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La» diagrammes suivants illustrent la m*thode. 1 2 3 i Jiewfoundland Colonisation HAND BOOK, COXTAIXIXG A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THK AGRICULTURAL &. MINERAL LANDS, THE PROPERTY OF IHE Newfounoland Colonisation & Mining Company, Ltd., WITU AN At'k'E-NDlX, •T WM. W I N G FI E L D - BO NNYN, C.E., M.E., A.M.I.C.E., M.A.S.C.E ■* > -«» < - 0£5ct3 of tI)C Companu : DASinVOOD HOUSK, NHW RliOAD STREKT. LONDON. K.C. ^RsY^ Uj^^^rr^ u<^UI^^ >i^'^h^ ^i-r^^' LONDON : IHtlNTED m' GEORGE BEKKinGK i CO. 179 It i8o. Upper Thames SiRitr, E.G. 'i\ ■..'-'■ GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. "^^owfouudlaiul is situated in the North Atlantic in Lat. Oeo^rapLicai Position. 47^51^' and Lonp;. 53^ 50 V, and covers an area of o7,000 sqnai'e miles. Up to a net lai ditaut p'^.-iod, it wris believed by almost every European nation to be a barren waste, void of natural resoirces, enveloped by constant fogs, with no climate to speak of, and a soil utterly unlit for any attempt at Agricul- ture. Its numcjons natm-al bays iind harbours encouraged Coa-fisb'ng from its shores and from the neighbouring Banks, codflshing which for centuries h^ve p'-o-lu'^ed a constantly increasing yearly cix)p, and indeed practically have constituted the piin- cipal if not almost the orly j-csouice of the Island. I shall spare lay readers the hi>tory of its discovery in 1497, and of the first attempts that were made then and later on at settle- ments; Joseph Ilatton, Moses Harv?y, and thf Very Rev. Histiriam. it. F. Howley have all most ably illustrated histoiically, whilst Alexander Murray and James P. Howley have solved th^ geological wealth that can be derived, and the nature of Gcolo^'i^,t.. the soil and of the dim e. It would therefore be out of place on my part to atten>pt to improve on descriptinn or on the i-»snlt of the researches of such distinguished authorities; a n'f« irnte to their several works will do more for the iutelli- Eef.rfor •/« lit n ad.r sn-Kiiig information than any additions of mine, whi<-h, to say the least, might savour of plagiarism. ^ly nl.jctt it to expound my personal impressions of the country Object, and it'' capabilities, fountletl upon experience covering three lastre.H of my life di voted to encpiiring as to the mineral wealth of the umlers.iil, the agiieultural ability of the iipj)cr *<)il, tlie n.ittire of the climate, tl:c possible productions ia ftll tlieir variety, a;;rienltiiral and mineral, its industries, commerce, mcai's of transport, navigat ion, raihv ay -i,t ram . v ays, roiul.'i aiid wa\ x, po-ital and telcgi-uphic services, political To i Pi pliical F«rtili»cr». Lfijits. for organisation, revenue budget, public education, pninsry scbools, public assistance, scientific and litemry institutions, ^..cHptiono, descnption of the towns of St. Jobn's, Harbour Grace, Kr.!"" Heart's Content, Carbonear, Placentia, TvviUingate, Bunn, Burgeo. Channel, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, Bonne Bay and Ingarnachoix, and the descriptive round tnp of the Island back to St. John's, by Hare, White, >;cti-e-Dame Bonavista, Trinity and Conception Bays, all of which wil ^ • lobiect be brief and concise, geographically speaking. My principal ^.e..i0.3eceb b ^ .411 be centred in enlarging on agricultux.1 and filing pursuits, on the subject of soil and climate, across the countr,' through the Lake and River districts, and the best industries to follow, according to locality; also to • discuss the possible improvement of the cod, herrings, • ^kerel and other fisheries, and concentrating their separate waste into valuable fertilisers, rich in ammonia and phosphate of lime, thus utilising tknt which for centanea has beeTliterally tUro^n au-ay, and which might have been a TuL of wealth as an export to those countries whose sod ::^Ls invigoration,thusavoiding the foulingof the fishing g^unds both en the banks and the shores. POPULATION. The population of Newfoundland i. only ahont a(»,C^ ^JJZ when judged in proportion to the --.-*" ^ of the Colony, cleany »bo», that it ha, l.-^- f " r^lely fishing population, which it ha, -"^llll^^^ZX With a tractio,.al exception the people a.e hea hy »tron„, principle, and are Ktp . . uf-n-'V svstem. whicci it is lo uc "^i • *^li;m^nceofmenwhoarewortliyofanaaLstr> intelligence ot me ^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ -.- :rp:r:r",r".:-ieatoaupp,ythe„.e.ea.th \ PcpoUtlon. People. s the necessaries of life wherever and from whomsoever they Hsi n. .foundbni , . Fishermen. or choose. Anything in the shape of barter of hsh against drygoods and grocery supplies, should be left to their own free action and choice. Until such a method is earned out, the fishermen of Xewfoundland will be worse i-fF than the serfs in autocratio Russia. , MINERAL WEALTH. For the prevalent formation of the Island, &c., I refer mi'-...;.. to Murray's and Howley's %Nork, " The Geological Survey of Newfoundland." The minerals of the Colony comprise coal, gypsunK copper, lead and iron. Salt springs also exist on the western coast. Coal formations are clearly ti-aced be- tween Cape Ray and Anguille, near Bay of Islands, Cape St. George, Round Head, Humber Arm, and more particularly from Flat Bay and between the Robinson and :^[iddle Bara- chois Rivers, eight miles up in an eastward direction. As far back as 1867 IMr. Murray resolved to verify Mr. Juke's representations, and to trace them to their furthest limits, so as to ascertain the commercial importance of the formations, Co,a. but from some unforeseen circumstances the verification was impeded. Later on the task was resumed by Mr. James P. Howley (Mr. Murray's successor as Geological Surveyor), and with a confirmation that the St. George's Bay measures were very promising. During last summer (ISS9) ^Mr. Howley made an extensive investigation, and will publish it for public edification, at the same time enriching the museum at St. John's with an extensive classificatiuu of samples, having sent also .some to the United States of America, and some to England for detailed assays. This last invcitiga- tion appears to settle the question that the tioughs follow clearly the indications first obtained, and which I had also verified in 18SL The carboniferous formation, however, occupies other areas known as the Port-a-Port, Humber River and Grand Pond troaghs, of which details are given in ifurray's i-eports for 1873—1874. At D«er Lake the forma- tion was again recognised on the west side. I Copper. i.eu\ I will say nothing of gold, us I liavr failoil evoiywhcie. not excluding the neighbourhood of Brigus. to verify anything approaching the small samples shown in the Museum at St. John's, and u.itll further results are obtained I must r.raintain my scepticism I am loth to deal credulously in equivalent^ of auriferous strata in minute and invisible particles, my Tsry best and most powerful lens having failed to assist me. despite my determination to seek and find. Copper ores, in all forms of sulphurets. are of frequent occurrence in divers parts of the Island. I have found fair ores ix. the " Come-by-Chance " Grant No. 5,435 of this Com- pany, between it and Piper's Hole Kiver, but not having my boring machines at the time, I was compelled to give up my investigation, resolving, however, to resume it later on. The presence of copper ore is ascertained in Con-eption Bay at Holy rood, but in ill-defined veins : the pn)spects of this mine T have lately b'.eu told, are now more encouraging, yellow sulphurets showing ra!her abundant. Efforts are being mkde to prosecute working as soon as a syndicate pn.vules the means. Cross Gulch, English Cove and Turk's Gut have tolerably well defined lodes, drifts have been driven. but no works of importance have disclosed any certainty of an outcrop. Tilt Cove, Bett's Cove and Little Bay have all given unmistakeable results, but after the late copper crisis and the excessive fall in value of the metal, the expenses of working left little or no margin ; it is, however, to be hoped that the probable market rise will soon be followed by an active resumption of work. In Placentia and St. Mary s Bay there are some fine indications of rich ore. but it appears to be in pockets and otherwise distributed in isolated masses. Mines are bound to spring into existence if well directed persistence of search is followed up with energy. ▼ Lead-Thf veins of th-'s metal are of very freriunit oc- currence, many bei..g charged with galena and with other ores This fact is most remarkable at the Lanianche mine (the property of rhis Company) m, Pl.cent., Ba, . of . huh T .vve Lde a particular study, and u> th. worku,-. win reof lu.vn concentrated my special ambition to arnv. u: .he logic. result so clearly delineated an.I in.lex.d by surfa... .uin.. wlm-1, vas let on royalty to three several companies tron. I.--'- to 1873, is well known. T shall not enter intn details beyon, regretting that it ever was so let, and practu ally d.srmy.Hl to such an extent a. to re-^uire no uncommon courage r. iv- habilitate it; but the reflection that about 2,:,00 ton. otgo.,1 ore had been raised to surface in the most un^K.llea method. of mining, with si. shafts and an adit ot nearU 1.600 t. t. ^^^^_ and a three feet wide vein taken all over, svhich oc.usionallv is seven feet wide, were a sufiloient iuduccn.e,.r tor v pretty sure success if properly worked . svhen- tlu ve,n was intersected, running N.E.. the ore wa.. fo, . n, great abundance, some iu bunches or pockets. 1 believe that by prosecuting the adit bearing K., ..lightly S.. a svsten> ot : , steanlng will lead me to the continuation ,.^ tlu he hule for at least "a mile and a-half or mon-. in what dinien.Mon. remains to be proved; meantime the sutface mde.. le.avo a logical result leading to a uioral ceitainty of success. am convinced that the fortune, of the mine have lan.Mu.hed mor. through want of unison, and in conse.iuence of un.manage. nxentbyits late proprietors, who also lacked .apital. than from any diminution of ore. Our present Company may corcn-atulate itself on re-possessing it, an.I in theu- behalt I inte^nd to try its capacity most vig.u-ously within the hm.t^ of prudence and the possibility of its yieldin.^ powe, . Lea., crops np also in various localities in PI. -entia. >t. Man . ::Tcolption Bay. also at Bay-.l-Espoir and Port-a-P-;.-, ou,-.... ■ bat the Lamanche mine carries the palm, and w,ll pmvc it. Salt.— I have veriHed numeiou.s indication., to e.Ki.t ^,;t. throu.'h the carboniferous .-cgion, in rock and in spring. through some of this Company's grant, m tounslup >o. t n, St George's Bay. None of the »p: i.g. Iku e yet been ntih.ed Other diT«n XeUU, Ac. as a soni"(i> for .nanufactiire, ;iUhoui,'h tliey liave elicited my p,ttention fox' future conaidei'atioa. Manganese, magnetic iron, antimony, gypsum, liarytes, building stones, limestone, grindstone, whetstone, red and yellow ochres, petroleum, osokoryte, peat and shell-marl aie r.ll economical substances that abound in different districts of the Island. Metallic silver has been reported in the vicinity of Ship's Cove, St. Georgt, s Bay (>rorch), on this Company's - t-anf No. 5,646. I doubt the rtatemeut, but whilst boring n that neighbourhood I mean to prosecute the search ; for if silver exists in combination with the lead ores, *lf«t»i!.c Silver, then that i.ative silver may exist is quite within possibility. Had I seen any specimens I might speak with more certainty. > Thus much is an abi-idgment as to the mineral riches of the ■ colony, and I must agree in the conclusion of the late I Mr. Murray, who foresaw that if large blo-ks oi >^ewfound- : land territory were sold to wealthy capitalists under certain i estrictions, whose interest would urge them to foster emigration and cultivation of the soil, a very few years would be required to convert the then (1874) wildcmeas into flourishing settlements. Since then much has been done, but m.uch more has yet to be achieved. EmiRTatioD. >gTicn!tDr». Fiiliing tnd Farming, ATalon and aroand St. John'!. mmmm^srr'W AGRICULTURE. As soon as land gi-ants were legalised, settlers began to enclose and cultivate small particles of soil round about their fishing hamlets when the soil was found fit for cultivation On an average the soil yielded very good results, some com- bined fishing and farming, others prefen-ed farming, and were the most successful, but being on the sea-board, fished sufficiently for family nourishment, and became independent. Year after year cultivation was extended in different parts and settlements e.tabli.shed. Even around St. John's, where the 80.. 13 the -^ooiest in the Island, farms and homesteac's gradually increas- I In 1874 the censrs showed that 36,000 ac'res were under cultivation, it has since considerably in- creased, and taking the Codroy Valloys and ?r Cu--., -..••^>, Bay (West), were there an agricultural population sottlnl ,,v. those fine fertile lands, the greater part of all that is m/.v. required for consumption could be raised on the TsLuul. It follows that, besides lumbt-ring and mining, in.iij,- hundred thousands might find comfortable honn:i and i. proPtable outlet for their industry fi-oni those fertile liwl.^. It has been said that these axe random assertions .•,:• exaggerated statements — Indeed I have heard some ..T MuiTay'sand Howley's geological and agricultural statem .• v impugned as tlie coinage of fertile brains, and as imagl:., , and fantastic visions, but ::.s it has pleiL i- I Provideii. ..■ v.-) permit of my going ove- most of the same ground, and :>.. a later period, I am pror.d to state (whilst I nuote t! .-..r authority abundantly), that I have more than verified all t! .-'.r assertions, av.d henci- have had frequent oi-casions lo iv-.-v.S these malignant a^^ -I -ions with the contempt tli.ydoeiw. Newfoundland owes a great deal to the late mueli laim-'.^sl *' ;Murray " and to the happily living " Howies " TheiruM names will !)■ ItDu-^i'hnil uv)nf>"of the future '^'ruerati and few, if any, will achi've so mueli for their eoi;!;tty\ . as they /ti-.uc du)if. Howley St.if. lUt'UtS. CI I repeat what I >aid in ISSS, " N'esvfoiuidlaiid lia> \. i^\ great agi'icultural rcs(,urces which only lei^uir • tlie str.-ui^- arm of labour foi- their development, and its/^nj/ wut!:'. !•* as great as its mineral tlfpo^ity! an> of untold . lue." Nt\ words are nearly identical witli tlio>e ..f flu ;il)o\i> !,,^!| Bcientific exploieis I quote, and wliom Ihavc follnAeil on lli*- same field. This Company owns large tracts of land in St, Geuii.'r'. tu»iCjuii».i) Bay, Port- i- Port, Deer Lake.drand Lake, Gandi !• Laki' mid *" " Gander River, be.sides those on tlie Avalon I-thuiui .md "Comt -bv -('han<'^," on the extreme nojth v ul .f Plarriii.n p..., ;„ .11 i..j.L;i,ir '-^ fot.il of 100 snuait milet. ov t'.lii i 10 ■ acres, with all the mining and lumleriwj rights thereunto belonging, and at a not distant fntnre the railways will cross and run near the greater portion of the grants, thns acquiring easy access to and communication with St. John's (East) and St. George's (West), opening up local and export markets for all their production. It would be difficult to Hiul any other colonisation company possessing lauus under brighter future prospects. < Climate. Eip«riente. Cjiuiuii) >«llillllT. Wool in J>. CLIMATE. The climate of the Island is more temperate and more favourable to health than that of Nova Scotia or New Bruns- wick. It is rar.H' and only for a few days that the ther- mometer falls below zero in winter, while in the summer it rises from 60 to 80, which it rarely exceeds. It is a variable climate, some years the winters are mild and temperate, others occasionally are severe, the arctic current exerts an unfavourable influence all along the ea.-,tern coast, the gulf stream creates the fogs, but modifies ti.e cold, in fact the salubrity of the climate is evinced by the lobu.t healthy appearance of the people. The fo.s never pe.utr.tc ndan.l to any extent, and are almost unknown on th- ,r,.t,r„ coasts. Mr Howley, like my.self, has experic.ced the clnnatc .,f the interior, roughing it m can.p mo.e or le., over a pern.l of fifteen years, and like myself te.t, tie. that .n July ;uid .Ve.nist the weather in the u>tenor was delightfully elea.-, wlnle fog prevailed at the .anu- t.me all alnng the .„u//<. - u coast. I repeat the cUmate is severe, hut i , healthful, tho mortality is small, while in no other country is old ago atteadod with ^rreater bo.lily vigour and mental animation. As a rule, winter last, from December to April, as an exceptio.i (often venEed). spring and sumnuM- are tlnrty days ahead. Summer is short and warm, .seldon> hot except m ^.■sfern districts. The forc.ts and woodlands are i.ch ai spruce p.ne. birch, larch, tamarac. willow .u.l mountain a«l,, , .. ' ___:..*.. .f l...,-rv.l„.:uin^ shrul). clothe every .wamp 11 and open tract ; ^-asses ot" various kinds abuunJ, as also natural red an i white clover. Crops are abuiulaut in the*^'^^:'- general sense, potatoea particularly, p^rain crops also thrive well, wheat having been known to yiel. Cattle and their pnjduce are increa>inu f;i-t in the colony, CatUe. and on the grazing-land in the C'.V2. liy a (lovernnr. an Kfeeutive Council, who also coiiij'osi. tbe r^egislativo Couinil, and a House of As.sembly.cotisi.stinguf ;JG lopresentatives. Justice is dispensed liy a Chief Jtistice and assistant Jud s. Tht; Police is under the management of one Chief and two Juniors. The b^.i,^,oo. most perfect toleration is extended towards all reli.'ioii.s sects. The educational instimtions con«i^f i^f in..!- U- phau auiother loititntu n«. 18 IckooU. 8t> John's. atin&ls. JL Cborcbea. BuUdingc Tnd*. 11*. i< u«. Asylums, Gi-ammar Schools. Academies and Convent Schools. Elomentary Schools are established, in almost every district in the island, by the local Legislature. The town of St. John's, the capital of the island, situate on an acclivity, consists of three streets at three different levels, with cross streets up the hill, all rather irregularly built, though the town on the whole has much improved since the gi-eat fire in 1846. It is well supplied with water and gas, and of late with electric lights. The public build- ings are the Government House, House of Assembly, Lunatic Asvlum, Hospital, Custom House, the Markets and the Atlantic Hotel. The Churches are the Roman Catholic Cathedi-al, the Episcopalian Protcstan. Cathedral, both fine and spacious buildiii-s, the Roman Catholic. Episco- palian. Church of Scotlatui, Free Church, Methodist and United Presbyterians aie all well represented with veiy suitable and some handsome buildings. There are several societies, religious p.nd benevolent, a mechanics' institute. Post Office, Museum, under the direction of James P Howley, the Government Geological Surveyor ; Library and reading- rooms attached in the At'>ena>um building, an agricultural society, breweries, distilleries, flour-mills, foundries, lumber saw-n:ills, boot and »hoe, and furniture factories. The trade in St. John's is now moro extensive, and supplies imp.nte.l articles of fashion and personal require- Events for the people and gentry. All the principal meru-hants keep stores literally ivtailing from a needle to an anchor, but principally .loing the "truck" supply bnsiness with the nume- ix^ns .skippers and sailors constituting the cod and .seal-hslung population. The harbour of St. John's, though it has a very nann,w entrance, is excellent, the channel being wide. The narrows leading to the harbour wore -nire pn.tected by water level batteries and a cross chain, but are nou- altogether free. The tmde is '•arne.l on by sailing ves.sels and steamers fro-n London, Liverpool, (ireenock and ula.sgu«. to. d.y 13 goods Slnd salt; Lom Hamburg, Copenhagen, Portugal aiul import*. Spain with provisions, salt, and preserves of all kinds ; from Cuba aud the West India Islands, with sugar, molasses and rum; from the United States and Canada, with butter, pt.ik, beef and flour; and from Cape Breton, with coals (x regular trade). The export of fish and fish oils is from August ti> Ktix>rt«. end of December to Great Britain, Bilboa, Oporto, Ca^li-. Figuera, Leghorn, Genoa, Naples, ^[arseilles, Barcelona, tl.o West Indies, and to the Brazil i^nd Argentine Rcpublii--.. The sealing fishery commences in ^[arch, and the ittiirti ,,f ^'*'''"» Fi«h«ry the fleet is sooner or later, as warranted by good or indifforrut catches. The population of St. .Tohn'^, is about 30,000 •,> i\,paiition. :i5,000, of which about 8,000 to 0,000 are fishcriaen. < i Harbour Grace is .-„ small maritime town on the west .>!iii- "'"iiour Gnce. | of Conception Bay, and although it is considered tlie second town in the island, it is in reality a single long ^tragglin ^ street along the north side of ihe Harbour, neve.theless. ii is the ^af. of an important fishery, and has a pojiulation of about 8,000. A pretty excursion from Haibonr Grace is to Carbonear and Heart's Content, tlu latter heini: the >i...t ^'"■'"'°'"- .There the Atlantic cables emerge fi'om the oc, in, l>y whi. U i),.,,„m;^i^., messages are transmitted to Eui-opo by the An'_do--A niei inm Telegraph Company. Placenfia, in the i)ay of tlu< same name, is a charmin'^' r;«c«nti». summer excursion, and reached by railway, with a 'Iiaii'/e :il the Harbour Grace Junction iftatioti, fi'oni wheiu!' the liim is worked by the (lovcrnment. I may as well men; i. in Trinity, Bonavista, Twillini,'ato and N'otic Dame Ba_\ -., iiid p,.^, go on describing the whole coast of Labra.>lor, but the ^.unc ness all the way, being points of call for the fidiing .u.d mining industries, w(,uld render my narrative prosy and moiiototujus, and inihod the sami luss .■ij.jjlic-, iu tie v.rsti in route, with the exceptions I h.ive already iKIim .if> 1. 14 tiiblns tatioDR. Fiihar; tion. r Gne«, ftbndor. They ai-e strictly fishing grounds, especially St. Mary's, Grand Bank, Boi-in, Harboar Priton, Burgeo and Channel ; north of St. George's Bay come Bay of Islands for herring. Bonne Bay for the same up to Ingai-nachoix, via Cape Norman, Pistolet, Hare aiul White Bays. The round Is completed at the Copper Mines on the north side of Notre Dame Bay. In summer the round trip is very varied and inte^.'csting, especially including the run along the coast of Labrador, visiting ^fecattina Haibour, Salmon Bay and River, Blanc Sablou, Bradon Bay, York point, and all the way up to Cape St. Lewis, calling at Bell Isle, touching Fogo and coming do.vn the northera route to St. John's, the starting-point. The magnificent scenery of these arctir latitudes have their charm, but I leave amateur tourists the task of description, for although I am a great admirer of beautiful and sublime nature, my mission had quite another and specinl object, which engaged all my time. ,'aLLb. Aft" Uureand Min. JK com- bined. I Emigntion. ! Although as yet agriculture is not a chief source of wealth and revenue, in effect the working of mines encour- ages indirectly the cultivation of the land in the interior. Howeve- few miners there are at present, they will only con- sent to work on condition that others .should cultivate the nearest distrii-t and provide them with the articles of food necessary to their subsistence. Thus it is that agriculture has commenced and kept pace with tlie working of mines, and thei-e is no doubt tliat, under a proper organisation, all the latest improvetnents in machinery, implements and modes of cultivation, may be introduced and employed. The .system hitherto ad.)pted has caused the cultivation of a considerable surface with a reUitively small numbiT of labourers, 1 it the change that would take phice is easy to foresee, if a giadually growing Kuropean emigration weie encouraged and carried out ; thus, as the price of labour increases, '».<> value of culti- vated land becomes greater, it is therefore a necessity to in- tenfiify cultivation. I liave already shown in my report of 188S \ !^ •: v.;-t, 1«58. 15 (See Appendix), that such a transformation miglit he ca^ly brought abont, and could take place on this Company's Grants, if an immigration of farmers were encouraged, \vlio. while making their own fortune, would assist the Company, and facilitate the division of its lands. Cattle and the'> production would increase apace : sheen «uix raising is already far advancing; pigs and poultry likewise ; wool spinning, weaving and knitting are quite an indu^ny out Avestwaril. The progress onward of the country can W- only secured by emigration from Europe, not of paupei-s, 1).:C of fairly to do farmers, labourers and tradespeople, sucli ;•■ ^ carpenters, joiners, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors, bakei ., butchers, builders, coopers, plumbers and glaziers, stmu- workers, miners, sailmakers, painters, &c. Thes- would all assist in forming settlements, and all could have with piotl: a few acres for market and kitchen gardening. Newfoundland, in fact, appears to me (as Sir Jolni Harvey has also said) to be calculated to become essentially a rich'gi'azi"g country, and its varied agricultural resour.v. seem only to retiuire mihcnijs, ron^h- >n,d setthm' >f.^ to f..i,v them into highly nMuunerative developmtut for grazm- 1;,,,;,^, purposes. Besides the Codr-n- Vall.ys, tlure are lar_'.' n-:uM . along the inner lakes and rivers, and in the Expl-it Va!!.;, ^, which T believe cannot bo surpassed in British Xo.tl, America, and when I look at the proximity of the Colony t., England, and the aU-in.portant consideration of >ho. t voyages for live .stock, the advantau'.'^ possessed are tn,. mani'fest to luvonie a snb.jeet of argument. So nrirh evidence is borne nf the great fertility of tl.e s,,il in tie's..,!. above-mention.Ml districts that to me eattle-raising appea..-* a paramount business to be seriously looked into ae 1 followed up. Now that 1 have said all T e;.n ewnsistentlv say on thr agricnltuial and mineral prospects of N'ewfoundl.md. I ud! irive my humble opinio., of the fisheries. In many pl.e - i 1 I 16 ,-.:-t, 1*^1 kherieit. tlv iproTenien' • lotting np knproTt p pattii fodiish. HewfonudUml Abermen. TarmiuK ^fuharmtn On the south and •west coasts, as in some on the eastern coasts of the island, the people can support themselves altogether independently of the fisheries ; they make their own butter and cheese, raise large and small flocks of sheep, and weave their own clothes, and when it is considered that recurrences of good fisheries have become few and far between, I maintain it is an impossibility and a folly to depend altogether on the fluctuating fortune of fisheries, when ony can accomplish so much by giving attention to other industries. I do not mean, however, to infer that the fishing vocation should be neglected, or partially abandoned, far from it. I consider it should be followed and improved, both in the mode of fishing, salting and drying. The codfish can be put into many other forms, much more palatable than the ever-plain dried, and more or less soaked, insipid, meagre edible, so much used by French, Spanish. Italians, West Indians and South Americans. Codfish and other fish, so treated, would command remunerative returns, obtaining good markets in concentrated shapes for making appetising frys, stews and grills. Our neighbours in Maine are ahead of us in this, as well as in many other modes of fish preparations. The Newfoundland fishermen are not the fook they are too often taken for. They are intelligent, and of late years after repeated bad fisheries have been compelled to turn their attention to the cultivation of the soil, seeing a first profit in the yield of potatoes and vegetables for family use, and gradually many have extended their holding to several acres. I know some fishermen in the Codroy Valleys between the rivers that are prospering beyond their own anticipations; they farm about '5 acres eacb. and each have over 20 head of cattle and 35 sheep. With a, few eicevtions, however, they cannot be farmers and fishermen on any large scale; but when a fishem.au has taken up fanning. I have invariably found that he has __ . 1 li. ^^.,1 ^.nf rptnmed to the sea life. It is the sama !|l 17 in St. George's Bay and Port-a-Port ; Murray and Mon- signor Seai-s have both quoted the above districts, and the Very Rev. Dr. Howky and :Mr. James P. Howley are living witnesses that the soil is of the most fertile de- Soil, scription, and that the spontaneous grasses afford a con- tinuous food from season to season for winter feeding. Sir Richard Bonnycastle and the Right Rev. Dr. Mullock wrote ^onnycas^ie^ and lectured extensively on the wonderful ease with which garden vegetables and finiit, wheat, barley and oats are reared and brought to the greatest perfection. :My estimate of Newfoundland's agricultural capabilities fully equals that of the above mentioned authorities, and I believe tl.at if we had large farming communities we could support them in comfort. I cannot conclude my narrative of Newfoundland with- Concla,ioo. out expressing my sinccrest thanks to all the different Governors and Executive Councils during the last fifteen years, who, up to date, have afforded me every facility and information conducive to the attainment of my object, and I take the same opportunity of thanking the ofllcers of the British and French ships of war on the Newfoundland station for their kind assistance and general courtesy during the same period. :My acknowledgments in the same direction are due to Mr. James P. Howley, the present Geological Surveyor, to the late Surveyor General, and particularly to Mr Thomas Long, the ever obliging head Clerk of the Crown L.inds Office. Indeed I may say with exultation that I have been much impressed with the very friendly reception I have mot from the official, the gentry, and the commercial communities of Newfoundland. If the pi-esent effort (in a condensed form) to acquaint xny n^aders in general, and the shareholders of the New- foundland Colonisation and Mining Company m part.cu.ir .U...O fl,„^ ,j,hnt Newfoundland really T.s, 1 shall feel satisfied Ml 18 in having achieved ttiat which maj hereafter prove instru- mental in making known a Colony that has been most unfairly dealt with, bat aich will nevertheless triumph both in trade and industry, and become commercially and generally knovm to the wide world. •APPENDIX. REPORT OS The NewfoQLiIlana land Co.'s Grants of Land. IN THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. BY WM. WINGFIELD-BOXNYN, C.E, A.M.I.C.E., In September and October, 1888. im I find that the result of tlic b;\nk fishery this year does uauWF^ not fall much short of that of hist year, which was an ex- ceptionally prosperous one, and the marked improvement in the Labrador catch, thougli late in the season, is certainly a herald indicative of a dawning prosperity. Dunn"- the past five or six years, which were charac- terised by bad or indifferent fisheries on the Eastern Coast, the people have tried to turn their arteutiou to the cul^-vatiou the peopl of the soil. It i.s a mistake to sav that a fishci-man will ever turn to Fishei be a farmer, not even on' nriviiirr him inlaiul cunuuuincation and openinj; markets for his pinduef ; hut if roads and rai - i •way •will s s arc pushed into the lieart of the country, the re Roc.i be found that ininiiirrants with au'ricultural ] .•suit nur- flpifcs will gain the lead. Even now ahno>t every hshcnnan in the outports -an and .- raise eacli year vegetables enough for his own consumption; but his agriculture ends there— there is no inducement to raise more. In the Wrst coast, for instance, th" people can suppm-t qj,^„ themselve-s alt.^gether by establishing and fosterin- oth.-r lu.ia.t, i.V.=_. *>-.;> /•■-■;.V«.i indu-'rics— thov make their own butter and cheese^' they raise huge flock.s of ..heep, and w.-.n.ve their own 20 clothes. There is a spirit of entei-prise forcibly dormant, but that would awaken so soon as the railway v, iii.stlo sounded across the country. There is no lack of spirited and tnought- ful men who have faith in the resources of their country, but their cry is, " giv« us highways atid byeu-ays" and t.iey will not only initiate, but carry out many industries. M,..D.Ure As a mle, the people of Newfoundland, from a know- ledge of recent experience, are getting tired of continuing to be totally dependent on the fluctuating fortune of fisheries, and are anxious and desirous of turning their attention to other industries. It only remains with the Government to assist in making ways for the people to get from the heads of the different bays inland, into the good agncultural and timber lands. Ig^ Land:). The eood agricultural lands of any extent He t^"^ugh the regions included from ten to thirty miles inside the heads of the bays. For instance, the •W7fl»i.r iafc<- districts are easy of approach from Freshwater Bay, «:., the -Gander ^.4^'^from^^Gander Bay, E., whilst from St^ Georges Bay W..the fine lands between » Fwc/ier*," " i?o&m50« 5 and " Crabb Rivers," and those round the " Cairn ilount, are quite accessible, and the "P.^^a-Porr• shore3. both in St Geor-e's Bay and on the West Coast, at the root of i^nrPo^nt, include over 150 square miles of the finest agricultural land in the whole island. of It is difficult to sav what tlie soil of the country is capable of producing in the way of cereals until >t J.-^ ^^^^ ei?en a fair trial, for the cultivation on the east side of a few S on the seaboard will certainly not furnish a criterion ^cient to assert that wheat will not ripen in he country. ^Zstern districts are an eloquent proof to the con rary there wheat, as well as barley and oats, ^--me to ma urity pven under most unfavourable circumstances Uie rail a>, tnlaurtributary roa.ls, and extensive cleared tracts of land S or 40 miles in from the coast, will work a change of cir- cumstances productive of untold progi'oss. and with regular ?Sk .sat It. John's and Harbour Grace for he eastern I^de and St. Gco^-ge's Bay an.l Bay of Islands in he west of • the island would soon tempt intending farmers to settle in \hl nterior founding their homesteads with confidence once hey k-w ihat the/are on the highway of daily communi- 21 ^1 r I lo I S.mth Sli- St.lit-'rKf New Onii the now iraportr.! produce wouM be driven out of the market. From the foregoing statein. its it is quite evident that ^-J-J^ the completion ..f the r.dhv.ys, preee-led by the making o lo^d roads to tap them at the different stat.uus, is ISamount and primary necessity, and their absence mus ?heck all the chances that are open for agncultural, mineial ^d other pursuits, leaving the people no other choice * ban «lLng only what they .have hicherto been, "A ^atlon of Fishermen." The South Shore of St. George's Bay, from Flat Bay .lW the valley to Crabb's Brook, is generally level and S andii ating, and i. denscy covered by the prevailing K timber, mitldi of wnich, T-'ticularly the ycdlow birch is of lar<-e size and exce/^nt (luality. Tie .oil .xppeais at 3l parts to be even superior to that on the banks of the brooCand for about three miles of the lower reaches the Bt^am passes through a wide expanse of country ^vlh some wSraLd useful marshes, and many ow, flat islands m its midst all of which when cleared yield «port.neou^!y th. most lu-riant crops of wild grass, which are .aturady irrigated annually by the freshets of spring. West Bay (Port-a-Port) has except onally rich nnd ^j«;;^, J fertile soil particularly at this spot, where at u..t -i., s.iuare miles are level, denselv wooded, and intersected by seseial I Wks of good size. The .■.ief approach fn. a St. Geor..;e s ^^^,^,__^^, bTv is by the " Grar^Ur fovn.ing the .wo be.u hcs, and being . . u ST/n^me of the locnlity, the r.ry ,Kzrroa- ,sthmu. at his i-^- • SDOt 8^-ests it bein,' opened int^ the inner Last Bay, th is ^ZUS^i. saf. ha.boul- for vessels and boats dot-in^ ^le south-western and equinoctial gales. Tlu> I am ctita.n could be don-3 eiToctually and inexpensively. K 1 John Bt rr gtaK-iueut Teiitied. I Tb- land area of Port-a-P-rt, which h.. off its western shore is about U.O miles (s.,uare) ; the bay. are bounded on the north-west side by a strip of land between two and th ee rnfles across at its ba^e. when' it leaves the luaui body of the (l^nXal Black Head in West B^^ywh^-h runs thence ni a north-easterly direction, tapering gradually a, it '^PP ''^^ ^^'^ ttr^rminatio,^ The Conipauv s acreage -- ^--^^ "^^^^ o£ the Lou" Point strip hve miles nortli-e:'.-t m the s lai^nt 1 cHcJ^^^d is abou^ne mile wide from shore to sh,n. a its boundary line, which is correctly mar.cd out ^w b e r nnv'sT. The south-east bas;e down . .ath from the mouth ot the north-west Barachoi. niver i= a .»o-iuuo .i^i^u- Port-i-P Ortiut N \ oo ouii Felix's |titt;:;i>?nt iwayg ail id.i. .itb Sli ranj^le of a rich soil, fjently slopini? on each si,lo from a central hill not more than 80 feet above the sea level. The abandoned clearinfrs in West Bay are full of luxiii'iant wild grass, and the timber prodaced over the other parts of the area is of good quality, clu'ifly white spruce, balsam, S' and o Pine Tre«9. yellow birch. I did not notice any pine ; if it exists it must be scarce. With farther clearances there is no doubt that excellent crops of a^rass, gi-ain, potatoes and turnips could be raised, and winter whe^c might be gi'own, as it has been by Mr. Romaine on his farm on the north side of the bay. I believe that all the variety of hardy grain might be culti- vated to a large extent if 'mills we-e built in the districts to make it into flour, as there is ample water power upon every bro<.)k. Many of the smalt farms near Romaine's even nosv maintain a good stock of cattle, sheep, horses and pigi. r. KuiuiiDe'< 'aroi. r Farm J. . '4 &nd [..hn Bt rr; reiified. i lames P. !owiev. R'e^t BIT)* Aiiprottch. tmpamoQ of nd. Cii'tineol lir.ivilt I>th.LiU». iturabt! Port-i-P Bo^ Land. I i i Graut N I TanflcatioD. t ^ C.)iup«l-!# xrkH. The reports of the late ilr. Alexander ^lurrav, and Mr. James P. Howley. the Geological Surveyor of Newfound- land, leave no doubt that the colony contains thousands of square miles of fertile laud, and the opinion of th«se emi- nently competent judges of the soil is founded on what tney have actually sren ami can vouch for. Mr. Howley is living, and can be referred to at any time. I have long had the- privilege of knowing hr h the eminent gentlemen, and the survirp° is aware of the deep interest I take in the develop- ment of agriculture in Newfoundland. 1 am quite sure he will confirm that neither in Nova Scotia or Western Canada can any land be found t!iac is better than that in West Bay (Port-a-Port) and on St. Geor-e's Bay from " Flat Bay " down south to " Ciabb Itiver," whilst the land on the north bank of -Deer Pond," " Gra. I Pond" (north end). "Gander Lake," and "Gander River," and down to tht- Gam bo Ponds, is all unexccptionally good land, well timbered, and ramarkably ear^y to clear and cultivate. Even the marshes can be easily drained and converted into excellent pasture land. I have'seen shallow ponds drained and produce abundant crops. Practical men will gladly reserve 10 out of 100 acres of bog-land, bog being u.seful as a fertiliser and for fuel, and not to be despised. Again, bog-land is easier to drain than wood-land to clear, and costs much less, which in clearing for pasture land is a consideration. It is difficult to convince those who have never ciossed the country to appreciate the investigations of such men as Murray and Howley. which I have more than verified. Sportsmen seeking Cariboo and other •jame are seldom judges of soil or of timber, nor of their respective value in the agiicultural standpoint. 23 T There is no doa\)t tlmt Xewfouudhuul li:i> and mucti abused, but facts are fact.^. Tlu support uiauv hundred thousands of ronteTited, pi'ospemus and loyal people, half of whom might be fanners: but t.ath in the future and eneru'v at present must go liaud in hiin;l. Let the tishin- population keep to their eallni- and not shitt their hand from the net to the plou-h : lot rheni u.c' tue.r splitting knives ami m..t turn them into pruning-hooks ; an.l let theu- women raise ve-etables, kuit socks, ;>n.l make homespun. Open up the <'ountry ^vn!. roa-ls and nuhvuys ; let the pre>5 and the clergy do tlunr duty, dire.-ting the mmd. of the peoi)le to cultivate the land, to go ahead and to look .strai'^ht before them, ami lot the youn- be taught "a-neui- turc " in the school ; the re.t will >urely follow. F,i. 1- A?t; Th" fishiu" industries shoald not be m -'lectcd. l)ut im- proved m everv possible way. and miintaincd In otablislun- ti.sh hatcheries' fir codtish. sahnun and tiout. and cultivating an increa-- of lobsters on the " ground" where they prevail. Codtish and herrings can be prepared m many profitable wavs other than simple s.ilt-curin- and dryuu' ^^\nUt tli.^ grJater abundance of .salmon and lobster, m.-ht open up canneries for pres-rvinL,' their meat, aud tactni their v.-a-'t.' into fcrtilisci'S. Fi-'..;v. for utilising a ' ■V second inspection of the >outIi.u extern di.^tii''t of M. •j;;'_|;'-;, GeonVs I5ay clcarlv sl.o, . that the drainage is mainly su.- effected tbrou-h the chamieU of the rivers, namely, the I it tie Barachois ;ind Flat I5av Hrcks, which fall into I- lat l..v ; the Fi^chel's, Rol)in.son's, >riddle P.ar.ichois. and trabb> Brooks, which empty directly into the thrat Uay : and tlie j..^^^,. Great and Little Codrov Rivers, which full on the .southern side of Cape AnguiUe.' All thee >treams take their rise amon-' the barren wastes of the Long Range Mountains but the lower reaches of each, for distances varying from ll to '20 miles. How throui^h richly-wooded ami fertile valley.s in- ter?,ectlng the plate:- u. These valley.s. ami much of the hi-her land., now a prim- v.in-^' . eval wildernes.s. are in evjry r..,pect well adapted or agv:- cultural .settlement. Bv deductim.' the tract .H-cupied by the Cape Anguilb- ran-e of hills. :unoiinting to -'..•; Mia;ire miles, whud. is too high and too steep for ordiniiry till.ige :dtbou.'li well suited as runs for sheep or cattle, the nin under ot fh.> block, viz., -.00 s-piare mik-. is certainly to a Ur-re extent reclaimable; and there can t)e but little doubt that the cu- ntraction of road.s. which mu>t necessarily bo the conse.mence of occupation, toirether with the clearing of the forest, will Miaeral Diacoferiea. Gander B»y and Biver. Ti: i!". r Qnnta— No. 5MSb. ,. 6W9E. *hii!< New Orauts. ilaatV. (jr*ntg— No. MMl. „ 54.ML. ,. 545.U. ijander Lahe. Wild ara»«. ^rou'l Timber. ii-I" ' ' \\ . - UlH'U 1.41. Bailwajs iirii Mvk. 24 leail to mineral discovery of vast importance to tho colony. These streams rise with wonderful rapidity every rainfa-H, but the supply is as readily exhau.sted, and the normal state ia shallow, rendering canoe navigation always precarious and often impossible. Water power for the purpose of driving machinery is obtainable at almost any point dt'sii-ed, the low-lying flats offering every facility for buildings or mill sites. From Gander Bay up the river to the lake, and all the western part of the lake, the land is densely covered with green timber. From Fourth Pond up to the lake and about the west end. guml fjiiie is abundant on and near the banks. The banks of the river are low, the land rises to becween 50 and 109 feet at half-a-mile back ; it then falls again a little and runs very level for a distance of three miles. The soil is no doubt of excellent (|uality ; wherever it overlies slate it is thin 111 part, but half-a-mile back becomes very strong. The tine larire river abounds with salmon (I saw them jump- in" about evri-y day). Trout is scarce, and water-fowl also. Gander Lake (ei, trance from (lander River) land is very good, ivith acres of wild i,'i ass on the marshes that any cattle would thrive o)i, and which, if cut, would '.. [> them in good condition during the winter. The trees are of irreat height an«l girth ; some measured were four times the length of my walking-stick in eiri'umtVreiice. The soil is tine loam ; there are thousands of acres of wild hay all anmnd. The '.general landscape remimls one of a nobleman'.-^ park with ornamental tiees and water and cultivated meadow^. 1 f this district is once opened up by railways ami roads there is plenty of room for thousands of people and calth' I found that the work of cuttinLT Uuos and measuring has been verv regular, niov iie^ from station to .sf, it ion, markinir off all the six lotxif thi' Tele.'rapli Company with a T. Tin- front boumlaiy stations are in:nked by a pilp of stone with the lettering •'Telegraph Company, IbSK" cut deeply the face. Cairn Mouot. .-•nt ■ . M81. oU Ciiirn Mount is a remarkable and con.spicuous hill 1,012 feet above the level of the sea. The Company's laT\d i~ direct north, is levtd and undulating, for the mo.si part thickly grown over by a young growth of mixed fore>t timber, and drained by nunuii.us stream.s, several of which .lie navigable for smaif boats or canoes. For several miles inland tlm maximum width of the level region opposite the mountain in reduced to about """• miles. 25 The availiible land on the sduth siMe of St Georcro's Ba is iacliided within nine township-;, whicli at<' numbured in red. A very sixth mile or township conu-r -ide lines at right angles are run tc) the coast on the unc hand, and towards the monntains on the other. The base line is cutout to the shore from the twelfth mile-post, striking' the coast about one mile west of the ''th of C!'al)l)'> Hrnuk. At the end of six miles the front ' f the townships runs close alonf^ the seashore an.l par:. < .o it. and the principal base line then starts on either side. This line, further extended westerly six miles, passes ihroutrh the settlement known as the Highlands, and terminates at Ship Cove, near the foot of the Antrnille Mountains. In its easterly extcn-ion it crosses the estuari'-'s of Crahb's, Little or Middle IJaraehois and Robinson's Riveis, insid - r.f Robinson's Hrml, passini; over the bank a mile beyond. For a lintxrh of about ton chains distant from the bank, at the mouth of 15eiry Brook, it ajrain takes to the laud, and pa>-in'j: somewhat o\-er a mile inside of Bank Head, it Hiially runs out to tin' shore on rlie south side of Flat Bav o.ie and a-half miles fi-om its e\rr:uue heail. New Grn-q 30 an. ri' • -i. (2n(l e. . J ) Trciut Liu-f markeii on:. A nar.ow frinire of land on the immediate I'oasr line, r.an.i Fri and outsiile the township liiu's, h;i> l)fi u used in eornmori as a f'"-"r»'-l pasture tor cattle (luniiLT tl\e pa^t halt-eentury oi- nuue, ana I'nm, .•. as such it has betMi decided to allow it t' remain. M\y attempt at sul>di\ iding it pioviu'^' uttt riy hot)ele->. Altogether (Uie hundicd claims ueie laid off along the t.'*""* <-'^'"'' coast, averairiuLT ;il'out one hundreil and thirtcn and a-half acres each, or a total area of ll.MoO .icres, about two-third.s of which is probably aviiilable for agricultural purposes. Good lands [uiponderafe in to\\nNhi[)s t- and •'< ; the soil Oood L.in !t is of superior ricdiness up to tlie tiftli i;urge (includin.,' tlu' first, wliieh is the <'oa-t frinire range). In the vicinity of the ih Te meutioui-'l. rivers, where much interval l.inil oceurs, the [u'evailing character of the soil is a deep red or yellowish sandy loam, bat the alluvial interval deposits partake more of the char- acter of a rich, dark, and sometimes nearly Mack mould. The fertility of these latter soils is well attesteil m the oil sju. and iju ility of the timber they support — lurch, balsam, poplar, ina[de, .ni 1 large spruce and Hr are the prevailing vwieties. Bailwa} and Koads. 26 The construction of a main line of road throiip^h this valuable tract of co'intry is of paramount importance. This subject has been fre(|uontly ur<,'ed, ami must still be atjitated with the Government, wliosc action is slack, but wtio promise earliest attention to the important subject. WM. WIXGFIELD-BOXXYX. St. John's, NKWKOixru.ANi' October, tSSS. Supplementary Report. GeNi'-KMEN, I have h.indcd f i )oi:r Secretary, Mr L\% inoton. niy Report of all the land I have been able to m>pect, including the new grant>. which I h.ive selected and fuUv secured to thi- Company, by Government documents. With th.it Report I have supplenienteti eleven other several documents of details, .imung them .i propo>ed code of bve-laws to regu'.ite the Company s future oper.ituins. I beg to call vour p ir- ticular .mention tu the following additional remarks: — 1st. — The main object of the Company niii^t of course be to let lands on lea-.e, s.iy for 5, 10, or 15 yiar>, with pre-emptive rights in favour of the tenani.-. — such l.ind> m.iy be let m their present st.ite .it a small profit with cerf.im obligations to the Comp.mv over .and .above those of the Conipanv to the (iovernment. but chiefly in semi-improved or in gener.il improved Condition, at heavier ye.irly rental.-* per acre on .1 sliding scale, .iccording to the e.xtent of improvements put upon them, and to the aver.igi- of the t.irm which must not be less th.in I()0 acres. 2nd — By semi-improved f.irin of the minimum acre.age, I me.in a f.irm with ,i log divelling-hoU'.e about 16 by 18. st.ible 15 by .:4, b.irn iH by JO, and .i well, fenced round within a clearance of not le^^ th.in hve acres. Price .ibout £2 los. per acre ; rent about ss. per .icre. jrd.— By agener.illv improved f.trm of 640 acres uaie squ.irc mile) I mean a f.irm ot which at le.ist 100 acres are cleared and fully prep.ired f.ir niltivatuin to cont.iin a good frame dAi-iling-house, a log house with shingle roof, a dairy, b.irn and storehouse, a stable .ind sm.ill out-huts, well, eoulry y.ird and pig pens, all fenced, in .ibout live acre* of ground. Price about ^^4 an acre; rent 5s. per acre. I mr-\n the above prices and rent> to bi> appruxirr.itivf : a-- a ru'n- farms of the abo\e tenure should yield rentals equal to an aseras;)" of 10 percent, on the sale price claimed after 5, lo. or 15 years sold pre- emptively to the tenants. 4th. — Anv land or farms let on lease, rnay, after 5, to. or 15 year-. (the tenant having fulfill'^d all the conditions of his lease. h<' commuted at a fair and mutually -"'^ valuation at per acre, again.-.t fee-simple title and ccn' evance. 5th. — The rates of rent per acre may be fi.xed at .1 prrctntacje per annum upon the eventual purchase money, which mu>t be ^..ir.c on such ^aiy terms as not to weigh too heavily on the first tivt- yoar-. .)f the le.ise, during which the farmer's prospect of success gf-n'.-r.ally depends. The Companv. as land owner, should reserve the option of selling or not ?■ the end of 5 or 10 years, but should sell as above under pre- emptive right .It the expiry of 15 years to any ten.mt in occupation having fulfilled .ill the conditions of his lea>e. The above provisions are b.ised on antecedents ot my ovsti expe- rience, and I con>ider them, therefore, an onw.ird step lu .i trodden pathway ; th.-y will be tentative ,ind gradual ir their oper.itioii. .and will cre.ite peasant proprietors, which i> .1 manife>t w.int both .\t home and in most of our Colonies. In the latter, however, there wilt oe no str.ing- ling' drawb.ick of incumbrances to be cleared by advances more or le^-. limited, according to amounts of mortgages; a clear title in fee-simpie being secured free of any weigi-.t wh.itsocver. 5th. — The different iudu>tru--. in whiLh tlie Couipin;. r.iii prutit.ibly t-ng.ige bv degrees, .is opportunities .irise. .ire niiniiig, luuibering, fishing, fish-curing, m,inuf.icturing m.inure from coilriih and lobster w.iste or offal, fish oil, from herring p.uticul.irly, .ind from other ti^h yieliiing it; and manuf.icturer> of winilow s.ishes. doors, and p.inels for expurtatiou ; corn mills, s,iw milU, pulp mills, and p.iper imli- ; h.iviug .lUo (/c/ii/Vo; of agriciiltur,il m,\chinery, field implement- and tools, root and grain seeds, domestic requirements of every kind In a word more or less all that constitutes ;i well-provisioned geiieral store in the different districts wherf l.ind is owned by the Contp.my, and whi;revcr it may contempl.ite to fiirm >ettlements. yth — So >i;>in .1- thi- Government roads are more devi-loped, I strongly reconimeiul th,it ti.i; Comp.mys inland road- between the different f.irm- should be directed to tap the main ro.ids at the township hound.iri.-s, which will t.ip the railw.iys, thus opening up i:\t>T-communi- cations and securing ti> every f.irm the benefit of the ne.ireit markets tor their produce, .avail. ible by l.ind or by se.i. ,Sth. — The Newfoimdl,ind Governmi-nt gM^'-s road mon»y annually to every di-,trict: eh-cts a ro.id bo.ird. he.id.-d by .1 loul ni.igiitrate, so as to encouraj;e rodd-m.iking in gener.il throughout the Colony to meet any railway tr.iver-iiig it. The Government also grant, .1 bounty of $13 per .icre to everj person for the fir-.t five acres of woodland cle.ired and fully prep.ired for cultivation -n any of the land* in the rjuntry, this also being to encourage agricultural pursuits gcner.iily. rth — With respe;t to minerals. I must call a'.d recommend your special attention to the Lamanche Lead Mine belonging to you, which 28 ha^ been almost destroyed Thcijh not utterly rt^ined, it can br made to fnilZ ^idV '"^'"^^'^y ^^■«'-l<"'.^ it, or at any time thereafter, when The coal seams on the fifth range of the New Grants. Nos. ^ and II and 12 , ^• ^, and the Salt Springs in the same ranges are. in my opinion, entitled to your first attention, for the production of those two staples is a source of incalculable wealth. siapies is nf t JS^' *° '^.^7'°P;'^« ^[^"i"S I.-^nds, and ;"adually carry out some i^'^J^l^ u sufficient to raise at present, as should any sales of mining right, be effected to independent companies, whether'for coal fi^rvVw^M f'^n' °' y"'^'' "]'r-"'-^. f-""her calls on the shareholders flirll-TnW h"' ^'^"' ""1 ^•'"' ^'^'"'^^"' ^""^ «^'-^i"'y "°t before a fair dividend had be.n ear.ied and distributed. Mv object is to limit expenditure judiciously, which I am certain will approve itself to all who wish to see the Largest po.„ble amount of work done with the le.as possible investment of the Company's munev ; but it is no less imperative r« if ^k^'m' k •'^'' "."'^""'-'d that a profitable and therefore successful result rshould be obtained by a measured svstem of economv in the general wrrkmg necessary e.xpon.iiture. I can only declare that vou possess elements beyond a doubt in ail the hundred square miles of land now indisput.ibly your own. I trust that I h.ave carried out my mission with all dili-ence and conscientiousness, and as effectu.illy as I could compass withm the time and the late season. I h..ve recorded all facts ascertained, and carefully surveyed and analysed most of the details : a reference to and perusal o'f the records I h.ave delivered, and of others I can produce, I trust will secure for me the conhdence 1 have aimed at from the st.art, and your approval of my Report. ■' I remain. Gen TLEME.v, Yours faithfully, W.M. VVIXGFIELD.CO.VNV.V. To the Dirccton of Th£ Newkoundl.vnu L.vnd Comp.^nv, Limited, D.\SHW0OD Ht'.SR, LO.NDOM. E.G., 28//i November. i8SS. 29 EXTRACT. I have always been of opinion that allotments of small hoIdin2s in new colon.es are strongly a necessity, for their extension, both from the economical and social standpoint, as they must naturally become the factor in the commercial prospecity of any settlement uDen'ed up Mini- mum allotments may be made for such owner, as ti.h.fmen, miners and r,!l;^ "Vm^ "■"'';'■' u''''^'>'.^"''^"'-^^"'^ "'^'^ '^V^'^'^ the land to culti ate vegetab es and other produce tor tneir own and their family's supply; but small holders are tew. who cultivate a piece of land to prorit and who are practic.illy it not entirely, dependent upc n it. Thus one man takes land to supplement his wages from his other occup.ation' and another takes it tor the purpose of gaining a livelihood, it i, the latter advocate and wish to t.icilitate. Small holdings should preponderate. I anticipate a rush tor them as soon as my intention to gr.mt them becomes known. I am convinced th.it a steady and increased demand for them will ar.=e. Small farms will compete with the lar-e and gradually m.ichmery and improved impl.-ments must increase in use and demand. Amalgamation should not be pr-vented; but ne;ther sh.vild it be encourages The consolidation of ,mail f.irm^ is a wor:< of tin,- .ind might follow when a union of str.-ngth becomes attainable. Three nouT farms and sercn wel -to-do farms would not make urn- large ^oou f.irm whil.t^-j, well-to-do farms would. I furthermore believe 'that when sma.l holdings are e.xten.Mvely created it will pr„ve wi^.- to interdict private mortgages, not to sanction thum even to a >mall extent evceot under special arrangements with the original grantee, direct to the holde'r and without prejudice Xo Government or State help. Viewing the foregoing in a social light, it is not to decide merely bv consiaer.-Uions affecting the produre of the land under the.'wrir,. as a-iins't the sn-.aU farm system, but ,is ,i condition of prosperity and .tr.-n.^lh to secure a numerous prosperous p,M,antry ; for whil,t I believe that"" /uW^ farms are -oi less productive than sm^U ones, I am oppo--d to them as tending to destroy the peasantry. At present almost a!! alim.'ntarv requirements are imported into Newfoundland from C.-^-ida and the Lnited States; such articles as e^.^^, b.icon. h.ims. butter, cne.-,e ve-et- ables and fruit might be rai.>ed m the Inland (e>peci.illv on the \Ve,t Coast) by s». required on the part of the cultivator. Hence [ have det-rmined to encourage snutH farms and encourage a sm.tH farm.rV Union for the sale of the product of 'their labours, opening up loc il market places on the coasts and near the rail- way lines. thu>ofTering the required '..cilities and creating supply and dem.md .it one and the«.ame t:me.— \\V. W.B. letter Jjth November ldS.j } 30 Approximati e Analysis of the average Soils between Fischel's and Crabb's Rivers, from one to six miles fk-om the Sea-board. Moisture Organic Matter containing;NitrogenVequalV;'3;';Amm'onia Vi ^60 VALINE Matter: — . -Phosphate Q g Carbonate of Lime j 'i^ Carbonate of Magnesia , 7,„ Alkaline Saks. ...... . ^ f° oxideofiron i/" .::::::::::: .;.:;;;;:.::: 3 ^87 SiLiciOL's Matter:— Sand and Silica ^g Alumina ^a 100 000 The above Soils ar^ very rirh in organic matter, and contain the tull amount of the saline tertilismg matters tound in all soil of ^ood bearing y:,fl/;0', as eloquently proved by the tine ..ot crops obtained round the fishermen's habitations on small patches of unturned ground. (W. \V. BoNNVN, Sandy- Point, St. George's Bay, Oct.. iS88.) The following abstract is from certain remarks on part of the Western Shore of this Island by the Surveyor General, the Honorable Joseph Noad, from personal investigation so far back as 1847. Bav of St. Geok(,k. This B.iy is lar^<- and bt uitiful, on either side. The l.ind ri>es not to a mountainous height, but to an elevation of ea.sv access, .ind offering no obstruction to its being appropriated to useful purposes. .At its entrance it is about 40 miles broad, ai.d Flat Point (now called Sandy Poinl) where the l.irge.st settlement has been established, is about the same distance from Northern Head. The land of this Hay ind adjacnt to it is of a totally different character to tha; in the Southern and E.istern shores of the Island. In 31 the latter the soil rests ,-,n -, .1 ,t,, ( agriculturist encount s lar'e iuW';t::'''r •/"' 'V^''-'''' -^ ■^--'' '^^^ trom the surface ,s indisperTs^b ie .nH ^ ^ °".''' '^'' '''"'■" '^ ^^^ ^^h'ch hard labour and consequent^^xpense In ^hTr'' '^ •"^'^;i"'P''--^-J by much of this nature presents'it.elf rtEhe so 1 if^h ""^T' "" '^'•'^^"'^^ the trees and stumns are rem,,v.M / ^ ''"'^ '''''P- •'^nd wh^.n prevent the landl^inJ !: cro-bLrh? "/° .*"^'l"^^ "^^'^'''^ ^^-^^ ^<^ near St, John's, and <4ner Iv on7h5 "!^ 'u*" P'""-''' '^'^ '-•'^"■'^ ''-^nd reception of a crop coTs f om Z to^A c'" '^°''-" '" •" ''' "^^ '^ ^^ ^^e quantity of groun'd i.. a Mmil.i's tate^. t' Tu- -^0 " ^" '^".f'^"'^' involve an outlay beyond 40S. or 5os ' ^^'"''^'^ ^'"^"'^ "^^* pers<;;;^h;? ^-^nrSuyr^t^^ r'^^^'^ '^r^'^^^'^ ^^^^ --^er ot but havin^refer-::nre to he ii> r^hr^fi k"- ^ comfortab'e m.unten.-.nce ; cultivableind arl^d^, .T;^ '' t het.^^f '^ sf r ''' •^"" f'^^^"^ "^ capable of supporting :.any thousand p •' .t l^r^ T'f ''"'f- '^ and herrines s to Oiiebcc Cm,- Rr .► j u ,^ e.xpurt ,.t cm'.h^h doubt thati val.,.bi;; and eS^^ve h:;;"n,s^ ffr^' '" '^^'^ '^ "" annual visitation is never-failing ' follow, a. the capiin's the ^::^%:i't:.tntpTiu' ''-■ ^^"''■^" ^^-— * - ^^^S'^fC-l-^ ---^^;:4^^:e-:cZ-^— - frequently enveloped in f.,. ..., the" v. ;:^" ; ;;,„^^: -. .,;^. shor.- ,s vis.tation to an euu.d extrnt as th- h ,nL- f ,:'"""■-•'' ""^ -'■•''■ ''f to that some distance fro!n ,t. v.-t" h ", .\. t u , 'i^ """ TT''''^ '^^"P^ ''' aud disagreeable u-,.,uh-..r. n r ^ ■.,• ' . ^ ^7 ''^•'-^ ^-"« '-■-''I the climate is m,a-h miMrr in ■ ''; ^^' '"^ '■"■'^'>' ^'•'•••^' ^'"'' George .s not only a'd^;, U. Icri^ac:;^;.,/:,/;;^''^^^^ ^^ ^"^ ^^• soil, but also from „s geo.^raphiol n , i ii n ' ^"'''''T "' ''"• nent settlement .,u bA meai^'i':::;::,.:,';:;?;:;;^:;:^::^ ^--- 32 Extract from the Journal of their visit to the North by the Rev. Moses Harvey and the late Governor Sir John Glover, G.C.M.G., on Deor Lake, its Soil and Products. Finding that our timev, ould not permit us to explore the country around Deer Lr.ke, the Governor despatched two of our men across the portage, nine miles in extent, between Gr;.nd Lake and Deer Lake, with orders to purchase specimens of the vegetables raised there by the only two settlers who had ventured so far inland. They returned, bringing with them some splendid vegetables grown on a small farm which had been cleared by Mr. N;chol, a native of Cape Breton. He came -rith the men to pay his respects to the Governor, and from him we obtained some very ;,-:teresting inform.ition regr'ding the country, as he is a very intelligent and industrious settler. He w.as loud in his praises of the land on the northern side of Deer L.ike. which he des-rribed as superior to any he had seen in Nova Scotia or Cape Breton. The extent of the good land he estimated at thirty-ti.ree miles '. . length, and with a breadth varying from two to five mile.;, all of i perfectTy level. The soil is a deep sanoy loam, and for the growth of root crops could not be surpassed. He had grown putnfoes which weii,hed each three pounds, parsnips and carrot; twe,.fy-two inches in length, and beans and p^as one-third larger than the same kind grown in .Vova Scotia. He had raised a small quantity of wheat as an experiment, and found it quite equal to Canadian wheat ; clover and buckwheat ^.Iso grew luxuriantly, and he found the soil specially favourable to the growth of flax. He had not an opportunity of trying fruit trees, but from the character of the soil and the sheltered position of the district, he was of opinion that apples would thrive there. There were along the river rich " interval '' lands, which would make splendid nie.idows, and on some of which he had cut n;itura' grasses for hay. The timber is large, consisting of pine, spruce, birch ;ind rir. In proof of his statements he brought with him specimens of his vegetables, which we thought finer than anything of the kind we had >een grown in Newfoundland. His potatoes were of the kinds called " Bio>ton Rose," " Early R.^se," " Pink Eyes," " Island FJlues," and a new variety which he had raised from the apple, and which I named " Purple Nichols." His potatoes were never dise.ised, and for size and quality could not be surp;issed. He also produced fine specimens of turnips, parsnips, bro.id beans, scarlet runners, Californi;i g.arden pea, .and flax. He considered the district refci'red to as admir.ible for settlenient, ;ind was of opinion that if a road were c-on^tructed through, it would speedily be occupied by settiei:; .rom Cape Breton, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. M. H. & J. G. The Compijny has a Griint [.\\). 5480) c/ 1,920 acres o'l the nnrthtrn side of Deer Lake.