IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe (./ '^b 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716} 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreprcductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The to th The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D n n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Q Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde at/ou pelliculde □ Cover title missing/ Le til itre de couver: re manque Coloured maps/ I I Cartes g^ographiques en couleur n ^°' I I Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) D Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleuc Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations an couleur Bound with other material/ Reli^ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombra ou da la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti filmees. L'Institut a microfilme le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a ate possible de se procurer. Les details da cet exemplaire qui sont peut-^tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier una image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ / n Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: [Printed ephemera] [3] p. Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculees I I Pages damaged/ r~n Pages restored and/or laminated/ The poss of th filmi Orig begi the! sion othe first sion or ill Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^colorees, tachetdes ou piquees I I Pages detached/ Pages detachees 0S T Showthrough/ ransparence I I Quality of print varies/ Qualite inegale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du material supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible The shall TINl whi( Map diffe entii begi righi requ met! Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partieilement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., cnt it§ filmdes ei nouveau de facon a obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X -/ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X tails t du odifier une mage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library Acadia University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grAce A la g6n6rosit6 de: Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library Acadia University Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or :he back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires origlnaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires origlnaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds i des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, Ce gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata [Q pelure, n a 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I ^OPINIONSs^ OF f'^q SOME OF THE LEADING PAPERS ON THE TWENTY-FOUR O'CLOCK SYSTEM. It is stated that the C. 1'. K. authorities are contemplatiiif:; tlie immediate introchiction of tiie "twenty-lour o'clock" system in the ( )peration of their line. 'I'hey cannot do so too (luickly. The change in time marking indica- ted is certain to become universal in the near future. The civilized world is ripe for it. .\nd our Canadian national road may as well appropriate to itself while it can the honor of leading the van of progress on this continent. Nothing can be said in favor of the jnesent " A.M." and " I'.M." system except that it is. There arc of course and always will be those who will believe that whatever is, is right. Luckily for the world, however, the great majority of mankind are of a dii:erent way of thinking. Hence we have imprf)vement and jjrogress. Therefore we shall soon have a system of time marking more in accordance with the spirit of this busy and practical period, than the old, unscientific, and on the whole, in the light of modern advancement, rather absurd system which now obtains. 'I'his is an age of railways and telegraphs. That is, it is a time-economizing and accuracy-re([uiring age. It will certamly not, then, cling to an inherited system utterly at variance with it. The only argument that can be advanced against the new s\stem is that a change wdl involve temjiorary inconvenience. And what if it does? Did not the change from pounds, shillings and pence to the decimal currency cause great tribulation for the time being to those who were accustomed to the old methods of money reckoning? Vet who in this coun- try having experienced the benefits of the new system, would return to the old ? 'i'ime, pro- verbialh- is money. We should therefore count time as we do money, that is, as simply as possible. We should save time that we may thus save money. What is still more important, by the new system of time mark- ing in connection with railways, that which is inhnitely more important than money, would often be saved — human life. The propo>ition to adopt the twenty-four hour system is by no means an impracticable or visit)nary one. Already it has been adopted by the foremost scientific institutions of the world. The Astronomer Royal of England introduced it on the 1st of January, 1S85, at (Greenwich, on the great central clo>,k there. I'ublic clocks have been adapted to it in London, ::■ Liverpool and elsewhere in Britain. Not a few newsi)apers in the Uld Country make all their announcements untler the new system. I'ractically no cost will be involved in changing time-pieces at p-esent in use so as to suit them to the requirements of the new- system. This is an important consideration, as from a belief to the' contrary is likely t-^ arise any opjiosition to the introduction of the new system which may be anticipated. So far as the inconvenience of the thing is con- cerned a few dpys will enable the most obtuse to comprehend" that thirteen o'clock is one P.M.. as quickly as the point of time indicated by the present nomenclature is now compre- hended. In many European countries besides Britain the twenty-four lunir system has been recei\ed with favor, notably in Russia. In Australia it is making rapid progress as indeed, judging from watchmaking advertisements it is makmg the world over, "lii this continent the feeling in favor of the new system is gaining ground with exceptional rapidity. Ameiica is always on the watch fo'- anything promising. In the fall of 1884 a circular with regard to th° new system was issued from New York, addressed to all the raUway managers of America. In January following the result of that circular was set out as follows :-- "Replies have been received from 171 gentlemen, generally presidents, managers and '-ujierintendents, 98 per cent, of whom have individually expressed their sympathy with the movement,' and stated that ihey will be pre- pared when it is ascertained that the feeling is ' general to abandon the old practice of dividing ^•« the (lay into halves of twelve hours each, nuniljcied separately, ar.d substitute therefor a siiifjje notation of 24 hours. The managers and others heard from who will sujiport and carry out the eiiange represent 59,100 miles of railway. The committee feel warranted in slating; what the great telej^raph interests of the cou.itry are in full sympathy. They have the authority of the President of the Western Union Teie- jq;raph Company for saying that the general adoption of the 24 o'clock system, besides reducing risk of errors, woulcl save to that companv the transmission of fully one hun- dred and fifty millions of letters annually. .Since the conclusions of the Washington Conference were made known in luirope only a few weeks back, the 24 o'clock system has attracted marked attention. On the rn->t of the ])resent montli it was adopted at the (jreenwich Observatory, the seat of control for all the public clocks of Creat Britain. In view of all the circumstances, it ajipears to the committee that the day is not far distant when a change may be successfully accom- plished in this country. As in the matter of regulating time throughout North America by iiour standan'.s, it is believed that the projiosed change can best be elTected by the railway authorities. The committee therefore reconi- nuMul that steps be taken to bring all liie information referred to in this report, and t' e whole question, before the next meeting of the Railway Ceneral Time Conventions. in Canada, owing in no small degree to the strenuous eilorts of Mr. .Sr.nford 1' leming, the new svsteni is t;ven further advanced in public favor than in the Cnited States. We clip the fc/llowing from the Mail of a recent dale: — The secretar}' of the (Canadian Institute has summoned the memliers to meet today at twenty o'clock. Thus another ste]i lias been taken towards the general adojitinn of the twenty-four o'clock system of time-reckoning. The a]iplication of the twenty-four (j'clock system to local lime is one step on the road, and the Canadian institute is pioneering the scl.en • in Canada. It is understood that some British scieniillc societies have a heady ado]Ued it. We hope that the C. 1'. K. will at once take steps to secure for itself tlie honor of l)eing the first railway in the world to adopt a time system u])nn whicii in a few years not only will all roads be operatrd. Inil which will ine\ itablv be universal. .\Luiitolui l-iYC I'l 1 )ecenilit'i- 2S. I.SS5. .Speaking with ( leneral Superintendent Egali on the pruposud introduction (jf tiie twenty- four o'clock system into the working of the Canadian I'acific Railway, a representative of TiiK Manitohan was informed that not only was it the Canadian I'acific Railway which would adopt It, but the most influential of the railroad men in the United States were in favor of it, and he exjiected to see it at no late date as universal!}' used on this continent as is standard time. If the railroads adopted the system he tliought the rest of the country would follow as a matter of course. The .\meriean Society of Civil I'.ngineers. who are the prime movers in the matter of time reform, have published a pamphlet deal- ing with tile twenty-four o'clock system, from which the following extracts are made : 1). [. \\ hittemore, president of the society, speaking at the liullalo convention, saitl : .\mong the important subjects h'gitimately under consideration by our society at the jjresent time is that of reckoning and denoting time. It is ii(,t surprising that mend)ers of (jur profession should have been the first to suggest practicable reforms in this direction, and it is a gratif) ing fact in the history of our society, that the energetic support ,\ou have given to the establishment of standard meridians of time has contributed, pr(jl)ably, more than any other cause to the adoiilion of this retbrni over a large portion of this continent. Hence it is not strange that the mrnd)ers of lair profession, with great unan- imity, favor the mnnbering of the hours con- seciuively througlxnil the entire tlay, instead of dividing each day into halves of twelve hours each. We are fully aware that we contend with the prejudice of custom in our attempts in this directum. That great agent of moilern civilization, the railway, rendered the adoption of standard time possible. Now, if that great agency in jiublic education, the press, will adopt the i)roi)osed reform in its • ord of daily hours, it is believed that ante .d past meridian time will soon be relegated to the l)ast." Mr. Sandford !• leming, in his report to the Hutlalo con\ention, made as chairman of the special committee on standard time, sa\ s that in response it) the in\ italion given to prominent men to gi\e an emphatic expression of opinion upon the t\\ent\-four o'clock systeiii, 92 per cent. ga\e their unijualified supiiort lo the propMs;d tiiado[it a single series of hours from MlUMc.ll I I i> MMlMi.ll'l . nundiered finni one to iwents- four, h'urihei- on Mr. I'lennng sa_\s : •• ll i> proposed to '•'4 adapt clocks and watclies now in use to tlie cliange by havinLj inscribed on tlie existing dials tlie new nuniliers of the afternoon hours 13 to 24 inclusive. 'I'lie only practical dirficulty to be overconK' is met by tlie simple ex]K'dient of piacin;^ on the face of the watch or clock a supplementary dial showing the new afternoon hours in Arabic numerals witliin the present Roman figures. It has been found that by using the supplemintary dial (which must necessarily be thin) made simply with jjaper and secured to its jiosition by any gum which will adhere to the enamelled surface, the object is attained without any further alteration of the watch or clnck It is thus evident tliat every jierson in the community may at tlie cost of a few cents in each case, adopt hi^. watch to the 24 o'clock system. Mr. I'leming jioinis nut the inconveniences avising from tlie present system of dividing tin day into lialves, which, as they have been looked u]ion as unavoidable, liave been philo- sophically and silently endured. " is there in fact,'' he asks, "one )ierson who at some time or other has not been baftled in his eflbrts to solve the intricacies of railway time tables, who cannot refer to fre<|uent mistakes s]iring- ing directly from tliis cause? Occasionally we find railway time tables unintelligible to many ])eoi)le, and exceedingly troublesome to all who liave occasion to consult llieni. owing to the distinction made between the twelve hours before and the twelve hours after noon. He contends that the present system is an imi)edi- ment to general intercourse, and as such should be remoNed, how ever \enerable it may be. In conclusion, Mr, Flenv. g says; "It will take some lime to accustom ourselves to tlie new numbers of the afternoon hours. The man who usually leaves oil work at 6 o'clock, ji.m., niigiit consider he had a ground of complaint when asked to cuiitinue until iS o'clock. A lady inviting her friiiids to afternoon tea ai 5 o'clock, would at lirsl excite amusement by inviting them to tea at 17 o'clock ; but the change once esiabiislu'il, and its advantages realized, the mind would soon become familiar with tl'.e novel expressions, and in a brief s|iace of time the new sounds would become famdiar to the ear." Paily M,iiiiloii,in. December ;o. lS8v The Canadian Pacific authorilies contem ]ilate the immediate introduction of tlie twenty- four o'clock system, it is said. This will do away with the "a, m." and "ji. ni." system with all its absurdities. The proposed cliange will be a move in the right direction. The system must inevitably become universal. ,\ luok at the modern railway time table forcibly reminds one of the two l)ewildered Knglish colliers trying to dis- cover the starting time of trains from their village to Holton. "Eleven forty p. m." said one of them, glaring at the time table sheet, " Wol's p. m. Hill?" " Penny a mile." was the curt rejily of his companion. ".An' wot's a. m.. Bill?" was the second ([iiery. " W'y 'a])e'ny a mile. jack, i )idna know as \e be as igiKuant as ye be?" was the coni|>limentary rejoinder. The next cliange m regard to railway lime tables will be the abolition of the familiar ••a.m." and " i).iii." and the numbering of the hours consecutively from one to twenty- four , A committee appointed bv the Ameri- can Society of Civil Engineers, to learn the views of the railroad officials of the continent jn the subject, have received replies favorable to the system from lejirosentalives of over 100,000 miles of line, including the great Canadian roads, the (iraiid Trunk, Canadian Pacific and Intercolonial. The telegra])h cor- porations also desire the change, which would olniate many o|)]iiirt unities for mistakes. The readniess with which the ]niblic neciuiesced in the action of the railroads in tixing hour stand- ards throughout the coniinent will, doubtless, encourage them in carrying out the second half of the lefcirm ; indeed some managers have all but decided on immediately adopting it, so that we may soon seeal least a partial abandon- meiU of the present system for the new one. It is to be noted that while the adoption of district time was largely due to the suggestion of Mr, .Sandford I'leming. the niovemenl for the ])resent proposed change originated in Tfjionto. Hoth are, therefore, due to Cana- dian initiative. The meteorological ser\ice of the l)oininioii has used the new system ft)r some time. Miiiitieal (iiizdti. Ian. il. 1886.