
 Begin, S. G. Mgr. L. N., Bishop of Chicoiitimi. 
 Cawgmiii, I'Abbe H. R., LL.D., Quebec. 
 Cuoq, I'Abbe, Montreal, 
 David L. 0., Montreal. 
 DeCazes, Paul, Quebec 
 DeCellea, A. D., Ottawa. 
 Fabre, Hector, Paris, France- 
 Faucherde Saint-Maurice, N., Quebec. 
 Frechette, Louisi LL.D., Montreal. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 47 
 
 Jjegendre, Napoleon, Quebec. 
 
 LeMay, Parnphile, Quebec. 
 
 IjeMoine, .j, M., Quebec, 
 
 Lusignan; A., Ottawa- 
 
 >[archan(l, Hon. F. G., St. Johns, P.Q . 
 
 Marinette, Joseph, Ottawa. 
 
 Rontliier, A. B , LL.D , Quebec. 
 
 Suite, Benjamin, Ottawa- 
 
 Tanguay, Mgr. Cyprien, Jj.D., Ottawa. 
 
 Tasne, Joseph, Montreal. 
 
 Verrcau, l'x\bbe Hospice, LL.D., Montreal. 
 
 ■ H 
 
 n.— ENGLISH LITERATURE, HISTORY, AliOHMOUXiY 
 
 I^TC. 
 
 Boiirinot. John George, CMG-, LL.D, D.C-L., Ottawa. 
 
 Bucke, R. Maurice, M.D., London, 0. 
 
 Dawson, Very Rev. ^neas Macdonell, LL.D., Ottawa- 
 
 Denison,Lt.-Col. G. T-, B.CL., Toronto. 
 
 Grant, Very Rev. G-M., D.D., Principal of Queen's University, 
 
 King s ton - 
 Hale, Horatio, Clinton- 
 Kingsford, William, LL.D-, Ottawa- 
 Kirby, William, Niagara. 
 Mair, Charles, Prince Albert, N. W. T- 
 Murray, George, B.A., High School, Montreal. 
 Murray, Rev. J. Clark, LL.D., McGill University, Montreal. 
 M(;Coll, Evan. 
 
 Patterson, Rev. George, D.D., New Ghugow. 
 Reade, John, Montreal. 
 
 Roberts, Cliarles, King's Colkge, Windsor, NS. 
 Stewart, George, jun., D.C.L., D.L., F.R.G.S., Quebec. 
 Watsorj, J., M.A., LL.D., Queen's University, Kingston. 
 Wilson, Sir Daniel, LL.D., F.R.S.E., President of UniverHity of 
 
 Toronto, Toronto (ex- President). 
 Withrow, Rev W. H , D.D., Toronto. 
 
48 
 
 THE POYAL SOCIETY OF C.LVADA 
 
 TIT.— MATUKMATICAI., PHYSICAJ. AND CHEMICAL 
 
 SCIENCES. 
 
 Haillai-^'r, C, C.E., QacUc 
 
 Bovoy H. T., M.A., C.E., Mc(jlill riiiveisily, Montmil. 
 
 Carpmael, C, M.A., SupcrintoiKkMit of Meteorolu«i;ical Service, 
 
 Tonnito. 
 ('iiapinaii, E. J., Pli.D., I.L.i)., University ui'Turoiitu, Toronto. 
 Deville, E., Surveyor General, Oftaw 
 
 l)iil)uis, N. F., M.A., E.R.S.E., (^iieeD's University, Klii(jst<ni. 
 Eleiniug, SatulfonI, C.M.di., LL.D., C.E., Ottawa (ex-Pre!-*i(ieiit). 
 (irinlwood, (>. P., M.I)., MeCrill Univer.sity, Montreal. 
 (Jirtborne, F. N., xM.I.T.E.E., C.F., Oftium, 
 Ilaiiiel, McMisigiior, M.A., Laval University, Qaebcr (ex-l're- 
 
 SK 
 
 lent). 
 
 iIarrin<rton, B. .1., B.A., iMi.L\, M<;(jrill Universitv, Montreal 
 
 ? ' 
 
 Tlottniann, G. (■., F. Inst. Cliein., Geological Survey, Ottawa. 
 Hunt, T. Sterry, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Wasliinijton, DJJ. (ex- 
 President). 
 .Johnson, A., LL.I)., McGill University, Montreal. 
 ijoudon, J. T., M.A., University of Toronto, Toronto. 
 Macfarlane, T-, M.E., Ottawa. 
 MacGre^^or, J. (L, M.A., D.Sc, F.U.S.E., Dalhousie University, 
 
 llallj 
 
 ax. 
 
 IV.— GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. 
 
 Jiailey, L. W., M.A., T'ii.I)., University of New Brunswick, 
 
 Fredtricton. 
 Bell, Uol.ert, M.D., C.lv, F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa, 
 Burgess, T. J. W., M.D., Mont real. 
 Dawson, G.M., D.Sc, LL.D. A.H.S.M., F.G.S., Geologicrd Survey, 
 
 Ottawa. 
 Dawson, Sir J. William, (\M.(L, LL.D., F.H.S., Principal of 
 
 McGill University, Montreal i<'\'VYi\m\^\\{). 
 
HAND BOOK, 
 
 49 
 
 Fletcher, James, the Governineiit Eritoinulogist, Ottawa. 
 
 (Tilj>in, Edwin, M.A., F.G.S., Inspector of Mines, H(tUfa.r. 
 
 (Irunt, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D., F.G.8., Ottawa. 
 
 LaHanime, Abbe J. C. K., D.D., M.A., Laval University, Qtiehec. 
 
 Lawson, G., Pli D., LL.D-, Dalhousie University, HaUfax (ex- 
 President). 
 
 Macoun, J., M.A., F.L.S-, Geological Survey, Ottaioa. 
 
 xMatthevv, G. F., M.A., St. John, N.B. 
 
 MacKay, A. H., B.A., B.Sc, Higli School, Hall/ax, N.S. 
 
 Mills, f . Wesley. M.A., MM)., McGill University, Montreal 
 
 Penhallow, 1). P., B.Sc, McGill University, Montreal. 
 
 Provancher, Abbe, Cap Rowje, Quebec. 
 
 Saunders, W., Director of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 
 
 Sehvyn, A. R. C, C.M.G., LL.D., FR.S., F.G.S., Director of the 
 Geological Survey, Ottawa. 
 
 VVhiteaves, J. P., F.G.S., Geological Survey, Ottawa. 
 
 Wright, R. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc, University of 'J'oronto, Toronto. 
 
 CORRESPONDING MExMBERS. 
 
 The Marquis of Lorne. 
 
 Bonney, T. G., D.Sc, LL.D , F.RS., London, England. 
 Djucet, Camille, secretaire perpetuel de TAcademie Fran(,-aise, 
 
 Paris, France. 
 Le Roy, Alphonse, professeur de philosophic a I'Universite de 
 
 Liege, et membrede I'Academie Royale de Belgique, Lihge, 
 
 Belgium. 
 Marmier, Xavier, de I'Academie Fran<;aisp, Paris, France. 
 Parkman, Francis, LL.D., Boston, Mass. 
 Ram(!au de Saint Pere, Edme, Adon, Lolrei, France. 
 Winsor, Justin, LL.D., Librarian of Harvard ITniversity, Cuin- 
 
 hridge, Mass. 
 
1 '.t 
 
 50 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CA'NADA 
 
 RETIRED MEMBERS. (See Rule 7.) 
 
 Bourassa, Napoleon, Montehello. 
 
 Gilpin, J. Bernard, M.D., M.R.C.S., Halifax. 
 
 Osier, W., M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Cherrinian, J. B., M.A., Ryde, Isle of VViobt. 
 
 Haanel, E-, Ph.D., Syracuse University, Syracusey N. Y. 
 
 LIST OP PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1882-'83 Sir J. W.Dawson. 
 
 1883-'84 Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau. 
 
 1884-'85 Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. 
 
 1885-'8G Sir Daniel Wilson. 
 
 188(;-'87 Monsignor Hamel. 
 
 1887-'88 Dr. G. Lawson. 
 
 lS88-'89 Sandford Fleming, CM.G. 
 
 1889-'90 Abbe Casgrain. 
 
 1890-'91 Verv Rev. Dr. G. M. Grant. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 r.i 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Founder : 
 THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE MARQUIS OF LOIIXE 
 
 OFFICERS FOR 1890-91. 
 
 HONORARY PRBRIDENT AND PATRON : 
 HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THK LORD STANLKV 
 
 OF PRESTON, G.C.B. 
 
 President Very Rev. Goo. M. Gmnt, D.D. 
 
 Vice-President 1/Abbe J. C K. Lariaininc, \).\). 
 
 EX-PRESIDENTS. 
 
 G. Lawson, Ph.D., LL-D. 
 Saiidtbrd Fleming, CM.G.J.L.D. 
 
 Abl '3 H. R. Casgrain, LL.D. 
 Sir William Dawson (Addi 
 tional Member of Council.) 
 
 JFFICERS OF SECTIONS. 
 
 SKC. L— French Literature, History and Allied Suhjccfs. 
 
 Presiden t Napoleon Leg' 'ndre. 
 
 Vice- President Mv-nsignor Tangnay . 
 
 Secretary A. D . Decelles. 
 
 SEC. II.— English Literature History, and Allied Snhjcrfs. 
 
 L'residevt Geo. Stewart, jun., D-C. L , LL.D- 
 
 Vice-President ....Rev. G. Patterson, D.I). 
 
 Secretary Rt'v- J. Clark Murray. 
 
 
 r 
 
 JM 
 
il 
 
 52 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA 
 
 StJC 111. — Matlitmaiical, rhysicdl, and Chemirul Srhiucs. 
 
 President Monsignor Hamel. 
 
 Vice-President J. G. McGregor, D.Sc. 
 
 Secretary G. C. HofFniann, F. Inst. Ulu'iti. 
 
 SEC. TV. — Geological a7id Biological Sciences . 
 
 President W. Saunders. 
 
 Vice-President G. F. Matthew, M.A. 
 
 Secretary J. F. Whiteaven, F.G.S. 
 
 Honorary Secretary .J. G, Bourinot, C.M.G., LL.D., D.CL. 
 Honorary Treasurer .k. R. C. Selwyn, C.M.G., LLD. 
 
 The Council for 1890-91 comprises tlie President and Vice- 
 President of the Society, the Presidents, Vice-Presidents and 
 Secretaries of Sections, the Honorary Secretary and the Honor 
 ?iry Treasurer, besides ex-Presidents of the Society (Rule 7) dur- 
 ing three years from the date of their retirement, and any four 
 members of the Society,- who have fornierly served on the Council, 
 if the Council should elect tiiem every year. 
 
 thp: teansactions. 
 
 Subjoined are the titles of papers read before the 
 Society and published in the Transactions from 1882 to 
 1890, arranged according to sections : 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Nos quatre historiens inodernes, Bibaud, Garneaii, Fer- 
 
 land, Faillon, par J. M. LeMoine. 
 Discours d'inauguration, par Faucher de Saint-Manrice. 
 Quelques scenes d^ine com^die in^dite, par F. G. 
 
 Marchand. 
 
n.ix/) nooA'. 
 
 
 Families canadiennes, par I'Abbe Taiiguay. 
 
 Les interpr^tes du temps de ChamjJain, par B. Suite. 
 
 Le bien pour le mal (poesie), par I\ LeMay. 
 
 Etude sur les commencements de la poesie francaise au 
 
 Canada, par P. J. 0. Chauveau. 
 Xotre passe litteraire et nos deux historiens, par VAblx' 
 
 Casgrain. 
 Vive la France (poesie), par L. H, Frechette. 
 
 1883. 
 Les archives du Canada, par J. M. LcMoine. 
 Louis Turcotte, par I'Abb^ Tanguay. 
 Ktude sur les noms, par TAbb^ Tanguay. 
 Notre histoire— kla memoiro de F. X. Garneau (poesie), 
 
 parL. H. Frechette. 
 Los premiers seigneurs du (Canada, ])ar B. Suite, 
 lln bonheur en attire un autre — coniedie en un acte, 
 
 par F. G. Marchand. 
 
 1884. 
 
 Deux points d'histoire — (1) Quatrieme voyage de 
 Jacques-Cartier ; (2) Expedition du Marquis de la 
 Koche, par Paul de Cazes. 
 
 Etude sur une famille canadienne — Famille de Cata- 
 logue, par I'Abbe Tanguay. 
 
 La province de Quebec et la langue francaise, par Na])o- 
 leon Legend re. 
 
 Les races indigenes de I'Amerique devant I'histoire, jar 
 Napoleon Legendre. 
 
54 
 
 'IHE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Pouti'incouit (ill Acadie, 1G04-1G23, pir I>. Suite. 
 
 i^cs (jUiinuite dernieres auiioes — Lu Cuiiudii di*]»uis 
 
 I'Unioii do 1841, par John Charles Deiit. Etude 
 
 critique, par I'Abb^ Casgrain. 
 Les comuieucements de FEglise du Canada, par TAbbd 
 
 Verreau. 
 Une promenade dans Paris — Impressions et souvenirs, 
 
 par Joseph Marmette. 
 Les aborigenes de I'Am^rique — Leurs rites mortuaires, 
 
 par tJ. M, LeMoine. 
 Le Sacre-Cceur (poesie), par P. J. 0. Chauveau. 
 Au Iwrd de la Creuse, par L. H. Frechette. 
 L'Espagne, par Louis Frechette. 
 Trois Episodes de la Conquete, par L. PL Frechette : 
 
 L Fors riionneur ! 
 
 II. Les dernieres cartouches. 
 
 III. Le drapeau fantome. 
 
 Les travel's du siecle, par F. G. Marchand. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Les premieres pages de notre histoire, par Louis Fre- 
 chette. 
 
 Preteudues origines des Canadiens-Francais, par B. 
 Suite. 
 
 Lettre d'un volontaire du 9ieme Voltigeurs campe a 
 Calgary, par A. B. Routhier. 
 
 Un des oublies de notre histoire — Le capitaine de vais- 
 seau Vauguelain, par Faucher de Saint Maurice. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 55 
 
 Ktude 
 1' TAbbd 
 
 Lcs derniers seront les premiers — Homiiiage ^ son Hon- 
 
 Deur Rodrigue Massoii, lieutenant-goiiverneur de 
 
 la province de Quebec, par Pamphile LeMay. 
 JJiographie de Gerin-Lajoie — Fragment, par TAblje 
 
 Casgrain. 
 La race francaise en Amerique, par Napoleon Legendre. 
 L'Angleterre et le clerge francais, refugie pendant la 
 
 Revolution, par I'Abbe Bois. 
 La frontiere nord de la province de Quebec, par P. de 
 
 Gazes. 
 Epitre k M. Prendergast, apr^s avoir lu son " Un soir 
 
 d'automne." pjv P. J. 0. Chauveau. 
 L'element etranger aux Etats-Unis, par Fauclier de 
 
 Saint-Maurice. 
 Autrefois et maintenant, par Napoleon Legendre. 
 L'anatomie des mots, par Napoleon Legendre. 
 Le dernier boulet — Nouvelle historique, par J. Mar- 
 
 mette. 
 L'aigle et la marmotte — Fable, par F. G. Marchand. 
 A travers les r^gistres, par I'Abb^ Tanguay. 
 
 1886. 
 Le pionnier, par Louis Frechette. 
 Le Oolfe Saint Laurent (1600-1625), par B. Suite. 
 In peleriuage au pays d'Evangeline, par rAl)be Cas- 
 
 grani. 
 
 (.)scar Dunn, par A. 1). Decelles. 
 
 Les pages soinbres de I'histoire, par J. M. LeMoine. 
 
66 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CAN A J) A 
 
 1887. 
 
 La cloclie, par Napoleon Legeiidre. 
 
 Les Acadieiis apres leur dispersion, i)ar 1' Abbe Casgraiii. 
 
 Un vieiix fort francais, par P. J. U. Baudry. 
 
 La fileuse, par Napoleon Legendre. 
 
 La noce au village, par Napoleon Legendre. 
 
 La langue que nous parlous, par Paul de Cazes. 
 
 La langue que nous parlous, par Napoleon Legendre. 
 
 In foinia pauperis, par Kenii Treniblay. 
 
 Des conimencenients de Montreal, par I'Abbti Verreau. 
 
 La crise du regime parleinentaire, par A. D. Decelles. 
 
 Hosanna, par Paniphile LeMay. 
 
 1888. 
 
 La fin de la domination franeaise et I'historien Parkman, 
 par Hector Fabre. 
 
 Par droit chemin, par Pamphile LeMay. 
 
 Les souffrants, | ar Pamphile LeMay. 
 
 Eclaircissements sur la question acadieune, par I'Abbe 
 Casgrain. 
 
 Sainte Anne d'Auray et ses environs, par Louis Fre- 
 chette. 
 
 Le General Frederic Haldimand a Quebec, 1778-1784, 
 par J. M. LeMoine. 
 
 Trois mois k Londres — Souvenirs de Ft xposition coloniale 
 — Fragments, par J. Marinette. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 57 
 
 1889. 
 
 M( 11110111111 \)i{\\\\. par lui-ineiiH* d'apie.s (his ])iec«j.s innlites, 
 
 par TAblu! C^asj^rain, 
 \a\ (rolfe Saint Laurent ( IGjJo-lGol:!), par 1>. Suite. 
 Parallele liistorique entre le Cointe de la ( lalissoni^re 
 
 (1747-1749) et le C«»nite de Dutferin (1872-1878), 
 
 par J. M. LeMoiiie. 
 iAIa iniilien, voyageur, ecrivain, criti([ue d'jirt, poete, 
 
 mariii, obsevvateur, philosophe, bibliophile et elire- 
 
 tien, par Faucher de Saint Maurice. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Inaugural Address', by Daniel Wilson. 
 
 On the Establishment of Free Tublie Libraries in Canada, 
 
 by Alpheus Todd. 
 Language and Conquest — a Retrospect and a Forecast, 
 
 by John Reade. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Pie-Ar3^an American Men, by Daniel Wilson. 
 
 Some Old Forts by the Sea, by J. G. Bourinot. 
 
 The Literature of French Canada, by John Lesperance. 
 
 A Problem of Visual Perception, by J. Clark Murray. 
 
 The Nomenclature of the Laws of Association, by J. Clark 
 
 Murray. 
 k.\\ Addition to the Logical Square of Opposition, by 
 
 Clark Murray. 
 
 T 
 
68 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 I 
 
 1884. 
 
 The Making of Canada, by John Read(3. 
 
 Tho Literary Faculty of the Native Races of America, by 
 John lieade. 
 
 The Poets of Canada, by John Lesperance, 
 
 A Plea for a Canadian Camden Society, by (r. Bryce. 
 
 The Huron-Iroquois of CanacUi, a typical race of Ameri- 
 can Aborigines, by D. Wilson. 
 
 1885. 
 
 The Half-breed, by John Reade. 
 
 Vita sine Literis, by John Reade. 
 
 Sources of Early Canadian History, by Geo rge ^^tc wart, jr. 
 
 The Adventures of Isaac Jogues. S. J , by Rev. W. H. 
 
 Withrow. 
 The Annals of an Old Society, by John M. Harper. 
 The Artistic Faculty in Aboriginal Races, by Daniel 
 
 Wilson. 
 Pahe^lithic Dexterity, by Daniel Wilson. 
 The Five Forts of Winnipeg, by Rev. G. Bryce. 
 
 1886. 
 
 The Right Hand and Left-handedne D. Wi' on. 
 
 Local Government in Canada '- an I lorical Study, by 
 
 J. G Bourinot. 
 Historical Record of St. Maurice Forges, the Oldest 
 
 Active Blast Furnace on the Continent of America, 
 
 by F. C. Wurtele. 
 
JTAND BOOK, 
 
 T)!) 
 
 liiinf Outlines of tlu* Most FaTnousJournovs in an<l abont 
 
 IliijK'it's Laii;l, by Ren'. (J. P»iyc(\ 
 TIiL' Lost Atlantis, by Daniel Wilson. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Soiiu; VVal)anaki Songs, by »I(>lin lieado. 
 
 Aboi'i,i»inal American Poetry, by John Jleade. 
 
 The Eskimo, by Franz Boas. 
 
 First Siege and Capture of Louisburg, by Sir Adams Ar- 
 chibald. 
 
 The Analytical Study of Canadian History, by John 
 Lesperance. 
 
 Notes and Observations on the Kwakiool People of the 
 
 Northern part of Vancouver Island and adjacen 
 
 coasts, made during the Summer of 1885, with a 
 
 Vocabulary of about seven hundred words, by G. M 
 
 Dawson. 
 
 On the Indians and Eskimo of the Ungava District 
 Labrador, by Lucien M. Turner. 
 
 Jacques Cartier's First Voyage, by W. F. Ganong. 
 
 1888. 
 
 The Eomance of the History of Canada, by John Les- 
 perance. 
 
 Tlie Last Decade of French Rule in America, 1749- 
 1759, by J. M. LeMoine. 
 
 The Basques in North America, by John Reade. 
 
 Some Indoor and Outdoor Games of the Wabanaki In- 
 dians, by Mrs. W. W- Brown. 
 
fiO 
 
 rriR ROY A J. SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 liilia 
 
 'i 
 
 The Indians of British Colunibiii, hy Franz Boas. 
 A Grammar of tlie Kwagiiitl Language, hy the Hev. 
 Alfred J. IlalL 
 
 1>89. 
 
 The Studv of Political Science in Conadian Universiticvs, 
 
 by »1. G. Bourinot. 
 The Cartogra})liy of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from C.'ai. 
 
 tier to Ohamplain, by W. F. Ganong. 
 Trade and Commerce of the Stone A<_>e, bv Sir D. Wil 
 
 son. 
 Expedition to the Pacific, with a l)rief reference to the 
 
 voyages of discovery in seas contiguous to Canada 
 
 in connection witii a Western passage fr.>m Kui'(>})(' 
 
 to Asia, l)y Sandford Fleming. 
 
 SECTION II r. 
 
 1882. 
 
 The Relations of the Natural Sciences. Inaugural 
 
 Address, by T. Sterry Hunt. 
 On the Line of Facility of Error, etc., by Charles Carp- 
 
 mael. 
 On an Application of a Special Determinant, Iw J. B. 
 
 Cherriman. 
 The Motion of a Chain on a Fixed Plane Curve, by d 
 
 B. Cherrinum. 
 Note on the Bishc p's Move in Chess, by J. B. Cherri 
 
 man. 
 
HAND- BOOK. 
 
 (il 
 
 |0n the Mciisureinent of the Ke.si.sUiiicc uf Electrolytes, 
 
 by J. G. McGregor. 
 [Xoie on Molecular Contraction in Xatural Sulphids, by 
 
 E. J, Chapman. 
 Sviiinietrical Investigation of the Curvature of Surfaces, 
 
 bv A. Johnson. 
 
 4/ 
 
 Note on Zinc Sulphid, l)y Tlios. Macfarlane. 
 
 1883. 
 
 On the Keduction of Sulphate of Soda })y Carbon, by 
 Thos. Macfarlane. 
 
 Oil some Experiments showing that the Electromotive 
 Force in Polarization is independent of the diffe- 
 rence of Potential of tlie Electrodes, by J. G. Mc- 
 Gregor. 
 
 Xote on Spectroscopic Scales, by E. J. Chapman. 
 
 On Cryptomorphism in its relation to Classification and 
 Mineral Types, by E. J. Chapman. 
 
 Sur la mesure des distances terrestres [)ar des observa- 
 tions astrononii(|Ues, par E. Deville. 
 
 Oil the Application of Hydriodic Acid as a, lUowpipe 
 Keagent (witli four plates), by E. Haanel. 
 
 On the Mechanical Means of makiuLi" a Sidereal Clock 
 show Mean Time, by N. E. Dupuis. 
 
 Oil some Minerals n(^w to Canada, bv P>. J. Harrinuton. 
 
 Kcjtoi'Ls on the Transit of Venus of Decemlxu' 6, 1882, 
 as follows : 
 
 The Preparations at Montreal, by Alex. Johnsou. 
 
 i1 
 

 62 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 
 General Report, by Charles Carpniael. 
 Observations at Winnipeg, by Prof. McLeod. 
 Observations at Kingston, by Prof. Williamson. 
 Observations at Cobourg, l)y A. II. Bain. 
 Observations at Ottawa, by F, L. Blake. 
 On tlie Transition Resistance of the Electric Ciiricur, 
 etc., V)y J. G. McGregor. 
 
 1884. 
 
 The Origin of Crystalline Rocks, by T. Sterry Hunt. 
 On the Density and Tiiernial Expansion of Solutions ol 
 
 Copper Sulphate, by J. G. McGregor. 
 Blowpipe Reactions on Plaster of Paris Tablets, by K. 
 
 Haanel. 
 A Particular Case of Hydraulic Ranior Water Hamui t, 
 
 by C. Baillarge. 
 Notes sur un fixit m(^teorologi(|ue particulier a Queb'c, 
 
 par TAbbe Laflauime. 
 Essaie sur la constitution atoniique de la inatiere, ]);ii 
 
 I'Abbe Haniel. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Presidential Address, by Alexander Johnson. 
 
 Blowpipe Reactions on Plaster of Paris Tablets, by K. 
 Haanel. 
 
 On some Iron Ores of (^'entral Ontario, by E. J. (Chap- 
 man. 
 
 On the Density of Weak Aqueous Solutions of certain 
 Salts, by J. G. McGregor. 
 
.-/ 
 
 HAND-BOOK, 
 
 63 
 
 Jii. 
 
 I*- C(irj\}iir, 
 
 Hunt. 
 )huioiis ot 
 
 lets, ])y K, 
 
 Maill!!! M, 
 
 A Qiiob'c, 
 tie re, jm 
 
 [on the Analysis of Silk — Quantitative Estimation of 
 Silk in a Mixed Texture, by H. A. Bayne. 
 
 |0n a Natural System in Mineralogy, with a Classification 
 of Native Silicates, by T. Sterry Hunt. 
 
 I'iulal Observations in Canadian Waters, by Alexander 
 Johnson. 
 
 On the Determination in terms of a Definite Integral of 
 the value of an Algebraical Expression, the series to 
 be continued only as long as the quantity raised to 
 power, m + n, is positive, n being a positive integer, 
 and m a positive integer, zero, or a negative integer 
 numerically less than n ; and on the deduction 
 therefrom of approximate values in certain cases, 
 by Charles Carpmael. 
 The Longitude of McGill College Observatory, by W. 
 A. Kogers and C. H. McLeod. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Presidential Address, by Charles Carpmael. 
 
 Tlu! Generic History of Crystalline Rocks, by T. Sterry 
 
 Hunt. 
 On the Colouring Matter of Black Tourmalines, by E. 
 
 J. Chapman. 
 Time lieckoning for the Twentieth Century, by Sandford 
 
 Fleming. 
 Du choix d'une projection pour la carte du Canada, par 
 
 E. Deville. 
 
64 
 
 THE ROYAL i^OCJETY OE CANADA 
 
 i ; 
 
 Supplunuiiit to *' A Nutural Sy.stein in Minoralony, t'lc.., ' 
 
 by T. Sterry lliiiil. 
 Oil soinc (Jaiiadijin MiiKjials, l>y J>. J. JlaiTiiii;tun. 
 On some Points in Iielorence to Ico riicnonieiia, by 
 
 Kobert liell. 
 Abel's Forms of the Koots of the Solvable Equation dt 
 
 the Fifth Degree, by G. Paxton Young. 
 A Meteorite ii'oni the North- West, l)y A. P. Coleman. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Presidential Address, by Thomas Maefarlane. 
 
 On a S|iecinien of Canadian Native Platinum from l>ri- 
 
 tisli Columbia, by G. (J. Hoffmann. 
 Notes on the Analysis of Coffee, by Anthony McGill, 
 Jlemarks on the Use of Asbestos in Milk Analvsis, by 
 
 Thomas Macfarlane. 
 The Analysis of Milk, by W. H. Ellis. 
 On the Sap of the Ash-leaved Maple (Negundo aee- 
 
 roides), by B. J. Harrington. 
 Microscopie Petrogra[)hy of the Drift of (Jentral Ontario, 
 
 by A. P. Coleman. 
 The Digestibility of Certain Varieties of Bread : an Ex- 
 perimental Study of the Alum Question, by Dr. P. 
 
 F. Iluttan. 
 An Investigation as to the Maximum Bending Moments 
 
 at the points of support of Continuous Girders of n 
 
 Spans, by Henry T. Bovey. 
 
 m 
 
//AA'V-liOOA'. 
 
 1888. 
 
 (15 
 
 .V Tiible of the Ciil)ical Expansion of Solids, by J. (I. 
 McGregor. 
 
 Occultations of Fixed Stars by the Moon: Prediction 
 for a given place by a graphical method, by W. F. 
 King. 
 
 Determination of Time by Transits across the Vertical of 
 Polaris, by E. Deville. 
 
 The Longitude of Toronto Observatory, by Charles 
 Carpmael and C. H. McLeod (with Appendix on 
 the Longitude of Cobourg, Ontario, by C. H. Mc- 
 Leod and G. W. Chandler). 
 
 ABSTKACTS. 
 
 The Classification and Nomenclature of Metalline Miner- 
 als, by T. Sterry Hunt. 
 Revision des El^m^nts de Geomt^trie d'Euclide, par C. 
 
 P)ailla.rge. 
 
 1889. 
 
 Tl c Maximum Shear and Bending Moment produced 
 by a Live Load at different points of Horizontal 
 Girder A B of Span 1, by H. T. Bovey. 
 
 Notes on Mathematical Physics, by J. Loudon. 
 
 A National Standard of Pitch, by J. Loudon 
 
66 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Notes on some Unexplained Anomalies in the; Flame 
 
 ileactions of certain Minerals and Chemical Bodies, 
 
 by K. J. Chapman. 
 Cruces Mathematicae, by N. F. Diipuis. 
 On the Variation of Density, with the Concentralioii ol 
 
 weak Aqueous Solutions of certain Sales, by J. G. 
 
 McGregor. 
 A Problem in Political Science, by Sandford Fleming. 
 On the Hydroscopicity of certain Canadian Fossil Fuels, 
 
 by G. C. Hoft'mann. 
 Computation of Occultation and Eclipses for a given 
 
 locality by Graphic Construction, by N. F. Dupuis. 
 Annotated List of Minerals occurring m Canada, by G. 
 
 C. Hoffmann. 
 
 III 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1882. 
 
 On the Quebec Group in Geology (with woodcut), by 
 
 A. II. C. Selwyn. 
 On the Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras of P>ritisli 
 
 Columbia and the North- West Territories (with 
 
 eight plates), by J. W. Dawson. 
 On the Importance of Economizing and Preserving our 
 
 Forests, by W. Saunders. 
 On a General Section from the Laurentian Axis to the 
 
 Rocky Mountains (with a woodcut), by G. M. 
 
 Dawson. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 67 
 
 Xotes on the Distribution of Northern, Soutliern and 
 
 Saline Plants in Canada, by John Macoun. 
 Xotes on the Birds of Hudson's Bay, by K. Bell. 
 On the Glaciation of Newfoundland, by Alex. Murray. 
 On the Introduction and Dissemination of Noxious 
 
 Insects, by W. Saunders. 
 On the Lower Cretaceous Rocks of British Columbia, by 
 
 J. F. Whiteaves. 
 Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group (with 
 
 two plates), by G. F. Matthew. 
 On some supposed AnneUcl Tracks from the Gas[)e 
 
 Sandstone (with two plates), by J. F. Whiteaves. 
 On the Classification of Crinoids, by E. fl. Chapman. 
 
 1883. 
 
 On the Geology of Lake Superior, by A. R. C. Selwyn. 
 On the Influence of Sex upon the Hybrids among Fruits, 
 
 by W. Saunders. 
 On the Flora of the Gaspe Peninsula, by John Macoun. 
 On the Folding of the Carboniferous in the Maritime 
 
 Provinces of Canada, by E. Gilpin, jr. 
 On the Triassic of the Rocky Mountains and British 
 
 Columbia, by G. M. Dawson. 
 On a Method of Distin^'iishing Lucustrine from Marine 
 
 Deposits, by G. F. Matthew. 
 Notes on Canadian Polypetala, by John Macoun. 
 Causes of the Fertility of th(; Lind in the Canadian 
 
 North- West by R. Bell. 
 
M 
 
 m 
 
 TUK ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 
 i 
 
 Nutu sur la guologie du Lac Saint Jean, par TAbbt; 
 Laflamme. 
 
 The Geological History of Serpentines, including Notes 
 on Fre-Cainbrian Rocks, by T. Starry Hunt. 
 
 A Historical Account of the Taconic Question in Geology, 
 with a discussion of the relations of the Taconian 
 Series to the older Crvstalline and to the Canibiiaii 
 Rocks, Part I., by T. S terry Hunt. 
 
 Hlustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group (sup- 
 plement), by G. F. Matthew. 
 
 NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
 
 (.)n the Physical and Geological History of the St. John 
 
 River, N.B., by L, N. Bailey. 
 On some Ferruginous Concretions, by D. Honeyman. 
 On Erosion from Coast Ice and Floating Ice in tluj 
 
 Baie des Chaleurs, by R. Chalmers. 
 On a Specimen of the Inferior Maxilla of Ph<»ca Groen- 
 
 landica, by J. A. Grant. 
 
 1884. 
 
 On some Relations of Geolos^ical Work in Canada and 
 in the Old World, by Sir J. W. Dawson. 
 
 Notes on the Manganese Ores of Nova Scotia, by Kdwiii 
 Gilpin. 
 
 Revision of the Canadian Ranunculacea?, by Ge('r 
 Lawson. 
 
 <!<-' 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 G9 
 
 Oil ( Jeulouical Crmtrt ^ts.'ind Ancient Kvosiun in Southern 
 and Centi';»l New Brunswick, by L. W. Bjiiley. 
 
 Illiistrationo uf the Fauna of the St. John (Irouj) (con- 
 tinued) : On th(i Corocoryphea. with iurth<'i' 
 remarks on Pjuadoxides, bv G. F. Matthew. 
 
 A Historical Accouii of the Taconic Question in (Jeology, 
 with a discussion of the relations of the Taconian 
 ►Series to the older Crystalline and to the Cambrian 
 Itocks, Part 11., by T. Sterry Hunt. 
 
 On some Deposits of Titaniferous Iron(.)re in the Conn- 
 ties of Haliburton and Hastings, Ontario, liy E.J, 
 Chapman. 
 
 On Mimetism in Inorganic Nature, by E. J. Cliapman. 
 
 Canadian Filicinijx?, l)y J. Macoun and T. J. W. lUirgess. 
 
 Notes sur certains depots auriferes de la Beauce, par 
 I'Abbe Laflamme. 
 
 X(jtes sur un gisement d' emeraude nu Saguenay, par 
 TAbbe Laflamme. 
 
 Xotes on the Occurrence of Certain Butterflies in Can- 
 ada, by W. Saunders. 
 
 Xote on a Decapod Crustacean from the Upper Cre- 
 taceous of High wood River, Alberta, N.W.T., by 
 J. F. Whiteaves. 
 
 Description of a new species of Ammonite from the 
 Cretaceous Rocks of Fort St. John, on the Peace 
 River, by J. F. Whiteaves. 
 
 3 
 
70 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA 
 
 ABSTIIACTS. 
 
 The Geology and Economic; Minerals of Hudson Bay 
 
 and Noithern Canada, by 11. Bell. 
 Notes on Observations, 1883, on the Geology of the 
 
 North Shore of Lake Superior, by A. li. C. Selwyu. 
 
 1885. 
 
 On the Mesozoic Floras of the Eocky Mountain Kegion 
 of Canada, by Sir J. W. Dawson. 
 
 On the Wallbridge Hematite Mine, as illustrating the 
 stock-formed mode of occurrence in certain ore 
 deposits, by E. J. Chapman. 
 
 Geology of Cornwallis or McNab's Island, Halifax 
 Harbour, by Eev. D. Honey man. 
 
 Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group (con- 
 tinued) : No. ill. — Descriptions of New Genera 
 and Species .(including a description of a new 
 Species of Selenopleura, by »!. F. Whiteaves), by 
 G. F. Matthew. 
 
 Catalogue of Canadian Butterflies, with notes on their 
 distribution, by W. Saunders. 
 
 On the Skull and Auditory Organ of the Siluroid Hy- 
 pophthalmus, by B. Kamsay Wright. 
 
 1886. 
 Presidential Address : Some points in which American 
 Geological Science is indebted to Canada, by Sir 
 J. W. Dawson. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 71 
 
 Recent Additions fo Canadian Filicincw, witli \w.\s 
 stations for some of the species previously reported, 
 by T. J. VV. Burgess. 
 
 ( )n the Fossil Plants of the Laramie Formation of Can- 
 ada, by Sir J. W. Dawson. 
 
 On the Silurian System of Northern Maine, New Bruns- 
 wick and Quebec, by L. W. Bailey. 
 
 Note sur le contact des formations ])al(!ozoi((Ues (^t 
 arch^ennes, de la province de Quebec, par TAbbcj 
 Jiallamme. 
 
 Mechanism of Movement in (Jucurbitn, Vitis and 
 Robinia, by I). P. Penliallow. 
 
 < )n Certain Borinj:;s in Manitoba and the Noi'th-West 
 Territory, by G. W. Dawson. 
 
 Illustrations of the Fossil Fishes of the Devonian Ro(;k's 
 of Canada (Part I.), by J. F. Whiteaves. 
 
 On some Marine Invertebrata, dredged or otherwise 
 collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson, in 1885, in the 
 Noithern part of the Strait of Georgia, in Dis- 
 covery Passage. Johnstone Strait, and Queen 
 Charlotte and Quatsino Sounds, Britisli (Jolumbia, 
 with a Supplementary List of a few Land and 
 Freshwater Shells, Fi-hes, P»irds, etc., from the 
 same region, by J. F. Whiteaves. 
 
 On the Glaciation and Pleistocene Subsidence of 
 Northern New^ Bninswick and South Eastern 
 Quebec, by R. Chalmers. 
 
72 
 
 THE JWYAL SOCIFIY or CANADA 
 
 f 
 
 On tlic Ciiinbiian Faunas of Cape Breton and New- 
 foundland, by G. F. Matthews. 
 
 Notes on tlie Limestones of East Kiver, Pietou, N.S., 
 by Edwin CJib)in, jr. 
 
 Preliminary Peport of some Graptolites fron^ the Lower 
 Palaeozoic Koeks on the South side of the St. 
 Lawrence, from Cape l^)sier to Tartigo liiver, 
 from the North Shore of the Island of Orleans 
 one mile al)ove Cap liouge, and from the Cave 
 Fields, Cjuebee, by Charles Lapworth. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Michel Sarrazin : materiaux pour servir a I'histoire 
 
 de la science en Canada, par I'Abbe Laflamme. 
 The Faults and Foldings of the Pietou Coal Field, by 
 
 Fdwin Gil])in, jr. 
 Note on Fossil Woods and other Plant Remains from the 
 
 Cretaceous and Laramie Formations of the Western 
 
 Territories of Canada, by Sir William Dawson. 
 Notes on the Physiography and Geology of Aroostook 
 
 County, Maine, by L. W. Bailey. 
 A Peview of Canadian Botany from the First Settlement 
 
 of New France to the Nineteenth Century, Part L, 
 
 )»y ]). P. Penlialluw. 
 The Correlation of the Aniniikic and Huronian Pocks 
 
 of Lake Superi(»r, by Peter McKellar. 
 The Geogia[)hy and Geology of Baffin Land, by Franz 
 
 Boas. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 7H 
 
 The Physical and Zoological Character of the Ungava 
 District, Labrador, by Liicieu M. Turner. 
 
 Do any Canadian Bats Migrate ? P^idence in the 
 Attirmative, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam. 
 
 (dacial Erosion in Norway and in High Latitudes, by J. 
 W. Spencer. 
 
 On the Theory of Glacial Motion, b}' J. W. Spencer. 
 
 The Petroleum Field of Ontario, by R. P»ell. 
 
 Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group : No. 
 IV, Part L — Description of a new species of Pa- 
 radoxides (paradox ides regina). Part 11. — The 
 Smaller Trilobites with Eyes (Ptychoparidae and 
 Ellipsocephalidic), by G. F. Matthew. 
 
 Marine Algoe of New Brunswick, by George U. Hay 
 (with an Appendix containing a list of the Marine 
 Algae of the Maritime Provinces of the Dominion 
 of Canada, with Notes, by G. U. Hay and A. H. 
 Mackay). 
 
 Squirrels : their Habits and Intelligence, with special 
 reference to Feigning, by Dr. T. Wesley Mills 
 (with an Appendix upon the Chickaree, or Red 
 Squirrel, by Dr. R. Bell). 
 
 Arctic Plants Growing in New Brunswick, with Notes 
 on their Distribution, by the Rev. James Fowler. 
 
 Remarks on the Flora of the Northern Shores of America, 
 with Tabulated Observations made by F. F. Paine 
 on the Seasonal Develojjment of Plants at Cape 
 
n 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA 
 
 V 
 
 mice n 
 
 f Wales, Hudson Strait, durinir 1880, ])v 
 
 (jleorue Lavvsoii, 
 
 1888. 
 
 Presidential Address: Tlie[^Hnrunian System of Caiiadii, 
 
 by Dr. K,. Bell. 
 \a\ gaz nature] dans la, province dc Quebec, par rAl)lH' 
 
 [.idli 
 
 unnie 
 
 ( )n Neniatophyton a,iid allied forms from the Devonian 
 (Krian) of ()as])e and Baie des (Jbaleurs, by I). P. 
 l*eidiallovv (with Introductory Notes, by Sir 
 William Dawson). 
 
 On some remarkable Orgjuiisms of the Silurian and De- 
 vonian Jtocks in Southern New Brunswick, bv (J. 
 K. ]\ratthew. 
 
 Notes on the Nova Scotia (iold Veins, l)y E. (iilpin, jr. 
 
 On Cretaceous Plants from Port McNeill, Vancouver 
 Island, bv Sir Williaui Dawson and Dr. G. M. 
 
 D; 
 
 iwson. 
 
 Observations on Early Ripening/ Cereals, by William 
 
 Saunders. 
 Illustrations oi'the Fossil Fishes of the Devonian liocks 
 
 of Canada, Part II., by d. F. Whiteaves. 
 On the Nymjihti'aceR^j by George Lawson. 
 
 1889. 
 
 Presidential Address : On tlie Proijjress of Geoloj^ical 
 Investigation in New Brunswick, by L. W. Bailey. 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 75 
 
 Xotes on Devonian Plants, by]). V. Ponhallow. 
 
 On New Species of Fossil Sponges from the Siluio- 
 Cambrian at Little Metis on the Lower St. Law- 
 rence, by Sir William Dawson (including Notes 
 on the Specimens, by G. J. Hindej. 
 
 <)n some lielations between the (Jeology of Eastern 
 Maine and that of New Brunswick, by L. W. 
 Bailey. 
 
 on Fossil Plants collected by Mr. P. A. McConnell on 
 Mackenzie Piver, and by Mr. T. C. Weston on 
 Bow Piver, by Sir William iJawson. 
 
 Descriptions of Eight New S])ecies of Fossils from the 
 Cambro Silurian Pocks of Manitoba, by J. F. 
 Whiteaves. 
 
 Fresh-water Sponges of Canada a,nd Newfoundland, by 
 A. H. Mackay. 
 
 Note^ on the Geography and Geology of the Pig Bend 
 of the Columbia, by A. P. Coleman. 
 
 Tht Yield of Spring Wheat, Barley and Oats, grow;n as 
 single Plants, by W. Saunders. 
 
 Some Pemarks on the Classification of Trilobites, as in- 
 fluenced by Stratigraphical Pelations, with outline 
 of a new grouping of these forms, by E. J. Chaj)- 
 man. 
 
 The Iroquois Beach : a cha))ter in the Geogra[>hical 
 History of Lake Ontfirio, by F. W. Spencer. 
 
 On Cambrian Organisms in Acadia., by G. F. Matthew, 
 
 ^i^'js 
 
76 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OE CANADA 
 
 
 i 
 
 !* 
 
 I 
 
 The following are the contents of Volume VIII. 
 
 SECTIOX I. 
 
 Kc'alistes et Deca'lents, pa?* N. Legendre. 
 
 La Fenune dans la Socii'te Moderne, par N". Legendre. 
 
 Les Points Obscurs des Voyages de Jacques ' artier, par 
 
 Paul de Cazes. 
 Nos gros chagrins et nos pel its malheurs, par F. G. Mar- 
 
 chand. 
 Les Scandinaves en Amerique, par Alphonse Gagnon. 
 Chez Victor Hugo, par Louis Frechette. 
 Le Premier Gouverneur Anglais de Quebec, par T M. 
 
 LeMoine. 
 La Famille de Callieres, par Benjamin Suite. 
 Jacques Cartier, Questions de Oalendrier Civil et Eccle- 
 
 siastique, par I'Abbe Hospice Verreau. 
 
 SECTION IL 
 
 Canadian Studies in Comparative Politics, by John 
 George Bourinot. 
 
 The American Bison — Its habits, methods of capture 
 and economic use in the North- West, with reference 
 to its extinction and possible preservation, by 
 Charles Mair. 
 
 The Vinland of the Northmen, by Sir Daniel Wilson. 
 
 The Portuguese on the North-east coast of America and 
 the first attempt at colonization there. A lost 
 chapter in American history, by George Patterson. 
 
HAND BOOK, 
 
 77 
 
 H) 
 
 hll 
 
 )ure 
 !nce 
 
 by 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Presidential Address : Unit Measure of Time, bv Sand- 
 ford Fleming. 
 
 Milk Analysis by the Asbestos Method, by Frank F. 
 Shutt. 
 
 Drift Eocks of Central Ontario, by A. P, Coleman. 
 
 On the Density of Weak A(|ueoiis Solutions of Certain 
 Sulphates, by J. G. MacGregor. 
 
 On a peculiar form of Metallic Iron found in Huronian 
 Quartzite, on the north shore of St. Joseph Island, 
 Lake Huron, Ontario, by G. Christian Hoffmann. 
 
 Sun Spots Observed at McGill Observatory, by C. H. 
 McLeod. 
 
 (^n a Test of Ewinoj and McGregor's Method of Measur- 
 ing the Electric Resistance of Electrolytes, by J. 
 G. McGregor. 
 
 Tidal Observations in Canada, by Alexander Johnson. 
 
 Notes and Specimens of Nephrit(3s from British Colum- 
 bia, by B. J. Harrington. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 Presidential Address : On the later Physiographical 
 Geology of the Rocky Mountain Region in Canada, 
 with special reference to (changes in Pllevation and 
 to the History of the ( Hacifd Period, by George W. 
 Dawson. 
 
7H 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 On Fossil Plautsjfrom tlio Siniilkainecn Valley and other 
 places inllu^ soutliern interior of British Columbia, 
 by Sir J. William Dawson. 
 
 I)es(!rij)tions of some new or jawiously unrecorded 
 species of Fossils from the Devonian Rocks of 
 Manitoba, by J. F. Wliiteaves. 
 
 Forannnifera and Radiolaria from the Cretaceous of 
 Manitoba, by Joseph B. Tyrrell. 
 
 The (nddence of a Nova Scotia Carboniferous Conglo- 
 merate, by E. (Jilpin. Sr. 
 
 Ilhistrations of i lie Fauna, of the St. John Group, by C. 
 F. Matthew. 
 
 I 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 7^ 
 
 HLSTOKIOAL SKETCH OK MUNTJIKAL. 
 
 In traciriii: the liist(H'v oi' niaiiy of tlic inorti itiiiKn'tant 
 cities of the New World «as well as of the Old, wr find 
 their origin dating l)ack to prehistoric times, shewing 
 that the pioneer races, uncivilizetlas they wiae, werc^ not 
 slow to reco<j:nize the heautv and natural advantaues of 
 these sites. Thus in this connection it has heen said : 
 '' Stadacone and liochelaga, (^)ue})ecand Montreal in the 
 sixteenth century as well as in the idnettMMith Wi^rc the 
 centres of Canadian population." It was to this Hoche- 
 laga that Jacques Cartier, in ISoo, directed his cours«', 
 after leaving his larger vessels at Stadacone. He found 
 it a thriving centre of jKipidation, sunh as weie the 
 Indian towns of the time, surrounded with fields ot 
 Indian corn. From the delightful view as ^MiM\ from th(^ 
 top of the mountain, he called it Mount Royal, and this 
 name has supplanted the Indian original, and II<jchelaga 
 is now only the name of th(' most eastin'n ward and the 
 farthes': removed in the city from tlu^ primitive site. 
 He describes the place as well fortified and of a circular 
 form, and from the similarity of the dwellings to the 
 • lescriptions given in the Jesuit delations as ja'eyailing 
 
■1 
 
 80 
 
 THE ROY A I. SOCIETY OE CANADA 
 
 ill Huron and Iiucjuois towns, tliere is little donht thai 
 the inhabitants belonged to the Huron- lro([Uuis t'aniily. 
 
 Traditions among the Mohawks point to the banks of 
 the St. Lawrence as their old home. Another tradition 
 relates that a Seneca maiden who was rejected by her 
 iiance at tlie command of his father, a ciiief of the same 
 tribe, refused to marry any brave until he had sworn t(» 
 avenge her of the insult. A Huron chief acce[)ted hei' 
 under this condition, and his slaying the Seneca chiuf 
 brought the enmity of that tribe upon his own. In the 
 war that ensued, the Hurons were at first successful, 
 probably destroying Hochelaga in one of their attacks, 
 but this success was deai'ly bought, for it resulted at 
 length in the extermiu-ition of the tribe in the succeed- 
 ing century. 
 
 In 1611, Champlain ascended the St. Lawrence, and 
 disembarking at Hochelaga, near the spot afterward 
 known as Point a Calliere (the present site of the 
 Custom Hoi'Se), he put up some buildings, and 
 built a wall of bricks made from local clay deposits. 
 He pr'riiounced the site one on which a large aiul im- 
 portant city should at some time be built, l)ut he found 
 no trace of the Indian town. The movement had begun 
 among the Indian tribes resulting in the final supremac \ 
 of the Iroquois, which tirst drove them from their 
 flourishing settlements on the banks of the St. Ltiw- 
 rence. 
 
HAND-BOOK 
 
 SI 
 
 Tlie iiicmnvy of the |»l;i(U' Imd rt^iiiiiiUMl loi't^ottiMi lor 
 thrnti hundred yiuirs^ until, ITerculjinnuni-lik^', it was 
 (li,scov(M'i'd hymen excaviitinn' for frumdations. First, a 
 sl\'(deton was found in a sitting ])osturo, then other skide- 
 tons. Tluui 8i)eciniens of [)ottery. On a more careful 
 scareh l)eing made by hx'al anti([uarians, the rul)hish 
 h(^*i]> of tlie town was discovered. This consisted of 
 hroken pottery and pipes, with bones (jf the animals used 
 its food, besides the fra|L»nients of other items in their bill 
 of fare. Much of the habits of the old townsp(M)ple was 
 i^^athered from these researches. But the whole work 
 was <hiSultory, l>!'iuL»' left to the ca})rice of individuals. 
 l[;i,d a more CiU'tiful survey been madc^, W(^ would pos- 
 sibly have known the extent of the town anil its true 
 shape. So far only the western border was touclied upon — 
 that by the brook which, running- through McGill College 
 grounds, passed down by Metc.dfe Street. The place is 
 now covered with buildings, and further 0})portunity for 
 research is gone. Thi particular s})ot was chopen ba- 
 cause of its warm sandy soil, suitable f the cultivation 
 (tf the Indian corn. \\\\ chi'd' fo > 1 pro liict of the ])eople. 
 
 After Champlaiii's visit, the place I'emained unheedi^d, 
 except that it wa^' (?,omm;Mited upon in the J(!suits' .rela- 
 tions as a favorable spot for settlement, until Jerome 
 le Royer de l;i Dauversiere, as is related, received a 
 revelation to found an ot'dei' of Hospital Nuns at Mont- 
 treal. About the same time, Jean J accrues Olier, a 
 
^2 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIErV OF CANADA 
 
 }>iicsi, afterwards founder of the Seminary of St. Sulpicr, 
 in Palis, was filled with inner promptings to found a 
 socicity of ])riests and establish them at Montreal. 
 These two enthusiasts met and talked of their scheme : 
 they were joined by others, some with means, and the 
 Associates of Notre Dame de Montreal were banded 
 togeilier for the settlement of a community in the wilder- 
 ness. Tlie seigniory, which included the whole island of 
 ^lontreal, was purchased from the Hundred Associates. 
 In IGil, the plans of the Society, who now numbered 
 forty live, including Mademoiselle Mance, were so 
 matured that the expedition was ready to sail. The 
 command was given to Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de 
 Maisonneuve, who as much of an enthusiast as the 
 originators of the scheme was in every way qualified 
 for the arduous task. He arrived at Quebec too late in 
 tlie season to proceed farther up the river, and had to 
 winter there amid trials and difficulties thrown in his 
 way. The time was spent preparing for the voyage up 
 the river, which was commenced as soon as spring 
 opened. It was not therefore until the 18th of May, 
 1()42, that the little company of settlers, numbering fewer 
 than lifiy, landed and took possession of Villemarie de 
 Montreal. Thus next year, when all America will be 
 celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the landing 
 of Columbus, Montreal will, on the 18th of May, cele- 
 bnite tlui 250th anniversary of its foundation. 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 83 
 
 The first sermon or address on landing given by their 
 pastor, Father Viraont, seemed prophetic : ^' You are 
 f(nv, but your work is the work of God. His smile is on 
 you, and your children shall fill all the land." 
 
 Pitching their tents in this wilderness thev laid them- 
 selves down to sleep by their bivouac fires, and dreamed 
 no doubt of the greatness of a city filled with a de- 
 vout and God-loving people such as the Old World with 
 all its evils could not produce. The little colony con- 
 tinued on in that pioneer settlement, threatened now with 
 hunger and then with the ever- watchful Iroquois, and 
 hampered with the jealousy of Quebec. It seems a 
 wonder that the new community continued to exist 
 through all these evils. The first of the two projected 
 institutions, that of the Hospital Nuns, was founded with 
 Mademoiselle Mance as the director. In 1647, the Abbe 
 de Quelus and three other priests were sent out by Olier 
 to found a branch of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice in 
 Montreal. About this time the settlement was joined 
 l)y another of those who devoted their lives to the good 
 work in founding this city — Mademoiselle Marguerite 
 Bourgeoys. She became the founder of the Congregational 
 Xunnery here. Thus these three flourishing institutions 
 of to-day date back to the inception of the city. 
 
 The fur trade tended to Montreal as the most convenient 
 place, soon intercepting much that had formerly proceeded 
 to Three Rivers and Quebec, It at length became the 
 
84 
 
 77/ A" ROYAL SOCIEIY OF CAXADA 
 
 entre]K)t of the tmilic. In 1660, there was a determintMl 
 raid made iijhui tlie town by the liuquois. The warrior^ 
 covered the ishmd, ready to capture or kill any thai 
 should leave the cover of tlie fortifications. 
 
 In 1722. the fortifications were built, and these 
 
 01 
 
 walls end 
 1808. A 
 
 osing the wi.ole town were not removed until 
 remnant continued until the demolition of the 
 Quebec Gate Barracks in 1881. A citadel was built on 
 a hi<di mound near tlie eastern limits of the city. In 
 the centre of the citadel stood a large windmill, where tlic 
 grain brought in from the country was uround. When 
 Earl Dalliousie was made (Tovernor (Jeniu'al he causiMl 
 
 the mound to be removed, and his name was uiven t 
 the Scjuare now occupying its place. 
 
 o 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 85 
 
 Tluj town coutimied slowly to make progress until the 
 Conquest, when, invested by the two armies from the 
 North and South, it ca})itulated in September, 1760. A 
 medal awarded by Sir William Jolmson to the Indian 
 chiefs who went with him to Montreal gives a very old 
 but conventional view of the town. 
 
 With this change came a time of ])eace, the first 
 respite from a state of warfare or of exf>e(^tancy of war 
 ever enjoyed by Montreal. A new lace came, too, inspir- 
 inu' fresh enerov and a revival of the old-tinK^ love of 
 enterprise in the citizens. And these two races have 
 continued to emulate and stimulate each other with a 
 liarmony hardly elsewhere to be found. 
 
 When the colonies to the South revolted, althoudi 
 there were some restless spirits in. the city, the people 
 remained firm t') tht rule which they found to be such 
 iUi improvement on the carnival of extravagance and 
 fraud that had prevailed in the years preceding the 
 (Jonquest. Although the invading army utider Mont- 
 gomery, with Franklin as its mouthpiece, used all its 
 jtersuasive powers to induce the citizens to throw in tlieir 
 lot with the Thirteen Colonies, these citizens could not 
 forget the old feuds; so, with the defeat of the invaders 
 at Quebec and the advance of succour, Montreal soon 
 leturned to her British alleiiiance, with whi(;h nothin<' 
 lias since hai)jiened to interfere. 
 
 Tlui fur trade now began t<» centre more and more in 
 the town, the Hudson Bay Company diverting much of 
 
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 THE RO\AL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 its business to the St. Lawrence route, while anew com- 
 petition in the shape of the Northwest Company was 
 organized. This grew out of tlie wrecks of the old Frencli 
 trade. The chief promoters of this company were enoi- 
 getic Scotchmen, who, seeming to have caught the spirit 
 of the old voyageurs, made their company prosperous ami 
 famous. Among these voyageurs, French and Scotch. 
 was organized a club, in which social intercourse was 
 enjoyed in recounting during the long winter evenings 
 their summer adventures in the Western wilds. Many 
 prominent names in the city's history were enrolled as its 
 members. It was the first organization of the kind in 
 the city, and, although mainly social in its character, was 
 the forerunner of those literary and scientific institu- 
 tions that have helped so much to stimulate the study of 
 literature and science throughout Canada. 
 
 The war of 1812 stimulated tlje patriotism of the citi- 
 zens to its utmost, while the capture of Fort Detroit and 
 the bringing of General Hull to Montreal inspired 
 unbounded enthusiasm. The proximity of the city to the 
 border and its defenceless condition kept it in constant 
 alarm whenever a rumor of an invading army was 
 approaching. 
 
 On the close of the war the citizens returned to their 
 avocations, and quiet reigned until the years preceding 
 the memorable days of 18:37. The agitaiion for respon- 
 sible government which pervaded the whole Province 
 
r^AND-BOOK. 
 
 87 
 
 new com- 
 pany Was 
 W French 
 ''ere enoi- 
 fche spirit 
 erous and 
 d Scotch 
 ►urse was 
 
 eveni n,i,^s 
 
 Many 
 
 led as its 
 
 ' kind ill 
 
 iter, was 
 
 institu- 
 
 study of 
 
 the citi- 
 foifc and 
 nspired 
 ' to the 
 instant 
 ly was 
 
 cuhuinated in that year in open strife, it could not be 
 called warfare. The centre of the movement was in 
 Montreal, but the attempts at independence, notwith- 
 standing the sympathy from the United States, soon 
 proved abortive. 
 
 Yet the main point in the dispute was secured, for 
 responsible government was granted. But shortly aftcjr- 
 ward, on a bill passing the Legislature indemnifying all 
 who had sustained loss in the rebellion, a riot ensued in 
 which the Parliament House was burnt. This caused 
 the removal of the seat of government permanently 
 from Montreal, although the most convenient centre. The 
 greatest loss of the occasion was the burning of the par- 
 liamentary library, rich in Canadian archives and works 
 on Canadian history. 
 
 Since then, although there have been times of dull- 
 ness and depression, the city has continued to a<ivance 
 in material wealth. Science and literature have not 
 been neglected. Many of our citizens have made them- 
 selves famous in all departments. While such is the 
 scientific reputation of our students, coupled with 
 private munificence, that the two foremost Scientific 
 Associations of the English-speaking world, the British 
 Association and the American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science, have held meetings in Montreal, 
 an honour that no other city has enjoyed. 
 
88 
 
 IIIR ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 PUBLIC LIliKAUlES. 
 
 ti 
 
 .^'4 
 
 
 Little is recorded regarding the facilities enjoyed Ijy 
 the reading public in Montreal in the olden time. Most 
 of the early attempts to found Public Libraries seem in 
 the long run to have proved faihires. Of the first insti- 
 tution of the kind in the city, known as the " Montreal 
 Library," we learn that it was founded in 1796, that it 
 was owned by a joint stock company, and that it con- 
 tinued to exist in various habitations until 1844, when 
 the books, 2,980 in number, were purchased by tlio 
 Mercantile Library Association. 
 
 In 1811, a Library Association was established under 
 the ausi)ices of Governor Craig, known as the " Craii; 
 Library," but it seems never to have grown beyond 
 a small beginning. 
 
 The Mercantile Library Association was oi'ganized in 
 1840, and continued with varying success until 18G4, 
 when a lot was purchased on Bona venture Street (nuw 
 St. James), and a suitable building erected thereon. 
 Although the new move was entered upon with much 
 enthusiasm and a large liieinborship roll secured, the 
 interest began to Hag, and, after a time, active work 
 was given up, when, in 1886, the books, numbering less 
 than 5,000, became the first instalment placed ou tlie 
 shelves of the newly organized Fraser Institute. 
 
 The Institut Canadien was founded in 1844 and in- 
 corporated in 1852. In 1854 a building was erected, 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 Mild, for a time, the Institute was a successful factor in 
 the education of tfie peo])hi. A valuable donation of 
 books, most beautifully illustrated, was presented V)y 
 Prince Napoleon, The library, by this time, had in- 
 creased to 7,500 volumes ; but the institution falling 
 at length into financial difficulties, the building was sold 
 atid the books handed over to the Fraser Institute. 
 
 This Institute was founded by Hugh Fraser, Esq., 
 who, by his will, left the bulk of his estate, valued at 
 S500,.)00, to found a free public library to be known by 
 his name. A prolonged litigation prevented for many 
 years the executors from carrying out the provisions of 
 the will. After a final judgment in favour of the Insti- 
 tute, it was organized with the books from the Mercantile 
 Library Association and Institut Canadien, together 
 with the private library of the Hon. Justice Mackay. 
 Additions have from time to time been made, bringing 
 the total number to 30,000 volumes. Thus the Fraser 
 Institute is a linerJ descendant of the Montreal Library 
 of 1796, the first organized in the city. 
 
 The Mechanics* Institute, founded in 1828 and in- 
 corporated in 1845, is the only one of the old public 
 libraries that has retained its corporate existence until 
 now. It still continues to occupy its original building, 
 erected over forty years ago, and has proved highly 
 ))eneficial in the city as an educator of young men. It 
 has a library aggregating over 5,000 volumes. The 
 other Libraries are : — 
 
 ^ 
 
90 rilE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 McGill College, about 30,000 vohniKs 
 
 McGill College (Medicjil) " 7,000 
 
 Advocates' Library " 16,000 
 
 Union Catholique, " 20,000 
 
 St. Mar/s College, " 10,000 
 
 Presbyterian College, " 10,000 
 
 Congregational College '' 4,000 
 
 Young Men's Christian 
 
 Association, " 8,000 " 
 
 Cabinet de lecture, " 5,000 
 
 Seminary, Notre Dame street, about... 25,000 " 
 College, Sherbrooke St., " ...40,000 
 
 Jacques Cartier Normal School ) 
 
 , , r 15 000 " 
 
 and Societe Historique, " J ^' 
 
HAND- HOOK. 
 
 01 
 
 AFKILIATEI) SOCIKTIKS. 
 
 NATL'HAL IIISTOUY SUCIETY. 
 
 This Society was founded ou the 16th of May, 1827. 
 On August 20th of the same year the Montreal Gazette 
 leaves an account of the Society, placing the member- 
 ship at fifty-three, with encouraging prospects. The 
 (tfficers were : — President, S. Sewell, Esq. ; Vice-Presi- 
 dents, Cols. Hill and Mackay and Dr. Wm. Caldwell ; 
 Secretaries, T. S. McCord, Esq., and Dr. A. F, Holmes ; 
 Librarian and Cabinet Keeper, Mr. H. H. Cunningham ; 
 Committee men, Kev. H. Esson, Dr. J. Stephenson, and 
 Mr. J. M. Cairns. 
 
 In 1832, the Museum had so grown that an Act of 
 Incorporation was secured, and later, the Rev. James 
 Sommerville bequeathed a sum of money to found a 
 course of free public lectures. Since then the Sommer- 
 ville Lectures have been an annual feature of the Society's 
 work. In 1858 a permanent building was secured and 
 the Museum so arranged as to be made a more avail- 
 able factor for scientific education in the city. 
 
 The Canadian Naturalist and Geologists commenced 
 in 1857 by Mr. E. Billings, was in the following year 
 
 mi 
 
92 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 made the organ of the Society. In 1884 the name of 
 the publication was changed to the Canadian Record 
 of Science. In all, over twenty volumes have been 
 published, replete with articles bearing on Canadian 
 Science. 
 
 SOClfel/i: HISTORIQUE. 
 
 The Soci^te Historique of Montreal, founded in 1 8 57, 
 
 was regularly incorporated in 1858 under the presidency 
 
 of Mr. Commander Viger. It has published, under the 
 
 title of MemoircH et Documents relatifs d Vhistoire du 
 
 Canada, the following eight volumes : — 
 
 1st. De I'esclavage en Canada. 
 
 2nd. La famille de Lauson^t les vice-Rois et Lieu- 
 tenants Gdn^raux des Rois de France en Amerique. 
 
 3rd. Ordonnances de M. de Maisonneuve, Gouverneur 
 de Montrt^al. 
 
 4th. Histoire du Montreal, 1640-1672, par M. DoUier 
 de Casson. 
 
 5th. R6gne Militaire en Canada. 
 
 6th. Vovage de MM. Dollier et Gallinee. 
 
 7th. Voyage de Kalm en Amerique. 
 
 8th. Les v^ritables motifs des Messieurs et Dames de 
 la Socidte de Notre Dame de Montreal. 
 
 Hi 
 
 ■si' 
 
 NUMFSMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. 
 
 This Society was founded in December, 1862, by a 
 few gentlemen interested in the study of Numismatics, 
 
IIAND'JWOK. 
 
 93 
 
 under the name of " The Numismatic Society of Mont- 
 real." In 1866, the name was changed ; and in 1870, \\\\ 
 act of incorporation was secured. Early in the history 
 i»f the Society a work was commenced describing the 
 coins of Canada, but, as one of the committee died and 
 iiiiother removed from the city, the work was dropped. 
 Another committee took it up and brought the work to 
 completion. 
 
 In 1872, the publication of the Canadian Antiqua- 
 dan was commenced, and so far fourteen volumes have 
 appeared with articles on the antiquarian and numis- 
 matic history of the Dominion. . 
 
 In 1877, the fourth centenary of Caxton was held 
 under the auspices of the Society, at which the wealth 
 of our public and private libraries in early printing, 
 editions de luxe and rare and valuable works. 
 
 The twenty -fifth anniversary of the Society was ce- 
 lebrated two years ago, with an exliibition of portraits 
 of persons celebrated in Canadian history. =^ 
 
 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL STUDIES 
 
 was the outcome of a movement among a few young 
 men of Montreal, specially interested in the study of 
 Canadian History. Towards the close of 1885, work 
 was commenced, and a room secured in the Fraser 
 
 * Copies of the Historical Portrait Catalogue can be had from 
 any of the officers of the Society. 
 
94 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Institute, where fortnightly meetings were held. In ;ill 
 some thirty-six papers have been read, each devoted to 
 a special period in our history. A number of these havt* 
 been published in Caiiadiana, the organ of the Society. 
 Two of the papers have appeared in book form, meeting 
 with a large sale, and receiving favorable notice from 
 literary critics. 
 
 (JEKCLK LITTfcR/VIRE FRANgAIS. 
 
 This Society, organized in 1885, has for its object the 
 cultivation of n literary taste among its members. Many 
 original papers have befen^read at its meetings, a num- 
 ber of which liavc been published. 
 
 ..;*"' 
 
 THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. 
 
 This Society was organized and incorporated in 1887 
 for the furtherance of a more extended knowledge of prac- 
 tical science among its members. Its membership, in- 
 cluding associates, now numbers considerably over five 
 hundred. A hall with reading-room has been secured 
 at 112 Mansfield Street, where the library of the Society, 
 already very complete on the subjects relating to the 
 science, may be consulted. Meetings are held twice a 
 month, at whijh papers are read and discussed. These 
 papers appear in the Society's Proceedings, published 
 semiannually. 
 
HAND'IWOh\ 
 
 96 
 
 SOCIETV OK CANADIAN LITEUATl^iE. 
 
 This Society was organized January 27th, 1889, for 
 "the acquirement and diffusion of a knowledge of our 
 best poetry, romance, historic works and other writings, 
 
 the provision ot a centre for local literary life 
 
 and for the encouragement of all proper literary woiks 
 and movements throughout the country." 
 
 A number of papers read before the Society liave been 
 published. 
 
 ART. 
 
 The Art Association of Montreal was instituted in 
 1860. Annual exhibitions were held of such works of 
 art as were produced or brought into the city during the 
 year. This was almost the only means available to 
 educate the citizens in the love of the higher art until 
 the death of Mr. Benaiah Gibb, in 1877. He bequeathed 
 his valuable collection of ninety paintings, a lot of land 
 and $8,000 in money to found an Art Gallery. Many 
 paintings, especially by Canadian artists, have since been 
 added. The annual exhibition of the Royal Canadian 
 Academy are re-exhibited in the Gallery, which, with 
 local exhibits, art classes and lectures, has created an 
 atmosphere of higher art in the city that had heretofore 
 been wanbiii'. 
 
96 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 There are a number of private collections in the city, 
 some of them far exceeding that of the Association in 
 value, and in containing representatives of the different 
 schools of the present as well as of the past. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 97 
 
 HISTORIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 Very little remains of old Montreal. The necessities 
 of (joinmerce have carried most of it away, and what little 
 remains seems dc. ined soon to disappear. It was 
 only the other day that the old building occupied by the 
 Fabrique was tc ■ i down. 
 
 THE SEMINARY. 
 
 Part of the old building next to Notre Dame Church, 
 built by Abb^ Qu(5'.us in 1657 for the Seminary, is stiii 
 standing, apparently as strong as ever. The strength 
 of these walls to-day attest the thoroughness of the 
 work performed by the first builders of Montreal. The 
 stones were not hewn like those of to-day from the quar- 
 ries, but were such boulders as were scattered over 
 the ground belonging to the boulder clay period. They 
 were in fact quarried from the old Laurentide mountains 
 by frost and transported hither by ice. Thus was the first 
 work of our first building performed without hand 
 ages ago. The clock in this building still strikes the 
 hours and quaiters, telling the time to the citizens of 
 Montreal at the close of the nineteenth century as well 
 as it did in the seventeenth. 
 

 
 ii^B^ 
 
 ;H 
 
 ^m 
 
 i 
 
 98 TffE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 THE TOWERS. 
 
 The '^ old fort de la niontagne," as it was wont to be 
 called, erected as a bulwark against the inroads of the 
 Indians, was flanked by two towers, which towers were 
 allowed to remain when the new college on Sherbrooke 
 street was erected. Mrs. Leprohon, in a beautiful poem, 
 has so graphically gi ven thehistory of the place, thai 
 it may be well to quote it here in full. 
 
 THE Ol.DTOWKRS OF MOUNT ROYAL OR VJLLE MAfilK. 
 
 j^ 
 
 M t 
 
 
 On proud Mount Royal's eaHtern side, 
 In view of St. Lawrence's silver tide. 
 Are two stone towers of masonry rude. 
 With massive doors of timedarken'd wood : 
 Traces of loopholes are in the walls. 
 While softly across them the sunlight falls ; 
 Around broad meadows, quiet and green. 
 With grazing cattle— a pastoral scene. 
 
 Those towers tell of a time long past, 
 When the red man roamed o'er regions vast. 
 And the settlers — men of bold heart and brow- 
 Had to use the sword as well as the plough ; 
 When women (no lovelier now than then) 
 Had to do the deeds of undaunted men, 
 And when higher aims engrossed the heart 
 Than study of fashions and toilet's art. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 99 
 
 A hardy race from beyond tiki' sea 
 Were those ancient founders of Ville Marie ! 
 The treacherous Sioux and Iroquois bold 
 Gathered round them as wolves that beset a fold, 
 Yet they sought their rest free from coward fears ; 
 Though war-whoops often reached their oars, 
 Or battle's red light their slumbers dispel, — 
 They knew God could guard and protect them well. 
 
 Look we back nigh two hundred years ago : 
 Softly St. Lawrence bright waters tiow, 
 Shines the glad sun on each purple hill, 
 Rougemont, St. Hilary, Boucherville, 
 Kissing the fairy-like isle of St. Paul's, 
 Where, hushed and holy, the twilight falls 
 Or St. Helen's, amid the green wave's spray, 
 All lovely and calm as it is to-day. 
 
 No villas with porticos handsome, wide, 
 Then dotted our queenly mountain's side; 
 No busy and populous city nigh 
 Raised steeples and domes to the clear blue sky ; 
 Uncleared, unsettled our forests hoar ; 
 IJnbridged our river, unwharved each shore : 
 While over the waves of emerald hue 
 Glided, lightly, the Indian's bark canoe. 
 
 ft was in those towers — the Southern one — 
 Sister Margaret Bourgeoys, that sainted nun, 
 Sat patiently teaching, day after day. 
 How to find to Jesus the blessed way, 
 'Mid the daughters swarth of the forest dell, 
 Who first from her lips of a God heard tell, 
 And learned the virtues that woman should gruce, 
 Whatever might be her rank or race. 
 
100 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 s , 
 
 "i 
 
 Here, too, in tlie cliapel-tower buried deep, 
 An Indian brave, and lii« gran<l-c;liild Hleep. 
 True model of womanly virtuew — she — 
 Acquired at Margaret Bourgeoys' knee ; 
 He, won to Clr ist from liis own dark creed, 
 B'ronj the trammels fierce of his cldldliood freed, 
 Lowly humbled his savage Huron pride, 
 And amid pale-faces lived and died. 
 
 W ith each added year grows our city fair. 
 
 The steepled church, and spacious square; 
 
 Villas and mansions of stately pride 
 
 Embellish it now on everv side; 
 
 Buildings — old landmarks — vanish each day, 
 
 For stately successors to make way ; 
 
 But from change like that may time leave free 
 
 The ancient towers of Ville Marie ! 
 
 CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY, 
 
 Opposite the City Hall on Notre Dame street, was known 
 as " le vieux chateau," and then as the old Govern- 
 ment house. It was built by Claud de Ramezay shortly 
 after his appointment as Governor of Montreal in 1704. 
 In 1745 it was purchased from his heirs by the " Com- 
 pagnie des Indes," and thus became the chef-lieu of the 
 fur trade. Shortly after the Conquest it was purchased 
 by the Government, and was made an official residence 
 of the Governors. During the American War and occu- 
 pancy of 1775-1776 it was the headquarters of Gen- 
 erals Wooster and Arnold. Since then it has been put 
 to various uses, as Government offices, Normal School, 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 101 
 
 Laval Law School and Court House. On several occa- 
 sions its destruction has been threatened for permanent 
 improvements. Should not the Government make the 
 hi 'Iding over to the city with the proviso that it should 
 be retained as a specimen of Old Montreal ? A museum 
 could be collected of objects bearing on the history of 
 the city. A goodly collection of these things could yet 
 1)6 got together which may soon be lost. 
 
 BONSECOURS CHURCH, 
 
 St. Paul street. Until a few years ago this church, with 
 its cluster of small stores along the side next the Bon- 
 sooours market, was an object of much historical 
 interest. The foundations were laid by Margaret Bour- 
 i^eoys in 1658, but the building was not completed until 
 1(375. In 1754 it was destroyed by fire and remained a 
 ruin until 1771. It was re-dedicated in 1773, a century 
 lifter its first dedication. Some years ago an intention 
 was expressed that it should be removed, but the lovers 
 of the antique in the city interfered and it was spared. 
 But they might have saved themselves the trouble. 
 Masons were set to work not to restore but to veneer 
 the venerable pile, and it has been so modernized that, 
 nothing appears but the design of a modern architect. 
 Still on the water front the old sacristy remains, and is 
 well worthy a visit. 
 
102 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 Iv.' 
 
 ST. GABRIEL STREET CHUKCII, 
 
 Next the Champ- de-Mar3, was the first Protestant place 
 of worship in the city. A Presbyterian congregation 
 had been formed shortly after the Conquest, and throiioli 
 the kindness of the Kecollet Fathers were aftorded a 
 place of public worship in the Eecollet church until 
 such time as they should be able to secure a building 
 for themselv'vs. In 1792, this building was erected, 
 and in it have worshipped many of those energetic Scots- 
 men who made Montieal famous in the early days of 
 the new regime. A few years ago the building was 
 purchased by the Government, and its removal has ever 
 since been threatened. 
 
 nelson's monument 
 
 Jacques Cartier Square, was erected in 1809. When 
 the news of Nelson's death reached Montreal towards 
 the close of the year 1805, a meeting of the citizens was 
 called and a committee appointed to raise subscriptions 
 and arrange for the erection of a monument worthy 
 the memory of the great admiral. At the cost of five 
 thousand dollars, the Doric column, surmounted by the 
 figure of Nelson, was raised, reaching to a height of 
 seventy feet. This, with the exception of the Queen's 
 statue on Victoria Square, is the only thing of the kind 
 to be found in any of the public places in the city. 
 All the old citizens famous in the annals of Montreal 
 remained uuhonored. 
 
HAND-BOOK, 
 
 103 
 
 THE MCTAVISH MONUMENT. 
 
 About the beginning of the century, Simon McTavish 
 commenced the erection of a residence on the slopes 
 of Mount Royal, far surpassing in grandeur anything 
 standing at that time in Montreal. Before its com- 
 pletion he died, and the building, afterwards known as 
 the ^'haunted house," remained standing unfinished 
 until twenty years ago. The obelisk erected to his 
 memory in rear of the house may be seen close to the 
 wt3stern wall of the Allan property, 
 
 PRIVATE HOUSES OF THE OLD REGIME. 
 
 Very little remains of the better class of residences 
 (luring this period. Most of them have been destroyed 
 by fire, or removed, or altered to make way for the 
 inroads of commerce. One of the best specimens 
 extant may be seen in St. Nicholas Street, nearly 
 opposite the Lovell Printing offices. There the vaulted 
 ceiling carried to the second floor may be seen, 
 
 POST CONQUEST HOUSES. 
 
 Perhaps the best specimen of this period in Montreal 
 architecture may be found at the corntJ i . Notre Dame 
 and St. Peter streets. The great fire of 1765 had 
 swept away everything from St, Peter street to the 
 western wall, now McGill street, so everything iu 
 
104 
 
 THE ROYAL S0CIE7'Y OF CANADA 
 
 
 that part of the city may be classed as modern. Tn 
 1767 this building was erected by Fortier, a wealthy 
 merchant, and much of the richness of its internal 
 fittings remained up to a few years ago. 
 
 
 W 
 I'' 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 105 
 
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 THE UNIVEUSllY OF MCGILL COLLEGE. 
 
 In 1813, James McGill, a merchant who had done 
 ])nsiness for many years in Montreal, died, leaving the 
 bulk of his fortune to the recently established Koyal 
 Institution for the Advancement of Learning, to found a 
 college to be known by his name. A prolonged litiga- 
 tion prevented the institution from carrying out the 
 details of the will until 1821. A Koyal Charter was 
 then obtained, but it was not until 1833 that the first 
 degree (M.D.) was granted. 
 
 The college continued to struggle on, hampered for 
 lack of means, until 1856, when it was reorganized and 
 a large addition made to the endowment funds. Since 
 then the munificence of the citizens has contributed to 
 the effectiveness of the institution, until its landed pro- 
 perty and invested funds has grown from the original 
 gift of $120,000 from James McGill, to over one 
 million dollars. 
 
106 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 The different faculties are : — 
 
 Arts — Granting the degrees, B.A., M.A. and LL.D. 
 
 Applied Science — Granting degrees of Bachelor of 
 Applied Science, Master of Applied Science, and Mas- 
 ter of Engineering. 
 
 Medicine — Leading to degree of M.D., CM. 
 
 Lavj — With degree of B.C.L. and D.C.L. 
 
 Faculty of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary 
 Surgery — With degree D.V.S. 
 
 Theology — Is represented by four affiliated Colleges, 
 representing four different denominations; most of 
 these have the power to grant the degrees of B.D. and 
 D.D. 
 
 The Donalda College, or the Faculty of Arts for 
 Women, has lately been amply endowed, and a building 
 will soon be erected for its accommodation. 
 
 The new building and provision for securing all the 
 latest appliances in Mechanical, Electrical, and Mining 
 Engineering brings the College abreast with the first 
 schools of learning on the Continent. The library is 
 especially rich in Medicine and History. The Canadian 
 Department is also worthy of mention. 
 
 McGill Normal School, connected with the College, 
 trains most of the teachers for the Protestant Schools 
 in the Province. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 107 
 
 SEMINAKY OF ST. SULPICE. 
 
 This institution dates back to the founding of 
 Montreal. The Seminary in Paris was organized by 
 ()lier, with the intention of extending its operations 
 to Montreal. 
 
 In 1647, Abbe de Qui^lus came out and soon secured 
 }»ossession of the Seigneury of Montreal from the 
 Associates of Notre Dame de Montreal. A school 
 for the priests was organized, and since then it has 
 continued to educate most of the cur^s for the district. 
 A department in Philosophy, known as Montreal College, 
 was organized in 1767, in which the training is similar 
 to that given in the High School. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL. 
 
 A branch of this University, which has its head 
 
 cjuarters at Quebec, was established here a few years 
 
 iigo, and seems likely to outshine the parent institution 
 
 • iu the number of its students. It has in operation 
 
 here, Faculties of Arts, Law, Medicine, and Science. 
 
 ST. maky's college. 
 
 St. Mary's College, under the management of the 
 Jesuit Fathers, was founded in 1848. In 1855 the 
 large building on Bleury Street was erected, with 
 accommodation for about four hundred students. 
 
108 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 n 
 
 i^\ 
 
 l'\ 
 
 bishop's college. 
 
 Tlie University of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, has 
 its Medical Faculty in Montreal. Its building is on 
 Ontario street, corner of Maiice. There are at present 
 eighteen professors and about forty students connected 
 with the Faculty. 
 
 .JACQUES CARTIER NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 This school, at which the teachers of most of the 
 French Schools in the district are prepared, is under 
 the Management of the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 %'f 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 109 
 
 PLACES OF HISTORICAL INTEREST IN THE 
 VICINITV^ OF MONTREAL. 
 
 LACIIINE. 
 
 Th?s name was given, accordini,' to Abbe Faillon, in 
 derision of LaSalle's "visionary" projects of discovery, 
 and of his cx])octation of finding the ])assage to China. 
 In 1666, a large i)art of the parish was granted to La- 
 Salle, on which he built a fort and a dweUing. The 
 latter is still standing. This place is memorable, too, 
 for the terrible massacre in 16b9 by the Indians. A 
 force of 1,500 Iroquois surrounded the village, and 
 killed or captured nearly all its inhabitants. On the 
 river bank is the last of the windmills still in operation. 
 This was the subject of a memorable litigation. The 
 Seminary owned all the water power on the island, and 
 erected the mill at the head of the rapids now in ruins. 
 When the windmill was erected, they claimed that their 
 grant covered wind power also, but in this claim they 
 were not sustained by the courts. 
 
 W: 
 
110 
 
 7///S ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 CAUGHNAWAOA. 
 
 Opposite Lachine is the Indian village of Caughnii- 
 waga, where the converts made among the Iroquois were 
 brought and settled by the Jesuits. Here, removed fnuii 
 the influence of their pagan surroundings, the J(\snits 
 believed they could retain them as converts. By tlic 
 English they were known as the praying Indians. Tin- 
 old church, the antique appearance of the buildings, with 
 the utter want of order in laying out, is well worthy • 
 a visit. 
 
 
 Gl ? 
 
 
 ST. ANNS. 
 
 This place is the scene of Moore's Canadian Eoat 
 Song. An old fort was built here by LeBers of Senneville, 
 
HAND BOOK. 
 
 Ill 
 
 who, deciding to return to France after the Conquest, 
 sailed in 1761, in the Augusta, and perished when the 
 ship was wrecked. The ruins of the old fort may still 
 be seen on the Abbott farm. 
 
 • 
 
 LAPRAIRIE. 
 
 This was a flourishing town in the old times, as all 
 trade between Montreal and the South had to be trans- 
 ferred here, and the old batteau men made it famous. 
 Although the place has a decayed appearance, the 
 ruins of an old fort are there, and the houses mostly be- 
 long to the past, for the inroads of nineteenth century 
 architecture have made little impression on the place. 
 
 LONGUEUIL. 
 
 The Seigniory of Longueuil, by patent of Louis XIV., 
 was erected into a barony in 1700, and Charles LeMoine, 
 for his own bravery and that of his father, made a 
 Baron. The Baron of Longueuil is the only one of the 
 old Canadian titles continuing until to-day. The old 
 fort and manor house was removed some years ago to 
 make way for the new church. 
 
 ST. Helen's island. 
 
 This name was given in honour of Champlain's wife. 
 It formed part of the Seigniory of Longueuil, and Charles 
 LeMoine's second son received his name from the Island. 
 
112 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Sir s 
 
 
 w 
 
 Although it hag boen made a public park, the northern 
 end is retained as the only fortified point in the vicinity 
 of Montreal. Part of the old fort can be seen when 
 coming up the river. There is an old block house on 
 the highest point of the island. 
 
 MAISONNEIUVE. 
 
 This suburb below the city was the place of landing 
 and capture of Ethan Allan, one of the American 
 leaders in the war of 1776-80. He was retained a 
 prisoner in England for several years. 
 
 VARENNES. 
 
 The old fort in this place was a scene of a brave 
 defence by two women, Madame de Vercheres and her 
 daughter. The fort was attacked by the Iroquois when 
 the men were at work in the fields, and so steadv was 
 their aim that the Indians retired, leaving these tw(^ 
 women as victors. Part of the ruined fort can be s«^en 
 on the point near the steamboat landing. 
 
 iL.M 
 
 CIIAMBLY. 
 
 The Richelieu river was the highway traversed by the 
 Iroquois in their raids on Canada. Consequently n. 
 series of forts were erected from its mouth to the liead 
 of Lake Ghamplain. Of these forts, Ohambly is the 
 most interesting. It was first built in 1665, but, falling 
 
"%• 
 
 HAND-BOOK. 
 
 113 
 
 ^rtherii 
 fcinity 
 when 
 ^se oil 
 
 into ruinfi, it was rebuilt in 1711. During the stormy 
 times of the old regime, it was well garrisoned. In the 
 war of 1812 and during the Kebellion, Chambly was 
 considered an important point, but since then the fort 
 has been neglected and allowed to fall into decay. It 
 was for a time used as a quarry by the inhabitants, but 
 a few years ago antic^uarians came to the rescue, and the 
 fort has been re:;tored. A beautiful statue of De Sala- 
 berry, the Hero of Chateauguay, has lately been erected 
 in Chambly. 
 
 SAULT AU RECOLLET. 
 
 When the Island of Montreal was granted to the 
 Associates of Notre Dame de Montreal, a stipulation 
 was made that no fort should be erected. In the mean- 
 time the Isle Jesu was granted to the Seminary of 
 Quebec. The branch of the Ottawa called Riviere des 
 Prairies was the channel chosen by Indians who made 
 the Ottawa River their highway. A post was planted 
 liere to intercept the trade and a fort built only ten 
 years after the founding of Montreal ; but the place, not 
 being a suitable centre of population, never grew to one 
 of any importance. 
 
 LACHINE RAPIDS. 
 
 A trap dyke running out from Mount Royal crosses 
 the liver below Lachine, causing the obstruction known 
 
114 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 W\ 
 
 If 
 
 as Lachine liapids. And from the days of Cham plain, 
 "who was the first white man to chute them, the Rapids 
 have always been an attractive feature to those visiting 
 the city ; although now the feat, while still exciting, 
 may be performed by steamer without danger, 
 
 BELOEIL 
 
 was one of those numerous openings in the great belt of 
 the Utica period. It has suffered less from denudation, 
 and is consequently higher than Mount Eoyal. The 
 crater, which is about half a mile across, is filled up by 
 a lake of clear water, from which flows a stream suffi- 
 cient in volume to drive a mill. From it a beautiful 
 view of the surrounding country can be had, and fifty 
 years ago a pilgrimage to the summit was founded; but 
 the large cross then erected was soon blown down, and 
 the chapel has fallen to pieces. 
 
 ST. BRUNO. 
 
 
 Here midway between Mount Royal and Beloeil 
 occur a series of hills known as Boucherville Mountain. 
 These are the result of the same belt of volcanic action as 
 other elevations in the district. There seems to have 
 been no single craier continuing throughout the volcanic 
 excitement of the period, but a series of openings active 
 for a shorter or longer time. The sites of these small 
 craters are now occupied by seven beautiful lakes that 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 115 
 
 Iting 
 tliig, 
 
 add a cliariu to the scene. One of tlio most successful 
 field days of the Natural History Society was held 
 here. 
 
 RIGAUD. 
 
 On the top of a hillock to the east of the village is 
 a rectangular barren patch of boulders surrounded by 
 higher land covered by vegetation. The area of this 
 patch is about 100 by 200 yards, and shows a 
 series of ridges as furrowed by an immense plough, 
 and is known as le guevet. These ridges are 
 about eighteen to twuity-four inches deep and three 
 or four feet apart; they are composed of well-rounded 
 ])oulders froTu three to twelve inches in diameter. These 
 boulders lie thickly piled to a considerabh^ depth 
 (ovc^r fifteen feet of excavation shewed no diminution 
 Oi' the boulders), amoug which the trickling of a bi'ook 
 may be heard running below. Boulders of the same 
 kind cover the surface of thc^ country for some distance 
 round. 
 
L16 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIE'IY Oh CAI^ADA 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF MONTIIEAL AND 
 
 VICINITY. 
 
 
 While scientific study was stimulated in no small 
 degree by the Natural History Society, organized in 
 1827, geological research may be said not to have made 
 any great advance in Montreal until tlie advent of Sir 
 William Logan. It was through his instrumentality 
 that the Provincial Geological Survey was established, 
 and Montreal made its headquarters. Ahhougli since 
 removed to Ottawa, the Geological Museum thus formed 
 became an educator of the people, and geological study 
 has been carried on in McGill LTniversity, and in the 
 Peter Eedpath Museum connected with it, which has 
 the best geological collection in Canada for educational 
 purposes. 
 
 The rocks in the vicinity of Montreal belong mainly 
 to the Cambrian and Silurian periods, overlaid in most 
 places by the Pleistocene. The di lie rent formations 
 appear as sea margins, skirting the shores of the original 
 Laurentian Continent stretching away to the North. 
 This Continent having been gradually pushed up, en- 
 larged its borders with each successive era. 
 
HAAD'BOOK, 
 
 117 
 
 1> 
 
 > snjail 
 2ed in 
 
 made 
 of 8ii 
 itality 
 shed, 
 
 niicd 
 
 tudv 
 
 tJie 
 
 Iia.s 
 ^iial 
 
 I. Potsdam. — A bed of this rock crops out at St. 
 Anns, in which the most characteristic fossil is Scolithus 
 Canadensis^ Billings, now well ascertained to be worm 
 burrows. Similar beds are found at Beauharnois, on 
 which the tracks of crustaceans appear with rain drops 
 and ripple marks. Some of these beds occur of a thick- 
 ness suitable for pavements, and they have been to a 
 limited extent worked for that purpose. 
 
 II. Calciferous. — Overlying the Potsdam at St. 
 Anns, an outcrop of this formation occurs in which 
 species of Murchisonia, Pleurotoniaria and OjMleta 
 are the most prominent fossils. As the stone seems un- 
 suitable for economic purpose, it has not been quarried. 
 
 III. Chazy. — ]kds of this formation occur about two 
 miles to the North of Montreal. It is a deeper sea 
 deposit than the two former, in wliich Brach'uqyoils are 
 the prevailing fossils, with Rkynckonella ijiemi and 
 several species of Orthis as the most abundant foruis. 
 (Quarries were in early years opened in these beds, but 
 the stone weathers to a brownish colour. These 
 quarries are, therefore, now worked for foundation stone 
 and rock-faced masonry. 
 
 IV. Black Eivek — There is a fine exposure of tliese 
 
 rocks at Point Claire near the station. Fossils are very 
 
 abundant, and much more varied than in the chazy. 
 
 Tetradium Jihratum is everywhere present, occuriing 
 
118 
 
 THE KOVAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 r ' I 
 
 
 ill lartje masses. Much of the stone used in buildin<:f 
 the piers of the Victoria Bridge was quarried from this 
 place. 
 
 V. Trenton. — Montreal owes much of the beauty ami 
 solidity of its buildings to this formation. Although 
 covered by the Pleistocene, it is mainly the formation 
 on which the city is built. Quarries have been openiMJ 
 out at different points from which the bulk of the build- 
 ing stone used in the city is obtained. This stone, 
 before coal came into general use, retained its fresli 
 appearance for a long. time, which freshness strangers 
 visiting the city were not slow to note. The quarries 
 at the Mile Enil aff()rd a hue field for the ujeoWist as 
 the rocks are rich in fossils. Corals, sncli as various 
 species of the fjxmily Monticidiporidce, are most abniid- 
 ant. with Crinon/s, /irachiopods, Cephalopods and 
 Trilobites in great vaiiety. 
 
 Vr. Utica. — This is a black shale found on Moffat's 
 Island and along the banks of the river opposite the 
 city. It cracks in every direction, and falls to pieces if 
 exposed to frost when saturated with moisture! In 
 some beds Gvaptolites and small Urthocerat/deh occur, 
 but other fossils are rare. The eruptive mass com- 
 posing Mount Royal dates from about this time, but 
 volcanic action continued till the close of the Silurian, 
 as also were the eruptive rocks at Rigaud, St. Bruno, 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 119 
 
 Beloeil, Mount Johnson and Yam a ska. The cone of 
 Mount lioyal must have been raised to a considerable 
 height, with its base extending beyond St. Helen's 
 Island. Horizontal sheets and vertical dikes alter- 
 nating with the shale may be seen on Moffat's Island, 
 and St. Helen's Island opposite the city. Fissures were 
 opened up in the Trenton limestone and filled with 
 lava radiating towards all points from the mountain» 
 while the limestone close to these dikes and to the 
 mountain is altered into a lighter coloured and more 
 crystalline rock, with joints in different directions, 
 and from which nearly all the fossils are obliter- 
 ated. On St. Helen's Island large masses of breccia 
 are exposed, composed of stones thrown by the volcano 
 from the different formations through which it passed. 
 Quarries have been opened up in some of the eruptive 
 rocks near the city by the Corporation, where much of 
 the material used in macadamizing the streets is now 
 obtained. 
 
 VII. Lower Helderberg. — A few small patches of 
 this formation occur on the south shore of St. Helen's 
 Island, in which many of the fossils usual to the period 
 are found. As these patches are traversed by dikes it 
 may be inferred that Mount Royal was still an active 
 volcano. We have no trace of any of the intervening 
 periods until the Pleistocene. During the Devonian, 
 Carboniferous and Mesozoic a grand continental period 
 
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 continued, all traces of which have been removed by 
 denudation. 
 
 n 
 
 
 t\ 
 
 VIII. Boulder Clay. — When foundations are dug 
 in the lower part of the city and along the first ridge 
 above Craioj Street, the Boulder Ciav is struck, indicatin<' 
 glacial deposit. The rocks when uncovered at the 
 quarries show by their striae the marks of ice action. 
 
 IX. Leda Clay.^-TMs overlies the Boulder Clay in 
 the upper portions of the city. Many recent shells now 
 inhabiting the Arctic seas are found in the beds, espe- 
 cially in the upper layers. It is from this clay that 
 most of our bricks are made. 
 
 X. Saxicava Sand. — This is named from its most 
 characteristic fossil, which around the quarries is so 
 abundant that the soil thrown out from excavations in 
 this deposit is nearly white. This sand was formerly 
 used for building purposes. 
 
 Deposits containing recent fresh water shells are 
 found in excavating different parts of the city, shewing 
 that marsh land abounded here in former times. 
 
 «D 
 
HAhD-FOOK. 
 
 121 
 
 THE BOTANY OF MONTREAL. 
 
 Montreal has been more or less intimately identified 
 with the progress of botanical science in Canada from 
 a very early period in the history of the country. From 
 the latter part of the seventeenth century, it has been a 
 centre about which there have gradually gathered many 
 features of interest, which cannot fail to attract the atten- 
 tion of students from other localities. This has resulted 
 in part from occurrences which are historical; in part 
 from the peculiar situation and physical characteristics 
 of the island itself, and also in large part from the 
 advances which have been made in Canadian botany at 
 this point, within the last few decades, under the direct 
 patronage of the large and influential educational 
 institutions gathered here. 
 
 From the first settlements until near the close of the 
 seventeenth century, the seat of government being almost 
 exclusively at Quebec tended to concentrate learning at 
 that point, which is permanently associated with the 
 names of Sarrasin and Gauthier, and with the names of 
 many others who have left a well-defined impression 
 upon the development of Canadian botany. 
 
122 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 L \ 
 
 |»!r 'S 
 
 t. \\ 
 
 K. Ti 
 
 The peculiar situation of Montreal and its natuml 
 advantages, and consequent upon these conditions \\w 
 gradual formation here of a separate governing body, soon 
 led to its becoming the focus upon which were concen- 
 trated the efforts of men who gave a decided impulse tu 
 the study of the surrounding ilora, and permanently con- 
 nected Montreal with the future growth of the then 
 infant science. 
 
 The Franciscan Hennepin was probably the first to 
 give a somewhat connected though not always relialjlc 
 account of the plants of this district. His narrative, 
 covering the period from 1679 to 1682, was followed 
 about forty years later by the more reliable and exten- 
 sive and well-known records of the Jesuit Charlevoix. 
 This zealous missionary gave the first authentic account 
 of the manufacture of maple sugar as prepared by the 
 Indians. In addition to noting the distinction of our 
 native species, he shrewdly observed several also be- 
 longing to the Old World flora ; though he made the 
 rather serious mistake of confounding squashes and 
 pumpkins, as grown by the Indians, with the musk and 
 water melons of Europe — an error which was repeated 
 by later and even more distinguished naturalists. 
 
 The discovery of ginseng in this vicinity by the Jesuit 
 Lafitau in 1716 gave an important impulse to the com- 
 merce of Montreal for a number of years, the roots of 
 this plant being exported in lai'ge quantities. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 123 
 
 111 1749, the S'vedish botanist, Peter Kalin, a student 
 of Linnteus, stayed for some time at Montreal, and made 
 it his base of operations for more extended explorations 
 into the interior and down the St. Lawrence. The 
 record of liis work liere is of very considerable impor- 
 tance as bearing ui)on the local flora and upon introduced 
 species, several of which he noted at that early date 
 as becoming well established. He also observed a num- 
 ber of indigenous plants which have since become 
 extinct in this neighborhood. 
 
 A little more than forty years later, Michaux visited 
 Montreal, and afterwards penetrated east and north ward 
 to Hudson's Bay, making discoveries of very consider- 
 able botanical interest. 
 
 Witliin the [)resent century, the German botanist 
 Pursh took up his residence at Montreal, making it 
 the point of departure for his well-known expeditions 
 throughout the country. After a residence of several 
 years, he died here, and his remains were interred in 
 the old cemetery on Papineau road, where they suffered 
 much neglect for many years. Through the efforts of the 
 late Dr. Barnston and the Botanical Society of Montreal, 
 they were finally moved to a more fitting resting place 
 in Mount Royal Cemetery, where a monument was 
 erected to the memory of him who had done much to 
 advance the science in the cause of which he laid down 
 his life. A n account of the life and work of Pursh may 
 
124 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 be found in the Canadian Naturalist, New Series, vol. 
 IX., p. 184. 
 
 Prominent amont; the botanists of this century who 
 have given Montreal more than local interest should be 
 mentioned the late Dr. A. F. Holmes, who was the first 
 occupant of the chair of Botany in the Medical Faculty 
 of McGill University. He was a most diligent and 
 enthusiastic collector, and his Herbarium, which now 
 constitutes a very important part of the Herbarium of 
 McGill University, is a very valuable one. It embraces 
 more than one thousand species collected chieHy in the 
 immediate vicinity of Montreal between the years 1820 
 and 1826. Particular interest attaches to these plants 
 from the fact that the greater number were obtained 
 from localities which have long since become occupied 
 by factories and dwellings, many of them in places where 
 the heart of the city stands to-day. Tlie collection alsu 
 contains many introduced sj)ecies. 
 
 At the present time, interest in botanical studies is 
 centered in our v. u'ious educational institutions, some of 
 which possess i-iuportant collections, and are more or less 
 thoroughly e(][uipped for the prosecution of advanced 
 work in this branch of Natural Science. The resources 
 thus placed at the disposal of the student have received 
 an important addition in the recent establishment of a 
 Botanic Garden by McGill University. The rapid mul- 
 tiplication of private conservatories within the past few 
 
 yearf 
 tural 
 
HA^D'BOOK. 
 
 125 
 
 years, and the valuable work of the Montreal Horticul- 
 tural Society, have done much to stimulate an interest 
 in plants, both as to their cultivation and scientific 
 study. 
 
 The Island of Montreal is situated in about 45^ 31' 
 of N. latitude. It presents a great diversity of soil and 
 exposure, particularly in the immediate vicinity of the 
 city. This has the effect of concentrating within nar- 
 row limits a somewhat wide range of species, which 
 in other parts of Canada are widely scattered, and the 
 Island as a whole may, therefore, be regarded as an 
 epitome of the various botanical conditions dI the 
 whole central region of Canada. 
 
 The verv diversified character of the fiora about Mont- 
 real is one of the first things to impress itself upon the 
 student and attract the attention of strangers, and it is 
 this fact among many others which has lent such a 
 peculiar charm to the beautiful mountain upon whose 
 side the city rests. An additional feature of importance 
 is also to be found in the presence of Old World species 
 which have escaped from cultivation, and, becoming 
 spontaneous, have spread rapidly, often to the serious 
 disadvantage of the farmer. Others, brought hither as 
 seeds in refuse, or with the seeds of other plants, have 
 gained but a precarious hold, and are to be found only 
 in isolated localities, to which they cling with great 
 tenacity, but beyond which they appear incapable of 
 
120 
 
 rilE KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 jxtcndiiig. Numerous instances of this kind occur 
 in the vicinity of Montreal, of Avhich one or two 
 of the more conspicuous will serve as an illus- 
 tration. Tlie orange hawkwecd (Bierachiru aurandia' 
 cwiu) is not infrequent along roadsides, and has been 
 obsencd extending iar into the Eastern Townsliiis 
 along the United States boundary. The daphne (Daphne 
 mezercuru) of Great Britain has for some years occupied 
 a small and isolated station on Mount lioyal, beyond 
 which it appears to be incapable of extending. A few 
 years since an isolated case of the dwarf elder {Sam- 
 buciiti ebuius) was brought to my notice as occurring 
 at Cote St. Antoine, where it had established itself ujioii 
 a heap of rubbish for several years. 
 
 Thai the climate of Montreal is not too severe for 
 the growth of many plants from other parts of the 
 world, and even from more southern latitudes, is evi- 
 dent from the fact that there are now established heie 
 tine iind thrifty specimens of the salisburia (GhigJxo 
 biioba) from Japan, and of the katsura {Circidiphyllunit 
 jwj[)on'ku'L%) from the same place; as well as the ca- 
 talpa (Cataljja speciosa) from the Middle United 
 States. 
 
 The flora of this district has undergone, and is still 
 undei'going, changes which have greatly modified its 
 cliaracter since the time of Charlevoix and Lafitau — 
 changes of considerable importance to the student of 
 
 I 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 127 
 
 botanv who is concerned in trar^ing the influence of man 
 upon the distribution of species, and the relation of such 
 dispersion to climatic conditions. No systematic study 
 of the botany of the Island of Montreal has been made 
 since Dr. Holmes collected in 1820. Were such a work 
 to be undertaken at the present time, it would, for many 
 reasons, prove of very considerable value. 
 
 The earliest spring flowers are to be found on the east- 
 ern slope of Mount Royal, where the bold face of the 
 mountain overhangs the I'oad leading past the upper 
 reservoir. A mucli greater variety, and many of them 
 quite as early, may be found by taking the path which 
 leads from the incline railway station to the Protestant 
 Cemetery. A little more than one hundred yards after 
 leaving the Park road, one turns from the main path to the 
 left, following what is known as Friar's Walk. The 
 path shortly leads between the slope of the mountain 
 and a low hill on the right. Here are to be found a 
 rrre-v variety of ferns, and in their season, some of the 
 riost charming of spring flowers, sucli as the spring 
 u<kauty, the great tri Ilium and the golden yellow bell wort. 
 From this point intot^^ ^ower lands towards Outremont, 
 or along the slopes past the Protestant and on towards 
 the Catholic Cemetery, one may find a variety of expo- 
 sures and 3oii conditions which afford a great diversity 
 of species. 
 
 The literat.Te bearing directly upon the flora of Mont- 
 real is u<;t ;*^r/ extensive. One of the most complete 
 
 I 
 
128 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 publications is a '* Catalogue of Canadian Plants in the 
 H olmes Herbarium in the Cabinet of the University ut 
 McGill College." This list was prepared by the late Dr. 
 James Barnston, and appeared in the Canadian Natural- 
 ist forl859. This latter publication a'jo contains scat- 
 tered papers bearing more or less directly upon the botany 
 of this district. Apart from the larger works, such as 
 Hooker's Flora Boreali Americana, Macoun's Catalogue 
 of Canadian Plants, and the w^orks ci Michaux and 
 Pursh, the Manuals of Canadian b(jt uiy, oy tl e Abbe 
 Moyen and the Abbe Provancher, will be fovind most 
 useful guides, though Gray's Manual comprise ;^ nearly if 
 not quite all the indigenous species liivoly tobj found in 
 tliis vicinity. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 121) 
 
 EECEPTION. 
 
 The Keception and Invitation Committee will receive 
 the Eoyal Society and Associate Members in the 
 William Molson Hall,'^ McGill College, on Wednesday, 
 May 27th at 10 a.m. 
 
 ENTERTAINMENTS AND EXCURSIONS. 
 
 The Committee on Entertainments and Excursions 
 will do all in their power to provide for the leisure 
 moments of the distinguished guests attending the 
 annual meeting in this city. 
 
 Montreal and its immediate vicinity has many points 
 of interest, not only to the tourist on pleasure bent, 
 but also to the scientist seeking for information. It is 
 almost impossible, so early in advance, to precise a list 
 of entertainments and excursions, and the Committee 
 therefore can only indicate in a general manner what 
 they intend doing. 
 
 Carriages will be provided to convey the members and 
 associates to the summit of Mount Royal Park, whence, 
 after enjoying a view of the city and surrounding coun- 
 
 Koom No. 1 on diagram. 
 
130 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 try, they will continue their drive around the second 
 mountain, and by Notre Dame de Grace hack to the 
 city. 
 
 To many, a trip to Lachine and down the far-famed 
 rapids will be an interesting novelty. 
 
 The town of Caughnawaga, where live in peace and 
 prosperity the descendants of the Iroquois tribe of In- 
 d'^ns, will furnish an opportunity of studying the care 
 ta: . ' y the Federal Government in securing the com- 
 fort aa(! happiness of its Indian wards. 
 
 If possible, the Committee will arrange for a trip either 
 to Rigaud, where " Le% GtuMts " can be seen, or to 
 Beloeil, St. Bruno, Chambly or St. Anns. 
 
 As all these points of interest are near Montreal, and 
 are easy of access by rail or by boat, they will prove an 
 agreeable relaxation from the more serious and important 
 features of the meeting. 
 
 Garden parties will also be tendered the guests by 
 some of the leading citizens of Montreal ; the Natural 
 History Society will hold a reception at McGill Univer- 
 sity, and a conversazione will be held in the Art 
 Gallery of Montreal. 
 
 HOTELS AND LODGINGS. 
 
 The City of Montreal has gained an enviable reputa- 
 tion, not only for the excellence of its hotels and 
 lodging houses, but also for the hospitality of her 
 citizens. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 131 
 
 In this age of ease and luxury, no city can oft'er a 
 better recommendation to intending visitors than the 
 assurance of good accommodation. The Committee on 
 Hotels and Lodgings, realizing the importance of the 
 work assigned to it, are fully determined that nothing 
 shall be left undone on their part that will in any way 
 contribute to the comfort of members of the Koyal 
 Society, or those of its friends, who may attend at the 
 approaching meeting as our guests. 
 
 Arrangements are being made to enable those who 
 may so desire to secure comfortable quarters at reason- 
 able prices either at hotels or lodging houses convenient 
 to the places of meeting. 
 
 It is also proposed to keep a Directory wherein the 
 names and addresses of all those attending the meet- 
 ing will be registered, and thus members and associates 
 will be enabled to communicate one with another 
 without delay. To facilitate the work of the Committee 
 in this direction, intending visitors are respectfully 
 requested to send their names and addresses to this Com- 
 mittee at as early a date as possible. All communications 
 to the Committee on Hotels and Lodgings should be 
 addressed to its Secretary, Dr. Lovejoy, 2428 St. Cathe- 
 rine St., Montreal. 
 
 CONVEYANCE. 
 
 Arrangements have been made by which ladies and 
 gdatlviLUju from a distaacj, desiring to atteuii the maet- 
 
132 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 ings of the Society, can obtain fares from the various 
 Railways at the following rates : 
 
 Intercolonial Mailway, — Return tickets will be 
 granted on this Road at a single fare to its terminus at 
 Levis, to which will be added the proportion charged 
 to Montreal by either the Grand Trunk or Canadian 
 Pacific Railways. 
 
 The Grand Trunk, Canadian Pacific and the prin- 
 cipal American Railways will convey intending visitors 
 a' .1 fare and one third for the return trip. 
 
 Associate members p.nd delegates must purchase first- 
 l'^ss iuU fare ticket one way, and obtain a receipt on 
 standard certificate for the purchase of ticket from 
 Agent at starting points. These receipts will be certified 
 by the Honorary Secretary of the Society, and on pre- 
 sentation to the Ticket Agent in Montreal, ticket for 
 return fare will be issued at one-third the usual rate. 
 
 Visitors from Europe can obtain return tickets at the 
 following rates : 
 
 Allan Line, from Liverpool, at £ 20 to £ 30 
 Dominion " '' " *' £ 16 " £ 30 
 
 Beaver " *' « " £ 16 " £ 18 
 
 Rates by each of the above lines vary according to 
 position of berth and number in the Stateroom, but all 
 have equal privileges in Saloon. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 \X\ 
 
 ASSIGNMENT OF KOOAIS, 
 
 McGiLL College. 
 
 Office of Honorary Secretary Kooiii No. 5 
 
 Offices of Local Committee " <« q 
 
 Telephone, Telegraph, Post Office, etc " '< 
 
 Ladies' Eoom <« « jq 
 
 Gentlemen's Lavatory «♦ «< 3 
 
 Smoking Eoom , «< « ^ 
 
 Eooms, Committee , « « 2 
 
 General Sessions and Eeception Eoom (in 
 
 William Molson Hall) «« *< 1 
 
 Section I. — French Literature, History 
 
 and allied subjects ^< << 7 
 
 Section 11. — English Literature, History 
 
 and allied subjects «< '< 3 
 
 Section IIL — Mathematical, Physical and 
 
 Chemical Sciences « «» 9 
 
 Section IV. — Geological and Biological 
 
 Sciences (in Eedpath Museum) " <' H 
 The President's address and other evenincr lectures 
 
 will be delivered in the Queen's Hall, corner of St. 
 Catherine and University Streets. 
 
 A Conversazione will be held in the Art Gallery, 
 corner of St, Catherine street and Philips' Square. 
 
 6 
 
 ^.? 
 
 4^ 
 
 t' . 
 
134 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 CITIZENS' COMMITTEES. 
 
 T 
 
 Preddent. 
 Sir Donald A. Smith, K.C.M.G., M.P. 
 
 Vice- P res idents. 
 
 Hon. Ed. Mui'phy, Senator; J. L. Leprohon, Esq., M.D. ; 
 B. J. Harrington, Esq., B.A., Ph.D., F.G.S. 
 
 Honorary Secretaries. 
 
 J. A. IT. Beaudry, Esq., C.E., D.L.S., and 
 Rev. W. J. Smyth, B.A., B.Sc, Ph.D. 
 
 Honorary Treasurer, 
 F. Wolferstan Thomas, Esq. 
 
 General Secretary. 
 Eugene Beaudry. 
 
 RECEPTION AND INVITATION. 
 
 John S. Shearer, Esq., Chairman, 
 
 Hon. Mr. Justice Loranger, Vice-Chairman. W, D. 
 Lighthall, Esq., B.C.L., Secretary. Executive : Messrs. 
 Hon. Senator A. Lacoste, Q.C., LL.D. ; Hon. Justice 
 Wtirtele ; Geo. Sumner ; The Very Eeverend Dean 
 Carnichael and D. A. P. Watt. 
 
 Hon. Senator J. J. 0. Abbott, Q.C., D.C.L. ; Andrew 
 Allan ; R. B. Angus; Hon. Mr. Justice Baby; Rev. W. 
 M. Barbour, D.D. ; Rev. Jas. Barclay, M.A. ; Hon. Ls. 
 
HAND-BOOK. 
 
 135 
 
 Beiiubien ; R. Belleniare ; Lor Bishop W, B. Bond, 
 LL.l). ; Hon. J. A. Chapleau, Q. ., LTi.T)., M.B. ; Bobert 
 Craik, M.D. ; James Coristine ; Jolin Crawford ; J.J. 
 Curran, Q.C., LL.D., M.P. ; Viscount H. de la Barthe ; 
 Hon. Mr. Justice DeLorimier ; B. A. T. DeMontij'iiv : 
 Alph. Desjardins, M.P. ; Rev. Dr. Meldola DeSola 
 Chief Justice Sir A. A. Dorion ; Rev. Dr. Goo. Donda^ ; 
 Hon. Senator G. A. Drummond; Rev. Father Drum 
 mond S.J. ; Lord Archbishop E, C. Fabre; James 
 Ferrier; A. F. Gault ; C. A. Geolfrion, Q.C. ; Hon. Mr. 
 Justice Gill; E. K. Greene; Jacques Grenier; Rev. 
 Jas. Henderson, M.A. ; Sir Joseph Hickson ; Rev. E. 
 Hill, M.A. ; W. H. Hingston, M.D., L R C.S.E., D.C.L. ; 
 J. Hodgson ; Hon. Air. Justice Jette ; Chief Justice Sir 
 Francis Johnson ; Edgar Judge ; E. P. Lachapelle, M.D. ; 
 Major L. A. H. Latour, M.A.; Hon. Mr. Justice Ma- 
 thieu; D. C. MacCallum, M.D.; W. C. McDonald J 
 R. Mackay ; Hugh McLennan; His Worship Mayor 
 Jas. McShane, M.P.P. ; Rev. Dr. MacVicar, D.D.^ 
 LL.D.; Hon. H. Mercier, Q.C, M.P.P. ; J. W. Mills- 
 Hon. Peter Mitchell M.P. ; W. C. Munderloh ; Rev. J. 
 C. Murray, LL.D.; Hon. Senator A. W. Ogilvie ; Hon. 
 Mr. Justice Pagnuelo ; Rev. J. B. Proulx ; G. Ross, 
 M.D. ; R. Roy, Q.C; M. P. Ryan ; Hon. Hy. Starnes, 
 M.L.C. ; Aid. G. W. Stephens ; Sir George Stephen, 
 Bart. ; Hon. L. 0. Taillon, Q.C. ; Hon. Mr. Justice 
 Taschereau ; Hon. J. R. Thibaudcau ; W. C. Van Home ; 
 Rev. G. H. Wells, D.D. 
 
 umtfif^m^mf^i' 
 
i:;g 
 
 THE I<0\AL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 Alderman J. D. Rollaiid, Chairman. 
 
 D. A. P. Watt, Esq., Vice-Chairman ; A. T. Drum- 
 mond, Esq., LL.B., Secretary. Execuiive : Messrs. J. 
 S. Shearer ; AValter Drake ; J. 8. Brown ; C. P. H(^bert ; 
 Geo. Snniner and 1{. Reford. 
 
 Messrs. E. J. Barbeau ; Henri Barbe in ; F. L. Beique, 
 Q.C. ; J. S. Bonsquet; Hon. A. Boyer, M.P.P. ; 8. 
 Carsley; J, P. Cleghorn ; Ed. Clouston ; James Coris- 
 tine ; J. Crathern : L. 0. David ; A. L. DeMartigny ; Aid, 
 J. M. Dufresne ; Rev. Canon Enipson, M.A. ; Sara. Fin- 
 ley; Sir Alex. T. Gait, G.C.M.G. ; Js. Gardner; Hngh; 
 Graham ; Geo. A. Greene ; R. R. Grindley ; Geo. Hagne ; 
 J. S. Hall, Q.C, M.P. ; Aid. A. Hurteaii ; J. H. Joseph ; 
 Edgar Judge ; J. B. Learmont ; J. Lewis ; Henry Lyman ; 
 W. C. McDonald ; H. McKenzie ; J. W. Mills ; J. H. R. 
 Molson; F. DeB. Monk, LL.B.; D. Morrice ; Hon. 
 Senator A. W. Ogilvie; Aid. R. Prefontaine, Q.C., 
 M.P. ; Ed. Radford ; Aid. H. B. Rainville ; W. Reid ; 
 J. A. Robertson; W. W. Robertson, Q.C'.; P. S. Ross; 
 J. F. Scriver ; Aid. H. Shorey ; J. Slessor ; J. M. Smith ; 
 Aid. J. 0. Yilleneuve; Hon. J. K. Ward, M L.C. ; R. 
 White. 
 
UANDI^OOIs. 
 
 i:w 
 
 ,,,TKBfM^MKNrS AND KXCUUSlON«. 
 
 Hon. Mv. .J«.u- V ^,„.o/.«im«u;C.UeB. 
 Alp. Desiavdins,>.sq - ^i- ^' -^^ . Ho«. Mr. Justice 
 
 Davidson; Hon. H.^^ ^^ ^.^.^^ ^.^,j_ ijna p. A. 
 
 McGibbon, Esq- *|'^- ' 
 
 Peterson, Esq., C.K. ^ Archambault, Q.C. ; A. 
 
 Messrs. H. B. Ame* . ' ; ^^ gg^ney ; J- d. 
 
 B«arten ; S^ Beaudn^^Q^;;^^ 
 
 H. nergeron, ^-^-^ n^-^ j. D. Crawford ; Cr. f . 
 
 W.T.Costigan; Pro •Cox, Col- ^^^_^^^^^^ ^^^ ^p.. 
 
 Givdvvood,M.lX,M.KX^fe.. j;- • ^^^^^^. p j„a.,h. 
 
 ,, W. Henshaw, A^ f ^^-,;,,„,,„ D.C.L., Q-C;-, 
 Q.C.; F.Lyn.an. «^;\^,^,_ ho„. J. A. Ouimet Q.C 
 W. McLennan ; D ^ ^^^^^^ ; Hon. J- E- i^obidoux, 
 M.P.; Hon. Mr. Justrce Ourm h,,, i,. Tom- 
 
 ^:rMtc'Ho!:A.T:i-.Kev.Abb.H.Verreau.. 
 
 viUe, Al- L'-'^- ' ^ ., ^ 
 
 W. J. White, M.A., B.O.L. 
 
 CONVF.YANCE. 
 
 l^daar Judge, Esq., C/iai''»Ha»i. 
 
 John Kennedy, Esq., ^•*'-' .,, .. j. w. StivUng. 
 
 . Skelton, Esq., Sec.«. J^^^ _ „,. t. Bovey. 
 
 Esc, M.D.; Chs. T. Hart, ^--yj ^„d W. G. 
 
 tr A C E • Alex. Robertson, Esq. B.A. , 
 
 Beers, Esq., ^-V-^- 
 
 ■Hi 
 
138 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Messrs. J. A. Boiiiii ; T. C. BrciuKiid ; A Brancliaud, 
 B.C.L., Q.C. ; G. Cheney ; B. ^. Coghliii ; T. C. ]Je- 
 Lorimier, Q.C. ; C.J. Doherty, Q.C. ; Joseph Diihainel, 
 Q.C. ; J. II. Einard, L.L.L. ; Major L. J. Ethier, Q.C. ; 
 J. Y. Gihiiour; E. P. Hannaford, CE A. Hiitcliinsoii, 
 IJ.C.L.; E. B. Ibbotsoii, L.D.8.; Geo. Macrae, Q.C; 
 Prof. T. Wesley Mills, M. A., M.D. ; Hugh Paton ; T^obt. 
 Eeid; T. G. Shaughnessy ; P. W. 8t. George, O.K. ; 
 Geo. Sunnier ; W. Wainwright. 
 
 HOTELS AND LODGINGS. 
 
 J. Stevenson Brown, Esq., Chairman. 
 
 Major H. Latour, M.A., Fic6-C/ia?^"ma?i; G. W. 
 Lovejoy, Esq., M,D„ L.D.S., Seer eta Executive: 
 
 Messrs. F. X. Archambault, Q.C. ; A. E. DeLorimier, 
 LL.B. ; E. A. Lily ; Prof. J. Bemrose, F.C.S. ; A. Lap- 
 thorn Smith, B.A., M.P.C.S.E., F. 0. S. Lon., and Alex. 
 Henderson, 
 
 Messrs. W. H. Chapman ; L. A. Chauvin, LL.D. ; 
 G. Coffin; M. DeBeaujeu ; L. C DeTonnancour; 
 W. A. Dyer; Chas. Garth; H. Hogan ; J. McLean; 
 L. D. Mignault, M.D. ; J. Morgan, , jr. ; John Murphy j 
 Hon. W. Prevost, Q.C, M.L.C ; Geo. K. Prowse ; eJas. 
 Shearer; Aid. CoL A. A. Stevenson; Geo. W. Swett. 
 
 ROOMS AND PLACES OF MEETINGS. 
 
 Prof. C. H. McLeod, Ma.E., Chairman. 
 F. D. Adams, Esq., M.A.Sc, Vi^^e-Chairman ; R. F. 
 
UAND-BOOh. 
 
 \ 
 
 d. 
 
 Riittaii, Esq., M.D., Secretary. blircutive : Geo. II. 
 Prowse, Esq. ; A. J.Eaton, K>i(|., M.A., Ph. 1). ; F. 
 Chadwick, Esq. ; Sclkhk Cross, Esq., and A. T. Taylor, 
 Esq. 
 
 Messrs. U. E. Archanibault ; A. D. Blackader, B.A., 
 M.D.; F. W. Campbell, M.D. ; Prof. C. A. Carus-Wil- 
 son ; J. p. B. Casgrain, C.E. ; R. DesRivieres, B.C.L. ; 
 eT. R. Dougall, M.A ; W. Drysdale ; H. R. Gray ; A. 
 W. Grenier; F. W. Henaliaw; Aid, A. Hurteau ; L. 
 Huot ; Aid. H. Jeannotte; Alex. Johnson, LL.D. j 
 Warden King; Elz. Pelletier, M.D. ; F. F. Rolland. 
 
 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING. 
 
 Lucien Huot, Esq., Chairman. 
 
 S. C. Stevenson, Esq., Vice-Ghairifnan ; J. A. Bean- 
 dry, M.D., Secretary, Executive : — C. S. J. Phillips, 
 Esq. J E. T. Chambers, Esq. ; Geo. E. Desbarats, Esq. ; 
 Jos. Fortier, Esq., and M. Nolan Delisle, Esq. 
 
 Messrs. E. Belanger, C E. ; Ls. B^langer ; Geo. 
 Bishop; H. A. A. Brault, N.P. ; J. C Cameron, M.D. ; 
 F. B. Caulfield ; S. E. Dawsoxi, LL.D. ; E. Lef. De- 
 Bellefeuille, QC. ; C. G. DeSalaberry, N.P.; Jos. 
 DesRosiers; Prof. J. T. Donald, M.A. ; W. N. Evans; 
 L. Galarneau ; R. C. Lyman ; H. T. Martin ; R. W. 
 McLachlan ; DeLery MacDonald ; Prof. C. E. Moyse, 
 
140 
 
 THE ROYAL SOCIETY OFCA.VA DA 
 
 B.A.; Geo. Murray; K Nantel, M.P.P. ; Armaiid 
 Prevost; J. X. Perreault ; L. VV. Sicotte ; Hon. Sen- 
 ator Jos. Tasse ; F. Vanasse. 
 
 « 
 

 
 ^y I 
 
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