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In this case therefore, as well as in analysis vii., there is present a certain excess of protoxyds and silica corresponding nearly to a ter-silicate. 2. On page 18, line 20, for 32.22, read 38.22. / / CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF EUPHOTIDE AND SAUSSURITE BT T. STEKRY HUNT, Of the Geological Survey of Canada. [from the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, VOL. XXVII, MAY, 1859.1 ON EUPHOTIDE AND SAUSSURITE. 1, The name of euphotide was originally given by Ilaiiy to a rock composed of diallage and a white compact mineral which he designated as feldspath tenace, (the compact feldspar of Werner, the Icmaniteof DeUuuetherie, and the jade of de Saussure senior). The well-marked contrast of colors which suggested the name of euphotide is seen in the beautiful verde di Corsica or verde antico di Orezza, and in some varieties of the rock from Mt. Rose. In these the diallage is represented by a grass-green smaragditc, and this mineral and hypersthene being regarded by Haiiy as varieties of diallage, he included under the head ol euphotide, the verde di Corsica, (for which alone d'llallov re- tains the name of euphotide,) the hypersthenite or hyperite of other authors, and the granitone of the Italians. This last by an error of Von Buch, in which he has been followed by GustaV Rose, is very frequently called gabbro. 'J'he true gnbbro of the Italians is however a diallagic ophiolite. (Brongniart, Classif. des Roches, 1827, p. 75.) Brongniart defines euphotide to be a mixture of diallage with jade, petrosilex, or compact feldspar, and including d'llalloy's two species, euphotide and granitone, but excluding hyperite, he distinguishes as varieties, jadian and feldspathic euphotides, besides ophitic (serpentinous) and micaceous euphotides, the latter being sometimes talcose. Coquand {Traite des Roches, 1857,) has followed Ilaliy with re- gard to the euphotides, while Senft {Die Fekarien, 1857,) places in one group, under the head of hyperite, three genera, eclogite, gabbro, and hypersthenite, in the second of whic' he includes rocks made up of labradorite or saussurite with diaiiage or sma- ragditc. The eclogite of Haliy is composed of diallage or sma- ragditc, and red garnet ; it often holds disthene (cyanite) through the predominance of which it passes into disthenite (disthenfels), while hypersthenite or hyperite (hypersthenfels, G. Rose) is a mixture of saussurite or labradorite with hypersthene (d'Halloy, Senft.). Distinctions like some of the above based upon the contained varieties of pyroxene are evidently of secondary importance, and it becomes necessary to define with more strictness the na- ture of the other element of the rocks in question. The jade of the Swiss Alps to which de Saussure junior, afterwards gave the name of saussurite, was described by de Saussure senior, as compact, tenacious, greenish-white in color, hard enough to scratch quartz, and having a specific gravity of 3-318 — 3-389. is T. S. Hunt on Euphotide and Saussurite, 8 Mohs gives 3*256 for the density of a granular saussurite from Peidtnont, and 3-34 for a compact variety from the Canton of Vaud, while Naumann assigns to the mineral a density of 3-40. These authors thus agree in ascribing to saussurite a specifio gravity much above that of the feldspars. Kiaproth and de Saussure junior, both analyzed specimens of the saussurite from the shores of the Lake of Geneva (lemanite, I and Ti) while Boulanger subsequently examined the saussurite from the euphotide of Mt. Genevre (iii), and from two localities in Corsica, the valley of Orezza (iv) and tL; banks of the Fiu- malto (v). Silica, Al'imina, Peroxyd of iron, Lime, Magnesia, Soda, Potash, 1. 4900 2400 6-50 1050 8-75 5-50 9926 II. 44 00 30-00 12-50 4-00 • • • * 6-00 •25 ni. 44-6 30-4 '155 2-5 7-5 96-75* lOOo IV, 43'6 320 '2*1 -0 2-4 ' V-6 100-6 V. 340 244 Si's 6-4 96-6 The physical and chemical characters of the above specimens offered considerable dificrences. The saussurite 11. is described by de Saussure as leek-green, subtranslucent, w^^h an oily lustre, and a finely granular, scaly fracture ; it scratched quartz and had a density of 3-261. At a high temperature it fused without loss of weight, into a glass much softer than the original mine- ral, and having a density of only 2-8. This saussurite, which was free from any admixture of smaragdite, was scarcely attacked by boiling sulphuric acid. — (Journal des Mines, vol. xix, p. 205, A. D. 1805.) The saussurite from Mt, Genevre (iii) according to Boulanger is associated with a greenish-brown smaragdite, and is itself greenish-white and compact, not scratched by the knife, and having a density of 2-85. He describes another euphotide from the same locality as having a lamellar base, with cleavages like feldspar, sometimes chatoyant, hard, not attacked by acids, and with a density of 2-58. The analysis of this undoubted feld- spar gave him, silica QQ% alumina 18-5, lime 1'8, soda 6-0, pot- ash 4-3 = 97-2. ^ The euphotide of Orezza is described by Boulanger as com- posed of green diallage, a blackish matter also apparently a va- riety of diallage, and saussurite, the whole arranged in parallel bands, giving to the mass, which is very tough, a schistose frac- ture. The saussurite (iv) was very compact, less hard than in, and had a density of 318. It was easily fusible and not attacked by concentrated sulphuric acid. * Besides 0'06 oxyd of manganese. WSGOND SERIES, Vol. XXVII, No. 81.-MAY, 1869. 44 4 T. S. Hunt on Euphotide and Saussurite. Tho euphotide of the Fiumalto consisted of green diallagc with curved lamellae in a white paste, which was tender, easily cut with a knife, and had a density of 3-80 (v). It was readily fusible and easily attacked by sulphuric acid, with which the analysis was made ; the separated silica being dissolved by a solution of potash which left a residue, supposed to be diallage, and equal to 8*8 parts, which added to the above analysis makes '-he sum 1004; alkalies were absent— (^wtj. des Mines, (8J, viii, p. 159.) Notwithstanding the peculiarities presented by saussurite, modern mineralogists have generally referred it to labradorite or some other feldspar, (see Beudant, Bischoff, Dana, Delesse, etc.). Jameson, separates it from the feldspars on account of its greater specific gravity, but recent authors seem to have en- tirely lost sight of this characteristic. Coquand describes saus- surite as having a density of 2'87, while according to Delesse it is seldom inferior to 2-80. These authors agree in declaring the mineral to be decomposable by acids like labradorite, while Bischoff and Senft, without alluding to its density, assert that saussurite is not attacked by acids. An analysis of saussurite by Stromeyer gives the composition of labradori+,0, while Lory on the other hand has described as euphotide a rock from Levaldens in the Dauphinese Alps, which is made up of an olive hornblende and a white mineral having the cleavage of a feldspar and the composition of andesine. —{Bull. Sac. Oeol de France, [2], vii, 540.) Delesse examined the white base of a euphotide from Odern in the Vosges, and another from Mt. Genevre. Both of these were highly crystalline and exhibited the polysynthetic macles of the feldspars of the triclinic system. When pulverized and treated with muriatic and sulphuric acids they swelled up and were decomposed. Delesse has however described them as saus- surite. That from Odern gave him, sihca 55-23, alumina 24-24, lime 6-86, magnesia 1-48, protoxyd of iron 1-11, soda 4-83, pot- ash 3-03, water and volatile matters 305 = 99-83. The eupho- tide of Mt. Gencjvre contained diallage, a serpentine-like sub- stance, and a ferriferous carbonate of lime, besides the feldspar, whose crystalline laminae were more than one-third of an inch in length, and gave by analysis, silica 49*73, alumina 29'65, lime 11-18, magnesia 0-56, protoxyd of iron 0-85, soda 4-04, potash 0-24, water and volatile matters 3-75 = 100-00. Of the volatile portion according to Delesse, at least 2-50 p. c. is water, the re- mainder being carbonic acid. {Ann. des Mines, [4], xvi, pp. 238 and 267.) This feldspar resembles that of the orbicular diorite of Corsica which gave to Delesse, silica 48-62, lime 12-02, alkalies 3-61, and 0-49 of water. T, a. Hunt on EuphuUde and Saussurite. Under the name of saussurite von Rath has described a mine- ral which with hornblende (uralite) forms the greenstone of Neurodc in Silesia. It liad the hardness, cleavage, and crystal- line structure of labradorite, but with a specitic gravity of *J 90, and gave by analysis, silica 50'84:, alumina 26"00, peroxyd of iron 2-73, lime 14-95, magnesia 0-22, potash 0'61, sod'i. 4-68, volatile 1*21 — 101'24. — {Pogg. Ann., xcv, 555.) 2. Accepting the view maintained by Rose, Bisclioif and De- lesse, that saussurite is nothing more tlian a feldspar, I referred to this species the compact feldspars of the liuurentian rocks of Canada, described in my report of 1854. Associated with the limestones and ophiolites of this most ancient geological series, is a great body of crystalline stratified rocks, composed essen- tially of anorthic feldspars, sometimes almost without admix- ture, but frequently associated with green granular or cleavablo pyroxene, which passes through a kind of bronzite into hyper- sthene. Small quantities of epidote, garnet, and more rarely mica and quartz, are also met with, and magnetite and ilmenite are common. Different varieties of these rocks would be re- ferred by lithologists to the species labradophyre, dolerite, and euphotide. The feldspars are sometimes very coarsely crj'stal- line but often compact ; they have a hardness of 6"0, and vary in density from 2*67 to 2'73, and in composition from andesinc to vosgite. The denser varieties are those in which lime and alumina predominate; all of them contain besides soda small quantities of potash. The analyses of numerous varieties of these feldspars will be found in the Report cited above, and in the L. E. and D. Philos. Magazine, [4], ix, 262. The euphotides examined by Delesse and Lory are apparently nothing more than varieties of dolerite, by which term we un- derstand a rock composed essentially of a triclinic feldspar, with some variety of pyroxene, which may be augite, hypersthene, or diallage. According to G. Rose, smaragdite, which is the variety of pyroxene regarded as characteristic of euphotide, has often the external form of pyroxene with the cleavage of horn- blende, constituting the variety uralite, while in the euphotides of Baste and Yeltlin hornblende occurs with the diallage, and sometimes replaces it entirely, giving rise to a rock composed of saussurite and hornblende. Sandberger has observed crystals of pyroxene forming macles with others of hornblende, and the latter often surround the crystals of pyroxene, or as I have re- marked in specimens from Madawaska, small crystals of deep green hornblende are implanted upon large prisms of greenish- white pyroxene. Smaragdite according to Ilisinger and Dela- fosse consists of lamime of pyroxene and hornblende united in a more or less regular manner. Since diorite is distinguished from dolerite by the substitution of hornblende for pyroxene, it 6 T. S. Hunt on Euphotide and Saussurite. is evident that feldspathic agf^regates like those of Baste present a transition from the one to the other species oi" rock. Diorite is distinguished from diabase according to Senft by containing a feldspar insoluble in acids (albite or oligoclase,) and by the frequent presence of quartz, while in diabase the feld- spathic element is less silicious and decomposable by acids ; (lab- radorite or a variety approaching anorthite) * When however we consider the manner in which these feldspars pass into one another, this distinction between diorite and diabase seems of but secondary importance. We have seen that the orbicular diorite (or diabase) of Corsica contains a feldspar near anorthite in composition, while others in the Vosges, according to Delesse, contain labradorite and andesine, the latter with quartz. Lory has described a diorite from the cj-ystalline schists of the moun- tains of Chalanches (Is^re) which is made up of a chromiferous hornblende, with crystalline andesine and a pale greenish-yel- low epidote often intimately mixed with the feldspar, and so abundant as to characterize the rock. This epidote gave by analysis, silica 40'6, alumina 302, lime 17*7, protoxyd of iron 11-2 = 997. 3. Diorites, as already mentioned, sometimes contain albite. Associated with the Silurian ophiolites of Canada we often find beds of rock which are mixtures of albite with hornblende or pyroxene, sometimes with small portions of carbonates. These diorites are tough, granular, sub-translucent, greenish or bluish- gray in color, weathering superficially to an opaque white and having a somewhat waxy lustre. Hardness 6*0; density 2"71 — 2'76. The hornblendic element is sometimes nearly amorphous, but at other times forms cleavable grains ; by ignition these portions become darker, while the feldspar is rendered whiter and more opaque, and often exhibits striae upon the cleavage surfaces. A fine grained variety of this diorite from Orford was exam- ined ; it had a somewhat yellowish-green color and a subcon- choidal fracture. After ignition the striated crystalline grains of feldspar were distinctly seen. The powdered rock does not effervesce with nitric acid, which appears to be without action upon it. The analysis gave as follows : Oxygen. Silica, 63-60 63-40 83-81 [ Alumina 12-70 Soda, 7-95 Potash -13 Lime, 7-28 7-50 Magnesia, 3-37 Protoxyd of iron, 4-23 Loss by ignition, '40 99-68 • See R. H. Scott, L. K and J). Phil. Mag., [4], xv, 618. 2-14 1-35 •94 6-93 207 4-43 r. S. Hunt on Eupholide and Saussurite. 7 form a pyroxene.* '" "^"'' ""-' P'-°P<>"iou required to tiIt'^ev:lfr*'M,trtl,t1fL™<' dolentio .rocks i, some- which may be regiS as a mixtu^' „f f fT' '°"? P^'^ilcx, perhaps a-'distinet feldVar li^e 1 nblkl B P'" "■'* l"""^' » petrosilex as sometimes formf,,,, nit ^^I'S"''"' mentions 'Thompson has dcSed uX U.c nL^"^? "^ O'^fhotido, ar.d which occurs with dialla^e at thp T ifl ^aussunte a mineral density of 2-80, and'yteTdifg" ^^X" StTfo' ''r",'^ " - of two TaSes °o? ^eiX' "'Trc l^r^'r" ^ ''"'"^■• beds among the opiiiol te rooks of Orfor,! iP "' S^'?' 'cTfoSMii-.ri^'rr-^^^^^^^ just described by the atence of th'wT-f^''' '^^°'" "^^ '^''°"^ the weathered surfaces Cofnrl„- 1'" "P'"J"f '^""'"K "Pon waxy, dull. H:rftss6ofdS"l'.63°^«^o%',1-*^''^! '-'™ (b) from St IfPTiri' ia o 4- 7''"'='^''/ ^,odo— 2 639. The second oeiurs ?nte strSd wfth S; ^™™>r «'-'=^»'''' ™k. which Silurian strataThich are ri^'rir^ l™estones in unaltered ophiolitie series. It ksomewSi "' "'" '"l"'™'™'^ of the the M which howe'eTuTlt^y^eZbTs''"' tenacious tha. Silica ^'•jmina, Soda Potash, ■Lime Magnesia Protoxyd of iron, Loss by ignition, . A. '78-40 11-81 4-42 1-93 . •84 , •77 , •72. •90. B. 71 •40 13 60 331 •84 2-40 324 250 4 rocks "WTi"7 9979 99'C6 ™sLuti^-rrtS:f^^j:^rs±r^„^ t T. S. Hunt nu Kupholide and Sau.saurUf. de SuuBsnro and Melis. At l(hotide. It ia mudc iip of a white garnet having the aspect of suiissurite, intermingled with u small amount of a soft green serpentine, which tills tho interstices between irregular roundetl mt'SHt'S of the garnet; portions of tho latter mineral half an inch in diameter, are easily obtained in u state of purity. It is distinguished by a hardness of 7-0, and by its density, which for selected fragments, was found to be; 8'522 — 3-636. It is amorphous, linely granular, and extremely tena- cious, with a conchoidal fracture ; lustre feeble, waxy ; color yellowish or green ish-white ; sub-translucent. After intense ig- nition, which did not however effect its fusion, the pulverized mineral gelatinized with, hydrochloric acid. Its analysis was made after fusion with carbonate of soda, and gave :— Silica 88;60 38-80 Alumina '2271 Lime a-l'SS Magnesia '^^ Oxyds of iron and nmiiganese I'^O Soda and a trace of potasli '+7 Loss by ignition, ^'^Q y980 This mineral agrees closely in composition and properties with lime-alumina garnet, whose theoretical composition is represented by silica 401, alumina 22*7, lime 37-2 = 100-0. Croft obtained for a white garnet from the Ural mountains, having a density of 3-504: silica 36-86, alumina 24-90, lime 37-15 = 98-10. At the falls of the river Guillaume in St. Fran(;ois, (Beauce,) there is also found a heavy rock which is composed in great part of garnet. It forms a bed in contact with an ophiolite, and has a somewhat variable aspect ; in some portions it has a sub-con- choidal fracture with traces of crystallization ; lustre shining, somewhat silky, color yellow ish-white, sub-translucent. This variety, which is apparently homogeneous and exceedinglv t<" .gh, has a hardness of 7-0, and scratches deeply the surface of agate ; its specific gravity was found to be 3-333 — 3-364. It also occurs as a greenish-white or grayish-white somewhat granular rock, cavities in which are lined with small indistinct crystals ; the density of this variety was 3*397 — 3-436. Other specimens from the same locality exhibit the garnet intermingled with large cleavable masses of dark-green horn- blende, which passes into a pearl-grey or lavender-grey variety. Small fragments of the garnet from this mixture had a density of 3 496; thev were white, opaque, with a conchoidal fracture, and somewhat vitreous lustre. Intermingled with the garnet and ■ hornblende, was another white or yellowish-white amorphous mineral, with a waxy lustre and a hardness of 6-0; tho density T. S, Hunt on Euphotuh and Saussurile. of a nearly puro specimen of it wns 2-720, of anotlior fragnunit 2*823. This, conj' ncd with its hanhu'ss, rcTidcns it proV)ablo that it ia a fbhlsjA.. ; l)iit it is very