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 JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 IN 1497, 
 
 SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 f&r. 
 
 KBEN NORTON HORSFORb. 
 
346. — Monsieur Harrisse, 
 
 30, rue Cambac^res. 
 
 
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JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 IN 1497, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 A LETTER TO CHIEF-JUSTICE DALY, 
 
 PRKSIDENT OK THE AMERICAN CIEOGRAI'lIICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 BY 
 
 EBEN NORTON HORSFORD. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 
 JOHN WILSON AND SON. 
 
 SSntbrrBitv Prreo. 
 
 1886. 
 
 lii 
 

 sq-ii-l 
 
JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 AND THE 
 
 SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 Cambridge, March i, 1885. 
 Chief Justice Daly, LL.D.^ 
 
 rrcsidcnt of the American Geographical Society. 
 
 Dear Sir, — I desire to place in your hands a summary 
 statement in regard to the results of some geographical 
 studies in wlilch I have been encracicd. 
 
 The time when my completed paper, with the accom- 
 panying sketches and maps, will be ready for publication 
 depends upon two or three considerations which I cannot 
 control. Meanwhile, it seems proper that I should deposit 
 with you a brief record of the discoveries I have made. 
 
 They are — 
 
 1. The site of the landfall of John Cabot in 1497. 
 
 2. The site of the I-"ort Norumbega of the French, on 
 the banks of the river bearing the same name ; and of the 
 Indian settlement near the fort, — the Agoncy of Thevct; 
 and near it the Norumbega of Allefonsce, v'silod in 1569 
 
 <i 
 
 i 
 
It. 
 
 4 JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 by the sailor Ingram and his companions, of the unfortu- 
 nate expedition of Sir John Hawkins. 
 
 I submit herewith a brief outline of the considerations 
 on which my conclusions rest. 
 
 I. 
 
 On the map of Michael Lok (1582), of which the copy 
 in Hakiuyt (Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of 
 America) prefacing the relation of John Verrazanus, p. 55, 
 is here referred to, you may recall between latitudes 42° 
 and 51° N., and between the meridians of 300° and 320°, 
 a large island, and on it, in prominent letters, Norombega, 
 and in lesser letters, John Gaboi, 1497. The point of 
 land against Claudia, a smaller island, is between 42° and 
 
 43° N. 
 
 This fragment of the map — not including the inscrip- 
 tion " Jac Cartier 1535," and the coast lines of the region 
 above, but taking in the outline of the neighboring shore 
 southward to Carcnas the latitude, the names Carctias, 
 Monies Johannis, Claudia, St. Johan, Cape Bretott, and 
 Norombega — I have taken to be a sketch produced by 
 John Cabot on his return from his voyage, early in 
 August, 1497,^ 0^ ^^'li^'^ '^c observed between the morn- 
 ing of the 24th of June and the date of his departure 
 from our shores. 
 
 The safety of this assumption will be seen as the con- 
 siderations on which it rests are unfolded. 
 
 ' The elaborate paper on John Cabf-t, by Mr. Charles Deane, in Winsor's 
 "America," leaves no question unsettled as to 1497 being the year of the first 
 voyage of John Cabot to oui shores. 
 
r 
 
 ^ I > 
 
r;^ 
 
 MICHAIX rOK, CIVIS LONDINENSIS 
 HAMC CHARTAM BEIDICABAT : ' ^r^^ 
 
.tii"'* 
 
L 
 
AA'D THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 5 
 
 John Cabot believed his landfall, like that of Columbus 
 five years before, to have been on an island. The site of 
 the landfall has been lost. When it shall have been found 
 we may know who first in the fift°f!nth century saw the 
 continent of America ; for Columbus came upon the main- 
 land (South America) in 1498, and Vespucius a year 
 later. 
 
 The map of Lok presents Carenas (enough recalling 
 Kjalarness of the Norsemen to suggest heirship), the C. 
 de Arenas in vario' ; forms of so many maps of the six- 
 teenth century, the Cape Cod of Gosnold, and, as seems 
 to be determined by the flags on Cosa's map of 1500 
 (Jomard's or Stevens's), the southern limit of Cabot's 
 explorations in 1497. 
 
 The outline of Cabot's chart, and especially that of 
 Cosa's, suggests a general resemblance to the coast as far 
 north as the mouth of the Merrimack, — which is by Lok, 
 I conceive, confounded with the St. Lawrence, — discov- 
 ered, as recorded on the same map, in 1535 by Jacques 
 Cartier. 
 
 I take the Norombega (or Norumbega) to be the name 
 which (like Carenas) Cabot did not bestow, but found. 
 He gathered naturally, in the absence of a knowledge of 
 the language spoken by the natives, that it was the name 
 of a locality, in the sense of a district, or settlement, or 
 country. This notion, which students ah alike have 
 inherited, has obscured research in regard to the landfall 
 from that dav to this. It was a mistaken notion, as will 
 become obvious farther on. 
 
^EV>M!ffl««B*i8^»*?"-"'«""**''""' 
 
 i I 
 
 6 JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 Dr. Trumbull has pointed out that each Indian geo- 
 graphical name was descriptive of the place to which it 
 was affixed. There were no mcanins^less proper names. 
 A locality was recalled, to the Indian, by presenting a 
 mental picture in a descriptive term. So there were repe- 
 titions of the same name where there were repetitions of 
 the same topographical features. 
 
 When Captain John Smith, in 1614. standing on the 
 little peninsula between the modern Jones River (the Rio 
 San Antonio of the preceding navigators) and the outer 
 harbor or bay between Plymouth and Duxbury, asked the 
 name of the site of the cluster of huts Champlain had 
 fi.rured, and which on Verra/.ano's map (so I conjecture) 
 is" represented as Lunga Villa, on the other side of the 
 stream, the reply was Accomac, Uhc other side place! 
 The same reply was elicited on incjuiry, and the name 
 has been preserved as to the peninsula east of the Chesa- 
 peake, - Accomac, " the other side /and." The same name, 
 with dialectic variation, was applied to England, the home 
 of Roger Williams, by the Indians of the Narragansett 
 tribe, — Accomac, " the other side country:' 
 
 As there were many deyond lands (accomacs), so there 
 were m^iny falh (pautuckets), many hills (wadchus), many 
 ponds (bangs, paugs), etc. 
 
 There were, of course, different names for the same 
 place, determined from the point of view of the observer; 
 as, for Boston, Sha-um-ut, " near the neck," the settle- 
 ment between Haymarket Square -the head of an 
 ancient cove — and Dock Square (Blackstone) ; also, 
 Mushau-womuk, the "canoe landing place" (Indian books 
 
 1 & 
 
AND THE SITE OF NOKl/MBECA. 7 
 
 of 1 699 and 1 700) ; also, Accomonticus, the " beyond-the- 
 hill-little-cove " (Ogilby's America, 1671); 2i\^o, Mess-atsoo- 
 sec, the "great-hill-mouth" (Rasles, and Wood's N. E. 
 Prospect'). All were Indian names of Boston. All 
 were descriptive. 
 
 The same name was applied to objects possessing some 
 greatly unlike qualities, but having others in common; 
 as Mi-slia-nm, the " grcat-parallel-sided," was the name of 
 Charlcstown Neck, — great as compared with Copp's Hill, 
 the north extension of the Sha-um, " the neck " of Boston. 
 Mi-sha-um was also the name of Charles River (Wood's 
 N. E. Prospect), the " great-parallcl-sided." 
 
 The name also applied to canoe, — Mi-sha-on or Mi- 
 sho-on, — and to the long, straight tnnk of the tree from 
 '.vhich the canoe is made (Heckweldcr). 
 
 As there were no tkopkr Indian geographical names, and 
 as Norumbega was descriptive of topographical or liydro- 
 graphical features, tlie first task v.as to find its meaning. 
 This might help in finding the locality. To this end aid 
 was long sought in vain in vocabularies. It seemed an 
 ob\ious Algonquin word. But in any form of ready 
 recognition — any form that familiar dialectic variation 
 would include, at least within the range of my limited 
 study — it eluded my search. 
 
 Feeling sure on the point t' at the name was descriptive 
 of some locality on or near the seashore, and therefore 
 embracing probably both land and water, I began by 
 
 ' Wood gives the modified M.issacluisets, witli one /. See paper on 
 "Indian Names of Boston and their Meaning," in N. E. Hist. Gen. Soc. 
 Proceedings, read Nov. 4, 1885. — E. N. H. 
 
 ' ! 
 
 f' 
 
 4:/ 
 
JOHN CABOVS LANDFALL 
 
 nhcin, tho Indian geographical names of the region of 
 piacini, V T-v • V Qtrniu to Lone Island, 
 
 the Atlantic coast, from Uaviss Straits to i on^ 
 
 , • ,.f thnir resDCCtive atitudcs along 
 
 N. Y., in columns agamst their resptcu 
 
 the outline as given in the chart of the Un.tcd States 
 
 't » through the names so arranged I remarked 
 a^llSpcctliarityNhe names grew..^^^ 
 ,s one moved southward. Quchec on the St. La.rence 
 became Ahqueboi^icc on Long Island, N. Y. 
 
 K Lboc >o. Mal„e, ,h. Agl.cniWUUi „. Radios, be^c 
 C,„„„A,»/, and farther sou.l. G'-'-'-'f, OW^-. 
 C)„,m/>W,fe, and lastly Qm«nepy,olm on Long Isla, 'i 
 Sound K,ai became O-^f, 0»»* -J C'^-i- 
 
 ''^Itt nroved son.b.ard-.rom a region where the con- 
 ditions of living were hard, to where they were less exaet. 
 • ' " om the region where life wa, perpetual struggle, to a 
 rfgi'on where there was relative leisure, where there were 
 r^L extended manufae.ures (wanrpun,), more eom, ere 
 (furs), more decoration - the names became softer, 
 Ihey become softer as one goes from Norway southward 
 
 '°r:'fh'': terminal syllable of a name,../- of the 
 Merrimack, was no. found ..,-M o. the «../«,• but ,n tts 
 place, as already intimated, appeared ba,ig. 
 ^ Between these rivers we might loot for an mtenned.ate 
 form ■ we should find the .outh,n, limit of to', or as spelled 
 by R^sles ,as above) U-ki. and by Father Vctrom.le tc-il.e, 
 making two syllables; and we should find the noM.ru 
 limit of bang. 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 We do not know how John Cabot thought the Indians 
 pronounced the last two syllables of Norunibega ; whether 
 as if requiring two e's, thus beega, or but one, as in beg. 
 The French of later date wrote it bigtie. 
 
 Of the Indian names preserved from the days of Captain 
 John Smith (1614), along the coast between the Merrimack 
 and Charles, there are but two, or at most three, that begin 
 with N, — Naumkeag, Nahant, and Nantasket ; the latter 
 the headland on the south side of the entrance to Boston 
 harbor, the mouth of the Charles. 
 
 Naumkeag, or Nahumbeak, is the ancient Indian name 
 of Salem. The first occurrence of the name in print is 
 in the record of the intrepid Captain Smith. It will be 
 remembered that, landing on the island of Monahigan 
 (or Manigan), off the coast of Maine, after instructing a 
 portion of his ship's company to collect fish, he coursed 
 with a boat's crew of eight beside himself from the mouth 
 of the Penobscot to Cape Cod, looking into and sounding 
 the harbors, and acquiring the Indian names of the places 
 along the shore and some of those inland. Among these 
 was Naembeck, sometimes written by him Naemkeck, 
 apparently with indifference, or as if he thought the first 
 letter of the terminal syllable might be either b or k. 
 
 He placed these names upon his outline map of the 
 coast, and on his return to England submitted it, with an 
 account of his discoveries, together with a scheme for 
 colonizing New England. While seeking in various ways 
 to awaken interest in his project among the English people 
 he found no litde opposition, and fell at length upon an 
 advertising idea, as we shall see, of far-reaching influence. 
 
 ^ 1 'ifi 
 
MfiHMi 
 
 r<..-,|K»i'J'*«****' ' "^ ' 
 
 f3i 
 
 jQ JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 He invited the eldest son of the King. Prince Charles, then 
 a boy of fifteen or sixteen, the future Charles I., to attach 
 such English names to the localities bearing the nd.an 
 names as might be acceptable to his Ro>.l H.ghness. 
 and so obliterate the barbarous names. The 1 nnce ac- 
 quiesced. He gave names to sites of towns, bay., capes, 
 mountains, etc., of which but three have been rctamed.-- 
 Cape Ann (named after his royal mother). Plymouth 
 (Which came to be occupied by emigrants of the Mayflower 
 fleet). Charles River, and possibly Cape hli/.abeth. 
 
 The l>rincc, like Smith, conceived the names to be 
 proper names. Ogilby (167.) imbibed the same not^.n; 
 he says, in his detailed account of the settlement of the 
 earlier New England towns, the" Indian name of Salem 
 was Nahumbeak." We have already seen John Cabots 
 inscription of Norumbega as a country. As intm.ated 
 above, it will be seen that the name was a mere descrip- 
 tive appellation, permanent only to an observer from a 
 given point, and changing from Nahum-beak to Nahum- 
 keak with change in the point of observation. 1 he name 
 of to-day is Naumkeag.' 
 
 This name - Nahumbeak - is the only name preserx'ed 
 to us between the Merrimack and the Charles that at all 
 suggests Norumbega. 
 
 » This point is discussed at length in my full paper. 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORVMBEGA. 
 
 II 
 
 II. 
 
 Let us now proceed with the study of the meaning of 
 the word. 
 
 The word is resolvable into two members, — beak, of 
 which we have already learned something; and a remain- 
 der, Na/ium, to be the subject of special study. 
 
 Beak may be divided into two syllables, de and al\ 
 
 The first syllabic appears in the Delaware language, 
 according to Zeisbergcr, n'bi ; or in the Narragansctt, n'pi 
 or n'p. Rasles gives for the AbnakI dialect nearly the 
 same, — neb. In its combinations m' and n' are dropped, 
 and what remains means 'loatcr in the abstract, or possibly, 
 as there seems to be indication of it, water as a beverage. 
 
 The second syllable is derived from a/d-e, land. This 
 corresponds with, and is a dialectic variation of, auke 
 (Roger Williams) and o/ih (of regions farther south). 
 
 The combination without abbreviation would give us 
 be-ahkc, which, with an acute accent, corresponds nearly 
 with the word be-ghe, given by Father Vetromile as the 
 pronunciation of the Penobscot Indians of to-day. 
 
 This word, according to Vetromile, means "Stillwater." 
 According to the old Penobscot Indian hunter, John Pen- 
 nowit, whose authority Mr. L. L. Hubbard relies upon, it 
 means " dead water," that is, " water without current." 
 
 Such water farther south might be called d. pond, ending 
 in bang or paug (for instance, Ouinnebaug, Ponkipaug); 
 or as nearly enclosed " dead water " between rapids above 
 and below, such as Father Vetromile encountered when 
 inquiring for Norumbega (what the voyageurs called 
 
> t 
 
 i^ 
 
 wmmmmm 
 
 .11 
 
 12 JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 Nolum-bcghc); or it would be a bay or harbor, such as 
 
 Naumbeak. 
 
 Be-al: or beah-kc, or be-ghc or bega, would apply to 
 
 the harbor of Salem, between Marblehead and the Beverly 
 
 shore, inside of Baker's Island, or of the many ''Breakers" 
 
 of the Coast Survey map. 
 
 These four forms differ but little from each other, or 
 
 they glide into each other, and are quite within the limits 
 
 of dialectic variation: indeed, within the limits of such 
 possible deviation as might occur in the utterances of 
 neighboring settlements, and altogether within the range 
 of deviations in names such as the Indian name of dog, as 
 will be seen further on. 
 
 It may be accepted, then, that the two syllables in 
 be-ak are the dialectic representatives of the two syllables 
 in he-ga, and mean water wMoui current, as the water of 
 
 a bay.^ 
 
 Let us now turn to the first two syllables of Nahum- 
 
 beak. 
 
 1 I find in Conn. Hist. Soc, vol. ii. p. 15. '" "r. Trumbull's paper on 
 Indian geographical names, under 4: " I'aug, pog, bog (Abn. -btga, -begat; 
 Del. pecat), an inseparable generic, denoting water at rest." 
 
 I had sought for the word /.<<,/, as a ^^ separable generic," in Rasles's Dic- 
 tionary, but without success. Dr. Trumbull had been more thorough. What 
 I had deduced witli some circumstance was thus confirmed in the most direct 
 and sc'tisfactory manner. It came to me only after my letter had been placed 
 in the hands of Judge Daly fur publication. 
 
 It may be ciuestioned whether /;<£,'« is an "inseparable generic." In 
 Ingram's relation we have both Uei^a and Norumbega. 
 
 Rasles lived and wrote at Norridgewock, on the Kennebec, not far from the 
 southern limit of the Abnaki country, and also of the prevalence of their 
 dialect. 
 
AND THE SITE OF XORUMDEGA. 
 
 13 
 
 These occur in modification, in the various ways of 
 writing the same name by Smith, Ogilby, Wood, Gookin, 
 Lothrop, and others ; for example : — 
 
 N a hum (Ogilby gives the aspirate). 
 
 N a um. 
 
 N a am. 
 
 N a em. 
 
 Nam. 
 
 Nehim. 
 
 N e m. 
 
 The first syllabic is sometimes No, sometimes Na, 
 sometimes Noa, and of still other forms, of which men- 
 tion is made by Trumbull. 
 
 It means middle, betawn, dividing, separating, and the 
 like. 
 
 Rasles gives for midway^ 
 
 Na-wl-wi. 
 
 \Vi means way. In this word the syllable -wi is re- 
 peated ; that is, there arc tiL'o '<vays. IMidway is where 
 the two ways come together, or where the single way is 
 divided into tico ways. 
 
 Na-sha-wi (Nashaway) is a word frequently used by 
 Eliot in his translation of the Bible into the Massachu- 
 setts dialect. Sha, which means parallel-sided} with the 
 prefix na and the suffix loi, is used by him as the Indian 
 equivalent of " between the walls " (of a street, for exam- 
 ple). Na-na-sha-wi, or loc (na repeated for emphasis), he 
 employs for in a strait betwixt tivo. 
 
 ' The etymoloj;)' is discussed at length in my full paper. 
 
J . JOHN CABOrS LANDFALL 
 
 Na bv itself, in which form it does not occur, would be 
 a preposition; but combined with um (or wum. or ««, or 
 .«?), in the Massachusetts (Natick) dialect it is converted 
 
 into a substantive. 
 
 As sha {parallel-sided) with um becomes the noun bha- 
 um {neck), so na {bei2oeeH or separatino) with um becomes 
 the noun Na-um {divider). 
 
 Na-sha-un is the parallel-sided island behuecn Buzzards 
 Bay and the Vineyard Sound (Nau-shaun). 
 
 Na-sha-onk(onk means upright) is throat, -.^//^^/^ of 
 the parallel-sided-upright. Mun-na-onk (Mun means ele- 
 vation\ elevation in middle of upright, is also throat, or 
 more especially the middle projection, the larynx. 
 
 We have thus pointed out the meaning of Nahum. 
 
 It is divider. 
 
 In combination with beak, it is divider of (lie bay. 
 That which divides a bay -a tongue of land nsuig 
 from the bottom of a bay, which makes two bays — is a 
 
 Naliutn. 
 
 The meaning of 
 
 Nahim-beak is Divider of the Bay. 
 
 Nahum applies to Salem Neck, which divides the waters 
 of Beverly shore, -the North River, locally so called, 
 from the South River, beyond which is Marblehcad. 
 
 We 
 bega. 
 
 have seen how beak is the dialectic equivalent of 
 
1 
 
 Ai\D THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 15 
 
 How are we to see Nahum, the equivalent of Norum, 
 or Norem, or Norim, etc., as the name appears in Norom- 
 bega on different maps of the sixteenth century? 
 
 We have, happily, an historic instance of parallelism of 
 dialectic variation. 
 
 Roger Williams, Eliot, Experience Mayhew, and Josiah 
 Cotton, and several more modern writers, have remarked 
 upon the dialectic variations in the pronunciation or 
 spelling of the Indian name of dog. 
 
 It is Ayem, Narragansett (Roger Williams). 
 Alum, Narragansett and Nipmuk (Eliot). 
 Anum, Massachusetts, Um produced (Eliot). 
 Annum, Massachusetts (Wood's N. E. Prospect). 
 Annum, Massachusetts (Coiton). 
 Arum, Northern Abnaki. 
 Attum, Etchemin. 
 
 The primitive root here is the simple bark li, to which, 
 with an intervening consonant, the syllable um is joined, 
 which makes a substantive, as we have seen in the dialect 
 spoken in this region. 
 
 Eliot remarks, as mentioned above, that the sound of u 
 is produced; that is, it is like 00. This provides for one of 
 the sounds of o in the second syllable of Norom; um may 
 become ooni, or perhaps dm. The first syllable was in 
 Eliot's day sometimes spelled No as well as Na, as 
 already remarked. 
 
 Between these two syllables, a and um, there might be 
 interposed a variety of consonants. As there was no r in 
 the Narragansett language, according to Roger Williams 
 they substituted the letter /, or omitted the consonant 
 
1 5 JOHN CABOT S LAND FALL 
 
 altogether, as in Ayem. The intcrchangeability of / and r 
 in the Algonquin has been remarked upnn by Williams, 
 Eliot, Cotton, and T^Iayhew, and by every modern writer 
 upon Indian dialects. Williams's Key appeared in 1643. 
 
 In some combinations in Indian (Algonquin) words the 
 interchangeability or alternateness includes n with / and 
 r (for example, Quille, quirri, quinni). 
 
 We have thus pointed out the dialectic equivalency of 
 the several elements of Norumbega with those of Nahum- 
 
 beak. 
 
 We may have Na or No and /or r, with urn or om or 
 
 evt or im: or neither / nor r, but simply nvi or hum, and 
 
 beak or bcghe, or bega or begue. 
 
 Where, instead of a bay divided by a tongue (Norum or 
 
 Nahum) of land, there are hmd-lands divided by a tongue 
 
 (Norum or Nahum or Naum)of tvatcr, as Marblehead and 
 Marblehead Neck, there was Na-um-Keak (Kcak=:ahke- 
 ahke). Naum/fr«^ may not be the equivalent of Naum- 
 kcak. The termination cag occurs in instances where 
 there is shallow water, and in some cases where the bed 
 is bare at low tide. It was applied by the Indians, in 
 relatively recent times, to the North River at Salem. 
 (History of Old Naumkeag.) The Naum or tongue may be 
 merely the deeper bed of the river separating the shallower 
 waters on either side. Both Naumkeag and Nahumbeak 
 occur on sheets of water inland as well as along the 
 seashore.* 
 
 1 It is not worlb. while to point <mt in this summary the wide nnge of di.t- 
 lectic variations of these words which I have found. A few may be alluded 
 to There is Naam-keake on the Pond Annannieumsic, in Chelmsford, near 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 '7 
 
 Norumbcga may, like Naambeak, apply to any bay from 
 the bottom of which rises a narrow tongue. 
 
 It is obvious, therefore, that the determination of the 
 meaning of Norumbega and its identity with that of 
 Nahumbeak has made it, at the best, probable that the 
 Nahumbeak of Salem harbor is the Norombcfja of Cabot. 
 It has made it more probable that the Norumbega of Cabot 
 is to be found in the belt of latitude in which meet the 
 terminal syllable bcc, which prevails north of the Merri- 
 mac, and the terminal syllable, its dialectic equivalent, 
 bang, which prevails south of the Charles. 
 
 III. 
 
 If we look carefully at the sketch of John Cabot on 
 Lok's map of 15S2, we may remark that the outline 0/ the 
 shore against the island Claudia rudely resembles the cap- 
 ital letter M, the V portion between the two columns cor- 
 responding with the tongue or Norum, 
 
 If you take a tracing of the outline of this bay on Lok's 
 map, and apply it to the map of Cosa (1500), you will find 
 the Norumbega, or the letter M, within a large island, and 
 not far from the Cabo de Yngla-tcrra (the Cape Breton of 
 Cabot, the Cape Ann of to-day). 
 
 Lowell. Another is concealed, near the .Merrimack, in Amoske.ig ; less per- 
 fectly in Naunikeag; more deeply in Nehim-kek, in Namskaket, in Namasket, 
 and in half a dozen or more of others, all of which have been the subject of 
 discovery in the detailed town maps of M.as.sachusetts, and of investigation in 
 early Massachusetts history. In this frequent recurrence of dialectic varia- 
 tions of the name may have originated the notion that Norumbega was the 
 name of a country. 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 
g JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 I conjecture this portion of the coast was furnished by 
 
 one of Cabot's crew.' 
 
 You f^nd the M, this Norumbega, on the map of Thorn 
 (.527), who claimed that his father was w.th John Cabot 
 
 '" You'find the M on the map of Verrazano If you will 
 note in the letter of John X'errazano to the k.ng. one o 
 the two bavs he visited, where he found the t.de .gk feet 
 (which range is attained north of Cape Cod). >-ou v.11 find 
 the letter M, the Norumbega, the dnM bay. figured 
 there It was here that lie remained fifteen days. 
 
 . VV„a. so natur... as that the sailor who had been, .a. . -nceive, wUh 
 
 Cabot, ana had perhaps shipped wi.h Cosa (who .as not P-^«^ on 
 
 «hnre of New England), should have given prommence to the fea ure which 
 
 Tcllen d the attention of hin,seU and shipmates ? A careful e.annna 
 
 lard's Cosa s map will show tha, twice the contr,bu,or reduced the 
 
 S;i;::d .so of the ... »/.«<. observed at his .^. ..W by Cabot on 
 
 "VS:t":::r:^r Uey besides the tide to the localities on the n,ap of 
 Hiero u Verra.ano,in the isthmus which separates the M- Verra.ana 
 of LOW'S map from Massachusetts Bay, see also the maps of Agnese. . 536. 
 PtMll ^540, KusccUi, ,544. and the «lnbe of U.pius. n.s ,stU,n,.s u ih 
 Wr, ofthc Cape (.od pcm.sula .n ,lu .ui^MiooU of lUrnstabU, 
 :Z::t:Jl^l .J^^ U. si. mUes given by Hieronymus 
 
 ''"r^ue:;o mare orientale si vede il mare occiden.ale Sono 6 migha cU 
 terra^nfrl luno a Taltro." ''Fro,,. tkU auUn. .a one e>.oi,U tke western 
 .ea. There are 6 miles 0/ land befojcen the one and the other. 
 
 Fast of this isthmus lies the pu.zling extension of the pen.nsula of Cape 
 C j;It:e Terra KU.rida of Verra.ano, ,5.4, and of Thevet. .55^- i the Cape 
 
 Norumbe.ue of AUelonsce, .54^45- 1' '^^ ^''°-" °" ^'•^'""" '^ '"'P' . 
 Drue Costa (Northmen in Maine, p. 93) po'-ted out AUefonsce's recogn- 
 
> 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 > 
 2; 
 
 mvy^oj 
 
 
 (. fi 
 
 ,.«'^- 
 
 .-►' 
 
 ..«• 
 
 
 
 ,!<•• 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^1 
 
 K 
 
 .« 
 
 
 
 C5 
 
 r 
 
 11 
 
i 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORUAfBF.GA. 
 
 19 
 
 You will find Flora, Port du Refuge, Port Real, and Le 
 Paradis, mentioned by Thevet, on Gastaldi's map, 1550, 
 and the two former names, together with the letter M, on 
 the map of Hieronymus Verrazano. The map of Gastaldi 
 still retains the shadow of Cabot's sketch and of Cosa's 
 Straits (the notion of the margin of an archipelago). 
 
 You will observe Refugium, and Porto Reale, and pos- 
 sibly the M, on the globe of Ulpius. Refugium, P. Reale, 
 and Flora arc given on Maiollo's map. 
 
 You will find the name Nurumberg and the letter M 
 with I. [P.?] Refuge, P. Real, Le Paridis, and Cape Breton 
 and Claudia replaced by Brisa I., on the map of Ruscelli, 
 
 tion of Florida in tlie region of lat 42° N., and also his recognition of 
 Massacluisetis liay, in lliis latitude. This name was one of several bestowed 
 by the early French navij^ators, all of which read like exclamations of delight 
 in view of the scenery of the coast ; Terra Florida, Valle Ambrosa, Buena 
 PTor, Larcadia, Flora, I'aradiso, Refugium, etc. Norman Villa, which appears 
 on the \'errazano maps and the globe of Ulpius, probably refers to a structure 
 ascribed to tlie Northmen. 
 
 A comparison of the outline of Maiollo's map of 1527 (VVeise's Discoveries 
 of America to 1525), from Terra Florida southwestward to the strait thnt com- 
 municates with the western ocean, with the Coast Survey map from Cape Cod 
 to the Chesapeake (or possibly the Delaware) I'ay will suggest that the map 
 ascribed to \'crrazano rests upon a voyage past the narrow neck at Harnstable, 
 — the isthmus separating the Atlantic from the Mare \'errazana (I-ok's map); — 
 past Buzzard's Bay, shown on the Map-a-mundi of the Propaganda collections 
 (Judge Oaly's Address, 1879) as a break in the continuity ; past Newport island 
 and harbor {Rio de Espirilu Saiilo) ; thence to Montauk (Rcsife) and along 
 the south shore of Long Island (without a harbor) to the entrance to tlie 
 Hudson; thence up the Hudson to Manhattan Islaiul, with the recognition 
 of the North and Fast rivers, so called ; thence past the strait below Staten 
 Island ; and along the coast to tlie entrance to a large bay presLiiting a water 
 horizon on the west. Tlie voyage may, of course, have been in the opposite 
 direction. 
 
 The embarrassment to cartographers growing out of the existence of two 
 Floridas is suHiciently obvious to the student of Maiollo's map and of the 
 Map-amundi above referred to. 
 
 I 
 

 
 20 yOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 ,561. { Brisa is French for breakers ; sec 6reai-crs several 
 times repeated on Coast Survey map.) 
 
 Buno (Buno's Cluverius) mentions as belonging to No- 
 rumbepca these several places ; namely, Porto del Refugio. 
 Porto Reale, Paradiso, Flora, and Angolcma.' 
 
 The M is not given on the map of Champlain, 1603, 
 nor on that of Smith, 1614. 
 
 The M appears at Salem in great distinctness on Win- 
 throp's map (i634Uugcthcr with Baker's Island, under 
 which Winthrop anchored in 1630, as I conceive Cabot 
 to have done June 24, i497- 0"^ hundred and thirty-three 
 
 years before. 
 
 Finally the M appears at Salem on the Coast Survey 
 map with Baker's Island (Brisa or Briso) and Bnakers, 
 dcsic-nated as outer, inner, middle, dry, southeast, etc., 
 studding the outer harbor.^ 
 
 The identity of the outline M with the earlier Norum- 
 bega and the later Nahumbeak and the present outline 
 of Salem harbor will be obvious on a glance at the out- 
 lines, from Lok down to the Coast Survey, which I sub- 
 mit herewith. 
 
 1 The various forms of this name - .is given on Ruscelli's map, Angou- 
 lesmes ; on Gastaldi's, Angoulesme : and the same in Thevet's account - all 
 follow the AnguiUme of Maiollo^s Verrazana, an.l apply, I conceive, to 
 Charles River. This conception has support in t'-at one of the names of 
 the Charles, or of a section of it, was the descriptive Mi-shaum,-the 
 great-parallel-sided, -or £<r/-river, of which Anguilcme may be the Krench 
 
 equiv.alent. 
 
 » As lending support to the notion that the n.-ime " Baker's," which was 
 attached to the island .is early as 1630 (History of Naumkeag), may have been 
 a corruption of Breakers, it may be mentioned that I have sought in vain for 
 Khe namt of Baker in all published lists of emigrants in the Plymouth and 
 Mass.ichusetts Bay colonies of dates earlier than 1630. 
 
 1 
 
 uL 
 
•It*. 
 
 # 
 
 p 
 
 :.t 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORVMBEGA. 
 
 ai 
 
 The island off the letter M is seen on the map of Lok 
 (John Cabot's sketch, Claudia); without name on Gastal- 
 di's ; as Brisa I. on Ruscelli's ; as .SV. Nicolans de la 
 Trinidad on Cosa's ; Luisa (possibly Marblehcad Neck, 
 formerly an island) on Verrazano's (MaioUo's and Hie- 
 ronymus Verrazano's) ; and islands without name off Re- 
 fugium and Porto Reale on the globe of Ulpius. It is 
 also given on Thevet's map, in about its proper position, 
 as Claude} 
 
 IV. 
 
 I have further taken the names and distinctive features 
 on Cabot's sketch in Lok's map, and have traced them 
 through a lung series of maps down to the time of Win- 
 throp, with the successive accessions of new names, and 
 from time to time the disappearance of others, either by 
 dropping out or by replacemei showing, as it were, 
 dovetailing, which binds the serii maps together. 
 
 There came early the confusio wing out, possibly, 
 
 of some cartographer's confounding tiie Gut of Canso 
 with the narrow strait connecting Annisquam with 
 Gloucester harbor, which makes Cape Ann an island, 
 and so duplicating Cape Breton, St. Johan, Port Real, 
 Isla Primera, and New-found-land at the mouth of the 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 ' 'I'lie cl.iini for tlie identity of Claudia with the islands mentioned may 
 seem to be impaired when it is seen that Merc.ator (1569) separates Claudia 
 and liriso (Urisa) widely from each other, .and when it is further seen that 
 both Mercator and Wylliel (Augmentum to I'totemy, 1597) give Via primera 
 as distinct from Cljiidia, and both from Briso. But I refer for the detailed 
 consideration of this apparent objection to my full paper. 
 
 
-':''l'if7^'S^^I*^''^.'K^^"' - 
 
 22 
 
 JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 \ 
 
 Earlv, also, came with Ribero, 1529. the name St. 
 Christopher, which clings with great persistence on the 
 maps of the sixteenth century, and in unvarying succession 
 northward with the bay or river of San Antonio (Jones's 
 River) and Montana Verde (Blue Hills of Milton). South 
 or east of this group is C. de Arenas (or some modifica- 
 tion of the Latin {ox keel or ^««r/, — Cape C- /, north of 
 it, more or less distant, the Bay of St. Joh . die Baptist; 
 and farther on, Cape Breton (Cape Ann). If the circum- 
 stance that Plymouth inner harbor is bare, or nearly so, , 
 at low tide suggested to the early navigator the idea of 
 wadwc:, and so the use of the name of the Saint, we have 
 a point to which the varying geographical names, within 
 certain limits, may be referred for adjustment. But this 
 I will not pursue' further here. Dr. Kohl (p. 276) sug- 
 gests that Gomez was the probable author of this name 
 and many others on Ribero's map. 
 
 V. 
 
 All the above suggestions as to the site of the Norum- 
 bega of Cabot must eventually revolve about, and be in 
 harmony with, the requirements of the latitude. 
 
 On the map of Lok, 1582, the sketch of Cabot against 
 Claudia lies, as nearly as may be, between 42' and 43" N. 
 This latitude or belt includes the region between the 
 northern portion of the peninsula of Cape Cod and, on 
 the Coast Survey map, a point just north of the mouth 
 of the Merrimack. 
 
 On Wytfliet, 1597, it is in about 44°. 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 n 
 
 On the Spanish Map-a-mundi, 1527 (in J. C. Brevoort's 
 Verrazano), the region would be between 40° and 47" N. 
 
 On Maggiolo's Verrazano (VYinsor's America) it would 
 be south of 40", while on that of Hieronymus Verrazano 
 it would be north of 45°. 
 
 On the Dauphin map, 1543, it would be between 41° 
 and 44° N. 
 
 On Ulpius's Globe, between 40° and 45° N. 
 On Ruscelli, 1561, it is between 40° and 5o\ But he 
 includes, as 1 conceive, witliin the same latitudes as does 
 Gastaldi, 1550, the principal islands off the coast of Maine 
 from Mount Desert southward. 
 
 On Ribero, 1529, it is between 41" and 44°. 
 On Vallard, 1543, it is between 42° and 45'. 
 On the (so-called) Sebastian Cabot map, 1544, it is 
 between 41° and 44". 
 
 Thevet, 1556, who claims to have personally visited the 
 region, says distinctly it (Norumbegue) " lies in the forty- 
 third degree T that is, between 42" and 43° N. 
 
 Ogilby says (p. 138): ". . . Norumbegua, most of it, 
 being under the forty-third degree of latitude." 
 
 AUefonsce, the pilot of Robeval in 1540, who coasted 
 the shores of New England, says (MSS. in Bibliotheque 
 Nat.): " The cape of St. John called Cape Breton " [these 
 are names on Cabot's chart, Lok's map, 15S2] "and the 
 Cape San I-'ranciscane are northeast and southwest, and 
 range a point from an east and west course, . . . and 
 there are one hundred and forty leagues on the course, 
 and which makes one cape, called the Cape of Norem- 
 begue. The said cape is past forty-one degrees of the 
 

 JOHN CABOrS LANDFALL 
 
 heieht of the Arctic pole. The said coast is all sandy, . . . 
 flat without any mountain, and along this coast there are 
 many isles of sand, and the coast very dangerous on 
 account of banks and rocks." This description agrees 
 well with the region of Cape Cod from Nantucket to 
 Nahant The Cape San Franciscane may have been 
 Montauk. which is tolerably near to a prolongation of 
 the range from Cape Ann, as given by Allefonsce. 
 
 This relation is of interest as determining the identity 
 of the Cape Norombegue of Allefonsce with Cape Cod, 
 which is, he says, " past " or " through [that is, next above] 
 forty-one degrees of the height of the Arctic pole.' Cape 
 Malebar is between 41" and 42"; tmd the forty-second 
 crosses the peninsula just south of Provincetown. near 
 the extreme point of the Cape. 
 
 Allefonsce proceeds to say: — 
 
 " Beyond the Cape of Norotnhcguc the River of the sntd 
 Norombegue descends about twenty-five leagues from, the 
 
 Cape!" 
 
 I cite this testimony of Allefonsce in regard to the lati- 
 tude of the region of Norombegue, as his profession zvas 
 that of pilot, and his testimony unimpeachable ; and he 
 may be fairly presumed to be not more than one degree, 
 at the utmost, out of the way in a matter of latitude. I 
 cite him also liccausc he endorses, in regard to latitude, 
 the statement of Thevet, which statement by itself would 
 perhaps be less entitled to confidence. 
 
 Within this belt of latitude of 42° to 43°, between Cape 
 Cod and Cape Ann, — the Carenas and Cape Breton of 
 Cabot (the latter the Cape Breton of Allefonsce as well). 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 25 
 
 — within this belt there is but one outline, with an oppos- 
 ing island, to which the terms Nornmbega and Nahumbeak 
 apply ; and that is the outline of zuhich the Nortcm, the 
 Nahiim, the Tongue, is Salem Neck. 
 
 VI. 
 
 NORUMBEGA OR NORUMBEGUE OF CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 The suggestion that Norumbega lay in higher latitude 
 rests, or is supposed to rest, on the authority of Cham- 
 plain. From him and his surveys Lescarbot and De 
 Lact, Montanus and Ogilby, derive their authority. 
 Champlain spent three summers in the examination of 
 the New England coast, and yet did not penetrate the 
 mouth of the Charles, and only glanced at the entrance 
 to the Merrimack. Champlain was looking for a town 
 of Norumbega. Me distinctly says he found nothing cor- 
 responding with the descriptions he had read, although 
 he writes Norcmbegue along the coast between the Ken- 
 nebec and Penobscot.' 
 
 ' Kcv. Mr. Slafter, p. 107, in his carefully prepared paper on Champlain, 
 Winsur's '• America," referriiij; to tlie stay and work of Champlain for three 
 summers, s.iys : " The first of these surveys was made during the month of 
 September, 1604. This expedition was under the sole direction of Champlain, 
 and was made in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons, manned by twelve 
 sailors and with two Indians as guides. He examined the coast from the 
 mouth of the St. Croix to the l'enol>scot. . . . Sailing up the I'enobscot, 
 called by the Indians Pentagoet, and by Europeans who have passed along 
 the co.ist the Norunibegue (as he supposed), he explored this river to the 
 head of tidewater, .at the present city of Bangor, where a fall in the river 
 intercepted his course. In the interior along the shores of the river he saw 
 scarcely any inhabitants ; but by a very careful examin.ition he was satisfied 
 
 4 
 
 ' 
 
■II 
 
 I 
 
 v 
 
 ^g -JOHN CABOrS LANDFALL 
 
 In Studying Champlain's original paper it is seen that 
 he regarded \he latitude of Norumbcga as only very im- 
 perfe^dy settled; and having learned fro,. Allefonsce 
 Jand Thevet?) of a river Norumbegue, and hav.ng faded 
 o recognise the Charles, and having only saded by 
 the mouth of the Merrimack, he assumed at first that th 
 site must be on the Penobscot, as it was, he judged, the 
 only river considerable enough to be so distmguished. 
 AlLugh in the end he discredits the whole theory and 
 notion on which he at first acted, such was the currency 
 gained through his great name, that. W./,^ from h.shav 
 L looked for the site of the town on the Fenobscot, all 
 writers upon Norumbega since his time have assumed 
 that somewhere on this river the town once existed, 
 and its remains might some day be found. 
 
 I)r Palfrev. in his History of New England (probably 
 from having carefully examined Champlain's narrat.on) 
 ignored the whole story of Norumbega. The name kept 
 ifs foothold in Gilbert. John Smith, De Laet, Montanus 
 Cluverius, Heylin. Lescarbot. Laudonnierc. Ogdby, and 
 others, and is found on a groat series of maps > and even 
 has a place in " Paradise Lost • Uiber x.). 
 
 Uevond a doub, that the story, which had gained currency fron, a period a. |ar 
 b?cU as the time of Allefonsce. .about a Large native u,wn ,n he v.cnUy, 
 lose inhabitants had att.ained to some of the higher arts of c.vd.at.on. was 
 wholly without foundation." 
 
 ■Allefonsce, .540-45- Mich.ael Lok, .582. 
 
 Thevet, .556. J"''^'^'^' '^''3; 
 
 Zaltieri, .566. "-^ »^v. 'S'A 
 
 Ortelius, .570. Wytf^iet. .597- 
 
 John Dee, ,580. Q-^^-- ^,, ^,^„.ua. 
 
 j! 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 /tW- 
 
 l^«4<<L»-i6 
 
 6 ''^y*«M>. 
 
 
 4«M« 1* 
 
 <W4. 
 
AND THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 27 
 
 A glance at the Coast Survey map from the mouth of 
 the Merrimack northward to the St. John's will be suf- 
 ficient to show that there is nothing there, even if the 
 adverse latitudes were left out of account, to correspond 
 with the outline on Cabot's map from Cape Breton (Cape 
 Ann) to Carenas (Cape Cod). 
 
 The accompanying sketch presents the coast of Maine 
 from Portsmouth to Campobello, including the region 
 specially examined for Norumbega by Champlain.^ 
 
 1 From Dr. De Costa's paper on Norumbega in Winsor's " America." 
 
"J. 
 
 28 
 
 JOHN CABOT S LANDFALL 
 
 
 \ 
 J 
 
 VII. 
 
 NORUMBEGA AS A RIVER, FORT, AND TOWN. 
 
 It will have been observed that the testimony of Alle- 
 fonsce and Thevet in regard to Norumbega as a coimlry 
 had a more limited and specific application than that of 
 most of their contemporaries of the sixteenth, and succes- 
 sors of the seventeenth century. 
 
 Allefonsce says: "Beyond the Cape of Norumbegue 
 the river of the said Norumbegue descends about twenty- 
 five leagues from the Cape [Cape Cod]. The said river 
 is . . . full of isles which stretch out ten or twelve 
 leagues in the sea [MafHt's Ledge, Roaring Bulls, Lizard, 
 Graves, etc.], and it is very dangerous on account of rocks 
 and swashings." 
 
 " The said river is through [/. e. next above'\ forty-two 
 degrees of the height of the Arctic poUr 
 
 " Up the said river fifteen leagues there is a town 
 which is catted Noronbegue, and there is in it a good 
 people, and they have tnany peltries of many kinds of 
 animals.' 
 
 Allefonsce, whose relation is largely a sailor's disjointed 
 aggregation of instructions for the guidance of mariners, 
 says, for example : — 
 
 " In going from the said river [Norumbegue] one hun- 
 dred and fifty leagues, there is an island wliich is called 
 Vermondc [Bermuda], which is in thirty-three degrees of 
 north latitude." 
 
 And in the next sentence he says, instructing how to 
 find the " ville " — settlement — of Norumbegue : — 
 
 n 
 
fir 
 
 AND THE SITE OF NORL HBEGA. 
 
 39 
 
 " And on the side toward the west of the said ' ville ' 
 there is a range of rocks which extends into the sea fifteen 
 leagues di>iant [Marblehead], and on the side towards the 
 north [of Marblehead] there is a bay, in which is an isle 
 which is very subject to tempests and cannot be inhabited 
 [Baker's Island]." 
 Again he says : — 
 
 " The river of Norumbegue turns southwest around the 
 coast away to the west at least two hundred leagues to a 
 great bay [Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay], which at 
 its entrance is about twenty leagues wide, and at least 
 twenty-nine leagues northward in this hay diXQ four islands 
 joined together" (Naushaun, Pasque, Nashawena, and 
 Cuttyhunk). 
 
 AUefonsce had the idea that he had been sailing along 
 the skirt 0/ an archipelago. 
 
 He says, referring to a bay about Charleston or Savan- 
 nah, that as he was unable to converse with the natives, he 
 was not certain where the river Norumbegue communi- 
 cated with the ocean. He also thinks it may connect with 
 the St. Lawrence.' 
 
 The latitude (next above the forty-second degree) can 
 apply only to the mouth of the Charles River. Regarding 
 
 > Ramusio says (Kohl, M.-iine Hist. Soc. Coll., p. 380. Diego Homem): — 
 •' From the Reports of Cartier, we are not clear as yet whether New France 
 is continuous will, the Terra Firma of the provinces of Florida and New Spain, 
 or whether it is all cut up into islands, and whether through these parts one 
 can go to the province of Cat.iio, as was written to me many years ago by 
 M.-ister .Sebastian Cabot, our Venetian." 
 
 Thus it appears that whether or not New England was an archipebgo was 
 not settled, at least to the s-atisfaction of Ramusio, as late as 1556. 
 
30 
 
 JOHN CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 
 the mouth as at the entrance to the Hack Bay (so called 
 Cottage Farm Station on the Boston and Albany Rail- 
 road), the latitude is 42' 21' 30", Regarded as at the 
 entrance to Cohasset rocks, it is 42' 16'. 
 
 The nearest river north is the Merrimack, in 42° 49', and 
 there are no islanih at the mouth of that river. 
 
 There is no other stream of any considerable length 
 between Boston Harbor and Cape Cod. 
 
 Fifteen leagues up the Charles River there was then, 
 according to Allefonsce, a trading resort or village {city 
 of Ramusio) called Norumbegue. 
 
 Now, we have already seen that this name, Norum- 
 begue, means the tongue or Nonim of a bay, or it may 
 mean a bay from the bottom of which rises a tongue, a 
 divider, a Norum ; and this involves a sheet of water with 
 a somewhat peculiarly scalloped shore. There is but 
 one sheet of water on the Charles where these conditions 
 occur, and that lies between Riverside, on the Boston 
 and Albany Railroad, and Waltham, the city of watch 
 manufacture, two miles to the north. Along the shores 
 of this sheet of water, some mile and a half in length 
 and of varying width, from a few rods to half a mile, there 
 are several Norumbegas, — not villages {or settlcmmts of 
 to-day\ but peculiar forms of the shore. The 'tsost strik- 
 ing are on the west side of the river, between the mouth 
 of Stony Brook and Waltham. 
 
 I introduce here a map of the river which, owing to a 
 rare grouping of glacial moraines for some di^^tance above 
 and below the mouth of Stony Brook, presents a most 
 unexampled outline of shore.' 
 
 ' Taken from map of Newton. 
 
 
 J 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 
 * 
 
 •. 
 
 1 i i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ^ -1 
 
 i 
 
 .1 
 
mmmmmm 
 
 ■PWIiPiliPW— ipwi^P 
 
 j1/vd the site of norumbega. 
 
 31 
 
 The next author who, so far as the latitude is con- 
 ccrncd, is endorsed by Allefonsce, is Thevet. Beyond this, 
 Thevct's support is in the portrait of the localities he has 
 drawn. He says (Dr. Kohl, Maine Hist. Soc Coll.): — 
 
 "Some people would make me believe that lliis country 
 [Norumbcguc] is the proper country of Canada. But I 
 told them that this was far from the truth, since the coun- 
 try lies in 43" A^., and that of Canada in 50" or 52°." 
 
 That is, /■/ lies zvithin the forty-third degree, or between 
 Cape Cod and a point a little north of the Merrimack, or, as 
 Allefonsce read it, through, or in the ne.vt above 42' N. 
 
 Thevet rrives instructions to mariners. He says: — 
 
 " Having left La Florida [the name first appearing on 
 Verrazano's map, 1527, east of the isthmus described by 
 Ilieronymus Verrazano as si.\ miles wide, and which sepa- 
 rated the Mare V'arrazano — the Adantic south of Barn- 
 stable — from Massachusetts Bay], on the left hand, with 
 all its islands, gulfs, and capes, a river presents itself which 
 is one of the finest rivers of the whole world, which we 
 call Norumbeguc, and the aborigines Agoncy, and which 
 is marked on some charts as the Grand River. Several 
 other beautiful rivers enter into it; and upon its banl-s the 
 French formerly erected a little fort some ten or ttvclve 
 leagues from its mouth, tvhich ivas surrounded by fresh 
 ivater, which Jlotus here into the river, and this place was 
 named the Fort of Norumbcgue. 
 
 " Before you enter the said river appears an island sur- 
 rounded by eight very small islets, which are near the 
 Green Mountains [Blue Hills] and to the cape of the 
 islets [Cohasset]." 
 
?\l 
 
 \ 
 
 l: 
 
 JOHN CADOrS LANDFALL 
 
 On Huth's map of Dr. Kohl (No. i of the page of out- 
 line charts, Maine Hist. Soc, p. 315) appears the circle of 
 islets ei<rht in number, around another island, and the 
 following names: the C. dc ntuchas islas the R. de 
 gonuz. de esievan gonuz. There is just below or sou h 
 of the Cohasset breakers an irregular circle of eight 
 islands around a ninth near the shore, which is given m 
 detail on the Coast Survey map, entitled Minots Ledge, 
 which -ocality I have visited for the purpose of ven.ying 
 
 Theve'.'s account. 
 
 "From there," continues Thevct, "you sail all along 
 unto the mouth of the river, which is dangerous from the 
 great number of thick and high rocks [Cohasset rocks. 
 Minot's ledges, the Lizard, Graves, etc.], and its entrance 
 is wonderfully large. About three leagues into the nver 
 [measuring from Cohasset] an island presents itself to 
 you and may have four leagues in circumference, inhabited 
 only by some fishermen and birds of different sorts, which 
 island they call Aiayaseon [Nantasket],j5.ra«.r it has the 
 form of a mans arm which they call so." 
 
 Aiayascon is the Iroquois for arm (De La.t. Montanus, 
 Gallatin), and a glance at the Coast Survey map-remem- 
 bering that the Indian name descri/>a the locality to which 
 it is Affixed — will leave no doubt that the point Thevet 
 described was Nantasket. The longer north and south 
 portion was the arm above the elbow; the east and west 
 portion, terminating at Hull, was the portion of the arm 
 
 below the elbow. 
 
 Possibly Nantasket, to the student of comparative Indian 
 philology, may contain reminiscences of Aiayascon. 
 
i I 
 1 '! 
 
 I 
 
 E-i 
 
 II 
 

 J 
 
 H ^^ ■^?^ -^ ''; J ^-^ 
 
 'J 1 
 
 1 i'. 
 
 
fftillt^l 
 
 
 #.vH 
 
 ^m 
 
 «»«':!|^i) 
 
 r 
 
 . I 
 
 ■H 
 
 I — , 
 
 /lA-D THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 33 
 
 The Iroquois and Algonquins were at war, and at this 
 period, as Thevet describes in his account, the Iroquois 
 were temporarily in possession of a part of the territory. 
 
 Aiayascon and Agoncy were Iroquois words. Norum- 
 bega was an Algonquin word. The name Agoncy means 
 the head, and Thevet seems to think it applied to a rock. 
 
 The French had appropriated the name of Norumbega. 
 It had already been extended from the coast outline at 
 Salem over a country stretching, in the notion of some, 
 through many degrees of latitude. 
 
 AUefonsce applied it to a cape (Cape Cod); it had 
 been applied to the principal river (the Charles); it was 
 borne by an Indian town (AUefonsce and Ingram); and, 
 lastly, it had been given to a fort on the banks of the 
 Charles, at the junction of a branch of this river with the 
 main stream. 
 
 This location of Norumbega was recognized in various 
 ways with greater or less distinctness on a multitude of 
 majjs. 
 
 On that of I lomem it appears, as I conceive, as a flag 
 near the head of a river, with a display of peaked rocks 
 described by AUefonsce.^ 
 
 It appears, as I conjecture, in the towers and gateway 
 between, of a fort ; and near it the cluster of peaked rocks, 
 referred to by /Mlcfonsce, on the Dauphin map of 1543. 
 
 ;\t the junction of two rivers the fort itself or a town, 
 appears on the map of Wyttliet. It is also on the map of 
 Thevet and on Morcator's. 
 
 • II.ive we in the larj^e b.iy immediately .ibove (Homem's Survey of 
 liostoii Harbor), with the rivers on the south and the many isl.ands with 
 which we are now (;imiliar ? 
 
 S 
 
 ■•''♦4 -;.' " 
 
 4 J 
 
 
 J 
 

 34 
 
 70/M' CABOT'S LAADFALL 
 
 The name or junction is indicated on Freire, 1546; on 
 Jomard, i55(?); Zaltieri, 1566; Ortilius, 1570; John Dee, 
 1580; De Dry, 1596; Quadus, 1600; Botcro, 1603; De 
 
 Laet, 1633. 
 
 The circlet of islands described by Thcvet is perhaps 
 indicated on Zaltieri, 156' md Porcacchi, 1572. hut most 
 distinctly on the map of -th, copied by Dr. Kohl. 
 
 As a country, it was made by some (Laudonniere 
 and others) to extend from beyond the St. Lawrence to 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Smith made the southern boundary contiguous with 
 Virginia, which then included a part of the present New 
 
 England. 
 
 It certainly underlaid the New I- ranee of Verrazano; 
 the Francisco of the Ptolemy of 1530; Franciscane of AUe- 
 fonsce ; La Nuova Francia. or La Nova Franza, etc., of Gas- 
 taldi, 1550; of Zaltieri, 1566; of Orteleus, 1570; Judaeis, 
 1595 ; De Bry, 1596; Ouadus, 1600; and Hondius, 1607. 
 
 The) placed the fort at or near the junction of two 
 stream's, which united to form the Rio Gamas, or the 
 Rio C:T-nde, or Buena Madrc, wh.ch uniformly terminated 
 in an archipelago, sometimes called the Archipelago of 
 Gomez, or B. St. Mary's, at the entrance to which was 
 the Cabo de Muchas Islas, or Cape de lagus Islas, or Cape 
 St. Mary's, etc. After Thevct, for a long time authors 
 identified the river Norembegue or Norumbega, with Rio 
 Las Gamas and Rio Grande. Herrara identities Las 
 Gamas with river of St. Mary's (see Kohl, p. 420). 
 The Sebastian Cabot map (1544) identifies Bay Santa 
 Maria with the archipelago near Montana Verde (ne.xt 
 
i 
 
1:' 
 
 ■^. 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 i, 
 
 1 
 
 ^ I 
 
AND THE SITE OF NOKUMBEGA. 
 
 35 
 
 to Rio San Antonio), which on some maps is Buena 
 Madrc, on others Bonne Mere, and which, despite of 
 much confusion, can, as I conceive, only refer to Boston 
 Harbor. It was from Bay St. Mary's, within sight of a 
 mountain some thirty leagues to the north called Ba- 
 nachoonan (Aganienticus), that David Ingram,' within 
 a day's journey of Bega and Norumbega, set sail for 
 F" ranee in 1569. 
 
 When I had read these records and studied these 
 maps, and compared them with other ancient maps, and 
 those of recent date of the counties and towns of Massa- 
 chusetts in my possession, and it had become clear to me 
 that they described a locality at tlie junction of Stony 
 Brook with the Charles River in the town of Weston, 
 county of Middlesex, I drove with a friend from Cam- 
 bridge through a region I had neve before visited, of the 
 topography of which I knew nothing, except as indicated 
 on the maps, to the junction of Stony Brook and the 
 Charles, ivhcre I found the rcntains of the fort of which 
 I enclose the accompanying survey, made by Mr. Davis, 
 the Engineer of the Cambridge Citv Water Works. 
 
 See Dr. Ue Costa'.s Ingram's Kclation, M.i;; Am. Hist. vol. i.\-. 
 
I 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 yOHJV CABOT'S LANDFALL 
 
 The plan sustains the description of Thcvet, in regard 
 to the ditch and general features. 
 
 The Agoncv of Thevet,— the head, — a high, isolated, 
 rounded rock, and tlie traces of an ancient Indian village 
 near, are on the line of the ditch which takes the water 
 from Stony Brook. 
 
 I found, on inquiry, that the ditch has been known to 
 the proprietor from his boyhood. He supposed it had 
 served for purposes of irrigation. But though the prop- 
 erty had been in his family for a century or more, he had 
 never heard of its being used for any purpose whatever. 
 The ditch is altogether about 2,300 feet long, of uniform 
 level from the point on Stony Brook where the water was 
 received, to near where it discharged beyond the F"ort into 
 the Charles.' 
 
 I forbear further details at present, both as to the 
 results of excavations made and the attempt to deter- 
 mine the locations mentioned by Ingram, adding simply 
 an outline map of the Coast Survey and the Cabot sketch, 
 and a legend that explains itself. 
 
 ' What eviilences there are of the existence of one or more .incient Indi.in 
 villages in this neighborhood will be presented in my full paper. 
 
 : 
 
f 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
ir 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 tl 
 
^» 
 
 AND THE SITE OF NORUMBEGA. 
 
 37 
 
 Legend. 
 
 Coast Survey Chart, with some ancient names and 
 points indicated, and identified with modern names and 
 localities. 
 
 1. Fort Noruinbcguf, 
 
 2. Norombcga of J, Cabot, 
 
 1497. 
 
 3. Cape Breton, 
 
 4. Claudia, Hrisa, Briso, and 
 
 Via I'rimcra, 
 
 5. Carenas, 
 
 6. Montcs Johannis, 
 
 7. Isthmus of Vcrrazano, 
 
 8. River of Noronibcguc of 
 
 Allcfonsce, 
 
 9. Mouth of Merrimack ( ?) and 
 
 10. Plymouth Beach (outside of 
 
 11. Rio Sanantoiiio, 
 
 12. B. Espiritu Santo, 
 
 13. Aiayascon, 
 
 14. Na-sha-un, 
 
 15. Siia-uni-ut, 
 
 16. Norman Villa, (?) 
 
 1 7. C. de Lisarte of Cosa, 
 
 18. Nahum-keake, 
 
 19. Crossa-ncss of the Norse- 
 
 men, (?) 
 
 Mouth of Stony Brook, right 
 
 bank. 
 Salem Neck and North and 
 
 South Rivers. 
 Cape Ann. 
 
 Baker's Island and Breakers. 
 C. de Arenas, Cape Cod. 
 Blue Hills, Milton. 
 Neck of Peninsula of Cape Cod, 
 near Barnstable. 
 
 Charles River. 
 
 St. Lawrence. ( ?) 
 
 Bay of St. Christopher?). 
 
 Jones Ri""r. eparating Acco- 
 
 mac from the Peninsula. 
 Bay and Island of Newport. 
 Nantasket. 
 Naushaun. 
 Boston. 
 
 VVinthrop Point (?)— Nahant. (?) 
 Nahant. (?) 
 Marblehead and Neck, and bay 
 
 between. 
 
 The Gurnet 
 
■lit 
 
 38 
 
 JOHN cAiiors la m> fall 
 
 20. Plymoutli Peach. 
 
 21, 22. Fast and West chop 
 
 at entrance to Hohncs 
 
 HoU, Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 23. St. Johan of J. Cabot and One of Turk's Heads of 
 
 Allcfonscc. Smith. ( ?) 
 
 24. ArcdondaofJ. Cabot, Another of Turk's Heads of 
 
 Smith. (?) 
 
 IH 
 
 VIII. 
 
 It remains to take from Allcfonsces relation one pas- 
 sage morc.^ It touches the assumption with which this 
 
 letter opened. 
 
 I directed attention to Cabot's sketch in Lok's map of 
 1582, in which is an island, the inscription "John Cabot, 
 1497," the names Norombega, Cape Breton, and St. Johan, 
 and the outline of .shore against Claudia in latitude 
 between 42° and 43° north. 
 
 I have assumed the Cape Breton of Cabot to be the 
 Cape Ann of to-day. The doubt is ^n hethcr the language 
 of Allefonsce applied to the Cape Breton at the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence, the latitude of which is in about 46° 15' 
 
 north. 
 
 Allefonsce says: " Le diet Cai> Breton dc la mer 
 oceane est par <piaranie et deux dcgnz de la haulteur 
 du poUe Artiquc." 
 
 1 " 'e ditz que ce Cip dc Katz et le Cap dc Breton ct plus dc ports en le 
 mer occ.ine qui est une isle appelWe aussi S. Jel.an, sur lest Nord est et oucst 
 sud ouest. II y a en 1.1 route quarle vinp;t lieues. Le diet Cap lUcton de la 
 mer oceane est par quarante ct deux degree haulteur du pollc Artique." 
 

 AND THE SITE OF NORUMDEGA. 
 
 39 
 
 " The said Cape Breton of the ocean is ihroui^h [that 
 is, next to and above] forty-two deforces of north 
 latitude" > 
 
 Nciw, the latitude of Cape Ann on the United States 
 Coaat Survey map is 42" 38' N. 
 
 Having placed tiie Cape Breton and the River Norum- 
 begue and the bay and neck between of Norunibega 
 within the limits of the forty-third degree, there is 
 nothing further of assumption requiring authority for 
 support. 
 
 ' The transfer of Cape Breton from latitude 42° 38' to latitude 46° 15' was 
 but three degrees and a half ; while the transfer in longitude was more than 
 ten degrees. Laiii^itiiiie and distance were of course liable to be greatly at 
 fault, while latitude was observed to within a degree. This transfer may have 
 been in part due, as already intimated, to mistaking the Gut of Canso for the 
 strait connecting Annisquam with Gloucester harbor, which separates Cape 
 Ann (as an island) iVom the mainland ; and also from confounding the eastern 
 coast of New-foundland (the name by which Norombega, the region dis- 
 covered by John Cabot, was known to Henry VI I.), its many bays, indentations 
 of the coast, and mountains, with the group of islands from Mount Desert 
 southward. Cape Race is given on the map of Gastaldi almost in the lati- 
 tude of Cape Hreton (Cape Ann), and Mercator (1569) divides Newfoundland 
 into several islands. 
 
40 
 
 JOHN CABOrS LANDFALL 
 
 \ 
 
 IX. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 h 
 
 I submit — 
 
 I St. That the site of the Landfall of John Cabot in 
 1497 has been detennined to be Salem Neck, in 42" 32' 
 north latitude, the Norum (the Neck, to one standing on 
 it) of the Norumbcga of Cabot, and the Nahum of the 
 Nahumbeak i)f Ogilljy and Smith. Tlie first land seen 
 may have been Cape Ann, or possibly the mountain, 
 Agamenticus. 
 
 2d. That the town of Norumbegue, on the river of 
 Norumbegue of Allefonsce, the Norumbega visited by 
 Ingram, and the fort of Norumbegue and the village of 
 Agoncy of Thevet, were on the Charles River between 
 Riverside and Waltham, at the mouth of Stony Brook, 
 in latitude 42 21' north.' 
 
 3d. That John Cabot preceded Columbus in the dis- 
 covery of America. 
 
 I am, very truly, yours, 
 
 E. N. HORSKORD. 
 
 It is proper here to express my great indebtedness to 
 Mr. Winsor, who has kindly permitted me to see ad\ance 
 sheets of the elaborate papers by himself, by Mr. Charles 
 
 ' Miiidlesex County, St.ite of MassachuseUs, U. S. A. 
 

 H 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 
 
 r> 
 
 
 *'* 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 X 
 
 ?3 
 
 ^ 
 
 .r 
 
 ■^ 
 
 >* 
 
 ;'■; 
 
 
 
 
 -•• > 
 li - 
 
 .- > 
 
 X 
 
 v. 
 
 
 l< 
 
 If 
 
42 
 
 JOHN C A DOTS LANDFALL. 
 
 Map of Mercator. 
 
 Map of Champlain. 
 
 Map of Lescarbot. 
 
 Map of Do Lact. 
 
 John Smith's Map, i6i4- 
 
 Winthrop's Map of 1634. 
 
 United States Coast Survey Maps and Tracings. 
 
 Tracings of various outlines of Naamcs-Kcakct. 
 
 Charles River bctxveen Waltham and Riverside, - part of official 
 
 map of Xewton and surrounding towns. (Bcga of Ingram.) 
 Survey of Fort of Norunibega. 
 Numerous tracings of Maps of the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 
 centuries. 
 
 NOTE.- Uesidcs corrcctins the text of my letter to Judge Daly, as printed 
 iD the October Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 1 have, in this 
 edition, printed for priv.ite circulation, expanded several of the notes, and 
 added some new ones, making sugge-stions which will, I trust, not detract 
 from the force of the argument as (irst dr.iwn out. — E. N. H. 
 
 I 
 
^"^mm