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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Det( ■ \ THE F WEISB I AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE TO Determinative Mineralogy FOB THE USE OF THE PRACTICAL MINERALOGIST AND PROSPECTOR, AND FOR INSTRUCTION IN SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, BASED UPON THE METHOD OF weisbacws "tabellen zur bestimmung der mineralien;' APPLIED CHIEFLY TO AMERICAN SPECIES. ! A y ^ C/GILBERT WHEELER, :^^ Profeuor in the University of Chicago. / ^0" G0'->'^"'^(r'^O CHICAGO: "^- 8. .1. WHEELER, PUBLISHER. leeo. ii^ttttmaem- ■ ■r i4i ti( CI th CO d( it se th di th in 01 re ei ei DC ai fc ^ .V',^^ Q> cl ; liM txm PREFACE. It is now usual in our leudinp academies, ^\gh schools and similar education- al institutions to impart instruction in the natural sciences, not merely by text- book and class-room drill, but also by means of actual elementary practice in suth experiments or observations as are carried on by those who devote themselves to the investigation of natural phenomena. Heretofore, these hours of practice have been mainly devoted to Botany and Zoology, as material in these departments is everywhere at hand and inexpensive. Some institu- tions have also added somewhat of laboratory practice in the department of Chemistry. Most teachers recognize that by these methods the sciences themselves are studied, and not merely what compilers of text-books have collated concerning them. In view of the very general interest at present taken in the mineral development of our country, especially in our Western States and Territories, it is now eminently fit that the students at our better institutions should secure some slight training in practical mineralogy, at least sufficient to enable them to recognize the more important minerals and ores. It is no longer difficult to obtain specimens. Few schools even now are entirely without them, and either by donation or exchange the collections can readily be increased. Many dealers supply sets of minerals, complete enough for the ordinary requirements of a practical course, at a cost of but a few dollars. In this work minerals not found in the United States, or the mining regions of Mexico, are for the most part omitted. The exceptions are such for- eign species, only, as are found in most collections. By thus eliminating min- erals rarely encountered it is claimed that this little manual is thereby rendered much more useful, as it often o^^curs, in th6 use of larger works, that more time and labor are required to . .^f.rt&m that a given mineral is not some rare, foreign one, than it would to d( vermine half a dozen ordinary specimens. Throughout the work the names of species and the physical and chemical characteristics are those given in Dana's Mineralogy. C. GILBERT WHEELER. I miHie'H'* m w^ lir ne th Pf \b ac ce CO m tl ni tc tl 81 C w^iwyjff'iw. du INTRODUCTION. In the use of these tables where the lustre, hardness, streak, color, crystal- line form and cleavage can be determined, there can scarcely be any difficulty or need of explanation as to the method of procedure. A simple inspection of the tables themselves, or of the synopsis of their arrangement, on the page preceding the index, will make a detailed explanation quite unnecessary. Where, as in the case of some silicates, etc., on account of imperfect crystal- lization, special difficulties present themselves, the supplementary tables are added where, with an acid, a blow-pipe and a couple of fluxes, a still greater certainty may be obtained and additional species recognized. In general it may be remarked : I. The indicated nature and degree of lustre, as well as the variety of color, are invariably those of fresh fractures, a fact which the beginner should net overlook, especially if the mineral have a metallic lustre. II. Friable, slightly coherent minerals are to be found in the second toble, their streak being identical with their color ; in rare cases some of them, as magnetic iron ore and argentite, are in the first series. III. The indicated degree of hardness are average amounts with reference to crystalline faces, or, in non-crystallized minerals, to fresh fracture surfaces; this is to be considered particularly with fibrous or scaly minerals. IV. The scale of hardness is the one of Mohs. V. The crystallographic terms are those of Dana. It has been deemed expedient to distinguish the common minerals by larger, the more rarely occurring by smaller type. The numbering of the species it was believed would be a convenience for such as might desire to apply the classification in the arranging of their collections. * . jVliy-iw >■#*>—■ " — -' ■ ,1. MINERALS HAVING I. No. Name. COPPER 2 i Breitbanptite :; HICCOLITE Hardness. Color. 2'7.') copper-red rt copper-red 5"25 : light copper-red Strbak. copper-red reddish brown black No. Name. GOLD Electrum BOBNITE Millerite PYBEHOTITE Hardness. | 2-5 2-5 3 3-3-6 3-5-f5 Color. Streak. gold-yellow ' gold-yellow pale yellow . pale yellow copper-red to brown gray black bright black 9 i CHALCOPYRITE 3 5-4 10 Homichlin n 1 PYRITE 4 6 brasB-yellow to bronze-yellow bronze-yellow brass-yellow bronze-yellow brass-yellow gray black green black black brown black n. A R mi br br m VD bi b b b b L AVING A METALLIC LUSTRE. I. Red. Streak. ppor-red idish brown ack Streak. )ld-yenow lie yellow ray black light black ray black reen black lack irown black n. m •^ Tenacity. Crystalline System. malleable isom. brittle hex. brittle hex. Yellow. Tenacity. malleable malleable brittle brittle brittle brittle brittle brittle Crystalline System. isom. isom. hex. hex. tetr. tetr. (?) isometric. Fracture and Cleavage. Fkacture anu Cleavage. Remarks. G. 8-8. G. 75. G. 7-3-7-7. ■ V* small conchoidal and uneven rhombohedral and perfect granular uneven uneven uneven Remarks. G. 16 to 19-5. G.15-6. G. 4-4- 6-5. . G. 4-5-5 7. G. 4-4. Is usually at- tracted by magnet. G. 41-43. G. 4-4-t-5. G. 5. Strikes fire with steel. i .- iiw^jjtiSfe^wS^ftAv'^to'wi^ r wmmmm MINERALS HAVING A METALLIC LUSTRE. ni. No. Namb. i Hahdness. Color. 12 I Mercury i I i 13 BISHXTTH 1 I 14 TeUurium 15 SILVER 16 i Heasite 17 ! ANTIMONY 18 AltaitA 19 20 21 Domeykite ASSENIG Whitneyite Streak. fluid tin-white 2-25 ; reddishi white gray 2*6 ! tin-white 2"5 i silver-white tin-white silver-white 2'5 gray zinc-white ' gray I tin-white 3-25 i tin-white 3«6 tin-white 3-6 tin-white brittle rh. uneven and fine granular Rbharks. G. 13-5. G. 97. G. 9-4. G. 8-3. G. 6-6. G. 81. G.7. G.6. malleable not distinct : fresh fracture dull G. 7-6. Rubbed surfaces strongly metallic jt Ttiffi-'it-aM 10' MINERALS HAVING A METALLIC LUSTRE. No. Name. Hardness. C0U)B. Streak. 22 Oendorffite 5 silver-white ^ray black 23 Lenoopyrite 5-25 silver-white gray black 24 SMALTITE 5-5 tin-white to steel- gray gray black 25 Arsenopyrite 5-5 silver-white dark gray black 26 Iridosmine 6 tin-white black bri bri ft br br m wi IV. No. Name. Hardness. Color. Streak. 27 MOLTBSENITE 1-25 pure lead-gray lead-gray 28 LEAD 1-6 lead-gray gray 29 Sylvanite 1-5 steel-gray steel-gray 30 Tetradymite 1-76 4 pale steel-gray pale steel-gray 31 PTBOLVSITE 2 iron-black to dark steel-gray black or blue-black Bl n d B. Strbak. black 'black r black i. gray black IV. Stbbak. 1-gray >l-gray e steel-gray ck or blue-black GRAY. 11 Tknaoty. brittle brittle Crystallimb System. Fbactube and Clbataox. t brittle brittle malleable with difficulty ISO. hex. ISO. uneven uneven Rbhabks. orthr. hex. octahedral and distinct uneven G. 7-6. G. 7-6. G. 7-6. G.6. commonly in irregular, flattened grains. Gray. Tenacity. sectile and al- most mall'ble ductile and malleable Crystalline System. hex. ISO. Fractubb and Gleavaob. not very sec- tile. brittle mkl. hex. in laminae Remarks. uneven laminiee flexible. ortho. G. 7-4. G. 7-6. G. 7-6. G. 7*6. Soils paper. G. 7-4. LI 1 12f MINERALS HAVING A METALLIC LUSTRE. No. 32 Name. Hardness. Color. STIBNITE r 33 BISHUTHINITE 2 lead-gray lead-gray Streak. lead-gray lead-gray 34 ABOENTITE 35 36 2-25 i black lead-gray STEPHANITE 225 ' black gray to iron- black GALENITE 2'5 87 CHALCOCITE 25 lead-gray lead-gray black lead-gray iron-black lead-gray 38 39 lead-gray Berthierite Dyscraaite 40 iTETEAHEDBITE 41 Flatinnin 2-3 3'5 dark steel-gray to . , , , pinchbeck-Wwn "on-black gray to white i silver whi+« 3-4-5 4-6 light flint-gray to iron-black whitish steel-gray se si 4 same or brown red whitish steel-gray E. Streak. i-gray i-gray ck lead-gray n-black GRAY. ' Ceystallinb j Fracture amd Tenacity. System. Cleavage. 13 sectile orthorh. laminated slightly brittle! orthorb ,d-gray id-gray m-black ver whi*« me or brown red hitish steel-gray aectile 180. uneven slightly orthorh. uneven oi; frangible iso, sectile orthorh. prism, or massive orthorh. slightly brittle ductile isometric tetrahedral ISO. flat or even conchoidal granular uneven uneven hackly Remarks. G. 7-4. G. 7-6. G. 7-6. G. 7-6. G. 7-7. G. 7-5. G. 7-4. sometimes tarnishes, yellow and blackish. G. 7-5. G. 7"6. Occasionally magnetic-polar. 1 ^mmigmz u MINERALS HAVING A METALLIC LUSTRE. No. Name. Hardnmb. Coi^B. Stbbak. 42 43 44 Iron SMALTITE Hematite 4-5 5-5 5-5 . iron-gray tin-white to steel-gray dark steel-gray iron-black; where earthy, is red shining gray black cherry-red or reddish brown di bi bi V. No. 46 46 47 48 49 60 51 Name. GSAPHITE Folybasite Stephanite Stromeyerite Hiargryrite Enargite Ooloradoite Habdmbss. COLOK. 2-3 2-25 2-5 2-6 iron-black dark steel-gray iron-black in thin crystals, cherry red black pray to iron-black black to steel-gray iron-black iron-black to grayish iron-black Streak. black, shining, soils paper iron-black iron-black shining cherry-red grayish black • Pi» j_ ElE. BLACK. 15 Stbbak. ining ay black lerry-red or ddish brown V. Stbkak. ack, shining, ils paper on-black on-black lining lierry-red rayish black Tenacity. Crystallinb Ststfm. Fbactukb and Cleavaor. Remabks. ductile brittle brittle iso. iso. rhomb. hackly uneven uneven magnetic G. 7-6. Bometimes attracted by magnet. Black. _ Crystalline Tenacity. ^^^^j,^^ thin laminse flexible PM britUe hex. ortho. massive ortho> mkl. ortho. amorph. Fracture and Cleavage. sectile uneven none Bub-chon. sub-conch. uneven sub-conchoidal Remarks. G. 7*2. Feels greasy. G. 7-6. G. 7-7. G. 7-6. G. 7-5. G. 7-4. G. 8*6. Decrepitates. 16 MINERALS HAVING A METALLIC LUSTRE. No. Naiob. Habdmbsb. 52 Tenorite 63 Melaoonite 54 Manganite 55 Hausmannite 56 MAGNETITE 57 Menaooanite 58 Chromite 59 60 61 Vranklinite Hematite Tantalite Ck>LOR. 5-5 5-6 5-5 6-6-5 gray black iron-gray to gray black iron-black to dark steel-gray brown black iron-black iron-black iron-black to brown black iron-black Streak. gray black solus fingers gray black soils fingers reddish brown to black chestnut-brown black black to red brown brown dark red«brown dark steel-gray iron-blacl:; where earthy, is red black cherry-red and reddish brown brown black Bligl ■W \ slig' slig bril bri bri . bri bri bri an L IE. Strbak. IT black 1(9 fingers »y black ils fingers ddiah brown to ack estnut-brown ack lack to red brown rown ark red'brown iherry-red and eddish brown )rown black T _ _ Crystalline Tenacity. g^^^^^^ slightly brittle: hex. i slightly brittle ISO. brittle brittle brittle . brittle brittle brittle, scaly and fibrous brittle tetra. ISO. rhom. ISO. ISO. rhom. BLACK. Fracture and Cleavage. 17 Remarks. slightly brittle ortho. i uneven uneven Bub-conch. conch. uneven conch. uneven orthorh. conch G.6. G. 7'fi. • G. 7-4. G. 7-4. G. 7-4. Strongly magnetic. G. 7-4. Slightly magnetic. G. 7-4. Slightly magnetic. G. 7-5. Slightly magnetic. Sometimes att'd by magnet. 7-8. No change before belowpipe. T r II. SUB-METALLIC WITH BLACK, BROWN, RED, YELLOW, I I. Black No. 62 Namk. Hakdmsss. 1-25 63 64 65 Aaphaltom MIKEBAL COAL! 25 66 67 68 69 Anthracite Petzite Sphalerite or Blende Ilvaite Psilomelane Bratmite 2-5 2-5 3-5 LUSTRK. ... ^, , -4 1 black, browniflh like black pitch i ^^^ Color. dull t brilliant earthy, resinous or sub-metallic lustre bright, sub- metallic. iron-black resinous to adaman- tine black to dark brown black black brown, yellow, black, red, green, white. M GRI Sti Stre brown- black black grayisl prayisl fto red< Town 6'6 Bub-metallic 6-6 6-25 sulvmetallic sub-metalUc iron-bUick, dark f>l««kt grayblack P'^ro iron-black to dark steel-gray dark brownish black jrown ihinio lark I ah bli T ^TALLIC MINERALS, RED, YELLOW, GREEN OR BLUE STREAK. I. Black Color. black, browniflh black black to dark brown black black brown, yellow, black, red, green, white. iron-black, dark I grayblack iron-black to dark steel-gray dark brownish black Streak. (All are opaque.) rr, Ceystalline Fracturk and bTREAK. Tenacity. ^ gysxEM. i Cleavage. I Rkmarks. brown-black black amorph. black brittle very brittle Mineral pitch. Meltn at 90° and burns with bright flame. I , „ „ G.l. Infusible to sub- . ,■ Burns with feeble amorph. conchoi. j,^^,^ ^j. ^ p^,^ ^.^j^^^ grayish black Etyish black |b reddish- 3rown black to green at brown >rown black, ihining lark brown- sh black brittle brittle brittle brittle orthorh. ISO. ortho. amorph. tetra. prismatic conch. uneven Soluble in a^ua regia with separation of silver chloride. G. 7-4. Sub-fusible. uneven G. 7-3. G. 7-4. G. 7-4. •^^^smvzTr-- . .': .• vi i3.Si^'frJ^.S(ihtSir.-ft'.4V :-". - ;a. ;.. ■ ;«-, ,., ii.j);Ji»faa8gi.-,j4yjJgl 2ft SUB -METALLIC MINERALS. n. Brownish Strei Color. Ozocerite 71 Hepatic Cinnabar Brown Coal (Lignite) Chrysocolla 74 SPHALEKITE (Blende) 75 GOETHITE 76 LIMONITE 77 Wolframite 78 SiphyUte 79 Psilomelane 80 Ratile 81 Cassiterite 2-2o 2-fi 3-75 5-25 5-25 5-26 o'to buo 6-25 waxy greasy, inclined to metallic greasy greasy to vitreous resinous to adaman tine imperfect adaman- tine greasy to glassy yellowish green, brown ana black liver-brown brown to black. green, blue green, blue. brown, yellow, black, red, green Stri yellow toblac ^browni brown impur to ola white reddif resinous, pseudo- metallic yellow, reddish am blackish brown dark brown to brownish yellow grayish or brown- ish black dark brown to red • "browi low, c yelloA 6-5 metallic adaman- tine adamantine yelloi dark brow cinni brow gray steel-gray to iron- black reddish brown to red. yellow, blue, violet, black, rarelj grass green. brown or black, re( gray, white or yeV bro^ pale whil isb, BROWNISH STREAK. 21 n. Brownish Streak. Color. o lan an- yeliowish green, brown and black liver-brown brown to black. green, blue green, blue. brown, yellow, black, red, green Streak. yellow brown to black ^brownish brownish bl'k impure brown to olack, pure white reddish br'wn Tenacity. CJrystalunk HysTEM. slightly brit- tle slightly brit- tle lo- yellow, reddish am blackish brown dark brown to brownish yellow grayish or brown- ish black dark brown to red ^'brownish yel- low, ochre yellow in- yellowish br'n dark red brown to bl'ck cinnamon- brown to pale gray steel-gray to iron- black reddish brown to red. yellow, blue, ! violet, black, rarelj grass green. brown or black, re( gray, white or yeV' brownish bl'k pale brown brittle brittle brittle brittle brittle very brittle brittle brittle amor ph. amorph. amorph. amorph. iso. ortho. amorph. ortho. ortho. amorph. Fractukk ani> Cleavage. Remarks. white, gray- ish, brownish brittle tetr. tetr. uneven Sometimes green iHh by transmitted light. Combustible. (}. 71. Combustible, conch., sect ilej resinous to adaman- brown, yellow, tine black, red, green vitreous or greasy silky to dull earthy imperfect adaman- tine amber-yellow, brown yellow, garnet-red, black various browns to yellow yellowish, reddish, blackish brown adamantine when brown, black, red, in crystals. i gray, whitish yellow ' I, ■««.!> M I JMHI ■ YELLOWISH STKEAK. 25 Yellowish ( !OL0R. mon-yellow ilphur-yellow tron to sulphur- ellow rown, yellow, lack, red, green mber-yellow, Town yellow, :arnet-red, black rarious browns o yellow irellowish, reddish, 3lackish brown brown, black, red, gray, whitish yellow Streak. Streak. Tenacity. Crystalline Fracture and Rkmarks. System. Cleavage. , (paler than laminie Hex- color) yellow, red- dish, greenish ible ortho. sub-sectile 0. 3-4. Electric. ! yellowish reddish br'wn brittle yellow, brown y^jittlg yellow yellow brown , brittle brownish yel- low, ochre- yellow white, gray- ish brown, yellowish brittle brittle ortho. sectile ortho. ISO. ! conch. amorph. compact fibrous and amorph. ortho. tetr. (i.2. (i. 3. Bub-conch., uneven (i. 3-9 to 4-2. Electric, opaque. G. 3-6. Often stalac- titic , «. 4. G. 6-4 to 7.8. Botry- oidal and reniform. ■: 26 SUB-METALLIC MINERALS. V. Oreen No. Name. 98 ' Olaneonite 90 Johannite 100 ANITABEBGITE 101 MuBCOTite 102 Thuringite j 103 Stilpnomelane 104 Oenthite 105 Malachite^ lOG Pieado-Malaohite 107 TTraninite Hakdnkss. Lustre. Color. I blacki8hgreen,olive dull to glifltening | green, yellow green, I gray greeu 2*25 vitreous 2-25 2-25 2-5 3-4 3-5 3-75 4-75 more or less pearly ofscales, pearly; of mass, dull, greasy vitreous adamantine, vitre- ous adamantine to vit- reous b-n greasy, pitch-like emerald-green, apple-green apple-green white, gray brown, pale green, violet, yellow, green, rose- red. olive-green, pista- chio-green black, green black, yellow bronze, green bronze pale ai)ple-green, yellowish bright green dark emerald, blackish green greenish, velvet-bl'k I ' V. Oreen COLOB. BckishgreeiiiOlive een, yellow green, ay greeu nerald-green, jple-green >ple-green hite, gray brown, ale green, violet, ellow, green, rose- 3d. live-green, pista- hio-green •lack, green black, 'ellow bronze, ;reen bronze )ale apple-green, rellowish bright green dark emerald, blackish green greenish,velvet-bl'k T -^^fVaW!^■<^t^:i (y>^j'#;-^^g^^a*wm■«^^J^a.«Wl« - vofsmt&t,' '. ' ■m\ GREEN STREAK. 27 Streak. Streak. 1 Tenacity. CrYSTALLINeIFbACTURE AND; Remabkb. System. Cleavage. (same) (paler than color) gr'nish white colorlessjind light green (paler than color) (same) ^nish white paler green green (paler than color) olive-green, bla'k, grayish soft amorph. mono. monocl. mono. G. 2 to 2-4. Granular. G. 3. Bitter taste. very tough ' amorph. uneven hex. fragile amo G. 2-7. Usually in scales. G. 3-15. ' G. 3. Foliated or fibrous. , falls to pieces ^, „ _ brittle monocl. uneven ortho. iso. uneven - G. 4*3. uneven G. 3-5. Ck>lors flame green. G. 6-4. Infiisible. ^■» i' .JS8 ^S>i,:S:" 28 SUB-METALLIC MINERALS. 6. Blue No. Name. .Haronebs. 108 Vivianite 109 Chrysocolla 110 AZTTBITE Lustre. Color. 3-5 111 LAPIS LAZULI l-.j pearly to vitreous ' white, dirty blue ;i vitreous, earthy vitreous adamantine vitreous laountain-green to sky-blue azure-blue, Berlin-blue Berlinlorazure-blue, violet-blue, red, green ■l^vt:K.rJtfrT^y BLUE STREAK. 29 6. Blue Color. , dirty blue tain-green to lue -blue, i-blue n^orazure-blue, i-blue, red, ■ Streak. Streak. Tenacity. CRYSTALUNKiFRACrURK ANI)| REMARKS. System. Ci^avage. blue white, Inminic indigo-blue flexible blue, pure [ sometimes white brittle (lighter than color) brittle mono. sectile dichroic (amorp.) ! sectile, conch G. 2-7. G. 2. Never fibrous. mono. ISO. ionch. G. 3-5. Often earthy. uneven G. 2*3 1 r III. MINERALS OF WHITE I. Very No. 1 Name. Hardness. LCSTRE. Color. 112 Leidyite ? waxy, silky green, bluish green 113 Smectite very soft. dull, streak shining white, gray, green, brownish 114 Talo 1 pearly apple-green to white, silver-white 115 J Tsohermigite (Ammonia Alum) 1 vitreous white 116 CEBASGTRITE 1-2 resinous to adaman- tine pearl-gray, gray, green, whitish 117 Pyrophyllite 1-5 pearly white, green, gray, yellowish 118 JBFTERISITE 1-5 pearly brown, yeUow 119 ALUNOOEN 1-5 vitreous, silky white tinged with red or yellow I HITE I. Very Color. bluish green , gray, green, lish green to , silver-white gray, gray, , whitish , green, gray, rish 1, yellow tinged with r yellow OR GRAY STREAK. J Soft. Tenacity. Crystallink System. (amorn.) clay-like laminte, flex; ortho. ible, not elastic ISO. ISO. laminse, flex- ible, not elastic micaceous (sub-transpa- rent) ortho, ortho. (?) monocl Remarkh. greasy feel. G. 2-5. rent. soluble. Sub-tranapa- G. 5-5. Streak silvery shining. G. 2-7. Greasy feeL G. 2-3. Exfoliates pro- digeously. G. 1-6. Tastes like com- mon alum. -"^'-'^siJKSS'r???'"' 32 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. Name. Hardnk8s. Lustre. Color. 120 Arsenolite 121 Kaolinite 122 Sal Ammoniao 123 Mirabilite 124 GYPSUM 125 I ;ii isoovite 12« NITRE 127 Halotriohite 128 Goslarite 12!) EFSOMITE (Epsom salt) 1-75 ]-5 vitreous, silky 175 pearly 1-75 vitreous i 1-75 vitreous pearly, shining, sub- vitreous pearly vitreous silky vitreous vitreous white, pale yellow white, fsray-white, yellowish white, yellowish, grayish white white, gray, flesh- red, honey-yellow, ochre-yellow, blue black, brown, red white, gray, brown, pale green, violet, yellow, (rose red) white yellow white white, bluish reddish white Color. hite, pale yellow hite, f?ray-white, ellowieh hite, yellowish, rayish hite rhite, gray, flesh- ed, honey-yellow, nhre-yellpw, blue lack, brown, red ifhite, gray, brown, lale green, violet, ellow, (rose red) irhite ellow white vhite, bluish eddish vhite 1 VERY SOFT. 33 Tenacity. ('kykiallink Systkm. IBO. scales are Ilex- q^jj,,, ible, inelastic soluble ISO. monocl. monocl. (lamina), flex- ^^^^^ ible, very tough) brittle pulverulent on exposure brittle ortho. ortho. FRACrniK AND ("l.KAVAOE. Kkmakks. fibrous, tough G. 3-6. Botryoidal or stalactitic. G. 2'4 to 20. Transpar- ent to translucent. ' G. 1">. Taste saline, pungent. (transparent) ' G. 1-4. Taste cool then (opaque) feebly saline and bitter very distinct G. 2'3. Transparent to opaque. (e^vsily split into g^^J J-^^P"*'"* ^" laminie) , translucent. G. 1'9. Taste saline and (sub-transparent) cooling. fibrous Taste inky, astringent. G. 2. Taste metallic, astringent, nauseous. G. 1-7. Bitter saline. 34 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. Name. 130 Kalinite (Potash alum) 131 Sepiolite (Meerschaum) 132 Borax 133 Cerolite 134 Fenninite 135 Sucoinite (Amber) 136 137 138 Hardness. Lcstrb. Hydroziiioite Bruoite BIOTITE Color. 22 vitreous p..,- (smooth feel or , clay-like) 2*2o vitreous, resinous 1 139 Halite ■ (Common salt) 2-25 2-25 2-25 2-26 2-5 2-5 2-5 resinous pearly, vitreous vitreous, resinous dull pearly, waxy and vitreous white gray, white, yellow or red tinge white, grayish, bluish greenish, yellowish, reddish, white green less common, red, yellow and white yellow, red, brown, whitish white, gray, yellow white, gray, blue, green , , , , green to black, splendent, pearly J^y^jy ^i^jte vitreoua white, yellowish, reddish, bluish :ak. VERY SOFT. 35 Color. Tenacity. Crystallink System. white gray, white, yellow or red tinge white, grayish, bluish greenish, yellowish, reddish, white green less common, red, yellow and white yellow, red, brown, whitish white, gray, yellow white, gray, blue, green green to black, rarely white white, yellowish, reddish, bluish (opaque) brittle ISO. (feels greasy) laminse flexible, not elastic (transparent) (earthy, chalk- like) laminse flex- ible elastic brittle (compact) monocl. (amorph.) rhom. (amorph.) (amorph.) rhom. hex. ISO. Fracture and Cleavage. KEMARK8. conch. conch. perfect basal sub-ch. (sectile) perfect G. 17. Infusible, de- crepitates. in dry masses, floats on water. G. 1-7. Taste sweet a^' line. G. 2-3. Does n to tongue. G. 2-6 to 2-i ' Pseudo- morphs aflci iiorn- blende occur. G. 1. Electric on firic- tion. G. 3-5 to 3-8. G. 2-3. G. 2-7 to 3-1. G. 21. Decrepitates. 36 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. Name. Hardness.! Lustre. 140 PHLOGOPITE 141 IGlauberite 142 Caledonite 143 Deweylite 144 Lepidolite 145 Chrysocolla No. 146 147 148 149 Name. Color. 2-5 2-5 . „. yellow, brown, br'n pearly, sub-metaliici Jg^j^ green, white vitreous 25 resinous resinous i 3 pearly vitreous, also earthy yellow, gray ( green, blue green white, yellow, greenish, reddish rose-red, yellow, violet-gray, white green to blue II. Hardness. Serpentine WULFENITE AngloBite CALCITE 2'5 to 4 275 Lustre. 2.75 greasy resinous, adaman- tine adamantine, resin- ous, vitreous vitreous to earthy Color. green, red, yellow yellow, green, brown, red white, gray, red, green, blue, violet, yellow K. Color. 5) low, brown, br'n !(l, green, white allow, gray reen, blue green vhlte, yellow, ;reeni8h, reddish •ose-red, yellow, iriolet-gray, white green to blue Tenacity. laminae tough, elastic Crystalline System. brittle rather brittle ortho. monocl. ortho. very brittle amorp, ortho. brittle SOFT, Fracture and Cleavage. 87 conch. uneven cryptocrys. sectile Remarks. G. 28. Sometimes reflects light, copper- like. G. 2-6. Saline taste. G. 0-4. Translucent. G. 1'9 to 22. Looks like gum arable or resin. G. 2-8. Colors flame crim- son. G. 2. Botryoidal and massive. II. Color. green, red, yellow ellow. green, yellow, gre( brown, red white, gray, red, green, blue, violet, yellow Soft. Tenacity. brittle very brittle brittle Crystalline System. ortho. tetr. ortho. rhomb. Fracture and Cleavage. splintery conch. sub-conch. conch. conch. Remarks. G. 2*6. Often unctuous. G. 6. Translucent. G. 6-1. B. B. yields lead. G. 2'5. Eflervesces with acids. 38 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. Name. Hardness. ! Losthe. 150 i ANHYDRITE 151 GELESTITE Color. 152 BAKITE 163 Allophane 154 Stilpnomelane 165 cmussiTE 156 FTBOMORFHITE 157 Laumontite 168 StUbite 3-25 3-5 3-5 3-5 vitreous to pearly vitreoiu vitreous vitreous to resinous pearly or vitreous a«lamantine, vitre- ous, resinous resinous vitreous vitreous wtiite to brick-red white, faint blue, reddish white, tinted often blue, green, yellow, brown black, yellow, green white, gray, gray black green, yellow, br* wn white to yellow, gray white, yellow, brown, red SOFT. 89 Color. Tbnacity. lite to brick-red lite, faint blue, Idish liite, tinted often ue, green, yellow, rown ,ack, yellow, green 'bite, gray, gray lack reen, yellow, br* wn yhite to yellow, ;ray vhite, yellow, jrown, red very brittle Crystalline System. very brittle very brittle brittle ortho. ortho. ortho. amorp. cryBt ortho. hex. not very brittle brittle mono. ortho. Fracture and Cleavage. uneven conch., uneven conch., shining conch. uneven uneven uneven Remarks. G. 2-8. Heated, gives no water. G. 3-9. B. B. crimson color. G. 4"3. Sometimes fetid wlien rubbed. G. 1"8. Translucent. G. 3. Foliated or velvety. G. 64 Translucent. G. 6'5. Decrepitates sometimes. G. 22 to 2-4. Readily crumbles. G. 2. Translucent. 40 MINERALS OF V^HITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. 159 IGO 161 162 163 Name. Scorodite Strontianite Witherite AEAGONITE Hardness. SPAHLEMTE 35 (Blende) 164 DOLOMITE 165 FLXJOBITE 166 167 Siderite Triphylite 3-5 3-5 3-5 8-5 Lustre. Color. vitreous, sub- adamantine, sub- resinous vitreous vitreous vitreous resinous, adaman- tine 3*5 to 4 vitreous vitreous; some- times splendent vitreou* sub-reslnouB pale leek-green, liver-brown green, white, gray, yellow white, yellow, gray white, gray, yellow, green, violet brown, yellow .bl'k, red, green, white white, red, green, brown, gray, black white, yellow, gre'n, rose, blue, brown ash-gray, yellow gray, brown, green, white green, gray, bluish SAK. Color. pale leek-green, liver-brown green, white, gray, yellow white, yellow, gray white, gray, yellow, green, violet brown, yellow .bl'k, red, green, white white, red, green, brown, gray, black white, yellow, gre'n, rose, blue, brown ash-gray, yellow gray, brown, green, white green, gray, bluish 42 MINEEALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. ITT, Medium Hardness, |W Ko. Name. Hardness. Lustre. Color. ("RY s 168 Margarite 4 pearly, vitreons gray, yellowiBh,red- dish white , ortl 169 Magnesite 4 vitreous •white, yellowish, gray white, brown rho 170 CHabazite 4-6 vitreous white, flesh red 1 rho 171 Apophyllite 4-5 vitreous white, grayish 1 teti 172 Wollastonite 4-75 vitreous white to gray, yel- low, red, brown mo 173 CALAMINE 4-75 vitreous, adaman- tine white, yellow to brown ' ort 174 Moi'denite 6 highly silky white, yellowish 175 APATITE 5 vitreous to sub- resinous green, blue, white, yellow he 176 CoBrnleoIaotite 5 vitreous blue, greenish blue ^J"! 177 SMITHSONlTE 5 vitreous white, gray, green, brown '^ 17S DatoUte 6-26 vitreous gray, green, yellow, rod* 179 Enstatite 5-5 pearly to vitreous gray white, green 1 white 1 180 Pyroxene ., '■ 5-5 vitreous ^een to white, green to black m lEAK. Lin Hardness, Color. gray, yellowish, red- dish ' ■ white white, yellowish, gray white, brown white, flesh red white, grayish white to gray, yel- low, red, brown white, yellow to brown white, yellowish green, blue, white, yellow blue, greenish blue white, gray, green, brown gray, green, yellow, red. gray white, green white ^een to white, green to black MEDIUM HARDNESS. White Streak. ("rystallink System. Fkacturis and Cleavage. ortho. rhomb. rhomb. tetr. mono. ortho. hex. urypto-crys- talline. rhomb. mono. ortho. mono. conch. uneven uneven ; sometimes very tough uneven brittle uneven uneven to conchoidal uneven. uneven uneven 1 Remarks. G. 2-9. Laminse brittle. G. 3. Opaque, transparent. G. 2. Brittle. G. 2-3. Brittle, transparent. G. 27. Fibrous structure. G. 31. Brittle. G. 2. Concretionary. G. 2"9. Transparent, brittle. G. 2-65 to 2-6. G. 4. Brittle. G. 2-8. Brittle. G. 3-1. G. 3-2. Brittle. 43 1 ■ l i l l MUMIIB -- 44 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. IV. Hard. Name. No, 181 ANDAIUSITE 182 Natrolite 183 Ekebergite 184 LAZTTLITE 185 WILLEMITE 186 Thomsonite 187 Analcite 188 Brookite 189 Enstatite 190 TITANITE 191 PYROXEITE I Hakdness., Lustre. Color. 3-7 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 vitreous vitreous vitreous, pearly, greasy vitreous vitreous to resinous; green, brown whitish, red, gray> green white, grayish, yellow, red white, gray, bluish, reddish azure-blue, greenish blue white, yellow, .br vitreous vitreous metallic, adamantine , vitreous, metalloidal adamantine, resinous vitreous, resinous snow-white, brown white, gray, green, yellow hair-brown, yellowish gray yellow, green white brown, gray, black, yellow, green green to white, green to black ^ Cki ort ort tet mc rhi on lac or 01 m ""IBfi MM :reak. HARD. 46 IV. Hard. White Streak. Color. Ckystalline I System. •"kactukk and Cleavage. Remarks. whitish, red, gray, green ortho. uneven G. 3. Having cross in transverse section. white, grayish, yellow, red ortho. G. 2'1. Transparent. white, gray, bluish, reddish tetr. G, 27. Resembles Wernerite. azure-blue, greenish blue mono. uneven G. 3. Sub-transparent, brittle. OUB white, yellow, green, browu " rhomb. conch. G. 3-8. Transparent, brittle. snow-white, browu ortho. uneven G. 2-3. Pyro-electric, brittle. white, gray, green, yellow iso. sub-conch. G. 2-2. Brittle. hair-brown, yellowish ortho. G. 4*1. Brittle. > gray yellow, green white ortho prismatic, fibrous G. 31. Resembles amphibole and pyroxene. brown, gray, black, yellow, green mono. brittle G. 3-4. Transparent, opaque. US green to white, green to black mono. conch., uneven G. 3-2. Brittle. •KtmammitssmMeiei 4fi MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. ! Na Namu. 102 AMFHIBOLE 193 ' Hypenthene 104 Ootahedrite 195 Cyanite 106 OPAL 197 Amblygonite 198 Sodalit0 199 Rhodonite 200 Chloritoid 201 Torquois 202 ZOISITE Hardness. ly'o 5-5 5-5 0-( LUSTRB. Color. vitreoas; often silky 4vhite to black, through green .. brown, green, gray pearly ; sometimes black, pinchbeck metalloidal hmwn metallic, adamantine vitreous vitreous, pearly brown to blue, black blue, white, gray, green, black white, yellow, red, brown, green Ci sea-green, white, 6 i vitreous to greasy brownish vitreous, greasy vitreous pearly waxy, feeble pearly gray, blue, brown brownish red greenish, yellowish gray, green gray, green black sky-blue, bine green, apple-green white, gray, yellow, brown REAK. HARD. 47 Color. 4vhite to black, through green brown, green, gray ' black, pinchbeck brown I brown to blue, black blue, white, gray, green, black white, yellow, red, brown, green sea-green, white, brownish gray, blue, brown brownish red greenish, yellowish gray, green gray, green black sky-blue, bine green, apple-green white, gray, yellow, brown Crystalline Fractubk and System. Cleavage. mono. ortho. tetr. tricl. amorp. tricl. ISO. trie. sub-conch., uneven mono., tri. brittle sub-conch. uneven uneven conch., uneven reniform, massive ortho. conch. Remarks. G. 2'0. Frequently columnar, also fibrous. 6. 3*3, Resembles enstatite. G. .3-8. Brittle. G. 3'4. Crystals, blue centers white margins. G. 1"9. Sometimes rich play of colors by reflected light. G. 3. Translucent. G. 2-3. Decomposed by HCl. G. 3-4. Tough. G. 3*5. Strongly dichroic. G. 2'6. False turquois is softer. G. 3*1. Transparent, translucent. ils 48 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. Namk. HARUNB88.i • Lustre. COLOK. 203 LABRADORITE i u 2()4 205 206 207 208 vitreouB, Hub-resinouB ORTHOCLASE « ' vitreous ALBITE OLIGOCLASE DIASFORE SFODUMENE vitreous gray, brown, green white, gray, green white; Hometimes blue, gray, green white to grayish, waxy to vitreous ^^j^.^j^ » (i "i ' vitreous Oo I pearly white, brown, yellow gray green V. Very Hard No. Name. HARDNES.S. Lustre. Color. 209 Allanite 6 Bub.metallic, pitchy brown to blai-k 210 FREHinTE fi-5 vitreous light green i-o gray 211 EFIDOTE 6-5 vitreous, resinous green to black 'iff-. { STREAK. VERY HARD, 4U COLOK. white ; sometimes blue, gray, green white to grayish, °"* reddish white, brown, yellow gray green V. Very Hard lOUS Color. brown to black light green i-c gray green to black Crystalline System. gray, brown, green ■ trie. white, gray, green ■ mono. trie. trie ortho. mono. Fracture and Cleavaoe. right angled and conch, to uneven uneven conch, to uneven very brittle uneven White Streak. Remarks. O 2*6. Translacent. G. 24. Transparent to translucent. G, 2-5. G. 2-6. Both have striated surfaces. G, 33, When thin, translucent. G. 3-1. Translucent. Crystalline System. FraCTURK AM) Cleavaoe. Remarks. mono. uneven G, 3. Opaque, brittle. ortho. uneven G. 2*8. Pyro-electric mono. ... uneven G. 3-2. Brittle. mmimmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmm 60 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. No. 212 213 214 215 210 217 218 Nabib. CHALCEDONY Hardness. * LUSTRB. COLOK. C-5 CHRONDKOBITE 6 BTJTILE CASSITEBITE Fibrolite Yesayianite 219 aUARTZ 220 GARNET 221 Azinite 222 TOURMALINE 6-5 «-5 05 CHRYSOLITE | o 0-5 waxy vitreous, resinous metallic, adaman- tine adamantine vitreous to sub-ada- mantine vitreous vitreous vitreous vitreous, resmous highly glassy vitreous white, gray, brown, blue white, yellow, brown, red, brown brown, black brown, white, green green brown, green, yellow, blue colorless, many shades red, brown, yellow, ^reen, black brown, blue, gray black, (blue, red, green) Cr crj 01 tet tet m< or tel h( van. tr b EAK. VERY HARD. 51 Color. white, gray, brown, blue white, yellow, 'jrown, red, brown brown, black brown, white, green green brown, green, yellow, blue colorless, many shades Crystalline System. Fracture and Cleavage. black, (blue, red, green) crypto-cryst, ortho. teta:. tetr. mono. ortho. tetr. hex. red, brown, yellow, _ j^^^ ^reen, black brown, blue, gray ■ trie. 1 sub-conch, uneven uneven sub-conch, uneven i^EMARKS. conch. sub-conch, uneven couch. sub-conch, uneven conch. hex. uneven Transparent, translucent. G. 3*1. Transparent, sub-transparent. G.4-1. Brittle G.6-4. Brittle. Q. 3-2. Transparent to translucent. G. 3*3. Transparent, translucent. G. 3*3. Streak uncolored, sometimes dichroic. G. 2*5. Transparent, opaque, brittle. G. 3"1. Transparent, brittle. G.3-2. Trichroic, brittle. G. 2"9. Pyroelectric, dichroic. I 52 MINERALS OF WHITE OR GRAY STREAK. I Name. No. 223 lolite 224 Schorlomite 225 ANSALUSITE 226 StauTolite 227 Zircon 228 BEBTL 229 SPINEL 230 TOPAZ 231 CHEYSOBEEYL 232 OOBUNDTJM 233 DIAKOND Hakdness. 7-25 7-25 7-5 7-5 7-5 7-75 Lustre. 8-5 10 vitreous vitreous vitreous Bub-vitreouB to resinous adamantine COLOB. blue black whitish, red, violet, green reddish-brown, brown, black, yellow-brown colorless, brown, yellow, gray jmerald-green, vitreous, resinoab ^j^^ yellow vitreous vitreous vitreous vitreous red, blue, green, yellow yellow, white, green, blue brilliant, adaman- tine green blue, red, yellow, brown, gray white, colorless, tinged sometimes 01 ai 01 REAK. VERY HARD. 63 GOLOB. blue black whitish, red, violet, green reddish-brown, brown, black, yellow-browu colorless, brown, yellow, gray omerald-green, blue, yellow red, blue, green, yellow yellow, while, green, d1o« green blue, red, yellow, brown, gray white, colorless, tinged sometimes Crystai-line System. ortho. amorph. ortho- ortho. tetr. hex. ISO. ortho. ortho. rhom. iso. Fracture and Cleavage. Bu1>conch. conch. sub-conch., uneven conch. conch- conch., uneven conch. conch., uneven conch., uneven conch. Remarks. G.2*5. Pleochroic. G. 3-8. Often irised, tarnished. G. 3. Sub-translucent. G. 34. Translucent. G. 4. Transparent, opaque. G. 20. Transparent, brittle. G. 3-5. Transparent. conch., Q 2-4. Pyroelectric. uneven G. 3-6. Transparent. G. 3-9. Very tough. G. 3-52. Electric when rubbed. SUPPLEMENTARY MINERALS OF LOW LUSTRE Name. MirbaUte (Glauber Bait) Sal Ammoniac Nitre Altinog^en Halotriohite Borax L EASILY DISSOLVED IN Hakdness. 1-5 1-5 Tastk. 2-25 cool, then feebly saline and bitter. saline, pungent (not deliquescent). saline, cooling. like common alum. inky-astringent sweet-alkaline, feeble. ENTARY '■ LUSTRE DISSOLVED m Taste. ly saline and bitter. t (not deliquescent). ilum. tt t, feeble. TABLES. AND COLORLESS STREAK. WATER OR VINEGAR. Nahk. Horenosite Qoslarite Epsomite (Epsom salt) Ealinite Halite (Salt) Glauberite Hardness. Taste. 2-5 metallic-astringent. 2-5 metallic-astringent, nauseous. 2-5 2-5 2-5 bitter, saline. like common alum. 2-75 purely saline. slightly saline. 56 MINERALS OF LOW LUSTRE n. Not Soluble. Name. Hardnkss. Fusibility, HydT02dncite 2-5 infasible. ■ Galedonite 2-75 easily fusible. Caloitd 3 infasible. Cenusite 3 on charcoal easily rednces to lead. Witherite 3-75 easily fusible. Strontianite 3-7S fusible with difficulty. ^ot Soluble. niLITY, y rednces to lead. culty. AND COLORLESS STREAK. 67 EfiFervescing with Acid. Name. Aragonite Dolomite Siderite Magnesite Smithgonite Haudness. FUSIDILITY. infusible. 4 ! infusible (effervesces sparingly). fusible with difficulty, dissolves in hot acid. 4r) infusible. infusible. I ■( '\ 1 1 \\i I 1 58 MINERALS OF LOW LUSTRE m. Insoluble. Not A. YIBLDINa WATER WHEN PULVKRIZED. In the Flame. Volatile or Fusible. Im Hot on Cold, Dilute or Concentrated Acm. Completely and promptly dissolved Completely, not easily dissolved Completely and readily dissolved with separation of gelatinous silica Completely and readily dissolved with separation of pulverulent or semi-gelatinous silica Dissolved with diflaculty, silica separating out Only partially decomposed or dissolved Insoluble or but very slightly acted upon Name. Hard- ness. Apophyllite Natrolite 475 5-2i5 Succinite 2-5 i; Mote.— Minerals indicated by (A) 1 AND COLORLESS STREAK. 5fl toluble. Not I- WATBB WHEN In the Flame. (LATIIiE OR FUSIDLE. Name. )phyllite .rolite 3cinite Hard- MliSS. 475 5-25 2-5 -Miuerals indicated by (A) i; Effervescing with Acids. HBATBD IN OLOSBD TUBS. 1 Before the Blowpipe. Fasily Fdsidle. Name. Hard NESS. Fusible with Difficulty. Name. Hard- ness. Annabergite Scorodite Gypsnm laumontite Datolite Thomsonite Allanite Stilbite Chabazite Smectite Prehnite (A) Carpholite (A) 2-25 3-5 35 5 5-25 6 3-75 4-5 1-25 6-5 Infusible. Name. Deweylite Serpentine Stilpnomelane Bastite Aealmatolite Ripidolite Picrolite Chloritoid 2-5 3-5 3-75 2-5 2-25 4 5-75 Brucite Wavellite Diasporo Chrosocolla AUophane Calamine Hydrophite Serpentine Kaolinite Pyrophyllite (A) Hallyosite Lazulite (A) Cerolite Carnat Turquois Hard- ness. 2-5 3-5 fl-5 3 3-25 4-75 2.6 1 1-5 2 5-5 2-25 2-5 6 exfoliate, swell up or gelatinize. MINERAI^ OF LOW LUSTRE B. YIBLDINO lilTTLB OR NO WATBR PULVEHIZED. In the Flame. In Hot ob Cold, Dilute or Concentrated Acid. Completely and easily soluble Completely but with difficulty soluble Readily diasolved with separation of gelatinous silica RcndiVy dissolved with separation of pulverulent silica, lead chloride or tungstic acid Volatile on Fusible. Name. Arsenelite Amblygonite Insv/.able or but slightly acted upon Cerargyrite Lepidolite Hard- ness. 1-5 It 1 2.5 i 1 ir c< I BLOW PIPE TESTS. ORES OF GOLD. Native Gold.— Combination of Au. and Ag. in variable proportions, sometimes with traces of Fe. and Cu. It usually occurs in variously contorted and branched filaments, in scales, in plates, or in small, irreg- ular masses. On Ch., fuses to a globule which after cooling has a bright metallic surface. With S. Ph. in O. Fl. a bead is formed which opallzes on cooling, or becomes opaque and yellow, according to the amount of silver which it contains. Resists the action of heated concentrated nitric acid; soluble only in aqua regia. Sylvanite [Graphic Tellurium] — AgAuTe,. In an open glass tube, yields a white sublimate which, when played upon with the flame, fuses to transparent drops. On Ch. fuses to a dark- gray globule, depositing at the same time a white Ct. which, when touched with the R. FL, disappears, tinging the flame bluish-green. It finally affords a light-yellow malleable globule of metallic lustre. Soluble in aqua regia, leaving a residue of chloride of silver. The solution gives a white precipitate with water. si X _L s. riable proportions, ccurs in variously or in small, irreg- a bright metallic vhich opalizes on to the amount of d ; soluble only in liich, when played 'h. fuses to a dark- Ct. which, when e bluish-green. It llic lustre, je of silver. The ORES OP SILVER. Native Silver.— Pure silver, associated with gold, copper, arsenic, iron, and other metals. Occurs usually in twisted filaments, or arbores- cent ; sometimes in plates or massive. On Ch., fuses easily to a globule, which assumes a bright surface, and shows after cooling a silver-white color. Foreign metals are detected by assaying in a cupel. It dissolves in nitric acid. Dyscrasite [Antimonial Silver].— Ag,Sb. and Ag,Sb. H= 3.5—4- = 9.4—9.8. On Ch., fuses readily to a gray r >n-ductile globule and coats the Ch. with oxide of antimony ; with continued heat the globule assumes the appearance of pure silver, and the Ct. becomes reddish. Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residui f oxid • of antimony. Oerargyrite [Horn Silver].— AgCl. 5-2 Per ce"'- Ag. It turns brown on exposure to air. When rubb a nth a moistened plate of zinc or iron the latter becomes cov .-d with a coating f silver. The streak is shining. It fuses in a candle-flame. On Ch., is easily reduced, especially when mixed with Sd. Mixed with oxide of copper and heated en Cii. in R. Fl., chloride of copper is formed, which colors the flame azure-blue. Insoluble in water and nitric acid. Slowly soluble in caustic ammonia. Partially decomposed by a boiling solution of caustic potassa. Argentite [Silver Glanct].— AgS. 87.1 per cent. Ag. It is easily distinguished from other minerals of the same color by being cut by a knife like lead. On Ch. in O. FL, intumesces, gives out sulphurous acid, and finally yields a globule of metallic silver. Solub'.e in dilute nitric acid, leaving a residue of sulphur. Pyrargynv^ ;T)ark-red Silver Ore].— 3AgS, SbS^. 59.9 per cent. Ag. In a matraso, iuses very readily and yields with continued heat a r,ublimate of tersulphide of antimony. In an open glass tube, gives antimonial fumes and sulphurous acid. On Ch., fuses readily and deposits i. Ct. of antimonous oxide, being converted into sulphide of sib ir , if for a long time exposed to the O. Fl., or, when mixed with Sd., in the R. Fl., affords a globule of roetallic silver. 1 64 BLOW PIPK TESTS. Part of the SbSj is sometimes substituted by AsSj ; it then gives out arsenical fumes when mixed with Sd. and heated in the R. Fi. on Ch. The pulverized mineral, when heated with nitric acid, turns black, and is ultimately dissolved, leaving a residue of sulphur and antiraonous acid. Caustic potassa also blackens it and effects partial solution, from which acids precipitate tersulphide of antimony. Proustite [Light-red Silver Ore].— 3AgS, AsjSs. 65.4 per cent. Ag. Before the Blp. and to solvents, behaves like the preceding, excepting it gives off arsenical fumes instead of antimonous oxide. The solution in caustic potassa deposits a yellow precipitate when neutralized with acids. Stephanite [Brittle Silver Ore].— sAgS, SbA. 68.5 per cent. Ag. In a matrass, decrepitates, then fuses and ultimately yields a faint sublimate of tersulphide of antimony. On Ch., fuses very readily and coats the Ch. with antimonous acid. If the blast with the O. Fl. is kept up lot *\*v* '».,wi*.>* ^--iw »* Q*.wi.*i-4.— --*. metallic silver is obtained. Contains frequently copper and iron, which may be detected by appropriate tests. If arsenic is present it gives in the open tube a crystalline sublimate of arsenious acid In dilute heated nitric acid it dissolves, excepting the sulphur and antimonous oxide; the solution becomes milky on addition of water. Partially dissolved by a boiling solution of caustic potassa. Polybasite.— 9(Ag, CuOS + (Sb As),s,. In a matrass, fuses very rc-adily, out gives nothing volatile. In an open tube, gives sulphurous acid and antimonial fumes ; the sublimate contains sometimes crystals of arsenous acid. On Ch., gives a Ct. of oxide of antimony ; with continued heat, gives a bright metallic globule, which, on cooling, becomes black on its surface ; sometimes a faint Ct. of oxide of zinc is deposited \ the metallic globule affords with fluxes the reaction of silver and copper. Stromeyerite [Argentiferous Sulphide of Copper].— Cu,S. + AgS. 53 per cent. Ag, 31.2 per cent. Cu. In a matrass, fuses easily and gives sometimes a little sulphur. In an open tube, fuses to a globule and gives sulphurous acid. On Ch., fuses to a gray metallic globule which is a little malleable ; with fluxes the globule gives the reactions of copper, sometimes also those of iron ; on a cupel with lead affords a globule of silver. Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a residue of sulphur. ilJ ,i 3 ; it then gives out :he R. Fi. on Ch. cid, turns black, and nd antimonous acid, solution, from whicl. 65.4 per cent. Ag. preceding, excepting ide. The solution in mtralized with acids. 68.5 percent. Ag. lately yields a faint uses very readily and ith the O. Fl. is kept ni' nr»r^ o nr1r%Kiil^ f\f pper and iron, which is present it gives in :id ing the sulphur and 1 addition of water. )Otassa. ling volatile. In an umes ; the sublimate iCh. gives a Ct. of ight metallic globule, . sometimes a faint Ct. affords with fluxes the iper].— Cu,S. + AgS. little sulphur. In an acid. On Ch., fuses able; with fluxes the Iso those of iron ; on hur. BLOW PIPE ASSAY. 65 BLOW PIPE ASSAY. SILVER AND GOLD ORES. The ore is reduced to a fine powder, mixed with vitrified borax and metallic lead (the quantities of which altogether depend upon the nature of the substance, and for which, therefore, no general rule can be given), and the mass placed in a cylindrical hole of the Ch. A powerful R. Fl. is given until the metals have united to a button, and the slag appears free from metallic globules. The flame is now converted into an O. Fl. and directed principally upon the button. Sulphur, arsenic, antimony, and other very volatile substances, are volatilized ; iron, tin, cobalt, and a little copper and nickel become oxidized and are absorbed by the flux ; silver and gold and the greater pari of the copper anvi niCiCCi remain 'viti. the lead (and bismuth, if present). When all volatile substances are driven off, the lead begins to become oxidized and the button assumes a rotary motion; at this period the blast is discontinued, the assay is allowed to cooi, and when perfectly cold the lead button is separated from the glass by sonje slight strokes with a hammer. It is now placed on a cupel of bone-ash and treated with the O. Fl. until it again assumes a rotary motion. If much copper or nickel is present, the globule becomes covered witl) a thick infusible crust, which prevents the aimed-at oxida- tion; in this case another small piece of pure lead has to be added. The blast is kept up until the whole of the lead and other foreign metals, viz., copper and nickel, are q Arsenic •••• ° Arsenolite /..32, 00 Arsenopyrite 10 Asphaltam 1° Autunite •" 24 Axinite 'no Azurite 22 Barite 38,61 Bastite 59 Berthierite 1? Beryl 52, 61 Biotite 34 Bismuth ° Bismithinite 12 Blende 18, 20, 24, 40 Borax 34, 54 Bornite ^ Braunite 1° Breithauptite ° Brookite 44 Brown coal 20 Brucite • ...34,59 PIOX. Calamine 42,59 Caledonite 36, 56 Calcite 36,56 Carnat 59 Carpholite 59 Cassiterite 20,24,48 Celestite 38,61 Cerargyrite 30, 60, 63 CerohTe • 34, 59 CerussitG • 3-, ^ Chabazite"i."i!iiii." 42^59 Chalcedony 50,61 Chalcopyrite 6 Chalocite 12 Chiastolite «1 Chloritoid 46,59 Chromite 16 Chrondrodite. 50 Chrysolite 50, 61 Chrysocolla 20, 22, 28, 36, 59 Chrysoberl 52, 61 Cinnabar 22 Coal, brown 20 Coal, mineral.. 18 Coeruleolactite 42 Coloradoite 14 Copper 6 Corundum 52,61 Cuprite .' 22 Cyanite 46,01 Datolite 42, 59 Dewezlite 36, 59 Diamond 52,61 Diaspore •" 48, 59 Dolomite 40,57 Domeykite 8 Dyocrasite 12,63 Ekebergite 44, 61 Electrum » Enargite 14 74 INDEX. PAOB. Enstatite 42, 44 Epidote 48,61 EpBOinite ^^»!S Ervthrite 22 Faasaite -; 6} Fibrolite 50, 61 Fluorite 40,61 Franklinite Hi,iV Galenite •" J.2 Garnet ^' «i Genthite f« Geredorffite ••;• 10 Glauberite ^». ^ Glanconito •• ^" Gold --Ml GoBlarite 32,56 Goethite 20,24 Graohite ;• ii Gypsum ^^ »" Halite 34,55 Halloysite ••• 5J Halotrichite 32, 54 Hausmannite •••••••• l» Hematite H 1». ^ Hepatic Cinnabar 2U Hessite • ^ Homichlin j* Hydrophite •••• ^J Hydroaincite ^*. °^ Hypersthene 46 lolite .....' 18.52,61 Iridosmine i" Iron FAOR. Magneeite ••• 57 Magnetite l». -i- Malachite 26 Manganite ••• 16 Margarite 42, 61 Melaconite 1|| Mercury - Millerite Mimetite Mineral Ck>al •••• Mirabilite 32, Molybdenite Mordenite Morenosite 8 (> 61 18 64 10 42 55 Muscovite 20, 32, 61 Natrolite 44, 58 Niccolite •■; '* Nitre 32,54 Octahedrite 46,61 Oligoclase 48, 61 Omphacite ••• «»1 Opa) 46,61 Orpiinent •• ^:* Orthoclose 48,61 14 Jeflferisite . Johannite ■ 30 26 Kalinite 34,55 Kaolinite 32,59 Labradorite 48,61 Lapis Lazuli • • • ^» Laumontite ^o> °'* Lazulite 44,59 Lead 10 Leidyite •••• f^ Lepidolite 36,00 Leucopyrite •'•• i» Limonite ^f ^* Ozocerite . 20 24 24 IS 36 59 12 Palagonite Penninite Petzite, Phlogopite Picrolite Platinum ,. „. Polybasite 14.64 PreWte 48,59 Proustite ^A 9^ Pseudomalachite ••• ^» Psilomelane 1°. ^ Pyrargyrite -^A"^ Pyrite..; « Pyrolusite •••• ^.V Pyromorphite ^°. "!■ Pyrophyflite •■••■30,59 Pyroxene *■'> *^»"!: Pyrrhotite • " Quartz . .50,61 Rhodonite. Ripidolite •;-•■" Rutile..» 20,00, 61 61 ' I FAOB. 57 10, 42 20 16 42, fil 10 „ 8 (> 61 18 32, 64 10 42 55 20, 32,61 44,58 6 32,64 46,(51 48,61 01 40,61 24 48,61 20 24 24 18 36 59 12 14, 64 48,59 22,64 , 26 18, 20 22,63 6 10 38,61 30,59 42,44,61 6 50,61 1" 61 6u 20,50,61 INDEX. 75 '■ PAOI. 8al-Ammoniac 32, 54 Scheelite ••• <'| Schorlomit* »A "i- Scorodite...- 40,69 sopiolite ••• 34 Serpentine 3 . W Siderite 40,5' Silver ». "^ Siphylite "20 Smaftite 10,14 Smectite 30, 65) SmitliBonite 42, 67 Sodalite 46, 61 Sphalerite 18,20.24,40,61 Spinel 62,61 Spodumene ^°i ^J Staurolite •••52, 61 Stephanite 12, 14, 61 Stibnite •••• 12 Stilbite ^8,59 Stilpnomelane 20, 38, o\) Stolzite ••• JJ| Stromeyerite 14, «i Strontianite 40, 60 Succinite 34, os Sulphur • •••• 24 Sylvanite 10,62 Talc 30,01 TantaUte 16 PAoa. Telltfriam 8 Tenorite lo Tetradymite 1" Tetrahedrite 12 Thomsonite 44, 59 Thuringite 26 Titauito 44, 61 Topaz 52, 61 Tourmaline 50, 61 Tremolite 61 Triphylite 40, 61 Tscnermigite 30 Turquois 46, 59 Uraninite 26 Vesuvianite 56, 61 Vivianite 28 Wavellite • 59 Whitneyite ^ Vv iiitsiiiile "i ■" Witherite 40, 50 Wolframite 20 Wollastonite 42, 01 Vulfenite .., 30, 01 Zincite 22 Zircon 52,01 Zoisitc 40, 01 ■'J ! i I r OTHER WORKS by PROF. WHEELER. 4 nKTEUMINATIVE MINEUALOOY. A practical unldo to tho rocognl- tlon of mineral .pedes, chiefly by phynlcal chataclerlBllcB. Price »'•""• NATURAL HISTOUY CHARTS. Five In number, one each of tho fol- inwhur- Mammaua; Biiius; Rkptileb and Fishes; iNVKiiTKBRATKa; ■m^jLs, Rooks and Fossils. In «I1. over ;'« illustration.. Wholly band colored Price of each chart, $7.00. Tho set J30.U0. NATURAL HISTORY PRIMER. A concise descriptive work on ZfH)i.- ooY and MiNBUAUjoY. Price ''•"'• CATALOQU8 POLYGLOTTU8, Or classlflna list of tho niore important animals, minerals and fossils In Latin, E. rU.- h French, Oermn.ai.d Spanish; for Hclculinc Travelers, Collectors, Curators of M'"'-""'" andotbers. Price «"•"" IN PREPARATION. THil CHEJIISTRY OP !3U!?-D!?I" IHATKKTAI.S. C O P Y R I O U T C. GILBERT WHEELER. 1878. I» MINERALOGICAL CHART BY C. GILBERT WHEELER, Professor in the University of Chicago. Formerly Assistant State Geologist of Missouri. The Chart consists of over two hundred colored illustrations of mineral species, including all the most important and typical groups. 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