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 1 
 
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 3 
 
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337 3 
 
 X 
 
 THE 
 
 RECIPROCITY TREATY 
 
 WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 Its Character, and our Dutj' in 
 regard to it. 
 
 Hi III... 
 
■n 
 
TIIK KKCIPKOCITY TREATY WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 Thk reciiirocity treaty, as it is called, with TMiirlaiui. which 
 is to terminate iu March next, unless renewed, has the follow- 
 inir provisions. 
 
 Art. 1. (iives to the inhaliitants of the Fnitod States, in 
 addition to what is trranted in the convention ot IHls, the 
 liberty, in common with British suhjects, of " takinp; fish of 
 every kind except shell lish, on the sea coasts and shores, and 
 in tlic liays, harhors and creeks of Canada, New Brunswick^ 
 Nova Scotia, Prince Edwards Island, and of th(! several is- 
 lands thereunto adjacent, "' unrestricted as to distance from 
 the shore, with permission to land upon Hie shores, and also 
 upon the Mau-dalen isl^ids. for tlie purpose of curing their 
 fish and dryiiii!; nets, provided, there is no interference with 
 private ri<rhts. The liberty thus jriveii is confined to the sea 
 fishery. The salmon and ^liad fisheries and all fisheries hi 
 rivers and their mouths are '* reserved exclusively for Britisli 
 fishermen." 
 
 Art. '1. Gives to Jiritish sul>jccts similar jirivileges to the 
 at)ovc on th#easterii sea coasts and shores ot the United States 
 north of, the S'lth j)arallel of north latitude, and with similar 
 restrictions and reservations. 
 
 Art. :'). Contains a list of articles the growth and produce 
 of the British colonies or of the United States " admitted into 
 each countrv respectivelv free of duty," as follows: 
 
 Grain, flour and broad start's of nil kinds, rroducts of ti'^li and of all other crcat- 
 
 Animals of all kimls. 
 
 Fresh, smoked and salted meats. 
 
 Cotton, Woid, Si-eils or vo^ietables. 
 
 Undried fruits^ dried fruits. 
 
 Fish of all kinds. * 
 
 uri's living: in the water, 
 roultry, e^ijzs. 
 
 ll'des, furs, skins or tails u,.Jressed. 
 Stone or marble in its ciude or un- 
 
 wrought state. 
 
 3L'} L3. 
 
Slate. 
 
 Ililttir, rhccse, tallow. 
 
 I>i\ril, lioriis, ii\!inurcs. 
 
 Ore- .if III. 'tills of all kiiuls 
 
 Coal. 
 
 ritcli, tar. tiiriicritiiH', a-hfs, 
 
 Pelt", wool. 
 Fisli oil. 
 
 UicT, liroom ''oni ; ml hark. » 
 
 (iv|isiini crounil or iiiii,'roiinii 
 Hewn or wrou^'ht oi uinvrou;:tit burr or 
 [.'rimtstoiio. 
 Timlier and liiiiil.'T of all kiii'N, round. I)y<' stiitlV. 
 
 hoved. sawr.l, mun.unifa. tiirod in Flax, licmj. and low unmanutarturfd. 
 whoU-'or in part. Unmanufa.ture.l to!.a<<o. 
 
 h irr wooil. ' '• 
 
 riaiits. shr-.ilis and trei's 
 
 Art. 4. Gives tlio inhabitants of tljo United States the 
 ri<iht to navi-rate the river St. Lawrence and tlic canals m 
 Canathi. iiseij as th(> means ot'conunnnieatint: lietween the <ircat 
 lakes and tlie Atlantic ocean. \viti\ their vo^rls. as fnlly and 
 freely as tlie sultjects of h.T lirittanie Majesty, ami snl^ject to 
 the san.e tolls exacted of the latter, reservint' the i iu'lit to 
 suspend this privilcire on due notice to the Unite(' Stages. 
 If. however, thi^ reserved ritiht is exercised, tin; Tniteil States 
 have the riuht to suspend the oper;**;on of .Vrt. :'.. - s" tar as 
 the province o\' Canada is affected thcrehy, or for so 'on<r as 
 the suspension of the free navi<ration of the St. Lawrence or 
 the canals may continue." This articj^ also <rives to P.ritish 
 suhjects the riiiht to naviiiatc Lake Michitzan •' s.. lono- as the 
 privile«re of I'avitratini: the river St. Lawren 'c l.y .Vm^Mican 
 citizens" is continin'd. ;inil the o„veriiment of the I'nited 
 States enoaL^es to urde upon the state u-overnmeiits to secure 
 to liritish subjects the use of the .several state canals on terms 
 of e(|UHlity with the inhahitants of the United States. It also 
 pn..vides that •' no export or other duty shall 1^ levied on 
 lumber of any kind cut on that portion .)f the State of Main.e 
 watered by the river St. John and its tributaries, and floated 
 <lown that river to the sea, when the same is shipped to the 
 United States from the province of New IJrunswick." 
 
 Art. 5. Provides for ciu-ryinir the treaty into elTect. and 
 for its termination by either party, the stipulations for this 
 purpose not to affect the reservation in Art. 4. with re-ard 
 to the right of temporarily suspending the operation of Arts. 
 
 3 and 4. , , ,, , 
 
 Art. 6. Provides that the foregoing articles shall apply to 
 
8 
 
 the island of NewfuuiHlland, wlioncvor thai cuhmy, the impe- 
 rial {)arliaiuent, and the Unitod States, sluill each enact to 
 that eHect. 
 
 Art. 7. Provides for the ratification of the treat}'. 
 
 A tri'aty which is desi^nied to Ite recijtrocal in its eharaciter, 
 should in its operation, confer e(|U!d benefits upon the con- 
 traclinir parties, and such a tn;aty to lie just and entitled to 
 he accepted nnd made the law of the land, should not sacrifice 
 any one interest to secure a lienelit to some other interest. 
 The present treaty is olijectionahle upon this n;round, and to 
 that degree as will lie seen as not to entitle it to th<! name of 
 a reciprocal treaty. l)ut should have had some other more ap- 
 projiriatc designation, viz.: a treaty for the lienelit of certain 
 interest regardless of its etfect upon other important interests, 
 and regardless also of the true priiicij)les oi recii»rocity, in 
 its effect upon the general interests of tlie contracting parties. 
 
 It will appear upon investigation that the privileges con- 
 ceded in Articles 1 and 2 to citizens of the United States are 
 of very little practical importance. 
 
 The most valuable of the shore fisheries, \h. : the taking of 
 salmon and shad, are fxcluded. so that the jirivileges actually 
 erranted are resolved mainly into the right to land and dry 
 nets and cure fish on the J'rovincial coasts in jilaces where 
 there is no interterencc with private riglits. This might be 
 a ))rivilege ol some importance to us. were there any ur many 
 such places, but all tin^ eligible p'oints for this purpose are 
 taken ujt, and, so far a- the British coast is concerned, are in 
 the possession of Hr.tish lishermen, who are not disposed to 
 resign possession, except at a cost which the business will nut 
 justify. Tiie treaty makes it their interest to exclude, by 
 claiuis of jH'ior occupation, our hshermen from their coasts, 
 as it opens to tiiem uur markets (^markets which supply sub- 
 sistence to a pujuilatiou of thirty millions) for the sale of 
 their fish, free of duty. 
 
 The statistics of our own hsheries in so called British wa- 
 ters under this portion of the treaty, iur the last ten years, 
 while it has been in operation, do not show any special or im- 
 portant advantage resulting to us, none, certainly to justify 
 
the renewal of the treaty in its present form, wliile it does 
 show that we have lost largely hy it in revenue to the amount 
 of a million ol dollars annually, which has gone into the jtoek- 
 ets of jiritish lishermeu who liave given us no etjuivalent in 
 ri'turn, Imt on llx; conti-ary, has served to luiild up and 
 strcu'^then the hshing mtere-t in the provinces and to weak- 
 en it in the stales. 
 
 rpon this (juostion of the fisheries it is proper to understand 
 that our treatit;s witii Kngland have not given us in any one 
 instance our full and jusl rights. Kiugland by her own doctrine 
 promulgated to nuUily the claims of the I'ope, has really no 
 exclusive riglits lieyoml what siu' holds hy actual jjossession, 
 or what has Ween voluntarily conc<;ded lo her. The fisheries 
 on the .North American C(jast w.ne a souice of profit to the 
 maritime nations of Europe anterior to any attempt at settle- 
 ment of the country, ^o far as they are proj)erty, they are 
 Joint pro[)erty. and were so at first considered of all maritime 
 nations, and the adjoining coast so fur as needful, for drying 
 and curing:- fish, was also considered joint ])roi)erty. The right 
 to fisii curried witli it the right to the use of the adjoining coast 
 for the purpose, that is to say, the rig-*lt to a fair proportion of 
 that coast, and these rights would still olitaiu but lor compul- 
 sory surrenders at different times to the demands of England. 
 Through fear of England's power, and l)eetuisc of the uiiscru 
 pulous claims of that government, we have yielded in every 
 treaty wilh her our just rights, it is j)roi)er iu any t'uture 
 negotiations to understand fully the jtast, and it may not jc 
 imi)roper to eiKiuire how far compulsory concessions made in 
 time of weakness are binding upon us. ^Ir. Adams in 1814 
 said that he would continue the war with England forever 
 rather than give ap the sea lislicries. 
 
 Tiiese fisheries are not only a source of profit to the country 
 by ailding to its wealth while they do not impoverish or 
 weaken, but they are nurseries for seamen, and in this view, 
 and in view of the demand humanity is making upon us, that 
 we should become the great maritime power of the world, wo 
 must hold inflexibly all that justly belongs to us in connection 
 with them. England claimed under the treaty of 1818, to 
 
exclude us from fislung on hw provincial coast inside of di- 
 rect lines drawn tliree miles c>nt I'nnn headland to headland 
 instead of three miles from the line of the coast. If tlie reci- 
 procity treaty was a concession of her ri<_dit to makethisdemand, 
 and it will pnjl)al'ly lie so construed, it was most unfortunate. 
 
 The next article, Art. ;', is of a dilVerent character from the 
 one we have l;cen just considering. It vaix- races what is 
 termed the free list, or list of articles which are admitted into 
 each (.'(juntry respectively, free of tUity. This list comprises 
 some thirty or more articles, articles which it will be seen 
 inive a movement mainly in one direction, viz., from the pnn'- 
 inccs to the states. At least five-sixtiis are articles hav'ng this 
 character in which there is no recif)rocation in kind, and 
 these five-sixths are, as stated, articles exported from the 
 Provinces into the stales where they come into competition 
 with the protluctions of our own jieople. Take, for example, 
 the tirst on the list, viz , ''grain. Hour and bread stuffs of all 
 kinds." During the ten yeors o|)eration of the treaty, the 
 Canadas have sent, as state'd, to "ur markets not less than \\\e 
 millions of liushels ol' wheat annuariy, more than has l)een 
 sent from the states to the Canadas. During this time, also, 
 thousands of Inishels of wheat have been sent from the states 
 to the Canadas to be manufactured into Hour, and in this form 
 lias c(nne ))ack to our markets, thus preventing the erection of 
 mills within our own borders to <lo the same work. It is said, 
 as we are aware, that the Canadas have uiven us white wheat and 
 taken the red or spring wheat of tiie west, which is inferior, 
 in exchange, but this can only have been done to a very lim- 
 ited extent. 
 
 Wlieat from the Canadas yields a greater profit in our mar- 
 kets on the seaboard and in New England, tlian wheat from 
 our Western states, iiecause of the less cost of transjiortation 
 and less cost of labor in its production, and if admitted I'ree 
 of dutv comes into a ruinous competition with that larife 
 portion of our own ]»ro(lucers who are burdened with the 
 charge of a lomi'er road to market. The west when it acijui- 
 esced in tiie present treaty supposed it had secured something 
 like an equivalent for this great loss in the free navigation of 
 
 d 
 
the St. Lawrence;, a provision wliich will l»i; more particularly 
 noticod in anoUier place. 
 
 Tlieru are otluM- articles in the same catejrory with wheat, 
 such as luittiu'. eheiise, laril, snmkcil ;iiiil >allrii iiiuat>, aiiiiuals 
 of all kiml>. hides, coal, wool, pelt-^, Imildinu' ^tone, and luni- 
 lier, ttc. All of these come into direct and injnrions eouipe- 
 tition with our own products of tiie same kind. 
 
 These we would not allo^r<!ther e\eludt,'. lait th(>y art; all of 
 them of such a character as to justify the imposition of a 
 duty of at least twenty or iwenty-five per cent., ami they will 
 still lit! sent to our markets, and come into snlVieiently lorini- 
 dal)le competition with our own product- of the same kind. 
 Thost! of our own ])eople who laiior untler the di>advanta;:;c 
 of remoteness from market, •mil tlie p;iyment of a hijiher 
 price for lahor, have also heavy tuxes to pay out of such }irolits 
 as they are ahle to make, and it i> rii;ht and pro]i(;r that duties 
 should lie levied upon >imilar articles imported ol' such 
 amount, at least, as will not exclmle them tVom our markt'ts. 
 A duty of twenty to twenty-live per cent may he levied 
 and collected on neai"ly (ncry article enumei-aled in the 
 free list, articles which, as stated, move only one way, from 
 the provinces into the states, and they would still continue to 
 enter into a fair competition with our own products of the 
 same kind in our own markets. 
 
 The article of iVee stone for Imildin^' is one which will 
 bear full thirty or thirty-live per cent duty, and it is one 
 in which there is no reciprocation, not a single hjad havinjr 
 been sent from the states into the provinces, while during the 
 last ten } ,'ars of tree trade in that article, large (pnintities 
 have lieen -ent from New Brunswick to our markets. I're. 
 vious to the formation of the reci[)roeity treaty large sums 
 had lieen invested in free stone (juarries in Connecticut. Mas- 
 sachusetts, New Jersey and New York. In these ([uarries alone 
 on the bank of the Connecticut, over eight hundred thousand 
 didlars were actually investeil. The naked and iiai'i'en rocks 
 of liie slun-es of the Hay of Fundy and its islands are composed 
 in uuud pari of fiet; stone easily (piarried and being accessible 
 bv large vessels, the stone is conveyed at less cost in eonse- 
 
<|Uoiic(« to our markets on thn sciihoanl, ami tlioso conn' ■ ito 
 corn|M'titioii w itli tlio stone tVoni nur own <|narri<'s. Tin* ron- 
 sf(|ui'n('c is a loss of caiiital and prolit to our own people, loss 
 of internal n-vcnu"- to our trovcrnini'nt, loss ot' vessels as a 
 nnisfry for seamen, ami lo-s of -ucli duty as niiirlit have liecn 
 imiioseij and coljei-ted. )|iid -.till have jiad tlie materiiil from 
 New l'.rnnswicl< in sntlicient .niantity lor a lieallltv competi- 
 tion with our own (piarries. 
 
 'i'lie items alM)ve enumerated siiould all he strieken from 
 thefre.' li-t in the event ol" the I'enewal of the treatv. and any 
 oth»!r,> in which th(> trade is extensive, and only such should 
 l>e ret;iined as are perishalile. nnd will not i»ear triinsportation 
 a lonir distance, and which can not he hrouL'ht under ('u>>tom 
 House supervision. 'l'he>.e will include all -uch articles as 
 fresh uieats, L'a.'den ve<:(,'tahles. undried fruits, eirL's, animal 
 manui'es. tire wood, plants and others of a similar character. 
 The li-t even when thus r(>stricted will more ixMielit the piv.v- 
 iuees than the states. Indeed it is not po^sihle to form a free 
 list of any consideralile unmhor of articles in which this will 
 not h<; the case. 
 
 The \n'i^ list, as it now standi, and has stood for the last ton 
 years, comprises almost everythinir that is tri'own or prodm?ed 
 from the soil or the waters of the Ih'itish provinces, ami as 
 they have literally no otluM- markets Imt such ns wi; can irive 
 them, most of their surplus productions have founil their way 
 in some f(»rm into the states, and th(;re is nt) mode of nrrivin" 
 accurately at their amount. 
 
 There are no custom house or other returns that can he re- 
 lied upon to exhiliit even npproximiitely their amount. 
 
 The C'anadas in particular have no ^reat maritime or for- 
 ei^'u trade to alisorl) their surplus pioductions. it has not 
 tu'en the policy of the Home ^nivernment to eneouraiiC 
 manufactures in the provinces, and the latter have therefore 
 no homt; market for their surplus airricultural products. The 
 population of the Canadas are miiinly cultivators of the soil. 
 The recijirocity treaty L'ave them an excellent and readv 
 market near their own doors withir, our own hordors, and 
 they have heen growing rich during its operation, and in view 
 
8 
 
 of this it is well to cin|\iirc ami ascertain what wo have re- 
 ceived ill return for this irreat l)enelit and jirivilege enjoyed by 
 them. 
 
 TliO 4th article of the Reciprocity treaty, as we liav) seen 
 jrivcs to us the rifrht to navigate the St. Lawrence and the 
 Canals in Canada leadiiifi from the ;:^oat lakes to the sea, on 
 the same terms with Uritisii sul)jects — a privilejic which the 
 British troverinncnt reserved the right, at any time, to sus- 
 ])end. The same article also provides for a free transit 
 through New Brunswick of lunilier from ^'aine by the waters 
 of the St. Johns river to United Stat(,'s jiorls. 
 
 To comprehend the value of tiie navigation of the St. 
 Lawrence chain of waters as granted l»y tlie treaty, we must 
 understand that there is a ('.escent from Lidvc* Huron or Lake 
 Michigan to the level of the sea of live hundretl and seventy 
 seven feet, of which tea feet iK-arly is liotween Lake Huron 
 and Lake Erie, ijol feet l)etween Lake Erie and liiike Ontario, 
 and -I'r'jCj feet hetween Lake Ontario and the sea. The chan- 
 nel between Lake Huron and Lake Erie has l)een deepened 
 to give ten or eleven feet water and tiie current in the St. 
 Clair and Detroit rivers is not strong enough to be an imped- 
 iment to navigntion. 
 
 l]ctween Lakes Erie and Ontario, in Canada, i'^ the Wel- 
 land Canal, having locks I-IO liy liti.V feet, with '.» to 10 feet 
 depth of -water. Between Lake Ontario and ^Montreal are 
 short canals, eight in number, to ])ass the rapids of tiie St. 
 Lawrence, having locks 2<)0 by 45 and .')il feet, with t» feet 
 dei»th of water. These canals amount in distance to 41 miles 
 in the aggregate. 
 
 The idea entertained when the reciprocity treaty was 
 formed that the channel of the St. Lawrence could l>e made 
 available tor sea-going vessels, rec(uving and discharging 
 freight u])on the upper lakes to and from Liverpool and other 
 transatlantic ports, has not l»een realized, and for one very 
 good reason, to say nothing of others, the locks an.l artili 
 cial channels formed have not been adequate f )r such a navi- 
 gation. A depth ol water oi' '.• leet limits tiu; ili'aft of vessels 
 to 8 leet, and s\ich a vessel can not navigate the Atlantic, 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 canyiii;^- iiroduce to Kurojtc. witli prolU. Had tlio cuiuils ami 
 locks Ix'cii aila|itL'(l to a ilcptli oi' 12 l'c(;t. or a ilral'l of 11 Icel. 
 wliicli is a large dratl I'or the St. Clair Flats and tiie eiitraiu'cs 
 to the several lake hariiors, the V(!ssels would still 'he siuall. 
 and of a form not suit"d to the safe and profitable navijration 
 of the ocean, and when it is considered that the St. Lawrence, 
 from Montieai to ihe i.;nlf. is frozen n|. (jne half of the year, 
 and ihat durinL:' the other half the navigation is uncertain 
 and damicrons. Iiecan'-e of the roek-hound ehai-acter of the 
 roast and lh<' stron:; tide current^, and liie |»revalenee of foirs 
 uiiieh ^ireti-h tiom <^>ueliec to lievoiid the Newfoundland 
 lianks, -hromiiiiii- for day> toiii'thrr the entire heavens, we 
 can under.-land wiiy then? has not lieen any use of the St. 
 Lawrence chain wf waters iiy >e:i-M()iiii. vessels from our own 
 ports, and \\f can under-land too. that if Montreal was ac- 
 cessilih' from the upper lakes hy tin,' laruvr class of vessels, 
 thos(! (h'awini;- 11 leet water, neither that (-ity nor (^ueliec 
 c(Uild l»e a market of any great importance for western pro- 
 duce. 
 
 The Itritish uovernment in concedijiL^ the free navigation 
 of the St. Lawrence, eav(.' us nothing which has lieen or can 
 he ol' any great )iractieal value to us: — not of a.s much value 
 even as the riuht given to 15riti'-li vessels in Art. 4. to mivi- 
 gate Lake Michigan, and not of as much value as the use of 
 the Sault St. Ma''ie C'anrd, wiiich we umlerstand has been 
 'granted to theni. although lujt pi-ovideil for in tin; treaty. 
 Vet it wa> tor the suppoMMl '.ireat privilege of navigatinu' the 
 St. Lawrence that the Ulici-aj conces.sions were made to the 
 Canadas in the i'ree list. c(nices.>ions which have mainly eoii- 
 Iriliuted, hy givini;- a prolitahle market to Canailiau jiroduc- 
 tioiis. lo swell their p(jpuluti(>n in tin,' short period of ten or 
 elevc'ii y(\irs I'rom two to ovei' thi-ee niillion>. 
 
 'I'hat we are n<jt mistaken in asserting that the free list was 
 the con>i(leralion for the free naviiiation of the St. Ijawreiu-e, 
 we ri'fer to the treaty itself. Art. 4, in that clause which pro- 
 vides thai if the Itriti-h govi-i-nment shall exercise its reserved 
 light of suspending the frt'c navigation of the St. Lawrence, 
 the I'nited Stales shall have the right to suspend the opei 
 
 3ra- 
 
10 
 
 tioii ol" Art. ;'), (the article wliicli contains tiic free list,) "so 
 far as the Province of Canada is affected thereby." This is 
 proof conclusive, and the fact now stares us in the face, that 
 for all the great l)enefits enjoyed by the Canadas under the 
 treaty, benefits which have operated injuriously to our own 
 citizens, the States have received no e(iuivalent. Fortunate 
 indeed is it, that the treaty was noi made iKMinanently bind- 
 in;>;. and that we can now correct the mistakes of the past. 
 
 From the preceding it very clearly appears that we can not 
 agree to a renewal of the treaty upon its present terms, cer- 
 tainly not until the St. Lawrence canals have been enlarged 
 and a suitalile connection made with Jiake Champlain, so as 
 , to pass tile larger vessels of 11 feet draught from Lake Onta- 
 rio into the latter lake, and not even then unless it can be 
 shown that such a navigation will confer a practical benefit 
 upon our people living upon the upper lakes. That it will 
 not confer any ini|iortant benefit so far as presenting us with 
 a Ijctter market at Montreal and (^uoIjcc than Xcw Yoi'k and 
 New PJngland can give- us, is as clearly evident now as it will 
 be when the improvement is made. 
 
 It is as evident now as it will be then that the great raara- 
 time cities whicli contiol and will continue to control, through 
 all time, the Auerican trade of the North Atlantic, are not 
 situated in the track of the St. Lawrence. This fact should 
 not i)e lost sight of, l>ecauso it is one having more inlhiencc in 
 directing tlie course of trade than any other. 
 
 The only way in which the west can l)e materially Ijenelitcd 
 by Canadian improvements is \>y the enlargement of the St. 
 iiawrence canals and the extension of those improve-ments to 
 Lake Champlain liy the shortest route, so as to be able to 
 ])ass vessels from the upper lakes on to that lake and, ulti- 
 mately, to tlie lliidsim. 'i'he level of Lake Champlain carried 
 to the St. Lawrence meets it near the foot of the Beauharnais 
 cuial. a little aitove ( ;>1 feet) the hivel of Lake St. liouis. 
 A canal may i»e Imilt. leaving tiie 15eauharnais ('anal, ■')7.', .^et 
 abov(> this point, not exceeding thirty->^ix to thirtv-seveii 
 miles in length, with no ascending locks, which iiciiit: fed from 
 the St. Lawrence, will pass vessels from the latter river into 
 
 m 
 
 n' 
 
11 
 
 Lake Champlain and the reverse. This l.eing done and a 
 connection of four miles made uitii Lake St. Louis at Caujrna- 
 wajra,a navigable route will l)e opened to New York and New 
 England which will he of the greatest value to the latter and 
 to the country bordering the u{)pcr lakes. It will he a route 
 directly available from the valley of the Ottawa, and render 
 the improvement of the navigation of that river and its con- 
 nection ultimately with Lake Huron, an obji-et of imi)ortanoe. 
 
 When we are asked therefore, by our Canadian neighbors 
 to renew the reciprocity treaty, the answer we should make is 
 obvious. We must say to them, enlarge your St. Lawrence 
 locks and canals to a twelve oV thirteen feet depth of water, 
 open the Ottawa route from the St. Lawrence, and build the 
 canal from Beauharnais and Lake St. Louis to Lake Cham- 
 plain of the same dimensions, and give us a right to navioatc; 
 on the same terms with yourselves, and we shall then feel that 
 we have something like an equivalent for the privileges you 
 desire to obtain, but, until you do tliis, we must decline' all 
 reciprocal treaties, we must decline entering into any special 
 arrangement for facilitating trade between yourselves and us. 
 
 In making tliis reply and demand we sliall not be doing 
 what is unneighborly or unjust. The imin-ovement proposed 
 if made will richly repay the Canadas for its cost. We will 
 not ask them to enlarge the Welland canal for we intend to 
 have a suitable channel l^etween Lake Erie and Lake Ontario 
 witlii the limits of New York, notwithstanding tiie oppositi n 
 from the latter State : but we ought to and must insist before 
 moving agrlu in the matter of a reciprocity treaty 'that the 
 Canadas make the improvements pointed out on the Ottawa 
 and St. Lawrence rivers and between the latter and Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
 It may be said that in the recijirocity treaty as it now 
 stands, there is a j)rivilege conceded to us by the iiritish ti-ov 
 ernment which has not l)een jjroperly considered or noticed, 
 the privilege of transit for luml)er upon the waters of the St. 
 •John's river in New Brunswick. That river, because of its 
 falls and great descent is only useful for lloaling down-stream 
 unrafted lumber, a mode of transportation attended witli 
 
12 
 
 great waste and loss. All tiiul)or thus floated, must, almost 
 from necessity, l)e manuiactiuvd in X,,.\v Brunswir-k, and that 
 Province derives this yreat lienelit. 
 
 The |.rivil,.--e ot'lioatinu' Io,u> down the St. . John's river and 
 its trihutarie^ can not lie considered as hav'.nu- heon j)ro(hic- 
 tive of any l>enelit to Maine, Imt on tlie contrary, has proha- 
 hly l-een an injury. It has stripped her fnvsts of timber for 
 which siio lias had no adeipiate ivturu. 
 
 IJad mM. this outlet l.een presented, a railway would, l)e- 
 yoiul (piestion, ere this, have l)een carried Irom Haniror to the 
 Aroostook, and tlienee to .Madawaska, whicli would have l)een 
 of the .oTeatc>t importance in d.-vclopini:' the rich a-irieultural 
 and mineral ivsoui'ccs of tliat ]ioition of liii; State. Jt would 
 have heen of the -rcnlrst importance also in a military view, 
 and the lumher would luive iieen manufactured wliere it 
 grows, drawing into tinu portion of tinj State a large poj.ula- 
 tion. and the great waste and loss of tlie present mode of 
 tran>it would have i)cen avoiiled. 
 
 This(ii'.estion of our commercial relations with the Cana- 
 das is one of ihe gravest cliaractcr and im],.nlance. The 
 action ol the conv,,.|iLion lately assemhlcl at Detroit should 
 have no weight any lurth.-r than it is found to favor the views 
 we liavc presented aiiove. It was there manilest that the 
 gn.'at dcHic ..f the Cauadas ami of the Provinces is to have 
 tiie in'aty renewed in it- pn-.^it form, and a sin)iiar desire 
 was al^o manifested l)y an int.Mvst with n<. an interest which 
 comprisrs jioi tiie producers o,' the consumers l.ul the middle 
 men in trade, who h.ok only to pn'^mt luMujIits to their class, 
 rr-ar.ll.'s. of the great and general inteivsts .,f the whole 
 country. 
 
 ' i'"i' 'Ik' M'i'^^'i"n of rr.Mjirocity It is nut difljeult to sec 
 that so jar a. it contemplates tree trade it is placin-.- the Pn.v- 
 n.eesupou the snne luoiing as ootams between the several 
 states ol ,1,0 I nion One of the h.adin.- oi.jects aiul purposes 
 "I '•"■^ ""m^^aslo..eure,h,s.,„„ l.h.^.u.t: of free tra.le to 
 tl"' ■'"■'"I"-'- whieh coinpei-.. it. and it can ..niv he properly 
 cmilerred upon and enjoyed i,y tl.- I'lovinees when ihev shal! 
 ask to he adnutted, and shall i,e received as members of our 
 
 
 I 
 
1« 
 
 political family. To give them in their present relation to us 
 the advantages even in a partial degreo of free trade, is to do 
 wliat we iiave been doing for ii,e last ten vears. to strengthen 
 them whfen they do not contribute to hear our burdens an.' 
 to render them, in the event of a war ^vith E,iglan.l more 
 tornudable as adversaries. 
 
 TIds .,uestion of our relations with the British Provinces 
 s^.ould be viewed mainly in a business or a commercial licvht.' 
 1 iiey have no claun upon our sympathies. 
 
 Had they in the outset of ok- lue troubles, knowing as 
 thoy must, that the rebellion was witlu.ut provooation^md 
 instigated for the worst of purposes, come out manlullv in 
 our delence, not with arms, but with the press and the voices 
 ol their leading men, and sai.l to England, vou are do.-eive<l 
 you are doing that which must result fatallv to your interest^ 
 and our own, you arc not only trenting with disrespect and 
 insult a great jteople in wliose vein, runs vour own blood 
 but you are countenancing a great outrage airainst humanitv' 
 II the Provinces had done this and endeavored to stay the 
 hand ot England which was coverilv en.leavorinir to work 
 our rum. h' they had done this, and had not sheUered with- 
 in ihe.r borders those who were aiming deadly blows at our 
 national hie ; we should sustain towards them a different feel 
 mg-a feeling which might lea.l us to deal with them more 
 kindly and liberally than we are now called upon to do 
 
 The course which it is (mr duly to pursue is the one which 
 
 will promote m the highesl degree our own interests consistent 
 
 with strict justice; we must treat them as thev trulv are as a 
 
 toreigu people, iiaving no iuterest in comm,)ii with iis fuali.-'r 
 
 than to derive the greatest possible benefit in whatever inter 
 
 n.urse they may have with us, and ready at the instiiration .,f 
 
 England, which has always b.MMi unscrui.uJous in herdealin-s 
 
 with us, to do her biddiii- And in what we do let us not 
 
 los.. sight of thr lact that while it is in .mr power to •■onler 
 
 great lavors npui, the Kritisi, Provinces, it is not in theirs to 
 
 give us 111 return anything of likr or e(iual value.— J t is the 
 
 misfortune of the Canadas, particularly, that they have no 
 
 seai.ort, that is to say, they have no maritim.^ .-itv wi.i.i, 
 
14 
 
 serves any important purpose as such. All that most produc- 
 tive portion of Britisli America lyin^r between Montreal and 
 the Rockv Mountains is without a suitable scaj.ort or market 
 for its surplus j.roducts. Tin; produce of all this vast region, 
 a region which has resources far beyond what is L'enerally 
 conceived, naturally and strongly tends to our own maritime 
 cities, and must find this outlet or the country must sutler. 
 How this i^ to l)e brought al)out it i^- not for us to say. It is 
 a problem which the Cauadas themselves mu>t solve without 
 
 our assistance. 
 
 We are not called ui)on to engage in a war with England 
 for any good the (^uiadas can confer by coming into our 
 Union." When they can do so in ihe right sj.irit without in- 
 volving us in a war, we shall bo glad to receive them, but 
 until that time arrives and tbr so hmg as they are dependent 
 colonies of England they must be treated as we would treat 
 them if thev were a thousand or tliree tiiousand miles distant 
 from us. We nuist con; ider them as a foreign people, entitled 
 to no favors, and to no privileges unless there is a full and 
 fair reciprocation or an equivalent given in some way. They 
 have no claim upon our sympatliy or our generosity. They 
 can, in fact, ..nly be liroughl into right and proper conmier- 
 ciai relations with us when their political interests are made 
 indentical with our own, and it is a duty ^ve owe to ourselves, 
 and will in the end 1)C a kindness to them, not to grant to 
 them privileges, as was done in the presenj. treaty, which will 
 delay or urolonu- the p.n-iod wiien ihey must come into a right 
 
 relation to us, a relation in accor.lanci; 
 
 with the laws which 
 
 irovern in the natuial world, and which cannot be ignored in 
 any commercial, political or social arrangement designed to 
 be useful and permanent. 
 
 The Cauadas. as we have seen, if entirely severed from us, 
 must suffer greatly, but they have it in their power to do that 
 which will L^'catlv Ijenclii I'oth them and us. 
 
 .Nature has so ordered thai a very inii.ortant navigable 
 commuPicatioh be'iweeu the great gram producing regions of 
 ll,e Norlhsvesi and New York city and New England lies in 
 .,.,... fhvon-h t!.e Canada^. This hi true as to the trade tlow- 
 
 i"' 
 
15 
 
 iiiir to the chores of F,;ik(! (luroii. Miclii-rmi and Siii^jrior, 
 tnic as to r.akc Kric -o Imix a- we liavr no canal l.-aciinix 
 ii-"Ui li into \..ikr Oiiiaiio and pai'tially m) :ls to I,ak.' nmario. 
 A |in)|,fi- iiii|ir()VriiiLMil uf ihr navi-aiion from Lak.' Ilui-oii, 
 via the Ottawa livcr aini ..f tl„. \V,.l|aii.l and tlic St. I.aw- 
 I'oiicc caiialv a> t'aidoun a> ami iiirliidini:- mi»st of tlie lioau- 
 liai-iiais lock^. and the eonstniction of a siiital)lf canal from 
 the lalti.T to <'liainplain,L'onn..'L"inL'at ('auiiiinawaLia with the 
 St. fiawrencc, will cnalJe liicm to offer facilities for tiie trans- 
 mission of prodnce from the nivat lakes to th-.' sealioard, 
 which, althoii-ih it may l»e surpassed l.y the route through 
 lake Ontario and the Krie Canal, will l)e of <-reat importance 
 to us. 
 
 An inv(;sti<iation of this suliject shows that all that portion 
 of Northern New York, and .New i:nirlan(l, that can conven- 
 iently t.e reached from the shores of Lake Champlain, will oh- 
 taiii the products of th<: West hy this route- at full one-fourtii 
 les? cost of transportation than is now paid i)y the indirect 
 channels throu<ili which these products are now ol)tained. 
 
 This I.eing true, it will he seen that lii-eat advantatres will 
 accrue to tlie tradeof the upper lakes fnjm the openin,u-of the 
 Ottawa Route and its connection, and that of the St. Lawrence 
 with lake Champlain. 
 
 But to realize all tliat is needful from this connection, 
 Montreal must ^rive up all expectation of lieiii"' placed nearer 
 to it than tiie description we have i^iven of it will permit. 
 
 >he must uive up tin' struuvle to lu'ino- the main route to 
 her own doors, thus addinu' l»(j to 180 leet to the lockajje or 
 ISO lo ;;0(l feet nearly in a round trip. I)ut in so doin<i; she 
 will only lie removed Ironi it a distance of 10 to 14 miles 
 with -Id to 114 feet of idevation to lie overc(nue in that dis- 
 tance. The savintr of the amount of lockage stated upon 
 the St. Lawrence and Ottawa routes is all important in view 
 ol the amount ot tonnau'e which will jiass over those routes, 
 and Montreal must consent lo uive them this advantage, and 
 he content with so much of the trade to and from a foreign 
 market as will lind its way to and from the sea liy the lower 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
16 
 
 In makin- ihcsc iiui-rovMuenls. tin- rlumn. .> a.nl \Ur \nck> 
 .huuM iM" :ula,.t..l to tlx^ larger v,...4.nuv.^aln,^tlH. lakes 
 Tlu.<. will n'Muirr a -i.pth ..l wal.r .-f 12 ur 1:; t..l anU 
 locks -JaO l>v .".') I'vl. aiul Hm' rai.al an-l l..ck> on tin- >t. l.au- 
 ,,.„^.,. .]„,nM W- rnlin-vl to ihoM. ain.rnsi-.ns. 
 
 If Iho Cana.las aiv nnal^l' to na.k.' tlu: in.l'n.vrn.cnl- Ur- 
 scriht-a tlH'v n>uM a^k for l.'li. tn.n, tluMnotli.Tn.nntrv. 
 
 Hcr 
 
 UI-si; IS to 
 I. 
 
 If tl,i< i- iWnuM. \Uru th.-ir linr an.l only ro 
 .tnv. to ai^M.hv all politiral ronnrxion witlM : .vat Untan 
 .naianin. ..W..atlu..M'i>altVon. tl..^lat.>w,ll.iowtu 
 ,, Uu.r a^H.tanc.. tlu. iHr.rou.nnU^ n..a.-a wtll 1,. ^IHH.hly 
 ,,ron,nli^l.'a.ana tlu.y Nvill ..itn-npon a .at-e.rot pn.<,HMMty, 
 
 ,.,Uun ana nnint.,Tnp.-a. M.di a^ .!a.y ran n.v.M- .njoy in 
 th.ir ,uv..nt unnalu,-al po-ition as ...lonK^. .ie,K.na.M.t upon 
 
 ,„, 'uW.Tl to. th. will of a , pie. livinu- tluv. thou.unl 
 
 ;nil,.s.li:.antl.om.l.cm.a, pL havin. no int^ros. n> man.- 
 
 t.uni,.^apoli,i.-al-onn,..t,on w.th tluan. Wat M.ch a., on. .^ 
 ;,lli;,.oLnomally,a-otUahUMntimc ,f p.a.e, an. tnnnsh 
 „,.,,, .vith nu.n ana nu.ncy in tiin. of war re.anllcss as u, 
 whether the war is one in which the Catuulas have any n. 
 
 terest or not. , , i . .,-. 
 
 Wchavc in the hrioiest space possible emleaA-ored to |,t o- 
 ..,.t the MOM<-t ..l--n- relations with the Brtttsh IVovu.ees 
 
 :,, utis eontunau in their true li^ht, that our people may 
 uuderstana clearly what is proi,er to do or ,.oi to do u. respect 
 ,o anv ehan.e in .ho.> relations. ( .nr own opunon ,s that a 
 ast^rlv inactivitv is o.tr auty lor .he present, leavu., to 
 
 ^ Canaaa. the ..lution of the MU-tion ol thetr tutun. rcla- 
 on^ to n. ana when they -^hall hav. aone what thetr ana on. 
 LereMs .e.uire i.> re<pect to the iinproveiue.Us naniea.jom 
 : h U.e,n coraiallv .n all measures which shall reaout. o 
 a ,.oua ofhoth partie>. I., thetaean wlnh- we shouh 
 ' vei^tUv rev.e our ueneral ta..ih a.ul not hesttate, tn uew ot 
 
 h :raeninM.e~eauponusl.ytlu:war.U 
 
 ., aM.r.atiL from ranaaaa.nl the otlun-provtaccs now 
 
 lidmitieil free, as wi 
 
 11 L^ve us the laruest revenue. Such a 
 
 iuv ean.n.t amoutU to prohilntion but will leave a mar,m c. 
 
 ^"^ - . . -j^-..!,!,- ;t k tfiie. than tln^v 
 nrolit to the Caiuuius io.s, cuubuUra.-v , - 
 
IT 
 
 liav.- iv.Tivo.iilurin.i tlu- tn, ..i ..■Irvcu y.-aiV operation of tl>c 
 
 iTci|)r(nMtv t real V. 
 
 Ill what we liavc >aia uc liaNC not -|...k.M. of tliO exi>tiiiL' 
 anaii-.-,u.'iit i.y whidi ila- Caiui-lian M-a -oiiig tnul»> is allowci 
 to |.a>> tliiMU-li <.ur territory on paying' a small traiisil 
 duty sutVi.a.'iil to cowi- custom liou>e expoiisos. SIikh! tln> 
 ariah^r.Muciil wa> cuUnx'A into, the Caiia.lian (h'aiul trunk 
 railway lia> hueii o|.'ium1 IVoin M..iitival t.. Portland, and lia^ 
 hecoiiu', wo undrrstan.Maiuvly a nuMlium for tlie trad.- m 
 ,,,u-stion,div.Mtiiiuit rionithoM-liiM,-> of coniniuniralion winch 
 arc owned in the States. In the formation of any now treaty 
 tlii> arran-cnieiil should !>.■ revi>ed and aineii.lcd and an ad- 
 dition made to the duty. 
 
 In wluit we have >ai.l al>o. we have not rai>ed the .,ue>;ion 
 (d' tlie riulit of (Ireat Uritain to c\eludo our vessels from tlie 
 waters o"!' the St. Lawrence lyin- within the limits of the 
 t'anadas. That tliis ri-ht did not cxi:t prior to the f.)rma- 
 tion of the pre.-nt treatv m. far as re-ards tlio St. Lawrence 
 proper, we have no .iouht. hut whether it did or not there is 
 no useful navigation of that riv.'r without the assistance ot 
 those artificial channels which luue l)cen constructed hy tlie 
 British --overnment in British territory for [lassmg the >everal 
 rapids oi that river. To these we have ot course no mitural 
 rhrht Neither have we coiiMdered the practical)ility ot >o 
 f.H-min- a new treatv that the Provinces, as su-'ested hy 
 some should hind themselves with the assent of Ei.oland to 
 ,,.„^;,i„ i.eutral in the event ot a war lu-tween that country 
 and th.- r.iited States. Such a neutrality cannot he relied 
 „,„,„ i„ tim.' of war. and if faithfully oh>ervod wouM pre- 
 vent our <h.in- an iniury to our enemy in a mu>t vulneralde 
 poini, >o that while M.ch a treaty would henelU the I'rovinccs 
 it would take from u> the power iuo>t availaide ot speedily 
 hrimdu- the enemv to terin^. The I'rovinces so long as they 
 maintai"i their present relation to the Mother Country are a 
 iruarantce of re>,.ectful treatment at her hands, and we need 
 
 he in no 
 
 h;isi.' to have that ndition changcil. 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
 Fi:i!liUAllY Tth, I'ltid.