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 NOTES ON THE INDIAN TlilBKS OF THK YUKON DISTRICT 
 AND ADJACKNT NORTJiKEN PORTION OF BRITISH 
 
 (COLUMBIA. 
 
 B^ (JEORGE M. UAWSDN, D.S., F.G.S., 
 
 Anxistant Director (Jiological Sutyei/ of Cmiada. 
 
 [h'rjiriiiliii from tin- Annual /{iport of Griditgiml Sumy of Caunda, 18S7.J 
 
 Such information as I have been able to obtain dui-ing our journey R<.Bioii 
 respecting the Indian tribcH oft'io extreme northern portion of British '"""'•*' • 
 Columbia and the adjacent Yukon district, are given in the following 
 pages. Between the northern edge of the ethnological map of British 
 Columbia prepared by Dr. Tolmie and myself in 1884,* and the known 
 portion of the area of Mr. W. II. Dall's similar map of Alaska and 
 adjacent regions,! a gi-eat gaj) has existed, which I had proposed to 
 endeavor to till in connection with the work of the Yukon Expedition. 
 While this intention has been very impei-fectly executed, owing to 
 various causes not necessary here to particulaiize, but especially to 
 to the fact that during a great part of our journey we met with neither 
 Indians nor whites from whom information might have been obtained, 
 it is felt that any facts on the Indians of the district possess some 
 value, not alone from a scientific point of view, but also in their 
 bearing on the Indian question from an executive standpoint. 
 
 Throughout the moie southern portion of British Columbia, a differ- inland and 
 ence of the most marked kind is everywhere found as between the^""**^ " '*"'" 
 maritime Indians of the coast and the inland tribes. While this differ- 
 ence is largely one of habit and mode of life, it is also almost every- 
 where coincident with radical ditVerences in language ; the natural 
 tendency to diversity as between coast-inhabiting fishermen and roam- 
 ing hunters being intensified and perpetuated by the great barrier of 
 the Coast Ranges. Only upon certain routes of trade which have 
 existed between the coast and the interior is *.his stiiking diversity to 
 some extent broken down. The Fraser, the Skoona, the Nass und — in 
 the region here specially referred to — theStikine and the passes at the 
 head of Lynn Canal, constitute the most important of these routes. 
 
 From Dixon Entrance northward, with the exception of certain Ti,ijjj^it_ 
 small outlying colonies of the Haida on Prince-of-Wales Island, the 
 
 • CoinpariUive Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Colunibiai 1884. 
 t Contributions to North American EthnoloRj'. Vol. i. 
 
 Way in uriftinal liip',ti, l'.(l n.) 
 
 Hi4»wrt 
 
 > -, .-,.», 
 
 FF^Jfi-N.^^^Hist-■■•' 
 
 VICTORIA, Q. <i. 
 
 PROViTJ 
 
2 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Tinn^. 
 
 Coast Indians are undoubted Thlinkit, forming u sci-ies of contiguous 
 and moi-e or less closely allied bands or ti'ibes, between wbich the 
 diversity in language is small. The inland Indians, on the contrary, 
 belong to the great Tinne family. On the Stikine, as explained Iielow, 
 a certain overlapping of these two races has occurred ; and to the north, 
 the Tagish, a bianch of the Thlinkit, extend a considerable distance 
 inland into the basin of the L(!wes, as now tirst ascertained. The 
 interior Indians are collectively known on the coast as " Stick Indians," 
 and the fact that this name is alsoapplicd to the Tagish, inconsequence 
 of their situation and habits being like those of the Tinnd, explains the 
 ciicumstance that they have heretofore been confounded with that 
 people. 
 
 Hespecting the Thlinkit of the coast I am unable to add anything of 
 value to w^hat has already been published. Tn wdiat follows regarding 
 the inland Indians, the several tribes are taken up in the order in 
 which they were met with on our line of travel. 
 
 The region included between the Coast Eangos and the Eocky Moun- 
 tains, to the south of that here i-e]ioi'ted on, and in which are the head- 
 waters of the Skcena, Fraser and Peace rivers, is iidiabited by two 
 great divisions of the Tinnd people, designated on the map before 
 referred to, as Takulli and Sikani. These main divisions comprise a 
 large number of small tribes or septs. Since the publiciition of the map, 
 T have ascertained that these divisions ai-e known to the ]ieople them- 
 selves as Tah-khl and Al-ta'-tin i-espoctivcly. The division of the Tinnd 
 met with on ascending the Stikine is named Tahl-tan, and consists of the 
 Tahl-tan people pi-oper and the Taku. These Indians speak a language 
 very similar to that of the Al-ta'-tin, if not nearly identical with it, 
 and, so tar as I have been able to learn, might almost be regarded as 
 forming an extension of the same division. They appear to be less 
 closely allied by langungo to the Ka-ka, with which people the}' are 
 coMtigiioiiH to the eastward. 
 Their territory. The Indian vilbigo near the Tahl-tnn or First North Fork of the 
 Stikine, is the chief place of the Tahl-tan Indians, and heie they all 
 meet at certain seasons foi- feasting, speech-making and similar pur- 
 poses. The Tahl tan claim the hunting-grounds as far down the 
 Stikine, constward, as the mouth of the Iskoot liiver, together with all 
 the tributaries of the Iskoot and some of the northern soiiices of the 
 Nass, which interlock with these. Their toi-iitory also includes, to the 
 south, all the headwaters of the main Stikine, with parts of adjacent 
 northern bi-iinches of the Nass, Eastward it embraces Dease Lake, 
 and goes as far dow^n the Doase River as Eiigle Creek, extending also 
 to the west branch of the Bl.ick or Tnrnagain Eiver. It includes also 
 all the northern tributaries of the Stikine, and the Tahl-tan Eiver to 
 
 Tnlil-tan 
 Indians. 
 
 its sources. 
 
 192 b 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 8 
 
 Tho Taku form n somowhat distinct bianch of tho Tahl-tan, though Taku Indians, 
 they spoiik the same dialect. They are I'vidently tho people ref'eiTcd 
 to ],y Dall as the Tah'-ko-tin'-noh.* They claim the whole drainage- 
 baHin of the Taku River, together with the upper portionn of tho 
 streams which flow northward to tho Lewes ; while on tho east their 
 hunting-grouu 's extend to tho Upper Liard River, and include the 
 valleys of the tributary streams which Join that river from the west- 
 ward. They are thus bounded to the south by tho Tahl-tan, to the 
 west by the coast Taku (Thlinkit), to the north-west by the Tagish, 
 and tc tho east bj' tho Kaska. 
 
 The territorial claims of the Tahl-tan and Stikino Coast Indians Riirhta of coast 
 (Thlinkit) overlapped in a very remarkable manner, for while, as 'tVibes"*""'* 
 above stated, the former hunt down tho Stikino valley as far as the 
 Iskoot, and even l)oyond that point, the latter claimed the salmon- 
 fishery and berry-gathering grounds on all the streams which enter 
 the Stikino between Shek's Creek (foui- miles below Glenora) and 
 Telegraph Ci-cok, excepting tho First South Fork, whei-o there is no 
 fishery. Their claim did not include Telegraph Creek nor any part of 
 the main rivei* ; nor did it extend to the Clearwater River or to any of 
 the tributai'ies lower down, in whatovei- manner the claim to these 
 streams may have been acquired, the actual importance of them to tho 
 Coast Indians lay in the fact that the aiid climate found immediately 
 to the east of the Coast Ranges enabled them to dry salmon and 
 berries for winter provision, which is scarcely possible in the humid 
 atmosphere of the coast region. 
 
 The sti-ict ideas ent'ii-tained by the Indians here with respect to ter- 
 ritorial rights is evidenced by the fact that the Indians from the mouth 
 of tho Nass, who have been in the habit of late years of coming in sum- 
 mer to woi'k in the gold mines near Doase Lake, though they may kill 
 beaver for food, are obliged to make over the skins of these animals to 
 tho local Indians. Thus, while no objection is made to either whites or 
 foreign Indians killing game while ti-avelling, trapping or hunting for 
 skins is resented. In 1880 or 1881 two white men went down the 
 Liard River some distance to spend the winter in trapping, but were 
 never again seen, and there is strong circumstantial evidence to show 
 that they were murdered by the local Indians there. 
 
 On the Stikino, as in tho case of other rivers and passes forming Trade botween 
 routes between the coast and tho intei-ior, tho Coast tribes assumed theSior'!'* 
 part of middle-men in trade, before the incuision of the miners broke up 
 the old arrangements. Tho Stikine Indians allowed the Tahl-tan to 
 trade only with them, receiving furs in exchange for goods obtained 
 on the coast from the whites. The Tahl-tan, in turn, carried on a 
 
 • Cuntributiuaii to Norili Americiin liihnoloBy, 
 
 193 B 
 
YUKON DISTRICT AND DRITISII COLUMBIA. 
 
 Ilou^cc- 
 
 Chief's name. 
 
 Superstition?. 
 
 Cli 11 meter 
 of \v»v^. 
 
 similar trade with the KaHka, their next neighhors inland. The right 
 to trade with the Tiihl-liin was, in fact, restricted hy hereditary cus- 
 tom to two or three families of the Stikiiie Coast IndianH. 
 
 With the ex('ei)tion of the hoii-es already referred to as constituting 
 the Taiii-tan villiigo, and some others reported to exist on the Taku, 
 the resitlences iind camps of the>e people are of a very temporary char- 
 acter, consisting of brush shelters or wigwams, when an ordinary cot- 
 ton tent is not employed. We noticed on the Tahl-lan River a couple 
 of square brush houses formed of poles interlaced with leafy l)ranchcs. 
 These were used during the salmon-tishing seascm. At the same place 
 there were several graves, consisting of wooden boxes n- small dog- 
 kcnnel-like erections of wood, and near them two or three wooden 
 monumental posts, rudely sha])cd into ornamental (?) forms by means 
 of an axe, and daubed with red ochre. 
 
 On attaining the chieftaincy of the Tahl-tan tribe, each chief assumes 
 the traditional name Na-nook, in the same manner in which the chief 
 of the Coast Indians at the mouth of the Slikine is always named Shek 
 
 or Shake. 
 
 Tho Tahl-tan Indians know of the culture- or creation-hero Us-tas, 
 and relate tales concerning this mythical individual resembling those 
 found among the Tinne tribes furtlier south, but 1 was unable to com- 
 mit any of these to writing. Amongst many other superstitions, they 
 have one referi'ing to a wild man of gigantic stature and supernatural 
 powers, who is now and then to be found roaming about in the summer 
 season. He is supposed to haunt specially the vicinity of the iskoot 
 River, and th(^ Indians are much afraid of meeting him. 
 
 Between the Tahl-tan and the Indians inhabiting the Upper Nasrt* 
 there has been a feud of long duration, which is even yet outstanding. 
 There is much difficulty in settling such feuds when life has once been 
 sacrificed, as they assume the character of a ventletta, a strict account 
 being kept, which must be balanced by the killing of an equal number 
 on each side before lasting peace is possible. The account of the feud 
 here referred to is derived from Mr. J. C. Callbroath, who has been at 
 some pains to ascertain the circumstances. It may serve to illustrate 
 the nature of tho intertribal "wars" carried on in the sparsely inhab- 
 ited region of the interior. 
 
 • We are unfortunately without precise inforiuatioii as to the tribal divisions of the Indians 
 of the Nass. According to tlie hite Dr. TulniH!, who had long resided at Fort Simpson, in the 
 vicinity of the Nass, the people about the mouth of the river are named Niska (sometimes writ- 
 ten Nackar), while further up the river are the Nitawalik (TinnC"?). (Comparative V^ocabulnries, 
 p. 113 n.) It is iirobably the people so designated who come in contact with the Tahl-tan, but in 
 the meantime I prcter to call them merely Nass Indians. The statement above quoted, how- 
 ever, does not tally with that made to (J. (libbs by Celestino Ozier, a Tshi.-nsian half-breed, i.e.' 
 that to the northward of the tribe inhabiting the Naas was a tribe named Nis-kah. (Contri- 
 butions to North American Ethnology, vol i, p. H3.) 
 
 194 B 
 
 
0A*»ON.] 
 
 INDIAN TRIIJES. 
 
 jf 
 
 For a long period pi-ocediiig 185(1 there had been peace between the i>|;',«»'eJ']'^';«J' 
 Tahl-tan and Nuks Indians, Imt in or about that j'ear the latter, follow- Nh.'». 
 ing up one of the branches of the NasH River into Tahl-tan territory, 
 killed two individuals ot that tribe, who hapiu'ned to be men of import- 
 ance. Two or throe years later, the Tahltun found an opportunity of 
 killing in retaliation four of the Nass. In ISIJl, the year preceding the 
 first gold excitement on the Stikine, a ])eacc having been meanwhile con- 
 cluded, the Xass Indians induced some of the Tahl-tan to visit them in 
 their own country, a short distance from the recognized boundary, at a 
 place named Yak-whiU, which is the furthest up tishery of the Xass 
 Indians, and at which they have a large house. The Nass people then 
 persuaded two of the Tahl-tan men to return some distance into tlio 
 Tahl-tan < ountry, ostensibly that they might bring their friends to en- 
 gage in a pea. '.■> talk and dance, two of the Nass Indians accompanying 
 them. The Xass, however, killed both Tahl-tan Indians the first 
 night out, and then turned back. When they arrived at the house, the 
 remaining Tahl-tan men were killed and their women (seven in num- 
 ber) and children (three boys) were made ))risoners. Two of the 
 women, with one of the boys, however, escaped and eventually found 
 their way back to their friends. Another of the women was ai'ter- 
 wards brought up the Siikine and redeemed by her ])eo))le. Two more 
 have since died in the Xass country, atul one still remains there as a 
 slave. The last event in connection with this feud occui-ixmI in l8ii3or 
 18fi4, when the Tahl-tans raided into the Nass country and waylaid a 
 man and woman with three children. The adults, with two of the 
 children, were left for dead, but the man afterwards recovered 
 consciousness and managed to get home. One of the children was not 
 harmed and has since grown to manhood, and is known to be meditat- 
 ing revenge on the Tahl-tan peoj)le. 
 
 Notes on the Tahl-tan Indians by Mr. J. C. Callbreath. 
 
 The following account of the principal characteristics of the Tahl-tan 
 Indians has been kii\dly drawn up at my request by Mr. J. C. Call- 
 breath, who has spent many years among these people. The general 
 order followed is that of the Circular of Enquiry issued by the Com- 
 mittee of the British Association on the North-western tribes of the 
 Dominion of Canada. In transci-ibing Mi'. Callbroath's notes some un- 
 important verbal alterations only have been made. 
 
 Maximum stature about 5 feet 1^ inches. Maximum girth about theMen^urement* 
 chest 37 inches. Legs and thighs well muscled. Arms rather light. 
 As a rule full chested. Heads, unlike the coast tribes, small. Feet 
 and hands generally small, aa are also the wrist and ankle, especially 
 
 195 b 
 
YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITIHll COLUMBIA. 
 
 Acuteiieea of 
 senseg. 
 
 in the women. Wo soil more No. 2 women's and No. 6 men's shoos 
 than any oilier rsizo [i-cprescntinj,' a IcngUi Innn toe to heel of 8| inches 
 and 10 inches resi)Octively]. In hats Ibr the Indian tiado wo take 
 nothing above No. 7 [e(jiial to circunirerenco of 22 inches]. 
 
 The tiunk is generally long and the legs shoi't, — the Ibrmor nearly 
 always sti-aight, with small waist and hroad hips, the latter usually 
 <;urved or crooked, a circumstance which appears to bo duo totooeai'Iy 
 walking and cariying packs by the children. IJrain-cajjacity small, 
 head round, forehead low and bulging immediately above the oyes, but 
 generally broad. 
 
 iliiif-bn-edK. The halt-breeds are more like the father, and three generations where 
 the liither is in every case white, seem to obliterate all trace of Indian 
 blood. If the case were I'cver.^ed and the male parent in all cases an 
 Indian, the result might be did'erent. Jlave never seen or hearil of an 
 
 DiHeaeeB. albiiu) among them. Their most common ailments are pulmonary 
 
 consumption and in<ligeHlion. The former caused by careless and un- 
 nocossaiy oxposuie, the latter by gorging and drinking at their 
 periodical feasts. They have other diseases j)eculiai' to themselves, 
 induced, as 1 believe, by imagination or through fear of the medicine- 
 men or witches. 
 
 Their acuteness of sight, hearing and smell are gi'eat, but I do not 
 believe racial. Practise and training as hunters, render thorn pro- 
 ficient in these respects. Their eyes fail early, and are even more 
 liable to disease than those of whites. It is raie to meet a man of fifty 
 among them with sound eyes. Snow and sun together, with smoky 
 dwellings, probably ex])lain this. The children are cunning and clever 
 when young, more so than those of the white race, but grow dull as 
 they age. 
 
 Language. ] '.avo never seen anything like gesture-language among them, and 
 
 will not attempt a description of their common tongue, except to say 
 that I can see no similai-ity in it to that of the Chinese, with whom I 
 have h;- ' intei'course to a considerable extent for the past forty years. 
 They reckon time by moons, and now seem to rely more on what the 
 whites may tell them as to the coming of winter or spring, than on 
 their own knowledge. The stone age is now scarcely more than a 
 tradition, though they know of the time when they had no iron, axes, 
 knives, guns or the like. Stone knives, adzes, and sledges or hammers, 
 have been found by the miners from time to time, and it is said that the 
 sledges were used for killing slaves on certain occasions, as well as for 
 braining bears in their hibernating dens. 
 
 Wearing. I cannot learn that these Indians ever used copper before its intro- 
 
 duction by the whites. Yarn is spun from the wool of the mountain 
 goat (not the mountain sheep or big-horn) and is woven into excellent 
 
 196 B 
 
 Stone 
 implements. 
 
 I 
 
Dawson. 1 
 
 INDIAN TKIIJES. 
 
 bhinkots which are lii/.;hly coloiiroil iind ornfimontcd. Tho pr cchh of 
 boillii<j; wulor vvilh hot sloncs iu basketti or woodoii bowls wuslonnoily 
 cornnion. 
 
 Tho dunces of tho Tiihl-tun arc tnmo atl'iiirs compared with those ofnancog. 
 tho Coast tribos. JMH>k.s ro|trosciitiii^ liirdn or la-arw aro .soinoliinos 
 worn on tlioso occasions. Their niu>ical pioponsitioH and capabilitios 
 are, however, cOMhiilorablc. In tiieir dances liiey use tho coininon 
 Indiati drum, known all over tho oontinont. No athletic games aro 
 pi-actiscd Kin>hip, so I'ar as marria^o or iiihoi-ilanco ol' properly Kiimhip. 
 goes, is with the mother oxclu>ivoly, and the liilher is not considered a 
 relative by blood. At hi> death his chiMicn iidierit none of his pro- 
 perty, which all goes to tho relatives on his mother's hide. Kvon though 
 u man's father or his childi'on might bo starving, they would get none 
 of his property at his death. I have known an instanco whoio a rich 
 Indian would not go out or ovon contribute to sond others out to search 
 for !iis aged and blind lather who was lo>t and slai'ving in the moun. 
 tains. Not counting his lather as a relative, he said, — "Lot his people 
 go and seaich for liim.'" Yet this man was an ovei'-averago good 
 Indian. They seem to have no iidieront good qualities which will 
 overcome the vicious and unnatuial rides and customs of their tribe. 
 Although tho son thus, in many cases, seems to have no i-egai-d for las 
 father, tho latter generally has a parent's love foi" the son, and desires 
 to see him do well. 
 
 The whole tiibe is divided into two casts, Birds and Bears. A manTotems. 
 who is a Bird must marry a Bear and his children belong to the Birds, 
 but tho Bears, his mother's people, iidieril all his etl'ects. Tiie right to 
 hunting-grounds is itdieritod. A Bear marrying a Biid may go to tho 
 Birds hunling-gi'ound, that is to the hunting-ground belonging to the 
 particular family of Birds into which ho has mari'icd, or he may stay 
 on his own hunting-ground belonging to his ])articular Bear family, 
 \vhich he inherited from his mother, llis children, however, by his 
 Bird wife or wives, after becoming adult, cannot resoi-t to his hunting- 
 ground. If is children, both male and female, being Birds, must marry 
 Bears. They might, if males, marry his full sister, who being a Bear 
 is not counted a relative, and thus, through her, inherit a right to her 
 father's old hunting-ground, Jn some cases, when such proprietary 
 rights are valuable, and the father is anxious that his son should bo 
 able to claim the old homestead or hunting-ground, such an arrange- 
 ment is made. Tho son may bo eighteen and his father's sister (his 
 aunt) may be fifty, but such disparity in age is of no consequence at all. 
 Tho son's wish is to secure his title, lie may forthwith take another 
 young wife to please his fancy. 
 
 197 B 
 
8 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND DRITIKII COLUMBIA. 
 
 Marrincc. 
 
 Chiel'lniiipy, 
 
 Custn I » niicl 
 
 A rnan'H fomalo children ai-o uh miu-h his j»ro|KM'ty iw his ^un and ho 
 HolJH thoin to whom ho ploasos witiiout coriHultin^ thoir foi-liiiics at all. 
 Tho vendor sometinioH ^oIh his pay at once, Koniolimes hy iriHtallniontH, 
 and if tho iiiHtallnionts arc not paid, he may tako i)a<k hiw daughter 
 with hor children aH well. If, however, the hushand |)ays for his wife 
 in full, the vendor is held strictly to his hargain in lespcct to supply- 
 ing a wife, and should tho (irst die and ho have any more eligible 
 daughters, one of these mnnt take her place, and that without any 
 additional compulsory payment. Thus, for instance, a man of tifty 
 may buy a young wife oftitteen (a not uncommon occurrence) and pay 
 for her in full. Ten years afterward the yoimg wife may die, and if 
 there he anothei- unsold sister, (hat si^tel^ according to their laws, must 
 take her place without any com|)ensation, unless it be voluntary. Tho 
 hushand always eviiu'os a high regard for his wife's parents and 
 never tires, if able to do so, of mnking them ])rcsent8. 
 
 A chieCs son has no I'ight to his father's title or any clidm to rule by 
 virtue of his being tlie son of the (diief, although the tribe may chooHO 
 him as thoir chief. A chief's brother (full or half) or his sister's child, 
 is tho legal lioir, but bis light must he sanctioned by a nuijority Af tho 
 tribe, and the office frequently |)asses to whoever has most property to 
 give away. 
 
 All the Indians are very miserly, and they often go hungry and naked 
 foi- the purpose of saving up blankets, guns, etc., with which to make a 
 grand •' potlatch " (donation feast) to their friends. This secures them 
 consideration and a position in the tribe. Practically very few of the 
 men have more than a single wife. When a man has two wives, the 
 youngei-, ii'she be sound and lively, is the bead. Separation and 
 divorce is easy and re(iuii'cs no foi-mal act, but if a man should send 
 away his wife, on whose hunting-gi-ounds he may have been staying, 
 he must leave her inherited hunting-ground, unless he has another wife 
 who has a right to the same ground. These hunting gi-ounds are 
 extensive and are often possessed in common by several families. 
 
 Tho laws are basetl on the principle that any crime may be condoned 
 by i\ money payment. If a man should kill another, he or his friends 
 must pay for tho dead man — otherwise he himself or one of his friends 
 must be killed to balance tho account. 
 
 The vicious and unnatural practices of these people appear to be 
 traceabie in all cases to the teaching of their medicine-men or witches, 
 in whom thoy believe implicitly. Their i-eligious belief was simply 
 what their medicine-mon might lay down for them from time to time, 
 the idea of a Supreme Being, being very obscure, if not altogether 
 wanting. 
 
 198 B 
 
 f 
 
-J 
 
 INDFAN TIUHKM. 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 Tlii\v linvo no war chiofn, and I ciiiinot find that thoy ovor had a Wuri. 
 gonoral war with any other tril)o. Some fainilioM have had and aro 
 yot huvin/^f trouble with familit^H (»f other trihes wliom thoy chiiin en- 
 croacli on their hunting-grounds. These families tight it out among 
 Ihornsclves by waylaying ami murdei'ing each other, but there it ends 
 without producing any inter-tribal war. 
 
 Gratituile and (diarity seem to bo foreign to the natures <»f these jj^„„5„,^„j 
 peo|)lo. A man often gives away all ho has to bis trionds, but it is fop ""»"«• 
 purposes of personal aggi-andizement, and his father, inothoi- or sister 
 may bo sick, freo/ing or starving within sound of his voice. His 
 presents bestowed upon those who are strong and above want bi'inghim 
 distinction, which is his only object. The young Indians are, however, 
 more humane and (diaritable than the aged. 
 
 The Tahl-tan Indians have no totem-poles, although thoy preserve 
 the family linos, and observe them as sti-ictly as do the salt-water 
 tribes. They have no fear of death except from . ead of the pjiin of 
 dying, and this is very much lessened if they have ,)lonty oi goods to 
 leave to their friends. They are very stoiciil and not emotional, in 
 any sense. I have never seen one of thorn mblo or f|UMke with fear 
 or ang'^v. There is a belief propagated by their medieine-mon <>r 
 witches tha'o the otter gets inside of their wotv -n and remains there 
 until death, sometimes causing death by a lingering illness unlike any- 
 thing I have ever seen, in other cases allowing the woman to live on till 
 she dies from some otlu'r cause. 
 
 The name Kaska (from which that of the district Oassiar is derived-'^) Kiwka iii>(ians 
 is applied collectively to two tiibes or bands occupying the country to 
 the eastward of the Tahl-tan. I was unable to learn that this name is 
 reeogni/.ed by these Indians themselves, and it may be, as is often the 
 case with names adopted by the whites, merely that bj' which thoy are 
 known to some adjacent tribe. It is, however, a convenient designa- 
 tion for the group having a common dialect. This dialect is dili'orent 
 from that of the Tahl-tan, but the two ])eoples arc mutually intellig- 
 ible and to some extent intermarried. The Kaska are still more 
 closely allied by language and marriage to the Indians of the Lower 
 Liard, who arc commonly referred to as the " Hudson Bay Indians," 
 from the circumstance that they trade with that company. Practically 
 the whole of the Kaska trade either at McDame Creek or at the little 
 outpost at the mouth of the Deaso. The entire number of Indians re- 
 
 * Mr. J. W. MoKay states, in answer to a question aildresgnd to him on that subject, that Cossiar 
 is a corrupt spelling of tho word Kaska. Mr. McKay furUier idds that he has a suspicion that 
 the word Kaska is connected with that k\tnl,-u-met used by the Stuart Luke Indians to designate 
 dried beaver meat, though he has been unable to confirm this. 
 1* 199 B 
 
10 
 
 YIKON DISTRICT AND BllITISlI COLUMBIA. 
 
 liouiuliirics. 
 
 Composed of 
 two tribes. 
 
 porting to the tii-st numoil i)laco is 70. That at the month of the Duase 
 94, made upof'2;j men, 18 women, and 53 children. The aggregate 
 nimibei- of the Kaska, wlio inhabit a vast territory, is thus very small. 
 
 To (he westward, the K-sUa are bounded by the Tahl-taii. They 
 hunt over the country which drains to the Dease east of McDame 
 Creek; but north of the sources of streams reaching the J)ease, 
 they wander seldom, if at all, to the west of the Upper Liard. They 
 also hunt over the basin of the Black or Turnagaiii River, southward, 
 but not to the head-waters of that stream, as the country there is 
 claimed by the Al-ta'-tin (" Siccanie ") of Bear Lake region, who have 
 lately returned to it after having abandoned it for a number of years. 
 Eastward thej- claim the country tlown the Liard to the site of Old 
 Fort Ilalkett, and northward i-oam to the head of a long river (probably 
 Smith River) which falls into the Liard near this place, also up the 
 Upper Liard as far as Fi-ances Lake, though it would appear that not 
 till recent years have they ventured so iiir in thai direction. 
 
 The two cognate tribes here referred to collectively as the Ivaska are 
 named respectively, by themselves, Sa-ze-oo-ti-n.i and Ti-tsho-ti-na. The 
 first occupy the corner between the Liard and Dease, above referred to, 
 as well as the countiy southwaid on Black River, where they meet the 
 Bear Lake Indians, named by them Sat-e-loo'-ne. TheTi-tsho-ti-na claim 
 the remaining eastern half of the Kaska country, and call the Indians 
 furthei- down the Liard, below Fort Halkett, A-tsho-to-ti-na.-^^ These 
 are no doubt the tribes referred to by Dall (following a manuscript map 
 by Mr. Ross, of the Hudson Bay Company) as the Ache'-to-tin'-neh and 
 l)abo'-tena' respectively.! The latter are, however, I believe, distinct 
 from the "Siccanie" or Al-ta'-tin proper. The number stated for the 
 Indians trading at the mouth of tlie Dease, probably includes some 
 individuals properly referable to the tribe just mentioned. The Indians 
 from Pelly River also sometimes come to the same place to trade, but 
 are not included in the enumeration, and occasionally a few Taku or 
 Tagiah wander so far, following the trail eastward from Lake Marsh 
 on the Lewes. J 
 
 The Ti-tsho-ti-na call the Pell}' River j)Cople Ta-koos-oo-ti-na and 
 
 designate those beyond there again by the term Ai-ya'-na. 
 
 Characteristics. The Ivaska have the reputation of being a very timid people, and 
 
 they are rather undersized and have a poor physique. They are lazy 
 
 and untrustworthy. We met practically the entire tribe of the Ti- 
 
 * Er5ttcln-ottin6 or Ndu-tchO-ottino (?) of Petitot in Bui. Soc. Geog., 1875. 
 
 t Contributions to North American Ethnology ■ vol. i. 
 
 t Mr. Campbell, in answer to my emiu'ries, states that there were no leading tribes, under 
 chiefs, in his time on the Upper Liard, but scattered fmnily bands only. These included the 
 " Bastard " tribe or family, the " Thio-co-chassies " and the " Nahanies of the Mountains," the 
 last-named trading indifferently on either side of the mountains, but being quite a different race 
 from the Nahanies of the Stikine (Tahl-Uin). 
 
 20() II 
 
 Names of the 
 tribes. 
 
 t 
 I 
 
 
BAW«ON.] 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 11 
 
 
 tshu-ti-na at the little post at the mouth of the Dcase, and their 
 curiosity proved to be very embarrasiiiii. Mr. Egnell, who was in 
 charge of the post, excused it by explaining that they had never seen 
 so many AVhitos together before, the number being nine in all, includ- 
 ing our party, Mr. Egnell himself and Mr. McDonald, of the Hudson 
 Bay Company. Of these Indians, only two had been as far west as 
 Dease Lake, and none had ever seen the soa. They are, however, fairly 
 well off, as their country yields abundance of good furs. They visit the MiRrationa 
 trading post only once in the course of the year, spending the remain- 
 der of their time moving fi-om camp to camp in isolated little family 
 parties, hunting and trapping ; each one ti-aversing a very great extent 
 of country in the course of the twelve months. Some of their traps or 
 household goods are packed on dogs, but the greater part of their im- 
 pedimenta is carried by themselves on their backs, canoes being seldom 
 employed, Elvers and lakes are crossed in summer by rafts made for 
 the occasion. They generally bring in only the fine furs, as bearskins 
 and common furs are too heavy to transpoit. They evidenced great 
 curiosity with regard to our equipment, being particularly struck by 
 a canvas boat and an air jnljow. These and other objects, I have no 
 doubt, furnished subjects of conversation round many camp tires for the 
 ensuing year. 
 
 The Kiiska form a ])ortion of the group of tribes often referred to 
 by the Hudson Bay Company's people as the Nalianie or Naliaunie, 
 and so i hissed collectively by Dall in the absence of more definite in- 
 formation. '!= 
 
 For the noi-thern district, drained by the Felly, Stewart and other 
 rivers, i am unfortunately unable to give much detailed information 
 respecting the Indians, a circumstance due to the fact that we scarcely 
 met any of these Indians, nor did we proceed far enough down the main 
 river to meet the traders, from whom something might doubtless have 
 been obtained. 
 
 The name of the Indian ti-ibe inhabiting the Upper Pelly valley was 
 given to me by the Indians at the mouth of the Dease as Ta-koos-oo- 
 ti-na, by Indians met by us near the site of Fort Selkirk as Xa-ai'. The 
 territory of this tribe includes also the basin of theMacmillan and that 
 of the Sten^art as far down as the mouth of the Beaver, or •' First 
 North Fork," a very extensive region. 1 believe, however, that the 
 names above noted cither refer to local sub-divisions of the tribe, or are 
 tei-ms applied to them by neighbouring ti'ibes and not recognized by 
 themselves. Dall in his article already cited (fbllov.'ing Ross) gives 
 Abbato-teniV as the name of a tribe inhabiting the U]tper Telly .ind 
 Macmillan. while Petitot places the name Esba-ta-otinn.i in the same 
 
 ■ Ov. Oil. 
 
 201 11 
 
 Indians of 
 
 nortliBTn 
 
 district. 
 
 Indians of 
 Upper Polly. 
 
12 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Tribesbelow 
 li'ort Selkirk. 
 
 Xuml)i 
 
 region. Campbell again states that the IndianH met by him on the 
 Pelly were " Knife Indians," and I think there can be very little doubt 
 that the true name of this tribe is Ks-pO-to-ti-na, formed by the combi- 
 . iition of the word Es-pa-zah (meaning knife in the neighbouring 
 Kaska language) and ti-na. This is again evidently the same with 
 the name rendered to me as Spo-to-ti-na by a trader in Cassiar and said 
 by him, to be a Kaska name for the tribe to the north of their 
 country. 
 
 From the Indians above mentioned as having been met with at the 
 site of Fort Selkirk, who were travelling with miners, the following 
 information was obtained : — 
 
 A tribe or band named Klo-a-tsul-tshik' (-otin ?) range from Rink 
 Rapid and its vicinity on the Lewes to the head of (he east branch of 
 White River, where they go at the salmon-fishing season. These 
 people probably also range down the river as far as the mouth of the 
 Lewes, or further. They are the Gens des Bois or Wood Indians of the 
 fur-traders. It will be observed Ihat their name does not terminate 
 in the usual way, but of this no explanation could be obtained. ^^ 
 
 The To-tshik-o-tin are said to live about the mouth of Stewai-t River, 
 and to extend up the Stewart as far as the Beaver River, meeting thoi-e 
 the Es-pa-to-ti-na to whom they are or were hostile. They are no doubt 
 the Tutchone-kutchin of Ball's map. 
 
 Near the mouth of Forty-mile Creek are the Tsit-o-klin-otin and a 
 short distance below this point on the river, so I was informed, is a 
 tribe named Ka-tshik-o-tin. These were said to be followed by the 
 Ai-yan', below which come the O-til'-tin, the last tribe occupying the 
 vicinity of the mouth of the Porcupine and extending some way up 
 that river. 
 
 It was further stated that the people of the above mentioned tribes, 
 with others, making seven in all, were collectively classed as Ai-yan'. 
 This agrees sufficiently closely with the name Ai-ya'-na, given to me as 
 a general name of Indians beyond those of the Pelly River by those 
 found at the mouth of the Dease. 
 
 According to Schwatka the entire number of Indians along the main 
 I'iver from the mouth of the Lewes to the Porcupine is about 250. I 
 can make nothing, however, oT the local names given by him, with 
 j'espect to which indeed he appears to have been himself in doubt. 
 
 The Indians inhabiting the whole basin of Peel River, were said, by 
 my informants at Fort Selkirk, to be named Sa-to-tin. A tribe named 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 • Mr. Campbell informs me that in his time wliile a very few families of the " Knife Indians" 
 inhabited the region of the Upper Pelly, the Indians were very numerous and divided into bands, 
 under chiefs, along the river from Fort Selkirk to Fort Yukon. The " Wood Indians" numbered 
 several hundreds. Below them on the river were the " Ayonais " as rell as other tribes, of 
 which Mr. Campbell was unable to learn the names. 
 
 l«)2 B 
 
OAWtON.J 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ( 
 
 San-totin' was further .said to occur y the territory about a hike on Janana River 
 
 -rrri • t»- i t Indians. 
 
 white River and westward to extend down the Tanana River to a 
 point nearly opposite the head of Fortj-mile Creek. Below this jjeople, 
 on the Tanana come the Sa-tshi-o-tin' or "Bear Indians," Lieut. Allan^'- 
 gives the names of tribes or bands along the Tanana, from its head down 
 (though on doubtful authorily) as Nut/.otin, Mantototin, Tolwatin, 
 Clatchotin, Hautlatin, the second and fourth of wliich seem to repre- 
 sent the names given to me. 
 
 From the above information, such as it is, I think it probable thatconciusinna. 
 the Ai-3'a'-na or Ai-3'an people may be said to consist of the following 
 ti'ibes : Klo-a-tsul-tshik, To-tshik-o-tin, Tsit-o-klino-tin, Jva-tshik-o-tin, 
 O-til'-tin, San-to-tin, and Sa-tshi-o-tin'. The .name Ai-yan may bo that 
 of a premier tribe or of a meeting place common to the various ti'ibes. 
 The Ai-ya'-na would thus extend from the lower part of the Lewes to 
 the mouth of the Porcupine, and include the basin of White River, 
 together with the greater part or all of that of the Tanana. 
 
 The term Kutchin as a genei-al suttix to the names of tribes, re-"Kutchin." 
 placing fm/ie, tina or o^'n has, J believe, been carried much too far west- 
 ward in this region on ethnological maps, being properly referable only 
 to certain tribes situated to the north of the Ai-ya'-na and Es-pa-to- 
 ti-na and lying between these and the Eskimo. Docking oil' this 
 gratuitous termination from the names Ilan-kutchin and Tenan '-kut- 
 chin aj)plied as tribal names by Dall on the maiii river above the 
 mouth of the Porcupine and along the Tanana River respectively ; we 
 may, with some probability, consider Han and Tenan as versions of 
 Ai-yan. Ditferences such as this and others previously reterred to in 
 the rendering of Indian woi'ds — which are never clearly pronounced by 
 the people themselves — are, as I thiidv any one who has had some ex- 
 perience in endeavouring to reduce them to writing will admit, very 
 easily explained. 
 
 A grave was.seen on the Upper Pelly, near the mouth of the Mac-(<r.,yeg_ 
 millan and others near the site of Fort Selkirk. There were the usual 
 coffin-boxes, surrounded by pickets, and near them tall poles were set 
 up, bearing streamers of cloth. 
 
 The Tagish Indians, occupy- the greater pai-t of the valley of the Tagisli Indiana. 
 Lewes above the mouth of the Tes-lin-too, as well as the last-named 
 river as far as to its etHux from Tes-lin Lake, the lake itself being in 
 the Taku country. To the Tagish belong the group of lakes of which 
 Tagish-ai or Tagish Lake is the principal. They may be said to be 
 separated from the coast tribes by the water-shed ridge of the Coast 
 Mountains on Chilkoot Pass, though the line of division is not 
 apparently well drawn, and they iikcwise probably reach the head- 
 
 • Report of an Expedition to the Coppcryianana and Koyiilcuk Rivers, etc., 1887. 
 
 2o;i B 
 
EBB 
 
 14 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITISH OOLUMPTA. 
 
 Position and 
 relations. 
 
 waters of the Tahk-heena branch of the Lewes. The name of this 
 Territory. stream evidently means Tagish Eivcr, and though I follow the usual 
 orthography, this is incorrect. The precise line of demarcation between 
 this tribe and the Taku, in the valley which connects A-tlin Lake with 
 the Taku River, is not known. One of the Tagish peojjle informed me 
 that they claim also the head-waters of the Big Salmon River, and 
 Lieut. Schwatka (who calls these people Tahk-heesh) in his report 
 mentions having found some of them temporarily- in occupation of a 
 spot not far above the mouth of the Lewes. I believe, however, that 
 this parly may have been merely on a trading expedition and feel 
 doubtful also of their extension to the Salmon, unless tempoi-arily on 
 some such errand. Their principal place is upon the short reach of 
 river connecting Tagish Lake with Lake Marsh, where two rough 
 wooden houses, somewhat resembling tho.^e of the Coast Indians, are 
 situated. Here the greater part of the tribe congregates during the 
 winter. 
 
 So far as I was able to judge, the Tagish in their mode of life and 
 habits are identical with the Tinnd Indians. The}- are classed with those 
 as "Stick Indians," by the coast tril)es, and have been assumed to be 
 Tinn<S, but their language very clearly shows that they are in reality a 
 Thlinkit people. Most of their words are either identical or very 
 nearly so with those of the Thlinkit, while a few appear to resemble 
 those of the Tinnd. Till of late, the} have been etfectually domin- 
 ated by the Chilkats and Chilkoots of Lynn Canal and have thus been 
 kept poor both in goods and in spirit. From time immemorial they 
 have been in the position of intermediaries in trade between the 
 Coast and the Tinn6 Indians, without being sufficiently strong to levy a 
 toll. On the ([uestion as to whether the blending of characteristics 
 which they appear to show physically, as well as in other respects, has 
 resulted only from intermingling of the two peoples, or may be re- 
 garded as preserving evidence of the actual derivation of the Thlinket 
 from the Tinnd, or its converse, I can offer no definite opinion. The 
 question is, however, a very interesting one for further investigation, 
 and may eventually throw light on the connection between these 
 peoples, first, I believe, pointed out by my friend, the late Dr. W. F, 
 Tolmie.* 
 Number. The Tagish tribe is a very small one, and includes about fifteen fami- 
 
 lies only, all told, — representing possibly seventy or eighty individuals. 
 Their snow-shoes, together with their travelling and hunting equip- 
 ment generally and their mode of camping, are identical with those of 
 the Tinne, so far as I was able to observe. 
 
 I 
 
 • Comimmtive Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia, 
 
 204 11 
 
•] 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 15 
 
 At the lower end of Lake Marsh we found r>evoral graves whioli, no'iravc?. 
 doubt, belonged to the Tagish. One was a small tent-shaped erection 
 covered with calico, another a box wrapped in spruce bark and piled 
 round with neatly cut pieces of wood and logs, held in place by 
 pickets. A third, a similar box, on which billets of wood and Hnally 
 rough branches and rubbish had been piled. The boxes were too small 
 to contain the corpses of adults, oven if placed in the constrained pos- 
 ture usual to Indians, and as the ground beneath and around each of 
 the deposits was thoroughly burnt, it appetired quite possible that the 
 bodies had been cremated and the ashes only coffined. 
 
 Eespectintr the Chilkat and the Chilkoot tribes of Lynn Canal, I can chiikat and 
 
 , , -r . CI 1 il • Chilkoot 
 
 add little or nothing to what is already known. Lieut, bchwatkii, m Indians, 
 his report already referred to, speaks of these people as constituting 
 divisions of a single tribe under the general name of Chilkat. They are 
 certainly very closely allied, though in times past they have not always 
 been at amity. Schwatka further states that " the Chilkats, pi-opcr, 
 have three permanent villages, which are situated in the immediate 
 neighbourhood of Pyramid Harbour, and at no great distance from 
 each other. The Chilkoots, the other division of the tribe, have one 
 village, situated permanently in the Chilkoot Inlet." These people are 
 of course, in all respects, typical Thlinkit. They number, in all, 
 according to Lieut. Symons, U.S.N., 981. Schwatka says they call the 
 Tagish, in some connection, Si-him-e-na. 
 
 Mr. J. C. P. De Krafft* says that he was informed of the Chilkat, 
 Chilkoot and neighbouring interior tribes, that they are all of the 
 general classification Thlinkit, and name the whole region inhabited 
 by them Kunana, the inhabitants Kunaiini. Thai one group of tribes 
 named Alitch (being their name for people) consists of six small tribes 
 viz. . Tagesh (living nearest the coast) , Kluhtane, Netlatsin, Tahtlin, 
 Klukha, andTahho. Of the above names, most are recognisable as those 
 of places in the Tagish country, and they may refer to the hunting- 
 grounds of various families, but there is evidently some confusion 
 respecting the names, which are quoted here chiefly with the object of 
 suggesting further enquiry. 
 
 The subjoined table, giving a census of the Indian population of the Hudson Bay 
 Mackenzie Eiver District, and including the Yukon region so far aSeeS."^^ 
 known to the Hudson Bay Company in 1858, is of interest, as showing 
 the tribal sub-divisions as recognized by the Company, and as throwing 
 some light on the questions discussed above. The table is due to the 
 late Chief Factor, James Anderson, and has been communicated to me 
 through the kindness of his son. 
 
 • U. S. Senate Doo. 1 Session, 47th CongresB, vol. iv, p. 100. 
 
 205 B 
 
Ifi 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 
 Maubird. 
 
 ! 
 Adults. 1 Childrkn. 
 
 TdTAL. 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 £ 1 
 
 -3 
 
 a 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 1 ' i 
 
 il 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 SI 
 
 'Ji 
 
 "3 
 
 
 Fort Simpson and Big Island. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 l! 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Slaves, Dog Ribs and Hares. 
 
 NnhfllilP** 
 
 124 
 13 
 
 129 
 14 
 
 96 
 35 
 
 20 159 130 1 3791 279 
 .... 12 13 1 60 ^7 
 
 658 
 87 
 
 —745 
 
 Fort Rae. 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 Dog Kit)s ami a few Slaves 1 
 and Yellow Knives / 
 
 123 
 
 131 
 
 1 
 
 25 , 145 
 
 142 
 
 359 
 
 298 
 
 657 
 
 —657 
 
 Peel R. and La Pierre's House. . 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loiu'lieux (Koochin) 
 
 A few Esquimaux occa- 
 sional visitors. 
 
 81 
 
 92' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 7i 83 
 
 II 
 
 53 
 
 185 
 
 152 
 
 337 
 
 —337 
 
 Yukon. 
 
 
 
 
 '\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LouoliMix of six tribes 
 
 These are all that resort 
 to the fort. 
 
 135 
 
 156! 
 
 1 
 
 121 
 
 75! 218 
 
 1 
 
 137 : 474 
 
 i 
 
 368 
 
 842 
 
 —842 
 
 Fort Liard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ftl.lVeg 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 1 ^« 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 14 84 
 
 53 
 
 ' 1fi7 
 
 114 
 
 43 
 16 
 
 , 281 
 
 78 
 
 , 38 
 
 i 
 
 
 Sicaiinies or Thicannies .... 
 
 Nal»anips 
 
 * * * * 1 
 
 • • • • < 
 
 i 
 
 16 
 11 
 
 27l: 35 
 7 22 
 
 1 
 
 —397 
 
 Fort Resolution. 
 
 
 Chipewyans and Yellow"! 
 Knives, with a few Dog j- 
 Ribs and Slaves J 
 
 98 
 
 149 
 
 
 i 
 
 119 
 
 1 
 103 217 
 
 252 
 
 i 
 
 ' 469 
 
 469 
 
 
 
 
 Fort Good Hope. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 76 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 78 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 68 
 
 18 
 
 ' 3 
 
 23' 
 3 
 3 
 
 80 
 17 
 
 39' 224 
 
 121 58 
 
 ■i 
 
 ....; 4 
 
 140 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 364 
 
 95 
 
 8 
 
 
 Lonoheux and Batard Lou- \ 
 
 cheux / 
 
 Nahanies 
 
 —467 
 
 Fort Norman. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 Slaves 
 
 19 
 23 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 1 10 
 17 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 14 
 
 I 11 
 
 1 'I 
 
 49 
 67 
 71 
 
 26 
 
 ! 
 
 35 
 36 
 62 
 17 
 
 84 
 103 
 133 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 
 ....: 27 
 9; 28 
 
 1 
 
 Tlno' Tiil"»S 
 
 
 "NTq 1 1 q n 1 PS .••■ ....>. 
 
 
 18 
 
 . —363 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 206 B 
 
OAwroN.] 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 It 
 
 Fort Halkftt. 
 
 Sicannies or Thicannies 
 
 Mauvais Monde, Batard 
 J5ahannie8 andMountain 
 Indians. All tribes of 
 Nahannies 
 
 Recapitulation. 
 
 Slaves, Dog Ribs, Chipewy- 
 ans and Yellow Knives, 
 who are all of the same 
 race, and speak — with \- 
 slight variations — the 
 same dialect of theChip- 
 ewyan language 
 
 Nahanies or Mountain In- 
 dians, who speak a very 
 corrupt dialect of the 
 Chipewyan 
 
 Sicannies or Thicannies, 
 who also speak a dialect 
 of the Chipewyan lan- 
 guage 
 
 Loucheux or Koochin and 
 Batard Loucheux (half 
 Hare, half Loucheux). 
 Only some words of this 
 langua,^e are understo i 
 by the Slaves 
 
 Married. 
 
 
 "3 
 
 a 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 fi3 
 
 (i3 
 
 530 
 
 602 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 239 
 
 270 
 
 892 
 
 1003 
 
 Adults. 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 19 
 
 341 
 
 59 
 
 14 
 
 160 
 
 o 
 
 ■3 
 
 a 
 
 CHI1.DREN.M Total. 
 
 
 7 5 
 
 93 
 
 12 
 
 85 
 
 14 
 
 57 
 
 662 
 
 98 
 
 30 
 
 318 
 
 5741 195 
 
 11108 
 
 I -2 
 
 fa S 
 
 11 38 
 48 139 
 
 521 
 
 76 
 
 38 
 
 202 
 
 1533 
 
 251 
 
 73 
 
 717 
 
 837 2574 
 
 a 
 
 fa 
 
 
 35 73 
 120 259 
 
 1216 2749 
 
 184 
 
 435 
 
 78' 151 
 
 5571274 
 
 2035 4609 
 
 -332 
 
 4609 
 
 207 It 
 
SHOET VOCABULARIES OF THE TATIL-TAN, TI-TSIIO-TI-NA, 
 AND TA-GISH OBTAINED IN 1887. 
 
 The alphabet employed is identical with that of the " Comparative 
 Vocabularies of the Indian Tribes of liritibh Columbia," and is as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 a as in English /«'• 
 
 u " " father. 
 
 f, " " met. 
 
 j- '• " they. 
 
 .; " " pin- 
 
 7 " " marine. 
 
 Q " " pot. 
 
 ,-, " " go, show. 
 
 u " " nut, but. 
 
 y " " year. 
 
 ai " " «^"«'«- 
 
 ,;i " " vein. 
 
 00 " " pool, fool. 
 
 eu " French peu (seldom used). 
 
 ow " English now. 
 
 The distinction of long and short vowels (following Gibbs) is noted 
 as far as possible, by the division into syllables, — the consonant that 
 follows a vowel being joined immediately to one intended to be 
 pronounced short, while a long vowel is left open, being followed by 
 a hyphen. When this is insuflScient, or a nicer distinction is desirable, 
 the usual long and short marks are supplied. 
 
 Explosive or klicking sounds are represented by the letters k, t, etc., 
 in combination with an apostrophe, thus — 'k 't. 
 
 An acute accent (') at the end of a syllable indicates its accentuated 
 character, when this is very distinct. In some cases certain syllables 
 are run very huri-iedly over and almost whispered, and though really 
 forming a ])art of the word, might easily be omitted by a careless 
 listener. Where this has been noted it is indicated by the use of 
 smaller type. Strongly guttural syllables are printed in small capitals, 
 
 thus, laic-KR. A nasal sound is denoted by a small letter above the 
 
 line, thus — °. 
 
 20Sb 
 
DAWSON.] 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 19 
 
 English. 
 
 Tahl-tan. 
 
 Tl-TSnO-Tl-NA. 
 
 Ta-gish. 
 
 Man 
 
 den'-e 
 
 skel-e'-nft 
 
 tah-kri''-ne 
 
 Woman 
 
 e-ga-ttn' 
 
 ia-tshl-yong 
 
 ug uh-tc''-na 
 
 Boy 
 
 elo-m"'' 
 
 i8-tslii''-ma 
 
 too-ni'-na 
 
 Girt 
 
 •tG'-da 
 
 i8-too''-a 
 
 ti-talioo-llug'-a- 
 
 tt-na 
 (little uvman) 
 
 Infant 
 
 — _ 
 
 
 i8-loo''-a 
 
 Mij father 
 
 e-te''-uli 
 
 a-ta'-a 
 
 e-tah'' 
 
 Ml/ mother 
 
 e-tlT 
 
 en-a' 
 
 ah-ma' 
 
 My husband 
 
 es-kuh-li'^-na 
 
 sine-ske-lr- n& 
 
 uh-hoh' 
 
 My ivife 
 
 es-tsi-yu''-na 
 
 sine-is-tahl-yong 
 
 ua-aa-wut-tG 
 
 My son 
 
 es-tshl-uie 
 
 8ino-is-t8lii''-uia 
 
 uh-bi-yit'-e 
 
 My daughter 
 
 es-too'-eh 
 
 sine-i8-too''-a 
 
 
 My elder brother 
 
 es-ti-uh 
 
 kut-C-'-uh 
 
 
 My younger Wother 
 
 es-tshif-le 
 
 L'-tslu''ala 
 
 
 My elder sister 
 
 e-tiV-ta 
 
 a-tad-e 
 
 
 My younger sister 
 
 os-tC'-juh 
 
 a-tad'-znli 
 
 
 An Indian 
 
 dl-(len^-e 
 
 den'-i.li 
 
 tabut-lGk' 
 
 Head 
 
 es-'tsi 
 
 ea-sc''' 
 
 ka-auh 
 
 Hair 
 
 e«-tsi-gii'' 
 
 es-stC-ga'' 
 
 ka-alia-ha-oo 
 
 Face 
 
 es-snt' 
 
 es-emV 
 
 ka-guh' 
 
 Forehead 
 
 es-t8r''-ga 
 
 ea-tsi'-ge 
 
 ka-kok' 
 
 Ear 
 
 es-thGs'-botl 
 
 sus-piV-luh 
 
 ka-kook'' 
 
 Eye 
 
 ea-ta'' 
 
 es-ta' 
 
 ka-wok 
 
 Nose 
 
 es-tshi' 
 
 ea-tal 
 
 ka-tlooh 
 
 Mouth 
 
 es-saf'-a 
 
 ea-zfi-de 
 
 'kOh 
 
 Tongue 
 
 es-sa'' 
 
 ea-za-de 
 
 ka-tloot' 
 
 Teeth 
 
 es-gool/ 
 
 es-t?yuh' 
 
 ka-Gh^ 
 
 Beard 
 
 es-stane'-GUH 
 
 ea-ton-o-kh' 
 
 ka-kuh-tad-zai' 
 
 Neck 
 
 es-kos' 
 
 es-'koa 
 
 ka-hloo-tili'' 
 
 Arm 
 
 es-sl-tluh 
 
 ea-kiV-nuh 
 
 ka-tsbin 
 
 Hand 
 
 es-slnh' 
 
 ea-aitu'' 
 
 ka-tabin 
 
 Fingers 
 
 es-slul/ or slus- 
 sf'-guh 
 
 ea-sitil'' 
 
 ka-tlG-uk 
 
 Thumb 
 
 slus-tsho'' 
 
 alas-tsho'' 
 
 ka-koosh'' 
 
 Little finger 
 
 8lus-tshed''-le 
 
 
 
 Nails 
 
 is-la-gun'-a 
 
 ela-kun-a'' 
 
 ka-bakwh 
 
 Body 
 
 es-hia' 
 
 ea-zi' 
 
 ka-ke-ain'' 
 
 Chest 
 
 es-tshan 
 
 ea-tzong 
 
 ka-bat-ka'' 
 
 Belly 
 
 e8-b;t 
 
 ea-pet 
 
 ka-yookub'' 
 
 Female breasts 
 
 ma-t6''-ja 
 
 ea-tu^-ja 
 
 too-tla 
 
 Leg 
 
 es-tsGn-a 
 
 ea-tsut'-za 
 
 ka-kud''-ze 
 
 Foot 
 
 es-kuh'' 
 
 ea-'kia'' 
 
 ka-koa 
 
 Toes 
 
 ea-kua-tsho'' 
 (probably great toe) 
 
 ea-kuh-gau^'-da' 
 
 ka-tle-uk 
 
 Bone 
 
 es-tse"'' 
 
 es-taun'-uh 
 
 taak 
 
 209 B 
 
20 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Ekglish. 
 
 Tahl-tan. 
 
 es-tsluV 
 
 Tl-TSIIO-Tl-NA. 
 
 Ta-gish. 
 
 Heart 
 
 eK-tzi-a 
 
 ka-teh' 
 
 Blond 
 
 e-ted-luh 
 
 e-til-nh' 
 
 shell 
 
 Village 
 
 kr-yr' 
 
 kon'-a 
 
 ai-r-i-tl 1?) 
 
 Chief 
 
 tin-ti'-iia 
 
 tin-a-tr'-yuh 
 
 an-kow' 
 
 Warrior 
 
 e-ted'-otsha 
 
 
 
 Frieiid 
 
 es-tsin-i' 
 
 flfi-za 
 
 yu-kel/ 
 
 Jfoune 
 
 kl-iual/ 
 
 es-kon'-a 
 
 iiit 
 
 BrvKh wigwam 
 
 tso-la-hii'' 
 
 es-kon'-a 
 
 hit 
 
 1-1 / 
 
 Kettle 
 
 'kotl 
 
 sioo-HiV-a 
 
 ki-alia' 
 
 How 
 
 (les-aii 
 
 sl-te-uli'' 
 
 tshoo-net'' 
 
 Arrmr 
 Axe 
 
 'k-ah 
 
 tsT-tl 
 
 t^-ka-ah 
 tsintl 
 
 ka-kutl 
 sliin-a-wha 
 
 Knife 
 
 JHSll 
 
 es-pa-znh 
 
 kll-ta 
 
 Canoe 
 
 nia-la''-te 
 
 sa-la-al/ 
 
 yakw 
 
 MoccamiK 
 
 e-tshil-e-krl/ 
 (/>kin shoeK) 
 
 es-kuli'' 
 
 titl 
 
 ripe 
 Tobacco 
 
 tsC-a-KH 
 
 es-tzil-e-ke'-duh 
 tzid-a-too''-de 
 
 tsik-ta-ket' 
 tHe-uk 
 
 fibj 
 
 ya-za 
 
 kus 
 
 tik-ki' 
 
 Sun 
 
 tslm 
 
 sa 
 
 ka-kun' 
 
 Moon 
 
 
 8a 
 
 itl-tis' 
 
 Star 
 
 sunn 
 
 sun 
 
 kwat-a-hin-a-ha 
 
 Dan 
 
 zeu-is 
 
 do-te-dzuh 
 
 ha 
 
 Daylight 
 
 yC-ka^ 
 
 
 
 Night 
 Morning 
 
 ih-klC-guh 
 
 kla-klC-ge 
 
 tat 
 
 tshut-tsliaw- 
 
 e-kla-dzi 
 
 tsoo-tat' 
 
 
 tlum'' 
 
 
 
 Evening 
 
 l)ih-t:uh' 
 
 tlah-kii-ha 
 
 ha''-na 
 
 Spring 
 
 ta-ne' 
 
 ta-tuna-ka-ga 
 
 ya-kune tshatK 
 
 Summer 
 
 kll-we-guh' 
 
 i-pah 
 
 kus-sl-at' 
 
 Autumn 
 
 tu-tla' 
 
 
 yes'k 
 
 M'ivler 
 
 ih-ha-yth 
 
 hat'-ya 
 
 
 Wind 
 
 it-tsi' 
 
 it-sl 
 
 nook 
 
 lliunder 
 
 it-ti-i-tshi'' 
 
 it-tl-ji 
 
 in-dl-jeh'' 
 
 Lightning 
 
 knii-ta-t8»"l 
 
 knn-ta-tzil'' 
 
 soon-tsha'-na 
 
 Ruin 
 
 tsha' 
 
 tsha" 
 
 tsoo 
 
 Snow 
 
 zus 
 
 zus 
 
 kliet 
 
 Fire 
 
 k6n 
 
 kun 
 
 'kan 
 
 Water 
 
 tsoo 
 
 too 
 
 hin 
 
 Tee 
 
 ten" 
 
 tun 
 
 'trik 
 
 Earth, land 
 
 nen 
 
 nin 
 
 hoo-tl-tluk 
 
 Sea 
 
 e-etlft 
 
 e-etla 
 fta-ka'-koo-tsho" 
 (when large) 
 too-za-za 
 : (when miall) 
 
 e-'tl 
 
 
 
 hin 
 
 River 
 
 100-658!! 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 210 b 
 
I 
 
 OAWaON.] 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. 
 
 21 
 
 Enoush. 
 
 Tahl-tan. 
 
 Tl-TSnO-Tl-NA. 
 
 Ta-gish. 
 
 Lnke 
 
 mrn 
 
 min 
 
 uh 
 
 Valley 
 
 ta-jros'-ke 
 
 tein-i-tla 
 
 yin-a-llet'-ki 
 
 Prairie 
 
 'klo'-Kii 
 
 a-tega 
 
 tshoo^-kim 
 
 Hill 
 
 tah 
 
 hi-za-za 
 
 shuh 
 
 Mountain 
 
 his-telio 
 
 tHUtl 
 
 • 
 
 iKluiid 
 
 ta-<^too-e 
 
 ta-dcVa 
 
 ka'-tuh 
 
 Stone, rock 
 
 tsG 
 
 tsa 
 
 tC-h 
 
 Salt 
 
 e-etm 
 
 
 r-'tl 
 
 Iron 
 
 pof'-te-zln' 
 
 pij-zin 
 
 ki-yeMsuh 
 
 Fored 
 
 got-<S 
 
 
 shi-ti-hin-as 
 (many trees) 
 
 Tree 
 
 tli-gi'-tiut' 
 
 tsoo 
 
 sho-tlek'-as 
 
 Wood 
 
 tset-tsh-teClsh 
 
 tsntz 
 
 et-ka-whut'-ti 
 
 Leaf 
 
 e-trui(i' 
 
 a-tAna 
 
 ke-ga-nl 
 
 Bark 
 
 ed-la 
 
 se-tCd-za 
 
 a-hloo-nl 
 
 Grass 
 
 kloilh 
 
 klu-ye 
 
 tshoo^'-kun 
 
 Pine 
 
 gil-za 
 
 
 kletl or kaon-8t' 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 
 
 tie 
 
 Flesh, meut 
 
 e-tsCt' 
 
 a-tzun 
 
 til 
 
 Dog 
 
 kll 
 
 kli 
 
 kCtl 
 
 Bear 
 
 Bluish 
 
 BU8 
 
 hootz 
 
 Wolf 
 
 tshl-yo-ne 
 
 tshi-yV-nuh 
 
 nooB 
 
 Fox 
 
 nus-tsu'lie 
 
 ni.-tsa.^ 
 
 na-kat-sf; 
 
 Deer 
 
 kiw-igana 
 
 
 
 Mountain-goat 
 
 
 
 tsJien-oo 
 
 Mountain-sheep 
 
 
 
 ta-wrl/ 
 
 Caribou 
 
 o-tsi'' 
 
 goo-dzi'' 
 
 but-ail/ 
 
 Bearer 
 
 tsha 
 
 tsa 
 
 tsi-ge-di' 
 
 Rabbit, hare 
 
 guh 
 
 guh 
 
 kah 
 
 Fly 
 
 tBi-meh 
 
 tsot^a'' 
 
 ka-kon-a-wit''-8o 
 
 Mosquito 
 
 tsl 
 
 t«I-a 
 
 tiV-ka 
 
 Snake 
 
 
 
 ti-koo-too''-da 
 
 Bird 
 
 tal-mGh 
 
 tih 
 
 k-ktl 
 
 J^gg 
 
 e-ga-zuh' 
 
 e-ga''-zuh 
 
 et-kot'-e 
 
 Feathers 
 
 tshosli 
 
 met-tshosa 
 
 a-k\vatMe 
 
 Wings 
 
 ml-I-tsene 
 
 me-tzou-a 
 
 e-ki''-je 
 
 Ooose 
 
 gan jeh 
 
 gun- tsha 
 
 ta-wuk 
 
 Duck (mallard) 
 
 too'-deh 
 
 too'' -d ah 
 
 ka-whw 
 
 Fish 
 
 klew'-eli 
 
 hloo^-ga 
 
 nat 
 
 Salmon 
 
 klew'-eh 
 
 gt-iS 
 
 tilh 
 
 Name 
 
 on-yeh 
 
 toon'-ya 
 
 
 White 
 
 ta-'kud'-le 
 
 tr.-kud''-za 
 
 kle-tuh'-uh-te 
 
 Black 
 
 ten-es-kla''-je 
 
 ten-as-kluz'-e 
 
 too''-teh 
 
 Red 
 
 te-tsl-je 
 
 a-tul-a' 
 
 ka-nuh'-e-t© 
 
 Blue 
 
 te-tlesh'-te 
 
 det-lls-da 
 
 ta-tlin-suh 
 
 Yell(yw 
 
 tsim'-tlet 
 
 ten-a-tse-a 
 
 tsoo-yuh-uli-ta 
 
 211 B 
 
22 
 
 YUKON DISTRICT AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 £noi.ihii. 
 
 Taiil-tan. 
 
 Tl-THIIO-Tl-NA. 
 
 tsiid-a-da-tHf/ 
 
 Ta-oihh. 
 
 Green 
 
 (xame as yellon) 
 
 {same ns yellow) 
 
 Great, large 
 
 o-IhIio 
 
 ta-etslin 
 
 a-tlin' 
 
 Small, little 
 
 ta-a-t8ti(l''-le 
 
 ta-tzillo' 
 
 ti-tslioo-tlnli' 
 
 Strntig 
 
 na-tl-yi 
 
 nnn-tl 
 
 hll-tsin' 
 
 Old 
 
 es-tHlifin 
 
 Ha-fi 
 
 y no-got 
 
 Young 
 
 es-kMili 
 
 tl-tf)0 
 
 yis 
 
 Oond 
 
 e-ii''-uh 
 
 e-t('''-iili 
 
 ya-kfi' 
 
 Bad 
 
 tsluV-ta 
 
 koos-tHa'-lHa 
 
 kon-ai-a-oo 
 
 Dead 
 
 a-jul/ 
 
 a-jah 
 
 yoo'-na 
 
 Alive 
 
 to-tslu' 
 
 goo-te' 
 
 kwa-gi-tl' 
 
 Cold 
 
 llOB-tll^ 
 
 goo8-tli or el-oo- 
 goo 
 
 ye-tlk 
 
 Warm, hot 
 
 hoB-sItl 
 
 a-to-zulle' 
 
 yoo-tli-tik 
 
 I 
 
 shi-ni 
 
 nin''-e 
 
 hat 
 
 Tlion 
 
 nin-e 
 
 sin^-e 
 
 ine-eh 
 
 He 
 
 a->H'e 
 
 i-ye 
 
 
 We 
 
 ta-lum''-o 
 
 
 
 Ye 
 
 kla'-tse 
 
 
 
 This 
 
 ti-te 
 
 di-di 
 
 
 That 
 
 a-yl-ge 
 
 I-ye' 
 
 
 All 
 
 sC-tse 
 
 ta-tC-da 
 
 ut-la-kut 
 
 Many, mwh 
 
 oo-tla" 
 
 nu8-tlo" 
 
 shi-a-te-hen' 
 
 Who 
 
 ma-dai-e 
 
 
 
 Far 
 
 nl-sa-te 
 
 goo-din-e-sat'' 
 
 na-hh 
 
 Near 
 
 halZ-ne 
 
 ha-nfi 
 
 kwun-a-81 
 
 Here 
 
 tls-tsik 
 
 
 
 To-day 
 
 too'-ga 
 
 di-doo-den-e 
 
 ye-ki''-yi 
 
 Yesterday 
 
 kit-srZ-knh 
 
 ta-tshn" 
 
 tet-kiih 
 
 To-morrow 
 
 tsha-tslifi'' 
 
 ta-tslion 
 
 tsootat'' 
 
 Yea 
 
 Ch 
 
 ho" 
 
 a-huh 
 
 No 
 
 tl-wuh 
 
 in-too-uli 
 
 kirk 
 
 One 
 
 tli-peli' 
 
 e-tle'-ga 
 
 tshut-lC'k 
 
 Two 
 
 tla-kCh 
 
 lilek-et-e-ta' 
 
 tGh 
 
 Time 
 
 tfi-tC' 
 
 ta-di-da 
 
 natz 
 
 Four 
 
 klen-teh^ 
 
 hlen''-ta 
 
 ta-koon ' 
 
 Five 
 
 klo-dlae' 
 
 klo-la' 
 
 kl-tshii/ 
 
 Six 
 
 iia-slikC'' 
 
 nod-sli'-ga 
 
 kle-doo-shuh'' 
 
 Seven 
 
 na-sla-keh' 
 
 nod-i-slik-a 
 
 tuh-a-doo-shuh'' 
 
 Eight 
 
 na-stle' 
 
 nos-ta-di-da'' 
 
 natz-ka-doo- 
 shiih' 
 
 Nine 
 
 na-sten-teh'' 
 
 nos-I-slen-e-ta 
 
 koo-shok'' 
 
 Ten 
 
 t80-sna''-ne 
 
 tis-encVgoanzi- 
 tli-ga' 
 
 tshin-kat 
 
 Eleven 
 
 tso-sna.''-ne-tes- 
 
 tis-Cno-go-anzi- 
 
 tshin-kat-ka- 
 
 
 liheh 
 
 la-knt-e-tla 
 
 tlal/ 
 
 Twelve 
 
 o-dis-la-keh' 
 
 tleh-gad-ih-no' 
 
 tshiu-kat-ka-teh 
 
 f- 
 
 212 b 
 
BAWtON.] 
 
 INDIAN TRinKS. 
 
 EsGMBn. 
 
 Taiil-tan. 
 
 Ti-thho-tI NA. 1 
 
 TA-r.iHH. 
 
 Twenti/ 
 
 ten-tl'i-dili-toh' 
 
 ta-ti^'-no 
 
 teli-tHliin-kat 
 
 Thirty 
 
 1 
 
 tu-tfOH-iiaii j 
 
 tloii-tail-e.s-iu) 
 
 nats-tHliin-kat 
 
 Forty 
 
 kloii-tatsoH-nan 
 
 klaii-tad-es-iio 
 
 ta-ko(tn-t«liin-kftt 
 
 Fifty 
 
 tlo-tlfits-ocw-nu-ne 
 
 hloo-lad-es-iio 
 
 
 Sixty 
 
 nn-stlik''-iH-o()8- 
 
 noali-gi-tis-iio 
 
 
 iifi-ne 
 
 
 
 Si'venty 
 
 nu-slak-etH'-oos- 
 
 no-na-sla-kad-is- 
 
 
 
 11 .1-110 
 
 no 
 
 
 Eighty 
 
 ua-Htfi-ivtsooH- 
 nfi-ne 
 
 no-do- tad-«8-nt) 
 
 
 Niufty 
 
 na-8tlin-t('s-oo8- 
 nu-iio 
 
 no-8lan-tad-08-no 
 
 
 One hundred 
 
 klo-la-ten-'in-e-ta 
 
 tis-no-kin-e-ta' 
 
 tsliin-kat-ka 
 
 One thousand 
 
 
 
 
 To eat 
 
 etz-et-etz' 
 
 en-tsntz (?) 
 
 at-liul/ 
 
 To drink 
 
 etz-oo-tfin-en-e 
 
 too-iii-to"' 
 
 too-null'' 
 
 To run 
 
 kls-too-tslny-ane 
 
 in-t;iill/ 
 
 klakw 
 
 To dance 
 
 en-dli'' 
 
 in-le'' 
 
 kit-li-gatz'' 
 
 To sing 
 
 en-tsliln 
 
 in-jin 
 
 a-tHhi' 
 
 To sleep 
 
 nes-titK 
 
 sin-te'' 
 
 tah 
 
 To speak 
 
 hun-U'h 
 
 goo-din-tah'' 
 
 yof)-kwa-tin' 
 
 To see 
 
 nat-sT 
 
 guan-es-ta'' 
 
 hlc-tin' 
 
 To lorr 
 
 na-is-tlook' 
 
 
 tloon-kut-la- 
 tin (? 
 
 To kill 
 
 tsin-hia' 
 
 ze-hi 
 
 wliri-t>huk 
 
 To sit 
 
 sin-tul/ 
 
 siii-ta'' 
 
 sl-tah'' 
 
 To stand 
 
 nun-zit' 
 
 nun'-zut 
 
 git-a-lian' 
 
 Togo 
 
 un-tl h' 
 
 had-in-tlelh 
 
 yuh-kut 
 
 To come 
 
 a-nCh'' 
 
 a-ni 
 
 ha-koo 
 
 To walk 
 
 yes-aha''-dle 
 
 had-in-tle' 
 
 yoo-tin-a-kooh' 
 
 To work 
 
 ho-ya-ebtluh'' 
 
 kiu'-hla 
 
 kloon-kut-llai- 
 
 
 
 
 yuh 
 
 To steal 
 
 en-a-I 
 
 in-I'' 
 
 lia-ti-tili' 
 
 To lie 
 
 tse-PS-tsTt'' 
 
 toon-tsit^ 
 
 skai-tli^-ilh 
 
 To give 
 
 me-ga-nl-fil/ 
 
 ta 
 
 i-ka''-wha-te 
 
 To laugh 
 
 na- 'S-tlook'' 
 
 ted-in-tlooh'' 
 
 a-tshook' 
 
 To cry 
 
 eh-tshih 
 
 en-tsai^ 
 
 kfili 
 
 i 
 
 2i3 B