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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont iti reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at de la nettet« de l'exempiaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la eouverture en papier est imprim«e sont film«s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par (a dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film4s en commenpant par la premiAre page qui compor.e une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film«s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le do':ument est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film« d partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 3:x 6 UNI III! m HATIDNAL UBRARY CANADA Ij flnm fcgw NATIONALC mm SUPERFICIAL OF GEOLOGY DDNDAS 7ALLEY AND WESTERN ANCASTER. Read before the Hamilton Association on May Hth. 1882, by Wm. Kennedy. presented i;enn;/nn\?' f ^ • ^, ''*^^"*^ Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. Sv in wE ^ ' Pre-glacal and post glacial drainage of the Lake Erie -or hem , nrf nf P ""f ' '• °^"' '^^^ ' -'^"^ ""'"^^^ of the streams of the The In n. ri%'""u^''''"!!^\!r" Pi'^g'^^'^I t'nies, flowed into Lake Erie.* sary luLfTr Lake' e1""' """ '''""' '^'"^^•°"^' "^^ ^'^^ fi"^'"g ^ — Nova^Scotif relH''> '^^'•P'-o^f or Spencer, of King's College, Windsor, bas'n of I ake FW •''f '^'f T ^'''' ^''"^^"'■y °f *h^ pre-glacial outlet of the Societv nnH n!, ^y!\?^^ ^""H' Ontario." before the American Philosophical s.me suWer. h r ' lu ^^'^^'"^'^ '^^t, Professor Spencer read a paper on the Sa sl'rt ;^ "'''^''^°" Association. On the formation of the Geo- d°f St /nH ?nH ^^^K Associaaon. it was understood that the Geology of the The Section nnHt^ ""' ^^°'' of Went worth County, should be worked out by the Section and the report presented to a full meeting of the Association. rpnincnV.1 c T-"^\P^^^' ^'^ mtended to form a part of this report, when the .^ tt Suo Sfciarr^f '""^f'l^^^ ''' ^^^'^- '^^^ i"^^^'°" primarily 'disa"ssed! Tnd tht nCs^f An^^^^^^^^^^^ 'y'"g i" Dundas Valle; nf.n'^ %f Ancaster I ownship around the head of the valley. rude trhnai!. I -^ 'f ' • * u^^ ''^'^''''' '^"^ ^f Lake Ontario, in the fonn of a Lav and t; iV.'? ^"' ? ^^'l' the beach, spanning the mouth of Burlington HJv^Ani • / u ' *''''' '"^'='' t''^ Niagara escarpment. The valley mav be dmded nto three parts First, the lower portion, occupied by RuEton Tn^e'ts on th'e so"utL°rn"T' ""T'^'t^ ^''•''- '°" sandy shoJe. muc^h broken' V S ov . 1 .? southc-rn side, and a shore nsing almost precipitously to the plain laterals Tl^'T "•'■ ([^'^^^'.^onh shor. consiJ o( sand and oVr beach of ^nni in "i^ '« enclosed from Lake Ontario by a low semicircular Burtln He,vlr'''' M^'' separated from the second or middle third, by ue o7 S.r^nH^ .V' "i" ? ^-^^^^ containing fossils of the Hudson R ver period, becond, the middle division, or Imvnr ..^rM'^n o*" th- —Pp.- r- And'ST ''"^'"^^°" "'^-e'^*^ to within the vicinit^oFlhl'^ow^'of^CSa;: hiflv redon'lhe."h?J ^f^J'"" ?,^ '^'' ^f^'^^' comprising all that broken and of ronSnl, V. f. "'^ ^^ ''^"^y- ^"•^ extending from Dundas to the village nl l.opetown, where the valley proper ends • Report Second GcoloRicnl Suivcy of Pennsylvania. III. page m rt Sej fiC^OI P5 2 ''X23 r>lJNDAS fAiXfeV. In than those concerneH fn VT ^^^^' ^"^ 'at»-'r causes at wnVt T'^^.^'^'sion con- passing DundM »h^l t " "^'"'ains for more than ,«•!, ■^"^' ""= ™"ev is village^fTopetrwr Itr i^'""'^ '^"'P^e "" urns™ ^.1°/ """' "''•" fhe eastern side of the va«ev '1^1?^'='"''' "ilhin a mileTni^"""- '" '^^ "nere, or at whnf i • «-»<•" Formation) folds'o^er & Dun!? "°^' ^°^^^^^' certain wfereTa?' &"^^'^' ever upon the axis Th! ^^^ anticlinal, there bein^n^ ^^''^ ^^^g^ra. formation, on the Touth^S ™?' ^"^^"^ appearance ^t^,"? exposures what- the most wester^on fV"^^°^^^"^"*'^^'"al occSs^n?^ -P-^"' ^^'^ ^^ the the thira lot of the firi ""^^""''J" «'^^' al>o« two i^ile, n.?."'^? of Ancaster; ^'^--^'-'P-fAntraTBilK^^^^ . Tne portion of the vall^^v fr^^ « , ^'^^ thirty-fourth lot " ^^^^^ ^^^^'S^i^^r^^ %^ tow^of Dundas. raised level c^untrVtirL"' '^' esca,^,rr..nt on bmh sVftr'^ *^^ ™^r«h level of the lake on the .i. ^ ^T'"^^ ^'^^^tion of about e.Vh.J/ '' ^ ^''^^^ of on the western sfrf? ^^^. eastern side, and, a perharsfr?,!^;, P^^^^^t «bove the through to tlTe blue EnV^7'^ ^'"'" °" theSe nsTdf t' ^'^^^'■ ^'^vation side, fhe countrv He T^u^^^"' ''>' streams of recent or'; • ^^'l^""^ there cut The' wester 7de"r aClf r^'^'''' ^tep^t" the'^^^of t^e ^'^ ^'^'^'^ and also their fewLccfJ Peculiar in the absence of »» ^ ^'"'^'"P^^ent. to be chiefly beds of 'i ""T'^^'*- '^he composition of flic i^^?' °^ ^"^ size, 'J« valley, fS .he V-™^'"""" ''<'™ """> ■« coC"^'.^.? "' *' »'^?ond S"'ugh Mr. Pm's h^Z7' '*''"" ^'"'e. crossing thenuhll^J"* "o™ Dundas. This evel T ;l""""«u'° "> «"<» '" t1>e he«v l?'h'r''"'"K ing on their sidw Z 7"^ ""eh cut un hv vj™'*^ "av beds near Sides m many place., gravel terJace^ or feveft ^5' "'« / ^''°- icveis of resting places of I DUNDAS VALLEY. 8 consider- ?ton Bay, 'vision con- . formation, ions of the on shaped eight miJes nts. This narrowing e valley is Jinil after 1st. to the quarter of ent turns fn a map inches to ther, has Canada, Niagara ?s what- t of the 1 caster; ster, on rom the ountry, >etween %^ S! v.n .K i^! ^''^^ • " ^. '■"'^''. *""^'' From this point to the upper end of h^ vn '^ thedistnct nses in quick stages This district towards the head of ThVh f/V'."'"'\'."' "P ^^ '''.'''y^'' ^"^ ^'^^^•"g ^ ge»^'-^"y broken surface Ihe hills between the streams lie in positions so that their loL axis points in the direction of the long axis of the valley. Several, and indefd mos?of the e hill show distinct traces of two or more terraces or old beaches, and be ng n every case rounded on the top. Some of the hills are cone shaped, and thS Ihl'^wn "'• ' r' "f '"' '•'" ^'""^ ^^ '^'^ ^^^'^y '^ approached. In composition! these h.llsare for the mostpart.clayof a whitish yellow color, lying upon beds "f stiff blue clay, or bluish sand. The yellow clay shows little or no signs of s?rat^ hcation m any manner. The cone, or rounded hills, near the head ofThe valley, cons^^t to a great extent, of drift sand or silt, and some k^^' S of fine p-avel mixed with reddish colored silt. Many of them have all the dfaracter^ Z% H!h '••? h""?' --^ '^"'* ^^.'"^: ^^'V^'^^^\y blown sand. A number of the the:>e I Ills in this division contain beds of conglomerate Ihe height of land closing the head of thevalley proper, and separatine cltT^-^" '^■'''"' ^^ ^.7^^^ ^^"^y- f^°"^ '^'^' °f Fairchild's Creek, Sndhf Grand River, is composed largely of coarse, washed or beach sand, wi h broken he farm oTTr r?" ,«'\ihe -^^ leading from Ancaster to j;rseyv!5£uS the farm of Mr J. Crysler, there is a fine exposure of these gravel or sand bed« Here, the sand is distinctly stratified, lying' at a high angle and dipping ea- - Tf thcLt'T '^' :f'l- /''he angle of beds to the wesf, or towards^b^e head of the ridge, being th. highest ,about 40 degrees). Passing east, the beds gradually assume a more horizontal position until they merg? into the genera I mile ^nri'Zr" ^?' °^ ?' f ^l^'^"<^ession road 'to the north, and^bout fh^ an^ \ ^\'^- ^^"^ ""''^' ^"'■^h^'" *'^«^' ^here is an exposure of beds of he j,ame material dipj^ng at a low angle to the west. This second exposure warn, nnH^''; 1?'" \l'^'' °^^ ^""'^l '^'"^"^P' ^^" ^^e northern border Sf .his swamp, and still on the western side of the height of land the ridge is com- Sr 'Sroln".' r'"^1 broken shale, havin'g. where noticaWefa weste^i tt t. h'?,^°''%" ^bale can be traced for nearly a mile along the road leading and he'one^^tl^^P'^^T That these two exposures (the one at Crysler'f and the one at the .swamp) are on the opposite sides of the height of land is obvious both from the dip of the beds of sand and shale, as well as from the ZZZi^" ^"^r"' ''^"""?^ "^""'"S '^'''' "«^ '" the district-all the Teams Fiirch,Td'r?'r1.^ K-"";j^ '" ^ southwestern direction to the Grand River or nLnda M.^.r 't.''' '^"^ ^'V''" ''^^ '""^' ^" '*« ^^'•^^"^^ d°^" the valley to let t ran he fVn J • '.r''"'PK '"f ' °" '^^, ^°P °^ ^he ridge, and its outlet (if out- let It can be called) is through the gravel to the southwest.* The depth of this swamp has never been properly ascertained, but, it is generally estimated to be bvTn^r^d lT^:.r' ''"' "¥X/r^- k'^^^'" ' ^^"^' °f measurements made h^k .ZnH tK ' ''''•^"'P •^■-'^ ^^^*. ^hove the level of Lake Ontario. The hills around the swamp rise to a considerable height above it. This ancient beach, for it ,s without doubt an old beach, is flanked on both side by S long shaped and rounded hills, of reddish sand, heaped up apparently b^ glacier or water action, and showing no si^ns of strMifirnVinn K^^^^p^ .k"VV% ana there the underiying sand assumes a bluish tint. ' "' '""^ th.n fh/t n?M°^ '^"? *" ^^-l "^^'l?^ ^his ridge is much broader and is less broken rnHc )\u- the/astern side. On the west, the hills as a general rule are long Is un n'c. "^ ^''' \^ southwesteriy direction, but to iheVestward, gJadualk assunimg a more northeriy and southerly position. The margin of this sand Th.. outlet can only be of any effect when the .wamp i. .wollen by the heavy rain, of Fall or Spring. DUNDAS VALLEY. belt beginning to the west of Jcrs^vville, passes easterly in a semicircular form around the height of land, and borders a large district of stratified clay. ,0n the eastern side the hills are in a great measure cone shaped and broken, pass- ing into clay mounds within a short distance down the valley. In many places I have noticed these cone shaped hills to contain conglomerate. In continua- tion of this ridge a broad belt of sand and silt, more or less broken and rolling, passes towards the southeast to the line between the townships of Ancaster and Glanford, where it thins out and is replaced by stratified beds of stiff clay con- taming inter-stratified beds of quicksand. These beds of clay gradually deepen to the banks of the Grand River. At Middleport on the Grand River, the clay beds are between ten and fifteen feet above the surface of the river, and at Onondago, a few miles furth.er up the river, the beds are above thirty feet higher. At both places, there are inter-stratified beds of sand, containing shells of recent species. At Onondago the drift is 78 feet thick, and the river flrn-s through it about 35 feet above the rock bed. In addition to the large swamp already mentioned as lying on the top of the height of land, there are numerous small cup shaped swamps lying among the sand hills on the eastern side of the ridge. On Fairchild's Creek, at Mud Run, I found shells of recent species in a small bed of sand enclosed in hea'y beds of clay. The sand occupies a position between the white colored and bluish clays. The white is twelve feet thick, and the blue four feet before reach- ing the water level.t There is, therefore, twelve feet of clay above this six mches of sand. This clay and sand is apparently the bottom of an old lake. In the bottom of Lakes Superior and Huron, beds of clay and sand, contain- ing shells of recent species, are being formed. * WALLS OF THE VALLEY. The escarpment forming the walls of the valley, is composed principally of Medina shales (250 feet, according to Professor Spencer)||. These are suc- ceeded by thin beds of the Clinton fc rmation, and the whole surmounted by the beds of the Niagara formation. Sections of the escarpment near Hamil- ton, Ancaster and at West Flamboro, are given in Logan's '"Geology of Canada." § The eastern escarpment presents in many ways, an aspect consid- erably diflferent from the western. From Hamilton to Ancaster, this escarp- ment shews a clear face of hard Niagara limestone, and Niagara shales, lying upon the shale beds of the Clinton and Medina formations, and surmounted for the greater part of the distance, by a thick band of brok<*n material containing considerable quantities of chert. The talus.of which there is only a moderate quan- tity, IS largely composed of pieces of this broken band, and can be seen in the ravine, or channel, formed by every brook flowing over the escarpment. The section given by Sir Wm. Logan, in his Geology of Canada,! places the Niagara beds in the vicinity of Hamilton, at fifty-eight feet, three inches in thickness. This section, beginning at the pentamerus bed, gives five beds ; three of limestone, and two of sh »le. The other twenty feet of this section will be found, I think, back on fhe limestone ridge, near the town-line between Barton and Glanford. This upper escarpment can be traced through Barton nsinp ui-o ..ncastcr xownship, and to within a sliort distance of the lower t These meMurements were made in December after n long reason of heavy rains. 262 and m "''*'* PnncipJcs, pages 264 and 7(8; and Dk. Diosbt Jour of Science, No. XXXVII, page* I Ancient River by Prof. Spencer ; page 2. I Geo ogy of Canada, pageii 313 and 325 t Geology of Canada, page 32.'! DUNDAS VALLEY. Over the escarpment, between Hamilton and Ancaster. a cZnZf TT'^r •"'? '^' ^^"^y •^^"^^^h. These streams mostly flow in channels cut at right angles, or nearly so, to the face of the escarpment Amongst he largest, is the stream at Chedoke. This stream has cut for Sf a channel about two hundred yards wide at the mouth, and back into the ectirof h! f ^^'■P'"^"^' "f ^'y fi^*-^ h'^ndred yards. The walls show a clear section of the broken upper band, and in places, the heavy bed of limestone on which the broken band rests. This limestone is from six to eight femhick and the broken materia , e.ghteen or twenty feet. The lower beds apparent y red and bluish colored shales, are hidden by the debris falling from the ides of Jhe ravine and brought down by the stream. At the head of the ravinTthe water has cut through the broken niaterial to the solid rock, and falls over a face of fifty feet into a pool excavated m the underlying shales. In Nicholl's quarrv on the right hand side looking up. and close to tlie mouth of the ravine, with n hirty feet of the level of the bed of the stream, there are exposed the blue and red t^^nZ^ '??f''T' °t '^^ ^•'"'''" ^'■^"P- f ^om the horizon of these shales, I donotdoubt but that they are a continuation of the same bedsas are to be found at Dundas, with an elevation of one hundred and twenty feet above the lake level IZl"^ "'^°'''^ '" ?'" "^"^1'"^ ""^ ^^''' '"''^"^^ '''^^'^^ fractures crossing the ravine at various angles; all nearly right angles; and one of these fractures nearly half way up the stream, on the right hand side looking up shows an ZlTtltT "^^•''" '""^'^'!? '^"^ ^*^^^' P^^^'"g down throSgh^he broken band to the heavy limestone bed. Here the fracture seems to have divided, and pa^ses down through this limestone bed in the shape of two close jointed frac ures with a distance of twelve feet between the joints or lines of fricture i^n/fiT '/"i^^'^^^d westward, should come out on the face of the escarp- ment a little further up the valley. I have not yet seer the outcome of h. It may, however, in its course, have met other fractures n..v,i:ig in the other direction, or passing back into the country. This would be by no means an To^^'^kT °^^"^/^"^,^' a" this eastern escarpment is full of fractures running froni the face back. Indeed I am it=clined to think from the curved and broke? tfrSnf ° ?' f '^^dojce 'avine, that that stream has in its course. followeS the lines of several such fractures. Such a course would enable the stream mhTiV?.". dn''5'""' ".1^"' ^°"^ ^^" '""^^ "^°^^ ^^P'd rate than it could tTncfZrtV, , ^^""^f °^'f •■ ^'T'''"' ^"'•'h^^ ^^^«t' have also succeeded in cu.- ting for themselves channels, and forming ravines quite as large, and have their courses fil'ed with drift m much the same manner as Chedtke The stream TnfJ i"rt'',' [°'"T!'^''!!^"y'f ^^"'' fl°^« t'^^0"gha ravine not so wide nor as tfLT ^'^f o^^^'i^"^' *he» the gravel hills lying close to its edges are taken into account a great many feet deeper. Tiffany's Falls flow over a sheer precipice fiveTJ.T^'''/ n-' ^^' ""^'V'. "^^^^^^ ^"^° t^^o divisions by a heavy fou? or five feet band of limestone. This band is un-' >rlaid by blue shales containing !!l!^^7 P'er?'^P^**^S^' °^^" "^'^^^ ''■°" °'^"- '^^^ shales overlying the thick Dana are x% lagaxa shales, acme aistauce up (about one hundred 'yards) the stream flows over a smaller fall, or linn, of sixteen or eighteen fee^ m height, entirely composed of thin shales containing patches of chert This jr Thi nv?rf P"5;""^^>?» Of the second escarpment, seen at Guest's lime- kiln, rhe overlymg beds of the Barton Lime Ridge and Guest's quarry being exposed a few yards further inland. Between the falls and the Hn2, the^stream DUN DAS VALLEY. has hollowed out the shales so as to give them the appearance of being set on edge. There are other smaller streams, dry in summer, but foaming torrents in Fall and Spring, and most of them have formed considerably sized channels for themselves through the broken band forming the top of the escarpment and drift material filling the bottom of the valley, but have not, as yet, succeeded in doing much towards forming a channel through the harder beds in the face of the escarpment. The channels of the streams crossing the lower, or second escarpniont, nea- Anoaster, also form large ravines of the same general form as those in the upper ridge. The lower escarpment crosses the Ancaster and Hamilton road about a mile to the northeast of the village of Ancasler, at an elevation of three hundred and seventy feet above Lake Ontario, and passing along in a westerly direc- tion, crossing the road from Ancaster to Dundas at the Red Mills, and coming to a general level at Mr. Leilh's gale, near the Sulphur Springs road. The lower escarpment is probably joined by the upper in Mr. Leith's farm ; and at Mr. Leith's gate both form a single escarpment about three hundred and sixty feet above Lake Ontario. Of this, however, I am not at all satisfied, as I have not been able to trace the upper escarpment any further than into the farm of Mr. William Farmer, where it is completely hidden b) gravel hills. How- ever, from the nature of the rock, trend, and elevation, I would not be surprised to find it on Mr. Leith's farm. So far as I have examined it, t^e rock bedding, both at Leith's and Chapman's, have the characteristics of the lower escarp- ment. On Mr. Forbes' farm, the lower escarpment is comparatively covered up by a large quantity of debris of the same material as the escarpment, and which has apparently been thrown down from the face of the cliff by the action of the Weather, or some other agency undermining the softer beds lying under- neath — from the texture of the escarpment where seen, I should think, by the action of water. This lower escarpment is composed chiefly of shale rock. Sections of them can be seen in the channels of any of the streams flow- ing over it mto the valley. This escarpment is lost in the drift on Lot 38, of the first Concession of Ancaster. The upper escarpment comes to the road at Guest's lime-kilns. From the lime-kilns it follows the road to the village of Ancaster, where it rises to an elevation of about five hundred feet above Lake Ontario, and turning in a westerly direction, it passes along the southern end of Mr. Egleston's farm, and round behind the village until it meets the lower escarpment near Mr. Leith's gate. The upper escarpment is, in this vicinity, considerably broken. There is an old channel at the northern end of the village, of considerable depth, but of no great width or length. This break or channel, is filled with clay and sand drift with large flag shaped boulders of limestone and sandstone, tilted at high angles, some of them being set on edge. The upper bed is of limestone, weath- ered into pits or honeycombed, and corresponds to Number Six, of the section given by Sir Wm. Logan, in his Geology of Canada. * The head of this ravine beh-ind the village, is crossed by- the honeycombed rock which the stream has cut through, and is now passing over the underlying shales which the water has worn off into small ste'^s. This'Stream has worn a larc^e channel in the shales of the lower escarpment at the Red Mills, on the road leading from Ancaster to Dundas. The head of this channel is five hundred and ten feet above I^ke Ontario. Passing along the northern end of the village this escarpment shows a bold face looking north, a short distance, when it is again broken by a stream having a channel of considerable width,but of no great depth. H«re,the upper beds of the escarpment are very much broken by fissures of considerable width, and in * Geology of Canada, page 324 nUNDAS VALLEY. ^ the stream After cross^?ths stream th.T'"' ^'^'^ ^"^ '^^'^ °" '^^^^^^ of •sandhills of the neighborh^ anrdlsappears^^'rh?'?''''™'"' ^.'T' '"'" '^' seen on the surface west of the villa^.^ ^nH ^ ! honeycomb bed can be Farmer and A. Book a diJrnn^ r ^ ' "?• ^'^° °" ^^^ '^rms of Messrs. George village of Anca;ter''/rom he elpoTu^Is'^V''^ f^T ""'^^ ^° '^^ south oTtt upper escarpment turned rDuth from AnraTrt ™'^ ," ^' '.""'"'^ '° '"^^^ ^^a^ the west between it and the Ononda'o™ o^p rL'h^^^^ ^ ^^»'" ^° ^he are made into lime bv Messrs Gu^sf 3' .r i ^^^ °^ >^' "'^P^'' escarpment poses, on both sides of the stream at AnLter *'f,V?'""f^'"*^'- "^^''^'^g P"^- kiln nms out before reachinK the nuarrv^h .^'\^'oPJ^ed at Guest's lime- Between the ton of h« i«^ ^ °" '^^ ^^J°'"'"K ^^rm. tl^re is a conslderabTe tra ^ °:::,rX'flo"" '"' !!" -'^^^ °^ ''^^ "PPer, able depth. A well bored by Mr Guest to f-^'"'*''^^ '■"" "^"^^ °^ '°"''^'' through sandy loam the whole wav and filh'^'-' °^ ' "f'^'-five feet, passes •^°tJ''hm a fe. hundred j:;»,h\"'upp^^^^^^^^^ '^^is well the ou^t:id"e:1ervInT"rt^.rb^r:'^^ ^^^Pe^ Hills on escarpment. Through this vaHev S ? ^? ^""^ ^''^ »^'"s of the upper jage passes and sho^wst il^ b^nks bedfo"? 1''°'" f*^' "-^''i'^^^" ^"^ ^^ ^^^^ -" The hills are mo.stIy of clay/vithpeb^^^^^^ ^"" ^^"'^^""^ '° P^^^^hes. streams, shew no signs of be ng stratified ^rt'^'^f^' ^^ «^"d, and where cut by would refer to ice action as on 1 1.^?" f i^' ''""'"« ^^^^ °f '^e upper beds, I ment crosses the roaTthere'are strfae unn'^. ''^T^ ''•''"■' '^' ^^^'' "^^i" interesting to note that on he road at the Z! l".^ '^"!*'''°" °^ ^- ^■♦^' E- It is 'ng the black shales of the NSa formiS^^'^''-.!' ^^"'^ '' ^" ^^P°«"^« ^how- thm shale, lying immediSei; fbL ^ "Vh^^^^ TK^^ ^^'^^ «' mounted by other beds of a uniform itJ.lu .1^ contorted beds are sur- The qiarry close to the WooXnUnTf/'^" ^'"""^ '^''^'' underneath, and lying'on the other s 5e of t^^ravfne shor^'"^ '°. '}"' ^S'^^^^" ^^^^^e, fractures passing from the su. I - down^Lu^ S."''" \"u^'. Perpendicular the quarry so far as exposed. At oneXe ^wo of^K '^T^^ ^'^' '" '^^ ^^*=^ «f each other at a distance of thrle f^et aDari InH I?^- ' ^'•^^^^'-e^.^"" Parallel to appearance of a dyke. That [t fs not 7ZVu ^ '"« ^^* ^"^'°^^^ ''0^'^ the enclosed material l.eing of he same textu^re'.nHT""''' '^!! ^' ''''' ^^^"^ »he uniformity with the rest of the quarTy ' ^ '''''""^ ^^^ ^"^^ bedding in beds,^wh^"n;^t 'rrriid' Sw^':" ^V^P°^7^ ^^^^^ '^'-'^ shales, the top agency had passed airg^ndLvell 7them o^' rr'"'^"^ '' '^ ^ "^'ghty appearance of being due to the action of fh!^L This cuttmg away has the and the markings IfterwarKtera^edLT^^^ '^' '^' It i.. however, p'robable that such t the casVastlTe'^ ZT' ^ """°* '^y- a nature as to retain any but verv deen m.'rlc t"PP" ^^"^^ ^'^ "«* o*" such havelseenice-markingsV^i.il'i^ot'e':."^^^^^^^^ "°P'-^- ^^i, vicinity ley, dTff:r:tS:';^e:pect^rm"th7Si.t°^^^^^^^^ Plamboro-side of the val- on the west, there being onlyTee or fo^r^J^^^^ I^''' "^ ^'^'' «*^eams numerous small stream! onThe other sid? tu^ ^'°°'''' ^^^n^rasted with the much greater on the West Flamboro' sSe ofTh^ qti^ntUy of talus or detritus is So extensive is this detritus in Tomrplaceslhat ^c^'^W ? °" '^' "u^'"''*°"- escarpment. P'aces, mat it completely covers the rocky DUNDAS VALLEY. The division from Copetown to Dundas is to a great extent.covered by heavy clay drift, the rock bedding only breaking through here and there, and showing mosdy the upper strata of the Niagara group. In this division the drift is com- posed of two heavy unstratified clay beds. The clay of the upi)er bed is of a light color, and lies unconformably upon the blue clay of the lower division. The light Lorrain Shales (Blue Shale) . '7^ 6 Utica Black Shales (Shale and black '^ia'ty'v^^y" "friable 'An » 7 I renton Limestone to bottom of well .....:..:.....;;;;:; 430 » Total • have"]!; 7^^iii^J~^^^ S- we ton and Niagara Groups Th^ trHnn • ^ ^ '^^ '""l'^ °^ ^'^^ ^^" ^^e Clin- dip at about 30 fee to^the iile The Medtrr ^'■°'" ^^ ^- *° ^- ^^'- "^'^^ ^^^s strike of this group being ,^ an E^u^w A' T^ "'"'^"^ ^' ^^^''''^^''- The of the Easter^ Es^r2 Anm M- ' ^''"^^"o"' " appears, in the section 120 feet abo^e thT e^v^rof th?laire^'''K'°^?^'"''"'"' °" '^' '^"^^ h°"^«". or appears to be only :{«7 It tl Lk at Duni.^"i9n f T^'^'V^u'- ^u^^'"^ ^roup level, thus leaving '^/t feet under Ih'^ neighborhood hav!, however been 1^.-^'^ ' ^^ ^'^ ^"^' '" ^^e same of Uke Ontario, thus Xw the", hl/n ?h ''T^ ''^ ^^^ ^*^^^ ^^'^^ ^^e level On the ^viiJrll^ A^ absence of the Medina Group to that depth II Flam?o^o'?vS^t"cSnl Gro ^ TlOoillV""''.'' 'h'T '^^^^'^ overlaid by ,27 feet thickness o^S of trN[:gari c'roup't '^'^'- '''^'^ '^ and disdnatrles' "rrii^e'r^^n^'^r^ '°^"^ ^^^^P^^^ strata beneath the band of chm .nH 1^ .'"^'''^?. t'^"P™^" the Flamboro West ^" ^""^ hmestone, which caps the precipice at magnIstnStonTS"tLn?r^ °' 'K^^'"" ^°'°^^^ ^"^"'"'"o- -nd sucLsion of steiL term"LthLt fr^''"^'-^ ^'^''.?" '"^^^ 6^^^"^"^ '" ^ The elevation of tkl^^r.''' '"'"'"'^ '" ^ ^ide extent of Table land lake level ' '^^ °^ '''" escarpment at Dundas. is 520 feet above OLD BEACHES. of .he grca "Ame2a„"^kS t vl' '^iSr ' ?^^'«''^«'"'' '» ^P^^^ing of ,he region cient sea leve^S are nol nerh.n 7 ""'f i" l^''*"" ?<""= memorials of an- To Ae north of .£el«:'Cer^Sthlci;t^^^^^^^ level, the gentle slope comno«:eH nf o .?' k V r , "^^^ ^^°^« ^''e ocean boulder i!tr»v4c3 !p-?^V . ^ *^^-^P ''^'^ °^ *=^^y enclosing scratched rising;seriesofi;v3s" ^"^^^^'''^ ^ '''''''' of ridges, nine in number, at "a in Glen Roy tnd W S thlTi-^HK^ ^^'^PJ'*'" ?^ ^'^^ P^'^"-' ^o-st recent responds 242 feet Burling- as valley omerate, ; end of lonc" fhp ■ — c — I country )ne time le marsh DUNDAS VALLEY. jj Rail4y7;L'DurdtnVouS '"^^ ""« o^ the G. W mouth of the canal " '° ""^^'^ '^^ '"^^ ^^''^' a~"«d it at the old am enSd tide's SS^^^^ Engineer. I itscoursethrouih the city sea margin at various points in Reservoir, at commencement '^l ^^"""'• Catherme Street fl; John Street {°J ^ James Street JJJ i McNabStreet JJS ^ Park Street .' JJ ^ Bay Street ;. JJf Caroline Street iil Z Hess Street JJj ^ Queen Street "'■ lYl York Stim. Cor. of Dundum' ■..■.■:::: 102 a Kent's Paradise] Park 09 Desjardms Canal. tZ Old Mouth of Canal ;::;;:;: m ^^reelf,T^iZ\w^ the ele^tipnTat Catherine and John to the elevatifn ?f Lake Ontarfo SIT.'^'^'ir ^^ ^ ^^ ^'''' '^^is added above sea level of 342 feet fhTrehfmfi-- ''°p^^'^^ *" ^^^""^g^ ^'^^ation equivalent to A in Mr Royl 'taWe ^ ^"^ Burlmgton Heights a Beach sand,'rolt^:n?gtJ;C^^^^^^^ of fine broken and give sev^eraUn^les^atl'd^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^<^^ -^ --^ measuretSrUrg^v^ar i^^J^LSS^^^^^^^^ «°»- - 1. Soil... ^^^"T- INCHES. 2. Clay...'.*.'.*.;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 3 •■;. Coarse Congiom'erat'e;.'.'.*.*; ^o 4. Sand fine ' ' ^ 5. Stratified Cour's'e "saiid.'.'." , ? o. Stratified fine Sand . ' ^ 7. Silt 4 « (dips 1 dejf.) «■ il?:::::::::::::::;;;==="--- ""-^^ " « ' 10. Clay 6 n. Sand partiaiiy'*con*ceaVed.". "• «(dips4deg.) ^ii tne lime of mv maliinn n,o, X.-. ". — " " ^' *"^^ uugrccs. four bands of carbonate SHr^„,*i^.™^l^^^^ ^^^« °^ the pit shewed and the fourth, run^ng jn ie dSS nf'^ • * 'k*^^^^' '" " ^^'*'^^» P^^'tion but in a broken line cross na fin * ■ ^ ^'^ ^"' "°^ P^'"^"^^ to the beds, three vertical bands were from [^^'•^^•"g two or three of the beds. The thickness ; the broken h«nH K • three-fourths of an inch to one inch in and in places fretted ^^ """'^ ^''^^^ ""'"'^"'^ °^°"* '"^»» >"" thfckne s 12 D^NDAS VALLEY. materiar '^"'^ ^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^^^^ — in an overlying mass of the same Another section of the same spur gave underneath the bnck clay , 1. Sand, with broken top cuncKciayi ^. Clay 18 inches, thinning out "to" 8 or w • "l^'* ^. Sand, coarse.... e ^i lo 8 or 5>4 mches. 4. Sand, fine .... '.*.*.'....'.*.' ^^ inches. 5. Conglomerate.'..'..*.*.'.*. ., ^ ^ inches. rt Sfp o?tr' ^"^-^ -ngw^t^*;,;*;™^,^^^^^^^ '-h- Thl se?tk,n of'thrH • k "'^° I" ^ ^^^*^^" direction " sectu,n of the He.gh s at the present mouth of the canal gives : 1 J Horizontal. _ Some beds wedge-shaped { across the Heights and all ajppmg slightly towards the old mouth of the canal. L Soil, 2. Fine Sand, 3. Gravel, I 4. Coarse Sand, 6. C ravel. 6. Coarse Sand, \ 7. Gravel, 8. Coarse Sand, 9. Gravel, 10. Coarse Sand, n. Coarse Gravd, 1 2. Sand and fine gravel, 13. Coarse Gravel, 14. Coarse Sand, 15. Silt IG. Stratified Sand. Th ^\ ?^^^ °^ alternately fine and coarse sand to- lTt^s\7:ti::^^^^^^ lying upon the Medina forma- North-East with horizontal ZsoJ^Zn^^^^^^^ ^I""^ ^°^^^^d« ^he of uniform thickness throughout manv of th?;, 7 ■ ^ ^'^^I ^'1"°^' ^^ ^ ''"'e, larly those immediately undeSj^he hori.on.Ti ^!?^ wedge-shaped, particu^ are concealed at the canalTni Ir! horizontal beds. 1 he underlying strata The pebblescontained in the '^^^^^^ T ^^"^ "( the Heights. Beach and BurlingtoT HeTglt)?re rio^^^^^^^ ^f "''''-''' (^"^'"'gton Wjormatio„,grLitesa;d^'^lrcrT3tL natedTa'Ifelr Sic^eXVotri^ "^'^'^*^ "^ --"^ ^-omi- so called. Beaches. tricSy speakTn/ar. J'. ^ warrant them being properly examination of these two wilUhnw f^ /!u^ '"^'?'"' ^^ ^'^^ ''"d, and ai that position. They Sr mor.^^^^^^ can hardly ever have been in shoals, derived from the debrrof Z^n^f'.^' considered as banks, ridges or level Was at least 120 fe'eth^Terth^^^^^ lake, when the water conclusrvervXritTvPri'^^^ ^"^^^^^Pf 9' ■^-"■"g^- ^each. points out to be what -it is atpre;ent,;'fo;7and baT*"'' "^ '"™^"°"' ^^s " continued answers ^he^'qSiof^f'irSr^f^^^ ^^/-'^ --Posing it, different directions. It has alreali h^Pn .f '""1^' •' ^^ ^^^ ^^^'g^ts dip in •s«.p.p„by Mr. p. s Vanwlnl L H r °'^" ^^^^ '" Beasely's Hollow and . r. b. Vanwagncr for f.irther ,nforn,«tion co.urerning Burlingtort Beach. DUNDAS VALLEY. ^.^ do notsee>owth?teds\"ouM^'?v;tl''j^^^^^^^^^ ^'°^'"^ "^ behind. I studying this phenomenon, only two verv^VlfJo " "^f '^'"^ ^^^P'^- After mation. These are first fh",; « r ^. ^^7. *^.^"^^^ ^^^ ^e offered for the for- piorraine of the fast glacial ceriod^'^^^^ Heights are the remains of a lake. This. I do notThTnk tenable' ,f ."^'"^^^^ .^^^^^ified by the action of the period and derived in a great mS u^^ ""t" ^^'^^^^h of a second escape having some lafgTLSa ' Joeks but''h'" ""L'^' ^'''' ^°"'^ hardly beds, would be carried dtrfthe fake ^hS? th'^ '\lf ""'^ formingThfse heavier, and requiring a greater fnrrli^' ^ ^^^, F^'^'^'^^ ^^^ gravel, being towards the mouth of th^va L nS ^ ""7^' ^ "^ ^^ S'"^d"«»y ^o"ed down they now occupy, by the sl)rms'affec b^^^^^ '° ^' ^'"?^^ "P '"^^ ^^e position what at that time, would be I ake Onlafio '' ^"^ ^''' '^'^''''^ ^^^^^^ of t^e top of7h?5igtrn7grlLX'^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ -*- --hingover p.s may also account fof the JeS si X ^r TTI' 7^ *° '^^ westerJside^ through the ridge. wedge-shape of the beds, formed here and there lead ?i^e'ot;"rCrco^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^' '' '""^ "-^^ern end of the ridge, would ridge was being laS down set .n'jn ?"J«^down the valley at the^imlThe valley, and graiaHy woTk^d i s w^y ove^'t^^^^^^^ -^ ■'''' '^°^^^°^ ^^ throwing the ridge and other maSlsdni,^^^^^ it holds at present. AnoXVo^orTt- i--^"om th^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^°-' «"-« "P the deepwaflrrisKn^o'^^^^^^^^ "^«^ ^.^-« ^-^ down in comparatively the day. in differenr^Tthe vX^'""^ ''' '"^'^^° '°""' "^^^S «and wfth'^c^rlTaro^im^an^^^^^ ""^'^^ ^''^' °f g'-avel and heavy clays, lying, in somP nil; K^^^^ carbonate could hardly pierce th^ traces c/itsla'.lng done "^^^o U maT''' ^°"ft ^^^^«' ^^^^'^^"t Living some charged with the lime, were flLna^.K^'°u^'',^y ^^ '"'"^"^d that the watm charge before the upp^"4"b\Tw'er?S^^^^^^ and depositing S washing cr[l^:rveragrst^^t;^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^--^^«^ continued of the present day bein| so h ghlyS^e^w^.h tv ^^^^^^s the mosses and other vegetableS^r^-^'V? material, as to act upon cnuld fhpr"f->— ,* "^ficiaoie matter, crowmor within rp^-u -^ -l- '^- -iiu inerctoic. only be after the nrfirt«^^f »u ° "--'•• '^^"^u ui wicir spray, it that the heavy clay deposits Iv^cr.?!. ^ the waves upon the cliffs had ceased were laid down. ^""^P""^' ^^'"8 "pon the conglomerate throughout the valley reasotbl? SeTtSh'e^^^^^^^^^^^^ ',1^^''^ ''^^ ^'^^' '^ ^ ^- ^e are the results of a period succeedfn.tK,' "^""j ^^^ ?verlying silts and clays clay was laid down. ^"cceedmg the glacial period, in which the blue. 14 DUNDAS VALLEY. district for a great number of yearr ^' ^ ^^"^'*' ^°°^^"g o^ the loweJn\^f7h?l"f,elS%K the find it, and also leave the chfnnerorrmiH ^ ""^""^i^ '^^ ^^tent we now When we consider the greafdeufh of th^. n1/' ''',"^'' ^'"^ '*' ^^ the marsh, all the more probable ' ^^^ "^"^ ™'*"^'^ °* the canal, tliis seems I PebbS'^^^Xlric^^^^s^nin ^'^-"-^'^,-rse gravel, mud I observer's mind. ^ ^^ °^ fineness, naturally comes up to the concj;^Lxtt;n"a:r^^ .tr "of t°[r ^°"^".' ^^^^^ ^-^ ^° ^i- storm and calm. In fine weather wh!" °, ^^'"^ ^^^*^ ''T^ s"b ect to periods of they would have less foTe of S^ '^^^^^^ ^^^-^ ^t rest, to move the finer materials h,?f!f.' f ' ^ consequence would only be able over the shoal, would cTr I' the neSes' M f °™' '^' ^T^ °^ vvater breakSg we now find them. ^ P^^''^' ^''^^' "P °" 't and deposit them where 247,dtcribf atS?h n^ kn"''"" J?"?^^' ^"'^^^ Series. Vol. VI. page ship of York. He ays the fifa^vel deZf '''' .^^^^"Po^t Ridge, in the xiwS area, but unhke the tmace^?^! s vS.f '• ^' ''k'"^ °".^'" ^ ^^"^iderable found only in a uniform straight direr^f n ^ J"? *^^ '"^'"°''' 'he gravel is Ontario. ^'^''^ direction, and that generally parallel to Lake suba^S;j:,»;;;,:^P-!^^f ^-j^-i-^^^ is generally the case with shore towards the water as if tl Jv ?.,? k .f^^ '^'PP'"^ southerly or from the inclined plane of t^e Sch/by h^^ ?"^ over another on the we find the gravel invarSWenn JrlnTn .f ^''™''' l^^^' ^" the contrary dipping away from the ake anS n .1 " "^ ?^P°'''' '^"■'"''°"' ^'^^t is to say. what may ha^e been the pi:nrof the beach"'''""'' "'"'^ '^ right angles (o thegf4flT"S.l'^^^^^^ the Davenport Ridge is, that that bdng at one time und^/ .„5 / u ^° * '^ position it now occupies, and washing Sver U caused a cfr.H 1 ^l ^"°'^''" ^'"^^ ^^ove the water, the ^aves to the spit or island fyinfin tVonrn? '^ 7 P''? '^^ ^^^''- «« also refers BurlingL Heights is'S"la!d£; day ""'" '"'"'"" ^^^^"P°" ""'^^^ ^'^e therefor: unn^ec^lr^to"^^^^^^ ^-f ^ !^-" -^-ed to. and it is 6G0 feet above Lake OmarS or 7.)J f I k^""*^ ' '^' "' elevation being about within a (e.. feet of zTm of VIr Roy's"lbt°'' '""''''''' height conesp'onding be infmSt^i ts' w?'[he1Ll? d"""""K^ ^'^'^ ^^^^^' - "^H^' " might past period of the geoTraDhv of thLi'V'T ^''''''" '^' ^^° ^^^'^^ ^t some of tl-Uvodrainage%rm'^y^Llttra;^^^^^^^ ^^^ -^-'-^ o. t J^^:ST^;:;Lt^^^-^;'Vf ^^^^^ said. Remans eUher of them sufficiently to be abfe'to des??ibe S ' "^^^ "°^ ^'^^ ^^^^^^ in the ^J^^'^z::^:^]^^ i:s-x t::v^?> t^ ™^'^^- losing up of ding of the I, after the ent we now the marsh. this seems ravel, mud up to the lead to the periods of re at rest, ily be able r breaking em where VI, page he Town- isiderable gravel is I to Lake case with from the er on the contrary is to say, ingles to is, that iies, and le waves )rmation so refers dge like and it is ig about ponding it might at some itershed Lemains traced nargins an old lington DUNDAS VALLEk'. jg ^&^:^^or:^^^^l^:T'''''^''' ''^F^' gravel and sand the Niagara formation InT.Vil^S'*'''"''- J".^^ ""der the escarpment of diminishing in h^fgln disaDoe.rf n If '"^ "f'?'°" \' '"^'^^^^^ ^^-^-^ ihe cliff and of the escfrpmenron he^^eas^sfde of 'w°' "."'""•■ ^' ^Pl^^^^^hes the face which a still higher bank of sa^H ,nH ^''?^^'" « ^^^'"^. on the other side of probably at onetime connected wifhlr"'^ TT'' '^^ ^^^^rpment and was foimed a bar between the fnrm^'*'' I,^ ^?l^^ "^S^' '^'"^h would thus have which then filledThe oindas vTlley" ' °^ '^^''"^"'■°' ^'''^ ^"^^ ^^e waters valley aKlSilJg^'h^bUcfdi^il"^ ^°""^ "-"-^ —the from the upper on?, on tL Hamilio^.nH ^7'^'*'°".°^ '^^ ^^"^^ P^^P^r about 120 feet abo^e lake level ^"''^'^" '■°^^- ^^ ^^e road it is TT , , GLACIAL MARKINGS. ^rl'^^or'ip^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ation of the valley? too apparent for .:onsiderat on " ?he surflr^'iV'.r' 2^ S'"''"' °"S'" '' ^""^^^ covered with ice markings but the ,fw! ^^^ ^^J^^^"' *^^""try is often valley. This is Professor^Spence 's view thT "°' ^^'^l'^ *° '^^ ^'''^ ^^ ^he J. Hinde, in an article in the r^ w T' ^''f °" ^^^ ""^^^^ ^and Mr. George Dundas Galley is S ogether otdac af -{r- '^^' J^'" ^"' P^^^ ^07. asserts thS old channel at St. DavfJs "Vallev, nf n^'"-, "u" '^^'^ ^^'^' ^P^^'^'^g °f the other places in this escarnmen t o7m? "'i'^'" ^h?^acter are to be met with in the western extrem ty ofthe^ake Tn w^vf^? ^^^^"^''f'^or instance, the one at another one occurs It Owen Soui^d i^ . ''.1°'"" °^ ^""^^^' ^"t. is situated ; streams having been the r^eans off^ • ?^'^ "^^'^^ ^here is no evidence of both near Dun^da !an(^^5w^rSoimd there^ *"'' i ^^^^'^^^^hed valleys, whilst passed up them. The fac of he JlTJ ^ ^r^'" ^•'^''^' °' S'^'^rs having from thesouth-west endof Lake Frie S k'^S- °^ ?"^'""' ^^^^^^ beds leading and showing that the predacial frll ^r "^'^^^•"^ °^ ^he Mississippi valley, militates aglinst the theory o?l NiS °P ?^' ^^'^ ^°"°^^^ that direction glacial dati to which tKdt',,e^;frg^S"ris: '' *"^ °' P""^'^*^'^' °^ ^"^^^- --^SwJngSg^ LOCALITY. Brant Sydenham . Beverley near Sheffield, near Troy .... West Flamboro . do /"'I'Cf Rrnoves\ ^"- \ S.CgW. )• . do. Ancaster Barton '.*.;"];" Y?j;k»jGrand River LATITUDE. 44.12 44.35 44.32 43.19 43.20 43.15 43.18 43 19 43.21 43.16 43.16 43.15 43.16 43 02 LONGITUDE. DIRECTIO 81.13 s low 80.52 S 12W 80.55 S23W 80.14 S46E 80.13 S72E 80.12 S76E 80.13 S59E 80.10 S79E 80. 2 S49E 80. 1 S74W 80. 1 S24W 79.56 S71W 76.59 S59W 79.54 *•••••••• S68E Hi DUNDAS VALLEY. the township of W«t Hambom' nfS' f '™' 'J^ '" '''''=™' directions. In « within oie degree of the aSs of th/ vllf" "^ 8"°/"'°"= "' ">™' ^ «» W, sets cross in the dire«„n ofs 74 W and Lsol-24 w""i T' P'"'' '""' "^" same township the striae S it F l.i^T. j° r ' '" "'^ "PP" P"" <>' ">' In the Townsh p of An- -uld be inclined to ley in currents met n«r the narrow S/rofih ^T^''^^" "''''^ '■"" "" ^^l' gorge intotheTownshfpof BevX'2 d th^wet *'• ^""'"s'lf through the valley"^,'" of oaJf,atnr"ir';« "!?" ™-1' "^'^ "P"" .h?fom,ation of the ice f rking^X-'iSof i'Lro^Tco^^^Sr^ld''? th!ft'"" "■^^° anot.r. Whether thet ^St'f hrrCr^e^nt or^hTo^r ^rr. do one pL::. no Vss^h^.hre? fetf^' ''\"?'"™' ^^ •"" '"''^"--- « ^ave, in direcJions.- ?hese are S 74 W S 69 W /n^f ^Iw" '"« '\ "' "="">■ *«•""' Se-raT^riii'rSI^^^^^^^ a. df en.^ d^;;f,;f an'd" on^eeS^"'anTSo:^ ot^^e' .i^'Tts " '^' or st/eam n iha ZSni,,. ,1 ^ fr'^' P™*"''^"* °f 'h^ '°wer strata pressure exertiS^kom"" id by he whoTe'';i't"of' hL™ ?-°r' °' '^ ;:^rd--r?i;T^^^^^^^ n-alerial foundon the ton of ,1„-«uL"" "PP" """^ lower, and the broken * Report III. Second Geological Survey of Pcmi.ylv.nia . pace 330 «,«, ig table we ictions. In :m, S 69 W, I, two ether part of the the valley, d the other ! top of the scarpment. in of these 4G E to S series, and nclined to to the val- irough the ter Town- ion of the are these is a ques- not seen, i some to Jrth, 1 do i have, in different generally : was the herefore, teriods of e readily covering f speed progress Jsistai ce y being It. It is eastern er strata t of the cier, the ird, and It, while action I broken hich is lley. Medina the old UUNDAS VALLEY. j^ loCr^e.'^tt ^ould tS %'T;ZI :t ,f-y.of the movement, of the least existed at T time befor^ the lit, Wt '^^"^ '' ^/ pre-giacial date, or at district. ^^ ^'"''^'^'^ ^''^""g "P these blocks covered the ofthedLS.'rsVtS;"'¥hIv^^^^^^ ^herock bedding at one time haie S an elevaLn 17 5^0 Zl^T'' 1 ^^ f ''?'""' ^"^ "^"^^ the bedding of the escarDment fnrl^^ *u !• r ^°/^. ^^^^ ^^^*^^- ^t the time occurred and AuropeLd a Sna^iJi?.,';^ "^ ""^lerable dimensions its s«a, until the return of thl""e lould !tite!;' "'^"'"'? "o"''' '=»"■»« form we nov^ find them ^ gradually re-arranged into the DRIFT FILLING UP THE VALLEY up'Ztn;V?^%^rnWht7'^^'^' ""^ '^ T^^* '^'' °^ ^"<=l'°-tio" does it go manner ^ "^ '''"'^ ^"''"°"' "^ '^^ ^°«^ered in a partially accurate at a de"pSTf"2?? l?h.fnw f if ^ V'' ?"^'r "^^^ ^°^'»^*'o» ^as been reached estimates the depth of bX^^^ \Z!l,\r^.-,, ^^r^^'K 18 ' DUNDAS VALLEY. fathoms or 83 feet below the bottom of the boring in Hamilton. This 83 feet would therefore have to be added to the break of 140 feet we have seen to be above Dundas, making a total break of 223 feet. Niagara Falls are 160 feet, and If these measurements are of any value, the pre-glacial age of Dundas of beholding * ^^^' ^""^^ """ ^ '^^ ^^' *^^ P^^^'"^' The streams running through the valley have cut channels at vanous depths, many ot them piercing the underlying blue clay. The sections ^\,"^^7u,° ?^^^ channels, show the clays banded with alternate layers of red and blue clays. A section has already been given of the stream in Beasley's hollow. t urther up m the cuttmg, nenr Robinson street, the section is .— x,^j , . .. , KEET. INCHES. Ked clay, visible 1 g Blue clay (almost hard as slate) 1 Red clay !...!...!!. 4 Blue clay (almost hard as slate) 1 3 Red clay """""' 5 Total j.> Q This is overlaid with reddish yellow clay," covered' by a thin layer of gravel y soil. The clays of some parts of the north eastern side of Mie vallev have the same banded appearance. On the stream near the Red Mills, on the Ancaster and Dundas road, the blue clay, comparatively free from stones, is visible several feet above the stream bed,and is sumounted by heavy beds of a whitish clay. Further up the valley this stream runs upon the top of the blue clay, between high banks of this whitish c ay. The white clay in this neighboorhood shows no stones in the sections, although occasional fragments containing Hudson rixer fossils and small boulders of granite are found on the surface and in the beds of the streams These granite boulders are for the most part small and rounded. A stream rnnning parallel to this on the other side of the line of terraced clay hills and cuts occasionally into clumps or knolls of blue clay. On the line of the Hamilton and Dundas Street Railway, near Ainslie's V\oods, a stream has cut through the brown clay beds to the blue clay and in some places into it for a few feet The blue clay seems to have the property of forming itself into a slaty material on its exposure to the air. In this stream near Ainslie's woods, the water has worn it off into a step beds *'"' ^^'''"^^° "^^ observer, at a casual glance, the appearance of blue slaty On the line of the same road, where it begins to descend to the level of the marsh, there is exposed in the cutting a section of stratified whitish clay and silt, in very thm beds, none of them exceeding three inches in thickness the .surface soil being about two feet thick, but this is evidently brought about by the breaking up and mixing of several of the beds by cultivation or the vegetation on the surface. Again, after passing through a small corner of the marsh, and near wh^r^ the roaa crosses Morden's creek, there is another section of the same kind exposed to view. Throughout the cutting on the H. and D. S. R., on Mr. Buttram's farm, a band of faint brawn clay can be detected between the beds of whitish yellow clay. of lh*e Medina' """"^ *>'"*-• '-'"y^ '" ""^ «"=">" ">ay. upon closer examin.-^.ion .-,„d .r.ionp. p.ove tobe sh.iles PUN DAS VALLEY. ,9 altog?tL?wanSni '''Sre. 'rr'"'"\"^ A"^-^'^'-. this stratification is and'sandJnr?eUril; bTrnlTJ"^^^'^^^^^^^ "^-^ with gravel A u-ii . •? ^. -— m patches. on account of the uncertaTn dtaributfon nf S,^" ^ P'^''"i " P"""^ ' f"""" near the upper ridge, passed tt^gSTfe/t oM lo?™'''"""' ''"" '' •"" .he si'^i'oratr.lul^Lr^L';^""^' "'■■•"• ' ^^'^^^^^ .0 obtain, show Set Jnd"'s'^li''! """'"""''f"^^^^ « f«' Quicksand, or silt ^! ?^*- 4 feet. Total — thro^UfaranZ^LgSVnd ^^ -"^'"-h "twen'ty-ie'et d'p, passing Mr J. Buttram's well is 38 feet deep and gives a section of : G^^z:::::. 27 feet. Hardpan, (conglomerate)...,..... Beach shingle « 6 feet. feet. 3 inches Total .JO ^ .J . gravel before reachinf the blue dal^ ?i;. ri^- P^''"? '^^°"g^ ^7 feet of filled with pieces of linfe "one and cJnnn. K I '^ ""^ ?^ ^^^^ °^ ^ ^^^^an the lake. ?^oward tfirhead of the^a" ev an??n ^hT^ '^'" ''^'^^^. ^f ^ ^^^^^ three well-borings have been obtafnld ^' "^'■'°'' P^'' °^'^^ ^^^Se, referred^o':a; b^iJg^y' VeltbovfirieTer t ^""T^''- ^^^ ^'^^^ ^- On another part of the same Lot 40 a wpII 49 r^^* j red clay into quicksand. ' " *^ ^^^* ^^^P Passes through gravel and clay'r " " '"' '"'*'= ""^ ""'"^ '^' '»" *« thro^r^andi' are aboS feett Stf,"' '"' °' "' 'W" ''"^"•-' '» '"i^ district placeMtr^uTrrL^rSt'orefl; '"Tr^" '?PT' "P™ "■= -*« " pierped to that depKlul "LZg ^0^^ ''" '" ""'=''""'• " '"'' "«» 20 DUNDAS VALLEY. Passing over the Height of land, and toward the west, we have seen that outside of the belt of sand and gravel surmounting this Height of land, there are large beds of clay interstratified with the beds of silt. Generally these beds have a stratified appearance. In many places the beds present regular strata or whitish yellow and reddish clays, in layers of from half an inch to one inch m thickness. This arrangement is particularly marked on the banks overlooking the Grand nver between Aliddleport and Onondaga. These clays K ^K^i^^r" '^\^^ *H" i^^ '''"^ "<^S^- ^* the village of Alberton they are about 465 feet above Lake Ontario, and at a mile or so to the east they have an elevation of about 480 feet. I regret I am not able to say accurately what the elevation of Middleport or Onondaga is, but from the general elevation and run of the streams I would estimate these places to be nearly 400 feet above Lake Ontario. They may be a few feet less, but not enough to make any material difference in our present calculations. The records of deep wells bored in this district are very scant. Although there are numerous wells dug, they generally do not exceed 12 or 15 feet, some few being from 30 to 50 feet in depth. One at Onondaga, 78 feet ; one on Lot 32 of the sixth concession of Ancaster, oyer 100 feet; and one on Lot 31 of the fourth concession of the same township, 110 feet. ^ In Onondaga Township, a well bored 50 feet was stopped by reaching roc*,. Placing these wells in a tabulated form, we see at a glance what the general features of the underground portion of this district are. TABLE SHOWING THE PARTICULARS OF WELL-BORINGS IN DISTRICT LYING TO THE WEST OF THE HEIGHT OF LAND. IXtCAUTT. Lota», IV. Con. Ancaster. Lot3», V. Con.Ancaiter.. Lot 31, IV. Con. Ancaster . Lot 31, III. Con. Ancaster. . Lot 33. III. Con. Ancaster. . Lot 38, HI. Con. Ancaster. . . Lot I. Con. Onen. three miles S W. Alberton. . . . Alberton Lot 33, VI. Con. Ancaster. Lot 22. 1. Con. Onondaga. 30 50 110 BintFACB. Whitish day, mud with sand do UNDSRLTING STRATA. Whitish clay and sand . , , , Whitish day and sand; beds of quicksand at 30 feet., Whitish brown Beds o< day day loom. 52 Sandy loam.. 35 I Sandy loam.. 12 jClayey loam,. Lot21, 1. Con. Onondaga.. Lot 21, 1. Con. Unondaga. . Onondaga 41 61 100 60 Clay Clay and s.-ind. Clay Clay and quicksand: rock at 55 feet. Sandy loam. Saddy loam. Clayey loam. BOTTOM, Quicksand. . Quicksand.. NATVRB OP WATm, ■BMAICKS. Fresh... Sulphur. Limestone55 Firesh feet in rock. )uicksand.. Salt. . iuicksamt. . I Fresh. )uicksand. I Fresh. Rock Quicksand . 22 Clay 35 78 Clay with sand Clay Clay and sand. I Rock at ..Oiiicksand atl toet j "16 feet , iClay, blue clay at 40 feet 86 The water comine out of the rock was highly chg'd with siuphur and the boring had eventually to be plugged. The sand in this well rise« so fast that it has fre- quently to be tak- en out to prevent the pumpt, chok- ing. |Clay Clay and sand iCIay Clay and sand Rock Fresh.... Quicksand.. Fresh.... Sand Fresh.. Rock No waler The bottom of this well is 25 feet be- low the bed of the river. DUNDAS VALLEY. YING TO 21 I" U.i. Ub.e i. wUi b. seen ,U« .-ock has been reached in «ve pUee,, ™ Three miles S. W. of Alberton » ii «^ Eljnratioo of Ro k Onooda« Village MTSfaT^"'"*^ '«« ■hove Uke Om. I^»s^]V.Conce.,ioI.J^i:;•.V.•-l• •-.»•;•• .■;; 389 feet. 322 ir^'ft *;i'»«f« « 78 feet. . . ..::„. Ut »' I r^"*'°" ,*1 AncMter at55 feeV L^^' liS?**""!" of Onondaga, at 60 feS" i^ 48. VI. CooceaiMn of Aocmmut u 66 fe« <"0 •♦ Spencer says, the Grand Rtver a^one t me IVt. fU^'il"" J^'^' ^' ^'^^^^'or have come up in a channel situated to hi w«t T^^^^^^^ ^^"^y* '^ ^'^^ was that ..w occupied by Fairchild's Creek Tn .K* ^'^^^Pe'. most probacy, sand, or silt, at the depths of 12 16 26 lo --S' fif ""^ ^ ^"^ q"'*^^ howevor, probable that the beds at 12 Lnrf 1 « f '. ^'^^ ^"^ ^« '"eet. It is, from those at Fairchild's creX OnJ^ nnl' i"""' "' "' ^''f=«»< genem two places. ^^'- "'"'' ""« d«s seems to be common tp the of clay and sand covering the fract wesTof th^ w^ corresponding to the beds the valley. Some of his sectfonrare so near / ?^'^n ',°u ^l^ ^' '^^ ^^^^ ^f be substituted for what is found here *^^^ '"'«''* *'™««t be lit^rd^irbuuhl^iri's t^^^^ - ^his district, there seems to Land forming the barrie b^twfen it aid dLT^'"'\V ^*^' ^"^^ «^'ght of refernng to these old lakes, says such filln ^^^ "^^^^^- ^r. Geikie, in numerous than we have any idea of-kr !^ "^ ^^^^^ ^""^ probably far more wide flat of alluvialTround marks"^^^^^^^^ *** Prove tSt a that formerly held the^waters Kme obi te^ate'^^ t^U'V^l''- ^^' b^'"'^^^ or buried deeply under recent deSs Wh^""" by bemg swept away basms, where the lower lip of rock t Z^^^ '' ^^^ ?!f ^'^^ not a few rock gravel, and it is only by borin^tha^this fac can^"T''^ ^''°^. ^"*' ^"^ <>' In this district, fortunatelv fnr fK» !i! ^^ ^^ demonstrated, the barriers are no! wamfng ^T^e HeiS^To^ of ^ts being an ancient lake bed, the border of this lake on fbe north and easter^^fn' ""' T ^f ">' '''' ^^^^^ western border will be found in t?e upperXrof ^f!" ^ '" f Probability the the southern side would be partially kftoDen for h ^"°"^^8a g'-ouP. while pond'J;:/:S;^'^^^^^^^ vaney proper corres- bed of the post-glacial lake. The SI rnd H ^*\ J"'* '^^'^ »° ^^ ^^e present m many place, in regular order husloiT' •^'"''^ ^°^ b^"«> ^^^ manner that the operations concerned in Ik/^'^S '" ^ pretty conclusive actively engaged fn the con'Sn S tt ^JS'*"" "' *'^ °"^ '^^^ ^^ ^"^^"""^-- ''- ^'^ ^-'^^ shownt-te-three sides, the esca^^en, !»•? DUNDAS VALLEY. ?,"^I''°i,I^,Tll!" have already assumed lo be Uurliiig.on Heights Dartiall, «r rUv^nin '^^^''' -^""^ ^i"^ ^^™^'' °^ ^he district assure me that the underlvin.? cays whenever pierced are absolutely free from <;tono« nrZ. "I'^^riy ng r^ce T„ the di^triT ^iT^'^""' '!°"'' f " ^^^ "° '"^^"^ ^^ f^^q^^m occu- rence in the district. Beds of gravel are also reported as being absent different"' '' ''"^''°" °' ^'^ ""^^^'^'"^ ^'"^ ^'^^^ °f ^^e vLlfey is altogether The borings in many places report the underlyine clavs to he h'tPraiiu packed with stone, and limestone fragSnents in nearly every case ' occur nee ThescTIin'"^ °^*^' ^'"' "'^y' S^^^^' ^"^ ^^ingie are of frequent ^o? pu 1 1 f ^^^•'" '" ^°™*^ P'^ces are underlaid by a lower bed of blue h Jc r M^ l^Jue clays m the head of the valley lie upon thrrockwhUe the bed o the same material towards the mouth of the valle/arc underbid in most places by beds of shingle, gravel and silt unaeriaid in n„. t^"°' n^' ^""^t"'^*."^ *J.^ "PP^'" ^^"^ beds is their want of uniformity through- out the valle>% In Mr. New's boring we find it within eight feet Sf he surface while in the boring at Mr. Buttram's. about a mile and a Imlf further outh Sor sik ' "' «"PPJ«edby beds of brownish clay. inter-strLlfied with fi^e fhinJ^^^A' ?\^^''"-^^"u"'? *^^ b'"^ ^'^y Clay underlies a bed of gravel 27 feet thick and at Dundas the blue clay under the gravel beds is moreS 60 feet The positions of these underlying beds of clays, sands, gravels and h^"^Gre^TclXi'" ""'"' P-^'-"la-'o instances gUn by Mr' Gelkie' in thP hl!!f rf '°"' """? formations of the beds of gravel and shingle undt- lea^h the blue clay can only be accounted for by assuming them to have be. n that position before the blue clay was laid down. Several reasons may be adduced in favor of the theory of these beds L.mff gUdatied '°""°"' '''^ "' "°" '°""^ '" P"°^ ^° ^'^ depositbn of ;;:? shaDe^LT'i;;^^ ?Xf -'""'i^^ ""T/k ^™ °^.^ Pre-gladal sea. then, trom the snape of the va.Iey, - ,e would be a tendency of gravel, sand and other material to gather w.th :..s bounds, but in that case the.e beds of g averand sandwoula stretch ac.c. u, val'.y in a semi-circular form. Mfny of the gravel beds appear to i - ii is - )siiion. ^ Second— If Dundc; ,: // ^s the gorvr or can von of a nrp-Tiori-i n—- beT "ln'£*'.'^ beds v.,uid .e ranged on one or both side's of~ tH; old'rive; Ded. In the case of most modern rivers running through gravelly soil all SThe oTher"^ bars usually stretch down and acrosf the strfail from one side or the other. If this rule be applied to the gravels underlying the clav beds in Dundas valley, we would be warranted in ascribing these beds^o an exisdng pre-glacial river. These gravels, if belonging to a pre-glacial age llTSil DUNDAS VALLEV. ,., iff |ps7:sa~::^=iss IJ^rlHfiSn'Urdc^Zndr/on''"''''""' ""^ "-^X ^'"P-^. "' how f„ the"? n different p aces of the same lot this clay was underbid by sand Th^ r.m. to infer that, previous to the deposition of the last hedrrT^f.! . i 7 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. around the head of Jhe valley, the suplrtcLl system c^^^^^^^ Grand river, while the underground or deeo-seated^vJ^m or,l J • its water towards the Dundas valley. ""^^^ '^^^^^ '^^^^^ apparently carries I am aware that the evidence to be adduced in sunnort nf fK,« fK^« very meagre and consists chi.fly in the nature o? tPZet hown^t .e different wells and springs throughout the region " ' '* Numerous sulphur springs are found, stretching from the Onondaea ctou- at Pans, down toward the head of the valley ^nonaaga group, These wells are found on Lots 30, 31 and 39 of fh*. TV r-^^^^. • r Ancaster, and again a the Sulphur Springs, abo^uVttotilS I'l;^^^^^?,^ The a«aiys>b- oi tnis water made in 185«, by Dr. Wilson eives'-— Chloride of Sodium ' o ka>7^ Chloride of Potassium ^Zll Chloride of Calcium ,S Chloride of Magnesium '.'.. fitn Sulphate of Lime S Carbonate of Lime ; •'.■'■.■■'■..;;;:;;:;:;;:;;;;;:;: "S 24 DUNDAS VALLEY. Carbonale of Magnesia Carbonate of Iron... ' 0160 ji«« ;;; 0274 0-^anic matters, ^l^osp,cri;;^-Xi;;^^;^;r ^.^ Total. Concession of the same Townshfp a salf w^f ;• ""L "*" ^°* ^o- ^^ of the L ered of sufficient strength to warrant Jl^^' °""^- '^'^'^ ^^^^ ^^s consii &S.t aS ^1i^ - ^ ^^ ^^iJT^ r : |n thf r:?rlnaSg^it'S^^^^^^^ Tf ^'^S^^ ^--"- or fissures the sides of the canyon through wLh^'^^^^^ J^^^ "^^ ^^^^^ fra«"res be from the present course of the Gra^d rter to thf' h'^'T P"^^^^' ^n its w^y The evidence of the sahn^?r«.;^ i ^"^ O"^^^* through the vallev gradual underground draLa^'^foS/yte i" Tu^^ ^'^^^ ^^at therTis a group towards Lake Oniariofo ?n the dSfnn of ^.^^ ^^'^"^ ^^ Onondaga Of the present surface iirJLl ^"^®"'<>n of the lowest level. timt withthe'excepUT?f':nerit1>%'^^^^^^^ »-^« -id to show w altogether of recent origin. ^'*™' ^* ^^^ '"ost, the present system Of prI!^;Snrg'/Sj o'n-^Lt^ror tT -"^ ^ -"-^d - ^e filling us old channel, and frXe oosition in l-'f •^'■- ^'"^^ ^'^^ drift can easily be inferred thaUhis stream Jill? ^ " '^^'^'^ " ^"^^^-^ «»« valley, it «et in, and that it entered t^e vaUey X^ « ^' * '""' ^^'"■' ^'^^ '"" ^^^'o» valley towards Lake Ontario ^ ^^^" * ^"'""^"^ ^^« flowing through the ance, an^dT^^erly tlvXol^p^eTaS^^^^ one of considerable import- ofgladalorigin!::d\TothtlhaT^^ that is asserSs.^"^'^^^^-^ ^^ ^^^ ^^-'es tnr&rererc^tt^^^^^^^^ littlel^ar^^ra^?;.^^^^^^^^^ these theories will ..uire and points, ,n support of hi theory t^ he Velrl'' "''^^"^ ^^ S'^*^'^^ °"gin !??'!d'f >ct, and also to the be^of b ue gUcSf drl^ '^""^ throughout the of the valley He also points out the fom of Tl^l!^' ?' •^'"' '^'"^ '° ^he bed otthefflacial string Wn^ „. ul..""' ,™-0t Lake Ontario and th^ H.Ve-w^^ giacal origin of the" valley is^heeWdr'/V '^" ^^^"•. ^««ther proof' of t^^ 2? ff of Lake Erie tXards the S^^^^^ T'^'^ f-m the south The fluviatile theory is supported by Mr. J. F. Carll, of the Geological' 0160 0274 0097 aces. 2312 I 5.6 inches igs running Concession ^of the I. i^as consid- eing made, e is also a le Niagara em worthy or fissures ictures be n its way valley, there is a )nondaga to show It system >ed to be the drift valley, it :e action )ugh the : import- ! solving that is erosion. 'Ve their require r origin out the the bed rertior, of the ! south- »f any t. Law- DUNDAS VALLEY. 35 1 N^r M?Srafsi rrurerolT^^^' °^ ^^"^^' ^°"^^^' Windsor, whole, or at least the greater n^n TT "^f^^^^^^'^'^nts of borings that the division of the StaL'^T'Ksylvl a'rs1m?\'l""^.^^ directions in which these strerr^r entered T .?t.'-^''\ ^"^' ^"^ ^^^"^ the "proT rrj: '!"' '^'^^ tow:rthe nTrfheatt "' '''' ''"^ ^"""^ "^"^^ Cam. by^st^al^ntJhkuh^bS-i^^tkTtri:^ ^^^ -PPO^ts Mr. advent of the glacial period. He ays " If L 7. F ''\ '."f '^ ^^^"^'^ ^^e in this manner (that is, by glacial aaLi thL !, Ju^ ^^^ ^^«" excavated the beds of drift around t^hf soSh end of SeTar^"^ R '' ^"l" ^^^^^"« ^f f on of Lake Erie to the action of Tn ancient rtt fl "' ^'u"^"' ^^^ ^°™a- in pre-glacial times. Lakes Erie and On fi ?i'''''"S ^'''^"gh the region valley, worn out where the rock were soft nH """"'"^ '^'^ ^^ ^ ^road, open where they were hard. ^ '°^'' """^ connected by deep channels m all probability be through Dundas vaUeV ' ' ^""^ ^"'^"«' ^°tild Pages'^a'n tt^^To^^^^'eoniS^^^^^ ^"? .^-" '" ^he foregoing Spencer that Dundas valley forred^npre^faiT? ^''^ .^°^" ^^ ^^^^^^^"^ between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario P'^^'^^'^' ^'^^^ the connecting link appeaTt^tilToutlet t tt'SSf'thr"'"' '/ ^^•^^^- ^^"^ <^oes not Professor Spencer has, af?er examfnTn?fhl H" 7'^ after reaching Lake Ontario unable to find a position for an 0™" iLunlrn ^° ^^^«°"^h of the lake been from a study of the maps of the Un ted St^es ST'"^ ''''^ 1^'' ^^g'°"' but of rock bottom, would favor the on/ninn S ! Coast Survey, and the frequency effect of closing up the oW channel .nH k I '°'"^ ^°^^' ^'^^'-^tion has had "he Lake Ontario ^and forced Se water ?ofin'daT;"^? '^' r'''' ^'^ ^°""'d question Of the origin of^nd^s 'XX^.^ul^llTi:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ logical It V I>UNDAS VALLEY. DUNDAS ARTESIAN WML, SHOWING UNDERLYING STRATA. The right band cohimn bivm ik. i- . Niagara I Blade ! Slate. " feel S?ndst< w. \ of . « feet clay. ;^;?^ fine ;SS sand ' Medina Group, (rimnine * I o„t„OaJcviIle). * : ,S|. r.^ ^hale. iLorrain Shales, (running:' i out between Toronto ana IgJ I Whitbv.) ■« Blue Sh.ile. "•■^riJW'sif"': ir"c;ffit^'"- Trenton' j mLimentone. Total, 1,729 fcM. (Running out at Kli««tan.) Potedam Sandstone.