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OKPAKTMKl-T OF AGIIICL J^TUKK

xVTHAL EXPERIMENTAL FAKM

OTTAWA. CAiNADA

INSECTS

INJURIOUS TO GRAIN AM) FODDER CROPS,
ROOT CROI'S AND VEGETABLES

.IAMK8 FLElt IIKR, LL.I>., K.U.s.C, F.I..8.

Enlomolocut and Botanist to the Dominion Experimental Farm,.

HLJLLETIX No. 52

s :

Publi.hed by direction of the Hon. SYDNEY A. FISHER. M,n,.ter of AgncuKur..

Ottawa. Ont.

•^i

f( f ! '

To tlie flrinouriible

The Minister of Agriculture.

S.R.-I have the honour to submit hcrewi.l, for your approval Bulletin No 52 or
.WF etcher. Entomologist and liotanist of the Dominion Eirimenta" pLm,

Tlu. injuries annually caused by inscets to farn. crop, seriously reduce the profit,

dl^ w-th . " ";""'' ''"'' ""•'"■*""' "''"™'"'- -'•-'^ -" -able the rTade To
deal wuh the« several pest, in the n,ost effective manner and at the least coTt The
en .so accounts «ue„ of the life history and habits of the injurio,. sp.cies treated
of. together w.th the ^lustrations, will provide the means whereby they may Z reX
o.t.ngu,shed. , be rernedies suggested for the destn.etion of these pests a^e .^ a ^
of easy application a,id at the same time are very effective.

It is hoped that farmers generally will put into practice the useful nu on

here g,ve, d. whenever occasion arises, pro.nptly .pp]y the re.nedies ..anie,!. and
it\X9 much lo. may be prevented.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

^ our o.i'di: nt s-erv.-iiit.

W.M. SArXDKIJS.
I'irrcfnr of Kiperimontal Farms.

Ottawa, June 30, 1905.

62-lJ

e more im-
ccinvpnicnt

INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO CRAIN AND FODDER CROPS,

imOT (HOPS AND VEOETABLES

Hv James Fi.kt< nib, LL.D., F.U.SC., F.L.S.
EnhmoLgul and Bolnm.,! to the Dominion K c,,erimr„l„l Fannn.

Kv.ry crop grown l,y the fMr.ntT atui ffard.-nor u liahh lo bo attacked and r.-d.nv I

ir«,uont n,,u,nc« cu„,.eru.n« even the cotntnonent and met injurious pesU make i
«dv.,able to is.ue .n concin. k ,n for refcTcnce. an account of some of
portan o( thone to^,.. ..r with the Intc.t a,,provod remedies, and the n,nst
methods ot applying thrm.

fodder crop«. root, .,nd ve^ctnbU.s; a.,d it i, the intention to tr, .t of other , Wo
mjurions insect-, in giiK«e.]nont bulletins. "asses oi

It must be acknowledged by nil obser^•ant people fh.it the lo*,* .!„.■ to the aftac'cs
nreTnelnr I'"? -'""i -"""'.ous; and i, nhonld W more widely known that the-
U^rj. h , " "^"T^- '^'T ""•' ^•■'^"y "PP'i'"l-remedie, f„r most of tho.e

kinds which year by year levy «nch a heavy tax on all crops. For the effeetive nno
of r..niedie« nOTinst ininr,,,,,., insects, n certain amount of knowledge «« to the habit,
nd structure of the Litter is very useful, .o that the most appropriate rem-dv m v
be made use of. and thi« at the time when it will be most effeetive.

r.IVES OF IVSKCTS,

The lives of insect* are divided Mto f.ur well marked stag, s. TbeM. are; ( 1) the
egjr; (2) the larva (caterpillar, ^riib or majriiot). duriMK '.vl,i,.b. as a rule, tiiey ar.. mos-
injurious; (3) the pupa or chrysalis, in which, i xcept in a few orders, they do not feed
and are as a rule, without the power of lor'om..'i.m : and (-1) liie p,rf-et iuaect'
Althoujtl, most insects are injurious in one or ; vo • g,-^. only some are ,|.-ttu,-ive 'n
vl three of th"ir activ statres. It ther.fore be«,m.-. impor'ant to lean, tlulr apiM.ur-

iince and h.ibits from the time the o; „..,

pleted. so tb;it no opportunity of de^ oying th<?n

are !,ii

"itil the

„ 1

hole life history is corn-
et,

BiHnn awl Si.rklnn Insocts.- All Insects may b. ,:iv; into two lar-.- classes bv

the nature of .,eir mouth parts. In the first or !ar^r. - .i. Ion. Bitin- Insects tbe'v

are furnished with mandibles or biting jaws by mian'. „/ ^.k h they ,•. n<in- the sub-

stane,- of tluur fon,!. as in tlie .-asft of eater,. ill, •'-..' p, l,.,,.pera &c

'" . C u ""'"' "'";"• f.'";'''"*'' '"*"'*'■ ''''■■■• ^"''"- ■■ :ndibles, a 'beak

or tube by means of which they suck ut> their food ., -^rm from Iwrieath

the surfac,.. as fn the ease of the true Imjrs. pl.Tiit-lice. >, . tt.osquitoes. Av,

■H

« » i

FAHT I.

RKMKDIAL MKASUItKS.

NATl'HK l)K ATTACK.

When iriscc:* an- .«l.^r\r,l to k- injurintf u i-rop, nii fXiiiiiiiiiitiin should ut oiu-o
li" iiimJc to Jisfovvr tlio iialiir*' of the injury, so ua to dcciiJ.^ upon the proper nimbly.
II i« phiiii ilial with Hit nj.' Insi-fts, «lii,li Lit,, oil mid hwjIIow pi,,t, r.l' tlio plunt
uttucktd, ail tliut is neoiaiij!:.\ i« to place upon the food plant some poisonoin aiil.^ttance
which u ill not injure tlie phiiit, but which b^'ing eaten Uy the in.i. ct» uttuckintf it, will
kill them. Witii Sucking' In.-, .tri. how. ver, thi- treatnifnt. would be usek».s, for they
would pu^h tlii'ir U'aks throii-h the poisonous ciu.rin^' on the outride of tlie food plant,
r.tui v.o.i.d witli itu|iuiiit> .sii.'k lip tlie>ap upon wliirli they li\e, from beneutli the uur-
fiice. For Suckin^' Innecl.^, tlurefon-, >oine sul>xt:iiice mu:,t !«■ u.s<d which will kill by
mere contact with tiieir iMidie*. or bv sufTocafing tin m.

For nearly all the kin. Is of injiirioii.H iusecto which artack our staple crops, we
have now i;,.od practical rciii.'di«'s; and all that is necessary for 'armer or «ardeiRT
who seis tliMt his crops arc Ik in^r injured by insects i;. to write a . .n- lo thi' DiviHion
11 Kntoniojony, :,i the teiitral K.\|K'rimental Farm. Ottawa, stuliiig plainly what the
.rouble is, and, wiieuever poasibl.\ ««'iidin|,' s|iecimen.s lor e.xamination. In most cases,
ii-eful advice Ciiii be mnt back lit one, by which much loss will Ix; prevented, kcauie
those insects which are most injurious to crops arc naturally coiiimou s|i . ies, and the
life histories of nearly all of these have btnn worked out, and already pr. .-tical reme-
dies hive Ik'cii diM'oVCKHl.

There is at the pro-iciit time in North America a larRc and earnest body of stu-
■' •nt.s v.orkin^' at |iroblems eoniuctisl with the di-ov. ry of new remcdes or the
improvement of ,,|.| ones, by i.i. ns of which in-ects which injure crops may be eon-
trolled. Soiiietliiii- new is iHinjr learnt every day :i- to the meatus of . ItluT iiiikiiif; or
iipplyinjr reiiiedir.^. and day by ilay new fact.s an Leiu;.' I, arnt I'oncerMiiii.' the life his-
1 ries and ha' its of the inserts wliich are the causes of los-. In the present bulletin
an effort has Uvn made to supply f'anaiiian fanners with the best reiuedies and t.,
liitost developments in methods of applyiti;; them. So much is written nowadays in
iii:iffn7,iiies, newspaiM rs, fo.., concerniii),' insec: i'ljiirl.s an,l the In-st ways of prevent-
ni^' them that a gro' many cx[M'rimeiit9 have be<>ti ne<T.ss:iry to find out how reliable
sonic of the proposed rcmedie- were, and tin? present bu'letiti stives only the be.st results
of Mich exiXTiment^ as have 1„ en actually tried by otfieers of the Division of Ento-
mology.

AI'I'AUATl S.

Nearly all insecticides may l)e used both as dry powders or in liquid. In tiie case
of the useful arsenical poisons, it is necessary to mi.\ them with some other .substance
as a diluent, on account of their caustic action upon tender ve^'etation, and also for
convcnien.;. of (ILsiributioi: ?i,l to economif:c the material. For dry applications, suit-
able diliK .Its will 1m> fouiiii in flour, Innd-plaster. air-.slaked lime, finely sifted ashes,
or even road duM. The important p,,iiii is tliar the powder siiall be jwrfeetly dry and
in a very fine state of divisioi.. so as to mix thoroughly with the insecticide and thus
iiLsurc even distribution. TIh re are several im|dein ii's for distrilnitiiifr dry insec-
ticides such as bi'llowp, insect |it,„is, dtistintr ho.xes. A;c.. many of which will be found
mentioned in the cataloRues of our Icadiiiir seedsmen. A convenient nictliod for dis-
trilmtiiifr ilry poisons is to place the powder in a small bap of very fine mu.slin, then
tie this to the end of a short stick sn that it swin;;.^ "retdy. If the h:vj is tapped lightly

l...ttor vv,.rk ilm>, l.v «t...,,.,u« ,.l.,n« ov- r hi, rr..,> «u'. .„ ,,..l,i,„r hn.k. I.rv >M.«f„^.,

^ ..,.1, ,,.,„..,, .,. .„„ „„,., „„.,. ;,. ,„,,,,,,. ^,,,,„_ „_^, ^^,_^_^,^ ^^ ^ ^.^^««;^-»

en,"; ''i^ ."'V"-"- ''■'"'•v.r.tim, ,lur:,.« ,1... .,.n,.„ ,n,.M,l,. »l,..„ in....ti..i.|.*
. . ui> It I uTftor,. l,„.o>,„ . „..ri„.ar.v .. ,„.,,lv ,1,.. ,M,i,„„ in „,„„. .,,1,.., „.„,.. .„ ,l,„l

-:;:iil;i ;;::.,;:':r'i,.t-;''::,!:r^;: ,:,;;.: " • •'- "'"' •"••" "•"••>""' -"»• "

H .,,,,,11 ..Mr,|,.n. to „,. t,. tho .■x,H„M. „l „r,„.,.rM,:. r ,mir of ,>r..,K.r U.ilow. f,.r ,|rv mix-

•.ntruan-v,. ,u...h os wat.T,„=r rnns. wl.i.ks. and ..,.„ I,„....„J of Lav,,, wl.i.h n e

r.,„.,„,, „„..|, a,.,„,,il,v ..,„t Car >„..r.. i„ wa. ,1, „,1 „,„,HaU ,h ,n wn,.ld iJ

for tho JK>st .,,..,.,«! „np!Pn,r„t,. in n.Miti.m to wl,!,!,. wh.r, tl,,. work is .ion. i il

/!""'"— "■ -If'-i'lins n„ wi.at l<i„,| to „.,.. i, i.s „,i^;.al |.. f,„ ,„„. „ho hw not

i,.« .1 tl,.-.o m„, . :,-,,,l. , , ..„„.„lt l„. ,„.i;:l,l,„„r. wl„. I,„v,. ,! ,„ „, „„., „„„ writ., f .r
■•. Mlo,n,cs ,0 tho l,o*t k„o«„ makers; a,.,| wl„.„ l,„vi,„, „,ak.. i,'a J.„..ra .J.ti ,l'
;.l«M,v, to pro,.,.-e tiu- m.Ht .„i,.l,|,. „„,! tl,P 1.., .,( ;,, l,in.|. tI,.. ,|itr,.r,.„,!o it..

p:.n., w,.h the. .„1,..,„ , I,,.. at,.| in.-onv..„i.,„v ,Vo,„ „.,,„ „ ,.,,„,,. ,„„„p":: "„ ,

;;:rt. ^;::: r;^.:";:";;:;::: ; ;,:::r -:::::,:,; ; : •;;-'. tt -t '- -'
-•;;•■'' - «■!"■••'-- -t'"'"" ^"^ '"''"'- '- -• '•■•^t.::-! .*;;:::! Jxi; !:,«!;:'

■ny AO-eMon Larrol, with a -tron? f.,n- pn.„,, ,,. I„. ^1,,.., |„ i„„„| ,,.,i,.i, ^.m ,
.l.o-,t *.0. an,) will 1,.. all that is r..,irr..,i i„ at/or.haM ..f f ti/; 1 o,; l^.' ,:;'

■» fnnk of ahoul fo„r gallons rapa-ltv. to 1„. .arri.,! „„ tl„. ha-k, at,.| ,.-..f„! wl,en trrat-
injr onthrrak. ,| cutwontiK t„riiip aphis. \;:. in ti,!,! ,„a.-f,.,.; ((. „„v..r nnrhin.s-
,r" '"': '■' ^^''; "^ ^-" '■:■ ^""' ■■• ■ ''•■•• -'■ i'' '"••.. ,.l.,„.a-,..,.<. or f„r .proving str...;
fr.,.s wh.re c-vat power ,. ro.p.l,-..,! to ..naf ,!„. ,pr,-.. Th.so ar- work..,| l,v .tvan,.

lo .„ whi.O ,!„• tai,k !-. ,irawn. or I,v lht> c.M-Hp,-

Kv licinjT u'oaro.I to the whools of tho vi'l

of rni-hor'c- acid Ria. Tlii'
oiy.o of tho machines.

<-o<t of tlioso wil

var; v.rv iiin.'h .-.< nliriL' to tl,<- make Hnd

•N.mvn,^ »o..^...-Of o,p,a! „„por,a„..,. wl,l, a ,„■,,,.. (.,... p,„„, ,„ Jistrihutin^
..P ,d po.sonous nppl„-at,o„. „ a .„It,,l,;,. ,,....1... 1. „„,,„- „f whi,.h t!,.. li,,uid ..,n
•. dNtr.hute, evonly. I ho at,. I'r.,f,..s„r IM.y. who .|i„ n,,,,-!, in th. ,|,.v..lopUnt of
spray.n,' tnachtno, sa.d: ' ! h, dosidorata in a .praying n.,..l.. ...-. th,. r,...,dv re.n.lation
>^f tho vo ume to ho thrown, tho ur,.at,..,t ato,„i/in- pow.r with tho linst to.,donov to
olofT, facility of clonns.ns or H-pnra'i„n of its ,■„„„„,„,,„ part<. oIh apt,,.-.. .impliVitv
iHid a,l.|iistabi,ity to ai,y ail-!.-.' ■! "< n.i

Altnost overy maker of sprnyi,,,. „„-.l,. , ,.,„„. .,„„.i,| „„|,,, „.,,;,.,, ,,p ^^^^^_
mends; hnt maiiy k.nds now in th.. market l,avo „ot tho n„ali,i,.K n..,..s-arN or «prav-
..t(r crops f .r injnr.ons in-o,.t. !„ tho host , av. All that ,.a., ho .ai.! I„.ro. i i.at Ume
..f those nozzles an- far h..tt..r than others and that ^-roat c:iro is i„.,..-sarv ,„ ohoosi,,--
one which will oo„„. ,ip ,0 Or. Riley's rc.piir<..,a.nts. a- mentioned ahove.' The oxnori"
ence of others is a valuable u'.lido in this wo,-k : and. I...lh at the Don.inin,, ;:x,«.rim,'ntal
l-'rnis ,,n,l al lli - milar provi„e,:,t i„-til ,;tin„-. sorayin- w,,rk is e^.n-ied on evrv
year wh|ch eat, Iv uitne.-o.l by all w> . wi-h to do -o. a„d adv„.o will U- fmdv pivon
l>y the officers in chnrffe. '

The oiH.ration of 'sprayinp' e .si.sts of applyimr liqnids bv pipii,. of a force
pump nnd spray,,,- n.,zzlo with such foree as to bn.ak „p the ll.p.id so th..ro„phly that

it falls upon the plants troati-d as an actual mist or spray. Such terms as sprinkling
thowering are inaccurate for tlie operation here intended. Unfortunately, much of
the »o-called spraying as usually carried out could more accurately be designated by
these terms, which describe a much less careful and less even distribution of liquids.

RHMKIllKS.

1 , i}
11

Remedies are either Preventive or Active, and must be applied in accordance with
the circumstances of the cnse and the habits ;{ the attacking insects. Preventive
remedies are either agricultural or deterrent. The former of these consist chiefly of
such methods as special rot:ition of crops, high culture, so ua to stimulate a healthy
«;rowth of the crop and keip the land free of weeds and rubbish ; early and late seed-
ing, so aa to present a crop to its insect en( mio.s when tliey appear, in such condition
that they cannot injure it, and rotation of crops, by whicu insects attracted to a locality
by a crop will not have in that i)lace the same crop to feed upon the following year.
Deterrent preventive remedies consist of the application of mechanical contrivances,
euch as bands of paper or tin placed round plants to prevent cutworms getting at tliem,
or the destroying or masking of the natural odours of some plants by scattering
amongBt them substances possessed of a stronger or a disagreeable odour, like gas-
lime, carbolic acid, &c. Acllre remedies include such methods as hand-picking and
the application of various iioisonous >nbstance.s to tlie plants to be protected.

For convenience of reference in the latter part of this bulletin, I app(nd a short
Aiatement concerning each of the best known remedi'-s v ! icli will be referred to by the
Tiumbere which precede them: —

LArsenile^.—Thc 1.' st kmnvn of tlie-e are Paris grecu, .\rsenate of lead, the
Arsenite of !;nie with soda, which has lately come into very much more general' use,
and Green Arsenoid.

In all of the.se i ison-. arsenic is the essential ingr .iitnt, niul other chemicals are
mixed with the arsenic f a- the i)uipose of preventing it from injuring vegetation.
There are many spraying enniiioun.ls whi.'h contain arsenic, some of which are sold
ready-made, and many others are made at home by coinbininf.' th<
dients.

he necessary iiiirn-

Pan-s r,'n.,;i.— Undoubtedly the best knuwn, and in many respects the safest poi-
son to use is Paris green. It has passed through many years of trial, is well known,
has a distinctive colour, and is a definite eliomical compound containing 5S-fi,5 per out
if ars<.nious oxide, ;il :2!l per cent of copper oxide, an,] 10 on per cent of acetic acid.
It 18, therefore, an aceto-arsenite ,if copper. It is soluble in ammonia. Paris green
if demande<l, is now obtainable pne iii all part.s of Canada: but, as there is sometimes
an adulterated article found in the market, it is wisest always to add an equal amount.
with the Paris green, of fre-hly slaked lime. wli< n the free arsenic will combine with
•he hme.and it can tlu'ii be used safely at the rn' of one pound of Paris green in 1(10
Rnllons of water on all vegetation, and. for a dr> application, 1 pound Paris green in
50 pounds flour, land-plaster, slaked lii.e or some other perfectly dry powder.

As a general principle, lime should be always used with Paris green whenever it
18 applied in a liquid insecticide. Paris green is very heavy, and the particles quicklv
sink to the bottom of any liqui.l with which it i.s mixed. This makes constant stirrin-
necessary. Pans green does not dissolve in water, and is merely mixed with water
to facilitate its even distribution on vegetation in the very small quan-ilies that are
necessary to destroy insects. The finer the poison is ground, the qni-ker its cfFrct
on the insects which eat it, l)eeausc the minute crystals are more rapidly di.soolved
by the digestive juices in the stomachs of the insects. The finer it is ground', the better
alsoit will remain suspended in a liquid application. For most insects, one ounce of
Paris green in 10 gallons of water is the standar.l strength; but some plants with coarse
foliage, such as the potato, will stand -louble that strength.

of Paris jrrcen bccaxi^J^JLl \ L "^'"*^ '* '" "^°"' '^« ^'""6 as that

of LeYd wasKeai for 'ul"l°''°"'"=" '"^"•'"^'■""^ "- «'-" ^^ -kin. tl.e Arsenate
Arsenate of soda. ... ,„

Acetate of lead. . 10 ounces.

Water .... ; ■•• "^ "

rp, ^ , • ", loO to 200 gallons.

The arsenate of^^^oda^and_ acetate of lead should be dissolved separately and then

is but little affected by ordinarT Vain! *"'"" '"" " ^'""^ '"^^'""*^ '"'"*• ^'"^^

T. FerrJl!:;:^"'":" '^ "''"^ ^'■""'"•' °' ^"'^ '^ ^'^^^ recomn,ended by Prof. 11.

te^Toflerd'"' '" ^" ""' ''"^"^'' ' —•

Water ^1 "

•.l/vsrniVc nf Limr with Soda:—

White arsenic

Sal soda (crystal). . . \ P°""'^-

Water '^ pf^unds.

, •1.1 • J. " '." 1 Riillon.

will takonlT ™ '""" '""''^';" f''*^ '•'^nmred amount of wnter untiMis.olvrd which
on s ronl ccd'" ^,'=°"'P""-'l''-'>- ^^^ '»-"'-. -^f- which the water lost bv evnpn a

Ws solut nn i7'"^'''T'- . ^" 'l" 'V^'' ^"^^''^"' '^^»^ ""'''^■- «''« advice of tl c wri or
cheapen " '"'' " ^''""'' *" ^'' ""' ""'^ «^ ^'^'^i^"' - «ther soh.tions. b"t f/;

nord'.3'v*'" •'/' ''"*''■",' '° "'" ""••doaux mixture with this soh.tion. it is added to the

Ill)

The above combination of Arsenite of Lime with Soda is preferable to arsenite
of lime on account of the .iifficulty in making this latter couibinat.on perfectly, and,
when this is not the case, the irce arsenic is very destructive to tol.age

London I'urple, which is an impure arsenite of lime, is now very seldom u=,ed. for
the same reason. As it is a waste pr.uluct in the manutaeture of MUiline dyes, it .s
very variable in composition, and thereiore unsafe to use.

Urem Arsenokl.-HUU is a convenient poison to use, hnng practically Paris green
not cry-Mllizc,l. and is in some wa.vs l^-tter; being a very ti.:.; powder, it remains >r.
.uspensiun longer and adheres better to foliage. Its «h^of disadvan age ib it has a
rather larger percentage of soluble arsenic, and, unless mixed with fresh lime, as sug
gelted for^PaHs green there is .langer of it injuring foliage. It may be used ,n the
same proportion as Paris green, viz., one ounce to ten gallons ot water.

II Kcroscm- i'm./sion..-Next in importance to the arsenitcs are the emulsions
of kerosene. These are partieularly valuable against such insects ,^s plant-liee, scale
insects, !.:iH animal parasites. The best formula is:-

- , •ii . . 2 gallons.

kerosene *,coal oil) ,11

„ . ^ 1 gallon.

Ram water " ,

Soap , - ' , ., ....

Boil the soap in the water till all is dissolved; then, while boiling
i,ot turn it into the kerosene, and churn the mixture constantly and forcibly with
syringe or force ptunp for live minutes, when it will In. of a smoo'h, creamy nature^
It Uu ca.ul-i.m is perlee,. it wMl a Ih re to the surface of glass without o.l.ness. As
cools, it thickens into a jelly-like mass. This gives the stock --1--- - l- " 7«^
be diluted with nine times its measure of wnrm wnt, r before usu.p: on vegetation. The
Ive quantity of 3 gallons of emulsion will make :;o gallons ot wash. Insect.s breathe
through small openings along their sides. The effect ot kerosene cnnilsion is to suffo-
-a'( 'liom bv stopping up these breathing pores. , . t

i IZ . .uLoT.s may al-o Ix. mad., eouveuiently by using an e,unl amount .f
scur milk instead of soap and water in the above formula and f '"""";/"[„; ';;;^"";
ii,,„. ,0 ..,., tlu ^t.. U .niulsion. K<eently annl!»T m, t! o 1 has been suggested by Mr.
1. T Shutt and Mr. W. T. Macoun, of mixing kerosene first of all wHn tlonr an<l after-
vanis ith ""'er by churning the two together. This convenient plan -^ n inod.f^-
cation of a method pro|K>se.l by Prof. (M.,se. of the Delaware Kxpe.Mi.e.u Matun.. ...
wl ch it wa.s .how.1 that li,.,e has the power of holding kerosene in suspension and
S .ning an emulsion which does not separate for a long t.mo. L.n.e is not conven.-
nth- obtainable i.i all parts of Canada, and Mr. Sl.utt made the -l^'^^l': d'--->^
thit flour which is to be had everywhere, may be used w.th equplly r-n.l result, .f tU.
e ,u.l'i" 1 is to be used at once. This gives us, the.i, by far the most convenient kero^
e"e e.nulsio.., when small qua.Uities are required for immediate n.se Ins rnct ons
for making this new flour kerosene emulsion are given ... the May and Ju..-, 1J05.
issues of the ' Canadian Ilortieulturist.' .... ,.,.

The preparation is si..,ple. The requisite amount of kerosene .. placed in a dr^
vessel and flour adde<l in the proportion of eight ounew to °"<^, .^^^ /'^^ ';';~\'^"^;
It i. th. th, roud.lv stirr..d and two gallo..s .f wa'.r a.-e added for every quart
of keros. e- the whole is then visrorouslv churned for from two to four minutes, and
the emul- on is readv for use. When required for immediate i.se, tvo ounces of flour
Im emulsi"v one quart of kero.se„e-. but. on standing :, few hours. '>"' ^."---;;;;
^parate. Howeve". it has b«.. further found by .Mr Shut, that by sea d.ng the flo,
Te o e adding the kerosene, an excellent emulsion which does not separate '" thj l^a »
',fter one we,0<. can be prer>ared will, two ounces of flour, by mixing the resulting paste
with one quart of kerosene and emulsifying with two gallons of water.

HI Whitn //.?/c/)or,-.-This is a vegetable poison, Kdng the finely PO^vdered root>
of reratr„m alhnm. It i.s uso:,,! for leaf-eatinr, insects atjd root mageots Althongh
verv noisonou. to in<eeh=. owing to the poisono,,-. p-.ue.ples be.nc soluble .t can be
::?elJ Xd wl,ere the arsenite^ would V. dangerou. It can be applied as a dry powder
or as a liquid mixture, u^ing one ounce to two g.allons of warm water.

-Uc^

IV. Insect Fowdcr (Pyrelhrum, huhach).-T\nA ii another vegetable insecticide
i.f special value, from the fact that, although it is extremely active in its ctTccts upon
aearly all insects, it is practically harmless to human beings and the IhkIht animals.
It is the pulveriseJ flowers of some plants belonging to the genus I'jirel'tntm. It is
useful for many household pest.s, as flios. mo-squitoes and wasps, all of which are
quickly affected, either by having a small <iuantity thrown into the air of a room by
i-eans of an insoct-gun or small bellows, or by a smnll quantity (.a teaspuonful) being
ignited an.l allowed to smoulder. It ^eems to have a marked effect upon the breathing
..rgans of insects. Where pruetieabie, a dry application ^ives the best results. If
mixed with four timce its weight of common flour, and then k(>pt in a tishtly clo-scd veo-
.el for twentv-four hours, the mi.xture will kill nearly all caterpillars it is applied to, and
in this strengrh becomes the l)est remedy for the caterpillar of the Tmported Cabbage
Butterfly. It can also be used mi.\ed with water, 1 oz. to 2 gallons ( f water.

V. Soap Washes.— The most effective soap wash is made with whale-oil soap, one
iwinid to from four to six gallons of water. The term whale-oil soap .., merely a trade
name for a fish-oil soap, iniide with either potash or soda. The pornsh soaps, winch
arc the best, because even strong solutions remain liquid when they cool, are soit soaps.
The soda soaps are hard. Of the two. the potash soaps are considered the best to use
(111 v.fietation. a.s well as being more convenient. 15oth kinds sliouM always be dis-
solved in hot water.

When bought at retail prices, these soaps cost from 15 to 20 cents per pound,
roconliiifr to tiio locality, but if obtained in lar-ie quantities, can be pot at from 3 to 5
cents per pound. Fifty-pound kegs are supplied at 5 cents per pound. Two well
known brands of potash soft soaps which have been lunoli used in Canada, and have
given goo.l 8ati>faction, nre those made by W. H. Owen, of Port Clinton, Ohio, and
by C.ood & Co.. of Philadelphia, Pa. If thought desirable, these soaps can lie made at
home; but it is very unplea.sant and dirty work, and it is besides doubtful whether such
• cod i.r cluMp rcMilts can be secure 1 as by buying from firms which make a .-p cal
business of manufacturing soaps with only the required amount of moisture and the
proper grade and amount of ).ota«li. It has been found in e.xperimeuts carried on at
Washington that what i.s required for spraying purposes is a caustic potash and fi.sh-ml
-,.ap. made with a fairly good quality of fish-oil, and from which water has been elimin-
ated' by boiling, so that it docs not exw-ed 25 or .".0 pi r cent of the weidit of the soap.
Soaps made with caustic soda instead of caustic pota.sh are unsuitable for spraying
purposi^s. Dr. J. 15. Smith, in liis circular No. .1. ' Whale Oil Soap and its Uses,' says:
' Whilc-oil. or fish-oil, soap is one of the most reliable materials for use against plant-
lice, and gen rally against sucking insects which can be killed by contact insecticides.
It kills by clo'_'ging the spiracles, or breathing pores, of the insects and also to .some
extent by its corrosive action. The advaiiJages of fish-oil over ordinary laundry soap
lie in the greater penetrating power, in the fact thiit it remains liquid when cold, at
much greater strengths, and that fish-oil itself seems to lie more fatal to iu.sect life than
i.ther animal fais. A good soap can be made as follows: —

Concentrated potash lye ^^ !'"■

Water "^ !^"""-'^-

Fish-oil ■" P-'"""-

Dissolve the Iv,. in boiling water, and to the boiling solution add the fish-oil; continue
u. boil f..r tw'.. hour-. i....l •hen allow to cool. Any ,L'r:ule of fi^h-oil will answer.'

Whale-oil soap mav be applied in the strength of one iiound in four gallons of
water for brown or black plant-lice, and one pound in six gallons for green plant-lice;
warm water shoiild alwnys \^ use,! wlion di'solvinrr it.

Soaps of all kinds are verv useful in adding adhesiveness to liquid mixtures when
it is necessnrv to apply these to such veg-tation as cabbages, turnips, peas. &-c.. which
have their leaves cove:ed with a waxy secretion which i.reveiits water from lying ujion
them- Any kind of ■ lap will answer for this purpose, and it may be remembered tha'
one quart of soft soap is about eipial to one pound of hard soap.

. I

VI. Carbolic Acid.— Th\a fluid Li very valuable as a preventive remedy, owing to
its permanent and characteristic odou •, which is found to be distasteful to many insects.
A convenient form of usinj? it is the Cook wash, which is so effective against root nuig-
gots. This consists of boiling up ore quart of soft soap, or one pound of hard soap,
in a gallon of water. When boiling, add half a pint of crude carbolic acid. Boil for
a few minutes and stir thoroughly. The mixture is then ready to be stored away for
future use. When required, take one part of this nii-xturc by measure to fifty of wnter,
end sprinkle or spray directly upon the growing plants once a week from the time they
appear above ground.

Carbolized Plaster, Sand, Ashes or Sawdust.— This is simply one pint of crude
carbolic acid, well mixed with tifty pounds of laud plaster or some other diluent.
It is used dry by sprinkling it among plants to be protected, and is said to be very
efficient against tlea-beetles. Striped Cucumber Beetle, &c.

VII. Pol.siinvd lUmhunx Mixture.— \\\c discoviry of the great value of Bor-
deaux mixture as a destroyer of fungous diseases was soon followed by the equally
important one that vt^rious poisons could be mixed with it and form a joint mixture
destructive at the same time of fungous diseases and insect pests. AH of the arseni-
cal poisons can be mixed with the lime Bordeaux mixture, ami this pru tioe is
now a general ons, when it is necessary to protect crops against fungous diseases and
at the same time to destroy insect enemies. A useful formula for making the
Poisoned Bordeaux .Mixture for fungi and leaf-eating inserts is the following:—

POISONED BORDEAUX Ml.XTURK.

For Fungi and Leaf-eating Inaeclt-

Copper sulphate (Bluestone) '4 lbs.

Unslaked lime 4 lbs.

Paris green '^ o^-

Water (1 barrel) 40 gallons.

Dissolve the copper sulphate (by suspending it inside a wooden or earthen vessel
containing 4 or 5 or more gallons of wat( r.) Slake the li-ne in iinother vessel. If the
line, when shikcd, is lumpy or granular, it should be strained througli coarse sacking
or a 'fine sieve. Pour the copper sulphate solution into a barrel, or it may be dissolved
in this in the first ,,...ce; half fill the barrel with water; dilute the slaked lime to half
a barrel of water, and pour into the diluted copper sulphate solution ; make the Pans
green into a paste by adding a little warm water and then pour it intc. the barrel and
stir thorou-hly. The mixture is then ready for use. (Never tnix eciieentratod milk
of lime ami copper solution.)

A stock solution of copper sulphate and milk uf lime may be prepared and kept in
separate eciv.rcd barrels throughout the sjiraying season. The r.uantities of copper
sulphate, lime and water should '"■ carefully noted.

To test Bordeaux mixture, let a drop of ferrocynnidc of potassium solution fal
into the mixture when ready. Tf the mixture firns reddish brown. i»dd more milk if
lime until no change takes place.

When spraying potatoes for potato rot and the Colorado Potato Bwtle use .six
pound.s of copper sulphate iin.l .ight ounces of Par's green. Arsenites must not '.>e
nppli-'l in Bonienux mixture, when this is made with soda instvad of lime, or the
I'lliiiLc will 1 (■ injured.

-M^i_.

FABT n.

I.— TNSKCTS INJURIOUS TO ORAIN AND FODDKH (HOPS.

Hessian Flv

(Cecidomyia destructor. Say), Figs. 1, 2, 3.

A I luck.— Ill uiituiiiii two, tliree or more small whitisli ningg, ..s tniiy Ih.' found im-
hcdilcd in the crown of wiiitor wht-at or in sp.nmer just above t!;j tirst or second joint
of llii' stems uf wheat, barley and rye, whe'^; tliey lie beneath the sheath of the leaf
but outride the stein, from which ti:ey suck the sap, causing the stem to be,.jme weak
and fall over. When full grcwn these mag;;ots harden and turn dark-brown and the:i
resemble small fla.x seeds. From these in .May and Juno, and asain in August and ..I
the beginning of September, enierfje small )ladvi.~li midges with wimiki' wings, which
measure about a quarter of an inch cross the eximiuleil wings. Ihc females lay small
bright re<l eggs upon the inside crease of tlie leaves of tlie growing plants. The egt;s
rro deposited singly or in elui' ers upon tiic upper side of the leaf. The young maa;-
cota as snon as they liatcli, woik their way down to the bases of the leaves where they
remain until 'he jMrfeet Hies emerge.

Tl'e Ile-isian Fly has been the cause of enorimiiis l.jeises at di.Terent times in many
parts of Canad.i, both tn spring and to fall wheat in western Ontario and the eastern
provinces, ."nd to spring wheat in Manitoba in 1902. At the present t.me there is
hardly any injury recordc<i ; but this din enemy of tlie wheat grower may appear again
ir any season.

H'^medirt!.-- I'he habits of the Hessian Fly and the best remedies to adopt are
r^retty gen(>rally kn'iwn by wheat growers and with a little more co-operation a grent
doal might be done to prevent the increase of this most destructive enemy of our stapl(?
food crop. The best remedies are: —

(1.) Late Soi)in(i.--'\ .,e ra.ist important preventive rcn /?dy is the pjstpo lemeMt
of the siH'diiig of fall wheat .util the cud of Septcmher, wliicli delays the iipp(\ir:\nce of
the young plants until after the flies of the second brood are dead. At the same time
special care slio..ld be tnki n to prei)a:-e th(> land as well as possible for the crn]), and in
periods of excessive abundance strips of wlicat may be .si wn in August to be ploughed
down iigain willi all their containeil larva? by the middle of September.

(2.) liinnui'j Jii'fuse. — !Maiiy of the Hax seeds of the summer brojd are carried
with the straw and at threshing time fall with the rubbish beneath the machine or are
left in th(> straw. All dust and sereeiung.s, tiierefi re should be carefully destroyed,
and all straw ami smull seeds should either be used up during the winter or burnt
before sp-ing.

(:!. ) Trciii of L<!itlihlc.<. — .Most of the puparia of the summer bruod are

placed so low on the slems that they are left in the stubble when the w'eat is cut.
In Ontario and the eastern jirovinces a large proportion of these give forth their flies
Hi August and September; but some, and in .Manitoli:i and the west proj.iM.v m.'-t,
pass the winter in the stubble. An efTeefive way of deatroying these is to plniigh the
stubbles dovvn deejily as soon alter the crop is cut as conveiueiu, su as to place the
insects so deep beneath the su'face that the delicate flies, when they emerge, caiinat
reach the surface. As most of the pnpavia winter in the stubhlc, the burni'- ' over of
^vlieat ti( Ids, which for the purpose have been cut rather high, will jirobnbly jirove the
most c.inveiiieul remeily fur this iiwect in "Manitoba, where there is onlv one orood.

(4.) Fertilizers.— W'hvii a nrop of fall wheat is only lixlilly infested, it is some-
timea possililj to stiimilate the growth of tlie plants in spline by niakint? a lisht appli-
eation (so ai nut to cuiit toij iniicli) uf siiiiie (|iiiek ai-tinii; sin'ciai fertilizer siufli 'M
nitrate uf h. la.

Tills Joint W'ohms
(hosoma spO, Fijj. 4.

Attack. — \ ery small, slender, footless t . ibs, one-c'ghth of un ineii in length, of l
jale-yellow eclour, witli dark brownish j.iw.s. As many as live to iwelv.- of these. may
be found oceupying celld in a nu re or less ajiparent awiljing or gull on <■ stru'v or in
Uie leaf sheaths of wheat, rye and barley, generally u little above the lust or second
joint from the root. .Most of the larvse winter inside the galls, but a few tranaforin
.1' d appear as tlies in late uutui: '). Ihe perfeet insect is a tiny black four-winged Hy,
only about rne-tenlh of an ineii lU length, with clear transparent wings and pale lejfs.

There are probably more spe<'ies than one belonging to tho genus Isosoma whicu
attack tlvo small grains in Caiiaiia. 1. tritici. Fitch, an<l /. Iiurdei, Ilarr., have been
reared. These injuries appear to be of rare occurrence but have sometimes been ser-
ious in certain localities. All recorded occuriencis have been of short duration.

Hemedics —There is iipparently only one brood of the Joint Worms in Canada,
and, as they p;iss the winter in the straw, lor tUe i"ost part so near to the ground thU
a large proportion of the larva; are in the stubble left on the fields, they can be largely
reduced in luuiil". .s iiy burning over the siubble or by ploughing it down tleei)Iy. Tho
broken off h-;rdencd pieces of t^traw which become separated in threshing and cleaning
should bu carefully gathered and burnt. Sonietinies no af.parcnt frails are forme I,
merely slight swclliiig.s wiih a hard, tluekeind condition of the str;iW representing the
(■alls. These portions treidi off in threshing and many are carried through with the
grain. Straw I'rou an iiitisted crop should be got out of t'le way either by fee. ng
rr burning hi fore the onsiiing spring.

Prof. F. il. Webster, of Wasliincrton, P. ("., who has ma<lc a special study of these
insects, .iiul who is not only an expert entomologist but also a pnietioal farmer, re-
cimmon<ls n ngular rotation of ernps and the mowing down of all gras.ses alonr the
borders of fields nnd waste places in June, as well as keeping up the fertility of the
soil, so as to prodiu'o a healthy vigorous growth, whieh will diseourago ege laying by
the fenia'e flics.

The Gre.\ter Whkat-stem AIaogot
{Meromyza americana . Fitch), Fig. 5.

Attack. — A short time before wheat, barley and some grasses should be ripe, the
ear and top portion of the stem turn white, i-.iusiiig an injury which has been called
Silver-top' and 'Dead-heads.' I'poii examination, the stem will be found to be severed
nnd consumed just above the top joint by a slender transparent green maggot, one
<,uarter of an inch in length, iioinled at one cud, and bavin,' black horny mouth parts.
When full led. this inat;g(jt w.uks up to the upper portion of the sheath and changes 'o
a s ightly flattened clear glassy-green puparium from which the fly emergo about
the eiul of July or during -Vugust. The perfect in-octs are active little greouish-yellow
ilies, one-fifth of an inch in length with shining green eyes and tliree dark stripes
extending down the back. The hind thiiihs nro much thickeiud, and. when the fly '»
lit r?st. the fore part of the 1 ody is raised.

There is snn:e doubt as to the niriber of lirnorLs which ordinarily oceur in a year,
but rloae oVscrvation in ISSO showed tlirn^ di-tlnet 1 r- oils. Perfeet flie^j of the fir-t
Irood vi-hiih had winteied over as 1-rva' in winter whi^al an.l uras-cs. were found in
consiilerable nuin'.em in the beyinniug of June. These laid eggs in the root shout (

and in the slei \8 of wheat, barley and rye, us well us lu 3 'Uio grusoes. I'iic lliea frotn
the«e, the sicKiid broud, emerged nt ilie eud ot July "iid through August, and laid
<heir eggs uiiou volunUer full ■ Uoal uiid barliy, tue ll.es eo.iiiiig to uiaturily ui Sepleai-
btr and then laying thcij- egg> mii lull w lit at iiiid wild grasses. Larvie from this brooil
were also found [mil-grown in l.irj^e numbers iu the roots of volunteer barley in th ■
middle of September. The empty egg shells from whieh the larvse had hatchei!,
were found adhering to the first leaf of infested plants and the central leaf was dead,
making it an easy niattiT to detect the injured plants. B'lies taken at the end of Sept-
enilicr imiy possibly have bicu Ixhited speeinn ns if the s-coiid broi<l of larvic. It 'S
thought by some tliat there are only two regular .roods of this insect in Cana<la, and
this mr.y possibly be tin; cBfe; but the chief injury by this insect is done to fall whe.it
fields in autumn and to the root shoots of spring sown grain by the larva? which come
fror; oggn laid by the Hies wli 'eh ;':ner!;c from tlio ovor-wintorin? brood.

The Greater Wheat-stem ifaggot is an insect whieh has a wide ranw of i!i.stribu-
tion and is abundant at any rate from the Atl.nn^'c coast to the Rooky Mountains,
and possibly occurs right through to the coast. The natural food plant is most prob-
ably wild grasses.

livmedies. — (1) The collection (hand picking) of the loiispieuous S.lver-tops is
soon as they appinr in the field. (-2.) Treatment of volunteer crops. It bus been
found that the flies which emerge in summer lay very freely upon any yuiiiig plants
nhich may s; rinL' up in fall wheat and barley fields directly after these crops are reaped.
Harrowing iieV.- immediately after naivrst would encourage the growth of a volunteer
crop upon wnich egss would be laid; and this could he ploughed dov^-n Ijcfore Septem-
bfr. As tlie fli<« \("/\n to emerjie late in Ju'y. .strips of wlnat or barhv sown near
infested liejds w( nld act as an alluring bait to attract females to lay their egrgs. The
succulent yonnLf phiiits would probably be more attractive than wild grasses at that
time an<l would alsi> bo in advance of any volunteer crops. These strips should h-^
ploughed under in August to destroy the half-grown larva-. This probably would
prove the most efTectivo mian.s ..f ohecl<ing this insict. (:>) Late sowin;.'. It has
been found that fall wheat sown after the 25th September wa.s much less attacked by
this insect than that which was sown at the ordinary time.

The Lesser Wheat-stem Maggot
(Oscinis carhonariii, Loew).

AltacL: — Small yellowish-whito legless mairirot^, 1 id" iin inch in len .lii, fuiind in
autunm destroying the basts of the shoots of grasses and fall wheat. Also otcurring
in spring wheal and grasses in June, attacking the young root shoots, close to the
ground. The two small black liook-likc jaws are disiinetly visible and the last <li\i-
sion of the body bears two little knob-like processes. The piipariuin is found where the
larva! have fed. and is pale ehestnnt brown. The two knobs at the end of the body
are still conspicuous. The tly is shining blnck and very small, large sp<.eiiiiens being
only 1-15 of an inch in length. T!ic underside is pale gr(«n, the leirs are p;irtly
yellow and the tly is e.xtrenely active.

T'his is the same insect a.s lin- been treated of in my t'ormer rcjioris under the
namo of the .\meriean Frit Fly (.0<cinis firuihiiis. Loew). Prof. F. .M. Wei st- r hav-
ing kindly examine! my specimens collected in ISOO, when a serious outbrenk oecurred
in central Caiiada, informs me that they are undoubtedly Oscinis carh.mnria, for
.vhich he proposes the appropriate name of the liCsser Wheat-stem Maggot. The
(liflFerences between this and O. varialiilis (whieh is now called 0. snror, Macq..) are
slight.

The life histories of the two Wheat-stem Maggots are similar, and the s:in:e
remedies are applicable for both.

Rcme(iiv».—lu ii Kcmtral way, the ri'iiietlics wliicli uri; recommeiidtid lor the llt'»-
siaii i'ly, will uuawcr fur botli of tlic Wliful-sUin Ahn{Kot«. rurliculur uttciitioii
sliuuld U; (fiveu to voluiitLor crojis, mid i\ ng\i\ar Bliort rotaliuii of crij|ie ithould U)
uili'i>lt(l ill ' strii'ls wlivTi' llifs*- llu-s aiiinar. An Imili tliu WJiuat-slem ^MaggoU brt-cl
lurgt'ly ill wild grasses, tlic liuruiutr ovit of grass lands, except tiiiiotliy, which for-
tunately is not atlaeUitl, and all waste placiti, will offer uiiicli protection. This should
be done in winter or early spring. Prof. Webster also draws special attention to the
value of lati> seediii.u of i.dl wheat.

Till:: WlltAT MllXiC

(Uiplutu liiiki, Kirbyj.

Allacii. — Wiieii wlieal is in blosooni in llie luuulh nf J uuc, minute yellow mid)(e>
With black iyi8 may be found, particularly low.iid.- eveiiiiig, llyiug over the tieids and
laying eggs m tlic Hunts ol the ears of wiieat. 1 Iilsu egs.^ in about a week hutcli iut »
iiuall reddisli-orange uiag^ut.s, which sonietime-s to the luiiuber of ten or twelve He
inside llie cliali .in. I su> k liif juKis from llie swelling kernel. Wh.ii iii.itur.', tliey leave
the ears of wheat and penetrate about an inch bvueatli the surface of the ground, where
they spin tiny cocuuils, iiisidi- uliirli tliey remain n.irmully until the following spring,
when the perfect niidgi'S eineiKi'- Inder special eii\umstaiices, however, some of the
flies appe.ir in laic suiiimor and lay llioir eggs upon uilunteer wheat or the young la'.i
wheat.

It is many years ■-iiicc the Wheat Midge, which i- generally knowni by farmers
and millers a* 'the wtt '•'!," has bit'ii the cau.si' of much los.s in the wlieat crop of the
Dominion. Fifti cii yiars ago the losses were enormous; but, just when it seemed :\'.
its worst, it >uddeiily di^appearcil entirely and since thai time lias not been the ran.se of
■•vidospread injury, i here have been occasional outbreaks, as in the Niagara distri't
ii: ls:iS and hi.st yciir in the fertile Chilliwiuk district of th • Fraser River valley. H.C..
where it was estimated that in some fipbls fully half the crop was destroyed.

Remedies.— I'hr remedies for the Wheat Midge depend largely upon the way it
I'..sscs the wimcr. lih method- which li:ivc given tiie beat results arc as follows :—

(1) Deep plougbiii.s directly tl.<' crop is cnrriwl, so as to bury the larvie so deep
that the flics cannot work 'heir w.iy out through t'le soil.

(•2) The bnriiint' of all cliall. dust cr rubbish known as ' .scieciiings ' or ' tail-
:,"gs' from leni':i*!- 'he threshin;: o'nchines. as these contain many of the larva; which
arc carried ^viia the crop. If fed tn cliii'Uens or domestic animals, this shn-.ild be don--
111 a place where none of tlie puiiaria can escape destruction.

n) rienn farming, ineludinir the cutting of all prasse.s a'.mg the edffes of
tieids and t';e plom.'biii,i; tlowii of nil volunteer crop- found in wheat fields before winter
KPts in, so as to destroy an atitumn brood where one exists.

(4^1 The cnltivntion of such varieties of wheat i\9 pxik rienec has shown are least
."flfCteil bv th's insect.

The V'kstkk.n Wheat-sie.m S.\wki.v
tCrjiliiis occidnilalis. Kiley i: Marlatt), Fig. tl.

yl^;^fi.._Slender white grubs found inside st.'ins of wheat which have fallen down
just before it rip. ii>. 'i"iu- li.ad i.s r.v.indcd. ycilowish; mandiblci dark.-^iied. B'>dv
:wollen at the first two joints after the head and taporinit slightly to the end of tho
body, where there is a short blunt tul>ercle with a dark hard tip. When full-grown
these grubs .tr- nearly half an inch in len-ith, and by this time each one will have
bored tbrr.imli all o- mos' f the knots in the stems of wheat in which they are. loavin-;
a discoloured tunnel ext ling from tbo top joint, down to the root, where, when
mature, nftov p:irti:illy gniiwini.' tbroui-di tlw sten. they si)in thin transparent cocoons

ilMiii^aiMilAl

ii. which thty po-sa the winter and cliaiigi; to pupu' the following Juno, rrom then*
*nierg»', ubout inid-.-uiniiifr, hliuk shilling four-wingul *avNlli«H about one-third of an
-neh ill lenjrtli. Iiuixlcd und spoltt-d with yillow. 1 htwe tlicH lay thi ir vifgi in the
yoiiiie wheat, jimt iis the ears iiru uppisirinK from the sheath, and the hirvic huteh very
•oon, coming to full prowtli hy the end of Augiwt, wlien the attack is usually noticed
by farmers from the niimbj'r of .straws which fall rkwn or hreuk off, owinK to the
iarvip having gnawed aw.i.v some of the inside siih.^tnnce of th<' straw so as to cut u
ring all round it U'lore 8|>iiiiiiiig their eociioii>.

For Bcverul years n wheat stem aawtly ha^ ooeiirred intermittently at varioua an i
widely separatinl loealities in ilimitoha and the Nnrlh-west Territories, and has some-
times been the cause of so heavy a losg as one-quarter of the crop, lut usually much
l*aa than that. It was at hret supposed that this insect was the sai,.i> species as was
iroated of in 1880 by Professor Comstoek (Cornell University, Coll. of Agric. Bull.
U) as the European Cephua pygmmua, L. which appeared suddenly at Ithaca, New
York, in 1889 and then disap[)eared entirel.v and has not since been observed there.
Fnder the name of ('. piigmaii.% 1 have wferred to the VVestt-rn Wheat-stem Saw-fly In
previous publieationa ; but, spccitnens of our North-western insect have recently
through the kindness of Professor A. D. McCiUivray been identified as ('fphua oecl-
iimtalia. The differences in the me ings of the two upecies are very slight and are
ilao variable. The habits of the tw insects are i.leuticiil. ft seemed more probable
'hat the species which gives trouble our western wheat fields would prove to he a
native species which had spread from wiM grasses, than th.nt a European species should
have Ik-cm introduei d into the West without n|)pearing at intervening points. Larvte
cf two different species of Cephvs have heen observed in the stems of wild grasses i-i
Manitoba : and it can hardly be doubted that one of these is the same as has injured
wheat froni time to time in the same districts.*

Remedies. — As most of the insects pass the winter in the base of the straw, all
stubble should be burnt over in autumn or spring, or should be ploughed down deeply
before the middle of June, so as to make it impossible for the flies to work their way
np to the surface. Stubble fields left for summer-fallowing should be turned down
early in June; and, should the insect at any time become more destructive than it has
in the pa't. early sunimer-fnllowing should lie practised every other year. Some of the
c/icoo's are spun high enough up in the straw to be cut bv the binder; therefore, all
etrnw from an infested field which has not been fed by spring, should be burnt.

The Grain- Aphis
(Nectarophora granaria. Kirby; &-c.\ Fig. 7.

Attack. — Green, yellow, reddish, or dark-coloured plant-lice, sometimes occurring
in large numbers upon the hend.s and leaves of wheat, oats, barley and rye. weakening
the plants and preventing the kernels from filling as well a.s thev should. These plant-
lice generally disappear suddenly just as tlie grain is beginning to change colour, lie-
ing lis a rule (|c.stroye<l by their many para.sitic and preilaieo\is enemies before much
harm is done to the crop.

It is probable ♦Vat there are two or three species of plant-lice which attack grain
as described above. It is known that gome broods of several species feed upon one
class of plants during part of their lives and upon grasses of various kinds at other
periods of their existence. Some of these, a^ the Apple Aphis, occasionally may be
found upon the small grains and grasses. It .~ convenient to speak of all these kinds
occurring upon grain crops under the name of Grain Aphis.

Remedy. — So far. no treatment has been discovered for controlling plant-lice
when on grain crops; but fortunately they seldom affect the output to any considerable

• Since the above was written. Mr, Norman Crlddle lias reared the species In some nmnberB
from steams of Aitropyrum eaninum. a common wild Rrass In tlie West.
62—2

*xt

.nt.

I'ho Api'l

' Apliiri

(.»/

his nil

i/<

, Fill).) fro

lU'lltl.V ll

cvi'lopH into II

tttrioiiii (.■iieiiiy

.voiinc fiill wilt

:it: MiK

. us

tlii.t i

llHrcl

pil"»Ml»

lie wilili

!• JM

all

%'« I

poll

he twiKi

«<

ip|.U>

tr<'«'», til*!

n-Kiiliir

iipra.Miiu

i.pi

If on'lii

nU with

klTOM-IK

i.'iiiii

Imioi

Iki'iiu'cly

-»,

wuul

<1 not util

V I'li'iir

tllo.1

• irci*

f a

soriouH

clirlil.V,

i)Ut

11 Uo

to a

liirni

iiit'iisure

I iMlnl ill. fail «li al ■ f llii' fullowiiin -i asoii. A > inilar alti riiatioii of pm rations taU'S
plai'i^ in till- onsc .if tin' IIoii Aplii-. wiiirii pa^«- tlic winter in the tjrfi s'tatc on piniii
IriiS. from wliiiOi a win>:<'l ln'o"! of tiic plant-lici' llu' foliowinjt suniniiT ini>rralis liai'k
MKuiii to their siiimner iiiiarter.-* on llio hop. Spra.viii^i the piiiiii tri'es ihirini? th«
vviliter reihu'es hirtjeiy ll»' oeeiirieiiee of Hop A|'hi- la er in lh<> year.

-I i ill

\Viiii;woii.\!s
(L.irvie of Click l!<'etle<j, t'.lnliriihv.)

,.l//,„il-.--Sleii(lpr, cvllndrical. yellowish or rc.i.lishhrown, toiitih nml sliiniii(? iirubs
witli thittcneil heads nii<l dark jaw-. These Rriihs linvc only three pairs of le^s on the
threo sotrnients following the heail an.l n sin(;le short xiiek.r-like foot in the ni.d'llo of
the last si^riii. nt, Uneaih. When fall viToww they are ahoiit an iiieh lon^' ami only
nbont 1-12 of an iiieh wi.le. .Viih these will Ik' I'oiiiul many siKviiiien.s in sprinpr of
about just half the size of the laijier ones. Wireworius .leenr innst freiinently in low
► !•( und iind attaek ihe roots ol almost .ill planl.s. Imt | artioularly yoiiiiK wheat .ind corn
just as it is rominu' up. They al>o hore into the tiiturs of potatoes in anliinin. This
injury is most freiineni on land whieh has heen for several years in sod. and the nttack
is most severe in the socoiid season after the so.! has U'en plouiihed ilown.

Wirewornis are the <.'nihs of a larjie family of U-elles kiiowi as fliek-hectlcs,
.'Bsilv reeounized hy their power of snaiipimr iheir necks with n di.'k with such forop
:i.s to .sprint' up into the air if they fall on their hacks. These hoetlos are ninny of tlicm
dark brown in colour, of an oloimatcd oval form, about three tinu^s a.- lo'it: n.s broad,
ami taperinir to tho end of the liodv. The rji;.'s are laid in summer ahoiit the roots o*"
L'ra«s<>s and weeils. and the hirvic of most sp<><MOs take two years to come to full ^'rowth.
I'hey cli.inKc to pupa' inside cells in the proun.l in July, and to iH-rfeet boetliti about
three we<'ks later in Auirust. Mast of these bcitles. like tho Mny Iteetles, rcmaiti in
their pupa! cells until the fdlowMifr -print' bef .re inierKinsr.

I!' iihdics. -Asrioultural methods are the only ones that have liceii of mueli avail.
Tho wircworms which are injurious to tho farmer ar<' particulaily those whieli feed
on the roots of grasses. When sod is ploushed down, the larva- duriiif; the tirst .veur
feed for the nio.st part on the decayinsr prass and its rotits. Those in their second year
of growth chantre to biN'tles in llii' fir>t year, and do little harm, as they liavo had
plenty of food in the decayinj,' ^od without attackiiif; the crop; but the younj; larvffi
whiidi were only half prown when the sod was broken, attack the crop of tho following
vear, bccau-e tlu'ri- i- notliinir eW on the land for lluin to eat. It has been found
that barley and rye arc less attacked ''aan nny otiiera of tho small Rraiiis, and also that
elover is little injured. Those .'arlv maturiu-r t'l , -is ar, . thenf> re. b.-tter soiled as a
r .'op for the ,>^ccond season after sod, liecause the b.nd can bo plou^'hed immediately
nirter they are harvested, and thus the pupa- and '.lie freshly formed and still soft
beetles are disturliod in their pupal cells, and many of them destroyed. Clover may be
sowed in sprinu' with cither of the.se crops, and either plouRhed down with the stubble
in Septemlier or left on the land until the followina: autumn, when the land eliould
be plou'.'heil as soon ns there is a ?oo,l ?rnwlh after the first cuttinjj. A short rotation
■ 11 wbifdi land is not left in ijrriiss for imre than two years, wUl to a larpe measure
prevent the ravat'cs of wircworms. I'rof. S. A. Forbes recommen.ls iiion'-'him; down
sod in autumn and sowimr to fall wheal or rye. with clover on these in the .sprinp. the
clover to be left for two years and then fidlowed by corn or roots. Some farmers have
obtained pood results in clearinp land of wircworms by plousrhinc twi< . in the same
autumn, the first time in August, the land to be well harrowed a week later, and then
Toss-ploughe*! in Septeirber.

K.xti'imivi' exprriiiM rit-' mmlc l).v I'mf. FiirU>t in Illiinii." ninl I'mT. Sliiifrirliiml in
Now Voi'k. slunvcil tlu> ii-<'li>H|ir.i-« ol' inuii.s I'l'i-Mriiinriuli'il nimdiix, »iiil; ii« ■•nnliiiu
muni ^rniii of nil UiiuU wltli imiviii, tin ;<iirt:ii'>' iippliiatiDii ol' xalt ninl utln r rliiiiii-
i!iil8, 1111(1 even of u t'Ifiiii fullow to »tari llio wircworm* out.

White (ini ii>

{ l.niliiiiislirnii fiixni, Fr..li. ; ,Vc. ). Fii:. 10.

Attack. — White OriilH nre the hirvio of the Miiy lloctlcs or Juno IShkh, -...-imIIiiI
friiMi tliiir (;n'i\t iiliiiMdiinif In Miiy awA .liinc, uliou tiny niuy l.i- fuuinl In liirti*'
nnnilMTs il.viiii; nrounil trees niid bnshrs, sl:/<wiiiu |/nrlienhir preti i< lice l.ii- .irtnin
klii'U, 11: wllliiw.s, links, jshes. phiins, niiip!"-' iiiul lilnrs. I lie 'Viin ;ire 'l«p'-ilii| in ihi-
(^rouMil, otic to three iiiehes helow tiie siirfiiec, hihI Imteh in fri'in tin tu eiiflitii'ii Inyr
Tlie lurva' feeil on runts iliiriii;; the remainder of tlio .season and hiirrow very di< ly
into the Kroiiiid as winter npproaelies. rtitiirniiiL' afrnin tin.' follow; prinL' and d.jing
a Rreat deal of harm hy eatiii;; ilie mots of t'iiisj<(S and many other hinds o) ),l.:!its,
pnrtieiihirly eorn and potatoi >. their injuries heiinr ino.st riutiitahle in the -< ir

after soil has been i)loii;;lied down. It is claiiiKil hy I)r. S. .\, Korl-n '1 d

winter aiiii siiinnier is passed as a hirva and that the pruhs do iii.t (.lianv'i- .\

.liiiio and .Inly of the ihii'd sea-on, the porfeet iK^etles i^-uin;; fr> in tli.' p r

tiirtHj week.s afterwards, hut passiier the tliird winter in the piipiil it11.s :iii' .^

the following .Tune. Thus three full years are consumed from the tiiiM • a».

laid until the perfect beetles appear.

A'ciiici/'r.x-. -I'lifortuiuUely, there are \\f measures wliidi cm \^ dej
for the destruction of Wliite tiruli.s in mo.st crop.s ; but as the efrijs are h.
^ass lands, land which has been in sod for several years should not !•
irn or potatoes, the second year after breiikiiip. The fir.it year the pr
plouj-'hed down to a large measure, fccda any grubs which may Ijc in the •-
as pi^s are piirticuhirly fond of tlies* g-riihs. .i crop such us rape or t .:>
sown with advantaire and the field turned into a lio^' pasture, when tin
only feed on the crop, hut hunt out nniny of the pruha in the soil. It .-
these animals will, in the course of a few weeks, completely clear a h.id'

iiot

.1 t/.

..i(

.•h l'

an'

IlM'

tf»

wii:

On account of the depth to w!

the grubs burrow U'fore winter, i
be fed off before the first frosts. Clover, it ha.i been particularly

atf.icked by White rirubs; therefore, this crop ix m<s of special

on land which it is intended to use for corn or jiotatoes the folio
as is somotime.s the cas*'. White drubs appear in ':.ri.'e numbers in :
is manifested by the dyin? of the pras-s in large patches. If. eii
grubs are noticed, piffs should be at one" turned in, and bei'ore ;;■.
renovated with fresh seed.

Leaving land under grass for .severiil year.s gives opportunities
•o incre.T.se; hence a short rotation in which clover follows gra^s or
intervals, will prevent the increase of these insects. In this special
grains should follow clover before eorn or jiotatoea. The
Im-i-iIcs Ijv bi ating tre s at night time has -ometim"s In en [ira'tisrd w.tii le
a flock of poultry following a jilough in infested fii'lda it is claimed \r.

.venr.

■ AVS,

■ .\.iniinati
t linn the

i.-r \V! :■•
is •rrow!.

rotation ti

iectlon of l';e
■'.llli-.

done iToifd

work.

When May Beetles attack fruit trees or are found abundantly on ..tlar tr<-'-.
spraying the foliage witli arsenical poisons will destroy large nutnlier.-. or. as thr-y
much attracted by liixhts. the be<'tles niay be killed in lantern traps by placing lanlern-s
in large pans of water with coal oil on the surface.

When White Gnib.s are found destroying lawns some good may be done by spray-
ing the grass freely witli kerosene emulsion (Ueiiie.Iy 2) and wa-hiiig it in with water.

.52—24

Cl TrtliHMS IN tillMN. ^i■». M,

DilTi-rcnt kitiiU nl riituoniti iiltiii'k Kmiii rri>|»i iliiritiff the 8))riii); nml fumk liiiKx
pnt tlipiii li;ii'. Tlifv m-cm t" In- iii'wi iiuiiktoiih wlurf ui'c.l< linvc Imii nllcnviil ixn*-
■vnnioii of llii' l;inil (Inriiitr tin- pri>viniH iiiitiinn. Tin- hik-cIcs wliicli Iimm 1k<ii iim^t
fr«>i|iit'>itl.v (|(>t<V'tp<l fciiliiiLT iip"ii till' siimll trriiiiis is llic Hnlbm-kcl Cutwonii I I'mn-
griilin 01 lirtiijimh'r. (in.), 'i ..i> otlirr !t|»'i'ii'^. linwi'vcr. wliiii tlio.v ocfiir, iiri' iiiiicli iiicirr
ilitlicult til rt'ni'li, li<'cnii»<' thoy fi'ril cliii'llv npnii rimt-t mul work iilninst iiilirel.v Ixinatli
tlio .siirfmv. Tliouc nrc the (iliis«v Ciitwcirm i llnilinn iliviixlalrix. llnicr). mul lli«>
Yrriow-liriiilcil Ciraonii (II Hfliini iirrHcii. Kdv.). Thrx^' iirr of a dirlv «liiliMli I'lilinir.
very similar in p mrnl appoariiim', Imt llic fnrnipr lias i r<'i|,|isli-hri>vvn li< nl. nml tin-
luxly is tinifril willi liinisli ^ri'cn. wliilr tlii' Yilli'W-ln'adi'il <'Mt\vi)rni lias a Miiiikv-'-'my
body, and the lii'a<l and nci'k-liii M air tii« ny-yrllnw. 'I'lu' irnps most attackiMJ iiy
fho*' piitworiiH arc cial-. wlwal, rnrn. .ind (jra-n in mradows.

Hrmrili'^. Wlnii prain i-t fonnd to lie altackid liy cutworms tlic ticld.s ^Imiilil at
onco Ih' exaiiiincd to discover if possible what species is nt Work. If llu' ciilworiim nrc
of II mrfacc-fis'diiic kind, like tlic Rcd-l>ackcd Cntwortn. Ilicy iii.'y frccpiciitly be coti-
trolled with comparative ease by scatteriii); poisoned bran lijrlitly tbrouKb tbo (jruiii,
m .\r the spots where the cntorpillars nrc' iimst iiniiieron-. or alii ad of llieni, when they
»re (K> nuiiieroiis as to htive assnmod tiie inarchin;; habit. iSi^c pai;c .'10.) If land i»
syBtomatically kept clear of weed* in uutnmn, there will seldom 1«^ trouble from
cutworms in the crop of the followiujr .voar. I'rairie or st>d land wliich is to U' broken
for sei'ilinir the ne.\t ,vear should Ih- fed otT as late as possible or mowed before break-
ing. In this way the female nwths will not 1m' attracted to tiie tall veiritalion on such
lands when laying their epjis.

The Corn Wor.m

{ 11 1 hiiHiis iinniijir, lllm.). Fi:;. ^I."),

w I :

From time to time complaints are receivid from various parts of the country ol
more or les.- injiiiy l" sweet ii -ii in aiiluinn iiy the caterp liar of ^i imc'tuid iiiotli
which is known by variou.s popular naimti. It is what Professor Lu;;jfer i-alled tie
Sweel-t'orii Moili. Ill- I :i.s-. I Woiiii. in .\l iiiiii 7.ot.i, ami 1-. al-<i ihcKaine as tlie notorious
touthern " lioil Worm ' of llie cotton, to uliicli crop it frequently does iireul daniatjo
and for which it has 1 cen found very dillicuit to tind a practical remedy. The name
c', widest use is the Corn Worm, although its injurii'S in Canaila arc not confiue.i
to Indian corn, for the caterpiU,,i's ha\e aLso hecn f.iund iioriiiir into the fruit of
Kmatoes and ,itt:ckiiiir iriaiiy other plants. 'I'here is but one brond in the year in
Can;, da, tlio cater|ii!lar~ ("-curihir in autumn ai:d the niotlis from these einorsintr th"
1. llowinjj sumirer. The wi'rst injury by tiiis inject in Canadian crops is to the cotjs
i.f swee' corn. bec:iu-e till unrk of tiie citprpillars nniders the e.irs utisisrhtly ami ilis-
foloured so as to Vie unfit for t!ie fabli'.

lii-medii-s. — rnl'ortunately this is a very ilil)ie'ill iiisee; i.i keep in check. Wlicri
it attacks corn, as di scribed alrovc , it is seldom laiti.cd until a consiilerable atnonir
of hariii li.is been done. Where tbo rMtcrpillar.s ap' troublesome reirularl.v eve-.y year,
iTOwers, it is claimed, fret into the way of r eo'jui/iiip at a frlaiice. oars which ar.'
infested, by the discidoratiou ,i the -ilk earlier than is natural in p rf( et oars. .Vs
i<i.--.v. -i rir. 'iir^fii! ear i.s disr-ovo'.'Ofl. the leave-; i-f the husk are vuiled !>ack and tlio
oatorpiHars rlostroyrd i\v hand. Whori'. as in Canada, it is nulv ac lonor intervals th-it
harm is done in any one place, corn prowers are taken by surprise, and the injury is
done before it is noticed. Tt i.a olaiaied that many of the moths may bo taken in
lantern traps consistinp of a lamp standiiic in an ipon pan oontainiup water witli a
little coal oil on top of it. Any one, therefore, who knew the appearance of the
in=oct. upon reeoimizin!; the moths in y. ars of irro:it .dMindaiioo flyinor around llshts

will alwii.VH I).' ii Munri f tr ,iil.l... (In ii,.|,|« wli.ie :i ,.r..p ..f .■..rii U kriiwii t . h.iv •

boi'ii iittu.k.il I.} tin- i'orn Worm, ili.. mI.I stiuijt sliouM 1 1' roiimveil fmiii tin- tit-Id aa
► ooii lis III.' ,.r,|> U K:itlirr,-.|, iiii.j III,' luii.l |,:"uu'li.'.l Jf.'|)l,v in ^ritiimn •.'. .is to br.-V«

"1' I'" ' '" '•'"' '••;i'"»' tie piipir I.. 111.' wcMtlior mill their variuu, oiiemi.". nmonjj

thi^Hiiiiill liinU mill in.imiiuils.

I iK\s>ii(in'i.ii> 1,11 l,uii-,i>.
tins 11. 1-'. t;i, 14.

.\lliuk-. (iniii»hi>|>|i('r!<, nr lcieii«N, j-nMU'tiiiifS iiiiilli|ilj- r :"riii"U«ly. fsin-^'lully ,lur
liiK n dr.v Hi'ii-^oii lolldwiiiK' iiii'illuT «( tin; saiiu' cliaiuctir. I li.y llun U'crin.' wry
■.wtriictivi' I" Kriiiii .iinl otiier ito|w. .Most ot liic iiijurmu- -ih fi. » purs the winter
it) tlie etr>r sliile. TI.e leiiiale;^ ili'imsit ill ir i B^s ill ilio Krmiinl i;i • p"il*,' or tiiii.--tg, ,t{
iuioiit thirty ipr iiiori' ceiiieiileil iumtluT liy u iiiin-oiis tliii.l. The y'Uiiii; Kruii'tlinppers
are wingless iiliil cnii only truvel hy hupping, Imt mIUt several insults tli.y .i.'ipiire
•Miif> iiiul are able te riiDVe Ini'ly from place to plaee. .•.utiie "iieei'S. espc'ially the
voriieiiiiis sii-<'alle,l l{i.eky Aloiiiitnin l.ui u-t (J/WdiiL^/'i/s .«pic7e.s, I'lier), leinjr ahl"
t( tly \>'t^K (li><tanees. 'I he speeies is loiiiul eiily in the Wc-t. It i- al> ut • ni- :nl i
ipiart. r inelies ieiijr, irniii iho head to tiie ti|w ut" the elnscd winu-. An.'ther iniu'rat .rv
and dostnictive gpeeie.s, ratlior smaller in size, is the b'sser Mit.'rat.irv fxie\i-t (.1/.
atlanis, Rilry). This latter is much more Keiicrally distributed throiichout 'he cm-
tineiit.

Severfll iioii-iiiii.'ral"rv Iim'u»i~ have iii -iuiin years appiare'l in .I'-tr leiive imm
ber«, .IS the Rcd-k'f,'>;ed I.neii.'st (.V. femur-ruhnim. IVd.) and the Two-Sfriix-d I.neiist
1.1/. hirilliitits. Say), in all parts .if C'anad i. In the West, Packaril's I/'^ust (M.i>ack--
ardil. Scildd), and the I'elliicid I.A)CUst (<'ixmniihi \ifUiiciii'i. Semldi. freipiently a'id
ll'eir injuries In those ef other species.

Kxlensive lo.sses from locusts have taken jihice in v.irinns parts of Canada in cer-
tain sensons; but by far the mosr important ravapes have been wr..nt:lit in Manitoba
nnd British Columbiii. X'.irions species take part in this dpvn?*ati.in. but tin- ino-t
destnictive species in British Oolumbin has proved to h<> Camrxnla peUnridt. Sru'ld..
hlthoupb much harm was done in the Nicola valley by a species cIiispIv r s. mblin'.'
the Rocky Mounta'n TiOcnst. but a rather smaller species called Mehnnphis i^nis,
Coq,. which ban the same habits. In Manilnlia liie Rneky ^lonntain r.nciisf and the
Lesser MigT'itory Locust have done by far the Inreest proportion of injnry to cMp*.

The effjifs of the Rocky Mountain Locust are laid by preference in li^dit soil with
a firm stirfaee. such as is presented in a field under a irrain crop. So much is this the
case that, when such conditions are available, hardly any cp-sr.s will W laid elsewhere.
In Manitoba the young Rfnsshoppera hatch in ^fay, become fiill crown and have wincrs
about the 1st July, when they bejiin migratinfr in swarms to fresh feedinp and bre*'!iii>f
(rrounds. Y.frg lnyin<r takes place mostly in Anprust. and the numbers drop off rapidly
from the beginning of September, although a few may be found linffcrius "U until
frost comes.

li(mfilics. — For the niijrratory specie^ thr remi^dii> are: i 1. 1 The pi '"trbi!!?
down of the egfss in autumn or before the younff hatch in sprinir. This is renden^d
•aay by the fact iruntioned above that the e^^gs arc laid almost eiitirL-iy l:i Ian! vvhicl:
i.s or b;is recently been un<lor eroii and bar.: er im the bare prairi'-. (i.i The
destruction of the younsr before the wimrs are ,;''veloped, by ploushins down, pois'-'nina.
'ir by burning in wirdrow.s of straw placed as traps ' r them, aii'l to which thev will
resort in large numbers at night, (.3) Catching in implements known a= hopper
ilozers, consisting of a light frame covered with canvas or sheet iron, in the bottom of
"hich some water with a litf'e (■"■al on the t"p is pbi'-ed. 1 4. ) r'i-on:nt. This

has been very satisfnctory eithrr with tlie poisoned brnn mash or with the recently
devised Criddlp mixtiir,\ In 5[anitoba, where for ?onie years grnsshoppers were very
destructive, after a thoroiiRh trial of hoppcrdozers, these implements have been entirely
superceded by the use of the Criddlc mixture, whicli was widely used and gave general
satisfaction. The latest improved formida for mnUing the Criddle mixture is as fol-
lows:— For convenience it is made in quantities of lialf a barrel at a time. Take fresh
horse droppings 100 ports. Paris preen 1 part (= 1 pound) and salt 2 pounds, dissolved
m half a pail of water, and mix thoroughly. In this connection Mr. Criddle, the
originator of this mixture, says: 'We usually measure with a three-gallon patent
pail, l)ocause it i.s more convenient to formers than to weigh the materials. Five polls,
we calculate, approximately equal 100 ports of horse droppings, and each part equals
in bulk one pound of Paris green. A great drawback in using weights is that horse
droppings are not always of the fame weight.' This mixture is made in a half barrel
and drawn on a cart to the edge of an infested field, or one likely to be infested. The
mixture is then scattered broadcast along the edge of the crop by means of a trowel
or wooden paddle. Locusts ore attracted to it from long distances and are killed in
large numbers bv eating the poison. If this mixture is distributed as above, and
scattered loosely through the plants at the edge of a field of standing grain, there is
little danger of stock or poultry being poisoned. Should any of the mixture be left
over, it should be scattered loasely over a piece nf land where its fertilizing effects will
be secured and where t\\CTv will be nci danger of poisoning ..niinals. This is in every
way the cheapest and mo:,t effective nMiedy for grasshoppers which I have ever trieil.
It has been found by :Mr. Criddle that the most effective way of using this remedy is
to spread a little at a time every other day. which gives far better results than scatter-
ing a lot at once, less frequently.

FutW"ii'< Disease.— ^\wh has bivn written almul the parasitic fungous diseas.-
which has been exiXTimcnted with in .liircroiit parts of the world, with a view of
destroying locust.s in a wholesale manner. The idea of treating outbreaKS of injurious
insects by menus of iritnidiiciim: parasitic insects or fuUKi, is an exceedingly attrac-
tive one, .■111(1, to those who have never sfudieil these matters, is apparently a very easy
solution «i a ditliciilt iirobleiii. It scem.s well, however, to mention that my own ex-
periments in this direction have been of little avail: and I regret to say that, on the
whole, this fungus lias not pro,-<d of niueli service anywIuTe as a reliable remedy in
outbreaks of iiijuricii^ locust>. For a short p»!ri(id. and in restricted localities with all
weather conditions favourable, good results have occasionally be<'n obtained; but the
diHiculty of priscrving the spores alive and usinir them when rennired, has been s..
great tliat nil entomologists who have experimented with the fiingu.s. have after a short
time relinciuished the effort in favour of other mctho<!s not so dependent for their
mo.st effective use iiii climatic eniiditions.

L cusix Eating Binder Tteine.-X source of great aiiuoyaiice to farmers in Maiu-
i,,l.;i .,<m\ the We-t, is that Incusts ef all kiii<ls and Held ericket.s souietiiues eat the
twine with which grain is bound in tlie field. This injury causes a good deal of loss
and extra labour. Mr. Criddle has found that, if the balls of binder twine are soaked
before use for a shert time in a solution of bluestone. two pounds in seven gallons of
water, this will prevent the in.sccts from gnawing it. The balls may be soaked at any
spare tiaie, so that they are dried thoroughly before use.

The Pea X?<>ti!
O'cnciM'/ ninricana, Stcph.), Fig. 15.

.•l^/acA;.— Small, whitish, slightly hairy caterpillars, when full-grown, aboul half
rtP luch in lengtli, which live inside the green pods, attacking the peas by gnawing
rau'fic.l-edg; .-avitie.-, into them aiul tilling the pod anund the cavities with a mass of
excrement.

SSa

The Pen Moth, phuwii at fis. 15 (:i, 4) in the perfect form, is a siiinll f^hity gray
iMoili, thre(-i'i(ilillm of mi iii<h in li'n<jth. The moths, h 'weviT, are .-clcloni si'cii, th^'
iiiflpot liL'iiif; (j'liurnll.v ulscncd by jioii t?ru\vors whoa in thc^ cuuTpillar stuti', in wliich
condition it is usually cnllrd ' the worm.' It froiiuiiitly docs a liir;;e aiiioinit of injury
to the pea crop of Ciuuidn, chielly, howi'vi r. in di^tiic;s lyiuR east of tlio area infestoj
by the Pea Weevil and increasing in severity as the Atlantic sea-board is readied.

' Wormy pease' arc well known to ilic lionsckc^'iicr in all parts of Canada east of
the great lakes, bat it is seldom tlial they are sntllcientl.v abundant in gardens to caus?
much complaint, excejit in the maritime provinees, where the insect is much more
litstruetivo than e!sewliere. It is tlioiinlit that the Pea Miitli is identical with tho
European species and that it has been introduced into America at a comparatively re-
lent date. Possibly this iiia.v not be the ease. Its injuries are most severe on lat.)
pease, and it is occasionally the cause of extensive loss in crops of high <dass pease
grown for seed. It is probable tiiat the eggs arc laid early in July and are deposited
im the outside of the pods throughout the month, as very small larvae are found in
liie pods almost up to the time the seeds are ripe. Larva' begin to emerge from the
pods at the end of July and enter the ground, wiien tlioy spin small oval cocoons near
'he surface. Here they pass the winter, and the moths do not emerge until late '.a
June the following season. Exact data as to the life-history of this insect, with the
dates ('ovcriiig the difTcreiii -lag<s, are slill lacking.

licTifdivn. — It has been iiotiei'd that tlie earliest innluring and tbe latest varieties
of pease are freest from attack, which would point to the importance of: —

(1.) The planting of jiejis:' a> eailv as |pos.-ilile and. where the Pea Moth is des-
tructive every year, sowing the enrlirst ripeni'i.; xariecii's, many of wl.'ch can be grown
ready for the table by the first wi>ek in July. I'licse vill beiiniti {lee from the attacks
I'f the catorpill.irs.

(2.) .Xs tile coco Mis are spun in the ground bene. ah the plants lliey bavi' int'i'-t."!
It is advisable tn use every ye;ir fresli land, a- f:ir .is jiiissible removed from tlebls which
have been used before for the cultivat'on of seed peiise. Tn gardens where the land ii

regularly du.'jf every year, this sboulil be well ilmie. <ij ii> to bury the ooiis so d-ep-

ly that the moths cannot emerge, and all pea vines should be liiirnt with the small
imperfect pods, directly the main crop has been picked.

('.).) From some <'Nperinieiits it lias been in lie itcil thai benefit niny bo di>riv!'d
by spraying tlic pea vines directly the youno' pods are fnrmeil and twice afterwards
at intervals of ten days, with a licpiid wasli of Paris creen, 4 ounces, niid soup one
pound in 2.') gallons of water.

The Pea Wi;e\ il ok " Pi:a Hug '

(Biucitiin piiunim, ],iim.). Fig. 10.

Attack. — A small, lirowuisli-gray, very active beetle, one-fifth of an inch lonw,
uith two conspicuous black spots on the end of the body, which emerges from seed
(M-ase in autnnin or in sjiring, leaving a sinali round hole.

The life history and habits of the Pea Weevil arc widl known. The egg is laid
on the outside of the young pod, and the grub, on hatching, eats its way in and iK!ne-
trates the nearest iK'a. IKtc it remains until full-grown, consuming the interior of
the iH'a and passing through all its stages, from a white tiesliy grub to the pupa, and
then to the iierfcct beetle. As a rule, the beetles do not, under ordinary circumstances,
leave the pease unlil these are sown the following spring. Some of the beetles, how-
ever, in certaiu seasons, escaji- fl'eiri the jn-a^r. ori-ascMrtily :i3 early as harvest tune,
or during autumn, and (lass th(> winter hidden .•iwny uiidir rubbish, or about barns
and otli(>r buildings. On reviving in spring' they tly to the fields <if growing jM-ase,
sometimes long distances away and for a time feed on the foliage of the pea idants.
.\s soon as the young po<ls are formed, the females lay their ccrgs on them. 'J'lic beetles
all become fully develoiK'd at the same time, wliicli is about the middle of August,
iin<l all, \vhcthi>r they winter (Uifside the pea-e or insid,. the grain, die about the same
lime the following season, viz.: dnriu:r the month nf .Inne.

Loss by sowing Weivillcd Feasc. — Tliut seed peuse which liave been borod by
weevito ur© very seriously injured, 1 have proved by uetuul experimeuto. Weevilled
•mall pease gave only from 13 to 2U per cent of plants which bore pods, und thcg«
were ull we.iker than plants Iroiu pirlecl bced. harye poiise gave a better percentuga
01 from It) to 28 per cent. Tlierelore, weevilled peuse sliuiild not bu used for HCtni if
any other stm'k is obtainable. If, lioHever. Uiis is iiiipussible, much more seed siiouM
b«' sown to the acre.

REUKDIES.

Fumiyation. — Fuinif-ation with iiisiil|iliidu of carbon is a sure rt'medy. tor tiie
treatment of small iniautilies ot .seed, purtieuiarly by farmers, an ordinary eo.il oil
burrel is very convenient. This will hold about 5 bushels, or JiOO pounds of seed, and
may lie treated with 'A ounces of bi.sulplii<le cf earlitin, which may be poured ri^lit on
Ic tlie pease. Care must be taken to close up the top tightly. This is best done with
a cap made specially for the purpose, but may also bo <loiic with lino sacks d.imponoil
and laid smoothly on the top, over which boards arc laid, with a considernblo weiRlit
on them to ! 'Id the eoverinp down closely, i ho bisulphide of carbon .should bo of the
Ih'si qmdity, which will vaiiorizc witbout any residue, and the exposure should bo for
4S hours. Pease shouhl bo fuiniaated as si>,,n as possible after harvest, but they mn/
iic treated at any time when the temperature is above freezing. As the vapour of
bisulphide of carbon is very inflnmniable. lis work shoidd bo done at a distanse from
rther bnililinps and no lipht of any kind nuist be bronpht near. \o smokincr must o"
iillowed near the bui dinpfs where the bisulphide of carbon is boinjj used. Whoro lartfo
quantitips of pease are to bo treated at once, in specially prepared houses, one pound
"f bistdplnMo of carbon to every 100 bushels of seed, is the amount roffularly ns<'d by
largo seed hou.ses. a.s iti those tiprhtly oonstrnctod ' bus houses ' there is loss waste of
tl.e vapour (hirin-r the reces.sary expnsnre of 4S hours.

Holding over seed. — Where only a few seed pease are used, a most reliable remedy
is the holding over of seed until the second year. I'ease should always be bagged up
and the sacks tie<l at once af'.ir threshing. The weevils are not able to eat their way
through the bags, even when these are made of paper. All the weevils which emerge,
cither in antunm or the following summer, will perish inside the bags, and the seed
can be sown the following year without danger; the sound seed will not be injured by
leing held over. Seeds sliowinp the hole from which weevils have emerged should be
sorted out before sowing.

Treating with caul oil. — A remedy which has been used by many farmers with
satisfaction, is to ilrench the seed aliout two weeks before sowing with coal oil, using
hbout half a gallon to a barrel, or five bu- ' nf seed. Immediately after pitUing on
the oil, the pea.-!e should be shovelled over and over, so that all will lie oilofl, and the
"(hovplling must be rep<'ated every day for four or five days. This, if properly done,
will kill all the weevils in the pense without injuring the seed.

Srnldirtg seed. — Of the same nattire. when pease are found at the time of sowing
*o contain weevils, is scalding the seed. This may be done by pouring them into scald-
ing water and then oitlior pouring the water straight off them again, or cooling off
immediately with cold water.

RECOMMKNDATrONS.

The control of the pea weevil, I believe, is pos.sib!e but this must ho done, T think,
not by legislation or by giving up the cultivation of such an imiiortant cr p as i)cas,
Thich we cannot well do without, btit by persuading everyone who sows pense to abstain
from sowing any seed which contains liviuir wi^^vil-^: when purchasing seed, to refuse

mh^

determinedly to buy any without an assurance that they have hecu freatc.d, iiinl fiirtlier,
even witii lhi>. In i ximiinc tor ihem.-olve.-* to see that any loiitaiiud w<j(vil-, arc n.-ally
dead. I would also point out that, from the experiment already cited of growing peaw
from wcevilled seed, sufh seed is only worth about one quarter as much as sound seed.
To sM'cure u supply nl seed pease trie from weevil injury, it will be ti(.-c(«sary fni
gfrowers and fanners to handle thei.- crop a little differently than has been the usual
practice. The injury is of an e-tceptional nature, and exceptional measures must be
luken to avoid loss.

There arc, however, special features about this attack which renders it.s cotitrol
H simpler in.itter than is usually the case with injuries of an equal inaKnitmle. Th'!
Pea Weevil '\n not a native insect and has no native food plant, in which it enuM pro-
pagate, were there no cultivated peas. Indeed, it is so restricteil in its food habits
that no other food plant is known than the different cultivated varieties of true peas,
I'clonKiiitf to llie botaiiieal ^reuus Pi'oim. The>e peas will not live over tile winter in
oir climate if left in the open tield. at any rate, in any part of the country where the
Pea Weevil is known to breed, consequently, every seed pea sown for emp mn^t. at
.ionie time before it was sown, have i^een under the control of some one l,v whom u
could have been treated before sowinjr, to destroy the contained weevil, if it had one.

The remedy is effective, easy and cheap, is well known and can be appliet] by anyone.

If all growers wonld combine and <lo this, the larse.- inunber of the weevils would 'i'
I'estroyod in a sinjrle year. This, however, would not be sufficient, because a certain

number of the insects sometimes leave the poa.se dnrinc the autumn when the seel
ripens, and this sometimes before the pease are earried from the fields. This fact is
the one great difficulty in arrivin? at a perfect reniedy. but T do not believe that it i;
insurmountable.

1. I suggest that all pease for seed should bo treated before tliey are sown to kill
the weevil ami that -ei ding slioidd be done as early aa po-sible. -o :is to ^'et the crop
ripe enonirb to harvest earlier than is the usual custom.

2. That pea growers should harvest their pease n.s nnich on the green =l<le as is safe.
rather than, as is usually ilone now. when thej are dead ripe, and thresh and treat
them themselves or sell at once to grain buyers. This has many advantages. .Vr.t only
is the str.-iw of very much higher quality for feed, but the seed is heavier iind better
for every purpose, for export, for feed an.l also for seed, because it is of higher crerm-
mating power, and further, because the weevil at that time is much le=s advancfd in
growth and consequently has destroyed a much smaller proportion of the bull: of the
feed. The average dates f ir pea harvesting are froni .riily 20 to Ausust 20.

Experiment has shown that the weevil at all staires may be killed inside the pep
by fumigating the seed with bisulphide of carbon, consequently, if irrowers will b.nrvest
and thresh earlier than usual f'T a few years and either themselves treat tlieir see»l
immediately or sell to the grain buyers, who for their own sakes will de so. much good
must surelv result. When for any reason pease cannot Iw treated at once or di=po.sed
of, the.v should be bagired up and the sacks tied immediately so as to prevent the
escape of any weevils which might emerge in the autumn. Wh' !i the L'rain is required
for feeding the pease should be gmnnd as soon as they are clry enough, and to prevent
the meal from becoming musty the new pease should be mixed with some old pease
when grinding.

Difficulties to he met. — Sometimes pease ripen so unevenly that by reapintr early it
is feared that the sample will be very uneven when threshed: but, shoidd this be the
case, it simply means that the .small and shrivelled pease are blown out of the seed
pease when they are cleaned and are not lost but can b(! used for feed. The greatest
difficulty of aU is with regard to the pease which are sljeljed out in the field at t!,< time
of harvesting. This, however, will be to a large measure obviated by reaping early, as
the seed will not shell out nearly so much as when left till the ngular time. The
cleaning up of pea fields moreover by tuminir in hoffs is a irenrrally reeognizwl practice.
and the work i< done thoroucrhly. Where boss are not available, pomiry will do the

I til;

•ame work, mid, whore neither of these cnn be uwd, the Iniid sliould he ploughed so
deeply that the weevils cnnnnt wnrit their wny out wlien they lenve tlie pease. I nin
awnro tliat it is not the custom to plousli "P pca fields for full wlieut. hut snuply to
cultivate or disc them, because the land is left in such excellent condition; 1 ut it iiuist
bo remembered th.U the loss from the Pen Weevil is now excessive, und. if this small
chanfro in method cnn he shown to be of jjrent ndvantnpe, it surely is worth u trial.

Another difficulty aupgcsteil is that it would l)e hard to pet nil pease threshed be
fore the niitunin emerging weevils escai)ed, on account of tilt? small nunilwr of thresh-
ing mnchines which would be available. In reply to this, experience has shown that
demand will always produce supidy; and I feel sure that the implement nuikers will
not lose stich nn opportunity of pusliinp their business. The much hifhcr price obtain-
able for the early ihreslied pease, to say nothing of the enormous value of future crops
duo to controllin-' the weevil, will very soon repay to the farmer the initial expense.
Where, however, ti .;re is no possibility of getting a threshinij mneliine, I would draw
the attention of growers to the old-fashioned method of treiidin;: out the pensc with
horses. That tliis is advantageous is indicated by the fact t! t some of the seed mer-
chants pay a higher price for pease threshed with horses.

The Bean Weevil
(Bruchus obtectus. Say), Fig. 17.

Attack. — Small beetles closely : sembling in shape and movement the Pea Weevil,
but only half it.s size, r. "ily, 1-10 f an inch long, oval in form, with the head bent
down and more or less co; i alcd as seen from above, and prolonire<l into a .short s(iuarely
cut snout. Antenna' distinctly jointed and enlargini; towarils tlie tip; tl-o fir.st 4 and
the last joints reddish. The wing covers marked with ten impressed and ilotted lon.!;-i-
tudinal lines. The whole boily covereil with short silky hairs. The lines on the wing
covers are broken up into pale yellowish dashes and dark brown spots. The tip of the
abdonii 11 extends iM'vond tlie wini; covers and is of the same reddish tinge as the tips
of the antenna' and the legs, but is covered more or lcs.s with short silky nairs and l>earti
a central white line, liut there is im appearance of the two black ;iMits which are bo
conspicuous in the Pea Weevil.

The lif' History of the P.ean Weevil differs in some important |X)ints from that of
the Pea Weevil. The eiifis of both are laid upon the pods while these are young and
tender. On hatching, the young e"di of the Bean Weevil eats il.s way inside and pene-
trates one of the forming lieans, oral grubs entering a single bean, each one funning
for itself a distinct cell. They become fii'l-grown and change to pupu- in the autiiuio
and a littlr later to the ])erfeet beetles. 'I'lic date of emergence from the soed depends
very miieh. a~ in the caM' of the Pea We<vil. on the temperature in the antuum months;
it m.Tv he in the late autumn or not until the spring; when the .seed hean.s are stored in
a warm building, the beetles may emerge at any time through the winter. One of th
important ditTi'renecs between tin' life histories of the Pea and Bean Weevils M thai
whereas in the case of the former the young grubs can only enter the soft green seeds,
those of the Bean Weevil can propagat<' for three or four irenerations in the dry stored
seeds. This fact renders the well known domestic remedy for the Pea We<^vil of hold-
ing over the s«'d for two years quite inefTective in the ease of the ]{ean Weevil; that
is, if a bag of pe-.ise infested with Pea Weevil were init away for two years, the Pea
Weevils would emerge the first spring and die in tlie hags. But, in the case of a bac
of l)eans infested by the Bean Wee'il kipt in the same way. the beetles on emerging
wotild at onco set to work to lay eggs upon tin' bcan-^. The youii'-' gnii'> when liatejicd
would penetrate the <lry seeds and go through all their stages, and this breeding might
be repeated as long a.s the sui>ply of l>eans lasted. Curionsly enough, tin. Pea Weevil
does not bore holts through the paper or cotton Imgs in which iiife>t('d seed has been
stored, but in the case of the Bean Weevil such bags are readily pi-rforated and the
booties escape, — frequently, when this happens i»- "ies. as is sometimes the case, to
the great consternation of the inhabitants.

mm^mitiit^mam

The Bean Weevil seems to bi- ii eosmopolitiiii specie.", the (irigiiial lioine of which
was ill Asia. It was iirohahly introduced into America thrniiprh comiucrci- and lia« l)een
the cause of eonsiiiirahlc ihimaRc in variovis States of the American I'nion. It has
been mentioned in tiie report.s of several I'nited Statw entoi (jIos st.s. full articles he-
ing given by Profcs.sors Rilc.y. Popenoe and Lintner. There li.^s hern a crcat deal of
discussion ns to the proper name of the spc>cies. The last deci.sion siein-s to he tliat the
beetle shoiih' l)e called Bnirlni.i ohi\r'>ii of Say. The I'ean Weevi'. has never lieen vor>'
injurious in r^av.ada.

The European Bean Weevil (Bruchus rvfimanus, Sch.) is shown at Fig. 18. This
is occa-iona'.ly imported in seed, hut has never o5jal)lislicd itself as a i\>st.

Remedies. — As in the case of the Pea Weevil, the best remedy for thi.s insect is the
destruction of the weevils inside the beans as soon as possible after the crop is ripe.
Frmigalion with bisulphide of carbon is the best treatment in ever}' way.

The Bean Aphis
(Aphis rumicis, L.).

Attack-. — Black plantdice thickly clustered on the tips of horse beans and broad
beans, and also occasionally on other =niooth beans, at the time of tlowering.

One (if ;he preat diffi<'iiltios of growing horse beans in Canada has been the occur
rence of this European species of plant-louse, whi'-h is such a seriou- pest of horse
beans in Europe. As this crop is little grown in Canada, small attention has b.'en
drart'u lo it.

li'fmeJ}/. — The usual practice in Europe is to cut off th., tips of attacked plants.
upon which the plant-lice arc nearly always cluiterod, l^av'in? the r-;5L o^ the pljnt
at the time of llowering free. 'J his practice is also 1 < iiefi<'ial Iccauso it overcomes onu
cif the chiif dillii'ullies in f;rouinr; this crop, which is the failure of the poiU to develop.
This che<.'king of the growth by cvittin-; off the tips causes the fbnver? to jct pod- better
than if the tips are left on.

The DE.sTRUcrivE Pe.v Aphis

I .\''i-l(iiojiiii'rn destructor, Jil-u.'. Fig. 19.

.■\t!(ick. — Pale green plant-lire vith h gs darkened, piirlicularly ut the joi:

honey

fube.= very lung; clustered in ci

?aves and sometimes over the whole plants of field pet

js numbers at the tips of the shoots, beneath tl

!ie

1 we!l as \ip-jn tlie iloweiing

sweet peas and clover. Thc>e insects appear suddctily in large nunilcrs an 1 very soon
kill th<' nhints bv .-urking their sap. The wli'grd speciiiicns ar..- ratl.i r laigi^ for

the I

apbids, being about one-eighth of an inch in length, with

a wing exi'iii.'

■ i IJi-al ly ofir

quarter ef an iurh.

The Kesiructive Pea Aiihis in the sunimr'r-
injury in North America, practically destroying

.f iss:t

he will.

i;.e'K> WD I'j

,i: eii'jr mus

ithf

tatcs and over the iin ater part of <

is . -7 thought to 1 e the same as the (Irecn
hi>»h a clover insect as well

I).

lUic winch ore.isi

in (ycctar'^iii
>n:illv de\'el ii

• cr ip of 1 lie pe
'jf the prairii-^.

t'.i; tvj y-jari

red, as a ilestructive enemy of peas. Fnrtunatrly. this is the only recorded in^vmce

when such extensive injury has

irrcd. Prof. E. Dv

aiiders'-n .-tiites

!ki^ tl.

has been known as one of the worst pests of peas, vetches and cover-

fl'ir ;>'• for a

liiuidred years. The aydTids leave rl.iver on which they have i as-ed J!,e wii.-.r. .n
spring, and feed upon pras during the .summer, returning' to clover a-a:ri in O-^tober
and Xovenil cr.

Remedirs.-'Dus plant-lou-e is an evtre-My activ-- sp-ci-.s. sp-i-i?i-i-.' fri'n the
[•m planU ..n tlie sliLditest touch. This habit wa^^ taker; ;!dv;in'a?e nf l;y I'r^f. \V. C,

J(ilin>i>ii, n-i J found tliat (cuil work cuuld liu ilmic liy wliai \\r oallnl the linisli and
cultivator (thod. The pens wcrp planted in rows 24 to :I0 indii's upnrt nnd tlir vinos
were liruslied backward and forward by boys with pine swifcluw, wiio wciit in f7i>nt ol
nu If.iii \)if I'liitivator drawn by a .siu;;lo horse. In lbi« way the plarif-iic' wliii-li left
the vines quickly when shaken, wore covered a-i snou as they fell to tho (ground nnd
dcs'royod ThiBrcniidy was applied over hirtre anns. One ojiorator after trying ail
methods found that this was the most effeetive. Forty men were enKa(re<l and 6(K)
acres of iH'ns were brushed and cultivatinl every third day for two we«'ks, and iho entire
field was saved. neitiii)r the owner from 2r).(tOO to lid.dOO cn-i^ of peas of 200 dnzen
:^ each. Another metlitnl was tried with coiisiilerahle -iiecess by following the
I iu's witli a pan enntaininir coal oil and water. In tliis way a btishel of plant-Hi-e
were eaujiht in oacli row of pea.s 12.''> r^ds litisi.

On sweet peas in gardens spraying the vines wliieh sliovvcd the i>resenco of the
plant-lice by their >tuiitcd appearance, with the ordinary kerosene eiu-ilsion or with .'i
whale oil soap wash (Remedy 5) proved quite effective.

TlIK Cr.OVER-.SEED MlDOK

(Cvcidi'tniiia lr;iumiiiic"l<i . I.intner).

Attack. — Small legless, pink maprsrot.s, wiiich eat out the contents of tlie clover
liods .ind :hus destroy the setds.

The C'lover-seed Jlidge has been the cause of serious loss to seed tjrowers in alt
parts of Ontario where elo\ cr seed is produced. The life history of the in.seet is well
known. There arc tw i 1 roods in the -ea-nn, eorresp indin« witii the tivo crops of clover
seed. The eggs are laid in the formiufr flower heads of the clover; when these hatch,
the maggots lenctrate the seed pods and destroy the seed. Wlion thc' larvse arc full
grown, about the end of June, they leave the clover heads and enter a short ilistance
into the ground to chancre to pupa;. The perfect ins3:,'ts, formin'^ the senonil brood.
emerge from the pround .just as the second crop of clover is coming into flower, and the
females at once begin to lay their eggs amongst the forming blossoms. These eggs
soon hatch, and about th<- time the seed is ripe the maggots leave the clover and enter
the ground to pass the winter, whence they emerge again the next sprin;? just at the
time the clover comes into flowir.

Remedy. — The practice of feeding off or mowing th" first cop of clover before
June 20, has been found the most satisfactory remedy by all wlio have tried it. The
object of this is to destroy the immature maggots, which naturally reach full growth
about the end of June and from which the second brood, which attacks the seed of the
second <'rop, is produced.

Ill:

The Clover Leak Weevil
(Fhylonomus I'iniclatiis. Fab.).

Attack. — (Ireenish white, slug-like grubs tapering to the end of the body, eating
the leaves of clover at night, becoming full grown in June and spinning oval open lace-
work cocoons of a yellowish green colour, about the bases of the stems and on the
ground beneath the plants. The beetles appear in .Tuly and August and are heavy-
bodied oval beetles une-third of an inch long, with short thick snouts. The colour is
brown with narrow dotted grny liries on the wirg c.-iven= and n broj,d pais =tripp on
each side. The beetles attack the second crop of clover in .\ugust and do as much
harm as the larv» in June. The eggs are laid in autunni and the larvff become parti-
al'y grown and winter over among the roots of the clover, nnd in the old clover sterna.
When growth begins in spring, they crawl up the stems and attack the leaves.

The Clover l^af Weevil, also knnvn as the Large Cli>ver Weevil and the Punc-
tured Clover Weevil, has not so far proved a serious enemy to clover crops in Canada.

although the betlhs hnve letn taki'ii iii several pliico^ by oillectoM. I'ha ipaci'^i i*
C(>',.moii>'st ill the coiiTitiiM north of Liki- Ontario; bat th - b:.!tles wen extre "ly

nlniiiiluMl ill Vicloiiii. Ilritish CnhMiihij, :it th. < iiil of .luly. 1902.

Ilcmidii. -Ihe .inly r mc.l.v lor this iiisL-ci is the iiloushinjr down of lia.lly infostcd
tii'UU ill Jiliiy. Jortutintely this iv M-ldoni ii m'vito loss to ti farniir on account of tho
KiHMt fcrtilizinji: viiliio ol plounhod down clover As a matter of fact, this step i<i
seldom necessary ln.anse when the jtrnhs are found in h>r;rc number* they are almost
iiivariiilijv destr.i.vcd by a parasitic fundus. Etthnnnfthora siuKrrosjn'rma. Frrs.
Attacked larvie crawl to the rops of cra-is stems, and. ciirliu,' thvr b i lies round the
stems turn to a pallid white colour and die. A few days later the body decays and
the sp.ires lire i.'iveii ,itT caiisinj; .\ very iiilcclious ilisrasc .iiuoiiir olhi r larvir.

TlIK (illKEN CunKU WuEVK.
(l'liyli)iioiini.'^ tiii/riru.slrix. l'"ab.).

Attiicl.-. — LariiBs'nj hir to those of tbe previ uis specie-, b ii much smaller and'
f«eding Cor the ii ost part in li.e ^lipulos i.f the niiiK-r i, avcs and in the younp formiiiff
heads. Much iiior(> ;ibiiM(liiiit and mire destriiotiso to clo.-ar in (^.inid.i than thr-
(^lover Leaf Weevil.

Althoiiffh the larva- frequently app<\ir at the same time and toRother with th-se
of the larger species, they ren-ain in the clover longT, almost up to the end of June.
The iK-rfect beetles appear in .luly and in antnnin and pass the winter as such hidden
away bene.ith dead vegetation and in inos.s. They arc somewhat of the same shape as
the Clover l/.vf Weevil, but only oiio-tiiird of the size, of a bright green colnir with a
pniportionatcly loiifier leak. whCh is black. The white coco ns are often spun inside
the bracts < f the cdovcr iieads. The snninicr brood appears iii .lu'y and is of a brown
colour washed with green, but much le.ss green than the autumn bnoii.

liinudji. Wlam clover shows the presence of the weevil, it .should be fed off or cu*.
I ally, wlicii tbe juipa' and iarva' will be destroyed, ("lover lands treated for the
Clover-seed Mdge will also be freed of this pest at the same time.

TllF (^l,()M-R Sl'.KI) CaTEIIPIM^AR

I Ui'iiijiinlilltii iiiUiginu'iiiia, (,'leni.).

Auother insict which sometimes oceurs jth the above named clover weevils, and
which is controlled l^y the same remedy, bin which has never done very mucli harm in
''aiiaila. is the ( 'l.iver-s. cil Catei'iiillar. 'I'lic iirci iiish-white lurvie a qiiarrer "f an i'lch
long, live in the heads of the clover, destroying the ss^'l by gnivin? inti the 3 ml!
pods at the iiase. The <)elicate cocoans an; spun in the clover heads. Th'ire .irj two
broods, th(> moth.s occuriiiig in June, in .luly ami in Auirust. The moth is a little
~ilvery sT.iy rreature with seven n ■ ii;ht line white dashes along th'» fnnt -nnr^in of
the wings and two curved larger .stripes on the ir^cr margins, which meet when the
wings are closed, forming two crescent-.shaiied bars, one inside the other, with the tips
pointing to the outer margin of the wings. These may be easily recogn i --eil by tli< ir
habit of running in circles when they settle on the leaves. The eggs nr^ ' id on peas
as veil a.s on plover.

Ti^E Clover Root-borer
Ulplesimis IrifoJii. Mullcr - Tlylastinu/i ohscunis. 'Nfarsh). Fig. 20,

Aftac!:. — Small brown Vieefles. i': inch long, shown magnified in the fiirure, which
bore into the roots of clover and deposit eggs there; these eventually tnm to white
Lii'iibs which destroy the root of the clover plant.

ftm

lit

The life histor.v of the Clover Ilout-borcr is :is foUovs: Enrl.v in spring tho inntui*
heetli's eniorgc from the Kroiind, wliere tlioy liiive pii«sc.'. the wintiT in tlie roots of th»
clover pliints. whieli they liad ilcstro.vtd tlic previous sensoii. After piiirin(;. the fomnle
bores :i cavity in the crown of the root, and deposits there nbout half n ilnzen small
white cRSs. Tiiesc hatcii in iiliont n week nnil cat their wny down into the root, hollow-
ing it out, ns shown in the fipure. Tlie hurrows nro tilled up with the excrenieiit of the
small white prulis (tig. b), which when full grown are only about 1-lOth of an inch in
length. These chaiiKO to chrysalids. and in September the perlVet l.eethw may 1>«
found in the roots.

ifemerf;/.— No Ix-tfcr remedy has been supcested than tho ph'uphinR down of clover
when it is found to be infested. As n nile. this is not detected until tlie «'Con<l crop
is noticed to fail s\id(hnly. In infrated districts the fields should he examined fre-
quently, and. .f any indications of tho weevil nre found, the clover should 1>€ ploughed
under as soon after tho first cuttinp ns there is a Rood (jrowth on the ground.

The AiiMV Worm

[[li'liupliila (Lcueania) nnipuvln. llaw. |, Fips. lit, 'ii.

Aildck. —Wrown. m stmictime.s blacUi-h. striped caterpillars eating me leaves and
strippiufT the stems of grasses ar.d many other low plants nt night. When full-grovvn.
over an inch and a half in length, and, when occurring in large numlx>rs, migrating
in bodies from one food patch to another. On reaching full growth the caterpillars
burrow into the gro\ind and turn to light brown chrysalids, from which in about two
or three weclvs the moths emerge. These arc of a warm, satiny brown colour, sprinkled
with minute black specks, and with a small but distinct white spot a little I)oyond the
middle of each upper wing. When the wings are closed, the moth measures about an
inch in length. They arc nocturnal and extremely active.

There are in" Canada t.vo broods of the Army-worm in tho year, tho caterpillars of
tho second brood appearing towards the end of .Tnly. Thi.s brood is the one which in
some .years attracts attention by its depredations. The Army-worm is a native insect
occurring every year among grasscf. in low ground. It is only in years of exceptional
abundance that tho caterpillars spread from those places and attack cTops. The insect
occurs right acm.ss the continent, and injuries have been recorded from various places;
but. owing to the lar-c numbers of para^it.s \\]\\>h always aecomjiany an excessive
incrca.se in the cntcrpillars. the Army-worm is very seldom abundant in tho same place
for two successive years.

Ucmcdlrft. — .\nny-worms may b prevented from marching from one field to
another by ploughing a deep furrow across their path. This should bo cleared out so
as to leave the edge nearest to the field to bo protected perpendicular. Along the
trench so formed iiits may 1* dug 12 feet apart. When the caterpillars come to the
treiudi. they fill in and. beins vniablc to climb up tho opposite side, march along the
furrow and fall info the pits, wliere they may \io dcs'ro.ved by covering them with earth
and tramping it down, or with a liberal d<iso of eonl oil and water. In c.a.se any of the
Army-worms cross the trench, a strip of tho plants on the opposite side should be
dusted or sprayed with a strong Paris green mixture, one part in 25 of fiour, ashes or
land rdaster. apfilied after tho plants have been spraycil with water, or when covered
with dew; or these plants may be spra.vcd with Paris green arid water, one ounce of
poison to every five gallons of water.

The Cottony Ghass Scale
(Eriopellia frsluecr. Fonsc"), Fig. 23.

.4 //(/c/,-.— Compact oval tufts like pieces of cotton wool i as shown life-size in the
figure) attached to the stems and blades of grasses and eonspicuom during autumn

and winter. ThcNO arc rag sacks of n specips of icnin insect. They nrc frequently nn
:il>iiii(lniit in the Mnriti no I'rovinces ns to cmmc ainnn to fitrmcM, an 1 thoro is no
iloubt from tlieir iiumlirrs ilint, while the ecalc itisei-t'i are .'ictivc, they must cniisr much
reduction of hny inid pasture crops, by 8uckiii(f tlie snp fcom tiie stonis.

Up to tlio iinseiit this itiscet has only h<vn otiscrvcd in injuriou.s uumhcrs in Nova
Scotia und I'rince Kdward I>hind.

'I'lip Cdttony (iras* Scnle pnspes tlic winter in the eirir condition inside the closely-
felted lottnny ^iicl<s. 'J'he vouiif? h.nii'h in sprinpr ami feed on the lenves mid steni.« of
^n».«P8, licconiinff full ijrown in July. Towards the end of the ninnth tlie fetu.'iles lay
tlioir epfrs in conspicuous cocoon-like sacks nnd then die. their shrivelled bodies show-
InR at one < nd of ilio f pp sneks.

firmed}/. — As the insect passes the winter in the eirtr state upon the n],\ prass, the
huriiiiiff over the iiieadow- aiu] pasture'^ laic in autiiniii or heforr the irrovi th Ik-lmiis in
spring, pives an csy method of destroyinp this scale, aliouM it at any liinu multiply
■^o as to 1 ccome injurious.

II. INSKCTS IX.II IMors TO ROOT (UOl'S .\ND VECE TABLES.
CuTWonxis, Figs. 24. 25.

Attach. — In -pring, as ,soor. as seedlings appear above the pround or annual plants
are set out, many are eaten otf at the surface of the groan 1 by dall-cohiirol cator-
pilhirs from half an inch to an inih and a half in leiiplh, xvhieh eome out at ni^'ht and
devour almost all kinds of young vcpctation, euttlnp it of! as described above and
often dijggingpart I eiieath the surface, where they lie hid during the daj'.

C'litworms are the caterpillars of active dull-eolouri.<l ninths lu'loujziui; to the
KoctuidiP, or ()w!ct moths, of which there are upwards of four hundreil difTorcnt kinds
in Xc rth Anurico.

These moths arc uuk h alike in shape and in the arranpeiiicnt of the more notice-
able marUiups. and are for the most part dnll-hrowiiish or irra.vish iiuiths alio, it 1*
inches across the spread wings, which hide by day like the larvic, and fly only by night.
The nil ths b( pin to appear about the middle of .Tune an<l tly till the Piiil of the season.
Most of the kinds are single-brooded, the caterpillars passing the winter half prnwn.
and ('oing n.ost damage to vegetation in spring.

The caterpillars of the different kinds are on the whole very similar in appearance
and habits, being stnoolh, greasy-looking caterpillars of some dull slinde of colour
similar to the ground in which they hide during the day. Their habits are almst
always noctiiiTnl; but, when they occur in large numbers, they feed by day as well as
by uigit, owing to tip reduced food supply conseriuent upon their rnvaues.

The eggs from which cutworms hatch arc laid by some .species in the autumn and
by others in the .spring or summer. As a consequence, cutworms of all sizes can be
found in -pring; for these insects, according to the species, may pass the winter as a
per'ect moth, a chrysalis, a partially grown caterpillar, or an egp. The lavacrs of the
young caterpillars, which hatch in the summer and nutumut., are seldom noticed then,
on account of the abundant vcotalion at those seasons. In spring, however, not only
are the caterpillers much larger and capable of more mischief, but the land is then
clear of all weeds and vegetation other than the crop, and when the cutworms come from
their winter retreats, there is nothing for them to eat but the farmer's early crops.
Cutworms are particularly troublesome in gardens, cutting off young cablagcs, toma-
toes, beans and annual bedding plants. 'Wlien the caterpillars are r.iii-f,.,l. they imrrow
into the ground to a depth of a few inches and turn to brown chr^, ' 's inside a smooth
cell or a light cocoon.

Iniuries by cutworms in most seasons may bo e.Tpccted to stop by the end of June;
but different species vary in the time they .stop feeding, and the knowledge ns to the
exact species which is destroying a crop is frequently of great scnice ro a farmer, so

tliNl hu may know wluii lli" iiiter|iilluri» .ire tiill-«r.pwu »iiil what their lml)iUnr,»o that
he may know for certiiiii when it will bt .safe for him to reiww hi* IiiikI. whidi lius U'cii
ravaged b> thwe iii.ecU. Some of tlio curly muturinj? biMicivH, im tlic IthicU Anny-
worm (.V</<7<,.» fiiiinni. Iiuieiii.), wlii'h iMim'utly Birips i-l .vcr miii pen lii'Mn early
in the spriiiK. BtoP" tec<linK enrly enough for it to he iafe fur the farmer in many
instanc-es to apply no remedy whatever, 'llw enterpillnrs, when fnll fed, burrow into
tho ground, and iIr' orop springn up aRain. freipiently cutehiriR up and Khowinit lu.
diminution in yield. Thiis, a farm« r who knows the huhils of this iiiHeel in waved
from RoinR to the exinng-; and trouble of appl.vinK a rem«'ily. Other 8|«'eieH, how-
ever, mature so late in the season thai it woidd be u' "<0. and unprolitnble to reiiow the
land without special treatment destroy the en ■".

Cutwonnt arc, on the who) about the miwl trounU-somc in»*'et enemies the market
gardener has lo deal with; and every year they are the eause of much destruction both
in gardens and on farms. Among thi more trouhlt«ome kinds which fanni'rs Hhould
endeavour to know by sight and renie-ulper the lifi-histories of are: the Hlaek Army-
worm (Nortua fennicn. Tausch.). mentioned above; the Ked-bueked Cutworm (I'ara-

grolis ochrugasler. (in.), which is proba^ily the widest-spread and most retfularly or

ring injurious 8|iei'ies we have. It has also a wide range of food planis. nttarkiiig
almost all succulent forma of vet^tation, but showing a curious preference for certain
kinds in ditTerent localities. In Manitoba occasionally wheat Held- are at ripped ami
oats growing alongside are left untoucheJ. In other localities fic exact opposite to
this is the ease, ami again in others lamb's iiuarters and other wwds wil. be •■learcd
from the ground and the grain left untouched. The Dark-sided Cutworm (I'nmgrolis
measoria, Ilatr.) is a very common species, par.icular.y troublesome to onions and
young vegetables in gardens; but, like the Red-backed Cutworm it attacks almost
I very h ilmcious plant. The Spolti-d Cutworm C'OCtua c-nnjium. 1..) some-
time doe< harm to lields of tMruip.s, tomatoes, ami rarely to oats and peas, as late
as the end of July. Another very late cutworm is the (^lover Cutworm (Mameslra
irifolii, Esp.), which has on one or two occasions occurred in excessive numbers and
(b'stroyed whole tii'M- of pi-as. turnips and bee t.s in An-iisl. The Variegated Cutworm
(Peridroma gauria. llbn.) is a large and late species which did an enormous amount
of hann on the Pacific const in llMHl; the greater part of the injury was done during
the month of July, and almost all low growing crops were devastated. This caterpillar
has also the bad habit of c imbing trees and destroying the foliage in the same way as
tho Whit' Ciitworiii il'iiiiujntix scdiidcns. Kiloy). This last named pusses the
winter half grown, and is in some places and on sandy lands extremt .,v dcfitruetivc in
early sprimr. W stern species, tlir ap|i<arniicc nml habits of which should be known
to thoso who wish to fight them .siucossfully, are Chorizngroiis uiixiUaris. drt., C.
tigicsis, (Irt.. nod T. inln^cieiis. Crt.. which occur thr.ii-hout the prairie regions an i
have caterpillars with the sa:iic habits ainl extreniily similar in appearance to the TJed-
backed Cutworm. Ncitb.r these ner I'nraiiiolix in'rcrrcUens. Grt.. and Daniida pro-
cinefus, drt., which fri'<! leiitly injure crops in Uriti.sh Cidumbia, have so far received
no dis'inclive Enj-lish nimes; Init foituniit.ly the liabit.s of cutworm- are such tli.it
general principles for ; pplying remedies 'iiay be adopted for the protection of most crops.
There is. however, much confusion in the reports of injuries by cutworms, and unless
specimens are actually received and reared to the perfect insect, it is almost iinpos-sible,
from reports of correspondents, to be sun' as t' the exact species to which injury should
be attributed.

Remedies. — (1.) Clean Farming.— The keeping down of all weeds and the burning
up of all h:,::liris. ste::i^ of r-:-i\V'"-A •^■r-y,= r.nt! rc-fn=c. ,= rarly - p.n^-^iW.- in the .Tutijmn
after crops are reaped, will destroy many eggs and prevent the deposition of others by
presenting no suitable place for the moths to lay their eggs. The eggs are laid in
autumn or spring, and such places arc chosen by the moths as where there will be an
abundance of food for the young i^aterpi liars on batching.

(2.) Traps. -Large iminber.s may be de-troyed by placing between th:> rows of an
infested crop, or at short distances apart on infested land, bundles of any succtilent

wool or iitlirr vivtiitiipti whii'h hiw \»n-i\ provLiiuly pnutuiiti] by ilippinv il, iiftfr tying
IB bundiM, into a stroiiK mixturtj o( I'uris grt'en, 1 oz. in a pail "t water. Tb«> cut-
worma eat tbv poiiuiieil plauiit, then bury tiu-tiiitelvi'a and dii'. In hot, i.y w«atb«r ttiMC
buudlM ihuuld bu put uut after tiimiown, and u ^binKl•' niii.v b« plai<vd on asch to koap
it from fading.

(>'!.) ItundiliK oiiil wruppiUK.

(a) It will U' fijutid to well npnj the troublt- iiiid t-xiKiise to plac« a band of tin
around each cabbaKo or other pbint at tlif time of settini; out. Thest: may very eaaiiy
be miido by taking pieocB of tin tl inches lonjt and 2i widt.. and Uiidiiig them aroutxf
• spade or broom liandlt; go aa to form short tulx;-. in placing tliem around a plant
the two ends can be sprung apart to admit the plai-t. and then the tui* should be preM«d
•bout half au inch into the grouiui. I havo loiind thi« a useful ineuiui <.f diapoaing of
•nrpty tomato and otlier cans. To prepare thes.> easily, tliey need only l* thrown into
ft bonfire, when the tops and bottouiB fall otf ami th. ^ide» beconie unsoldered, 'lb*-
'■entral piie. ,.f tin imiii then lie eut down the i.ntre uiih a pair of -lieiirs and forini
two tubes.

Cb) WruppiiiK ,1 piece ,,( paper round the .-.tern/* ot' plantji when netting them out
will also save a iJrreat many.

IlanilpickiiiK or dinginK out the euiuorni wlieiiever a plant is seen to \m cut
off should, o| ^■ou^^e. always W praeti.s. d.

(1.1 roi^oiiiil liran Ma>li. The niosi rein.irkaldy i-lfeetivp ninely aKuinst eut-
worms is the poi?oneil bran nia.«h which has lately cmne into such wirle use. This is
made b> nii.\iiiK half a p..und of I'aria ^'reen with tifty pounds of slightly moistened
brHii. In inakiiii.' tlii-*. il i.- lieM first to dainin-n -..iin "f the liraii -liirh'ly with water
coutainiiig a little sugar. Af ii r mixing thoroufihly. add the Pftri« green by dusting
it on the surface aud stirring all the time. We havi- found that when Paris grf.'Mi is
added to [icrfectly dry bran, owintr to its weiirht. it will sink at once to the bottom when
>li/Tcd, in the same wiiy that it does in water. Half a i.oiind of Paris green is enough
to poison tifty pm-pda of bran, aiihouph double this amount may l*' usi-d. Ff the mix-
ture i> t o wet. II ore dry liraii -hould U- stirred in until tin- mixture will crumble 'asily
and run through the liufcera without adherinc.

W hen re(|uired f<ir tranleii ii>*>, all that is m les-ary is to sprinkle a little of th*
poisoned mixture ly hand around ?uch plants is ar.- liabU to atta<jk. When crops
are phiiiti'il in drills or in row>. a convenient way i- to m. the ii.ixture rather dry
and then distribute it by mean.* of a I'hiiiot .Ir,. or other wheel .-e-der. In field prae-
tiee, among such .'lose ifrowint; cro|is j- st'inding i.'rain. which ai*- snmetim'--^ iri-
jured by the Ked-lackcd • iitworm, the pf.isoned bran remedy is aUo s* rviceable. Tlie
Blixture can bo di-lributed hy means of a paddl or shini'lo an<l can bo thrown easily
to a distance of twenty fei t. When disfriliuted in 'liis w^iy, there i« much leeg dunper
pf chickens and birds picking it up than if it i.s plaeod in lumps.

The 'jiiostion of danger fnra the ii'^c of this pjisonel bait n one which rnut *>»
considered. It is frequently in(|uired .ibout by eorre>[inndep»s. and s^m' in.=tanee« rf
the poisioning if iioultry where it has hef>n used, .sec no 1 t) be justly attributable Vi
their hiivinp enten some nf it. As a rule, there is littlf lunger fr rti this cause. Th^
ouantity os^d is so -mall that it is not noticed hy poiiltry: md then, in irardens. poultry
do 80 f uch harm to pl:ints that they should noTer be ndmitti-<l at the time ' f year when
cutworms -ccit iniiirio\is!y Mud only at special times of th» yn:ir wh'-.'i "hera are no
crops to injure. If, however, thire should rie- a bad infest.Ttion by cutw.mis and there
is no means nf barring ^oit or drivincr awuy the chickens, rh" owner of the crops rnu*t
decide wb.ether he will lose his cron or take gnocial rTi'?tos nf nriit^.i-firi^ hia <^hi^k^ri*.
The experience of n t'reat many p«^ople who h.Tve nserl 'hii remedy w ithout taking any
special precautions, is that injury to domestic animnl= is r-T'remelv rtrf. and. althoTjirh
I have been on the watch for any trouble of this sort for many years. I di not know
nf a sinele instance when po\iltr>- have }m^-t\ poisrined. witli if donof. by eating pois^jn**!
hrnn put out for cutworms. TTnwev r. thero will he •nanv occasions when plants in

.S2— 3

|roril<n» iimy I •■ pnliiliil l..v imtliiiir nut llif p.ii^om-l bran in nmnli hfnp* an^l thrn
ooviTJiiif this© lip "i'h II piirr (if -liJii>rln Of Home otlirr povoriiiif, so llmt tlir iniitcriiil
cannot Ih' irot .it li.v atrny I'liickcn- an I other pcmllry.

It liun III"!! U-in nukiil wliethor iIhtc i» uny iliiiitfir ••( pliint* uUorliinu I'ariit tfrorn
from ill * mixture wlien pla<-«Ml iit-ar tliiir MoIh. In roply tn this, it is only ni'if^surj
to po nt out I lint I'aiij unen ii piai'fii'niiy iiisoluhir iind tiirrrfore '.-nnnot hi- nhsorlu'i.
by lh«- pl.int

IJiioi M vciiciis, hig-i

■2\

Alliich. Small whitf niiirr.itJ which Imr.' inli thi- rof)t^ of rafli^hiH. freshly - 't
nut cahhnKP*, iiml into the liilh- of oiiinns. and .scuiii'timoi aNo injiirt! the roots of
111 una iinil Indian I'orn.

The Cahlugi' or Itudish M^iKK 't, an I tlio Ouioii Maggot, whii.h for all practicnl
purjiows may le tnatcd nf hi'ic ns tlir miihv pl•c•il•^, raii»i' nn ;it los:* in crops of cauli-
tlowers, larly calihugi'S, l^l^lip^^, r,iili?lic.s and onioiw, almost every season.

'I'ln' niaggot* which are luiind iitiacl<iiit' cabbnires, rudishm. caiilitlowers and tur-
nips, iiiiil ihosc in unions, and ;ii Ivans :,nd corn, arc very similar, but tiiey belonif to
three ditfcrcnt species, Phorhia brnnsii-,!-. Bnuchc, attackinR plants of the (v''bnK«>
family, Phorhvi cepnrum. Mci^., infesting onions, and Phorbia fuicieeim, Zct' Fig.
27) injuring beans and corn.

Coru sown diirinjt a cold, wet [icriod by which ^ rmination is unduly delayed, i»
very liable to be altaiked by Uic I'uni-sced M.i«t?ol (P. /iiacic.p.*). in such coica
it is well to wait for warm wc illicr to resow and then push on the crop with u ii(;ht
dnnninK "1 nitrate of >oda, Ji'O ll;.-«. tn ilie acre.

The perfect llies nf all ibcbe ni:ini;ols arc very similar to the ordinary observer and
may le (k>eriLcd as -lender llii s Himeuhat smaller than the ordinary house tly, v.hich
tly about clnso to the ground and lay their white e«(rs on the stems of tho young plant*.
Elcre after a few da.y8 the iiiaKSots hatch and work their way dowi bcneatli the soil,
where they lio close to the root or burn w into it, tearing; tho tissues with their hook-
like mandibles and liviup on the sap. thus soon rcducinif the root or stem to a rotten
miis-. Wiien full urovn these mj(;gol- turn to roildish brown imiiaria in the soil close
to tie r<>ots. The exact aumber of broods of those mapgots which may be found in n
1 IS, ' , . uis to !• i tlKT coiniilieated liy the ovorlap|)iii« of broods, and the delay in
issuing of some individiuiis of c^icli broo.l; but prac''""illy it may he said tli;;; cubbaire
and radish ii iiggois do by far tin- greatest aiimunt of harm during the n;...ifli ol .hme,
and early in .luly, an.l in many years their injuries are slight after that period. With
onions tlie injury i ontiiiu(>s tlinughout the reason anl is most noticeablo in June,
August and September. The injury to boai mu\ Indian corn is only in spring, r:)d.
lis a rule, is i onioned to i hints which have hi ■ . weakened by tho s<>e<i being planted too
deeply or by lute trosts. However, in sea- uis of excessive abiindnncc oabba'.?e and
onion mars-'ots i:iii,v le found all through the (rrowincr season, and cabbn-res and cauli-
flowers are oc, sionully injured in autumn by the maggots attacking the heads of the
plants.

Unii, ilii X. -\']i to the present time it cannot be claimed that auv perfectly etfi-
cacions remedy has been discovered for root maggots. Tn certain ,vear« they se<>m to
be so extremely abundant that even the best reiuedi<'s merely seem to prolong the lives
of the plants, and only n very small proportion of a crop can be .saved. Tn ordinary
vears. however, much cth lie doiii' to protect erop.s liable to attack, and the following
are the remedies wliioh havc givin the irst rrsnlts :

vnr Onions. — While hellebore I Remedy :', ) dust'd along the i-ows once a week frnm
the time the young plants aniioireil above the irround gave comparatively clean onions,
verv few being attacked. Fre.sh gas lime broadcasted over nnion fields at the rate of
two hundredweight to the acre had a similar effi ct : nut, where the caustic lime cnme
in contact with the young onion.s, they were burnt out. A light dressing, between the

I i

•M

row* of onioni, of Um' winie muleriiil guvr almost n* i[(m<l roiilr* ii« hIktc it «!i« ilin-
tributcct over thu whole *i''l<l. When onion-t liavr iH'ffuii to loriii tin ir I'lill'^, tlic I'liriii
inny \m Ikm'iI or briiilicil away ii«Ui ilovvii to tlir ronUi, iiinl in mtiuv .\>iir< tlio unmitut*
ilu not ix'iu'truti' till' laill)-. A-. .-..miii ih tin' cicrili U lim i| umiy in Kiinliii prai'lii'i', n
du«tin)( uloiiR th(- rowH wiili white liellcliore iiiuke!i tli«- iiroteetioii more eoniplile.

DriK^iiiKR of 4;ilt, I'uriH tcret'ii uixl plintUr, ^ni'l w<hii| ii«h('» h.ise Ix'i ti foiiol ii'>eliKit
in proU'Ctiii){ utiir>iu< from the iitt^nkH of root innuuo >,

I'or I'ulihut'c'H. — (IJ. I urrrd I'jiper l)i»k^. — l"ipiv» of . riiiniry t rinl |)ii|>ir ihr-e
inehc'B in dlunietiT, wilii a r-lit running to tlie euntrr mi us to iillow of tlieir lein^ |iln(.'<>,l
'iria,.iii till' >li'iM-> of y.iiintf e:il>lin;:ett iiikI euutillowcrs :it tlx.' time of pLintini;. and
prrtwod down (dose to tlie Kroiiml, will prevent to a l.irtje nwaaiiro tlie llies Irnin l.iyiiiK
llieir e^rtr- on pLints so protoete<l, or will kill llie yoiintf mn;;jrots.

(J.) ln«eet I'owdc r. AIjouI linlf u loieuptiil ■ I' m ■( tion ••( pyielhriim In-et

powder (four ounces to a Kallon of water), or of white hellehore (Remedies ;; anil t)
of the same strcniftli poured arcoini' the root of eneh planl. nfler ili.iniiiK :i\\j> the
Kiirth, risrht down to the roots, «il| destroy an," miifrifois winch may linve -tjried to
work. Th«) earth nhonld he put hae,; a^ain ami the plants well hilleil up. when new-
rootlets will soon Ik' fiirmed. A li^tlir sprinkling (d' nitriili' of .soda or some .-perdal
fertili/.er will eneourajfe a qiii'-k (jrowth and inneh help the plants to ove.'eoine iitlaek.
DressinRH of one oiineo to the sqijare yard may he used for this i>urpo»p. ('iiKhaKe
plants should he examined late in .I'lne to sec if the maw'ts are at work. Tin i arlier
the treatment with insect powder or white hellehore is applied tlH' more elfei'tivo it
will be. If the mixture is applied to the rooix with a fon-e pump, althoinrh more lif|uid
is consumed, it has the advanta>;e (jf dislodging many of the maftKots so that tlieir
injuries ceuso at once.

(•'!.) ell cse-eliitli inelosnre-.- -.\ very elTcctive and praetical means of pr^ virin,i
early radishes, cuhbaptcs and caulitlovvers, perfectly free from root mafisots. is hy ;;ro\v-
inff them heneath cheap frami.s made "f liffht wood covered with clici se-cluth. A con-
venient size for small l>eus is >< feet lonjr. J lei t wide ami 2 feet hiiili. This fraiiie can
be made for ohout 25 cents, of one and a half inch scpiare wood, nailed together at the
comers, and with the choesc-cloth tackt>d on the outside. Jti such a fram.' live cauli-
flowers and two rows of radishes have heeii ^.'rown to iwrfection. 'l"he frame was kept
on from the time the youiiR plants came >i)) until the radishes were lodhd.

Caulitlov.ers were sutficiently advaiu-eil to require no further protiiction an 1 the
frun fs w<re i< moved about tie first of August.

For IJadishes. — The mapsrot which attacks the radish is the saiu" -p cio- as also
jit.iekg 1 abbiifjes :,nd i uinipa, the -everity of attack on ihese ditTerent er ijis bein? about
in the order in which they ar<? named, so that in years of lip'.i attack radishes will draw
olf injury from the eal>baj;es.

Injuries to turnips are seldom severe, and in ii ost in-tance- a crop shows little sigr,
of this attack in autumn. ( ven in si^asons when the mag;rot-! may Invc bom (■> in 1 in
(■onsi 1( Table mil bi rs in llie sl>rinfr.

(1.) The Cook carbolic wash (Remedy fl), consistiup of one quirt of s, ft so.i|
one t oiinil of liar I soap, in a gallon of wat"r, with half a pint of cm le c;ir!j')lic a-io
;'d led, and the whole boiled tnjrcthrT for a few minuf'S, to mike th" stock emulsion,
has proved over and over ajrain an excellent remedy for radish n!ai;ii'>t.s. The stock
emulsion can be kept in a closed vessel, so that dust auil rubbish will not fall into it.
and. when re piired for use, one part of this inixtiiri> by lU'^asaro is all'l to fifty of
water, and should be sprayed direetly upon the (jrowing plants from th • time they
appear above the proiind, once a week until ready for the table.

('2.') White lielleiiorc I'KeiiK'dy ■">). dnsiisi alonp ihc mws of r.iilisii s liiiee a wck
from the time tliey appear above the pround. has pivrn L'ood results in inost years.

From 2 years' experience with the <|Kve,sp-clot!i coverings. [ have no becitatinn in
recommendinp these to amateur Rardeners. however small their gardens may be. as a
sure means of obtaininir perfectly clean, as will as early, radishes atid ciulillowers of
the very best quality, at a coniparatiTely liirlit expense.
52— 3i

3«

u|>

l-'or liiiiiis iitid ( 'urn.— Injury to tliese crops in (iiiiada i.s ii riire occurrence. The
only remedy which cnii lie su^tfrested, is to snvv these crops in good season in woU pro-
pped soil nnd not ilceixr llinii one or two inches.

I'liK Small White Cabbage Hittkrkly

I I'diilia Kill. I . I,.), FIl'. :J(>.

Attack. -Velvety (;r»cn ciiterpilliir.>. commonly known a.s Cabhafre Worms, uhout
an inch in length, with :\ broken yellow line aloiif? <'ach #ide, a: 1 'in unbroken one
lown the middle of 'he hack. At tirst iNitinjr the outside leav . h',. . cu; -ally boring
right into the head of the cabr>n,ie. These, after threi' or foui . ^v ks. [o-.Mii,,-. » ,i whit«
butterflies so eoninion in gardens.

This injurious insect, w'vich was imported into Canada a on is;"iU. hui ni- .-spread
i-iKJit. acrns- ihe Dominion, and is every year the c-aiise of c ; '.' 'I ■■ 'os.s, not only
to cahba-res hut also to turnii)s and other plants of i he .same family. It is, no,.ever, one
of the easie-i of th<' well known insect pe.-,l.s to control. There ari' two broods (birinfi
the frrowiiij;- season, and .sometimes a late supplementary one. of which, the caterpillars
are found ms late ns November. Fanners and gardeni-rs should watch for ilie first
appearance of the larva' and apply the renicdy promiitly. The eifgs are laid b,\ the
female bntterllics mt the loaves.

KiinvJy. - rfic c:iterpilliirs cmii be dcslroytv, easily by dii.--tin;r the planU with n

mixture of one | id of pyn'thriiiu inse<'t powdiT ( K( inedy I) and four pounds of

cheap flour. Mix the whole together and keep it in a titrbtly idosed canister or jar for
■2i hours. I'll, powder is then ready for use an<l may K- dusted over the cabbafres
either with a cheese-cloth bag lapped liirhtly with a slender stick, or from om of the
various insect guns, or dusters, now sold by seedsmen. The advantage of this reinedy
over many others which are rccoinmouded i~ tiiat. althoiiLili insect powder is <n deadly
to ontcriiillars and most insects, it is quite harmless to human U'inirs and the hitrher
animals.

The rather iin'valeiii e,i-^tom of usiii^;' l'.iri< u'reen ami .ilh(>r ars^'ii

cabbage- anii i.lbrr Vei;el;ibll s. liPl-l le colMlellilleil ,1- bl'iliy very dillU

anv eiiiiiiMeiisiiraii' :''lvani:i;;e.

■al poisons nil

iieu- \viihnnt

m ■

IhUill

TlIK Dl-WtoND-BAC K Mum

[ l'hllrl',( ;,l /./l/l/.r (Ml'v. t 'mii- l':,llrlln C niC i f i' ni I fl III , '/.>M. t , Fig. .'.(t,

Al'-'irk. — Small, jiuen, e.\ceediiit;ly active iMterpillar< a'..<iul oiic-cpiarter t,' three-
eighths of an inch in length, which attack the leaves of eabbiiKes. turnips, ■%(•., eating
numerous smi:,i1 h..l(s tliroug!i the younger leaves, and irregular blotches trom the
under surface of the olibr leaver. Wlwii disturlwd they run backwards ,wri},'}rling
ihe:r b.'dies viidently fr.im -ide to -ide. aucl. by means of a silken thro.id, fall to the
gro' nd, wl ere they lie tpiiie -till.

■J'he I atciplllar nf ilio I )iauiond-liack Moth is in some years a serious pest of cab-
li:');es, turnips, rape and alnio-t all other cnKiifcroiis plants. In years of bad attack
the whoic plant -("ai turn- while from the iXTrru cellular inattor having been fiaten
away, and the plants dry up. It is probable that there are two regular broids in the
year;, but occasionally in late anlumns some of the second brood emerg> and produce
a third snpiileiiieiitary bro.irl. part of which comes to maturity, and the pupas winter
over .ind form part of the spring lirood of moths. The effects of the first blood arc
seldom noticed until about tin' first week of .July, and. when seen, should at.onco bo
attended to. The active cater))illars can be recognized by their spindle-shaped bodies
anl their wripgling motions nvben disturbed. When full grown, they spin open net-
work cocoons on the lower sides of the leave-, th^l^u^d•l which the blnck-linod white
pupn can be easily seen. The larval stage in summer lasts from three nocks to a

niuiitli, and the pupal stage, ul.out » fortnight. The perfect moth is a sleii kn- little
creature very variable in size and markiiitr^. A well marked exauiplu is »hown in tht
fagure. ] hf s-zu of the niotli is shown by tliu hair line in the niicMIc of the tiRure. The
jreiira I colour is ashy ^ray witb a stripe, of light somewhat dianiond-shapeci marks on
the back when the wirps are flost'd.

The occurrence of tho Diamond-back Motli in large numbers is lortunat.dy verv
irregular. This is undoubtedly due to the largo number of parasites which always
appear with a serious attack. This is a fortunate circuni-Mnnce, as it is a difficult
ins<vt to control. The injuries are gonerally more sirimis in liot, dry s-asoits.

A'rmei//e.s.— Kemidies which have given good nsults are: (1.) Dnsling the infiste 1
plants with a dry Paris -reen mixture (Remedy 1), using preferably lime or wood ashes
aa a diluent. In England, where soot from soft coal can 1k> easily obtained, this sub-
stance mi.xed with etpnil quantities of slak.^d lime is found to give the best results.
(L'.) Kerosene . mu'.sinn ( Kenie<ly 2), sprayed well under the leaves, has giv.n exeolleni
results in garden practice. (.1.) A-^ a supplementary treatment, inducing a vigoroiH
gfrowth with light dressings of nitrate of soda, or some special fertilizer, are most use-
ful. I t.) Several r. i ^rts mention the advantage of watering thoroughly the attacked
lilants, where this is luaelicable. (5.) As a preventive measure, eare should bo takc'i
to keep down all weeds and plants of the imistard family and to destroy in autiinm all
surplus plants of a crop which has l-oen attackeil. In this way the over-wintering
brood will lie destroyed.

The Cabbage Pllsu
lAiilo;iia[/iia (I'iu.si(i) hKixsKw. Kiley|. Fia^. ,31.

attack.— Vale green caterpillars, about an inch and a cpnirter bmg, striped with
longitndimil whitish lines, walking like the louprrs ( the larva'of the geumcjters), owing
to their only having three pair.s of prolegs at the end of the body. These caterpillars
are very voracious, and when full grown they spin gauzy silken cocoons (jn the leaves.

The Cabbage Plusia, or Cabbage LoojK'r, is particularly destructive to cabbages,
lettuces and some other plants when it occurs; but, fortunately, its injuries to crops in
Canada are very rare. It is, however, an insect which at any time may become as
serious a pest in Canada as it has proved in the northern Fnited States, close to our
borders. Theie are probably two broods in a season.

Remedies. — It is claimed that this enemy of the cabbage is very much more diffi-
cult to destroy than the ordinary 'cabbage worm' of Canada, wbieh is the caterpillar
of the small white cabbage btitterfly. Dusting the plants with Paris green and lime
(one pound to twenty of the 4il"enO will kill the caterpillars early in the sea.son;
but it requires frequent applications and some implement bv which the powder can be
driven up benoath the leaves, where the catcri)illai-s mostly feed. If a liquid spray is
used containing arsenical poisons, one pound of soap should I* added for every twenty
gallons of wash. In addition to the above, another species belonging to the s.ime
tiimil.v and style<l, 'The r]y(d Cabbage-l<K)i)or ' yAiilogniphn pnr 'ionu. On.), by Mr.
Chittenden, in Bulletin No. 33, n.s., 'Some Insects Injiiriovis . Vegetable Crops.'
U. S. Bureau of Entomology, is extremely common in Canada, and may at any
time develop into an enem.\ to tho farme iinl gardener. The life b. story is similar
to that of the Cabbasr^ P!u«i,i. ,ind the '•amr remedies may h? .Miplied. A figun^ of this
eonnnon insect is shown herewith. (Fig. 29).

The Zebra Caterpillar

(Mamestra picta, Ilarr.), Fig. 32.

Attack. — Father large handsome caterpillars, when mature about two inches in
length, velvety black on the back, beautifully ornamented with two golden .vellow

stripes oil each side of tlio body, which are connected by nairow lines of thi- same
colour; ill.' hi-a.l and f,H-t reddish brown. There are two broods of this insect every
year The moths of tlie tir^t broo.l niHHvir during' May and hiy Uieir ejiKS m largo
cluslers on the under sides of leaves of many differ ut planta. T'hese hateli iii a little
mor.. than a weeU : and the youn;; enterpilhirs for .. tinic feed grPKariously .levounng
all the (ireen eelUihir portion and nmUiu!,' liirgc eonspicuously white patches on the
leaves. As tiiev «row hirirer tliey separate and fee,l singly, i'lie caterpillars of tlie
first broo<l are full grown about midsummer, when they spin slight cocoons just beneath
the surfaee of the f . iiiiui. and the moths emerge about tlic tirst week in Aiimisl ; they
arc rather duU-eoIoure,l. purplish brown moths with white under wings, expanding
about OIK" and a half iueh.s across \iu- opened wings.

The eggs of the second brood are laid tliroughout August and into September, and
Uie caterpillars are to U" found, as a ruh', later than tho8«! ..f most of our moths. Ueing
conspicuously coloured, they are often noticed crawling about, looking for food late
in the autumn, when most kinds of plants have been fro«'n and killed. 1 he winter
season is passed in the chrysalis stat<' beiK'ath the ground.

The crops most attacked by the Zebra Caterpillar are turnips, cabbages, peas, ('lover
and potatoes.

yi'rnie,//..';.— Spray atT.et.'d jdants with Paris green, 1 oz. in 10 gallons of watx>r ;
or dust v.itli in-sect powder (K.niedy 4). or white l.ellebore (Remedy I^, or Pans green
and linx' 1 lb. to 20 of the diloent.

The Pi ui'LK-BACKED Cabback Worm
\l-h-frijesliK (I'iunciiJ straminalis, Hbn.J.

-l»(i,-A-.-Slen.le bristly caterpillars, tap<>rin- to each end, purplish .in the back;
with the head, two sp-ts on the second segment, and a small plat(| at the end ol the
Imdv black; mea. iring when full grown thnHi-qnarters of an inch long, llase are
found under the heaves of cabbage, and li.rnip> in .Inly and in September and Oetol.er.
Those caterpillars are most troublesome in the .Maritime Provinces, where every year
eunsid.Talile injury is done to ci-op> of turnip- late iu th(>
gregating on the crowns of the turnips and eating en'-*'
consuming the leaves and reducing them to skele.
turnips and cahbaires are destroyed.

Iniurv l.v the Purple-backed Cabbage Worm is oe,
provirnK's ■ and their work is sometimes suiiplemente.l l.y the halt-grown eutuorms ol
several species which pa<s the wint<.r in the larva! ..ondition. There are few reter..nees
to the species in literature; but. as the moth is common over a very wide an a in ( an-
a<lii. it is prol.al,le that the injury is more consideralil.' than is suppose.l. 1 here is an
allied species k-own as the Cabbage Pionea. which is troublesome to cabbage fields in
the pastern Tnited States, th.' cat.Tnillars of the tw,i s|H'Cies being very much alike.
The chief character by which the Purple-backed Cabbage Worm can be recognized from
the larva of the Cabbage Pionea, is that its head is shining black, while that of the
last-name,l is yellowish. The moth of the Pnrple-backcd Cabbage Worm is a noat
little species, expanding seven-eightlis of an inch; the U(,pcr wings are of a pale satiny
yellow marked distinctly with a heart-shaped discal spot, two distinct transverse
"waved'lines across the centre of the wing, the inner of which runs through the niiddle
of the heart-shaped spot, and two less distinct lines, one at the base of the wing and
the other close to the tip. There is al.o a eon-pieuoii-^ dark Idntr-h l«»,irin- a white
crescent outwardly towards the tip of the wing. The lower wings are silvery white,
with a clear black margin and a narrow snbmarginal line inside this. The fringes
of the upper wings are gray ; of the secondaries, white.

There are two or tliret> broods of this insect in the season; the moths of the first
brood, which pa.sses the winter as a chrysalis, appearing in spring towards the end of
June, and thos<> of the last brood laying eggs from which caterpillars aire foupd la
October and November. This last bro!>d is by far the most injurious.

■;!sun, the caterpillars eie.i-
into the root.s, as well as
inetimes whole fields ot

.:lv serious in the eastern

3»

Rrmi'dlr.'!. Fnr thr eailv brnm]^. wlwii fdiind \ip(in turnips, spru.viti)? witli Taris
gTccii or (liistini; tlip plants witli I'aris jrrrcn iind -onio dry p.iW(!«>r, will anKw<-T
(Remedy 1). For the last brood, wjieii it attacks caliliases. insect pow.lcr (Remedy 4)
must be used, as there would lie cluni.'vr ot' u-in-.' iirsotiitcs \ipoii eabbaws whiidi had
been eaten into by the caterpillars. Tii the ease nf turnips, the quantity reaeliin).' the
roots would be so .small and there would bo so iiiauy opportunities for the poison to
be washed off, that Paris Rri'cn or sonic other active poison could be used, even up to
the end of the season.

The Coj.oKMKi I'oTATo Bektle

\L''iiliniitars<i (Duiiiiliura) dtximlinoita. Say], Fit:. W.

Atlach.—Ahout the end of May the mature beetles of tlie well known Colorado
Potato Heetle, usuallv known as the Potato Bun. c"me out from their winter .juarters
beneath the soil, and at once begin devoiiring any jioiato j.lants which m.a.v iiav'e
appeared above the sMrt'aci\ The sexes pair at once, and the brifrht orange egg^ are
laid beneath tlu' leaves in clusters of li;ilf a dozen to about Jifty. In bout a week the
dark-coloured larvie hatch, spread our i.ver the foliage, and at' once attack the haves.
En four or tive weeks tluy lieconie full grown and enter the earth, wlure they change
to orange-coloure<l pupa> in sniootli nv;d c(>ll^ two or ihrc inches 1k-1ow the" surface.
In about a fortnight a new brood „f k^-tlcs appears, which attack the plants in com-
pany with belated larva' of the first brood. This M.,.,,nd brood becomes mature in a
rather shorter time tlian the first, and the third brond comes fnjm eggs lai.l by them.
The third brood emerges in Septendier and is mo<f noticeable, because by that time
there arc few potato lops left in the field, som<' fields having Usen dug an,| oth.-rs bari.-<l
of foliage by funsous diseases. The beetles, liavin- v<ry littb^ food, wandir abfiut and
are found on sidewalks, jiaths. iV-.'. After a time they burrow into the ground ajid
retnain ther.' for th,- winter. After the first brn.,d tlie two other broods become very
much confused. This is due ehici! to the long period over which the females continue
laying clusters of eggs, so that the insect in all stages may be found during the summer
months.

The Colorado Potato B<vtle is particularly de-tructive in all part.-, of Cana'la east
of till" prairies, and is occasionally s,. in Manitoba and in the foothills .,f the Uockie-.
So far, it has not been rccord(>d from IJritisli Columbia.

7^;/itJi('.s.— 'Ihe standard remedies fur the Colorado Potato K.^^tle are the various
arsei ical poisons, the most useful of these are Paris green and Ar^ nate of Lead, both
of which may be used alone or what is far better, an<l now a more, general practice
everywhere, mi.xed with the B mleau.v mi.xture (Remedy 7). Birleaux mixture na-i
also a s] ecial eiTcct in destroying the Cucumber Flea-beetle. Ei'ih-ix curutru ris. Harris,
which is fre(iuently a serious enemy to potatoes, tomatoes, and eg- idant-. and has oti
occasions I een even more destructive to these pla'lt^ than the larger and better known
species. If the |)lanfs are kept well sprayed with Poisoned Bordeaux mixture, the
first application in the beginning of June, then early in July and about August
Ist, 15th an.l 31st, not only will all of the biting in-< cts which occur on these j.lants
he de-ti'oyed, but .several fimgou- diseases includiiiu' the Farly Rot and the terribly
ilcstructive I'otato Kot, will I e prevented.

HlISTF!! T'>!;r!!.Ks

!l|^.

Among the usually unimportant injuries to pr.tatrx-s which on occa..i.,n becotrie
more extensive ami invnlv*- hirge areas, arc those due to swarms of Blister Beetles,
long, cylindrical shaped beetles with soft lodic.s. which fly to fields ai .1 swarming over
the potatoia devour the leave- raiiidlv. .\e a rule, these s-.varm-> remain only for tt
short t'n e aixl tl en | iiss away.

t t

. i

ill

f! If If

1 1

A remedy which lias Ijetii adopted suc-cssfully consists of driving the swarms from
a crop by several |>eople walking across .' .vith branches or other ooaspicuous objects
in their hands, waving them from side tn side iind driving these easily disturbed beetle*
•head of them until they com<' to the edge of the crop, where they will disperse and
seldom return. It is undesirable to destroy the Blister Beetles if this can be avoided,
because in their Lirval form they are prednceous iiarasites on the eggs of grasshoppers;
but, as in the case of iienrlj nil leal -eating insects, these can be destroyed by spraying
the crops with a poisonous mixture such us one of the arsenitos ^Remedy 1). Prof.
F. M. Webster has found that erop-i sprayed with Borde.uix mixt ire (Remedy 7) are
not altncUeil ly Hlister Bicth s and ;is all potato crops should he sp -a.ved with Bordeaux
mixture every ,vear, there is no reason why they should suffer from these insects. In
addition to potatoes, many other crops and plants, particularly members of the pen
family, are attacked hy different species of Blister Beetles.

Specie* which have at different times been the cause of considerable injury to
potato crops are the Black Blister Beetle (EpicaiUa pennsylvanica. DeO."), the Spotted
Blister Beetle (Kiikaiita macnUtt. Say> and the (Iray Blister Beetles ( M(u:rohaai»
unicolor, Kirby. and Epicmttn cinprrn. Forst.).

The FoiK-LiNED Lf.ai-'-buo
(l'(fciloc<iiisus liindlim. Fab.), Fig. 'M.

A 'omewhat unusual attack on pntnloes. but one which always attracts attention,
is by the Four-lined Leaf-bug, which is easily recognize'' hy the tips of shoots and the
foliage being curled up and spotted with dark spots nearly as big as the head of a pin.
and the suhsequent drying up of the in.iured parts. Tliis leaf-hug attacks many kinds
of plants in gardens but has a speeiat likin? for mint, sage, goaseherries and currants.

Remedies. — (1.) Spriiyiiiir the nymphs or partially iliv(lopii<l hugs which cannot
fly, with a strong kerosen. iiuul-iou (1 to ('.) ; (2.) The jarring or heaiing of the
nymphs and perfect insects from the attacked plants into open tins containing coal oil
and water; and (3.) The destruction of the eggs, whii-li are alwa.ys laid in the twigs
of bushes, particularly the currant, near the tips ; these are white, and. as they protrude
slightly through the hark, when ouce seen they are easily recognised again, and th -
this attack may he controlled to a large nieasvre hy winter pruning.

The Ci'i 1 mukr and Potato Flea-beeti.r
(Eliitiix ciicnmi-ris. TTarr.). Fig. ">7.

This minute beetle, which does not ixetH'd one-twentieth of an inch in length, is
I 'ack, covered with short fuscous hairs, and is much more frequently complained of as
a potato pest than as -n enemy to any other crop. It is .sometimes, in hot, dry summers,
one of the worst enemies of the potato, eating many small holes through the leaves
and reducing them so much that tliey are unable to perform their functions. The best
remedy for this insect appears to he spraying the vines with Bordeaux mixture. This
treatment has given far better results than spraying with Paris green. The practice,
too, of spraying potatoes with Bordeaux mixture is also an excellent one, as stated
above, being an effective prev<<ntive for the Farly Blight of the potato, as well n.'; f>f
the much mor« destructive Potato Rot or Late Blight.

Thl Five-i^pottkii IIa\vk-m(('. m, ok 'Tomato Worm '
(Protopnrre celeu Hhn.").

The large caterpillar of this moth, known as the Tomato Sphinx, is frequently
found in sonie numbers upon tomato vines, hut its work is so conspicuous and th«

tomato makes such rapid growth that its injuries are very seldom iiiniortniit in Canada.
However, tiie caterpillnr feeds on nianv ocher nlants belonRing to the Nightshade
Family, such as the potato and tobacco. It is frequently the cause of considoruhle loss
in the large tobacco fields in tho county of Essex, where it is generally ■ ik<'n of as
the Tobacco Worm. This namo, however, belongs properly to an allied »|iififs, Pro-
toparce Carolina, Linn., which occurs very rarely in Canada. The potato, however, must
bo considered an exceptional food plant and the insect is not likely to become ?. regular
peet of that crop.

ill ■

The Potato-stalk VVkevil
{Trichnbaris Innotahi, Say), Fig. 38.

Attack. — About the middle of August several whitish legless rriibs with l)rown
heads boring inside the stems of potiitoes. These enu^e the leaves I i I urn yellow and
the stems to die prematurely. When full-grown, the grubs form whit4- cocoons of fibres
gnawed from the stem, usually low down in the seems. Inside these the beetles liecome
matu.e in August and September, but they remain in the cocoons mid do not emerge
cntil the following spring.

The Potato Stalk Weevil has never been a serious enemy to jiotnto grcwers in
Canada, but m'ght at any time become one.

Renedy. — The remedy is simple. As the perfect beetles pass the winter in their
cocoons inside the stems of tho plants they have attacked during tlie summer, if all
of those arc burnt in autumn instead cif, as is too frei|ucntly the case, being left
in heaps to rot in the fields, this insect can be easily controlled. The practice of
promptly destroying with fire all haulms, tops, vines, &c.. of such crops as have been
taken in, cannot be too strongly advocated. Not only is untidy or objectionable litter
thus removed and turned into useful tertiliziug elements, but many injurious insecw
and fungous diseases are done away with, which would endanger tl.e crtpp of the fol-
lowing year.

The Ked-headkd Flea-bketle
(Systena frontalis, Fab.), Fit;. S!*-

Attack. — Large black shining flea-beetles, one-four+h of an inch long, with a red-
dish blotch between the eyes. These sometimes occur in large numbers on potatoes and
many other difiFerent plants, particularly clover, to which they are sometimes a serious
pest. On the slightest disturbance t'ley hop actively from the kavis which they Lre
ittacking.

The injuries to potatoes are sometimes rather severe and. when this is the case,
demand attention.

Remedy. — Spraying potatoes with the Poisoned Bordeanx mixture (Kemedy 7)
is the best treatment. Other plants, as grape vines and many garden flowers, may be
dusted with Paris green and lime, or. when convenient, sprayed with the Poisoned
Bordeaux mixture.

The Turnip and Cabbage Aphis
f.iphis brassicw, L.), Fig. 42.

Attack. — Clusters of gray plant-lice situated all round the bases of the stems an 1
beneath the leaves of Swede turnips and all kinds of cabbages, from which they suck
the sap, causing them to become withered and stunted and. in serious outbreaks, d«»-
stroying whole crops. Ab a rule, these plant-lice are not noticed until the end of the

i ti

till

I J

r *
I t

L y_

neasoii; Imt in dry iiulimina. ur oii hisli laml. tlipy iiicn-ino with incmdiliU! rapidity
and iH'i'oim- niio of tlir iivM dcstnici ivi- cmiiiii-s of tii.' turnip Rrowcr. Tlio pk'ks nre
laid Inte in niitnmn upon tlic lonvcs nnd steins of the phuits.

Th<' Turnip and Cnhhairr Apliis is very widisprcnd, HOi-iirriiist in all parts of tlie
Dominion. In Rritiah Cohinihia it is frequently very destructive to early eabl.aj;es
and cauliflowers; hut in eastern ('anada the most important injury is to Swede tur-
nips in fiehls nt the ime that they are forming their roots.

Kemedies.— When cabhat'cs in gardens are attacked, the colonies of plant-lice
should bo destroyed by spraying with kerosene emulsion (l{eine<ly •_'), or whale-oil soap
(lienu'dy 5), on their first appearance. In turnip fields the injury is always in autumn,
and the colonies of plant-lice should always be looked for when tl>e tu >ips are being
hoed and thinned. At this time good work may be done ')y simpl,\ hoe og out the in-
fested plants and. having pulle<l some earth over them witli the hoe, pressing it down
with the foot. When the plant-lice are too numerous for this simple treatment, the
infested plants, which at this time are generally in restricted area.s, should be promptly
sprayed with a knapsack sprayer, using kerosene emulsion (Remedy 2), or whale-oil
soap, one jiound in six gallo of water. As the eggs are laid late in autumn on the
leaves of turnips and cabbages, remnants of thest- crops should always l)e plouj,'ii<d
down as soon as the crop is jrot in. Infested cabbages may be dipped in kerosene
emulsion before storing for the winter.

The TiKMi- Flka-hkktle or ' Tirmi" Fi.y '
(Phyllolreia vittata. Fab.), Fig. 40.

.•l/^;cA-.— Small active sliiniiiK WiicU beetles, >lh nf an inch long, with yellowish
marks on the wings, which eat the swd leaves of turnips and other crucifcnius plants
directlv they :ipp<';ir above the irrouiid. When disturlK'd tlicv hop to sonic distance.

The injury by the 'I'urnip Flea-beetle in hot, dry .Junes is well known by farmers
in every part of Canada. The larva- have been found at Ottawa, feeding in tli" leaves
of Curled Cress, a plant l^longing to the same family as the turnip, but it is certain
'hat this -t:iL;c in liic .XMii'vicaii in.srct is generally p::sscd on the r^i.ts. As so.n ;is
young turnips appear above tli' groiuul the be<'tles .swarin on them ami destroy the peed
leaves, which :ire so important to the younir plants, frecpientl.v destroying whole crops
and mnkinir it necissary to rrsow larfre areas.

/;r/)i,v/,r.v. (1) Paris frre<'n and land pii-ster, one \i uiid of tin; former to twenty
of the latter, dusted a'oiif,'- tli(> rows of young turnips, if imssible when they are covered
with dew, i.s an ctTective reniedv against this trouldesoine insect. The land plaster acts
as a stiiniihint to the plants mul |Mi-his on jirowlh. .Xs soon as tlu! n.'UL'b. tru,> lcavi>
are formed, 'he plants are, as a ruU', able to make more growth than the beetles can
destroy.

(2.) Late sowing. Careful observation has shown us that for central Ontario,
the third week in .Tune is the most satisfactory time for sowing turnips to avoid injury
by flea-lK^etles. By that time the perfect insects of the first brood have, as a rule, di.s-
appeare<l, and the young plants grow rapidly and produce as good crops as when sown
two and three weeks earlier.

TlIK I'.DI) Tl UMl' BKKii.r.
(Entomoscelis adonidis, Fab.), Fig. 41.

Attack. — A showy scr let beetle, with three black .'tripes down its back, a blck
patch on the collar, and black legs; two-thirds the size of the Colorado Potato JJeetlc.
but narrower in oulHne. eating the li lues. both as lana ami iiivfect beetle, of turnips,
radishes, cabbages and all other plants of the Mustard family, or Cruciferse.

The Red Turnip Bertie is every year aliundmit throughout the prairi.' proviiK*!!;
but tli<r<- iirr sn m:iiiy wilil weciU of tlif Mustanl laiiiily M ihrouyh liie \Vi lliat thi so
plaiit-s have prevented the Ked Turnip Beetle congregating upon cultivated cropn to
any serious degree. In certain loealitio.s noticeahle injury has been dune, and it is
possihli) that at some future lime this insect inifjht U'corne a serious enemy of the
farmer. Although its specific name was given in refonnee to its f<«ding upon a mem-
ber of the Kanuneulus family. AJonix aulumimli.'i. the lUd Turnip Ikntie has not licen
recorded in C::annda as feeding upcm any plant of other orders than the ('ru.-ifem?.
The bright red eggs are laid l)eneath elods of earth, large numJ)er3 joined together in
loose masses. Although sueli a method of passing the winter is very rare among the
Chrysomelidte, to which this insect belongs, it would apiiear as if this were the usual
habit in Canada. The perfect beetles appear during ,Iuly and August and continue in
the fields as late na October and NovemU'r.

The larva- are nocturnal in haliit, and, although they also injure crops, most of
ih« observed damage is done by the perfect beetles. The larva? are slug-shaped and
black in colour. When mature they are half an inch long. The pupa is formed in the
ground about nn inch or so beneath the surface.

Bemeiies.— Spraying with Paris green and other arsenites (Remedy 1). when the
nature of the affected crops will allow of that practice, is the host remedy. As, how-
ever, the l>eetlcs occur very l.ite in the season, if might be necessary to substituti- dust-
ing with insect powder or hellebore, should the beetles liecom* abundant on crops of
cabbages. Certain wild members of the Mu.stanl family such as the Cray Tansy
Mustard and the Prairi<' Wallflowers, seem to be particularly attractive to this insect,
and might be used as decoy pknts, upon which the beetles could be poisoned at short
intervals.

The Carri>t Rust-fly

{l'.silii r(,s,v. F;ib.), Kig. 43.

Attack. -Karly in the season the leaves of young carrots turn re<li|ish, and the
roots will be found to be blotched witli rusty patches, particularly towards the tip.
Thetse carrots, when stored for winter use, although sometimes not showiinr much in-
jury on th<> outside, may be found to he perforated in every direction \>y dirty brown
burrows, in which arc lUiiuy semi-transiiarcnt yellowish maggots aljuut i of an inch
long. Thes<> maggot.s are hlunt at the tail end, but taper toward the head, where there
is a black-hooked tip, forked at the base, by which the' miiggot makes its way through
the roots. The puparium is reddish brown, and the nuig.L'ot.s, as a rule, leave the
carrots liefore asaiiniing this form. The iKjrfect fly is a quarter of an inch long, bright,
ihiny green-black, with yellow legs and red eyes. Ti.ere are at least two brood-s in a
season.

Carrots in the Maritime Provinces, and to a less extent and at wde intcn'als,
through Quebec and Ontario, are often seriously injured by the larva' of this Fluropj'an
insect. In the Maritime Provinces it is a regularly occurring pest of the market gard-
ener, and much loss every year is due to its ravages. To a less di'grec celery anil pars-
nips are also sometimes attacked Viy this insect, hut I have never seen in Canada more
than an accidental occurrence on these crops

llfmcdii'S. — (1.) When ynung carrots arc large enough to thin out, this slmuld be
done if possible late in the day, and the rows at onc<> sprayed with kerosene emulsion
(Remedy 2), one part of the ordinary euiiilsiou to nine of water; or the rows may Ik-
dusted with sand, land plaster, or ashes, with which coal oil has Ixx'u mi.X'd at the rate
of half a pint to an ordinary three-gallon patent pail of the diluent. One application
a week should be made through ,Iune and into July, par 'larly after the rows have
l>een thinned or hued up. (J.) Late sowing has ie n aiivai..jgeijus in many instancee.

i Iff

if:

and, ris iMrrot> for tho tublo iiiii.v U' sown viry liito in tin- .vciir mid n'i\r good cropK, il
ia adviuiilile to mnko two or tlirre sowinKs. u w«'fk or ton <lii.vs upiirt, some of which
will i»fiii)i" injiir.v. (.'!.) 'I'lu' coniiiion-H use imnlici' of not miwiiiK ciirmts in th<^ name
spot as ihry wore plimtt-l IIm- provioiis year, will rccoinniond itsolf to nil grower*.
(4. > 'I'lio distriic'tioii of tlu' niiiKKot.-* from storoil ciirrois. Wlioro cMrrolg iirc .storxd
in sand for winter '-.ee, the Inrvo- Icavu tli« 'uots and pupate in this noil. Care must b«
taken, wlion olenninn out tin' bins in gpriiur. I" dostroy those impnria eitlier by huryinK
the sand in a deep liolo or li.\ throwing it into a |)oi;iI or into a l)arnyard, where it will
1)0 trampled by stook.

'I'liK Asi'.\iiA<jiis Heeti.ks

{('riorcrif! 'ifiinnvn. I... :iiid ''. I i-fiuiicldln . I.. I. \'\)». 41, !.">, lt>.

Altack.- '\'\\v ("oiiitnon Asparapiis Ri-etle. Sleinlor bliiok biotlis about \ of an inoli
in length, eonspioiiou-Iy marked with six \vhit<' blotches on ti.o biick .iiifl a reil border
to the nock and clylra. or winj;-ea^cs; appearing in the early >i>rin(f ard eating into
the asparapns shoots, upon which thoy lay their gnH-nish black eggs. The grubs which
hatch from tliese eggs are dark olive and ^lug-like. Tluse also attack the shoots. The

rwelve-ap"lle I A>-par;if;iis Hictle. Oecurriiig >• times wilh the above, ar- beetles if

about the same size, but slightly broader and of a uniform ro(blish ornn>"e colour, with
twelve black spots upon the wing-ca.«'s. The grubs, somewhat similar to those of the
Common Asparagus l!(>otle. but of a dirty yellowish colour. f(»'d iiuside the berrioe of
asparagus.

The two above-named species of beetles are now a regtilarly occur) ing trouble of
asparagus sr><'.vers in south-western Ontario: both »p<'cies s(>em to occur together and
to be equally abundant. Their first appearance was in ls9S, and the spread in Oanada
has forttinately been far less extensive than it was at first feared it might be. There
are two broods in the season, the first beetles attacking the young shoots and laying
their eggs upon them. The larva' are found mi the foliage during the summer. The
beetles pass the winter fully developed.

Remeiiirs.— (\.) Dusting with lime. The most etTectve reuicily i." probably the
destniction of the larvop by dusting the plants .systematically every three or four days
with fresh air-slakwl lime, which adheres to their slimy bodies and kills nil those with
\vhi<-h it comes in contact. '2.) Poisoning. Active poisons, as a mixture of Paris
green and tlour, or. belter. Paris green mixed with tin- liuu' meiilii>ne<l nbove, and dusted
through the plants, will kill not onl.y b.v contact with the larva\ but will destroy both
them and the (xrfect beetles which eat the poisoned fdiage. i ) T^pnting. Beetle*
and larva; may be beaten from the plants into nets or brond pans containing water and
coal oil. Nets made specially for the purpose are most convenient. The larvic may also
be brushed off the plants with n stick, and, if this is done in the middle of a hot day,
it is claimed that few will l)e able to gi't back again on to the plants. (,1.) Poultry
GhickenB and ducks, when available, are very useful in eating the beetles when they
first appear in spring.

The Spinach Oarmon Beetle

(SiTpha h'dthcrvsa. Lcc). Fig. 4S.

Attack. — Shiny black, very active flattened grubs, three-quarters of an inch long,
shaped like sow-butrs or wood-'ice, which devour the leaves of plants belonging to the
Spinach and Gourd families.

The Spinach Carrion Beetle belongs txj a family, most of the m'lmbers of which
are scnvenfirers. hut there are two species at any rate, the present one and the
Beet Carrion Beetle (8. opaea L.), which in the West have caused injury to grow-

LLuL.

II, ir cr.iiis (if II pkiiw. .,.,iiiislira. soiiuicli ;mil Ik,.|. I'hc injury U ilim. t).v

the lurvu'. which come (uit at night uiul dcsiru.v iht foliiitjo of thoi-c plants. rh«'
iKX'tles (,f lidtli M|«'(;ics arc verv similar, an- dull Maok, the body flat aii.l tiiin, alioiit
thi>eo-'|unrH'rs of an inch in letlfrth, with straiKlit riilR-*. on tlir winjf oovrrs and a litllc
rai»«»i klu-1) toward>, the curl of racli of tlif-.c. The liiftlc, pa-is the wint.r liidd«'ii away
irt'liraili rl.id-. nfiiM . .Vc. ;iM , |.iy tli.dr t'tf^.s in June. The .vmuhk larva- a|ip.;ir in al.out
a wock ami nmw rapidl,\. maliiriiiL' within tlirci- or four ui • k;*.

Hrmidirs. The only rcinedi<w which can U- HU(rsrc>t.d, arc the dii>tinK nf llic
yo\in(r plants in .Iiinc wla ii the priilm apiM ar. with a dry Paris (jrccn mixture, ..r spray-
int; Ihcm with I'oisoiicd Bordeaux mixture (IJcmcdy 7). In the .-asc of -pinach, which
could not U' poi-oncl in this way, it luimht he p.iv,.il,l,. t., protect it duriiit; tin;' season
wIm'ti thi.ir^'s are laid liy covcrinu' tla^ plants with cIh-«">c .-Intli frame-, a- rr comiiaiid. -!
for Kooi MajfKoi.s (S.M' patfc .15). The native weed of the West, the Sixar-lt aved
Goosefoot (.l/"/e./,;,/.v ch, iiuptid.ouliii) which is -tated to U- the favourite fo.id pi lUt
of these insects, misht also U- gown plos<. to tl,,. spinach to draw otT attack.

Tuii SijUASll BlQ
i.l/(i/,«.( triads, J)e(i.), I'ig. 4!».

.Kiat/,-.— N'uniher.s of lartjc, ill-sinclling, dark hrowii buKS, paler U-neath, i <>( an
inch loiiK', clu.sl<rin!,' around .souasli vinc^ about the end of .June and sucking the sap.
Tlie effgs are laid in clusters beneath the leavo, and the y...iiiK are suon found with
the full grown bugs.

This clcstruclivo enemy of the market icardeiier ;,ltaeks all plant- ,)f the (e.urd
family. It is a -criou- pest in we.stc rn Ontario, but is -eldom tri.ubl'*..me as far east
as Ottawa. The insect is a true bus and has the cliarac eristic di.sagreeable od.iur ol
most insects yf that family. It pa^s(■.s the wint.r in the perfect form l-'neath loose
Hark of trees, under rubbish in out-buildings, vVc. .Vs -oon as -ipiashes \r., a|.p<jar
al>ove the ground in spring, the bugs fly to the fields ami a'tnek tli.' ynuii- plain-.
Their injuries at that time of the year arc particularly .severe. Kggs are laid ai once
and the young bugs of the first generati<in come to full growth in .July. Tla-ie are two
broods in the season, tiut bugs of all sizes may be found up'Ui the vine- af'er miil-'iiomer

l!i,„i:li,s. I 1.1 llaud-pic-kili;; of the old bug^ early in ;b(f sa-.n i- el::ii,i.d t.j In-
the most practical remedy. This should be done early in the morning, during the
cooler hours of the day. when the bugs are sluggish, 'flic con.spicuou- t-js clusters
should aiso !« crushed when s<hii.

I J. 1 Traps. If -liingl. s ^r -li.ui pi ees ..f b..ard ;ir" |i!ae(.,l .uu- u- il,e plairs. the
bugs will hide IxMieath tbem at night ami can be destroyed fK^fr.re tliey bee, me active
and leave these retreats the next morning.

(■"i.i 'lie .voinii:: buus can be d<>str' yed by
('emedy 2). or whnle-oil soap (Remedy .")).

(4.. Ill a .-ea:-oii wlien the bug- have Iimu abundan!. .ill vines should l»; burnt a«
soon as the itou lias I ecu gath, ri-<l. In tin- \v;iy. luaiiy i.f the i -.-rts in all -r il"s .,t
development will Im' destroyed.

(>5.) Tray Crop-s. A few hills of the ordinary Mpuish may be [.hinted aujong
iiKdons, cuciioibers, ke.. so that tlicy api.i-ir almvr. tlie ground ali^ul a w 1 1; '*■' fj.'^e the
crop. The .snuashes bein<r more attracti'e. the biiu's collect iiiioii tbeui. wbe-,. tliev can
be easily destro,ve<l.

-prayiiii.'- "lUi ker s<-ii' e'Mul-i'Ti

TlIK StRIPKI) (^trUMBER P.EI^TI K

il>l,iliiuli(;i lill'il". I''ab. I. Fii;. :•<>.

Attack. — Yellow b<>otles ciriped with bl.ick. two-fiftbs of an in.n in li;e<rtli and
half as wide as lotu:. The-, tx'etlfs pa-s tlu winter in the [lerfpct sfa'e. and. direetly

! I

iiiliT 11'^ (lii'in

voiinir socdlliiKs of oiii'imilir-i nr .siiiinsliis cf ull kimtt iip|«>nr nlrnvr tlio nrriimd. rliinMT
aromiil iiiul ilistrnv thiiii. Lairr iti tlif .v«':ir tin- hmiiic Irrll.'S .iltiic-U iIm- pliiiils <li-
vourin^' tli,' Umv.'s I'n.iii lurii'iitli iind also otluT parls of the plant. 'I'll.' lapMi', ulii.di
aro sU'iidcr worm-likr crfalures. ■ iiito. with dark licad-. live in tlio Kroiiiid alioiit tli#
roots. Iioriii',' in:o lluiii an,l »oinrlinir.« working tiii'ir way np alxivr tin- txrinind iuMiiU'
the stt'Mis.

Tile Siriprd Cii.iinil.ir I!citl.> o.Tiirs all tlirm^'li <;ii;ada. i a-t .f llic pr..iric"<.
and is fnipuMtl.v \ri.v di-tructivc to ,vonn({ plani^ in -prin^-, an<l pari iciilarl.v to tlu-
tlo\\Mr>. I Ian- III-.' two li roods in «'anada. ilic k* -oiid of which s fn(picnll.v nuuh iiion'
nhundanl bill less dihtincliv,. than llir lir-t to .•iwnrlilin-. mm |daiit-» such n- ^cpiashrH,
cucurili -s. iV.<-. In additinii to this I'lass of plant*, th.' hrrtlcs s.nictinuM ,1
aide da:ii:;i;i' in i ■ups of pciw riid Iraiis. (rnawin^; tin- ^f' I'n i'ods and
until for tlic market.

/i'r»i.(//V.v. -Covcr-i. YouiiK planl> may !.<■ protivlcd from ihi' liK'tlo will, a Mpiaif
of chtfso cloth kept raisp.l hy two tliwihlc sticks cross<'d at ritfht ami'c-. with ihi- i-mN
stuck into t'.ic -ronnd. The cheese cloth -an he kipt in pla.e hy |iii:liiit; .some «'arlli
on the edK''J*. :!.V the time tlie plants hav.' v'n.wn s.. a> to re.iuire the nnioval of lli<'
eovcrins most of the first hrood will have disappeared.

Poisons. Sprnyinff the yoiinn vines with I'oi-oned Itordeatix mi.\;nre ( Itemedy 7),
will protect cnciirhi.s ajraii'ist the attacks of thi.s hertle. and also of the Cnciiml- ••
Flea-heetlc. I'aris prot u and land plaster, aslies. lo- lime (one pound nf the poison in
tiftv of tlu' diluent), if dusted over the plants at short intervals of a lew Hays, will
destroy a sreat many of the lieetU'S. and drive others away. A .similar remedy is to
sprinkle ihroufrh ihe plant.s land plaster thoronsrhly saturated with kerosene or tur-
pentiii.'. both of which are very distas|,.ful to this insect. l)us;in;f the plants around
the roots with refine tohaeeo .lu-l, is hiifhly reeoiiimeiiiled : hut this material U dilllenlt

to obtain.

The Striiied t^ucumlxT Beetles nve very active and tty fr<Kly from plant io plant,
and. as these plants grow very rapidly, all poisons must he fre(]uently renewed.

INDEX.

Pa(ik.

Aminii Irislin 15

Aplii-i hrnssiccB 41

mill I If^

nimici^ j7

Appnnitiis. B|ir:iyiM'_' <;

Appli' Aplii.s 17

Arnii-woriM ,;o

Arn.v-wiir.ii, I'.. .irk ;:.>

Arscn^ilc 111' l<Mi| n

Ar.<oiiito of liriM- with hpiI.i '.t

Arsciiitoji h

Ar-^cir'iil, ( In ( ri lit

A-' rnfua R<H'tlp, roinii;i>n -11

^ iragus Roctle, TwclvL-spottcil. . .. 44

A^iuiriitriis liictk's 44

Auliiiii'iil'hii hiiissicit :',7

pri-catiiiiiis :!7

Rniuliiig or wrappiii},' fc.r Ciilwdriii-., . ;;;l

IJ'.'Mii Aiiliis ^'T

Henn Wrrvil 2ti

|{<':ili Wrrvil. !'"iircilM ;iii J7

Root Cnrrio;! TJcotli' 11

l?ii;<l r twine cntin liy Incu.-i!.- _'2

Hisn 'pliiii(> of Ciirlio'i for Pen Weevil, i':'.

nii-trr Ri'otlp. niiick 40

Ulister Bretle. Spotted 40

niistiT Rit'tles ^,!i

Hii.*ler Reitle.*, (ir;iy 40

MorilcMix i.''xliire. poisniie.i l :.'

Bniilii's ohiccliis ■_>'

pts'irum ^:;

rtif! nt'i H i'\ .... -'7

r:,l.l,:,<je Aphi. '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.]]

i':i\'\i:\Sf I'.nttcrllv. *^im:iI1 While.. . .•;i;

Cnhlinffi-ln<iper. Kved :!7

(•. 1,1,..,,,. \i .„_,.,, , ' ..|

''nUhnc Plusia .'!7

Cabhnge Worm, Piirple-hneked . ... .Is

Cnhbapro Wnrni.« "r<

Camiulhi pellucida i'l

< 'nrlK.'ic :icid 12

Tarlio ized plaster, sani.', a.^lics "• saw-

d.s! u

Carriin Beetle. Peet 44

Carrion Beetle, Spinarh 44

(:nrr. t Rust-fly 43

Ci li'l'-tiiui I :ii sfrrrh.r ];i

li'ivniiiiirnTii ^'s

(^cjihvn nccidcnialis ^C,

VygmiTvs 17

rheesn-olnth inclosiireg ?,Tt

^hortzarjroiis aQresfit ?,-2

nrixiUnria . . :!2

inlrnf evens ;!2

Pa.. I

<'liek-he( Ii( ,, \.xr\;v .■< |,

Clover [,<'nf W<o.i! 2l->

(Mover IJoot-liurc r , ^ii

t'liiver We vil, tireeli 'Ji,

* '. .V. r--e<'.i ( ileipi l:.r. . ''i

<':,.v,-.,,.ed .'lid'.- . . :-.

(' 'hI oil for Pea (■( \ il. . L'l

I o.nr;-c|o I ..;.;'o 1,., :le. . .--i

Corn Worm iJ'i

Coriis.ed Ma^'vot ;:|

' 'i- d II ■ nilMlire |(.r 1 .eu-!,. . . , JJ

CottoMv Gra--i Seale ;;{!

Criociris asimrmii .... 41

ihii,ihcimi\incia(a 44

CllPllIllher ]{iel|c', Stti[iecl 4.',

Ciieuiiiher Fleii-lM-etii 40

Cmiv..tiii, ( 'I'm r. .; '

l):irk--;d. .!, ;;'

<;h'-.v ■',

l!.d-l.nek.d ■',. :',■■

Spotted •.;■>

Vari'if.it'd , WJ.

White :2

Vell..w-li. ■:..!..!. . -o

< 'iitworms \'A L'ra'h. . ;.' i

on roots and ve^retaMes. . .'!1

Dnniiil I prociiird's. . , ■

l>iiilin,tir'i viHila 4,'j

I)iaino:i.l-I.M.k >t..t!.. .r.

Ihliliisit. trill' I !t:

l>',lniili'0't il' r, iii'iln ■till . ".''

EInffiridir 1-

K nhnnaur, !',s iitlriniiHx . ij

l:'l>ic'liil'i riwr'1. . Ifi

innCMlniij. . , . . -Vi

pi'nnsy}''-::'ica . . . ':>•

KpiiriT cwiiwpri' . ... 40

Krioppllis fistiirtr .... "O

ICi( rmah's slriminaiis, . '>

I'lea-hee-ie. R-<1-! (..:,1. d. 41

F!ea-l<TtIo, T'lniip. . . 4'.'

Foiir-rjiMl I/nf-l,,,-. . 4''

Frit Fly, AiiKTienn. . . 1.'.

Fii'i;i'.rat;oii wiih l.'-'i'i Ii''--- ■• ■• n •. .!

Fii:'e"n.= di'scii^^e of !oeu>^'s 1*2

Cir.iin Anh's IT

GrnjihoUlh ihhrsiin'-lah'i . . j'.'

(iras-ho|ipi r- -1

Ih'ihnn nrr e". . . . lO

lievi'sfdtrix :"'

Uinvk-M.otll. I'ive -l.oTted 40

IhJinphlla iinijiuiicfa. . . ""

fffliothis armi'iT. . 2''

Ilellelore, whip-. 10

»H

Jr. !-

I Hi

Page.

Ifeuniiin Kl.> U'

HoldinK ovtr •wl pease for Pe«

Wwvil 2»

Hop Apbu J'

llopp<'r fJoruni 81

Hyltulinut obieuruM 29

llyleiinui trifo'it 29

IiiM«'cl iwiwiltr • • • 11

liiwi'ls, liitiiijr iiml Siu-kiiiK 5

llMictn, livP" of 5

Itunnntti !t|i ' '

JoiiilM iriii> '1

.lum- Hmio'

KrrriM 111- IlllllUilllLS

Lachnoslfrna fvsca

Leaf-l>mr, Four lined

LipliiioiifU'i drnmlinralii.. ..

Leurani'i un«pi/ie<o

Locust. l,.s>-<r Misrrntory

Piii'kard'fi

Pclluoid

Red-lepp<'d. .

Rooky Mn>int:i'ii

l.nnwT*

iianif.fha iiirln

trifolii

\l!iv M.-tW

Ml Iniiiiifhis iitfitii^

atlnnls. ■

hii-ill"'ii-

fi-mui -nihrum

pnckardii

sprpfua

Meroifi/zii americntia

Nffti-'iphnra destrif' r

l/raiiiria

Nortna c-nigntm

fcniilrii

Nozzles, sprnyinp

Onion M:i:;(jot. .

Oscinis c'irhnnnri-7

11)
10
18
40

:t!t

21
21
21
21
21
■-'1

;JT

:?2

19
J I
21
21
21
21
21
14
27
17
r?2

rariahili.1

Paraijrotis mPKsorl"

orltrn t!^'*'r

perpxrt'lhtif

.icnndnn^

Pnris {.'icon

used in ■Rnrdoiinx mixturo .
used in Criddle mixture. . .
used in poisoned traps. .. •

dnticer from u.se of

Pea Aphis. DratruotivR

'Pen But:'. .

■-'U,

l.l

\'>

;».'

32
32
8
12
22
32
33
33
27
23

• Pam.

Feu Moth SS

Pea Wet'Til 98

I'i'iiiw'. wiiriiiy ' 23

Prridroma lauciu 38

l'h'>rbia brasiiif'r 34

ceparum 34

fuscicept 84

Phyllotreta viltala 4S

Hhytoiujyiiin niijmualrtx 29

punciatus 28

Pioiu 'I $traminali* 38

Phifia bratsicm 37

PlutelUi cruciferarum 36

mac uli pi tin is 36

Prteilocapsus lintatut 40

I'tiiilut lapti 36

Potato Beetle, Colorado 88

\'..\:,U, Kl..,l-l«vlk' 40

Potato Stalk Weevil 41

I'i"l'ijiaiT, '■ n-iiliiHi 41

eeleus 40

Psila rosir. . 43

Pumps, sprii
I'vritliruin .

|{'iidi-li Miic

I{<}il-heaiiid Flea-bretle.
Remedies

Koot MllL'L'.

11
34
41

7
3t

Sciildiiii.' seed prnse for Pen Weevil. . 24

t^rmiisia nl<i'''cm a 22

Si'phii bihihi rosii 44

opneii

•o.'ip Wii.'ihc''.

So!ip n-u.-ihc^ 11

Spinneli Cprri'in Beetle 44

S|ir:i.virii.'. ineiiiiintr of the word 7

Sprnyinp nppBratii'; "

S.|ua.-h BuK. . ._ 46

!^!l.itena frnnfalit 41

Tnrred pm ■• dh\i< for Root MncRots. 34

Toliiieeo Worm 40

Tomato Sphinx 40

'Tomnto Worm' 40

Tricliohfirix trinotnfn 41

Turnip Aphis 41

'Tnniip Beet],.. Red 42

Tii'nip Fl.:i luetic 42

■Turnip Fly' 42

Whale-oil soap H

'WliMT Midpe Ifi

\Mieai-stcm MnffRot. Oreatcr 14

'Vhe;it-stfm Mnppot, T.«sser 16

Wh"at-8tem SnwHy. Western 16

;\Vliite Ornl's. . 19

Wireworina 1°

Zehra Cntcrpillnr 87

I'l \lt I.

Fl... I, Til. Il...,;,n Kl\ ..il.ut;..|
.iii'l n.itdiiil -i/f.

Km. 2. II. ..„„, Kly.
|'ii|iariii iiiiMir il -it,-

IMl.l .III, 11^,. I.

Kr.;. :i II...
i.i.ui Kly ; piifNi
I in (III Htf-ni,

I'll.. 1. Til. .riiiiit \Miiii. um1i-> nil "III It >ti iii.^

ii;iiui:il -i/,. ; tlv . iiLiu'iil.

Ki... .".. Till. 111. ui.i- Wli.Mt^i.i,, M.,(f-
k'l't : ... i(,'i;; '. inii|.'-,it ; .., pupa; il, Hy
III! cnhirgcil,
' /'rii'. H. f'Uniian.j

'^■^,

^.'■■" \ f /

1 "-

r£^. ' ■''

) 1-

KiG. t!.-Tli.- \V..si. Ill \Vh,.at-,-t..|i, SiiwHy : ,<, V.mn ; '., f. i, .,!,. .awHy : r. gra^« ,t,.|ii Hliowinff work-

", '', imifli inlari;.'.!.
(Kill 11, 1- Mar/dll. //!.«,•( /,,/,. /r. Ihiigi,,n ui Eiil;„i„h,.,i,, U.S. D<pl. of Ayr.)
52- -4

Plate II.

:iJ*

Fill. ".-VVircw<>miR(7, S, !)|; |iii|)ii (lo)- Milurgiii ;

cIick-lH'fllM> (5— natural mm- ; 2, X ti- ciilaiffwl).

(Ciirli$. J

^iw»ais

'i ><. The (ilawiy CiitHDini :
iniitli aii(i catpr|iillar.

Fn:. t(. ('urn Wiriu ,ui <-nIaiyi-<l 4 (|ianntii»

(fnrl,if. Hull. :,. /Il, A:,r. Ex),. Stntinn.i

/5^

Fi... lO.-May Be,tl« : ,,, U'etle : I,, pupa; ,•, lar^a (Whitn (Jriil„-,liglitly iMi;;,rK«l
(VhiWmlin. Itnll. Ill, „.,., /„,•. vf Ent., U. S. be/,!. .,( A,,r. j'

Fii;. 11. -A H(ip|)er<Iuzer.

t VJ.

I'LATK in.

Fk;. }:i. TIh- Pumiiion RfdlejfK*'*! l^tcnnt.

K.o. 12.-H.«ky Mountain Loc„»t, laying eggs. Ki,.. 1 t.-Th,. Two-Ktri,*.! I>^.„,t.

ff':,. li: RiU,,.-Fia,. l.i, U : a,ilt.n.len. Bull, i-l, „.,., Di.: of fnl.. U.S. Dcpt. „f Agr.J

Kn:. in. -The IVa Motli : < .itiTpillar ami
iiioth-2»n(l 4cnlnrpHj.
(Ctirtin.)

Fi,;. Ki. Tli.- I'..a \V....vil : /,, l„-,.,i,. . „, ,.,,,,,
(', lMi|ia— crihirp-d anil natural size
I'C'irii.t.)

Vi': 17. The Dean W.evil

h'h.. IH. -The Kuroptan
IVan Weevil.

Ki.;. 111. I'll,- l)i.«tnicti\e l',a Apl.i. :
wingi.l viviiianiUB female enlarjteJ (» tini"e.

■i

>■■

Pl.ATK V.

Kji; 27. -The SwHl-ti.ni Mag^gut : a, h, flie« : tl. inaggiit : /<, pi

Fii:. 2S. - Tin- Ciihkige .MagKot :

1. iiiiijfjot ; 2. 3, |.ii|Ki case ; 4, fly.

1, :taiiil ■) enlarged.

Fic). 2<t.-The Kyed Cablnige UK),,^r :

a, luotli : I,, caterpillar ; >; ;i i|ia in ciKKxin-

all Mniieu'hat enlargeil.

■n

Fiii. 30.— The Diamondlmk Moth : a. cat*Tpilhir : Fi... 31. Tli- ( '.iMiaife I'iu-m :

d, pii|« : ,, cKHKjn ; /, ui.ith-enlanreH. „, catorpillar : /-, pi,|.H in coc.^u ; -, mot...

(Fig». -'.■, ."/..(/. ChUknltn, Hull, .t I, ,..«., I),v. .,f En>.. U.S.. l> p. ui A;r. -f-/. •?" Bfp. mi

U.S. Itcp. o/Agr.j

I'LATK VI.

Kii.. 3l'. TIip Zi-bra Caterpillar : «, n.uth : r. pu|«» ; </, cat^-rpiUar.

Fi' . ;V|. -Thf Four linwi lA-af I

'UK-

Kii.. :Ci Tl.t- Ciitu Wurii,
lll'itli aU'l i-at*-r|iiliar.

Kli.. .'Vj. Ttie C'<lor*lo HotatiJ lJt»'tl'- ; <l. Hifg;. . ',. lai \ii ; • . |iu|« ; rf. l«i-t:.--

(^Fij/t. .1.'. .1! CllUltlvicil. Hull, il, H.t.. bn. ijl Em.. U.S. Ii,fl. ;' A'jr /■,.,. .,.. h<'<^ir(l,
Fvrm-r,' HM. tin. C.S. />/^, ;! A[ir. ,

• 1

I'mt vn.

Ki(.. ;i7. Tlif Cmiiiulwr mill I'litatu
ri.iili.-«tle.

H"l.;. ;W.-Tlif r..tiil<i,Sti.lk W.i-ul: liiriii,
W't'tlf and I'ligiu— I'lilartri^l.

V X

•"" Fi(i. 3!».-'lli,.
Ki'd-heailHi Flea Uftlf
—enlarged 8 tiim*.

yi>: l<). The Turni|i Kl.ii.U-.-tli-
elilillXfil A tiliit-M.

t'l': 41.- Til, K.-d Turnip
l!<->tli--i-nlar({.-d (; tiiu.-B.

Fii;. 42.
3 and 4,

The Calil^a^e .Aphis male ; K|... 4:i. -Th.- Carr..t Hu»i Hv

w,nKle«8 f..|iiale 2 imd 4 enlargwl, 1, 5, 7, natural .ize ; 2, fi, K enlarged.

Chiltnuten, Hull. 111. „.,.. />,,-. of Knl., i:.s. Df,^. of A;,r.-Fig. 3,v. J. B. S„iilk. Ero,inm,r
-Fuji. ;fj. V, ■',!.■ Chitt,,,.!,,,, Hull. .; ;, „.,., Lie. ,i/ Ent.. U.S. 'lJt,,t of A.jr. h\,j. j.t . Curtu.