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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ THE WORKS or HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. T THE WOllKS Of niJIJERT HOWE BANCROFT VOLUME XII. iiisTojjY OF :mexico. ^■oL. IV. lSOl-lS-24. SAN FRANCISCO : A. L. BAXCnOFT & COM PAX Y, rUBLISIIKRS. 188u. Entered acconlinR l.. Art ,.f Cuigross in iIk- Yeiir IsHo, l,y HUBKHT H. liAXntOIT, III IlivOIIic,. ,.f tl„. I.ilpiaiiaii i.f CiMiKri'sH, 111 Washington. All llillhts liiHirnd. coxrE:^Ts OF Tnis voLmiE. CHAPTER I. EtTROPE IN THE KAHLY PAUT OF TIH: NIVKTEENTII CEXTrnV. The Little Man from Corsica-IIo Makes All the WcrM Tionil)!c— (Joii- cml View of Politics imd Society-AttitiKli! of I'higlan.l, I'liissia. and AuHtriii-A fUaiico at Spain'H iristory-lluicrs for Tlirc^o Couturie8— liftrogressionsnnd IJcactions- IViino Ministers—lVa.i; aii.l War— Knglaiid and Franco will not Kt SjianianKs ho Frtiu r...sition of the United States— Chronic IJraggadocio— There are Soldiers und Heroes in Mexico us Well PAGB CHAPTER II. ADMIX ISTHATIOX OF VICEUOY ITCUUIGARAY. 1 803- 1808. Causes of tiic Revolution of Indopcndcnco— Ar-ival of the Viceroy— TTis Antecedents and Comportment— The Vicirogal Family— Soididness of Itunigaray— His Visit to the Mines— rulilic Improveuiunts- In- troduction of Vaccination— Se.iucstration cf rriiitti| lii« Siu'ccssor -I'alc nf Itmii- j;iirity"-< Nuini'Ttfis lie i.i Moiit to S|Viiii— llin U'wh .Sw«'«;tiiii-ut» — llnlli lliirill >>r 'l'n-aM i.i/.\\.\. |s<>p Li/aiiii A|i|iuiiiUMl Vice- roy lic iiiitlaniL's til S|iaiii -Liwiiia'n ( 'liaractcr -Tlii' .Inula ilc .Sc;,'ii- riclail -Iti'Viiliitioii tit N'allu'liiliil -S|)aiii*li Aiiirritaii iN'iirrsciitatinii ill til.' Ciirti's — Lixniin Hniiovccl tioiu ()llii;u — Weak AiltniiiiMtration of till' Ai'.iliiiii ia — rniii li laiiiisaiii'<- .Nnivalol N'ii'i'iny N'liic.'as - Hi-* Aiiti'H'ili'iit.''. (lianiifcr, .'tinl I'l'rHunal .Vii|«'araiii( — 'I'itlcsi ami Iloiuirs fi'iiiii Spain 07 CllAPTKK V. tii'E.MNi; ov TiiK WAii oi imi);i'i;mh;nci:. IMii. Pi\(lii|iiii('iit of (^tiioiV'tnro — Afliurs iti (Ir.aiiajiiato Tlu' Town of llo- Ion ItsC .Mi'^'iU'l lliilalu'o y Costilla— Scii'it Mcitiiius of Kcv- :)liitioniMts - l'.;iiaiio Alk'ii'li' - Plottiii;.; at San Mi^'inl (iinrral PI.. if r Hi 1 '.i' vL'ra 1 iliy — Arrests— Tlio ( 'orrf;:!! li ir 1 m • jiriMiiH'il Ili.s .\Li|iiittal -Ili.i lUdjjrai'liy I'".l (Irilo dt' Iiohircs — IliiUil'jo Mari'lifs to .San MiLMicl — A 'I'umnltiioii.s Arrav — Tin; Satrcil ] iaiiiii I' .^ni-ci'ss of tliL- IiLsiirL't'iitii at San Miiiiul - Pillau'lii'' — Hi- (lal'^o rroilainud ('.'iiitaiiigi'ncral— IIo Kiiturs t't'laya He Ap- jioints a Ni'W A) uiitatnicnto <)»} CIIAriEU VI. •llli: .»I.IIo\I)li; \ or lii.-« Slavery— lli« AiliniiiiMtiativc MraHlllis ilt I iliailli jliutn A Iiifl.iitcil V Ayuiitillllii Iltn lliili 'I'lr.'isui'y - Till' Iii«iir;.'(iitn Mnvc t.iwanl Mi'xii'ci 'I'liljillK l)is|Mitr!i(il til <)|i|i<.nc tlicil' Aitvallcc- 'rii;ji!lii"H I 'liaractcr lliuliiili'.s llini'ia|iliy— 'riiijillu's MnVfim iits- 'liir rialti" of LiM ( 'iiii'cs 'riic lIoyuliHts I'Viroii tin ir Way JJut - 'i'ln ir Iitfcut l!t"_'arilril as a 'rrimiipli-- Alarm in tlic (.'ajiital -Anntin'r Sairctl IJaniicr— lliilal^o I'l'i-jili'M il l.-iS CIIAl'TKll VIII. ritiKaiKss 111 rill. i:i:voLi'Tio.v. < alli'ja'H rreparatiiiiis--Ilis IMop-npliy — Kngngcnienf; nt Qucn'taro — (V- llija .loiii,-* I'mccs w iili I'Miin- Tliaviz IJipiil.-'iil at <,>ii('n tain- CaUo- ja'.". Miiviiiii'iits 'I'lic- l)i>pi'r.sii>ii <>( tlic liisiir':i ntxnt Ariilio - » allcja Jti'tiinii to (j>U('i'('tan>- -( 'liaiaitcf nf Turii's- 1 ii fi n-ixr Miasuics of Aliarca in .lati'-i'ti Insiiruiiit ( ipiiatinii.-i in .lali.-cd Mii^':i;^(iin'iit at ]ji r.aii-:i Till' lliiyaliit.slufiatiil.it Z.uualcii - ( liiailalajara Snirin- (U'I's ti 'rmiis Ml ica.lii (i:iiii.s l'o--( -.-i.iii i.f S;in ]>las -Kevohllioil in Zaiiiti'cas I'liylit (il the lliiri';u'aii.-i - An I'lifui'tiinatr hiti'nilLntu • lii.irto I'hft'i'.s /.'acati c.i.i 'Ilii' Cnuniii.^.'-iiin nf iKirtnr Cn.s .V ]>ariii;j; Si'liunio — San I.iii-- I'litn.^i W'nii liv an Insiiigriit Friar— .\. Troailuroiis ^■isitul'— >an J.iii.i ,'^at Ui «1 I'.l'J ClIAPTKIJ IX. TIIK TatYAl.i.-i ^ i;ii Wli l;l. n! an.v.JIATO. iNlO. Aili'inli' ni'tiirns to ( liiana jiiatn— I'lciarjitimis f.ir IH fi'iicc — Tin; I'ir.st Attai'k— ruUi.'ja'n I'laii I Ir 'raKc-; AII< inli'.s lialtirics (,'alli'ja, tin' Avcni4L'r--lli.-( I'locl.iiiialion- An Mm iiitii'ii Siciii' in tin' .AiliuiiiliLtJi - A (J.-noral I'aiilou J-Attiiili il 'i'ln! < luviiiiiin nt ]Iiii'.;aiii/(il — C'alk'ja .Maivlns for OK THE lU.VOI.ITHiN AM) IIATTI.K OT CAMiKItOM. ISIO-IHII. PAOI Htrtnnsillo'H OprrntinnR in Siimlon — Siicccsdrii nt TloHnrio— Tli.M I)i fi\'it at San I;.'niu'ii>- Sprcail of tlu' Ucvoliition in Xucvo Santaniltr Con- Iiiiilii liiiil Nih'Vo I.fon Iti-vult — Vill«;:van'H |)<>ini;H — liio^'rajiliy of Cniz- I'laii of Callcja- TuMinlt in Vallailnliil — Crnz llntriM \'allailo- liil III' l!c(ir;Lraiii/<'s tlio efeut — Death of Flon — llitiCimr- actur 'jn? CHAPTER XI. ninALuo'H c.MTriiE anu dkatu. 1811. Cruz Joins Pallfja at Guadalajara- ITiimility of tho Autlioncia, rimnli, ami I'liiversity — ( 'alleja I'lstalilishi sa .limta ile Se;.ruiiilail — Cruz l!c- gnhis San lUus— Death of Mercailo — Hiilul'^o Coinpelleil to Surren- der liis Coiiiniand — The Insurgent Leaders Itetiro te Saltillo -They Dei-ido to (!i) to the I'nited Stales — Operations in San I, wis I'litosi — Death of llerrera — Couiiter-rcMilution in Texas — Ca]ilure and F>:e- cutioii of iLTiiaeio Aldania — Klizondo's Treacherous IMot — Capture of llidal,i;o and llevolutionary Cliiefs — Iri; te's Death — The Captivea are Sent to Chihualiua— Their Trial - A' sulo's Deposition — I'lxeou- tions — Eeck'siaaticul .Jiirisilictioii-lliilaluo's LxecQtion — His Char- acter 'Jr^o CHAPTER XII. WOliELOS AND llAYUM. 1811. State of the revolution after Hidalgo's Capture — r.iorrraphy of ^forelos — His (Jharaeter — His Meeting witli Hidalgo and Coinuiission — Morelos in Miehoacan-- The Itoyalist I'aiis Defeated — .Morelo» Marches to Cliilpaneingo— The Family of the IJiavos— Capture of Tixtla — Defeat of the loyalist Fuentes— A Conspiracy Suppressed — Itayon llctieats from Saltillo — Ho Defeats Oclioa— A 'i'errihlo March— 'J'he riatforni of the Insurgent Leader— Itayon Fvaiaiates Zacatecas — Trujillo's Doings in Vallatlolid— Uetreat of the Insur- Heuts -90 COXTKNTM. IX CHAi'TKii XI rr. ESTAIlMSIIMLNr OV Till'. JL'MA UK /itA(Tai:o. PAna Cftllrjd'H NVw SvHtotn of Mili*:.iy Orgtiiii/ntion— SupprcKsioii «{ tlir In- Mirnctimi in N'ucvo Siuii,,; '■•r— l'!uiti<'ati(>ii <>f San J^nis I'citusi — licfiiittil liiMiir^'ctits ill (iiianiij. '.<> I'urli'T's OiHTatiuns in Nufva (iulii'i;*— ToiTf's Activity and Si »t'iity — His I'c'fcat at /.it:u'uan), iiiiii iKatli — Unymi Foi-tiliis Zita'ji.aio — Km pit ran lii'f urns ti)S|)ain — ( ''iiisjiiracy to St i/c tlie \'iit roy — I'lnchiiimtioii u{ Cullija- Kviiits in Michuacun — Couditiou of (juaiiajuato — Spread of the Kcvulutiuu. 317 CHAPTEU XIV. 8Ii;0E OK tTArTLA, ISII-ISIJ. I)(H't(pr Cos Joins Rayon— Tlic npvolntionary IVcss — Prridoxity "f Vi 'iC' gas — ll's'ii Canipilld's I'ailnie ns a MciliatKr — Scoonil Can'] ; ' rn of Miiri Ids- Cailfjii Takes /itiU-uan)- 1 »rstruoti()ii of tin I'jty^ ''tcvfrsfs of I'orlicr — Arrival of Spanish Tioopa — Trinnipluil I'intry of Callrjii into Mexico— .Fcalimsy of Vcm-uas — ('ail< ja Muit'k < against (.'uautla — Description of tho City— Llano at l/.n. ,ir — Callcja lU'piiIscil — CnautU lavcstcil— SuH'ciings of tho IJusicgcl — Moroloa KvacuatfS the City— Callcja llcturiis to tho Capital 343 CHAPTER XV. WAn Me,VSl-UK.S AM) JIOVKMENTS. 181U. rinruicial Distress nnil Ar1>itrarv Measures— Insurjxcnts Sack Iliinmrintla ami Cai)tnrc Train.s — Tlio Sn|ircnia .lunta'.s Movcnionts iiml Acts — Doctor Cos' I'l'ins of Peace and War — Vioere^nl Course- Inile- penileiit Tix'ss— IJail (iiierriilas— llosains and his Tronlile.s — Cam- l)ai;ins in I'uelila, Michnacaii, and llajio dc (inanajuuto — Operutiona of (iurcia Conilo, Negrete, and luitiiidc against Albino Garciu— Cap- ture ami Kml of This Lciider— Torres' Kxeciitirm — 111 Success of Liceaga and Cos iu Uuunajuato— lluids in tiixn Luis Poto^i 37G CHAPTER XVI. PIlflGIlESS OF THE WAR, 1S1'_>. Capture of Tehuacan — Massacre of Prisoners— C>i"ntcs of Maltrata and Zongolica Join the llevolution — Urizalia Captured and Itctakeu — ]!e\-olutionary Plans at \'ci'a Cruz and IVrote— Cominuiniction Ue- opened liy lioyalists — Insurgent Operations — Capture of i'acliuca with Iinincuse Looty — Cruel Shooting of Prisoners— Towns llccap- CONTKXTS. rA3S tured !p'.- J^)VMlists -Ari'isl of Lci>n;irilo IJr.-iv" ;iiiil (^PMi|i;iiii()iis— 'J'Ik ir i;\('i-iitii)ii — Xiililf I)iM'(l lit Nii'ula-t I'.i-.mo — Vciii',l.'iis Oilers I'linlim to r'liiUnt 111 111 Is, anil si llivaiil fm' Murtlufs' Cajitiii'L'— VciiCLriis Jiiiil <'ailiiaiit I'jiiiiity — l.'a\"ii's riisiiiccs.>-fiil AttmU on Toluca — Duluat at 'JViiaii;,'!^ — Di-siicisimi of tlic Siiiiiuiiii' .luiita 397 ClIArTElI XVIT. JIAVON i'i;]>u i.NT; >iiii:i;i.o.s in thk sofTil. isi-j. I'rcsidcnt llaymi at 'I'laljni jaliiia— His llilatioim Midi (he ^'illne^^Ilcs — I'oyali.^l Sui-i't'ssis on tiic Noitli of Mixiro -All'aii.H in Mirlioacaii — Father Saltn ami iiis I",\eeiition — \'ene.;as' San'.'ninaiy 1 )eer( e — Iii- sui'LTent l'iie>t-' I iipriveil of their Innminity - K|.iseii|ial hiiiiU'eicncc — Excitement in Mixieo — Seeonil Anniversary of Imlepen.ii iiee( '> U:- brateil — llanmn liayon's I'rolitahle Movements -Attaek airainst l\- liiii|iiil]ian a I ailure — Kayon's Arran;^'eineiits witli Hoyalist 'I'raiier.s — rrol)oseil ^se^otiations for I'earu — Assault of \ iinhmtjan — Sie_Lro of Jliiahiiajian — Tmjano'.s P.ril'iant ]>efenee — ]\l(irolo,s Conies to the Rescue ami ^\ ins a \'ictory— (iates of Oajaca Oiiciieil to llini 'I'Jt), CHArT]:rt xviii. AMicuic.w .\rr.\ii;.s ix siwiy. ISll-lsl'.'. Govcrninent of Spain— Tho Cortes nml National Sovcreiunty — Clmrnctcr of the .Menihers— The l>i]nitacioii Amei icana ami its I'olicy— Its l)o- inaniLs anil ( hiiracter of Concessions— I)e]inty IVrez fioni I'lnlila — Dejnity Cisiieros Asks for Mexican Autoni^my ami Eventual Imlu- pendi'Uee — Arizjie — ^lier — Forccii Loan — L'ejiicsentation of tiie < 'ou- sulailo of ]\Ie\i(cr>es of tliu Spanish Cortes l»cath of 'J"rn jano Morelos' \isit to O/.umlia- Ho Attacks ii Itoyalist ( 'oiivoy— 'J'akes Orizalia- ])cfi'at on tiie Heijlits of Acnlciniro— Ca|itui'es( )a jaea — Enormous I'moty- Estalilislin.ent of Go\erhment — ^ ictor and MiL:ueI liravo's ( 'ampai.'n to .himilte|jee — Morelus' I'laiis — \'enegus .Superseded- lie\ nw of his JUde 408 1 CONTEXTS. CHAPTi:il XX. ViCEKflV rAM.IMA AM, ijis IT.WS. ISl.'i. xi PAOI Calk.ja s ( ,.ract..r.M.,l Appoaranco-IlMW the A,,poi„tn,..nt wnsTtoocivod' -(nn,lil,n„ .,f Ain,i,s_Frt.sl, Taxos a.ul L(.aMs-|;, ,„,,,w_I„snr. gea^M,f('n,no-Protcstsa.Hl('o„„U.r.a,,i,,.:.ls--l.:x,..„tuf Insum.t.oM-^Call,^,as(.m,j.Mig„Plan-lr,yalistl'usitinn..-V.nlu^ coH l..sc.,-K;,y.,„-s T,.nrof Ins,,.,:ti„n^Q>,a,n.l l..tue.n tl.o Lead- ers— Itui bide s V ictory at Salvaliuna ^o- CHAPTI^Ii XXI. <.n:>;ATIONS AUA.Nsr uavov, viu.ackan, anu usuuso. isi;i. Si..gn of Ccrro d.-l Gallo-Ti,o l«„i.so„c,l AVolI_I„s„r.e„t Fo.vo. an.I their Jaot.cs--Mov..,n.Mtsin ( i.ianajnato-^Swav of 1|„. VUhvvnu^^ -ih.-u- .Siid.kn Fall-lluastcra CaM,nai,.^n-();„n,o and i,i. Trni- t<..y-ro.T..uo-s Military I'ro.n.uad.-^Osorno Ir;.,.r..sMl,l,. - Adn,i„. I.trat.oaoU_ruziMX..w(;alK.ia--F,ontic.r()iK.,.ation.s-('i,..,,,.lal.ake m.d ,t. Lavor«_Divi«ioM .,f F,„vi,,i,, Jatcrnas-Lara-. Fxploi,, iu ioxus— A 1' hckcr iii tliu Orient 513 CHAPTER XXII. CoNiuiKss or ririLiViNciMio. lsi;j. Mor o. March to Aonr.doo-jre ]Vsi,.ges a. d Captun. It-RovaHst ..■ac.t>,..-.rK.xt b-CueniUas and tl.eir I)oin,s_|!,.avos ,),„.,.- t.ons -11,, ]..i.„,,e at Alvarudo-Sie^e of roso.nat,,,.,. ^-, ),.L|,a Nn.pnsed--Secon,ll;oyali.stJ)efeatatSanA,,,s,,n,I,M..,l ,\i,, < -ns..,iu,.n.rs--l)i.sr„rd in tlie Siipronia .lunla-Con..ess of Chil- l-n.-.ngo--l:ayon-H Artion-Mo.vlos the (lene.-alissin.. an,I Sie .Kda Naeion-Deelaraliou of National Ind.i.eKd,.ne.,.-C„n.slitntio, oCbUltS m — :)4.-) CHAPTER XXIII. KAIL OF >Io|;KI.o,S. IM.-! ISll. ^lol'elos ^larches ,i Vim M.u-che« against Valladolid-ralleja's (^nntor.n,ovonu.nt-Fo- pnseatt e< .te of Zapote-^ J.-Uliant rha,^o l.y ItuHade-^Lofeat •N.l Leavh of Matan.o,.os_Tho (^ongres.s Asserts It.self-Ar.nijo vemn.s eepau I-n.inee_,;ah.ana Fdls_>Ialea,hninistntion L Uajaea-Alva.,.za Inuniphant JJut.y-The ]■ uchanted Mountain- xu CONTEXTS. TAOE Spoouliitions with Convoys — Qnarnl nnd Misconiluut of Rayon and liosains — Ilxpcditioii against Zai'atlaii and Flight of liayoii — Man- huutin'' ill tlie Jeiitral ProviiiCLS 500 CHAPTER XXIV. CONSTITI TIONAL CHANGES. 1S14. Changed Aspect of tlic Revolution — Depression on Both Sides — Pro- posed llc'striction of Passports and I'^xport of Treasure — Causes of the Exodus of the Spaniards — Fresh Taxes — Restoration of Fer- nando VII. — Constitution of 181'J is Annulled and Autocr.acy Reiis- tahlished — Feeling in New Spain — Insurgent Constitution — Its I'ro- visions and Analysis — How it was Received — Election cf Olllccra under the New Constitution — Liceaga President — Cimiineuioriitivo !Medal— I'onstitutiou Ordered Read by the Curaa — Relations with the United States 502 CHAPTER XXV. DEATH OF MOUELDS. ISl.i. The Revolutionists on Ci'iporo Hill — Positions of the Instn-gent Forces — l)eteniiination of Calleja — Siege of Ci'iporo — Re])ulse of ItuiMde — Attempted Surprise of Jilotepec — Ramon Rayon is Shorn (jf his Triumph — Claverino's Movement Southward — Iturhide Chases the Congress — Insubordination of Doctor Cos — He is Arrested and Cnu- demned to IX'ath, but is Discharged— Death of Doctor Cos — His Character — The Revolutionary Government Migrates — It is Over- taken at Teznialaca — Capture of Mortlos — His Trial — Degradatio\i and Penance — The Last Auto-de-fO — Execution of the (Ireat Leader — Relleetions on his Character — Two Mexican Writers on This Period G08 CHAPTER XXVI. LAST CAMPAUIN.S CNDKB CALLEJA. 1815-1810. EfTcct of Morelos' Fall — Respective Strength of Insurgents and Royalists — Intrigues and Overthrow of Rosains — He Joins the ICnemy — Teran Rises in I'ame and Influence— Arrival of the Congress at Teluuican — It is Forcibly Dissolved — Tiie Ooazacfialco l']xpeditio'- —First Naval Victory for the Mexican Flag — The Mounted Raiders of Apam Plains— Osorno's Last Campaign — Tlio Convoy Service in Vera Cruz — Miyares' Measures for its Pi-otection — Ojierations inider A'ictoria and his Associates— lira vo and Gueri'cro on the South Coast 0-li I PAGE 5Gn 5t)-> 008 CONTEXTS. xiii CHAPTEll XXVII. VICEROY APODACA ANI. Ills VlCOUurs MEASrRES. lsl()-lsi7. Causna Wliiuli Sustaineil tlio Itevoliitioii— llcviow of Callcja's Tulc— '^'^'"' CIiaractiT of tlio Xow A'iouroy Ajiodaca— .Mua.snics to (lain Adlio- siun— Conil.iiic.l Moveniciit a-aiimt Tthuacaii— It.s Sio-oaml Siinvii- ,]oi-— IVplorahIo Woakiicss of Tfraii— Vora Cruz i.i Nuopt l.y iho ] loyalists— Tlicir Successes in Mizteca— Tiie Comicil of Jaiijilla— Strife ill .Miciioaean— Tariiislicil Ucpiitatioii of Kamou ILiyon— The Five ^'car-i' Siege of Mcscala is i:nitatVlsliiNAL J( NTA. ISJl-lSL-J. Iiit<-, Acapulco, ami N'cia (.'ruz— Munlrr nf ('iiliintl C'l'iu'lia — Fliglit of KiiiNipeaiis — Tliu I'li'ss — Tolitiial lactions — Miasiire.i lor Coiivokiii;^ Congress — ItiU'l)iile's Tntci fcriiiii--Coii- spinicy — Its Failure — ( 'onditioii of tUc Countrj' — Tlic Ui\ cnnr — 'I'lic Miiiiiiir Inilustry — .\ Forceil I^oan aii'l Ai-liinary Mcasnii s -Kcor- gaiii/uitioii of llio Ani;y — Cniun of Central Ann ricu wit li tlu' llui- jiiic — Measures f(ir its l.'ijinsentaLion — iulKctiuns on tlir Ailiuinis- truliiiu of the .Junta ~'M CH.VPTER XXXII. TiiK Kiii-r (ON<:i,i.v; AM) iii;si' i;Mi'i;i;ori. 1, s •-••_'. The Installation — TakinLT the Oath umUr I'nssire— The I'irst MisuiKlcr- staniling— Political Parties — Measures f(.r Kiliit' nf thcTnasury — l)is.i_'ieeinents on the Army (^'uestion A ('(Uinter-rivolnt ion — (ien- cral n.iviia's Action -Iturtiide and CoiiLfressat Oinii War Proirress of ]!( publicaiiisni - Itnrliiile I'rcn [aimed Mm|ieriir Ipy a l'i'(iular Enieuti — A Stuiniy ( 'oniriisaional Session - A>:nstiu 1. llec.iuni/c d^ Jmv in the Pru\ incis — Tlie luiperial I'aniily and ilnuselKjUl I)illi- culties of the Treasury — Tiie ( 'ouncil nf State — Tiie Coronalioii. . . . 7"'7 CHAPTER XXXIir. DETIinONEMI^NT ANIi UKATU Ol' 1 LI Illilnn. Iiianj^ir.-ition of the Order of Ouadalnjie— Padio Mier — Short lived Ilar- niiiny — Arrest of lUputiis- Itnrhide Attemjits to ];eor;,'anize Con- gress — His Preposterous (.'lainis — Ho ])issolve.s tho Asscmhlj- — A Jviiita Instituyento Ivstahlished — Apimipriation of S|ianiarils' Money — All'airs at Vera Cruz — Santa .Anna in L)isgrace — Ituiliide \'i.sits Jala|ia — Santa Anna JIuvolts — Ivepulilicanisni I'roclaimcd - i'rn_;reHs of tlic Insurrection — Reverses- InllMenet! of the Masonic Order — Chailge of Taetics^Plan of Ca^a Mata— Iturliiile's Coneili itory Ac- tion — Con-rresa Re installed -Tiie Mmijcior Alnlicatt's— Ilis hipart- ure from Mexico — His Keturn and 1' a'Ji 771' ITLSTOIiY OF ^lEXICO. CHAPTEll I. KrnnPI.:iXTlIKH.\];(.V|.Al;TnFTlll.:xlN,:Tn,xTir.KXTniY. Tin: Lrm.,: M.v n:„M rnu^us- lU: M,u.r< A,, thk W,„m „ Tu,M,,r --(.iMKM. \,Ku „K !■„,,,„•. ,^,. S,„,Krv_Vnrn,„.: u, Kv,:, ,.„' ' I ,''"""u ""p"""'"^ -'i:-'— -I'l.MKM.S... iA,:,.s ,..: rK,:K-I-„.,rn„x „r ,,,:; INm:,. Statks Chk.n,:. ];,m.. «.U„Kio-l,„,K,, .xn,; S„u,„.,:s .N„ |I,;„„;s ,x M,VH„ .,s \V,.,M,. At IIk- oprni..- nf til.' nii.rttvi.tl. 111 .-i slat,o .,t umi.sual <-<.iimioli.)ii. 'J^'Ihto jj-i,l -;""•; I'-.u Corsica 1,. J>a,is a |„.u-lc-^..,|, olixv- ••li';*'kc(l]i(,tl,. iiianuI,ol,a,ls..tt!u.niK.rs\;rtl..M.aHl. :i>" 'iH-HMviMMiiui Kvlln- .ars. Tl.ry nv,,-. ,.x,,,,,,|. iii-ly In.jliU-ii.d. and kii.'w not v.lial in ,1,, l-\„.ll,is I'|T.,,na-.. l.a.l s..t at w-.ik s^vral liun.hva tliousan.Is ;'' l'"";^-;'':i;''-ts killil.-rar!, ..tllrr; tn what MI,r|)M.,. 't |H.:'zl...! tl...... tosay. i:Ml..ssituasl„sh.uvl,..u-to •iiak.' sand dcnkcvs of il,,,,, alk-oi,Jv d.mkovs 'HH' to,,. s.ns,|,|elK.a,st.st..,.ut and ina, .;.!,. and n.urdor ;:"k -tli'T- m such a wl.uloulc nmnnwat tlio insti.-a- tlon o( jiiiv o!io. '"' -l."iiis W'l. was n-iiillotinod in i7_ j}j !>; i)r('(io- 77!» ^vssor aU.raJileord..|K,urlu,yNvi!l. his I'.mmadonis :nid DuUuTvs, an,l und.-r tin., intoikvtual lil.oHinisni >;l \"1airuan(l JJ.,nss,.au, had '■' ''^v,l' J;'l ^'^-^-^'l ''V tk^- .storiiiing of the JJa.stilc EUllOPK AT TflE OPEXIXG OF THK CENTURY. iiildst, uiol)s ,'111(1 bloody revolution. Paj)t'r money \v;is niudo. lleixulitai'y titles were discontinued. ClHin-li jiroperty av;is seizetl. Cliri.stianity was al)olishe(l — thoiii^li reestablished bel'oro 1801 — and reason was eiitlii'oiied. 'J'lie constitution was cliani^'ed, and a species ol" bastard re[)ublicanisni propagate(b As the head of" Louis Capet I'olled u[)on the scatTold, iiisidti"! I'nyaltA' rose throu<>hout Europe. ]]ut Frautx' was still nuul, and it was n(^t until Itobespierre was bnjught beneath the guillotine that the reign of terror was ended. And thus was o[)ened the way for Xapoloon Uonaparte. Taking the ])opular side in the revolution, and witli the aid of his matchless military genius, Xa})(»leon was general of the army at the age of twenty-iivo. In 17i)() ho drove back the Austrians and conquered Italy. Venice lell the following year, and the cisal- ] ine republic was formed out of the ^[ilaneso and ]\Iantuan states. I-]gypt was attemj»ted in 1798, but Nelson was in the ^Mediterranean and i)i'evented the loss of India to (Jreat Jhitain. The following y<'ar the First Consul's pr(H)osals of peace to England were decidedl}' rejected by George III. Austria's turn came again in 1800, and in 1801 the noithern king- doms were uriited in a league against England. In ISO'J France regained her islands in the West Indies lost by Louis XV. to the English. The Codi' Xn- polcon was formed. X'^otv/ithstanding the peace of Amiens, in ] 803, Great Eiitain was pricked into fresli outbreaks. ]Made em[)eror of France and king of Italy in 1804, X'a|)oloon, who was so sadly disturbing the time-honored balances of power, now found united against him, England, Kussia, Austria, and Sweden. The name of 1805 was played off Trafalgar and at .Vust(,i!itz, and at its close all Euntpc lay at the feet of the little man from Corsica. Prussia claimed his attention in 180(3, llussia in 1807, Si)ain in 1808, and Austiia in 1809-10. Ilc'-e marks the highest point attained. In 1812 came the Ilussian c unj )aiLrn ; m FRANCE AND ENflLAXD. 1S1.3 llio French armies were driven Irom S[)aiii; and ill 1S14 Xa[)()lele, but it was checked without dilliculty bv the stron-*' arm of roy- alty. Francis anti Fi-ince !Metternich ruled Austria than ii'on despotism, in'eventin. With the centuries Spain has continued to decline, until it is many times thou-'ht that the bottom has been ri'ached, but only after a little rise to find a lower dc[)th. Yet, during a j)ortion of the three im- becile reigns of the seventeenth centiu'v — Feli[)t,' 1 11., 1508-l(J-il; Felipe IV., 1 02 1-ICC;!: and (Virh.s II., 1GG5-1700— we iind continued for a tinuj the brilliant age of literature and art, dating fr^;m the I'uh^ of their [)redeeessor. There are l.uis de Leon, (,'astilian Cervantes, ].(ope de Vega, and C^)ucvedo; Calderon do la Barca, and other writers; and Kibira, Velazipiez, and ^[urillo, painters, ^leanwhile the army becomes greatly denujralized; the country is left almost de- iliK-eless; the naval strength is reduced to ncjthing; 4 KL'inji';: AT THi; opexixu of th:-: ckxti'iiv. tlio incrcliiiiit inariiic is next to iiotliiiit;, ilic art of slii])-l)uil(liiin- l)i'iii^' lost, Italy, P'raiicc, and MiiL^laiid rio(l of rcpuliliranisni, 18G8-0, Aniadi-o of the house of Sa\(>y, 1 871-.'5, then more republican dictatoiships, and linallv the house of Jjourbon aijain restored in till, person of Alfonso XII. Out ol' the necussar}' discipline incident to the war of the suci-ession grows souic improvement. A'^ri- culture and industry are revived. Ijc^islation is in some (leLXree purilied. llie winn's of the liolv see are clijiped, and tlie church strij)ped of pai't of its prop- erty and iritlueii'-e. Fernando \'I., beino-smail in bodv, weak in mind, I'uUof i'ear and hypochondria, and witlnd of a hind and benevolent disposition, the country re- cuperates Somewhat under his rtile. lictrenchmeuts are made. The iiKjuisition is emptied. Some dei'ences are restored, industry and connnerce are cultivated, and other refoi-ms instituted. Carlos III. is an abler man and makes more mis- chief. Church and in«]uisition are still further checked and the Jesuits are expelled. Among the ret'ornieis of the ])ei-iod are Count Aranda, an Aragon graiide of French [(roclivities and I'riend of A^oltaire; Count Campomanes, a man of culture and literary activity, a })atriot and friend of ])rogress; and Count Florida- blanca, who in 1777 succeeds Canniomanes as prime minister. The last nan'.ed is less bigoted than his age. though opposed to French radicahsm; while re- ; DKCADKNCR OK SPAIN". siraiiiliin' tlic iiilliicMci- (if tlu- rluin-Ii, lie jtrotccN it. lie is ;i iiiiiu «»l" talents aiid cultuiT, Ic^s statesman lliaii iiiaiiaii'ei', an< 11. lieviii'T ill autocracv and unrin tioiiini^' «)lJe^licn<■c^ ]>iit whatever tin; prineijiles Ik LI in tlieory, jmt into piaetioe tliroULi'li the a'4"ene\' n\' ignorant, indolent, and con-uitt otlieials, they Tail iai' slmrt of tlieir i>ur])osG. There is hostility with \']\\j; land in l771)-8.'{. In 17(Sl-2 Spain }tuts down ai iiisnD'eetion of the inea, Tupae Aniarn, in Peiii, and the thonsand years' war with the Mahometans i.s ter- nnnated tjie 1 n'ace' OT . fAl '•iei-s m 1 7 SO. \\'ith the aeeession of ( 'arlos IV. ends th o cixx h of reform. Dismal indeed are the next thirty years, dm-- iw'j; whieli ooeiir the errand linniiliatioii at the ha;il of Honaparte, and the loss of nearly all the ti'ans- itl; Hide colonies. Th u! Kmu' rs a liandsoine, iti'iioranl L;-ood-nature(l imhecile; and his wil'e, Maria Luisa, an anil/itious and ])assionate proili;_;'ate, is the true rul. r Ol Spain, l^^loridahlanca and Aranda ai'c alternatcdy removed and recalled, finally to make way foi- ^[anu( 1 (iodoy, a yoiin^' ofilr-or, .nid the (pieen's favorite, im- pudent, inconn>etent, amhitious, and thoroiiL,ddy im- moral, s^^eophant or conspiratoi- accord in' lor bread. Finances ai'e wrecked, the army is rendered weak and worthless, and education aiid industry arc again prostrated. ( Jalieiaand other pri ••i)V inces I'evolt, and ])resently the French are upon thein, and Spain is little hetler than vassal. TI le po :ico of I3asel, 17').')-(') — as is calleil the friv- olous farce which pretended to i'wc tlnj (.'ountry of t! rencii, w hik ity 1.1 in reality [.lacmg ino peninsula s th y the Iui;j;lisli, who sweep (!i(« ^Ic-diterrane.-iii and Oai'ihltean seas, ami sow discord ani<»ii,!jj the colonies. ])ui'in:L;; the ])ast three years there has heeii "J. 44a, 000, 000 reals income, and ;',7 I 1,- UO(),()(J0 oiit^^-o. There is in circulation I,l)b0,000,0(j.) jjaper money curivnt in 17l)'J at forty jtor cent dis- couid. lieH'^ion is eveiy where })rosont as the liand- ni.iid of \ici'. A jieaci; i^ sillied in 1801 between France and Sjiain, with (Jodoy as the cnatnre of isapoleon. Jn thick succession otlier wars are fol- lowed hy other iLinominious tivaties. Jn 1808 the French are in S|)ain; Carlos abdicates; Godoy ih.'cs liefure the fury of the |toj»u]aco; and Fernando \'1I., idle, incoinjietent, and faithli'ss, a coward and a hyi»o- crite, base, trie];y, and a debauchee — thest; aie some of the many c[)iLhets Justory a|i[tlies to this monarcli — is named successor. After a royal pupjiet-jtlay, with Murat as maua'^er- general, durin^n' which Carlos is for a moment ret-aih'd, while Fernando abdicates, the ]]nL;lish, thirty thou- sand strong;, are in the j)eninsula. At Aranjuez the supremo junta sits undei' tlie presidency of Floridu- ]>lanca. Then comes Na[)oleon to S[)ain; and ibr a time Jose})h Bona[)arte hokls the reins of goverinnent. In 1810 — Caracas, in Venezuela, breaking into revolt, and Uuenos Aires .shortly after — the cortes assem- ble at Cadiz. A constitution is drawn up in 18r2, which, under the impulse of the universal progress of liberty, abolishes seignorial I'ights, tortuiv, the incjiii- i-ition, and most (jf the convents. It is almost repub- lican in its tenor, too liberal Ibr the jtlace and the time, and so does not hold; and Spain still labors under the crushiuLi: weiu^ht of absolute monarehv. Fernando, reinstated in 1813, swears to the consti- tution (jf 1812, intending never to keep it. There T 1 4 I I AMi:i:lCA DIVOKCKD. 11' vol* was a ])(Hir1)on ulio was no i a (1( 4. I (Mir Cj-nclis mark Iiis n-i^ii: tlic traiisiriit ta.stis of jMiwrr lu'loi'f and after iJoiiajiarte; tin ii lo tlio Aiidaliisiaii i\viiluti(»ii of 18-0, iit fnilh in opposition to crown and clerjLjy; the tiiird IVom l.sjo — when the Spaniards rebel, and ]'\rnando is forced hy jKipnlar elanior to {'onvt»ke the cortes, call f'r.>in the ^alleys to the pi'incipal })ortfolios llerreros, l*ti(>z ile Castro, and the two Ar^iiielles — to the fall of (Vuli/. and the constitutional •Government in 1 S-J;!, ;i coiimi-css of I'^nropean powers at V erona Jiavniij^ reestaMi.^li the authorit V of the kin'4', the national militia hein'. iMeanwliile orLiamzed th »l'e ss ( lei'lai-ed I'ree, and tin eCCd- inpii-sitiou aholished; and lastly, the tleoade pi iu'^ the kinj^'s death, durinjj which despotism is r>'- vived, and money matters demoralize!, ccpense^ amounting' to 700,000,000 I'eals per annum to he met 1)V a. revenue of 400,000,000. ]>ut by this time Ameiica and Eurojie are ]>i'(>fly Veil separated politically, never aon the death of Fernando VII. in 1815.'], his dauLihter Isabel II. beinjjf but three years of a^\>, the child's m(.>ther, Cristina, is named rej^^eiit; but t!ie late king's brother, Don Carlos, op[)oses with de ;m- Itting var. With ]i)ritish aid. howevei-, the (p,i -('11 tiiumphs in 1840. Still S])ain is torn b}' detestald j stril'e. jNtillions of miserable wretches nuist stai\o and bleed over the issue to determine which shall rule of two of the vilest specimens of the dominating class ignorance, superstition, deceit, and incestuous, idit A'ictol' Ijniliniel nf It.dy, is cleeled Un^r. Alter \;iinlv slrl\in'4 to rcconeile roiitendln' lactions, in 1^7:: conu's the Curlist war, and the I'ol- lo\vin;4 year .Vniadeo abdieates, when a re|tnl»lie is jir<»clainied. 'Die (aihnt! of its t'oi'ees a;^ainst th'; Cailisls, howevi r, hiinL;'s ronnd ni<»narehy a-^ain in the piTson ot" All'ons*!, IsalxTs son, in li^7,"), AltoiLjjel her this ^^•l■nando |iresi;nts one ofth" most coritoniittilile eharactiM-s of hlstoi-y. "1'he eons]iirator of the escuiial," he has heen called, "the rehel of Aranjiiez; the rohher of his father's ('ri)\vn; the woi-m bcjuirniinn" at tlie feet of Ids enemy at JJayonne; tin; (•a[)tivLM)f X'aleneay, Ijcijuini^ hits of colored rihl»(»n from Naj)oU;on while his people were poMi'in'^^ out their blooil and ^'old to ^'ive him haek his crown; the jaileT ef the illustrious statesman to whom lie owed the lestoration of that crown; the peijured villain who spontaneously enga;^ed to be true to the constitution of 1812, and then eons[)ired to oveithrow it the day aftei' he had sworn; the ])ronioter of anarchy during' (he three years of constitutional n'overiuncMit; the in- v )ker of the JI0I3' AHiancij and the intt rveiition of France; tlie author of imnunerahle [)roscriptions; the coarse \o lui.t uai'v I'V'rdi maud ieaves n<» meiiiory but that of a man worthy of our proR>uudest scorn. Thus we have -een how at the Ix'g'inniu'j^ of the present century ; Europe was at war. TIm most intelligent, civili/ 1, aixl christian nations oi" I he earth were liolly i ^^a'^^etl in such senseless (piarrels as would make a sax ^e smile; and for lack of any otiier method of settleni' it, like sava^'es tliey were fai'iii;^ on each other to kiH, burn, or otlu;rwise daniai^'e and destroy as best they were abl(3. France in particular v.as pouring out her ])est blood and ti'easure at 1 he caprice of a despot whose paramount aspiiaLiv»n wai Tin: r.LK ssiN'os or war. to j»liiiiu<' ln'J" ill tli'tp alKiscnu'iit. JO\t n tin- i»(>|)(! liiiiisclt'aliDnt thai time had lu-iMi iijv»?i the war-path, si!iid<»ni, Aiiii'iica owes much. 'I'o llic sillv -Inl i: H'oiicaii iiowcis Anii'i'ii'a owes more than to jinv hutchciin<' done liv hci' own hand.- It was (UK sc 1 , to tliis pi-t 'occupation, and to tin; weakness thciifr aris- in;^', i'ath^\' wis- dom, ]iatriotism, (tr |)ower on the [)art of'tlu^ eoloiiist.-i, ilM'^li^h or S[iaiiish, that their inde[)i'iideii('(; was iifhii'Vcd. There are foolisli wars, and there are nee(\ssary wars: joolish sonietinies on both sides, always I'oolisli on one side. lEundi-eds of wars there have hceii, and will he, which leave the eonil)ataiits, after teariiiL^ cac!i other like vt>lves i'or a time, exactly as at the ont liesortinii' to war lor freedom or tin; inte''"ritv of the nation is not the same as war for the ai'ran;^cmeiit of diiKreiiccs which after any amount of liL;htiiiL;' can only Ik,! settled ii[)on Some hasis of cipiity which has to he determined upon other principles than thos<^ of arms. It is hetter to iig'ht than to lie a slave. It is not well to iii^ht simply for power or ai^j^randizement, since the issui! is based on injusti(;(>, and is sure to he tran- sient. It is not woi'th while to fi'dit i)Urelv for the mastery, as it is foreordained that n(j man shall he master on thi.s planet. The United »States had finished the war which ijave them their i'reedom; and were now busy trvinn' to iMise money, frame a eonstitution, and or!jfani/.e a j^'ov- ei'iimeiit, while turniiiLT an honest penny by I'nrnisliin'jf ^^upphes to the combatants v/ho were still destroy in It o 10 ErKoI'l'! AT Till'] OPKNING OF THE CENTUliY. tlioiusclves in Europe. When EiiL^laiid iuid Fiance OiU'li pionoiinoed the ports of the othci" flostnl against conniu'cce, and the I'ornier persisti'd in ehiiniing a liglit to search American vessels lor desei'ters, Uic I'^niUvl States I'oihid the shipment of Anieriean prochuts to Euroj»e, and declared war against JOngland. After indulging in some foolish tighting, uncalled for and resulting in no adequate henelit, though attemled with much misery and Idss of life, commissioners met at (ihent and adjusted their dilferences, which might just as well have been done before the war as after. It has l)ven the fashion, in various (piarters, be- cause the noithern confederation of states has ])ros- pered more and reached a liigher ])lane of distinc- tion and powt'r t'lan the united provinces of ]\[e.\.i('o, unduly to extoll tin.; ibundei's of the former, and ritlicule tlu; pretiiisions topatrii)tism, iutcill-ence, and skill on the part of those who fought f )r the dehv- eivmce of the lattx-r. It is pleasing to tell stori(!S to ciiiklren, and talk among ourselves of the superior courage and self-denying heroism of those who Ibught on our side in the dark days of American revt)lution, above those who fought against us; but it- is a form of egotism in which I cannot indulge, unless the assertions conform to the facts of history, whicli in this instance they do not. Fortunately for the repu- tation of our early heroes, their associates and subor- dinates, our histoiy is written by men of our own nation, ]n'iniari1y to feed our vanity; to accomj)lish which purj)ose that which is damaging to our side- in so I'ar as is politic and practicable— is toned down or ouiitted, while that which is damaging on the other side is eni})hasized and exaggerated, and vice versa. If we would know the truth, we should sometimes look fairly into the character and deeds of some who were not citizens or soldiers of the United States. Those Avho fought for our independence; those who sufiered unrewarded and died unknown, as well as those wlioes names ai'c I'eniembered and honoreil, and MODERATION IX SKLF-l'RAISE. 11 v.iio live t(i-«l;iv ill our lu'urts, (Icsci-vo all [)rais(\ T>ut that as a class tlu-y were superior to their op[)()nc^iits; iliat tliey wei't' so ^•reatly superior to those who louj^lifc I'lr the same o1)jet't iu ^[e'\i^o, as we have heeu taUL;'ht |i> Itclieve, is not true, Lecky, with luaiiy other-s, holds that the}' have been "very unduly extolled," and that "the j;nt the better of eveiy other consideration, and al- most every (»rd(M' of men." Let us then learn to omit some portion of our self- (hilation in s[)cakinL'' of oursi.'lves, some portion of our pread-eau'l e an* 1 I' lurt li-O -July buncombe aiu d b om- bast in s[)eakiiiL;' n[' our country, to practise a little less hy])oerisy and humbui^ in our politics, to say nothin:^ of bribery and otlun- corruption which is quite rank enough iri our republic to-day. iMU'ope was bad enough, as we have seen, without ;miv accentuation: monarchies were bad enou^'h, the chief rccoiumeiulation of the rulers beinj^ that they !;i;i(le no pretensions to honesty or }»iety, or rather mad;' tlieir piety to suit their honesty. And now with tliis showiii!'- of tlie inlluence fr()m wliich the pcol lie of •Ives, I w lie Xew ^Vorld determined to free theui- 11 [iroeeed to sliow how it was done. n CHAPTER II. ADMIXISTRATIOX OF VICEROY ITUKRIGARAY. 1S03-1S0S. C.vrsF.s OF TiiK IIkvolition of IvnF.rKNDi.NCF. — Ai!i;i\AL OF THF, Vkeiiov — Ills Antkckdf.nts and Co.mpokt.mfnt — Tin; Vn kukcal Family— So u- l»ri)M:ss OF iTriiiiicAUAY — IIis Visit tc> iifK Minks -I'lisiic Imi'|;i>\ l- MENTS—I.\riioiirtTi()\ OF Vaccination' — SKcjrKsi'KAriuN' uv PrioFKirrv — Efff.ct ox tiif, I^\ni> ()\vnki;s — IlrMiiiii.D'r's \'isit— Inikhnaiihn \l Complications — Dkmands for 'ruKAsriiE — Dn ticcltiks with tiik Umtfd Statfs — War with Enoland— Mii.iiary Prki-akations — EiROPKAx Affairs — Abdication of Carlos IV.— iTrRuioAiiAv's 1n- differkncf — I'fff.cts in Mexico hf Events in Spain — I'ower of tjie IxynisITION — AXTIICDE OF THE PrESS— SPARKS OF IIeVOLUTION. WiiEX tho subjects of Sjiaiu in America awolt that had come to Eiiglantl's colonies wo find amoii';- the nnidest of Mexico's wrongs — so mild, indeed, that they were scarcely felt amidst the others weightier. Hitherto, they had expected, as a matter of cours(% that the king ol' Spain would make such laws for his ]»rovinces as suitecl him. }[ewas to his people al- mighty powei', differing in degree rather than in es- sen(^e from the power of the almiglity, and they liad learned to ol)ey the one as the other. And if at tho first there had been no more than the English colonics had to complain ol" — such as the interposition of au- thority between th(^ jU'ojilo and laws of their making, ig re[)resontative bodies, rostricL- dissolving or forbiddii O 112; I'OSlTIOX OF TIFK CJiKOI.KS. 13 VlfEIMIV— .MILV — Siili- I' IMl'l;iiVL- 'i:()n;i;i"i' — •■.liNAl'lliN \L WITIC TlIK \JtATIONS — ■ VKAV'S In- \'i:ii (JF TiiJi X)X. \o\<.i' to .\soiit no 1 of ()[)- iiuIcTju;'.) IC WOl'.st ainoinjf c± that ^•liticr. courso, for liis iplo al- 1 ill es- loy liatl ' at tlio 'oloiiit's I of au- iiakiii'^', osti'i'jL- in,n' liilgratlon find population, rr^nilatin^- tlir admin- i..tratii)ii of justice, creatine' and sustainini^' uiMi.'crssnrv oHicurs,]vCv])innranion!j;-tlieni standi n;^- a I'liiios, iiii].i»-;i>iM- taxes, inli'rl'urenee in eonunercc, and otlici- lilvc littir; thin<,^s — there nii^-ht Jiave heen to this day n<> separa- tion from tile mother countiy, except, inde^.d, i( ]i;,,l been tkc fdlin^--in-i»ieces from natural decav. I sav sucli was thi; I'eeliiiL;' before revolution was tliouulit of: after the people bcL^'au to consid.M-, then certain of t]\v royal edict, and to the end ihat all in ]\lexico mlMht iho niore and l'ore\-er be bound I)ody and soul to Spain. Thus ^^hile preti'iidlng to parental cai\', tho Spanish nionarchs would reduce the colonists to the position ol serfs. In Xow Spain the first Creoles' were identified 'Tlu' iliotiolKirv il. liiiitiou of cnMilc is a n.'iti'c r.f Spiuii^ii .\incfi,';i, l,(i-ii 14 ADMIXISTRATIOX OF VICEROV iminKiAIlAV. with till' l^nrojK'aii S{)ani;ir(Is, and for soviral snc- (>,M.;|iii^- L;-('iieratit»iis the ties of ])areiitaij;'e prevailed (>\fi- the distinctions of uationahty. It lias lieiii claimed that even when thes(,' honds of consanjjfuinity v/ei'o loosened hy the ever increasini^ nunihers of tht; creol(» iiDjMilation and the diveri^'ence of interest-^, union between the two classes was still maintained a^ a security au;"ainst insurrection of the native races. Indc'd, Ihunholdt assigns this as a reason for the |.assiv(-' tolerance which the Spanisli Americans e\- hihitcd dui'int;' a long ])eriod of o[)])ression. ])Ut this was not all the reason; it was not in fact the chief or trui! reason. It had hecoino so ingrained in their nature, the doctrine of loyalty, obedience to rulers, the divinity of kings, that to repudiate in any wist' this ide'a w s to delV the power of the ahni<''htv, and bring (leserv(Hi death and the pains of hell. Jt was sin aiiainst God to disobey tlie king; and this rather than fear of uprisiuLi's held ^[exico so lon<'' i:i servllitv. While such a state of thing's lasted, the Spaniards in Spain ccndd (U'}tri\-e the Spaniards in -Viaerica — or rather their desci'udants — of their legit,- iniate iiolitii'al status, and aggrieve their riLihts with impunity: but none the less in due time did J'^uropean }'.rlendence. They were, in the inverse oi'der of I'f- fi ct, social jealousies, exclusion iVom prefeiMueiits, and the odious s\-stem of couuuercial monopoly enjoyed from ;i rosiilcnt '''ihaMtant linrii in Eiiroiic, as well a« from the oH'spiiii,' "f uiixfil liliii'l, as (if mulatto, lioni of a negro motlier, or of mestizo, lioru of an li'.ilian inotlier. 'J'o this detinitiou as regards creole I adhere; hut in ri- gard in the wurd 'mestizo,' f apply it geucrally to any intunnixturc of native Aiaerieaa and Euiu]^ieau blood. T SI'.\MATJ)S AI-ONK SIIAI^L IirLK. 13 ev>,'r (if ci- 1)V ilu: S[);iuiar(1s. Witli ron^ard to ^lu.' lir^t, \i is nii- lu'ccssai'V to cnlar^'o upon what has ,;oei» said in tho previous vohimo;'" hut tho <'|uostion of ])ohtical, mili- tary, and t'ccli'siastical [)rt'ft,'ruu,'uts I'lMjuirrs ctnisidcra,- lioii, inasniucli as tho ext'lusiou of oroolcs iVoni thcui is as stiH'iiuously denied l)y the advocates of the Sjian- isli faction as it is einphaticallv ass(;rted hv those of the Creole class. Althoun'h tho Spanish Ainoi'ican Avas eli^'ihli! to all olKces, from the lo\V('st to the \ici'- re^^d (h,L;'nitv, the hi^'her wc.-re almost exclusively liHcd hymen iVoni Sjiain;"' and in sj)ite of the assescrations to the contrary,* it cannot bo denie*! that promotion to ini]>ortant jxjsilions was pr-actically closed to Amer- ican S[)aiiiarils. Xo stronger evidence can he found than in the opposition to American I'cpresentation in the S[)anish government, and the public i'xpi'cssions of scorn and odium heaped u[)on the race in the Cadi/, periodicals of that time. The S[)anish rulers were determined tiiat Xew Sjiain shoulil be ruled exclusivt'ly by S[)aniards, howsoewr the published policy of the nati(_)n might be all'ecled thereljy; and their o[)i)ortunities of obtaining })olitical 'Hist. Mi'x\, vol. iii. 71--t, this series. i^i:c aho f'uiici /(uln, '}\l. Aimr., 14li-.M. 'Wiilton, tlic.iutlior dl' Prrsftit St'ifi' af/fif S/xtiiish ('(ihiuh.i, Ldiiiluii, is]'), M-'i'i'ctiiry to the cxpi'.iil idii wliicli eMjitiiicil tlic city 'i.-'^<'uvrnicil in Sjiaiiisli .Viueiiea. in all 7-"it. only IS have iireu eienles, auil these few ineiely in ci>n.H'i|iienee of their haviiii,' lieen i ilu- cateil in Sjiaiii.' Only three viceroys of Mexico down to lsl."J wci'e rreui -. Aliuiinii, Ml J., i. !■_'. ^Torrente. y/(.<'. Her. Uiapauit-AiiK r., i. 7--4, (jiiotes oh-icivatinns made by ' un Ani'.'iicano del siu',' x^Iio .stmitly maintains the ^'ener.isity 'do i;;'.;i naeiun mie liahaii iimericaiios Ins V'iveinatns, Capitanias j.'eni'iales, I'ri'sideii- cias, Magistratiiias, Arznhispadus i 0|iis]iaili)s;' and gives a list of laimiiean and Anieriean otllcials for the year ISI I, in uliidi he shows that It.'i.S wei-c of the latter elass and only 7li of tho formi'r. Ho moveover eiiuineiate.s tho Ji^liiical, military, and ecclesiastical iinsiiions held hy thn creolrs dining thu same year. J5ut I must remark that tho aii|iointments oonferrod uimn erooles at the eoaiinenceineiit of the nineteenth eeiitniy atlord no ei-iterion of thi^ \>vo- l")ition which prevailed during the two j)i-ecedlng lenturios. Spain iclt l:er- self eoin]iel!ed to open the iloors of promotion in the hope of allaying tlio {.'alhering storm. Cancelada, Til. Ainrr.,'lit'f 7.'', argues that tiie cre(.)k'3\\cro inure favored tiiuii tho S|)iiniurds in tiie matter ui appointmeutd. 10 AliMIXIsTRATIOX OF VICEROY ITURUIO.MlAr. pi\'irr;ii('iits IhIiio- so liiucli ^Tetter lliaii lliosc of the crt'o'cs, tlicy succuodfd in sccairiiiL;' I'oi' tlici.siu.'Ko.s ;t!l i\\v lii^Iicr tilHccs. It is true that tliu Americans occii- ]>ie(l most of tlif subaltern tirades, hut this only tcndrd ti) hrini;' Ihcni into moro ji-alous competition with the ]"]uroi)eai)s hy inspiiiiiL;' them to .seel; the mon.^ impor- tant. Although in the ecclesiastical ])re(erments they were moi'e ia\(,>i'ed than in political and military mat- ters, (hu-ing tlie last cL'utury of the colonial pt-riod thev were •■•raduallv excluded from the high di'-'uities of the church; and in 1808 all the bishoprics in Xcw Spain, with one exception, and in(.»st of the rich bene- ijces. Were held by tho Euro[)ean clergy. In the clois- ters also of the regular orders tlu'i'e was the same want of fairness which even the alternative system I'./.led to coirect. Thus it was that asgenerati(m after gen- eratioi passed away, not only in social connnunications but in jiublic careei's and professions, envy and jeal- ousy became more marked, and finally developed into a deadly hatred between the two classes. liut after all, and toward the end, though not tho most iui(|uitous, it was the conunercial mono[)olies whirii caused the most wide-spread discontent. The entire control of trade l)y Spanish merchants, and the exorbitant jirices charged by them for every com- inodity, tlie grinding restrictions upon such indus- tries as interfered with the commerce of the mother count ly, and the limited amount of productions re- ceived by her, were more sweeping in ellect, sin'--' all classes suffered, and the [)oor people the more severely. .V bond of union to a greater or less extent M'as thus initiated between the Creoles, mestizos, and native Indians, all of wliom at an viwly date exhibited incli- nations to acquire indepeink'nce. The Enghshmnn, Idiomas ( lage, who was in ^fexico in IG'ia, correctly estiin.ati'd the ju'evailing sentinuMit, and in his obser- vations about the disturl)ances during theadministra' lion (.f (Jclves thus prophetically ex[)resses h'mself: "Tlie chief actors were found to be the Crlolians or I TAXATION, COM.MKllCK, A\i> IXDUSTRIES. 17 of the !vc\s all iS occll- t ended iththe iiii})i)r- U lliey y iiiat- ])erii>d i'-'iiities 111 New !i Ix'iie- i(j clois- 10 want 11 !'...k\l .er i^en- Icatious Lid jeal- )ud into not tlio i()[)o!ie.s The niu lt^ I y coni- indus- ther I'c- ino NIC*.' K'cre as all Iv- thus native d iiicli- linmn, [nvctly ()l)ser- inist ra- il': n.iise ans or Xativcs of the Country, who do liati; the Spanisli (Jovernnient, and all such as ('on)o iVoni ^■>pa!;l; and i-oasou they have for it, lor hy them tluy are mueli o] (pressed, as I havt; heim'e ohsei'ved, anil ai'e and will lie always watchiiin' any o])j»ortunity to I'ree them- selves I'roni the S[)anish yoak."" ])Ut apart Irom those main onuses of diseimtent, other ay^ravations, j)ermanent or jioriodieal, excited it sj)irit of antai^'onisni. Jvxcessive taxation galled and irritated; the venality of ollicials and tlie cor- ru] itness of the judicial courts causiul indii.niation; Avhile the expulsion in 17tii'i' .'ind jailu'iiiiiit I'f tlm \"i''fi'oy, no, iior any ( lovciiiiiiL'ut: lliiit was appoiutcil uvuf tliL'ia iiuiu Spaii.' Id., 11:2. Uisr. Hex., Vol. IV. 2 IS ADMINISTRATION OF VICKIIOY ITUiailGARAY. .sdurccs, iiiid set tliL'iii fiii-tlicr thinking' of divorco- int ii(. A^aiii, the Creoles were more iiitellijj^ent, l)otter iiilornied, and fill- more numerous thtiu the blue- blooded Spaniards; in view of which wo can only wondei" that tlie peo|)lo of ^[exico I'eniained in such huuiilialln;,^ subjection so lon^-. The Spaniards in America and their (;hildren were even better educated than the S[)aniards In S[)ain, and the higher their station and the more inllated their piide, the more their minds were iilli-d with i)rejudice and iL;'noranco. The establishment of the university at Mexi'-oailbrded facilities to the ci'ooli'S su[)erior to any enjoyed by their fathers, who for the most [)art, exclusive of those hoMiu;^ hiLjh ])ositions, were of inferior birth and l)r('edini^", and without title to the superiority (.-laimed. Students and graduates in Mexico by no means con- tined themselves to the narrow curriculum prescribed by the university, and the prohibited works of French ])hilosoj)hers, of political and moral writers, and espe- cially of liousseau, found their way of late int(^ the i-ountry. Proletarian })rinci[)les, and the detestation (if oppression which they breathed, were absorbed with avidity, and stimulated the longing iV)r IVee- dom. The very danger incurred by the study of these bot)ks, and the secrecy with which of necessity they were perused, only served to intensify insurrec- tionaiy ideas and provoke conspiracy." The liberal princi[)les thus a('(|uired b}'' the educated class were gradually infused into the ignorant. Xevertheless, it seems a little strange to us, to whom the doctrine of rinht of revolution has bcome so clear, and so cherished as the hiu'liestpreros>'ative of libertv, that it should hav(> made its way so slowly among an educated and intelligent peoi)lc!. But the cause is " It w;is tlic special provincn of tliu iiU|Uisitioii to frnanl against the iin- portatiiui of liooks. As lato us 1807, a Mt-xicau iiamcil Josi'- Koxas was tic- nimiK'i.(l liy liisowu nuitln-'r for having a voliiniuof Koiissoaii u. lii.s )>■) session, ami was ouulincil for si'Viiral years iu tin- dungeons of the iiol y (jllice. He linally niaJo lii.s escape, Lnt died iu Isll at New Orleans. Vi'ard'< Mec, i, 110. ^ liKUCIOUS AND POLITICAL Lll'.ilKTV 19 (llvoreo- ho bliu'- iiii only ill sucli liards in •tlucatffl it'i- tlii'ir ho more noninee. alt'ordod oyed hy of those rth and (.'lainied. 'ans c'on- I'oscribod t' French md cs[)e- into the testation iljsoi'hod .)r iVee- tudy of It'CL'SSlty nsurruc- c liberal Liss ^vero ;o whom S( » clear, r libertv, inong an cause is list the im- ixii-t was ile- s po scrisioii, ollico. lie i-ifs J/c-c-., i. exj)lained when we reiin'mbt.'r the })o\vei i'ul huld I'e- li.H'ion yi't had upon these jtenple. Tlie first stc[) toward iVeedom is to emancipate the mind fVum sunie of its superstitions. Tiiere can be no poHtical liberty \vilhnut some de<4rue of I'elinious liberty. It was priniaiily for i-eligious libei'ty that the puiitans had conie fruui J']nL;land to America; and the fii'st step tluis taken toward political liberty, they were [)repared to throw oifthe y«»ke for slighter cause than were the ])eo[ile cf ]\Ie\ico, who were satisfied with their relig- ion, and had no desire to change it. Thus while thyalty, they were ready to en- dure much by way of duty, and to escape tlamnatioii ■ — so much that it was rather S[>ain's weakness than ^Mexico's strength that secured independence, as we shall in (hie time sec. ]>ut gra(hially reason, long dormant if not dethroned, began to show signs of vitahty, first in other quarters, aiid finally in ]Mexico. It was a period of political tui'niiigs and ovei'turnings in Euro[)e and America, and it were a pity if ]Mexico, ground into the vi'ry dust by the iron heel of {les[)otism, should not find some I'clief. The downfall of monarchy in Franco, and the iii- dejtendence of the British colonies in North America, had established precedents of the successful U[)rising of |)eoj)les against the o[)pression of rulers. ]\lore (^s[)e- cially was the ac(|uisition of freedom by the Unite'd States regarded as a solution <)f the dilHculty in re- gard to the right of I'cvolution, as Sj)ain in I7s:! had somewliat im|irudently recognized the indepcmdence of the Fni»-lisli colonies, therel>\' tacitiv excusinu' re- volt m her own.' 'Till.' rc'iiiki' is alreaily aware that the cmule do Araiula at this time pro- piiSfil to CaildS IfL the iiicUiiuuikine of the Spanish cohmies in Amer- ii'a. See ll'ixl. Met-., iii. .SHS-iK). J»r Luis t^>nixaiiii, a I'roiiiiiieiit leailer of tlie levciUitiou in Quito, made prisoner wlieii Toriliio Munlcs entered that eity. dei'nied it advisiihle to retraet Iiis views ou the ri;L;lit of a colony to ;ts- sert its iniiejieniK'nee. l[e liased Ids letonstructed argiiuient on tlie prineii'lo tiiut « hat is iiteful and eunveiiient is not iieeessarily lawful and just. Iiis ex- 20 Ai)Mi\isii:.\TH)\ cF Vi(i;i:i)V iri'iiiacAiiAV \\ Iiilr the J)l'»»cIi\itk'S oi' the pcojdc \vt;re lli;is Ix-- coiuiii:^' (laiiy \\un\- dan.; roiis, thcit'itn'^cr was still I'lii'- tiici' aiDii.i'd liy oiu.' »•!' tliusc acts ol' tyrainiv wliii-ji S| aiii pL'i'iodifally coimiiiltcd in ordrr tn rai>;<' nu>ncv in tilt' culMnits tit ni('(t li;)::i'' cxprMiscs. J rclur to tin' sc- (pii'stration ol" tlu! lunds ul* tliu huncvolrnt institu- tions, a nieasiu'o wliirli .scrittusly nll't'cted tlu; Wfllaro of alni"st cvri'v land o\\ nrr in tlu' counti'V. As tho ]iait iculars of this pi-occcfiin;^' will be ^ixcn ladT, it is only nt'cosaiT to state Ihmv that nunihiTs of laniilit;s Were ruined or inipoverislicd by its opci'ation. I'hu.? S])iiin k(j)t on usin^,^ tho j^oad. It is, however, a (jues- tion liow loni;- the creolcs would ha\c suH'cred had not |i(jlitiral alfairs in Sjiain, as \\-e have seen, all" »i(lcd an excejtiioiial (»|>[iorlunity for thi-owinn" oil' tin; yoke. l'\>r neaiiy two ct'ntuiies the watchi'uhie'ss of the jj;'()V- ernnieiit had prevented serit)us outbreak; (j\'en duriii;,;' the wai' of suceession tin' tranquillity of Xe\v S[)ain N\as undisturbed. The majesty of the kin-^' was so deeply i!n[)ressed Ujion the UKisses that it is jtrobable, hatl it not been for the' oeeupation of S[»ain by Na- poleon, a few salutary rcfornis would liave se(ane«l the loyalty of Mexico. But when two Spanish mon- ai'chs in succession, Carlos 1\". and .Fernan [|»i'()l)al)le, hy Xa- sociuva ish iiioii- o A' 11., i; one ill ■r at tho lo Spaii- •lii'-h tlio 'I I Iiy hi.s U'ds rose ations of lotisiii on much by i roason of hiitrid l'>r llic I'r.iK-h as of any lln.;v'rin;^ ailociion for the Spaniards; and this, not wit listand- jnLJ^ t!iat tile Aniorii-an dcjiutiL's to thi' Spani^Ii cortcs, in their address on the 1st of Aun'ust, \>\ !, I'eures.'iiti'd that the Spaniards of Anieri<'a were so cjoselv fonneet^'d with the |(eninsnl;i hy the ties of interest and )<.'lationship, tliat leadiii'^ men anions* tlu'in pi'oelaiined the doctrine that the colonies oun'ht to follow the fate oi' Spain, ewn if she suncumhcil to tlie p.>wer of Xa]toleon/ Some j;'o so far as to at- tiihiiti; oiiti'inlit till' outhreak of the ivvolutioii to tile fear of siil)jection to the French." ]j(> this as it niav. tile I'epeated defeats of the Spanish arms dnrin;^' tlie followinijf year, the incompetency of the junta eeiitial in the peninsula, and still nuav its popular origin, destroyed any favorahle impression ^vhi(•h mi^'ht have been created in the discontented ranks, and aliorded an example to them of dcloo'atcs, elected In' t!ie [)eople, inxestin^' themscK'es with the su[)rt,'me ^•o\'i'i'nment. Thus revohitionaiy impressions became yi't more stron^'ly conlirnied; lor the creolcs could not i-ei-o^nize the right ., V, ''Such ;i cuni'.sc wonlil (•crlaiiily ivliovu tlium fr^mi tho ])ci-siM-iition of S|i;iiii, tli'iu^li iicitlicr covert inmy iiur liiluTiiiiMf:m \vi;io iiitciiilcl. ".Mik-Iiim c|r Ins lui^ains yi'l'cs y otros tairopi'iis pnili'iiaii d las claias, ([uo la Aiuciica di'lii.'i i<' ,iiir la siu'rto do la IViiiii-siila, y uliodoior :i I'Ktiiaparte, si ollii lu oljodocia.' y>(, iii(i\ .iiiiir. Jt< />ri si-iit., 1' do Ai.'(Kt() do Isll, li. «/'/., S; Ouerm, Ili4. Ihi: X. /;>/,., i. l;JS. cj Al>.Mi.\i>ri;.\Ti()N i)F VKKiiov iii-i;;'' ;.\i;.\v. 1 •mill r of fill' vi ;ir last iiaiiicil thai tlic sliili- lK'.;aii, aiid wliirli was niaiKcil l>y !"c|iii>als as \ indictivc an I (•!.M-liloii(|c(l as tilt' annals nl" any rliristian nation can i-c« 'ii'.I, as we shall sec.'" \Vitli t!icsr jji'i'liniinai'v n- mai'lss un tin' iiolitical attituiK'S i.l' tlii' two classes, and (in the origin ol' their dixci^'eiiee, | ii to the fa\'or of (Jodov, the Prince of l*eace, who still maintained inlluence over the v.'eak and incompetent king.'^ lii^ I'ecoptiun at (auKlahipe and in the ca[iital v\as, '"'J'lic same caiisos wciv at winU hi ii!l the Spaiiisli cdlonics in AiiR'rii'a; nnd it. is,' of tliu tciiiuLr tnti.'rtaiiii.'il t-Vei ywlitiv liy tlu' uit'ok'S, as woll as the ^•\ inh!'iii:;sin of tlioirstaft fortho i,'i)al of frcc- ihiiii. Ill this samo yiaf lixu ivvoluiimis ln-oko out in Soutli Anniica: that of C aiacas on Aynil I!), 1810; tliat of lUuiios Aires on tlie 'J.'pth of May fol- lowin;;; tliat of Xew (Iranaila on ihe ."lit of .July; tliatof Jjoirotu on tiie "-'Otii of the s:.nie month; tliatof Caitaueiia on the iMli of Anuust; anil that of C'hih' on llie ISlh of Seiiteinher. Jt^/fiitar. Aimr. /.Vyj., KSl f, •_'-.'{. " .\s a Mexican writer says, 'Con el arnljataniieato y fueu'o ile un fianees •■ito'ioiiihailo.' Midiilny, I'm!/., MS., .'\~. '■' 'Haiiilire tie un;i ineiliana repataeini niilitar en su |)atria.' El IndicnilnVy iii. 21.'). (,'(>ni|iare also J)'isi,i,.-k .lanuarv, lal ill IIk! HIlsI this >llll)i)U lil II, he still lin^' iVom ail lioiior- I'vod with the cam- Fr^.'ncli cr, as a aiul liis le liivor intaiuod kiuL;'.'^ ital was, rUK VICllKKCAL TAMILV ill AnuTica; I vcrywlait; -Mai i)t' fri'C- mlira: tliat ..f May I'nl- .'11 tlii'-JOth 111(1 that of le nil fraiK'r.-i '■.'/ liuVifdil'ir, ClKlil. Ilhl., SHU) (1 favor ilcl j^iriiicipo ? iiiili!v'' thaf •>!' ^^al•(il!i!!a, iiio-^t llat'i'riiii;' and <''>s ijuiiius. 'I'lic l"fstl\ I(i('s, hc^iiii ill the joriiicr jilac d ill the latt th ih weru coiitiiiufd in tlie latter witn iiic eustoniary jiru- cessions and hiilldii^hts. This uiiehefhcd |iii\il. ^r df thr jKumlace. ill siieli ai^Teeahle eoiitrast with the uii- WcI.iillH' prohihitidllS <>t' the Inniier \ieeory, eoiiihiiird •,\ith the I'-raeioiis depnitiiieiit of Itiin'i' 'afa V and the atl'alili' deiiieaniir of his stately sjiouse, ^j^aiiied him at oiici' the I'avoi' of the people. JCreloiiL;-, li'ovcrni:ieiit was to (!('fraud the crown. l'\>llowin_LC the exanijtle of ]>rancil'orte, he had obtained a. royal decree before his departure from the peninsula, permitting' him to in- troduce free of duty into New Spain unlinished fam- ily apparel.-"' Under this pretence he landed a cai'n'o of merchandise at A'era Cruz, which he sold in that }»ort, netting" an enormous ])rolit.''' ]\roreover, he at oiicr be-ran a svsteni of sale of otKco.s andemi)lovments oil his (.\vu account, and by an al)ominable venality estal dished for his bouelit an iinjjost on quiclvsilver, "'l"lii> cliai'iiftcr of Itiirrigiiray was '(-strcm.nlaiiiciito jifipnl.ir.' Zwa'', l!ii\ Ml r., ;i(). The i)o]iula('(-' was 'coiiijilaci.la con el tiato iifalilo y pojmlar di' la X'irt'iiiii, sofiora ilc ro:.'iilar ligitra, y ilo im coiuiiDrtaiiiU'iito a'.roso y ^'alaii." ( f,-ii, Ti'i ■■< Slijl'M, iii. 'JOO. ' ' 'Su caracUTcsti'iiiiadaiiifutc popular (li.sininlal)ii.siH st'ir.liilas gaiiaucias.' Z!„, j;,r. M,x., 80; Ahimun, Ill^t. JA/., i. 17. "■.Vrronlinj,' to /.'.(// On/o/. Sept. !•_', KSOJ. '• Till' sale !i!:;<)uiiti(i to I III, I'J.") jicscvs, .is attested liy //(/., Had Aiiirrdi, Nov. <), INOS, ill Ai-'h. (i( ii'l M(X. 'J'liis framl Mas tlic tii'st of many stii(jus I iiarges proven against liini in his rebiilencia, of which an account w ill Ijo given later. 21 AD.N'INISTKATrOX OF VICEROY ITUKn:«iAl:AY. hv wli'di lie nnjii-tly sccni'cd to liiinsult' laVj^'o sums iVoiii (he s;»]c's (.[' lli;it iiu'lal."^ Other I'raiids wci'c pfipL'tnited in contracts for ])a]H'r usc;l ill tlio ^'ovornnicnt cigar ii'aiinractoi'ics, llic c'liiiractors cliarniiig' lictitioiis piices and ])a_vi!l^• ;i Ixiinis 1o Dona Ines/'' Tlio administration oi' Itnrri- <^'ai-ay was modelled afler tliat of his pi'otector, Godoy, and it was believed that the kinii's fUvorito h^hared in the prolits. Snmptuons entertainments, presided over l»y Dona Ines, wero LJ^iven at the [)alace, with tlu.' twotold ob- ject (if pleasui'o an.d ]ti'(>fit. Thither assembled <;'ravo oid(ti'es, ]iy})ocritical in(iuisitoi's, venerable ])relates, and members of tlu; most distinn'iiished I'amilies, who, to win the i^'oed iavei- of their vicereL;'al hosti>ss, vied with die another in their eHV)rt.s to please, and in tho costliness ofllu'ir u'ifts.'^" ]\Iar([iiina lun'er gained tlie affection (if tho ])eo])le, because of his restrictions on ail kinds of excesses. Itui'i'i^^aray would try the (»pp((-.it(? coni'se, and make tlie capital the centre of lileasun^ and dissipation. Tt) the discredit caused by tlie venality of t!i_i father vi'i'e added tlie protli^acy and vuli^'ar passion for play of his son Jose, who was a constant \isitor to the '■^ III,' rci'f'i villi gmoriilly a <^i>\'\ ouiiro jkt (jiiiiitiil nf ([uitl;silvt'r (Iclivc'ccl. nojiri'xeiif. Mhi. diKti)., hi < '(I iiri('fi(/'i, ('nnihn'/.it lliirr., !ti .">. Al.imfiu st.iU'a tliJit the tl'iillio. ill otliccs w.is tiiiiniiu'i'il tlirim;,'li mu' of tlic \ ii'i'-qiici'irn iiiiii'ls, iui ilik'ily jursDU, ii.uiuil .l(>Mi|uiii;i, Ai';iii"uvii, wifo (if (i.ilnicl I'iiliK'ios. Il'i^l. MiJ., i. 47. Sunn- few iiiiiu rs. willi w iioiii a secret (■(iiii|>;ii't' was made, \M'ir !.':if,i,l\' ni\(irc(l, whili' ilic nKij.nity .suHi'icil fm- wiiiit. i.f iLUTeiiiy, vcsiilt- iiiL,' ill iniiiuiis(> ]iriilitH to i\w \ ircroy. 'J'licsu fr;iiiil.s iirr i;i\('ii in (Ic^t.-iil wiUi atti'staf ion, ill l!f;irt'Ki ntai'Um, /li/i. Miii. i!iiiiii.,iM. .'!!, I^'*S. ( 'oMiparoiilso ('idifiiti'la, I'oiiiliiiln, //iirri;iiir('i/. !IJ ~t\ Aluiiinn, His'. .1/./'., i. !i|i|i. -II!--!. '" 'Sc jii-tilica, I'l roho i|iic iii/o al ici aruamlolc iiii ]n'so iii:is cii caila retina, ooii las ciu iitas niisiiiaH ilo l viceroy and his i'.iniily. tliiiii.;li rasciiiatiii^' at lirst, could not fail to pr'nliice th(3 same ellect ;is the over-scrilpnldus ])roce<'(niin' of his predecessor; the halo of loyalty viilch had jirolected viecM'egal aiithorify for ci iiturifs was diiiniieib aiul tho rospi;ct furtuerly olfi-red t > C-a.-a- fnerte, llevilla Cigcdo, and otliers was now wilh- •J2 held. All tho sanii^ ^.he viceroy managed to accumulate^ a large i<)-\uiie, (.'oiisisting of coin, jewels, and ]>iaic,-'' w!i!cli was ;i great comfort, and this notwithstandipg his extraxag.Miee and the en«)rmous ox])enses of \\\a coui't, which i'ar exceeded his salary of sixt}^ thou- sand pesos.'' '^riie desire t;) ^■isit the rich mines of Giianajanto was obxionsly natural; ho wished to see whence came tho wealth lu; co\eted.^' Without pree^dont in this i-espect, and without royal permission, Ituriigaray set out on i!iis journey by ^\•ay of (^Juerelaro, (/elaya, Salamanca, and Ira[>uato. Tlio inhabitants of tin!so I'egioiis, who liad never beheld a \ Iceroy, wei'e ove/- awt'd by the magniricence of bis a[»[)eara!ice, and thousands assembk'd to jiay their re--j)e(-ts. J lis arrival at the city of (bianajuato was celehrated by a triumphal j)rocession and i'estixities. .Vniong the jtreseiifs giacioiisly accc^pted by him was iKxr of a thousand ounces of gold, n^on t'le oecnsion ol' hi.-; iiispt'ction of Mie liayas and N'aleaciana mines. ]\Lining operutois sjoii discovered how to gain tlie -''La iiu'liiinoi(>n do nqucl nl jtioirn di; gall'-s, cmuurrioniio a la, pla/a pi'ililira (.'U (|UL' ,'(; liclinn.' Ahimnn, liisi. Mij., i. 4s. '•'- Tiiei avaricu of liiit; viocrgal family was one of tlic I'hiv'f . luscs uf llirir do\\niali. /)i.iii(i.'i). ^'And •!■ .i() pcsi's invcsti'cl in \\w fiind.s of tin' niiniii:,' iiislitntc, t!io pafost ilacc of iii\cstiiu'iit at tiio liini.'. I'linlicr on, after tin' removal of thu \ ieeroy, iiii ;\i'c'(iuiit of tlie triasiircM found in the palan; w ill ho ^'iv n. -' Aeeonliiig to the .-nhscjuent deelaration under oath (jf his inayordo'im, Antonio I'aid. Ahuiiiin, Jll-il. Mi/., i. -IS. '•"I!n lii hiiLii ^erie do los \ ire.yis ijuo tnvo Xneva l''spaaa, ''■^'te fiii' il \niieo <|iie eonotio una iiarto del iutciioi' del leino.' S'lriic, Mi ■:. vn Si'J^o A/A'., i. 11). 20 Ai)MIXIST::ATI()X OF VICEROY ITUKRIOAUAY, f"i\-'ir of (Ills ''-i-ciit nian.-^ In rotnni f . lioiuaufo ro- coivcil, Id'vrig-aray uiagiiificeiitly granted tlu' town of Ciilaya tlio })i'ivilcg(j to cclubrato occasional hnll- ilglits t(j defray the expenses of a bridge over the ]^aja.^' In the matter of material improvements, wo find little dui'ing this administration not stai'ted nnder i'ormer vicerovs. There was the completion of two roads to Vera Cruz; one of them, passing through ()ri/;il>a nnd Cordova, hegun by Branciforte, was in charge of the consulado. Credit, however, must be given Iturrigaray for his exertions to secure tlie cap- ital against inundation. To inspire zeal, he deigned occasionallv to labor on the works with his own liands, and bv his cai'e tliecitvwas saved I'rom inundatirin in 1 80n. Yet this praiseworthy caprice eventually gained for him the enmitv of the fiscal do lo civil, Za'j'arznricta, as well as of Au'uirro and the other oidores. Funds being rcijuired to carry on the works, Itui-rigaray in- creased the impost on cattle, and tt) this Zngarzui'ieta raised objections, to which the viceroy would not listen ; because, he said, Zagarzui'it'ta wns connected with the family of the greatest cattle-deah^r in the country, and tliei'cfore was not disintei'ested.^ ICxistin''' literarv and benevolont institutions were favored to some extent, not, however, in a manner snfliciently efll'ctive to rc.^flect unusual credit on the vicerov. ^Mining, internal conunerce, and an'riculturo ""'A poco tioiiipo so iiilvirlio quo no lo era (lcs:ii,'r.a(lal)lo ro'iUir (loiios y regiilus, y .siiL'fjsiviiiiioiilo ciuiti.hiilL'.-t do diiicro y iilliajas por las provi-jioiics (jno so llaiiiabaii do Lrracia.' Canaiiulu, Condif/n, I/iirriii ira;/, 10. Suo uIsd J'i'il'i, Arciijn Ciric, l',)-'J(). It is f,'i-atifyiiig to iin to loaiu from IJustaiiiauto, ill ('(iro, Ti'Ci Si;ilfi'<, iii. 'JOl, tliat 'tin; piv'scnts tlioii vocoivoil liy the vioi.ruy icliovod partly tlio L^ftat iii'oo.ssitic-! in v hii'li lie istood.' -' III coiiiiiclioii with lmll-li_L;iits, lln^slaiiiaiito takos occasion to slnr Mar- iiuina, poii.L'iaiulating tho puoplo that the govoniiiicut had pass'd into t!io iiaads of a man 'aoci'^-ililo, jovial y divcrtiilo,' from tho ' tOtrico y adusto do nn iiomlin^ anciano, (pic nicrocia c.star cii nna portcria do capuchinos.' ('aro, 7V(.s Siii/>,.<, iii. '201. ■'** ' I'oiipii' Kii liijacstii casndacon il ]irimo;;('nito i'os|ier, owing ti> the cniciont measures ol' his predeoessors. An ini[)ortant event (hu'ing this period, wliich inarlced a new era in medical science, l)nt in wliicli itui'rig'aray merely eoin[)lied wiih the roval orders, was the introduction (»t' vaccinalion into New S[)aiii.-" In the course of this liistoiT the tor- I'iljlo ravages of small-pox at diflerent periods have heeii dwelt upon. Jenner's discovery, al'ter having met with long opposition on the j)art of th(3 nu'dical faculty, tlnally overcame the prejudices of tlu^ age. In ISOl its value was recognized by the governnu'iit of Spain, and its introduction in America intrusted [o Alejandro Arboleya, [)rofessor of mediciiu;, wlio came over with Iturrigaray. His method of preserv- ing vaccine matter, however, was defective, and its a[)pliration was not successful till two years later, when the home government sent out a s[)ccial com- mission (*f medical men under Francisco Javier do ]]almis."" Thev arrived at ^'era Cruz in July 1804. Some months jjroviousl^ Iturrigaray had im[iorted ^■^ccine matter 'Vom llabana, but ibund the jinjudice a ''ainst it so stron'jf that only ten soldiers could 1)0 induced to use it. After the arrival of ]Jalmis. how- ivov, Vac remedy was soon intrcnluced througiiout the ci'niti.'\, when of course the horrors of smallpox were •4re;.,;v dimhiisliod.''^ 28 AI'MIXI TI;ATI0\ of VirEROY ITUi'MIICAiLW. ])in-iii^- this period great increase of material wealth is ii(itiee;il)le. Alter tlic last |)eac(! with KiiL;i;iiiame year more than twentv-si/ven millions of pesos v.ere ruined at the mint, l^ut this epoch of o[>ulence' was soon to he terminated hv fatal disasters, marked hy hioodslied and I'uin. ^V seiies of ealami- ties, caused hy 1" ", >ie-n convulsions and misrule at Lome, Avas approae,: ^[lain. The S[)anish j^'ove) . 'lit, involveo under (Jodoy's I'ule in })olitical diiliculties, corruption, and extra\:i- o'ance, and harassed hy the cxorhitant demands of Xa])ole<'.n, brought i'resli discontent to the colonies hy the adojition of a new method iodraw from them the nect'ssary funds to save the mother country from ruin. Spain'.s plight was despei'ate, and desperat(.' must l.e the it'inedy, if, indeed, tliere was any. And woe in cons(Mji;enc(' must fall on ^Mexico! It v.as decreed hy I'oyal ord'^r of l^eceniher "J '>, 1804, to secpiestrate all the ical estate hi lougi:;';- to henevolent institutions,''-' chielly under control of the clergy, including the sums, hy far the greater })art of their wealth, invested by them as loans on city and rural property, the mortgage's on which had lajise.l. "^rhe amounts ct.)llected were to be a])[)roj)riated hy (In; crown I'or the amortization (>i' gox'ernment bonds, the obligation being recognized by the jiaynient of inter- est.''"* Though in Spain simihii- measures had l)een adopted,^' the attendant cii'cuinstances were dlilerenL from those in ^Mexico, In the Old World most of the cIiMicli jiropeity consisted of real estate, which bein;;' solil, tli<_ clergy riceived a ]>erpetual income from the '-Olir.as J ill', or funiliicioiics ])i;iilns;is. "-"'I'lii' t-iiuis \toro t>> 111' !i;iiilii(l to tin' '<';ij,'i di ic cniisoliilacion de vii'.ra rc!\l<'.-',' \\it!i iiKcrcst to t!i" ii'sjjcL'tivc licncvolt nt iustitiUions ;it ."> per olI, l.ay.'Mt' from tin- royjil nviMinorf. < '( dn/iiria, .MS., i. 17!1 !I7. "' According; to Ifitil <'iii niin. imist, he woe iii llHT 2(], FORCED L0AX3. 29 lilrol oi' L;Trai('i' ^ oil C-ii V !la])s,.,'|. I l.y tlio lids, tlio )!' iiitcr- id l)ec;i lilllMciiL -t(4'tlio ll 1 )( ■!!!'>• ■|>1U tllU 1 tlo Vi;'c-3 ;> per ci 1.1, L'lcsilistkal ■Kli if ihu P'nv,,i'iiiricnt (■(jiial to tlio interest on tlic eai)i(al ivn- r-sciited, ^\lilK; the purcliusei's M'ore obliovd to cou- ti-.lmte to tliu royal treasury by the ])aviinTiit of taxes ilii-oughoLit ^ew Si)aiu the aceuuiulation and iu- vestmeiits oi' tlie funds of these institutions liad l)e- coine enormous. There was scarcely a lanil owner -reat or small, whose estate was not Jiypotheeated td one or another of the benevolent institutions'"' The ]«':m once effected, restitution of the capital was j)ot demanded as long- as the interest was punctuallv paid • lior (hd the debtors .. -er j.ivpare ior such an\.vent,' ultliough most ef the morti>ai.es had lapsed-'^ The sudden demand for the payment of these sums carried consternation throuo-jiout the country, and brou-dit inm on many proprietors. For all to raise money j on shoi-t n-tice was impossible; so the sale of t lie J.ioperty had to be forced— not alone what bel,^n..-..(l <.iivctly to the church, but that ..f the faruier, the mei'chant, the mmer, and the nieclianic. Thereby all UHJustries suffered, while in the end theci'own wa"s n.) gamer, smce the ruin of property holders cut down t'le rc\enue. _ The execution of the decree Avas intrustcnl to a Jin>ta preside.l over by the yiceroy, and composed of t.ie pnncipal eivd an•'!>' MS., i. ITIMIT; also /f>„nhohl/. AWm '".,11.4,0-/; Aldiiuni, h-- . Mil . I ;;')• \',,/ ,/,. v /■••, ;.. v w "^ 30 Ar):\IIXISTIlATIOX OF VICEROY ITUnPJGARAY. for tlio pooijlu; .'iiul oicjat was the clamor ainoiiL;- all classes, especially the cleriicy, ^^'^^^ were Car froiii satis- lied witli this enforced iiivestniciit.™ ]'\)niial prje siispendio p'' E' Ord"...de '20 ilo Mn" do l.SO!), pero ya no remediii los estiagos in(;il- culables y desnstrosos que a([uello.-4 malvados y sus secniace.s hicierun. eon esta iiifaiue trapala, sin el mas miniiiio proveeho del erario.' See also lliud- huUU, Kssd'i Pul., ii. 470-7. *' Toniio, Ill-it. Iter, Knj)., iowi i. lib. ii. liJ. ^'Tho sum jiroduced by tl\e sequestrations, accoi'ding to ^V^/k'^c/^/, Ttl. Mrx., ~\\ was t'IO,ri(l'.l,.").")7. Alaman, ll'ist. MiJ., i. 140, and lUistaniante. in Cfiro, 7V(.s' iSiiilo-f, iii. 'J.'iO, fiive ii>i(),(;,-,(;,(>00. ' ,S'oc. Mi.r. Cimj. Uold'm. :i. 'io-G, gives productos §10,507,1)07, and reditos §.T>:!4,y04 pesos. Of the com- MORK MdXKY REQUmED. 31 Tlio meiviles.s ri^'or witli wliicli tin; viooroN' oxccuiL'.l cvei'V o[)]»res,si\u drcroo, and tin; iri'itatin^' fact that lie and a lio.st of oflicials prolitod by tlic ruin of otliuis, o-aint'd liiiii the (xhuni of the suflbroi's. -Viiy (hseus- HiouH of a .sciciitilic or j)ractical nature on the part of lior suhjects was at tliis juncture bad for Sixain. Per- mission had been L;')'anted Humboldt l)y the c(jurt to visit tlie New World, with the privilej^e of a(^ccss to oHicial archives. The result of his sojourn in ]\[exico was his famous treatise on New Sjjain/' containinL>" abstracts of his political and economical ol)scrvatiniis. Some new ideas cre[)t in U[)ou the peo[)le concerning' possibilities. With freedom, what might th(.'y not achic!vel Such was the prevailing feeling which, min- i>led with tlie odium against the home i>'overnment, increased by late acts of oppression, prepared Creoles and natives alike for revolution.''^ When Carlos IV. ratified the humiliating treaty of 17i)(), which made him a subject rather than an ally of France, ho considered neither the money he wouhl have to pay, nijr what would be the attitude of Eng- land. To annoy Napoleon, Great Britain olfered the means of prok)nging the war which brohe out in 1803, while Sj)ain, asserting her obligations to pay Franco former subsidies, maintained that she would be sul)- jcct to far greater expense in case of I'urtlier hostili- ties. This led to rupture with England; for thougli that power at first manifested no desire to declare open war with Spain, in 1805 neutrality was broken missions known to have been paiil to oflicials, who at the same time drew laigo salaries, the (lipiitndo inincipal Anaiyoiz reeeived !i>l'J4,(M)(); Iturii- garay, §7-,0lH); tlie aichlii.shop Lizana, wlio, according to r.ii.slaniaiite, \v:,s nut a favui'ito with the Mexicans since his arrival in iH'eeiiilicr lS(t:!, S-_"J.O(),); ministers of tiie treasury, §.")0,00(); tlie secretary, S-K),(K)(); and so on to tlio amount of ii;ilf a million. Cancclada hurls invectives against all connected Willi Hiis wiiiilesale robbery. ^' L':<:ii J'liCilijiir siir li' li'oyniinie '/<' hi NotireUc Eiy till! s(;iziu'o hy Xrlson of four treasiiro-laJL'ii sliipg boiiiid IVoiu Aim.'i'ic;i to CVuliz."^ And now comiuorco jii^aiu wanes, Ix'in;^ carried on in neutral vessels only, while free intercoui'se with Spain i.s greatl}' int'., from iNOl to ISIO, passim. ***Thc vieeioy was aduioiiislieil, hoW(>vei', to eonic to sonio iiud< rstandiii'^ v.ith tlie arehliislinp and liiahi>i). so as imt to impede the process Iiy prejii- di'.-ial disputes with the eler^'v. 'I'his aecouuta for the i;j2J,0U0 couimissious to hizaua. See Cauctluda, 'I'd. JIc.c, 'Ji>. ■^ leu ships ri-'iLul on rso with sides hc- nvAi with ila initios. j)iilati()ii; ;ia; debts lid lastly, and will ! lU'L^^ent, jNIcxicaii d to tho I. rrt)ni vato indi- ;ciu"ud at some fivo )ortation. ei/cd any hands on, l'(.'SOl'ti'(l tliat in lire made, ni New loi'cd at :'oy, who itatiuned United liy England (ivo subsidii.'S laty of 17'JO. iiil(.rst;iuilin,'^ rs^ liy piyjii- coiumissioiis THREATENING DANG 1 IRS. no Statics. In ISOl l"'hilip Xnlaii makes an incni'sion into ^Texican t^'rritory as far as Xnevo Saniamler, under the ])retext of pui'cliasini^ jioi'ses, and d'eets some sniaU torts. ILi is, however, attacki;d on the '21st of ]^dareh hy ii force sent ai:fainst him hy the viceroy, and slain, his followers beiii-j^ dispersed or made pris- oners. A few years later JJnrr attom[)ts the invasion of Ti'xas. J^uriuL;' this ])eriod tlie iirst elond ai'ises between the United Statijs and ]\Ie'\ieo on t!ie (pics- tion (if hmits. jNIonroe's efforts at Madrid to ari'aii^'e an amieable settlement are fruitless, and the Amer- ican L;'ovi'rnuiont orders troo[>s to her scuithern fron- ticr.-"" IIavin Jamoa Monroe, U. S. ministnr .it London, and Mr I'inclcney, niiiii-stcrat .Midrid, failed toa^'roe wiili tin; I'rinuo of I'eaoe as to tlu; limits of Louisiana, Texa-=, .and Flofida; the relations lie- tween tiio two countries assniiicil 'ani- zation of troo})s, he soon lias nearly 18,000 men at his coiMinand."'' ]^'cruitin'jf oHices are estalilishcd throughout the country; deserters are pardoned; the old militia, scattered or disbanded, are reunited and inci'cased in nmnher. Tluj defences of San Juan de I'li'ia, where Lieutenant-colonel Juan jNFaria Soto is in connnand, are im]>roved. To discii)line the troo[)s a (,'amj) is estuMished at Jalai)a. Connnand of tlio army is L;i\en to Garcia ])avila, o-overnor of Vera Cruz, eiiicient and experienced. Indeed, ho is the only officer of rank in New Spain competent to fill tlu' place. Tlioie are two other generals, Pedro llui/. Davalos and Pedro Garihay, but both octogenarians and subject to cojisequent iniirmities. The troops are exercised and drilled under tlie eye of the viceroy. There arc reviews and manccuvres which awaken a military spu'it m the Mexicans, who have never before witnessed spectacles of the kind.^^ In 180G intelliii-ence of two events is received wdiich sjtreads alarm throughout the country— the destruction of the combined Spanish and Prench ■''" r>iistiiiiwntc snys 1 ''.000 well disciplined troops. Mrdiilas pnrn la Pact/. , JIS., oS. Qiieipo, in Pap. !'«/•., KM, no. i., states that there; were stationril in the canton of .Jalapa, servinjj; under the viceroy's orders, 11,000 men, auil that tlierc were; (i.ti;ll) more, elsewhere ready to march when called upon. Alauian ^dve^s the uuniijer as ' cosa de catorce mil hombrca' in the year ISOij. J /In/. .Mij., i. 140. •''' .l/r.c. Mon. (iiierra, 10. On October 14, ISO"), the spectacle of troo]is bein.L,' lauded anil onyairing in sliani-iight with the enemy was witnessed by the inliabitants of VeraCruz, the vieeroy displaying great enthusiasm. t:dving part in the exhibition. 'Xo pudo cl ingenio nulitar do Sii Esciil ohidar su alition, y uioutando A caballo niaudo por csquadroues varies movimientos do excrcieio a los laneeros. ' Diarlo de Mcx., i. 1)2. 'I HI' I V. I, I'lU'I'to loci'ssary l•L•a^^l' the ■r\i<'f oil siiliiciuiit stationed ^ luasicr. (! ()rL;'ani- ) men at ,tal)lislRMl med; tho litcd and 1 Jium do [a Soto 1;S lie ti'ooj)S [id of the of Vera lie is the Mifc to lill ledro llui:5 ouai'ians the eye anccuvrcs ;ans, wlio kind.^i received itry — tliu French Trn la Pad/., crc statioiit'l 100 men, iinl c.iUod uimii. 1)0 year lS()li. It is thou^'lit that an attenqjt will ])r<.'sently he made on New 8[)ain. Itiirri^'aray's friends h.';;in to jail oU*. Several oflieei's of hinli rank and merit withdraw iVom the encanii>meiit at Jalapa, amoiii^' others (Joiint Alcaraz, of tin; Spanish dragoons, ]\lanuel Garcfa Alonso, ^[anu(d (lareia Queritana, and Tiejar/a, all commanders of hi'j;h stanch iu"'. lie who becom(^s the most determined enemy, however, is the ex-corrcgidor of Queretaro, ^liguel DoniiiiLjuez.^' ^Meanwhile the star of Godoy, the scourge of Spain, is still in tho ascendant. He puts on the titles of royalty, and holds communion with Xapoleon, if indeed he does not consj)ii'e to sell Spain. At one time, all the strongholds of the pt-ninsula heing oceu- ]iieil hy French, Godoy advises the king to take his I'amily to ^lexico. The court is at Aranjuez, and the intended flight l)ecoming known, th(_' ))0])ulaee rise; and cry veng('ance ou Godoy. The tumult is only allayivl ly the aljdication of Carlos in favor of the prini.'o of Asturias, who assumes the crown as Fernando A'l F. on llie IDth of March, 1808. Godoy escapes popular fury hy secreting himself,^* but his house and those of his satellites are stri[)ped, and everything in them is ''-A subscription for tho relief of tlic widows and orphans of those who fell ill the eivLra'^'onicnt was raised in Mexico. Tho amount contributed up t > Srpt. ;!0, 1SU7, was ."31,230 pesos. Ouz. J/cc, xiii. xiv. xv., passim, and x\ i. Ml. ■'^ Doniinguez was afterward reinstalled iu his ofliec hy order of tho kiu:,', dated Seiiteuil.icr 1 1, 1S07. Jiii.-^f'tin'tnlc, in < 'uro, 7'/ m .S"//Mv, iii. '22^. Whc.i Iturri;;aray's resideucia was taken ho was onudeuined to indemnify Doiniu- j-'ue;; iiv loss of salary, ami ]iay him dauosy perjuicios. This was not doiin till 1S21, when on Iturritraray's death his lieiva, after cdutestiu;.^ tho case in thi' courts, were compelled to pay l'J,Oi)i) pesos to Doniin'^'Uez. Alauiwi, J/i^'. J/../., i. -JCVT. ■'' ' File confundidoporladehil vozere concluded did the vicero; ;^"ive orders f)i' a j)ul)]ic demonstration in honor ol lY-rnando Yll. This manilest indilference, which did not fail to create much bad feelin^L^^, was in truth ovv'in;^' to the fall of ({odoy, his protector, and sonuj boLi'an to suspect treasonable desiLi^ns. On the 2;jd of Juuo the dejtarture of the royal family to IJayomu^ and the abdication of rernando were known in ^Iexico.°^ Then my lord lturriy;a- I'ay wore a [)leasant countiMiance, and he was over- '^'I'lic nlxlinntioii (if C'lilos IV. anil accos.sion of IVriiaiulo VIT. ■•••-'ro puh- lislied (jii tlic Dih nf .(nuc, ISOS, liy an extra i siki of the O'lz. i/c Mri-., q. v. ■^''Cancchxla, •,vho was prcsi'iit iliu'ini; tlio occnn'oiioos nt San Au'iistiii di; las Ciievaa, says, in Ifiii'ri'j"rtt;/, dimdwiit, It: 'La vircina, oiila la, abilica- lion y snoito (Icl cx-priufiiio dc la I'az, dixo: Xos lian jnicsto la ccniza ( n la fiviite; y cl regi'lrir Azc:U-at() al llogar con la Icctiira, a io.s decri'tos del Siil'ir IJun I'diianilo \'1I. tin') la ijfazota con dcsprccio c,, adeinan iXv ijiuTorla iiisar.' Ne^Tcto niainlaiiis that tlicro is no proof of tiiesi! asstn'tion><, altliouL;!! liotli lUi.stainanto and Alainan acccjit IliiMn as true. Tlicy emanated, lie says, from (he fjtatenicnts of (^-ineelatla, a liittcr oiiemy of the vieei'oy. and should not \y.^ reeoivcd as historical. Mtr. Slij/o A/A'., i. 7S. '''The iiitelli ,aMico was hroiiLrht liy tiio ship Conn, which .^nchored in the harborof Vera Ornz on tile 'Jlst'of.Innc. O'lz. lii' ^f,:r.. lS(iS,4_n; Cuu'-rlfulti, Coiidiir'ii, l.")-l(). XcLjrctc commit*: an error in stating that this Mas tluMiccasion when Itiirrigaray I'cceived tlionewsrif I'V'rnando's accession to the throne whilo diverting hiinscif iu the coclipit. Mi j: Si'j/o X/X.. i. Ct). Fi.'iiiiuuli) U)\\' Spain ty i'> *1'L* )vcniiii('nt 1st l)o for ' the ulxli- {),•'•' Ttni'i'i- n AL;'UstIn ;t*iviti<'s <»i' nmnaiulcd wiili tlio he iilMlica- s coMtompt lio news/'' :hroe days. 1)0 vicero; 1 lioiior ol IPO, wliidi as ill truth , and sonu.' tho royal Fernando lturri;^'a- was owr- '11. "■■TC pull- ih' .)['■::, n. V. <:\u A'^'iistiu ilo liila lii, i\l)ili(':>- ;\ criiiza (11 la rrtoH del .SfnMi- jucrcrl.i i)isiir.' ■ilthotiLili li'itli ly. iiii'l i>lioulil iiflioTfil in the H; < '(iiin lil(/a, ,;i»thcin.'ca.-'ion lio throne wliile i:ui:oi'i;.\\ I'olitk.'s. 37 heard to say that tlx- IdnL;' woidtl never relui-n to I lie tin-one/"' Th'/^e tidin'4's of the dethronenii'iit of the I'eyal faniilv, ami the a-^-^tiinption d' tlie crown hy .lo^eph |5.>nai aiie, ani\ed in the midst of pri'parat inns i'or tlie solemn lestixities to he held en the ot'ca^ion ot swearing;" alleuiam-e' to tliu yoini^' lUMnnreh. 'I'lie iiii- pressii'n whieh these events created in ]Me\ici) was at iii'st ])ainrnl. ( "reuk's as well as Spaniards liated the Freni-h. Xa[)oleiin was their arcii-eiieniy. They ywoi-e they weultl never he ruled hy him, or any of his creatures. (,)n th(.' I 1th ol' -Inly, the vieen)y jv- cei\ed cnpies el' the; Madi'id eliiclal L;azetti's c(»n!irmin;_;' the ni'Ws, and on tin; rdilewin^" day h(.' cenvoliid ii (•■unicil el" the ical acuerdii, at which it v,as reseKi-d iH iiliei' to ehey the decrees ol' Murat, thi ii conimand- iii"' at Madrid, nor thos(! of any <'i)\ernment other than that (»!' the Icdtiniate sovereii-'n.' ' The otlicial ]ioitlons of the ^ladrid gazettes were, nioi'eo\er, or- dered to be puhlished.''^ ihit the iirst surjiriso over, vovy diireront and \r- hi'Uient feelings bi-gan to spi'ingiip among tlie jn'opje. Th'ir ideas were confounded at thi> pos^ihility ol' l)eing' without a king. Those who had hilherttt re',;arded a. iiionaich as an infallihle ])ers()nage reineiuhei'ed the fate of Jji-uisXX'I., and beheld with consttU'iiatioii t'lo Midden removal of their own kim^s, father and son. That a nu^bof his own subjects should eil'ectthe down- •''■ ' [,o.s diilorca orcycroii ver ( u csta wv. en tl si'iabl.uilij del vircy jiiii!ailt» la ak'.L;ria, y (|iicsi' coiuplacia on ilceir c|uci'l Jlcy no voivcriaal trdiio.' f ',7c.», 7V( < jV-;/ ')-■, iii. •2'2~. 'I'liis conduct and tlio occurrence at 'i'l:d]iau were huh- .st niicnily bron^lit forward iu the accus.ition.s of trcasiou against tlie viceroy. C'oic|'arc ('aiirdivhi, Coinhula I/iirt:, l."i-l(). ""The revivor I )iilor Alanine added tlie won!.--.: '(Juo S. I], y d real Acuci'do cshdiiin ]H'iictiados do iin(.■.•/■»/•.-■« i rin- ifii-itinlo I/iirri;i'irtn/. For hii reply ility, and jirincipal pe 'sons of tlie city. Olavarrieta was senteneed and .^hipped to Spain, but managed to escape duiing the voyag'e. Soon after this the s;vnie ceremonit's \vv\ e r(.>- j)eated on the person of Jose llojas, j)rofessoi' of niaih- eniatics in the colle:'t^ at Guanaiuato. A man of ex- li'aordinary tak'uts and great k'ariiing,^'' he possessed butlittle knowledge of the v.'oi'ld (ariying on a Cv'rre- spondeuce on i)hilo;Mtphical ami tl'.c«. logical toi)ics v»ith ji woman at (juanajua.to, he was denounced by her and imprisoned. .Vl'ter sentence l.)y ihe holy ollice, llojas escaped to New Orleans. Theie he published in- ilammatory proclamations against the S[)anish gov- ''^ //iirri'ifimi/, in Cnr/n iifiihfif/''rii ; Cam, Trc-: Sli/lo.-j, iii. '20s. "- r>usuiin:iiitu ruin.irks tliiit ;i ;;i'fat immlicr of tlii' c c;isi.'s mii-.t luuv liocn of a iHjlitical iiiiUiro, "puoH csLo tnbuiiiil i'i;i, I'i biazo (Icrccho dil iloNputisiiio,' ''■ V (le HUM iiu'iiirii'ia t:iii fcli/,, <(|iii i)]if('Uili''i litcrahiiciitc las piiuci[iaIo3 u','tiiiiL'iiiiic i (If su i-ausa, cuu i^ulu liabci'los niilu Icvr.' Id., 'JOT- S. [lAV. VOLITION OF TIIK PRINS. 1 that faith iLi'n.s whi-h 39 lie- jubt, c more ro- satislactioii )o.ssII)ilitics iii([iiisiti<)ii liiid it at -'iii[)tiiiL»" to 11 and iiii- thcrc wcro ti'ihunal.''-' s time was cMirato of woric writ- ii th(.' iVoii- :ino'. T\\c lain to t!io >,aii(l ;.>;i'cat with nnivc ]k! .secular (I {)i'iiicij)al eiK'cd and luiiii'^' th(j 's wc.ivi i'(.'- i' o!' iiiaih- laii of ux- } )( jsst's.sed ui a c-ori'i'- >pic8 with >y her and ico, Hojas lishod iu- ni^h o'ov- O IS. list Iiavo lieen I dcspotisiiui.' eriitiioit, wliicli bciii^- '•laudcstiucly introduced into Mexico caused no little ainu)yance to the political authorities and the inquisition. This institution con- sisted at the time oi' thii-ty-one ofiicers, exclusive of a muititude <>i' secret a,n-ents and .s[)ies, and their labors v,ere so arduous and inipoi-tant that tlie iiujuisitors pe titi(»ne(l for an inci-ease of salary on that ,L;r(uuid. Sucli was the poweiful array of zealots, ever^on the alert to persecute those whose religious and political ^ lews dared to pass the bounds prescribed by church and state. 'I'he (leplorablc condition of the press v/as anotlier jiroof of the incessant endeavors on the part of tlu! autliorities to keej) th(.> i)eoplein intellectual bondage. Jt wa^ i!ot well lor subjects of Spain to know Uh) lauch of what was ,i;-oi!ig ,„, in the world. Four daily ]!apersa])p(;ared in Vera Cruz between ISO-land isof; three of tlieni were soon discontinued, and the other was prohibited from publishing any political news from I'U'eign countries, that being a pi'ivilege granted onlv t . the (nr.rf,f dr Mda'co^' hi 1HU5 the Mexican wiitcV ( arlos Maria nustaniante, and th..- alcalde del eri'm, n Jacobo do Mlla Uri-utia, establi.shed the Wario Je Mexico with but little better sue. 'ess. iJeing sup- juessed at one time, this jK'riodical was alloweifto ap- jK'ar again only on condition that it should be .subject 1<» the personal revision of tlie viceroy. •■' • l-:ini:s FlliiM XllE PKNINfSrLA — FdlR MHMOUAliLi; .llNI S — KlVAL Sl'ANlSIl .JlNTAS— AxdltY DlJ'.ATES — CoNSl'IKACY TO ])|.1H)SE THI'. \'lrotee(.ion from the creature i'ound oidy in the creator — it has taken all these thousands of years for man to hud out his mistake, to iind out that all men come into tlic World on terms ol' i'([uality, that no man or class of men ;ire horn almiglit}', either hy \ irtue of blood, inhci'itance, occupation, (tr wealth, and that all have ecjual lights. At length the time has come. All the world is astii', and ^[exici> must be moving. Three centuries back there had been a grand awakening, one of those spasms of progi'css in wldeh intellect is wont to disin- thrall itself; now there is at hand auothei'. Half the ( 10; I ^* ATTITUDI'] OF AFFAIRS. 41 (li'.mncd 'c'vrlits. |)\V('r ami hiiiL (M'oatnr iiiau l'> into oi' class )!' Mood, till have l^\■( i\ ■1.1 is Milurics lol" tllO^0 lO ( lisiii- lair the i Xationai, AD 'rililNCS 1 \l; Sl'AMSU N'lCKROV — Nicur Ci)Ui' ms Si'cuHS- Ti) Spain — [ IT A L — 11k- NTI.NCK AN'- U'UV. •1 he liiucs maxims woi'ld are in arms. Tlie few are ii;_;'htiiig to ho mas- ter; tlie many arc struggling to he free. The result is jirevleteriiiinecL In ]\Iexico opinion is hocoming somewhat clarilied; ideas are coalescing and action concentrating, particu- larly in the capitah And yet all is dim antl indistinct enough. The leaven of liherty is working; hut he- ware the i'angs of superstition, heware the sword of S[)ain, beware the tluiigeons of the inquisition and tortures bevond the u'rave! And where sliall be found a leader^ Here is op[)ortunity ; where is the man? lV'rha[)s tlu'ough Iturrigaray's brain run ambitious dreams. As likely there as anywhere, lie is none too good to [)lay the part of traitor to his king; though if successl'ul re\'olution makes of him a thing for popu- lar weii'ship, he is indeed in a dilennna, i'or nature has not endowed him with one spark of nobility or jiatri- otism. 3Iost justly ujton the liead of tliis vile repre- sentative of a vile monarchy has fallen the curse of the colonists. He and his associates, like their master, have made themselves rich over the ruin of tlu? mo--.t industrious and worthy of Spain's subjects. Y< I Ih) may .)e de.jmed useful. A bad man is sometimes ])etter for the furthei'ancc even (,f a gtHxi cause than a good man. IJut Iturrigaray is a coward and a liypoo'ite — a man not the best either for traiior or ]>atrlot. He has no thought of s^'ll'-sacrilice; on the contrary, shoul i he [xn-eliance make ^[cxico I'rce, ho nuist be well paid for it. ]\lexico may bo i'reeil i'rom France, from Spain jierchance; l)ut not fro:n him, not from S[)aiu's olHcials. If he can sa\'e ^[oxii'o to Spain, of course Fernando, or wloeNcr may bo at ]\ladrid to di'aw and s])end the ro\cnues, will reiiiom- bcr it. So day a-.er day this dog waits to see vvhi'Ii Avay the Trench cat will jump. When the intcdligence reaches ^NTexii'o that the Spanisji crown has sli[)i)ed from tin; iinger.s of S[tan- i^h kings, it seems to the people as if the earth was lou.iened from its orbit. Groups of anxious men, 42 riu::i;n;AUAY's defosai-. j^Tcutly c()iu-(.'i-iicd about tlicir iat(,', j^atlitT in tlio stix-ets and discuss tin- siiuatitni. i'liblK- inc'ctiiiu'.s — a r.ii-t' iiccuri'tiico in llial (jiiai'l hi- held, at which imich is saisl and n'lthiil^■ tloiic. I'iac-ards an; ixysti'd bv thu suvcial hu-lions ol' citv _L;'.>V(.'nini('nt, cautio'.isly liintini^' Ihfir own \l(.'ws, or Jl'oHii^' i"wr thf \ii'W.s ot" othiTs. Thoi'c is niauilust i\cvy I'liaso olTuclin^' IVoin loyalty, wholly oi' jiai'lially, 1 » indi'ix.-ndt'Uco, wholly or partially. I'asijaiiiadcs aro sriit to liiL^ii olUcials, and sonnj oxen propose a c-i<»wii Ibr iuirrigaray/ i m On Iho I'Jtli of July, at tho sun'u^estlon of Ihc rc^i- d ;r A/.c;iratc, the nirinici[ial authorities prrsont.*! to i lie \i.-oroy a memorial, '" clainiii)'^' that as the- throne of S:)ain was not occupied l)y the lawful sovereign), the i;-overnment devolved upon the people, and (hat the cily (»f Mexico, as the metropolis and representa- tive of all Xew (Spain, would sustain the liL^hts ol'lhe deposed house. The address coucladed with tlie re(|Uest that the viceroy would assume pro\ i>ionally the u"overument of the kinii'dom, and that he would suiTcnder it neither to any I'oreigu [)owt>r, nor to Spain hei'self while under foi'eii^u rule; and that ho Avould not ivceixe any other viceroy or accei)t a new n[)pointment from the usui'ping' power."^ ' ("111 the !)th of August tlio consitlailo cif Mexico mlilrcsspd a petition to Itii!'ri-ai';iy leinR'stm-^' liiiil to iulii|it iiieiisuivs fur tiic .siippirssioii of tiu.'.~e fci'ililini;^ (lciiioiisti-,-aioiis. Jf( r;i'i:i(li -. 1/ Jhirnln.-if '>./. />)'•., i. Till. - •]jii jo (U; luazua y cii coclica.' JluManiuidc, ■Sii/ilcnwiilo, in Citrn, Trm Shj'n.-; ill. -JJS. ^ • I'iilii'iiilosc al I-'xiiio. Scnor Vin-oy quo iiiteriii lIcL^a el inoinciito ulis do (j".(! sal.'a do J-'raiioia S. .M. y Altcsas, u tl Itoyiio t'lije |ioi's(jiia tic la Jtial l::!iiilia jiara <|ne lo niaiidu y jinvicnio ooiiio ."U Key y Scnor nauiral, jicniiaiicrsca i\: Vincy (iolnTiiador y ( 'a)iitiui ( ioiici-al dc osta Xncva Iv-ijiaTia, ciiUiidit ii- d.iso C'U la calidad do prov icioiial, kIii podcrlo cntrcgar i'l i'ulciicia alu'iina C'\tl'aiiL'cra, ni a la iiiisma lvs|iaAaaiiii ([Uaiido |iaracllo so Ic iircsciitm orilciicl (I dil Sciior Carlos iriarto n did I'riiicip'' iIc Asturias l)ajo la dcuoniiiiacioii di> rcniMiiilo Scpti'iio antes do salii- do Ivspiina,. . .(jiie no ciitrc^iiuo taiiipoio d \'ii'rcynato y(ioviciiio del Jtcyiio A iiin;,'un Vificy cpio liayaii ii"iiiliiado el mismo iSofior Ciilos (piarto i) I'liiicipo do Astmias:. . .(^hie iiiiii (puuido S. h], liiisnio .uc.i contiimado oil el Viireynato ]ior Ileal ordeu d(; S. M. <'i do I'liii- cipo do Asturias. . .110 la otieilesca ni cnni|ila, f Jproviiiolialiiieiito ell el iiiaiido del Ucyno.' l/i rna nli ~ >/ Il^irulo-, (',:/, J)ni\ i. 177 t». .S.'oli Were the cxpressioiia euiitaiiiod in tlio adthess of tlio uyuiita- EV(3LUTI0X OF OPIXIOX. 43 or in tlio ic'ctiiigs — iVcqiu-ntly liiiiij;' (lom*. lis of city views, dl' ■^ inaiiircst !• jjariially, [is;|U!na(k';5 pi'oposcj a if i\\r. vci la, .11- ia Ural Ir.il. ]ii'riiiaiii >i';i< laua, ciiU'iulifil- iliiiieui alu'una sfiiUaoi-ilciifS 1,> ,'iiiiniiiiai.'inii ( :ue taini'oi'O el 111 ii"iiilii;ulo i-'l I ijiuuido S. K. M. Olio I'riu- ImiR' fiiciu' u'ado A tlio uyimtii- Ituri'lL^aray rccoivcd the address sj^racloiisly, affirm- iii!4' tliat Jio woidd slied thu last (h-op of Ids blood in llir protoctioii of tho (•ouutry, and that ho was ready to take tho oath of lovallv.* A crowd had u-atlKjrcd, \\>r I'M was d()i)(! oiu'idv, and when tho vicei-ov (lis- ]!ji,-s((l the re;j;'idori.'s the [x'ople shouted, and anioii'^f thiiii larijcss was liberally iluii''' by supporters t)f tho pidjrct. The audiencia (hd not like i(, and thi'ir wratli \\a\ed hot when, durin;^' tho day, Iturri^'aray laid tlio adilress before tho r^'al acuordo and asked their vote ii[)on the matter.'' Tho ayuntaniiento was prosuuip- tiious; i'urthei', the njonibers wore mostly Creoles. So the audiencia njeeted the proposition, as contrary to law and the public weal," thereby brin^'ing chaL,niii U[»on Itiu'rigai'ay, who of course I'egai'ded with lluor a change \vhich would have secured him in power, vhatever turn all'airs n.ight take.' As nearly as wo can inter[)ret ideas so vague as Wire these in tho minds of those who held them, the several shades of opinion, of inclination, hope, I'autasy, NNcre somewhat as iblU)ws : Tho viceroy aii'.-nto to tlio vicoroy, the wlailo of wliiili iiitprcstin!^ (lociuiiciit is siippliiHl I'V 1 >;ivalc),<, wlio (.'Npios.si :j lii-i thanks to Juiu ilurta Aiidradi' fur liis kiiidiiosd iii liinii^^liin^ liiiii m itli a copy of it. ' ■Ti'iiiiiiK) piu'i csta osciiia, en lu fpio todo estnba coiivenido, do antoiiuino cntri' ol \iroy y Azoarati,'.' Alnrnan, Hii''. Mij., i. IT^. •'('o[iy of noto to 1 110 real aoucrdo will bo i'oand in Hirtnunhz j Ddndo!^, (■I. J)or., i. 4SG. '' In tho rojily of tlie roal a.iuoido, tllo^H• words nro used: 'Aqnol nondiia- li.ien'o) pi'iA isioiial V juraniont.i, doliilitarian niasljjcn ipio allrinarian arjiu lius f~agiadod by any viocroy oaiisod growlin;,'. 'Talis disiio.sioionos so citaban como < jfiiiplaroa ilcl podor soborano ipio liiipi'/'abi, ii ( jcrcor cl viroy y oimio osca- I'niH ]iaia td troiio a (]Uo intriilaba subii'.' hi., 'l'X\-\. Jo l- Luis Alooii'.do, il Hilvorsniith, was chai'^od ■with niakiii.i,' a rmwii Inr ltnrri;,'aray's oui'miation. y '., 'Jllo. (Iiuria disbolicvcs ia Itiuri^'aiay's as[ii rations to a throne. 1114, lie. X. L^p., i. 70. 44 ITURRIOARAY'S DEPOSAL, tliouujlit tliat almost any change would bo bt'ni'fiflal to liiiii so long as ho I'cniainocl at the head of allairs. U' th(; ])eoiile desired hini to hold the country lV»r 8[)ain — well; Spain would hardly object to that. If France was to laile, then he could bo i'or France— [)ar- tii'ubirly if Godoy was on good terms with Xapoleon. And ev(,'n if New Spain broke intt^ full rebellion, de- clarc'd absolute indepentlence, and he could be their king or j)resident — why, that would bo well t(;o; and if afterward France or Spain should prove too much for Mexico, then ho had only done his best for France or S[)ain. The audiencja, the church, the inquisition, all sus- pected the viceroy, and regarded with contein[)t the ayuntamiento. If there was to be a change, each of these powers desired to be at the head; they were each determined at the least not to losu what influ- ence they had, and to gain as much more as possible. In regard to the people, the military, ollicers of the govcnnnent, ecclesiastics, and the rest, there was lu'ld every phase of ideas. The sympathies of some Vv'ere with Fernando; many prided themselves in their loyalty to Spain; all hated France; the b(jlder dreamed of actual independence. The Creoles and the vicero}'- acted together in fa\'or of a national con- gress, but ibr \\itlely different ends: the former being for the liberty of the nation, the latter for personal aggrandizement. One looked to the representative body as the iirst movement toward securing that quality of self-government so lately secured hy the United States; the other regarded it oidy as an agent to do him service — pei'haps to ])lace' upon his head a crown, either in his own name or in the name of Spain. Out of these several phases of opinion arose several factions. Vnd the two great tinal divisions, of course, were the royalists, who would have America always ruled by Europe, and the inde[)endents, who would have America always free. In the main, the Span- iards in America belonged to the former faction, and 1 1 % ■ i^ ^ I .3 ITATRED OF THE FREXCfl, 45 buiH'ficial :)t' iilUiirs. iintrv I'oi" that. If iicu — [)ar- S^apt)lcH)ii, .'lliou, (Itj- bo tliL'ii' too; and too lULlcIl bust ibr 1, all sii.s- join[)t tho 3, each of hoy wore hat iiiflu- possiblc. 3r,s of tho huro was -; of sonic selves in l)oklor •olcs and )iKil eon- wv bchi!^ personal sentativc h\i'tant I'cclesiastical, polltif^d, or commercial bodies, mIioso ]»ecuniary or other interests weTe ])araniount lo tlu' authorities of Jalaj)a and Queretaro exjiresscd their willingness to send deputies at once to tlie pro- ])ose(l coULj'i'ess. Aleanwliilea vessel had ai'rived at A^era Cruz, v/ith inf )rmation that Spain liad risen against Xapolecn.i. Th(^ news reached the capital on the night of the DSth of .hilv, and at dayliijht u'uns wrre iii'ed. l)i'll> weiv^ ruuu', and all was jov. The enthusiasm was univorsal, ibr Xapoleon was much hated, as 1 have said.'^ Alle- ^To illustrate tlic dctcst.ition in M'hicli X;tpol(;nn wps liolcl, if \\\\\ lie sntn- cicnt ti) fjuotu from Ihn (Icilicatidii in a pulilisliiMl (xliurliition I'l' lliu vufa nf l'iiii'|)CTi) in Miclioai.':!!! to liis ilnck <^\\ tlu! l.'illi (.f AiiLju-t of this siiinc year. 'A Napdt'iin l]iiii;ii)iirti'C'.\<''i,'i'!icion ilclos puclilds csp;iriiilt-!,'jinil iiflcr iiit'oi'ni- iii;,' lilt' 'iiifiuiic I'or/o ' t!i;it tlii.i small and ri'irn' ' iiaii^li lunl inMi'laininl for 1m rnaiiilii\'l [., iKH'om'lndcs: 'l)(:'hi.stc pucs, (',!.■.■< is cc, cii nidiistrnii i! > iiniliifiou, ilu tils ilclirios, poriiuc la Anu'rica ospiifiDhi o-ta l>i('ii jionctriiiiailo (u (.•iir.irtcr iiiipio, fci'Dz y >:an;riun;irio: y ic abonorr cumo ;1 fiiiia ilrsnta'la dt 1 alii.-Mio, qr.e solo cs[.ira a dcatriur la religion vcrdailcia, la inoial Sana, y la foliLidad tcni- 4G ITUJJIIIGARAY'S DKI'OSAL. j>;iaii('o t.) I'cinniulo All. was jiroclainifd, ainl voltiii- tci-r cofps w.'i'c I'cady t<» aid liiui in cscajtiii,!;" iVoiii the iiK'slics ill which h(j was ('iitan'']('(l," while' (iodov and Napoleon wrvv burnt in olKjji'y.^" 'J'hus it would sceui that the first cry for indopon- denco is sniothercd by hatred of an invader and loyal svniiJathv ibr a I'allen monarch. ]>utwe may see now how a bad man may help a o'o.xl cause. Ituniufuray luites l"\'rnando, tli()U,L!;h he [iretends to serve him. If he does not secretly i'avor the J^'i'ench, he is easily rt-'conciled to their success so lon;jf as his patron (lo- doy is permitted to woi'ship btsfbre Xajioleon. Xev- ertheless, the viceroy puts on a smilinL>" face, and is ^vheel(!d in a chariot of state throuu'h the citv.accom- ])anied by over two thousand horsemen, who publicly oiler their servi(X's in defence of the Spanish sovei'- ei-jfu. The viceroy is i»;i-acious, and i)raises their ]iorsemanshi[) and their steeds; neverlheli'ss, he does not fail to I'eiterate soon alter that Spain could not j-esist the ai'ms oi' France. Such speech and conduct on the i)art of the chief ruler is the surest road to I'evohition, and the viceroy is well aware of it.'^^ The (juestion now arose wdiether to reco^'nizc the junta o-overning at Seville in the name of I'ernando. The viceroy con\'oked a general council, comj)osed of the audienc-ia, the ayuntamiento, the diU'ercnt tribu- nals, the archbishop, and the most prominent mend)ers of the conmiunity. On the 9th of August the junta poral do Ids piicLlos. Tu mas mortal cnemigo. Filopatro Angclopolitano.' Jhnrlo ill' Mcr., xii. "21!). 8 /-/., ix. Ki.VS, :U:!-4; Orhnra, Lihro Cur., MS., 2-3; Pcip. Var.. xxxvi., no. Ixviii., ii. L'l-'J. Tlic simlioo procurailin' piopofcil that .Sl-_',00t),000 be ini- pliiyi'il ill eli'cctiiig the csca])C of Fcinaiuli) from Franco; six million to Iio l):iiil to the comma in lor of ttio fortrc.-- .. Ncv- *o, and is S', acooni- i publicly -;h soVLT- ics their , ho does :-()uld not \ conduct road to . 11 j,nizo the ernando. )()sed ot t tribu- neniber.s e junta clopolitanf).' u)\. xxxvi., 1,000 be (111- llidii ti) I'C f ho would tliiit iiatiiiU ) jifuvidi^ lit iiitaiii ciylit \ traiilor ilo 'zaha., LUiro 230; Ala- SO Tlie revious the- ory that in the absence of a len'itimate monarch the sovereii^'nty reverted to the peo[)le. These views were strenuously o])|)osed b\' the audiencia, whii-h n'pre- sented the Spanish laction, and ivi^^'arded Verdad's I'X- iri'ssions as seihtiou: All CLHiHU'e a'^rei'd upon, and lie was [>roclanne(i i:m^' to V d 1; ernando was ol Si )ani an< taken to ob .... I the Indies; an oath was taken to oDe proceeding from tlie empei'or of th(3 J'^ivnch or his i'e[)- resentatives; and the viceroy was recogni/.t'd as the king's lieuten.ant in Xew Spain, the audiencia and other roval tribunals retaining their authoritv. These decisii^ns were drawn U[) m the ibrm of an act, which was signed by those present." A. (h.'turbance occurred at Vera Cruz, occasioned by the arrival of a French vessel l)earing despatches iVoDi Joseph Bonaparte. 'J'he ship was lired \\\)n\\ i'rom Ulu:i, and was not allowed to enter port until sin; had ] :)Wered her colors and hoisted a white Hag. ^\'hen the documents were read they were found to contidn orders of Joseph, conlirming in their several j.ositions the ^lexican authorities in that port, and extending to them various favors. The despatches '- /?('!". Virdaihrn Oriifn, no, ii, ."(—7. " Sue co)iy of tlio act i;i //' nminl z i/ Ddvalo>i, Col. Doc. Iiidt'p., i. r)l,'?-l(). There are ei'.;hty-t\V() signatures, eoiiipri.siiig tlio.si' of the viceroy, arciihi-lioj), oiilores, ami priiieipal authorities. It was ileelareil null hy tlie amlienciii of ( oiiiilala j:ira, /(/., i. .");!4; while lliauo, th" iutciiilciite of ( liKiiia.jiiato, coiisiil- civil that certain expressions inij,'lit lie improperly interpreted, ' pneileii luo- tivar alu'uua siniestra inteli;^encia (pie eonvi'ue evitar,' /(/,. i. ;"iJ!), On llu; lith of AwLjiist Itnrrigaray jiroclaimcd the result. The doeiiinent w is .^ •- vcrely ciitii'ised by I'lay Meleiior de Talainantes, of ^^•hoso political tenden- cies nieuti(ni will lie made later, Talainantes charu'es the viceroy with having his own interest more at heart than those of the kiii;,'doiii, ' (^Uie dehe es]ie- r.irse de vos,' he aslis, '([tie liaheis velado hasta ahora suhre vnestras pid))ii).s interests y no sobro los del rciiio y en su organizacion; rpio no lial)C' tenido otra Icj' (]Ue vuestros eapiichos, (pio solo haljeis consultado ;l vucstr.iM .I'vei sinnes y paseos niirando con indifereneia la adiniiiistracion pi'iljlica.' fd., i, ."di'p-y, where see copy of the proclamation with Talainantes' anuotalions. On the l.'Jth of .\u,L;ust alleiiiauce to IVuiando was ex|iressed by a ei iebration in his Imnoi', solemnized by religious ecreiiionies, and en!i\eiied by proeessioiia and illuminations. Id., i, olS-l'J; Gaz. dc Mrj., ISJS, xv, oGS-70. 48 IXriMtlGARAY'S DHPOSAL. hi!: wcro Ijiirncd in ilio ])l;i/a. A rinnoi- jiaving sproafl lliaf two coiimiissioiu'is hy t!iis vessel wcvo, sccrt.-tcd ill tlio lioiisu of Ciiiaci) Cclxillns, tin; coiuiuulaiito of tlio port, a inol) bi'okc) into ami plundered it. The liost was taki'ii to ilie liouse to allay the tumult, hut the; ei'owd was only dispersed hy a lieavy I'all of I'ain.^' ]tui'>'i,L;'ai'ay heard of it on the l.'3th of Aui^aist, the (lav on whieli IIkj oath of alh^niance to Fernando was taken, and it oUL;'ht to have been a waruinn'.'' ( )n the .'lOlli two <'onnnissioner,s from the junta of Sevllji.' anived at ^lexico domandinu^ reeo'j^nition of its sovereiL,futy over Xi.'W Spain.'" They were Juau (lahriel Jahat, a naval commander, and hitter enemy of Iturri'^'aray,'' and Colonel Tomas de Jaure^nii, a brother of the \ieei'oy's wife. They were instructed to ai'i'est the viceroy in case he i-efused conn)liance. A iunta v\as convened on the iollowiu'' day, at which Iturri^'aray expressed his dissatisfaction at the tone and want of courtesy of the despatch.^'* The debate which en.-ucd was warm and len<>'thv, and tended in no way to procure harmony. Oidor Aguirre prt)- ^' ' Lo que rcalinontp rcsfvic'i ii Ids nmonfiiindos, y los ilisolvi('), fui'^ uii fiior- tfsimo ii'maeoro, (|iic liuho on aijiulla Iidivi.' I.annr.a, l)isnir proliil)itc(l umlur jiaiii of di'atli any one from vifiitin':; l!io Fi'oii.h sliip. 'J'lii^ 'javc otreucc to the isailor.s in Vera ("rii/, and led to tlio saeUin,^' of Celmllos' lionse: 'ia eluisnia niarinera . . .airojij sus inuelile.s a la e:il!<', (lucnn) su (juitrin, y roln'i sns pianos de la roniisioii hidro- unitiea- (]ii(! Iialiia levantado, y jiintaniente una poreiou de iu.struuieiitu.s de marina.' Cftrn, 'J'ra Shjlu-f, iii. •J,'iJ-,'t. '■' ' VA niodo fiicil eon rpic se inicii'i la asonada, y que manifestaba el prrado de exaltaeion en qne so liailaban los aiiiino^?, indieij al \ ire y lo jiredispttesto (]uc esta'ia el puel)lo ii lanzarse ;i la revolueion.' Xr;iri fi\ J/i.c. Si// 1 A' /A'., i., S!). 'J'his author slate;^ t'lat it was belirved in Vera ( 'rn;', that .Jo-e .Mi;.;iiel do Azanza, formerly vieenjy, and at thi^^ time minister of war of Joseph IVniair.rtt', lia'.i7j-(j. JUNTAS CONVENKD. 4!t 1"" sprc.'ad J secreted lulaiite of it. The limit, l)ut of I'iiiu.^' iijfust, llio i.'iiido was 1'. ) junta of 'jfiiitioii of vere Jmui :er enemy iiur(.'L?ui, a instructed )nij)liance. , at wliicli tlic tone 'lie clebato tended in uirro pro- fni'' 1111 fucr- ■o> llr-'t., no. l)y tlie iiiiH:^- iiny iiiu^ irniii ■a ('ill/, ami oiuisiiiii hiilrxix.,i., ■It>-o Miijiiel v;ir i)f Josc[ih issno a proe- 1) aiul unite IS antes para KC vi'.Ton los iroi'laiua, y d IS rc's[H'i?tivc3 us (^0 ubiesc' posed that in nil matters Ix/lon^InL;* to the war and ti'easurv departments, the soverei'^'nty of the Se\ilUi j.nita should bo acknowleflged, hut not in those of ]i,itn>iiii;4e and Justice. These views wen,; opposed hy th<' Mai'iiuc.sde KayasandVilla lji'rutia,on the ground ihai the soverei^•nty was indivisil.)le. Althoug'h tlu; phuality of votes was in favor of A<.i;'uirre's motion, {\\i- i'e>ult was inelfective, owing to further compli<'a- tioMs caused l)_y the arrival that same niL;ht of i\v- spatchcs from deputies of the junta of ()vie- t<':iil)er tlie 1st the viceroy summoned another coun- cil, at, which he stated that S|)ain was in a state of anarchy, since all juntas wished to he sui)reme. The cMiiiplicjition caused hy the claim t)f two se|)arate Spaiiisji juntas to the su[)remo pc^wt^r hul to a sus- ]ieMsi(>n of action, and a resolution to wait for further ih'ws was passed. ]Jut the indiscreet laiiguaL>'e of the viceroy was construed into a hint that he inteiidc'd t'» depose .Vguirre and IJataller and otlu-r oidoi'es,-' and it wa>; sus[)ected that ho was fully aware of nig'htly mvutings which were now being lield l)y the faction sed to him, and at which were discussed plans thi'owing liim. .\gain and lor the last time Ituri'igaray convened a junta 1)11 the 'Jtli of Soptemi)er. The main point dis- cussed was the conv.)cati<)n of a general congress and the I'stablishment of a provisional go\(_'rnment. (Ireat civiifii^ioii mai'ked xho proceedings. A'illa Urrutia was tlie main promoter of the idea, and to liim were "/./., i. y.m: X,':jrrfr, J^'.r. Sl'jh A7A"., i. 102-101. Called l.y \"illii l.'rniUa 'la jiiiitado Astiirias.' I'li/i. !'«/•., elvii., no. Nxxiv. 7. '-' Cunrt-lddn, I'eri lud .Snbida. ',i'i-~. Tlic liscal IJoilwii, in a long address, made use of expressions lii^'ldy llattei'in',; to Iturrigaray, wiioin lie called tlio viiM-ij;e;-ent of the king. 'lUtii, l)ieii,' rejilied tlie vieeroy, 'piles si yo lo soy, e,id:i 111)1) do V. SS. guardo sii ])uesto, y no extrafio si eon algano. t> al;;iinos t'liiio [ii'ovideiieias.' Jinntaiiia.i/i', iwCnro, Ti'i'-^ ISiiil i.-; iii, •_'.'!•">; /•','.'. Virdnilirn "ri'i., ii. ."is. (Jiiefra ascribes still stronger langnagt; to Ittirrlgaray. 'L'ada iMi') guarde sn jiiiesto, (|ii|»()se(l the tlirijc liscak's, Francisco Xavicr IJoi-'dou, Ambi'Dsii) Za'^'ar/Liricta, and Francisco lloMctlo, all of wlio.si! opinions and voles were I'cad Ik'I'oi'o tliu junta. Tho eldest int)r')!)ii, ilth'do, nil ly to tli-i I |)r()|)i»st';l iiie tlieiii- .iiK'ly: tlu! so (loiii'4'; ho sluml I )toss!ioul I I, A,n'ustiii tlu! syiulic I, ho him- ), CA}l\\d h.! his cause I t oiure I'X.- laiin, wliilo id ho sai;l vd l)y tho ttoi's go it' 'W ()p|)()sr;l ly hccii in- its licight, ,'s aro iioLr 11 accord." Hivei'o.-- ifahlo d(!- od to ox- liiiu of his Ibiico, liad lueinhcrs; b was only lloza >«'il!''iOfirf<, \ Ori'jiii, 111), ii. Ivmtyei'ji III iii- liiiiiiiUo, (j^uodo (lir<'i-l .1 n;.>'aiiist the authors of ccrlalii |)n'^'|uin;i(!<'s 111' ;i st'iliti<»us char;i<-tri'. i )ufiiig tliis scssIdh ihc runidrrd intciiti'iii nl' ili > vic(;r<>v to rcsin'ii w.is hi-ou^ht t()r\\;;iil. "^I'ho rcgidoi' Aiiliiiiii) MuiuK.'/ I N'ict <)'"•' jirosr; ;nid Iia\iiig >(.il>l l!i:iL such a report li.id rcachc(l Hu' ;iyuntaMiiiiil'>, i\'.juc>(ril Ttiu-rigaray, il' lie liad such intiiitinn, to )\ ■•Diisidcr the luiitLcr and rciuaiu at the heail ol' all' Irs, sincn o'rievous evils would he certain to I'ollo,/ at .--nrli a eriiical time, if the country wei'e lel't witli- oat a cliief so capahle of delen(Ung it. The xiciriiy Miid lie wislu.'il U> resign; lie was getting old and dilli- culties were thie'keniug — all the same lie hail no in- tenliou of lavino- aside swet.-t autlutritv. Tlien Wv- «.■ » 7 I • (lad sjiolve in sii[)|)ort of t!u^ repruseiitations of J'rit!to, •ind aftji' a llnv woi'vls from lii\ei'o and Ulua[)a, a pro- f (und silenc(j rei'''ned while thev were wait in''" to hear IV im the opposition. Not a word c:un(^ fi'oin them, !i 'wever, and Itui'rio'arav tinallv ordered the husin^'s.; Ol' the junta to proceed."' ^I'lio dehate continued, hut with no other result than to increase feelinL:' between the two factions. Had tiie viceroy at tins crisis exliihited a prudent I'e- str.rmt the storm iiiiglit liave passed; hut ho ])ersisted i I a eidigreso consult ivo, and had indeed ah'ead}' on ihe 1st of the month issued circulars to the ayunta- i!iien(:os of the princi[)al cities, instructing them to ^e!id deputies to th(! capital. J [is assuui])tion of pre- rogatives, inorof)ver, his failures to si^dc the approval of t!ie acuerdo, and his order lor troops ^o move frori dalapa and Nueva Galicia to the ca[)ital, contirmi'd -^C.ill''il l>y ZamacoiH, //'/.^■^ .l/r/., \\. IS, Aiitoiii > Mrndcz r'aiio. -''I'lic viL'criiy \va.s at tliis tiiiio (!(i years nf aLTc 'I'hf siluiicc of tlio otlicr iiRiuln'is of the junta was hi'lil as iinlicatiii:,' llii'ir w isli that lie slumlil loiu'.i. I hat ho iiover h^l any inti'iition of dninL,' so may lie drawii frmii the tai;t t^iac a li'U' day-! later, as-niuiiiiL; a jirelMi^ativc lievel' etailiied liy preeedilig vieerny s, he appiiuteil ( iai\;a l):'t\ ila iiiari-^eal do caiiipo, ;ind .I.ir.c Maii.i La.so to !''^ supei iuteudeiit of tlie real aduiiia, hesides ^Tantint,' .1 sulisidy of 4(l(l.(l(i;) J) 'soi from the royal trea-iiuy to the ernisulado of Vi'ra Cru/. for tlie eoiitinii- .•itiou of the road to that port. This adiiiiiiistrativo aet was done indepeiid- enily of tliu approval of tlie junta superior as reij^uiied hy law. 1,'tc. ]\rda- (I rij Uri'jcii, no. ii. o"J. r,2 ITURRIGARAY'S DF:\^.sAL. opinion tlint his intrnlioii was iilUinatcly to L;'ovorn Vvitliout (lc]K'ii(lo!i('i' on the crown. T\\c ])artv op- ]»oseil (o liim, tlid'clon', (let(>rniini'il (o hastcMi llicir ])lans. '^I'lioi'o was ori^'anizcd against liini wliat the \i('('i'o_v wonld pi'oi)ah]y call a conspiracy.^' Thoso coniposin<_;' it wci'c mostly Eiiro|)can Sj)aniar(ls, and v.'ci'c sn;por(('(l l>y the coniniorcial i-lass. J)cru>vi!i;^ that the convocation ol" a national con^i'css, dctci-- mincd upon hy the viceroy, would hrinij;' to a cont'hi- sioii Spanish I'ule in ^Mexico, they resolved to siillc all tendency (o what they nii;j;ht call disloyalty to Spain, hy the sei/ui'e of the \iceroy and his j)rinoi[)al supporters. (Jalu'iel de N'ermo, a nat ive of Vizcaya, and warmly attaclu'd to the j»ai'ty of the oidores, was selected as (heir leadei'. Xoi' was the choice ill made. ( 'oura'4'cous, enei'^'etic, possessed of ability and cau- tion, NCrmo was in e\iiT res[)ect the man to take the lead. Moi'eover, he had at his connnand wealth, .Tiid liie ali'eciion of lil)erate(l slaves and other d*.'- ];endents o.; his laf^e (■states.''^'' Though he con- sid(n'ed that tin; condition of allairs recpiircnl a des- ])(iate reniiMly, he did iKtt immediately accept the in\i(a(ion of the conspirators to j)ut hiniseli' at tlieir head. 1 ia\ in;^', how cNcr, consulted with his confi'ssoi-, he at last I'Xprcssed his willingness to act as their leailei', and as no time was to lie lost^ he acted j)roni])t.- ]y.-' ^Vt a close meeting- it was determined that the "■' Xoir.tr, M,.,: Shil.i XIX., i. IDS. '■'''( l;!t)iii'l .Io;ii[iiiii do Yiriiin \v;is honi iti tlic iioi"hl>orliiiii(t 7. Ho inariioil hi:) (•■lusiu Man'a .lostfa Viiino in I\Ii'\i(.'o, will) li;i(l iaii.'ri It'll IVinii lirr fiillior v:il!ialil;'sn;:ar-caiii^ Ijacicinlas ii t'lO valli'y f lii.s son .Iciai' Maria in 17!''i lio lili'r- t\W'\ lii.s m';4ro anil nnilaltn : lavca U) the luuiilni' of more than l!);), an 1 a;;ain in ITi'T. \\iuii lio imrohasid the estato of Jalni'jlon 'a, ho ctitVr.noIii hmI ■_' tj laoro w hi) In I(in;-;vil to it. Tho froodnicn ovor artorward cxhiliitoil nndoviatin;^ iidoiily and ;; Hoot inn f ir him and tho oaiiso of tlio hinjjof .Sp'iin. lIiaH'.uc;':'sa.s (in a.^'rioultin ist wa.i woll known in Now S|^•lin. Spoakiio,' i.i ilofoTiou of liis.ao- ti 111 in this conspirai'v, ho (hiis alludos to tliis ooo;i[ialiiin : 'l[(! sido y «oy puraim nlo nil ai_;iioull(ii' iiidaiitrii ■>, oiiya riiino;:;i, tal onal os, diinani oxolii- iuvaaionto do loa frntoa do mis haoiond.-i;-!, nvjo/adas on mi ]):idi'r oxlra ifdi- iiai'i.uiioiiti', odino saho tenia la \nova I'lspafii.' I'(i;i. la;-., .\x:;vi., no. Iwiii., ii. ,") I !'; Cini'-i /■iil'i. \ii Id., oonv.. no. iii., xljv.-l.; .[/■i.ikhi, Jlit>'. ,l/i /'., i. 'J.'S. Ill' ilii d ill .Moxioo (111 till' 7th of Siploiiilior, ISlli, boiii;^' iicai'lv ."it) yi'ai's of ii;.v. / /.. i. .")!);!. -' J tui'riL,'aray\j dofondor, as.jort. tliat Yoriuo'ti doci.sion was iiilhioncod by yI':km("> as leader. 53 to o-ovcrn jiartv oji- istoii llicir whiit the '.'■^■' Those lianls, and l]erK>viii;jj '(^ss, (Ictor- ) a coiu'lu- ■d to slillo sloyalty to is principal )(■ Vizcaya, liilorcs, was L'O ill IIKUK'. y and cau- an t^> take uid wealth, [ other ue- rh he con- ired II des- aee< [it the •If at tluir s confessor, t as tluii" (1 proaipt- 1 thai the if i'.illia'i (III SLf:l Vi ; liio ill u'ii'nilas i 1 I'lC 171) », he lili-r- l!)',), :in 1 ;i;;;iiil r,.iiclii H'll 'lyj d nii'l'jviiiliii;^ llidH',uc;'!',;;!i3 fc'U'O (if liisMc- iii' h;i.l.i y si'V (liili:iui I xclii- nlor I'xli-a ir.li- vi., iH'. Iwiii., '. M.j.,i.-rs. ly ,"i(i yi'ai'f* of iiilliK'iici'.l liy person of tlie viceroy should he sei::ed, an li'overn- nieiit of the conntry liold for Spain. Venno told his associates that if he took the kad tln^ ailair nnist he coiidncted without (lisj»lay of any rancorous fuelinL;s, that hloodslied nuist be avoided, and the proposed eou]) d'etat acconn)lis]ied in a single nig'ht. Assenibliiii^ in the city a force coni[)ostxl of faithfid lahoi'ers on his estuie, ''* he nLX.t, proceeded to ya.in owi- the oilieers of the palace guard. This force was com- posed of a coni[)any drawn from the inl'antry regiment organized and jiaid l)y the uicrchanls of the ca[)ital,-' who moreover had the ap|)oin(ment of the olH(,-ers. These, being .selected lri.any. The troops of the viceroy were al- ready drawing near to the city, and the active coni-n- t-.t tlieiiiselves a,i,':unst a heavy ami irregularly imposed tax iijiou (hat liipioi-. r.y t':o extreme anil freo oitiiiioiis whieh lie expresiuil on tlie .sulijeet, he i:i- (■iu'ri,>l tlieaU'^erof tlio viceroy, w ho onlereil his iiniirisonment, Irom whi. Ii lie was only .saved hy tile iiilluenee of one of his eoiiii; rymeii, wlio was a i'l ieii i iif l;iirri','aray. Alainail ilel'ends Vernio aijaiust tile cli;ir;:o I'.iat prrs(jnal in i- tivrs iallue.iced him in the action ho tool; a'.'iinsl the vieeroy. /(/., i. •S.'tJ- '.'A. ,\r ;rete taUesaditi'erent view. M( .c. Siijlo XIX., i. 1 IS I'.l; lU i\ X. I,''i fanilal de aipiel eiudadaiio, justainente apreeiada hoy rn Mi^xieo.' l',ini, 'J',\ .i iS'^;/ X, iii. 'I'M. ''laiied el rejriiniento del eoinereio. Each day a i(iiii[>any nf tliisre/i- meiit formed tlie guanl of the vieeiv^al palace. ■■' ' ('oiidiiciase en todo e'omo iiii honilire naicoti/ado.' ilii>itaiii(iiili', ( ^«((^• > llUi., i., carta 1", .'i. A month licfore Ihistam.mte had intuine I lturii;ar,iy tli.'.t aeonspiraey was on foot to seize his person and dep i.;e him, iiat tlio vicer rocecded silently to the palace gates. The guard had been locked up in their quarters, and the sonti- iiels at the entrance stood mute and motionless.'^ (.'onnected on the north side with the palace stood the court prison, and the sentinel on guard there, not Srjlo^, iii. 23G-7. Itnrri^^'ar.iy states in his defence that at t!io conimeiiee- ineiit (if the cwisi)iracy a youtliuukuown to liiin iiifoniieil him t!i;it tlieoidores v.cro foniiiii^; a (IciiL'ii to sei;:c Jiim. Ahinhiii, llhf. M'j., i. 1241^-."). ^'This, aooorJing to the statement of Itu; rigaray. Alanian iliseredita the r.ssei'tion. (Jranados wa-i afterward banished hy liarihay to Aeapuleo, where lie died shortly after. LL, i. 1240. Jjusliuaanto aecvpLs iturri^^aray'.s state- ment. ' Captain 1). Luis (iranados eiitalia veudido .1 la faceion, y en la tard j hahianiaudadoalniisnio Talaeio ocheiitiartilleros jiaia ^uo litiiLsen eartuehos y tnvie.?en la artiUeria il jinnto.' Sup. C7. •V'anian denies this. Negrito consiihr-; l;;;;', the conspirators actually did re- cjive the archbishop's benediction, Mcx.SiijIo A/A'., i. 117. ^'Tlio mayor de ])la;'.a, Corouel Juan do Noriega, was afterward ' hai'gcd witli having been bril)i;ilj and liaving - .loperated witli the eonspii'atois by piving orders that tlio troops sliouhl not. Lave tlieir ipiariers on t!iat night. Noriega defended himself by (lepo'. Td/'., civil., no. xxxiii. Consult Yermo, in Aniijoilcl I'uv'il-j, ii. -lo-l'J. CIIAIIACTER OF ITURniGARAY. 55 ho foars of lilo svui'ia- ill ill such t to betray arcia, who '. He also L;e, Ijut was lieutenant, y, who ac- ^'^ were ad- )ns[)iratt)rs, of For nail- ed by the ibled in the o'ht of the , and they The ^^-uard 1 tlie senti- lotionless.'''' alacc stt)od there, not 10 commciioc- it the oidores (liicrodita tlio •ajiulco, wlieiv ;;ir;iy'.s statu- y vi\ la taid J jsuii cili'tuchod in. 10 oulores, con- ic conspirators tes that many 'i hueu Slice- (>, ';//o.v, iii. '2'.>~. otiially dill ro- •wai'il ( liaPiCil inspivator.s liy )ii that iiiglit. )i tiie iH'iiici- liai actor to lie Var., civil., l.ciiii: in tlio secret, challenged tliein as thoy ap- 1 roaihud. Iteceivinii" no ro])ly, he fii\'d on them, and was ijreparing to reload \v\n:\) he was shot down,™ Kocovering I'rom thio inislia[), they entered the palace ■without further opposition; and notwithstandiiio- the two shots which had been lired without, they I'ound ]turrigaray asleep in his chamber. Ai'oused, tlie viceroy found himself a prisoner, and having given up the keys of his cabinets, ho was conducted with his two cl(lc>st SDUS in a cari'iage to the inquisition, and lodgi'd in the house of the iiKjuisitor Prado, His wife and two chihlren offender age were at Iho same time conveyed to tlu; nunnerv of San Hernanh*.^' t' •-'■ Thus fell this vacillating viceroy, w'hose medioc- rity of character, coui'age, and ability rtuidered him signally imlit to govern during this most critical pe- riod. Intriixuini*' but feelile in desiiit timid, he could neither skilfully plan nor boldly execute, while his tempoiizing polic}' encouraged his enemies mid disap[)ointed his I'riends, Had heat the first ai [opted with decision the views of either faction, and su})[ti>rted them 1)>' positive measures, he would (Joubtle.vs have retained control of all'airs. Altiiough tlie ar])iti'ariness of his final acts, antl his intention to conci'iitiate forces in the capital, soom to indicate that ;it last he had doterniinod to suj)port the croole l)arty with a view to independence, his want of caution in allowing his action to outstrip his jiower to maintain it by the presence <3f troops which he could rely iij)ou was his ruin, and he was seized in the viceregal palace '° liustamantc iiiakos tlio stranf,'o assertion that tins spntinol, whose namn waH Mi;,'ucl (lai'ri, 1S(J,S, anil coui- niented upon by the oidor Aguirre. t'ancciada, the editor of the (Ac .u'cx'., XV. (JS7, thus hohls up to praise tho action of the nitrclmnts and ihtii' do- pondcnts: 'Lii Xueva Espaua sabra con el ticnipo lo nuicho f Ilabana; but that, the audiencia were anxious to have at their head Garibay, an octogenarian, to direct in such a crisis, and wiio would olTer no opposition to their views and measures. Discurno, 0-7. i THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 57 Azeilrate, and Itafael Ortega were iuiprisonod in the iU'cliicpisetipal jail, and shortly afterward Franeiseo Cisnerus/' the abbot of Guatlalupe, the canon tJose ^fariano BeriHtain, Jose Antonio Ciisto, and Fray Melchor Talainantes of the order of la ]\[ereed.*^ The new government at onee proceeded to take pro- cautions to secure itself in its position. Despatches wcru sent to all the [)rineipal cities with news of t.lio occuirenci-'S in the ca[)ital. Instructions were given to the colonels oi' the regiments i'roni Jalaj)a and Nucva Galicia to la 11 back. Garcia IJavila was d i 1 d d( removeU irom Jiis connnana as niariseai do campo," and the conde tie Alcaraz api)ointed in his place. "'(":illcil l)y A'aman, Josr Ciscnros. Ifhf. iVrj., i. 'J.')0. *' Tahiiiiuutcs \\:'siL native of IVri'i, aiul;istroiiL,'atlv()i.atcforin(lept'rnlcncc, as is imjvoil hy paiici-s i.i 'us own liaiuUvriting wliidi woic scixeil at the tinio of In.-j capture, anil ainon^ wliitli was t'ouml tlio sliotch of a ])lan ot iiidopin- ikuuc. It Ijuyins: ' J'll congreso iiacioiial Anicricano tlcbo tjcrccr tuilo.s lod (luicclioti do la Hcjlicrania;' ami tlicn the duties and pfiwei- of tlio con^^i'ess aro l,.id down in i;t items, wiiich include extensive reforms in political, civil, and ecclesiastical administrations, the regulation of commerce, and the promotion of agricultural, mining, and manufacturing industries, '(|uicandoli^s las tra- lias. ' The last item in this interesting document is to the oU'ect tliat an am- hassador sIkmiM lie sent to the U. S. 'i'l tratar do alianza y pedir auxilios.' hi another paper ho uses these words: 'Aproximaudose yaei tiempo di^ la iu- de[icndencia do esto rcino, delio pro<.'iirarse (pic el eoiigreso (pie so tonne Uevo en si misino, sin (pie pucda percibirso do los inadvertidos la seinilla do csia iad. peiulcncia: pero do una indepiMideneia si'ilida, duralile, y (]ue piieda s is- teiiersc sm dilicultad y sin cfusion do saiigre.' (juiio-hd/i, I'oiiiliictii /tiirri;ia- niiilepsy, indiic'il, it Mas also believed, by poison, lie however recovered, lu. -, having vindicated luMnelf, wasafterward .set at liberty by Viceroy Venegas. tlisneros, JJeristaiu, and (Jristo were lib 'rated soon after their incarceration. //».,• /.antiicoix, IliH. Alij., vi. (iJ-3; /iV>'«, Di^citrao rn la Alamnhi, 11. "Davila, having obtained his appointment from Iturrigaray, luad oirorod to resign if the authoriiieg ilocuioil it advisable under the new order of things. Oaz. Jinx., xv. TOO. ri8 ITURIlir.ARAY'S DKPOSAL. li ' f ! Tlio (Iracjoon rcj^iniont of Mexico was ordered in all haste to the capital, and ineasiires were taken to pre- serve public order and tranquillity. Nor were these l)recautions unnecessary. Contusion and tumult pre- vailed in the city. Armed bodies of cr(M)les and natives thronged the streets with threatening demon- strations, while fears were entertained that an attempt at rescue would be made by a division of the Jalapa regiment, whose ca[)tain, Joacpiin Arias, and his brother officers declared that they would liberate Iturrigaray or perish in the atten)pt. They were hnally, howevx^r, dissuaded from their purpose. For • ''reatm* secui'ity Iturri'nu'ay was removed to the fort- I'css of San Juan de Uh'ia,'^ being conducted thither on the 2Lst by a guard of sixty soldiers of the volun- teers of Fcrnan»lo YU. and lifty dragoons. A few days later he was joined by his wile antl famil}', and on the Gth of Deccuuber cnd)arked with tlunn on board the San Jiisto for Cadiz. On his arrisal at that port he was confined in the castle of San Sebas- tian, whence he was removed to that of Santa Cata- lina. There, impeached for treason, a'ld accused of extortion and maleadministration, he awaited his trial. i\Tean\vhile, all the hoarded wealth in his palace be- sides other property was sc^juestrated,"" and the oidor ^'' At attcini-,t at rescue -was made, of which Viccnto Acufia was tlio insti- gator, Acnua was sent prisoner to Spain, whore lie amis accpiitted. lletnrn- ing to ^Mexico throe years later, lie was arrested at I'eroto, and shot under sentence ui the council of war stationed there. JiiiMamaute, Sup., ^Vev Siglox, iii. -i-i;! 1. ^' Ifis accumulations were immense. In three apartments of the palace were fi)nni1, besides a great (piantity of diamonds, snull'-boxea, ornamental bouquets, breakfatit services, knives, forks, aiul spoons, all of solid goid, a gold writini,'-dcsk, gold cigar-cases, and costly ornaments, ti'inkets, and biic-a-brac! almost without number. Tlie silver ware was hardly less valuable; no fewer than HO dozen sets of plates, knives, forks, and spoons were found, with corrct^pondinif dinner-services and table ornaments. Jiehind his cabinet a box was discovered, labeled 'J)nlce de (,)u( ivtaro.' The sweetmeats it con- taini'd \\cie 7,I>S.'S yold ounces. In another chest was a massive circular in^ot (if ;:old and a threat vai'icty of i-arc trinki'ts of the sanii! metal, '(pie no sera niuy couiuii iialiarlas cu los palacios de los iiioiuircas.' In the corners (.if these apartuieuts were fdiiiid more than .">0,()C() durns in ba,i,'s. Moreover, among the s]i(iil were fiiur inteicst-payini,' bonds of 10(),()()0 duros each. (Tlie diiro was the same coin as the peso fuertc.) I'critmizniio, i. 70-7. The editor of tills periiulical states that the document from wiiich the above pariiculars arc taken is a copy of the original niauuscript. Tlio .same is to be ftund \ 1 f 4 TRIAL OF ITUIIRIGARAY. 60 ■cd in all n to pro- ire tlicso nult pre- oles and ^ dcmon- i attonipt 10 Jalapa and bis liberato loy were >sc. For tho fort- d tliitlier bo volun- A few niily, and tlu^ni on irrixal at n\ Sobas- II t a Cata- 'cnscd of liis trial. )alaco be- Itlio oidor as the insti- ll, llctnni- |l shot uiuhji' I, Tir-i Sitjloii, |f tho palace oniamoutal Isiilid gold, a riiikots, and less valnalilo; Iwci'o found, ll his cabinet Incats it con- lircuhir ingot |(|no no suni iicra of these (over, among (Tlie dnro riio editor of partieidara io he fciind ];atalltr was commissionod to draw up indictments. The first process desp;d(;lied to S|)ain, bcinj^ hastily ])ropari'd, was not couched in legal terms/' and tlie jiroceedings instituted were delayed until an instru- ment in Droper form, supported by the necessary docu- ments, was obtairied from Xew Spain, and it was not until Angust 1800 that the trial proceeded. '''^ The ac- cusations were then divided into two classes, forming two distinct suits, the prosecution for treason and the residencia of tho accused. On the 9tli of November following, Iturrigaray submitted his defence to the council of tho Indies, in which ho claimed acquittal of the charge of treason, on tho ground that ho had cleared himself of the accusations before the Spanish junta central. With regard to his residencia, ho main- tained that it ought not to be talcen while he was in captivity, with his salary suspended, b.is property sc- (|ucstcrud, and his honor aspersed. He then petitioned that he might be permitted to reside in the neighbor- hood of Cadiz, that the arrears of his salary should be ])aid, or tho income of his sequestrated capital be al- lowed him, and that the ,l-a of wliich lio was coiulumiiod to ])ay as tlic value of tlie invoice of Lj'ootls which he illcL2,-ally introduced into New Sjiaiu on his arrival there in 1803. The other amount was for money fraudulently obtained Irom the distribution of quicksilver, and sales of otlices and contracts, to each of which o2'ii4'inal sums was added a line of ecjual amount.''' "^Fo secure ]>ay- mcnt, Itui'rig'aray's interests in the miniiii^ tribunal of ]\[cxic(), amountiuL;- to .^400,000, were attached.'^" J le appealed to tlie conncil of the Indies, but the st.'iitence \ as coniirmed by it in February 1819, and later by t'lc sujireme tribunal of justice."^ Its execution, how- cvd', was intei'i'U[)ted by the declaration of inde- ])endenre in 1821, and Iturri<^aray having' died a short time l)ef()re, his widow^"^ and family went to j.U^xico and petitioned that the sentence miL^'ht not be cariied out. The arinunents now emi)loved 'vorc exactly opi)osite to those advanced by Iturri^rarav, wlio maintained that he had over remained lo^'al to I'ViMumdo."^ The family claimed that the deceased '■'Uc I'oc'civpil from his quicksilver frauds .?n(!,810. In ISOO and 1807 his receipts IVmu illegal contracts for the iiiaiiul'auture of ei;,'aretto pa]ier aiiioiiiiletl to !:^I(J15,1'J.S. 'J'lie U'Ljal price of this paper as sold from tlie f.ictoi-y was Si'-' a ream, nming the year mentioned it was raised to .t'l.'l, one dollar lieing paid by the inanutaiturers to the viceroy for their monopoly. /(/., 'J4-."); Aluiitfiii, IliM. M|)|»ed j)r()ceedings, and I'cstoi'cd to Iturrioaray's heirs the $400,000 invested in the min- iu'^ tiibunal. Such was the result of one of the most im|)ortant and memorable investi^^ations madtj during- the whole period of viceregal administration.* 'J'he trial of Itun-igaray, while exposing his graspin;,^ avarice and nefarious transactions, throws liLtle lis-'ht upon his political pretensions. It is only by a consid- eration of the discussions carried on by his su])porteis and oi)[)onents, by an impartial estimate of the ell'ect of his administrative acts;'"'"' and by a close study of his character that we may reasonably expect any li^ht on his secret intenti(jns or expectations. Not only did his enemies directly accuse him of tr(nxs(jnal)lo desiij^ns, but even insinuated that he was not unwillinLii: atone time to reco, i., carta 1", 15. ^" At tlic junta lield on tlie Otii of August, ISOS, .nccording to Marti iiena, the viceroy used these words: 'Senorcs, aun estamos en tiempo do reconocer nl duijue de Berg, jiiuedioen V. SS.?' and when all exclaimed, 'So Si'uor/ 110 yciiorJ' Iturrigaray, observing that tho oidor d','cano Ciriaco (lonzalez Carvajal was conspicuously emphatic, asked him. ' Y que dirA V. S. si lo vo fiutorizado con la lirnia del Schor Torlier?' I'cv. V'criladcro Orhjm, ii. JiO. ]>ustamante's version is very dili'crcnt. He states tliat when tlio (juesti'ia of su.bmission to tlie order* of !Murat was put, tho oidores turned pale, 'mas cl virey con iininio denodado la decidio, diciendo, que no lo obedcceria niientras niaudaso nn ejercito. ' lie afterward cast tliis timidity in their teetli : ' ! iciendoles a los nnsinos oidores. . .Que. . .solo despues quo lian vi.ito niejorarsc las cosas era cuaudo cstabau valientes.' Sup. Cava, Ttxa Siijlos, id. 228. of ind'j- .'I An I loan coii- tored t') the min- j of tho us inado tnition.'* g-i'aspinj^ ttlo li Si-lit a coiisid- ijiportcr.s tliu crt'cct study ot' any li^^'lit Not only nxsonablo unwilliuL'' prcsenta- in regard itiou of con- ;hc au'liencia Ira woro iusti- iiif(jini;iti(jii lioiizuil Ala- ictucss with I'ias: 'lu- ll Ministcrii) ■igor, <|Uo lo [lis j^pi'inuipal Miutiueua, |lo recoiKicor 'Xo Si'Tior/ |co (loiizalcz S. si lo vo \iiji)i, ii. ;>o. he (|ucati'in pale, 'ina3 obcclcct'i'iii iiy in their lac iiau x'l.^co .■V Sltjlos, iii. 1 SIOXIFICANCE OP THE TIMES. on ti» tin; infli.'pondcncc of Mexico, wliati'ver lio Ihoiiglit of it, 1 am sure lio did ii'»t look much hcyond [uvscnt issues. IndepiMidence as a [)iiuci|)le was with him a sm;dl matter; independence as a means of prolit de- pended greatly uj)on i-elations between France and Spain. Jlonce liis anxiety to pnjvido against the con- tingency of being thrown over by a new power un the convocation of a national congress; ibr lie douI>t- less believed that S[)ain wcndd be unable to cope suc- cessfully with the arms of Xa[)oleon. Under such circumstances, if New Spain declared herself inde- pendent, there would bo no special disloyalty on his ])art to the mothei" country. But Iturrigaray had not the sagacity to recognize that tho Creole faction which ho favored was laying deeper plans, and would not be satisfied with only temporary freedom. He was not aware that l)eneath his feet was a pt)litical vortex, a fact which the Span- ish element appreciated more clearly. His want of tact, moreover, and his intemperate language,'' had given great offence, and ho was cordially hated by the oidt)res and their party. During tho latter days of his administration every expression of his counte- nance was watched by his oj)])onents; every syllabi o that fell from his lips was caught u[), and, if possible, interpreted as significant of his want of loyalty to Spain. That tho European party were fully per- suaded that he was aiming at the independence of Mexico, there is no doubt, giving as [)roof his dis- mantling the seaward battery of Ulua, and comey- ing its guns into the interior, the changes made by ''"At the session held on the fllhof Au^rust, wlicn t'.io arch1ii;hop, percciv- hf^ tliat the clisei:ssi(jns wcro licconiin^ iiilorniinahlc, juMposed that, tlicy s'luiiM be contined to cssi'iitial matters, Ituniuaray nuL'ly and aii,i,'ri.y it'plieur[)oso i)f avoichnu" t he inoitahty which jirevailed anioiiL;' tiie troops stationed at W'la Ci'ti/'' hy placiiiLj theiii in more liealthy local- ities. While they thus repudiated the accusations of trcasoiiahlo desiLjns, they nevertheless acknowdedg'ed inaiiv ixravu dcfucts in his administration."^ '"How stroiijily opposed the European party was to such a coii,i,'rcs3 may lie Hieii from ili-lmp (^tiiiipo'd views ixpris-eil on tlie "Jlllli of Septcinlier: ' L'lia junta iiMiiniial. . .cs una \uidudera icliulioii.' Col. JJoc, 'JU; I'd]'. ('((C, G-J, no. It), -JvS .-it. '''•"<,)ue en N'eracruz pcrccenV.?!, conio sieinprc, a niillarts.' Hrr. ilc N. J:'"/)., ('( imiini l'nrlh:iilai\ .'!. J.erdo do Tejada, A]>iiiit. lli-^t., IKi'J, inaUis tlio islranj.'!! ulateinent lliat ltiirri;,'aray ent.'i'laincil siii'li an infatiiatt'd liclirf in liis military skill tliat lie dism.iiitled tiie '>al tery lor tiie purpose of enliLiiig t!io luiLriisii to make an atlaik on Vera t'ruz, lieiny contident of vietoi'y. 'pei'o afurlunadamente ]>ai'a el \ iri'y, no sueedio asf, y a esto deliii) el (|iie till reputac'ion militar no (pudase tan ])erdida eonio la do f^ijberiiantu.' Lacun/.a, ])oc. Ili^t. MnsiO M('x\, ."liit, make.s tlio samo statement. ''" liiistaniante, one of his stanehest dtfi nder.s, remarks: 'ConoTCo los graves defeetos de su administracioii; uno de ellns cs la venta cseanda!o( tli.'it lii' was iirris:i(l aiil tiii il iHiorc till' j\iiitii ik- «('L;uiiilii 1 v Imi'ii urili'ii. \uiiuiim< p< isuiim lnnu^ht imaiust liilii c'liui;,'!'-! of iiisultsiiisl j;iiL'V;ilii.'i'-t, aiii'i his fiaiitiou.s ami tin liiiK'iit ti'iiilfUC'ii'S liL'iiij,' well kiiiiwu, tlio jnutii I'lUKli'iniiril liim tn liaiiisliiiiiut to Siiaiii. ilmrra, ll<'., i. \ix.-\xiv. Tlioi'i' luM)('cnipii' I liiuisclf ill writiiii,' oil tiic ))i)litical nll'aii's of N'( w Spain, displayiii,' tiunciii ii \ iiioiis ciiiiiity touanl tln' ci-coio and itvolutioiiary party. In Ksll lie puMi^iiicil in (aiii/ Ln Virihiil ^(th'id'i // llii'iiri /'' (iiinr'/'iilii, in wliicli ln' iiiainlains that the I'i'volution whicii hroko out in .Mrxico in ISIO orii;inatu(l in llui ii:ara y aiiii liis trcasonalilc (k'si'^'ns, Hn assi'it-< tiiat a revolution iry tcndcni'V lial not exist at the tiineiwlien llninlioilt was in New Spain, as aliirninl r»y 'el llspafiol esci'itor en Lonilres,' and said that llunihoidt's travels in Mixiecj vere too limited to admit of his nnderstalidin;^' the spirit of the ]ieople. 'i'lio !'(/■'/'('/ .V'('i/'i/'t 1,'avo >.'reat oll'iiu'o to the ayiiutarniento of .Mexieo, and tho legidores pctitioniil the supremo eonncil of tho S|ianisli rei^eiiey to order hi.i arrest on the eliar','oof aliomiiiahlu liheld prineipally directed a^'ainst that launiiijiality. Jlirn'indiz y Jtihytloi, ('ol. J)oi\, i. 7-'). In Mexi«o (.'anee- 1 ida for soinn years followed the avoeation of a pedler. He was of a qiiar- r.'lsonie and raneorous disjiosition, and is desurihed iiy the ayiuitaijiii'nio of Mexi'o as 'lionihre liieii eonouido en este reyno |)or an eavilosidad, e->nipidez y aiidaeia.' Id. Of low origin and uneducated, it is a matter of .surpri-ie that he olilainivl the position as editor of tho (I'azi'fii dc .l/c.r/co, the oUiiial organ of the government, which was under his direction for sonic years. I'ernando, on lii.s return to Spain, caused him to he placed in a convent, from ulii''!i, liowev<'r, h'' was liberated in 1S20. He died a few years afterward. IJcsides the I'l-rilail Saii'uhi, he was the author of many other works, aini)ng whieli may l)u mentioned I'liind dc In Xiicr/i K.t/iiiiiri .-^i sf dirlnra tl mni' rrio lihrc (lilt /ox cxlraiiijcro^, Cadiz, ISll, 4to, pp. S4; ('uiidnrtri, del Kxfi'livitisinio Si nor Jiiiii Jomi Jlurriijarfuj, C.idiz, ISl'J, -Ito, 2 1. ]i|). 13.'); ami the Tcl'ijri/o Ami'- rkuiio, a periodical whicli ho pnhlishcd in Spain, and which was opposed ia the Censor ]>y Alcocer of Tlaseala. In reply to the Wrdnd Sn'ildii, ii])[ic.ired ill the same yL-ar the JJ!sriir--o que Piihl/nt Don Imrnndo df L'r.ar.n VliiiitriiuiliK . .Iliirriijuritij. It handles (Jancehula with great severity, and freipiently gives him the lie direct. Lizar/a, who was Iturrigaray's law- yer, was not the author of the JJi.^rnrfio, hut .Jose Beyo de t'ismi-os, tho hrother of the ahhot of (Juadalupe, who was imprisoned on the downfall of the viceroy — and at that time .Mexican deputy to the curtes at ('.idiz. Alitiiifiii, Jlii^f. Mij., i. 2t)S. The work displays considerable acumen in tho refutation of Cancelada, and .supplies many facts favorable to Iturrigaray ]iur|iosely ignored in the Vcrdad Sahida. Although Ci.-iiieros is not .sparing il severe aniinadversions upon tho dissiM'tation, describing it as a texture of lies, falsilicatious, and liction, he has the good taste to refrain from the gross \itupiratiou so noticeable in the writings of that time. Cauccl.ula in reply p!ibli-;hed his Coiidiicla dii Kxmo. Senor. . .I/iirrii/'trn)/, Cadiz, IM'J, which ii Valuable as biniig composed mainly of transcripts of ollicial documents bear- ing upon iturrigaray's fall and trial. Among these ajipear the report of his iidinini.--tration and conduct from the time of his arrival to his depo.sal, drawn ii[) l.y the real acuerdo of Mexico, November !t, 1 SOS; otlici.il nccounis of the f nir liieiiiofable juntas convoked by him on the Olh and lUst of August, and tho Island Uth of September, I.SOS; the royal orders issued by tiie rcgciK'y of tlie ila de Leon; and other ollicial pajicrs quoted in this chapter. With re- gard to the report of the real acuerdo, to which Cancelada triumphantly ap- ]«'al.i as cnuelusive evidence of Iturrigaray's as[iirations to the sovereignty of New Spain, I have only to remark that the members of that court were bit- terly hostile to the viceroy, and that their representations cannot be acce])ted i;s iuqiartial. Jlhforla do la, Rcvoluclon. di' Xnrv/i E.[)lie3 us witii a hiograpliieal sketch of Cancel ida's life (lo\*n to the date of tlie puhlication of t'le Uiaturia, an v'ci.r IS.-', f (\incclul:is I cxpi)-"' t Ilia lUeii up witll rent miiiiliiT. self upiiu tlio lu; unili'itakni J licfii \n-is(.;it iiniriitaiy c'vi- ^^^\ .-ii-n st, and lie 1)rL-:iliio (lie I,, ll'sf. M'.i., vd to lb'-! iii'i)- skill. NVIii'.e sill that ■ ou''.l lit asiiU', vill, ich it CnlltilillJ jxioii, IS-JO, fill. Sll/H I'i'll' ''" ''■ ,9 Jiiiiii Martin K-o of Ituniuii- isiu'vos, I'.nsui- •se wric'V^' witli iiid ill thi'iii t'.:o voces mat 'riaks faithful i>atiiots ■uce he'in.u' that ■I.T tlo 11"^. ht'iu.; historian ha<, iiM^iipt of tllC im (loCUllK'Ut.S ■.. imnu'iliatc- h 1 \vi I nial-.e ,; y,,-'l'((liro • illipilillKlfi'ill- ,li /•//() ( (' FiiHo , it was issued 11, ill refutation f' Mexico have cxkuiio a toda.'i .,,1,1 CHAPTER IV. VICEROYS G IRIBAY AND LIZANA. 180S-1S10. CIaIHEAy's ClIAnAf'TER — A I'.AIKIE OK LoVAI.TY— Ri:ni!OANIZATIO.V OF THE Ai:mv— JioNArAiri'i.sr Intiiiouks — Lami'oons and .Skuiiiois Siikkts — ]']rn:cr of IJkvkkskh in Si'ain- Ivsialmshmknt oi" a .Itnta Cossul- TiVA— 1'i;i;ti;nsions to the Thuonk ok Mkxico — Ai;('i[i;isi[oi' Ijzwv ArroiNTi J) \'|(i;koy— ];i;:mittanci;s to Spain- -Li/.vNa's ( 'iiakai teu— The Junta he Sr.fii iuhau — iiEvoij-TioN at Vallahoi.ih— Si-anisii AmkUU'AN RkI'RESENTATIoN in the (Jut the}' eri'od ni tlieii' (■alculali()n>;. The cf'-olo party, disajipo'nt'.'d that their hope should fail in a season so i;iir lo" its aecouijilishnient, wcM'e (loul'ly eniliittered. They heliexed that as niatiei-s ->lood in the mother country, they, and not the Span- iai-ds, were the poNwr iu t Iw, land. Ivixalry and hatred hctuciii the two I'aetions inci'(>as(,'d, and heni'el'orward t!io rcNolutionary s[)irit s[»read silently and tar with i'a[)i(!ity.' At a time so traui^ht with diilicnlties, ari>-iii'4' iVoni \inlcnt jiolitieal change, no more inconipotcnt nam ' 111 ls| I the MeNienii do]nitieR to the Spaiii-li ei'irtcs represented that thn imnrisomiieiit of ll mi igaray h ;d provoked the rivahy lietweeii thi' Spaiiiai-'l?) e son! iiiieiite ))(ir el Reyiio, y crceieiido ilo diii eii ill ifiinilii'iidi ia. ' JJijiiillished, the new government, wilh- out formally recognizing either of the Sjianish juntas, procee ded t o rnle m tUe nai th me of Fernando Vli. and -• l';iilcc'ia una cniVrmrilnil ilc csti'min'^o. . . tciiioiulo quo apoyarsu en uu criailo iMuiuilo siilia a la rallc' Itin rn, (lob. Mi x., i. 54."). •* JSiistaiiiaiito states tiiat \w was ovur St), ('am, Trcs Shj/nx, iii. '2."0. Ala- man says, ' era ini amiano lie mas tlo si'ti'iita afios.' ///-■^ -'/'./'., i. -7'.). ihit ;i3 111' c'litct'cil Jiis niilitary cai'ccr in 17t-, tlio furnu'r's statmicut niusf, l)o ntiiii-T llic tniili. lie \\as unalilc tVoni his iiilirinitit's ti) sign docunicnls, ainl \ras coniiidlcil t') use a stanip. ])isji(i.<(i\ \'ttri(i!^, i. f. I'.'A. *A/<(maiu ll'i Ics ncgabacii .suscniitcstacionossecri'tas." Bualamdiilc, Ut III. '' ' Era todo do I'Uos. y lun'ia prccisanu iito loipic \v niamlalKi .Xguirrc, capa- taz jNIcxico )\\ he at- at a later nil rnii ties, los reales i \\'as I're- f'roju liis 11 liked l)y his insut- le oidores, not desir- of affairs; iu all acts ee of tho of Iturri- cnt, with- sh jnntas, 11.; and kmyarrio en uii 111. •_'."(). Al;i- I, i. 'JT',). i;ut Jiiciit nuis!. Iio Ijcuuk'Uls, ami |ros 11110S pm- Jiiistamauli', IV'^uirrc, c;\p:i- lia al Acuunlij ;in onlt.'r v\as issued that the inhahitants of the capi- t.il, in tokt.-n of their loyalty, should wear on their jK-rsons a l)adL(o beariuL,^ his name." The tribunal del consulailo was instructed to connnunit-ati! the same (H'di'r to all cor[»orations within the jurisdiction of that court. "^ The first important step \\hi(h the new government tool: in ordei' to insure its stability was the reoru'anization of t\\o army. Neither the vol- unteers of Fernando VII. nor the forces at Jalapa vrere I'cji'arded as su[)poi'ts iree from objection. Tin,* ])arty trom which the former were drawn setj:n(jd to expect their own })oHtical views adopted in the new order of ail'airs v.hicli they had created, and the oiiloi'es feared that the freedom of their own action would tliereb}^ be impeded. Accordin;^ly the charpK'- tas wriv lisbandcd l)y Garibav, who would no longer (lilain : . h loyal and self-denying })ersons i'rom their cnnmiercial occu])ations. lie thanked them in the name of Fernando lor their patriotism, for the ever luemorable services they had rendered, and informed them tJiat ho should not i'ail to place a memorial of their merits at the feet of his maje'sty.'^ In breaising up the encam])mont at Jalapa the oidores were in- lliienced by still more forcible reasons. Tlie regiments which coni])osed tlic army stationed tliere were' drawn fi'om the different provinces, and the ranks iilled by ]\Iexicans, wJiose loyalty could not bo safely ri'lied upon if the ilag of ind(![)endence shoidd be raised. Orders were therefore issU(nl that each cor[)s should I'eturn to its respective district; the I'eason assigned lieing that, in view of the alliance which had bc>en formed between S[)ain and England," the concenlra- tim ol' so laro'c a force for defence was no loMLi'er nec- ess;il'V It \\' as I'urt her urgetl that the gowiiimeiit, daz. (/(' Jfi'.r.. XV. ()S7. Many pcr.sfms liail unM inolal.s mail a wovo tlicm on tliL'ir coat collars. Alainaii pussossi'cl a rolliHtiini of tlani, uiul .states tliattlioy wtToof poor workniaiisliip. //Is/. .]/ with the dra<>'oons of Mexico constituted the militaiT I'orce in the capital. JJuriug (jarihay's rule the revolutionary tendency advanced apace. Secret meetings were held at pri- vate houses.^'^ A society known as the luicionales Cahalleros was organized at Vera Cruz, Jalapa, and jMcxii'o, which hv its machinations u^reatlv aided the cause of indej)endence." Further than this, the seci'et agents of Joseph B()na[)arte were actively at work inciting the iidiahitants to rebelliou.^* "^raiiiii'l Abjul y Queipo (.■ondcinns this nctiou of Oiirilwy, statin';; tliat lie dill so ' \:ov lialier ciiU'iidiilo ijiii! oiitro iiluiiiuw ollciak's se iial.'iilia cmi liii- crtad stiliro iink'iiL'iiiltiicia, y ]iiir ivniuiliai' (.'.stu iiial. . .iiK.'uri'ii'i cu otro mayor, (juo file ]iuiK'r cii coiitacto ;i Ids inilicianos cim sua vociiios, sils jiariciilx'.i y uiiii^i'S, on i!ei])o, wiio .states that liy ll;ittery and cajoling; they .so inlhRueed him that ' lo hi/o titubear en la lidiiid '.d do tal niodo. (pii! .su eonducta aniliiyua hi/o crecr A loa sedieiosos ipu! estaba de- eidido en .'-u favor, y eon esto arrojarnn la mascara y atacarou cara desc.ihi- erla, los dereehos de la monari|iiia.' liifurme diiuj. al roj., in /'aiiMcol->, Hint, J/..;., ix. Ml-J. " 'IVro no olvidaudo tampoco Napoleon el o))jeto interesanto de l.as Ame- ricas, cnviu eomisionados a seducir y ccjniprar los \ir;'eye.s, ,t;.)be:iuulort'3 y ilemas pei'snnas (jue por la fuerxa o por .su inlluxo i)udicscu doniinar el pue- blo.' f/ic. lie Mix., XV. !).'$."). Jn August ISOS, among o.lier seiliiious iiapers seized at Ver.i Cruz was a despatch from I'hampani, the I'rcncli minister t;f forei'.rn alVairs, uliicially recoa, mending a system of opera Lions to pro- mote rebellion. Arrll/in/ii. /^i/oniw, in Cf 'iilnrio, iv. f. oO, no. 1. TIk^ same yeariili lies, and hud several interviews with Jiidalgo, m h )m he earnesly en- eourageil, it is asserted, in revolutionary ihsi.ns. J'inz ( ale! In. Siini''ii, lOl-S, Hidalgo, however, ut his trial asserted that his conversations with •4' M mm PROGRESS OF THE REVOLUTION. 71 cninsula, a staiid- •n-anizcil, iitud tlic tondcncy I at \)V\- acionak's la)»a, ami ulcd tho lie secret at work ntini; that ho 'ahii LH.ii lih- i otl'o mayor, s jiiirii'iitx'.i y coiitaiiiinarsc c'd l!iL'.-ii^ tVee- e hcL'U relied whn was a [ihli'i'.ciiiloiieo on ,' lliat ho iickiiL'j;,-}. la to act as to :;;!i_'i'rs fill liy r.afai-y liili li.l 111 il'o cstalia nc- ,iiia:i liajiiTS 'i iniiii.itcr ii.as to pro- 'I'lir ^-aaiL' '.iicu 1 lar,o ,1 Ihc V. S. .njci'ciUii'js ly sent hiui r uitomiiU'il L'cts. fi'ia. (lii Trt'--! iVr/'tw, sscd tlironijh allies. ly on- ■satioiia V itli cliurclies. •Dssly tli.sli,<4"urea Lampoons and scurrilous pasquinades were posted on the walls; insultin*^ eaiicatures ot* the leading;' nieni- lirrs of the o'overuineut and lo^'alist part}' disligured the puhlic liuildings; and seditit)us sheets in print were scattered on the lloors of tho cathedral and Tho ima^'O ot his majesty, moreover, was d on the eoinaj^e,"' and the su])reme jiuita of S[)ain ricUeuled. And all these seeds of insurrection were so secretly and warily sow n that ii(i eH'orts of tho government were ell'ectivo i;i sup- Ji'Alviinar hail no political siirnificaiicc. Aliimnii, Ifi-'t. ^f'J., i. D.'iO-dO. -M'liisii'ur ])osinolar(l was Joseph ]joiia[iartL''s agent at lialuiiioi'c, i-ml tlio I'lfiii-li ii.siiri)er is^^iied iiistruelioiis to liini which (li.scUised thi! |ihiii to excitu irviilt in Spanisli Aiiioiica. 1'lic; main points were to declare I* the ei'eoles tl,at liis impeii il majesty had solely in view to },'ivo liherty to Spanisli Amer- ica, tho only rclavu exi)ected hcing the fiiendslii[) of tho people and com- liiereo\\ith tho eouiitry. To elleut their iiidcpendeiiee, his majesty oU'erod a'! iieci'svary ti'Onp.s and stores. 'J'lie emissaries were fiutlier instructed to ]i. lint or.t tho advantages wliich wouhl accrue hy siispendin,' tlie heavy rc- r.iittanees to Spain, and l>y the acipiirenient of freeditiu from commercial iinil a;:riciiitural restrictions. Tho good-will of tlie ecclesiastics especially was t > lie gaiiiid, with the ohject tliat at tlic confessional they should Tirge the D.'cessity of indopendenco. Tho oijiistico to Mliicli the erenlcs were tailiject ia vho disposal oi )mblic appoiiitni'nts was to bo dwelt niion. At the sanio time tlie agents were to lie careful iiot to iloclaiin ag.diist llie iiKjuisition or lac church, and on the insurrectional standaivls tlie motto 'Viva la lleli'iioii I'.iKica, aposti'ilica y romana! I'e mal wa.s to l>e ins( rihi 'i'iie f-ervants of governors and high (illieinls were to he won over, and snh- a.'eiits wore to keep the principal ugents duly informed of the ]ir'i;;re:s made, and tlieso in turn were to conniuuiicate \\ ith .b.seph ISonapai'te s i iivdv in t!ie I'. S. A copy of these instructions was found in Carac.s, in the (jliice lit tho secretary to the siiprema junta, and forwarded l)y tho junta to the r.ii';lish admiral at the Jjarliailiies .station. I!< r. In S/iciii. Ann r., y^i)-!; Wal- /iii/'k L'.tjiusr, a]ip. '2-7; (.'iili'o, Ainm/ctt ll't-t., i. 4.'!-,'). The Spanish govern- iiiiiit warned the colonial iinthoritics uf IJonaparte's machinations. A royal address, diteil May 10, ISliit, exhortin;,' the, inliahitauls of Xew Spain to main- tain tlu.'ir loyalty, and ho on guard a;;ainst Frencli intrigues, says 'para (juc haciendolo piililiuo,' that is, the addres.', 'en esos Dominion so jirec^van sr.s iiatiirales de las inipresiones siniestras((ne podriau eaiisarles lasmai|uinacio;u':i e iiitiig'uas ipio nue itros fernces eiiemiu'os euiplian ahora e a, ni.;s arte ([ue nuiica.' ] Hypoxic. I'tirifH, i. f. 1 H. (Jarihay on April IS, iSO'.t, pulilished a ])ri)clamatioii forhidding the landing of Fvenchnien at the jiorts, whether they had ])asspi)rts or not. All French settlers al.-o weiv ofilcrel to appear v.ithin ciglit day< heforo the iiloahk -i, by whom they were examined. It mis- jii. inn attached to any of them, such were to be imprisoned. (I'rr.. tic .)/(.i\ , xvi. .S;!7-l(). 'On the flth of October, |S0\ (Jariiiiiy published a decree with the object of iup|)!'essiiig these papi'i-x. Ili runinli- fi /hini/ns, f'.,i. /)iir.,\. Oils !). "■'(iaribayon the l!)lb "f May lSiK>, issued a ]irochimalion oliering "J.O;);) pesos for tho discovery I -; the muvilatovs of tlie coins. He says: ' I'retendeii vengar el mal exito de sus mar|uinai. i >nos en v\ real l)Usto de las mone las, ilu las ijiio ban llegailo a mis man 'is var.^n piezas senaladas do modos diferontes, toilos ciiorniemeiito of"nsivo< ;i l.-i niagestad, y en odio Uo la dmasti'a ruy- naiite.' (.Vc. dv Mix., xvi. \2'.>. ^ 72 VICEROYS GARIBAY AND LIZ AX A. prcsftiii^- the liostilo dt'Dioiistratlons. Jii vain tlic viso iiiid sale of Jiuiid ]irintiii_Lf-|)rc.sses wcu'o |)rt)luhitL'(l,'^ and ill vain rewards were oijei'cd lor the detection of the unthors of these treasonable acts. ]n Aj^i'il 1809 news of reverses snstaiin;d hy Span- i^>h ai'nis in the jx'iiinsula, I'eached 2vlexieo, and (Jari- l.'uy issued a j)roelainalion on t]ie20th/' exhortini^ the i)ublie to show their loyalty by contributions in aid of the mother country, by sentiments expressiiiL^ a closer union in mind and heart/' and above all, by refusing to be iniluenced by the secret o[)erations of those A\ho were endeavoriuLj to seduce them from their al- Ici^iance. IJut tliis ])roclaniation had no ell'ect in arresting the sti;ady advance of the revolutionary ])arty. Its adherents were jubilant, and did not re- frain from o[)enly expressint;' their joy at the news. They gi'eetcd with delight the intelli_L,^cnce of disas- ters suU'ered by the Spanish foi'ces; and while they exaiifcfcrated their defeats, they underrated and derided the advantaii'es which they gained. Day by day the goveJ'unient was losing its inilu- encc over tlu; public mind, and becoming more and morc! an object of ridicule on ihe j)art of the disaf- fected. In the hope of !'ljangi)ig the current, (iari- bay, or rather his ad\isers, established a junta con- sultiva, com])osed of three oidores, before which all cases of treason were to be tried instead of in *)ie criminal court. This tribunal was J'ormed in >Uilii! 'On till' l-'Ttli i)f April, 1S!)I), tlii; viceroy publisluil ajinicliini.'ition ardof- iiiL; tliiit nil siiih \ ircsscjs sli (1l' lii Al'oi'iI;u1,i within throe days. J)'i onld l)u (Uli\ civil up to tho juil^o of tiio tiiljiiii 'le Jfr.r., X. r)()S. Yet oil t! :.jtii of May foilowiiii^ ho luund it uoeossary to oll'or ii ivwaiil of •_',()()(> [k*'/* for the (liscovoiy of the crsoiis who liail soattoivil ticasoiiahlo shoots in (!»« ohiii'olio.-i during,' holy wook. ai'- t, (Jai'i- ta coii- lich all in ii)('^<, init'iiiliriJiS liu^ lli'va 111 liiril'i liiu'tT ;u|ui 6 ilfl 180n, and some airests were iviadf, l)ut instead of tending' toward sn|ij)ressin^- sedition, its creation was Innied lo advantai^e hy the independents, and snp- jdied additional means of funieiitin^' discontent. Tlie iiiiiovalioii made hy transferrin^^ the prerogatives ot the sala del crimen to an extraordinary court aihi- ti'aiily estahlislicd, and em])loyiiiLi;- a great nuniher of spies, was seized upon as an illustrati(jn (jf desjiotism on the part of < he government. A rumor wassj»i'ead that the jirisons were crowded with innocent victims; households were filled with tear of arrests, and the ]»uhlic were taught to h<.lieve that the mere suspicion ol' Iree opinions heing entertained by a man was sufH- cieiit to cause his being sent prisoner to Sjiain. ° Outward demonstrations M'ere, it is true, f')r the time suppressed; but none the less did the cause of inde[)en- deiice gain ground under the more cautious and se- cret ojieratioiis of its promoters. Ilhi-tratlve not alone of the anomalous position in wliieh \ew Spain stood with regard to the mother coimtry during this period, but also of the unsettled and somewhat UK^oiigruous ideas as to txovei'nment and siicci'ssion, was a claim in 1808 of an Indian to t'n' thvt>ne of ]Mexico. This personage allegeil tliafc he was a descendant of the emperor I\Iontezuma, a'ul maintained that in view of the downfall of tlie Spanish monarchy lu; had a right to the crown of the A/,tee royal line. llabubly bloodsh*.-d. As k was, ridicule was the -"Ahiimm .itlcinptcd to tr.ii'i' tlicgrriuniis(anuintc, in < 'am, Tn s S'kjIok, iii. "J,"!,'!. Nogrcto agrees with linsta- iiiaiiLc's statement tliat tiio jails were iiiled a\ ith pi i^onera. Me.r, titjto A/A'., i. Isl. 74 VICEROYS GARIBAY AND LIZAXA. only \vc'!ij)()ii (iiiployc.d, ami tlio ])rutoiidci' came to be regarded hy iii.'iny as a niadiuaii.'-^ On the " I .".til of ^[areli, 1809, the English 1)rig S(ij>ji/io arrived at N'era Cruz iVoni llio Janciio, hear- ing despatehes 1'roni the ini'anta Doua Maria Carlota Joa(|uina, th(' sister of Fernando. The letti^r was addrrsscd to the viceroy, audiencias, governoi-s, and munieipalilics of New Spain, and contained her wishes and ('Xpectations that her son, the infante Don I'edr'o, would he rretixed and acknowledged as regent and lieutenant of the king. Such pretensions caused the viifi-oy and audiencia much iiKjuietude, and iluiy en- dea\()i'('d, though in vain, to keep the matter secret. In their reply to the infanta they contincil themselves to e\}>ressi()iis of courtesy, re])orting that tran(piillity rein'ned in the country."- Not loiiLi' aftei' the vicei'ov received a lett(.'r from the junta central of 8])aiu, in- forming him that it had h(.'come aware that Napoleon ijieditated sending Carlos IV. to reign in New S[)ain, villi the ohji'ct of creating a division in the Spanish monarchy,-^ and instructions were given him to ])ro- liil)it tlie landing of Carlos, and arrest him if he })er- sisted. With the a[)proval of the real a(3Ucrdo, tho viceroy issued the corresponding orders to the authori- ties at the [)Oi-ts. Hia p of wli Los EurolK'0^ liicicron la mas nlta hnria do csta solicitiul y su apoyo.' i WLTu liu.illy cnishciil l)y a pui.'tiuiil lnii'Ics(iuo, one of tin; lines letiii.sioii •:iu til ' Y tr n.'iiita mil Iiidius guerrcros vcsUiIds ;i an ii.s:iuz:i — csto IS cc'iK'uei-o8,' etc. (Jiiiinhtila, Vcrdad Subkla, lix. The wliole story is ilciiicMl ill L'jtrz'i, l)l]i('iity of thu eountry; iind wishes to Ijc supplied wit li an exact account (if all notahlo events in tlio capital and kingdom, 'y si ))osil)!o es do toda csa justamante remarks: 'Su Alti eza sm dmia estaoa [)ildo Uiu'iiia Septentrional.' 1 muy ociosa cua'ido esciihic'j dicha carta, y nl tenor de ella otras nuiclias; liaher ucnivuloel lienipoen liaeer ealzeta para sus hijos. ' Cava, TrisSi'jli 201 il, 'llu! letter is dated l;io de Janeiro, May 11, ] 809. -^r.ustamar.to discredits any such idea on tho part of Xapolcon. 'lia dunta de Se\illa'— ho means the junta central, wliirli had withdrawn to In Scvilli- 'tenia tan air ■hasti .h IS ]iaracngulhr lasinent'iris masaiisnidas conio las tenia (iariliay y su e'onsejo de Oidoros;' hut was eonlident tlK.t if the atiempt had In L'aoo, Tfcs Siylus, iii. '-!G_'-3. ide Carlos wouki have triumphantly cntccd Mexico. ■'■p WEAK RULERS. 76 rric to bo lish Vivh^ ii'o, Ix-ar- i Ciirlota itter was nors, and w wislies III i\(li'(), i^eiit and lusc'd the th(iy on- er secret. lenisL'lve.s xn(]uiHity e vieei'ov Spain, in- Na|inlL'Oii j\v S[)ain, ? Spanisli n to ])ro- lie })er- rdo, the authori- y fill npoyo. of tin; Hues liolo story is spate!), tlio h i.f the ;r,i- nviiij^ saved Vilvv mill the lu-t ju'L'oniit Ic tii^la i'.-;v (luii.i cstalia iR'li.'is; pmlo ■uSijln-:, iii. inloon. 'L;i klulrawn to las ali.suidas, (lent ta:,t if cil Mexico. Durinf tlu! first six months of Garihav's itde no fiirmal rcco^iiition of the Spanish juntas liad been maile. Tlie deeret's of the junta de Se\illa had been published and acted upon, but no oath of allegiance to it as icprcsentative of the hini;' was ever taken. After the defeat of the French at Bayh'n, hy C'as- tafios, and tlieir e\acuation of ]Ma(h'id, the jnidas of the diiferent ]»rovinces came to an understanding', aiid the su]»renia junta central was instalh.'d at Araiijuez on the LlJth of S(>ptend)er 1808. In ]Marcli I80'j its authnrity was I'ecoj^nized in jNIexico, and the viceroy, auiheiicia, niunici[)ality, and tribunals took tiie oath of allegiance. The occasion was celebrated with sal- v(.)es of ai'tillery and illuminations.-'* 'i'he mental and physical incompetency of (biribay, will) possessed neither l)odily activity nnr intellectual vii:;iir, seen made it apparent to the Yei'mo Jiai'ty that the jtolitical situation was daily becoming" criticrd. Un- der the misrule of the oidores they obserwd tli;d. revo- lutionary ])rinciples were spreading instead of being suiipressi'd, and there were those who jbi'esaw the coming stru'jgle.-'' Warnin^jfs were whis])ered to the oidores, but ])assed uidieeded, and the party which had overthrown Iturrigaray represented the true state of attairs to the itmta central, unking: tlie apMointment of an al)le and enci'getic viceroy without delay. ]>y such a measure only could the tranquillity of the coun- try be maintained."*' The Spanish junta aceortlingly ■'On-., ill' Mcv., xvi. IV, 2rM-70, ilU-"); nisposir. TrnvV/.s', i. f. I. ■!.-)(;: ni- ari>.^/l■.l•., ix. {j'.>2. Oil Ajiril T)!!) tlio liisliop of Oajaca iIliivv red aa oiatioa iu sui'port of this roco/,'iiiLioii. /- -ii(. ill I!<(d Aciicrdo, in Mora, Obru.-i ,Siii'lt(t.<, i. Il'.)-2t), and CvL A'.-.v/-,;/y.< f.',.,,orl., l-Jl-.'JI. '•'"linsLaaiaiitc assisted in drawiii',' up the ' instrnccion. elamando i)or el justo eastijo dc unos oiilores levoltosos f[uc no3 iiwu oriilauilo il la rcvolu- eiun.' Can), Tn.-i Sijlus, iii. "Jtil. 76 VICEROYS GARIBAY AND LIZAXA. appoiiitod Fi'anc'i.so() Javier do Jjizana y Beauinoiit, arehbi.slio]) of Mexico, t(» l)o vicrroy in tlio jilacu of (jlaribay, wliosu election liad not been confirmed by the lioUHi d le^^'al. U\i (ho IDih of Jul}' (laribay sur- ]'en(lei'eS«n Jii.sto arrived at the port of Vera Cruz in command of the marques del Heal Tcsoi'o, who had been commissioned by the junta of Seville to obtain all the funds that couLl be raised in New Spain and other American colonies. At this time there were fourteen and a half millions l^esos in the treasury, nine millions of which, together with two millions more contributed by wealthy indi- viduals, uere at once transported to Vera Cruz for shi[)nient to Sjiain."^ I' A/ai»((ii, Ill-'t. M'j., i. .101; Caz. ilc Mcx., ISIO, i. 705. "^J5y the t'lul of Jimo 1801) thcac liuiiationa rcaclicil the sum of 1,482,131 pesos. A/., xvi. TiSO. '"' Kiylit iiiillioii.s -were ]int on Imiird tlic Snn Juxtn, anointnient of Archbishop Lizana was tlu; very thin"' to do. Old, sicklv, as lecblo in mind as in l»odv, he was litter for a bos[)ital than for the viccroL^al palace.'" ]n (»no sense he was too jj^ood for the place. Spain wanted there a mean man, a hyjiocritical, lyini^ lrlckstt;r; one who could bo false to all the woi'ld lixeept .*-i]iain — [)ai'ticularly one who would be lalse to Mexico. Now Lizana was none of these, lie was j)assal)ly honest. He had a L;'ood heai't, and a beniL^ni disj)()si- lion; he lacked altogether the force of will to lujld down insubordination, or regulate contending factions. W't. it was a lucky choice for the cause of indepen- dence. The policy of such a ruler must necessarily be timid, and his })urjiose vacillating.'^ JOpiscoj)al ))astorals were employed where viceregal onlers should have been presented on the point of the sword. Frank nn 4v 'S- ^% ^t**-: c.\ ^ .»> ,y ^>^ i* .■J n i 78 VICEROYS GARIBAY AND LIZAXA. bollion, cotuluccd even more directly to the advance- ment of tliL' iutrii^ucrs' dcsi<^iis. Thus Kd hy the craft and machinations which were brought to hoar upon his adviser, Alfaro, he entered upon a system of opposition to the Yermo party and the stanchest h)yahsts. Their dissatisfaction at Ids ofHcial action was so marked that the intriguers had no dilhculty in persuading the guileless archbishop that a i)lot was iiatching among the gachupines to cajjture or assassinate him; whereupon he lortilii'd the viceregal palace witli artillery and increaseil the guard, lie [)laced all that portion of the city under martial law. The patrol force was augmented, and detachments were stationed at all impojtant })oints. Orders were issued that the patrols should arrest after eleven o'clock at night all persons on whom arms were found; and should more than six men in one party be met, they were all to be arrested."'* INIilitary otii- cials of iMKjuestionable loyalty to the mother country were removed. Aguirre and other })rominent Span- iards were threatened with banishment,"* and Liz;vn;i, abhorring the Yermo party, and hoodwinked 1 ,e racionales caballeros, who about that time wen ud in their i)rotestations of loyalty, identilied himself with the Creole faction, which so eagerly had advocated the convocation of a national compress, lie could not see "/?>. A copy (if this bi'illiiint c'lrdcn tie la plaza, tinted Novenilicr .3, 1800, 19 sniiplicil hy MiirtiHcna and Ihrnandcz y Jidvalo.t, Cnl. J>or., i. "l-")- 10. 1 I'opy tlio iiiSLnictions given to tlie jiaLicc guard uh indicating the extent to wliich tlio iv:irn of Li/ana had been worked \ipon. 'La giiai'dia del urzo- Lispado y easa de Moneda, no nhriran las piiertaa })i ineipales ()■! la ealle aim ciiando oig.'iu tirori do fusil 6 eanoii durante la noelie, a nieiios ipie no vaya inandarlo perHniiMhnentc uno do los ayudantes do S. IC. [.' Ji'ev., Vvonld bo Bent to Spain. Tlio oxcitenient was so great that Li/ana recalled iiim, and Aguirre returned to the capital in triumph, 'cougran iliscreditodel ar/.obispo, iiuicn con csta iaciiidad en dictar proviilencias contrarias, dalia A conocer (pio o no mcditidta del)idainento lo quo hacia, o ipio despues de heciio no tenia finuc/A])uraHosteuorlo.' Ataman, JJid. Mej.,\. 3I'J; UmtamaHte, iuCuvo, Trea SiijloD, iii. 206-9. HATH A DOG MOXKY? ho advancc- wliich were , ho ciitorod D party and L'tioii at his :tigui!r.s had archbishop chupiuo8 to I'ortilii-'d tho creascil tho i city mjdcr inciited, and taut points, loukl arrost I whom arms in one jnirty ^lihtary otii- :hor country incut Span- and Lizana, dvcd 1 o 10 wci' ad himself with vocatod tho (juld not see ovcmlier3, 1800, I lot-., i. 71J>- iitiii;4 the extent ;u!inliii o ecalleil liim, and it() tenia lUe, iu i'uvo, Ties that it was identical witli tho independents, and tho pailiulity which he disphiyed, far from a|)peasiulayiniL^ into tho liands of independence, ho Mils in truth intensely l(»yal to Spain. ^loney hesont without stint, and money was always Spain's most chionic desire. Besitlos obtaininij laru^e donations, he surrendered all the surplus funds of his ecclesiastical rev<'nue, and even threw in his salary."'" On the 2Gth of July an EniL,dishnian, Andrew Cochrane, arrived in ^lexico, the bearer of an order from the junta, central of Spain for the sum of three million i)esos, on behalf of tho ]3ritish j^overnment. Tlic ti'casury was empty, and again the (.'olonists wore aski'd to give, give !^' Tho viceroy appealed I'or a loan ; the call was answered with astonishing prom|)tness, and l>y the 7th of August 82,1)55,435 liad been subscribed by till' connnercial class and other persons of wealth. The remainder was soon made up; and the connnis- sionei-, after being royally entertained, returned to his vessel, bearing with him tho three million pesos, and a high appreciation of tho wealth of Mexico'^ and tho '■ l,i/aiia was by no means a supporter of indepeniliince, except hy acci- dent, mid witlinut knowiui; it. 'K>te prelado eii iiiiiyuu s'oiitidi) ))i)(lia lla- niar.>e uniij;o do la iiidepen-fl. Itustaiimnte, however, iniorms us that Lizan;\. had rceeived orders to confiscate tho property of Terranova, wIik had attached hiuitiell' tu the party of Joacpli ISouapurto. Tho sum which was seizod, as 80 VICEROYS GARIBAY AND LIZAXA. sonseloss stupidity of tlio poo|»lo in tluis spcndluij tlioir livt!s uihI su!)stun<'o to minister to the lollies of Spiiiii's licentious and imbecile rulers. In i-c"4ard to his "government, the viceroy fully he- lieved that his conciliatory policy toward the discon- tented would allay any spirit of revolt that inii^ht exist; nevertheless, ho deisnied it right to carry out the measure ad()j>te(l by his predecessor for the main- tenance (»f ])ublic tranquillity, and on the 2 1st of Sept('nil)cr, IHO'J, |)ermanently established the court initiat(;d by Garibay, under the name of junta con- sultiva. This court, which Lizana named the junta 11 sustain her independence. The force of their ar- guments was such that the more eager of the revohi- pivon by this author, was 700,000 pesos. Caro, Trm Sit/los, iii. 'Jlt.VO. On Maivli •_'.'!, ISO'.t, tilt; Spaiiisli fr'tvcnmiiMit onUreil tlu'contisuatiim of tiio prop- erty of I''iTiioli partisans. '/«;. M<.r., xvi. 7<>'.)-70; J)ioiit'. i'ttria-i, i. f. 140. 'I'hc rcpaymuiit of tlioso loans was coiniuenciMl in tliu follcjwint; Si'ptLiinhci', a diitc earlier than tliat i)roniiseil by the viceroy as tiie time for tlieir li(iuiila- tion, (I'l:. tie Alex:, .\vi. KJ(»-7. '"The nienibcrs nppointiil by vho viceroy were the regent of thc.anilicncia, I'edro ( 'atani, the oidor Tonhis (Jonzalez Caideron, the aleidde del crimen of till' audieucia, Juan CoUado, and the fiscal of the eriniiuul court, Francisco Itobledo. li'iiz. lie Mix., xvi. 8ti7. ♦"'Sobro el delito de adhesion al partiilo f ranees, y sobro papeles, conver- eaciuiies, <'> iniirniuraeionea scdiciosas u scductivas cuu todus uus coucxiouca t iucidoucias.' Id., 8t>S. PLAN OF niiVOIX'TIOX. 81 s spend liiif lU lollies of »y fully bo- tlie (liscroii- Dhat iui_!,^ht ) cany (»ut f tlu! iiiaiii- 10 21st of the court junta con- tlu^ junta . at iiist of :il/' and its tendencies ned no con- 1, however, H of Iturri- 3 which led nee. The from the tahlished lave con- luh arms y he sent :s in re|)ly xico could ' their ar- 10 re vol II- ii. L'O.Vn. On )ii of (ho proji- iriti-i, i. f. 140. Si'|itoiiil)er, a tlicir liijiiiila- ' theatiilicncia, (Ifl criineii of )Hft, l-'nincisco ipcles, conver- HUB coucxiouca llonists docidet' tho iMi|u.Mi(liiiir «lan- j^cr. ( )ii«' ol'tlic revolutionists, Ijuis Corrca, had com- niuni<*al<'d particidars of the schcin*; to tlu; cura of Ct'Iaya, who in turn n.-vcalcd them in conlidcncc to ( 'oiicha. Tcran acted witli wariness and circiiinspec- tiiiii, juid instead of [)roc(.'e{lin!^ to make arrests, was contented i'oi- tiio time silently ti» watch the persons ac- cused. On the moi'iiint^ ol'the iMst, howi'Xir, Concha aLfain visited him and urLjed the net.'essitj ot" innnedi- ate action: whei'eu|ion ]\v caused tlu- ])adre Santa ^lan'a to he arrested. This was immediately known hy the principal revolutionists, wh<> met to plan his ivseue, while (\trrea in alai'm lor his safety hurried to 'i'eran and divuli^^ed all that hi' knew. Summoned hy the comandaiite l^ejarza to appear heforc him, tlni I'evolutionists, deeiniuL;" it prudent to ()l);'y, wei'e Ujade pi'isoners. Siito Saldaua, who was not with the ar- rested Jtarty, rashly attempted to r(»use the native population, hut was discovered; ho osca[>ed, however, and hid himself." Tcrau now proco(>ded to pi'osecuto the accused witli activity, and with a \iij(»r which eventually was tin; cause of his assassination.'^ ]3ut the viceroy, m(>re indiiUMl to mercy, and helieviu'.;' that severity would only fan tlie revolutionary ilame, listened to the rep- resentations made to him in favor of tht; prisoner! Ho ordered in Januaiy followinj^ the procoi.'dings to i ^'■'Tliis acenuiit lias boon iniiinly ilcrivpil from 'Mii'!i<'li'n:i'.i narrative, Rup- plicil l)y liiiu t(i niisLani mil', a copy <'f wliio'i is f.inii ;licil hy that author ia liis work Ciiuilri) lli.-il., i. VI 1(1. Alarnan, //'<'. Mej., i. ^14 17, lias also been coasnlteil, and liis vt^rsion of tlio tli'uunciatiou bocii adoptol. *^ nia si'vcrity 'lo atraju d mlin pnlilii'ij, por lo quoin la ri'vohicion dol lino ISIO fui'i I'rui'lnu'ntoasi'sinadii. ' Jiii>:fiimaii>', in ('i>v:), Trm .Sr/Zw, iii. '2(iS. " iJustauianU', ociunstl l(ir tho aoouscd, plomlcil for them pordonally with Lixana. ' I'^l oidor Ayuirro,' ho naiii, 'upiniKpiu ol iliii<|Uo sealionjuo ol primor insurgonte, Kspana r('^i'or on osta causa.' Cniulio Hist., i. 17. Alial y (^)ucipo re- pro-soiitod to Li/ana that 'csfe primer nioviudonto no ddiii liatai', «') con niucho vi>,'i)r, ('> cdu niuoiio inilul,i,'encii,' butremark^^, 'L;icnor .liilad del di.lito cxi,:^ia 111 ciioiinidiid lie lu pcna.' Iiij'oriue tlirij. ulriy., iit Za:,iuc As, liinl, M'j., i.\. SGo-(j. ALAUM IN TIIK CAPITAL 18 •lira of tlio \n\'u\]j; «lan- i, hiul ouu- \\r. cura of liiileiu'C to i refill isjK'c- i-iTsts, was persons a«'- vv, Coii"lia (»t* iumuuli- ulri! Santa tcly known to plan Ilia ^- hni rii'«l to ^uinioncd by ■o liini, tho , wiTf nuult5 vitli th(! ar- il 10 native pd, however, hr stopped. ( )heso was sent to serve in tlio military <;iiiip at San J^uis l?o(osi, and Michelona in that at .l.ii.ipa; tilt" r«'st were I'eleased IVoni j)rison, l)nt eon- 1 , .1 !• -i (• A'..n...i..r..i ...>.i u . ...,i 1... »•' ts (»l" Valladolid and its sul>iirl>? lined to the llMII 'I'his allair tlins ni]>ped in llio hud, in spite of tho laihiic to prove itsconneetion witli llidal^^o's later in- surre<-tion, was in laet tho initiation of aetivt- movo- iiienls in t Im' levohilion. The views and intentions ol" the leaders had heen widely spread ; niuni)ers of their associates having" escaped zealously eaii ied on the work, and in nine nioiilhs after tlio failure at N'alJaddlid the hattle-ery of froodoni was raised at ])(l|oIVS. In tirder to allay the oxcitonicnt caused hy tho dis- (•(tverv ol' the all'air at Valladolid, the viceroy, on tho 'JJd ol* .laiiuary, IS 10, proclaimed that there was no iiasitu I'oi" alarm, as tho late oc('Uiren<'es jiad only arisen from a diiferenco of o|)inions illative to tlu,' re- sult of all'airs in Spain, lie himself was wholly fVoo iVnia an\iet\', and tho public were oxhorlod to rost without dread of popular ooniinotion.*' '■'' Wlii'H t!u' rovolution li'vid'il bv lIiil;iV'.;o bmlvo out iit Se[)tcml)t'r ISIO, Ihcso fiin^ji liiJois woiv ii^iiiii ]»1;k'i'iI uiicUt arrt-st, and t!ii ir ) coiilicctiim, howcvci', liotwoi'ii I iiu \'all;uli)licl c'liisiiiiarv and tliat at l>i)l()i'es I'Duld bo proved a;,'.iiir.>t tlicin, and in ISIIJ tlii'y \\t:ic n..k'a3cd iunl r t'.io pardon ^jiantcd to rovo'.ali .iu.>a by lli' Sjian- i.--li corUM 0.1 llio l.'>t!i tif Oo! iiKT, I i|(). ("o')y of di-L'i'co i.i /^»'// 1.( anil Lo- vir', // ;//'•.■. .!/(.(•., i. ',VM, .Miflicloua 011 tlie ocfanion of l;i:i scco.id airi'.;t was tn atod \vi li ;;io.it wwrity by V'icoroy Vent'^^H, wlio ini;).i ; moil liiiii in tlio f'lrii-csM p(>d in a liolplcss cuiuli.i.m t > Spain wliero III scrwd Hi a caplain in tao ro-^inicnt of IJiir^'os, I'a l.o SiiKa .Mai la bav- in,' , wliillur bo had j,'oni? to jnia M.ml.j , w.n> \\ i:i l)i'.,ii';,'in'^ thocastlo. OlK'sndiuil s )0!i af lorwanl, IriviiiL; lii'en inijivi ;;):ii d for iiioro than tv\o yonrs. I'Vw of tlioio rarly patriotn lived to .'iro tlui! >v ot indoprndciui'. ^^ic lic'lia I say i: '(." isi todm nnuirron y solo vinios rcali/ad 1, 1 1 iadc^n ali ni i;i IV Antonio (,\ini[ilido, I). Antonio t'astro, ]). .b>.si' Marii l.:a.'.a':a, 1). Josti M Ilia Abarca. 1>. Lo;-vmi;-o (,'arnllo, yo, y no st' ^i al.;Uii i o:v).' Iiiis>ii,ii(t!ifc, ''"(('/. //."/.. i. 1(1. Tao ^a!llc .".uUioiity stiitcs tliat b )Ji .\lk-ii lo and .Vba- t-ilo, so eoiisiiiiMoiis at a later dale us loader-i in tlio ri'-.o! i.i in, were eon- iii.'tcd Willi llii.i ali'air. llas.'aiirinto i.s of opini on t!rit I;;ir.-bidu was thu iiif iiiner, oU'en leil at not being yivcii a liigli eoniuiaiicj liy t'l ; I'-voliuioni'sts w iioso iiicetiii;,'* Ik; titteiided. A.laman, liowever, udvanucs urgunienls to dib» l';ove tliis. //jV. J/r/., i. ;)I7-I!t. ''• ' V |.i(i viKMii'o \ irey cstil tranqiiilo, vivid vosotros tainbieti seguros.' M'j:. I'm. d,l Mrnj, \2. 84 VkKROYS fiARIBAY AND LIZAXA. Wliild thus Mindly iiflni'dinij^ ovei-y ciicourajTf.nuMit to iclx'llidii at homo, Lizaiui took j^ruat precaution a'j^aiiisf tli«' li's-^ iiiiniiiient dangiT of foivii^ii invasion. < >ntol' the scaUcivd coinpanios lornicd l)y Jtiirrii^^u-ay in \;iii<>ns towns he oi-'jani/ed Ijattahons;*' the rc^i- nient of ^\•l•a Cruz wa.s increased, and arms were or- dered to he purehasiMl in London and the United States. In tlie exluiusted conchtion of the treasury, th(i viceroy once nioi-e appeah'd for money to j>ay lor these weapons, and consideral)le sums were contrih- iiti'fl. A cannon foun(hy \vas estahhshed in the capital, l'')-ancisco JJimas Jtan^-el enti'aginn' to furnish the !;'>\ frniiunt weekly with one piece of artillery. The cost of the est.d)lishment was iirS,000, which amount w.is contributed by the dean and chapter of Valladolid.*^ it Moanw'hilo disaster attcndiMl tlio Spanish arms. After tlu; hattlo of Talavera, Wellin^^ton had retired into Poi'tui^al, leaving the S[)aiiiar(ls to copi; with the Fi'cnch as best they could; and N^c^negas, {]\c fu- ture viceroy of New Spain, I'asldy gi\iny; batth; at Ahnonacid w.ts routed on tlie Dth of Au'aist, ISOi). Then followed the defeat at Ocaha, and the retii'emeiit of the junta central from S<.!ville to the island of Jjeon. 'J'he un[)opularity of the junta was so great, liowever, that the members I'ecognized the necessity oi' dissolv- ing, and their last olHcial act was the creation, on the 'J'Jth of Januaiy, 1810, of a regency comi)osed of live meujbers, the l)ishop of Urense, Pi.'dio de Quevedo y (}uintano, who had iirmly oi)|)osed the projects of N; ll)oleon at tl 10 congress of Jiavonne I raicisco (K Saavedra, jiresidont of tlio junta de 'ievilla; Fran- •' Tliis was tlie ori;;in of the battiiliona of Tula, C i.iutitlan, TuLinciiigo, ami \1\. **lln.. :{.-)-(]. The ci'lcl (rated 6enli)liii- Matuii'l Tulsa was also eiiLragrd at tliu tiiiw; in castinj,' IHJ caiiiioii at till' c .[(ciiscDf t!ie Irihiinaltlo iniiicria, tliocustnf wliicli wasS.,»l(>,().),l. '1'lii.^u caiili 111 as ali-i'ady iiiciltiuiiuil liad lit'oli oH'crtd ly tlial. tiiljuiial loltui-riuaray, u;iiinii'oil v.orkat the olosoof (.iai'iUiy'sadniinistrtttion. Alumiui, d 'l»h Hul. M'J., i. :j.Kt, •.',21. A1TAII:.S IX SPAIN*. S5 lliin, Tul.mciiigo, ri-co JuvitT Cwstano. the victor nf P>ay]'!i; Antonio d' Ivcifin, a tlu; virciMy of X(>\v Spain, and on tlu; 7tli of May lollowin'^' the oath «if' allf^ianco to the JVf^^'ncy was taUcn l»y Jii/ana and all tlic I'oyal ullicials, the occasion hciniL,'' cclohratcd tor tlint- days in tho usual manner.^' In tin- same dccrco l»v whicli tho junta ccnti'a! appointed the rcLjency, it \v:is oi-ilcri'd that tin; inenihcis, when they took tho oatli of otlice, should also swear to convoke the c()rtes at llierarliest <»pi)()rtunity. As tho American colonies Were lor tho iirst time ro|)rosent.ed in tlu.' c(>i'tes when they linally ass(;nil)K;d, it will l>o necessaiy to i;ivo sonu' account of the admission of colonial de[)Uties into t!u' le'^nslatiu-e. Tho critical ])osition of Spain at tlu^ close; of 1803 induced the junta central — which had \}vv\\ com|»elled to withdraw i'rom Aranjuez to Seville — to consider hy what means it, nii^ht hope to secure the tidelity of the colonics. To admit thei'i to a share in the national government appeared the most jiacii'yin'j;" oiler; and on the -'2d of Jaimary, ISO',), a decree was passed recoiLj- ni/iiit^ the Spanish dominions in America as no lonn'or colonics hut an inte_i;'ral part of the nation,"" and de- claring;' their right to representation in the Spanish c«'»rtes. It is then ordered that the viceroys of New Spain, Perii, Now (rranada, Jiuenos .Vires, and tho captain-ijfenerals of (.'uha, Puerto Jflco. Chile, \'cno- zuela, and tho l'hilij>pines pi'oceed to tfie eleetiou of one de[>uty for each of those ilominions.'"'^ l.)n tho '■•• /^■x;io.s'. \'(iriri^, ii, f. 2; Dinrio ili' Mu:, xii. ."11-1'J; (,''i~. «/. My V^icciny (Jaril)ay; Itiit tliu (Mmccssioii liad lu'cii 'T.nitod j^rud'nii'dv and uiid" r tlu" pn s.smr ot' ciiriiiii.staiicT.s, and tin.- Junta ci-iitial wa.s ia im Iia>to to H('(! the corlcs ass( inl>l(.'d. .VItli(UiL;li du tin- "JJd of May lollowiiij^ it pniclaiincd the ('stal>li>Iinitiit <»r the old lorm of I'cpri'seiitatitiM, and t'oiivolxuil tlio (•('trtcs to iiiei't oil ^[a^(•ll I, IHIU, it took no pivj)ara- tory >tf|>.s Tor .sucli an ovcnt."^ NVlu-n, lio\v»-vur, lln' junta fcndal was comixllcd to ivsi;,'n tlu! alliiir.s of" the nation to tln' can' ol" a n- j^micy, it rc'(|uircd tlie new ^ovei-nnieiil, as already narrated, to convoke the eorte.s at the (•aflit.'>t o[i|)or- tiinity, Tlii.s could not l)e immediately aceonipljsiujil, •sinee there were dillii-ultie.s which ren(lei'e(| it no easy matter to roadopt the aneient mode of n'overmuent, and assemlile in one con,L^re.ssional hody the' i-ortes <»t' the' various kin.Ljdouis of Spain. W'hiKj tlie.se i;in;,^- donis respectively retained their cortes, the i^( lural as.semhly ol' them lor purpo.so.<=i of government had duriuLf the dynasty of the ]jourhons heen nei^lected, and tlu V Were seldom convoked (;\eept to do hom.ij^e, or sancti(»n a succession to the crown. The cortes fornii'ily had heen composed of thi'ee classes npre- sentiniT the nobility, church, and huruhers: and the vouM lie composoil of 30 Karopoan momlu'vs, Aiiioiic'iri, nml niip from the riiili[ipiiR'.s. /»'<■»'. i)intei| by lot. (.luz. (l< Miy., xvi. ."J.'i-S. In NewS|i;uii the iiyiuitaniientos which sent up eamlidutes tn Me\ieo were those of I'ueliia, Xvv.i Cru/, Meiiila ile Yucatan, Oajaca, Viill.ailciljil, ( Iiijinaju.itd, San Lui.i I'otosi', (fuailalaj.tia, Ziicatecas, Tabasco, Qucivtaro, 'J'la.scala, Niievo J^eon, anil Niic'vo Sautuiiiler. /(/., ISIO, i. 4J0. '-'Tiiis decree was publisheil in .Mexico on tlie I Uh of .Aiij^nst. ISOO. />m- ;iO*i. Viirin-s i. f. I'M); Inlir/ir. lint. Uoc, MS., in Mini,r MS., nn. •21, p. '2. ih\ tlie 4lli uf OctolHM' the tleputy for New Spain was appointed, the hitj bavin^j; decided the election in fa\orof .Miguel l.ardi/alial, a eieule i,f Tla.-<- cala lesideiit in Spaiu. O'az. [' a if- iis ali'caily est ojip'tr- ()m|(lislnil, it ii(» I'a^y >vcniiiK'iit, (.' t'OltfS ol liese l;iiiLj- lio itinera! mu'iit lia;l iii'^lfctcd, O llOIIMi^t.', '1h' c'ortcs junta (Tiitral liarl decided llial tlio «'<')rt»'>< ••oiivtlu'd l>y tiiriii <»ii flic '-'•J.I of May sjionld !»«• divided into (\V(» 1joU!M!S, lln' onr I'lHint'd liy the drjuitirs )>o|iulaily I lictcd. and till' otiiti' i»y tlic cliurch and n<»itilify. .lM>t 111 r<»i'(' its disst lint ion'*' it. nioditiitl its lornici- di- iiv<' I'clativc to Anu'i'ican representation, and lor tin; .-jieedv asscnilijy <>r the etM'tes ordi'i'ed that jolty snh- stitutcs shoidd he selected by lot iVoni the niiudnrof Ain<'rirtes, jil^o hy lot. This decree was not i)ul»li>lu(l, however, and the ri\n"(!ncy heiiiL^ in no greater haste to assond»lu tile cortes than the junta ci-nti'al had heen. ]»u1>li--!ie(l I. lie on tlie i Ith of l'"ehltiarv, 1 S 10, ordelin^ the elec- tion of American deputies to he proci'eded with, and t \te!idin;jf theii* nuinher to rej)rcsentation of each i()n had heeii, since the numher of Spanish deputies was jiroport ionately increased, hy allowiuLj a nieinher i'oi- each lil'ty thou- s.ind souls. In tact, tlioUL^h both tin: junta centi-al and tli(^ reijency ai-knowletl^ed e((Uahty of rights, they could not admit creoles to ho I'epi-esented in con- ui'css in the same ratio as the iidiahitants of the |>e- iiinsula. 'J'he unjust ilisj)arity ai^^ain caused tlissatis- taction in the colonies, which was still further excited I'V an order of the 28th of June liniiliu!L( the total iiiuiiher of Anu>rican representatives to twenty-ei^ht, \. ithout desio-iKitini; how many should pertain to each I'lovince. 'rheconsei|uence was that in some districts lio elections were held, while in other cases the for- •■'Oii tlic ;{|st (if Jiiimnrv ISIO, A'ftmnii, lli-i. M'j., i. '.VM. The regency v.,i.s iiistiiUcd on the -Jil i.f rVhniaiy. Oaz. cstaa viii(iaH.' A/., U'.t. 'I'ho decree wa.s pul)Ii^lu■>l in .Mexii'o on the I'ilh of May fiillKwin;^'. and no h'ss than 17 (h'linties elected, representing Mexico, «;uadahijaja, \'alladoliii, I'uel.la, Venicrn/, Me;ida, (Jnanajuato, s i!i Luis I'dliisi, Z.ieatecas, 'I'aha.sco, (^uuntaio, I'lascala, Niievo Jamiii. Oajacil, S'uora, l>iiran).'(), and Coaliuda. They were all naiivcs of tlie distiicta in wiiich they wero electocl with one exception, anil were marly all ccclesiaa- tKs. For u list of their names see Aluman, Uint Mi J., i. app. 4'J-JO. 8S Vl('i:UOY.S (iAUlI'.AY AM) LIZAN'A. ni;illy clt'ctcd «1('|»utifs (IccliiicM ^^<»iii'^ to Sn.'iiti in f'lo o\itfi't;i(ioii that some new ordi-r wouhl rxcliuK-' tli'iii iVoiii llic ('('ii'lcs on nt ronsideralion, and made tin; vietims of avariee."* j^veiitually on the "Jllh of Sejitemlier, ISi(», without waitinL^" lor the arrival of the American deputies, the t it utes.'"' ]>ut it is tiuje t > consiiler how all'aiis were proj.jr(.-ssinL;; meanwhile in that country, and narrate the events which imnu.'di- tttely preceded the revolution of independence. Groat as hud l)oon the sums of nionoy contrihute I l>v thi' inhal»itants of Xew Spain in the fomi ttf loans and donatiitns for tht; suj>port of the mother count ry, they seemed ordy to cnc'»ura'L;'e [ I'tlier de- mands. On the rjth of March, ISO'.), the junta et^n- tral issued a ioya\ cuduhi for the negotiation of a loan ^^(7iii-rrrt, I/'inf. /?'■('. X. Ky>., ii. 010. Tlio rcjrcncy Imil liecn stimulntcil to actiiiii liy the icjirusi'iitiiliims of sum ' ]pn>\ iiicial jiiiitjia which hail .ihsciiiI);. I ill C.idi/; iiiul 1)11 th:.' IStli (if .liiii^.' .'i -;i! jirovliiccM of Spain which wen- occupioil by tin; Frfiich were rc])rcsi'ntnl ]>y Hih,s."> (J. '''' 'Os vciM t'lcvados ii l;i (li;_'ni iaij ' are the wonU used in the re"encv"i proclaniaiioii of the 1 Uli of Fcl)ruai'v. (inz. ilf Mr. v., ISlO, i. JIS— 'de ho.n- lire.s lihies: no sois y:i los misnuis <]ue antes encorhado-i l)axo un yiigo much > Jnaa duro inientras mas distantes cstaliais del centro del podcr, iniruil'i;) c m indifercnci.i, vexad'js por laeodicia, y anisU-liiilian oll'spring were made clij^'iljle to the ranli of Uuputiea. Diurio de Mex\, xiii. U6U. A m:\v loan a i;i:d. h!) in X«'\v Siciiii I't t\v<'iity milli">n-^ ol' pcsd^. This (Ifiiiiiiil was |tiil)lisli('(| ill .\r('\if vieerov and oidoits ol' the ii-re- tiii'vaMe prostration of Spain hy I'^rance, that in sfcrit sessions they discussed tlieir I'lilure ci>urse of action, and had already decided to invite tlic infanta .Dona { ailota .Joa(|uina, pn.'viously iiunt ioiied, to as- sume th(^ 'L^ovornmeiit as ivijeiit of lu r brother Fer- nando,''' when intelli:L;'enee of tho installation of the rc^^'iicy caused them ti> ahaiidon their intention. lint the administration of Li/.ana was drawinj^ to a clost.'. The commercial class, thoiouv,lily conserva- ti\e in j)riiieii)les, and iinyieldinL,' op|»on(;i)ts of tho Creoles, was ; liirera. Hint. i/u/«ji /, i. "JT-; Ji'i't'iiiiai, . , in I'lini, Trc.i Si'ifiis, iii. 'J(!(i. '*<; I-.. <',• j/'.r., ISIO, i. 7t»7 SOI, •^".Vlamaii, J/isf. M, assorts tli.it lie dorivo'l tlii.s informntion from iii-imi.script noti's of his l>rotliaT'te wiiich ]iepid)h'-!y luii'iied in tlie pi'incipal plaza of the capitah''' lie recon'nized hiter soiiu! of his mistakes, and cndoivore 1 wlili tho ccch'siastical wca[)ons of excoinmnnleat i )ii and pasto- I'al circulars to reciiiy tho e\il which he had uninten- tionally I'oinented. The Sjianish i-c'^cncy ;l'CMrat(,'il Lizana with tho ]u;rand cross of ( M:los lil., an lionor conforrod upon him a f 'W inoiiilis hef^rc his death, which occurrod on tho (jLh ol' .Mai\-h, l.i! I.'" Till! rtmioval of Lizaiia in no way ini[)roved maUers. There was want of harmony amon^; tho oidores; wlu'ii unanimous accord was tho only i-oad to successful ad- ministi'ation, tho audieiicia was di\ided into jwo fai-- tions. 'Idle i-e!>-ont Cal'mi was inlhuMiced hv the same ideas and tho sanio advico which had so ill directed ., 'i. '-' If' riKiiiili'z 1/ J)halai, ('n/. l>oc., ii. -1. «•'., ISIO, i. .'t!tl--_'. ^^ Produhmdcl Ar~oh. V,r, aiu 1 w;is, iiioicovcr, nt owuulv wl(!i till' nulor (Icraiio !(';n|s (11 I ill' two I ALTuinc. Tlicsc iiH'iulicrs were tlio )ai'ii»'s, A'4'uirn' hciiii^ rccoL^-ni/i'd as l!ic ciiciiiy oltlH' civolcs and ( 'al.ini as their siippcirttT. Oil the '.>tli oI'Miiy ilif nufliriicia organized its !^'o\- trminiit, I'V drclai'iiii;' that, to it as a hody j)ri'taiiu'd tho supniiir athiiinisti'ai ion and thi' <'a])taiii-L;('iK ral- hliip i>r tilt' kingdom, while |{e<4eiit ( 'ataiii was in- vested with thu [jfesideliey alid sujieiintelldenct' of the iMval treasury. TJu; oidoics Jllava and ('aldei'on, ill \ic\v dl' their increased diilies, were n-niovod from the junta de segui'idad, and their itjaees supjilied hy thi' 'X^ Acriin' and the two i^ldest alcaldes of the crini- i!;al t'oiiit. "Jdie oi'dinary husiness in i\\v ditl'erent (jejiai'tnients of the government was to he des[)atehe|)eetive oidores commissioned for the j)Uij»ose; a (•>>iiii(il (if military chiels was to sup]>ly all necessary inli>niiati(in an relative t(t the condition of ihe army; and in all the more impoi'tant cases of the tiihuiiiil de la Acordada the reu'eiit was to he con- sulted and his ap[)roval obtained for the execution el t hi' lieavier so ntei ice of the rogeiioy. l)urin<^" tlie ndmiiiistiation of the audiencia, i^xhihi- tieiis dt' natural phenomena oecui'r<'d. jjresa'^iiid- dis- aster. On the 'JOtli of .May, the church of Xuestra Sehnra de los lleuiedios was struck hy li'^htninn'; and a !4ie,it jiortion of the (nhlicii hein^' di'stroyed, it was f'liiiid neci'ssarv to remo\-e to the' cathedi'al tin* saci'ed niKiLj-e, which was er,.;itly venei'ate;! hy the native Mexicans. It was aftei'ward borne in solenm ]>roc(\s- si"n to tlic! diirerent churches of the capital, and the demonstrations of devotion were noticed as beiii-j; ex- tr.ioi'dinarilv earnest. When on the lOth of Au-nist the unai;'e was returned to its sanctuary, it was accom- piuiied by an inunense concourse, who in tears chanted pi.iyers for divine jjrotection.''^ JJut in the night f';W,V,;. ,/,. M,:v., ISIO, i. 411-1.'?. *" liustuiiuiutu, wliu was un cyo-witncss of these religious observauces, 02 VICEROYS GARIIUY AND LIZANA. wliicli ])i'('cc'(lcd t'l do justice to her American colonies — which in the ]>:ist had so loyally ai. 'I'lif iii(|'.ii'to(l to siqipri'ss the oiiLulation ot' surli nhcut . Ill till- iiioiillis i.f A|iril, .liiiic. anil So[)tciiilii'r, rii'), it paMi.-ilnil jiroclania- lions a;,Miii;-it Kin .^ .loiipli, ami iiiidi'r threats of cNcomiiiuiiication or. Ii'icil ;ill jiaiK'Ps of till' kind lo In' di'livt'ivil up that thi'V lui^iit lie puiilii ly liiuiit hy the ('N(!Oiili'i Ml-. I liiti-U) Ml .1-., xii. -Kilt S; l)',.:!, vi. f. fiS, 00. i'l'cucii L'liiissariua wei'o u coiisUint soiuco ol aiann, luul uicuduros to VICEROY VEXEGAS, U'inus linrri- no Irss tluui •lis a!i])\)i)- iiidiHrrciici', -;t the public y apathy and i'4's t»l' 1 hf au- di' discussion , was I'ui'tlu'i' lihcrality dis- (•(iloiiial rep- (»r the fortes, death a^'oiiy )uies — which 1 which she • — no ivliel' in case her lUcd procla- lioLis |)apers )etus in the in 'in /lidilos'i que re- .■:lifili( )-il I'l rciii'l'l (.-iSijIu.-', iii. "JT-I-."). Milii el tiiMiipo do I 1 ic iliicino iViui- X'lM Iti r., iii. Ull'^. )ll lit' sllrll sht'Ct . ili.-i'.icil prciolaina- iciitimi (irdiToil all imlilii ly Imiiit liy iii. I'." I.":!, vi. f. , ami iiit-'udiiros i') On ilie C.ltli of Au,c::u,< 1810, the i'v\'j;iiU> Atocha dropi>ed anchoi' in the port of A'era ( 'I'U/. TIk; V(>s- i^cl liTwU^lit to the shores of New Spain hci" lil'ty- iiinth vicer >y, I'lancisco .Javier do Veiieij^as, knight of the order of ( 'alatrava.'* Vonegas was in no haste t;i iv.icii the scat of his ^'overnincnt, hut "j-urni'vin^- slowly from \'cra ( 'ruz to the capital, made himself (onv.i'sant with the state of ail'aii's, and formed IVIcikHv I'clations with persons whose services he con- sidci'. ;| useful, for ( 'ampillo, the hishop ol' I'uchla, and i'lon, the inteiidente of that city, In.' contracted a sliii-ere attachment. On the l^Jtli of Septemher the audicMcia suiM'endered the f,n)vernment to him at Ouad.alupe, and on the fillowini^ day he made his puldic cntiy inlo the ca[)ital with the customary pomp and ceremonies. \'ene;4as, wlio IkuI retired from the army with tho rank of lit'uteiiant-colonel, returne(l to active service in Is'is. oil the invasion of Spain hy tin; i'^reiich, and Won dl>tin<'tion in the memorable battle of l>ayle!i. Jlcni'cfortli his promotion was i-apid, and he soon obtained the ^-radc of lieutenant-jjjeneral. Ahhoue'h lie sull'ered defeat at Ahnonacid"- by impiaident sclf- conlidence, he enioved a hie'h reiiutalioii in New Spain as a coui'ae-eous military chief ]>'!-tamante, in .--omewhat , />..< h/nh; ainl li'iiii- n .Vi . ,, xiii. •i;>-4. '' I'm- a list iif liis naiiK^s, titles, ami di'cor.-vtioiis, .sro (\ ilnl'iri i, i. f. !)•_', am! l.'i.ijKi.-i. I'ltriii.i, ii. f. ;i. In tiie latter iloeuuient a|)|ii ais iii.-i iiiliriea. '-(iiieira slates tliat In; [o-tt Uie army of tin; c^'nlii! at tin; Iwu iKittle.s of 'laiaaeDii ami I'elcs, 'i|Ut; ilio y iiei'ilio ])or .su inop.i ud. ei.'ino cnnstii del Maiiiiiestii del l)uiniu del Inlaalado. ' ("ue.sta went .so taras to s;.ite Uiat Venc- pis Miy j.Tos-i ij;tiijranee, want of .skill, envy, oi' inaliLe, lost, jiriiia^id lort'Vcr, tiiu only iii>pui-Uiuity of saving S[iaiu.' JJist. lit-f. S. L'.>p., i. -.Hi, 1 94 VICKROYS GARIBAY AND LIZAXA. over tlio left slioiildci', was of crionnous size. His whiskers woro of tlio sainc cut uiul sha])c as those of thti myniiidons oi' the aconlada. desporadoes, and buU- iii^htei's; and liis ini|»ctnous Lfa it was similar to that of an ill-tenij)erc'(l coiporal,"'' Venojj^as was, how- evei', honest and (nsinterested, an iuusiness. Distrustful when in security, he was calm and self- jtossessed in danu'ei', but dis[>layed a sanguinary and cruel disposition.'* On the 18th of September the new viceroy con- vokid an assembly composed of the audiencia, all the pi'incipal civil and military authorities, the dignitaries of till! church, prelates of the regular ordei-s, the nttbilily, and prominent land owiu^rs and memi)(,'rs «jf the coiinnercial class. To this numerous attendance a |»roclan)ation addressfnl by the regency to the Ameri- cans on the oth of ]\Iay was lead. In it the condi- tion of S[)ain was set tbrtli, and an ajH)eal made for still further contributions in order to continue the war. A list also of patriotic individuals on whom had been cunfeired titles oi* nobility and honors was also I'c'ad. A plan lor the collection of donations su<''ufested '■'Ifirt dress , ■111(1 pc>i'soii;il iippcanxiiei- woro t!lo subject of niiiiicrous pus- f)uin,iili'H w liieli were ]m.stoil on tin- coni is of tli<^ jiriiKipal streets. One (|iioti(l l)y li;ist;iiiiiinti' \v;is as follows: ' Do jiatilla, Ijolas y |iaiitaloii, lieeliurii (ie Napolenii.' Cirn, V'/v.s' S'riln. iii. '211. Aiiotlior wliii'li was posttil uii tlio jialace gate aggravated the viceroy to make reply. It ran thus: 'Til lara lui i» ili> ixcilciiciiv Ni In tiM^i' it' vircy, Ditis |ti:i Iry.' Vcncgas caused the followiiiL,' liiie:i t.) It ■ postoil in the same place: ' Mi lira im r» ilr I'xciliiiciii, Ni mi Inui' ilc virrv, I'lT.i rr; li'M'lltnill IrV, Y iilitrii;;,! Ml li'al |>iiti'iicin. V.ftn Ki'i.cilla iiilviTlciiria Os liapi, pnr 111 c|iii' iiiipiirto: I.a li V lia ill' .SIT il iiiii'li' {{•.>!■ lilrij.i ijii.» ai'iiuiii's. iriiiil.iilii run las liaicinlicg IJui' HI' liaii lii'clio 111 rsta ('drtol' li'ii'i'rfi, On'i. lie }rfx., i. r>(i4. "Opinions with re|j;aril to tlie aliilitios of Venegas are diamotricnlly oppo- 8iti'aceor(lin!.;as they are regardel liy ids friindsor opponents. Aliad y Qucipo de.scrilies liiiii as a tideiitcil, learned, and iipri;..;lit man, Iiifurmi', in Zimnroix, Jll-'l, M'j., ix. .S()7-S; while Zavala .slates IJKit he possessed nci'iher political iiur inilituiy talcut. Ikv, Mex., i. 4H. Consult Ailalid, Causa, MS., i. 13-i-U. FUIlTirKIl DISCOXTENT. 95 inunci'ous pus- .sti-L'fts. One iitalim, lii'i'liiuii p(JSl(Jll oil tliO 1)V IIk' fiscals \v;is tlicii discussed and approxcd, many (if those jtiH'scnt sul)sciil)inL*' at onci,', the archhislioj) luadiii'^' till list with tliii'ty thousand |)es»)s. Ani(»nL( ilic ivcijiiciits (»r hi»ni)rs wero (Jaribay and the arch- hishn]t. hdlh of wlioni were dc('»)i'atod with the ^rand ( inss of ( ';iilos lir., while Gahi'iel do Vernio, Dit-^n) i\<- Am'edi, Sebastian de las Hems Soto, and Joso Maiiaiio Fa'4'"!i,H''>' weic I'aised to the dijj^nity of (I'tulos (|i- ( '.istilla.'' Other honors were conferred upon a niiiulHi' of individuals ('orrespondin;^ to their positions ;iiid 1 lie SI r\ iees i-endere(l l»y them, and It was observed ih.il iii.iiiy of the recipients had been prinei[);d actors in the depusal of Iturrin'aray. jl:.t! ds 1 1 I lie (icmaiiUs tor money and tlie awari I th .Is of lldliol' Wcl-e <) flensive to the 8i)anish Americans. The apjx'al to them f )r morc^ n'old and silver in the same breath that bestowed titles and distinctions u]»on their opponents was an insult, and their indi'_;nati(»n (hove tin in in still j^'reater numbers to the raid;s of llic I'cviiliitionists who were alrt'ady in the held.'" For Hid.il'^o had ^iven the siu^nal i'or revolt; the f/rifo ilc Jf.i/urcx was already echoinLf throuirhout the land, and tliousands were rising- in arms to do battle for liberty and the rin'hts of man. '(.'in. '/. .)f'.v.. ISIO, i. Tiit'i, 770 SC.: D'irtr titul lie Cm lill.i was a title of iiidiilitv iiiti .l.'ik g!MliiliM'salii /. M-4. '"'i'lii' Mexican ilcputatioii to Spain statiMl in Anj,'ust ISll that 'las frni- I'iu.s (|uu lli'Vii (1 Vircy Don I'lancist:') \'eiii.;,'as pani los nnto s eiinipliccs do la laecion' cairiud alat'Ui tlll'oiigU uiicry. Dijiutuc. Aiiur. Jlij>., '()i: I.mi'uisdneu— His Ai'yi ittai,— liis 1;i(I(iuai'IIv— Ki, (Jkito i>E 1>iii.iii;k-< — IliiiAi.ci) Mauciiks to Sax Mku'el — A TiMri/n'ots AuuAY 'I'm; S \(ur.i> Banneu — Srcci:ss ok tiiic InsiTvUknis at San Mniri;!, — rii.i.AiiiMi — ][ir)Ai.iio ruoiLAiMi-.D C'Ai'iAiN-(Ji;M:iiAi 11 h Enti:i:s Cklava - He Aitoints a New Ayixtamiesto. l'"'i;(iM till' (iiiu! wlion Viceroy Vi.'lasco niado jj^raiits of town lotsand jii^Micultural lauds to settlors in (^>iierc- tai'o/ tlio |)i'0'4'rcss of tluit pliico was rapid. JJc.aiiti- iVdiy sitii.ilrd ill a slulti'ivd valloy, the Icrtility of tlio soil and tin' iiiiroiicss of tho air invited ininiii^rants from till' caiiihil and otlier populous towns lyinu^ to the south. in \^)\)'2 niuniei]>al Ixtoks were opciie'l, and li'iK'i ftirward its pro.spt;rity was such that in KI.k") Feli|)f 1 \'. ili'vated it to the rank of city, with the aj)|>ellaliiin of SantiaL^'o ueretar<», and the hon- orable title <»f iiiuy nohle y i-eal eiiidad. A eoat of arms was also granted, si^nilieant of the mir-aculous manifestation witnessi'd l»y the ojijiosini^- nrniies in that strau'^e hattle which was fought in IJiU." The '('oiisult //(V. Mi..:, ■•'.Sfo /,/., .-)t;) 4 'I'l vol. ii. rAl it, lliis sorics. le iiniis coiisisti'il of a cross with tlio sun for its pediMtal and !i liriilit star oil oitluT siili'. TIk; fii,'iiro of SaiitiaL,'ti on lior.si'- uk oLHU|iiu.s tiio iK'\tcr bawt', ami a ]ialiii tivo and otiur ]iiinit!i tlit-' siiii.iti'r l>; ■h I lloli riiioiiiited liy tiic royal arms of Ciistili' and Lcoi [ givi> lii'n\\ Itli a |ilan of tiio city from (Jm n / im, (lrdi,<. ■jiif /firii la l)'i Sec also Zi tdii ( llidiilijo Glorias de (Jiii r., "J-o, cuiitaiiiing plan of city, p. '2\'X niSTOUY OF QUKRl'ilTAKO. 97 ]i()siti(»ii of QiieiL'taro 011 tlio l)()i'(lcis of tlio unoou- \( rtcd C'liicliimocs attracted at an rai-ly datu the at- Iciitioii t»t" the rL'n'iilar onliTs. Tlio iiist nuuiastio cstalilisliiiu'iit was the '''raiiciscaii convent of Santa ( riiz, tlif (late of tlu! loundinL? of which is, howevef, uncertain, althoii;jfh its oi'ijj^in was the luinihle lier- tiiitan'c which was (ioustructed at the time wlien the iiiiraiuloiis stont; cross was erected on the San'^renud. The lirst convent and its church were in time re- Plan of QrKKETAU.>, 170G. tliP sun for its litiaL^'K "11 liorsc- liutrt till-' siiii^tii" lilacrd l)y lari^or buildinn's, and In IGtlG, wluni tlio iM'W (dilices were conii)leted, the convent was made till' cdsii dc icfiih'ccion of tlu; iiro\ineia under the name of San lUienaventura. In KIS:) it was con- vrrtcd into the apostolic colle;»'e of j)ro|)ananda tide, t'lUiiided hy Fray Antonio Linaz de Jesus Maria — - t'.K' lirst establishment of the kind in the Indies.^ ■' /'/. , ,'!>?-((>. Liiiiiz was born at Arta, in tlie islanil of Majiircu, in .Funu.iry ItM.'i, licoauioa friar in l(i."i;(, and pi'csUitin'o in ItMil. ]iii nami'. .lo us Mana, w.i.s iltiivoil fiuni till! ci(ii\unt in wIulIi \w waa novitiato. In Ilj>i4 lio arrivud lUsT. Mex'., Vul. IV. 7 08 oi'KXixr; OF tiik war of iNDEri:xni:xrE. l^v till" cntliusiiistic^ iiuMiilxTs social ih ronns wi-jt introduced, which, liowover boiu-licial to tho poorci- (•lasses, j^i'ievously iutcriercid with puhrK; and piivatc aiuiiseinents. JJalls, comedies, and icihlii" LCaines wcn- discontinued; certain leasts in which hulls, ^[ooi-s, and christians were njpivsented in jirocession, weic also d(»n(! away with. These lestivitii-s were so attrac- tive to the lower orders that in order to |)arti!'ij)atc in theni with .•H)|>ro[)i'iate display they would sell their liousehold chattels. Another ;il)use corrected was tli ■ promiscuous baihiiiL!; ••t' t'"^^' •'^t'X*'^ in the river, to t\\<- .sound of music, and midst the noise of Ieastiiii4" on the haidcs. Ilonceforth the inhaoitants of (^uerctai'o were, douhtless, a devout and moral connnunity, though much ai:jainst their will.^ Alter tlu' surrender of their convent of Santa CVu/. the Franciscan^' erected what may he (;onsidered th • third monaster}' of tlie order huilt in (^ueretaro, an I Avhich was the cajiitular convent of the province. Annexed to it is a sumptuous church, which wn- L-'j'eadv <'ml)ellished hy Vwxy .fose de Soria, who dit' ! ill ^[e\ico in ])ecember l7o4. Within the limits el" its cemetery various other sacred edifices were erected, amoiin' wjiich may he mentioned the church of th.' A'eiieraMe Orden Teivora de Penitencia, in which the nohle and the wealthy ])erformed their devotions and [)eiiitential vows. in Mii'liiwcMU fioin Spiiiii .iihI wjis elected pn.inlian of tlic convent of Valli- iliilid ill ICiTI, ;iiiil in KiTl \vii.< iiiipoiutcil iusti)ilii> tu iittvnil tlic ^rncr..! clia])t i Jnue, l(i!»;(. L'y>iiio.i,i, (',,,/,. .|/>,W., i. DS-'J.")!, .•{•Ji)-I, 80-4. * lv-|(iniisa, after dcseiiliiii;,' the I'eforms, siiealjs of a eilizen, wlio liaviii ,' liccn alisent for xoine tiiin', on his letiirn as iio approached the city inijuii'i 1 (if cvne wliom he met on tlie road what news there was in QiVMetaro. 'Sefioi'.' replied the man, 't^tiieiVtaro is no more t^)iieretaro; some priests have coiiH', and no Imij^'er are there faiidairj;os as hef.ire; sadness |>revails, no liarporj.';ii- tar is heard; there is nothing Init praying and ]ireaeliiiig, .10 tliat the pla • lias lost its mirth.' Jd., ."iJ-."). Consult also Arriirita, Croii. Si'i'd/., .S-'.', 34-."), I7t-^'J, -.tl -(!. 'J'lie miraculous cross was reiiu)veil from it, origin.! site in 1701 and ))laccd in the eriicero of the church of this convent. L'^^jil- rwa, (',vii. A/iim'., i. 1!>; (1! 'i-'tdi 'Ic (Jm r., .'i'J. ICNTE. DESCRIPTION OF quer:;taho. 99 rfforiMs were (» tlu; poorn- ^ and i)riviit(! bulls, Moors, •eossioii, wvrr rvVi) so att lac- .o parti^-ipati' )ul(l si'll tlifir v.L'U'A was til ! • river, to tli<.' ■astiiiL;' on lln- )t' (^ucrotai'o coinniunitv, t' Santa Cm/,, Dnsidi'ivd ill ■ (uorctaro, an 1 the |)ro\inci'. 1, wliicli was ria, who du' ! the limits ol" were erected, hnrch of tlb- ei.i, in which leir devotions : convent of Vulli- it'.iiil the f^oni'lal Mini llic ciiU'l;!.) llej4'e of San iLjnacio de Loyola I lUiided in I (j^;"); the D(jminican convent of San I'edro V San Pablo; the I'oyal colle'^e of Santa llo.sa and its niaL,niilicent church; the Ca[)uchin, Austin, and ( '.uinelite numu-ries, and other religious institutions. 1)V I'oyal cedula of October 10, IG?!, pennission was Planted to the coni^reij^ation of t)Ur lady of (ruadalui)i,' founded in 1G(JD to erect a church in San- tiago de (^Jueretaro; and in 1080, owing to the mu- iiiliceiice of Juan Caballero y Oslo,'"' by whom the gicat(n* pai't of the expenses were defrayed, the l)uild- iiig was so far advanced as to admic of its being dedi- c.iteil. The ceremony took place on the I'Jth of ^lay, and was conducted with a solemnity and s[)lendor nevei' before witnessed in the city. Visitors -from all |iartsof Xew S])ain assembled on the occasion, and the i'tstivities whieh followed wen? (Continued tor eight (lavs. The church is the most sumptutjus in Quere- tar..." The success of the n^ligious ordc;rs in the conver- ■''Osio liml pvovionsly proved liimsclf a munificent l)enef;ictor hy liis liberal iloiiatioiH to nunierous religious institutions, in several iM.st;inces(l.l;iiving tlio eiitiro c;>st of tiie er;'Ciiiin of chaiiel.s and convents, lie was a captain of in- ) nitrs', liecuine alcalde mayor of Quen'tun, und was linaliy ordiiined i>!ie-t. He ]);)-;.(>■, y.W., l.")7-8. '^11., i)."i-171; Midtiia, Chron., S. J)klislii'd I'cniaincd under tin- «uii- trol of the friars, namely San Mi^iul de las I'alma^. administered \>y the JJoininicans, and ( 'oiM'e|M-ioii Soriano, or ]>ucareli, by the barefooted fiiars of San DieiU'o." Althouu'li the Jndians of Siena Coida were oera- sionallv troublesome durin<>- the eij^hteeiith centiirv, their insubordination ilid not interfere with thei;ro\vt!i of the eity or the de\t'lopment of industrial interests. In tln> architeetural beauty of its chuiehcs, n-li'^io:; establishments, and public buildings, (Juerelaro i- equal to any city in ^le.xico, except the capital. In 171)0 it had ^Tl' streets with twenty-one |)ul»lic foun- tains and six pla/.as. Its leiiL;th iVom east to wi-t at this date was nearly two mih-s and three (piarteis. and its width from north to south ovei- one mile and a «jUar- ter,"^ The water supi)ly of Queretaro, obtained at adi-- tance of two leaufiies, is conveyed into th(.' citv bv it- celebrated a([Ue(luct, a structiu'e of siiii;'ular solidity and architectural beauty. The arches are supported on seventy-two pillai's of hewn stone, eighteen \ aias apaH, and tweiitv-seven varas hii>h. The work was l)e<>un i.; January 1720, and com])leted in October 17.>j, at an t'xpenso of 61-4,800, $S2,U00 of which were donated by dtian vVntonio Urrutia y Arana, marques del Vi- Uar de la Aguila.'' ]jut the pride of the j)lace is Li. Canada, a beautiful i;len penetratinij: for two leaLfU' - the mountains which surround the city, and affording viows of such exquisite loveliness that no city in th • '•PhKirt, Col. Doc. M(.v., MS., l.'71-.l, 457-8. In IT-iOtlu' miiulxTofTi.: • sions was 17, ten of wJiidi woro foiiiulcil liy l'"raiici.-iii'l<>li)iiit', ."^itiia'u'd alxdit u uiilr iVoiii (lio |,ii, lilo «)t" that iiaiiM', tilt' iiu'diciiial |tr(>[H-rtios of wliicli \,n\\i as a licvcia'ni' aiul \'i>\' the batli have |»r<>vt(l I'ili- i ai ioiis ill a variety «»l diseasis." .Mtliiaii^Ii (^iifretart) i> sij;iially cXfii^it iVoiii cpidriuiis aiul |tli\>>ical eatas- I iM]ilics,'- it has Dceasioiially Ih'1'11 vi.'-Itjd hy (hsasters. 'ill'' ycnv I7s(i was noticeal/h' lor tlie scverily of a t'liniiii' wliich caused iiiucli .suHerlu^', and in ISOO -ivat mortality of children oecuired I'loiii all i'{>ideiiiiu lilli;4' disrasc.'^ The aurii'iiltural and nianufacturinij^ iiuhisti'ies ni- dicate L;itat ju'ospei'ity wlu n e<»iii[iared with those of JarL^t r and more j)o[)idoiis [ii'ovinri.'s. The cotton and v.oolK'n lactones in L7'Jo work(;d ii|t 1200,000 pounds ul'llic lirst-inentionetl stajile and (».'., !>00 ari'tthas of WiM 1 1, equivalent ti> 1, ;")•.)< ,.")00 [>ounds, allording v ni- I'l yiiieiit to thi'i'i^ thousand oj»orative.s. The tohaceo i.H loiv al^tt einiiloved tlii'ee thousand workiiK-n and \' it. wuiiu n, pi'odiicinL'' annualK' cigars and cigarettesi to tliL' amount of sii.'JOO.OOO.^"^ Such was the city of Santiago i]o Queretaro attho linn- when the s[(irit of ^Icxican independence broko nut. The reader will i'ei;ollcct that Mi'-'uel Doniin- Itlio completion vf "XavMircto says: ' Esta Ciiu.ida o-i i>ar!i Qacrt'taro lo (jiio Aranjucz para Mailiiil, Wisailas [lara I'ari:^, Frascati p.iia Uoiiia, y la i'avniita para Viona.' lii!'ir. J'l rcjr'ni., (i. " A full aci:i.)unt ni tlicse springs is giv^ii l)y IkntiiDoiif, Trat. >h' la A,!'ll, L'ss.ii /v., (iOO-!); AVoo in Snr. .U,.,: (.'m,/., iii. lOS-0. In all thi' iiiaimlactiirin.i; indiistric-s V,'2\i.i porsons wore iiiipli>ycd, of whom '-'.TOfl u i re v..'iiKii. Ill c()iiiiacrt!ialaiii:i'i:NI)r,>:CM. jLi'iicz liad Itcrii iciiistiiti'd in tin? (lUii-cot' <-(trr('i,'itl(tr <•!' C^)ii(ivtiii(>, ;il't»'i' liaviii'^^ he-en «li'i)iiv((l «•!' it l>_v Itnr- liu'iiray. From tliat tiiin; rmwanl In- was a swyvi siip- portri" (tf tlic iinl<']»cii(U'iicc' party. Altri- the collaiisc (»r llif X'alladfilid |)I<>t, ni('flin:.,rs <•!' the chic I" rf\nhi- tioiii.sts wcic htld at (JiU'rc'turo in ln»iisi',s nftlic jircs- liytcr JosL' Mai-i'a Sanclicz and tlu' lire-ntiati' I'arra. TIk; corrc'iL^idnr attended the assenihlii's at tlie lirst- nicntiitneil house, whicli ])assed unch-r the name of a ht erarv aeareliminary mattei's were in pr()L,'ress in A alladolid and Queretaro, the leaven of liherty was AvorkIii;4' in (jruanajuato; and indeed to this pi'ovince may he more spcjciall}' ^iven the proud distinction ol' cradle of ^lexican indi'pendence. And forever i'aniuus jihove all must remain the town of Dolore , situated in the hit^her level of tlu^ ien'ii dc Guanajuato, eleven leagues i'rouj the ])rovi ial eaj)ital. Its heginning dates from the sixteenth 'utury, when viceritys En- ri(|uez and Velasco exei'te themselves in unitinj^ the Indians in municipal coi, nunitics called congrega- ciones, D(.)lores receiving t^ e name of ( 'ongregacion de Nuestra Seuora de los ]_>olores, and beung included in the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the cui'ato of Saii Miguel el (Irande. In 1717 it v*as elevated to the dignity of a pueblo, and somewhat later became an independ(Mit (nu'aoy. As usual in places of this kind, the parish clmrch r it l.y Itiu- jl svn-ri siH>- i\\v ciiUmIisc •hilt" jcvolu , of the I'lVS- iti;itt' I'.-in-a. j»t tli<- iirst- ,. iiaiuc «>l ;i ^l.-iria .lostia ill the siic- liousi' scent (lis (lisrlissril. If revolution, aius Alleiid'' »a(iuin Arias, icise<) Jiai'./.Jt- l Mij^llel, till' (jiouzaleii aiivl c in proi^ress »1" liberty was this province (listinctioii oi irever i'aiiiuus ore , sitiuit«'iiado\\cd the <»thrr huildiu'L's, heing :in extensive structure, and connileted al»ont the middle of ihe I inhteenth cciituiy. Tin; exterior juvsenteil ((uite an iiii|)osing a|i|>earance, tin.' front liavini,' two towei'saiid an ornamented entrance. At the close of (he oiLjht- I . nth centuiy a cinirch of the third older of San l''ran- rix'o was elected which, though small, was of heauti- liil design and construction. 'I'hen; were also several >inaller churclies or chajiels. In IH'Jd tli>; constituent congress of (lUaiiajuato hesiowed u|>on tin; town the Jt d later ahout !),()()0 inhah title oi villa. Jt contaiP"(i later ahout W.ODU inliai>i- tant>, while tin; numher of those within its <'ivil and (cclesiastical juiisdietioii was between Oj,OUO and 40,- U'Ki, si-attered over a territorv of sixty-ei-dit siiu.irt! 1. a-iies. .\griculture constitutes the chief occupation n\' the people, a few oidv being eiigagi'd in retail traf- ti ", and in the manufacture of common wouHeii goods, 't' hiicks, and in tanning. The district of Dolores is I Iter adapted for the culture of the vine than any ( thii|iart of ( iuanajuato. Though silver deposits e\- i t in many jdaces, the mining interest is not large. The cura of this parish was Miguel Jlidalgo y Cos- tilla, a name forever to bo honored as one who uave 1 i > life to his country, who sacriliced himself for the ri^ht as against injustice and oppression. Past mid- ille an'c, as he was now ap[)roaciiing lifty-eight, he had I aelu'd the period wlu'ii most men are read\' to lav .1 ide some portion of life's burdens; yet he was about taking upon his shoulders the most vit:d issui's of his e Muitry, and that before his ee)untry was ready fully til re>pniid to his t'tforts. Uather above than below medium height, of some- wjial stout pro[»ortions, large limbs and riiddy-bidwn • iiuiplexion, he presented altogether a robust <'oiistitu- ii"ii. The head was largo and well modelled, bald and >:iiiiingon the toj), with many brain-compelling bumps; li.iii', wliat there was of it, nearh' white; massivo liatures; foreheatl of course high, neck slightly twisted te the left, noso .straight, lip.s thin, eyebrows proiui- 104 OrFA'IXd OF TIIH WAR OF IXDFI'KN'DEXCE. lUMit, and as usual with tlio cloth, face clean-shaven. Ho wore at this t'nne short Mack trousers and stock- ing's of th(> same (iolor, leathei'H shoes with buckles, and a lon;^ L;-own with cape. His heart was kind and synipatlu.'tic; liis manner soft and winnini^; his voice sonorous, \ ihratinj^, and most pleasinij;' to the ear; and his de[ioi-tnient was natural and attractive, lie had the ti'ue scholai'lv stoo|); and in all his features, air, and attitude a jwoloundlN' meditative ex])ression — :i tittinij; incai'iiation ol" a t'-reat soul bathed in settled calm. Yet the clear, l)lack, brilliant eves bi'ti-ayed the acti\'ity of the mind, and through them shone th.e hght I'roiu the burning iires within. fix, It does not appear that Hidalgo attended th(> eai'ly meetings of the i-evt)lutionists with regularity. In- deed, from his own statements I conclude that he visited (^ueretaro only on one occasion for that purpose, although he frequently lield convei'sations I'lsewhere wltli .iLi'nacio AUende and others on the subji'ct of independence.^^ .Vllende was certainly one of the moving s|iirits of the revolution; and altliough his fame as a j)atriot has been eclipsed by that of ilidalgo, it is (»nly just/ice that his merits and patriotism should be fully recog- nized. He was l)oru on the LJlst of January, 1771),'" in ^'^an Mignuil el Grande, his father being a Spanish merchant and estate owner, named Homiii'i'o Xarciso de Ailende. When JJon Domingo died, which was while ln'nacio was of tender years, his affairs were greatly embarrasse;l, and liad it not been for the high character of his executor, Domingo de Berrio, the ^'•' /f< riiandezi/ Ddni/oa, Cul. Doc, i. 0. At these coufcrcnccjvitli .\lleii- i\o, lli;l;it'^o continually ami pt'DpIu^tioally cxpi'osscil liis Ojtini'm that 'the ilutlioiM of siU'h ciitt'i'|)ii.-ic.s never oiijiiyod the li'uiti of tUeai.' Jh. \e','rcti , hiiwcvci', Ktales that he went several lime.- loQaereearo. ' N'arios viaje:(auM(|'i ' do iui:i nruieia oeeulta, hi/.u ;i Qaof'laro Jlklalgo, couelolijoto ilo foineiitaf la rjv.iliici.ui.' /list. Mil. Shj. XIX., i. S;i. "•(Jopies of his haptisnial eerlilieiite eau be seen iiiLircagi. A'h'c. 1/ /'erfijic, 210-11, auil in Aliiitnn, li'itt. Mfi., iii.,app. T3-(I. Licea i;a, ut sup. l.">, IV, however, ami Zaiuaeois niako tho .aistako of assio'uing 1701) as the year of his birth. Ilk^ll IGNACIO ALLKNDE. IOj liDiise would havo been bankrupt. The crolilnrs, liowovci', Were tolerant, and in sonio y(,'ai'S llnj drhts were paid, and tlio means of livelihood waved t:) ihc liiuiily.'' JJeiiiLj passionately fond of dangerous sports and martial exereises from early you s[iieuous th, l inaeio was con- for his boldness and skill as a hoi'setnaii, and lieiiuentlv si^•nalized himself in the bull-riu'jf, from which he did not always escajie unharmed, being erip- p!i(l in the lel't arm i'rom injui'ies received there. 1 lis streii"th was so ^reat that he could hold back a bull hy the horns, ^^ and he was ever ready to employ it iu (lul'mee of the weak. Before he had attained the a'4e of seventeen he was ap|)ointed provisionally a lit'uit'uant in the queen's dragoons, was conlirmed in the appointment in tlu; Ibllowing year, and in 1807 pi'oiiioted to the raidv of captam. lie was jM-esent witii nis company at tiie t th m ilitai'V' encami^nnMit cstalt- li-liL'd by Iturrigaray at Jala[)a, and won for himsrlf ihc marked ajtprobation of the viceroy by his soldier- Is hearing and ability.^' According to Mi(M- y (lui'rra, hi- regai'.l for the viceroy was such that lu; took an to avenge his deposal on the l']uropeaiis, and niltll to f(J (jrm a detuute ])lau ot indepen- llieueelortli iK^gau (ience. Allende was an extremelv haiidsoMie man. n\' engaging manners and ca[)tivating addi' 1 o resolution lie un ted yielde 111 tin 1 t O ODS tacl a porsevera km- w icli never es or o|>i)os Ad aiul 111 tl PI' iition, llis darin'i' both le e xpr e'Sslon o f I lis opinions Ail/r. 1/ Hei'tijlc, I, lit .Slip. l.">, IV, Is tlio your of Ilia ' l','ii;un() liail two brothers, l)()mlii„'o niiil .Fik' Mmi'm, tia' foiMn r ilyiii;^ lirfiiro the i'cvi)I;'tii)n, tliu laUur tukiii,' no [i:irt \\\ \\. f I., :!..'>. {'here wuro al.s I thivu sistur.s, .JusL'f.i, .Mai'i.aiia, lunl Miiiurla. Linc'ia, Ail'f. >/ H'C/iju'., l.-.-l(i. '" Vlr.i un siiLTCto hiou oducaihi, iiisinuaiito y Ihio, tl,> tal fiioi'/.;i ((iio .Uli'iiiK', y liii'hi'i con iiii torn, con cuya acrioii tk'jc'f ailiiiiiiulos li Ins cspccta- tlMc^.' Ilirmiiii/iz 1/ Jjiini/iii, Col. J)o<\. ii. IfJ'J. '"'Ilaliia mureci.io lo3 oltigios ilcl vii'uy ltiirrii,'aray, princip.'ihiicnti' pnrqiiD aiHe»,tr.iii'lo csti! el cxiTcitu auantonado on las liiaiiiohras y nrdnlus do giuii;v :i nul le si)rpruhcudi6 en una uoclic con toda su giiardia.' O'uerra, //is/. A'( t'. A'. L~p., i. 'J'JU. 106 op::x:x;; of thk war of ixDi:ri:NT)i:NCE. oxi)osc(l liiiu to iiinu'ccssary (lan!''c'r.s.-" .Vt an cailv age litj L'liturcd the niarriai^e state, aiul betiollied iii Ai)iil 1802 Doiui ^larla de la Luz Agu.stiiia cle lub Fui'iitcs.'-^ When the ciicampiiu'iit at Jalaj)a was broken U[), at the close of 1808, Alleude with all the detennuia- tion of his natiii'o [)ut his shoulder to the work. ]lav- in;;' returned with his eoniniand to San ]\liguel, he gradually associatetl himself with a number of eon- lederates'"'" who were leading inhabitants of the town. To avert suspicion and cloak their [)roeeedings, balls were ]Ve(|uently given at the house of his brother Do- mingo, in the festivities of which they joined, different menil)ei's occasionally rt'tirinu^" from the dancing-hall to a ro(jm below to hokl consultation, llamillcalions of the [)lau were extended to the [)rinci[)al neighhor- ing towns, wliei'e branch societies were established bv Allende and Aldania, who were appointed commis- sioners ibr that purpose."^ The general jjlan of the uj^rising was the simul- taneous seizure of the I'ich Spaniards and authorities in the im])ortant towns and then to raise the st;uid- ard of independence. This was to be accomplished with as little violence as possible, and the ca[)tives were to be allowed the i)rivilei;e of remaining with their families in the countr}','-* or retu)'niug to the ]:>eninsula, in which case their [)roperty was to be conhs- cated and appropriated for the public treasu/y. In case tile government, after this coup do main, should be able to oiler resistance, xVUende acting as generalis- l! ^^ Mum, Mrj. i/ .s?(.s A'cc, iv. !). '•^' A onpy (it till! iiKuriago ilui'tniient is eupplicil liy Liccnga, lit ''tip. 211- rj. 'Alaiiiuii,' ///^Z. Ml J., i. ',iM, 'afiuilo con su hoiulail acdstmiihiiul.i, ijuo era iiiuy iiiLliiiado al jiu'i;(i, ii las imijcivs y a toila cla.so do ilisiiiacioni .s; ikid 110 lu'. ciicuiitrado IilcIio algiiiio (|Uo justilinuc «'siaa ascvciaoioucd. ' Hullo, JJotiihrcs Iltist. Mcx., iii. 'X>\. ^- l.iwaga oil p. 18 jiivcs a list of 'I'l of hid jiriiicipal associates. ^'' l.iia'aga ai\t;HL'.s fori;ilily tliat the Sail Mi;j;iiil iiiuutinus wcro or2aiiii;ril pi'ioi' lo tliosc held ill Qiicvftaro, and that AHliuIu was thu lirst promoter it tiiu lovoliitioii. Attic, y lUctnic, 'J I -7. -' Mora makes uo meiitioii of this iutentioii of mild treatment. Mtj. j Kui Ike, iv. 1.). MEETINGS OF REVOLUTIONISTS. 107 linent. J/'j. U «'"* siinit would orj^^aiiize tlic foires in (lifFcrciit districts and maintain tlio strug-glu. The ii^ovurnniont jtroposcd to 1)0 ostahlishod was i\ senate of representatives ap- pointed \)y the })i'ovinces. which should rule in the ii.inie of I'eri.ando VII., ignoring all submission to S[»ain. To accom])lish their designs, Allende and Aldama \ isited .Mexico, Puehla, and other important places in \ew Spain, -while Hidalgo assisted in the cities of X'alladolid and Guanajuato, his eiforts being es[)e- ciallv directed to o-iininijf over the clerijy. During j'810, (^)ueretaro appears to have been the centre of action, and Allende and Aldama frequently at- tended the meetings there.-'' ]\Iore than half the year had gone and the plans of the revolutionists were almost ripe. Tliei-e were as yet no signs of dis- covery or treacher3\ Then the day was ap[)ointe(l (ju wliich the cry of independence should be sounded. The great lair held at San Juan do los Lagos, coni- iiiencing on the 8th of Deceml)er, oliered a good (>[>- portunity. xVmidst tlio gathering crowds their move- ments would escape observation, and enable them U) cDncciitrate their forces without detection.-" It was accoi'dingly decided that Allende and Aldama should meet there by dltferent routes on the 1st of that month, and prepare matters for the proclamation of independence on a concerted day of the fair. l:]vents, liowever, occuired which frustrated this desiii-n. As the cura Hidalgo will presently beconit^ the piincipal leader and most prominent charactt;r in the •'■'Alnmnii, Hist. M,j., i. 31S; Znmicoi^, Jll^t. J/,/., vi. IC.IJ I. :Moi-a, liowi'viT, states that 'San .Mi,mifl cl Gniudis. . .su citUbtituyu el ccutru y Iouk (Ic la ivvolnciun.' Ul i^iip., I".. -'■ Lii-cfiija, lit sup., n)-'J(). Mora states, however, 'so lijd cl ili.i, 1 , i"-'\ dr., 'Jl. (iiiei-ra gives N'uvenilier 1st as tin) date. /Ac. X. h'.tji.. i. 'J'.)l. llidali'i) states that Oetiil)er 'Jd was tlio day iinally appointed tor tlio U[iri3- ill.'. Jlti-nauiltz !/ JJdculon, Cut. Doc, i. It. 108 OPEXIXf! OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDKNCE. early luvolutiDii, a better aequaintnneo uill aid onr luiipo.se. Jiis latlier, Cristobal llidal^'o y Costilla, )t' .M Ot Mx\- was a native of Tej'.'.[)ilc() iii tlie inleiidency iec), jiiid establisbed biiiiself in Penjanio in tlie province o f ( jfuana luat o. Tliere lie betrothed and niaiiied Ana Maria (ralla<_ja,-^ and in ^[av 175:3, ^li'mel Hi- dalgo y Costilla was born."^ Don Cristobal presently reniov('(l to the hacienda of Corrahjo with his wife and four children, of whom j\ti<>uel was the second. 'J'heir lather afterward sent them to Valladolid to be educated, and there ]\ligU(jl distinguished himself in jihilosophy and ecclesiastical studies at the colK.'ge of San Nicolas, where his fellow-collegiates gave him the name of The Fox, an a))[)ellation intended as com[)li- mentary by r(;ason of his sagacity."^ So highly did the ecclesiastical chapter of Vailado- lid estimate his theological ac(iuirements, and the ability he dis])layed in the pubhc discussi(»n of cer- tain themes, that it ••'ave him ^^4,000 to enable him t(j tfo to 3d exico aiK I obtain his deuree of doctor of the- OlOilV Hidalu'o. however, s[)ent the money ■;omc say at play and in dissipation — bci'ore accom[ilishing II:- J ournev X ever thcl ess. Ml 1 778 and 177D ho went to the ca[)ital and was there ordained, receiving the <1egree of l>achelor of theology. On his return to Valladolid he obtained successive a[»[)olntments as cu ra to two of the richest benelices in the diocese, '-'' Tnidition ainnnatliat Ana M:iri;i w:ia iin orplinii in tlio Iiouso of (i;ill:i','a, nml t!iat, wIiUl' waiLin^ at. talilc, du tlic (iciasiou nf J)iii C'l'isti! lii-.it vi.sit, h RT LMMOc anil hcautv von his heart. Otil/o, lluinhrc^ llhi-il iii. L'tit. \ Ciijiy of his liaptisnial i'o.ri-t! fouml in Alu ll'xt. M, iii. app. 7"). Documents cstalilishiiiL; tho placo an^l date of hi:s hiitli aio Kllplilii'd liy Hi ill z ji JJlriiloi, ( 'ill. I)ii (iri-inl. in a ''•> A/'inriii, //;>/. .U'J., i. .T)!. Moiitaili, ('ni-(vir Poll', y Mi iiietriral faUlo puli':i-;hoil shortly aftor tiu- li;i(tlo of Aculco rcpivscnt.i Hiil.il-,'o as a fox, anil Ailcmlo as a siT|)'Mit, loading thuir followers, 'una lucida Iropa poUa,' to dcstnicli 'J'iic closing li ' I.i'ct'ir, si til iM cMlii'iKlc 1.. I(ll(> IJIJI Tl' (I li'i'ir V.i I'Mliiililla: N'> iiiipiiil:i: ciiti'inliTli) la y-aliiHa ^"Gncrm, llhf. I!rr. X. /■.•.s/*, 'l.( 1' ■di.i al ccr cl vi.-ijo ;i Mcjico jiara solicitarlo.' Al'Hthtii, lU, sup., .■)">■.', I h ivo ill my p>>suisi(U an ori,riiial autogi'apli Icttor of Hid; jucgo cu Mara vat io III Iii ipli Icttor of Hid.'ilgo written whilo ho waj tliocuraof L'oiinia. It is dated Coiima, JulyJO, 17t)-, and ^ i^ncd LIFE AND CHARACTER OF HIDALGO. ICO en Maiiivalio, fiivl (Vcr.Lnallv on Un; doatli of his elder brotlier Joa- (jiiiii siicceetled liiia as cura of J^olonis, a t(^\vn at that time (if 18,000 souls, yic'ldiiio- him a stipend of from 810,000 to .$12,000.*' ' ] [ere he devoted liimself to a \;ni(lv of icion y disconocidas paia el coimui du loa Mojicanos.' Mora, 'UiJ. 1/ sa-s AVf., iv. 8. I ■ I l! Vi 110 OPEXIXG OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. the lasting" afFcction of the Indians, in whose lanixnaa'os lie was [)i'()li(-ient. Extremely cntcrpr-isini^, he was, liowever, too precipitate in action. With repaid in Ills moral character, many vices are laid at his door,"'^ which were made the most of by the opposite party after he raised the standard of revolt. From the fact that as early as 1800 accusations of immorality were preferred against him before the inquisition by two women, it may bo C(Micluded that his life was not (»f that i)urity which his clerical calling would seem to ilemand; but as the inquisition did not at the timo jiroceed against him, although the accusations in- cluded charufes of heresy, it may be inferred that ])roofs were wanting, or that his derelictions were not of a flagrant nature.^' As early as tlic 11th of August the government had intimation of a ph^t.^^ One Mai'iatio Galvan, an ofticial in the post-office, gave information about the se('ret mcetirigs to Joa(iuin Quintana, chief of the department, who communicated with tlie postmaster- general of jMexico. By him Aguirre was made ac- cjuainted with (lie danger, lie, however, contented himself with giving orders that the revolutionists should be watched, without bringing tlie matter to the notice of the sjfovernment. Meanwhile llidaluo ^^ 'PosL'ido del abominable vicio de laliixiiiia.' JJ!az C(dvlllo,S' nnoii (1811), 107. ^'Considt Itcriinmhz // Diiralott, Col. Dor., i. 78, et scq. Afterward the iiU|iiisition coutiiined the charges with additiiuial oiU'S, and proceeded aj^aiii •*■, lliclaii^o with every severity, publishing a nicnior:d>lo edict on the liJth i.f October, ISIO. In it heresy, l)lasphcniy, and jirolession of tlie doctiines '.f LiUiier wore eliarged. On the score of morality it contains this extraordinary ficcnsation: 'Teneis ]ior inocente y licita lapolncion y fornicacicjn, conioefecto iiccesario y consiguiente al mccanisnio do la naturakv.a, jwr eiiyo error habcis > ■ tan liliertino. (jue hicistcis pacto eon vncstra nianeeba dc (jue os busea^c ^< . re." p;ira I'ornicar, y que para lo niisnio le busca rials a ella liond)res, asegu- Hi.iiiKiue no hay inlierno, lu Jesucristo.' Dis/jos. I'fi/v'i ?.•-', iii. f. irrJ. Con- ■t filao J/«;';', MiJ. i/.ttin I'cr., iv. (iO-1. This author ccjnsidcrs that thoeai!y (i ,»r' ini o! the inipiisition was partly due to the fact that IJishop Abad y Q if'i^.'O. in riiictci's of opinion, was somewhat implicated with Hidalgo. T'.c fact that till s: charges were brought against an cxcumuiuniealeil and rclicl priest renders them unworthy serious consideration. ^"For minute ])articuLirs consult extracts from documents in the Mexican archives supplied by Xcjrdc, Mr. v. Sijlu A/A'., i. i2SG-'J7. f, ha was, regard to his door/" )sitc ]mrty )m tho fac-t :'ality wore .on by twr th(^ proviiieial infantry hatt.-ilitdi of (iruanajuato, and to tliat end opened his I'lan t» several ol' the snhaltern oliieers. One of these, (iaiiid.i, the hand-master, exposed the allaii' on the l;Uli of S(>pteml)er to his eaptain, Francisco Hiista- iiiiiiite, wlio lost no time in iid'ormiiiL!;' his superior :|li err ie''"o Jjerzabal, who coimnunictited the mat- ler lo the intendente liiano, and oll'ei-ed to ai'rest llidalj^'o. ]iiano, however, preferied to watch allairs, ;nid instructed Francisco Iriarte, who was .u;oin!L( to San 1''' li]H', to report occurrences in Dolorc^s, and sent mders to San Miixuel to ai'rest AUeiide and Aldama. Tlie (lespatcli was, however, intercei)ted hy Alleiide, will! ivcei\ed timely wai-nin;^- of t!ie denouncement made by Gari'ido, and thus «;-ained some littli' time to deliberate with his asso(.'iates at San IMi^ueh" as to their |n'o})or course. While this was takinuf })lace in Guanajuato, (^i})- tain Arias turned traitor in Quoretaro, and to secure his own sai'ety denounced the plot on the 10th of Se])ieniber to the alcalde Juan de Ochoa.''* This of- ticer immediately despatched a courier with a written account drawn up by the cscribano Juan Fernando \) OJi)lll'''l lez to the vicerov, who was alreadv on h IS wav iVom Vera Cruz. A". am, on tht! null, a man iianiei I Francisco JUieras informed .Padre (;!il, cura of Morn, Mij. 1/ xu.^ /?( r., iv. 18-0. Alainaii states tliat ho vas jilayinj,' at cards ill till' 111 iiise of ("anuiriez, the major of his corps, wlici I he rercn 1 1 ice t'roiii (iiianainato. Ili-tf. M< ■;{. Kii nio's action with I t! .1 ic lliilal:.M was iirobably inllnenccd by frii'iidshi]). as the eura was a freiinent visitor at his lionsc. See Jjus/iniifintc Mr JIUt. Mv.r., MS., iii. I-J. '"Such is Alanian's account of the discovery of the plot. Hit. M'J., i. Vi] 0. (Juerrasays: 'Peio ;d)ort('> cl ]>lMn ])or la eonfesion en el iirticnlo do la niucrte del Canciuigo de \'alladulid ItniTiaja, ei'iiiiplice en la eonspiiacion, il cuia de Quurctaro (Id.' ///■«/. AVr. A'. K-^j)., i. "JD'J. I'.iistaniaiite Ktati's iplytliatan ecclesiastic denounced the plot at 10 o'clock of the ni-lit ^f tiie 1-tth of Si'plen that Alias lirst j,'avo iidorni iti CiKidro Jiixt., i. \]\. ],iccai,'a eonsiilcrs it |>roli,ililo .1/. Mr r.2-.-)S, for Ai/'clullri V liirt'if., ^^'^. V lit Zr collies .fd ociiinents addresscil to tlie and and the same author, />/ (» r,(vV., lit •_'' iiuia on the 1 1th of Septeuil 1 -r iiifoniiatioii conveyed to theca])ital from AiiLrnst 11th to thealiovo nanied diti'. Oclioa, on the lOtli and I hliof September, sent dcs|i,itclies to .\i;iiirro and the viceroy inforndiig them of ilio meditated revolution, and forwarded a li^tof the principal persona concerned in it. Ikniainltli, he soiiL'l.t: AUlaiiia and infoniied liini of what was taking jilace. JJist. Mij., i. .'JliS-ll. Liceaija .siates oil the aiitlioiity nf a inaiuisei'i[)t that two messengers, Fri.i- Cisco j^opez ami Frauei-sco Anaya, wi^ro also «eiit liy tho corregidora, thc! for- mer alone arriving at the destination, and as late as live in the evening of tin! l.jth. Tliat Allende, however, .should iiavo already lift for Dolores on t'lJ arrival of I'erez, being informed of danger by the intercepted order for iiia :cE. iiatc all the v'cro stored }nio Gonza- ki)ev\' of it. once J (laced to proceed iprisoiiUKiiit ent t<> coil- ^•are of the claring that lit. Corre- t liin iiiloi- > su^';_>'('sted andante 11;- ilcz's house, nider arms, rounded the 0, with the no. vf]i to avoid it have gone )ut the es- so thorough he inmates t' ammnui- corre;j;id(>f, to arn'st Id. While the cause. ndc at Sail (if the llDllsc ci:i /, the prisiiil al- y tappiiig Uinio iiioii, Ciiiisiilfi'i'l kt'l-,L^!':Uili;,' :■■> If. Nj)ears t I ]ia\e been (piite unaware of the magnitude of the ie\-ol;ilion, j)laced under ( )choa's directions three hun- Soltller; .4:1 an I ]) onuniiiiez, Ins wire ai id familv with a number of other susi)e(.'ted persons, wt're P Tl 10 irri'.4ed and imprisoned diu'in!>' the ninht.' ■ori'eL''idor was closelv conthied in a cell in the colleii'o St. li. 1 r •_• 1 ilcrsiiiit probiilili!, .siucL' his inactivity iiiulci- tliu cii'i-nnistancca iioiir.s Would iiu nK'Xi> ilical) M< is'cr. citizonsot San Mi-i t';at 111' was in that town on tliu niovninsf of the l.lth, attuniliu' allirnic'il ;h li trooj): Ilthoiiii. a ivli^ious cLTuniony, aiicl was soon thorc a latu a.s ."> o'clock in tlu,' af- I' n tho oviili'iiL'o, tliofi'fi ore, this a utl lor t'o:u hides that 11 i< alU'> the ])1' 1 Alh'iiil(! ai'luil iiniiiuiliati'ly upon ri'Ci-'iiit of thi! news from (^)in.'ri'taro, aiil I not waste a ilay in iiideeision. Ailh''n)ii<-< i/ J'cc'illr., 41-."). Lioea'.;a".-i eon- a iiartii.'iiK.tor in WW ihil not wa caisiiin is piovnl to ))e ecjireet liy tl stateinehts of S^ oeeeiliiiLtS. sserts that Alleiiile iirrivuil at Polores) at tenon thu iu'ht of the lotli of Septeinher. Jlirii'dn/i-. ;/ Diinilii^, Col. D^ir., ii. ;{JJ I'er.) ;i!jiiel eontesti) ile una nianera ilesabrida, dieienil iiiucl coiiiiironii.so por liabersc liado . .1 nan Ochoa, y eonio treseientos .sold.id os det rogiinieuto de Cclaya, iiu.aiiadoi pordarcia llebollo, sorprenilieroiial Lie. Uoniingiio;.' ilnxtaiiiuutc, Cdfrlr. II "JI< /'(•(■'«; 1/ J)dritlo<, Col. JJoc, ii. 7-1- J. UisT. Mtx., Vol. IV. 8 lit opFA'ixd oi'' rnr: war of ixnnPEN'DENr'E. of S;iiit;i Cr'iz, williout hi'm;^'' mHowciI to rDiniiiiiiiict'* with any OIK'. Jlis u il'c was coiivi-ycd to t In* cMiivci.t of Suiila ( 'lara, and altliouj^'h ciiceiiito, was (l«.-j»riv'- 1 oft he company of Iicr friends, and cvon of licrcliildreii, wlio were separately imprisoned.''^ It is dilHeidt to account foi' the subsequent proceed- ing's »»f the government aujainst JJoiuiii'^uez, mile-- tliey can \n: cxiihiined hy the contenijituoiis ri'.LTJU I v.'itli which Oidor AL^iiirro \'iewed the political atti- tude of the Creoles. Jiiformation of the corre;^i(lor'> arrest was conveyed without loss of time to ^'l•lll•l^a-. \. lio consulted with A,L;'uiire. That minister expres.sed such disdain for anv attempt that could l)e made hv •Americans' to overthrow Spanish rule, that in.- as- surt'd the viceroy that at an oilicial piece of parrlmieiit on a slick they would he fr'in'htened like asses.*" IL,- concluded hy su^'i^estinL? that Juan Ci)llado, the' al- calde del cri'men, should be sent, with an escrii»aij'> and minor otlicials, to investi'jfato the mattei-.'*'' Th • vici'roy acted upon this advice, and Collado hrielly dismissed the chari>'e a'jaiust DoiuinLjuez and rein- stated him in otHce.*'* I K ?? f : ■ ! '^ Jjiistan.iantc states that iior <|ne co:;- veiiia liaeer, seria, niaiidar al alcalde con Uli csi'i-ibano y al^unci.j prn'iiuerones,' ami aiMn that the viecrny aceeptt i tlie advice and Cillado the ollice, the latter appoiiitini^ Jose Mari'a M^ya hi- cseriljano, and 'curchete mayor a I). Antonio Auufia que en ilexico dcscini - naba la jilaza de eapitan cle sala.' Ih. *' \'eae':a^ disajiproved (Jullado's action anpoiuteil him to the eonviriniien- j of Queri'taro, an (jllice .so iinportiiut and lucrative that it was rcgardc"! :.■» fiiual to an intendencia. Tlie salary was 1,000 pesos, and other Sourc<.-s of i.i- come amounted to ;is much more. LTndcr the administration of Iturri^am v, iKimingucz was instructed to reform tlie abuses wliicii existed in t!i .■ clo. i f.ietiirics at Qucrctiro. The system under which these were eonduc;- 1 reduced a large pro^wrtiou of the openitives to actual slavery — a jitfenuia v advance making theui subject to thraldom renioraelcssly exacted by ti.'.i' CE. r,N'roRci:i) actiox. 11.1 »iiimiiiiic t" as (U.-jiriv ■ I creliiMi'L'ii, ;llt [liof •«'«•( l- fiuz, unit-- lulls I'l-LTJn I )lirn;il atti- •rC'X|l>CSSL-:| In- made hy that Ik-- as- i' jiarrliiufiit issts.**^ II ;i(l<», tllc al- ii cscriiiair' tt.T.^' ;n. • jai!i> hrit-ll ■ z and reiii- ;d to speak wit.i ns, anil mc-3ti/>j-. great contt-mj' . i^d, h> une <;o.- nlo :i t^.iereta • liccroy acct-ptt i Mar:;! Mvya !. • ^IlXIco ur'--f.-» of ;. - of Iturri.'an. , xd in t!i ; cl • i wt-re i.-ontluc- ! TV — a jif-cniiiu V exacted by tL- r (■ill \'> siKiiuT had AIKiiik' ivcL'i^cd iicws (iflhi* niTtv-t llic (lon/.ali'Z taiiiily JHid liousrhuld tliaii hi; li;ist- (I to ])(il(»n;s, hciii!j^ now iiwurc th;it his j>nr|)oses v,i re widely known to the aiithoi'itie.s.'*' His inti r- \i.\v wiih lli(lal,n'o was iiiarkcMl hy rnpid di'lih^Tation III, (I jii'tiiupt decision. Wiu'ii Ailcnde and his com- ji.iiiions arrived at Dolores the cura was enteitaiiiin;^ \isitois, and the revolutionists remained out-ide until l!iiv had (le\)arted. When admittetl, they inrorined HIerturl)al)le cahniiess, ex- ( Liliiicd, "Action must ho taken at once; there is no tiiiH' to he l(tst; we shall yet see the oppressors' yoke hrokeu and the f'raLjments scattered on the n'roimd!"'^ lie t hell ordei'ed the street watchmen who wt'i-e at- tached to the cause to he (.'ailed in, and sent them to suiiiiiKtii the workmen in his pottery and silk fitctorios. Tliesi' sDon assemhled to the numlur oftii'teeii or six- t;('!i, to whom jlidaln'o communicated his intention of iiimiediati.'lv raisini; the cry of libertv. tinpliiyi'i'^. l)(>iuingiic/ etlectcMl tlio nccossary ivfurin-!, aiicl drew upon liim- m'i till' viiniitydf llif ownei's, wlio were nmstly luirii|ieanH. Xcvci tlielcs ', hid ])iililii; c'liniliict, and the fiiiUiftlliU'ss wilh \\ hi.li In; uianaui'd tin' lai; (? estatu' ami fnrtiiiiu Iftt in his (■har.u'o liy Mufia .!iim':,i \'rivara fur iH'netici'ut piir'pdsi's, \\(in for Jiini tiie I'CLCard df tlu,' iulialalau.s c/t' (JiuiiHan). /aniacnia titliiijii'u'S tliu oa^y aL-i|uiltal uf l)(iniinL:m /. t itiitr Vi polifV uii tin; part of e'o!- l.iild, uliu (.■niisiiliivd it niiirlit lie prudent to show i:eii")ii-ity when the revolu- tinu liad idrcaily iM^iniuicuci'd, or to the pressure i^f a threat expressed hy the Indian iiiiiahitants ut the Canada that tliey wouhl rise in rev.ilt if the eorre- ^iilnr ^^ere not released. l/!yt. Mij., vi. ?\1\. That tlio correu'idor w; s tiiahled to maintain liis jiosition at sneli a crisis speaks loudly to his eredit a i pdssis^iuL; a strong hold on lin; regjirds of both p.irlies — or as a cDnsuniiiKue politieal ei'aftsiiian. ''••t iuerra states that .Mlende 'oonoeiosu peligro por esto ninnnuriopiihlieo, o t;d vez, por (jue su niisino gefe Canal le aviso de la oulen i[ue hal)ia recibi o de .Mexiei> para jirenderle.' H'cl. Itir. X. lUji., i. L'O'J. As 'este mnrniuvi ' Las refei-eiiee to the arrest of 1 'ondn'jo-.,. on the niglit of tiie l.")th, ( iueira is ill error, since .Mlende was at tlial time on his wav to 1) ilorcs. '"'Tiiis is the statement of Sotelo, an I'ye-vitiu ss. Il< ni'Unl'Z >i l>''irah'>^, '■'■'. l>o<\, ii. IL''J. Alaman givts a dili'erent aeeount, derived fi'oni state- iiiciits made at tiie trials of Ilidalgii, Allende, Aldama, and otlii'rs. Ho states that Allende Went to Dolores on the 1 Uli, and tliat t!ie news of the ar- r^ ts ;it Queretaro A\as brought by Aldama, who mdy arrived at Dolores at tU'i o'clock in the incrnini,' of tiie llith; tliat tiie cura was rouseil from \\\i beil, and exclaimed: '( icntlemen, we are hjst; the only resource left is to sei;e ^-'ac'.iupiucs.' Ilixt. Mij.,\. 37.'{-4. In view of the narration of Sotelo, who \.as present on the (pceasion, and taking into consideratiuii the statemcuts inaJe in tlie trial.-, 1 follow 8otelo"s version. 110 Ol'KNINd or TIIK WAJl OF IN'DKPRNDHXCK A ruiiioi' of what was tr-uiispiiiiiL;' liad, liowrvc)- s|)r(!a(l, and a iiiiinlx-r nf 1 1 \v |M»|nilact' assi milled li i'div tilt' i-iira's i^atc, nady t<> take |»ait in the cntor-- )uis(!. ^\^•a|M)ns, w liicli liad lici-n srcrdly made and iiiddrn, wciT n«»\v liiou;^!)! out, and I lidal'^^i* distill) utc'tl tliLMn with liis own lian|ili('^ a list ol' IS names, only two of wiiicli a|i[)eai' in tiia' of Sote'o. llift. Ml. S'lj. A/A'., i. l.'!4-r». 'riic niinilier in all nnist Jiave liei 11 \,xv in e.\ees.s of that ;.'iviii by many Mexican liistoi ians, the sniallness ■>(' wliirlt i . ini ompatiMe with tli.' sui'eess attained. Alanian .st.-ites tii.'it llid.il^o. hu) jioited liy his liiotlic r Mariano, .Tdsi'. Santos Villa, Allende, .Milama, ;»i 1 1 .:\\ arnu'd men w liom he retained in hi.s honse, 1.") in all, jiroeeeded t(i e.\ •. ate the desii;n of seizin;.' tlie S[>unish lesidents. Ili^l. M>j., i. :{7">. LieeaL'n. maintains that thercMveii' only ten ensraged in the nndert.iking. Hvtijlr.y Adir.., oli. Mora, who incor- reetly mentions Vliasoloas liein:; ju'escnt, as also doed N'egretc in his li.-it, say.s; '("on diez homlu'es laie.s, de los cnales eineo erau forzados, so i)roec!. U7 however, ■iiiltli'd l»e- tlic elitcT- IDilde Mill rn «listril>- ile|> tnkeii llMlltl', Uu.! Spaniard. words li> coiuluded pol Viva lid lKivin'4 jail/"- thus the princi- eliili;.;'. It hell whieh t an earliei' >r\vaid an I L and lV;)!!i 1 loot and '•atinu' in t lif t\voiity-o;ii' ISO n.iiiii'S v.orr y/;../. .1/7. ,s;,/. (pf t!i:it.'.'iv(.".i tilili: with 111'' y lii.s brotlui' iicii whom 111' i;_'ii of si'iy.iii;.' tliiit ttii'i-c wt'io ilii, who iucor- i his li.-it, say.,: SI' [(roi'CiUo a rni's slatfiiiciit on the n>th (>; iiiaivh by
  • II le ma tier: .r ti lis WnlH I radier than those of the next that were now t I claiiii tlioir attention. JJelivcrance was demanded, ;iiid iVoni the I'vil one; hnt it was IVoni Satan in the l!c.>li, I'lMiii devils incarnated as temporal masters, in- llirtiii;4 w ronys and injuiies and inraniiis without iiuinhtr — time onoui;h hit wIkmi men are tree troiii tlir tviMiinies of their leilows to continue the eternal li.iitlc with the j)owers olMarknessl Tlifii" was no mass that day. TIh; eiira entered lii- pul]tit and looked ahi'oad upon the sea ol" U|»t!irned tudu. ali\l'> us i: K'es W 1 th .1 ecu ind yearmiii^" sonci w ••.Mv I'iiildi'eit," he said, "tills day conies to us a ne dispensation. Are you i-i-ady to i-ecei\-<.' '\ii Will yuii he free ^ Will yoii make the ellort to recover I'lMiii thi' haled S[)aiiiai'(l.s the lands stolen from your tnr,' lathers three hundred years a < '■() : Thus tlu ur at [)roject of iiidepeiidcncu was laid hei'oro them, an 1 they Were called u[)on to jjivjve their devotion to ir coimtrv. For tin' last time .Ili(lal;j;'o addressed his 11 (icic as eura oi D olores. lie eiicelorth he w'ou Id lii' their n'liide to liherty; they would lie-ht I'or it; tiny wniild die for it; he Would lead them himself 1o hat tie and to \ict(trv! "To-day," he continuud, '•\vi' must act. The Spaniards arc had enoiin"h tliem- Kcs, hut now thi'V areahout ti> surrendei' us ami our C'l'.lll wild liMiu' tiv to the French. .DanufcM- threatons our reliiiion, 'ppression our Jioines. Will you hecome >^apo -laves? or will you as patriots defend your reh'n'- i:>i ilh' I amlyctur ri;^-|it.- We will defend them silo llted pcol )le \'i\'a Xuestra Sehora de (.madalui liiiii'i'a ,'1 mal 1. •h ,tl H'ooierno, niuuraii itts mac'liu[)ine.^ If "" icii,aii(l toNow 1', your cura, who has ever watched •r yoiu' Welfare,"' was HidalLjo's answer, 'i'ho (ji-i/o i J)i>riiln.<, <'<,/. hof., ii. ."{2.1 stu': Long live our huly of (.iuailalupc, perish tlio bad govornnient, perish the ■^[laiiiiinls IIS 0' lixixc 01' THE WAR OF ixDi:i'::xDi::;c;:. mid ilown-trocUlcii of tliis little Indinu town ])i'()cl;nin tlk' future incli'pendrnce of a gi'cat nation! J'^ntliusi- asni rises to rt'li^ious height, and unarnie(l as they ai'e. lliiv will follow no matter whtre, and ti-'lit an,i (lie no mattei" liow. Jt is soniewliat sti'an^'c tliat independence slioull \)v horn in sueli a (quarter and of sudi j»ai'entau'e; yet pLi'hajis not more wondt-rful here and tlius than else- \\!i<-'ro and in s(>ni( ^ otl ler wav Its (lavs were now i'ullv eoiii(> and it nuist he hrouu'ht forth. Wi' know after uliat maimer religions have ;.'(ent and lai-k po'.-tunity; or t]\e agent V O :- nav i>e hel ore Ills lime, in jiriiiiatiu'ely, and so spoil all. lender sueli (;onditi(>i; th ere ca n \)v no ureat hriiiLi'inu'-forth. It was a (plesiloii how l;ii 1 ch auxiliaries cou o1 -er\ice in thecomin;_;'crusa lie ][ Idl idaln'o maintain' that the display of numhers vould he heneiicial I tl leir eause AUende, however enter ame( ;<-'; yet IS lliau (.'Isi'- S WCVV DOW Wo knov,' to man; v*'c iall at vai i- l\\v intfllerl: 1 again and , no man eau ."k'mcnts ar ' d tlu^ agvnt. without 111 ■ (-nr at han I and lack o;^- liis limf, art ■h condiii^His ■irs couhl hi^ maintain' d x'ln'iii-ial t't iiincd gi'a\:' )rovid<.' tlu'ir cnU.v. Tli>' anci's wlmli )iig!it lorl'ii: ■c wlio con; I isidvL's wi'ili e arms thrv I them sonic c ill tlic slip-jw "f til, the tluiijii-ii' I OX TlIK .MARCir. l!;l ianni;ions of war, and tliitlier lli'Jal'jo and .Vdcndo 1,1 ihcir rabble, which soon numbered nearly 4,000 lacii.'" Some attempt at military or'h al)ove the throng', amidst ii.»u ts of 'A"i\a Xuestra Senoi'a di; (uiadahi laucran los Li'acliuitmes t" >e, ] [encefortli it became thv hauiiei' of the crusaiK-; and wiiile it wavt'(l on hit I'liiiiicm o )eace an< 1 int' eri'ession, manv a iiravi- < i:;anv a hlooiiv deed, was ( lone fir tiiose rights ;ni 1 lihenies which on no other u'round than violence and iifCC Wol ,1! ever be voU( hsa.ied to them, 5) .1/., J/. j. !/ .Ills. /,'«(•., i>-. •2\. Xcrrutc states tli.it H^ '..I:,'0 iniirelpil !0 il AMliCt'll W.l-i '.Mii:uii|i» (luc v;l out lit' l)'il>jri.'s with only iiliuiit S'J iin.'ii, wliioh miiiihor iis i:R'iVii-;til to ;>()(). Mr.r. 'S'i;iln SIX., ii. 1!'-'J(). Soti'lo Kay iiutaha eon im uiiiiiero consiilerahlo de uciite lulieta, vesolvii'i oii;aiu;:.nla 1 u t'Jiiiia lie ti'opa.' Il> A! /( Dl'llifltZ .'/ (/{).•.', <'(J. J Jo States that Hiihil:. . t' .)k it fn til laeri.stv aie 1 raiseil it in (r.'dei' to fiipiHH t hi.s eiitei'j.rijo hy the relii;iou.s dcvutii ■i e'ltertaiiieil for the J.ieieil I'liiMei T lis IS id Hi a hy 1. I'll 1. levai^a, V, ho exjjlaiiis tliat one of tho iusiirirents procured a eopy of the picture fro!. i ' iViiia Kaiiioiia \. (pio vivia idli eoiiio otras, eon el iioiubro tic lieatas,' and t'.iiit it was hoisteil ui>oii a. clothes-i-" le. The eiitlmsi.ism it I'oiisccl eansrd tie leadi'i's to adojit it as a Ir /; /,',v/; 'A. Ali 's stateii.eiit on the streui'tli ot Jiiila declaratie inaeois siiiiports //; J/' III niihhz }i JjiirnliK. Col, /.>i; :!. *otl ers with ii like ilisiirii were iu ti'iie ]irficiired ;ind lioriie ali>'.i.; Ill existe eii jioder (\ 1 liijo di 1 deii.idalo ia all piirts of Jlidaliro's army. '.Vuii existe ( iiKUi'i.fiite X'l'etor lio.sah.s, el diseflo iiriLjiiial dt 1] ; I' Ilia la forma do v.ii estaiidarte, ciiie file i jiriiiivra hiimlera. cle Jli leeno eon Kiio i I'l. pMlos I'lii .jiiiii tie iJolures, y tsobre v\ ciial .so puso uu esoiulo iiiuy parecido al luiup- 120 oiT.xixc OF TiiK WAR OF ixdep:;xdi:nce. ]\[(';ui\vliil(' iiitollin'ciicu of tliL! uprisiiiiL>- liad rcaciiofl Sail ]\IiL;u<.'l,'^' and the, Spaiii.'^h I'esidt'iits, aware that they eould not rely ajxtn any creolo or native servant, and iid'ornied hy Colonel Canal that no dei)endeiice coulil he placed on the reginii'iit, assembled in arms at tlu! munici[)al huildinu's for self-defence. As the dusk of evening fell, Hidalgo entered the town. The ex- citement was intense;, the j»()[)ulation cheering the in- sur[()iu as^scrts that tlu' authdiitii'!! WLTO ciiiupli'ti'ly surpriscil, ami knew nothing of the iiiovement, until Jiidaliio was at their (lnor; Imt Jjeeaya iiiori' reasimaiily ailirins that liewn of what hail taken ])laee in DoIoivh reached San Miguel early. 1 have accepted his vei'sion as hiini,' tlie iiicire jacihalile. lie j^ives a list of tiic plin- cipal Sp.iinsh lesidents in S,in Miv'iiel. Ailir. 1/ l,'eanie uucoutrollahle, J laving' hherated tin' piisoiier.s in the jail, with much U[)roar and crie if "J)eath to the j4achu[)ine t" th •y asseml) led ni delist' tlii'oni^s before the houses of the Spanish resi- dents, intent on pillage and destruction. Stores and ]iilv;ite dwelling's sliai'ed a like late. Doors wci'c 1 in .'>nd the rabble ransacked and robbed ad alterei hitiuii. H. ' i'''o endeavored to moderate these \vi hi las.sions, ac" (le, swo rd in hand, rode through er the crowds th.reaoenin!'' their death, until the disord was stopped. Our stand|)oint of moi'ality depends on our tearh- in.U', if we still hold to our teaching's, or to our line of independent t1ioUL>'ht, if we hav(>any. The merchant's iii'irality is d liferent from tliat of the doctor, the priest's i'lnin tliat of the military man. While ilidalno had much c()nscience, as mueli iK^Jcrt anc I hu nianitv, as Alleiide, whose [trofession was that of man-killer, lu was now out on the woi'k of an avenijfin<>' an'>'el, in si as it was nec'.ssary ;or his W(»rk ti> assume that Icnn. nianv vears. The Spaniards iiad robbed and insulted these ears. Tl'is W;-. 'v-v. !;(v be sto[)|)ed, whatever the cost. If the pi 'iL.-s'ia of ]>illa!j^e would add ti t!ic power o f 1 lis cause we )Ul small (liiterence ■11 the demon of mur (I. w as abroad. ^ )ur most iclnicd and christian civilization will kill human bc- iii battle b}' the hundred thousand, will commit 111'. liorijblc and wholesale butcheries without justice and without mercv, emnloviu'jf all the arts and ailvantaLCes tl ic nmid can invent lo iniui'e and (h.'strov the enem\- — I'lit r the cause, '. 'liiii;' to prevent i'urtlu'r kiliiic^- ivt'i' s(jmo fe-" (i'inor and cttmparatively iiisi;^- '' .Vccdiiliii;; to Torrcnte, //'.■.. /.Vr., i. li;{, not cvcu crcolci' houses wore spiiicil. 'So hin/.an>n cuitio loho.s rahiosos ooutiti toilns los oui'opcod i couti'ii siiti [iri ;iii-Lulos, .sill ^lorduiiar li sits iiiisiiios coiiiimtiiotas.' IJi ()i'::xi.\'o OF Tii!': war of ixi)i:pi:::r;E:;cF.. iii;ic;int injuries it raises its liancls in holy lioiTor, and ci'Il's out a^'ainst thoni as barbaric and savage. Sfutrand huinbuL;'! Savag'o warfare is no worse than ei\ilized warfare, no less necessary, no less rii;liteous. It may be a little less decent and refined; but what are leliiieinent and decency beside butchery and body- n.anulin'^' machines! xVll is as bad as it can be; the civilized men ai'e the more to l^lanie, however, for they should know better. Jlidal_!.;'o was a I'ar more \iir-sacriiicint:,', honorable, and humane man than the igc military leader. Butlu! was not hy])ocrite or fooi • jugli to ])i'eteiid th;;t it was worse to take a dead man's goods than a living,' mans lil'e. ]]ut the killing in war is done i'or the cause, 'i'rue; and now jiillago is })ermitted for tin; cause. Jt was not that he was in favor of robbciy. But sacking a town he regarded as no worse than kill- ing the ])eople; and in liis present emergency ho deemed one as much a matter of necessity as (he othei'. Ill any event, he would win this cause if within his pov.'er to do so. Allende thought difleri'ntly. He was a man of nai'- rower mind, oi" more restricted ideas; he was a soldier, and felt bound by conventional rules and the regu- lations of his cral't. He urged that they ought not to rely upon the couuuon pco]>lc, who were ad- dicted to pillage, but u[)on disci[)lined troo^js. The discussion was continued with considerable warmt'i, until it became evident that two leaders at discoi'.l nngld ]»rove fatal to the cause. Hidalgo, therefori', suggested that his own and Allende's authority shouid be delined, ill order that each should act within th'' limits of his own [)owers, and Allende at once otfere I to surrender the supreme command to the cur;i, M'hosi; ability and inlluence he very sensibly deenii' I •superior to his own. Ho expressed the determi- nation, however, to se[)arate himself from him it' tlniy should be unable to act in harmonv, J>ut all thought of independent action on the part of .Vilendo HH i)\y lioiTor, 111(1 sava;j;c'. worse than s ri^'litcous. I; but wliat y and l)ody- caii \n): tlu' ► cr, iVir thvy , liDiiorabU', tary loader. prctLind tJu'.t liaii a liviii ;• [one for tlii' ttcd for Hm' of robbery, i-st! tbau kili- icr^eiicy b.( as the other, if withui his man of nar- vas a soldu'i', d the re;4'U- tliey ou,L;"ht lio were a;'- roo[>s. Thi' i)le warint'i, s at dis('or>l >, thi;refor ■, ority shoui 1 within th ■ once olfei't I o tbo eiira, ibly deenii'.l le detenu i- roni him il' ly. J Jut ail t of Alien io MILITATIY AXD POLITICAL OnC.\XIZATIOX. 12a v.;v> sft at I'Lst by tbo arrival sonic w]iat later of a de- >j:;it(li from lliano, the intendeiite of (uiaiiajuato, ad- dressed to the subdele'gatlo J-Jello^in, who was a jirison- vv at the time, and orderiiiL;' the immediate arrest of Allende, Aldama,aiid, if |)ossi!)le, of lliilalgo, "Ixjcauso i:i> taKiits, fharacter, and reputation would render the )v\ ilution iii<)re vi<''orous and foriiiK dabh ue post- i.iaster liavinu' been also matlo ca})tive, the letter was drliveretl to Allende, wlio, recoL^nizino' tlie truth of its cuinmnts on llidalLi-o, insisted that the oura should retain supreme command, whieh he d Th(> suddenness with whieh the insurijents bad been iK'lled jirematur-ely to ])roelaim tlieir pur[)ose had C3 ciini liitirely overthrown their previous [ilans, and their fu- ture f)perations would in a yreat measure have to bo led by cireumstaiii'es. To diseij)line overwhehn- iruK M''' iiunu)ers, ])rovu de tl leii n.ih owers witn arms, aiK I institute some dei^ree of military tactics was now their iihjcct. In order to provide for public traiKpiillity, a ciinlerence was lield in the eveiiiiiL;', to which the prin- 1 citizens Were convokesl, and a junta, presided over A cipa (lama. was establislied.'^'^ On the tbllowing day t!ii' work of or^'anizin^' the forces was comnuMiced. Oiiiccrs from the ^'rade of corporal to that of colo- nel were appointed; recruits were obtained from the sui'i'oundin<'' haciendas, and lances constructed with thi' i^i'catest diligence. A quantity of u'un[)owdcr, >it, w liicli was being convoyetl Irom Mexico I b :m. nmi'. •lit. f Guanajuato, fell into tlie ban OS 01 to tl th 10 On the morning of the ISth Hidalgo led his forces, iii»w counted by tens of thousands, out of San Mi'j;'uel, iter 1 lavuiLi" ai)!)roi) ppro^ iriated what money there was in 1 cap- t'li' treasury, and some belonging to the Spaiiisl ti\i's.'" ]\Iarchin'>' throui>'h the towns of iSaii ''/,;■'((,/;, Jilh: y Ri'rfijir., (J" J 1 uau '" I ill- nllllT lllcnil)i ML'aL'l VaUo.ji., iJo.iii ti'iu of till rs Wire, I'ailro flannel C;istill)lanquc, F'Vlipo Oonz.iluz, uiLfo liiz.iu'a, am 1 V ana and of the loliat'co n tmi ill' Lartienili), and t'lat of tlio )) .iUk ito Ui >i"'iy Til. 10 adniinistra- v'ivi'M to Ant< i^ro llcbel /(/., (is .1/, J-l/' ■i liLV., •J.Z. Mariano Jlidal 'o, biolhcr of tliu cura, \va.j 124 ori:xi\f; of tiif- war of indkpkxdenx'E. (1e la V(' t\ r Vs-^ '■•A.'^ -J • ..X., %' ^ l*™r 'ii i^n^nillera ^fti^' Casas VKjaa Silaol^ XW^'-'^^^Vo" Ira| I X lii PitilaJ \ ^^ 2^ G UW N A J I Nstoa 'y*-* ^^ naravattlloa (' oS.Mip,,! f\ Orandu lYiimanejo '\\(' ^-<^jo lis Agua S^ 1? ^ S.A' 1^ Chauiat:uuru ft^**iL ?lDio "^ , "^.Jlian de la V ot _X'^"QUERETAHO Kstaucia — (.Tpi* 'V - ^ ^S.jiandelKlo ''••lava fo -J Baton /..;. So5'"^ w Vall.J jitiu^u ZAMOtM_. SalvatlciTa y*Coroneo Amealco Y,.ri iaimnii/iii?;'W \*v l'a«#uaro '^ ^MoHnos de Caballe ijo^jArambaro _-^_ .- J — ^^i , "s.lsid PliltVINCE OF GDANAJIATO. their prisoners to the number of sev^enty-eight if o})- positioii was oft'ered, 07 iippr."'"utc(l treasurer. One iloUar a day was paid a cavalrvnuui and half that S'.iiii to a fnot-s(p|(licr. Afamaii, ///.< Mr}., i. 381. '''' At this last |)kue ho made captive the ciira, who was a European. Cc:. ilv M,:,:, IS 10, 811. •■'"Tlie captive Spaniards had heen hroiiaht with them, siu rounded by tlie dragoons of tlie (lueeiTs re^imeiit. The following is a translation of the dn. - unient, a copy of vliieli is to be found in Ahnmni, Hiutty, never having been tiied; were it so, it would cliange 111 white or i)lack twenty times under as many and Weighty iniluences. The man of Ood behaves badly in the livery of the devil. J le behaves worse than the devil. War is Satan's en^dnerv, and he is the onlv one worthy to ■nipl(»y it, the onl}' one who seems to win at it. Ood 1i'''l)ts his enemies, we are told, and vet his enemies e\frywhere abound; he does not wholly ovei-come tljeiii. Till' sterner (pialities of the soldier, resolved til win at all cost, were- bi'ing develo[)ed in the parish jiriest of Dolores. Ha[)|iily for these unfortunate S|iaiiiartls, no event occurred to cause the leaders to put tlieir dreadful threat in execution. A copy of the (ies|iateh v.'as sent by the a3'untamiento three hours alter niidniu'ht on the 20th to the municipalitv of (^Hieretar-o, and on the same day Hidalgo was iidoi'med that no resistance would be offered to his entrance. On the "Jlst the insui'ii'ents marched into the citv. At the entrance of the plaza a spectator had stationed liiniself on a house-to[» to witness the marshalling of II itl i:> inotlev armv, Tl le man w as shot dead;*'' and a> iuiil tliL' iinli'i- tl) lli'o upon lis be given, thoy will lie trwitod with ii cori'i'sjionil- iii;,' ligcir. May "ri bla.eiiiciit iluriir' his tii.,1 that tho iiuin fir.-it lired at the iu- 120 oi'i:xiX(: OF the wa« of iXDEp::x:)T:xcr':. li' the ivport of this imirdei'ous <^iiu wcvc the pivcoii- ct'i'tc'd si;L,nial lor onshuiglit, the woi'k of \ iolunco be- wail/'' Jitiuod Ijy the populace, the insurgents rushed in excited hands through the city, and eitdeni^ the liouses (»f the J']uroi)eans were hroi^en into, their I'ur- niture battered to [)iei'es and cast into the streets, and ever}" article of clothinpf, of common i'e(j[uirement, or of use in \\:\v, was carried oil", and the rest was v/antonly destroyed. Ag'ain rcnionstrances were laid belbi-e Hidalgo; but he maintained his previous views that numbers v/ould insure success, and that a svs- tern of plunder would both weaken their foes and at- tract jiai'tisans to their own cause.'" In taking this ground Hidalgo, as patriot and rev- olutionist — for he was both — has been severely ce:;- .■■urcd. JJut there is much to be said in extenuation. Hidalgo claimed that the Indians had been wrong- I'ully dispossessed of their lands, property, and right-i in the ilrst instance?, and conserjuently the wetdtli th j Sjianiards and tlieir descendants had thereby accpiire 1 was not theirs, but belonged to the aboriginal occu- p.ants of the soil and their descendants. Hobberv and murder had been emjJoyed by the Spaniards i,i wresting the countr}' from the Jndituis, and thi y would adopt the same measures to win it back. Fui'- tlier than this, he argued, it was jns onlv resovnvc lie had but few trained soldiers, and he had no money to pay these except what he could take from the en- emy. If war is ever justifiable, this one was; theio is no more sacred cause man can fight Ibr tlian jxr- sonal and political independence. If it is right li wage war and aft'.'rward force the Losing side to })ay the cost of all, as the groat nations of the earth seeii agreed, it is equally right to n)b and [>lunder as hoslil- surgpnt troops, fd., .3^4. This incident is not nccoptcil Ly sonic autlic s. Kf.'ifi'tc, Mcx. Shjlo XIX., ii. "24. ^"Moiu 8;i}'s: 'La SLUiil (le poaesion que so dic> nl vecimlario fno una il - carga general tic todas las annas tlo fuego verifK'ada en la plaza, y (jiie fii. 1 torpic do Ham imiento para el destro/.o y el saqueo.' Jfcc. ;/ /mn Iter., iv. '. i. ''^ ZamucoU, IJist. M(j., vi. -JSS; J krnaiuhz y Ddvaloi, Vol. Doc, i. llj. CAITAIN-GEXERAL OF AME^HCA. the jirocon- , ii)l(.iice 1)0- onts rusliL'd •rrli)iii>' tlu' ), tlu'ir IVir- tlio stivets, L'Ciuirt'iiR'iit, u; rest ^v:l^ L'S \\\'iO. hii.l ivious views that a svs- toes and iit- i()t and rev- cverely ee;i- L'xtenuation, jeell Wion;.;- •, au' I lo'inai occu- i. ll()l)l)erv •^j)aiiiards ia , and tb, who now amounted to iifty thousand, proclaimed liliii ( ajitain-general of Ami;rica,'^ and he had con- lei red tlie raidv of lieutenant-general on Allende, and c:ine.-p')nding grades on Aldama, Abasolo,'and other jeadei's. ] [ere also he was Joined by Ca|)tain Arias, wlmni the reader has lately seen playing the role of in- I'-niier, wliile cautiously scheming for his self-protec- tion.'^ The rci'ognition of Hidalgo's rank and authority by the avuntamiento mii'iit be benehcial; he theref'M-e called a session of its members and the principal citi- zens on the 2'2d. Oidv two rcgidores iiresented tlieuiselves, the rest, being Europeans, having lied to ()ueretaro, whereupon the captain-general a[)[)ointed others to the vacant oiHces, nominating Carlos Oamar- go sulnlelegado."* The new municipality acknowledged '■ III., ii. 1(17, 100. See his summons to siiiTcndcr, addressed to the inteii- (leiitiMjf (luMiiajuuto, in A/niihui, ut «up., 4l?l. Mora cniiiinont-i cm tlic ii!)- .si;nlity ni liiis title. 'J'ruo, it smacka s:inio\vlKit of worldly vanity; Imt aft;T Jill, 1 do not .see \vliy it ii U'lt a.s ,i,'()otl as aiiolIuT. Mi.v. ;/ ■■■>(< Hoc, iv. '27. Tu o eoiiijiaiiii.'.s of the (Jelaya regiment, wliieli had failed to uniic with tlie li'Dopii that fetired to Quefetaro, joined the iiijurgents. '-' .Nhiriaiio AI>aso!o was at thi^j time '1~ yraf.s of ai,'e. He was a native ul I'olores, and the .son of a wealthy Spaniard wh t'») well dctbiidcd to ho s'R'cossl'ully assailed mnk-r tli ■ |truscnt conchtioii of his ti'oo|)s, luarohod v•^ lli(ljilgi)'.s \vUvv, Doc. ,'{, in l.h'fdin, Ailir. i/ /^ .■//>•■.•., ilJ. Alan.m ciToniDUsly states that the iiiiiiiii'i[)alil,y uuiii'onxd tin; laiik of oaptaiii-ueueral 111)1)11 lli(lal'.;(). Licuaga coii't^cts tliis iiii.stakc. 'l"ho luiuiicipality lia:l u » ])o\vtr to ai)pi)iiit military ('(miuiaiKh'rs: it was by the iin)cl:iiiiatioii i»f Lis tl'ooi)s that Jiiihilgo was inado cai)Laiu-;,'(.in ral. ^'' Aihlitii)iial autlioi'itics consnltcil Idi' tlu' i)rL'i'uiliiig chapters are: DuAf't- -iimnli', JJrjl'iisn, 27; CukI. //isf., i. l-l i, X\, and iv. 40, S7-11I, l;{S-4iJ; i'aiiijiiui't-i ill' Cdl/iji'i, 1-8; Miif/ifolii'/ii, l; M,iliiln-' I'lt'-'iji'fi'-inn, MS., ii. 45-.")!!; Ml III. pa. hi JJi-/. Mix., MS., i. 47-!l: Alinnnii, I Hit. Mi}., i., |>as.~iiii; JjUi rtii'-ioii, iii., ap. 8(i-7; Zamlu, I'l v. .Mix., iiassiin; Torn ii/i-. It. JH-i/i.-Ani., i. r)S-(i4; Ziri'iTro, llii\ Mix., passim; lli riKinib z ij ])iiiiilij<. Col. Uor., i., passim; also ii. .")-4'J, ami v. dO-I}, .s;>7-:iS, S.'i.'J-liO; Caureliula, !'< r'luil .•sii'i'rhi^ passim; ('oinliuia Jliirriij'irrti/, '21-\',i'>; Til. Mix., 413-'J0; Unina ilf. hi S. I'Jsiiiiii., jiassim; (laz. Mix., xi.-xvi., ]iassiin; hiar. Mix., i. IM-"_'; iv. •>">; al.-i^ V. 14!t, .").•!.■{; vi.~ix., passim; xi. ll'.)--_'(», .'U), ami xii. IS.VIt, -JHl; Cnliihin'i, (Jui-ijio, ('n.'ioii. J'eiiiliii., passim; Col. AWri/oi, 70-i;}l; Lii/i, l!ii'>ii'irioii,'l\: Ji'ev. Vrrilnit Orli/., no. i. ()7-S4; no. ii., passim; L'lznna ;/ lliinnitont, CrrK Paxt., pa.ssin ; I'rwit, J/isf. Ihvul. K>:/iaii., 41) 1; I'n ti:ii.s/ii>ii.i Anijlo-Ainfr., •_'; I' ^oncijit, Viriij, no ii,ilicar/o)l, passim; UrruHn Jmuho, I'ohi, passim; Uf/ir' «■»'- I'i i. li; no. ii. o-S; FruM, I'hI. Jl'ixt. Mix., I4!»; Iiidii-ful,): iii. '2rl\- i. •J7'>-1; /'"'. -V. Esjtann, passim; I'arz, /'ror/innn, passim; < Pr'r.rirn, Oriirr., M.S., l-;{; M'ii-liih'ii:t, lidw'inii, ii. 7; Miu'lhuz, llir. Mix., i. "Jl.") 17; M'ljr'.iK, Exjihirit'iwi ill', i'Ori'ijoii, i. 1-158; Moih ni Trin !■■<, Mix. anil. C I'O., i. l(t|-'J; Li:rilo ilr Ti'jiiihi, Apiuit. I list., no. v. .'UiJ-l; L is < 'hi^rs Pro I. (Juinln'nj . S.j ■ Di-mor. /'ir'rir, i. "JOS-'J; Urtiiiai-oin, J/i-if. Mix., vi., passim; viii. app. 7'''. 7(1S-!); ix. Sli4-r); x. i:i.".')-84, 14-_'-_'-8; xi. i\V,); i)iil,ltni ij Lozmio, Li ij M< x , \. .'}_'i)-7; l)inTi-iioi>', Frduz'i. Iii!ervvn. Mi.v., 18-'_'l; Doiiiinivh. IP---'. Mfx.,\. ;il-_>-5;$; ii. \\ VI; J)/.i/io4c. Vartns, i. i;j'); X'llL Dun. Quur'. Jluri'tr, ]bi}>, 2:V2-:i; Pin: Piih: 1PM. O'ln;/., x. oOl', !)()!}-1 I ; app. i. 10:5-.">: f'aro, Tr ^ S'njlos, viii. •J-2")-(i4, -21)8; Comln; Mr. v. cfid Cvn'. 1(X)-1; lirlt. ijonrt. /.'>• view, vii. 24"J-8; llmncij'ortc, fiislnirrioii, MS., passim; Atnhjo iM Pui-b., ii.. us arranj^C'il MVi) \va.> too uii(hr til • •I the iiioMi- ato."" I'lit. 'llic insur- )ii u.mI a.'iitii.i '1 L'i'U'/a, Ail'c •! !)'.•* faiiiiiy. '.vhii-ii •., -IVl. Alan,.-i-i t Lajitaiii-uenei;. 1 L'ipaiity liasl n > claiuation of li:-! Dters are: Dn^i'i- ST-Ill, |;{s-}!i: i'-arioii, MS., ii. M'J., i.. ]ia*>iiii; '-, A'. IIl^/i.-Aiii.. 'o<, Cof. Dor., i., l'< I'llml Snhhin, Riiuifx lip. In S . M-1; iv. , IV.y, L'r.l.ih,,:.. h.r. Az/., i. I_'7- 7; AVr. ,V. A',-. JVxi d^.fl'ia t'lj-i •r 'jfti-'.iif, jKiisiiii; , U'jii.f'irioii, "J!: lii'iiiinoi't. ('•■r'. A^i'llo-Ainfr,, ■_'; 11 ; liciifcuni . id Ui'ftil.r, iii. -J-Ji- T^siiii; I'l r,i-iuih-., jia.ssiiii: L-'i'-i"', . vi. 3:{7-'^:"«'.' ■ , pas>iin; /'ri ■'• Kill IIK'lif, J (i"'( -. Ori'.ar'i, Orvrr., ■_'|.-, 17; J/-//-,.. ri in'., i. |(tl-J: Oii'iilii'''j . ^>\ I. ):J: J/o;. J/',",/., "Cvi. .t',j7f', Arf' • t, E^mi /v.. i:. i..iJo. 7t>, 94V"; -r,n; XV. 1(51 -.': i; viii. app. 7'''. :inio, Li 1/ .!/■ , . h. //v. JA..-., .. ■'. Uirhw, 1m;'», )."5-.">: I'avo, Tf i '!rif. Oiirirt. l:<- jo ihl Pu<-h., ii., AUTHORITIRS. 129 ti'i. . '20(W2l, Cnn--,"; 110. 8, 23r>-r).".; ,|y(»«/v Covrirnfo, lSOO-7, 013-2(5; /f/rr/- /■((y^, ii. .->■*! i-li'.t,-|, 7!1S-S()4; xii. l-:?-J7, SSS-J.-rj; Anur. Ih'iihUr, i. 71-3; ii. 7!l-.s;;; /;;/). Mix. Tm/., i. 49(1; lipnllin-h, M,x., i. xx.-.wxv. ; Ca>i,/,iflo, M,'>-(i; \',,:uri'~nin, i. 70-7; Sitiinz y X'lvnrm, J/i.f. ihj., ;t; Strir/.rr, Jlihlhilhih, \V\-W\SqHki; Trnrels ('. A., ii. ;i71-.'); Sur. Mix: '/<";/., ii. Ol' 7, HCid 7.'); ,SV(/o, y>.'/-. ';//'•.,:>: ,SV-«, Ki.Urop. Mix., 212; Jrinra, /'. Juln/jii] i, I'.iS 2(iS; l!ii-iiliiinoi)i'-<, Ihn'Tiin-'mti, ]iassim; I'ulii/ox, Itiirriijnrnij, 21-2; Ciii.i/.iHo, K.ilioi-livioii, passim; 'J'd/iiri, A'.c/wrfiirioii,' ])as3iiu; J'lnz, Orw. fiiiiih., iiiis. ii. and iii., passim; liohi r.'m)i, Jli in'inisri'nct s, 1-4,'); Ji'ol,ini:vi, .i/..-., 11-20; Iliiri-'[i„r(t;i. i. 18-20; lliv. ifi-.n Deux Mondes, 1S(J2, 510-32; (inbnisCoroii'i, .MS., iii. 141, ITw; v. CO, 128. Uisi. Hex., Vol. IV. 9 CHAPTER VI. THE ALIIUXDIGA OF GUANAJUATO TAKEX BY STOUM. ISIO. Local IIistohv of rir'ANA.ji'ATo — .\i,ai:m in' tiik City— Defknsive Meas- iiii'.s di' 1nti;m>i;ntk ]Jianu — Tiik Ai,ji6.m>1(;a dk (iuANAMTAs— An Jn- tki:f.stin(; MANrscitii-r— HiaSo Kktikks to tiif. ALiio.vuiaA— IIidai.ch Sf.M.MiiNS lilA.Ni) Tit SlllKF,NliEU— 'I'm-; AXTAfK— A MlKDEIHHS C"<>NTi:.M' — IvlANii"s DkaIJI Ills 1)I(U;UA1M1Y — CdNFISIUN in THK AlIIONllIHA — 'J'liF. l>\i;ui(Aiii;s Won 1!V tiik iNsriniKSTS — 'J'iiky (Iain Kntiianck-- 15i'.i;/\i;ai,'s I''ai.i. — lli.s l>i()<;KAriiv — NtjiiiEU of the Killed — Acts hf IIeKOIS.M — I'lLLAUE ANlJ DEVASTATION. Ti[E i^rovinco of Guannjnato was tlic tlioatro of the first ti'aLjic ovuiits of the revolution, and no city ill the kingdom of Xow Spain sutt'crcJ more criu.Hy in loss of life and ruin of jn-osperity than its eapit.il, Santa F6 de Guanajuato, ircjni which the province derived its nanu\^ -Vt the time of the con([Uest this tei'ritory was inhahited hy barbarous tribes living' (»ii the pro(hice of the chase, and tiie tirst S'paniai'ds who ])enetrated it were the conquerors of Acandjaro, in which exploits joined the cacicpie of Jilote})ec, Nico- Itis Montahez ile San Luis, a near relative of ]Mon- tezunia. l\i la^l) these adwnturers ai)i)ortit)ned out amouL? themselves the districts of Acambaro, Jeie- cuaro, and Coroneo.^ ' The word is of Tiirascaii oripin, and coiTupted from Qiianashuato, mean- in}; rfrm ilc rttiirti<, or frouhill, a iiiiinc <;i\\'U to the; sito, liccaiisu of Ji ro.k sliiipcd like 11 fi'og wliicli was au olijcct of worsliip to tlio natives. J/('(//»", C/iroii. (Ic iS. J)')<. \a provincia de Franciscanos do Michoucau, que existe en el archivo general.' lloiiiero, Mich., IVJ-oO. (130) Y STORM. 3FE.SS)VE MeAS- .MHTAS — An 1n- ;i)HiA— IIu>Ai.(;ii DEiiorsCiiNTKsr E Aui6mh<;a— ,IN ESTIIANTF.— Billed— At Ts hk theatre (^f and no city loro rnu'lly its capitiil, lio |)rc)viiici' •U(|ucst this s livinu; oil auiards wlin cauibart), in ej)oc', Ni(*(i- vo of Mon- rtioned out baro, Jeic- mashuato, mcnii- ircMUse i)f ii I'lRrC latived. Mi'dlii'i, IS known by tho "luz que copia i.i- i-iaiiianuscrita 'U: avchivo genera!.' (130) GUANAJUATO HISTOnV. 181 111 Ifi.".! Xuuo do (iiizmaii passed throuuli Pt'iijatno 1(1 the vieinity of the site <»t' (luaiiajiiato, and added thr tciTitory to liis coiKiuests. l"\)i' seventy years tlio ( 'hichiiuees dispnled with ])ersisleMt hravery tlieir ii'4h1 to the soil, until in la'JH peace was I'staMished hv L'lithiLjo del Iiio, who, in the name of the Uiiiii;' of S|iiiii, promised to supply the Indians with food mid (•|ntirm\ince t_;rew out of the estahlishment hy A'ieeroy A'clasco the iirst, of the presidios at the places iiow kiKtwn as San bV'li[)e and San ]\[i;j;'uel, as a frontier |ii'(.tectiitn a'^'ainst the Chichimecs; Imt on the diseox'- jiy of the Guanajuato mines, as narrated in a previous xnlunie.^a small fort was erected in lao-l on the site where Marlil stands, and was called a real dtj minas. A few yeai's later another real de minas'' was estah- Ii>licd at 'l.Y'[)etapa, wliieh is the name of (»iu,' oftluj Wards of (luanaiuati) citv. I^'oi' manv vears this lat- tei- settlement was a place of little iin])ortanee anS[)ain i^ranted it the title of villa y real do minas de Santa Fo de Guanajuato.^ ^ ll'l. Jlcal ilo laia.is, therefore, nieauM a military station in a mining district. Tlio nanio of Santa J"o had liL-en f;iven to the |)laee in l(i."iS hy the oidur Aat.iuio do Lara y Mogrovejo, who had lieen commissioned liy Vicoroy Alhur- <1U' r(|iu! to preside over the e'laboration of the silver accruint,' to the crowii in that distriet. Miilhid, Ih.; IJuitum, Mich., l.")7. ' Kile reyut le privih-ge roy.il ilu villa ill lOl'J.' JJumboldt, Esuai Pol., i. '21'. This date must he a mi.sprint. 132 TAKING OF THE ALIlONDlGA OF GUAXAJUATO. From Uiis tiiiic the district remained under the rule of the ayuntaniiento and subdele^'udos, suhjoet to the audieneia of Mexieo, until 178(5, Avhen the in- teiideneias were estab- lished," of which Guana- juato became one of the ])rinci])aL In the mean time tlie town had been raised in 1741 to the dig- nity of cit}^, an appro- priate coat of arms Ijcin;^^ i^rantcd it/ At the open- in'4 of the nineteenth cen- tury, the progress made bv ( I it.- Chat of Aiols of the City or Gianajvato. y (jruanajuato un( prosj)erity were ahuo.st unprecedented. The reader will be able to form .some idea of the wealth and activity of the district at the time wIhh the revolution broke out from the fact that in the year ISOO th. mines, ineiuding tliose worked and tho>o eKhaustetl, numbered 1,8 IG, emjiloyiny; 1 IG mills, 1,898 arrastras, and oOG establishments for tlie elaboration of the metal. '1 Jiere were crushed daily 11,500 rpain- tales of ore, and i),000 operatives employed. At this lime the po[)nlation of the city, inchulin[4' those oceu- ]:ied in the mines, ^vas GG, 000. Xor were the aix)'ieui- tui'al industries of the province, whieh embr;iccd about 1 ,750 s([uare leagues, less thrivinii'; the numei'ous do]) idous towns were smro'inded by rich ])astures and lands covered with, maize and other g'rain. But now, like a^'ail of destruction, war falls on the unha])p3'city, and at its conclusion the population has diminishe (l I: CoV ■;ix thousand souls, the uniVequented streets are "('onsulfc II'iKt. Jfc.r., iii. 4r)'2. this scries. " 'I'lio C(i;i|-, (if iifins c'(iiisis!;< joi't to of Mcxic-o, hull the in- ,ei'o cstab- lich Giuiiiii- oiio of the I the menu II luul bcvu L to the dii;- , an appro- ' arms Lvin;^' Vt the opoii- etoenth con- xvrcss iiuulo ito and its ,'cro ahnost >d. idea of the tune wli'U that ill tlio |L(l and tho->o mills, l,S<);-i ('lab'.'i'ntinu 1,500 «iui!i- d. At tills those occii- theaijfi-'^ii- jr;ic-cd ahoiit UK'l'OUS pcji- a^tiirus ail I But now, iliajipy city, uluisliL'd lii ;cts are con- 11 Ifnl.lod, luil.lii:,' r Irft iinii. 'iuo TIDIXCS OF RHVOLUTIOX. isr? ( iv(l witli grass, and the abandoned iiouscs are offered The lirst church established in the city \v;is tlie edi- fice known (o-dav^ as the chapel of the colleu^e of La l^in'siiua C'oncciicion, and in it llivera ])laced the im- n'4-e ol" the santisima vi'rgen in 1 .kIZ. A few j'ears later iuiiiilier chapel was erected near by, and these two liiildiiigs were used as hospitals, the lirst one for tho Tiii.iscaiis and the second for tlu.^ Otomis, a third being built ibr the l)ene!it of the Mexican settlers. In l('.7l was commenced the jiarish church, which was completed and dedicated in IGDO, and thither was con- vi'ved in the same year the inum'o of our ladv from the church of the hospital. The parish church of ( biaiiajuato is one of the finest edilices of the kind in tlie Mexican republic. The ecclesiastical government III" the province is under the bishopric of .A[ichoacaii. Ill I Gt!;] Viceroy Serda and Jjishop Ramirez del I'rado granted permission to found the Franciscan convent et' San Diego, but the work was stopped by ordi-r of tlie council of the Indies in the following ^ -.'ar, because it had lieeii begun without royal license. In HW)7, hnwL'ver, the king's permission was granted, and the (•'invent was erected into a guardiani'a in IG71). This church and convent were almost destroved by the in- undation of 1780, but were restored by the coiido do A aleiiciana and some nienib(!rs ol' the brotherhood of (.1 Cordon.'' On the 18th of September, Iiiteiidente Iviano rt^- ccived intelligence from Iriarte of the occurrences in 1 >nlni'cs and San ^Ii<>-uel. He immediatelv ()r(ler(>d the call to arms to be sounded, believing that Hidalgo was already on his march au'ainst the citv. Th.e' ' After the imlepeinlcnco Ouaiinjnnto lyjtnin riipiilly .■ulvanci'd, aiiil in I.S'J.l till' lily ii:ul 11 ii(i]inlatii)ii uf over .'!:!, OIUI, aeonrdiii:.' to the census talioii liy Uu! g'lveriior, Carlos Moutesdeoea. ,Sur. Mr.v. (lifnj.. i>;. !i;{. "Aeecnliiij,' to l''eniaiulo Xavarroy Xoriei;,i, the iii'-"nileneiaof ( liianajiiatj ciiiiipiised ill KslO tliree eities, four villas, ami (>_' towns, the total pupulaiiou aiiiuuutiHo' to 070,000 souls. *'oc- ^Vft-'- OVo^., '_'■' cp., \. -"JO-1. 134 TAKING OF THE ALIl6XDIGA OF GUAXAJUATO. guards aiul l)attn]i()ii of provincial iiifautrv were has- tily fbriued into line, whilo tlio principal citizens and tho coniniorclal class, hurriedly seizing their weapons, rusluMl witii crov.cls of the populace to tho building's cS the intendencia. All was confusion and terror; the stores were; closed and house doors barred; tlio j)]azas were descirted by the hucksters; frightened women hurried along tho thorouo-jifares for their lionies; Avhilo horsemen at full speed spread wider tho consternation as they galloped in different directions tin'ough tlu; streets with orders from headquarters.^" lliano explained to tho assembled throng the cause of the alarm, and the populace expressed a desire to en- ii'age the enemy, '^ believinnc that the insurrection was a demonstra.':ion in favor of the French z*'-^ At two o'clock in the ai'tornoon the intendentc convoked a junta of the ayvuitami(mt(.», tlio prelates of the relig- ious orders, anossil)le.^'' After some consultation it was decided to defend tho city, and (hiring tlie da}^ barricades wore thrown up at the entrances of the principal streets. Spaniards and Americans — as the Creoles and Indians are now called" — were assembled in arms, and outlviuL!: de- ^" Ifcrmniifr:: )/ D:ira/o.'i, On/. Doc, ii. 277. " ' Jjos ([lU' seirun cl ^cuei-ul outiisiasnio si eutvai-oii cu aquol dia hubicrau pornciilo sill iviUL'dii).' JJiisfrnntiii/c t'liad. Ilisl., i, 'Si. '• Liir/nia, A'Hr. y /^i rfijif'., 'J3~4. '■''I'lio iiyiiutaniic^iiLo ol' (Juaiiajnato in Fcljruai'v 1811 states to the vicemy that scvt'i-al of its mumhcrs jiroposcd to I'iailo that liu should imnu'diatuly march au'aiiist llidalt^o wich tiic provincial Ijattalioa, which numliercd nunc than KK) uien, and wiln such anncd citizens as coidd bo mustered; and th:it liad thisHieusuro liocn ailn|iti;d (ho revolution would have licen nipped in tho l)ud. (liKiu. I'lih. Viihl. Ai/inif., 10-11. ]Jnji;adicr Mii^iiol ('o-stiinsi), thu com- missioner appointed to i-eport on the matter, ajiprovcd of IJiafio's action in refusing; to accede to tho proposal, hy doin;^' which he would have left tlic capital of his pi'ovinco -ici'r>iy lUl iimiii'diuti'ly numhiu'cil moio ti'i'od; ;iiiil tluit '\\ nipped ill t'lo .st,lllSI», tllU CI 111 I- iiiirio's action in (I iiavu left 1 1n; tcMJimts lcii;;tli. mil, on the con- en tlio liest tli:it ;liat Major Dcr- ) the nlxM'lgines, leans. lu treat- tnilinients posted on tlio Santa Rosa and Vilhdiiando lii'ihways wliich lead, to 1>t)l()r(!S and San Miguel. A thiiil body of troops was stationed on the jMarfil road. Squadrons of the cavah-y regiment del }*rin- rinc wiire ordered in, and advice asking for aid sent to Ih'igadier Feliz Calleja, in eonnnand of the troops iit San Luis Potosi. On the following morning a i'.ilse alarm was raised that the enemy was approach- ing on the ]\Iartil road; and the tardiness of the inwtr orders to assemble for defence amounted almost lo indiiference — a state of things significant of im- pending misfortune. For six: days these defensive iiuiHures were maintained, and still no enemy ap- peared.'*' The intendente displayed an energy and eiiihu'ance which only the conviction of his [)erilous p(i-.ition could have called lorth; but day by day ho liecame more certain of the disaffected inclination of the lower classes. "The seeds of rebellion spread," he writes to Calleja on the 2Gth, "security and confi- dence are gone. I have neither rested nor undressed myseir since the 1 7th, and for the last three days have not slept an hour at a time." Indeed, he could no longer rely rpon the fidelity even of his own troops. The responsibility of saving, if possible, the royal treasury and archives increased liiaho's anxiety; find deeming his present arrangements defective, since lie could avail himself neitlier of the barracks, the ]i!a/.a, nor any of the churche.-s, owing in part to the tliieatening attitude of the populace,'" o!i the "J :3d he decided to retire to the alhondiga de gi'anaditas, or government l!it^ oiil}^ place where the intendeiite could h()[)e to liold out till the arrival of Callcja, whom he ex- pected within a week. Aiiticipatini;' that the move- iiKMit would meet with oppo.sition, on the iii^'ht of the i:itli lie caused secretly to be conveyed thither all the royal and municipal treasures, amounting to over !:<(J'JO,000 in money, bars of silver, and jjfold ounces,^^ the archives of tlie government and ayuntamiento, and eventually the treasures of many private persons, esliniiitctl at three million pesos.-^ Thither, also, were removed the arms and ammunition of the bar- racks, sacks of tlour, and other provisions. In the (lead of tlie night, too, the barricades were taken down iiiid tlie material carried to the alhondiga. Then the troops were withdrawn from the barracks and out- lying posts, numbers of the Europeans mustered to- gether, and soldiers and civilians, in one common lot, tool; I'efuge within the walls of this building. When morning dawned and the city was astir the ii(\\> ^;] tread. The unguarded streets, the disappear- iuue of the barricades, and the silent barracks pro- cl.iiuied to the ])opulaee that their reluctant allegiance iiad l>een recognized, and that they were left to choose between loyalty and rebellion. Fear fell on all. The ayuntamiento in great excitement requested the in- tendente to preside over a junta composed of its owji members, the curas, predates of the religious orders, '''All iinonymoiis corrcspomlciit in a letter to the intcntlcnte's brotlicr, (lilted (luiiiinjuiilo, Octubcr "J, ISIO, saj's: 'E.itc cditicio c.i luiu vcnladcra f(jr- taluza, y acasi) la I'lniua ([uc hay en ol reino. El Sr lliafio cuando Ui lii/o so jiropusi) fiHinar un castillo para difensa del lugar, dandolc el uoniliro du Al- ii.iiiili.u'a.' Zircrcro, Dixr. Clcic, 150. ''•"'Sl- pasai'on de las rualcs caxas ;'ilaalh6ndi,f;a trcscientas nucvu harrasdo jiluta, ii<'iitu (San Luis Potosi is sonic .52 leagues. ^ 'Tengo poca p()lvora porqnc no la hay absolutamente, y In caballeria mal montada y armada sin otra anna fpic espadas de vidrio,' tliat is swoi'ds lirit- tic as glass, 'y l;i infanterfa con fusiles remendados, no sieudo imposiblu el que estas tropas scan seducidas.' /(/., 'J4-5. TO. SITUATION AND SURROUNDINGS. 139 . Tviauo csso'l his 11 ; hut it , and not ilacc; hut ;^ainly cn- puri)oso. liX to the viceroy a with tho ho should hat as I'or ld."_ the intcii- lec of his hiced into wii up at I he made vas closed s, cliarged lades, and leja,^'-' set- ul iidelity d Riano's }\ the in- :' descrip- lecessary. 19 that tho ii'.- lno //( niamli - h left (liiaiui- l V. M. of tho mil iiroiiiisiiiL,' c spooil of tlio iihroa i)oi' sul- to Sail Luin caballorla lual •swonls biit- imposiblo ol I Situated at tlie hottom of a deep and narrow liollow, loiiiid which on all sides rise lofty mountains, its p(j- silioii in a military point of view is one of the worst. Oil the south side rises the hill of San Miguel, while fimn the north the cerro del Cuarto^* extends like a wedge into the city. So irregular is the site that it might well he deserihed by crumpling a sheet of paper, (^n tlui plaza itself but few level spots can be i'lUiid, and lew of the streets accommodate carriasfes. Most of the houses occupy slopes so steep that in many cases the floor of one is on a level with the roof ol' another. An extension of this rugged hollow runs otf in the form of a rocky valley south-westerly to Marlil.a leat>ue distant, and known by the name of tlif Canada de ^lartil. Its whole length was occupied by workshops, mills, and other buildings connected with niining. Formerly the only carriage entrance into tlu; citv lay through this olcn.-" To the east of tlu; cit}^ rises the river Guanajuato, here a mere iiioiuiiain torrent, which sweeping in a winding course tlii'ough the city unites with the Rio de la Cata iiow- 'mn- tliya, lliano on receiving liitlalgo's comniunication assembled the Europeans on the flat roof of the buiit at t!i.; general Cortes to be held. My duty is to tight as a soldier, wliicli nolde senii- ment animates all those around me. Guanajuato, "JSth of SeptenilK-r, IMi'. Juan Ant -uio Kiauo.' And to the private letter: 'The exercise of arm- is not ineompi'tible with sensibility; this demands of my heart the tjratitU'li; due to your oilers for the beneht of my familj', whose lot does not disturb ).;'; on tlie present occasion.' Id., '212-14. '^'^ IlcriKuidn y JJdca/on, Vol. Doc, ii. 279-80. Mora, wii) gives a slightly dill'erent version of this proccceans v,as assigned the defence of the hacienda de Dolores, wliile a bodv of reserves was retained witliin the al- luindin'a."''^ While these i)rei)arations v.'ere n'oinu; on, ]t was noticed that the surroundinu- heiLi'hts were oc- ^' Taet>iu'ii states that Quintana, tliu Condo ., '20. '' .Vlaiiiaii eonjceturcs that lliailo intended to sally uitli the reserves and c:vv:diy, and attack the enemy at tiio most assailahle points, 'plan eierta- iiKutc de niuy aventiirada cjecueion, con cl corto m'lmcro dc tropa do qua so liudia disponer.' Ut sup., -424. Ul TAKING OF THE ALIIONDIOA OF GUANAJUATO. fU|)i('(l l)y ci-owds of llic jiopulaeo, who soatod on the ^TKiiiul t'iiliiily looki'd on as if at a laill-lijjflit. Slmrlly Ix'loiv midday, llidaltjjo's army ai)j)t!arod in siiL,dit, a})[)roacliiii!^' by the Marlil I'oad.'"* Advanciii'^' uloii;^ the causeway of Nuestra Senora do (iiianajuato, the van, composed of a stronL;" hody of JniHaus armed with lances, chdjs, and hows and arrows, cross(;d tlio )»iid_^e an.d arrived in Iront of the hairicade at tlie loot of the cnesta de Meinhziihal. Gilhertotle lliano, son oi' tlie intendente,''^ who was in command at this j)oint, opened fire on them as they continued to ad- vance, when or(U'r(Ml, in the name of the kinj^", to liidt. Several Indians I'ell; the rest reti'eated, and ouided by a native of tlio pUice, took u[) a position on the cerro del (Juarto. Tlu3 main body now formed into two divisions, one of which, making a detour, ap[)roach('d by the cerro de San ]\Ii_i^uel, and enteriuLT the city by the causeway of las Carreras,''*^ liberated he jail pris- oners, and then occupied the cerro del Venado. Tlio other division made a detour by the hacienda do Flores in order to oircu[)y the cerro del Cuarto. The city was now in possession of the insurnjcnts, and, as they marched through the streets, tliousauds of voices raised the dreadful battle-cry, while they waved hundreds of diftereiit colored banners, on whicli was depicted the sacred emblem. The minei's, a bra^'j "The niunbcr of nrmeJ men in Hidalgo's force is not exactly known. Robinson, Mcni. Mix: Ikr., i. 27, says that he left Colaya with nearly 'JO.O ) ). Biisluinantc, Torrontc, Alanian, aiul others also place the nuinlier at '2i>,(JiKI. Liceaga, A. Tho lacicnda dc larto. insurujcnts, ,, thousands NvUilo they ■s, on Nvhic-li icrs, a bi-a^'o exactly known, th neai-iy -JIMH >. iml.ci- iit 2i>,()'.i,). flussos, -j.yoij.f loiisik'lii lioiui, li joiiiL'il tilt; i'l- u coiitniry, r;i^'' -^ 111 colltiU" cnii !i bull coiiio pii'li- ;ud disorden.uUi.' ,aml wasstuy'ms' of consiilcnil'l'! iutrustea to liii lilver ilasks into i plain where the Hence its luuiio R THE ATTACK. 143 au'] hai'dy ^•la^■■s, and llic populace joined llidalo-o, and siKJii all the heiohis which connnaiKU'd the al- L('.ii(liga were occnpie(h Soldier.s ol' tlu' ( '•, lava reo'i- ii' 'Ut, ai'inod with niuski't.s, and a he.-^t of Indian ^lin,L;eis were postetl on the corro del C'uarto; a .simi- lar disposition was made on tlu! cerro del A^eiiac'o. The houses in front of the allnMidiga on the north sivle wei'i! iiiled with shai'p-shooters, and swarms of In- dians in the river bed broke stones lor the slinL;'ery, ot!iir> eari'vin!^' them up the heights, llidali;-!), |>is- tnl in hand, at the he.-d of about two thousand nii'unted men, amoui^ whom were the dra^'oons of the re:;in!ent de la Reina, hastened I'rom point to point, ( iiii-nrauinii: his men, i;ivin!jr instructions, and makinef III > (lis[Misitions for the as.sault.^'' At length the performance bt\iL>ins, Hidal^-o's sol- (liris .>pen tire on the besieged, while from the h<'ights ai!*' hou!^ J roofs a furious discharu'e of stones is r.iined (lev.n on the alhondiga. Dense masses of Indians as-^ault the barricades, and though the slaughter from l!ie <'nemy's volleys, fired at close range intt) the com- pae! mass, is terrific, it fails to repel the assailants. As the front ranks fall, others su})[)ly their j)laces, I iessed onward by those behind; and thus over the liodios of tliG dead and dying the contest rages unin- teiruptedly. For the besieged the position is terrible. The repoi'ts of the nuiskcts, the hiss of bullets, the hiar.se hum of the jagged stones as they whirl through till' air and fall on the roof as from an emptying volcano is worse than the infernal din of Satan's en- ijinerv."^ For half an hour the battle rages. The assailant.^ sliow no intention of ceasing their eflorts to storm the barricade.s. The carnage among the assailants is '■ Liceaga pointa out a flaj^rant misstntement of Alam;)ii'.s, to tlie efTcet that IT; liL'o leinaiiiitl diiriny the vliolo of the contest ia the cavalry banaeks at tl.o hiitlur end of the city. Adir. y Ih/ijic, 108-10. ■'"So furious and continuous ■was tlie di.scliargo of .stones that after t!io actiiin tlie lloors of tlu; alli(')ndij^a roof and the oi^eii court wei'o found to be 1:. >^ 1 eight or nine inelies above their prosier level liy the aceunndation. iito'amuiiff, Ciifiil. nixf., i. 37. Uisi. ilts., Vol. IV. 10 140 TAKING OF THE ALHOXDIGA OF GUANAJUATO. fcnrfii], but to sec their comrades shot down bv their hide only the more enrages them. The defenders of ilie banier at the street of los Pozitos are being hard pressed, and Riauo saUies with twenty men to tlieir sii[){>nrt. His courage outstrips his prudence; yet, si itioniug the men, lie returns to the alhoiidiga un- f.Ciithed through a storm of missiles. He mounts tlio steps of the entrance and turns round to see how tlie battle goes— then he drops dead, struck through tlic brain bv a bullet. A soldier of the Celaya regiment had marked him for his own. The body is draLifued Avithin,^' and the hearts of those present sink as they gaze ou tlieir commander's lifeless form. Thus fell the first man of note in the revolutionary war, a man whoso death was much lamented, liiaiu) was an incorru[)tible and just but merciful magistrate He was headstrong and rash, yet he was honest and humane. The beneficent measures adopted while lie was intendente of Guanajuato raised the province to its highest prosperity. It is claimed for him tluit liberal and enli'ditened views led liim to recoLi'uize tlie bk'ssings of indei)endence; and to his friends, ol" whom Hidalgo was one, he did not hesitate to ex})ress liberal opinions. It is further urged that, had the declara- tion of inde])endeiicc come from a more legitimate source, had it been proclaimed by the constituted, au- thorities, as might have been the case if IturrigaiMv had not been deposed, Iliauo would unhesitatingly fli '^Hu-tainiintc givns a (lifTcrriit version of tlie ^ntcnllc'nt(^'(■' fall. He stat that Ixiau.i, lia\'iiig ulisorvoil that the sentinel at the gate had ;iJjaniluncil Li poofc and mu-ihi't, tunic up the pieee and eunnneiiceil liriD.,' at the enemy, iiu- tiiat he was killed while so oecupied, Cuad. Hut., i. ;.{S. Mora gives a sii. i lar aeeouiit, Mis lt< c, iv. ;i4-.j; and sa does an anouymuus nari'ati.i, iu llcriuuiih'Z ij Duralof, C'll. J)oij., ii. 'JSl. Alanian witiu'eaoii points out in iniprnlia'iiility of the intendente aeting tin wh.en the serious duties of eouiniaudei' leouired his atieuliou. Moreover, IJustamante states that a e'l jioral who vas standing e' isc liy was wounded in the head by tho same luil.i w hich ]iassed through Riano's skull, proving that if the sentinel had dcaev' liis jiost there was another to take his ]ilaee. Alanian asserts that the shot w ■! lii'eil fiohi the window of oneof the hoiisesi>pp(isite thcalliiindiga. ///-/. J/','. i. ti-'ii-V. l.ieeaga, followed liy Zanmciis, eonsiders that it was lircd from li. ceiTo del Cuarto. Adk. y licet ijk., IM-lo, DEATH OF RIA5ro. 147 ]iA\'o suj-)portcd it; but he could not countonanco what lio decincd a lawless movement, a movement whose oiiii'm was so liumbl(!, and whose atjents wei'o ,s(» ig-uohle. ]3ut we may well doubt, if the independ- ence of Mexico had been left wholly to Spanish oitt- ( inis, the ci)irupt and mercenary min'.ons of a corrui)t ;ih(l niercenaiy monarch, tlu^t it wouh,,' ever have been achieved. New Spain was in no sense a confederation of states, like the EuL^'lish colonies in Amei'ica, with iin.n at the helm native-born and of independent tiiouc;ht and action. Conditions were different here, and the desired results must cime throu^'h dilfcrent iiicai.is. 1 believe this upi'ising of the native and mixed luces to have been one of the inexorable dispensations in tlio case. It was meet that a remnant of that peo- jilc, who had suifered so u'ross and lonyf-continued wrongs at the hands of Eiiropcans, should be the first t I rise in rebellion against them, when onco opportu- nity olfured a reasonable ho[)(^ of success. liiauo was a better man than the average Spanish ofiicial in America; but it was not at tlie individual LUior tlie blow was aimed. \ dl Ve all recou'iuze nis .simpio ant .k d inoilest dej)ortinent, his kindness and accessibility to the poor, his ])leasant companionshi]) and literary at- l;iinnicnts, which made him alike Do'pular with hi'di ai u\a low ■II The death of the intendento carries confusion ami ihsor(k,'r among tlie besieged. A dispute r.rises be- Iwcen Manuel Perez Valdes, ascsor of the intenden- cia, and ]\[ajor ]]erzabal, each claiming the right to t!ie chief eoumiand. Tliere is no time to settle it; the assault is ccjiitinued with increased obstinacy, and lor liours ;.he iierce contest raijfes. Heavier I'alls t!ie t>':'i'e deluge, and liercer is the rush at tlie barricades. aU disci[)lihe is lost; as first one and then aiu-»ther '"ilo w;i3 burn on Uw IGtli of '>r,iy, 17">7, in I'l^" town of T.i(i'a::'.nf-'. in S:>!r;:iiiilc'r, S|;;iia, lieiii;^ in hi.j lil'ty-ioiu'tli your when ho met liia dcalU. Ala- iiMii, llUi. mJ^rt tlu\L;ati.' on liro. 'J'Ir' man saiil '^^s.'illlll ilid it. ' Ksto li'|iiio C'oinparal.lo enn cl cailii>iii.i'0 (|iic' ataiii la lUistiila en Fiaiicia. . .i.iii titniieir ilijo itiiiM to ai rivi' at tlu' tiiu' aLtouiit ' f tliis t'\(iit. See liis paLin 11:2 It. Ik' states that tl'is Joiiiil; liinc., well luiowii in (liiaiiajiiato, was a miller iSor '20 years of nye, ami named Aiariann. lie left (iiiaiKijiinto the i-aliiC eveliiiiu, in tlie dili'etion of Jlellado, where lie li\ed. aeeoiiijiaiiied l> several others, eari yiiiji lia^s of money, and under the ;;iiaid of some insili'i;' I't 8oIdi( I's. As he vas never .leen a.y.iin, Lieea^'a I'onjeetures that ln' was iiiui- deiid for ills money. I')i;t-tainai.U! ejves to tiiis jo'i^l' t'"' a|'|rellatioii of r.^iila, a name iii.l%i,o\Ui in Ouaniijuato aeeording to Alaman and Licea^ja, TO. ' obey i 11 u; the bani- id arc ov- ilhuiKliL^a. d, leavi nu- ll place ot he fornur r captain, cw cscajic' isurgeiits. liable, and , liowcvci', SOS of the buildin;^' egcd from i, partially up to tlio all, trying thick and tlloUU'ljL of 1 tlll'oUgll, )und, liow- lo offers, il set tire t'> •ing' stort', (lie of tliv.' D cutraiu'.' la /r ,>■/«(?().' -I- s ruatlli.liil,-. if !,L' 1i:m1 til..' 'Ksti'l.'p.i 1 .;.in titnl" ill' I'.-i version, vl" Si'o iiisi i»ii,-> i iKijiiato, wa-- a lluaiiajuato t!;i' ci'Diiiiianii'il 1 > sdiiiu in»iuv< I't at 111' \\;is infi- ll. pullaliiiii I't lUil LiocUi^a. ROAR AXD RAOr: OF BATTLE, 149 "VVIm n tliev see their barrier vieldiii''- totlie ilanies, (Miistcriiatioii falls on the besieged. As the tire eats its wa\' into the wood, the impatient assailants rush ;it liie door-. It does not yet yield. I]erzai)al draws lit) in line before the entrance sui-h soldiers as he can cullect, to resist th'' .'ttack. The deadly grenades are ln'oiiglit into play, and the havoc they cause is terrible, ((ilberto Riauo, maddened at his lather's death,^^ lliiiiks only of revenge, and the infernal engines which he had contrived are hurled rapidly through 111' v.ind(,\vs upon the multitude. I^ach bomb as it explodes .sows the ground with dead and mangled liiuiies. But like the rushing-in of miglity waters, eveiT s|)ace thus cleared is (piickly idled. The Euro])ean civilians in the building are dei.ioral- izcd l)y panic fear. Some shower down aiiKJiig their \'-H'> money from the windows. Vain effort I As well llii'DW crumbs to hungry wolves. Are' not all the treas- ures of the alliondiga theirs? Some thr^ av a^ide their ;ii'msiii des[)air and seek to disgui;.e themselves; otheiTi \.ih!ly shout out that they will capitulate, and others lii'talcc tlieinselves to prayer. \ few, brave to the last, resolve to die rather than vield. Finallv, confusion increasing and all hope abamloned, th(^ asesor \"aldes ( ;iuses a white handkerchief to be hoisted as a signal n|" surrender. In denser crowds the besiegers surge firward. Ihit Gilberto liiaho and others, ignorant if what Valdes has done, still cast their destructive 1 :.itil)s."'* Whereat the besiegers in fury are beside tlieuiselves. llie roar ofthe multitude as they raise the eiy of Treachery ! treachery I is heard all over the city, ^''r)iist:\iiiaiit(' I'L'latcs! tliat Oilliorto, liaviii!:,' cmlifaccd liis ffitlicf's limly, sii/iil a pistol w itli tho iiitcnlioii of taking liisown life. Those ]irescnt, liow- i-\i\; cau-eil liini ti> desist, l)y oU'eiing to post liini at the iiost i!aii'_'e'-oiis point, that he miglit have an opportunity of avenging his father's death. It ■-"Ji., oS. "I'loth ^lora and I'ustaninnte state that the mistake was ennsrd by tho liring from the hacienda de Dolores, the defenders of \vl:icli could iKit ]iossilily n-y tile signal. ]iut as Alaniaii and Lii'caga were hotli in ( liianajuato ;it tlio iiiue, I p re f CI" to follow the account adopted in the text, and in which tliey iiL'iee. ISO TAKIXG OF THE ALIIONDIGA OF GUAXAJCATO. and the ()i\l'-i' is i.ssued to kill and spare not.'*' Against tlie l)urninL'- door, although not yet consumed, tliev tlirow themselves until it yields, and the maddened cTiiwd nisli like a torrent of llanie over the burning (I^'lii-is through the entrance. A deadly voile}' at ]'ointdjlank range is })Oured into them by IJerzabal and liis men, strewing the ground with the dead. But their imnetus is irresistible. Suru'inij: onward over the fallen, the human wave overwhelms or drives 1)e- i'lro it the defenders at the entrance, ami Berzab;;! v/ilh a few survivors makes Iiis last stand in a corner of the court. The struggle is brief. His soldiers are soon sti'etched upon the pavement; the standard-bearei's fall; Ijut Bei'>:;ibal, supj)orting the colors with his left arm, for a while defends himself with his sword, till jsierced by a dozen lances he sinks lifeless on the )und,"^ still clinging to the standard in his death gony. The victors now rush forward irrto every part f the buildin<«-, killing witliout mercy and without dis- gr( o crimination. Surrendered soldiers are cut down, and ! I >1 ■•^ 'Gi'itarnn todos coino si lo'< iiiflaiii.T^e un misiuo cspiritu, traieioni ti';i!- cion ! y los fri'fo.s ilim'oii (irdcn do no otoi-j,';!!' la viila A lunlic!' r>n>i(imrn,iU\ ( 'ii'itl. Hist. , i. 40. ' La alj,'a/.aiii ora cspaiitosa, y so oia cu toJo Guaiiajuati), imiltiplii-riiiilDsr sii ooo \»>r la^ (^ lii-'liias y oafi^iilas.' Ih. ■'" .'vicordiiii,' to Ijiistaiiiaiito, ])or/rd)al fell IkTchv tlio allii'mdi^'a was pained. hi:i doath lioiiig attribntud to one of his ,s(j!dieis. wlio slu^t liini l)OLauso of a rcpi'iii.ai.d. I!i. 'I'ho fatliorof 1 >ii'go]Joiy/djal, l>on Iialtasar, anivcdin Moxii.'(i in I74;{ and niarriod Dona .Juana IJuai'ti;, a lady of iiolilo family. Foiii- .sons i.iid two danyhloi'B were the robult, Diogo lioing l)orn in Oajaca in XovomliLi' 17()!', thus boiii^' fi cvor)lc. Atlhoagoof t\vi'l\o he was sent to ^^paiIl a.s a cadet in tiio roLMUient of Granada. J laving vcturnul to Mexico in 17HU, lie reci'ivcd an appointment in tliu rey;inient of Xueva Jvspana, and ser\eil in Santo Domingo dni'ing the rcvohitinn in that island. Having obtained the j^radc of captain, he wa.s ]ivon)oted to the rank of .saigcnto-niayor of the pro- vincial battalion of Guanajuato. As already n.oticcd in the last chapter, it uas to Major lierzabal that (larrido denotnieed Hidalgo'.s consjiiracy. JSer- S'.abal was forty -one years of a;-c at the time of his death, twenty-eight of ■which ho passed in cxcniplai-y military seiviee; 'sin liaber sufrido jamas un nrrcsto ni tenido una nuta en sus liojas de scrvicio.' Aliinimi. Il'i-tf. Mij.,\. !ipp. i)\-l. He left one .son and three danghteis. lleiyaijal was a zi'dlous, loyal, and well edueated oiiicer. In ISI 1 his wiilow cau^(d twoollieial invi.^ t'gations to bi- made of lnr lati' husliaiui'.s conduct a.s a niiiitaiy oflii er, tli' depos'tions in which constituted high tcslinioiiials of his merits, and i u- tirely refute lUistainantc's account of his deatii as given alioce. .\l:unanoli- tained tlio particnlava from the documents in possession of JJcniabal's fiiUiiiy, and ^^ hicli were placed at hia disposal. Id., ap[>. uI-4. .TO. SPOILS OF WAR. 151 [lied, tlu'v iiiiuklciiod buniiiii;' voile}' at fi^abul ami 3a d. But vard ovei' drives !)< - Uerzab;;] 1 a earner are soon rd-bearurs Lli his left sword, till ss Oil till.; his death J very part ithout dis- lown, arid (■!\I;ians \vh > have secreted tlicniselvcs anionn: tlie stiiri's ai'e (h'a'4'<2fcd forth and I'uthlesslv butchered. CT'^nJ t,' Ah'ive the din, shots still are heard in diiFerent ])arts (if ill" alhondiga, as here and there some one still un- (laaiited dearly sells his life and kills as he dies. But i'ainter and fainter j^row these sounds, which presently (•(•aso ; then {\)r a brief space the dull, heavy thud of till' death-blow is heard; and then all is still; resist- nncf is at an end. ]MI!a'j:e is next in order. From tlic ]ivini>\ tlio dy- Iii^', and the dead, the clothes arc torn. The store- inoms are ransacked and the treasures carried oft^', the ])!i;iidcrers fighting among themselves for the spoils. Vriiat a sight is here, oh God ! and all for liberty, all for tyranny; liberty or tyraimy among some, with others, •ilorv, ''-old, or phmder — unioiigf all with more or less of that liori'id gratification a bloodhound feels as it ti;iis its victim limb fnjtn limb and scatters around the liloody fragments. Blood! Wood and mangled hinnanity everywhere. Nude, distortetl forms lay strrtched on hea[)S of maize saturated with Ijlood, 1 en i)iles of silver bars dyed crimson; blood-stained r> jiillagers bear off their blood-bespattered plunder over the pavements slipi)ery with gore; while the wild ges- tieulations, tlie exultant shouts, and the savage oaths of the frenzied victoiv.;, would put to shame hell's )at!q'U ters ! V W hen the Europeans who were in the hacienda do Diihires saw that the revolutionists had ])ossession of tile aih<')ndiga, they meditated escape by a side door y live o'(;lock in the afternoon the contest, which had lasted for four hours, ceased, and orders weie given to take the prisonei's to the jail from which tlic criminals had heen released. Naked and M'oundiil and hound with coi'ds, the wretched survivors wer ■ dragged and driven along with insults, blows, ami threats of death, many of them dj'ing on the way. Othei's pei'ished in tiie prison. Gilberto iiiaho and Bernahe Ihistamante, hoth badlj' wounded, were ])('i- mitted to go into a private house, but died a few days afterward. Among the slain were sons of the first families of Guanajuato, and many of the principal citi- zens. With rcLTard to the number killed nocertaintv CD t can be arrived at, but it proI)ably amounted to over six: hundri'd men, soldiers and civilians.'*' Of i\\o insui'ijents, exclusive of the reijular soldiers '" Aoi'Divliiig to BustaiiiaiitL', 10.") Spanianlsaiul an djiial lumibcr of Kolilicis peiis!i< (1. /(/., 41. Alamaii say.sahaut 'JDOsoldiLTsaiid 10.") Spaiiiarils, foUnu- iiu; riu-itamaute, ))iit remarking; in a note, 'Crco ijuo niurii) mayor nuiiioro ilo ispafi ili-s.' //(,•*/. J/i,/., i. 4IU-."). Zainacois I'on.siilers that umi'e tliau "2') yrjicliu- v.iT'j Klaii), ami not loss tliaii l.'iO Spaniard.-*. Ifisf. MiJ., vi. .'!!i4. ]jut J..iL'c'aj^'a cxaniiui's the (jui'.^tinn with .sonic clo.si'nu.ss. Hi' argiu's tli.it the nunilicr of .luuMpt'aus iis given l)y Ijii.stamante only inelnded known iii- liahitaiit -i iif till' city whose diaths were notieed at the time. A larger iuim- lurof Iv.ir'ipeans, estimated hy him at not less tlian .'il)0, had, howi'Ver, lloek- 1 into thi' eity a.s a phice of refnge from the .■^arroundiir^' towns as sonn as lli'.' new.sof tlie rehelliun reaihed them. The givater part of these wire iinknou ii, tlieir airixal even heiiig iinni)tieed. Most of them perislu'd; and he eonsiili'i-i that 400 F.iiropeans fellas well as nearly all the sohliers. A'Cir. if ]}( dijlr., 1 17. Although l.ii'eaga has, jierhaps, overestimated the numher of Kiiropeans, liearini; in mind tiie exterminating eharai'ter of the eontest, I tliink it ])riilii- l)Ie th.it the survivors bore a eomparatively .small iimnei'ieal proportion tot'i.' slain; and as there were many I'^iiropeaiis in the alhijndi'^a other than tlin-i! who lioie arms, I thiul; the niimhers given by the three lirst named anth'iis underrated, I may add that Torrente, mIioso immiligated ])artiality to Sjiiani.sh domination in the eoloniea leads him to make assertions whieh I'lii only be elassed as meiulaeious. boldly states that '2,000 loyal victims w, n; killed and "J, 000 more east into iluugeons. llisf. Idr. //!.. Am., i. 1 I'l. Kobinsoii says: 'The nnfrntunate Spaniards, and all who adhered to them, were sacrilicuJ by the iufiiriateil Indians.' Mem. J/ex. lie v., i. "JS. ATO. , iiillif'tiii'^' ono killiii-' nj»on tliciii ^ascniic'kly .0, to av()i;l rs, thi'c\ () est, wliicli "(Icn's wt.'ic wliicli tlin wouiidi'il Ivors Wrl' ■ jlows, and the w;ty. liiaiK) and , were ])ri'- a lew (l;iy.s »f the fli'st iieipal citl- certainty ed to o\rr lar sold'u is uhlT of SoMiiTS .•lui.nds, fiii|i>\s- iiyor luimci'o ih iiiirc tlmii '-'iiJ J/.j., vi. .'!:m. lie argUL's tliifc iiloil known iii- A hii'go iiuiii- owiiver, lliii'!;. 1 as Koon as tlio wriv unknuwii, nil lio considi'i'.i // /lift in',-., 117. (if J''iin)jit'a:n, think it jiimIii- iH)|iui'tion ti) ihi^ till')' than till ISO nniueil ant!i"i-i 1 jiartiality di ions wliicli r.iii 1 victims win; ). Am., i. I I'l. Iierccl to tliLiii, THE FinST VICTORY. 153 vdio (V'll Oil their side, at least two thousnnd Indians |!i rished, the wounded heiuL? in .small |>ro}>orti()n to the dead, having been trampled to di^atli by their in- furiated comrades as they rushed forward to aveuij^o theni.^^ The victory was dearly purchased, the loss sus- t;iiiifd bcinu: Ko heavy that the revolutionarv leaders (Ict'Uied it ])rudent to conceal it. Durinuj the ni^'ht u'l-eat trendies were duii' in the dry bed of the river and into tlieni the dead were tlirown. Some of tho slain rovalists were drai^ued bv their arms and le/ Iii rlijir., ~l .">. r>iMring in laiiid the re-iponsibility of Uiano for the iirotection of the roy.al treasures and aivhives, his knowledge that tho i)opulaco of all towns which llidaltfo had aii[iiM;iclieil had enthusiastically declared for the revolution, his d.iulit .about the lidility of his own troops who had already been tampered with; .'11111 hearing in iiiind, .ilso, the insolent liearing of tho populace of ( iuaiuijuato, and the inteiideiite's conviction that Calleja witiiiii a week wfiuld arriv e to his 6iip[ii)rt, I cannot but indorse Liceaga's views, and consider that tho re]ire- sciitatii'iis of the ayuntamieuto were warped for the purpose of palliating tile political outbreak which involved a fearful chastisement. lot TAKING OF THE ALIIOXDKiA OF GUANAJUATO. i into tlic hiiriiil-j^i'ound of I>eleM, the body of tlio iu- t(Mi(l occupy the connnandinn; heiLrhts. After the h'rst at- tanl: the leaders had little control over their followers, who W(!re little better than a mob of ill-armed and unorganized Indians. Yet there was courage amoni'' them, and love of country, self-sacrifice, and true heroism. AVith all the valor of veteran wairiors, they here fought for the first time in their lives. Hidalgo's followers, united with the populace of the city, once launched against tl <;ir oppressors, moved onward with irresistible force. At the sight of blood, their own blood, that of their comrades and of their enemies, they became demons infuriate. Bustamanlc relates that an Indian seized a bomb thrown at him and vainly strove to tear out the fuse with h\< teeth. The bomb exploded, blowing him to j^ieces. "It matters not," cried his comrades, "there arc other;; behind." Sucli were the first men who shed their blood in the cause of independence. On the side of tho loyalists also individual acts of bravery wore fre- quent, which bring to mind the dauntless bearing of the conrpierors. Conspicuous among the cavalrymen, uhen thev were surrounded, v\'as Jose Francisco Ya- lonzuela, who three times charged up and down i]\v hill alone, clearing his way with his sabre. When ^'Alanian relates that the body of Riafio was exposed for two daj's, to Eatiffv the curiosity of the popuhice as to whether he had a taih It is t^iii I that the helii f prevailed aiiioiii; some of the lower oi'ders that all Spaiiiurils had tail.s. ,'iitif. Mfj., i. ■l']o. Jews were thonglit to have tails, and as tin; Indians were taught to hclieve that the Spanisli authorities were inihiu 1 with the anti-catholic doctrines of the Frcncii, they placed them iu the c;;t<' gory wi'.li llie Jews. Zdmacois, lti»t. Mcj., vi. 394-3. •'" 'A una nuiner le dieron una cuchillada eu la cara, tan solo ponpie a \-\ vista de un caddvcrgrito dcspavox'ida. . .;Ay I ; pobrecito !' Buitamuntc, Ctuul. Hid. •14. JATO. r.-LLAci: AND di;unki:nxi>s. 135 : of tlie iii- al>lc shrou.l Any maui- il>lis]ie(l l)y lispositioii' US ijfivcn t) ho lirst at- V followers, arinoil{ was fiiiislied. The scene in Guanajuato was jiitiahh .'• '^ Iliilulgi) has boon greatly blamed for tiic friglitful excesses, a;* if it L.i I bc(!n in lii.s power to prevent tliern. Roljinsoii liolns that it wa.-* not cxtnu/r- (liiiary lie .slioiiM permit tlio Iiuliuns to enjoy the first fruits of their e.\">— 41. Tim main HUtiiorities consulted for the above account of the taking tf t'.ie alli.'n- diga de granaditas have been Alaman, Liceaga, and IJustiimante. The tc-u- niony oria Ana Catarina de ICspinosa. His early education was received in die colleges of la Furisima Conccpcion and the convent of San Francisco in t jat city. In 1803 ho entered tlie college of 8an Ildefouso in the cit^' of Mexien, where he studied jurisprudence until 1800, when he commenced practical Avork under the llcenciado Jos(5 Domingo Lazo. In 1810 he received his di- ploma f r. 'Ui the colcgio de Abogados, and during the period of the rcvolutiuii followed the legal profession. After the independence, he tilled s-evcral iii^'li ollic's in Ilia State, being appointed magistrado decano of the Suprcma Tii- bunal de justicia del I'^stado in 1S2I-, and district judge in IS'27. In 181)4. lif- ter several changes of position in oflicc, owing to his ad .'.nceil age i.ijil infirmities, he retired from public life in the nomuial enjrjymeut of his lull salarj', lint of which he succeeded in obtaining only a small portion. Licea:.:is volume covers the historical epoch of 1808 to 18"24, and tiie work whicli lie performed in its production extended over a period of lifteen years. He penned his final remarks on the 'JTth of June, 1870, exactly one week bcfue tiic completion of his Sotli birthday. ATO. A PICTURE OF WOK. 1-7 )tli was iin- llicir \Y(.i' IS pitiable."' A a Siiauiu;- 1 v AU'ii'le fre.ly i. 4:>.!>-41. The 11^' of t!io alh'''i- •iite. The tc-".i- iji the whole .m'- '. the alhoixli ..1, f hi.s work A'li- /,«'•«.* AkiiiMii, to correct iiii.s- i ill tlicbeijUc'.iice Liccaga, wi;;!.j 1 juilguicnt, an 1 if the kiixl ivA ; of his work lio c himself asscrtT iirie autliors aal th all liis <.;.:c', aelf alile to cor- The addiii'iis 1 history of tiie man's work, and liis (l(-tails, huv,- ,• souii'l, anil Lis more lately cb- ot hit then:; ;k. f Guauajuatooii lie Liceajra aiul received in ilie ■'raiicisco in t jat city of Mexicci, lenccJ practical received his di- jf the rcToliition lied t.everal iiigli le Suprenia Tii- 27. InlSlU.af- V'.nccd age aijil mcut of his I'ill •tion. LiceaLa's ! work which he teen years. He one week befi re Tiu' strct'ts wore ciiii'l)oro(l with tlio wrocks of fmiil- turr, (lel)i'is, and dustroyod goods, ilimdrt'ds oi" lliui- iiics wci'c liopulcssly ruined. Siloneo ivigned within till' hiU'c walls of the deserted jiouses, ami the cui'se (if tlio (lestr()ying angel seemed tu luive liulen on the fe ) lately thriving city. C [[AFTER VII. IlIDAL(iO'.S .MAltClI TOWARD THE CAPITAL. 1810. Mir.inr.v Piir.PAnATioN of Vkniuias — Actidm or tiik Ciirncii and Isiy [• siTiiiN — MiDAUio's Uki'IA" — Hk Aiiolisiies Slavkuv — His Admimstih- TIVE MliASrUEH AT GUANAJUATO — A Kkfkactoky Ayuntamu;.ntii - IflDAUiO EsTAIiLISlIKS A MiNT — MaUCIIKS AGAINST VaLLADOLU) — Al'l'I- TioNAt- i;i:i':Nroi;ci;.Mi;NT& -IIidaujo's TiiKA.sruv — Tiiio iNsriiuENis ^lovi; TowAKi) Mexico — Tur:jiLL;> Despatiiied to Opeose tiieiu A;- VANCE — ThiJIELo's ClIAl'.ACTEK — ItCIIBIDE's IJlOCiUAI'IIY— Tl!rJi;.!.u's MovEjriiNTS — The IUttee of Las Citrci:'^— TiiEliuvALisTs Force thi.iii AVav Out— Tiii;iu Defeat li,;iiAUUED as a Tiue.mpu— Alauji in tiii; CAPEfAL — Anotueii Sacked Lanneu — IIidaujo rEUPLEXED. AViiKN Viceroy A-^cncgas discovered liowrajiidly tJio rebellion was spreading", as day alter day intelli^'encc e.uiie of Hidalgo's progress and the defection of pr;)- vinclal troops, lie saw that the afl'air was of a more s ■- rious nature than he had su})p()sed j)ossible. Witlui-it any definite knowledge of the country and its inha!»i- tants, he had not the experience of even a few months of (]uiet administration to enable him to gain an in- sight into ait'airs. His position w('s a difficult oii"; but he a|)plicd himself with energy to the task (f holding New Spain to its allegiance. The dispcivvil of the army concentrateil by Iturrigaray now provr;l j^'.'ejudicial to liis purpose. Scattered as the trodj^- Avere in provincial towns widely separated, it was ii t only a difficult matter to collect on the moment any considerable force, but an o[)portunity of spreading' disaffection in the ranks had been afforded the iiisrr- gents, and the military were already widely infert aI with revolutionary sentiments. ( 158 ) vici:i;f.(;.\l MEAsrnr.s. 1.-9 AL. nni ANT) Tsi.i'i- .IS Admimstiia- YUNTAMIK.NTii — ,AI)OLIl) — Al'M- im iN.sntuts.s I'OSE TIIKIIl A:'- IIY— TkIMII.:."'-; st.sFoiu,'i;tiii:iii -Alarm in tiii:; KXED. rapidl}' tin' iiitclligcnco ;i()ii ot* piM- a more s.'- Witho'.it its inlui!)!- f'uw months jfaiii an in- fficult oins ho task «'t' .0 dispcivvil low provid tlio trooj'-^ it vvas 11! 't .ouiuiit a:!)' spreading' the iiisr.i- ;ly infect vl (138) At (!iis period there wire no l''uro|)ean troops in Xi w Spain; and thouj^liat alati-rdato Spanish Inrcrs \, (If :ient into the eountiy, their nund)i,r was always Micatlv exei'i'ded by that of the native ri';^inicnts. Thus the coniliatants on either side were sons of the ^ li!; and it is necessary to bear this in mind in oidtr to aji|ii'('( iatc the critical ]>osition in which the \ iceroy Inuiid himself at the outbreak ofthc! relx'Uion, as wdl as tin,' political division which existed in the ranks of th(; (ipj)ressed portion of the population. The total iiiiiiihri- of men which Vene^'as could count upon did iKit exceed ten or twelve thousaiul, the ranks and liwci-n'rade ofKcers of which were drawn almost exclu- sively Irom the mestizos, mulattoes, and other i-astes, the Indian element being small, since that race was ex- tiu[jt iVom m!'itary service. These troo[>s, comjxjscd (if rcL;'in)euts of the line and the provincial niilitia, al- throtec- tioii (if that city. For this purpose, he ordered the I'loviucial draii'ooii rei^fiment of Puebla to hasten to the cajiital by forced marches; and on the 2Gth of September the Mexican inlantry regiment of la Co- 1' 'iia, under the command of INlanuel Fk)n, conde de la C'adena and intendente of Puebla, was despatched fioiu Mexico for Queretaro. A battery of four can- iien, under the direction of Colonel Kanit)n Diaz de t)rtoga, was sent with these troops, who were joined a lew days afterward by the Mexican dragoons of the line a!id those latel}' arrived from Puebla, with two haU.dii)ns of grenadiers, each seven companies strong, ihe gvePiadiers were conunanded by Jose Julon, an I TO IIIDALCIOS MARCH TOWARD THE CAI'ITAL. 'i ofTicor \vh() ]i;i(l a('coin});ii:i('(l Vcno^'as from Spain, llu Avlick' I'oi'co bc'iii'jr under the direction of Floii as com- ]!inndei'-in-eliier. In order to provide for tlie security of tlic cai»ital, now almost without garrison, tin; in- fantry ret^inicuts of ]*uel)la, Tivs Villas, and Toluca werc^ witlidi'awn from those towns, antl two battalions fornjcd IVom the crews of tlu; frig'ate Atocha and otli- ei' \e:-s.ls at Vera Cruz, and placed under the com- niand of the nava.l captain IJosendo Porlier/ Several battalions also of tin; volunteers of Fcrnaudo Vil. wei'e aL;'ain raised in the city;" and Yermo, in lii> patriotic zeal for the mother country, etosI' and (j!ua cniphiVt'*! to crush the rebellion. Prices were jiut U'pon ill'' lu'ads of ]Iidalgo, Alhnde, and Aldama by tho government;^ the cluuvh exeouuiiunicated thei;i,' 'Tlioso troops caused general ilisgust 1)y tlicir unclcanliiioss ani.i liiK'iit, ami uspeiially I)y tlii ir dlisccsio. and blas[*l)oiiuiiri lni- {'ua^'c. TliL' coiiiiast liutwcLii tlioin and tlie pnjN iucial tniops was inark' 'I. llttliiiiia ilr, C'ikkI, JJ'i^f.. i. ;{"); Aluiimn, JH.it. Mr/',, i. tis~. 2^■'^:. '/" JAv., IS!!), i. s;!S-40: /)iitii<> M< :,:, iUi. WJi)--2. '^ III nxiwlv:: y Ddrnlos, Cal. Jkir., i'l. 105. .Iusc' Maria ]\(anzano also .s i;i- pliod fi'oni lli^^ liacuiidas lior.soincn ti) tlio liuiulx.'r nf lifty. /''. *\'irii()y VoiR'ljriS, hy pniclaninticm of Sr[it('inl)i'r '_'' Ii, uiri'i'^d a ruwini cif 10. (too ]ii;s(ia tor tlu' capture or death of tliuco lea ier-i. 7..' /'0.s'. I'liriu' ii. f. .">; ^Vr. '\n reeelo ennio (pie era su eoinpadre.' //<.-/. //< '■. A'. £sji., i. 3vJl-"J; H/sjHtx. Wiring, ii. f. S. '^ Maniiel Aliail y Qneipo. lii-;!iop elect nf Mielio.acan, piiMi.>hed lii.-i cxi-oin- tiiunieation li_s edict of Sejiteiulirr '2lth. Aliasolc wa.s also included in i!. 1'he e\coniiiinnic:ited were declared to l)e '.sacrilego.s, jierjuro', y que li:iii innirrldo en la cxcomnnion mayor del (''anon, .'^iijiiis s. dciitc I)ialieIo.' All wlio aided or Buccored them were threatened with the . unu puuiihmeiUof m HIDALGO anatiikmatiz;:d. 161 pain, tlio 1 as coiii- ; seeuvity 1, the 'lu- ll Toluca )attuli<)iis aiitl "(li- the Colii- iJo Yil. lo, ill lii> [)p(.;el and I cavalrv- :■' 3[<.iv- appi/intcil (• witliout ntoiitkiito colonel of nandanti'S Sail Luis veiliii''" ily jiieans were ]iut Lldania liv ed them,' ^s aiiil \v:iiii "t il^>liciii'iiio ! Ill- s was iiii irU.-.l. i/.:uio also !<'.ip- ■mI a i'i'\v;iri /KW. I'lirin- wa.-i t)''eivil f" ainl anus " iio !i,Uil-». 'I ■•■» ,-. X. i-^t'"'^- k.mI his cX' "in- iiiliKk'il in It. , y (i\ii' li^ia !>i;il.o!o.' \U ji',;uic.iiiuiui ut ailfiiiii;' tlu; usual anathouias; the inquisition eited Hidalgo to a[)])ear bui'ore it, eli; •g'inLf him with li.iov and apostasy, -•^nd raking \ip old aeeusations Id'oiiglit against him ten years j)i'eviously.^ From {\\r pulpit he w-'is described as a djinoii of impiety, a iiiniisti'r of hane; and the royal university of Mexic-o t^hiiitd in the I'act that he had never aequiretl the (K'gi'ee of doctor in that institution!' Every means, in fact, whicli woiud tend to jirejudice the cause of inde[)endence was employed. The bi>h- (i]s and the higher elei'gy issued e.\h(trtations to loy- alty, ifprcsi'nting, in the darkest colors, the object of till' insurgents as sclHsh, and tin ir intentions as im- jii.ius. The arehbishoj) published edicts and ])ast> - i;.U:' politicians and oHicials, barristers, learned loc- t'lix of theology, and scribl)lers, heaped execrations on t'lr authiu's (jf the revolution, and the press teemed wlih loyal j)roduetions in ))rose and doggerel verse, li 'aj.iii^' abuse upon Jfithilgo, and jirinted by p(;r- iiii>-iun of the supreme government.'' TJie viceroy f/reator oxconinuuiioaticiii. The valiility of t!iis oxooiiimnnication v/as ([\kh- tioiicil \)\ luaiiy, on tiio f.'1'ouiul tli;it <,>ui-iiio iuA nut yut Ih'cu coiisod'aLi^l ljisii/ .■^ns A'lr., iv. ."iJ-S, siippliuH a copy of tliu.se (-■tlict.-i. (iueri'a niaintii;!-. tl!;it (^>lleipo huil I'l I iwiT to cxeoiLinunicate. /li"/. lit r. X. L'-'/\, i. 'l!l llj. 'I'll'! lii.slio|)s of I'li'l'l.i and tluii(lal;ijara al.-io fillinin.atud o.vcomnmniijations. Z'fc-cru, Mini. Un- M:;ne(l o'.i the i;it!i of ()i.tiilier. ' I iie reetnr 'jf tile iini\ersity adilre.s.sed an oiiieial i'oniiiiauii.'iitiou to thu vi.'ciipy, re(|iii'stiiiu' him to make |ml]li.; the faet t!i;;t lli(!;il.;o'.-; na;no ili'l not !il';ii:u' in imy of the hooUs ia whieh were iv.ristered the hiu'lier degree.-i eoil- trinl in it.i inemhei-.s. The I'equ 'st wa.s niade hecan^e the title of doctor v.as hein:; .ou.stantly given to Hidalgo in the ]iaper.s and ]>ul)!ic slieets uf the iliv. /'/.. .'180 -7. According to the citutinii rif the iiupiis'tion. thu cinvi of l'"l(iK's eiitei'tained a supreme contcmiit for the iinivcr,sity faculty, which I. ■ iv_"irdud as a body of ignoramtisi'.s, 'y linalnieiite, <|ue suis tan .solierhio 'H'.c lleri^, (pie no os Iiabci:) giaduado tie L)i- eii e^ta uuiversiilad, por .ser ^a chuistni una (piadrilla .le iLinorantcs. ' ('uiLsiKt 7'/., 4,):i-(J; //■ riKtii'liz 1/ iJiirn/o.-:, To/. Dor., ii. 100-4, "(17 !); .lifiii.~: I'lir'iiK, ii. fol. 7; JJvmn // liiiiinnui t, Eiliortd'ioii, . ..yivx. ISIO; l'l..i',rla Ui-'iliil., Mex. ISiO; (JiiAjm, Eitirl. J i^s/rif'., Sep. .'ID, ISK); /,!., I'.'r'i., Oct. S, ISIO; l.iiin, I'J rum.. .a xiix jii /m huhit., Qucietaro. IMtl; .l/o/'/'-.(/,n/, ,iV/wo/(, Mex. l.slO. 'tJ'iiiriult a Mcries of lettcrH written liy a Mexican doctor, a.s a Kpeciini'.i of tlir .liyle of abuse. They aro tliii-^ addies.-;ea to Hidalgo: 'I'arta jiriniera /> Uii I)r M ■.!•:,■' I IIO I I 111'. />. .Miijiiil Walal'ja Covfilia. e.c-Cuntdi JJolnnn, i .'J-.Vh- llixr. Mrs , Vol. IV.' U i02 IIIDALriO.S .MARCH TOWARD TlIK CAriTAL. i'i issiiod procl;iin;itioiis, nnddciioiinccil tluu'iiinors which jJiwailcHl of tli(; cession of ^klcxico t(>. Fi-aiicc as oTouiullcss, attributing tlicir oi'i;4iii to llidal^^o.^" At tlio same time, town otlicers, governor^^, and other aii- tlioritirs were urged to express tlieir (idelitv to Spniii, tuid their detestation of the revolution; while in oruir to conciliate tlie Indians they were relieved from (!i:' })aYnient of tribute,^' and measures taken for the iiu- ])roveinent of their condition. This action at lirst was not without eifect, and the ca[)ital and many other cities i-emained loyal. Tlio lieaA'iest blow sustained by the revolutionists was that dealt by the cluux-h and inquisition. The awful do nouncenient of tlie leaders as heretics, their terrible jtunisliment of greater excommunicaiion, and the drc'i'l ol' the s:inie appalling fate i'alHng on them, woi'kinn; upon an ignorant twA sup(>rstitious p(M)})h% decidrl fir a time the vacillating and deterreil the disailectet. llida]<>:o fully reco'jjuized that he had to ti'i'ht witli canihy<, Cnl. Dw., ii. i,2')- !! '). Oiit cif tlic iiiiiunioriiljl(!pu1)Hc.iti(iim issued iluriiiu'tho tirst iiiontlm of t!i9 revolution, I rotVr totho few follow iiiu', iUioiivnious iiiul othtu'u i:ic, nil lnjiiing tlic Kolira Ijh wd(!<, etc.; (I'nn'ia y (I'drc/a, Pro-jx r. Union; Comolo, JUfCiirso Puiri.; Ih /fcrraiii, Ex/iorf. In- ••ilrnc/.; Camiio 1/ I'irn-i, Jfruilf. Fddut.; Moid''rdc, /■'rorlfiniafjin- d liitcudenti', <'''■. ; n'nrii, Mmiif.; Exhort. l)ij>i(tiir. Cortes; Moii/ai'in, Ui;J'ii lie h:id aci[uired, and lii.s iirofenm-iits to tin; hcnetiiVM of S:ui I'clipo and P.)- lorc',^ till! writer lnMii'fs to noticL' his liaekslidiii;,' from the <;lnir('!i, an 1 in- doisos the action of the innuisition. 'Ah y con ijnanta lazon el Santo 'I'lliiii- n.d do la Inijilisieioii o;i ha deelarado ]ior lieiv,!io formal! puen csta ei una pruelia nao!^. I'ari't^, ii. I '1. (i; Z<'rv;ro,^l!n'. M,x., 17.'?, 1>0-I; ^njr'ir, ]l\^i. Mil. .S';/. A7A'., i. 1"">- '.!i)'). Tho ]vool:iniation was iniluishod in the Spani-sli and Aztec languages. Jltr'Hiudc: 1/ D^'u'ulo-f, Col. JJoc, U. U17--H. I )i':-; wliich raiico as fo/" At )tlioi' ;ui- Lo Spain, •in o\\\rv IVom t!i:' V llio inl- and V iij was that iwt'lll dc- L- terriMo tlu' dread , worl^in-^^ , <1c(M;'k1 sailoctcl. ^■lit wiih rrnlisiiiio ''^ l)i)'\, ii. i:..'.")- imiitliH lit' t!i'! ic, ,ill lii'ir.iii^' ~f. I'ul.: hi., etc. ; (I'ltri'i'i Exhort. I.I- ! Illhililijr, :. Allj.u: '.'S' )//() (Sr ;,,<;'.'(', t.ifiild'l I ./'■ ii]i|ii'ill lliailo I) ( 'olcL'i'i lis aiii) y .Jm;?o. ipi) iiiiil I')- iifc!i, mil ill- Santo Trilm- C'sta (•< in::i nu-oli.).' l!c- liiro-i him li) on. Cur' I "'' I'.o rPLr(-'!ii.\'!;i 1 Willi l;l- '(//•r(J, ii. I il. \l\., i. 1"V i.ir.EH.vL Mr..\suRi;^ of iiid-Vlho. IG3 v.capDiis oilici' tl;.:n tlio.-c used on llic battlo-fitdd; xn\ soiiic Wfcks l;ii( r \\v ran.-^cd to be |Uil)]islicd in (inadalajara, wliicli li;id IJdk'n into iiis ]io\v<.'r, a rtplv to tlu' citalion of the iii<|iiisili()n and il.s cliai'Li.'cs a 'ainst liini. In tliis n!o( :,'iination he soloinidv de- ilaivs tliat lie had iicvcf ted I)y Jlidal'40 v.lii -h ius[)ired conhdence in the upri^^htness of his iiu'tives, and a;!'>u<''Ml pal[)al)le illustrations of the l;;'iiefits to he del ;v "! from independence. 1 le ordc'red t!ic eiiianci[)ation of slaves, under penalty of death [> tlich- owners; he released Indians and persons of all castes irom the payineut of tributes;'^ and ou the '-'So ino iicus.a do quo iiio;,'o la oxi-itoiioia dol iiifionio, y mi jiiion antes so n.'' liaro oir^M do hn'ior aseiitad') uno al;,'un p'lutilicc do tn oanoiiizados iior >::ut I cstd on osto lujiar. ,;( 'dhio, imos, omiOMrdar (pio iiii ponti'lico ost;i en v\ iniionio, no^;andi) lii cxistoncia do o.sto.' Aiidai'ain: 'So mo inipiita tandnou (I lii.lior iic_L;:'.do la iir.trntioidad do los ha'.jradcis lil)i-o'^, y so iiic aciisa do ko- j;uii' li;:i poi'voiwis d(i;,'nias do l.iitero: ^i ].,iitoio doduco sua crroro.s do loa hiiV'-i (iiii! oroo inspiradiiij jinrDios. ici'iiiiu ol ipic iiioLa osta inspiration sos- tciiili'd lo.s suyo.s doduoidii^< do ln.s iiii.-inios liljfo.i fjno ticno por falndnsu.^V Dol ifiisiu'i modi) .'51111 todas las aousacioiios. ' liiiMiniumlf, I'liml. IHkI., i. 4',V^. 'J !;is writor iilitainod an oiigiiial oopy of this dooiiinont fioiii tlio lieontiato M:M-iani) Otero, ulio assurod him tliat it Mas imo of \t2\y few wliioli liad Ijovn i-Mvi'd ill tho town of 'I'izapani in dali^ioo. Ifidalu'n's I'oply was so convinoiii'j thif till! iiii|iii.sition felt oniiipollcd to is^.siic allot iior odii't in dofousc uf tliu ('■iriii'.' coiitradi'ii iiii! ooiitainod in tho lir.'^t. In this it ^\a3 stated tli.'st al- tii'iM !i tlio hcre^ie.s iniputod to Hidati^D were enutiaiKotory in tluniisilvos, tlay had not hueii dovolo[iod in him at tho saiiio time, hut in di.stiiu.'t ipoili.-!. y.rrfi^rn. .]/i m. Ii'i >: J/- .r. , li."). I'.y tho detractors of Hidalgo, his d.'feiiwMif his I'lnitation i.s rugardod as tho adiiiissinii of woahnoss. It was, however, a, p'lliiie.d nooo.'^sity. I'er.snnally ho eared nothing eitlier f.ii' tho impiisili m or t!;e lii>li(ipR, l)iit ho well knew their ])ower over the pinijilo, ii:id it was in t!:o lii'.;ue.-.t degi'C'o important to refute their .statements, cspeeially as in Auu'ii t H'i^ tile iiii(iiisition had eomleiiiiied as lierotii:al the prineiplo of tl li^lity of the ]ienplo. Copy of (diet in Jl'mrio t/r .lA.i-., i\-. L'Tl-.'t, '2i: iisorena s jiroelama tion at Valhidiilid Oet. lit, ISIO, 111 ni| Ilalirc M-ilh llidal; 'o s onlers. //< >i cj. n hi'.'-Tit. On tho 'Jllth of Nov. Hidalgo puhlished a deeree euniniandini,' tin; iM.niiiinissinn of slaves within ten days. This was conlirmed l>y another of tin liiili nf l)t,.(... ISolh these il'Mjiiineiits exist in the ooUee.tion of I h riuiiulez 104 HIDALGO'S MARCH TOWARD THE CAPITAL. 5tli (>r ])cci'inl)or ordered the restoration of thv'w lauds to tlio Indians of tlic district of Cluadalajara/* l)y this policy llidalijfo succeeded in gi'cutly counter- acting the expedients to Vv'hich his opponents resoitt Led When sonic Tee of order had been arrived at in Ouanajuato, ILidaigo proceeded to make arrangenieiils for the i'urther progress of his eiiter})rise. Tlie ni;)i(' giievously wounded of the European prisoners weic removed to tliealhondiga, wliere they were tluly caml Inr; others were conlined in the infantry barracks, wliile some few were allowed to return to their h(Jiiu>. At a later date all the European captives, includinL( those brought from the dift'ereiit towns which the iii- stugiMits had j)assed through, were collected in 'ln' alli'.uidiga to the munl)er of 247. Those who wi'ic a.llowed their liberty were, however, required to sign a written engagement not to take up arms against th'' independent cause, under penalty of death.'' S[)anish ecclesiastics of both the secadar and regular orders were also left free, and Hidalgo issued especial com- mands that they should in no way be moK.'sted. Having secured for administrative expenses but a small proportion of the treasures deposited in the ;il- huiidiga, he ap]>ropriated, as an unavoidable necessity, considerable sums beloii<''in<4- to ])rivate individuals." He next proceeded to organi/ce the civil government of the province. Having summoned the ayuntamieuto, he demanded to be recognized as captain-general "( y I>;lv.^lo^'; <''>]iifs of thrtii are ti> bofidiiiil in Sor. j\[ndiga and tiioso \\ ho had icniuine'd in their lioiiscs, thu latter hv iii-' allowed to i-eiuain at lihi rty under the condition nicntioued in tlio t xt. JJcim/ii, Ailir. II I'l'CtijIc, 121-."). "' l''rom the liou.se of Bernalje Bustamantc lie took 40,000 pesos wliieii liil lieen (.'nuccaU'd in tiie wr,tci'-fistei'n. liie .secretion of wliicli a faithlos.s ser\ mt revealed. Alainaii, //(.-■.'. M(l. ^'cd at ill lUXMueiils "he m^MT lers wxvc Lily cari'il bai'iiu'l^s, ir lioiut ^. inclu(liii'4' li the lu- ll ill .'' •ernuu'iit taini(,'Ut'i, eiieral ^l pp., iii. ."I-'. Unit Alamni iMiUtion I'l '■>■ patioii (if liii rusistanir in luttM- li' in-' in the t \t. OS wllii'll 'll'l :liloss sei-. lat REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT. 165 Ai.iirii'.'i, ''IS had l)een done at C'\u-i.' to till' a|ii»()iiitni(.'iit ofalealdesordinarins. Thereuin^n lie 11 iiMi'd Jose Mii^'uel de liivera Lh)rente and -lose NTaria jlri'iiaiidez Chico. A low days latcjr he called an as- sciuhly of the ayuntainieiito, the clerijfy, and j)rinci]);d cithceiis, I'oi' the purjiose ol" aj)pointin,L,'' officers of the (•l\il L^'overniiient. The ayuutauiieiito, howevei', was hot well disposed to the new order of thing's; and when IIi(l:il"'o nominated the reu'idor Fernando l\'re/ ]\La- iiuinn iiitendente, he ;lecliued the ])osition,as also did tlic rc^'idores Jose j\Iaria Septieui, Pedro de Otero, and .M.utin Coronel. liidalgo now became irritated, and when the re^'iilores endeavored to ex|)lain that they (Mill:! not reconcile ideas of indej)eiKlence with their (lalli (if alle^'iaiice to Fernando \^1I., or the motto on iii-^ own standard, he ano;riIy exclaimed: "There is no loii'it'i- a Fernando VII. !"^' Findini>- thc^ avuntanii- eiilo thus intractable, without further delay Hidalgo ap[ioiiited Jose Francisco Gomez, who had l)eeu ad- jutant major of the provincial infantry regi'nent of \':illadoli(l, intendeute of the j)rovince, with the rank of brigadier, Carlos Montesdeoca his asesor ordinario, a ad Francisco llobledo iiromotor liscal, Li'iviii''' them t" understand that they must accept the a[)[)ointinents without demur. The captain-general now turned hisattentioii to the organization and (;([uipineiit of liisarmy. The ca\'alry was (juartered in th»! mining establishments whitdi had hrcji sacked, and for the futures protection of wliich he ;ijipointed IVnlro ^lariuo as overseer, charged with the < ■nvof tlu}in. Two additional infantrv re<>-iiuents were laiN.'d; oiK} at Valeiiciana, of wdiich he ai)poiiite(l ( 'a- siiuiroChovell colonel.'' and the other in Guanajuato, tile command of wdiich ILidalgo gave to JJernardo ' (I'liaii., Piih, Vliiil. Aii'dif., '^7. .%>; t>> the f^.inic fiutliority, tlio Stan ln'il hoiv tlio wiirds: ' Vi\a !a lAC-.igiim, xi^a I'cniiuulo \'II., y vivii hi .Vul ri,>;i,' '" ! li>)\ (.11 was tlio siipciiuteiuloiit ol tlic V.iKik . ma i.uiio. Alaniaii, ut sup., IGG IITDALCO'S MARCH TOWARD THE CAPITAL. (■" ri; Cliico." These ti-()(»j).s wwc urmed niily with ];iii('( : . nil atteinjtt made to eonvei't quick.silvei- lia^ks iulo l!aii(i-m(>rtar.s luiviiig failed. Hithd^'o also endeavored, \vith hut pai'tial siu-cess, not only to cast cannon, hut to lahi'ieate them of ^vood, hotli kinds pi'ovin<^' unsi;'- viceahle, Numerons were the military aj)[)ointmeiu- made by revcjlutionary leaders, anion<^ which may ln' mentioned that of Jose Maria Licea^'a as licuitenaiit- colonel of the last-named regiment,-^ who jtlayed a jjromineiit jiart during the course of the I'evolution. .Vhlioui'h I lidalu'o's treasury now contained more than half a milhon pesos, inconvenience arose because si much of it was in silver bars. The establishment '■( a mint was tlicrofore necessary, and on tlu.* 5tli '■{' Oct'jber the worli. of constructing the macliinery an I dies W'as commenced, Joso ]\Iariano do llobles beiii^' made su[)erintendent. The establishment was ahi!'i>t com[)leted by the 2r)th of November, Vvhen the Sjiah- ish army under Calleja (jutered Guanajuato and took possession of it.^' Hidalgo was fully inf-.)'iii( d of the preparations fur the su[)p]vssion of tlie rebellion wliich were beiu;' made by (\dleja at San Jjiiis i'otosi,-' as well as > I' the measures that had been taken for the protic- tlon of (^ueretaro, and therefore decided to maich aiiainst Yalladolid. On the 8lh of October ho sent forward a detachment of three thousand men mii'i r the commaiul of Mariano Jimenez, whom he liatl n colonel, and on the 10th iblhjwed with the main b<;(i\, '^8011 'if a European of tlu; same iuuir', 'I'mico ilc las fainilias rcsjn !,.' do thiaiiajiiati) (juc tinin') jk' o vn la ivvoluciou.' Ih. ''^Tlii-i l,i(X'a,Li;a v.a;i a (.-oiuun of tin.' aii'Jior of tlio A(lh\ y Rcclifi''., air. :. fro(|iK'iitly (|Uiiti;(l. Tlifir cliristian anil Hninanico binug tlif saine lias t:u.i;ici iwjiiu; ciint'iision. Soo nolo '1 on pages lol-.'! of LiL'(?a;^a"s work. '■"Till' arti.-ans (lisplaycil yn at .skill iu the coustniction of the niacIiiiiriT and imiik iiK'Mt:j ami in tliu ciiyrav in.; of tliu die^i. Tin'so wurc so pi/vfec :■' to rival tlio.so in tlio mint afc Mexico. Iju^hiitianU, (Juti'l. Ili. Niiti<\ Mich., 71. IVifzcnaro, before the eonfiuest, was a .suli- iniiou Ward of 'iV.intzuntzan, and l)ee;.iue the pleasure resort of the iliilioaean iii'';i:ii-i'li.s v.ho limit their court t!ii re. A<;cordiu;^ to some linguists, the iiiiaaiu,' of the word is ' the ])lat.e of joy.' Id. •' .V. Aw/,. ISirv. L'r^., M.S., ii. '211. ' ■II'.: \ill>uI'.. i. 107; I''' I ' (■/, Nolir. .M'uh., 4i). In (ionzalez Davila, pa'.'i' Uiti, is {jiveu u wood-eiit ni liio lake at tlie liase. In t!)e h wcr half i i a re;;- !■■ viuatiun of tho cathedral, whicli was dedicated to San Salva S.Vf / Aims 01'" Valladolip. Arms Gkanti:d ix l')'>X ]M'ovince underwent a great i)hy.sical convulsion, la the de[)artment of Ario, in the southern portion "f the territory, extends a vast plain of wonderl'ul fiiui- i'uhu'ss, (jc^mpied by rich plantations of cotton, indi';^, and sugar-cane Jicre was situated tlie liacienda <'l San Pe(h'o do Jorullo, famous thi'oughout Miclioacaii i'or its size, value, and productiveness. On this estate ■■'It is rol.'itcfl tliat n, fjivnior iKimcil Frnncisco do ToiTfS liarvosfrd im cjo occasion OOl) l'ain"^:;s of wiiuat in ruluni lor lour I'aiu'^aa «uwu, or lo'.* I'lld. Siiulwi Ci'uii., ii. IGCi-T. NOTABLE EAnTIlQUAKR. I(i9 iuuiu'iiso liords of cattle wore raised, and exleusivo tracts |»lanted with susj^ar-caiie and indigo.'^' Toward tlio end of June 1759, the |)eo[)lo on tlie hacienda were thrown into great ahirni hy the sound dt" suljtei'ranean lainihhngs and lieavy, (hdl reports. I^atcr these noises were accompanied l.)y shocks of eartli([uake, wliich kept increasing in number and in- tensity. A [)i'e(Hction was curi-ent among the lahor- cis that the hacienda wouM hedestroyeil hy lire issu- ing tVoni tlic bowels of tlie earth (.m San ]\Iiguers day, and wild consternation now prevailed. In Sep- tember great numbers of them al>andoned their work and tied to the mountains for safety. Spiritual aid was souglit, and on the 21st a novena of masses was coni- Hicnced and confessions were heard. ]^ut these cere- monies were ineffectual to (piell the subterrancniu thun- (lerings, or allay the agitation of the Indians, who continued to take refuge on the neighboring heights. On tlie 29th, San Miguel's day, with fearful uj)roar the laboring eartli burst open at about a mile from the Itiiildings of the hacienda, belching forth liames and hurlinu' burninuf rocks to ])rodiLfious hei<>hts throuuch a dense cloud of ashes rendered lurid by volcanic fire. A new volcano hail arisen. The ground to the ex- tent of three or four stpiare miles swelled up like a Itladder, the ('(.'utre of which burst, exhibiting a tiei'v abvss, surrounded by thousands of small cones (ii' earth-bul)bles.'^' Into the chasms the watt-rs of ( 'uitaniha and San Pedro were precipitated, increasing the connnotion. Deluges of hot mud were hurled (>\er the surrounding land, while cohnnns of tlamo lila/.ed upward to such a height that they were visible at iVitzcuaro. The houses of (^ueretaro, distant more than fortv-eio'ht lea<>'ues in a straiu'ht line, were cov- '-■' Tlic ])ossossov of this inii'^nilicout estate was J. Aiulri'.s do PinnMitvl, ii liti/i 11 ,111(1 rui;iil()i' (if IVitzimaro, according to an ollieial report of tlie o';eiir- ivini' ill Sor. M(x. (.koij., "J" G\i., ii. iitil. ■'('alli'd by the natives /loruiio.-:, or ovens. IIunihoMt vi-itcd the scene of (liis iataNtroi)lio in lS^)'^, and found that tlio thermometer wlicii inserted into civvicus in tliese ovens rose to 'J'Ji'. lAir hi i accjuiit of the occurrciice, fico E.imi I'oL, ^iS-o-k. 170 : IIIDALfiO'S ^rAPvClI TOWARD TllK CAPITAL. vvvd witli Jisht'S. Tlic boiuitirul liaclciiili <>[' J(>nill'» v.a-i (lostrojud, ns well ;is (idici' ])l;i illations, by the voleaiiic deposits of sand and mndand sloncs.'"' (jieat nund>crs of live-stock jn'rislie'd, and linndrcds of fami- lies were ri.'dneed to want. In tlu; centre of llie ovens six enoimons masses wore {)i'(>jecte.;.'!. ^' Uoir-n'i'-: .hdrllri, 'rial. l-J-li..-<., i. 107. The fir.st governor oi the priv- ince warj Colonel Jliirtiii Iteiiioso, who arrived from Spain in Docjinlier I7"i'>. Caxlro, D'.ario, I!)!]. Jn;in Antonio dc Eiafio y lj;irte;Ki was the lirst in.ua- dcute. <'vdnlurio, MS., iii. f. 'J. ^^Floniicki, Hint. I'lOi: C^iiqi. ./('.■j.v.--, "JIl!; PiOiiiero Xolic. Midi., 'So. PIIASE.^ OF CIIARACTKR. 171 .Toriill') .. 1)V till- ■■' ihviit fl (if faiiii- liu ovc'iis ici^lift ")f .ho plaiii. JolMlllo. y deli 1 HI I ]ircvi<)US lic'i-n iii- and gov- Kt \as iiiucli e it coiii- j-iiern ii >. Lvo bei'U area con- it length On t]io p(xist lino loacan is iiiic fish xcellcncc means in jircsciilly arrixed ol' tlie cajdun' near Ac;iinl)ar() (»!' tlu; i!ili'ii(Knte ]\Kiiiu», the i'oinandaiite (larcia ( \)n(h\ and ( i.loiiel llul by the giien'illa cliiet' J^nna,'" and this so (hshe.'iitened t hem that, on tlie ajiproaeli ol' 1 [idalgo, all thouuht of resistance was laile iiii'st, now at the head of a ]ar'>e arniv, li'-'htiii'. l);i til es, maKniLi" and unmauni''" rniei's, and with cahiuiess and I'acility as if lu; had been accustomed to llie woi'k Irom his youth. Xot that the cura was by any means a })roticient soldiei*; on tlie contrary, he was no soldier at all, did not jtretend to l)e one, and would have been lilletl with joy unb(randed were; there anv other means at hand to secure his sacred cause. lie was not even a cunninij* man of the woi'ld. II was not working for greatness of name or ambition, el' for money or power. Ho would have liis couidiw ino\e toward independence. The full glory of it lie iiever expected to see. Yet he would do wliat he could; his life ho would cheerfully give. Such was till' (juality of his greatness, ])atriotic, ])uro, amiable, ethereal, not crafty, not subtle, and n(jt always the most succcssfid. On the 15th of October the van of the insurgents aiiived at the suburbs of Valladolid without op[)osition ; ^' Fill' nn account of oir c.ipturc, sco (lavin Cowlf, Tiil'irmr, vx Hfritnii- (h: II J) iruf(f, Col. Doc, ii. 'J;18. It v.-ai (lining tlii i poi'iml tliat (Im gucr- riik'iua sprung into existence iu .Mexico. IJ ilJ ami lawless men, vhoii lli.hilgo'.s army liccanie dispei'se 1, carried (ui !iostiliti"3 against the roy il- i t.j imlpcndeiitly, yet tliey rendered important services I'or the revolu- tiuai.sls during the whole course of the war, and many hy the cura, \vh i roused the people of the town. Tliey were scut b.uk tj N'ailadoiid aud delis'ei'cd up to Hidalgo. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ■<^<^ V^. ^ 1.0 Lr «a I i=^= tif- 112 i.l 25 a' I IIIIIM i ii£ llllio IU& 1.25 1.4 J4 ^ 6" — ► v] VI ^l /A % %^ # ? Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. U5S0 (716) 873-4503 '>^«^'' <» 4p ITi IIIDALOO'S MARCH TOWARD THE CAPITAL. niul «ii) tli(' l~th Hidali^'o c'.'DiHMip in person, tlie nuiii- Ixr (it* liis t'oicos now aniountiiiii^ to sixty thousand. '' His ivci'ption was not wholly to liis liUinj^; lor al- tiionnh a (■••niniission camo out to nmet l.ini, and the l)clls sonndrd a wclfonie, when ho found that the cathedral was closed t»n dismounting in I'ront of it ic lender thanks for his successful entry, he was veiy indignant. Nor was his a nj^tM- allayed when, the ^-ates haviuLf l»een at last opened bv the sei'vants of the sai- risty, he was r(.'ceived only hy the chaplains of tlic choir, and the to deum was badly chanted to peals ct' tlu; orcfan aboniinablv iilaved.'*' lie resented the sli«'liL by forthwith proiujuncinj^ vacant all the canonical seats except three.'" On the dejtarturc! of the bishop, the canon, conded • Sierra ( Jorda, had been left in charge of the mitre, au'l Hidal'^'o intimated to him that it would bo well to re- move tlu^ excomnmnication fulminated aufainst himsdt' and his followeis by the fugitive }>relate. The obsecpii- ous canon coniplicsd; the prodaniation was taken iVoiu the dooi"s of the churches, and circulars sent to the curas in the diocese, informing them tha' k-adcis of the revolutionists had incurred no cccl -lical ctii- sur(>, and instructing them to read to their il(»cks on a feast day ^he removal of tlui excommunication.'" J)efoie entering the «'ity, Hidalgo had |>roniiscd a commission sent out to receive him that lights >>[' property should bo respected, and during the entiy no violence was attemjtted. But the taste for spoils "" -U'conlinj,' to Rnstaiufinto. Mora, however, plticiis tlic number nt 4(),<>:i;). ^f ct si'ij., unil the maiiiioi'j of the ayuntamiciito of ^'illhlllolili, iu /(/.. v. Sd ~. "■* iVccoidiiijj! to Jlctaiuoiirt, tho.sc nf the coiidc dc Sierra (Jorda, (Joii;o2 Limou, and liis own, 'iHiri|iu' fue al I'ailanicnto.' 'I'hc^ uyuntamii nto ^*l:iU■,^ tiuit lliilal^^'o sail], 'dar.' ]ior vacantcs toda.s las ]ircl)cnda^ {lor la im)ioliii<':t eon ijiic M! ha |H)itado el <'al>ihlocii mi rccil)imicnto.' Jli., and A/., iii. Jll. '"•'Il:' coiidi' de Siena (ioida c\cu!|iattd himself to th<' viceroy hy die !;ii- in;,' Miiit lie liaulsion, 'desdiciiiidose de lo (^ne haliia cjc'"'!- tado eon |ii udciicia, im].ut:iiidol(i ;i ci^iu'cioii, tcrr,)r y \ioUiicia.' Jl"-i''iin:!iil'; ( nil./. Jiisi., i. .71!; Jliriiiiiiih- >/ JJitraluK, Cul. Due, ii. l(J(>-7, inii-4. DisciPLix:: i;EQiTi!Kn. 173 i;t;ilieoiiii -t iiiuiiiii >t'J nmonL!^ tlic iintivcs oiuv i^ratilied wns not easily coii- tiollcfl. XfXt (lay sovi-ral S|)ani>li houses were as- s;iiilt<'(l aii!SlM rseil and the disord«'r was Kto|>|)ed.*' It had hardly ceased, howevci', l)etore a more si'iious tronhle occurred. Tlie Indians, accustomed to simj)le diet, liail t;iven themselves up to j^duttony and drunkenness, o. ii'oiiij^r themselves with sweetmeats ami Iruils, aiid |iiinriii^i' down spirituous litpioi's like; water. Tlw e<»!i- M i|ii oil' manv in a tew hou)*: Tl le CIV was raise( I that tlie at^uardiente had hee-n poisc>Med. Alh-nde, \i,- Ills presence of mind, however, suppressed the t'miuit. J)rinkiny the • lortant addition of well armed and well discii)lined t;<<:>p Tiiev consisted of the rej JJ.'Citos, Col. JJoc, iii. 413-14. 174 niDALOO-S MARf'lI TOWARD Till': CAPITAL. ormiio!ii\'- Hidalgo, wlio liofl already dijcidod to niardi ntjainst the capital witliout ach 1,000 strong. Here he was proclaimed genondi- simo" at a council of the chiefs, and he conferrr 1 ♦'Anzorona. as the si'(|ik1 will show, proved himself a stanch partis.".ii the i'<'Viiliitioiii.sts. ^■'Tlii-i is thi! (latfl ^.'ivcii positively by Betancourt. Bustainanto gives (!i I!)lh of 0<'t. as tht! day of Ilidalgi>'s ilcparture. '^d'tirc'd Contlf, Ih/cdhi', in It' ni'ini/< z y Dtivn1o>>, Col. J)nr., ii. 271^ ' llidal::""-! iiiiifol'iu was a lilue cai MitU rod elltrs and col'ar l)ord('ied v i' ^nld and silver galloon, liis slu'iilder l)elt heiiii; of Maek velvet siiiiilai; lioltleiiMl. Siiapended from his neck ho wore a largo gold medal hearing tli iiiiaLjoof the virgin of (Jiiadalnjie. The uniform of AlUiidc eoiisistcd nf jacki't i)f liluo ciotii w ith red euti's and collar, the seams being covered wi; pilver galloon. Around caehslioulder wai .a siher cord v>i!Ji penden*:' butt"; Tlic lieiitejiunt general's unifornn were di.stingiiiijhed from his by having on -f TKU.J ILI.O'S ADVANCE. 173 o innrch lolid (t!i y- all tlie l.'ils (li;- itlii'.dral. l!00.00ii, dents lit IS wouM rd. A t )\v imin- i, which -i:-*-' avidry, nenih- jnllrrod partisan 'f f gives till" ii. 270 1. (IciimI w iili t Kiiiiiliiily x'aiinu' the ■iistcil lit iv v-oi-c'l \vi;'.i ■n":- liiiftoM, on Allondo thc! I'iiid; of capliiin-gcniMid; Aldaina. ]5all'jr/a, Jiuiuiioz, and .l()a([uia .Vrias buin^' a[)- iHiinti'd hiutcnant-n'cncrals. From Aci'u!d>ai») tho ui n< rail -Inio directed liis nian-h hy way of ^lar.i- vati'i', Teijcton^o, and IxUahur.ea, and rapidly ap- jiruached the ca[)ital. When Intel] iiTfonco was received in ^Fexico of IFi- (lal'4i>'s coniin;^, \'one«^as lai;),, i J/i^t. /y, \. i: :Xi-{, ' JlllN ■I'' ito «iys the foivo consUtL'il of the infantry iT'/iim-nt of Xiw N" , li;.tlali(.'i I'i infantry of Mi'xici )tiu r callnl tlio Ciiahniitlan liat- ti.hiii. a liattalJDU ilil liji) ill) Mi'xijo, tlio iiri)vini.'ial miiitia rcLriuu ut >if I'li- ilila, thu city liakc'i.i' ilrau'iinns, two infantry i)altaliiins of niciohan's, thivo (if tho jiatriot.s of Fernando VII., a section of aitil'ery, in aililiiion to tlio votcran ai'tillery, a troop of cavahy of the patriots, tho militia infantry icl;!- iMcnt of Tohica, anil the Tiilancingo, and various oihci' pickct.s- in all T.Hii'J lai'H. ''»('!■/. lliM., i. 7<>. '■'The for.i.s jilaccil under Truj'il!o'.s coninianil were tin" infantry leuinKufc f Ti'e i N'illas, w liicli had hitely arrived, a iMltalion of the provincial nulili.i "lese \\ ere aticruard ro- ot M fiifnrced liv ."lO \ uliiiitei rs with two c exicn, and a portion of tlie dragoons of Spiin. Tl annon, euinnian led I.V.I. i>autista do I ~^tariz, . a lieutenant of t lie navv, and uliout .'!ll!l nun ilrawn from the haci Clli|;is ( if Y irnio and a Mexican n; d M; Auth total lilier to tir iiiiniber. All iinan, //; M, i. 47"'. states that it liarelv reached 1,111(1; t lie author of //(.sK/vv. /!<7., •», makes it amount to-J,('.ll!l; Mi .1/. i. i:d. .'/ "'I- :/.'i aisesit ti)"J,")tH); while 'J'orrente, //iv7. /c Jli ■/'■ A, l)laccs tin; numher at alxmt l,"_'t)0. IJuerra niakci it l.oOO. //(.•.'. /.''*•. }'., i. ;!•_'■"). Negrete considers thai tho iiunibcr may 1)0 sufuly ustiinulcd ul -'.OUO. JJUt. Mil. .Vy. A7A'., i. Joi. 17C HIDALGO'S MAROH TOWARD THE CAPITAL. inandcr was marked by cruelty and trt'acliory. In al'ter days the sound of his iianio did not r'luyf pleas- antly in the oars of the revoluti()nists. Tlien; was at this tinio in the eitv of ^[exieo a y(jung lieutenant, who had lately eonie from Valla- dolid Hyinj^ bef<)re Hidalj^o. His name was AL,ni>- tin Iturhide. The first historical mention of him is foimd in the official journal of Septtnnher 21, I80s,'' where he is connnended for his zeal in otferini^ siip- jtort to tile new government after the de[>osal <»f Itui - rigaiay. At this time he was a lieutenant of the Itrovincial infantry regiment of Vailadolid. lie was torn in that city on the 27th of Septetnher, I7H.!, his father, Joaquin de Iturhide, being a native <>[' I'amplona, in the kingilom of Navarre, The fami- lies of both his father and mother, whose maiden name was Josefa do Araiidnu'U, were distinguisiieil. Agustin wliile a child narrowly escaped deatli ly fire, ln'ing rescued almost miraculously from his burn- ing home. His school education was limited, lie having a[t[)lied himself to the management of one "f his father's haciendas when oidy fiiteen years of age; at which time also he entered the regiment of pio- vincial infantry of V^alladolid as ensign, and hcuf'- forth ado])te(l the military profession. Jn 1.sOj lie esj)oused Dona Ana Maria lluai'te, a creule of gon I family. He was present with his command at the military cncam[)ment at Jalajta, and in 1801) assi.-.!,' I in sup[>ressing the premature attempt at revolutii>ii in his native citv. When Hidalgo took the field be invited Iturhide to join him, offering him the rank of lieutenant-geiiei.il. 'i'he lattcir, however, refused:^- and when Hidalgo drew near Vailadolid, Iturbide, seeing no pros[)ect <'t" *'a'X.,xv. 702. ■""lliilalito 81'iit t!iis invitation wiiilc he was niiproacliiiiL; Valiadoliil, .lo- conliiii,' ti) Iturbidi! in liis nianiliosto. Alainan |)i)iiit.s out tliat tlii:* cvidtU'O rofutt'.'i Itocafuertu'a slatt'niout — pulilislic-d in his j)ani|)ld(!t diroitti-d a'.';iiiit Itiiil)idc under tlio litlo of L'l Pi'jiniilinii A merini no —Unit ho (Uclint d t > t;d;o ]iai't ill tho rovuhition hucausc liu could not obtain the suiuc gi-udc ud in tUo royahst army. JJist. Mij., i. 403. MKKTINO OF TIIK ARMIES. 177 a successful (K-lcncc, rcjt;nic(I to tlu^ crt|Mtal with seventy soldiers of his re^iuieiit who i-eiiiaincd loyal 111 tlic service. WlieU Tiujilli* was sent to opjiost! 1 liilaly<»'s advance, l(ui'l»ide ohtaiucd jursni^sion to ,1' 1 DiiipaMy him, aM\\n ol' Lcnna, wlim.' he 1io|m'i1 to hold tJK^ L-ntMny in cliuck l»y ha» ricaiUni;' and do fcndiii'^ i\\v lirid^c. On the 'J.stli, as no enemy ap- peared, 'I'liijilji* susp(H;ted (hat llida]L;-o liad diivcttd his march to the hiid^-e dl' .Vtenj^o, witli tin; ohject of ttcciipyinf;' the SantiaLjo road and attai'kin<^ tiie royalists in tin; rear, at the same; time eultiiiu^' oll'theii- retreat to the ea]>ifal. lie therefoi'e sent a detaeli- mont t() del'end that point, and j^avt! orders to the suhdele''aitien and gain^ 1 the Sanliago road. INleanwhile Hidalgo with the jest of his f(»i-<'is inai'clu'd toward Ijci'ma; and 'J'rnjilli), as soon as ji-- learned that the hiidgi; of Ateiigo, had heen lost, saw the necessity of retri'ating toward tin; capital, and accordingly withdrew to tlit; numntain pass called tin; monte dc; las C'ruces,"' leaving Jose de Mi'ndi'vil wi'Ji one of the two hattalions of which the reuiment ef res Villi is was comnosetl an( 1 ¥ rancisco I^ringa with a troop of cavalry, to hold the ]jerma hridg' until the tliil'erent sections of the arn»y had united las C ruces. At five o'clock in the al'teiiioon, .Men' onlva small forci; under Captain I'ium to delend the hi'idge; and so well did this tillicer pi i - form his duty that li(Mlid not retire until late'at niglii. The position to which Trujillo had withdrawn was ;i strong (»ne, hut it had the disad' mta'jfe of iKiin-'; com- manded on the south hy neiijihoiing hills coveivl with forest, and by other hei'>''i(s on tlu> north side "t" the Toluca road. Allende well knew the important >; ''"So cnlli'il liccnnso (if tlic iiuiiii'roiis cro.vsi's crt'ctcd thrrc to mark tiio plaecs whcic travellers liail Ijctii inurilcrcil by bamlits; tliat hill btin^' a i.i- voritu resort of robbers. BATTLH OF LAS CRUCES. i7i (if tlu' situalion, jind IkuI iiiadf all liasto to (imijn' it I'niiu til*' Saiilin-jo j'oa.l; Itiit 'i'lujillo's march IumI lucii i(|uall_v rai>i(l, and lh«' royalists ij^aiiuid (Ik; cini- iicnrr first, aiiticipaf iiig, liowuvcr, the- iiisurgmt I'uree niilv liy half an hum-. At cij^ht (j'clock on the inorniii'j!' of tho HOth, tho nf'tinti cnmnicncfd l»y li^lit skiniiishiii!^ Itctwocn tho I'ovalist cavaliv and <>norrilla hands in advance of fho main hody of insiirein«^' phuvnl under the coni- iii.iiid of .luan IJautistade Uztari/, a ruaittMiant i>f the I ly.il navy. Ahout eleven o'clock the attackin^j col- umn of tlu> insurgents, with t\\' artillery in front, came in sit^ht on the road I'rom Toluca. It consisted el" the inlantry provincial rei^iment of Valladolid. the ( 'iiya companies, juid the ( Guanajuato hattalion, which were Hanked hy the piovincial drajfoons of I*;it;:cu;ro and la Itcina, the rear heini;' hiou^ht up hy thi' dra- j;iniiis of el l*rinci[)e a force in it- atly superior to that of Trujillo, hut whii-h heini^ without elUcieiit ollicers hacedi'd on the front and Hanks hy crowds of iil-armed Indians, and numerous hands of hoi-semen, who streamed ahniL,^ the Toluca road or wound round the sides oi' th<^ hills wherever the !_;round was jjracti- cihlc for horses, '^i'rujillo now made jirc[iarations to iv.ijvc the coming attack. His two field-pie;'e> were placed in position so as to enfilade the road and ad- jacriit ground, and were; hidden from si'^lit, with Tlie stniicli loyalist (i.ilirii'l Vcnno, who liail ilisjilayi'il siu Ii tact, in tli rlriHi.,:il i,f Itiin iiraray, sii])plii(l ;it iiis nun iMst li'il laiicurs Iron I Ills iKii icn- nas. Willie his lirolluT .Inaii Antonio furni>hi'il lOK niire. Tlu;s(! ti(«/]n wcro kimwii hy tl;o iKiino ot' the uc'.;ros ilo ^ ( rnio, ami ilnl ;,'ooil scrvit'i; iluiiii'^' tli(3 wnp. Oi tlit'sc laiicLTS '_'7(( wtro wnt to Tnijillo, aoronlin;,' to Vi inio's stati nil lit of Services rcinlort'il, J'cr. X. Kkik I'l rdft'l. Or'nj., no. ii, ."(i-7, iil- tliiiii_!i Tnijillo in Iiis ollieial report to the viceroy states that tlicro were only IJO. ( ik M,x., ISIO, i. 'J-'o. 180 IIIDAUJO'S MARCH TOWARD TIIK CAPITAL. ln'UMt'lies (if {r<'t's, in (trdcr to iiicrtiiiso tlic conrulenci! (• (1. 4) <• enemy. The <';iv;ili v uas ni-defed t(» lull )»a('k ujxui tile line witliout eni;aL,Mn,LC in jietion, iiml tlie (ilty Vdlunteers lately aiiived, with the lancers <»!' Vei'ino eoinnianded liy('a|)tain Anto'iio JJiinijas, sM|>|>(nLei| l)y two companies of the Tres Villas re;L,dtnent nnder the command of Ijieutenant llam«)n liev«'s, weie j)la(U!(| in anihush on a wooded heii^rlit at some distanurpos»! stron;^ detachments of thc! hettei" arnjed Indians, hoth of loot and horse, \V(M'e sent hy lonij^ detours to take possi'ssioii of vari- ous heii^iits connnandinL,^ Triijillo's llanks, and a foi'cc of t5, ()()() foot and horse was despatched to occu])y tiic i"oad to Mi'xico in the rear of the enoi "}'■ ]\I or»'ovc a select body of I ,"J00 of the best discipliiK-tl nicii •>( all arms was thrown <»nt on the rin"ht llaidi, and (onk up a position out of ran^'e of Trujiilo's art illei-y, and opposite to i\n: place where Jh'in-^fas was aml)Ur^h''i|. The connnand of the inl'anti'v was oiven U) duaii A I- dama and Luis ^[alo, and that of the artilk'ry 1 > JMariano Jimenez, while iVllendu himself commandid th e cavahv At eleven o'clock the attackini^ column, ])rece(l( I by the lour pieces of artillery already mentioned, ap- •''-' A/'vr/'/", Aifir. y ftcrfhJ,:, l.'iO. Aci-onliii',' to Mora, Alleinlc tli.sti'(l IIS nar-triiarils to tlio ilillcii iit (li\ isioiis, wliiiu tliiy ini:;Iit 1 riivc (if si'ivici! as (icuasmii dll'i ri'il. 'I'lic Indians, iiowcvi r, wcrc! (ili'cniiu I at li..in\'M> (ilacoil, ami JlidalgD insistcil tliat AlKinlu .sliuiiM assign to llioi/i jiluns i.i tlio Inint. Tliuugli AUindo irpii'scnlol .strongly tlio (langtr uf .so il.iiiiu', lliilal;;) t~o pri'.sscd the niattuf that Alk'ndo was oldigcil to yield. .'/('. '/ «.v.< l.'ic., iv. i27. Moni'a statuiucuts, however, must bo taken with uUow- anee. DKATII OF r.IIIXfiAa. ISl I iKirk fen no uiidt r stanco roll t IV I uVcl- ol" tlir of Itat- ; l)ci:i;j; luiu'tii s )!' vaii- a I'dl'IM' ipy 1 ii<' I'V, ;iM I )Ur.ll' 'I. uii Al- IKtv 1- liiainl' I :'(M'i'il<' I |,. tliouulit .■liiiii, ''"t lluy iiii.;!'* lll'l'll'lo 1 ilt Ihi.i i.1:"«» i. .1/' ■ ■ ,'/ Ith allow- jifoaclKMl witliiii close raii'4»'. Triijillit now <)|>('ii('(l lii-r uitli |i;ra|>»'aii(l caiiistt'r IVoiii liis masked l)attiri('M w itli such dciidly elli'd iipun tlic crowded masses in I'l'iiit. Ili.'it they were soon (hi'own into conlnsioii and tl!i\en hack, causing' some (hstnrhance to the disci- jiliiied troops. These, however. Iield ( heir tjrouiid, and ii |.li( d with their arti!lery, while a hrisk tire was niMin- t;iiiiiil idl aloiii,^ tin' fronts, with no little loss on hoth ^jili-;, the insnriL''i'nts snlh-rini; most, 'rrnjillo, j)ercciv- ii:'4 that he could hold tin.' iMieiny's centre in check, iiM\\ (ii-(lered l)rlni;;is to cMiiLi'aLje their ri^ht wini];'. and s' III a detachment, of thi'ei; <'omj>anies <»r the 'I'res X'illas intantrv nndi-r the <'ommand of Jturhide to oc- i|iy an almost inaccessihle heij^ht coviMvd with pino v^•-^. at a considerai>le distance on his i-i;4ht tlank. Ilriu'^as now cliari^'ed with nr»'at impetuosity, and ili'ja_;cd with the I.JOO picked (1 men o[n >OSl'( I to 1 inn. The contest w.is loiii;- and fierce, hut eventually ter- liiiii led in lavor (tf the insurujents. These, encoi.ir- ;i';( i| hy the hravery and exain|tlc of Aldama and .M.iKi, who connnanded in person in that j»;nt of the 111 !d, maintained their uround with unllinchiuj;- lirm- iir.-., in s])ite of the Iknmw loss intlicted hy tlie loyal- i>is: hut it was not until Hrinnas fell mortally wound- cil thtit they succeeded in rc'pulsiiiM- his troops.'^ Xor w.is Trujillo more successful in his niaiKuuviv (»ii the ri-ht. Alleiule also had marked tho importance of the position which Jturhide had heen sent to occuj)y, and, tumoticed hy the royalists, had already jtiocei'ded ill person with .'JOO of the inl'antry and one piece of iiitilhry to take' possession <>f it, ap[)roacliiii'4' unseen Mi'.iiiL'iis jifttT liciiii^ wouikIciI WHS liftcMl ii|ioii his lior-ic, .•nut with {jrt'ut intii piditv •-'till ('iii-'(>uiii'_'('' l'iiv' uii S. Qiuiitin, I N, iiiiaim licanoy Su fUtiurro I'uo lino y lluuo. 182 IIIDALGO'S MAIlCn TOWAIU) TIIK CAI'ITAL, ill fi (llftit'tioii opjiosit".' to Hurl (ides lim' of luarili. Wlicii tin; iityalisL olliccr liail inisliod fnrward liali- \\i\\ iij) to tli(! smiiiiiit, la; sikMciiIv caiiic in coiitacf \\ itii AIIi'IkIc'n force, and a Krislc cnnaLjfiiu'nt lollowi d, wliiili irsiiltt'd in the rcpMlse of Allciidc. 'riic disas- tci- sustained i)y iJiiii'^as, liowewr, and tlKM-xposiir.' -!i. iMUsed tlie royalist leader to recall Itnrhide. Wlieir- uiion the insni'i^feiits rallied and took jtossession of the hei-ht.' Trnjillo's jtosition wasH now hopelessly exposed ; in tad, he was completely surrounded. On his ji^-ht tlu; piece ot" ait illery j)lanted l>y .Mleiide on the aliaii- doneil height was in a jiosition to eiililade his I'anl^-; a l,irL,^e I'licc of the enemy lay Itetweeii him and thi- capital; on his left was Aldama now strone-ly ri'eii- l'oree(l, and with tw(» pieces of artilleiy inouiite(l in ;i conmiaiidiiii,^ position; whilo in front Mendi'vil was not <»nly himuli' severely wounded, hut many of his most eliicient men wei'c; slain or hors de comhat, and liis artillery annnunition was exhausti'il.'^'' It w;is now about threo (/dock in the aftei'iioon, and the iii- sui;n'ents had pushed on down the' ii^hts on Trujillo's left so near that the comhatants wei-c; at speakinn' dis- te- tance. At this juncture the royalist leader per| trates an act which jtluces him before the world for- ever in his truo character of villain, and enshrouds liis memory with lastini;' infamy. Tlio insur;L!;cnt;-;, masters of (he position as tiny I'eel themselves to he, invite the royalist troops to join their cause; and so '■' Lici;;i'_'!i ■att("tn])ts to hIihw tluit Itiiilii'lc iliil wt c'ii,'^;agc with tli'? cni'iiiy; Imt line \vii:,'lit iiiiisL liu ;.'iviii to Tiujillo's own .stiitt'iiuMit. 'Sc ciicoutnn'.!! ton Im ciicmii^os (|;k) siiIh.iii y roiui)iLToii I'l f 1U"'0 CD iiti'a fUon, icclia 1< mil after locomitin;,' tliu I'rjjulsu of r.iiiiL;a.s, ilc:irly cxjihiiii!) tlu; rc:is m ol Miirliidf's recall. 'L )k'L;'ii' A la li IS ili'iiia.s coini)aiiias do ml tli'rc'clia ki V,\ viiidii a r<'- iiica, imi's el gniii iiuiiiiTo dc , por lo i|iie mo vi en la jireeision »-.->. ' Mendivil ilcfeiidod his post witli excmiilary liravery, and after his licM- pieeo wan no longer of service, held his ground with the infantry under liis command, lli.s wounds were so scrioua that it was long before ho recuvereLL AIo M, J. y- tiO. Tni:.\f'ni'i;v of Tni'.ni.LO. 1» fivnralily arc llitir prnpo'^als i'(".;ai'\' Iil> liiic of iiilaiitrv. Hostilities, iMcaiiwIiilc. Iiavi' n;i-..|. l''fi<'M(||y aixl s|uri..'is aiT' tin- words w liicli TiiiiilJo uses, and at carji coiiK < iwc tin' iiiNUruiriils, itl icriii;^ 111 ci-owi l.'d ran!;"* ahon t tl it'ir S )(IU( Mian, • li ,i\v near*'!' and iii-ar< r. At tlu' iliiroh tl»( iirouiiil This trcachoroMs act infnriafed the insni'Ljeiifs, and the hat lie wa.-. i •we( 1 witi 1 MKTeased Nl'^ol', Tniji! liov.cvrr maintained his position until half-pa>; 1i\e ill the cvenin'H', when, havin^J lost one third of his r-ce ill killeii and wounded, ainoii'^ whom were many el liis hest olllcers, his ammunition, moreover, he- i.vj; wellninh exhausted, he decided to force his way tliitiU'^h the enemy in his rear. His position was indeed no lou'ifer teliahlt 11 IS rallKs Werc! l)cUl>'' Heei- iiiat'd iiy the iiisui'i^eiits' artillei-y, his troops, woi'u niit with lati_L(ut', wuro without provisions; whiU- num- hers of the eiiemv wci'e liasteniii'jf to reenfoi'ce those w ho Were waitiii!^ iu intercept his retreat. Ahaiidon- iiiLj- his cannon, therefore, ho put himself at the head '"His nwii wonls arc: 'Ijos acennu' luintii liicn iiiineiliiiti) "liaiiM ■t t HJ anti siiiiictiiiiis tilt; case vitii Iwse iintnres, instcail iif sciiii'' anvtiiiii',' ilis:.'raco with liiin. Wlic'lliiT tiiis wa.s il'iiu- with the approliatioii of Al'.i'iulf or t iij anther ihjcs not know. Aili\ n /,'' •■fiiir., I Jo. 'i'riijillo, an is 111 ill his lilt, ^'lorius in it. It was, however, sevin ly - I'llllll'l CNCll III ' iiiniKifio I'dfrioH'-o ih- i'.iili o. 4.-I, of I'Vl.. IJ, isij, in till- f liii; Words: 'Ilaccr fnt';,'i) soKro cstos rel icicles al tieni|Mi . 1 = i 1S4 HIDALGO'S MARCIf TOWAItD TIIK CAITrAL. of two coinjijiuifs of tlio Tri's A"ill;is rcgiiiuMit, and f(»llo\\L'il by the ivmaimlrr of liis I'oivcs in closctl col- uiiuis, siK'ccssl'iilly I'ou^lit liis way way out, aiul ar- livcd at C'uajinialpa with some little loss, llriv ho was (•oiiij)i'lK'(l to make a stand in order to re[)i'I a body of eavalry which was harassing his march and tampering? with his men. This ell'ected, with the loss of some killed on the part of the insnru'ents, he pin - OOl sui'd his way nnmolested to Santa Fe, where In; t U}» (piarters for the ninht, and oi» the I'ollowinj^ day en tcr> d the ca[)ital Tl len, liavinuf no one to d IS \n\U him, \io. made his defeat iipj)ear a victory; and a medal was .struck olf in connnomoration of his u'loti- (.U us achievements, and the success ot the roval arms f tlu il tf V I>iistamanto statos tliat Tru jillo's retri'ut was condiictoil in the grt ati.st an laras Cunjimalpa, and that tliL'ii','L' 'uscaiiiM'oiiio jnnlmii disjii isioii Ml ( ■iifi I. IliM., SJ; tli.it 'I'l 11,1 1 1 > ciitiTi'il thi! (.'ajiital w itii diilv •"! ipital; .lint liiiati'.s siililicrs, 'ii'sto uiiii'odi! toila la fiiciza (|iii'saci> (liM.'.sta ca tliat till' iVf^iiucnt i>f TifS N'illasliad almost cuasi'il ti> oxist. Mora also as- sort. s that tliti f^'i-cator ]iortiiiii of the snldii rs (If.si'iti'il on the liti-iat, sd that Inn 'JViijilli) iol't Santii I'o hu had llttliioxiT 10 nan. Mij. i/ siih J'cr,, i\. dtliuui;h it is jifdliahlo that sonio of lii.s nu'U dc.scrted. .smci' SI. himself mentions tiiat attcnijil.s wcic niaiiu, tosi'iliioo thcni from their allf,L;iani.u whiU; irtivatiiig, il is not |)o.«silil(! that the retreat was I'ondneted in di.sorder; hail siuh heen the ease, none wonhl have esuapi'il, niiieli leN-i the \\i)nniiid, who were lironj^ht to Mexieo, as .\laman reasonalily oh.scrves. Ihit thcaiijluu- whoadvanees the most ineredilile eoiijeetures as to what was prohalily Tni- jillos al)ility as eonnn;iudi'r .•ind his deiiortment in tlu; lield is the lii;en< i.i lo l)un .Anastasio Zereeero. lie t^ravely iilates that Trujilli). after havinii ,uiveu the; order to lire njion those witii whom he was holding parley, disapiieu dis as it wass.iid, in the liahitof a friai ami hastened to Santa K ail then, lieeaiise 'I'rnjillo, in his report dated Xov. (itli — that is, seven clays after the hattle says that ho oamiot stato the oxaet loss sustained, and lie- oanse, niori'ovor, he admits that he was the tirst to leave the tiehl. Zei-ee. ro conies to thu conolusion that everythiu;^ tends to justify tho opinion that '"'rn jillo lied at tho very lirst, and did not oven see tho liattlo. writin',' his le r.il- 1 ollicial despateh from the it snpi)lieil him hy Itnrltide. 'I'ho san thoi' assorts that 'rrujillo had 3,(MK) troops, only oOO of which retiii-ned t'l Moxioo. Mem. /'cr, Sli ,S(>- 107 -S. (iuerra. I list. It \. K states that 'JOO royalists oscapod to the capital. Thou;.,di a eoxcoml), a and \ villani, I rniillo was no eowa ird on the lield of battle. No'roto roasii ahly comdudos that tho viceroy and 'I'rnjillo woro of accord that it Wnidd not 1)0 safe in tho excited stito of t'.ie eonuuunity to pnhlish at once ti oliici.'il ; it of till! action, which had liei ited as a victory; wluii, .1/. liowover, tho insurgents had retreated, thore waa nodanj;erin doiii'^ so. //. Jill. Shj. A /A'., i. .-{(il •-', MW. ^"Tlio medal was piosontodon tlic".'?d of Fell., 1811, on wliiclidnte the vie ■• roy issued a proclamation in prai.so of tlio gall.int conduct of tho reirimeiit of Tics Villas, and tolls them to assumo Monto do lusCrnces! as their futiiro biittlo-ory. 'Os romito,' ho .says, 'loscsciidos do distincion (|iio mcriH.is!cis I'l dia 'M do oetnlire por vtiostra hrillaiito condueta en ol inoiite do las ( 'ruces , . .4110 ol mull to lie las Cruccs .soa vuostro yrito guurrero cu el uiouioiitu do A COSTLY VICTOIIY. 185 .\!tli()iiiv]i I[i(lal;j[<) thus rnnaiiu'd master <»f t j li, Id, his victorv liad hccn dcaily hoiiufht. The Iiid- i.iKs \\(i\' ten'or-strirkon «)V(*r the dri'adlid sUiuj^hter wliirli had hceii inllictod U[)()n tliem l)y the iii'e oftho aililli TV, Ihe deadly cfVectol' which they had witnessed Im the liist time;"' while the disciplined ti'oops were ('ii-iii;iyed at the loiiL*' resistance which so small a force li;i!l hceii ahle to make aj^'ainst such overwhehnini;' iiimiln'i's. 'riius on the lol!owin;jf nioi'niniLjf the insiir- i;- Mil army, insti-ad (»t' hein^" Hushed with victorv, were (K -.iiondeiit; and llidalno when he arrived at C\iaji- tualpa halted, althoui^'h Allende ur^'ently pressed u{)on liiiii the necessity of march inLj upon Mexico at ()ni;e."' Tlie caj)ital was iilled with forehodiui^. From the time iiitelliL^i-nce arrived of lliiialj^o's departure l'n)ni \'al!.>!lolid, fear had fallen on the p(;ople. And now V hell Trujilli* retui'ned with huta inamiant of his i'oree, iiiit\vithstandin<4 his braij^L^adocio, many i;"ave up all (jiuannjuato had lallen; A^alladolid had sur- 1111 1, iculered : it was Alexico's turn next! Ti'easures and jewelry were carefully concealed or confided to the sacred |»r(ttcction of convents. Women souj^'ht asy- liiiii in nunneries; and the city, which lor yi'ars had heeii free from popular out!)reak, presented a scene of coiii'iision and panic. Kven V\!ne_L;'as, taliuLj into con- sideration the numhers of the enemy, the distant po- Mic-itiMs futuros (■(iiiihatcs, y liV voz 'iiilo .sill c'om|)arai;ioii mayor el iiimirro ilu los inio pfiti'iit riaii ii I'M iiivasorcs,' AiVf. tj li ( iaivia ( 'oiulc in liis re- ]i!ii! in the viceroy after liix release from 'ai»ti\ity states tiiat tlio loss to tilt ill ui:,'eiits in killcil, wountled, ami desert, t* was mon- II •JO. (100. Ihninii- iii\, ii. '27lt. For more than live years after the i'ML,'ai;<'- liuiit. on either side of the pass of Monte de las (.'rnees, botli on tlie aseent mid de-:ct'nt, for tlie distaneo of over a league, ^reat heaps of human liouis to, :ld lie seen pileil underneath the trei's. Zinrcru, Mtin. I'ln, M(.e., 100. " liie diU'ereneeof opinion whieli not nnfrei|nently occurred between theso liailciM teriuinatril in unfriendly relations. SpijakiuL; of this dispute, IJiista- iiinihi- says; ' Uesile estii epoea eoiuen/o (Allonde) ii (lesabrirsc eon el (lli- il:i!-' il ilcsa/on (pie se iiuniento cadii dia in;is. y (juc tcnniiiu cou la desgracia luiiuiial do cntuuubos gefus,' l. //inf., i. 7S. ••I Aknnan, basing; Ms estimation on the enumeration of .ivailable fojri's given hy liustaniantc— see note 4."), this chapter — calculates that llieic \mio only "JiODOellicient troojis. IJat he iloes not include those stationed in tli • in- ten(jr of the city, which he considers to have becu of little use 7//^'. MJ., i. 48r>. "'Tiiis image belonged in the sanctuary of Totoltepcc; and on seveml no- casions had becnctmvoyed to tiic capital, during whioli vi-its miraculous p^v- crs had i)een displayed. It was greatly vcuorateJ, as wo know. VaLcMo, :Jir- mon, Ca-lOC. MKXICO FRIGHTENED. 187 SS 0. •III t" iii.i- ;l liiiiii.li'y ;it t'l liilii \\i tn>"i'^. (.11 il'llU'l ,1,. fnl-.-rS iJlcTi' \M TO ill til" ill- pns ifl.K'cd in itsliands lils viccroi^al staff of office, and sdlriiinlv Iiiiilcd it as lady c'ai)taiii-i>'oneral of thoaniiv. Tln' rt'li!>ious I'crvor of the assembled iiiiiltitudo was uincst rained, and tears of thankfulness i'roni a thou- .siud <'yes watered the cathedral iloor."'' The presence (if lliis protectinuf inuiLTe ^nvatly allayed the panic, whili' the soldiery, confident of victory with the (jueen t<\' heaven on their side, be^fufed for medals stani[)ed with hei' likeness."' The royalists, after the exam|)le (if Hidalgo, erected a f;acretl i)anner, which l)ore the vciHiated I'orm of Xuestra Senora de los llemedios. Thus on the I'uture hattle-iields durinc(l an\' answer; and in languacfe bv no means rclincd ordered the commissioners to lake tlieir de- pailure iimuediately, under jiain of being shot.''^ "'•Muni, .Mi.v. y .^ua lift:, iv. 84. Calvillo gives a detailed nccount of tlii'WMy ill wiiiih tiio iiii;i;.'o Mas linm.L'lit fioiu 'l"ol()ltt])oc. It heili'.' llio vIl-c- lny's (Uv i;_'ii to luiM' it iiitroiliK-cil sceri'tly into the city, lie sent ii e;iiTiii ,'o fur it ; liiit the Jmliaii.s in the iai;,'hliorliii(iil I'f the siiiiiie IteiMiiie iiware i^f tlio iiittiitinii t((reiiio\e their adoied jiruteetress, and iisseinliled in ^;reat ei'dwds villi (!( iiidiititiatiiiim of surnjw. With niiKli jh rsuasion they were ealincd, fiiiil then ill their veneration aoeiiiniianied the eania;,'e tu the capital, eauisiiig II" little aii|ireheiihion to those who Mere eondnctiiig the image, that they Muulil lie nnst.ikeii fur Hidalgo's iiiiiiy ami lireil on. Josin;^ In vain Allende advocated an immediate ad- aniufs. Nance on the citv Hi itl Kialufo, witli cooler aiK I t ruer jU.ln'Uient, knew that it would not do. ])etter iind iii'iiL" soldiers, drill his men, and practise f>)ratime on a Ic-^s fonnidabh.' f »e; and so al'tei' lin^'cring another day at Cuajimal[)a, lEidalj^o movt>d away,'" 'Iliivnitli I giv. •■ 'k>r refi'irncu to iiutlioritit's on tlii.s I'lnly eii<)<-'li oi M l('.\k;i!i tinii'|icnilea-. ■ 'fir. M'X., ii. 1(17, V. •2\1, L'JS, vi. 117. ix. ;!-J (i:i X. 4')l :>, 48.> H, •i;>7-«. ."lOS, \i. SI), Mi, l; i-M, '-'71 •-•. --'ss. ■U\:\-'J2, r>i\ ■:>:>, i>i)J-!U, xiii. i:! 7»». -Jt.")- ijiit -Mi), (;si-.i, :•_'. :;(»ii ;;so. ii-h;, (i-.".i-;i!, (iy»^!)(); (; 111, •_'i()-!)i, :u;! st. 4!)4-;!!), .^:io, 717-M»I, 871 :{, !H)(>-.")4, lOSS; /-/.. ISll, ii. KK-J.Vl, •J74-:;!»;i: /-/., I7M), iii. is ;i;i7; /./., i7!(o. iv. s)-'j:). Ii»()-S!). -iivn, ;u:{-si. 4-r.-:!:J: /-/.. I7!f-'. v. '.1-1'). M, •j(;i--2. ;ui /'/.. 17!»4, vi. !-■_>. :M:$, :{41 •_'. \\-2: /■!., 1711."), vii. i; ^. IV; »:/,/., 171)(i 7, viii. 10, ,■)!, S."), li)l» !»ii, ■iilS-MOl, Him s| ; //., 171IS. ix. I "I, Ills s(i, :!•_".); /,/., isoo-i, X. ■_'. 4!t--j(i!i, 'j.T), '212. ;iJ!i-:i(), :t(;!i: /, 77!»; /'/., IMHI, xiv. 47, ."0; /-/., 1S07 ;>ii:i. 4111, lij:; (I, (I'JK, 707 40, 1010-l-_'; /./., 1S(I7. xvi. passim; /)!.i!i"i IVovVw, i- i;!! It. ii.-2-lO, iii. \:>:\ vi. ,-)S, 00; Cnr/i'.-t, JUiirin, ISIO II, i. y ii. 10, |-2- l.'l, -1 ■), 4."), vii. 7, 1S12, xiv. "205-!); J)iurio ('oiKjnso, ii. no. .'U, 40i)-l, 4(!r>- b; 47'»-.i, vi. 110. 143, 2So4-.")j Col. Doc, i. 40-1; C'aro, Trc» S'ujlos, '208-72} 190 niDALGO'S MARCH TOWAIID THE CAPITAL ('•S4, S)2-4. 107-11, ll(i--.V). l"4-'-.".7, 17:.'-»-', •-'1)7 14, l'44, •J7(>-!»1. .'JJO .>», ,ns7-li>'_', r>, iii. 'JO.i-l 1, vi. :!.".; L'.^/.liioK'i, ( ■/iron., I •_•-•-'."><.•, •JSii-:!(,H. .S.'O 1, r,:]{l-i; IhiKtuimnih; Ciind. Jli^t., i. Vl-'IO, :!()-(), 44 " ' "" (/fV,-.vr.,piX _ . , , - . ; • S::-1CC); (Vo<«, L'/i'scd/). J/c.r , 'J07-l'>; Strichr, JJil'l'mi /i/ ManloU, JJ< ms ili> iA./:>/Y,v, I'p. 10, VrhLifpu-, (''ir/d fil /i'(;/' //^ /i'u;;(('(, MS., oii;.'. ; I'dii'ijU", I'ro;/. J'llti: Aiiiir., pp. II; Vahlui-UiO't, CouUst., 1,")-17; \'i(i;icro Univ., xxvii. 107- 11); \Va Id y TUumiifuii, l!(coll. 2l, l.".(», l(JO-:t, vii. oS; A'/wr/»r:, //,. qvlsiilor Fisral. . .('oiiird, y\>'\. p]i. "JSI; Yninnj, Jl'"!. ,^/fx'., 7o-S; Zdiw, i.ruKliiiJiir,:, 1-2.") ".:!, 171 •2;ir>, -211: Z^n-iiln, AVr. Mr.v., 4:5; l>j(. CV.//./ ,V. Cir!r., 19-2;); /.V ■' l!(.l)iiii;on, Ml x\, I3-'2I); LI., i. *21-7; liiunin-, Lcrtuni.-, wj. Jlol., iii. '231-.'53; UobluK, JJitirio, in J)or. Hint., Mi.r., slt. FURTHER refi:rexci:s. 101 Icaul s(^' /•//'■•■■/o'"/r, '2lil-n'Jft; I)«ni(ii<<-h, II'i„!», Mrx- tow. U'l-IU); Ju'rild, M<:m. IliM., jit i. :'.(); A/., CoiilUiiiwiini, MS., f. '.'lit; Ihrr. Ciih: llil. O'xxi., iii. 4(i.'>, r.JC !), Ti'O-l; A/., vi. l.">(!-7. ."|-.'-i:!; A/., vin. IM, '-'(!(i. ;{''•■ .")i;!-H;, 04;!- »; J- 4(i; /.'iiMiOili, U'lat. Mix:, i. (Jll, v. ;!I.")-1(;. :r,;\ (i. (Ul-".', tU.'), vi. J passim, vM 1'= .-im, Mil. _'.»-(. 40-S, ").",. SiMlJ. 4!it)-4, 44s-.-,!», 4(;t. 474, 4SS, .-,I4-I.»i». .■..M, iJ7, ix. ;!:!-'.>, X. .".7, (i;'.-.">, !•()."■-•_'•_', !l«'.). i:iU4, i:iS7-it, !:!!•_• D, I lOJ, •i(j.'>, .'j4."., (il;!; A/diiKiii, M<.r., i. imssiiii, :i. 4">, 57, Sl-J. 8!»-'.l(), |(»l. 110 14, ■IDS •_■(!, .".IS ',1. .".s:?, ap. l!)--'(», "Jl (i, iii. 1-.')S, ()!), . i.; Al'hol/, Mu: ami U. .V., 4'_', •Jl."! (i; J/yv./c:, lli^t. y Croii., l(il SO, (i; Ai //lull'jc Afiu:, :i2-UK l(!S-!»; Anlhn.o, On nh„i. M,x., l-_'-l.'>, Kss !».-!, •J.-J-J- A rm Arnli'i'jc. J.\ <:}>. \j-,lnh ii'ion JA " ip. 101; 'il ; Alrnrr<. J-J-linlics, iii. 4.')!l; /'/'i 4;i_'-l; Jiir.iniroHrl, ^f^.l^., ;!."i 71; Hi nihi si, Znr., ',\; Jl, H, (iiiii/., r)-27-'>V llln L-I'vl. Ml tSl-!)0; /; 10, "j:!; III., /ii.ifihit. 'if, ('roil. M'li'h., v. 1.")!; Htilil, (Intij. yv:,; lias.L Ml a: Jliirri in. <', ;il7 OJ; (;,('■ Ml scr. ii., ill /'o<-. lli^t. Miw., sur. ii., iv. l.VJ-iiit, •_'()!», !IJ-:«, ;4-S; (I Jjiario, 111 Ihji'. Ilist. Ml Vi^llnil, MS., 11-3.'), iA AuV, a Av> pt i. 4, .">:!.">; ildlri-., Jn/uri ilfii, ('ol. X. Lifii), l.">.")-'JI.'i: li'iniir., I'iila :., 115, 14.")-(i pp. 11; /insf. ,/ii/inii, ISoO-'J, vi.-xxxii.; Mu I'., S'rmoii Paiicij., 17S."), p .lAi r '.'/";/• :'.).i liihn'if. ol'/jfil. (1 >r. hitiririi S/miii ninl hi r Am. ('ol., MS., in Min/i r .l/.V.V. 11(1. xwii. 'J; Midliv, 1,'iiieii .lA.c. , iii. •J'_'7-44; Mi' a y Lioiiijiuit, I, Hill. A I ."), 1()S-'21; Mixiijiie J'lVol., l-l."i; Miniijii slri, i'oiilni lli-^tr., p]>. 10; .Ui.ii-i) y yiqioli'Oii, Pnir. I' .!/ '.'/' '■, J/f .1: pp. 14; M,.c. L'l/iif. Art. Jnmin, 1l; .1/. I'l-o'j. ifAi,!., i. .•)0:)-!l; JA (■.'•. jti>, 10-_'-S; Lojn-. (./.). J)li- Moilr O/ll •ii (S.), J)i'irl. ('iiriit.-I'ol., ]ip. ;>S; t.'r.'iiin. y ]!i 'nnnoiil, pp. 10; Miirr'li, J'list. A'of. (Jrli., 4l.'i; /.(i/nn-jii: Aim;/'' lii^t. I'iv'm X, -'):i-i; L'iri-t, JJisrnr.^n Cir., jip. 1,"); Ofirihay, \'. I'l y, Pruiliini., ]ip. Hi'-i, (Jniiioii L'ir., p;i. 4; l.iij'imil, Voy. (int. ilii Momlr, i. I " A i. -JJ M; A Vklii Ovhdo, •_'7o-3; liar J)i Hist., no. xxxvii. 0;]ij-'j; Lcmpricrc, Xoka on Mtx. 4*J3-4.; La Cruz, v. *207-lo. CHAPTER VIII. PROGRESS OF THE REVOLUTION. ISIO. Calleja's Puepauatidns— his Bioorapitv — Engagement at QrEittTAno— Callkja Joins Foik'ks wnii I'lun -Cii \vi:z Kiu'ilsku at Qi ei:i:tai:'i— Callkja's Movk.ments— 'J'iik Disi-kusio.n df Tin; lNsriu;i-;NTs at Aci ico — CALLEJARETrilN.STOQrKKETAIlO— GiIAUACTEUOFTkUKES— I)EFi.N>lVE Mi;AsruKS(iF Abakca in Jalisco-Ism i;(;i;nt Otekations in J.M.isru— IvNiiAtiKJ'.EST AT La IUkca- Tim; JJoy.-.i.ists I)i:i-e\iki» at Zaciai.co — (JrAUALAiAUA SruiiENnr.r.s to '1"oui:i:s-Mei:caiio (Jains l'(issEs>inN op Wan 15l.*s — Ukvoi.i'tion in /AcsTKrvs - Fi.ichtof tiif. F,ri:()ri:\N^— An U.NFOUTl NATE LnTKNIjKNTF — lUIAUli-. IInTKUS ZaCATM'AS 'i'liE ( 'oM- MISSION OF Doctor Ojs — A Daiiinc! iSciil.me— San Li is ]'(jtu>i W hn iiy AN Lnsukgent I'liiAU— a TiiKAciiiaiors Visiiou — .San Li i.s Sack: d. While tlio events luirratud iu ilie two jireeediir,' cha])ters were taking place, Calleja iu San Luis !'>- tosi was making preparations, with extraordinarv U!-- tivitv, to take the Held; hut at the same time with that avoidance of unprotitable haste which charactiT- ized all his movements.* The comandante of San Luis was first ai)prised of the occurrences at iJolores on the 19th of September. He had a few days hi 'lure received warning of Hidalgo's meditated insurrecf inn, through information supplied to him by Jose (Jabiii 1 de Armijo, and conveyed through the subdi-lcgnilo Pedro (iarcia. At that time he was at the liaciiinhi de ]>ledos, a property belonging to his wife. Wliilo returning to San l^uis he narrowly escaped capture by a troop of horsemen sent by Hidalgo to make him ' Aliad y Qiioipo, iu his report to Fernando VIL in l.Sl.'>, says of ( 'a!!rja; 'Sii'iiiprc! ohn') con Icnlitud, diiiido nniclio lu!j;ar ;l log cncnigos para uuim.u.ar BUS icuniouc3 y dcioiisus.' Iii/uruK', iu Zaiuucois, Hid. M(j., ix. !S7L (192/ FKLIX MAIUA ( ALLIUA DV.L REY. 103 jirisr/Acr, tlu' soldiers MrriviiiLj .-it l])f li.'icl<'iit;!utioiis JV'oiii t!i(3 \ iccroy, ( 'allcja issued orders to jihice tlie t\v<» pi'oviiicial dragoon rcL^iineiits of Sail J. Ills and San ( Virlos under arms, and to di-aw reci'uits IV '111 tlie dill'erent towns and liaeieiidas ot" his district. Tiiis could not !)(.: very (|uic]cly done, scattered as tix! tiedps were in diH'ereiit localities; nor was it a matter iX siiiall fiiflicultv to t'onvi'i-t into an otiicieiit I'oi'ce i.icii (hawn IVom tlii'ir aL,''ricultural pursuits. Calleja, liAVevei' was aldv seconded hv the authoi'ities and piMprietors ol" estates, as he had their lull conlideiitv. l'i'li\ ]\[aria Calleja del Hoy, the futurt; viceroy of Xew Spain, was a native of Medina del ('ampo in old Castile, andaniemher of a distini,niishud family. Jle d h ilit C'liuiieiicecl nis uiUitarv career as an ensiM-ii m disastrous expedition ajjfam -()vei'nment at ^Madrid adopted tho .system of dividing;' the [)rovincial militia into ton hrij4'- iides,' tho command of that of San Luis Potosi was hcstowed liy Viceroy Azanza uj»on Calleja, with tho tiii'rrs])ondin<>" rank of brie'adier.* Durlu"' his resi- ^ llr'ninfortr, /;/.;I U('1U'(! (tViT t Ih i-(Hiii(iy jx'opK' was txrcal, ami his jiiiilitii-s and ciil- luit! ur.iiicil ailmiration; Iml In- had an inoinniiat ■ Idvr of llatk'iy, and was ohsiinatc, liard-ln-arttHl, a.i 1 r('Miiirst'li,-sslv crui 1. In order (o (h'ili and jilacc \\\n>]\ an cfllciiiif war (odlini^ tht-' new li'vi»'s, Calleja estahlished ii camii at the iuifienda du la. I'lla, situated in thv' vicinity of Saii J.aiis; and si» altly was he s eonded l)V the aul lioi'it iis and ieadin;^' men, that he soon had nioi'i- I'eeruits tliaa lieconld I'm iiish with arms and e(|ni|)nients.'''' X'arioiH urhan comiianies wvro I'aised lor the ])roti'c{i()n of t!io city; olIieiTs wen.' apjiointed; and the .I'iiu'opeans who wi'rt' llyinL;' Irom (iuanajnato to t!ie eoast w(-re de- tained and jM'essed into tht; service." As Ihc; troops consisted jirincnpally of cavalry, a hattalion ol" li^ht ini'antry, six. hundred strong', was or^'ani/ed;'' camiun weri' ordereiTiu>, who aniU'il ami t xil; llllllicl cf tMiLsi'li'ialiii' l)t"ly. Ari'or'liii;; t > -\laiiiai\, AUc.iih^ hail iH'imrtpcl to Uiilal,^ tlia M. .\1 )iRaila Ma.i (lisjiiLsi-d to .';ii])jH)rt l!i'' r-'vo'.utioii, /!inf. M> mv afuTwan •ami' (iis.in-'UHiici I 1. t h t!u'ii 4-..i. M Armijo, Dirauti.i, Aijiiiriv, r>.iria;j;aii, tlio lieistiguU, ami IJ:istaiii:iiiu'. / '., 4:>4. ' Known \i\ till- iiaiiio of los T; ulo-i, from the color uf tlicir uiiifonn, whicli was siiiiilar to that of tlu' tamai-iiiil fruit. Iil., 4^t'). They wi iiiaailcil liy .lu.iii Xi i)iimnfi.'no Ovii'ilo. Jil.,t\p. ~S. IV I'.llll- Tlio pi'oi'hitmitiou \ihith is ^'ivcn in full hy /iutlmnniitr, Ckhiik <''ii'-ji, 1.'i-ir>, is an c'vhortatiou to alk'u'iaiici.'; it attiilmtcs the irvolutiouary laovij' laoiit to the iiiaehiiiations of Xapoleon. It is ilat''il the 'Jil of Oct. ".V (^aniulite trial' with a ciucilix in his hand ailmiuistci'ed the oath to eacli Foldier. Of the inlliience which tiic-^o reli;nons e\ei-cis(-d over the s.Mdlcrv r.ust; amaiite reniarl ell ' I'rcvalido del a-;cemliente ( !inc trozan ai estos relii^iosos sohre el hajo jiuclilo, logro entusiasniailos de tai inancr.i. ijue euandi) niarclu'i con pus trojias crcian estas (|Ue iiian ;'i mcdir.sehia con lu ■.v_e3 y it defender la reli^'ion de Jesucrialo. ' t 'tiiiil. /li-ti., i. 4S. '"The iutcudeute of ijuu Luis Totusi placed at hia dispositiou 3i'-,000 Mr.Asrui'.s A;;AiN;i!; uf 1) 1 )r;ilcli til'tlif I7tli dl" ScptiMiilfr (I)' li'fcil ( '.illi'ja, to liastcii to ( Jui'i'.'taro i'or (he |iii:'- ])(),(• <.r |i;'cV('iitiiiL,' an uprislii;^^ in llial citv. Calli'ji, |iit\vi'V( 1-, replied that, lie liati ali'cady (liscovci'cd ,i iinci it rd |)lot< ill San Luis, and lliat it \voiild lie im- ]Mis>il)!e (o |ea\e tllltil lie lia.d coiiipleteil liis UI'IMD'^e- iiciits: at the saints time exjilaiiiiiin' to tli(* viceroy Ids I'lMiiosed ])lan to I'ai.-e a eonsideraltle lorct* and taKo till' lield ai;'ainst I }idal;;'M, aflor lia\in;;- j»ut, San Ltiin i:i a state of defence. l'i)on i-ecciviiiM- lids infofina- {'.n]\, \'ene;_;as, |)ercei\in'4 the prndelice willi wldeh ('alleja was act inL,' luide!" t lie new aspect of all'airs, \)<'i'- laiUcd liiui (o <'ontinue Ids operations, and instruct.etl Mia t'l unite liis joi'ces wlieii in ivadiness with thoij ef l''lon, now on his march to (Jiiei'etaro. ner hail I'don arrived at (}ueretaro than an \: o soo c'l'Vi'^'emcnt took pla<'e Ix ' A'oen ;i di'tachnient of li".-» iar!i and a hody of three thousand insui';4'ents in tho vicinity of tliatcity. When the enoniy appeared i;i si;4'lit on tho road iVoni San Mi'^aiel, I'don sent out n firce of six Inuidi'cd under the command t ono hundi'ed and ci^Iity, with thesiu'i^lo ollicur, (_V[)tain Linares, hastily (li-persed when they found tlu; enemv to he mucli ia;>i'o numerous than the}' had suunosed 'I'l nare li'.)\ve\H'r, made a resolute stand, and the division n;- overiu'^' its(df, attacked and iiillicti^d i^reat slaU'^'hter u;io!i the Indians with th''ir artillery, tlie elK.'ct of Vwiirji they were so iLjuorant: of, that they attempted t ) protect themselves hy j)uttin^^ their straw hats p( ;m;j from the royal coIkth. IV'siile^ this, .is sdom as ho licarl of (ho no- lisiiii; ho onlorcil ji conducta of kiIvct \vliio!i ha I hccn (h-taiiicil at Santa Jhivi.idel Kio liy tlic .snl)(hl('L;ail() (laivia, to iio sent to San i,ni-!. 1'iiis (■• i- f-i ti.' I of an in;,'ot of j^'olil and :{!.'> \tavn of silver. la aillitioii to tills, ha !•' cciviil as a loan fr.ini wcaltliy minin;^ spot;ul,it:i;--i of Zacatocas i.'^oJlO'i l>i'si).s on veiilcs, ill liar^ of jilata (juintada, and •J.fiOO niarksof i)lata lidsuw /'/.,. 'lO-T; Alaman, llitt. Mcj., i. 4JG. 100 IMtOCKKsS OF TIIK ItKVOLUTION. o\»i' i]\{' iiiontli of till' (•.•iiinoii." 'IMif result, was i!,.t IdiiLf (loiihtriil ; the iiisiirj^ciits wciv dislodired JVum lluir r;i\ iiiiililc |>(>>itii>ii willi ln'jivy 1<»«h, tlio royalists ](lsill^• only diM' man.'" Ou llif 'JItli ol' ( )c{(»li(i', Caljrja l»n»kc caiiij) ai:(l procfcMlcd ti> l)()lii'('s, wlicrc lu' hud an'aii,i;'('(| with (ho cMiidi' dr la ( 'adciia to uniti? thi.-ir forces on the 'J.'^tli. This was accordingly done, the latter haviii'^ left (^iii - I't'taro i>n the 'J'Jd.''' After lea\ inn^ an ellicient L;'a!ii- si»n in San Luis," Calleja's force, iievei-lheless, in;i- tei-ed .■'.,()()i) ca\alry and (lOO infantiy, with i'oui'canjion. These united with Flon's troo|»s formed nn army it' altout 7,000 men, with v\>j;\\t piect'S d in hy C'alleja in Dolores ly thv) sackin;;' of Hidalgo's house a)>d the ill treatment of the inhahitants. TIk' i)i'oject of Calleja had hoeii to proceed to tiio capital hy way of Celayn, Acumharo, and Tohi<'a. i'll- lowiu'j', in fact, JEidal-^'o's lino of march; hut while at Dolores he received ii despatch from tlie comandaiit'! of (^ueretaro, (jrarcia llehollo, statiiij;' that tin; city was threatened with the whole fc'ce of Hidalgo's " Alainan romnrks: ' l', o hcclio ft]ioii,'iscroil)lo, inc li:i sido aso^'urail'i \v>r todf's I'l.s (Hie li:iii tciiido ( i jciiuicnti) d'jl succ'so. ' ///V. J/f;/., i. 4.il). '- AriMi-.liiiL,' til Ti lli)".s siim, "JiM) Jiiiliuiis wriv JiiUcil; llio roy.ilist s'.iin met his iKatli l>y iux'idt'iu hilc imssiiiLC in fniiit o( n caimoii. Ga-.. ilr M'.c., LSIO, i. .S.")t). 'IV'llo dot's I : s;iy aiiylliiii'^f idmiit lii.^ own liuniid di.'iKirt- lire frnm tlio ilclil. Tin; tii' i-uliable piirtirul.u's are llindc t,'i\'eii in tho ti xt, liting till! statonK'nts of Ijin cm in a i'i']ii'(>.y threatening to niaUc tlic stv'ets of f^Viere'taro (low witli l)lood if, during liii absence, they acted dislovillv. /'/., 4(10; Xnink, Hid. Mil. Sij. XJX., i. 2'J_>; lleniainkr.yDdvcdos, CoLJ'"':, ii. 17:$ 4. " Tliis consisted of .'l.^O font, 110 horac, and three companies of the i iban ti'oops. BuMainaiile, Cucul, J list., 1. 55. CALLIvJA A I' •jri:i:ETAKO. 107 jiiiiiy. C';ill«'ja ;icftii(|iiiMlv iii.nrlicil in (>ui'i\'t;iri>, Uiit f'liiinl tli;it ill) iii>i^iii!iiMiit attack *y .lullan NilLi'^ran, a (Mptain dl" tli(.' militia nf I Inicliapan, alt('tn|>tcd in tl ;ili- •llt'i! )|' I'Mon (1 uani 1 11 »->,(■ n 'if (.^mTv't.af'*. L.iiliiiijf liis ral)Mo into llic town, tiny IiimLc and lied ill. till' liist (.'aniion-sliot, which killed a considcrahh! ii'inihcr of Ihcni,"^ whilo their o|i|t(incnts lo-,!, not. a >ii:'.;lc man. 'i'hi~, fiitik,' inovi-inint of Sanclic/ wni iite'iidctl, however, with most impoitant results; ImI', as wil ^eell, it saVe( I (.)u t-retai'o IVom hein;^' occu |iic(| hy I [i(lal;,''o, ami was tho indiri'ct, cause of th ii'>!ii'3'nt leader's later dcf -at. Calleia arrived at C^ueretaro on the 1st 01 X oN'em- her. the en'4'aLC<'ment liavin;^- taken place on ihe ."totli iti Octohei', the> same (lav on whicli was fought tl hattle of the nioiite de las ( Vm (iiin"'cii to a PI )roac!i M eXieo 1)V a t {■'intliui;' himself di'l'erent I'oUte, h'-- imw directed hi.s ccjur.su by wa}' of Kslancia, San Juan '■•r.illcja'.s ropnrt in On-, ih' M,.r. (ISIO^, i. m\ "Miy .M)iui.' tiiii ili'l'ivit I'f Saiii'liez \v.n ciii'lilcrcil ono (if tin' roasrun for IIiil;il_'"".s ivtrcat. ' St' tiivi> [or riiTt.) cntniii-is (|1K" hal>i,i I'l'ciliiiln l:i ii(itii.i;t (li> li (li'iidta del .!,'Pm;r;il S.iiiolic/. cii QiHTt'tar). ' I ii-^nrni'. A'. /.'•■,(. !!■ <. lli-l., 111. liiistaiiiiiiito's ai.'iMiiiiit of this all'iii-, ihiiinil iui|iiMli.ilpk' liy Alaiiiaii, is in inl!MU-,-i : jiri'iailior Sanclic/, ;iftri' laisiu^' tlio staiiilard "f ivvult, uiari lu.l 1 1 San .Fiian ikl Jtio, wlicro lio oaiitiuvd lliu uiilm' .Juan ( 'i)llaili), wIik, liavin:^ ciiu'luil'd his ciiMMiiission, was rotiirniu'.; to Moxii'D. ![(■ als > nuulo inisnuri' .Vui'iuio Aruna, ' 'retiicnto du corto di; l.i sala ilil cvinicn,' wliu liL-rnili'd Sau- tli' / iiit'i liclievin;,' that if lie would allow liini tort'tiiiiit > (i>:iiM>'tai'o ln'conl I I'V his iiilliicnco sul'l'olvI in winning; over tliu garrison for him, tho si,L,'ii d to ho till! lii'iiiL,' of a (.■aunon from tho fort do la (/'inz. Sancluz uon.suntc 1, liiit A'jiii'adi-i.io^ed tho plot, so that tho city ini','ht bo ])iit in (Irfcncc Tiiu f.i,'- r.il wa.s ;;ivcn, novcrthek'ss, and the crcdiitou.s Sanciii,/. entered the city Villi tlif ri-snlt narrated in the text. TliJ same anthorstates that their whi>l'' force vas only ,")0i) men, who had only It minket.-i amoii'i^t them, and that.'U w. r.j "Ullcd tm the sp-it, witliunt coiintiug the wouiiilci and others killed in t!n^ imrsait. ('ii'id. Ul'it., i. SS-O. The version of (.'oniandante UeUollo i.s. how- over, very diil'ercnt. Ho .states in his vc|)ort to the viceroy that there weio 4, o m-litary men did not like to be led by a priest; Ihcy were determined to submit to him no longer than was necessary, On tlie Gtli of November the advance I'-uav 1 ( 'alleja'.'i army came in contact with a detachment of Hidalgo's forces at ^Vrroyozarco, and [d'ter a sliarp skirmish ])ut the enemy to llight, killing some anl taking others prisoners. From the ca]>tives, and IViim Colonel Emparan, whom CalKja at once s(M:t forward with a strong force to reconnoitre, it wwi discovered that the insurijents were at the nei'dibiir- ing town of Aculco. Calleja at once made his i\r- rang(>monts for battle, takin'j," up a military positi -u two leati'ues distant from that of Hidah. Tl ic ;n- '"Tlic captive Garcia Cnuili! iiflcrwar.l stafdl to l!ic vicci-oy that .•illl'.iiii'-''i Ili.lali^o'a loss after tlic Ixittlc <»f lis Crucos ainMinitcil to 4i),(l!):) in liili>.'il, w.)ii;iilc(l, iiuil deserters, tlicro still reniaiiicil to liiiii 4;),().)0 followers. //(;•• iia"(lrz ij ])itviilQ<, ('ol. Dim-., ii. L'Ti. tiiurra, Jli-'t. I!< i\ X. L'^/i., i. '.'<'-A tiiiiiUs this ail exaggeration although couliniieil hy CiiUeja. Oaz. ,/(' .'/'.i*. (I-.IO), i. 907-8. "'Accoi-iling to Garcia Coiule, when speaking of Hidalgo, thcv used to CiiU him ' cl Ijiiboa del ^ara,' that knave of a, priest. Alamuu, Hist. J1(J. , i. up. til). b ArFAIR AT ACULCO. 100 siivL-'iiitri W( r<^ ;!iMv.ii u]) ill two linos on the summit (){' ;i r'ctiin_L;'ular liill wliicli overlooked the towii^' iiiiil was ul'iiost surrouiKie!l hy hurraiicas and gullies. Vriliiiii tlie Inn .; numbers were di'awii uj) in (he l"orm ( fall (ihldui;', the ailiii;'i'v beiny" stationed in the li'ont ;,iid oil Ihe riL;Iit ilaidc, ^vhile the rear was occu[)i('d 1 v ilisorderly crowds. The encounter whi(.-h lollowed \ a-; not projierly an en;.;'agement, hut ratlin' a i'eint oil the part oi' the rev(jlutioiiary leaders, who had de- < * 'V'TV^-'^ '■ 1.1 ji,"""^-'*' ACULCO 'K""''»'-ti^_T=>^— ""'^ ii'"- ....#*^^ ^,',< ."n-^-ja.. ... V I a. I ft-j JL^ I .ra 104 vi\ v,H \ •- („ -- - . 1 ft 1 *y I •"'. V" / i»A 1; I !l 1 » 14 h; 1: IS i'l.AN Ol' JjA1TUM11.L1> at A'-t LfO. Line cf Ijiittlo iif the royalist army. Talk (if arlilluiy i;i po^ilioL. Cavalry on tliu left. Cavalry <>i\ t!io riiriit. jinily of i-avalry covcnug tlic iliiiik df tlu' iuf.aitry. lloiliis (if iufaiit\y. ]ii-S(.'rvo of ca\aliy. (i Cavalry dii Kftaiul li^jHt in culiiiiin, Cinnpany of volm\l('i'r;:i. Cavali'y on left I'.aiik of infantry colnnuis. licsi'i'vc (.av.ilry of saniij (jolunni s, CiiliinnH of iui'antry. I'ark (if artilii'iy in pc^cond ]iositiiin. I"J I'aik (.f aitilk ry optniu;,' lire. Coliunns of infantry nionntin;^' iIk; kill to ;ittack. (.'avaliy in rcsiTvc. 1.") J'ositiou of the int-urgoiit avnij-. Insnrire'nt artiilrry. Ili|ni]iaix(', amuninition, and carria,"f-'-. Coiupaiii(;s of pairi(jts of San Lui.i iloin;^ pcrvieo ns 11, "It troops. 20O rnoc;rj':ss of tiii; kfa'olutiox. cidcd not to j^ivu battlo, but cUoct a retreat under cover of a show of rc.si.staiice.""'^ Calleja, undeterred by the diiiiculties })re.sented by tlie onemy's })()sition, ooni- meiieed the attack with three coluunis oi" infantry, -' on the morning of the 7tli of November. I'or some twenty niiiuites the royalists pushed on,-" ex|)0sed to the slnii'-'ish lire of the insuru'ents, whose cannon-balls Hew hi,i;h al)()VO their heads. U nscatlied they reacln'il the loot of the steep on which the enemy was poste;!, but when the stormed colunms had scaled the hei^'hts, the Ibe had iled. ^Meanwhile Calluja had marked tlie disorder in the revolutionar}^ ranks, caused, as he sup- ]iosed, by his well directed i\vc; and thereupon m- tlered the cavalry on his ri^'ht flank to attack the cii- emy'sleft, which could oidy be done l)y a long detour. J3oui)tless it would have pleasctl him — as he ;dlii';iic I that hedid"^ — toconunit u-reat slaULjhter bv his cav.ii- rymeii who pursue(l the enemy two and a half lea^ir's over the hills and through the glen; but the tratli is, thev did not kill a hundred."'* lie lost, however, onlv '"'llidal'-'o pulili-^luMl at Celayii (ni tlio l.'Uh of Xdv. ;v circuliir j.'ivini,' ;'.u art'omit of the alliiir, as.sigiiiiiL; as a ivasou for liis jidI ciiLraL-'iii,:^ tiic lacii.y Lis want (if ainiiniiiition. Ho naysi: 'Solo sc i.'utretiili() i;ii fuut,'!) knit^t ya i.mclia (lislaiicia, ciitii) tautn hio ilaljii lu^'ar ii (jiio so ivtiiaia la ^icuto bin i\- ] rriniiiit.ir ijuclnaiiti), coiiii) lo verilico.' J/i niinnliZ y IhiviJu^, I'al. I ):,■■. ii. '2_'l. A i|uautity of caimon-lialls ami L'lapc-sliot and li'i) cans of jiowd, r wore left on the luld. Jui';' isona piesi'ncial do esto suceso, la cual nio ha asei,'urado ipio los ci;erpo3 [iri'i- eipales del ejercito real estuvieron vacilantes v :i pnnto do pasarse. ' Ciivl. His/., i. ill --j. --(Jareia Gonde timed the diir.ation of the (irin;:, ami states: 'En veint'' y dos niiuutos so><('i el fneixf). ' l[ifi>'iiidiz ij ]>dr,ili,.-<, Cu!. Ih.r. Imlip.^ ii. 'JT'i. -'■'( 'alleja estimated the entire loss to tlui insuru'onts in kilknl, MdUiii'l, anil prisoner.s at 1(1,(1(10. ' I'.isa de cinco mil,' lie says, "el luimero dv los I. a- dido-i en I.1 taniiio.' .Vnd he adds this jiions rillt'ction: ' l>cxando el eaiiip) lleno do cacl.ivei'cs, y el espeet:'iculo horrilile (jne ])resental)a, y de (pie ■■ 'U res[ionsal)les ante l)io.s y Ins houi'ores, lo.s traidoi'es IlidalL,'", Allcnile y sas sciiaaces.' (Ac. a'.o'a 01 ol w u:an kilkxl and one wounded, while lie captured all llidal-. foscaniH^n.'-'anniuinition.and Ijau'u'aL'e.alariro h iiuiuljer of cattle, sheep, and horses, and a (piantity (if nit.'reliandise,-'^ besides rescuini^' the ca])tives Garcia ('(»ude, Hal, and ^Merino. Thus terminated the af- iair au Aculce\ which, trivial as it was, re^'arded as a martial achievement, was important as etfectin^" the persion of Hidalgo's forces and frustrating^' his di uis si'Hi n'>'ainst Queretaro. Had the insuru'ents not ahandoned tlieir position, they would probably have "aiued a victory. Ijut the leaders wer(_! at variance; .■—11/ ' Idiers were disheai'tened; the Indians were dis- (,' so th ap|);>inti'd at not liaviu!^' 1)een led to the ca[)ital ; and all wiio ailected by the demoralizinu;' consecpienccs of a rrtr«'at. As it was, a i^reat victor}^ was ci>lol)rated l.'V tlie royalists in the capital, and solemn tlianks'>'ivinLj ottered to their diviiio u'eueral, our lady of k)S Itenie- dios.'-' Ahou.t the movement.: of the revolutionary chiefs dining' the ten days iollowini^ their departure from Aculcv), historians are stran^'ely silent; l)ut one fact is ciTtain, namely, tliat they eifected their retreat t.) ( ela va witii insiui'niiicant loss 2i Here J [idalv'o and .\i!r:id(; formed new combinations, audit was dceiiknl that the latter should march with the foi'ccs to ( uiana- jiiato, whik" the former, accompanied by a, iV'W fol- lowers, should return to Valladolid, and tlicro ]-ej»air losses by the iiKiuufaeture of arms and the levyiu''- of lV'.>ii lrooj)s. of Ihc ITitli, ropi,>!'ts to Calloja tliat tlio killorl at Aculoo, tn.ri.thoi- with tlioso !>! liu ill tlio skiinii-:h of tlie ilay lieforo, woro .S."> — 'y iiaila. mas;' ami lliatof i");! wnuiiloil, ton (lioil .sulisoi|Hoat!y. llii^ln iiviiifi\ Ciini/i'tiKM ilf Cnlhja, "j;?. '■' I'u'olvo, iaoliiiling tlio tw) ahumloiiol by 'rriijiiloat l.;s ( 'riioos. 1 ninoliaolias Ijini ]);irooiila.s (quo Calloja llaiuil ol serrallo 7">-S, as cuiToit, iiiiij, ill tho main, I ha\o I'liliowod it in the toxt. '•Mliililj,M. ill his ciivniar ilatod Cola ya, Nov. l.'?th, statos that liif forces had 1p, (u louiiiiod, and that iii' had luovo than U) piucos of artillory alroady 111 iiiU'o 1, and was wM piovidod wiih aniiiiiuiition. Ilcraduiiz y IjckiIos, tW. A"., ii. '221. 202 rnocjRESS of the revolution. !Moanwliilc Callt j;i retraced ])is steps and marelied toward (.^)iieretaro. As lie repassed tlirougii San Jiiaii do los llios lie iiias llios, v>Iiith luul been held for a time I>y iSaiiclu-.:, dcinaudfd all iwnM to be delivered up within six lu.nus, extendiiiL,' on tiio^e eoniiirinns a panhju to tho^^e wiio had aided the iiisur^'oiits, addiiiL; tl;atin case cf i'ui'ther disobedience the iiihabitant.s '.ser;in tratadoHbin eonnii^evain'ju {dj.'iiiia, jiasadoH i'l ciu'hillo, y el piii'blo redueido a eenizas.' 'J'lie viecroy :i;i- jM'OM-d ot the edicts of Callcja, and extended tiic imlnlto to all towns in X'-.v S|;aiii, iiriniiisin;^ ihat if one of the Icader.s would deliver u)) the ri'st lie i^lioul 1 lienelit by tlie ]iaicloii. JJispos. \'(triai, ii. f. S; /Jcniaiui:. y Ddculi)i>, <'u'. J)w., ii. i'OO, -Jl!) -Jl. ^ riiisniiivenientwa3 initiated, as before atatcd, by !MiLruel Sanchez. \iV.:i- j.;ran, wi»o Mas of a ferocious character and addicted to drnnhenness ami all dtiiei' vices, ninidered Sanclie:^ f(^r Home i^li^ht oll'ence .soon afiei' his reiiulao iit Qii'Tctaro. His sou Franiisco, kn(pun by tlic name of Cidto, and as ni>,.i. riou i tor ids ciinies as hii fatiier, was also ouo of these iusuryeiiLs. JjiiKlanMuie, Can !. Hint., Voo Ii. AFFAIRS IX GUADALAJARA. 203 ;i';.i Vllonue will bo iiioro jiai'ticulariy cojifliictl to the jtnivinoes of Nuova (jralicia, Zacatocas, and San Jjuis J\)tn.-^i, it will he iiccessarv to give some account of i]io (.'Vuuts there occurring during these h^auic two luontli.s. U' ZACATECA3 c,-' ^tiliiia}! .** "1 V =', ""it- ■^ -<,%••> o A)iii:iililcO t-?"" Ii/tjI,, :\ ENTE3 3%" ^^' ^*^--A ' T^ JA IXIEXUENCIA 01' (JtaUALAJAKA. V.'hile Ilidalii-o was in Guanaiuato, Jose Antonio lunvs, wlio liad joined the revolutionaiy stan 'ard villi a i'ew followers at Ira[)Uato, asked for and ol)- 1 uucd authority from Hidalgo to oecup^vduadalajari. Tonvs was an honest, conscientious man, witliout I'd- uca ion, being a peasant of San ]*t3dro Piedragorda ia (luanajuato; but lie was not without talent, and 204 PROGRESS OF THE REVOLUTIOX. I ! possessed unbounded ontliusiasni in tlio cause of indt'- pendonce. Eneri^elic, intelligent, hr.ivc, and lioiioi- ahle, he was nevertheless modest and had i;'ood coni- i.ion sense. When ho entered (Guadalajara as vii-t' r ho molested no one, and interl'ored with the adminis- tration of idlairs no more tha)i was necessary. At this time ]>ri^'adier luxjuo Aharca governed in Ciuadahijara, holding the three-luld office of coman- (hinti', president of the audiencia, and intendente. A-i soon as he received intelligence of the grito de Dolore-^, he took measures to exclude revolution from his [)rov- ince; but not being well regarded by either the audi- encia or the l]uro[»can connnercial class, on account of his disa[)proval of Iturrigai'ay's de|)osal, he w,is fettered in his operations. I'inally, instead of asser^ ing his authoritv, he consented to the establishment of a junta (;oiuposed of lawyers, ecclesiastics, and others,'" which styled itself the auxiliary of the gov- ernment,^- thcMiiifh it seemed satisfied with little less than supreme [)ower. By order of this junta a con- siderable military force was collected. The divisions iVom Topic, Colima, and Colotlan were called in an I tlie pro\incial militia got under arms, while two coiii- ])am'es of volunteers were raised from the connnercial class in the city.^^ In a short time Abarca, by le\ v- ing rcjcruits, had no less than 12,000 men und(!r arui>; but being of weak resolution, and wanting in military ability as well as in courage, his action benc'lited tliu revolutionists rather than the royalists. In truth, I L' "Wiir/a lip Ahnrrn; Bus'nmante C^impauas da CaUeJa, fl7-S. ■'■'Juiil.i Superior auxiliur do ( lubienio, siyimida 1 y i1'''l'1i^;i. ' Sec // vaiiihr. II JJiirftlo"', <_'oL J)iii-. IiKlcp., iii. (i'j;j-l, wliuro will be loiind tliu ii;iia of tho iiKiiihcrs who coiiiiidscmI it. ^^'I'lio hiriliDji, Jiinn (.'rii/, Ruiz CalKifias, in liis zeal against the luTcti insurgents, raised a reirinient oomposeil of l)i)tli the seeular ancl ivi;ii: ch'riry, anil any others who nii',fht wish to join. The name given to this i 'crai'idinary l>i»iy was La (^ruza.la, anil eacii nieiiiher wore a red cros.s on i I'lrast. Morning and evening this hand u( chureh niilitants issued frmii t e|,i.-,roiial palace on liorsehack, swcjrd in hand, and, aa they puiaded tlii'i". till' streets, the staring rabble raised the cry, Viva la fi'' catoliea! I'm ; uianto calla the regiment ' una piadosa eoinpafiiu do asosiuos.' Cuad. JJi^!., Ml ' ' MOVEMENTS OF TORRES. 205 Jill of his iiowly levied troops soon deserted to tlio iiK'uiy. Ill the mean time Torre:-; lind raised in revolt the t'lWiis of Colinia, Sayula, Zacoalco, and those of the (listiicts of the tierra caliente;" while other revolu- lionarv ehiel's, (loiiiez Portn^'al, (^rodinez, Alatoii'e, ami liuidroho, were no less activi' anioiiL^' the ])uehlo.s (III the lii() drande,^'' so that l»v the end of Octoher i'll \\\v. districts Ijordi'rin;^ npon (luanajuato and !Mi- (•lieaeau were in iiisnrrec-tion. ThoaL,di day I>v day the (lanL;"er became more iiiimim'nt, the want of har- iiKUiy ill the city of Guadalajara still ]»revaile(l. In \aiu .Vharca, in view of the continued desertion of troDjis, represented to the ]Curo[)eans that they should take arms and defend themselves. Tluy would not listen to him, and would neither iii^ht nor pay.'"'^ Xor v.T.s the action of the junta auxiliar any more favor- able to the success of the royalist cause in Jalisco, licjj^ardincjf as traitors etlicient otKcers in whom Al)arca had conhdence, the memb<'rs of the junta a})[>ointGd the oidor llecacho, and A'illasenor, a I'ich landed |)ro- prietor, connnandi rs of tv.'o divisions to be sent a^'ainst liie insur^'cnts. Guadalajara was by this time threat- iwtA on the south by Torres, v-lio had occupied Za- coalco, and on the east by liuidroho, Godinez, and Alatorre, who were at La IJarca. A'illasehor com- luandiMl (he division despatched against Torres, and liecacho that opj)osed to Iluidrobo, each detachment hi hiL;' live hundred stronjj^. liecacho, on arrivinj^ at l/d JJarca, discovered that the enemy had abandoncl the town, and on the 1st of Xovember entered it with- out resistance. On the od, however, Huidrobo at- tacked the royalists with a laru'e bodv of Indians, but nas repulsed with some loss, liecacho havinu^ taken up a position in the j)laza. On the following chi}- the "Thus it was charm-d niiainst him in the sontcnco of death proiiouneod ontlu' iL'tliof May, KSll2. A/., 144. y_ KiiiAvii !\ti the Kii) do Saiitiau'O .,iv. !)L'. -'^J!>iJit'iiia,if(\(:iinil.//!st.,i.]i-2. ■"'Of these, 100 were Europeans, the remainder Creoles pressed in t!iy service. Ojicio il''. Torres, Alniiuiu, l/isf, J/(/. , ii. ap. oIMii). In an accuuiitof thisi'ngagcment, obtained by J. llernandc/, in January 1SG7 from tlirec natives ■\\ho were present at tlie action, tiie lunnbur of killed is stated to have hecii 207. Torres instructed tho Indians to throw themselves upon the ground at each discharge of the artillery, and then Ueep closing in as (piickly as pos-ihle. These tactics were "o succes>ful tliat tlie insurgents lost only two killed a:i'l thirteen wounded. JIcnKiiidcz p JJiirri/o.-:, CvL J>of., ii. '_'0'_'-.'{. ^' Daring the action, which took jdace on the same day that Calleja dis- persed the insurgents at- .Aculco, the militia of (Jolima parsed o''cr to l!ie enemy. ]>'astamanto relates tliat before the battle, Torres proposea to Villi- sefior that the Americang should retire and leave tlio Europeans to cnga-'e with him it they wisiied. Villasenor"s reply was that if he had Tnr'cs in his power he wotild hang him, 'i^ue era ua iudecento mulato. ' Ciuid. Hi'., i. U_', 145. IX NUEVA GALICIA. 207 "Ill.l WeTO rchi'.l r,;i A iucr. i- ■.1 in t 'a- ICl mat «t ue will' T-< Ul -.; 1,. l'!l A''' ,U!1 1 at ' 1' OS-ll [('. ;U kd : •A ill ■ja . \U- or to i!io I t >Vi .!:i- to (UL- i:o T <\--v 111 '/. Jli ■ ,!• Ai'ter {liis tr;i:;ie,il deiriit, (•oiistcrualioii |irevaik'tl ill ( (iia(lalaj:ira. Tliciv was no thou^dit ol" I'iuIIkt ro- !-lstaiici'. The bishop, in spite of his prcAious military ^'ncminiously lleil to thcjioit < ('San IMas. I'ol- i_V most ol" tlio liUropcaiis, who canit'd with l'. .OiV . iWi' ihtia what th(!y conhh The junta liastily dissolved, ;;:id the warlike! IJeeaeho, with the older .Viva, hur- lic I v.ith all s])eed to the same i)ort, not torj^'ettiuji", l,»\v Afj' to eollect on their wav the I'oval re\enues. Al)ai!';i (.-ndeavored to reaniniate the J'Airopeaiis who ivimiined, and induce them to take uj)arms indefcuec dl' til" city. "We are not soldiers," they said, "and o'ir only duty is to take care of ourselves."''- The oiily i")rce left at his disposal was 110 raw recruits. jii tills hopeless condition he fell o-rievously ill, and while oil his bed the ayuntamiento surrendered the cii*" to Torres.'''' The insuru^ent i'orces entere'l (Juada- l.ijaia on the 11th of November. Torres ke[)t I'aitli- tViliy the terms of the capitulali;)n. Jioth the proi)- crty and ])ers(jns of the citizens were respected; the iiialei'actoi's in the jails were nf)t leleascd, and to pre- vent violence he wi)uld not allow his troo[)s to quarter tliemselw's in the city.'" With tlic eX(.'e})tioii of Sail Bias, the whole ])rov- ini'f of Xueva Galicia was now in possession of the iii.-urL;'ents; and the ease with which that port fell into their power is somewhat remarkable. Jose ]\[a- r;:i 3,Iercado, the cura of Ahualulco, obtained from Torres a conniiission to ,u;'o in }>ursuit of the fuL;'itive ].uro])eans; and raisiuLj I'onx'S in the villai^es on his way to the port, he entered Topic without op[)osition, and was there joined by the ^'arrison of the town. M(a'cado then hastened to lay sieL;'e to San IJlas, and sent in to the coniandaute de la plaza, Jose de Lava- « ■C'lrta il'- Ah( I'lio in //' rnaivli - y D h-'ihi^, Col. J) t Ml. iiyilUtllimouti) Jiotltl;)!! .1 tl 10 UHar'cut e-!i! t') U'lMI t A! inrea re- I'asi; tniiii uoiiliaeiaoiit in cj.isiilciutiou of hid ill lioaKli and advanccil n'e. II; n. -'JS-'J. il, iliul Id a! Pnpcf, 10. Tiiu property of Spaniards was, however, cm- nuudt::. y DdnUos, Cot. Do eoniiiiissionors wcro iippoui ted to attend to the matter. Her- 208 PROOItn^S OF TIIK Ri:VOLUTTOX. IL'iij.i f'oniial sunniions tosurroiidcr, ;i<"<'<»"il'''iiiii'iece.s of artillery and 800 able men in the j lace, and yet sucl 1 was .Ml )1 ei'cados cool uni)U(U'nce that 'iavallen sent Aiiustin l)ocaltui, alferez de l'ra'''ata of tlie roval navy, to ca[)itulati This was on the 'iUth oi' Nov ei li- ber, and liocalan so reported the numbers and stren,u:lh of the enemy on his return, that the comandante sui'- I'endered without further parley,"' and the royalists had no loiiLier a foothold in the intendencia of C!ua- •'J' ira. In Zacatccas the news of the revolt at Dolores was known on the '21st of Septend)er, and the intendento Francisco llendon at once took the same ]irecautioii- arv measures as those emnlovcd bv Calleia ami Abarca. He, moreover, ap[)lied for aid to those in- tendentes, but without success. From the o'overuer of Colotlan, however, ho obtained two companies of the militia dragoons, which he stationed at Aguasca- lientes, and shortly afterward the same g'cn'ernur •••' ' Por tantd,' lie says in his ultimatum to the comandante, ' csta os !:i ul- tima intiiiiacioii, y la falta tie respuosta ;'i flla scrd la sefial st'giii'a ikl roiaiii- luiuiito; |)eio en la iiiti'llLjoucia tic quL' cuaMilo ixlfcn do osa pa;t(_' Ins iiifins y las muycrcs, los tocar:iii dioz suldados a cailo unn-, ihto dicz siddados di'cididus a venct'i' y i'l avanzar liasta la misnia boca de los eaiumes.' lJa>tamaiite, < 'Htul. J/ist., l.-)b. ■'"The military Inshop, Rccacho, Alva, and the Europeans went on hoard tlic brigantine San Carlos, and steered for Acapulco. '' LavalKn, ISocalan, and other oliicers who signed the capitulation wci'c afterward tried for treasonable suri'ender. After a tedious trial they v>''-'^'<^ aeipiitted. An almost complete copy of the pntcecdings as will ;i.s other docu- ments is supplied by Hernandez y JJiivalos, Col. Doc, i. •2olJ-4'27. IN ZACATI'CAS. 200 nrrivnl at Z;ic;itei\'is willi r»iur .uMilioii.il coiuiKinirs. ]>nt Itciidoii's jiositioii was uvun woisi' (liau that of Ali.ir<"i. 'PIio ])n»viiico was almost entirely without mills, and lu' had to ))rovi(lc' with lanros even the iiorsciiKii who aiTi\L'd, His call, also, ujion Iho dit- icmit distiiitts lor recruits was alnio.-st uiihcfdud.*^ ^\'hiltJ in this strait he i'eeuivt;(l some partial relief hv tlu! arrival of the eonde do Santiajj;!) de la La;_;'inia willi "JOO mounted men and some arms 19 Tl I esc tl le (•(Hint i»la('(jd at the disposal of llendon, and oU'ercd to 11.^' all his inllueiiee to, maintain order amon!>' the l'"l lUlace ()n the (Jtli of Oi'toher tlu; inteiidento n txivcd a des])atcli i'rom (,'alleja infoi'iniiiL!;' him of the (ajitin'e of (luanajiiato l)y the insurLjents, and of tins iiiiniodiatc danger which threatened Zaeatecas, proha- hly the next place to ho attacked, llendon convoked ii "general junta, at which it was declared that tho city was iidt defensible, surrounded as it was by command- iiiH' hills. Thai same afternoon tho Eurojicans, tho momhors of tin; municipality, and the em[)loyes in the dilfereiit ^;i)Vi';'nment oiHcesili:d; and on the followiiij;' mornini^' the L;'overnor of Colotlan verbally informed tho inton- (Iciite that his trooj)s had intimated to him that they liail only I'ollowed him hocauso he was a creole, but that they would take no action in the cause of the ]•: nropian> II dl K-endon allowed tile irovernor to dc \)avt, hut himself remained. The same day the populace Jiisi' ill revolt, and only by the exei'lions of La_L>'una Wr they prevented I'rom saclciiiL;' stoi'os and murde)- iiiL;- ohjcctionablo residents. 8o \iolt.'nt wei'o their (luiuiuir-Lrations, thattlio cura implored llendon to save ''■ L.i.i (li'iniis cabeccras ilo partidi),' In; .says in his np'^iit to tho viceroy of the '.'Till of Jan. ISil, 'no lac ninilicron \\n »<>]'> lioiiilnv, y ha.sta el (i th.' octlilii'c Silo nie Ui'ganiu "Jl do ;i cahallo, j'l fiuioucs anno ooii otros (.sic) taut aslniiza-i.' L'.iio.-ic. Ihniloi), llu-liuittintc, Caniji'ii.nH il'' Cullija, Ai). ■'■'riiu conilo Santiago dc la La^iuia wan the most opalcnt liaccndado of tlio jiroviiico, and mncli respected Ky the low cr order.-*, over wlioni he !i;ul great coiiirol. Al'tei- the death of liidalgo, ],;iL;uua, who had hceu ac'JUied ot treason, owinL; to his action iliirin'j; th,' I'vciil.i ahout to bo rtl:i..cd, v.a.s allowed !iie bonHitof the indnlto. Zaidurui^, Ui4. Mil., vii. 10, "JoS. llr-r. M];x.. Vo;.. IV. U 210 IM:Of)Ui:sS OF TIIH RKVOLUTION. 1) ■ liiiiisi'ir. Lii^'uiiii (ill'tTcd to escort liiiii hcyoiid icidi ol' (laiiu^ci', nii'l oil tilt; iiioniiii'L,^ of tlu; Htli tlio iiitcii- (lijiitc and liis jainily Irl't Zacatt-cas lor ( Juadalajur.i. ( )ii tlic follow iiiLi^ Mioniiiii^ |jaL;'un;i ri'tiinifd ti» Zacatc- cas, liaviiin' hi'i'ii aii[)ointL'd, l>y ;i pojiiilaily clcctcil avii!itaiiii(!iiti), intc'iideiito ad iiitciiiii of the i»i-o\ incc. lO II! SI wliifli ofHct! liodceiiKMl it liis duty to accept, in the I (»f [ii'eventini;' (.'xcesses. He K-lt an escort of twenty men for IJi'ndon, who continued his joui'ney. On t'lo 2!)tli, altlioUL^'h reenforced l>y i\ troop of twi-nty-iivc lanceis and four (h'an'oons sent to his assistance h\- vVhai'ca, Kendon and his family were captui'ed hy ;i hody of insui'!4'eiits', who after apin'opriatini^' tlieii:' clothes, conducted them to (luadalajaia, where they arrived after thirty-three days, and were y at^cuts, to whom Hidalgo extended commissions of various o-rados. No such coumnssioner, liovrever, had app(!ai'(,'(l in Zacatccas, and the outhreak was due t i the excitiMnent produced by news of the grito do JJolitres. 'Hie people, after the first agitation, wei'o moderate and tractable, and the conde Santiago do Laguna succeeded iu suppi'cssing ))il]age. About tlio middle of October, llafac!) Jriarte,"^ styling liinisolt' lioutenaut-general, a[)peare(l ;,t AguascaJientes at tho r ^"Rriiilou os!ca])eil tlio innssacro of Iviuopcnna at nuadalnjara in Dcce!iilii.'r t'lillowiiiL'; and when C:)l!<'ja cntL-rtMl tliat cily after the liattlu of (.'aMcriiii, lio appnintcil liini infcndi'nt'j ilcl ejuicito f .Marline:', ami j.aiton. Ml), y snx Ro: iv. Oi). Zere'cei-u and Liccarra slate that in S:iu Lnis ho went liy tluMianie of Caho i.eyton, and liad heen a .scrivener in tlio secretary ":i nlliee of the eoniandaiieia. M< ni. Iti r. .l/c.r., ;{S,"); Adic. y /'' '•!{lh\, l.")l. His lirst coniniission as an insnriiX'ub olliecr, Jrom evidence given Liter by IVdr.i de Arandaat lii-i own ti'ial, wa-. to r.rrest and ajipropriate the piop- crty of the Murojieans in the villa of l^'on, sitnated ilet^ve^•n (Jnanaju.ito ;uit . The rson or rj.a.l lie t I to elliny the Kuro|)eans; and il'so, what. These (|Ues- tions were asked with a view to unitini^ the pi'ovinees U!i(lt r an aliianeo in peace or war, a'»-una, ni a lettv uarei 1 the 'JOth of { )etohei', reported this to ^lanuel Acehedo, intendente of Duran^o, who i'orwarded it t ) Calleja. The niei-e fact that J^aj^'una entertalnetl (Iiiuhts was enouii'h for C'alieia, and he cautioned Acehedo in his reply to avoid all exprcssi- iii^' want of conli(l(.'nco which niiL;'ht drive Lai^una to csjiouse the insurj^'ent cause. '-^ Cos, win) will appear inoiiiinentlv later, was received hv Jriartt; with marked (Icnioiistration, but greatly against his will was coni- polled to carry the insurgent standard on his entrance iiite the town. The explanation given l)y Iriarte (»f tiie iilijuct and plan of the revolution was (Hjually un- satist'aetoiy to C'os, and deeming himself coniprondsed liy ilie part ho had been obliged to play, instead of ro- iiiining to Zacatocas, ho proceeded to San ]^uis and iiit'erined Calleja, who listened to his statement, and advised him to present himself before the viceroy. ^\]|ile en his way to the capital, Cos was arrested at <'ii "retaro bv the commander Kebollo and imi)riyoned lii the convent wf San Francisc [)rj o. 3J1 Instaniaiite suiii)li('3 copies of tlio corrcspondenoe on this mutter iu ''t)i>ii.-o at th(; opening of h.is carrci- jiassed throui^li ( Vlaj'a, lie was joined by Luis de IL r- ici'a, a la}' I'riai' of the order of San Juan de Dies of the jirovince of ^Mexico. For some time this nuiu jbllowed the army in the capacity of chief surgeon; l)ut being com[)el]e(l to go to San Luis on ])rivat!' business, he was arrested as a sus[)icious person, and imj)risoned in the jail, it not being known that he was a IViai'. Heavily lettered and with no pros[)ect of re- lease, he disclosed himself in order to escape from du- rance, and was removed to the Carmelite convent, in Aviiicli Calleja had imprisoned suspected persons. Ero- hfiig lleri'(;ra ]irevailed on the comandante, Cortina. to allow him to I'etire to the convent of his ordei' in San Luis, the prior and other conventuals bccominL;' his sureties. Having thus secured (!omparative free- dom, he (.'oncelved. in conjunction with Juan Villarias, a lay bi'othcr of the same convent, the daring sclienuj of getting ]>os8ession of the city during a single nigM. With this intent they instigated Joa(j[uin Sevilla y Ohnedo, an otiicer of the San Ciirbis lancers, to pLiie at tlu'ir disposal a f"W troops, and some arms wliirli he had in his honse. Sevilla entered into their il'- signs, and on the night of the lOth of Xoveiiil»ri', meeting a [)atrol >>{.' his own corps and another of the cavalry, he called on them to assist him in the exci-u- tion of an order of the connnander. With this sninll force he proceeded to the con\'ent of San Juan ilo ])ios, where he was joined by the two i'riars. Tlu) re\olutionists then went to the Carmelite coiuriit. and riuLiing the niLi'ht-bell,^'* reciuested that a prict might be sent witli them to conl'ess a prominent citi- zvu who was dying. The door-kee[)er opened the gate, •'■' In every con vont Mil s ji door-licll c:!llr(l ilic c;iiii]i,-,iia de r.ii-.eriioi'(I'':i. \\!ii(!i \\a>< I'tin;,' hy tluisc who. diiri.'i^' the iii^'hl, soiii^'ht tlie assistance ol oou- fessor.s I'lir inT.-ons (.l:in;.'eri.';::-!y ill. IX SAX LUIS POTOSI. •213 nml t'.if insur^LMits rushing insfi;::*;*! and disanned the ^•uard. 'I'liry tlim ri'loased the prisont.Ts, many of whom daih' t^xDe'ctcd death, and siinplvinLT them «, 1 ' lit. o with the weapons tlius ohtained, [Ji'oceeded with the utino.-t caution to the city jail, luiving first secured IJic Cai'melite Iriars, all of whom wore Spaniards. \\'itli equal success they sur[)rised the guard at the jail, and their nuud.)ers being now greatly inci'cased li\- tlie pi'isoners whom they liberated, tliey directed their course to the artillery bari-acks. llei'e they met their lirst mis]ia[). ()[»[)osite the barracks stood the li()usc> of the comandaute, Cortina; and the guard, laorc vi'-'ilant than those hitherto encountered, lired (i!j I hem, killing four. Undeterred, they rushed for- wai'd and (juickly made themsehes masters of the bari'a<'ks. Ten cannon were iuuu(Mliately brought out and planted at the entrances of the [)laza, one being trained upon Cortina's house. The desperate design of Ilerrera was now all but iiv^'i-omiilished. The ivmaining barrraks of the city were soon in tlie power of the insurgents, and Cor- tina alone continued to oiler I'esistance. ]]eing wounded at last in the jaw, he was made prisoner l)y liis own guard, wdio had hitherto kept uj) a vigorous lire, killing sixteen of the assailants and wounding iiKiiiy more. Afte'- the insurgents had thus gained jii'ssi'ssion of the comandante's house, it: wa; delivered "Vcr to pillage; likewise his store and .storerooms; * I'Ut tliis appears to liavc been tiie only excess com- hiitied. llv seven o'clock in the morninij: the all'air was llUUl aiiil those wdio had done honor to hin). So ho inviU'd ]ierrera, Villarias, and Sovilla to a great ball, an 1 v.hen the merriment was at its highest a troop I't' fu)ldiers rushed in and arrested them. A'illarias ma!)- aged to eseaj)0, and with fifty men lied to (jiuanajiiato to iidbrm Allende of the treachery. Herrera an I Sevilla were thrown into prison; the barracks wcrt' taken by sur[)rise; the artillery was seized, an! Iriarte was master of tho town. At dawn the cry Avas raised, "Death Lo the San Luis traitors!" Sack and pillage were proclaimed. The public treasury was lansacked, and the houses and stores of private |k1'- soiis were iiroken o])en and emptied. One more turn of the wheel comes with the celel'ia- tion ()f the occasion by a baiHjuet to wdiich Iriarte in- Aites hisca[)tives. Attirst he gave them tounde-slaii'l that they were to die; even now they were going to ( x- ecutioii. After thus amusing himself for a whil''. lie embraced the victims of his sport, and seating tlieia at the table, informed them that their im[)risoniueiit liaJ irJARTK'S rACETIOUSNE.SS. 215 bt'cu efTcctod only for tlio purpose of insui'ing tlieir sjilc'ty, as tlicv would have pr')\'u(l mi iiupodinicut to his iutuntioii ofsarkin^' the city. IIo then a[)poiiitc(l ] IfiTcia llclii-iiiarslial, aiul raised Scxilla to the rank of cdloiiel. Durini^ Ills occupation of San Luis the wife of Calleja fell into his power, and Iriarte, the treach- ciy of whose future action makes it reasonahle to sup- p«i-i; that he entertained no serious intention of aiding Alleiide, after hjitering till it was too late to do so, leUinied to Zacatec.'as.^" 'I'll .iLovc account of tlio revolution in i^an Luis Potosf is derived from Ihi.-'.:' 3' to, ChiuI. Jjif.,i. '.I't-'J. 'I'luit author's iiiloi'iuation was suiniliuil t ) i.iii li., . ort of the allair ulitaiiied in t!ie city. Alauuiu state-) tluit he was i.iu'tul ! • verify tlic facts. JliM. M(j., ii. -3. 1 1: 'f 'I CHAPTER IX. THE ROY ALLS. ^lECAPTURE GUANAJUATO. Allendj; Rktuhns to Gl'anajua'Iu — Puei'auations koii Dkiiaci; — The FiKST Attack — Callua's I'lan — He Takes Aelende's liATTEUuN— Calleja, the Avengku — His I'koclajiatui.n — An 1']mx'i tion Scene iv THE Aliiondioa — A Genehai, Paiidon Exteni>eij — The Government Ri.oiiGANizEi) — Calleja Makciies for Giaijala.taua — Hidalco \: Vallaijolix) — Anu at the Cerro del jMulcajeie— Hii)AL(;o"s ];i;- C'EPTIUN AT GfADALAJAItA — EsTABLLSIlES A GoVlllNMENT — IlAYdNS IjHjGKAriiv — Letmna's Mlssion and Death — The ' Disi-ertador Ame- ricano ' ANU PlllNTING-PUESS— PRErAIiATIONS FOR WaU. When Alloudc ai-rivotl at Cclaya lie found tliovc a l)()(lv of two tlK)U.saii(l iusuru'ont hor.sonu'U imdci' Tmi- l)io liuitlrolio, and about thirty dra^'oons of the itl;!- ment of la Kcina. Those troo[).s were almost desti- tute ol' arms; but the impoitanee of dcfciidiii'^" (JuauMJuato was so o-reat that, uuitini^ them \vith his olhei' foi'Ces, he hastened thither. He took with liiiii ei^'ht pieces of .•irtilleiy; and as a number of eaniioii had been cast in the mean time, he hoped, by erectin;^' batteries in connnandiii!^ ])ositions, to I'rustrate any attemjtt upon the city by (.'alleja, who would douhl- less make its capture his fu'st object. AIKukIc, wi'Ji all the forces he could nuister, entered Guanajuato i ii the eveniuL;' of the |;)th oi' Xovend)er, acconi[)ani('d by the piinci])al leaders, who preferred to follow his i'ortunes rather than cast their lot with Hidali^'o, whoso })o[)iilai'ity with them was diuiinishin_L>' daily.* His ' Tliose wlio nccoinp.'iiiiiMl Alli'nilo wlto Juan iiiul Tgimcio Aldmiia, M.t- riaiiij Jimoiic/, Juaijuiii ^Viia.s, Mariano Abat^olo, mid Juau Ocoii. JA'tufi, APPROACH OF CALLFJA. inival was cclcld'atL'd bv tlic intciideiitc Conioz witli ell tlmsiaslic dcnioiistratioiis. Thu bells were ruii'.jf aiK IIS lired; but us in fbriual procession tlio authorities and principal citizens entered the municipal hall to receive the insur;^ent leader a ghastly spectacle pre- sented itself. Allende's horsemen daslied into the jilaza, and drawing up in front of the building, expose I to view a hacked and blood-stained corpse laslnd to till' hack of a mule. An unfortunate Creole, naiiu'd }^lanufl 8alas, a native of Dolores, had taken part witli C'alli'ja when he passe(i through that town, and having fallen into the hands of the insurgents had been brought by them to Guanajuato and put to death at the entrance of the cicv. llavinu" a'iven the m o e>" em- hirs of the ayuntamiento ample time to reflect upon the signilicance of this j»ortentous exhibition, the body was paraded through the streets as a warn- ing.^ The ayuntamiento felt conscious that this ac- tion of Allende was intended to intimidate them, but aliliouu'h, in coniunction with the other authoriti OS, its members sallied forth to meet him, tln'V claim to have iireservcd their di'j:nitv and alle'jriance by not: giving to their procession the character of an olficial rcce])tion. Aliiiidc then made his preparations to engage Calkja. According to despatches written by him to liidalgo on the I'Jth and 20th of November, I gatliei" that when those leaders separated they made an agrceniiMit that they should su[>poi't vi\c\\ other against Calleja. It was now no longer doubtful that till! latter would march against (Juanajuato, and AJlmdo stroii'dy urn'cnl Hidalgo to come to his aid as possilde. lie, moreover, sent instructions who was now at San Luis Potosi, to join Suoll ti) ]iiarti liini at once. The forces at Allende's dis])osal were HI all ruspix'ts inadequate to cope with the royalists, Adh: ;/ nfriijlc, 119. Nu^rotc, lunvcvcr, ilouI)t3 tliat there existed at tliia tiiiii .my ill fui'liiiuf betwoi iV Hidnl-u and Allendo. Mc.c. S!(jlo \IX., ii. oVS. ■'('' 'ii. I'lib. Vbul. Ai/iint., i'S-4. 213 THE ROYALISTS RECArTURK CUAXAJUATO. U- EL ■ 1^ t »! Ii:; IV i and (k'ficiunt as tliey v/erc in (lis(i[)liiic and arms, ]io could only liopu to maintain his position \>y inuiius df Ids artillery it* no assistance arrived." But botli 111- dalu'o and Iriarte nci-'lected to come, and Allendcs ^ ■■■■"■'■ / '■' /^":iH^'W^V^^'■^^^C^f^- %. :f*;«*'®~S^%, ■■n;>--" ICK Mat/.) -; ■!;■■ •na %' •'I-' Plan of Batile-field, ' A, Positions occupied by the insiirp;ont3. ]). The loyalist nrmy iTliiro tln! attack. — — March of coluiiiii led liy Callcja. March uf cohiiiiii led liy Finn. This ])1an is cibtaiiicd from that forini.-d 1) CaUcja'.s stafT accnrdiii'; t" liH ordovs. and imhlislicd by Torrcntu, bciii^' reproduced l>y Ruslanianto la liia Cuiid. J/i-l., i. 100. ALLEXDE AND HIDALGO. 210 litters to the foniier sliow Mttcriicss. Tlis last com- imiiiK-ation oven cliarj^'es ]rK!al!4i» with the ititciition of .•ollcctiiiL;' nioiicy at Guadalajai-a and cscajjiiin- with ii h\- wav (){' San Ijlas. I]ut llidal'jo, iiii'onued (jC (.1' O ' the successes in Nueva (jiahcia, liad dctciniinod to od to Guadalajara, and had left Yalladolid heloie Allende had written him. },[('anwhilc batteries were placed ]>>' Allende on no less llian ten dillerent heio-hts coinniandinn' the ]\Iarlil r.iad, besides two outlyinjjj points which occupied hills (III its left at a i)lace known l»v the name of Ranclio J. t.' Scco. In the narrowest part of the road, with infinite 1,1 nor, fifteen hundred holes were drilled for blasts. Tin se were connected by a single fuse, the intention bring to fire it as Callcja's troops passed. The de- sign, however, became known to the rovalist lea;ler and proved ineffectual. Lalhja, whose movements were ne\er marked by rapidity, left Queretaro on the loth of November, and jiassing through Celaya, Salamanca, and Irapuato. re- established obedience in those towns, and reori-'anixi'd their governments. On the 23(1 he arrived at the runcho de }kIolineros, distant four lea'^'ues from Guana- ju;it(i, and on the following morning advanced to the ciitian^-e of the caiiada de Marlil, intending to I'econ- iu»iire; but being interrupted by the batteries at liancho Seco, he decided to attack at once. Accor;!- ingly he threw out on his left a strong body of cavalry and iiifantr}- under Genei'al Emparan, with the two- fold object of occupying tlie Silao road and executing u ilank attack, while Captain Linares charged the lio>i lions I'rom the front. The assault was successi'ul. Ill si'rved and badly directed, the artillery of tlie in- surgents did no execution; indeed, so miseral)lv had t:ir I'annon been mounted that they could onl}' be fired ni [\\ii one direction pointed; and the royalists, charg- 111'-;' II]) the slope at [)laces out of the line of ilre, (|uickly i'"lens and more level LLi-omi'l, cutting off the retreat of the insurg(Mits, slaugliteiin',^ them without mercy, ami dri\'!!ig them in t!n;ir panii; over the precipices.'^ This series of assaults lasted i't more than six hours; the difliculties encountered by tfie loyalists being from the steepness of the heiglits, rather than IVoni opposition of the enemy, who^o ♦Piustamanto states that iuforniatioii of tliis plan of the iiisiir:.'eiits was given liy a rcjjiilor of (luasiajiiatij 'niie increcia el luejor ciin(.'(.';it() entio -as coneiudailanos,' and that hi.-i corrcspdiulciiLH" M"it!i \'eiie;i'a.s was intcrrejiteil by VilhiL^'ran, liut toolate to be of any bonolit til Alh^mle. ('iinil. Ilisl.. i. Idl). Alanian reasona})ly assumes that the ivuiilor intimatcl at was Im rnanili> lVn;z ^Farafmn; Iiut throws considerable donbt npon the statement of IJustaniaate, rcmailvinj,' that, 'Sus notieias enando no espi-csa de (jne ori;,'en las toina hievc- ccn luuy ]ioea eoniianza.' ll'itl. MiToeiend(j mnehos ii sns nianos, (pu'ilando el eampo ileno de aljlc (fmakiiiL^ a stand. Slioi'tly after iivo o'clock, Callcja eiicaiiipod \'nv llic iii;j;'lit on tlic liill of Vali'iiciaiia. The result of the day's lij^hting was the capture of t\vtiity-t\vo pieces of artillery/' tluMlisporsion of u hody \;iilou.sly estimated at 10,000 to 70,000 Indians,' and the investment of the city on the jn)rth and souili. Of tlie numher of revoluti(jnists slain it is iinj)(>.>sil)le to I'iirniany estimate; with certainty. The avuntami- ciito ])laci'sit at S.OOO,"^ hut this is douhtless an exa;,;'- L;i'i'ation, and Alaman's estimate of t,r)00 is prohahly not u Ide of the mark." The h oi I the side of th( I'lyalists was insi^'uilicant; according" to Calleja's fh'st )T[Hirt to tlie viceroy it was limited to four killed and sc\cn wounded;^" the casualties in the column led hy Floii raised the nuuiber of wounded to ab;>ut a score, a cnnNiiicino- proof of the want of fori'thouij^ht dis- jiivcd hy the insurij^ent leaders in presiunini^ that ('alleja would necessarily march up the ..tariil road, iiiii! in mmuitiii'j; their c uinon so as to l)e innnovahly (lincted. Had Allcnule been supporte;! by Tlidal;;'!) and Iriaite, and had Calleja been assailed in the rear ac- ''Aeiyn'iliii',' to the dotailoil report of C.illfjn, datuil T)L'Cfml)or 12'.li. In it, ]iiv\ iiiis rcjiort, wrilteii at 12 o'clock on t!ic iii'_;Iit of the 2."itii. lie states that ■J i |ii(e(ri of artillery were taken. 'I'liese caiiniiu were niaile l)y orUer of Hi- tllL,'!! ihirini,' Lis eaini)ai:,'n in t)ie direction nf Me.-cico; they were ea-'t l>y the ea^ineei' Halael Dfivalos, who also :i.ssi.;teil Casiniiro (,'hovell, sn|i(".'iiU"cllih'nt tif the \'aleucian:i mines anil works, in .sinking the Masts on tl:e .Mariil roavi. A'n,i ',;, //;../. J/,/., ii. -.'!). 'CalK'ja .states that the inhah'.Lant.s of (inanajnato e.stiniateil their iiuni- Ivr at 7!>,();)(). a>r.. dr M,.i\ (ISIO), i. Id.V.). Ala'inan eou.-i.hrs this a yreat c\;iL.':,'eration, remarking,' tliat there could imt liav(! lieen even half the niunher, 'pars no coneurric) a la aeeion mas (jne la j^eute rennida en al'^unos pnuto.s c Mi'.uvanos, y una jiarte de hiplcho ilu la ciudad y de las minas.' iihi. -M(J., ii 4 '. Lieeaga conjecti'.ros that the insiirgcuts did not number more than 10,1,0. Adlr. 1/ Rrrt;fic., l.')l. ^<<'ii(iii. Pill). Viii, >i n'n'ifn:, l.-)l. ^'l.'iz. anied by his brother officers and a few horsemen, he tied from the city in tlie dii'eo tion of San Luis Potosi, taking with him what treas- ure he hatl remainiuLr." ■'if 1 And now the Alhondiga do Granaditas is ag;:i!i b"ought forward in the history of this unfortunato cit\' as the scene of another api)allinLr massacre. No «/ 111? longer restrained by the interference of military cliiefs, eai'ly in the afternoon the populace throng the streets with demonstrations of mingled fear and anijfer. Thiv collect ui dense crowds about the alh6ndi'>'a, and with " ' No pucdo 111 (lebo V. ni nosotrns pcnsar en otra cosa. quo en csta prcri' i-a ciudad. . .y asi sin pi'riUda do niiiineiitos ponerso on marulia. . .y at.icarlo ciiU valor por la rctagiiardia, d:iiidoiio.s aviso oportuno do sii situaoion paia liacor imcstra salida, y (pio ccrrado por todas partes, quede destniido y anii|iiil;idii, y nosiitros con un coni[»lijto triunfo.' Alkinlc, Ciirtu, in Alanuin, lli-it. M'j., ii. .'iT-S. 1 '-According to Alaiiian ; H.,\{. 40. Negnito, on the other liaiid, asserts that Al'i'ndo during tlie engagement passed from jiniiit to point as they ui ro attncUed, with the greatest activity. Mcx. Si,//o A'/A'., ii. 'A2[. "According to Licoaga ho left about two o'clock iu the afternoon. Adk. y Iti'c'ijif., \').^. Ijustaniante .states that Allende remained in the city till i!io following morning, directiii';{ tlii! tire of a heavy piece of artillery ])laci il nil tlio cerro del Cuarto. This is denied by both l.iceaga, 7//., and Alaiaiu, lilt. .lA;/.,ii. A'^. C'alleja states that ho left with abi ut -40 tnllower.'i. ''Js. di' M aro i!ii|)i'isi)in!(l, and lor wliohc Mood tlicy are athirst. As VL't, liowcvur, they are restraiiu.'d by the presence oi' the guard coiuniaiided hy Captain ^lariaiio (,\)var- iiililas. J]ut as Allende and his party turn the coi-ncr to take the road leacHng to the; mines," one of them dies out, "Why do you not linisli with them f in- (!ii;itii)g the captives. The words act on the mol) like lire on saltpetre.^'' Under aj)pi-ehenslon tliat Callcja is ah'cady at hand, tliey think only of ven- ovaiicc, and with wild yells, and cluhs and bran- (lidicd knives, tliev rush toward the jx-'^tewav. All cH'oits to oppose them are useless. The soldier's sword and the ])riest's entreaty alike fail. ^Fariano Jjiccan'a, after woundinLX several of them with his sabre, is stretched senseless on the gr(»und; the (.'ui'a Juan de ])ios Gutierrez and other ecclesiastics aro thiu.-t aside; the guard is overpowered;'*' and the laadaened crowd throw themselves U[)on tiieir victims, work begins, and the alhondiga again beconK he 'S liideous with mutilated corpses, strij)ped of every sliitd oi' chjthing. A few of the captives barricade tlicuiselves in isome of the storerooms, and manage to I scape during the temporary dispersion of their assail- ' Sr(i pl:iu of tlie allii'mdi'.'a and aurroiindinga in previous cli.iptcr. ' Alamiiu is tlio iiuUiority f(jr tlic statement that the crowd received thia ci)coiii;i;:cnu'nt. llo lefcis to the evidence in the trial of Covarnil)ia.3, wlioso cusiii, JSinigno ]>ustaniante, supplied him with the above particulars. AUcn- ili', Aldaiiia, and (liico, however, in the declarations taken at their trials, iia|n;tcd the massacre exclusively to the voUuitary uctinn of the populace, wliirli tends to prove that they were unaware of the fury inciti'd hy tla-ir tniinade, who Was proiiably ridln;^ in their rear. Jli.^f. M'j., ii. 50. J'.usta- iii;iiite, t'lKul. J/i.-l., i. 100-1, followed by Licea^ja, records that .a ncL'ro named l.iuo, a native of i)olore.s, incited tiie pcoplcto commit thedeed by reiircscut- iiij: to tliciii tliat Callcja had gained the victory, and was advancing' u|)(iu the t'lwii Willi the inteiiti(jn of putting tliem all to deafii. Aliad y (^>uri|ii) stati 3 t!i;it -Alh'nde gave the order for the massacre — which ia contrary to Allcudi.'.s I'cr-^i-iti at eH'orts ti> suppress outrages — accusing iiim also of never placing liiin-clf within reach of 11 bullet, He forgets hii own e(jwardly lliglit and lio(l him witli ('oijIos of tho proclamation I'xtiii'l- ihL,' jianlon to those who returned to th(;ir alleniancu, and of llie edict of the in(jnisition issued a^-niiist Hi dal;^n», instructiiiLf liini to [>uhlish them. Chovdl ;ui 1 olhci- residents, foarin^jf i'or their lives, were nicdit'it iii;^' ilii^ht, hut learninij^ of these nieasin-es, the_y remained in their houses. At daylii^ht on the lollowinj;' n)oi'ii- inL-- ( 'alleja resumed his march a^^'ainst the city, Ijiit before doing so he had received intelligence of llio massacre in the alhondiga,''^ and had caused the iiunn- diate arrest of Chovell and other })ersons living in Valenciana. The insurgents had planted a heaxy cuii- noJi on the cerro del (Juarto,''^ and during the even- ing of th(; •J-ltli and early hours of the lollowiuLT dav ..... ...... ^,.^^^^1 I'cll. had maintained a vigorous fire v.'ith Flon, who i from the hill of San Miguel. As Calleja advan the insurgents' gun was trained on his line of ni;', hut the royalists, having placed two cannon In ;i favorable position, succeeded in dismounting it at th.j iii'st discharge. This was the last effort at resistance; and Calleja and Fhai entered the eitv siniultancouslv. h "Those wlio thus csenpi'il took refuge in the convent of Deleii .'nul j Tl . th ■of t iili'.'.i iit the til IiD.jU slain is not iieeuiatclv knuwii, 11 at! 247 7 t'liptives, ninny of thim being erunlcs w ho favored the royalist cause. Of thi'se, lliistaMianto states tiiat ii few over .'ilj I'-.'apeil. Cii'i'l. ///■>/.. i. 101. Aeeonling to tliu I'cpoi'L ,siip|)iie(l .•ilterwai.l l'_v M; on to ('nllcja, only 1!!S reeo''niZi'( 1 1. es I'eeeivel Imrial, 'lial'ieinio niiieho.s (pie hahieiidoseles ^ isto cutre los pi'i'sos, no so siqio ilespnes tie elles; ]'ior l;i fpie se eupuhr-o cstavciitrc lo.i ninchon eadaveres([no MijseiJuUaruu sin ki- eonoeulo as u .1/'. //;.v/. Ml)., ii. app. ()-7. A list uf the principal v leLnn-i ell as of those a\1io eseajied, is given in L'trKtija, Adic. // I,'ec/ijic., lo(i 7. I'cidraza states that more tliau "JOG -wwc slain. C'l A /a X. Indrp., 1. '"C.iptaiii Linares on the previiius evening, fearing tliat sinio such ent.H- trophe miglit occur, had urged Callej:ito mareli at once upon the city; I.iii;ir. 3 made this fitatciacut frequently to .\lanian, Jl'ist. J/'./'., ii. i";', helieviug that t'iio lives of the captives miitht have heeii Paved. Jhit tlic massiicro W.is )i petrated in the afternoon of the '2-lth, and Callej.i did not arrive at V, ci.ina until after five o'clock. Tliis i)atterv is said to have been directed liv .a in:iii fi'oni the l. ■'■^v 'cstaba scrvido p(U' uu norte anierii Licxcjd, A'l'ir. ij ti lul call::ja's ui;t.\i,iatii)\. 225 fi.i I'lir.i'i'cil was (\illoia nt tin! l):irl)a:'<)ns innnlor of (he Spauiartls that In; issiinl orders to liis ti"oi»j)s to nut the city to i'wv and sword, and mnidicrs of tlio iiiluiKitants wwc slauq'htci'i'd in llio streets. Ho sniiu, however, counterni.uided tiie oi-dei-,'" i'e('0'..rniz- uvf that many iiin<»cent poisons would l»o put to death.'-' lie did not, however, intend that vt'iii^i^ance for tlie dead should terminate wif h this lirst I'hnlli- tjeii of wi'.ith ; lie wouM ju'oeeed with the ]»U!iis]unent 111 ;i nil) I'e delihcM'ate and lornial manner. J)uiin''' tl (lay he niiide i)roelaniation," settiii'^' forth that al- tlinii^li. inllueneed hy humanity, he had suspended his ei'(l;ave the iiihah- i'aiits to supjioso themselves exein[>t from further pun- isliiueiit, Calleja was ])laiinino' merciless retaliation. .■re s liould d now 1)0 aLrrand massacre on tlie rova th dist Th >-\dv, v/ide-extended and direful, such as would do lioiioi- to the cause. On the morning of the 'JGththe larpeuters of Guanajuato were (sinployed in erectiii;.;' gallows in all the principal thoroug'hfares of the city, and in tlie plazas of the iiei'j;hI)orin'>- miiiin'«' towns.-'' X O O o l.l.l.l. Ic obliu'iuoii ;i inanilar ;'t las t ro pan <]\ I iitrascii ;'i san;_rc v fiiocro cii ]:v y cu ctri'lij iniu-lids tuciMiu ;unit hId.S (Ml niovi' ) oiliLTs, Atrustiii CaM (Ton, an un ■lo of A! A meaiiHa paiti.san of the ruvohitionists, wa.s killoil in tiic call'j dcj lus i\ Ala <,ito.S. A: •11 //'■-/. ^f^j.. ii. '>i ipyof it is found in Grn. on(r (;i nuis do l.i (j^uc csldcn la i)laza mayor) ca frcnto liiai! iitx., Vol. iV. 13 THE ROYALISTS RFX'APTURE GUANAJUATO. While this was bfiiii>: iu\ from tliosu aiTostr^d the })rovi()iis (lay hi'twecu sixty and seventy \wm (h'awn for examination."* These were sent to Fl(iii, Avlio had oecnpied tlie alhondiij'a, and who Avas in- structed to pass sent(!noe upon them. Twenty-tlnvo were sentenced to deatli, among whom were the iii- tendente Gomez, tlie unfortunate llafael ]);ival>is, under whose (hreetions the insurgents' cannon li,,il boon constructed,-'^ and tliree military officers wlio IkhI espoused the rcvoh.itionary cause. Tlie examinatiMns were of tlie l)riefest, and the executions imm'uijjilc, the place being witliin the walls of the alii6nna, the condiiuned were hurriedly shrived hy ;i priest in one of the storerooms, then led to the (lo^r- v.ay which had been bricked uji by Iviana, and thcio blindfolded and shot. As victim after victim IMI, their dead bodies being dragged aside to make Viunw for tluMr companions, the pavement liecame covci\.l with fragments of" skulls, scattered brains, entrails, and -'hxxl. I]y this human debris, progress was im- peded, and before the horrible work was done the iiinr had to be cleared of its yli}vpery and loathsome r ■ - cring.^' The gallows came into play next. di' (liiuiMilitas, on In plaziicla do S. Ftriinudo, on lailo la Compiinia. en li ui '^. ])i('i;n, . A^ Jiidc/i' ii'l., 1. '''■"• The teriKM-ity of (loniezand others inijilieated in tiie revi>ltilion in ii"t clTeetiii,' their esiape is inexplieahlo. Davalos .arried hii rashness (n >n !i iUl ex Lent as to walk in t lie street ainoiig tiio troojis. He was arrested, .'lii'l won!! liavo I'seapeil iiut that, niter havinj; had the good fortnno to ohtaiu his release, a paper w.is diseoveiod sci'reted in the sleeve of ids eoat, hy tlw soldier who was nntying tiio cord with wliieh his arms werehonnd. Tlieilno- linient was t.ikea to a eonnnaniling ollieer, and provi'cl to he an nceouiit if the camion east hy Davalos. ThisdiseoV"-:y decided his fate. A/ninnn, lli^i. Jfi!., ii. ."i(i. -"• I'ar.i, ejenntar osta oporaeion, se trajeron do la ciUlc algunos honihvis, y cou sua niismaa manoa ccharua la saiigre y las catrailas duspe Jaiiadus de k'^? fusi- FUETIIEll KXKCUTIOXS. l]ut ill tli(^ oeouoniy of rcvciijj^e, it will not do t.) i'^noio tlic beneiits of 8j)ccta,culur exhibitions. So at iii'^litfall followinjj;', eighteen )»roiiiinent men jwe (Ira^^etl out and luuiged by toreliliglit in the pla/a. Jt seems as if tlie curse of Sodom has fallen on the |il.i(e. Hound this })laza, like an ani[)hitheatre, the liouses stand tier above tier on the surrtumding hills, so tliat the people can sit in them and look down UMiui the ti'agedy as at a play. .Vre these cattle or suiiie, that are being butchered for the market^ Or lias the old Aztec rite been revived among these chris- tiaiis:' No, it is no mediiuval or barbaric slaughter, but a nineteenth-century sacriiice of human beings (.11 the altar of liberty! The air is tliit-k with tyranny and blood. The stillness of an un[)eoi)Ied wijrkl per- \ades the scene, there being heard only the low-voiced rxhortation of the priest, or the cry of some faint- luaited wretch for mercy.-'' On the 28tli eight UK ire [lersons, among whom was tlie haj)less Clu)vell, met the same fate in the plazuela in front of the al- hi'iiidiga, and on the i'oUowing day four more were (luduied to die. IJut the gloom of des[>air which had sittl'd U})on the city, the s|)iritless state of abjection to which the population had been reduced, and the luivk surrender of every article of use that miiiht st rv(j as a weapon pacifietl at last the avenger; and ill tlio afternoon the ringing of the bells announced that Calleja had proclaimed a gt-neral pardon. Too lato, however, was the mercy extended lor two of the I'liir hist condemiKHl, who had sullered but a lew niin- utis Ix'lbrc; the remaining two, in the very act of taking as they su[>})osed tiieir last look at earth and !-l.y, with the halters round their necks, wei'e allowed the bcnclit of the pardon, and I'eleased. These executions have been regarded by writers of li'l'siii t;niii(l('s batcas, liasta (k'seinliaraznr I'l liigar dcaiiiKllusostorlios jiaia s^,:4uir t.i lioiiilile iiiataiiza.' Crl'!). X. Inlrjicud.^ '.\. "' Al.'iman says: 'Muclios ni'ioa liaii traacfriilu dos'lo cntonces, y imnca so ha ipii.li,!,, il(.>l)ilitar on lui ospiritu la prufuuila iiapiTtiion (juu un Ol h'uo U(iUo- lliiuoclii; iluIioiTor.' 7/<*Y. J/c/., ii. o'J. 22S TIIv: nOYALISTS RECAl'TURE tiUA::ArUATO. till.' iiKlupeiuleiit party as acts of unniitigatcd l),i;'- barity, but I sdo little to olioobo between them ani the Join'''s of the revolutionists. If we condeiim tinj massacres (.)f one, we must those of the other. Even tliouy;h lliclal_^'o liL;hts for liberty and ( 'alleja for tyr- anny, if we are disposed to overlook the barbarity d' the foj'uier in letting loose his Indians on the Spaniards, we must not expect otherwise in I'cgartl to the lattci tliau that he will retaliate as oppcjrtunity oilers. }.U n are so made. It is idle to argue the point on wlilih side of tliis war the greatest cruelty was displayol. So far there is not diiferencc enough apjiarent to talk about; both sides wei'e about as blood-thirsty as thi y could bo. The exteiisiou of the pardon was hailed by the pc )- pie with demonstrations «>f j<»y. Crawling forth iVoai their houses aixl hiding-places, they crowded into tin; ])laza in front of the royal buildings in wliich Calliji had made his abode. ^- The rovalist leader addrc: -SCI I Icni- them fi'oui the balconv, cnlari»in!>' up'>n thesfreatc encv wdiicli had been extended t(j them ; tlu^ sulnnuaLcil l)o[)ulace meanwhile sending forth loud acclamati'tiis «»f allegiance to the kinu and obedience to his •'•eueral. ]n reorganizing t]ieg;)vermnent of the province, Ca- lleja appointed Fei'nando I\ rez ]\[arauon intendciite ad interim;-' he reinstated ]\liguel ^Vrizmende in hi- otlice of alcalde, from which he had been de[)osed iy Hidalgo, and caused a new election for another to Ijc lield. .Vil otlier oilices which had become vacant were pro\isiona]]y lilled by Calleja's nominees. 1'his ( Calleja decided to maich. against Guadalajara, "^Giinii. Pub. Viml. Aipmt., "jG-T. -*Tlie iipiiiiiuliiicut of ^laiaiion, ajiprovi'd l)y the viceroy, d'uz. dc M -c, ISIO, i. 1001, aiiil the lii'^li tciiiis in \viiii!i C'dlk'ja spcaliH of liiui, led somw to thiiiU that lie was in coinmaniealion w itli \'uncj:as. Alanian dofsnat P'^'tnitli- oiunt MNUou for suoii i.'iinclubidn. (.'alleja tlins rccoiunii'mls MaraiVm tn tlie vioiMoy: 'A mis imturia.-i (.ircimstiun-ias tie lionraiio/, liULlidail y pali i'lti-^ims iiiju'ga lii di' iiliti'ucr la aft|p(acii)u y lonllanza. (!<■ csto insulcnto yainviilu I lUC, allJ piR'bl T icso r.'x])r('.SNiiin-t Mix^ni to indiciito that .MaraiKia gave infunuatiuu to Calkjjidf tlio uisiugciiU" opuraiiuun, a.s atatod liy l>a.>lainai)tc. CoiisiiU uoio 4 of tills chai/vcr. 0. CAi.Li'JA's maxifj:sto. •22\) ;atc(l l)ar- tliL'iu ami i(U;um tlio .^r. Evi'ii ja for tyr- Lrbarity of "->panianls, the lattei jr.s. 3icn on wlilcli displayed. ^'iit to talk itv as they )y tliG pe 1- rortliiVom 0(1 into the loll C'allej.i ^- adJivs-c'l rcatfk'iii- ul»juL;aU'(l lauiali'iiis •ci lis *rcin-'ial, IVIUCO, ( -'<■ .ntt.'U■•• liiu, U'tl Miiii'Mo MiUilfinllto lllC y Iiallioil-IIHS J'lito y iur> vi.lo |i\c iiil'unuiiti'.iii \ Consult iioio ],.'i't Cuanajuaio with all Iiis forces on the Olh of De- (.iiihei', liavin_n" pi\.'vionsly desj)atclied a convoy to Mr\l -o with the kin;4's silver and that of private j)er- si.iis, amounting- in all to six hundred bars, lie also .sL'iit the uiaehinerv and dies of Jlidali-o's mint, and, as a li('[>hy of his victory, the heavy piece of artillery t.ike'ii oil the cei-ro del Cuarte, which the insurgents ]ia 1 \ainly named 1^1 defensor de la America. Witli went most of the princi[)al families of til) cohVo y (liianajuato, deemin_L>' their future residence in that cily unsafe, from tlie fact that no garrison or other pi'iitiction was left in the place, except a (.•ompany of 11 iruici le liio cltlzen^ Tl us abantlonmen t of ( uianaiu ito 1 le re wealthy inhabitants com[)leted its ruin. Tl iiiuitaiity occasioned by war and tv})hus ie-ver, whieli in.: • ! in the city dui'ing this period, the de[)arture of L:ii;it numbers of the populace with the insurg'ent aid' nd the tliirht of others, caused within a I e\v iiiniilhs a de[)o[iulation amounting to over 2.'), 000. Tlh- iiiiniii'>' and agricultural industries were for veais li. \i to nothinu', and stillness and stai>:nati^kn reiLi'ned lii tiie once uusv and thrivni''" < •ity 3) At Sil 0, a town live leagues from Guanajuato, Calleja lialted his army for sevei-al days. While at this plact', on the I'Jth of Decembe)', with the object I r jiieventing further atrocities, he [)ublished a singu- larcillet. After exhorting all to unite; with theauthor- iLii,'s,clei'gy,and honest ciLi/.c;is in })reservlng the peace, li'.' (K-elared that in every town in which sohliers, ser- vants (if the government, munici[)al and other author- I'-^ifs, rv honest citizens, whether creole or I'ku'opean, .-iMu! 1 be assassinated, four of tlio inhabitants, with- out distinction of person, should be stdected by 1 it f'l' iMi !i man nuu'dere(', and without further foi'nial- ut to death. ^^ It was but an idle threat, how- attemi)t being made to carrv it out. Fr mi ■Vt'l', lin ""/.''■•a/'*, A!). ^'Tlii.i harraiK'.'i w;is in tlic gapiir,' crater of an extinct voIcjum). It vy;i3 also called 'ccrnt iicloii,' bccinso destitute of trees. In tliat en intry lulls reft with the cavity uf an I'xtiiict voloauio crater were called cerro dj la liati.':i, or cerro del Molcajete. AldHKltl, Jf/xt. Ml}., ii. 40. •'' Aec;irdiiig to Aiainan, 11 Europeans Mere massacred on this occasioii. Anioiic.' tlic tlrst victiiiid was the asesor and actin.'' intendeiite .Jose' AK'iwJ TRIUMniAL MARCH OF HIDALGO. 231 Xotwitlistaiidiiig late reverses, Ilidali^'o was on- tliLisiastically received wherever lie went. The liope {'.[' Rhertv, once having heen liarbored in the breasts of the |)eo[)le, coidd never be rehnfjuisht'd. ''Phe march to Guadalajara was triuini)hal; aiul at every t'lwii the ])e()i)lc sallied forth to welcome the apostlo of independence and do him honor. At Zamora, s;ilcmn mass was held, thankso'ivings were ofl'ered, and C(>!itril)utions poured into his coil'ur. J)urinL!; the few (lays he remained in Valladolid he displayed a won- der! ui ener;4y ].^esides the writiui*- he had to do, and t!i(' [tnlitical matters to r(\ivulate, he organized a force ,000 cavalry and 250 inl'antry, with several pieces i>i / cain irtillery. With these troops he a])proached the t;il of Xueva Galicia. On the 24th of Xoveniber lie arrived at the hacienda of Atcfjuiza, a few leagues IVuni the city. Here all the authorities, nuinici])al corporations, and distinguished citizens had made [ire[)arations to meet him. These, in twenty-two cirriages, arrived at the hacienda, and a duly ap- Y '\\\i'-d couunissiun offered him (.-ongratulations, j)laced till Nueva Galicia at his disposal, and invited him ^o II this oow>io'.i. (liti iicz (Ic IVmn, who displayed grout fortitude. /(/., 41. lliilfd^'o statos tliiit the total iiniiihcr was about (JO. //mi. >/ Jjiivulo", <'ol. Dor., i. 14. 'Jiio tivo nuMi uiiiUt whose coiumaiul the orders were execu ted Mi V el Ml tthe Luciano It jitiiiu of tiio provincial infantry regiment of Valladolid, 'avarrcte, who ac(iuiredan infamous notoriety for his eruelly. /'ateway of the cathedral. ill the atrium of which was stationed the hattalion of proxincial infantry to salute the chief with militaiy 1 lonors. As the cortege entered the city and passed al oil'. the d( li ensc lines or [)eople on eitlier si 1( ith le. f rom tlioii sail Is of voices raiiLT tlie wcicomm'jf \ iva ! mm k ^' •led willi salvoes of artillery, the reports of soaring roi'k- ets, and the silvery sound of bells and soil: -ton. mI marimbas At the d(M)r of the cathedral ai 1 altar had been j)laced, beside which stood Dean ICscairluii in caiHMiical robes to ])resent lIidal!>'o with holv ^va.tl•l■. J. O V This ceremonv beinL*' i)erformed, accomiianied by maiiv of the chapter, the rev(»lutionary leader proceeded to the presbytery, wlicre a soh'mn te dcum was chant' 'd. Thence he went in stale t(» the palace, and in the grand saloon, beneath a richly ornamented dorsd. ic- ceived the authorities, civil corporations, and eccles'.- astical communities.^' Hidalgo, tlius inst:dled, proceeded to decide exist- ing cniicrences between tlie military leaders, ami tn organizt> a formal goxernment. The hrst having b 'cii arranged, he ap[)oiiited two ministers to take charge ""For a (losciiption of ^h'\•^ imisiL'til iiistrnincut, sec my Xnfirc 7,''"' ■■, i. (i(!4. I'o (Icfiay tlic cxihuscs (if JluUiliid"^ rccjciitinn, tlionyuntiiuiii'tito aii'io- priiitt'il 1,'KK) jHsos of tliu fniulo do I'lopids. Tins suiii the lo^iJuns ^^■^•l•o cuinpelled liy Culleja to rifiiiul. Il< niniiil<~ ;/ Diivulos, Cut. L>oc., ii. I'.'--'.'. "' JJcniciiidcz 1/ iJdvuloK, Vol. J>or., i. l'j;.{-i. IGXACIO LOI']:Z RAYOX. r»no f j)ul)lie afFairs, Jos6 ^>ldvia Cliico,"'' witii tliu title of" iiiiiii ister or grace and justieo, and d I: .niaoio L (.) puz riavmi, ^vit]l that f)f secretary general.^''' Igiiacio Lopez llayoii, who becaino a jnomiiicnt revohiitioiiarv ueiicral at a later date, was Ijorii at the iiiiniiig" town ot" Tlalpujahua, ^liehoacau, in the year 177:'.. At an early age he dis[)layed a .stuchous tnrn of mind, and his parents, who were in moderate cir ■iuii>t; nci \\ ere enabled to cultivate his taste for liarning. His early education he received at the cnllcge of A'alladolid, where he concluded a course of pliilosophy. He thence removed to the college of San Ildefonso in ]\[exico city, where he studied juris- iiruilence and took his lawyer's degree. Having sue- (•essfully [)ra(;tised his profession for some time in the r;H)ital, the d(>ath of hisl'ather recalled him home; he IIku devoted himself to nuningo])erations. In August is 10 hi.' betrothed ]\Iaria Ana ^lartincz do Ituli'o, a isKMiiher of one of the [)riiici|)al families in that dis- e province in Octo- iilct. "When Hidalgo entered th l.cT 1P10, Pta layon espoused tne rcvoUiti I th )luti onar y causi ;ii)il on the 24th issued a jiroclamation in Tlalpujahua, inviting Americans to join the just and holy enter- ]'fise'.*" Ai'ter the first evcuits at Guanajuato and A'all;idoli;l, he proposed to Hidalgo a ]»lan Ibr the L Hi IS puroose puri had be aveulanee oi sumlar excesses I'nir this been reported to Venegas, and a detach- iii>jit of soldiers was sent to arrest him, but he esea[)ed as ihcv came in si'>'ht. Ilivlali-'o was at this time at ^.laravatio, at no considerable distance from Tlalpu- jaluia, and Ilayon inunediately rejKiired thither, openly j'liiird his standard, and was a[»[)oiuted his secretary- iu-ehief. He accompanied Hidalgo to the monie do lluAvas also iiuule prosiilont nil iiiinistr o univcvsa i»,; V 11 ik .Vex., ISll, li. 103. 234 TilK LOYALISTS RECAPTURE GUANAJUATO. Las Cruces, Aculoci, and in tlio reniainder of his move- ments to Guadalajara." Hidalgo's object was to establish a national inde- pendent government; and besides the appointment (if ministers of state, he reorganized the audiencia by tin; appointment of oidores/- and nominated Pascasio Lr- t(jna as envoy plenipotentiary to the United States, vvitli the object of making, if possible, a treaty of alliance and conunerce with that republic.^^ J Jut these efforts were doomed to i'ailure. The nnfor- tunate Letona, having proceeded on his journey as far as M(dango in la Huasteca, Vera Cruz, excited suspicion by trying to change a gold ounce, and was arrested, llis baggage was examined, his credentials as a revolutionary andiassador were discovered se- creted in his saddle, anil the justice of the town sent him with his papers to ^lexico. Letona, well knov»- ing tlie fate awaiting him, took poison before arriv- ing at the capital, and was buried at Guadalupe. It was indeed dangerous to serve ^Mexico at this junctui'c While Hidalgo remained in Guadalajara he issued several edicts which he deemed essential to the causr. He proclaimed the emanci])ation of slaves, the i-esfora- tion of their lands to the Indians,** and prohibitr.l pillage and all excess on the part of his foUoweis'"' — all wise and humane measures, and proving that lie Ortiz 1, and in many otiier works. Ta^- casio Ortiz do I/jtona Mas a native of (iiiatcniala, and was a devoted stmli nt 'f tlio natural sciences, especially of hotany. lie waa residini^ in Guadaliii:u;i p.s pn)ti;jv5 (jf the royal oliicial Salvador Jiatres, and was made a niaiisc.d Jo campo by Hidalgo. Ahuiian, //int. J/ij.,u. S',1. ^'Already mentioned ia chap, v., tins volunio. ^^In this proclamation ho points out that these rohlierios wore carrii il on without discrimination, t'.ie property of Americans, 'ni's amados ainoi. .•in".s' ]>v\'.\. It was issned on the 'JOtli of Dec. ISIO. " Jli'lulgoiitatesiuhia depc-'Hon taken at his trial that only two manifests 1 ;! lislic-d in tlio J>isjif rlmlur Aimricano were wiitten liy liini, the rejily mcn- ii' i;id in the text and anotiier 'euyo ohjeto cs pruliiir <|Uo el Americano d( ho j.'>:.i ru;ir.-o por Americano, aai eunio tl Aleniiin por Alenian,' etc. Ihriaui- d'-~ !/ JJuvututi, Col. Doc, i. 1-'. 230 THE ROYALISTS RFXAPTURE GUANAJrATO. ots wvvr. iiianufactuivd. Every pr(}[)ai'ation to iiiccf Callcja in Hki Hold was energetically made; but tlieio Avas still l.icldiii^ the one great element of success, dis- cipline. While the lather-patriot is here striving in strengthen hiniseU'as best he is able with poor oilicci-; and worse soldieis, let us glauco at the progress ef the revolution in other parts. CHAPTER X. SPREAD OF THE REVOLUTION AND BATTLE OF CALDEROX. lSlO-1811. Hi:i:mi>>im.'i's Ori-.nATioNs ix Stxaloa— SrccESSEs at Ro." akio — IThDkfi'at AT San IgXACIO— SritKAI) of THK liKVcd.rTKlN IN iS'l KVO )SaNTANI)1;I!, — L'ciAliriLAAMiXrKVO I,h.(iN RkVUI.T -\'ll,l,A(lliAS"s DiiINCS— I!l(HiUAl•^V 01• ClilZ — I'l.AN (IF CaI.I.E.JA — 'J'LJirLT IN \'aLI. AliiiLI D— ('lHV, F.NH.IIS VallaimiLII) — 11k Ri:uuiiANizF..s tiik (Iuvkkn.mkni— Emimm^mknt at UllKI'KTUU) — Al-I.FNliE .IdlNS If ll)Al.i;0 AT (it* AHAl.A.I AHA — A ( 'orNCII, (IF Wai; — nii)AL(!0 Takes ri- a I'usitidn' at tmk ]!i:ii>iiK of ('ai.kfuon — I'l.AN (IF ]5attle-fiei.i> — Cai-ifja's ])isi'(,sm')Ns — Fi.(in"s I.mi'f.tcdsity -—The Revolltkinists Neaulv Tiuiju'IIant — Their Final, Defeat — Death uf Fl(.i.\- Ihs ('iiauacteii. Ox r(_cvivinL>' iiitelliu^cnco of tlio occupation of Gua- najuato by Calleja, Voiiogas regarded the suppression I't' tlio insurrection as almost acconn)lislied/ v. lien in loalilj it was more \videl3' spread tlian ever. Wo luive seen how complctel}' the provinces of Xueva (ialicia, Zacatecas, and San Iaus Potosi were now in iIk: power of the independents; and it was not likely lliat tli(\y would relax their efl'orts at this juncture. An (>xpedition into the provinces <^)fSinaloa and Sonora was [)Ianned by Gomez Portugal, a!id ]>!aced under the command of Jose jNlaria Gonzalc'z ][eriiiosillo, accompanied by the dominican father, Francisco do Ii l\ura, in the character of director and adviser." 'Ill a letter to Calleja, diitcil Dec. 10, ISIO, in rojily to tlin liritrailier's I'l'iliust that a medal iiiiglit lie presented to iiis soldiers, the vieeroy, siieaking (if till ir toil, nays: 'Cuntouiplo pri'iximo el tin y la eoronaeion dedhis, yen lisjiocos dias (jiiu ])r(jl);il)lenieiite se t'l'iiiinaran, so arrei^lan'ui eon aiiuella dc- teiieidii (|iu; liace apieeiahle.s los pieniio.s, los (pie debaii eoncedeisc. ' Uuxfa- imi.it, (.'iiiiil. Hist., i. lis. '' I'jirra rendered the revolutionary cause great assistance. The charge of tliL' 1 riming-press was iiiliiisted to him b" llidalLio, and its expenses were ( 2^" ) sns SrilKAD OF TIIK REVOLUTIOX. It, set out witli a force of about 2,500 lucii, and .ii-- lived at Tcpic on the 1 Itli of JJcceniber, where it was .still fui'ther auifnicntcd by volunteers. On th(i I5th lEerniosillo reached Acaponeta, tin; boi'der town, distant 115 leaj^nies from GuadaLi- iara; and on the 18th en'jjaLjed witli Colonel i'edin Villaescusa, who was in connnand of the troo[),s at tin; I'eal del llosario. The royalists were defeated, and the town remained in possession of the independents.' Hermo^illo gave Villaescusa a letttM" of safe-conduct to rejoin his family, exacting from him an oath not to take U[) arms against the independents. Villaescusa, takinn' advantaiije of this clemencv, retired from the tt)wn with more than seventy of his troops, and ha\- ing recruited on his march all whom he could induce to join the royalist cause, reached San Ignacio de I'i- astla, lie now sent information to the intendeiite of Sinaloa, Alejo Garcia Cond(!, who vcsided at Ariz[)'_', and who hastened to his aid with a com])any of Ind- ians.* ^reanwhilc llermosillo entered San Sebastian on the 27th of December without o[)position, ha\ ing been previously joined by the garrison of ^Mazatlaii. llis ai'my now numbered nearly 5,000 nu'ii,^ and on the 20th he took up a position on an eminence whicli conunanded the town of San Ignacio de Piastla, a considerable river intervenin/ JhiruloK, Cut. hnr., i. ,'}7S s;?, and gi\cn in liiicf hy liiustamante, in Ciiad. ///.^■^, i. 17(5-81, an. ]5ut the statements of I'arra copied hy JSiistainante are ci)rro''o- rated hy another document, a despatch Mritten hy Jose Lopez, an oliicor uudtr Ilerniosillo, and who makes the same statements, //i nniiih'iz y huni- /o.s', CoJ. JJoc, i. o7(J-7. The total dispersion of Hennosillo's army may ho patluied from Vnz. dc Mex., 1811, ii. 17.'{-t. Ncgrete omits all njention of Hermosillo's defeat. Mcx. Si;/. XIX., iii. 82-3. ^ This oflieer married a sister of the historian Alaman. Ilist. Mcj., ii. 04. 210 ■SPREAD OF THE REVOI.UiiON'. jn'iscK abandonwl. ]Maiiy soui^-lit escape to tlio sea- eoast., or a refuge in some principal town. Groat iminhers flocked to Saltillo from the mining district of ( 'atorce and neig'liboring places. Colonel Antoiii,) Cordero was at that time n'overnor of Coahuila, aiil was organizing a body of troops for the |)urpose of inarcliinix aLTJiinst San Luis I*otos], accordiiiLi' to On; 1 Man iorme( I l.y G illcia Tl 10 arriva 1 of so man^ Spaniards at a time so critical might have been turned to good iicconnt by an able and energetic commander; but Coi'dcro Mas not such a man. Ho was unable to harmonize diil'erences, or secure unity of action, and his attem[)t to organize them proved a failure. 1 lidalgo now ap[)ointed his lieutenant-general, Jime- nez, to the conuuand of San Luis Potosi and the ad- joining provinces. At the close of 1810, Jimenez, at the head of some 10,000 men, marched against Sal- tillo, and met Cordero on the Gth of Januarv, ISII, .;n tho iicld of A2fuanu(.>va at no li'reat distance IVom Saltillo. Cordero's I'orce, which was well oru'aiiized an 1 aniKM 1, numbered 2,000; and had his troo[)s n maincd r;nt]d'ul, he would probably have dispels* tlio army of Jimenez; but they deserted as so(,)n til \y came in si'>'ht of the enemv, and Cordei'o, wlio sought safety in flight, was made prist)ncr on tln^ follow ing day. Jimenez next morning entered Sal- tillo witliout o])position, and like llermosillo at Acaponeta, h(3 treated the captive enemy with every consideration 10 This bloodies acquisition of Coahuila was followed by the declaration of the governor of Nuevo J ^eoii, 'Tlio in>;tnirti(iiis rallcj.'i siibiiiittoil to tlio .ipproval of tlic vicprny icla- livo tl) tliL' iiiii\oiiiL'iitM tit" CiiiNluro's trniips woiv tlio fi)llip\\ in;;: 'Las tinpas dc ( 'ni'dc!'!) 1(1111 so liail.iii, si'ltum las Viltiina.-i iioticia , on las iiimi'iliaciniic;) . '-(.»(:. lie Me.v., IsTJ, iii. l(;;.7-8. Wi.^lcin Flmida, the present state of Loiii.i.iiKi, hail ileclared its indepeiidence on tho'Jiilh of .Sept. previously, and f ;'.h'Lil() int'^inned the viceroy of this' event on the "Jlst of Xov., at llio isanio time lii'^L'in^' fur rci-iiforceuiLncs, siiire he feared to oo invaded from the re- vuhi^rl pioviiicc. iSaleedo considered the luoveinent at iJatou Koiii^e, whei'-j llio ias irrecLion l)rulce out as a seiiueuce to the conspiracy of JJuri', and the elh'ci of French emissaries actinu; uiion lii.s suL,',i:eslionj', IJui'r having heeu in I'aiii ihn-iiig the itrevious year. JJustiunaiU'', ('iiiid. lliM., i. l"21-4. '••linn ,ie.'. at SaUillo not only left tiie Spaniiirils at lib, rty, l)ut extcndi.'il t ) them letters of safe conduct. Many avadecl tliemselvesof tiiis oiipor: unity t > siH'k tlie protection of L'alleja; contrary to promise, when near (.'edral tiny v.ere seized, lieaten, and strii»[ied. Amid the maledictions ami curses of iho pii|iii!.i'e tiiey were then condneted to Cedral, wliere they were kept impris- omd inr a month, whence tiiey were eventually conveyed to San l^uis I'oto.si, Uiiil I'liiilined, to tiio numlier of eleven, in the jail, liy order of lit iivi'a, they were jiut to ileatli with one exception, in March ISIl. Juan X'illarjuiilo only c><-a],iii:,', having been left for dead. \"d/an/inil<', in IlirnuiidczuDnrtdos, i'u'l. !>■■■.. ii. ! 1 1, •!-•_'•_>. "The eura of San Sebastian, Jose Mateo I'raccras, a I'ranciscan friar, and a srcular piiest I'raneisco Fragii were snbnutted to every Uind of ill treat- ment on th.'ir attempting to g.i from San i^uis to (^iierc'taro. They were sent 1m' klo San liuis, where tliev were imprisoned by llene.'a, but were L\eutually release.). M nifli. Ili.^t. .)/,j., ii. lUO-l'. Ular. Mi;.x., Vol. IV. 10 242 SPREAD OF THE REVOLUTION. Cayetano and Maria no Ana} a. On one occasion Vunc- gas dcspatclied under a strong escort a quantity of siorcs to Queretaro, and with it travelled the newly appointed auditor do guerra, Ignacio Velez de la Campa. The insurgents, however, attacked it in the narrow defile of'C;ilpulalpan, and kiUing the passengers and part of the escort, carried off the stores. A huge I'ock was rolled down upon the carriage of Velez, crush- ing his head, after which he was despatched. Venegas decided to send a force to Iluichapan for the se- curity of the highway. The brigadier Jose de la Cruz had just arrived from Spain, and to him the viceroy gave the command of the expedition, with Torcuato Trujillu, of Las Cruces renown, as his second. Jose de la Cruz does not appear to have begun his military career before 1808,^'^ when owing to the in- vasion of Spain by the French, he like many otlieis abandoned his university for the profession of arms. His I'ise was rapid; and after two years' service undir General Gre<'orio de la Cuesta lie was made brigadicf. His success in New Spain was no less conspicuous th.ni it had been in the peninsula, but it nmst be attributed to accident rather than ability. He was truculent and cruel. His rapid promotion was owing to the jealousy with which the viceroy came to regard tliu successes of Calleja; and such was the iniluence of Venegas in Spain, that after his return thither and the accession of Calleja to the viceroyalty he maintained Cruz in the high position to which he had elevatcil him,^'^ in order to mortify one whom he could never pardon for having succeeded him in his role of vice-king. On the IGth of November, Cruz marched out nf ^Mexico, his force constisting oi' tiie infantry regiment '^ Accordins^ to Fray Toin;b Elasco. however, he was iu active iniHtiry Bervico against the Fiviuch during the years 17U3-."). Ilvrnaitdcz >/ J)iir(t!< lu- cliillos lie la mesa, las tijeras j todo eiianto piieda ser olciisiM) rcenjii; iiistii)- iiieiilu.s de licri't ros, cerrajeios. cte., estoy eiicajoiiaudo.' Alniiinii. /list. MiJ., ii. lip. I". Xegivtc state.s that tlii.s letter, as well as the one iiieiitioiieil in ijio fiilliwiu,' note, was addressed to the viceroy. J/i.i'. Siii. A'/A'.. ii. "J.'iO. ^'Mnniui, IliM. M<1. ii. ap. IS. The 'date of this lettirisllio -Jltth of N(iv. On the previous day the Atiay.is had kill'il seven ]'!ur(ipeaii>^. and (Vnz siispeet! ihit his enirespiindtiice had heeii iiitereepteil, as he liad reccMvcd ni> •lispatehe-t fimu Mi \ieo for four days, whereas he expeeted daily (oniiiinni- cati.i;i. 'i'ho expression he uses, 'Supongo tpic mo liaii interecp'ado la e;ir- i'i'-]i iiideneia, pnes (ine liaeo eiiatro dias (pic no tengo ]iliegos do Mcxii'o, ijiio ililji ri'fihir loins los dias,' and the tone of the letters, lead me to agreo wi;li A iiii.in that tluy were iiddresseil to Calleja, ami not to the viceroy. '■'.\iaiiiaii, who saw the bodies hanging in l)ec.,doesiiotiuentioii the miin- 2t4 SPREAD OF THE llEVOLUTIOX. ])ur.srnncc of tlic plan of military operations propos" 1 by Calloja,^" ho left lluic'lia[)an for C^uerutaro on his march for Valladolid, liaving been joined by the I'c- enf (rcemeiit above mentioned. Callcja at tins time was at L"on, and tlic ])lan ho had formed for conducting' the canipaii>ii was siicli ii; would, hv. hoj)cd, confine the insu)'gents to the proviiK o f N' ueva daiicia. c ruz w as instructed to mar'-li t' Valhidolid, reducinir to obedience the disalfet-ted towi on his way IS 10 and so r(^rjul;ite his movements that 1 would arrive at the bridge of Tololotlau near Gu;ii!;i- lajara on the loth of January, on which date Callcja, a[)])roacliing by way of Lngos, expected to reach t!io same im})ortant point. Meanwhile Cordero, the gov- ernor of Coahuila, who was sup[)os(Hl to be at Matc- huala, was to advance aiiainst San Luis Potosf, it- store order in that district, punish the towns dt Dol ore San Luis do la Paz, and others, aiul rein; III! in Ihe neiu-hborhood of (iluanaiuato and Queretarn; and lastly, Ponavia, the intondeiitc of l^urango, at this time in Sombreretc or Fresnillo, was to desccn 1 up(m Zacateeas and Aguascalientes, and kee[) in sub- jection the districts extending southward as far as J jcon an( I S uao. Tl le (lesiii'u was well conceive d, aii!ia ]1 ulaluo was rem lered mcomi) ^leti her, l)iit thoy Mcro scnttcrnl at inlovvals from tlio liacionlx do la Oolota t>> til'' pu'-hlo (pf San MiL;iR'iih>. aii'l uno ><{ (iieiii v.na lliat nf tho huliaii .l'h'''- criior. San .Mii4UL'Iitu\\a.sl)ii!'n;(l. //m/. .!/»;/'., ii. 71. Bnstanianlo says; 'IJiw ni.'ii('(') niiiy liu'go sua piisos cmi tDiTciitoH do .siiuj^re, d rasti'o dc r.sta y 1 'f. oacl:ivoiei ^110 (l('jul)a tl Kii trausito scfialahau i.l vlagcro la nita quo l!cval):i.' Citttd. //is/., i. \'A7. '^" ( ailc ja, rnibniitted his plan to the viceroy l>y despatch dated Leon, I '". '. If), ISIO, and it was aiiproved. A copy of tlie plan ia supplied liy /7'r..(( ''': y JJavdlim, Col. JJO'., ii, oOt-.J. LONG LIVE TIIK KIN'G ! 24S Tlavuijjf rciiiuiiioil a fuw days at Qucax'taro, Cruz left OH the 20tli ior Valladolid. His inarch was uii- tvoiitful; for although a hostile force threatened to oppose liis progress in the neighborhood of Acdnibaro, it letreated to Valladolid as he approached.'-^ Pedro (Vlestino Xegretc, a naval officer, was sent with a detachment in pursuit, but was unal)le to overtake the retreating enemy- I mention this apparently ti'ivial circumstance because the name of Negrete, v\lio afterward greatly signalized himself and contrib- uted to the success of Cruz by his victories, appears for the first time in history on this occasion. On the i'7th, ]):issing tlirough lu'laparapeo, Cruz approached A'.illadolid and bivouacked for the night on the liciglits above the city. As tlie royalists drew near, the revolutionary inten- (Iculc, Ansori.'na, convinced that the forces which he had at his disj)osal would be unable to cope with those (il'CViiz, on the night of the 2Gth and 27th secretly L I'r the city for Guadalajara, escorted by fiftv chosen iiiL'ii; and on the following morning the olticials ap- pointed by Hidalgo also leit, taking with them such treasures and archives as were under their charge."^ (hi the 27th, as soon as the llight of the intendente lu'caiii'^ ])ublic, the ])o|)ulace ]"ose in tunmlt, and led by a blacksmith of Toluca, who was from the United Stat.'s,-''' raising the cry of death to the gachupines, liidke into the college Ibi-merly belonging to the Jes- uits, ill whii'h a numl)er of I'jUropeans were con- liued,'-'* and put thi'ec of thetn to death before they '■'Tliu insur.Ljc'uts nuiiiliorcil .'J. 000 or 4,001 liorscuiul foot, and had ^^ix cau- iiun.^ (.'t.. - jiijfainst the enemy's positi(Mi alonu* the l)anks ei asti-i'iim llowingdown the gorge. The insurgents' batteries, howevei', conunanded the apj)roach, and a Well-sustained lire being o[)eneil upon the assailants, ■'" Tnijillo li;i(l aecompniiicd Cruz from Mexico as far as Iliiieliapan, wlicnco lio iitunicd ti) tlio capital and rcjoiiR-il Cm/, at Valhulolul .laii. '_*. ISl I. 'J'ho vioc r.iyas.sooiatod witli liiiii ill lii.s cdiniiiaiid tlio aged l)rigadi(jr(!;vriiii J)iivilii, ■paiai|iU' cijiituviurasii juveiiil ardor.' Bii-'laiiiiiiifc, < '(inijjiirtrin dc Citl'ijii, .")!). ' .t'lLJa described Trujillo aa a madinaii witli a sword. Akimun, IIi4. MJ., 11. 7 s, 'AS srni:AD or the revolutiox. I :■. the officer in coiniiiaiKl, in \\c\v of tlie oxli'cnic dilli- culty of the iisceiit, I'ctrcatcd. i'vnz now tliivw out detach nionts on his rij^ht and loft, witli tlio ohjcct (»!" occnpvinLf connnandinL!: hciuhts above the road, send- uiii; two cannon with the troops directed aLjainst tho enemy's ri<_;-ht, and phintini^ liis remaining six pieces in the most advantageons [)()sition at the foot of the gori,fe. In s[»itc of the rnggedness of the i^round, both movements were successfuh ^Meanwhile Micr, r('gardin<>- the retreat of the advance guard as a iiiglit, unwisely made jireparations to pursn(% and exposing his left, one of his batteries was assaulted and tak veil by Negrete, and the insurgent force in that part of the held di> [)ei sc. ■d. While Neirrete was thus en- gaged, a vigorous attack, su[)j)orted by the t W'l 1 neces on i^ru/is Ci left. was MuKle uj)on tUe msurge Mit- c(;ntre and right, which resulted in the total rout of ]Mier's forces and the capture of his artillery and am- munition.-" Although this attempt to arrest the advance of Cruz was nnsui'cessful, it contributed to the causes which ])revented his taking }iart in the momentous battle fought on the 17lh at the bridge of Caldcron. At Zamora ho was detained some time in re!)aii'i:ii'' lis <>'un-carriaixos ; and wh len he ai rived at {Ikj r (jrrande do Lerma, although he met with no ojjjio.^i- was tedious] V tion, the transi)ortation of hi P arm^ slow, from tlie i'act tliat at the crossi on U'l tl lei'e wa- ly one boat available for the pur[)()se. When lie arrived at the point of rendezvous the inijiortant bat- tle had been fou'dit and won. Allendc, after his ilight from Guanajuato, hastem' I to Zacatecns, whither Iriarte had proceeded after his deiiarture from San Luis. Although this citv w;h occu])ied bv a largo bodv of insurgents, the command '"Tlio inaurgcntH lost OOf) men, wliile the royiilists had only two killc'l .ni'I ono woumkil. I'or ;i lull act; unit ol' tliid engagement, aeo tlic reports of Ci.ii ill (j'u:. de Mix., ISll, ii. JJ, til -S. I t ALLKXDE AND IRIARTi:. 210 of wliii'li Alleiule could li^liUy assuiiie in liis position (if caiitaiii-^cncral, lu; jie'icuivcd that the assertion of lii^ suiiL'iioiity over liiarte would in all jiroliability ])i(i\i)ke a mutiny, Ut' Iriarto's good faith he was more than doubtl'ul; and his own prestige and ))o])U- laritv had seriously diniinislu'd, owing to his late dis- coiiiliture, as was indicated hy the unsu|)pressed inui- iimrings of the tr()Oj)s. He therefore decided to join Hidalgo at (iuadalajara, and on the rJth of Decinnher arrived at tlie city. Hidalgo went out to meet him, with eveiy demonsti'ation of friendshi[). That night a hand of captive S[)aniards was led out into the darkness, marched a few miles I'rom the city til a lonely spot, and tliere butchered. And on other occasions the same ceremony was repeated.^' J\Ieanwhile Callcja was rapidly aj)proaching. The army which Hidalgo now had under his connnand was i'ar su[)erioi' to any fijrce which the insurgents had liilhcrti: hroULiht into the iield. It numbereMJ no less tlian SU,QOO men,"^ 20,000 of whom were cavalry, with ninety live pieces of artillery, many of them of heavy calihrt"/'- No exertion was s[)ared by the revolutionary leaders ti) j'ender this largo force as effective as [xjssi- ^'' iliuroijuin, in lii.s testimony at tlio trial of Hidalgo, statos that lio assisted atone, ami one only, of tlieso massacres, on whirli (leea.sion 4,S vietim-f, more or less, were put to deatli. //criiii/Klcz // Diint/o.i, Co/. J)oc., i. 41. Al)ad y Qiicipoiu his ]iastoralof SejifaMuber "Jii, iSiJ, says: 'Luoj,'o (jiu'. so entronizoea (hlaiiidajaraeiimenzi't li de,L;olhn' en la ini, los niuehos eui'opeos y algtnios eriollo.s.' / a eei'ca dc los indultos y liljorta I do europcos, reeiv^ieudo U. tudos los i|Uu alia (.-sie) por esa pai'tu para (piedar se,:j;urii, y al ipio fuer^: lin|iucto, )iei'tiirliador y seductor, o so eonosea otra.s ilispo.sieiones, los ;;epultai^i cucl iilvido y Jos/' Maria Zaiialza in a letter dated Jan. is, I'd I, and addressed to .Mereado. /■/., i. liSli. (.'alleja, fulluwed liy Alaman, s>.iti> that the insurgent army numliered 10l),0()0, an estimate whirii 1 eun- M^t r 1. ss lelialde. /(/., ii. SIW.'-'U-', itoo; /(/., iv. ISO. Calvillo raise.i the nam- her (m I(i:!.(M)!I. Hcnnoii, KiS. '■ I'l sidi'S t-l hrouglit from San lllas, a large numher had been cast iu (.iuudal.ij.aa, many of tliem very inferioi-. 2:.o SrUKAD OF THE RKVOLUTiON. ble. The cntliusiasni of the tro()|)s was stimulate I by encouraging addr -ises; the necessity of dis(.'i|tliiic uigently pressed upon them; and (h^iils and mana>uvi-c.s v.ere daily ])ractised on the ])lains outside the city. Though their arms were far inferior to those of tin; royalists, they were hetter than on former occasions; most of them were still only the sling and bow, Imt lor tlie foi-mer great quant' ties of snudl gi-enadcs had been manufactured — missiles nuich more de- structive than roui»:h stones. A ufreat inn)roveiii('iit had also lieen effected in ridding the camp of hordes of unarmed hangers-on, who followed merely with a view to pillage. With regard to the plan of operations, a diversity of opinion pi'evailed among the leaders. At a council of war Hidalgo expressed his conviction that tlu^ whole army ought to take up a position at the hiidgo of Tololotlan, and there engage Calleja, while liiurtu with his forces moving from Zacatecas should assail the royalists in the rear. Allende disa[)prove(l ot' this plan, and bearing in mind the disastrous results at Las Cruces and Guanajuato, expressed his want ><[' conhdence in directing their whole force aijfainst the enemy, and exposing their fortunes to the hazard nf a single battle. He proposed that several divisi(»ns should be formed out of the army, that Guadalajara shoukl be evacuated, and that Calleja should l»i! attacked by these corps d'armeo consecutively, thus avoiding the risk of a general rout. The debate was long and warm, but eventually Hidalgo's plan was a(lo|)ted.^^ ()n the lOtli of January, Hidalgo was advised tliat CalKja was advancing by forced inarches toward Guadalajara; and he immediately made preparations to occui)y the bridge of Calderon, eleven or twelve leagues from the citv. On the followinuf dav liidal- go led out his host. As he compared his now coui- '^ J]!(-- siilt. Proceeding on the following moi-ning, he in cii- ])ii'd the bridge of Calderon, and took up a strong position commanding the api)roach to Guadalajara. (>ii a steep height on the left side of the river a bat- tery of sixty-seven guns was j)lantcd. This f)osition FLON'S ATTACK / N A 1^ f^^A,^,.,^^^.-'^'^^,,,^::::::^,^^ "<^^ArW^r^''^^^^ \ P L A I N 8 -E \ litidjit of Calden ■■ lev's. '-'.^^^"ni'.'J *■■•• *>: - EMPARAN'S • » 'It ATTACK/ ^^.^ Battle-field of the Briuue of Calderon. ^^ was almost inaccessible in front, was protected in the r .ai' by a deep barranca, and nearly surrounded the ()])Lii ground on which Calleja would have to advance his troops. Flanking this main battery, minor ones "'Ilc>i)iti6 n.uchaa veces quo iba a caliiiorzar en el puonto tic (';i!(lci-oii, a, cmni !■ Ill t^ueretaro, y a (jeiiar en Mexico.' ( 'nril/o, Srinmi, i;!(i. \e;;rftc in iiuiUin^,' incntion of tliis boast remarks: 'Cre;> ([uc csto no pasa do una vnl;,'a- i.'lail.' J/,x-. Si'/. XfX., iii. 4. See also faY(;«, in Jfi'n/aiulrz )/ / hi i"/ ''>■■<, <''il. Doc, ii. .300. Tins briilgo is over a small alUuent of tlio iio (Jrando ilo Jvcrnia, al)oiit live leat^iic.s to the north-east of the liriilgo of Tololitlan. ^ ' 'I Ills plan is taken from the work of Torrentc, whooopicil it from ii draft jv.iiuli u;i3 in the war department at Madrid. Biistamautc rcnrodiioed it in I'l^CHvr/. nut,^ i. 188-9. Alaman, Jlist. 2I,J., ii. 584. 252 SPREAD OF TIIK RKVOLUTION'. il m Avor(! i'slal)lisli('(l on licinlits to ilio riu^Iit and lel'l, of it, tlu! latter one; lK'in<^ on the otlior side ot" the livrr, the accesH to eacli being up steep and roeky asci nts. On the IGth the royalist army aj)[)ear('(l in ^i;:Iit, and ('allcja, llndiiiLC this almost inipT'o^nahle pDs'nion oi-ciiiiied hy the enemy, sent forward a reco!inoitriii'^' - ])arent by the lires on the oj)posite heights, which II i- dal^-o caused to be built aloni^ the whole extent of his line, three (luarters of a lea'nie in leiiLTth. Calleja's force consisted of 0,000 men,'"" one lir.lf nf whom were cavalry; but although his army bore no numerical comparison with that of the rovohilioiiists, it was j)erfectly (M|ui[)ped and disci])lined. J[e ii.n'i also ten pieces of artilK.'ry admirably served, and a nia^'uidcent sui)[)ly of war material; while the in.-ui'- gents had but few muskets, and many of their caniiMii wei'e of no service, some beinu* fastened to clumsv carts, and others bein^^ manufactured of no better nuiteri'il than wood bound with iron hoops. Cali'ja decided to attack without waitin;;' forCVii/.. In the aiornin;^' he formed his army into two divisi'iis, one of which he placed under Flon, who was to a--sail tlie enemy's riufht, while he with the other attaclicd their left. The assaults Avero to bo made sinuiltniio ously, in order that the two connnands might fall at the same time on the insurgents' cei^tre. A iiud some little distance above the bridge had. been louad the niglit before, and Flou leading his force acro-s it 3" Virdki, Ajmnt. B'lO'j., in Hernandez // Ddvalo% Col. Doc., iv. ISO. Cul- villo, howc'voi', says; 'Xuestro peijuoiio exdrcito. . .no paso ilc quutio mil )' qiuuii.'ni.o3 hombrca.' ijemton, 13o. FLOX'.S IM riri'UOSITV. '.'.■)3 ru/.. S|i 'lis, a^ s:ill IC Ii.hI ll: lll'- ai 1 ;it oi'd 1' unit ■() -s it ;0. C'ul- 10 lull y iiiiuicdiiitcly Itcj^an to ascend tlio lioi.jlits. Siidi was Ills iiii|)C'tiU)sity that In- would not wait lofhisai'tillcrv, which consisted of (our iiv-ld-pieccs, and which owini4' 111 the cxtivnic iu^gc(hics8 of the *(round had to In; (ha;4(iMl up hv han(h INTccivint,^ that it (-ould not he hidiit^ht witli the infaiitj'v, he led his men at onci; against the lii'st iiisuj'i;ent hattery, consisting' of four "luis, and n'uarded hy a stroin; hodv of the eneinv. lia^-h as was the (\vx;i\, Ik; was so ahly su|)i»(»rted hy lii^ ti'oops tliat he (h'ovo thu insur<4'ents iVoni their jx)- sition and cai»tui'ed tlieir ufuns. I'msuiiiL;' his advan- ta;.;'!', as soon as his artillery arrived, he succeeded in di-lodoinu" the revolutionists from tin; minor Ijattei-ies ell tlu! li^dit of their main jtosition, com[)ellini^ them t.) I'all hack upon tlu'ir centre.'"' Meanwhile ( 'alleja advanced with the rest of the arniN toward the hrid^'o, supportin,!;' Flon's ujovo- iiiiiits v. ith the lire of his advance ,!j;uns, and sendiiiL;" liiui a I'ecnforconiont of pioneers of the urenatliers of la ('iiliiiiina. When (^'alhja arrived near the laiti^'e, and (Muld sui'Vey the whole ]»ositioii of the enemy, he ixconiiix,.,] the danger of attemptiti'^' an assault hy lliat direction, and, wheeling' to the right, occupietl wiih I'dur canni>n and a considerahle [)ortion of his tiMops a jsmall eminence, from which he o[)ened lire niKin the enemy's nearest lel't hatti.'iy. At the same time he sent foi'ward on the old road, on the light- hand side of the stream, Colonel Ijinparan with a si|nadi(in ofdragixMisof Spain and the cavalry regiment ef San (Jarl(.)S, with the object of assailing the enemy in tile lear. Coh>nel Jalon, moreover, was sent to assault a hattery of .seven guu.s situated lower down the !?trcaiii. V* hil(! these movements were heing made hy Ca- ll'ja, i'lon, urged by his uncontrollable desire to win till' glory of the day, exceeded his instructicnis,""^ and ' <'"ll'j'i, in //, ni'Didtz 1/ Jhiraloi, Col. Dor., ii. .3jO-7. '" ' l'iiiti(j rjiR- Floii trasiiaso las ordtiics do Callcja, ji.'ir.i llcvnr.'ic t'l solo lii L'lnijii ,!,. ];i l,;,talla.' Il< riKUHlizy Jhivalv.-', Col. JJnc , ii. :',l-2. TA it ulUi.l.) ui.' la acxiuii. . .luibria a'ldo mu6 fuliz, si cl .Sv Condi: dc la Ciukna, lluvado do 2Ji SPREAD OF THE REVOLUTIOX. n -. without wailiuL;' until ('alk'ja was jtropured to act i:i coneurt witli liiui, attackud tlu; main battery of ihc insui'jj^t'nts witli his division. The attempt was uu- .sucet.'ssful. The enen)y was ai>le to concentrate ovi r- wheh.iing numbers at the ])oint assailed, and t\v his troops were re|)ulsed. Jlis ai'tillery amnuinitii it tl lis crisis ii'ave o ut; 1 lis men lost coniidenc Ill 1. 1 began to retreat in gieat disorder. At this moment victory inclined to the insurgents. The detachment under EmjJiiran on the right lia I also sustained two i'e])ulses, he himself was seveirlv wounded in the head, his horse killed, and the regi- ment of San Carlos was already in Hight.'*' Xotliiii'^ L'ut the ascendency of Calkjja's [)resence, his coolnes.-; "•nd military skill, saved the rlay, Jaloii, who had suc- cessfully forded the river and captured the rovol. iron- ists' battery, hastened to the assistance of lOmpiir aiu 1 intei ri)osmo: his troops bet\ ween himanc I tl i:i; le dense masses of the enemy in pursuit, restored this partof tlu' iield, resulting in great siaughter of the indej)endeiits.*' "^i'o restore the left was more difiicult, and re([ulred im- mediate attention. A strong column of infantry, siip- poi'ted by two squadrons of horse with two field-piccis, was sent over the bridge to (he support of Flon. Tliis movement had some ellcct in ar'-esting the disdr- der, but it was obvious to the leader of the loyal- ists that his left division held their ground i;i iVont of the u'l'tuit batterv with ditiicultv, and that Ui extraordmarv and dt.-cisive ( •tfort must made rcf'To in orde!' to dislodge the enemy. lie tl marched witli all the available trooj)s of h '^ divi- sion over the bridge, and deploying into line, i S .SdOl sii ai'dicnto ospiritu, no so liuldcso tqiartiiilo il( 1 pl;iii ijiip mo propnsc y li' llj •.' (■(il''j'i, ill / mi ilcsi'i'Kn ;i los ilcmas.' Biisliiniitiitc, CikuI. /lis/., i. KU). *" 'Ale asi'L-'ura.' sayaCallcja, 'sii oomau'laiito no iialirr liayoiicta ; Ilthim na todo cl iirimcr batiiUon (luo no oste tcfiiila ( . sanu'if ilo iiisuru'i'nte.-i.' il-i'- numlcz y DdcaU/x, Vol. ])w:., ii, .'}."iS. Jalon's i 'loit is found in /■/., .'iiil. DEATH OF FLOX. 2J5 as tlio u'rouiid allowed liis (ioiiiL!;' so, joined liis forces with 11;ose of l^'loii. lie tlieu caused his ten pieces () ;ents. ; 1ia 1 errly tliin'4 ill I ess (1 SU''- .itinr,- );ii'aii; dense el" the ,ents/' 0(1 ini- sui>- eres, This isnr- .va!- .1 i;i that made r'.'.re (li\i- >| II Hi liiiri '■:! / //'■ '■• ;!ia. ai'tilliTv' to be oollccto" on one ]>oiiit, ;ind directed against the u^ain battery of the insur^'ents. While tliese were ])layiiiL,^ vi;j;'orously u])oii th(.' oiieiny at half niusk.t sliot, a general ciiargc along the royalist line was (irh'red. And now occurred an accident which ovei'ruh -I the ]»o\\ei' of battle, and held back the cause of indepen- dence, it niav be, for eleven tedious and bloody veai's. A henil) iVom the well (hrectcd artillery of tin; royal- i-ts struel; an aninuuution wagon (4' the enemy, and a liirific e.\j)h»sion occurred, scatteiing the dead and dy- ing ill all directions. ]]ut this was not nil. Tlie L;'innii(l at that season of the year was covered with a thick niattinu^ of di'y ijrass, and this takinn" iii'e a fear- i'ul conlUigratiou ensued. Tlo uind blew i'ldl in the lace of the revolutionists, aiitl the ure spreading Vv"ith aw till rapidity, they were soon enveloped in dense clouds nf siiieke and roaring tlanies. Beibre the liery blast they could not stand. Some fell asj)hyxiated; others wcjv horribly buj'ued. Flight was inevitable." The (hsmder caused by this catastri)[)ho and the ilrni ad- vaiiciM)!' the royalists, who were now eneoura^■ed by tlio [)ivseiice and intrepid bearing »»(" Calleja, strnck panic "''ulkja makes no inciition of this coiifla'rratioii so favoraMo to Iiis nio\ u- muiits; aii'.l Alaniau— //'.s/. McJ., ii. \'.V2-'.') —j;oiu.' rally ])ai-tial to t!ic royali.-,l:3, vrrcivis tliL' Htatc'imiiit with .'uich ( xiU'cssioiis of iloiilit as to loavc tlio iiu- I rissiiiii (III tlio leader's mind that ho did imt wish to holiovo in it. ]le .d cis ii'it even accept the testiiiuiiiy of Colonel X'illainil, who was .sent "Aitu two liild-iiieee.) to the assistance of Flon, and who says: ' So cmiicsi'i A fiieixo ecu I'lS dns eanoncs ([no llovaha liMsta ([Uo esto eesu por hal" rso ineendiado el i:iiuii.i.' Ili'riiiiiiili'z 1/ j)i'n:>ilo.^. f^ol. ])ni\, ii. .'{lil. liut this royali.-.t testimony ii stmii'^'ly eoiTohorativc of statements more i)articnlari/ei por el fiiei^o do lo.i i!tai|ius do Flon coino ])or el de hv es[)losioi; (h'l eavro " i\v Ins eajones do jiulliiiiii ,|iu. ;,i,i;i (li^pLM'SMS eu varins i)untos.' [il.,\\. '.\\1. Verilia, in A/., iv, Ho I. iituihutes in a f;reat ineasiiro tlu; disastiT of lln' day (i;i the side of till' iiidi'jH iideiit-; to the explosion of H;-m' ainniiiiiitioii wanons. eansed hy ;i (.'I'lMiuile ili.-.i'lini-i,fed hy tin; royalists and tlie spread of lire thei'iliy tlnonyh the eimip. Piastaniante and Xe;^rete talie the view j^iveu in iiie text. Muia iitiiilii,trs the lire' iu the eamp ti> the sitnnlt ineoils didchurgo of the 07 giuia ItyouKrul Aileiide. .!/■ ,i\ ,j .•.">, u'- \. 25G SPllLAI) OF THE RKVOLUTIOX. into till-' in.siirufents. All aloiiL'' t!u; roviilist liiu.'s ilie cliarniiig tr()()[)s pressed upward with l)ut little lo-s, and eavulry, iiifaiitrv, and artillery at last yained tlic heii^lit togetluir.^' ]3ut the enoni}' was in full lli^lit, and tluiir abandoned i;uns were foun'l^^till loadt'd with I4iaj»e-sh()t. A .solitary battery of six heavy j)!ec('s, situated on the sununit of an eniinenee v, \ the in- surgents' left, still maintained its lire. Thither h.i.l eongreij;'ated L^reat nundjers of the dispc^rsed aiiiiy. but a detaciunont of the ti'iunipliant troops bcin.;' sent a^'ainst it, it was eaptured with little dillienh\ ; and after a contest of six hours tlu.' I'oyalist victory at the bridge of Calderon was coinj)lete. Then followed the pursuit. Over the cliaircd i^'round ihe horsemcu urged their steeds after the ilyiiiL;' bands. Foremost amongst the ])ursui-'rs was Finn. Eniaged at the unsuccessful part wliich he had [)layiil in tlie late battle, and eager for revenge, or detenniinil not to sur\ ive his disgrace,''^ he outstripped them a!!, and plunging among the insurgents, fedl covei'(.'d witiL wounds. At night his al)sence was noticed and a party was sent in search of h'in,but it was not until t!ie fol- lowing day that his mutilated body was found.'* or the military antecedents of (Jolonel ^Manu'l ilc Flon, contle de la Cadena, little; is known, llisri'jui- tatiou as a ])ublic man was, however, well establislic I in New S[)ain, and his chara.ctei' for honesty ami in- tegrily, as well as his ability in the })erformancc df political and maLristerial duties, universally recognize!. * t\ k '-'Sioiilo iiliia (li^ pnco3 niiimtos ol aonu-ti^r l.-i hatci'ia y Jipnilor.ir-f il' i.''l!i, no (;li->t;iiito I'l iiiiiuniso iii'iruL-r.) ilo iiisurm'ijtcs i|uc la (loloiiili;iii v !.i I'osi 'tt'iici I ijiK! iipusiL'i'oii .SDiti'iiii'iulo-ic liastii v\ trriiiiuo ooU iiolmigiiiL; to l''hin, whioli ho liad taken fi'Miii h'n (hail lio(iy. //inf. Mij., ii. l.'iO. lint the condition of tlu; coip-io, eovoivl witli Wound 1 and uontnsionsinllietiilliy every iiiiid of weapon, i.ssullii'icute\ i'ieM!'i' that he \va- ovei'powi'ioil liy numbers, and that he did not fall by the hand et a AMI 'ie man. RESULTS OF TlIK I'.ATTLI':. 2.-7 ][is iin))etuositv iiud strong- passions, it Is true, not uii- i'lcqiiuntly loci him into cii-ors', causing lilni to ovo'- luok indiviilual rights and (hsrugard Jaw. lit" ludd the saniu [)ohti<'al o[>inionsashis hrothrr-in-law JJiiiho. J-'lnii was ahoi't J^ixty years ioM of it Ijeing I'rowning and se\ere: his eyes v.ci'e >uiiken, ])enctratlng, and iierco, and his look jiroii.l and disdainful, while his long, hoavy, gray ov 'hiows gave to his fc'atures an iin[)osing and unpleasing as- |K'et."''"' The })ortrait is not a [)leasiiig one. Jiis re- mains Were temporarily deposited in the neighhoring parish hiurcli of Za[totlanejo, whence they were trans- i'crrei ?i> the cathedral of Guadalajara and there in- terred with solemn ol)sequies."' Calleja on the I'oUowing chiy I'osted his troops on the b;ittle-lield, and then pursued his march to Gua^lala- iai'a, taking with him all the serviceable camion of the insurgents, after having -0. "''t'oal.is liiu'sosdo l/ l),irii/nM, Col. Jtoc, i. "Sd. Ah'iniiiii xav.-i iiliMUt 300.(1 1,1 prsos. Hi, I. MrJ., ii.' I'JT. ^' II' rn'inih''. 11 I)i'i('i(/iis, < 'dl. /)fii'., ii. ,'i(il. Aci^oi'iliii;.,' to m h'ttcrjiiMrcssoil hy \;:\ari'o to MtTouthi, 4.01)1) \V(■l■;^ LalciikltLM.l to liave lallcu, 'lUiU'iiio sobre I'^^i'i 11' I h.iy (hi til cii'it ).' 111., i 'MO. Uiar. JlEx., Vol. IV. 17 258 .sri;i:AP of the nicvoLUTiox. ing.''^ This insignificant loss in tiic acliii'vcincnt of -m greatii victorv was due first of all to tlio accitk-nt, and seeondl\', to the suptiriorify in nrins and disciplini' n|' the royalists. ] lenciifoi'th the I'oyalist cause was Wn some tini(; ascendent, but the principles of indepen- dence were too deeply rooted ever again to be wholly eradicated. '" fd. , ii. nO-i. Cilleja snys 50 killed ami 12.") woniided. /-/., S.")!). Al lui iii erroiicoualv .uivos tin- iuiihIk'I'h as 41 killed and 71 ■\vnuiided. ///-/. JliJ., li. I'jy oO. Those given in tlio text arc taken from the otiicial retuius. CHAPTETl XI. HIDALGO'S CArTUlIK AND DKATII. isil. (']:'-■/. .TiiiNs Cai.lk.i.v at GrAi)\L\.iAi;A^lTi"Mii.rTV fH' thf. A i uii-.scia, < 'iiiKcir, ANi» Univi;i;sity — Callkja Kstaiu.isiii'.s a .Ii nva he Sicr.r- jiiDAii -Cuiv. JiKiJAiNs San 15las — Ddath or Mk.ucado— Hidauio ('n.M!'i;r,i r.i) to Sui;ui;n'1>kii his ('(immand Th:; lNsri;i;i;Nr Lkaiikus ];i;riiii-; 'jo Saltillo — Tiikv Dkcuii-; to Go to tiii; L'niii;i> Statkn — Or-iMiATioNS IN San Luis PoTosi— Diatii ok JIkruf/iv — ('ofNTEii- i;i;\ oi.r HON' IN Ti'.XAS — CAi'Tt i;k and I-^xiit'tion of IiiNAcm Ai.ha.m \ — i^Li/.oNUu'rt TRKACiiKKorrt Pi-or — Capii i;h of Hidaliio am> IIiaoli- TloNAUY ClIIKIS — IuIAUTE's DkATH 'rUK L'Al'TJVlis Ai;K SkNT IO CiiiiirAHnA — Til Kin Tuiai,— Ahasolo's Diposition— I^xixttions — Jv- (■li;sia!5tic'al Jiimsuktion — IliDAUio's Exi.crTioN — Ifis CiiAUAriEu. C'alleja entered Guadaliijara, oii tlio 2]s(, of .Tanu- ar\'. His reception was similar to tliat of Hidaln'o a iVw \\'e('k,s before. AVith wondorl'ul I'acility thesi p(.'ii- ]ilc I'oald he royalists or revolutionists as occasion do- iiiaii(K'(l. In their [)rinci]»les th\- foi'c^.'tt marches 1o join ( 'alleja. Persona II3' these two counnanth'rs were iinkii(»\vu to each other, Ijut al thoiiu'li hitent leelinu^s of jealousy niii-ht exist, th<'ir iiK'etin^" ^vas eoi(hal in the exti'enie, Xor (hd (_'ru/.'s seniority of ranlc as a hri^'adier interf'ei'e Avitli an ami- cable arranu'enieut as to their respective positions; ]ie waived his i'i'''ht to take tin,' chief command in favor (»f C.'alieja.^ It Avas afterward agreed that eacli sliouM retain ei)nunan(l of his own division, and that ( Viiz should mai'ch at onct' to San lilas to rocoxcr posse-^ioii of that port, while (,'alleja remained in (Guadalajara t^ reform the L^overnmeiit. On the 22(1 and 2;id ( 'alleja issued two proclain i- tions: the one congratulatinL;' his troops ujiou their late yictory and exliortino- tlieiii to abstain from < x- cessos; the other was addri'ssed to the inhaljitants ef Xueva GJalieia, and was of thiMisual tenor, contaiiiiii'^' thi'eats of death in ease of future disobedience, and to all caught with arm.? in their hands.^ ]Moi'eo\ir, h(i caused ten of thi jtrisoners taken at Caldereii to be shot as traitors.^ The late action taken l)v the audiencia and the ec- clesiastical j)owers on the entraiice of Jlidalgo into (jruadalajara was not likely to win favor for them in tlie C3'es of the viceroy; and they now hasterjed t> send to him protestations of iidelity and ex{)lan/iii"in of their conduct. The f )rnier ((X[)ressed its unbo:e; i' ] Toy at the lato victory, and the restitution of its l ■ ' This action of Cruz was highly- ;ipi)ii ivoJ Ijy the viconiy, who writeuc ' < ''ii» h) ((uo Iia (kdo V. 8. hi pruoba 111113 ciiiiviiiccnto do ,sii cDiKhii'ta, y df 'j:i" iiada ;iiiia taiito cumo il l)iic'ii .survicio del ny.' Afaiii'tii, lli-i!. Mtei' drew a |ii;ial)le ]»ictiire (A' the degradation its iiieiid)ei's had ii.'eii sul)jeetod to in having heeii C()in))elled toi'e|)ress any utterance of their sincere loyalty and lidelit}'. Thi' university, moreover, in all humility, declai'ed tliat it had made n(» demonstration in ia\'oi'ot" Hidalgo -ucii as was oiFei'ed to ;i legitimate government, in- I'lnaed the viceroy that a donation of Hi,;")] had heen ( (>iitril)Uted hy the memhers of the I'acultv I'oi- the heiictit of the army, and said that certain of them had linii conmiissioned to preach and write in rel'utatioii 1 tlie [ iroclamatioiis an( [)ani[ ihlet> print e(i IV tlio insurgents. Thc^ iacnlty, moreover, })etitioned the vii-eroy to appoint ( 'alleja jire>ident, governor, and (■aiitam-2'enera 1 of X tl Ue\;l (lal icia. ciously receiv(^d these explanations, an V 1 in I ene'''as ij'ra- t^' US rei) ilv t o wil t'ie ecclesiastics, expix'sses the ho[)e that time pi'"ve that he has not been deceived in forming the Iilgh o[)inion wliich he entertained for them. When Hidalgo diparted iVoni ( Juadalajara, the audiencia au( tiiemselves. I otl it.'r autliorities had reijstahli , -J.!!-, S; //, The vicei'ov- .Ian. lllt'i, n /. ; v/ Dh'ulox, (',,>. ]>,, lli>lalt,'()'.s )irocl;iiiiiiUims. iiin I'l'ply t'l till' iiniuisition, aiui ndicr seilitiuUM (i iMiuatinn-i to lie Ijiiincd liy tl ti.iiur ill tin; plaza Hf M»»-Ni«i>. On tlio 'Jlitli ttf Mjnisir lull ISHIlfl 1 Ml »'ilii-ti l'i''iiiiiiiiu'iii,^ tin; griMiter I'xoiiniiiniiiioatiiiii 11 iai:i i ;.il uliu ■ln'iill ki i [i l':|i'-rs ill tlicir jio.s.-M'ssi m. Ci>i)i( s I'l'liotii -l/'.f. .V;./. A7A'., iii. S.V!) JUllK llt-i aiii.\. :/'•■ '■ Til. lit .Viitoiiii) \illa Urrntia, fi'ii,'niug sii'kness, attiMK li'.l no SOSSKJII Was till' iiiuliciaia iliiiiii;,' tin' tiiiic that tlio t'ity was ncciipio'l liy Hiilalgo, win iVfi', tVniiii'iitly viviti'il liiin. Ili: \va>i n iii-iUilkil in liis ollire. a-( al-w Oia. r Suusa, who lunl utteii.luil uulv wico, mill ti'st iii.r.ire tho oscriliaiu) .\irovo do Ami.i. Ailrail lu.l tliiii liiiiltr a jiiililic I e was aiiu tlicr iiii'iiiifcr « lio xl'uscd to join thu sessions. Alumun, Ulit. Mi J., ii. HO; iv. a[i. ti'-i-l. '2i)2 IflDAI.rioS CAITL'RI-: AM) DEATH. »< 1 I'fiidcrcd liiiii unlit to iill the j)()sitioii lie li;i(l lieJcl, ni:ui-j (•(»n'es[)()ii(!iii;4' I'epresentatidus to \eiieL,^;is. A'i;nea nsked lor a i'oniial iiiveslij^atioii, wliich, ]io\ve\-('i', was (U'liied liiiii;'' and his jxaitioii tliat he niinht he allowed lo i\'tuiii to Spain liavini^ l)eeii granted, he afterwaiih on his inurnev tliitliec. iiesides ruuslahhsliinu' thi; roy;dist auilioiilies. Calleja formed a junta de we^uii- dad, with V^dasco de la Vai-a'' as j)rcsident, the j)i'(- ro_;atives of whicli consisted in tlie I'ii^ht t^.' tiy ;ill ])er>ons suspceti'd of ti'eason. Jle also instituted a junta de caridad y re(|uisieion ile [jiL'Ues europeos, the ohjeet of which was to protect the pi'operty and iii- t'.i'ests of l''.uro]>eans who had lied or l)een ]tut to (Kiat li, and administer aid to I heir faniilio. 'i'liis court Avas also chargvd with the duty of collectiuL^ and iii- terriuL;' tin; remaiijs of the Spaniai'ds lately slain." Havini!^ thus nrratiged all'airs in ( Juadalajara, w itli- out waitiu'jj foi' the retiu'n of Cm/, wlio in the nna!i time had heeii appoint('d [)ro.sident in jdace of Al>ar( a, and military commandcir of Nueva Galicia and Zaca- tecas, (Adhja left for Sail Luis Potosi. His army was at this time mticli i'<'duced in munhers hv sick- ness, desei'tion, and excessive venery;'* and when iii- I'orming the \iccroy of his departure Crom Guadala- jara, lie fi'lt it necessary to remark that lu; ol)scrveda want of enthusiasm in Ids troops, and little inclinatiou to en;4a^'e in fresh eampaii^n.s.^'^ His march to Snu Ijuis was coiidticted with all possibU; pomj), and with such assunijition of almost courtly dis[)lay as greatly to (li,si>;ust tlie viceroy.'' J>ut wliile outriders i)i-c- '■ 'Iv-! natural,' writes C.illeja ti) the viceroy, '(jiu; iatoitc juslilicai'au uaty i,i'; i)''fi) yu no [Ufiiso dirlc.' I)iistn.inn}ifi\ < 'dWiHhltis (k' CalfiJ'i, 1(12. ' Abarca liail inarricilouo of Uio dau^Iitur.s uf \'c]a:5L'ij. Al uiifDi, lll-^l. l*''.' , ii. i;iH. ■()ii tlio same diiy on which thuso (il)SPr|uies wcrn lioM, viz., Fd). llHi, the cxccuti Mils pi'(.'viou.sly iiicutiiiiicil la Uic text tuok place. Id., l.il. '••la fi ci'iilitlcatial Icttoi' to ( 'ni/, lie says that 'las jmtas y cl ciiIdi' Ic aca- iiahaii s;i Irupii.' Ihiftam'tiitc, ('itiii/i'irini s the Spaiiiiinls of want ol' pati'iotiain and of criimiial iiiiliii'c'eiio-', Ji' r:rii!i/oi\, ii. ■'! U. " His action iu this respect was tliu Kuhjcct of coiiveraatiou in Mc.xi'. >, Ci;UZ AND MKRCAnO. 2cn rcilrd Ills eaiTiiiu'i', ;iii(l iiiilltaTy imi> ic riit'-rtaiiicd tlic (■M;ii]);iiiy !it his tiililu and ovciiiiin" i't.'ci']»ti(»iis, want dl" jiiovi.sions and ])asiui'a'^u made liis iiiaridi sl(j\v; ami lii-^ h)\vj; sti'a!4i4'lin'^' line, coiniioscd of soldiers, nvohumi, caiiili-lollowers, ami liuii^ry Ix'n'nai's, pr't'scntcd an iii'i'ay I'ai' IVoiii militaiy in apprai'anci'.'- ()ii the ;)t!i of Manli lie arrixt'd at San Luis, which [)]a(H; had Iktu in the power of Ilerrera until his ;i[)[)r()a{-h. Dining- tliis time Cruz, wlio Imd left Ciuadalajara on the 'Ji'itii of Januai'V, was snccesslnllv en'-a-ed in reducing- the north-western ])ortion of the ])ro\inco to suhjection. On the liSth ho entei'(Ml Ahualulco, and tlici'e |ii'ordainu-'d the u^eiieral pardon extended to all who I'elurned to their allc'-ianco Wit! ard to ^lei'i-ado, ]ie even intimated that he would re.-.tore his heut'tiee to him il'he would avail himself of it.^' ^Vs t(» .-hetl R r it was the intention of Cruz to carry out to the K'ttcr lliese fair pi'omises, I leave it to the I'eader t" jud'.'e, ]\[(M'cado had evidently no confidence in ihem. Tile disastrous news of tlu; loss of tlit; battle at (\-d- (Itron did not deter him iVom makiuLf furtlu.u' efforts. Heordered the concentration of troo[)s; issued a proc- lamation exhorting- Americans to join his standard and fi'^ht lor th(.! cause of independence; and ufavc; in- sii'iirtioiis to Captain Ibarra to scour the district and Seize the funds and all available ])roperty belonL!;ii>,^' to i^uropeans. ^Vs Cruz a[)proached, ^l-rcailo to(>k \\\) a strong' [tosition conunandiu'j;' the dilticulL pass at th»' hari'auca of Maninalco. ]>ut tlio royalist victoiy !i)!il Vi'ue.;,'m usoil to remark that '("alk'ja corri;i cmi ViaUdofiM toil;i la ticna Uw-atri) couM si fiiera nil vircy.' /Id'-fd/nnnfc, ('ii.:>pail't-i !i' ."iiMudDvi, oti'i) ill! iiRTefricL's y p^Tros, y uti'o ilo vi\aiukrii-i, mi'uili'^"S, v snimailo'!.' LI, 10,') Vice 1-1 Tl 'Till; pardon was oxtoiiik'J to tlio inhabitants of Xncva dalicia liy t! th a St of ikr. IS 10. // < run nil'-. '/ 1). Ci.l. J) 'or., II. ptance of the general jiardoii was veliemeiitly protested a^'ainst I y t'li- ilidepenik'lit leae ii"t t ..ivail themselves of it. Jeen tein|)(»i'aiily placed by ^lercado in comnmnd of llic lirst di\ision ol" tlie coast militia, took the o|i- portunity of cxcitiiiL^ a counter-i'evolution at Tepic in la-vor of the o'ovcrnnicid, and iinniediately appi i>i il Cm/ of the state of alfaii's. Cruz s(,'nt a dctachnn iit tliither at once, and that important town fell into liis liands without a blow.'" Caj)tain Salas, th(! ci>iii- mandei' of tlie troops sent to '^I.V'|»ic, was instructed tn pi'ocecd thence to San Jjlas and occupy that poit, where h(! was to malce ev(,'ry elfort to secure the jicr- sons of Mercado and other insuruent leadcn's, as \\iM as to arrest Lavallen, Bocalan, and otlujrs inij)licatc!l in the surrender of the port to jMercado.'" ]>ut that town had ah'eady been lost to the revolutionists, and JMei'cado killed. When, after his failure to arrest the advance of Crnz. ]\[('rcado had returned to San ]31as, Padre Nicelis Santos Verdin, eura of the town, formed a plot with the I'oj'alists to seize; him and the comandaiite Jei- nun-o. On the nii^ht of the 31st of January they made the attack, llomero, however, with bnri'cil doors defended himself by lirini^ from a window uiilil he, Estuvan Matemala, commander of the artillery. and one other were killed; the as-^ailants having two of their ])artv slain and four wounded. The jiarticu- lars of ^lercado's death are not kno wn. On tl lowing morning his body was i'ound at the foot '>| ;i precipice, down which it was conjectured he had I'allcu (luring llight. But therc^ is reason to sm|)pose that lie was killetl while defendinu'' himsell"; and that tho-MJ 1 1 1 liJ '"'r,'(/:. (A' .!/-.<.•., ISII, ii. l'.'f)-;VJ. Cruz iTccivi'il tliu connnuiiicatiou of Viildvt* vn tlic oil (it' l'\l)., ))L'iii'4 llicu at IzUiui. ''■A tMipviif the oryiiial iiiiUMciioii iii t) boluuml in //< I'liande"^ ij Vdcah^, Col. J>iK\, i. li'Jrf. ILK HIT TO ZACATKCAS. 205 will) slew liiiii, ill ()i'(l(,'r to avoid tlu? oj»|nol»rium at- tached to j)i'ii'st-kill('rs, threw his hody over the clitr.'^ ('ill/, who had hitherto remained at Iztlaii, haviiii^; i his odicei's ill advance to conduct liis military op- SCll (■rations wherever any show o \' dan I'jcr aiMH'ared, now 'PI leai'lessly ]iroc(H,'ded to Topic, wliicli lie eiitAMH.'d on the Sth of Fehruarv Here la; remained ior three dav: • hiriiiL;' which tiiiu^ he issued a proclamation, uinisnally mild in expression, reorganized military and ci\ll I'liirs, and liaii^cd sevei'al adherents of the in(le| al- ien- lit partv, leaviiiLT thei r oodles susnoiK ded IS a warn- iii.;lo others. ()ii tin; I'itli he marcJK'd to San Dhu whi'ic lie arrived late at niu-ht. The activilv he di- Plavei 1 1 lei'e as e Isewl icro was stir]i risin'jf. Whatexcr Jiis i'aults, he cannot bo accused (;t' indolence or want of administrative aiiility. The civil (jjovei'iimeiit was rLdi'gaiii/.ed, the oiiices for the coll(>ciion of the reve- nue wei(.' re-estahlished, uiaritiine and military mat- ti'is put in order, artillery was mounted sullicieiit for llie defence of the place — the superiluous e'uns heiiiLj |)i;iCL'( I on board the fri'''ate J^n'nccsK — and numeri >u.s directions were issued by him lV)r the future e'uidanc(3 of oilicers left in commani 1. 11 e, moreover, coiivo k.'d a co'incil of war, at which the fatlie>r of ]\Iercado was leiiined to be haiiLTed, which sentence was carried celK into eKCCution on the I-lth n Tl le same ( lay C ru/v ro- tunied to Tepic, where Ik; remained two days. (.)ii tile 17th, having sent forward dclaehmeiits to Sayula, '" Xoi^rc'to says that a rcll.'iMo witness testifies tliat he sawtli.; wiumls on till' li'i ly, ;in(l tluit tliey were lilie tiioseof a swunl, or simiiiir poiuteil \\e;ipoii; mill I iiut a relative uf Mcfeailo is still iu possession of the uinlersiiiit v.di-ii hy liini when lie met Iiis deatli. M<.r. -V';/. X/X., iii. 77. Menailo \\as boia i.i 'r 111 anl eiliieated in roiailalajara, where ho (h;voteil himself to the stmly et theo'.i.g; did was ordained pi'iest. lie was afterwaid appointed eura of Ahiiahdi'o. \Viieu Torres gained posses^iiou of (iuailahijara he joined tho revolutinii.'iry paity with (Mitlmsiasm. Mercado ])osses~ed botli aliility ami detLrniinatiun, as is cvideneeS,"i-!).'}. C-)nsalt Verdiu's account in (/■<-. ;ara para ser alii juzgados. ' /'/., ISl. ■ 11 'fj yfM IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I '-' iU 1 2.2 Hi 110 HA 1.25 II 1.4 s ^ 6" - » V] vl A '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STRIET WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSIO (716) irs^soa ^ n \ ■i 966 IIIDALOO 'S CAPTURE A\D PEATII. Zapotlaii, ZiK'oiilco, aiiy Allende, Alias, jiiid other K'adi'i's at the ha<-ienda del I'ahclion, Ju- was <*oni|»ellt'd j)y them to resijjfu Jus [)osition as general- issimo in favor of Allende. From tin? hrst, Alleiido had not heeii fully in aceord with ]iidalL;'o; he h;id constantly disa,ii''<-ut Allende and the others could not draw ])eo[)io to th(! standard like llidalL^o. They were het- ter soldiers, perhaps, hut wi'r(> not necessarily hetter men. Allende was a strict dis('i[)linarian, a humane man as the t lines w en^, and lioiiorahle far altove tlu average; leader o!i either side. He and his fellow-"fli- cers were dependent on Hidalgo at the first iik an now it all events, th<'v no\ \v eonsnireil auaiii n Ins authority, and threatened him with death if he d (•line(l to surre!ider his conniiand."" HeDceforth li A\ as little more than a {)risoner in their hands. Jle was used as a ligure-head; his presence was d(>eme(l necessary, hut he was allowed no voice in the; iiiovi- meiit he had been the first to take part in. His 1 •reseiice v.'l th tl u! army was s till deemed iieeessaiv but his inlluence with ivgard to futurt! a('ti(»n v. a-; gone, his adsice v.-as not sought, and his authoiity a mi.'re sIkav. His movenu-nts, moivover, v.eic closelv watclied, an irdus, I'ul. I for,, ii. .'(.Vi. T lo siniviK'or w.is iiia.li! "iily vi i-i)aily in til Jirrsc >f t!lO rlii.'f-i. TluH iiil' iniial action caiisril Ne.;ivti' t> 'linliclii've tlir w IidK- stalLMiiciit, Mr tSij. A' /A'., iii. .">:(- 4. ISiit llitluI^:<>iiiiiisolf Ni.»stiiti.'d it at liin trial. Il< nianJ' y Ddmlvi, Col. Dcr., i. S. ALLKXDE'S M( )VKMi;XT.S. 207 t(Ml to s('|>iU'.iti! Iiiiii^cir I'l '111 the aniiv.^' Ill Jill this J lidal'jo caivd loss l(»r liIiusL'll' than tor tliu caUHO. Personal lUiiio had never V ' ■■■■■' 'SrsyK ' \ *«/' '^'•\ \ '^■■i^. * V.^, ^ Iff ^' R»Ilnni, oPtrru <& *?? s - . ♦■»„•■ ■"" '"■ T'oMlf.,,11 ^V^j;u ^ '« IS- Caloro jr- J t J^ Dwior Arroyoo ' Iiuii4akt«»r6"* ■ cVanwlo *■» "^ Sis*' »/M j'# I ■ " o Cairo ^ Afiti'tt'rm f riti.n e S.LUIS P0T09I llii>Ai.i.n's J''i.i(;nT lu ^[M^■(■|,<1VA. 1m i!i his ohject. If they coiiM hi'tter carrv 'or\var>l \\ir r I'volutiun alone, he was content, lii'c I'l'oni thi- "'Tlic> samo (inlur applifil to Irinitc ainl Almsuln. //». Of the (.iniior's coiuli,. 1 (iiiil .•-iii'|n).siil iiiti iilioiis Allinilc iiii[i'.ns to liuvc f n'linil ii most uu- lii\oi.iblf i.^imiuii, ainl tlio lalUr li.ul I.iIIlii uuatr giuvc susitii^iou. [ 868 IIII)AL(JO'S CAPTITRK AND DEATH. so((Mcl we sliould jiuliifo that tliuy could not, lor Jo- strintion i'tills <|uiekly upon thcni. From Zacatt.'cas Allcntlo decided to retire with liis forces to Sallillo, where, united with Jimenez, his j)osi- tion would he m(»re secure than elsewhere. ^Vt (his tinii! a royalist I'oice un.r., ISIl, ii. 1S3. -■''riic luittlc, iif wliicli IK) j)artiriiliirs nw t<< l"' fDiiiul, was proUaMv foii^lit (Ml tilt! IStli of Krli. , sinco .Fiinciioz says in liis littrr to AMoiiilr; "Mi; liallo a scis l(';;ii.is (1(1 ciiciiriLro con (|uiiii iiii^ vatiiv luauaiia scguuuiKiiti-. J/i ril'lilili-. I) l)'if(llit-<, ('ill. Ihtr.^ i. 'l'.V,\. -'' \'illargiii(lo states tliat tlic Spaniards in Matdiiiala and Cclral had (Ijcir heads sawn olf. Ahniiiiii. Hi^l. .MiJ., U. ].">{). Hidalgo supposes of imi'.isc li:at til"' Spaniards thus disposed of on tiie niaieli to Saltillo were executed liy or- der of Allende, 'ijuieii tenia ya todo el iiiandu.' i/cniain/i'-; y JJdculo^, ('"I. J)nr., i. 14. -'•■Oil tho 17th of Fel»., neeordinj^ to Oehoa's despateli to ("alleja. Gn:. df-. M-x., ISII, ii. IS'2. Oehoa had "tlnw days after tlu' hattlc of Caldenm lieeii deieated iiy Jimenez at the niouiitain gorge of Camera. JJihtiiiianU', Cuiul. Hid., i. 11)3, OFFER OF rARDOX. 269 o(|ual iiiMiis and siipci-ior nmul>L'rs. Di-lusivc (li'cjiins! I'tw (lilK-ront Avas the iute in store for tlioui. Al- ready dcatli luid them in its horrible toils. Ai)out this time Hidal^-o reeeived a htter from ( Vu/,'-" enclosinj^ a copy of the ji^enei'al j)ardon extend- ed (o insui'jjfents hy the Spanish etntes,-' and exhort- ]]i'^ him to aeco|it the demeney oftei-ed,-^ and avoid llie further shedding of blood. ]^ut this was not 'oi- ;; moment to be tliouromises, and he would never abandon the cause. Let l,:m now ii'cant, and what hope would there bo for another? I\rha|)s lii-i death would bettor servo the revtdution than any aeiii»n of his while livinj^; if so, he would oheerl'ully die. l[(; therefore not oidv emphaticallv declined to aiiept the present olfer, but kept the matter secret anioiiLi the loaders."'' Previous to the arrival of Calleja at San Luis Po- tosi, that city had been held by the insurgents undin* the leadership of llerrera. l>y directions of Iriarte, he had successfully attaeked two royalist oliieers, Kcves and IhiLjorri, at the hacienda of San Pedro •■"Datc.l tho 2Sth of F<1>. Gn-.. is (he hli r!y of t!ie nation, and tlio enjoyment if those ri^lits w liieh tlie (iod l.iy iu lethaiL'V . .'I oe a.'ita- ti'iiii.s general, and Me.\ieo erelong will iliseovcr lier misiaUu if tiie.io eviU )v:v iiut opportunely ended.' liu-'taiaaaU, t'uail. JJist., i. 'J.'JT S. i 270 IIIDALOO.S CAPTURE AND DEATFT. I'iodi'Ji Gorda. Their f'oi'co consisted of TOO in< ii with eleven ))ieccs of ;ii'tilh'ry. The two leaders wciii slain, and the 10nro|ieans eaptured were shot. ]ler- reia then returned to San Luis, where the h(»use of the intendente Flores was sacked, it hein^' believed that hi) was in collusion with the royalists. On the u|)j)i'oach of (,'alleja he ahandonetl thi^ city, takint; tin' ilirectioii of Jlio W'rdo and \'allo del ]\laiz. Under (Jarcia C'onde, C^dleja sent a detachment in [)ursnit, a!id 1 Icri'ei'a sustained an overthrow at the lattei- |il;icc, losiiii^ seventeen pieces of artillery, andagi"i'at(]uantity of aniniunition, ba,i^L;age, an tell Iho tale.^' After this defeat ILerrera retired (o Ai^ayo,''^ where he e\[KM.'te(l to he joined by the ii - Yoked troops of Iturbe. Venegas had, however, in the mean time despatched Colonel Artvdondo with ;i force via Vera Cm/, into the disati'ected distiiet; and his approach, tooether with the offer of jKii'doii, caused a counter-movement in favor of the royalists. ] lerrora and other chiefs were seized in their (|U;ii- ters and delivi'red up to Arredondo, who summarily exi'cuted tlu-m.'''' "^riuis terminated the career of t!p' lay-friar ] I ei-rera, charged by some with more tli.ni ordinarv ci'Ueltv, yet whose high courage and abili!\ in the iield were second oidy to his love of country and devoti(»n to the cause of independence.''^ »"r,',()r/a Coiiilr, ill G-a. tie M tlio indc'poiKk'nt rauso, wnv also (icciU'i-inLj in Ti'Xas and C'oaliiiila. Aixtut the l)rL,nnninn' of i'V'hruaiy, I'^nacio Aldania had been (.U'ctcd hy tli<; rcvohit idiiaiv loadei-.s as minister jjlitnipotuiitiaiy to Ww I'nitcd Stak's,"'' Padre Juan Salazar beini^ coniniissioncd to anij)any liiin and act in his stead in caseurj»()so of j)urchasint^ arms and pri»eurinL«' the as- sistance of 30.000 anxi liari cs. At the time when Al- (lama arrived at JJejar the action of Cajitain Casas was catisinL'' general dissatisfaction; and ii eounter-i'evolu- ijou was already in seci'et o|»eration, In-adt-d by the s'lbdeacon Juan ]\Ianuil Zambrano. Zanibrano and Ills conh.'derates took occasion to spread suspicions alidut the object of Aldama's mission. J Le was rejire- st iited to be tin emissary of Napoleon, as (evidenced by liis uniform, which was ornamented like those of l''rcncli oHicers. If, indeed, lu; br(»u,nlit auxiliaries liiini the United States, would they not probably iivail themselves of the op[)ortunity to ^ain |)osses- '-iiiii of the province which was regarded with sui-h C'lVi'tous eyes? On the ni_!L;ht of the 1st of ^Tareli Casas was madt; [)risoner, while Aldama, Salazar, ;uid tlirir escort were detained under the pretence that till ii- [)assports wei-e not in order. ^V new i^ovei'n- iiient was then formed, with Zanibrano as ju'esith.'nt. This at once jiroceeded to estal)lish itself as fn'mly as ]"i>sibl(;; troo[)s were ori^anized, partisans of tin- revo- I'itiouists werede[)osed IVom oiHce, and the impi-isoniMl biiinpcaiis released. The uni'ortunate Aldama and Salazar were afterward C!>nveyed to ]\[onflova in ('•laiiuila, condenmed to death by a court-martial, and cxecuted.^"^ "''I'lu' certilic'ito nf i\v\ iiutlicnticity of tin- si;,'iiaturfM ini liii aiip.iiiitinonS is ^iL'lUMl (HI Uk! Citli of l'\l). //« rii't iil'Z >/ JliniliK, ( ',,/. Diy., i. 'J;tl -•_'. ■"'(!in!i> arraiii^cd to iiif t tliiiii \\it!i all (lih! lioiMM's; and on Uic I'Jtli sal- 1 Cd I'ortli with '612 \\^^^\ appointed ti'oops, liaviiii;* iii- r.iiiiii d -JiuKiu/ that liu wtndd wcletjiinj llioiii on thu Itt.id. l'ri\ idiis in ^taltill'^• oil llnir illstancd Joenioy, a cnuiicil was held liV (In- ITVoInt ioliai'V Iradcis in ordil' to aii;;n'''' aWoiit the cliicl' coiniiiaiKl and lli<' niaiiaLTo- uiriit of t lie cause dunn''" their ahs-'iK '11 MS was (III llie liUli, and in turn hotli AIkisoJo and Arias— who, ;is the readei' will recollect, ]»layed a soiiiewliat du- l/jMas li le at Queictaro — declined to accept the I'e- Mii:||sl hilit^ i h(! coinniaiid was iinal IV 'IVeli to l";!iacio IJayon, the licentiate Anieta heini;' hib .suc- ciiil, and Jose ^lai'i'a Licea;4'a his third o!;icer. .\\ was now ready lor their dejiartur'' IVmiu Saltillo. Tli( ;i- load lay llir(»u_ioiial wells were ihl dry;'"' 'idle thirsty men and animals v.o;;ld liast- to the Wells dl" iJajan to refresh tlienisc hcs; and c I illere i:iiz ondo wailed lor thein d.l iv
  • hMient of a system that was to do away with tlic (!>! despotism; and indet'd, hopes were awakened l!i;it I hi' tiouhles of the count I'V Wtndd be therehv t ' riiiiiiai ( d. Never had alleuiance heen SWOl'll to tl le lilies wiih so much soltinnity or zeal, 'i'he army v,as net, hehind others in its manifestations orj(»y. 'i hi' hat;d!on primero Americano threw the uihliel to i!it ground; hut the most surprisinLj spectacle ol'all was lliat of tlie hattalions, mostly made up of tin; very i.iiihittocs that the constitution deprixed of citizen- •Hiip, takinLC the oath with as much joy ami n'lalitud.e a- ihc r.si.''* Or^lei's were issued to adapt evei-ylhim,' In I he I'li'ins and lani;'ua_L;'e of the new system. Thus ihc 'pla/.a mayoi'' had its name chanj^ed to 'plaza de la cdiisiilui'ion,' and a conuiieUK-rative stone was placed thes'ein. The custom-house, mint, r^'venue, < 1'-.. had th(! adj<'ctive 'nacional' attached to them in ;cil oi real,' as had heen formerly the })i'acti< TIk' amnesty deci-et-s ol' the ('(M'tes were j);ih]ished, Mild tlie vicci'oy with the audieiicia visited the prisons t'> K lease all persons therein detained that v.< ic en- litl hlu lo I lie l)ooii ; hut nolle lii ■Id or insuri'e 11 Were at( Tl le coiistltutloii ca ile.l I ol' nian'\' cliaii'jt'S ill t!ie adminlsti'atioii ol' ju-tice and rexeniK! as well a- of e'oNernment. The civil an-}-', lOJ4-IJ-lii, iMStiiii; M(x: Col. Li/. I'liiid., 34- I ■w 4C0 AMKUICAX AFFAIRS IX SPAIX. I'S curia \v;is nMliiccd to iMttliiii::^ iimm'c than a supi'iiur court, and ci-asi^d to Ix' the viceroy's council; all |iri\- ilc^cd (ourts must n"(t (»ut ol' existence; the s| eci;d ad ministrations of certain i)ranchis, such as drainanc nt' the \ alley, were to heiriven in chari^e of the 'di|aitaci>iii provincial.' Not the least ini|>oitant of these chany was that which placed the administi'ation orju.^tiif e\c!nsi\(ly in the ((rilinary courts, thus doiuLj aw.iy with the junta no\ollics would he Irau^ht with serious conse(|Uencr-i even iii times ol'jK'ace; it may well he; iman'ini'd wjii't the eli'ect was with i-evolutiou raj^inijf thnjuj^hout the iiiiid. The most important innovations were yet ttt he ])ut in |»i'actici', namely, Ireedom of the press, and election of the |>oj)ular ayuntamientos to siipeis.dc iiain. Tl i(,' re\i)lulion I .ivinu' liroivt n out, in Mexico when the law was issued, tiie vicero\', i'ear ]■& -I Ari'liiK'iui'ii I) titiifc Uu! l)i>:ii'(l ill Mcxiiii, tlu' fullDiviii.!,' piTsdiis were. ;i|i|>iiiiiti ;iiii; M. I' iji:r;i, ii ii;i(iM'ut Siimiii, Imt ill tavnr nl M iMi'iKi i;iar ,;l'IiiIl'!1C'i,'; I'lilio Fiillti LU 1- 1 H'lMiiR' anMiiislidi) (I .1 M. w mii'U'iici ii'ii; ( JllillilUI'i AyViini', ligfllli.' ol' ll S:il\:uliir, hiiniii! ct' wliciso wiiliuirM alimit tlii- ivviihit //it. .'/-./., ii 1 1 t I'l'IlMIK 1' h-/. ,1.; I'rll LIHT'^vtl.' mil I iiili JJdcul. «/<; ij TIIH I'i:lNTIN(; ruKss. 481 \'.\'j; that rrccdoin «»!" tlic jtrcss would !»c a nowcrful jij;(iit ti) .s|)r(;ul tln' iiiNiiiTfctidii, iivaikitl liiinsrll" o}" a jH'tty rirciiiiislaiicc, the di-atli of one of the iiiciiilx'r.s aj>p<)iiitcd to roint incnt was ui;idf to till tlif vacMiicy in seven or cin'lit months. .Mcaiitiiwr all the aiillioiilics in Mexico, civil, militafv, all) I eccl esiastic, wi'i't" consulted, and with tl le excel)- tion of one hishoj), exjiatiated on the dan^'ers ol' h;iv- iiiLi' a tree jiress under the existiuLj circumstances. JloWeVel', Alizpe jUt -sinn' ^I'*' i^nhject and the C('>rte.s • ic'edinLj ti» his demands, the iiscales of the aiidien- cia in Mexico I'eported that the |»uhhcation of the l.iw could no loiiL,^*'!- he delayed. Jt Was accoi'dinu'ly iiiadi' |)uh!ic ])revent all |)o|»nlar assemhlai^es, unless tliey Were a[)[)roved (>f hy the superior i\'pi\'sentativ(! of the kinu's authority, and presided over hy an olK- 1 of his appointment. The constitution pui'poseil I'la ^''('ailos M. Bustainantp, one <ai|\iiii IV; iiaiiilc/ l.i/anii, till tlnii an uli.si'urf, iiiiUiiDWii man, Imt who was aftur-waid ;.'i\ iii fur a Hiir- iiaiiiu tlic title (if Ills imlilii'atioii. 'J'lic filitor of tlie l>i'irhi now vcntiuvd to tix'ily expie.ss his tlioiijirjits. Several looso paptM's were lirciilateil on tiie e.i.lesiastieal fuern; tliere w<'re v^ry few evidonees. if any, of a ilisre^ard for the di'eeiieies of society. Al'iinan, Jlinl. M'j., iii. '2S(J-7. ■'■ Ikco^i. ik liid., i., iv., 'Jo. t ' M I 402 AMKItlCAN AI TAIUS IN Sl-AIN". to tlo nw.'iy with this syNtciu willi the iiimi'jf:ir;i(Inii(if ])i»|iular <'!f(!i()iis, wliicli nli'ci'cil as tjr>';it a rondast .is l»(jl\vi('ii M iVcc and a ri'strictrd jucss. Acronlini^r to llif c'-iisus, tliti capital ua-! cniitlcd to twciitv {\\v. clirtiirs, as.sii^Miiu'^' two t<» tin; most |t(»|)ulniis |)jiris!ics, ainl louf to lli;it of the Sa;^;ai'ii), (!i\i(| iiiLf till' laticr into Iniir si-cf ions, \vil!i an (.'lictDial tal)l(' at lacli, hut witliniit lixiiiL;' tlu^ i-cspcctivc iiuni- Imt oi' \'ilfis. '^I'liu pisalt was that the t liunijih i»i' the .Viiifiicaii clcinciil was cinnplctc; not a sinu'lf I Ul'djiiaii was el i< (SI -I I a;i clcctdi'. In I'act, (1 clijctor..! law was violated in tlu; most haivi'afcd man- ner, 'i he Ami'rican ti<-Inarv lU'oclivilies; and the .S!):inish had tho> ihe most n<(te(l Spaniai'.l:- and ol a lew ci'foK's |titiial to them. ^s o ellort \\,i> made 1;» f|na!iiy the voters, and tluis were |>olled many illegal Notes. In sonu' j)arishes more votes were cast than lilere Weri' vecinos. 'i'he rount (»!" tlie votes he- in_n' coneluiled at S:;;() r. m., and the ti'iam;»h ol" the ei'eole party estahiislii'd iteyond a d(»iil>t, t!ie victor^ gave t llemselves U[) to 1 ejoici'.l'i". )eoj)le I'llslie, ^o the cathedral towers and ranuf the hells durinn' a »^'i'eat i>art of tlu; ni;4ht, and ceased only when thi' viceroy s secretary eame out and sto|>j>ed it. Some asked to have the artilleiv (iivd, l)iit the vict'rov I'e- I'tised, ( )n the iollowin-'- dav there wer* 4iil )nol'(! mai'iced manilestation^ Tl le viceroy leariii''" a I'iot kept tlie ti'oops in their harraclcs, and cansed tlie cor- ri'gidor to issne ortlers i'or the people ton.'tire to theii liomes, or the patrols would use Corce. I'he popul; oheved, and hy nii>ht (luiet had heen i'ldlv restoi-id. In 1'oluca, l*uel)la, and other places, the result ol the elections was the same. Animo.sity towanl the 83 Tliorc were masaes of tlianks!,'i\ iiig at tlio sevcr.il parish clmivhrs, w were attrnc'.cil tlie electors 1' tl le earri;i','o o hirh f dllO (.f tlu'Ill. Jacol)) (1,- N'iilaurnitia, the pcoiile hi:j li loiisrj , ■111111 1 iiiiicli applausi lariios.seil tlio iniiku ami i>iil!eil liiui to Till' . aiiie was iloiie with a I'aiion and two eeelesiasai-a. \yilli a man of the r.ili'.ilo as their leader, t! i(! crowd KCi/ei •d earriaui' ii:ii 1 eoiiveyed in it to the iwri.sli ehureh of San Mi .,'iiel Cjrloa M. liuijtuniauio ami Ductor Sartorio, eluLiors chuscii fur that district. SKDiTioi's \viirrix(.s. 4(;:i ]'iini]>r;iM S|>;iiii;n"(ls \v;is iiiMiiilrst cvcryulicrr. Tli" pi ilicljilc-! nl' tlic ilislll Tcct i(»ll |>It'(|(»iiiili;il»'.l. This |i [t'.il.ir iii(>\ ciiiciil \v;is lint crrfMiiilv n (•(•iifi-rtcil rcv- tii>ii:irv |iliiii: liiu tlicrr can l»r no tlouhl tliut it, • •III \V;i- IHnlliptc.I Ity sonic |M'rs(»lis l(i|- uKflKU' |)Ur|>(»srs. ■ Tlif til iiKiits |tl;n'«(| Ity llif new cMiist itut imi in tli<( li.iiids III" lln- rcviiiiitioiiists rt'iidcrt'd it alnmst iinpos- sililr tocxp'.ct a l;i\ trie 11 (hvided into a nuniher ol" districts anieiiic jaiita, ami eiicli one ef its iiiciuliers, ami trviii^', '^lue- r.iii loi jr;ulni|)i;ie;<,' not cumjiK'tiii.; (lie worli for the want ot' ann <. lie asljeil liayon to ai)[)ro..eli tiie city with his forces, in whicli event lie ( laliiial with his jieo])!^' woulii asli the viceroy for arms to tlefi'iiil tiie jilaee; if t'iviMi tiiey WouM lie liseil ti> aiil ILiyon. and if l-i'fiiseil he would eiidcavnr t' take tlieui fipivilily, an 1 then .sally oat to join Jt.iyoii, as lie had 1 I.IKI) or more Inili.ins ill tiie ea[iiLal that wonlil follow him. Uayon was so iniich jiliased tliat he saitgested to Verdiisco the expediency of littint; out a force to t.ik • advantage of so ;;()()il an opportunity. Ild'/on'M litlvr to I'lrdnsni, from 'J'/a/jiiiJii/iiin, I'l'c, It, KslJ, ca|itiire 1 hy the royalists with Verduseo'sbagLjage in the attack of l'iini:in(liro, of \\hich an account will lie given. *"Aii attiiniit Was made to nullify the hist elections, and to make an in- vesti_'ation into the popular disturliances; hut the liscalcs of the audiencia advised th;»t no furtlier stejis should ho taken in the matter, in order to tivcrt all occasion for more popular nicctinys. 4M AMKRHAN Ai'r.Mi;-; i\ si'\i\. V .' l!^' Kulxlisf licts, ;ill <•!' \vliii!:i (Iif ^i i\ (I'liiiiciil loiiU Ikivc rcli;ui<'i' tin. I»iit uiidcr llif fi>iiNtilii(i|»fity and |nv- Kci'viiin' |Mil)lic ordi'i'. Tlir ditlifiilly iidw w.is iliis: liow cMidd (lif |trfscivati«»ii of nrdci- lie li t, jo th,,' vi'i'v |M'i-s(»iis iiKist iiitcrt'stf-d in disl iirl)iii ■;• il ^ This stall' <»r sti^]i(iis(' Ia.sti'(| till llif ."id of 1 )fi-cii''i( r, tin' vii'croy's saints day, San Ki'anciscti .)a\ icr. w lieu th.' recently clioscn licrtitrs, taking;' to tin insrlvcs un- tluc iin]t<)itan(M', callfd <»ii him in present tlieir i-iu\- <;!-atMlations, and lie I'eceiveil tlieni with niar!vs <>\' (hsjileasMl'e. The /*<'iisiii/or }!< .rial n|>i n-inn. uiul the (dd laws and rcj^ulations were restored, the !i ; V. I 1. ; *' 'Es nil nii-x'i'alilc mortal, iin Iioiiil)ro coino tixlos, y im Mtorim iltsprcc i alilc a lii t'i!/. till 'J'tiilopoikToso; las silele toicor la iiialieia, la i^'unr.iiici.i, n la lisoiija.' /./.. '-",14. *-Acc(i!'ilin;,' to liis own words, 'I'osolvi fcU'lirar Aoiici'ilo jiUmio ilc scfiorcs iiiiiiistros (If osta Kfal Autlioiiiia con mi asi.sti ntia. ' (Ur.. (/<■ Mix., ISIJ. iil. l'J!)J-;{. 'I'lii.s ot itsilf was uiiioiisntiitioiial, for after tlic coiLstitiilinn was jmt into tll'i (.'t the aiuliencia was no longer an acuerdo, havm;,' bun liniiud to jiulic'ial fiinuLioiis. *^ Villaiirnitia, wlio liad lieen nppoiiitfil oiilor of tlir aiKliiniia of Sc'ville, was not ]iri'sint. Tlic liscal Osr.s ilisscntuel; lie ifcuniniiiHlcil the (jruatinii ui a. isu|>rcaio juutu. ilc cciibuia iu .Mcsicu, tli TIIK OX.STITUTION IX orKIlATIvJN'. 4';.-> j;iiit.i s wli ii tilt.' prtst'iit f\ti;ni|-- (liliarv ril'ctllustaiK'cs sliollld Ii;u ' (-(jascd Allot I KT (•dirt i'\' {\\i' saiiH' date |tl(»liiljitrd, iluUv llic |M'iial(y u!' ttii years in tlitj rliaiii-L,^!!,^;', tin- liiiLiiii'^' "I" licll-; N.IIiniit an nidci* of the gowi'iiuic'iit, and the ruiiniii' (if ^rmil iits, which the armed lui ree was eiiioiiiuu Id (lis 'J I t( The o-ovi'i'iinieiit had now a kiiowlednt! ni' the pcr- .siiiis that iiiii^dit hi' iiiehided in tht; dan'_cer■ \\i\> however, soon after ivleased, and continued t!ii' imhlication of his paper till he had completed t' iiiiiiilur snhscrihed for, lait in (piite a dill'eri'iit toiu; NriieH'as said iiothiiii;" at this time ahoiit the <'lec Id ti 'lis to ho made for de[)iities to tiic ciales, and i'oi- tlinx' to constitute the dipiitacion |»rovincial ;■*' hut w ud I asked ah(»ut the matter, t owar* I the end of ]).- cciiilicr, hy the (Hiti^oiiiL;' ayuntamieiito of Mexico, and hy some of the electors, la; declared them .>us- peiidcd, diri'etiii,!;' tlie old ayuntamieiito to continue ai tin;;' as theretoforv! till further orders. Jii I'act, c\eryt hiiii;' pi'cscrihed in the constitution to he done \va> left unexeciitt-'d. Thus was that instrument in a ' I'llstalMMIltc, \i'li 111' I'll -s. Tnr,-vi:i,', l.'in.l. Hi ■■I., I 'J. i;i ic;llv:* (.f tl ;UI; /I in 10 ICVollltI'MlMI a. .1/ y sjiiiit ( f III,. I. 'J'iio tloL-ivi; altout liiigiui,' of 1)l1I.s is i|iiiiliiioil «itii tlio wunls 'ii viiolta I'l'.ii lii-..' a (I,- ^/r I; ii. 1 •_'!!;! 1. '» iiilcis M. lliistiiiiiaiiti', t'. itor..f /; ii'iiii fi (la, h I'.tnii'' iirreri t:il ISl'Oll 1 liiiiilly JMiiiiil tiic iiisuirixiioiiaiy cliict (Jsunio at /acaUau. Aiiuiliir 'V iiaiiK il Martiiic/ was nil (1 1 'II tlio ciiarj^'v: or sii-.|iieioii < ■f. niT\ iir.j u\\ 1 1'l iL't.j>oii(kiii'L' \\ itii Uir iiisiir^ciils. Sfvi'ial otlicr.s witu ■ •I'MfUlcd l.inr. 11, t. Ml ' 111 tin; liL' /•- "1 laiHdiilv, Ciici I. Jli^t., ii. 1..m;-!)II; L '•'".7". tiiiitorial ey it to all authorities and eor[)oratioiis that had not heen sworn/"* The eonstitution, l)oth hy its proniuln^ation and suh- sequent sus|)(;nsic)n, gave a great impulse to the w\n- lution in aftoniing legal pretexts for its suppoi't. At lii'st the insurLTeiit sheets said that the oidv bonds ex- isting between the American and S[)anish people lay in the sovei'eignty recognized in the kings. J>ut as the constitution had liow changed the foundations of S[)anisli socit;ty, placing the possessions of Spanish Amei'ica on an equal footing with the mother countiy, th<' former had acquired ri^lits that demanded I'espcct, and if they v.ere violated, they had a rii>litto disselve the coimection. At the suspension of the constitutinu it was claimed that the peo[)h! of Mexico should re- sort to arms, because the laws on which dejiended the paciiK'ation of the country had been wantoidy set aside by the goyernnient; th(\y alleged that those laws, if they did not end the revolution evei-ywlien', could certainly have brought calm and peace to the greater portion of the country. Such were the I'e- marks of the Corrco del Suv, nos 20 and Ml. ]\[oi-eli»s wrote Rayon on the lath of January, 1813, that tli y now had tlie evidence of S[)anish rascality. The Spanish authorities had called for elections to lay a heavy hand afterward on the electors; they had granted liberty of the press to im[)rison tlie writer.;.^' The cortes had really ariued the revolutionists wiili a double-edged sword. The whole matter went bi fore the supreme government in Spain, and was taktMi into consideration by the regc'ucy and council of state, by ■"'\'( ii(';4:i3 ooutiiincil oxcrcisin'jf more powers thdu lie li:vl Ijfforc tlio piili- liciitii'U ot' tlid l'iiiiil;iiuciit;il law. .VotwiHistjindiii'^' tlio markcil iiitViiiT«;ii'iit of it, lie still jiiililisheil (lie decree ot' the e(irteH, to thoeU'eet tluii, 'iiifi'.;cci.)ii' ^ lie l;i coiislitueiuii so vienui de pret'ereiieiaporlos trilauuiles eorresj.oiiuieiitr .' lanni, J/i.^f. ./.ilri/n, i. lO!). ^'■> 1 h- eiuleil ill \\\A usu;il w;iy with a Latin quotation, '(^uid adliuc dersideiaro pos.siiiiiu.s.' Aluntdii, Jlist. M'J., iii. -i*7 S. i f MiMliQiiii nnilELLIOX MUST HE C'RU.SIIEP. 467 (>ri\<:v of tlio ci'd'tcs at tlio instigation of the Anicrican il' jiiitirs, with ArizpL' at their hratl, w ho \vantiiiin of thc^ constitution; hut nothing- came of it. As it was a measure int<'ndi'd to suhjuLjate the rehels if America, it was deemed just, and its author was Ktl punislu'd, hut on the contrary, conunendeih 'J'ho ijiinion linallv L>;iven by tho council of state was that 11 Mi'xico iiothiuLjf hut a military i-cj^ime shoidd lado iiitil the revolution was quelled. J](^th the ciuies ind regency arrived at the conclusion that further •niice.->ions Would l)e out of place, and the rehilliou uust he (jUelled b}^ force of ai'Uis with the utmost iici'uy, to which end the gos'crnment would det;ich as a;iny troops as possible from the army in Spain. I: CHxVPTER XIX. SUCCESS or MORELOS. 1SI-J-1S13. Mtmr.Los' Tiiiui" Campaicx -Chilapa I'etakkn — REocrrrATUiN of Tiir. CmsTltV To AcAl'ILC'O— .MATA.MultOS AT WuUK IN I/irAlt — \l(n| \> ];i;A\o"s \'i< ToUIKS— Vu KU1;(;AI. TliUil I.ATIoNs -riI;i.|r.\TloN or iM. ri;r.Es i>v the Spanish C'uute.s — J)eath of Thijand — Moilelon' N'lir TO ()/rMr,\ — I[e Attacks a Uovai.ist Convov — Takes Oiuz\i;\ ]»i;KKAr ON the IIeiohts or ArruiNdo — Cai'tiim.s Oa.iaca — I'lNi;.- Jlol S I'lUOTV— KsrAP.l.ISII.MENr OK (JoVEUN.MENT — \'l(ToK ANIl Mk.II.I. ]iI:AV(>'s » AMPAKiN TO Ja.M 1 l.TEPEC — ^luKELUS' I'LAS.S — V'ENEUAS Srpl.K- SEKEH— IJl.VIEW OE HIS lilLE. Wk will now rotuni to ^loi'flos and fullnw Jii^ ^Iterations snliscijuont to liis rcniai'lvaMo cscain' iVom ( 'uaiitla in the early niorninL^' ol" May 2, 18 1"J. it li;t-< liei'ii alreuth' stated that he went from the town > t" ( )('uitu<'o to Chautla where he tarried one month n'atli- erin;^' the disjicrsed I'orees of (Jaleana and JJravo 1 > the niunher of ahout 800. Of this small army ^h'- rt'los took command and marched to retake Chilap;! and Tixtla, which, during- the time he was in Cnauthi, Inul been reoccupied by the royalists. Thecommanil- ants .Ahorve and CV>rro resolved not to wait his rdiii- ini;-, but to retreat to .Vyutla. The insurj^ents undrv (ialeana on the 4lh of .)une t'uconntered part of tin ii and took a numbrr |iri>oners besides '200 mnskit-. 1'hey tinally succeedeTl in I'eachinLj Ayutia, ilniily I'eenforeenient h;ivim;' been sent them by J*;'uis wIm A\as stationed there.' The nyalist prisoners were ' I'liiis" ri']iort from OiDi-tcpcL' of Julv 11, IslJ, in (,'iiz. (/( M'.r., IslJ, lii. ." imi CIlILArA .SACIvED. 469 1;il<('ii to Z;i!';itula. ^Fni'dos nitiM'L'd nii];ip;i uni'c- >i>tr(l. TIil; parish priost, JuxlriLi'iU-'Z IJullo, a standi loyalist, i'or whose licad a ivward had jjecn oll'c rod, Imd (Hsajipoarod. The vicar cauie out to iiitorcedc I'ur tlio iidiahitant.s. ^[()rflos received liiiii ail'ahly, \>\\{ doomed it necessary to ]>iinish the peoph; who liad taken so ])roniinent a i)art in the iniprisoninont nf the suhdelen'ado .Monto/unia. Jle accordin'jiv al- I'lV.ed liis troops to sack the town, and caused tlie piisonors to he decimated, despatchini^ tlie ivst to Zacatuhi, nnion^" whom was the giant ^lartin Sal- iinrou. Three months later lie had the ,L;iant hroui^ht liai-i; and mustered into his ^'uai'd of honor, and issued ail order of i^eneral amnesty." This triumph of the n'\()lutionists produced a dei>p ini}»i'ession in govern- iiieiit circles, and oa\-(. ]'enewed eiicoura^'i'ment to the friends of indepeiideiici'. The secret i'lul)s bestirred lliemselves. Calleja's friends charu^ed the loss <»f the ( 'liilapa rei4'ion to the \ ieei-oy's faihiie to ha\e ^Toreh pmsued alter his tlin'Iit from Cuautla, which mi;j;ht have been doiu;, thev said, had there been a force at Tixlla or Chilapa. .M<,'anwhile the indejiendt'iits were jdannin^- for iiew expeditions. A'ictoriano ]\laldonado res(»l\-ed to t;ike ()mete[>ec witli the i'orce he had on the Me'tla- t"iioc hill. It was not a dilHi-ult undertakin<>-, as )S ( 'aldelas had '''oiu' willi his forces to the sii .f ijua] )an. aris, lea re. AFaldonad OS move- ment, left Avutla, where he did not i'eel safe, and went t I ( )metcpee before ]\Ialilonado appi'oached the place. This cIkuc^'o of base on IMi'is' part opened the way C'V ^[orelos to occupy that jiortion of the country to - Siilnipron -was bnrn nnnr ('hilM]).a ill .\[)iil 177' Whrii '22 y.'Mi's of iiu'" 111' \v;is prfsciitccl to tii/'' .1/. .)f Nov. 11. \~[M. liis \\ti''ht \\;n 70 11. il his hci''lit ' dos varas y tri'.s ciuirtas v (loH iiiilL'anas, ciiua lit. JIi (111(1 says that liis true height was -J.-J'-U iiictivs, or 7 it :{'. in. /: miilioMt .saw SaliMi'ioii .SV<( /' Aft I'l' utTviui' SOUR' time in .Mon'los" I'uai ■d. taUi'ii ill ,1 r. tainnl to his liiriliiilacc, Ciiilapa, w la re ho ilicil in isl.'l. A' /; irduii I , ri I ri I .■i h 'I. r of /•: /,. ,.'/, 1 M. ,'^-iO, 111 A'ni. J. 'Sij'u XIX., V. -287 'JO. Jliil. M'/.. iii. -is, app. no. .">, '^7; X'r^jnh' ■? ! r 4;o SUCCESS OF MOllKLOS. the vtTy i;at('s of Acajnilco, wliicli port wis l»(.si»'4i .1 1)V tin; iii liill. Xtitw itlistandiii^" tlu-sc a(lvaiitaL,M'.s of Moivl..^' forces ill the south, li^uala, Tasco, ami the whole eoun- tiv on the il;^ht of the Meseahi ItivLi- weie held l«y tli-' royalists. ]t is ti'ue that the latter were constantly assailed, hut they had hoen victorious at everv oikouh- ter. One of their most noted victoiits was wnu hv Kionda on the Santa ]losa heii^ht, iK;ar .]aiuilt«|ii<-. in the CV)sta Chica, when attacked the :5Ist of ( )riM- ber by Yictoj-iano ^Maldonado, who was defeated with th.e loss of his artillery.^ The tiniL'ly Nictoiy of !Morelos at Huajuapan, tin' subsecjuent ca[>ture l)y his f )rces of upjjcr and lti\v< r I\Iizteca, and his refusal to march against Oajaca havi,- Ix'iu already related. With 3,(500 men, im-hidinL,'- the *,Mirison of Jluajuajtan, he started for Tihuaran, a most important position which he occupied on tin- 10th of August and made his i^oneral head(|Uartei>.* '^riieiice he could watch and send ex|)editi->ns to Oajaca, Orizaba, and ^\'ra Cruz, without losing sight of M<\- ico. ]Ie could also fi'om this centre, well providtd with food and amnumition, give an impulse to hi- ciuise throughout that I'egion, whose inhabitants had repeatedly shown a disposition to throw ofi'the Span- ish yoke. In the event of a large force comiiiL; against him, or of defeat, he would have a v/ay op. n to the intt'rior. The comamlante at Oajaca, vVntonio Gonzahv. Sai'a- via, fearing that Morelos' obji'ctive point wouM be the eai)ital of that jtroviiice, called on the vleerny t' r-- enforce him, the troops he had with him. in th<'ir di.'moralized condition alter the recent ih 'feats, being 'Tlio oflicial ilcspatcli calls MfiMonailo 'el iiulio Viutoviaiio ili- Mctlatoii'H-, foronul ilu iiisiir^ciitc's. ' |[<: is i-rp'ntcMl to iiavu li;st many iiiiii, .S''Vi.ii luji- iiDii, all liis imiskL'ts, ])i)\viK'i-, utc. '/■':. ih' Mi.c, ISIJ, iii, IJNIi-l * Mniihhi/, ll'summ lli•_' -4; c-'r- rUih\ l-:^tiid. Il;>.i., ii. •20; A'<;/,W.'. Mij. Snji, XIX., v. -JitT-S. A Si>;iiii H'l v.rotfa lott'T which Mas iiulilisliod in tlio Hcihirtfr (.oik rat of Catii/. I'"'''- 1 J, \M'\, tiiai ^iiii'clos tli^-iiriiyi il aii iiiiiiicii.'ic tjiKr.ii.ity ui" tjlxicvo u.ivt ex.i 50 ) 1 ■.■idono. 0'«',/T«, liUt. JtuCo'. X. /.';'., ii. 10.'), L^ ■hAi kn"i;a»;i:1) r.v ( L::^;A (jlliilc I'dI' ;i surce'ssful (It'TciiCL'. Arllc^as \v;is UIl- ;i''i ' tti aid liim, li:i\ \i\'^ all lie could attend to at home, liidcfd. ()ri/al)a v,as in no less peril than ()ajaea, its |M iijije exjiectinn" ^loVelos anv llionK lit. As to | 'ilelija, inid llie load to \'ei'a ( 'ni/,, these j)laees were not. iiiMcli sal'ei', it l)eiiii4' in .Moivlos' jtower to eni|i]o_v de- t.ielifd parties in waylavin-^- trains and eullin;^- oil' Uiiieatioiis, tliiis ])re\ i-'iitiiiL;' the l;o\ ei'inneiit iiiini I, Kill i!ii>\in^" tobacco and i-ther merchandise, its only i.u'ans olraisinL;" money at tills time. Jn order to kee[» th'' roads ojxMi a lar^'e force, much neeiled els^'V, Ik re, iiiiist he stationed there. A^ain I'm" a time, whilt; v.atihini'' closelv events llirou'i'hout the countr\'. More- I'.s hiisied himseir in lorminLi' his men into reniment-^, I:ittalions, and cavalry s(juadrons, and diillin;^' them I'll" active Work, !^^atamoros did the same, Ih'st in tlie hacienda of Santa ( 'lara, and then in I/i'icar. It hei'e that the latter heard of A'ciicLias' famous v.-.e edict of dune L'atli, depriving' jiriests seixitiL;' in the i:isi!rrectioiiai-y I'orces of their ecclesiastical immunity. Tills raised yet liii^her his priestly wrath; and he f' rilled a new l)ody of dra^'ooiis, wliich he called San IVmIk), thu standard hein^- Mack witli a lar^\j red (To.-s 111 tli(! ci'iitre, and on which appeared tin' in- ^crl[)tlon " ]\Iorh" [)or la inmimldad eclesi.islica.' '^ ]Morelos I'ollowod the exami»le, and thus many oi' the reuuiienls came to! lave saints name; With the assistance of Mler \- Teran, some excellent artill a;4'e, ; Won erv was -t. :\r..ivi. Ill IS was o"p')ose( iiKl cmpitVv'eretl Jo>sai ins to I 1' >ersecu 1 to I teall >ri''a!Ml- Wlio W ell! ess t to pi'cy upon rural jd'operty and small d.efeiice tovv'iis." Tlio vi^'ilance of the revolutionists aloii-j^'th \ era ( 'ruz road ju'ewnted the I'oyali-ts from u'ainin any iiitelllL^'eucu from that (piarter. Flour had lu. dibU. I. riiny lirnvcil (o lie ^ooil llLilitt'is. Iitixlrunniito, C'lutil. Iliif., ii. IK); .1/ //;.•./., i'-'!»-;is; Xi'iriie. Mij.siijio XIX., V. .•i();i-i(». IS ordoii woro virv sovcrc. Any soMior fniiviotoil of stoaliii;^ to tl valuo of diK' jK'so wan to lio niiot. ll a ]i:irty i-iiiuiiiitt'.'il ilrin-clui n.i, llio iiii'U wen; ti) 1)0 ilc iti.'(I: the rest, ami als > (liii\es H'ealiir' tlie v.;l;ie ui' half i'vo, Were U) he SL:;t tj tlio i.!iaii;-j"ili;. X ./■■'■', 'l.].Sul^XlX.,y. ■ h n\ If : ^ ;ii 472 SUCCESS OF moi:i:l()s. conic vorv scarce; at the port, and as tlicrc Avas a lar^o amount of mail niattcr (•ollcctod tlicre, (^ivcrnor j)ii- vila, in nnion with the nicrclianfs, dcsjjatchcd an cx- jicdition ol" oOO inl'antry of tlio (Jani[>(.'clii>ointed gcn- ei'al-in-chief of all forces operating in Veiu (Vii/. Jh-avo took (500 men, of whom "JOG wv.vc coast negroes, left the guerrilla chief Arroyo with a small party in the Canada de Iztapa to prevent surprise iVom Oi i- zal)a, and came up with the enemy. After a long and iierce stiaiggle, Labacjui was dislodged iVom two ])oints, and had <»nly one ])rotection lei't, a building which ho 1aiu l*alnia, a negro of the coast, fell on the enemy at close (punters. J^abiupii fell mortally wounded, and liis niiMi surrendered. This was on the 20th of Augu-t.' Hravo sent the pi'isoncrs to the province of Vera Cruz, and Mcnt himself to Tehuacan. ]]ut live davs later he routed near the puente del R(>y a royalist force escorting a train to Jalapa,and took ninety prisoneis.'* 'Tlio niyalists liad -IS killed and many wouikIimI. TImto wore captund SOO iirisoiKTs, (iO horses, ■'{ pioecs of artillerv, .'tOO imiskot.s, soiiK-iiinimiiiitiiu, and till! uliole mail IVoiii Spain. JJiislttiiiniifr, i'awl. J/itl., ii. 170-!!; /■'., AVnr/. J/o)v '()■■, i:); Miinlihll, n^sihiun Ili4.. lU-,"i; MVov/x M,x:. i. 'JOiM. lliierra, llUt. Ucrol. X. Kip., it 4(i.")-(5, on the authority of a Spaniard who ■wrote !i letter Xov. I!)th, imhlished in the l!i<''iriuf Oi nrrnl of (.'.uliz of I'l ii. 14, ISl.'}, ()laecs Labaijui's ari'ival in S.m Ai^ustin dtl I'ahnar on tlie IMih if Sept. witli .'l.V) men an men in kiUed and 'Jil.) pri^onei's. ^JJustanianlt^ and Mora speak ijf prisoners siiut l)y order of Morelos; but NICOLAS BHAVO. 47:$ X.iliinilly, from such a iiian as Oonoral Xic<)];is iJr.ivo we should ex])rct to lu'ai; iiiiich diuiiin' tlK'->c sliiiiiiLT iiine«. Since his siatriot; tor his conduct, Avlietlicr toward iVicnd I If t(H', was always marked by that lionesty, maL,nia- iiiniity, jturity of sentiment, and austere virtue whith wri'r part of his nature. IJravo now determined upon a campaii^n aj^ainst -l.i'apa," a ])oint of Ihe highest importance to the vi(( letjal ufovermnent, on account of its ])ro\imity to till' I'hiet' seajiort, and its fine climate, which was iVei; iVniii the deadly vomito of A'era Cru/,."^ AccordiiiL^ly In' ani)eared before the town in <>ood force on the J H!i dl' Xi)\'eml)er, The inhabitants, beinuc standi roval- i>t-;, brave and well armed, prejiared for defence. TiK^ cniiiaiidante of the garrison was the major of the ^'(■l•a Cruz rcLjinient, named Antonio l^'aiardo. At this time there were in the place ]>rigadier I'orlier, v,i(h his marines, and Colonel Francisco II.e\ia, with tlic Castilla I'cgiinent. Fajardo tendei'ed tlie chief ci.!!!iiiand to those ollicers as ol' higher rank, liut both (li chut'd, ]>romising him their 1)est aid. In connnand "I'tlie inde[)endent troops besides IJravo was Mariano iJiiU'on, who since his disaster at Coatepee had again oiganizer,pjsL'il to killiii-^ prirsoiicii*, '•' I •ctailod royalist accounts i>f events at .l.i'apa foi' the ]ifrioil from Oct, I'^ll to .luno ls'l'2 iu:iy lie set ,i in <,'nz. <<<• M,x., ISl'J, iii. I'J7I S. I'mther III I'.ravo in Mcndihtl, UtMiuu n JlixL, llJo-li; Tcri-iiilr, I/I^i. L'. r. X. /.'y., ii. -Ii-J. '" I'rom 17S0 to ISIO .lalapa had licon tlie place of rcsidciicp of the wealthy Tucrchants of Wva Cniz, and ii fair was held tiicrc on llio arrival i'i the lleets f'oui S]);iin. The town lost its importance after the independence, and de- ciiued Biill more after the railroad win made from W'ra, C'ru/. to .Mexico. 474 SUCCESS OF MORELOS. ! I luorniiig ilicy attacked Mitli vigor on all sides. Tlic garrison rucuived the onnlaught with cool and dctir- mined resistance. All assaults they repulsed; and the independents after eight hours of hard lighting re- treated. Bravo then took up a positicni at San Juan Cosconiatepec. Next to taking Jalapa he believed he could most advance his cause by occu[)yiug the ]>uente del rey, later known as the pucntc naciunal, a position deemed impregnable," and whicli gave him control of the road from Vera Cruz to the cajiital via Jalapa, then the route for jiassengers and mer- chandise betvvccn the coast and the interior. For damaging the enemy and securing spoils and supjilic-, no point could be better. lie did not begin by sri;:- ing and appr<)|)riating all — a course which would soon have stopped traffic — but ho contented himscli' by levying a tax on every bale passing to or i'rom the coast, "^riie cargoes being numerous, the tax yicldc;! larjjjelv. In vain the viceroy iorbade the niercliant.s i'rom liolding any intercourse with rebels; the inter- ests of ccjuunerce always found a way to attain their ends. JMoreover, Bravo's integrity of character icn- deretl such operations comparatively safe f(jr the merchants. -It! It was a time of tribulation for the viceregal gov- ernment. Morelos' daring and eneriifctic efforts wcii.' being crowned with success, and the means to pay the royal trooj)s, or even to keep them together, were wanting. No revenue entered the treasury from tlio ports; the silverware of private persons had been exhausted; the church had even contributed largo sums; and the tax on urban rents was insuilii ient. Yenegas nmst have money; $700,000 would <}o, but nothing less. He called a meeting of merchants a'ld officials. The former j)roposed lowering expenses by reducing the salaries of the latter one third. To tlii-, " The briilfjo is fi fino pioco nf .T.rclnt'r''^tii''f. l)iiilt hy Jo^r l^ini^oii, .''t. tiio co:;t, of till) coasulaJo ol' \\ii\x C'l'u;;, ou tuo nvi.:' ci.ip I'v ' u L^ . ;,i SPANISH DKCIlEE^i. 4TJ Tiio (letrr- of course, tlu^se ck'votcd servants (if their eotiiilrv (ihiccted. At a second nieetiiiLj u i)lan sii-'i^i'stud 1)V ( 'respo (Jil and the consuladoto [>lace atax on stajiK'S was tried and failed; wliercupon the viceroy resorted to the old method of a I'on.'ed loan. Several decrees of the Spanish cortcs were made piihlic in ^lexico about this time, one of which did away with the old feast of the pcrdoii, which had been held every year on the ]'3t\\ of Auu^ust to coinini'mo- r.itc the ca])ture of the ca[)ital by Cortes.' Tiiis was (1 >iicbv way of conciliatinsj: the ^fexicans. Another 111 asure tending in the same direction was the substi- tution of the ijarrote for hauLjin!^, the latter beiu'^ a "spectacle rej)U;L^nant to humanity and to the generous cli;iracter of the Spanish nation" — a refrc-shing senti- iiiciit, assuredly, considering the wholesale slaughter in v/hich the Spanish nation was everywhere intlulging! liow comforting to the son of Leonardo ]]ravo that his fither should be so humanely killed for devotion to liis countiy ! Another law allowed ))ersons of Airican descent admission into the universities and religious eigaiiizations, as well as the privilege of ordination as priests. On the whole, matters wore improving somewhat in Sjiain and South America, but n(»t in ^lexico. The ^ iceregal government, it is true, by its army of the centre, had recovered many jilaces formerly occupied by the rebels, and put to death Torres and Albino C.ii'cia, the formidable chiefs of the central provinces; luit on the other hand, the revolution hayjii\Q cliief had n(jt become notorious. One great m i 476 SUCCKSS OF MORKLOS. a. Revolution everywhere faced the vicoroy. His troops were at times defeated, but were usually victorious. Still they could not bo divided and conquer. Experience had, however, formed snme ollicers lit for counnand, and Venej^as himself directed army operations from Mexico, while watching enemies at home. Morelos continued to annoy the enemy as best lie was able. He sent Trujano with .TOO men to re- move fi'om the haciendas that supplied Puebla and the royalist garrison of Tepeaca all the grain and live-stock, which he was to convey to Tehuacan for his own troops. On the 4th of October he rcacluil the rancho dc la Virgcn, situated between Tlacote- j»ec and Tepeaca, on the road from Tehuacan to Pu- ebla, and established his headquarters there, l^ieu- tenant-colonol Samaniego, who was at Tepeaca, de- termined to attempt his capture. Setting out at; two o'clock in the mornintti.'d to Morclos, whicli, as Osoriio never sunt as prom- f\^ "..% T L A S p ' sj ^ f i>y — -^_ ' -■'■'■ '■ " - ■ VERA CHUZ I 111" I TLASCAUA ^1.. \Mli;u' ^ ... ^ , A^"- , _^. — -^^v Run AmlrM > f*l^. > . . f^ y^ S ci,.iu.i,.,mi.i.,i v/ ■>, \\ I -<- ~"\,_y^ ^»'*, I'ulmar/ f •fj,c»mii,ki.V.\ ^ConlulV V\ ^^^v/"^, „ Tlai-nf..!.-!- I f .t^ ) ^ > >-"■ :J Tla.nt.l«r >/ j_^ ) ^ ^ J'.,„ - i/CTiui>lco oZ<;nK..Ilia ., ' :>IIuftjuai>au Al C.VMrAKiNS l.N- I'l KliL.V .\Sl^ VkII.\ ClU'Z. i^i'd, ]Morclos resolved to '^o after them. Lcaviu'^ Tcliuaean on the l.'Uh of Octoher, he jiroceeded hy the way of San Andres Cludchieomula, and reached '-(lale.'ina carried the liodicsof Tinijannand (111 to Tdiiiacan, ■vvlietc M'>i-e- I'ls liuil lliciu interred witli military Ihuku-.s. 'J'nijaiii) was a iiiul.ittn. and lie- fi le the revnhitiiiii liad liceu an arriern, or imdetcer in 'l'cpi'caeui!(.i> his lurth- ji'.ue. Aldiniiu, JUkI. M ro killed. Va::. de Mii<1a (>r ( )/iiiiil>:i, ilisdtiit oiu^ and iiliall* Ica^nn ■; ri«»iii \(»|ialucaii, will IT lie ri'ctivcd one Imiidi'ttl anl sixteen l>ars n|' silscr. 'I'lic iiiovciiiriit Iiad Itrm it" Ircli'd with the iitiiKtsl sccrt'cy, as was tlu; ciislnin nf Moi'clos. It liap|M>iicd at this time that a<'niiv*iy h.nl heeii i'orilU'd at Alll(i/oe, Jllst. ollt (•!' I'uehhi, lllnl. f liieiiteiiafit-cnloiiel Mariano Ivivas, t (» eset •rt a. mill' t lain III' ammnnition, money, and other ell'eets, and ai- tilhiv detained in IN-rote, and also to set in inotimi the /amora an«l ('astilla reniinents recently arrixiil iVom Sjtain, hut wliich lor want •»!' those; sni)|ilies hid Iteen unalile to mo\»' iVtim dalapa. The ai'lillery and troops Wert' intendecj lor layini; si(>jjji' to Morelos in 'I'ehn; lean. A I; iiLi'e iiumiter oi passciij^ers and a i|tiaiility ol' private merchandise! were also tlier<' li ma ve' aval I ol'th le militarv escoi t. J jii'jfadier I'orl hr \vh«> with the ri-mainder ol" tin; marine hattalioii, now reduced to less than half its ori^i^inal iorce, had i^oiie to Puuhla on his wav to Vvy.i ( 'imi/ to eiiihaik I'or Si)ain. liaNimr in his char"''*' ollicial despatches. also j.'ined the convoy, which on the ITith ol" l)ctiili. r Ntaited iVom Anio/oc. JjJano, on iieariiiL;' ol' M olf- los' mo\«'nient, sent th o convoy Itai k to A mo, and recntorced it with the Asturias hattalioii, order- iiii;" at the saiiu^ time that Luis del A;^uila, should c.i. laki' conr.nand of the vann'uard stationed at Tepea and ili\ert Morelos' attiMitioii in the diroction ol" San Aiidres, while the train could pass.''' Ou reachiii';' Xopalucan it was 'cariu'd that Morelos was in ( )/,uml»a preparing' to at tac the convoy. When the latter hail j)assed the sanci iry of San Josu C^h liana, in 4 th morninuf of the 1 h, ^[orelos was in its rear march iiiii" auain!?t it in tl ec ce>lumns, li 'iit a:< tlu'y ari' not (luito soniiiuitoas it would Im ilcsiniblo, other sourcc-j ist lie ooiisultoil. Jlist. M,j., iii. ;{0(;-l(). "'I'lu' train consisted of I, .">()() l.iileii iniilos, nine coaches, and five litters; It was 1 ■lace.l Iiill of easy descent, close liy tiie road, hy tlie side if N\ liicli was a cornlield. and the mules were pi-otected fioui ii cavalry alUck l;itt :ilin|i dc- (:i(||c(| fi» |ir<)(( el (In- ti'iiiii, iiiiil i(»iit(i|. Tin; iiisiii''_(cri(s fled, Icaviii;^' tlwco |ii(C(s of ar( dlcry, (iiK- hiin-^ luadcd, whidi (lie my- ali>t> hiiiird MLjaiiisf, s ( 'lialcliiconiida to oliscrvo lIu' ciicniy, ami liriii.;- lalscly inloi'nicd that .Moi'clos had lied, icjoiiKMl till' ciiiivny it ()zund)a. iMcanlinic, 'i\'|n'aca, which Iiad iiiiiaiiird with a small jj^arrison, was assailed hy in- suri,fents, hut with timely reliel* undei' Colonel lOi-hea- !4ir;iy, sent hy Llano, re|iulsed lh(! assailants/" Mo- irlos how saw hiso[»|toi'tunity — ■( )ajaca hein'4 iVe(! j'roni |HPSsihle assaults, and Aj^uila _i;one with th<.' trains -to Tail i!|ii.n ()ri/.ai)a, then dei'cnded hy a small lj irrison', aiidwiiost; inhahitants ho helieved to h(( friendly. ( )n till' "JDih he ajipeared hefore the ujarita del Molino of tlie villa with L','JUO men, and occu[)i(;d the ( 'anieio hill, .1 ciiiimiandiii!^ poin^. Tho j^arrison made a t-wo hoius' dil'iice, dui'in;^ which many woro slain. Coloind Joso Ant )iiio Andi'ade, tluj commandant, then reti'eatiMl to (,'urdoha, ahandoniiiLf six. liuns and a onaiititv of other '■'I'lio iiiili'iKMiilciit loss M-.in liu'lit, tIioni,'li AiMiilii ri'iiurtt'd (iOO sl.iiti. Mo- itIh p;isscil the iii;;lit in 0/.iiinli;i, wlicio TajiNi \v.n Imiii'il. H'fs'ain'Hifp, I ii'i'l. IIUl., ii. lsV-(;; III., ICIuijlo Moi-rlo^i, i;i-l I; y^i/i-'fr, M.x. Sijio X/X., y. :;j.; i. ''■LUii..'drq,jrtof Oct. ^jtli. Oaz. il<- Mej.:, ISIJ, iii. lUl-'J. 480 SUCCESS OF MOKKLOS. arms, bcliin" dosrly imrsia'd till miclday. Snnic of his lufii \vlu> Were <,'a|)turctl enlisted in tlio indcjK n- clent service.^' i^lorelos had no intention of reniaininL«; at Ori/.aii,i; po alter seizini;' the government tobaeeo, he tonlv a ])ortion I'or liis own army, and returning' to the jjlaiii- ers sueh j)art as they chiimed, lie ordered the n ■^t (K^stroyed, and leaving there a small garrison um!! r liocha, took his departure. Soon alter starting lii' saw thesmoUe rising IVom the hurning tohacco. 'Vlw loss to the government was considei'ahle, hut hy no means so gr^at as ^[orelos re[)resented it in a letter in ]iayon.'^ -\s soon as the news reached Puebla of ?dorelos' e\j)i'dition to Orizaha, Aguihi marched alhr him with I ,"J50 men, and three j)ieoes of artillciv. .\t the same time Llano sent Aguila the Zaiihua I'eiiiment, LaO draLi'oons, and three guns, leas .ng Jlixas at Tejx'aca with oOO men to keep the way open. Aguila hy Ibrced marches ivaehed the cahada, df ]/:ta])a the ;Hst, on the same day i\[orelos had lit. Ori/.aha. lM)th parties continuing their march, neillu i- knowiiiL!" the iiosition of the othei', thev came tou'ctlici' on the Ist of November, Morelos being on tlie heights of Aculcingo in an advantageous position, with his men in two lines, his artillery enfilading the j)ublic road. J le opened lire as soon as Aguila was witliia I'cach. The laltei', who was wii.h the right colmiiii, '•Tiio ollii'oi'S tiikfii wivo shut; ;iiiiMni,' tliiMii \v,ii yi)\in;,' S;int:i .M.in;i, .-i ll.'Uivc (if \\t;i ( 'ru/, and IhhUk.'!' to .Mi,L;iicl S.iutii Man.i, who in aftiT vrai.i V>:\A y\c\'n".\n iiiiiiistrr to Sji.-iin, aiul w itii (lie Sjiauish iihiii^tcr <'f stato, C.ila- trava, bii^iii'il tho tri'aty hy wliiili .Mexico's iii(lri)(.ii(hiuo wa.s foiiiially iiim.'- lii^;uil. I'lic youiij,' man had hocn one of tlio S:ui Aiiiistiii del Tuhiiar iiri.->"ii- vv.i. and toi'scaiH'diath jiri'ttMidod to he a jiartisan of .\hii-i'h)s, heiuL,' I'nii'h'Vi I liy him to iasliau'L his troops, hut at tho lir.st (.'lianuu i'st:a[i(..'d and ii'ioincd t!if royali.stM. Uiinj,' now iwa|itured, a yoni'.L: woman to wiiom Santa Nh-iria «in boliMtiu'd jMvsiiiud a [H'titiou on his lahalf to Nhnclos, who ooolly \\im!i' upon it, ' Let ill,'!' choose umore (h'eent swain.' 'I'lie eh'r;.:y and chief ciii/ein interceded for llic prisoner.^. Morehia L'avo an evasive answer, and (hiiiir,' tlio mass, liimself lieinif ■'» attendanre, the piisoners were shot in tiiu adj 'la- in l; pla/a. liiisiaiihiiili-, (':^iiil. Jt'i-t., ii. i;id ;!; Ahtiiiiiii. Hi, iii. llS4-ti; (;ii,'rni, h\ m/. .V. /•;>■/<., ii. -11111'! M,iclil,1; Mum, J,'< rul. Mt.v., iv. ;fSS; A( 7/- /c, J/i/. N.';//) XIX., V. ;;•_' t (i. '"lie said tlia^ ipy t',11' hmniu'X of fonvdeu niil'ion ei'^ai's I'le govei nnieui; had l)eeii ileprixcd of lejoiiieei lo eairy 011 .seven yeaid of war. 1 I . II ;iy. Sonic of tlu) iiidcjM II- i.U' tit ()ri/,al.,i; (•<•(), luj took >i ^' to tllti J)l;ilil- vvcd tlitj rot garrison uikIii' v .stai'tiiiu- li,, oliJKro. Tin- l>lo, l)ut I)y In, t ill a letter t(i 10(1 .l?Ucl)l;|, of luarc'lu'd al'i. r s of artillttv. th(' Zaiiio|;i l0a\ .l|0- JJi\;l.; lo way open. 10 Canada, df k'los liad left aarcli, licit lirr :'aiiie to^^-ctlur »ii IIk) Iu'i_;ii;.s ion, with his i.^' the ])iiiijii' a was wiihiii ■i,L;ht i'oliiiii;i, ll:,' S;inhl, .M:iri;i, a i\ III) in iifti'i- yv.wA -^tcTlif fstiltt.', ('.ll,|. .'i.s fiiriii.illy rii'.iL.'- iiiui.ir ]iii.iiiii- >M, lii'lll^'i'||i]i|,,yr.l il !Uhl rcJoiiu'irtlK; 1 Siinta Miiru \v;n \\\u> cciolly wruii! Jiiiil cliiol' liii/iiis i-swrr, ;iii(l iliiliii',' liut ill Uic jiilj liii- ^^ J/'/., iii. ';{ I li- ii. -Ki!!'; .U,,f/,/,;/, MtJ. S:,//.) A7.V., H (!ii' giiviiiuiaul; ;ir. MARCH TO OAJ.VCA. 4S1 wit hi lilt waitir.i;' for {]\c kTt, ordcivd his (\'i\a]iy. sup- Ml|1( l| I.V tl R' !>rL'iia(!iors, to t'l la !•'_!■(' '^I'hc K-l't cohiiim Mioii camo iijt, and the in(K'|n'n(K'iits, ahaiuhiniiiL;' tliiir tiisL hno and the art ilK'ry there ]:hu'i'd, rcti'c'atrd to t!i C SfC( )nd, Tlio iiiiht here hi'cuno very liot; ih i;r_;'iions ol Mexico WHTi' lorcci I to <4i vc wa\', and their hi iitenaiit-coloiicl, ^lt)ran, had his horse killed under liini, ^lamicl J'loii, a son of the coiide de la Cadcna. who coiiinianded a s(|Uadron of J *iiehla cavalry, nii t A\ith a liku adveiituro. ^Vhilst this was _noinL;' on, mules, men, and woineh \vere ail makini;' their escaj Willi as miu the side road towai't h tob I t> jact-o as they could carrv, a d Tel luacaii. .M oiH'los and Ins sol- le alvinu" he s( altered diers Were liiially forced to do likewise. revolutionists camo to^'ether ai^'ain I»y ])i'evious a[i poinlinent at the town ("^f Chapulco, on the way t( eliuai-aii. (Jal eana, whose iiorse was l^illed, e^-capei ca 1 pture I»y hiiliiiL;' hiniself in the hollow Iriiiik ol' an old corlv tl ee. Aiiilil; I reportt liim anioii!.;' ailed a III I ^lorelos had also ^n'iveii him u[) as Jo^t till he ro- ajMH'arei Ith e ne\ t d; M oix'los remained in 1) T.'l luacan only se\en da\-s. A\'iih l!,j(JO men from Izi'icar under Mafamoros, -JjUim) froni the ^li/.teca "aider IMiL^'Uel and \'ie(or ih'avo, and aUO collected at Cluipulco, he had ahoiii a, ODD Dldurs. wi th wl loni, aiu I -10 iiieces ol ai tilh ry oi \ari- call Aiiuil;! hre, he started for Oajaca,'-" makiiiL;' si oW ri'iii rt of Xuv. ."itii fiMiii Ori/,ili;i, in (! Il~>(i, I'JI I 1."). 'J'iiidiicrouut:. Al.imaii t^.i\ ■;, M.i,sc(irriiliurali' -A .1/. ,lha ISlL'. iii. I r liy l;( ui-iio ■.i.-^ainaiito, wli.) in tliis lutiiiii was A;,'iul'' ■> niil. l/isf. M'J., iii. ,'{[•_' lii -Ai iniiiliii; to .Moi'ulos' ilcclaijitiiHi at ills trial, lio tliill lia nun, ami l..~L.l(l(,f t it'in, to''i.'tlu'i' Willi lour nv ir, r caiinoii, licKies some aiumiiiiiiioii tL'W lllU'-krlH. etc. Jiil-^!(liil'liiti\ (ini'l. ir,.. Tl III) M,. 10 roNalisL Imico was Il lai'Ljur, ami liail seven liillcil ami ilol. Ai^iiila saiil .Moi'cli .\ .leiel V I'oiiteil; ami it was i:vi>ii ninioroil lliat lie hail hem \V( A an. I I lo\,i Ullli ■ 1. Jiut tile result wa.s rva ll\ iiiiuortaiil ; Moiel iiiiiiii| o.s !'ot lo_ ft lie the iiiNt (lay .")()() of lii.s Heattereil men and irturmd to Tehuaeun in jjomt or ill r, ha\ iiii; savi il marly all lii.s iiiiiskels, a matter of no small imiiorlame I ,'Ull:i went to ( Ill/alia, w lieiie 10 .sent some iisslstalioo to Aliui \\a- t;iially lieset liy the insurgents at Coiilolia. Ill' Lent tlio iitiiiosL I 1 loii.i .siniiiisos, iiinl he an ileil tl. ■y lespe '.ili;4 lii< (l''-itiiiatioii. T lel''' Ui ic \a |) lip tlie ilollht W itil II letter of .\i .V. I t fioin t'liie.itlaii to the t lira Saiielie/, left in Teliuae.in wiiliasuia'l numl.er of men, sayiii;; that tin' t'reat heataiiil weareit) of r'o\ isioin coiiiin iiiai'. Mlx., Vut,. IV. Ul leUeU llllil lo l;o w. n SUCCESS OF MORELOS. iiiarclics. Ho encountered little difficulty on the wav, and on the 24th of November established his hoad- (juartcrs in an hacienda distant only three leagues iioui the city. In approaching the hacienda there was soiuu skirmishing with royalists, who were easily driven Avithin the city's deti;nces. These liad been built on .1 plan apjiroved by the superior government. An in- t(dligent Catalan had made thirty-six fine guns of va- rious calibre, and a large (piantity of shell and ollnir Uiissiies. Anununition, much of it fiom GuatemuLt, "-\ {'■ i Oajaca Pkovinck. PI i • ■ I was abundant. The garrison was not under 2,000 men, made up of Spaniards residing in and about the back to Toliuiican, whence Iio would marcli against I'licMa. Tliis letter wa-s fouml ill Ti'liiiacan l>y Ayuila wlion he eiitci-cil the place r v.ai Ids di.s'^iHt less with other in.surf,'eiit chicf.s tor their li.id conduct and i;i'irdin I'e iM'clensions. All a]ini'n.rs in his eorrespondeiiee with Itiyoii. .■!/;(- h> III, lliit. M' j., iii. 3J9-oo: X'jntc, Mrj. Hhjio XIX., v. 331; Mara, lUvol. ;;<•., iv. \r,.vA. CAPTURE OF OAJACA. 4S3 place, Borgosa's sacred leo-ioii, and tho remnants lii'oiight by Rcgules from J liuijuapaii and the Miz- ti'ca. The j)lac'e, therofbrc, did not lack tor means of defence, though tho comandantc general, Gonzalez iSaravia, had, a;; I said, used his best elforts to get still more. ])ishop Bergosa, now archbishop elect of ^Mexico, on healing of ]\Iorelos' api)roaeh, st(jlo out of the city at night with his family and valuables, and startc*! tor the capital by way of Tehuantcpcc, Tabasco, and Vera Cruz. ]|(! had been virulent toward Morelos and the revo- lutionists, anel deemed it prudent not to remain, Ifis flight greatly disheartened the royalists. The fright- dud women sought refuge in the nunneries, and many hid their money and jewelry in the same sacred })laces. Oh the 25th Morelos demanded the surrender of the ciiy within three hours, and receiving no answer, jipproached it and made preparations for the attack. llv made of his army six divisions, two of wliich wci'e t I i)revent the garrison's retreat by the I'oad to (Juatemala; to one was intrusted the duty of guard- ing the baggage and protecting the rear; of the re- maining three divisions, the In^st, under llamon Sesma, was to assail the fort in the church and convent of J^a Soledad conunanding the town; the second, under ]\ratamoros and Caleana, was directed to enter the city by ]\Iarqucsado street; and the third JMorelos ivtained under his innnediate conmiand as a reserve. ^Vll being ready, o[)eratioiis began. Sesma with tho San Lorenzo I'O'j'iment (uiicklv dislodged the i^arrison ir. t'le Soledad Ibrt, their connnander Jvegules ilccMng to hide himself in tho Carmelite convent. This fort ci'iiii uuiicated with the city by a drawbrid"(' the (li'fence of which had 1)een given to Colonel Bonavia, V. ho togetlun' with his otlicers tied, leaxing a seigcant b> iircvcnt the bridu'e I'rom bt'in'>' raised as IdH"' as ii'issible. But Mier y Teran seized the bridii-e, and placing on it a gun swept (he ojtposite street. jNfata- nioros and Caleana simultaneously entered the city, u/fm ■ ' i ; f j t 484 SUCCESS OF MORELOS. 11)0 other columns advanciiiL? and nje(;ting Imt lii;lo resistance. Mier y Terau advanced to t)ie plaza, driv- ing before them the fugitives who were still liring finm behind the ])illars. Galeana proceeded again.-t tliu Santo Domingo convent, which was very strong aibl suited fur a long defence. After a slight opposition, the place was surrendered with upward of 300 uu a K^r^ ;7^iuA^ Qarlta [|f/^ is. Mar {^' LltLi^LJUaUaJJJJLJJJ "' "auLj'iJLijjjLjju: i_id JLJU'JiJildaLJJLJ'JJtiaUrj JUDLJLJLI » Ull J J JLU-JD iaiJU_JJ:3JdJjL ^""'lJlJ.JlJUJJJJ. OU!Jl1LJLJU:JJLJ__1UI!^"^=.V ' LltJJJjJ >«; stiuAinta -'.X k- fii-t-i'i. Alaniau asaunie.-i tliat he had also obtained, a coninii^sion liiuilar to tliat of Jlosains. To hind Perez, llayon made liini also brigadier a:ii(irhi f'fii/oii, Uri4. •■' Amiilar was a late tobacco official, wiio had promised to capture Vera Cruz, and bring to the treasury half a niillion within six months. Ko.^ains sought to cut the diliiculty l)y apiiointing a now comandante in Culonel Al- dana, a ]iroti''ge of Ilayon, l)ut Aldana ignored him. " The eonijueror of Oajaca, Jan. "JOlh, at .lamapa. As a result, his forti- fications and factories at lluatusco were dcstr(jy. il. Gn-.. ilcMi r., 1S14, V. lol, lUT-S. Uustaniante claims that Alvarez was disligured and nearly CSO FALF- OF MOItr.LOS. I n I A'^uilar ]i;ul l)ccii rather siu'r-css In 1 in associatliui \\It!i !Maitiii('Z, n'riKjrally known hy liis l»a|itisnial naiiics of i]()S(' Antonio, now the most lanious anmn^' tlic sc\'- (-•ral Icadc'is " and occupyini;' the road Ix'twcon dalapa and Vera (Vu/,. Tlu' latter Iiad not only gained tlie advantajL^e omi- two Spanish i'\|uMhtions,'^' hut h,id amassed a lar'^'i; treasure hy means of his lortunale laids, as, lor e\am|»h', on tlie l'\l)i'uai'y convoy iVoiu Me\ieo. 'i'hese funds enaiijiil him to eonnnand nioie men than other ehieis, and exert L;'i'eat inllu<'n( r. Sueli a persona^i! had to he <'oui'te(L llosains hei^an l)y jd'oposinn' to ai-ran^e the diMieulty hetween A^tiilai" and 111 neon, oil'erini^ tlie latter the e(Mnmand of noHh- ein X'ei'a CVu/, and the other the chstriets to t hi; south. This appeared satisl'actory, hut just as tlie outloo!; became promisin'^>' a cloud rose to ohscure it. When the suhju;jfation of Oajaca was undertalaii ][e\ia had ht^'cn insti'ueted to ]tursue liayon. 'I'he latter I'hided him tor a time, and I'eaehed Teotitlau with a xaluahle store of cochineal and other ellects; but lle\ia came a_!j;\'iin upon his trades, defeated h:.-; lieutenants lloca and Anaya with considerable lo-i in men and supplii.'s, and comp(,'lK'd IJayon to take i-efu<.>;e in the Orizaba re'.iion with a bare renmant, in- ckuliiit^' i)e]tuty IJustamante, the brothers Teran, and Crospo. J levia also established here his headijuarters as comnuuuK'r of the second di\'isi<)n of tlie southern army, routed liosains at Jliiatusco, a;.d inthcted .so sevei-e a blow on ]tayon at Omcalca on May lath that he sought refu;^"e with (3;on'o at Zacatlan.''* These successes did not, however, avail a'j^ainst the killcMl iuuiirc'vicni.s uncountur witli Cal>:iiil:i, tho liL'Utunant(jf Arroyo, ('itwlri', iii. •_'-'. '"Lately cniploycil on tlic hacienil.a of a liiscayan trador iiaiiu'il Aiiilla.'a, who litailuil tlic liljoral jjarty at \^^^\\ Cruz. -"^Ouo of .'iiiO null ill l)i;c. IHI;}, r.iuler Ulloa, sent in liin pursuit, aiil anotliiT of nearly WM men under Major Fajanlo, Gitz. dc Mix., is 14, v. •2;L>-(i, -'ST !•. ^'^ IJetaiis ill Oriyiva, Onirrrtiria^, ."i.'?-71, 41, etc. P>nstauiaiito, wlio fol- lowed llayoii, gives iii.'iny interesting jioints, I'nal. Ilixl., iii. !.'>-!), as ihn-i Jlier y Terau in his Maiiih.it., 0, etc. llevia's reports appear in (litz. ilr M(x., 1814, V. 470, o4{), .">.).'!-."), cte. The Teran hrotliers now eiosseil to the iiioi'o promising Mizleca region, to which liosaius also sent Sesaia. TIIK CRRHO COLOUADO. nsT iiiiiiicroiis l);iii(ls iiiNcstiii;^ llu' IiiL;liUiiy-i iiiainlv l'»r |ilim(Ki', lor llicy |iruilt'iitly yiildt'd Iti'l'iirc rci;ul;ir lorcu: ti> I'l'Mitpcai" at a salri' distaiu' .Malt lUf/ ( lid imt exactly l)e'Ini|M- to this cautiiKis class, l>ut t!i<' lati; icN'crscs a licet I'd him less than Ivo^aiiis, and he did not c.irc to suhniit to this inti'udci'. Kosains cut the n lat- ter short hy cnli.^tinL,^ the sel'\ i'-es of jealous icadel's, with whose aid he took l»y surprise and killed the I'c- (loUhtai)le chli •r.-^' A cnition \\i ih th nava w le i)osilion <» as rt'warded for 1 lis <•( )( )| )- f th le IVlK'lllolls A-'uil, ir lid (jluadalu[)u Victoria, now lisiiiLj into |ironiinence as a CO lonel, l'ecei\'ed the second I'auk Alt: loUU'll sevi.Tal le'ader.s had heeii awed into suhmission, others still held out lor independ.'.'Mt raids on the liii^liway; and seein^' little prospect of restcjrin;^ harmony, ll-o- snins resolved a^ain to try his fortuno in I'uehla, •h 1 wlierc itavons miluence had e-reatlv dei ■lined, CO While J'aisinc;' troops near San Andres, and await- iue' there a proposal Irom Tlayon, he was surprised by the watchful Jlevia, on duly lid, and narrowly es- ca])ed with a hart; renmant to Tehuacan."' (.'lose to this town rose a liill known as Cerro Colorado, acci'.s- sii)li; on b^y one narrow ai)i)roaeli, and used m ai)o- ri'-inal tiinos as a I'ortres,- 'I'i J lere Kosains intivnched himself, and bid defiance to the [)ursuino' Jlevia, who was not prej)ared f(jr a ])rolon;^ed sieuj'o. llisllii^ht, hovv'e\'(!r, revived the spirit n[' the startled llayou iaction, and the captain-general, as well as his inti-il- deiite Perez, oanie fortli wiih (.•ircul. irs a' 'an is t 1 nm. ■'''"Ascsiu.'ido,' is Toriiu'a view, ^fuiii/cnt., fi. Kosains I)c.L'an 1)y a raid on Martinez' tit.'a.siii'c oai-lic. ]Io then souylit to intiniiilai.c liini during,' an iut(!r- vicw, attacUin;^' liini at'torward witli lliiicon in ambush. Tluis iuul'Ii In; c >»- Il'ssl'.s in his JuL I list., 7, otc. •■^Uc proposed an exuin[ition tax to tho traders at Vera Criiz, which (ht'y gladly acuepU'd, notw iMistaudin;,' the iujunctionHof the anthoritics; Imtothcr kaders insisting also in levying; tiihutu a:<, 81-2. "■bee Jli:r ij Ttra.i, Si'c the difHcultv. Xeillu r party chose to obey a distant and [)owerles8 assembly, and Rosains went so far as to shoot the troublosonuj Arroyavc on finding that he sided with his opponent.''' To such a state had fallen the sacred cause of inde- pendence, unfolded by Hidalgo and exalted by the victories of ^Morelos. Two ef the leaders array td one against the other, the other two wandering or ignored, and the [ictty chiefs intent mainly on plun- der, reatly to draw' their sw(jrd equally on foe and comrade; campaigns reduced to mere raids and ]iur- sults, with victory steeped in bloody executions, often of guiltless participants.'"' ^Vliile the congress vainly endeavored to settle the dlflercnces between the two claimants in Puebla, the rovalists Ijrouu'ht more radical means to bear. Osor- no havinc" become more ilarinLC in his raids and attacks, e\en threatening Tulancingo,*^^ another ex[)edition ap- peared necessary, to intimidate him at least, for he ovnei'allv nianaufed to avoid danixerous encounters. ^V main object was to nip in the bud the projects which l\ayon was sup[)osed to be iraming at Zacatlan. The^e were overestimated, however, for die resources were *■' Pifith siilcs rcproiluced I)y Mnrtificna in Vcrduil. Ori'jcn, no. ii. TrJ, ct SCI]. Kiis.Tiiis also quarrelled with Arrojo and sent a furee against him, w iiicli was !.">. Jjustanianto, Xof. Lio;/.. llJ, as a friend of Arroyavc, had in lice. Tlio proceedings against Arioyavc are given in llcruuiiilc: 'i JJiiV''lo-; ('ill. l>(ii\, V. T">7-70. •»• It i^ interi sting to read the introductory declamation of Rosains in his Uil. Ilt<>., [irotesting against such iniipiity ! See IJustaniante, t'uad. JJh/., iii. IS, "lid pas.-ini, iuid the more honora'ilo 'i'cran, Mutiijlsf.^ 7 et scf|.; al.ro soldiers, 'i'iiu connn.ind.iut. Col I'iedras, repulsed him with a lois of 'JO. His licut. had raaiily attacked Uoonio on the '2olU and luat 41. (.Vr;. d'l J/ta;., lyli, v. lGI-7. ;' *i I ! TAKING OF ZACATLAX. CSO (liniinisliing with which lie hoped to utUizc his present ii)ivc of four luuidred men, and Osorno \vas hy no means disposed to exert himself in thu interest ol'an- (illier.''' Indeed, tlie latter seems to liave piir[)osfly JcL'pt Rayon in the dark concernin![j^ the royalist prcp- aiations, under the direction of Colcjucl A^iiila. This officer succeeded in presentinuf himself wholly r.nawarcs before Zacatlan on September iath, with a, I'^irco far outnundjeriny the o'arrison. He intended to Mir[)rise the ])lace by night, but the roads delayed the march, and at the last moment the heavy mist broke and I'evealed the danger in time to sound tlie alarm i'or dei'ence. The ilrst assault carried everything be- lore it, however, and cn-er 200 insurgents sucfumbcd, leaving a largo quantity of newly manufactured war material to the victors. l)ej)uty Crespo was caught and shot,''*' and Ivayon had a narrow esca{)e iVom tlio same late, but succeeded after great hai';!s!iij» in icacliing his brother Ramon in ]\richoacan. Nothing loath at being rid of his unwelcome guest, Osorno took jios^ession of Zacatlan after the ro^'alist departure, and jesumed his operations with such success tliat Ihiga- (lier Jalon, successor of Ag'uila in the command of Apam region, had to be lejilaced by the more ener- i'e:ic ^laior Rarradas."^^ The conuuand ol' tlie armv of the south, with heachpiarters at I'ueljla, ])assed iibout the same time to ih'igad:er Duo'iz, Ortega re- turning to Spain. '•' All agent sit PiiOMia hail iiubczzl'il Ihc ^inall s^ock of coeliiniiil left liim, (iiiil lii i efibrta to crcati; Hyiii)):itliy in Oajac.M had failed. "' T(j;4cthcr with .ji) (jtluT.i; Colonel IVroiio, the envoy to tlio U. S., IkkI a iia'.Tou' escape. Twelve gnus and ililO niiih:keta v.'cro tukeu. .Vhhiai. Ii I 'aiiiiiM;j; over '20i) ., n the condition of tiiniini,' a;,'ainst the insiir.-ent.^, hut irfiised. lie had iieen eoUego [.Tofessor, and lat.r jiari.sh priest of itivili'indo, Oajnca. Carricilo, L'.t/nd. Oaj., ii. 1 !.")-)(). "* Who di.stiu;4uishcd himself in iN^ovendier hy a valiant defence of Apain. .lalon eai'.ie to hia reliefand routt .1 tin; in-iin-Lri'iit'*, Uillini; amoi.,,:, otJH . i l- himself'' ] lamon vayon was sunilai' '}■ y occupied ni th 10 1U)S1- 1 tion, of equal stren;4"th, known as ^[onnt Co[ioi afti'i' Iiaviu''" made a brilliant and advanta'jfeou () 71 s sweel) into (}ueretaro and iKn-thern ^Mexico, which added both to his fame and i esource A numijcr or lesser fk lliof: d now joined ^tandard, such as Beiiediclo ]jo!)ez of Zitacuaro, lN)lo, (anas, Sanchez, and i" 11- H'li :>, who had been closely pursued by the detach- ments sent out b}' Llano under Ai^'uirre and the cruel Andradc.'^ li urbide coiiporated on his sid<\ and sui'prised later in the yi-ar the town of J*uru;iiidiro, killing' forty-ti\-i.! of tlie ji^arrison, includinu;' the dashiii'^' commander, ^lariscal Villalon'>'iii.'' So zealously did he emulov ii' 70 tiilil (if iinciriit sulitcrr ,lii) il iicuncd Ins uui'iM', .s;ai'\ lu'' thuiii mi Maiit ration.-;. Stories , CDUfilU'il illd;- ri'iiii' ti'stiiuony in J/iCr/ov, Ih rlaruiiun. Ik'ariiiL; tlic Mdilitional naiiu" of Sim IV'i mean iiassa'.rcs in llie hill, v.licrc li -M h< tlu' ilav lu' liP'.'.-in t') fiirtil'y it. I' civcrii iH'iii' ti) tliis lie lia'l iioi'ii maniit'.ictnrin'.r anii.-t in a ln'iiutinil /it; icuaro, wiK'iico w.ist iinvci 11 fiii'lli liv LIiiiid'.s liuutni.'iat A'^'iiirro in .Maivli. Jtciinrt in haeieiii! li I'lfianea for tlu^ death of a friend, mnl then serprised lliiehiietoea, att* hnin; Online;^ til .lilotepee. llii^l end ( lu! eareer of Arias at I'liL/euaro July Stii, Uii". i/c M'.c, ISl I. V. l!S,-)-S. 7'.>7-S();\ IMi;!, et se F: d for the dariii'' reM'iiu of 1 idcnnied wife at A'alladoiid in Mc isil. J'he surprise was cU'ectcd oa the moruiny of Nov. 2d i)y L'aslaaoii, tlio -I ;i( il. A MEirCILESS ROYALIS^T. rm 71 Oriaiitiii juxl other lloutciiaiits within liis own jH'oviiico (.)' ( ainiiajuato and on iho adjoinini;' liordcis in tlio jiiu'siiit ol' rc'vohitionisth*, that he claims to liave dc- f-patclicd within less than two months ncai-ly 'JOO nirn, iiichidinL,'' nineteen ehiel's, anion_L^ them the hriL^'adiei" jivcsbyter Saenz and one of the eelehrated l*ar;io- iics."'' Tlie effect was nndouhtedly to rond(,'r the liiiihways nioi'o secure and to restore (•oniiiai'ativ(j jicace in the long-desohited settlements. Totliiscon- tiiliuted ni'eatlv the aetiw (.Mirohnent of local u'uai'ds ill lh<.; diii'ei'ent towns and villa^'es which c . .ir, ^\■ho still hovered in ilw. mountains oi* Clu .i;..Juat«), and two scions of Villag'ian, wlio llitted a- avengers in the Tulii region.'" J>ut this was no linger a campaign. Jtwas a hunting-down of hu- i;ian heirigs, as blood-hounds hunt wild beasts; anN ti note that tlie gi'eatest outcry against Iturijid-' ;^t lliis time was raised by liis exe- ( itioii of ;, \-om; :i who lent her beauty to sustain tlie cause of iii,le[)i ideiice."' iii.'-iir;('nt:< bciiiL; less M:ilc!iful, (iw iiiL,' to tlic; iVstivilii's of tlie jifciciliii;,' t.j.ld; ;;uitnH (lay. /(/., Mill S. '•• And this witli ;i llls^^ (jf diilv tln'cu of his own iiii'ii. He iiiciitioii-i tho t>:c('utii)ii of (':i|it;iiii Oiiuhis, Jloih'i^'iU'/,, iviiiiiu.'Uiik'i' of (_'iTni (loido, ( 'oh)- III I riii'j:i, i'nmiii;uiii;iiil of till' CuraihTo. 'i'iu'Ve is ii Imastftil toiii' thron; limit tlu'M' iTports of Itiirliidc v.hi-ii siicakiii,:,' of tlir IjUlclifiics. (l>r.. ilr.\/,.r., r->i.".. \ j. ;i7— ti). '''DrthiiiL'/' cainpaiu;"!! liric is iT|iortiil in /'/., Is! I, v. (i"i;) 1, <'tc.; lUt-^ln- Lin.iii. (',111,1. .//«/., lii. l!Mi--Ji)l, '' llor iiiiii.f was Miiiiii 'l"oiiias;i, Kstcvi'/, 'i'iiiiii.-.i.inada jimim M'llucii' I'l tli'jcu' Iti,;'. ,k'V lV|iolt ill y(/., lost. y,V'^\vtv, .U,.,\ Si,//,, .\/X..\\.l.>r, (1, luiil l,ii;t'ai,M, .'" V /'iilij'., '2')-l-'}, join in (.•oiKUinniiii,' the net. Sec al-o al- lll.siolis toiTUi !' • 111 //' ,ii(iii(li~ 1/ J)tii;i'ii.i, ( '<■/, l)'i,\, V. .'I'JS. ft rui|., 'l^'l, (If. ll has lircuolistrM'd t hat Itayoii and otlRi' Icaihrs had fici|U(.'iitly to talic n'vuiu lui'MMiros iigainst niiiiriiici|ilc'cl uhicf.s who injured the (jau;!.' liy their outrages and ali'unled ruyalisls just motives for seveiity. 1 ■i 1 ; I: .J CHAPTER XXIV. constj • ttoxal changes. ' '4. CiiANt;iU) AsiM'cT (IF nil. Hkvoi irioN — Dr.PKKssioN os liorit Sinis — Pi;(i- I'osiii) iCr.sTiiKTioN di" 1 'assi'out.s AND J'lxi'iiin' in' Till; AS( ui: — ('ai>ksij;' Tin; Kxuurs OF Tin; Si'amaiU)S — Fuk^ii 'J'axks — lliisTniiATioN of Fi:i NAMIO \[L — C'ONSTITI TIOS OF 1 SI '2 IS A N N fM,i;i) AN |( AlTi H'i:A( Y II; K-TAiii.isiii;i)— FKHi.iNt; IN Xi;\v Si'AiN — lNsi-i:(ii;N r CnN^TiTrriiiN — Its riloVlSlUNS ANIt AnALVISIS — J loW 1t WAS lii:(:KI Vi;i)--]Cl,i;(,' I ION of Offi CKUs rNUKii XHi; Xi;\v L'oNsrrifTioN— LniiAOA riii;sii)KNi— Commkm OKAI-1VI-; ?iIi;l>al — Consiitution Oiujfkkd 1;i;aij i:v tiu; Cikas— i;t;i.A aiuNs Willi Tin; United Statfs. TiiK re'Vtdutioii ]i;ul l)_v lliis tiino assumed nn aspect \viclely diitei'L'iit Troin its coiKlitioii when ('alK'ja tiiok c()iiiiiiaii(l. Jiis ])Ians liaut ill tile main well carried out. Ivayoii. was huniMcd; tin; X'illagraiies were no more; and tlie [lowei- of ^ItDelos had faded to a Hitting" shadow. Jtieh (.)ajaea ami I'oelv-bound 'j'eepau were at his i'ct't; the north enjoyed re[)ose, and in the central provinc(.'s little more a])})eared to he 2'(M|uired than a watch on tin; isolated hands in their mountain retreats.^ rUuch moi'o remained to he ilon(}, however. "] he power ot th(,' insurj^'ents as a whole was broken, but small bodies liovered abt)ut in nearly undiminished number, inde- pendent in action and casting oli* more and more tlie ' ( 'allcja ilocs not fail to extol hiiusolf in a I'cviow of nfTiiira issueil on June 2'2il, w liorcia ho natiii'iilly (■\a;.'yoratf's tho rcsulta ncliicvcd. l)i.-ielo.siii.; a.-i i: (looH also the jilaiH Idllowc'il, it li;iM liocii wiili'ly quoLcd. The tuxt may l>o foiisultud in J/rriKiiiili •: 1/ Ddnilos, Ci,f. JJor., v. .").')-t~(iJ; liii-^fumdiit'', Cu. oOJ-2o. Scu also Jii.c, Virci/, -2-11, 18. (592) ■i 'I I^' ExnDU ; OF .-awxiAnDs. riD.T ■wliolosoino restraint wliidi ]iaysc(l. They wwv IxcoiuiiiL;' raiders latlni- than revolutionists, inttMit niaiidy on ]iarassinns taken by the leaders to keep the way open for retreat, and to maintain a larger num-Kr of strongholds for refuge. Xo Wonder then that a general IV'eling of uneasi- ness continued, notwithstanding the exultant demon- stration of .successes by Calleja. This h'eliiig was strikiu'dv manifested in the increaslii''' exoijus of Spaniards, which assuuied sucli magnitude t'lat it A\;is pi'{)[K)sed to limit the issue of jiassports, and de- ci.led U) restrict the exj)ort of treasure.'' ( )ne i^auso must be sought in the de[)ressi()n left on all industries by the long struggle to which were added the contin- ual le\i(\s by insurLjcnts, especially on farms, and the reckless im[)ositioii of loans and taxes by Calleja, \v!io cared above adl for the success of his campaign. In the latter part of the yar wdien everybody ex- jiected a p.artial release from burvleiis, ho added six ]ier cent to the excise duty, and a sj)ecial board was created to a[)[)ly a large direct contribution on prop- -Aslatc as Dec. 181."), CiiUoja was complaining of his inability to check tln'su hands. Sec the tr;ui?;lateii despatch in l!< ml. Spdn. Aiiirr., ',)?>[-{). ^'J'hc ci nvoy from Mexico of Oct. .'!lst took ahout lour milliona in prccioiia liii'tid and (iO e(jaclies with pMHsenirers. The ti'iliiilai'y train from ( ;u:;iKijaato h.-,il lii'ouL;!it •2,'.',m barii of silver" and ,'^0,0a() animals. Almwin, J/i.t. MJ., iv. 'JlS-'J-'. Over seven millions in mrmey would tliua lia\'i; hecn sent out ot the country at the time had Calleja iicrmittcd it to follow the large depart- lue of passen^er:^ and treasure ellcctcd liy the previous opiiortunity. lllST. .M..X., Vol. IV. 3d 594 COX. .TiTUTIOXAL CUAXCnS. erty mii'1 on incoincs I'xcoedin^- three ]iuii;]i'(h1 ]ie.so,s a year.'' Tliis measure liad smou to be abandoned lioue'vei', but the levy oF ten per eent on urban prop- erty, estabhshed for one year, was contuuied, with apjdication to convents and conuiiunities, save chari- table institutions, and the reluctant merchants had to res]»ond v/itli more than lialt' the sum of a fresh hall- million loan. In the followini,^ year a compulsory lottery was introduced to extoi't amiually a million and a half from the people at lar«^'e. Furtlun-, a new copi)er coinage was issued to replace the immense variety of copi)er tokens, circulated from almost every largo store under tlie name of tlacos and jhIdjics/' and to remedy the growing scarcity of small silver money, such as half and quarter reals. At first the coin fell into discredit through the objections raised by mer- chants, but the issue being restricted to prudent limits and its proportion in payments being regulated a decided benefit was experienced.'' Another cause for the exodus of Spaniards was the *TIii3liai J)aml„s,C(jl. I>o,:,\\. lOtS-O; y^/ifWo Dc'jafcx, cong. 10, ii. ali) '.\. Tlic insurgents at first availed themselves of this by lilliug Oajaea and other districts \\itii copper coin, but soon tlic circulation was strictly fcn'biddon. For further observations on the con- dition and the measures, see Corlc.-:, JJiiirlo, i. pt xii. lO.'i, etc.; J/trii(tii'/'-. i/ J)(ir(i/ofi, Col. /he, V. 7-'l-, 744-7, etc.; the representation of .\liad y(Juei]i'i, L.-jbrmr, and of IJodeg.a, A'./^r^'-.'., 1-1-J: Cotic--<, A't. Ord., bS14, ii. 'iciO. '1 he n-ban tax was at iirst e(pially diviited Ijctwecn tenant and owner, later the owner had to pay 8 per cent. Tlio prosper.ius and peaceful northei'n ])r(jv- inees now can)e more prominently forward with voluntary eontriljutions, such as liorses. In.stanees in (In-, dv .l^-.r. , 1814, v. 4l>-4, .Si).') et se(i., KKiO. The lottery scheme aimouneeut its reiju was not to last. Under the pressure of accunuilating reverses Xapoleon sought in Fernando VIE. a njean:-} Ibr relief, and readily prevailed u[)on the imprisoned kiuijr to siLjn a treaty which restored him to the throno on condition that the ]"]nglish should leave Spain. ^ Once beyond the French i'rontier, which he crossed ?.Iarch 2-d, the unreliable monarch cast to the wind his promises, made for that matter without consent from the ])opular re[)resentatives and against his own firmer declaration. ]>y this time the servile party, or absolutisrs, had accpiired sullicient strength to ado[)t a decided atti- tude against the constitution ; and joined l)y interested nobles and ecclesiastics three score deputies petitioned the king to set aside the cortes, and summon another on the plan i)rescribed In' the ancient monarchical I'cgu- lations." Nothing could please Fernando better; and "The cxtraonliutiry sessions of the preceding body clised on the 1 Itli r.f Sept., Uio speech on t!io occasion behi;,' ilclivered hy (iordiKi, president iuhI doputy from Zajateeus. Text in Oar., dc J/<.r. , 1S14, v. L'u.j-IJ. Tlio yellow fever app^'aiiiii,' at Cadiz, the recent hastened on the following; day t ) Santa Maria. This step caused the corto.s to 1)C sinnnioned anew to determine llio residence for the government and the meeting place for the new as.;( nildy. I'ever ravages hastened the end of the session l)eforcthe question was sel tied. A number of the cxtraordiiiaiy deputies serve 1 as suplences in tlie nev,- )j:>dy till those cleeted in America Klioiiid arrive. The formal opening tonic place O'.'t. 1st, at (Tuliz, ijiit the fear of fever assisted tliose wholi)n;;eil for tile cap- ital, niid on .Ian. l."i, ISl 4, thi; se«sioiis were resinned at M..iliid. "Til" l''i'cncii leaving simallaneously. An annual allowance of a millioa nud a lialf was assigned to l'eniancl.)"s parents. The regency p'liuted out that hi:; iiwn act of Jan. IS! 1 declarcil null any eomenlion si;;iieil i)y him as cap- tive, and tlio ci'irtes issued a ratlicr iuimiliating order deliiiiu;; t!ii; route ami manner of entry so as to oblige liim to taUe tlie oath to the constitution lie- f ire assuming s )Vereign power. Text of treaty in //< runmli : y J)druii<, Col. J>or., V. oD.'i-tKH. "This representation, known as the Persian from tlie oponiiig iihraso, was dated April I'itii and lieadcd liy i'lernardo Mozo U'isalcs, s.iiiic of the f(jllow- iiig 01) signatures being added later with a view to court favor. Text with 5:^G COXSTITUTIDXAL CHAXGKS. riicou raided l)y the r(.>installjiti()ii of llio Boiirlxtu tlyuasiy in Franco, and tlio \Aai in n-ccption accjordcd li'nn tliron^'liont liis jonrncv IVom tliu northern hordi.r to Valencia, lie marched boldly to the capital, dis- fsolved the c(3rtes, arrested the regents, hostile (le[)U- ties, and other dangerous persons,^" and issued a decree dated ^lay 4th" I'cstoring afl'airs to the footing held in j\larch 1808, and declaring all intermediate acts annulled. On the Kith he made his formal entry into Madrid, there to ailirm his ]>ositiou by a .s\vee])ing .series of reforms and appointments, with a distrilni- tion of oliices and honors to his sup[>ortcrs, among uhom Americans were prominently I'emembered, and even courted.-*- '^J'he country submitted to the new order, yet not without deep indignation in certain quarters, from which developed a number of j)lots that served oidy to l)ring f\)rtli severe measures, involving u number of prominent and [)atriotic men. Fernando's liberation and entry intt) Spain were welcomed in Miwico on June lOth and followin'j- davs with solenm and im[)os'ng celebrations, especially at the feast-loving ca})ital,'^ liut even there the news itself mi siu'iici's anil rcfutition in /fi riiaiKh z ;/ Diimlox, CoJ. Dor., v. ?ri~-Ti?,'2. Record t)i jirocL'cdiiiij.s in tho ci'ntijs arc given in ('urlf;*. Ait. (Iril., 1814, i.-ii. ''TIiu curies hail in Oct. ISK! rccunstrncteit t!ic regency, no that it now oonsisteil of Canliiial I^uin do ]jorl)on, I'edro A;,ar, an American, and (ia- l)riel Ciscar, holh of tho navy. Tiic cardinal waa .sent away, but his eol- le;iL;ues fared worse. Among iin]irisoneil .Mexican drpntie.i were Arizpe, Manian, ljarraz:ilial, Teran, and Felin. Tliesc proceedings took jilacn on .May lOtli and 1 1 til, with no little commotion. Ari/.pu'd wail is uttered in his /A ft GcH. aribre Comliic/'i, 4-10. " Issncd on tlie 1 1th. '- rerc/, deputy for ruehla, .ind last president of the cortcs, received tho mitre of that S'!e. ( Jordoa and llainirez wt-re apjiointcd canons of (Inadala- jara, and IJiis and ]Mcndiola, oidores of tlie .same place, llosales was made a count, Lardiz:ilial, minister of tlio Indies, and so fortli, one lowly jierson, v.lin had merely liroiight a pen for drafting tlic decree of May 4t]i, being raised to councillor. '^ Orders for celebration in Ilcmmidtzji Dii rnlox, C'ltl. Doc, v. .>H-"2. Cos' counter proclamation in JiL, vi. '2'27-S, desi','nating the return as a Freneii inti'igue and disastrous. See also Pap. ]'(ir., clviii. pts Iv. lix. Arcch?- derreta, in Ids l)hirio gives details of this minor celeljration. Ladies dressed in wliite and escorted carried round the portreit of the king, and Indians had their seini-grolesnue processions. Zamacois, llUt. M(j., ix. 4'JD, attributes yreuler catluusiasm tlian really appeared. ROYALIST DISCOXTEXT. 897 nuisod far loss entliusiasm tliiin it would liavo done liall'a dozen years hd'ore. IJovaltv had lost iirestiLro under the assiduous inroads of re[)ul)liean ideas, and the eharacter and mishaps of the king had not })i'e- seiited themselves in alight to call for gi'eat sympathy and admiiation. Suceeechnij; news did lujt tend to improve the feeling. The tone in the despatches from Spain, whidi remained siispieiously silent with regard to e(')rtes or constitution, totally esea[)ed the otherwise ohservant Calh'ja. In a manifesto of June he held out the pros- l)eet of fully establishing the constitution, and hastened to sunnnon the provincial de[)utation which Mas installed July l^th, with a very inconi])lete re[)rescn- tation,'* owing to interrupted elections and oiiu'r ohstacles. Early in the i'ollowing month ari'ived tin) lamed decree of ^[ay 4th. The oflicials and coi'poi-a- tions wore summoned to apraiso sei'vice at the cathe- dral August 10th, and there Dean IJeri' *^ain an- iiDunced I'rom the pulpit the change to he intr(xluced, now attacking sev('i-ely ihe same constitution wliidi he hatl more than once im[tressively upheld. ^'^ The usual demonstrations were oi'dered to I'ollow, hut this time the peo[)le lu.'kl aloof, sullen and ominously silent. A largo number of Europeans observed the sam(3 attitude, esj)ecially the mereliants, and above all those of Vera Cruz; so nuich so that the viceroy and com- mandants took precautions against a possible out- break. Then, in order to distract attention, prejiara- " l'".ml)fai'in^ the vicfT'^iy us gcfo poli'tiuo, Iiiteiick'iito (iuticrrcz del .Mazo (if Mi'xioo; Uio canon An'jil (iazauo ami J. ]5. Lolio, trader of Vcia L'niz, il 'putifs iur Moxici); (Jarcia Ilhu'i-a, .suplonto for Mexico; Cul Acclnvio fur (.•loi'rtaro; Licciitiato Daza, for 'I'lascala. Rrpoit witli reasons i;i (.''':. '; J/i.'., V'd. I'n.i) (->ri/., 11(!. ' ' liii.stanianto attacks the dean as 'el I'lr'jrano de la in.w \ il adnlaeion,' and ri'produeea one of the pasipun;ides a;.;ainst him. ('na/. //'■■'., iii. l;il .'). 'I'lio d eieo id i:i\cn in Jlmi iiit/i-: 1/ D.iriln", t'ol. hur., v. (iO.'J; UwhmU'x S/mu. M'.r. Lnir, ',\:)S; aiiil ,-ni aecount of tiie euleljratiijn on .Vu^'iist lUlli in (/:(., de J/cx., 1814, V. Uo'JAiO. r > ' i'- 5P8 COXSTITUTIOXAL CIIAXOES. tii'iis wrYo iiiadt^ to foi'iimlly e(.'lel)ratc tlio arrcssion nf till' kiii,!j;', as soon as tlio rainy seasnn Iwul passed, witli a j>rol(jn;^'e(l series of solemn processions and masses l)y different pii1)li(3 bodies, followed l)y bull 1i;j,'bts, le(•ial appeal, and reininded tliat the constitution, wliicli ln' now termed illusive, would have de[)rivi'd it (pf clu-rished ])i'iviIeL;'es. J']lforts were l)esides nuule to keep the .soldiers in good humor by the enfoi'ce- i:ient of diOu'rent measures for their cond'ort an«l v.eal.^' Xor was Calleja himself ovcrl.s. I'lio piiiclon cek.'liratioii of the conrpicst '.ras i'env.'\veil, and Carlos IV. and lii-J reviled consort icccived again, honor.^ on tlie'r .saints' ikiys. '' Proclamation in Gu'. -7, and liov,- ap^)lied. l'u,i. V-ir., clviii. ptxxxiii. !)!)i-8; Uii-cro, M/'.c, UU'i, l."d. ^'Guz. dc Mc.i:, 1814, v. 10J')-7. Tlie ons.itution of ISIJ and the o'lrte^ arc here termed illegal and uuautliorizod, and aiming t) iinderinine mon- archy, religion, and welfare. 'Do la pro'dnia con\fK;aeion de las (.'(J;tcs. . .-o OLiipa una coniisinn.' Five da.ys later appeared a decree eoimtcrmanding the departure of any depntics. ''■• Including Oidor ,Mory Iiirth, and the ( iuatiMnalim Alcini;aa. 'I'lie ]\le\ican L;irdi:'„d)al y UriUe, brot'icr of t!ie niialster, was replaced iu i lio restored council of Castile. /(/., li2l7--0, etc. KADICAL MKA.^UIIKS. 600 o\i) fi'om till' liuiiiili;ilini4" tribute. TIio people v.rrr turtlier liilk'd for a nioinciit by ;i decree to rfiiew nmnicipal authorities iu lai'gcr towns as iiiilieat('(l l)y t!ie lato eoiistitution; !)ut just as olectious bo^'an, V. itli the usual ovei'uhL'liuiuL;' defeat of Sjiauiards, a iK'W deeree ordered the in.stahiient of the old perpet- ual avuutauiieutos.^' Tlieu came a lari^rer dose of I'adical measures, o u- (• 'Ura'^'iMl I»y the ealuier beat of the ])ublie pulse The audieneias of ]\[exieo and Guadalajara ^vere re- liistated in a 11 th leu' lornier iirivile'jfes, au( 1 d lIR'it (Ml I'V loii'>' abstinence i'roni tlu'ir fat eonunissions the (iidores did not wait for formal orders to i)ounce upon Ihi! spoils.-^ So also with the lou'^-deposed special liibuuals, correu'idores, and sub-deleu'ates, toL''ether v> Hn th dl le trauows an d wh ui)])uiLr- 'Pl pos t.^' Further, tin dread imjuisition was restored, and the inhabitants fMion obtained a reminder thereof in a circular coni- mandiu'^ them under [)enalty to appear and denounce llicnsclves and others for utterances a-jainst rel i''iun aiK the 1 lolv O ffict 2J The elfect of Fernando's I'cforms was evidentlv to i;icreaso the strength and bitterness of the }>arty hich had so far been a])i)eased with tlic ])ros[)ect of a lii)eral constitution, conferriuLT local sell '•ovcrn ment and a voice in national aifairs. The taste of theso pi'ivilegcs had whetted the appetite, and tli(.' only means for satisfying*- it were now held I'orth by tho iu- sui'L>'ents. The latter naturallv felt iubilant at the tone -"Decrees witli re;,ailiitii)n-t in G'lr.. dc JIc.c, ISlt, v. 11 H- I, I.'JS;). ct';. AivcIicik'iTi'tii spoalis ill his JJl irlo of tlio uaual clcftiua tuiiuills. /'(iji. I'ar., c!\iii. pt Ivi. 4-8. () ]ir(jiniiu;nt luoinli'i a 1' ^.tlV!3 O 0X10:1, !ll.( f M followeil them. I AiuUtoi- 1' In Ji ilifd, the TC'i'iit, Doctor ("'aMo il.i; the rich uiul gi'ucioiio (.'mu .So cmpjiia 111 (lo^vail.'ir y cnvileci faiuanto l>iLtorly. din y Tl ilicial il. systoin was um I. //; iuhI I X] IT a 1: I cspcc'iL- luiniaim,' luvci^'hs ]!;i " "i.iliin ' the o M I. xico on o (lecifo I'l.'i' Dee. LVih. Ga. l.l 'Ivliet of ItiMuisitdr Fhrns dated .Tan. '21, ISi; 1 I. 'I 1, V. vi. s:i-(i, is (itiieial wasi the onlv oiu; ulio had remained ia ,M> 'J !io elleets of t!i • triliunal Jiad liy tins time liecii nearly all sold, t'niifcssijrs \w\a jier- initiedto alisolve li,:,'lit olTeiiee-s. Even the \.\i>\\a IJustaniaute \enUircd to lim aLTaiust tlii.j restoiatiou dla I aij fin'orcj.' Cuuil. lI'tM., i;i. lU'J, !' > ■■! tl ini coo CONSTITUTIONAL CHANG ES. thus imparted to their totterint; cause, and liastencd ti» su|)|i()rt it hy a series of ajipeals to l']uro[)eaii set- tlers, |)ul)li(; hodies, aiiil tlie people at lai'^'e, whereia they contrasted the renewal of colonial di>sj)(»tlsni with the benefits to bo enjoyed under independent rcpuhlican rule."* J Jut what availed the arjjfunienis of* a partv broken in ])(t\ver and ]»restiL,''e, existin;^ ou\y in scattered j^'Ueirllla bands and hunted fuijjitives, and this ai^'ainst an able and dfterniined man like Callcja, with de- voted and victorious armies at his dis[)osal; lie was, besides, pushiiiL,^ the advantage alreatly gained by in- timidatin' decline in their resources.'-' -'Olio by ]l:iyon, dniftod liy llio fli^Iity Bustamaiitc, was sont to tlic cii- sulailo uf Mexico, wliii'h iiatuially t'caivil to roueive it. Scut to the viconiy, ho caiisod it to bo publicly bunud. Cos, Torres, ami others also ti^uicl with tho pen; the Imincr poiuUni; out tiiat the iiisurgciitH must under t!io now a.'j[icct bo rcgardetl atj loss rebellious than their oiiimnonts, ulio h:id .supported illegal Ciirtes against the king. Dustaniante addressed two pri- vate letters to the viceroy, advising him to enter into iit%'otiatiou3 w'lAi Itayou anil save his person, for tho Lr.ited .States were about to join and give victory to the insurgents. 'J'lieso dillerent documents may bo consulted i;i //rriifuiil'Z!/ J>'U-alo.'<, Col. Doc, v. GlO-i:!, 70i-'. vi. 'J15-l(i,' 'J;i,".-7, etc.; /;■>•- tamuiilc, CiKuL Jlist., iii. G2 et scq.; MendLh'd, licmiiieii Jli-it., ot)7— lUl; .^c/tY(/«, Hcv. Mcx., ."il'J-lT. ■■^■•(.'az. dii M,x., 1814, v. l.'?4,j-8, GSl-4, 737-9. '^"Texc in /./., (iSl-4. It was at first limited to .30 d.ays. All intcreonrso with rebels was strictly prohibited. J)i.'ijio.<. \'(iri'f,-<, [i. \'J. See also /'< /v/f'//- (/() I'll., JJi'rri/ny, S-S, ].-)-l(i. Appeals were also made direct to insuru'ents, llcrniiHdiZ y Ddrtdo'i, Col. Dor., v. .-jIS-,");), niili-l), and rejected by Kayim, etc. Id., (i74; Najrele, Mtx., Si'/lo X/X., vi. olO, 47S, ot seep; Coric, Ac/. Ord., 1SI4, ii. do. ''Among the pardoned were Doctor ^laldonado, who in lliilalgo's time jiublished at Oundalajara the /)( sjicr'wf o); nnd now issued tho '!'■ !■ i\(> clloi't to stein llie (ide wns tlie issue e[' ;i I'eplllilienil eell^t it utiell, wliirli ("illie ilS ii wt'i'e to I'eplaco till' one Jiisl, witlidrauii l>y tlu; my- ;ili>ls. J(, was tli(3 iiTeat work lor which the couhtoss had heeii fonued hy ^[orelos, wi'ollL>-ht amidst |)eTS(,'CU- tioii and svaiideriiiu'. Sinci; its tliiiiit into Miclioaeaii the asseinhly had llitted IVoiii one place to another,-'* attended hy a I'aif^'cd and nhnost iu:arim''urioii('!< iti'. JI' .c! o. -^ From Uniapaii to the liacicmlas Santa I'^ligonia, I'lUuro, anil Tiricitio, mill fuially to Apatr.in;_':ui. ■^'J here was rarely any money in the treasury. Tlic ilcpntic s had to share the rations of the soldiers. "' -V manifesto was issued at 'I'iripiiio on .Tunc l.-t!i to refute t!ie charge of discord. Ucrnaiakzy Uuvuius, Col. JJuc, v. r)4;)-4. C02 C0XSTITU7'I0X AL CIIAXG ES. cvorv fiiur inontlis, and lioldinix office (or tlireo vcaiv. Tlioy arc to be assisted by throe secretaries, lor war, iinaiico, and goveriuneiit, and in the }»rovinces ]>y iii- Icndentes, appointed for tliree years, and presiding' over the iinaneial l)oard,s whicli form l)ranches of" an in- tendeneia general at the capitab A(hninistration of justice is to centre in a supreme court of iive judge-;, chosen Hke the executive, and retiring gradually within liv e yeai's. So L )ng as any jjrovnice is occupu dl )V tlio enemy, existing deputies sehjcta suplcnte to re[)i'e- established, a h)rnially elected sent it. coiiixress s eace onco assu hall e tlie sovereignty and adept tl IW: ])rcsent or a new constitution, nnd cstablisli tlie I; local governments, and other features so I'ar left un- changed. The ])resent imperfect document was intended tlierefore only as |)ro\ isional. Following tlie Fren<-h ideas enunciated in the opening, we iiiid the regulations proper to be chielly modilications of the S[)anisli constitution, with a s[)rinkling of features from colonial laws.^^ i. ^' As inti:iiato(l in a mnnifist of the t'0!i;.;ross to tlio Tirition, of Oot. SIlil. Jl rnauih-. ij J Jarukis, Vol J>0'., v. 7-0-.S. For yrciiter s.'itistV.ctiou I aiM a more colli; '"to .^lynopoin of the (locuiiRuit. lb cmisists of two jiarts: priini- j'los ami f Tin of g jvurumtMit. coinpruhiL; (J and '11 fhaptcM's iv3|i(>i!tivoly, t'lo M'liolc iliviilcil into '1\1 artick's. I'ho lir.-it article (U'clart's tlio llonuin I'atiio- lic tlio t^olc ivliyioa. Tlio f^iUowi'il cli.-iptiM-H of the Wv^t p!Mt, dwell on suver- eigiitj' and Cn'.'.ality. .Mcxii.m Anieiica is divided into 17 insi'paralile proviueos: Mexico, i'lulila, Tlascala, Vera. Cruz, Yucatan, Oajaca, Tccp^oi, Michoacan, Qiieretaro, ( uadala jara, (Iiianajiiato, Poto.^i, Zacatecas, Duraii;; i, Sonoia, Coaliiiila, and XiU'vo lleyno do J^t'on, Tlio Koverei.unty of the puoplj ii vested ill the representative supremo ^lexiean eoii;,'ivss, besiilea wliieli n;e created two liodie^, the r;:ipreiiic goveniuient aii;l the snprein'j tiiijanai : f justice, all to reside in one place, but in seiviratc pidaces and with ispeci.d guard >!. Thi' congress shall e, insist of oiio -.lepnty from each pr>)vinec, elccled f^r two yer.rs. Deputies must Ivj ;};) %ear3 of a'.;e; no two clos(3 relatives can sit at the same time. Their election is indirect. lOvery persnii above tlio ;iL.'e of is bora in the country, aiul natural i;'.e(l foreigners, vote for ek'ctois, one for eacli pari dl. These unite to choose partido electors, who again meet to ' ' 'ct iiie ileputy, eaeli \oter in botii eases d positing a ticket witli three iioiii- i!iees, tile majority of vot'-s deciding. AVhilo thi- provinceaarc occupied by the enemy, existing dejiuties choose sujilenti's for them. The congress is to have a jire-iilent aiivl vice-presiilent, selected every three iinuiths by lot. 'J'he b idy is entitle 1 majesty, ann ia fribu'i:"!. etc., apiioints envoys, chooses generals of division from a trio nouii- uaiid iiy llic governnient, decrees laws, suliject to eriticisms from government and su|.remo court, fixes taxation, etc. rROVISIOX;> OF XriE DOCUMENT. COS The consiitutii'ii wns ;it oiico L;'iv(ii cOVvt l>y tlio clfctidn of tii<^ I'XrcutixT in lii;' |tcrs'iiis of J^iccn^";!, ^Jorclos, aiul ( \)s, the lirst-naiiu'd NvinniiiL;' the pre.->i- 'l"lu' sdpreiiic ,[,'(ivrnitinMit sli;ill consist of three persons, ef|iial in .'inllidiity, and aUcriiatin;^ e'Very lour niontii.iin the ]iro.-iileneY as deeiiUil hy lot on liist assuniiUL,' cliici,'. 'J'hu coiigiv-s ('k'ct:^ in s.crct session nine noniini;es, froin ;v!ioiii tlic de])uti('-i clioosc tiy l)al!ot the three nilers. (Jno of tlieni retiies e\ cry year, by lot drawn in coni^'icss. 'J'hcre shall he threo Kccrctai'ics of war, ticasiiry, and ,i,'i)vernnient, lioldmu' ollici: f!>r four years. Jtcelection eaniiot t^:Uc place liofoie the lapse of an interniediato term. The snprcnie govern- liCiit id entillepoint judges for jiartido! for tlu'cc; years, till popular electiona can ho held. These jml^es wield the same judicial power as tlio t'oi-nier suljdelerales. In towns and viilig'cs existing governments shall remain till tiie eongres.s lind> (ipportunity to change the .system. The government has to r.ppoint ecclesi:i.stic judges to try ecclesiastics in the first instance. .\ residciicia trihniial of sjcven judges fihall ho chosen hy lot, hy the congress, from the candid. ifes selccged liy provincial electors, one for each province; an I its duty t*ha!l he to decide charges against luemhers of congress, govermueiit, and Kupreme court. The congress .shall form wilhiu a year after the next installaiiiDi of guv- ( rnment, a plan for a re])resentation h.iscd on population and suited to the latest change of circumstances. As sooii as all the provinecd save N'neatan, Sonora, I'oahuila, and Nnevo Leon arc free from foes, the povei'nnient r.iust c'UNoke the national represent'iiiou in acconlauce with that plan, and into iis hands the congress .^liall surrender the soveieign power. The present eoustilution remain;) in force tid this new hody fiami^s another. ']'o this document, dated October '22, ISI t, are attaithed the signatures of l.ieeagi, deputy for (luanajuato and presiilent, X'erdusco, deputy l^>r Mi Ima- c;ni, .Morelos for Nuevo L on, llerrcr.i for Tee]ian, Cos for /aeateea.s, Soter > lie Castafieda for iJurungo, tJrli/. do Z:irafe for Th;scala, Alderete y Soria for (jhierelaro, Antonio .lose .M.jnte;nim.i for I'oah ula, rouee de Leon lor Sonoivt, Ari.'andar for San Luis l'olosi,an 1 secretaries Vaiva and licrnico. lt,ii addeil that llayon, Crespo, (^tuintaua, IJustamante, a\.d Sesina were .ahsi'iit, hat had eontrihuicd their views. 1'he supreme -'-!•; .'.''.r., / . •. ( 'o./s/.V. Ajiatr.i.iijiiii. ImprentaNui'ional, a no IS 1.1, I'Jmo, 1 S:<, (uu" of I lie rai'o early special issues of the conslitution. J iii'i'iiii y /.'r.diio, Lfi, '/. ,<. i. 'Ii'T - 51; /}nrc/i:> /iilcrii. Mi.r., ]it iii. IT' 'X<. r>as;amante idso reproduces it iu liis Cuml. //itf., iii. 1.')7->S'.»; JJif. /wi'c.ap. i. •J.'il-:i_'; /'(/c. /.;.•. (Ao/,, i. riJl-10; Araiijo y Snii J'oDitiii, Iiiijui'j., I'ap. \'(ir., Ixvi. jt \-. ; Mi.t\ J>ir. C<)i>ii''il., 1 (jS, in i'onxiit.,\\.', A'ly/v.'c, ,1/i.v. .V./'o XIX., \ i. .'il'! 'n"i, with synopsis ill .l/ft/zirt//, Miudihii, cti-. ,M(U'elo:i states that the franuiM of lln; (I oeu. in lit wore t,|iiiiitana, Ihistaniante, ami lle;rer;i, Ihrhn- fiin, '_' h luit Lasi.unante certainly could not claim the sliare. Wiih regard to the prov- «1 604 CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGES. tlciicy, with Yarza as scerotaiT of government, and the formation of the supremo (!ourt, which was installed at Ario a lew days later, under the prcsi- denev of Arriola, with additional festivities.^" Tlw, nmnhcr of deputies was completed, and a medal struck to conunemorate the installation.^^ Curas were instructed wherever practicable to read the constitution and ha\e it solenndy adopted by their flocks, under i)enaltv of chastisement. The royalists made counter-threats to i)revent compliance, and ordered the collection and burniuL;' of all cojmcs of the constitution and other documents circulated by iusur- y%^\ r.v l^ 'Ia-AMERICA."^^ MEXICANA. - .D.18I4. i i! nfi: -V'\ MkDAI. or AVATZINiiAX CuNCr.CMS. iiicra it is to lie noted tiiat Vera Criiz com prised Taliusco, San T.iii.j PotoM' in- cluded 'J'aiiiaiilipa^i or Xiievo Saiitamlrr, and Soiiora- covered Sinaloa. 'i !ij rules ;iOvei'iiiii;^ eon^re^s. elections, au'.l several other l'eaturi'3 arc adoi.'.i I from the .Spanish constitution, uhile tiio linaneial and residencia sy.stenus aie niainiy derived tnjni tlio colunial laws. ^--Vt an expense of SS,iR)0. 't'antidad cxcesivn, y (jue deliiij eeonoaii- zarse,' observes liusLaniante. Cinul. l/isf.., iii. llDI-S. .More'os, he ad Is, danced foi- joy that d'y, displaying a glitterin;^' unit'oriii anvl endiracin,' <:\\:yy- l)iidy. 'I'lio olhi r jud,_fe.i v.ere I'onco, Maitine.^, and Castro. A letter Irnu Anteipieiii eoM][ilaiMS of the cost of typo for printing, two to (lire;i pc.si':i ,v pound, and tiio diUieulty of obtaining it. Ihniuinh:. y JJunilus, Cvt. J-ar., v. -J-.S-U. '" The enihleins on the balance beam surmounting the temple, a pen, stall', and sword, MymboliiJo the legislative, executive, and judicial powers, respec- tivc.y. I : ;i ; »,\t. AMERICAN SUPPORT. C05 u'oiits, a term now i'lnually chann'od to rehcls, while loyalist siipportei's were to be called realistos Jielcs.'^^ I'urtlier, local authorities were recjuired to serid in a disavowal of the insurgent deputies who claimed to iL'[)resent them, which resulted in a stream oi" })ro- I'essed adhesions from all ]>arts of the countiy; and (hurchmen were strictly hidden to combat the consti- tution. The main argument was based on the false ( hargc that it Ibstei'cd tolerance and heresy, and on this ground the inquisition alsc^ joined in tlie tirade, (li'claring exconnnunicated even those who merely licld the document in possession or failed to denounce other holders. Orders so extreme could only serve to lower the influence of the framers from their neces- sarily wide-s[)rea(l i'ailure to vecei\'e eHect.'"' Whatever the effect of the constitution at home, it certainly lent a di'Miity and le^'ality to the insuru'ent cause which could not fail to leave a favorable in)i)res- sion abroad. Nor was this impression devoid of value; f.ir as the cause grew weaker, the greater became the necessity for foreign aid in loans and perhaps in tr(^o]>s, while intercourse must in any case be opened I'nr llio ]nrchase of fire-arms and annnunition. I'rojects to 1 his cna were coniined almost exclusively to the Ihiit<'d States, and althougli hopes had so far proved vain they were never aljandonod. In June 181-1 tlx'V i'"- • rived a marked impulse from the arrival at Nautla of a '(jreneral' Ilumhci't, claimin*'' to l)e an a-^^cMit of th(! northern republic.'"^ Anaya went with him to Xew Orleans, only to find him a nu-rti corsair. Xev- ^' Faitlifnl royalists, iiisti.iil <>( patriols, wliirli dosignatiou li;ul Ijci'ii wiiUly ihlii|it(Ml by tlic (itlior siilo. "'T<\t of (Icnum-iatiiin in Our., ile Mi-x., ISl,"), vi. 7-7-."!; sco also r);)7— t'J, fiiitaiiiiiii^ Callcja'H ik'LToc, 5"')-(!, lliat of tlu: (.■atheilral chaiitcr ut M'.'xico, ''X\ 1(», giving ])i]ctor Tor' s' formal aiguiiunit a-aiiist the const itutiun. MoiUli do loii CrUliaiK'it, Mi'X. l.Sl-l-, 1-1:2S, id anot'.ui' arj;unifnt. Mix'-ilnncd, i. pt iv.-v. ; S'llC'ii/ur, Siisrrip., l-'JJ; llo-iju^a y ./or/an, ('arid I'li-ifontl, l-'JO; Ciiirrn, Or'iridn; I'ft/). V(n\, Ixv. \/ JJurci/n.-i, (\il. /)o'\, v. 517, '>~^K \i. -o3, 'J4i(; Jiinra, Hid. Julapa, i. 501--; BuMoinuulc, Cuud. JJid., iii. oo-ii. I COG CONSTITUTIONAL CHANG IvS. crtlieloss lie avjillud l,iinsclf of the oppoi'tunity to oblaiii letters of iiuin|Uu from tlic pirate hca(l([nartcrs at Uarataria I.sU)ii(l, none of wliicli were used how- ever."'' He also joined Toledo in plallllin^■ an expr- dition ai^-aiiist 'raiii[)i('(), l)iit tliegoverimient at Wash- ington was advised and forbade its forniation.^^ A1j( )ut tlie same time Ilayon ai)pointed Ikistamante minister to the United States.^* lie failed to dei)art on his mission, and in the iollowing summer of 1815 Doctor ] [errera was charged therewith by the congress, on the strength of Toledo's representations that aid couhl be obtained in the northern United States.*' ] [e was also to arrange with the papal nuni-io ibr conlii'matioii of ecclesiastic appointments by the con- gress and permission to dis[)ose of church revenue till tli(j close of the war.'^ llerrera did little or nolh- " Two liiiiulrcd wore sent to Rosaina. nd. Ifiit., 11. The Spauisli f.'ov- crumciit tO'ik iilariu iuulorili rcil alloct fi^'ainstUu; pifates. Cdrtc-i, A-f. O*-.'., i. 4.').'!, ii. 10. Aiiaya'.s coiujianion Fatlicr Pedi-oi^a revealed liid plaiiH i .) ;!;o Spauisli eoiisul at Now Oileaiis. IX'claration in Uaz. d(' Mcx., iSUi, \ ii. 'J-li. '•^vl///f'/\ Stale. I'djicrx, iv. 1, 4'JJ-(L'(i, i)assiiii; A'i/rs' U<\ii, ."l'), 302-7, 4i>5, etc.; iXenrctr, ^[(x■. Si'j'o A/A'., vi. 410-24. Ito.sains oii his ."-ido cheeked the piMJeet to apjioiiit .Aiiaya n iniiiistei' and empower him to seek a loan (if six millions, /'c'. Ill-tt., VI, et Beq. lie remained a mere u^eut awhili' and eamo hack h'.'inu'in;^ John Pioliinson. "'••lie Keparate1.'), that lie liad '2.01)0 men, jind needed only funds to raiso 10,00:). John Unhinsdn, who elainud to ho a hriu'adier in the U. S. army, came idiont the ssaniclinic ■with Anayaauil pronii^ed to hriuL,' 10,000 men. lie obtained §l,00;)iind was authorh'.ed to capture I'ensaeola in l''lorida, but remained at Tehuacan. llerrera was ae- companied by deputy Zfirate as secretary, Father I'duz, late pn)vineial (jf Santo l)omin;,'o de I'liebla, as ehaphun, and a son of Murelos, young .\lmonte. lie n'ceived )?1."),000 and authority to enllert all he could eni'oute. J-atcr re- mittances followed. AVith him went Teredo and an Aineriean named i;iia'!, with eonnnissiou to fit out a priviteer. . .Captured \essels anu arms to be delivered to the eonu're-is together with half the ear<;) and otlur booty. Nothing camo of it, nor of the 6^,000 given them. .1/oiv'o^', j)(f/nrifc>o,i, 4:)-4; .VciKlihlK jyiriiK'ii //!/., 101-2. 'I'lic appeal to llayiL failed and lln.;- land lielil jdoof. Ili r'uimhz y JJdrnhx, Col. Doc, v. GOO; (Juurt. Ji' r., xvn. 54S-.").'l; Mdiicf MSS., pt xxvii. 7-14. *' Always on conddion of repaying the sum taken. Further, the > on ces- sion of cruzada bulls, exemption from fast, restoration of Jisnits, and loruja- tion of sees, colleges, and benevolent histitutions. Crn/ada bulls had at ono time been suppressed liy liayon as a royalist resonne. Xtijn/c, Mi.r. Si'jlo X/X., vi. 482-8. For details concerning altitude between eliuieh and iubur- HEllRmA'S MLSSIOX. C07 inu,' save to nrraiigo witli pirates for dulivery f)f arms, and even this brought hardly any j'fsults, owing to loyahst precautions and neglect to pri)vitle funds/- gcntP, sec llervamh'z y P'ivahs, Col. Doc, vi. 0^-5, 204-74, 480-1, r,3n-fi,10, j.as-iin; Aruujo y Sua Rohicm, Impwj., 5'J-GG; Uivcro, Mcx. IS.'f-J, 131; Piii'. I ■((/■. . Iwi. lit V. ■•■^ II oner, a ciimo Lack at the close of 1810, accepted p.-xrilon from the roy- ulist.s, uiul fmnislied in leturu coniprouiising levolatious. Uuntainaitle, Cuad, JIl-L, iii. 3'Jl-3. II fi ' 1^ m it: 3-! ^'v r, h CHAPTER XXV. DEATH OF :morelos. ISl.-). The Ricvolptionists on Copoikj ILll — Positions of tiif, iN.sriioKNT FoitCE.S — DeTKUMINATION of CaI.LFJA — SlE(iE (IF C'l'iroia) — liKlTl.SF, OF iTiTiir.iDE — Attemfted Srni'iasE of Jiuitepix' — Kamon Havon is SiioiiN OF HIS Tuir.Mi'ii — Claverind's Movement SoiTiiWAni)- Itfii- BiDE Chases THE CoNCiUESs — iNsruouDiNATioN of Dcjcimh Cha — He i^ AliRESTED ANU CoNlJEMNED TO DeaTU, liUT IS DlSCllAIUiEl) — DeaIII OF DoCTOIl Cos — Ills ClIAUACTEU — TlIE Revolftionauy ("Joveknment MldUATES — It is OVEliTAKEX AT TeZMALACA — CAI'TrilK OF MoUFEoS— Ills Trial— Degkadation and 1'enance — The LastAfto-ije-fe— luxi:- ciiTioN OF the Gr.EAT Lfadfii— Rkflections on his Chakacteu — Two JJeXICAN WlUTEKS ON THIS rEUIoLl. Amid the scries of reverses iuilicted l)y TJano niid Iturbitle on the revohitioiiists of Miehoacjiii, Jiaiuou llayon ak)ne preserved a really spirited and snc(.'e:!;s- i'ul attitude, addini; fresh lustre to the well known name that reflects also u[)on his compatriots. He jiad selected a retreat of great natural strength on Coporo hill, near Yanzapeo,^ accessible on only one side, and this was protected by an imposing line of three batteries with four bastions and tliii'ty-four guns. A wide moat, with a stockade in front of it, formed additional impediments, while witliin was an abundance of stores, with water from the brook at the foot of the hill. With the confidence inspired by this position, and the late brilliant achievements of Ramon, a lumibcr of leaders had gathered round his standard, under •Ncrth of Zitdcuaro. (008) CALLEJA AND RAYOX. C09 Y.'liicli he led tlieiii i'roiii one success to anotlicr. So conspicuous nnd dauu'erous an enemy, on tin- line l>e- tweeii X'alladolid and tiic ea])ital, could not l)e (juietly I ih'i'ated hy the royalists, and Llano resolved to reduce t!ie stronghold. An ell'ort in this dii'ection, in Xo\ein- hir 1814, had been i'rustrated hy llainon in so inge- i:iousandahle a manner as to i^'ain him great applause." Tliis served only to rouse the determination of ( "alleja. ]!e ord(.'red a fresh attack with loi res swi.' led to till (-'e tiiousand by troops I'rom ^'alladolid and ( luaiiajuato, thi' latter under command oi" Iturbide as second to Idaiio, The insurirents nun)bered abtjut six. hundn.'d M or.vT ('(H'diio. and hfty nuMi, only jjartly armed, fully a third relying lor \vea[)ons on stones and boulilers. Jn the vicinity loanied also sewral insurgi'iit leaders, prepared to harass the supply trains, while Toi-res and others had Ciiiin' iVom the adjoining ]iro\Iiici's to I'all upon the v.eakened royali>t garrisons around Tl leir luove- ■ Tliis succoss rcfoiiTil to by l>ustaiii;i!itp as tiio battle nf Lm Mo'.'ntcH, Ciiiid. Ilixi., iii. ll'J ill, tuuli jilucu (ii> Xov loti I, luai' 1 iixi'.iu j; lir.st tli^alikd l.liiiiii'.i ciualry liy .scattoriiv.,' piiisniicd fi)raL,'o, and tlicii limd kill n null into aniliusli, iMis''!t' (if L'S out (if SiiO niun, ill'' oviT "JUIJ (lunii' Iho 'nam actinii, w lili a lnss tu d til J""> anion. II, Lla lao biiM;,'in ])■ I I'd •dlMJ. Ml l.MlU IS IID'A' l.bl iiits only S deaths, and |ibucs tlio iusurut'iit forces at I ,."i()i), ninl their at over !.")(). (laz. . ' Auanili.->;'o was attarked Feb. Ith b} t>iJl> men under Toires, OlnXj liisx. lli;x., Vol. IV. CIO DEATH OF JIORELOS. 5 : 1 nicnts were directod to some extent by Irjnacio Ravon, wlio had arrived here after liis Ihght from Zaeatlaii, and assumed the command. The sie!>"e beL>'an on Januarv 28th, and ('(tntinued I'or more than a montli without tlie least \n\yn [■ess b(jinL>' uukUj. A battiry had l)een advanced to within short rann'o of the fort, but (.'tfected httk-; and even the stockade before the moat resisted all elforts to (Ics tr. »y it. A st rouii'i V foe bcu'an however to woi'k within the intrenchnients in the lorm of sickness and prospective famine; yet the dei'enders held out man- fully, cheered by nu)re than one fortunate sally. Even the sanii'uine Iturbide now re^'arded the task as hopeless, and believed it more advantageous to main- tain a close investment uith a thousand men, while the rest scoui'ed the surrounding districts for nuicli needed sup[)lies, and cleared them of troublesome guerrillas; yet for the sake of royalist reputation 1 le was ready to head an assault on the I'ort, by the only accessible a])j)roach. The innnense sacrilice of lives which the attemj)t would involve held Llano bacl^, but iinally he yielded, insisting however that the attack should be directed mainly along a steep path on the led, leading to the brook, against which Itur- bide [)rotested, although he accepted the hazardous leatlerslii)). Iturbide selected 500 infantry and 200 horsemen, the latter intended mainly to cut off retreat or remedy any unfortunate break, and moved against the fort bef()re dav-break on ^larch 4th, orderiny Comiiiaiiiliiiit Pjainiuhin.i m itii a lusH to Olio .section iiloiio of 4.'), the royalists having '22 killed, liis report is in Jd., ISlo, vi. 2VJ-2-2. SIKOE OF COPORO. suspicious, and tlio fort coultl now 1)0 carr'nMl l)_v Cll siir- lU'ISO, ^[alcdictioii on it," cxclaiiiK d Fil isola, list as ho Avas aljout to dirtct t!i(^ rusli aij^ainst the para- |ii't. A t'avoi'itc liouml of his liad hrokni loose to i'ollow liim, and oanic now hoinuHnL^^ forward with a jovous hark of" iccoii'nition. The iiisui'Licnts wvwi warned jiist 111 tunc to nu'ct tlu^ assault. A liot iiro was then o[)ened hy t\\v I'evohatioiiists, from wliirli the exposed Spaniards suil'ered severely while vainly ti'vinu" to scale tli wal wo Iturhide saw that tin lid lie slau'i'htered, and honor heiii<'' satisfied 1 10 sounded the recall, ''with t!ie roitunate result of sav- in''" four fifths of the men," as he writes. A counci 1 of w ar a'''i'eed onlv too readilv with Tdano that the sieu'o would he a mere sacriliee of life, a.iid two days later the royalists withdrew froni wliat Iturhide calls the scene of his first repulse, amidst the undisg-uiscd joy of the garrison and the settlers of the district. Calleja did r.ot conceal his displeasure, eon- demniiiii' the ovierations as badlv ])laniied, and the re- treat as prematuri^: \'('t he consented to Ijlai a'es tion pi of lea\'iiu A: '•iiirro wi lo s sllii'- th about GOO to raxa^o the nei'jfhhoi'hood and cut oft' kui)1/1 les v>MiUe v\ai 1 1 1 M ' th ai rison. LlaJio made Mara vat ii his 1 leailciuar- tt'i's, and Concha was stationed at Ixtlahuaca to as.-i.-^fc in operations, and in lvee[iiny o[)eii communicatioi with Yalladolid.'^ IS ' It \\onl(l seem that tlic tronjis had hvoiiL'lit no scaling,' laihlcrH. to jud'.o liy thu (juott-'il ul)servatii)ii.s uf Cilleja, in JJasldinaiiti', L'iKtil. lii-l., iii. I.');>. ■'Llano liad itlca'k'il lack of .supjilics us nu cxcuso, and infiistcd that of infantry alone .'l.OdO wvyq needed for the .siege. CalKja, maintained tliat the hattericM should have been betti'i' einiiloye admit ■-Ml 1 1, )\ih' aluno s only 'J7 kiile i. (I'siiedes, later republican jiresidcnt, distinjiuished himsi'lf hire. J h story was told by Fili.sola to Alanian, Jlin/. J/'/.,iv. '2~i). .|justamanti'.-|iea!;s of a 'nuite di tl 10 lUSU :.-, as j.'ivuii,' waruuiL ToM'cnte alhldc-j rilliant deeds to coni))ensate fer a failure which cost (iver 10!) rov.di^t lives. Jligl, J<'i ii. IbS-'J. r?ce it. so . (^, .1/' SInIo X/X. vii. Ki.i-!;: 1 :^5;. G12 DEATH OF MORELOS, Kiieourau'cil 1)V tlio succoss of liis roriuor raid into (^ucietiU'n, the ('Xiiltant lianioii IJayoii proposed to siir|)riso .Iil(it('])oc, llie li('a(l([uartcrs of ()rdorii/.' military si'diDU coiitrolliiiL'' the iiortlicrii liiUL;!i inferior in streiiL;lli, tlu; latter was hetter jtrotected than liad hecMi e\[)eeted, and nianaL^ed hy a Avell ealculated llaidv movement to overwhelm the left v/inii' of the advanein^' forees. Thodisorder spread to the centre and ri'dit, and secminu'ly sure vietoi'v was turned into a disastrous rt)ut, witli the capture of over 1 00 fuLj^itives, who weie as usual executed, at the hriidc of oui^ inunense ^raNe." And so wore lost at one lilow the fruits of liamon's hi'ave defence. The fame of ( \)poro (limini^^]u'd. and tlie convo}' routes to (^uere- taro and X'alladolid were ([uiekly cleared of sc^vi-ral im[)osinL;' hands, includinu,' that of Mariscal Cahas, who was overtalcen and killed." In ]\[iclioacan Ai^niirre's operations round C6])oro wen^ sup])lement(^d hy sevoi'al others in tlu^ interior, notably undei' ( 'laverino, wlio with neai'ly 500 men swe])t resistl(\ssly soutliward into tlie 'riri[)itio reo-ion."^ ]\lore important were the movements of Jturhide, who, e\er intent on j^'reat deeds, undertook to sur])rise the iiisuro-ent cono-ress, and this without im|)artinLi' liis jtlans t(j Llano, to whoso field it pertained." The ]ire[)a rations wore made with all secrecy, and by forced marclies Ituiljide covered in four days the distance fiMiii Jra]>uato to Ci'nciro, not far from Ario, where the de[)uties then held foi'th in comparative conlidence. He had pi'oposed to fall upon the town before dawn "'J'liis OL'i'ui I'ccl nil M;iy l"2tli. Itiuiion narrowly f'si:'ii]HMl. Onloiioz places tlic iii-aii'gciit foivo at l,"_'Ol)aii(l the iDssat ItiO l^illfd and ]•_'! prisoiUTS. (/;(::. iJi- M(.c., 181,"), vi. .VJJ-4, (.•ii|ur(l ill Turn iili, wliilc iiustamauto rcdiiucH tiio fdico to ;?00 . lid the los.i to V- Uilled and l_':l pcisoners. fJiKuL llisl., 'in. 42J- 4. Oiiioficz' total tdreo did not exceed .SOD. ' 'Jlio loailcr < Inticrre:; fell in June, iieai- Xojiala, and ( 'oiielia in Septeiiil'er clostroved t!ic jstiiiimliold on llnatepec near Ciiaiia tie Mota, disjiorsiiii,' N'ar- giis'fo'l lowers, ^^c.''(/t J/w., 1S1.J, vi. 5S_'-;?, tlj."), 1007-!», 1 KiS- 1). Tlie i;i- Kurgcnt l'ais(.'na .slaiuls forward to icti'ieve sonic of the disasters in tliis rc^ii'ii aiitl to lonniK nd iiiinself for exceptiiJlial leiiieney. ''The tour oeeupied six weeks in May and June, and inelu(le(l Ui-napan iiiul IMlzcuaro on tiie return. Hardly any resistance was iiiut. /(/., 701-71. " Jjiano was furious, but Calleja hail given his consent. FLTOIIT OF Tlir: A>;SF>Mr>TA' Cl.'i oil ]\r;iy atli, l)ut ci'i'taiii iiiisliaps dolnytd liiiii for one • lay. 'J'liis saved theassonihly; Inr wariiiii'^^ came just as the session bej^'aii, wliereiipoii the stai'fled iiiciii- l)crs ros(! ill tiiiimltuous ilij^ht. J)ev']'ly luoi'tilied at tlie failure ot'liis project, Jturhido allo\ve(l his reseiitniciifc IVee plav, leaviiiij; a, hloody track to mark llic rduni I'otite hy way of l';itzcuaro/" and di'stroyiiio' the val- iiahlo thou:L;'h iieu'locted stroiit^'hold of ( 'himilpa.'^ 1'lie three I'li^'itive iiisur^'eiit j)0\vers reimiti'd at Uruapan, save ^lorelos, who had j^'one to the horder>j of Tee])aii to assist the stnio-nrliiio- u-uerillas.'-and ( 'o-;, who ilattered hy the apjx'al of several nM fDJlowcrs east aside his legislative dnties to place himself at their head in the held, seh^ctiiig for his liead(|uarters the I'ortress of Zacapo, south of i^uruaiidiro. 'I'iiischaii^'e was due to more than a militar\' whim; fur when tlio iiu'i'i'ss re'monstrated apular vote and wcvc exceedinjjf their usur[>ed faculty ill controlliuL;' executive and judicial powers, and in le cliurcli, reveaJine' '>' authoriziiij^ abuses ajjjainst tl sides a traitorous dis[)osition.'^ SiH'li char^'es could not he left unchallenL>'ed, and ^[ort'los was instructed to arrest the rehellious nu'iiihiT. ])oclor Cos ])re- ])are(l to resist, l)ut his own men delivi'red him up at the command of tli e u'eneralissmio, aiu I tl le coii'-ress '■^Ainoiig tliosi! who .sucuuinlK'iUx'fiiro liisanccr wiis ( 'oinnianiluiit Al);irca, of I'at/ciliiro, a wortliy t'iti/i';i who had ac<,'ciit(;il thc> por^ition from Cos iiiider Liiiiipulsion, as rc'lattil fidiii lai/iiiial sources hy Ahiiiiaii. //('ri.s(iiriiK'iit in llif (Irradcd hill (liuin't'oiis itioii from lilb to death. A cDimtci-i't'Viilulioii soon «>avi' Idm liixMty; hut the decline ol' his iullueiice, of which ho ]iad hei'ii so sadly C()ii\iiic(.'(l. induced Idni to acce[)t the \icei'ei;al |»;irdoii, thou,n'h with liiauifest l)a(l i^Tace. He retired to J'at/.cuaro to resume the miuistrv, and diei! thi'i'e in LSI'.), (K'(_'|)]y rei'Tetted hy his parishion- er J !i' was undou1)tedly a woithy patriot, who had served the cause with credit in the Held and in the council liall. His tideiits hy riL;ht should rather have heen devoted to the administration of attairs; and had ho ])()ssessed the command of liis temp(.'r lie could liavo i-c ■ndere lie destroyi'd with one hand much l;'o(x1 perlbrmcd >vitli the other. fc I Since t]i(> disaster before Valladolid, which opened to the royalists tin; cjate southward, the centre of the campain'ii had shifted to l.*uel)la and Vera Cru/. This in itself was a sullicient incentive for the national as- senihly to transfer its sessions to that region. Anotlier was the need of a stroni;' effort to restore harmony there among' the ([uarreHing headers; and this could not ho eiVected i'rtan a distance, as already proved. Hill-girded Tehuac^an apjieared a place where the C(Higress might tind a more stal)le abode, and recowr the dignity and inlluence now rapidly deserting it as " Ho liat)(l_v, flittiiii;' .-ilioiil in a icnicto ])art df tin (•((iiiiliT, aiiKiiiL;' |ti'tt_v liaciciidas, with x-aiity iiicaii^ aim a i'a<. MM't.,| I'SCO rl. It w IS ( Iccidcd llit'l't'lorc to leave a iieii.;Ii!ii)rli()<)(l Nvhicli was hi-coniiiiM- sd iui|)i-.)lit- aliK', and which wasovorniii \>y pursuers; \et a cduu- cil was t'oi'iiu'd of tlio leadini,' chiel's, inchKHuL'" ^Inhiz and Ayahi, to ivpi'usL'ut tlio uiiufratiii^* authoiitv and keep llu; scatteri'd hands in accord.'' It, was not so easy liowever to (le])art with a lai'n'o hi»(! -. while the royaUst s wtTo scouiin in .III ( liivct Ions, i'ca( ly to I '■^ th(; I )n»viii('('s )ciMor'ui sutli niai'clies as did Iturhidc wlieu witlii'i t'our days Ik^ canie down in lai;n'e I'oi'ce upon tlic di-votcd Ario from liis (hstaiit ]iead([uart(.'rs in (Juanajuato. To penetra.t(.' throU'_;'h (ho province ot" Mexico oi' northward seemed hopi- less. The only way was to pass throuu'li 'IV'cpan and the ^[izteca, with the aid of the hands there scattered. lis As Alci'elos possessed tlie most inlhi"nce in 11 reL''ioii. and had the hest kiutwled^'e of it, tin' iiieiii- hers were oiilv two tilad to entrust the undertakiii''' t: hini. and to this end 1 le was s|)eciallv empowertM to assimie direct command. ]ie(uiests were sent t \' pu DO icolas JJravo, and other l(>ad(M's aloiiL;' tli*.; Zacatula, who hrouLil'ht reeuforcemeiits to l[uetamo. swelling- the escort to about a thousand men,'" half of whom had lii'e-arms. The oi'ders to Teran, Guerrero, and Sosnia to assist were disrei^arded. ^[orelos souLJfht to confuse the royalists l)y a series of I'eints and false rumors; and on Xovemher I'd, Ik; I)r(,)Un'ht to Tenaugo his party, including less than half a dozen luemhers of the coii'jfre ss- -th I'es t 1 iavinr niciulH!;'. J/o/v/ns-, Ihrhi. r'lrion, 'M. ^''' Manfox, Dii'himc'ton, ?i2. IJustamanto iiitiinatcs a siiiiilai- iiiiiiiljcr, yut concluiK's liy saying 'oOO soldiers,' assuming tlic ivst to Ij'J rabhlc probably. Cuudro, iii. :217. 11 r "•jit: *i CIG DEATH OF MORELOS, Cos.'' .Vt tliis point tlujy forded the rivci- and anivod on the iollowing day at Toznialaca, six k'aL;Ufs iVoni Tenan^'o. Elated Avitli tlieir success so I'ar in avoiding;' the eneni\', and relying on ilie riv( r bariicr behind them, they resolved to rest liere I'm- a day,'' dreaming of safety beyond the mountains. A rude awakening was to i'ollow. Callcja had been duly notiiied of the migration, and to some extent of the direction taken,'' althouu'h the measures adoi)ted by ^Morelos had batiled him with le- gard t;> the exaet route. This uncertainty induced Jiini to make i c/'i id otiier titles; J/o/vAw Cti. '(.■etsi(|.; yrijnli\ .)/■ Ilhl. Ml}., iv. •M)\ ct se(|.; an;URGEXTS. 617 TonanL!,"(>, wIiIcIl 1);kI proved disobcdioiit to ^loivlos. 1 Icarrivcd t Ihtc on tlu- luoriiiiiuf ot'tliu otii of" Novi-in- 1)^1', just in time to perceive the I'ear of" the revohi- tionary [>art\' disappearing' beyond the near i-id^w "^rhe consternation of the latter niav Ix; inia'dned, and hut i'ov Morelos' tiriu attitude a (hsorch'rly iIiL,dit would have ensued. Jlc proniptly sent in advance tlio deputies and the ) )n-fi_iL>hti!i,f^ men with part of the 1 >a!4'u;aj4'e and a tsiiiall escort, and remained v.ith the I'est to protect their march hy dctainiuL!' the ])Ui-suers. I. V O I As Coiicha approached he gradually i'dl hack, hut I'oiind it necessary alter a wiiile to take a stand; which he did in thi'eo divisions, the ri^^ht and lel"t under J^ohato and IJravo resi)ecliy(dy, he himself (.)ccupyin^ tlie centre witli his two solitary field [)ieces. Concha then ivave orders to chai'go. IJi'avo received the first shock, hut held his i^-round well.''" Not so the ri^ht wing. At the first onset ce, "Senor ('arrancu, it seeuis we kn<»\v em other. " ]le was condueted back to camp, and as the intel- TiL^enee spread belbre them that the great leadei- had jeen cai> itiired, vivas an< 1 sal vos rose m evt'i'v du'ee- tion, accompanied by yet n)oretnmultnous demonstra- tions of iov. Concha was so deliLi'hted that ho omitted 1"u)'ther pursnit, to the saviiiix of not a few 1 nmuisiied d ves, and <''ave Jiis soldiers lre(;acci!ss to Idi t(. dist the captured baggage train,-" ^Mexico also went into ecstasies, and the vieero}^ distributed rewards and ])ron)oti.)ns with liberal liand^ Th d(,>cl me o JNToi'elos' inthiencc was little understood or eonsich'i'ed amoiiLT the I'ovalists. "J'o them his name towered in all the magnitude of the once ruler of the south and creator of the congi-ess, whose \ietories stood uiie- cli])sed by those of any I'ival chief On the way to IMexico the prisoner passed through T eiiango, now m ashes, to become there as elsewiiero the object of the curious who lined the thorougldares iiid crow dcd tl le apnroaclie The attenti o!is aecoi ded him, and the varied demonstrations of the <'uri'.>us, seemed at lirst to Hatter his vanitv, but soon thev be- Amonu" others Colonel Villasana came annovmg. ] )ressed him with needless (|uestions, asking after an impatient re])ly what he would have done with him and (Joncha if the capture had been reversed. "I 4 '■'- Bnstdiiiiintc, ii( spaiiiii; Ills life. '•'■' Save tivo hav.s ■ tli;it lie mivc hiiii one, of his watclic.s in ii'tiirii fur if sih wliicli wcrp rosei'vcd foftlip iidvci'iiniciit. Tli' iiisiii'L.a'nts lust iKit less tliiui oOO liicn, snvs Cdih'Iim, iiicliuiiii;,' J-Dlmto, Ciii- >, iiiid Susiiin, sciuiir. Hard. 24, -2!), isi; Cull' hi L,'!!'! the cliar; men. (';i|it. (Idliie:^ IVdr.-iZii of the fanunis ]''iele.s de I tol ISI.-), vi. I'JIi.'i- S\ ii.'ic'ii-ii (!■ /I., \< witii M)iiiev. hat over ."lOO dtii.-'.i j.'avo tin' lirsU iravii, am 1 repeated it an the disonler hei'an. Concha, is ra t.'d criie tif eharaeter in (I'la-hn/i J'J, Mr 11; /• '/> (ti\ \\x\ 1. it lo-J ' Coiu'lia was jiionioted toeoli.iiel of militia, an'Iveu you two lioiirs for conf'c8^'.: naULjfht to do in your house f"'-'^ J le was confined in the inquisitid revolution, disregarded e]iiscoi)al decrees, cruelly ravaged the cnuntry, and executed loyal subjects. ^Morelos re[)lied that no king existed in Spain duiiug the earlier period (if the war; his sul>se(pient restoration was either doubted or ascribed to a Napoleonic -jonipact ])i'e- jndicial to S[)ain. Episcopal decrees were ina]»plica- h!e against an inde])endent people, unless sanctioned by the A'atican. liavages were the inevitable con- se(]Uences of wixv, and executions of royalists were repi'isals authorized by t'ircunistances and by insur- ueiit i)owers. The defence of the counsel covered the ^ame ground, exce]»t in assuming the reasons to have been based on erroneous judgment. ^Nlordos had Vvai'red rather against the c(')rtes; and the king having dissolved this body as illegal, and aiiiudled all acts passed during his absence, the accused stood absolved, if not justilied. 'I'he churc'h now took the prisoner in hand. Intent nbdvc all upon branding the revolution, the inrpiisitiou condenmed him, its reputed leader, as a heretic lor hav- ing profaned the sacraments, neglected religious duties, i'Miured the ect'lesiastical authoi'itv, and led an ini- moral life, the latter tiiult being int'.Misilicd l)y his sending an ilbbegotten son t(» a protestant country til be educated. In partial ex|)iacion lu^ was arrayed '-' His '_'7 fi'llow ]iriH(iiu'rs woro shot nt Tciiiniii;'), all Imt tlio piio.st .Mumlos, mIiii liki: liimsclf \v;ih sIiikUIuiI ihiriii;^ tlio jimiiiuy. On ap})iiiacliiiiL,' Mexico ii \wis fi)iiii(l j)ruili,'iit to ;>.voiil till! thiouLj by taking him iii ity coach, hcforo dawn, ou November '2'2{\, 620 DEATH OF MORELOS. 01 ill ]» "ilteiitial roljo in which to juljuro liis errors ami penorin cortaiii rchoious exercises, before a vast as- .seiiihlj'. Dui'ino' tlie attendant ceremony of I'econ- ciHation the cu][)rit knelt to the I'ccitation of thi' mis- erere, and was purilied hy the inlliction of hlows ^■ently a[)i)lied. The torture chaml)er and the stalco had ])assed out of date, and the inquisition itscll", now only •'I' semblance of the former dread realitv, sooii disapjx.'ared. The auto-de-fe of ]\[orelos was its last imposing" s])ectacle. Of g'l'eattir sig-nilicance was llu! act of (le;^radation from clerical <^llice already decided Uj)on by tlie church authorities. This was solenndy [H'rformed by the l)ishop of Oajaca, who burst into tears during the ceremony, and rousetl the first and oidy visible emotion in the otherwise passive pris- oner. Stri[>pcd of the sacerdotal character and privileg'es, INFt^relos was surrendered to the military authoiities and removed to the citadel under inci'eased g'uard and VN'ith shackles, fromwhicli he had been free while in char^'e of the ecclesiastical otlicers. Greater strict- ness was also enjoined to prevent the use of poison, althougii kiier rumor attributed it to fears tliat ho miijfht escape. The inquisition jailer is said to ]ia\'e been so moved by Ids fame and elevntion of characte!', as well as by sympath}^ with his priestly otHce, that he oU'ered to let him escape, but ^[orelos declined, •saying: "God forbid that I should imperil you and your innocent family to pi-olong my own life."-^" Sentenct^ hail been [)asse'd, inv(»lving conliscation of l)ro])erty and ca[)ital punishment, with the im])alement of the head and right hand at ^Eexico and Oajaca respectively; but it was deferred in the ho])e of induc- ing timid irisurgcnts to submit,-^ and of drawing i'roiu fi I'ust.'im.iiito mills lliiit tliit jniloi', by iviiiio Martine-^. alius rainpil 'oi|iu'iitly iicgioc ted his cliar';o tlin)iv;h dnmkLMmo- lie .1 liai'dl\ eH'cctcil i\:loaso, with the cxtrii giuinl nil around, and he pfulialily U'vcr oll'urud to do so. -' ("allcja mi'dit r..i (1oul)t have stopped tlio oxeoitioii. hut lif feared tlio S})aniards. says IJustauianto. 'Qaie:'es (|ue inauiua auiauezca preso oonio mi anteccaor Itunigai'ay?' was his observation to tlio petition of his wife, t'ttad. DYING DECLARATION. 0:21 !Moi'el()S valualjlu information, on tlic ,stronQ:t]i of the oii'ei' 1)V liis ('ounsi'l to niaku I'ovolations in ijxclianu'o fir Ills life. If sucli an oiler was ever made oi- autlioi- i,:t'(l Ly liini it is the only weakness that relleets ujion ];is eliaraeter, for unlike many other leadeis ho did i;ot seek. to rt'lieve himself of hlanie at the c'X])enso of ntliers, rior did he im[)licate his adherents^ although Ik^ might bo considered somewhat indiscreet in mai\- ing tiie declaration on insurgent forces and o])erations v.liich was drawn from him.'^' lli uselos.s l)liii)i'.s!u'il if ]io wouM l)o Icuii'iit; (iilRTwiso k't liiiiiaiul all Sjiaiiiaitls ti-ciiililo. /'/., '1-1\- '.\. liiistaiiiauto ilrattoil i;, Imt liail to lopy tlio text from lii'djiir.'nl,' rjli.ii. Jl(.c. It may bo coiisulteil ia the Kii^'Iisli. It^rol. Sji't,!. Aiiin:, '.V.V,)~A1. ^* J'ly Cuiielia, Nov. 2^111 to Doc. l.st. It foria>) oiU! of the ino itivo. Tlio lower uleru'y appcired no less eager, to jndgo from tho Is nailed to th ithedral d. tliroateniii'' with divine ven''eaueo who .should prolan the eliiireli liy taking prieslly blood. The result \^as the arrangement between tiievieeroy and archbishop for expelling M' I.s fi- ll tlie jirie sth The sentence in H'e- leeonlanee wis jiasseil hy a coiiii- 11 iiichnling the very members who had. si^rned the petition. Tlie ini|uisitio'i t I'lk four ilay.s to ileal with tlii> ]i:'isoir ]ienaiiei' bef( re the two iuiiui-.itor> i'lu donthe"J7th was jierforincd his Mont ea'nulo, aia I a (listiii- l.iii ■d assembly of .several hundred ]« The ehar'ies by this tribiiii.d. 1 iiumlxr, ineliided l()re thy inlinite mercy!" The next moment he fell, shot in the back;^' passing;' through a traitor's death into the sphere of patriot-martyr and hero umnoi tal. His countrymen have placed him next to Hidalgo in the rank of patriot liberators, and justly so, for if the latter started the revolution, ^[ori'los nobly cai'- rii'd on the ^'reat work, and more ably, it must b(.' admitted. Whilu possessin;j;' little book' learning, he care jiHil lie Iiuil Ijceii obliguil to in'oviilc jn'iests. lie inlmittcil invgiilurity of liio, l)iiL nut il Hciiuclaluus one. llipi cliiltlicu were notret-Mnleil as his own. His smi would nut luivc lieen .safe in N'ew Snai the United States, liiit to a eatlioiio eollo pain, an< hetl leretore neiit hnii to Jn three additional charges liis luiinhle ori;:in M'as adduced to suiiport tlie eliargo of heresy; wiiereat mante waxe3 inditrnant. ^\'as not ('hrist the son of a lllst. III. !». J rpentei 'I. n >i\K-A ;ing of insurgent leader.s .Moreliis give.i the lirst rani; for al)iliiv toTeian and JiauKin JJayoii; ISi'avo had been. sueeessful, and (.) proininonee tor Ins inllnenee. See also Z<: rii'c.ro. y, iCi". Me Kil-l. -'■' l'"or fear of puhlie euininotion, says Jiustainante. H tVnieha and • o was Imrii'i 1'. M. on h iiei! dvath ■urate DeL ly the eurate of the village an hour later, lleport ■ of A second Volley was rei|uired to prod id orders fbr execution, in S; anil \ii//iiii.-, ISK!, fallowed l)V the retraction atlrihiited tc him lisu. 1! ustainante s|ieaks of his coolne o\v \w. enjoyed a meal with his d marked appetite, followed liy a cigar aiiil small talk with Coneha, his ■•■iptoraiid jailer, whom he lina'.ly emhrac IK a fiiar, w heicat Father Sala w ho ntt(,'niled him, ti .•ted to lie confessed 1 y lok iimlirago r.nd e.niic forth in denial of several I'f these points, in AV'u .V., iii. '2'M. See more fully among my collection of lUistaniante'.s aiito- giaiih MS.s. Miicrtr dc Morelofi, in JJiario, Kcarf., MS., pt v.; ,V«7eriod, that i'(>stlessenervj;y i'everl)eraLm''' m Ins thunder V()ice ( did not ij I iim that determined Nalor and serenity sustaiui'd him to t!h' last. ]\[odest as he was astute and reserved, he \irld(d once only in any mail^ed de'>'re(! t.) ambition, m creatni<'' hmise If !>('neralissimo, w iti 1 a congress to do his hiddiii;;': yet it w:is a jiistiliabl elfort, lor the cause needed then oik,' firm controllin hand. lie yielded also to a preyaleiit \ice around m bi'eak in<>' his yows of continence; l)Ut in all Iteside he was most i'\em[)lary. Duriiii^' his pe- riod of elecline ho remained true to the sell-assumed a[)[)ellati()n, 'seryant of the nation,' zealously serviii'^ a wilful and e^acti W'^ coui^'ress wliu h d o!>med to com- parative inaction its most brilliant soldier. ''^ J [e shin es ^' Mis praiso liaa hoeii spoken and suii'^ time ami a;,'aiii on tlio national iL'ast (lav, anil in articles anil baoks. .Viniini; tliu oarlieat to (jllbr liis tril)iito i-; Uustaniante. (Icvott uiuliii'' with an "), see.i a Ji emjieror yi- tlins rthi'ow- in great meuoure tiie plans of hij faihor. liustamante alludes tu hinx 024 DEATH OF MORELOS. indeed as the most unsellisli of men, caring little for iUnie and nothinj^ i'or wealth, and working solely for ill llic cim\(iitii)iial tonn of ' iifpliow.' Ciunl. Il'iai., iii. 'J17. Several Iidiioih v.cre Ijt'.itowx'il on .Moivlos' iiaiiu;. lly act; of July I'.). ls_'.), liu was iiuliiduil JiiiioiiL,' the mit'ww'n bciK'inrrtlox. 'J'lio k'gi.sUitun; of Miihoacan iliaii^ud the iiaiiiu of tlieir tapital, Valladolid, to .Morelia, on Sejit. IJ, isJS, ami on .Vpiil 17. IS(i!l, tin; soiitliei'ii part of tlio state of .Mexieo \va;^ foniieil into tlie slate of Morelo.s. See Uiihhni // Ijdr.'iiio, Lnj. Miy.. ii. x. ; M(.c. Col. Or'/. 1/ /''-., ii. \V.>-'>]. 'J'lic attention so cxelusively alisoiliod l>y .Morelo.s serv'il to.sliield liirt fellow-jirisoner .Morales, late ehajilaiu to the eon^'ress, and enaliled the aiehbisliop to saxc him. It i.s but littiiig tiiat [ shotiM here aeknowledj^'e my iiideliteilniiss for his- torie matei'ial to thu laliors of .hian !■]. Jleriuui' appears J/( .riro ( 11 sai, j-n Hislnrta ilc-idi', ISuO !i'(sta la J-J/mra I'macidv, Mexico, IS7o->'-, 7 volumes lai^ic; S , whicli cover the period from I80i)to 1S17. The author, Kniilij del ( 'a :lil!o2S'egri'tc, iiit'oims the i'(\uler in an elaliorate and ini|)(ising jirclaco that Iiistory-writing is the grandest and nuist diilicult of all literary eliorts, partly from the va:.t research it ust;iinaiitc in only liiilf iis many. At the close of tlio acvi'iith, liowcvcr, lie KiiiMeiily awalics to liml so hii'ne a surplus of ncylcctcd material J.y liis .side tliat W. resolves with conscientious intc'.'rity to write a, .s ■eoml •\\(jrk on tiio same jicriod under the sli;,ditly cliunj^cd titlo of Illsloihl MtUltil' di- Mcxiro en el S jlo XIX, which shall cover a portion at least of liis many omis.sions. And .so he starts anew, consoling his subacrihers witii llie assu- rance that no nation jiosscsses so complete a military history as he oilers, for lie has seen the /,'(.«(/»<'//^r//v'i'-i of C;csar, and similar later lioolis, and found tlieni circumscrihcd and of little use to him. 'J'lie present work is to com- prise si.K great e]iisodcs, the lirst to cover the war of independence, the rest foreign invasions and civil war. As the tirst volume does iKpt exhaust even the openin;,'camj>aiL.'n of llidali,'o, there i.s a])ros))ect of a v.hole series fiu" the rcvli^, a metiiod which ailords a certain I'dii'f to wcariiMl and jierplexcd readers. It would ha\e been sliU better had he consigned most of his text to foot-notes. UlST. Mi;x., Vol. IV. 40 1 1; CHAPTER XXVI. LAST CAMPMGNS UNDEll CALLEJA. 18ir)-1810. ErrrcT of Morf.i.os' Fall — Rkspectivk RntENOTir of IxsriKiKNT.s and IiOYAi.isrs— lNTi!n:ri:.s anu Ovr.itTiiiiow of Rosatns— lit" Juiss tiik EnEMV — TKRAN lllSliS IN FaMK anu IxFLCKNCK— Ar.KIVAL OF TIIK CoxuuEKS AT Tkuuai'an— It is Forciblv Dissolvku — Tin; Cha/.a- C'OAixo Kxi'KDiTioN — FiwsT Xaval, Victouy for the .Mkxicax Fi.ac — TiLi: ilorxTF.i) Kaideus OF Apam I'lains—Osorxo's Last Campaign — The Coxvdy Seuvicp, ix Vera Crcz — Miyaues' Measi-res kir ms 1'ROTECTIOX — (JPERATIOXS CXDER VlCTOIilA AXU Ills ASSOCIATES— Bravo and Guerrero on tui: South Coast. The torinlnatioii of Morclos' career, wliicli to the royalists appeared so j^reat a blow, was after all the fill of onlv one aiuonu^ the leaders. The late u'ciieral- issimo lui^ht have accomplished iniieh good had he been allowed to raise his voice in the south, whore none stood so high as he, or had he been sent to pro- mote liai'mouy along the gulf coast; but in ]\Iichoacan, under the thumb of the congress, his iniluenco counted little. The disaster at Tcznialaca was hardly felt be- yond the Zacatula. Teran controlletl, in the region of Tehuacan, about 2,000 well armed and disci[)lined men, and had a certain iniluenco in Mizteca, where fSesnia and Giuerrero also conuuanded perhaps 1,000 moun- taineers. He was, moreover, recognized by some chiefs in Vera Cruz ])rovince, although here Victoria claimed to be the leading spirit, with nearly 2,000 men, most of them mounted rancheros, intent mainly on spoils and adventure. Osorno had a similar and more united force of about 1,000, with a few scattertul bands (C2(i) hi COM PAR ATI VF. FORCES. 627 imrtliwai'd ill tlic (^lUM'c'hiro rt'nioii, nml in llio lake ruiiL'-es of Mexico. Torres led SOU in tlu; JJaJi'o of (ju;uuijuat(^, with as many uioi-o to the north-eastward under Correa and otlicrs. IJosales still held out in Zae.iteeas with oOO, and \'ar_jj;as clainu'd to control 700 men uloni>' the southern honh.'r (d' Xueva (jralicia, in- cludinL,''Cha[)a]a Ijako. In ^lichoaoan were the Ivayon hrothei's, (Virbajal, and ^'ar/a, with I'roiii 50U to SOo each, besides unenroiled adhei'ents, extendinj^ from C'l'jporo along the I'auLj'e westward to Zacapo Lidce, and connected southward in Tec|»an with Avila, l*ablo (Jaleana, and ^lonlesdeoca, who conti'olled IVoni 500 to TOO men in all.' To these forces ^Morelos assigns from 7,000 to 8,00i) nuiskets, 1,000 pairs of pistijls, and liOO pieces of ai'tillery, the _ti;reater part of the; former either worn out or not <,^enerally used. The resourt-es from i'arins under their control mi^ht be jdaced at a million pesos a year, to which has to be added tribute levied on convoys and traders, a little excise, and the \ield iVom raidinii' expeditions. All this was insulll- cient to sup]ioit more than a limited body; l)ut the number could, when occa.-^ion (Umianded it, especially with the linu\\lia< lai\i;('i' forco in the Ofcldcnto," to which niu>(, he addid the arnnd citl/cns in tatriols.^ Calhjii's plan heneid'orth was to isolate the insurgent leatlers as much as possihle l'r«»ni each other, and press steadily U[ton them, reducin;^' one titruiiyhokl at'ter another.'' The central j)oint of war operations had changed to Puehhi and A'era Cvuz, as we have seen. The ili^ht of itayon gave a IVesh impulse to .IJosains' j)lans for asserting his authority over this region; and to this end he [iroposed tirst that Osorno should join Inin in surprising the forces of ^[ai(]uez Donallo, who occu- pied the hue between them. JJut Osorno was jnstl}' -Tliis (listrilmlion (i]ii)li('(l r.itlinr to a fi.'W" luoiitlis l;itor, mid rosta nn tlio ofllciiil tiiblij j,'i\in in Tarn ni<-, lli^t. l!< r., ii. l'.sS, wliiili hliuw.s I{I>. 4,')(i lufu, iiu'ludiiig iii'iii ly •_',0()l)^\ lioiiiiivi'!! in ,hiiii; Isl.'i iiiuUi- ^Uyarcs, mid S.OOO tt:i- tiiiiiMl ill tlu; rri)viiiui;isi liiturniis iiiiil (/ulifuniiu, tlio Littin' pidviiict; liaviiiy; 3,(ii)") iissiyncd to it. This ligiiri! hcloiigs t.) tliu Oi'iidiiilu, j ft the iiiistaUi; casts ;i diiiilit nl^o on other jiails of thi; list, as 'ralia.^co; the .suiniiiiiig up isalsu wront,'. Of th(;4(),(H)0. I ■_',()()() wure in regiments from Sj)aiii. For regu- lations govc.ruing tiiem and oliicial lists, see. /'i /y/d/c/c) VH., IhcreliM, 'I')-',',], ]i.issim, 100 -•">•"), ,'i:i7-t!l; Arril/di/n, I'croji., IS.'Vi, iljl (it; iVn/'C/'oso ( inii'osc taxes on Indians in lieu of the aholished tribiite. The sale of toliacco, wliicli yielded so large Ji resfnue, was in the remote pi'ovinccs granted to contractors. Forei d contiihutiims by eommandants were forbidden, and surplus funds in one prov- iiKO were ordered sent ilireet to the trooii.-, and ollieials in an adjoining needy one. Decree in 0(iz. ilc M(.c., iMlG, vii. Iti'J-U; Bomujca-idtti Sjjau.-AiHci:, 5j-r.: Torrt'ii/f, llrv., ii. ]ii;5-t. ' Of these were in .Mi/.teea: Silaenyoapan, .Tonacatlau, Ostocingo, and (\'rr(> (lei xMiimbre; iu Michoaean: Zacapo, Artijo, ami Cuiioro; in Niieva Oalioia: Meseabi Island; in (iuanajuato: Cerro !Saii (iregorio and Ccrro di 1 Sombreii;; in Tehuaean District: Cerio Colorado, 'J'epeji, and Ttotitlan; and in Vera C'ru/: ^lonteblancoaud ralmillas, besides a number fif tem|iorary sti'ongliolds. ISobinson exiiresses some views respecting the value uf the troops on both sides. Mum. licv., 1S2-3. r^i DKFKAT or ROSAIXS. C2!) suspii-ious (if till' iiili'ii^-iKs, Mild krpt .•ildnf. ^Fcnii- nliilf J)()ii;ill<) L^Dt w iiid of till' piojcrt, jiiid tui'iicd the tallies 1)}' Inlliii^f iiiii\]n'cl('(!I_', upon Jlos.'uns at Solto jM'c.iicar I Iiiamaiitia, oil daiiii;n'v •_'•_', isiri.aiid iiitlict- iii!^' a, cftisliiiig dcrcat/' The di.sa.-;ter carried rejoiciii'^' ill the others, and ( )siii-iio, Arroyo, and Cal/.ada not only deilared their ind(;])en(|eiii'e, hut joined in piek- iii^' u[) stra^';^ders iVom the drleated army, and in tak- . AUil'iiiiHii j ,_ _ '••■», .'•:l.rliki) l W, '^ ' > lliTniHliiMiiii!..'' *■' . ■»>,' ^ \\i.M..ii..'ln " " ZoaLtitm"' ^r„iyulal|.im ;|T'Mj ^^ ; ■ .-?^, ."..—■»<,__ -- 0/ttiii'fia Sill ,\'.ilr.:» ■'« r,K\.'.: .,.:,v.\ •" = "-t:.. Ani'iziH- , ~\ III Tlufotepec Ko|.ab, ■ V , .'.H'Snadi 'C: ,>,::;;■^ ."""i^^ ■ ■ 'Orijr.ra ■-■ >^^ -HMr.jui]'an Ol'Kli.VllO.'iS IN Jill'] JCa^t, ing possession of several of llosains' towns. Sesina abandoned hini and retired to ]\[iztoea, and a nnni- bur of chiefs in A\'ra Cruz withdrew their allegiance, 'The roj-nlists nuniborcil ;il)oiit 1,000, ami claiinod tliat the iiisiiriiciit.-) lost 1200 in killeil on tho ii,itt!e-rK-'M alone, out of a tone ot I,.")!!!). (,'u~.. it<: M<:r., 181."), vi. ]-2o<.), !)!)-100. JJiistainauto, Cufi'l JIUl., iii. 'MO-'l, and llosiiius, ltd. I//-'/., I.'i-i4. Ijilittle tlio aliair; Init 'i'eran s-poalcs nioru plainly. I'cir Lobera'd h-haro in the viftoiy, sue Uarixrn, Eloijio Luijcrn, 1-1_'. ;i cr;o LAST CAMPAICXS UXDF.IL CAL]j:.rA. it cliiMi.-iiv the suceessful Yictf'ri;i forli(.'utenant-:''eiiL'i'a], uiidor the pivti'iu-e ol' adlieriu^' to tliu coiigruss.^ Itosaiiis tiiivc vent to his rai-'e by seu" an aufeiit to ravaf(e and reduce to aslies the tv)\vn of .San Andres, sini])ly because the otlierwise well (lis[)()sed [»o[>ulation had heeu I'educed l>y his rivals." Undaunted as e\ei', lie tin i'eU[ion collected all the force he could nuister ai;ainst the leaders in A'ei'a Cruz. His men hy no nieaiis re.Tished a canipai^'u against brethren in arms, and their chief ha\inL;' been re[>ulsed on the .Tamapa, tlu'V neai'ly all abandoned hini.^ Teran, who had M) far remained ti'Uf.', was now j)crsiiaded toairest .'ind remove him from c-ommaiid. "^I'his was etlcn-ted August "iOth, and after beinL>- tossed from one leader to anollier, it was resolvedi to send liim in chains to I 111' cong-ress. On the way he escaped, acce[tted par i\ >\\ IVom tlio vicL'rov, anl;uis." And so disapj)eai-ed a man who owed his i-ise to the partiality of Alorelo.s rather than to ability'" as a leader, and who chose to sacj-iticc the cause of his c(>untrv and tlie blood of his adlcreiits to satisfv a selfish anibition and indulge a cholerii' tem[ierament. (*allcja considered this a good opportunity to seize upon 'i'ehuacan, th(! centi'e of liosains' district. The " Rosa ins' ii,u(>ntn, Vilasio uuil .Tdaijiiii IVrcz, wcic arrostiil. Foi'iiiio.st .T.ii'iii'_r t!i;' r('i)olli(in< Ic;ii1lt;< v.i re(,'i'i r;i!, who li:i^l so w;iriiily iiplicM Hosjiiii-, ji.inl Moiuiol, till' (Mjliblur of Orizalia, li'mlu:' t]f one -^f tlio liiicst tavalry liaiid.s tliere. ' Tctails of tiio outra':,'o ill A'c;//-'"''', }fr.r. SI'/'o XfX., \ii. i-M-T. TIr al'ip attcmiit^'l tu slioot lliu intoiiilenti' I'orez, and he t'scapiu;,' tho yuaii' ; sullcixil iu his phK-i\ * Ho I'ashly iusistc 1 on .liav^ing th'^ iutrcnclicil I'lni]) of Corrr.l ml Mnn- tii 1, at thi' c'lo.-'o of .1 nly. Jly tiiis time hi.< disallccn il inwo had dwindl'd fru-n TOO to 'JOK. Ditails in 'J'cran, Moiiij'ixl,, V.V 11; <)ri:.uvit, h'tirn m'., '•"'riie text is icproiliu'i'd aniony (pt'icrs liy Zaniacii,-). }I'ixi, JA-, ix, 84."t- .","'. l''i>r [lard.m and rljaraclfi', t'l't.: Xi>i'"-hi!<,i I, n., iht. 1". iNlo; Jlnti'ttnKnil' , :f . t. ir. ill o claims in his Jii /. Ilisl. to have aiihd the iiismueiitH w ith rniation, allhi.iiuii takni' o active |iail in tl le uai', an d \ ictoria eir tainly rewarded him w itii a pension after 1^: If e iiecame ill l!S:M si iiali fi>r I'li'bla, will hadh iccii lesidiM'' \\ ith liis faniil\- all tlii.s time. In \f^'.\0 lie conspired with Victoria".! liiother a;L;aiiist (ieneial Jliislainante aiul uas shot ft I'liiMa Sent. 'JTtli. / 11 p llie lilii iviifr'iiKl llli; \''jZ P<'I fill, V. no. :ti. mtimaies thath lar ni oliedec"!',' .say.s ']'( V :\. ifixto, .'il, w lo also ic came on the hatlledicld mere. ' lo tiiin his IjucU ti:i:ax-s sUcCESSICS. C.",! ^■a], \:\.-\i v,;is iuti'tisti'd t(; (iovmior Alx'nrc;^ of O.ijaca, who oil tlio way laid sir'-c to Ti'otitlan, '^rcraii came 1o the rescue and luaiia'. ed to sui'pi'ist; the royalists, iiilli('tiii;j so severe a ( ^lastisenieiit that they retired v.heiiec they came." ^n notahle a success could not Tail to L^'iNe ianie and inllu<-'iice to this l•isin^• oilicer, then little o\-er twenty; and it certainly canu; oppor- tunely to assure his position as successor of Ikosaiiis ill I'ehuacan and the adjoinin^^ district in '^di/.teca. l!is youthfulncss Vvus overbalanced hv stn •!■••. Avill t.' t O and enei^'v, and hy a certain resei've, v.hieh, ifi'epel- IIhl;' intimacy, ser\ed to increase his self-reliance and attract a wholesome conlidence and respect.'" ^dore- liis pointed to him as the most promisiii',;- of the lead- ers, i)artlv iVom his knowledLi'e" of mihtarv science; alKl ne ( ion ol justifiei I tl le his di.^tlict [irais'; hy placin*^ the administra- oii an exc(.'lleni lo( )tmi iX, and lormmii' the hest or nii/Aa iorce amon'>- tl le msui'ii-ents. 800 stronu', with which he he'j'an to ]ilan movt-inents de^- tilled to hrinu" credit to himself as well as to the caus(> Such was his position when, on Xovomher 1 Gth, the fu!.>'iti\e coiiL-'ress marched into Tehuacan with adilan- escorted ])y Guerrei'o. d, for ]\i' saw that this idated I'emnant of follower.- T eran was by no means ]U(Mse( liodv exitectt'd not onl\' ■> '■ rn'.r(\ hut olteditMicc^ to its whims and sustenance for its re-^pectahle train of dherelits. The liitor feature ai [^pi-ai'iMJ especially -erious, ( )win'>' to the limited extent of the district. and th(> ne- ures, and the iiijudi C.oUS I li'ction of (le[)iities to till Thisoccurrcil mi ()>'t. Ii'tli. Tli'' flnoc was ilcfoinli'il 1 yTi itli l.'iOiiuii. Tl tlio rov.'ilists iit 7""- (''«(' .iiinijuiii, w \v 111) JllilCl':! till! l.itti'f tl) 10.", w itii OIK", a nun 's lirotlic iiiL'lit: -(M) men, aoudriliiii' ti) llustuiniiiitt iii. .'](1."i-li. ( i(.'iu'i';il Di Attl u'saiiif UiiicScsnia LTami'il an ailvan loIZ I'CillliCi I, ti, at Voloiufi'atl (ill llio Mi/.too.'i l".rilui Al irez was a ilriiiiuan I ami ili'>p..t, siy^ ('lainn.'l do Mior y '!"< ra!i Iiml joiiii'il H tymi'.s foixi's in ISll, lrin.'i;n^ the rrpittation ffdin Mcxi-'o of a talcnti'd Htudcut. LtitiT lie f.ui'rlit; iiiulrr Mat itiiiiioros, aiK I altc r iTiiiaimii '' in t!ii' soi'tli till IS] 1, \aiiilv ui-i. 1! filil 0;ij ira, lie (.'.inu' r [.rovi unir'niTc IIut;ii til Ilk v( I' -lliliK.l. f ; ! 632 LA.^T C/MPAIGXS UXDER CALLKJA. vacancies," served to increase his annoyance, wliicli (lovcloped into alarm as the linancial a(hulnistratiou Avas taken (Voni his coi'trol and inti'ustod to a hostile and inipro[)er person, and as he foin)d Corral, Scsnia, and other opponents scekin;^" to undermine his inllii- encc \vith the troops, and creating discontent gener- ally." Under the circumstancos, he can hardlv be hlanied for taking steps to rid himsL'lf of a hody which h;id lonii: since sacrificed its inlhience l>v internal discoi-d, imjjohti*-' conduct, and inefficient nianagemont, and was generally looked upon as a useless intruder. What I'ole he really ])layed is not clear, l)ut he certainly countenanced the act of his leading officers, who placed ]iim under arrest during the night of Jjecemher 1 Uh, A\ hile the}' secured tin; persons of the deputies, exi^- cutivc, and judges, together with Sesma and otlier su}i[)orters of the old regime.''' On the following morning it was decided to dissolve the congress as not sanctioned by popular eh-etion, and create a pro- visional executive conunissi()n, composed of Teian, together with the existing executive mendx'rs, Alas and Cumplido, till a similar f)rmal ])o;iy cndd be cliosen by the departments of \'era Ci'ux;, l*uebla, " l;^nacir> Alas had on the way hocn clmscn associate of Ciuiipliilo, ti (ill the plaoc t)f Mi.irclos ii , tho e\ccutivo, auil Ponce ilo JjOOII liL^iiifil as chief jiis- tic'.', leaving only I'onr dcputioH, I'redidiiit I'otero C'astafieda, lliii/ do C..-iii.i the elder, and (jon/.ali'Z. Tlin.'e siipleiitcs were mnv chosen, the pi'csliytcr (Jutierrez de Teran, Ijonito R'nlia, former coininaud.mt at (Jajaja, and Juan .losr do Corral, tlie late opponenfc of Teran on the .lauiapa, liatllo- lu'ld. (..'.i.'Iu.i Biistauianlu and Xicol.ii J]ravo wcve elioseu sujirenie j'.lds^■^; - truly a wise art, to witlidraw in the lattm' an al)lo and mnc'.i needed oliieer from the held. In the he'^inning of Dee. the assenilily witlidi'i'W for more nn- distin'Iied session to San Francisco iiaeienda, fmir leagues distant, after lia\ing decreed, against Tcran't) opinion, the expulsion of Carmelite friars from 'J"eliua- can. '•F!osnri ntlored mj-sterion^ threat', Corral threatened to ai-rai-rii Tei'an for liis trea'.ment of Uosain.s, antainc.l Ids I'clease, '' Jncladiiig Tnt'^ndenfe Martinez and Lohatn. .''esma might have been filiot but f. a' T>ran".s interference. So far the mend)ers of eon;:i'ess had ln'cu aceordod rdl the p imp which they so dearly lived. I'.nstamanle propo-ed Hi restoraliiju of all'airs, wilh the 'Hncersion of the war oliiee under Teruu to direct campaigns; but this was considered impraeucalile. u'y^. THE COXGKESS DISSOLVED. 633 and North ^Trxico, to aft till a I'l'LC'ilarly clcc'lcd con- gress niiL;'lit be installed."^ A'ictoria, ami ()s()nio toolc no notice of the ])roject, and so it was abandoned, nor did the disxilved assembly attenq)t to I'oi'm anew. A\'itli it vanislied the representative g'ovei-nnient started l>y llidaluo's ibllowers and reor-'-anized bv ]\Iorelos, leavin^• the insurgents a(h'il't, at ]ea--{ tbr ;i while, and giving the royahsts greater reason I'lr ti'eat- ing them as rebels and bandits;^' yet tliis an]»li(>d I'aiher to tlie east, for in the home of the original junta rose another to inlluenee the destinies of tlie cause. 17Id of the 1)urdensome assembly, and w/Ii forces swelled to nearly iifteen hundrei! men fri/Ui its late escort and other sources, Toran f^'lt himself strong eiio'igli to take the ollr-nsive against the royalists, ani M) bivalv in uj)on the })lans Ibi'miug a;j;ain.^t him. ] [e succeeded, in fact, in giving so effectual a elieck to a cohnnn under Barradas, which was advancing ag'ainst "^repeji, that it had to abandon the expedition. ^^ As a i'urtlier measure, ho sought to strengthen his posi- '''Tlic new triunivir;ite \v;is to bo ciilk'tl ooDvciiciou (li_'p;irtainfiit;il, ."iinl iti thiVL' liicnilicrs coniiaario.s. Tlify wcri! to reside iiltci'iiatuly in the tliroc Ki bmid tho downfall of the revolution. Teran naturally maintains , a garb n'i iimoeenec.'. ,S';i'ni'(i Mnti/r.-./., '_'(!; Znm/n, Urr. M x.,'n. 7l-ll. ''*Tlii3 triuuifih was gained at Jlosaiio J)ee, I'T, lNb">, with ."!);) men. Bar- ruJas admitted the lusd of two olliccrd and nine men; l>ut not a ilcieat. ...I^^^l 634 LAST CAMPAIflXS UXDl'R CALLIMA. ti:»ii i]i ]\rixtc'ca l)y ('(insti'iictiiiL;- aiinllicr stronivliold on ]^.[ount Siiiita Gertnulis, and st-ndiiiy; rccnlbrcc- lucnts under couniiand ot' lii.s brotlicr Juan, wlio IVoui liis retr(\at at 1\'[)i'ji did good service in obstruet.in'^' tlie hi'j-lvway to (Jaiaca and liarassini; the detacliuients centrinu" round Izucai'." orufan ized Teran's forces wei'e not only tlio Ijest among tlic insurgents, l)ut with the aid of brothers and hiv;il officers ho wielded a more absolute control v.'itliin his district than other leaders in theirs, and could therefore claim at tliis time to be the most prominent among them. His positiim, however, was bccominfjf moi'c exiiosed, for the royalists had lately ii'am d sever al pose( successes to the north and west, and wer' and (hlticult, ol)structed by f .rests and marshes, and threatened by the I'ainy season just beginning; but necessity overruled all. " I'nilcr liiin was placed Lieut-col Fialln, arnyalist deserter, who bc^an to intri^'tie auion^' the (rudjis ^^ itli a xicw to ficdiie;; tlieiii fur N'icloiia, or evtii fiT I'oyali-st-i, itis.'^aid. 'i'lii; iiitiML,'\ie was atteiuleil hy lack of disi'iiiline, wliieii calleil t heatteiitioiiof thei lie set out Vvitli -100 UK 11-' in the middli' of July, \ro;i(li tVoni Tlacotalpaii and Qajaea, and tin.' i'i\er.s IjciiiLC ^^wolirii liy rain, it was tli<)Uu;'ht iiii[)rudcnt to vcnturo I'trtlirv, to stru_t;"^lo witli a tlireatfiiiiiL;- (aiiiiiio, and ))('il!a[)s to l>c cut oil' by pursuers.-'' During' the retreat tlie loyalist eoluinn iVoni 'l'laeotal[ian was bravely u jtulsi'd, and -Juan 'lY'raii came in time to check two (_)ajaca e.\- ])editi()iis which liad heeii or^'anized with the' intent ot attnelviiig his brother in the rear. Tin latter renelied 'J'ehuaciiii September iliid.'-* ]\reaiiwhile the scjiooiier Pufr/Of had a]»pearL>il oil' tlie (Joazacoalcf) with the arinaiuent, as agreed, and managed to profit by the interxal of hopele-s waitiiij' to capture an aggressive S[)anish vessel, 'Mh us aeliicv ill''' ibr the Mexican llaLi', WJiieJi it lioldb IV l)OlSL''(l -- AttiMided vohintarily by Win Itohinson, and also tin' diiitcir, .Tnjm Itnli- insdii, wliri came with An'iiVii tVoiu tlir I'liiti-'d Stali.:s. .Iiiaii i;iMlrlL,'uc/. com- i!i;uiil('il half tho furco, as IVrau's second. -■'ii-niii did criiss the river in a Muall hoiit with a few imii to IMaya A'iceiito, a new eiitivjiot for trade liotwocn Onjacn. :iiid \"ei;' ' '.w/.. Imtw.is siir|)rise(l jiikI nanowly cscMpcil <'a|>tiire. Most of his ci.inpMe inns wcit cith t ili'ciw ncd (a'captuied; anioiiL; the latter, Wni Uoliiii.son. <•((:. d- Mir., ISlJl, \ ii. !)II7-">. Alter 'J years' ini|irisonnicnt iit I'hia, Itohinson was .scat t i (adi/, whence he cseaned, althouL.'li luidir jiarole. and wrote the history whicii wid lie noticed in a later eliaplcr. The other Ivohinsim returned from Ti liaacan to the I'nited Slates sooa iiftc r th'' e\[iedition arrived honi(\ '-'Tho march from 'J'lixtciiee haik lia\ ing heen aecomjilislied in day.i. 'J'iie 'J'lacotal[ian colnmn umh r 'I'npi to i-i jilieed liy 'iVran at S(H) men, and its !• --s at SO killed, 17 jirisoni'rs, <)() nur-^Ucts, etc. Four days later, on Sept. i "itli, .Jiiau 'J\ran dishnlged ( 'astro from Coseatlaii with .'!()«) men, and the lat- ter in retreat in.L,' took with liini the eorp.s under Lopez, intended to harass 'i\ran's exi^ dition. Castro, who appears t.> have had li^O hor.^eaie'i, ,laim-; that lie routed Teran ! / /., lOit-J t. T. pete retrieved himself liy takin,' Ojitlan, with its ^'arrisou "f Itii) men niider Miranda, left to cover Teran's re- treat. Miranda was well treateil, contrary to custom. ])'tails concernitig t!ii^ expcditi(ju in 'Tmiii, S"ii:iiil'i. Mtiui/'xf., (i it s^eip; IUti'ii4^b, I. ii'iti . /('•'/., Ill, tli .1—:'. .V oiiiLV fit' lit "I » IV I'M iitj II IV ti- lilic-i this vessel with tin *,''■!>• >>i/ .liirt^,,ii, ilespatched. like ji liri> '('dinL,' one, by A. L. Dunciin troiii Xt \v Uiktius. Ijco Duncuu"^ claims in Miller, UijlixwHei, ii v'.vU^ I I II c,?,c> la?;t CA:\rPATr;xs undeu callkja. tlio <:']')rv of tlie f]l^■^t i!;i\;tl viL-toiv iluriii'j' the I'ovolu- ti(Mi. A siirpi'isu nwaitetl Ti'i'nn in iln^ liid for allianco ):ii the Jiitlu'i'to nii;ipj>i'(>a(*h;ihK.' Osonio, who had at \\\ last suecuiubfd under the cniid)iiii.'(| onslau^lit of roy aJists, and now souu^ht aid to i\'covcr a ])ai't at least of Ills h),st sii OlllKl Hi iN'tft hi'ow was !L;-reatl V due to ])ersisteiit and ahn(»st exchisive use of cavahy Avith littler or no (HscipHuo. '^I'liis availed little ev(?n ai;'aiiist li'ht intrcnehuK'nts, heliind whieh I'ovalist inlaufiA' roll Id gener, Lilly man a'jo to retire; nor liad his nim shi»wn aiiv ahilifv to resist a wtU sustaine d ch or maintain oiui in tui'ii Th 1 lese Horse men o r th. plain were too in>U'[)endent lo suhniit to dlscipliii' or foil k> ow n'Jcsonu taclK Tlie latter were reduced to feints for drawing' tlie enemy to open ground, >\Iiore a ouick thou'j'h not detormincd charLj^e mii>lit have full ('{rcct. Their chief and>it on a])i)ear.s to] lav hccn a display of their hci \- steeds; saddles inlaid with liver, aiu I strikinu' di ■^ses Willi em th d)roid el aiK 1 t( ■y aiu 1 ati.- jirol'usion of glittei'in;^' oinaineiifs; this vanity the'V did not hesitate at o\-ietions, and even rohl)ories, which naturally produeed great irritation ains ttl leU' part V ()s,,r no was ))oweriess and had to jiuinor them in ordei' t(» retain a semblance of au- thoritv. At Toitolltas, not far from the famous hattle-fK!! of < )tuniha, his forces in August \H\ [ and April lH/-> gained two triumphs over J'oyalists,'^' on the latter (/<>- hvd casion hy driNing a numoer ot loose norses upon tn f 1( h th nilantiy ant d tal anii" a( I vantage of the disorder l/y a l-S; Pap. IV/r., Ixxiii. pt XV. r.ivcr.i assumes tliat the Mexican fl.iLt lioist( 1 occasiiiiia latter afte h- h- iiitere.-t(';l pira d i.tl K rs was re( (l icplai 111 hy yi-eeii. ///-^ Jfihi/pi, i. 5')!). lite, aiiil yclKnv, th : ''A royalist conuiiainU'i' rcpijrts that in one of O-^ornoV eolumns defeati 1 1)V l! i'ii)l)i)ns, a it of riiihly (Iress'.'il men, willi fine liatsaml l)iMa«l wlii U nioniiteil (in thrush-colored liorse.s. (}a~. d' Mi .r., JH|."», vi. Il!r)7 ini was ;i rc'oniei '1 liey wen; the poorest lliihtors. JSiHtaniantc inetirrud \vii|. -spriad iinliii tion hy liis reaiDUstranees a^'aiMst nnch hivity. Cnnl. Hi:l., iii. iJ.i.T On tlic former ocivisiou over lit iu Ajiril ISl.'i ovi r (larraihis, thn new coiuinaii hint for Ap ;ni. (laz. ik J/rj.'., Uil.>, vi. 'Jlo, ItSS-H; -Inxhahr- Ibli. [ '^' =» i» h " , 1 h. ', 1 cl OSOnXO'S RI'VEP.SES. C>?,1 murderous cLargc. Tlicv tliti-i'UpMii «])r{'n(l ovw tin; lalco valluy to llic iiciyliborliiMxl i,[' (lie caiiital, jiliiii- (]ci-iii;^ the titwiis, faniis, and villas, and ereatini,' >^\\r]i alarm at ISFrxico that adioiDinL;' i>an'is()iis wcw called ill to protect it and assist in roiistruetini^ additional 1' irtifications. Satisfieil with this )>altry result, tin 'y turned honirwai'd to i-clohratc it, proc-laiminL? Osonio lii'iitoiiant-gcnK.'ral andallowinLT him to distrihiitu hon- nis and |iion)otions, n-g'ardless of tlio conjj^i'ess, v/hicli tlioy had, lor that matter, rormally ignored.'^ ]]ari'a- (las, commandant of Ai)am, rc^tahated soon after hy a teni})oraiy oceu|>ation of Zacatlaii ;■''* but this h;id no ell'ect in restrain in 'J' insurgent raids on hi'-'hways and border towns. Encoui'ag(^d by the Mitlidrawal f>f S|)anish ti"oo[>s for the jiursuit of ^Forelos, Osorno and his lieutenants Ncntured to attaelc the ]iei'>'hboi'hoo(l of Puebla, and to make a futile atteni[)t tofa[)ture A[tam. Tin; result uas to brin'j' bade the royalists in so strong lore:' that his eolumns were severely re})ulsed iu two diljerenb enixau'ements.*' Concha, who had gained renown as ihe (-alitor of ^Morelos, was now giv^ui the conniiand « ;i tlie A})ani [iluins, and began to press closely ivnmd ( )sMrno, assisted l)y Donallo on the line between r'uriilt and Perote, and by the garrisons ;it Zaca- l:o.5\tla, Tulancingo, and the district westward. One 1 >v. II after aiiotju')' was t.ikcn and held; one [)arty or tletarlunent after another was surprisi'd and slaugh- tv-red, wltli relentless execution of all ea[)tives, and distilleries and othei indust^aes were closed in older to stay the ilow of i-esourcu*. Osorno retaliated with -'"r>y a council at Cliinalumpan. A-roniic; other aiipointmonta was an in- tiiulfu;!! foi' Tlascal.!,. J'.'.'/yv/, , J/V.c. A .;/■* A'/A'., \ ii. I.'rj-O. '^ I>ai r:i(lii3 wa^i smm iii 'T ivihovihI iov ;!r!>itr:.'; <.iMnluctund I'CliLi ' >\ l.y Ayala, jiiiil lie faliiii'^'ill M(Mi(liiy took iliargo till Coiiclia taiuc. A iray mi Scjit. Dili. Ileal' TcDUluuicaii, I'l.'ii.aiin.'d uiKli.ciiJcil. Iln^itniu.'ilr, i'liiul. JIIkL, i... •_':,: i;i». "Al Ocotcpcc and Ti>rt )lita<<, Dec. ."tli and (Uli. Royalit'ts pL'K'c tlio in- surgciii, f n'cis a.s lii/li as "-'.OiK), \\\l]\ a lii.,s nl' l.'iO f^a- ciK-li aciion. V'C.il'' -'■'■.'•., !SI'), vi. i;',.Vi-()7. 'I'lic attack wliich starilcil I'licMa was luadi! hy A'.'intc ( iDiuc/ and Culiii, wlio dc.-iLi'uycd the yarriouu uf Lliulula, over ICK.) htlOllL'. ffi Hi M 51' 1l OSS LAST CAMPAICiNS UNDER CALLEJ.V. sword and toi'di on all who Ibll oil', «)nly to iri'iiato the turrilic'd people ai^aiiist luniselt'. Finally, iVom April 2L to "J.'), 181(), liis coinhlned forces und r Inclan, Espinosa, Serrano, and others, 1,000 stroii-, were so eilec^tually routed in .a scries of actions, l)ei;i!i- mu\X at Veiita (U; Cruz, that they lost lieart and crowds ])resented themselves to accept the pardon held out; sometimes to thi; number of 500 in a dav, headed l>v 8eri\'iuo and other leaders. Only too many turiie 1 at once to assist the royalists in the ])ursuit of their late comradt's,"' whom they sti^^'Uiati/ed as rehels, while receiving for themselves the aj)[)ellation 'J)on' from tlie now obsequious royalists, and from the churc'.i blessinj^s in lieu of late anathemas. The districts of Tulancin«>'o, lluauchinanixo, and ][uasteca had followed the example of the others, alter sufl'erin*^ severely at the hand^ of energetic roy- alist leaders like Piedras, Friar A^illaverd(^, CJiiitian, and losing several prominent chief-, notably Vi(;entii (lomez; and the last ])at]'iotic relatives of Villagi'an, Aguilai-, the rival of Jiincon in the Vera Cruz region, and the formidable Arrova.^- Farther south, the dis- tricts round San ]\[artin Tezmeluean, now in charge of Jlevia, were by Juno almost wholly cleared of insur- U'ents, Coliii and Br'isjradier Anirulo beinLT anion''' their most ])rominent leaders who perished. 3)eserted by most of liis tbllowers, and now evi.'U pursued by tlnMii, Osorno found it im[)ossiblo to maintain himself any longer in his old stamping-ground, and attended by " For ilct:iils, campaign, and aeocjitiincc! of iianloii, sec Id., vii. 1810. IVI). to AviLf. niunbois, pawsiui, especially Aiii'ilaml -May. Biistdmnnte, Citad. lliM., iii. 'jis-O-l, .'i.')0-l; Miiiilihd, /.Vs., •j;i.S-4l, 'Ji'.l-Sl. ])assiiii; Xo/lciono (•'rii., ]S1(), Maicli-Jnlv, passim; TurrcnW, JJi-st. lb i\, ii. '-'OO— 1, 'J77-SO, etc.; D'lV. Uiiir., X. -,2.9. Vuil. '-The l.ust tlirco wore killed in qnarri'ls amom.; tlicmsclvcs, Arroya licin'^ assassinati-d hy bin lientenant, Calzada, wlio Mantcd liin command and liis wife. Mariano (•.ucrrcro, tlie last noted cliicf in llnanchinango, caused the suri'cnd.cf, Aug. I'.'th, of tlie la.st ed'cetivc .slroip^'liold thev(^ the C'eiTo Verde, Avitll S gunsand ILSnu/n. ('a[it. Luvian y the hm^- campaign."^ ( ),sorno had still nearly GOO followers, and Teran hclieved that com1)ined operations would serve to (h.stract the royalists, permitting advantageous de- scents on the A'^era Cruz highway and the [>tu'suit of m;iny other ])rojects. Not choosing to harden his own district with a host of strangers, he persuaded the new ally to maintain himself near San Juan de los Jjlanos and wait for oj)portunities. ()n»,^ of tluse was t:) surprise in detail Concha and ^Moran, stationed in Xovember at lluamantla and Sau Andres, icspcc- tively, with 400 men each. On Xovember 7, IsKJ, accordingly, Teran and Osorno a])i>roache(l San \n- di'cs with a f(jrce of nearly 1,000, mainly cavalry; but ]\[<)ran Ijy a (piick movement managed to secure the advantage of })osition, and repulsed the tirst colunm of hoi'semen s(j efl'ectually that their disorderl}' lliglit c'cated a panic among the rest and led to a general scamper.'" This was followed by another discourag- re[)ulse of Teran's forces by Samanii'go, in the region of Acatl still. in and now the clouds '>rew darker In Vera Cruz the operations of the insurgents centred more than ever on the roads to ]\[e\ic(.), by '•' Concha wiis ])romotcil to colonel (if tlio San Luu Potosi di-acodiis, and Annstacio Ijustanuailu to lioiit-cnl. Jlis iuuyuit of the lluciu;^' U.suiii'j is ro- poitctl in Oiiz. lie M( x\, ISIO, vii. SS.VT. ^'Tlic royalists claiun'il to have with .'!00 men tlefeated l,Otn, killiii'.' froia SO to 100, aiul eapliiiiiiLC over threescure. d'n::. de Mi.c, ISili, vii. lo;),'! ), 1 K!IJ-40, ll()',)-70. Teran ailniits a total foreo of SOO. Sri/iimld, Muh'/i:"'., ."ill. Vicente tioniez, known as tlio cupaJor, iur his iinseeuily nnUilatiun nf I'l'isoners, and e-no of Usdrno's best lieutenants, soon aftc.n' aeee^ited jiard'ju and eontinued his cainjjaigning as a roj'alist. JJiis/aiwiHti', i'liiul. Hi-/., iii. I!i;). One reason for Teran's eonlidenee in his plan \\as a wueeessiul oiit- iiiauivuvi'iii;^ of 1) jnallo's forces two weeks previously, 7./., .')S."i-(J. "'On iS()Vend),'r 'J.'illi, Sanianiego was on his way to lluajuapan with 'JGO men. Teran hud 000, but he incautiously divided them. /' liasses from in- P 1' su rgents, and thus provided tho latter with a consid- erai)le revenue wherewith to sustain tho war, Tho main convoy was hnally brought to its destination in ■;e( tion^ tl le I'eturn caru'oes reachin'j: ^[(.'xico in J un eight months after its (h'partui'o thenc at th 'The merchants of CVuliz joined loudly in the clnmor )f th us melliciency or tne convoy service; ant 1 llnd imr that the king entertained seriously the ap])cal of Calle- ja for ivenforcements, the}' advanced sulHcient money to hasten the departure of 2,000 out of the ])roposed 8,000 men,"^ This bodv arrived at Vera C-ruz June IS, 181.5, luider connnand of Brigadier ]Miyares, a young, active, and really able man.*'* Ho sul)initted a new })lan for tho convoy traffic, which consisted in opening a military road from Vera Cruz to ]?erote, the latter as central entrepot, with strong forts at intervals, especially at the ditlicult points. The vice- roy approved, and conferred on him to this end tho '"(Trf-. f7,' 3r('T., ISl,-, vi. .^43. '" For (k'tailH coihi rniiii,' tlio operations for liringing the convoy from ..Ta- lapa to Vera C'riiz, sico Onz. i/e Ma-,, vi., January to -Slny, ISHi, '■'^ Pai't of the 10,500 men for Caracas w^ro promiai-d, and also a regiment from Ilabana, Imt nunc of these came. ^"Soii of the late eaptain-geueral of Caracas. Tlic troops numbered sonio- vliat over 1,700, t'1 , 'I'lii; vi'.iiA ciiL':: i;(»rTr;. Cll (■ lijiumihl oi' tJio (lislri'.'t. Tlif tii.^k v.m . ii't cnsy. {' iv it, i('(j!iiivii ;i constant ctiiiipai;.;!! ol" six umutlis to 1,: f|> l!ic iii,-ni'"'<'nts at \k\v wiiilc t.lic Tor's v.cro con- sirncti'd. ( )n(' ol' tlio most uiiposuiL;' ol tlicH' v. a ; t'iiiiR'(| at J.'uuntc del llcv, liali-way lictwccii Jalapa and the poi't, to ])rotoct tlic iinr lirid'^-o across th • An(i;.;'ua." ])i'cc'inlicr saw the jilan cari'icd out, s) tliat li'aias could licncol'orth pass with comparative security." A I'utilt! att(.'m])t was made duiino(|uil!a, de Piedras, through wiii«'h ihi' insurgents introduced war material.''^ '!"lie oc(a!parion of Spanish t!;iops in t!i.' pnrsult ol' ?,ioi'ulos, and in campaigns on t!io platt'au, gave a res- pile whicli A'iofoi'ia used to good ;i [vantage. Toward V.\-i end of I<-ih"), however, the w,ir v/as I'esumed witli vigor. Donallo c.-iptui'ed, Xove'inlier 7th, t!ie fort ol' T*i-.n1el)l;inco, I'roni whifh ihe insurgeiits Ind hcfu ionu" dominatin-j' the Oii/.aha roul:e,''* and shortlv alter '"'I'lii.i i-? OHO of the finest puMii' v/orlc-', in Xcw f^piiin, •2^)0viu•a^^ in IcM'-'th, V2 ill broiicltli, anil IS in licii^lit, with 7 ;irclii's, hcsiiled oiii.' to sorve I'ur llooil-*. '1 lu! ouiitral ono is "J."! vaniM in tlianicter. Jt Iwnl ocL-iipit'il the huiiiltTs fruni J'V'.h. iSO:! till l>cc. iSll. Since tlu'lic<,'iiiiiing of the warit had liciMioniMif th ■ most liittorly contested point.--. Miyarcs occupied it tinally on |)ec. . A history of the bridge is given in JUn-. t'nir., vi. 4;):>-(i. ■" After improving the fortiiie^ttions at Vera Cruz. .Miyares n.'tired in April ];^l!i to Spain, partly from disgust with the jealousy siiown by the vieeiMy and otlicr oliicials, and partly to recuperate from an injury to his chest i:i- lliv'tcd during the eam])ai;j;n. This carried him oil' soon .-ifter. ]]o h;;d shown a marked leniency toward the captured insur;rents. A train with S millions in treasure reached Vera Cruz in Feb., followed a few weeks laler iiy oui; for passengers iilmio, in 7"' coaches and on horseba.ck. ■'-The task was i .'rusted to Ijlorente. and he eaptureil "Misantla on July ."ith: but re('nforcen.jiit being held liaek by the b:i 1 roads, he had to retire t ) N:iiitla with considerable loss. This succe.'s enabled \'iei.oria in (\'t. to re- ceive a Lii'ge supply of arms from 'I'oledo, wlio Ind lately li'.fui'ed in 'IV'xas. '•'The garrison nnnibered about ISIM), iiuder Muzquiz and .Maiu'i. After ;i brief siege with over 1. •_'()() men, Don.dlo elieered a lireach in tlio walls whi-.!i resulted in a capitulation M'itli guaranties of life only. l/az. ■./,•,■(■/;-■;<«.■.•, l_n-^ Anna, gaineil his captaincy liy eooiicr;: J/!.'t. j,ilaiiri, ii. ■27"'^. Uiar. JlEx., Vol. IV. 41 The later f.imous Saara •ating ill the district northward, lllvci-'i, llBinta ttllMMB ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I »^? ill 12.5 IIM |||||22 I- 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — >■ V2 <^ •c'l % '^^ o>. v^ .>■ .^ ^;. yf '/A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ,\ ^q^' ^x :<\^ :\ ^v <^^, \ ''c. o^ ^t^ ;T CAMPAICXS rXDKR rAU-IvIA. j'cll IJiKiiiilla inali Oil o esses, anremacy, and appointed a> hi ; lieutenant I'amon Sesma. son of t he (|e])uty, who sooa «»l)tame( onti'ol iVom liavoiTs repi'es(Mi(ati\- Heri'era. t lon^' al'tel' Morelos sent ^'icellte ( iut l I't.'ro to maintain here the re\'olutioii in his naiiii'. Sesma grew jealous, and the attitudi' of thi' two threatened to assume serious pro]»ortions; hut lvosaiii> came to re<-oncilf them, and assiijiied to (uierreroa seoarate ; •'Oil Nkv. 'ittli, tiikrii 1)y .Ttis('' lliiicoii. wliii liail l«'<.n clcsp.itelu'il liy .Td tVIIIl, ('OlIllllillK ant ;it V( rii. t 'ru/. /'I.. -JOSi S(\\iiicli hln.'uM ln' IJ- 'I'lic rt'sistfiiicr \\:i* luirf, aiiil (lie .">!( flainii'il tn liavi.' Iircii killiil fill iliii tin' lli,'lit. Tlu' .■!.")() iiistir/culs liail liccii assisti'd liySDimii tiwlii a iVccliintc \('s il. w jiiili iiiiw cliiiiiriri I. I. orciiti'. ciiiiiiii!! iiiaiiil.iiit of 'I'lixiiaii. ami l.ii\i:iii \ iiicc ill !'• ri -, 1/ ^'niiiih'n. It' in IK
  • |i llinlli' rrr.md to I'Msain*. 'I lie i.it'or I'.isi'uvcrcd llic tricU mi the way, and Ix'^.iii t- acL iii(k|(i'iidrii;lv. v.lurciiipnti tlic two 1 ar.icM lii'caiiif liiiHtik'. iliis/iiiintiili , Citwl. Jii /., ill. l';;i (i; A',,-,/;,,.., /;./. //,/., i-j i;i. nUKRllKRO'S riiOMIXKNC;:. This \v;is nn rely m .just and ptiliiic (•(Hiccssidii ti» an olliciT \vli(» liad siiddfiilv risen iiito lame 1)V srvcral iiiifXpccU'd advantaL^^cs over the royahsts/' wliich also l>roiiiL,dit I'olloweis to liis l)aiiner. Jle was a man niucli like (Jaleana, under whom he jiad earned his lirst di.Ntinetions; not jn'tjiieient in hookdearniiiL;', hut • if (juick apprehension, and pos.scsseil of a gentleness and mai^nietisni that inspired love as well as eonli«lenci' anioUL!' his adherents; wiiile hisswai'thv (ace, resonant \()iee, and ilashini;' eyi' made him an ohjectof prol'otmd I'espert anioii'' Ids enemies.^' It was not Vnvf hel'ore he eained i\\v. suprenuiey in I'oi'cesand inlluence, jiaitly through the tem[)orary dejiartui-e lor 'IVhuae.ui of .''M'sma, who there suil'ered in jin-stii^e and ec-Mmiaiid. This inlhienee \\v. extended l»y fortunate expeditions as far down as ( 'osta ('hica,^'and appeared in .luue I S I ,"» at the head of nuarlv a thousaml men, halt" of ihem well ai'ined. Twtt attempts to eajtturc Aeatlan and Tlapa failed tlu'ou^h the arrival uf sti-on^' reiinforei-ments to ihos" places,''' hut he held his ground well durim^' the fol- ^' Ml! .siii|iiiscil till' fiiicc.-i friiiii ( liilapii iiinl 'I'ljip.i mi tui> ilitlciTnt nuca- >iiiiis, lii'siilc';! ll iin'ii. l!iis;iii\,s \Mis I'iciKiriii { t'l iittailv ( iiU'iiTid iiinl fon'c (.•i)iii|iliiiiiiT, w liuii lio yii'M<''l. '■ ll(^ u;is iiiiioii.; till! lirst to enlist iimli r Mmilns, insc to tlic rank of riip- lain in rsll.iind .i^^iiali/i'cl liiiiis.jf as (■ciiiiniaiiilaiit iit l/.iioar l)y iissistiir,' matriially in ili fcatinn l,lanii in I'l^l). I^JL' his l)iii-ia]iliy will !»■ ]L.;ivi ii v. Inn 111! risi's ti tlic jni'siiltniv in tin: nt'\t Milnnn'. '•' W liri o Ills lirntrnant, ( iiriinii, a iiil;i'i, ^ral liciiil luitli ti'ii-iiits anij liuuty r.iMMil ( >iiiiti'|(ro ainl liryiinil. .Mianwiiili', < iuirii:iij liail iiiannlaitniuil arlil- Kry ami tiniMiuniliiiii al liis t'<>i't nt' 'i'laniaialiin'.'i'. *"( 'iiinuiiinlant I'lnnnt Aratlan was iilirvi'il in .Inly liy Siiiiiaiiii:i,'ii, sta- timii'il at i lua jiiaiian, anil this KaiiKMilliii'i' lii'DMu'lil snri'iir til 'ria|ia. (iili'i'- nil) wart alri'uily j;iiir, altlinii.'li lii' liaij nn O.tulicr 'jMli inllirtnl su scvuic :i ilianiMintnt uii Ainiiju iis t'l ciiin|Kl liini t'l [all liarli. This is pailly ail liiiltiil ill f.'d-.. ilf .l/< 1., Isj.'i, vi. S7l>-sO, |:il7 .".ll; alsn Hl'_' !l, (ii:i t, ,s'»i) J, r_Vil "J; iSICi, vii, ."ll !». Iinstamaiiti-assnim s that Aiinijn Inst tnlly lUI) iiii'ii. Ilisaiiniint Ilf ( J mill Til's niiiiatinntaic iii'li-tinit anil |i.irtiai. it is nni'sniiH Ilf .siiiTosis fiiiiii tlii'liiui' 111' I'ntcr.s Mi/tiia, lli' ri'iml.si'M l^i .Ma'lriil at ( liii|iiilinito ami Xiiuaiatlan; luiils ( 'mnlir; ia|itiiixs an Oaj.-iri cnnvny lioni Sainanii-iTii, mar Ai.illan, ami npnlsrs tlic latti'r, w lu'ii in luiiiiiiiitiiin with l.a Maili ill iio Ni'fks to ri'talj.iti! fur his luss; iiis liciUiii.int t d Ima n|inlstH Arniiji) iiuar ( 'uliiai', ami lui inllicts fiirlhcr Icssiuis mi Lii Mailriii. Mis ifla tiiins with 'J'lraii aivmcanw hilu mit cnnlial, fur he ivfnscs tu n i-iii:rii/i' tlio ^''iviinimiit .Miilislitntiil hy him fur tlio ilissulviil cmigriss, nml ilcflincs tu jiin in the i'\|)« ilitimi tu < iua/.aiualri). as iiifriii>:in>,' mi N'ii'tni ia"s ;.iuiinil. Sic ilutail.s in Ciiud. Ilisi., iii. '-'(it-JT; Torn nU, lliat. JiH\,n. -74, etc.; S'o 044 LA :;T CAMI'AKiNS rXDKlt CALLIMA. lowii);^' vcni', till tlir (»|H iiiiiL;' <>1' Xovciiilicr, v.licii li" l'ri('i\'c(l ;i smcrr clifck ill S(rcl;ili;^' to intercept a coll voy iVoiu ( )aja(';i/'' It was the toreniniier dl' tlie stoi'iu wliieli was now aUout to l>nrst upon liiiii,a.s well as on tlu; other l(\uh'is. I'ir'niM) (I'l II., July "JSlli, .\u;,'tist iiml Oi'tiilpci' ]i!issiiii, N'uv. Otli, KIlli, I>io. '2, ISI.-; Jail. •_'•_•, Slar. 4, S, May 10. -JJ, ls|(i; .1/. /"Z^'-;/. /.'■ s., -.MJ S, •J.-)4-,S; Cdi-niiln, Kst,i,l, (hij., ii. ;;•_':!.' Alaman, Jlis/. .]/./., iv. I!M -4, Stii'.), (.'ivt ■> li'ss utti'iitioii Id liiii) tliaii fii 'I'liaii ami c)tlicr I'liiefs. A ricli cdiivoy fni, j A(.a].iil"") nadicil Mi'xiio in satVtyiii |)cc., after tlirci; immtln' i>assi>,'(", a di lay <-au:-.i'il jiaitly hy iiriulciit ii'},mii1 for iiisiii'i^iiit^, j)artly liy liail iciails. ■'' 111 llio rau:iil;i i-tt> r MH'i'css; but as llic fuyalidts iiuw Loiiiijiai'il in larj^er fuicc, liu ivtiivil tuwaiil Tiajiac-o. ciiAPTEii xxvn. YICKROY Al'ODACA AND HIS VKIOltOL'S MKAsrUIX ISKMSIT. ('.\rSKS Wlllf'II Sl'STAIM'.D TIIK IIlAi il.r rii iS' -RkVI I'W OF CAI.r.K.I.\'s Hl-I.E — ('llAliACTf.Uiil' Tin; \i;\V \'|r|.|:(iV Al'nDACA M I'. ASI l;i:s T( • (!ain AnilK- sloN — (.'iiMi;iNKi) .Mii\i;mi;\ r ACAis-r 'I'iihaiw — lis Sii.ci; asm Siin KENhKI:— J)Kl'LultAl'.I.r. WkaKNKSS OF 'J'l'.IiAS- Vf.HA i'lA/. IS S\V1.I'T IIY TIIK H(A AI.ISIS — 'I'lIKIlt .SicCKSSKS IV M IZTKi A --TlIE ColVNCII, oF .Iai .rii.i.A - Stimfi: in .Mk iiciacan— Tai:msiii.|i Ki.pi iation c.|- K'amos ILwiiN — 'i'lii; I'lVK Vi.Aits" SiKci: of Mi>rAi.\ is Ivmji-.d- 'I'iaiAiiii.KV OF VaKi!AS— MoVEMKNT.S IN TIIK XoUTII— TlIK I)K(IJNI.N(; IssI'ltlihC- TlOX CkNTUKS in lit ANAJl. atu — Ai'ohai'a's SrccESS. It may luivo strui-k tlir ivadoi- as jtcculiai' that tho (■Kfcllciit <'ainpai,L,ni jtlan.; of (allfja, n[' conci'iiti-atiMl and eiioriL^ctic uctioii a;_;aiiist the icvolutioiiarv leaders in detail, wliicli liad succt'cded so wejl duriiin' the lii'st year of his rule, slioiild not haw met with more j^i'ii- eral success .since then. 'I'his (-urtainly failed not to lie pointed out hy the enemies of tiie viceroy, with hints more or less sinister ahout personal interest in laaintainini^' the war. Tliei'e apjtcai's little d<»ul)t that Ik: could, with prompt and elHcient avail *>i' advantages uaiiuxl by his well disci[)lined troops, have li.ii'^- heluiw; 1 his overthrown leadi'r after leadei', as he had lately HsoiMio, and i-edui-ed the insurrection to a far smaller com[)ass. One I'eason for the failure, or neglect, lay ill the lack of suhordination amono' \\\^ otli'-ei's, whom we rej)eati'dly lind committing' hluiider.s without heiiiu;" lirought to account, and indul^in^' in exactions, specu- lations, and outra^'es, at which C'alleja and authori- ties under him winketl complacently, mainly, it w as ( in J I CM vif'KKov AiMDACA AND HIS vi( ioiioi's mi;asci:i:s, said, Id'caiisc llicy shared Iti excessive taxes and forced loans, partlv levied al-o hv distiict coiiinianders and distrihuted for a ]i>\\'r time with |»i'essin'4' iiieijuality, to tin- ruin of many faniili.> and localities. Add to tliis a seNcrity which con- verted eainjiai^ns into Moody retaliations and Karhar- ous iiian-huntiiin', and sent a nunil)er oi' |)roniineni jieisoiis to laii,n'iii-di in exile." Oik; acce[»taltle I'easou jd'esented l»y ("alleja for the loii:^' contiiiuaiici' of the war was the liheia! sentiment fostered hy the consti- tution of iSli!, and tlu; discontent roused in so niaiiy (jUarters hy its withdrawal, with a cons(.'(jUent I'eadi- iiess to ser\ t' and shelter insur'^^eiits.'' J le also pointed to the independent action observed by Ciuz in Xue\a ' Si) Imid an outcry rose ;t'.':iiiist liiiii tliat lio liml t> K'avo liis oomiiiniitl an I appear nt Mexico in April isKi to answer. 'I'lieallair wri.s so niana!;ecl. how- ever, tliat none williin liis provineeH dare'l appear a^'ainst liini, fearing lii-i ven;eanee, iin' r.. ilc .1/i.r., ISUI. vii. Sil'J. ']'.'.<■ rnr.iiif ( Jnaliajnato, hoctor Laliarrieta, alone niaili- a v.iin protest exposing Ilis speeulali >iis willi eonxdys, Ljrain, rle., tliroii'^'li aj,'i'nt.-'', ami liis ne;,''eet a;i I cruelty, and this was nnilenialily eoiilirnied liy jiersons at, .Me\ieo, A/'iiii'i '. l/i^l. Ml)., iv. •!♦.') ."d. Ilurliide dee'.ineii to relnrn to his eonnnand. .\r- niijo made a fortune liy speeulating witii the convoys, aucl so did others. Sre ehaptei- xxi.i., this Noliiine ^ .XniouL; these were I '.i';oa:a. lionorarv ale.dde do I'ortc to t!ie andien,' IIijhk. li 1 1!< I'^rlt <,i>; Viiiilicacinn Esci'to- r(/>. !'((/•., cIn. pt xiv., Ixviii. ccxv. pt x. ' Letter of An;,'. rsl4, in Jin.tluiH inlr, CnwI. Jlixf., M.S., i. sup. r.\IJ,i;.IAV> r.F.F'lTATlDN'. oi; ( l;ili)'i;i, .111(1 Arrciloiiilo in the ( )iK'iiti' jidA iin(.'^--tli itllt'T two viceroys, he ciills tl It'lll which iVustr.itcd iiiMiiv i»t'liis iiImiis for i(),sti;riii;j trade, swclHii''- tin- u-\- riiuc, and so luilh.* 1 1 must he a(hiiitlcd that (liese plans did succeed to a i;reat extent, as shown hy the iiicreasiiii^^ returns Iroiii custoiii-hoiiscs and Ireasuiw. and the crow niii'j,' achii'\('ineiit uiust cNcr he a<'creat \ ictt»i'v over JI i.lal'>'<>; III X ew Spain his name stands coniie( •ted with cverythiiij^- that is cruel and relentle.* The Tact that Calleja liad heeli appointed l)y tin ••(Wfiicy assisted no doaht to niai^niii'v the insinuation"' a,L;'a.iiist him for haviii;^' failed to suppress the revolu- tion, and to disjio.sc the nionart h i'or a eliaii'. Tl us * T!k' f'tnnvr iniiiiit.iiiiiMl iliroct tniilo with I'.'in.-irii;!, tliroii;,'!! '>;iii PiI.m. tin; (itlicr lIllMu^li 'laiiijii''! with tll(; op^ri pii-ts oF ^'ll^•:lt:lll. tliiis IliiiidiiiL,' tlu" loiiutry wii;i j.;i»inis on wliiili tiio iiii>|) •!• iluty li'i'l nut Ir'cii paiil. ( 'MJiL'j.i's iiit'.min' i .siK'<'(-'filc'(l, liiiwi'ViT, ill swelling t!ii' riisinni-linusi' ii'vciiU'", iiikI tlic I'oiniiL^u iit Muxici) waH iig.iin lisin',' tVnni it.-< luw li,'uri.! in ISl'J ol !i<4.4.'>),Oil'> to .s l.-T.i,().X) fur ISKI. Ill Isll it IiikI bui'ii .Sl().0.)l),(),);). L< rtio, fuiiiir<;,, Kshr., i\\i. IJi), I'tc. ; Arrif/'i It, Iiil\ ('.liti irio. iv. pt i. .'is, itl ' Ala ii:in is ti)0 nn lualilii'il in lii-i i>riiisu. II'? d'cs nut lonk sntliricntly It In t nt 'li'i t. lla.l tl )ny n'ft liuin nltimatcly la^t, 'hi.l< Ik'j.i il hia SI r I'oiMinoi'iilo cmi • <■! reconiinisladoi' tli! i.i XtU'va I'ispafi i, y i I «c''u:.il ) llornan (Jorttw.' //;>^ .!/'/■, iv- -177 .aniacois, Willi lin S;>aiii ]>nH'liviLi(M, men J/'.;., i. :{.>l-:!0. i.;: I'll taniaii •s llilll. //i.-il. M'j., X. Kil; and ^'l dies Ariaii;. linali ili iDiit, a.oiiay 1)1' cxii.c'u'd, in uiu'du'i .1 iliiiho of Jii-f cnioliy, ImsJIicy tr> Moxieaiis, do., and imucIihIcs lii.n .sjHx'i il «ditii);i on this ni'^'n. > 'hhi/iki'i'i-i t I, I 7 I ts \ K i:i;;)V AToDACA AXI) HIS VKJOROL'S MIlAsriM'S. W.is rll'cctcd liy ;i]i|M)iiiti!ii;' a luw vlcildv in tli<' ) >c;r- S' 'II ( )t'.lii;iii Itui/ (It! AiMxlacM, a iia\al i>tli>(r u hosi al)ilily ! ad L;',iiiir>l I" >!• liim t lie laiik til" liiiitiiian I'l'al ill t!it' aiiiiada, aiitl lln- i!ii[ii)i-t;iiit iiiissidii nl" ain- l)ass;id(»r Itt lOii'^laiid. wlici't- In- Ift't a ^odiI iiii|)n->.-i'i;i alM> I'tir aiiii;il»ility ami fh-^aiicc of niaiiiifrr Imt t!i. < liitd' rfciiiiniii'iiilatinii (o liis royal |iatrt>n was a y.ml (Ills tit'vo! itiji t't liii' iiidiiarcli V aat I a I iflil'lii and litiis ndc as caiitaiii-i^'ciuii'al of ( 'id)a. 1 1. was cxiicctcd that a 1*1 w I'licr'nt'tic iiKivi'iiiciits ft)iiil»iii','d with a iii'ii'c t(ii!|icral(' alihudc would conclude the war and I'fciiiicilc til' I"'"!' 'Id IIS iiiiiic was .■■( lUlid •.r>v d 1 \' 1 In- iniiufdiatc I'csults; and ii" ult iiiiaU-lv di.Ssii)aU'd. tlic cause must he soU'4'Iit idsewhere. Ajiodaca ari'ivetl at \'era ( 'ru/< lowai'd tlie clost; ol Au-'iist IS h'.. ( )ii t |e loUflleV to M e\lco lie I'ecelVe ( I is; I ■ ''!•(•(' oil Ills i!)]e insi;_;lil intoaHaiiv^ hy a sharj* onshuiLdi! ])arly at- the hand ol' ()s(iriio, w!io willi a little more (.'Uer^^y uii^ht have captured the n"W viceroy.' 'ihe latter r(>talialed hy setiin;^' free the ca]»t;\'e.> iiiatle, and perinitliiiL;' his wile" and daun'htfrs ]ier- ioiially to tentl t!ie woundetl insui'jjj'ents. This uiiu-a;;! ■ Hill huinaile [troceedinu;' sonieuhat sol'telled the ea-ilv impressed Mexii-aiis, no less than his piety, hi; kind- iie>s toward suil'erers in [;rist)ns antl elsewhere, and U r w;i-s Iv.M II at Ciili/ ami iiiti'toil tli I-' !i;i\a 1 afMiK'iiiv till T- ill I '■'>'■ uiJi.LT lnMli>tiiiu'uisluHl liiniiill for ciii'icN n.u\ Iiijimtv, Init aliii\ >• ai!, t' ill! M.'itUiilic iiivi'sii.;aUoii.s cuniici till willi his d s tl(.[),irtiiii'iit. an l.a'^ri'Iy ciiililiiyiil (111 tMinuiission.s as iii-ipoctof uf aisciia was i^ivtii tlio mumiaiiil of ;i M)iiaili(in, ami arliii'Vi'il a 1 I was ili'.'Ktfoi- ■tc. Ill ISii; h iilUlunt .sili'i'oss (ivi I' tlio 1- l\'!K':l lloft. Ill the t'l 11.; yi'ar, as aiiiliassailnr to Ivi.'laiiil, In' jir uiiiteil the alliance whit Ii piMViil ot' «i> vital iuijini t to Spain, aii4 t'l laU'f lie a-sunif.l (.'oiitrol of Ciilia, dinpIayiiiL; tluTo of late so j.')('at Ioyalt\ 1111(1 judicious tact ill pr('S('rviiii( tli'- pcaco tliat lio was (K-coratcil with tin ^pi in r ■s ot San (hii ]•• IK criiaiiilo aibl San lliriucncuildo, an .1 or adiluiiinal (ilisci'vaiion-', /;.(.onallo came to the rescue. 'M Ic il'la I'lii-ia (!;;ston, daii:,'!ite!' (jt a licilt-ren. in the ii.ivv , and niai d of jf Maria L.-.i-: ;l, W.u 1 lail Ivji'ue 10 l.iiii , '. a e.ii.aivu. KiTn-FLViN<; i'i;()iii;'iTi;n. r.::i lii"^ strict uidciN ii<''.'iiiisl tlic arhitriirv fvi'dif ion t/f apt Vf r(iliil)|iK'(l with tli( iii(»t. iiixi'al .11 Cl-S <: |iar(!uii (ii those- \\lii» sdluiiittcd. Siwh I'll'orts hy so I'loiis a mail wric ca^'trly assisted hy the chi^'V, hradcd hy Ai'ihhi>ho|) l"'oiitr, Uc oi)si'(|uioii.s liishop IV'i'c/ of J*iuhla, and othci- in'flati's,'^ and hy the w- ; t'lrcd .Icsiiits.'- ( )thci's WfiT ciH-oiira^i'd in loyalty and codjirration hy hcstoual ol" lln- h->ahtl order/'' and an increased lilieialily was shown toward tlic army in pioinolions and iiad^t's of honor, the latti.T granted also to w idows. ( )n tin; other hand, A|>odaca issued cei-tain ri ilieuli >ns decree me au'ainst kitc-lK- ni w hich drew n[)oii him inellaceahlu ridicule iroui the l>antcr-lo\in^' pop lulat ion It Tlu' new ruler o'ave impulse th to the rnuipaiixii I'l-'^'i Ills [)i-eilecessor, aiiu as Luc ;)uU'l' .•r.s could not Veil- Ill I'fcliii iMiiitc, an al'li! iiiaii of Ic ss tli.iii fmtv vi'iirs of iiti\ l.iti' canon of caUKillal (.aiiic in ■! i;ni' isl, "), ti) n 1 lici-. A«y<\ an, wiioni tlit n'.;iiiiV li:ii[ ].r(iiiic)tcil troni tliu sco of Oajuca, l>ri\,;i)sa, uiaDiitirniicl also liy tlu' jiii|M', liail Id rctiiin to lii-4 sontlu'in dioti'sf. In tlio fiilliiuiii'.; .him! Ii ■ •onsf rated his ri\al. I'lTtv, lato pi-t'siiUMi., of tin: corti's, wa.s rcwanliil wilii tlic niilir of I'lii'lil.'i for as-i.-.tini' ti Ave tills lioilv. JFr 1 '1(1, aijil niaiU; liiins( If tuii.s)ii(noiis liy iiis |)aiUL;yiii.s o ll.N f Ills loyal ]'atron. Inly INlii x\u; .Mar(|iii.'s rli' ( 'a>;tauiy.i wasooiiscciatcd as Msliojiof Daranu'o. -Cli ■Sii.ttl, r^/ii.srti/ .)/. .'14 ;',t-t:>. Vic. ,'li. 17/., /*■ I'liilild, J'lis/iinil, 1-47; /'"/». I'm:, Iwi. |>t ' Ill-it oitd liv act of S. lit. Ki, ISlo. '1 liiV were cscoi ted itito Mi'\i;.() \itli iiwat ceremony on May III, Ish;, iis il. siriiicd in (iaz. '/<• .'/' IMi; vii. .'il I |(). and installed in the oh if ^^■ln lldefoli.so. I'.ll illiii:.'s air novitiates fell lapidiy into their hands as foiineily •Iv. ( ,istani/;i lirotli ,f the niaroui- op .f Dn took 1 lossessioi I as rector, assisted at lii'st only hy I'. Ciiiton. /linftiiii'iiii<\ (,''i'iil. I lis!., v. 4."i-7; Al'iji-c, lli.Ot)-.S; MLiulr.abtil, d !• r jIxv, J/. pL ./, 'II I 'n't I II i:i lleiil Ordcn AniericaiKi de Isabel la ("atolica, instituted Mnndi "Jt, LSI.' Cm/, \'enno\s son, am 1 f. siiaiii trad CIS Were anio 11:-' t!ie lov.al ones xvii receiMi 1 it, liut also Adalid exiled fo slov.dtv, wliiiu Ituiliide an I ot!ier.s were passed liy. i*i'. iVi/Z/c/ovo ^V((,, Aul;, "Jli, Nov. II, iNlli. For references to jiaidoiis, .SCO (oc. li- M.-.i:, ISK;, vii. 10!)'.>; ISlT, viii. ■JS-.",.), 41); llmiaiKli-. // J)'i-iloi*. rV. J>ii'\,\'. MO, urjiiii;,' hnieiuy; Arrill'i-jn, /.'"oy/., |s;>ii, •_".»!) 'J; I'li/i. I'm:, dx. pt Ixviii. ,"i-(), on lieiKVolenci,' to tiie poor. aft ■"( 'alleja depai ted for Soain with tl iitter liaviii;; reiin 1 lent as vicerov iia d fi'i ic coii\dV, leavin M exii'o 1 II Octol ler, 1 'ised the war-cry d I for f the p.daee Sept. Itltil -a 1 lav leen lati on wliirh ills appoint- four years liefoi-e. and on \\hicli llidiil_''> reedoiii— and :nnr'iidt",ei| tlies stall' of oliice on liiu I'.Kli .•It (Jtiadaliipi iiodaea s en Svi iciU'U ill .(. L'pl. try tool; p! ice on the follo\\ in:; day, as dcscrilicil l>)(Jo; O, •(-.(((• (, (J uri'i 1 V^-lo. v.x) vi{:;i;()V .\i'.>!>A( a anh iih \•I(;(tI;()^>^ mi:\^ r::::<. Uu'v ti> tiilic Jii tlic V( ry outset with m straiiLi'rr, .-is \]\< y li:i(l with ( 'jilli'j;i, his orders i-eei'ived uii eiiiTj^'etic oIkcIIliii'c tliii* soon |iro(luee(l a ladieal <"haii;4«'. In iho aiitimiii he orrior tactics hy utterly rout- ing his opponent.'^ This hf't the road ojumi to ( )ajacii ; and by merely threatening this point Teran might have frustrated the royalist campaign plan, hut he did not det'iii it })roper to abandon his district.'" lie {)roposed now to ietak(^ Teotitlan; but hearing that Colonel l]i'acho v>'as marching towaiul Tehuacau Avitli over a thousand men, he hastened instead to tlu! relief of this })lace, whicli constituted his centre. lie came too late to enter the adjoining fortress of CV>rio Colorado, the stronghold of the re'^iion, and bad to '"At Iscariuixtla on Jan. 1, 1817; both sidua having .">00 men, acconlin,!; t > Biistiiinantf. '• Ho claims to have heaton his way through the lines. A royalist force of 100 men was left as garrison. "Who iiad a, narrow escape and was severely wounded. He received a colonelcy to console him. Teran must have had about SOD men. '* Riistaniante covers this oversight, which might have kept the war open till Mina came, and so changed its aspect, t'liwl. Hist., iii. 402-3. PoWNTAi.L or ti:i:an-. (i.-.i cMiilciit liiiii-.iir with (>rcii|tviii;^' llic l''r;iin-i-'Mii (•(•ii- M'lit (tf till' town, with litllc iiiiiiimiiitii»ii iind h;ii(lly aiiv I'uod. \l\< |i(i>itii>ii was rciidcft'd still iiii>i<' |>ri'- cafioiis hy tht' dispcisiini and dcscrtidn of a ificaf |iai't d" Iiis I'l )!•(•( • d mi I in' I lit Til II ilia IV ski finishes, so t h;it niily hall" iciiiaiiK'd tn (i|>|i<'sc 'he closely prcssiiin' lovalisls. I»ra(lii» was riilly iiit(ont hopes, and with itt'ie reputation of Tei-aii. All his ])ast .suceesses were oviTclouded hy that one hasty step, and a nation w hicli iorL,^-i\e such men as Kosaiiis refused to inscrihe his name amoiiLr its heroes."' 'liustamanti', who Imd uilinircd liini till lie ovcrtlircw t! Wiiil.s liilU'ily i\w- ro-*ults nf liis art, I'-spt'cially in ortlo riUL tl II' fnlmiVSS, 1)C- 10 suriviidor of Ci'lTo ( 'oloiailo, tl) wliioli he slinild ii ;!i;j-)_'_'. \\t it must 111" stati'i hail )>i'i>Ui'ii lut at tht forti 111 par tial rniL,'ht his w;iv. diniL /lis/..i viiiiliLMtioii of Tt ran, that i itli ili'.scrtioii, wliicli iiiiLfht have iiiaili I. iiuiiny i:s I'aiHiU'u t'asy. Toran .'^tiimlatoil for iiiinsclt a pass witli iiicans to ;'j> aliioail, liut the viceroy foiiml a incti'iicc for ii'fii.siiii.; to f llurhidi in (I'ulli), I liDiih)-! K 1 1 II Mil A! Ml M. IV. •_'.ii -Si, paints lull) only as a lu ii. r_'l-:U, with portrait that ihat reseinlili'S J ilirliele s. iiiian also ii iv. .")!S-'_';{; Jllits pliolds his iiolile traits at 'leluiaean rather exelu si\ e!v. ////. , ()-!». iU helieved 'IViaii fe;irid that Hi iiiiijht I'liiiie lip and ji ernelty of all the less h It. 'J"i h r_'eiit leaders. He himself pleai liou n pel liaos the lea^it lis 1.1 of ammunition, deseniou of men, and deeeptivo oilers from Ihaeho, ;iiid iiitriLjues with f ortri H e could liavt hroli en away with the ea\aliv, d not : lieu the rest. Sec his .S'';/»//f/a M'tiiift^l., (ill il.'t, and ;i[i]ienili\; also M',,-", Uhnin, i. p. Ixi. The hlanic cast ujion him is for not hreal'.iiiLr throui^h to ilio ndjoinini' fortrcs.s, w ith it s ureater resouret'S, tiiere coveruiL; his I loiii'er resistance; also for orderiiicr its mirrende: an lonor I IV a I.:' )f O .sorno an d otlii Th 'f siiliniitted ))romotin;^' the siiliiiu.s- {•'eliruary I Ith at S;j AndrC's, with 17o follower.^, and retired to one of his farms. His example was ! cvj vi;i::!MV AT )[).\rA AM* III-! vi<;on()rs Mr\- riiJiry tlial ]M'acf was irstoicd tlirdU^lioiil tlKtscctinii. This Kit llif loyalists j'rcr to ciitcr with LfrcatiT I'mici; into \'■, whili' his sidxirdinates cut short the career ol'C'al- zada, and crowiu.-d the cainj»ai_un with the capture of the stroll"'' liarranca I'oHrc .r I'al inillas, the' last 'I'- I'efl ;•(' of ('onto, who hecallie a jilisolier.'" jili( ,;tioiis lor pardon had meanwhile heeii llowinn" ii I'l'om every (juarter, and hi'f'ore the close ot" the spring' n lew I'uLjitive hands, one of thein lieaded by X'ietoiia, ere all that remained of the lately iiiii)osinaiU" coast. t'olloMCcI liv i'fiLr.idirr AliI; 1" iiia, \v •f, I'V -Mjllllll.l, ((Sorllu's .SCl'Klli lit il Ills 'I tl litiilatril at .">7muUil. At. tlii' tnit wni' fmiii'l iitaily I^IK nil kils jf til- (/'' .1/' .(■., JsIT, viii. l(tl I."), ami .•iil jciiniiiL; luiiiilitrs fur iitliir jiarts ut till! lainjiai^jii. i lie niyaiist iiaiLiiijiaiil.s in Ihi; iaiiii);,i„'ii riciivtul i>i(.ii tiun from tl 111 rfjou'iii;; vii:i'i'(iy. ilii'il of At tlio rlosc of KS|(i, ('onto was thcsiu'cessorof Montii'l. wludiail lati'lv ]ll!\V IS aL'ain t KtVatiil at 'i'oiiiallaii on Ftbruury Utli i: couiit'i'tioii uitli Luna, uliu souu aftiT Hul>niitti •-Till! fortress wasalioiit to In; assaiiltfd, wliiii on .Tune '2Sth Coutosouirlit csoapo Willi his tollowiTs. Tiny \wyc iviiiluivil, liowivir, ami shot, ("onto I' laiiiiiu; at tho last nionii'iitand ;;aii:in,L,' )iariloii. ( 'al/aila"s fort, La Fortiina, was takc'ii ahoiit three liiuliti \niil. is laillor, IR' Ihmil uvtrtal iirii and exL'cii itid - ■ An thosi' will) ajiplii'd for pardon wire Di'imty Castafleda. ami C los l'>ll^slalllalltt•, till' lii.stoi ian, \'. ho was eonliiii'd i;i I'li'ia fortri'ss, and at llrst tieuud huisliiy. Tor details of this caiiijaii^'n, see (.'((.. de Mtx., viii., Jaiiuiry r,ov.\i,i>T sccniss i\ TiiK \vi:.T. (\r..\ l'ijU;i]Iy s\vcr|>iii'^' wt-rc tlic mviilist siicfcssrs in Mi/- tcc.'i :iiin'L;lisistan('r to the lor in scckin'^', anmn'^ otln r art-i, t II |icr,snadi' Martini/- and SaiK'ln'/ to faiiitnlatc at' .Silacavoa|ian. Tl' y noLly inld out, liowcvti", till litnintr and dcscrtio;) "l)li;_fi'(l tliiin to accept, tin; liai-t? otlir of lire.-' Arniijo liad cK'aicd t!if re<;-ii>n lie- Iwetii Acapuli.'o. lid t,lie Mesc i!a, and now Iio rtduced ( )slocinL;'o, 'l'e<'"iutia, and /\lund»rc. on 'I'ccono hill, 1; Cat i\ in''- .-it i>i ai.-o to I liaca; hut Ihi'c the comma ndant I Ian ■icaited i ra\(>. IOn- '!' h 1 1 lis •-!»)() men to joni the rejiu I'll nioi-e hriiliant ly ie, rW.X S'iliri,i.<', fit II., ,\;r.i\i;\:y 1^) .luiii! |Sl7, Ji.l.-isini; Ii\i',i:in'iii'.< .I/'.''. A''/'., i. "J.>_'; .\/i iidili'il, A'< >., ,{Uti l.i, '•" lM)r f lii'ir '_'()!» iihii, I'Mfly in .M;ii< ii. -'AiiiD:; flifiu tlic (•oiiiiiiiKiilaiit (':iniii'n. For lU'tailn cif the iMinpai'^n, Bic DliiL'ial rcjiiirts in a--siin. '-■'' L'niliT tlio rclicllious li'aikrs;ii|) of Vn.'iya, lately envoy in the fnitdl States, who eai)tiiroil and ilia;dolvetl it, yet not with con.setit of tlie jiiuUi uoW luniicil to iv[)lace it. )sa- III r..-,i v.('i:i:()V .\\\)\k\(\\ axd his vkiouous .mi;asuiiix I SKI. luit .'iiiotlicr roniicd hy X'ai'ui'as, Y;ir/.a, llos lis, ToiTus, ;iii(l other leading' spirits'-'' of Miclioacjni and ad"):)!!!!!);^' iioillu'i'ii pi'oviiK.'es, and Iciiowii hy tlir iiaiiic of .iaiijilla, IVoiii lliu I'ortress island in Zacapo l^akc, w h( ix' it tool; rd'uL;-!'. l^'iiacio llayon took ad- vania M'l' of tin; clianm! to pivx-iit liis old claiais as ]iidaiL;o's minister and late president, and even sent his hr.ilher Uainon to eiiforee them. His ellorts faileil, however, and lie himself narrowly eseaped cap- ture at tilt,! hands of the tretiehercnis A^irj^as.-"* This .strii'e aiiion^' the insur^'ents added to the misfortunes of the ])ro\inee, so lonL( the scene of bloody wai's. Jtur- l/lde, vJio included it under his eonimand darinu;' thc> eai'ly par!, of the year, was too occupied with his own sjiecuhilioiis to accorta!f hud to \tv i'e[)!aci'd by ;i mere collector, while the in- «ur,L(ents grew so daring' as to attempt in April to makt.' a I'aid on A'alladolid. lender l^^inai'es the I'oyalists e-jis'o fresh impulse to the eampai;_;'n; and amon,L,' other successes was the cajiture in Se[itenihei' of the idand fortress Janicho, in JMtzcuaro Lake.'-' A nuniher ol" chieftains accejited pardon after sulfer- iiiu^ a series of reverses, and Jlainon Juiyon found his ,'idherentr; meltin^^ iiway, i'^nseha, hein;,;" killed and Kjjitacio Sani'hex Joining' the royalists to clear tlu.' I'e^'ion north-wi'st of Me.\ico. Jle luid lon!jf hecu closely h(.'sieij;"ed at the famed stronghold of CtVprno by A'^'uiri'e, and famine and desertion were beoiiminw- to invade his ranks with no pi'ospect of relief, len- der .^aic!i circumstances, he sei/med more justilied than Tia-an in acceptino- al)out the same time as he ; ■ '■'" .NiiKiilor, IsasjiL'.'i, iU'il Itdctor S:iii M:irtiii, the (.'.iiioii of Oaj.'ica. Var- f^iis fi;:in'. s Its fomainlaiitc; },'iiuTal of Xiima (lalii;ia, Itinali's dt' X:u'att'(.'a>, wlu'licc lie IMW lias lliil U) Micliuacail, soim to clailii lifiv the. saiiic laiik, an I Tcrrcs wa* Uiu iiioxt |ii(iiiiiiiciit ( iiiaiia juato liatU r. Soo lia-itaiiianlc, i'nail. Jlix/., in. :VM-~; X' A/A'., vii. 4:!(!-rJ. -•''Tliis oi'i'unvil ill Nov. Var^^as tlicrciipnii juiiu'cl tlio royalists in )mrsa- iu;^ liiiii, aiicl routi'il liis I'oivcs iiinliT Uat.ul lliivoii on Di'i'. ~tli. liii^-ldiiKin'' , Cuifil. Illi\'cii l)V tlio nation, i)artlv bfcaiisc tin- taunts ot' lati' comrades islanders of Chapala Lake by sucli raihc;;! lueasures as raNa'-iuLi' tlie lake shores in everv direction in ordei- to cut oif su[»i)lies. ]']]iidemics came to his aid; ;nid on Xovend)er 2"), I y 1(5, the hei'oic l)and yielded to the inevitable by suireiidering the Mescala Islands on i'air torms.^^ I''*'.)' ^\*^''"*' '">^^' ^<'t aside I'oi- a convict pr(.'si(ho. After this the submission of chieftains grew general, and included \'argas, who claimed to ■'"'riic fdiiii'ss fill .(an. 7, r'^17, " itli ."U."! iiicii, lusiilis 1,000 otiici' iiim.itin, til) .unn-i, iiu'luiliii;,' "J.") of wood onvcnil wilii hide;, ;iiiil ."lOl) ihii>l;rts. ( Vr:. «/'' Mr.r., 1SI7, viii. Xl-i, l!M-'_'01. liiistaiiiaiitc, Ciiiulrn, ill. li'.'i-.'iS, givts tliu trrii;-; (pf Liii)ilulatii)n ami o'lIrt (lociiiihut^i, ami sivks ti) jiistily tlio .>;mTfii- ik'i'. Till' viceroy at lirst ISIO, p.-issini, .Ian. I'd7. ■" The hiuL;' souu'ht to smooth inatti'i's hy nrgiii;.;' t'rn ', to \ isi: M;"Ji' o. Ho did NO in I'lli. and .March in almost ri\:j;al stato; liut A[ioilaca s uigiit to sniil) him. and nothing' i/imo of tho attt'U)|it. '■-' Willi its aUcriiativc kiil'i'i'.sscs and ivvcrsi's. Iiisianco the i'ls'.irgcut vii'- t >ry in May 1S14 hy Sali^'ado witli ahont ."lO;) nii ii o\i r the :{00 of Arango, who vas taki'n and shot with a j^roat niunhi'r of his foivu. IJ.istaman'.i-, ' '"ar/. II'k'., iii. Sli-!), cNaggi'iati's the nuintii'ra in f \oi' of .Sahiado. 'I'h!ii, .'igain, till- dfloat in ISHiiif (haviz hy tin- royalist ( 'ori'a, with ii lo.s.s of :i.);i .Mil 101) iispuctivuly. For otlii'r oporationa in tin- piovincL', !«i!0 (li.. d' Mi.r., rsl4-l7, iiHsiin; A'"/''/r)\o '/<;/., />/. ; 1 1< rmuiili'. ij Ihiriil-K, ('•!. tlni\, \. •J'L* :;7<», iia-iin, r^Wl !),(;;)(!, 7-".t ."il. 7.'>ii-7'.t; T'ir'riHi, , II, ^t. i:,r., ii. •_';):!; 'o/V.s .1.7. Onl., ii. ;!1."), :il',), ',\X\; l,'ini.<, Vnrln l>it>-/., \>t v.; ./e'., .\n/. 'o - •/■, '' They ooiitaini'd 17 guns. ^Vr.. »/<' M,.r,, ls|(i. vii. 1 I'.ll!. Tin; pirnia- lient fono not long before this wa.s jihiued at 1,001), e\iliiding woniin and iliililreii. /liis/tiiiiiiiili\ (.'iKdI. Jli^f., iv. ."ill 7; y>''''. I'nir., \.i. "Jll I'; Jul. X>ii..'2: Xifinti', Ohdcru., 10. .Santa .Viiua and Kalhur Ca.steUuno.i were still tlie leader.s. f (:->!! vici.U'.fV Ai';):)A('A AXi> HIS vi(;()i;o;'s mka-t (•<)!ii;ilii laiitr u'ciicra] of lliis i-c^ioii, ai;(l v.iio ]■.'; liillilously st<)j)l>ciirsiiit \' ^luui/C. Incensed uiili l^osalcs, wlidartri- Itcin^'diivin tioni Zacal'cas clainu'd the jiost, of coinandanto '•'•n- cral III .Mk-lioai'aii, Ih- |i>iin'(l tlie piiisii is against liiiii, aiK 1 1 lie lirave Itusales, overtaken near Tacaniharo, i'ell li^litiiiL;' Tor tlit> cjui se J II Zacateeas revoliit ii marv nioveiii'Mits had hard!- e\-er pa>se(| l)e\iind ( 'ojotlaii and t i)iltli-ea .t I, del", a: il even tl lesc; hVllKlli 11. ■d t, diadow niider til i-M'ctie bri'-adier J)ie«''o (lareia Conde, who inl us. nan J U! eiu also threat (.'r discipline ainoii'^" liis tro<>|)s I'otosi was also nudist iirlied save l)_v I iiieiits alon'4" its soullicrn lines, and hevond, in 'I'aiiiaii- l I'olltler lll()\e- 1 i[)as aiul Niu.'Vo Leon, .sliii'lit local distiirhaiice.s uloii l)rok(.' tli(; (juiet.'" In Cliiliualiua a revolutionary jilot had be eeii iiroin|) 1 ly sui )!)ressc( 1 ill Xoveinbcr ibli. The most northern ]>ro\ince in which tlie war con- tinued to prevail wus (Guanajuato, the cradle of tho revolution; and but lor the niiniiin' resources, its con- dition might under the attendant rava'^'es ha\'e been re(luced to tho sanuMlephjrable level as in ]\[ic]ioac,in. Favoi'ed by tJie mountainous nature of the country, the iiisur^'eiits iiiaua'^'ed to lind ei!coura;_;'einent in oi-- casioiial sucin'sses, and ani[ile supplies to niaintaiii a CO nsiderabli! i'( ii In. I UllC orce under several leaders, as Jvosas |SI7. (!ii~. -Il' .l/'.t;.. 1S17, viii. (i.").')-4. l\)V previous Miliiui ; pious, sf.- /r/., isjii, vii. -JO:;;',, '.'do, fti "'•' Tlioso will I si low I'll I'iiwariliio in h.ittic \vi 111V, Ili'rmosilli) of (' ir.iil :i;< Into ti.s iSjil .U;i lioL At'torllos;ilos'.U -tiMiil iju! t'')riMiii):-t iciulur ill t'lf iiorllicfu iv IL' mill lio ailin'iviits tuv. sal I to I iK) moi. A t'oiuiiilaliio opijoiii'iit of his wih tlio ciuvi Al\ lavo muiU'ri'il as iii:i;iv J/i ISl.VKi pa <;, ,1. f'l.; T. m.^i. i; doHrji'is, 1114. A'jimicdI., >S;{-.">; ]>il(> rucl'c'I'iIl'iI by daya>'.ros. •'"For soaUcn'.l cK'tails. ».n(! Mo ,!.■ .U. iv. 4:U, ICM. Coinl. ISl") HI; A')//' /'/.<') (,'( ■sai lie iniV-T ooiimrl, \\- iliailor. >o:i Novvmin'i' A'. \. 'J'iio foriiuT cscaiiLil wliili' on (lie way to Spain, liu'otlicr \va3liiially pariloucil, a; will Lo rdatt'il in //„•./. Svi'th M,.c., ii., tliii .scried. r.vr.xTs IN cr.wA.n'ATo. 6.-.: V. ]i(» claimed ti» Ix* iiiiciKU-nto of San T^nis Potosf, ?>I(iriMi(», ijUi-a-^ l'"j(>rfs, llic laimnis I'ai'hoii ()rti/„ ainl ii!)ii\i! Jill, l''atliri' 'I'orrcs,''' who hail ii<>\\ a>suiiu'il ihi; I'lrciiiost |)lac" ill th(j ivv<»lu1ioii. Th'y \\<'W cM'II I'M ('ii')U;.;li to pi'itjiosc ail aUack on ( iuanajiiato it- h". clic! rnl hy a ])i'o!itahlo raid niailo upon it in Sl Ai!';i!sl I S I J, for wliich Iturhidi! was x'Vrroly lilaimd.''' AlLur his arrai'4,"niucnt at Mcxiro in April IM*;, and ri'imiiciation ol" tho coniniand, his soc m 1. ( )rrani ia,*'^ took cliai'L;-!' till A[)odaca aopoiiitod ('oloncl ( )i'.|ofii'Z, v.lio had so ahly L;a:irdc(l t ho hi'4'h road 1o Mo\ico. Iff 'Ljavi' iVosh chase to tht.' insnr^'ciit l)ands, and ( aiiturc 1, on March ](), 1SI7, tlu,' stron'^liold known a •; Mesa do ]os ('ahallos. near San l''c!ij)c, al'lcr a \iv;or<>u ■; rcsi. -taiii'(>, slaii'^htcrin'j; cNoi'y occupant." Anotiicr sv/ocji was made aloiii;' the easti'i'ii lino of (^^iicr.'laro hy ih ' three (li\i.>ions of X'illaseiior, Torn', an^l ( 'asan ova, of which the forni<;r took ( V'rro de l;i fail, held hv T(jbar, who was s^ooii after cauLtht and sliol.'- •'Stvoral (»f tlieiii lombiiicd in I\I). isid, with a fnict; uf fully I,.",;)'.) men, liiit w^iv (li.sjierduil l>y Imrliide befoiu tliv iiiUiuKil iai)Vi.:iuiit (.'oiilil he cf- "Among the precoilinjr opci'iitinns iikiv be nutiiTcl ,i \ i''ti)ry in ()rti)bcr I'l 1 iivor tiio Zic.".tc'ra'< border tr("ii)s, in I'iii'is di.stiiet. by l^p.-::.i r.inl Oi'ti/, ;iiid ii defoiit (ni .Inly 21, ISl."i, nt liineon de Orteya, by Oriaiitia iindCanuiUnii I't'the K.iuic leiiders. ii -ii^led liy JLosale.-) and .Moreno. The in iii'u'i'nl* lost !i ;.'reat nuniliei', iachidin':; Itosas, who was exeeuteil. lie hail bei ii a ncr.^e.int ai (Itiana jiiato, and c )n:ieetc(l from th men ili;p,'r.sed. Jli.3 eoiiir :de-i gained an adxanta^'t! near ( 'elaya in the follo\vin;.j 111 in.li, whereupon Itnrbidc shot several of his men for yiddiii','- '' iiiiMtauiaiite, ('nt'l. Ilii)i'j;i, 111 (liiii, junl Doctor Mil■;o^^. ii'.r.. c/' .'/'..■., I'dT, yu\. ' ' H.").") et noij. ; iihi) J(l., Islo-UI, i);is.-iui; Xolifiu'^od'tit., J'/.; lii(.-<'itini)cniny montlis of 1617. ♦ CHAPTER XXYTII. MIXA'S KXI'EDITIOX. ISli A Famois NAVAKKii^r: f;ri;Ki:ii,i.A— ri:KrAiuN(i roii rm; EsTKin-nrsr, -Tub Lamu-NG at Soto la Maiuna—Alaum or tih: Royalists— Tin; VicioiiY Ai' Tkotillos — Plni:ti;vtin', without reproaeli to their other- wise iipriL;]it and good-natured traits. With tlie prcs- ti^'e of fornicr independence", and with hhcral instincts nurtured midst llic rauii,-!'-; ot" tlie lofty Pyrenees, they ohjeeted to the kiuL'-'s infi'ingtnnent of popular ri;.;'hts. J>ut the movement failed, and lay crusiied for a time hvthc exile of the leadei's, the famous (leiieral j-^p^z V Mina and his nephew, i'^rancisco Javier ]\rina. The latter had been the 'Irst t<» shed lusti'e on ilw family name by darin^- and successful military oi)eration ■;. Jle was a student at the university of Zara^o/a in 1808, when the French invasion roused his symi)athies for the imperilled iatherlaud; and led to an excluur^-o gAnmii I ■i . GOO MIXAS KXPFJiITION-. ;s i.i rll IC s\v< ^I'll. Altlioll'']) ;i Itcill'illc-S A-i»ul]i of liari ly iiiiicl'i'ii. lie iiiun^Lj'iii'atcil thf ^ii'Tiiila wai- in Lis native.' iiroviiicc, at iirst. at iIk; head of a mci'c liaiid- fdl < u loil OWLTS. A 1 )!»l'Il lra;l (i- 1)1 iiH'ii, and with one success uflcr j^nvat military talciils, lie adiicNrd aimtiifr,' and wit liiu two viais he liad hccninc ccli'- bralid 1 lifou^Ljlioiit S[)ain as its I'lii'iinost ^ui'ii'illa fliicf, with (!i<.! oflicial rani V I il cdniaiiilan it •■(•ncia 1 ..I Xa\anc. ('a[)tivity jilaccd a MiddiMi cliccic (tn !■ caivt-r, and later the I'ailinc iiLTainst lY'i'iiando didNc liini a r»'!'ii''i 10 I of liis iiprisin , 1' JCiniland.- 1 n ('(iniiianv v.iili <>tli<-r cxili s nc ^(l( II ('V(ij\('d a |i] an I'lir a\Tnuinn" (intiaL;'i'tl, with anus .-nid inonry.dii which Mina ciiiliaikcd at Li\'cr[)()(il in .M;iy IS hi. attended hv ex ci' a dn/i n intci't'stoii themselves in tli ('uniar\ imttivi and (iinciM- A ; Mil ir.slial Sui:!ict testilii',-! in liis .'/> '■ III! MM.S I lorii l»cc. ;{, I7.S!), iit O iMii, lu'ir y] -:q>. HI. iil-fal. till' clilc ;t yon nf ;) Well-li)-(lo l.-illil (iWlRT. Aliuivtllilvinu'al l'aiiii);i!i)ii:iaiiilZ:ir;iLr(i;'..i, lie iiucaiuo a vohiiitcrr, cirri. mI (lisiiaii-lieiiu-rii^s tlnj giKTrilla Avar in Xavani', wiili tli {■ 11 Ir jiili, r. a; .11 ICll l)l";all 11 (I ciittiii' cM liv niaKiii',' liini a latlv ('iiinamlaii ]iUiri il and sent tu 1 tc gimral al--c) i/f Uiijn r .\iia;,'oii. In I'lll Ji Ma < ea own llic now famous naiiu' raiieo, leaviij'. 1, j: Oil.l.lcl I: .f Ml unl was reco:ni.;oil as hii Kiioiassor, to .1.1 f. i;!ory to Ihu famil;:, wiiicii lie di.l liiiallv as (if th.J fori.'m.i.^t {."■iifraH .'t Spain. (loll in IS-J m; II w luro this iiKiii wa3 then an cxi vrc/o .A / ( r; .' (. 1 107. imlilislie.l at L J,.\ ier itrolUcl liy hisimpiis- onmciit at \'ini:i;iinc.s to atiuly military scioiu'L', an. I on returnin.; liomc, ato r an iili>t'iu"L' of three years, he wa;* oll'ere.l a prominent efimmanil in Xi;w i^p.iiii. liut jneferreil to join his nnc'.e in tho v :un rcv.j t f.irtheconstilution. Kii.'laii'l rceo.;iii/x'il tho .'^erviees ul tlio refugee l.y graiiiin;^ .'i iiension I'..rti I:n.ii(U)i'iiili , Ciintlro I list,, iv. 300; Alaniaii, y/^s^ .1/./, iv. ."i-iT, 7-S; /'; Pitt. Uixt. Mr.c. IGO, etc. vr] 'Six Spiiniartls, a few Italians, t\\".> Ihi^xMshmcu, an.l one Amerieaii. t. lom eomniis.si 1113 were civeii, two of tlieiii 111 ik of I'avty III •In. I'll Doetoi will) had :-iiH'ere;l \v 1', rseciiLinn .Mier, a Mexican i riesL if (lisliir'nisii. •aiitaiii. d.te Lilt, f.ir liis li il i.l. .1 live.l a Loa.li He j.);iii'il as I'onfe.-sor. In his /)it'i ) Kir cxi!. SDli, he ''ivts the names )S some of tlio oiiioers, ami s-ays that they einliirUe.l May oth, on KMr 1 t' fra'.Mta I'^thtl > lie that th.' VavA (li-. )/ Jhiri/.is, (■„/. />,-•., vi. no. !):i;?. l[.;ail. is!i /; >vernme;it provi. lei .1 ..u ler Spani.-h ]iatriot.s wiJi istiiiice, as it had Mina, liy itoii.-inn. li.ij^land eertainly favoieil .'^jianish i.)i-r,ils Id a, ecrtaiii of the L'. S. met Mina in Lon.l nt. Tho Lio'-;rapl Alam; .Is,, lollil out that < iili. till traiislaii.jii .f 1 111 iidop..; a mi -sprint ill tho .SpauL lith loiiinson eoiieeiiiiiiL; the uumoer of lullov, eis. LANI)IXG AT SOTO LA MAIIIXA. CO I New Spain aji]»('ai'i':l tin- mo-t, attractlsc c'Hiiiliy fol' 1 lie IIIMW'IIK and till! Iii'i' Mi 1,1 1 il'ol )i isrd al I us well- lone <»\v- (liirrt, l)(lii'\ In^■ 1 hat a Mi- nllicci's and ar lu'cdcd to L;'ivc' it inii)ul>f. .\t tlic last inonicnt. li rvcr, came news of ivvcrses in Xfra (Vnz, wliidi in- (Incod liini to cliaii'L;'!! liis courst.' to the Ignited States, Tliti'i,' lie lioUL-lit or cliartri'cd tin ce -iiialli'i' \f irei>ar( prei I MllMihe nialtniiori> iiiinil)ei' of recruits, inchidinL;' a lai'L^e |ii'o|iortloii of oliiccrs, \vi th wl T mm lie I ilc'd in Sci)ti'!iil>i'i'' f'lr ( «,d- vrston, m I e\as, l»\- wav ot J ()it an I'ni 1 llCf ( onnno- (lOl'C A nrv, a I' I'ciich Ircchootti- who had receive \n iiisnr'L;'<'nt comnii>sion as j^-ovcriior of Texas, and was jticjiariiiL;" to invade it, ,na\e Iiini a.ssi.^taiice; and afhT spendinL^ some time in relittiiiLf, lie continned his course, in seven > essels, to Soto la, ^lariiia, in Taina!!- lijias, the only a\ailahki laitdin^' place on the uall' coasi il e tllsemliaiAed in the mid Ai.ril, a lit I toi»k j)ossession of the town, issuing' |)roclaiiiations in favor of inilepelideiice under the title of (lelieial of the llelitif ^Vriiiy of the ^Mexican ]ie[»uMic.'' ■''I'he S[iMiiisIi iiiini.-tLT was iiit'oniicil ijy ilcsrrtcrt of Vac jirojiv't iiiid sou'^'ht Id stay tlio lit'iiarliin', hut cloar.iucu paii^rs wuro l.ikcu f'lr tlio .■Viiiillo ■., ]: (1 J;.0 men cmlxirki'cl <|iiii.'tly near Ft Mtli'iiiry uii.l r I'ljluncl L'o;u It (lU li, fit llio cl.j .f Ar -MilKl I'dI'u) we'll iS [)t. .StoriiiJ iiiiil do iliuii ^ilaycd Home liavo.; aiiioii'^ his men, iind : uljsci^utnlly yollijw tov llii- invsidt'iit of llayti u'avo hi; a. Kivura, /Ji-if. JnUijift, ii. ( II , am IZ: ir; hut il i'liiich fiiilor-i liilfil the i:!\\)i. lllKIC'lll :i. iiu. :./■ iici! of Iho U. S. to Spaiiisli 1" it ll IC llUlUlLT- rcni'iiislraiKX'y. A (i','spati;!i hoat iciit wiili loltcis lu Victoria hail f.iuml all tli<; \v>rl^ Vcni Ci'u;: i ipi (1 hv lovalista. Arramroiz, M .'Jl'i, L'VOU (U'll.UlS lliab Miiia Hocrctly visitcil Voia Vvw., hat lliis is iloahtt'al. Altliuu jh Aury ai.K.l till' cxpcditioii with vessels aii'l sn]ii)lies, ho at oik^ liino tlin atjueil ti> atiarlc ):'eauso Ills Riihonliualc A t!ic lUiM ineneuis toM ma s liaiiV ( ol 1 Aury errv, ehose to triiu:j;'er liiui ;e .■ll ll 1 lail received Ins eomiiiHsi.jii, in ilieii:! .1 1.1) h ly )f j.,'eiK'ral, fioai tlie eon ;i-es.i envoy lleiieia Tok' iiad I: invaded 'i'cxas, .so;ic''.it also to assort his eluinn t.i the eounnaiid Seaiiiard named Correa i!'o me!i; l)ut lliii i i do for addi.ioiial aid, and ud, ill l'iJ>/ii ^v Oi- I with a, in'oject to sci.io I'en ;i I'l- seheme f ■!■ his tas llo left Oal- V, ston Mareh -JTtli ,laf at the iiioulll nf liver. ■f the i; er wa'-clin,!^ at tin.' Uio llfavo, landed mi A)iril I. .ill itande Marina, tlie firmer si.o of ihc lov.n )to i.i M.ir Thi^ lu d I \u\, li'iw situ:; ndiu'' was suvLfestoil les al)o\f on t'le Kit han!; I.IC! hv liiuoiosa, who Unew tliis re'd ui. .7. :t. A i.'.Mi'laniaiion to (lie Spaniards liad 'leen issnerl alrividy at ( lalvi.'ston an I sent to Xe\ Klin for di.-'lrduuion; and uow weic i.s.-u<.il others to iiAahafe GG2 MIXA.S KXrKDlTION-. AVitliiii a slit)rt time ncaily two ImiKlrrd of {]\o nc- tivo ijiiiclieros (»!' tlic distiid JoiiK-d liis paity/ and Avitli tlicir aid was conslructcd an adoht,- fort on tin' eastern «»ulsldrts of the town, for tlie seeuritv of the stores with which a small foi'ee could nc^t well l)ur- dcn itself on a llyin!^; ti'iji. Tlie dismay created at ^^('xico hy the news of his in- \asion, the precursor pci'haps of others, was all tlie greater as it came upon the royalists at a time wlieii they had succeeded in heatin'-' hack the re\olution with- in Very narrow limits.'^ Warned hy information ah'eaily from the I'nited States, A]iodaca had taken proni[iL steps to L;iia rd the \"era (.'ru/ coast as tin- most likely to l»e approaclied ; and now reeiiforcenients were hui'iiid forward to Arredondo, of the ( )riente ]>r 'vinces, ('mIi- nel Aruiifiaii followin'^' with troops collected from the Tampico re;^don, while a fi'i'^-ati' and two ai'iiied tenders sailed in the middle of May from A'era ( Vu/, under Ihi^adier Jiereii^'i'r, to atlacic Mina's s(jnadroii, Aury hail disparted, leavinL;' at the mouth of tin; ri\ei', maimed hy a small I'orce, only three trauspoit vessels, one of which had hoen beached and cou- demjieij. 'i'lie li^'litest sailed away on hehohlin .;• (!ie Sj)ani.-h Mpiadron, and the other, heing unahh' 1 » f >1- low, was ahandoned. Alter a series of lively hroad- Siililiurs, ami to liis own mon, toL;ctlior with si\ oetavi's of patriotic doLT.'t ri 1 Willi tliu i'oilowing lulraiu: 'AouIkhI ]Mi\;imii.i-i ]>l! liillll"'!' !.!■> I .rll'tKl.4, Coll ||11:' illl'.llll -1 1 JMIKiS ilc'il'jiil.lll VllrnllMS 1"'IK1S.' It WIS compo^i'il liy noctor liii'anto, ■\vIio iii(iii:i\'(':l t'lo p!-iiilin;;-jv.'i";.H of llio expc'litioii. 'I'liG text of tln^ , ."i-i-:!;!, etc. ; Al i,ii(i.i, llUt. Mj, iv. a;). nj.t HiM|.; Zniifiroi<, IIkI. M,j., X. ivp. !) L'l. J:i Ihi^t. Mc.r., ii. :i',;;-'.)l, iv. iJ;l!-S; ^Ihisjia '!■■ ('/u//>niir'i,i(j:i, 77-S, "JJ:! !!.■), is alsj leproihiot'il a It'ttci- (o A'.'ie louilo of May 'Jlst, )ir;;i!i:,' liiiii to j 'in tiic ca:u;o, ami ur;;iiag that SpaiJi li';'.' Ijii^laml \\()u!'l ;,'aiii m nv from lilicr.itoil c jloairi liy hx'^'.i iiiipnl.-;u t ) trailo an I fi-irml,Iiiji. Ju coiivorsatioii \\ii!i tlu; Spaniards lio thoU'jht ib p'/a- ili nl:. to leave the iinpiv.ssioa tliat he wouM, as in Spain, aim at t.io ivsU.:'a- tion of t!ie i'oustitnti.)n of IslJ I'athcr tlian at inikpcmknre. lie coiint^d a'. -'o on tiio ^hlsonie si)irit anion;,' S]ianis!i oillijcrs. • liichiiiinL; Li'juti'ol \'aleni.i;i Uuhi j ami his hrother, I.ieut Antonio. '" • I'n pi-'ligro, tanto ma.s terrihle caanto niunos cnjK'rmli,' say.s 'J'. .M\'nto, 7/.'s', /.''('., ii. ,'i;).S. IVit tlio i-oyalists lial li,i;l ample warniiy. 'ApoJaca tenililo,' ubserve.i Cu.itaniante, i'lirul. IlisL, iv. olJS. MAUCH IXl-AXD. 6G3 fii»l('S v.illioiif }■(• ;{»(iiis(', tlu; Sjoiiiai'ds vciidll'iHl to {ijiju'oacli and iiicicasc (Ik.' (!is('(UiraL;"<.'iiuiit or (liscontciit aiiu'iin' scwial of the iiivaiK'Ts, ami (o iiidiico Colonel I'crry, one ol" tlu' hadiii'^^ ollicors, (o depart witli o\-er liliy Anirricaiis. Tlii- iiuwoi'lliy roiidiu-t hroii^lit it > own piinislmieiit, 1 r lie was oxt'i-iakcn l)y I'oyalists in Te'xas and cut to jiieces with all liis men." It was tliouu'lit advisaMc not to \V(>alcen tlio i>\pc- dillon !iv nni»i'olital»lc encounters witii tlic cneniv, liiit to join tlu; insiircfcnt centi'e. now undei'stood to Ii'' in ( luanajiiato, and llicro rcvivt; tlu- sinhiiiL,^ cause, oi-aiii/.i! troops, and start a ^loi'ious canijtai'^n. 1 Icnci', when tile repoi't came that Ari'edoiido was ajipi'o.ich- in.;' willi a iari^-e I'orce, Mina left ]\raior .Sard.i. in c!iari;-e of the i'oi't at Soto la Marina with aoout a himdied men, and hastened away on ^^ay 'J Ith. wiih l!ic leniainiii;.;' three hundred, [)romisiii_^- speedily to l>i iu'j- I'ecnl'orcenients.^' " I"i i^'Iiti'iicil liy tlio siglit of a frw t(Mlt^^ from .ipprnauliiii',' tint iilioiv, says till- i!ia: y iii UnUiiisiiii, i. l.„"). 'J"licr<; jijiiniirs t.p li:ivc liccii a •■in. ill liatti-ry cIdsu t il!i(iii. lioWi'VC'f. IJustaiaaiiU', Cii'i'l. lli.\v.s i'loi|iu'iit ivcr t!io cat ju i.suii'jr. IJjivii!,^ r'.s iviKirt in (It.. iIc. JAv., 1SI7, \iii. lil.'i ):■!, is licadcil, ' l>Ls'Lnitiinn of tlu: si|iia(Iro!i of tlii; traitor Miiia.' lv\tra jiay, liail,is of Imiiir, ;iiiil ollur i-iuard.s wcio jjtraiitc:! to llie iiu'ii oiiLja'.'i'il. '•'Ill tiio luiil'lk' of .luiif, iR'ar .Mata;,'oiiIa. I!y this timo tlicy liad lecoiiu' r.-:liii',(l t;>4;t. 'I'll' y l)ravt-!y refuse. I llu; fail- tciiin olfercd. I'oiu Iccii fell ei|j',i\.', IJ mortally woim.l .1. I'ei-iy shot Limself rallier than yi'M. \~, viii. 7"''7 II. Aeeoriliii.; to .Mier, J)i d ir ici'^ii, S\\, I'eny luul lieeiiino (li.«atisru'(l \\ ith the lack of eonlilciiec; hu^toweil upon liim. iVforo 1 a\iM,' ho receiveil extra arms, and ;v^w d to skirmi-ih in TeNa-; ami disa'ai t loyalist attention, lit; had serve 1 with creilit at \o\v Oilcan. i in 1S|.">, and iu 'I'exas uUiler Toleilo. .Major Stiiliiii,' took his place as commander <'f .Miiia's uiii 111 re^^jiment. (' 'loiud llunth had 1-ft with Amy, and was reidaeid liy ;i .Swiss captain, named .M.-iyl, fer. During tir' f')ra;^in;,' a sucL-cssfnl eneiiuiiter t I ik place Willi tlie ovei'wlielmin;; forces of (iar/.i. "I'liu force as deliiiitcly formeil .soon after eoiisisteil of },'e;ier.il an I stall', 11: u'Uard of lioiior, composed of olliccrs under (.'ol Youii,', .--coiid i:i com- iii.iiid, ol; renim -lit of the union, under Maj ir Stirling', ."> i; I. t rci'inent of tiie line, L'apt. 'I'r.iviiio, Ijl; o.ivalry, under .^l.ij. Maylclei'. IJl; artillerist.-j, ."■ ."rvaiits, etc., 17; total. li'JS. /'u'li/iojii, i. l!)l. Miei', who roii;.;hly cs, i.uatis t lie force at loo, states that .'ill of the g.ariison were local recruits, and as laany more were soon enrolled. /'('r////v(. .o//, ,s| 1 . Tlio men were well uni- fonncd from the ahundaut and varied st(jck on liaial. See Jiobumun, i, 14o, 004 MIXA'S i:XI'KI)ITIOX. It wa-^ ;i (lariii'j; attiMiipt, in trutli, lor this liaiKll'iil to jH'iictrafc (Iii'iuimIi an uiikiiown and »!aii';'i'i'ou.s l>()l'(lcl'-laii(l ilitt) tin; liiid^t dl" a Im-lilc kiii;4(|t»iii, l)i'aviii;_;' \i(t Andahisiaa ca))tain with his childri'U ol" tlu^ sun hail to con(|Uer allies I'oi' himself, the chii'l'taiu of Xa\arre hail nmrii powei'lul o|>|i()nents, ajir \'iila- sehoi'.'- 'i'his (armi'lite hacienda of .Peotillos, lilV-'cn k'ague>Miorth-east of San i juis J.*oto.- f. l]ai-lyo;i (he loll(,\vi;iLi: moi'niu''' thev were startle'l to hnd cIom! u[)on them their |»ursuers, now swollen hy reonfoi'ce- ments to ahout 1,700 men.''' lietreat hufore so lar;^\; Kivrivi, ll'i^t. .Iiihijia, ii. (IS, \\\\n follows iMyalist h^iiurc't.'.s, adils '200 ivfriii^s ti) Mill r.'j inirty. '-\Vlio (.'aiiio too l;;to to neoupy ;i p:iss in alvaucc of Miua. His f nve \>i placed in I'liisl'iiin'iiti , C/inil. //i-^l., W. '.',i'.], at l."i;i. in lioblnsou, i. TiT-S, "_');), at nearly A'M, and hid 1o.;h at (i laisonuni. .sl'Vc ral kiliud, and 4 cannon. 'J'lio plisontTS were iiol)ly set free, yet the royaii.-;ts .afUTv/ai'd sliiit a wounded Ir.is- .sar who fell into their hands. Xo )iilla;-o or (li.;.o) infantry of l-'.nropea.n regiments, ainl 1. 1 ISO of llio \'erd • a;i I Sierra tiorda cavalry, with a rear .i^:iiard of ."iO,l. I'd'ioisoii. i. I.SO. This i.s adopled in lliistituinitc and Al'iirdii, jiiul lairly eonlirnied in the le-s delini.o royaliiC reports, (.la:., de Mvx., ISilJ, viii. 7><>>-0, wherein tlie invaders aiij al •1 el tl ^1 "I wl ViJTolJV AT I'l'.DTILMK 0(5,1 a 1)0!ly. ('((lujiiiscd mainly <>[' cavnli'v, wa^ onf of i1i(» (jU('sli'),i, aii.-;1 an alta-'k ii|imii tlu! I'oi' lu'liU'c it siidiiM i'lnii. J*jiic!iiwa'^t'(l Ky |irc\i'ins si.U'cessi'iil suirniishrs with siijtcriiir Imiccs, i\\r mcii i'('s|)(iiiiK',l cai^-'ily. A part irinaincd attlic liaiii'iida \'.itli till' l'a;i;4a'4'', and tlif i-r>t iiiaiclnMl Inrtli under I lii'ii' ^rnri'al and liis sccunil, ( 'nlonrl V'oun.;", t:» lln; ninnl)rr nl' I7il, lo incft a hody tfii times .sti'on'^-ei', a lai'L;e |ir(i[)Miti()n nf wliiidi ranked as Ncterans ii^d to \ ictoi \'. 'I'lie I'ovalist n'lierrillas dpened tlu en-a'-'e- meut, and then caniii tiu' cavahy with a r;ish that t hl'ealened to itvel'whehn the little hand. l'\)rtnna(ely dil'eeted \()lle\-s aiTe-^tid the lU' >\-i in. ai t. a tc'.v w. hilt the ri'ir ha. I line nil and tlu a|ij>earMi^' so enormous Mina ]>re[)ai'ed to i'all hae!<. tov.ai'd t!:e ha- rielida." 'I'his stiri\'d the S[)aniards to tVesh eh' )rts, lor whieli a nalliii;.^ iiiT |)rt'i)ai\'d the' way hy creat in^' ]ia\ec in tiu' narrow lanhs, whiK; the cavaliA' wheeled I'Mund them, and tin; inlantry moved I'oi'ward en mas>e to i-loser (|uartt'i's. At this (a'itical moment, when tlio stru;';eh' s(H'mt.'d ruducud to selling' theii' li\-e> as dearly as jiossihlo, Mina <;'a\'e lli^; men tliu ordei- to eliai'L;'e. ( )nu hliudin;^- xolK-y was deli\-ered, and then with riu'^'- iuL;' hurrahs they leaped iVom out l!ie snio!;ewitli eleamine' hayonets. 'fhc slai'tled iniantry hi'oice and il ■(!, and the cavnliy, partakini^ of the confusion, IMI hac!; to increase tlu^ coni'usion. On caUK; i\\o. dou'jjity hind, a iiaii'ov.- hounded cyclone, j-esislless in its sweep, with clieei's that rolled hefore them, and hiin;;'- i;ie- (juick answeis in shrieks of fear and |iain. Tho disoi'vlcT had swollen into a panic, k-ndinn' win;4s to fec't that halted not fa- lea'^'Ui>s. the men n)(\an\vhilo I'e'j-anlless of the sharp lances wil h which Armiuan atj ]il:i('ccl nt TiOD-OOil, altliou'^'ll Anviloi'.di) julmit;. lliat tlieir ciitiro t'Tc, iiirl-wl- iii;: t!io (iL'tj'.ulilililit at Siito la M;iriiKi. 'no oxi'ivU' d- -l.i) d .",>»,!.' Iln-iiaii- ill-, y />iif(i/i).i. Col. l)o,\, vi. ,S!IJ; ToriL'utu, llUi. Ji\r., ii. UT^J-T, «-eli3 to e^iuiii.'.o Uio farucs. "A iiRTo iciiit, iiu iu'tci'waril ilci.l;uvtl. 680 MINA'S rXl'I'DITION". l;ist llinii:! nil tllclU {:> I'illlv. Milia's IhU'sc'; WiTt' too tii't'd In |ttnsiii' \.'iv I'll', Mini (• »!is('(|U(iitly till' r< v;il- icts cscMiti'd \vll!i a Ii>ss of lit il(« ()\cr |i)i). while tlic tlii'i'c IidUi's' hat (K; cost tln.-ir oj)|»oii('iit •; the pitijior- tioiiadlv lii'a\ici' casualty <>!' I'lilly aO.'' Miiia d.ii'cil Hot. at in'csciit lace such aiiothci" or.l, ,il «)!' (h'.ir-hoii'^'lit, vlctoi'v, l)(it rcli.'\c>l hiiiis-'lf ofa!! <-:iiii- l»rous lu'4';'a'.;-c and ha ^tdlcd av.av, rcachilr;- th. IJnir- i.'hui'i' uuii!ii'j" town < >\'\ nii».- itc on the A 1 1 • w (larin>f Icllows scali.'d its walls durln;^' the nl ;ht, and .sui'pi'ised the Harrison; w lie|-(!U|iou the j»!ace was saclu'il ni ri taliat Ion lor its 11' •t to surn-nde •i )SS Now lojlowed a inarcli of three days southwai'd ai tlie hare, silent jilain, whose horders >vcrc ih'>o!ate hy tho ra\a'j;es ol" wai', ;uid during' which huii'^'er and ]iards]ii|)s prc'ssed sorely upon them, winle in t!ie dis- tance a I'li'inidahlc corp^ ol' oh^ervation under the c'l'Ucl Orrantia threatened at any moment to fall uj)o!i them. ih\ the 'J Mil, liowever, they arri\'eil without f'lU'thcr mishaj) at Kort Somhrcro, or ('omanja, livc leaij^ties east of Ija^os, and one of the two strongholds I'emainiu'^' to the insur!.';ents in ( Juainijnalo. it was commamh'tl hy tlie mariscal INnlro Moreno, who with Ids sinall i^'arrisou o-ave them a e'i-,H.'tin;^' worthy of their heroic acliiuvenicnts. Their i'ame had preceded ' WIk rciif .'!0 IdUcd and '20 womidtMl, List in Rofii ISO, 11 (.f t!iQ NVwuudi'd and 1 1 (it Iho .slain licin',' (itiiocr.^. li ovalist aciM nnt \t\: ices tin; I l.ad oiipinintM ilmie at ','."> and allow i>v tlicnisulvts unlv I lii kilK'il juid v.oundoil. Torn lite, ll'tal. lo ii. :{7.s. F( .letail A n;i J/c KSl I , \ HI. l.i.i -I I, wherein lie ca (lio ll man .s ic'ixiit iii (.' 11. ' " ■ ilaniL' tiir tlic 'ri'tira caIN it, on tlio Itiu \'iTdo cavalry. Mina'.s di'parlni'o in the aULiiiium ho nttrihntci to an ai.'Icnivwk'd''MR'nt of fcai', ami lii.-t own ^iiilisi'MiR'iit adv, t) (irruiiy tho dfsortod liai.-itiida he clainis as a tiianiii!i, f'T wliirli (hi' vi.uiiiy dc-,l ivo thaiikn, with ivwardi for thu \vi d. M ma oan'i 1 f, il' tilU rov.ilist wounded, anil sent a nn to Arniiiian to do t!io for 1:1 ^, M-hioli wa ! o;ini]i lied 'J'i I" wi'ucr in /,'(./.; IT*. I. CI Xol. f, >r not joiniui; the liglitevs to swell the victory, and tor [irolii ititm'j Mavlet'erto d I so. Ijiislanianti' trstilies, r^jm/. //(roniiiti'd l\\o. p, V (if money and rich elolhinic wa.H olitained. dile 1 ooty (if money and rich elol d des -t L wo ur.na Were tULieii alon" The 'Mnidon nuniljercd JOO. Tin XAVAiMnNi; i.KAnnn. wr no .ll- iir II- •\v )SS ;it :is tlitiii, 1)(>ni(' ill «'Vcry direction liy dcrcitcil iMyali^l-^, ^\Im to ^hii'ld tlit'ir nwii I'aiiurc diclafrd tin- lullowci's of tilt' lauded Na\arrc'St! leader ti> l)c demons, n<>t men.'' The pei'sMiial (pialitle; of Minn were well ealc!il;ded to sustain the i'aine that had preceded liiiii. There was a cotnhined da.>h and di^nitv ahoiit him that, eom- manded admiration as well as ivsjiect ; the stamp of a liiiin lea«lir, exacting- an ill\-oluiital_V det'ereliee, Vet permeated with a e'enei'o.sit y and iVaiduiess that in- spired coniidencc and lo\e. Jn mann<'rs and acrnm- ]»li>hnients a j^^-ntleman, he )io-.ses^ed also every sterline' trait of the soldier. While I'oi-emo.t in a s[tii'ited char^'e, he reniained calm t !iron;^!iont t lie dan- ger, ready to sei/.e tiie op])ori Unity and dii'cel hi < ollieei's. J-'ru'.^al and enduini;.;' as was i'e'|nii'ed of the mountain ^^'Ucrrilla, he shared hai'dshij) and diseoinioi't with the meanest, elu'eiiii'^- the suti'erer, and winnin"^^ the hearts of opponents wit h his kind sympathy. II is l)i'oad Spanish I'ace, with its Ii"a\y lowi r cliln, t!ie dai'ii hushy hail', and iav(»rit(! whiskers oi'his raci% j;-av(5 tlie impi'ession, pi'Imarily, of a man of llrmncss and netioii, and on(^ somewhat heyond the twenty-seven years which he had ju-^t p.i sed. in ii_;nre lu) wa.s Well fornii'd and sti'onu'lv l)uiU, thouii'li rather sli''!it, and of seant medium hei'-'ht.^"' t) ^1 An opportunity soon ])resente,l itself to L;i\e his ir 'W conu'ades in ai'tns mi inspirinn' proof of his ahility. A\'lilie Arniihan held hack under the lesson he li;id r>'- cei\ed, ( "omaiidaiite i;(iieral Ordonez of ( iuanajuato, in coiijunetioii v.itli (Aistahoii, r(;nl to huvc bue-n strt dchcd alon:^' \\ui I'outc?, inchidiuL;' l)ot!i (.•oumiander.s, while moru than -OU were (•a[i- tuivd.-' Ul.Jna' ^ ^^,. Si. I. I I H J* O -I- OS! LCj.s\iAC.(/S^-CantiTa ^■Ti [.alillan V ,t;.;u"7 ;-i I'i.".,'l,;L'f!f '.isas \ iijaK :. n y;. Ma. l-i- 2AMC[A. lliuaialca / L^: " i, rVl-'' I'ultii.o*' -";■ i V / -puHteiiCo "'sTjuair^-"'"!" \ r, ..^.,,.,, ■' IVili'O A Mixa's Operations. And liorc is told the stoiy of a most ])olitic act, which added histi'o to the cause; of tin; revolutionists. iiifniitry tV'U iu on the way, t'luiiiiii:,' nearly 4l);i in all. J' J/iitso,/, i. i'.')K .'Ji- lauii luisiuturpt'otH Uio Iraiislatiou liy adiliii;,' -10:) lalililo 011 llic way. ■-■'In Hohiii.i 'II, i. '2'u 8, llic inisdiiiM'.-iarc |>lacc(litt 'J20, tliu t.l'iiu at . 'ill!*, aii'l tliosn will) UocaiH'd at iril). Two yauti ami oJi) iiius'.;el.8 wore taivtii. It is ic- laicd that the royalists lircjil .-ilvur ilollai's; and Ijil.stamalitu colilii'iiis tin- .-•Loiy liy tiayiu.i; that one of thu gnnnuin could m.t lind the n^'cessary shot at tl.o 1)!'op<.'i' mouient, and so Unvw in a iianllul of dollars. Ci/iil. J/isl., iv. .'i77. .t it a;.;r(C'd thai Col Young and M:.j. .Mayh fn- Icil ih;' victorioui ehar^ie, yet a conniK'utalor in Soi\ Mix. fiVu;/., Bo! , ip. '_', iii. lii.VT, seek.s jjatriolicady .0 iiplaoc Voun;,' with Moi'iJiu. I'lio iusuiyencs crouuuil llie victory evoij- V, iiLTc wiih load (.lenioa.jlraiions. JEALOUSY OF TORRES. CC9 Tlio Too luid sliortlv Ix'foi'o (mIci'Ii a (';iv(»rit(> ofTiccr of Mi ,n ui, will) oirrrcii 111 (;xciiaii''-( 11 ic iiuiiicrdus prison- ers Jk;|( 1 1 V liiin. Jl (■ W;is l\'lust'( 1. Til nil lie ra H.mI Ills prisDiicis hefort' liini and sai.l : "J>uh(»ld thi' lirart- Icss indiUvi'ciK'o (if vnur j^'ovcrnniciit. Ymih- lives arc doulily iiiino — mine In' victory and retaliation ; yet you are i'reo! You may join my standard or pcaei-aMy (Irpar vou wil .V porK'v so rai'i,' aiK '■(■ncrous won an adniost unanimous adhesion to tlie insur^'cnls, and the report of it spread abroad evoked an achiiira- tion that added not a little to the [)o[>ularity of the general, even (h'eatrr ae! th le oi)])osin'j" rallies. ueN'enu 'Id nts eould not have 1 )een (|esirt'< 1 to insnire the eoniiilelice' lieeessar'V for eileru'etie coom- eration amoiin' the iiisui'geiit- 'i' o promo ]\i ma now held to tl lis elHI I c(jniereuee w 'ith Father 'I^rres and two iiHMiihers from tlie junta of Jaujilla,"' hisid (JS otiier eiilei Torres was an i'-iiorant man of i'er Clous ins tinct^ a Li'amoler aiK 1 ro tliLrat< wlio alter iiguriiig with little cre(ht as a jiriest, joined the gucr- ]"illa Adiino (jiarcia. Jiis sacerdotal character assisted Iiiin to rise, aiul at this time he was the most proini- iii'iit hader, with the rank of lieutenaiit-geruM'al, V. Iiose will indt'Cd va- avv lioth to the couiicj to th e hands sustaining;' the cau- W ille (|c\-o 1 and tod eiiitugii lo t he caus( a j)ower s'lstaim he loved ahove al hi.' ( lisiilav o| vat l)V l<'a r of his crueltv, and v,a> only too rea'(us au'el\- eclii>s( po SCf I t O SUSlioc is own. 1. and s Jl elice hi'eai I t! al'O lie I'l'lt insinuation. !1 Doctor San Martin ami ( 'iitiipliilo. •-'i'lic writor, in l> O'llll-'Oil, 1. _.i) 4; ) •>- crticl. iivaru'ions, vMulictive, rcai '77, t'ti"., paints liini in l)la<'lv rolnrs as ly fiii' wine, woinrn, anil L'aniliiiiiLT! a man I 8u-taiiio(l liimseU' liy distrihuiiin^ suborclinatc coiniioiiilH aninn',' unclii- itcil nion, and wlm licM tyrannic. ■<« ay over t lie conn try ih'o|iIc. JIh inyalty is ailiiiiitotl, lio\vo\ cr-i \s rote tij liini, UTiil it is r'.'lat(.'il that whm two ot lii.s vounirer hmili tU'pcn l.'.l limit r cniinJUJ.sKin, irciiu a msnlist jirisi " .1" " ■ " ■ soa that their 1 ive.4 on his ahamloiiiiii,' the cause, lie replied tiiat it they (^scaped lie loot them fi'r dariii^^ tn piMjiosu ti'iiiis so dishnnornhle. /'/., '2'.V.). Vavu niistamante eoiideiiiirs him. 'Torres no i ra e;ipaz do Iiivcer una iicciou buoiia .1, era i;n iiideci-iitu.' Ciii.uL IJid., iv. Kb7, 5oi>~'J. 070 MINA'S EXPEDITIOX. that tlic now-conicr was i\t lioait as by birili a Sjian- ianl, in svinnatliv witli his comiti'viiieti, and ainiini-- not at liheratniL;' New Si)ain, Ijui uicndy to restore^ tlio couslitntiou of IHli!, with its nicai^iv concession.. Tliis belief unfoitnnately I'cceived su[)[)orfc iVoni tlie arguments wliicli Mina eni])]oye:l soniewliat too openly Ibr v.inniii!^' S[)aiiisli soldiei's and pai'tisans.-'* ToiTes nevertheless [)retended great interest in .Mina's \)U)- jects, yielding to him the cliief connnand, while inti- mating that he really was the superior, and boasting tliat he could [)lace G,000 men under hi« orders. " jii that case," exclaimed the L'-oneral cagerlv, "I shall march direct on ]\r(;xico." A rich treasure having at this time been somewhat uni'airly caj)tured at the hacienda of tlic marques tlel dara!,' active stei)s were taken to obtain clothing and armament and to organi/,e troops, ]\lina Ijeing invested Avitli the rank of mariscal de canqn) by the junta. -^ Soon, liowever, came disenchantment, lie found that oidy an insignilicant proportion of the promised men Avas sent, and these formed what he wc)ul(l call rabble rather than soldiers. Bravo and loyal, but utterly devoid of disci[iline and sustained determination, and olijecting to regidations and tactics ar^ irksome re- straint, the cavalry alone was Naluable, and only for ll\iu'"- raids. One denu)ralizing source wa.s the tril.)uto ■■'■' Ami fvdiu tlio insi'Tiiiii on lii.s dospatcln's df four fiiscoa iMiuln-iiij,' ;v pr|U;iro «it!i ■: lion in tlio ccntic. JJn^tauKinti'. Cikc/. IIUl., iv. .".Mi, 4il'_', anil Alainan, llt_*, point out tliis iuiliscni't talk and its sad rU'oct on tlu^ iusur;,'cnt-<. Col Xohoa a.s,().OIl;) in olliei' ellcet.'s. Alt]iou;;h this \va.s no doul)t e\am,'ei'ated, .Minas men m.'.y liave secured ]irivately sums heyond the .s|4l),()()l) from \\ hieh they also hhdied. yi'o/////.'.oy(, i. 'J(i!)-74. liustauianto regrets that Mina should have stooped to such rol)l)ery; lio should iit least have left ii ])roniiso fur later reitayment. Ciind. Hist. , i V. ;JSj. The arbitrary soizuro alarmed many Creoles and crcateil distrust, -' Young was made inspector of the Bajio troops; Xol)oa went witlx Torres to Fort lieniedios to organize; tlic administration was rcniodelleil, and •n certain amount of ]);iy was distrilmted. For .Miua"s nppuint:meut, see lac- simile letter in .b'ut'. Jhx, O'coj., ilulttiu, Op. -, iii. i;Jli. ^1 OB TACLLS EN'COUXTERED. GTl system subnilttoil to l)y the towns and favored hy .sj)c'culatinLi^ roiuniandrrs, wliieii induced the insurgent Lands to sacrillee their cause lor personal gain and con- venience.'-" Another was tiie libertv accorded them, jtartly i'roni necessity, of living at their homes, dress- ing as they pleased, and obeying the call to arms as th(\' listed, or even the loui-'inij' to turn hark, which often nianifesteil itself on the eve of threatening danger, wiien they were most needed, Idiis laxity was sustained by the practice among- tlie men to elect their otlicers, with I'are exception, who conseipieiitly were as a rule untrained as well as numerous and sub- ser\Ieid.'"' The leaders kept ouly a small bou}'-guard with \\ hicli to share the largo revenue di'awn from raids and tributes. Little of this reached tlie public coil'cr, as may be imagined, but it ])assed into individ- ual poclcets, and thence; u})ou show}' costtunes glitter- ing with gold and silver buttons, lace and ciiibroidery, and upon sup(,>rb horses richly caparisoned — incon- gruous enough as a wholi', and in striliing co!itrast to the general poverty, and particularly to th(.' absence of arms. Yet even v/itli such men Mina miglit have achieved something if Torres had proved sincere and the royalists had granted a little time. The defeat of Armihau had created a wholesome dread at the viceregal court. The leanings !ifit:ii;ialite', who wa.s ; t tho thiu- a pii-som.'!' at Uli'ia, tostil'us to tlii' nialtri'atiiK'iit if lliostj nu-'ii, and to iSiani.-ili l)ri.'uc!i of honor. ( r< r;/o, 1. St'u tuLUn,;,' ui L'. S. th. it, Xi/i s' A'';/., xiv i1m) in \i'\^ .llii'iin >!■ Ch'il- ;>.), XVI. -s. .■('.)U-7. Mici', who iiuuicil as uiiosto'.io jH'othouotai'v, wa.s v, hi.-kdl olt' to tho innuisition ci'lls at .Moxicn, lait .'^uHuivil no jrivat inji tl r.vi' V(jaiM hift lii.'cani ht.s I iiogiaiiliy. Mi ■ imt.V, (1 (liL'il ill 1" Ji. ill. 1' •upi ill ruuiidi-^ ij l)i< Col. Jh)'-., vi. s;i+- ,S.')(i (I,/.'', /;rs,ii,tiii //;.j(Ot to \ ioori'i^al a[iprovaI. .\rroiloiido id.unis, in (i"~. 'Ir J/i.c, IM7, \iii. 7I"> Ki, g;).', (i, iiiai, ;;(ii) faiiiili aUiiio. L'ou' r persons woru takon. 'i'his iiiohided tho v llustainanio maintains that .\n\ do must ha\'( liia-ors aU'l ; lost ;!.)() ill tlioir kiUod ('/•., OilX. Jit XX.WI. Sard ircl.i o-oapod Iroiu ( cuta ajid liccaiiio ii al uiidor I'lolivar. /'rislii('ifii,,u. |ii( ' » )n his ■S.'itIO; on theirs SIOO. \ot a vi-iy inunilioont ollbr. lie attaeki.il it with M') men durin;; tiie iiiu'ht of .iidv ■J7th, hut tin; I'ar- ri.son, just reoiitoix'od, i a 1 'ss of l(i;> il.t;: lined warniiiLC. d ho wa.s ohliu'ed t men, i iiieiatod those takiii liv his I iirludiiiL; Jl prisoners, who wtrcslmt. .\Iii o roll II' wuli la neVer'dll !o:'S /.' 7,; II. <1 i'in, and clouds sailed bv, oidv to tantalize the 1) - .sieged by bursting at a distance. Unable to ix'strain themselves, many staggered forth, regardless of booiii- ing camion and whistling bullets, to i)luck the succu- lent roots around, while women and children stole by night down the canon to tlu; brook, there to bo cap- tured by the sentinels."'' The suffering was so aggi'a- vateil by the stench of dead animals and other causes, ''The place took its iinmo from ii conic liill rc^cmlilin^' a liat, wliidi roso on the l,r)i)il-foot-loiig plateau of tlic proiiioiitoi'y. ^' ' Sliaiiijlecj,' says noliiuson, ii. IS; others say sliot. Duriii;^ pai-leyi liclil, Mina tolil the royalists that ho oaiiic ineroly io ri'storo the oiistituiioii of ISI'J. This was iieard Iiy his followers ami left a hail impression. T.iO sally took place earlj' on .\u;ust Sth. ■••'''I'he misery was attrihiitcil ])artly to Mina"s haste in orileriu',' a (iirly reservoir to he empt iu;l and ckuiicd, fur the ruins wore e.xpcuti;d. 7j (.>'«//(?(,, '■, Ciiud. JliM., iv. ;i'JS-l>. FATE OF COI,()\i;r. Y(JUX(J. 673 that ColclH'l Youii;;', imw in coiniiiaiKK (i|u'iic(l iic^'o- tiiilions. ])iit tlie terms (ttici'cfl In.'iii^' iiiicoiiililiniial Minvii(K'r, lie ju'oposed tluit tlicv slHUild eiit tlieir Avay tliroii^li. This was ojipost'd liy one or two ollieei'.s ill ;i manner so insultiiiL;' to liis .\meiiean pi'ide that lie sworc! to stay till the last.'"' lie in>]iircd iVi'sJi (h-- tei'mination anion;,;- the besi(,>ge(l, so mueh so that when the royalists made their second assault on llie I'ort.ou AuL;'ust loth, the women heartily joine*! in the tVay with stones and I'ollinn' howlders, and as.-^isted to re- pulse the assailants with hea\y loss."'' As N'ouii-^* ,ste[)[)ed forward to wateli the reli'ealin;^' I'oe, his huad was taken clean off bv a cannon-haU. J Le had ke'it his oath.'"* Lieutenant Bradhurn now took commanil, and I'e- solved tt) break thrc)UL>'li the lines. Tlie attempt was made cn\ the ni;.^'ht of the l!)lh. A disl re»iii'^' fare- well was said to the ill and wounded, wlu) with anguished looks and [)iteous aiijteals saw themselve.-i abandoned to relentless butchei'V. Sterdthily all w ho could walk pressed down tlic slo[)e and weii; already gaining tlie level ground, when some timid femalrs, who had unaccountably been allowed to precede Hk^ others, I'oused tlie attention of the enemy. A helli-^h .scone ensued. The royalists rushed like I'lood-Iioimds on tlieir victims, caring nothing wheth<'r their Ijullets struck women or their lances impaled children. The shrieks of the despairing mother, and the cries of the little ones whom she sought to shield, we'ie drowned in the tierce shouts of the coiiil>atanis. Jn their ■"' Aliic)ii;j; tliosf w'.io oliji'oted weir .Mdi-cmki, ;in^l ;iu lt:iliaii iianii'il Maurn; yet ttio fornuT had favored iiou'utiatioii'^. Sec also (louiiiiMiits in J)iii\ Ciir., ii. 4(;0. rioliinson, i. 'JSii, ii. I'.S-t, <'lKir.i,'es him with ^il■cl■^'till\' .siippliis lor iiiiiisclf and lujlilia.; out in onlcr to inaUu money liy low s))eiul.ition. lin.sta- niante, l!7.')— t, ]ii'ai.>cs him a>< one of the; f^'i'eatost ]iatriot.s, who saerilii'i'd hi.s ]iatiimony for tlie eau>c>, who jio-.su.-srd natui-al alahty, valor, an'l .L,'enero,-iry. Jli-i iKimu wan inseiibed among patriot licfoe.-! hy tlie nation, l.inau's repoi-t sliow.s that Moi'tno had pluuty of water stureil lor him.ielf in hi.s hoii.si'. (id-.. (/.,• .1/. .1-., 1SI7, viii. !I7.">. ^' Tiiey admitted about 200 in killed and ■wonndiMJ, A .sliuwer fell duriii^ the Ijaltlc. •'^Ifo had ben a linut-eol of the 'JOtli regiment of L'. S. infantry, and was yreatly admired for his noble i|ualitied. i 7(5 MIXA'S KXIM'DITIOX. jVi'ii/.y iiin;i1»( ]s cliiiiliL'd l);ick i!])(»i> llio rock only to I'all ;i li\ iii'4' pfty ; otlu'ix Liipcd into tlli^ i^ulcli to liiih; ill the uikIiiIu iisli, wliilc iiKiiiy ran lilindlv t liroii'_;li tlu' lines to ill" ].lilill, Nonll lo lie llUIltcd radl»ni'ii and Moreno. At dawn the I'oil- Vfss wa'- 'iiliii'd, after a sli^iit ri'sistanct,- iVoiii cronc!;- iiii;' l"nnili\ (s. "^riieii followed anollicr eainaL;'(>; and tliis time in cold Mood, To]' liinan iiinst lia\'e his turn ill the slau^htei'. Tlie male prisoners, o\'er two hun- dred in numher, wei'c brou^iit i'orth in batches and .-■hot, the sick Ix'ini;' supported and tho inaiuicd prop[)eil up to suit the marksmen.'''' Sixty miles south of Sumhrero, in the midst of tiie fertile plains of IV-njanm, rises a straLj'^liir^' ran-^e known as San (jirej^'oi'io, and neai' its centre a hrokcn circle (if peaks coveri'd with ha^-tiuus and l)i-eas{\voi'];s, and eiiclw-dn^' ;;n area a, 000 feet in circumiei'eiice, to which had heeli applied the name of Los Hemedios. This wa> the retreat of Toi'res, fcsrmiiiL;' one of the stroiii;'est fortresses in the countiy; lor it was pro- tected on nearly cM-vy side hy al>rupt ra\ines, leav- ing" only one easy approach, which had keen cuv- ( led l>y h<'a\"y works. ^Vithill. were inexiiaustiMe sprin'j;-s."' jt w;!s called the hulwaik of ^^exican indepelidelM-e. The (kdeiices had of late keen ini- j'l'oNed with the aid <>f M ina's otlicers, and an iinm^'iise t'U[)[>ly I'f oiM\ isidiis in "oiluci'd, suilicient to sustain "'•''iliL' woiiun ami cliiMroii wore sjiai'cil. TinprL'sscil soiiu'wliat l>y Mi la's exaiiijik', till' A iLMM'oy is.-iiicil (111 tliu "itUi iiu oiilur to sIuiDt uiily thu ieailfi-.t ;'liil iiivailor.^, fiiisi^niir^' tlic rest tci tlu' i>resi;lii) at Mfscala; liut it came t'lii lulu. IJuaii, tilH'3'iii,i; ].rc\ iiiu.s iu^ti'iuiii.iiis, wriiU': ' Los|iris[i)iiL'rii.s f;isilai!'>-i so^ini las onlfiius ilu \'. il.' '.Vr;. '/<' J/f.c, |sl7, viii. ilili). ])ilai!:5 in / /., !i(i7 7'>. iUistaiiiaiiti; assi'rts that tiio rnyaii^ts Idst dniiiig the assault on tlio l.")Ui alone 'A7t ciliu'iT.s and (>vi.r 4110 men. Cmnl. ll'ix'., iv. -Ill; M< ik/io'I, J.'isiiiihii lli-i!., 'XW 4:2; .S''"'. Mi.c. Unri., J!>/„ \ i. . ■}!'(!, 'J'orreiite leduees this liL^iuo to ;(rj killed, while jilai iii.t the killed reV(ilatioiiiit.s at (!l'.) li;itive« and TV forei-nci's. I/is/. I!n:. ii. :{>4.' '" llesides resei-voirs and an aeecs.sihlo lirook. On its highest point fo^e tliC' foit. 'I'epeyae, and at the other lower CNtreinity thu i'anzaeola, from which I'll n narrow ll.^^^aJJ:e. 'J he easy .■niproaeh, eove.od ky the works of Saat.i l.osalia, was to tiie iiLjIit (.f the ridj^'e couiieeLiiio' with Tepeyue. SIKCF. dl' i.()> KI'.MF.DIOS. c>:: for lliODtlls lidl (ilil\' llic !4;il'rlscai'i'(| ln'ruic t ln' placi' mi An'j'iisl :.!7tli.aiid (list ril)ut(.'d Iiis JMi'cc. now imuiln'riii'^' «i\(i' l. <)';'>. aiiuiM- t!u' (t|i[»()sit(' sidi'-; of till' ia\iiii's, and ci'tctid l^tt- tclics, oiic ujioii a peak, tlir iH'llaro, Inllniti) li ^aldrd as iiiaeiH.'ssiltlc, iVciu which he cDuld iallict no htll; daiiiayij oil the ,sin'[)iisrd L^arrison. A large iiody, I. . jr..,.. , f '.•-■••'v>'.^'"-^*w^a>^ ^fi V- .•Vf^-/. •■■•,■ r •..'^;i-'?Nv'r '' PLAtJ At,D '/\ZVJ F:rt [i2 L.J ?.m?.. MOUNT SAN GRFGCRr FoilT Dl-; I.liS Itl'.MF.DlDS. mahily of caA'alrv. was al-o in the iield to kfcp mjicil c'oninuuiicalions and di'iNc l»ael< iiisiir^'eiits. It had luH'n ai i'an'.;i'd that Mina slioidii, ".vith all the a\'ailal)l(' liors^'incn, harass the iH'sji'M'crs. and mt oli' su|)j)li('s hy )a\a'_;in!.;' the count ry aronnd and al- tackiiii;' the con\ oys. In accejitin^' this ia>k. lie al- lowed Torros, sinuiilaily enough, to ret.iin ino-.t of the survivinij niunihers ol' his own hand, who wouM ha\(; ■" 'I'lio supply fiuliracfil .'(D.Ol);) f:inc;.';is nf I'di-ii ;inil «lic;it, niiil li.OOO liead (if foDil animals; with i;iucli hiaU'i ial I'm- iiuikin;.; aniNiiUiitiini. l!iJiiii~ eon, ii. 14, 678 MINA'S EXrKIHTIOX. provL'd of inimciise v;iltu; lo drill and lend tli(> uiidis- (•i|)liiu'(l and capiicious field loriH". Less than lliix-i'- scoi'f now rrniaini'd of that doughty han(n'ul. As tho leader reilecteil on their sad I'ato, tears sprung,'' to his eves, and lor onee he yielded to the clamor I'or I'evenn'e hy shooting" a niuniter of jirisoners, althouj^h not over iorty in all.^" He soon regretted the act, however, and the more so as day atler dav reVL'ahd how little he eould count upon the lirnniess of his jiresent followt'rs, line dashing' lellows who attacked s|)lendi(lly, hut generally tui'iied hefore the first ivs- olute resistanci' with volleys or hayonets, Avhen one inimite mon; of sustained hravery might have over- (■oMie it and won the day. Thus the capture of San Luis de la Paz, in the l)eginning of Se[)teniber, took liini four days, when it could easily have been carried in one assault if the mcji had followed tho officers. The delay contributed to defeat the attacks next made u[)on San ]\[iguel el ( Jrande, and the hacienda oiii 'joo incii, to <''aiu a, (•••iiiparativc'lv i-asv xictorv in tlic opm licld at La ( ';ij;i ovit liis Koincwliat larL;'rr army, and to j;i'catly dissipate tlio awe inspired l»y liis lormci" UC-irU'Vl'MR'nts.'" L<.'avin,L? ordoi-s (or liis nicii to i-ciniitc at tlic sainc^ ]ila('(', Mina proceeded to conler witli tlie coiuieil of Jauiilla. TIk'V ulso ol)iec't('d to an attack on (Juana- juato, and reroninieiided that h(! should summon the remnant of his ori^'inal hand, and seek the south- v.estern disti'iets of 3Iic-hoaean, where he woujil ha\e li.'lli meansand leisure to orL^'anizi' troops for an cllee- ti\e eampai^'n. ^[ina insisted, however, that lie was liound to relie\e jjos l-Jeniedios. 1 [(> Went, hai'lc to ]^a ( "aja, and thence at the head of 1, 100 men marclie(l on (Juanajuato. So sudden and fall l)ack and throw the rest into disorder. ]\lina ilew i'rom street to street to rally them; but example, exhortation, and threats were alike in \ain. He i'ound himself surrounded bv military mol)s payiu"'' no attention to his orders. One or two tlank move- uients, supported by a determined sally, enabled the o'arrisou to (lri\e them from the town, 4."> ]b ad you ^'This battle took jiliii'o at the Iiacidula ilc la ("aja, three Ira-.'urs from Ira]n;ato, ou Oct. 1 Itli. Tlin iiuiiii i-anso for tlic defeat i.s asc'iilieil to an at- tack I'V ii royalist (Ictachiiient on tlic liacieinla. wliei'c tiic woiiieii who usually ciiciinii)cr Mexican aiiiii i;x!i;I);tiox. (luiir y-iw duly,"' »'\('l;iiiiii'(l tlic cxn.-iu ralcd i^ciicimI tn his ollicc'i's, " tlic i.n'ii wdiiKl lm\c dtdif theirs, ami (JUMPajliat:) would ha\c hrtli dill's." Ill' thtTrlllinli (Hsini-scd thi'ia with a i-iiisiiic lothi'jr icspcctivt' dis- ti'itts, (HI micii'illa »hity, and rod*.,- awav with ahoiit a liuii(h'('d ri)l!(>wrrs. JIc i('(|iiir('d ri'sl. and (•oii>ultati(tii licCorc dccichn'^' on i'iit,ui'i' nioxcnicnts, and w iUnh'cw to tlic raiicho (Kl A'c;ia(hlo, hi'lon^iiiL;' to a devoted i'e\oltitioiii-.t and iVieiid named Mariano I Ici'i'era."' I'ln'^ueis were he- lieved to he I'ar away, and so Mina I't once, al'tiii loii^' intei'N'ah ahandoned hiinseU" to ii'jiose within th • lioiise, instead oC staying' as usual with ids men. li, so hajipeiied that this vry day the wateliinl < )iiaiiti,i came hy aeeith'ilt to Sllao, twenty miles oil', secKiii;.^' lor traees ot" the n'eliefal, and tliel'e reeeiwd tln' d'- sii'ed information.'*' Tired as he was, Orrantia ])Uslied onwai'd dui'iii!4' the iiinht, and with the ur>t streaks oi' li^'ht on tlie inorninn- oTOetohei- 'IJili \iv rushed Uiion the lai'in. The startled sentries o-ave one shout o[' alarm and turned in lli^ht, and the rest hurried alU'!' tlu'iu as hest they could, many hcinn' overtaken an I killed, inchidiii<^' Aforeiio, lati'ly commandant of Som- brero.'' The noise roused ^Lina, who rushed out half dross The T Were oceUl oth. ()ir;i lar mot : A|»o( .Alin an a: )di Li.ia tioiis sufl' 1 ])|.)^it " I si than declii "'A liiiiii who li;i(l siir.LTiMl groiitly at royalUt liaiids fur liis caiisc, i;i r.iv- agi'il lamls, liiinicil liuiUliiigs, cxtortoil raiisoiiis, vU:. Ilr now livi'l in iHsiniiccl pDVi'ity (Jii lii.s laiicln). '' i'"rniii tliu (.'.lira, says lloliiu.soii, but vwv zeal"in in ixlialf of the ilutli. Bustaiiiaiito, t'ltdil. J/lfl., iv. ,"):i;>-4, I'Xiilaiiis that a lanuhoro iiaincMl L'iia^'oya gavi! llio iiit'(iiiii;itii)ii. ^'On'aiitia cslimiitcH tlic party at a rnund 'J(M), nf w'.iirh lu'arly hulf wcic killc'il, il.') liciii;^' (.Mptiiivcl ami .■^Imt. (iic. ilc M(.i\, 1SI7, viii. 1:211-1. Jlcv- i'(M-a was also takuii, Imt c.-icainil cxucatinii l)y feigning inailni,'ss, a ili'L'i;;)tii)ii luaintaincil till Ksl'I, wIr'm he joimil the> \ icioi-iou.s rt'puMii-ans. According to Jinliiuson, .Mina ln'ought only ahout 70 niun, jft they nii^li* havcniailua stand had tin'V (.'hosun. 'J'lic (•ai>tnr did nut I'ocogni/t' hi-< jiri.'.i! till he an- iiiiniK-cd himself. It is I'olatcil that (_)nantia sjioke insolently, calling Idni a tiaitoi', etc., and Mina leidying in no cohi|i!inientaiy tiTuis nliout the king, lie struck him with the tiat of his sword. ' It is sad to he a jirisoner, l.ut sad- der still to he in the iiands of (^ni' u ho fails to i-esp,!ct himself as ;i soldier an 1 a S[)aui.iM!,' said .Mina. Alaman, ///-/. .1/ /., v. ap. 102-li, afterward corrects this story at tlii^ re(|Ucst of Orrantia, who ll('\' li!;i- :ili(l otiiii' flrinoiistralioiis, in niaiiilrsljitioii i>i' dtli'^'Iit. ( )ri'aiil :a was rcwai'dt'd wllli a (■(iloiiclcy in tli" regu- lar ai'iiiy: tile caiitiir ii'ccivt'd iiHinry as well ;i> |iri>- liiDt iMii/'aiid ilic kiii,i;' ti'siilii'd liis dfli^lit l)ydlll)l)i^^• A|);'daiM fundi' del \'cna(llti>. al'trr tlu' |>l.icc wlici'i; .Miiia was caiitui'cd, a titi<' v. iiidi soon ln'raiiir to hini an !i:ii i\in''' nicloianic anion''' tin M (•Means. .Mina was conductfd in ti'iuin|>li to llir cani]* of iaan, v.lirrc llic olljcrrs cndcuvori'd 1)V llicir attm- 1 lions to coinhcnsalc; I'oi' till' indi^'iiitics he liad ■ suti'i'rd anion''' tlii'ni. b'or thcrr liad l)ccn th jiM>it Ion ol .sliac 'klrs. in alhision to whicji M ma lar inl- aid : i Inivldrr nioiv to oIisi'Iac >o l)arl)ari)us a i-aslo;.i t Iian to sa:iniit to it. W itli iiraisL'Woi'tliv si)iiil ho ik'cliiK'd to )nakt' anv revelations."' The v /I' ieeloV l'< urur ( Y'l'vanti's of Xiicvo Saiiti uidi r, rc.'i ivoi 1 th i\\M IHlilR'V ol)l,-iiiir(i a Lii'iiiTal liaii''!.' 1 1 I..; lailLie, mill a corporiucy 'I'll itlHT d'tiz. ill- Mix., is is, i:u. \iiil uavo aililitioual iinimlso to liis ri'i|iu-.t fur a el j;railtr( with <>■■ '1 Jlii-^faiiiftiitr, Ctiui/. Ili^l,, IV. 41." I'ur I liaiigi,', wiiirii Mas imt irst iii'w.s ( f t !•; raiitiiri'. •tf., SCO /., i . 445 (i insists, iiowever, that he has sut^n tlie a,utoL;rap!i lette il adds, that aeti le viei'i'ov for iiistriietioiis whether to spare Miuaornot. tl the olh ir4Upon it Lilian u rote to r ot aih lee valuele. and ordired ids exeeiitiou. M Ap. dei'lared ma eertaiiilv was lewhat disLfUsted with the revolutionists as he had fouiiil them, and Spani^ll ;.).), anioni' otiiei ^et lu'ido was sti'ciiig; so argiU's Ward, M<.c., i. know tli.it tlio authorities inado it a rule to issue declarations oxir tin' iiaiiio of aliiKist every prominent captive, many of vhichare admitted t" lpe(|oii)it- ful or spurious; and we have royalist lestiiiiony to the fact that Mina refused to make any revelations. A iiumher lican who seeks to 'arrel'atar de las nianos de su Soberano i Senor los doniinios,' etc., and 15az so receives him, Gullo Ilombrc.t Ilitxtrcn., iv. 'J' si-U'Jo; and Robinson never questions his motives. Yet IJustnmanto assumes him to be a Spaniard at heart, intent only on reestablishiu'.; tlio constitution of ISl'J, and is tlierefore glad that he failed. 'Yo teugo para mi (pie fue una cN'traordinaria provideneia del eiclo que no lograra su empresa.' L'nail. llixt., iv. 4."i."). Ward, Mcc, i. •J.')(j-7, sides rather with Jiu.-(tani;uitc. Americans would no doubt accept tlie enrolment of troops, mainly in the United States, as an argument that Mina aimed at a separate repnltlie. JIc In-ndy re- jected the tempting oiler to l)egin with freebooter schcnicH at Tensaeola. '"^ Despite his jirejudioes, IJustamantc accords glowing tribute to Mina, as rivalling Napoleon in glory Ahltim, \.',"!. Alaman, ///v^ J/(|/., i v. (ivJH, re- fers to this episode '.v.', the "i.ias brilhuitc' of the I'cvolution; 'as full of lustro as ariy of the same duration,' add-i I'l'.jir.sou, Mt:)ii. Mr.c. h\r., ii. I'JO-T. If Bome con• stv' ^holdon the night of January 1 , 1818, by tiie htlifult patliway ironi the Panzacola, but the least guarded and there- fore the only available exit. As at Sombrero, the men chivalrously encumbered themselves with the women and children, who woultl probably meet v.ith no worse fate than lenient imprisonment if they re- mained behind, l)ut the sick and wt)un(led were aljan- doned to the well known mercies of a ruthless foe. Unfortunately, the mistake had been made to stop the usual call of the sentinels, and this intended pre- caution served only to apprise the royalist, that iiight was intended. Hence, before half the garrisitii Jiad passed the gate the movement was discovered, ai^'l in a twinkli')L>', the si<>'nal beinuj uiven, beacons ')!.•>/.<(! 'i]) along the passes and hillto])s, illuminating i'je xholu route. And now were repeated the terrible sr- .\ . presented at Sombrero, of scattering fugitives seeking the dark rece.-^ses of the woods ami gidches; of a ])anii- stricken throng at the ravine pass, struggling in chilcr- cnt directions, some to escape the onslaught of the ^' The former curly ii\ Oct. ami ut close of Dec, against the Tigrc battery, wliicli had opened a lirpiich in the l)rca.st\v(n'kH of Santa llosali.i On the first (iciasion enptains Crocker and Kanisiy carried tlie hattcry v, - '; '.i.")() men, and destroyed it, tlie det'enderH l)elieving that Mina was v. c t'tiii. 'J'he second sally was only partially suceessl'nl, for tlie ).' came to add fresh zest. Toi'res e.s- ci\\)cd with only a handfu.l, his traek marked by bodies of the slain, which by this time had swollen to about ^)0{). Over 400 })risoners had been taken, besich-s as many women and a host of ehihh'en; but in this instance the e.\.am[)le set by ^[ina succeeded in exem[)ting at least tlu; rank and tile' Ironi the death awarded to tlie chiefs. They were consigned to ]).Iescala jnvsidio; the women were sent home, with lieads ignominiously ^h•lven, to nurse with the gr'owing locks a deep thirst for wii- goance. The bulwark of tiie inde})endence was ra;';etl. '•' knuvi Litul Aihoiil; tin; (.'xeuutcil (■.•ii)tivi 1 Col XdIidh mill l-ii>iit-'.;i'!i. Mufii.', 11 .'IS tliii ^'iiiinor, tniiu Ills |i:oililci;tiiiii tur uiiu U'li ly illcrv. JK'hail .•[itL'tl iianloii, liut u.is iiUTil liy .Miiiii'n taiiic tii join tlio o.uisc ;il AriMSi) WHS 1i:ivii!icli,'i1. Lifiiiii drives a list of l."i lTUiis takoi, ami soiiio iiiatu- ri.il lor aiiniiiiiiitioii, and iiiaiii's no allusion to llio si-iitini'l call. 'I'liC lm ill. p/MpLi- liail ilwmi Ik'il t^ ) alioii t l.U.l!) null. Dolails in (.'ir:. il<- .V. inisoii fsi.s, i\. ICd .Ml, Sue also jii'cufiliii^ parts for it'imrts on tlio j iroi'i'css <) f tl itc, //;.-'. /,'. I L ;!»;; I, \>\ tliu total royalist loss at 171 killi'd a;iil is to CON or it l)y pi garrison, and dwoliinixiii tin' strcn;.'tli of Los IJoiiu'dii iraisini,' tin; valoi- o 'I'lio lii'sit'L f t!h forci qipfars to have HwcUcd to fully 11,0 li) iiii'ii. liustaniantc, Ci/'ul. IHs'., i, ;")0J, states that '2'.) incii won.' sent to .NK'sim' Jt iliinson, ii. Kii (, who (|i UK'S that any aminunitioii was left, iiitimatcs that tliu woiiu'ii wtro ()iitra'.,'(.'d. A niliur of decorations and proniotious were giycii to the victors, with I's to a II th S>'C a Is;) AV ll'IO.il) I il II. 'I'lii' larliest and most conr.ilete a ISL'i) I. r ly an Aiiienraii liieiclian itot Mi , Oct. 1S17 to.lan. ISIH, jiassiui. t, WiUi^iin Davis iti t th na's expedition was issn'.'d i;i iimisim. I fe riislied in to )>;int nuiinly to vi'iitilatc his ill-feeliii'^' a'.'ainst the S|iaiiis!i ;.,'iiveriinient for liiiancial wron^js and iinprisoiiuient iullicted upon him. 'J'lio former e.iino ith A niei'ica sun o I7!)!», the lattc- from froiu iiiereantik; o]ieratioiis with S joiiiiii',,' in the eAi>edition to(loa»icoaleo in IS id, under Teran, to whom he sold 1.1 if arms. F his transaction lu^ was carried to Spain a. prisonei ill the spring of I Mi), v.liile under paiole, luit on heai'in:. that lie was ahoiit to he transported to the dtiii'^'eons pp., and in tiie following year it was reprinted at Loudon in two volumes, with a portrait of Mina. Three years later ap[)eared a Span- isli translation, somewliat faulty, and with suppression of many facts a i dis- agreeable and needless. ]5ustam;inte makes it a task to combat and correct many of Roljinson's statements, while praising his al)ility anith a few currectious, ami still closer liy Arrangoiz, M-OS, M"iio nevertheless adds a point or two. The article iu l>lrc. Univ., v. 3S1-40.'), is by Alaman. Liceaga. Adic. .'/ llcrtijic., •27.")-;'>07, contributes a personal stury of the raid on (luanajnato. On Itobinson rest mainly the accounts in Wnril'-i .V,:r., i. •j;!,",-,-.<); Yoini.f.-^ Jlisf. .1/r.r., l-JO-O'.); Kmnoli/'-i 7' .m.<, •J!)l-30l), ro- hiiiug mainly to tlii^ stay at (laheston; Gni/ort/'s Hid. 2[<.r,-\'2, etc.; M-7. In Zanda, Ucv. Mc.c.\ GS-73; l!vvi.(!, compares Mina to Raousset JJoulbou, of later Souora fame. In Oullo, Hondire-t Itn.-itn:-), iv. '2S3-'d.'>, is a eulogy on Mina; (J.'a.nirr'a // Ferrari, (.'ondc dil Vcnadito, 1-lGO, is mainly dcvotcil to him. and his story has been specially elaborated for youths in Mina, IJioij., Paris, bs7-', 1-17"). l'"or additional authorities on this and four prccediiiij chapters, seo Cnrtci, Diario, ISl.'i, xviii. 433; 1S13, xxi. ITd; 1820, ix. lo; 1821, ii. 2; 1821, xiii. lo; Ci'irivH, J)i(irio Conijrr.-io, i. 10."); Cortrti, Act. Ord., 1S14, i. 4."i3, 4.")7, 4'J3-4, 4S9-1K); ii. 1 1, 10, 2t', !).">, IGO, 187. 2110, 202, 331, .34."), 3-1;), ;r.3; C'fu- hiiio, MS., iv. 34, 38; On-., d.- Met:, 1S13, iv. SG.")-!», %l-3, 1082-4, 10S8, ]01K)-1, 10!i;)-l lO'?, I,3."i0-1 ; 1814, v. passim; 1815, vi. passim; ISIG, vii. passim; 1817, viii. passim; 1818, ix. 5!M34, 134, 257-Gl; JI< rnni'd.c. y Ddrnlas, Col. Hoc, i. 777-814, v. 45-01, 1215-30, 1(57-75, 238-5:). 27.3-83, 2;i2-335, ;'.7.")-(513, G.-iO, (5(52-775, 810, DIS, vi. 20-100, 215-74, 31.3-414, 4G0-5I4, 529-SG2, 02.".- 48, 1012-40; Alaman, HiM. M-(i, ii. 87-110, l6()-'2()4, 'J7;{-!)4, 'M^, .'iT-J !),'!; Mni'Ubil, /,'r., 'J.l-d, L';)-;!!), ll.VK); J:olj;„so,rs M<.,: J;,r., i. Gt), no 17, 140-:VJ0, ii. .'>-:-2, 77-!)-', !)li-l-.U, mi-O, l.-M ()L'; Wdpi:., J/,..r,, i. 17;!~4, ISS, l'Jl--2, ID!), liOo T. •J|-_'-14, •JI7, '220, 222-r,, •J:M-(;1, Jipp. r)0'J--'.j; Xinn'tc, Uhscrr. Curia. 10; Xilr^' S. Am. and M(X., 1 14-."),">; yHii' lie;/., v. 43(i, viiii. 4;i(!, ix. pussiin, x. 'JS(>, :iS(i, 41.")- 1(), xi. iKis^im, xii. ](as.>iin, xiii. jias.siiii, xiv. jiiissiiii, xvi. ■J;)7, •iOli, xi\. ',i'M~ 7; Xi>/ir/(i,l)-(j(i; Ariz/ic, Idea (iiii., 4-\0; Arr'dkiija, June, 18;}0, 50-04, '2'M-2; Allitu, Feb. 4, IS;!0, KSr)-(i; liar.cra. nijiii J^diicra. j)iiH>iiii: lidi. Aiiur., 400-10; Ikllr M< i. 82-8, 110-18, i:.0-01, :{41- niu iJi'-Tiirsi Vie., 0; /!oiiiiiims;li'.'< Spin. Am., 47-i), 5.5-0, ()_';(, SA-\')S; Cfii/iioinlh'.-t Max., 1'2-14; Condi r'.i Jftx. and ditaf., llo, 117, 1-4 (i; liomiiKxh', lll^t. Mix., ii. il-.W; Bii^lamaidf, Mmrh- Murrlo-=, MS., 1-4; J)iario Ikh., 10 Cong, ii. "ir.O-;!; Jh'riiilio, lidvr. J/cx-., .'id pt, 470- O;!; Diihlnn >i /.ir.rnio, Loj. J/cr., i. 4-J7-S, 4:!3-.">l ; Jji^po.^. Vnr., ii. 18-|;», ;|,"); L'M. M'lij. (drill. Kj, !•., !-'_'; E'Cidi'ra II Liana, Mo<- !l-'-14. 100; li'arlinp, 07-1;. 40; FoK.tiij, I.I' Miy'iip, ")02- IIUI. Mr Ell rnit Me 1-4; Hud',, Hoinh. lln !)7 •JJl- (,'ri'l(ii\i/\i lli^l. Mi'.r., 4ll-l!; (t'onxaliz, Ili4. Aaimsral,^ S'i-r-i; //((•.■,<(/, Mix: vnd (I'liat., l; I'mhidr, 11 t'.snda^ en Mc 4: 111, Mr ii. ;{s8-'.ll, iv. -Ji: hisrilo, l-lO; .ln/isro, Xiili J9. 7--'; A' '///'.,• 7V !)l-,'iOO; A'l r'.-i 7'rari li, '200~'JS; KoUmilanip, Uiitddiai'iin'rjb dKbimpf, 177, S.iO-0; i.anriisirr duncK, Or. Cir., o; Lrdo, Alocn 1-8; /.. Mix., 4-'4-,1 J/(.«;., /A '.?v7o Mi M.S., .v.); ilA iiipricrr rrl CoiLflil., 1814, l-OS; JA'.-'., Z>'o.sry ijiro, JiOsqiK /o Iji'jrr. Xd'r HI JO . COi /., oS; Mix. Cut. ])i y Ord., H(l; Sor.. Mor. Cwj. Bohl., 2'^ ('■p., iii. 144A-(iO; M,x., El I'ini/ d,- \. E-, 41-lL*7; ; I'liin, Aritni/a Cir., 2\-\\; Pidr V 1'^ r. Mr El < v '., IV. d,j dii JJiKrnr>'0 Kolirr I't, drurton, 8; Mrndi: dud. Carta Ed i lie; '1\ n. k'seinjano a hi nib., 70.J-1S; /', V r., Ixvi. pt ii. Clnmliini, Car'n Eiidrrai, 1-40; Vindirac. E-^rrilrirm, -'-O; Ex/io^i-. 'II, Cvrlr.i, 8; Jliri/o.ifi if Jordan, Citrhi I'a.ilorad, l-'JO; Pi.arrn, /!' ili xiom .i, 1-11 Apnnlr.i jiara Hid., 4-8; I'ap. Var., clviii. pt Ivi. ; ilaticrrvz. Due, ,"i-l 1; Prdr iioii. Caui i; 170-88; I' ; Qnart. I y lido ( 'oMiiio, Hi p Di OrOif., i. :i-40, iii. Oll.-)-74, ii nnr, xvil. ■•.4S-.-.:(; Id. 'It., \2-\r,, 18--J1), 'jn-:;!; roiyn 177-9; I,'. Mrx., 184.', 1.' Ciria Pad.: y,V c. Sp. Ai il 4-2; liiiL-i^la dcnl. Lit. Mrj., ii. i:,0- 7>); Ii'orlcirili'ii Span, ai il Mix. Li ;0S-404; ,S'r(,(. Salrab iii. i:i!i-7, 145-0, l.")l, 1J7-S, li) ur, i^n-crip. VI. .pis'". Mr P' rod. Ml- 214- ■-',".0-40; Snarc'^ y Xararro, lli-^t. Mi.j., (i; Tim ■1,1 \\iio<; \'i;piean.i'. Sour, ,1/c.r. , 4.'{0; }'< 'ip"i)ii .< iini/'.i Ili-'t. Mix., 1U8-10, 114-17, 120-07; Po^a (L. dc. li), Discnr.io. l.-.-lf), ;!1 ; A7 Libi: los lliijii.i Eirrilnr, -I, 07-f^; Milbr, Prjlrxi 1-8; 1' '/. Ili' ni'iroi X. E l.'i7~S, ;C.2-4, 401-2; Mayirr\i Mrx. A:t., i. 20l-;!00: Intrrt'. Pril. (i >'-t. voj. Mi- il, 214-0; J/ •njo M- il.i -11; .\liiiirr'.i ;;.;4, ;u;j-os. / CIIAPTEK XXIX. PLAN' Ul' 1(;UALA. ]SI7-ls_'l. ' CvPTfiiF. OF TN>trnnENT ClIIF,^"s— Foiit of JAr.nr-i.A — Di>;rKr.sio\- of tiif ■Irsrv I'ardmn A'cr.i'rr.D uv XrMKitoi.s Lkahkus — A l'i,i('v;i;uiNi: LiiWiT -Ai !Ai!;s IN Stain — 'I'liK Stanisii CiiNSTiTriiuN I'linci. mmi;:) IN Mr.xic.i IJ.KcTKiN oi' Ukittik-; — TiiorunTs m- Indkti'.nuknck — rnitiiiiii-: liKAi'i'KAUs— DivKKsiTV iiK Political Oimmuns — I'L'its to ()VLKTIll;ii\V MIL { 'liN'-TlTriKiN - IlT K :'.! 1 M: IN CoM.MANli -\Vr.LL-I)lS- {;ri.-.i.i) J)i;.si(;Ns -OvKiiTiUKS tu ( ;ri-,i;ui;i;o "-IniiKj'K.ndk.nci: Pko- CLAiMEu — TiiK Plan oi Icji'ala — Measckls of tmk Viokrov. Sov>N after the iinfoi'tuiiate ^liiia liatl met liis doatli ill iVoiit oi' J^os iteiiu'dios, another cHsaster was .sus- taiiietl hv the I'cvoliitionists at the famous hill of {)] II ii'i ». e repair Hravo hatl r('(>;('upi(.';l tliai stroiiL^iioM, an;l till! (h'ti'iicfs, had hojird to maintain his position. At first his uiioi'ts wcro sueeL'ssful, and two Igiiacio I scNci'e assaults, coiKhlftiul ]vsjn'cti\"('ly hy coloiie 31 ora aiu I d ( )SC ] larrauas, were reimlsei I witl loss t:) IIk' I'ovalists. Coloiud Mar(|ue;', _v I )onal!o was then x'lit (roin ]\rL'\ico with an overwhclmiiiu;- lorci', accompanied hv Itamon ]Ja\'on, whose tlioroU'>'h I cnowle( ;e o r the Lii'tiuiid Would be of ''I'l'at service t;) till' ht'sieu'er: ^r hlace was now c losel y in\-('poro, unl)roken in s[)irit by suffering or disastei', gathered what force he could and attempted a rescm* His elfort was unavailing, however, and Cueva ami Salazar, having beaten him off, pushed forward witli all speed to Patambo, where they sui'prised and cap- tured llayon and his family on the night of the I uh of ]3cceml)er. Bravo was, however, still intent on rescuiu'i' tlu; iirisoners, and havinLi' collected about :5()0 men, would probably have succeeded had not Colonel Armijo, the royalist commander in the south, being instructed to aid Cueva and Salazar, arrived with a 'Report of Marqucz, in Gm. lv to hhnsi If, did not kci'p faitli witli tlio roy- alists, and was of no groat service to thcni. Hist. Mex., Vol. IV. U -..i a k >> * m t 690 PL AX OF IGUALA. I strong rcuiiForc'cniont. Joined by Guorroro, Bravo unsuccessfully eiuleavorod to oppose Arniijo's advance, and exhausted by sufferin;^', retired to a secluded I'ancho in the sierra, there to attend t(j his grievous bodily injuries. But Ids ill-luck pursued hin». Ar- niijo, havinj^ discovered the [)lacG of his retreat from a prisoner whom he ca[)turod a few days afterward, suddenly surrounded the place on the 22d; and liravo. Padre Talavcra, Colonel A^azquez, and some others fell into his power." The prisoners were conducted to Cuernavaca. The lives of the ecclesiastics were not in immediate dan- ger, as formal proceedings were ordered to be insti- tuted against them; but Dravoand the other captives were sunmiarily condenmed by the viceroy to be put to death pursuant to the edicts of Vcncgas and Calleja.^ Arniijo's son, however, hastened to Mexico with a petition, signed by his father and brother officers, that Bravo's life might bo spared; and Apodaca, inclined to mercy, and considering the revolution virtually ended, revoked the death sentence, and issued another order connnanding the secular prisoners also to be i)ut on their trial. As the viceroy placed the reprieve in Arniijo's hands, he told him tliat Bravo's life now de- pended on his speed, and at Ijreakneck pace, i-egard- less of self or horse, Armijo sped on his return. lie arrived at Cuernavaca only just in time to stop the execution. In the proceedings which, followed, every effort was made to spare the lives of the prisoners; and though Bayon was condemned to death on July 2, 1818, Apodaca suspended the execution of the sen- tence by decree of September 30th, in the hope that some loop-hole of escape might be found. When a general pardon was ]3roclaimed on the occasion of the king's marriage with a princess of Saxony, the viceroy was not slow to avail himself of it. xVccordingly, in ^Arniijo's reports in Gaz. d<- Mcx., 1818, ix. 49, 217-23; Dmtamante, Ciiad, Hist, V. 7-8. 3 Tlio order is produced in the proceedings of Rayou's trial, Ilemaiid'- ij DdvcUon, Cot. Doc, vi. 931-1074. ki:lease of nuAvo. 091 April, 1820, furtlu'i- prncoc diiio-s aoaiiist tlie prisoinu's More stayed; and when during the .same year the S[)anis]i constitution was restored and the king decreed the rele'ase of all political prisoni'rs, Apodaca, in f^j)ito of (loul)ts raised as to the ap])lication of the edict to persons on ti-ial in ^Fexico, liherated on his own re- sponsibility all such cajjiives hy order of October 1 'Mh.* Ih'avo on his release was treated with much consider- ation by the viceroy, who restored his estate to him. lie retired to Iziicar, where ho lived in seclusion, while liavon and Verdusco went respectively to Tacubaya and Zaniora, After the fall of Coporo the viceregal government diiected its attention to the destruction of the junta de Juujilla, with the object of l>lotting out the ollicial existence of the revolution. This junta now consisted of Igntc.io Ayala, Doctor San ]\[artin, a canon of Oajaca, and Antonio Cumplido,'' The fort to which they had withdrawn was situated on an isolated rock in tlie lake of Zacapo, the only access to it being by means of a narrow neck connecting it with the main land. They had also rendered their position still more unassailable by diverting the current of a neigh- boring river, and thereby flooding the country adja- cent to the lake. Aguirrc was accordingly onh'red to proceed from Valladolid and reduce this stronghold. On the '20ih of December, 1817, he appeared before it; and though his ofl'er of pardon to the authorities and *Xo scntcnco was rofordeil arrainst .-xiiy other prisoner than Rayon. They had lieeii rcuiovod from (Jucrnavafa to ' 'xico. IJravo wa.s Lonlined lor nuarly three years heavily ironed, and !)()re Jii.s (•apti\ ity with (liL'uilii'il res- ignation, lie was IVequcntly visitcil by tlie viceroy, vviio oxpresseil Ida adini- ratiou at Ids noble demeanor, by aayiny that he seemed likea detlimned nioii- nreli. Bravo eniphjyed a jiortion of Ins time in making eigar-cases, l)y the sale of whieh he procui'ed tlio Inxuries of a little tobacco and ehocolato. Ala- Man, Hist. Ml J., iv. Ot)7-8. Fuller partieuhirs of the tiials will be found in /(/., iv. 004-7; Xotieiono Oi'ii., ISH), JSIarch to July, passim, Doe. 1.'), ISilO, Jan. *2Ist, and April 5th; Giiz. dc Mex., 1820, -xi. 88;{; Diayoxk. Vnr., ii. 4.'i; Curl,->f Art. Pub., i. IS'20, July 11th, 10th, Aug. 2Uh; UuMamunte, i'mul. Jli'eratioii.s w'vvv vigorously carried on," the position of the 1k.- sit^ged heconiing daily more des[)erate. An uttenij)t made by Father Torres to relieve the garriscni failed; sallies made from the beleaguered fort were equally Vjx-, '~:W ;:i],-.4!g^5j,. -•,.... *-^'\ \ "^ .. . .;. M-^s-- Voiiv Jacjilla. unsuccessful, and on March (Uh the defenders capitu- lated on the condition that their lives should bo spared.' * A detailed account of the siege is given in Agiiirrc's report of Miirc'i 7, 1818, ill ((j-0; /(/,, tS:i/ii. to C'((."(», 7'/'c's iSi.iintanar's report to Cruz in O'er., dc Mi\r., KSlS, ix. 4\\) '2'.); Torrdifc, iirv. ' LiiKii/a, Adic. 1/ ,11 ' A, 471--; J>aif(i)iiuiifi',<'ii(i'/. ///•-.'., iv '>07 S;anii Jtrdiji,:, :n;!-10. Mr, Ton- ■III,' IIUi„ lie Id Iiir:j/li I'-jKlll,) Ai .Mail. IS.'IO; "J vol. 8vo, 1st, llli and -117 ])p.; -d, 'u'l pp. Thi.i autnur had written before a work entitled (\ iij'ji;,Jii C ii,i'( r.-iii I. In the introili part of his history he gives important niininir, agricuUur.il, connueicial :ry uid Ot-lier statistical data, toi'ethcr witii a 1 on^ essay on the .state ot sucietv in Spain. The main portion of the work u'wvn in chrijnological order th lead- ing events tif the Sj)anish colonies in A merica rom 1S07 to ISli). The his- torical facts are mostly taken from .Spanish oliicial re[)oris, tiiougli for tl Ulnst pal t deiUKletl of tlio sea .OILS exaggerations ap[)eanng in those re- ports; they appear in concise '."'"■ \ hx gtod ordt.'r, and in soiiiewliat elegant language. But the bitter expi.-,i.;is ami marked partiality of the autir^r for .Spanish domination ri^nder his statements suspicious. He is a streniin'.is del'eiuler of the .Spanish king's divine riglit to rule both iii l-^uropeand Anur- ica, the interests and riglits of c-'iamunities I King igiiorci 1. .\. his "loctrine, the people who were lighting in America for their iiulrpendi coi-iiiii:: to eiicc were rcljcls, iiigrate.! iRt mtamous: iiu k'C'l, his vocaliul.uy hardly h d epithets suihciently strong to ajiply to them. However, in tin; midst of all this, lie throws light upon many dark points that might have remained so forever. 'On:. ,h' Mvx., KSIS, ix.G:!.")-G; MnwUhlh Jt^mi irist.'M\--{). I'.i-'ola was a resident of Salvatierra in (Jnanajuato, of which town he liad been a icgidor. Uerineo v.as formerly a notary of .Sultepcc, and secretary of thu co;i^i CSS before its dissolution at Tehuacan. Li,;;,;/',, .Ulir, ij J,',rt;/ic., .'!1.'). '" Arago was a Frenijhman who had accompanied .Mina, and was said to be a brother of the celebrated astronomer ol tliuc name. /'(/., 'So'J. C04 TLAX OF KITALA. i! fiisliij^ ()1)0(lienco to the junta cstahlislied at iruL'taiiio. lu; was at last (Icscrti'd Ity most of liis followers, ainl soiiL^lit reCu^e alike iVctiu the royalists and revolution- ists in the sierra of (hianajuato, where one Zannua j)ut an end to his hrutal life hy thrusting- his lanci; throu'di hiin.'^ Jose ^Mari'a de LiceaL'a, i'ornier luem- her of the junta de Zitaeuaro, was also umrdercd at the latter end ol' this year.'^ Zaeatula, whither the royalist arms had never yet ])enrtrated, was taken hy Arinijo in ^May, and ^loii- tesdeoea and P. Galeana were driven in tliu'lit I'rom tlu; district. Cuyusquihuy, the last rebel stronghold iii the ] [uasteca, was captured \)y Colonel ]^uvian in Se[)- teniber, and the plains of A[)am were pacitled. Durliin' this and the two Ibllowini^ years, in the encounters Vvhicli were numeror md only t)f minor iin[)ortant'e, the royalist ai'uis ah everywhere ])revailed. Brail- burn was deleated ai Chucandiro;'"' Nicholson and Yurtis Avere ca[)tured by Ixirragan at Puruaran, and shot;" the Pachones were ceaselessly ])ursued, and tiually accepted the pardon; Parrabas hill, which had been lortiHed by Guerrero, was taken, and that chiil' driven across the ]\Iescala into Michoacan, where he sustained a serious defeat at the Aguazan^a, at the hands of liuiz;'^ and the harassed insurgents, driven "Ho liad won at the hneienila of Tultitan 1 .'230 pesos from Zamora at cards, and having icccivoil from the hitter a f.ivorito horse as pledge for t ho pay- ment, refused to sni. wilder it next day when Zamora produeed the niuney. Zanidra was instantly slain by a brother of Torres and others who were on the road with him. Alamaii, I J int. MrJ., iv. US8-9. '- After narrowly escaping eapturc with Mina at Venadito, lie retired to the haei( ntla La Luja near Ouaimjuato and belonging to his family. Depre- dations ha\ing been committed by Miguel Borja on a neighboring estate also lielonging to the f miily, Lieeaga proceeded thither to call him to account. ]5orja in alarm caused him to be intercepted by one Juau llios, a known ml'- bcr, who, on his attempting to escape, ordered his men to lire upon him. I.i- an'ja, Adii-. y Heclijic, Iil7-lt). The author states that there are discrepan- cies in the accounts he received of the alTair. '■■Aguirre's report in O'az. de MiX., ISIS, ix. 0154-5. Bradburn juincl (luerrero some time afterward, lie obtained his pardon on the arrival ul' Itarbide on the scene, who made him his aide-de-camp. Liciuju, Adk. i/ K(C- tijic, o'J7. "June 10, 1818. Nicholson was converted to Catholicism two days before his death. Gaz. de ^I(x:, 1818. ix. 104-2-5. '-•Ou the nth of Nov. 181II. Chivilini vnd Urbizu were taken and oxeciit( d. See Ruiz's report in Ouz. d<: iUt.i',, ISID, x. 1-11-lli, 1209-7o, in which ho VICTORIA A FUCITIVi:. 893 from [flacM! to pl;u'(>, sou^'lit llic l)(ji:i>!lt of lln> jiai'don in }4'roat mnnlnTs, anions; wlioiu were llaiusey, tlu! Iiravo (lefonder of Fort Jios KeiiUMlios, Torcuro, cx-iiicm- l)or of* the junta, I'ablo Anaya, fatlicrs Navanvto and Carhajal, lliicrta, Boija, Arago, Erdozain,'*^ and otlier leadi'rs. Ani<)ii<; tliu few insurufent.s who scorned to aslc f »r royal cleinenc^y was (jluadalu[)e A'ietoria, wliom the •government vaiidy endeavored to ea[)tiire. A reward liaving been oifered for his arrest, lie lied to th(> re- cesses of the woods and mountains, and thoUL;li eliased for six months like a wild beast, he alwavs sueeeecU-d in baHliii'^ his pursuers. For mori? than thirty months, without a companion, he lived in tlie fastnesses ot the mountains, undergoin-L^ incredible sull'erlngs IVoni hunger and exposure, ])urini^ this j)eriod he never .saw a human being; his clothes were torn to shreds and reduced to a single cotton wrapper, and frequently for I'our and live days at a time no food jiassed hi.-» mouth. Uut with indomitable will he endured to the end.'" By 1820 the paciiication of nearly the wlujle of New S[)ain had been consummated, and the revo- lution was coniined to the narrow limits of the cerro de la (loleta, where Pedro Asceiisio still held out, and a [)ortion of the district on the banks of the ^Meseala, to which Guerrero had retired after his defeat at the Airuazarca. s;iy3 tliat of CTiierrcro's COO men, 400 were killed, and tlic other 200 flc^d (lay and night withoiit )'<\st ov food till thuy wore l)cyi)nd tho l)iasi!;ii-, v.Iierc the pursuit could iiu longer ))e continued. 'Jurnnlc, lUcvl. ll'isp. A.n., ii. i").')"!; J'lnz, Di'-r. (,'' (»:■ icuala. Thus after ciglit yuai'-; of a dosolating war, flic coun- try, raised I'rom ruin, was Ix.-i^i lining to taste tlie pleas- ures of peace. The revohition in its fh'st period liad terminated. The etlorts of Hidalgo, ^[orclos, IJravo, and others had apparently been in vain; the saeriHcts of blood and treasure, the heroic sufferings, the great examples of pure and exalted character and high courage, the prowess of men like Victoria, ^[ata- nioros, Trujano, f jJaleana, !Mina, and hundreds of others had availed nauglit; the noble spirit sliown in the defence of Cuautla, Izi'icar, Huajuai)an, Coporo, Som- brero, Los Ivenicdios, aud other places had been bar- ren of Ijenefit to the cause. And this result was due mainly to the absence of union among a numbvjr of the [)rominent chiefs; to rivalries and jealousies on the part t)f others; and, generally y[)eaking, to tho lack of discij)line shown by so many leaders, who, in- stead of lending a joint cooperation under a cential authority that might have been made veiy useful, had become a scourge to the country by their dep- redations and crimes. The Indian masses had become uncontrollable and dangerous to the n^spectable \)uv- tion of society; this drove many to seek the viceregal ])rotection, aud restrained for a time the general desire i'or indejjeudence which had pervaded even the royal- ist ranks. This will be made evident l)y coming events. The revolutioii iiov/ had but one faint YvAit buimiur mountains in the f.ir away in a rouijh conier of the south, kept alive by the indomitable patriot, Vicente Guerr.'ro. It was a '^iying ilame, apparently, that neither caused the government fear nt)r ins[)ired hope in the ])atriot heart; yet (luerrero would not let it die; he hoped and ])rayed and labored that the day might come when new men and new leaders would rally round the banner of liberty. I]ut after the old way there was to be no such happy consunnnation. All the same it was to be, however, but as the work of dill'erent men and unexpected combinations, as the AFFAIRS IN SPAIX. GOT ofTcct of uiildokod-ror cansos. TiKlcpondcnco Avas to l>e lu'duj^lit al)()ut l)y a cluvn^'o of" front v\' tlu' aniiy, directed l)y a liiorarcliy/"^ ai'd under the leader.sliip of a late enemy to the cause. B(>forc continuino' the narrative of affairs in Xe\v Si);iin, let us glance once more at doings in the niotlu;r country, inasnuich as thov had a direct connection Avith the events leading to the final se[)araLion of jNlexico. A triumphant uiilitary revolt restored, early in ]March I S"JO, the constitution of 18f2, and compelled the king on the night of the 7th to accept it, und to ])l('dgo himself to its su[)port. 'j'he oath \v;is wi'ung from the I'eluctant Fernando on the Dth l)y the ayun- tamiento of Madrid, hacked hy the peojili-;''' al'ttr which he appointed, as was also re(piii'ed of liim, a "junta })rovisional consultiva," ])resided over hy Car- dinal Jjuis de JjorJjon, ai'chbisho[> of Toledo, and gen- erally composed of men who used moderately the al'solute powers placed in their hands. "•^'^ Early in April, 18-0, the first news of the revolu- tionary movements in 8[)ain reai-hed ]Me.\ico, aixl, Avhen continued, caused nuich excitement among tlu; SjKiniards, some hailing the change enthusiastically, while othei's de[)recated it. Among th<.' latter were the U[)[>er clei'gy, wlio feai'ed that the liberals woull ])usji on the refoi'ms to their prejudice, and therefore awaite'tl with anxit'ty tlu; installation of the c(')rtes. T\\c friends of independence, on the contrary, wcmv hopeful that the new oi'der of l!ongs would allbrd them means to attain some of their desires, such as a "*'riio iiii('!!*;\o <>f tlu; iijipcr rlcr^jy was tlioii" hiitrod of llio Si)iiiii>li cdii- Ptitutiiin. AI.'iiiiuH, llitt. Mij., iv. 7--'>. '"•'I'lio voyiil onler f(Ji' tlio iii'DiiiulL'atlnn of t\w cnnstitutioii in :ill tlic Sp;ni- isli (loiniiiiiiiis is yivoii in CIt.. iIc -l/i.c. , IS'JO, xi. (171 -. ^"'I'lio iiii'ii tliiit liu'iirfil ill ISl'J, aiKi sullrriMl in I SI 1 fur tlicir lilicral I'liu- ciiilus, nou I'laiuK'd tluii' irwnnl in tlu' f'liMi nf liiuh iiliiw. I'lio Mcxicin driiutics, says .Manian, diil imt nfijlcrt tlu'niHclvcs; lifni'c .Inannin Maniau siMirtd for liiniM'lf tlit^ ])iisi*.inn uf chief of the toliaci') liui'ciui in M' xii'.i; LluM', Coutn, (ia.stafiota, and Itauids Ari/.i o olHainud (.•annurii-.s in New S^uiia. llisi. M,j., V. 11- la. PLAN OF IGUALA. free press, popular elections, and constitutional aynn- taniientos. At first the viceroy resolved to make no alteration till lie received orders (Voni the court, witli- holdinQ rousfaMisb- mcnt of freedom of tlic pi-ess was [>ubrHho(l, and the junta do censura was constituted, tlio same persons mIk) were appointed in 1813 beimj^ elected;** tlie aoor- dada, incjuisition, and other privilcL'X'd jurisdictions were su[)[)ressed, the administration of justice being established in ac(.'ordance with the decree of the cortes of that year; and the cor[)orations and authorities pro- scribed by the constitution were op'-anized as soon as possible. The election of menibei's to form the con- stitutional ayuntamiento of the capital took effect on the 18th of June, a few S|)aniards being chosen.'" On the 18th of September the election of de[)uties to the ordinary session fir 1820-21, of the national congress, and to th(^ di[)utacion provincial'-" took place v\ii.h no little disord('r, but with less enthusiasm tliau tliat sIk^vu in the i'oriner constitutional epoch. The choice fell almost exclusively on ecclesiastics and law- yei's, with a s]))'inklingof soldiers, merchants, and nu.'U ol' no [)articular calling, among whom were three na- tives of S[)ain, namely, (^olonel ^latias !^^artin y Aguirre, comandaute of ]\Iichoacan, chosen Ibr Sau Luis l\)tosi', Tom:is ^Furphy, and Andres del liio f )r I\Lexico.'^^ These de[)utit's ai'i'ived at ^dadrid after the second session of the cortes had ()cgun. -'' The arolibisliop junl his chupU'r (in Juno Ist, Mini Inter, from . .^^.(■., KSL>!t, xi. .j-17, .'lo.i-o, (i77-S; A'(i/('7'ci.so I!', I., 1S21, Feb^ 1(!; Art Cniz, \ii. .TIS. -' Tlie junta fonsulliva nf Madiiil on the IDth of Mareh, ami Ajioilaea iu Lis cdiet of .June lOth, Uf.^rnlly I'eeonunend writers to u-^i: tiie lilieil y 'ii'antcd v.ilii moderation, in eiiliuiitening the govorinneiit anS .souls; at tlie rate of one de|iilly fot every 7 *,(li)J, there wore awarded to said district 41 deiiutics. (I'lc:, dc .l/ii., ISllt), xi. (i.iii-S. •' i\\\ the iiLstuUaliou of the curies oil the Oth of July, New Spain was rep- 700 PLAN OF IGUALA. Spain since the recistablisluncnt of the constitu- tional ren'inie had been suhjeet to continual tlistuih- ances. The leforujs and innovations introduced dur- ing' the first ses.-ion of the congress were vigorously niaintaintid and extende*! in the second, the American deputies cooperating with the I'adicals in the Imp.' that the inde[)endence of Spanish America might he achieved. The upsetting of the government pi)li;-y in the metro[)olis was not without etfeet in the ultra- 2S niarnie provnices/' In Xew S[)ainthe desire foi' inde- pendence, though restrained, was not dead. Visions of its consummation without the terrilde disorihr whit'Ii had hitlierto marked the r'evolution began to pres(,'nt themselves, and a radical change in public o[>inion was taking j)lace. The troo})s, the ecclesias- tics, government officials, property owners, and oth<-'r iiiHuential classes were no longer disposed to aid iii ])utting down the revolt that seemed impending. Even th(. Spaniards were not animated by the same resented l)y snpleiites choaeu in tlio same manner as those to tlie ei'irtes of ISIO, namely, ^Miguel Ranioi Arizpe ami Jose Mariano Miclielena, liotli of \slioiii had liueu lutive uoiiperators of tlie late revolution, the former in Va- leneia anil the latter in Cornria. Arizjie had lieen eonlinrd aincr. IS! t in the Cartlinsian converit near V'aleneia, wlienee he had luun removeil Ijy (liMi. J'llio, for his eoiineclion witli that revolution, to a more rigorous prison f.>rti'ial; tint the revolution having,' triumphed, un the 10th of .Slareii Ari/pe was I'clcascd, and was instrumental in saving I'^lio from heing torn to ])ieee.s ))y the infuriated pojiulaee, Tho other meniltcrs were .lose M. tJouto, Manuel Cortazar, l'"raneisro Fagoaga, .lost' M. Montoya, and Juan de Oios ("ai'i do. ^Vith the exeei)tion of the last named, tiiose .snplentes, like the ( iliers of the S])aiiish ulti'amariue provinces, took part only in sueli diseussions ad interested their own party, which was the r.m/linhi, or radical. Only -u- plentes repi'e.seuted .\nieriea in the eortes of IS'JO. They urged the law of Sept. 'JTth for a comjilete forgetfulnessof the ])ast in the American provinces, whether ■wholly or jiartly jiaeitied, to suval from oliice of viceroys IV/.uela and A))odaea, generals Morillo, Cruz, and all other inllitary oliicers who had distinguished tluin- .sclves in the insurrection, for which reason they wei'e represented as hostile to the constitutional system. The same de])uties brought their inliuenee to Ixai' in favor of .luaii O'l )onojii's ap|)ointui. nt to sucei^ed .Apodaca. Ari./"', Idea ti'i II. Koliri' rtiDtlnrln, 10 '_'0; A/aiii'tii, Ili4. Mu all sides hy the press, at jtuhlic lueetiiii^s, and 1)\' coi'porations elainiinj^' powers which le e>:aini)le nresen ited by law they did not possess. Tl at the capital was readily followed in the province: and erelong the iiii[tression prevailed that hel'ore the end of the 3'ear another I'evolution would l)ieak out, headed hy one or more of the partloiied leaders, or iironioted l»v the cleri-v under the wiii''" of the hisho]> of l^iehla, who was strongly opposed to the new princi[)les. Some even conjectured that the Ignited States would revolutionize the c-ountrv if the l^loi'idas V\cre not at once sui'reiidered under the treaty of rel)i-uarv, 18 li). Such being the bent of the public mind, ( )doardo, the fiscal of the real audieticia, recom- mended the temporary suspension of the constitu- tional svstcm, and nro'josed that the countrv sliould be ruled under the laws of the lutlies l»y a \ieer(y' clothed with absolute powers. Ihit it is easy to ])ei'- eeivi' that the reniedv su<>''iestei! was im!)racti<-ahle, v/lieii th^ the only mode of eifectinir it. u ilf nivcrsal ti'iidency was to iiid<;|)endence, f oi)iuiou beiii''' as to the best (lilrerenci' o Prior to the promulgation of the constitution, con- feren(.'es were held at the rooms of 1 )octor ^NFatias ]\[onteagiido,'" in the oratory of San l^\'li[)e Xei'i, and atteiuh'd l)v men of hi'>h olHcial and social standiii''", ■" AliiiiKin furnishes oDpiuus cxti'jiL'ts from the importiint report inailc by tlif liscal ol thi' aiuliLiici.i mi tho '_'4th of Oct, IS'JO, to th(; .sujiiciiii' govcrii- iiu'iit ill M.uli'iil, foiiliriiiiii;^ l!u' facts as Htatuil in tho text. 'I'lu' lisoai, .lost' ]ii])(')Iit() Odoaido, was a man of uxteusivu infurnuition, and iuul loii^ ivsiiloil in Mexico. Iliit. M. ^^ A canon of the metropolitan ehuivli, wlio played .1 im)nnneiit part in tin' deposal of Viceroy Itnrrigaray, and tliereliy won a lii,L;li staudin,:^ among the Spaniards. Alamaii say.* liiat he obtained parlicnlars of tliese meetings from tlie li.eal Oiloardo, w iiicli were afterward eoiilirmed liy Liei'nlir.te Zo/aya, wlio \va) ltarl)ide's attorney in some personal matters, and had many conversations Willi him oil palilic all'aiis. //('o'. M J., v. oO. f PLAN OF IGUALA. wiK) (IctcrstcHi the princii)les advanced in the Spanish cortes on religious matters, and were resolved to op- pose the estabhslmuMit of the constitution in ^lexieo. AnionLir them were the rcjjente dataller, tlie liiuli ec- clesiastics, the ex inquisitor Tirado, and several other Spaniards who disliked for their own private reasons a (jonstitutional regime. But in order to carrv out their [)]ans a military kader of re[)ute on whom they could rely was needetl, and they l)uthou;^ht them- selves of Colonel Au^ustiii de Iturbide as the riiiht man for their purpose. I have in former chapters laid before the reader the brilliant services of this officer in the fleld,^^ and his recall to Mexico in 18IG to meet charges Ijnni'dit of illegal proceedings in securing wealth. Iturbide's relations with Monteau'udo be^•an at that time, an;l it Avas saidtliat, ail'ecting [>iety, he joined in the religious ju'actices of t!ie (xMigregation of San Felipe Xeri for the pur[)ose of winning the doctor's good-will and cun- secpient iniluence in his favor with ]>ataller, tluMi auditor de guerra, and as such Iturbide's judge. Ho this as it may, he was accpiitted,'"' but was not restored to his connnand, nor was he again called into active service till 1820. The government, however, gave him the profitable lease of an hacienda near Chalco, formerly in charge of the society of Jesus. Iturbide was at this time in the prime of life. Handsome in person, elegant in n.ien, and attractive in manners and speech, he soon became a i'avorite in society. Durinu' his retirement Lj surrendered himself to the " ItmbiilciV, reputation is inavrcil l)y many .acts of cruelty and other ofToiicos of wliifli lio was accused Ijy piil>lic opinion; some of tiic ci'uelties a;;('vi))ed ti) liini aro indeed too iiorrilile for belief, and as they liavo not heen fully au- thenticate. 1, it is to 1)e hoped that tlie accusations were not founih d on fact. Tiio (let lils appear in Lirim/n, Ad!c. y lirrlific, '21^ Q, 'JGO-l, .'{8(1; UitsUt- VKiiilc, Jlca. Hint. Mix., MS., V. l.'i; Id., Oar~.a Vindlcado, U; Wuiil'-' Mrr., i. 'J(!'>. Beltrami says tliat his horril)lo acta shocked both Llauo and Calh^ja. Mix., ii. '21. '-'Tile inquiry into his conduct was stifled; in fact, tlie malvcrs,ations lio was accused of extended more or less to tlio whole army, wliich sliowed .a dij- positiou to niuke coniniou cause with him. Ward's Mcx., i. 20j-i>; Arruaiz, nioj. Mc.c, i. 200. ITURBIDE'S PROJECTS. 703 (]issi|i;iti<»iis f)f tluj capital, which caused serious dis- sonsiou ill his i'ainily, resulting in frequfMit ehnllitions of his imperious temper. lie had already s([uaii(lered most of liis ill-gotten fortune before the constitution was [(romulgatcid in ]Mexico; and his inipovcrislu'd con- dition was the very one which might be expected to in- fluence a man of his character to accept proposals that ofl'ered him an op])ortunity of winning I'ank, honors, glory, and wealth.'" Overtures were therefore made to him; and in order to further his own ])rojects, ho pretended to enter into the plans of the nialecontent party, and offered his services to the viceroy, who at this time was himself inclined to ignore the constitu- tion, and contemplated maintainiu'f the form of u'ov- crnment as established by the laws of the Indies. Ituibide was aware that the object ibr which he was wanted was impracticable; but his a'm was to secure a command, and to give the first impulse to a revolu- tion v/hich he hoped afterward to control as suited himself. The [)lan came to naught, however, througli A[H)daca being obliged to proclaim the constitution; but Iturbide did not fail to perceive that the very ])romulgation of the new S3'steni made a revolution in- eN'itable, and accordingly formed his [)lans to direct it. Clandestine meetings of different political parties were held in numerous jjlaces, and a great variety of opinions was expressed. The Spaniards mostly I'avored tlie constitutional system, or a modilied form of it adapted to the conditions of the country. Among' the jMexicans more diversitied views ])revailed; and tliough all wished for independence, th(y' were divided both as to the mode of securing it and tlu; Ibnii of government to b(> ado[)teil. With regard to the tirst point, the extermination of the Spaniards, their ex- P'ul.sion from the country, and the more modt'iate pro- ^^ It is saul that Itiii'l)i(lo bad been in favor of his country "h iiidopoiuk'nco, I)iit was <)p[)osc'i.l to the plain of the insurgents whom ho fou^'ht with .so nuich vigor, llo iiiailo his ideas known to Filisula, then a captain und hiter a gen- eral of thu Me.\ieau army, us well as to his lawyer, Zozaya. Alaniau, lHat. Mne expressly framed lor ]\Ie\ico, a fed- eral republic, and a central i't!])ublic were the various systems discussed, each of whicli i'ouiid su[)porters. Iturbide I'l'om the iirst manifested his rc]»ugnanco to d >fc emocracy in any lorm, and his preierenri- lor n moderate mcmarchy. Jlis first intention was to make himself master of the ca[)ital;"* but it was finally con- cluded by his party that it would be safer to begin oj)erations in the provinces, witli the ca[)ital as the ol)jettive point. Accordingly he apj)lieil to the vice- roy I'or a military command, and was apjjointed to suc- ceed Colonel Armijo as comandante general in the south."'' < )n this occasion he had a long private con- ference with Apodaca, but what was said has never transpii-ed. All that the public knew was that Itur- biile was o-oing south to extinguish the last embers of rebellion, with instructions, delivered verbally, to in- duce if p(^ssible Guerrero to accej)t the indulto. .Hav- ing asked for the Celaya regiment, of which he was colonel, he started f tr his post, })rovided ^\ith short notes for Parrcs, Ecluivarri, Anastasio Bustamante, llomau of Teloloapan, and Arce of the plains of A})ai n. Tlie jilan formed was, that the deputies then about to leave for Spain should constitute themselves into a national independent congress at Vera Cruz, while Iturbide simultaneously [iroclaimed independence in the south. With this understandin;'", Iturbide had startetl for Cuernavaca, and the tle[)uties (romez Pe- draza, ]\Iolinos del Campo, and Gonzalez Angulo for Puebla; but nothing was accomplished by thorn or "IX'tnils of liis pl.an are givt'ii iu PnJi-aza, Mniiif., 7-S. •''Aiiuijo luul iL'[ioat('illy as!c('(l ti) lie ivlievcil. Ituiljiilo's appoiiitmont was uuiilu on tlio 9tli (if \()V.,anil lie left fm- the .south uii tliu lUih. Mix, Col. L< ij. Fund., i. 1; JIcx. Uo'^qiujo Iln\, 40-0. ITUIiniDF/S I'RKl'AIIATIONS. 70.-. tlioir L'()llea^;iics, and ln'coiniiiij^ alanned, tlio (lf])UtiL'S, to the iiuinbcr nf thirty-seven, iinally einbarl^ed. Tl le eonunand jjiven Iturbide was not thr most suitable for carryiii!^ out liis [)ui'[)oses, and ho evi'U accepted it with some rehietanee.''' It eouu'riscd tho rei^'ion exteudiu''" Ironi the distrii-ts ol' Tasi luuala to the coast, and was (hvided iVoiu oi an< le end to the other by the river ^Mescala, which se[)aiated the Goleta r.ange, occupied by Asccnsio Ahpiisli'as as a .subordinate of Guerrero, from the Sierra Ma(h'c: on the south, where (Guerrero liad establislied liis lieatb (juarters, in the vicinity of Ajuchitlan and the Coro- nilla ]\[ountains. Iturbide endeavored to prevail on tlu; viceroy to place at his eonunand the largest possible force and )lot< d 1 pecuniary means; and lus correspouuence rs replete of devotion, with flattering promises and couc bed in pui'aseoio meanuiL!'. Th dl 0' how assurances evei ) le call lor an mcreasetl torce was ai)- I f( lUiC a < loubl e })arently well grounded. The troo[)s hitherto servii ■""'Tlic (li'piitit's w.intt'il iniU'pt'iKlcnco providcil it ili'opppcl fn)in luavcn. At (iiu; tiiiiu tlu'y thouu'lit of jniiiiii;; Ituiliiilr, Imt wci't^ dflcrrt'il \>y the fear tli;it tln' vifcniy iiii:,'lit l)c ulaniiLil iiiitl tVustnito Iturhiilc's plans. I'ljcy ac'- furiliiiL.'ly ciiilj.irkuil f'lr Culia. I'l ilrfr.tt, Maui/., it 10. Jii thi.-i coiuu'ctinii Alaiiiaii".s liiiigiaplii.'r .says that Alaii);'.!'. aiid ullii'i' ilcputii'.s wcio infniiiicil in .laii. \X2\, iiydiuMjf thi.'ir iiuiiiof), .luaii ( Ionic/ Xaxai'i'i'tc, (if It.urliick'".s [ihili f.ir inilipcndciK'c, and a.slcud no.". Co end)aik, Imt to mutt in coii'jjrcssiit tlifup- portiuio time. 'I'huio liuing good ivason, liowcvcr, to fear the goxiTiini.ut Iiail now suspicions, tlicy dcparti'il ou the l.'ith of I'Vlirtiary. Mvcn those who had no intention of going to Spain diil ,so, Imt tarried at llaliana to await eoniing events. Alauiuii, A/nmlii /lie;/., I'J-ll!; /(/., //^s^ J/',/., V. 87-!l; Li- iiuH'i, Adi'-. y I'cr/iju'., 40:)-4; ^V;-. d'c Mu:, ISl'I, xii. 'JS,")-7. ^^ Ou ueeonnt of the insahdirity of tiic climate. In ISII lie had hc'ii twice at tho point of death from disease in the tieri.i t'aliente. The vicer-iy verlally promised to relieve liinisoon. I'.'ior tohis iona,' 12."), 000 pesos, borrowed on interest upon his own estates. On the lijth of Dec. the treasury olhcials of Mexico weie directed to place 12.000 pesos in Ciiernavaea, subject to Itnr- liides oriler. TwC' large remittances of war material were also scut him. Jd., t)d-(i. ROYALIST RF.VERSKS. 707 inilitarv <)|»i'rati<)iis. ]>iit, fat-ts all tend !> [)rHVO tliat the viceroy liad ii<> sus])ici()ii ol" Iturbide's n-al i)in| )( )S(' Ajxnlaca was a laitlilul subject of Fenuindo, and his loyalty would not pcniiit a project to detach ^Mexico from tlu> Spanish crown Itmhid e s l() rco on tin; 21st of De(MMnl)er aniountetl to 2,479 men/- scattered tlirou;_^hout his district; and on the 22(1 ho started from Teloloapaii for tho pur- pose of concentratin;^ them, with tlu; douhle object of assuminijf the offensive aii'ainst the iiisur<_rents and jtlacin';^ himself in a position to effect the meditated revolution which, according,'' to the plans formed, was to take [ilace in ^larch followinjj^. Disposition*) were at once made to open the campaii^n. The troops were brought together and formed into strong divisions, and active operations opened. But sanguine as had been Iturbide's expectations of immediate success, a series of reverses followed. Both he and his oflicers v.ere signally discomfited, both by (iuerrero and Ascensio,^'' and the ])lau which he had formed of con- lining the former in the sierra lying between the ^* Licpaga says tli;it Ap'xlaca's ikjIiIciios.h of chariictor inailo liim an vn-y dupe, and lio cuuld nut Hiisipcct in otlii-'ia a pcTlidy In; was liinisoll inuapahlo of. And yut lio leans to tho liclief tliat lie wa.i in acooid wilii Jtiuhidc. -1'/. ■. )/ I'lc/ijic. ,'.]'.)('), -11 I, ■V20. 'J'liu viceroy lias Ih'!Mi acL'uscd liy .some of liavinL,', tir,'ctlioi' with till) t'iK'iiiies of constitutional i^overniiK'nt, cniiiloyed Iturhidf to npsct the new system and rest.nc the old one. Wanl'.i M'X., i. "JiiJ. It was even asserted that Kin^' Fornaudo had a iiaiid in tlic ]i!:iii; and in proijf of it a letter to that etleet was published as eoinin;.; from tlu^ kin;,', which Ikh Vieeu subsequently pronounced apocryphal. Apodaca himself afterward eo:i- tradicted the whole slory. His son, .luau Kui/, do Apoilaea, vindicated iiis memory from the aspersions tlirown upon it by a writer named Rivcro, Nov. 1S17, in JJl Es/Ktj'tiil (if Madiid, whicii led to a correspondence between them. *'• According to his reiiort to tiie viceroy. Llfcct'/n, Adic. ;/ Hf/'/ir., .'!lHi. "On the 27th of Dee. Licut-eol I'.erdejo was defeated nearC'hicliihualco at the Cueva del Diablo, and on tlie 'JStli Ituvbide himself \\as ivaited by A:;cea- sio near San Martin do los l^ubianos. In his reprirt of the iilst ho maile tliiir.^'i appear as well as possiljle; but the fact is, that he met with a very serious set- back. On the 'JOtli (if .Ian. IS'JI, Licut-col .Moya sullercd severely at Ouer- rero's hands, the grenadiers of the south bciii;^ cut to pieces, and his line of coinmuniration iuLerruptod by tho occupation of Sapatepcc by (Inerrero. Iturbide's irritation at thi ■> disaster was great, and his rci)'jrt to the ^ iceriiy was exceedinjdy unfavorabl(3 to Moya, v. horn he also adtlressod in a very aeri- nionious despatch. Again, on Jan. '_V)th, Lieut-col Torres was a', taekdl near S:iu Pablo. /. 'I'he fact that tlio oilicial reports do lajt appear iu the j^oveniment gazette is proof uf the seriuusncsa of these defeats. 7(IS T'L.W OF T(;r.\I.A. coast mill tlio ^Fcscalii, niid llic latJrr to tli" i\i'i'(» do la (uilita, and llicii dcsl roviii''" tlioiii in turn, inovrd aWiirtlvc. In vi(!W of this slul»l)orn i-csistancc, lltir- Itidc, who iV'aivd that a jn'oti'aetcd strunn'l*' woidd tVustiatc his own project, ojx'iit'd ('oinniunicati(»ns with ( iutTicro, with ihr ohjcct of in(hirin^' tliat chict" to aid Idm in his sr-ln'iiic Uc had ])i't'viou->ly t^ntiTi'd into s:i!iii' ni'n'otiations with (inoiTcro, to wlioni most lavm'- aMo ofli-Ts wci'c made if I ■ would |)la\' their iKit hriiiM- it-^-ardcd as |)aidi)ncd iiisiu'i^'ciits, and had I'lii'l hi riiK-ri^ pli'd^^'i-d sccilslK, Mont csdroca, ami < lU/iiiaii K iiiiii^cir to iiichu t>) do lik«'\\ isc. Thi' wlioK' ninuhi'i' of men tliiis [thici'd at his disposal would l»c ;),r)()().*'^ Itui'liiilf h;id nicaiiliiiic adopted otliei' iiieasni'es I' )r the success of his I'litei'pfise in \ue\a dalicia. M iehoa- el'e 'I WO lactol's weri •I can, ( rUan;tjuato, and e'.sewh still wanting', iiauiely, a jn'intin'^'-jifess and money. The lurnier was supplied liy secui'in^' a pi'fss at I'u'- Ma owned hy ddaip.iin l''ui Lui'^'. To meet the latfT necessity, Itui'hide hrou'^'ht hisijiploniatic pnweis into jilay. 'I'lie conducta lot' Acapulco had heen detained in the capital owin^' to its I'isk of capture, Init Itur- hitle could now answer I'oi' its safety and o'l'ered to con\-ey it to the poi't. At'Cfjrdin'^'ly it was despatcht d with the ( onsen t of the a'jfuiits of the Manilla ni el- chants, who lorwai'dcd tlierewitli the proceeds of their last ii'ceived ^Vslatic L;'oods, aniountinn" to frJa, OOi) 1 )esos, which Iturhi Je of course ap[iro])nated All was now i)ie[iared, and with no furthei' delay, on the I'Uh of l'\ hiuary, I S'J 1 , Iturl)ide, mIio was at ]euala,'* issued a printed proclamation to the inhalii- tants of Xew Spain, settin-^" forth the iic-cessity of independence, and inlormin;^' them tliat he had de- .sii^iied autl framed a [ilan for the formation of national i iiitdi of I'll.. 1^, is-ji. r;,n. tani:iiitt' aiiil ( 'ort. i/ai' 111 til' I'.ajioof (luanajuato. In iluo ti'.nc lie aloo oljtaineil tiic as^uut of i^iuut-col 'J'ol iTS. JJci'li/d, Ailir. >i I'lr/ilii-,, 4'l- 'i'lio airmitri, liciii'' frifml:vd tlioiuselves to sup- port the proclaimed plan, and the following day was lixed for the administration of the prescribed oath to the oific(;rs and men, which was solemnly carried out."' No time was lost in laying the proceedings belore the viceroy, and Iturbide addressed two letters to him, (-)ne official, and the other conlideutial, in which he ^"Art. 1. The religion of Xew Spain is and shall ho tlic Roman Catholic ApostDlio, withont tolerating any other. '2. Xcw Spain is iiulcpendent of the old, and of every other power, evoaof tliis continent. ',]. lliirgovernuient .shall lie a nioilerate nionarehy, under a constitntiou rpeeiaily adapted for it. 4. The emperor shall bo Fernando VII. ; and sliould ho not pre.sent liimsclf with- i;i tiie time the e('irte.'3 shall li\", to take tiic oath, then the infante Cfu'Io.-;, I'rinee Franciseo do I'aula, the archdulvo CVudos, or any other meiuher of tin; I'oigiiing family that tlic eortes may designate, shall lie called to oecupy the t!;i'(ino. 5. Pending the meeting of the eoi'tes, a junta shall provide for euii- veniiig them, and for the fultilment of this plan. (i. The junta gul)ernaliva must ho composed of the meinbcr.s named in the oHicial letter to tlie viceroy. 7. Till I'Y'rnando VII. eomei and taki's the oath, the junta shall govern in his name; all orders lie maj' is.snc .«hall ho hehl in suspense till ho has taken the oath. 8. Should Feniandonot come out, the jiuitasludl govern in the nation's uanio till there he an emperor. 9. Tliis government will Ik- sustained li^^ ilii' army of the three guaranties, of uhieh more hereafter. 10. The ei'irtes sliall ies(jlvo to continue the junta, or substitute a regency till the emperor's arrival. 11. The ci'irtcs shall frame at once the constitution of tin' empire. I"-'. All inhabitants, whether white, African, or Indian, are (pialilicd to hoM o'.'.ice. l;{. I'crsons and property shall bo respected ami protected. I h Secular anil I'cgular elei'gy shall be upheld in their fueros, ]ir-'iona!ly in (ho nation's name on the most mei-itorious. 21. In crinriial trials the Spanish constitution shall bo observed till a Mexican one has been prouudgatcd. '22 and ■_'.'$ provide against consiiiracies, and for the treatment of c inspirators. '21. The Ci'irtes sliall bo couSLitueiit; and the deputies be chosen with that view; the junta ti.xiug rules and time. Upointed Armijo to the com- mand in the south."'* Xor were measures of policy neglected. A general jvardon was proclaimed to all officers and men who should abandon Iturbide's stand- ard.''' His family was i)revailed on to urge him to de- sist fr(jm his [)ur})ose, while at the same time he was ])r()claimed an outlaw, which was an act foreign to tlu; constitution now in force. ^- They wore: Migiiol Jo Batiillcr for vice-prcsiilent, Dr Miguel GuriiH y AlcoL'LT, coiuli! (le la Cortina, Jiiaii U. Loho, I)r Matias ^^llllteagU(lo, Oidur Isiilro YafiL'Z, .Toso Maria Faioaita, Juan .T()s(5 ]']spin()sa do los Mmitoros, .Inaii Fran isoo A/x':irato, J)r JLifaol Suaroz I'ercda, Suplcntcs — Francisco Sancluz du Ta^lo, Oidor Itanioii Osi's, Juan Josio Patstor Moi'alos, and Col l,L;iini'ii) A.Linirrovoni^oa. Anion;:; tlicin ■wore sovoii Spaniards. Jln<(ni)iii)iti\ Cit'id. Jiist., V. llS-'J(i; J/*(/(>:. -A Mix-., IS.M, xii '2:U-i), '211 4. ''"Edict of March Stli; iottei to Liuan of the 13th; proclamation of tho 14th. hi, •24-2, 'JOo-7. 11 CIIAPTErt XXX. TRrUMFH OP THE llEVOLUTIOX. Ls-.M. DlSCOrRAlilNO PnOSPlX'TS — IxnEPKNDr.NrK Tj;OCL.\nrEI» at OCANAJrATO — Vai.ladului Cai'ITUlates — 'J'lii-; I'kon r.\t'iAW Inti'.unas IIevolitiox- iZEii— iTriMiiMK at QiT.i;i;rAK()— Ai'odaca's Dki'osai. -His (.'oNi.nT DiscrssEii — His Si'ccessou — I'ltvvu .Ichns tiik ItiAni.i tiomsts di'- EUATioNS i\ I'rEr.LA AM) \'ei;a ('lit z — Santa Anna ISeitlshu at Vera C'lirz— -\'ic'iokia's i;i:\L'i'K\i!AX('E — iTruDiUE ]]n"tei!s Puebla^ Arrival oe (yDuNoji— HI^• Antecedents— Tukatv of Ci>ri>ii1',A"- XnvELLA Hesitates to Rixocinize O'Donojl— iTiRiiiuE Knters the Cai'ital— End of the Revolltion. Thk events iiuinediately sueoeedini^ Tturbide's de- fection were not I'avonible to his aims; the vicei'oy, on th" other liand, received i'roni all sides r\['ressions ',>t' lovaltv. ]']\'<'n the troo])S that liad seconded tlio moveiticnt did not sliow the resohition n''i'ded tor siuii an enti'i'[)i'is('; dt'sertions daily occnrred, owiii'i to the inthience of tlie masonic ordt'r, wliieli Iiad taken a dicv-idt'd stand in favor of the constitnti(tiial system, and the ejercito trigarante was soon rednced to K'ss tlian onr liah' of its oiiginal nnmher. Iturbide, I'ear- ing that he miglit be attaclvcd by an overwhelming force. .ihandoiK'il Jguala, and placing tlie money of the ^[anila conducta nnder a strong guard on the JJar- rab;Is liill, went on thL- TJth of ]\lai'ch to 'fololoa[tan, contnmallv losnii"' men bv d I'Sl rti on. Jli b •t-ame penlou »(»> ition and had Jjinan marchi.'d in for (•(' against him, as tlie vieei'oy wished, the revoltea and C*nt/.amala toward Zit;i"Ua7'o, and theiict.' to the haji'o thi'oUL;]i Ac.tmhai'o and Salvatierra. This movement, whieh w as (Trtainly a \\ise one on tlie part of Iturhidi', ouj^'ht to lia\ r Ix'eii fiiresoen and proNeiited hy the goverimicnt. .Vs so'*":i as the news I'eached (Juanajuato that h(> was on his march thither, the indei>endenee was at once ])ro- claimed in scn'eral localities hy inlhieiitial oiliceis of llie royal army,' and on ]\[arch 2ath .Vnastasio Ihis- tamunte, who had immediately espoused the cause, entered the ('ai)ital of the pro\ince amidst the plau- 'Onoiif tliciii iii;iy liavo licrii will finiiuKMl; iiaincly, tluit nut iniicli ii'.i- ,'iurc ciiulil Iji" liliK'cd (111 Uic luyiilty r.iistamante imjelaimed at Pantojii the I'.lth. ("elaya was imniediali'ly ea[)- tiiri'd; and the eomuiulante <.'eneral Antonio lanares, u ho refused to J liii tlie ii\olution, was L;i\eii a sate eondnet to .Mexieo. Liriiifjir, Ai/ic. // i'lC'i/ir., ■Hi !i; Mr.c. Dor. /{ilnlh;,.^, cte., no. I ; Tos, AV'(-//.s/ S:''io, in .l/« r. 'Sur. ij,,,,,. IS lil'ni, 'Jd ep., iv. TtC)! Xtifiriusn Urn., iSi'l, ap. 'J.'i— !■; ('iiur[)ose tried to awaken in these troops their former l()\-alty. Proclamations were no longer of avail." The army, composed mostly of Creoles, as the reader is aware, was no lonuer imbued with the sentini'^nts which for so long had kept it faithful to the oppres- sor's cause. A multitude of insurgents who had re- ceivcd the benefit of the pardon had, dui'ing the last two years, associated wif a the troops, and these learned, at last, that tliey alone hail prevented the achievement of their country's freedom 3'ears ago, and that it was to them that she still looked for aid. The exami)le of (Guanajuato was speedily followed elsewhere; the re- sistance opposed to tlie triumphant progress of the I'evolution was insignificant and for the most part a mere show — terminatetl without active hostility. At Valladolid, before which city Iturbide a[)peared on the 12th of May, the comandante C^uintanar, after sjK-nd- ini^ a week in neijrotiations and protestintjr that his honor would not allow him to listen to any proposals for the capitulation of the city, adt)pted the self-dece[)- tive course of deserting to the enemy on the 19th. This ho did to reconcile his tender conscience — for he was in favor of independence — with his notions of honor as a royalist officer. On the following day the * Olio of tlio first acts was to rcmovi! from the .alliniiiliga the heads of ni(lulL,'o, AUciule, Aldiiiiiu, and Jimenez, and yivc thoiii Christian Imrial witli Uii! utmost solemnity. «'J'li(-y appear in the Gk:. dc J/o-., lS-21, xii. HlVi 0, ."{IT 0, .•?!),")-(J, -t.T). I'romutiou and decorations were offered to liustainante, and rejected. IX NUEVA GALICIA. 71. ■ garrison, reduced bjMlesertioii to GOO men, capitulated, and was allowed to depart to Tacubaya," and Iturhide in triumph entered the [)lace of his birth on ^lay 22d. Previously to his occupation of \'^alladolid he had an interview with Cruz, in the hope of inducing him to join in his plans. The conference was arrangi llorfillr 4i'iS-~',); Jiiititdmaiitr, Ciuul. Ili'4-S; Id., ^'iiipleni. to Cam, Trr.'i SiyloK v. -JOl-T. . tilt' Sill of May. fico Bnxlamniiii>, CnruK Ills/. iv. -JJO-l: AlaiiKin, llUt. M, ' Tlic interview took V. I,")0-;!; Licittijii, Aill'. 1/ Ui'riijic, 4,'>.")-7; Alamai), ll/s/. Mij., v. l.V,)-()4. '••Xaniely, on tiie 4l.li of .luly. Nogreto wrote Itiirbiilo .hily Oth that the desert iou of royalist troops had h' I 'enei'al. All the faets eonneeted with 710 TrJU.MPII OF TITK IIEVOLUTIOX. jMirsuit of Cru:',, an-ixiiii^' in front of Diirango oii the 4lh of August. l\'ii('pte)nhor a cajiitulatlon was signed, by whie'.i Cru/ and Ihi; ox[)editionary troo[)s were granted the lionor.i of wai', and peruiitted to depart ibr Wra Cru/, to enil)ark for Spain. The besiegers took pfjssessiou of the city on the (Itli of Sei)teniber, and the reco^iii- tion of the [)lan of Fgnala tlu'ougliout Xueva A'izcay.i i;inne(Hatelv followed. The eastern provinoias internas h:id meanwhile also yielded to the popular iV-eling. Arredoudo in vain ti'ied to suppress manifestations hostile to the govermnent. The indi'pendence was jtroclainied on the 1st of duly, and being deposed from liis eomn)and, he eudvirkedat Tanipico for Ilabana. !Meantim(> Iturbidi; had marched from Valladolid against (^Hierctaro. The possession of this c\i\ as a centre of o'oeratio'.is was e(|ually im[)ortantto tluMoy- ;dists and indeivndents, and tln> sicorov was already e )!iceiitr;'J iiig troops at San Juan del ]{i() for its >up- jioit. .iris design was, howevt'r, I'rustrated by th'j I'apiil movements of -Ioa([uin Parres, Colonel Husta- mante, and (,)uintanar, who eoni])elled Colonel Xovoa, the coniandante of San duan del llio, to c:ij)itu]ate on the 7th of June.'^ Other operations conducive to t!ic alFaira of .r;ili,scfi and /^iioatecas .appear in Lii-o'tija, Adir. tf Uert'ijic, 4<)')- •J; .)/(.(•., J)<)c. l'tl!iliro<. III). "J: (.'iiiCiK, I'uriiiiir .l/t.r., SD-'J; Oar. (/,• Ua-i I., IS.'I, .huio -JTtli to Dl'l'. -J.M, ]ia.s.iiiii; X<(in't<\ Olimrr. Cnr/u, lO-I.S; d'rir. ,!,■ (litifL, IS-21, ,luiio :>:)tli, ill Vit'lij), Cut. ]>iii\, i. iw. 1, I; JiuKinnuciti', CikuI. J/ii'liassoiiis ami 8;)lioi'.soini.ni, bis army bi'in:;tbrci; k',i:.;u'4 b.'luiiil. 'J'liiriy of bis men wiio were in advanco, I'unuiuniib'.l by t'apiain Mariano I'ari.'dos, fouLjht so ib'speratuly (bat tbcy ilrovo tlio enemy baek \vi'.!i a los.s of 4') nuM. Iturbiilo rewanloil tbeir bravery with a nieilal bavini: o.i i! the legend 'oD eontra 4;)0.' Tbi;i aetiou was ever after known a-i tba. uf tlie :!'.) against 400. Buda,nunt<-, Cuail. U'tM., v. lUJ-IJ; Lk\a city was siu'rounded hv the con- centra ted forces of Jturhido, ainountIn;j;- to 10,000 men. The [)ositiou of tlie comandante I iUaces was liopeless, and uu the 28th of June he surrendered.'' Willie these events wei'e occurriuL;' in tlu^ interior, mutiny hi'oke out in the cajtital. The discontent ot tin; expeditionary forces grew apace as rejtorts of the uninterrupted mai'ch of the revolution followed each other in (piick suc<'ession. Apodaca's lukewarm ef- fats to supi)ress it weru regarded with suspicion, and it was I'csolved to de[)ose him. At a nieetiiuj' of tlu; masonic order the cons[)iratois decided to cany their design into eiK'ct on tlie night of .fuly atli, and ])i'ep- arations were matle in the several harracks with well- eiiarde1, xii. -2:17-0, 4;r),.V2;i-S,(il5; (rVif. di.Giuu/., 1821, .filly t, 7; L'iCi (cjn. A'/h [^'■'ijn 47 i-s:i III iiumliur from SDO to l,0:K) iiuai lirloiiiiiii'' to t!i;' r('''iiurnt.s Onlcnus luilitaivs, Casiilla, id Infante I)ou Carlos. The niaiiuo luuiiiiciit tiiat li.ill ICl'll Cil!(d. Jiisf. Apoila iH yiiard u" tlie palace, was in the uuitiiiy BnHtniiiaiiU] 2oo-S. jJill 718 TRIUMPH OF THE REVOLUTION. install one of the sub-inspectors in his place, designiit- ing Linan. The viceroy with much dignity asserted his loyalty, and claimed that he was free from blame in the matter of the losses sustained." Lilian, and also Novella, refused to accept com- mands thus mutinously offered to them ; but the troo[)s were obdurate, and threatened to make Buceli viceroy. In fact, Apodaca's life was in danger if he did nut comply, and Novella, to avert greater evils, assumed the responsibility. Apodaca saw the uselessness of resistance, but when Buceli laid before him for his signature a paper in which his resignation was attrib- uted to ill health, he tore it in pieces, declining to subscribe to such a lic.^^ He then wrote out his res- ignation with his own hand, stating that he freely and voluntarily surrendered to Novella the civil and mih- tary commands, at the respectful request of the offi- cers of the expeditionary forces, on condition of his j)erson and family being safely conducted to Vera Cruz.'" On the followed morniutif he retired with his family to the villa de Guadalupe, but on the approach of the independents he returned to the city and re- sided in the Franciscan convent of San Fernando until an opportunity was afforded him to depart fV»r Spain. "The loss of the internal provinces ho attributcil to Cruz' inaclion; tho surrender of Viilladoliil had been entirely unexpected by him in vie\i' of tlio assurances he had received from Quiutanar; aa to (Jiieretaro, ho had done all he could to aid it, ordering Castillo's and Concha's forces to march there; iii I'cgard to Pucbla, which was then in danger, Brigadier Llano had repeatedly said that he was not in need of more troops. Moreover, Concha liad iKjt marched to tiic support of Pnebla because he had no conlideuco in his men. Alaman, JUkI. Mcj., v. '249-50. '^IIo indignantly added, that under tho existing circumstances, it was grateful to give up tho command, as it aflbrded liim a silver bi'idgc to cro.ss out of so many ditficultics, but ho would not leave it dishonorably. Id., Sol. '"During the preliminaries LiSuu had used hnrsh langnago to tho ollicers, and challenged tliem 'uno a uno 6 conio quisiesen, tratanilolos como mere- cian.' Tlie soldiers repaid Apodaca's constant benefits with ingratitude. It is siiid that four days l)eforc, Buceli represented to Apodaca that lio had lost 3,000 pesos from the funds of his regiment, and wa-i in great distress. Tlio viceroy relieved liim from the predicament by leading liini that sum without asking for security. His surprise was great on seeing Buceli at the head (if the mutineers. BuKfamaiiti', Cuad. Hid., v. 'Jli."); hi., Garza Vindlcado, '; Gaz.de Mex., 18-21, xii. 700; Alaman, Ukt. JIij., v. •2iS-o'2. DOV.'NFALL OF APODACA. 719 Apodaca's rule lasted nearly five years, and may bo divided into three epochs. Lariiig the lirst, namely, Croui September 1810 to INIiiui's arrival, his policy was so wise that within a lew months ho succeeded in restoring peace, a result the more remarkable from the fact that ho could have no perfect knowledge of the men he had to rely on or of the resources at his connnand. By the possession of a high order of talent, quick insight, and a most extraordinary activ- ity and cncrg}', all of Mhicli ho brought into play, admirable results were obtained. The insur-gents wore everywhere del'eated and their strongholds taken. Still more worthy of admiration, in a royalist point of view, was his conduct during the second epoch, in connection with Mina's invasi(jn. The oper- ations of that campaign were marked by vigor and activity. The blows struck by the royalist troops were decisive, and after Mina's destruction, the work of eliminating from the revolution any elements still in the field was a comparatively easy one. Indeed, the revolution M'as almost dead in the middle i)art of 1820. The third epoch presents a strong contrast with the preceding ones. It was one of inaction and apathy in military affairs, at the very time when the utmost energy was demanded by the newly developed circumstances. In the cases of Mina and Iturbide, both of whom had independence in view, the viceroy's course was exactly opposite. In the former it was one of relentless war, and when the leader was secured death was at once awarded him; whereas toward the latter he displayed a conciliatory s[)irit and a want of polemical action, w^.ich looked much like intentional neu'loct. So marked a difference in his lino of con- duct laid him open to the suspicion that he had be- come faithless to his trust; a suspicion strengthened by the fact that he regarded the constitutional regime as extremely prejudicial to the country, while it was an undeniable fact that no change could be effected so long as Mexico remained an appendage of Spain. 720 TRIUMPH OF THE HKVOLUTION. It is not bt'lioved, liowover, tluit Apodaoa directly <^»r insidiously ])r()in()tL'd ^Ecxico's iMdL'[)i;iuleiioc; but tlio I'act sttuids lliut ho did littlo or uotliiiii,^ to provfiit its jux'ouiplislununt by Iturbido; and indfcd, ho can hardly bo blamed. Cireuuistanoes had ehaugod; tluj inoii ho had before at his call had beou carried away by the feelinj^ that the daughter should assume a ])ositiou e(|ual to the mother iu the family of nations. The harsh opinion formed by those who tried to dishonor him hatl no weight with his sovereign. In 8e})tendjer of 1822 he returned U) 8})ain and was jtlaced en ctiartcl, or waiting orders, in which situa- tion he remained till called to the discharge of several high oflices of trust, and to be otherwise hontu'ed." Tiie conde del A'enadito died at the a<>e of eii^'hty- one, full of honors, on the 11th of January, 18;jo. By his marriage he had seven children. The conde del Venadito's successor in Mexico by virtue of this military enieute, Francisco Xovella, Azdbal, Perez y Sicardo, was a mariscal do campo of the Spanish army, sub-inspector and comandante gen- oral of the artillery corps in New S[)ain, decorated with the cross of honor of Talavera, and was a knight of the military (n-der of Sau llermenegildo.^"^ Jle officially counuunicated to the several authorities his accession to the viceregal office, the diputacion [)ro- vincial being the only one which for a while refused to recon'nizo him, but which finally, to avert anarchv, yielded, and administered to him the oath of office. He then published an address to the people, explain- ing the situation, and another to the soldiers. In '^lu March IS'24 he M'as made cominaiuLuit-gencral of naval engincors: Nov. 'J.l, \'6'17t, viceroy of Xavarre; next inoiith the grand cross of the order ot Isabel la Catolica was conferred oa him. The .same ycai', l)cc. COtli, lie was appointed a nicmher of the royal council. Dec. 1, ISu'O, he received tlio giauil cross of the order of Carlos III. May 1, 18.30, he became captain- general or admiral of the navy, and director-general of the same, holding this last-named otiice till IS.'Jt, \\ lieu it was .'suppressed, and lie was ehoseii a jJCoi'C/' iu the Cortes of the kingdom. J)'iri'. Uiur. 1 1 hi. Gio'/., i. 'J"i8. "*A11 tliese uauica and honors headed his edicts at that time. D'fpos. \'ur,, iii. 47. TIIK XKW MCKROV. 721 tlic foniici' ]io nia(l(,' ]aif)\vn tliat lie liad ;ijipf)inio(l a uiixt'd hoard of fi\iliaiis and military ollivfrs to aid liiiii in devising means to establish unirormity ui opinion in doh'noc of Spanish I'ights.^' J»ut what- ever liis -wislns miglit he, Ids oidy recourse was t(» pursiu! the same ])olieyas his ]ii'cde'ei'ssor. The audi- encia had declined to administer the oath, on the !>round that under the new order of thiniis it was no longer a royal council. Several of the most distin- guished military officers, such an colonels Llano and J^una, threw up their connnands on various pretexts, and otluNS, who were not at the ca[)ital when the change took place, expressed their disa[)[)roval. Tlu;se circumstances tended to augment the confusion and the dilHculties that the govermncnt was laboring under. Novella called the former goveinor of 'I'las- cala, l']stevan (Gonzalez del (Jampillo, to be militaiy governor of Mexico, and himself su[)erintended the work on the fortifications that were beinu: erected for the defeuce at n'jltation. The nowH of Itnrbidc's revolt, and of the adoption nf th(^ [)lan of Ij^nala, caus(^l the utmost sensation holh ainoni^ the people at larj^e and the tr()oj)s. A poi-- tioii of the latti.T prc.clainied the ])lan on the 1 .'jth of ^larch at La I'anderilla, a short distance from tlir port, and marched ai^ainst Pisrote, hopinuf to tak(; il by surprise. '^rhoUL,di Win pi'oject failed, the revolted I'orco under Iruela was joined l»v the Dra'jjones du ]"]spana from .lalapa and other hotliea. (jlreat enthu- siasm was now manifested in favor of inde[)endence. "^riie chief conunand was t(Midered to and accepteil hy ]jiinitcnant-colonel Jose Joacjuin dollerrera, who h.id servi'd with distinction uncK'r ArmijO in tlu; south, and had retired from the service after the I'all of Jau- jilla.'-* The revolution havinjjf at the same time spread toward the villas. Governor Diivila of Vera Ciaiz; re- enfoi'c(>d Orizaba and Cordoba. To the former ])laco Santa Anna, then a brevet cajitain, was sent with some infantry and lancers. On the "JOth of ]\Iarch he drf)ve olf an insurii'cnt partv; but I"Ic;rrera havini; ariivt d the same day, h(> acceptcnl the i)Ian of in'uala.-^ Th(5 occu[)ation of C*i'>rtlol)a by llerrera on April 1st fol- lowed. Santa Anna now started for the coast, whei-e ho had inliucMice, and cai)turt.'d the town of Alvarad'*, whose garrison abandoned the comandante Juan To- j)cte.-" Meantime Ileri'era stationed himself in the pi'ovinco of Puebla, cutting olf any assistance that might be sent to the city. Jhigadier Llano, connnanding at Puebla, despatched brnciii'!; Uio pmiod from .Tiui. to Mny, in Oit~.. dc ^fr.v., 1821, xii. DO.')-"', 327-0, .•(7S-S0, :VM. '' His t'i,''co\v;i3 now of (iSO infantry .'uul (iOilra^^oons. Iturbiilo on .Maic!i 2'Uh approvuil the nauirs tlioso trooii.s asnnicd, naiiuly, ( ii'anaileros iiincii- ak's, anil Diagoncs dc Anu'iiLii. Ilerri'ra and Iruela wcro liy liini connijis- sionc(l as lieutiniant-coloiiuLs. 2- Xotwitlistandin'C v.liicli lio took the lioiit-coloui'lcy yivou liini hy (1m' viceroy. Siibscqiiontlj' Itnrliidc niado him a coloui I. '■''' Sauta Anna treated liiui eoiirtcoui^ly, giving liiiu a pusisport for Vera Cruz. S.WTA ANNAS KFFORTS 723 fi lai'ffo foroi' under Tjiciitcnant-ndoncl Zarzosn, to w- (•<)Vc;r tl 1(3 \ill;is ( it" ('(')r(l<>l»a iiiid ( )i'i/.;il)ii, win re tin "rovcrmnunt liad (lO.OOO baits ort.ohacro, l»iit two tliiicK (»f his tr()<)[)s (K'st'i'tcd tf) tlio ('iiciny.''' Jlrrrcra was ii(»\v joined at To|>oat'a by Bravo, at^^aiiist whom tjic viceroy had sent llevia with a stroni,^ division. Hero they wore attaeked hy 1 fevia, and aftei- a severt^ en uaL;('inent, in which the loss on both sides was serious, I lerrera abandoned Tepeaca, and followed by llevia, rt'treatod throUL^h San Andivs ( 'halchiconiula on Ai)ril 29th ^■' 1o Orizaba and ('('n'doba, while Ih-avo went to the plains of Apani and occupied Zacatlan. Ift'via, in atteniptini^ to capture (\'ti'doba, lost his life, and the assailants, on the arrival of reenfoi'ceinents to the besieu'cd under Santa Anna, and a bodv of do- sertors from Jalapa, beat a hasty retreat to L^iieljla.''*' Santa Aima entered Jalapa almost withont op»;)siLion on the 2!)th of ^[ay, theri'by obtaining' a vahiable sup- [>ly of arms and ammunition.'-' Perote was also for a time in great danger of cap- ture, but was relieved by Samaniego on the llth of June, notwithstiuiding Santa Anna's eiforts to ]>revent him.-'' The hitter's next ste[) was to attack X^ni Cruz, the only otlu'r [)lace in the })roviuce still held by the government. Previ(jus to his march iVom dalai)a he issued a grandiloquent proclamation,'"' which, though little understood by the troops, greatly animated them. "Ilevia's last rep. in Oaz. if>' }f/'.v., IS-Jl, xii. ■l,Sf)-no. Aiii'iii;' tlio proiiii- liuiit odiuors %vlio jiiiiiO'l JfciTcni wcni two smis (if tlio comlu du l;i (Jadciia, ii son of the iiiarqiu's do Sii'rra Xevad:!, and Licut-col Miota. '--' Iloriera'fl report in llii^fniiian/c, ('ii'nL llt.'tt., v. 1!)l'-4; Ilcvia'.s in Oaz. (Ir M,x., 1S21, xii. 419--r); />hr. L'ulr. IlUf. (7'0;i., x. MO. •'^ A diary of tlic opiTations was imltlishcd in J.-dapa liy T^a.ssi, whicli was copied l)y /->"•>'■'«'»'■(»''', Cnud. Ili^i., v. iltt-'J; h!., Snj,/. to C/iro. Trr-< Si itan, W. '2i;i-iS; Vd.i/ilh ij Lniin'.-i II' p., in i thi! liiir of tlie rights and ^'I'icvanees of .Montezuina':! suhjeets, ainl her soldiers wore ealled upon to avenge the .Mexii-an e,igl<', wliieli was traniph;d under foot three centuries ago on the plains of OUunba. L'uad, Hist., v. •JOO-1. T-M TPvIUMPII OF TIIK Ri:\'()LUTIOX. On tlifi "J<1 of July he nssaiilteil the tcwii, and sus- tained so sci-ious a re|)uls(; tliat he retreated to Cur- dol)a, where in his nun'tidcatioii he lulniinatud a vow of destruction a^^ainst \'era Cruz. Wo will tluie leave him i'or the pi'esent, to take up jJravo's o})(.:ra- tions. '{"his chief', after the disaster at Tepea(?a, had moved from Zaeatlan against Tulaneingo, whence Concha, wlio had hcen sent to the support of Queretaro, prcci[>i- tately lied. At Tulancingo ]>ravo was j(/med hy (Jua- dahi[)e A^ictoria, who had (Mnei'gcd Ironi his conceal- ment in the mountains of \"ei'a Cruz, and had issutnl a ])roclamation at Santa Fe on the 20th of April, exhoit- in-'- liis countrvmcn to maintain union and constancy in su])])ort of the new nioveuient.''" His appeal was respi)nla. The attempts on the pai't of the vicei'oy to relieve tlu) beleaguered city were fcehle and inelfective. Concha, though sent witli a large iorce, afttsr executing a num- ber (jf ridiculous movements,^^ i-eturned to the capital, and on tlu' 17th of duly Llano, who refused to sur- rjiidei' the city to any other than the chief of the revolution, agreed to an armistice. .^Feantinu^ Jtur- 1)ide, after the capture of Queretaro, Iiad moved I'li'- wai'd against ^Nfexico, enterinu' Cuernavaca on the l!:!d <»f Ju)ie. Tl'.. ncc ho turned his course to Puebla, and on ]\\< arrival at Cholula, IJano (■apltulated.'"'"' Itur- •''']'>iistnni;iiit.' IS- ,iplies a copy of liis prorlainiitioii. Ciiad. ///'<, v. 184-."). ^^'-.: i V liitcs lluit ic ncWM "f nnrljiiK'".s do laraUDii was coiivoycJ to Vii-tmia liy twdiiiitlifiil liiili .'s. wlioliail liccii tlio last lo leave liiiu. TlK'Voin[liiyL'il six v.fiks iiiUiarcli roi'liini.aiiil uhciiat last\ ietoriatHscuvcrcil liiiiisi It'tDiiin- nf tiiciii, the Indian Ma.s so ' tiTiifii'il at scoiiig a iiliaiitoni coviTcd « itii liai.', ciiiai latL'd, and clotiicd only witli a cotton Wfappcr, advancing upi u liii:i \\\{}\ a hword ill liis iiand,' that In' look tt> liiglit. It \\as only on luarinij liimsrit' lallcd f('pi'ati'(lly liy ids iiainc that he iccovcrcd his couiposuro .suUicif ntly to locomiizL' his old j;iMu ral. irfuv/'s Mi.v., i. •J.'{l-4. ■" In derision, tiio picknanu' of ' la trajincia' was given him; a, term appli'd to the eanoes wliiih tr; tlii ked l)et\\een tile \ illages on the niargin.s (jf tlie laki s ear the capital. AIhiikdi, II'i^i. Mi/., v. '2'>{. ''•'The teiiiisof the capitulation Were agreed upon 1>J' colonels llorlx'gosoand OCCUrATIOX OF OAIACA. 725 bide ontcivd tlu' (•ity on tlu; '2(1 of .Vii^-iist, and wns rL'cciv'jd with tin.' i^Tcatost entliiisiasiu. ()ii tlu- ath tlic (k'cJai'alioM of national Indt'pi'ncK'n ICC was Icinnlv 1' ■( K lai'.Mcd, I)isliop i?cr''Z dclivciiii''' a di^ course winch Idled Itui'bidu's soul with and>itious proji'cts. Tiic utmost niiirorinity of ideas existed lictwecn tli ■ two, and from thist.inic the l)isho[)'.s inlhience with liie chitd' v.as <-ons|)i:'i:ously nianil'est. I''rv'(iut'nt coid'crences Were ludd In them, and the liishoj) has heen ie;.;'ai'ded l»y many as having ins])iivd Iturhide with tln' idea ot IUll<'' the [)lan ol' rguala to his own advantagi .N o 'i'lie I'all (;t" I'uebla was comjileniented l»y the r»e- ijaca, which occurred Himultancously. cui)ation ol ( )i le of the royalist commanders in that jiro\inc c> IK red anv st.'rious resistance to I'evo luti )narv mov ]nent^ an< I tl le mdeiH'iKli ■ut connnaiKtei Anti )mo iCon, having eiitered the city of Oajaca on the ."iOth duly, the in(K.)end(,'ncu was ,sj)ee L jatopoe, to Liu aftorw ii'il tiaiisffrreil to Habuua at tlio cxjiuiiai! of tliu Ml'' 'oaii nation. Saiiiapii"^o peisuaiU.'il tlio Mi'xicaiis ulio wautL'tl to follow tlio fiite of the SjiaiiKirJs to join their coiiiitrj'"s ivanco rotircil to his wife's hacicnihi near Te;:cneo Ullsf,, , in i'(ij>. !'«/•., e\xiv. no. 51. ''I)etailsof the caniii:ii'^'n apiicir in lUistumitnti , CinuL IIUI.. v. 'Jl.'i-lI'J; Aliiiii'lK, JJisl. M'j'., V. '.'(il (i; (Jr!:ii,r(i, Oriirr., Iiil. Celso Iniela was seia liy ItiU'ludeas governor of Oajaea; hi? proved a de-ipot, and linally hid to leave liie pi'o\ iiice iu'iiiimiiiiniisly. <''(irr!"lo, /■'■i!iiil/ii}i //i.-f., ii. •_'!), ;i7. ''The arrixai of the fi'i','ates Priuhn and ]'t injanvi, and tlieir eoiiperatiou with Mai'i|Uez y Poiiallo's li.'nti'iiant, Kionda. liroiii,dit on the resloratinn ^^^:. (/(• M<,\,hi-2L xii. 'JoT-S, ;jlJl, 31U-J;!, IO!)--l_'; yolir}<,-o OVm., l^.M, Miiroh lis, oU. i iU dtSMk I 720 TRIUMPII OF THE REVOLUTIOX. ]\ri][)illas ill an entj^niTjiMiicnt witli Trril)or, who was com- ]\]'j; to the ,sui)[)()rt of Ti'ttK-ahi.""^ Xovcrtht'lcss, the whole territory was soon lo.st to tlie royahst goveni- iiieiit, Aeapulco, isolated and unsupported, bein<^' its only [)os.sfssion left on the .st^ithei'n seaboard. Iturhide after takinij;' possession of Puebla de- spatched his forces to lay siei^e to IMexico, i i co- oj)eration with troops which were on the march from (^ueretaro. When on tlu^ point of pi'oceedin'L;- thitlK^r innsc If, news I'eached him of the arrival at the ])ort of Vera Cruz, July 30th, of Juan O'Donoju, who liad been appercepted, ho at once as;-nni'd his otiicial authoritv, the leLi'al oath beinii udmimsiere'd to him by (Jovernor Davila. Lieutenant-i^eneral O'Donoju, hni^'ht grand ei'oss (jf tlu e orders o f( lOS 111. tl 11 \ua ^yA.n iiermeneu'ilUo, was Idc of li'i.sh extraction, as his name thougli son)ewhat changed indicates.^' lie had been captain-general of Andahisia, and had even held the highest [lositioii the nation could bestow below the throne.^'' His record had been that of a truly patriotic Spaniard and irre[)roaeh- able soldier, and in [)olitieal pi'incli)les a lover of lib- >rtv It IS UUf lerstood that he was of hiLi'h dcji e'C in the masonic fraternity. His ap[)ointinent to ]\Iex- ico has been attributed to the iniluence of the Mex- ^''Ilubt'r sent his licail to Arinijo at Cuornavaca, whoru it was exposed to l)ul)!ic \ iv'W. 'riiii [Kiti'iol'.s iiu'iimry li.is iiovcr hofU liouoreil l>y the .Mexican f.;.ivenmiei\t. Alniwin, ll'iM. M'j., v. 1!).') 7. ■"Ho sailcil from Cadi/ the lilKh of May. on the A^ia. a ship of the liiir, and liis htwj. voyage was beiMUse liie vl-at had to eoiivny a eoii.sideialile riuii- lier of mere liantiiien, iiiid to toneli at I'lievto Cahello. 'J'n Vera ( 'riiz .she < s- e iitid eleven ve^.sels. hi, v. 'JOG; ilaz. ile Mtu:, 18J1, xii. ti41-L', bM; M< r. Col. I.ri/. Fllllil., t). •'"ire has also lieen .supposed to li.ivo heen of Irisli nativity. Li'fi'jn, Jill'. !/ L'rrtil!,:, 4!)!). •'*• Aeeordiii;; to his lii'st ]ii'oelaniation. (•'■-.. (>'' M'.r., ISJI. Nii. 8.5. 1 liJ; (I'lic. »' for scrvinL;' his couiilry as iaithruhy as cii'dinistanci's pci'mittcd. J lo .^aw at onco how absurd it would be to uttcnij)t to uj)- -luso, as ( lid many in :\L cxu'o and n iviJ;i »o ex pot 1' •ted hold a lost, e in \v\u C''uz, when im assistance eould I lioni the .supreme 'jov crnment tluit liaidlvhad nutans I') sustain itself. lie therefore resolved, now that ]\Ie\ico was irremedia]>ly lost t<) 8[)ain, to secui'e I'or tlie reigning' family of his country the throne about lobi; ei'ected in the new nation, and to })reservo the I'riendly es. n Jus i)roeiama- rdations between the two peo[il tion on the od of Au^'ust at Yvvii Ci'u/.,'^ he tried, howcvei', t(j induce them to await tlie ailion of tlie cortes, assuring' tliem that the di'sire(l autonomy M'ould be ecjnceded. To the military he s[)oke in a dilfereiit tone, thankiirj' them tor their loval servici-to till! government in tht'ir defence of the city aL;ain.->t outside an'i^'ii'ssion, and ending" with the lio|);' tliat friendship between the antagonistic bands, after the a'jijressors had been reduced and undeceived, wi)uld be restoi'ed, and the })ast for^'otteu.'- lieini,'' conlincvl withni tlie wa uid unal)le to a.dva!i(H" a snii Avitliout, comin;^' in contact with the ind(.'pendent,- ■i;i ()J)< lloju opened ri'latlolis Wl h Santa Amia. and made friendly overtures to Jtui'bid','" who v;iant( *u,',tz. • ^^, is-j xii. S.V.)-(J-2; (,'ar. ,!<■ (/loiil., IS'J! Ai Ilns/: •hintc, ( 'iKIil. Hist. lis WdiiLs well'; ■J' ('n;4(j i's|i(i'iiliz;is d> \i^ (I no riiliiridon y (li,',si;li,i;;i Mil (IciitiK (U! jioio, volvcroino.-i ;i ht r tuuns iimigds. •tu. /./. -(i, 'I'ln^ ]iii.--iti(iii \\;is a paiiitill ouo tor tlio )H'sii';,'cMl; yt'llnw I'cvor was fa'.'- iii;^' lit till' fiurt, and ill a kw days iiiniid oil' btv. ii i>f O'J tuiiojii's siiiu", nil I a iU'i)iii'W and nieco, who dit'd Milliiii tua iind a liidf hours of oiio iinothtr find wove hiiiici d tl 10 Slime aitrrnooli. A noil icr lurfc w ;i3 at (Iciitl dL \\li(ii III' lift till! city (III till! null. Olio hiiiidiiil suldior-i and aailoi.s ui' lliusu ul lo I'.UIIl' V ilh h .1 als .urisli.il. /7., ■_•_>: 'In l«o k'ttois, one oliicial and one piiva.e; in l!iu luriiKi' It irhiilu wui 'I I I 728 TRIUMril OF Tin: REVOLUTIOX. ]iim poiMnissioii to a(l\'anco ns far as (Nuvloba for tlio j)uriK)so of h()]-e in affairs till the new ruler should reach the ca})ital. Alter adoptinn" some necessary militar}^ measures, Iturl)i(le jtroceeded to Cordoba, which jilacehe reached on the 2od of Au^^'ust. General (J'JJonoJu ari'i\'ed the same day, havini^ been escorted by Santa Anna with every nuirk of respect as far as Jalapa. The chief paid a friendly visit to the o'i'noral and his wif j that same eveninu;', and on th(! Ibllowing" day official conl'erences were held.*'' Iturbide jiroposed that by a treaty the })]an of Iguala should be ado])ted as the only means to secure tlio lives and property of S[ian- iards residing;' in the country, and the ]\Iexican throne to the house of BcHU'bon. O'l )onoju assented, ;uid in his sovereig'ii's name recognized the inde[)en(lence of ]\[exico, and agreed to surrender the t;ity of INFexico to th(^ ai'iiiv of tlu; thi'ee guaranties. This celebrated treaty consisted of seventeen articles, which conlirmed the plan of Iguala with a slight dilference in the third article. 1 give in a note an e[)itome of the in- strument.'"' aililn'!>.sL'd US 'gcfi' siiporii)!' ri .'V FiiiiK'isi'o (Ic I'iiiihi; next ( ailiis Liiii, lii f S. wiii. loiiiicr liL'ir ( >f l';t niiia ami luiw < .f I uri'a; ami in caHf (it s I'fMijimcin^ ov '.)ot aeecjitiiiL,', thi u such jn rsoii ua the iiii|iL'rial ciitcs iiiny iiatc. 4. Tl u oiiineicji- .-^liall rcsiik; in Moxiro, as tin- eaiiital ot tliu ciii j)irc'. 5. (Ion. O'Dmiojii si lal qipoint two r.)iiiniissiiiiier> rovision iilly to make thin arraiji,'('nn;iit Utiowii ti) tlic (joiirt of Spain, pcndiiiu; the formal ton- (icr of llio 'M'own by tlio imperial cortus. (i. A sullicicutly niinuTini- juntii shall l.iu C'lustitnted, compc.ici.1 of mcnihoM promiiiciit for thii]l)ors I, 10. The junta",; lirst art shall ajiprise the puMio (jf its installation, fihjcct.s anil such other th IS it may deem expcilicnt. 11. The junta, aiter choosing' its presiiltnt. shall eleon le count rv wi;li- ,il>. Mi i. cS."i-0; M<.c. Ih'ircliii lul, l[st pt,, :IS1 !)0; Uac. (A- Omul, KSJI,Sc]it. 12, 07- 100; Mir.. l\l. MrJ. 0; A !;)2 I; III., a rrdmjiir. M J- II. (i. Vinilhntlo, 8-1); A, Alii". II lyrtUir., VV.--2. On the '.Wi'l of .\ug. O'Doiiojii fi-.>m fiTdoha v. rot th le Siianish government, det:nling the situation and the reasons that lorce .1 him to adopt tile course J'i'!j., xxii. 7 S. he had ta Mniolor Uli ri.imi'.niiu. X,/' notli of (' ' Lifiau deemed it important to kii'iw first what were O'Donojii's powers; ing could lie resolved, as lie had signed ' esos pain h s,' iiuaniug tlic treaty ■ l'"l" ndoli.-i, within a region occupied liy the eiK'iny. Colonel .Sociat iM dL'.l spoiidence. both oilicial and private, m.iy be seen ia liii.-iUd/iant', not see that O'Oonojn hail any special authority to sign away wlni the ' logitima dependencia dc 1]. [lafia.' lie was for lighting till il whole correspondence. I Cnuil. lH-aty and accomj)anying correspt>ndence were read and dist'ussed. The resolution to adopt no lino of action until the arrival of O'Donoju being adhered to, two messengers were despatched to conununicate tlie decision to hiu», and were reev^i\ed by liim at Puebla. On the ].")th of September Iturbide arrived at At/-ea[>ot/,ah'//, wiiei'e he establislunl his headijiiai- ters.*" Fro.')) ffiis [)lacu ho addressed a stirring procla- ^''Tlio Spaniiiifls clniincd it \ictory, wliicli rjiuitaniaritc rtfu'^es to colic- '!<•. Ci'dil. J/isf., V. ;/;).V7; Arn'f'Kjn, ]}.•(, ,,., IvJi), 'JTij; Fnno, JI>m., !SI. Tlic tr.itli is tliat iiuitln f niilc tiiiiiniilicil, lliu hisi* htiiig t()Ualiy suvcre. Among the ki'.lcil on the imK'|)( nd'iits' side was Kiivaniacion Oniz, alias 1^1 I'.uiliun. '"'J'lic army nii\\ united fir the m(\^v of Mexico luinibercd !),0O;-> iitUtu- try and 7."()0 cavalry, divided into three (■oi-j)s. Tin' van was undc r V'ivancn, v.ho hud lately joined the eauM.', with (luerirrn as liis socony virtue of D'Donoju's orders as ca})tain-L(eneral, they (should march out, and be quartered in Tezt'uco and Toluca till opportunity offered for their embarkation; aiul that the trii4'arante Ibrccs should oc('U[>y tlie posi- tions evacuated by them. Thi V an was carried into c;tfcct on ihe morn- ing of the 2."]d of Se[)teniber, and the same day t!u grenadi'i-s. under Colonel Jose Joa(|iiin de llcri era. occu|)i 'd the f )rtre^ and I pal; ice ol Cli ia!»u )CC 'J'he.-^e arrangements being completed, Iturbidc and the ejercito trigaranto, on the 'J7th of Se[)teinb(>i', cn- ten.'d the ca[»i'tal in triumph. The (.'hicf, mounted on a black ch;:- 'vr. was surroun( It.'d bv his aides and '^"OeK. d" J^.f., 1S:21, xii. 1003-4; I)<^<\ in Pinorf ''nL, MS., i. no. CO. •'' Till O'Douoju'.'i entry ill tlio eaj)it;il Liaan lieM the iiiiiitary (-■ciuiiiiMinl, mill liiiniiii ( lulii'ii'i'iMk'l Mazo, whuni O'Doimju had appaiii^c'il nii tin- l.");li of Sij li'iuhur inciiulfiito, tin.' civil rule. <•'"-.. , (juc proouraiii ol bleu dol publico a quiou i-epi'o.scnta. ' Alainaii, 1114. mj.. V. .s;{2. ■''Tlii.-i was the first possossory act Itnrbidc exorcised in tho nation's nama n" protector of tiie olmrcii, and nocding no special dci'laratioii from Jlonio. T!ic roar of artillery and ringing of iicll.s tliroughout the day woi'e deaf- ening, ni(.,niiiaii/i-, Cifid. Ili.4.,' X. n;2!l; vi. 1.') 'JO; XUitioii was buniiiig in his heart."" A [)rojeet had heen foi-med to proelalin liiiii einpeior tliut very dav," and visions of a scei)tre were ah'i'ady flashin,i;' On Ids tlioughts. But lie knew that the time was not yet lipe. ■■■'ScL- liis iiddivss of the same day, in wliiili, after oxliortiiii; thorn to lay aside all animosity nf rauu, and pnicluini union and closo friend.^liip, he fon- cludf.-! wiih tht'S(.' words: ' Concfih'dnio solo viu'.-itra sumision ,i las k'vi's, de- jad ijU(! vuclvaal Hcno do mi tiiTna y aniada tamilia, y dv ticmpo un'tic'!n|)o liacc'd una mcmoiia do viicstri) amijio.' <,'ir:. ih- Mix., ISiii, \ii. 101!) lM- i\?/>.s" J'kj., xxi. 'I'X; Mi.r. Dor. /', /tif/ro-i, no. ;i. ■"""■'I'lio words of Aliad y (^)^u■i^)o, uiitiu>,' to tin; viceroy in ISIS in rcfcrenco to Itnrhiilc, were iiroiihetio: 'That yonng man is full' of amliition, and it vould not li(^ Strang!! if in tlio conrsu ; tinu,' lie should lie the very one to etieet the inde})endenee of his eountry.' ArraiKjijh, Mij., i. ■2'M. •'"See the account given in JlrJ. IJu |)i: ai II - IrinBiDr.'s IIkwauhs — Arniv ruoMoTioNs— Scrt- lUiNUKIl OF I'KllOTK, ACAITLCO, AMi VlilJA (^IirZ— MritDKU OK ('(Pl.i iN i;r, (IiiNcuA— Fluiht of Krnoi'EANs— Tiik Pukss— Pomtical Factidns— !Mi;\siRi;.s von Cosvokino C'o.sGiiKss — iTi'nutDK's Intekfkuknck— CoN.si'iiJACV— Its FAiLrui;— Conkition of tiiio Cor.NTiiv — Tin; l;i;v- KNii:— Tiik Mininu Indi-sthv-A FoitcKu Loan' and Aup.iruAnv AlFAsruKS — I'i;oR(}ANiZArinN (ii-'riii-: Akmy^Union of Ckntkai, Amki:- lOA WITH TIIF, KmI'IIU; — -MkasIIIKS for lis JtFPRKSFNTATION— Iti:- FM'.CIIONS OX TIIK ADMINISTRATION OF TIIK JlNTA. At lialf-pnst I'iijflit on the followiii'^' mornlnu; tlio uoiiiinoc'S selected Uy Iturbide lor the t'orniatioii oftlie junta [)i'(nisi()nal ^'ulxTnaliva, which was to he in- vested with the leo'islativo ])ower, assemhled in the ])riiici|)al hall of the ])alaco, O'Douoju being present. Jturbide brielly laid before them an outline of the ]»rinci])al matters to which they would have to give their attention, expressed his own obedience to their direction, and oil'ered his services and those of the army i'or the maintenance of their authority. ][e then pronounced the junta formally installed, and the members thei'eupon proceeded to the athedral, where tlu.! form of oath which had been agreed U])on was administered, each individual swearing faithfully to observe the plan of Iguala and the treaty of Cordoba, and honorably discharge the duties he had been called upon to perform. Tlu^ junta then withdrew t(j the chapter-hall and proceeded to a})point a ])resid(3nt, (731) di:c'lai;ati()X of indkitin'dexce. 7'tio Ttiii!)i(l(' IxMiiuf uiiaiiiniously elected. Tlie fe deiiin luiviiiL;' been ehanled, tlie junta adJoliriKd until e\-en- The first act of tlie junta wlieii it roassoinMe I was ti) issue the declaration of independence, l)y wliicli i\lexico was declared to l)e a so\erei^n nati(tn, inde- pendent of tSi)ain, with wliicli it would maintain for tlie future no otliei' union than that of friendship, on terms to he i)rescribed hv treatv. Fi'iendl\- relations Avith other powers would also he estahlishcd. 'J'he act was siijued hy thirty-six mend»ei's, tho si^iiatui'c of lturl)i(h! heini;' first on the list/ The m.'xt pi-o- ceedini^' was the nomination of a reu^eucy as i-epresi'ii- tative of the ahseiit monai'cli, and constituting'' the ex- ecutive power. It consisted of five members." Those elected were: Ituihide, president ; O'Donojil; Doctor ]\[anuel de la Ixircena, <>'o\ernor of the hish- ' Tlie signatures ai'o as fullows; A^^ustin de lUiiliiilo, Aiifniiii) oliispo do la I'licbla, .liiaii ()'|)(moiu, Manuel de la ]j:irceiia, Matias .Miint('.iL;iidi>, Jusij Yarn/, I.ic. .luaii J''rarii'i.-ieci(l,! Azei'irate, .luaii .losi'' lv-i]iiiii>sa (h^ Ins MdiiteroH, Jcisi'i .Maria I'^ijiua^ua,, .liis(i .Mi,L;iiel (iiiiidi y Aleoeer, I'll ma nines de Sahatii rra, J'll eoiide de Casa de I leras Sutii, il uau liaiitista Liilio, T'laneiseo Manuel San- clie/, (le 'i"aL;te, Anionic d Mainiel V( laziinez de laCadena, .luan de ]lijrl)e'.'(iso, jSienlas ('^ni|iero, Ml eonde ; Mr.v. Col. I.i ijos I'ini'l., IJ-U; J).r(r/io Jiilcni. J/(U\, 3d pt., 4editioiisly, the latter CNcIaiming: '(Jjalal que solo fuesi; uiio el regente, y (pie tuvicse dos colegas 6 asociadus coiuo cunsultores.' LI., v. 3IJ5-'J. •J>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / 1.0 I.I ':'m IIIIIM i^ 1 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1 6 -* 6" • V] <^ /J VI >> o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14S80 (716) 873-4&03 ij.. 738 THE SOVEREION TROVISIOXAL JUNIA. oprlc of ^ric'lioaran; tlio oidor Jf)sc Isidro Yailcz; and IManucI Vt lazqiu'z do J^ooii, (nnuerly socrutary of tlio viceregal frovei-iiiiK'nt.'' As this appointment of Itui'bido as president of the reiifencv would intei- fei'c with liis similar j>osition in the junta, tlu' hisliop of Puehla was elected president of the lattei- assem- l)lv. On the 4tli of Oetoher the retjfencv I'ormed its cal/niet, Manuel Ilerrera* beinij^ ap|)ointe(l minister of foreii^n and internal affairs; Jose D(jmii)'_^ui'/, Man- zo, of justiee and i-eclesiastieal matters; Antonio Me- dina, seeretarv of war and marine; and Kafacl JVrez !Maldonado, minister of the treasury. To eaeh minis- tor a yearly salary of 8,000 pesos was assin'ned/' Ilai'dly had the regency entered U[)ou its j'unetions M'hen a. vacancy occurred hy the unexj>ecte(l death of 0'J)onoju. yVlmost immediately on his arrival at the capital he had been attacked with pleurisy, and al- tliou«.di th" malady had at lirst taken a favorable^ turn vud he was considered out of danu'er, a relaj)si' set in, to which ho ra[)idly succumbi ' )n the 7th of Octo- ber the solenui rites of the via in were administei'ed, and on the evening of the 8th ho brt-athed his last. lie was interred on the 10th in the chajx'l of l^os lleyes in the cathedral, with all the honors and cere- monies observed at the sepulture of the viceroys. A\'ith the celel)ration of these funeral lites the last shadow of viceregal presence in New S[iain jtas^ed away.^ The Mexican people n>tain the name of O'Donoju in grateful memory, and his act in signing the treaty of Cordoba is considered as a proof of an ' /)(.«;>o.-.7V. Vn.-iiiF, ii. f. 47; Xotic. Oni., 1st Oct. IS'Jl, 1 \; <;,k. Imp. Mi'.r., i. 7 H. Till' iiifiiilicrs took tlic o.-itli tm tlio follow in;,' iiiviTimniit (if tliu I'liitt'tl States. •''riiii iiu'iuliciH of the I'l'j^'i'iicy IiikI a salary of 10,0(10 jicsos each. Dulilini niicl Ld-.inio, J.iij. .1/f.r.. i. .'■>.")H. "A full acfoiint of lii.s olisi'iiuica vill In- foninl in dd'-. Im/i. .l/(.r., i. ,'!.">- 40. ( ('l>()iioju was lioiit-^'i'ii. ot the Sjiauisli aniiii's, iiiiil il' > ir.itiil « itii tlio L'r.'iiid ci'oN.s of the orilera of Cailo» 111. anil Sail llt'riiiiin.'^'il(lo. JJi.-/iu/fic, I'ltiiati, ii. f. 17. O'DOXOJL'.S CIIAH.\(T.':R. 737 earnest oint in aflairs of securing n(»t only the lives and property ot' Spaniards in New Sj)ain, hut the right of tiu' Jnui.^i! (tf jjourhon to the Mexican throne. Jle was, more(t\ei', of liberal ])rincii)les, and, not blind to the justice oi" the c(»l(>ny's cause, had the courage not to shirk grave; re- sponsibilitv bv unmanly deiiartur*;; nor can lu' by so doing ever be rei^arded as havin*'; betravcd the inier- ests of Spain. O'Doiioju was circumspect, and bon- a i'e[)utation Ibr exacting strict obedience to or«Krs. At a later date, vague and unjustiliablc im|)utatii»ns against Iturbide relative to tlu; cause ol' O'DonoJiVs death were rumored. Although his romisi'd course of action; he therefore dv'clined the honor on the plea of failing health, an! I^falitmli' to hiirliidi', .'ipitoiiitctl liim a vcarly -alary of .i>l*JO,0()(), liavili;;- pftN imislv rdlii'cin'il U|ii»il llilil till.! rank <•!' L;ciicralis>iiiio lA' the army ami lii'^Ii ail- iiiiial.'" TIic title also of ' Ili-^ im)>t .sin-m' Iii^liiicss' w < )SO as l»('sti)\Vfil U[)(>ii liiiii," and ti» his lather, J J()a(|iiiii, welt; t^'raiitivl the hoiior.s and .salary iierUiiii- iiiLj ti» a imiiiher ol'tlu- re^'em-y. While his own a'^'L;r;iiidizeiiient was tlius scoured, Itinhide iiat.tM'ally took eai'e thai tin- army should meet with ;i eorres|)niidin>^' reenoiiition of its serviei-, and, as j^eiieralissimo, laid hel'ore tin; re;^-eney ;i lit of promotions which h • eon. (i(ir. Iiiij), Ml '■,, i. 71. 'tH'iu'r.ili'siiiin ilo la^l .\riiiiH del Iiiiiicrii) dr iimr y tiiTr.-i.' His H.il.ny was t > i! ;.,! I'iMiii III' ll (if l\Iiiil;irv, llio (lay oil \,iii,li lie lilDclailll.- I till! plan I if ["uala. Willi lii'i'ciiiiiii;riiii»l( .<( y, IliiiliiiK', in ti.';iik'!iti,L,'lii i t'ia;ilia, (li.'cl.iiiiR'il all till(! til till! Siiliiiy i'on'i's[ii)iiiliii'^ ti> tin- pci'loil fnmi that ilii t > tin- J ii.li of Scjil'iiil •cr, iiiiiiiiia iir; t • .>;7l,"'t>l, ■■iml ic-i;jiuil it f ir tii • li,i v- lit of l!i.. army. 'I'Ih- ic 'nwy oiiliiril t'lis .'iit t'> I"' piililislu'.l, in onlcr that tlu! oiipiio ini;;lit liavo uilditional proof of tlio 'cli v.iii'il p,itii.)iis:ii and i uli- VI, ai .( Ill i; ll 81 rii'il iiiti) elibct. Ill Kr,iti.r.' i; u I iii/i. Mr I J. S'Ui \v lialli .IT l.H! Ml of !~!|.0 ) (.OOi) was f;ninl;'(l him, and "J.) ltM,'uis .• :•: '•' lVdr'» < ' -icslini) Ncu'i'i'tc was iiiade lirat-'icii. ; .\iia:tasio liiistaniantc I uis < I iluiaii.'ir, 1 ; la M ! 1 MlIlM v'liU' (Jucnvri I d" l.iii'cis, niaj.-\'!MnTi! di! Viv.iiu-i). aii'l M.inii •1 ll- l:i Sotarrivi, and l).iiiiia .1- Alv: 'I'l .1 111' ila 1 l>i'av(i, .!< J, .1. (." .:•( 'I'l I', a<|Ulll lie ■I, a 1.1 .ll Ma !■; M III Mil HrrriTa, .lose Aii'.nuii) 1'] Ai Aad: I'.s ^^^ldi^i I, full Iiri .'ndi II I'.hi";.!-! I, lir.'vc ll !i .v.ini, die Mi'; 111.1 I. a.rir, A''a ilin lliialilliH, ll 1(1 eoiiiii' I le San I'e.lrxlel AI iM'.. and i: .Saiirlie/. ea linels l" Mill I'lions lit .siilialiiTiH III! ll I. ill' pi; ouirer.J we:*o t'l III' eli'e 'te I later on the lei'iinimeild..tiiill of the silpi liiir ciliif", (I'ir. In Mr i. !);i-7; i: Tl ;<)/) «leili;il IV I ll pit ■leiile 1 two worlds disimiti'd, tile ehaili with wliii'i I previ msly j niie I ocin 1 1 I'll!; Tiie me Id lor ^ t'l" le Oi'li.'iii all orlie "alvit. t)ne med il \'.iu lie>t iv.ed up i!i iho o wlio Iwitl ad'i"(K.' 1 tlic plan of l^iiahi during t!iu piriod from Maivli 'Jil to .liiiiu I.h!i, the other .snii;i:Mt:::: or p;:ij(»ii: \ni» A'AM-i.co. )i I »\'<»i;i .1 ul 111 It Ili'lK lii'-i'(l li il r v^ul! !■ • r till |>iir- itsr 111" sfcuriii2 ilw Iraiiniu •I" i!i'' I'l'.iMtrv, aiiil ill.' ismtii:.! supjinrt tif l!if |ii»lit i;'.il ami military |i(»v.- ci'-, llurliiili; im l!ii' I7l1i ilivulcl ihr coiiutry iiit.i li\i' <• n>{aiii-i:jcii('ralfi(S, wliicii \\<- jtlai-cd mi It tlf« ilir. I'lioiis ol" Anastasii* lln-^t.viiiaiit-f, Pi'lio ( '.Ic t iaa X('i(ivt.e, Maiiui 1 Si;t irriva, ! )i>miii;4ii 11 t.uilslai Liiaccs, .'iml \'ic; iilc ( (iniTiiM." 'i'!ii' (lissdliit'uMi i»r (lie \ ifii-c'^'al ;;(»\cniiiiriit v.a; I" •!! tv.i tin' ca^lli' «>r San .liiaii tli- I li'ia, wliidi liy t!u! I iii| (tf ()c;i)Inr \\n< Spain's >.ilil;iiy jiMs-^cs-^inn jn iln» • tiaili'y. ()ii llir 'Jill ol" (li:il m<>ii(h tin- I'liiic^-; (if iVr«.!.' w as suriTmlcicd l»y Captain Patii'iM 'l'<;j'>l or till' ol'ijci'i' ill CMiiimaiiil. to Siiiita Anna, wlio (iccnpii-d t'l" tou II tlic saiiii' da\ ; and on t hr i atli the '''oNi'Mior r A. I 4» i-a|Mil<'o capit ulatt'd, tlic iiideiK-iidcnt coniniaiidi i lol'o Moiif.i a takni'. 1' ^••ssioii on t ln' I (itii. Al \'>ra Cruz tin- dimaN in all'airs liad w roii-^'Iit ii rliaiioe ill till' opinions of tin' coii-^ulado ami ayuiitu- iiii.'nlo, and those corporations were no iiiiMcr ea'^er to oppo>e the hattaiioiis of the indepeiideiils as they had heeii a fewnionlhs hefore.'' Awai'ethat ;i Spaii- .h I oive had heeii ()!•( lered to tile port, t he <'oii '-nlad <> addressed a I'tler to the ayuntamientlrMction and disast ei's W liich Would follow if hostilities wen r Tsisteil in. The avmit,a- t 1 those- who h.'nl tloiK! likewise after the? latter ihito V> Stpt. '.'•l. *.'•'.■. /;///». .1/. •., i. !i i; .llisi,t,nn,h\ riuKl. Ilisi., vi. •_';». " I'h • proviliiM's under till' eoiniiiailleiiti'; Niieva (iaii- A '■i><, ami San iiiiin l''pt.(-i; M t^iieiV'tari, Valla.li.li I, an I II! jurisiiii'Uoai • Jiiaiiajiiato; X'eriiCni/, I'lielila, Oajaea, ami 'i'alia-io; ini'l tl of Tlajia, ('hila|ia, 'I'lxlla, Ajaehiilall, Oiiietrpre, 'I'liiiaii, .l.iniiitr|ni-, ami TeiiDicoliiJi. 'I'liese litlir ilistric;!< were se^rejjateil from the ea[italii-.;eiii r- iiL-ie:! of Mrxiei) mill I'liehla, ainl conferreil u|i ai (Jtierrero iii eoii.-iiih ration of hi-i .•taiu';'. Ol•der^ had i''>nsei|iieutly liei'U niven for t!ie li^lit li.iltalioii of < '.it.iluiia t^Ux tioneil at llahana to eiiiliark at wilh lot artilhivMieii for\'ii.i i\-.\£. V. ilad I of Cidi.'. iiirorniid l!ie corM ir.it i'>ii a t V. r.i t'vw/. ot ihc-it' ili3- pijsiiiona liy letter of Aui,Miit 11th. .l/'tnutii, llii. MJ., v. :tll '_•. 1 MO Tin: s()vki:ki(;\ riiovisioNAi, .itn'ta. iiiiciito was, llicrclnrt'. iiii|ini-f micd in ohtaiii from (JciHial l);ivila an assurance tliat his riitiirc I'lHiisi- Would l»r so iiMriilatcd as not to rxposr llic lives and property ol' tlif inliahitants todan'^er.'" I);i\ la, li >\v- evei', paid no attention to tlie lepr-esentations made to liiin, and in pnrsiianee ofliis pre\ ions j»lan retireil on 1 lie \\\[f\\l of the 'JOtll with the jeW t foops he had to the e;istli', takiiii; with hiin the heavy aitiller\-, annnuni- tion, and st<»res, as w«'ll as the I'unds in the troasui-y, amounting; to >- iii/inL;' tiie mdi-pendene* I {in<-on was i-i'taiiied in his j)osition as ;^'overnor. A few days previous to this event Itnrhide had received the Ljratir\in;j news that the Yucatan [uMiinsuIa liad declared for inde- pendence, the oath havin^• heen taken in ^[ei'ida on the I jth of Septenihel'. As yet the oath had not Keen administered to the ayuntamiento, trilauials, and corporati<»ns of the city i if Mexico, and the "JTth of ( )ctol>er liavinii^ heen appointed foi' the occasion, the ceremony took place with uiiu- stial solemnity. 'I'he form «»f oath exacted not oidy ohservance of the jilan of iLjuala and tin? tr«'aty <»l' ( '(')rdol»a, hut also the i-eco^-iiition of the soherana junta and ohedii-nce to its decri H Tl K' same cere- ' Fur cii|)y of till' fi)ii.suluili)'.s rt'jiriijonUitioii, Hf(> (I'dc. /iii^i. .l/u. , i, I l."i ri. i_»o Sautiv Aiiiia Hcrtni to luivo liei'ii Hoiiujwlmt outri'iicln ■! Iiy n.'ivila. Ariiiriliiij^ to a ilrsimli li ,>!' Iiis h, Itiirliiclc, (Liicil Oct. Istli. ln' hi'lil ii i'(iiifri'ciii-(! nil tliiit (l.iy t!i \'i'i;i Cruz u itii iKivilii, w Im ii.sxurcil liiiii timt ho wiiiilil iMpitul.iti'. SiK'onfiiliiit was Saiila .Anna that lii' writes: '.\si'- g;iritii\'. v.. ijiii- (Ifiitrit <1<> ticliK n ilic/ ilias tniiuilara el iialnlliiii .Mcxiiaim la l>l l>la/a, y i' istillcxlf V /./.. !IJ. '" I I'Kiiy till' form vcrliatiiii fioiii tlio liaii.lu puMiMJii'iI on the \'Mh: ',;l!i'- coiiiii'i'is la SoliiMMiii.i ill! I'sti! liii]Mriii rt'iircMi iitaija ]M>r sii .luiitii |irovi-ioiial j;iil>rriiat jval iiiais tiln'ijcccr mis (li'iictu-i. i iliHcr* r I IS piraiitian |iioclari.i iln I n I _'iiat I ]>>ir rl Kj.iiifo (1. ! Iiiijicim Mi Nicaim c ii sii iiriimr liii4 I'll lu X'lllii ilo Corduba y ilL'si'iii^n'i'iar iicliiicalo vui':itrui'n- ri.i ;nT of spaxiards. 11 liK'Hy was (.nlcf.'d to Iif ohsrrvcd willilll Mlic lllniidi I'lMiii l!iat (latf ill all cities ami towns where; the hed. I iider the n ew I) rdiT of atl'airs hut I ew !•: uroiie;:ns eontinileil in jmhhc olliee, even stleli as the i^oNcni- nieiit was anxious to retain deeliniiin' to sei-ve under tile ehaiii^ed regime, \otahle ainoll^' those who left the countrv was iJataiier, the re;;;ent ol' t he audieneja, to v.iioni Jturhide ni vani e\|ii'e>sed Ins earnest di sir.; that he woidd remain. I )es|iite, moreover, the e:i- couraLjement j^iven to S|>aniards to re>ide in \ew Spain hy tin; l.'jth article of the treaty ot" ('lU'doha, llii'V hei^an to eiiii'^ratc in ;^reat numhers, inljiieneid, perhaps, moi'e hy dread of private \ciii4;eanee than di>- e-ilst at the independeliee. Their fears, indeed, Ii;id hi-ell acU tel V ai-oUse( 1 i»v the murdi-r of Manuel de l;i, ( 'oiiclia on ()ctol> make his way out of tlu' eountry. ('onelia had made hiiii- self an oltject of lien-f ji.-itnil hy his luthless execu- tion of j»risoners,''and his tieath was determined ujioii. When thcMirmy of Las 'I'res ( iaraiitfas enteii'd the e;ipital he hastily tlcpai'ted i'or \'era i'vw/.. At .la- ijta Santa Anna warned him that he- had ri'ceiNei information that his life was in danger, and sup|ilied !, iim with a sma II ort. ('oiieha, h o\Ve\ t r h.l iVed that ho <'ould escape hy disM-uisiiiL;' himselt', and at dawn on the ,')lh left .laia|)a in the dress of the com- iiion peo|)le. His preeauti«»n was useless. Ill' wa i killed at a >hort di>tan<'(,' outside- tin* town, Tl h! el )S 0« IlVIUll y M 1. i;iru''> fM Hfr\ i(ii> i\v l.i XaciidiT Si asi Id liiiicrcis I)ii .I.iii.hhU'.' a/., i. 10-.'. '" lie ki'|)l 11 ri';,'i.HtL'r iif till' iiiiiiiIkts ho put to lU-atli, wliirli lie oiillcil liin ' licciiiM lie iMiRTti'.' l''i)ur yt:ir>t-iin'viiiiis t'l hi* iliiii' iiiif>ii'tiiiiiitiM-a|>tivi'.s at liiialiiaiitl.'i, in- jivcmIiui'iI lliis liivailtiil lut'iinl, iiii'iun tr.l t. MIC than I.StKC Sri> ii.itf iuSuiil'i .1; il till' nuiiilHT tllCM Mil' fir ill Sfl'inr ( 'nlirlin. •" His iiiurilfrcrM ivtcaiiiil, ili'inilf tin' l■l^n|■t^ iiiadi' tDaiirst tiurii. 'i'liis ^'a\-c rino ti) tliu 8U»i)iciiiii tliat tlic aullmiiiics lia"l im jiai tiiiihir wisiituap- 1" L'lictul tlii'tn 7« Tin: s()vi:i:i:i(;n im;iivis|i)N.\i, .iiata. feci of tliis MssMssiiialioii upon Ihc resident Spaiilirds was .stai'tlin'L,', and llie iiunil)er <•!' dejKutni'eM ineit-i-^ed. I*«irti.»ns (if tlie jMess, loo, wliieli now enjoyed i'nll lil»ert\, a Ided to the alarm, eertain writers niakin-' it, llieir aim to keep alive tin; old enmitv a<'ainsl the ]]iw»)|iean interlopers, ami nn|»n<^Miin;^ the {guaranty of the plan ol" l^niala. To a nest this dan^jcrous inlliienee, the r^'^^'eliey, I »y decree ;»l' ( )etol»er 'J'Jd, |ironouneed all ant hois of Mieh inali'Mianl leaehin'rs y-uiltv <»!' treason n-^ainst the nation, am! swl'jeet to eorrespondiii'Lj pnii- i-hmeiit.'"' 'I'he edict had little cllect. The LjMaran- ties oj' the jti;in of I;^iiala and of the treaty of ' '('»r- doha were still atta Lat^'ianda, exhorted the Spaniards to sell their pri>p- erty and leave the country, as the detestation in w hi -h they Were held was so ^n-at that even Itnrhide* could not pi'otect t hem, however williiiLj ho mi'^ht he. The alarm created l>y tlii^ puhlication amounted to a panic, and e\t laordinaiy ell'irts to c(Minteract theellect weii' made hy the ^-overmiieiit. The dei)artur<' of t he mail was postp(»ned till the lollowiii;^^ day, in order that the condemnation of the sheet mii;ht he >i mult a neons with ils i-irculalion in th untry, and that the niterated a->suranc(! on the jiart of the Junta and re^-ency of their <1< •term illation to sustain the security ol" the lives and jtroperly ol' iv.iropeans minht he pnnnuln'ated. La'_,rranda was arrested and coiidi'inui'd to six yt'ars' i.ii|ii'isonment , with the loss ol' his lii^hts as a citi/en, and an a<'t was jiassed relormin'n' the law rei;'ardiii_n" t In' liherty of the press.-^ Jiut this decisive action failed ■I a /„ 7' .1/. v.vi .-.. '•■ MnUllf.l <• insi J.) /ii'ii lr,,tr ill- hit a ir^niUn*. til., i. .'111. M'niisnU /'/.. i. ;UI.'i l(i, all <. ."IT'! so. In (ho .Icito- |>ass; >f til 'J )Mi tlio junta ilrliiii'l cUnily t'lt! f im \Mitli WU I.I' noinn'c mk- [| a.s contaiiii l'iU- TIIK M!:Xir\N riilNS. ;«! lo ri stoic (•nliliiUllcr. So '•rc'lt Vvil> ill- IllHMlnf t»l' S|»:ini;ir>! xTis t l;Ul huilt'nl« nil (lie I.Mli l;iii| ,'i iiiutioii )m ImI'i' tin* JmiiI:! tli.il tlic l.'itli ;»rticli' ol" (he tirjilv "I" ('(>(!( (Ill, wliirli Miaiitrd ]liii1imu1(| 1m' (^ir-|iiii(lu I I'T niiuty iliiv^; iiiid nil till' Dtli ol' .I.iijiijirv, I'il'J. it \»;is ' wtic (It|)iivri| (if till' ojitioii of iituniiu^' to S|i.iiii. imd of tlir li^lit «\iii ti> willi'ii'.iw llh 11' capital. \ii ."-till (lie |iri's.s siicri'oilril ill a';;^l;t\ atili'4' ;iiiiiiio -it y a'^ailist tlii'iii. I Uliiii'/ tlii- jifiiod it not mily tiiad< tin' ^iiaiaiity of tilt' union tin- niaik lor its .sjiaits, l»iit at- > tlio rmni of i;d\cninii'nt, the poinjt dis|»lay*'d l)y \vliirli, iindor t!i<' cii-cuuisiaiiccs of a sraiity Iroastiry, was ridifiili'd ami iiKMiy of its pioxiMoiis (■.•n-Uicd, ' 'i'lu- pai'ty li.'c <'li'>u;:h to isiMiic w iili oiilv .1 fiw iiinlitlo' iiiiiiii-miiiiic'it, I" in; iiUdwiiI tlu! li;'lii.';i; of till' liidiilto (;( iiiTiil j,'ni!itril wluii iMiuj^'rons \v:i.i iiirtiulli'il in Miiit'li I'lilliiwiii;.', .!/'(, //'(/', i/!i/. M'j., V. .il'J. ■•'At llii.stiiiio I'ii.!t;im:'.iit(! i>iil'Ii .Iir(l;i wci kly iiiTiintiial, styji'l f.'t Alih/'U ilr ('!i'lii(u:rl)iiji>, .V few coiiicM (,(' wliiili ( \iHt ill ill" MuMtyi't Mmliiil. Hi- ('.■ilii-alcd ittiitlic iiK'iiiorv nf .MonloH, iiii>l <'ai'!i iiuuiliir in parliralar t > sunio iiiMiii-;;riit chit f. 'i'lii « v.'.is .snlliiuMit to ;;aiii for liim tlic i iimiiy <'f Itiiiliiili'. till 1 w III II i.\ i\w lil'iii issue in; inlil up to i iilii'iili' t!ic iiii|i( rtiiii.i ily of tlio iin- ji lial ("ivciiitiii'iit, lu" wii.i urii'.-iti il ainl iiniiri.-ioiicd. Hi « iMilinciiuiit, how- I vtT, oiilv lanleil !i f w Inmr/i. .\lu,iii(ii, ///'<'. .'/'/., v. -107 S. iMiriii;' tliJH y(ar lif iil <» )vulili.^lii il \\\a )>' I'mfi/ii < .Ui '/'ill' CM >/ .t'lll- li.iit-. I' ii:iiii<'il I'li'iii Miiiiio ui.iiiii -iTJiitM of IJo'.nriiii {'.fiiri'lticii, timl Ih-'mii t( i.-.1 til (pjiiiii iM 1 o[ ji) j)'ili,io:il iiai'ty, l>;it \va i lonlimil to tlic jiuliliiMliou of (U'crcfi of till' ,i 1111 la, rcMoluiioiMof tlio ^'oviTiiiiu lit, iiinl 111V..1 from S|iiiii. On l!ii' olli of |)i'i'., iiowtvc!', llm iltinln ill! .V y iiiailo its a;iiitaraii(''. 'I'liis was an iiii- ji wlaiiL lioli'.ifal orLt.iii osialili-^lu'il liy the iiiai:)iiio oiiKi-, 'I'Jh- arii'..'l of (fllonoja hid i;i\i ii a ;.'roat i!ii|iiil liroiia'-'ate tin- lilier.d leiiieilil'-i v, liii-li '.-.(i.; L;ai;ii.i,' «^. * 11.1 I !• . .'".I 1 1- r.i nil I l:i Sp ;iili, lo eselil and to foment the l.aiieastrian s'.'.sti lie the elerjiy from interventi'ili ill til' cdiieatioii of iheyoi-n. em of nrliools, Oil', .f \vl lirh wan es'...liit .'i. I .1 ill the capital, also tindi r the name ' d.l Sol.' From thi-< time t!ie i.iiha are if til" iiia.Hoiiic ort'.vis uuxcd utroiij, and .souli liefulne ii jiolilieal powi;- iii tiic luiul. 744 Till-: SOVKUKICN riiOVIsloNAI, .MNTA. spirit, also, wliidi was Itfiiii,' <1('ViIo|hm|, now ln';/aii t< Im- |»iil»lir|y rshiliitril, ami I wo o|i|iositt' f;ulii M-cliNC \y ii'i nc.sriil( »| l»v writt's wlio ailvorjitt'tl |f|ii|li|ir;ill I'olin ol' i^ovniiliunt on tlir oil*' siilr. .-Hul tin elevation of ItiirltitJL' to tju? innieriai tliroiie on the olliel'. The aetioii of the LTfiieralissiino had not iijiven that ;;eneral safislaction whieh was neeessaiT to seein'- harnionv hetween th<' two i^M-eat paities that had lor so lonj^ u time opposed eaeh other. lie had al- most ij'nored the services of (he militarv chii'l's who had roUL,dit niwler the insniLC'iit l)a!iners, and with CJie e\eeJ»tion oj" ( ! niTlero. Iha\(>, and a tew others, the names of i-evohitionaiv hudirs were not tonni(,'nts of rewanis and prcunotioiis. Ar- roj^MtiiiLj to himself the e;'e, he h'l't entirely ont of NiL,dd the merits of those who had pn'\ions|y striven sp!ayin;,f an iin|tartial appre- (•iiition aiiUe of rovalists and insur'j:ents — denomina- tlol )S u hieh indeed had \irtiial!v ceased t O ( \ist when the two sides eoalesced as independents —his marked pi'eferen<-e for the former caused just olfenc' to the latter.^"' The ill feeling" thus early created soon assunicfl a practical form. First amoiiL^ the impoi-tant. duties of the jimta was tin; formation of a plan for the assenihliiiLf of the na- tional compress; and in this matter Itiu'hide nMi.>t us,' all his cunniuL,' to further the amhitious views he se- cretly chei'ished. The systtMii to hv purstKMl in con- ductin;^ the elections was, accordinix to the treaty of ( '«'»rduha, that of the Snaiiish constitution: hut this wo uld not sectiri sue simo iKM'eil to see t It. a couL^re^s a' tl le e-enelMll>- ••tahlished. lie wisht'd it to he as suhservieiit to himself as he had found the niemhers "Tliii ^vas iwrticuluily 'il.Hrrvaldc in Itiiiliiili's iiiixirty to rctiiin Span- ianls ill ollici.'. In his iiii'iiii>rial, wriltiii at l.c^lioni in .S'-pt. ISJ.'l. lie sa\ i: ''i'liiliiH Ills curnpro.* (jiu' (luiiii'i'KU hfi^'iiir la smi'ti' iltl |)ais, coiiscfvaroii ins cmplcos (pio i>)»tvMiia!i, y liurmi asivadidus HUfHcsivaiui iitc a oipuiioH a pa' hu» bci'viciy.'f y iiu'iitaj. ' Carnm, Mil. 1/ J'ul., 1.1. PACKINt; A rON'CRKSS. T4.-. <»r the ni^fciicy. If i(. could Im; <'mim|m)S('(1 iiiMiiily <»t' icprcsciitaiivi's not Lrirt(' wclliii^di afi-om- liliNJicd. A<'< (U'dini^ly, lu'lorc; tlic junta had iv-ad tliu i'lini (»r convocation which had hfcn drawn ii!> hy tho ••oinniission appointed I'oi- that purpose, v'hc r(L,^»ncy ui'Ljc(l it not to conu' to any resolution hd'orc it had In.ird certain sui/'^est ions which wouM sjioi-lly he laid hel'ore it. 'i'his ln, ()()() iiihahitants.'^' The prop(»sal was a|»pro\cd hy the junta, and as Ilurhide maiidy relied upon the army and cleri»'y, he therelty sceuri'd to his intei-fsts at Last one halt' of the future coiitrrcss. J>iU this was not all: (»n the Sth he laid Uefore the junta a plan for the election desii^ned hy himself, the hasi< of which was that each jn'ofession and class should he repr«'sen(ed hy deputies chosen hy itself.''' This caused Xol inniii If' IK I' 'il. nth Xov. Is-Jl, '2-i. ■■' 'I'll"" iiuiiilicr of ili|piiti. s fi) lit; clntcil liy I'acli class was not to lie ilc- ciili'il liy till! iiiiinl>i'r wliidi coniiioscil it, liiit liy it'' iiiipnrtaiK'i' ;ini| iiitilli- gciui'. ltuil)iiio jiniposc't that thi! coii^'rc.-is sliouM li>' conipoMiMl of I'.M) imiiilii'rH tlius a|)i)ortioii('il: of thf ooclcsiasticH, IS n^prc.sriit.itivfs; ol thu agriiniltiival, iiiiuini;. artinaii, and foiuini'ivial classos, 10 each; -.t' the army and navy. !•; of the olliriai.s in the ttovcrnnicnt ;l Ky Ttur- l)i(l(i liimscir, was appointrd to examiiio iiiid i( poit on his plan, jiiitl on llio ]7tli tlio junta, v>!iicli liase pursuits respectively predominated were desi^Miated and th-i iiumher ol' correspond ini^' (le[)uties to he elected as- si[4"ned. "^{'h*' total numher of representatives was iixcd at ini'.'-^ J)uring these proceediui;s Iiurhido v.'as very Inunhle and unassumin;^ in his protestations to the pul)lic. Neither his colleagues in the r(\'4ency, liis military coiiu'ades, nor himself, he j)roclaimed, Were other than devoted suhjects of the soverei^'n lieoplc.-* The puhlic wcj ' was the loadstar of his a; [)ir.!tioiis, and he would \ithdraw to tiic retirement ol' private life if such were his country's v.isli. Never- theless, no one was deceived hy theso asseverations. nnd Ro forth l-'cing the electors. /tciiik!uiiif! — ?'(:;i^o. inclmlini,' QiicnHjuo, 28; (Iiuidal.i j:ir;i, 17; I'lioli!;, 0;ij:ici, i'.iiil V:ill;>(l()liil, e:ii'li 14; Wmu < 'ni/, (huiliiijiu:! i, niiil iS;iii Luis riito, f, 7 c:iL'li; ^.L'liila, 11; Z.;cat(_c;ifi, 4; Tla.sc:ila, 1. 'J'ii'j ]>!• )vini.ia3 iiitt;-- r.i"3 (Ic Ori;'n{;' — Xucvn f.f.iii, Xiicvo .'■ aiitamli r. ('.Kilitiila, aii^l T( :;u -., each 1. 1 ho lUMvinci.is interna^ ile Ot'citlcutc — Duraii,^ii, 2.'!; Ari;:j:o, S; X^cw 3,Ic:iie», ); Upper an. 1 l^owir (V.liioniia, cau',1 1. /SUIlll)LH>ll t)i viously neither of the i'especti\'0 presitleuts could j)reslde on such occasions.'"' The conse(]ueiico of this policy was, as nii;^ht b^; e\]>e(ted, cons-pii-acy. Such an arbitrary j>lan shoul I not be carried into eifect without an eflbrt being niadj to prevent it. A jilot was f(?rnied, the object of which was to secure the untraiinuelled liberty of elec- tion and the establishuK'iit of a re|)ublic. The ( •on- S!)irators were nu'ii alreudv eminent, and anioULi" tlieiii were (^uadalu])e Victoria, Nicolas J]ravo, the briga- dier ]Miguel Ijarragan, Juan ]\[orales, president of the su[)reme court of justice,"'' the padres Carbaj.d andJimenez,C'a[)taiii iJoija, and other ollicers. Secret meetinu's were held at the house of ^Jigut^l ])omin- gue."! — with whom tlie reader is already acquainted as former corregidor of ()u(.'retaro — and it was decided to address a representation to Itui'bide; if this faihsl to obtain retlress, then his person vras to be s;;i,:ed, 30 Iturbiilo'.s rciniirk^i on the plan, written while an o\i!c at Le';Iioni, ca not 1)2 read without a :;n; tho ooolne?'? witli whii.'i it •. f nil; licro :i to- t)lho junta. ' La ti>'.;\Mcat:,)ria,' lie cays, 'era tlcfoL-LiiK. ..-: uMisli(.'(l sotting forth the ivason. Tlio liberal ideas of Xe<;retu I)ein«j; well known, a comniunicatioii was sent to him at (j!iiad;daj;u'a, hut he despatehod the letter to Iturbide, who took his measures aecordin cover the ex- travagant e:v[)cnditure of the now government, w hic!i recklessly decreed large incomes and salaries, while '■Tliis is the account <^f the discovery as j,'ivoii liy Alainan. 7//V. .1/'./"., V. HO. The author of Mi-j. /iu.-iqurji) /'n:, );!."), i;hai;,\':j other poraons, in- cluding^ llauioii liavon, with divid.'^'iiiL,' tlic pint. ' j;iioi -i. e. , the c(jus[)ira- t(jr.< — iUl)(ran estar may agradccido;; :i I), Iiauum Itayoii, al tcnicuti! 1 >. .Tuaii ( larcia, y i'l otro.s vilcs ilcuuiiciautcs (juc...hi frnstraron rcvchruloia a Itinl.idc' •" nastainanto was chosen 1>y Victoria an liis advocate. This writer stiues that Ills escape wai eil'ected liy Doctor ('odornin — tho editor of El Sii( — Manuel (^'arrasco, and Juaii do Jlcliarto, all vi wliom were Spaniards. Cii'i'l. UiM., vi. '1\. JJravo was released liy order of Jturliido dated l).i', liUli. \m pi':iof of conspiracy l)eing fuuid ai^ainst liini. (Inc. /hi/k J/'.c, i. ;U!(-."iO. Alliidin;^ to this ali'air i:i his a'.itohio^j.apliical sketch pulilishcd in iNJ-i, ho s-iy.): ' Yo crei de mi ilel)er en eircuustaneian tan cntieas dar alt^unos pasos para secund:ir el espiritu piiLlico, y el i'ruto dc mi tunUitivti fuo una prisiun.' JI>Uli/('l'>^lo, \). STATE OF THE COUXTHY. 7W at tlio same time it (rimiiiislied its small resources by reduetioiis in tlu' import diitits, excise, and other imi)o,st8 ill order to make popular- the independence. A new tariff was fornie'd reducing all import duties to the single one of 25 per centum ad valoi'em, and the aleabala to 8 ])er centum.''* The tax on ])ul(|ue was lowered from s:]. 1 2}^ the nude-load to 4,\ reah's; so that the proceeds at tiie capital, which in 18 1 had amounted to ^^-'83,33(;, only reached .$87,501 in 18l'2. The j.ro- ductiveness ol' the tobacco monopoly was griexously adected by heavy debts owed to the growers of tlie plant, who, when funds wei'e wanting whei'ewith to pay them, sold tlieir tobacco to contraband (K'alei's and innutMisely lessened the government sales.""' ( 'om- merce experienced a violent Cf)nvulsion. Free-trade Avas o[iened to all nations; and as conunercial rela- tions with S[)ain were closed, and thos(.' with foreign countries were not yet established by treatii's, trade Mas reduced to the lowest ebb, witli eorres[)onding loss to tile treasury. X(jr did it assume any importance until revived 1)V the settlement of foreinn merchants in the country. The possession of the f )rtress of I'h'ia by the Spaniards w. s also an additional cause- of decrease in revenue. Wssels which arrived at the port of Vera Cruz paid customs to the governor of the fort, and their cargoes were snniggled ashore, payment of the ^Mexican ihities being evaded. All industiiplied to the caLlio- dral eliupters, with hut littU' success. Ik-i n lo de _' de i'.nc IS:: •50 TIlC SOVKRiaCN PKOVISIOXAL JUNTA. iiualiv i)V the vict-r.'ijal o-oveniiiuMit Hir the excliaii'jfo of aiiialifaiii into t-oiii had ceased to be supplied, wliicli caiLsed a j^r.at de[)reciatioii in the prii-e obtaiiR'<. 111 the einer;.,^'iicy, the iu"jfosed upon those who did not pay theii' <|Uotas on th;; appointe I ♦late; and as coin was being noticeably witluhMwu iVom circulation, the regency passed an order forbidding the custom-houses to issue the necessary })aj)ers f tl le ex portat ion o f monev Irom anv town. ]>ut thi: measure paralyzed internal trade and foreign com- nu'rce; and tlie junta modided it by allowing internal re- mittances to be made, but so ti'anunelled tlu' conces>io;i I on an with red-tap(> regulations as to tlie destinati ein[)l()yment of such funds, and by the im[>osition of 1 j per centum depo.-its as security against slii|>ments of momy out of the country, that dissatisfaction was great; tlio idea, moreover, I)eing convtyed that the aim was to exact this j)ereentage as a 1,*J72,4jS, leav- iiiiLj a halance of ^'i/ior,^' with which to commence the ct)ming year. After tlie occupation of the capital, it was found necessary to reorganize the army, lu) little disorder liavin<> l)een the consequence of the change inailairs. Oificers' hadges had been changed, and the devices of tlu^ banners altered; some regiments retained their old nanu's. while others ado[)ted new ones; deseition had greatly thinned the ranks, and arms were suirep- titiously cai-riedaway ; discipline was relaxed, numbers abandoned the active st;rvice for other em|>ioyn)ents, and confusion gener'ally prevailed. On the 7th of November the generalissimo issued orders for the '"Thus i',\l)il)iUcl: Ilccciiits. Vv'iui (iiiliiiiiry sources. .SU(i(>,7_'4 DonUii.us . . .'. ;{(>,')G4 Voluulaiy loan '_'77,(Ki7 • $l,'->74,0a5 K.xtK'nililiirc'3. Infiiutrv .set:'., 107 Ciiv;ilry 4llS,(>(j'J Aniiv arrcaiN •j;i(>,!)37 Fivi;}!it for army li»,:L'.> Iturlii.lc's.siilary lOS.lO'J GuviTimiciit ilopartnients l.'ttt.OO."} Cuurpos facultativod -I,!*,"!;} l.'J72,4.-)8 Daliinfo i}2,'2:i7 Gac. Inqi. M,.c., i. IjJ-,i. RK;)K(;.\xiz.\n;)X or Tin; ai;mv 753 tli!>r>)U^!i ri'iir'4';iiii/.;it ion of t]ic niilitarv I'lirci's. Seven iTniinciilN 1)1" imjiiitiT, (lcsi!L,''ii;itc(l \>y iiiiiiifiiral (Htlcj-, Well' rMi-DM'il Mill ol" tilt,' tniMps tlicll ill tlic titv. the oM iiaiiii'S l)y wliicli llii.' (lili'i'ii'Mt, cdrps had hccii liis- tiii!^'uislic(l liriiit;- siipprt'sscd; an eighth iH'^-iinciif was loniicil ill X'eia ('ill/,, and pfovisiun niadc fui- (he r.'rnialidii i»t' tliu Iritops in Xiii'\a (i.diila aiid otiirr ]tri)\inct;s into li\<' ihdi-c iVL^iiiu'iits, niakiiiu- tlir iiuiii- 1)1 r tliii'trrn in al TI lo cava! IV as (livi Id into il>\in rfL;ini('nts, also desi^-natid Wv nunilt r\ lO iicw svstciii, liowcvci', caiisi'd n'lvat dis-^iist: tin- old naiurr^ Wi'ff clici'islird li\- till' troops with \ ciii'iation as records ot" iiiililarv ^loi'v, ami the oil'ence takrii at their sii|ii)i'i'ssion was niai ked 1 )V men-asei Id e^ el-tion. \U tlu; I'lid »»r the Year the nuinher ol" oliii-cis of all H'l'adi's ami that ot" the soldiers were ridieiiloiisly dis- jiroportionate.''" A\'lien till- junta had eoncluded what it eonsi l"red it ^ most important duties, it occupied ilseli' in ali'airs ol' little moment, many •>t' which did not hehtn;;' to t!ie province ol" leL;'islative |M>wei'. ^luch time ua.- i'littered away in attention t<> such mattci's th election of female prelates of nunneries, the appoint- ments of provincials of i-en'ular orders, and ipi'v-tions I. arim;' uj»<»n unncrsily regulation? I eliulilN- cu--sions, too, were held on afl'airs of real <«ra\i(\' without aiiv di'linite r^'sult oi'iir'- attaine( It 1. le.'t moreover, o f ed lers w as hi<'hlv hlamalile. it i- ,. onceivahle that it shoull ha\e taken no (.-irvM-tivi slejts to estahli^h friendly rel.iiions with forei^'ii pow ers. Almost its lirst duty oir-ht to ha\e l.'een to ait Mr.v. Xnt!r. Iliiilv one \vl iir!i prcscrvi'i I it. ly icfciriii;,' ti» tlio nliii'ial army Hits |)iilili -lii'il in iIk' '>'"'■. /. 4;!J, lltii. l.VJ, I liiiil fi mil t!n' n'\ii'V..s hi .1 m Oct. f T -liuit. tlicivtiiri', lit liiis til iiliiiiT.- .f all loil III' i)pi|niitiuu, irailcs was K.-s than two ti) one. Ul.sl. Mux., Vol, IV. 18 7,-4 TIIK SOVKRLIGX PRO VISIONAL .ILXTA. prise tlio Spanish ^((jvc'niincnt and all loreij^n natidiis ol' llic otaNlisliiiuMit (»r i\n) in'W iiiipiic All it r si.'iit rcspi'cti\ fly 1o Soiit li Aiiicr- ii-a, the I'liiti'd Slati's, Eiii^laiid, and Itonic; wliilo with repaid to S|)ain, which oii<;lit to ha\i' nn-t with the lii-l consideration, a similar disposition was with- held, and I'esei'ved (or tlu; lutin'e acli\i'\\ ollieially i.ii'ornied that the crown of the A[(,'Aieaa ein[)ir(; was helu to accept it/- ]Jin'in^' the last lew wei-ks of its existenci;, the junta was occupied in niakint;' j»re[)arations lor the ceremo- nials to he ohserved at thiMnstallat ion of the conn'i'css on tlie 1' Itli of J'\ hruaiy. Meantime the ele'i-tions jiinl taken place,^' and the deputies were airisin.;- at tin; capital. 10\ tiio Spaiii.sh I'luUs was iiul)li>lic.l i:i tliu '/((■. ///i//. J/rr. of .\')V. •_' I, iS-JKin). rS(i-7; aiiil tlu' wii.cr distinctly .states tin^ icailim'ss ui S|iaiii to arrive a: .■;!i aiiiiealilu agiveiiieiit wiLlmut llio fiirtlier eiiii>li)yiiieiit ot t'lireo. ]>iit tlit^ i mso of the eolony'.s i:iile|)eiiileiiei! wiiiilil liavi' t.i 1).^ tin; seeiirity of tlie |iro|ier,y aixl [lersDiisof Iviropeans; 'Salvo esto, el tlerraiiiaiiiii'iitoili! saiii^ro y el aiiiiiieio stiijilicra lie itii y.iliiersio lilire. el Conj,'ruso es[(.iflol ki; axiciie li toilo, y jirolo- juri iligiiaiiieiiie l.i liuleiHiideneia. No hay y:i ainliieion do tesoro.s iii dj inuiidar ;i "J mil K'.Ljiias.' 'i'lio iiiipcrial .irovuriiiiieut, however, acted on this essential jioiat in a ^^ay direetly lioUilu to the Sjianiarils by deprivin,^ thi iii of till' ri,'liis eoMee > then seU eet. il one p.nattd the viiu'('s tlinusfivi th h Wt w (lividcfl into iaclioiis, and anardiv lor a tunc jnwailcd. At tilt' instance of ctTtain towns in ( Juatiinala, a con- .si(K!i"«i)l(; I'orcr, under the connuand v- V ernment ado[)ted the j»lan of ap|>oinlinM- {'mty snltsti- tutes, natives of Central AnKM'iea, residt-nt in New Spain, to re[)resent those provinces. These were to iesi<_>n their seats to the deiiuties as thev airived. The provisional junta, now ahout to give place 1> the national eongrt'ss, dui'ing thi' live months of its existt-nce had committed many ''lariuLT errors. In the iirst p]ac(! it had assumed prerogatives which did not lielong to it, and its ai>[)ro[>riation (tf the title 'soheran i junt:i,' and i hat of ' your maj<'sty,' by which it was cer- emoniously addressed, was nothing less than a usur|)a- tion. Xo sooner was it inst;dlcd than it arrogatid to itself I'aeultii's more extensive^ than those enjoyed by the S[)anish c(ji'tes. While its diitics \\(>y>- dearly limiti'd to the appointment of a regency, th" convoca- tion of congrt'ss as s[ieedily as possible, and to the regulation of such matters only as admitted (>f nmlelay, it at oiu'i' launched itself upon a com[)rehen>ive ci.»urso «'/iVc. Ca>t. Arnn:, :j-ll. 736 TIIK SOVKHEIGN I'ROVISIOXAL JUNTA. of K'LrislatioM. AVilli iiiiiiccussarv liastc it dfcrood .in iimiic'iiso salary lor Iluiliult*, and what was worse, clcvatcil hiiii tosiu-h liiu'li rank ast(»yivc liiiii ascciid- eiicy over ihf i-('l,^'IH'v, and rciidcr thu aiitlioiity w liit-li lie attained inediupatiMe with that of any !L;<>veni- imiit. It <'lian^ed tlio custtuns tarill", and made ini- ]iortant alterations in (lie e\eise, maltei's wliieh should have heen di'lerivd tn the aetion <»|' the coiii^ress. Jt xiolatcd (he treaty of ('(W'doha, and wasted time on mattii's outside its j)rovinee, instead of conlinint,^ itself lotl le i>roni[»t d<'s|iutehot important husnu M ore- ovi-r, its aeijiii; seeuec to Iturhide, who was the }iro- i)oser of all imiHU'tant acts decreed hv it, sinnallv marked the fundamental erroi- it committed in hi.s tle\atitin -an eiror ^vhi{•h entailed its own suhservi- ess. eiicy tt» him and eonse(|Uent weakness. Xevei'thel it must not he considered that these mistakes were cntiit'ly the fault (jf the individuals who composi-d the junta. They proceeded rather from the political o|)in- ions which Ix'i^an to prevail after the installment of the c()rtes at Cadiz. 1'he assumj)tion hy the junta of conoressional powers was in keepiii'Lf with the |)rinci- ples that had heen practised in S[)ain, and in \ lew of the inexperience of the members and tlu-ir little' politi- cal knowledge, it is not to he wondered that the junta mistook the ohject for whii-h it was estahlishetl, and imitated the precedents presented in Spain. C'lIAPTEll XXXII. Tiri'; I'liisT coNcitnss and fiust hmpkror. ISJ-J. The Tnstai.i.atkin - Takini; tiii. Oatic TNurn Pnr.ssrr.K -Tin; Finsr MwiMiKiisrAsiuNi; — I'di.iTicAi, l'Ai;riKs--Mr,vsri!i:s vim ]li;i.u;r op •I in; TlJKASfKV- DisAiiKKKMKNTa ON TIIK AllMY QlESTION — A (orNIKIl- i;i:v(ii,iTi(iv -(;i:m;i:ai, 1)avii,\"s Aition- iTruiiini; and Cumiukss AT OiT.s \Vah ruiicKK^s or ItKriiii.i" \N ISM Irn:r.iiiK l'itiici.\iMi:i) JvMIT.Iiuli IlV A I'iM'II.Al; I^MKrTi:— A SlOllMV ( 'iiS(;l;i;sSIn\ \1, Si S^luV - AiasTis I. 1U;io(;m/.i;i> ,I(iv in iiii; I'i;ovis<'i;s 'I'm-; lMi'i.i;i\r, FaMII.V AM) lIcdsr.llKl.D — DlKFK TLTIKS OF TUU TkEAmCUV — Till; Cm N- CII, OK StaTK— TlIK CoKOSAIIOS-. l)uuiN(i tlic flt'cti'nis lt.urI»ij)(»intnirnt of ivprcscnt;!- tivcs who Would supjiort his Nicws. They had only heen |)ai'ti;dly successilil, however; the lihci'.ils had shown ('(jual enei-Ljy in their labors, and a lar^c num- her of truly [latiiotie and enlightened men had hern eleeted, 'rii(»U!^di tlu; eon^ress would not he so laNtH'- al)ly eonijioscd as he had intended, the Li^enei'alissiuio liariicl;iiiiic<|, to prcsri'ilM' it> j^ovcniiiiful , and iiii- |i(is«' law ii|M»ii till- assciiiMy n|ij><»iiiti'(l to tVainc its cnn- Klitiit i«>ii. Slioi-tly l»'l'o|-c the iiiati^'iirat ion Ifurliidc, limit r the |inti'\l of ln'iii'^aMc toatfrnd to liisdiitits wiili less iiitt rnipt ion, withdrew tttC 'liapulti'pi'c, wliidi, as tlif ri'adcr will recollect, liad l»eeii convei-ted i>y A'iceioy ( lalvez iiit(» a lortilicutioii.' Tliitlier and ti> 'I'acnitaya lie als(» withdrew a i^Ti at jtoi'tion ot" the li'oops with sn|>|ilies (»r arninnnition and lunds, secretly j»i'e|iared to Use I'mce it' nee 'ssary. At. dayhreak on the '*llh ol' I'^ehi-iiary, salvos of miillery announi-ed to the inliahitants of the capitid that tin' liist Mexican (-oiiLire^s was about to l»e in- stalled. \ proccs- hion, hy which tlu; nieniheis were •onducted to thu cathedral, was imposin;^ antl nia^i ii-cent. Preceded l>y tho reu'ency and junta, ;nitl a •< DUipanietl hy a splijuditl military i>scort, it niarchec' to hands of music thi"t>uoh li»ntr Ijlcs of troo|)s h 'ssed in their hrlLjhtest uniforms. To tln.i ordin;ii"v' spectator tho siuiht was Lirand.antl the unwonted display a belittimjf honor tt) the chosen ones of the nation. Hut the martial ^litter was painl'ul to tho oyos and thoughts of many <»f tho deiiuties, and llu'V woro not doeoivcd as to its siL,niilicance.^ ()[»[)ositiou was useless, how- over, and the t>hjectionablo oath was taken, tho rop- rosentativi's trusting to time and (H)[)ortunity to <-orroct matters."'' ' Ilisf. JA.r., iii. 3!)0-7, this series. '■^ ' 1,11s ili|>utiiilii.s tiivifron l)a il ilia do sti iiisUilaciori.' .I/';/. Ho-'qiii'ni l![)a tondidaon la carrera. il>a iiiunioioiiadaooii trt'iiita laitiahos iinl)alado», y ii sus gofes so lex haltian dado orclciics inuy rcsorva- das y torrihh'S para ohrar al inenor inoviiixionto.' Cum/. Hisf., vi. :{(). For a dusoripttoii of tliu procession and ceremonies, sco <»V(''. //»/). J/m-. , ii. !-.">. "The outli administered was: To defend and uiuintuiu the catholic, apos- INSTALLATION OF f'0\i IM'SS. Will II tlic ocrcmniiv was ovrraiid t In' <• m /n'>> liad a-^'iiili.t-il III til*' hall a|i|)niiitci| I'ur il; ii- It iw l»ii|i' (ItTiMTcd a cnii'^ratulaloi V adtlrt-ss, in wliicli lie timk till' n|i|iii|tllllitv uf )ial\nliMLrIds (iWll SI i\ ices wliilc e\i>r<'sn't('iilii)iisiicss. I [r as- siind tin- coiioirss I hat t raiMjuillitv pi'fvailcd t\\v< .ii'^ii- oiit till" land, imtw it jistaiidiii;^' thr aL,^italii)ii wiii-li a Irw tmlnili'iit spirits ciidiaNorctl 1o excite l»y iiiedium ot'llie press; that dailL(el*s, lieVel'tiiel('>s, tlireatilied 1(» distiirh the even eiirreiit — hiitdidy threateiK- I; tlie eoli'^ress Wnllld lilinw Il<»\V t<> eollsi i| idate the honds dj' iiiiini. ( )t!ier s|)ecches lujlowe'd, and when the junta and reLjencv had retii-ed the assiMiiMv eoimneiieed its duties. Jose ! Iipi»liti( Odoardo was eleeted pii^ident, and Tau'le \ iee-]ii('sideiit. Manuel Ar'^'iielles and (Viilos IJiistamante were a|»|tnin(cd seei'.tariis, and I'esolut ion passed tliat the eonnjicss had l>e<-n li"4iti- iiiately installed.' It then deelai'od that tlu' national Hovereiijjnty resided in itself as the constituent eon- j^Tess, and in onU i that the three powers .--hould not ))e united, delegated the ex(!cutive to the re-j^'iiey and the Julativ(', ixi'ciitivi', ami juilkial |)ow('rs, so that tlii'y couM ntviT lif riniti'il in one jjcrsoii or col poiali 111. Id., ii. \. * llii^liiiiKiiih , I'ntiil. Ili.*i . \i. 40. An iiitcrrottatioii coinposi'd of six f|Uestioii.s was ]iiit to tin- assrinlily by tlio ))icsii[i'iit. 'l'lu'.-teil as tiie form of government ? Woul.l this monarchy ho tlenoniinat< il th.' .Mexican ivinpire? Were the oilers of tiu^ tiironu to tlio princes of the houses of l!i)iirl).»n reoonnized ? /i/., 4I-'J 'I'hese (|uestion3 gave rise to warm (lisciissinns, liiit the ropublican party was not yi t strong euougli tu display u|)pusitiun, aud tlicy wcru all uu^iwcrcd iu thu uuiniiutivc. mI'I 700 Trrr: ftfist con'op.ess ant) f'iii^t i:Nrri:noR. (•(»iic!'(lc(| the j)n'si(|ciitial scsat wliciu'vci' ln' iitttiidLid tilt! sessions i»t' till' jiiiitii, wlictlit'i' l»v iiijulvfi'tiiicy i»r iK'si'j-ii, scjitc'l liiiiisclt" ill the chair in llic rt-iitiv, Icaxiii'^' tli.tt (»ii its li'l't, to 1)(' occupit'd l>v tlif |ir<'si- (Iciil of till' coii'Ljivss.'' Tlic l)f('acli of ctiijiU'ttc ini'^ht lia\i' lii'cii jiasscd ovcf ill silciicr Imt lor the J.'aloiis iiiti'rlV'i'ciiri' ol" I'aMo ( M)r("^'oii, a (Irjmty I'lr lli.' |iio\- IIICI' M rXK'O, and dci'idcdlv liostllr to jtlllltidi With imn'c .-^i licit than caution. In '»'iii|i]iat icilly il.iiincd ohsi'i'vaiicc of conventional rules. The disa'^TeeaMij mi.'ihaii was adjusted hy the condescension ol" ( )doardo; ItuihitU- retained tin- seat," and the oath was duly taken; hut iioiu! the less was the nenii of discord sown. Thus terminated the lij'st session of the tirst ('oH'Tess o f indei»enhi'd to erect a constitutional monarchy with a |»i'incc! of the house of l>oui'l)on as kiii'^; the Iturhidists, who likewise adopted the j)lan of ln'uala, with the excei)ti()n that they desired to plact; Itui'hide on the throuij; rud the republican.', who ijj;iiored the • •'• The otlior four nil ' icru of tliu ri'-^'cnoy fccupicil seats on tlif ri.'lit :inil U'ft of tliesi! cliairs. I> iiii.iiitf, who was suatod lavir h\, stiiti's tliiit AIcoclt was till' oausf of Itiirlti -a takin.; th'' lii'.st «oat. ' Iturliidi- li ijuit'ii f,'iiialia AlooctT osoili'i sol)i'c I'l ([ ilcl)oi'i.'i toiiiar: juto ustc Ic ilijo con vo/, ityaTiona ((111' toilos oiiiios istf, fs y 1(! iniliei I'on la inano v\ |iriiiL'i])aI.' A/., vi, 44. 'J'liis (|UL'sti(;ii of otii|UL'tt Had already licrn di iriisscd and d'-'iidod, tlio ri^'lit- liand si'.it lii'iii',' assiLtiici' o tlio president of conjri'ess, and that on tlie left to tlie jiresirlent of the V' ,eney. 1,'ir. I, mi. M( .1:, ii. oO I. Th" reverse ])osi- tioMs w.mlil virtually iiiive eeded to Itnrbidc the right to jn-eside wlienever the two ))owerH di'lil)eiiited to^retlier. * Aiaiiian incorrectly states that Itnrbide vacated the seat in sileiiei' and took the other one. //(••^ M-J., v. 41Mi. The author of .1/''/. rxxipnj.i /,'ir., l.">;5-4. siiys that no clianj;e was then made, but thii tlio iiiitiuii, ;iii(l v,i->|R'(| to e.st;il)lisli a frdcral i'f|>ul»lic/ At lir; ( the it'|>iililican party liad little power (o I'lir- tlicr its own \ii\\s, and many of its mcinltc-rs lent siippoit t(» the I Joiirlionists as tlic only means of de- ieatiii^'' lliirliitit', whose assum|>tion of the crown they (•(tn>-SC>. 702 Tin. FinST COXORESS AND riR!=;T KMI'EROR. It liad liceii supposed that Tturl)i(l(>, in coiiforinity M'ith remarks which he liad made in the pi'oi'hunatioii that lie issued relative to the tlcctious, would vesii^u his position in the re^'oncy when connress mot;'' hut it was inmuMliatcly evident that h(3 had no sueh inten- tion, and diseoi'd was soon established. J [e had shown that he had takiMi unihrajjfe at tlu' huniiliation to which he had been subjected iy Obivi^on's action on the day of the installation, and had atldressed a letter couched in harsh terms to the conn'rcss. This did not tend to foster a friendly s[)ii'it, and a few days later when, accompanied bv th(-' u'eneials and chief military ollicers, he visited congress for the purpose of paying' his respects, his displeasure was fui-ther in- ci'casf.'d by what he considered a slight to the army. Without takinu: the seat assi!>'ned to hii.-.^"he riMnarked that had come wi th 1 us compamons in arm^ an I (observed with roijret that onlv the ixenerals were O I/O allowed to enter the hall. '^I'his was evidenllv de- .sio'ned to create an ill feermLr on the iiart of the miii- tarv aLTainst the meml)crs. :\r oreover. It urhKle had shown in a significant manucir his want of sympathy with the old insurgent leadc-rs, and drawn a bi'oad line of distinction between the insurrection inaugurated by ]lidalgo and his own successful revolution, lie would liave excluded the first heroes of indept-ndence from any share in the nation's gratitude. The congress thought otherwist! ; and the IGth of September was aj)pointed as a day to be observed among the national festivals, whereby additional offence was taken.'' J^ut the (piestion ()f most urgent im[)ortance, aiul that which at once placed the (Mingress and Jturbide in direct antau'onism, was the condition of the treas- ' His words wen ]• n cunnto ,1 iiif, yo .•r^'itariln cmi iiiipauioiRia v\ vi u tnroso (!i:i cii iiiic iiistidiido ol ( 'tiiigrt'so imcidiial, li)','ri^ jiiuscutiunic i-diiio .sim- ple ciiiiliulalii) en ikjiu'I santiuirio do la jiatiia, ])ar,i cutrogarcl .sagrado dcpusito (juo so ha (jULTido I'oiilliiniio.' liiistamnnli', ('itiid. //Int., vi. J,"). '"Tlie (IMC oil tlio loft (if tlio jui'sidont, wliicli tlic coii'.'i'css insisted that ho should occ py, though his party used e\x'ry ellort to obtain tliu higher one for him. "0«e. J)rj>. Ma:, ii. 5'J. FINANCIAL AND MILITARY PROBLEMS. 703 ury. Tlu> iiiDiitlily dcfu-it had liitlicrto hoi'ii C(tV(n'(.'(l by oxtraoi'diiiary n 'sources, but such incaiis were cx- liaustcd, and moasurcs Tor pc'riiiancut rcHcC had t(j be; a(lo})te(I. Jn order to alleviate the strain, the conj^i-ess reduced all civil and military salaries.'- This allbrded Ituibidc an opportunity ot' further I'ault-iinding: ho considered that the measure was more prejudicial to the ai'my oHicers than to thos(j hoidin»>' civil positions. On the IStli of ]\lairh his representations tt» the re- gency relative ^o the pay of the troo])s were read befoi'i! con!.';ress. They set forth that desertion had I'caclied a serious extent owiiit^' to want of funds, and besence in the caj)ital, was unnecessary, and ]]ri;jja.ilier lieri'cra, depi'ty for A'^era Cruz, asked the minister of wr>r to explain why the greater portion of the troo[)s was retained in the city when they could he su[)ported at less cost in the jii'ovinces. This questiou was a direct attack upon Jturbide, whose main hopes were centrcul in the army. The re.■), 1)00, besides the reestalt- lishment of the jn'ovincial militia and formation of civic comjianies. ]]ut <'ongress disallowed an estimate thus arrive(l ;it, and passed n, resolution that the I'e- gency should .iroo'cd aeeoi'ding to ride in the matter, forming its estimate in conjunction with a council of the ministers, and not of generals. Ijong and ann'ry discussions followeil, invoK in'>' also t)ie (luestion of P'^y i,-? and marked bv irritatin-'' i>criminat '^ It (Icci'ced tliiit the Iiiu'lii'st salary sliouM imt he iimri' tli.iii O.OIM) ptsu^, A that ii iliscfuuit on a 'K's, .'inliiig scale from I'D [Kir cent to S jut cent 1(1 he imposed on all salaiics lidm (!,()()() IS to }<:m\). Th 'ly ti ins ^^e^o the stiiiends paid to Ituiiiide, hi.s hitlior, and 0"Douoju's widow. Liar. Imp. Mi'.r., ii. I'io. '■'^Vs/yu ihl Voiiijiiico, 'I'Z de Marzo, 704 THE FIRST COXGRESS AXD FIRST EMREROR. But tlio assoinl)l_y M'as not .^'oiii^- to \)c led. l)y i]\r oars, as liad 1)0011 tlio junta, and inaiutaincd its resolution. Thus within a month lujstilitios oonnnonccd^ Iho ro- iijonoy oliarL!'iiiL( tlii;- cono'ross with noji'loct in attend- ing to tho urgont noods of the' troasurv, with tho de- sign of destroying "tho most meritorious part of tho community" — namely, (ho army — and tho eongross aocusing tho regency of wastt'ful oxpontlituro, and of failure to ])ut in execution tlu> mcvisuros adopted ibr tomporaiy relief " Indoed,tho congress was hard tried, and whether it rosoi'tod for I'eliof to tho church and ]'oligious orders, to the ten;poi'alitios of tho Jesuits, or to tho roostablishmont of aholished duties, its measures were more or less generally unpopular, and mot with opposition. The want of union was not without I'osult, and General ]);ivila holievod that the restoration of the Spanish power might still bo etl'octod by a counter- re\'olution. Owing to the want of transixn'ts, many of the Spanish foi'oes which had ca])itulated jiad not yet left tho country, ])ut were stationed at ditleront jilaci's,'-' waiting Ibr opportunities to do])art. Those trooj)s, having boon allowed to retain their arms, had already shown symptt^ns of tho disgust which they tbit at tho termination of the war, and at having to retire ingloriously from a land which had been kept ill subjection ibr throe centiuios by their forrfatlu'i's. V (ll'lTOC () f M: nth tlio IkiiI left it to tho roLTClicv ti jiloy MU'Ii iiuMiis lis its nicuitic's alkiwuil, until ;i rcirular svf^tcm of liiiaiico iiuiinivor (irj., V. pctltlolici 1 th junta to rccstaulis licro were !,lli;{ soldiers with |S(i olii it .Ta liana, am I 1,100 iiKiro at C'uautitlaii, Tozcuco, and Cucniiivacii. lltLilunMiilc, CiuaL J I Id., vi. ROYALIST PLANS. 7C5 Tlicy could ill rustraiu llirir cDutt'iuiit fur the raco that li:!il liiuiii|ilii'(I at last, ami in JaiiuaiT, ov. iii^- to (listui'liaiiccs which hail occiiri'cd in Toliica, Jturhido ua\c •('•(lers to disarm tlinu. Thcv wci'c in no uiood, liowcvcr, to sid)niit to such a liuniillation, and as- sunic'd so thrcatcnini;' an attitude that at the instance of ( Jeiici ;d Lihan, who had hecn sent to cairv onl ihi; Older, they were allowed to retain their arms. Tlie iirst (Hvision was at (»nce marched to \'era ( Vux lor emharkation, and (juiet prevailed lor a time. lUit .l)ii\ ila, ohservinj^' the disappointment caused to many l)y th(; yet uncertain I'e.sult ol" the late revohitlon. and the strong- party antag'onism that had heeii dcNcloju'd, communicated to the oliici rs ot" the S[ianis!i troojis liis projei't ofexcitiiiL^' a counter-revolution ; and (hniii;^ ]\Iaivli secret meeting's wei'e held in a cell ol" the Fran- ciscan convent at Tezcuco. Iturl)ido was, pi'i'haps, not ignorant of what was lieing meditated; and it was e\en believed by some that he encouraged and fomented the iiKJvemeiit to further his own schemes. ^'^ ]>e this as; it may, an outbreak directed against the inde[)endence of the country would enhance liis own importance, ])rove t!ie nect'ssily of kee[)ing on loot a largi.! staiKhng army, and allbnl him an oppor- tunity of attacking those Spanish member-; of the congress who were opposed to him. When the dis- sension between Iturhidc and the assembly ix'canie' serious Davila hoped to \\in back the former to his allegiance to Spain. < )n the llod of ^larch he a(b dressed a letter U) Iturbide, representing to him the impossibility of his system being successl'ul on account of t he oitpositi*!)! of manv mend)ers of the congress, iiKl unlo Idi )'>' iii^ own plan, m\it( him to ai in n consummation, while promising him ii the kill''- not only for'>'etful he iiae.e lie recompeii se f.r 1 us services. I 1 iliotaliU'U lie J turbi(K ■1 ast, l)Ut al>o I'jceived this 1 iHiiilircs pnlitu'ii-j. I'l inisir..! Ill [irdiiinviii \y\v ii (lio |noiiljlil. ' -.'/••y. JJosqiKJo /i/., V ;i. 766 THE FIRST COXGRKSS AND FIRST KMrEROR. letter on tlie 2(1 of April, niid on the same day Colo- Del IJnceli, wlio was teni])oiaii]y in oonnnand of tlic re!4"inicnt ofi )rd('U('s, ]>lac('(l it under aiin^ and niarclu'd iVoni Tezcuco to Xuclii, e\])ectinL;' to unite' tliei'e witli the Itattalion of ('aslile stationed at Cueniavaea. tl lelict! 1 )1'0('('('< I to A'ei'ii Cruz, accoi-din'»" to iiistr ue tions i'eeeiv(>d from ]);ivila, and there initiate an u[)ris- in_ahi('an, under the eonnnand of Lieutenant-colo- nel Calindo; hut after some trilliuif skirmishes they were oi) pose 11 »v ov(n^w hel numr munbers and lusarmed Thus terminated this feeble elfca-t; and the most brill- iant troo])s ever sent by Spain to the colony suil'ered the humiliation of defeat in ;ui enteri)rise the most insi^'uilicant.^' ^Meantime Iturbido brought matters to a climnx be- tween himself and the con'jfress, by a course of action as offensive as it was weak'. T\\r, assembly had closed its sessions duriuL;' the holy week; but on ^Vpril lid the de[»ulies were hastily sununoned by tln.^ j)i-esid(Mit, who inibrmed them that iturbide wished to connnunicate to them matters of vital importance to the nation. This announcement was no sooner heard than it ^\ as objected "llio roiii:iiiiing forces tiif)k noacUvo |i;i;"t in t1i(^ .■liFiiir, Imt wciccinljatki il vithout ftirUiiT liMuMo. The jni.suiier.s \ioi-(- sulimitteil to trial, Imt ;is tlio capitulation (if (lie Spaiusli ^'arrison in tlic caiiital liail never been formally eel ■liraled, proeeellin^^^ were not iiresscil. They wei'c eventnally incluileil in tin; 1^1 ni'r:il jvirdonext^nilcil to jirisonirs liy Iturliideaftir lieini; proelainieil cnii>ero:', r.ml cent lo S[pain, those of tlieni who wi.-lied to i( main in the eciun- tiy hein;; allowed to do so. ]\ir fuller partiiular.-t ahout this at teni|it, eonsult /(/., vi. (il"7l, llu' (iHiei il doennients iu Uar. Imp. J/i.v., of A^tril IS'J'J; L'/idd, I^.tlrdonl. lie Ahora, f. 1. cifAi:(;i:s agaixst iturdide. 767 to. Coll^TCss, tlli-y said, coul:! lH)t ai^seillblc in llKM't Itiirljidf [jcrsoiiiilly, niid lie must l)o accDiiipauiiMl l)y the ri'L;'<'iK'v; luit bfloi'c lliis derision could \>o coii- V(;V('(l to him Ik- suddenly pi'csciitcd liimsclf, and was inioriiifd of tlic rc^ulatiou hy \vord oC mouth. ]I(! th('r('n[ioii stated that the ail'air was most ur;;'('ut . aiiil that, hciu'j' a i)urelv militarv otu' the rc<'"i'iic\- ha ^^•llie;':, and holdini;' out some pa|)ei-s, hotly exclaimed: " \ ou know nothiui;"; the fact is, there are traitors hotji in tlie regency and the congress, as these documents will prove." Yauez with e(|Ual heat replied: "As fir trai- tors, it is you who iwr the traitor.'"" ^NFatters mi-iit have proceeded to lurllu'r len'.j;Mlis hut for the iuieifer- ence of the proideiit. Iturhide's L;'rave chari:,e caused ereat aeitation, and for a time confusion jirexailed, J'resentlv tlie rc-'encv retired, and tlu) asseml>l\- ino- ceeded to examine the ])apers produced hy Jturhide. Nothing' was found in tlcin to implicate any of ihe members, l);L\ila's letter heini^' the oidy one l'rt)m which the va'jfuest infei'ence could he drawn; in fac't, the only suspicion aroused jtolnied to Iturhide himself as liav- illH' held colM-espolidi'liee witii an elieniy.^' When the contents of the pa[n'rs were knouii, "''iCmiio cs cso di' trr.iilorcs ?. . .Si ('. nt) Li fiu'.sc, (|uc kg iiic cmi to ost.'i Ciilic'/ii.' llitsldinaiilc, I'ltnil. Jj/y'.. \ i. 7''. "'Tlii;ivil;i wiy.s: ' ^h (lucriili) iimijjo y t-euor mio. Nd Korproiulfia il \'. cl objcto ilu c-itii. s-i rcciKuila 1 1 quo lia tciiido vurias (^uo V. in.; Iki diri^itlu.' d'd''. Iwjk Mi\i'., ii. 1 llj. Itiirliido li:id l)ccn ill ciiri-i'Siioiidi'iii o, witlmiit any instructions from tlio jj-ivi'mnicnt, uitli li.ivil I, diiiiaudinu' tlio sui lender of tho fortrciss of San .luaii do Uiiia. Ituihido niilied ou April Ttli. DoUi Icttera were puldislied at liid request. Id., ii. 140-52. 708 Tin-: ri i;>T coxdiinss and fi:;st kmpkuor. iiidi'^Maiit iinii"imriii!4s of iT];r:)l)aliMii at his coiKluct AV'jro 1k';U'cI oii nil sides. "j)V wliat aiilhorit \' "" it Avas (|i'iiiaii(K'(l, " had Iturhidc hrld foiiiiimuicatioiis witli i);L\ila without ihi! kiio\vK'dL;'c or coiiscit of coii- i^ress .'' " .\iid wIk'Ii ( )doai-d<» ri'pliod with the ouiiiious words, " Ctusai" lias jtasscd the l»iihi<-oii," the iwcile- iiK'iit for ;i time was uiu'oiitrollahle. When (juiet wa-; restored, a coiiiinissioii was sent to Itiii'oidi', icijilestiii;^" him ti» siij)|tly other doeiimeiits in siippoi't of liis aeeu- sation, as those prodiiei.'d I'ailcd to inculpate any indi- vidual mi mhers. Whereupon he i-eturnecl to the hall and designated l»y name eleven ol" thu de])uties, amon^^ whom were the presidi'iit lIorbeL^osij,-" J'\il;" la^a, Od-i- ardo, Iv-harte, and Lond»ardo. All those denounced ■\vuro held in high esteem hy the congri'ss, and lueir ac- cusation was heai'd with angry n-seutment, which was Hot molliiied hy Iturbide onc(,' nioi'e repeatuig the ol't- told narration of his services, and the thread-hare pro- fession of his disinterestedness. Ti'uly, it was a eon- t'jmptihle' p;irt lie was [(laying. When he had retired, it was onlv thr(>u<>'li tho (pooler renresentations of Fa- goaga that the vote was not jtassed dec', irlng him a traitoi'. ^deantime the ](ul)lic agitation was intense, Avhlle the mend)ers W(>r'e in momentary expectation that Iturliidi! would dissolve the congress Ity Ibrce.'-' ( )n the following day congress, in secret session, occu- ]iii'd itsell' with the accusation made hy Iturhide, and unanimously ])assed a vote> to tho effect that the de[>u- ties accused hv the generalissimo had not merited anv want of conlidence, hut, on the t'ontrary, the assembly was I'ully satisliod with their eondiu't. This declara- tion was ])ul)hcly annoinieed. Thus Iturbide was beaten at all points. His scheme to eidiance his own imj)()rtance had only plact'd him in a humiliaiing posi- tion, while the frivolousness of his charge against the de[)uties greatly diminished his popularity. As for ■'"' irso liiiil Riiccccilcd Odoardo as monthly in'csidcnt. -'' Unstn'iiauio, disiilayin;; Ml) little si'll'-tntt'cni, statu.; that ho ' cxhoi-tt'il his colioa^'Ues lraui|Uilly tu uwaiL tliuir death in thuif ;iL'ats.' Ciiud. lliM., vi, 77. T;::i'rnLic.\x rnor.nK^-'.s. 7CD the roii'^ncss, its litility toward Iiiiii was n.nv ojicnly C'Xi.i'cssciI. i i y (Icci'cc of tlic I 1th of April, t'lr rc- jn'iicy was l•(■(ll•^•alli/,l■(l, tin.' Itisliop of J'ucMa, Maiiiiil ;ir('e'iia, and W-la/.tiiuz dc Ijcdh, wlio \\v\r (oo t'vidciitly sulisi'i'viriit to Jtufl)idt', Iiciii'^" i'.'iiio\i'd iVoiii till ii- jKi-irloiis, and tlii'ir jilaccs supplied ly tlic foiido ravo, in wlioni the coM'^'IVss jdaccd llic ut- most coiitidciico. \'anL'/ \vas i-ctaincd in his scat lor the reason of Jturl)idc's known enmity to him. " AVliilc lUirhidc and tlic c'on<4'i'ess was thus rcncin';^ at each i>lhci', tlie I'ejuihlican parly was d;iiiy ^'aininL;,' .>-l relied I. The decision of the Spani-^li ccn-lcs declar- iu'j- the treats* of Cordoha ntdl was already known, and adherence to the plan of Je'nala was no lon'.,n'r (hjeeted to in smothered whisjiers. Mcmlx'rs ol'con- ^>;rc.-.s raised their voice against it; a itoition of the ju'ess sustained similar views, and the army was he- coming infected with republican j>rinciplcs. ( )n the ()th of .May an address I'rom the 1 llh cavalry regi- ment, selting forth that it had com])lied v.ilh tin' oli- servance of talcing the oatli of ohi'dieiice' te congress, was read in open session. The regiment, liowevei-, t lok this opportunitv of informiu'jf the assemldv that ?\le.\ico held nionarchs in abhorrence, and that it Would follow llu' example of the rej)ublics of South -Viiiei'ica in constituting its go\ernment."'' This v.-as startliiiLj lan>'"ua<''e, and Alcocer interrupted the read- ing by moving that the remainder of the; address should not be read. IJut the I'epublicans wei'e pre- pared; with the contents of the documents they were well ac(piainted, and the galleries were [lacked witli '■-fltc. Imp. M<.r., ii. lOCi-T. This session last'.'l till nftcr f mr d'rlo.'k in tlio liiniiiiii.', liiid was imt closuil imlil the new nioniljLTS of tlio rcgcni-y hail liiisi'nluil Uicniwclves iiii'l taUon the ';4uirfi tanil.it n sti C'^'iiiiilDcn rnn.-ttit;iir:.c.' M'[i. JJ(i!"iih Jij Hi'r.,' '2S'J. Jt wa.i generally l)ulirvi.'.l that IJiavn, who x'.a.s c'olnnci (if tliu re _'iaicnt, lent his consent to these e\i)ressiun.s, tliou;^li he ilij iiot siij'n the iloeuuient. Alninan, liiit. JI'J., v. oSl, Uisr. II tx.. Vol. IV. IJ 770 TIi;-: FIRST COXOIICS.S AND Fl[;ST K.MIT.Iion. supportLTs. Alcoccr's motion was received witli iimr- iiiius s!»-!'0. '^ Lltwluinaidc, Cuad. Jliat., \''. t)3-'J2; Iturliidi', Currera JUL y Pol., 'IQ, AOUSTIX PRIMERO. 771 iHir- Olll anus, and sallviiiL,^ fortli raised the cry of "Ylva A.L;-iistin 1.!" Similar iiroceedin^jf.s oeciirrLMl at tlio other bari'aclcs, while ai^'eiits were hiislly eiiLl^ai^ed in rousiivjf the city wards. The soldieiy was soon joined hy dense crowds of the populace, and innnenso multitudes surj^ed from all points to the residence of the generalissimo, an! with deafen in'jf shouts j)roclaimeF course Iturhide wasoverwliehned with the unexpi-cte 1 demonstration.^" Several times he adch'essed the crowd iVom his balcony, affecting" inexpressible suri)rise, and ])rotestin;jf his unwillinu^iu'ss to accei)t the crown held out to him. ]M()re(>ver, Im sent for the members (»f the reg'ency, the geiKn'als of tlie army, certain (le])U- ties, and other persons of consideration, whose adviee he Iviiew would suit his (lisseinl)led as[)irations, and l)(\sou<^dit them to .g'ive him tlieir counscd. They urij^ed him to yield to the general wish, and with well feigned reluctance he returned to the balcony and bowetl his acquiescence to the jiopular will. JJuring- the remainder of the night the wildest commotion j'revailod. Volleys of jnuskctry reverberated through the streets; the artilleiy was dragged out and fired as fast as gunn(>rs could load the jiieces; the ehurcli towers were invaded, and the [)eal of bells mingled with the whiz of rockets as they shot forth iVom all ])arts of the cai)ital; while the night was made bright v.ith bonfires and illuminations. But the joy was not universal. Those who were opposed to the preten- sions of Iturhide remained shut uj) in their houses iu fear and trembling; for tluy kne'W not what \ ioleiice might not be resorted to in such a tunudt. Teri'or and exultation alike signalized the acclamation of Iturl>ide as emperor.-' ]\leantime he continued to ^* He thus flcscribcs his sensation: ' \'i\:\ A<_'iistin I. fuc cl !.'iit'> nnivorsal que ino asouibro, sien(l(j la i)rinicr.i ve/. do mi viila iiuo e.'^[iciiinciito o>ta ela:3e do pcnsncion.' If). -' Tho account of Iturbiilc's clfvation to the throne and coronation i.s de- rived I'Kiinly from .)/(.'•. Col. Lri/is, Fnii'l., ]'t-'.H; liitstahuml'', (Judd. I/isf., \i. "J--lo3; Znvula, Ii( c. Jit.'-., i. rJ7-:)7; Alunuut, Hint. Mij., v. 0!.)l-004, 772 t:ii: v:v.; and riRST EMprnon. ])l;iylii> ]»:ii'f : :i sliorl: ]ir< xl.iiniil ion wa-; is-iiicd l)y liiin, i'i'jii'fx'iillii'4' t!i;i{ it rested with the iiiilioii tn coiiliiiu oi' (hsalliiw t lie .step taken Ity the army ami the jieopli; ()(" the ea|)ital, whom lie exhtn'ted at Iho same lime Hot to ei\-e way to the excitement of ]ia.s.>ion, Imt ])('aceal)ly await the decision of the nation's roprcseii- talives. ?doreo\(r, ilie e-eiieialsand |>i'inci|ial oilict'i's {idch'essed a communication to the coii^-fess, inlorniin;^ it of the cv ve;-- dict of the provinces; their voices were drowned In the furious uproar raised, and they sat down with tlie threatenimj" crv of "Cort)nation or death I" )'in'>in!J' iu fv2t-r!0; (,'iif. Imp. Jfrx., ii. .'iOri-,")7'i, iias>^iiii; aiiilsrd. 'I'liii^ iiiidii' ciii-i'cioii and iiu'iiacc tli.- dcjiutirs t tlicir vi't's. ()iily cin'litv-t wo iin'inlicrs voted, si\(y-sc\(ii ol" wlioiii proiKiuiiiH'd I (iiil)idc ('iii|icr. >r. a'4aiii-«t lit'lnu llocs. TliL! decision was iiol, a valid eli ir, 'iliu- Itai'hide liiuinjihcd at last. Dnt it was a ll'lUI I III without di''iiilv m- the lu>tfe eC ''Teatn it was a, triuin[>li won li\' liic!{ of t he i)i'(»\isional jiuita and I lien of the conL;re.'- ■ had exhausted the jiatience of the ])eo|ile. Xini months had heen iVittered away in adju-.lint4' ini|)osiii. ceremonies, iu trilling- discussions, and in wfau'^liu'^ w hile the vital allairs tl le emi)U'e -ti le formation I ;i cf»nstitution and the oi'siamxal mn of tlie diilerent 1 lined iraiicnes o j^'overnment w iih t! how el's c|eail\' de- -were nenleeted J) iscontfiit ami md.'u'naf ion w eK the consecjueiices, and the nation was ready lor a cham:('. Xoi" ^vas it unnatural that the peojile should Jool; lor ai( Itol 11 111 Wllo had »een their lioei'utor. Tlicrc is imicli ilisrvcjiauiy on tlii.s jiniiit mid ms t'> the iu'tiial uuniln r of nicr.iln'iM iircsc lit. Til u siiunisli ciiiistitiUiiiii rcijuin thiit half , -ma inw Kinr if til'' t-il.il iiuiiiIkT (if rt'|ii'us('iitiitivc,i should Ix; jr L'llt. Ah 1 1 ir iiumiii.r .Ml I't'lin si'iiliitiviH was Id'J and that of tiu! < 'tntnil Aiiirrii'.-iii lUU'ito luiminr won Id jnopeiiy lie .f 4», lU'J. Iturliido, Imwcvcr, attciiiiitH that only "Ji) of tin; laltirhad li'i.'itinial(.i swit.-f, and slati'a that !ii niriiilii rs were jii-o.^mt, t I'as constituting a lura! ,s(.'--.siiin. llo niorrnvcr as- Furt-i th.it !I'J votes v.-< re cast, niiikin'4 tiic nunilicr of Ciirrirti, Mil. )i I'uL, Di), ',\o. JIusianiauto al.o con.'^idi'iid that !)J was tl .3 77 in trad (f li i;innl)cr necessary, and correctly gives }>•_* as that of the voters — ('iifid. ///i'., ! I. 'J'i as is ]iriivol Ky tli author i .f J/- if con,i,'rc.ssi(inal acts. Mix: Col. /.c;i. Fin.d. :/. J>(t.IPi:ROR. It lu.'iy III' t1i;it ill till.' provinces tlio masses, repre- sented l»v MViintaiiiieiitos and iJroviiicial 'jo\cnnnents jiresided (ivrrl)}' military eliiiTs whose interests wi'ru centred in Jturl/ide, had Httlc! voice in the mattir, and wltiu'ssed the ehaiiLre with iiKhflereiK-e. Ijiit, since they were to liave a kiiiLj, it was well that he shonld 111' of their own eouiitiy and hlood. When, tlierelore, the' iKtws sj)ed throni^h Mexico, it was re- (•eived with joy, and the provinces hastened to iMici- tate Iturhide and do honia^'e to him as their emperor; while in many cities the etiigies of the Spanish mon- arclis wei'e ]»ulled down. The ell'ect on the defeated political jiarties war-j diU'ei'ent. ^NTany oK tli<; monarchists who had lin- <(ered in the ho[)e of still seeing the plan of Iguala cai'ried (»ut left the conntry^' in disgust, and th(,' I'c- jiuhlicans, though cruslu'd tor the time and void of jilan, were none the less hostile to Iturhide, silently Avatching for an o[)j)ortunity of dethroning him. Thus the Jiourbonists disajjpeared fi'om the jxilitical arena, and the contest was confined to the Iturhidists and repuhlicans. As for compress, it resi'nicd itself to the situation, and at lirst showed a conciliatory disposition. A\'oid- ing any allusion to the pressure which had been jiut U[)on it, it decreed that the formal proclamation of Iturljide's elevation sl/oidd he; pulilished, and a[)- juiinted the 2 1st as the d;;y ( i wliich he should take the oath which it r)rescr;!)ed.. Accordiu'dv A'>'nstin, 'emi)eror of Mexico by divine providence and ai)j)oint- meiit hy the congress of the nation's representatives,' swore to ol)serve and cause to bo observed tln^ con- btitution wliich the said congress should form, and all ^"Thc i-cstriction on mij»ration from Mexico had been reiuovcd by dccrco of ^larcli 'J_M. iliii-. Imp. M onlci's and (lorrcH's IssirmI hy it; lu-vrr to nlitMiat(> or convey awiiy any j)ortloM of the tt'iritory of tho fniiiirc, and to rt'spoct tlio [Kilitical troiMloni of the nation and tlic pciscinal lil>i'itv of the inlial)itants. The oath taken, the emperor adih'i'ssed ?i hrief (Hseoui'se to the eoiiLfress and nation at liiri^e, eonehidin;^ with these words: "'11', Mexicans, I do ;int secure tlie liajijiiness of the country; if at any time I for^^'et my duties, let my sovert'iecure in liis grasp. Xor was tlie coni^i'ess shick iu honorin''' him. 1'he monarchy was decreed heredi- tary, and tlie succession secured to liis eldest son, on whom was conferred the title of prince imp'iial. ]iis family was made royal, his sons and dau-'htei's heim;' styled ^Mexican pi'ince^s and ])rincesses, and his father entitled the ])i'ince of the union. The TJth of ]\[ay was added to the list of national festivals, and liis hust ordered to he stamp(Ml on the' coin;ige.''^ ]\roi'eover, the impcn'ial household was formed on a hasis helittiu'' the di'j'nity of I'ovaltv. A hi-'h stew- ard and king's almoner were aj)pointed; a master of the horse and ecpien-ies; a captain of the imperial guard and aids; cha[)lains and physicians; gentlemen of the l)ed-chand)er and pages; and all othcers attached to a monarch's court. The 'J 1st of July was ap])ointed fcjr the coronation of his majesty. Iturhidc's vanity was liiL-lily gratified by this out- ward show of royaltv, and ho imitated the stately s[>lendor of the European courts. I must admit, " Sco the lot :ers of Guerrero and Santa Anua in Gac. Imp. M'.r., ii. 37">- (5, 41(»-ll. •'- The legend on the f:iec rend: ' Aiigustinns Dei Providential.' On the reverse was a crowned eiig!e, and on the eirenmfeieiiee thi; words: ' Mexici iniuius iniperator cunstitutioualis.' Gac. Iinji. Jhjc., ii. 447- JO. 77G THE riR.^T CONGni:SS AND FIRST F.Ml'EROR. however, that to the ^rexieaiis, uiiaccustoiiied to lionie-iiiade jn'iiioes, hi.s (Hsphiy was .somewhat i'i(h.'U- ]()us. The simile hut sterhng ]iag'eaiilry of tln' \ iee- roys fseeiiied to have given [)lace to the o-htter of theatrieal tiuseh In the exhausted eoixhtion of the treasury, the exjiense, too, M-as not a weleonu^ Imr- (len, and the (hsaH'cc^ted soon inunnured. IiicU'ed, the pecuniary (hllieullies of the L;'ovt'rMnieid. were most serious, and threatened to cuhninate in (hstuil)- ances.^'' Iiecourse to arl)itraiy measures was tlie only possible- means ol' present relief, and the emp.eror sus- ]tended the pei'missioii to shi[» nioniy out of the eo;in- trv, immense sums havinL!" heen withdrawn siiiec^ the decree of March L'l'd, which remov(>d the pr(.-viou.s I'estrietion.^* To meet the nrgency of the momenl. it was e\en proposed by the revenue connni^sioners that the money which had heen conveyed to A\;ra ('I'u:-? hy the last conducta, amounting to y l,a')0,000, sliould he api)ropi'iatc(l hy the government. This measure was not adopted, hut in i'ace of the unsucc(>ssful eilbrts that had been made to raise a, voluntai'V loan, the congress, after long debates, felt com[)elled to j'ass a (K'cree on June 1 I th, autliorizing tlu.' govern- ment to exa(;t a forced contribution of (!0(),000 j)csos i'rom tlie consulados of Mexico, l^ucbla, ( Juadalajai'a, and A'era (_'ruz, to be raised from the wealthy citi;u'ns and the ecclesiastical and secular corpoi-atlons/^ l\»i' the formation of his government, Ihe emperor lia.l a[tp()inied a council of stMt',% composed ol' tbirtc>;i members selected I'rom thirty-one nomir.ees pi'opou'd by the congress. Among the counsellors were ^,(- gi'ete, Xicohis Jh'avo, ^Mmaiisa, C(»unsel of state nnder the Spanish government, A'claztiuc/ d(> L( on, and ]);ircena, gosernor of the mitre of Xalladolid.'*' ^'On.luiii^ 'Jil ii iiicititMtcil attnrk liy .1 ]Kirii'ulatioiis and loriiuditics to l>o ohsrrNi'd at llu; cvreinony liad handeil into coni^ress the result of tlu^ir labors ]nori> tlian a month before. '''^ In the inijtecuni- ous condition of the treasury, it \vas inlpos^il)l^! to manufaetui'e crowns and the other insi;_;nia of loyalty ai>[»i'i'priately nKin'nilicent. ]>ut disjjlay must not h(> wantiicj,', s(» jewels and n'enis were hoi'rowtd, and thoUL;!! the national j)awn-sho[) refused to lend its dia- monds and pearls,'"' tlu." re^^'alia wci'e hri^'hl and ,!^'lit- teriuL;' with lictitious s[ilenages and maids of honor in gdi'geou,-; at- tir>.', and a master of the ceremonies with hi^ suite of tilt", caium of Oajac'r, 'ruiiias Salu'tido; Xii'olas Olao/, ri'lati'V ilr la an li- C'iK'ia; l;:!t'uL'l IVivz .Malduiiacln. 'ircrclary "I lliu triasiiry; .Mariano llol)!!':-;; and ncnic't ' oreno, laii'Mi of I'lubla. (!ar. Imp. Mir., ii. -lliii't. ■"/'/•',,/, v^, (III ,( n inni,!ii/, in Id., ii. 4 "i! !-(!!•, .")I'.o-!(; Jln-'/'HiKtu'r, Ciin.l. IIU>., vi.' u\:\ 71. ■'•"Coilto, Uio director of the .Monte Tio, ri'fused to let the jeweli y I'l'd'iil ill that establisiiMieiit lie userl on tins oeeasi.in. Jfis later ))Ci'ai;ciitiuii i ut- trihiited to tlii.s tlenial. AIkiH'Iii. lihl. J/'./., v. I)'J4. '" ' Los tiajes aileeiiaclo.s A la diu'nidad iiiiperial, se iinitai'on d" )■: > e-tnn|)a:j que jiudieron haliersc de la eoroiK^eion di' Napole.Mi, y una niudil.t lianee.su, Cjiio so deeiii haione^sa, .■^e encargi) ile haceilo3. ' ih. ;'i:i 778 THE FIRST CONGRESS AND FIRST EMPEROR. attend.uits. On velvet cushions were borne the royal apjiarel with which tlie inipei'ial couple were about to array theni.selvcs, and the signet-ring, and the scep- tre, and the jiatchwork crowns. At the entrance of the cathedral two obsequious l)ishops'"' received the emperor and empress and administered to them tlie lioly- water. Then they were conducted to the lower thrones and the ceremonies commenced. The regalia were placed on the altar and high-mass celebrated, during which Iturbide and his spouse were conse- crated with sacred oil, and assumed the royal robes. The regalia having been blessetl, Mangino, the presi- dent of the congress, now placed the diadem on Itur- bide's head, who then perfoi'med with his own hands the act of coronation of the em])ress. Thereupon they ascended the thrones on the higher dais. At the conclusion of the service the officiating bishoj) in loud voice exclaimed, "Vivat Imperator in leter- num!" and the people re[)lied, "Long live the em- peror and enij)ress." It is said that the l)auble tottered when first placed upon Iturbide's brow. "Do not let it fall," said ]\Ian- gino, ironically. "It shall not fall; I have it safe," replied the emperor. *"Tlic! coronation ceremonies were net performed liy the areliMsliop, vho li.iil previou.sly left Mexico, but by tlic bishops of (juaJalajara, i'uebla, Du- rango, and Oajaca, CHAPTER XXXIII. DETHRONEMENT AND DEATH OF ITURBIDE. 182-2- 1824. : •'AUCiriiATION OF THE OUDEU OF GL'ADALrrK— P.\DI;E MlER— SiiouT-r.ivr.D H.Mt.^ioNY— AiiiiEsT (IF Dkitties— rrnuMiiE Atti::\ii'ts to 11i:oi;(iam-^i-; C'(iN(,i;i:ss— His PuErosTEUors Claims — He Dissolves the Assembly — A JlNTA InsTITI'VENTE EsTAHLlSIIEl) — ArrKnl'UIATION OF SrAMAItUs' Moxev— AFtAiJtsAT Vera Cucz— Santa Anna ix Dlsguace— iTrumiiE Visits Jalapa — Santa Anna Hevolts— ItEi'iiiLicAMsM I'uoclaimed — PiioouESH of tue Insuuuection— 1!evei!Ses— Inflienck of the .Ma- sonic Order — Ciunoe of Tactus — Plan of Casa Mata- iTnininE's Conciliatouy Action — Congress Ivkjnstalleo— The Emi-keoh Auoi- CATEs— His Departure Fiioii Mexico — His 11eti:un ano Death. AViiKX the covomony was over, and the Msliop of Pucblu luul delivcrod a sornioii tulsoiiicly ilatturiiiniony only supplied iturbide's o[i|)onents with an atlditional sub- ject for ridicule. The iKirniony between the compress and the cm- pcror was of sli;;rt dui-ation. Iturbide's iin[):itienco of I'estraint and '; ■ to [(rerogatives soon madi; it evident that no ba., of jiower co'dd be maintained. The right of aj)])oinii...;' the niendjers of the supreme (?ourt of justice bocamo a matter of dispute between the executive and legislative powers, antl in it one of Iturbide's bitterest enemies took })art. Padre Servando ]\Lier had I'cturned from exile, and taken his seat in con!>Tess on the 15th of .)idv;is de[)uty for the pro\ince (»f ]\[onterey. This extraor- dinary personage, whose travels, persecution, and suh'erings, uo less than his i)olitie;d writings, had gained ibr him notorit'ty, had <'scaped i'rom llabana alter his eX[)ulsion thither on the eollajise ol' Mina's ex|)edition, and had souglit^ an asylum in the I'nited States. As soon as he heard that independence had b )een [)rociann(!(l m .Mexico :^i\ ne o KH' more turned hi.- face to the land of his biiili. jhit his usual mis( or- tune still attended 1 lun, and on his ai'iival at \'era Cruz he was detained as a, prisoner by Davila, and coniii.ed in the fortress ol' I'lua. J la\in''' be'en elecled -I",y -'1. ami I'rh. '20, IM.'-'. 'I'lRM.idci- ir- cc'ivuil its Uiiiiio from tlic virgin |i('ar tlui nauK'-! of tlu^ liisliops of ( iua(.lalaiara, I'licMa, nuil Oaj.K'a; tlu^ nii'lilusliop of ( liuilcinala auil tin; liisluip of NicaiaL'na; of t!io ujcncrals, XoL^rctc, r.nstannintt', (^hiintaiiar, Jjna(-'L'S, (au'rrcro, (Jaivi'.l Ciin(l(.', Mvanoo, ami O'l >o!ioji'i, ' (.•imsick'railo como viv() ]iai';i jicriiclnar si.i lannia nK'Uioiia.' IJnnd, J^ohalo, r>iiija, Sandicz, and I'auiou IJayou wore umonj,' tliu knights. To Ignacio Itainoii no (L'^i-co was yivi'n. PLOTTING AGAINST EMPIRE. 7S1 a (lo])nty to conn'rrss, i]\o, nssoinMy made stronnou;-! ( iioi'ts lo ohtaiu his rclcasi-, l)ut it was not until alter J turl)i, ho suc- (•eede>l. All uueompromisiiiy'i'ejjuhrK'an, lie had liardly set foot ou shore when lie began to inN'oi^h against iiioiKirrhy; and on ])resentint>; him.selt" hel'oi'e Iturl/ide, he manifested his eontem])t lor royalty hy omitting all titles of majesty i'. adsing him.'* Witlieism, iroiiv, ;uid ridicule were likewise hrouglit into i)lav. The coronation was a I'arce; the inauguration of the order of (iuadalu[)e was a performance of nnunmei's, and iis mend)ers were nicknamed accordingly;' he l)url('s(|U( d the government, satirized the em])eror, an, Vvhich was to elfect a reNoliitiiin iii'ar th(; ca[iit:d, declare that the (.'ongress had \)vv\\ de- ]iri\ed of its IVei'dom of action in the election ot" Iturbide, remo\e the assembl\- to 'I'ezcu ' Kii 1 )iiL':ii lie le :\li llU'ilicaiiU'lltii cniiocidi I coiisagrauiiiii no era iiihs qi <•!>, anil 1.1 pro- iiuicaciiiii AA L'l noil iihrc do " vina'Tf < lo lod luatro lailrone.i .lA: 'II ll'iM. Mrj., V. cut-." 1. ]|ll< ui'lmt'iii.'ln.'s, apoilo (jiio (|iioi •ill) il lo8 indivMnos (I(! a.|U(lla Oril .11 iliiU'iK'lii'H is (loiived fn>m i\w Mcxit-'aii word ' ^'olR'U(•tla^all.■ niuu id d till' iliiniii;itiv« It theicU/io meant ' Utile old uieii.' lb. 11, prouimiieeil liy the S[i:iiii.uil3 ' coo 782 DETHRONEMENT AND DEATH OF ITURDIDE. claim a republican govcrninent. In this conspiracy many military ofiiccrs and not a fow of the numbers of congress were implicated. The government, how- ever, was informed of the j»lot by Ca[)tain Luciano Velazquez, engaged in the su[)pression of highway- men on the Puebla road. Iturbide thereupon took the hin'li-lianded course rovincial cap- itals, in order to expedite the administration of Justice, was resolutel}' rejected, and the undisguised antago- iijsm of the two ix)wers made it evident that thev could not long exist side by side, Iturbide, theref )re, de- termined to reform the congress. On Sej)tember 2jth the deputy Lorenzo de Zavala, after classifying is tho report of the fiscal Alvarez on the proceedings instituted against the accused. "Among those who still reniained in custody was Padre Micr, wlio fnund means oven in prison of continuing his attaclis on Itiii'hide. IJustaniante \\\\^ lircscrvcd some satirical stanzas written at tliis time, lll^t. Ittirhai, 'l',\-T\, Wl; tor fuller particulars, consult /(/., 5-"2;J, o7-lJ'2; t'iKid. Illt. h'cspniis.; Mix. El njido que la comi.sioii il(l no'i. Conij. prcitiiitii d S. ^f.; Mux. ('ol. Lfij. Fund., {V.i, '"See copy of the document and iletails in Uu.ilama/itc, CikhI. ll'isl., vi. carta*")*. Oo-lOO; and Cucra-f, Ponriiir Mcx., liKS. " (larza went to Mexico, aud was kindly received by Iturhidc, who oven restored his commaud to him. Alamaii, Hid. MiJ., v. (Joo; O'uc. Lnj). Mex., ii. 8Ji>-U0. rS4 DKTrillOXEMEXT AND DEATH OF ITUmnDE. tlu! i)r()f'(30(lini*'s of tlio assciiiMv fis illfjf'al, on tlio jj;T()un(l tliiit it liiul not boon divided into two clianibiTs in conlonnity with tlio provisions ( it'll 10 con vocal in;^' art, and dcnionstratinj^' that tlic provinces were not ecpiali y i'e])resente(l witli rei^'ard to ])oj)u]ation, moved that the nund)er of deputit's should he I'educed and meas- ures adopted for the forujation of the second cham- her.'" 'i'he sensation then'hy created was s^reat, es- ])ecially as the pi'oposal had come from ade[)uty; and the motion met with con-espondini^^ disap]U'ohatlon. Ihit the u;overnment now took the matter in hand. ( )n the I7th of October Iturbido held a junta, attended by the council of .state, the genei'als resident in the capital, and over forty deputies either favorable to Ids views or indifferent. Tlie discussions were lengthy, and resulted in a commission being s'jiit on the fol- lowing day to the congress, proposing on tluj part of the government that the number of deputies should be redpcc;d to seventy. Of C(mrse the proposal was rejected; but the congress, l)y way of adjustment of ditl'erences, proposed that the S[)anish constitution should be provisionally (observed, by wliich conccsssiou the em[)eror would bo entitled to the veto and the light to elect the membei's of the su[)reme ti'ibunal of justice. This oidy oj)ened the way to further de- mands. Iturbidc thereupon made the preposterous claim that his power of veto should cxtentl to any article of the constitution which was being framed, and that he should be authorized to raise and organize a [)olice Ibrce. At the same time ho insisted upon the reduction of the number of deputies. Even the strongest conservatives wore disu'Usted. Con<>'ress hesitated no longer, ])ut rejected the emperor's de- mands one and all, and Iturbide cut short contention by dissolving the assend)ly on the 3ist with an armed force." ^^ Zai'dla, Proijp.rto de lipforma del Congreso, Moxico, 1822, pp. S. '^ Jirij^adicr Liiia Cortazar was cliargcil witli the di^livi'iy of tlic imperial or- der for tlic dissolution. If it was not oljcyt'd within ten minntcs attor hcins^ read, lie was inslruetetl to inform congress that force would he used; and ii iu jrXT.\ r\STITUVi:NTE. 7S.j T(t jirc-^crvc at least a sliadow of tli ' l^'^'islativo j)()\\('i', ltui'l)i(K' cstal»lisli('(l a junta, wliicli lie stvlrd 'institiiyciitc,' couqxiscd of t'oi-ty-fivi" iiieinhc'i's si'lrctc'd from llic ut the business most urL^ent was to lind .some means of raisin-'" monev. Xor did the; junta iKicional instituyente waste time, hut on the 5th passed a (Irrvi'c orderino- a forced loan of 62,800,000.1' As the collection, besides beiiiL;' attended ^^•ith trouble, would be a slow process, and as there was then lyinj^' at l?erote and dalapa nearly ,sl ,nOO,000 i'' bdoiiM-in^^r for the most part to S|ianiards who had left the coun- ti'V or were on the |)oint of de])arture — monc.'V a.wait- in;.;safe conduct to Yvv.i Cruz for shijimeiitto S[Ki.in — ltiU'bid(> seized it and applied it to n'overnmiMit ])ur- poses,'" a ])roct;edini,*' which broU!j;'ht down uj)on him much censure, and alienated the '■> \. Itiirliiili.' fii- tcivil into an cxplanatiunot' hi.i n^a-^ons for takiii'.; this strp, and tlicst'itcincnt of i-liar,Lrt'H a;_Minst tho I'ungrcs.s whicli .ippuaruil in tiio jircaniWu to th(^ ilc.'ri'u (li.vsi living it wa.s anii)lili(.:(l ami pnlilishcd by tiu; gDvernnu'nt under tlu; titU': I iiilii'(ir/iiii if'l oriijiil ill' /■'•■.' < .rl)'!i>''i Mi rifrino, '/■" /riii mo/irfn/o n:i (li.inltirioii. Tho ai'cu.vatinn.i wcix' to tho cllcct tliat tho as.scnilily wan inlhi- cncfd liy Spanish inUigiU'Hof tlicjiarty opp'iscd to indi'pcndini.T; tliat it fcinst'- (puntly ne;j;k'ctiMlits\\MrU on iui|"iiiitant niattei's -the formation of tho const itn- ti(in, thooriranization of tlio rcvoiiue dcpartinont, and tl:o proper cstiilili.sh ncnt of liio judirial tril.unals — and wasted its time in trilling' oi' irrtlrxaut disuir<- sions; tliat it in(ir<'ovor arro;iated to itself jircroL'ativcs beloUL^'ing to the sover- eign. O'lir. Ji,ij). M'.c, ii. !)U-7, violi-fi, it()-'-:j,'sir. I'liri'i.':, ii. f. VO; UH^tinnniilc, Ciind. Ilinf., vi. carta 5", 110- 'J."): III., His!. Itiiriihli , 'l'.\ ct .sei[. A list of the names of the mciuln.'i's, Itur- liide's o[iening adilress, and the basis of the organi/.atidU of tlu; junta are Ha|(- l)lied in Mix. Col. I.nj. FhihI., 'M-WX '^(•'iti\ Imp. M(.v., ii. 'J."iO-l. Alaman states that this was the lirst decree of the junta. Ili< Mrj., v. (".(iS. '"At lVrnte.s740,-2(»0. and SV)7,000 at .Tal-ipa, in .all .Si, -2:17, '-'Oi). IiL, v. CGI) 70; Milium, Mi-iii. Si'i\ Eslmlo, ISl'.S; Mix. (.W. Iaij. I'uml., 100. '■ He tries to defend his action by asserting that tiie late congress had iui- thorizcd him t(j lay hands on any existing funds, and that he had been pri- Hisr. Hex., Vol. IV. 50 1 I I! 78G T)!:TnRoxi:Mi:xT and dea'ite or rrrniur)!':. Vrilllo those cvilts Wrrc occllpyiiiL,^ llic (•;iMit;il, aifairs dCho less iiioiiKJiit were .^'oiii;^' (•(.'('( lino's were cxcitin''' comment. Tliert! ^vas iiisubei'dinalioii in lii.s ranl:s, and (lei'alcalions in tlie rei^imeiital chest. ^'^ JiUace's, the caj^taiii ij^eneral of the provinces of l*uehla, \'era Cruz;, ami ( )ajaca, had rtstired on account of failiiiLC health,'' and the l)ri'aidier fFose Antonio Iv-IkiwiitI vras a[»|)ointed to succeed hin). It ajipears that Santa .Vnna had informed tin; t;'overnment tliat ho Avas devisinL;' a sclieme to obtain ])ossession oi" l"'oi't Ulua, and lochdvarri was ordei-ed to marcli from Jalapa to A'ei'a ( 'rux, where he ari'iwul on the 2ath of ()(,'tol)er. J);ivila had been relieved"' In* Jh'in'adier Francisco Lemaur, and Santa Anna conceived the l)lan of j^^ainin^- jv/sscssiou oi' the I'oi't by sui"}>risin;^' ifc under cover of a feiLfued suirendi'r of N'^era ('rux to the new commandtn'."' He thei'efore made overtui'es to Lemaur, and it was arranu,'ed between them tliat tliG S[)aniar^ta IS.'.', 7. '" lIo dieil shortly after at Tehuaean. Ahinxin, J/lsf. Mr}., v. (i!)'). '-'" JIo returned t) Spain, and was rewarded for his loyalty hy hein;.; ap- pMint(vl !.'overii'!i of the real alc:izar de Sevilla, one of the l)e.-t !ipp(jin',:nienl3 ia tlio kinu'doni, and wiiieh he retained till his ih'ath. /'/., v. 071. -'• Santa Anna had heen previously frustrated in an attempt to brihe tlio garrison (if tlio fortriiss of L'li'ia. His present plan was that Lemaur shoull send, on the ni;^'ht of Out. 'JGth, dotaehmcMits to take p i^.ses.sion of the forti- iieatiiins of Vera Cruz, which were to he surreud<:red without ro.-^ist;ince. Tiic S]ianiards were then to ho overpowered, and M"xican troops, dress^'il in the uniforms taken from them, were to proix'cd to Fort Uliia in the launches on wliich the Spaniards liad arrived, and under cover of the darkness ami disguise gain possession of it. BudainanU', Caad. Ilixt., vi. carta o*, 107-13. ATTACK ON FOHT ULUA. 787 inL'ii, ]i(! Went at ini(liiiL'"li(:, accordin^f to arraii'^e- iiiciits, to tli(.' iiitrcnicluuents oi' (\)ii(,'c|)ci()ii, tlirro t() I'uc'uivc tilt; (Iccoycil Spaniards, wliil ■ Santa Anna awaiti'il anotluT (k'tachuK-'nt at the bulwark of San- tia;; :». From SOIIU" cause, lloWc'Vor, tin; lol-cc; wllirli oll;.;Iit to liavr 1)( I'll })rovi(K;(l by Santa .Vinia had not arrixcd, and lu'luivani found oidy the oi'dinary pichi't on llic Ibrtilications. IJut tho Spaniards had already landed, and were enterin;^* tlu; outer works. l']eh;L\arri"s j)ositioii was thus a very perilous one, 1'ho Span- iards pressi'd forward and a contest ensued. \'el;z was wounded by a [)i.stol-shot, and three soldiers wer'; bayoneted. Xotliinu^ savetl JCcli;ivarri iVoui (k'ath or captur-t; but the careless [)rocedui'(( of the Spaniards, Vvho had only sent forward a small portion of tlu'ir Ibroe; observiuL;* which, Eiduivarri bra\ely char'^'eJ and (h'ove back the assailants. This had tlie eU'eet of causiu!^ their comrades who were coming' up to retire and take up a [)osilion behind the outer sfoclc- ade. ^Meantime Santa Anna's aid, Castrillon, wiio ]iad conducted the neL>'otiations, and had comi! in the Spanisii hiunch, [irovided for liis own safety. Aban- doniu.;' his du[)es, lie ran down thi; beach to the pier and reported to Lieutenant I'jleuterio M^'iide/,, in com- mand of the cavalrv picket of twenty-five dra""oo!is stationed there, that Echa.varri was either killed or taken prisonei", w]iereu[)on that offK-'er went in all liaste to the assistance of his superior. The Sj)an- iarvls wt:re then drix'en from their position and took to their boats. At the Santiago fortilication the action, there more hotly contested, terminated with a similar I'esult.-- Thouu'h a victory was thus ■••aine,! by the ]\[e.\.icans, Santa Anna's project of surpris- ing' Ulda I'ailed. But the affair was pre^'nant with disaster to Iturbide. as we shall presently see. '•'- Ecli.ivani, in his report of ()t;t. '27tli, states that tin; Inss to the Span- ianls wa-! over lOJ in liilled, wouiideil, drowiii'il, stiayoil, ainl prisoners, Ainony tho latter were a captain auJ two subalterns. Uac. Imp, Mix., Li. 788 Di'TiinoxnMEXT A',-.') DrATii oi' iTr:;:',!!)::. Tn u <'i):i'l(I('iii iai (Icspatdi t(» llic ciiipii'di', Iv-!i/ivan i <'\|)r('ss('(| liis siis])ici()ii that Santa Anna, ciirai^ d at lint Iia\ iii;;' liccii ])i'()iii<>t('(l tn tilt' caiitaili-LCciicralc'v', liad t !■( ai Iicroiislv plaiiiK'd liis dcatli or captiu-c, liy jiurposcly iic'^lcctiiin' ti» order iqt tli(.' troops wliidi oti^Iit to lia\(! Itfi'ii stationed in tlie woi-ks of ( 'oii- ri'[)cioii.-'' So <;iavo a (■liar;4'e, in view of presions coniplaints, I'efjuired sei'ious attention, and lturl)id(; decided to remove Santa Anna iVoiii his ])osition as coniaiKhmte i^ciiei'al of Vera ( 'ru/C. Caution, how- over, \\as iK'c-essai-y, and to avoid possihlo niischiet", tho eniperoi" decint'd it prudent to inanaL'-o the matter in peison. With the ostellsihle ohject of takin'LJ measures lor tlie i'e(hu'tion of |'\>rt Th'ia, lie tliere- fore made a visit to .)al;i[)a, leaving' ^[exif'o on the lOtli ot" Xovemher. The journey was madi; in ^'reat state, and at Puehla lie was receiveital, and that he would have to accompany him on his return thither. In answer to the [)leas ol' private business and want of niomy, Iturbide handed him live hundi'ed jiesos, and allowed liim a few ii5.taiiiaiiti', uritiii.; in An^jiist lS;i2, tahc.H the same \ iew, ('iirnl. Ui-.t., vi. carta ")■', 114; l)iit in Septcinlicr I :-),'!:[ says: ' Kn mi conccpto no flic otro .sinoun dcsco u proyccto nial combiiKulo para apudcrarso do L'hia.' ll'iM. Ilnrliidc, .3!), Alaniau declines to pass an opiiiioii in tlic matter, and continin^:^ himself to the narration of the facts, leaves it to the reader to form his own judj^'ment. IIIM. M to this liino Santa Anna a|i[iari'nt ly had no su>|iicion that Jturhidt! intended to call him to account. Tlu' an- nouncement ti» Santa Anna of his icmoval iVom tlx! connnand in \'era ( Vu/ was made in terms of Jiii;he>t conipliment,;-'' and wlu-n Itui'hide dejiaited for the capital on the 1st of liecemhcr, lnj enii»raced him and said: "1 await you in Mexico, Santa Anna, to make your fortune for you."-' It was, |»erha[is, a little overdone l»y Jturhule, and Santa Aima was as ele'\er a dissemhler as he. Furtliei' than 'this, he was secretly wai'iied that his I'uin was nicdilateil. '" 'I'here- foi'e, with evel'V appcai'alice of undistlU'hed conii- di.'uee, with every mark of sul»ser\ient j'e^pect,'' lu attended Iturhide for a short distance on his journey, hut returned with hatred in his heai-t to Jalapa, and in a few hours was on his way to \cvii Cruz, lie arri\ed at the' port on the followln!4- day, and puttiu'^' himself at the head of the 8th infantry reginnMit, of which ]iv. was colonel, ]>roelaimed in the name of the nation ti re[)ul)liean ^ovei-nnniut, di-clariuL;' that the thrt.'e Li'uarantie's of the plan of li^'uala would he invio- lahly observed."' -■''Ell Ids tciiiiiiiiiifi iiias lumoiilluos que puit< iiivusitar el sagaz y iivisailo enipcrailiir. ' SmiliiiKt, M an 'it' it o n ■••'(■■' cjiici-i'ta'/itinis, S. -"Ar/.,!). -' Santa Anna says that \w wouM liavu l)ccn il.tL'ivcil liy ItiU'liiilo's tnan- nc'V 'si iin I'imliilrntc ilo Mexico ud me avi.sara run n^iorUniiilail "cjiie mi [nr- ilicioii e.jtaiia deeretaila."' ' /'/., S. -'^Franei.seo do I'aiila Alvarez. 1 tiiiliide's secretary, in re[ily to a letter cif Santa .\Mna. iuKlresseil Dee. (i.li to lturl)iile, srttin;j; lortii t!i(^ re;is:ins \vliie!i uru'eil liini t:) reve>lt, says: 'Vil nalie(|U(! yo se <\t; la manera ([ue lial)li)sieiiiji!e al Ihnp; railoi', teii'.hlanil) y aihilandi, ofreciendiise a .serviei ii do tin lacayn, iiidi;,';;w.s ile mi ji;ete.' S'liifn-Ai/nd hn.-itn, l-i.'.\ 7. 'I'liis eonimmiii.'ali.in \v;m v.ritten at I'lieljla in Dec. 1SJ_>, and was printed and iialili.shed at (Jiiad.da,- jaratlio saiiu^ iir.mtli. In 1S41: it \\a-ia;:'aiii [)iil(li,s!ied jast Lciore .Santa Anna's fall ill that year. It u an iuti n.e m.'itche'd, and i:i future revolutions it was always male use of as a liicaii.. ^'f vilii'yin^' him, -'^ Sniitdiin, I'rorldiiuix, 'J Die'" 1SJ_'; (Iw. I,ti/,. .]/,.,.:, ii, iOH. ();i tile (Itli he .iddres.icd to Ituiliide the li'ttji" menlioned in tir.! pvevinis note. Afaa* lemindin;,' hi)n of the excess of his ;;eal in his service, whicli hail ht'C):iie 'od; )iia to his fi.Uou-citi/.ens, who thought him .servilo and a llaltercr,' auil pi'ofes iu^ luialteralilo airection, he :.ays: 'I luive felt myself iiiidertlio nej'ssity of s pa- ra tin '(my.^elt'i'rom your eoiiimaml, l)eeau-:e yoiirahi )luti' ;: )Verinn.-'nti.sa!)ua'_ to liilv.ii.il iiicalcalalile i.'vilsoiir Ijelijved country . . .Tlupi-.jvinees, the towns, ilio roo DETJIRONEMENT AXD DEATH OF ITUItBIDE. Tlio movf-niont was rcroived in Vcmvx Cri'.z entlnv si.'istically; Alvnrado and otlrjr nci^'liNoi'in^ towns JouumI in tlio revolt, and the knell of tlie empire liad sounded. Great ]U'e|iaratioiis had boon made in tlio rapilal lor the relnrn ot" tlio oinporor, whei-e it was tiioU'j,"lit that ho was all this liino trinnipliin^' over the S[)a!i- iards. ]\[i»reover, an imperial piiiice liad heen l)oi'n,''''' and the eelebration of tlie anspieious event -'iwaited t!ie ai-rival of flio aui^nst ])ar(Mit.''*' Bnt Itnrhide Avas in no humor for b;d)\' bell-rin-dnci's and baplisins. At Puebla he hn;l reoeived intelli^^'onec of Santa Anna's revolt, and tliono-ji ]\o pretended to nia]!;!'!''i'stanil that tlR:'o aro iieiihor ^.'.ean^! nor weaUh Hiilli"ient in this ^Vaicriea to ."iqip.irt a t'lronc .''ill all the osteniation and dignity an emperor reiiuires. ' Jictiien hope i tliat Itur- liido will talio nicsurcM t j rcnonneo the erown, and ('oneladef wiih tlio oini- noiH \\0rd.7:: 'I),) not expose your valualilo life to the tir^iliio catastrojiho which your llattercr.s have prepared for you.' ll,ieiati:i;j; lii.i countiy wlieu tlio depuLios Were iniprisoncd. ' Yo juro cii cd siieneio de 1 1 aeiag.i nuehe, del Lii) do A'.;o3to, volver p ir el honor Tlo la naeion csdavizidi.' llo w;.i i:i ^.loxico at the time, and to 'jurry uiit lii-i project, sotiglit with iir;,'eiiry the c iinuiiind of the province of V 'ra Cniz, wliieli was oonfei'i'ed o;i him. /'«. ^'OnXov. :!;)th. (/('•. /;;(;). J/'M-., ii. lOKMl, 10l(!-17; lli>if>v,in,it<\ 11:4. JOirh'df, ;!b— m. I'or an account of the preparations made to receive llurhide, Koe Zanila, i'l r, M( r.. i. \'il]. ^' Tho iianio ,[j;ivcn t) tlio prince was I'elipi- Aiidr's M.aia'a de ( [uaiLlupr". //). The safe de,i\oraneo of the ('m])re-is wa ; ma !o the occisiou f.ir i'evei'al military pr imotiinu. Alejo O.ircia ( 'oiid.; and Sotarriva were niad.j Ih-ulcii- iuit-;;ruoral i;»,\riiiijo, Torres, !5arraL;an, J^ohato, and some otliors were raised to f ill liii ,'adicrs. <,'(ir. J, up. M.x., ii, lllis. ^•'Tiie oath of iiUe ;ri:iiice waa eelcjhrated at Puebla. on tlio occaaioii of hin rcLiirn. and ho did id;; wait for tlie c implctioa if t'lo euitnina'y f"sliviti(M. ■''' 'A niche ;i la:3 nueve, incspcvadaini.-nte, t.ilro yin noved.id a e.ila C.ipital «. M. 1. dere;^ie.i,)doXalapa.' /./., lUiil. Di:f::at of saxta axxa. 701 \n- had itod I)ihed in A\'ra ( "ruz a plan of the re\dlutiitn,' ' and joined 1)}' (iuadaluj)o A'ic{oria, who now sallied from his j)lace <»!' conceal- Dient, v.;is oi'i;-anizin;,;' an army which he styled El Ejcrcito LiJjertador. The I'evolution .sjivead ra[)idly ud at lirst sue cess attended the movemeiit. C'oi'tazar and Jjohato were i'lmipelled temporarily to retiri 1 ciore msni'!"'! nt hands near C unif il la am 'vinta Anna snr|)iis('d and captured the whole force of ^'I'en- diers at i'laii del Ivio, incoi'itoratinj.;' thi; soldiii'.s in his ranks. J-^lated with thi s success, he m;nx' hed jiL;ainst Jala])a, his force consistin<4' of the 8th infantry jVLriment and a hodv of ca\ah v, and two L;nns. At )nt clav.ii ol J)i'cend)er "JJsthe attacked the t nns. own. •susiamed a c 'ushiu''' def(/at. The urei ladle I'.s latelv incorjioi'ated into the regiment went oxer to tlu enemy tl le wliole his infantry was eitlur killed or captured, and lu' l!ed from the j)lace at full speed, ■'" Tiiis iccasLoncil the circiilaUon of n slingingiiivuclivr in v> i.e, attrilju tl) J'ailic .Mier. Tlio lirst stanza is as fol!.j\t..<: ]'i/, iiui' liroti'iiilia el fir.iiin (;in' MiKi I'M'iiniiiiii'iH'ii'ii I ;i'i('i'a, t.nl 'I'l'il 1 Iiwiii')!!' ri'pulilicaii'i ;,V I nl' (111' CV llh'll j:^ \U i| nil" I'llll 1. 1 lilirl'tail Tl ir )'C'iiiainin'. I'ol'illH' li" Ml llKl^'r>l!l(I I (.III. A la infaii-ta liii.nai'iii a: ; I'll' ill' cl:irsi' iiKH iM:|iiii Hit licii I raviiiail'.' tl) the ijiinilii'iMu li\'c, !iiv in similar .str; Ihi.^titwo-uk', Hid, rl,},l, .■t-()! Alu lllst. M, 'A copy of it is sui>[iliud l.y IJusLa'.niiutc. 1/id. lUtrli'alf, tU-7l. 792 DKTIIHONKMENT AND DEATH OF ITUlllUDE. attended only l>y eii;ht drn^'oons.'"' Xever -was dis- aster niorc! complete. Santa ^Vinin, on ai'i'ivin^' at l\unti}d('l Ju'V, wliei'e Victoria wjis stationed, l;;'Vo way to (k'sjiair. ])ei'niiiin' all lost, lie projxjsetl to tin- I)ark with liim lortlic I'nittHl Stati's on hoard a vessel ho had ])rovided lor sni-h {\n cinci'^cncy. .i>iit iho stout old leader was of butter nictal. "(lo and put: Vera ( 'rn/- in a state ot det'ence," he snid; "you can set sail when they show you my la'ad."''' The inipidse i;iven at \'era Cruz acted like leaven on the prevaihuL;' (hscontent. (JucM'rcu'o and I'mv!) secretly left the city on .January at h, proceeded l.o ( 'hihtjta, and there comnu'iiced to revolul ionizt' the south, adoi)tni!4' the plan of A'era ('ruz, a copy df wliich had heen sent to tliem l>y Santa .Vima.'" Ar- niijo was inunediately despatclu'd a^'ainst them, and an enii^au'ement took place on the height of Almolon'.;a, near ( 'hihipa, where ( Juerrero and Hraxo had po.'^Led themselves. The action was disastrous to the re'Vohi- lionists. ( i!ierr;M'o was shot throuidi the lung's, and his men hehevint;' him killed ;d)andoned the lield in disordei', desj)ite JJravo's (efforts to arrest them, lie himself was hoi-ne away hy tlu' stream of l'u^iti\es, I Lad he heen aMe to I'ally his nuMi, the day mi^ht ha\ n heen won, a similar panic haviui;' pervaded t he im])erial ranks on the f.dl of IJri'^adiei- j^pltacio Sanchez, v,ho was struck through the head hy a Imllet as he icil them to the chai''j,-e. As it was, Armijo entered Chilapa the same day; ihaxo retired uilh a ri'innanl: of his f)rct> to l*utla; (Juerri'ro was sup[ios('d to he dead, and the re\(»lt in tins portion of tin.! empire Nvas considered as ended. '" ' \a ili vision S.iiita Ana (]uo so coniponia dc oclioi.'iontort i'l novciicntDS liouilircsi liii siili) (.■i)iii|ilctaiii''' ilisi]iii(l;i y f^oln ;:o jiscmu'i (|iu' rniprii Wiu isn fuj.'a O'ln dclii) ] M"!;,''''.' iUnn'uvjw",, I'aiii' Ojiilri' J>ii'< }i,-. 'I'iiis niiuiusi'ript <.f (In- oliicinl ivjiort to liri'ailii r .lu.s.'' Maria CaKK:-. 'ii, coniaiuianti- i.a';iiial of .lalapa, liy Columl .liiaa 1 lniiiiii,.;iK'/, gives u ilfiaikMl llCl-'OUnt nt' till! OCl'lUTClU'O. ^' Zavala siuti's that \'ii'ti)ria liinisi'lf nai'ralcil lliis circnin-itaui'c to him. i. 1.-); uho .Mii'i also ollVflicl hirt isoajii', but u;;.-- i'i'iM[itiii'('il t n'ou.'i iiilof- TLOTS OF THE MASONS. 793 Alul t]i(> revolution evcrvwlioro sccmod to be at its last Jl^'usj). a inovL'iuciit ol" the iK'i;r()('s in ('osta C.'liica liad been suppri'ssi-d ; Ahaiado and otlui' towns on llio ^'uir coast v.liicli liad ]ii'oclaiincd i'or ]'ej)ul)li('anisni liad subniittiil to ( 'oilazar ami Lobato; A i(.-toria was lu'ld in i-liecl; at J'ucntc del Wry; and Santa ^Vinia was conline'd in Win CVuz, wliidi was now invfsti'tl by ('orta>:ar, J^obato, and .l']cli;i,varri, v\lio, alur ]ia\inL;' escorted KurbitK- as lar as lV'r(.)te, took uj) a position at the (,'asa I\rata.^''' In i'^eluivarri the eni[)er()i' j)laced the utmost I'eli- ance. AUhou^h a S|)anianl, he had been treated with maiked lavoi'. J Te had bet'ii rapidly |)roniott;d ii'oni thi- rank of ca[itain of a. pi'ovincial coips in uii obscui'e aiid I'eniote district to that ol' cai)iain-;^'en- eral of tiie ])ro\inces of J?u<'bla, N'era i'viv/., and Oaj'aca ; had been made a knight (»!' the orijer of (Juadalnpe, and had been admitted into the closest confidence. ])ut iniiueiici.' was brought to bear npon ]']ch;Lvai'ri whicli Jturbido had not considercil, and the ai'don of tlu; former bore a .striking' I'escihManco to the j>rocedur(> of the latter when j)laccd iii a -im- ilar position of trust by A])odaca. \\ hil e the em- )eror v.as dai !y expectiiiL;" to lu>ar that, the linal fiioW at rebellion had been struck by the (-apture ol" \'era Cruz, the masons, who were determined to o\ cithi'ow i"'' wit h Jus u'eiieiai 'i"I 10 him, were secrclly inti'i^'uii ])oliticaI jirinciples of this order had lately been L^reatly niodiiied by the iiilluencv! of members who had been m;" wliom wer(! M 1 heleiia and iuinios Ari/,[ie, hail stl'eli uously opposed the oiler of the crown to a Spanish 1 tl ji'iiice Indeed, the (.'stablislimeiit ol a J ) liu'oon on K! (iiroiK^ was no ion<''er re-jai ,!ed as praciicaole inatioa given In' u woiikiu, iiint mi lllliril 111 II ilun'Tiiii .r 111.' li A/u IJi^f. M, V. (jJM. iiia;,M;;i!ic w iic.o irr.ii l)!>\vdcr \\:\i\ .stmvil; licin'.' il.s ii; uaU'ii ul)>ja.. licilt a loa^iic to the i-ouLli ui u.iu tuu u. 11 ini-il ion. Jt Was ait- ! :i !! I! \ r 794 DirniRONEMEXT AND DEATH OF ITURBIDE. Iturliidc, on Uw otlici- liaiid, li;ul (liso'iistcd most of i]\v iiioii-aiTJiists wlu) liacl Iciittlicir aid on liis assump- tion of the ci'ouii, and tlio ordci", nionarcliical in ity })rin(ii>l<'s at lirst, was i-cady to ruccivo with ia\'or the idea of a central repuMic wilii tlw reins of i^'overn- ment uiuKi'its own control. I'nderall circumstances, the existiuL;' condition of afjiiirs could not last. The i'ei)ul>lican i)artv was hourly uaininij;' stron'j;th; the luonarchists, not to he left ht'iiind in the race i'or ])o\ver, j)referre(l to clian;j;'e theii' tactics. ]]y the Spaniards the autlior of tlie plan oi' I^uala was hated; and lor all parties no form of government could he mut-h worse tlian the })roscnt absolutism, Iturhide's d(.)wnfall was, thei'efore, darhly foreshad- owed, while he alone si'enied l)]inrl to the I'act. Thougli he nnist have been aware tliat the masonic lodges Were lai'gely composed of military oUicers who had sworn to uphold the jilau of Iguala — whicli ho was trampling underfixA — it seem--, newr to have enter(^d his mind that from that quai'ter would come a i'atal blow. Yet it was so. The inlluence in the lodges over tlu^ mihtary mend)ei's was preponderating. Cortaxai' and Li^bato belonged to (he society; ]Moran, the comandantc genei'al of Puebla, and !Negrete in Mexico were in acct)rd witli its leaihng members; and Kchiivarri had l)een lately admitted into it. Hence his inactivity befoi'e Ycm C*ruz,^" and hence the ])roc- lamadoii of the famous plan of ( "asa 3.1ata''^ on the 1st of l'\'l>ruai'v. On that day a junta of the military chic^fs was lield and the act sign(>d l)y them unanimously, as well as by i-epresentatives of the raidvs. V>y it the ai'iny pledged itsL-lf to reestablish and su[)port tlie national ^" Itnrbiili' s;),\ s: ' ];i ^piuTal Iv h/iv;irii y i\ brigailicr Cortazar. . . i.;>!i tolliar la [i!a/a ilo W.'i'acniz ^ill rosistciu.'ia; ' and ailiLs: '.Vuiuiui la ajia'.ia il- Ecli:ivarii hahria hido lia.staiitc iiiotivo para (k'scijiiliar do mi iirii!'ainst the person of the eiiijici'or. ]>ut thi> dcsi'^nors of it wrw^ well aware ot" tlu' ultimate result to wliieli it would lead. The as[)eet of the revolution, it is true, was chan^'ed, l)ut its intrinsic character was the same, and its ohjeet the same. The re[)ul,iliean leaders coidd ("eel Very contident that in the new conM-]-,>ss tlieir own ]>arty would dominate, and its actii>n, unlike that of the e.\tin'4'uished assemhly, would now he suj)[)orted by the armv. Saiita Anna, whose i)osition otlierwiso was r(\dly critical, readily waived his demand lor a i'ej)uhlii'an governn)ent, ;Mid on Fehi'uary I'd tlie aynn- tamiento and military for<'('s of A'era Cruz acce|>ted the plan, renouncin,!^ the idea of I'cestahlishin^' the dis- so1v(m1 coniji'i'ss. 'jdie revolution in its n(n\- ro!)e was rapidly trinm[)hant. ( )n the 14th the plan was pro- claimed at ]*uel)la hy the provincial di,'[)utation, sup- ported hy the ayuntamicnto and the mar<|ues de A'ivan- co. At San Luis J^otosiand l^luadalajara the ini|H'iial conuuanders wei'o I'orced to g'wo way to tlie |)opular feelings in order to avoid an uj)risinarra!4'an in ()uere- taro,and Otero in duan.ijuato. J>ravo had recovered iVoni his disaster, entered the city of Oajaca on tlic The Plan (!(.■ (/asa Mut;i ocinsi.-^tcd of I'lovoii ni'tick )f \\hU-]i I Ryiiii]:;ji.s. \vt. 1. As the sovereignly vcsiilcs in the iiatinii, coii';iess shall In; iiistalie-.'i as .soon as i)()^:>ii)k'. Arl. 2. The jilaii for its eoiivofaiiou shall )io l)>.soil oil the same i;i-iii('iple:i whieli ;,'Ovenu'(l in die electitai ot' the lir^t cija- grcss. Art. I!. 'J'lieiirovinccseaii rei'leetsuch (le])iilic:ias hailohown tlicniselvc;? worthy ut [mlilie e .teem hy th'-'ir lilieral i leas, and hubitiuitoothers i;i t'lo jilaee i/f those who had not eoiTrs[ion led vo the einfidenee exteii kd to Uieni. Art. 4. 'J'he eoii,i,'ress shall reside in \\ hatever eity or town it may deem most eoiivi nieut. Art. ."). The army will sustain the liational representation and (ill its fundament;',! decisions. .Art. (J. Military ollieers and troopfuiot ready- to sacrilico themselves for their country's j^ood ean depart \vhitliernoc\-cr t'ley may wish. Art. 7. .V commission shi'l ]iia'jo a eopy of t!ii i a;'t in the Iciuda of the I'mperor. Art. 8. .Another commission, ])r(r>ided with a similar copy, ehall iM'opcjse tiic plan to the governor and nuinicipality of Vera (^iiizfoi' tlieir nceepianee or rejection. Art. '). The .sa:nc pro[io;al sliall ho made to forces nt Puente del llcy, Ja!a]ia, C 'ird 'ha, and Oii.:al)a. Art. 10. Pendiirj; tho answer of the .rtovernnicnt, the iirovineial deputation of Vera (Vu;^, with its own assent, shall exei'cisc the administrative functions. Art. 11. Tiio army chall make no attempt a'.jainst the person of tlio iMuporor, hut ;!iaU not dis- band until by disposilion of the sovei-ei','n congress, whose delihera' ions it shall !upp;irt. M<.^. Col. Lvi/. Faml,, Il.'i-l; Zavala, Jlrv. Mv.c, i. lGt-5. 700 DETiniONEMEXT AND DEATH OF ITURBIDE. 9th, and ilieru Installed a governing junta ;^'' and by tliL' Ijcginnlng of 3.1ai'eli''* all that was left to I.tur- bide of hi.s c!ni[)h'e wa.s within sight from his palaeo windows. When the news of Echavarri's defection heeanio known in the (•a[)ital, consternation reigned. In tlie ranks of the Iturbidists, the einperoi' alone Iioih; a bt)ld front. jVt an extraordinary session of tlu; junta iiistituvento, on February 9th, he said that if it was intended to coerce him by means of the army, ho A\ould })rove that the arm which had achie\'ed the country's independence was not yet broken; still he took no energetic ste[). On the contrary, a commis- sion, one of the members being Xegrete, was de- spatclied ti> treat with the leaders (jf the movement, who were advancing ra[)idly toward the ca[)ital. At .Jala[)a, J']cli;ivarri formed a military junta, in which e\(Mi the rank and file of the dilferent corps wrvo re[)resented. This assi'mbly was to meet whenever occasion re(piired, Echavarri being appointed presi- dent and Calderon vice-[)resident. A permanent c x- ecutive council, composed oi' live mcnibers,^^ was also established. (Jn the 17th the commission sent by the goused the |)opul;;r cause, returned to report their faihu'e. The army of lib- erators then advanced to i\iebla, where Echavari'i re- signed the conunand in order to counteract the [)rocla- " liravo on lii.s uiairli towaivl O.'ijuoa irocivt'd iiitciliLrciico of t!i'; iil;in '; /'/., yi^\, i. no. .S!). C'liiliualuia inniirdiatrly I'ol- lowfd tlio example, under thucneou.agL'iiKait of tho coniandaniu Colonel .\iay- iioz. ///. *'''l'iic ]iri;,'adiL'is Mifion and (!ual, and the culoucls Juan Codallori, Iberri, and i'liyado. Aiamaii, Jiint. M'j., v. 7li-lj. DESERTION OF IMPERIAL TROOPS. 707 nmtioiis niul inaiiifostoos of Itni-bide, wlio nttiilmted the rcvdlutiou to Spanisli intrin'uc, and as.sojlcd that Ecliavai'ri was in connnunieatioii witli coninii.ssionorH of tliat |i>'overnnient residing in Fort Ulua. ]]ut Ecluivarri's iidolity was novur douhtod, and his resiL^na- tion was stroiiuously oj)posed. Ho jirnily maintained his point, liowever, and the marques de V^ivaiico was a|)pointed in liis stead. Whether it was that Itur- l>ide was I'eallv anxious to avoid hh)()dslied, as some M-riters ai'e inellned to hehevo, or that lie reco,n'ni/ed tliat a struggle would ho hopeless, he made no ell'ort to ap[)eal to arms.*" The fact is, that it was now too late. T3esertion of the troops in the ca[)ital was un- ])reeedented. It was not coniincd to the clandestine departure of individuals, or even squads of soldiiTy. AVhole corps formed in line, and openly marched away Avith colors living and bands of music. His i)rocla- mations and exhortations to fidelity had no etfect.'*'' On the night of the 23d the troops remaining of the Dth and llth infantry regiments sallied from their barracks, rtdeased the prisoners confined in the Inqui- sition — among whom was Padre Mier — proclaimed one of the liberated captives, Colonel Eulogio Villa Urrutia, their chief, and raising the cry of liberty and republicanism, marched to Toluca.*^ Xcxt da\^ the 4th cavalry regiment deserted in like manner, and in the evening the mounted grenadiers of the imperial G'uard followed. Iturbide had stationed himself with some troops at Iztapaluca on the Puebla road in order to prevent t) *'• WIkmi lio first heard of Erlidvarri's dcfocH'in ho resdlvcil to take tlio fluid ill person, hut chaiiircil liis iniml throiigli the lulvico of the council of state. 111. III! reeogiiizeil his mistake later, ami says in liis M'tii'ijifsli), 'y'M 'La falta (jne crei) conietf en mi goliiern > fa.' no tomur d nianilo de eji'^rcito, (lesde que (lehi conoeei- lib (Icioeeion do Echavani, nu? ahiciiio la denia^iada conlianza.' l?ut he did not suppose that at Vcia Cruz the besiegers mid be- sieged wiTC working in accord. '"See Ids proclamation of Feb. llth, in Gno. Imp. Mix., 1S2.'?, i. SO. *•"' liiistamante states tliat Mierlostonoof his shoes in the confusion, and was conveyed away in a carriage. As tlie troops passed tiie emperor's residence near 'I'acubaya, they shouted, '\'iva la libertad j' la re|)ul)liea,' 'quo causo niuclia a^^'itacion en hi familiii imperial.' Ili-t. Iturbide, tlii-4. 793 DKTIIROXEMEXT AXD DEATH OF ITURBIDE. coimiiuiiiciitioii Ix'twcoii tlu' c'lpital and the iiisurj^ent unny, and in tin; liopc oi' viYcci'iw^ a |)caceable recon- ciliation. JJut a conciliatory lino of action in no wav tended to avyi't the catastro[)lie. Jle consented to the innnediate convocation of ii new congress;*" a dividing Tnu; between the troo[>s was agreed upon; and a stipulation niatle that both .sides should await the inauguration of the national assembly without further action and abide l»y its decision. JJut these arrangements were little; conducive to Iturbide's ad- vantage, nor evt'u carefully adhei'ed to, emissaries being despatched all over the country advocating the new movement. j\Ioreover, the rev(jiutionist,s were in no haste; their cause was making rapid hc^adway, and a little dela\' was actual ixain to them, while to ]lurbide they foresaw that it would be I'atal. The falling iin- })eror also I'ully recognized this; he saw the mistake he had made in not having taki.'U measures to assem- ble congress at the earliest possil>le date, when it might still have been ]argc;ly com[)osed of adherents of his own; and several times ho expressed his desire for a p(;rsonal intt'rview with the chiefs, in the ho[)e ol' set- tling mattei's. ]]ut they would hold no conlereiice with him.°' To await the sk>w work of assiMubling a congress would be certain defeat, for its composi- tion would be mainly of mend)ers hostile t(^ him. Two courses remained: either to reinstall the dis- solved congress, or lay aside his imjierial title, and, adopting the plan of Casa ]\rata, place hin)self at the head of the revolution, as invited to do."^ The latter ^''Tlic convocatoria liad already been drawn up at the lieginning of tlio preceding December, and \v;-.s now to be put in circuliition. Ihirhhlc, Maiiill- tiitn, 5,'). A ilraft of aconstitntion liad also l)i'('n prcpr.icd, .1/(.r. Prui/ciuCoii- K!itiif!n)t, 40, as also one for the jirovi.sioniil rcgiilaUon of the government dur- ing the nu'an tiire. Mc.r. Priii/fclo Uc'jt. I'vlif., p. ;!4. "" J [c says that ihey were ashamed to nicet iiim: ' El delito les retraia, y los confiindia sn ingratitud.' llin-b'nlc, Mnnhios/o. (iO. ■"' lie was invited to do this by many of liii; jirineipal lenders, among wlioin he mentions t!ie names of Negrete, Vivaneo, and Cortazar. lie remarks that if ambition liad been liis aim, iiy accepting this proposal and retaiiniig tlio eoiiimand, time wouly the wishes of the provincial deputation of ^lexico, the sii^^geslions of liis conunissionei's, and the advice of tlie coun- cil of state."''' AcconhnLi'lv, on the 4th of ^[ai'cli the emperor issued a decree orderlni^' the UKinhers of the (hssolved conn'ress to reassenihle, and on the 7th it again ojxMied its sessions, altliough the de|)U- ties present luunhered only tiftv-eiijht, s(»nie heiiiL!- released Iroiu prison the evening befoi'e.'^ When he addressed the assenibl}', exi)hiining his ni(»tivcs and expressing his desire to concur witli the general wish, he was listened to with coldness and lack of syni- [)athy. The first diiliculties which presented themselves ^vere as to the I'aculties and Ic'dtimacy of the con- gress. The numl.)er of de])uties, although increased by a few others, still fell short of that prescribed by the law, and as most of the ])rovinccs had declared for the plan of C asa Mata, which called for a 'lew congivss, it was doubtful whether the old one woiild be recognized. Its position was still further compli- cated by the tumultuous state into which the capital was throvv'u, and which threatened to interlere with the IVeedom of its deliberations. Iturbide had wlth- drav.ii I'rom Iztajiahica, and had retui'iuid to the capi- tal with the ])Uipose of retiring to Tacuba\a. On his departure on the lOth the dregs of tlio popu- lace became dangerously demonstrati\e in his favor, loudly cheering and drawing his cariiage through the streets, while menacing the congress. This causijd the members much alarm for their safety, ami on their re[)reseutation t(» i\\v. ministers, (IciK'ral An- drade, iu whom they had little conlidcce, vas re- ''- ' IVro liia no^ocior.' "if cnm odioso'^, iiu.sailu ol cir^'o, y fiiinliii-iitc era, contra pDiiuniie a Li oalioza do iii|iul partiilo.' Sucii aiu the i-casDiis liu assigua for Ilia refusal, iliselaimiiiu' at llio saiiii; time personal aniliition. lb, '•''^(;,ic. I hill. j/,.r., \^}:). i. !;;.") etse(i. '-'* iiUflainujilc, JiiKt. iKvh'idi, 10.3. 800 DKTIIItONKMEXT AND DHATII OF TTURniDH. moved from ilie inilitary coniinMnd, and ] Jii_L;'ndicr (lomcz Pc'drn/a ajjpoiiiU'd in his |)lac(.'. All now ik'])fii(l('d on tlic (U'cision of tlic revolu- tionary junta at l*uelila, which, liavini;' assiMuhlcd on tho 14th, I'c'solved that it could not i'('('0!:>ni;cc the <-on- gress unlil assured that its liherty was not intei'lered with; at the same time it was decided to advance aiiainst ^lexico. On the followin''- day the ai'my he- U'an its march, hut connnissionei's iVom tlie (•on'>'ress who had heen sent to treat with tlie leaders Ix/in!.;' met a short distance from tlie town, a second nuM'tin;;' was held, at which, after a loni^ discussion, th(! followin-jj resolution was adopted: Tho ejercito liheilador and the junta will recoj^'uize as legitimate the old cou'^n-ess, Avhich had heen illeu'ally dissolved, whini tlie conine- tent uundjer of deputies is com[)lete, and will ohey it as soon as it enjoys absolute I'reedom in regard to ity label's. When this decision was known to lturl)i sitoncr li;ul llicrc ln'oii a ivcoMiiizrd iiatioiiiil ri'jii'L'sciit.'itioii. In ordc^i'tliat his ]i!'rsciicc ini';]it not l)c till' ])rutcxt lor lui'thor trouble, lie would clu'crrully ('Xi>atrlate hiiusclt', and make his ahode in sonic I'orci^n land, \vhitlicr ho would bo I'cady to deiiart in ten or firteen days. ][<; oidy re- qui'stt'd tliat the nation v.ould pay the j)i'i\ato debts v,dii<-li Ik" had incurred in view of his not haviuLC availed hinisclt' of the income assi'^-ned him out of consideration foi* the necessities of the ti'ooi)s and ])ublic oliieials. (.)n the followiiiu^ day a more am})li- iied I'oi'm of abdication was presented to thc! conj^'ress,'* ]]ut the congress was in a dilemma. It could pass IK) decision on the matter until a com[)etent number of deputies was united. At the same time the revo- lutionary I'orces were occupNing [)()sitions in the im- mediati; vicinity of the capital. It tlierefore ]>ro- ])osed that tlie leaders sliould consent t<» a confci'ence with I unhide. 'I'l'cy had, however, no stomach for sin'h an interview; it would be I'ar from agreeable for them to meet face to I'aco the sovereign whom they had lirst created and then deserted. .AToreover, they still feai'cd the magic inlluenco of his presence over many of them. They conseipiently not <»nly i)ersist- ently ivfused to listen to sncli a jiroposab but de- mandeil that the emperor should l)etake himself either to Tulanciiigo, .lalapa, C6rdol)a, or Orizaba — they Avould giNe him tlie choiix — -and there abid(.! pending the decision of the congress. This slight roused Iturbide's indignation, anerial troo])s at Tacubaya and those of Bravo, who had arrived from Oajaca, and had stationed himself at Tlalpam. In the general akirm the congress invited Vivanco to occupy the *' Full ]iarticulars ■with copies of documents rclativi* to events ooiinectcd viili Iturliide's resic'iiatiou will be found in A/., Ul-l 17. nust;uii;uite liud been reluiised tVoiu prisun, and had rcsuio<'d his se;it in congress. lliar. Mex., \'uL. IV. 61 m 8;v: T);:t:iiio\i:mf.xt axd dkatii oi' irriMunv:. •JIhii li' sh<»iiM ivtiiT ti» 'ruIaiK'iii'^o, wliicli he 'hil three; days afti)-- tri'w ai'd cscnrtfd l>y Uravo,'' and that l*'.'(h'a/,a should surrL'ii(U'r the; coiniiiaiid ol" tiu' caitital to thf chid' apiioiiiti'd to oi'cii[>y it. 'V]\r cjc'rcito lihritador cii- tL'Tcd the i-\\y the same day. l]y the o('cii]ialion ol'llio capital hy tlic I'cvnhilion- ary lon^'s I lie (nUicultics which liad iiii[)cdcd coii'^-i'cs- sioiial action were I'einoved. Tim deputies who Iiad escaped li'oui prison in the pi'e\ious month a)'ri\eil with (lie army; those memhers who had hitherto feared to altond tin; session now too!; their seats, and on the "JDih, l()'> members jjein'j;' ju'eseni, con;.;'ress could declare itself a le;^itiniate .ational asseniMy. ])urin'^' the following' week it was occu[)le(l in tiu; for- mation of a, new government. The fimctions of the existini;' executive were declared to hav(,> ceased, and a pro\isional ^dvei'nnunit, com[)osed of three mem- hi'rs, was created, JJi'avo, Victoria, and Xei.n'ete he- iiiL;' elected. DuriuL,^ the ahscnce of the two foi'iner Jose ^Fariaiio Michelenaand f)ose Mi'^iel JJomin'''uez were apjiointed to act as their suhstitutes. On A[»ril 7th coni^i'ess n'ave its attention to tli(> question of Jturl)ide's abdication. The opinion of the commission which had Iji'en ap{iointed to report on the matter was that Iturbide's elevation ha\inn- been ejected by violence and comjiulsion was null, and that his ab(licati(»n should not be act'epted, as that would im[)ly his right to the crown; that he should be conveyed to Italy, and a yearly income of >;2r),000 be assigned to him. The discussion was con- ^'"'ItiirLiili! r('(iiiestc(l that IJravo should ooiiiiiiiiikI Iiis escort. A/., li'O. Ahiniaii remarks that this choice rcllcctuil llic hij^licst iioiit-r on liravn: 'No hay I'll l:i vida iK" IJravo iiaihi (jiio lu sea tan hoiiroso, cuiuo csta clccci'iii inn! hi,;i) Itni'biili' jiara coullai' a sii liouor y prohidad su propia pcr.iunu y i'.auilia, cuaiiilo tutlod la habiau fallaJu.' Jli-it. McJ., v. 7-i-i. PECRr.KS oi' COXdllKSS. 803 (hifli'd wiili coiisidcriililf lirai. I)y in;iny dit'S" d"- (i:.l()lis Were i-iilisiili'l'ci| tiio lillii 'lit , IIIK I tlli'V WollM li,i\'.' Iiidiiuht llin liillt'ii «'iii|ti T'lf ((» ti'i;i]. I'adrci !}.]ii'r, siljii)()l't(.'(l liy oilier dc|tiilii'S, riv^nidcd (lie. allowance i>rii|i()sc(l as exct-ssive, and insinuated lliab Itmliido would take away with liini lai';j-e sums i.f i.ioMty . NeNcrtlieK'ss tlie o|iinlon was a[i])i''i\ed liy ;t ]ai'_i;'e majority in all its points, and on tli'j Stii tlnM-itu- ei'ess passed a decree to that ellect. '' As a final l>lo\V t<» monarchy in Mexii-o, ly a separate decree of the same date the plan of Jnuala and the ti'eaty of ( '('>;•- doha Were jtronounced null, in so far as the olf'is id* the crown and the form of L;t)\(i'nment j)i'esci'll)ed in them Were concerned, and the ri';ht; of the natiou to L'stahlish its government wa^s declared fi'ee from all t'oinpronuse."'* Itui'hide had left Tacubaya, ^Fai'di ;]Otli, loi- Tu- lancin^'o. A poi'tion of his own troops acconii)anied Inm, antl tlieir faithfulness was unfortunately displayed by fri.'fpieiit alfrays with the soldiei-s of the escoi't luuler JjraA'o. Hie result of this was that iJi'avo re- oei\ed instructions fi'om the t;-overiiment to disarm Iturhide's UK n and dismiss them from service.'^' Henceforth lt.url)ide was treated with severity, 'i'ho demonstrations which had occurred at 'I'ulaiicin^'o •'" It was iiH follows: I. 'I'lic coroiiiiUou of D. ALjiistiii ili' Iliirltiilc li(.'i;ii{ llic woi'k (if vioK'iicc iui'l void of liijiit, tli(;i'o i.i w) oucisioii to ilisciisH lii.s alidiciilioii of tliu ciouii. ■_'. ( 'oiisciiuL'iitly tho Jicri'ilitafy siicuesijiuii iuid t'lO ti'.k'.s fiii.iiiaiiii;j; from l!u' c iiciiatiou an; (Ki;l,.ri.'(l niili; ai.d all art;i of llio {.'ovci'iiiiK'iit from -May IlKli to Maii'li 'J'.Uh ai'c ilk';,'al, I•l■maillill^;sllllj^■ct to 1 lio ivvisiuii of tliu oxisiiii^^ uovci miuiit for appioval or rc\ ocalioii. ',i. Tlio cxuc- iitivc ]io\-.i'r .shall talci; lucasurr,-! for tlio .sjiccily dcpaitun; of ]). A^jiistiii de Itiirliido from tlic territory nf tin- nation. 1. 'i'lii.s .shall take |>l:u'o at one of tlio r^'rtrt I'f tliu Mcxicau (lulf, a ni.'iitral Vfs.sil licing charlLred at Vtu: .st.ilo'.s exiirusc to convey hii.i and his family to sueli jilace .-in ho may dcsignati'. .">. Diirini,' lii.s lifo !;;■_'."),()(!() aiinually aro as.si^'ncd to ]>. A;,'iistin do Iturliide, payahle in thiti ca])ital, on tho condition th.it hu (i.stahli.sli hi.s residence at Some point in Italy. After his diath his f.imily shall enjoy a jiension of §!.i,(HIU, inider the rules e.stahlidlied for pensions of the m intepio niililar. J/c.c. Co/. /.()/. Fiiiiil., 11."); Mvx. Cul. Lnj. Urd. // Jkc, ii. Dl •_'. ■ "^ Zitn I hi, ' /.'. c. M< r., i. 1 SJ. •'"J^y order of Ai>ril ."ith. On tbo "Jd iunl .'id hroils had neenrred at 'I'rdan- ciiifio, on the latter day ;i corporal of ItiirKide'.s troops lieini.; killed and two Soldier.T Wounded. This caused unpleasant pa. s>;!^,'(';i hetwcin him an 1 liravo, who infornud congress of the trouhle. On the Dtli, 102 of IturbiJc's mcu Were ilioiiiis.scil. Uti^lainauli', J/i' the rest f)f his jouniey ho was I'o^'anlcd as a i)()liti('al prisoner hy Uravo, who was oixIorcLl to liastcii liis dcpartiu'e iVoni the (.'ouutry. Xor was Itiirhido's hlb altoM-cthcr safe. 8[>ios of the masons iullowcd liini unremittingly, and, to their slianiti ]n' it said, |)1ott(.'d Iiis assassination. JJravo was, however, tinjely inCormed of tlie design, and his jireeautions prevented its accomiihslnnent/''' ( )ii the 20t]i of A[>ril the dctlu'oned emperor lel't Tu- laneingo, and was conveyed to A'eia (Vuz, v/hieli h^; reached ^lay 9th, Vvillnmt Inning liad many ol' t!io oriHnary conifoi'ts oflilb (hii'ing the jom^ncy. On his arrival at tlie coast lie was not allowed to enter the t:>wn, hnt IkuI to can)]) at the mouth of the Antigua, under guard, tilltiK! ship/t*(f(r///(.s' ''' hoi-ehim from the shores tjf ]\Ie.\iei» on the morning of the I I ih. Itnrl/ide was accom[)anied hy his wife and eight children, his clKiplain .lose Antonio Lopez, Fi'ay [. Aijii.ifiii dc Ifiirliiflc. On pp. 1 1, i l-l.">, JIalo inakc.i nuntion cf t!io att..'ni]its toassas;nelch, Avas an arniecl Juv-disii nifivhantmaa of 400 tons and carrying; 1:2 yii"". She Avas enartered by the government for the .'■uin of .SI,'),."i,")0. The ve^cl was convoyed for some distance by a:i Kn- j^lish man-of-war, Ahiniui, llisf. M'i., v. 7"d, ~'>\; M(do, Aji'iut. I/is'., M- Ki; Bii^i't.,'jt:d<', Hi t. Ititrirdo, 1 17; 'ititr. Iw]>. Mr.c, lS_';t, i, •211-2. lief ao cmbarkinL; Iturbide had an interview witli Victoria, to whom he presented t '2A, (he L^'H'-J/ns was (j'.iaraiiliiied Cor a luoiitl,, and it was imI lill Si'[)ti'in- inT "Jil tliat tlic I'xiU'd (amily woTv; doiiru-ilc;! in tlicii' HOW lioaic.''' llcn'c IturbiJo wi'olc lii.s ^.LiiiiiicsLo it l;i Xai'ion ^lexicaiui.'^' Vol. — wliprcin it ia sti'^^dl that "."O •xcomniuniciitod wrctelics li;r1 '.'(me to t'lo iiifc'i'iial i'C';ioii.s. Hi:. '.'XiiljaiatiDi; was tli:;t, bciu:,' pru-itraLcil v.iJi lui-liiie-.i lie Iiail f_;i;,'iic I llic Jo.pa'^ul), v.lii'.'li \:iij drawn up l;y lii.i i.lia;>!aia I'aili'c ilal- k';;(S, v,'it!iout rcadui;^' it. W'licii it apjiearcl in print lio was pijwerk'si to contraiiict tlio hcarilL.Ks cNi)i'ea.siijii, a;; it \.as iii^i own f'lulL lliruiyli not iiav- ing rovi.cd the ori^_;inal. Jlu't, J//;; f. JliM.. IJ-'J,). '■'iLin-hidu rented the \'illa ( luevara, l)clr)n;jin;f lotlie jirincess raulino ]5ona.Martc. I<1., '2',>. .Nhiiiano Torrente, author ot i\w Ul'iti.i-l.nh'. In I:cc:,':i- do, I I/isjatiio-A/Hcrifiiii'i, \.]- ) hud lately Keen deprived Ly le'.-nando (f l.li tiljiee a:i SpaI.i^^h eonsnl in tn,,*- port, oil'' red his f i.Tvice.5 to Itniliide v. i Ii every i'.ssu ranee of triendship. llio inLelilion.s, howevir, arc douijtiui. i:i his l:i;t :ry ho h;iM BJioun himself very iinfavorah'e to luirhide. '"" lie wa.j unable to puhiiili it in Tu.seany, and it \v,i i llr.it printed in L-jh- (lon l>y his Iriend Qiiii. Thij manifesto has b^eu tranalated into En^.iii, Fi'eaeh, r.nd (ierniun, and Hnpplenientod by a. tnunbe.- (if doeunient;!, .".in :i.:^ w.'iieh arc several lettois of Itiu hide, and editors' notes, and han reajipeared at diiierent dates uniier vari-.ins tiJes. 1 ha\o iareu:Iy no; ieed tli j 1 re;ie!i ( ,i- tion i;i note 8 of this elui]/:. r. l:i IS'JT it >v:is pulil:s!u:d i:i M'xie > by l\.!.I') Mlla\ieeneio, under the title, L'"rnra Mdi'ar y i'ultH'n dt' JJo.i -l,'/.'.< it the laaaiies.o i.seli, whieli has been froipiently ipijted ia this and pivejdi;i;,' ehaptcr.i un ier oao cr oilier of tlio above title,:, it i i a revicv.- by Uarlii.le of the e.en!.Jeo;';'oe'e 1 with his rise and fall, and a vindieatiou of hi< eondaet. Alter ^tivi.ij e, biu.f sketch of his life up to the time of hii proelaaiatioa if the plan i,f l;;a-.!a, ho tliea iilands on the defea.i'j of hi i poli;.ieal iateutioai and a'jtioa relaliv.; I,) his aecp^anco of the er.iv.ii. lie denouae'.i t'au assorlioa that ho a pirc.l t>> such po..i,.Ija, aad iiiaisls that ho was compelled to nnaat tho tiir..::'' ia oho- div'aee to tho wishes of the people, that throuj'liout the nhort po;i d < f l.i.i reiga ho w;'i actuuteil solely by p.itriolio motives, lie dj.u-rihes th.' ;j- aeral eo.i li^i.^a of iMc.Nico us ho f.juail it v.lica p'.aced at tlio luad— tlio (::;l.ui;;...'d coadiuija of the treasury, tho state of ahaiidoiiment in'..» \.hieli tho judical ad.;ii;;i;tra'.i.ia had falle.i, and tlio dillicultijs uiulur v.liljli tlio {[.jvci'ai.ieat lab.ji'ed. II; then give! his attention t.J tlu diocord bjtweea hiaiaclf i.atl e la ;■•"-!!. ell,;:' ■•in;; the laaer witli iueompolea''e, Mid disea vx 1 1 ho iar.'.rrce'.i a tiuu Lc.iaiaaieil iii llio plua of Cas.i Alala. aa.i his uv.ii aljuicaviou. Ue uioro 1 I 80G DKTHROXEMENT AND DI:ATI1 OF ITUllBIDE. Hi;;; jxsiclcnco in Italy, Iiowevor, was of^lioi t tlin-a- tion. 1iii1ul'!ic(h1 1)J news iVoin ^Mexico, or, as lio assorts, discovering.!; that its indcpoiidciico was threat- L'lK'tl in" an alliance of tlio Latin powci's ofKurnpL! i'or tlu! rccovciy of the Americas, he I'esoUed to leave a c'onntry w]n;re his freedom of action W(»uld ]ni re- st rictcd, and on the COtli of Xovember emharked witli his two eldest sons lor London. Forced hy stress of ^\eather to return, he decided to make tlie jom'ne}' ovt.'rland to Osteiid. Avoiding Frar.ce, lie travelk'vife and children. The hand of fate now beckoned him to his doom. On February lOth he had addressixl a note to tlie new constituent congress of ^.lexico, Avhich had been installed at the bi-<2-inning of Xove;n- licr ]8:^"1, assiii-ninu" as the reason of his ileoiutui'o jrom Jtaly tlie intrigues of Sjjain against ]\rexico, and oll'ering hi-; services for the good of his country, wliile declaring that his only object was its weli'are."' IJut the govermnent was thorougldy informed a1.»out him; Ids movements had been clo.sely Vvatchoik Secret agents of the goveiiunent had reported them; s[)ies of the masonic order hail fv.)llow(.'d his track, and his intentions were well known. On thti 'J8ih of April congress passed a decree declaring him an outlaw and an enemy of the stato, if, under any ]ii'>'text, he shoidd place foot on .Mexican soil, and caused copies of il to be circulated. Wilhout waiting for an ans\wr to his note, and unaware' of the idiove tleci'ee, on ^lay 1 Ith he sail 'd ovt.T n'])U(li;iti -• tliu eliar;,'!' t! .it Ik; liuil cnricluil liiiineU' iVdiii I'le pali'.iu Iniids. "■'M:ili) s(:itt'n tliiit tlicy tool; ]iassiiL;e on iv sin.ill sti'iiincr, (lio llist ■\vlLirli ]iH(ul tlic stiails. Ajtiint. J/i-uii!4'rr sons, padi'cs l^opcz and Ti'cvii'io, r^Inli), and Jjcne'ski, a Tolu, who lia 1 81'rved uikK'I' I{ui'l>i(]o in ^loxico and now lollo\v('d liini as his aidc-dc-canii). On thu 1411i of July tlu" voss'i jamc to anchoi' olF tho bar at Soto la ?.Iarina. The Muxi(.'an hl)(.'ratoi''s days were now nund)ei'('d and lew in count. Jjeneski was sent ashore to ^-ain in'ornuition altout tlie later occurrenees in ^Mexico, and [)resented hiniseli' to Garza, who was still eouian- dante at Soto la ]\[arina. .l?ro\ided with a letter rroni Padi'c Trevino, he represented hiinsell' as ha\- ing (.'onie with a eonipanion as the a^'ent of eom- inet'cial houses in 1^ ondou, to |)ro[)ose to the* ;4'ov- ernnient a plan lor the establish'nent of an I'^ULjiisli colony, and luuin^- rect.aved [)crniission io laud, and a written aiiswei; to Treviho's conununicali on, he re- tui'iied on hoard.'" l^'iiL'ski's ]'e[)ort of his recep- tion hv ( lai';:a was so fa\-oral)lo that, on the ibllow- inn' day Ituiiiid.i' lauded with the intention of \isit- ing hiiui in person, lie was accompanied oulv liv Ueneski and ari'i\'ed a little before sunset at the '"CdiuiikuicU^I liy .Jaci 1) (^Vicl'li, tlio same cript:iiu wli'i liail convt. ycl Itnr- Iji.lo t.) Lcylioru. Mii/n, A/xiiif. llisl.. ;i.'>. JJot'div his (lc|)ar;iirc ho ml hx.ssud 11 letter ti) thu ]v,i','li:;h iiiinistfr, (.'aiuiiii..', whidi i.-> soiiiowiiat in coiitivaliulioii to that went to tho ooii;.;rc'sa. J[o tlicrcin tstatos that lu; wont with the ol)joot of coii.s{jliilatiiig ii govcniiiirnt wliiih Mould ivinlcr lii.s cuautry lia])[>y, ami that ho had rccoivcd frcviuont iuvitatimis to return to Mexieo. 'Ifonido Ikuiiado do ilivcr.-^oa jmiitos I'epetidaiiiente, y no ijuedo haeeriiio .sordo jior itias tienipo.' At tho same time he asserts that ho does not f,'o to seek au empire. Oae of his lirst eares would he to promote friendly relations with (Si'eat iJrit- uiu. Mdiiijii'sfo, l;ii»-7. '■•\l!eiie.iki in his narrative— p|). 4 7 — stato-i that at tho intrrview (Lu-za expres-iod great regard for Jturhide, and iissnred him that if the ox-omiieror .shciiild ever return to Mexieo ho nii^dit rely ii]ion his assistanci:; that in lo (lays he eould phice l.,msell at tho head of '2,(100 oavahy, with tea i)ieeo:i of ord- lianoe, and that every oonlidenoe eould ho reposed in the troeps. II'! further states that tiarza pave him a letter for Iturliiilo — whom ho s;ippo-.e I Id ho in London— imiilorin;; him ' to liast n from London to save .\P';ieo, ids oountry, from rnin and di'\astation.' The stati meiit wiih regard '. i tho letter is dis- proved liy thi^evidenco of I'adro Tioviuo and ^lalo. ISiiu'diiirtHii', (iana I'Ik- iHnido, 74-.'i, and tiio latter oidy makes nu'ntion in his narrative of the one to Trevii'i J. He e injeetures, however, that ( iarza, suspeol in'; v. Iio was on hoard, liooduinked Tn neski hy pi'oti stations of adhereneo to Iturhide. and thus cilj- tained the seeret from him. Nevertheless, the note t ) 'l'r(,'vinoc\presieil h^ith tiio wi..lies and oIlti'H I'f ( iarza as told hy lieneski, and lUistauuuito'.s viudicii- tiou of (Jarzais vii'tuaily without point. Apimt. Hid,, \i'tS. I 808 DETIIROXEMEXT AXD DIuVTII OF ITURBIDE. I'anclio (li; los ^ViToyos, about six Ica^'iies from tlic sea, wlicro ilu'V ])iit nj) lor the nii^lit. .lUit Iturhi^lo luid bueii re('o;^'uize;l as he went ashore, aiul the ollicer in connnand ol' the detaehnieiit at the jtoint of Pes- caderia sent soldiers in pursuit of the stran'.',vrs, who were disturbed in their slee]) and jilaeed inider arrest after uii(hii^'ht. In the aiternoon of the fnl- ]owin'4' day (xar;:a, wlio liad bei.'U informed of the oceu.rrenee, arrived with his eseort. His nuH'tini^ with Itui-'.jide was most cordial, and he manile^ted his joy at seeinv; him. Jn frieiKhy coinerse they iourneved to'^-'ether, and Iturbide now learned for the lirst time that Iki had been proscribed by the congress.'" iJut he doul);eil not (larza's professions and pi'omises to aid him. Fi-om Soto la ^Maiina, where tiiey arrivi'd at ten o'eloel; at ni^ht. he wi'eto to l*adre L(;pez, instrtictir«i;' him to follow him there with his wife and com[)anions. On the following' morning', howevc'r, Oarza's aide-de-camj) appe.UHHl and told him to prepare for death, as bothof th<-'m wei'e to 1)0 shot i'.t tiu'ee o'clock that al'ti'rnoon. Itui'biiK' re- ceived the information with composure. "Tell Gen- I'ral (^arza," he said, " that I ;im read_y to die, and only re([Uest three days to j)re[»are to leave this world as a christian." lie also requested that iJenoskis life might bo s[)ared. Neverthek'ss, (^Jarza vras imwilhii^' to shon.ldei" all the responsihility of a political niui'der. To put a man to di^ath by virtue of a (b'cree the; existence of which he knew not of till he had made himself liable to the j»(>n;d(y v/ould bo an inlium;in ;ict, and the gen- eral v.'ould li;i\'c Vv';ished his liands of the m;itter il' ho (-'ould have (K)ne so. 1 believe, too, that he really wislu'd to sa\'e Itur')ide\s lii'e.'" J].; his fi'dinn's what '''■'(i.ir/:i liail iii.iilo no iiir'iition of IIuh (urt in his I'ttti- tn 'I'reviiV); lu'iico Mall) iutcr.'i tliiit lii-; inli.'utioii wa.s t'l oiiti'aii liurli,''^\ Aimnl. /iixt., 4<). (!ar/.a states Uiat he iiiinniU'il Itiuiiiile wliilo nu thtir jouiiuy that dcalli Wdlllil Ipc I'.is iViU'. I/lirhlilr, Maililirslo, JTl'i. '" lii(lc;'(l, ( laiv.a'.s ]iri>c(M'(lin,L;sat'o iiicNplicalili', lis thi' scnjiu'I shows, I cuii only Hiip-iosc Uiat )ii'ivati! iiisti'iicUiiiis liail iircn is.siRil to X\w inilituiy ail- tlwiitics at Uic porU to use all means to beeiiie iiuiliiile'.s per.sua it lie sliouid PREPA.'IIXG FOR DEATH. 809 they i!ii-Iit, lie (IcU'iinim'd to refer the ras<> Im tlio state coii-ress of Taiiiaulipas, and that afleniooii stai'te:l \vitii Ills prisoner-s lor Padilla, wIk iv it was lioldiii^' its .sfssions. Still iiu.ro iiieonij.relieiisihje is his action oil the journey. On the niorniiio- of (he 18th, he resio-ned the oonunand of the whole escort consisting- (,r 1 ;]() cavalrymen, to Iturhid--, .s(;,tiii-' in the presence of all that \ui did so I.ecause h>' was ron- vmced of his o',,od intentions, and that until the con- gress luul passed its decision he would not re-arsth had passed the sentence of death r.pon him ai'ter a Ion-- discus>i,.ii. If n,)w ajjfaiii asseniMed in exti'aorclinary session, and (iarza pleaded in ].erson in his hehalf, l.ivino- stress uj.on the laet t!iai Jtnrhidei had landed in i'-'MoiMn'-e <,f the deci'vv which prosc.'ihrd him. JJut'Jiis eiiorts were v;im. ^ The assemhly coniirmed its [)revious seidi'iice, and wit'i unseemly haste instructed (Jarza to can v it forthwith into execution.- Shortly after two o'clock Iturbide was iid'oriued that he had to die, and that appear mul execute liiin inaiuvl:.-,tcly. The government af.erwar.l ropri- m..a,..l(..r/a},.r not iKuin.u' .ctcl will, n.ou, pnm,,,! ■„..:, ia tiie wudvv. t?ec_tluMM'sp:itchiif Jeran, (ho niiiii.ster of w;i- in/./, l',.;-(; ,vnJ /"•"■•^:' '■."^^■''^''f ,'"■« '.■"iclnct l.y s!;uin- l„ the f;ovenMi,<..nt ll.at hi.s drsi-u ^^.stop„ L„,.],„l,.sm,l,ui.onfi,.ns (,. ti.e te.t; that he h.,1 perl\.ct conTi- l-'o-l')' '"''^'^^ ■'" ''''''•■'•''■•■• '^'"Iio'ii I'fi IuhI given .secret onlcr«. J,l., ■-S,,etherecov,l«,,f (h,- sc.-sions sun.,;;,,] l,v A'an,:,n. //;>/. J/r/.. v. i.n Uoe. no. •2i, mui uui'za.s ivport ia li^trLidc, Munjirdo, 16-'. ^ 810 DETHRONEMENT AND DEATH OF ITURBIDE. the lioiii' of six in tlie evening was a[)[)()int('(I for liis exeeulion. His serenity of mind was undisturbed; lie only re])oatcd his former i'c(|uest that three days nii'^Iit be allowed him for religious |)re[)aration.'' J]ut even this short respite was (.leiiied hini, and at the set of sun he was led forth. With unfaltering step he walked to the j)lace of executi' come to aid vou; and depart ha}>[)_y Inu-ause I die among you. I (he witli honor, not as a ti'aitor. That stain will not attacli to my children and their descendants. Preserve order, and be ob'.'dient to your coinmandei's. From the bottom of my heart, I forgive all my enemies." When the officer ai)proachcd to bandage his eyes ho objected, saying that it was not necessary, but l)eing told that the fe'rm must be observed, he bound his handkerchief over them with his own hand. Then he kiu.'lt, and the platoon fired, killing him instantly. On the Ibl- lowing moi'iiing his remains were buried in the old rt)oiless church of Padilla, where tliey reniiiined till 1 8;)8, when t'ley were removed, by decree of congress, and interred with solenui ol)se(juies in the cathedral of ^lexico on the 24th of October.'* '^ llu IkkI previonfily M'l'ittoii, on tlic ITtli, n rcprespiitiitiou to tlic< sover- eign coiiyiv^iH, iippL'aliiig against his jdMsoipi ion. lie now iujucUuIlmI it, ami Bays: 'Noiicili jror la consiTvacion ilo la viiJa (|uo olVoff tiuiiiu-. vcc.'s ii mi patria. . .mi siiplifa se rcilujo ;'i nuo so mo concodieseii tros ilias para disjKjiK r mi com-i( neia. cpio por di.sgrauia no I'S tau lihro en mi vida piivada, (.'iiiikj ua lapiil.'.ica.' /,0'J') a year wa:j LM'anted his widow. JJuhfrni nud Licdifi /,' reader, and Jiis eliaraeter may be (b'awii [Vdin it. Aiiibitiou.s and d(',--i;.;iiiiig, ]\o jxissesscd a wiiiiiiiig iiiihicnci- most remarkable. Plausible and persuasive, be could cloak liis aspirations with false patriotisui, and wliiie liar- boi'iug designs the most seL'isli, put on a seiublaiico (if candor that carried conviction of bonesty and pu- rity of purpose. Thus it was that vlien iiide]teudeiice had been achieved he c;une to be landed by a largo party as the savior of the nation, [)roj)(.'rly to be ehoseii its rebuilder. ]>iit his ability as a statc'sman was of no high order, lie was wholly unable to cement the disintegrated elements of the connnunity, whivh might have been reconstructed by a greater mind; and when by force of iinpudence and scheming, based on a brilliant militar}' record, he had rnised himself to the throne, he lacked the skill to liold liis ])lace. Seliish andjiiioii outi'an his ci'afliness, and blinded liis judgment. He failed to see that the same niiht;ny leaders whom he had elevated with injustice to others would be the lirst to make their peace with t!ie 'nthg- nant nation when he alienated it by trampling under foot its sovereign rinlifs; his l)lind coniiden.ci! in the army was the secon(huy cause of his fall. Xeveiihe- less, his execution was an unjust proceeding, and it (;an be excused only by the belief that (avil war might ever be stirred so long as he remained alive. I [e still possessed numerous adht rents, and to ludiex'e in his pretensions of patriotism would have; been weikness. With regard to the achievement of ind>'pendenee, more credit has bce-n given to Itui'bido tlian he de- iServes. Fighting tlrst Ibr monarchy, he woul I have so continued to the end had not jieisonal interests iniluenee(l Iiiin. He was a great man (tnly in a su[)er- lleial way, though brilliant. He knew not the meaning of [)ur(! patriotism. His name is not to be mentioned UiiH iloclarcil a imblio liulivlay. J/ex. Cu/. Leu. On/., J;;ii.-Au^'., 1J."),'>, viii, oOJ-10. 812 DETHRONEMENT AND DEATH OF ITUIIBIDE. besido tlio.so of ] lidal^'o, ^.loivlos, niid llravo. Tiido- ])cii(k'iicc as liimllv achiL'Vcd was tin; work not of an individual. Iturbido would liavo failod at tla^ out- sot had not fircuuistanccs combined toaidliini. Wlion lio jiroc'laiined the [ilan of lo'uala, lio would inevitably liavo boon crushed had Jjinan obeyed the viceroy's ord(M-s. ]jut he was left tniniolested. ^Military (diiefs in every ])art of the countiy then took uj) th(.i woi'k, and in all the |)rinci[ial [»ro\Iueial ca[)itals indepen- dence was consununated without his jiresence, Apo- daca's inactivity ukuIo the rest easv, and fniallv O'Donoju's liberalism opened to liim the gates of jMexico. ]>ut it nuist he admitted that spasms of polilical sagacity were dis[)laye(l by Iturbide, and that he acted with consunnnato skill and sound Judg- ment on occasions, lie k lew well the |)ublic mind, and seized upon the light moment to ar(.>nse its feel- ings. Thus it was that his elevation was ra[)id and almost bk:)odless. With a brief summary, I close this volume on tlio ]\re.\ican revolution. It was the transition period from ])olitical and intellectual despotism into tho elemental conditions of a free nation. The evils afflicting the colonial existen«-e were v.diat might bo expected Irom rekitions between a jealous and exact- ing mother countiy and a rich dependency, aggra- vated by ()p])osing interests and geographic position, such as exclusive control of desirable oliices, due to ])artiality and suspieion of loyalty; oppressive restric- tions of trade and industries, due to seliishness and greed; and irritating class distinctions, due partly to the coin[)aratively inferior rank of emigi'ants to that at least of the men sent to go\-(rn tlu'm. Ikit these abuses and wrongs hatl here attained a far greater extent under Spanish ])i'ide and nai'row-mindednes.s than in the .I^nglisji colonies, owing to the admixture of settlers vrith the aborigines, and the growth of a liew race, which under the op[)ressive .subordination of TiiK TXi)i:rj::xi);::;ci':. 813 conturies lia.l c".)iiio to bo rogardi'il ns jiosfllo and iiill'i'ior, tlio oToat mass of tlu; jtcoplo bcin;^^ I'lr that iiiattiT l<)()]:c>l Uj)()U as conqucrcil, iu rcaliiy or by 8yiu[»atliy. And so the Hiivd of (liscontcnt wai'-cry, Death to tho Spaniards! and as undor.stood from tho long-mooted })oint that Xew Spain was not only a colony, but a con(pK'red country. And herein lay a powerful means ibi' bringing the masses to his aid. To ^NTorelos it was given, althougli too late, to impart a defmife form to Hi- dalgo's i;lea. In tho constitution of lcS14 ho declared ibr a republic of tho extreme type, with three powers, and a triple executive duly subordinated to a sovereign cong.'oss. While liberation and eiiualltv were elements alluring enoun'h, i\\cx did not suilico with all, and others were needed at least to sustain tho lickle ai'dor of t!i(.'so tiory children of the south. Visions of a glorious past had to be conjured up before the tram[)led Indians, and bitterness had to be rousotl into hatred and thirst for Viiigeance, the whole made |)ractlcal by lio[)es of spoils, which were licensed on tho jjlausiblo ground that Spanish riches had betm wrung I'rom tho aboriginal owners of tho soil. Those baser allurements, di('taLed by necessity, reacted on the cause, however; but as 814 di:tiiro\i:.ment and diia'iii of rrrnniDE. nations arc composed of higli and low, ^'ood and bad, so tlu.'ii" c'(»innioii aim, be it msor s<) lolly, must oven |iarta!' soldier: Bravo shines foi' his mag- naiiimity, and Victoria for his tenacious loyalty to th;) cause; while (lueri-ero stands jbrwai'd as an able succi's- sorto }iror(.'los,onL' whose stanch pur[)oseand self-deny- ing patriotism sustain a ilickering revolution. Itur- bide is typical I'ather of the following period as soldier and schemer, brilliant yet .scllish, who fox-like Vvatclies the opportunity to sei/o the bone of contention. As a rule, tlusy are a sell-willed class, rising fri'ipK ntly to lieroic s[)lieros, butunsustained, and falling I'epeatedly into moral and military errors. The royalist olHcers appear in coni])arison as professionals against amateurs, who with methodic precision, studied tactics, and strict 816 di:tiiuoni:mi;xt and di:atii of iTuiininii. discipline cari'V niif ilic jil.uis ol'lln' viccii»y, in whom is jil)siii'lii'(| the credit liic tlieii- ;icliieS(';iiiMit-. 'I'llis ;i[tiilies evc-ll more to Mu'lMuk Jllld iiL' oil both sides, which are merited wliollv in the leailirs. 'I'ho active iMyalist troops afe (.'ulirelv <>r niiiiiilv trained soldiers, ol'ti'ii vet^Tans of Ion;;* stiandiiiLC with a lar-^'o jirenortien iVesh iVoiii j)eninsular hatt ie-lields; while thi'ii- ••j)[»(inents, as a rule, are iiiidiseiplincd ;ind un- coiitroiled rc'cruits, who seel; to supply the lack of skill and means with devotion an(l dai'iui^', or with iiunihers. Yet both parties are i^ssentlally hi'ethi'en, the one enrolled lor a noble ])Ui'{)ose, the other en- listed by interests or t'ompulsioii to I'ratrici.lal war. Tlw. I'evolutionists are niainly com[)osed of mestizos, th(j new-sprung' race, anibiti:)us and intelligent; oF restless thoUL;h uneven enei'L;'y; with kin'u sense of its ri'j^hts and wron'ues. Jlidal'-'o sets out with a mere ral)ble, imposinsf in numlier, but easily vanquished. ]\Iorelos seeks to remedy the defeat by discipline and the ori>-anizatiou of an army; and the result is a success wdiicli gains niASKS OF Tin; STRL'iJCI.R. 817 ck mg fnr tlu! I'cvdliil'mn cihiIi'dI ot" all the vast soiiili, aiid assists to (lisiuiti; tlu.' royalist swav in tin' t'oiitral i)ioviiiccs, i'(!(lufiiiL; till' ciiiiiiv to iiaiTDW straits. TIkj lattiT arc roused, and to the resoue coini's Callrja, dot aloiic a ^fciit soldici', hut one who knows tlu' country and the pconlc. lie avails hiniscll" of their inista!;es and jealousies, and det'eats them in detail. lurors like Hidalgo's vacillation, ^fol•elos' lonn'-drawn sle;^r() of Acapuico and indecision hel'ore N'alladolid, and ^lina's delay in the north cost tlear; yet the achieve- iiu'uts of the t;'reat nieu are inaiidy checked oi' ruined by discoj'd, !ty the sellish as[>iration or insuhordinatc action ol" a host of inde[)C'ndent chieftains, .[loyalists also suiKer iVoni Wmeu^as' lack of ahility, from urow- iii!.,^ cai'clessiiess or lack of enei'i^y on the pai't of ( 'a- lleja and Apodaca, and iVoni the [H'evalence ol'^reedy s|)uculation which sacrilices the whole of Spanish in- terests to indivii.Uial ends. This saves the ri;volution more than once from threatened suppression, and many a time it mi^ht he revi\-ed with hearty coo[)er- ation, as when .\[ina comes; hut some leaders are sus- ]ii(.'ious, others jealous, the rest afraid or indiil'ertJiit. Since its strenL;'th is iirokeu with tin; fall ol" ^Nlorelos, tlu' movement resolves itself into a guei'rilla warfai'c, ^vhich sinks only too oft(;n into uiere I'aids under men intt'iit on personal control, and enrichment I'roni tolls, lexies, and spoils. Their loUowers become con- taminated and demoi'alized, less willinj;" than e\'er to sul)mit to disci[)line and ]tlans. 'I'hey pi'efer dt-sul- torv skirmishes to harassinu- opei'ations, sui'[tiises to battles; insist on usin^- horses where infantry alone can win, and ig'iioi'e the lessons tauL;'ht by experience. Against such a sjiiilt the eil'orts of a few loyal men cannot prevail, 'i'hey must humor their adherents to exist at all; great achievements are out of theipies- tion. The scene of action shifts with the turn of Ibi'tunc, centring along mountain ranges with ready access to fertile \alleys and rich trade routes. Indued, the Uisr. ilKX., Vol. IV. 52 818 i)i"ninoN!::\n:xT axd death oi' rrur.nrDr:. revolution is coiiIiiumI iii;iiiily to llio eiMiti'.il ]iro\i:K'('S and tlio l)iisy lii'ihways, iMtlicr tliau to I'oiiiot" dis- ti'ifts with tlioir l(>ss turbiiK'iit inid ;iiiiliiti(_)us s^'ttlors, v.lio in the iioi'tli chi-tci' round }>rcsidlori tor sliclter ag;tinst tlio wild Indians. Finnlly, at the lowest ol)l) in the war, a liberal and anti-elerical sentiment, under tlu' mash of I'maiiasonry, malves a stop aL;"ainst absolutism in Spain, and wi'in^-^ concessions from a I'aithless kiiiL^'. In ^NFcxico tin- cftect is start^m^^ While the re\'ohitionists tail to appieciate the boon !4'ainedi, it rouses tlie only elo- nients hostile to them, a [lowerl'ul chnicli t lii'eatcni'd in its ])ri\ile^'es, and an army reiidei'ed discontented by [)recept and o'rievances, and now seduced by prom- ises and clerical inilueiico. To i^ain their end, they join issue with the former; Guerr(M() disinterestedly yieldfi his (nvn plans, au'l hopes for the ])rospect ol' im- mediate partial relief, and when the capricious soldi(.'rs bcidn to desert Iturblde, he remains true and assists to save the tottei'iu'j: movement. TJic waitiu'"' revo- lutionists, streng'thened !»y a ])eriod of re])ose, fall into line. TIk'V recou'uize the brilliant ((ualities of Jtur- ))id ', as a soldier I'ouud whom to unite the discordant elements. The new and now leadin^^ faction naturally ob- jected to a I'cpublic, and many deemed a, modei'ate monarchy a. safer st' ppini>"-ston" iVom a three-century despotism to independence. At any rati- this was the oidv ])romisin'4" plan ibr the monn/nt, oiu; held Ibrtli ah'eadv b\' I'avon, the 'uassi's beinv'" ' ropitiatetl Avi{!i iVeedom and j)resumed e(]uaiity, wliil the con- S(i'\ative Spaniards, the as[)irin;.;' crcoles, and a church jcid'Us of if-; ]i!'i\'ilen'es wore each ajipea--ed. Soon the last link of bonda^'e to Euro[)e was cast aside, in substituting a native ruler for a forei-jfu prince, the idea of ail emp.ire llatterini*' a couitdo\in;j,' cnpiin.l, and to some <'\tent the dreaming .. ndians. I' nl'oi'tunately for himself, Iturblde was a soldier rather than a diplo- AIMS OF T![|.; (:[ii;;i,-.s. 8ia ic |);m);i|.' :\- j>infoan,,ons,n. Xuno JkkI i;.r,„tt.n hi. ,..., '■^^'•'■^■'•, In- 'Ti. , warlaru n-ainst th.' 'iwohu io,,, an 1 IZr "^^K"^''''"-"'. ^!'>^S|.aMia.,l.aI>.MIis!ikin.• imiasau auil.U.ous ,.,v,.|,.. Tl... n,.vjvri>..„ parlv s'-i.m an, s,....„r. (l„.rruiU,ru (.n years' .s(n,.-..K.- ''!.• ,^'!'■"l'l'"-l--^v]H.ha.lyi.],^.,l hri'.n-. (L.Tush "' '';V''"""V^'"""'''"^"l^-"*'<'"tl.>'irr,Mus,.. Th.v '^■•^''^' ^'7 ^'^^^t party in U..ir turn. snai.!i l.ark t!,;. I'i'^^'Nnn. .vary out tlK.grc.ai,r..jc.-ininna.n(arilvii.- I 'I I'liju (■(!. Tl,. uti.:;. and p'n.afo o,,.,,nllau-ar., in<.!in..l tho pooo!, nal .,ral!v .ol,.n ol |lnrbHiu,pyo IVoshzest. This .liv.r.ilv S|a)ni...,.f ^«lso ih,, pohdoal atlihi.lc. s..].!,,,,, hoM an',! ^^rnu:^_ .1. l-h..y,lu,t lu-o,:ras(inatin:^v,.t in.,...,uou <, sns|u..,ous.an, vanllalin,,-, an.l uuih'a t..n.I.n..v li |-v.Tuhmor.lc>,;,n.hy,,!au.ihl,.,a^»Msan,ln..ti.nh ' -H.sonamx,uu,hfh..s,vr,.fiv,.al.o,.i;,Inal , rail and l^;-l th.nr.sk,, I 1 onrnrlo 1,, propitiate a lar-. .-la.s- 3una .h,| 1 ,._,-,:uno with the ...nsi itut ion o? IM- aiuls,, (ho_nnulation vari,.l in rrhil i^; .. with .li"ll ^•n-Mtsed,onsan.| |.a<|.r. M.,r.los nmdo a iVank ;' PV I "'"'l:':-'' '"'f^ "'■■■""" i"opportun.lv. Jiur- ;",^""'^ '' '•';'''''" <-n.'s.. ahhMU:^h still di.^u...a- I'Ut ins was rather a coujMrctat. Tho.0 who like Aian.anoiv.Mniduo prominon-e t . thcMVvohu.onot I.SL'l overlook (hat itwa. ha..,| .s- ^•■Mlialy on t,,e (;■ -lin^^s and hep... „r ,[.,. p,,,..,!. ;^:;'<»>-h(,toaeu!nnnatin,' poim hv 1 h.ir k...' Llil-r! / l.y menjentwas npe-indep.nd.'.n.-. was in^vitahk.; :^> Urhidnadnu t.d-a,Mlson,adehvhisprcdeees:,ors 1" i.i«= helk WiLhout that prej.amtorywork (li,> 8-20 Dr:T!ii;ox::M]:xT Axr> I)i:ati[ or ituubidk. iiiM\ciiK'iit of 1S21 could not 1i;ivr 1)('on successfully aftoiiiptcd. It wouM have cori;ij)SL'(l;it once, as shown Iiy Itwi'hidu's ci'iti(.'al [losition when the reaction set in with sweeping' desertion, and as pi'ovc^d by the rapid an- portunity and a leader. The oppoi'tunity was ofl'ei-ed in the military erroi's and neglect of the viceregad gov- ernment. While Iturbide may justly claim to have ])resented a plan and leader round whom to rally the diilerent elements all lying pre[)an,'(], his }>arty is to he regarded ])roperly as only on(! of the ingredi(>nts in the leavening ma\itvv c.soi,^ banc. In li'c L aited btate.s a smular war was maintained lui- se\rii years i.j a lar smaller i.(.],ula(inn, with h-^^s means, n-amst -reater ..,lc;ration for the Dutch and ins; the iormer Irom Spanish tvrannv, the latter i-Mi the Austi-ian yoke. The niouMnent in Swit/.er- Jan.l hears certain resemblance to the 3lexi<-an in causes drawm Irom semi-con(piestandaccumulatin..'un- t!er oppressive rule, and in method, which resolves 'it-^elf -reatly into o-ueiTilla operations roun.l mountain j'ast- lu^ssesw-ith active participation of ivli-ious olenieiits. Iho Lnited States issued from the war deeplv ex- hausted a n< I in debt, while Mexico ha.l ivcoCeivd horseli belorethe final blow was struck; but in the l-ni.er c.rantry the one stru-o'Ie ended all, while here HUK-h remained to be achieved, in political, social, and int<"llectual emancipation. .Alexicans had vet to learn that strict adiiereiice to principle, with se!f-eontr..l pided by an educated and unchained mind, an.l bound hy harmony, can alone bring true liberty. vunou.j bnmdiia ui -..vciiunuit. Al tlic t'luTof each i)i:;-n::oxKM::xT .wd DK.vi'ir of rrriinini:. I volume i:i ,a v;:liiaM(' niiininlix cnntiiiiiiv^ rdfrcctivc, s:iipiiliiiii'iit,'irv, .''ml st;i;istic il iiit'iiriiKuioii, ainl Mi[ip!yiii^ cupii'S of u lar,L;o iiumln.r of ui! dt in- porUnit o!lk'i:il nm] otlur cloomncuts. A ijo[iious iiulfx of (-■oiitcnts id ill o givi'ii, V, liiK' plaiiH of roiitc.-i, towns, ;iml fort.-i, iuid jmrtrails ;ui(l ;uito.i;i:ip'.is of uotnl men, aild to thf value of tho te\t. Alaiiiaii had watched tho pi'ogi'ess of the i-uvoIiitioii, had iiersonidly Iciiowii Jfidal;/o and other Liter h'aders, and v.-jiM therefore aMe. t') jiid:^'e of tlie viiliieof tiie liistoriei presented. The blind iier')- Worship of the Mexican aeeonnts, and tlieliitter tirades of the Spanish \ ir- f-ioM.s, had ('nuallj' disgnsti^d him. His aim was to write an impartial history, l>;i'i perceiviii;,' how sli'on^ly parlisan~;hiii ]irev;iiled, pailienlarly iunoni; .Mi'xi- ea-.is, h(' I'roaded the denmieiation which he fi'ared ids Ktutenieuts v.oiild dr;i\v noon him, and ]iroposed to defer the pnljlic.ition of his version till after hi.s • loath; lindinL', h jwever, that public .si ntiments were ehanj,iu^,' somewhat, h.' yielded to the solicit.alions of friends, and venturependent tone. .M.iman claims ab.ive idl to have been iuijiarti:'.! and exact, and declares iu his Itli volume that his invitation to critics litis not brought forward any refuta- tions of facts .stateil, beyond the trilling cori'cetious addi'd in the aii[)cn- di.'cs. He also cl.iims that he (Iocs not intrude ids observations on current events— j'rcfaee, i. p. v — inorbber.s, ;iuil todcpi'ivo tho early insurgent leailers of any credit iu the revolution. All the nievit of it he gives to Iturbiile, to the regular army, and to Spaniards born in S]iain. For t!ie latter he strains his p liuts of argument into divers contrailiction i of himself. Yet lie docs not favor Spain or sulij"ctioii to Spain; nor docs he altogcthor exempt royalists or puio Sjianiards from blnii':. In !--hort, ho struggles to apiKMr impartial, despite his failings. Though Alainan':)ine,.n- ing is occasioaally ctbscure, this is of rare occurrence, and his style is cle.:r and nniU'cctcd, free from ll'iwery fancies, poetical ecstasy, and (ieiitiinent,,! gush. It is well adapteil to his Mibj -ct, aiiil his description ; of ( vents ;,'o often graphic, a'j for in;stanee the capture of ( bnnr.ijaiU i by llidab.ro. Oc- casionally he indulges in stnlces of line-pointed satire. He owns to th" uso of .Americnnisnis, but claims that .Mexico lias a I'ijht to introduce iii BIIiLIOilRAi'irY OF Tlli: WIVOM-I'IOX. nt his '1.1.11 m.l ;it, mrii >\\n h'lU! L'lf !l- I'lVl! it cf in in. if -II- t!io history of Me.vico Iroui iiS.'id, tliuliij; a i/iiiidl in v,liie!i lie- [■layxl .s) oon.-^^ilcii- ous a |,;irt. Liiu.ii J:.;nai;ii> Alainiiii \va.s Ijoiu in tliu city of (liu'uiiijuato, (VioIrt |.S, 17!)i2. (.)ii lii.s iiiuliioi-'d .suiu liu \\;i.s liiioally (k'.sccinlcd iVi.iii I'liiio do Jiiusto, v.lio in 117.) itioclaiuicil C^uucu l.^uLul iuOcuua, and ironi l'iani.i-.ro !M.iliii.i Uit(j y -Moya, liiot niariiiii.i of iSan Cluinunto and vi.sccnmt of DiiaiU'. liid father, Juan N'iccnle Alaniau, wua a native of Ociia -;.ivia, in tin; vall(.y of Sala/ur in Xavarro, and married }iLn-fa l,^'naci:i l.'-^cal.ul;;, tliu widow (A' t'a- biiul lie Arcciit-'durreta. Al.iuuiu'.s niotiiur 1 13' her lii.^!; iiK.rriayu had a son, Juan Uauti-ta, wiu> hiuanu; kui.;!it (jf tlio onlcr of t',irh)3 J IL. and i; ii..n of ^k'.xioo; it i-j tlic niann.joript diary of tlii.s lialf-hrolhcr, kcjit at .MiAieo ivuia l.'Sll to 1520, tliat conslitutu.i ^Xkunan's main autliority in lii.-i liistury of th.j event.s (hirin:.; that period, llo received lii.-: early ediiealiou in tliu s liool of IJelen at (.Suaaajual.i, and afterward studied lualliomatie.^ and other liianeius ill the colle;.;o uf La i'nrisinia (Jonee[)cioii, one ied hi-^ altenlion. to wliieil lie devoted himself v.'iili an ii.isiduity eharaeteri.-)tic of all that he diih In 1; UJ he was in llu city of Me.\iea, when lliuri:^'aray was tlejiose'd, and iu lolO v, itues.^ed the ter- rihle event.s whieii oeoiirreil in (Juana juato. In Deeeml/er-ef the iiaiiie yeai' ho removed witli his molher to Mexico, hi.) lather lia vin,:/ died Ihrec ye,:rs he- fore. Here he continued his Ktudi'iy, and Ixjtany, until I.nI I. when heleit for i^pain. He remained aliroad until IS'JO, travcllni-' on er nearly the whole of Europe, ami cumph lin.i? hi.j education with unwearied apidii'ation. Italy, .Switzerland, France, Fngland and Seollaiul, (iermany, i'ru.^siaand Sa.xony, Holland and Hanover weie all visited. At Paris he pur.siud liis study cif lialur.il .science imder IJiot, of hotany with l>eeaudolle, and chemistry ui.der 'i'henaril; and at Frcyijcr.:', a\ here he resided for snine time, he increased liis knowlediic of iiiiniu','. On his return to his native eountiy he Mas elected deputy to the Spanish cortes f jr the pruvinee of ( Juanaju.ito, and enibarkeil uitli the ih'puties w hi) hastily left .Mexico on the eve of lturhiiK"s revolution. Fi'oui tins time his eaiet r was a juihlio one. and jiertains to the history of In" * country. Ahiman died .Iiiue '2, 1S.">;5, after an illne s of only a few days. < ):i May 'Jijth he was atuieked with inllnnnnation of the lungs, which assuiaid ii fatal form on the '.Mth. lie left a wife, Doha Narcisa (larcia (.'astrillo, whom he married in l.S_\"?, and li.x ehildrcn, live of whom were son.s. Alanian w.ii of .somewhat diminutive ;.tature, ami posscs.sed little physical (.troug'.h. Hi* determination, however, moral ener,!_'y, and cea.-.eles.) peiscveraiico rendered liiin cajiahio of mider',oin;; ,i;rcat exertion, !Uid supplied him w ith an exhaust- less fund of ciuluiauii'. Ili.s forihcad was hroad and Hinoitli, liis eye:; keen and piiri'iuij;, and his couiploxion .so lair that it wnuld betoken him to I)elou;4 to a nnrtlui'n race. Ilo ^v.ls hi^h'y fjifteJ, .'-iicakiii; Kn.;li^h, Frcneii, ami K.dian llnently, hc-sides posses-in," con.ideraMc kuo\\ledi.'o of the (leliuan lanf5aa'^'c. He w.i ; a mcnd)cr of iiumerous rcientific iu.;tiluVioMS and ht( raiy Bocicticjiu lUir. 1)10 and the I'nitvd.St.ites. His talent was. if hi :;hoidcr, and he cultivated it witli cxcuiplary iiidustry. Timu'^'h hoUUic.^ liiy;lioliii.'c unlerthe repuhli.', he not inK":vi[uc.uly displays in hi > history monarchical tendencie .. Tornel sUitcs tiial. diiri:: ,' his travels in Knro)ie Alaman hei'aine i:nhaed with the ide:i . Iiafc a iuo;,;r.- ' i.- 1 furm of •.'overnmeuL wa.s the mo.^t iicrfec'. Ilnrn Umri]-!, ii:-t., -J'"-;!. .Vliuia'.i, on the contrary, il.s.sures u ) that his (xpericnco in Kur.ip.; had natlo a repchlican of him llisf. Mij., v. .-i)?; he was, howcn-er, opposed to ceiu'ioratio U'liilciicics. Zavala speaks of him a:i cunuin..;, reserved, avariciou<. v'r»l ever ready to avoid dauL'cr: a man who made lew or no friends. AV/', .!/f.i\^ i ."{^J-;i, Consult Al'iiit'in, Ai.ih.li.-< ji!";h. W- •"''>: /''■» 00. — • (,■ '~,n!o;i..y'X.,'2\--iO;Mij.,ti.uti'i/ni,(,ir(ir.J'iii"'>.; 70, "JSl; /Jiis/antaiile, I'oz dr t nXrr hi l]'i-!una ifp la ■■ia ha-'il'i •'.tiiidriniuUucia, Me.\. U4t, 1 10. U vols. ! s-n ]>i:tiii:()x;;menj' and jH'Lvtm t)F itl'rbide. Tlii'sc tlisscrtiiti' lis wi'Ve really iiitriiiluc'tory to tlir lii-itory, and ori;_'iii;itiil in ii io.sijliiliim cif till- .AtciKiip n)i;ifty, of \vliic/li ALiiiiiiii was a iiioiiiiu'r, M!a( itd assooiatcH hlioulii yivo ])iil)lic; ketiircs, Tliey wctv |inl)lislic(l in the piTiod- iwil of the Atcneo, ami an this ric — and ho coiisideied his account wortliy of Spauianls" attention, and also thou<.;lit it needful for the proper und(;r.>faiid- in.i; of Mexican hi. story. In the preface to vol. iii. he outlines his llinloria ile Mijko, Mid rejiorts its ]iro,i.;re-;s to date. Jo.-ii' Miiriii Luis J/orc, M'ji'-tt 1/ .ul)lished. This autnor was horn in Chania- euero in (luanajuato, Octoher ITl'l, slndic^d theology, and was ordaiiu/d ii ]iresl)yter in JSIil. Somewhat later he estahlished himself in I'aris, \\heio, in !>S-i7, he was appointed minister plenipotentiary for Mexico in Lomhm. Jle died .su.ldenly in I'aris in July of the following year, at the aire of iifty-four. !Mora liegan to collect material for his Wnik in I ''"JS, and commenced to write it in ls;!0. ]lis first volume treats of modein Mexico, that is, its char.uter as a nation and country at the time when he \\rote; vol. iii. takes up tlio eoiKpiest and the colonial ]»eriod down to IMIO; and Vol. iv. the war (jf imle- ])eiidence from its heginning under Hidalgo to ispi iuclusive. Jlis hi.-tory adds little, as far as iniormatiou goes, to that sujiplicd by previous wi iters. It i:; nat\irally tinted with his own ideas, which without being profound dis- play intelligenc". His gi'oujiings arc good, his speculations are prae'ical, and a broa li.Ml iliXi mill li;.t ma ' i u I'll uf .11:1- . Ut my ■ ia.s- tlio '„f the leailing events. His versions, liuucver, must be re- ceived with eaution. lluslainante is not an uu|irejuiliceil uritei', jiiul not lilifreqiiently makes out liis ease ami eulors it to suit liis own views. 1 eaii- Jiot accept his assertion that lleneski reporte.l to iturliiile before he lainleil that he hail been prosciibnl, anil that t)ie latter 'rusheil witli his I'Ves oik 11 into the abyss of ib struetion.' With rc'^ard to the execution of the (!.\- eni[ieror, the author remarks: ' The goverimii'iit, no less tlian the congress, has been accusal of erurlly and injiisticr, and ( !ar/a of bolli as wt 11 as of ingrati- tude.' p. 'Jiii. lliistamante lioids all pal'tii-s iilameh'^s. 'I'lie .safely of the people, he argues, is tlie .supreme law, and witli Iturbide presi'iit tlie pulilic peace could nut have been jireserved. (iarza, li'; maintains, eouM not have, acted otherwise without sacrilicing himself, and thi' onl\' fault he linds witli him is for having temporarily placrd Iturbiib' in command of tho escort. ('(irl'.i-^ Xiiriirro If Itnilri'iiii'., I/iirhii.'i'. .Madrid, ISii!). pp. "JilT. 'i'liisauthor, a Spaniard and constituent deputy of tlu^ Spanish ciirtes. supiiliesus with the history of Iturbide's career and events in .Mexico tliat resulted from tin; time of Ins defection till his death. Navarro iliaws largely upon .Mama n for lii.s historical material, but his \ iews are taken from a Spanish st^indpoint. I'lvei'V act of Itui'liiile was wrong, and every misfortune wliirli hapiieiied to t!ie country or to individuals who took part in the events is attributed jiiainly to the .separation fioni Spain, which country ho describes as ;i good niotiier. will) would ha\ e bce'i a powerful support against the encroaclimcnt of the L'ulted Statics. Next to this grievous error was the mistake committed by not establishing a iiiunarchy with a iMiropoaii priiu^e on the throne and ICuropean support. Naxarro writes well, and uttei's many bitter truths, but ho is an inveterate monarchist and far from impartial. Jo^c JiKKiU'ii I'l sudo, IJI /ihiiifidor 'A' Mp. 7!t. This work is a historical sketch of Iturbide'.s life, the jjrealer poi-tion of it being devoted to the' period commeniing with the declar- ation of tlie plan of Igual i, and terminating with the lilierators death. 'I'he authif e insiders that rlio charges of excesses romniitted bj- itiirliido while in command at (iiianajii.it > were exiiggerattKl, and regaids the action of the gov- erninent in reniov ir-^ him from his command as an indication of the littli^ eon- lidcnco placed l.y loyalists in Mexican ollicers serving in the go\-frnmeut ranks. I'esaiio inclines to believe that Itmblde while in retirement rellected on the «j;iesti<«iii of independi'uee and mcdilated its aehievi'mriit. He does lint, hovover, atti'injit to screi-'j his anibitio;i and failings. ( 'ontrary to II10 suppowitioci of .M.i' ', he liclievcs that IJeiieski carefully coiieealid iVoiu < iaiv.a the 1*' u that Ilu;bi.e- had arrived on the coast, and wliile gi\ ing the i-'rt.i.ui- dante full cpidit for his liiial t'lrorts to .save Iturbide, eondeiiins his e.xccillioii as repugiian* to rlie ]iriueipIeH ttf justice and reason. .7i(s' ■ /I'tDi :i ;'■/'■'(' !■'), Jji .■iifrpi/i/il di' ft) il' iitilidiul j'i'iiiihr' .11 (Jill- .~r hoii- rnnni ln-i rci^in d,l llifof dc Jijiiidti. jHm AiikxI'hi dr //'(/•'"''-■. Mexico, 181',), pp. (K). A description of tlie olt.scipiies celebiated in honor of ttur- bidi' on tli(> ooi'asion of removing his r niaiiis from I'adilla lo the cathedral of Mexi''o ill ls;>.H. This account was written Ijy order of the government, luid I'rc lent Herrera afterward caii.sefl it to be |)ubli-hed. I'achei o d - iiouucos t!ie execution of Iturlidc as an ait of party veiigeauco anil by no means expressive of the will cif ihe n.ition. He r''[)Uiliates the idea tiiut Mur- liido had any per.sonal object in v>turning to Mexii o, maintaining that his only motive was to aid in the .s.ilvation of the nation's iiidcpendcnee vhicli th„' nut'io'' believes wa.s riudly threitened by the projects of the Holy .Mliaiiee. I'aeheco linds no excii.se for (larzn's proceeiUngs in the matt»'r, <'hargiiig hi. a witli iagradtude and treachery. To the account uf tlie t-diunuUioii of Itiir- S'JO 1)i:;'1IR0Ne:.iI:nt and diiath or itltjude. lii'lc'.s I'ciiiuin.i ^liiil til-' fiiiicr.il I'cri'iiiiJu'Rd ar(^ ii)i|.('ii;kil iMjiii's (.1 ii imiuhcr ul tlucumiiit.s r.lativc lUeTUoo, iiiiion.i,' v. liiv.ii niiiy I'C iiulin.'il ji j,'i,ii. .ly invcu- tijiy (,t' the bijiii;! ami tr;i^iu<.iil.s ul' tlio liliiiator'a ruiiaiji.-i ilii,iiuiTri.'il ;it J'jiililiii. .1/. 1'' /'/■'"//, HUldfif ih' 1(1 ]!i ro'iirion tn/itd/ ili J.'.-ijiaiia 1/ t^i's i-ohmciii n- fiuT. . .iliilp;iii:i, IM-'I, J), iii.-xiii. ."),">, 11. .'(. In tiii.-i trcuti.io cu tlic ii'vohiti'ia i:i .'-Jpaiii, ISJ:), tiio iiiUlior ilisciiss(:< tin: cllVct of it on liir AiiicriLiui oi^limicM, iui'l iiiiiiiit.iiiis ili.iL it liustLiifil tli( ii' iiuk'iiiiult iici'. Tlio coii-Lituiion luriiud ii. IliiyiKiiu! ill I i(W, lie iid.^'nts, cduvortcil colaii.il iniUiburiliuatio:! into ;.u ii^>f-uiiiptiiiii ot' o(|iuilily, iinil lir coimst'ls Sjiuiii to ivcogni/o tliu iiKlcpfinlLiici) v( tliu.su ii'iriioiiM of Ik r Aiiuiiciiii p{issu.isioiis wIutc it i.i iiheiiily cs^uhli.iliucl, iili[ioiiiLiiij ia otlicr c;iui;.s iiidi'peiuk'iit g>)V(ruun.iita uikIii' a ihuuuivIul'uI bystuiii, (,\tz. (/'■ .V<.'\, ISIO, vii. 7 S, II Hi, -22-21, '>'^o-V>, O.'T 7lM; I'.IT JI, viii. ■ xii. jiiissiiii; (;:(.■. J,„j>. Mi.i\, i.-ii. iiii.^riiiu; (lui:. l,'ofi. JJ<.-., !;>_;), i. !;).';_', M -l.'J, i;;.i-.S, -Jl-l-ii, ii. !)-lS, •221--2; Gae. dr (iaad., JSJI, laoir.i: ];_'.», ::.•;.,- 4 i, -J i.V:), -JT!*-.! <(i, -ti).' rj, 4:;t-!(); (.'(./■/■>•, Dhirio, I8ii.'. xii. ;i.".7, .w. -t.i. .\\ i. 1 1-1.*.; lyi;!, \i.s. -JoU-i, xxi. I'y^SAf; 18_'!), i. fS, (iU, ii. 22'-^, iii. -i;), (iJ-1, iv. hs-O, i,],].. 1;; I,",, V. luij-'j. vi. (i, 1 I -J."), vii. I, (i, 17, ix. '-^i 7, xi. 'J. 'J;! 7; I _'l, vi.. 2 .1, .", ;,iii. 7 -"•', ll'. xiv. 1), xvi. I, ."1 'J!*, x\ii. I Jo, x\iii. 17, xi\. !», XX. 1, ;;J !.>, xxi. 4-1:J, xxii. .'l.S-P, xy.iii. 4;)(), v.\t. i. I :ir>, c: t. i,i. l-'J.'; > ;t. V. ■_', (Xt. si. :'A; I.S'Jl', i. 6-',l, ii. 10-14, 4.'), iv. 4 lo, vi. 7, vii. 17 ^.j, i\. o-l.i, :',2. X. ii l;), xi. .-. ;i(); c\t. \S22-:], i. l-.'!, ii. 10. iii. 21 ;\0, iv. :) H, Si 1, v. ;i I, VI. I, \ii. •_', viii. 1-.V_'; |.S-j;!, -2'.)C,, ;il7, ;!.;!, IM.'!, 07:), .'is,-.; C6,-li<, J'luriu iJ/ir., iv. r/J-ll, '^17; ' o/'/i .<, jyturl) S( n., i. IJ.'i; Ctitit-t, JJiario, COL J'ci., jsil, ii. L>!)7; r(/,v, s Art. OriL, LSI;}, i. Uii), ISr.-O, -JIO, J7o; j.sM, ii. JIO; Co, !<■■<, Ac. I'uh., ISl'O. i. ii. iias^siai; Cvi: l\d. Mia:. An;;. 2A-V,'X ISJ-i; Cil. J)rc. S)'). C'lii;/. J/<..'., 1 -7t!, KW-.'ll; Aluiwiii, lll^l. Mj., i. ;;i:7-S, ii. 7o- SJ, .").")!, iii. 1)4 (i, ;ilJ, iv.-v. passim; Id., A;iihil-s Hhui., li.'-'J7; Id., J)i.-<'rl., ii. 511 CO, !),!->'«; UiiMiuii'tiih', Ciin/. Jli4., ii. i;);)-4fl, '-'iiJ-S, 41_', iii. \2~i, I'.l.'i- 8, :).-.;)•), ;jd:)-i;;s, iv. in, i Ki, 2.\2, 2'.c> 7, \r>^ (JO, oO^-is, 5;]| 11, v. iKi.^sim, vi, (]]>'•:{, vii., M.-^., (i-l;!:!, viii., .M.S., i;;(j-'J.i7; Id., //.v. Jlii,-!,:di\ passim; Id., Jlitji. //isf. .!/,,-., .M.S., 1;;; /(/., So/;,: JJin:!., •_>7-oO; Jd., .y, dldai para I'drijit:, M.S., ii. IV--JJ. :iii !», 7S-S,'); Id., (,',i.r:i i'ind., I -.s;i; J I., ('(iHii>aihi tihi il/,ji-!'t, 22, t:!-h /'/., C'.i.ii/iuria-! d.; iUdliju. 117-01; II., C./'. '.,(/' .l/,x., i. S4-a"i; J<1., Mmi'ii: llli!., \-:\\; Id., Hi,it,,i- d,l tlnd. Lr^iro, 1 -'.Jo; AUiol/'.i Mc.c, 44-oS, li;)-|r), ■_'!() , -.I), 1^77; Arronr., Ilinj. Mr,:, li)|-i'll, •J7'>-(i, o'Jl- 4')l; Id , //;■.,'. y Crijii.. l!K)-4, •JIO-:.i); Al/'ln, l.Sii), .s:!-4. KSo; Arnni'ioh, M'J.. i. 'J.!!, ;!;;i-4!J, .'il)rf-40;{, ii. 0-17, lis, ■V)-Ui7, -ll-J; Xu'iriotio Veil., 1SI7--I, p:!'..iiii; Xi'ii' Ji'o.J., xii.-xiii. [);i.-;siai, xiv. !;)_', ;ii! i-O, xv. (i, IS; i, xvi. 1J7, 1)7, xviii. 'J-Sll, xx.-xxi. paiisim, xxii. 7-0, 'J:.', (i.'), lUJ, liiJ-!):., 2'M, •J70-',», -Jilo, im, ;!41, :ri;)-li0, nsS, xxiii.-x\iv. passim, XXV. L'l;), •!;;), xscvi. •2J2, 1281, L'SU, :i;;."i, .S71, i:il, xxvii. lo-li), i:i7, xxviii. 117-'. xiv. 12 i.;, Iv. I;); Ai'ijdiidir, ]j!o[ih> /-'ail.; Andradc, El Ciijii/dii (.Icii.; Ariu/ii, JKm Ihiilijc. M'j:, JO.MJ; Ab'jd /'■//-/., (!-',)_'; Ah'c/ia de C/id/KUiriini.-), pui.^iin; Adtit.ii M(.<:, i. .")7; .\'-t.:.i del ('nn'f. ('o)i>!,, void, i.-iii.: Ahii. Cdi,//. Mun. y (InUi, ) ;jt, 47-'.).), 17.".--'1'.); 1S2_>' 4'.)-lll, i:!S-i.MI, ;{4-2-.S(); .l,',-.,,(., LI,. I Vr.i. suhm Coil!., IJ-.M; Am. liln'v J',i/>., iv. Si.'7-4I; X. Am. J,'ci-i, r, xiv. 4i2.)-l!), xix. i:)!)-!i.'>, is;!, 2r,-J, xx.xi. IIO-IS, xliii. l2.>;)-;}(), (.iii. 10!l-7; Ar;iiiil.'i'.<, J.o.i Oil idi-.'i; .\, .•!'!/ mo, (Jra^'ioii, t'ii:; Lai'rnhirju; .\l;i nm^ Idm-i, 4.1-7; Alr;ii;~, S'tidit .[itii,t ,')'( Ti'in: liiinctU,): Turn, I, X,i': .V /., 4-;ji>, SO-7; y;/ V; ;./.(.. O.a. lO. l.S-)7;.s'. .I-.^. mi,/ .!/(..•., i. li2S-.",_'. 17J ':;;'; A,:i. ('o,i/,d. u.rl Ad., :>')-[); i:,!liiu,u, M<:.v., i. '2iQ-2, ii. i:U-7, o71-Sri; ll n-b irha,i'), .\'<-m, (-'limp., 14-:i;i; J''nrr, Jll.-'ciir.-'ri; G,)iii(~, F,'ri'i<, Miiiitf. /.'.■.-.■;< ./c; JJl Faruf, pu.sii)i; Fii(;ii> id J'.iridi; /j,irir,ta, L'.rliorfaiinii': 1,1., M'niij'.; i'l'da. K.c'ra- vrl.di- A!ri,-:i: i'rri/, I! vil. dn M<.c.. l.':.5-71; Jlar(j:!rrii, JJii'i-'fo,:'o I\)!i\, I-jL); JJ/-!'. 'J I'll-;. Hi ,■!(:''•, xxx. 107 -'Si; duddii/i Unhl,', :)_'..»; Cii!j,tointh's .\/r.V., ■jo!:, :ni., •-■:;:>, xx\ i. LIST o:' Arr:i'):;iT!!> 8J7 M'tx., T"i L'l; rr,:,''er'.i Jf, .,: cud C'int., VIW '.)■ Cm,, Ti- .■^ Shjlj:^, iv. 10';-'_'7!: 7.f.' ''(•(••., V. li.'i;! I, vii. .")IS; ll(vi'i.(i,s, I', 1,1. Aid., -IT-'Vi; \i'n/>/Hui'<, Ml: iiiuI. Ciid. .[„.., SS, \r,\<'airh-ln, Ks! !.l. <>,>;., ii. •_'.), W-,; CI,, vail',; .I/.,.-., ;;i; i SS; /«/., A'. 7^'/. J/.r.,H i:., .l;)-.'!; i I l.,j:i liiii'ir'io, (i-7; J/i I'i'd'd, Mi.-iitir'iit; Curlii (!<• mi L'-i-ilqailailij; Chti'f.iubrht.iil, Coi:•_>, ii:! 1 1, rioi; //;/;,//•.,• //;,./. (•«//., 'j(i7-s; /.v ■■-/•, y^ ."/.■.,■. y//,r/., !)!M()_'; rW.w,/-, ,• ,1, ,in Chi, I.; C, ,hila,!„, MS., iv, -Jl, \'.l, 'J.'if;); //^'//■..- r<)//., l!!;;-;!i:;: //., /:.,-lnirll; Kiiiuijihf.i T, .a-f, i. VM-l, ;{;;.")-7"i; ]> -nil-, .,,■], ^ //!s/, Mr.'-., ii. ;n-70, KH-S, ."I'J'i 0; 'ihirirnn'i^,, /m.r.- 'v.'. //,',/•- V' iif.. •11'.); J)iih '/, Ji'i.^K.iii', i. s, ii. •J.'l.^-lS; J)i^i„j>.;,: Vnr., ii. ."..")-77, iii. Kii)- 11, V. 1; JJbr.' l'„;r. Ii;<>. C,,.;., i. lIt-,-.(), L'.V.-8, 7W-!», a).;), i."."., iv. !')_'-:(, 8;i7-">l, viii. 007-M, 7!1 •-'. ix. '-;7l-7, 47!)->'i», .V,)5, (iOS, 700, SIO, Sls-;>, x. jxissim; diuisnr .\fi.i\, um. 1, 1-7; Cniitro I'alnhrild.i; Ciii.„ d, f l)i'i: U'H'i'', i\ijl. Il(h: Pi'di'., 7-'l(i; Ih'murm'k Her., i. 4S.-; I.^,d„r, n,l(iC,„i; /.',u-l,:d,; Con; <;i Mil. ;/ I'u/., p.-issiin; /d., Mini!./'.; Id., Ih-ri- .Ma,/!/.; ]d., I'li,i. I I; /'/.. Cir'd (it J'l iisitdur; LL, C'lflni de lu.i U,ii.; Id., i'nlil-h'iy',: II., /li;n; J)/:','r>, pa-sniui; Id., M, m. Aido;/.; ir(7->-o//'.s Mix. nud lit I'l!';/., 71 "; /!i"i;i, Jf'ii'i'., l-'l'; lli-odJ(hiii:,il, I'o//. ini'inn' (III Mcitdc, i. 'J!i7-S'J; Jlii-h'if. Mi.r., ii. .I;; I 7. iv. •J7li-!IS; Lniu.r.i, iti.-i-iir.-.n-t y/i'.s'., no. xxxvii. r);>7-<>l; J.,;/"ii'< dmir.. ii. l.'i-s, <)!; Liii-niiindr r-, Mf.r. it H'lal., Ksft, l!Mi; Li iii/,rr I'l-'.-, Xi,fc.-i hi .!/•.'■., llM (i; ti'iiin,inrii> I'ul,'., i. I'JS, l.")0-(il, 171-4, ii. "J-'IS-O, -Jiil; Ihnrho Lh,-,,. .1/..-;., i«.sim; Ld,.,;d ii l'...j. E'^i'i'i'.'ii'i'it, ()7->S; l.ivirdi, ('oii/r.-iturioii; Id., /v7 /', )i>-'idor Mr.r.; L'vrati'i r Jiiitrv, 'h'ifioii ( 'ii\; Liiii'tiis'i'i'ii, l.i' Mcc'qiii', 7'J-S;(, 'JIM .">; /J' ijadn a Tuln -n; tSini'mi't, Priji'. Iwpnriil.; LI., MniiijiiM'i; 1,1., />■■/' n.-m; /iidir. Ori;/. K.cf,-n- ord. Con;/.; /.(r.iidn, Ciii'-tio.i .l/c.i\ , .'!I-S; l.ofi'n, J/z.^.s. Jlir. 71--"'; S/i'iri~i/ iVfU' '/•/■>, //.>■'. M'.), 'li'i'.i, ;!77-">70; Salrndoi', JJifiri') Olr-., IS7,"); /;,j- y/.'r- i'l/r't- iiKirhri, SJ-llO; A'lilr.ida Puhlii-ii; Licro Mi.,'., i. Si !)l, 177-SI; D Tiiin/in, 1S!I,:!1'); J>iri.rh'>.i 1/ nU!;).; I)ii,:d, ArirtK, inw. \1, ISdO; l>! ■tihiini .•njirn Jiiruiii; J)inrio d< I Imp., ISiJO, 1^73-0; J>idiiii.-!, Lv Mu:, ll'l; Mihii.i'. id. Miiii'.j: Miiii'/. diiiifn Pnn-'i-i.: Iiit/iiiiiii. .Iniil'i, Pror'..:.; L'.iiiiicii /ni/mri'. j.iufii Pirii'i-'.; Mitii'ii'. Ill Pi'ihl.; Mitri/m :: >/ Jfuiirdh, I'l'i.rlunin; Ma~o, Ari.-; Miir- ti.irz, -ShiOji. llUf. HivJ. M.X., i. I'jiMO, 70, 101-0, •Jil7-S; Pcriz MnrCim-., I >;■.■■',:■■); Miinn-o, l).,c. IiiCn.-^ , 7-1-'; Pn.v. 1,'irii., lied Oriiii.; Cofj. P„ld. X. i: :>.; .M.ii/ir's MS.S.,- LI., .!/...-. J.'., i. 2:i7-:5l);!; Midlvr, 1,'ri..,,, i„ JA..'., iii. '-V.;';-:;!!; '.)///.vo7V;/o,--, .'/'■ ... Ili>,'. r/,/.7,a..-, (j()-71; -V(V.<',b'. Ai.i. (ml Mix., i. l."S-S7; -V. Am. MU.-., ii. ■J")7-0iJ; MiJ., Hofiinijo Lr/' r, [la-dim; Mi.li.'i, Jj^.i'-nr- ) Pn'i:: a)Lx., Ciu-'^liuii. Mouarq., IS-ll); J/r.v., Ii:i'.Ji',iir Co,,i. Pi-"/., 1K7K 1 .".;»; .l/...-. '■..'. /-".vc-', 1S4S, i. (i4.')-7; IS.")!, vii. I7!»-Sl; J/<.<:., (.V. iJic. y di'il., l.VJ; Jlhc'l. d" Com., .Ian. (I, ISJl ; M.-iqulh, Tid'in.; Mcv., Dkt. Com. Coiii'ic, 1--J, 0-0; Mix., IJ^jtask: .s'../';v Co.idic, •llW-ll; Miu'., L'.jl.x. .lo'u-r. Iiid.'jK'iid., ll-l'_'; Mix., Pro.-liinHt, d, I I'iriif; (Julio, Iloi,diri'i Hi'--!., iii. •_';).'{- 4'.)4, iv. 17;)--J2!t, -JM-Sl, 1207 4 1 -J; Cillinn'.i Ti'iir, l.i, :i:);j-4:>,'); (;l,i::oi,'.i 111 >. Cii'li. I 'hurch. ■20.')-0; Fmitc'ii Tix't», i. SJ lOJ; C.-i.jnnj'.-i 111 .1/ 42-4, 04-."); Cii'hr'ii'.-i IJiiir. (IfO.f., i. SO.'i; OnrciK: llnhi'. Piirhla; Dai Auiht ni .Mix., i>p. i.-i\-.; Coicidi-., IliM. ; Mo-iniio M'x., ii. \1J, \'ii>- 7, :!4i, vi. ;!;i7-!S; M:i.--io JA.c-.. ii. l.'iS-lO, j:!l-0, iv. .',.',:, AW; M.>i/ii, In'l,.:-;.:; uM.':iiii/;>i'id(i.-< JJoiii!:i. Iv'/h, IMS., Ill; Mi.c, Pi'ii'ii) ( 'umi. Cuii.--ti'.., ii. 4:)')-r)U'J; jN'..'. c:iid. Mi.c, -iOI-l; yullrjo, Col. Do-'. M,x.; .1A ..•'., Do.: L'ilui.:Xiji';i'!ia 11 (I irrn. .'>'. 'I', di' Jlicr; Xovl' i, .\iin-i I'ircii. I -.'): X'mi: Aiii"d' •■ T''.'/., xiii. 'iiJ--4; liHi'lihle, Mijkuiios; Id., Proclumi; Id., I'rimif ifi/f; Id,, I'obUtno-^ 823 DETHIUJNK.MKXT AND UMA'III oK II rilUlDK. //.'-/,; f:, sun-re. dr IS III; liifnit. ('iisf,,!.; /mf,/,., ilnni /,'. /A ,v. ; /n'l'p., Aiiiiinjin J'fiit.: /iiii'-ii/'.i Hist. I'. .S., ii. :U"_'; ll< rinuuli-., F.sid'l. .Mij., •2'.>'.',- \ ; lii'lnr, M'.*: /linHnffi, l.c Jfi.riijiif, i. pj). xxxi.- v.; HhjIniitrH Vii'io W'nyll, \. ."i;!!) .">•_•; Il/foiilon's Mm'i rii (liiiij., i. 1.'74 (i; Jldiiilfii, J)iii:, '2-'t; Jim ii rust ro. Hist, /'riiinr. i/Siij. Viiinf., nos. i"t'J-.'>, jp)). !;;_• G.".; i'a.'tlilln, JJit. Ilist.,{jl, l,-.l--_', '1S~ '.)();' ]h in. Id riiir, \. •!',:>-['>, •Sri-SO, 4S'J I; Ksjiuiln .liistir.; (■'.ijidn., Tinliit Clasi s; Kri rrilo Aiiwr. Srjit.; lu niiiiiihi VIL, JJi'i/r/on, passiin; /(/., JJoc, i>iissiin; FHiiso/o Lih.; Firnauilo Jfi'l , l<'l; olirns smi .[inui'is: Oti rn, (h-iiriiiii ('ii\: Moii'ilitir, I'n. Hist. Mi\i:, '2\4-\ii; (ilinirriii 1/ Firrnri, Lit l.iihiK, x\ii. •JUD-lii; hi, Lus Tns (lai-in,!., \\i. I'.Mt-'JK;: Ji'l., ('iiiliil.c I'nolt, iiist. 11, v. F's/i., -.il-A, :tl)--l-J; /'/., J/n.sir.; J'l., T/ir Co/oiiiis, ;{SMl-_'; lil., Kxiiiii. ihl Finn: Jil., hlms /'o/,'.,- Anrniiu, /list. }'»<•., iii. ISO -JIO, I!!!)-!); Finro, JA r. .7/ IS.',.', i:{, liiM)!. l;j:t; J.'ohiiisuii'n Miin. Mir. Hi I', ii. KlL' Mt, llli-'Jll; A/., .1/..-'. ini'l, lur MiUl'iri/, 7l>-l">-, 'J(iii-M; Litii, /'i/iiliii\; I'iihrn-o hin-c Jnslir.; Folirrrilo llohj., Cnrt'i T'l-nrii; (t'lilirrri":, ('(iiili'sldf., 4 11; Turnl, /'roiiiisllro Fiimsta; Fnnhnna Jli/lr. J\'iu'.; J'l I'lit, Ariiii/ri ('ii\, 10-1(1, 'J4 7; -V' I'l liiiznnroii 1 n Jlnldr, '2-'.'<; Osi'.i, (iriirinii /ii/iiii/.: I'forliiiiia Aimr. Iiisiirj.: J'/iiuiiis i/ JJs/iuilit; Aiiohu'i, F,i Vis/ii ,hl S:i/oii- Kl I'utii XwiuiKil, >^vin.'-2.',, ISliS; .\'l,uthlril'^ Hist. Trx'., :\2-[:\; Jhiri; nil, Mmiij'.; J'ljh/nniis, llahit. M,.r.; J/,,,-., Ihir. Ililuf.; L'llrn.jii llii-iiiix II I'l JicH;).; J'foi'lidna, Ainir. .linn, it. ; Fro'liiinn F.jir. Jinp. Trl;/., Forma ilr O'uh., (Jiir/ii; Plan. (/<■ Jturliiil,'; JJoiniinin,-.. Es/io.iir., ()-S; Fudila, A;iiiiit. Ihi'iit.; F.riKisir. ,i Ins ('urtm; ])i,:idra. ('amis. IJIiniin.; Fi'i/ro-.i, liiii'.i, ('aiiiliHus, ,")7-(jS; Fi'ilriiyi, ^Munif. ; Tralinlu-i ('ilvhrinlns; Siui iSalntilor, .Ii J/ibi rifiilor; Prr-^!l), 7I!'"); Finnrt, ^IS'y., i. SO 00; /,/., I'lint. i. 7()-!t; /'-r-:, l>l,r. (.',„,/. Fsiad., MS IJ. |()|-;{, J7S, -JiO, .•>;il-'.>, ii. :\r,-S, iv. 100-7, -JOO-."); ,Susi(, Fjiisr'. J/-.c., •_>llM!»; M„l;nun, JJirliw. J)ir,"'/i. Iloiiib.; M,.,:., Plan dr hs .Sn,ldos, I :V2; I'innrI, r,,l/.; />,,j,-(i h, l!,jto; Piiijiir'fi Hist. Fiira/i. Cnl., .'{(Xi-S; Puinsrit'.-i X,,trs on Mi.c, ].")-lS, 8.")-!t;!, ;i|ip. I-!I, 14,40 I !■_'; /,}■"•. Imp., Dirisis; /', ri~. 1/ //, rniindi-., Itisr.nso, ]-2-li;J',s'i,l,, Ilio;/. Iliirlii,',', ]-l[);P,tchi;o, J)rsrri/,t'. Ilii,l,i,lr,(; H). PJ-IS, 'J.)-."Ui, 4.") i'i'2\ .!/(.('., E.rjiosir. dob.; 1,1,, Pvoijirto lt,''j. /'ror.; Id., IJIrrfurcs; Mix., Mrin. JtrUic. JS.:.', ■'!-.'); Mc.r., Mi'in. Ilnr. ls)n, l()2(i; lln.i'a ijiiii ,il Fin; .!/<■. Mdiiif. Snji, J ant. Proi\ dnh.; Fr/njsic. al ,^(ib. ('nmj., 1S2;!, 'J.'i-d; Mi.c, Mun. Jii'st. y Xcjnr, Fric.i., \y,-2.l, 1 -Jl; .lAvc, Mnn. 'Uiwrni, lS-_'_'; idc.c, Idiii Coiisiiiriir. JJisrnb.; i'li'ta, Prorlinna; Xorinja, L'stndist. Jfii>. Mr.c; Mi.v., iJiario i^ob. Jiuita; Id., Jiiiirio Jnnia Niir., '^-\'2; Id., JHrtiiiii. Com. Junta Xnr. Institny., 1 12; Par la ,Salnil de la I'ntria; Priiiion ibl Min- isl. Hirnrn; Pominijiii-, ^•■iinnd. Iin/niii.; Mi .v., In.itrnrr. Indir.; /,!., M, m. Oiicrrit, ISl'I), 1-1.">'; Id., I!i,j. (lor. hit.; I,/., Xolir. Hist. ( •,tballiria, Ii \:i; Oiiiija (Xiu'i,-:), Mini. J'llnr. JJijihiii. Mi.c, 5, i;!-15, IKi-ti'J; Pin-. Mnr- tinvz, JJisrnrso; l'ri.':iilint'.-< Miss., .M:u'<;!i S, JS'JJ; /'roi/n'to dr Moiiarq , 17 '--'; PikUIii, >>i'n;-iia.; Jhiiniri'., Hist. Jhir., 7'i-^">; lldniiri-. y Si'smi, <'<>!. I),r., 1-4, y.VlS, lll-l-_', ISl --JOS, •24:5-7--', .SIS; l!itfz,l,Ans Mr.c, •.WX-",; h',ili.i\ J,ii/iort. Vol). Const.; IJorronrs y \'i rd(idi<; Uiliiiioso Cons/it,; J'liinsint. nl Viriy; Ciincdo Maui/.; I}, pub. Mr.r., (.'onsid. Fold., lit-'Jd; Id., I.i'j. lii'siu.i, 4S-0; Hi vista Mc.r.; J'oblis, Pr,,r, C/iin/iit, 70; iSVt.v//V' Constitur.; S' nianario Foil'., i. I -10, !)!)-lu;5, -JlO-.-K), •J7:{-(;; .SH,rlr,lrl,i.iAnirri,;,s; .Sinicln-:, Villa Puib. finij. Prof., \'2'.\-.\'.\; Triinij'i) J/ibi rt, Iinpi'inta; Mirhi llo,; nil, JJiscur.-'O; Morrno y dorr, Orar. F/ni., 3 "JS; Itrspmsta dr tin. Ami- r.; Mirhoiirun, Anid., ■Jl; 'I'onirl, Muni/.; Tornrl y Mrndiril, Urilo; I'ldliidoli'l, Coiitr.' '^•"'"- 1"'^-^""; ■^"'•- ''^•-'■. '.V07. />•„/., i. (10 iji .01 .,' -"' op., 11. t!-Jl-:!,!. iii. 1!)J- i. im-^^K vi. .Hi-.ii, 7.M-7l,'^os.';^'u^-;:i7^^,>;::^^^'-''''■;'''^• '"'-^ |), IV. 740; Z,imhi, It, r. M,.c
  • ul)t, is tnio; l)ut the tiiih' and |ila iiiiist \>c r(iiiciul)ci\'(l, and al>i> tliat it was tlic ci'iirltv (if the sur<;;tMiii to savi' the Ixxlv ratlu'i' tliaii that of till' savaiic wlio drlinhts in toi'tun Ji idal'^'o liad. Iii.- wtirk to do; ifci'Uclty could nt)t !»(• aNoidcd, tlu'ii t lu'i't; liill>t !)(> criK'lty. J l(J would |)Urcluisi' t!n' Iii;4li('st \n-\\r- tiictioii willdu tlic roa<'li of huuianity; il" loMx-rv and iiiuidir were |>ait oj' tlu- prirc, siill it must !> ■ paid. Vrt !• all tins, JU(l^■lnn• t lie man I'aiib liassinLi' unili'i- I'lvifW his past 1 iff and his prrscnt |)urposr, his mind, li( art, and dis|)osition. and I do not think ho can i)o calliil criiL'l, i\'V('iiL;vt'ul, and l)loody-mino ju>lilicd, tlu'iv is so little (lillcrcnce hctwi'cn tlio Di'lliodox artick; and the (piality ol' reprisal as prac;- tisi'd in the present crusade that it is not worth dis- (iissuiif. Some liave said that Ilidalu'o's intention was to es- talijish a, re[)ulilic; it may have heen so, hut it is no- where shown. Za\al;i liolds to the conti'ary opini!>n. no iioliiicd or militarv I her*; appt'ars to ha\'e heen no] plan adopted hy the leaders of the revolution, hui lied ciloii;;- as they were upon a tide of e\ents which tln'y could hardly control. The 1; iru'e cla-s ni ^r exico. o f th lose wno ever since the ^'rito de ]3olores liave sec:med to deli;_;;ht in i^'ath- ei'iii''- t'\ idence and makin-j' charu'es dania'''in''' to the I'lU' nriine of ILidali;-!), i.- iduallv hecomiii'. h I Would hidi' noihiii'L;' in any historical cliaraeter. \ Would not he blind to tht; faults of my lui'o. Neither woukl J nuii'niiV ilaws of character untd a little fault i- made to appear larger than a L;reat ]irinci[ile. Moreover, there has heen much spiiilation as to w liat Would ha,\e heen the result had he j)ursued a, diiirrent eoursc;. ] lis iiriuness of purpose and opinion ha- heen called ohstinacy, because he would not yield to Allendi'aiid the oth Ci s. lEiid he marched on ^[ex- i'"; had lie retiretl part of his force to the mountains II 1 i i 2S0 HIDALGO'S CAPTURE AXD DEATH. an«l (Irilkd tlicni, disinissin-^ llio nTcat rabblL; and l;is ai'iiiy (»r |iillai4t'rs; had lie |iriiclaiiiiL'(l a svsUmii nf lilxral institutions; had lu; \>vvn slower to I'oh and hiitclu'i- S|)aniaivl.s; liad he hctterjirotcctcd the civolcs; had he doiK.' ditl'civnl 1_\- in a huntloss. JUittho <[Uestion is not what ini;j,!it havo como to ])ass if thn jtiinio mover in Mexiean indejieudeneo had been a (liHerent. man and aet('d (nU'ei-eutly. As it is, though not without his iaulls, .Mc\i(;o may well be ])roud nt her hero. J^et his memory bt; honored! Jjet his name bo enrolled anion;,;' the world's eham[)ions ol'lili- erty ! J [is eountrymon, j^'i'aleful to one wno, in tlio yloomi- <'st hoiu' ol' hoj)e, stood I'orth so learlessly as their (h- I'ender, havo rightly embalmed his memory; and his name, _iL,n'owini;- bri^htor and briL,ditor as the a^^xs pass, will be; handed down unsullied to remotest generations. '"^ '"On tlio 10th of July, 182;?, a con(,'rcssional decree was passed, dcdaiiii',' Hidal^jo and tlie otlier inisii'ljial lia.lors in the striitr^do for indc^endciici' tu be ' licntMm ritns do hi ])atri.i en l;imiIi) luroicD,' anil mdercd a inoninnrnt in their honor to ho eieeted in t'hiliuahiia. do Ago.-sio, ISj.'i; J/( riiiniili-. 1/ /)(ir(il(if, ('i,f, J>,i'\, ii. (ido. In iS(!,'{ IJenito Juarc/, havini,' re- tired wilii tile government to Dolores on aeeonnt uf the Kreneh invasinn, ))assed a deei'ee elevating the tow n to tlie raldi of eity, and ordiring that a nionninent laaring a statue of Hidalgo shoidd he ereeted in the ])rineijial j)Iaxa, \lv [irniionneed the lion.ic in whieli lU'lalgo had lived to lie the ino|i- eity of the nation, and proviiled that it shouM he jiroLi'eted and ]ireserve(l in its original state .so far as possilile, at the exjtense of the government. /■/. . ii. (ill. In IS7;> tlk' eongiess de^reecl tlial thi' natiomd llag should he amui;;!!y Iioi-ited on the Sth of May, liidal.;o's hiitlid.iy, and raised half-mast higli "U the ;!l>th of -luly in eomniemoration of his death. A/., ii. (il4-l.'). I'resideat I'oflirio Diaz in IS7S ordered that the monument at Dolores. Avhieh hail hitherto not heen eierted, should he huilt. The estimate of its eost w.is §10,(llK), whieh amount was eo\ ered hy jiro rata eontrihutions levied n]ioii the .slates, in ihe same year (!enei-al Diaz deereed that a monument .^ImaM also he ereeted in Hidalgo's honor on the spot where he was exeeuteil in (hi liuahua. /(/., ii. ()l.")-li(. In the (iazcta tie Mfxko of August '.\, ISH, w.is [luhlished iiii alleged eopy of a deel;ir,\tioii professed to In; Hidalgo's soli iiiu rerantation of iiis eri'ors, made some weehs liehire his de.ath, and dated ( !ii huahua. May IS, ISIl. This s[iurious stitiineiit was prohahly ])i'onuUgat d in order to tuin independents against tin! cause. It is superllniais to deny .sueh an assertion. No attempt m hieh can properly he called such was ever made to estahlish its truth. He who for a moment could hold to sueh aa opinion totally misei)neeives the ehar.ieter of the man. 'J'o death Hidalgo was inditl'erent; and he would lu' the hist man on e.arth to uphold to his follawei-', according to the teuor of this deelanitioii, the enormity of their crime in ic- Bir.LIOCillArilY. is: iMlliui; jii'iiiii'tt Uie uovi riiiiiciit, aiiluil. 'J'lic ilocuiiR'iits wliiili idiitaiii llic alli -fcl iiiiiicicliniis at tlii,t!i,l df lli- ihil.:.'!', fi n)|iy i>t xUiiili in sii[iipliiMl liy Ui riiaiiiii / y Itavalos in lii< ' '■/. Po-., )|itii ti) j:iavc iliiiilits as t(i tin' aiillii'iitiiiiy nt' all tlif tos- 1. -lit. an tiiiMiiiy jH (1. Milili ot tlic I'vidii li |.ii'sciiL liiil.i!i;o ill till' liicist oiliims lii^lit (k^.-- ii'(' IS \\ar|ie l«J Ir.iiil 11 i:n' 1 laiiiiiit, lio\vi'\ IT. aizruu \\\ 111 N cLTite. will) ( iiili'.iMii's ti |.iill as ;,'illll- liiiw that till s,' ili)i.'iiiiu'iits aru u liiilly apoi'i v|ilial. ami 'i|ii<' csd-i iIdciiiiiciUiks mi piiiilcii 1,1. ir li' I'll iiiiiirini si'ii tiili >, III cuiisuleiai'si.' coiiiu aiilciitlco lo < ii clliis tnil .1/. Si fill XIX. s iii. 'l',\. I liavf fuiiinl iiiaiiv I't fin' ^-t.iti iiU'iit.s ■III I'liiitailU'il I'Diiiilpiila iti'il III' sii|>])iir t.'il 1 V ipilu'i' aiitliDi'itii' it ivlialiil- III til i^miri' t-'iitiiily tlii^ lia hirmioii il'l cum Ji id-i/'ju uiul tlic aci i;v, 111 IMiiyiiii: p.'iiii'is wii ilil caiCL'lv lie \M>i'. i'lii.' uliii'ial iil';;aiis nf tlio j^'uvt'iliiiu'llt liatili'Mlly iiiajxililieil tin- siici'i'sses ■I till' inyaiists aiiil tlic rcvirsus n I tl ic ri'ViilutiDiiis; 1 nil I II Ills ri-jiDi'ts fniiii L'l'mials iianatiiiL; vii'tinics wctl' iiivarialil\' inililislicil, Imt many nf tlirir ilispatilii's wliioli rcprcsi'iiti'il tlio true coinlitioiis li^lit liy ililleiiiit ri'scaii r.ilsti iiiiaiitc l( I rii.'iinli'/ V Ii.ivalos. ami X('j,'riti.', iiinl iiseil \>y niiiiieroiis aiitlims. Willi re;.'aril Id tliiisi; ]iulilislii'il iluiiiiLC the war, tliiy are valiialilo ami ivlialilc in si far as tlii'y rrinisi'iit tlic imivt'iiiciit of armii's, the ^.'ciieial results of cii_'a;,'eiiii'iits. Ull I a liioail view of tai' coinlitioii if tl 10 eoiiiitrv. IJul tl) th spt'ctivc iiiuiihers of opposiui^ lorees, of iiisurLTeiits killcil ami easiialtits siis- tiiiieil liy the piveniini'iit troops, tlicy arc untrustworthy; while from the (lniiiiiiciits that were shclveil ji true iiietiire of the position is olitaimil. 'i'lii' press liiiii'^' iiinler the eoutrol of tl ovcl'lilneli t ill nici.iiiiii's I It tl'lllKl I Witl nil to ilctestatioii that of th pniikietioiis luhorinu; to aihaiiec the royalist eaiisc am it niepemleiits. Leaniiil men Jiiinteil heavy itteinptiii'^ tn iii'ove on jihilosophii al ami political jjioiiinls the illegal- ity ami want ot justice in the inuvi'ineii t: l.isl lolis issue pa ml torals il ■rtatnnis iirLtuiii',' on the iniquity ol the iiisui lectioii ami pim l.iimin ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ f tl 1"",^ the iil- )iiiilition of the leailcrs; ami jioets saiii,' the piai.>es of the loyalist coininam CIS, euiiip.nin^' tliuin with the heroes of antii|uitN ami leiiowiieil Koinaii l;ii C'lals, ( alUja Was suiiciior to l''aliius Maxiii jilllarof the totterii);^' nation. 'J'lic ailulatinii v iiiiaii j,'in- -uiiii irtiii'' Calleja Dr Ji Mil laialKl liitwicn him aiiij Fal iriano I'eiistain eoinpose t) Willi h th il ('ril/C the truly aU'ectiiiL'l In honor il a ilriiikiii_'-son;4 drawing,' a oiikr Ml Iciior ile I'oiiceriail.i 11 withtlio foUuwiiig ilecastich, supplieil hy Scjnie, Mix: Sij. XIX. r.iti III triiti'i ri'tii':inili>, Cill.'.jii 111'. i:i r..lii.i ti'iiinl" .11.1.1 I'l Illl.Jll V.'ll.'i.'ll.l.i 1 p.H'. .|1|.- Kii rl int.' inilltii iiliilii; iiili.-i..lo 11 SI- |.l|. il,. Ill F.,1 inipiinr III I'. .11 Ull I .llli'llli. Alii liiili.i iu'i'i..ii.'s p. i|il.'Xas; T..1I.. i:ir; 1" ti'iiiiiliir. isions of minor I'eniu ', too, swainieil, scurrilous 111 almse, vile in vitupera tl.iU, JCJ •ittl le one snic. 111 oi I ri'\iil',itiiin. Icred to the ot!i Ihit 1 siclieiiin,ii with llattery and sytoiiliaiit horn- no lair'aa^c, liowever sh; .'fill. I lowevei' lai- ii ions, was uniialatablc to gDveniineut, if it lirought odium upon tl (Icncral list of authorities for the last four chapters; liiistrimaiife, Cain- li'iraid ik Cull(j(i, I lOS. pasoiiii; Id., Caad. Ili-t., i. -JO-'J'J'J, -i;!;--!-, iv. J3- 2SS iiii).\r/!0's cAi'TriiK ANT) i);:ATir. V_'(i 7, ii]). II: /'/., ill Ciirn. '/'/•'■< .s'/';//.;i, iii. A/., (t'lhiiiilc I 1; /•/., \,,- I'lii I'i'l, \ . SMIl. lli> Ai II, 1. M. CI. 7t- JA ... i iji .1, -jji. •-•..".>. ;i:.i)-4. :t!i-' :!, -nc 4:i.s-!), .'ill s, .•1)1. ;;i \. iii. ,■•[>. 7.\ .S-4, 4!)-S(t, 111 IKI. -JIT :!l, tl') -J; /,/.. t,l„-'iH S''i, r,u.», iip 7 -J I, II 1 1. till- J; .1/ ■1-7-', I'J-Jvj. A'./'. .!/-..•.. iv. AVr. .1/,. ;;(; ihf WW mi. iDi -j:;, (;i.s -jo, ti'.i:! I, 7(i"i--jj, ;;;;i 47. '7'iJ-i. H7;i-;K),i, dii -jo. iv. I7(J-.SI. II7J ■:. .ssj-!M). V. ,S7 !», .V.S-!», ,sil J, Sili; hUjH)*. \ur,(i<, ii. f. ."» I(t, •J'. :).">, u»! I !)■_', •j()7-it;t. ■^!).i-:»):i, :!f.s, ;i,sh ;./., a '/< ■. // I'lii-ii/iis, i\jl. JJiic.. i. imd ii., ]'iissiiii, iii. -'4 1-7. '-U\, '.):i>. f. I.- :>, 01; iJi'irh) Mr.,-., V. 'JIO, Nii. 417- \ xiii. .'SI I, ;,S.l :i.);i (i, l'J.")-7, l-:'> <■'. I7I~-J, 70!> l(>: .\,,irr/r, l,:.-t. Mil. Sij. A/A., i. |i;.!, I(i;» •_",).., -J.i, '>-s, -js.)-;;!!.'. ai'.i :iL', .•;:i!i(i7, :i7'J 4iM; (i .!/. i. i;v»-.-,, i; :ii:i so, 4 .1 ■', 171 s-'. »ss, .-,117 il. .l.>l> ■,ti..-;., !);;-(!, iiij-i(i, {■,i\,{\ >;> (i:). <;7,> (i, tisi. Dill •• 10 .. i>. 7 lti-74. 7N."i-!>l, SI 1 (;(>, ,s7;i i. ,ssi - > <,h)S--j,s, ',)ki. ii.Vi il, lOI'.l 1(I,sl' (i. ii. I .1 1, 1 -SI, )iii.v-.iiii. 4..;!-'). i!i ()sl-s, 7(1 1 7,>. :;{i!i 70, iii. I7s-i ;i. •_M7 l.'>, -17. liilti. 4u.">, Ii.'., iv. I7'ii-I. 117 I '. I II, l7l-'> -"J.'i Ii, :!01-s, s. ;is;i 1!;!, v. 17:)J-:J. Ml, Isl .Si, '-'l.'i, vi. ITltl, '.). .•;:i7, 417, (>.'!7, vii. 17'.i.'>, !'-li>, -") i>. I-I, I " '! i">, viii. 17ii.i.- 1(1 1, i; 7. •-•.'17, ix. isoo I. 1, .''S M-J, I: •-•II, ^i. iso'j :i, I. 17, 177, -.m: :!, xii. IsOl-."), 117 -iK lw;-."i. 4; .V. IMI.S. .•U:r (,,1. I)inii.,\.r, 7, Iv). u)!. ■-••■! :;.): A/.. /;;i IMI, V. 17. •. I'L, Isl I I-', xi. '-NJ-;i; A/., ISi:!, XX. -J.!.")-:'; 1,1., Jihiri, !■:.,• lV-'_'-:{, viii. l.'i i;); ('"n., Ti-ri Sl'i., ii. 17-', iii. r.>l-"', '-'7- -i ); C'lnni, A' .\'. i: •■J" i. -J'.ii, :ioi t;, .•!i_'-i,"., :!I7-I'.i, .•!-'.V(;i: i: ."> . .4.1. did, (iL'l; I'/., X->f! M!rlt.,:]\- ■. JA ill .S'o JA (I'co'i., viii. (iiil; li'irt rii, lli-l. .A/'i'y 7A''/., ISS -JO;!, -.'l.S 10; A'-,/,/'/;.. .1/. ■J !-S; i,i iiiiin. AilU-'umn ./ !»-4J; ;i'vr»/'f, A'. J/. 4s 7'i: A/:;ii;; Ills/, fimi/)., i. >SS !K!, ii. l!»."i; ^Vr.. .lA.c. IVli. 1 Vv. l7J.Siiii(l 17.>0, in A r: mill. <',iiii/.(;/il., l;j-l()4, "Jo,"), -.■i(i-7, -s;{; IrVfj-.V' H //• // filnclic.. 'i'l'ili) Am., I 110; <;t,ir.illi'!i l>iir'l-a'li,iitiiilii<, ])p. 1(1; Eyjiiii-I. Ihth. .lAx., Jip. 1."); (IoiiziI'K, < J. A'. I. ion. |.'.:J, •Ji;>-40; Jil., Hill. Aijikk ('.,77-!SS; VrnijiL-i, M:iiiij!i.-, \<\\ \y"; I'!., <)ril< ii'iir.n, 7; /'/., Manijir^lo, ]ip. 10; A'l fl ij V '''/'". /",'i""' Z< tllllK'OI't, Mr ix. .s.')7 y.'J; /'/., l\isiu-ah<. pp. Il.s, iiiul .s; A/., AV// '.w liisti-iii-., pp. .s, -Jl, iuul '-'4; An-oiii-, lll<'. '/ '/•-//., l(il-.'j; /./., A'/'-v. .!/• is,-.; .lA) •;//'('■', A',,sv///i/ /•//;«/., i:j;i--.'i:i; .!A',///;.w, A'. •-M:!-I; a, •js4-(i. ;!J h'>. . I /'/. (/(' Joll'ld is. -7; -lA' //; (i, isj !), .■.j:)-;!7, iv. / -...I, ..(.i-.i; ' -■, AV.'/V.r, i. -70, ii. .V.)-(ii); I'rnz, J)iir. dVir/. E-ilml., i. 117 - •, -C; I'i.iiirf, l.'ol. Mi.c. Due, -li.l; lliislntiiunie, in AUjrf, Hi Ciiii:/!.. iii. I7>^; y*/., in '' (i4: A I la \'ir. i,i:/., II. vi. (iO, li.i-:!4l, ].;i.s;iiii, 4111, 4.'!;i, vii. •J;m;s7, jtassim, (i.)ii, ('i< 0, Sii ..> ( .1., ( 1 »- S.,11. \iii. 110, ix. 7;!7; L'l iiiitnlm. Iii.-inn- n, i>p. ;> i; l.'li, A L.coiIhh, ii. ;i(M-4; lliUi M( i'jii:ii-in-, I'p. i. .Ss4-!;; Ih-itiiih Oit.irt. /,'. ]'.i„,lh (II. I i-'ii-i /-■, -140 •_'; llnht. (;,,,:!. K^laL, ii. 17-l!i; .V .'1: y; (:(), i:iO, -m, v. K; >, viii. !)i(-S, ix. 41); .V(. ( 'nici ii. 4(J()-7. 4S(); Siilo, jJiir. l .V. '-.J. i:u !•. MS.. IS.-,; /./.. /lr<>: .1/' VV ri: .V /; fdiiti. A. Mi J ISJ-I, I.SS Itl, KVt !l(l, '.'iMt (i; Mill' /■'r'liiiii' ;'/>. S!'; Mlrli. J'ror J/« .'U.")! Miilln\ I!' M. II, Sill •-••-'7: Mi.iifiil ,1 I),. ■itnl. in'li M< ]>, IS; MilU, Hixt. Mi.1., H:i !•; Miiijir, M/«. //(>'. .1/'.'. I!ii\, i. ;!l ."iS; /i/., i/r' /((•( /I'lir Aiiliiili s. |i|i. IS; .)/. .r. // /•-('•A />o / I'liiii, 111 I.-.I-: .1/. .1/. <.». /,7 I'll, nil ilr Clll, 4; Mi'.e. •,iili, o'-. //Ist. Ml J-., SIT. •_', iv. 17"; Ci'i-rh Coinnii r,-' o.f lln i'l-airn-'. ii. ll'i-17; /'iinlliiii, /Unvloni, i. 'I'-iA; /•'loriiniii, llisl. I' :il'J-14; /■'i-riii,Si-i luii ill' la Vie, l-'J7; /' j: •iiii/i ,,1.1-1,- IV,/. .1/,/. Mir. ■1 !•_'. S_'-4, !),■) (1. l!»J-.">: /•V,W, //;.. 8; /l,ris/aiii, y,%s il .''n.^i'li-iiti-, ]ip. ].-»; .i/, J'.. I'll flu I l/h-iiil ill I C, If I! idi'.()-j 'iiiiii'i, m Sor. r. M .m;i-'JS; / roci II, -111.1 uli; /I I r. (iio;/. /nil // 1111,111. ■ Am. I'.n-, /ill, Mniji r. i. -J;! ) I; A/', /»/ A'' /. , I'l'l IIIIOII ;;l: ii. 7-S; Ilh>si. .MS., IK 7; /^;rv/c Ili JO 1; i:. I" 4"i(l, iii. ,'}1-:{1m;, iv. (JO-.VU, v. l.'i-.Sl.S; Ciii,lit,l ili M,r., /'roi-lama, pp. Ill; I'intiiii-lii i-oii/rn I11.1 ."^cdnriori-.i, no.s. i. ii. nml iii. pj). I'J; J>i,ii\ , Is7;»; 1,1., Srpt. I.\ Ihn;!; /)iir. Unli: //l^l. ( i, s~!», l-j^l;{, 10, ii. :v\-\\ (i-j-;!. iv. i: >. X. (i:i4; J), i-r, -bo Intern. M,r., pt iii. US; Dnnhar. Mir. / l!\.<, l/iii. M v'l',. .V ")1; /J'Ariii/, /ii'si-ri/). (lin-rnli' Ai a/)' •J--'!); ■ in M- I. •!.')- 10; Dii/'ii/, /!o ;:tO; /', ' ' ol. ; />i ii. 1 00- •_>;;■_'; j)i! /'nil SO- I ; Jtiaz ( 'n '• I'aJliidoli'l, in <'(;/. , ^iiiiliid, ivJO, pp. IJO, '.iiid'irionr.i, ii.; //as.itl, ^fl ,■. rinil (In, if., 1 Ki-.").">; Ki nni-'lij, Ti.v,i<, i. '_*71; III .1111. iili'z, Eiiuil. Mil., IS; KiiiilatI, A lii-'il!i!-it->rln. .1- Lpt. l."i, 1S7S; l.r.ana // /', ii. ()!)-7'''; l-a-' Clii /'ro,li. II, lid. pp. /Md A I Dr Eriiortii'-l,).'!, pp. 10; /,/., C.iria fiS-71; A I'li.it, :mi;-S: Samntliuia, /.'ei-idtftrh., xiii. 4sl-'J; y,f( /'»,«/. Mir., i v. "J 12, 271 ; Liurrv, J)Q'- ■ ■/'U-lm., i. 13-'_'J; Aro/f, ' Vm (A- Sunt, d,- ihoni. S'iii,j,!l,-o, in M.r. So-. Oio,;. 111., i" cp. iv. (Jo7-8. llisr. Mtx., Vol. IV. 10 pp, o; Lliiarc-i, C and 1-0 CUAJTEU XII. MOllKLOS AND UAVOX. isll. Stah: (ii* TiiK Itr.Vdi.iTidN aiteu IIiiim.i;i>"s ('vi'Trur.— IIkkikxpiiv cir Md. nKM>s- Ills ('ii.m;a< ri;ii -Ills Mi;i;ii\i; w nil lli|p\i,i;c, ash ('oM.^n^>l(l\• --^[ol:l;l,()■. in .MiciKiACAN-'riii; KiiVALisT I'AKis I >i:ki;a Ti.i > .M(ii:i i.ci-i MAiiciiK.-i I'd Ciiii.i'ANciMiii Tin; l'AMn,\ iii'iiiio IlKwosCxniin. di' TlXTLA — l)KFKArii|- mi; UdVAIJST l''ri:NTK.S — ACoNSlMliM VSl l'l'l;l. il. nii^'lit. have been had the iuo\-enient reste(| in iiimh'^ hand — •liiat is, had it oi'iginated solely with tliose nieii, Of with any one set of nuni, or had it heeii de|."ndr!it I'or its i'in;d sufC'ss on aught else than the; mi^'hty |)o\vti' JndeDeiidence was not an accident. 1 1 h - 1 • ol Jil'o'jfl'ess. had waited its j'ull development "n the wond) oft and now its hrin'^in^'-Corth was ( Ttain. The hirth "l" li'oedoin in Aniei'i<'a had loic^- 'eeii predeterniinc I. ("ut oil' the head of e\'ery i-evol» ionist twenty tiim -. and twontv times new armies ^ uld arise rtiiiil the It d real draiion was slain. ell'lc When tidings (»f the cauture ■ * Ilidali^o, All and th('ir army reached ]\[e\ico, the rejoicing' of l! I'ovaiists was threat, as we may ima'.^uit' Tl le irst Ti j)ort was conveyed without particulais in a des[)atch iVom Othoa; and thoU''-h the vicerov coiikl rel\ uiii'ii UoVAIJSi' IMMoR'IN.iS. •.•:ii IV I'V Mn- MoKKI.liS \nn:i. '>'■' I IM'Ul.S-'Kl) 'ri.ui;iiu.i: KvAiT \Tr..s iK Till; I'-- ml so !'• iiinii'.i -.(• nifii, p"llilf!lt noWfi' 111. ll )ii-tli "1 niiiui' 1. mil ill" of lilt' tir.-t !v- rsjiiilcll ■Iv Ul"'ll t!i,' sLiiti'mt'iit .' Mini cjiiixd till' Im1I> to III" niii'4. Jir.d .vil\nt.s (>r artillcrv to \)v lii-cd, tln' iii(lt|'rii(lfiif, pjii'ly ill il;i- altsclici' of » It stalls was l(i;it ll to ai'C(|)t it a-- 1 1 L:itrr iiil'i)rniatioii, ImWfVii-, coiilli-iiicd the iiitclli^i'i Ml' iuid di's|)i)iiiiii|pr- •^- sioii of tiif i\:lK'Hion as cssfiitially aff()iii|ili.>li((l. I Jut lir (11.1 ihit iTcoj^'nizi; the t'Xtt-iit and dc^rci' to wliidi iiidpi'iak'nt jil'ilici[iK's had juTNadrd (he lower (la -^f-^, ll i- true that iVolii the swccpiiiL;' disa>tci,> whidi had htU ly l)(_'('ii sustuini'd, ihooidinaiT ohsci-wr iiii;4lit won- (In that thu cause was not ah'cady ahandoiied. iJiit diiiiiiu;' the year !s||, thus l-ir, the iiisiirreetifui ha 1 sincad with siu'itrlsiiiL;- ra|tidily, which had e.HTied it •r the m'eater [»otlioii <»!' XeW Spain. The asjxct ot' (i\ t'le re\dlulion was however, iiiateriall\- ehaii'j'ed sim-e it-> iiici|iieiicy, and the st niL;'L;'le had now assunie(l ninro till; cnl.ir (if iiidi\idual and predatory warfai'e. W'iili- L aii\ toi'iii of '••ON ei'iiiiieiit , or I'Veii a reeo |ileasiire. .Vi'nis and money were waiitiir^, il as leaders; and owiiii;' to this lack of plan and a-> \\i I'es.sc-; 1 riiiiipK', and the ahseiice of colu'sidii, the .sue \'.liiih they reju'atedly gained were hut temporary 'ieu efl ell, mor(-'over, their chiefs kiK'W liltl e ol tlu Hit "I'war, and many of them were wholly unlettei-e(I. t'li ihe other hand, the royali.^ts had auioiin' tlieiii 1 ■aii( i-snot onlv trained to the militarv iirol'ession, hut 1/ • I el practieal exiierieiict,' uiwarlai > ---hiu ol nearly a 11 tl 'V w (•!•(.; m p le arms in t' coiintrv th. \i< 'jis W(.'re We 11.1 isciiiiined aiKl aoi)ve ai iheV held 'its, ;uid eould therefore' supply tliein>el\-es iVom il'ii ii:i 'I. Xeverthel ess, o ver a vast awn detached les (i| iiisurL!"ents s[)run<.i' nito existence led some- times hy iiohlo and ])atriotie men, but too often !i\' »le-ji,.i;j,lin.s and escaped criminals, who carried ou '(--;. '!' .V.u\, Jt.li, ii. ;ioi-j. -:r-^l 'U\ m 202 MORELOS AND RAYOX. little bettor than a guerrilla warfare in their vicinity. Such bands generally kept themselves in impregna- ble positions, making descents upon unprotected towns, and desolating the surrounding country. Althougli the royalist Ibrc.-es occu[)ied all the most important towns and the immediate vicinities, the revolutionists graihially gained control over tlie country at large. (jruanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacan, Zacatecas, and large ])ortions of Puebla, Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosf, and ]\Ie\ico at the close of 1811, were almost completely in possession of the insurgents; and their eneniirs, oonliiied t(j the fortified cities, were not suffi-.-ienlly numerous co assail in all parts the numerous hordes which Infested the country. The main efforts of liu' royalists being directed against the better organi/.i'd arnnes of the independents, they could send out only detachments against such guerrilla bands, as, gatncr- ing strength, made themselves, from time to time, llu' terror of particular districts. In these cases the in- surgents were generally routed and teniporarily dis- persed with heavy loss, no mei'cy being shown to those taken with arm^ in tlieir hands.^ It was, ])erhai)s, tlie very best policy the revolutionists could have pur- sued, altliough adopted without [)olicy — these incessant diversions which weakened the eft'orts of the royalists, and rendered useless the concentration of their forces. There was at this time one man only who stood forth conspicuous among the revolutionists as an ail- mitted chief, a leader round whom they might with some de^gree of confidence rally, a fit successor of iii- dalgo; and somewhat strange to say, this new man was the friend and disciple of Hidalgo, like him an '■'On tlic ;^Oth of .Inly, ISIl. Vcnegas issued .1 procLunatioii to tlu^ ilU'ct that the period for which the mdulto had hocn extended was expired, auil that such aa liad not availed theninelvcs of it were toeousider theiusehes ex- eluded, especially tiiose who still continued to excite or aid insurrection. LI., G!)0. Nevertiieless, it was still not I'efused to those who l)eu;rcd tiiat it iiii::iit bo granted to them. M .ny of tliose thus pardoned again took part wilii tlic revolutionists when the teni]iorary [)eril in which they found tLcnis^lvc.-j \v;i:j passed. Alamun, Uld. M/., iv. ap. 47 S, will bt' fdiiiiil a copy of Mort-los' registry of baptism at Valladolid. The full naiiu u'ivea to liiin was .Tosi5 Maria Tcclo. MJii one occasion, wliile pursuing a bull, he was thrown senscdess from hia lioisc by coming in contiict with the l)raiich of •', trcf. The blow canst il a p'lniancnt scar on his face. /l very atmos[)here about him seemed impregnated tlie latent force emanating from Ids form and pres The eyebrows were heavy, and met, giving the con Iiro tenancc an expression (jf invincible delermiiiatioii. The sha{)e and size of the head also showed gi'eat meii- tal power. .Vbout the mouth and lower jaw tlie diai acter lines were deeply traced, features geueraliy W( 11 cliist lied, the <'hin bein- ]>raver.s in the cloister. And not- wiihstantling all this, in the ordinary affairs of life he (!is|)layed a decided ini])assiveness, a countenance so siTcne as never in the slightest degree to reveal the woridngs of the mind. Xor was lie lacking in con- versational ])owers, in courtesy, or even in sj)rightly good hunioi'. Nature made him master of all her sarviii'jf moods, and "jfave him the discretion to use them t;) ii'OO I l)ur[ )()se as occasion tlemanc ded. J le wore various uniforms during his militai'V ca- ncer; hefore he became a soldier his dre ss was tl le usual habit of a cura, not the extrenio priestly robe, hut a long black fi'ock coat, black vest, knee-breeches, stockings, and buckled shoes, lie suffered constantly iVoni headache, which was greatly I'clieved by a ker- • liirf always worn w^ound round the head, and usually sup])lying the place of hat or hood. The character of jMorelos will stand the most searching scrutiny. Under closest analysis, its strength a;id beauty shine brightest. His originality and sound iudixment command our hi'>hest admiration. I'ogether with great militajy ability, wdiich enabled liini to design wise combinations, he possessed excel- I'ut dist-riniination. He knew how to select his olli- ccrs and aixents. Uneducatc'd thouiih he was both in till' arts of war antl policy, his marvellous instinct and ■vision, imited with sound common sense, a'ained 1 ' d' or iiiii 1 higli renown, not only as war commander, but as iHilhical chief. The most minute affairs and matters |>raj)parently insignificant im[)ortance never escaped his watchful eve. He recognized the imixirtance of as ii e\ ervtl mm" re Itfutiou to trifles. It seemed red his attention. A riiri*! cathoh(\ he alwavs con- I'L'IV dl sea unnse If bef( ore gomg into av-tion; and his relig- s('nn)h's were such that after his first engagement le never personally celebrated mass, but tlelegated )U> 290 MORELOS AND RAYOX. tlic i)erf()rincTnce of that cereniony to an army cliap- lain. Liko Hidalgo, lie lias been cliarj^ed with ciui.'lty ; but reiterated accusations of this kind seem silly as brouufht aijjainst one who makes it his business to kill and dania'';e his fellow-creatures for the time as mi.ch as [)ossil)lc. The difference drawn between the kind mandviller and the cruel one is little else than con- ventional subterfuge." Here in particular it was the exterminating system of warfare pursued which ini- [)osed u[)on revolutionary leaders severity and a I'ig- orous system of death-sentences. The dev(>i^')n ol" ]Morclos to the cause was unbounded, and his tirnmess of soul held him to whatsoever course his judgment marked out as the best. He was thoroughly consis- tent; for the attainment of independence he s])arc(l neither liimself nor his enemies. Serene withal and im[)assive, alike in prosperity and disaster, he neither gave M'ay to arrogant self-assertion nor yielded to dejection. But conspicuous among all his great (jual- ities was his perfect disinterestedness. No [)ersoiial motive influenced him in his valiant struijo'le ibr lih- ertv. His own asj^grandizement was what he least thought of. To decorations and titles earned by his victories he was Mholly indifferent; he preferred the simple appellation of 'Servant of the Nation.''' When Hidalgo moved toward Valladolid after his capture of Guanajuato, Morelos, whom the news of the insurrection had alreadv reached, hastened thitlur to learn what it all really meant. Hidalgo, howi'vcf, had left the city; Morelos followed the army toward the capital, and overtook Hidalgo at the town of Charo. Thence he accompanied him to Indaparapea. " ' Af[iiplla cniolilad calcnlada, con qiic friamcnte volvio sangre por saiigro, y pago i'l sua t'lU'iiiigos cuiitnplic'ail(i.s los males que do cUos lecibio,' Siali is Alaniaii'.s uiifaii' appreciation of liini ! IliM. Mcx., ii. ^i'2. ''Morn, Mcj. y kii.-< l' bo sent to the nearest intendencia. Opportunity was to lie given to siicii Kur,)- I'eniis as were married to unite their respective families, in order that thoy miL,'ht retire to their own country, or be removed to some ishind whicli would hi' Nclieti'il for their destination. The n)ain object of this expedition to the s'liiith was tlic capture of the port of Acapulco. Di'dararioii dc Morclu^, in III n^iiiiilizy Diiralo/i, Col. Doc, vi. 18. Ncgretc, wlio evidently never s:i\v thu ilixlaratiou of Morelos, quotes a long passiigc out of Alanian, wlio viiy tk'urly, and almost in Morelos' own words, recounts tlie particulars of this uiterview lietweeu tiie two leaders. The language of Alaman is mystery and loiifiusion, however, to Negretc, who laively confesses that he does not under, ttaud him. Hid. Mil. J/cx. Siij. XIX , i. 317. 2!)S MORELOS AND RAYOX. Martinez, captain of the militia cavalry of diat port, v\itli lii'ty men well j)rovi(lecl with arms." Thence Moreios marched to ]^etatlan. Success again attended him. (^regoi'io Valdeolivar, the captain in command, was in tlie city of Mexico at the time, and jMorelos, having surprised and captured his wife, com})elled her to deliver up the keys of the quarter in which the isrms were stored. Jiy this procedure ho ol)tained jiossession <^f fifty additional muskets, and as many lances. 11 is I'orces were also incri'ased by more than 100 men. Henceforward the i)rogress of ]Morelos was rapid; and on his march to Aca|)ulco folhnvers "' ;Afr/...- /'r%','<;Cai;1".iu,;tu lj(Y ^i daily flocked to his standard. Passing through Tec- pan, Zanjon, and Coyuca, ho arrived at Aguacatillo, his forces now numbering 3,000, all well armed wilU muskets, swords, and lances. Unlike Hidalgo, 3Io- relos would not permit the rabble to follow him; ho would not have an army of undisci[)lined and ri'- r tctory men: he coniined himself to a small l)iit <■•:.. .lent force. At Tecpan he won to tlie cause t!io il' ana family, wh>)so chief members soon distin- " \fiu'tiiu '■ .'icconipauicd Mon.'los during tlio first five iiKintlis of the caiii- pai.i;.!, and ',rad tlieii sent, l)aol; to Zaeatula witli the titli; of comandaide of tlnit port, to wlduh the prisouers taken ia future were scut. Dedanifkni ile Mordos, 19. ADVANCI'] OX ACAPULCn. 209 X "ulslied tliL'iiisL'lvos by tlioir l^ravciy iiiid abilities, ; i!(l wc'iv .sL'lccicd by ]\I()relos as lii.s principal oiticcrs. Theie WL'i'o llirec br(»tlK;rs of thuin, Juan Joso, Aii- t(»nii>, and HL-rniuni'g'ildo, and they ])r()Vod dt.-votrd ii)lli)\VL'rs of ^.lorelos, and i>i'L'atl v assisted him with uirii and arms. From .VL;uacatiIlo, IMorelos advanced against Aca- pulco, wliither Captain Antonio Fuentes, coman- (hiiite of Tecpan, had lied on the ap])i'oac'h of the in- sinu'cnts. Seiulin-j: forward a detachment of 700 or !s(JO men under Cortes and llal'ael Vaklovinos to occupy tlie height of Veladero, which connnands the 11! 'it, tliov en■ 1' HiMinauto afiscrts tliat tho insurgont-i rallioil at tho cry of a parrot pcrcli-'d ii:i a trri'-top, shouting, 'Fuogo! tnogo!' whoa they liL';^an to run. Alania,!, ii'i<. .1/vm ii. ;jui. S03 MORELOS AND EAYOX. Ill uniting liis force with the sixth division of the coast, commanded by Jose Sanchez Pareja. At Tepango, also, the insui'gents suffered a reverse, a detacliment under Cortes and Martinez, who had been sent to at- tack the royahsts at Chikipa, being defeated with some h>ss by Guevara.*^ With better fortune, how- ever, Miguel do Avila gained on November 'J3d a slight success over Fuentes, who had landed at the harbor of Marquez with 300 men from Acapulco; and on the 13th of December the same othcer re- pulsed at a place called the Sabana, the united forces of Paris and Pareja, who in conjunction with Fuentes were advancing against At;uacatillo. Hitherto the operations of Morelos in the field h;id been neither important nor brilliant; and })iqued at the insignificant results, he determined to anticipate Piiris' meditated assault upon Aguacatillo. The royal- ist leader had fallen back to Tres Palos, and ^Morelns decided to surprise his camp by night. Accordingly on the 4tli of January, 1811, he secretly despatched Avila with GOO men, who defeated the royalists, nearly 1,000 strong, with the trifling loss of five killed.'- The result was most important to the revolutionists; GOO muskets, five pieces of artillery, including a howit- zer and a large quantity of ammunition, and other war stores fell into their hands, while the re[)utatioii of their chief s])read far and wide. Morelos now directed his attention to Acapulco, iu the expectation of gaining possession of the fort with- out difficulty, Carreho's assistant, an artillery otiieer named Gago, having secretly made ofltbrs to surrendei' it to him. With GOO men he marched in person from the Sabana, and on the night of the 7tli of Februar}' secretly took up a position on the eminence of las Iguanas in front of the fort. Early next morning the " Ouevnra was the father of General Nicolas Bravo's wife. Id., ii. .'i-1. ^'' Dcrldracioa de ilordo><, '20. Vcnogas, iu his attempt to niislcail tlio public, publisheil a garbled account, saying among otiicr things that the 1 i-s of the royalists was next to nothing, while tliat of the insurgents amoiuiUil to 200 killed. Gaz. de Mex., ISll, ii. Gl-2. MOVEMENTS OF TROOrS. 301 ])ioe<)nccrtetl sifi^nal was seen at the appointcrl hour," ami ]\I()rel()S, dividing his force into two divisions, placed one under a man from the United iStates named Ehas liean,'^ and the other under Avila. These officers were directed to approach the castle i'l'om dilferent ])oints. But Gago's overtures were all a i\:\ut; and when one of the divisions had advanced w itliin I'avorable range, the fort and vessels in the liarhor simultaneously opened fire n])on it. ^lorelos, ivalizing the treachery, (juickly withdrew his men. lie then concentrated his forces on the Iguanas hill, and laid siege to the fort. For nine days he kept up a steady tire with foui' pieces of artillery of light cali- hie.and a h.. ii. !». '■' Xegiuto says that Morelos uieiitioiis that only one pifi'u wa;i eaptui'ed. Thu woriLs of Morelos were: 'Qtiitadu toda sn ariilleria, exei jito una sola pie/a.' Sec .lA .(•. ,S'/;/. A/A'., iv. I'.)5. See Orozon's account, m Ih rimmb: y I)<'r,ilus, C„l. J)ii,\^ iii. -JS,"). ''■'liie forces left under Ifernandez nunihered alxmfJ.lJDl). Of these, 1,000 Were stationed in an intrcnelieil position on the Sahana. the remainder oec.i- 1 viiiL,' ill detachments podts at Agnacatillo. VeUidero, las Cruces, and a point ;u liic loot of the uuesta. Dwluracioii dc Morclu^-', '21. 3)2 moi:f.los axd rayox. (Ill tlic 4tli of \|)i'll/' to retire to las C'nicjs, v.lii.'i liad I)L'cii occupied hy Fueiites. The viceroy, in dis- ^;ust at ( 'osi'o's want of success, and perhaps ot' loyalty, heiiiL;- a Mexican, placed Fuenti-s in connaand. A^aiii on the ;>Ut,h oC Ai)i'il and the 1st of May, A\ila suc- cessfully re] )elled an attack made hyFuentes, who f' II hack upon las (,'ruces and .\'4iiacati!lo, iVoin which the insurgents had heen coin])elled to withdraw. In the mean time, Monies, i'ecstal>lishee hrotheis, iii order to escape frorii the impoiluiuties of the coinaiidaiitet! of i'ixtlaaiid (l.i- lapa, who persisteil in I'eipiiiing their services airainst tlie revohitionists, re- tired to their hacienda at C'hichihual«>, and secreted themselves lu a cave called Micliapa, where they reinainccl for seven nioutiis. Wliile hero tiiey received a letter forwarded to tlieni from Moielos, descriliin;,' the suH'erin .;■■! of ids troops from Imnger, an"- nienting the number of his forces, and ahove- all in attention to their military instru(;tion and discipline. When these successes became known to Fuentes, lir recognized that it was of paramount importance to anc,4 the progress of Morelos; and stopping prepara- tions to attack Avila at the A^eladero, he concen- trated his I'orces in his pursuit. Taking up a j^osition at Cliilapa, an important town four leagues distant \'v"\\\ Tixtla, he made his dispositions for the reca[)ture of the latter town. ]\[eantime ]\Iorelos, having com- pleted the defences at Tixtla, leaving there a garrison r( I tip eiiemv s lorces, an d the diversion caused at Chil- panijiigo, hastenevIios(' aiiiiiiiiiiition was almost rxliaiistod, was now i critical pnsition. Mmclos, liowuvcr, was already a liastoninij;' totlicii' assistance, and on the 17th assailed the real- of l"\u'ntes' force with .SOO cavalry and 1(J0 infanti-y, sui)|)oi'ted hy thret> cannon. (jJaleana and ] *i'avo iniinc(liatelva\ai ilcdth lemselves of tills diversion and sallied from the town. Fuentes, thus attacked in front and rear, ordered a retreat, which at tirst was coiuhicted with order and deliberation. A drt'iichiiii; rain-storm, however, commenced, impediiiL^ the inovc- inents of the royalists, and rendei'inn" their ammmii- tioii unserviceahlc. Moii'los now ordered (i;diaiia and i>ravo to come to close <]uarters with swonl and hayonet, while he swept down ujx)!! them wit!i the cavalrv. The change threw the rovalists into confusion; completely I'outi'd, they fled in all dii'er- tions, leaviiiLj on tlnj lield "JOG killed, more than ;!()0 muskets, two ^nms, and a (piantity of other arms, as the spoil of the ^■ictors, who, moreover, caplm..! 8(I(i j»risoners.-' Three days later Morelos marchc i into C.'hilapa, whitlu'r Fueiites with a remnant of hi> scattered force had lied. The insuru;ent army was now over l,r)00 stronj;', and the (h-feated royalist. a> Well as the (Jajaca troo])s stationeil there, ahandotird the t(nvn on its aj)proach, leavini>' two pi(^(v.\s of artll- Ic cry and a (piantity of ammunition. At v..iii.apa., Ilic artilleryman da^o, whose perfidious di!si<>;n had so nearly in\-olved Morelos in disaster at j\c;.pulco, w o. W IS |o ca[»tured, together with Jose Torihio Xavari after havini;' received from ^[orelos ,s200 with whidi to raise troops I'or the independent cause, had passid over to the royalists. The unfortunate men were suiu- marily exec ■nted.-^ /'iir'r '/' M„rifi ri iti.-i ll< ill :: 1/ DiirnloH, ('of. JJof., iii. ."^T. '11 • IlL'- urcs ill tlii.H (U'spatfli iKlilrisscil to I! what iVoiii those ;^'ivcu by Moivlos in his (lccl;u;itioii, t'c tlio (hiy aftortho hattio ililFi' lutor. A hi Hi M J- iti-'J; JjiifiUn. •itc, Cuad. JJisl. flROWINTJ POWER OK MOIiF.LOS. SOS Tlio jiositioii of Morclos wms in the lii^host dcj^rci satislac'tory. Voiioi^as liad iimiuMliat».'ly at liaiid iioi- (her (r(»()})s nor an eHiciunt Icadci' to sond ai^Minst iiiM, and tlio rauiy season now approacJun;;' won iuve Idni IVci'doni IVoni molestation loi* sonu- tii y a lew (•omj)anies, lay o|)en helorc him. IjuL while all was thus hii^ht oveihead, the hoji/on was not without clouds. A conspiracy directed against \[\< life and cause was at woi'k in his own ranks, which hut for his ener^•y mi;i;ht have i)een attended ith t'.ital consecpuMices. His method of snp[)ressinLj w It was charactiTistK The iirst inlorniation I'oceivod hy ^[oi'elos of the caiitine of llidali^o was hy inter(.*ei)tod letters. Fear- ing- the effect on his folhtwers, lie ke[)t the matter to liiiiiself, hut commissioned J)avid-'- and Tahares, hoth (it WllDlll hatl re'i(lere( 1 hi m I'-ooi I service in the attack U])oii IMi'is at Tres l?alos, as his aj4;ents to solicit the aid of (lie United States.-^ On their journey tliither tln'V met llayon, who infornnul them of his appoint- laeiit hy llidal^'oand Allende as ca[)tain-general of t!ie re\i>hitionaiT forces and ordei'ed them to return, iderred up;)n Tahares the rank of brigadier, iuid that of c(donel U])on i)avid. ^lorelos, liowevei', "11 their arrival at (^Idlapa, I'efused to recognize their iiiiiissions, and dee[)ly olfended they withdnnv to C'hiliiaueingo on the pretence of atteri'ling to [)rivate liaviii'j' CO (•1)1 iJerl. ii'iii-tiin < !<• Morclof, "Jl-'J; Morn, Mr}, y iv. :jor-:{. lioth r.us- tiiiiuiuti; aiil Mora dillbr wicli thy stateuKjuts ot .MoreU)^ ;is rcganls tlio iiiiiii- Iwi'df lii.-i t' )rL'e.s aiul thoso of t'le prisoiuix and guns caiitui'od. On tlio lOth of Sept. Monlos issued a burk'sciuo piMflaiiialiDn, auuiiuiuiii;^ tiu' ilisapjiL'ar- i'.iii l.V I ■oiiiit!io ISJi of Aug. (if tin; junta patiiotica, \\\ liad 1. tahlisliud uiMit. .s in (,'liilap.i. IFo cxlioi ;■> tiie viet'iny and inti'iidintcs of tliu piov- lacus t.i [iiiMi.sli tlii.s announi'iMncnt, i.'i (ji-dcr that tho \vlK'rual"iut.s of the junta may lie di.su(j\i.rfd and reported to liini. Jlirnundiz i/ lidcalux, Col. III. ■■One I if the four men from the U. "i. wlio had escaped from Aeapulco ami jiiiie.l Moi'.-Ids. •'•■'I'ara ne^oeiar la alianza eon loa Estadoa vniJos.' Dcdaradon dc More- los, -i:;, IlLvr. Mi:x., V..L. I\". -.lO ' fl ^9 I 300 MORKLOS AND RAYOX. business. Thence they hetook tlienisclves to tlh eoast, and in conjanction with one ]\luyo, who wa. servinn' under An ila at the Vehidero, fomented an in suncction, the aim of which was the kilhn<>- oi" i\u uided ju'opnetors an( 1 all >erson« hel onuinii' to tl w hite race. The jio[)ulace of the coast towns eaueily joined in the project. Ignacio Ayala, who had l»(iii a|)i)ointed intentiente by Alorelos, was si.'ized and coii- IIikhI at Te<'[)an, but succeeded in etfecting his esca| While Avila was al)sentl'rom Veladero for the ])Ui|»o,vj of disarininii' J)avid and Tabares, Mavo suri)rised tlic oflicer left in charge, made him and others i'aj)tive, and attached the trooj)s to the iniquitous undertalcing. The news of these proceedings soon reached Mo- relos, who hastened with an escoi't of 100 men ti> the scene o f d; uiLi'er, ][ IS 1)1 resence sutliced to over I We the mutineers. The troops returned to their allr- giance, Avila was reinstated in his conunand, an 1 J3a\ id and Tabares were disarmed. With the proi.i- ise ol' placing lliein in charge of an expedition inl ) Oajaca, he brought them back to Chila|)a, wliert- liv his ordtirs they were secretly beheaded.'-' lie a! -i instru(;ted Avila to execute Mayo, who was accord- inu'lv shot. When news of the capture of the revolutionary leaders at las Xoriasde Uaj an reached Kayon,"''aw;iio that Ochoa was marchiiiLj against hiiv, and that E'i- zondo was making a similar hostile movement IVoiu 31t)nclova, he determined to abandon Saltillo and (U- -'/'(. Moirlds fcarcil a pulilic cxccMitioii mii,'Iit cause distiiihaiu'i', as t'lc ooiis|iiratnis had many ailhcrL'iit.s in the ai'iny. Jiii^triiiimilc, Ciiin/. //'>'.. ii. 'JO ■_*. Thi^< author (niiit.s to inakc mention of the deeeption [uactisi'd ni tiicni hy .Morehis, who himself makes the ailinis.ion in ids deeiai'atiou : ' ll'-. ^ulto la niuei'te de aijui'llus diis (|nc se le.s mando dar en Ciiilaita hasta dond; los eundujo con el pretesto de darle.s una ex])edicion ])aia ()axaea.' [i. -' •. lie moreover .set'Uis to have lieen unaware lliat David and 'I'aliares !i 1 luen (leS|iatelie(l as commissioners to the I'. S., asserting that they hail li a Hcnt to liayou to inform Idni of tiie situation in the south. '^^ Custamauto .states that at this time Jiayon received an order, lieaii.i,' the sif,'uatui-c of Alleiule, to place at the (iis))osal of Kli/.oudo the ti(iii|w ii,i- dm- his command. CikkI. ///.^^, i. lilO. llayon could only concludv that su>..i a couiuiand wad a iahi icaliuu of the royalisU, and paiil no heed to it. RAYOWS MARCH TO ZACATIXAS. 307 rcct his course to Zacitccas, wliicli Avas only ilifi'iulcd 1)\ a small t^anison. UuriiiiLj tlio latter Jays of .Maivli lie accordingly evacuated that town, his forces amount- ing to about 4,000 men.^*^ Ochoa, duly informed of this movement, hastened to intercej>t him, and on the 1st of April an en^-agcment was I'ought at the delile of I'inones. The action lasted six hours, and eniled in lavor of the independents, Ochoa retreatint^ to Acj^ua- nui'va.-' This success, in the achievenu nt of whii-h the troops behaved exceedingly well, gained pivstige I'nr the cause, Kayon, without further molestation, continued his niarcb. to Zacatecas, but the dithcullics with which he had to contend were so great, that had a iiii»re energetic couunander been o[)posed to him he would have been overwhelmed. At Pin(Hies a large portion of his [)ack-n>ulcs and })rovision and water- wagons i'ell into the hands ol" the royalists. Tlio coun- tiy was destitute of A)od and water, and the suller- iiigs of his troops were fearl'ul. Sickness broke out aiuoiig them; many died, others went mad, and most of t!ie animals perished. ]\[a<''uev and cactus iuice Mas drunk, producing burning pains.""^ If a well or iii-iijiiiiicant stream was found, the men fou'/ht lilce wild beasts over it. At a place called Las Animas tlicic were symjitoms of mutiny. A council of war was held, at which it was resolved to jtetition for the grace extended by the general pardon, lla^on, com- pilh'd outwardly to acquiesce, neverthekss postponed taking the necessary accion in the matter, and many ilcserted. '•" Ai'cordini,' to }rorii, Mij. y Kim Rir., iv. IHS. Ochoa in liia reiioi't nf tin. .'M (rf April status tluit ILiyon's ai'iiiy iiiuoiiiitoil to (1.(100 iiirii, "-'.oai) of Mliniii were cavalry, llo liail also -\ jiu.'cus of artillirN ami ^,ix cuhL'riii.i. '.•(/■-. 'Ir M,u:, isll, ii. ]-2-20. ■' I'l., KSll, ii. I-JOO-;! ' ' -'22, contains a copy of (Vhoa's detailed ir- piM't (if tliis enga,L,'finint. ^ l.e hiigadicr i'onci', wlio with f Hir .soldiers li.;: I .s(]iiinae(l from the main body of the levolnt ionistn in or.'er to ohserxis Ihu i''tii:itef the enemy, was made c;i]>tive after lieini,' moftallv' wounded. I.e- fuie lii.s death he eummunicited to Oei.oa Iho plans of Kaycii. / /., J'J:.'!). ■'■.hjso Maiia Anxirenn, who had heen made intendentc of N'alladolid \ioiieios de (liiadalupe, about a league from Zajalecas. Aliuiiai:, Hit. h4 ii; ;t: Hi ft 4'! r m i 'J 30S MORFXOS AND RAYOX. The captain-iTPiK.'ral, however, bravely piisheci for- Avard. Aware that there was abundance ( »t" watei' at 1 h l- liaeienda of San Eustaquio, which was occu])i(.(l ]>y a royalist force under ]^arrainzar, he sent forward ;i ♦ letachment und(.;r the diniction of Anaya to attac!; the place. Anaj'a succeeded in sur[)risini^ the enc.iiy and dispersed them. From this time the sufferings of the independents were mitigated. At San Eu>t;i- ([uio llayon halted for two days, in order to refiv.^h his exhausted men.^'' On the 11th of April he jmI- vanced to the hacienda of Pozo Iloiuh), whence hr detached 500 men under St)tomayor to take possession of Fresnillo, which was done. As llayon approa complete; his camp, artillery, ammunition, am' hag- gage, with 500 bars of silver, fell into the ]ianag'ues distant, and on the following day, the Ijtli of .\[)ril, llayon entered Zacatecas without opposi- tion."'" Thus terminated the retreat from Saltillo, '-' r>iistainanto gives a ilotailod nccomit of Rayon's march from S.iltill", having; nhtaiiicil it innsonally fmin IJayou, Cii'vl, //'i.^/., i. •3l(l-4. Ahiuiini, to v.Ikhii Uayiiii also nari'atcil the uvciits, curroborutos Jiussianiaiite in all iii.iia paiticnlai's. J/ 1st. Mi J., ii. 'Jdl. •'"//., ii. 'Jli"-'; Mnni. Mcj. y sii< /?'■'■., iv. 170-'2; liustaDianti', i|Uiitiii,' from tlio Ahln/ia lay liy t\\v icvolulinni-t-. 'I'lio u!ini-cariia','c luin;^ hi-dkcn, a soldier voluntarily supiplicd it.s want ly placing himself on hisliands and knees and suppntinL,' thi' piece on his h;i. k. I'ho recoil of the piece shattered his spine at the lir.^t dischur^'e; this did nut, RAYON'S POSITIOX. with lo \v;i < Iki-- IMS dl .\Vrlv'mentini>-antl (hilhi Lis I'orces. JIo made cannon and wa^'ons; and all ll ces of the place in clothing, munitions of wai' le icsoui and iiioncv were put in requisition. J he rich nime of (^hiihradilla"' was thrown ()])en to all who chose to V rk, oi'c third of tln' metal to ^'o to the lahorers. Will' l!i' nceiitivo, thousands toiled ni^ht and dav, and it w nount of metal was secured. xVsf ir as as po' ;iole, Rayon also orLTanized the_L(overnment ^fllie pi'ovince, retaining- in their otKces all those em- who u'ave satisfactory u'uarantees of their ad- •reiici.' to tl le cause. :\[i t)reovei', JiavmLT convo ked ''elh' lli'H) lal iunta of the numicinal coriiorations, he laid e them his plans I'or the estahlishiuent there (tf a |iio\ isional representative governmenc of the nation, nidc pendent of Spain. At the same time he sent a communication to on ins marcii a-jams h ^t 1 nm hed Caileja, wIkj was already iVti!;i San Lu's l*ot(.si. This address, which reac Calleja's hands nv tiie iiacienda of Cairo, sets forth xplanatit>n -i:' tiio cause and object of the i i.i\ on s I lV\tl nti on •herons imprisonment of tin Siiaiiish monarch. J, • strtes, W:'S no im|)e(limcnt to d tin; estaiaishment oi .i junta central oi' of provincia l.'Wivcr, deter one of liis comrades fiMnt follow int; lii.s cNaiinile, wlio lieiie; Veil eiiveied witli .saekiiiu' sustained littU' injury. When the eani[> w.is t,il>. II. the tirsL Mildier, linn iit tiiu jioiiit of diatli, nsked if (he sliot wliiili li : 1 In I II lir<'d IVnni ills liaek had taken elleet, lieinL; .-m.s'.vered in the allliiii- iilive, lie exelainied, ' I'ni's iiien, aiicira niueri) eon ei.sto !' and .soon alter ex - I'livl. Ciitiil. Hist., i. 'J(l.')-0. ■'' The' (iwneis w ei' >|i:\n.'Hrds, tl\(> eliief heiiii,' Ferniin de Aiie/echea, v ho iiiid r< tired lo Mexit . A/iiiii(ni, llinl, J/(/.,ii. '.M,'!. ■'■i!a>on oaiiiSL'd ;■ : no coined. Altlmii-h the coins McixMif inferior w^rli- iii:ii!>-lii|), they uerc \ ■■•'.■ \n\ at Vera Crn/, tlieir value iieini; at the rale of nine I ( ales to the lies.) i: tc, 'I'hey l)nre tiie initials !.,. \'. ()., \\ liicli aeeord- n l! lo llustanianti' meant. I.'i/mr I'iiirit Dnini'i. ('hiiiI. I/is/., i. iil7. Ne;.:ietc i-M-.e-^U iiliotlier inleipretatiou (if the Ktteis, namely, LiVdiduo.-i vicanli.i "J- iiiido.-i. JA.i. Si aid the ecclesjaslicul hicl I ^\•(. and dtinations \v riu'hts of ]*Yvrnando, howe^ i>'o vernnient being niainfaine; and linally, to juv- vent tlie surrender of New Spain to the French;'' This address was signed conjointly ])y linyon an', (\ition, llosales having availed himself of the beneiit (''<' the |)ardon which was granted at his request to liiin and Ids troops.'"^ ^leantime Emparan inarched witii great ra[)idity in pursuit of liay(jn, aiul on the same day on which ( allcja entered Zacatecas overtook him at the liarjcnda de Mafj^uev. The en<>-agement which fol- lowed was most disastrous to the revolutionists. Th(iu<>h occu])vinix a stronuf position on the adiaeent rili-c, thciv were routed on all sides, the artillerv of t!u' enemy oj)eiiing upon theni with telHng precision. liuyon's troops were dis[)ersed, his demoralized officers finving off a ! Navarretc and Maiui-l Muhiz.''" In the nei-^li bur- hood of Patzcuaro Torres was vio-orouslv attacked bv u rovalist force. The '-ontest lasted nearlv the whole lay without insurgents fr miner tl le the enemy beinix fiblo to tlislodi>-e tlio ■om the ])ositi()n which they taken u[) en o of la Tinaja. Torres, howevei', was 6"6^' severely wounded in the arm, and his troops were sn hard pressed that their defeat was inuninent. At this moment llayon arrived with reenlbivements; the royalists were soon routed, e^'en losing their bau'ua v.hich thoy had left at Huiramba. The conjunction of the insurgent leaders being thus accom])lished, Payon prejiared to attack Valladolid. Alter Cruz's de[)arture from that city in Januaiy, only a small force remained for its defence. T Trujillo, wlu), as the read(3r will recollect, had Ikhmi appointed military connnander of the province, was s i arrogant and tyraimical that he brought iqx)!! liiia the hatred of the inh;d)itants. ]Iis conduct was n^t conducive to the pacilication of ^Michoacan; in fact, lli'! whole j)rt)vince, with the exception of its capital and tile immediate vicinity, revolted. Alter the fatal (l;iy at the biidge of Calderon, ^luniz, and a number 'I' other chiefs who had sustained defeat there or el.sc- '■"Tliese loaders were rcsjwctivoly the ri'volntionary comirunulcrs in thi.' tlcpaitniuutti of JVitzciuiio iind Tacaiiibaro in Mielioaeaii. /(/., C'tnul. JIk'., i. '2lo. ATTACK OX VALLADOLID. 31:5 wlu'r(\ t(K)k rcfujjj'c in tlio ruii'i^vd districts of ^liclioa- caii/' whci'o (jvcn the iiisalulji'ity of the climate in a lari^'o j)orti(>n of the province served as ])rotection. Here they soon j^'athered strength, and linally, l»y the (iidperation of their forces, I'ound themselves in a po- sition to assume the oftensive. Rayon, tliercforo, formed liis plans, in concert ^ith the other leaders, I'lir a combined attack on Valladolid, and on the 2'.>th ni' May the heig'hts adjacent to the city were ()ccu[)ied hy lai'L;'e bodies of insurgents, \vh(/se nundjei's wire esti- mated by Trujillcj at seven or eight thousand.''^ The besiegers without delay opened lire (Mi the city with their artillery, which consisted of twenty-Hve jticces of ditferent calibre. The ell'ect, however, was insignificant, owing to the long range and poor gun- inry. On the f)llo\ving day Antonio Linai'es, who had 1)een sent from Guanajuato to the assistance of Tnijillo, succeeded in entering the city before day- light. The royalists now attacked the enemy antl iiillicted some loss, ca[)turing tw'o cannon and dislodg- ing' them from one of their p(witi(»ns. With this suc- cess Trujillo began preparations Ibr a general assault, b'at the insurgent leaders, aware of the reeidorcement, and disappointed at the absence of any demonstration in tlieir favor on the ])art of the inhabitants, secretly retreated on the night of the 1st of June to Taciim- bar. ).■'■- In the mean time events of great moment, wdiich will be narrated in the following chapter, had oc- '"TiMJillo, ill a letter ti) tho viceroy iKitt'il .luiK' 2, ISII, rc[H)rt-i 'Lireuii- i'lii lie iiiMS (lu ili)ec e;il)eeilla'<, ((uo por liaberlii.< eeliuili) ile tmla-i partci hu iiriiUH del Ivey se luiu rel'ii^'iailo a cata proviueia al ahrigo fiiisiilin, do sieto ;i oelio mil, .sill ((iio sea e\;i;.;erad.).' lie als » m.'iilioii.-i tiic liMiii vi '.f till! eliief:! iippo.ied to liiin: el elc'i'l^' ) Xava"ri;te mid ui'.ier-iof the re- li-iuiis (i.iler, and tlie e iptaiu-L^eiierals Muni/, Torres, Uayoii, Lie,ea>:a, Hiii- drill II I, Sal to, (.'arraHeo, and ]{.;uuew, 'eon otiMS do iiifei'ior jaez.' Oil tlieii lil'piiaeii ai^'aiiist tlio eity tin; divisimi Uiider 'J'orre.s was vij.'i)rou.sly attai.'ked, .May 'JTtii, liy Ciiptain lolipe lioliledo, who after a oiitest of three liour.i v.aii cuiii[);illed to retreat with 1 i.s-;. /'/., 4!):)-,")0(). In this eii.LCa.T-nieiit tho left anil of 'J'liiTc'.s w;is siiattei'ed liv.i ;4i'apo-shot. Jjuxlaiaaiitc, CuaJ, Jiia!., i. -oL '-Gi:. dcMcx., ISII, ii. JOJ G. I i i). III ' '. i i ! ' ' ■ i 4 iii ,1 31 1 MOr.ELOS AND RAYON". II cui'ivd ;it Zitiicnaro, and lluyoii witli a small (^scoi't had already procoedod thitlici". Previous to his do parturc, lie organized the niilitary govermnent of tlie vai-ious districts. To Torres he assigned P;it/euaii) and Uruapan; to Xavarrete, Zacapo; to ^[arianii Caneiga, l*anindicuaro; to .\rnhiz;, Taeanibaro; and to the guerrilla chief Luna, Act'unharo and Ji.'recuaro. The insurgents now for some time confined tli'ir operations against V'alladolid to a mere blockade, which though maintained at a distance eil'ectually cut oif Tiujillo's communication with the ca])ital. This inaction Listed nearly two njonths, durin""; wliii h 3Iufiiz occupied himself in increasing his forces and armament. Cannon wm-e cast, muskets were coii- sti'ucted of Ijronze,'''' and every preparation made Ibr a more determined effort. On the L'Jth of duly the iude- ])endent leaders, again reunited, a|>pcai'cd belbi'c the city, their forces now amounting to 10,000 or IlVJ"() men, with forty pieces of artillery." On the "JUth jNIuhiz sent to Tri..;illo a peremptory sumuHJUs to siu'- render if he would not see the city put to lire and sword.^' To this connnunication Trujillo vcnichsafrd no reply. On the 21st the insurgents opened fire, Irat M'ith little cttect;*" and on the hjllowing da\ , the city being invested on all sides, the attack commenced, "^riie i)rincipal assault was directed against the southein entrance, under the immediate coniiiiand of Muniz. Trujillo, however, successfully repulsed it, driving the enemy back upon their lines with heavy loss, and caj)- turin'»; eiuiit cannon. ( *'' 'Que coiiio los .ircabuccs del tiempo do la conquista, crnn iiiuy ju'siidos y K ' disi):iral)aii cciii iiu'riiii. neecsitaiido (Uis lioinhivn para su iiianejy.' Almiini., Jllsl. .]/,)., ii. ;!91; /lii^fiimmiii; Ciuul. J/i4., i. "JS-t. ** Oil 11k; other side of the city affairs went otlicrwise. Koblcdo was uikiI)1(j t(^ iiiaintaiii liis position a( the Santa Cutalina (j!ato, and Ti'ujillo hastened to his as- sistance. On his entrance into the city lie was lilled w itii consternation at the conl'nsion which })revailed. !Men, women, and children in wild alarm xwre rushiiiLif through the streets, shrieking and wailing, and ]ir:>- claiming that the city was in the pow<'r ol" the insui-- g ■Ills. Soldiers were Hying from their posts, and all seemed lost. Trnjillo, however, displa\'ed rare cour- age and presence of mind, liaising the ci-y of victni'v, and that Calleja was approaching, he succeeded in al- loying the panic, and hurried iorwurd to the Santa C'atalina gate. There the greatest disorder prevailed; the artillery v.as dismounted or in the hands of the enemy; the ^^l(liers were tleeing, casting down their arms, and tiii'owingoti' their unifoiMus. Arresting the Hiidit with elders to kill all who did not rejoin their ranks, Tru- jiilo sallied on to the plain and attacked the enemy. 1 le was, however, comj)elled to rv^tire; and although ill a second charge he gained some slight advantag(^, ]iis position was des[>erate. His troo])s were giving V. .ly at other points, and all was apparently h)st. At lliis crisis, when the yictory of the insurgents was no 1 Higer doubtful, to the inexpressible amazement of the r lyalists, the besiegers retired fi-om the C(^ntest, re- ti'ating in good order, but abandoning twentv-two cniiiion to the enemy. Divers reasons are assigned as ill'' cause of this extraordinary movement. Some at- tiil)ute it to the miraculous interj)osition of the image rl'ilR' saviour in the sacristy of the cathedral, 'i'm- jillo claimeil that the valor disjdayed by a portion of liis troo|>s caused the insurgents to withth'aw; but the ini'ic probable explanation is that advanced by IJusta- liiaiite, namely, the failure of ammunition and the envy and jealousy of Muhiz, who, being the only one ^v!M> had sustained rei)ulse during the day, refused to liuiiish the other chiefs with cartridixes when their [4il 316 MORELOS AND KAYOX. own supply l)oc;uMo t'xluiusted.'^ With eriiniiial scll- i,slllles^? he I'utii.sud to others the success iu which lie couhl not sliare. Tlie insurjjfcnts pursued their way unuKjlested to Acuicho, while Trujillo, bewildoN -l with jistonislunent, in the exuberance of his joy, was so lUr lorgetful of liiniself as to liberate more tlian :!()() prisoners from the jails and dungeons of the city.'"* '" "Nk ([r.iso (liir i'l Ins coiiiiiiiclantcs Anayii y otros iii un cartuclioilo lua-iil ; ti'cinta carj,'as (|m; ^alvc'i ciiiiiiili) fiu'' dcrrotailo: (jue hc niiiiituvo csiH'ciailur . . pur no cdiitrildiir ;i la yloii.i du las cDluiiiiias. . .ijuo tuvicnJii iia-jn' lUnx- cioii, <) iiu'jor siiorto iiuc la tie Muniz.' IliisiiniKiiitc, Ciuid. llial., i. 'ls{\. ■■"Tlio jiartiiitlars of tlii' operations a,L;ainst Valladolul liavo Ik en deiivid from 'I'nijillo's and otlier olllcers' reports piib'islied as (pioted in tlie ofiici.d gazette of Mexieo, ami fi-oni Tiiistamante. Otliir autliors, a.s Mora, Mi.r.i/ .•.") !) ; Alanian, Hit. MN' ok tiik iNsruRKCTION IN Xri'.VI) SAXTAN'DEIi — PaCIKICATION OF 8 AM Ll'IS PoTO- si - Di;i'E\T OF iNsriicKNTS IN (irAMAjrATO— J'oiiLiEu's ()pi:i;ations in- Xrr.vA (iAMciA — Tokiik's Activity and Sevf.imty— His Dkfkat at ZlT Art Alio, ANIi Df.ATII — PiAYON FoUTIFIES ZlTAd'AKO — EmPARAN Re- TiuNsiii Spain— CoNsi'iiiAC'Y to Seize the Viceroy— I'uoci.amatiov or Cali.eja — Events tn ^Iiciioacan — Condition of (1i:anaji;ato — Si'Ur.Ali OF THE ReVOLCTIOX. Ox tlu' day (•!' his entrance into Zacatccas, Calleja ]>i'i)c!ainie(l the usual pardon, adclin_i^ the customary llii'cats in case of non-coini)Hanco. All stra sulci's and stiaiii^crs were ordered to return to their homes within Iwriity-four hours, imder pain of heinuf treated as insm'- ,L;ciits.* Then, having pureed the city by an ap])r()pri- •dU) sl;inLi,']iti'r of ])atriots, the royalist leader om-e more niiHiilelled the government. For its future security lie 'ifganized five companies of infantry, one of cavahy, and an artillery corps, aii(lai>pointetl Martin do ^[edina ill,. M'lvoi-nor of Colotlan, coinan(lant(^ and intench'nte "i t!u; [)rovincc. On the KJth of }^h\y Calleja ])ro- i-ccdod to .Vn'nascalientes with an army greatlv re- iiiiccd in numbers. The separation of i'^mp;iran's division, and of another detachment under .Miguel I'lcl ('ampo sent to operate against tlie insurgents in ilie ]]ajio of Guanajuato, had left him with lit- tle more than 1,000 men, while the revtjlutionists Vvt Tc' again increasing in strength. This dismembor- '(-•'(; -A Mc.r., ISll, ii. 4-20-31. (.■tl7) "t '■:n ' • [ '■mi I m i ;! CIS i:stai;lisiimext of tiik junta di: ziTAd'Ano. iiiriit (il'liis famous ai'iiiy of'tlic ceiitro was a ^'licvoii-; ti'diiltlc (i) Callcja, the moiH,' so Itt'caiisc lie could m u llial- no iliii'aMf results would l>o llieivl»y attaiiH ,!. In tlu! altilitii's of his captains lie had little; conlidcucc; j)lau as liu nii^^'ht, he foresaw uiitlci' the [nvscnt systcin onlv faihu'c. W'hilo at A'jfuascaliciitcs, he thercfoio sul)niittcd to ihc viceroy a plan of military ornani/.a- tion which he thoU!L?ht miL'ht liasteu peace.'- llo Would ai'ui ;dl the towns in the kin^'doni lor their ov, a defence, and thei'ehy avoid the ci'i[)plino' eU'et't (»f di- \ idiuL^ and suhdividin^' the standing army intosejctioin. The troops would likewise he relieved i'roni loni^ and i'ati^■uin.;■ marches fi'om one point to another. JJy a judicious dis[)osal of the rei^ulai' troops in suita- ble localitie-s, assistance could (juickly arrive at any point attaiked. IJoth Calleja and the viceroy rcc( )' I'- ll ize( 1 th J.- le risic mcuri'ecl m placniLT arms m .k the I laii: of the peo[)le, and thus estahlishini^ a |)Ower wliidi mi'glit tui'u aL;'ainst the n'overmnent. Nevertlu'!v'-.s, C*alleia itelieved that such danLTor could ho avoided, aiil the vi<'eroy adopted the plan. Henceforth this systc.a Avas [)ursued ]»y the royalists to the close of the war. The system was [)ut into immediate practice as t'ai' as possil)le, and was methodically develojxMl and extended as circumstances allawe(k In each town. es !■ jV'i- companies of infantry and cavalry and hattei'i artillery were raised, the strength of which was j ])ortiouate to the nuinher (.)f inhabitants. \]\ housi'- liolders were com})elled to take service in these cori^, which were placed under the direction of a conian- daiite de armas, in wdioui were also vested, where, r practicable, the judicial functions. At each town I'rom 100 to 150 of such troops were to be in constant service and daily drilled. Arms were at lirst snj)- plied by collecting weapons in possession of tlio inhabitants. All persons not enrolled in these mil- itary corps were forbidden to keep any kind of amis. 'Sco copy <>f the plan, datedJuue 8, 1811, in Hernandez y Duvalos, Cut. Doc, iii. 'Jbii-yy. ATTlTUDi: OF AFPAIIIS. .11 :) Only iiiulijtci.'1's ami otliri's wIidsi; occiijjat'b'iis so ro- (|iiiri;l it wviii nliowcd ji liatchrt, aiul Iviiiio without a |)oiiit. J II the country haciendas and I'aiidios, iiKH'coNiT, amncd s(|uadrons were oi'j^ainzcd, oouii>os('d of nicni'oijr.s vai'vinijf iVoin six or ci;;ht to lii'ty, accoid- iiiu- to the I'ehitive ini|»oi'tancu ot" the plactvs. This sy.stini, afterward a(lo])ted with some modifications hy ^loi-elos and the other inivings had been entertained by the viceroy in regard to them. Their conduct at Lns (Viices, and the sul)se(|uent skilful management by Calleja of the troops under his connnand, had greatly rc!i d this anxiety, and now by eidorcing armed IV >cc in the towns against the attacks of the in- suiuv iits, friends and brothers were sometimes Itrou'jht face to face as enemies. Well aware that Zacatocas was still far from secure, tiiid that Guanajuato was exposed to invasion at any time by the insurgent I'orces in ^Michoacan, Calkja made such dispositions for the ]irotection of those prov- iuf^cs as the circumstances of his [)osition admitted. As tlu; northern and eastern ])rovinces, called the pinNincias internas,^ were now free I'rom insurrec- titiuary movements, the troo])s in thosci regions could l)c advantageously employetl in securing Zacatiu-as uud CUianaiuato against lu)stile inroads, and at the same time i)rotecting the frontier of Duran^-o. C'a- llcja accordingly addressed a letter to Governor Sal- coilo, urging lilm to instruct Loj)ez and Ochoa to occupy with their divisions the defiles of (Jolotlan, rialtenango, and Juchi[)ila; at the same time he •Tu May 1811 the provincins intcrnas wcro divided into two conuindiini'ii^H gi'nri'uli;s, sulijoct to tlio viuoroy's autliority, liy ;iii order of the Siniiiisli gov- iiiimeiit, whieli waa conlinued hy the regeiiey in July 1SC2. I'roc. LiUr. Curt i del Mintdro, aud Id., Ileal onlen Majcr, MS., iios. y 7. It II Iliil!) Hi! m i !; r,-20 I'.STABLISHMEXT OF THE J'JNTA DE ZITACU.VRO. niadu aii'aiiL^cments with Cruz to send a portion of his {'orcos in tho sanio direction for the ])urposo of ooopei'atinu;' witli Emparan, whom it won liis inten- tion t(» despatcli to Laijfos.* Calleja's })lan was to occupy with tho main (hvisions of his army the dis- trict cxteiKhni^ from Lai^os to Queretaro, thus kee[)- in;^ in subjection the most important part of tlio countiy, and being in a position to hasten quiddy to tho assistance of the forces operating on the nortli and soutli of tliis line. Tlio carrying-out of this j)lau was, however, fiiistratcd to some extent by the rovince. The most })rominent among tlieir leaders was Albino (rai'c(;i, commonly called El Blanco,'' who in the neighborliodd of S."lanianja and Santiago carried on hostilities willi such dariu'j: and shiU that \u) became one of the mo>t celebrated guerrilla chiefs of the revolution. In llio *Si'n C:illcja"s ilesp:itcl» of .Tiily .Tl, ISIl, in G.tZ(/<' .V.x., ISll, ii. 717 ">. '■(iareia was a native of Salanianca, a town sitiatod in tlio sinitln'in put of tlio I'lVvu.^-. lie tlorivoil tliis .sobiinuot of Maiico from hoiiig ciipiil<'l in Olio anil b^- a fail from his liorso. A/umuii, Jlint. Mcj., ii. -49. IX XUEVO SAXTAXDF.R. 321 ; and )V0 to it Sail liiui- 10 pro- -JOtli ('isiiict bctwiH'ii Iliilt']iai)aii and v^tU'i'Jtaro, A'iliaLjraii \\;is still liaiawsi'iL;' I'onxoy.s and iiitf;'!'U|!iiii'L;' connmi- iiiriifMii with tin; capil.-il. 'Jdic liiily I'cu'ioii of tlio 1 l;!astcca, the inoiintaiiis of the Sierra Gofda, and tluj jiaiii - (>r A[)aHi to tlio nortli of the Mexican eajiital :-.v,ai'nu'd v.itli })i'edaloiy lioi'dcs. Xuevo SantandtT v.;is in open insnireelion; portii^ns of San Luis J\)- t(i-i \vi iv' still unpaeiliod; while t]i(,! forces left in Zaca- t'cas and Aguasealientes were inadequate, as ihc iH'iiih r is awai'e, i'oi' the security of those cities. While the events nai'rated in the ])!'ecevliiin' chaj)- tcr were occurring' in Zacatecas and ^Tichoacan, I he insurrection in Xuexo Santander, under tlu; hvader- sliij) ( f A'illerias, was successi'ully su))])ressed hy Ar- rMJonilo. ]Iavinu,' hc<'n invited hy that chief to es- jHiiisc ihc indejiendi.'ut cause, Ai'i'cdondo caused the cniiijiiunication to 1)l' burned hv the hanL>'nian. and on l!;e Ith of ?day niai'ched fi'oni Agayo against the in- MU'gcMls. Villerias, haxing sustaiiunl s;'\eral succes- si\c defeats, tied toward .\ratehuala. where he w; s (iM'icome and slain hy a. royalist i'oi-ce sent against liini hy the junta de seguridad of Cat"]'ce, luider the direction of i\\c cura Seni})er, l\idre ])u i^lst Arredondo approached the town, an .sloul^ i-o;i.iU'il altNu li'Ha iIkj K'l't ui>\vanls. hy tlio ludiaiis, ami citcii 1 iii.-.i. Ali.x., V.ii.'iV. ■_! i : li [1! ;!!: .•522 IvSTABLISIIMKXT OF TIIM JUNTA D.': ZITAfl-AIIO. wliicl) lie {■veil incrcasod by sii])|)lyiivu" tluMii willi a coiisidcralilc ti'iiiii of tifliHciy. Itiirbt; was tiansil'i'icl to t!i(.' !4<»V('ni(irsliij) of Colotlaii and An'cdoudo aj)- |)oiiit<-'d to tliat of Xuevo Sautaiidcr, which w;!s sliortly aftcrsvard iiicroasud in territory by the addi- tion of the lluasteca.** \t +his time, ^[ateliuala again became the scene if an insuri^ent dei'eat. In June the unfortunale tow;i was taken possession of by Bei-nardo Gomez de Lara, better known ))y tlie sobricjuet t)f Pluacal, Lara, 1 y birth an Indian, was the most ferocious of the insiij- <^'ent eliiefs wlio iid'ested portions of San Luis I\)t(isi. ('a[)tain of a l)and of half-savage Indians, lie directeil his hostilities not only against Spaniards, but against all who wei'c not of his race. At ^latehuala and i;i the vicinity he put to death a number of victims, and by com[)elling the inhabitants to join his baud, raised his force to more than a thousand men. On the "J 1st of June he M-as simultaneously attacked by a company of Arredoiido's troops under Antonio Elosua, and a force bi'ought up by Semper, the cura o\ Catorce.' Assailed on opposite sides, Huacal was routed A\ith slaughter, between two and three hundred of his fol- lowers being slain and a large nundier taken prison- ers.^'^ He himself, though wounded, effected lii> escape and retired to the I3a Jio of Guanajuato. Souk- what later he entered San i^Iiguel el Grande; but tlic inhabitants recovering from their first j)anic, surpiised and captured him, with a number of his princi])al \\>\- lowers. Huacal was put to death in his prison, ai;d his body I'xposed on the gibbet. This occurn^d about the encl of the year.'^ By this success the northeiii "'Ifasta la Sierra ftonla, confiuaiKlo con cl Meztiuital y los llanos do Apaii y laa costus ilu Tiixpau in ol scno nirjiuano.' Alamaii, Hist. M'j., ii. "Tlic combined attack was unpremeditated, as the royalist leaders wi'c not aware nf eaeli other's movements. This nearly led to a disaster, as llio .soldiers o{ Elosiia lired upon those of Scni|)er before tliey disco\ ered that the y were fiiends. Uaz. de M(.i:., 18II, ii. 12;i.j-(i. '"//., ISll, ii. 744-0, l'2;!4-0; Itarrlbanin, Mini., in Soc. Mtx. Oioij., vii. 291-2. ^^ Bustamank, Cmd. Hid., i. 202; Liwa'jn, Adk. y Ucd., 190. IX XUEVA GALICIA. 323 portion of San Luis Potosi was reduced to obedience, ;nid during' August the operations of the royahsts in tliu (hstrict of Kio Verdo and the southern part of the pi'o\ince com[)leted the pacification. In Guanajuato and ^Nlichoacan the condition of atfaiis was far (Hfferent, and tlie revolution was assum- ing' alarming ])roportioLS. Calleja was fully alive to the grave ditficulties of his position. In a letter aildressed to Venegas from Guanajuato ori the 20th of .Vugust, he describes to him in strong colors the iiu>;tinguishable vitality of the insurrection and its sUong recujierative power;^" and again on the 2Gthof Scpteudjcr he reports that the forces of his division (icciipying the district between Lagos and (}ueretaro were insutficient to keej) under control the ubiquitous guci'rilhi bands. Meantime, however, Garcia Condo and Miguel del Canipo were rendering good sei'vico in their respectlvi! localities. Jose de la Luz Gutierrez, at the head of 4,000 men well provided with arms, was signally routed at San Luis de la l^iz,'''' and Alliino Garcia sustained a similar defeat in the val- li'V of Santiairo.^* I'lii I: When Cruz returned to Guadalajara after his suc- cessful recovery of To[)ic and San Bias, he applied himself with his natural activity to the su})pression • it' I he rebellion in other porti(,)ns of the province. The ]iiinripal districts disatfjet<.;l were those represented liy the important towns of Zacoalca, Sayula, and Za- ]iothui, and on the 2Gth of February, Cruz despatched ('a[)tain Porlier with thegreater portimi lA' the troops '-'L:i insurreccion cstii todavia miiy li\ii)s (lu caliniir; clla rctona coiiio la liiilia, a iir(i[K)rciou ([lu; se curtail sus cahozati.' /jii.-7. " Till' action took placo oil the .Itli of .fiily. Francisi'o (inizariM'iti'^\M', till.' iJllicLT ill coiiiiiiaii(t of tlio royalistrt, fcceivol Callcja's liinliest ('oiniiKMiila- tiiiii uu tins oooasioii. ifn~.. d' Mix., lSlI,ii. 7'>l>. In suli.s('i|Ufiit o|ioratioiis t-iviTil Icailiiii; iiisurgL'iit chiefs wcro captured ami shot. Among them was Lu/, t cxciiijilary ])iiiiis]iiiK'iit iijxm the rebels.-'' ^\t Zaco- alco Mild Suyulu J? his cdiTi'spoiuloiice with Cruz tliiriiii; I'r 11(1 Maivh (if thi^ uMn II t rn iik/izi/ Jj'jrdlo/i, Col. J)iK\, iii. •_'J[-;i."i, •JHI-li Col. l>OI lie Mi.v., ISII, ii. 411; r,i,-t,-ili' Xiyr-li', in //- iii. 'J70---'. (A: // Di'ii'iil'i ile M, ISII, ii. .»( >( The h'adcr of tlic iiisar^ciits \\ai t!if 'iiifaiiu! lego (ialliij.'a,' \\\m n'tircd w ith a. few l'iii!')\V(i's to Toiiialliiu. .Ahiut the I lid of August l^o was tliflc taken iirisoiKTiiiid shot. .[I iiikui, U'i"!. M'j', ii. '2'M--M. -A PROVixcK ov m;:xico. n-j.j 1T\V, a!iv lor the delivery «»r iiisuri'i'iit C.lH-'lS, ( lead or These striiiu^enl, measures, howowr, \vi'i'ciit;t LU'rcttial. Ill order to corresijoiid with ( alleja's wislK-;., ;iii(l coiipcrato with hiiu in the [iroteclioii ol' Zacatr- aiid .Vgiiascalieiites, Xe^'i'ete and C'oIoulI ^lainul 1 Rio were des])at(']ied with eoiisiderahk' detae'h- uts ai;ainst diilert'iit bodies of the insuru'eiit.;. f;i~ nil Tlifse ollieer.s defeated the ('iieisiy in a nunilu'r of cii- oaueiiu'iils foiin-ht dtu'iiig the months of .Innoto Sej)- tiiiihif, while two otlier d.ivisions, resj)efti\ol_v nn t'lc conraiands of .Vn'j'el Jjinares and Colonel Pastuiv uei did !>0()d servic;e •j.) ! hiring- this ]>eriod the rehdlion develoju-d to a !.i,i(a( extent in tlie })rovinee of Mexico, and ilie [)rox- i.iiitv of the insni'^^'nt bands whicli soon infested it lint oiilv caused thi; vicerov increased anxielv, hut cX|ii)--e( I t! le weakne )f the <•• )vc.M'nnie!it in I M'ln uualile to 8Li[»[)ress ]io>:tihtu's cari'U'd on ah.nosi in si'dit of tlie capital. .VlthoU!.;-li Jlidalgo liad hee!i nil ■e( It. Sulti el)ec aiK I Z i!a- .Vlt!iou'.di authority was (quickly reestablished ill ihe ciiy of Toluca, the country was soon overrun liy guerrilla bands. Haciendas and (hesnialh>r towns v.iii- attar-ked and '•:'.Li'''ed, coiuinunication between t'ii' oatlyiiiy,' cities and the ca[)ilal was almost closed, tra\<'l oil the hiidiwavs was iiii])ossiblu without stroir'- I ^I'ei'ls, and sentinels were lassoed at the very j;'at(.'s ct' the clty.-^ The viceroy at first attem[)tcd tl le or- ''TIio rewards ofTorcl wciv propirtumiito to the iiiilitiiry t,''"t'l(s, the It-i'.ilii-s liciiig rated iit S.'iOt) a head, their colnnel.s at !?.'!0l», ssuh-ollieerM at ••^hiit. anil an oriliiiary individual at S'lO. Cm/ in tlie same proelamatioii eii- iii.lrd that ill every tnuii wldeli had lapsed into revolt after the exteii.'siiMi of til • iadii' ' months ai Ll'umed a number ot VK'tori ,'bels eariv m Jamiaiv li f l)V which h(,' red Ucc the valleys of Toluca and '^Peniascalte[)ec. About llic l)eL;'inning of .V[)i'il, however, the iiilial)itants of ducn- tillan au'ain rose in ix>\'ol(:. The \icerov oi'dured Toric to chastise tlu'iii and clear the highway to \ allad'.ilid of guerrilla, bands. On the lolli, alter two hours and a half of incessant iiring, Torre entered ,](»■!)- tit Ian, "ha\ing had th(> j)articular pleasui'e of lc;i\!ng lour hundred dead U[)on the lield," whicli he bcli.'xcl won hi act as a restraint ujxmi ^tl K! enemies o t ( il>); tl le Kmi an( 1 tl ]() CO untrv, jitacuaro, in :^ri clioacan, s till remamet 1 in tl IC l)(i\\M' le insur' jeiits under ]3enedicto Lopez, wh o iia;| si z oftl tained \arious defeats at the hands of 1'orre. Tlio town, sui'rounded by lofty hills on all sides, can only be a]>proached by three dei'p and narr(»w caiiMis, namely, those of San ]\[ateo, Tuxpan, and los L.ei- reies; an (1 J^opez, driven trom \)hv'c to ] hlacc 111 the less rugginl valley of Toluca, had taken refugi. ,,.|, 10 iiaiiio < givoii to tliis f^i-cc. !Mora, the uutrai'cs cmimiittt'il liv it wen wor.-io tiiaii thu: A tl U'i'iiriliii:: 1" u' ill ur.'i'U.s, Jh /. 11 .-'lUf /.'tr.'iv. I: Torre was a native of Spain, l)eiiiL' burn in tlie niounlain.s uf SaiitaiiUi'. '(.Viiisult ^' ''I'nn roel.i:!i:i- tioii which ho addressed to the iiihaliitants of Temascaltepec on the I Itii • f .M ucli. \V1 ille o eluiles liy wislnn ll'erin^' them t'lo elioiee of the iiidiilto >u' death. In them, with the lord's grace, all haiipiness. /'/. . 1 ^''Bdahiiniiiil'', C'uiiijftrnis dc ('(t'I'Jii, \',u. See map previously given. DKATII OF TOURK. n27 ill tlic iMoiuitain wilds of Zitiicuaro. Ton-o, liavinjjf ;iilvaiu-o(l during' ilxc iiiglit U[) the San Matoo canon, iit (layliglit on tlie i!'2(l of A[n'il attarki'd tlio town, his force consisting' of 700 men provided with artil- li'i'v. At tlie openinjif of the ent tl le immense numiiei's l)v •jiich they avci'c in turn assailed. ]\loi-a and Cap- tain I lUera were slam, aiK d tl le soldiers l.rol ue(l, howeyer, were so intermingled that the artil- li'i'vmen couLl not fire \yitliout inllictimj; heavy loss upon tl leir own men: aiK 1 tl le crowd rusiiiiiL!' m aiiionij' the ranks of the main body threw it into I'liiifusion. Finding it impossihlo to arivst tln^ jviiiic, Tnrre tried a retreat by the M'ay he had come. When he had reached the narrow entrance to the cahoii, however, he found that a breastwork of loose stones had bi-eii thrown uji, behind which a host had collected to cut him olf. His destruction was ;nw Certain. The soldiers lost all lio[>e. A 1 e-w avoi'ed to (>scape from the tra[) he Lad riitin'ed. Acconi[)anied by a few horsemen, he SUCCCl'dlM iiig day I in extricating himself, and on ih jollow ex'eii i)asse( d T uxi)an wi tl lout ani \ing at the hacierida of Xaripeo, 1 liarm. lowevei' On lie was cajitured with his companions by InMiedicto l^o- I'lZ and taken back to Tuxpau. As they crossed tlu; idge of that town Torre was killed by the nati \e Who W diowered stones upon him until his dead body as covered. TlkJ fruits of this victv.i_) were the ill ')% J- 3-8 ESTADLLSILMEXT OF THE JUNTA Di: ZITACUARO. capturo of all the eiieiiiy's arms, auimunitiuu, *^uiis, uikI baggage, and iiioi'e than oOO })risoiiers. llayoii was at this ihue at Tusantla; and on receijit of the inij)()rtant news hastened to Zitaenai'o, wheix; he assumed connnand. With consitleiahle skill lu; pr()ee(;ded to put the town in a state of defence, I'cco;;- nizing the inij)ortanc(! or' its ])osition as a centi';.l point of operati'.)n. A ditch was cut round it li\e varas wide anil a league in circunifei'ence, which coull be converted at will into a moat by inundating it from an extensive dam with which Zitacuaro was piM- vided. Behind the ditch a concentric barricade tluv.! varas in width was erected, all the assailable portinii ^ of it beinijf covered with cann(jn, the number of wliiciL was increased as rapidh' as guns could be turned out of the foundry which Ilajon had cstablislied. Tli' roads also leading into the town were closed again- 1 hostile ap[)roach by ditches and breastworks of tii!)- ber. The defeat of Torre and destruction of his divisioii almost neutralized the previt)us advantages gained by him. Conununication between Valladolid and tlu." ca|)ital was entirely closed, and the valley of Tohica left open to the insurgents. Venogas, in this extremity, being unable to detach any more forces from tho. ',■ retained in the cai)ital, had recourse to those undei' tho connnand of Emparan, who, contrary to the orders of Calleja, had approached toward Valladolid. That commander was, therefore, instructed to unite h: ^ division with the forces under the lieutenant-colon, 1 Jose Castro, then at Tultenango, and proceed witli all possible despatch against Zit:icuaro. This separ;i- tion estimated more correctly than the viceroy the diiii- culty of the undertaking, was not inclined to engag j DEFEAT OF EMPARAX. 329 iii it without luiviiin" lirst made! ovoiy I'easoiiahlo jiroparation, Yv'itli tliis oLjcct !io occupied liimscll' lor souiu tiuie at ^laravatio in [)utting iu g«.)oil oidor his arlilleiy trains arul arnis, in osjI lectin;^' supplies ){' [trovisioiis, by iiiloi'iniii;j; liiiiiselt' tliroUL>'Ii s[)ic.s of 11 IC s tvvw. titli an( )0!S itioi I o 1' tl lo cneinv, aiu 1 iiiak lit'. liliiiscli" ac(piaintc(l with the topoo-ra|)hy (,>t' the (li^ trict. Thi. [)ru iloiit clolav rjavu uini)ia<>'e to 'V eiio- L^as, who, ill laco of Torre's late disaster, hliudly regarded the capture of Zitiicuaro as presentlnL;; HtlK; (litHcuh'y;^' and in his conmumicatioiis with Callcja he r.\lircs:ie( 1 liis dissatisi'actioii at Eini) [)ar, ui s ( hhit ori- lu'ss, wroni^ly attributing it to want of energy and IIK lination. Akhough Venegas Nvas anxious to j)laco the expedi- tion under souie other lea(K.'r, circumstances prevented his doing so, and he ordered Eni[);ii'an to advance against Zitiicuaro without further dehiy. ]unp;iran ;uT(irdingly, thougli suH'oring in health, led out his division, composed of 2,000 of the best troops of Ca- ic a, s u'lny, and by forced marches under drenchi ii'jr rains arrived on the 1 'Jth of Ji vitl une v.'itiun six leagues I I'h' town. )ll;)\v(.' Ent erinu" I) y tl le same canon as that and d by Torre, lor two days the royalist army 'i great dlMicuhy pursuetl its march U[) the narrow rnggiul bed, continually impeded by obstructions tiii'>)wn m the WJ I}' ly the iiisurgeiits. iUjerging iiin the n'looniv ravine on to the more open u'round glen in which Zitucuaro was situated, Einj)a- raii too! UI X position on the 2 1st, in front of th^ gel It IV risiULi' o 1 levat ion of i^Or: :,L ill uizaniUos near th i :|i -' 'Siruilu iiiiliiiliil)lo.' lie writes Calloja, 'i|uc la iTuiiiou do Zitiicnaro c'3 il'sjnvfiablt', y <|UL' il siux'so dosi^i'auiail;),' t'aafc i.-t, of Turru, 'fiu^ cl'ccto do haljci-j diri;3'iilo lual.' Jlui'diiinnff, Ca,ii/"iri'ii (li> ('iil/'Jn, l'2;!-4. '■'l '.ilk'ja liad already tVirwardcd Lvnuplaiiits tu tlio viceroy injiiriciiis (o Liiip.i'.iiii. Veiiof^as thus iiillueiioeil was not sparing of liiiii, and tnlil C.dleja t lilt it would ho neecssary for him to conio and tako ehiirge of thi' e\[)>'ililioii. l-'ulK ja, however, explained to the viceroy how iiiii)ossible it would lie for him t) d-j w) at tha presv'iit time, and . suggested that tho eonimaiid bo given to rniiiilo. /./., I'j;!-,"). As the reader is aware, TrujiUo's position lit tliis ti;;io prcv;ukL'd llio possibility of his leaving V'uUadolid. n ■ ' ■ '\ ' : V \ Hii n } I! r,ro ESTABLISHMIZXT OF THE JL'XTA PE ZIT.VCU.MJO. t :)\vii,-' Oil \\\v fiillowiny (lay tliu royulists to;)!; ]ios- scission of the hill \vitli(>iit difticiilty, and also roiittd a sfroiit,' body of iii.siir_L''tiits, (jstiuuitod at 10,000 or ]-,000, wliicli assailfd their roar; hut all attempts to tako the town ^vel■e prevented hy the (Htch, whirli \\i\H lilh.'d Avith water and defo'iided by well tiaiiied infantrv under cover of the barricade.'*' After nine liours' ii^-htinLj;-, durini;' which the troops suH'cnd ]iea\y hiss, Eni])aran withdi'ew to L(.'S Manzanillos, VvJiei'i; his soldiers bivouacked, comfortless and (hs- sjtirited."' When the dull morninjjf came with its leaden, rain- char'ainst Ziti'icuaro. ^Jhe Li'round on which they had fought on the ijreced- ing day was inundated and was, indeed, an ini{)assal);.' swamp. ]-^ael;ing means of crossing the moat, an; I A\ithout provisions or ammunition, Emp;iran cursed in his heart the viccro}' who had forced him for- ward against his better judgment. Retreat was thu only course left; and mustering into line, he retiii :1 through the canon to Toluca, his force reduced one half.''^ Here, prostrated by fatigue and exposure, the wound received on his head at the battle of Caldenm -^r>iistaiiianto say.s tliat F^iuparan sent out two (Ictaclimcnta to forage, one ill tlio ilircvtit)!! of .San Matoo, ami the other toward the town of San Fran- cisco, ami that tlio liist was entirely de.stroyed l)y the Indian)^, while the oUicr only .saved itfself ))y liight. i'lmd. I list., i. '21A. Mora also tVillow.s tliiti occonnt. Mij. ij huh Jlcv., iv. LSG. Eniparan, in his rojiort to the viceivy, inalus no mention of these reverses. Gaz. do. Mex., ISIJ, ii. 5;)S; nunlois Alaman, ^"^\niong tlie infantry were 200 soldiei'sof the regiment of Tres Villas and ]0() de.scriers from the ^'arrison at X'alladolid. Atdntan, lli-t. JIiJ., ii. 'M'>. ^' linstamante .state.s that diu'injf the iiiyht great alarm was eaused hy a stiatagem of Jtayon".s, '.rlio fastened paper lanterns to / ••^us /i''/-., iv. ISS. Tlie aecounts given ))y Alaman and Biistaniaute of this disa t(r dill'er considerably. Tlu! former follows in the main the report of CalkjiV given in O'uz. de Jlex., 1811, ii. 597-004. THE VICEROY IX PAXOER. 831 l)ri';ikiny out aiimi:nt ov thi-: junta dh zitacuauo. ti|)|U"(.'lu'n(li'(l w illiout loss of tiiiit', in ii^jrct tciiMr dis- closed the liiinies of all'coiicenied. A miliilKi' uci-,' arrested that ni'^'lit; and as I'lirilier iiil'oniiatlon was ]L;'aiiieil, a gi-eat many jiersoiis of lii^ii position wer.' found to be iniplicatt.Ml.'" Donu Mariana and her Inis- hand wore eonliiied in a dungeon till Deceinbi-r I;-i^(), when tliey were hheiated l)y the exertions of Z>i' - cero. Although it does not a|i|)(!ar that any execu- tions IMlowed the tHsc()\ery of this [)lot, many m" those ai'rested lan^'uished for a Ion;.;' time in ini-oa. ' 'J'he faihire of this cons|)iracy did not, howexci', de- ter others. JMots tliicl;ened in the capital, and v.lw.i tlie failure of .l']in[);iran's attack upon Zitacuaro hcciia ■ known, the bokler i'ons[)irators, hopin:^^ to deal a 11;:- ishing' hlow at royalist power in Xew 8[tain, au.ii.i formed a plot to seize the viceroy. Their jil. in waU > attack his escort on the ;}(1 of AuL,nist, while he v,;i. taking;' his customary eveniuL;" ride, in the [)a- hal ^lorante, who had atten;led the last meeling of thec()ns[)irators v, hen tlieir plans v.-ero finallyai'rang'd, (.lenounced the iM'oceediiiLi's to VeneLjas,'" who inmic- diately gave orders for necessaiy i):'ecautions to l>.' taken. On the following morning the pi-indpal con- spirators were arrested, and in orde'r to all.;iy the agi- tation caused bv tiio dis'-ovei'V and the milittU'V mcas- ures taken, the viceroy on the same day issued a proclamation informingthe })ubiic of whathad occuri'c I. ^' Among tlu'iii riiilro Bclannzaran, nftcrwar.l bislmp of Moiitt'rey, tlio liKU'(jui:i of Itay.is, tho fuiiiits of Saiui:iLCo, Jtuijla, and .Mciliua, and st-v- t'l'ul liiuli olauials in lliu .s^ rvioo (,i tlio govei'miicui. ^■•('oiisulb /Instil iii(iiil<\ MiuilrvL, jip. .")!; aii'i Mi.i:. Hi-fat. A. tic. Fond >, \'l. /eivci-ro \va;^ tlie aiiLlior of tho woik (juoLud in uoto W.i. '■''-(.'iizilc Mcx., 1811, ii. 780. ^' BiistaiDaiito crroiieuiisly states that it was a woiiiaii who divulged tliu Jilot. t'iiud. JJift., i. 'JjJ. coxsriHACY ciiusHi:ri. 383 riwrccdiiurs were at (iiico hrotiLjlit nLjaiiistthc prisoii- iis. and tlic'ii- trials coMductL'd with tlu^ iitiuw t lia-tc ^i.\ of tiicm were coiidciniu'd. t;, ilcatli, and i-xccnti'*! ('l';uk(l «V lll( cr ■It >iastioal court, and liandt'd over to th e sirnlar jKiwcr; the other two were depiisiHl I'roni their reli^-- ii>us (li<''nities, and sentenced to eonlincnu'iit in the invt'iits ( f tl leii" order in .Ml mila. Tl le (rmiMia I cniiit, howev(_'r, deniandeil the stin-eiidei' ol" all three. This uave i-ise to disputes het'.soen the two juiisdic- tions, and tlu,' viceroy, decniin<4 it inij)oHtic to ( xhihit till' spei'tacle of an e<;ch;siastic's execution in ^lexico, iiiially sent them all to llahana, to in- there conlined. ( 'a-lio, howc\er, died on his way thither in thecasth; n|' I'h'ia, where so nianv others under similar cii-cum- stances IkmI lie 'U releasee 1 fi ■om durance hv ( leath licsc were i In Mi, Aviil licciieiadi) Antonio Ferrer, I^'niuio Citiifio luiil Jcisi'- I, sulii'lerii.s (if tliu ei)ninieieial rc^ip.u'iit, Aiitmiii) Jl-.ili'imuz ni whose lioii. .- tliocoiis[)a'ators .nil 'tniL'-i, an 11' IX rincria ■ik .M; Tl 11 lano ( loii/.alez. il 'J'l ic; exeriition ( if 1- errer \\i\a lil'ile Kss tlian le onh' evideiu'e aL:amst liliii was the. I uniineiatioii eni'iUcti> Lope,-:; IJrigadiers ,Jo.si' Mari'ii Vargas 'iiiil -Tuaii Alharraii; lie- iiiijio Varza, as rejireseutativt! of O'Mieral ,Iiis('! Antonio Torres; dilnnel Mi- fiiul Serrano, as representative of (leut'ial ToriI)i(j lliliilroho; (,'a]itaiii Maiiii' 1 Manzo, for the eoniniis^ioiier Mariano Ortiz; the eoniui'ssioiier Toinds Oni '; the qiiarterinaster Ignaeio Puiieo de J in; and sub-inspeetor \'ioenie i/;i- guirre. /-/., iii. 403, ^-Itayon naturally had great propondoraneG in tliii .isseniljly. which at most was only a partial representation of tho independent leaders, A Uw other persons present gained votes to the iminhcr of four, and two; !:nd niio was cast for Morelos ! /Ii. AlaniaiLsaysof llayon's intentions, 'sicndosa plan que la autoiidad reeayese en el niismo.' IlUl. Mcj., ii. ,'U(7. "Even now they were not ublo to act wholly independent of royalty. SUPREMA JUNTA XACIONAL. 335 cil. which was styk-d the Siquvn.a Junta Xac'l<)n;il, ami a circular copy of the proccodiip^'s was stnit to tlio (liilbi'iait chiefs, calling' u[)ou them to take the oath of allci^iauce aud exact the same from the troops and iu- hal)itants in their respective districts. The news of the establislimeu^j of a government was leceived witli aders refused (»he(n('nce to it;" others only acknowledu'ed its a;;tlioritv when conven- iciit, while the Villagranes even jilaced themselves in hostility to it. But what contributed most to its in- ctKciency wasdisai'Teementamonufits members. Some f-aid it had no title to obedience, not having been con- vciu'd by the nation. !Morelos and some others did Hot like the idea of still holding on to the skirts of royalty; they thought it a species of dece[)tion ruling ill tlie name of Fernando, when pure indei)endence alone would satisfy them.'*'' 'J'he members of the junta tried to soothe his scruples, and in a lijtter dated the 4th of September, defended tlieir action on the ground of expediency. Although they as[)ired to imlependence with no less ardor than their c(il- k'agiies, they found it advantag(;ous to tln^ cause to lU'oclaim l^'ernando, inasnmch as many Eui'opeans as Well as wavering Spanish Americans had thereliy been induced to join them.*" IJut Morelos could not countenance a measure which he foresaw would lead to complications, and although he was appcjinteil the 'Iril m ".\ll)in( (lurefa, remarked, 'No h.iy iii.as rcy qiu! Dios, ni iiiiis alteza ([uo nil ci'iiM, ni inus jiiiitiKHie la (loilcw rio-s.' JSii^tainautc, (hni.!. //(^^. i. '-".is. '' 'No ur.i r;i/()ii,' says Mori^los at liis trial, 'cii'^afiar a las gtnti's liaeit'iidi) iiiiii rcisay siv'inlo otra, os decir, pekar pur la iiiduiinideiicia y Miiiuiier (|Ue so iiaeiiipiir Fernando \ll.' Alumiiii, lliM. Mi}., ii. :!S1. ''•:: ZITACUAHO. I')i;r(li iiiciiibL-r of llio junta of Zlli'icuaro, liu la 11 ulooi'.'' I'll ' cstablisJimcnt ol* this junta, liowovcr, causi^l Vc-nen'.'.s considv'i'alilc alarm. l£u could not closo his eyes to the fact that oven the uicro si'Dihlancc of u L^'ovrrnnicnt would i^'ivo i!n[)ulsc to the revolution, iuid aii'oi'd ;i danii'ei'ous o[>])ortunity to the insur^'^'iit lead- ers ot" luntiuL;' under the direction of lulers who wo'i; no more illenitimately constituted than had heen t!ie junta of Sevihe. Its destrucfci(*n, therefore, was ot' th»^ first im])ortan('o; and (,'alleja, who had alrea ly been oi'd.red to proceed ai4;ainst Zitacuar;> jd'or ICmjJihan's I'epulse, was again urg'ed to use all \)(k<>i- ble despatch. In order to counteract thi^ elTect fi'oiii the Use of the iiai le of Fernando VII. by t!i<' nc.ly organixed junta,^' Calh'ja proclaimed in (JuaiiajiKiln on the 'J8th of Sej)teml)er that no junta w;ts here rocogni/.t'd (>xcept the national congress of the cijrtes in MjKtin. noi- any authority as legitimate eX(;ept that of the \ ic(n'oy. He moreover ])la<'ed a prii-e (if $10,000 on the head of Itayon ami those of his jirlii- cipal associates. 'I :U PI i "While Calleja v.'as mahiiig his preparation, to assault Zitacuaro with that unhurried leisurely sys- tem always pursued by hi,n, and which in this ciso detaim-d him till the end <(f tlu> year, a varietv ol' events occurred. The danger to which A';dl;i loli I luul b(Mii exposed (hiring July caused X^'negn-, a-; soon as ]]m[);iran's troops had reco\'ercHl I'rom \\\< '\r fatigue, to desjtatch (*olonel ,1oa(piin Castilloy l)U.-ta- mante with his battalion to the assistance of Trujillii. This ()ili('er, having joined Linai'cs in X'alhidolid. pru- ^" Consult /f' rrrrrn, /,', c. .V''r., 3:)!>-10n; niixtamnii/r, CiinJ. Hif.. i. J''.'! », ^ror'l. M.j. //■•<■/. 1 liir., iv. ;i.)S- 1(1; diiirrri, Ihr. N. /:'>/»., ii. 4()'_' !(>. M le- |ii:<, ill ii 1 liter to ]{-iyiiii iluto.l Aii-jusf. I.'i, l,.ll.li;iil jircv in'isly f.-iiH'tiiiin'il t!ii' pi'iippsi',! c>;;ilili.sliiiniit of ii sinirciiK; jiliil;i. uud .Mpimiiitod Vi iiIusim in liis ri!l>U'sciit.iti\ (;. Z;uii;iu()i:s llisi. M(J., \ii. .i."!!) <1'J, .sil|ij)li('s (i i'i>;\V nf if- ''Tlic ) iiiclaiiiiil.i')ii:< aiiil ciiiiituiciitH of tlio j until Imru tlii i lit-'ailiir : I.l SrDciii I'l'iu.iiiili) Sfipiiuio y c'u :sii Real Xoiiihr.,' li S-i;ii'riiKi .TiiiUa X.:ii";i-'l ^Viiit'iioaiia, etc. Ilcniaiahzii Dilnilo.i, Col. Due, iii. JiSJ'J. f1' IXSUr.OEXT DEFEAT. S»7 c'ccMlcd on tlic Gtli (if Sept. 'nil )CT ni^aiiist Muiii;'., avUo A\; posted iit Acuitzio with 8,000 men tiiul thirteuu iiiicc-s ol' a ■tillcrv: ami on lliu iollowiiiLT . ind unitin'j;' his forces with those of X.'ivarrete, took up a ])osition on the Isills iioar Zi|)iuieo, wliere lie gaAo liattle to the royahst.- T orres wns as unsuccesstul as M iniiz 1 le was ro Litcd wi th iJTeat slaiiii'liter and the loss of twenty-one can- noli. Extr enie severit}' w;is e.\ercised by Castillo ■r these victories; at Zi[)iineo moi'e than 00 prisoners were put to death. And Castillo seemed to i'c!4'ard other kinds of butchery with faxor, ns he conuaeiided to the favoral)le notice of T''.iji!lo a (li';i';oon who, in the pui'suit at Acuitzio, slew with his ()v, H hand a brother, sayiiio", as the latter })leaded for liis lllo, that he knew no brother who was a rebel. ( )n the de})ai-ture of Castillo I'roin Tohica with ;i con- si(lcral)I(! portion of the troo[)s stationed then', Jiayon (Icli i'lniiied to extend his o[)eratlons into the proNince if Mexico, and sent detacluneiits in the dii'ection am I T eiiamjfo. Iiese nuide mi'oads nf Ixtlaliuac; to ilie !j;"ates of l\)luca, and W'ne<4'as des[)atclied Ca[ tiiia Porlier, who had returiK'd to Mexico," to tak \e COlUllKilK 1 of the force in that city. On the IGth of Si'pteiiil)er Porlier inarched from Tohica a_;"ainst tlie iiisur^'Liits, and on the '2 1st made an unsuccessful attempt to dislodi^e them iVom a stroiiij;" position on the liill of Teiiann'o. The loss of the I'oyalists was coiisidtMable, and Toluca boino- threatent;d, I'oiTier I'ctraced his 8te[»s thither. Hefore his ai'ri\al, on the 10th of October, the city had been assaulted by the ciiciiiy, and was cannonaded ibr the live foUowin-^' cl.'iys. ^leanwhile the viceroy had despatched a ibrco liiul passed through (liiaua junto in Aiiirust on liis w; ru/., and t'oni ihiutcil to till! i'ii|)ital a CdUVO roni vof IUJIlus 'athered round as soon as C'alleja was out of sight. On the 2Gth that indi'fati- gable chief Albino (hu'ci'a occupied the hill of S; 111 .M lu'tie I witl I some 12,000 men, anil opened iu'c on t dii ci ty. An attempt made by a party oi' royalists to capturi fail no eni-niN's canmui bv assaii e i;!'- gents, taking advantage of their success, pushed I't war :l into the town, and attacked the plaza. 1 f i ]io\\ov(i', they lost a camion which they had jilac,! in the plazuela of San Diego, and Albino Gan la, aware that reenforcemeiits were approaching from Leon an I Silao to the i-elief of the h(>sieged, hurriedly wi: !i- drevv' to the hacienda of Cuoxas, where a, oreat nuM- jcr ot Ins 1^.11 owers dispersei ]>ut althoui h tl insurgents i'ailed in their attempts against tl ii. ;il)_'. 0''., iii. MT-i*. ■LI., Ciuiil. nut., i. 4J1-7: //' Cniz hail, muioovor, instniotoil CaptMiu liiiiisolf ill ro.ijiucsii to assist (.iuaaajiiato. hi., iii. 4'_"J-oO. I L 10^, tliou at La ■'«.•!, t-j I i I Ii IX QUERETAKO. 330 nr.;l the principal towns, wliicli woro attacked in tni 11. "as ovei'i'iin l)v tiorcc bands of ••'uer- tlie province \v rill.is and subjected tliroiv^'liout its length and breadth to tlie scourn'L' of [)re(latory warlare. In tbt; iieii.!,'h- lMirin;4 ])rovince of ^liclioacau the aspect of allaii's U!l( Krwent no material cliam Alt lionnh tlio capi- til was relieved (Vom inunodiatc danger, it was (ho only place held absolutely in possession I)y tlu.' royal- ists. Duriii!^ tlie last thice months of the year, vaii- xneditions Were sent into the districts of IMtz- ous e ouaro, Tacambai'o, Ario, and Urnapan, but thon^'li tl le t>'ovornment loi'ces succeec led m di'ivni''' M urn/. and otliei' ciiiels iVom place to placc^ desti'ovin;_;' the fuunderie.s which they established and burnini;- their ciiiPis, tlieymacU^ no p(}rmanent ])roL;'i'ess. \\\ Xiuna (J.ihcia, ('rii>: was Diore successful. On the jirinciplo el' ( 'alleja's new system, military companies wei'e oi'- gaiiized in most of { ht; towns, and bytlieir coi'ipei'atiou ill resisting' the })redatory attacks of the revohilionists, the province was gradually reduced to tranipiillity. The citv of (.hieretaro, well fortiliec d and Li'ari'isoneo vra-; secured against attack, but the surrounding ter- iitery was no more extMupt iVoni ci\'il strife (ha'i tin; iieighl)oring provinces, and the comaiidante IJi hoilo -en tfp '(luent e\|)e(htion' au'ams t tl \o I'e'hel 1., r,;l Wiio m- tciM'Upted the comnumication between tlie capital and (}iU-^retaro to sucli an (^xtent that only immense con- veys strongly escorted could jtass througli the infested (.li^tili'fc.'' In comnumication with the insurgent h'ad- ■'"'' T'losc cxpo.litioiis wvw gL".iora)ly i'oiinn;iiiilril liy l'i'i'ii:iii.lfi K'nnrfi) M:ir- ti:u','. :iii.l iliU't'oiis.) ilo l:i 'i"'in'(', l).>th lMlro[)L'.ui S|i;iiii ird-i, au.l wlio-ic frmcity }:iiuril f.ir tlioiii iiu iiit'/uiiiiiiH iKiti'iicly. Tlio t'ormrr iuiliil','Oil liin l>liihwa\'man hv ijrofession, and so illiterat that lie only succeedeil in learning" to scrawl 1 iKiiue wlien he became prominent as a lead w, n. us IV- iir_ (;o Ueete (I a l)antl (lot) or I ()() men, lu; enter '('( I Z.icatlan on the oOtli of Aui^'Ust without oj)position. Ihi'c he was [)res('ntly joinett hy ^lariano Aldama — ;i Tela ti\e of tile Aldamas who had been the associat es 1 Ii(hd"4o — with the raidc of major-p^ener'al ; and their raiiiil nroM'ress soon causi^ii niconvoniencH n th (; (\'llil- t.ii liy the stop[)a^'e of supplies from tlie haciendas sit- Icd in tlie plains. W'uei^'as accordiu'^'ly despatcheil ua ail c.Mjeiiition a liti list Zacatlan under tl le commaiK I of a iia' err ' d captain named Oiriaco del Lhuio T lis (.'l!i- aiiKHl a scries o but \\\> 1 su d (H'esses o ver tl le l!isur''< ■nts, >tea(l i>] ( s sanguinary aiiu oi)pressi\u> j)rocee(linL;'s, ms xtinguisliiuL;' the insurrectionary s[)irit, only served to milame it.'"'' Thus ( )sorno, tlioUi,di repeatedly de- feated and his lollowers dis[)ersed, ever rea[)[)eared at ' 'Siiuli is tlio st;it«'incnt i)f (':dk'j;i in lii-i manilii'sto sii]i])licil liy ^fartincna ill hii \'( iiUvl' vo ()ri[i<'ii di ii Her. in S. J:'^/i., 10 7. O.siinio \v;i-i cimv iiti' 1 in I'r.ilila I'ni- inlilicry iihiut llii; yc:ir 17:''). Ho atlaiiiuil to tlic r;iiik cif iiiajor gi'Mci-al ami lieutenant L'cueral in tin; rovdliitionai'v service. JjiisLanianto glii-Jii (iv^r tlio criminal auteee lent (»f tlii.s leader. C:niil. //ivern:>r of JIaliana. Ii.-nl sent to Mi'xio ) ;i uuni'),!!' ot' ua\Ml olUoer.i who \vi.she.l tj talce ser\ii-.' i.i the royalist tiiiiiy. /.")!). ■■ An onler wliii-li Ik; issueil to tlu; olFect tliat no one excejil a [luliH.- ehar- ;ir!rr iniglit ritleoa horseback c:iu.sjil;^reat and general diseoiilcnl, and many joined Osorno in order to .save their horses, whieh wore regarded widiallee- lii'a. iVnni lieing taken for military work. Still more o[i|i!o.'.-si\o was l.,lano'3 sysiiiii of Imrning the hiimes of the country ]ieo]ilcon tho ranehoa .seattcreil tliioa-li the plains, in order to coniptd tho iidialjitant-i to con;^re,:^:at(; in tho l:a';.'er towns and oppose the insurgents. Ii/., i. 3tiO-l; O'az. de J/cx\ , iSll, ii. ;):'..'. =!i 342 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE JUNTA DE ZIT.\CUA1J0. some ]K)iiit distant from the scone of his hite revcrs^o at the liead of his leunitod men/'"* and liis name becaiuo as celebrated in the plains of xVpam as that of Albino Garcia in the IJaji'o of Guanajuato.'^'' *■" Aldama liiid IjL'cn treacherously iimrdcrcd Ly one Jos6 Maria Ciisnlla, vlio n,'('uivi' Cam- paign (IE MoRELos — Calleja Takes ZiTACtTAno — Destui'itidn oe the City— Reverses OF Porlier— Arrival oeSpani.sh Troops — Trii .mi-hal IIntry of Calleja into Mexico— Jealousy of Veneoas— Callkja Marches against Cuactla — Description of the Citv-Li.ano at IziXAR — Calleja Repulsed — Cuautla Invested — .Suiuerincs uf the JlK-ilEUED — MoiiELOS EvaCU'ATES THE ClTV — CaLLEJA RlTLRNS 1 O THE (Al'lTAL. JM! ? When Morelos returned to Cliilapca, after ilie siip- ]iiessioii of the conspiracy formed by Tabaros and J)avid, he found himself in a most favoraljh) position 1i> make at leisure and without interruption his prepa- I'niions for another campaign. i>y the dispersion of liic royalist troo))ssent against him, he held possession ui'tlie country about him. Protected from attack on liic north by the river jMescala, and the dee[) ))eslifer- uus valley through which it ran, he was equally se- c'li'c i'rom molestation in the dii'oction of Oajaca. TIu3 rcc'oiit defeats of troops from that province had kit it ill alarm for its own safet}-, without either the incli- nation or means again to assume the oftensive. Dur- ing' the next three months, therefore, ^Iorcl(.»s devoted liiiiiself with untiring activity to the more thorough organization of his I'orccs, and espociall}' to the estab- li hiiicnt of systematic order and harmony between cMstes, the correction of the abuses practised upon ( 313) m i i I 344 SIEGE OF CUAUTLA. Spaniards/ uiul to the collcctioii, j)r()j)er inaiiaj.^oiiU'iit, and K'^ltiiiiatu application ol' j)ublic iv-uts and eliuich titlic'S within the tcn-itory uiidci- his contiol.'- In order to I'aciHtati; matters, cai'ly in October he Ibinied a new province, ^\■hi(•il he named "^recpan, out of the southern [>ortion of the territoiy which at that tiiiKj com[)rised the intt^ndencia of ]\[exico, and erected Tecpan as the capital, with the title of the city "I" Xuestra Senora do (jluadalu[)e, whihj at the same time, as a punishment for the pei'tinacious oj)jiositl')n of the inhabitants of ^Vcapulco, tiiat [)ort was degradiMJ from its rank and title of (.'iudad do los lieyesto that of la (.*ono'rega('ioii de los Fieles, the lowest grade of munici[)al conununitit^s in the Jmlies.^ The preeminence displayed by Morelos in ability to direct the re\H)lutionary movement, continually e\- })Osed his life toother dangers than those of ojjcn wav. J3ark and secret plans were formed ibr his destrui'- tion b}' poison or ca[)ture. In September ISll ho i-eceived a letter from one Padre Alva,' warning liiiu of a [)l()t to poison him, and inlbrming him that t\v » men were already on their way from ^l.exieo with that object. As Alva had nnnutely described theiii, they were arrested on their arrival at Chilapa, ;iiid sent to Zacatula. About a year later a similar di-i :n was meditateti, of which Calleja seems to lia\e b; .;ii aware;'' and still later llayon a})[»rised him of the 'Oil the l.'ith (jf Octolicr he puMislioil ;i ducrco to this cil'ci^t: M^liu'Miri sicndi) ciilpailos iilgiums ricos Jvuoiii'i):^ i') crinllu.s, no .so li(.'clio iiiaiii> do .-'iw biuiii's «iii() L'Dii orcKii Ivxiuesa del Superior do Li IOx[icdi<-!i(jii.' Ih rnawli: y Jhh-'dns, Co/. J)or., iii. .lO-_'. irA). ^At thu l)(>giiiiiiiitc of Ills (.'arcur Morcdos appnintod coimnissioiieVH to at- tend to these iiiatter.s. Sre /■/., ii. "JJT-S; Aldnidii, lli/ J-^'hyi'ox, Col. ])ro,L,n'(,'ss, kept X'enoMas iu ciuharrassiueiit; and to add to Ids ])ei'[)l('\it_v, t he |)oj)n- ]ai'it\' ol" the cause ^vas daily ;^'ainiiiL;' m'roiind in the ciililla 1 and other larixo cities in ]>ossession of tl Spaniar.ls. Fostered hy the eircnlation of periodicals and [lublicatioiis — the (hstributors of which the gov- ernment in vain endeavored to discover — tin- jtrinci- ]i|(s of indei)eiideiice were being more widely dissemi- iiati'd and better understood. Prominent among tho an tlioi's of these shet.'ts was Doctor ( OS, uiiom tl 10 iiiipindeiit action of the viceroy ]iad driven to tho I'aiiU:; ( niriiibi tl le iiisuru'e nts. C. OS, as liie reader Vvi 11 re- ■r, on his departure from Aguascalientes had li(j< n detained in coniiiiement at Queretaro. J laving addressed a representation to the viceroy gi\ing an account of the occurrences at Aguascaheiites, and in- ferming him of the instructions which he had received IVeia C 'alleja to proceed to ]\Iexico, Qoh was released by 1- id* X'enegas and presented himself at the vice rcLtal 1 pali ice. vrui Ins explanations h lie viceroy express<;d liiinsc atislied but liter a delav of many davs, during which no notice was taken of him, Cos was peremptorily ordered to return immediatel}' to his p;ni.>h. Such a journey could not be undertaken by liiia at that time without imminent risk; two day.s alter his de{)arture lu> was ca[)tured by Correa' aiK 1 conducted to Zitacui s band iro, where, disiiusted with t'.ie treatment he had received and the want of c on- h bv tl ice 111 iiim sliowii liy tlie vn-eroy, lie caieix d 1 us (li 1 vircy (."alleja so le tomo on sii cai'sn, sobre otro coiiato jiosteiior do eiive- iitiuiiDicuto, quo lUi idea que Calleja tenia iioticia previa del lioelio.' JJi.it. "Ka Villi rint live pae^e.s of niatfei", and for some inonlh.-i issued from Zitiicuaro a weekly [)ul)lieation which he ■styled till' I /iis/r'i(/(i)' Aiiicricaiio/ The eil'eirtprodueed hy this slieet was soon felt hy the steady ennufnilion from the eities of yiniiiL;' men of eiieri^'y and aliility, Avho joined the ranks of tho revolutionists and aided the cause with sword or pen. 'J'he perplexity of Vune;^as increased daily; and so forlorn did his position ap})ear to him that at times he even meditated o])eninj4' eiimmunications with tho V'_'hel lenders to indner- them to lav d(»wn their arms hy oilers of ])ersonal favoi's, and hy concessions whii'li would win hack the multitude to their allegiance with- out prejudice to the essential prin<-i[tle of S|Kiiii>ii donnnation. ]3ut such a step would he dcM-pIy liii- miliating to the dignity oftlu? government, and douhly so in the event of failure. Sorely pressed though ho was, he hesitated to adopt a plan so uncertain. It was therefore a relief to his mind when Mamiel ]gn.i- cio Cjion/alez del Cam[)illo, hishop of Puehla," oH'ered " Mora siiys; M',! Ilus/rrtdor Aiiicrirniio, so luia por todos partes con ii\ iiK/ y coil iii)i'cci>i, vn hm graiuli^s ciiidailcs sonietidas alo.i J'lsii.UKilo^, cspc'cialiiKiiio cu iMt'jico, circiilaba do niaiio en maiio, y ann((no tl golni'rao viroinal saliiii ■. 1 Ir'l'Iki, 111) iio. Sonicwiiat later Cos oljtiiiiu'd a (]u;iiitity of type iiy tlie assistaiiuc of .Fofe Kelielo, uu ollieial ill tiiO jiriiitiiij'- odieo of Ari/])e, iu which the j^overiiiiuiit printing was done, liihcl) f.ir- eluised the type witlioiit suspieioii, aixl it was conveyed at great ri.^k tiiroa;;'! the j.;:-.tes of the capital packed in i.'ourds, which to appcaianco contained fniit. Having joined the insurgciiLs forlhwith, llebclo served for sonic years Willi great zeal for the cause, lie Avas eventually captured by the royalijsts while convcviiig son. revolutionary sheets from Zacatlau to Apaziiigaii, and shut. J'L, i."4t);!). **l'a:npnio, though a Creole, had been appointed bishop of ruebla on i'.c- count (if ciiiineiit services rcnilcrcd t!ie church. I'revious to his election ho liiid freipiciitly l);'en engaged iu disputes with tho Spaniards and the goveni- ineut. Disagicenicnts were then laid a.siih', and when the re\-olutioii h'.'i'a! out Canipiilo useil his utmost eli'urts to promuLe tho cause of Spain, liw li'"J niOPO.SElJ MEDIATION. 3»7 fi) (ipon iu';jji>tia(i<)iis in liis own iinnio with Iiayon and MmI'cIos, and suhniiiti'd a [ilan of jji-occi'din;^''. Jlc v.oiild address a inanilrsto (d llio two leaders, and ajtjii'al ted, it was to be understood that l!io insurgent forces, their fortified places, arms, and all I'esources of Mar, .should be placetl at the dispo.sal of the L;()Vernnient." NencLj^as gladly accepted the blsliojj's ])roposal; \\li('ther his media 'ion wero successlul (»r not, it v.iMild s(d\'e the (juestion which per[)lexed him with- out compromising the viceregal dignity. 'J'hu com- iiiissloners^'' were I'eceived b\- the revolutionary chiefs v.ilh becoming deference. ]]ut the design failed. ?N( Ither the Ijishop's manifesto nor private argniments and ])romises had any v/eiglit witli either ]»ayou or ^.birelos, who refused to enter into any negotiations of c. induct w:is, lio\vev(_r, marked liy freedom from the rancor disjil;iyed Ijy Li.4 Ijnitlier prolates, jiiul the coarse viiuiieralion wliieli tm) ol'ieu (lis,'i;;iireii tlicir exLortatioiis was never resorted to by liiiii. lie moreover i'renueiit'y i:itei-posed liid iiillueiice wiili t!ie viceroy to .sav(! the live-i of iiiifort.uiate iii- f!>ir;r;'iit captives, lie was, thei'cfore, re;j;ai'deil with less aversion liy tlio rovohilioiiiiiti tliuu liis ecclesiastical colleagues. Ji'ura, M(j. 1/ s/i-i Jtlish 'd liy him in Au-iist lSl-2. Cdiiijiillo, M, pp. lU(i. Xe;^'reto claims to Ik! thelirst liii>. jrian who published iv copy of theses interesting documents, Jiu:.t:imauto Ii'.viu;^' oidy produced the bish()[)'s eoires[iondence with Moj'clos. Mi .c. Si:/. A/A',, V. 10.'i-7(i. This histautlmrisof opinionthat Campilloilid uotinitiatu t'ue mediation, but that it was secretly arran^ccll liv Venct^as. Caud. 1114., ii. 111.;-:!. Consult Mom, Mij. y kiis Uiv., iv. lOT-'^Ol. 'Tlio cura Antonio I'alafox to Kayon, and the prcsbltoro Jose; Maria Llave to Morelos. The latter, however, was preventetl reaching liis deslina- tioii 'porque so lo impeilicron nnas calcnturas,' lUi.tianiaiitf, Ciiad. Hi /.. ii. ]!'■!. or, as Mora says, 'no (jniso encargarse de I'Ste negocio.' JliJ. y f>t(-i L'eo., IV. -Jl. A substitute was therefore .seat in liis stead. !l 1 1 1 1 -'1 ■I I Ml 3 'I "11 It li b 348 SIEGE OF CUAUTLA. except on tlio l^asis of tlio cstiiblishniciit, in !^^(•xi{'() nf ;i national g'ovci'niucnt. Indeed, even their inlluenee WDnId have l)een nnavailiiio- t(i stay the cnrreiit of in- dependent principles now so dt't'plv ingi'aited in the minds of tlieii- followers, and an attempt to do so Vionld liav(! endani^'ercd tlieir own lives." The coiii- missioiiei's, thereloi-e, returned with the tidniL's of their i'aihn'c, and the two o'overmnents continuid their pi'epai'ations for riitun,' hostd'ties. •n» rinjilclu.' .Six'ONiJ C.\^rPAIl:^• or Mnui.Los. Ahont the middle of Xovemhei" Morelos ao'ain to 'c the Mel! and emered npi>ii liis s(cond eampai'j;ii. i'l »- ceedini;' to Tlajia, he enli rod tluit to\ m ^"'ihout ojij o- siiioii, t lio royalist uani^on haxin^' rereated to ( )aj. .-a on his a[)[)roach. J Lore he was joined hy J *a(h'e 'i';ii»i;i, " Till' c'liiuiissiiiiuT Pal:-.fnY, i:i liis report to t!io liisliop d'-i'viliiii',' tlui ]iu)jlir Ic! liii'^' in Ui.-it part of tlic cMiiiilry \vliii;li hi' visilcd, : ;i y:' : ' -Ni :'0 jiieat^a, iii ;o ii.i))la. lii so ulira, siiio dc la iii.smi'oK'ioio . . .tudcifi, jiofi iiia;i 1<>:! ii.iii' ■^. c-^taii rc.-iu'ltii.s \\ iiiorir. y con liudios praclicMn li.ui ihoIumI' :|1ic; loesliin ti: i- liicn ii ma tar aim a los .sujironio.s ^ol'tvs que liau |iu( 'o v\ din (juo !U! viu U.i i cuiuij uliu.i tlii.cn "icvi'ludas."' VuiaiiUio, Mttuij'., II. 1.'!. ILiymi's ic^>l>' i'J MOVEMENTS OF MORELOS. .■349 011(1 VictoriaiiD ]\r;il(l<)iuul(), ;in Indian of in-cat ix'so- lutiDii ;ini Itull iLft'lKH^ 1' loni Tl; i|);i 111" ni;ufli(.'(l to Cliaiitia cK' la ;:al, \vlu;ro ^[at( > Musitl'i, ;i rich Sj)au- iar'at;i/-ci and arni'X c iiM'cc, iorliiyiiii;' hiiii.scll in a stroiiLj l>ui I at 1 It' lis own ('XixMise a ild- l i\ \\<.'j; wliich had nn'inoriv hcci the convi'iit oi" the Au- U'lisi uiiaiis. .Al (iiTlos, Jiowcvcr, dcs (It'jelici.' made, caiTKu 111, pito li 10 NlLl'orollS ac(," l)V stonii, aiK ca]) lured ^tlusitu and '200 of Ids nuii. .Vlllioiigh Musiti'; (tlll'ivd id'ty thousand dollars lor Ids life, ]\c was tivatcd with the st'vcrity dealt to bolli^'ereiits, and .shot willi otlit-T S[)a,iiiards wlio wore takoii prisoners Yvilli 1 1 nil OH) At C'hautla, Alorolos di\idod his force into tin di\ i>i(*ns, one of which lie ))lacod under the ccruiniand ei'Mi'-'uel Jjravo, with instructions to inarch aLiainst C aca; \vi th tl lo secoiH I ira] eana. vas sent to attj l(.-K Tasco; ut the head of the reinainiiiL;' division Morelos aihanced to Izucar, which he entered on the lUth of Di'ceniher without opposition, and was there joined Ijy Mariano ]\Iatainoros, the actini>' cura of Jantetelco, chic dtcrward iiL,^ured as a j)i()niine!it rcvohitionaiy Oil the I7tli, h(>wever, he was attacked hy a force of over 500 men under the coniinaiid of AEi- yiicl (\c Soto y AFaceda, a lieutenai.^ ol'the navy, si-nt au'aiiist him hv l^laiio who, in recoiiidtion of his ser- C: illo is ilatc'd Zitaciiaro, OctulKT 10, isil, tiiat df Morcli jqia X. -4, iNJl. Thu lattLT cliiff. irritated ])oriiaiH iiy thu upli'.'aiiliii'^ tniio iuid smiivw hat acriiriDiiiDiM slyli! of t!io bi.slinp's letter, forwardeil ti> liiiii a ;vii-ea:- ■ tie U'lte wliieli he had appended to twii leitera received hy hiiii tVmii the enras bt"J'i\thiaiid('hil; IMsUl-X'Ilt.-i The fdllowiii jhitive to the jiroteetioii (if their h a tiaiishitiou (if tlio d (lenmeiu : I'l: '■'t, l"ill. I certify iii duo form tiiat tho-ic eiira.s of the jieople X. who iia\e \\<: a ill fa jf til le ":aehii|iiiies eau Uil Jiiid perform ilicir i'eli,:;ioiii4 fiiiie lions witiiout lieiiig lialdc to tlie eiiar','e of irrc'_,'ulai'ity and to excoiimniuiia tion. and t!iat only tlio cura MoreloL< and the otiier Ameiican eiiras will Ik cmiM lerttl irre''ular, excommii ideated, etc. Let the ori d be remitted to tile lusho)) of I'uelila for hi.s information, Ivforelo?.' J/., 97 -^. AI'iiiKui, Hid. Mij., ii. -I'JlJ-.'tO; while here attached to 1 as f^erviee .lose Mil I'riH .S'/r//(w, iii. '\'s2. Morelns ][ f Ih titlan, will) was) found seen ted in the (.hii reli errera, etna o: ■nd lirou'dit Inforc him vhehned wltli tei'iur. Moreh 'PI ■ased his fca d 1 le was atteiwii .1 (I'hiiitted into his closest conlidence, and made a eliap'.ain of ids army. Cav(j \\U.u ii III ' l';ste 'A f, OSes lo.so lb. Minititlo de reiaeiones de itlirljide, ijue lunto daiio ill' :*l Iii rif ■ f ' 4 it SIEGE OF CUAUTLA. vioc.-; ill the ]»lain.s of Apaiii, liad nicaiitluic l)e(Mi iiia'lo cnloncl, and attcrwai'd appointed iiii]ita.iy coiuinaiidi'i- ut" till' province of .PiU'hIa.'' H! assaidt was susiuinci I with at vi'>'or f Ol' IIVO liniirs, hut the l•oyali^ts could make ii- i!n[)i't,'s>lnii upon ili(! ])laza, tlio entrances to whicii were closed hv harricadcs. Soto, nioi'tallv wounded, at last uavo ordc to retreat, (lele'*'atin<>' tl k; c()nnnan( I toC iliiaia ^Mariano ( )rtiz. The retreat was e(|ual]_v disastrous. Ortiz was killed at the head of his nun wliile endrav- oriuLj; to rej)ulse the ])ursuin^' revolutionists, and tlio lenuiant of the division, amounting- to less than two hundred n)en, entered I'uehla on the IDth, the re>t beilin' killed, captlH'ed, or dispersed H j*nil(!a now lav almost at the nicrcv o^ ^Morelo-, dependent as it was for its defence onl}' u|)on tlif djs- spirited remnant of Soto's lorco. l>ut he cliose rather |o SV/c e'i> clean the territory as ho advanced, and 1 no li .4il )ree in liis rear, lie therel ea\(; Ol'- t ll'( )(•('!• to ( 'uai'.tla, ant enw red it ^\■ithout I'esistan ce on tin ■J.lth of JJ(!cenil)ei', the comandanti; (iarcilaso ileil at his apjiroacli. l'''rom C'uautla ]Moi'el tinned his tr!umi»!ia! niarcli to Tasco in order t na\'ili'. OS (■ Ml- Vv ith ( J alcana, d 1 \v\\i> lian hi'i'U t'([uall\' successiul ni ins Ih o UhltO I, expi'ilition a^'ainst that tov.ii, which he took altera viu'orous defeiiee maintained hv the cotnandante Ma- riano < 1 VlOS, after sustainiuLi' hiinsell' I'a' lWi > (lavs, cap ilulated on lh(.' condition tliat tin 4' liiniself and his ti\)si'(l ist i;;ivo Ca]il;iili iaslious. t'luK'av- aiid l!io hail luo thr V'-t I I lie dis- sc ratliri' iinl K'a\i; il'C )(•('(" it", I ■(' oil 1 lio ) lia\iii;.;' L'loS ( '11- li) uhitc ul in !ii^ alter a lite Ma- ii-riri'-r 111' r,v(^-^ \v i-apil- jlltllUii'il willi lif- ]„, ciitliclral j^iivcriiiiiii't- It ulVtIiC ile- ■/'(•( .•) N;;/'''*', II cimiunmi- ,m tlu) l-'ili //-/•//'(/' ■■• .", Uf.uly :i-i "' 11 JUNTA Dr: ZITArTARO. n5i ti'cii o'liir })ris(>iK'rs, S])aiiiar(ls and ci'oolcs, was sliot (111 tlio 4tli of -laiiiiaiA' I'd '. Thus tei'iii ilia ted the srcoiid caiiipai^'ii ot'Moix-los, hy which he hecamo laastcr of the tei'i'itory cxteiidiiie- from ("hila])a to the la-'UMtaiii ranL;'o wliich scpai'ates the valley ol' .Mcxieo iVoiii the tieiTa calieiitu of the south. ^[('anliiiie Ihe junta of Zil:icuaro was exjieriencini^ dial o])[)()si(ieii to its aiitlioiiiy ;dr(.'ady I'oresliadowed. Touiiis Ortiz, a nephew of Hi lal'^'D, and who had been appointed hy him comaudaiite of that district, made liiaiseir partieularly ol)iio\i;)us, hotli on acv'onnfc of h want ol (lele iH'c and ail' •y complaints Irom ^lei hi < rapacity, which dr e\' l'elo> r 11 ordef to sustain t'a.e authority of the new g'overnmeiit, the Junta ther e- lof t'ire caused Ortiz to he arrested, as well as severa its own co;iu';'-;sioners who ha;! displayed a similar .Ir qtion. to whom liaN'on himself ai>;»lied tin epithet of voracious 10 Oi-t iz ant 1 t wo ouier (k'lin leli (|i!eiits were (^omlc'inneil todeatli ; hut il" their services, execution of t II COll'idelMtioU le seiiteiK/e was sus- pended. When ('alleja, however, approacluNJ Zit:t- ciiaro the junta, ap[)rehensive that they mi;j,-lit cause i'uture trouble in ease the royalists should jh'on'c siic- cessiu 1, <)-ave orders for tl leir t 'Xetaition, and tl lev were sn'i t on the .3lst of J)eceml) Xor did IJavoii meet wiih that suhservieiicy to his wishes which he had e d .11 rom his colleau'Ui'S, wlio soon he an t M I'cM'ard 111-, an cii>\-. il)it ious views of s In 1 lis correspondeiie, . wit I'-aowfandizement with jeal- h ^[orelos he spealcs cl' the dis'jfust which he had cxneri.'nced at t leir (Uliei'- ir< 01 H es, of the puerile dis[)osition which they displayed, 1 ol' their weakness of character.^'* Thus enmity .l/(, /•-/„>•, n,r/a !.'!. liin-i iiiid iii.i'li Itv. Jiii-itiiniaiitc (K'suril) ■>> him as •li'iiiili \( an c^iiicciiil dlijr,'! (if liat'. i.y I M sj)riin::^ up Ix'tux'Cii tliein; and lliough uu ;ip;);;iv'nt I'cjcoiiciliation (/CciinTd in the face of a, (hui'^ci' c );iii;u)ii to all, mutual coulidciice was lu'wr rcstoi'ud. Oil (1k' Istof .[aiuiary, 1 S I -J, Callcj:i aj)[);'art'(l In:- i'ore Zit;icuaro, tlu; (loomed elly. ]lo Jiad k'ft Guaiia- jualo oil llic lull of Xo\(Miil)<.'i", and tlio slownc-sof Ins uiovuiiu'iits marks at once the repu^-naiiee witli which ho undertook the enteiprise and his cai'o to si'- curc ;i suecosst'ul issue." Pi'oci>edin;4 to Ac:lmharo, ho thoi'o contbrrcd v.ith 'I'l'ujillo, who met him lor that purjiose, and was joined hy Castillo y Biistaniante, Garcia (\)n(l(\ ]\Leneso and other chiefs with tiieir divisions, accordinc,'' to pivvious insti'uctions. l-'ioni Aeiimharo he leisurely continued his mai-ch,'-' and ar- rived at Ixtlahuaca toward the niiddk; of l)eceni!)er, in oi'der to o[>en c()mmiuiication with 'l'ohic;i ;ind combine his o[)erati()ns with tlieso of INu'lior.'-' Hero he receivetl some reenforcemonts, and his army now amounted to 4,000 combatants,-' with twe;ity-thi'ec pieces of artilleiy^ of diilereut calibre. On the 'Ji'd of JJeeember Calleja marched from S:m Felipe del Obi'aje, whei'e lie had concentrated lils troo[»s, and on tlie followim^ da}' entered the ru'^^cil delile of San ]\[ateo. The ditlicultios which he cn- Wi ' 1 y (loscoiiocidas cu la mayor parte (1(; las divi^ioms iii'^urJL'iiU'.i. , .y sc nciisa ilavdii ill! lial)er iiiteiitado apodrrar.so ilo la iiutoridail buprtiiia a la soiuljra de juTSDiias iiisi;;nili<"antc8y nomliivsdcsi.'oiiooidos.' MiJ. //.s'/(>' /,'. -■., iv. I',!.) I. ''•• At'lor lii.s dcparturo from ( Jnaiia juato Ir' roci-ivod Vi.'nL';j;a;i' ia.jtructioiis of Oitoljcr .'{j.st, cnucliL'd in siicli jii'iciiiiitory tLriiis as to cauic liini uukIi aii- noyaiU'O. llu replied to tliu viixMoy tiiat 'no iKccsitaha iisai' do t I'luiaoi tail I'streehalitot!, piio.s liastahaii las aiiteriorincuto rouibidas para oljuducer. ' liiii- Imimiilr, ('iiiiijirii)ii.i i/c ( '■i.l/ijn, l.'iU. '-''t'allcja was l(ida\.s .lassiiit,' t'rom Aeainbaro to !Maravatio, r xiiectiiiu' ri receive iustriictious fio.u the vieerny, wliich failed to arrive. (Vrc lA J/'./., isr.', iii. i;!i;. ^'(Jalleja, eonsideriii.',' that t!ie pri^vions failiii'es to take Ziticiiaro were caused liy tho attaelvs heiiii; direited thri>u,i,'li the dillii!ult eail iii nf San Mateo, had intended to make his approach liy that of 'i'ii\pan, while Porlier Hceiired tiie San .Mateo road against the retreat of the insiii'L;eats. He wa;^, liovvuver, conipelli'd to .altei' his phin and niareh t!iroie;h tiio Sau Mate) caunn, while I'oi'lier direeteil liis atteiiLion a^'ainst 'IN'nanifo. //*. --Consisting' (if '_',7ltl infantry and 'J,1'U cavalry, llis ori:;inal foree Jiad, however, heen redueed hy 1,043 men from sieUnoss and desertion. Alaman, Jlisl. Mij., ii. 4.-)l-'J, FALL OF ZITACUARO. s:.: 'iintci'i'.l ill Ills iipij'/oacli to lii!' ciiv wx'ro so '^Toat tli.it he \V as t'i'^'lit (lays in acc()in])lisliui!4' tAvclvc lea;. lU' s.iiiK'tiiiics a(l\aiiciiiL!- not more lliaii lialt' a Ica'.Mic in t went v-f our lioiii 11 many places fiitii'dy new road liad 1o 1h' opened at tlie cost of iniiiieiise la 1 tor, and the ^iltIel•ill'4•s ot'tlio soldiers wvvv eN('essi\-e as tliey toiled under pitiless storms of rain, snow, ami pelliii'^' hail which alternately desct'iidod ii[»on them from the sun- I'sssky. 1 lad tlie royalists heeii assailed in tliis | ir is piohahle that they would iie\'er have rca' Zit;icuaro, hut the insurirent leaders t lass. oo co!l!ld( ntiv I'clle tien^ Upon tlieir strcjiiLT ixisitioii, and (heir lortiliea- which had heeii elahorately coi the direction of lianioii ]lavon, hroi U|il<'ie(l llaviiiu" surmounted all ler of I; ohstacles, (Adleia, on 1 und.'r I'lacio. 1st lie (>t January, 1812, oiicampod bef(»re the t;»v,ii on a iixiii'i- u-rouu d JUS t bt evoiHl reaen ot tl le ellellU s at- tcries. Having' jiersonally reconnoitred the I'liemy's liacs of (h'feiices,-' lie made his dispositions i'>r atta CK Oil the fbllowin'^ day. His })lan was to assail tin iiisur'i'eiits' fortilieations in the i ear while he tlii'i.'at- cned thi'iii witli attack in I'ront. Witli this ohj(>ct, h pl;ici'(l a division of his forces unly; l)ut their fire then slackeii"d !)el'ore the su[»eiior Hi t J It is navnitcil liy r>i:iz Ciilvin.>. tli.it avI ulo K :;illi'|a \\;is iiuikiii li f'<.'!'v;itii(iis till' tigiiniiioii .if a vury porfrot imliu tivii iipiicarnl iu the sliv. ;i!ii t.iat Ik; exi'laimeil to .IdSic M;iru K iiaLriirav, vlio ooimiiaiulcil the ('a\ali\ t-cui't whiili iu:cA iinpaiiu'ii Inijs: V. la p :iliiiii: nui'^ua t'S la victitiia I'll. Calvilli), niiiro" »^r, jiivo-* a w >ocl-(ut of the iiiifai'iilcms apiic ir- ;iii''i', winch 1 . littl o rt'sch.iilauco to:\ '(.■■Jm th.it it has hut'ii thus cii; lii a ini'p.mial note: 'En venlad 4'^ parc>.v d la I'al inichi (-irl.' //) ma, e'uino ua huiiij a ur.a lliat. Mkx., Vul, IV. aa r-' i, m ■m .X'i SIEGE OF CL'AUTLA. ifl >j;'unii>'vy of llie l■()yali^ts, and disoi'dcr was oljsciAr I ill llu'ii' liiii's. ('allcja lia^l already inadci liis (!i>- j)(i-, till,' laitci" jcadoi's l)t'in!^ iusti'iicli'.-' Th(\so r'olunms wrve now urdeiXMl to advance, wlii'n' ( Jai' and t!iu town. JIo causeil tlireo mountain jiat'iH bvi'lin^ to tiii.i tu 'lu well opcneil tV)f tlic ailvano" of liis attaeiiini; colunuis umlcr covci' of \\U artillciy. Castillo mijved aloiiic tliu ono to Calkja'.s lef t ; Jaloij H. Tile aeeount of tlic eapturu of Zit;ieaaro lias lieeii derlv'' 1 /: i Cnlleja's rep'jrt to the viiuroy in Id., iii. 17-1''', K!.")— 1"J; li'i-iiiuiutiiii . ''- i- IKii'tiK di: ('(d/(/n, ll>2-.M; (Jiirrra, Iter. N. K70-S-2; T rcn'c, Rca'. Ilii^p. A,i).:i:, i. 310-1:?; Dhc: r.' S( rinoii, lo'J-o!). -''''rhonu'li Calleja in his report wislus to uivo the idea tliat irroat iniiiih , , fill, lie only vaguely sUiics that nian}^ hundreds of the rebel-! jierislied. A .Sjiani.ird, however, writing from Zil.icuaro on the ."itli of Juuuaiy, > : 'A[iiiias moririan '201) y en el pueblo no pn^arian dc '20, ])o\-fjiiu estabi y i perniiuieeo solo.' (iii/rm, ]!( r. ^V. J^'n/i,, ii. 410. Xcgreto .says; 'La [v i do I'ls iutlependientes. . .fue corta: no pasi) do einiiiiiita lMiid;n -, ■ ' inueho niaym' ',i do los realistas. ' Mi'.r. S!i/. X/X., iv. lifi!/. Calleja e .i- mated the number of the defenders at 3o.()()0, of whom JL'.fMOwere ea\Ml y, ' m'uiiero .'^in ihula njuy exajeradu,' as ALinian reniarks. J/l.-'t. M(J., ii. I ' '• -r ot DEG;;.M)AT[i)\ OF THE CITY. lUT aims ;iiid ;iii niimciisL' store ot aimniuii- li'i;!.-' The cMsiinltics orthe v'ictoi'S were insio-iiilicaiit. i]\cini)lai'y imnisliniciit must necessarily be inHictc I Il'Hlll a cilv Nvliicli liad twice wil ii ('SS(- 111- (llsLiTace 11 10 I'oya list iirill:- M OS I o r the 1) h'''( •rents Irul cs;';i[)e;l and tlu; j)i'is()ii('r.-; were; f'.w". ( )1' tlieso, ei;^li- tcca were sliot on tliu rollo\vinllS he.l I proclamation, < loci; in 11'. ruc- >n t!i'> '• thnt the Indi.iiis of Zitdciiaro and its district were dc- ]uived of their jn'operty, all their immunities and pilvileges forfeited, and that e\'erv l)uildiii ^' would he to th le in'ouiid or destroy i)V lire Six d 1\"S Wi re u'iven for tlie unfortunate inhahitants to lea\ the town.-'' The conde de Casa llul was charged witli the execution of the sentonco, which was riii-or- dy carried out, after the phiec had been well s;icl\ei I hy the royalist troops, the churches iind convents bcliie; spared. •■"' ( hi the ir)th Calleja dejiartel i>;i! L'Oill Mi iravatio bv the 1X1 tan road w ih rear ascended the ilanu's and sm;)ke from the buraiu.;" town, which had been di'jfuiried bv tlie revolutioiii-ti ith ihe high titl' of Villa Inij>erial;" i'orlier iu tlu; nie:m time sustaiiu'd a re'.aa'se in 1 lis UM.'V atious. According to the first plan f irme I by^ (.'iiUeja, ho was to have occupied the San ^Liteo road -■(,•'13. i>'Ueroa.' /'/.. iii. ir.». I 111' capifcil (if tho 'lc;[r;irtment. was traiT^t'TVi l t > MaraAMii'i. Th'^ laiiiU (111 t ail t'xctpt iu<>val)!t! propoi'ty \^' ' li> li'' ^^ >l'l 'i"il fin; r'' "cuils [)la>;til in l!. loviltniLsan-, A/., iii. l.'Vi-S. 'W.ii.l 8av.s: 'I saw this imfort,un:ito ti.v.n in 1S'_>(1 i '. l..'tt!io iikeois still -i •■ -'i-.' J/'c.,-. ;„ /,.■.';, i, ■ I ' lUt'ja fi'oin tho cliai' \ ing alloweft tlio i''i ^ ^ tj Ijc pillaged. All i; \. ii.i.i)- Wii-s taUoil of .•t!i . aa I tlicy wcro mnit to tho liir^liup ut Valhulnliil. CalviUo als>> ruprmliicos an '>!■]■ I- 1<( Cdlk'ja uf tho J.St'i of .t.umary, prolnhitiii',' hid sj iMiors from iiaukiu^ fi:.y otliir towns, or haciemla.'. aiiil rauehos. Sir.iioii, 17^1 4. lio.siili-i Zi'a- t'iaro, (jallfia rcilueed to •I.'^Ik.s twolvo pueblos ii\ the vii;iiiity. Bii->,uiia;if(3 sii[i}iliis a li.st of n\o ' ^ tlioir iiaairs. i'ltoil. //;■., i. 3J.!. "'(Jalleja iu hi-i ivpori, speaks of it as 'hi llani.uli Imperial Zit,'hpi;u-o. ' d'-r.. yk Jh.c, 1612, iii. l^J. Till- situation is '. Dia:'; Calvillo iii'l reli^ioiH leal (^llbijts, ^i til il noi X,(] SII:GE 07 CUAUTLA. leading to Zitacr.jvro; lint Iiavinq' received orders Tivmii A'eiiegas to move iVoiii ^J'oluca aLTailist Teliango, ][<•. roaeli, coneenti'atin'4' themselves in the harranea of 'J'eciia- loya. ( )n the ,'!d o|' .lanuaiy he drove th(> eiieiny iVoni tiK'ii" position and toojv possession ol" the [xiclilo. JJut the troops ol' .Morelos were ap^u'itachin^' in foi'cc, and about the middle of .lanuary tli*' barranca was aL';ain occupied, (haleana ha\'in;j;- arriveil with the ad- vance di\i-ion. ()n the 17th Poi'lier attacked iIk; insurgents, vlio had taken up tlie same position !"re!,i whii'li they had [)reviously been (lrl\"en. Though the rovalists ijained some advantaLC*' at iirst, ;nid ad\a:ie >.! to the pueblo wliici) hud been occupie:v., ISll, ii. l-_':il; Id., Isii2, iii. IS !!), (J; -70, l.Vir,!, Cinisiilt a!s()yl/i(//i'7», Ilifit.M:)., ii, 4i)0-7; 'I'vrniifr, /Ac, lli SAXTIACO JKISAKRI. 357 liiiAiiiii' rcniaiiK'd llirin; davs in 'r(jiiaiiciiiL''(), I'dui'iicd 1)V wav of C'iicniava(,'a to Cuaulla, wliuru liu iii'rivL'tl (111 the Dill (if l'\'liruarv. ntliHicd successes of ^Morolos had so alai'iiicd that he reiterated orders wliicli he liad pi'c- vimisly given to ( 'allcja, eiijoiuiiiL;' him to march soiitii- ^• 1 lie CO cli("''as, \\ AVi I a-'aiiist that lead er So |)erem])tor_V were his la>t iiistriK/tioiis that C'alle-ja had iio alternative hut to cuiii[iiy; and on the '2'-U\ ofdanuaiy he left .Mara\ati'o and ]iroceeded to Ixtlahuaca, having', however, |)i'c\ i- mus] y i'equeste naiion. The \iceroy at this date hit himself less (h iH'lUll lit than heretofore on the' victori ous !''eliera 1. ( the I 4th aiiil intii of the month two ^■^j)ani>h hatta'.i Iiasl ai'rived at A'era C'ru/.'^^md olhers wire >IIS ln||.iV>'ill', So \' ene'''as, wlio would soon lia\'>' over ;j ,000 1 )elim- Cal' liar troo[)s at his disposal,'"' proceeded to appoint .,u..;.>' c.,.4;., I,.;....,.,.; .> c:...,,.:, i ;i- eias successor Santi aii'o 1 risarri, a Si laiiisn com- risarri was unknown m llie armv ol liieiloi'e. 1 SiKilii; and the' dissatisractieiii at the aiinointment \ ew cxpi'es.-ed hv a rei)resentalion addri 1a 1 PP wa ;l to V iiie'>as ]>i inei[)al oliicers, statini;' their unwilliii'^'ness to X lAc under any otiu r cwmmauder than (.'alleja. 'fhe \ii'ei(iy was now in a dilemma; hut he deemed it jiru- (leiit to retract under such pressure, and hy des[)ate!i el' the ;!tst conjured Calhja not to retire. '^"^ To a\di>l -.1 tl in rcvt'i'se. tint Call ij:i w:i- iK'Ilt iipou rctnniiucf to tlio 11 liio "f euMiuiuiito .111(1 oppriscil the iniivcniuiit. L'l. t-iip., -i'lT. 470- ' N'liiiK'lv, tin- tliiiil liatLuli.iii of tlio ixj^inn'iit of Astui'ias, and tlic lirst of t'l.itt.f l.uvera. (;<'■:. ,/,• .)/. I/l-f. Mil.,n. Hi:). Oiill tl"lilSli:iill. A/'i i^rj, iii. 11 1. Tiii.->e wmv! Uu' lii-st tioop'if^ciifc . .,ii. Hi',). OiiUiL-'JlHli tin; lii'.^t hattalioiii.f tho A;uii-ii.ano iiit'autry iciriincnt anivt'il iVuiii LViili/. (ra~. ilr M'.r., ispj. jij. 177. '"So rcriliienm iiutioiaH do (|Uo p.rimto cstaiiau mas do tros mil ImmKrii cii \' viuCni/..' Ilii.-ifit.nitii/r, ('lUiiji. dfCalhj'i, 158, Ti sjiatch itod . ■ri.v fr ('alio si'i'viijo:! aiiil ilio saol'iliot'd lio hail made I'l.i' hi < ooiintiA'. oja. 111 w iiU'h lio oiiuiiu'i'alcf Ins c'looii a tuoifa i had onpy of till! I'oprosoutaiiiMi ho hail voc' ivod from Uio ollii ii'iiiy. It was tlioro.iii assortod that Uio ill health \' J'\'l)niaiy was appoiiitcd as tlu'ut this display was attended with an accident t')thi' hi'i'o of tlie occasion, which in the eyes of some was 1'oi'(l)o{hng ol' (hsaster to him. WHieii near the gate of ]\[ei'caderes tlie liorse of the mariscal de canijx), .li'id;is Tadeo Tornos, who was riding l»y the side of Calleja, l)ecame restive, and rearing struck the general on the h<'ad, hrinuiu'j: iiini to the li'round. Cal](>ia was carried into a house near hy, and only recovei-ed souk! hours later suHiciently to lie convoyed in a carriage to t!i.' ]iala(H' to present himself to the viceroy, having Ix'cii unalile to attend tlie iovful ceremonv at the cathc- (Ira 4> Altliougli the viceroy and Calleja maintained an outward appearance of friendsliip, their sentiments t tward eacli otlier were none of the kindest, '^i'hc i''alousv witli wliich A^encLras had for some tnae I'egarded his gt'iierai was increased l)y the ilattenn^' reception now given liim. The applause with v.hiv-h •'" ITis farces odiiHi^ted of iJ.l.'iO iiifmitry, l,.'^r!-2 cnvn]ry, nncompanicil livi ti-iiiM't' ],.")U!) loa'ls (if pruvi.-ionu and ovfi' ■!.>;) of intiniiiDiis of war. l!:i-t '- 1:11(11(1', i'tiiiji. (b' (.'nihj'i, l()T. "'''I'lio (lay was tluit of Sail l'\'linc (k' .Ti'-ius, on which a festal proeussiua wr.s inailo from the calhc(h'al to Sail I'rancisco. ■'n,V,:. d<: Mix., ISl'J, iii. i:!:)-l. ^^A/(imaii. ni(' vcrsi' 350 IIIKl !M)l)f;ir;iIH'c ;i(: \\u 1! 111(1 III inihiic wns !'-r<'( 'irA, jil Mlllh' IIHlli ;il( liow lii:.;li ill royjilist Hivm' CilK-ja stood, ami V'cin'^as li-'iii-cl'ortli cDuId only I'ci^-nrd liim in tlic li^lit <■.[' ;i 1 iv;il lie (•(■jui'j''^, also, so alolv (lis ) hived III 111' •1M\' III no \va V tolidfd to li's^rli liis Ulic'isinc 111 the coiiroiiiiiL;' of rowai'ds and ]iroiiioli()iis \v Id no loii''-cr witliold" inipi'ovo niattors. M IPM' ilicil coll cilals wiTi' distrihutrd to tlic oiiict'i's and t rooiis : aiK ( alK;ji L n; •;1 iviiiLj oi'on proviously ])roniot<'d hy (ho vie y >y t'> the ranlc of inajor-^eiKTal, a correspondin'.;- ;..|\a!iec ill gradtMvas extended to all ollicers in (In' aniiy.''' As tliis promotion was not ('onliiied to the army of the eeiitre, hut was extended to the ofKcers (.i' oilier divisions, and even to those of tlit! marine vlio liai arrive! I i roin 11: d)ana, and \\liosi' ser\iees h.id hi.'eii N'ery inferi(jr, it did not meet with j^'eiieral .-atisl'actioii. The loyal Americans lelt a'j;'.;ri( \'ed; a jKirty spirit was (lovelo[)e(l in the army, and ii was ail I that the Mexican-horn olhcers \v ere e\e!i h lini''- t; how si<>' ns of indecision in re'^ard to the'ir piilitieal iaitli, inllnenccMl hy the revolutii'iruy jiapers \.iiicU nad l)Cen issued from I fi Zit; uiiaro. ! )urin'>- th« i' 'W days that Calleja remained in the capital the niis- laidei'standinu" hetweeii him and AV'ne>>'as increased; and had the stay of the army been prolonged, it is (1 mhtful wlirther they could have kept n[) e\en a seni- 1 lance of friendly intercourse. Cull, VfiiPgas li;ul alwiiys 1)l'CIi s])iiriii;_,' in his;u;liuo\vlL(lL,';m'nt df t'li' sci-viccs •j,l .s ;i>. my, t li jii uriil1>1» rtod V a ilo'' anil a ii:"tivo a mil chi.stc's L'racl ciiiirau'c, and o n till' hor.l ■!• tin; i-ui.'iii L'u Aculri), ( Inana juato y CahU'ron. .V. All fo I man sav.- • 12.2 2.0 18 1.25 1.4 1 = — ^ 6" 1 V] ^/2 A % /; /^^ # s Photographic Sciences Corporation '^ fV :\ W^K \ C^ % V^ '*?)" 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (716) 873-4503 ■fi i r li ,; i-! 860 SIEfiK OF CUAUTLA. ])ut the |)r()xiiiiit,v of Mori'los allordi'd Uk; vircioy a pivicxt i(ir liiistonin!L( tlu; (icj);irtnic of the; (iDops; and oil 1 lie Mtli li(j issiK'd (»i\lci's I'oi' llic army to iiiai'ili, at the saiiio liim; uxphiiiiiiii^ w liy \ic was coiii|nll('d to act witli such promptness. 'I'lic position oCthc royal- ists as dcscrlhcd hy \'cncn'as'* was, indeed, s(ii'iu>. The capital was sui'ronnded hy hands of revv)hitionist>; c<»nimerce with the interior was destroyed; coninnnii- <-ation with \'era ('rn/and Oajaca was closed; tran>- ])ortation id' (piicksilver and ,n'un[towdi,'r to the mines was no lon^i;r possihle; and all intercours<' witli thi^ port of Acapnlco was cut oil", (tausinL,' addilion.d emu- mcrcial distress and a loss to the revenue ol" I.Ui)U,();)ij l)e.sos in duties pavahle on i-'oods hroUniit hv th(j \ e>- isel Irom Manila. Scarcity of pr(»vi>ions and other connnodities was severely I'elt in the capital, and the viceiov I'eai'ed that even the I'oads to Texcoco aini Tol uca, ic floseU sive tl It M oW oidy ones lei't o[H'n, would sjiortly lie was therel'ore indisj)ensai)le that a deci- .iK. lid he struck at Morelos, whom lie regarded as tin; jiresent head and front "'" ^'.o revolu- tion.'' The j'lan ol" operations whicl .o gave t'> ( alleja was hasesl on the latest information. It, arranged for sinmllaiieous attacks on Izi'icar ami (,'uautla, conducted res[iectively hy Llano and ('alh j,i. Till' neci!ssary instructions having hotMi sent to J^lano at Puehla, on the Icth n[' Fel)ruary CalleJ;i"s advance lel't for ( 'halco, whither troops of Morel'-i had ah'eady arrived, and on the 1 :Jth tlu^ main hody moved forward. I'nrsuing the lin(> of march indi- cated in his instructions,'" ( 'alleja('ncam|ie(l on the 17th at J*asulco, two leagues I'rom Cuautla. 11 .le Morelos, duly informed of the movements of the' ♦' Sco C(>]iy of liis iiistriK-Uoiis in nn-ftuiniiifr, ('(iiii/i(iriri.-^if< < 'uH'jn, ]."!)- (I.'i. ^''I'lio vioeioy'H vonls arc: 'I'riiuiiKil cmit'i'i) ilo In insuinrcion en l.\ ni'hinli'laci, y pDiluiiios (Iroir (|iii' liii siili) cii ilia el j,'i iiio do iii.iya. and .\t!.i- tlauca. 'I'liis loiih' was bclcotcil usutruriiij,' fuw uli.staulua tu tiio [lassaj^c of tiio ai'tilliry. /(/., lii;>-t. CUAUTLA, NOW MORKLOS. 3»U )(»v;i]Isls, liad (K'tiTiniiicil (o inakc his staiwl, and ac- niKiiii'^ly had uiiitiMl thr (hvisioiis dl' Iiis lorcts dis- trihiiU'd ill the iiei'^hixiriiii;" towns. J Ic made cv crv ciidiavor to lender liis j)osition as iin[)i'eL;iial>le as pos- sjl.le. W ilhoiit ;ilteni]>liiii4" to ei'ect ixteiior I'oiiiiica- tiuiis, ]ii; confined liis attention to u Hinited line of tlri'iiices within the city. CiKiulla, de .Vniil|ias/' distant ah(»iit twenty-two Ira^nes iVoni the eity ol" Mexico, is situatetl on a I'is- i]iM- Mj-oiind in a level ])lain. its j)osition, tlioiin'h not ^(^(lll•'• as that of Zit;icuai'ti'aiL;"ht liiK; in that threction, and <-o!iiiei-t- i:i'4' the jtl.izas (»f (he coii\'cnls of San 1 )ieL;'o and S.iiito J)oniin_i;-o. .Vt the northern extremity is the "liiipil nf theCalvario: on the east rise the hills of Z;u-atc])ec, hetween which and the town llows a rajtid ii\i r ill a channel iloo varas wide at the toj», hut con- iiactiliL;' to twelve of (ifteell Varas in its hed. 'I'll*; |i i!tii/ii of the town I'ortilied hy Morelos included the } l.i,'.as and convents of San Hic^-o and Santo 1 )o- niiiii>M, and was surro!nidi'(l livtieiic! les aiitl raiiiiiarts. With eiuorasni'es and merlon. The oiitsidi; d I lolS iuid lower wnidows ot' tin died hollSv'S Oil the li lie oi (|e- I'lice Were walled u|», and comnnmication lietween tip' interiors ojieiied hy Iireakiii-4 through l!ie parti- tion Walls. Decjt {r<'llclies Wcic cllt aci'iiitai>le po'^ition.- 4.1 Tl le ac The iii'iiliTii iiiiliu' 111' the I'itv i-; Mnf. I, M c xicaii wnni 'iiMMiiM ih nu'iiiis liiijlc, iilul 'tliiii' jilace. CiiaiUl.i iIk iiriirc si-iiiliis 'jilan' >>( tliij "■'I'lii.s lU'soi'iplidii is takiii fmtii CalKja"-; ri']iiiit of Ainil •J'>, l^l'J, (■> tli" virir..y. Hir.. tie Ml. i:., ISjJ, iii. It."i I'l tiit'.i,, I 't'.illija states timt tlio ri\ nliitinni.Mt.-i liad .'to pii-.ts »( intilltry. /! ha.l , liiijifiii '11 iir Cfii, :,!, i(i:», Mcr, I, 'lie iiiuiiai- mill ).') .seivieiahlr taiiiKHi. Jhi-t,t. < ili'i'laratiiili, sayd tliut lii •li. 882 siKfjK or rrAi'TLA. coinpiiiiyiiiLr |i!iiM will ('ii;ili!»' tlic render io rcrd^nize tlif ri'hitive jMisitioiis (if till' o|>])()sinL'" lorccs. L'lAl li^A AMI \ll IM I V. Position'^ "f lir^icircrs: I 111 Milc|iia) ti rs and i'.'iiii]) nf ('allija on the estate uf Liucuuvista. - Il^ittcri' s aiiil iiiUriirliiiii'iils. .'1 rii-itiiiMs ini-uiiifil liy Llaiii/ri troops. 4 lU'ltolllltM. .") l'>:iUiiy ot' .Illi'llitfllL'o. li Iti'il'iiilit of ilio Calviiiio. I'osilioii.s lit' lK'.sii':,'iMl: 7 riazii ol Sail Picjio. 5 ria/;v of Santo I >.>niiii'_''). II I'll inisfs of liai'icuihi of liucnavista. I I iNilmilit at Njiiini,' of .liulii;! iiu''i. I I 1'lantation.s ami rriloiiWt of llio I'lataiiar. I- Jli,'li\vav to Mexico. ^rmrliis" Wn-rv at this liino aiiiouiitod to 3,300 imii, of wliuiii l.DOO wrw. inlaiitiy ami (lui reuiaiiKli r cax- alry.'" ami loo Indians collrctt^'d IVoiii the nci^-Iili'iriii;^' ''"Thf cavalry liii'U also scrvcil on font il'iriu:,' tlic hIi'l;c, tlnir liorsi's ln'iii,' IKisturiil onfsi.lo tin- t iwn; ;i;>i) of tlnni hail ai-rivnl fr.i:ii Ihiftanio ini.i. r (anoaii'l KramiHi"! Ayala. Mnii/ns, J)- tlinvil to enroll lunisi'lf in th'' trnopM Ii'\i('cl liy (Janilaso, tho H;ilMiilrga lo nf ( 'iiantla, ami liail thtichy iin'i.rnil siispiijon. Souif tiim; afiiiwar.l an ia>iir- wont \va-< killi'il in that miu'liliorliooil, ami on his lioily va.s fouuil a l-ttL'f Iroin lj,'n;!cio Ayala, wiio hail luiii aj'(iointo 1 intfinU iito liy MoriloM of tliu uuw pfoviucc of Tocpan. Tliu cunuukituato Murcuo, hu'licviiii; that Fraiioisco GALKAXA AND Tlir: nRAVO^. r 111 30.1 \ iIIml;*'^. J)lirill'_;' tlir pro'^Tiss ol llic >\r. h' to daiie'er of hehiL;" killed or capiurid, li:i\in_;* e,)iii' out with only a small escort. lie \\as atiacked hv a (rooj) of cavalry, and was hrtai^ht off with <:i iljcuhv hv (Jaleaiia, who sallied out to his I'cscui (ia\\!i o 1 the 1 olIt»win''" « lav ( alieia au\;ince(| Ins lieojs in four columns to the assault, directed ])riii- cijiaHy a'^ainst the intrenchnients of the jila/.a of San J ;ie^ I. The def( nci' of this imjiortant j>oint v.as in- l:n>led to J lerinene'4-ildo (^aleana, and that of Santo J?oniini2d to l^eoiiai'do DraN'o; whiK' to A'ictor J>ra\o ai.d I he cur;i ^latanioros was assi-'iied the defence of the jlueiiavista hiiildiir^s. (lali'ana, at the po.->t of daii^'er, \\r]\ su Gained his ivputation for cool judnineiit and personal hravery. Ii'tmt column o f tl le roV<'l list s was allowei I t. iipjireach Hear to the ]!araj)e(; hut then ;-o deadly ;i \\a sol u'lied UJio 1 it tlu'.t it retreated in confusion icid (Jaleana, |H'rcei\inL;" an ollicer ende;i\"orinL;' to rally l,i> laeii, sallied out aloiie, eii'^ag'ed with him in sin^lo <-'iinhat, an|iL'iiiii'^ lire ii|ioii it \\ (umiK'il war. Ay; lulii'Viiii' ills \\ito il liis luiiisc ii.ixiii.L; lit't'u scL (111 liri", ciri'etcil liis escape liy jxrcat 1 I'liVii'd Ids services to .Morclo-, v. ho cdiilcrrcil mi him tli(! r.iiik J'luWos, aiK 1 t . iil.iiu'l. lii'sliiinuiiti , Citiitl. Ill-l.^ ii. ;i."i 7. Alaiiiau \i rilitd t iic.miiit liy staliiiicMits <.f rclialih' icrsuiis in (_'ii;inlla. //<>/. .1/'./., ii. -l-N. us aiiUiur .s 0; 'MiLMU'l liraxo, who hail liciii unsucci'.ssl'ul in \\ ijii(.-a. (.■line \\'\X\\ 4(tO iiKii and three e. i.s expeiiuion aL'anist Auava wi'.ii .SiM out >X IM Sent hy tlie junta at Sidtejiec, (he rest haviiijj; deserted; from Cliantla tiiu (i:ra'l'iiiiia1iroUL.'ht ;!()(), instead ol' I . ()!:() expected liy Mordos; and 'J.'.!! arrived fiiim ^'aiil;!^^. J/i;/v ,'•,>-, Jhtlttr.y •_*!-."). Calieja reported that tlie ]i!ae(.' wan ilctoliileil liy l'J,."i(lit arlnados de I'asil. Jliisfiniiiiii'<\ ( 'iiinii'iiln.-i tie <''d (laleana'.s the (Npense ot a sev( re woun .1/ ill IS. '7, i. 1110- 1. 1, which he received ia iirotectiUj,' 1 > ( 304 SIEGE OF CUAUTLA, Two lateral coluiniis, l>y croo]»iiiir j'roni house to lioiisi; aloiin" (lie street, now foUL'ilt their way clttso u|i to the iiitreiK-hiMeiits, causiiiL,'' soiuc! tlistiirhaiiei! aiiioii;^' the (leleiiders, whose coiitideuee their Icadi;!-, liow- ever, soon restored. The enemy was repulsi'd, :iiid tlioiiLih at olliceis were struck down; the conde (U; Casa Kui was mortally wounded, and the greater [)art of the aniiini- nilion was s[)ent. The attempts against the plaza i4' Santo J)omingOcind the ]>uenavista huil(HnL;s, thou^li these points were poorly i'ortilied, pi-oved ecpially un- suiTessl'id."^ Troo[>s accustomed to vietoiy, and who rushe ■[ them in j»erson,'** his j)resence did not mend matter-. Convinced of the impossihility ot" taking- ('uautla 1 assault with his present i'orce, I'or the lirst tinii' iu IV his victoi'ious careei- he wiihdrew civst ('alien. '^■'' Tliar, ni^^ht he lu'ld ;i council ol' war, the result ol' wl/uli A\as that he determineil to reduce the ])lace hy sieLji'; and u killed anil II.) woLindcd liiiieant. .1/. ,SV/. XJX., iv. Kli). Tluj loss of tho rovoliitionists wa.i in iu; ^ Uuslainaiite, CamiMuas df Calhja, 170. ATTACK AXT> RK PULSE. 305 iiitiiiitions (»r war, and above all of morlais and sicro .r 1 ii-tillci-v <»i ncavy canhro 111) 1 M pursuance o (• liis d.- >\'j^\\. ( 'allcja took n[) a jio.sitioii on the wt'stern side of ill.' ti'Uii at aljout a lca Andi'ad( T! le re\"olutior,i-,t who had i'ortitied themselves in the plaza, and v.eri roiijiiianded by Padre Sanchez, s(>conded by ^ icent< ( lii'i'i'ero and Sandoval, r<>pulsed all attempts to storm thiii- [tosition, ant T 1 Llano ordoi'ed .Vndrade to retin ic ass lult was a'>-ain trieil on the followiiiLj day with ll'> better result. The "ilivinciljle coii<[Uel'ors of th(! \ ictors at Austerlltz"'"'' wei'e beaten by rustics li^-htiii'^' tl uir riLi" ht^ LI mo was now m an imenvialjlo ' Tt \\;is I'cimposiMl of (l.'M of the iiifuiiti y "f I'm IiIm, 4i)0pi)stcil :it Atlixi'o, 'I IJK' liattiilioiis lati'lv iin livcil lV(iiii Sii;iiii iiuiiiliciiii,' winch iiuly iiiaiiiiiiteii t'> 1140 ilrii;,'i)iiiis, was iiu;rcasuil liy :!: fiMiu < 'illija'.i aniiy. /•/., l(l!t. "ill). His M 1 lorse (li-tai-lif 1 Tia-ic tl•(l.>Il^^ uti tlifir .'ii'i-ival \vi Tl" oallcil in tin? Mcxiraii ]iap(r.s of tl ilil .. >U- Ar.stiili ii. H'.l. I hicli ■ar lift Saiulnz tliciv with 'JHO iiiiii. ic was a <. aptaiii ill tin' rcv.ilutidiiaiy army. Af'i ///>'. M' !., ii. 4.'!4. Wanl iiarratus that (iiuintr.) duiiii;,' tlic li.iiiiliai'liii.iit lia.l a miiaiuloiis ci^capc. Wliiio .'isK'ip, cxiiaustcd witli fati^iuc, Ji sIk 11 c;iiMi! tin. High tlio roof an. I I'olK'.l uii.lcr his he I, wlicri! it t'xploilcil. kill! »'i' w.)lln.lill^' ovcrv tni> 111 the room ('xee|it In t himself. .1/. ill. /^.',\ 1. '.i;t. l.luM states that tln^ insui-.'enta nmstered i,.jO(> men armed with imiakets, IjCftid cs a imiltituilc of liidiuus. (/((,;. i/c J/cx., 181"-', iii. .VJ3-4. :j it 41 f V i- 1 1 r i f 800 SIi:«K OF CUAL'TLA. ]»i»sit*U)n, fniiii uliich lie was, liowcNcr, iui('\| titllv rdiivttl. \ ciic'.fas liad I'ccfisrd ('allcjus report with iiii(lisL,'iii>u(l «iis|ilcasuri', Ixit I'cconiii/cd the fact that, ("uautla iiiu^t lie taken. Ilu thcnlor'' (l('sj);itchii| iiiiiiii'diatcly all the mmiitions of war w hich cduM Ijo spared (Voiii the capital, and ordeiiMl Llatio (<> iais.> tliL' sii>;^'e of Izucar and join C'alhja. Aceordino-lv on the 'JOth Llano retii'i-d iVoin the scents of his l.til- iire and niai'ched to ('uautla, ]iaiass((l inee.ssaiiiK i;i h lis rear hy the iii.suri;'ent.- ( Evirv prejmration was now riadi' foi- a deleiinini :1 ^ieii'e. IJano took up a p'.sition o|tposite to t li:it ><( jlleja; redou ht> Wel-e 11 ii'own ui). l.att eries (li'ete (ts and tlu; jilace invested as closely as possiMe. Mo"el al-o improved his line ol" twi'tilications. The pii miscs of the hacii'nda do J 5nena\ ista \* ei'c strengthened, .md a redoubt was erected in the platanar on the ea; t si.kr to d. fend the approach to the l'i\-er. 'I'he I'l Volll- tionaiv Icadei', en<'oui'a<^vd hy his late succ(^>. not only hit conlident of niaintaininn' his ])osition hut antici[);ited victory, with the ca^jital itself as the oh- jective p ' •int. The hondiardmcnt l>eu,'a]i on the lOtli of Mardi, and for four davs the iron shower fell ui)on the citv. t. L I T I M e iiUt till! hurstin^' shells and hurtling' shot as they throULi'li |)arai)et or house wall could not hreak tli.; sj)irit ot' the defen(k'rs. .I']ven the townspeople soon l<»st alarin as their children at play het^an collecting' and niakinn' piles of the cannond)alls strewed about the stn-ets JJreaches in the defences made l>v dav We re re[>aired hv ni!i'ht, and each inori UM'. tl \i- ro-, alist i^eneral must bej^in an' w. .Xs the watei' suji]i!y as cut oil', Wells Were s;,nlv. ]']very privation was w 'lie was coinpi'llcil to aliamluh an S-iioiiinlfr, tlie ^'iin-cariiai:f lia\i;u' K'oiiiiif niisi-rvutalilf, ti'ii:. , iii. -\. ''' MchlIos, wIhpm' stock of aii'immitioii was imt very ]il(ntil'iil, p:ii'l t!i'. in sii iiiiuli a il'Zfii lui- tliciii. Waril, Mi.c. in IS.'l, i. I'M. ' I'-iLjalm :'i [m-.so cult lioiiiiia, graiuiilas i\ oiiati'o leak's, buhl dc lusil a medio hi iluceiia." liu'hl- iiiaitli, i'luul. JJi-L, ii. ol. iii:i:i)isM OF T!ir, r,;; ir,i;i:i). s:;? l.iiriH' v.ilh sticli a cliccrrul I'tirtil n,iu that tluTi! was luru ii(t th(»u;.;hL nf .>iii rijiiLr. Aii'l lit' (livadcd ti» ri.^k aiiothci- assault. Tin- iiu- \ i( l(lill,H' attihuK' <»r t lie l»csicu;C(l made liilil I'l'ar ImI' tli<' ir.-.uli: aiul ai^alii lie uri^cd tlu; vic>'i'<>y to sriid liitii i|uiclily more uiid lira\ i^r cainioii, lor (lure was \, .1 !^ lit'i'L! width would ta\ his utuiost cutluavtn'.'" I)ut it was all o!" iio usf. The |>laft; was ii»>t to \n> r:i I'u red l»y <-aiiiioiiadt'; and ivco^ni/uii;' this, or at least tii.iL t imt |iMSsii»l(', ('alleja I'edlieed thf sie^-tj to a iiK re hliickade, and week al'lei* week jiassi'd hy. The siiliply iVoni the wells jiroved iusullieieiit, ami the he- sic;;i(l made daily sallies and jou^lit lor wad i- ut tho is|iiinL;s and eomluits outside the city. To sl"i> even t!i. >ti|)|)Iy thus dearly ohtained, the waterenurse ef t!h' duchitenn'o spring;' was turned iid.o another ehan- iirl. and sixty vai'as oC the old diteh (illid in. JJiit ra\<> and the cura Taj lia hovered around with troops of eavaliy ; ti> IV,' skiiinishes were i'ounht, and convoys ol' pro\i- .-i Ills and amimmitioii inteiei'pted or hrouu'ld in with Uivat dilliculty. J)ut hunL;ei', a lee mori! tt'rrihie tii.iii musket or sword, Ite^tjjan to press (he Ix'lcaoui.'red r< \i)Jutionists. JMorelos hail not had time (o [trovi- simi the city t'ora leni^thened sieu'e.nor had he expected tiiiit (.'alleja would adept so slow a method of wari'are. If wiiiitcil tho lu'iivy artillery fnnii I'lToti'. In Ainil 111'' lui^iiilic '.Kill .liKi' lie Oliizaliiil, latijy arri\cil frnm Spain, was iiitt'ii;t)iti'il at Xii|ialiKaii liy the levoliitinnists and fimijn Ucil to tiiiu to I'lTotu, losing a iT,h lonxoy, ami witli ililiioulty sa\ ini,' the aitilhiy. l':i--'-ii,iniil<, ('mill, ///.s/ , ii, .VS. Ili-'t. M<].,\\. .•>l;t. Sou Calkja's luttor to \'oi .M:i l.ilh, This occuiivd oil thu oJof Ainil. /(/., ii. Ul. i'i I i" I 11 111 3as Sllici: or (JUAUTLA. TIk'I'c was no lidp (or i(, lidwi'scr, aiid si» d.iy 1>yil;iv tlif sitiiiitioii <)(■ his |M(i|iIc Ik .aiii'' iiioir tris>iii'.^^ as the scarcity <>r t'di 11 1 iiicitascd. 1 Jut, as I liav(;saiil, they l)itpc tlxii' siiir.'riiii^-s with hfioi'* I'uflitiKlf, ami with cvciy iii;iniirstati<>iM»i' iinyi Idiii;^ |tui'i»<'>c. Thi; soMicis (III tlicir I'cttirn riniii hatllc, whatever iiii.;ht lie the result iA' (lleir s.llly, \\-elf ^I'eeled \\ i I h ' !id cheers; those \\]|(» fell Wipe Idllied t(» thesoUlnl <>[' jtealiiiL;' <'hurch lulls ruii;^" in c( lehrat ion <>!" their ^leii- oiis death; enthusiast ie joy inarke(| any sui-cess, liow- evi'i' sli'j,-iit; and spea kol' sUrrelKlel I veil Call Hot suppress his wondi-r and admiration at su<-h h eja eiitl ll''ll- solded I'oi'tituih Tl li'Se peojile are lieroes, le writi' tiic \ icerov, "and they would merit a distiii'jnii died ]>lace in hi.-tory — if their c:msc wen- just 1... .I.,..l I 4.. 1 1 M..1. ,.,,...« Ill " I .M OlVlnS he declared to he a second M; ihoiiirt Nor was the situation of tin- lovalists hvanv meaii^ an enviaiti(! one T\u',i I'l •< 1] IS, reared in the temiicrat. and cool I'cu-ions oi' the tahledaiid, suUeivd under t lie iei'vid skv ot* tho tierra caliente. They hi'oke down un der their heavy lati-'ues l»v ni^ht ami da\'; sii iioss came nixm them, and toward tin- end of April 8()() men Were in hospital. T\n' rainy season toe, w;i:-; last approaching' — ou^iit already to have coni.-; tlifii i ever won Id sti rike them down i>y tiles, aiK Itl le elh'IlP inuriMl to the deadly climate, would fall u|ioii th<:a and coiiH)lete their ruin. It was a eare(l to the wistful eyes of tlu' famished ciowils in the beleaij^nered city. Their sulferin^s were awful '■'' Wlien all else was wellniL;h consumed, old, time-worn, *'Sec liis letter to tin? vicoroy of Aiiril 111111. /i (li)ll:irs, ;i li/:inl lor two, iiud rats oi one. An ox wliidi was seen one dav fi'iliu'' lnt Mill rats or otlur vci-iiiiii f"i" wocn the S]iani.->li i;iiiij) und tlie town nearly brought on a ^^'cneral cnjjULjenjcnt.' Ward, JJix-. in IS, i. 100-7. KVACr.'.TTOX. SOD \\i ,itln r-l)i;it»'n liidf.-:, sti'ijijird IVoiii doors to wliir-h tlnv had ItccM nailed for ycai's, were iiiafiiatcd and • ■ itrii: loul ;^nMil)saii(l crawliiii^ insects wei-oilevoiired ;"^ anil l> was convei ted into a hospital; from twi-nty to thirty died daily; '^aiiiit. sjtectral forms niovi'd wearily alon;,' tlu; sti'cets, iiiid the children no lonjj^cr, as heretof )i'i', marsjuiili'd tlirir l»antill Calleja dared not risk a second assault."^ And all this time tin; Juntji at SMlte[>ec remained iii,icti\-e, the leaders in Michoaean wilh their numer- i>u ■ forces came not to the aid of these hrave, lonL;'- ciidiniiiL;" |>atriots. ^^orelos vaiidy eiideavojH'd to liiv.ik throiio'Ii the l)csieL,^ers' lines and introihu-t- pro- >!:U1 On tl le o pen 1 ilain t i(! enemy was snperioi' On til.' :J7th of April a desperate effort was made, liiit l';iile(l.'" After this an unusual stillness and inae- ti\ilv was oliserved by the l)esieiiii'r iiisuctos, I'licros y <|iiiintas iiimmnli- ii:usi' Ic-i pri-si'iitali.i,' iiri! ('allfja's own winils. (In-., i/c Mi.r., ISl'J, iii. 471'. '•I'm- an aci'ount of tlit! I'liililrcn ory:inizin;j; tlicnisolvi's into couiiianitM, nail c.f tin ir iMjitiiic on onu ocL'aMioii of a royalist .") 0. 'Mil- says to till! viiMToy: '\o i.'onveiiia asaltur d un uucmigo (juo lo «lc'- Kc.-ilvi." .\l'iiii'iii, //ill. .1/'./., ii. .')1.'{-I4. 'Mm one if these attiiniit.s dii-ci-ti'il liy niglit against tho rcihnibt on the (';ilv:iii.>. (Jil Kiafio, a son of the intcnileiite who fell at tho alluindigii of (iiKiiuijiiato, was killeil fn tin; side of the i' pyalists. A/., ii. ."l.">. ■".M.ilaiiiorcis and ( 'olonel I'erdi/. sallied witii KM) men on the night of tlj.! -Ist and fniced the enemy's lines on the Santa Jn sroad, i'erdi/, howiver, and iiiiiiiy otheislj.ing killed. Matamorossni'ceeiled in joining .MigiM 1 Ihavo, wiio Was st.itiiine.l at 'I'layaeae near the Zai;ate]iee lange with a .strong foive and a lur^i.'enhv iiy of provisions. 'J'hc design was to introduce it liy the h.irianea 1 le- diiinda and the town of Anieleingo, and on the 'J7th, signals having lieun e\- cliaiiged w itii Matamoi'os during the prececling night, .Morelos attacked with tlic greater imrtiou of his forces the royalists at several points. C.iUeja liail, l:"'Ai Nil-, intercepted a letter which informed him of the plans of the lesieged. He a> ■ iii(liii;;ly made Ins preparations. A sanguinary contest took place, the a.s.eeii niado awajt .f tlicir dreaiU'ul condition l»y the nninei'oiis rnL,Mti\is who daily left the city, Ikj nvouI I j»robul)lv h;i\o raised jIh; sie silenlly marslialled in the plaza of San Die;,''- and at two o'chick on the mornin^^ <>f the '2d the march b(><'an, the linhts heinu'left hiirniuLf on the raiii- j)arts. (laleana led the van, C(»n?*stinj^ (»f over 1,000 infan- try armed with muskets; t leii followed 'ioO ca\ahy, and a large numher of troojjs whose weapons wriv slinji's and lances; after these followed a mixed crow, I of hoth sexes and all ajj^es. The rear was broULjht iiji hy another hody of infantr\', with the hajj^^'aij^e airl two small pieces of artillery in its centre.'^ ^loiclns conmiand(!d in the centre with the IJravos, and (";qi- tain Anzures in the rear. Calleja lay stretched in sickness on his bed, an 1 " The Spanish c(')rtos liad docrccil on the 0th of NovomlKT, ISl I, a sn'- oiiil yeiicrjil inihilto. Tliis was iniMislicil hy tlio viceroy on tliu li-tot' A|iil I'ullowiiig, and aiipcjiri'il in tlio Jiktrio ih' M(.r. of A|>rii .1, ISI'J. '^ iiii.staniantu states tliat tho imlultu was linm;,'ht liy a royalist otiii'cr ;i!i I ■was conlini-Ml to Morelos, (laleana, and ]>ravo. Tlio re^jly of Morelos was to till' cU'cet that ho extended siniihir mercy to I'alleja and his oflicurs. ('"'''/. y/(V., ii. 71. '^Aianian, flisf. Mcj., ii. 5±?, snpplics a copy of the original of Morel'is' instrui^tions aa to the order of march, which dilFers somewhat from that ;.'i'.i':i in tho text and taken from Calleja'a report in Uaz. de Mcz., ISl'J, iii. 47'J->LAi'0!tT:n n "1 li.,irtily wislicd liiiiistH' ;i\v;iy I'v'^'.w tin- inl'riiii) |>!;i'-t', ;i~ lir I'alK'd it.'^ He littlr illi;iL;ilir(| \\]\:\{ the rlit ii,y \vi if iii,^'. With ;ill Ills \ iLiil.iiici' ln' w.i-; •li'fci\»'il; hi' did lie kimw till more than tun li'>m--, .ifti-iwaid t!i,it In- was ht'ili;^ olltvi *;•(!, so sKilfully had Moi-.Ims ii!;iil.' his arraiii^i'iiiciits. i *i;;'('tiii'.'' its cuiii-t' to th<' ii\i'i-, so sih'iitly ditl tin' co,;!!.!!! nioxc, that ini|i('r- iri\( d it a[)i>rojii-ln-ail('d th(>ni on thollank; their in-ar was ,;;tat'krd as the I'oyal'-'^ troops I'apidly canio up. I'^oi-atii ill" icvolutionists sustained thi'i.ist Ives under ('.<■!• <■(' ! ,e stone walls that surround d the eountrv haciendas, a I id for an houi' a fierce cuu test raL^'ed. ( hil- l':iiiked at last , t he order was j;iven to disjterse and l!y,''hnt no! hei'ire more than SOO had fallen. Miii'e- 1 I-, al'l'i' lia\iii'' two of his lihs ciai-^hed hv falline; lie )eO wiili his horse into a ditch,'" lied hy way of Zacate| ti Omituco hotly pui'sut.'d. Here, whih; channan;^ li"r>i's, the enemy ovei'took him. To save their li;idri''s life, those ai'ouud him foU'-ht until thev died, ;illi lost to a man,'' aJid ho esca »e(l Wi llni-d I alone. ur- Sll iii'i his ili-'ht to Izucar ho there met ^'ictol• J3ra\- iMi 1 thence pi-ocecdiid to (^hautla. 1 [ere, in safety at lid. he remained for a month, and unhrokeu in s[)ii'it, ■' \\>- wniti- a letter to tln! vicHTny tli;it saiin' mornin r at lialf-]iast foiii', in \vli!. Ii lie s.iys: 'Coinirin! iiiui'li'i i|iii' el cjii'iiti) salvia il<' i-;ti^ iiiliriial l>a;>:,' iui 1 iiiliU that his own iu'iitli is siidi tliat it li'! iIm'S nut attcinl to it al unco ;>il .III will 1,0 t(M. late. Xi''jrrii\ M,.r. .s/;/. ,V/.V.. iv. (.{s a. ' \\ :ii'l Hiiys tiiat tliis was ii|is \\ hich wore! advaiiiiii.,' t'niMi i>|i|iosit(! ilnvutions liri'il upiai eai-h ntln'r liclui.! they (liseovereil tlieir niistaiie. Mix. ii> /V.',', i. I'M. lliistalnau:.! niiikis the same tjtatenient. "■ lli^ was saved by .Iosl- Maria Franco, wlui assisted iiiin out. J/'X'. /.'' /''. Arlir. /'uinlo, i;j. ' 'Opnsierou algniia resistcueia d las nnostras con sacrilleio ile us vi 1 is que c.isi toilos i)erdier(>n,' is Calleja's tustiinony to tiieir sell-iacriticu. Ouz. ill' M'j.:, ISl-J, iii. 4S0-1. I I i :| J >! ■"i I . 872 sii:(;i; of cuautla. .1 coHre ti-(i')|»s Mild ]>rr|i;iriii!4' lor u iicw cMiiipaiLi'ii. a'a .Ui: McMiitinii' tlu' >liiui'litL'r of IIk" iiiianucil crowd ua.s lioirlMc. ]\Irii, uoiiKii, uiid cliiKhvM, old and vouiil;', Wire iii(!isci iiiiiiiali. Iv l-iitL-Iiuivd 1)\" llu' rovalisis,' 'an 1 or soNcii IcaLi'Ucs tiiL' 1 todies of tiu,' •■^lain lav .4 ITVvIl niio u 1' ir I'oad Til d\y us fowai'clly Vuiincanec o f C ja's was aiiioii^- tlic most dastardly d(jiii_L>s in llic war. Villaiious as it was, and Nrii^L'anci'-satislylii.^', il v..,.'- \)V.i poor coinlort alhT all to tliu leader so loii^' .■>uic ut liis|)rey. T!ii> inie.-t had worsted liiiii and batUed liim, had liiiaHv eliidrd his ^'rasp — not a w rv ha|)[iv lellt .; ,, r... ■,. ,., 1 j,i:..,. r'.. II. .:..'. ■;..!■ '..,.. 1 loM lor >o jil'oud a soldier, Call eia s slekliess wa-^ a serious hilioiis attack, and we may he sure that his teiii|)er was not iinproved tlici( I)y. ()t"the dieailt'iil puiiishiiient which he iiiilicted upon tlie heroic iiihah- il;ii,ts oj" tliat wretched city I shall ,u,ive no ruitinr (i, 'tails, oi" crue Li't I \el I iK-d rawn over the iVvAi itt'ul .Ni'dh:, It' have liearc I olii cers, wlio Were pre.^i lit at the si;.'ge, s[»eak of thein," says Ward, " altei' a lap; (if ten years, witli horror."'' l!a\in'i' des(ro\'ed the iortlileations of (Aiauila- *y I. the siei^'e of which cost the ijjovernnient 5G4,4iI«! pesn exclusive of munitions of war and other exjteiisc^ Caikja, with his military reputation hy no meair jiroved, and his troops in iniserahh! plight, returin 1 to the capital, whirh he entel'ed on the l(ith <,f ^ there to nuH't the ridicule of the inhahitants who v\i 1111- i;i\ hiiew that he had heeii outwitted, des[)ite his ,l;1o\\ ill:. acco unt^ ••• Ife stiitfs tliMt ;it ( iiiiutlil 800 (if tlu; troops of I'.ravo ■■iii'l < liiliaiiii iviiniti'il: tli;it liiii ill'.' t!iL' .sii'i^v u( 7- u:iVM he on Iv lost. i ."lO liii'ii I'V tlii eiRiiiy's liie ;iiiil l.'iO liy the jiist; tliat witli ri".:!iril to tin- imiiilii'i' wlio f' !1 ":i tliu cviiru.itidii of till' town lie I'oiilil only '"iv tliat ( ':i;)t:iin Vauc,^ toM liii. I tliat lie li.iil intfd 147 (lead on one half of tiic n from Oiniitiico t > t'uaiitia. Morilo.i /)irlii '" I'^sti'van Montc/iniia, afterwanl a ;,'i'neral of the ripuliHe, on his ntiiru from the jiursnit, l\il]( d witii his lanee tlie ununileil women vliom he i.ainJ ueros.s on his road! A/'iiu'iii, llhl. Mrj., ii. 't'l\ '("all eja .s words aie ' La; L'tO 1 e'_rilas esta tan tan scinlinulas de cndrt'eres ciiemi^'os (|nn no se da iin jiaso sin ijuc sc eneucntren imichos.' luiz IM'J. iii. 4.SI. '^'jy-.i-. in 1^:7. i. l!l<>. ,/,' .!/( A comedy was ueled a few iiii,'hta afterward, in which a suUliLr wn REVOLUTTOXAllV BIIiLIOi iRAmV HT.T a lull mtn M. imttlN' (.■sciilici tf hl-i ^.'c il witli ii tur- s liliii 111 ;i Very )i'iiii|ii)ii.s iiiaiiiK r, 'Jiui'L' is the turiKin of tlm i'liiiiii I tonk iirisi.iicr 11' T il Ami till' Muur liimsilt'.'' "(I, lie ni:t'' ic |)Ji>s;i;,'(' Wiis icit ivc .1 ; Il liui'sts (if liuiL'liti-i', ;ii lilKHtiiiu reailily iiiiiiic Ity llif iUKiiciiio.' Iil. l!l',i-'J(U). Till' awM of ('ii.iiitlii \v;is ii .siilpii''clliiiL.'toii, at a )iiini|ULt lUimty lor 'It is :i ]i!ai.' l.y. .Ml rcjilicil ( isiici Tliat,' aiiswund W'l oiit'ii on al (u.liz. ,'i\ni to liiiii ill that litv. askcil linj lalllhi uas. in a iiiain or \ai- llcyi' .|<-- tiiidiiiu' it." Jliislni 'lie, i'liiiil. Ilixt.. ii. liid. viii The mat' rial for the history (if the revoliitioi; hsaluiiidant, aiiil the (UL:u1s oI pait.s of it have Inen fairly well presented hy .Mexii'aii aiitiiors, thoii'_'h mi without more or lessl. fe (1 aLM iiist jiersoiis and parti' !• Ill Mt aiiioiii,' writeis cm this epi.sodu is Ana.sta.-io /eieeero, .1/' ./(■ /./ IS Jil I'lilHillllll .< < /<■ Mr Ml isii'.l, I Vol. COS jia-es. it is ■iiliiieil mostly to nlliiirs during the tiiiic of llidaliro, a hrief .slateh of t! ■ii(|Ui>t lpein„' ^'iveii as introductory. As the city of .Mexi CO was oecuiii V tlio 1' rclieli a t the tin d .f 1 lis writili:: th d iiithor imisi ileil his lahor." .\iii I. ills I'ot'iSi, and wlu'ther so intended or not, the result was litt th, ill a serie-i of recoi licet ions the war for ii iili-peililenei tlr Ic u III .Hi mthor f\id(iitlv iiiteiidiie.' to earrv tiieiii t::l-olli.'ll li>lieil. Zereeero was a stroni,' revoluti tlici'ill Old Inilie lowev er. wa-. p llilc inary ]).irtHaii. I liiis while exe'i-iii;.' ■hies coiimiitteil l.y the rehels, he (leiioiiiiccs in stroiiirest terms l!io.-.o d ill liv the ro\aIists. lie (iiiotes freelv from AJ;i f-.nll it! lUi.- iiiiaii, and lanii . .'ly aiiiaiite aipl Meiidivil. 'J he stvle is for the ino-t part (dear, vet without iiiaiiv distinctive cliaracteristic: 'Ihe la-^t l.-|l» la.'es are i levoted ti» till- hi i^'nii'liics of Indians proininciit since the eoiii|Uest, and ereilited tc' .\i tuiii) ( anion. short JJii.-if'iiii'nili\ Mitrt'irnloii'io ih> Af'jniinM tic A),< Prinxruf /n-in-iji n /,'.t r'lil (' nil e '/'■ /ii A I M, /"/;• /■I Work gives II smiimary ot the le'al Mexico, IStl. jip. .")1. 'i'his pldeeedliurs against tllo^e liii]. d i:i the Jilots of .\pril ;uid August IS| I to seize tile viceroy. 'J'i larlicM.a; t 'iiiicctcd with the caseof e.icli ecidesiastic .'luiI lavinan are '.fiveti, I5ii-;t:iniai:t if luviiiu' ohtaiiied them from tl le oii;.;iiial documents ot tiie jiii ita de lad IC added li j/i-oidcd ov( r liy the oidor Miiuel llataller y Vasco. 'i'o tli ^i.ipliical notices of tlh; siilisei|iu'nt fat(! of many ot the eoi,spir;itors. 'i'ho liaiiicsarc ^iveu in al[)lial)etieal order, and among theliuippe.irs that oi (.'alh jii. i;i t.iiaaiite deems it necessary to eiitt r into an e\]iiana;io;i of tlie ic-Hons wliv he inserteil the royalist ueiierars name iiia list of martyrs to the e;.iis(' (it III! th.it I .■IKiiileiiee ami w liicii lie j (Itot: eir lioiior. ile, therefore, si. d s.) ill order that the iinlcceiit coiiihict of ( 'alleja, mi.;!it !"• hi ' 1 t) view, wli() tried to pa, S'l; ^iii , Klo'jio, J/or'Ai-', jias .N'l.-i 'nun lit: 1l 1; followeil hv Su'iiin.-i iirtra I'l II I'll in.-i jiiir /•■1-. .McnIco, IMl'. 'l"he scntio.i whic'i )i'-iTeil"S the historical m.-ittcr in thi-i Viiluni', was preached in tlir" eatlic Ir.-il of .\jtNicooii the Kith of Octolier. Isl I, hv .hiali ll.iiuisia l>iaZ (J.ilvillo, at t'lc .iiiiiiversary eelelirati if 1 ic rovali-t \ ictory ;it the niiiite 1.1.-4 < • \l Till' •■c.itlior was ]irefcetof the oratory of San l'\'iipe lU ciidulijus a lieliever ill the iiiarvcdoiis and as uninitiu'ated a deiiouiiei r of eri.ani was apii ;rc;i the r. v •hit ion as ( ,111 Well lie found an tiie rai ik •■ of th iiufciiiiii n t.iat tine. \Vifh rei'ard to the sermon it is .•! fairspepiineii of the di ■ if '.vin \ fr I'li'iiti/uily h !i liie pulpit deriii;; the lir.-'t year; of tiie rcViilu; loa. 1 ■P nidai: lie s i-e.,1 led Victo; •y of I, .IS Cr.K. II IP ft tl im Ml .t .. ' m *: ll.i 374 Ili.lal. SIEGE OF CUAUTLA. ivticMt arc :i 'triliiitiil t 1 tlic II il'His iiitc'i'Vi ntiiiii (if til I" vir;.'i:i. s a I'niisciiiKiicc. the events wliii / / //;.>/-, of lli(.' lailv I'f l(p.s ItciiRiiicps is ''i\ ■li lias lii'cu frcijuuiilly (jiiotnl, li Icil ti> liis La|itiirL'. Ill tin; X'llii'i'n Til. II fnll ilisti iimt (if tl il lU lllKl.^'L- iMi'al imrratii-ii of (.'Vi^'lits (l()\Mi til the I M'ajic (if .Mdivlos frmii ( 'ualiUa, siiiiiilciiiiiitii! witiiMilj- xcMi'.uiit. (jL'ciiirciiccs iluiiii,:^ tli.till.i, rcMilulily Idiiid t.i lluj trill' causes of the rcVDliiti'iii, attrilmtes i!s origin sulcly to I'leiali iii!ii;_.'itcs (1 lii(lal;,'(>'.s w ickiil icailiiRftS to listen to N'a|)olfMirs a^'i iits. In lii.s p. f. sisli iicy to liiiM lip lliilal;,;'! as tin' autl Hiat cs — ]ia;,'( lOS tliat lii.s slinrt interview witii dWl if till' reliellii.n, lie niiMii-liiiuJy ' \iiiiar was so satisfactory to tlie latter us to stiiiuilate tli(^ activity of tlie I'reiich in tlieir iiilriL"ie.s in (jtlicr Sj)aiii.>li American eoiiiifries. Tiie lii-toiical inirtiun of tliii voliiine ..f 'Jv \\av of general reference: Alu M> \-2, .">,S-(iO, i;i7-4l, I7.)-Mi. liassiin; /./.. iii. II - •J7-S; //< i:{."), aiip. SO- '2, !S.">; /(/., iv. 7-4, <-(,M|.l). J)ar..i. -i;!.'-.'!, S71; /'/., ii. -'•J7 ><. ll.VHi, 4-'t .'!:), ■l(;7-7il, IJ lo: A/., iii. ■2-2: )-.)!.), .i_(), l-_'S-!(.-,, -401 (), l-'4-."):!0; /./., V. -21: m;. S7<>-'J():t, !)IHi-S, '.»l!t; Jrl.. vi. 1,S -Jo: .T.. :',>'), 77-SI , •_'74 .">, 'JSO-l', 'JSS, !ii|-S, ](»t.". (i; On:. d,t Mi.r., l7;->4-."., i. li.".; /-/., 1^1(1, i. ,")l. SOJ; A/., ISl 1, ii. jia siia; I'l., isl-J, iii. (i-l!)!). passim: A/.. 17!»<)-l, iv. .'{(il-'_», 4H :!; 77., 17'i-' :!. v. ;«'.>: /'/., I7'.)4, vi. 70!); /./., ISllJ-;!, xi. Kiti; LL, ISOS, xv. 141); lit., Ihiiit, wi. :»,! 4: /-/. 4.':!-7; Id. lJ;!.")-(i; (.■ /.'.-•. A', i: .Sii.'. 4;!0, 44S-!)I. .")41 7; C d; IMI, iii. ;).".), :!(10; /./., iv. I'.l-J, y/., V. 17"), i-'JO-l, •->(;;); A/., vii. 4, 17, 177, l'.):>, '214; A/., '-'OH, -JJ.). \\--'\ /(/., ISI-J, \iv. -.'IS: A/., |S-_'(), x.xiv. app. 40 .".n; (\h-Us, (',.). J/,-:, i. |s|-J; J'l., ii. •2t'>, 8.")-7; *'iir/i-', JiUtr. ''on'j.. ii. 40.'): Mnni, Mij. y J8; /(/. IV. passi 17."), -J.'.") .1/^ (i.itm-i) ,!/('./'., II 1!I7, -270, VA\, 4(JI--J; UurL .1/. ;». app. 4S:; !l; f'n,nl, 40, 4S, .-)•_>-;{, oS-IIO, (J7-7-'. 177 SI, IS(i ill, -.'lii-'JI; A/., A' i\'. y; •-M, ."i!(, i')2-l), 77; C'lro, 7V( s .V//. , iii. ;iSJ-.'{; A/., iv. l-o.">; Culitln/iij, i. fnl. 'J.'!;!; < 'hciutlkr, Li' Mix., .'ilS-li.j; ('nlhiilo.Jniiii, Infann., 4-S; Xi-jir/i', .lA.i'. 'S'.'/., xix. iv. passim, v. 104-7i). and H/-4>); A'., //.V. t/M/ff/) », i. ,■)().■> -S, .'iliS '.), .".!»4, 4;)7; it'iv'lla flhinln, Jlrnnln", no. .'(1, jr; iai; Jliiriiliitrriit, in X'"'. .l/'.i-. ^limj., vii. "Jfll -'J; VlHiu'ii'iitr, in /(/., iii. 71: /.mio- ■I'd, iii. l;)S-y; XiiiiiH'' i:.vsini, ap. ,.{, I!n\ .Ml. I'. (7-S, 740- li:.i:i-l(i; Znnia, • lie (Jui'iri''/. A'c; (, Jias ('ii\ Aiiui: III /in Xi III., ]K\^>iini; diizijiidos ill' lln'., .MS., passim, in 7>(i('. A'c/(< //. .MS. II. no. .>; ' '11'' i.i'o, I ■te., p; A/. 'J; did I ill III: iini'i. III IK). ."!; SiiiiKirio I'riiiiliKil roiiira Tn -t I'l ''<,i., -MS.. 1 SI I, in hUlrrhm dr 7';V(('''s, ii. ;i4l 4'\ no. 0; Di.yiii^n'. I'lirinn, \i. (il-71; Xiiniiii\ ;/ I'ri'i A'/l'iiii.Vflxtfx'nn; .Ui.v., Cuiid. di' /'hnniil., jiassiin; />/'-// .V. m, jiassim: I' vf, ./. N. (1., K.chiirtacioii, passim; Ai'ii/iid'n, I'mrixion, (i-III, ia \'irii/d' .!/• •. I.'i^'riir., .MS. -Jd ,-^er. no. ■_': r;/A(s. ,T'i,-, T/iml. Amir., i. 17.S-!i:), -':;;-(. •J.I7 I'), :ii:i-l7; A/., ii. :{,»-4: )'.."/'//, //'V. .1/. .i-., SO; Wu'lon, E.-jn-x . •:-^\. ip. 'Jt)-;!!); I!,liilii),i, Orli/iii ill hi, passim; Hit'. i'/• 111-' 0.,'i, I I!! •_•■■)_': /' !)i' (•',!•, I- , vii. (I'l-'j. IJ K....> V' :< 'slrr, ('ounl'ihil., jit 11. Ji: .)-»; 'i< lu'-ivii Christ., pi 111 J'-U lunTiiEii uKi-i;i!KX(.i:s. 375 Jorhiv, E.fli'Vl., )p;i-.-iiii: Jhn\ ^ffx•., 417; ■i, Jinit'i (' iiipi/lo, K'iictii, j);is.siiii; /(/., Mdiiiiii niit^ juitisiin; O/iirar.id // /' if' Z'itui:iii' i.\. jias.-iiii; Dri.drn, ijcnn:, ,'}; 'J\ r A'. J'ii-1,1'1, Muno J''iiili>, ])Mssiiii; /ii'ii'l-, -J!), ;U; M)'.c. Cnhililii .l/W/v./-., 1-14, in Jh.r. j:rl,.<. M,.,-.. MS., ii.' no. 4 .V. M'X., i. i;t;i; /./., ii. I():!-7<1; M<»/'ru Trnnl. J/,.,-. S(!(i, ,"ir>I(; '>' /As, '•',/. .V. A. •N :!,S-4.S; iisiilii m/io Mihtu V- III i: 1,1 ]" I ■'■'„■,;, Ksiiiil., ili. 4.V.i-(il; Mm. Ciiiiinl. Mmi. y (Inii, ]s\\, -i; |(c_>, I7:i- M!,; .i/iiiiil. llijii\, ,111111^ 4, lSi;s; I'murl '<./.,• '/./:. An f'llit ('oiii/"-iii'., 7 lll4, ji.issiin; Amiinjoiz, M'j-, i. I '-".•-. ">.">, Kll 7<'; A, J list, y Criiii., 1S4 7, :tN7-!»; .4;i ///.-'/ M !i-'-4. 171; f; /■/<-, lli.iiihns llii.'ilrii, iv. 7 171, •.'•-M-(i: Unl,l,:-<, J>iiir., in /'(..•. //;.■./. .lA sir. II. ■ ri/irimi I 70; 7>'^ 7'. )!/,i~l(); r/, li- Ai ill, ///V. .y-.c, ii. 1() -Jl; J nil. in./. .lA.;-., -J'.)--' :!•_'!); Illtct NC(|.; /:W/', yV.1-., i. ;»4-!t; Cuiiih,; M, 01- !MH, |(i:!- l!t. I41-(i(). an. vii. :{!)! I: ix. ;i!«i-7; X'lri-, CI, '1. ii. "-'its, .%,»; Still's, S. Aiiiri: Ml II, linn -I, ))assiiii; .\";/. s" /,'. .fist, i; . 14-J-.")4; yijl'ii-iiiso (!,,!., All'.'. 'JS, |s|,"), I J: .IA.I-. HiI'iO. Ai-I. iniiiln, W 1."); Jlrr. I'lili: llixt. (;,i-s; /,/.. vi'ii. •J7; A/., i\. 44-r., C.x, (!()•_' :?; A/., x. 77-mi. 1 tl, 474 ."., 4^■i 4, .VJJ. i;i(), OoiJ-7, yil-li;, lliC*, 11;:0-S, ap. i. ol, 3U0-1; r,oiifi.rh>, Dec. :», |s,>l, 1. , CHAPTER XV. WAR MEASURES AND MOVEMENTS. 1812. Financial I)isti;lss anh Ahiutrarv MKAsritES — Inspkcents Sack Hr\- JIANTI.A and (."AI'TIUE TkAINS— 'rUE SUPKEMA JlNTA s Mi)\ IMIN I «i AM> Acts— Docroit Cos' I'eans of 1'eack and Wah— Vkeukoae ('oi-k>k — Inhei'indent I'liEss 15a!i (ii"i;i;iiiLLAs— Uosains and his Tko! r.i.i:s — Campaigns in Pi kula, Michoacan, and UvJio di: (Icana.!; aih - Opeuations oi- (Jaucia Conde, Neukete, and Iiihi'Ide a(;\in>t Al- liiNu (Jakcia — Captcke and End of This Leadek— Tokkks' KxEcr- Tiox— III Success of Liceaca and Cu.s in Gianajcaio — Haids in San Lies 1'ot A. >'* -P! During the sicii'o t)f Ciuiutla the vieerenal ^iovcni- iiiont hud to resort to extraor(HiKU-y measiire.s to can y on the wai'. rubhe loans, vohuitaiy and forced, wiif lonu^ since an old stoi'v; vet one nioreatteiniit was made to horrow two million dollars from the chni'ch and the dt weallliv men and mere •liant- M exico, ] Ueiiia, a i I ■ A'ei'a Cruz, but without suceess. Then it was ord it d tliat all jiersons should surrender tlic'w [date and j ( \v elry, a jironnse in return hein^' j^iveu that theii' value should be jiaid in one year with iiderest. .Vs it was customary at that time to inxest larLTcly in valuaMis of the kind, many were sti'ijtped of their all, and a nsiderable sum was raised, but the peo[)le ne\' CO received any i)ay. Another inllietion was a tax of ten pt-r cent on rents of urban [)ro[)erty. In order to provide the army witli horses, an([ prewnt their lali- \U'^ into the hands ot' the iusurixents, this (juixotii; vicei'ov orck-red bou<>ht all in the countrv, excepL those of the troops, guards, de[)endents of the acnr- (UTO) SECRET SOCIETIES. 877 (!;i(l;i, and mall carriers, and .sudi as niinlit be found ii-i1l'ss Inr military servic* T\ lis brilliant scbenio iiiled, tor when \'en('in"as came to pay f<»r the beasts, like Simple Simon, he had not the money. All this Iriided to the I'urthei'diso-ust of tin' pi'ople, and to the aiicement of the revolutionai'V cause. Xor w( re continued oilers of Dardon emanatinh cortes suHieient to hold ibrcVer tlu ••■(KX wil Tl •f the S[)anish American lere weie sc-veral secre t clul IS m tl le caiii tal at this time, one claimiui^ s[)ecial attention, called I iOS ( iiiadahipe; w hose mend)ers, liki! others belbiT men- ti'MiL'd, labored to s[)read dist-ontent in r(>L;ai"tl to the \ ini'i'^al tj^overmnent. ( )ne of the richi-st towns of that |>eriod, now within th'' state of Tlascala, was ] [uainantla, situated on the line of trade between Vera Cruz and Mexi (•<». T\ ilaci' was '''arrisoned bv Ibrtv infantrv of the line, L'UO rnyalist auxiliaries, also inl'antiy, most of them aiMnt.d with lances, there beini>; but few muskets auioni/" them, iiiid sixty cavalrymen. Of artilKry there weiv only thivc small guns. The connnandant, Antonio (iarcia (111 ('asal, havinj^ been a[)pi'ised that a lai'Li-e force of iii^ur^ents meditated an attack u])on the town, opened ditches and erected barricades The insui'Lients, -J, 000 strong', assailed the place on the IHth of Mai'cli, ls|-J, ;i!id tlioUL;"h repulsed at llrst, cai-ried it m-xt day, albf lieaiiv a 11 tl le i-eiiuiars ami a number o >[' oil Icers had i 41 I' 'i 1 I ■ t lie I:ist (."l.-iss w ci'o reiiuii'cc I liiliii' a lii'i'sc, iiiiiiiMvidvil witli t I to liavf a written llvciisc IC licCIISl', lilll'CII ll:i\ iiftti- tlio imlilicaliuli iif tin- cilii't at tiu' licaJ tow ii i.f his ilistrict was ti tliot. (/,».:. ,/,.J/^j,-., IM.;, iii. 174-7. -'I'iiis l)i:oaiui' o\ iilciii, in tlio ivcoptiuii ;,'iv' n ti> thr aiiiiicsty l:iw nt' \i>v. '•;, I'^n. |iillili.s!ii'ilill Mexico ill tilO />i'lri(> of .Vpril ."{, l^l'J. jll l.ut. (kiTccrt jiiii ji(ii liny to 1)1' for tlio ^'I'lieral >,'ooil were looked on, not as n[)rinuirii,' from II iri' to liciu'lit t!ii; oolonv ).ut 's so many ri;,'lils lorcoil from llic S|.aiii li rulers. Al'iiiuin, IHf til R'ta lutwt'cii \ I'lii'^'as ill • I 'd U ion w itli iliilij were very iiiiport.int. Tin y woro iii i'"ntaiit loiTcspoiiilcuco with the iiHk'iicnJuiit L'liitfs, Xvjreti, Mij:. ibij. XIX V, 1 J ! m 878 WAR MEASURES AND MOVEMENTS. been .slain. Ctiptalu Casul and tlio I'cst of tliu ;^ai li- son were made prisoners. Tho victors abandoned tliu town on tho 20tli, al'ter liavin^ sacked it.* J)i;iih witliont (juarter t're(|Uently awaited the prisuncis in this war, as we have seen; but thanks to the iniluciicc of some priests, their lives in this instance were s[);ii((l, and they wore set at liberty a few days later. The same force o f insurtrents afterward made several iis- saults against Xopalucan, but were repulsed by tlu; l^arrison under Captain Antonio Conti, finally losinM- throe guns, a number of mules, and a quantity of sup- pi us. Siiortly afterward, at Xopalucan, a train of imported luercliandise valued at two million dollars fell into the hands of the independents,^ under Osoriio, Arroyn, ])()cardo, llamirez, and others. It was a rich jirizi , from which, however, tho captors derived but littlu benefit, as it was quickly dissipated." When the revolutionary junta suj)rema, after its flight from Zitiicuaro, had gathered its dispersed * ' ][an (lestrozado el pueblo. . .llevtliidosc una cuerda ilu prisoncrosi.' Cn-.. (h- Mia-., ISI'J, iii. -JOt), 3;J7-4'2. Meiidibil, l!(.-7. •• No account was ever rendered of it. Among the spoils were some beau- tiful diamond rings, a pector.il for the bishop ui I'uebla, and .a nciklace of liu.' stones which wod aunt as a p.. . scut to Morolus. Uu'iiaiiiaidv, Caad. li'id., i. 417-8. COS' PLANS OF PEACE AND WAR. 870 fon.v^s and estal»lis]iecl itself at SultcipLH', iiialttTs on till' whole tor a time lookotl well for the iiulejx-ii- (Itiit cause. Calleja had suffered a signal re[)ulso al C.'uaiitla; near Izucar were the for(,'es which had [il.iced ijlano in so compromised a [tosition; Atlixco was threatened, the provinces were oveirim hy revolu- tionary troops, and Callej;i was at a standstill. Ahout this time an idea became })revalent that the struij^^le Avould s(^on be terminated by a compromise favorable to independence, and it was even hinted at by an arti- cle' in the ixovernment or^'an, which announced with satisfaction an arrangement entered into by Francisco Xavier Elio, viceroy of the provinces of Rio de la l*]ata, with the revolutionary junta in Buenos Aires.' This was the iirst time that the possibility of a com- ])romisc was broached; for hitherto, to s[)eak of aifairs in the other Spanish American [)ossessions, was but to tell of royalist vi(*tories.^ Some thought the viceroy leaned that way, but that was not so. No one knew better than he that in the ])resent war ther*..' was no jtossibility of compromise. There must be either t'reedom or bondage ]-)Ut the junta at Sulte[)ec, un- ci. i' the imj)ression that the time had come for making some such proposal, a[)proved two plans or projects devised bv JJoctoi' Cos, which he I'cspectivelv named V\\\\\ of peace and Plan of wai*. These, accompanied with a manifesto entitled "de la nacion americana -x los I'uropetw habitantes de esti^ continente," were sent in the name of the junta to tlie viceroy, together with a letter dated March !()th. At the same time co[)ies of the documents wei-e di.-f ributod to the corporations a;i(l chief authorities in the country." " The arranffcment wjis siigncil Oetolwr '20, I ill,, -it Moutcvidoo, with tho Aiow of ostiil)lisliiiii,' pjaeo in thuso pr.n incus. (./((.;. (/.' Mix., ISI'J, iii. •Ji.'ll-l; ;>';/'•'/<•, M>.'\ s;,,.\\/x., V. 4;{. "Tho liscal of tlio trilmiinl do iniiu-i'ia, at tlic riieotiiiL,' nf that lioily i'l March, emluavDrcil tu pruvo that tlio only cliicaiions iiilmih tx revive the iniii- iii< iiiilii.-itry was peaoo, ssiicli as hail been uiaile in IJuoiiosi Aires. ^1 /•('/("/' /■■ /■ t-i. Ajiiijil. Ilisi., ill AI'tiiKiit, /li-if. MiJ., ii. ,'>'),')-(}. •'iJ'ietdr Ci)s' iiloa.s jiriMliiocd a-) .stniug an iiiipres-iioii on Vene'^as tliat it V. IS saiil lie wcHildallow ii.t ouo to .sou thv' lettei'. It may lie f.Mmul cuUro iii ^'jnU', Jjfix'. Si'j. XIX., V. S6-'J0. Doth plaiid were based on the prineiplo 3S0 WAR MRASURKS AND MOVEM!:XTS. The corporations iviid autlioritics placod Cos' jtro- (luctioiis, unroiul hy uumy of them, in tht^ hand- <>t' the viceroy. The hitter, though pretending t«» 1.mi1<. entertained liy the ayuntamiento of ^Mexico in l.SOS, adopted l\v Hitlal;:ii and f.iUouid l>y liayu •111(1 tlio junta, of nsing tliu name of Fernando \'ll. i.uiy t I aid in ailiioving indi'[>('ii(le!ic('. On that ground Com foundid his jilan of l)e;iee; in the iiivaniMi! ho maintained tiiat tiiu Hovereignty retsided in tiie hi.ly of the nation; that Spain ami Anariea were integral parts of the nionarcliy, snlij 'et to the kini^', whieli i);;rts pos.^essiMl cuiiul ri;,'ht.s and weie indciicndint of one another; tiiat in the ahsenceof tiu' nionareii, America, liavin;^ kept hi r- sell hiyal to Idni, hatl a lietter right to eonvoke corten, and to uall thi'reto iho f.w Spanish patriots who had not stained tliem-sclves with treaxm. th:in .Spain to siwninoa deputies from Ameiiea; tiiat the inhahitants of S[wdn ii.id no right to as.sumo the .supreme power in the colonies, and a\itiiorities tivut l.y tli<;m were illegally constituted, and tiiat Americans, as a natural eonseipienc", li;id the right to conspire against tiieni; sucii action, insteail of hcing treas.ii- aMe, was on the contrary ine.itorious; and the king, if present, would certaialy commend tliem. To reduce his principles to practice, ( 'os proposed in tiie )il,iii of peace the creation of a national congress, independent of Spain, representing Fernando VII. and aflirming his right. The European olliciils and the ai nii 1 force were to resign thinr oliiccsand powers into tiie hands of tlie congress, ji.id remain as private citizens, with their lives and estates guaranteed; tiie empln', , s retaining their iionoi's and fueros, and a portion of their jiay if they continued residing in the country. Past grievances should bo forgotten, and the Mi\i- can congress would tlien, as a token of fraternity, ati'ord some pcciini.iry assistance to tlie .Spaniards figiitiug in Spjiin against tiie foreign nsupcr an I his allies. If that plan were not accepted, tlien the alternative of w.ir should be recognized, and under it hostilities carried on according to tlie laws of nations, prisoners b ing treatc., ii. r)4S-(i;{: Z' i:-<-> ro, lice. JAx-., l:i:t; UiistawaDk', fiiit'l. His'., i. :?s;)-H)(;; M,iiil, Rrs. Il.^t., app. ii. :?7.}-S:i; iii. .•IS+ .">; iv. :{S.-); WanI, .l/..<-., i. is.'^,",; .\r,.m, Il'i-.l. M< X., iv. 202-14. The pi'ctended allegianci,' to Fernando was a deception. ;i mere matter of policy, and so coiisid(M'ed by Cis and the junta. Af'tm'i/i, Hit. M(j., ii. r».>tj-()l. Tills was an undeniable fact, rccognizeil liy Uiistamante as such, and fully contirnied in a coulideiitial letter of the junta to Moreli -i, - teried for a year past from such action by the bad character of some of the insuru'ent leaders.'' '"llo siiid that ho coulil find no hotter means of showing the liorror ami iilMiiiiiiialii)n inspired hv those in'oposals. Nnjnte, J/( j,'. Si'i. XIX., v. OO-'J; ^c. ./.J/,.,-., isii', iii. ■;{:;! 4. " i'lcristain, aixlideiiuon of Mexico and influential with the viceroy, and I'liar IHego Mij,')iel Liingas y Kneinas, guafdiau of Santa Cruz de (^ueretaro, i.iidtil.Kik to defend the di'spotie order, and to impugn Cos' j>htn. IJuata- iiiaiite believed it benetieent. Of Uringas' eharaeter h(; speaks in higli terms ul piai.se, givin;^ lam ereilit for li'Mie^'ty of puiposc in his i;ir..rt, tliniigii Ijaseil 1 u w i./iig iiupre. sions. Ciiiulm ll'iKt., i. 4(M , IJeristain gave h'.s arguments in tlie journal Kl FUoyiifrn. and in a ])anipldet of (Jo nundjers, ending l.'itli Oeto- Ih r, lsi:2, dedicated to the tril.'unal uf tlie impiisition. IJrnigas t-onfutes tie; I liarui's made against the I'oyalists, and spei.-ilies tiie acts of atroeity hy tho iii-ui- ;cnts which lio saw ov heard of. jf he did not vindieate tlie royalists, h' iiiacle it appear that thu insurgents Iiad exeelled tliem ineruelty. Jiriii;iii<, l/ii/'ii'lii. fid jKi/i. s'tlir., 170 and I l.'i pp. is.-'Ucd from the press of Mai'ia Fer- liaiidez de.]i'iure(|ui, in Mex., ISl'J. '-Owing to the ae(piisition of the type as already narrated at this time, the Ihistrinlor A tiKrininn and ihc Si'iiiniKirlo P small inlluenee. Itir>-nt, (!oh. .lA.c, ii. .'!!). ' ' The edicts were dated June 1st and .'>d respectively. The eeelesiastieal iliaptersaid that the newspapers of the indepeuleuts were 'una m.icjuina iii- t riial inventadii jMjr el padre de la discorUia para desterrar del pais la paz. ' ('"•.. ./,' J/m., 181-J, iii. ol(',)-li01. "Such men had justly won tlie name of 'devorantes' giv a them liy Morclos. Mii.ximo Machorro, Arioyo, and -Viitoiiio IJocardo were of tho !!l !i f?V ill ii liiibiisiii WAR MEASURKS AND ^Kn'K.MFATS. On tli(! nd of .\j)ril Ilosiiliis raised the levoliilioii- ixry stiuitlard, Imt with tho resolve that all his arts should l)oar tin; staiiip ot* ortK-r and ti'uo patriotism. ITe soon ])laced hiiiiself* in eoiitaet with others hold- ing like views, and within a l'ortniL;"iit there was thus oat hei'ed a force HOO stronu^, enlisted ahoiit San Andres and Xopalucan, and between Quiehula and Te[)eya- hualco. Insurrection Ijoconiiii!^ thus rank throughout Puo Itla, the viceroy *jave command of tho i)rovince to JJri''-- adier Santiaij^o Irisa li, ah'eady mentioned, and sent liiin tho first battalion of tho Americano infantry regi- ment,*'' ^lajor Gomendio, which with a small body cava Iry anc I tl 10 rova list luxiharies, were a 11 tl 10 troops at his command to defend that section. ]']very loyal town hereabout was in turn assailed,'" including Atlixco, which was attacked ou the 20d of A[)ril by a strong force from Iziicar, and saved from caj)turo only by tho ariival of troo})s under Colonel Ordonez. At tho end of i\.[»ril tho viceregal authority, whose forces wore all engaged in I'l'out of Cuautla, was recognized only in tho city of Pucbla, and a few towns, inchul- imnilicr. Macliorro was like a wild licait, having plenty "f physical crmra'.'c, anil iniliilging it in the way iif nninlor and ri>lil)CTV without limit. Mnvi'lua trii'il to Inini; him under discipline, lint failed. I'looanlo was a little K.--i Innitid, a little more anienahle to reii.son. Jliislfimini/i', Curul. Illnl., ii. li!'-'. Tills author n.ses similar lanjj'uago respecting other leaders whom lie ])er». lioiisly tlircjiteiic'd. (.'iiimauiiicatioii was so iiiiK-li iii- liir'i|»UHl that for suvoi-al luoiitlis Mexico kiicw not what occurivd iu Jalapu and A'^cra Ci'ii/. Ntnrrlhc- lr>s, liosaiiis and Ins pai'ty had no I'aitli in their aitihty to withstand an attack from the I'oyalists at Puehla; and njxtn news of (lan^•er I'cachinj^ thcni, the priest Jose Uafael Tarelo, wlio had prevailed on IJosains to join llie revolution, wrote to IJishop Cainpilio that he and his c()nij)anions would accL'[)t the royal anniesty if they were not recjuired to perform humiliating; acts. The hishop retuiiied a letter <.)f acce[)tance, and Taivlo willi another priest, Amador, het^aii their prepara- tions, v.heii, the allUir reaching Itosains, he had the latter arrested and summoneil a meetin;^, hefoi'e which he laitl the bisho[)'s letter and siy;nilied his intention, now more conlirmed than ever, of lighting for the national indepuiidenco. On tlio same day came lla- ful Aiguelles, a lawyer from Orizaba, coimnissioned l'\ a meetinii' calied a lew days before l»v the curate ^Montezuma, at Zongolica, to arrange coiiperatioii with Jtosains and Osorno. Turelo's negotiations with ])isln)[) Cam[)illo caused much trouble, and almost brought about the destruction of himself, Kosains, Argiielles, and others.'' During the same period revolution raged in the jduvinces of its birth, left scantily garrist^ntnl when ( alleja abandoned Guanajuato. The chief towns were foi'tilied, but had no available troops for distant ex- '" The report got out that Ro=!ains and liia fi'iend.s iiiteiulcil to ai)i)ly for nmni;.>ains was taken and in shackles conveyed to Tepo.ica, where he was saved Diily by tho praj'crs of the people. But ho was contined in a dungeon, and \\a.s in peril of his life till he escaped. noi«tiii>i, lid., in Atainun, lUM. M(j., ii. J7J-Uj Ncijrde, Mex. S'uj. a/A., v. 180-7. 'I •i *« 3S4 WAIl MKASUHKS AND M0VKMi:\T3. I' in jx'ililioiis. CjiUi'JM, Jil'tor talJiiL;' /^Itucuaio, sent a di- \isi(»ii of the central army a;j[ainst the j)artie.^ over- iiiiniinn" till' P>aji(» or jtlains of Guanajuatit."^ Ccilnnt 1 J)ie^(i ( lai'ci'a ('onde, i\\v. ehief ••onnnander, (lis|)laytd (j^rci.t activity. IFc^ fortitied Ids liead<|Uartt I's at Maiiivatio, acential [((tint between V^alladolid, (Guana- juato, and (,)ueretaro, and oi'^anized royalist cfjinjia- nies.''' Jlis chierainis were to desti-oy Albino Carci'.i, and to secure connminication with Mexico and the sale |iassa<^e of trains. Villalha went against Cahas and JJainon IJayon, and destroyed the artillery and ibundry at Santa ^[an'a Tisniade. Oroz anil Iturhide Were sent with a Ibree as I'ai' as Indajtarapeo to relieve A'alladolid, and (iarci'a ('onde, after visitiiiij ('clay.i, hastened to Acaniharo to he at convenient distance IVoni N'alladolid. A1l)ino (Jaroia kept the _i;airisons df .small towns constantly alarmed, and lorcetl olh( r in- suru'ent leadei's to olicy him."" At this time lie Ibrnicl a combination with ^Inniz and Father Xavarrete tn assail A'alladolid, on the lid of February, which had a most disastrous result.-^ Trujillo defeated them in de- tail, oajitured their artilleiy, and destroyed their loun- dry at Tacambaro. This, however, did not im[)ro\e "'It I'oiisisteil (if one Jiiittiilion of the Corouii, Ik'iit-col. VilLilbii, iiiKitlicr inailt' up froiii sivi'iiil r(;„Mriiciita uiuUr Captain Agiiolin dv Itiiiliik', lliu J'ut'iila cavaliy regiment, und two t<(|UU(lrons of frontier troops, wiili .'■otnu pieces of artillery. "Ili.s report of Feb. ITtli, from Sulamanca. Oaz, (k Mrx., 181'J, iii. -1^- '-'"As lie aet' I with entire freedom from eontrol, the junta, when at Zit.i- euaro, sent a i rtain Cajigas with troops and artillery to liring him uiicKr sultjeetion; hut .e, earing no more for the junta than f(jr the goveiniiient at Mexieo, fell u,' Cajigas, taking hi^j eunnon and other arms, and sent hini back to the ji ;i. J/or", I'lrul. Mtx., iv. 4;!0. '!"he junta on the hsih I'i March, Ksl'J, tU tred Alhino (iarei'a an outlaw, ' por su erueldad, y eniliri:i- gue:% lasei\ ia, la .>einios, escdndahw y despotismo eoneiiiiiiulose el odio y de- testaeion general ycjo/c, Mex. Sly. X/X., v. ll)S-'J0O. '-' Tlio plan w . for (iarei'a to attaek on the north; Navarrete on the west; Mnniz on the sol !i; and Tied ra with 400 men from his liaeienda El (Jaii:iiio was to render t.A. 'frujillo and hid subordinate, Captain Antonio liiiian.-i, made «liort work of the matter. The latter, with 100 foot, 1200 cavalry, and :t pieces, charged u|ion (iarcia, who had ahont 4,000 or r),000 men, iiio>tl.\' mounted, and aix pieces, on the height3 of Tarimbaro, and after some llgliliii,' dispersed them and captured their artillery. Linares returned to Valhiduli I with the cannon and upward of 000 horses and mules, most of them sad'lKd, and other spoils. Muniz, not knowing wliat had befallen Garcia, appeared Ik- fore the city, and occupied the heights of Santa ilaria with 10 pieces. Trujillo m' ALBIXO «;aucIa. 38.-. iiKitti'J's for i]\v mvnl f.iusc in .Miclio.'iciin. ^Iiini/ .souii iiiatia^j^'.'d to iiiiikc iMni-i> cmiiiiom ; aiitl tlioiiL,'li tlio iii>iir!4<'iit i^iieiTilla parties wen- not roriiiidalilf, (lay so iiiiillililii'il that A'alladolid was lor cii^lit iiioiitlis wit Ii- iiiit iii'ws from ^It'xiro. ■•* AlMiio (iai'cia sin'iiicd to (Inivc ui'catcr I'csoliitioii and jiouri' of i-csourcf iVom (•\i rv rcNcrsc. ile sooii^^'atlicivd his dispci'st'd lorccs, ;iiid ri'tui'iK'd to his la-adcuiarti'is in tlir \ alley o|' Santiago. IK; was joined tiu'i'u hy the parties under ^ " : ,. // H. I. I I M !• H T O h I ^^•i^yA'^}f ^y^y C^ -^^^-^^ o V ■I/.'.*, / V xi.hu, v.. y v Jjllpl Su.criu CliaiiiucULru ^0^^' / .\,' p. iijaiiio\ I N A J I I TO' •'•'" ,/, U h" llAtan ViillJ.If Suiitiaco y /Sta. he Salvatltfrrs - „ x N. /*- Coroneo Ai.nalco „Y,.riria|,ii...i«o;i-c/-.-/_ l*'<: >';'-!*ii»ro W* .Mollno, ,1, TsblUero S7jimii ^'"a;.. a I '■''%v.<; N nil' I t 111 tl:.' lii.l- f:iri l.ill ]5AJi() 01'' (Ji'AN.xjrATO. Liiiiircs tof;ctlier "ladc a tlasli ag;iiiist liini ami Hi;.riially (luf' iitu(l him, cap- I-' .ill liis ariillciy. J^iiiaiv.s went in imrsnit as lar as Taciaiiliai'ii, l-iiriiod I 'Uu atti r riiiii)\ iiig nine cainioii, and thciuliy iK'stroyid tlic factory of - iliat .Miifii/ liad tlieie. Xaxanctu, ii'coi\ iiij^ tiTiicly :.ihici', kfi)t away iiliuiu'd to Ids old position. 1'lius 'I'rii jillo in tlnvo days liroki" u\>, witli- l"-ini,' a man, a L'i)nd)ination of .S,()()0 or lO.OlM), t.-diiii:; Iju-^iilus almut 'J.'> IS ot' artillery, and l:irj,'c fjuantities of supplies. (/(/.:. retreat in haste, llo made a second atteniiit Vvilli all his forces on the lath, with no hotter resuH, and then withdrew to Celaya,'-' It would he useless a.t- tein[)tinL( to follow the repeated inoveinents and cmuii- ter-inovenients of tlu! hcllii;'ereiits, as they reached mi result other than to keep the country in a state tif disturhaneo and sufiering". In Alarch and April Guanajuato was reduced lo the last extreniitv f 'r the want of specie.-' Wy in- quest of the civil authority (larci'a Condc^ now a brig"adi(>r, escorted tlu^ bullion on Iuuk' to (.^ueretiii;). On the 8tli of A[)iil he started on his retuiii v,ii!i specie and merchandise, about 1,000 mule loads, fr (Juanajuato and interior towns; but eiicounteriiiL;' in- surgents, he lost one load of specie and a lartj;'e (|iian- titv of merchandise. lie succeeded in takiii''' to Guanajuato on the 17th only tlie specie of the I'ny.d treasury. The s[)ecie of pi'ivate individuals and llio merchandise that escaped capture he was forced fi leave in Irapuato. ] [owever, Colonel Jose C'a>iro started from this [)lace soon alter with the effects, and K'axinL;' in Silao those for Guadalajara and Zacatecas, marched on with the rest to Guanajuato, which he reached safely on the 2Lsi."' (Garcia Conde now iv- ceived orders from the vicero}' to convey to ]\[e.\ico -^IfiHiiKl to !il)iiii(1on tlio pliu'o on lic'iriiiL,' that I'odro Oan'fa Iiad ta'iiti nnd sacked tlio villa do Li'im, and .slain it:-) foniandanLo, Manutl ( JiiLiuri''./ Wu la Concha. Mo)\i, Hi ml. Mix., iv. -IJS. '■"Silver linllion was sellini,' at very low prices. iin) t^'neietaro the liidlion lielon;,'ing to |M-ivato jici'sons — the royal treasury oliicial:^ wonld not scuil the .silver of the ei-ov.Mi without order>^ from llio viceroy — .".nd liring itaek tiie coin and goods detained there. Alaiiniii, II ->. Mij., iii. '7l! SI. ■*'(larefii t'ouile's official report to tlio viceroy from Silao, April '-Mtli. Oir.. lie Mix., Ispj, iii. 7tl-4; Alumuii, IJi-'t. Mij., iii. ISI-'J; JJualamui.'':, Cuad Hist., ii. •iilj-;iul. NRfiRETE AND TOIII'J'S. 3S7 nil llio silver Ijiillioii in riuaii.'ijnat'), iD^'i'tlicr with tlial k'l't at (,>uerL'tar(), and a ]:\v coniincs of Michoacan and ( iuaiiaju.-do; and if aay of them set foot in Xueva IJalicia 1eniloi-y they v.ere Ibrthwitii destroyed. In these re[te;ited encoim- tr!;s a number of notable j^-uerrllla cliiefs had peiidied, Sdine ol' them kill"d in action, and some captured and ^-]l(.t.-' A inonc^ the most noted I'oyalist conimandei's, both I'll activity and sc^'erity, was Pedro Celestiiio Xc'j.'rete. J[aii.;hty and intlexil)le, he nex'ei' sj)ok(.' of the insur- gents without ni)')lv!ii'j;' to them some blackeiiiii'' t [litliel,'-'" and not one that was caj>tiired by him e-^caped d(>ath. On the other hand, he did iio( somv.' liis oiiieors and men fr(>m hard W(»rl\, lhoU'j,li he li.>!;ed '■' lIiMlcpiitclic'il r'nptain Itnrliiili' w illi i;i) Silai) rciyali-its tu cuiifii- v. itii (^Vii;^ ;i'i(l Xrgvi'to. Willi t'nii siiiali o-cint [turblilu ti-;iViT;-cil tlic rc;'io!i iu- IcnLcil by iiisurirc'iit jiarlios, fiillilkil liis ciiinniissiin in n sati- factory i.iaiiaur, ;iu I ill six (lays v. an liacU a'^'aiii at (larcia (..'.piule's licail.iuarlcrs. Tiic. ti:i:o oi.\n[iii'(l liy Iiiiu was lianlly inoro than tlio iiostiiiaii cai|i! lyu'l in linn? of |i';iiT, Tlicsi! facts iiiiil future iij)crati()ns ajjpcar in liis report of Mav ISili. ('■■../'' M'j:, LSI-.', iii. 7:i:!-D. ■ Sial'. was tlic fato of ('olonil > ar'^'a<, I'rancisco I'ifia, 1!I Scgiiiilillo, Mil '"Uailo, 'I'iiMi:is UoilriLfUc/, aiiit otlni'.^. *' M'liisti'rs, infamous rebels, wreiches, cowai'.Uy assassins, vile eariaillo, "ii'l ii'!i like, wcie Words eoiiiilantly oceurriii;,' in his f)Uicial i-ejiorts; an J JL^, i!i,,L luan livcil to bcr\o tiij ivpubiie, ami rfo did (larciii L'onilc. r i 3SS WAR MEASURES AND MOVEMENTS. after their interests witli the utmost care, and tliry liad accustomed themselves to look up to liiiii as a father as well as an invincible conunarder. His tena- cious persecution of rebels bad put an end to many obscure leaders, till at last there remained in lh(,i province only one insurgcmt chief who had acrjuireil any considerable distinction. This was Jose Anto- nio Torres, generally called El viejo Torres, who had rendered good service to the cause in Xnr\;i Galicia. His late was a sad one. With his lab r ()peratif)ns against Valladolid the reader is ah'cady ac<|uainted. Fi'om his stronixhokl in ]\Iiclioacaii he was wont to invade the region of Rio Graiule, and iu Februnry 1812 he attac.'ked Negrete near Tlasasalci. Torres was repulsed and, assailed in turn, was utterly routed. From the time of tliis reverse he was ac- tively [HU'sued from place to place, and on the -lih oi' April was sur'prised and captured at Palo Alto, w-iw Tup;itaro, I)y .Lo[)ez ]\[erino, own of Negrete's subor- dinates. It was no small matter this ca[)ture of so noble a ])atriot, and the royalists made the most of it after their fashion. He was taken to Guadal.ijara and liis ari'ival made a public spectacle. Wisliing to heaj) every indignity upon luin, his foes were about to fasten Iiini by the neck to a woodi-n prop that his lace might be well seen, but the old man told them to have no fear, he would carry his head liigh enounli. Jle was tried by the oidor A'elasco, and sentenced on the rJtli of Alay to be hanged and quartered. Tlut ex.ecution was carried into elfect on the 'J.jd. In llic ]n'esence of tlie assembled crowd the head was sewrcd from the body and raised uj>on a polo. One (piarfer of the body was sent to Zacoalco, tiie scene of his xic- tory over Villascnor; anotlier was [)laced at the ^[c\i- calcingo gate, by wliich he liad made his triumphal entry into Guatlalajara, and the remaining two at iIid gates of El Carmen and San Pedro.^ 2d ™ At each placo were posted these words; ',Tos(5 Antonio Torres, traiitu iil rey y A la I'atria, cabccilla rcbclde 6 invasor de cata Capital.' Tlie reiiuiiud GARCIA COXDE. SS9 Xt'L;"i't 't(-/s (livi.sioii could now be employed in the ] nil suit of Albino Gnrt'ia. Orders were brought him liMiii (Ji'uz by Iturbitlo to march at once. Jt was airaiin'cd that on the loth of ^la}' at ten o'clock in the niorniuL;' he should attack Albino (Jarcfa, cover- in^T the roads leading' from Paran^'ues and Yui-ira to t!i<' valley of iSantia^'o; and that Garcia Conde should at the same hour come upon th(.' tiiemy's camp from Ww Cel; lya side, thus cuttuiL,*' off escape Ii I oiMcr iiiit to awaken suspicion, (Jai'cia Conde tari'ie(l iii lo,'" where on the 1st of ^la}'' he v I'cccived nilor- ^^/ll; mation I'rom Captain Es([uivel, connnandim,^ at Ira- jiuato, that he was surrounded by numerous parties of Alhiiio Garcia's. Conde at once despatched Villalba with one battalion, TOO (b'lr^oons, and two eannon. T\u' rt.'lx'l chief, who had been all day assailiuL!;' the town with 4,000 cavalry and seven pieces of artillery, 1 Icarniii!^ of their approach retired to the hac (;! MKia as Animas, a leau'ue distant, whence 1 wo (I f 1 lis lieutenants kept up a skirmish with Villalba's foree.'^^ }.Ieaiitime All)ino Garcia marched ag'ainst Celaya, and was re[)ulsed.^-^ were incinerated fortv diivs nftcr. His house in San IVdi'o Piedra Oorda was ia/,L'd to tin; I'rcjuiid and Houu witli .s:dt. Tliu.i we see wiiat ic was patii^t in tlio.sc days. It must he confessed t'lat in t!ie city of Me.\ie> ni no (loeeniy was siiown. Tlio execution took jiiaeo t'le ■Jl)d of May. all the ;;arri- iii'' out under arms to see it. Ci'az lie .!/.■ Xi'/i'ifi', .1/r.v., V. IS.-) !),); ,1/, rsij, lii. (i;;i)-r); <', 7S: Jjiii/diiiniitr, lliinlm /l!.-f., i. 1 1"; Zi 'timnii. I/h/. .!/(/., iii. lS.->-(i; Mont, M'. v. y ■mo- US eapturt T> lad 1;)J men with iiini, all of wl M eniio li ivui ' III jierislio 1, many of them bein,' hiirned ;d iiauis in whieli tliev had.sou-,'ht refn^'e to In; .set on liiv. //< V:1 )er:iua had ))een alile ilautc at 1 la a It! rapuato, .lost tok Fuse .M^' !•: keen lu enee ([luvel, was i k the .iruerrilla ehii'fs. 'J he eo.naii- leeidedlv in favor of indrneuileneu. j'ear.s he was several times a niher of the le^'i-ilatnre, and onco VR>e-L;overnor of (iuiinajiiato, anil died as one of thejus;i.'es of her s.ipreuio court. /[;., iii. 1S'.}-'J0. ti m II i '!:! li! Ill S90 AVAU :>ii:A.sum:s and movi:mex';s. (Jarci'i ( 'oiiclc (lojxirtt'd with tlic coiiductii of .silv( r l)iiliii)U lV->iii ( raaiiajuato to escort it to ]\lu.\irii, and (•»iu\cyt-'d it as lar as li'ajmato. From this [)la;'(', v,hri-r lie iiii'Diporatcd into his i'orcc A'illalba's coiu- luaiid, v.llliDuL divulging; his destination, ho starUd :\t two o flock in tlie niornin'j' of ^lay Ijth, s(j as to iVvich the valley of Santiago by ton, and occu[)_y t!i>j jKiints agreed upon with Negreti.'. But .\lhino (Jai- eia, if indettered, was a shrewd uiihtary man. ilo V\eil understood the royalists' uiovenients, and oasilv disconeeried tl lem. Xot lindlnu" Xeii'rete v.'liere expected to meet him, and hearing a brisk firing IVom the dinclion of I'arangues, Oarei'a Conde inferre;! that Albino Garela had attacked Xegrete, which \v;is true. On (Jarcia Conde's appi'oach, (he enemy i\- tlivd, and, pursued i»y the ca\alry, lost some men."' "•^ Auioiiu' tlic slain was one of the most cllkicnt oiTiocrs of the giu;i-iil!:i l);'.'.iil. (.'c.>;ulu a:iil Xc/rotc iniiivlu'd into tin.' valley in tlircj siH:ii jns. niu if viiith was nmlff .ll;;;rl)i the faet "f I in luing alllicted willi gout, Alhino had to juurney in a earriage or on a h.'d. When the jairsturs eame near ho would (|uieiily mount ii hor.-e and eseuiio liy some side road, afier hiding hi;i ariilkry. tJuue hh artillery earriag^.i vere eaptured and destroyed. At the cud of this un.su.eesoful pursuit tlio I'liyalists were eouipletely e.xhausted. Condo gave up the ehase, an 1 ri- t.irnuig to the valley of .Saniiago, took the Kiere I vessels and paranuiit; an 1 t!te priests of that town and of Yiiriria to Irapuato. Conde, in l.ii rep 'it of ^l:'.y .■!l^t, spe:d;.j of Albiiio'.-i foree lieing all dispei'.sed, and states tli.il tlio eiiief had only IGJ nien v, ilh him; kut, of eour:;e, that i.i a part of ijaerrida v; .;•• fare. a-.V); AIniiinii, Jiiroduec(k When ho intended to as -ault a town or hacieud i, a large mi:.i- lier of Indian sliugerjassemlded in tiie neigiilioi-iiig' villa gc3 and lields, .aad ui.!i a few I:adly made and v.orso sierved pieees if ariiilery, rendered aid. i lO altaek wad mad'? hy ; urrounding the t^nvu wi.'.i eavalry, whieii was, of e r.i;- , iiseksj agaiuLit a forti.ietl ])lace. Tiic most aha dvo epitael:3 were hurled at t!ie iiedeged, and a h;ijk li:e of artiileiy and mudietry suo^ained for h lui-', (li.;ehar;'in;,' jierliaps (JJJ or T^iO eauunu-: hits, viliieli ilid Utile or no Inrm, t.iu royalistd reLurning the lire from behind tlieir inLrenehnient.s. rinally, ala'r liaving some men killed and v.oanded, the foiled assailants v.oukl retire eiiao' beeau^e their amaiunidon had given out, or some royalist foi'ee was appr-aea- iug- to relieve tlie town. In the retreat the guerrillas would saek every iuieii.ud;i ROYALIST TniUMPir. 301 Till! I)ri,i4"n.li:r n^Min started on tlio 4tli of Juno -with the coiKlncta lor ^[exico: l)iit lieariii^' ;it Sala- iiiimca that the guerrilhi ehiel's were reoroanizin;;- in tlie \-alley of Santia^-o, ho thoULi'ht that as th(>_v bo- nvve( I I inn oecunied \vi l> ith tl )ii(l o[ij)i)rtumty to tako them unawares and e\'en 10 eoiuhu'ta, it would ov> a th cai o e\"eiun>4' Ik- de Mia v,i ture .Albino (jareia. The sani tehed his most eflicient oilicer, At>'ustin Itui'bid h about IGO mounted men with orders to reach 0, intiau'o at moonriso. It uroKk; was tl: ere a I. two in the morniii'jf of the 5th, sui'prised tli na rd at tlio eiilranee of the town, and jiretendinL,' to be J'edrt (iarei'a, who had been called by Albino to join him (»')tained tlio pass and countersi^-n, and took po^ SCSSIO n of tho j)laco witliout arousiiiL^ the slecpini^- revolutionists. At length they wero purposely awak- ened by orders loudly issued for tho grenadiers of 1,1 Corona to occupy a certain j)osition, tho battalion (u' }.rixt() another, and so on, several organizations hv'ing named, to each of which a i'ew of Iturbide's men belonged. The in-nirgents believed the whole division el' (larcia Condo was u])on them; tlu'V atteujptod, li'iv.ever, to defend tho barracks which wero tak'on by ibrcc". Some soldiers took possession of the ]• (if of the house occupied by Albino (larci'a. 'I'his rule f, his l)rother Francisco, known J)')U Pachito, his secretarv, Jose ^[aria liub ell presoi iti nm 'If sai( 1 1 I b 10 Jiad oeeii uir; lit (juarto; 's hy lorce', wliUMi [ilea save gaaier — who in (ho Ihishlb— held I'll T 1 v.-.i 1.;:. their w.'iy, iinil tlioii disperse, to meet n'.'e.iu at .••niiiefither iila"cn','re-'il upon. r. L,'.j!i(l t.irtiuiu of towns that thus (.'seape;! Ikmm;; [)luniK'ivil and dustroye I i attrihiitod to a miraelo, and tho to d.iiin was ihanted. If any pridonc".'.) I lieen taken on citlier sido tlioy were f irtiiwith sliot. In a liell of liatt'o ' iiisnryents generally phieeil their artillery on suini; ]iei':;ht, the infantry liiid it, and tlio lartxe nias-os of eavalry at the win:,'3. The caval"y v.'ould n',;u upon the royaU-sts, who easily drove them away with ii few ilisi liarrres tjrape; they wotihl tlii'U (leo in all direetions, tlirow their ill-diseiplined and Illy aiMneil infantry into tlio of P' !■ 'V-.ii-iti' hands alter the lirst disel lii" \\\ i<( ur Alliino ( lai •eia eotn]i'aine 1 t la.t Ills a Were .always niori! disponed t) jili'.ndor than t) liLrlit. But this kiml of il.iro was cxeessively fatiguiit;,' for the royalist troo[)<, eonst.inllv d-'pi'ivd le-tand f )od, niare'hin-' aiid e juntorniarehiii^' without bein;^ aljlo lo catch ■•iriiKC the loc. :li I J i U ■! i;«M P !i. 302 WAIl MEASURES AXD MOVEMENTS. and a man named I^ineda, a dosortor IVom the roy.il .service, were taken alive, tou'etlier witli some loO oi- IjO more, Al)out loO iiUorrillas were killed; wl iilo Idirhide's onlv casualtv, hy liis report, was the death () r one irrenadiei'. As Itmhidi' had to traver se oil his I'eturn a ren'i(»n teeming- with insurgents, and Ids I'oree was too small to guard so many prisoners, he ordered them to 1)C shot, ox('e[)ting only the two (^ai'cfas, Ivuhio, and IMneda, Avhom lie convt'ved to (Jelaya. Three days later, after cei'tain eiin»ty judi- cial proceedings, the Garcias and Pineda were [luh- licl y c!\ecu ted, 111 The capture of Albino Garcia was a great triuiii] i'or the royalists, none of whom had ever^'ained iiiii(!i advaiitaf'e over him. It must he coiilessed that like \\\(' other side he was something of a scourge, the iJajio reunion having' sullered i>"i'eatly at his hands. (Jarcii Coiide could now proceed with his condu(.'ta. Oii<' <>f the A'illagrans, however, attacked him in the sierra nt' C apukUpan, hut was routed hy Iturl/ide with I iea\v ].■ i lie ame division on its return eseoi ted i roia ?.Iexico a large train of Ijunjpeaii and jther mercliaii- (.lis(i and ])assengers to (^ueretaro.^" ^Meantime Liceaga had been sent by the supivnia junta to assume the government of the nortlierii port MlaniM {'(milL'"s ciinduct toward Iiis prisoner, nccordiiig to liis diistiirdly, I'Voii tor that day and pl;i lionoi'.s as captaiii-ijoiioral I)y l)riiigin,i^ liis troii|i.s out on ))aradt Ho prct('iidi; see the fallen hero. Xotilied of his death-sentence, Albino (hircfa wrote his jiarents, who were royalists and hail formerly I'endered service to (Jarri.i ('ond'' himself on his expeditions, asUini; their pardon and blessing, and thi restoration ot all pi .'rlv he il to th llislie.id was elevated in ( 'elaya at the crossing of San .luan de ])ios sti'eet, wheri; iio niailo his greatest ellbrt to capture the city. The crip]ik'd hand, which niaiie him known as El .Mani'o, was taken to (;uana ju.ito, and tlie other to li'apii.it). Vears after, when the cinintry became imlependent, the skull was buri' d. Ua-. (/c J/< Mij., iii. I'KI-'JIKi lSl-_', iii. (140-1; Lirni/'i, Ai/h'. // /,;■.■/. ':m [lllllf //;•/. .1/.. 'J.V(-S; Meiidibil, /.'i>-. //;>■/., 1. •!•_'. llirnl. Jl(.r., iv. 4;), and the other somewhat smaller. Tliey W(.'re 180 vai-as apart, and Li(;eaga Joined them by a causeway thi'ee var'as wide, })rotecting the (■a\s as well as the bridsjfe with a stone wall six feet ill height, a moat, and a sti)ckade made of jirickly plants. In the larger cay thei'o were 71 merlons. am I C)[ in the other, To this ibrtress, wiiicli Licea-ja iihmI nnprcLi'iia d)le, 1 le •'•ave Jus own name, aiK lit i.s cailt'ii li.lie,! 1 in the oilicial rei)orts Isla JJceaLia. Jie estab- th ictories llierc tor malvin, iii. 1014-17, 10!t.-)-lllO. ■ltiirliiik'"s ilctiiiltMl ic|i()it in (/«:. ilr J/<-.c., ISi;?, iv. 2r)-,10, The U. ImUo li.ivr (lidcri'iit ii;iiiR'^< iissij,f|uil to tliciu liy (lillcniit wi'iter-; iiuiiii V ^ iinrMpaiKlMni, ^"ll^lnill niiTLi a Y unraiuiiiilani. 'ill 11) iicUuiis Uiuiiig 40 days he kilk'd many, sonic of wlioni were cliLufs 394 WAIl MEASURES A\D MOVEMENTS. ;. i- M 'i \vns witliin caiuioii-sliut, Init was iirotccU'il liy a siii;i!l rise of L;r()iiiii'avc!y, on scrin^- tlic aj-proach of dani^Ti'. Irft lih' island, tli(j connnand of which, toj^'cthcr with 2U0 nicsi. Avas intiustcd t(t leather Josd Mariano liamiicz.^' ] turiiid'', liiiAiiiL;' made ci^ht I'afts and hron^ht iw.i canoes from a Ion;;' dislancc, attacked (hn'in;;- tli;' night of ()ctol)ci' ."ll^t at lour (Hlfercnt points, jilaci;;^' ( 'aj»lain A iccntc J*]ndciica in c(»imnand. A pov.dcr- magazinc that caugiit Wrr (hshcartcncd the yarrixia, and the place was taken without resistance. l'atli;r ]\aniirez, Jose ^laria Santa Cruz, the town m.ij' i-, Toinas Moreiio, conunandant of tlio artilleiy, XcIm);!, an ICniilish enLriiu'cr under whose direction the i'oiii- lications were l)uilt, and l'\'lipe Amadoi-, who had received one of the minor ordei's of pi'iesthood, were ca[)tured, conveyed to Irajiuato with otln'i-s. and shot. The royali.st lo.ss was small. Of the deleiiders nono e.sca{>etl; such as did not iall into the victors' hanils ])erislu'd in the lake.'^ The small ninuher of arms i'ound indicates clearly that tlu; I'ortress, when a>.-ail>' !, was almost abandoned, and the garrison had heca mostly removetl.'*' of renown, and took inisonors Colonel Fiancisco Ruiz, and licutcnant-coloiul of artilk-iy, Erancisco Vallo, known as tlio 'negn) liuliMnuro,' holh of wIvia it is hardly ncucssiiry to say were executed at once. JAad'ia, Ailir. 1/ /,'■■■' i- /ic, -41. '" lUistnniante, calling liini .1 sub-deacon. Fays: 'En rjnicn sicnipre adn'.;'.i5 Iviiona.s dis]io^icion( s piua jiuntear una •,'uitarra y divertio un e. trado dc d,.- mus, y no tenia otras.' Cnm!. J/i.it., ii. \1H). "Jturhide, whose pedantry in his reports c(|nalk'd Iiis bravery and cru- elty, bi' ke out on this oceasiun into one of his ])eenli;a' burst.s: 'Misin.ble.!, (■llos h.i'i)r:'in cunoeido an ei'i'or en aipiel ln,;,'ar terriidc; en quo n" p')dr;i:i U'nio- diailo. I (^>iii/.a su eatastrofe triste servir.i de t. earniiento a los (|U0 cstan aan en tieinpo de .'^alvarsel' (/t;. il<- Mix., 1,NII!, iv. '27. ^- liustamahte lias it that Liceaga liad taken out the troops, leavia .' ]:U pvisonei's, ■who found ways to phjt \vit!i lUirbide to secure llieir frcLiIu:;!. 'J'he latter says: ' I''ui' ])reciso valeiso de niuchos ardides, euyorelacii'n nocipu- teuqilo intere.-ante ))ara este liigar, y el re-^ultado lo liani inUrir a los cnteu- di,i:antos ehiros, inijiareialcs y sin preocui)aeion.' For all that, Itui'bid" ":■- dereil many military executions there, and sent hundn ds iience of whoni \v3 r.iade no nii-'iUiiin. It was ids eliief {hdight in tiiis worM to consign lo he!l tlie exeoinmnnicated. Ihinion Itaynn oeeu]iied lie island sever:;l nio;it:;:i later, and I'xhunied the bones of about (WD ]>ersons, wlidUi lie cau*id to be in- terred witli funeral honors in the paiisli ehni'cli, wliieh Ituibide looked iipuu as a crime, prosecuting the pri(?st tli^it oiliciated, and holding nmcli cur:o- spoudcucc with Rayon ou the subject. Iturbide put himself un for a sage, aad Tnr: rkfulgext palm. 395 Doctor Cos at ])olt)n's cn^'aLfod liiinsclf in ovi.';aniz- i;i'4' and l)riiii;'iiii;- togcthor the aimed partii's ol" that ir''i(>ii. With liiui uas Ivaiarl Kayoii, one ol' t!io ilVSl I. liiiu til oiii tins iiiil dent's brothers, and }i[alias Ortix, who j'l i)i'U'an with his ])rothers to acciuire distinction, were generally known as jjos Pacliones. With e i'oree he had organi/t'd, ( 'os niarcluKl on the L'7tli Xovend)er a-'ainst (Juanainato; but his nio\einent was attended with no ri'sidt, and he had to I'eturn to J)(>liii'es. ]Ie did not remain thert; ))ernianently, ho til (II w ever, as that town was on the line of transit l")r iir 1 11 lUiee and other nierehandise to and I'l'oin the inland |ii<)\inces; and when trains approached lie usually ahaiidoned the place lor the purpose of attacking tlieiu. It often liap})ened that reiinforceinent.-; had to bo sent frijiii C.)ueretaro to save the trains from ca ptui'e.'''' On the ojtpositc side of the sierra of Guanajuato, scpai'ating on the north the bajio from the plains of J)(>loiH's and the ])rovince of San jjiiis l^otosf, the epeiation of escorting live-stock i'roni the latter pl;ie<.' to (Hieretaro, aiK I t ransix ortii VI mere •hand lS(j :illl Mexieo, I'urnished opportunities for i'e[)cated hostile encounters. One of the h<»ttest of these to()k place (111 the od of February, at the Santuario do Atoto- liilco near Sail ^Miguel el Grande, on whi<'li occasion JMelbnso tie la Torre, the royali.-t commander, who Ivanced to that [»lace to receive 600 silver bars ad a< iVoiii Zacatecas, saw a refulgent ])aliii in the slcy -Viiother train was coiivciyed by the royalist [iriest ii Iiiviil vassal of I'lTiinmlo VII. ('imdro ll'ii., ii. l21l!-7. 'J'lnis Fmi' in thii LisUiiy \vc liiid liiiii iiDlh faiuilicMl iiml iiumlci'KUs. •' liusiiiniuiito, t'lHul. Ili^/., ii. 'J'.).')-S, ■"Uiuot I'ccoiicile Pus' !iit on lii< uttacli ii,L;ainst ( Inaiiajiiato, apjicariii:,' in /tinrioilf (I/h rn-., in //( rii'iml,-: ij J '''(m/ox, l\it, y>oc., V. (rJ;l, wiili t'lKi rc|ii)rt ot Intomlcnto Maiafiijn iiisritcil iu Cnz. ,1c M(r., rSl.i, iv. -IT,-'.); Mcirlih}/, J!,s,i,„ni //is/., IliT S. 'lii> sanio (liiliculty ocelli's in ciimparin;^ tlio false accdunts of insurgent and rivalist ('dliiiaainki's. LiccaL'a, Adic. y l!rrlijli\, "JoS-l), says that tlu; iiiNadin.,' fnnu \\a ! ii'[)al>c(l. "Tonus iP|iort in G r.. d<' }J<'.\\, l.Si2, iii. •J'iT-D. Tlio palm iiIii'niiMK'ri.in liail liccoiiie faL-liiiinalilo sinci; Caikja prett-ndt-d to iiuvo seen one iit Zilaciuao. Ala„dUi, Hid. JI.J., iii. 'JO.'). •■■:t I hii IV. < I, I! ' ^! 11 Hill 396 WAR MKASURKS AND MOVKMIIXTS. Die,g() Hoar witli 'i.lO iiicii, mIio coiuiiin' upon ji sin.ill [)i»rty of iiisuro-eiits near Doloi'cs on tliu 'Ji'd of M;nse(iuently shot hy ordir of Colonel Tovar, coniaii- dante at San ]juis I'otosi. l^'ather Zimarripa, was also ('a[)tured; hu had onec befoi'e been taken in Aeul'o and i)ai'doned; now ho was retained in iroi US pondui' 1 orders from the viceroy.''^ About this time, owinjjj to the defeat of the royalist ]>eng(')a on the 10th of l''e!>- ruai'V, three lea\;ii''s I'l'port in (h(~. dc Mix., ISI'2, iii. 0"2fi-7, OOO-To. 'J'ci\:ir'.s rt'jMnt iiinl iiiiiicxcs, in (Itr.. tie M< .c, ISI'2, ii ISI'2, iii. Gl.VlS, 023- ArriHlundu'ts luport in Id., 1812, 1111-1.5; Mom, J/t.f. Itvr., iv. 44o-S. CITArTER XVI. pRorniESS OF thy: war. (■"ai'Tt-iu: of 'J'KiifACAN — ^I.\ssArr!i'. OF PitisoNF.ris — CmtATiN OF Mai.tuata ANl) ZdNCIiI.IOA JiiIX Tin; liliVoI.n'KiN — ()i;1ZA11A ('AI'TlliKD AM) Ri:- TAUKN — Rl.VdI.I TIiiNAUV I'l.ANS AT \'f,1;A ('lllZ AND I'lMMiTK— CoM Jl I'M- CATiON Rk(i1'j;ni;ii nv ItovALisTs - JNsriii;i;.NT Oi-kuations -CArTi'itE <>P I'ACill'fA Wnil I.MMENSK I'.ciOTV — Clil'F.L SlIODTISM (iF I'lasoNFUS — Towns RECAi'TruED r.Y J!ovai.i^ts - Akuesi' of [.konaum) IIkavo am> CoMI'ANIONS— TllEIll EXECJITION — XolW.F. 1 lEEK OF NlCoLAS J>l;A\(( — Vknf.gas Offeks I'ai!Iio\ to I'enitent JtEiu:i,s, and a Rewaiio for !M(IIil'.U)s' CaI'TIUE - VkNECIAS ANU CaLLKJA at IVNMITY— J!aV(JN'.S U.v- M (CEssFfL Attack on 'I'oi.ri.'A — Defeat at Tenanho — Dispeission op THE Sri'KEME JlNTA. "5 i ]\[iMTARY operations liad resulted more favoraMy t'nr the royalist arms in tin; inlerioi' than in the east- ern and southern provinees, owing, it would seem, to Ihi' tact that in the iormor locality the insurrectionary I'nivc's \ven> in in(K'[»en(lunt parties, more or less nu- iiK'idus, l)ut neai'ly always jictinu;' without coinhina- li'iu, which, thou^'h ohstructini;" the ])ul)li(^ hii^hways, iiitei'ruptiiig trallic, and liviuL;- l»y ])lun- and nienacinij: attitude at the end of 8ei)lem- her 1812 toward the vicereijal u'oveniuient. J?rior to (397) J. M : I 308 rROoriKss of tp" waii. ■: .: t'ii^ ]il> (l<-|i;iit iirr from C']iila|)ii fur ('iiiiullii and rxi'icai' !ii ihi' lal tciTiid of is 1 i , ^Idi'i'los (lircrfcd his activr lit;u- tciiaiil , Trn_iaiiii, (•» s|ii'cad (lie iiisuiivct ion tliioii-li out tliL! Mi/A(.'c country, and jiarfu's wc'i'c arcoi'din^ly (Icspatclicd in all diivftions, approitriatini^" to tlidr own uses the uraiii, livi'-stock, and lAcrv othd' a\ail i\])]v tliiu'^' hclon^ini^ to th*.' S[ianiards or to tho-i' t,\' ]-oyalist jtrodivitius. One oi' these ])ai'ties, coniniandrd l»y ('oloiicl FiLijueroa, ])aid a visit to Tehuacan, a lirh city and the conunercial centre of (he in'ovinces oC i'lir- Ilia, ( )ajaca, and \'era('i'uz. Iduj jilace ]iaaniar(is ir- turncd widi se\-('nty-five soldiers and two jticcis ot' urtilleiy, erected intrenclunents, and orL;'ani/ed vi>liiii- teer coin[)anies. The insur^vnts, howt.'ver, a^'ain iiin:li.' tl leu' a])pearance, anc I in L el.)ruarv surrouii'K dlhc (ilv Tlie nunil)er of the hesie^-ei's incn-ased rajjidly, and th'- l)L'lea'j;uered in the latter part of iVpril and bcLjiiuiiii^' of ^lay found themselves reduced to the last eKlrem- ity. Their water su[)i)ly had been cut oil*, and most of the garrison had ])erished. Despair! ii;jj of any relief, the city capitulated under a u^uarantee that the lives of the S[)aniards and other royalists would be s[)ar('d; to Vvdilch stipulation, according to custom, not the sligiit- est attention was subs3quently paid.^ 'Tlie iiis'irijoiit (!lii('ft< . •r.injindinq the besiegers wore Jos(5 ,S:inclio7: do l;i ^'c'^^•l, vicar of Clat'ott'iirc, ti.o h;uiio wlio rcpulscil tlio royalist hriiiiiilir , LI at Izui'ur, the cnra 'Jaina, tlio Fi'.iiiL'iscaii friai Marl. .,■1 Arrnyi 111 otii Th 1 liarisli ]ivU'f )ari;in'ii, i; ;iiic), anion Sl'^ilM;l, 111 oilier re.s]i.etalile eel,■lc^sia.sUcs were ])resi'iit at tlio f^igiiiui^ of the sliimlatioiis. Alter tlu; gai'i f>;iii hiiil (l-i\vii tlu'ir arms, on Uie (iiii • i May, tl y, tlie Spauianls were eo IMllIK the jKililio jail, ami their shops ami dwellings sacked. JIunilreds of laMiilics ■were tliiis reduced (o be^^'ary. Next day the Spaniards uere stripiicd of their clothes, bound in },'roiips of three, and by the guerrilla Ari'ojo con- \ eyed on foot to 'i'ecaniachaleo, where three of them were shot, the sun nf llio f;ni)dcleL;ado Sanchez, one of the victims, being eomiM'lled to be present at hi* fat'iier's execution. Jleai'ing that the people of Tecaniaehalco were on the point of lising to oppose these execuLlonc, Arroyo had tlio other prisoners, foitv-thrce in nuinlier, taken out and shot One of the unfortunates was a Freuchniaii named Dasil Mazas, a man iioteil for his acts of beuevoliiue id charity. A few days before, the Spauiixrda who capitulated in San Ai.Jrca oniZAi'.A takj:x. 39ft While ilic ill(Ir|H'll(li'!i(s Wfl'c cuiicrlitrjltill'^ !irt>Ull(l Tesides ket'|)inn' a watch on ()ri/al)a, lie captnred every passini^ train having' niefchandise i'or tlie I'oyali.^ts. lie put men imdor Miguel Morono, '■V, Mrii \ \ {^"yr' " '•HlllillohlMiiIl*;; '■■9'<-] • -vr V'. .v'-' .•'''^'•■^^■- ; . v^ ' Vl ^ )'?/ ,y; ^lluatiisco ' Chululi 7 PUEBLA ■* ''>,-* *i7"s,;;» ^-~-.^.,-^ \ '' Sun Alitlrcl ' ' r*' , \ . r\ ' "N.. CU.l.i. lula, : •^.' .1 \ \ I vO- ,Vc\V*, l'ul..Kir:., 'r. ■■....,■... 1I.U-.1 ):otJuI)u I \^~~;, > iA.ul.liyj,,/^_^— ■o„„.alo.i ' ' "/ ^i '* ^ ^ T.,l,.,n,.V,.,' ^. ^- , >■ F ^*'. VERA CRUZV Ja:iiu|>ii Tl:iiri...iau,i ' - ^,.>~^^>^_/C\ oJiuoj""!"'" /_ PUEBLA ANM SorTlIEUN' Vf.UA (JkCZ. who with great activity began to plunder and desolate the neighhoring haciendas, daily augmenting his loi-ce. ]/ieuteuaiit-colonel ^liguel Viva, comaiulante at Ori- ('li!i!Lliicfininla liad 1)ccn sliot by orilcr of the ]iriost Sanclicz d iu the Tuxpango sugar-mill, leaving with the (.astoia- house guards his baggage. ]\larching by night, Panes reacheil C6i'dol)a early ne.\>: morninn'. At f) o'clock in the alternoon of the 28tli Alarcon and JNIoreno entered Ori^'.aba. Their men were poorly armed and had but little anmiuaition, which they consumed that night in salutes to the virgin of Gua- ' Piiz's report to Ooncrnl ('drlna Uirntin. cninmnnikT at Vera Ci'iiz, on the '_Utli of Mmrli, (.'iiz. ilc Mcx.. lsl-„>, iii. 4I7--M). *Jl(' liclcl as adeSL'eiiilaiit of .Moiitcziimaa crevVvYji/o in Tcpcjl' i>/r'i I/i''., ii. loo-U. Ahiniuu dill not know iiow the descent came. ///■^/. Mi J., iii. --'i. It wa.3 lie Avlu) sent the lawyer iVrj^iii'lles to confer with Rosaius and Osorno. * I'auos' reports, in d'lr.. ilc J/cf., ISIJ, iii. "■'^ISS, 7t)4-li; Orizava, Ocur- reucias, 4-1j; liivvra, Jlist. Jakqia, i. ;}S0. CAPTURE OF CORDOCA. 401 (lulnpo. Tlioy were soon joined hy ^.lontezunia, Fmn- c'isco Lciva, JAulro Sanclioz, and Arroyo, tlio t(jtal I'ureo bcinL;* now 1,500 men. ITopin^j; to ca[)tiire Cor- (Idlia, a demand for its surrender was sent to I'ancs, mi K'fused. Presently, however, the independents learned that a laru:e foree of r(jva!i.st reu^ular trooiJS was coming upon them. A general retreat then set ill, the curate of Zon!' insurgent proclivities was Miperseded by Colonel Andiado. On the i25th Llano started on his return to Puebla, liavii)!-- in chargfo 4,01)8 bales of tobacco. Several i-l fli ; 'I'. \ 11 '' 111 Di'ilcr tliaf. Llano might attenil to tlio c;inipaii;ii, tlio vicprfpynppointinl t!io iiuirisc.il do ciiiiii>o, coiulu tlo (,';i.-itro Torn ii.), ;i f^iaiiik'o wlio luul oouic to Mcxii'!) lor iithci- imrpoaoa, militaiy fuul civil y;jvi.'iiioi' of I'iicl)la, apu-ition tiiiit lio ;ii.'i'o|)leil out ot' c:jnsiili'i';i iou for tlio viceroy. Arefheili-rrda, Ainnd. lfi.'t..'Sh\y2r,, 181J; Mamiiii, JJIsf. JLJ., in. Ilj4. ' J'lii ■ ;il)out all the viceroy Iiuil ti raiso rovoinio from at this time. Till' miiiiOL, of tho royalist force as yivoii in the text \v;is fouinl in the otlico 01 tlic \iccroy'M secretary. J}i'slitinrt;iti; < 'iiail. //i.sf., ii. I;;ij. ''LhiiKj'a rei)(;rt to the viceroy is dated .Juiiu '.'A. O'uz. dc Mix., ISl'J, iii. Tll-I(i. * ' '.huio lOtli ho assaulted tho hatteries j)laced by tlicenn'te ALireon on the lulls of lluilapa, and dislodi^'od tlie iiisin;.'('iit8. Tin- next day !'.• mot witli tlio >:iiiio sucooKs at 1'ie enlranoo of La Aiigo.>tura. ll'i-iuniiiidi . I'wc.L Jliit., ii. lo7; Mui'lMI, /{,.t. //;.liii)~ could not get at them, but they could get at tli'! other shi[)s.'" The plan ap[)eared well conceived, ai:d promised success; but alas! in the execution all was 'Mioliclciia (lotidloil oil tlic '2d of Oct. ISTO, tlic ])l;ii. to Ahinwn, \vl lo al?a ol)tiiiiKil ii iiaiTiitivf rnnii Maiiiul I'orez, a lii'otliei' of (,'ayi'tano. 'J'lie sclicmo vas to will oMT till.' most rclialilo ollici'is of the Vi ra I'niz iv'fiinciit, I" i:i,' 4' til I'lilliii'v (U^tai'li it, wli tluir of till! Jll lo Would ilo what llicy wow askci 1 U: iiiiaiulir, I'l'ilro \olasoo ValiK's, ho liuiiiu iiiterosteil in tlu^ siifocsa IV'rez's part wa.s to sidzo the hastii vhioli he had iiiado anaiiL'oiiu'iits liuforehaiid. il gate of the Jiier, tor ilali it tl \\ U!4 I ileciunl iii'ucliciiole. .1/. //(■'/. .''1(J., iv. Sb-DO, lip., ;{- in IMlt CAYETAXO PEIIKZ. 403 lo.-i. BoiiiL'' to i4-ct a letter throip^li.-'^ FtU'ther than this, '1<< '4 w ,;-e stdierino". Pa[)er was o'ettini^ scarce; at tlie tio-af ia(.'tory: ai id tl le ^^ vicerov hnallv or( k>re( I klaiio to march with his division to Jala[)a, esct)rtin^* 'J'he live others wui'c .Tost' Isvaristo Molina, Jose lu'iiacio Murillo, T.arto- I'riiil t'iK'io Suva. ^ix y< loii)!' Floit'3, Jose Xiuasio ArizniLMidi, ami .li Hiti'i' till' iuilciu'iuluiR'u was SL'i'iireil, tlu; stati- I'oiiu'i'cs.-i liail a tahli't jilaocil in tlir town liall, foiiinu'Uiorativc of tlio cvt-iit, ami oiiiitaiiiiuL; tho nauiL's o IX VktUU.-l. Ijiistaniniito, ('wuL lliM. loiri loi.ileiiee o f th. )f ti 141-."), t'ivi'-i the text of a letter found in lie lie (/astro 'I'dieno with V IS, SMIlllOSl .1 11. s.\:\. heen written in .lalapa to (Jen. D.lvila in Vera ('ruz. Anion;,; tlio,i! il v.M.s Vicente Aeufia, who had heen Itauishcd liy tliu jnntii do iidad, and had returned uiulcr thu general uninesty. Alainnii, lll; ^ ^ve:■u of April JOtii '■'i n J • i} ]': I 404 PROGRESS OF THE WAR. t'! n consiijnmcnt of flour to Vera Cruz, and lirincriii" back some paper. Llano deemed a small tletachmeiit sufficient lor the merchandise service; and lie would occupy himself meanwhile in brinaciufj under vicereijal subjection the towns in the vicinity of Jalapa." Leav- injf Puebla on the 3d of July, on the way to Perote Llano was attacked at Tepeyahualco by insur<^ents, who were defeated and put to flight with the loan of five guns, by Li ^ 'onjint-colonel Jose ^loran of the cavalry. Llano found / i beset by the enemy, and provisions scanty. The .. le province wan in a state of iiisur- roclion, and connnunications so interrupted that in Jala])a, as in Mexico and Puebla, nothing was known of affairs in Vera Cruz. From some insurgent ]iris- oners he learned that Vera Cruz was surrounded by ibes, who swarmed up to its very suburbs; that a vc'j;\- lueut of the Castilla infantry from Spain and another from Campeche had been unable to cut their way through to the interior, though the}' had made several sallies; and thut a permanent court-martial had been established under Colonel Daoiz, recently arrived from JSjiain. Llano saw at once that he had to abandon liis tuiginal plans, and in spite of the deadly season lie must go (»n to the much infected seaport. Taking troops native to that region that he found in Jalapa,'' hv set out v>'itli the flour on the 24tli of July, and alter some flghting reached Vera Cruz the 30tli. He I'ound the once famous Castilla regiment reihiced to a lew dying ineii.^" On his return to Jalaj)a, Llano escorted 2,000 mules laden with merchandise, a larg(^ number of passengers in vehicles, and forty boxes ol' mail matter from Spain. At Perote ho was jointil by Olazilbal with a few detachments. From Ojo do '* Llano's reportsof his expedition to Vera Cniz arc in Oaz. de 3fex., ISl'J, iii. .s:n--2, 'J'.»l, <)•_'■")-!); BiiMamitiite, Cnadro Hixt., ii. 14-J-(i. '•' IJoforo setting out he niarclicJ iv^ainst a rebel junta at Xauliuyo, which hurried away at his approach, on tho ISth of July, leaving five guns ami sonic other arms. ""'It originally had l.-SOO men, .^OO of whom perished of the black-vomit; the other SOO reached Jalapa. From Campeche came also l,;{()0, of \\ hnin 50J rcenforced th- girrijau of Orizaba, auil lii'; rest remained at N'era Cruz. APAM PLAINS. -105 Ai-'Uii, near Puebla, lio sent to Castro Tcnvno on th(3 ■J7tli of August triplicatos of his reports to the viei'- roy, nothing having been hitherto known of his move- ments owing to his tlespatches liaving l^ecn inter- cepted.^' The expedition arrived in Mexieo on the jtli of September. The [)hiins of Apam, common to the provinces of ^Mexico and Puebla, had been but scantily ijfarrisoned since Soto's division marched to Iziicar in Decejuber 1811. Owing to this, Tulancingo was assailed, about the middle of l-bruary, by 3,000 cavalry and 300 infantry under generals Anaya, Cahas, and Serrano, and colonels Osorno, Olvera, and Guarneros; but the assailants w(;re beaten oft'by Captain Las Picdras witli his small force of a little over 100 men of regular troops, and the royalist auxiliaries.'^ The hostile par- ties extended their raids to the city of Tezcuco, wiioso small garrison made several sallies and prevented their capturing the place. Of all other places, hcnvever, must desired was Pachuca, a mining centre, having Spaniards to kill and silver bars to capture. On the -oil of April Serrano undertook the attack with 500 men, and two pieces of artillery managed by Vicente ])cristain, a brother of the archdeacon of ]\[exico.'^ They soon had possession of all the houses but three, v.iiich were held by Madera, and the conde de Casa Alta, who conunanded the royalist forces. During the whole of that day the three houses were under ilre, paiticularly the one owned by A'illaldea, a rich miner. Xiiiht came on, when some of the houses cau^^ht liie, and altogether the people were badly' fiighteiied. I'lio religious of the apostolic college finally mediated to obtain terms of capitulation, which the insurgents i i' l| !1 m '"His ilespatchea were intercepted at El Carmen, and out of revenge lio now liunied the town. C'az. dc ^^t'x., 1812, iii. !)-Jl. '"Olvera was shot dead by the eliaplain. It is noticed that several jiriest.s j"iii.d hotly in tlie fighting. Oaz. tie Mc.v., ISl'J, iii. '207-11. '"The plaec was in charge of Lieutenant-colonel Madera, who had brought n fi \v 111(11 fiiPiii Tulancingo. From the capital had been sent '_'.') dragoons imdcr Subdioiitenaiit Juaii Joso Andrade, but he went over to the enemy. I>i>jrio, .\1S., in Alamuii, IJinl. McJ., ii. 577. 'J 1 L ' 4 a 400 rnOGRESS OF THE WAR. gi'aiitctl.*' Next day news canio that Vicente Fer- nandez Nvitli a force from Tlaliuelilpan was aj)|)roa(li- iuif to relieve Paeluica. With some difficulty Madera ^atistied the insurgents that there had been no treacli- wy on his part; and to convince them, he went with a jiriest of the apostolic college to recjnest Fernandez tit retire. But during the conference the lat er chief noticed that insurgents were occupying posi, ions in his rear; indeed, they had opened tire on his men. He therefore beat a I'etreat, and the insurgents u.-^ed this as a pretext to arrest ail the S})aniards and convey them to Sultepec.-^ The viceroy, in ignorance of the occurrences at Pacliuca, on the 25th of April de- !-|iatc]ied oOO men with two howitzers to bring away tlie sih or b;Ms, and j)rovide the place with coin and tobacco; but the force only reached San Cristobal and returned on the 27th. The re})eated losses thus sustained by the royalists in the last two months greatly troubled Venegas, wlm in his correspondence with Calleja clearly intimated that the ca{)turo of Cuautla was a question of life or death. Had the insurejents acted tou^ether uii- der one or more leaders, and on some uniform plan, '"Tlic tfi'ins of c.i])itiilatioii wi.ro: All .inns anil valualjlc!^ of tlio loval tivasiuy, incluilinji upwards of 'JOi) har.s of silver, were to 1)0 niirioiiikiod, iinil in onnsiiloration tlioivof tlio lives of tlio solilicis and Sjianiards woro ,muii'antcoil, and passports woi'o to lie ;^'i\ on tho lattor to l^o wlioro tiny pleasoil. 'J'ho tniops wcro loft froo to join tlio involution if tlioy dosiiv'd; many of t!;o men and one Spaniard, named Milogaray, did so. Jhi-itdinnii/c, Ciuuli-o llhl., i. :!(1!I-T:{. -' Madora was left free and joinecl Las Piodrns at Tulaiieingo. Wv was novor aL;ain trusted with a oomiiiand. The eoiido do Casa Alta, tlioit^^h ear- 1 iid to Siiltepec, was suspeetod of liavint.' gone there not uinvillingly incaiisc lit' \\as of tlio family of tho late vieoroy Iturrigai'ay, any Mort'los, tlio ti'iuin[)li of the cause Mould have beei) at oiiee assured. But the men were not at hand for the eniert^eiicy ; that is, men cajiahle of bringing that too wateiy mass into a state of concretion, such as to make it serviceal)le; aiitl the result was that Calleja was allowed to take t!ie ])lace, dispersinuf the forces cn<4'aged in its de- f nee, and leavin<^ the royalist army free to opei'ate in various directions, and to I'ccover the lost towns. All this time that Morelos was nobly struufu'lino' for liiL,di princi])lcs, for liberty, humanity, freedom of tliouij^ht, and indepcnd(inco of country, lai'ge nund)ei's of so-called revolutionists were occujtying themselves in labors little better than those (^f banditti, robbing, murdering, drinking, and gambling. Tho govern- ment was thus enabled to extricate itself from the jiiiinl'ul situation late events had placed it in, and again to resume the offensive. A few days after the siege of Cuautla had begun, tliei'e was a movement against the independent cause in the rcLjion known as tierra calieiite del Sur, in the provinces of Mexico and Puebla. That ])ai't of the (■■)nntry had been occupied by ]Morelos after he de- Icated a number of royalist counnanders, l)ut his cuntiol of it was not continuous or assured. There wrre many towns still recognizing tlie viceregal au- tiioi'ity; and as s(K)n as Morelos found himself ])ent up in Cuautla, unable to detach any ])ortion of his i'oreos, his agents were soon exj)elled from the places v.liere he had ap])ointed them.--' The connnander of the fifth dix'ision of southern militia, Francisco Paris, when on his way to reoccupy '--Most of the sugar estates in tliat couiitry wcie owneil liy Spaniards, vhn, husiiles allurdiiii.; to ii larue miiiiijor of inlialiitaiits tlii^ incaiisuf ciii'iiiiiL,' a livclihooil, liail attaciiecl them liy contiiiiicil arts of kimhiuss. .MoitIos liad I'liiised tliesciziire of estates, and placed in them overseers to I'eceive tlit; piod- ii'c, whose vahie was applied to the support of the iiideiienihlit forces, lint tlie cinploycs and servants, w lien they saw that Moivlos could scud nos\ij)port to tlie overseers, forthwith expelled them, and the control of the tatates ru- Vcncd to their owners. Alaiiuui, Jiit-I. ilij., ii. o\\\ o. jii 408 PROGRESS OF THE WAR. S; ; ,. ■ h'fi: the district of Tlapa toward the end of March 1812, was requested by Brigadier IJonavia, comuuinding at Oajaca, to keep within call, as the city was in danger, a large force of insurgents having entered the ^liz- teca country. That trouhle being over, he again be- gan his march, when a second detention occurred, caused by the insurgents having besieged Regules at Yanhuitlan. Caldelas was despatched to llegules' aid, but as the insury^ents raised the sieije and went to Huajuapan, those officers invested that town. Marcli and April having passed, it was too late for the ex- pechtion to Tiapa, and Paris, aware tliat Regules and Caldelas had met at Huajuapan, C(^ncluded to tala; up a position at Ayutla, to watch the departure or flight of Morelos, who on being pursued must go by way of Tlapa if he retreated to the coast of Tecpan. He nmst i)ass, too, through Ayutla, and there Paris hoped to place him in check.^^ While there, the inhabitants of Chilapa, said to have been intensely loyal to the crown, on hearing of tlie ap- proach of a royalist party from Ayutla, with thu giant Mr.rtin Salmeron leading, struck a blow for the royal cause, seizing Francisco Montezuma, the sub- deleijado, and others of insurgent antecedents, and sent them as prisoners to Paris at Ayutla. Their example was followed at Tixtla, Mochitlan, Peta- quillas, Quechultenango, and other neighboring towns; in consequence of which the independent chief Maxi- mo Biavo, finding his position at Chilpancingo unten- able, after the artillery and a few muskets had been taken to El Vekidero, took refuge at the hacienda of Chichihualco, belonging to his family.'^^ Paris placed Captain Manuel del Cerro in command at Chilapa, and Captain Anorve was also ordered there with a force to support him. Both officers at once organized '^^Soe hia report from Oinetepec, April 11th, ia Oaz, de Mex., 1812, iii. 898-904. ■■" See Calleja's letter to the viceroy enelosina; one of Milxinio Bravo to \\\i brother, the Ijiigadier Miguel Bravo, of April 'I'd, 151-, from ZuiuixiUijo. O'l'.. dc Max., ISl-', iii. 491-4. THE BRAVOS. 409 volunteer companies armed with the muskets that had been hidden when jMorelos came. The samo iiii!asurcs were adopted at Chilpancingo; indeed, im- mediately after Moreh:)3 escaped from Cuauthi and lii.s army became dispersed, there was a general move- iiiunt throughout all that country in favor of the royal cause. Among the officers thus dispersed were Leonardo ]^iavo, Jose Mariano dc la Piedra, and Colonel Man- uel Sosa with twenty men, whose whole armament con- sisted of seven muskets, three fowling-pieces, two pairs of pistols, and five sabres. Journeying south through the valley of Cuernavaca, they arrived, worn out with fatigue, on the 5th of j\iay, three days froui Cuautla, at the hacienda of San Gabriel, the j)ropcrty of the archroyalist Gabriel do Yermo, the greater jjortion of whose laboring men had been serving as teamsters and otherwise to Calleja's army. But the few left to take care of the hacienda were neither less loyal to the crown nor less attached to their employer. Tney had kept concealed, to meet an emergency, a four-pounder, some nmskets, and annnu- iiition for a few days' defence. Led by a Philippine Islander named Domingo Perez, or El Chino, they disarmed the few soldiers and fell upon Bravo and his companions. Bravo and Sosa attempted to de- fend themselves; the former was thrown down and hound and the latter killed on the spot. Piedra ([uietly surrendered.^" The three were taken to thu city of Me.x.ico and there tried, their judge being that bitter enemy of the Creoles, Oidor Bataller. Indeed, lii 21 -^CalL'ja in his despatch of May Oth speaks of the capture of Picch'o, I'ravo, a,Ml I'ercz, the last named a lieiitciuuit-culonel M'ho witli a siiiail piity of twelve, also fugitives from Ciiautti, fell into the hands of the Sail (laliriel men a few days after the others. i,'nz. dr JIix.. LSl'J, iii. tSS, 7-'--l; Xi'ijirte, iM(x. iS'f';/. XIX., v. 13; liiinlaiiiaulc, Ciiad. Jlisl., ii. 73. An ex- tract of the proceedings at the trial of Bravo and Piedra, pidtlisiied in tho Diario do Mejico, Sept. '24th, shows the former to have been only a brigadier, ami tho Latter to have had no military rank, though he had been employed col- lecting tithes under autiiority of Morelos, whose compadro he was. All tlio prisoners were sent to a place of safety iii tho barranca of Tilzapotla. Ala- man, Hid. M(J., ii. 53o-7, il m 410 rUOGRESS OF THE WAR. lii once consii^nod to his uieroiKss justice, their fate ^v;l,s sealed; all three were .shot on the 14th of Septeiuht r, ill the oain[)() del ejido, Jh'avo's son Nieolas was the pride of his life. And the lather was no less worshipped hy the son. They Avere both men of u j^enerous nature, no less l(jfty in their aims than self-sacriticin^• and bravo in thcii' methods of achieving them. Had they been anciently of L'ome, they would have outdone all the Romans in deeds of true nobility. They were on the side of in- de[)endence because they loved liberty, and would sec their country delivered from this most hateful opjjri-s- hion. Gladly would the viceroy have shower(.'d on them his richest ufifts had they been willing to scivc Spain; but they ])referred death with their countiy deliverei.1, f(jr they knew that some must die, and that thereby deliverance would come. The viceroy desired speciall}' to win to his sitle tl;u chivalrous Nicolas, for there was no fairer specimen of youthful maidiood to be found on the })lanet. lie had already risen high as an insurgent leader, and en- joyed the fullest conhdence and att'ection of Morelos. Venegas even otFijred Leonardo liravo his life if he would prevail upon his son and brothers to abandon tlie revcdution and accept amnesty.'^" But the Biavus were not the stuff slaves are made of. Leonardcj spurned the offer. And so he died.'''' It hnppened at this time that Nicolas Bravo had well secured in his camp three huiulred Spaniards who were his prisoners. Some of them were otiicers ^"Xicoliis jjravo, though authorized l)y Moreloa to save his f.-itlior's life liy acceptiiiL; the proU'ercd Ixion, docliat'd, saying that iio had h)st faitli in \ iee- ro^fal pludgus, for lie rcinuniijurud the l)rotiii-'is Orduna at Tt'pi'cuaoiiiki). TJiu viuoi'oy on lii.s part refused the exehauge teudeied him liy Morelos of a iiuniher of .Spanish prisoners for Leonardo 15ravo. Alumaii, ll'tM. M'j-, iii. 'JJiD-Ul; MciitLilAI, Ji't'-'iinieii Jli-if., 1-R)-1; IJustainaiite, t'aud. Hist., ii. 101--; J^^eijnl,', Mex. Shj. X/X., v. lOl-.j, :U-2-3. '•''The Mexican government o the threat of certain and pitiless punishment to all who refused. The offer of amnesty was accompanied for greater effect with a pastoral letter of the eci-le- siastical cha[)ter ruling the diocese of ^Mexico after Archbishop Lizana's death. After the fall of Cuau- tla, there being no further need in this vicinity for Calleja and his army, he returned i,o Mexico, Llano's division going to Puebla. Fourteen days after liis victory, on the IGth of May, Calleja, being quite ill, entered Mexico in a carriage. The artillery, stand- ards, and other military trophies taken at Cuautla were carried in triumph. The prisoners wore in the centre of the division. Notwithstanding the appar- ent satisfaction with the result of the Cuautla cam- '' 'Si hubiese alguno de vosotroa que logre aherrojar la fugitiva ficra. . .(-1 gobierno 03 ofreco una recompensa liouros.a, I'ltil, y proporcioiuula,' for liliti- atiiig the world of 'uno do los mayores inonstruos quo ha abortudo.' O'az. de Mex., 1S12, iii. 503-5. il;- HA YON BEFORE TOLUCA. 413 pai^ii and the air of triumph given it, the acerbity (•Kistin'j: between Venejjas and Callcia bcoanie still iiidii.' inibittered with the fiasco of ^lorelo.s' escape; and the former did not miss the opportunity to wound his lival's fet;linu^s.^" The army of the centre was dissolved, and Calleja resigned. The ti'oops were in- corporated in the garrison of the capital, and therc- uiUr were under the immediate orders of the mayor ui'iK-ral, Conde de Alcaraz.*' A'enegas now set himself about recovering the places the independents had seized; and to that end lie formed a [)lan of campaign from which ho ex- jiccted brilliant results. But the i)oint about which lie felt particular anxiety at this time was Toluca. Sdou after the supreme junta settled in Sulte[)ec, leaviu'*; his colleagues Lieeau' i and Verdusco there, the })resident, Rayon, had placed himself at the head of a respectable number of troops, with his headquar- ters at the hacienda of La Huerta, and early in April n]t[ieared before Toluca with the view of taking the city. The comandante, Porlier, having only 700 men was forced to concentrate them in the town to meet the emergency, also putting the citizens under arms to aid in the defence. Rayon fortified the surround- ing p(~,sitions, cut off communications with ]\Iexico, and constantly threatened the town, against which he made several vigorous though unsuccessful as- saults.^^ The viceroy, as before stated, had not lost "' VciK'gas, answering Calleja's confulcntial letter wherein he cxarjgerated his victory at Cuautla, thus slurs him: ' Lut us ho tiiaulcfiil to tluit ^("jd- iiitinxil clergyman for liavin,:^ spared us the shame of raising; tiic si(';.'i'.' Ainnii.f t!ie imputations against ('alleja, pei'haps not the least will grounch'il v., IS tli.it of the enormous cxpenditiiros ho incurred on his expeditions, 'i'lie t .|)ciist;) of the Cuautla sii.'ge, according to oUicial documents, amounted to two million dollars, an enormous sum, obtained in the usual way hy exactions. MtinlihH, lli'siimen 1114., 118-1!). •''Th" viceroy, with the douiiio viesv of utilizing the troops, and of dc- liriviiigC'allcja of their support, diminished the garrison, despatching many jiirtica into the country. He was well informed of what was taking place in Callejas house. Nvijri'lc, Mvx. Shj. XIX., v. 13-14. ^'Oa the 18th of April IJayoii lost in one of his failures a portion of his artillery, aud had to retire to Amatepec, betweim Toluca and Lerma, and set liiu to the hacienda La Garceba. Ncjretc, Mc.c. S'nj. XIX., v. 41-2. « - fm 11 ^1 t^i v^ail 414 PROGRESS OF THK WAR. m ', \t l,v sight of the iilaco, and after alli)\vin<^ tlic army ut' tlio centre two Jays' rest, despatched abou!> 1,5(.I0 men — of whom a number were taken out of jail, iwA others fi'om amonj^ tlie insurgent jirisoners — uik Id- Colonel Joaquin del Castillo y JJustaniante, with scvcii guns. Castillo tried on the I'Jth of May to force tliu j)ass of Lerma, and failed. The city of Lerma \\;is situated in the middle of the lake formed by the ]'!;» Grande, conununicating with Toluca on one side aihi with the j'oad to Mexico on the other by means n[' two narrow causewavs, one of which was defended bv cuts and parapets supported by ai'tillery. Throwiii:;- a bridge over the lirsL cut, the assailants captured tlio para[)c;ts, when they cncount(>red other intreiichments that Castillo had no knowledge of; and the consequence A\ as a })recipitate retreat with heavy h^ss to their cii- canq)ment in the hacienda of Jajal[)a.^" The insurgents gave this atl'air an undue importance, and Ihiyon was much (tensured for not taking adxan- tage of his victory/'^ Castillo being rLcnforced with 400 men, two field-guns, and a howitzer, made a second attack, when ]layon abandoned the position in tlio niulit t.)f the 2"Jd of Mav, retreating with his force and ai'tilloi'v to tbc sti'onuj i^ositioii of Tonanijo. Castillo tarried in Lerma on!}' long enough to dv'strny its defences, reaching Toluca on the 2Gth of ^la}'. After driving away the prowling bands that ke[)t supplies i'rom the town, and having increased his force from the garrison, he marched au'ainst Tenango, camping on the 2d of June in the hacienda of San Agustin, ''■- Tl.ia ivvorsc wai? nttrihiitt'l U> lack of skill on Castillo's part, his oi."".i- ]ii'tioii [iiior to the war liaviii:,' \ivvn that of a trailer. I'orlicr hail \vrit'.';i that the ivi'iitofi'enu'iits shmilil lie sent him hy aiiothef roiito, hiit hi-* l"tti" < hail lnTii iutrrci_']iteil. Aldiiimi, lli"!. M; Mcndihil, li'i.su/il. J/i '■, li!l S: A7 J/ii'triitlor Anil i-icitiio, no. 1, in llermiiuli % y Ddccdo.-i, Cil. !>'"'., iv. 174 .-). ^^'i'ho (U'fi'ndcrs of the pass were comnianilfil hy .Tii.'Ui Mamicl Ali'.'iiit na, a mail who I'oiihl neither reail nor ,>,ite, ami who, aeeorilinj,' to lUiNtaniaiitr, ('/'((■/. Ilifl.. ii. ill), I'JJ-S, sii'.it to t'aiion Vela.seo for two hoi'ses the glmy (if haviiiy; his name inserteii in the newspapers of Sultepee as the hero of ili.t action; evidently a fiii.se f-tory that of the sale, Wlaseo's report to Raymi givir.i; ^Vleantara fiill credit for his defence of the position, fr oni INSURGENT DEFEATS. 415 hich lie could see tlio hill surnioiiiited with artillery and defended I)v a larijfo army. Castillo then moved his camp opposite the town. iJuring il June 5th he directed ICnrinuez with the cazavx n taken l)y the; insurgents, and the first intimatic »ii they had of an attack was when they saw close upon their hattcries Enriquez with his troops guided liy Vicente Filisola at the head of tin e cazaoores de .M el ICO. At tl le sound of tlte trunii)ets of the caza (leres (. leD n'era, whi(;h the insuru'onts heard foi' tl 10 lirst time, a panic seized them, and without making the slightest resistance they turned and iled. Calvillo then occupied the town, and .Vguirre captured the Vladero."* The insurgents sustained a heavy loss. Among the killed were eolonels Camach.o and xVna3"a. Tl le ro Valist Iti casualties v o nly a tew wounded OS The defeat at Tenango deeply affected the frie'U nf the reyolutioii in the cities occu[»ied hy the vicei'e- gal government, and greatly lowered the prestige <>t' the cause. Indeed, th<3 menihers of the secret cluhs had ex[)ectcd the forces at Tenango to march on the < ijiilal, and so end the struggle. Xow all was hitter disai»[)ointment. The yictorious Castillo hastened to ta]>:o advan- tage' of the enemy's defeat, tlespatehing next day. Jose '' The insuracnt account, not rnti;io;l *-o crtMlitnco, says that only ."ilH) m ii hill luiil town, and that they lost liarily (i() men Ii-dmi the lM to o' !i ii.U'd the tiic (ith. A7 Ihistmdvr A) 1SI> .liinu l;>, no. (>; lli Do Til- le royalists toiuul much \v:ir material and provis I' •'iMj a ([U.mtity of printoil laatier, and Itayon's coiicspoiulcuic. The latter 111 il 'lown !i ravine; hut the young men, anion,' them two lawyers that Icl't .M to.,oll xiro to join him and had not yet leaineil to lun away, were tn d h the other nrisonci's mi )t. Ai the niong those thus put to death vicar of the place, l''alhcr Tirado. wIik heing fond oi hunting had a, t'|^^UllL' piece in his house. Itusldtiittnli', (.'uaUiX' II -y J.,'ni. Ho-d; liinra, ilob. Mix., ii. 41. I'-'.j; Alaman, lli-t. I \ I 41G PROGRESS OF THE WAR. Calafat to occupy the fortified towns of Tonancingo and Tecualoya, Calafat i'ouiid them both abandoned, and was met by the curates and inhabitants, who manifested Ljreat joy at his coming.^"^ Other heavy bhnvs the cause of independence suffered at this time, not the h^ast of which was the discoveiy by the viceregal government that there were persons in the capital laboring against it. An insignilieant party of royalist lancers, thirty-six in number, return- ing i'rom Lerma to Cuajimalpa, encountered in tliu monte do las Cruces an insurrectionary party of 500 infantry and cavalry with two guns, commanded Ijy a Frencinnan named Laylson and three priests. The royalists made a dash and disp Tsed the party, slaying several and taking live prisoners, besides the guns, several muskets, ammunition, six mules laden with clothing, twenty saddled horses, and Laylson's ])apeis, among which was Rayon's correspondence with tlie Guadalupe club.^'' Among Rayon's captured letters were a number revealing the political relations l)o- tween members of that society and the chiel's of the revolution. Several persons were arrested on the 30th of June, but were released after a icsv days' imprisonment. The royalist commander, Castillo y Bustamante, after taking Tenango rested a few days, and then re- turned to Toluca, where he began active prei)aratioi)s Un- a campaign against Sulte[)et;, hoi)ing to ca])tuiv the members of the revolutionary junta. The dis- trict aifording large resources, and the junta haviii'.' no I'eason to fear surprise from the viceroy's troops, Liceaga and Vcrdusco had busied themselves in jno- viding war material, while indulu'incc in the ibrmulas '■* The Indians aiilod liis men in taking down the intvenohmcnts. 0riiii;;is, in lii^ arciuinciits ngiiiii'st Doctor Pos' plans, says that l.ii-i'ML'a iinil Vi'iilu.;(.'o iluiiii.if tlic holy v. ci k oli.sci'vi'il the i~aiii(j ccTiiiioiiial ir. the vici:rov at tlio (.'iithcihal of Mexico; ami tliat \'cnhi>co incsL'utL'd hiiii- si h' to ic"ci\o til, ■omiiHinion in ii f;oii(.'rar.s unifunn wi.'n a ck'i'^'ymaii'.i p'lU'. Alaninn, 0:1 thu uuthoiity of 1 'alhcr JosJ; Maiiii Salazar, ii tiiar of ."iMi Diego. (I'liiff tli(! fitatoijicnt, saying that VunUi !C0 ap[)carc(l simply in ]i s ((.'cli'siastical i()l)0. Jli.'tf. MiJ., iii. l.~)0. Among the junta's acts \v,n ouu i.|'i'oiiitiMg Doctor (.I03 vicaiio ciistrcnsc, who i-cniov-jd Kcvcial pficst) fi-oin >l! ,[i,iln, and the deiivivatioi\ of his prehcnil iu the c ilcrialaof < 'Uaihi'u])0 I'ruui Doctor \'elasco. Ltitii priests were exconnannicated for liav- iii.; iojacdlhe insurv'enta. (•■■z. ih' M<.v.. lS|-2, ill. TO;). 711. -' l!n.s/niiit(ii/v, Cuiul. Ilixt., ii. \11; JJrii!'/ii.<, J nqi'Kjn.; Alanuoi, WkI. M'j.. ii. 4 t.l-.-). •'•'An act to tliat cfTert v.as adopted on the lOth 'f .Tunc, .ind publislic 1 hy "lii't, and in Kl J/ii.t/r"th:r Aim ri-niio of the "Jdth of ,luii". Il(r,.ii •' ■: 1/ J"r„l„>.. CI. J) ,:, iv. V!S0-1; N,-.^'i; nil-,, a, (jj). M'X., ii. 41. lilHT. Mi.x., Vol. IV. -r, tl 4IS PROGRESS OF THE WAR. !■ ii SI' ported. Licoaga .and Vordusco did the same .soon after, the fbriuer bound to the bajio of Guanajuato, as before stated, and the latter to Hudtauio. The enemy used every effort to capture thcni, but tluj natural difficulties of a march in the sierra, r'H- dered still worse by heavy rains, f^reatly favored the revolutionists, as it took the royalists four da3-s to travel forty-eight miles, the distance between Toluci and Sultepec; so that when they reached the latter place on the 20th of June, it was found abandoned. Several priests and a few citizens who had previously kept in concealment, fearing persecution, reported themselves to the royalists, and through their inilii- ence the population of the town returned. Castillo tk'stroyed the factories of cannon and gunpowdei'; granted amnesty to all insurgents who petitionetl lor it; organized a military court; and had all prisoners sentenced by it shot. He ree.stablished the local gov- ernment; gatliorcd a considerable quantity of artil- lery and other arms and ammunition that the inde- pendents had left, and sent them to Mexico. TIk; trophies, sliowing the advantages lately gained, wliieh included thirty-one pieces of artillery captured at Tenango and found in Sultepec, were convened in triumph through the capital.*'' Castillo then tlivided diis force into several columns, one of which under Enriquez was sent in pursuit of the revolutionary junta, which having had so much the start could not be overtaken. Enriquez, however, succeeded in com- ing up with Ra3'on's artillery and capturing flvc^ guns. One party under Jose Calafat went to Zacuaipaii, ])lacod itself in communication with troops at Tasco, and kept that mining district well provided. Ral'ael Calvillo, acting with great activity, sent detaeli- ments to Tejupilco and places near Zitacuaro, and bi-ought under subjection all the towns oi' the sieria. Aguirro and Pardo with other parlies kept up an 'Tiirtioulars arc j;ivcn in the cominaiiJur'a rci>ort from 'ruliica, August fitii. Gaz. lie Jhx., lijl'.', iii. t)0:>-i'O. ii COMMUXICATION OPEN. 419 active warfare ngainst insurgents. Castillo himself extended operations in the direction of Ixtlahuaca, left garrisons in the important places, and returned to Toluca. Several unimportant encounters followed. It may be said, however, that from this time the whole valley of Toluca for thirty leagues as far as Ixtlahuaca, was subject to the viceroy's authority, and communication was open with Mexico. ! i CHAPTER XYII. i|i| ■III M: i-f I' ' !■ '• \ •■' \ . RAYON PKESIDENT; MORELOS IX THE SOUTH. 181-2. Presioent Uayon at Tlalimmaim'a— His Rklations with thk Vim.a- his ExKccTio.v- Vi;nk{;as' Sani:i Is- Ar.v ])i ri;i:K— Insiucknt Pkif.sts J)i;j'uivi:ij ok Tiiiaii lM:\irMTV - lu'iscorAL iNDii'i'KitENCE— ExciTK.MKNT 3.\ Mi;xi'_-()— Skcond Anni\ I'.::- SAllY (11' In1>K1M;.N1(1;.NCI0 (jELEUltATEU — liAMON ILvYun's riiiil'lT\I;i.K AluVKMKMS — AtiaCK ACAIN.ST IXMUJUILPAN A FaILIUK — KaYuNS All- IlANCI-MKNl'S \VITH RoYAl.IST T];A1)I:KS— I'linl'O.SKI) XlHUITl ATKiNS I. Hi ri:A<'i;-— ASSATL'L' of YaNIH-ITLAN — SlF.Cl-; OF IlrAJfAI'AN— TkIMANmS RiULLiANT Defence — Mokei.os Comes to the Rescue am> ^VI^s a VlCTOUY — GATE.S OF OaJACA Ol'E.SEU TO lIl.M. The ])re,si(luiit of the supreme junta, Iiiuacio Hi- yon, liaci meanwhile established his liea\v ' The Xuili) Iiill, iioiif AcuIod, dpcmcd iinpvo!jnnl)lo.Avns fiirthoi' i^trcnjrthciioil nnd a laotory of jiniist'stalili.-licil tlicic. '1 liu iirisiiltiit.s loiir Ijrotlic'isgivnJy jii(k uure.sisteil, kiUel l."iO ]ic;iceal)lo persona, tool; possession of all the coin »w\ other (-H'eet:! whieli li'' (listi'ibiiteil ainoiij; his men, and then returneil to Ixini.iuiipan. .See C'asa- Bolu'd report of March 'Jtth, in '.' '- 'li: Mcr., ISl'J. iii. Illil (1, '( huiuino's rc]M)rt of May 'i^a, m '.'ir. elitioii va:j uuliecded. Salto wixa thou eoninii.ssioned as a colonel of the indopen- ilcat forees on the ist of April, IS12. He wasaccusedof horrid crimes, among tliei'.i the murder by his in.sligation of forty wounded I'oyalisLs, tognllier with their attendants, in the hacienda ilel 'i'eeaeho. Arcrlu ih rir'a, A/iuiif. I/isf., in AhiiHuii, JIht. J/i;/., iii. 'Jll. liustamante, CiuuL Hist., ii. l.w, denies that l^alti) ever committed any ofTeuee — 'no era eriiuiirJ, id h;il)ia inolivo jiara l>'rse;;uiilo conio a unafiera '-and charges Abad witli saerilieing him to curry favor witli Venegas and Trujillo. "Trujillo iiotilied Bishop Aliail, and said that on no account would he ex- tiMid the time. The bishop waived the formal legralation. (In:, dc M(X., \^\-, iii. GU7-14. Tlio prisoner was carried oi. .i bed to the sc.i'i'oM, and gairuted, aud then shot. Catitillo Xe/rctc, M(X.,\. 47-.''7; Ahuuan, Ili4. Mel., iii. '2l;{. ''Somcf)f tliem bore niekinmes significant of habits not the most exem- plary; one was called I'adro L'liinguirito, or ihvuu of rum; auutiier, I'adro Caballo llaco; a third, Padre Chooolutc. Zamacois, lliil. Mcx., viii. 400. ' i. ' \ i 1 '. i H f i 424 RAYON rni'STDEXT; MOTIKLOS IN THE SOUTH. II: : it f V tlo in wliicli priests were not foniid actinu^ as Icudiiifj ofti(3crs. Notwithstandiiii^ this wi-ll (.'stablishod fact, Viceroy Vem-gas had liitherto abstaiiietl I'roiu pub- licly issniii'jf any decree i-eo-ardiiiLT th(>ni, thoiiLih Ik; had cii'cnlated oi'ders to the connnanders of royal troops to shoot all priests that fell prisoners into their hands, ]jut these orders had rarely been carried out. In the case of Father llidal^'o, ^ve have seen that his execution was pursuant to a rej^'ular sentence, after he liad been tried and all ecclesiastical Ibrnialities obsi'rved. Some leaders, however, exas[)erated at encountering hostih; priests everywhere, had disre- regarded their cloth, and without ado des[)atclie(l them to their long home.'" Others, among them Tovar at San Luis Polosi with respect to Father Zimnrripa, had with their re})orts placed the viceroy under 1 he necessity of decisive action. After consulting the real aouerdo, f )ni'teen of whoso fifteen mcnd)ei's had e::- })ressed the same opinion, at the petition of the crov.'n's counsel and with the concurrence of tlu; mil- itary and naval auditores, the vicero}'' published an edict on the '2,")lh of June, declarim*' amenable to the military jurisdiction all pei-sons who had made or shon.ld thereafter make n^si.stance to tlio king's t;'oo})s, whatever might be their rank, status, or condition; and orihu'inu' t'lat such oll'enders should be tried by the o linary coui'ts-maitial composed of oflicers ot the division or detachment that elfected the capture, and referring the case with the proceedings hail thereon to the viceroy for his iinal decision, ^fhis restriction, if I'aithl'ull}' carried out, would have averted many arbitrary ac^ts; unfortunately it \v;is nulliiied by the i'reedom allowed connnanders to exe- cute sentences without iirst obtaining the \'icere;.;"id sanction, vv'hen roads were intercepted or circum- stances demanded a [)rom})t exam[)le.'' '^'(':ilvil!') shot r;iilrc Tirado iit Tcuiingo; .iu; l'iiri!li\ P., Hijlcxiuiiv-', l-'Ji;!, etc.; //(.riiamliz i/ JJtirulny, CuL tkic., vi. 41; I'ldnluno, i. 07. 'A representation, wi'ittm hy I..icenciado Ijcrnarclo (Ion/ale/, Angulo, k'ual advi ;er el' tlic r.rtillci-v dcpartmoit, was laid heforo tl 10 eccU'sia: ;tieal diapter (jf Mexico, askin^; lor it.i action on behalf of tiicir fiieros. 1'he peti- lifiu/.^avo rise to meeting.! and di :ciifiHi(jns of the chaptci-; hut all endi'd in iKithiuL.', owin-f t.j jiressuio from superior authority, 'i'lin chapter had a full iiicctiii^ on the DJth of Juiij to dieu.ss whether some stt'p : d,l let.i lief. uee of ecelei ili itv, but it w; s decided nniler stances to I'O incNp dient to act. On this beconiincc k ^ i-cscnt eircum- iii, 1 10 meinber.s of the K'jcular elcr;:y iai 1 licforo the clia])tcr on thcTth of .July udeinand for tho protection A t! if leir ri'iu.-; anion 'the .sul >scni)en3 were nearly a 11 t: P' lis!, priestjof tho capital, many outside of it, several doetora of divinity, and other distiii'Tr" the li lie I <;!cr^:ynicn. The chapter refcried it to Doctor S.i lbc:!.l, v.Iio p;'oaounce ]irc..ic;iit another rep- resentation that was to be drawn by Medrano; but llataller, ]iresiilent of tho junta de f;e,'juiidad, wanted tho signers to in.sert therein their hatred of Morelo! and (jf t!ic ]irinciple3 of the revolution. All reUised tlu'ir assent to a clause so entirely disconnected with theobjeet of the representation. Much liul been writtc'.i ou tiie subject, both for and ciscan fi'iar .lo.ie .T(.)a(piin do Oyarz.ibal, in A'o^i ;!„ St. Tl h ■^panisli Fran d r>, ridiculed t .V. 10 r''prc.sentati.)n, an ;l no valiitru'lo by J. J. CJ Ton iswerecl in {'iiidi by Oidor ?•( /i/r.fcii/nrion ( 1,1 I'uei ,', I eh ill a 4' (TO iij"j 4-20 llAYOX rUIvSIDKNT; MORKLOS IN TIIK SOUTH. iii()stl\' royalisls oi- liiiu'-sfrvci's made im» iiionc in llic iiialt.cc. Jii later years tlicy showed more spirit in claiiiiiiiij^ tlieir rii^lils or juivilei^es, even to the |ii((li of I'uliiiiiialiiij^ aiKitlieiiuis against iiieasuivs that did not coiicerii ii'li^ioii. "^riio revolutionary autlioritics, it must lie aekiiowledged, Lad not on their [r.ivl sliow ii much better treatment to priubts wliosju leanings weie toward the royalist cause.^^ ]t is now time to return to Tlalpujalma, where wc lei't the president of the su[)reme junta engai, I in lortifying his camp and making [ireparations lor a;i active campaign. From his headijuarters he k(|)t up a (;orres[)ondence with the guadalu[)es in ]Mexico, and with ^Morelos and other military chieftains. With th(i double view of nnising the inhabitants of the territory under his sway, and of securing the obedience, heie- tofore doubtful, of the Villagranes, llayon left Tlal- pujahua on the 2Gth of August, taking witli him prim- ing material for issuing proclamations and other il>La- viiliiiiK! of '2l?i pages entitled ^(JIc.vioncA xnhrc el hanilo ile 2"/ (If Jnnio. Vcii''- g;is, to avert Inrtlier troulde, allowed tlio matter to drop, ;iiul never liad his ediet lanied out at tlio capital; so tiiat no eeelesiaatiu was ever exeiiiteil tliero till after tlio iiuK peiidence. 'J'lus agitation in Mesic") was ;;re;i', iMid tlio junta de segnridad was tliu oliject of p>,p\dar exeeration, wliieli was iiuuie inmiife.st in an attempt iii open day to assassinate IJatallcr, and in many other ways. iSeo AiV( hcilmclii, Apinit. ll'mt., considei'ed very reliable upoa events oceiirring ill tlio eaiiital. Alamaii, Hist. .I/17., iii. 'Jlt-liO. '^.V list of the eases of Fali .jrs Ijiistamante, Ivstavillo, Flore-", and othvi.j appears in Uriiniiix, litiptujii. Man'if. l)r Co", 47-S. From this time wo have an insurgent soureo to draw from, in the form of a J>}ano dc. ijohi- criio y 'ij» r((ri(-nc>i iiti/ilura de In scartaria ij cj'rcito al muiido dii Exmo Sr iif(\. LjiKir'ia /.ojjc: Jifii/oii. It begins on tlio lirst day of Aug. 1,S1'2, and eiiil, on the Oth of Sept. ISll, and seems to have bt'en kept liy ll.iyon's lecic- tary, JosO Ignaeio Oyarzabal. The original is .supposed to iiave been in the j)os.sessiiin of Fieeiuiado Ignaeio l\ayon, the general's son, and a full e(»iiy i I reoidente, and countersigned by Josti I;^naci<) Oyari:abAl, ojcrouirio. i uU copy in BustamuiUe, Cuad. Hid., ii. 307-1 j; iv. i4c>-J7. 11 n I 5 ; ^\ 1 ii! 428 RAYON PRESIDEXT; MORELOS IN THE SOUTH. cTcdoiico, as systouuitic lying was a part of the gov- ermncMtal policy. The ])residciit's brother, General Iianion Lopiz llayon, coinmanding the district of Tlalpujahua, had been no less active, often making excursions to the country lying between Queretaro and ]\IeKico, or ho tween the I'ornier and A'alladolid. In one of tlioso excursions ho signally defeated an archi'oyalist cap- tain named jNIai'iano Ferrer"^ at El Salitre, and to^k hiiu [)risoner. Innnediately afterward he marched on .lerecaiaro and took the place, together with two guns, a large number of muskets, anununition, and nearly 100 [)risoners, all of whom were conveyed to the ha- cienda oi' Te])ustepec, where the president then was. Ferr(-'r and five others were shot on the 4th of S('[i- tember. The rest jt)ined Rayon's force, and a few of them who afterward deserted and were; ca[»tured paid the penalty of the desertion with their lives. 'I'liat .same year Ilamon llayon attacked at San Juan del liio GOO royalists, who wore escorting a large herd of shoe[) and cattle bound to ]\Iexico, dispersed them with some casualties, and captured the whole pro[)crty.'^ Most favorable results were obtained in some ([uar- ters that will be given at length. They were in a great measure due to the s[)irit of union, un- sellishness, and surbordiujition to their conunaixhrs shown by the officers and men. But in other j)ar(s, where rivalry, arising from personal ambition and leading to bickerings, divided counsels, and a wanton disregard of all superior authority existed, ilisap[)oiut- ments and disasters natu' ally followed. •"This niim'.s life was savcil liy Ahasolo's M'ifi? iit Dolores, Sept. 10, ISll. He wa.i a hiuilier of the lawyer Jose AutDuii) {''ei'icr, w iio liail oil t!ie •J'^lli of Au;,'. of the same year Ijeeu jiut to death liy the jranoto i;i Mexico, foi' lu- iiiL; mixed up in (ho plot ii^;aiust VeiU';4as. '("hi! two l)rother.s had dillefeiit jioliiieal views. Tl'-' one wlio was a myalist was active iii his ojiei'alioiis. and had (hjiie eoiisideral. .0 harm to tlio iiidepeudeats, having causeil many of ils su[)|i,n'Ler3 to ho shot. " if v.'e are to b;'lievo the acoounl as recoi'iled l>y tlie iiideiiendciit j.'ovei-M- meiit, iuiyou hilled Il7 of theeiiem\. wouniled a iiiimher -overnnient, whose ufarrison consisted of a sn^all detachment of line troops and the coni- jiaiiies of ])atriots, all of whom were determiiied to li^ht to the last. Their commander was llafael ( asasola, in wlu-.n they had fall confidence. Tlavon slai'ted I'roni Iluichajian on the lath of Octoljer with a I'c^dment (.f well equi[)|)ed infantry, whose colonel was I ( )se ]Maria Ijohatt Th le cavalry was uiulei Epitacio Sanchez, a brave man; and the artillery, ctinslslinL;' of lour pieces, was in chart^c of a com- petent olHcer, with the requisite number of slcilled "^o^'other with thesu trooj)s <) men to mana'jfe it. were A illau'ran's men; and at the hacienda ^Vstillei tluy wice joined by the forces of Father C'orrea ;nid ]V)lo. liayon apj)eared bef)re iKmiquiljian on till' 18th of October, and occu})ied the most con- From one of thes(> points, M'll ii'iit points for attacl llic ^Metlia Luna hill, Casasola endeavored to dis- lodge the independents, but was driven off with heavy loss. ]\a_yon demanded snrreiuk'r within two houi's, luider guarantees of hie, liberty, and jji-opert}' to all, including the Spaniards, if (licy took the oath of dd take the town bv ill ule'-ianee )tl oinerw le woi ns^sault and ]>ut the inhal/itants 1o the sword, The loyalists, rememl)ering the violated jijedges of live efore to th.i' jirisoncrs of l\'iehuca, lui'ned a to llavon's jtroposal. ( "asasola returnin'i' a lliojlliis I deaf ear haughty answer." ]Carly next morning the inde- '' 111' li;ul lioon a corpor.il c>f tlio rnynlist rcrrimciit Trcs-i ^'illils, iiml liciii'^ iiiiiiic :i juisoinT at Zildciinro jniiicd tlio iiidi priidi nts, iind wvim jr. ■mol.il li'ij'a tiinc to tiiiR' till li'! ali.iiiiol liis jircsciit r.iiik. Latii' he Lrcainc a p;ini- i'i"il. iiiiil liuuixd in tin; ciiily ^ciirs of tin; rr)iiilplii'. '" Ul' jiiid liravu men witli arms ancl aiiimunit inn to ilcfcml tiuir !i. c ; uml liiuir.); 1)0 Wuuld ne\i.i' bill rLliUt T tu 'Liuididi/j iudi''nu.s do mcrccii' iii ami >iU m ■ Il i H ^ f* ^ HJ?'' 430 RAYON PRESIDENT; MORELOS IN THE SOUTH. IKMidonts mado vigorous assaults; Corrca and Lo- bato ill the afternoon succeeded in pof?scssiiig tlieui- selves of two para[)i!ts, where tliey waited some time, under tlie licavy fire of the royalists from the third line of defences, for reenforcomcnts under Villagraii that would enable them to advance farther. Uut as none came, and night was approaching, they retreated in good order. During the night silence reigned in the independents' camps. But Casasola, apprehend- ing it might be a ruse to draw him out, kept a watch- iul eye within his intrenchment. The next morniu-j; no enemy was in sight; and news soon was brought to the town that Rayon and his army were fairly on tlie way to Iluichapan.-" On arriving at this i)lacc in advnnce of his division, Rayon seriously reprimanded Villagran for his violation of orders. The latter made no reply, but resolved to avenge forthwitli what he deemed an insult from one whose authority lie held in contempt. He ordered the drawl)ridges to be raised, and called his men to arms to seize the presi- dent and his escort before his troops arrived. ]hit ]la3'on, mistrusting the movements around him, visited the barracks at once and managed to have his su])eri(ir authority recognized and his orders obeyed. A'illa- gran seeing his designs frustrated lied with twenty of his aecon'plices. The failure to capture Ixmi(|uil- pan and Villagran's niutinous course tilled the presi- dent witli grief, and he returned to Tlalpujahua. The Chito did not abandon his purpose of Nvroak- ing vengeance on Rayon and his friends. He relent- tlrina outer.-.. Cns.nsnl.T.' This nnswcr and Rayon's dcmnnd appear in ll, iii. 1 i:)l-'_'. 2"l)iist:im:inte expressed tlie lielief tiiat Rayon's retreat was causiil )iy tlio receiptor a letter .suiniiicainii; liim to a eoiifen-nee witii envoys froni \ fiie- .•.MS at the Tultenango haeieiida. ('ii'ul. /list., ii. -.^r) !). He is ividnitly iiiistalien. C'orrea's report attributed their ill suec<,'irrgymen.^'" T<> this ]uiy(»n was well dis[)osed; but he answered tludA'ilhi- gran's future good conduct would be accepted as his ' Rnyon's secretary, at tlic timo that Ix^tli fatla-r and son wore f,'ivpii liii,'h iiiilitary i\uik, n MiUii'iial I luS 111 UmI that thoy wen.' i-cnvan in the north; now V\ Cliito lOH'liinofi rccuiiihH, who hi.il actod as hi; (lnl 'para I'Mtivgarso sin i as ( li.l 1' jjooil srrvico riMKh'i'i il tho an 'ah'VONO, inurato ii ■/., KU-'J; AIn tl C'.stos colitoriios, d'izii I >, hi 1 1 •,.■<, (ill. /)o.\, V. (U t, d-J.'!; Mmdihil, /flKt. Mr}., iii. 34.S-:)1. ic sountary says tho ]incst3 made a warm iturcc'ssiun. Diurlu de 0^.( ;•«('., ill Ihrnandizij Duvalos, Col. JJo<:, v. G'JO-30. it" ' \i i m 432 RAYON rRESIDEXT; MORELOS IX THE SOUTH, best excuse antl secure lihn both for^'iveiuss Inr Uw ])ast and his country's s^ratitutle. StiH, he liad hut httle liope that the father or son, or other insuhordi- nates, could be brought to accept })roper (hsciphne.-' As liavon was anxious to ])rocure resources i'or sustaining' his troops, and the merchants in ^Mexico beiu'jf on the other hand interested in obtaining' a iVee jtassago f(»r thi!ir merchandise, relations were opened l)etwecn some of the most prominent and tlu; pres- ident. Tlie latter wrote Morelos maniicsling his Avish that the I'ich cargo of the China ship lying at Acapule(j should be permitted a [)ass into the iuieridi', as the merchants needed the goods and were willing to pay (piite a res})ectable sum of money, lie also constdted th(3 otlicer wluj was besieging tliat town by land on the i)ropriety of acceding to their })i(i- posal. jMoi'cIos answered in the n(;gative, and thi' Jici/ Fernando then went to S;m JjJas wliere slie laniled her cargo. Rayon made an arrangement willi tile marcjues do San ^Miguel de ^Vguayo, com .landing a I'oyalist battarK^n in INIexico, and whose son, the condo de San Pedro del Alamo, was serving' at \'al!;t- dolid under Trujillo, by which the manjues was allowi'd to pass into ^[exico a Lirge tlock of she('[) U[)()n paying .$120,000, jiart in clothing and arms for the inde})en(lent troops and the rest in specio. \'rni-g"a-, it has been said, either to rcnci^-r Tlavon susjiicii>u.-^ in the eyes of his tro()])s or to divert liis attention i'roni militaiy operations, or from soiiu; otlu'r motive, manifested a disposition to enter into negoti.itions with him. To this elfecl instructions Mere given, under solenni guarantees, to a lawvt r -' R;iyou wrute Movolos, wIu) (Hisworcil fi-Diii O.'ijiuia Pec. ."l-^t, lliat fi'ii;ii ruaiitl I lio luiil trieil to liriiiL; tin" ^'ii!;l^l■allc^^ in order, tiiiil tli'^y li;; iw iu'iiii.; ill acL'ovJ. Osoriio w-'oiucil iiu'liiHil to ho ohcdiciit, Imt llio dtlicM iii- il'.U'iiucil liiiii ii;jMiiist sulioril'iiiition, iiiul Mu'ri'l'iiro ii heavy liaihl ;-.lnmld l/o laid (111 t!ie;ii. lie liail iiniiiiiseil liiiii.^elf tudo! oat Millie d.iy; li'.it f;ir the jU'es- out, '■:ei\i, uk'iki.s iiiahi ilej.;rhn (jiio iue^'aii lioraea p>ir sni nimh;), i!ist;iliiliile!» siemiire a (|tie Ihiuieu la ateiieiou li Mexico luiOatnid liaceuioo liej^ocio.' Alu' ■man, Hit.. MiJ., iii. .'iOl. JOSfi MARf A DE REGULES VILLASANTE. 433 named Juan Ivaz y Guzniiin; and it was oven resolved to hold a conf'eroucc at the liaeieiida de Tulteiuuigo, Ivayon beiuijj advised that a iiiereliaut named Juan Ijaiitista Lobo, duly instructed by the viceroy, would meet hiiu in that place.'' Although the members ot the supreme junta were scattered and Ra^'on as tho jU'csident acted in its name, he never pT'etended to thtermine any inij)ortaiit government ail'air without consulting his coUea'jues. He laid the vicert)y's lire- tensions betbre them, and the only answer 1 have i'ound is that given l)y ]^iceaga, written by Doctor Cos, in which llavou is advised to confine his elForts to secure a suspension of arms so as to take advan- tagi,' oi' it I'or organizing and drilling troops to ])r()se- eute the war and cri[)[)le Spain's resources in her nsisiance against the French. ]\Iexico would be tlius e.iabled to attain her independence. IJut as tlie conrereuccs ap[)ointed for Tultenango never took [ilace, the whole project went out of mind. L'5 The viceregal govermnent, sinc(> the fall of Cuautla, had, as we have seen, kept its troo])s engaged in op- erations within the })rovinces of Puebla and Vera CnvA, to tlie neglect necessarily of the south and of Oajaca. To enable the reader to arrive at a clear mulei'standin«>- of the coming events in those regions, I must revert ibr a lew moments to the occuri'ences of Xovember, IHll. Morelos had sent Valerio Tru- jaiioto occu})y Silacnyoapan, which was effected with- out o])position, and the revolution spread throughout !Mi/.teca, the porli(.)n of Uajaca bordering on i'uebla. '^' Ijiistainanto spcaka of this negotiation nml trivcs Licoaga'.-! answer to I'layfiri on the iirojcct. lli; ami Mcuihliil uro the only ones that mention tho f^'.il.ji'ct. liiiyijn's secretary .says nothing of it in liis diary. i'lauL liisl., ii. 015-17; Ui'.-'Uini'n. ///.-■«., l.">4-3, WVl. -'■'Oa tlio (liy lixetl for tlie coniinissioncrs to meet, no re]iresetitalive from Vone'ias appoareil. 'J'lio viceroy had "■li.in:4ed his mind when he heaid of \ i'la^Tan's mntiny, and now cx]iecteii lu derive the ad\aiita;;e.s h'.; de.-iretl f''>'ni di.scord and anaroliy. lnti'iy;ues wen; aeeordin dy set in motion to ereato i 1 feeling; between Rayon and Morelos, and hetueen the former and his e'llI'MLTiies of tho junta. Rayon, however, conducted liiuistdf wiih niueU tneiunspee'tion. llisx. M;:x., Vol. IV. 28 sri' i' r a ■■ liii'i 1 . ! J . |i: 4:54 r.AYOX PRESIDEXT; MORELOS IX THE SOUTH. Desirous (tf chookiiij^ the .'ulvanccs (if llu3 independ- ents, ]Jri» the royal cause, raised and disci[)liu(.H.l a considerable force from the laborers of their own estates. Tim bisho[) of Ante(|uera, Antonio Ilergosa y Jia'dan, a stanch royalist, who had been ]»romoted to aicli- l)ishop of Mexico and was making preparations to depart for his new h(;ld of ei)isco[)al duties, w;is re- quested by the ayuntamiento and some ])romlnent citizens of Oajaca, at this critical pei'iod not to leavv; the diocese, where his intluence would have gi'e;>t weight, lie not only ac(|uiesced and influenced j)ub- lic o[)inion in favor of the royal cause with his pasto- rals and sermons, but I'aised and armed a body of ecclesiastics. The independents, on the other hand, wasted no time. They organized a considei'able bodv, and in rFanuary, 1812, deeming themselves strong enough to face the royalists in their lair, at Yanlini- tlan, where liegule-s commanded and had erected strong foi'titications, marched to the attack, .".,0()i) sti'ong with three pieces of artillery, on the 8th and 9th of Jamiary, and met with defeat and the loss of their artilkny, together with forty or more killd. and se\-enty prisoners, besides til'ty mules laden with ]n'ovisions and anununition.'" The victorious li/gii- les started in pursuit of tlu; insurg(Mits, and on the 2;Jth of I'ebruary met those of Uobadilla at ^Siti '-'' Diiriii'^ tlio iioliiiii tlii; first day tlic f,'i)Vcnior . Mini alcildo (if Iiiliiins 'f till' tnwu ;itt(?inpt(Ml to join tlio ciiciny, mito ili.si'DVi'ird, inwl sliot. 'I'lic n' - oml ilay lu'\gu!cs iiuhIl- II vigiiroii.s sully tiuil jmt liirf assaihints tolliiiit. Ho ul;o li;nl lii:j tsluiie of liws. (/«,:. do Mvx., liSl'J, ."j-l-."), IJl-l; Mi'iidiltl, U'tt- inea lil,i., SO. sieg:: or v.vxnrrrLAN'. 435 Juank'oToposrdliiJa, wlioiu luMkilbatcil, c.^i; tii'iii^' llu-ir i_;iiM.s and a iiUiii')or nf jirisoiiri's, wlinjii ln' (irdciT.l ,~.Ii(it, lie ulsi) caiisud to be (lcstr(»yo'l all llu' ^L-raiii and other pro\ isions stored in tlie town.-' While tlii'.se ev(,'nt.s were takin;^- place, th(> indejtendeiifc c'liijls ]Mi_L;'i^l and Xieokis IJraxo, I-'alher ^Miauhi/.a., all I A'aleiio Ti'njrino met at Tamasulapaii, and re- s :l'>ed to assanll Yanhuitlan a second time r.nd [Jimish lk'L;ule.s and hi:'i I'ellow-j-oynlists. They bes:c;4'e(l the Vilixcu opalucan .Mar'.iu Tt;ziit..Iur 111 --p^i •'." ^^ .-...li,.n VERA CHUZ" PUE8LA :ti,ju,s (it' an army. BiiMaiiauiif, Cnu Ifj llUt., i. ',\^\-'l. V 430 BAYOX PRESIDENT; :SI0RELOS IX THE SOUTIT. if f 11 . tion. Tlio supc(^ss of tlio liosiojjj'ors was assuro-l, wlicn tlu^y suddenly I'aiscd the sic^-o and retired. The r- the indc- jxnidents march away in jx-rfect order, they did not venture out to }mrsue tlieni.-^ Tlie cause was an or- der from ]\[or{,']os to the ]]ravos to hasten to liis re- lief at C'uautla. ilegules after this supposed tliat the iudopend<'nts Jiad entirely ahamloned the ]Mizteca, l)ut lie soon discovered his erroi-; the day when h- must atone for his many cruel acts was not far dis- tant. ^ Trujano continued his excursions in the ]\riztee:i country for some time, his field heing chiefly tli" I'oad from Yanliuitlan to Cuicatlan. After defe;i1- iuij;' jNIanuel (luendulain, a I'ich man of Oajaca who Lad armed his negroes, killing the leader and many of his me:i. and ca[)turing their arnis,^''' Trujano es- tahlished his lioaxhjuarters in TTuajuapan, the chid town of the jMizteca, important for its large trade in dried goat's meat and u^reasc with Puebla. ]Io availed himself of the resources the jilaco affordcil to augment and supj^ort his force. Bonavia, the roy- alist commander at Oajac-a, on his })art conccntr.ited all his available men at Yanhuitlan, to employ tlictn in dislodg'ing Trujano froiu Iluajuapan. The foi'ce thus gathered together exceeded 1.000 uien,'*'' with II jiieces of artillery and a good sup'ply of ammunitio]!. ^J'he chief conniiand was tiiven to lle'jfules,^^ who on ■^ Alaiiiaii, IliAt. Mrj., iii. '2.')9— i'J. Regulea sent the vicefoy a long rfpii't cxtolliii;.; the v;il(ir of liis troops. IIo claiiiioil to li:ive done much daiiiirro t'l tlio I'uciuy, c;ii)tiii'hig one gun, .'SO other lire-arins, nml 'JO prisoucrs, besiilis ki;!iug iiinviii'ds of .'JOO, ami m-oiukIlhI a, very hirge number. Aa to his o\\:\ I'asnalties they were 18 slain and 42 ■wounded. Gdz. tie Mex., 181'-', iii. 3;>l-(). ^^ One of Trujano's Ineky hits on that road was the capture once of 1(>0 good muskets, a most important prize at a time v;hcn iire-arms were fO scaivi'. ''^' Infantry battalions fif Oajaca and ('ampevlie; the coast negroes under C'aldelas; llishop l!er.','osa"s 'loLrion sagrada.' made up of clergymen and friiir-, under eominand of Canon .losi'' de San ^lartin; and the garrison of Yanliui- tlan. Aldiii'in, llixt. Mij., iii. -V.\. ■" llo was a ferocious beast, of the same stamp as Arroyo on tlie iiidcpi'ii- i'il appeared befuro tlic villa of iruajua- paii where Triijaiio had erected rortitieatioiis. The (lay being Sunday enabled the revc^lutionarv coin- iiiander to aui^'nient the number of defenders wini Indians from the sui-rounding country Avho had come to market and whom he detained. The royalists t(et. I'l-uviims to this liorriil avt of liar- harity lie caiisoil a largo luiinbur of uativcj to bo luuigotl. /'/.; Can jxlo, Esttul. HI--1., ii. 13. i 4?A RAvny rncsiDiiXT: MonnLos in* Tin: soi'tit. ii « r'f fr 11 ill .'1, lliii'l; j)nlin ^ri'vo. It was thr ITtli of M; y. Tli ]!1(1('1><'I1( lent scaiiu! (Ill, iiiarcliinc;" in a carvli'ss inaiiin at 1(1 nil iK-ariiii;' the town wore liorculy attaclicd hy tlic iic-^rocs and '.'oiiiiilctcly hrokni ii[). Saiiclic/ and Tapia cseajx.'d iit I'lill _nall<)|>, lea\iiiL;' all tlu'ii- artillery a;id tho provisiDiis. Ut' their loi'<'(' a nuiiiber wciv l:illc'd, oIIrts captured, and the rest, except a few v.ho iMlowed the leavlers, became seattei'ed. AVeeks ];:issed hy, and it last I'rujaiio's only liojui lay in ^cl- tiiiLj woi'il to AIoivlos, a most ciitlicult task. The Indian hunter of Novo, who shot the Dominican I'riar jdluded to, undertook ti» conx'ey a message to ^lorelos, promising, it" suecessful in crossing the lines, to send oil' I'roni a, certain height two rockets. Trujaiio waited anxiously. In due time he saw tl le rot ket.^ aiK I h lioiies revived. The Indian I'ound ]MoreIos in ( lii- lapa, whither lie had proceeded from Chautla, and I he cliier of the south at onco marched v\'itli a strong force to relieve lluajuapan. The same Indian bi'ouglit lack till dad t Klmu's. Kegules, judging I'rom the manifestations that suc- or was at hand, summoned a council, and advocated aising the siege, but was opposed l)y Caldelas. loi-elos detached ^Miguel l)ra\'o with the i'orcc^ tiuit Sanchez and Tapia had aji'ain eathered, with ordei's to pass along- o'.ie side of the to wn. 1 >ravo I lid so, aiK was suddenly assailed by ( aldelas and Ids negroes, bising his guns and having to retreat. On the 2'-]y\ of July, in the al'ternoon, !Morelos with lii s w!io i'orce appeai'ed before lluajuajian. One of the bodies of liis troops was conimantled liy Jlermenegildo Caleana. '-'It is saiil that liotli times lie went tliroti;.;!i the royalist linos (lis;j;uiseil !i Curr'ii' lo, J'-i'u'L Hi 10. \V\A a/rival ocL'uri'cd iimler ciivii;]i (■taiii'cs that were attril)Uti'(l ti: a to the iniaLfe of t!ic Sunor ) a s]iL'C!:il pi'ovidcuce. Tl 1. 'lij;i had ordt'ii'il in corazones, or Lord of lleali I ted the t( wn, prayni',' lof divme jiroteetion It v.as on tlio tUi ■ that the Xiivi't Indian rrtiuncd \\ itii t'.io ncw^^ that relief was on the \v;;y. icli eonv ineed all that tlii'ir [.rayers p (tes])onclency ; ai d it was nianifi d W vA l)v tl ■anted. Joy followed the i bells, lain:; le I'ui'Mn'f o ct cannon and rockets, inumiiiations. and nnisie. 'J' I l)('sie'_;ers I'ou Id I'.ndcr.Uaii 1 SUt li ii proceed n' tuit 11 (•Tnle :U diened. Ahuiiau, JJi^t. J//'., iii. >l)Leious of tiio truth wore TRIU.MI'II OF MOIII^LOS. A l);iUK' (Misiicd, wlii'li I'll' its ru'r<'(.'ii 4no CSS was I >iic (it lIlC IllDSt Ilotl'd (if t! w war Otis sall\ , w riijaiiu made a, \ i^'of liilo ^loi'i'los cliariiLMl at lln' frMiii. Tlu ]()\'ali^t-i wcro tliiis hrtwccMi two lir l)n( tlii'X' iiia(k' a stout (lol'iMice', Caldclas jiarticiilarly with his 400 coast negroes. He perished pierced hy the I'lieiuy's hiiices."'' AU was now lost, Ile-'gules an i his suhoi-diiiate Esjieroii iled. In tlie esca[)e liei^'ules struck his luad aL;'aiiist the hr.'Uich of a tree and was thi'own down, \oniitinn' l)lood. (Jiie of the cavahy sohhcrs |iickct ai'tillery, a large (juantity of muskets and o.her arms, ammunition, and haggage fell into his hands, together with 170 jn'isoners, some of \\hom j lined his service, and the rest wei'e sent to tlie pris- eueis' jicMi at Zaeatula.'" The siege of ]iuajua[)an ^'Jt v.;i:s said tliaL Caldclas, iiidi'/iuint at iindini' himsolf nc'lcctcd at tlio la'i'.iiciit of greatest daiiu'e liiiii. ( 'aldflas was a Spa r, \\;[.i sot';;n)L U .s uilli Tiistid in hand tosl.-i had h, I 11 resident ot tli le soiitlieiT. coa ilhmt niueli t'sleeuied liy his neinlihors. Morclns, thinii;h a I'lic, admirci d ly and cither hiudi (pialiti .1 'I'otteil III i tlcatli. Bustanianto c;;!l:i him 'el liravo C-ildelas; d Al, unan .savs o f h '1' ne nni) < le h: o'jeialei mas l)izaiTus nno hiiho en esta "luTi'a.' Jiii.-'iiitiiiiiilc, Cnwl. His!. -i!);i. Ks:)-4; Aim. lli-t. J/.;., iii. ■J4;t-.7J; Mi> Hist., Vl\-:\; Zu . I!. n,l. M, , vlii. 4.'>ii— 1." ml hold iiim HI lii'di csterni. '■'^('(irrh'ln, K-lnd. J/ist., ii. -JO. llonavia did He I'ecuvon.'d and eontinuod his serviees at Oajar ''One hnndred iirisuner.s of the jail were ollered their lilicrty if they t:;!:'„' care ^)i ()[) wuunded on the j(jurney, whieii service they reiiderei ihl 1) ;n-!va 1 at Oa jaea the pledge Ava-i violated Ijiislaniante i:ivea th iLcr of slain at 400. Mon los in hi-) deeUi tiens merely says there were some killed on li(jth sides. Jlayon's secretary'.! r cord Iwiiit tluitTrnjano held the plaee tv.o months m ith only 100 men; tiiat l>'',,i.Li had npwards of 000, of \\ houi 100 were slain and '600 eaptured, logethur III I y iil iv I 4 to RAYON rilKSIDKNT; MORKLOS IN TIIK SOUTH. lasted I 1 I (lays. The town \\as much (luiiia^cd''" liy tliu artillery •»!' the cncniy, there beiii<^ evidences ti» bo seen everywhere of the heroic dctcnco mad'' liv Trujano and the jj^ai-rison. ^loreli/S recruited his arni\ IVoni thes(! men who had disj)Iaye(l such devotion to the cause, and crcuced a rej^iment that lu; called tln' San Jjorenzo,'*'* the command of which was given to Trujano. The victory in the jNIizteca open(;d to ]Morelos Ilii> jjates of Oajaca; hut tli(ju;4h advised by Trujano and others to attempt its ca[)ture, he declined. It was thought by some that he a])[»relu!nded a strong resist- ance, which would have delayed his plan of ca[)turiiig Tehuacan, which ho could reach before Llano, at that time (Migaged in conveying the convoy to Vera Cru/, c(juld arrive. Others say that he wished above all io (organize the troops witliin the territory placed under his command by the supreme junta. We will now for a while leave ]\[orelos after his vic- tory in Oajaca, and the royalist conunanders cain- })aigning in (Guanajuato, Puel>la, and ^'era Cruz, to de- vote our attention to parliamentary matters in S])ain, which arc intimately connected with the events of that period in Spanish America. with 400 immkcts, 10 cannon, and otiier things. Diarlo dn pern c, in Ihr- vaiidf". !i J)avaloK, Cut. JJor., v. 017. ^^ l}ii.st;un;intt', wliosaw thu town soon after, states that it 'qiiedohecha uii harnoro.' ^'IV'caiisn they liad been exposed to iirc on all sides; named after Saint L.awrenoo who was put on a hot gridiron and slowly broiled. Rivera, (iuO, MtJC., ii. Oi. CHAPTER XVIII. AMERICAN AFFAIRS IN SPAIN. 1811-1812. OdVKitNMi'.NT OF Spain— The Coutk.s and National Scvekkiuntv— riiAP.- ACTEK OK THE MkMDKIIS— TUK DirUTACIOV AmEKIL'ANA AND ITS I'dllcV — Its I>emands and ('iiaiiacteh of Conckssions— Dei'ITY I'kki:/ fiio.m I'lEULA— I)E1M TV ClsNEIloS AsiiS FOR MEXICAN AlToNoMY AND Kvi.N- TiAi. Independence — Akizpe— Mier— Foisced Loan — Kepresenta- TION OF THE CoNNFLADO OF MEXICO— BRITISH OFFERS OF M 3DIATION— National Constitftion as Adopted — Irs TruEiCATioN in Mexico- The Tress- Election of Ayfntamientos— Animosity of tii'-. Naiives tiiward the spaniards — constitution practically slspendeu. TiiK Spanish cortes, all Spanish America bein;^ rep- I'L'Scnted therein, were installod as a single chaniher at tli(! island of Loon, in southern S[»ain, on tlu' 'J4tli of Septeinher, IS 10. One hundred and two deputies wrvo ])resent. Of their number, nineteen were chosen liy natives residing in Cadiz as representatives of such jiiovinces as were then under control of the French ti'oojis, and which i'or that reason could not freely hold t'lcctions, and twenty-nine were elected by natives of America and the Philippine Islands then dwelling in tiie same province. These forty-eight representatives sat in the chamber for the time being as substitutes, or M'.plcntes as they were called, until regularly chosen (''■puties from their respective })rovinces could a[)pear. Those called to represent New S[)ain were Andres Sabaricgo, lawyer; ]^''rancisco Fernandez ]\runilla, a retired captain; Jose ]\[aria Couto, parish priest from ]^ieijla; Jose Maria Gutitjrrez de Teran, a I'etired uliicor of the royal garde-du-cor])s; ^Maximo Mal- lei) "TIT i(|:i ' I I !' 111-' m 412 A^IERICAX AFl'AIRS IN SPAIN'. (!()!i;i(li) and Salvador do San Alartiii, ])i'('1)(ii:l;ni('s dl' (jJiKuIalajai'a; and Ortaviano Oln'cgoii, aii didor < (' ]\[oxico/ In due lime proprietary ivpresentatlNc-; from New Sjiain and otlier Spanish Ameriean and Asiatic ])rovinees also presented themselves. .\jl the members had to take an oath to snpport tlie fjiiliolic reli^-ion, to tlio exclusion of al' other en-eds; t() maintain the integrity of the S'panish nation; lu jtreserve all her dominions I'or Fernando VII., tlun a prisoner of Napoleon in I'l'ance; and to ohserve the lav.s ot' S|)ain; ]•eser^■in^■ the riiiht to modii'v or alkr them when dremetl conducive to the national v.'ell'are. Some days later the hve n.-^'ents o[' the kini^vlom re- siL;-ned, and three were appointed in thtir .slead hy tlie cortes, namely, (Jenoral J>Iak(}, and tvvo nav;d oihcc^'s, (h'scar and uVgar; the last n;imed., hoing ;i native of A^enezuela, hast (if tlu! I'opri'siniti t.- , >•■ nciirovinci -i in Spiin, li;)th invipiii.'tji'y and .s'.ih.iSitiitcs, wltc jirofi ssors, lawyi'is, or iX' . siaslics — anioii'j; t!irso i;i. ', 11 imnilicf wcio .sai In) j.iiisi iiists— ]uil)lic olucials, jiinl (soim! yoini'^ in ;i villi lial read tho Frciii'Ii |i!iilosinjlicr.j of Uk; jiruvinii:} i.ciitmy, and v.r:;' liicrefori! iiuliucil wiili UioiilcaM lunl priiifiploH oi' tlio Firiu'ii rovoliitiou. Tiio A;iic;icaii .■■•iijilcnUs wire mostly lawyers, and priests w lio lui 1 ;.;.i:ii) Id .'^jmi::! ('.f,;L'r iinfcriiu'iit from tiio iMy;\l court, with a sprinldiii;.; of niilila''y rii'M M'lio had .scrVL'il iii Amuriiii Imt iuul hceii loiiy; ostaliliishvil iiiSpaiii, aud a lew t'liiploycs of tho j^ovcrmiiuiit. -Sorvilo; or worso still .is one nf tho opponi'iil> tn.'ated thciahy dctachia^ the syllahlc's, thus, ,,■,/• /•//, i. he vile, or i vilo bciii''. l^;: NE\Y WOPvLT) DF.MAXDS. 4i;j (••n](.iii;'s n'onerally liiiilcil oii all issues jifllctiuL;' ^Vmrr- ic;i,aii(l were callinl "hi diputaciDi! aiiirricaiia." Tiiey j''ri;uil a pari- hy tlicinsclvcs, usually Icauiiiu,' iouard liic lilirral s (,1c, and thus ^u;iviiiy llie lllicral jiai(y ;i lai'i;v majority. They kej)t u[) the same oieauixiaLioii in sui-cessive tuites, taking' hut little interest in main vs net ^Vmorican; hut they eourted Eur()[)ean iiiiluenee l':'i' iih\i()us reasons. The e/)it"s haxine- at the!'' firsi: oittiiiL;' deelared themselves soN'erei^'n, tlio American deimtiivs m>)\"ed tiiat the act should l)u transmitted to the eoluiiirs, ai-.-'uiiianied v.'ith certain decrees conducive to a ter- nmiatieii of the dilFereuces that had hrokeii out h twet'u tiio Creoles and Sjianiards. "^i'he chamher acfjuiesced, ami appointed a conujiittee oi Americans t') I'ranu! such resolutions as they luiu'ht d(>em projici'. AVhereupon the committee demanded, in ;_;-eue)al t I'ms, (irst, that the Anierii-an [trovine- ■ should ha\e, t'l place 1 licni on an e((ual lootiii;,;" with (hose of ^'^ji:iiii, the numher ol' deputies allowed under tlu; rule esla!)- lishe I on the 1st of Januaiy tor eU'ctions in Sjiain; aail second, a discoutimianci! of all persecutions and lacisuivs issued and hased on tlie ^'I'ound tlri! the (li-te.i'l'-ances in the ultraniai'inc! ])i'o\inces had sprung- IVeiii ;i desire for , •[)aration iVom the mother couniiy, iai hidiii;;' the I'eeali of all commissions for the suhju- L'Mtion ol" Vmericans; and tinallv, that all American ilepuiies chosen pursuant to the system proserihed lor the cia'tes l»y the re'j;'ency, should !>e, admitted up'Mi tlic'i!' a)'ri\al and presentation of theii" credeidials. T!ie ma'.;'nitude of 1 he .Vmeric;in demands c.'i'tain'y callc I for a more mature study than thos(^ deputies \v)ii!;I naturally L;'i\e time for. The chamher onlei'.cd, liev.cver, tha.t the dcci'ee ah'caly ]>a^>ed shouM hr pul>lis!iod without delay and circulated throuujhout til" ultramarine provinces. The other iut crest in;^' p )int^ Wei'c leit for fu(uri> consideration; and mean- time, hy an act of the iJlli of Octoher, 1810, passed ra -ecret session, it vra- coniii'ni''dand sanctioned that l1 ■>! ' :t« 444 AMERICAN AFFAIRS IX SPAIN, tli(; ultramarine doiiHiiioiis wore beyoDd all (Inuht tin; e(juals in rights with tlie Sjjani.sh provinces in Juu'opc;* the curies assuming the duty of ])roviding wliatevcr might conduce to the welfare of the peoj)le dwelhn^f beyond the seas, and >if' establishing the number ami Ibrm of national iH'presentation in both heniis[)her(s. A genei'al and lull amnesty was also decreed for .ill ])(^litical offences, on condition of the sovereign au- thority established in Spain being unconditionally recognized/ The American de]")uties then laid before the chaiu- bei' on the Kith of Decendjcr, L810, elm'eu proposi- tions end)odving the sum total of American oricv- anccs. They were sincere in their etforts to do away with all causes of future differences; but it is \eiy evident that they little understood the spirit of the revolution then agitating the 8|)anish colonies. Tlit; propositions embraced the following points: 1. e(p!al- ity of representation, in proportion to poj)ulation, with S[»ain; 2. agriculture, manufactures, and mechanical trades to be fi'ee fi'om restriction; ;3. freedom to i \- )or t and im[)or't produce and mere •hand ISO, HI natioiia or foreign bottoms, all ports in Anu-rica to be tlicrefni'c opened to trade; 4. free trade between .Vmerica ami the Asiatic possessions; a. all pi'ivil(>ges restrict iii'^' such freedom to be at once ab(jlished; G. the suppres- sion of govej'nment monopolies, com]iensating tlic roj'al treasury for the conse([Uent loss of n^venuc l>y a special duty on each article so treed; 7. the worl \iiii ' ' I'.l iiiconcuso concopto (le ([uc los (loiiiinins espauolcH do iiinlms lnuiis- fcrios tioii igiiiilcs.' I'ci/Vc.v J)i(trio, i. 7, 10, I'J, "il-d, 4(j. *J)oL"L'i! 110. 5 of the ('xti'iionlinary cin'tc.-i, i. 10. Of this a!ii]ih' iiiiiin-ty so canii'stly called inv liy the diputaeioii aiuericaiia, and from wjiieli no iii:iiiy bunilieial ell'eets vere expeeted, several per.sniis tt)ijk advantage, anioii;^ tliem the ex-viciM'oy Jtiirriyaray, ami the lawyer .iiian Franciseo A/c:'irate, mI.d had heen under arrest .since Sejitenilier 1S08, tli(MiL,'h allf)\ved the privi!e,'o of liis own dwelling for a priscjii. Otiier.i retarned to lluir country to hj di'awa into tiie vortex of revolution, and to lose their lives on tiie si'.'iti'nM - instanct> Aenna and Aleonedo. llidalgo and Ailende disdainfully refuf^c'l to aeeejtt the tender niailo tiu'ni hy Cm/ at S.dtillo, as we iiavo seen, l.i-ii' chiefs aeee|il.ed tlie ]ifU'don wiicii the law was puliiisiied liy tlie vieerev. Tin! risidts of the nieasnre were uninijiortant. however, as most of tlie iusurj^UiLl lijoked upon it With iudill'crcuce. Altiinuii, JJi-t, JIij., iii. 10-1-. . ■eccl lor ,ill orcigii a!i- aditionally tlio elia Hi- ll |ir<)])(i>i- caii oiir\-- O do ll\\;\y it is \rlV ii'it of the nies. Tii(,' : 1. 0(jual- [ition, \vii!i iit'clianic;il om to ( \- iii nation;!! L' tlidvt'oro icrica and I'estrii'tiii'^' C SUjIpl'C'S- atiny- tilt; iVL'iiiU' liy e workinii' o lillilins luMrlis- Jiilili' ailiiiiv--ty > liicli sio iii;iiiy , .uiiun;; tlii'iii k/c:ii;ilc, wiio tlir jii'ivilt",'o L'omitry fi> Ijj llU' Wl'lllnl.l-- Uy rufusfil to iic'i'iMiy. Tlie 111' iiisur 'luu elp:ven propositioxs. 443 of (luicksilvor iiiinos to l)C free; cS. .VnK'i'icans, wlit'llu'r white mull or Indians, and the descendants of eltlKr class, to have tlie .same poHtical riL^lits as Enroj)e;!n S[ianiards, particuUirly tlie right to he appointed to oiiices of honor or einoliiinent at the I'oval court or in any part of the monarchy; 9. one lialf at least of the puhlie ofHces in each kingdom or possession to he filli' Ity natives of that kingdom; 10. a 'junta cositions were up for d iscussioii; aiu I on the ;Jlst of J)ecember they signilied their assent th'.'i'eto, asking that they should be acted U[)oii willi- out delay, in view of the disturbed condition of all tile American possessions. The chamber accordingly, tlioiigh not without considerable op[)osition, decreed (i» devote two days in each week, namely, Wednes- days and Fridays, to the subject." ]^ut the 4th of January, 181 1 , on motion of Perez, the American de{)- utles were askeil by the cortes to issue an address to their constituents to stir up sentiments in favor of the mother country, that they might aid her as much as possible with money to carry on the struggh a'^ams t F ranee (lez was warm ly ct)mmen( led fir his pati'iotism. "i'lie JMiro[H>an dejiuties, not to be caitdone in generosity, acceded t(» a i)roj)osi- di I 1 to! sitv, the; tlfiiu uf till' iicli ho.'in X' cnnipii: iscil of tlio scl (liiliir, the rcrt'^r of lli li",'o of lawvi r^, till.' lii^'lii'st mil liiirv oiiici'i lilt liiLiliL'.st trcii^ury oHlciiil. It was ti> sit at tlie lapital of tiio \ icu-royiilty oi' t.';i|.taiii-,uiiii;ralcy, for tilliiii; eacli ri'spixtivc otlico \\itliiii its iliiiiiL't, t.;iiio Aniciicaiio,' or m lien tl Uiu'i iLaii term comes, 'iiciivu ttriia ilcln'i'iiii pri'ci.si.imu U- la itoriiluiL I •|Ukii('s iiicnii iba la [■rovi'ioii. (.,(( //.-/. J.'irul. X. F..->i<., ii. (i47-.")4; y^jnti, JIe.c. .S'<;/, XJX., v. -lt)-7; Cord- lliiirin. ii. \\u\--n\, ;)ii; -,i. ' t'(Jii',d JJdirio, ii. J3-4. ( . '!:: i 4iG AMERICAN AFFAIRS IX SPAIX. tiou of tlic Pniniaii tk'imty, Didiiisio Inra Yum- j)angui," tliat tliu ];nv,s of the Iiidii's eiuuied 1/y llio caLli(tlic ];ings lor the protection and ad\'aneenient if the Inchans should be made j)rai'tie;d. it wa.s urdcixd that this act of tlic cortes should be rend on tl consecutive days in the pai in America and the Sj)anislL Asiatic j)()Ssessions. The discussion of the American [iroposltions was be^un on the Dtli. It soon became evident that tlie European deputies liad little kn(j\vled^'o of Anieiira beycjnd matters lelatini;' to her discovery and ^ "A liiit'iil (losi'ciiilnnt of tlie royal fiiniily of that country, wlio when ;i cliilil liiid lirc'ii liroimlit to Spain in the ri'lijii of (';irlos III. "Till! u.iili 111 oliicc was iidiuiiiistorcd to liini Jail. 1."), 1811. Curfi.i lJ',nrc\ ii. 4)1. ' i',v (11 nays to ;'<(» yeas. /(/., IS! 1, iii. .'U. ' ' l>i'-iioii(liciiilii I'l (.'Oil Ml i'al)i/a ij ic Mrxico no Id Ilevaria ;i i:ial. IJl j:< roi. A . y; (J IS; AlaiHitii, iii. IUj. 1^ k. riilllT OF REPRESEXTATIOX. ■1:7 ]^vnri-^t<) P< ■]•(•/, (Ic ( 'a^tro, ;i ]']iiiM|)Ciiii «Ii puty, (Ik !i )iiM\c:l lliat the Alini-icaiis should li;i\i' the li^'lib !)[' a rcpi'esL'iitation exactly o(|ual t(j that ot" Si-aiii, niH 1 that the I'orthconiiii i> ('( 'listitiltioll should fst: 10- lidi the mode of ro[)roseiitation; but cK'ctions should I..' lu'M in America in the same manuci' as in Si)ain llu Wi corics tl len s ittin o' 1' iianiL'ly, one d( puty I'oi' every 50,000 inhabitants. The Anu;i'icaii dui>u- tlcs sup])()rted the motion, and discussion i'ollowcd. There was Ron)e excitement, and harsli words •were lii'don botli sides, the European deputit-s spi.-akiiiLj (if th(,! inaptitui.le ofthe Indians, and of the injj^ratitude ( t" tlu^ Spanish Americans in not bcin^;' satislicd with tlu' liberal concessions hithci'to made by the c('>rtes. T'ic question was tinaliy vt)tcd upon on tlic 7(h of (hruarv atii I VVVA ( !o C 1st r< ) had diNKlrd Uis ;ioi inn into two parts, the first was approved and the <'C(nl( \\ J^ :CiC(l The Eurooean deputies, to sh low heir iViendly leelin;^' toward their .Vmerican col- as well as their ap[)reciation of Perez' ef- a'jue: loi'ts on bL'h.-clt' of t he mother country, had on the ■J ith of Januaiy chosen him president of the ehambrr, 1m' beiiiu' the lirst .VmericiUi that had been so lionoi'ed. dso iilaced t)n the committee to frame the 11', v.'as loiis titiition. The Ameilcans, liowever, with or with en t just grounds, beL>'au to suspect that Perez, who v,;is a canon oi 1; ueola, was woriuu'. lor a oisiioii iinti'e.'- The third, fourth, and iil'th [)rop()sitions, all of which concernetl trade, L;'ave liso to warm debates. They containt'd demands of a \rr\ alarming' nature at lliat period. Tlu ir further consideration was pnl olf ich time as the cortes c(»uld obtain the opinion 1 ...,,..^+;,,.,.. ;.. V,.,,. ^. ..,;,, la Ti,.. , i-> -evi.'ral coi ■porat ions m \(nv S )am he re>olu- tioiiof the sixth pro[iosition, calling,' lor the abolition of ii 'a •'The appr iiy<'S ns^aiiist 4 U'lys; thi' ivjcctina (if ■',^. Mvi'tiil I'V (i'.l uiiys to 111 .-lyL's. T!iu lattt r Ii.td lor it;-< ulijoct t!i,it i!io I ■.liitvsU mill hiivo I'lVoct, ill llio thou sitting ci'irtcs. (.'■,!•>' n JJhtr'tD, IS! I, iii, i»*); .r 'liJ.M^i., iii. IT-LH. *-'! , Ii;i4 tr:'mritish line-of-battle ship a number (jf deputies regularly elected in New Spain. They were mostly ecclesiastics, canons of divers cathe- drals, the deputy fro -.xi Vera Cruz being one e\ce|»tion; and tlK.iir credenti; iS l)eiug ap[)roved, on the -Zth of February they to( k their seats. A few days after, tiie Venerable Doctor Jose Beye do Cisneros, one of the re[)resontatives for Mexico recently come,^' jH-escnted a menKjrandum on the origin of the insurrection in Xew Spain, attributing the movement to the great love of the jieople for S[)ain, and their feai' of being turned oscj- to !•' ranee. ^^ Cisneros wanted the prov- ince's of America to have a certain autonomy, and pi'oposed measures toward this end, nauudy, tlie cre- ation of a provincial legislature, and a supi'eme legis- lature in each dominion. Hi.' latter to represent the government of S[)ain,''' and tlie cvciitual declaration of the indej)endence of S[)anish Anjc)'i<'a — that is t > "lie liailiui iiUowaiico of !?li!,()00;i yoiirfroiii the nyiiiituniioiitoof Mo.\ii'i>, niid l)ciii'.,' fiaiik, lii)s[iital)!e. and geiK'nius, Id'* li'nisu wns iit all tiiin's ojx'ii to 'li-i collfagiu's. Wlieiicvt'i' tlio Amorioau di'ijuli/ a wure (;fri'ii(|i,d liy hidii.,- oi.'ciiri'c'iico ill the curte^t, lie would .say, ' VhUi, ui/i(!/os, uo tic no tiui-i i[\h' ini I'oiiiu.lic), (|Uo c's el 1'. llidalLto,' alludiii;^ to the I'^'voliitioa bej^uii in MojiIlo. wliii'li he Htidii.'ly ajn)r.)ved of. A/niii'iii, l/l luelitioil of this doeuiiieiit ; possildy it was coiisidei'ed in scciet W'^i'iii. 1 liavo alieadv, in connection with (,'os' jil.in di' jia/ y j;iaira, and with Rayon's l.'itei' to .Nfofclos, givi.'U tin: icul readou ui the revoUuionists' ll;-te of thu name of l-'eniando. ''^ I'o wliieh he J<:iid, ' estiivioHeri suji'toj los viveycs y to'jidos deM|)oticos. O'lumi, Jii-il. Ikiul. S. Jj'i'., ii. (JJuj AlauiUii, Jll-il. Mj., iii. oJ-3. lit* FORCED LOANS. 449 )i'taiit (iiic i were I'l- 'llld luiVr u I'cC'^tal)- 'St UllMlli- ia\'tj IjoL'ii :liat \v;>s. .s liad oh- eir naiiiLS ' JJaarez; 0(1, tllclV .slii|) a nv Spain. iji'.s eatlii'- xeoptiiiii; L3 27tli ol' after, the lie uf tile H'eseuted ectioii in the' ij;'real oi' beiiiL,^ the pro\ - iiiiy, aiui , the ere- iiie lejjfis- ■■seut (ll;> ■elaratieii l.iat i-s t I t'lof .Mexir., illlrs <;JK'll t<> lu.l liy MJill'' ! IIUl.< 111! • 111 II in MoMcil. to* iii;ike II I t w.tsiiiii. 1 ►•itli Ujyoiis ilesliuticua. I~3. " s;iv, in the cx'eiit of Spain heconiin;;" suhju'^'ated. The ultrainaiine cDUiniittee ;i.j)pr(>ved the |>h;n; hut it lay mi the tal)l(' eii;-ht months nr more, t!ie Ivaropcaii (Irpntics ojjposinn" its readini;' on the gronnd that it was revohitionaiT.'' Xext it was resolved to extend to Aanerieaa foi'ced jnaii decreed in S[)ain on the silver plat(> of the churches aiiil p;'i\ate' pei'sons, cxcL-ptiu'^' oidy 1 hat in the cluuviic'^ of Indians, that of the ehiu'ch of ( luada- !ii|M'. and that oi' the |)arish chui'ches.'' This decree was n ■\('r published in Xew Spain, hut tin; viceroy (lid scixe the plate of jtrivate {lersons, as T stated, hut as his own measui'e, and with a pi'omise of I'ciiuhurse- lucnt. Xo silvei' plate was taken from the chui'ches. ( )th('r minoi' measures aflc'ctinn" Ameii<'a followed, iao>t I if vvhicli I allud(> to indirectly elsewhere. ( >ther (lepuiies arrived from time to time, and so th(.^ mim- l"'r e.l' American mem!)ers was completed. Anionjr t!ie ^aiplentes of Xew S[)ain the Diost I'cmarlcaole was .!o>e Maria (Jufierivz de Teraii, not only hy I'casou of liis el xjuence, hut also for his sterliii;.;' cluwacter and ciierL!,'('tic speech. Ihit amoiiLi,' American rc])reseuta- ii\e-;, many of whom weiH' an honor to their country, there v»as one pir'.iculai'ly hri'^ht man, tlie dej)uty from tic d"'<»\ hicias intei'nas de oricjite,' Doctor Mi- ,UUel IJanios Ari;q>e, parish prie-t of the \illa ol' I>or- l>on in the colony of Xuex'o Santan- tefey. linishiii;^* in Guadalajai'a. lf(^ was full of s]iirit, load iA' talhiuu:. and one would never susjiect, .cither from tiiis maimer oi' dress, that he \\a> a pi'i(\st. lie fh«iiii!4'lit his (Tfnnti'ymen too patient and i^entle, and lii« w«»uld oft ( ouianche en aic av f he came am not a tti he k [ exiean J am a hv that nan H' now 11 m the curte.s Alaman assures us there were some A icviilut loiiarv pl.ii oil Cisliwos, ' tiioy 1110 a p;iilc of tools whi 1 iliivi! .Viuciio.i t>> iiiil'.'penilenco.' Oiorni, J/iif. I!ir' \\( •11 men and human natuic, speaking' s( ■Id Olll in puhlic, hrrt cari'vin^' his mcasur-fs 1)\' skill and cun- iiiiri;', ho was far' in ad\ance of the average- American n>presenta(i\c in J'^tir'ope. And Ari.'qx; was not only tl le mo: t hi'omineii t A niciiran (k'pui\' in Si )arn, hilt one iir later times, in r'cjxrMicaii Mexico he became of her- most distiiiL^uislied statesmen. The A.iner'Ican de[)ulies made (pai'o free use of tin- press for the; sirppoi't of their priiici[iles. Cisneio;, Itur'riu^ar'ay's lawyer', re[)lled owr* (he si_i.>'nattrre cii' ])orr r'acundo Lizai^za, to the pamphlet of Juan Lo])i/, Caneelada,'' for'mer editor' of the (la'j'ta i(hi ij hucini /'c (jH'ird i(hi, oiviiiL;' a iiai'i'ative of Iturrigar'ay's an'est, to;,>ethei' with the causes that led to it. Caneelada was at the same time ])ublisliiiiL;' a newsi)aper called /vV Tdc jrafo Aiiiri'iciin"^ Avhich thoiio'h isstred in ( Vidi/, was su[)ported by Spnii- iar'ds residing- in ^lexico, and had be. mi established fn' the express purpose of upholding' the views arrd intiT- ests of the ']»artido espai^tjl.' \\\ opjiosition to that journal, the deputy from 'i'lascala, iJoctor (luiide y Alcooei', established another, under' the narrre of /7 C('i}S(n', which was a Spanish American or'Ljan, and had a number of i)r'eminent Annjrieans residiim' in Cadiz 1 o 'Olio of Iturii jar.iy'.s liittorest, partida do ix-^it-tio,' I'y \ icuroy Aichbultup Lizuiia. ;ia siut away to Spain 'Ij.ijo .m:::ii y (;u;:ii:;A. 4.-. I ciiigst'lddiii an, and li:i4 iie:;ico. We .sliali meet ])octor ^lier a^'ain in ]\Ii'\- )lli boi'oro and alter lior linal se'paration i'roui irn, ^ Spiiin. Ill L 1, .,»:). li ji' w.as a nitin of roinarkiiblo nliility. His birthjiliico was Montorcy, 111, liaviii ' ucv,) .laicaii Iriai' lu Ml 11 a is'.uivt tnini lie lict'anic \\||'.^i[ i ir hi.) tloipicaco and ujiiud rcasoiiiny in tiic pulpit, and p.-irticularly 111 his p;c:icIiiji,L; llic liuriuju on tin; Sth of .Nov. 171)1, at t^iu K(j'.oni;i oli;icy tlio viceroy, llio coiirt.s, prclatcf; l.io Clio o f Mo: iu,:li Bocicly. Allot! it di rse tliat ho deli. (1 ill tli;j ci)lu;.iat:i of (Jnadalupo ou the Kith of Dee. of the .same year was the Ik niiia 'of t!io seviisof i.ii.-3i'oi'tiuien which he c.xpericuceil d liui;, i.i.'coiiioO he d em; ■d .lat there ha 11 ■ Ilia life, ill joeii an aciii d appaiition t.) tlie li i:i:i .hian 1 !ieyo, aj had heea reported and was helievcd hy b) many, of tlie ie.l vii';'e!i ilo (l.iadal; O jiiic -.,JJ liirio, \1'1 Tl le eii'eet of t'le sermon M'eat tiiainpli fir tlio orator, an I f. ir a lev.' day.s he eiij .y d the pi'ai.iCij of hi.) friend:;; but in the mean time the eeelesiasti.'al en. oirfliip tii'ili tlio maU.T into cunnideration hy order of Archl ca 1 of it v.art that Mier v.'a.i arresteil, and senteiiec'd to 1 in. II d tl 10 H! con.iiieil tell ^•ear3 1 W le of tlik," r.io.st ausloro eonvents of his order in .Siiai '.'en lutoro n 'nLe.ice, t.rii nature ][ MsaUerin ;s were favo awav, ami ho o.ler ,1 t. ) reliraet .•ueiiieiu.s, ;un I even t.j pre;^iaro and puhlisli a discour.so a;.;ain; defeiiee, no appeal, none of ilie tutelary forms T no sermon oriLTiiia tiiiiC this inlanious treatment was in IT'.'il ed liy the couiiL^il of t'.iu lailic.-i to the .li'ailemiade II i.-itoria, when it v.a-i :-i .ed, i:i Feh. l!;.;;), that the autl lor Had not aetua Iv (leiuei 1 1; rili'ia ijt (Uiadalupi dt: i.it lin .sermon contained lioUiin;' in any manner 10 apjia- wor.liy of llieolo;;ie;d c'Jii.i.irc or note. It was added tliat the arehliishop had I'.Kceedeil hi.i authori;.v, and all that had .siiiU'Uce. was ille^ial anl i;nj;;:;;t. L" leen doiie ill iiiilj .Ml IVell IIS the 11 homljre de hoiiraue:; y do iiieritij eayo nnui itad(J en iiiano do su.t verdu^jo.s. ' Paijiio. L'-tnutJ-i !)r Ml ii a Work iiii Ihe tiiiij of his ur I'l liii's ill .Spain. }.liei' travelled in E coaiaiaiay tlio mcuoraiiila incomplete of Dr Mi his u:r .i advi ,i; ares lest in -Me:; ico, am I ill K uroiie, ana ily of h d h L'lf rope iLu'i II .ai d in Home, to escape the persecutions of his ,\t the hrealdny-out of the insurrection a3t the French ho became the chaplain of a Spani.ui r(",'iment r.nd lerved ■ " . . ■ . . ■ d to eaname ho time tiU ho v.as t.ik.n prisoner, but e.^cajied v.heii licin;; earriei On l.i.i return to (Aidi,; he was promi d 11 p M ^■ehciiient L'tteis on ^Vuiericaii ali'.ir.s to Kl L'sjiau /, pnbli.shed j.i Lnn- \> iiellicr i: v.aj from fear of persecution, as he allc :ed, or that Itur- n ,:i lav allov.ed hn n 11 luiiieni 1 t.) write ill his del'encc in tliat ci t.V, 1 le v.elit there' and ])ublislie;l, under llie name of Doctor (luerra, his second Hurname hi i //■ lie III. J,\r ,hi I ill' Xi'cni J.KjiKi'ld, II, /'(/.'iil.iir.ilr Aiiiiltii iIju, kilLi, '2 vol. Svo, i., Uii. and o\H pp. S 1.; ii. oU.j-77'> pi)., and app. of pj :i^ I ■ ;P! ! |::!t|i 4G2 A:Mi;rjCA\ atfaiks i\ sr.Mx. The Sjiaiilsh Auicfioau ivsidiMits in (Vi- tilities. With the increase of their niimhei-, the aid i>\' the jiress, pailicularly of AY Ivijxi.nJ', and tlie |iroL;i'e:-s made hy the revolution in nearly all Spanish .VnieriiM, the (K.'put ies assumed a nioi'e decided tone in t he cham- ber. ()n iho 1st of Ann-ust thev i^resented an address, iH'iterating' the demand contained in the elexcn proji- ositions, and insisting n[ioii their adoption. Tlu y.il-i added another demand, jtroxiding Iwi' tlu; estaliiish- ineni of ['ro\incial Juntas similar to those in Spain, to JioM the government ol" tludr i'cs[)ective districts, and thus restrain the desj)otism of the rulers.-^ Tin; signei's of this address asked the cortes to I'ise s:i- poi'ior to pivjudice, and treat the matter with l'ali'iie-~s and liberality. The addrt-ss was read in secret session, and caused much di.scussion, hut no action was tidceii i.-xlvi. 'I'liis work, of v.liii.!i iiii'iitiou has alreaily l)ccn niado, treats of tins cvfiits ill the jcar.i Ibv^S-Kl; t!ic lir.it voluiuo (.■uviiini^ tlio iicrioil fivim July I."!, IbO'i, to .January 17, ISlI, and giv.n^; u f;y;iiipsi.j of llio origin of tlio insurrection, as uls > a full aci.-(;unt of lli-lalv;i)'s rcvohiti m, ciun- paif^n, etc. Thu Kucond v.ilnmo (.-oiitaina political events from Jan. l>ill to .Nlarch !), Isl;!, principally ^lorelus' campaign;; it alao fnrnisliea linLitliy dcliati'S in the Spanish enrte.-!, v. illi (.■oniincnts tiereon. TIk! author trie.-; ti) appear ini|artial, hutiittim s allows himself to lit; carried away hy ]iassioii in spealiin;.; of the S[ianiili oppressive colonial :ystcni, and of the even, t (.nu- iH'cti'd Willi llic Trench invasion of Spain. His bitterness i'eaelie:i the !ii;.'!iist iidint at the mention of certain names that are supremely hatefnl to him. lidalgo is hi ) hero, and t)thcr revolutionary Ladoiy receive their meed "f j)raise. J lis historical and st.itistieal illustrations, iis well aa his eonnmnis on ail'airs in general, prove a cultivated mind, and evince great .stuily; and those on Europcau policy in | articular show his familiariiy with it. 'I'iiu style is elc'gaut and full tif spirit, abounding' in (ip[)ortune witticisms, wlii'li revival tlie aULhor'.s elc.r mind, erudition, ;iud s mnd judgment, ^licrron tinned writing till Iturrlgaray noticed that tlie work w.as hecoining .iii apology for Mexican iudcpendeuee, which did not enter into the e.\-vicci(i\ s views, and the aHowancc to meet e\peiises was stojii.ed. The autlmr st;ll continued writing, hut mIicii his means gave out and he eould nut pay ilm lilinler, the latter attaeheil the copies on hand, and caused Mier to he juit in the dchtors' prison, where he mi.!,dit have remained hut for the arrival of t Look le lirst envoi fi rom L>uenos ilio paid tlie printer and took tl tl of which the}' sent to their own country; hut the vessel on whii li ley were .saippcil was wre ■ I and the In were distributed during it Tl V ilicat i(in exist. lost. Only a few copies that pai icr wa? drauii 1111 liv Doctor { . urii le, detuitv for Tlascala, and figned liy Wo deputiet ; t!ic signature o f M; imaii, ueputy t V for \'i'ra ( 'ruy no t appear on it. Kl E^panol published it March lbi2, iv., 110. Ul, old. Ala man, iJist, Mij., iii., app. no. '2, 5. ELKCTIOX OF DKITTIK ■i.-.:j IjmvoikI rcrcrriii'j^ it to ;i coimuiitoo. .Vll llic ])niiil>i (■iul)i';i<*<'i)\vcrs, and tlic illtli was lixcd tnr riiilliiT rci al lolls. Iirrr were otiicr iiR-asliri' tro t he cnii'^ross iiiori' t loscb uiiu'ctrd with this hi-torv Olio was a petition Iroiii the i-ousidado ol" .Mexico w sj)cctiii'4" the rcpi'osuiilatioii which America shoiik Id ii.i\(' accoi'diii:'' to tin; state ot ci\ ilization of tl le -ev al classf.'s coiistitiitii!!^' her population. lie coiisu- ,i(li) eoiiiiilainet 1 that t lie •( tioiis of deputies had not: I u I ■ 1 1 1 ■11 accordiiiL;' to law, heiiin' carru.'d ''.Y iiywntaiiiiento- es ; so that tlu Tlu it ca])itals composed mostly ol" creol lies chosen Wi.'l'e eXclusivelv of that da c iiiseijueiici; was, tiiat S[)aniar;ls in Xew Sj>.dii, ;i weahhy and iiilhielitial class, were left unrepresented. t therel'ore ])etilio w.d that the consulad OS Ol .\[( ;ico. \'eia ( 'lu/, and ( < Madalajara, re[)resent in;^' the mer- chaiils ol' L'aeh di.-ii'iet, and eiiiliraciuL;' ahiiost all the Siiauiar in the couiiirv dioidd each he I'l'lU'i f-i llted in the corte.S l»y two de[)Utie; and nriliei' discussion on A mericaii aliairs s houli >iisiM'n led till 1 their nose seats. six rei)resentatives had i)eL'n admiCo'd to In tl 10 mean time, tlu; considado as ke.l lia t the de[)Utie.s Evarl^to iV-rez do Castro, Manuel -•Compo!' S'i/!it^, iii. li.'ili-TT, irivcs t'.ic ilocu- iiHut, w i.icli licai:! ilaio A])!'!! 17, I'll, :u\A aiidlhcr on the sauu' subj-'ct il.itcl -May "JTl-li. Tlicy liad tlio i iu'iiaUnc:-! of liie^^'odo A^;roila, condi; ile easa do Ag^id.i, [iiior. 1 ramisLO C'iiaxani and Lorenzo N'orioL'a, consul.;; and were ilrauii nj) liy Fianeiseu Aidinban i, a l')a>i|uc froai tiuiiHizc ;a. wlio had lived .ii.iiiy \eai:i ia Siaith Anieriea, liasilio do .Vrriila^'a was l!ie secrivary uf tho !■ 'ii.salado, Imt lieiiii; a, iiaiivecif Aiiu'riea, lie was kept in i','norani'C(vl' ihe eun- teiits. AhiiiKUi, H'l.-il. Mij.,'ni. 7(! 7, \'. app. 103. Tlie elee'.oral law of Ang. -", I do, ),iilj;ished ill Mexiei) l)ee. IDtli. said that it einWraee 1 all Sp:iiiir.rd«, \Wieta. r liurii iii Aineiica or .V;Ma or t Lsewhero, that were d'Unieiled in tlieso e'lii; ;iiuo, the liidiuUd, ami iiloo tlio son.s of .Spaiiiard.^ and inuiaiis. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ro 1.0 I.I 'fllllM ilM [II iM 111112 2 - 1^ i^ I 40 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V2 '^M V^- 'v^ -*^ %">^ -^^^ O^ /A v f Photographic Sciences Corporation m iV «^ \ \ ^ fv V #y 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ '<^ €i^ o y. /a ^ Cx V Q^ H K : ! 4M AMKI5ICAN AFFAIRS IN SPAIX. (ini'cia IftrriTos, Mild A^'usiiii Arm'icllcs slioiilil I.,' rc'<'(»i;iiiz('(l ;is |>r(»visl()ii,il (U'liMidcrs of tlio KinM|i(;iii SiKiiiiarils !•( ^idiiii^ in New Spain. AiiotluT )•( jM'csciitatioii, <»t" May "jrtli, took up the lii-toiy of Anu'i'ica Iroin its lii-st seLlli'WH'iit, assiirin.;' the fcM'tc's that tli(! accounts mivcn l>y tlio con(pn'iMis WiVr grossly c\a<4-!Lj<.'i"atcd. Al'tiT praisjnLf the in>li- tiilions, tilt! wisdom of tlu; lifovt rnnicnt, and Spani-Ii s>()o(| sense, and ivitivsen itinn" tl w { asl. (;s III tlh' coiiiilr in the inion the junta coiii- liiitted in the system adopted toward America, |ii;i- ceeded iVoin theexanijili! set l»y the constitution loi, nrd by the junta de notables called l»y Xapojeon at, 15,1- yoiine. The consuiado believed it a 'soleniiie dispai' to' that Siiain and the Indies shou]>l 1 JO «''o\eriiei I- l»V the same code ot civil, criminal, mercantile, and lisi-al laws. The petition concluded byaduiiu;' t!ia; ivseiitati:iii iVoin Now Spain should not e\ci ty-oiie depuli'-', namely, oiu; IVoin each pro\ in> ■•■ )- V.eli- Ihesi.x cnoseii by thet: ll'eo coiisula.los on mu<-ii iiTiiaiion Tl 10 .IlieiMcail del) Ql This I utii and troU'-'lit s deenie 1 leinselVe an( I tl loir countru insui 3torales Duare;^ then otferodarc'.olution tliat the p ip sliould l)e deiiouticod by tho cortes and burned !iy i j'ommon execulioner. ][e fuitlicr pi-ojiosed that t K^ lOl t of Cadi/ be closed, so th;d no v esSi'l coulvi carry Id away iid'ormation that such a measure was belbr*,' the fortes without its being accompanied by its denouii cc- .■e| ii('S','i'ciiiii in':iLiiii 1 wassonttoaitiorcliaiit v.Iii)\v:u a rt'l:i'i\(.' of t'li'ili utyC til- 1; ■ lie ii llenv sccrclarv di IIK' i'iil\c'.i, ; ) \v.io;.l ii'jdi-.iVL'i' lit. Til.' lat- (";): K 1.1 iil.il> )< lets iiii, ai tliu .Viiu-'iii'ir.uli';) i Jo ):;.i:i;)j;;tt'.l, li I llic- lillle'f ^o|i'.i'iii'»n', on Willi.. 1 (lay, tlio uini'jrcs vi lifia ' ta r.i'ro.l i.i tli.'il I ii'a.suiia () itl II! rtiil • ia t! At'i'iiM, 111- laiil ii l>i' le c.>..a.u:uK)a < xi. !a>li !•; Iroia n',)'.v:ion„a^i,)a tlio ii,' riMci lnr.i lU 1 th- ro till! |ii\'si,!ciit, Wii » ru lorvO.I ij t j t lu lij.i:< ', an I tlii! lalt.'f, Ikliovia ; it wkiM tliiow light oa tli,- p lijil, ii.i Kr tli.sfiiJi.suia, ur>K rcil it! IV iiiiic ih's.sdh. Alaiiuii. ///■■<(. .1/ /., iii. 7'i-7. "'Till! ili 'cii ■.>ii)a ) may I'o f.miiil in i 'o';•■(■.^ l>i irij, viii. o.'JS I't biMj. ; ami ia Uiurra, J/isl. llcfol. X, Esp., i. 'J8J-7; ii. liT-t-o. THK COXSTITUTIOX. 4i>5 iiHiit. Fui-(1r'1' tli.iii tliis, tlie S|)aiiiar«ls t)f Mi'xico ki|>t scndim^' K'tturs to the <^(»vt'nimfiit jiihI jirivato pcisdiis wliicli writ' j)riiitran- i.iids. Tlie niajo)-ity reported ])retty much the foi-ni tif decree that was proposed l»y ^lorales I)iiare;c; hut (Hie of the Spaniards, (Gutierrez de la Jluerta, dis- Muted. The suiiject ^ave rise to violent woids, which toiiiin'-- to nothin'4, it was formally buried, Jn ^[ex- o tliev had but a confused idea of the cousulad o s ivpifsentation by an extract from it that was cir- culated in Xovendjer, which o'ave rise to an edict jitihlished on the llth by the viceroy, prohibitin!L( • I'ltnin seditious papers that were in circidation ou livahies between J'^uropeau and Amei'ican Spaniards, ;iiiil even forbiddinL;" conversations on these matters. A mail shi[) that lel't Cadiz the 2d of October brt)iiL;'ht iidvices towai'd the end of JJecember of thi' occiu'- r iices in the c()iles, which added to I'oi'mer aiii;'er, .■•lid sent many into the raidcs (»f the revolutionists. Iiidi''iiati(>u was still iurther aroused w I u-n bv royal I'wU •r the oonsulado was thanked for its rej)ri'senta- tion, its zeal and pati'iotism beinj4' ]»raised, and fault found only with a few of its e\[)ressi(!ns.''^'' '■'''riK! iiisur<,'(;nt3 wci'c rcprc^nMiti'il as l)aii'lits aiiil assassins; aiiil tlio >|i iiiuinls as si) iiiiiiiy saiiit.-;, Ii iiih.s uf m ; lie fiiu tors. Uiia-i'i iii. I.V t: r. A'./-./, '.v. A'- litV .all.iliiiii til liji'i til 1' >■' Hiililll II, si. M. ' Una rcprt'lionsioti <|U0 fii '' iiii Th. laniards caifu .1 tl I'Miiit. (!-ivn-(i, lli-'i. 11 !••,/. X. i: '/I., II (l7t-">. Tii(! ill li'iliu.,' gnw woisi! lull tho jwi)))lc saw Cliiivani. ono <<( tin; Mi;.'ni!ivs of tin; nH'cnsivi' papt-r, ap- |Hiiutc(l to siiuroeil tliu ohikIo ilu C'.isa lllCilT'ill IIIIH ilHlll4l'llt<'!« III'.' Alk'iiil'i ,v ul (.lira lliilulgo. i ) 45G A.Mi:iliCA\ AI TAIUS IN Sl'AIN". AiiKtiiLf tlio si'Vt'i'al incidents tliat tin- discussion i-n the consiitutiun ^^avc rise to, onc^ of the most iin|»ii-. taut was hroU'^lit al)ont liy deputies opposed toliiMial ideas, V. lio advocaleil placing" tlie rei^ency of the Span- ish iloininitsns in the han|' ,i new re;'encv, wi th I IM' nieinhers, ni pLu-e o| thl Anoth.ei" ini[iortant matter was an oli'er made hy the Jiriti.^h i^overnnient to me(hate hetwcen Spain and Iht American ]»ossessi(ins, which was deehiied throu^^h f ar that i^n-'liind won Id •t tliem d.-' ]t 1 niallv becann.' the j)raclice to I'hoosu the |>resident ot" th. chandt'-r iVom t!ie .Vniei'ican deouties evei-v oiJK-r month. And theV Well deservi^d it, no less 1)V rea- on oi' their talent>^ and learnin^•, than lor tlu.'ii' honc^t_ and patriotism. 'Idie «rreat re[)ulation and inlliienc that several ol' them enjoyed in their respoetise cmni tries alli r their independence were tirst won l»y tl in the corte.s at C'iidu. lent i r 1 H- I- ■| ' |).ii|iic ilil InfiiiiUulo, :i I'liiinuillur i.'.i)al. ivaN, III Uii- Kjiia- '1 111! oli'ir v.a:t at la.st iicci'iilcil, Imt aicdiuiiaiiicil villi impracticali'i- iilitii In I'Al l".ii;.;l..iiil niH'ali'il lliu olU'r. v.i.'i t.i ai)ii 1 t > sfivc at tl IwHu fill- m;."i.ialii>iis, naiiicly. I. icssatiou of liostilily liy land «v !na: "J. gi'ULTal anniL'..Ly; ',i. iMHilirniaiiun of ligiit.i ami Aniriic.-in ri'pi'c.onialiim iu tl 10 oirtc.-ii 4. la lra ami l.moiiians; (i. the inU'iiKil jiovLiinncnt of .\ni(jiic:iand tliL' «(linini^liaiii)n lif al' jiinilly V, 1 il>i i> li l!io rliic'f of ih lIii'.-) tolii' ill char.'o cf tlic avuntaniicnlo-i vn\- ]<■ IliOVIULH'. l>k A ]•; im.iic.1 to iviMi''ni.x' iropcan Spini.iii iTuamio as iiir hii\ uni'';!. iim ;t:>l)l 1 ;;iv ■I' llyiliv'i- llll l.l'llLV. Conrii l.r'i\ no. Ij.; J.'/ J.'s/'iim,/, Sipt. 1'>I-; ilinrrn, Hist. /,'itni ,1, tl .li on w;.s n it w fllSL'll .Icl (' iiMi'a><, Santa I'. i Quito; ))iitt!uT • liiinLjno rtv.ilnlionary yovcinniciit in .M<'\ie'o, it \xas dfi'iii improper t i treat \vi;hriolei> ■"'iiii' Ills; .\in( rieaii ineiideut was ( 'unon -Xntonio .lo.'niuin Perez; otlit'-' foil. .1, d .M ir..le 1 lUiali z ha\ u\' .l.' .ill :.ii-!ie 1 linn ors. 'I'll.' dejiiUy troiii /aeatcc.'i-i, (JirdiKi. was the last prcsiilcut of tlio e.v truurdinary (.urici. Ala, nan, lJi~t. M'j., iii. W-. a;'.s:':;.\( T or Tin; con-stiti'tiov. 457 At la-t. <»ii the Istli <>1" Maivh. I-I'J, ;irtcr nioiitlis (if l;il).)l', tin- ciirtcs u';i\-,. til the S|»;illi>ll IMi HiMrcliy tlh' iiiiicli (loircl ciiiistitiitioii. i t was (li\ iilfil into t. II titirs, v.hicli 1 ('iiiloiiii/A' ill a imtf.'" it was lih- cial iiioii'jii ill ils |»r(t\isi(iiis. To tlif iiM»naicii was iidt <4i\('ii iiihliic aiillioi'ity. Tlu' |iiii\ i'licfs wci'o uuaiaiilfcd ill ilic (•('trtos (.'(jiialil y ol" i<|>!(S(inat i»iii wiili Spain. Xi'L,n'<»»'s and tlicir iiitiTiiiiMtircs wi/o fXfludfil liMiii cit i>;('iislii|t, wliich in .Mixico was (Ifi'Mnd ;i jiMlilical niislakf, ^ixiii'^' rise tn nnuli dis- (■'|s.-,i(iii/'- J'j^Iidcn di'[)iiti(;s rii>iii Ni'w Spain ami " Ti:li' r. lie clarc'l t!i:it tin- si>\ i riiinity \v:i> in tlir u.-r i m. niil t.ll\\liat coiistiliiti'il a S|i;iui,ii(l. 'I'itli^ II. ilrliiuil tiu' S|iiiiii>Ii il ■la.iiinn.s, iiiclinliii,; till rii;i a '. .\iii, ri an .•iinl .\>ialio |ni.sscssii)ii'i; cst.'ilpli^luil lis' i-.ii linlir ii'li^ioti t'l liii- iKciiLsiiiii I f a.l 'iJicis; iDiiii of j_'iivcniiiiiiit liiiiit'il li' rtj.litary liimi- iircliy, v'lli i;ii\v<'f.i iliviilcil iiitii li '.'isliitivi', cNiii.tivc. aii I'nc-lMini v.oiinii rr-idiir; in t!u' Spaiii.sii (loiiiininiM luul ('XL'rci>iiiii t»'\w ]>ri)iL'^sioii, irailr, It, (i|i('ii lln; ilmr i>t vir.iiu ami nniit t ) iici'oiiKi ciu.x'iis. It w.is ciijnincil cm tlio ro;tcs ti> }^;i'aiit I ttcra of i'iliziiislii[) to nun or woiikii of ivilor wli.i riinlcrcil pKiil n'rviccn to iIu'cdum- try. ('iMli.-iiin'jiii.-iliccI tliciiisclvos liy tlu'ir takiits, iinlii.stry, a:icl ^' )i>.| li.li,i\ ii)r. Title lil. ciiiis^ituticl till' iiii'tis in otu' chaiiilii r fuiiii'il of tin' <1( pniic^ fioni t!i<' Spaiiisli iloiiiiiiiim.i i;i Kiiropc, America, ami A.sia, the liasis of r('|iie:ienl.i- ti'a iKiiii; llie Hanie iveryw here, namely, ciiie ilepu'v for ivery 7»'.<>.;,) inliali- iia:it>, ami aimJier f >r an exees.i of U.-i.t^M; evi ry piMviiico Via.i t.» lia.eat least oil;) ile])Uly. The eleetion of ilepu;ie-< wa.i t.> lie liiaile hy thri'c ■ iieees- hive onleii of vii'aii'.,'. To have ;i vote it was iieee-'.-iary only t > lieailo.nieileil eiti/iii williiii iliu parish, anil after |s:(a the voter lnils^ he ali'.e to re.el ami write. 'J'ith'.i l\'. an I \'. treate.l re.spiiti\ely of t!ii' Iuiil;" i powers, an I ot t!io ri)oralioiis of hii,'lier rank, lail'il dipiitaeioiie ■, ]iro\ iiieia'.e s, ono III w Iiieli wai tocNi.s!; in eaeli p;' ivinee, ami lie pii siclcil o\ir liy llie '■iiperior chief appointed hy ihi; erown, and eomposv i| of I'lo inlemleii'.i; and seven liietn- Iais, e.'iiisetl Iiy llie tii'.iur ilertors who Were t ) ehoose the dejMKici to t'le ei'ir- tes. The iu'\l llireu Liwlcireferred toiivil, Iwral, and niiiKaty aduiini -tiatioii, iitiliiiliiiij; freedom of tlie pie.s ; already e.-italili.-slie'l liy a law : ;ki 1 tlie lentli to tht' ohserv.ineu of tliu eoiialilutioii. L'y.. (' uistHi"-. l\il:l.. ('iii(~. I dJ, S\o, 1 I. .VJ pp. 4 1.; II., Culi/, I'll.', Kim I, ll.U; A/n„i>i.i, //^•./. .1/../., iii. |,)l- IJ; /i.ii'ii-)!.-!. /jiif. ,!//,(•., viii. ."i."i;) 1; Ciji-ii-. I'llcr. />(•,, ii. l."(i-;il; .irraii' 'j'l'-.. .'/,/'.. 1. (ipp. It)); Lhriijd, A'Ir. IJ n<'i-l{i\, 'I'M ;i. '■'i ho e>.el;;.aoii v.aa repre.seiited to tlie eiowii as an iiijustiee, in ii jiaper hvu'iied liy lli.ili >;) i'rii'.r Aiitoniij do San Mirnel of .Mielmai .1:1, hut diawii up liy .\l.:id y (,>.;tipi), I.i I Kiieces.ior. The ayuntamii nt > of toiad d.ijaia, tiimi ,'li C'laipo.sed of Liiro[)eaii .'>paiiia!ilt, liad iiiNtriiced the deputy Una t > M^ieak ill f.iV'ir of liio Afrii.-:;i» raee. The oi»rle.s failed to nee that tin iK";r.K,'i ami iiiiihittof.i, depiivcd hy the c'linsLitiUion of the lii^lit.s of litLten iliiji, not only f' riiie I th'; ' Inuall jiie ■ do piirdo i y i;r r nos,' oi'.'aiii.ted for V.w. deiem.'e of tlio htirain.,' legion of tlio-ioa-coiisl, luit hud acUially rciidoied nio.st, valuaiilesicrvioo MHM 408 AMKRICAN AFFAIRS IN SPAIN. l\ • j tlic pi'oviiirias iiitcMiiis ^i^ncd tliocdnstitution. II.kI till this ciiiiu ill tiiiif, uikI in the iMi^lit way, licr cold- iiics ini'4lit liavu Imvii saved to Spain. Dut it wns too late, .lusticc and luiniiliation were; ii(»\v n^t I'liouuli ; slit! must pay tlit' penalty of her ]>ast iiii(|ni- ties. 'i'lu; t'ost of sncli an iniini'iisc rcprcsentalioii, niid tlio transportation dl" the deputies I'roin *J,()<)i) to (1,000 lea'^nies every two years, were jxtints not with- out eoiisidel'atioli.''^ 'I'lie (•(>rti;s j)i'oc'eede(l at onct! to carry out the coii- stitutioiial clause that created a, council ot'stat(!, mak- iiiiL;' the appointments ol' c(junciIlors, lioweNcr, only one hall" the numhei". Ainoii;^' thi; .Vnierican aii- ])onit ees were' J ( )SC M; iriaiio <{ Al iiniisa. o f \" M CM CO. CVuz, and Melchor de J'onceriada, constitution, with tlie (»rder to idorjaini and cany it into t'll'ect, reached N'iceroy VeiieL^as on tin; 01 h of Septeliiher ill the coi'resjioiidi'lice l)l'oU;j,lit hy Llano's e\[>e(litioii from ^\■l■a ( 'ruz. Alter th(.' suh- ject had heeii duly considei'ed hv the vicerov, cdiui- u [)on lor thi cil, and si^veral coiporations cal advice, it was on the "JiStli |»ul)li>hcd hy royal tdi t with tlu' usual solemnily. ( )n the oOth tlu; vicercy, audieiicia, and other authorities i-esidiiitioii-|iall ol" the [lalace: the constitution was read hy one of the kiiij^'s secretaries, and all ollicials [)resent made oath to keep it. Thni followed salvoes of artillery and i'in',;in'j: of hells, while S ce a concourse of people tiiK>d the [Jaxa. lleli'riou emouies in the cathedral and other oliicial acts I'ul- to the roynlist causo, fighting with remarkiil>lo zi'ul against tlio iiisiir;.'('iifs. Moivovor, a iiinuljiTot' dcsccmlanls from ncrnn's Iwnl lifcii onlaiiu'il ;i^ jnirst-;; tlicio woio o!licr:i liUiiig honoralih- ])()/:iLi(>iis, ami tliu niajoiily of tlaiii utTu useful nion tilling the soil ami v.orldiig the iiiiiieH. "^Tlic consulailo of Mexico saiil that the '(lesaiii|iaro de las easa^. la !],"• lestia y iMiligros de largna navegacioiies,' would kec]) in ooiislant distre>s.i iiiinilier of tlio best families. It aNo rffers t>> the eiiormous e\penso tliat Ihi; traiisporiatiou and support of the deputies uuist entail. Mier, whose eonipu- tatioa was rather low than exag'^erated, sets down tlie d<])utii'S from tlie ultrauiariuo provinces at I4U, besides one third that uunilier of supleutes; the eousulado. ineludiiig the castas, gave 'J'lil deputioi jiud eiLihty supleu^''d, cost- iUo' yearly !irl,iJ(X),O0O, besides tlio expense of trunspurtatiou. CELEDRATION IN MKXICO. 459 1m\\i(1, IiicludiiiLf that <»r rcadiiin' tlif new rmidainciital If ;,loiul to the jtcoplc, anion.;' wlioni it produced a (•• K nuiiri'ssion. V ""I Tl lu occasion was ^ lul V cell hfa t.-d with cdniiui'inorative medals, j)ul>li(' amuscnicnts, illniiiinatif.ns, and lar^T'ss to the lowci' classes. The (lath of recoL,niiti(»n of and alle'j;iance to tlie new re- ; iiiie was administered, on the 4tli and follow inj^' davs I', to the |)eo[»Ii! at lari^e, the lower courts clooi r () IkI ol.ieii the r ■li.. Ions o rdeis of hotli si'Xi s, ant th<' troojis, idl manil'estiuL;' a lively pleasure wilh the ( .-.laI