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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux da riduction indiquA ci-dessous 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X XX >/ 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X Th« copy film«d h«r« has b—n raproducad thanks to tha ganaroaity of: Seminary of Quebae Library L'axamplaira film4 fut raproduit grica i la gAn4rosit4 da: S■ • % I ^ ..i , ,*■ - :fi.: inoriM tectiitio BY OLIVER & BOYD, ED The history of SCOTLAND, hem the lloman In. varion tm the teppceMloB of the lUbdlioD In niS ; with CzaldMt ; for the Ute of Sehoola, or of Private Studcntt. 9y the Beir. Aftix. AMDBK arcwAiTt io ooe thkk vduine lituo, 5«. bound. » A HiHory ol Scotland* by the lUir. Akx. Stnrait, lianfxiMe putk, and r nwiHM much hjgher dalmi to Uw fliTonr of the puMIe ten hiatwkal works of flur loMorpntenakMu. It b neither an ataU^pMant nor • ooumAU- tio^ batacaKfUandexGeOentdlgcttofScotttahiMrr, hi which ddarila- deote wlQ And modi 9aHtt oAffiaiOaty, and rmarch ^ and yoonier coet a •bn^klty and penpicuity of ntyleadmlnblr fitted to their yean. Queethme on eadh chapter an appended to eadu"— 'New ifot^^klif Mag»Kim$ "WMrStewaitwe had eanee to speak hi very AwoonMetcnM i» his editkin of Nepoe; and we now owe him a higher o t ii%atlen to tUa wdl- wiUten history, than which tone more eligible oooM not be pot into the hands of youth.— 'Mr Stewart has merited the thanks of both old and young by the able manner in which he has perfbnned his weUineant task*"— Li Or ery Oof- <*Thf arrangement is, in our opinion, altogether adminUe; indeed we have rarely met with a w«fc so oonpletdy fitted alter for te sdioolHroeB or te private student."— Lllenwy ChronMe. " This Is a work of great labour and'mtrit, and wdl deeervei flwpatron- age of all enlightened insimetors of te riring generatkin.*— JBse w igw H oa l Mp> gazku. «ig what is obscure and uncertain, in giving a rapid sketch of unhnportant occurrences, and hi laying before his leaders an ample detail of all important and intcrestbg events"— JErfHcciftonaf Btvitw, ■ i .i««i. I IW(P WOBKS HECEHTLY FUBLISUEJ}. STORIES ftom the HISTORY of SCOTLAND, in the manner of Storiei selected flrom the History of England. By the Rev. AlBX. Stbwabt, author of " Tub History of Scotland," &c. 18mo. *< Thb little bodt is adndnbly adapted to impress on the minds of children the leading and most interesUng events and characters of Scottish history. The Stories are toU with that clearness and simpUdty which are peculiarly valuable in woriuof this'nature."— London Weekly RmHew, 14th July, 1827. « This Is a nloe little book, neatly finished without, and richly furnished witl4n.— Esch tale is introduced In a pleasing manner. The Author has con- trived to render his language at once sbnple and interesting, calculated to ar^ rest the attention, and to impress the memory. The volume has also another excellence ;— its lUes are short ; and Mr Stewart • has acqaissd an art which many writers of cdebrity have yet to learn, to end his stoiy where the nana< tive tenninates."— ImiwHa/ Jfognsine, Nov. 18St7« '<' This is a very amusing and instructive little book for a juvenile present. The stories In it are weU diosen, and abridged with care. It deserves to be pietened to scores of oilier works intended to awaken a tove of reading in the young spholar, and furnish him with materials for thinking. We recmnmend it to persons engaged in tuition, as a very useful little voltime."— TAe Affun- aum, 2»th April, 182S. "The volumes which bear the title of ' Tales of a Grandfather,' it is al- most unnecessary to infoim our readen, are by Sir Walter ScoCt ; but though from respect to theh* iUttstrious author we have placed them first, they did not wppeu tin six months after the publication of the interesting little vo- lunie by the Rev. Mr Stewart. The hunters for ' curious coincidences', (a pestilent dass) would find one in the almost simultaneous an>earance of two Avorks so sttttHar in design and in the mode of execution ; and were not the name of Sir Walter Scott sufBdent warrant against such a siupidon, those who love to impute plagiarism to all eminent persons would And that l^r Walter Scott had taken not only the idea but the plan from -Mr Stewart. Mr S. makes his personages unfold thdr own characters in their own language, as far as chronicles and tradiwlm allowed him; and he has thus given an air at once dramatic and real to his portraits, which must be very attractive to juvenile readers, and in this Sir Walter Scott hai followed him. However amusing £Br Walter's Itmger tales may be to readers of a more advanced age, we think Mr Stewart's better calculated, from their conciseness, to amuse younger students, who are uninfluenced by the magic of a name. Mr Stewart has lejected every thing in the Scottish annals that holds a doubtful place be- twixt history and fable, and by judkdously avoiding long details, 114i«n ^ve en- deavoundtaooublneaU the advantage* of which A.wwlt on so limited a scab ii nuoqitibln The Namtive of the Rdgn of Geoife IIL Ihu been written exj^rcsdy for this edition, frbm the nuMt authentic aoiircet of information- Thoiq^ ne- cewarily oondie, it will be fbond, it k hoped, to be free from the meagtawn of a mere atarldgment. No event of importance bat been omitted; and the aathor,notooiiflnbighhnidf toadry detail of £w:U, l^u delivered Andy hii own lentimentt oonoemlng the interesting tranaactioni and oceanepoei which he had to reoonL These scnthnents will be found uniformly consistent with sound numlity, and with the prindfdee of our adndrable constitatUm ; so (hat no work of a shnilar nature can be pUoed with more salMy or propriety in the hands of youth. Itt utility, however, will not be confined to the Ju- venile reader alone. Tliey who have attended to many of the events of the late reign, while ooeuiring, or who have studied its history in more ample de- tails, \dll find this work valuable as a book of reminiscence ; wUIe to persons who are commencing the study of tUs eventfiil period, it will, without super- seding mora vohiminoua puldioations, prove a very useful introduction and guide. Tb render it more convenient as a book of histruction. Questions are sub- joined, by whkh the pupil may be examined on any portion of the htstory* These questions are so predse, that no difficulty can pesdbly occur in fln^Ung a distinct and proper answer. The whole has been carefUly stereotyped, and is printed on excellent paper— thus combining correctness with elegance of emcution. — — " It was the Publishen^ good fortune to have the Cimtfpuat^n, ivhlch brings do>vn the narrative to the end of the rdgn of our late sover^n,' written by agentleman, wlioie own peiformanoe evinces his ability to estimate, if not to (SBuIate, the ekcalleneies of his pgjde c essor. Tq thit EdttUm w« do not scruple to atcribe a degree of merit which entitles it to its proud position. It ie evidenOy the remit qf extensive reading nnd cartful r^ection^—New Biinburgh Rt9iew. " Dr Goldsmith's History of England is allowed, u far as it goes, to be the best hi use fbr schools. The Ck>ntinuatton of it by Mr Stewart to the present tbne is accurately and hnpardally written ; *nd the val(w of the worif^ as it now stands, is greatly hxnieased for all the purposes of education, by Uie co- pious Tables of Exercises, in the form of questions, on the events of each leign, which he has added at the end of the volume."— New Monthly Mt^/azine. WOmKS SDITED BY THE AEV. ALEX. STEWART. CORNELIUS NEPOS, with Marginal Notes, Intended to espUn IntricaciM ctf Conitniction, PeculiaritlM of Phrafe« and Ob- ■oMvitict of AUution j a Chrondogleal Table in EngUih, comprtoing the prindpal Eraitf idated in the lives ; a Roman Calendar, with an explanation of the Method of reclconing Datea bj Calenda. Nonet, • and Idea ; a Vocabulaiy, containing all the worda that ooour in the work, ffUh their Tsrioua dgnlficationa, and an aceuiate refSnrenoe to the paangea In which any peculiarity of I ranalatlon if required; and an IndB of Proper Namea, calculated tothrow much light on the tMct, by ae HiitoriOBl» Geographloal, and Mythological Infinmatton wUchiteonttfoi. FirrR Eornow } In (me thick volume 18mo, 9i.bd. ** What hat attneted our attenUon, and dcHrvcd our praiw, in thli neat Uttlc palOicatkn, 1* the plan on which it it conitracted. Maiglnal notee are added to the t«art>adniinbly calculated to bdp the tyro to the full under- standingof Uatadcs and a Chronological Table oomidetce thie portfani of ueeftil infSonnatlon. Ilicre are also an Index of Proper Nanue, andlnatruc. ttve TM», which explain and apply the Roman method of reckoning by Calepde, Nonee, and Idea ; but the gnat and peculiar recommendation to ut i« one of atypical kind, namdy, the printingof the accents vciy aocumtdy onrtfietexti— Wehaveonlyto repeat our perfect ^nntbatkm of this ediUon, Ite Us ample intdUgence, cwrectness, and faaaJ'—IAtmrary Qazettt. *'An enlaiged edition of Cornelius Nepos, by the Rev. Alex. Stewart, merits^ on several accounts, a decided pttiftnrenee over any fnrmer one. It contains maiglnal notes, ex^alning any dUBculties of phraseology which may OQCur, and also the ntaiks of the long and short syllables placed over most of thewonla. AttheconclurionoftheUvesiaphuxda Chromlo^iieai Table of Events»and the mode of computing time by Olymj^ade, together with a com- . plete Roman Calendar "—JfonfA/y Magatine. " Besides the Lives of eminent Commanders by Comelius Nepos, with notes, tUs Uttle volume contains a duonologyi calendar, vacabulaiy,^ and in- dex of ttaBisa.>— The text la throughout accented, to denote the quantity of the SyUaUes, and t!ie wmk is, on the whole, wxnrttiy of general enoonnig!anent.''->- New MoiMfy Ibgazhte. The POEMSof OSSIAN, translated by James Maccher- BOW, Ehq. t with the TransUtor's Diawrtations on the Era and Poems of Osslan ; Dr BUdr's Critical Dissertation ; and an Inquiry into the Genuineness of these Poems, written expreuty Jbr this edUionj 8s. boards. *' A new portable Bditkm has appeared of the Poems of Ossian, translated, by Macpherson ; subjohied to whkh ii an excellent DisssrUtion by the Rev. Alex. Stewart, which must satisfy the most incredulous sceptic that these. suUime Poems are really the production of the Son of Flngal."'— MonM/y Magazine, .it:\- '■■■ mfi^mm^ ■aiiaii .jxj ■ - .>i.«fr«)rif,f.f"l Ji'>li9Ul)*doU lo «3t3£3lllnl 3i B 5 wvij fwil Hi f>9)£bi id'riav3 fivii.-jn •'tiiCi :Hnif(ojlrwi ^ !.o«ll;>Wr oriJ lio (toiJunr.! •Ti>« orti iir. pnHife>a<»h .x^fStjrtoooV b j as •_•- ./oiriji oi b^toiornsa »soo^al«f :i«l«vi*I 'to xail ryfov Jioirii 'job m } noiTioa «TSi^ MJifiJno!) Jl ^7 .:j?r, If"ViK«:i/) fcna tnoijfraolc tuo toJ-MrrtJa uu( *, ■ ■'■ raJatftld'KW 91 JJt ift'M .',' no nuilQ eria aj tnoiWoH fB» ifWsT ixoiaoIo.'fOTrfn « line ; .UalaL'f In ji^toi^i >» ytibnX Hii fyiilii hr staaT MniiBanoii ^ -. ;, tJSlf.Tjoq fcr* •'. 5Sj33 OiU Jtfd i Roui hflfc .eanolfl . i-^.K oilJ TDSfilj-Mq 9* ,{l<>nusrt ,fanWri»'iiv'-»"«' . ,i»i,o...A— Oiatoi i>tu3 «»Bdrtr»rnoa t3on9g(U»)n< alqni ■«»?« ?,'lt ^d jOoqaW «;/r'jiT«o'.> to uoliibo bj^jwlaa . ... ; ") f.jMiafiMb yjirf :fjiti«a»Iqx9 V:**n« tertiiiWin « v'n s i . lioi itofia btiA ■%n{A:Mis lo ajIiAfn oriJ obIa bnji * ,.*i.f.i[n/0 vfif anifj .nfiJH/qmo-jwO aiwcn a/JJ I>/<*. , ,.(. 'j vii ti iiisi'f .li K'lCl jmiiu/ns lo i»7iJ arfJ aabl*: .« itn^jWci ff '■ •' >i\;j jm[» r.t »«lii 'Jjf,,x«ffl%lt'"T>.il Jeiiu aril vWii* **»!« ri(>ii4m^H«OT^»»- -nan; [Price Three ShiUing, «nd sixpence bound. J ! 'trviiMi/ L-*^ ^sg^a^a^^ ?i ^ W©IRIL J^ .ZWiw * A'ff^rraytd iy fTJfio^ Ja i L > J • -^/ JV^ "2?? J^M^ "2 5 — S? g k> Z ? 3!?r Jl "^^ 5/*w:?j' ^^ w'f^''^'^' \o c X *4 '^ 'Madbfl 'fi; «f» ^j^ ^^HT' 5 3 3 3 3 5^ *f. :2$ :BihUt/tedy h^ ouviaLfcaiom Udmbu ■ ^gsgaiaata^ J^t^rain It»?, ttj % \\.' ^» -*> ^«-' .■V 5 3" *». 25 ' ixjvzo px^' 3r— ^- m >v IK o c 01 Stl so ,4. »^'* \t*^J '^A -K kMy louvER It BOZD Edmburyk' CO jfagazine. J/^ m COMPENDIUM OP MODERN GEOGRAPHY; WITH REMARKS OM THK rilTSICAL PECULIARITIES, PRODUCTIONS, COMMERCE, AND GOVERNMENT OF THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES; QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH DIVISION ; AND DESCRIPTIVE TABLES, IN WHICH ARR GIVEN THE PRONUNCIATION, AND A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF ALL THE PLACES THAT OCCUR IN THE WORK. y HlwAvaUtf bg Nine iWajw., BY THE REV. ALEX. STEWART, Author of <* The HUtory of Seotland," dtc. ^ EDINBURGH : PUBU8HBD BY OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE-COURT. 1828. [Price Three Shillings and Sixpence bound.] 'n A ^* ';VT/:r? ?■• '"''^ "50 ; /i !fr-' .J , f>; . M '1.. " ji'Mt ,>(fK«it>T[ 8*frorffoi-:t& \fy nofii-fJHyii? j.»'-' >'j ifffWTiiiGfjOb on al \(y,vj \ni pj ofoif* '4o, rj,' :^ inH BNTERBD IN STATI0NBB8* HALb. ' ■ ■ . _' HI. i' ■■ r-l ^•i > f-: *.' ■~. •I'V a< ■.'^ ' t ■;<• 'I 4f «r" '* :l.'(' r 4 •i. '..^ ' '■■ y . . ■ • ) *l V- 0t^ .y ■ L-.i .< ' T •■ } ,V* .' , i! .-•> -vJ^ (~ •■'■,r.; ■■..•-' ' PREFACE. Y'rt'T^Uf J.I , r 1 'i ^A The immense number of elementary works with which the press incessantly teems, aflfbrds a most ap- palling illustration of Solomon's remark, that " of the making of books there is no end." In no department of education is there a greater variety of these works, than in geography ; and, in adding one to the number, we may be expected to state, by what peculiar advan- tages of plan or execution ours comes recomAiended. -)■ The first and most obvious of these advantages con- sists in the quantity of information which it contains within so small a space. Modest and unpretending as it is in form, it is made, by a judicious typography, to comprise at least double the quantity of matter, that will be found in any ge(^aphical work of equal size. Another advantage, to which we are disposed to at- tach some importance, is the annexing of a table to each country, containing a short description of its most important places, with the proper pronunciation of their names. This is an advantage which every PREFACE. teacher must appreciate ; for in no branch of orthoepy are even the most skilful teachers more frequently at a loss. At first we- intended to make these tables merely pronouncing vocabularies ; but, on more ma- ture consideration, we availed ourselves of the oppor- tunity which they afforded us, to convey such infor- mation concerning the places enumerated in the body of the work, as might store the mind of the student with ideas, instead of mere names. We have thus been enabled to combine, in same d^ee, the advan- tages of a gazetteer and a gei^grapfaical grammar. Information still more important, and conveyed in a more pleasing f&rm, will be found in the remarks on the physical and niational peculiarities of each country. These remarks are adapted, as tnucii as possible, to the comprehension and the curiosity of the youthfUl stu- dent i and will lead him on, with pleasure, in a study, which is too generally rendered peculiarly dry and re- pulsive, i si'" '*i ^•' «»' 'i 'U^tiM. ; '. - ■fS'ti'^'i^Y a^iV'^^Vij^!?^ « Proceeding on the principle, that nothing should be contained in an elementary book, which it is hot useful to remeviber, we have append^ copious exer- cises to every section, adapted not only to the enume- ration of places contained in the geographical outline, but to the information conveyed in the general re- marks. While our compendium is thus calculated to facilitate the labours of the teacher, more than any similar work, it will be found, we trust, to render the PREFACE. ma- A I acquisition of geographical knowledge easy and plea- sant to the private student. Might we presume to offer a suggestion concerning the manner of teaching by this compendium, we should advise that the learner be made to read over the descriptive tables, in such portions as the teacher may find convenient, before committing to memory the ge<^raphical detail of the countries to which they re- spectively refer. He will thus acquire the correct pronunciation of the names of the places in the text ; and the ideas associated with these names will facili- tate the task of learning them, rfo-ii mir uait/..!j»^u>; .« Where the pronunciation of words diflfers materially from the orthography, we have adapted the q^Uing to the proper mode of pronouncing. Where a proper ac- centuation is sufficient, the accented syllable is cor- rectly marked. When the letter g has the hard sound before the vowels e, i, or y, it is printed in tlie Italic form thus, g, ,'V/,,*i The maps are executed in a style of elegance and accuracy not often found in works of this description. Douglas Manse, July 1,182a itit t> \ i ' ;-« i H» •,>..■•"■'<•,. ,-. ^.,.h ^'\ 7t \ /. I > ■*.v- ^ , Of - • ' " *■ * M,> 5" «••«■•» .i/fct 1 9 j« eijjfia .11, . . »»•*»« S » w * * T •> V.» c :* c i e ' i..- -* " vt^eatr^3«c.3t>-•<» J. .^i*fu;ti"l ■J 1 » J T * * to '^ I>t . • . . ■ \ £»»! ■.':'*■■■ ' III . . Jl . - ii-^ ji«t.' '^'- • . -* %. - M* ■i ' • ''. ■?' t ^^- . {Mt¥ ' .> ^ ,, ,^..- ri ■■\ ■ ';,)i % w \ Oiii Oftf Geog Divis EuRi Britii Norw Swedi Denn Kingi Fran( Spain Portu Switz Italy, Turk Russi Pruss Germ Austi Asia Turk( Arab] Persif Hindi Eastc China '1. .; CONTENTS. ''''^'^.^i^'Zs^ .; ' ,• -, . . . . - ' i^''^';. -^ :"'--^;^ '■ '■•_...,>., . . . ..,....., - >\ii.i, ■ ;■> -^rS-vIK . •■, Page Of the Figure and Revolutions of the Earth, 9 Of the Solar System, 10 Geographical Terms, «. 12 Divisions of the Earth's Surface, 15 Europe, 16 British Empire— England and Wales, 19 Scotland, 33 Ireland, 45 Norway, 53 Sweden, 54 Denmark^ Gl Kingdom of the Netherlands^ ()5 France^ 76 Spain,. 87 Portugal, 94 Switzerland, 97 Italy, 103 Turkey in Europe, Ill Russia in Europe, 122 Prussia, 136 Germany, 143 Austrian Empire^ 154 Asia...... 161 Turkey in Asia, 164 Arabia, 166 Persia, » 168 Ilindostan, 171 Eastern Peninsula, 176 China, 178 8 ' CONTENTS. Page Tibet, 181 Eastern, or Chinese Tartary, 183 Western, or Independent Tartary, .184 Siberia, or Russian Tartary, ....186 Asiatic Islands, , ...188 Descriptive Table of Asia, 189 Africa, 211 States of Barbary, 214 Western Africa, 216 Southern Africa, 218 Eastern Coast of Africa, 219 Countries on the Red Sea, 220 Central Africa, 224 Descriptive Table of Africa, 226 North America, 233 British Possessions, 236 United States,.. 240 New Spain, or Mexico and Guatimala, 253 West India Islands, , 258 Independent Countries, 264 Descriptive Table of North America^ 268 South America, ....274 Colombia, 277 Peru, ib. Chili, 278 La Plata, ib. Paraguay, 279 Brazil, ib. Guiana, 280 Patagonia, ib. Descriptive Table of South America, 283 Problems on the Terrestrial Globe, « 285 Celestial Globe, 292 Problems on l»e Celestial Globe, 293 236 ^....240 253 ,258 ,264 ...268 ...274 ...277 . ib. ....278 . ib. ....279 ..... ib. ....280 .. ib. ....283 ....285 ....292 ....293 Uf: INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. " '•^- ^^^-^ *M^-^'{ The earth which we inhabit, is not, as was long supposed, a vast extended plain ; it is a ball or globe, nearly round, but a little flatter at two points, called the Poles, than in any other part of its circumference. If you imagine a straight line to pass through the centre of the earth, and to terminate at two opposite points of its circumference, such a line is called the Axis or Diameter of the earth ; and the points where it terminates are called Poles. One of these is called the Arctic or North Pole ; and the other the Antarctic or South Polb. The diameter of the earth is about 7912 English miles; and its circumference 24,856* miles. Our world, although it appears to stand still, is in con- stant and rapid motion. It is only one of a num- ber of globes or planets, which revolre round the sun, at different aistances, and in different periods. The circle which a planet describes, in revolving round the sun, is called its Orbit ; and the time in which it completes this revolution varies ac- A 10 INTRODUCTION. cording to its distance. The earth, which is 95,000,000 miles from the sun, performs its revo- lution round it in 36*5 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes ; and its progress in this revolution, and its various positions in relation to the sun, occasion the variety of the seasons, and the difference in the respective lengths of the day and night. Besides this motion, it is perpetually whirling round, or revolving on its axis, and performs a complete re- volution of this kind in twenty-four hours. Dur- ing this whirl, or revolution, part of it is towards the sun, and part of it turned from it, — and this is what causes day and night. The Sun, with the planets which revolve round it, constitute the Solar System. These planets are either primary or secondary. The primary planets revolve round the sun only : the secondary planets revolve round other planets, as the moon round the earth ; and, by the motion of their pri- mary planets, are carried round the sun also. There are eleven primary planets. Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus, called also Uranus. There are eighteen secondary planets, called also moons or satellites, of which the Earth has one ; Jupiter, four ; Saturn, seven ; and the Georgium Sidus, six. Saturn is surrounded, besides, with a lumi- nous belt or ring. Comets are luminous bodies which move round the sun in a very eccentric manner — the length of their orbit very greatly exceeding its breadth. The sun himself is an immense globe placed near T »( INTRODl^ the centre uf this systcu heat to the planets that is one million three hun^ than the earth. But the solar system toMos oNva veixji9fi|^1J^art of the universe. Almost alKlbe ^^||f|\|in(^vhidi the heavens are adorned, arcSllQg^j^ggfimr which planets revolve. Of these, about a thousand are visible to the unaided eye. But, with the aid of telescopes, they are found to be innumerable ; ex- tending through the immensity of space, and, as the agents of the Infinite Creator, imparting light and life to the inhabitants of an inconceivable num- ber of worlds. EXERCISES. Of what figure is the earth ? What is the axis or diameter of the earth ? What are the poles ? By what names are the poles distinguished P Of what extent is the earth's diameter ? What is the extent of its circumference ? Is the earth at rest, or in motion ? Does the earth alone revolve round the sun ? What is the orbit of a planet ? What is the distance of the earth from the sun P In what time does the earth complete her orbit ? What occasions the variety of the seasons, and the difference in the respective lengths of the day and night P Has the earth any other motion ? What effect does this motion produce P What constitutes the solar system P What is the differ- ence between primary and secondary planets P How many primary planets are there ? Name them. How many se- condary planets are there P To what primary planets do they belong ; and how many to each ? What are comets ? What is tne sun P How many times is he larger than the earth ? What arc almost all the stars which adorn the heavens ? How many of them are visible to the unaided eye ? 12 INTRODUCTION. CHAPTKU II. th( OBOGRAPHIGAL TERMS. Oeoorapby is a description of the surface of the earth, as divided into Land and Water. That the position of places might be more con« veniently and accurately determined, it has been found expedient to suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of the globe. These circles are great or small. A great circle divides the globe into two equal parts ; a small circle into two unequal parts. Every circle is divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees ° ; and these de- grees vary in extent, according to the magnitude of the circles. On the great circles, a degree, being the 36'Oth part of the earth's circumference, is equal to 69^ English miles, or 60 geographical miles. Of the great circles, the most remarkable are the Equator 3 the Ecliptic, the Meridian, and the Horizon, The equator is equally distant in all its parts from the poles, and divides the globe into the nor- thern and southern hemispheres. The ecliptic cuts the equator obliquely at two opposite points, and represents the sun's path in the heavens. A meridian is a great circle passing through the poles, and every place on the earth has its meri- dian. Thus a circle drawn through Edinburgh, and passing through the poles, is the meridian of INTRODUCTION. 13 face of the more con* it has been circles or be. These cle divides circle into vided into these de- ignitude of ?ree, being cc, is equal [ miles. ■kable are n, and the I its parts > the nor- ly at tvro )ath in the rough the its mcri- dinbuFgb, eridiaa of Edinburgh ; a circle drawn through LondoUj or Paris, or Madrid, and passing tlirough the poles, is the meridian of London, of Paris, or Madrid. The horizon is either Ratiotial or Sensible, If, placed at the centre of the globe, we could take within our view one half of the heavenly sphere, a large circle would appear to cut the globe into two equal parts, and that circle would be the Ra- tional horizon. The Sensible horizon is the circle that bounds our view, where the earth and sky ap- pear to meet. The meridian from which we calculate the dis- tance of places cast or west, is called the ^rst me- ridian ; and that distance is the longitude of a place. The latitude of a place is its distance north or south from the equator. Parallels of latitude are small circles parallel to the equator, and diminishing in size as they ap- proach the poles. Of these parallels, the most re- markable are the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. The Arctic Circle is 23^ degrees from the north pole; the Antarctic circle is 23^ degrees from the south pole; the Tropic of Cancer is 23^ degrees north of the equator ; the Tropic of Capricorn is 23^ degrees south of the equator. The earth is represented either by a globe or sphere, which corresponds very nearly to its real figure ; or by maps, whi(^h exhibit the whole, or some part of its surface, delineated on a plane. On the globe are traced the equator, the ecliptic, the tropics, the polar circles, and generally other parallels of latitude, at regular distances. a2 14 INTRODUCTION. Meridians are likewise traced at the distance of fifteen degrees from each other. But, as every place has its meridian, and as it would be impossible to represent them all on the artificial globe, it is sur- rounded by a brazen circle, divided into degrees, from the equator to each pole. This circle is called the brazen meridian. If we bring any place to the edge of this circle, the degree marked over it indicates its latitude; and at the point where this circle cuts the equator, we find its longitude. On maps, latitude is expressed by figures at their sides; and longitude, by figures at the top and bottom. The top of a map is north ; the bottom, south ; on the right hand is the east ; and on the left haod^ the west. EXERCISES. ci What is geography ? For ^vhat ptipose do geographers suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of the globe ? Of what kinds are those circles ? Into how many degrees are those circles divided ? What occasions a difference in the extent of degrees ? What is the extent of a degree on one of the great circles ? What are the most re. markable of the great circles. Describe the equator. Dc« scrV e the ecliptic. What is a meridian ? What is the me> rid.'an of £dinbun;h, London, Paris, or Madrid ? What is the horizon P Wnat is the rational horizon i What is the sensible horizon ? What is meant by the first meridian ? What is loii^i- tude ? What is latitude ? What uie parallels of latit''.l< ? What are the most remarkable of those parallels ? Hi rre the arctic and antarctic circles distant from the north and south poles? How far are the tropics distant from the equator ? By what; means is the earth represented? What circles are traced ^n tiie globe ? What is the use of the brazen meridian? \^ow arr latitude and longitude expressed on maps ? Wh ' » p"? . j>f a mj ^ Is north ? which south ? which east? wh'-h.v/c:t 'i :aiice of ry place Bible to is sur- Jegrees, nrcle is ly place ed over ; where itude. at their :op and bottom, on the ographerg surface of Into how ;casions a ctent of a most re. tor. De- is the me- What is lat is the is lOu^ii latitTuif ? Hi "v f}>} north and from the bat circles lie brazen resscd on h ? which INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER III. 15 The ijrf»«« ot the earth presents the two grand divisions o*-' Land and Water. The Land is divided into Comments, Islands, and Peninsulas; the VV'i ler, into Oceans, Seas, Lakes, and Rivers. A continent is a very extensive tract of land. An island is land surrounded by water. A penin- sula is land aliiiort surrounded by water. An isthmus is a neck cf land joining two portions of laud together. A cap^ or promontory is a portion of land stretching into the sea, and appearing to terminate in a ])oint. A coast or shore is that portion of land which borders upon the sea. An ocean is a very large portion of salt water. A sea is a smaller portion of salt water. A strait is a narrow passage of vi'ater uniting two seas. A hay is a portion of sea running into the land. A gulf is a body of water almost surrounded by land. A lake is a body of water wholly surrounded by land. V . » The great continents of the globe are Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. I. oceans arc the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Northern Ocean, the Southern Ocean. The surface of tlie globe contains about I96 mil- lions of square miles ; and more than two-thirds of it is occupied with water. The habitable parts of the earth are calculated at 49 millions of square miles; of M'hich Europe contains 3 millionij; 500 10 EUROPE. thousand ; Africa^ 1 1 millions, 500 thousand ; Asia, 20 millions; and America, 14 millions. The po- pulation of Europe is rather abore ipO millions; that of Africa has been rated by Pinkerton, pro^ably too low, at 30 millions ; Asia has perhaps not much ]ess than 500 millions; North America may con- tain 24 millions j South America 11 millions. EXERCISES. What fiprand divisions does the surface of the earth present ? How is tne land divided ? How is the water divided ? What is a continent ? What is an island ? What is a peninsula ? What is an isthmus ? What is a cape or promontory ? What is a coast or shore ? Point out on the map, a conti- nent, an island, a peninsula, &c. What is an ocean ? What is a sea ? What is a strait ? What is a bay ? What is a gulf? What is a lake ? Point out on the map, an ocean, a sea, a strait, &c. Name the great continents of the globe. Name its oceans. What number of square miles does the surface of the globe contain ? What proportion of it is occupied with water ? At how many square miles are the habitable parts of the earth calculated ? What proportions do the diiFerent divi- sions of the globe contain ? What is the population of Eu- rope ? Of Africa ? Of Asia ? Of North Amciica ? Of South America ? EUROPE Is bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean ; West, by the Atlantic Ocean ; South, by the Me- diterranean; East, by Asia, the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, and (he Archipelago. It extends from 36" 30' to 71^ N. Lat.; and land ; Asia, . Thepo- millions; n, prol ably 8 not much 1 may con- llions. arth present ? ided? What i peninsula ? promontory ? lap, a conti- b is a strait ? lake? Point ne its oceans, of the globe with Mrater ? parts of the ifFerent divi- ation of Eu- merica ? Of rn Ocean ; y the Me- i Sea, the Lat. ; and <■ H »i.f ff» --trr: 1, .. r ■ J 'i't .«!> oHtM l> !. X.-' r jiji-iiA ;hui58ao«fJ y-^ • •' zii r . >.?.»i{!int 0'". u: ,i/u( vO) V. • 'j ■'' Ha'/illfrii OOr; nftdl sr^I hi-;tii-) i!'- i-i left 'V -" ini/uinoM s >-l , , H.l '•' •■ .il;'>.'K.' an 81 tCfiW J>ratrn. tS'tf^ravni ijy •*'• MtT^ IS iif n EiDris®iPiE It ^^r^ (■* X atop ono ^■"^^lJ--. 7W'/M^nl ht ol^lvKii AjioYii 't.vin^ htf oiavKH k- XM^W-i A',//n/mft/^ .V^'" 'tl } 6i EUROPK. 17 from lO** W. to 59" E. Long. Its length, from Cape Matapan in Greece to North Cape in Lap- land, is 2400 miles; and its breadth, from the west of France to the river Don in Russia, is nearly 2200 miles. Its countries are, the British Empire, (con- taining England^ Scotland, and Ireland,) Nor- way, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, Prussia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Nether- lands, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey. Seas and Gulps. — Mediterranean Sea, Gulfs of Lyons, Genoa, and Venice ; Archipelago, Black Sea, Sea of Marmora, Sea of Asoph, Bay of Biscay, English Channel, German Ocean or North Sea, St George's Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel, Baltic Sea, Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga or Livonia ; Skager Rack, Cattegat, and White Sea. Straits. — The Straits of Waigatz, the Sound, the Great Belt, the Little Belt, the Straits of Dover, the Straits of Gibraltar, Straits of Boni- facio, Straits of Messina, the Hellespont or Straits of the Dardanelles, Straits of Constantinople, Straits of Caffa or Yenicul. Islands — Great Britain and Ireland; Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, Iceland, Zealand, Funen, Laland ; Candia, Sicily, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia, Majorca, Minorca, Ivica. PENiNsuLAs.-«-JutIand in Denmark, Morea in the south of Greece, Crimea, or Taurida, south of Russia. Capes.— North Cape, in Lapland ; Naze, S. of Norway ; Skaw, N. of Denmark ; Duncansbay- 18 EUROPE. '^'^'^'^^^^^^^ S. of Wand . ^•W. of Fmnce rJ ^;?^^"^' Cape Ja HoJue Cape St Virc n /s'^W^?^^^^^^^ Jjnto, S. of Italy aLr^n^Tiy^'- ^ape Sparti- Morea. ^^ ^""^ ^ape JViatapan/s. of the Fountain.*? /^/^ o many and France 51^ '^P.^^'^ting Italy from Ger- ^orn,e!iJ' ZZSn^'T? '"'•»■'« and Spat S>rede#; UralMZZl„^'r^l Norway %„"d P». Wfi-b^"'! :^^«"'-^ «"'-. Rhone, Elbe, fd by far the n.-^HmLu'T"''.!'' RoP^'ation, ndu8try, and in(ellig"C„>!,r'"."'u'>S«"»"y. their progress in learning • '"''aWtants, and tuate within the temn£'». ""*'"''' ""^ a«8. Si- part of Norway anHSr-r' ^^'^f' " *"'» ' «v%hrhbS'»?ta;rz? Europe, exe prxufc P;;?'"'' '" e^'T part of of its inhabitants aJe &s,"anr" """•«' e Ja Hogue, ^ of Spain ; Cape Spaiti- n. S. of the y fi-oin Ger- K; Hcemus, 1 the north and Spain ; )rvray and ►rth-east of ^one, Elbe, grand di- opulation, ngenuity, ants, and irts. Si. >t a small Js more alth and ny other ' part of one-half \ t defrrcets ts extent '. >'3**^:- . t y-fCA: '^..'^^ii^ J,,. • - ;h,. .%,^iA* ^i^:^^, , t,^,, .^tyws^ib Thrmmy SSn^rayeii ifv V^ JAr^i^ SAj l':M/sAn/ 7)1/ OXJTXX. it-»fm>£ddi vmm^ ^SJf^rayn/^ 4y ^ JAifJfi^ Siimiur^A 7txAn/ ht/ OXSVEB. (t'KOTlt SelotiuiyA^ i \ r> V 1 ENGLAND AND WALES. 10 in length and breadth ? What countries docs it contain ? Name its seas and ^ulfs. Point them out on the map. Name its straits. Point them out. Name its principal islands. Point them out. Name and point out its penin- sulas. Name its capes, and point out their situation. De- scribe the situation of its principal mountains. Name its principal rivers, and trace them on the map. What proportion does Europe bear, in extent and popula- tion, to tne other grand divisions of the globe ? In what re- spects is it the most important ? What advantage does it possess in point of climate ? What is the only country of Europe where the Christian religion does not prevail ? THE BRITISH EMPIRE. i ENGLAND AND WALES. Boundaries. — N. Scotland; E. British or Oer- man Ocean ; S. the English Channel ; W. Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Extent. — From the 50° to the 56° N. Lat., and from 2° E. to 6=* W. Long. In length, from Berwick to the Isle of Wight, 360 ; and in breadth, from the North Foreland in Kent to the Land's End in Cornwall, 300 miles. Counties. — I.Northumberland; 2. Durham; 3. York ; 4. Cumberland ; 5. Westmoreland ; 6. Lancashire ; 7. Cheshire ; 8. Shropshire, or Salop ; 9. Hereford; 10. Monmouthshire; 11. Lincoln- shire; 12. Norfolk; 13. Suffolk; U.Essex; 15. Derbyshire; 16. Nottingham; 17- Staffordshire; 18. Leicestershire; 19* Rutland; 20. Worcester; 21. Warwick; 22. Northampton; 23. Hunting- don; 24. Cambridge; 25. Gloucester; 26. Ox* 2() ENGLAND AND WALES. ford ; 27* Buckingham ; 28. Bedfordsliiro ; 29- Hertfordshire; SO. Middlesex; 31. Kent; 32. Surrey; 33. Sussex; 34. Berkshire, or Berks; 35. Hampshire, or Hants; 36. Wiltshire; 37. Dorsetshire; 38. Somersetshire; 39. Devonshire; 40. Cornwall. Counties in Wales. — 1. Flintshire ; 2. Den- bighshire ; 3. Caernarvonshire ; 4. Anglesea ; 5. Merionethshire ; 6. Montgomeryshire ; 7. Rad- norshire; 8. Cardiganshire; 9* Pembrokeshire; 10. Caermartheushire ; 11. Brecknockshire; 12. Glamorganshire. Towns in England.—-!. Newcastle, Berwick, Morpeth, Alnwick, North Shields; 2. Durham, Sunderland, Stockton, South Shields; 3. York, Leeds, Hf»lifax, Huddersiicid, Wakefield, Doncas- ter, Sheffield, Hull, Scarborough, Whitby ; 4. Car- lisle, Penrith, Workington, Whitehaveu; 5. Apple- by, Kendal; 6. Lancaster, Preston, Blackburn, Liverpool, Manchester, Bolton ; 7. Chester, Mac- clesfield, Stockport ; 8. Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, Wellington ; 9' Hereford, Leominster, Pembridge; 10. Monmouth, Chepstow ; 11. Lincoln, Boston; 12. Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn Regis; 13. Ipswich, Bury St Edmunds, Orford ; 14. Chelmsford, Col- chester, Harwich; 15. Derby, Buxton, Chesterfield; 16. Nottingham, Newark; 17. Stafford, Litchfield, Wolverhampton, Newcastle-under-Line ; 18. Lei- cester, Harborougb, Bos worth ; 19* Oakham, Uppingham ; 20. Worcester, Kidderminster, Dud- ley; 21. Warwick, Stratford, Coventry, Birming- ham ; 22. Northampton, Peterborough ; 23. Hun- tingdon, St Neots, St Ives, Stilton, Ramsey ; 24. KNOLANIJ AND WALES. 21 Cambridge, Newmarket, Elv : 25. Gloucester, ; 24. Tewkesbury, Clioltcnham ; 20. Oxford, Banbury, Woodstock ; 27- Buckingham, Eton ; 28. Bed- ford, Dunstable, Woburn ; 29. Hertford, Ware ; 30. London, Westminster, Brentford ; 31. Maid- stone, Canterbury, Chatham, Rochester, Green- wich, Woolwich, Dover, Deal, Tunbridge ; 32. Guildford, Croydon, Southwark ; 33. Chichester, Brighton, Lewes, Hastings; 34. Reading, Wind- sor ; 35. Winchester, Southampton, Portsmouth ; 36*. SalisbiUT, Wilton; 37. Dorchester, Weymouth, Poole; 38. 'Bath, Bristol, Wells, Taunton; 39. Exeter, Plymouth, Dartmouth ; 40. Launceston, Truro, Falmouth, Penzance. Towns in Wales. — 1. Flint, Holywell, St Asaph ; 2. Denbigh, Wrexham ; 3. Caernarvon, Bangor, Conway ; 4. Beaumaris, Holyhead, New- bury ; 5. Dolgelly, Harleigh, Bala ; 6. Montgo- mery, Welchpool ; 7. New Radnor, Presteign, Knighton ; 8. Cardigan, Aberystwith ; 9* Pt'm- broke, St David's, Haverfordwest ; 10. Caermar- then, Llanelly, Kidwelly; 11. Brecknock or Brecon, Builth, Hay ; 12. Card'^ff, Landaff, Mer- thyr Tydvil, Swansea. Islands. — Man, in which f.re the towns of Douglas and Castleton ; Anglesea ; Scilly Isles, principal of which is St Mary ; Isle of Wight, in which are Newport and Cowes ; Alderney, Guern- sey, Jersey, (near the coast of France,) in whicli are Sark, St Pierre, St Helicr ; Sheppey ; Thanet ; Coquet; Holy Island or Lindisfarne. Bays. — P»idlington Bay, Humber Mouth, the Wash, Yarmouth Roads, the Downs, Spithead, B 22 ENGLAND AND WALKS. Torbay, Mounts Bay, Bristol Channel, Caermar- then Bay, Milford Haven, St Bride's Bay, Cardi- gan Bay, Menai Frith, Caernarvon Bay, More- cam be Bay, Sol way Frith. Sand Banks. — Dogger Bank, in the German Ocean, between Yorkshire and Jutland ; Goodwin Sands, on the east of Kent. Capes. — Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, North Foreland, South Foreland, Dungeness, Beachy Head, Needles, St Alban's Head, Port- land Race, Start Point, Lizard Point, Land's End, Wormshead, Gowen's Point, St David's Head, Strumble Head, Great Ormes Head. Mountains. — Cheviot Hills, between Nor- thumberland and Scotland ; Skiddaw and Scafell, in Cumberland; Helvellyn, between Cumberland and Westmoreland ; Whernside and Ingleborough, in the N.W. of Yorkshire ; Snowden, in Caer- narvonshire; Arran Fowddy, Cader Idris, in Merionethshire ; Plinlimmon, in the S.W. of Montgomery ; Vann, or Brecknock Beacon ; Peak, in Derbyshire. Lakes.*— -Derwent Water or Keswick Lake, Ul Is water, Windermere. Rivers. — The Tyne, the Wear, the Tees, the Eden, the Yorkshire Ouse, the Dee, the Severn, the Trent, the Witham, the Great Ouse, the Thames, the Medway, the Itchen, the Test, the Avon, the Ex, the Lower Avon. iZemarits. —AlUiough England cannot be considered as a mountainous country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to ex- hibit almost every feature that is requisite to beauty in land- * 4 °> KNOLAND AND WALES. 23 scape. The tendency to moisture in the climate clothes the plains in almost perpetual verdure ; luxuriant plantations, and rich corn-fields, give to the cultivated districts an air of comfort and opulence ; while mountains and rugged rocks, narrow dells and roaring torrents, exhibit in other districts a resemblance to the rude grandeur of our Highland scenery. In Wales, indeed, which may be regarded as the High- lands of South Britain, mountain scenery of the most pic- turesque description everywhere occurs; while the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not in magnificence, with the enchanting lakes which give so ro- mantic a character to some districts in Scotland. The climate of England, owing to its insular situation, is extremely variable. The western counties are exposed to heavy and frequent rains from the Atlantic j the eastern counties enjoy a drier atmosphere, but suffer, on the other hand, from cold and ungenial cast winds. Inconsequence of Uiis difference of climate, pasturage is more attended to in the west, and tillage in the east. In every part of England the effect of industrious and skilful culture is apparent ; and there are few countries where so small a portion of the soil is allowed to lie waste and unproductive. In general, the soil is either naturally good, or has been improved into fertility ; although there are some extensive moors, particularly in the northern counties, which seem to bid defiance to the power of cul- tivation. The industry which has thus enriched and adorned the country, has produced still more astonishing effects in manufactures and commerce. By the invention of machi- nery, every species of manufacture has been increased to an extent, which enables England to supply every quarter of the globe with articles of commerce and luxury ; while tlie produce of every foreign clime is wafted to her ports in return. In consequence of this extended commerce, England has attained such a degree of maritime greatness, that her navy rides triumphant in every sea, and consti- tutes the great bulwark of the nation. This maritime Seatness .has enabled her to establish colonies, and acquire rge possessions in the remotest regions of the earth ; and 24 ENGLAND AND WALES. although, in the extent of her home-territory, and the amount of her population, England ranks but as a small European state, her foreign dominions, and the population over which her power extends, place her very high in the scale of nations; while in the magnitude of her resources, the intelligence, activity, and valour of her inhabitants, she holds almost the first place. Many of these advantages result from her unrivalled constitution, which is a mixed or limited monarchy — com- bining all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical, and republican forms of government, without the defects of any of them. The king is the head of the state, the foun- tain of dignity and power. All laws and deeds are pub- lished in his name ; but his authority is restrained by par- liament, consisting of the House of Lords, which repre- sents the nobility or aristocracy, and the House of Com- mons, which represents the people. The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or Protestant Episcopacy — but all other forms of religious worship are tolerated. There are two archbishops, those of Canterbury and York, and twenty- five bishops. The archbishop of Canterbury is the Primate of all England. In their manners, the English are frank and sincere, more disposed to gravity than gaiety. Their favourite amusements are horse-racing, the chase, and the theatre. In their dealings they are fair and honourable, and the character of an English merchant is held in universal respect for integrity, liberality, and intelligence. All the arts, that are conducive to the comfort and elegance of life, are here cultivated with the greatest success. In every department of science and literature, England can boast of the most illustrious names. To her Newton, her Bacon, her Milton, her Shakspeare, few equals, and no superiors, can be found in ancient or in modern times. EXERCISES ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE. ENGLAND ANU WALES. \Vhal arc the boundaries of England and Wales ? Be- wccn what degrees of latitude and longitude are they situate ? ENGLAND AND WALES. 25 amount Liropean jn over he scale ces, the nts, she nivalled jr — corn- eal, and jfects of ;he foun- are pub- i by par- ;h repre- of Com- ber an, or religious ps, those bs. The [i gland. [ sincere, 'avourite theatre, and the universal All the ce of life, In every can boast ^ton, her and no inies. E. lies ? Bc- y situate ? '^> ? In Denbigh* What is the extent in length and breadth ? Name the coun* ties in England. Name the counties in Wales. What are the principal towns of Northumberland ? Of Cumberland ? Of Durham, &c. ? Where is North Shields, Workington, Yarmouth, Chepstow, Shrewsbury, Brentford, Blackburn, Stockport, Liverpool, Stockton, Brighton, Bridgenorth, Whitehaven, Chicliester, Chelmsford, Eton, Bristol, Bux- ton, lioston, Leeds, Manchester, Harwich, Launccston, Morpeth, Portsmouth, Leominster, Linn Regis, Kidder- minster, Maidstone, Truro, St Neots, Wellington, London, Tewkesbury, Ware, Ipswich, Exeter, South Shields, Has- tings, Chatham, Plymouth, I)over, &c. ? What are the principal towns in Flintshire shire ? In Caernarvonshire, &c. ? Where is Wclchpool, Bala, Builth, Holywell, Presteign, Hay, Wrexham, St David's, Bangor, Kidwelly, St Asaph, Haverfordwest, Landaff, Aberystwith, Dolgelly, Swansea^ &c.? What are the principal islands ? What are the towns of Man ? Where is St Pierre ? Where is Cowes ? Where is Stllelier? Where is Newport? Point out the islands on the map. Name the bays, and their situation. Point them out on the map. Name the sand-banks, and their situation. Name the capes. Point them out. Wliat are the principal mountains, and where are they situated ? What are the Srincipal lakes ? What are the principal rivers ? Where is lilford Haven ? Where is Flamborough Head ? What is the course of the Tyne ? Of the Thames ? Of the Great Ouse ? Of the Medway ? Of the Severn ? Of the Trent ? Where is Plinlimmon, Scafell, Start Point, Spurn Head. Gowen's Point, Land's End, Whernside, Cader Idris, Ar- ran Fowddy, Portland Race, &c. P DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Abergavenny, jpr. Abergai'ny), a small but ancient town in Mon- mouthshire, at the confluence of the Gavenny witli the Usk. Alwrystwith, (pr. Ab-er-isf-ith), a seaport town in Cardiganshire, at the mouth of the Ystwith. Ab'-ing-don, a borough town in Bcrkshird, situate at the con- fluence of the Ouse and the Thames. Aldborough, (pr. Ald'-bur-ro), a small borough town in the West Hiding of Yorkshire, situate on the Ouse. A seaport town in Suffolk, on the Aid. Al'domcy, an island belonging to England, seven miles from the coast of Normandy, in France. Alnwick, (pr. An'-nik), a consi- drr-ible town in North umber- Lind, near which is Alnwick ii2 It" 26 ENGLAND AND WALES. Castle, the magnificent scat of the Duke of Northuniberland. Am'bleside, a township of West- moreland, on a branch of Lake Windermere. Ames'bury, (or. Aims'-ber-re), a town in Wiltshire, on the Avon, remarkable as the birth-place of Addison. An'-dover, a borough town in Hampshire, on the rivulet Ande. An'glesea, an island and county of Wales. Appleby, the county town of Westmoreland. Ar'undel, a borough town, on the Arun, in Sussex. As'-aph, (St) a borough town and bishop's see, in Flintshire. Ash'-burton, a borough town in Devonshire. Ash'by-de-la-Zouoh, (Zooch), a market town in Leicester, near the confines of De:byshire. Ath'-el-ney, an islet in Somerset- shire, formed by the Thone and Parret. A'-von, a river in Hampshire, which flows into the Lnglish Channel— a river in N. Wales, which flows into the Irish sea— another in S. Wales, which flow" into the Bristol Channel. Aylesbury, (pr. Ails'-ber-re), a borough town in Buckingham. Banbury, (pr. Ban'-ber-re), a borough town in Oxfordshire. Ban'gor, a village in Flintshire, situate on the Dee— « town and bishop's see in Caernarvon. Barn'staple, a borough town in De- vonshire, on the Taw. Bath, a large and beautiful city in Somersetshire, celebrated for its medicinal waters. Beach'y-hep''.j a promontory on the coast ot Sussex — the highest land on the south coast of Bri. tain. Beaumaris, (pr. Bo-ma'-ris), a borough and scaiK)rt in Anglc- sca, situate on the Mcnai strait. Bedford, a borough town in Bed- fordshire. Berks, or Berkshire, separated by the Thames ttom Oxford and Buckingham. Bev'erly, a considerable town in Yorkshire, near the Hull. Birmingham, (pr. Bir'-ming-gam), a large town in Warwickshire, celebrated for its manufactures of hardware. Black'burn, a considerable manu- facturing town in Lancashire. Bol'ton, a considerable manufac- turing town, N. from Manches- ter, in Lancashire. Bos'worth, a market town in Lei- cestershire. On Bosworth-field, about three miles from this town, was fought a memorable battle between Richard III. and the Earl of Richmond, atler- ward Henry VII., in which Richard fell. Brcnt'ford, a town in Middlesex, situate on the Thames. Bridge'-water, a borough town, on the Parret, in Somersetshire. Bright'-helmstone, or Brighton, (pr. Bri'-ton), a considerable seaport in Sussex — a favourite residence of his majesty, King George IV. Bristol, a large seaport on the Lower Avon, partly in Somer- setshire, and piartly in Glouces- tersliire. Buck'-ing-ham, the county town of Buckinghamshire, situate on the Great Ou.^e. Burton, an ancient borough town in Staftbrdshire, situate on the Trent— famous for its ale. But-ter-mere', a lake in Cumber- land. Bux'ton, a market-town in Derby- shire, celebrated for its mineral springs. Ca'-der-i'-dris, a mountain in Me- rionethshire, 3550 feet above the level of the sea. Cacrmarthen, (pr. Car'-marthcn), / 4' r :/ P ENGLAND AND WALES. 27 'II in Bed- parated by •xford and e town in luU. ning-gam), rwickshire, inufactures able manu- ncashire. manufac- Manches- iwn in Lei- worth-field, from this memorable ird III. and ond, atter- in which Middlesex, es. gh town, on setshire. Brighton, considerable •a favourite ijesty. King [)ort on the r in Somer- in Glouces- ;ounty town ', situate on trough town uate un the ts ale. in Cumber- vn in Derby- r its mineral ntain in Mc- !et above the r'-marthcn), / 4' I 1 ; k f I the county town of Caermarthen- shire. Caernarvon, (pr. Car' nar-von), the county town of Caernarvon- shire. Cambridge, (pr. Caim'-bridge), a city in Cambridgeshire, on the Cam or Granta, the seat of a celebrated university. Car'diff, the county town of Gla- morganshire, on the Severn. In the castle of Cardiff, Robert, Duke of Normandy, was im- prisoned by his younger brothers. Carlisle, (pr. Car-lile' or Car'-lile), the county town of Cumberland, on the Eden. Chatham, (pr. Cliat'-tam), a town on the Medway, in Kent, one of the principal naval stations in England. Chelmsford, (pr. Chems'-ford), the county town of Essex, on the Chelmer. Chel'-sea, a village on the Thamer, near London, where is a grand national asylum, called Chelsea Hospital, for decayed and wound- ed soldiers. Cheltenham, (pr. Chel'-tnam), a town in Gloucestershire, much frequented for its mineral sprmgs. - Chepstow, (pr. Chep'-sto), a mar- ket-town in Monmouthshire, si- tuate on the Wye. Chesh'-irc, a county bordering on Wales, celebrated for its cheese. Ches'-ter, the county town of Chesliire, situate on the Dee. Ches'ter-field, a town in Derby- shire, situate on the Rother. Cheviot, (pr. Choe'-vot), a range of hills between Scotland and Nor- thumberland. Chichester, (pr. Chee'chestcr), the county town of Sussex, and a bishop's see. Chil'tern-hills, a ridge of chalky hills in the counties of Bucking- ham, Hertford, and Oxford. Cirencester, (pr. Circn'ster or Cesctcr), a borough and market- town in Gloucestershire, on the Churn. Col'-chester, a considerable Iw- rough in Essex, on th» river Colne. Corn'wall, a county occupying the south-western extremity of Bri- tain. Coquet (pr. Cok'-et), an islet off the coast of Northumberland— like- wise a river in the same county. Cov'-entry, an ancient city of War- wick, celebrated for its manu- factures of watches and ribbons. Cowes, (pr. Couz), a seaport town on the north coast of the Isle of Wight, beautifully situate on the Medina, Cum'-ber-land, one of the northern counties, W. of Northumber- land. Dart'ford, a town in Kent, where the first |)aper-mill in England was erected by Sir John Spilman, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Dart'mouth, a seaport town in Dc- vonshire, near the mouth of the Dart. Deal, a town on the east coast of Kent, where Julius Caisar first landed. Denbigh, vey, who discovered the circula- tion of the blood. Fore'-land, North and South, two promontories on the east coast of Kent. Glam-or'-gan, a county in the south of Wales. Gloucester, (pr. Glos'ter),acityand bishop's see,— the county towD of Gloucestershire. Good'win Sands, a large sand-bank off the cast coast of Kent. Gram'i)ound, a borough town of Cornwall, on the Fal, deprived of its privileges as a borough for bribery, in 1820. Graves'-cnd, a market and seaport town in Kent, near the mouth of the Thames, 20 miles from London. Greenwich, (pr. Green'-ich), atown in Kent, on the Thames, about five and a half miles below Lon- don, famous for its Royal Obser> vatory, and its noble hospital for superannuated seamen. Hal'-i-fax, a large and thriving town in the west of Yorkshire, noted for its woollen manufac* tures. Hampshire, called likewise Hants, a county in the sou^h of Eng. land. 1 y^i KNGLANU AND WALES. 29 in the 1 Har'rowgatc, a village in York- shire, 21 miles N.W. from York, famous for its medicinal waters. Har'wich, (pr. Har'rich),a seaport and borough town in Essex, the seat of a navy- yard. Has'tings, an ancient borough in Kent, where the great battle was fought, in which Harold was defeated by William the Conqueror. Ha'verfordwest, a market-town in Pembrokeshire, situate on the Dougledy, near its entrance into Milford Haven. Her'-eford, a city and bishop's see in Herefordshire, of which it is the county town. Hertford, (pr. Hartford,) the coun- ty town of Hertfordshire, situate on the Lea. Holy Island, an island on the coast of Northumberland, about nine miles in circumference. It belongs to the county of Dur- ham. Holyhead, a seaport town in Angle- sea, from which the Irish packets sail. Hud'dersfield, a market-town in the West-Riding of Yorkshire, where the woollen manufacture is carried on to a considerable extent. Hull, a large and thriving seaport town in the east of Yorkshire, situate on the Humber, at the mouth of the Hull. Humber, a river, or rather an estuary, formed by the junction of the Ouse, the Aire, and the Trent, and separating Yorkshire from Lincolnshire. Huntingdon, the county iown of Huntingdonshire, on the Ousc. Il'chester, a borough town in So- mersetshire, the birth-place of the celebrated Roger Bacon. Ingle'boroufih, (burro), a lofty mountain in Yorkshire, 23()1 feet above the level of the sea. Ipswich, (pr, Ip'sicli,) a borough in Suftulk, of which it is the county town, the birth-place of Cardinal Wolscy. Is'lington, in Middlesex, formerly a pleasant country town, but now united to London by a continued range of buildings. Ken'nilworth, a market-town in Warwickshire, about five miles north from Warwick, celebrated for its magnificent castle, where Dudley, Earl of Leicester, en- tertained Queen Elizabeth for seventeen days. Kent, a county in the S.E. of England, famous for the culture of hops. KeswicK, (pr. Kes'-sick), a lake in Cumberland, famous for its beau- tiful scenery. Kiddermin'ster, a town in Wor- cestershire, on the Stour, noted for its manufactures, particular- ly of carpets. Lan'cashire, a county on the N.W. coast of England. Lan'caster, the county town of Lancashire, famous for its ca- binet-making. Land's End, a point in Cornwall, the south-western extremity of England. Ijaun'ceston, the county town of Cornwall, situate on the Attery. I^eeds, a large town in the West- Riding of Yorkshire, famous for its woollen manufactures. Leicester, (pr. Leester), the coun- ty town of Leicestershire, noted for its manufacture of worsted stockmgs. Lincoln, (pr. Ling-con), the coun- ty town of Lincolnshire, situate on the Witham. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, in which is the largest bell in England, called Tom o' Lincoln, weighing three tons, and twenty-three feet in circumference. Litch'field, an ancient city in Staf- fordshire, the birtli-place of l)r Samuel Johnson and Garrick. 30 BNGLAND AND WALES. Liv'erpool, a very large borough and seaport in Lancashire, si- tuate on the Mersey. It is next to London in commercial im- portance, London, (pr. Lun'don), the capital ofBritani, situate on theTliames, the largest, the most wealthy, and, perhaps, the most i)opulous city ui the world. Mac'clcsfield, a considerable ma> nufacturing town in Chcsaire. Maid'stone, the county town of Kent, situate on the river Med. way, Mal'vern, a village in Worcester- shire. The Malvern hills arc a range in the S.W. of Worces- tershire, and in the county of Hereford. Man, an island in the Irish Sea, nearly equidistant fVom Eng- land, Scotland, and Ireland. Med'way, a river which rises in Sussex, and, flowing through Kent, falls into the mouth of the Thames at Shecrness. Men'dip- hills, a noted mineral range in the N.E. of Somerset. Mer'sey, a river Which flows be- tween Cheshire and Lancashire to the Irish sea. Mid'dlesex, one of the smallest .ounties in the kingdom, but by .ar the most important in wealth and population. Mil'ford-naverj, a deep inlet of the sea in the south of Pembroke- shire, the safest and most capa- cious harbour in Britain. Monmouth, (pr. Munmuth), the county town of Monmouthshire, a county on the borders of Wales, the birth-place of Henry V, Montgomery, (pr. Mont-gumry), a county in Wales. New River, a largo aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a great i>art of London is supplied with water. Ncwcas'tle-upon-Tyne, the prin- cipal town of Northumberland, situate about ten miles trom the mouth of the Tyne. It is a place of great trade, particularly in coals. Ncwcas'tlo-undcr-Linc, a market- town in Staffordshire, situate on the eastern bank of the Line. Newmar'ket, a tov.n in the coun- ties of Cambridge and Suflblk, celebrated for its horseraces. Ncw'port, a market-town near tlic centre of the Isle of Wight. Norfolk, (i)r. Nor'foke), a county on the eastern coast. Northamp'-ton, the principal town of Northamptonshire, an inland county, Northum'berland, a county in the north of England. Norwich, (pr. Nor'rich), the county town of Norfolk, a city and bishop's see, long noted for its trade and manufactures. Not'tin^/ia»«, (gam) , the principal town of the county of Notting- ham ; the chief seat of the stock- ing manufacture. Onk/iam, (am), the county town of Rutland. Ol'ney, a town in Buckingham, shire, near which the poet Cowper long resided. Ot'ter-burn, a village in Northum- berland, famous as the scene of a battle between Hotspur Percy and Douglas. Ouse, the name of four rivers : the principal of which are the York- shire Ouse, fonmed of the junc- tion of the Swale and the Ure, and uniting with the Trent to form the Humber; and the Great Ouse, which rises in Nor- thamptonshire, flows through the counties of Buckingham, Bedford, avr\ Cambridgc,^dividcs the latter f. om Norfolk, and falls into the sea at Lynn Regis. The Little Ouse divides Norfolk from Suflblk, and falls into the Great Ouse. The other river of this name is in Sussex. BNOLAND AND WALES. 31 mbcrlacul, 3 tVom the It is a irticularly a market- situate on c Line, the coun- d Suffolk, eraces. n near the Vight. , a county icipal town , an inland inty in the the county city and ted fur its ea. le principal »f Netting. [■ the stock- ity town of ckingham> the poet Northum- sccne of ipur Percy ivers : the the York- the junc- the Ure, i Trent to and the es in Nor- through :kingham, KC^divides , and falls in Regis. js Norfolk s into the cr river of A Ox'ford, the princiiwl town of Ox- fordshire, a bishop's see, and the seat of a very celebrated uni- versity, containing twenty col- leges, and five halls. Pem'brokc, the county town of Pembrokeshire. Pen'nygent, a hill in Yorkshire. Pen'rith, a town in Cumberland, pleasantly situate in the vale of Inglewocxi Forest. P&terborough, (burro), a city and bishop's see in Northampton- shire, situate on the river Nen. Plinlim'mon, a mountain on the borders of Montgomery and Car- digan. Plymouth, (Plim'muth), a large seaport town in the south-wes. tern extremity of Devonshire, the second naval station in the kingdom, situate at the head of Plymouth Sound, a large capa« cious haven, formed by the riven Plym and Tamar. Portland, a peninsula in Dorset^ shirr, famous for its freestone quarries. Ports'mouth, a noted seaport town in Hampshire, the most impor- tant naval station in the king- dom. Fres'ton, a borough and manufac- turing town in Lancashire, si- tuate on the Ribble. Radnor, a mountainous county in Wales. Rams'gate, a seaport town, on the eastern coast of the isle of Tha- net, noted for its excellent ar- tificial harbour. Reading, (pr. Reed'ing), the prin- cipal town of Berkshire, situate at the junction of the Kennet with the Thames. Ro'chester, a very ancient city of Kent, situate on an angle of land formed by a bend of the river Medway. Rye, a borough and seaport town in the county of Sussex, at the mouth of the Rother. of the Cinque Ports. It is one Sad'dlcback, a mounbiin in Cum- berland, 2787 feet above the level of tlie sea. Salisbury, (pr. Salz'-lmr-re), an ancient city and bishojj's see in Wiltshire, noted for its cathe- dral, which is one of the finest eccle.siasticalbuildings in Europe. Sea-fell', (nr. Scawfell'), a lofty hill in Cumberland, with two peaks, the lowest of which is 3092 feet, and the highest 3166 feet, above the level of the sea. Scai'borougk, (burro), a seaport town in Yorkshire, of consider, able trade, and much admired for the beauty of its situation. Sev'ern, a large river in Wales and England, second only to the Thames in importance. It has its source in Flinlimmon ; and passing, by a very circuitous course, through the counties of Montgomery, Shropshire, Wor- cester, and Gloucester, faUs into the Bristol Channel. Sheerness', a seaport town in Kent, at the mouth of the Medway, noted for its strong and com. manding fortress. Sheffield, a large and populous town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, famous for its manu. factures of cutlery and plated goods. Shep'pey, an island at the mouth of the Thames and Medway, separated f^om the mainland of Kent by an arm of the sea called the Swale. Shields, (pr. Sheels), North Shields in Northumberland, and South Shields in Durham, two towns on the opposite banks of the Tyne, both places of consider, able trade. Shrews'^wry, (burry), the county town of Shropshire, beautifully situate on the Severn. It is a place of considerable trade. 32 "'li't'^ib.^ZrSL" '" Cumber. Channel. ^ °" *^'e Bristol Soilth-amD'.f'nn I^ndon. ofthi?^ t'"'"'''^^ "^'t'' earthe.1 ware "!,«"f«'''tures ^f situate o'n the Sow J^ *"'""♦ '« X^of^Ze^«t^3;Plain.a upright, and olhers r«r '• '"'"^ them, supposed oTe'/pP°" Suffolk, (pr SuP.fok t^mp'e. on theeastco^i ci^'' ^ county Norfolk by thTriVe«T>*.1^ A'""" and Waveney ^"'*"^Ouse on the Wear nvpr''^'?-' l""ate famous iron bSe 'h^,'"'' '« « arch of 2^ feet gnan ^'"^ ^" iOOjeet abofeSW-"? -i-d 'EShThS^^'°""^^-t''e oftheBrisforbhaS.""^'^^ KNOLAND AND WALES. TcS^a^iF-Son^^'-^^ on t/^e coast !.,mT"'°'''«"8 bay river Tone, ^""^^^'^re, on the Thames, (pr. Tems» fu^ portant river K'riV? ""«* '«- Gloucestershire tnlt"!' ""^^^ in shire from oSj ffih^« ^e"-*^- tyofBuckingK.X*r1ra- War'wick, (War'rik> »k pal town of ?hP rl'n*"'? P'"'"ci- of Warwit^tshiro ^*'"*' county river A^o^ Us 'casS"."-^ °" *"« the noblest in the fcii^i' °"« of West'mingtpr = „•* ?""«dom. adjoin ngto I^n^'" Middlesex, Whem'side » ^.^ F'P'ace. N.W of v^ i?"?Hntain in the Wilt'shire, or Wiird8j.,re, flows "tiesofstaffbrd. '"am, and Lin. ^^ih the Vork. ""'ng the Hum. ^ in Kent, with, ce of which are >a series of vil. rom their cele. springs, between Cum- tmoreland. ^), the princi. central county situate on the astle is one of *»ngdom. , in Middlesex, ^n. of which M as forming .possesses dig. 'Alleges. "gh and sea- ®> much ft-e. "g-place, ™^in in the e. 2384 feet fie sea. ab^e seaport e andthrlv. -umberland. 'orough and * in Lanca. an inland Jhames, fh town in Id bishop's nous for its I -1 i' y^/wn ^<^ \imm.^ Ji'Hi/mytiJ Ht It' Uutf^u t'l/m/'utyh yiexi At/ <»i,T\rEa fc boyu Hdiniia^A , . > ■- - •■ ■-''■'■ ''-> ' '" ' ■:~, '■ ■■ . / ''l '■:^ •A- 1 . ^.»..„-. -;;t^-, *'ap»s»i VS: |RL JS{iK^.r JBtM^a^ 1 -V ■g.ysin^i ^^M^ ^-^^ i n M ^ 55 ^" *^^ ^'^ K , J V -^t y^-^-j^'^ W^l^ I ^^ V ''^ .AovvH ^P «w ^^Slj Pj^Jl^ ^^t 1 ir^«* Jp«r 3 ~ *l jrffiA- 2 ■ ,8 : -7* ■ ■- 1 ■ "f " ;i SCOTLAND. 33 Win'dennerc, the largest lake in England, between Westmore- land and Lancashire. Windsor, (pr. Win'zur), a borough town in Berkshire, situate on the Thames, 22 miles flrom Lon- don, celebrated for its castle, a favourite residence of the kings of England. Wool'wicA, (ich), a town in Kent, on the Thames, 8 miles below ■ London. It is fkmous for its ar- senal, dock-yard, and military academy. Worcester, (pr. Woos'ter or Wus'- ter). the countv town of Worces- tershire, near the centre of the kingdom, noted for its porcelain manufactories. Here Cromwell defeated the army of Charles II. A.D. 1651. Yar'mouth, a seaport and boroagh town of the county of Norfolk, at the mouth of the Yare. York, the principal town of York, sliire, the largest county in Eng- land. It is the see of an arch- bishop, and is celebrated for its magnificent cathedral. ': m-,: ■;^1'- SCOTLAND, OR NORTH BRITAIN, Is bounded on the South by England and the Irish sea ; on the West, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the North, by the North Sea ; and on the East, by the German Ocean. Exclusive of the Shetland and. Orkney Islands, it extends frpm the 54<° to the 59^ of north latitude, and from the 1° to the 6° of west longitude, exclusive of the Western Isles. Its ex- treme length is about 244 miles, and its greatest breadth 147 miles. It contains thirty- three counties : 1. Orkney and Shetland ; 2. Caithness ; 3. Sutherland ; 4. Ross. shire; 5. Inverness; 6. Argylc; 7« Cromarty; S.Nairn; g. Moray or Elgin; 10. Banff; I'l. Aberdeen; 12. Kincardine or Mcarns; 13. Angus or Forfar ; 14. Fife; 15. Kinross; 16. Clack man* 17. Perth ; 18. Dumbarton or Lennox ; I9. nan Stirling; 20. Linlithgow or West Lothian; 21. Edinburgh or Mid-Lothian ; 22. Haddington or c :4" .■■J.*:.\-*- •■' T 34 SCOTLAND. ^ I • East Lothian ; 23. Berwick or Merse ; 24. Ros:- burgh ; 25. Dumfries; 26. Kirkcudbright; 27> Wigtou ; 28. Ayr ; 29. Renfrew ; 30. Lanark ; SL Peebles; 32. Selkirk; 33. Bute and Arran. The principal towns are^ 1. Kirkwall, Lerwick; 2. Wick, Thurso ; 3. Dornoch ; 4. Tain, Ding- wall, Fortrose; 5. Inverness, Fort George, Fort Augustus, Fort William ; 6. Inverary, Campbel- ton ; 7. Cromarty ; 8. Nairn ; 9* Elgin, Forres ; 10. Banff, Cullen; 11. New Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen, Peterhead, Frazer burgh; 12. Bervie, Stonehaven; 13. Forfar, Dundee, Montrose; 14. Cupar, St Andrews, Falkland, Kirkcaldy, King- horn, Dunfermline ; 15. Kinross; 16. Clackmannan, Alloa; 17. Perth, Dumblane, Crief, Dunkeld; 18. Dumbarton ; I9. Stirling, Falkirk ; 20. Linlithgow, Borrowstounness, Queensferry ; 21. Edinburgh, Leith, Musselburgh, Dalkeith ; 22. Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick ; 23. Greenlaw, Dunse, Lauder ; 24. Jedburgh, Kelso, Hawick ; 25. Dumfries, Annan, Moffat, Sanqu- har ; 26. Kirkcudbright, New Galloway ; 27* Wigton, Whitehorn, Stranraer, Port-Patrick ; 28. Ayr, Irvine, Kilmarnock; 29- Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock, Port-Glasgow ; 30. Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow; 31. Peebles; 32. Selkirk, Galashiels; 38. Kothsay in Bute ; Brodwick in Arran. IsLAND8.->-Shetland Isles, the principal of which are. Mainland and Yell ; Orkney Isles, the princi- pal of which are. Mainland or Pomona, and Hoy; the Western Isles, or Hebrides, the principal of which are, Lewis, Sky, Mull, Jura, and Isla ; Bute, Arran. t 8COTLA140. 35 L RoX' It; 27. lanark ; rran. erwick ; Ding<> e. Fort impbel- Forres ; N, Old Bervie, )se; 14. , King- nannaiij unkeld ; k ; 20. y; 21. ilkeith ; k; 23. Kelso, Sanqu- y; 27. ck; 28. Paisley, imilton, ashiels ; •f which princi- d Hoy; cipal of ; Bute, Friths, Bays, and Lochs.*— Pentland Frith, Dornoch Frith, Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Frith of Tay, Frith of Forth, Solway Frith, Frith of Clyde ; Wigton Bay, Glenluce Bay ; Loch Ry- an, Loch Long, Loch Fyne, Loch Etivc, Loch Linnhe^ Loch Broom. Capes.— St Abb's Head, Fifeness, Kinnaird's Head, Tarbctness, Duncansbay Head, Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis, Point of Ard- namurchan. Mull of Cantyre, Fairland Point, Burrow Head, Paturnness. Lakes. — LoJ* 'nond ; Awe; Tay, Ran- Moch Erroch, ^ Mtjrin, Erne; Ness, Lochy; Maree. Mountains.— Ben Wyvis, Cairngorm, Ben Nevis, the loftiest mountain in Great Britain; the Grampians, of which the most remarkable are Mount Battack, Schihallion, Ben Lawers, Ben More, Ben Ledi, and Ben Lomond; The Ochils; Pentland hills; Lammermuir hills ; Tintock; Lowthers. Rivers. — Spey; Don, Dee; Tay; Forth; Clyde, Tweed, Tei'iot ; Nith, Annan. Remarks.— Scotltitid may be regarded in general as a mountainous country; although it has some extensive level districts of great fertility. It is divided into the Highlands and Lowlands ; the former chiefly occupied with lofty and rugged mountains, and inhabited by a race of Celts, who still continue to speak the Celtic or Gaelic language ; the latter more diversified with hilly and level districts, and in- habited by people of the same Saxon origin as the English, and who speak dialects of the same language. But the na- • By Lochs arc meant arms of the sea. SCOTLAND. tural geography of the country suggests a more distinct di- vision of it into three portions, North ern, Middli, and Southern. The Northern division extends from the Pent- land Frith to that great chain of lakes which cross the country from the coast of Argylc to the Frith of Moray, in the line of the Caledonian Canal. It is in general moun- tainous and bleak, with some fertile spots on the eastern coast The Middle Division exteuJa southward to the Friths of Forth and Clyde, and the Great Canal by which they are united. Of this division, likewise, the aspect is chiefly mountainous, although on the eastern coast there are ex- tensive tracts of great fertility and in high cultivation. The Southern Division^ stretching to the English border, bears in soil and appearance a greater resemblance to England. Although it contains several extensive ranges of hills, and wide tracts of moor, its more general aspect is that of ver- dant plains, watered by beautiful streams, and enlivened by herds of cattle ; ample valleys or gently swelling eminen- ces of the greatest fertility, waving with corn, or clothed with wood. Scotland abounds iti minerals, the most valuable of which are lead, iron, and coal. Its climate, although variable, is, upon the whole, mild i^nd salubrious. The western counties are exposed to fre- quent and heavy rains from the Atlantic Ocean ; the east- ern counties, although less frequently deluged with rains, suffer more from piercing east winds, accompanied with chilling fogs from the German Ocean. There is no coun- try in the world where agriculture is better understood than in Scotland ; and the consequent improvements which have taken place in its soil and productions, within the last thirty {rears, are astonishing. Manufactures of various kinds are ikevt'isc carried on to a great extent. Glasgow and Paisley are the principal seats of the cotton manufactures; Dun- dee, and the other towns in Forfarshire, are noted for the manufacture of coarse linens ; and Dunfermline for da- masks and fine linens. At Carron, near Falkirk, is the largest manufactory of iron in Europe. Of the commercial prosperity of Britain, Scotland enjoys her due share. istinct di- )DLiy and the Pent- cross the Moray, in •al moun- he eastern the Friths :h they are is chiefly re are ex- ition. The rder, bears I England. hills, and liat ofver- nlivened by ig eminen- or clothed >le of which phole, mild ised to fre- the east- with rains, anied with is no coun- rstood than which have last thirty s kinds are ,nd Paisley ires; Dun- tted for the ne for da- irk, is the commercial are. SCOTLAND. 37 Since the accession of James VI. to the throne of £ng. land, the v bale of Britain has been under the dominion of one sovereign ; and since the union of England and Scot- land in the reign of Queen Anne, A.D. 1707, the laws and governraei t of the two kingdoms have been nearly the same^ The Presbyt'^rian form of church government is coeval with tlie Reformation in Scotland. After many struggles with James the Sixth and his successors, who patronized episco- pacy, the Scots succeeded in having Presbyterianism estab- lished as the national religion, at the revolution A.D. )688. The Scots may be characterized as industrious, frugal, prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to the excellent insti. tution of parish-schools, the advantages of education are en- joyed even by tlie lowest classes of the people. They are fond of learning ; and can boast of some of the brightest names inliterature and science. What are the boundaries of Scotland ? Between what de- grees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its ex- tent in length and breadth ? How many counties does it con- tain ? Name them. What are the principal towns of Orkney and Shetland? Of Caithness ? Of Sutherland ? Of Ross? &.C. What are its principal islands ? PoinI them out on the map. Name its prmciral Friths^ Bays, and Lochs. Point them out on the map. Name its capes. Point them out on the map. What are its principal lakes ? Point them out. Name its principal mountains. Name its rivers. Where is Falkland, Kirkwall, Kelso, Whitehorn, Camp, belton, Dornoch, Stranraer^ Irvine, New Galloway, Dalkeith, Kilmarnock, Dunkeld, Valkirk, Dingwall, Stonehaven, Montrose, Fortrose, Fort George, Port Patrick, Dunbar, Dur.ibarton, Dunse, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Greenock, North Berv;ick, Annan, Dunfermline, Alloa, Lerwick, Brodwick, Inverary, Inverness, Han ilton, Leith, M ssel- burgh, Bo'ness, Forres, Bervie, Peterhead ? &c. Where is Pomona, Yell, Mainland, Mull, Skye, Lewis, Hoy, Bute, &c. ? Where is Solway Frith, Glenluce Bay, Pentland Frith, Frith of Tay, Wigton Bay, Frith of Forth, Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Loch Fyne, lioch Broom, Loch Lon^, Frith of Clyde, Loch Etive, Loch Lin he? Where is Cape Wrath, Tarbatness, St Abb's Head, Sa- c 2 Iff 38 SCOTLAND. J. i tumness, Kir .rd*~ Head, Fairland Point, Cuncansbay Head, Point af ^.rdnamurchan, &c. ? Where is Loch Ness, Loch Awe, Loch Lomond, Loch Maree, Loch Ketterin, Loch Erroch, &c. ? Where are the Lammermuir hills, the Pentland hills, the Grampians, Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, Tintock, Lowtliers, &c. ? Which is the highest hill in Great Britain ? Describe the course of the Tweed, of the Nith, the Clyde, the Tay, the Forth, the Don, the Spey, the Dee, the Teviot, the Annan ? What is the general appearance of Scotland ? How is it divided ' Wnat is the aspect of the High- lands ? By "'hat ace of people is it inhabited ? What is the appearance of the Lowlands ? Of what origin are its inhabitants ? What other division does the natural geography of the country sug^gest ? What is the extent and situation of the Northern Division ? What is the aspect of the country? How far does the Middle Division extend southward ? What is its general aspect ? How far does the Southern Division extend ? What is the general aspect of this division ? What are the most valuable minerals of Scot- land ? What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties of weather prevail in the Western and Eastern counties ? What is the state of agriculture in Scotland ? Are its manu- factures extensive ? w hat towns are the principal seats of the cotton manufactures ? For what manufacture is Dundee noted ? What are the chief manufactures of Dunfermline ? For what manufactory is Carron celebrated ? Is Scotland a commercial country ? At what time was Scotland united with England in govern- ment and laws ? What form of church government is estab- lished in Scotland ? How long has this been the national re- ligion ? To what institution do they owe the general diffu- sion of education ? Have the Scots made a figure in literature and science ? DESCillFTIVE TABLE. Aberdeen'shire.— Aberdeen', a large seaport town, county town of Aberdeenshire. Ab-cr-neth'.y, a small town in Perthshire. Ail'sa, a rocky islet betwixt Ayr- shire and Cantyre, two miles in circumference. Air'drie, a town in Lanarkshire, parish of East Monkland. Al'-lo-a, a town in Clackmannan- shire, situate on the Forth. SCOTLAND. )uiicansbay lond, Loch id hills, the s, Tintock, :at Britain ? the Clyde, the Teviot, ■ Scotland ? the High- ed ? What vhat origin the natural e extent and le aspect of ision extend far does the al aspect of rals of Scot- [lat varieties n counties ? reitsmanu- ipal seats of "e is Dundee anfermline ? s Scotland a id in govem- ent is estab- national re- ineral diffu- in literature , two miles in Lanarkshire, ikland. Clackmannan- ic Forth. Angii«, (pr. Ang'-gU8), or Forfar- shire, a county north of the Tay. An'>nan, a royal borough in iJum- iVies-shire, situate on the river Annan. Anstruther, {commonly pr. An'- ster). East and West, a small vil- lage and borough on the east coast of Fife. Ar-broath', a considerable borough and seaport in Forfarshire. Argyle', . Highland county on the wst coast. Ar' ran, an island in the Frith of Clyde. Awe (Loch), a large and beautiful lake in Argyleshire, about 30 miles in length, and trom 1 to 2 iu breadth. Ayrshire.— Ayr, the county town of Ayrshire, situate at the mouth of the river Ayr. Banff*, (pr. Bamf ), a county and borough on the Moray Frith. Bass, a steep and almost inaccessi- ble islet at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, formerly employ- ed as a place of confinement for state prisoners. Bath'-gate, a village and parish in the county of Lmlithgow. Beauley, (pr. Bu'la), a river in In- veCTies8>shire, on which is situate a village of the same name. Berwick, (pr. Ber'rik), a royal bo- rough at the mouth of the Tweed, on the borders of Eng- land and Scotland, having dis- tinct privileges and immunities of its ov/n. Berwickshire, or Merse, a county on the south-east of the king- dom. Blackness', an ancient castle on the Forth, in the parish of Cariden, Linlithgowshire. Bor-row-stoun-ness, or Bo-ness', a large seaport town on the Forth, Linlithgowshire. Brechin, (pr. Bre'-kin), aroyalbo. rough in the county of Angus. Brodwick, (pr. Brodick), a village on the cast coast of the isle of Arran, on a bay of the same name. Buchanness, (pr. Buc'^can-ncss'), a promontory in Aberdeenshire, the eastmost point in Scotland. Burntisland, (pr. P'lrnt-iMand), a seaport town in F ife, opposite to Leith. Bute, a large and beautiful island in the Frith of Clyde. Caim-gorm', a lofty mountain be- tween the counties of Banff* and Moray, famous for its beautiful rock-crystals. Caith'.ness, a county in the north- ern extremity of Scotland. Campbeltown, (pr. Cara'-mel-ton), a borough and seaport in Can- tyre. Can-tyre', a peninsula lorming the southernmost district of Argyle shire. Car'-ron, a village in Stirlingshire, famous for its iron-works, situate on the river Carron. Clack.man'-nan,a town and county on the north side of the Forth. Clyde, a large river which rises in Clydeslaw, a hill in the parish of Crawford, Lanarkshire, and runs westward to the Atlantic. Coldstream, (pr. Cole'-stream), a town in Berwickshire, situate on the north bank of the Tweed. Coll, one of the Hebrides, or West- ern Isles, belonging to Argyle- shire — it is alM)ut 14 miles in length, and varies from half a mile to 3i miles in breadth. Crail, a royal burgh and seaport in Fife, at the north entrance of the 7rith of Forth. Crief, a town in Perthshire on the north of the Erne. Crom'-arty, a county in the north- east of Scotland, formed of seve- ral detached portions within the county of Ross — the principal town of the county, situate on the peninsula between the Friths of Cromarty and Moray. Culross, (commonly pr. Coo'-ros), a borough and seaport town in a ft t i 40 SCOTLAND. detached portion of Perthshire, situate on the Frith of Forth. Cupar,(pr. Coo'-i)ar>,aroyal burgh, situate oh the Eden, in Fife, of which it is the county town. Cupar- Angus, (Coo'par, &&), a town in Forfarshire, situate on the Isla, on the borders of Perth- shire. Dal'-keith, a considerable town in Mid>Lothian, situate on a nar- row stripe of land between the North and South Esk, about six miles south from Edinburgh. Dec, a river in Aberdeenshire, having its source on the north side of the mountain Caimtoul, and falling into the German Ocean after a course of 90 miles. A river. Issuing from Loch Dee on the borders of Ayrshire, and flowing through the county of Kirckudbright to the Solway Frith. Dev'-on, a hver in Perthshire, ris- ing in the Ochil Hills, and flow- ing to the Frith of Forth by a very circuitous course. It is re- markable for the picturesque scenery on its banks. Don, a river in Aberdeenshire, rising in the north-west of the county, and falling into the Ger- man Ocean, north of Old Aber- deen, after a winding course of 62 miles. Doon, a river in Ayrshire, issuing from a lake of the same name, and falling into the sea after a circuitous course of 15 miles. This river is rendered classical by the strains of Burns. Dor-noch, (pr. Dor'-nok), a town in Sutherland, on the north coast of the Dornoch Frith. Dumbar'ton, the county town of Dumbartonshire, situate near the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde. Here is a consider- able manufacture of crown glass. Dum-blane', a town in Perthshire, situate on the Allan. It is now a place of considerable resort on account of its mineral waters, re- cently discovered. Dumfries, (pr. Dum-frees'), the county town of Dumfries-shire, situate on the Nith, about nine miles from the Solway Frith. Dunliar, (pr. Dum-bai'), a seaport and borough town in East Lo- thian, at : he mouth of the Frith of Forth. Its castle was, in an- cient times, a place of great strength. Dun'cansbay-head, a promontory in Caithness, the north-eastern extremity of Great Britain. Dundee', a large seaport town in Forfarshire, on the Frith of Tay. It is a place of considerable trade, . and has extensive manufactures, chiefly of Osnaburghs and other coarse linens. Dunferm'line, a considerable bo. rough and manufacturing town in the west of Fife. The manu- facture of table-linen is carried on here in greater extent and perfection than in any other part of the kingdom. The an- cient abbey of Dunfermline, now in ruins, was celebrated as being one of the burial-places of the kings of Scotland. In February, 1818, the tomb and skeleton of Robert Bruce were discovered here. Dunkeld'a a town in Perthshire, situate amidst the most beauti- ful and romantic scenery, on the north t)ank of the Tay. Dun'net-head, a promontory in Caithness, the most northern point of Great Britain. Dunse, a considerable town in Ber- wickshire, between the Black- adder and the Whiteadder. Dy'sart, (pr. Dy'-zart), a tx>rough and seaport town in Fifc. EoiNBuncn, (pr. Ed'-in-bur-ro). the metroi^ons of Scotland, and the scat ot a celebrated universi- ty, situate in the county of Mid- i SCOTLAND. #1 e was, in an> ace of great Lothian, or Edinburgh. Its po. pulation, with that of Leith, amounts to 140,000. Ednam, a village below Kelso, si. tuate on the Tweed, the birth, place of Thomson the {x>ct. El'gin, the principal town of the county of Elgin or Moray. Here opulous maritime county on the north of the Frith of Forth. Fot'-far, the coijnty town of An- gus or Forfarshire, situate in the valley of Strathmore. For'.res, a small borough town in the county of Moray. Forth, the principal river of Scot, lan^ rises on tne north side of Beu x^mond, and expands into a large tVith, before uniting with the German Ocean. Fyers, a small river in Inverness, shire, which falls into Lochness. It is chiefly remarkable for its stuuendous falls, the upper of vhich is 70 feet, and the lower 207 feet in perpendicular height. Galashiels, (pr. Gal.e.sheel8')t a town in Selkirkshire, on the Gala Water, long noted for its manufacture of woollen cloth. Galloway, a large district in the south of Scotland, including the counties of Wigton and Kirk- cudbright. Glasgow, (pr. Glas'.go, or Glas'- co), the principal manufacturing and commercial city in Scotland, situate on the Clyde in Lanark- shire. Gramp'-ian Mountains, a chain of mountains extending fVom the shore of the Atlantic, in Argyle- sbire, to that of the German Ocean, in Aberdeenshire. Green-law, (pr. Gren'-law),a small borough of barony, and the county town of Berwickshire, near the source of the Blackad- der. Green'-ock, the principal seaport town in Scotland, at the mouth of the Clyde,— the emporium of American and West Indian trade. Gret'na-Green', a village in Dum- ft'ies.shire, on the English bor- der, noted for irregular marria- ges. Had'-ding.ton, the county town of Haddingtonshire, or East Lo. thian. The weekly market for grain, held in Haddington, is the greatest in Scotland. Ham'-il-tun, a considerable town in 4S SCOTLAND. Lanarkshire, 10| miles S, trom Glasgow, situate near the con- fluence of the Avon and Clyde. Haw'-ick, a considerable town in Roxburghshire, situate at the confluence of the Teviot and Slitrig. Hcb'-ri-des, or Western Isles, a range of islands scattered along tb'* western coast of Scotland. I-o'.na, or I'-colm-kill', a small island of the Hebrides, S. W. of Mull, famous as being the re- treat of learning and religion during the dark ages; and the ancient burial-place of the Sco- tish kings. Jedburgh, (pr. Jed'-bur-ro), a roy- al borough, and the county towo of Roxburghshire, pleasantly si- tuate on the Jed. Here are the ruins of an ancient cathedral, part of which is fitted up as the parish-church. Inch-colm, (pr. Inch-corn'), a small island near the north coast of the Frith of Foxth, opposite Aberdour. Inch-keith', a small island, with an elegant lighthouse and re- volving light, in the Frith of Forth, opposite Leith. Inver-a'-ray, a royal burgh in Argyleshire, of which it is the county town, beautifully situate on Loch Fyne. Inver-keithing, (pr. In-ver-keeth'- in), a royal burgh and seaport town in Fife, at the head of a fine bay in the Frith of Forth. In-ver-ness', a royal burgh in In- verness-shire, of which it is the county town, pleasantly situate at the entrance of the Ness into the Moray Frith. Ir'-vinc, (pr. Ir'vin), a royal burgh in Ayrshire, on the Irvine, which falls into the Frith of Clyde a short distance ttova the town. Islay, (pr. I'-la), one of the Western Isles, S. W. of Jura^it is about Si miles in length, and 24 in breadth. Ju'ra, one of the Western Isles, separated from Islay, by the sound of Islay, and from Scarba by the gulf of Corrybhreacain, (Corryvreckin). It is 27 miles long, and, on an average,? miles broad. Kel'so, a considerable town in Roxburghshire, beautifully situ- ate on the north bank of the Tweed, opposite its junction with the Teviot. Ket'terin (Loch), a lake in Perth- shire, about ten miles in length, and a mile and a half in breadth, remarkable for its sublime and picturesque scenery. Kil'da (St), the most remote of the Hebrides,— about 60 miles dis- tant from Harris, the nearest land to it. Kil-mar'-nock, a considerable ma- nufacturing town in Ayrshire, situate on the Kilmarnock wa- ter, a tributary of the Irvine. Kin-car'-dine-shire,or Meams, (pr. Mairns), a maritime county in the east of Scotland. Kin-car'-dine, a seaport town in Perthshire, on the Forth. Kinghorne, (pr. King-gorn') an an cient royal burgh in Fife, op^x)- site Leith. Kin-ross', a town in the county of Kinross, finely situate at the west end of Loch Leven. Kirkcaldy, (pr. Kirk-caw'-de), a royal burgh and seaport in Fife of considerable trade. Kirkcudbright, (pr. Kirk-coo'-bre), a maritime county on the Sol. way Frith. The county town, a royal burgh, situate on the Dee. Kirk-wall, a royal burgh, and the chief town of the Stewartry of Orkney, situate in the island Pomona. Jiammcrmuir, (pr Lam'>mcr SCOTLAND. 43 h, and 24 in moor), a range of hills between East IiOthinn and Berwickshire. Latn-lush, an excellent Inrlmur on tlic south-east side of the isle of Arran. Lu'nark, an arxiont royal burgh, the county town of Lanarksliirc. Ijonarkshire, one of the most ex- tenhivc, important, and impulous counties in Scotland. It is di. vided into three districts, called the Upper, Middle, and Lower Wards. Lau'-der, a royal uurgh in Ber. wickshire, situate on the river Lauder, or Leader. Leadhills', a town in Lanarkshire, occupied by lead-miners, the highest inhabited place in the south of Scotland, being about 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Leith, (pr. Leeth), a large seaport town in Mid Lothian, on the Frith of Forth, about a mile and a half from Edinburgh, of which it may be considered the port. Ler'wick, the chief town of Shet- land, situate on the east of Mainland. Le'ven, (pr. Lee'-ven), Loch, a lake in Kinross, which contains four islands, on one of which is the castle in which Queen Mary was imprisoned. Lew'is, one of the largest of the Hebrides, 82 miles in length, and from 10 to 23 in breadth. Its southern peninsula is called Harris. Lin-lith'-gow, the principal town of Linlithgowshire, or West Lo- thian. Lochma'ben, an ancient borough town in Dumfries-shire. Lo'chy, ^Loch), a lake in Inver- ness-shire, in the line of the Ca- ledonian canal, 14 miles long. Lo'mond, (Loch)^ a large and beautiful lake m Dumbarton- shire, about 30 miles in length, and in some places 9 in breadth. Ita bosom is studded with about 30 islands ; und its scenery is peculiarly picturesque. Loch Broom, an oxti-nsivc ann ol' the sea, in Uoss.shire, h.iving some excellent harbours. Loch E'tive, or Etic, an inlet of the sea in Argylcshire, nearly twen- ty miles in length, but of very une(|ual breadth. Its water?, about seven miles from the sea, are much contracted by a ridge of rugged rocks, and make a noise louder than any cataract. Loch Fyne, an arm of the sea, in Argyleshire, about 32 miles in length, and varying from twelve to three miles in breadth. It is noted for the superior quality of its herrings. Loch Li'nnhe, a large arm of the sea, which separates Argyle firom Inverness-shire. It extends tVom the Sound of Mull as far as Fort William, when it assumes the name of Lochiel. Loch Long, an arm of the sea, striking off fYom the Frith of Clyde, and separating Argyle fVom Dumbartonshire. Loch Ry'an, an inlet of the sea, in Wigtonshire, extending about ten miles in length, and flrom two to four in breadth. Lothian, a large district on the south of the Forth, divided into three counties, Linlithgow, or West Lothian, Edinburgh, or Mid Lothian, and Haddington, or East Lothian. Mel'-rose. (ros), a town in Rox- burghs^hire. Its Abbey, founded by David I. 1 136, was peculiarly magnilicent; and its ruins are still the most entire and beauti- ful in the kingdom. Moffat, a town in Dumflries-shire, noted for its mineral waters. Mont.rose', a considerable seaport town in Forfarshire, at the mouth of the South Esk. Mull, one of the largest of the He. brides, 25 miles in length, and 44 SCOTLAND. I , in some places of nearly equal breadth, separated flrom the mainland by the Sound of Mull. Moray, (pr. Mur'-ray), a county In the north-east, bounded on the north by the Moray Frith, to which it gives name. Nairn, a seaport in Nairnshire, of which it is the county town. Ne&s, (Loch), a beautiful lake in Inverncss-shire, 22 miles in length. Nevis (Ben) in Inverness-shire, the loftiest mountain in Great Bri- tain, being 4370 feet above the level of the sea. New Galloway, a small borough town in Kirkcudbright. Ork'neys, a group of islands, alraut 30 in number, separated ttom the mainland of Scotland by the Pentland Frith. Pais'ley, a large manufacturing town in Renfrewshire, noted for its cotton and silk manufactures. Peeb'les, the county town of Feebleshire, or Tweeddale, si- tuate on the Tweed. Fenf-land hills, a range of hills in Mid Lothian. Perth, the county town of Perth, shire, delightfully situate on the Tay. It is a large and thriving town. Peterhead', a considerable seaport town in Aberdeenshire. Pit-caith'ly,a village in Strathearn, (Perthshire), noted for its mi- neral waters. Port-Pa'trick, a seaport town in Wigtonshire, with one of the finest quays in Britain. It is nearly opposite to Donaghadce, in Ireland, distant 21 miles. Preston-pans', a small town on the coast of Haddingtonshire. Queens-fer'ry, (South), a borough and seai>ort town in Linlithgow- shire, situate on the Frith of Forth. It received its name from Margaret, queen of MaU colm Canmorc, who landed here on her voyage from England. Ren'frew, the coimty town of Renfrewshire, situate on the Cart. Renfrewshire, a county that stretches west trom Lanarkshire along the Clyde. Ross, an extensive county in the north of Scotland. Roth'say, the principal town in Bute, a place of considerable trade. Rox'burgh, (burro), a county in the south-east, on the borders of England. Rum, one of the Western isles, about 8 miles long, and nearly as broad. It belongs to Argyle- shire. Ru'therglen, (commonly pr. Rug'- len), a royal burgh in Lanark- shire, about two miles and a half from Glasgow. San'day , one of the Orkney Islands, about 12 miles long, and {torn 1 to 3 broad. Scoon, a village in Perthshire, noted for its palace, where the kings of Scotland used to be crowned. Shet'-Iand Isles, a group of islands, about 86 in number, about 15 leagues north of the Orkneys. Only about 40 oT them are inha- bited. Skyc, (pr. Ski), the largest of the Western Isles, about 50 miles in length, iuid 40 in breadth. Sol'way, an arm of the sea which forms the boundary between England and Scotland, for up- wards of 50 miles. Spey, a rapid river in Inverness- shire, wnich, after a course of 120 miles, falls into the Moray Frifh. Staf'fa, a small isle of the Hebrides, noted for its caverns and [ae&l- tic pillars. Stinchar, (pr. Stin'-shar), a river which falls into thp sea at Bal- lantrae. 3 who landed here nrom England. county town of situate on the I county that "torn Lanarkshire J. .ve county in tlie nd. rincipal town in of considerable ro), a county in on the borders of e Western isles, long, and nearly lelongs to Argyle* mmonly pr. Rug'> )urgh in Lanark. o miles and a half le Orkney Islands, long, and troxa I e in Perthshire, lalace, where the bnd used to be a group of islands, lumber, about 15 of the Orkneys. oT them are inha- the largest of the ;, about 50 miles 40 in breadth, of the sea which jundary between Scotland, for up< iles. iver in Inverness- after a course of 9 into the Moray le of the Hebrides, ayems and ^lasiih tin'-shar), a river to thp sea at Bal- •v>vu\«iii lo Aixrr'tTmcK X^roMn & l^T^/rasfed, hy W. MurpTiif SdxTvhui Ttthlisheii bif OIJVXA fc BOTD £ctinhut^ n & Ji7^/rap&ci fry W, MujpA// ^^xrl'Tu^Tt ^angf. W, {rf Gremtrus* htAi bif OXIVXH fc Ban> J13mhur^k IRELAND. 45 Stirling, the county, town of Stir- lingshire, situate on the river Forth. Stone>ha'ven, or Stone>hive', a seaport town in Kincardine- shire. Stromness, oC ■ vligjon Is that of the church of Eng- land ; but the ^;^i'i majority of the people are Roman Ca- tholics; and, ijlittoi ;5b they enjoy complete toleration in the exercise of their own religion, they contribute, with extreme reluctance, to tJie support of a church which they dialike. In Ireland there are four archbishops, and eighteen bishops. The archbishop of Armagh is primate. Liuon is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is car- ried on to a considerable extent, particularly in the provini-e of Ulster. Of late years the manufacture of cotton has been introduced, and is flourishing. The Irish are a sprightly, warm-hearted, and ingenious people. In the vi- vacity of their disposition, and the gaiety of their manner, they resemble the French nation more than either the Eng- lish or Scotch. Hardy, temperate, and heedless of danger, they may be ranked among the finest soldiers in the world. In science and literature many of th^m have attained great eminence. They excel particularly in eloquent declamation. EXERCISES. How is Ireland bounded ? What are its latitude and its longitude ? What is its extent ? Into how many provinces is it divided ? How many coun- ties do they contain ? What are the counties in Ulster ? In Leinster ? In Munster ? In Connaught ? Name the prin- cipal towns in Donesal, in Londonderry, in Antrim, &c. Name the principal islands of Ireland. Name its bays. Name its capes. Name the principal lakes. Name the prin- cipal rivers. Name the principal mountains. Where is Dingle, Coleraine, Down-Patrick, Sligo, Navan, Swords, En- niskulen, Ennis, Voughal, Tuam, Tralec, Maryborough, Mullingar, Athy, Dundalk, &c. ? is inferior" j pital to iuX' arc*?, from j'f ice, cn^ the i with Great Bm thcpao- mirerce and , are siiil in- lus prejudice ssiticn. The irch of Eng- i Roman Ca- eratiou in the with extreme they dfjlike. iteen bist>opa. [, and iscar- n the province of cotton has J Irish are a e. In the vi- heir manner, ther the Eng- ess of danger, in the world, attuned great t declamation. titude and its w many coun- 1 Ulster? In ame the prin- ntrim, &c. ame its bays, ame the pnn- . Where is gi. Swords, En- Viaryborough, f) I HE LAND. 49 >Vh i'eisSlyne Head, Killarney Lake, Lough Swilly, Ur- rii i; iid, Malin Head, Lough Allen, Lough Derg, &c. ? VV'liat is the nature of the climate of Ireland ? What ef- fect has this on its appearance ? Is Ireluntl a mountainous country ? Does Ireland appear to have been ever covered with 'Wood ? By what is the place of its ancient forests now < jcup ed ? Of what description is the soil of Ireland ? What is faulty in the mode of farming ? When was Ireland united in government with Great Bri- tain ? Why are the people in general discontented ? What is another cause of their unquiet disposition ? What is the established religion ? Of what religious persuasion are the majority of the people ? What is tne number of arch- bishops ana bishops ? Who is the primate ? What is the staple manufacture of Ireland? What other manufacture has been introduced of late years ? What is the national character of the Irish ? What nation do they resemble in disposition and manners ? Are they {[ood soldiers ? Have they made any figure in science and iterature ? In what do they particularly excel ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Achil', an island 30 miles in cir- cuit, belonging to the county of Mayo, from wliich it is separated by a narrow channel. Ark'low, a seaport town in Wick- low, situate on the Avcca. Al'len, (Lough), an expanse of the Shannon in the county of Lei- trim. An'trim, a maritime county in the province of Ulster. Antrim, the county town of the above county, situate at the north end of Lough Ncagh. Armagh, (pr. Armaw'), an inland county of Ulster,— A city in that county, the seat of the Arch- bishop of Armagh, primate of all Ireland. Ar'ran, North Isles of, a group of islands on the west coast of Do- negal. Arran, South Isles of, a group of islands off the coast of Clare. Athlone', a market town in West Mcath, situate on the Shannon. A'thy, a town in Kildare county, intersected by the B.irro\v. Ballinrobc', a town in Mayo, where the assizes arc occasionally held. Ballyshan'non, a seaport town in Donegal, situate on a bay at the mouth of an outlet of Lough Erne. Ban'don, a river which rises among the (jarberry mountains in Cork, and flows to Kinsale harbour.— ^ A considerable town, situate on the river. Bann, a river which rises about eight miles east of Newry, passes through Lough Neagh, and falls into the North Sea. Ban'try Bay, a fine bay in the coun- ty of Cork, twenty-five miles long, and f\'om six to eight broad. Bar'row, a river in Leinster, which rises in King's county, sejiarates King's county, Queen's county, and Kilkenny, on the West, from Kildare, Carlow, and Wex- ford, on the East ; and after re- ceiving the Noir and Suir, falls into the sea at Waterford Ha- ven. Belfast', a large and flourishing scajwrt town, on Carrickfergus Bay, in Antrim, It has extcn- sivc manufactures of linen and cotton, and considerable trade. d2 50 IIIELANU. Birr, a considerable town in King's county, situate on a tributary of the Shannon. BlacJcwater River, rises on the borders of Kerry, flows east- ward through Cork county, and, ■oon after entering Waterford, proceeds by a southern course to Youghal Harbour. Boyle, or Abbey-Boyle, a town of Roscommon, situate on a stream of the same name. Boyne, a river in Leinster, rises in King's county, and, flowing through Kildarc and East Meath, falls into the sea about two miles below Drogheda. This river is fiur.^Vrf for the decisive battle in which William the Third de- feated the troops of James the Second of England, A.D. 1690. Cape Clear, a promontory &t the south of Clare Island, to theS.W. of Cork. Carlingford, a town in Lowth, si- tuate on Carlingford Bay. Carlow, a county in Leinster, se- parated from Wexford by a fron- tier of mountains. — The county town of Carlow, beautifully si- tuate on the east of the Barrow. Camsore Point, the south-eastern point of Ireland, in the county of Wexford. Carrickfer'gus, a seaport town on Carrickfcrgus Bay, in Antrim. It is a place of great antiquity, and has a strong castle, boldly situate on a rock projecting into the sea. Car'rick-on-Shan'non, a town in Leitrim. Car'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tip- perary, which carries on exten- sive woollen manufactures. Cash'ell, a city in Tipperary, the see of an arcnbishop Castlebat', a town in Mayo, of considerable trade, particuiiirly in linens. Cavan', an inland county in Ul- ster.— The county town of Ca- van, situate on a small stream of the same name. Clare, a countv in the north of the province of TVIunster. — A decay- ed village in the above county. Clew Bay. a large bay in the coun> ty of Mayo, twelve miles long, and seven broad. Clogher, (pr. Clo'her), an ancicLt city in Tyrone, see of a bishop, suffragan of Annagh, — now re- duced to a straggling village. Clonmell, a considerable town in Tipperary, pleasantly situate on the Suir. Cloyne, a small town in Cork, a bishop's see. Colerain, a considerable town in Londonderry, situate on the Bann, about four miles f)rom the sea. Conn, a lake of considerable ex- tent in the county of Mayo. Con'naught, (pr. Con'-nawt), a pro- vince in the west of Ireland. It continued a distinct kingdom till the reign of Henry IV. of England. Cork, a county in Munster, the most important in Ireland in ex- tent and population. — The coun- ty town of Cork, a city of great trade and population, situate at the mouth of the Lee. Corrib, a large lake in Galway, twenty miles long, and about four miles in its medium breadth, although at the upper end it is a very broad expanse. Cro'agh Pa'trick, (pr. Cro'aw), a mountain in Mayo, on the south- east of Cldw bay, 2G60 feet above the level of the sea. Derg, (Lough), a lake formed by the expanse of the Shannon, se- parating the counties of Gal- way and Clare fVom Tipperary. It is 18 miles long, and four broad. Dingle, a town in Kerry, situate on the north coast of Dingle bay. It is the most western town in Ireland. Donaghadee', (pr. Donahadee'), a seaport town in Down, on the coast of the Irish channel. Packets ply regularly between this town and Port-Patrick in Scotland ; the channel beirg here twenty miles broad. Donegal', a maritime county in the west ot c decayed state, situate on Donegal bay, at the mouth of the Esk. Down, a maritime county in the south-east of Down. Down-Patrick, the county town of Down, celebrated as the place of St Patrick's interment. Drogheda, (pr. Dro'heda), a con- siderable seaport town in Louth, intersected by the Boyne. DvB'Litf, the capital of Ireland, in Dublin county, province of Lcin- ster, situate on the Liffey. Its situation is peculiarly beautiful : it is remarkable for its general elegance, and the magnificence of its public buildings ; and in extent, population, and commer- cial importance, it is the second city in the British empire. Dundalk', a considerable seaj ort town, situate on Dundalk bay. Here is a considerable manufac ture of cambric, the only one in Ireland. Dundalk Bay, in Louth, on the Irish channel. At high water t is a considerable harbour, but at low water it is almost dry. Dungan'non, the cKief town of Ty- rone, the ancient residence of the kings of Ulster. Dungar'van, a town in Waterford, situate on Dungarvan bay, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Dunman'us Bay, a spacious and safe haven, south of Bantry bay, in Cork. Enniscor'thy, a town in Wexford, situate on the Slaney. Enniskil'lcn, the county town of Fermanagh, situate on an island in Lough Erne. Erne, (Lough), in Fermanagh, the most extensive lake in Ireland. It consists of two basins, one of which is twenty miles, and the other fifteen, in length. Its greatest breadth is about twelve miles. Erne, River, rises in Longford, crosses the county of Cavan, passes through Lough Erne, and flows into Donegal liay. Fairliead, a lofty promontory in Antrim, five hundred feet aoovc the level of the sea. It is com- posed of gigantic basaltic pillars, some of tnem exceeding 200 feet in height, the largest that have yet been discoveiicd in any part of the world. Fermanagh, (pr. Fermanaw'), an inland county in Ulster. Foyle, (Lough), a large bay in the north of Londonderry, of an oval form, eighteen miles long, and eight broad. Galway, an extensive maritime county in Connaught.— The county town, situate on the broad stream by which the wa- ters of Lough Corrib discharge themselves into Galway bay. Gal'way Bayj a large bay between the counties of Galway and Clare. Giant's Causeway, a promontory on the north coast of Antrim, composed of lofty basaltic co- lumns, which run out a great way into the sea. Howth-Head, a promontory termi- nating the peninsula of Howth, on the north of Dublin Haven. Ken'mare River, an inlet of the sea in the south-west of Kerry, about 30 miles in length, afford- ing a safe though little-firequent- ed harbour. Kildare', an inland county in Leinster.— The county town,— noted for the curragh or com- mon in its neighbourhood, the finest race-ground in Europe. Kilken'ny, an inland county of Leinster.— The county town, a city of considerable importance, beautifully situate on the Noir. In its vicinity are fine marble- quarries. Killar'ney, a neat and thriving town in Kerry, much frequent- ed on accountof Killarney Lake, remarkable for its picturesque beauty. Lag'an Water, a river in Down, which falls into Carrickfcrgus bay. 52 IRELAND. , Lanes'borough, (pr. Lancs'-burro), a town in Lonffford, pleasantly situate on the Shannon. Lee, River, issues Arom a lake in Cork, and flowing eastward, passes the city of Cork, and falls into the harbour. Lei'trim, (pr. Lee'trim), a county in the north-east of Connaught. —A small town in the above county, situate on the Shannon. Lif'fey, a river which rises among the wicklow mountains, and flows titrough Kildarc and Dub- lin, into Dublin harbour. So numerous are its windings, that although the distance from its source to its mouth docs not ex- ceed 10 miles, its cou^^ti is 71 miles. Liflbrd, a borough town in Done- gal, situate on the Foyle, on the borders of Londonderry. Iion'dondcrry, a maritime county in the north of Ulster.— The county town, a city of great an- tiquity, and of considerable im- portance, pleasantly situate on tlie Foyle. It sustained a me- morable siege from the whole Irish forces under King James the Second, from December 1683 to August 1689. Lopg'ford, a county in the north- west of Leinster.— The county town, situate on ^he Camlin. Loop-Head, a promontory in the south-west of Clare. Lowth. a maritime county in the north-east of Leinster. MacgilUcuddy's Recks, mountain in Kerry, the highest point of which is 3404 feet above the le- vel of the sea. Mal'in-Head, a cape in Donegal, the most northern point of land in Ireland. Man'gerton, a hill in Kerry, near Kilumey Lake, 2693 feet above the level of the sea. Ma'ryborough, the principal town of Queen's county. Mask, a lake of considerable ex- tent in Mayo, on the borders of Galway. May'nooth, a town in Kildarc, where a college for the educa- cation of the Roman Catholic clergy was established by the Irish parliament, A.I). 1795. Ma'yo, a maritime county in Con- naught. Meath, East, a maritime county in leinster. Meath, West, an inland county in Leinster. Miz'zcn-Head, a cape in Cork, the extreme point in the south-west of Irelf,nd. Monaghan, (pr. Mona'gan,) a coun- ty in the south of Ulster. — The principal town of the above county. Moume, a river in Ulster, which joins the Foyle at Lifthrd. Mul'lingar, a populous and thriv- ing town in West Meath. Mun'ster, a province occupying tlic the south-west of Ireland. Na'as, a town of great antiquity in Kildare, situate on the grand canal. Navan, a populous and thriving town in East Meath, situate on the Boyne. Neagh, (Lough, pr. Nee), a large lake in Ulster, surrounded by the counties of Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, and I/ondon- derry. It is flfteen miles in length, seven in breadth, and covers an extent of 58,200 acres. Nep'hin, a mountain in Mayo, 2630 feet above the level of the sea. Newcastle, a town in the county of Dublin. New'ry, a considerable town in the county of Down, situate on the Newry river. Phi'lipstown, the chief town of King's county, named in honour of Philip, the husband of Mary, queen of England. Portar''ington, a town in Queen's couii i y, situate on the Barrow. Queen's county, an inland county in Leinster, so called in honour of Mary, queen of Enfluid. Rath'lin, (Isle), an island on the north of Antrim, six miles long, and scarcely a mile broad. . I, 1 11 K LAND. ^ '•'J man Catholic islied by the ^.D. 1795. QUDty in Con. itimc county and county in c in Cork, the tic south-west ii'gan,) a coun- Ulster The •f the above Ulster, which Liftbrd. JUS and thriv- Meath. occupying the Ireland. •eat antiquity : on the grand and thriving ;h, situate on Nee), a large urrounded by itrini, Down, and London. ecn miles in breadth, and f 58,200 acres, in Mayo, 2630 il of the sea. the county of le town in the situate on the hief town of ncd in honour land of Mary, vn in Queen's the Barrow. inland county lied in honour England. island on the i X miles long, broad. eS Roscom'mon, a county in the cast of Connaught.— The principal town of the above county, a place of great antiquity. Shan'non, the principal river of Ireland, takes its riseflrom l><)ugh Clean in Lcitrim, passes through Loughs Allen, Baftbn, Ilee, and Derg ; separates Roscommon firom Lei trim, Longford, West Meath and King's county. Gal- way flrom Tipperary, and Clare flrom Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry, and falls into the At- lantic ocean, after a course of 200 miles. Sk'ney, or Slane, a river which rises in Wicklow, and falls into Wexford harbour. Sliebh-bloom, (pr. Sleeve-bloom'), a ridge of mountains in King's county and Queen's county. SliVo, a county in Connaught.— iTie county town, situate on Sli- go bay. Slyne-Head, a cape on the west of Galway. Strabane', a populous town in Ty- rone, on the Foyle. Strang'ford, a large bay in Down, about 17 miles long. Swil'ly, (Lough), a bay in Done- gal, affording one of the noblest harbours in Europe, S20 miles long, and nearly two broad. Swords, a town in the county of Dublin. 1 ippera'ry, a county in the east of Munster.— The county town. Tralee', a borough town in Kerry, near the hcail of Tralee bay. Trim, the county town of East Meath, on the Boyne. Tu'am, a large and iMipulous town in Galway, the see of an Arch- bishop. Tulsk, once a place of impor- tance, now a mere hamlet, in Roscommon. Valen'tia, an island off the coast of Kerry, 5 miles long, and 2 broad. Ur'ris Heath a cape on the north coast of Mayo. Wa'terford, a county in the south- east of Munster.— The county town, a large and populous sea- port, an episco^^al see. Its trade is considerable, its public build- ings elegant, and its quay one of the most beautiful in Europe. Wex'ford, a county in the south, west of Leinster.— The county town, at the mouth of the Sla- ney. Wexford Harbour, a large and beautiful harbour in St George's ChanneL Wick'low, a maritime county in Leinster.— A seaport, the county town. Youghal, (pr. Yoo'hal), a seaport town in Cork, situate at the mouth of the Blackwater. NORWAY Is bounded N. and W. by the Northern Ocean, S. by the Skager Rack, and E. bv Sweden. It extends from 5T to 71" N. Lat., and from 5° 20' to 18° 20^ £. Long. Its length from the Naze to the North Cape, is 950 miles ; its breadth varies from 250 to 60 miles. Population 930,000. 54 NORWAY. Divisions. — This country is divided into North- ern Norway, and Southern Norway, or Norway Proper. Northern Norway contain'^ Norland and Finmark. Southern Norway, or Norway Proper, is divided into four governments — 1. Aggerhus or Christiana ; 2. Christiansand ; 3. Bergen ; 4. Drontheim. Towns. — 1. Christiana, Frederickstadt, Fre- derickshall, Kongsberg j 2. Christiansand ; 3. Ber- gen ; 4. Drontheim. In Norland and Finmark^ Wardhus, Waranger. Islands. — Hitteren, LofToden Isles, Var or Woeroe. Bays — Christiana, Drontheim, West Fiord Bays. Capes. — Lindesnes, or the Naze, North Cape. Mountains. — Dofrafiall, Laugfiall, Kolen. Lakes. — Mioss, Rands- Sion, Tyri, Foemund. KiVEBs. — Glomme, Dramme, Louven, Tana. SWEDEN Is bounded on the North by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Norway ; S. by the Baltic and the Cattegat ; £. by the Gulf of Bothnia and Russia. It stretches from 55° 20' to 69" N. L. (exclusive of Swedish Lapland), and from 11° 10' to 23° 20' E. Long., being about 1000 miles in length, and between 200 and 300 miles in breadth. Population 2,425,700. Divisions. — 1. Gothland ; 2. Sweden Proper ; 3. West Bothnia and Swedish Lapland. Finland and East Bothnia are now annexed to Russia. Towns. — 1. Gottenburg, Carlscroon, Calmar; 2. Stockholm, Upsal, (icfle, Fahluu, Danuc- mora, Nykoping ; 3. Tornea, Umea. NORWAY AND SW£OB^f. 55 to Nortli- N or way land and y Proper, ;gerhu8 or rgen ; 4. dt, Fre- [; 3. Ber- Finniark, Var or ^iord Bays, th Cape. Lolen. Demund. K Tana. rn Ocean ; Cattegat ; t stretches )f Swedish E. Long., tween 200 2,425,700. n Proper ; Finland lussia. , Calraar; u, Danuc- IsLANDS. — Gothland, (Eland. Lakes. — Wencr, Wetter, Maelcr. Rivers. — Gotha, Motala, Dahl, Tornca. !'^.ii-' Remarks,^The aspect of Norway is rude, but pictur- esque, and in many places sublime. Mountains separated by deep valleys, forests, rocks, precipices, and cr.taract8, are the striking features in the landscape. The vast range of mountains that separates this country from Sweden is of various elevation. The Dofrafiall, or central mountains, are the loftiest, rising in some places to the height of 8000 feet above the level of the sea. They gradually decrease in elevation as they approach the Arctic Ocean. The riv- ers of Norway are numerous, but in general so rocky and impetuous as to be innavigable. When swollen by the sudden melting of the snow, they overflow their banks with great fury, often sweeping com, cattle, and cottages in one common ruin. The cavities between the mountains are of- ten occupied with immense lakes. The coast is broken in- to numberless bays and creeks, and is lined, throughout almost the whole of its extent, with a succession of islands, varying in magnitude and fertility. Among the Lofoden isles, roars the dangerous whirpool called Maelstrom. So rude and barren is the soil of Norway in general, and so imperfectly is agriculture understood and practised, that not more than the hundredth part of the country is under tillage ; and although the inhabitants, particularly in the interior, eke out their scanty stores by mixing pine-bark with their bread, it is necessary to import upwards of two hundred thousand quarters of grain for their support. In some parts of the country, however, particularly in the pro- vince of Bergen, there are tracts of considerable fertility. The crops are barley and oats, flax and hemp. Our com- mon fruits are cultivated with success, but gardening is very imperfectly understood. In the interior of Norway, and towards the eastern mountains, the cold of winter is intense ; but the air is pure and serene, and extremely conducive to health and longevity. On the coast the temperature is milder, being softened by the breezes from the Atlantic ; but the atmo> i ' i U NORWAY AND SWEDEN. sphere is often loaded with clouds and fogs, which are equally unpleasant and insalubrious. The shortness of the wann season in summer is compensated by the length of the day : for the sun is scarcely five hours below the hori- zon, even in the southern provinces ; while, in the higher latitudes of Norland and Finmark, he remains above the ho- rizon for several weeks. Vegetation is accordingly extremely rapid ; and, within three months, the corn is sown, ripen- ed, and reaped. In the winter se.'\son, agrJn, the day is proportionally short,— and in the northern regions there is a night of several weeks duration, relieved only by moon- light brightly reflected from the snow, and by the aurora bo- realis, which, in those high latitudes, is peculiarly brilliant. Most of the animals common to the other countries of Europe are to be found in Norway. The horses and :horned cattle are small ; but the former are hardy, and the latter easily fattened. Goats are even more numerous than sheep. The rein-deer cr nstitutes the chief wealth of the Norwegian Laplanders. Game of various kinds abounds throughout the country. Among its wild animals ■are the bear, lynx, wolf, and leming, a species of rat, which, proceeding in immense swarms from the Kolen mountains towards the coast, devours, in its f ^.Tess, every production of the soil. The coasts abound vth shell-fish, especially the lobster. The lead and silver-mines of Kongsberg, the copper- mines of Drontheim, and the iron-mines of Arendal and other places, are rich and productive. These, with its forests, constitute the principal wealth of the country. Metals, timber, hides, and fish are the chief exports of Norway. The Norwegians are simple, hospitable, frank, and brave. They are not deficient in ingenuity ; but educa- tion is in a very backward state. Norway was governed by its native monarchs till the year 1387, when it was annexed to Denmark by the famous Union of Qalmar. From that time it continued to be governed by a sovereign council commissioned by the king of Denmark. It was - ceded to Sweden in 1814, and is now governed by a vice- roy of the Swedish monarch. It still continues, however, to enjoy its own constitution and laws. Swerfen.— Much of the description that has been given of the aspect of Norway is equally applicable to Sweden. which are less of the length of V the hori- the higher ave the ho- ' extremely wn, ripen- the day is >ns there is by moon- I aurora bo- y brilliant, ountries of horses and dy, and the numerous f wealth of ious kinds 'ild animals cies of rat, the Kolen ;,ress, every 1 shell-fish, ;he copper- rendal and 1 its forests, Metals, Jorway. rank, and but educa- IS governed len it was of QiUmar. a sovereign rk. It was I by a vice- s, however, been given to Sweden. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 67 With the exception of the ridges on the west and north, it is not, indeed, a mountainous country ; but it is diver- sified by lakes, forests, rocks, cataracts, and green valleys. Its lakes form the most striking feature in its landscape. They are, in general, vast sheets of pure transparent wa> ter, and are so numerous as to occupy about 9200 square miles. The climate, though very cold in winter, is less severe than might be expected in so high a latitude ; and the steady equable weather, without violent winds or frequent thaws, renders even winter a pleasant season. In summer the heat is great, and vegetation rapid. The trees and plants of Sweden are nearly similar to those of Great Britain, with the exception of the furze, broom, and the walnut tree, which cannot withstand the long and severe cold of a Swedish winter. Wheat can be raised in the southern provinces only ; where our common fruit-trees likewise grow, although languidly. Oats, rye, and ban^ ley are pretty generally raised. Berries of different kinds grow spontaneously and luxuriantly. Agriculture and manufactures are here very imperfectly understood^ The chief manufactures are those of the me- tals. Sweden has long been noted for its mineral trea- sures. The copper-mines of Dakcarlia are particularly famous, and the iron oi Danmora is not to be surpassed. The exports of Sweden are timber, iron, steel, copper, pitch and tar, alum, potash, and cured herrings. The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy, the power of the-king being considerably circumscribed by the privileges of the nobility and people. In manners the Swedes bear a very striking resemblance to the Norwegians. EXERCISES. How is Norway bounded ? Between what degrees of lati- tude and longitude does it lie ? What are its length and breadth ? What population does it contain ? What are the grand divisions of Norway ? What districts does Northern Norway contain ? Into what governments is Southern Norwa}^ divided ? Name the principal towns of Ag- gerhus, i\ Christiana. Name the towns of Norland and Fin- mark. W hat are the principal islands of Norway ? Name its principal bays. Name its capes. What are the great E 58 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. » ; I iridges of mountains ? What are its chief lakes ? What are its principal rivers ? How is Sweden bounded ? Between what degrees of lati- tude and loneitude is it situate ? What are its lene^th and breadth? Wnat is the amount of its population ? Name its divisions. To what country are Finland and East Bothnia now annexed ? Name the towns of Gothland ; of Sweden Pro- per ; of West Bothnia and Swedish Lapland. Where is Dan- nemora, Christiana, Tyri, Stockholm, Upsal, Wardhus, Waranger, Fahlun, Tornea, Lofoden Isles, Dofrafiall, Dahl, Glomme, Tornea, Kolen, Nykoping, Hitteren, Oeland,&c.? Describe the general as])ect of Norway. What are the •loftiest mountains of Norway ? To what height do they rise ? What is the character of the rivers ? How are the cavities between the mountains often occupied ? What is the appearance of the coast ? W^here is the whirlpool Maelstrom ? In what state are the soil and agriculture of Norway ? How do the inhabitants eke out their scanty stores ? How much grain is annually imported ? Are there any tracts of great fertility ? What are the principal crops ? Describe the cli- mate of Norway. How is the shortness of the warm season compensated ? Within what space of time is the com sown, ■matured, and reaped ? Describe the winter of the northern regions. What is remarkable about the horses and horned cattle of Norway ? What animal constitutes the principal wealth of the Norwegian Laplanders ? What wild animals are found in Norway ? Which of them is peculiarly destruc- -dve ? What mines in Norway are particularly productive ? What constitutes the chief wealth of the country ? What are its principal exports ? What is the national character of the Norwegians ? Till what |)eriod did Norway continue under the government of its native monarchs ? To what country was it then annexed ? When was it ceded to Sweden ? How is it now governed ? Is Sweden a mountainous country ? How is it diversified ? M^hat is the principal feature in the landscape ? What ex- tent do the lakes occupy ? Describe the climate of Sweden. What renders even the winters pleasant there ? What coun- try does Sweden resemble in its trees and plants ? With what exceptions ? In what provinces is wheat raised ? What odier crops are more general ? What fruits grow spontane- ously ? In what state are agriculture and manufactures P For what has Sweden long been noted ? Which of itE mines are parti- cularly famous ? What are its chief exports ? NORWAY AND SWEDEN. $d Vhat are s of lati- igth and Name its Bothnia iden Pro- e is Uan- V^ardhus, 01, Dahl, Lnd,&c. ? t are the t do they r are the hat is the alstrom ? /? How ow much s of great )e thecli- rm season om sown, ! northern id horned principal . animals y destruc- oductive ? ? What 18? Till rnment of annexed ? governed ? versified ? What ex- * Sweden, hat coun- Vith what ? What spontane- For what are parti< What is the nature of its government ? What people do the Swedes resemble in manners ? What is the population of the country ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Ag'gerhus, a province in Norway Proiier, the largest and most im- portant in the liingdom. Ber'gen, a province in Norway Proper. Its capital, of the same name, is one of the most flourish- ing commercial towns in the kingdom. Both'nia, an extensive province on twth Bides of the Gulf of Both- nia. East Bothnia now belongs to Russia, West Bothnia is still annexed to Sweden. Bothnia, Gulf of, a branch of the Baltic, which separates Sweden from Finland. Cal'mar, a town in Gothland, si- tuate on the Sound. It derives celebrity from the treaty of 1397, by which Margaret of Walde. mar imited the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, under one sovereign. Carlscroon, a seaport town in Gothland, the principal depot of the Swedish navy. CuRiSTiA'NA, or Christia'nia, the capital of Norway, in the pro- vince of Aggerhus. It is si- tuate at the bottom of Christia- na bay, which penetrates above 50 miles into the interior. Chris'tiansand', a province in Nor- way, with a town of the same name, situate on the south coast, in front of the Flekkeron isl- ands. Dahl, [pr. Dal), a river in Sweden which rises among the Norwe- gian mountains, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, 90 milec north from St«>ckholm. Dannemo'ra, or Danmo'ra, a town, or rather a coIie<:tion of villagcB, In Sweden Proi)er, celebrated for Its iroii-mines. Dofratiall, the loftiest part of that ridge o} moimtaiMS which sepa- rates Norway from Sweden. Drammo, (Dram,) a river in the south of Norway, which falb into the west side of the bay of Christiana. Drontheim, (Trun'-yem.) the ca- pital of the province of the same name, is the most northern city in Europe, except Tomea. It was once the capital of Norway, and i6 beautifully situate on a fine bav. In its neighbourhood is a rich copper-mine. Fse'raund, (Fe'mund), a lake in Norway Proper, on the borders of Sweden. Fahlun, (Faloon), or Coppcrberg, a town in Sweden Proper, in the neighbourhood of which are rich co{.per-mine8, though less pro- ductive now than formerly. Finland, a large district to the east of Sweden, to which it for- merly belonged. It is now an- nexed to Russia. Its extent is equal to that of England. Finmark, an extensive province In Northern Norway, called liLe- wise Norwegian Lapland. f rederickshall, a considerable town in Aggerhus, in besieging which, Charles XII. of Sweden was kill, ed, 1 1th December, 1718. Fredorickstadt, (Fre'aerickstad'),u small but fortified town in the province of Aggerhus, at the moutiM of tlie Glomme. Ge^flc, a town of considerable trade I in Sweden Proper, situate on the Gulf of Bothnia. Glomme, (Glom), the largest ri- ver of Norway, issues from the lake Stor Scargcn, in Aggerhus, and falls into the Cattegat at Frederickstadt. Go'tha. a large river in Sweden, which rises in the NorwM^ian mountains, flows through Lake Wener, and falls into the Cat- tegat. Gnth'land, a considerable island in the Baltic, near the south-east coast of Sweden. It forms, with 60 NOKWAV AND SWEDEN. some neighbouring islands, the province uf Gotliland. Hit'tercn, a conriderable utland on the coast of Drontheiao, with ^700 inliabitants. K'^''v3n, the northern part of the ' . >at chain of mountains that 8< ,;)arates Norway from Sweden. Kci,g;/borgj a consiaerable town in Agger bus, situated on both sides ^f the river Lowe. I.ang'fiall, the southern part of the great Norwegian chain of moun- tains, from the Naze to the north of Bergen. Lapland, the most northern coun. try of Europe. It is of great ex- tent, and is divided into Swedish, Norwegian, and Russian Lap- land. Swedish Lapland contains about 53,000 square railes, with a population of 13,000 ; Norwe- gian Lapland has an extent of 27,0U0 square miles, and nearly one inhabitant to a square mile. Russian Lapland is more exten- sive, but more dreary than the other two divisions, and contains a population of about 20,000. Lindesnes. (See Naze.) Lofo'den, (Isles), a group of islands on the west coast of Norland, con- sisting of five large and several smaller islands, and containing nearly 4000 inhabitants. Maeler, (Mailer), a large lake on the south-east of Sweden Proper. Mioss', an extensive lake in Ag- gerhus, 60 miles long, and near- ly li) wide. Mota'la, a considerable river in Sweden, issuing fVom .Lake Wetter, and falling into a deep creek of the Baltic, at Norkiop- ing. Naze, a promontory forming the southern extremity of Norway. Nor'land, a province of Norway, between Drontheim and Fin- mark North Cape, the most northern point of the island Mageroe, in Norway, and of all Euro()C, ex- cepting the northern extremity of Nova Zembla. Nykop'ing, amaritlmetownin Swe> den Proper, rematkidijly neat and wrll built. Ocland, (Cland), a long and nar- row island on the aouth-east coast of Sweden, containing a popula- tion of 22,000. Rand'sion, a lake in the province of Aggerhus. Stockholm, the capital of Sv/eden, most beautifully situate at the junction of Lake Mseler with the Baltic. It is built upon three islands, and contains a iwpula- tion of nearly 80,000. Ta'na, a large river in LapUud, which, for 150 miles, fonus the boundary between Ri.issia and Sweden, and falls into the Nor- thern Ocean. Tor'nea, a r.'ver of Sweden, which issues from Lape Kipis, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia, form- ing the boundary between Swe- dish and Russian Lapland.— A town, formerly belonging to Sweden, but ceded to Russia in 1809. It is situate on a small island in the river Tomea. Here the philosophers Mauper- tuis and Celsius, in 1736-37, made observations to ascertain the exact figure of the earth. Torrisdals', a river in Norway, flowing through the government of Christiansand. Tyri, (Teree), alakein Christiana, 15 miles long, surrounded by fine meadows and corn-fields. Upsal, an ancient city in Sweden Proper, the see of an archbishop, and the seat of a university. It was long the residence of the Swedish monarchs. We'ner, a large lake in Sweden, bounded by the provinces of Wsrmeland, Dalccarlia, and West Gothland. It is upwards of 70 miles long, and 25 broad. VVet'ter, a large lake in Sweden, between East and West Goth- land, about 66 miles long, and 10 broad. ownin Swe- 3ly neat and ig and naf' ;h-ea8t coast Ig a popula- le province I of Sweden, uate at the VIsler with t upon three iS a popula- in Lapland, ), foims the Russia and ito the Nor- ;den, which pia, and falls ^hnia, fonn- itween Swe- japland,— A ilonging to o Russia in on a small er Tomea. Ts Mauper> in 1736-37, ;o abcertain lie earth, in Norway, government Christiana, ounded by rn-fields. in Sweden archbishop, university, lence of the n Sweden, ■ovinces of arlia, and is upwards 25 broad, in Sweden, Vest Goth, i long, and 4% DENAIAUK. DENMARK f)l Is partly a continental^ and partly an insular king- dom. Its continental territory, consisting of Jut- land, Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg, is bound- ed on the N. and W. by the German Ocean ; E. by the Cattegat ; and S. by the Elbe, which sepa- rates it from Germany. Its insular territory com- prehends Zealand, Funen, Langeland, Falster, Laaland, fiornholm, and a number of smaller islands in the Baltic. It is situate, exclusive of some of the smaller islands, between 53° 25' and 57" 46' N. Lat., and between 8° and la'^ 38' E. Long. Its length, from the Elbe to the Skaw, is 300 miles ; and its breadth, from Copenhagen to the German Ocean, is 175 miles. Population 1,800,000. Divisions. — 1. Jutland Proper, or North Jut- land ; 2. Sleswick, or S. Jutland ; 3. Holstein ; 4. Lauenburg ; 5. Funen ; 6. Zealand ; 7. Laa- land, Bornholm, and several small islands in the Baltic. Towns. — 1. Aalborg, Viborg ; 2. Sleswick, Flensburg; 3. Kiel, Altona, Gluckstadt ; 4. Lauen- burg; 5. Odensee; S.Copenhagen, Elsinore. Straits and Gulfs.— ^The Sound the Great Belt, the Little Belt, Lymetiord. River. — The Eyder. Islands subject to Denmark. — Iceland, the Ferro Isles, West Greenland. AemarXrs.— Continental Denmark is a vast continued plain, scarcely interrupted even by gentle swells. It has E re 62 DENMARK. ':i I I J no river of magnitude ; but its lakes are numerous, and some of them extensive ; and it is watered by many rivu- lets, or brooks. The coast is indented by several creeks and bays. Zealand and Funen are fertile and pleasant i.slikiids. The climate of Denmark is humid, but tempe- rate ; although its winters are sometimes so severe, tliat iivpn the seas are covered witli ice. In the south of continental Denmark the soil is fertile, and well cultivated ; in the north, agriculture is less skil- fully conducted, and the country presents the dreary as- pect of moors and bru'^hwood, and wastes of red sand total- ly l-?titute of vegetation. On the coasts the aspect is ;not'e cheering. The eastern coast is varied by a number of fertile elevations ; and on the west are to be seen rich pasturages of the most beautiful verdure. The productions of the soil are chiefly oats, barley, beans, peas, and potatoes— wheat is but partially cultivated— mad- der, and even tobacco, are raised in considerable quantity, and of good quality. The horses, particularly in Holstein, are remarkable for their strength and agility; and the homed cattle are likewise of a superior description. Gar- dens are very rare, except in the island of Amak, from which Copenhagen is almost entirely supplied with vege- tables. The fisheries in the bays and creeks constitute the princi~ pal occupation of the Danes. Th;iir manufactures are neither numerous nor important; but their commerce is very considerable. Previous to the year 1660 the Danish monarchy was elective ; after the memorable revolution of that year, it be- came hereditary and absolute. The establishc-' religion is the Lutheran ; but all others are now tolerated, although the penal statutes against dissenters were formerly very severe. In their manners and customs the higher orders of Danes differ little from persons of the same rank in other Euro- pean countries. In general tliey are fond of show and pomp, and inclined to excess at their convivial entertain- ments. They are courteous and humane, yet warlike and brave. Of their literature little can be said ; although, in history, they can boast of Sueno and Saxo Granimaticus ; aniil, in astronomy, of the celebrated Tycho Brahc. DENMARK. 63 lerous, and nany rivu- eral creeks id pleasant but tempe- levere, »l;at il is fertile, 3 less skil. dreary as- sand total. B aspect is a number seen rich rley, beans, ited — mad. e quantity, 1 Holstein, ; and the on. Gar- nak, from ivith vege- the princi~ iCtures are Timerce is archy was y^ear, it be- celigion is ;hoxigh the 2ry severe, of Danes ler Euro- show and entertain- irlike and lough, in iinaticus; & EXERCISES. Of what description is the kingdom of Denmark ? Of what districts does its continental territory consist ? How is it bounded ? What islands does its insular territory compre- hend ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length, breadth, and population ? What are the divisions of Denmark ? Name tiie towns in each of those divisions. Where is Gluckstadt, Odensee, Co- penhagen, Flensburg, Elsinore, Altona, Viborg, Kiel, Aalborg, &c. ? Where the Little Belt, the Sound, the Great Belt, Lyme- flord Bay ? Namu and describe the river of Denmark. W^hat islands are subject to Denmark ? What is the general appearance of continental Denmark ? Has it any rivers or lakes of importance ? What is remark- able about the coasts ? What kind of islands are Zealand and Funen ? Describe the climate of Denmark. What is the state of the soil in the south of continental Denmark ? How does the north diiFer from it ? What is the aspect of the coasts ? What are the productions of the soil ? For what are tlie horses and horned cattle of Denmark remark- able ? From what island is Copenhagen supi)lied with vege- tables ? What constitutes the principal occupation of the Danes ? Are their manufactures numerous or important ? Is their commerce considerable ? What, is the nature of the Danish government ? What is the established religion ? Are other religions tolerated ? Is there any thing peculiar in the manners and customs of the Danes ? Wliat is their national character ? Of what distinguished names in litera- ture and science can they boast? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Aal'-borg, a city in a diocese of the same name, in North Jut- land. It is situate on the south shore of the Lymeflord, and is the third city of Denmark in jmi>ortancc. Alto^na, a large city in Holstein, on the Elbe, about 2 miles west of Hamburg It is a place of ctmsiderahle commerce. Popu- lauon 30,000. Belt, Great, a strait butwccn the islands of Zealand and Funen, abort 20 miles at its greatest breadth. Belt, Little, a strait between Funen and Jutland, varying from one to ten miles in width. Born'holm, an island in the BaU tic, about 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth, containing about 100 villages. It is rich in corn and cattle, and has a valu- able salmon-fishery. CoPENiiA'aEN, the capital of the kinj^om, and one of the most 64 DENMARK. ill elegant cities in the north of Europe, stands on the cast coast of Zealand, oi' a low tract of . ground, surrounded with small lakes, and partly intersected by Inlets of the sea. It is of an ob- long form, its walls extending nearly five English miles, and surrounded by a chain of bas- tions and a broad ditch. But these defences proved insuffi- cient against the assault of the British in 1807, when .its cathe- dral and university, and above 300 houses were demolished, and the city was compelled to sur- render. Population 105,000. Elsinore', a town in Zealand, 20 miles north of Copenhagen. Here, vessels passing through the Sound are obliged to pay toll to the King of Denmark. The Sound is here less than four miles wide. Eyder, (pr. I'-der), the only river of importance in Denmark, sepa- rates Holstein from Sleswick, and falls Into the German Ocean, after a course of 100 miles. By means of the canal of Kiel, it completes the communication be- tween that ocean and the Baltic. Fai'&ter, a fertile and pleasant island in the Baltic, so produc- tive, especially of fhiit, as to be styled the orchard of Denmark. Population 16,500. Fer'ro, or Fa'roe Islands, a group of islands between Iceland a.id Shetland, scattered from 61" 15* to 62" 2(y N. Lat. They are 25 in number, and 17 are inhabited. In general they are naked rocks, and the chief wealth of the in- habitants arises from fishing, sheep, and the feathers of birds. Population 3209. Flens'burg, a seaport in Sleswick, with an excellent harbour, which admits of the largest vessels be- ing unloaded at the quay, and is completely screened f^oni every wina. Fu'nen, a large and fertile island, ec|)aratcH from Jutland by the Little Belt. It is 33 miles long, and 30 broad, and has a popula- tion of 130,000. Gluck'stadt, a town in Holstein, near the mouth of the Elbe, at its junction with the Rhu. It is the seat of the chief magis- trates of Holstein, ind of the provincial courts of justice. Po- pulation 5200. Holstein, (pr. hu^stine'), an ex- tensive duchy in ti:e northern extremity of Germany, forming an integral part of thf. kingdom of Denmark. Its s'lpe ri1««'ai ex- tent is about 3250 square mileSj and its population 360,000. Ice'land, a large island in the At- lantic Ocean, between 63° and 67<» N. Lat,., and between 12<» and 25'' W. Long. Its length is 280 miles, and its breadth 210. Its surface is rugged and moun- tainous, its soil barren, and its climate severe. Volcanic erup. tions are frequent in many parts of the island. Of Hecla, its principal burning mountain, six- teen eruptions are known, the last of which took place so late as October, 1818. Springs of hot water are numerous in Ice- land, of all degrees of tempera- ture, up to a state of violent ebullition. The most remark- able of these springs, called Geyser, throws into the air great jets of boiling water, to the height of 90, 100, and sometimes even 200 feet, accompaniel with a noise like the explosio n of can- non, and occasioning i tremor of the adjacent ground. Iceland is very thinly peopled, having only about 30,000 inhabitants. Jutland, a large province of Den- mark, which formerly comprised the whole peninsula called by the ancients Cimbrica Chcrso- ncsus. But the name of Jutland is now confined to the northern division of the peninsula, ex- tending from 53» to 58" N. Lat., \ i. DENMARK. 65 ' tnllcs long, as a popula- n Holstcin, he Elbe, at le Rhu. It hicf magi8> md of the ustjce. Po- e'), an er- :e northern iy, forming H kingdom pc-il^lui ex- uare miles, iO.OOO. J in the At- «n 63" and etween 12<» ;ts length is readth 210. and moun. en, and its canic erup> many parts Hecla, its jntain,six- nown, the ace so late Springs of >us in Ice- tempera- of violent remark- t called air great the height imes even with a 1 of can- tremor Iceland having itants. of Den- ompriscd ;alled by Vhcrso. Jutland orthern ula, ox- N. Lat., in length 130 miles, and In breadth from 70 to 95 miles. Population 440,000. Kiel, (pr. Keel), a city in Hoi- stein, the seat of a university, in which there arc not fewer than 19 regular and 10 extraor. dinary profcvssors, while the number of students seldom ex- ceeds 150. The town is well built, its harbour is good, but its trade limited. Population 7000. Laaland, an island at the entrance of the Baltic, 60 miles long, and 14 broad. It is the most fer- tile tract in the Danish domi- nions. Population 34,000. Lange'land, an island situate be- tween Zealand, Laland, and Funen, 35 miles long, and from 3 to 5 broad. Population 11,200. Lauen'burg, a duchy in Germany, adjacent to Hamburg, on the right bank of the Elbe. It was a separate duchy till 1689, when, on tne extinction of the ducal family, it passed to the House of Hanover. In 1815, it was ceded to Prussia, but soon after madfc over to Denmark, in ex- change for Rugen and Pomcra- nia. — The capital of the duchy. It draws a considerable revenue tram a toll on the Elbe. Popu- lation 2200. Lyme'flord, a long narrow gulf in Jutland, which runs west- ward Arom the Cattegat across the peninsula, and is prevented only by a narrow slip of land fVoiik communicating with the German Ocean. Odensee', the principal town of Funcn, situate on a river, about a mile from the sea. It carries on considerable manufactures of woollen cloths, leather, and soap. It is the residence of a bishop, and of the chief magistrate of Funen. Population 6000. Sles'wick, a duchy forming the southern division of the penin- sula, formerly comprised under the name of .lutlana. Its length is 72 miles ; its breadth varies from 30 to 56 miles. — The capi- tal of the above duchy is plea- santly situate on the small river Sley. Population 7000. Sound, a strait between Sweden and Zealand, about 4 miles across. See Elsinore. Vi'borg, (or Wilwrg), an ancient town, situate on a small lake, nearly in the centre of Jutland. Population 2400. Zea'land, a large island between the Cattegat and the Baltic. It has an area of 2600 square miles, and contains 31 0,000 inhabitants. Its aspect is finely varied with gentle eminences, cultivated fields, and canals ; its ^soil is fertile, and its numerous bavs and creeks abound with fish. Here are concentrated most of the manufactures and the trade of Denmark. KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS. In the united kingdom of the Netherlands are comprehended the seven united provinces of Hol- land, and the two provinces of Belgium, or the Netherlands, properly so called. 66 NETHERLANDS. i ' It is bounded on the North and West by the German Opean ; on the South, by France ; and on the East, by Germany. It is situate between 4.9° 30' and 5S^ 30' N. Lat., and between 2° S5' and 7° 12' £. Long. It extends in length, from the north of Friesland to the south of Luxembourg, 270 miles; and in breadth, 150 miles. Popula« tion 5,230,000. Holland contains the provinces of — 1. Zea- land; 2. Holland Proper ; 3. Utrecht; 4. Gelder- land ; 5. Overyssel ; 6. Friesland ; 7. Groningcn, with Drenthe. In Belgium, or the Netherlands, are— 1. West Flanders ; 2. East Flanders ; 3. Hainault ; 4. South Brabant; 5. Antwerp; 6. Namur; 7* Luxembourg; 8. Lkgc; 9* Lin^bourg; 10. North Brabant. Towns, Hoi-ual.— 1. Middleburg, Flushing, Campvere; 2. AmcT^hldxh, Haerlem, Alkmaer, Hoorn, Helder, Leyden, the Hague, Delft, Rot- terdam, Briel, Helvoetsluys, Dort; 3. Utrecht; 4. Arnheim, Nimeguen, Zutphen ; 5. Devcnter ; 6. Leewarden ; 7. Groningen. Netherlands. — 1. Bmges, Ostend, Courtray, Ypres; 2. Ghent, Oudenarde, Dendermonde; 3. Mons, Tournay; 4. Brussels, Xvouvain, Mech- lin; 5. Antwerp; 6. Namur: 7. Luxembourg; S.Liege; 9* Maestricht; 10. Breda^ Bergen-op- Zoom, Bois-le-Duc. Islands. — Walcheren, North Beveland, South Beveland, Tholen, Schowen, in the province of Zealand ; Over Flakkee, Voorn, Isselmonde, Tex- el, Vlieland, Schelling, Ameland. Seas and Bays. — Zuyder Zee, Hacrleni Meer, LiiUM er Zee, Dollart Bay. NETHERLANDS. >t by the ince ; and ; between len 2° 35' ^•th, from :enibourg, Popula- -1. Zea- k Gelder- roningcn^ I, are— 1. lainault ; amur; 7. 10. North Flushing, Alkmaer, 1ft, Rot- Utrecht ; eventer ; Jourtray, inde; 3. „ Mech- ibourg ; 'gen-op- I, South rince of |e, Tex- n Meer, ' Rivers. — '^lic Scheldt, with its tributaries Lys, the Haine, the Dender, and the Dyle • Maese or Meuse, with its tributary the Sa' the Mozelie; the Riiine, M'ith its branches, Waal, Yssel, and I eck. «7 thr I he Remarks.— 'To the lover of the picturesque, the aspect of the northern provinces of this kingdom is very tame and uninteresting. The country is one vast plain, diversified neither by mountain, hill, nor knoll. Viewed from the top of a tower or steeple, it appears like an extensive marsh, intersected by numberless ditches and canals. Yet even the dull monotony of this prospect is relieved by some fea- tures of greater interest ;— meadows of wide extent, and of the most beautiful verdure, covered with large herds of well- fed cattle ; sheets of water flowing or still, clusters of trees, and, in the vicinity of large towns, elegant villas surround- ed with gardens and parks, decorated with statues and busts. The southern provinces present a more varied as- pect. Gentle eminences and undulating plains, woods, meadows, and rich corn-iields, form here an agreeable con- trast to the tiresome uniformity of the north. >'o country can display more interesting proofs, than Holland and the Netherlands, of the energies which man can exert in overcoming the physical evils or difficulties of his situation. Placed below the level of the sea at high water, many parts of this country have been exposed to the most dreadful inundations. The Zuyder Zee now occupies the tract of an ancient lake, and of a country through which a river, issuing from the lake, pursued a course of fifty miles to the sea. The islands that skirt the north- western shores are the evident remains of an old tract of continent, over which the sea has established his dominion. In the tenth century, the mouths of the Scheldt spread ir<- to broad estuaries, leaving the islands of Beveland, Wal- cheren, and Schowen, as vestiges of the country which they overwhelmed ; and in the fifteenth century (A. D. 1446) the salt lake near Dort was formed by a sudden inunda- tion, which absorbed 72 thriving villages, and destroyed about 100,000 of the inhabitants. To protect themselves from the recurrence of such calamities, the Dutch erected (MAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (Mr-3) k /, O ^A ^ ^ 1.0 1.1 11.25 IJO ^^ lit w lit u , 14.0 1^ 2.0 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTn,N.Y. 14SM ( 71* ) •72-4503 '^ ,.«■ .^ :^ \5^ ^ ^ c^ 68 NETHERLANDS. along their coasts, dikes, or mounds of Mrth, whidi have effectually repelled the endroachlnents of the sea. These mounds slope on each nde, and are in some places so broacl as to admit of two carriages going abreast. Similar dikes are built along the banks of (he great river, with sluices at intervals, by means of which the country can be laid undei- water on the approach of an eiiomy. To the agriculturist and the merchant, this' country is particularly interesting. The soil in the NetheHands is, ii| general, a rich loam ; it is in the highest state <^ cultiva- tion; and yields, accordingly, the most luxuriant crops. In Holland the soil, near the coasts, is chiefly sand, mixed with turf; but it is cultivated with great care. In other parts of the country it is, like that of the Netherlands, a de^ loam. Owing to the humidity of the climate, a great jHurt «f the country is kc|>t in grass; and the pastures are of unrivalled luxuriance. The principal crops cultivated ore wheat, madder, tobacco, flax, and hemp. But the rural wealth of Holland consists cfaiefl.y of its cattle, and the produce of the dairy. The climate of the Netheslands re* sembles that of the southern counties of England. All kinds of grain and vegetables are raised in great abun- dance; flax and hops are among the most noted of the crops. In manfactures the same industry is displayed as in hus- bandry. They are various and extensive; but among those of the Netherlands may be particularly mentioned broad cloth and lace— among those of Holland, linens, lea- ther, and that species of potteiy called Delft war^ from the place where it is manufactured. From the 12th to the 16th century, the Netherlands was ihe most commercial country in Europe. Holland, after throwing off the Spanish yoke, became distinguished by the superior efibrts and success in trade, which are the natural fruits of independence. For centuries the carrying trade of almost all Europe was in their hands ; their fisheries, particularly of herriqgs, were most extensive and valuable; and their colonies in the East and West Indies were the sources of a very active and lucrative traffic. Successive wars hampered the manufactures, and clogged the com- merce of this eountry,— pand the tyranny of Buonaparte brought it to the verge of ruin. By the arrangements of A NETHERLANDS. m vU(^ have la. These es so broad nilar dikes sluices at laid undei- country is lands is, ii| oi cultiva> iant crops, and, mixed In other herlands, a tate,agreat lastures are I cultivated Lit the rural le, and the teslands re* Und. AU great abun- oted of the I as in hus- but among mentioned linens, lea- re, from the erlands was tlland, after ished by the the natural Tying trade m fisheriett nd valuabk; )8 were the Suocessive d the con)- Buonaparte ngements of /. the great European powers, which reunited Holland And the Netherlands in one kingdom in 1814, it is placed in a fair way of recovering its commercial prosperity. Throughout this kingdom the advantactes of education are, enjoyed in an eminent degree. Schods are establii^ed in every parish of Holland, and almost every village of the Netherlands. The universities of Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen have long been celebrated ; and three new uni- versities have recently been estaUiahed at Ghent, Liege, and Louvaii . In the latter, indeed, there was formeriy a university, which is now revived. In the fine arts, too, these countries have long been ce- lebrated. While the Dutch can boast of the literary and scientific names of Erasmus and Grotius, Boerhaave and Leeuwenhoeck, the Flemings can glory in their Vandyke, Rubens, Teniers, and other eminent artists, who, from their peculiar style of painting, have given rise to what ia called the Flanuh SchooL The inhabitants of the northern and southern pmvinoes differ considerably in manners and character. The Dutch are a laborious, plodding, calculating, grave, bold, but up- right people. The Flemings, towards me north, are scarce- ly to be distinguished from their Dutch neighbours,— to- wards the south, they have adopted the manners, dress, and customs of the French. In religion they are more diasi- milar. The Flemings are Roman Catholics—the Dutch are Protestant Calvinists. After the Dutch had thrown off the yoke of Spain, the provinces of Holland, called the Seven United Provinces, were so many federal republics, whose deputies met at the Hague, and whose chief magistrate was named the St&dt- holder. The office of Stadtholder was declared hereditary in the time of William III. 1672. The Netherlands, after many internal struggles and conflicts with foreign states, remained annexed to the dominions of Austria, 4ill they were seized by the French revolutionists in 1798. AUber the overthrow of the French powter in 1815, the Nether- lands and the provinces of Holland were united into one kingdom, with a constitutional government, which bears a very dose resemblance to that of Great Britain. Popula- tion 5„226,000. r 1 70 NETHRRI.ANDS. EXBRCfSEJS. >. What provinces are comprehended in the united kingdom of the Netherlands ? How is this kingdom bounded ? Be- tween what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? .What are its length and breadth ? ' What provmces are contained in Holland ? What provin- ces are contained in Belgium, or the Netherlands ? What are the principal towns in Zealand, Holland Proper, Utrecht, &c. ? What are the principal towns in West Flan- deirs, East Flanders, Haipault, &c. ? Where is Dendec- monde, Bruges, Rotterdam, Arnheim, Briel, Brussels, Cour- tray, Louvam, Amsterdam, Breda, Tournay, Nimeguen, Bergen-op-Zoom» Oudenarde, Deventer, Zutphen, &c« ? What are the principal rivers ? Name the seas and J^ays. Name the islands. Where is Haerlem Meer ? What are the tributaries of the Scheldt ? What are the branches of the Rhine in Holland? Where is Schelling, l>ol}art Bay, Walcheren, Ameland, South Beveland, Lauwer Zee, Vlie^ land, &c. ? What is the general aspect of the Northern provinces ? By what is the dull uniformity of the prospect relieved ? What is the general aspect of the southern provinces ? '' From what cause have many parts of this country been er ' ed to dreadful inundations ? What tract is now occupied b Zuyder Zee ? Of what are the islands on the northern shv/ics the evident remains ? In what century did the moudis of 'he - Scheldt expand into broad estuaries ? How and when was the Salt lake near Dort formed ? What devastation did that inundation commit ? By what means did th' Dutch protect themselves from the recurrence of such dreadful ctdamities? What security do the embankments on the rivers afford against the invasion of a foreign enemy ? What kind of soil is that of the Netherlands ? In what state of cultivation is it ? Why is a ^at part of Holland kept in grass ? What are the crops chiefly cultivated ? In what does the principal rural wealth o( Holland consist ? What country do the Ne- therlands resemble in climate ? What are the most noted of the crops ? For what manufactures are Holland and the Netherlands re- specdvely famous ? At what period were the Netherlands the most commercial country in Europe ? When did Holland become distinguished by its efforts and success in trade? What were the chief branches of its commerce? By what was it brought to the verge of ruin ? How has it beeil placed in a fair way of recovering its commercial prosperity ? \ ited kingdom mded ? Be- s it situate ? ^V^hat provin- nds ? What And Proper, 1 West Flan- e is Dendeb> russels, Cour- y Nimeguen, tphen, &c« ? as and Jl>ays. P What are I branches of L>oUart Bay, ir Zee, Vlie^ •n provinces ? ect relieved? inces ? ybeeney :cupied b )rtnern shv/i<;A nouths of 'he id when was ion did that >utch protect calamities? rivers afford t kind of soil cultivation is ass? What the principal y do the Ne- nost noted of therlands re- therlands the did Holland 18 in trade? I ? By what t heeil placed Tity ? . NKTHEJILANDS,: 71. f in what state is education in tliis countiy ? Are schools common? What universities have lone been celebrated? What new ones have recently been established ? Of what literary and scientific names can Holland boast ? What cde-~ brated arUsts have the Netherlands produced ? To what school of paintine have they given rise ? How do the Dutdi and Flemmffs differ in manners and character ? How do they differ in religion ? What was the nature of the Dutch government after thejr- had thrown off the Spanish yoke ? To what power were the Netherlands annexed ? How were they disyomed from it in 1792? When were they united into one kinsdom? To what constitution does that of the Netherlands hear a dose resemblance. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AUcmaer, (pr. Alkmire'), a lar^c, welUbuilt, and fortified town in HoUand Proper, situate on the canal which unites the Zuyder- see with the North Sea. Ame'land, an island to the north of Friesland. iM'nEKDAM, the capital of the kingdoan, situate on the river Amstel, is next to London the most commercial city in Europe. Population 200,000. Ant'werp, a large city on the Scheldt, once one of the most flourishing cities in Europe. It is likewise famous as the birth- place of Rubens the painter. Amheim, (Ameem'), the chief town of Gelderland, on the Rhina 9ergen-opuZoom« an important town and fortress in North Bra- bant, communicating with the Easter Scheldt by a canal. It has stood several memorable sieges; and, in 1814, was ex- posed to a formidable, but un- •uccessAil assault, by a British army under the command of Sir Thomas Graham, now Lonl Lynedoch. 3eve'-land, (North), an island in the province of Zealand, about six miles in length, and three in ' b^'eadth. Bv the dreadful inun- iiation of 1532, it was so com- plctdy overwhelmed, that for many years nothing but the tops of steeples was to be seen above water. Beveland, and ftom 5 to 8 broad, and is the most agreeable of all the Zea- land Isles. Bois-le-Duc, (Bcaw'-le-Duc), a large and strongly-fortified town in North Brabant, at the con- fluence of the Dommel and Aa. BraVant, (Nortli), formerlv called Dutch Brabant, a province to the south of Gelderland. Al- though a great part of it is covered with moss, heath, and wood, it is very productive in com, hops, and flax. Brabfant, (South), an important province to the south of (he for. mer. fh>m which 'it was distin..' guished by the name of Austrian Brabant. Before beb:<; seised by the French revolutionists, this province enjoyed man)' valuable privileges. Breda', a large town i;i North Brabant, situate on the Merck. It is considered one of the strongest places in the Nether- lands. Briel', (pr. Bril), a town on the north coast of Voorn, having a 72 NETHERLANDS. Uurg* and commodious harbour. Here the confederates laid the fbundatiodof therepublic in ISJ2. BtvfgeB, a large and flourishing town in IfVest Flanders. It is •ituate idmut 41 miles ftrom the sea, and is intersected bv a number of canals, of which it Is the central point. Population 45,00a Bbuc'bbls, formerly the capital of the Netherlands, and soil the second city in the kingdom, is situate in South Bratiant, partly in a plain, and partly on the slope of a hill, at the foot of which flows the river Senne. In the modem part of the town the private buildings are elegant, and the public edifices magnifl. cent. Its public w^s, particu. larly the Oree» AUey^ and the Parkt are among the finest in Europe. F«nd here was held, in 1618-19, the celebrated Synod of Dort, by which the tenets of Arminius were condemned. Dyle, (Deel), a smaU but naviga* Die river in South Bnbant, rises near Marbais, passes by Lou< vain, and after uniting with the Demera little below Mechlin, soon Joins the Scheldt. Flan'ders, a very interesting por- tion of the Netherlands, divided Into the provinces of East and West Flanders. The computed extent of East Flanders is 106O square miles; its population, 600,000 ; its chief town is Ghent. The extent of West Flanders is 1600 square miles; its popula- tion 520,000; its chief town Bruges. Flushing, a seaport town in the Island of Walcheren, at the mouth of the Scheldt. Within the town are two basins, one of which is large enough to con- tain a fleet of line-of-battle ships. Friesland, (Freetland), a piDvinoe in the north of Holland, having the Zuydei-zee on the west, and the German Ocean on the north. It contains nearly 1200 square miles, and 176,500 inhabitants. Crel'derland, a large province in Holland, to the south-east bf the Zuyder-iee, containing 2020 square miles, and a population of 243,000. It is watered by the Rhine, the Waal, the Yssel, the Leek, and the Maese ; but the soil, in some places heavy and turfy, in others light and sandy, is not generally fertile. Ghent, TOaung), a large city ih East Flanders, situate oa the METUERLANOS. BftowaidsUie entury. sidenble cele- I Ftoper. It oftheandent id,-4t ranked general on the Dutch repub- rth.placeofthe De \Vitt,'«nd 1 1618-19, the , of Dort, by t of Arminius lall but naviga- I Brabant, rises lasses by Lou. Diting with the lelow Mechlin, heldt. nteretting por- irlands,divided lei of East and The computed landers is 1060 its population, ftown 18 Ghent. Vest Flanders is As; its popula- its chier town >rt town in the sheren, at the sheldt. Vrithin 9 basins, one of •nough to con- sof-battlediips. nd), a province loliand, having in the west, and an on the north. 1200 square I inhabitants. ge province in outh-eastbfthe ntaining 80S0 d a population wateroibythe .theYssel, the [aese; but the ces heavy and ight and sandy* iertile. a large city ih situate on the Scheldt, at its junction with the Lys. By these rivers, and a numlier of navigable canals, the . town is divided into twenty-six islands, which communicate by SfiO wooden bridges. It is l)eau- tifUlly situate on a plain, and its area is atwut fifteen miles in cir- cuit, great part of it being occu- Sied with gardens, orchards, and elds. Here is still to he seen the castle whore Charles V. was bom. Ghent !c uie seat of a university, and a bishop's BCC* Gn/ningen, a province in the north-eastern extremity of the kingdom, having about 770 square miles of superficial ex- tent, and a population of 146,000. Level and low, it is protected by dykes against the sea, and inter- sected by numberless ditches and canab, for carrying off the wa- ter. Its pastures are extremely rich. Groningen, its capital, is a large town, the seat of an ancient and respectable univcr- - sity. United with Groningen is the small province of Drcnthe, (Drent), containing about 46,500 inhabitants. Haerleim, (Harlime'), a consider- « able town in Holland Proper, on \ ihe river Spaaren and the Haer- it. leira Meer. In its principal church is an organ, supposed to n< be the largest in the world, con- - sistingof a thousand pipes, and combining the sound of many instruments. Haerleim Meer, an extensive lake, Iving t)etween Amsterdam, Ley- den, and Haerleim, and commu- nicating with the Zuyder-zee, ., through the river Y. Itisnear- •» ly 14 miles square, and is navig- able throughout. Hague, (Haig), a large and ele- gant town in Holland Proper, about 30 miles S.W. firom Am- n< sterdam. About a mile to the >.; north of the town is the rural palace of the royal family, em- bosomed amidst an extensive and noble wood. There are, be- sides, the old palace within the 73 .town, and the ncwjuilace begun by William III. l nals, whose banks and walls are •haded with trees, so as to form ddightAil promenades. ijefdea, one of the principal cities of the kingdom, is situate on a small branch of the Rhine, in Holland Proper. It is intersect- ed by a number of canals, form- ing upwards of fifty small islands, which are connected together a more than 100 bridges, e principal street, in which the Stadthouse is situate, is ac- counted the finest in Europe. Leyden is the seat of a celebrated university, and has produced many eminent men. liege, iLeeaishO, a kurge and po- fiulous province in the S.R of hekingdrave Sir Philip Syd- ney fell in 1586. 2uyder-zee, ( Zolder'.zee) , a branch or gulf of the German Ocean, about 80 miles in length flrom north to south, and varying ftom 15 to 30 in breadth. I FRANCE Is bounded on the North by the Netherlands and the English Channel ; on the West, by the Bay of Biscay ; on the South, by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean ; and on the East, by Italy, Switz* erland, and Germany. It lies between 42° 20', and 51° of North Lat. ; and between 5° West, and 8° East Long. Its length, from North to South, is 660 miles ; and its breadth, from East to West, is 590 miles. It contains a population of thirty-one millions. Its Provinces are — 1. Picardy ; 2. Normandy ; 3. Bretagne ; 4. Poitou; 5. Suintongcand Augou- mois; 6. Guienne; ?• Gascogne; 8. Languedoc ; 9. Provence ; 10. Dauphine ; 11. Franche Compte; 12. Burgundy; 13. Alsace; 14. Lor- raine; 15. Champagne; I6. Isle of France; I7. Maine, Anjou, and Touraine ; 18. Orleanois and Nivernois ; 19. Berri and Bourbonnois; 20. La Marche and Limousin ; 21. Auvergne; 22. Lyon- 23. Bcarn; 24. Rousillou ; 25. Com tat d' nois Avignon ; 26. Artois ; 27. French Flanders. FRANCE. 77 At the Revolution^ these provinces were di- vided into the following departments :-»l. Picardy, Into the department of the Somme; 2. Normandy, • into the Loner Seine, Eure, Ome, Calvados, the Channel; S. Bretajifnej into Ille and Vilaine, Ne- ther Loire, North Coast, Morbihan, Finisterre; 4. Poitou, into VendSe, Two Sevres, Vknne; 5, \ Saintonge and Angoumois, into the Charente, and Lower Charente; 6. Ouienne, into the Gironde, Dordogne, Lot, Aveiron, part of Lot and Garonne ; 7* Oascogne, into Landes Gers, Upper Pyrenees, part of Lot and Garonne, and part of Upper Ga* ronne; 8. Languedoc, into Upper Loire, Ardeche, Lozere, Gard, Herault, Tarn, Aude, Ariege; 9* Provence, into Far, Mouths of the Rhone, Lower Alps; 10. Dauphin^, into tipper Alps, Drome, Isere; 11. Franche Compt^, into Upper Saone, Douhs, Jura; IS. Burgunoy, into Saone and Ijoire, C6te d'Or, Ain ; 13. Alsace, into Upper Rhine, Lower Rhine; 14. Lorraine, into the Meuse, Mo» zelle, Meurthe, Vosges; 15. Champagne, intOi^r- dennes, Mame, Aube, Yonne, Upp^iMarne; 16. Isle of France, into the Seine, Siineand Oise, Oise, Seine and Mame, Aisne; 17. Maine, into Mavennc, Sarte; Aojou, mtx) Maine and Loire ; Touraine, into Indre and Loire; 18. Orleanois, into the Loiret, Eure and Loire, the Loire and Cher ; Ni- vernois, into the Nievre; 19* Berri, into Indre, Cher; Bourbonnois, into the Allier ; 20. La Marchc, into the Creuse, the Upper Vienne; Li- mousin, into Correze; 21. Auvergne, into Dome, Cantal; 22. Lyonnois, into Rhone and Loire ; 23. Beam, Lower Pyrenees; 24. Bousillon, Eastern Pyrenees; 25. Avignon, or Venaissin, the Vau* 78 FRANCE. cluse; 26. Artois, Calais Sirailt; 27. Frehch Flanders, the North, Of these ProriDoes, the principal Towns are— 1. Amiens, Abbeville, Boulogne, Calais; 2. Rouen, Havre de Grace, Dieppe, Caen, Cherbourg; 5. Rennes, Brest, L'Orient, Nantes; 4. Poictiers, Rochelle, Rochfort; 5. Saintes, Angouleme; 6. Bourdeaux, Agen, Montauban ; 7* Bayonne, Auch ; 8. Toulouse, Narbonne, Montpelier, Nisnies; 9* Aix, Marseilles, Toulon ; 10. Grenoble, Valence, Vienne; 11. Be8an9on; 12. Dijon, Autun, Ma- con; 13. Strasbourg, Colmar; 14. Thionville, Metz, Nanci, Epinal; 15. Rheims, Chalons, Troyes; l6. Paris, Versailles, St Germain; 17* Mans, Angers, Tours; 18. Orleans, Blois, Ne- vers; 19. Bourges, Chateauroux, Moulins; 20. Gueret, Limoges, Tulle; 21. Clermont, Aurillac; 22. Lyons, Roanne ; 23. Pau, Oleron ; 24. Per- pignan ; 25. Avignon ; 26. St Omer, Arras ; 27. Lille, Dunkirk, Douay, Cambray. Islands^ — Ushant, Belleisle, Noirmoutier, Rhe, Hieres, Corsica. . Capbs. — ^La Hogue, Barfleur. Mountains. — Pyrenees, part of the Alps, Ce- vcnnes, Cantal, Puy de Dome, Mount Jura, Vos- ge«. . RiVBBS.— Seine, Loire, Garonne, Rhone, Rhine, Moselle, Meuse, Escault or Scheldt, Somme, Orne, Vilaine, Sevre and Vendue, Charente, Adour. i J2emarJ(«.— Although in a country of such extent much variety of aspect may be expected, the general appearance Of France is level. In the hillv districts, and in the val- leys through which its rivers cude, particularly the Seine and Loire, the scenery is often^ighly picturesque and beau- 27. Frehch WfiB ; 2. Rouen, rbourg; 3. . Poictien, mleme ; 6. one, Auch ; Nisnies; 9- }, Valence, utun, Ma- Thionville, f Chalons, rmain; 17* Blois, Ne- Dulins; 20. b, Aurillac ; ; 24. Per- irras; 27. itier, Rhe, I Alps, Ce- [ura, Vos- Ine, Rhine, ]me, Orne, lour. > ttent much I appearance in the val. the Seine ! and beau- FRANCE. 79 tiful ; but the country may be regarded te in general tame and uninteresting. The English traveller has to proceed 400 miles south from Calais, before he reaches the mountains of Auyergne, which are connected with those of Dauphin^ Languedoc, and Provence. This enormous assemblage of rocks, chiefly basaltic, covers an extent of 120 miles. The other ridges are the Vosges mountains on the eastern fron. tier ; a chain of the Alps, which penetrates into Dauphin^ and Provence, and then stretching northwards, separates France from Italy and Switxerland ; and the Pyrenees, the bold frontier between France and Spain. Placed in the middle of the temperate sone, France en- joys a peculiarly fine climate. It varies, indeed, consider- ably in the various resions of the country. In the north it resembles considerably the climate of the south-west of England ; although in summer it is rather hotter, as well as more humid ; and in winter the cold is sometimes more severe. In the central region, particularly in the provinces of Touraine and Limousin, the temperature is delightful, .and the air pure, light, and elastic. But in this region violent storms of rain and hail occasionally destroy the vint- age and corn ; and frosts occur later in spring, and earlier in autumn, than in the south of England. The heat in the southern region is excessive during the months of June, July, August, and part of September. October and No- vember are here the pleasantest months of the year. In the mountainous tracts of this region storms often rage with dreadful violence ; and the swarms of flies and other insects are equally annoying and destructive. The soil is various,— but the greater part of it is fertile, and produces admirable crops. Grain of all kinds is raised in the northern districts, which are not very favourable to the growth of the vine. In the middle district, vines, and every species of grain, grow luxuriantly,— while, in the soutiiem district, olives, maize, and even the orange, are cultivated with advanti^. Although coal is found in va- rious parts of France, and is wrought for the use of manu« factories, yet, as it is little employed for domestic fuel, great plantations are raised in almost every part of the country, both for firewood, and for covert to the animals of the chase. Among the wild animals of France may be men- tioned the wolf and the bear,— .of which latter there are two li i 80 PRANCE. spedes, the cnrnivorous, and the vegetable->cttter9. Pro- vence, Languedoc, and Dauphin^ maintain large flocks of sheep, which annually migrate from the mountainous to the plain country, and back, again. They travel in flocks of from 10,000 lo 40,000 under the care of shepherds, and are from SO to 30 days on the journey, liie most exten- sive and fertile pastures for cattle are in NcHinandy. The minerals of France are of considerable impwtance. Lead abounds in Bretagiie. Antimony is found in various places in such quantities as would supply the whole of Eu- rope. Gold, silver, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, and mercury, may be enumerated among the otlier productions of its mines. Jet h found in great quantities in the de- partment of the Aube ; and turquoises, little inferior to those of the East, are procured among the mountains of the Rouergue. Quarries of excellent freestone occur in many parts of the kingdom, especially in the neighbourhood of Paris— quarries of jasper in Franche Compt^, and of beautiful marble in the Pyrenees. At Salins, in Franche Compt6, are salt springs. The principal mineral waters are at Aix, Bagneres, and Bareges. The hot springs of Ba- reges are well known. Among the natural curiosities of France, the most re- markable is the plain of La Crau, on the east side of the Rhone. It covers an area of about 20 square leagues, fill- ed with gravel of quartE,— some of which are as large as a man's head,— -and the whole plain is as destitute of v^eta- tion as the shingle of the sco-shore. France abounds in antiquities. At Nismcs perior French army, 25th Octo- ber, 1415. Aix, (Aiz), an ancient city in Provence, founded by the Ro- man general, Calvinus, 120 years before the Christian era. Alsace, (Alsauce'), a province in the east of France. Amiens, (Amyang'), a town of Pi- cardy, pleasantly situate on the Somme. Here a treaty of peace was concluded between the Bri- tish and French, on the 25th March, 1802. Angers, (AngssAer), a city in An- jou, near the junction of the Mayenne and Loire. Angouleme, (Angoolame'), a town in Angoumois, which gives the title of Duke to a member of the royal family. Angoumois, (Angoomay), a pro- vince in the west of France. Anjou, (AngzAoo), a province south-east of Bretagne. Ar'ras, a large and strong town in French Flanders, situate on the Scarpe. It is famous for its ta- pestry. Artois, (Artwau), a province in the north of France. Auch, (Osh), the capital of Gas- cogne, situate on the Gers. AurillaC| (Oreelyac), a flourishing town m Auvergne, situate on the Jordane. Autun, (Otung), an ancient city in Burgundy. Auvergne, (Ovaim'), a province in the interior of France. Avignon, ( Avinyong'), a large and beautiful city in the county of the same name, situate on the Rhone. Barfltfur, a promontory, and small town, on the coast of Norman- dy. Bayonne, (Bayon'), a flourishing commercial town in Gascony, at the confluence of the Nive and Adour, two miles flrom the Bay of Biscay. Beam', in the south-west of France. Belleisle, (Belleel'), an island off the south coast of Bretagne, fifteen miles in length, and from 5 to 12 in breadth. Ber'ri, a province in the interior of France, ttovn which one of the royal princes takes the title of Duke. Bcsancon, (Besangsong'), the prin- cipal tojvn of Franchc Compte', situate on the river Doubs. It 84 FRANCE. is a large, ancient, and well-for- tified city. Blois, (Bloau'), an ancient city in Orleanois, situate on the Loire. Boulogne, (Boolo'ne), an ancient seaport town on the coast of Picardy. Bourbonnois, (Bo'orbonay), a (iro- vince and dutchy in the interior. Bourdeaux, (BoordoO, one of the largest and most opulent cities in France, and the capital of Guienne, on the Garonne. It contains 133,000 inhabitants. The poet Ausonius, Montaigne, and Montesquieu, were natives of this place. Bourges, (Boorzhe), a consider, able town in Berri, at the con- flux of the Evre and Auron, Louis XI. was born here. Brest, a large seaport in Bretagne, the chief station of the French navy, with one of the best har> bours in Europe. Bretagne, (Bretan'), one of the largest provinces of France, oc> cupying its south-west comer. Bur'gundy, a province in the east of the kingdom. Caen, (Cang), a large and popu- lous town in Normandy, the seat of university. Here William the Conqueror was interred. Calais, (Calay', or Cal'lis), a sea- port town in Picardy, nearly op- posite to Dover. After a me- morable siege, it surrendered to Edward III. of England, and remained in the possession of the English till the year 1558, when it was retaken by the Duke of Guise. Cambray, a large and well-forti- fied town in French Flanders. The fine linen texture, called cambric, derives its name from this town. Cantal', a chain of mountains in Auvergne ; of which the point, called Plomb de Cantal, is 6200 feet, and the Puy de Sauci, 6300 feet alxtve the level of the sea. Cevennes, (Ceven'), a chain of mountains in the north-east of Languedoc, remarkable as the retreat of the persecuted Protes- tants towards the end of the 17th century. Chalons, (Slialong), a town in Champagne, on the Marnc. Champagne, (Shampan^, a pro^ vince in the north-east of France, celebrated for the wine to which it gives name. Charente, (Sharangf), a river which rises in Poictou, and flows through Santonge and Angou- mois to the sea. Chateauroux, (ShatorooO, a town in Berri, on the Indre. Cherbourg, (Sherboorg), an im. portant seaport town on the coast of Normandy, between capes La Hogae and Barfleur. Clermont, (Clairmong), an an. cient city in Auvergne, the seat of a college. Colmar', a town in Alsace, situate in a very fertile plain. Cor'sica, a large island to the north of Sardinia. It is about 1 10 miles in length, abounding in mountains and forests. In its capital, Ajaccio, Napoleon Buo- naparte was born, 1769. Dauphine, (Do'finayJ, a province in the south-east of France. Dieppe, (Dee'ep), a large seaport town in Normandy. Dijon, (DeezAong), the principal city of Burgundy, the seat of a famous university. Bossuet and Crebillon were natives of this place. Douay, (Dooa'), a large fortified town in French Flanders. It is the seat of a luiivcrsity, and has a college for the education of British and Irish Roman Catho. lies. Dunkirk, (Dongkerk'), alargeand strong seaport town in French Flanders. Epinal', a town in Lorraine, on the Moselle. Tranche Compte, (Frangsh Cong'. ty), a province on the borders of Switzerland. Garonne, (Garon'), a river which rises in the Pyrenees, flows north* west through Gascogne and Uui^ le end of the ;), a town in ;he Mame. mpan'h a P'* ^-east of France, e wine to which ingtO, a river Dictou, and flows ge and Angou- atoiooO, a town Indre. rboorg), an im- town on the coast letween capes La fleur. rmong), an an- Auvergne, the in Alsace, situate e plain. ■e island to the inia. It is about engtb, abounding ind forests. In its io. Napoleon Buo- 3rn, 1769. inay), a provinee ast of France. , a large seaport andy. , . , ig), the principal idy, the seat of a (ity. Bossuet and natives of this I a large fortified h Flanders. It is niversity, and has the education of ish Roman Catho- kerk'),alargeand town in French m Lorraine, on the ;, (Frangsh Cong', on the borders of in'), a river which renees, flows north. Gascogne and Oub FRANCE. 85 enne, and, before falling into the Bay of Biscay, assumes the name of the Gironde. Gascogne, (Gascon'), a province in the south-west of France. Germain, St (Seng ZAermengO. Grenoble, a large town in Dau- phine, on the Isere. Gueret, (Ga'ry), a nnall town in La Marche. Guienne', (Gi'en'), a province in the 80uth>west, separated f^om Gascony by the Garonne. Havre>de-Grace, (Ha-ver-de* Gras'), a seaport town in Nor. mandy, at the mouth of the Seine. Hieres, (HeairO, a cluster of islets south of Jrrovence. Hogue, La, (Hog'), a cape in the north.west of Normandy. Jura', Mount, a great chidn of mountains between France and Switzerland. La Marche, (Law Marsh'), an in. terior province of France. Languedoc, (Lang.^e.doc'), a pro. vince in the south. Limoges, (LeemozA'), a consi. derable town in Limousin, the birth-place of Marmontel. Limousm, (Lemooseng), an in- terior province. Lisle, (Leel), a large city on the Deule, in French Flanders, one of the strongest fortified places in Europe. Loire, (Loaur'), a large river, which rises m the Cevennes, and, flowing through Lyonnois, Burgundy, Nivemois, Orleanois, Touralne, Anjou, and Bretagne, falls into the Bay of Biscay after a course of 500 miles. L'Orient, (L'Orian^), a consider, able seaport town m Bretagne. Lorraine', a province in the north, east. Lyonnois, (Lconnay'), a province in the south-east. Lyons, (Leong'), a large and flourishing city in Lyonnois, si- tuate on a tongue of land formed by the Rhone and Saone. It is fa- mous for the manufacture of silk. a • Ma^on, (Masong'), a considerable town in Burgundy, on the Saone. Maine, a province in the west Mans, (Mang), or Le Mans, a considerable town in Maine. Marseilles, (Marsail'), a targe commercial citv of Provence, on the Gulf of Lyons. It is of great antiquitv, having been founded by th^ Fhoceans of Ionia, 550 years before the Christian era. Metz, a large fortified town in Lorraine, at the confluence of the Seille and Moselle. Meuse, a large river which has its rise in Lorraine, and flows north, ward to the Netherlands. Montauban, (Mongtobang*), a large city in Guienne, in which there is a protestant university. From its elevated public walk, called the Falaise, tne view ex. tends thirty leagues. Montpelier, (Mongpelyai'), a large and ancient town in Languedoc, the seat of a celebrated universi. ty. The air in its vicinity is pe. culiarly mild and pure. Mos'elle, (Mozel'), a large river which rises in the Vosges moun. tains, and, flowing southwards, falls mto the Rhine at Coblentz, after a course of 300 miles. Moulins, (Mooleng'), a consider- able town in Bourbonnois, situ- ate on the Allier^— the birth, place of Marshal Villars, and the Duke of Berwick. Nanci, (Nang^see), a city in Lor. raine, beautifully situate on the Meurthe. Nantes, (Nangt), a large commer. cial city of Bretagne, finely si. tuate on the Loire. One of its chief exports is brandy. Narbonne, (Narbon'), an ancient, but now inconsiderable town in Languedoc. Nevers, (Nevair'), the principal town of Nivemois, beautifully situate at the Junction of the Nievre and Loire. Nismes, (Neem), an ancient and large city in Languedoc, abound. ing in interesting monuments of antiquity. G 2 86 I^llANCC. Nivemoia, (Neevemay')i a pro- irince in the interior. Noirmoutier, (Nioarmo lation 17,000. Rheims, ^Reems), a large and an- cient city in Champagne, the seat of a royal college, and the see of the primate ot France. Rhine, (Rine), the largest river in Europe next to the Danube and Volga. It takes its rise in' Mont St Gothard, in Switzer- land, and forms, in a great part of its course, the boundary be- tween France and Germany. It then passes into the Nether- lands, and dividing into two branches, the largest of which is called the Waal, it unites with the German Ocean, after a course of 700 miles. Rhone, (Rone), a large and ra[Hd river, rises in the centre of Switzerland, five miles from the source of the Rhine. After flowing through the lake of Ge- neva, it takes a southern direc- tion, and forms the boundary between France and Savoy. Then, passing to the west and north, it separates Burgundy from Dauphine. Its course is then due south, separating Lyon- nois and Languedoc flrom Dau- phine and Provence ; and after a course of 500 miles, it falls, by three mouths, into the Medi- terranean. Roanne', (jRoanO, a considerable town in JLyonnois, on the Loire. Rochelle, (Roshel'), a strongly- fortified town in Poitou. Here the Protestants, in the 16th century, took reAjge, and sus- tained many sieges, till the town was at length reduced by Louis XIII. in 1^. Rochefort, (Ro'bh'fort), a town in Poictou, on the Charente. Its harbour is one of the principal naval stations of France. Rouen, (Rooeng'), a large and populous city in Normandy, on the Seine. Its cathedral, one of the finest in France, was built by William the Conqueror. Rousillon, (Roosilyong^), a small province in the south. ,f s.», \ ! FRANCE. 87 Bland on th6 wfist i to Rochelle, 18 i 3 broad. Popu- I), a large and an> Champagne, the 1 college, and the nate of France, the largest river xt to the Danube,^ t takes its rise in" hard, in Switzer- ns, in a great part the boundary be- and Germany. It into the Nether- lividing into two I largest of which Waal, it unites man Ocean, after a miles. , a large and rapid in the centre of five miles flrom the le Rhine. After igh the lake of Ge- s a southern direc- rms the boundary ance and Savoy, ig to the west and ^parates Burgundy ne. Its course is h, separating lyyon- iguedoc flrom Dau- rovence; and after 500 miles, it falls, iths, into the Medi- nO, a considerable mois, on the Loire, ishel'), a strongly- in Poitou. Here ints, in the 16th refVige, and sus- f sieges, till the length reduced by in lean. fth'fort), a town in the Charente. Its ne of the principal of France, ng'), a large and in Normandy, on Its cathedral, one t in France, was liam the Conqueror, osilyong'), a small _he soutn. M Saintcs, (Sengt), the chief town of Saintonge, a place of great antiquity, on the Charente. Saintonge, (SengtonzA), a pro- vince in the west. Scheld, (Skeld), a river in French Flanders. See Netherlands. Seine, (Sen), a river which rises in Burgundy, and, flowing through Champagne, the Isle of France, and Normandy, falls into the English Channel. Sevres, (Sev're), ariver in Poictou, which, after receiving the Ven- dee, falls into the sea. Somme, (Some), a river which rises in Picardy, and flows west- ward to the English Channel. Stras'bourg, a large city in Alsace. Its cathedral is one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in the world, with a tower 470 feet in height. Thionville, (TeongvilO, a small , but fortified town in Lorraine, on the Moselle. Toulon, (Too-long'), a large seaport town on the Mediterranean, in Provence, and one of the most important naval stations in France. Toulouse, (Toolo'ose), the capital of Languedoc, on the Garonne, a large and important city, of great antiquity. Touraine', an inland province of France. Tours, (Toors), the chief town of Touraine, finely situate on the Loire. Troyes, (Tro'au), a large and an- cient town in Champagne, on the Seine. Tulle, (T»l), a city in Limousin, at the confluence of the Correze and Solane. Valence, (Valangs), a town in Dauphine, on the Rhone. Vendee, (Vangday'), a river in Poictou. See Sbvre. Versailles, (Versaii'), a town in the Isle of France, with a mag- nificent royal palace, 12 miles flrom Paris, west by south. Vicnne, (Vien'), a considerable town in Dauphine, on the Rhone. Vilaine, (Velane'), a considerable river in Bretagne. Uniting with the Ille, it falls into the Atlantic, after a course of 140 miles. Vosges, (Vozh), a great chain of mountains in the east of France, extending, in a line, nearly pa- rallel to the Rhine, from Basle to Spire. Ushant', (OoshangO, a small isl. and off the coast of Bretagne. SPAIN Is bounded on the North by the Bay of Biscay, and the Pyrenees which separate it from France ; on the East and South, by the Mediterranean ; and on the West, by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It extends from 36" to 43" 46' N. Lat., and from 9° 13' W. to 3° 15' E. Long., being 650 miles in length from East to West, and 550 miles in breadth from North to South. Including the 88 SPAIN. islands in the Mediterranean, its population may be computed at eleven millions. Its Provinces are, 1. Gallicia; 2. Asturias; 3. Biscay ; 4. Navarre ; 5. Arragon ; 6. Catalo- nia; 7> Valencia; 8. Murcia; 9* Granada; 10. Andalusia; 11. Estremadura; 12. Leon; 13. Old Castile; 14. New Castile. The principal Towns are, 1. St Jago de Com- postella, Corunna, Vigo, Ferrol ; 2. Oviedo, San- tillana; 3. Bilboa, St Sebastian, Vittoria; 4. Pam- peluna, Estella ; 5. Saragossa ; 6. Barcelona, Tor- tosa, Tarragona ; 7« Valencia, Alicant ; 8. Murcia, Carthagena; 9* Granada, Malaga; 10. Seville, Cadiz, Gibraltar; 11. Badajos, Merida, Alcan- tara; 12. Leon, Astorga, Salamanca; 13. Burgos, Valladolid; 14. Madrid, Toledo, Talavera. Islands. — ^Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, Formen- tera. Capes. — Finisterre, Ortegal, Europa Point, De Gata, Palos. Mountains.— Pyrenees, Mountains of Asturias, Mountains of Castile, Mountains of Toledo, Sierra Morena, Sierra Nevada, Montserrat. Rivers. — Minho, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquiver, Ebro, Xucar, Segura. Remarks.— ~Wi^ the exception of Switzerland, Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe ; and it abounds in those wild, magnificent, and beautiful scenes, which might be expected in such a country under so fine a cli- mate. The lofty range of the Pyrenees, forming its north- eastern barrier, is continued through the north of Spain, where it receives the name of the Cantabrian chain, run- ning parallel to the Bay of Biscay, and terminating in Cape Finisterre. A secondary chain, called the Iberian chain, stretches from the middle of this range, in a long irregular line, southwards to Cape de Gata in Granada. lation may . Asturias ; : 6. Catalo- anada; 10. in; 13. Old p de Com- viedo, San- a; 4. Pam- celona, Tor- ; 8. Murcia, 10. Seville, •ida, Alcan- 13. Burgos, avera. Ml, Formen- )a Point, De of Asturias, )ledo. Sierra Guadiana, [and, Spain is id it abounds Iscenes, which so fine a cli- ing its north- |rth of Spain, chain, run- erminating in i the Iberian Ige, in a long in Granada. SPAIN. 89 From this range four other chains extend from east to west till they reach the Atlantic : these are the mountains of Castile, moimtains of Toledo, Sierra Morena, and Sierra Nevada. Through each of the extensive plains which those mountain ranges enclose, flows a great river which receives the smaller streams that issue from the heights parallel to its course. The central part of Spain, comprising part of Old and New Castile, is an elevated tableland, containing several towns at a great height above the level of the sea. Madrid is 2200 feet, and St Ildefonsa 3800 feet above that level ; being the most elevated royal residence in Europe. In a country so mountainous as Spain, the climate is ne- cessarily various. In the valleys and low grounds, the heat, during the summer months, is excessive ; and the low dis- tricts of Andalusia, Murcia, and part of Valencia, arc vi- sited by a scorching wind from Africa, called the SolanOf similar in its effects to the Sirocco .of Italy and Greece. On the elevated grounds the temperature is cooler ; and the interior is subject to piercing winds, which prevent the pro- duction of many fruits that thrive in the more northern la- titudes of Italy. The soil of Spain is, in general, fertile ; especially where irrigation can be employed. Besides wheat, maize, rice, hemp and flax of the finest quality, oats, and barley, the usual products of southern latitudes, viz. olives, figs, vines, oranges, lemons, and sugar-cane, are found in Spain in great abundance. The vales on the eastern coast are par- ticularly remarkable for their fertility and perpetual suc- cession of crops. Agriculture is in a great measure neglected in many parts of Spain for the rearing of flocks of Merino sheep, the wool of which is particularly valuable. These sheep are privileged to travel from one province to another, as the season and pasture require. The number which the country maintains is computed at 5,000,000. The horses, especially of Andalusia, have long been famous ; and the mules are like- wise superior to those of other countries. The bulls are remarkable for their fierceness ; and bull-feasts, or combats between bulls and men, arc the favourite and most magni- ficent spectacles of the Spaniards. Wolves are the princi- pal beasts of prey. .,,::.;'; "ii it', 90 SPAIN. The minerals of Spain are extremely valuable ; but since the discovery of the richer mines of America, they have been almost entirely neglected. A silver-mine is still wrought at Guadalcanal, in the province of Estremadura; iron abounds in many parts of the country— the iron-works of Arragon, Asturias, and particularly Biscay, have long been famous. Copper, tin, lead, and quicksilver, may be men- tioned among the other products of its mines. The manufactures and commerce of Spain are in a very languishing state ; and they must continue to languish, while the country is oppressed by such a wretched govern- ment. Although it abounds with the finest wool, part of its broad-cloth and other woollen stuffs is imported from Britain. Although its mines of iron are as inexhaustible as the quality is superior, it is indebted to Britain for great part of its hardware. The silks and cottons of Catalonia, leather and mats, baskets and shoes, are its principal manu- factures. The commerce of Spain, always ill-conducted, is now nearly annihilated by the loss of her Americlin do« minions. The Roman Catholic religion, in its worst form, is esta- blished in Spain. The numerous and overgrown priest- hood exercise an almost unlimited sway over the minds of the people ; and, from the throne to the cottage, the most bigoted, intolerant, and debasing superstition prevails. The government is monarchical— >but the power of the so- vereign is in some degree controlled by that of the church ; so that the people groan under civil and ecclesiastical des- potism. The Inquisition, which used to reign here in all its terrors, was abolished in 1820. The Spaniards are grave, stately, and formal in their manners. Indolence may be considered as the national vice ; but it is happily unaccompanied by i;itemperance. Spain once reckoned 24 universities. They are now re- duced to eleven ; and of these few are well attended. Some very respectable names adorn its literary annals. That of Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, stands pre-emi- nent, ^i.^ . . , V EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Spain ? In what latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ? i SPAIN. m le; but since ley have been jtill wrought tadura ; iron ron-works of ave long been may be men- are in a very to languish, tched govern- wcol, part of mported from lexhaustible as itain for great of Catalonia, rincipal manu- ill-conductcd, American do- t form, is esta- rgrown priest- r the minds of tage, the most n prevails. >ower of the so- , of the church ; clesiastical des- ign here in all formal in their as the national r intemperance, ley are now re- attended. Some mals. That of stands pre-emi- what latitude and it in length and ation ? Name its provinces. What are the principal towns in Oalli- cia, in Astunas^in Biscay, in Navarre, &c. ? Where is Cartha- eena, Vigo, Seville, Barcelona, Badaios, Valladolid, Astorga, Talavera, St Sebastian, Saragossa, Cadiz, Bilboa, &c. ? Name its islands, and their situation. Name its capes, and their situation. Name its mountains, and trace their direc- tion. Name its rivers, and trace their course. Where is Ivica, Europa Point, Montserrat, Minorca, the Tagus, Sierra Morena, the Ebro, Cape de Oata, the Guadalquiver, Major- ca, Formentera, the Douro, &c. ? Where does the Douro rise, and in what direction does it flow ? What is the name of the cape in the north of Galli- cia ? Whai cape forms the southern extremity of Spain ? Name the promontory in the east of Murcia. What moun- tains separate New Castile from Andalusia, &c. ? What is the general aspect of Spain ? Describe the branch of the Pyrenees called the Cantabrian chain. Describe the Iberian chain. What mountain ranges stretch westward from this chain till they reach the Atlantic ? What is remarkable about the valleys which those mountains enclose ? What is remarkable ttbout the central part of Spain ? What varieties of climate occur in Spain ? Of what na- ture is its soil ? What are its productions ? For what are the vales on the eastern coast remarkable ? From what cause is apiculture much neglected in many parts of Spain ? What Srivilege is given to tnese sheep ? What number of them oes the country maintain ? For what other domestic ani- mals is Spain famous ? What are the favourite spectacles of the Spaniards ? Since what time have the mineral treasures of Spain been almost entirely neglected ? Where is a silver-mine still wrought ? What are its most famous iron-works ? What are the other products of its mines ? In what state are its commerce and manufactures ? Does Spain reap the full advantage of its abundance in wool and iron ? What are its princi])al manufactures ? By what cir- cumstance has its commerce been nearly annihilated ? What is the established religion of Spain ? What is the form of its government ? By whom is the power of the sove- reign in some degree controlled ? When was the Inquisition abolished ? What (]iualities characterize the national manners ? What is the national vice of the Spaniards ? What is the present number of the Spanish universities ? Can Spain boast of any eminent literary characters ? 93 SPAIN. DEBCRIFTIVK TABLE. Alcanta'ra, a town and district in Estremadura. Alicant', a maritime town on the Mediterranean, in Valencia. Andalu'sia, a large province in tiie south. Ar'ragon, a province in the north- east. Astor'ga, a city of great antiquity, in Leon. Astu'rias, a province in the north- west Badajos', (Vad'ahos), the capital of Estremadura, beautifully si- tuate on the Guadiana. It was the Pax Aiigusta of the Ro- mans. Barcelona, (Var-thelo'na), the ca- pital of Catalonia, one of the strongest and most important . cities of Spain. It stands on the Mediterranean, and carries on an extensive commerce. Bilboa, (Vilvoa'), the capital of Biscay, situate on a navigable river, about six miles from the sea. Its commerce is extensive, particularly in wooL Bis'cay, a province in the north. Burgos, the capital of Old Castile, formerly the residence of the kings of Castile. Cadiz, (Cadith'), a seaport of great imptortance in Andalusia. It is said to have been founded by the Phoenicians, who gave it the name of Gadir. Carthage'na, the Nova Carthago of the Romans, a seaport and for- tified town in Murcia, having one of the best harbours in Eu- rope. It was founded by the t'-urthaginlan general, Asdru- ba>. CastLe, Old, (CasteeF), ui inland pio; 'nr«». Castiij, ;^few, an tnlaud province, south T Old \8tile. Cataloi.ia, tile Tiurih-east province CI ;.)fa!a. Co:!Wooat(E-l1i, St Jago de, (San-ha'- gc de Ccvaposta'lya), the capital oi Gallicia, the see of an arch- bishop, and the seat of the or< dcr of the Knights of St James. It was the Brigantlum of the ancients. Corunna, a seaport in Gallicia, where the gallant Sir John Moore fell, after repulsing a su- perior French army. Douro, (Dooro), a large river, which rises on the borders of Arragon, and flows westward to the Atlantic, traversing more than half the width of Spain, and the whole width of Portu- gal. El/ro, a large river which rises on the borders of Asturias; and flows south-east through Old Castile, south of Biscay, Na- /arre, Arragnn, and Catalonia, to the Mediterranean. Estella, a small town in Navarre. E'ilremadu'ra, a province on the IVontier of Portugal. Euro'pa Point, the southern ex- tremity of Spain, in Andalusia. Ferrol', an important seaport iu Gallicia, with an excellent har- bour, strongly fortified. Finister're, Cape, the north-wes- terly point of Spain, on the coast of Gallicia. Formente'ra, one of the Pithyusse islands, to the east of Valencia. Galli'cia, a province ui die i.orth- west. Ga'ta, Cape de, in .lUt.-ia, ^'. , south-western e:.i reality of Spain. Gibraltar, an important and im- pregnable fortress in the south of Andalusia. Since 1704, it has been in possession of the English, and sustained a memor- able siege against the Spaniards, from 1779 to 1781'. Granada, a maritime province in the south. The capital of the province, and the residence of the ancient Moorish kings. Guadalqui'ver, a large river whiph I SPAIN. 93 e seat of the or- ffhts of St Jamw. rigantium of the port m Oamcia, gallant Sir John ter repulsing a »u- army. ), a large river, m the borders of flows westward to . traversing more e width of Spain, le width of Portu- river which rises on of Asturlas: and .cast through Old ith of Biscay, Na- gon, and Catalonia, terranean. ,11 town In Navarre. a province on tno Portugal. t. the southern ex- Spaln, in Andalusia. mportant seaport »u ith an excellent har- ily fortified. ^ ;ape, the north-wes. ofsl)aln,onthecoa8t oneof thePithyusas the east of Valencia. rovince ui u^e ..jrth- em e.. . "-y *>^ h important and im- Portr^s in the south [sla. Since ^''^''l [in possession of tnf Ld sustained a memor. Igainst the Spaniards, to 178"' ^a^itime P'O^'IfAhe I The capital of the Lnd the residence of E Moorish kings, fer, a large river which rises between the Sierra Morena andNev;Nli, 'd flows through Andal'ii \ .< co 'he Atlantic. Guadi:.i. , ' "ei lows through K .V I V iremadura, and A)'.)tei.i, sepaittes Andalusia tti^m r. '. arve, and fiUU into the AiianlJii-. ' vica, the chief of the Pithyusee islands to the east of Valencia. It con^-iiiiS about 190 square miles, und 15,800 inhabitanU. Its soil is fertile, and its climate delightAil. Leon, a province on thv« borders of Portugal.— The capital of the province, the Lcgio of the tic mans, once a place of great con> sequence, but now decaying. Madbid. the capital of the king, dom, in New (Jastile. Theplain on which it stonds is SitOO feet above the level of the sea, so that Madrid i!> the most elevated capital in Europe. It is upon the whole a well-built town : its po. pulation is nearly 800.000. Muor'ca, a considerable island in the Mediterranean, about 100 miles east flrom Valencia. It is the chief of the Baleares, 40 miles long, and nearly as broad. Ma'laga, a large citv in Granada, on the coast of the Mediterra. nean. It is noted for its sweet wines and i^ruits. Me'rida, a town in Estremadura, en the Ouadiana. It was the Augusta Emereta of the Ko- .nans. Minho', a river which rises In the north of Gallicia, near Men. donedo, flows south through Gallicia, forms the boundary between that province and Por- tugal, and falls into the Atlan- tic Minor'ca, in the Mediterranean, the second of the Balearic isl- ands, alwut 37 miles east ftom Majorca. Montserrat', a large and lofty mountain in Catalonia, remark- able for its hermitages, and a monastery of Benedictines. Murcia, a province in the touth. east.— The capital of the pro. vincc, beautifully situate on the Segura. Navarre, a province in the north. Or'tegal, (Cane), on the north coast of Gallicia. Ovie'do, the principal town of Asturlas, the seat of a universi- ty, and a bishop's see. Palofl, (Cape), a promontory in the east of Murcia. Pampelu'na, or Pamplo'na, the principal town of Navarre, on the Arga. Its castle, garrison- ed by the French, was reduced by the British army, Slst Octo- ber, 18ia Salaman'ca, a city in Leon, the seat of a celebrated university. Santllla'na, a town in Asturias. Saragossa, the principal city of Arragon, on the Ebro, celebrat- ed for the heroism of its citizens, in sustaining the sieges of the French, 1808-9. Seliastian, St, a considerable sea- port town in Biscay, strongly fortified. It was wrested fVom the French by Lord Lynedoch, Slst August, 1813. Segu'ra, River, traverses Murcia, and falls into the Mediterra- nean. Se'ville, the capital of Andalusia, and the second town of Spain, is situate on the Guadalquiver. It is the birth-place of Cervantes. Sierra More'na, or Brown Moun* tains, separate New Castile from Andalusia. Sierra Neva'da, or Snowy Moun- tains, in Granada. Their lof- tiest summit is 11,600 feet above the level of the sea. Ta'gus, the largest river in Spain, issues from the mountains be- tween Castile and Arragon, flows through New Castile and the Estremaduras, to the Atlantic Ocean. Taiave'ra, a town in New Castile, on the Tagus. Here the French were defeated by the British, in H 94 PORTUGAL. the a fianguinary conflict, on 27th and 28th July, 1809. Tarragc/na, p. seaport town in Ca> talonia, the seat of a university, and a bishop's see. Tole'do, a city in New Castile, on the Tagus, long famous for the manufacture of sword-blades. Torto'sa, a town in Catalonia, on the Ebro,^ bishop's see. Valladolid', a city in Leon, the scat of a university and courts of justice, and a bishop's see. Valencia, a maritime province in the east. The capital of the province, a large and important city on the Guadalaviar. It is the seat of a university, and a bishop's see. It is a pl_je of great antiquity. Vigo, (Vee'Ro), a small seaport town in Gullicia, with an ex- cellent harbour. Vitto'ria, a town in Biscav, where the French general, Jourdan, was defeated by Wellington in a great battle, 2l8t June, 18ia PORTUGAL Is bounded on the North and East by Spain ; on the South and West, by the Atlantic. It lies be- tween 6° 30', and 9° 30' West Longitude, and be- tween 37* and 4>2° North Latitude. Its exlrcme length is 350 miles; and its greatest breadth 150 miles. Population three millions and a half. It is divided into six provinces — 1. Entre Douro e Minho ; 2. Tras-os-Montes ; 3. Beira ; 4. Estre- madura ; 5. Alcntejo ; 6. Algarva. Its principal towns are, 1. Braga, Oporto; 2. Braganza, Miranda; 3. Coimbra; 4. Lisbon, St Ubes, or Setuval ; 5. Evora, Elvas ; 6. Lagos, Tavira. Capes. — Rock of Lisbon, Cape Espichel, Cape St Vincent. Mountains. — Sierra de Estrella. Rivers. — Minho, Douro, Mondego, Tagus, Guadiana, Cadaou. JRewiarJts.— Traversed by several mountain ranges from Spain, and by some peculiar to itself, Portugal bears a con- siderable resemblance to that country in its general aspect. PORTUGAL. 95 mo province^ln capital of tbe I and important dalaviar. It is niversity, and a t is a v—^e of I small seaport a, with an ex- n Biscay, where neral, Jourdan, Wellington in a t June, 1813. r Spain ; on . It lies be- tude, and be- lts extreme 1 breadth 150 half. Intre Douro 4. Estre- Oporto; 2. Lisbon, St 6. Lagos, pichel, Cape jgo, Tagus, ranges from |al bears a con- jeneral aspect. Its soil is in general light, and ill adapted for tillage ; but it is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine, and other fine fruits. In the high grounds are raised the usual corn crops of more northern latitudes ; vines and maize in those of warmer temperature ; and rice in the low grounds. The cork-tree, the orange, lemon, and olive trees are fre- quent in this country ; as well as the finest fruits of the south of Europe. Its climate is delightful, especially on the coast, and in the high grounds. In the valleys the heat, during summer, is excessive. The mineral treasures of this country, like those of Spain, have been neglected since the discovery of the richer mines of America. Its manufactures and agriculture are in a state of backwardness almost incredible. Wine is the staple ma- nufacture of the country, and is exported in great quanti- ties, chiefly to Great Britain. The other exports are oil, fruits, and cork, of home-growth ; and metals, sugar, cot- ton, tobacco, and drugs, the productions of Brazil. In re- turn for these exports. Great Britain, to which the com- merce of Portugal is almost wholly confined, sends woollen cloths, linen, cotton, hardware, and various other articles, for the use both of the parent country and Brazil. The Portuguese are no less superstitious and bigoted than the Spaniards in their attachment to the Roman Ca- tholic religion. Their ecclesiastics form an enormous pro- portion of the population ; and occupy an undue share of the land and opulence of the country. The government, till lately, was an absolute monarchy ; and although a more limited form of royalty has been in- troduced by the prevailing party of the state, supported by the power of Britain, the people seem in general attached to their ancient form of government, which, in all probabi- lity, will be soon re-established. The manners of the Portuguese in the northern and south- ern provinces are almost as different as if they were distinct nations. In the north they are industrious and blunt ; in the south, polite, but indolent. A want of regard to clean- liness is general. The ladies still ply the distaff in spin- ning ; and in many places retain the oriental fashion of sit- ting upon cushions on the floor. Education is now much neglected in Portugal ; although Boroe efTorts have lately been made by government for its 96 FORTUOAL. improvement. It has two universities, that of Coimbra, founded in 1308, and pretty numerously attended; and that of Evora, on a smalK r scale, founded in 1533. Camoens, author of a celebrated epic poem called tlie Lusiad, is the brightest star of Portuguese literature. ' EXERCISES. ' -- ■ What are the boundaries of Portugal ? Between what de- grees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its ex- tent in length and breadth ? What population does it con- tain ? Into how many provinces is it divided ? Name them. What are its principid towns ? Name its capes ; its moun- tains ; its rivers. Where is Evora, Oporto, Miranda, Braganza, Lisbon, &c. ? Where is Cape ±}pischel. Cape St Vincent, the Ca- daon, Mondego, &c. ? What country does Portugal resemble in its general as- pect ? What is the nature of its soil ? What crops are raised in its different regions ? What fruit-trees are common in this country ? What kind of climate does it enjoy ? Is much attention paid to the mineral treasures of this country ? In what state are its agriculture and manufactures ? Wnat is the staple manufacture of the country? What are its other exports ? What articles does Great Britain send in return ? What is the established religion of the Portuguese ? What was, dll lately, the form of government ? Do the people seem attached to the new constitution ? Are the manners of all the Portuguese alike ? What are their respective peculiarities ? What defect is general among them ? What is the occu- pation of the ladies ? What »shion is still retained in many places ? In what state is education in Portugal ? What universi- ties has it ? What author is the brightest ornament of Por- tuguese literature ? . ,. ,;..|, . , DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Alente'Jo, (Alenta'ho), a province south of the Tagus. Algar'va, a province in the southern extremity. Beira, (Ba-ee'ra), a province N. of Estremadura and Alentcjo. Braga, the capital of Entre Douro e Mtnno, and the sec of the arch. bishop, primate of the kingdom. Braganza, (Vragan'ha), a small, but ancient town in Tras-os- Montes. From John^ Duke of Braganza, who was raised to the throne in 1640, the present royal ftoiily is descended. Ca'daon, a river which rises in the south of Alentcjo, and (aUa into the harbour of Setuval. of Coimbra, tended; and 1533. in called tlie srature. . ween what de- Vhat is its ex- 1 does it con- Name them, es; its moun- anza, Lisbon, [icent, the Ca- ts general as- l^hat crops are ;es are common I it enjoy ? Is f this country? itures ? What What are its Britain send in iguese? What the people seem [nners of all the peculiarities ? it is the occu- [tainedinmany 7hat universi- lament of Por- lan'ha), a Bmall, Iwn in Tras-os- i John. Duke of [was raised to the Ithc present royal Ided. [hich rises in the ])o, and foils Into etuval. PORTUGAL. Ccimbra, (Coim'vra), the capital of Beira, and a bishop's see. Douro. See Spain. Elvas, (Ailvas), a strong frontier town in Alentejo, one of the most important strongholds in the kingdom. Entre Douro c Minho, a province in the north-east, situate, as the name imports,between the rivers Douro and Minho. Espichel, Cape, a promontory on the coast of Estremadura. Estremadu'ra, an important mari- time province in the west. Estrella', Sierra dc, a lotty range of mountains in Beira. At the bottom are caverns and subter- raneous streams, and at the sum- mit a lake, which, towards the middle, appears to boil, the wa- ter rising m the air to a consi- derable height. Evora', the capital of Alentejo, a large fortified town, the see of an archbishop, and formerly of a university. Guadiana. See Spain. Lagos, the hacobriga of the an- cients, a seaport town in Algar- va, with an excellent harbour. Lisbon, the capital of the king- dom, situate on the Tagus, in Estremadura, seven miles from the sea. It was nearly destroy- ed by an earthquake, in 1755. Population 230,000. Min'ho. See Spain. " Miranda, a town in Tras-os-Mon- tes, on the Douro. Monde'go, a river which rises in the Sierra de Estrella, and flows through Beira to the Atlantic. Oporto, the second city in the Kingdom, in the province of Entre Douro e Minho. It is situate on the Douro, about two miles from its mouth, and is noted for the exportation of that khid of wine which has received ftom it the name of Port. Setuval', or St Ubes, a consider- able town in Estremadura, at the mouth of the Lado, or Cadaon. St Vincent, Cape, a promontory on the west coast of Algarva. Tagus. See Spaiv. Tavi'ra, or Tavi la, a fortified sea- port in Algarva. Tras-os- Montes, a province in the north-east, separated from Spain by the Douro. ; SWITZERLAND Is bounded on the North and East by Germany, South by Italy, and West by France. It is situ- ate between 46° and 48° N. Lat., and between 6*» 5' and 10"* 35' East Long. Its length, from Mount Jura to the Tyrol, is 205 miles; its breadth, from Como to the Rhine, 125 miles. Population 1,720,000. Cantons. — This country was formerly divided into thirteen cantons; but, since the year 1815, it h2 98 SWITZERLAND. has been divided into twenty-two, viz. — I.Gene- va ; 2. Pays de Vaud ; 3. Neufchatel ; 4. Basle ; 5. Argovia, or Argau ; 6. Zurich ; 7. Schaffhausen ; 8. Thurgovia; 9. St Gall; 10. Appenzel ; 11. Fribourg; 12. Berne ; 13. Solothurn, or Soleure; 14. Lucerne; 15. Underwalden; 16. Uri ; I7. Zug; 18. Schweitz; I9. Claris; 20. Valais; 21. Grisons; 22. Ticiuo. , ,1 Towns. — 1. Geneva; 2. Lausanne; 3. Neuf- chatel ; 4. Bale ; 5. Aarau ; 6. Zurich ; 7. Schaff- hausen ; 8. Frauenfield ; 9. St Gall ; 10. Appen- zel; 11. Fribourg; 12. Berne; 13. Soleure; 14. Lucerne; 15. Stantz; 16. Altorf ; 17. Zug; 18. Schweitz; 19. Claris; 20. Sion ; 21. Coire; 22. Lugano. Mountains.— Rhaetian Alps; Helvetian Alps, including Schrekhorn, Mont Blanc, Mont St Goth- ard, and Great St Bernard ; Mount Jura. Lakes.— Lake of Geneva, Brientz, Thun, Neufchatel, Bienne, Lucerne, Zug, Zurich, Wal- lenstadt, Constance, Maggiore, Lugano. Rivers. — Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Reuss, Limmat, Ticino, Inn. Remarks— Sv/itzeiland is the most mountainous country in Europe. The Alps form not only its southern and east, ern frontier, but penetrate the chief part of its interior. These mountains, towering in some instances to the stu- pendous height of 15,000 feet, and generally to an eleva* tion unknown in other mountain -regions of the same con- tinent, present to the admirer of the picturesque innumera- ble scenes of unrivalled sublimity, as well as of the greatest beauty. In many respects, indeed, Switzerland is one of the most interesting countries which the traveller can visit, or the philosopher contemplate. Here nature wears every variety of aspect, from the most awful grandeur to the most enchanting sweetness. The perpetual snows, the glaciers SWITZERLAND. m — 1. Gene- 4. Basle; laifhausen ; enzel; II. )r Soleure ; Uri; 17. iTalais; 21. ; 3. Neuf- ; 7. Schaff- 10. Appen- oleure; 14. . Zug; 18. Coire; 22. retian Alps^ >Dt St Goth- ura. itz, Thun, irich, Wal- • ss; Limmat, inous country lern and east, its interior. to the stu. to an eleva- he same con- ue innumera. if the greatest nd is one of ler can visit, wears every ir to the most the glaciers or ice-fields of the loftiest regions, tlie avalanches, or masses of snow, falling like mountains loosened from their foun- dations, the bold craggy precipice, the dashing cataract, and the roaring torrent, form a rude, but striking contrast to the more peaceful scenes below.— the varied woodland, the vineyard and the corn-field, the verdant plain, with its smiling cottages and crystal streams. The lakes of Switz- erland form a grand and interesting feature in its landscape ; and some of the noblest rivers in Europe issue from its mountains, and wind along its vales. The soil is as various as the surface is diversified. In the mountainous tracts it is shallow and stony ; in the plains and valleys often boggy. But industry here triumphs over every difficulty ; and the traveller sees, with wonder, rocks clothed with vineyards, where the slightest herbage could not be expected to grow, and grounds which appear inacces- sible, except to the ibex or goat, subdued by the plough. Besides the common kinds of grain, Switzerland produces abundance of fine fruits. But it is on their cattle that the Swiss chiefly depend. Almost every variety of temperature is known in Switz- erland, from the cold of Lapland or Iceland to tlic exces- sive heat of Italy or Spain. The weather, too, is subject to sudden and violent changes. Among the animals that frequent the Alps may be men- tioned the ibex, or rock-goat, which will mount at three springs a perpendicular rock fifteen feet high— bounding like an elastic ball when struck against a wall ; the cha- mois, a species of antelope ; and the marmot, which is often found in a torpid state during winter. Metals are less abundant than might be expected in so mountainous a country. The chief mines are of iron ; but silver, copper, and lead, are also to be found. The chief manufacture is linen : watchmaking is carried on exten- sively in the districts of Neufchatel and Geneva ; and there are likewise manufactures of cottons, woollens, and silks. Internal trade is carried on to some extent witli Germany and the Netherlands by means of the Aar, the Reuss, and the Rhine ; and with France by means of the Rhone. Since the Swiss, instigated by the brave and patriotic Tell, threw off the Austrian yoke in 1315, the form of their government has been a federal republic. £ach canton was 100 SWITZERLAND. regulated by its own laws and magistrates, but all were tnu« tually bound to assist and protect each other in case of need. For a time this government was set aside, when the country fell under the dominion of the French ; but it ha» since been restored. In case of foreign aggression, each canton is bound to send a certain number of men to the field. An army of i33,000 men can thus be raised almost instantaneously; although the whole revenue of the repub- lic hardly exceeds £400,000. In eight of the cantons the Roman Catholic religion is established ; in seven, the Pro- testant. In the remaining seven both these forms of reli- gion e:cist together ; but, of the whole population of Switz- erland, at least three-fifths are Protestants. Simplicity, frugality, honesty, bravery, and a strong at- tachment to home, are the characteristic qualities of this in- teresting people. In the Protestant cantons the advantages of education are almost as generally diffused as in Scotland. Switzerland has produced many characters of distinguished eminence in literature and science, as Zuinglius the re- former, Gesner, Haller, Rousseau, Necker, &c. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Switzerland ? Between what degrees of latitude and lonsitude is it situate ? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What population does it con- tain ? Into now many cantons is it divided ? Name them. What are their principal towns ? Name its mountains ; its lakes; its rivers. Where is Frauenfield, Stantz, Lu&rano, Altorf, Coire, &c. ? Where does the Rhine rise ? Trace its course. Where is lake Brientz ? Where is Mont St Gothard, Great St Bernard, Mount Jura, I^ake Constance, Lake Wallenstadt, Mount Schrekhorn, &c. ? What is the general appearance of Switzerland ? What part of it is occu]iied by tne Alps ? W^hat character do their mountains give to the landscape ? Mention some of the most interesting features in the scenery of Switzerland. What is the nature of the soil ? With what effects of cul- tivation is the traveller astonished there ? What are the pro- ducts of Switzerland ? On what part of their rural wealth do the Swiss chiefly depend ? What varieties of cliniate are ex- perienced in Switzerland ? Mention some of th j remarkable animals that frequent the Alps. Does Switzerland abound in metals ? What are its prin- cipal manufactures ? With what countries and by what riv- ers does Switzerland carry on internal trade ? f ,11 were mu« in case of ,e, when the ; but it has ession, each men to the used almost f the repub- cantons the en, the Pro- rms of reli- on of Switz- l a strong at- ies of this in- le advantages i in Scotland, distinguished glius the re- LC. etween what What is its n does it con- Name them, ountains ; its ntz, Lugano, rise ? Trace I is Mont St e CJonstance, ind? What Iracter do their ke of the most jffects of cul- U are the pro- fral wealth do liiTiate are ex- remarkable [are its prin- by what riv- SWITZERLAND. 10] What i;i the form of government in Switzerland ? When was it for some time set aside ? How is an army raised in case of foreign aggression ? What force can thus be brought almost in iiantaneously to the field ? What is the religion of Switzerland? What are the characteristic qualities of the Swiss ? Ill what state is education among them ? Mention some of the scientific and literary characters which Switzer- land has produced. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'ar, a river which rises in the south-east cf Berne, and flows through the lalces of Brientz and Thun,and ttie cantons of Benie, Soleure, and Argau, to the Rhine. Aarau', a town in Argau, on the Aar. Alps, an extensive and stupen- dous range of mountains, two principal chai^ns of which are the Ilhaetian Alpti, in the Grisons, and the Helvetian Alps, in the Valais, and on the northern boundary of Italy. Altorf, the capitil of Uri, famous for the noble resistance of Wil- liam Tell to the tyrant Geisler, which laid the foundation of the independence of Switzerland. Appenzell', a canton in the north- east—The principal town of the canton, situate on the Sitter, a tributary of the Rhine. Argau, a canton in the north, which derives its name flrom the Aar. Bale, Basle, or Ba'sil, a canton in the north-west.— The capital of the canton, situatt; on the Rhine, the largest town ia Switzerland, the seat of a university, and the birth-place of se^'eral eminent men. Bernard, Great St, one of the Alps, in the south of Valais, towering to the height of 11,))06 feet above the level of the sea. Berne, a canton in the interior.— The capital of the canton, a large and elegant town on the Aar, the seat of a college, and the birth-place Halter. of the celebrated Bienne', Lake of, between iLtoleure and Neufchatel. Brientz', Lake of, in Berne, not far {torn the source of the Aar. Coi're, the principal town of the Grisons. Constance', Lake of, or Bodensee', in the north-east, between Swit- zerland and Germany. It iq, thirty-five miles long, and twelve broad. The Rhine flows through it. Frau'enfield, a small town in Thurgovia, of which it is the capitjfl. Fribourg, (Freeboorg'), a canton west of Berne. — The capital of the canton, most romantically situate on the Sane. Gall, St, a canton south of Lake Constance.— The capital of the canton, a place of considerable trade. Gene'va, a small canton in the south-west. Gene'va, Lake of, the largest in Switzerland, being 50 miles in length, and 10 in breadth. Its scenery is peculiarly beautiful and magnificent. Gene'va, the capital of the canton, beautiAilly situate at the outlet of the Rhone from the lake. In its moral character it is one of the most important cities in Eu- rope. It was here that Calvin resided while he laboured in es- tablishing the Reformation. It 102 SWITZERLAND. is the birth-place of Rousseau, Bonnet, Saussure, Madame de Stael, and many other eminent literary characters, and the seat of a Protestant university. Claris, a small canton in the in- terior. — The capital of the can- ton, a small but well-built town on the Linth. Gothard, Mont St, between Uri and Ticino, 9075 feet above the level of the sea. Grisons, a large canton in the east. Inn, a large river which rises in the Grisons, and flows by a north-east course into Germany. Jura, Mount. See France. Lausanne', the capital of the Fays de Vaud, about a mile north firom the Lake of Geneva. Here Gibbon resided, while composing his history. Limmat, a river which rises in the south of Glaris, where it is call- ed the Linth. On joining the Mat, near the lake of Wallen- stadt, it takes the name of Lim- mat, and afterwards falls into the Aar. Lucerne, a canton in the interior. —A lake, 25 miles long, in Uri, Underwalden, and Lucerne.— The capital of the canton, beau- tifUlly situate on the Reuss. Lugano, a lake in Ticino, 25 miles long, and f^om three to six broad. Maggiore. See Italy. Neufchatel, a canton in the west. —A considerable lake between this canton and Friburg, 20 miles in length, and 4 in breadth, and 1320 feet above the level of the sea. — The capital of the canton, a well-built town, beautifully situate amidst vineyards and gardens. Pays de Vaud, a canton in the west. Reuss, a large river which issues from a lake in Mont St Go- thard, flows through Uri, the the le ca- lake of Lucerne, and Argau, and joins the Aar. Rhine. See France. Rhone. See France. Schaffhausen, (Shafhou'sen), most northern canton. — The ._ pital of the canton, situate on the north bank of the Rhine, a place of considerable trade. Scnrekhorn, (Shrek-horn), one of the Alps, in Berne, risking to the stupendous height of 13,218 feet above the level of the sea. Schweitz, (Shvitz), a canton in the interior, from which the whole country takes its name.— The capital of the canton. Sion, or Sitten, (Seeon'), the chief town of the Valais, situate on the Rhone. Soleure', a canton in the north- west—The capital of the can-. ton, on the Aar. Stantz, (Stanz), the capital of Un- derwalden. Thun, (Tun), a lake in Berne, united with the lake of Brientz by the Aar. It is 12 miles long, and 3 broad. Thurgovia, (Turgo'via), a canton in the north-east. Tici'no, a canton in the south, deriving its name from the river Tici'no, which flows through it into lake Maggiore. Valais. (ValayO, a canton in the south. Underwal'den, a canton in the in- terior. Uri, a canton in the interior. Wallenstadt, alakebetween St Gall and Glaris, connected with the lake of Zurich by the LimYnat. Zag, a small canton in the interior. — The lake of Zug is about 10 miles long, and 2 broad. Zurich, a canton in the north.— The capital of the canton, situate on the Limmat — a fortified town, the seat of a college, and of about twenty scminariee of va- rious descriptions, ITALY. 103 ud Argau, and :. E. rhou'sen), the iton. — 'Ine ca- )n, situate on the Rhine, a bie trade, -horn), one of e, rising to the t of 13,218 feet ' the sea. , a canton in im which the tes its name. — } canton, eon'), the chief iais, situate on in the north, al of the can- B capital of Un- lake in Berne, lake of Brientz s 12 miles long, /via), a canton in the south, from the river lows through it )re. I canton in the mton in the in- e interior. between St Gall ected with the the LimYnat. in the interior, ag is about 10 broad. n the north.— canton, situate fortified town, ollege, and of linariea of va» ' ITALY Is bounded on the North by the Alps, which se- parate it from Germany, Switzerland, and France ; on the West, by France and the Mediterranean ; on the South', by the Mediterranean ; and on the East, by the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice. It stretches from ST** 46' to 46° 40' N. Lat., and from -5° 40' 19° East Long-. Its extreme length, from Mount Blanc to Cape Leuca, is 700 miles; its breadth, from the Adriatic to the Alps of Savoy, is 320 mile'o, but its general breadth is not much above 100 miles. Its population is 19 millions. In this extensive country there are several states— 1. The Kingdom of Sardinia, comprehending Savoy, Piedmont, the Dutch y of Montferrat, part of the Dutchy of Milan, Genoa, and the Island of Sardinia; 2. Austrian Italy, comprehending the States of Venice, with the Valteline, Bormio, and Chiavenna, part of the Dutchy of Milan, and the Dutchy of Mantua ; 3. Parma ; 4. Modena ; 5. Lucca ; 6. Tuscany ; 7. The States of the Church ; 8. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, com- prehending the Kingdom of Naples, and the Island of Sicily. Islands. — Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Isles of Lipari, or JEoWslu Isles, Malta, Capri, Ischia, Elba. Towns. — 1. ChamV>crry, Turin, Casal, Nice ; Genoa, Savona ; Cagliari in Sardinia ; 2. Venice, Padua, Verona, Vicenza; Milan, Lodi, Pavia, "Cremona, Mantua ; 3. Parma, Piacenza ; 4. Mo- dena; 5. Lucca, Massa, Carrara; 6. Florence, 104 ITALY. Pisa, Leghorn, Sienna ; 7. Rome, Civita Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, Loretto, Ravenna^ Bologna, Fer- rara; 8. Naples, Gaeta, Benevento, Saleruo, Ainalfi, Reggio, Taranto; in Sicily, Palermo, Messina, Catania, Agrigento, Trebano. In Malta^ Valetta. Straits. — Bonifacio, Messina. Gulfs. — Genoa, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Poli- castro, Squillace, Tarento, Manfredonia, Gulf of Venice, or Adriatic Gulf. Capes. — Spartivento, Colonna, Lucca. Mountains. — Mont Blanc, Great St Bernard, Cennis, the Appenines, Vesuvius, Etna. Lakes. — iMaggiore, Lugano, Como ; Iseo, Guar- da; Perugia. Rivers. — Po, Adig6, Fiumesino, Arno> Tiber, Volturno. Remarks.— Italy^ in its long range, from Mount Cennis to Cape Lucca, presents every variety of beauty of which landscape is susceptible. It may be regarded as a moun- tainous country ; and all the diversity of elevation, form, and aspect, which mountains can assume, is here to be found. Its valleys are delightful, and even its plains are enlivened with gentle undulations, rivers, and woods. Its winding coast is indented by a number of fine bays ; and the clear unclouded sky that o'ercanopies all, exhibits every object in a charm of colouring and distinctness of outline, unknown in countries where the atmosphere is more ob> scured by fogs and clouds. In climate it is equally fa- voured ; the air being mild and genial in almost' every part. Some of its districts, however, are unhealthy in the summer and autumnal months ; particularly the tract called Maremma, stretching from Leghorn to the Nea- politan frontier, a distance of 200 miles, and having at the Campagna di Roma a breadth of 40 miles. In the Nea- politan territory the heat, during summer, is excessive ; and its effect is occasionally renaered peculiarly oppres- ITALY. 105 vita Vecchia, 5ologna, Fer- ito, Salerno, , Palbrmo, ). In Malta, alerno, Poli- )nia. Gulf of icca. '"' ■ St Bernard, na. > ; Iseo, Guar- , Arno, Tiber, I Mount Cenni's leauty of which ded as a moun. evation, form, is here to be n its plains are md woods. Its fine bays; and , exhibits every ness of outline, ire is more ob- is equally fa- n almost' every jnhealthy in the ilarly the tract m to the Nea- d having at the In the Nea- r, is excessive ; :uliarly oppres- '.1 V- sive by a sultry wind, called the Sirocco, which blows from the hot and arid regions of Africa. From the confines of France to Calabria, the soil is a deep alluvial mould — farther south, it becomes light and sandy. Corn, pulse, and other vegetables, maize, rye, cotton, silk, vines, olives, and delicious fruits, are among the productions of this fertile country. In Lombardy agriculture is well conducted, particularly in the neigh- bourhood of the Fo, where the system of irrigation is car- ried to great perfection ; but in the other parts of the country it is very imperfectly understood. Among the domestic animals of Italy, the horses and sheep of Naples are famous ; and even the buffalo thrives here. Although in such a mountainous coimtry mineral trea- sures may be supposed to abound, its mines are entirely neglected. Marbles of uncommon beauty are found in the north, and in the neighbourhood of Florence and Sienna. Alabaster, jasper, agate, rock-crystal, chalcedony, lapis lazuli, crysolite, with other precious stones, are found In the Appenines. Italy has few manufactures in proportion to its extent and resources. Silk is the staple article. Velvet is ma- nufactured to a considerable extent in Genoa ; and glass in Venice. There are likewise some manufactories of linen and wool. Venice and Genoa once held the first rank among the commercial cities of Europe ; but they have been far out- stripped by England and Holland. Their trade with the Levant, however, is still considerable. The chief exports from Italy are wine, oil, fruits, and silk. Italy has long been distinguished as the chief seat of the fine arts. Painting, music, and sculpture, have here been carried to great perfection. Architecture has been most successfully cultivated in Tuscany, and especially in Flo- rence. The remains of antiquity still afford the finest mo- dels to the student of the fine arts, and the most interest- ing objects to the research of the traveller and the scholar. In all the states of Italy the Roman Catholic religion is established. Home, indeed, is the seat of the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic church. But all other reli- gions are tolerated— provided the national worship be duly I'f 106 ITALY. respected. Among the lower orders education is almost neglected,^and learning may be considered in a backward state compared with the advances which it has made in other countries. Yet few countries have produced so great a number of men distinguished in literature and science. The principal universities of Italy are those of Rome, Bologna, Padua, Parma, Pisa, Pavia, Naples, and Palermo. As the different states of Italy have each its distinct form of government, they cannot well be comprehended under a general description. Imagination, taste and enthusiasm in the fine arts, viva- city, sobriety, and courtesy to strangers, are the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are in general characterized. Indolence is their prevailing vice ; and robbery and assas- sination are crimes by which they arc too generally dis- graced. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Italy ? Between what degrees of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What are its extreme length and breadth ? What is its general breadth ? VV^hat population does it contain ? Into what states is this country divided ? What are its principal islands ?' What are the chief towns of the kingdom of Sardinia ? Of Austrian Italy ? Of Parma ? Of Modena ? Of Lucca ? Of Tuscany ? Of the States of the Church ? Of the Two Sicilies ? Of Malta ? Where is Rome, Padua, Turin, Leghorn, Palermo, Sienna, Savona, Nice, Catania, Loretto, Benevento, Pisa, Piacenza, Pavia, Cremona, Cag- liari, Amalfi, Agrigento, Genoa, &c. ? Name the straits of Italy. Name its gulfs. Name its capes. What are its principal mountains ? M'hat are its lakes ? Name its rivers, and trace their courses. Where is Mount Cennis, Cape Colonna, Gulf of Gaeta, Lake Como, Straits of Messina, Gulf of Salerno, Lake Perugia, the Fiu- mesino, the Appenines, Mont Blanc, Mount Vesuvius, Cape Lucca, &c. ? What is the general appearance of Italy ? What variety do its mountains present ? M'^hat is the character of its val- leys and plains ? What is the appearance of its coast ? What is the effect of its fine sky upon the landscape ? What is the nature of its climate ? Are all its districts ec[ually healthy ? In what tract is the air particularly insalubrious ? By what circumstance is the heat occasionally rendered pe- ition is almost , in a backward IS made in other ced so great a nd science. The lome, Bologna, »alermo. lach its distinct ; comprehended e fine arts, viva- re the agreeable ral characterized, jbery and assas- (O generally dis- ween what degrees hat are its extreme breadth ? What ? What are its nsof the kingdom na? Of Modena? of the Church ? is Rome, Padua, la, Nice, Catania, , Cremona, Cag- giilfs. Name its s ? What are its ourses. Where is leta, Lake Como, Perugia, the Fiu- Mount Vesuvius, y ? What variety Tiaracter of its val- [ance of its coast ? Ilandscape? What Is districts ec(ually ^arly insalubrious ? lally rendered pe- ITALY. 107 culiarly oppressive in the Neapolitan territory ? What di- versities of soil prevail in Italy ? Enumerate some of the productions of this country. In what part of Italy is agricuU ture well conducted ? In what state is it elsewhere ? Which of the domestic animals of Italy are worthy of notice ? Is Italy remarkable for its mineral wealth ? Where are beau- tiful marbles found ? What precious minerals are found in the Ajjpenines ? Does Italy flourish in manufactures ? What are its prin- cipal articles of manufacture ? What Italian cities once possessed great commercial importance ? By what countries nave they been long outstripped ? What branch of ♦heir trade is still considerable ? W nat are the chief exports from Italy? For what has Italy long been distinguished ? Where has architecture been cultivated with particular success ? What does the student of the fine arts and the learned traveller find particularly interesting in this country ? What religion prevails throughout Italy ? Are other reli- gions tolerated? In what state is education? Has Italy produced many learned men ? What are its principal uni- versities ? W hy cannot the governments of Italy be com- prehended under a general description ? What are the agreeable qualities by which the Italians are characterized ? What is their prevailing vice ? By what crimes are they too generally disgraced ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Adige', River, rises on the bor- dersof the Grisons, flows through the Tyrol and Venice, and fall •> into the Gulf of Venice, north ftom the mouth of the Po. Agrigento, the ancient Agrigen. turn, a town on the west coast of Sicily. Amalfl, a small town on the west coast of Naples. Anco'na, a seaport on the Gulf of Venice, States of the Church, with a good harbour. Appenines, a chain of mountains, extending, in a curve line, from the Alps, near Nice, througli the whole length of Italy, and terminating at the Straits of Messina. Arno, River, rises among the Ap- fienineii in Tuscany, and intc the M'^diterrancan. foils Benevento, t city in Naples, but the capital of a dutchy belonging to the States of the Church. Bernard, Great St. See Switzbh- LAND. Blanc, Mont, on the eastern bor- der of Savoy, the highest moun> tain in Europe, 15,6 16 feet above the level of the sea. Bologna, (Bolo'nya), the ancient Bononla, the second city in the States of the Church, situate in a fertile plain, at the foot of the Appenines, between the rivers Savena and Reno. Bonifacio (Bonifachio) Straits, be- tween Corsica and Sardinia. 108 ITALY. i! Bonnio, a district in Austrian Italy, formerly belonging to Switzerland. Cagliari, (Calyare'), the capital of »urdinia, on the south coast. Capri, (Ca'pre), a small island, about 5 miles long, and 2 broad, at the mouth of the Gulf of Naples. It was anciently called C^res, and was the favourite retreat of the emperors Angus* tus and Tiberius. Carra'ra, a small town in the dutchy of Massa, noted for its marble-quarries. Casal', a considerable town in Piedmont, on the Fo. Cata'nia, a large and elegant city in Sicily, at the foot of Mount Etna, by the lava of which it has bieen three times destroyed. It was likewise wholly thrown down by an earthquake in 1693, and partially by a shock in 1783. Cen'nis, a lofty mountain of the Alps, upwards of 9000 feet high, across which there is a passage firom Chamberry to Turin. Chamberry, (Camber'ry), the capi- tal of Savoy, on the borders of Dauphine. Chiavenna, (Keaven'na), a dis. trict in Lombardy, or Austrian Italy, formerly belonging to Switzerland. Civita Vecchia, (Che'vita Vokkia), a seaport on the Mediterranean, in the States of the Church. Colon'na, Cape, on the east coast of Calabria, Xaples. Co'mo, Lake, between Milan and Chiavenna, 36 miles long, and flrom 1 to 4 broad. Corsica. See France. Cremc'na, a city of Milan, of great antiquity, noted for its manufac- ture of superior violins. Elln, an island opposite Tuscany, sixty miles in circuit, the limit- ed empire assigned to Buona- parte, when he was compelled to abdicate the French throne, in 1814. Et'na, a very wide and lofty moun- tain in Sicily, the most celebrat- ed volcano in the world. Height 10,963 feet. Ferra'ra, a city in the north of the States of the Church, on a branch of the Fo. Fiumesi'no, a small river in the north of the States of the Church, the ancient Rubicon. Florence, the capital of Tuscany, one of the finest cities in the world. It is beautifully situate on the Amo, and is equally re- markable for its architectural elegance, and for its splendid works of art The collection of paintings and statues in the Me- dicean Gallery is the noblest in existence. This city can boast of the illustrious names of Dante, Galileo, Michael Angelo, and those of many other eminent men. Gae'ta, a strongly .fortified seaport in Naples, on the Gulf of the same name. Ge'noa, a province of Austrian Italy, once the territory of a celebrated republic. — Genoa, the capital, is one of the most im- portant cities in Italy. During the 14th and 15th centuries it was the rival of Venice in trade, and still carries on an extensive commerce. It is situate on the declivity of a hill, on the Gulf of Genoa, and rises in a semicircu- lar form, strongly defended by a double range of fortifications. Guarda, or Garda, Lake of, in Ve- nice, 35 miles in length, and I'k in breadth. Ischia, (Is'kia), a small but fertile island about six miles from the coast of Naples. Iseo, a lake on the Oglio, in Ve- nice. Leghorn', or Livomo, a large and flourishing seaport town in the north-west of Tuscany. Leu'ca, Cape, on the east coast of Naples. Lipari Isles, (lA'paree)', a cluster of islands on the north of Sicily, ITALY. 109 ;he world. Height n the north of the J Church, on a mall river in the e States of the incient Rubicon. capital of Tuscany, inest cities in the beautifully situate and is equally re- r its architecture d for its splendid The collection oi I statues in the Me- ry is the noblest in rhis city can boast ous names of Dante, chael Angelo,. and iiiy other eminent iKly-fortified seaport on the Gulf of the ovince of Austrian the territory of a ipublic— Genoa, the ,ne of the most im- !s in Italy. During id 15th centuries it dl of Venice in trade. Fries on an extensive It is situate on the * hill, on the Gulf of rises in a semicircu- [rongly defended by iffe of fortifications. arda,Lakcof,inVe- ^8 in length, and 1 i L a small but fertile six miles from the [)lC8 m the Oglio, in Ve- Livomo, a large and J seaport town in the lof Tuscany. 1 on the east coast of J(I.i'l>aree)', a cluster lii the north of Sicily, the most remarkable of which are Lipari and Stromboli, in the latter of which is tlie only vol- cano known whose eruptions arc constant and unremitting. Lodi, a town in Milan, on the Ad- da. In its neighbourhood is made Parmesan cneese. Loretto, a town on the west coast ofthe State < of the Church, fa- mous for the Santa Casa, or Holy Cottage, superstitiously imagined to have been inhabited by the Virgin Mary, and convey- ed by Angels from Galilee to Dalmatia, and afterwards into Italy. Lucca, (Look'ka), a small dutchy between Genoa and Tuscany. — Lucca, the capital, a consider- able city, the seat of a universi- ty, and an archbishop's see. Luga'no, Lake. See Switzer- land. Maggiore, (Magyore'), a large and beautiful lake at the foot of the Alps, on the Ticino. Its Bor- romei islands excite general ad- miration. Malta, an island in the Mediter- ranean, 50 miles south flrom Si- cily. It is only about 20 miles long, and 12 broad : but contains a population of 75,000, being one of the most populous spots on the globe. It belongs to Great Britain. Manfredo'nia, Gulf, on the east coast of Naples. Mantua, a province of Austrian Italy. Its capital, Mantua, is a large city, situate on some islands at the mouth of the Min- cio ; and is, both by nature and art, one of the strongest places in Europe. Massa. a considerable town in a small dutchy of the same name, belonging to the territory of Lucca. Messi'na, (Messee'na), a large city in the north-east of Sicily; si- tuate on the Strait. Its situation is beautiful, and its streets and buildings peculiarly elegant. Milan, (Meelan), a considerable dutchy in Austrian Italy.— Its capital, the chief city of Austrian Italy. Its cathedral is the finest specimen of Gothic architecture extant, and its other public buildings are magnificent. Mode'na; a dutchy in the north, between the Po and the Appen. ines. — Its capital, a consider- able city, on a beautiful plain, between the rivers Panaro and Secchia. Naples, an extensive kingdom, oc- cupying the south of Italy.— Its capital, delightfully situate on the beautiful bay to which it gives name, is the largest city in Italy, containing a population of 330,000. Nice, (Neess), a considerable town in Piedmont, on the Mediter- ranean. Padua, a city in Venice, the seat of an ancient university, and fa- mous as the birth-place of the Roman historian, Livy. Palermo, the capital of Sicily, on the north coast. It is a large and beautiful city, and its situa- tion is enchanting. Population 130,000. Parma, a dutchy in the north. — Its capital, Parma, is beautifully si- tuate on a small river of the same name, the seat of a university. Pavia, a town on the Ticino, in Milan, the ancient capital of Lombardy, a large but decaying city. It IS the seat of a univer- sity. Peru'gia, Lake, the Lacus Thra- simenus of the Romans, in the States of the Church. Perugia, a city in the States of the Church, most delightfully si- tuate on the Tiber. Fiacenza, or Placentia, (Pyachen'- za), a town in Parma, near the confluence of theTrebia and Po, the seat of a university. Piedmont, the largest and most important of the continental provinces of the king of Sardi- nia. Pisa, a city in Tuscany, on the I 2 ■ I 1 110 ITALY. Amo, the seat of a celebrated university, and a place of great antiquity. Po, a large river which issues A-om Mount Viso, and, traversing the north of Italy from east to west, discharges itself into the Adria- tic by a number of mouths, after a course of upwards of 500 miles. Policastro, a gulf on the east coast of Naples. Ravenna, an ancient town, near the mouth of the Montone, in the east of the States of the Church. Though once a sea- port, yet, by the accumulation of mud, it is now between three and four miles distant from the sea. Reggio, (Red'jio), a considerable town near the southern extre- mity of Naples. Rome, the capital of the States of the Church, and once the mis. tress of the world, situate on the Tiber. It abounds in noble monuments of antiquity ; and among its modern structures may bementioned St Peter's, the most magnificent church in the world, the palace of the Vatican, and the castle of St Angelo. Population 136,000. . ,^ Salerno, a city on the west coast of Naples, the see of an arch- bishop, and the seat of a uni- versity. Sardinia, a large island in the Me- diterranean, south of Corsica, 162 miles in length, and from 60 to 70 miles in breadth. Its soil is in general fertile, and its cli- mate salubrious. Population 520,000. Savo'na, a seaport town in Genoa, the birth-place of Columbus, the discoverer of America. Savoy, adutchy in the kin^- of Sar. dinia's dominions, the north- western corner of Italy. Sicily, the largest island of tlie Mediterranean, separated from Italy by the Straits of Messina. Its extreme length is 180 miles, and its greatest breadth 130 miles. The soil is rich, and the climate delightful. Population 1,660,000. Sienna, a city in Tuscany, the seat of a university, and several learned institutions. Here the Italian language is spoken in its greatest purity. Spartivento, Cape, the most southern point of Italy. Squillace, (Squill'ache), a gulf in the south of Naples. Taran'to, Gulf of, a spacious bay, formed by the south-west and south-eastern extremities of Italy. Taranto, the ancient Tarentum, a considerable town on a small island in a gulf of the same name. Tiber, the classical river on which Rome stands, rises in the Appen- ines, flows through the States of the Church, and falls into the Mediterranean. Ti'voli, ancient Tibur, a consider- able town in the States of the Church, most picturesquely si- tuate on the Teverone. Tre'bano, or Trapani, an ancient and important seaport town in the west of Sicily. Turin, a large city in Piedmont, the capital of the Sardinian mo- narchy. It is a noble town, de- lightfully situate on the Po. Po- pulation 90,000. Tuscany, a grand dutchy in the central part of the Italian penin- sula. Valetta, the capital of Malta, a beautiflil and well-built city on the east side of the island. Ve'nice, States of, a government and territory now mcluded in Austrian Italy, but for some centuries, particularly f^om the 12th to the 15th, the richest commercial state in Europe.— Vbmicb, the capital, is built on a number of small islands, sepa- rated from each other by shal- lows. It is a magnificent city ; and presents, at a distance, the singular appearance of domes and "* TURKEY IN EUROPE. Ill oil is rich, and the htful. Population I Tuscany, the seat sity, and several utions. Here the ige is spoken in its y. ;ape, the most It of Italy, ill'ache), a gulf in l^aples. of, a spacious bay, south-west and extremities of le indent Tarentum. le town on a small gulf of the same iical river on which , rises in the Appen- h rough the States h, and falls into the t Tibur, a consider- i the States of the Bt picturesquely si- Teverone. 'rapani, an ancient it seaport town in icily. city in Piedmont, the Sardinian mo. Ls a noble town, de- late on the Fo. Po- 00. ind dutchy in the )f the Italian penin- lapital of Malta, a 1 well-built city on of the island. i of, a government 7 now mcluded in tly, but for some rticnlarly {torn the 15th, the richest state in Europe- capital, is built on small islands, sepa- sach other by shal- i magnificent city ; , at a distance, the arance of domes and ■« i spires, churches and palaces, floating on the waves. Popula- tion 120,000. Verona, a large city on the Adige, in the territory of Venice. Here is a fine Roman amphitheatre, the most magnificent remain of Roman architecture that now exists. Vesuvius, a burning mountain, about eight miles S.S-K from the city of Naples. In a great eruption, A.D. 79, it overwhelm- cd the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii; and thirty great and destructive eruptions have since that time occurred. Vicenza, ( Vechen'za), a large town in the Venetian territory, si- tuate between two mountains, at the confluence of two streams. This town exhibits many fine specimens of the architectural skill of Palladio, who was a na- tive of the place. Volturno, a river of Naples, which rises in the Appenines, and falls into the Gulf of Gaeta. TURKEY IN EUROPE. The Turkish Empire comprehends extensive ter- ritories in the south-east of Europe^ and in the contiguous parts of Asia and Africa. Turkey in Europe is bounded on the north by Austria and Russia; west^ by the Mediterranean, and the Adriatic or Gulf of Venice ; south, by the Medi- terranean ; east. Archipelago, Dardanelles, Sea of Marmora, the Straits rf Constantinople, and the Black Sea. It extends from 16" to 50° E. Long., and from 29° to 48° N. Lat. Its length, from Cape Matapan to the Danube, is 570 miles ; and its breadth, from Constantinople to the Adriatic, 460 miles. Population, about 8,000,000. Divisions*—!. Part of Moldavia;* 2. Wala- chia ; 3. Bulgaria ; 4. Servia ; 5. Bosnia ; 6. Rome- lia, (including Romania, Macedonia, Thessaly, Livadia, and Epirus) ; ?• Morea ; 8. Albania ; 9. Part of Croatia. Towns — 1. Jassy, near the Pruth; 2. Bucha- * Part of this province, and the whole of Bessarabia, have lately been ceded to Russia. • ,. , 112 TURKEY IN SUROPE. SI : rest, Tergovist; 3. Sophia, Ciumla, or Shumla, Varna, Widdin, Nicopoli, Rutsdiuk, Silistria; 4. Belgrade, Semendria, Nfssa ; 5. Bosna-Scraio, Mostar, Novi ; 6. Constantinople, Adrianople, Philippopoli, Trajanopoli, Gallipoli, Philippi, Con- tessa. Seres, Salonica, Larissa, Pharsalia, Athens, Arta, Salona, Castri, Lepanto, Missolonghi, Negro- pont ; 7- Corinth, Argos, Napoli, Misitra, Mo- don, Navarino, Patras, Tripolizza, Napoli di Mal- vasia, Janina ; 8. Durazzo, Scutari ; Q, Bihaez. Gulfs. — Gulf of Arta, Lepanto, Coron, Colo- kythia, Napoli, Egina, Salonica, Cassandra, Monte Santo, Contessa, Saros. Straits.— The Dardanelles, Straits of Constan- tinople. * . Capes.' — Matapan, Malio, or St Angelo, Sky- leo, Colonni. Islands. — Lemnos, Lesbos or Mitylene, Scio, Camos, Stanco, Rhodes^, Scarpanto ; Milo, Paros, Antiparos, Naxia, Negropont, Skyro ; the seven Ionian Islands, now belonging to Britain, viz. Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Teaki, Cefalonia, Zante; to which are annexed Cerigo, Candia. Mountains. — Hsemus, or Balken, Rhodope, Olympus, Ossa, Pelion, Pindus, Athos, Parnassus, Helicon. Rivers.— Danube, Save, Marizza, Vardari, Salampria. Ecmarft*.— Turkey may be considered a mountainous country, although its mountains cannot vie with the stu- pendous ranges cf the Alps or Carpathians. A great chain peryades thu country from east to west, the eastern part of which is the ancient Paemus, now called Balken. This extensive range communicates with the Carpathian mountains by a chain which separates Scrviii from Bu\- TURKEY IN EUROPE. 113 or Sljumla, Silistria; 4. [)8na-Scraio, Adrianople, lilippi, Con- lia, Athens, ighi, Negro- [isitra, Mo- poli di Mal- ). Bihaez. loron, Colo- adra, Monte i of Constan- .ngelo, Sky- ylene, Sclo, ~ilo, Paros, the seven li'itain, viz. Cefalonia, )andia. Rhodope, \, Parnassus, Vardari, mountainous [with the stu- ins. A great the eastern balled Balken. ic Carpathian lia from Bul- garia, from The Thracian mountains of Hhodope are a branch the Haimus. Two other chains diverge from the great range ; one of which traverses Albania, while the other extends through the whole of Greece, even to the extremity of the Morea. In the latter of those chains are the classic mountains of Ossa, Pelion, Olympus, Parnas- sus, Oeta, Helicon, Pindus, and Taygetus. Scenery of unrivalled beauty occurs in these mountainous regions, which the lively imaginations of the ancient Greeks fancied to be the favourite haunts of the gods. In Moldavia, and in the large tract of country watered by the Marissa and its tributaries, are extensive and beautiful plains. Turkey is peculiarly favoured in soil and climate. The soil is generally a rich mould. The climate is alike de- lightful in temperature, and genial to vegetation. The want of industry, which is the usual effect of a stern des- potism, prevents the inhabitants from availing themselves, to any considerable extent, of those advantages. Agri. culture, manufactures, and commerce, are here in a very neglected and backward state. In the northern provinces, wheat, barley, chesnuts, apples, pears, and other fruits, are produced. Maize, rice, tobacco, and even the sugar- cane, oranges, olives, almonds, and figs, are among the productions of the southern provinces. The horses of Turkey, particularly in Thessaly, have long been celebrated ; and the sheep of Wallachia are re- markable for their elegant spiral horns. The government of Turkey is a despotic monarchy of the worst kind. The sovereign, called the Sultan, or Grand Seignior, has unlimited power o 'er the lives and property of his subjects,— >a power which is too often exercised in the most tyrannical manner. This power is de- legated to the Grand Vizier, or Prime Minister, and to the Pachas, or governors of provinces, who employ it for the purposes of extortion, that they may be able to gratify the Sultan's cupidity. The established religion of Turkey is the Mahometan ; and bigoted superstition characterizes their religious feel- ings. Hence the Greeks, who profess the Christian reli- gion, have, ever since the establishment of the Ottoman ascendency, been held under the most grievous oppression. Degenerated from the brave and independent spirit of 1]4 TUHKEY IN EUROPE. their ancestors, they bore this oppression for centuries with tame submission. At length they caught a portion of that ardour for liberty which has been spreading through Europe, and were Rred with an emulation of the heroic deeds and the free condition of their ancestors. For some years they have been engaged in an arduous but unequal contest with their Turkish oppressors. The issue of the contest is still doubtful ; but the recent disasters of the Greeks have reduced them to a very low state of exhaus- tion. Unless their freedom be accomplished through foreign aid, (and there is now a powerful combination in their favour,) their chains, it is to be feared, will only be rivetted by their struggle to throw them off. The personal appearance of the Turks is prepossessing ; and their dress, forming a medium between the flowing drapery of Asia and the tight clothing of Europe, is peculiarly becoming. They are hospitable and brave ; and, notwithstanding the cruel despotism that oppresses them, they are prone to insurrection. The lower ranks are almost wholly uneducated ; law and theology consti- tute the learning of the higher classes. EXERCISES. What territories are comprehended in the Turkish Em- pire ? Whit are the boundaries of Turkey in Europe ? Be- tween what degrees of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What population does it contain ? Name the divisions of Turkey. .What is the chief town of Moldavia ? A¥hat are the principal towns of Walachia ? Of Bulgaria? Of Servia ? Of Bosnia? Of Romelia ? Of the Morca ? Of Albania ? Of Croatia ? What dis- tricts are included in Romelia ? Where is Varna, Tergo- vist, Ciumla, Trajanopoli, Contessa, Rutschuk, Jassy, Nissa, Corinth, Cataro, Bihaez, Athens, Napoli di Mal- vasia, Larissa, Semendria, Mostar, Durazzo, &c. ? Where is the (iulf of Arta, the Dardanelles. Cape Sky- leo, the island of Faros, Mount Hsemus, Straits of Constan- tinople, Olympus, Antiparos, Gulf of Monte Santo, Lem- nos, Samcs, Haemus, Farnassus, the Vardari, the Salampria, island of Negropont, Cefalonia, Scarpanto, Gulf of Cas- sandra, the Marissa, Mount Oeta, Ossa, Farnassus, &c. ? What is the general appearance of Turkey? In what TURKEY IN EUROPE. 115 ror centuries t A portion of iing through of the heroic ■g. For some but unequal e issue of the isasters of the ate of exhaus- Lshed through :ombination in I, will only be prepossessing ; len the flowing of Europe, is le and brave; that oppresses he lower ranks theology consti- Turkish Em- i. Europe ? Be- [e is it situate? jpulation does it Ihe chief town of of Walachia ? , Of Romelia? ta? What dis- ] Varna, Tergo- Uschuk, J assy, kapoli di Mal- llles. Cape Sky- faits of Constan- lie Santo, Lem- I, the Salampria, ■' Gulf of Cas- rfnassus, &c. ? Ikey? In what direction does a great chain of mountains pervade the coun- try ? What name is given to the eastern part of this chain ? How does this range communicate with the Carpathians ? Of what chain is Rhodope a branch ? What other chains di- verge from the great range ? What classic mountains occur in the latter of those chains ? What kind of scenery occurs among those mountains ? In what part of the country do extensive and beautiful plains occur P What is the nature of the soil in Turkey ? What kind of climate does it enjoy ? By what cause are the inha- bitants prevented from reaping the full benefit of those ad- vantages ? In what state are agriculture, manufactures, and commerce? What are the respective productions of the northern and southern provinces ? What domestic animals of Turkey are famous ? What is the nature of the Turkish government ? What power does the Sultan possess ? To whom does he delegate this dangerous power ? For what purposes do they employ it ? What is the religion of Turkey ? By what religious spirit are they characterized ? In what state are the Greek Christians held ? Did they tamely submit to this bondage ? With what spirit were they at length animated ? Have tney at present a fair prospect of success ? What is remarkable about the personal appearance and dress of the Turks ? What is theii national character ? Are they in general well educated ? • . DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'driano'ple, a large city in Ro- mania, situate in a bea\itifiil but unliealthy plain, on the Marissa. It was the principal residence of the Sultans, previous to the taking of Constantinople by Ma- iiomet II., and it still ranks nexi to the capital in importance. Population 80,000. Adria'tic, or Gulf of Venice, a branch of the Mediterranean, extending from S.E. to N.W., between Italy and Illyria, from 40° to 45° y N. Lat. It is in general nearly 140 miles broad. Alba'nia, a large province south of Dalmatia and Servia, north of Livadia, ea.st of the Adriatic, and west of Macedonia and Thessaly; 135 miles in length, and flrom 70 to 90 miles broad. Its inhabitants, called by the Turks Arnauts, are the de. scendants of the ancient Illy- rians. Antipa'ros, a small island in the Archipelago, between Faros and Siphanto. It is celebrated for its cavern of crystallized marble, which presents, when lighted up, a most brilliant appear- ance. Archipelago, ( Ar-she-pel'-ago) , call- ed by the ancients the ^gean Sea, is that part of the Medi. terranean between Asia Minor and Greece. The Tiirks call it Adalat Denhisi, or " the sea of islands." Argos, a town in ths Morea, si- tuate on the river > acho. Ar'ta, a town in Epirus, seated on a river of the same name. Ar'ta, Gulf of, in Albania, ex- 116 TURKEY IN EUROPE. I' I r> tends a considerable way into the land ; but Arom its rocks and sand-banks it is very dangerous to navigators. A'thens, anciently the capital of Attica, and the most renowned city in antiquity, for the genius of its inhabitants, and their emi< nence in literature, philosophy, oratory, poetry, and the fine arts, is now a town in Livadia, rescued from obscurity only by the interesting remains of its ancient grandeur. It is situate on the small and scanty, but far- famed streams, Ilissus and Ce- phissus. A'thos, Mount, r.ow called Monte Santo, a lof> y mountain in Ma- cedonia, occupying a peninsula formed by the Gulfs of Contessa and Monte Santo, and nearly due west of the island of Lem- nos. It has received the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Mount, from its numerous mo- nasteries, in which nearly 6000 monks lead a life of seclusion and indolence. Balken, or Hsemus, mountain. See Remarks. Belgrade, a strongly-fortified town in Servia, at the conflux of the Danube and Save. Bihaez, (pr. Behaiz'), a town in Turkish Croatia, on the Unna. Bos'na-Seraio', the chief town of Bosnia, on the small stream Ali^aaka. Manufactures of lances, daggers, and other arms, are here carried on to a consi. derablc extent. Bosnia, a provincv- havine the Save on the north, which se- parates it from Sclavonia: the Drino on the east, which se. Pl^rate8 it from Servia : Dalma- tla on the south, and Cfroatia on the west. Its ancient name was Pannonia Inferior. Bucharest, (pr. Boo'harest), the chief town of Walachia, situate on the Dembrowitza, a tribu- tary of the Danube. It is about three English miles in lengtli, and two :n breadth ; and con- tains 00,000 inhabitants. Bulgaria, a province separated by the Danube from Bessarabia, Moldavia, and Servia, on the north. This province was call- ed by the Romans MoDsia Infe- rior. Candia, a large island in the south of the Archipelago, 180 miles in length, and from 20 to 30 in breadth. To the classical scho- lar, Crete, the ancient name of the island, is familiar; as are likewise its Mount Ida, and its celebrated labyrinth. It con- tains about 280,000 inhabitants, of whom 130,000 are Greeks, and the rest are Turks. Its soil is fertile, and produces oil, wine, saffron, and a variety of fine fruitJ.— Candia, the capital of the above-mentioned island, is situate in an elevated plain on the north coast. It sustained a siege of 24 years against the Turks, from 1645 to 1669. Cassandra, Gulf of, in the N.W. of the Archipelago, east of the Gulfof Saloniki. Castri. See Salona. Castri, the ancient Delphi, a small town in Livadia, on the south side of Mount Parnassus. Cefalonia', (pr. Kaephalone'ea), the largest ot the Ionian islands ; 40 miles in length, from 10 to 20 in breadth, and nearly ] 50 in circumference, and containing a population of about 60,000. It is remarkably fertile; and the climate is so fine, that the fhiit-trees produce fruit twice in the year. Its raisins, of which it produces from 2000 to 3000 tons annually, are of a very superior r^uality. C. f"^ ,a, the capital of ntioned island, 18 elevated pla»" "" St It «u«t^^r^ne years against vhe 1645 to 1669. Llf of. in th« N.VJ^ ipelago, east of tne niki. iSTt Delphi, a sn'S £. on the south ^hWnlan islands ; tkably fertile; and if io fine, that the rKeWtJvU:«m teoVUtons PS a very superior ere'eo), the ancient .eregiJ/, Ionian '°h"p^S of thi Morea'. fufs separated by a il It is IT miles long. and contains about ^ffints. Itisxnoun. \huS&,alargetown *^ on the great road in Constantinople to It carries on a con- sidcrablc trade in wine, hard- ware, and ready>made clothes for Constantinople. Population 30 000 Coloky'thea, (Colokee'thia). Gulf of. in the south of the Morea. Colon'nl, Cape, a promontory on the south-east of Livadia. Constantinople, the capital of Romelia, and of the Turkish empire. Its tncient name was Byzantium, and it is now called by the Turks htumbol, or Statu, boul. Constantine the Great re- built the city in the year 330, and gave it the name of Con- ttantinopolis, or Conttantine'i city. From that period it con- tinued the seat of the eastern or Greek empire, till the year 1453, when it was taken by the Turks under Mahomet II., who rendered it the metropolis of the Turkish dominions. Its situa- tion, at the junction of the Bosphorus with the Black Sea, is peculiarly advantageous ; and the view of the city ft-om the harbour cannot be surpassed. It is so strongly fortified on the side next the sea, at to be al- most impregnable. Population 300 000. Constantinople, Straits of, called likewise the Bosphqrus, the narrow sea which forms the communication between the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea. It is about 20 miles long, and 1^ mile broad. Contessa, a seaport in Macedonia, situate on a small island at the bottom of the gulf. Contessa, Gulf of, in the north- west of the Archipelago, between the peninsula of Mount Athos, and the coast of Macedonia and Romania. Corfu', (pr. Corfoo'). the ancient Corc/ra, one of the Ionian isl- ands, at the entrance of the Adriatic, separated flrom the coast of Alljania by a channel, which varies firom 2 to 6 miles in width. The island is about 45 miles in length, 25 miles in breadth, and about 112 in cir- cnmference. Its population near 60,000. It ii of considerable po- litical importance, ai the key of the Adriatic ; and is the first in rank, though only the second in sise, of the islands composing the Ionian republic. Co'rinth, once one of the most distinguished cities of Greece, now little more than a village, is advantageously situate near the isthmus of Corinth. Here the fine arts were cultivated with the greatest success ; and the splendid style of its public buildings gave rise to the most elaborate of the four orders of Grecian architecture. From the date of its capture by the Roman consul Mummiui, it rapidly declined in importance. Co'ron, Gulf of, anciently called the gulf of Messene, in the south-west of the Morea. On a small peninsula in this gulf is the fortified seaport town of Coron. Danube, River. See German ' States. Dardanel'le8,(Dar.da-nels'), Straits of, or Straits of Gallipoli, called anciently the Hellespont, form the communication between the sea of Marmora and the Archi- pelago. On the Eurq;>ean shore IS the castle of Romania or Set- tot} and on the Asiatic shore, the castle of Natolia or Abydot. These castles are propeily called the Dardanelles, and ttoia them the Str-^its receive their name. Durazzo, (pr. Doorad'zo), a sea- port on the coast of Albania in the Adriatic. It was here that Pompey was besieged by C«esar. Egi'na, Gulf of, in the north-east of the Morea. it takes its name from an island at its entrance. Epi'rus, an extensive district in Romelia, stretching along the coast of the Adriatic, from the Acroceraunian mountains to the Gulf of Arta. It is celebrated in ancient history as the kingdom of Pyrrhus. Galli'poli, a large commercial city in Romania, on the north shore K 118 TURKEY IN EUROrE. of the Dardanelles. It is a well-built town, has two good harbours, and is tiie residence of a Turkish governor. Popu- lation 17,000. He'licon, now called Sagara, a mountain in Romclia, north flrom the Gulf of Lepanto, cele- brated in ancient mythology as a favourite haunt of the Muses. Jani'na, or Joanni'na, the chief town of Albania, is a large and flourishing city. It is most beautiflilly situate on the side of I lake, having before it a plain ftora 13 to 14. miles in length, covered with groves and gardens. Population 40,000. Jassy, the principal town of Mol- davia, and the see of the Greek archbishop of the province. It is said (o have once contained 80,000 nhabitants; but their numbers have been reduced by a series of disasters to little more than 15,000. In 1753 it was almost completely consum- ed by fire ; and it has very re- cently experienced a similar ca- lamity. Laris'sa, the principal town of Thessaly, in Romclia, beauti- fully situate on the right bank of the Salampra. Population 20,000. Lemnos, called likewise Stalyme'- ne or Linige, an island in the Archipelago, between Monte Santo and the Dardanelles. It is 15 miles long, and 1 1 broad. Greek population 8000. Lepan'to, the ancient Naupactus, a small seaport in Livadia, si- tuate at the entrance of the gulf of the same name. Lepanto, Gulf of, anciently the Gulf of Corinth, an inlet of the Ionian Sea, about 70 mites in length. It separates the south coast of Romania firom the Morea. Lesbos, or Mytilcne, a large isl- and, near the eastern shore of the Archipelago, celebrated in antiquity as the birth-place of Sappho, Alcaeus,and Theophras. tus ; and, in modern times, of Barbarossa, so distinguished in the early maritime nistory of Europe. It was noted for the voluptuousness of its inhabit, ants. Population 40,000. Livadia, an extensive province in Romelia, containing the most interesting portion of ancient Greece. It extends about 180 miles in length, and 40 in breadth ; and, in this compara- tively small space, comprehends the ancient territories of Acar. nanin, Etolia, Locris, Phocis, Boeotia, Megara, and Attica. It abounds, as might be expect- ed, in interesting remains of an- tiquity. Macedonia, an extensive district or province in Romelia, sur- rounded by Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia, Thessaly, and the Ar- . chipelago. A barrier of lofty mountains encloses it in the form of a bow, whose cord is the Ar- chipelago. The coast, in a straight line, would be about 150 miles long; but, measuring its different windings, bays, and promontories, it extends to nearly twice that length. The soil is in general fertile ; the cli- mate pure and delightful. Ma'lio, or St An'gelo, Cape, the south-east es^tremity of the Morea, Maris'sa, or Ma'.it'za, the ancient Hebrus, issues n-om Mount Haemus, and falls into the ^gean sea, west of tlie gulf of Saros. Matapan', Cape, the most southern point of the Morea, and of the continent of Europe.- This was the Tasnareum Promontoreum of the ancients. Milo, the ancient Melos, a small island in the Archipelago. Its soil is volcanic, and extremely fertile. Mi'sitra, (pr. Mi'stra), near the site of the ancient Sparta, a town in the Morea, most beau- tifully situate at the foot of Mount Taygetus. It was once a TUllKEV IN EUROPK. 119 s.andTheophras- modern times, of • , distinguished in ritime nistory ot ras noted for the 13 of ita inliabit- tion 40,000. ensive province in talning the most ortion of ancient 'Xtends about 180 igth, and 40 in 1, in this compara- pace, comprehends erritorics of Acar- 1, Ix)cri8, Phocis, lara, and Atticji. asmightbeexpect- iting remains of an- extensivc district in Romelia, sur- Thrace, Bulgann, ssaly, and the Ar- A barrier of lofty nclosesitintheform hose cord is the Ar- The coast, in a B, would be about ng ; but, measuring windings, bays, and ,a, it extends to e that length. The leral fertile ; the cli- id delightful. An'gelo, Cape, the e:^tremity of the [a' it'za, the ancient saes from Mount fnd falls into the I west of the gulf of It, the most southern flVlorea, and of the I Europe.- This was lum Promontoreum lits. ,, lient Melos, a small , Archipelago. Its iiic, and extremely JMi'stra), near the ancient Sparta, a J Morea, most beau- Ite at the foot of letu!. It was once a considerable city, but is now ra* i)i(lly dec.iying. ' Missofon'ghi, a fortifiei<* almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1818. PinMus, now Meixovo, a long lofty chain of mountains ex- tending f^om east to west, and separating Thessaly flrom Alba- nia. In some places it rises to the height of 6000 or 7000 feet. Rhodes, a large island, near the Asiatic coast, at the entrance of the Archipelago. In ancient times. It was one of the most celebrated states of Greece, for wealth, commercial importance, and naval power ; and in mo- dem I.istory is fomous for its ob- stinate, though finally unsuc- cessftil resistance to the Sultan Solyman the Great, A.D. 1533. It is now reduced to compara- tive insignificance. Population 20,000. Rhodope', Mount. See Remarks. Romania, often confounded with Romelia, of which it is only a province, is bounded north by the Balken mountains, whicn separate it flrom Bulgaria ; east by the Black Sea, and Straits of Constantinople; south by the sea of Marmora, the Darda- nelles, and Archipelago j and west by Macedonia. Ro'melia, Rumelia, or Rum-ill, an extensive portion of Euro- pean Turkey, comprising Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Epirus, and Livadia. TL'RKEY IN EUltOPK. J21 It U one of the of the Ionian re- ]rated mountain In th of 08»a. own In Theisalv, le battle fought In •hood between Cae- jey. . . wn in Macedonia. : plains are famoui story as the scene of tween the Roman slus and Brutus on , and Augustus and )ny on the other, a large town in Ma- inded by Philip, the lexander the Great. ost destroyed by an in 1818. r Mexxovo, a long , of mountains ex- m east to west, and rhessalyflrom Alba- me places it rises to ofeOOOorTOOOfeet. rge island, near the St, at the entrance of lelago. In ancient ras one of the most itates of Greece, for nmercial importance, power ; and in mo- y is famous for its ob- Dugh finally unsuc stance to the Sultan e Great, A.D. 1522. tcduced to compara- ificance. Population ount. See Remarks. en confounded with which it is only a bounded north by mountahts, which flrom Bulgaria ; east ;k Sea, and Straits of ople; south by the nnora, the Darda- Archipelago J and cedonia. umelia, or Rum-ili, ve portion of Euro- y, comprising Thrace, Thessaly, Epinis, f Uustcliuck, or Ilutuk, a large and flourishing town in liulgu- rin, Hituatc on tlic Danube. It is a |>lacc of considcrublc trade and commerce. Salam'pria, or Salcmbria, the nn- cient Pencua, a river in Thessa- ly, issuing from Mount Pindus, and flowing through the beaut i. ful vale of Tempe, to the gulf of Salonica. Salona, supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Ampnissa, a town in liivadia, on the south side of Mount Parnassus. It is a place of considerable trade, and the sec of a Urei'k bishop. Salonica, the ancient 'I'liessaloni- ca, a large and imnortant city of Macedonia, at tlic nortiicm extremity of the gulf that bears its name. It i!< beautit\illy si- tuate on the acclivity of a hill, and presents a most imi><)sing appearance from the sea. It is strongly fortified ; the circum- ference of its walls is about li ve miles, and its population is com- puted at 7().0(K). Salonica, Uulf of, a spacious bay in tiie south of Siacedoiiia. Samos, a considerable islanil in the Archipelago, separ.itivl frmn the coast of Asia by a nam w strait. It is U4 miles in leiigdi, 12 in breadth J and about 7»> iii circumference. It still retains its ancient celebrity for beauty, fertility, and the exoellenco of iU firuifs. Population (iO.OOO. Santa Maura, the Leucadia of the ancients, an island in the Ionian sea, on the west coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a channel, in some places not 100 paces wide. It is about 50 miles m circumference. Its surface is mountainous and riig(;ed ; but its climate is mild, and it pro- duces fine fruits in abuiulance. Population 20,000. Saros, Gulf of, in the north-east of the Archipelago. Save, a large river which ti.es in Illyria, flows through Styria and Croatia, separates Sdavonia from Turkey, and falls into tlic Da- nube between Semlia and Bel- grade. Scarpanto, the ancient ( .iriiathus. a small island in the Mediter- ranean, between Candia and Rhodes. Scio, (pr. Skc'o), the ancient Chios, a considerable island in the Archipelago, near the Asia> tic coast. Though rugged and mountainous, the industry of the inhabitants has rendered it very productive ; and around the capital, Scio, there is a very extensive plain, celebrated for its beauty and fertility. The mastic shrub is almost peculiar to this i.dand. The Chian wine was celebrated among the an- cients. Scuta'ri, a large fortified town in Albania, situate on the Bogane', at the south-east extremity of the lake Seutnri. The adjacent plain is t'lie >•{' the richest in Allmiil I. Population 12,000. Semeiidria, a fortified town in Ser- \i<, (11 the south side of the i.),i ulic. N.''resv or .Sirus, a larj^e town in M K-oiloiiia, to the east of the river Strymon. It has exten- Mve mauufactcirics of towels, strong linen, and cotton cloth. roj)Ulation .SO.OOO. Servia, an extensive province in the north of Turkey, the Mocsia Superior of the Romans. Silis'tria, a large fortified town in I>ul{; ria, on the south liank of tiie I >anube, at its junction with the Missovo. Population 20,000. Sky'leo, (pr. Skeeleo), Cape, a promontory in the west of the Morea. Sky'ios, (pr. Skee'ros), a rugged and barren island in the Archi- pelago, east of Negropoiit. Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria, a large and populous city, si- tuate on the river Bogana. Though an inland town, its trade is considerable. Popula- tion 50,0lj0. Stan'co, the ancient Cos, a small if'landin the Archipelago, near K 2 122 TUBKBY IN EUROPB. the Asiatic coMt. It it cele. brated «• the birth>place of Hip. pocrates and Apelles. Teald, the ancient Ithaca, one of the seven Ionian Islands, to the aouth of C^halonia. It is about 18 miles, long, and 5 broad, and contains a population of 8000. It is peculiarly rugged and bar. ren; its inhabitants depending for their sulwistence chiefly on fishing and navigation. Ho. mer gives it celebrity as the kingdom of Ulysses. Tergovist', a town in Wallachia, situate on the river Jalomiza. Thes'saly, an extensive province in Romeua, to the north of Liva. dia. It is one of the most fer. tile provinces in Turkey ; its fine plains being watered by streams mm the mountains on their course to the Archipelago. Po- pulation 300,000. TraJano'poli, a considerable town in Romania, situate on the right bank of the Marizza. It was greatly improved by Tra. Jan, firom whom it takes its name. Population 15,000. Tripolizza, (pr. Tripolitza), the principal town of the Morea, situate in a narrow vale at the foot of Mount Mtenalus. Popu. lation 12,000. Varda'ri, (pr. Var-dai'.ee), the Axius of antlqultv, rises near the northern frontier of Mace, donia, and flows southward to the gulf of Salonica. Vai^na, or Wama, the ancient Odessus, a large fortified town in Bulgaria, at the mouth of the river Varna. Its trade is con. siderable, its harbour large and commodious. Population 16,000. Wala'chia, an extensive province separated by a range of moun- tains on the north, from Tran. sylvania and Moldavia ; and by the Danube on the south, Arom Bulgaria. It is about 250 miles in length, and alwut 160 in its medium breadth. Po. pulation 800,000. Wid'din, or Vidin, a large and well.fortified town in Bulgaria, situate on the right bank of the Danube, the residence of a Turkish pacha, and of a Greek archbishop. Population 20,000. Zante, the ancient Zacynthus, one of the Ionian islands, about 15 miles in length, 8 in breadth, and 30 in circumference. In beauty and fertility it is one of the most interesting of these islands. Its currants have long been well known in the markets of England and Holland. Po- pulation 40,000. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Thb Russian Empire is the most extensive in the world, occupying a large portion of Europe, and all the northern part of Asia. It stretches from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, from 18" to 192° E. Longitude,— a space of more than 90OO miles. European Russia is bounded N. by the Nor- thern Ocean ; £. by Asiatic Russia, from which it Ity, rises near ntier of Mace- I southward to lica. 1, the ancient fortified town le mouth of the 8 trade is con- harbour large 8. Population tensive province range of moun- rth, flrom Tran- Edoldavia ; and ! on the south. It is about nath, and about mbreadth. Po- in, a large and wn in Bulgaria, ight bank of the residence of a and of a Greek )pulatioD 20,000. lent Zacynthus, tn islands, about ;h, 8 in breadth, fumference. In ility it is one of 'esting of these rants have long in the markets Holland. Po- Igive in the lurope, and Ties from the Is" to 192" 1)00 miles. the Nor- Im which it RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 123 is separated by the Oural mountains and the river Don ; S. by Turkey, the Sea of Azoph, and the Black Sea ; W. by Sweden, the Baltic, Prussia, and Austria. It extends from 44° 30' to 70° N. Lat., and from 21° to 60° E. Long. From the southern extremity of the Crimea to the Arctic Ocean, its length is 1700 miles; and its breadth, along the parallel of 56°, is 1500 miles. The po- pulation is computed at 44,000,000. Divisions. — In the Russian Empire there are fifty-one governments or provinces, forty-one of which are entirely in Europe, and four partly in Europe, partly in Asia. In the north are, 1. Archangel ; 2. Vologda ; 3. Olohetz ; 4. Finland ; 5. Viborg or Carelia. In the north-west, 6. Novgorod ; 7. Petersburg or Ingria ; 8. Revel or Esthonia ; 9> Riga or Livonia; 10. Pskov; 11. Vitepsk ; 12. Courland; 13. Wilna. In the west, 14. Moghilev; 15. Minsk; 16. Grodno; 17> Volhynia. In the centre, 18. Moscow; I9. Tver; 20. Vladimir; 21. Jaroslav; 22. Kostroma; 23. Nisnei- Novgorod ; 24. Tambov ; 25. Riazan ; 26. Tula ; 27- Kalu- ga ; 28. Smolensk ; 29. Orel ; 30. Tchernigov ; 31. Kursk ; 32. Voronetz. In the east, 33. Perme ; 34. Viatka ; 35. Kasan ; 36. Simbirsk ; 37. Pen- za ; 38. Saratov. In the south, 39- Podolia ; 40. Bessarabia and part of Moldavia; 41. Kiev; 42. Poltava; 43. Slobodsk-Ukraine or Charcov; 44. Ekaterlnoslav ; 45. Cherson ; 46. Taurida, includ- ing the Crimea ; 47. Country of the Don Cossacks. The Don Cossacks, Perme, Saratov, and Sim- birsk, are partly in Asia. Finland was acquired from Sweden in I8O9; Bessarabia and part of Mol- davia from Turkey in 1812. The country to the west of the rivers Dwina and Dnieper, including 124 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Courlaiul^ Wilna, Grodno, Minsk, Mogliilcv, Vol- Iiynia, Kiev, and Podolia, formerly belonged to Poland. The principal towns are generally of the same name as the provinces. The exceptions are, 5. Abo, Tornea; ?• Petersburg, Cronstadt; 12. Mittau ; 17. Zytomiers; 18. Moscoiv, Borodino; 19- Kaminiec, Choczim ; 40. Bender, Ismail ; 45. Cherson, Odessa ; 4?. Tscherkask. Islands. — Aland, Dago, Oezel, in the Baltic. In the Arctic Ocean, Kalguev, Vaigatz, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen. - , Mountains. — Oural Mountains, Valdai. Lakes. — Onega, Ladoga, Peipus, Ihnen. Rivers. — Dniester, Bog, Dnieper, Don, Vol- ga, Oka, Kama, Dwina, Neva, Northern Dwiua, Petchora. Remarks.'— European Russia is almost throughout its vast extent a level country. On its eastern frontier, indeed, a vast chain of hills stretches, under various denominations, from Nova Zembla to the Caspian ; rising in some places to the height of 8000 feet. In Lapland and in the Crimea there arc mountains uf considerable magnitude ; and the Valdai hills form an extensive table-land to the east and south of Petersburg. From these latter hills the principal rivers of Russia take their rise ; and so flat is the country through which they flow, that their course towards the sea is extremely tranquil. The distinguishing feature in the natural aspect of Russia is its steppes, which are vast plains formed chiefly of sand, and destitute of wood, except, here and there, a stunted birch. The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other European countries in the same parallel of latitude ; and the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder. For this peculiarity in the Russian climate various causes have been assigned,— its distance from the ocean,— the vast tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds,- and the dreary uncultivated surface of the country, a great RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 125 lev, Vol- ongecl to ly of the ions are, iadt; 12. Jorodino ; nail ; 45. le Baltic, tz, Nova Jai. i len. Don, Vol- n Dwiua, oughout its tier, indeed, lominations, some places the Crimea de ; and the the east and the principal the country ards the sea >ature in the re vast plains except, here that of other latitude; and lithe colder, arious causes -an,— the vast L'rly winds, — untry, a great proportion of which ia occupied with forests, lakes, and marshes. Beyond the latitude of 69° the ground is cover, ed with snow and ice ; corn crops cannot be depended on above GO** ; and do not become of consequence till we de- scend to 57^. The fruits of temperate climates cannot be raised with advantage above 50°. The summer heat in llussia, however, is in general greater than in other coun- tries under the same parallels of latitude. Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grains of the nor- thern provinces ; in the middle and southern provinces wheat h raised in great abundance. The meadows on the WolgL , I .'ion, and some of the other rivers, are luxuri- ant in r >r ' -grasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on the stroiig soils ; tobacco and maize in the south, chiefly in the Crimea. The fruits vary with the varieties of latitude and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries are common in the central provinces ; peaches and melons in the southern ; and in Taurida and the Crimea, vines, figs, almonds, and pomegranates. In the centre of Russia are extensive for- ests of all kinds of trees ; pine, fir, and birch trees abound in the northern regions. The domestic animals common in other parts of Europe are found in Russia ; and, as a proof of the extent of its territory^ it may be mentioned, that the camel and the rein, deer, animals of opposite climates, are both domesticated within Its limits. Among the wild animals of this country may be enumerated the bear, the wolf, the lynx, the cha. mois, the antelope, the elk, the beaver, the ermine, the marten, the musk-deer, and the musk-rat. The most extensive mines of Russia are in the Oural mountains. In Perm are valuable mines of copper and iron ; and of the latter metal there are also considerable mines in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Salt abounds in several provinces; and springs of naphtha occur in the district of Perecop and the isle of Taman in Taurida< Manufactures and agriculture are still in a very back, ward state in Russia, although the government has of late been making laudable efforts to improve them. The prin- cipal branches of manufacture are linen, wooll'^n, hard- ware, leather, soap, oil, potash, and mats. From its small extent of coast Russia must ever be limited in its foreign commerce ; but its rivers and canals afford great facilities for internal trade. By means of the canal of Vishnei Vo- 126 IIUSSIA IN EUKOPK. I M I ! loskok, which unites the Tversta, a tributary of the Volga, with the Shiina, which communicates, by means of other rivers, with lake Ladoga, and thence with the Neva, goods may be conveyed without landing from the Caspian to the Baltic. The principal articles of export are hemp, flax, leather, tallow, potash, .. ax, soap, timber, pitch, tar, skins, furs. The imports are sugar, coffee, cotton, and other co- 1 >nial goods ; woollen and cotton cloths, silks, dye-stuffs, wins, and brandy. The annual value of the exports ii about £15,000,000,— of the imports, nearly the same. The mode of Christianity established in Russia is that of the Greek church ; but Christians of all other denominations, and even Mahometans, have full toleration. The ecclesiastics are extremely numerous, and enjoy important immunities and privileges. Their religious ceremonies, particularly on festival days, are splendid and imposing. The government is an absolute monarchy^the only restraint on the will of the emperor, or autocrat, being the respect due to the nobility and clergy, and the dread of assassination, by which an un.. popular sovereign is sometimes removed, and from which even the best is not altogether secure. The people are still kept in a very degrading state of vas&:alage ; the peasants, or boors, are the slaves of those proprietors on whose lands they are born ; but government has been making attempts to ameliorate their condition, and some nobles have declar- ed their peasantry free. The resources of Russia, were they less scattered and better managed, would be very great. Its revenue, however, does not exceed £13,000,000 ; and the expenses of the war with Buonaparte threw it into considerable embarrassment. The numerical amount of the Russian army, exclusive of irregulars, was, in 1819, 778,000 men. As soldiers the Russians possess in an emi- nent degree the virtues of obedience and fortitude. Under good officers they would be almost invincible ; and their discipline has, of late y.'ars, been greatly improved. Education is miserably neglected throughout the empire. But to this, as to other points on which the national im- provement depends, the attention of government has re- cently been directed. By an imperial ukase issued in 1 S02, a plan of education was prescribed somewhat resembling our parochial estiiblishments in Scotland ; but it has not yet been rendered properly effective. Little can be said in fa- IIUSSIA IN EUROPE. 127 lie Volga, i of other 2va, goods ian to the emp, flaXf tar, skins, i other co- dye-stuffs, exports is same. La is that of ominations, ecclesiastics immunities ticularly on (vernment is e will of the the nobility vhich an un- from which ople are still ;he peasants, whose lands ng attempts i.ave declar- lussia, were uld be very n 3,000,000 ; threw it into imount of the as, in 1819, !ss in an emi- tude. Under and their oved. ut the empire. national im- iment has re - isued in 1 802, resembling tithasnotyet be said in fa- at \'Our of the national character of the Russians. Of clean- liness the lower classes have no idea, nor is it much attend- ed to even among their superiors. Drinking and gaming i.re prevalent vices ; and chastity is scarcely esteemed a vir- tu' . The nobility live in great style ; but there is still a rudeness in their magniBcence characteristic of a half-bar-> barous state. They are a social and hospitable people. EXERCISES. Is the Russian empire confined to Europe ? What is its extent ? How is European Russia bounded ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate P What are its length and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ? How many governments or provinces does it contain ? How many of them are entirely in Europe ? Name the govern- ments in the north. Name those in the north-west. Name those in the west. Name those in the centre. Name those in the east. Name those in the south. Which of those go- vernments are partly in. Asia ? From what country ana at what time was Finland acquired ? When and from what country were Bessarabia and part of Moldavia acquired ? What part of J? assia formerly belonged to Poland ? What are the towns wnich have not the same names as the govern- ments ? What islands belong to Russia ? What are its mountains ? What are its principal lakes ? What are its chief rivers ? Where is Tornea, Kaminiec, Odessa, Borodino, Ismail, Choczim, Cronstadt, Bender, Zytomiers, &c. ? Where is lake Ladoga, Peipus, the Oural mountains, laki, Ilmen ? Trace the Volga, tne Dnieper, the Oka, the Petchora, the Kama, the Dwiua, &c. What is the general aspect of Russia ? In what part of it do chains of hills occur ? From which of those chains do the priacipal rivers of Russia take their rise ? What is the dis- tinguishing feature in the general aspect of E ssia ? What is peculiar in the climate of Russia ? What causes have been assigned for this peculiarity ? What are the vari- ous effects of the climate on the earth, and its productions, in the various latitudes down to 60" ? Is the summer-heat great in Russia ? What are the principal crops in the north- ern, middle, and southern provinces ? W ^lere do luxuriant meadows occur? Where are hemp and flax, tobacco and maize, respectively cultivated ? What varieties of fruits are found in the different regions ? What trees abound in the centre, and in the north ? What domestic animals in oppo- site parts of Russia afford a proof of its vast extent of terri- 128 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. i i torv ? Mention some of the wild animals of this country. Where do the most extensive mines of Russia occur ? In what provinces are mines of copjier and iron wrought ? Is salt common in any part of Russia ? Where do springs of naphtha occur ? In what state are the manufactures of Russia ? What are the principal articles of manufacture ? Why is Russia ill- adapted for foreign commerce ? What facilitates its internal trade ? How is a communication formed between the Baltic and the Ct pian ? What are the principal articles of export ? Whi i are the imports ? What is their annual value respec- tively ? What is the established religion of Russia ? Are other religions tolerated ? What is the state of ecclesiastics in Russia ? What is remarkable about their religious cere- monies ? What is the nature of the government ? Wbtt are the only restraints on the will of the sovereign ? In what state are the people ? Have any attempts been made to ameliorate their condition ? What is the state of the resources of this empire ? What is the amount of its revenue ? What is the numerical amount of its army ? What are the characteristic qualities of Russian soldiers ? In what state is education in Russia ? What was the plan prescribed for its improvement by the imperial ulcaseof lo02 ? what are the prevalent defects in the national character ? In what style do the nobility live ? For what social virtue are the Russians remarkable. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Abo, the capital of Finland, si- tuate on the Aura-jocki, at the extremity of the promon- tory formed by the gulfs of Bothn a and Finland. It car- ries on a considerable trade, and is the seat of a bishop, a pro- vincial governor, a court of justice, and a university. Fo- Eulation 11,500. md, an island at the entrance of the gulf of Bothnia, 40 miles long, 30 broad, and containing 11,260 inhabitants. Archan'gel, (pr. Arkan'gel),an ex- tensive government in the north, including Nova Zembla, and con- taining 356,400 square miles. So bleak and sterile is this vast re- gion , that it contains only 1 1 5,000 inhabitants. The wealth of the country consists chiefly in the fisheries, which extend along the whole coast. Archan'gel, or St Michael, the ca- pital of the above government, situate at the mouth of the Northern Dwina. It'derives its name {torn a monastery dedicat- ed to the archangel Michael. About 100 trading vessels. A-om foreign nations, chiefly ffnglish and Dutch, visit this city annual. ly, sailing round by the North Cape in Juneor July, and depart, ingin October or September, Its population, once amounting to 30,000, does not now exceed 7000. Ben'der, a small but strongly.for. tifled town in Bessarabia, situate on the Dniester. U8 country, occur ? In ought ? Is ) springs of What are Russia ill- s its internal en the Baltic es of export? iralue respec- .ussia ? Aire F ecclesiastics jligious cere- t? Wt-itare In what state ! to ameliorate ources of this What is the I characteristic It was the pUn akaseof lo02r character? In )cial virtue are ts chiefly in the ch extend along t' Michael, the ca- lOve government, e mouth of the na. Itderives its nonasterydedicat- changel MichaeU ling vessels, from ,8, chiefly English iitthiscityannual- _ind by the North jrJuly.and depart, ■or September. Its nee amounting to )t now exceed 7000. ,11 but strongly-for- Bessarabia, situate Hter. RUSSIA IN EUROPE ]29 f m Bessarabia, a sm..!! province be- tween the Danube and the Dniester, east of Moldavia, ced- ed to Russia by Turkey, in 1812. xt contains 8800 square miles, and is a level and fertile tract of country. Bog, a river which issues from a lake on the northern frontier of Podolia, flows through that go. vernment and Cherson, and falls . into the Dnieper near Oczalcov. Borodi'no, (pr. Borodcc'no), a village in the government of Moscow, near the river Moskwa, famous for a great battle fought there, 7th September, 1812, be- tween the Russians and French, when about 30,000 fell en each side. Carelia. See Vilrorg. Charkov', or Khar'kof, a govern- ment south of Kursk, and north of Ekaterinoslav, containing 13,000 square miles, and nearly 800,000 inhabitants. Charkov', the principal town of the above government, situate on the small rivers Charkov and Lapan. Its monastic col- lege, was, in 1803, erected into a university. Cher'son, or Kher'son, an exten. sive government south-west of Ekaterinoslav, containing 26,532 square miles, and 400,000 inha- bitants. Cherson, the capital of the above government, is situate on an ex- tensive plain, on the right bank of the Dnieper, about GO milts from its mouth. Catherine, who wished to render it the Petersburg of the south, en- dowed it with great commercial privileges ; but its unfavourable situation, owing to the difficulty of navigating the Dnieper, and the unhealthiness of the climate, has completely frustrated her in- tention. Here the philanthro- pic Howard died ; he is burieng along the south side of the gulf of Finland. It con. tains 10,000 square miles, and about 240,000 inhabitants. Finland, an extensive country east of Sweden, to which it be. longed till the year 1808, when it was taken possession of by the Russians. In superficial extent it is equal to England, and con. tains about 1,100,000 inhabi- tants. Grod'no, an extensive govern, ment in Russian Poland, con. taining about 11,000 square miles, and 620,000 inhabitants. —Grodno, the principal town, is situate on the right bank of the Niemen or Memel. Here Sta- nislaus, king of Poland, sought his last retreat, and here he finally abdicated his crown, A.D. 1795. Il'men, a large lake in the govern, ment of Novgorod, about 48 miles in length, and ft'om 12 to 18 in width. It communicates with lake Ladoga by the river Volchov and a canal. Ingria. See Petersburg. Ismail, (pr. Ismile'), a large and strongly-fortified town in Bessa. rabia, situate on the north side of the principal arm of the Da. nube, about 33 miles from the Black Sea. The capture of this town, after a very brave and ob. stinate resistance by the Turks, was one of the most memorable exploits of the Russian general, Suwarrow. Jaroslav, (pr. Yaroslav'), an ex. tensive government on the Wol- ga, surrounded by Vologda, Kostroma, Vladimir, Tver, ana Novgorod. It contains about 14,000 square miles, and S'JO.OOO incommonly ;own of the all place, re- its woollen ich are ac- n Russia. I government le south side ind. It con- e miles, ana bitants. Aive country which it be- r 1808, when ision of by the erticial extent and, and con- D.OOO inhabi- islve govem- Poland, con. 11,000 square DO inhabitants. Incipal town, is ht bank of the lel. Here Sta- Poland, sought I and here he lis crown, A.D. in the govem- rod, about 48 and flrom 12 to _, communicates ;a by the river inal. sburg. '), a large and town in Bessa- the north side firm of the Da- miles from the capture of this y brave and ob- by the Turks, ^ost memorable lussian general, roslav'), an ex. ent on the Wol- by Vologda. imir, Tver, and contains about leB,anda'JO,000 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 131 inhabitants.— Jaroslav, the prin- cipal town, situate on the Vol. ga, is a place of considerable importance. It is the see ol . bisnop, the seat of an academy, high-school, and theological col- lege. It has extensive manu. fkctures of silk, linen, and Rus- sian leather; besides smaller ones of other articles, and has a noted bell-foundrv. Population 19,000. ICalguev, (pr. Kalgwev'), an ex. tensive but dreary island in the Froien ocean. It is about 70 miles in diameter, but is inhabit- ed by only a few scattered fami- lies. Kaluga, (pr. Kaloosa), a govern- ment bounded by Moscow, Smo- lensk, Tula, and Orel. It con- tains 8500 square miles, and nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants. It contains iron-mines and im- portant manufactures ; nearly a million sterling being employed in trade.— The principal town situate on the Oka. It contains a population of 17,000, most of whom are employed in manu- factures of woollen and cotton cloths, canvass, paper, leather, and hats. Kama, a large river which rises in Viatka, traverses Perme flrom north to south, and falls into the Volga 24 miles below Kasan. Kami'niec, the chief town of 7/odo- lia, to the north of the Dniester. Population 5600> Kasan', an extensive government to the south of Viatka, having 22,000 miles of superficial ex- tent, and about 850,000 inhabi- tants, chiefly of Tartar origin. — The chief town is situate on the Kasanka. It is a bishop's see, the seat of a small university, and some other seminaries, and has large soa^vworks and tan- neries, besides woollen, cotton, and lace manufactures. In its vicinity is a new naval establish- ment. Kiev, (pr. Kioo). an extensive go- vernment on tne Dnieper, con. taining 81,000 square miles, and about 1,000,000 inhabitants. lU soil is fertile ; but great part of the province is occupicn with {usturage. — The principal town IS of great extent, situate on a rising ground on the right bank of the Dnieper. In a monas- tery here are subterraneous vaults, divided into apartments and chapels, in which are kept a numtier of dead bodies in an undecayed state, believed by the Russians to be the relics of saints and martyrs. Population 20,000. Kostro'ma, one of the largest go. vernments in European Russia, containing 38,400 square miles, and about 1,150,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded by the govern, ments of Vologda, Viatka, Nis- nei-Novgorod, Vladimir, and Jaroslav.— The principal town is situate on the Volga, near its junction with the Kostroma. Po- pulation 9000. Kursk, (pr. Koorsk), an extensive government surrounded by those of Orel, Voronetz, Slobodsk- Ukraine, and Tchernigov. It contains 15,000 square miles, and about 1,200,000 inhabitants. — The chief town is one of tlie most ancient in the empire, si- tuate on the river Tuskara. Po- pulation 16,000. Lado'ga, Lake, a large expanse of water, surrounded by the go. vernments of Petersburg, Vi- borg, and Olonetz. It is the largest lake in Europe, being 130 milesin length,and75 in breadth. It abounds in fish, particularly salmon. It communicates by canals with lake Ilmen and th Volga ; and thus forms a line of communication between the Baltic and the Caspian. Livo'nia, or Riga, a maritime pro- vince of great extent in the north- west, having Esthonia on the north, and Courland on the south. It contains 2 1 ,000 square miles, and 6UO,()00 inhabitants. It exports a considerable quan- tity of com. 132 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. ill Minsk, a very large government, extending fVom the Dwina on the north, to Volhynia on the •outh. Its ariea is about 37,000 square miles, containing a popu- lation of about 930,000. It is a level and fertile district.— The principal town is a small place, with a population of 2000. . .ttau, (Mittou')i the principal town in the government of Cour- land, on the river Aa. Popula- tion 12,000. Moghilev, (pr. Mo'hileO, an ex- tensive government to the east of Minsk, containing 18,5(N) square miles, and about 800,000 inhabitants. It abounds in fo- rests and marshes, but the rest of the soil is fertile.— The prin- cipal town, situate on the Dnie- per, is a place of some impor- tance, containing a population of 12,500. Here are both a Greek and a Latin archbishop. Moldavia, an extensive province in the north-east of Turkey, the part of which, north of the Pruth, was ceded to Russia in 1812. Moscow, a central government, which is among the least ex- tensive and the most populous provinces in the empire. Its su- perficial area is only 10,000 square miles, its population 1,126,000. Its trade and manu- factures are very considerable. The number of manufacturing establishments in 1808 was 400, and the capital employed in commerce nearly L. 3,000,000. — Moscow, the principal town of the above province, and long the seat of government, is a large city, through which the river Moskwa flows. Owing to the width of the streets, and the number of spacious areas, courts, and gardens, it covers a space of 20 square miles, which is equal to the circuit of London, West- minster, and Southwark to- gether, although its population does not amount to one-third of that of the British metropolis. A great part of this splendid city was reduced to ashes by a voluntary act of its spirited in. habitants, when it was occupied by Buonaparte and his invading army in 1812; but it has since risen fVom its ashes in renewed splendour. The most remark, able part of the city is the Krem. lin, containing the ancient pa. lace of the Czars. Population 300,000. Ne'va, a river which issues from lake Ladoga, and, after a course of 35 miles, empties itself into the gulf of Finland, below Pe- tersburg, by three mouths. It is navigable through its whole course for vessels of considerable size. Nis'nei-Nov'gorod, a large central government, east of \1adimir, having an area of 20,400 square miles, with nearly a million of inhabitants. — ^Tbe principal town, situate at the confluence of the Oka and Volga. From its favourable situation, it is a place of great internal trade, and is called the inland harbour of Russia. No'va-Zem'bla, a large island in the Arctic Ocean, separated from the government of^ Arch- angel by the Waigatz Straits. Its length is computed at 540 miles, and its breadth at 240 ; — extending from 69° to 76" N. Lat. It is almost uninhabitable for cold; but the south and west coasts are visited by fisher- men and hunters. Nov'gorod, an extensive govern- ment to the east of Petersburg, having a superficial extent of 55,000 square miles, with about 780,000 inhabitants.— The chief town, situate in -a beautiful i3lain at the north extremity of lake Ilmen, and divided by the Yolchov, a broad and deep stream, is one of the most an- cient cities in the empire. Po- pulation 8000. Odes'sa, a flourishing seaport in the government of Cherson, on a small bay of the Black Sea, between the mouths of the RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 133 Dniester and Dnieper. Though founded so recently as 1792, by Catherine II., it now contains a population of nearlv 4o,00O. Oe'zel, an Island at the mouth of thejfulfof Riga, 70 miles long, and varying firom 2 to 5() miles \i\ breadth. Population 35,000. Oka, a considerable river which rises in the government of Orel, flows north-east, and after re. ceiving the Moskwa, falls into the Vo^Ra atNisnei-Novgorod. Olonctz, a very extensive govern- ment, south of Archangel, hav- ing a superficial extent of 87,500 square miles, but only 282,000 inhabitants.— Its chief town, si- tuate on the Olonza, near lake Ladoga, is remarkable as the place where Peter the Great erected his first dock-yard. Po- pulation 2800. One'ga, a lake in the government of Olonetz, 130 miles long, and firom 70 to 80 broad. It is con. nected by the river Swir with lake Ladoga. One'ga, a large river rising in the south-east of Olonetz. and flow- ing northward to the White Sea. O'rel, a government in the inte- rior, south of Tula and Kaluga, havmg 16,000 square miles, and upwards of a million of inhabi- tants. It is one of the best corn countries in Russia. Oural, or Ural (pr. Oo'ral), moun- tains, a lofty and extensive range, which, through ih? great- er part of its extent, forms the boundary between European and Asiatic Russia. Peipus, Lake, surrounded by the fovernments of Petersburg, avonia, Esthonia, and Pskov. It is 50 miles lon^, and 35 broad, and communicates with the gulf of Finland by the river Narova. Penza, a government in the cast, having Nisnei-Novgorod on the north, and Saratov on the south. It contains 16,500 square miles, and nearly 800.000 inbabitanU. —The chief town. Is situate at the confluence of the Penza and Sura. Population 10,000. Pcrme, an extensive government, partly in Europe, partly in Asia, containing about 1 16,000 square miles, and about ],100,(K)0 inha- bitants. — Its chief town is a small place, situate on the river Kama. Population 38UU. Petschora, (pr. Petsho'ra), a large river which issues firom the Oural mountains, flows north, wards through the governments of Perme and Archangel, and falls into the Northern Ocean, after a course of 600 miles. Pe'tcrsburg, or Ingria, a govern- ment at the eastern extremity of the gulf of Finland, contain, ing about 18,000 square miles, and 700,000 inhabitants. Pe'ters'buro, in the above go- vernment, the capital of the Russian empire, is situate at the mouth of the river Neva, at the eastern extremity of the gulf of Finland. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1703; and t}efore his death, in 1725, was a large city. Catherine II. made it the permanent residence of the courts, and it is now one of the largest and most elegant cities in Europe. It is divided into two parts oy the Neva, which is hero broader than the Thames at London, deep, rapid, and clear. Its form is nearly circular, and it is about four miles in diame- ter. Population i!85,000. Podo'lia, an extensive government in Russian Poland, containing 20,400 square miles, and about 1,330,000 inhabitants. Polto'va, a large and fertile go. vemment between Cherson and Charkov, having an area of 16,000 squaiemiles, and 1,500,000 inhabitants. Pskov, or Ples'kov, an extensive government in the north-west, between Livonia and Smolensk. Its suiierficial area is about 22,000 square miles, and its po- pulation 700,000.— Its principal town, situate at the confluence l2 134 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 11 ' I of the Velikaja and Pskov, ia the see of a Greek archbishop. Population 7000. Revel, government of. See Es- thonia. Re'vel, or Ko'lyvan, the chief town in the above government, is situate on a small bay of the gulf of Finland. It is a place of considerable trade ; and has a spacious, safe, and well-protect' ed harbour. Population 13,000. Riazan, a central government east of Moscow, having an area of 15,000 square miles, and con- taining 1,000,000 inhabitants.— Its principal town, situate on the Oka, is tne see of a Greek bi. shop, and is remarkable fur its unusual number of churches. Population 5000, Riga, government of. See Livo- nia.^Riga, the chief town, is situate in a large plain on the Dwina, about nine miles {torn the sea. It is a place of great trade, its exports amounting in value to about a million ster- ling. Its harbour is capacious and well defended. Population 36,000. Saratov, a very extensive govern- ment in the south-east, situate partly in Europe, partly in Asia. Great part of its soil is so im- pregnated with salt as to be un- fit for vegetation ; in conse- quence of which, although its superficial extent is 91,000 square miles, its population is only 1,000,000, It nas a number of salt lakes. — ^The chief town, is situate on the Volga, and has an active trade, chiefly with Mos- cow and Astracan. Population 5000. Sim'birsk, a government on the borders of Asia, traversed by the Volga. With an area of 30,000 square miles, it contains a population of 850,000.— Its chief town is a considerable place, beautifully situate, part- ly on a plain, partly on a hill, at the confluence of the Sviaga and Volga. Population nearly 12 000. Slobodsk'-Ukraine, (pr. Ookraine). See Charcov. Smolensk', or Smolensko, a cen- tral government west of Moscow, having an area of 21,400 s(juare miles, and about l,05(t,U0O mha. bitants.— Its chief town, a place of some importance, and consi- derable strength, stands on two hills and a valley watered by the Dnieper, which is here a navi- gable stream. It was here that the Russians, in 1813, made their first important stand against the French, by whom the town was then set on fire, and again on their disastrous retreat. Its trade and manu- factures are considerable. Po- pulation 12,600. Spitzber'gen, or East Greenland, a group of desolate islands in the Arctic Ocean, extending from 77° to 8F N. Lat. The surrounding sea abounds in whales, and is the common re- sort of whale-fishers from dif. ferent countries. Tambov, a government west of Penza and Saratov, having an area of 21,000 square miles, and a population of 1,136,0(0.- Its principal town, situate on tlie river Zna, is the see of a Greek bishop; it has some manufac- tures, and considerable trade. Population 10,700. Taurida, a government in the south, comprehending the Cri. mea, the island of Taman, and a considerable tract north and east of the Crimea. Its super, ficial extent 35,000 square miles. Population 260,000. Tchemigov, or Czarnitzov, (pr. Cher'negov), agovernment north of Kiev, containing 741,850 in- habitants. Its soil is very fer- tile. — Its princ'pal town, on the Desna, is the see of a Greek archbishop. Population 5000. Tschergask, or Tscherkask, (jt. Cher'gask), the capital of the Don Cossacks, situate on the Ak- RUt^SIA IN EUROPE. 135 ia>, a branch of the Don, and surrounded by water and inarshes. It consista of two towns. Old and New, and con- tains a population of 15,000. Tor'nea. !see Sweden. Tver, (pr. Twer), a central go- vemment between those of Mos- cow and Novgorod, h:iving an area of 24,100 square miles, with about l,00(),0()O inhabitants.— Its chief town, having been nearly consumed by tire in 1763, was rebuilt, on a regular plan, by order of the Empress Catha- rine, and is now the most re- gular city in the empire. It stands on the great road from Petersburg to Moscow, at the confluence of the Tvertza, the Volga, and the Tmaka. Popu- lation 20,000. Tula, (pr. TooTa), a government south of Moscow, having an area of 1 2,G00 square miles, with a population of 950,000.— Its principal town, situate at the confluence of the Tulpa and Upa, is called the Sheffield of Russia. Ilcsides a cannon-foundry, and forges for muskets, bayonets, swords, &c. for government, there are about RUO workshops for the manufacture of flrc-arms and cutlery for private use. Po- pulation 40,000. Vaigatz, (pr. Waigatz), a strait between Archangel and the isl- and of Vaigatz. Vai'gatz, an island, or rather a grou^ of islands, between the continent of Russia and Nova ^erabla. The land is bleak and uninhabited, visited only by hun- ters of bears and other animals. Valdai mountains, an elevated tract of country in the centre of Russia, never rising, how- ever,, alwve the height of 1200 feet. See Remarks. Viat'ka, an extensive government in the east, having an area of 47,000 square miles, with a po- pulation of 1,000,(M)0.— Its chief town, situate at the confluence of the Viatka and Chlinooka, is the sec of a Greek bishop, and has some trade. Population 8500. Vi'borg, or Wylwrg, a govern- ment north of the gulf of Fin- land, having lfl,0OU square miles of superflcial extent, with 186,000 inhabitants.— Its chief town, situate on the gulf of Fin- land, is a fortified place, and has considerable trade. Population 3500. Vitepsk, a government in the south-west, to the cast of Cour- land, having an area of 20,000 square miles, and 750,000 inha- bitants.^Its chief town, situate at the confluence of the Dwina and Viteba, contains a popula- tion of 13,000. Vladimir', a government to the east of Moscow, having an area of 19,500 square miles, with nearly a million of inhabitants. — Its chief town, on the Klias- ma, is a Greek bishop's see. Po- pulation 3000. Volga, or Wolga, river, issues from lake Seliger, among the Valdai mountains, in the north of Tver, and flows in an east- ward course, though with many windings, till it reaches Kasan ; it then takes a southward direc- tion, forming the boundary be^ tween £uro()C and Asia for e^ veral hundred miles, after which it flows directly eaiitward, ai. falls into the Caspian, after a course of 2700 miles, through almost the whole of which it is navigable. It has a 'lUger course than any river iti Eu- rope ; and, with the exception of the Danube, pourb a greater volume of water into the sea. Volog'da, a very extensive, but thinly -iieopled government, south of Archangel, having a superficial extent of > 49,000 square miles, with about 654,000 inhabitants.— Its chief town, si- tuate on the river Vologda, is a place of considerable importance, having an active trade, and a number of manufactures. Po- pulation 11,000. Volhy'nia, an extensive govern- ment in Polish Russia, between r^^- 136 PRUSSIA. the governments of Orodno and Podolia, having a luperflcial ex- tent of 89i000 square miles, with 1,800,000 inhabitants. Varonetz, an extensive govern- ment west of the Don Cossacks, having an area of 31,000 square miles, with a population of 800,00a— Its chief town, situate on the river Voronetz, is the see of an archbishop, and a place of some trade. Population 14,500. Wil'na, an extensive government in the north of Lithuania, hav- ing an area of 23,000 square miles, and a population of 1,000,000.— Its diief town, occu- pying several eminences near the Vilna, is a place of consider- able trade. It is the see of a Greelc and a Roman Catholic bishop, the seat of a university, and other seminaries. Popula- Uon 30,000. Zyto'miers, the chief town of Vol- hynia, situate on the river Te- tereo. It is the see of a Greek and a Catholic bishop, and a place of some traffic. Popula- tion 5500. I PRUSSIA 'I Is bounded N. by the Baltic ; E. by Russia ; S. by Austria; and W. by Germany. It occupies the north of Poland, and a great part of the north of Germany. It extends from 49° 8' to 55° 50' N. Lat, and from 6° to 23° E. Long. In its form it is long and irregular ; being in its greatest length 760 miles, and varying in breadth from 70 to 340 miles. Population 11,400,000, Divisions. — 1. Dutchy of the Lower Rhine ; 2. Dutchy of Cleves and Berg; 3. Westphalia; 4. Dutchy of Saxony ; 5. Br&ndenburg, with Up- per and Lower Lusatia; 6. Pomerania; 7> Sile- sia; 8. Posen; 9. West Prussia; 10. East Prus- sia. Towns. — 1. Cologne, Coblentz, Aix-la-Chapelle, Bonn, Treves, Juliers ; 2. Cleves, Guelders, Dussel- dorf ; 3. Munster, Minden, Paderborn ; 4. Magde- burg, Wittenberg, Halberstadt, Halle, Erfurt ; 5. Berlin, Potsdam, Brandenbui'g, Frankfort on the Oder, Custrin, Bautzen, Lubben, Gorlitz; 6. PRUSSIA. 137 pulation of ' town, occu- lences near of consider- the see of a an Catholic I university, ies. Popula- town of Vol- he river Te- '. of a Greek ishop, and a Re. Popula- lussia; S. ; occupies [the north 55° 50' N. form it st length to 340 Rhine ; estphalia ; ivith Up- 7. Sile- ast Prus- Chapelle, , Dussel- . Magde- rfurt ; 5. brt on the rlitz ; 6. Stralsund, Stettin, Bergen, Colbcrg ; 7. Breslaw, Glogaw, Ratibor ; 8. Posen or Posua, Gnesna ; 9. Dantzic, Elbing, Thorn, Cuhn, JMarienwerder ; 10. Konigsberg, Fillau, Tilsit, Meniol, Friedland, Eylau. Rivers. — Rhine, Einbs, Elbe, Vistula, Oder, Bog, Niemen or Meniel, Pregel. Lakes. — Spirdingaee, GrasshafF, Frische-hafF, Curische-hafF. Remarks. -—To the widely-scattered provinces of Prussia, no general description of aspect will apply j but the greater part of the country presents a level surface. The rivers by which it is traversed are slow in their current, having but a slight declination towards the sea. Its mountain-tracts are the Hartz in Silesia, the Reisengeberg in Saxony, the West- erwald in Westphalia, and the Hundsruck in the Lower Rhine ; but these are rather on the outskirts, than in the interior of the Prussian territories. These mountain-tracts abound in wood, probably the remains of the Hercynian forest. In general the soil is poor, being sandy and covered with heath. Silesia, Cleves, and Berg, are the most fertile and populous districts. In the western states the climate is warmer than that of England in the same latitudes,^in the eastern it is cold. Tiie agricultural products of Prussia are nearly the same as in Britain ; but cultivation is in a much more backward state. Silesia and Weslphalia have long been noted for their linens,— the weaving of which is the chief employ- ment of the lower orders in these provinces, and to a consi- derable extent likewise in Pomerania. Woollen stuffs are also manufactured in every town and village ; but cotton cloths and hardware are the only manufactures carried on in collective establishments,^the woollens and linens being MTought by individuals in their cottages. Prussia is not rich in minerals ; but in the mountainous district of the Hartz are found iron, copper, lead, vitriol, alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Brine- springs abound in Prussian Saxony. Amber is found in 138 PRUSSIA. considerable quantities in several parts of Prussia Pro- pers—particularly near Pillau, on a neck of land formed by the Frische-haff. In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantages for internal trade; and in its seaports on the Baltic foreign commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The chief exports are corn, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed, tobacco, wax, and linen^ts principal imports are the colo- nial produce and the manufactures of Great Britain. The form of government in Prussia is absolute and he- reditary monarchy. The established religion is Calvinist and Lutheran Protestantism ; but the professors of other re- ligions not only enjoy free toleration, but are admissible to all offices in the state. Since the time of Frederic the Great, much attention has been paid to military tactics and discipline in Prussia ; and her troops now rank among the bravest and most efficient in Europe. At present the Prussian array amounts to 170,000. The manners of the Prussians resemble those of the Germans ; but they are in general of a graver cast than their Saxon neighbours. With the exception of Britain and France, there is no country in Europe where education is more attended to than in Prussia. Besides the four universities of Berlin, Halle, Breslaw, and Konigsberg, there are in most of the great towns academics of sciences and respectable semina- ries. The literary annals of this country are adorned with the names of Cluverius, Copernicus, Frederic the Great, Ramler, Nicolai, Busching, Spalding, &c. . EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Prussia ? Between what de- grees of latitude and longitude is it situate? What are its length and breadth P What is the amount of its popula- tion ? What are the divisions of Prussia ? What are the princi- pal towns in the Lower Rhine ? In the dutchy of Cleves and Berg? In Westphalia ? In the dutchy of Saxony ? In Brandenburg ? In Pomerania ? In Silesia ? In Posen ? In West Prussia ? In East Prussia ? Where is Elbing, Pots- dam, Bergen, Stettin, Colberg, Halbcrstadt^ Ratibor, Dussel- dorf, Pillau, Coblentz, &.c. ? i I i i PRUSSIA. 139 russia Pro- d formed by advantages altic foreign tivity. The ash, linseed, ire the colo- ritain. lute and he- is Calvinist s of other re- idmissible to attention has Prussia; and nost efficient r amounts to mble those of jiver cast than , there is no attended to es of Berlin, most of the »ble sevnina- Bidorned with the Great, een what de- What are its its popula- mxe. the princi- ;hy of Cleves ■"Saxony? In Posen ? In Ibing, Pots- tibor, jDuBsel- Name the rivers of Prussia. Name its lakes. Trace the course of the Elbe, the Oder, the Pregel, the Vistula, &c. Where is the GrasshafF, Spirdingsee, Curische-hafF, Frische- haff? What appearance does the greater part of Prussia present ? What is remarkable about its rivers ? What are its moun- tain-tracts ? In what do those mountain-tracts abound ? What is the general quality of the soil ? What are the most fertile districts in Prussia? What kind of climate does Prussia enjoy ? In what state is a^culture there ? For what manufactures have Silesia and Westphalia long been famous ? What are the only manufactures carried on in col- lective establishments ? What metals are found amon^* the Hartz mountains ? What kind of springs occur in Prussian Saxony ? Where does amber particularly abound ? What advantages does Prussia enjoy for internal trade ? Has it much foreign com- merce ? What are its principal exports and imports ? What is the form of government in Prussia ? What is the established religion ? What indulgence is extended to the frofessors of other religions ? What is the character of the 'russian soldiery ? What is the present amount of the army ? What people do the Prussians resemble in manners ? In what do they differ from their Saxon neighbours ? Is educa- tion much attended to in Prussia ? What literary institutions does it possess ? Mention some of the distinguished names that adorn its literary annals. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Aix-1a-ChapcIIe, (Ai-la-Shapel'), an ancient city in the dutcny of Lower Rhine, celebrated for its baths. It was long the favourite residence of Charlemagne, and here it was customary, till the middle of the sixteenth century, to crown the emperors of Ger. many. Bautzen, or Budessin, a fortified town in Saxony, on the Spree, noted for its cloth and stock, ing manufactories. Population 11.400. Berg, a dutchy in the circle of Westphalia, S. of the dutchy of Cleves, with which it is now united. Hcr>,'en, a small town in the island of llugen, in Pomnrania. Bkrlin, the capital of the Prus- sian dominions, situate on the Spree, in Brandenburg, is one of the most beautifUl cities in Eu- rope. Population 160,000. Bog, or Bu^, a river in Prussian Poland, rises in Gallicia, and falls into the Vistula to the N. W. of Warsaw. Bonn, a neat town in Lower Rhine, pleasantly situate on the left bank of the river. Bran'denburg, Marquisate of, the most important of the Prussian states, and the foundation of the monarchy. Breslaw, the chief town of Silesia, situate on the Oder, and inter, sected by its tributary, the Ohlau. Population 60,000. Cleves, a dutchy in the circle of Westphalia, now united with 140 PRUSSIA. Berg. It contains 880 square miles, and 12,>,000 inhabitant. Cleves, its capital, is one of the neatest towns in Germany. Po- pulation 5000. Coblentz', the chief towr- of the dutchy of the Lower Rhine, is delightfully situate at the con . fluence of the Rhine and Mo- selle, opposite the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. Its situation is peculiarly favourable for internal trade. ColTberg, a seaport in Pomerania, situate on the Persante, about half a mile from its mouth. Cologne, (pr. Colon'), the Colonia Agrippina of the Romans, an an- cient and t;elebrated town in Lower Rhine, on the left bank of the river Rhine. Its university, founded in 1388, was supplanted by a Lyceum erected by the. French. It is the supposed birth- place of Rubens ; and in the church of the Cordeliers is the tomb of Duns Scotus. Cologne was one of the four principal Hanse towns. Culm, a considerable town of West Prussia, having a Catholic academy and other seminaries. Curische-haflf", (Koorish-haf ), i. c. the bay of Courland, a lake or arm of the sea in East Prussia, about 70 miles in length, but of very unequal breadth. Custrm, (Coostreen'), a small but fortified town in Brandenburg, at. the confluence of the Wartha and Oder. • Dant'zic, a large and wealthy town in West Prussia, situate on the Vistula, about five miles from its mouth. Its exports, of which corn is the pnncipal article, amount in annual value to L. 1,500,000 Sterling. Population 45,000. Dusseldorf, a town in the dutchy of Berg, situate on the Rhine at its junction with the Dussel. It is a well-built town, and has a considerable traffic. Population 19,000. Elbe, the Albis of the Romans, a iarge river which springs from the Reisengeberge mountains be- tween Silesia and Bohemia. On its course, through Upper Sax- ony, Brandenburg, and Lower Saxony, it f eceives miti.y impor- tant tributaries, and falls into the German Ocean about 70 miles below Hamburgh. Elbing, a considerable trading town, situate on a river of the same name in West Prussia. Population 16,800. Embs, a river in "Westphalia, which discharges itself by two channels into the bay of Dollart, a little below Embden. Er'furt, a considerable town in the dutchy of S..xony, on the river Gera. Population 18,000. Eylau, (How'), a town in East Prussia, situate on the lake of Arschen. Here a great but in- decisive battle was fought be tween the French and Russians, 8th February, 1807- Frankfort on the Oder, a consider- able town in Brandenburg,— the seat of a university,— and a place of considerable trade. Popula- lation 12,000. Fried'land, (Freed'land), a small town in East Prussia, on the AUe, famous ibr a great battle in which Buonaparte defeated the Russians and Prussians, 14th June, 1807. Friesche-haff, (Freesh'-haf),an ex- tensive bay, or lak' , in East Prussia, 63 miles long, and 13 broad. It communicates with the sea near Pillau. Glogaw', (Glug-ow'), a well-built and strongly-fortified town in Silesia. Population 9000. Gnesna, (Nes'na), a town- in Pcsen, the see of an archbishop, who was once the primate of Poland. Po- pulation 3500. Gor'litz, a town in Upper Lusatia, on the Neisse,— long noted for its woollen and linen manufac- tures. Population 8500. Grasi>..haf, an extensive bay in Po- mcrania, at the mouth of the Oder, in length about 36 miles. 1 f^i^^^ PRUSSIA. 141 springs from nountainsbe- lohemia. On 1 Upper Sax- , and Lower niiii.y impor- md falls into an about 70 »urgh. rable trading I river of the West Prussia. i' Westphalia, itself by two bay of DoUart, -•den. . ^. ble town in the r, on the river n 18,009. town in East on the lake of a great but in- was fought be Hand Russians, 107. )der, a consider, mdenburg,— the ity,— and a place trade. Popula- i'land), a small Prussia, on the a great battle in rte defeated the Prussians, 14th eesh'-han.anex- lak' , in East les long, an«.l^ timunicates with llau. 3w'), a well-built brtified town m ationQOOO. , a town-in Pcsen, chbishop,whowas ite of Poland. Po- in Upper Lusa*^' i — long noted tor id linen manufac- itionSSOO. . ttensivebayin Po- he mouth of tne :h about 36 miles. 4 and varying in brcndtli from 1 to 9 miles. Guel'ders, a small town in the dutchy of Cleves, on the Niers. Halberstadt', a town in the dutchy of Saxony, sir ate on the HoU zennue, or the great road from Brunswic to Leipzig. It is a very ancient town, built chiefly in the Gothic style. Population 13,000. Halle, (Hal'-lai), a large town in the dutchy of Saxony, situate on both sides of the Saale. Here is a celebrated university, with a number of scientiflc institutions belonging to it. Population 25,000. Ju'liers, r. small but strongly-forti- fled town in the dutchy of the Lower Rhine. Konigsberg, (Kun'iksberg) a larre town in East Prussia, formerly the capital of the kingdom, sitv ate on the Pregel, about 4 miles from its influx into the Frische- haflF*. It stands partly on an island, but chiefly on the north bank of the river. It has a uni- versity and a number of excel- lent schools. Population 55,000. Lower Rhine.— See Rhine. Luiyben, a small town in Lower Lusatia, situate on an island formed by the Spree and the Birste. Population 3100. Magdeburg', (boorg), a large and strongly-fortified city in the dutchy of Saxony, beautifully si- tuate on both sides of the Elbe. In the citadel are the cells where Baron Trenck and La Fayette were confined. Population 30,2.50. Ma'rienwer'der, a neat town in West Prussia, situate on the Nogat. 'opulation 5100. Me'mel, a strongly-fortified sea- port town in East Prussia, on the small river Dangc, to the N. of the Curische-haft', which here unites with the Baltic by a narrow strait. It is a place of great trade, particularly in tim- ber, which IS floated down the river Memel or Niemcn. Pop?i- lation 6000. Min'den, a town in Westphalia, Pleasantly situate on the Weser. lere the French were defeated by the British and their allies, in a great battle fought on the 1st of August, 1759. Mun'ster, fMoon'ster), a city in Westphalia, situate on the small river Aa. An insurrection of the Anabaptists under John Bockels of Leyden, and the conclusion of the treaty which terminated the thirty-years war, in 1648, have given this place considerable historical celebrity. Population 13.000. Niemtn, (Nce'men), or Memel, a large river, which rises a few miles S. of Minsk in Russian Poland, receives the Wilna at Kowno, then flows through East Prussia, where it receives the name of Memel, and falls into the Curische-fiaflf, by several branches, about seven miles be^ low Tilsit. G'dor, a large and important river which rises in Moravia, flows through Silesia, Brandenburg, and i'omerania, expands into the Grass-haf, and communicatei with the Baltic by three branch, es, which form the large islands Usedom and Wollen. Connect- ed by canals with the Elbe and the V istula, thi^ river is of great importance to trade. Pa'derborn, a small but ancient town in Westphalia, in which Charlemagne is siid to have re- sided while prosecuting the war against the Saxons. Pillau, (Peel.low'), a seaport town in East P)ussia, at the extremity of the long peninsula between the Baltic and the Frische-hafl! It has a considerable but shallow harl our. Pomera'nia, an extensive province, stretching along the south coaitt M 142 PRUSSIA. I I I of the Baltic. It is about 200 miles in length, and varies in breadth (torn 30 to 80 miles. Po'sen, Grand Dutchy ,f, comprises thm, part of Poland which was restored to Prussia by the treaty of Vienna, 1815. It contains an area of 12,000 square miles, and a population of about 900,000. Posen, its chief tr-wn, is situate at the poiifluenci? o( the Wartha and Proszna. *t is a place of great antiquity. FiTouIation 20,000. Pots'dam, a town in .lTa.rirleribnrK, situate on the Havi\ M: is a rt'- gular and (.'Ic'^aut tovii, and am occasiurial iflyidence ni iiis Pru^. sian majesty ard court. Popu- lation 24,000. Pre'gel, a considerable river in East Prussia, which falls into the Frisclie >affbelow Konigsberg. Prussia, Last or Ducal, an exten- sive province in the N. R of the kingdom, taretcliing along the Baltic. Its area is 15,000 square miles, and its population 856,000. Prussia, West, a province to the W. of East Prussia, containing 10,000 square miles, and 560,000 inhabitants. Ra'tibor, a town in Silesia, on the Oder, which here becomes navi- gable. Population 3500. Rhine, river. — See France. Rhine, Lower, Dutchy of, a pro- vince to the S. of Cleves and Berg, composed of provinces tak- en ft-om France and the grand dutchy of Berg in 1814, and as- signed to Prussia by the congress of Vienna, 1815. Its superficial extent is 5700 square miles, and its population 950,000. Saxony, Dutchy of, a large pro- vince W. of Brandenburg, and N. of the kingdom of Saxony. It contains an area of 9830 square miles, with upwards of a million of inhabitants. Silesia, an extensive province to the N. E. of Bohemia, the most beautiful, fertile, and important part of the Prussian dominions. It containo an area cf 15,000 square miles, und mojrs than 2,000,000 of iniuibitants. lis ma. nijt)::;tures o<'lia; in i:i/. cumtenence. Stettin, the capital of Po-menaia, ciliiate on the Oder, about 60 miles from the Baltic. It iti a place of considerable strength. Population 21,000. btral'sund, a seaport in Pomerania, situate on the strait which sipa- rates the island of Rugen from the mainland. Its harbour is capacious and safe; its trade considerable, chiefly in corn j and its population 11,000. Thorn, a town in West PrussLi, pleasantly situate on the Vistula, about 90 miles from its mouth, Copernicus, the famous astrono- mer, was a native of this town. Population 8500. Til'sit, a considerable town in East Prussia, situate on the Niemen and the Tilse. Here a peace was concluded, in 1807, between Buonaparte and the Emperor Alexander of Russia. Popula- tion 9000. Treves, in the Lower Rhine, the most ancient city in Germany. It is beautifully situate on the Moselle. It was the Avgusta Trevirorum of the Romans, and is rich in Roman antiquities. Its university is now called a gym- nasium. Population 13,500. Vis'tula, a large river which issues {torn the foot of the Carpathian mountains, flows through Li- thuania and West Prussia, and, after a course of several hundred miles, sends two branches, the Nogat and Old Vistula, to the Frische-hafT,— while the main stream, turning westward, falls into the Baltic at Dantzic. This noble river is navigable for seve- ral hundred miles, and is the great channel for the conveyance GERMANY. 143 rea of 15,000 j id mors than jitents. li^ma- a, wooUeiJ, i"' Hesse-Darm- >. Nassau Oldenburg ; GERMANY. 9. The Kingdom of Hanover j 11. Brunswick: 12. Mecklen- 144 stadt 10. burg. Towns.— 1. Carlsruhe, Heidelberg, Manheim, Constance ; 2. Stutgard, Tubingen, Ulm ; 3. Mu- nich, Hohenlinden, Land&hut, Ingolstadt, Augs- burg, Blenheim, Ratisbon, Passau, Amberg, Nu- remberg, Anspach, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Wurtz- burg. Spire. Landau^ and Deux Ponts ; 4. Dres- den, t i-eyberg, Chemnitz, Lcipsic ; 5. Weimar, Jena, Gotha, Cobourg, Meinungen, Hildburghau- sen; 6. Cassel, Hanau; 7. Darmstadt, Worms, Mentz ; 8. Nassau, Idstein, Wisbaden, Dietz ; 9« Hanover, Hildesheim, Gottingen, Zell, Lune- burg, Osnaburg, Embden ; 10. Oldenburg; 11. Brunswick, Wolfenbuttle ; 12. Schwerin, Strelitz, Rostock. The free towns of Germany are Hamburg, Lu- beck, Frankfort on the Maine, Bremen. Mountains — The Hartz Mountains^ Erzge- berg. Lakes. — Plau, Schwerin, Muritz, Diepholtz, Bodensee or Lake of Constance, Chiemsee. Rivers. — Rhine, Maine, Elbe, Oder, Weser, Embs, Danube. Remarks.'^The Sudetic chain of mountains, beginning with the Wester wald in Westphalia, traversing Hesse- Cas- sel, the south of Saxony, and terminating in the Carpathian range, divides Germany into two great portions, the north- ern and southern. The former is almost entirely level,— the latter is more diversified, presenting great ranges of mountains, and in some places extensive plains. The vast tracts of low sandy soil in the north-east, and the swamps and marshes in the north-west, render it probland manufacturing prosperity of Germany, is the subdivision of its territory among so many separate states ; which prevents the neces- sary unity of effort and combination of its resources. This subdivision imparts, likewise, a very anomalous character to the government of Germany. While all the states are united under the name of the German Empire, each is go- verned by its own prince, who has absolute power to im- pose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided he do not interfere with the general interest. From the time of Charlemagne, in whose extensive conquests this fe- derative constitution originated, A. D. 800, the office of emperor, or head of the confederation, was elective, and was possessed at different periods by distinct lines of so- vereign princes. But since the year 1438, the predomi- nant power of Austria has secured the imperial dignity in hereditary succession to its sovereign princes. In 1806 the emperor renounced the title and aut'iority of emperor of Germany, and assumed that of emperor of Austria. The convocation of princes, and of the deputies of the four free cities, assembled to deliberate on the affairs of the empire, is called the Diet. The states have one or more votes ac- cording to their importance,— and the total number of votes is 69. The military force maintained by the confederate states is 120,000, — in war it is increased to 301,000, sup- plied by the several states in proportion to their population. The fortresses of Mentz, Luxemburg, Landau, Germer- sheim, Hamburg, and Ulm, are declared to belong to the confederation ; and are to be maintained, repaired, or for- tified at the general expense. The established forms of religion in Germany are the Roman Catholic, the Calvinistic, and the Lutheran. Tol- eration, and a praise-worthy liberality of sentiment towards each other, characterize the professors of these various creeds. The Germans are generally tall and well-formed; and many of the women are extremely beautiful. Industry and perseverance, fidelity and sincerity, frank and disinterested n I of rank } eral towns, ;rs enjoy a lufacturing its territory the neces- irces. This s character ! states are each is go- wer to itn- s, provided From the jests this fe- he office of slective, and lines of so- lie prcdomi- il dignity in s. In 1806 of emperor Austria. The the four free the empire, )re votes ac- nber of votes • confederate 01,000, sup- r population, au, Germer- >elong to the sdred, or for- nany are the ;heran. Tol- ment towards these various -formed; and Industry and , disinterested OKUMANY. 147 I I' hospitality, are the valuable traits in the national character of the Germans. But they are apt to be misled, both in religion and science, by a tendency to enthusiasm. Form- ality, and aristocratical pride of family, may be reckoned among their failings. In literature and science the Germans display equal in- genuity and patience of investigation. Metaphysics is their favourite study ; but they have attained celebrity in almost every department of philosophy and polite literature. Of the fine arts, music is the department in which they parti- cularly excel. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Germany ? Between what de- {;rees of latitude and lonL'itude is it situate ? What are its ength and breadth ? What is the amount of its popula- tion ? Among how many different states is Germany divided ? In how many and what circles is it comprised ? What are the most important of the German states next to Austria, Prussia, and Denmark ? What are the prircipal towns in Baden ? In Wirtemberg ? In Bavaria ? In Saxony, &c. ? Name the free towns of Germany. What are its nrincipal mountains ? Name its lakes. What are its principal rivers ? Where is Dresden, Hamburg, Gottingen, Embden, Mu- nich, 3Ianheim, Aup;sburg, Hildesheim, Hildburghausen, Ingoldsladt, Leipsic, Anspach, Stutgard, Wolfenbuttle, &c.? Trace the course of the Weser, die Maine, the Danube, the Oder, &c. Where is lake Chiemsee, Bodensee, Muritz, &c. ? By what chain of mountains is Germany divided into two great portions ? ^\'hat are their respective aspects ? What circumstances render it probable that the northern part was once under the sea ? AV^hat kind of soil prevails in this di- vision ? What is the nature of the soil in the southern divi- sion ? W^hat is tlie most remarkable remain of the ancient forests of Germany ? What other districts abound in wood ? What country does northern Germany resemble in agricultu- ral productions ? Where does the wine country commence ? What are the most noted wines of Germany ? What metals are found in the Ilartz and Erzgeberg mountains? What district contains mines of quicksilver ? For what mines is Bavaria noted? For what domestic animals has Hanover long been famous ? Into what part of Germany has the Me- rino breed of sheep been successfully introduced ? Mention 1413 GERMANY. some of the w'ld aninmls of Germany. For what inanufac tures have Silesia, Saxony, and Westphalia long been famous ? What manufactures have been established in emulation of those of Britain ? What circumstances will imi de them in this competition ? What articles are manufactured in Saxony of superior quality ? From what causes is commerce compa- ratively limited in Germany ? What is another great obsta- cle to the commerce and manufacturing prosperitjr of Ger- many ? What effect has this subdivision oi territory had upon the government ? Under what name are all the states united? >Vhat power does each prince possess in his own state ? How long did the office of emperor continue to be possessed electively by different lines of princes ? In what family has it since been hereditary ? When did the emperor renounce the title and authority of emperor of Germany ? What title did he then assume ? What is denominated the Diet ? What is the number of votes ? What is the military force of the confederated states on the peace and war establish- ments ? What fortresses belong to the confederation ? What are the established forms ofl religion in Germany ? \Vhat sentiment towards each other characterizes the profes- sors of those creeds ? What is the personal appearance of the Germans ? What are the valuable traits of their national cha- racter ? By what are they apt to be misled ? By what are they distinguished in literature and science ? What is their favourite study ? In which of the fine arts do they particu- larly excel ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Axafhetg, a town in Bavaria, form, erly the capital of the Upper Palatinate, situate on the river Vils. Population 9000. Anspach', (Andpah'), atown in Ba- varia, and capital of a principal, ity of the same name, on the Lower Rezat. Augsburg, (Ouhsboorg'), a large and ancient city in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Lech and Wertach. There are in this town considerable manufactories of sil. ver-work, fine cotton, v ..e, and mirrors ; and, through its agents and bankers, Augsburg is the medium of commercial transac- tions between other countries. It was here that the protestants, in the year 1630, presented their celebrated Confeation to the em- peror Charles V. Austria. — See Empire of Aus TRIA. Baden, (Bad'.en), a grand dutchy in the circle of Suabia, extending along the east bank of the Khine. It was formerly a Margraviate, and was erected into a grand dutchy. It is a fruitful and po- pulous province, containing 5632 square miles, and upwards of 924,000 inhabitants. The grand duke of Baden has three votes in the Diet. Bad'en, a town in the grand dutchy, celebrated for its mineral baths. It is situate on the Oelbach, in a beau tiful vine country. Popula- tion .'000. Bam'berg, the capital of an ancient principality of the same name, in Bavana, utuatc on the Regniti, GEllMANY. 149 inanufac* I famous ? ulation of ! them in in Saxony cc com pa- eat ubsta- Y of Ger- ■itory had the states in his own nue to be In what le emperor jermany ? inated the he military r establish- .n? Germany ? ;he profes- rance of the itional cha- y what are lat is their y particu- lE OF Aus grand dutchy )ia, extending of the Rhine. Margraviate, into a grand litful and po- inteining 5632 upwards of 8. The grand three votes in grand dutchy, nineral baths. Oelbach, in a ntry. Popula- d of an ancient same name, in nthe Regnits, near its iunctioa with the Maine. Population •.'(),{KK). In the lib- rary of the Carmelite monastery here arc many curious manu- scripts. lia'varia, Kingdom of, one of the most considerable of the second- ary states of Europe, to the west of Austria Proper and Bohemia. It includes the circles of Bavaria and I'Yanconia, with a small part of the Lower Rhine. Its suiicr- ficial extent is about 13,000 8(|uare miles, and its population ■l.JOO.OOO inhabitants. Its re- v.'uue is estimated at L.'?,600,000 Sterling ; and its army amounts to nearly 50,000. Bayreuth', or Bareith, (Ri'-roif), a principality in Bavaria. Its chief city, situate between the Red Maine and two rivulets, is a regular and well-built town, containing about 10,000 inhabit- ants. Blenheim, a village in Bavaria, on the Danube, famous for the great victory gainetl here by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eu. gene over the French and Ba- varians, 13th August, 1704. Bo'densee, Lake, or Lake of Con- stance, a large expanse of water between Switzerland and Suabia, 35 miles long, and about 1!^ broad. Bre'men, one of the free cities of Germany, situate in the Hano- verian dutchy of Bremen, ui>on the Weser. It is governed by four burgo-masters, and a coun- cil of 26 senators. Its trade is considerable, although only boats can approach the town. Popu- lation 40,000. Bruns'wick, Dutchy of, is composed of several scattered territories in Upper and Lower Saxony, and Westphalia. It contains about 1600 square miles, and 210,000 inhabitants. The royal family of Great Britain is a branch of the illustrious house of Bruns. wick. Bruns'wick, capital of the dutchy, is a large and fortifie]^\ considerable '(tassel, situate on near its junction S population dom of, a country Germany, belong- aiesty the king ot ,"^U^s about lialt of Scotlaml,-150 th, 100 in breadth, superficial area ot e miles, with a po- pulation of 1,300,000. Its reve- nue is about a million sterling, and its military force about 20,000 men. Hartz, a mountain.tract chiefly in the south of Hanover, 70 miles in length and "iO in breadth. This tract abounds in natural curiosities, of which the most remarkable are the caverns of Scharzfeld and Baumann, — the former noted for its fossil bones, the latter for its great extent, consisting of fourteen vaults, — its stalactites, and its harmonic column, which emits a pleasant sound when struck by drops of water from the roof. Hei'delberg, an ancient and consi- derable city in Baden, situate on the Neckar. It is the seat of a university. Population 10,000. Hessc-CasscI, (Hes'say-Cas'sel), a principality in the west of Ger- many, surrounded by Hanover, the Prussian States, Franconia, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau. Its superficial extent is 4350 square miles, and its population 545,000. Hesse'-Darmstadt', Grand Dutchy of, an extensive territory situate near the Rhine. Superficial ex- tent 5000 square miles. Popu- lation 600,000. Hild'burghausen, Saxe, a dutchy in the interior, containing ^17 square miles, and 32,000 inhabi- tants. Its capital is a small town on the '^Verra. Population 2500. Hil'desheim, a city in the south of Hanover. Population 11,000. Hoheniin'den, a village of Bavaria, 20 miles E. from Munich. It has acquired historical celebrity from a great battle fought there on the 3d December, 1800, between the French and Bavarians, in which the latter were defeated. This memorable battle has ob- taintd still greater celebrity from the sublime verses of Mr Camp, bell. ■| Idstei.., a tow.i in the dutchy of if Nassau. Population 2000. Ingoldstadt, (IngulstatO^ afortificvl town in Bavaria, on the Danube. Population 5000. Jena, a small town on the Saale, in the dutchy of Saxe- Weimar, and the seat of a celebrated uni- versity, attended by about 600 students. It has a good library and philosophical apparatus, and an excellent anatomical theatre. Here Buonaparte defeated the Prussians on the 14th October, 1806, in a decisive battle, which laid prostrate the Prussian mo. narcny. Landau', (Landou'), a strongly-for- tified town in Havaria, which, since 1814, has been garrisoned by troops of the German confe- deration. Landshut, (Landshoof), a town in Bavaria, on the Iser. It is the seat of a university. The church of St Martin's has a spire 456 feet in perpendicular height Leipsic, or Leipzig, (Lipe'-sik), a large and flourishing town in Saxony, situate on the Pleisse. It is the seat of a well-frequented university. It is a place of great trade ; and its fairs are the most important in Germany. At these fairs bookselling is carried on to a great extent. Leipsic has late- ly obtained great historical no- toriety from the decisive defeat which Buonaparte sustained in its neighbourhood, on the 18th October, 1813. Lu'beck, one of the fVee cities of Germany adjacent to Holstein. It stands on the Trave, about 8 miles above its junction with the Baltic. In the church of St Mary's are the famous allegori- cal paintings of the Dance of Death. Its trade, though very inferior to that of Hamburg, is considerable. Population 40,000. Luneburg, (Loo'-ne-burg), a town in Hanover, in a district of the same name, on the Ihnenau. Population 10,000. Maine, a large and important ^.ri. butary of the B hine. It is form. asm 152 GERMANY. ed b^ the union of the Red and >Vhite Maine ttom the moan- tains of Franconia } and joins the Rhine opposite to Mentz. It is navigable as far as Uam. berg. Man'heim, (Ma'necm), a city in the grand dutchy of Baden, at the confluence of the Neckar and Rhine. It is of an oval form, surrounded with ramparts ; and is perhaps the finest town in Germany. Population 18,200. Mecklenburg, a grand dutchy in the north of Germany, W. of Pomerauia. Its superficial ex- tent is 5450 miles j and its popu- lation 870,000. Mei'nungen, Saxe, a dutchy in Saxony, having an area of 448 square miles, and 56,000 mhabi- tants. The ducal residence, si- tuate on the Werra. Popula- tion 4200. Mentz, Mainz, or Mayence, a large city in Hesse-Darmstadt, situHte on the Rhine, immediately be- low the influx of the Miaine. It is the stoongcst fortress in Germany, requiring a garrison of 30,000 men. Mentz was an important station of the Romans in the German wars ; and its museum of Roman monuments is said to be the most complete out of Italy. Population, exclu- sive of the garrison, 25,000. Munden, a town in Hanover, at the confluence of the Werra and Fulda, whose united streams here take the name of Weser. Po- pulation 4500. Munich, (Moo'nik), the capital of Bavaria, on the Iser. Though old, it is a well-built town, and contains many splendid public edifices. Here are several im- portant literary establishments. The environs are beautil\il. Po- pulation 47,000. Muritz, (Moo'ritz), a small lake in Mecklenburg. Nassau', a dutchy surrounded by the Prussian territory on the Lower Rhine, and the different states of Hesse. Superficial ex- tent 2186 miles. Population 305,000. A small town in the above dutchy on the Lohn. Po- pulation 1500. Nu'remberg, a larpe and ancient town in the Bavarian dominions, situate on the Pegnitz. Its pub. lie library is rich in manuscripts and early editions of printed books. This town has, for cen- turies back, been noted for its manufactures in metals, and par- ticularly for ingenious toys. Po- pulation 27,000. Oder.— See Prussia. Ol'denburg, a grand dutchy con- sisting of several scattered terri- tories, the principal of which is between the north of Hanover and the German Ocean. The superficial extent of the whole is 2620 square miles.^nd the population 218,000. The capi- tal is a fortified town on the Honta. Population 5000. Osnaburg, or Osnabruck, a pro. vince of Hanover, between Ol- denburg and Prussian West- phalia. Superficial extent 920 square miles, population 126,000. Its chief town is situate on the Hase, a branch of the Embs. Here and in the province are manufactured, in great quanti- ties, those coarse linens, known by the name of Osnaburgs. Po- pulation 9300. Passau', a- considerable fortified town in Bavaria at tlie confluence of the Inn and Danube. It is romantically situate on a penin- sula between the two rivers, which are here of nearly equal width. Population 10,000. Plan, a lake in MecHlenburg. Ra'tisbon, an ancient town in Ba- varia, on the south bank of the Danul)e, — long noted as theplace where the diet of the empire used to assemble. It is a place of considerable trade, pnd a bisli- op's see. Population, 22,000. Rhine, River.—See France. Rhine, Lower, one of the circles I ( ( ] I V h Sa) I Sax h r C( ], Sch 3/. Sch bi at P Spi] ei R » m Si er tS E GERMANY. 153 Population own in tlio Lohn. po- ind ancient I dominions, tz. Itspub- manuscifipts of printed las, for cen- loted for its tale, and par- lustoys. Po- dutcliy con- lattered tern- il of which 18 1 of Hanover Ocean. The of the whole iles,— and the 0. The capi- town on tne on 5000. bruck, a pro- r, between Ol- russian West- ial extent 9'20 ilation 126,000. situate on the of the Embs. ■; province are 1 great quanti- linens, known )8naburgs. Po- erable fortified It the confluence Danube. It is late on a penin- he two rivers, of nearly equal ion 10,000. cHlenburg. enttown in Ba- ith bank of the lotedastheplace ■ of the empire e It is a place trade.pndabisli- lation, 22,000. DC France. no of the circle!^ into which Gennany was divid. ed previously to 180S. It was intersected by the circle of the Upper Rhine,and both were very irregular in their form. They are now parcelled out among the states of Baden, Bavaria, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, Prussia, Hanover, &c. Ros'tock, the principal town of Mecklenburg, situate on the Wamow. It is a place of some trade, and is the seat of a small university. Population 13,000. Saxony, Lower, one of the former circles of Germany, having West - phalia and the Rhine to the west, and Sleswick, with the Baltic, to the north. Its super- ficial extent was 26,000 square miles, comprehending the elec- torate of Hanover, the dutchies of Mecklenburg, Brunswic, and Holstein ; the fVee towns of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck, with their territories, and a num- ber of small states. Saxony, Upper, a more extensive circle to the east of the former, to the west of Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and north of Bo- hemia and Franconia. Its area was about 43,000 square mile^ ; and it comprised the electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg, the dutchy of Pomerania, and a num- ber of small principalities. Saxony, Kingdom ot, between Bo- hemia on the south, and the , Prussian states on the north. It contains 7188 square miles, and 1,237,000 inhabitants. Schwerin, (Shwe'rin), Lake, in Mecklenburg. Schwerin, the capital of Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, pleasantly situ- ate on the west side of the lake. Population 8500. Spire, a town situate a* the conflu- ence of the Spirebach and the Rhine, and belonging partly to Bavaria, partly to Baden. At a meeting of the German Diet in Spire, the reformers, A. D. 1529, entered that celebrated protest against the proceedings of the Emperor which procured them the name of Protestants. Po. pulation 5000. StreQita, the capital of Mecklen- burg-Strelitz, composed of Old and New Strelitz, a mile distant from each other. Population 7000. Stutt'gard, the capital of Wirtem- berg, situate on the Nisselbach, about two miles from the Neck- ar. In the royal library, consist- ing of upwards of 100,000 vo- lumes, is a unique collection of bibles, comprising editions of every age and country. Popula- tion 22,000. Sualiia, one of the former circles of Germany, separated from France and Switzerland by the Rhine. This circle is now occu- pied by part of the Bavarian do- minions, the kingdom of Wir- temberg, and the grand dutchy of Baden. TuTbingen, a city in Wirtemberg, situate on the Ncckar at its junction with the Ammer. It is the seat of a university. Popu- lation 6000. Ulm, a considerable town in Wir- tembcrg, on the banks of the Danube, where it receives the Blau, which flows through the town. Being a place of great importance for the defer < of the empire, the Germanic cuiiie- deration have voted L. 800,000 sterling for the purpose of ren- dering its fortifications complete. Population 15,000. Weimar', (Vimar',) Saxe, a grand dutchy in the interior, compris- ing several districts, w^hose unit- ed extent is about 1450 square miles, with more than 200,000 inhabitants. The capital is pleas- antly situate on the banks of the Ilm. Literature is much patron- ized by the ducal family, whose library is peculiarly valuable, and whose court is frequented . by the first literary characters in Gennany. Weser, a large river fbrmed by the Junction ofthc Werraand Fulda N 154 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. at Munden,ancl flowing through i the territories of Hanover, Brunswick, Pritssia, &c. to the German Ocean. Westphalia, one of the former circles of Germany in the north- v/cst, having about t,'7,()0() square r^.iles of superficial extent. — See PRlJSStA. Wir'temberg, a kingdor^. in the south-west, about 8000 square miles in extent, and having a population of 1,400,000. AVisba'dcn, a small town in Nassau, much frequented for its hot springs. Population .loOO. Wolfenbuttle, a city in Bavaria, in a district of the same name, pleasantly situate on the Oker. Population 6700. Worms, a small but ancient city in Hesse-Darmstadt, situate on the Rhine. Population 5700. WurtzTiurg, a city in Bavaria, de- lightfully situate on the Maine. It is the sfdt of a university. Po- pulation 20,000. Zell, a city in Hanover, at the con- fluence of the Fuhse and AlU r. Population 8200. AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Is bounded on the North by Bavaria, Saxony, and Prussia j E. by Russia and Turkey; S. by Turkey, the Adriatic, and the Po ; and W. by Bavaria, Switzerland, and the Sardinian States. It extends, exclusive of Dalmatia, from 44° 45' to 51° 5' N. Lat., and from 8° SV to 25° 50' E. Long. Its length, from E. to W., is 8'20 miles ; and its breadth, from N. to S., 430 miles. Popu- lation 30,000,000. This extensive empire contains, 1. The Circle OF Austria, comprehending the Tyrol, Saltzburg, Carinthia, Carniola, Stiria, and the Archdutchy of Austria; 2. Bohemia ; 3. Moravia ; .4. Atts- TRiAN Poland, or Galicia ; 5. Hungary, com- prehending Hungary-Proper, Transylvania, Banat, or Temeswar, Schivonia, and Croatia; 6. Austrian Italy. — See Italy ; 7. Austrian Dalmatia. Towns. — 1. Vienna, Lintz, Gratz, Clagenfurt, Laybach, Aspcrn, Trieste, Inspruck, Brixen, Trent, AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 155 1 Bavaria, me name, the Oker. icicnt city situate on on 5700. avaria, Ae- the Maine, rcrsity. Po- ,atthecon- and AlUr- Capo d'lstria ; 2. Prague, Egra, Koningsgratz ; 3. Olimitz, Brunn, Austerlitz ; 4. Cracow, Lemberg, Sandomir, Lublin ; 5. Pest, Buda, Presburg, Cremnitz, Scliemnitz, Tokay, Debretzin, Kets- kemet, Szegediu, Tenieswar, Carlstadt, Essek, Clausenburg-, Hermanstadt, Cionstadt ; 6. See Italy ; ?• Ragusa, Zara, Spalatro. Mountains. — Carpathian, Sudetic Mountains, Rhaetian or Tyrolese Alps, Erzgeberg Mountains. Lakes. — Cirknitz, Neusidler See, Platten See. Rivers. — Danube, with its tributaries the JJrave, Muhr, Save, Morava, Theis, Maross, Elbe, and Moldau, San, Dniester ; Adige, Brenta, Piave, Livenza^ Tagliameuto. Saxony, y ; S. by »d W. by States. 44° 45' 5° 50' E. •20 miles ; Popu- >5 Circle Saltzburg, j-chdutcby .4. Atts- ARY, coir- nia, Banat, Austrian natia. Clagenfurt, xen, Trent, Remarks.— The Austrian dominions, enlarged by the successive acquisitions of centuries, embrace countries as various in their natural properties, as their inhabitants are different in language, manners, and national character. The German portion of these dominions presents almost every where a mountainous aspect, especially in Stiria, Carinthia, and Carniola ; with much of that sublime and picturesque scenery in which mountainous regions gener- ally abound. The aspect of Hungary is level, except to- wards the Carpathian mountains ; and Galicia, with the same exception, is a great plain covered with wood, uncul- tivated, and of course but thinly peopled. In Hungary the climate resembles that of the southern countries of Europe ; only, the summer is hotter, and the winter more severe. The soil in the south is amazingly fertile, and, notwiths'^anding the backward state of agricul- ture, produces corn sufficient for the maintenance not only of its own inhabitants, but for those of the north, where the soil is in many places occupied with vast heaths and sandy plains. That part of Hungary which is sheltered by the Carpathian mountains is peculiarly favourable to the growth of the vine ; and produces the celebrated wine called Tokay„ In Bohemia, Moravia, and Austria Proper, the climate, 156 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. except in the elevated regions, is mild and salubrious ; and these countries are rich in corn, vines, and other ve- getable productions. Few countries can vie with Austria in mineral wealth. At Cremnitz and Schemnitz, in Hungary, are valuable mines of gold and silver; the surrounding country abounds in copper, antimony, coal, salt, and alum ; and Hungary is tho only country in which the true opal has been found. Austrian Germany is likewise rich in mineral productions. The iron of Carinthia and Stiria is of peculiarly excellent qua- lity ; and the quicksilver mines of Idria, in Carniola^ are more productive than any other in Europe. The tract of Galicia which borders upon the Carpathian mountains, yields copper, iron, and lead ; and near Cracow are exten- sive and celebrated mines of rock-salt. In agriculture and_ commerce Austria has not kept pace with some other countries of Europe. The land is negli- gently and unskilfully cultivated; the manufactures are neither numerous nor extensive, considering the resources of the country ; the commerce is necessarily limited, owing to the small extent of coast. In Vienna are manufactures of silk, gold and silver lace, silver plate, cloths, stuffs, lie < ens, mirrors, and porcelain ; Bohemia is noted for beautiful glass, linen, and paper. The exports of Austria amount to about £3,000,000 sterling annually. The government of Austria is a hereditary monarchy ; but ahnost every country, that forms a component part of the empire, enjoys its own code of laws. In Hungary the power of the emperor is limited by the power of the aristo- cracy, who have a Diet or Parliament composed of two chambers, and regulate all matters rel-^ ting to taxes and the internal government of the country. The military force of ■Austria, during peace, is computed at 264,000 men ; its maritime force is insignificant; its revenue amounts to L. 15,000,000 sterling. The prevailing religion in Austria is the Roman Ca- tholic ; but all other sects of Christians are tolerated. The manners of the Austrians diflfer little from those of their German neighbours. Till lately their nobles were ignorant, and, consequently, proud and haughty. A cold civility characterizes their deportment to strangers. The Hungarians are an indolent but higL snirited people, and i Ho wha whs the ractl litexf AUSTRIAN £&;PIR£. 157 ubrious ; jther ve- ealth. At e mines of in copper, , the only Austrian jns. The llent qua- rniola, are le tract of mountains, are exten- t kept pace d is negli- ractures aie le resources lited, owing lanufactures , stuffs, lir-- for beautiful tria amount monarchy ; nent part of Hungary the of the aristo- osed of two taxes and the itary force of 00 men ; its amounts to Boman Ca- lerated. Vom those of nobles were rhty. A cold angers. The d people, and affect to look down upon their Austrian masters. Educa- tion is still in a very backward state in Austria ; and few names of celebrity adorn its literary annals. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of the Austrian empire ? Bctvecn what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What countries does it contain ? What are the chief towns in the circle of Austria ? In Bohemia ? In Moravia ? In Galicia ? In Hungary ? In Austrian Italy ? In Austrian Dalmatia ? Naihe the nioun- tains, — the lakes, — the rivers. Where is Essek, Olmutz, Trent, Gratz, Inspruck, Aus- terlitz, Cronstadt, Lemberg, Sandomir, Tokay, Prague, Vienna, Pest, Presburg, &c. ?- Trace the course of the MorasSj— of the Save, — of the Muhr, — of the IMorava, — of the Theis, &c. Where is Platten See, &c. ? What is the general aspect of the German porti-jn of the Austrian empire ? What is the general aspect of Hungary and Galicia r What is remarkable in the climate of Hun- gary ? What is the nature of the soil? With what is the soil occupied in many parts of the north ? ^^'^hat part of Hungary is favourable to the growth of the vine ? What celebrated wine does it produce ? What kind of climate pre- vails in Bohemia, 3Ioravia, and Austria Proper ? In what productions are those countries rich ? Is Austria rich in mineral wealth ? Where are valuable mines of gold and sil, ver found? What other iiiCtals and minerals does tiie circum- jacent country afford ? What precious mineral is found in Hungary also ? For what metal are Carintliia and Stiria particularly noted ? What is remarkable about the (|uick- silver mines of Idria ? What metals are found in Galicia ? What remarkable mines are wrought near Cracow ? . What Is the st^te of agriculture, manufactures, and com- merce ill Austria ? What are the principal manufactures of Vienna ? For what manufacture is Bohemia noted ? To what value do the exports of Austria amount annually ? What is remarkable about the government of Austria ? How is the power of the emperor limited in Hun^jary ? At what number is the military force of Austria computed ? To what sum does its revenue amount ? What is the prevailing religion in Austria ? By what peculiarities are the manners of the Austrians characterized ? What is peculiar in the cha- racter of the Hungarians ? In what state are education and literature in the Austrian empire ? N 2 158 AUSTRIAN EMFIR£. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE I! Adlge'.— See Italy. Aspern', a small town in Austria Proper, situate on a small branch of tlie Danube, below Vienna. Here a great battle was fought between Buonaparte and the Austrians, 21st and 22d May, 1809. Aue'terlitz, a small town in Mora- via, where Buonaparte gained one of his most celebrated vic- tories over the united forces of Austria and Russia, headed by their respective sovereigns, 2d December, 1805. Aus'tria, the largest of the circles into which Germany was divided, in the south-east corner of the empire. It contained 49,940 square miles, and 4,472,700 in- habitants. Aus'tria, Archdutchy, the here- ditary dominions of the impe- rial family, has Bohemia and Moravia on the N., Hungary on the E., Stiria on the S., and Saltzburg and Bavaria on the VV. It containo 12,892 square miles, and a population of 1,729,945. Bohe'mia, a kingdom situated near. ly in the heart of Germany, and surrounded by mountains. Its area is 20,000 square miles ; and its population 3,137,495. It is one of the most fertile and popu- lous parts of the Austrian domi- nions. Brenta, a river in Austrian Italy, which rises about seven miles E. of Trent, and falls into the Ad- riatic a little to the S. of Venice. Brix'en, a town in Tyrol, near mount Brenner, at the conflu- ence of the Rienz and Eisach. It is noted for its red wines. Brunn, the capital of Moravia, is a large fortified town. Its manu- factures are extensive, and its trade considerable. Population 2.1,000. Bu'da, ort of the principal cities in Hungary, ^situate on the Da- nube. It is famous for its baths, and the environs produce excel- lent wines. Here is a palace of the Esterhazy family. Popula- tion 30,000. Ca'po d'ls'tria, a seaport situate on a '■Tfiail island in the gulf of Triesto,i.nd communicating with the mainland by a drawbridge. Population 5000. Carin'thia, a niovince to the W. of Tyrol, rontiln' .^ 4400 square miles, and 283,000 inhabitants. It is a mountainous district, ce- lebrated for its mines. Its lead in particular is the purest in Eu- rope. Carls'stadt, the chief town of Cro- atia, near the confluence of the Dobra and Kulpo, on the borders of Carniola. Carni'ola, a province to the south of Carinthia, having an area of 4700 square miles, and 409,600 inhabitants. Carpa'thian Mountains, a range of mountains which reaches from the Black Sea to the borders of Saxony, separating Walachia from Moldavia, Transylvania and Hungary from the Bucko, vine and G^cia, and Moravia from Silesia. Cirk'nitz, a lake in Carniola. Cla'genfurt, the chief town of Ca- rinthia, on the river Glan. Po- pulation 10,000. Clau'senburg, (Clou'senboorg), the capital of Transylvania, beauti- fully situate on the river Little Szamos. Population 14,522. Cracow', a fi ee city in Galicia, at the conflu mce of the Vistula and Rudowa. Here the kings of Po- land used to be crowned ; and the cathedral contains their tombs. Population 25,7.56. Cremnitz, the oldest of the mining towns in Hungary, celebrated for its mines of gold and silver. Croa'tia, a province extending from the river Drave to the Adriatic, containing 9421 square miles, and SOO.OOO inhabitants. AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 159 iroduce excel- 18 a palace of lily. Popula- eaport situate in the gulf of unicatingwith a drawbridge. ice to the W. .g 4400 square )0 inhabitants, us district, ce- lines. Its lead le purest in Eu- sf town of Cro- nfluence of the »,on the borders ce to the south kfing an area of ;s, and 409,600 ;ain8, a range of h reaches from ) the borders of ting Walachia , Transylvania om the Bucko, and Moravia 1 Carniola. lief town of Ca- :iver Glan. Po- )u'senboorg), the iylvania, beauti- the river Little lation 14,522. ty in Galicia, at if the Vistula and the kings of Po- ; crowned; and contains their tion 25,736. est of the mining gary, celebrated gold and silver. ;e extending from to the Adriatic, 1 square miles, labitauts. Cronstadt', a large trading town in Transylvania, on the river Fa- reas. Population '23,000. Dalmatia, Venetian, a province ex- tending along the east side of the Adriatic, containing about 6700 8(]uare miles, and 343,000 inha- bitants. Danube. — See Germany. Debretzin, a large town in Hun- gary, between Tokay and Wa- radein, having various manufac- tures and considerable trade. It is the seat of a celebrated acade- my. Population 38,902. Dniester.— See Russia. Drave, a large river which rises in Tyrol, flows through Carinthia and Stiria, separates Croatia and Sclavonia from Hungary, and joins the Danube below Es- sek. Elbe. — See Prussia. Essek, a fortified town on the Drave, in Sclavonia. Popula- tion 9000. Galicia, or Galitzia, that part of Poland which is now annexed to Austria, N. of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Hungary. It contains 32,521 square miles, and 3,750,000 inhabitants. Its soil is in general fertile, and its climate fine. Its hills abound in mineral salt, nearly 200,000 tons of which is dug out annually. Gratz, an ancient and considerable town in Stiria, situate on the Muhr. Hermannstadt', a large town in Transylvania, beautifully situ- ate on the Szeben. Population 16,000. Hungary, an ancient and import- ant kingdom, now forming part of the Austrian dominions. It is about 370 miles in length, 300 in breadth, and" contains 84,500 square miles, with a population of 7,300,000.— See Remarks. Inns'pruck, the capital of the Ty- rol, at the confluence of the Sill and the Inn. Population 10,000. The valley in which it stands is one of the largest and most beautiflil formed by the Northern Alps. Ketskcmet, a large town in the interior of Hungary. Popula- tion 23,000. Ko'nings^ratz, a fortified town in Bohemia, on the Elbe. Popula- tion 5700. Laybach, a town in the circle of Austria, on a river of the same name, a place of considerable trade. Population 1 1 ,000. Lemlierg, a city in Galicia, situate on the Pelten, a branch of tlie Danube. It is the seat of a uni. versity and other seminaries, and is a place of great trade. Po. pulation 44,000. Lintz, a considerable town in the archdutchy of Austria, at the in- flux of the Traun into the Da- nube. A large woollen manu- factory, established here by go- vernment, gives employment to nearly 30,000 persons in town and country. Population 17,000. Liven'za, a river in Austrian Italy, flows into the Adriatic by two navigable mouths. Lublin, a town in Galicia, on the Bistruza. Population 7 100. Maross', a large river which rises among the Cariiathian moun- tains, crosses Transylvania, en- ters Hungary, and forms the boundary of the Bannat till it falls into the Danube. Moldau', a large and rapid river which issues from the moun- tains that separate Bohemia fVom Bavaria, and joins the Elbe a little above Melnik. Mora'va, or the March, a large river which springs from the lofly Schneeberge, at the junc- tion of Bohemia and Moravia, flows through Moravia, separates Austria from Hungary, and falls into the Danube above Pres- burg. Mora'via, one of the most impor- tant provinces of the empire, to the W. of Hungary, contains 100 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 10.700 8quareinile8,and 1,681,000 inhabitants. In this province are large and flourishing manufacto. ries of wool, linen, and cotton. Muhr, (Mur), a river which issues ttova a lake in Saltzburg, flows through Stiria, and joins the Drave in Hungary. Neusidler-See, a lake in the west of Hungary, SO miles in length, and about 10 at its greatest breadth. Ol'mutz, a considerable town in Moravia, almost surrounded by the river Morava. It is strong- ly fortified,— and is the see of an archbishop. Population 11,000. Pest, or Pesth, the present capi- tal of Hungary, situate on the Danube, opposite to iSmla, with which it is connects u I v -i bridge of boats f of a ! liU. i;i iengtn. It has a univfi xy lii/ly en. dowed and w.) icfciuleu. Po- pulation 42,U0o. Piave', (Peeau'vay), & riv er in the East of Austrian Italy, flows through the Venetian territory from N. to S. and, dividing into two branches, falls into the Ad- riatic to the N. E. 'jf Venice. Plat'ten-See, or Balaton, a consi- dcrable lake in Hungary, 40 miles long, and tVom 1 to 4 broad. It contains some pecu- liar species of fishes, and is fre- auented by some singular water- fowls. Prague, the capital of Bohemia, on the Muldau. It is a large, for- tified, and well-built town, con- taining a great number of ele- gant public edifices. It is the see of a Catholic archbishop, and the seat of a celebrated univer- sity, the oldest in Germany, and famous as the residence of the enlightened but unfortunate reformers John Huss, and Je- rome of Prague. This city suf- fered much in the thirty years' war ; and underwent a siege and heavy bombardment from the Prussians in 17o7. Population B5,000. PrcsTjurg, once tiic cajMtal of H uii . gary, and still the place where the kings are crowned, stands on the Danube. Its {Kisition, on a hill overlooking a vast plain wa- tered by the Danube, is pictur- esque and commiuiding. Popu- lation 30,000. Ragu'sa, a considerable town in Austrian Dalmatia, situate on a peninsula in the Adriatic. It is strong by nature, and its two liarbours are protected by forti- fications. Poj)ulation 10,000. lla- i'Msa is the birth-place of Bosco- vich. San, a river of Austrian Poland, springs from the Carpathian mountains on the borders of Hungary, and falls into the Vis- tula near Sandomir. Sandomir', a town in Galicia, on the Vistula, opposite the influx of till' Save. It was once the re- sidence of the court of Poland, but is now little more than a village. Population £100. Save, a large river which rises about six miles S. of Villacli, through Stiria and Croatia, se- parates Sclavonia from Turkey, and lulls into the Danube l)e- twecn Semlin and Belgrade. Schemnitz, (Shenuiitz), or .Sel- mecz Baiija, a large mining-town in the north-west of Hungary,fa. mous for its mines of gohi, silver, and lead, combined witli coi)i)er and •ithcnic. Here is a celebrat- ed : aining-school. Popidation 2,3,000. Sclavo'nia, a southern province watered by the Drave, the Da- nube, and the Save. Extent 6600 square miles. Population 550,000, Spala'tro, a fortified seaport in Austrian Dalmatia, on tne Adri- atic, — the see of an archbishop. Its trade is considerable. Po- pulation 7500. Sude'tic Mountains, a great chain of mountains which separates the Austrian States from those of Saxony and Prussia ; and is dis- tinguisheil by the names of the AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 161 111 of Hun. ice where stands on tion, on a j)lain wa- 18 pictur- g. Popu- e town ni tiiatc on a itic. It is id its two I by forti- 10,001). Ua- i of Bosco- an Poland, Carpathian borders of ito the Vis- Galicia, on the influx once the re- of Poland, lore tlian a 2100. vhich rises of Villacli, Croatia, sc- )in Turkey, Danube be- Igrade. ), or Sel- iiining-town Iuiigary,fa- gold, silver, with coi)per a cclebrat- Popi'lation n province e, the Da- V. Extent Population seaport in on the Adri- archbishop. jrable. Po- great chain separates the im those of ; and is dis- ames of the Erzgeber^and the Ricscngeberg, the Mining and the Giant's mountains. Szegedin, a largo town in Hun. gary, opposite the confluence of the Thciss and Marosh. It is a place ot considerable manufac- turing importance, and of some commerce. Popul.i'ion 2fi,()00. Ta^liamento,(Talyamcn'to),a con- siderable river in Austrian Italy, which issues from Mount Mau- ro, in the south of Tyrol, and flows southward to the Adria. tic. Te'meswar or Banat', a province in the south of Hungary, bound- ed by Transylvania, and by the rivers Marosh, Theiss, and Da- nube. It contains 9450 square miles, and more than 700,000 inhabitants. If well cultivated, this would be one of the finest countries in Europe. Temeswar, its principal town, is a strongly, fortified place at the confluence of the Temes and Rega. Popu- lation 11,000. Theis, (Teess), a large river in Hungary, formed by two streams called the Black and the White Theis. Afler a course of 500 miles, it flows into the Danube at Salankemen, and is navigable almost to its source. Tokay', a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Theis and Bodrog. It is celebrated for its wine, one of the finest and most costly in Europe. Population 4200. Transylva'nia, a large province between Hungary and Turkey, containing about 2.7,700 square m:lcs, and 1,600,000 inhabitants. Trent, a city in Tyrol, sUuai oo the Adigc, near the bo if Italy. It is the Trii the Romans J and i- : its council of Cathoi fVom all parts of Eui here in 1545, and eighti after, for thepurpose of si , . i ^a- ing the Reformation. Population 10,000. Trieste, (Tre'cstai), a province bordering on the Adriatic, Croa- tia, and the government of Lay- bach. Extent 5020 square miles, population 540,000. Its chief town, a large and thriving sea- port, near the no< th.western ex- tremity of the Adriatic. It is a place of gi eat trade. Population 40,000. Tyrol', a large mountainous pro- vince bounded by Bavaria, Ca- rinthia, Italy, and Switzerland. Extent 11,000 square miles i po. pulation 720,000. Vienna, the capital of the empire, is situate in a rich and pictur. esque country on the right bank of the Danube, and is intersect- ed by two small but rapid streams, the Wien and Alser. It cannot boast of much ele. gance, though some of its pub- lic edifices are magnificent. Po- pulation l'70,()00. Zara, the capital of Austrian Dal- matia, situate on the Adriatic. It is strongly fortified, and has an excellent harbour. Popula. tion 8000. ASIA Is bounded on the N. by the Northern Ocean ; E. by the Pacific Ocean ; S. Indian Ocean ; W. by IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TAE^GET (MT-3) 1.0 ■^ Bii 12.2 S 144 *" I.I Its Hi <± 1. wuu 2.0 lUU Imli M L25|BU.|lj6 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. I4SM (716)S73-4S03 162 ASIA. Europe, Black Sea, Archipelago, Levant, Isthmus of Suez, and Red Sea. It extends from 1® 30' to TS*' N. Lat., and it has 164« of Long, from 26" ^ E. to 170<» W. Its breadtli, from the S. of Malacca to the North Cape in Siberia, is 5300 miles; and iis length, from the mouth of the Dardanelles to the gulf of Corea, 5400 miles. Its population is estimated at 500 millions. The countries which it contains are, I. Turkey in Asia; 2. Arabia; 3. Persia; 4. Hindostan; 5. Eastern Peninsula ; 6. China ; 7. Tibet ; 8. Eastern or Chinese Tartary ; 9. Western or Inde- pendent Tartary; 10. Russian Tartary or Sibe- ria. .Chief Towns. — I.Aleppo; 2. Mecca; S.Te- heran ; 4. Delhi ; 5. Siam ; 6. Pekin ; 7. Lassa ; 8. Sagalien Oula Hotun ; 9* Samarcand ; 10. As- tracan. Islands.— Cyprus, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Philippine Islands, Japan Isles, New Guinea, New Holland. Mountains. — Ouralian, Altaian Mountains, Caucasus, Ararat, Taurus, Lebanon, Himmaleh ; Sinai, and Horeb. Seas and Gulfs. — Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin, Bay of riankin, Whanghay or Yellow Sea, Gulf of Corea, Sea of Ochotsk, Sea of Kamschatka, Cas- pian Sea, Sea of Aral, Persian Gulf. Straits. — Babelmandel, Ormus, Malacca, Sunda, Behring. Rivers. — Ob or Oby, Yenisei, Hoang-ho, Kian-ku, Ganges, Indus, Euphrates, Tigris. \ '"«»■■■ • til, f^-' ^iw imtts od it Its ^orth 5ngtl^, olf of ted at 'urkey ostau; 5t; 8. • Inde- : Sibe- 3. Te- Lassa; 10. As- f \ -1 *J V ' ;' - ' V ■- . ■ 'V - ^ *■ , f •*»*«""• .,«i«a«ite«f n Java, Isles, iiDtains, maleb ; in Sea, in. Bay Gulf of a, Cas- ^alacca, )ang-ho. z ZTZJCTTLl^ ^jusTEZJXJC'iiTdsnhm.. J^bluAm/y iy OUVXB U BO; ymL fy WlJhiTf^ JSdBtUmyk, ^ OUV3EB. h aaxD SdikiuffrJi 1 1 r ' § ' ■\ • ^ ' * , .^.„__v, - , .-. ^ • !*•■ -■■ ■ . '. '--- ' ' .. 5--; 1-i •w ■'&. ■\,i the I pole :- ■' V*. :4 ;;., ...sr-v^: :V' ■?.' ft f f 1 ASIA. J63 .1 Remarks.^' Asia is the largest of the great divisions of the earth. Including its islands, it extends almost from pole to pole; and from 54" E. to 109^ 25' W. Long. Every variety of climate and of soil occurs in this vast extent. Many of its regions are watered by magnificent rivers ; and it is intersected by vast chains of mountains, of which the Himalaya chain is the loftiest in the world. In many respects Asia is the most interesting division of the globe. It is the nursery of the human race ; for here man was created, and hence proceeded the tide of popula- tion, which spread, in time, over the rest of the world. It was the scene of all those grand dispensations by which God prepared the world for the advent of the Messiah ; it was the scene of those labours and sufferings by which the Messiah accomplished the salvation of mankind. Of the great empires which flourished in Asia at very remote pe- riods of antiquity, and which are frequently mentioned in the historical and prophetic books of Scripture, most have passed completely away, leaving no trace of their existence but the records of history, or a few architectural ruins. Its present empires and kingdoms will be described under the countries which they respectively occupy. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Asia ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does it extend ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ? . Name the principal countries which it contains. What are their chiei towns ? Name the principal islands of Asia, and point them out on the map. Name its principal moun- tainsc, and trace them on the map. Name and point out its seas and gulfs. What are its principal straits ? Point them out. Wnat are its principal rivers ? Trace their course. Where is the Eastern Peninsula, Independent Tartary, China, Siberia, Tibet, &c. ? What is the capital of Hin- dostan ? Of Chinese Tartary ? Of Persia ? Oi China, &c. ? Where is Ceylon, Borneo, Cyprus, New Guinea, Sumatra, Java, the Japan Isles, &c. ? Where is Mount Caucasus, Lebanon, Taurus, Horeb, Ararat, the Altaian Mountains, Sinai, &c. ? Where is the Bay of Nankin, Sea of Ochotsk, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Whanghay or Yellow Sea, Cas- pian Sea, &c. ? Where is the Strait of Ormus, of Behring, of Malacca, Babelmandel, &c. ? Trace the course of the Hoang-ho, the 164 ASIA. Oanges, the Oby, the Tigris, the Yenissei, the Euphrates, the Indus, the Kiang-ku. What proportion does Asia bear to the other great divi- sions of tne globe ? What is its extent, including its islands ? Can it boast of magnificent rivers and mountains ? In what respect is Asia the most interesting portion of the globe ? What is remarkable about the great empires that once flour- ished in Asia ? TURKEY IN ASIA Is bounded on the N. by the Black Sea and Rus- sia ; E. Persia ; S. Arabia and Levant ; W. the Levant and Archipelago. It extends from 30° to 42° 10' N. Lat., and from 26° to 48° 30' E. Long. Its lengthy from Cape Baba on the Archipelago to Mount Ararat on the borders of Persia, is QSO miles ; and its breadth, from the southern frontier of Syria to the Black Sea, 730 miles. Its popula- tion is estimated at 10 millions. Divisions. — Asia Minor, comprehending Ana- tolia, Caramania, and Roum ; 2. Syria, including Palestine or the Holy Land ; 3. Diarbeck or Alge- zira, the ancient Mesopotamia ; 4. Irak Arabi, the ancient Chaldea; 5. Kurdistan; 6. Armenia or Turcomania ; 7* Georgia ; 8. Imeritia, Mingrelia, Circassia, — rather subject, however, to Russia than to Turkey. Towns. — 1. Smyrna, Aiosaluc, Magiiisa, Bur- sa, Angora, Tocat, Amasia, Satalia ; 2. Aleppo, Antioch, Palmyra or Tadmor, Balbec, Damascus, Jerusalem, Alexandretta or Scanderoon, Tripoli or Tarabolus, Sidon or Seyde, Tyre or Sur, Acre or Ptolemais, Jaffa, Jericho; 3. Diarbeker, Mosul, near the site of the ancient Nineveh ; 4. Bagdad, ASIA. 165 Bassora, Hillali, near the ruins of Babylon ; 5. Van, Betlis or Bcdiis ; 6. Erzeroum, Trebisonde ; 7. Teflis ; 8. Cuta'w. Island. — Cyprus. Mountains. — Caucasus, Taurus, Olympus, Ida, Lebanon, Ararat. Lakes. — Van, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea. Rivers. — Kisil-Irmak, Saccaria, Sarabat, Min- der, Orontes, Jordan, Euphrates, Tigris, Aras or Araxes. i Remarh.'—This extensive country may be regarded as in general mountainous, although it presents many exten- sive plains of great beauty and fertility. The climate is de- lightful; and the soil, particularly in the valleys, extremely fertile. Fruits of the finest kinds grow spontaneously, or are produced abundantly by cultivation in this charming country : but tillage is only partially attended to, by far the greater part of Asiatic Turkey being occupied by shep- herds and their flocks. The mountains are clothed with woods, and the shores of the Black Sea present the appear- ance of continued forests. Of the domestic animals, the most remarkable are the sheep, and the goats of Angrr;;, from the hair of which the finest camlets are made. It:- deed it is a remarkable peculiarity in the animals of this dis- trict, that they all have fine long hair. Of the wild animals of Turkey we may enumerate the lion, (which never ap- pears farther west than the Euphrates), the hyena and jack- all ; the ibex and the antelope. With the exception of the copper-mines of Tocat, the mineral treasures of this country are unknown. . i.t Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olym- pus, there are hot medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is inhabited by different tribes, whose employments and ha« bits are equally various. The prevailing religion is the Mahometan ; and the Turks of Asia are peculiarly bigoted. The Christians in this country are kept in a state of the most humiliating subjection. A few of the wandering tribes still retain their Pagan superstitions. 166 ASIA. • ' ■' EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? Between what degrees of latitude and loneitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? Name its divisions. What are the principal towns of Asia Minor? Of Syria? OfDiarbeck? Of Lak Arabia? Of Kurdistan? Of Armenia? Of Georgia? Oflmeritia? Name its principal island and mountains. Name its lakes. Name its principal rivers. Where is Aiosaluc, Jerusalem, Tyre, Smyrna, Hillah,, Mount Caucasus, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea, Jaffa, Acre, Palmyra, Mosul, the Minder, the Jordan, Angora, Sidon, tlie Euphrates, &c. ? What is the general aspect of Turkey in Asia ? What is the nature of its climate and soil ? Does it abound in fruits ? By what is the greater part of this country occupied ? What places are clothed with woods and forests ? What are the most remarkable of the domestic animals in Turkey ? By what remarkable peculiarity are the animals of this district distinguished ? Mention some of its wild animals. Are the mineral treasures of this country well known ? Where are hot medicinal springs found ? How is Asiatic Turkey in- habited ? In what state are the Christians kept in Asiatic Turkey ? What superstitions are still retained by some of the wandering tribes ? / ARABIA Is bounded N. by the Mediterranean and Turkey ; £. by the Persian Gulf; S. by the Indian Ocean; W. by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez. It extends from 12° SO' to 34° 30' N. Lat., and from 32" 30' to 59^ E. Long. From the Straits of Ba- belmandel to the Euphrates, its length is 1450 miles ; and from its eastern extremity to the Red Sea, its breadth 1240 miles. ASIA. 167 Divisions. — 1. Hedjaz; 2. Yemen j 3. Had- ramaut ; 4. Oman ; 5. Lahsa ; 6. Nedjed. Towns. — 1 . Mecca, Medina, Jidda ; 2. Sana, MocliOj Aden, Mareb ; 3. Muscat^ Rostak, Seer ; 5. Lahsa. Islands. — Socotora, Bahrin. Mountains. — Sinai, Horeb. Remarfcs.— 'The most remarkable feature in the aspect of Arabia, is the vast extent of sandy deserts which occupies almost the whole of the interior,— diversified only by a few spots of fertility called oases or islands. Over these dreary wastes travellers pass in large companies called caravans, exposed, at almost every step, to the imminent peril of their lives. Their sufferings from the excessive heat and want of water are extreme ; and the ocean, in its most vio- lent agitation, presents not so appalling a scene as the Arabian desert in a storm, when the sand, lifted from its bed, overwhelms every thing in its way, and often buries whole companies, with their camels and horses, in one com- mon grave. The, districts on the coast, watered by rains from the sea, are fertile and beautiful, producing many valuable trees and shrubs, as the tamarind, the Indian fig, the date palm, the cotton shrub, the pomegranate and or- ange trees, the coffee shrub, and the amyris cpobalsamum, which yields the celebrated, balm of Mecca. The most noted of the domestic animals of Arabia are the horse and camel ; of its wild animals, the antelope, the wild ass, the wolf, fox, jackall, hyena, panther, and jerboa or rat of Pha- raoh, chiefly deserve notice. The interior of Arabia is chiefly inhabited by wandering tribes called Bedouins, who subsist by their flocks, and by the plunder of passing caravans : the Arabians on the coast live in more regular society, and enjoy the benefit of com- merce and the arts. The religion of Mahomet, who was bom at Mecca, A. D. 570, is professed throughout Arabia ; although the Wahha- bees, a new sect that sprang up in the middle of last century, are said to be gaining many converts. Their peculiar tenet is, that God alone should be adored ; and that any reverence 168 ASIA. paid to Mahomet, or any human being, is a species of ido- latry. EXERCISES. What arc the boundaries of Arabia ? Between what de- grees of latitude and lonmtude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? Name its divisions. What are the ?rincipal towns of Iledjaz ? Of Vemen ? Of Hadramaut ? >f Oman ? Of Jiahsa ? Of Nedjed ? Name the islands and mountains of Arabia. Where is Mocha, Mecca, Rostak, Sana, Mareb, &c. ? What is the most remarkable feature in the aspect of Ara- bia ? How do travellers pass over those dreary wastes ? To what sufTerings and dangers are they exposed ? What is the appearance of the districts on the coast ? What valuable trees and shrubs do they produce ? What are the most noted do- mestic animals of Arabia ? Which of its wild animals chiefly deserve notice ? By what people is the interior of Arabia chiefly inhabited ? How do they subsist ? In what manner do the Arabs on the coast live ? What religion is professed in Arabia ? What new sect sprung up there about the mid- dle of last century ? What is the peculiar tenet of this sect ? I : PERSIA Is bounded N. by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and Tartary ; E. by Hindustan ; S. the Indian Ocean ; W. by Turkey. It extends from 25° 30' to 40° 35' N. Lat., and from 43° SO' to 62" 30' E. Long. Its length, from the south of Laristan to the Per- sian Gulf, is about 720 miles j and its breadth, from the mouth of the Euphrates to the borders of Beloo- chistan, 620 miles. Population about 1 millions. Provinces. — 1. Erivan ; 2. Azcrbijan ; 3. Ghilan ; 4. Mazenderau ; 5- Western part of Kho- rasan ; 6. Irak Agemi ; 7. Chosistan ; 8. Ears or Farbistan, the ancient Per sis ; 9* Laristan ,* 10. Kerman ; 11. Seistan, Georgia, Daghistan, and ar ti^ ASIA. 169 18 of ido- what de- at are its t are the Iramaut ? le islands I, Rostak, 3t of Ara- stes? To 'hat is the uable trees ; noted do- lals chiefly of Aiabia at manner } professed It the mid- this sect ? Sea, and in Ocean ; )' to 40° E. Long. the Per- adth, from sof Beloo- millions. Mian ; 3. irt of Kho- 8. Fars or istaii ; 10. istan, and Sliirvan, usually assigned to Persia, are now sub- ject to Russia. Towns. — l.Erivan; 2. Tabreez or Tauris; 5. Susa; 6. Teheran, Casbin, Ispahan, Rama- dan ; 7* Sliiras ; 8. Bushire ; 9* Gombroom, Or- mus. Of Shirvan, the chief town is Baku ; of Daghistan, Derbcnd. Beloochistan is a large country, having Kcr- man and Seistan on th*^ west, and Hindostan on the east. Gres^t part of this country is occupied by a vast sandy desert, 300 miles long and 200 broad ; and by ranges of lofty mountains, particu- larly in the east, supposed to be a branch of the Hindoo-kohs. Its capital is Kelat. Jtemarks.— Tenia, is in general mountainous. From the south of the Caspian to Indostan, a continued chain of de- serts extends ; and in all the southern provinces, the plains as well as the mountains are sterile and bare. The north- ern districts, on the contrary, are remarkable for their beauty and fertility. The rivers of Persia are few and smallj-iAnd, instead of falling into the sea, most of them flow into lakes in the interior. Wheat, rice, barley, and millet, are the common crops in Persia. Among its forest- productions are the cedar, the cypress, and other species of pine, and the sumach, so useful in dying and tanning. The fruits of this country are among the finest in the world. The fig, pomegranate, almond, peach, and apricot, are na> tives of this climate ; and the vine and orange tree grow here luxuriantly. The mulberry, cotton shrub, and sugar- cane, are common articles of culture. The horses of Per- sia, if inferior to those of Arabia in speed, surpass them in elegance. The sheep are remarkable for their length of tail, which sometimes weighs more than SO pounds. Among the wild animals of this country are the lion, the leopard, the panther, the bear, and wild-boar. Manufactures, once in a very flourishing state in Persia, are now almost annihilated,— owing chiefly to the destruc- tive wars with which, for nearly a century, it has been al- O 2 170 ASIA. most incessantly ravaged. Their carpets, silks, brocade6y and velvets, woollen and cotton cloths, and camlets of goats' and camels' hair are still of superior texture. Politeness, hospitality, and gaiety, characterize the Perfiian manners. The established religion is the Mahometan ; but there are still same who adhere to the ancient worship of fire. The government is despotic,.— and the country is now separated into two independent sovereignties. The eastern monarchy, including the provinces of Hindostan, west of the Indus, is called the kingdom of Candahar. EXERCISES. \\ What are the boundaries of Persia ? Between what de- grees of latitude pnd longitude is it situate ? What is its ex- tent in length and breadth ? What is the amount of its popu- lation ? Into what provinces is it divided ? Name their prin- cipal towns. What countries lie to the east and west of Beloochistan ? By what is a great part of that country occu- ?ied ? What is its capital ? Where is Hamadan, Ispahan, !'eheran, Susa, Gombroon, Ormus, Bushire, Casbin, Ba- ku, &c. ? What is the general aspect of Persia ? In what direction does a continued chain ot deserts extend ? What is the ap- pearance of the mountains and plains in the south ? For what are the northern districts remarkable ? What are the common crops of Persia ? 31ention some of its forest trees. What is remarkable in the fruits of Persia ? Mention some of the fruit trees common here. What other plants and shrubs are cultivated ? For what qualities are the horses and sheep of Persia remarkable ? Mention some of its wild ani- mals. In what state are the manufactures of Persia ? What ma- nufactures of superior texture does it still retain ? By what qualities are the manners of the Persians characterized? What is the established religion in Persia ? To what wor- ship do some of the Persians still adher^ P Of what kind is the government of Persia ? What name is given to the east- ern monarchy ? What Indian provinces does it compre- hend ? ,^ \ i ASIA. 171 HINDOSTAN, oa INDIA WITHIN THE GANGES, Is bounded on the N. by Tibet ; E. the Eastern Peninsula and t'i? Bay of Bengal ; S. the Indian Ocean ; W. the Arabian Sea and Persia. It ex- tends from 8^ to 36° 30' N. Lat., and from 67° to 92° 30' E. Long. Its greatest length, from Cape Comorin to the Indian Caucasus, is 1890 miles; its greatest breadth, from the borders of Beloochistan to the east of Bengal, l600 miles. Its population is computed at 101,000,000. Divisions. — 1. Gangetic Hindostan, compre- hending Bengal, Bahar, Allahabad, Oude, Agra, part of Delhi, Ajimere, and Malwa ; 2. Sindetic Hindostan, comprising Kuttorc, Cashmere, Cabul, Candahar, Lahore, Moultan, and Sindy ; 3. Cenr- tral Hindostan, including Guzerat, Candcish, Be- rar, Orissa, the Sircars, North part of Golconda, Visiapour, Dowlatabad, Concan ; 4. Southern Hin- dostan, containing the southern part of Golconda, Mysore, the Carnatic, Madura, and some princi- palities on the Malabar coast. Towns. — 1. Calcutta, Moorshcdabad, Patna, Dacca, Allahabad, Lucknow, Agra, Delhi, Aji- mere, Oojain, Benares, Catamandoo ; 2. Kuttorc, Cashmere, Cabul, Candahar, Lahore, Moultan, Tatta; 3. Amedabad, Cambay, Surat, Burliam- pore, Nagpore, Cuttack, Visagapatam, Juggernaut, Masulipatam, Bombay, Aurungabad, Hyderabad, Poonah, Visiapore, Goa ; 4. Arcot, Madras, Pon- dicherry, Tranquebar, Tanjore, Tritchiuopoly, Se- 172 ASIA. ringapatam, Mangalore^ Calicut, Tellicherry, Co- chin, Trivandcram. Islands. — Ceylon, in which are the towns Candi, Colombo, and Trincomalee ; the Maldives and Laccadives; the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Gulfs. — Gulfs of Cutch, Cambay, Manara ; Bay of Bengal. Mountains. — Hindoo-koh, Himmaleh or Him- malaya Mountains, Eastern and Western Gauts. Rivers. — Indus or Sinde, Ganges, Burrampoo- ter or Sanpoo, Nerbuddah, Taptee, Godavery, Bain-Gonga, Kistna, or Krishna, Cavery. Remarks.'-^ln a country so extensive as Hindostan, there is, of course, a great variety of aspect. On the north, the mountains of Tibet present a very bold and stupendous frontier. The Gauts, on the east and west, form a long and lofty barrier parallel to each coast ; while the central chains of the Vendhias follow the course of the Nerbuddah on the north and south. A series of rocky mountains reaches from the confines of Mooltan to Tatta; and of sandy hills from Ootch to Guzerat. In the province of Sinde, there are likewise deserts of sand, which, raised by the burning south wind, often buries houses and cultivated fields ; and in Delhi, between Rooderpoor and Almora, there is a sandy desert twenty miles long, covered with briers and resinous shrubs. Numerous savannahs occur in the northern provinces. At the mouths of the rivers, as well as along a great part of their banks in the interior, the soil is marshy. But, in its more general aspect, Hindos- tan presents beautiful meadows, rich pastures, fields adorn, ed with luxuriant harvests, which are gathered twice in the year, and valleys smiling in all the beauty and variety of vegetation. £xcept in Cashmere, Sirinagur, Gorkhah, and Nepaul, where the seasons occur in their more agreeable vicissitudes, the climate of Hindostan is diversified only by the dry and rainy seasons. The changes are produced by the south- ASIA. 173 y, Co- towns [aldives idaman !anara ; r Him- auts. 'ampoo- davery. indostan, he north, ipendous 1 a long : central >rbuddah lountains ; and of ivince of aised by ultivated Almora, red with IS occur rivers, as irior, the Hindos- sadom- ce in the iriety of Ncpaul, ssitudes, dry and south- west and north-west monsoons ; and it is remarkable, that they happen regularly at different periods of the year on the opposite coasts of Coromandel and Malabar. In Bengal the hot or dry season continues from March to the end of May ; the rainy season from June to September. By the latter end of July all the lower parts of the country, adja-^ cent to the Ganges and Burhampooter, are overflowed,' forming an expanse of water more than 100 miles wide. By these regular inundations extreme fertility is imparted to the soil. In many places, indeed, it requires no such fertilizing aid, consisting of rich vegetable mould to the depth of six feet. The luxuriance of vegetation is scarce- ly equalled in any other region of the globe. Forests of liie most stately growth, and fruit trees of the finest kinds, occur in this country. Of its forest trees, one of the most valuable is the teak, which rivals the oak in firmness and durability, and is accordingly an excellent substitute for it in ship-building. Of its fruit-trees, the most noted are the various species of palms. Rice is the chief food of liie Hiadoos, and consequently the principal article of cul- tivation. In the husk it is called nellut and, when shell- ed, arissi. Wheat, barley, millet, and maize, are also cul- tivated ; besides the sugar-cane, the mulberry-tree, cotton, indigo, and a variety of other vegetables. Among the domestic animals of Hindostan may be men- tioned the buffalo, camel, and elephant. The cattle are distinguished by a bunch on the shoulders ; and the sheep have hair instead of wool. Among the wild animals are the leopard, often employed in hunting; the lion, seen only among the northern mountains ; the Bengal or royal tiger ; and the rhinoceros. Hindostan is peculiarly rich in mineral treasures— of which the most valuable is the diamond, found in the pro- vinces of Bengal, Bundelkund, Allahabad, Orissa, Berar, Visiapour, Golconda, and the Carnatic. The diamonds of Golconda and Orissa are the most celebrated. The Hindoos have carried some manufactures to conji- derable perfection. The shawls of Cashmere, manufactur- ed of the hair of the shawl-goat, are highly prized; and till the late improvements in the cotton manufactures of Bri- tain, the Indian muslins were the finest in the world. In delicate works in ivory and metals the Hindoos are still al- 174 ASIA. most unrivalled. Diamonds, nitre, spices, drugs, rice, su- gar, raw silk, and muslins, are the chief exports from this country. The territory of Hindostan is now divided among five principal powers or states.-.^!. The Seiks possess Lahort , the principal part of Moultan, and the western portion of Delhi. Their capital is Lahore. 2. The Berar or Eastern Mahrattas, possess Berar and Orissa. Their capital is Nag- pour. 3. The Poonah or Western Mahrattas, possess Malwa, Candeish, Visiapour, most of Ajimere, and Guzerat. Their capital is Foonah. 4. The Soubah of the Deccan, is sove- reign of Golconda, the principal part of Dowlatabad, and the west of Berar. Hyderabad is his capital. 5. The British possess Bengal, Bahar, part of Allahabad and Orissa, the Northern Sircars, a Jaghire in the Carnatic, countries north and south of Calicut on the Malabar coast, Bombay, the isle of Salsette, Ceylon, &c. Their allies are the Rajahs of Mysore, Tanjore, Tritchinopoly, Madura, Travancore ; the Nabobs of Oude and Arcot; and the territory of Cochin. Sixty millions of the inhabitants of Hindostan are subjects of the British or their allies ; and their annual revenue is seventeen millions sterling. The British have distinct establishments or presidencies in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay. Bengal, of which the capital is Calcutta, the seat of government and of the principal court of jus- tice, takes, in every matter, the precedence and the lead. The most remarkable circumstance in the civic economy of the Hindoos is their division into castes^ of which there are four— Brahmins, soldiers, labourers, and mechanics. Each of these castes follows invariably the same profession from generation to generation, and never intermarry. They who have been degraded from their castes, which is ac- counted the greatest of all misfortunes, are called PariarSf a term of superlative reproach, and are Jcept in the most humiliating, servitude. In their manners the Hindoos are mild and inoffensive, peculiarly formed for the quietude and the comfort of domestic life. Although their religion permits polygamy, they seldom have more than one wife ; the horrid custom of burning widows alive on the funeral piles of their husbands is still retained. The Hindoos worship a number of gods ; and believe that Vishnou, a principal deity, has already been incarnate ASIA. 175 lanics. Tartars, most bos are liietude L>ligion wife ; tuneral jelieve Parnate nine times, and is still to be incarnate a tenth and last time. They believe that, after their death, their souls will animate other bodies either of men or inferior animals. Hence their extreme tenderness in the treatment of all living crea- tures, even to the meanest insect. In general they abstain from animal food, subsisting on rice, butter, milk, and ve- . getables. EXERCISES. Name the boundaries of Hindostan. Between what de- grees of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What is its ex- tent in length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? Into what great divisions is it portioned ? What provinces are contained in Gangetic Hindostan ? What provinces does Sindetic Hindostan contain ? What are the provinces of Central Hindostan? What provinces does Southern Hin- dostan comprehend ? What are the principal towns of the first division ? Of the second ? Of the third ? Of the fourth ? Where is Bhurt- pore, Allahabad, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calcut- ta, Bernares, Visiapour, Moorshedabad, (ioa, Poonah, Tri- tchinopoly, Tellicnerry, Trivanderam, Pondicherry^ &c. ? Where is Ceylon, Salsette, the Maldives, the Nicobar isles. Where is the gulf of Cutch, of Cambay, the bay of Bengal ? What are the principal mountains of Hindostan ? Name its principal rivers. Trace their course. What mountains form the northern frontier of Hindostan ? What mountains run parallel to its eastern and western coasts ? What is the direction of the central chaini ? Where do series of rocky mountains and of sandy hills, occur ? In what places are deserts of sand ? Where do numerous sa- vannahs occur ? Where is the soil marshy ? What is the more general aspect of Hindostan ? In what provinces do the seasons occur in their most agreeable vicissitudes ? How is the climate of Hindostan in general diversified ? By what are those varieties caused ? What is temarkable about the cli- mate on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel ? What are the periods of the dry and rainy seasons respectively in Ben- §al ? What is the extent of the inundation on the course of le Ganges and Burhampooter ? What is the quality of the soil ? Mention one of the most valuable forest trees. What are the most noted of the fruit trees ? What is the principal article of cultivation ? What names are given to it in the husk, and when shelled ? What are the oUier articles of cul- tivation ? 176 ASIA. Mention some of the domestic animals of Hindostan. What are its most remarkable beasts of prey ? What is its most valuable mineral ? Where is it found ; and in what provinces is it most valuable ? In what manufactures have the Hindoos attained considerable dexterity ? . In what kind of works are they almost unrivalled ? What are the chief exports from this country ? Among how many states is the ter- ritory of Hindostan divided ? Name the possessions and the capital of the Seiks ; of the Berar or Eastern Mahrattas ; of the Poonah or Western Mahrattas ; of the Soubah of the Deccan; of the British. What states are in alliance with the Britisii ? What number of the inhabitants are subject to the British, and their allies ? What is their annual revenue ? What are the establishments or presidencies of the British ? Which of them takes the lead ? What is the most remarkable circumstance in the civic his- tory of the Hindoos? What is the characteristic quality of their manners ? Are they addicted to polygamy ? What horrid custom do they still retain ? Mention some of their religious opinions. Whence arises their extreme tenderness in the treatment of living creatures ? On what do they in ge- neral subsist ? ! V EASTERN PENINSULA, OR INDIA BEYOND THE GANGES, Is bounded N. by Tibet and China ; W. by Hin- dostan and the Bay of Bengal ; S. by tbe Gulf of Siam and the Straits of Malacca ; and E. by the Gulf of Tonquin and the Chinese Sea. It extends from r 30' to 26° N. Lat., and from 92° to 108° E. Long.j being in length 1700 miles, and in breadth 96() miles. Divisions. — I. Assam; 2. The Birman Em- pire, comprehending Ava, Pegu, and Aracan ; 3. for parts fount in gr It indostan. hat is its I in what ures have what kind . the chief sistheter- ,n« and the irattas ; ot bah of the liance with :e subject to al revenue ? tie British? he civic his- c quality of ny ? yj»' )tne of their le tenderness o they in ge- LA, ST. by Hin- the Gulf of E. by the It extends 92° to 108° les, and in Jirman Em- Aracan ; 3. ASIA. 177 Malacca ; 4. Siam ; 5. Laos ; 6. Cambodia ; 7- Siampa ; 8. Cochin-Cliina ; 9* Tonquin. Towns. 1. Ghergong; 2. Ummerapoora, Prome, Rangoon, Ava, Pegu, Aracan ; 3. Malac- ca, Sincaporc ; 4. Siam or Yuthia, Louvok, Cam- * bouri; 5. Mohan-laung; 6. Cambodia; 7. Siam- pa ; 8. Hue-fo, Turon ; 9* Kesho. Gulfs. — Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin. Rivers. — The Irrawady and Thaluan ; the Meinam ; the Maykaung. Remarks.— In its external aspect, this portion of Asia is remarkably distinguished by its long parallel chains of mountains, enclosing distinct valleys, each watered by a considerable river. Those places in which rain does not fall abundantly, or remain long, exhibit a light powder barren as sand, or a crust as hard as rock ; while the mar- gins of the rivers and the sides of the mountains are cloth- ed in perpetual verdure, and with trees, in comparison of whose gigantic height and expanse of foliage, our loftiest trees dwindle to the stature of dwarfs. Among the most noted of its forest-productions are the eagle-wood, the white sandal- wood, the teak tree, the iron tree, the true ebony, which is here indigenous, the sycamore, the Indian fig, the banana, the bignonias, and the fan palms. The forests are the haunts of various species of monkeys, tigers, and ele- phants. The elephants of Siam are particularly admired for their beauty and sagacity. Fine fruits, aromatic and medicinal plants, the sago, the cocoa, the banana, and other nutritious plants, grow in abundance. Laos produces the benzoin and gum lac ; and gamboge seems to be peculiar to Cambodia. Rice, sugar, cotton, and indigo, are cultivated to a great extent. The Eastern Peninsula is rich in minerals. Besides gold and silver, its mines produce tin, iron, lead, antimony, and zinc. The sapphire and amethyst are found in various parts of the Birman empire ; rubies of peculiar beauty are found in Pegu ; and amber of uncommon purity is dug up in great quantities near th<:> river Irrawady. It docs not appear that this peninsula was ever united {T m ASIA. under one sovereign. The government of its different countries, the manners and religion of their inhabitants, will be found under their respective names in the descrip- tive table. EXERCISES. By what cireumstance is the Eastern Peninsula remarkably distinguished in its external aspect ? What contrast is pre- senteabetween those places where rain is not abundant, and the margins of the rivers and sides of the mountains ? What are the most noted of its forest productions ? Of what wild animals are those forests the haunts ? For what are the ele- phants of Siam remarkable ? What productions grow here in great abundance ? What crops are cultivated to a great extent ? What metals do the mines of this country produce ? In what places are the sapphire and amethyst, rubies and am- ber, respectively found ? CHINA Is bounded on the N. by Chinese Tartary; W. by Tibet and Tartary ; S. by the Chinese Sea and the Eastern Peninsula; E. by the Chinese Sea. It extends from 20« to 42° N. Lat., and from 97° to 124° E. hong., being about 1300 miles in its greatest length and breadth. Its population is es- timated at 200 millions. Divisions. — 1. Pe-che-lee; 2. Shan-see; 3. Shen-see; 4. Shantung; 5. Honan; 6'. Kiang- nan ; 7. Tche-kiang ; 8. Fokien ; p. Quan-tung ; 10. Quang-see; 11. Yunan ; 12. Setchuan; 13. Hou-quang; 14. Kiang-see; 15. Koei-tcheou; 16. Cnen-yang; 17. The Peninsula of Corea. Principal Towns. — Pekin, Nankin^ Canton^ Singan ; Ty wan-fu in Formosa. Islands. — Hainan, Formosa, Loo-Choo or Leoo- keoo Isles ; Macao. as po^ par catf the! trei of ChJ car , different ihabitants, le descrip- remarkably ra8t is Pe- ndant, and as ? ^hat what wild are the ele- grow here to a great :y produce ? jiesandam- rtary; W. se Sea and linese Sea. i from 97° I'lles in its ition is es- in-see ; S. 6. Kiang- luan-tung ; huan; 13. oei-tcheou ; Corea. in, Canton, 100 or Leoo- A6IA. 179 Lakes. — Tong-ting-hou, Poyaug-hou, Tai-hou, Hong-tse-hou. Rivers. — Hoang-ho, or Yellow River ; Kian- ku, or Blue River ; and the Ta. Remarks.— China may be regarded, in general, as a flat and fertile country ; although, in some places, its aspect is varied by chains of mountains of considerable magnitude. One of the most remarkable features in the natural appear- ance of the country, is the number and magnitude of its rivers, which have contributed in a great degree to its early civilization. In a country so extensive, the climate is ne- cessarily various. In the southern provinces the heat is greater than in Bengal ; in the northern the rigour of an European winter is experienced. In no country in the east has agriculture attained greater perfection than in China. The cultivation of every spot is requisite for the support of its excessive population ; and the greatest ingenuity has accordingly been displayed in forming even tlie sides of lofly mountains into terraces, to which water is conveyed by buckets, or by conduits from reservoirs in which the rain is collected at the top. Where the raising of food for man is an object of such importance, the rearing of domestic animals is rather discouraged, except in so far as they are employed in subserviency to that primary pur- pose. The principal article of culture for food is rice, which is raised chiefly in the southern parts of the empire. The ingenuity and industry of the Chinese have discover- ed a method of cultivating even the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets, where the pe^siy or water-chesnut, in particular, is planted, and produces a wholesome and deli- cate fruit. This fruit is contained in a cover formed by the root. Besides the orange, tamarind, and mulberry trees, (of which there are two species, of the bark of one of which paper is made), the tallow tree is peculiar to China, yielding a green wax, which is manufactured into candles. But of the native productions of China the most remarkable is the tea plant, which grows chiefly in the hilly part of the country. It is about five feet high ; its leaves are narrow, and indented on the edges ; and it blos- soris from October to January. All the varieties of teas 180 ASIA. are prepared from tlie same plant, but gathered at difie- rent times, and prepared in different ways. In a country so densely peopled as China, there are but few forests or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are occasionally seen, difler not from those of other neighbour- ing countries. Among the minerals of China may be mentioned a na- tural composition of iron and zinc, called tutenag^ a spe- cies of white copper coWqA. petong^ and the tine clays and earths, kaolin and petuntse, from which porcelain is manu- factured. The country around Pekin abounds in coal, which is usually pounded, and baked with water into cakes, before burning. Among this industrious people almost every kind of manufacture is found; those of porcelain, silk, cotton, and paper are the most noted. Like the Hindoos, they excel in delicate works in ivory and metal. Their chief exports are silk, porcelain, and especially tea,^for which alone they draw from Great Britain an annual return of three millions Sterling. Of their national works, the most remarkable are the Grand Canals by which the inland na- vigation is continued from Pekin to Canton, a distance of upwards of 14CX) miles, with the interruption of only one day's journey ; and the great wall on the northern frontier, said to be 1500 miles in length. The government of China is the patriarchal, or the mild- est species of despotism ; and its present monarchs are of Tartar origin. The character of the Chinese is placid and affable ; but the indolence of the upper classes, and the nastiness of the lower, are striking defects in their man« ners. The exposing of infants is frightfully common. Their notions of female beauty are peculiar ; and their ad- miration of small feet exposes their ladies to much pain and inconvenience to obtain this indispensable charm. Their religion bears some resemblance to that of Hindos- tan, their idol Fo being supposed to be the Boodh of the Hindoos. ^ EXERCISES. What is the ceneral aspect of China ? Mention some of the most remarkable features in the natural appearance of the country. What are the varieties of its climate ? What in- genuity do the Chinese display in agriculture ? Is the rear- ABIA. 181 ,d at diffc- jre are but Such as are neighbour- ioncd a na- jnag, a spe- le clays and lin is manu- ids in coal, ;r into cakes, ery kind of silk, cotton, indoos, they Their chief ^^ for which ual return of )rks, the most le inland na- ,a distance of of only one tiern frontier, /, or the mild- narchs are of i is placid and sses, and the tn their man- lUy common. _ and their ad- to much pwn isable charm. Mt of Hindos- Boodh of the mtion some of pearance of the te ? What in- Is the rear- ing of domestic animals much encouraged in China ? What is the principal article of cultivation for food ? How do they cultivate even the beds of the rivers and lakes ? Mention some of the fruit trees of China. What is the most remark- able of its native productions ? Describe it. Does the same plant produce all the varieties of tea ? Are there many wild animals in China ? Mention some of its most important mi- nerals. In what part of the country does coal abound ? How is it used ? What are the most noted manufactures of the Chinese ? In what works do they particularly excel ? What are their chief exports ? What are the most remarkable of their national works ? What is the form of government in China ? What is peculiar in their character and manners ? What practice is frightfully common ? What peculiar notion of female beauty exposes their ladies to much pain and incon- venience ? What religion does that of China resemble ? TIBET Is bounded N. by Eastern Tartary ; W. by Hin- dostan ; S. by Hindostan and the Eastern Penin- sula ; E. by China. The geographical limits of this country cannot be fixed with precision. Its length is said to be about 1500 miles ; its breadth about 500 miles. Population small, but not accurately ascertained. Divisions. — 1. Tibet Proper; 2. Bootan; 3. Nepaul ; 4. Sirinagur ; 5. Little Tibet. ToA\Ns.^ — 1. Lassa; 2. Tassaudon ; 3. Catman- du ; 4. Sirinagur ; 5. Shekerden. Lakes. — Terkiri, Jamdro or Palte. Rivers. — From the high table-land of Tibet the most important rivers of Hindostan and the Eastern Peninsula take their rise ; as the Oxus, Indus^ Ganges, Burrampooter, Thaluan, Yang- tse-kiang. r 2 ^ 182 ASIA. Re marks. '—hovf rocky hills and extensive arid plains arc the ungainly features in the aspect of Tibet Proper. The mountains of Bootan are clothed in perpetual verdure, or crowned with lofty forests : their declivities and the vnU leys are rich in corn-fields and orchards. Nepaul is a i ul« tivated plain. The climate of Tibet may be compared to th ir n£ the Alps in Switzerland for the severity of its wintc .; ^'. A country so mountainous may be expected to abou.d in mi- nerals. Though those of Tibet are not wrought to any great extent, cinnabar ores, rich in quicksilver, rock-salt, and tincal, or crude borax, have been fuund in considera- ble quantities. The musk-deer, resembling the hug in shape, with hair not unlike the quills of a porcupine ; the grunting ox, whose flowing and glossy tail is employed by the luxurious orientals for driving away flies and other in- sects ; and the goat, whose fine hair is manufactured into shawls, ma^' be mentioned among the animals of Tibet. The n-iigion of Tibut is peculiar. The grand lama, or high priest, who is likewise the temporal sovereign, is an object of their adoration. He is supposed never to die, and his soul is sometimes fancied to be found in the body of a child. The natives are mild and gentle in their dis. position. By a singular peculiarity in their manners, all the brothers of a family have the same wife, whom the eld- est brother has the privilege of selecting. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Tibet ? In what latitude and longitude is it situate ? Whr: ': is Us extent in length and breadth ? Into what divisio.^ •■ v a v^i^tioned ? Name ity principal towns. Whatimpfia '-r, have i'"'"' sources m Tibet ? What are the p • ; ' i'. arcs in tiiO aspect of Tibet Proper ? What is the appearance of the mountains of Bootan ? What parts of the country are cultivated and pro- ductive ? What IS the nature of the climate ? What mine- rals have been found in Tibet in considerable quantities ? Which of the animals of this country deserve to be particu- larly mentioned ? What idea do the people entertain of their ;,rand lama 9 By what disposition are they characterized ? What singular peculiarity prevails in their manners ? AblA. 183 EASTERN OR CHINESE TARTAKY la bounded N. by Siberia ; W. by Indop^endciit Tartary ; S. by Cfiina and Tibet; and E. by the Pacific Ocean. This immense tract of country extends over 70 degrees of longitude^ and ^ de- grees of latitude. Divisions. — 1. Mandshuria ; 2. Mon^oli." with Little Bucharia, Turfan, and Hami or Chauiil. Towns. — Saoalien Oula Hotun, Mer^'uen, Nimgouta ; 2. Cashgar, Yarkand, Kotun^ K iria, Turfan^ Hami or Chamil. Lakes. — Balkash or Tengis, Zaizan, KokoNor or the Blue Lake. Rivers.— Amur or Sagalien, Yarkand^ Hi. Remarks.— Chinese Tartary is chiefly occupied by a vast elevated plain, or table-land, whose stupendous pillars are the mountains of Tibet, the Altaian and Belur Tag moun- tains, and the hill boundary of the Kalkas. This plain, the most elevated region of the same extent in the world, is intersected by some chains of mountains, and by the de- sert of Gobi or Shamo. Cold is the predominating charac- ter of the climate. The western portion of this vast country is occupied by the Mongul Tartars, who are sul>divided into three great tribes, the Kalmucs, Eluths, and Kalkas. These are a wandering race, subsisting almost entirely upon the pro- ducts of their flocks and herds. Mandshuria is inhabited by a more cultivated people, who live in flxed dwellings. The inhabitants of Little Bucharia, entirely distinct from the Tarta rs, are a civilized race. Tlie language and reli.. gion uf these nations are as distinct as their origin. The religion uf the Monguls is an idolatry, founded on the no<> tion of good and evil spirits. The Mandshurs have nei- ther temples nor idols, but are f .1 to worship a Supreme 184 ASIA. Being, whom they style the Emperor of Heaven. The in- habitants of Little Bucharia are Mahometans. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Eastern Tartary ? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What are its divisions ? Name its principal towns. What lakes does it contain ? Trace its rivers. By what is Chinese Tartary chiefly occu- pied ? How is this vast plain intersected ? What is the character of the climate ? fiy what people is the western por- tion occupied ? Into what tribes are they subdivided ? How do they chiefly subsist ? How do the inhabitants of Mand- shuria and Little Bucharia difler from them ? Have these different nations the same language and religion ? Describe the varieties of their religious worship. m ! WESTERN OR INDEPENDENT TARTARY Is bounded N. by Siberia ; W. by the Caspian Sea and Persia ; S. by Persia and Hindostan ; E. by Chinese Tartary. Divisions. — 1. Western Turkistan ; 2. Kha- rizm ; 3. Great Bucharia. Towns. — 1. Taraz, or Turkistan ; 2. Khiva, Urghenz ; 3. Samargand, Bokhara, Balk. Mountains. — The Gaur and Belur Tag Moun- tains. HiVERS. — Gihon or Amu, Sirr or Sihon. Remarks.^^O( this extensive country at least one half is -occupied with immense steppes, or desert plains. These are chiefly inhabited by the Kirguis or Kirguses ; Kharism is completely surrounded with deserts ; there are deserts to the north and west of Bucharia ; and the eastern shores of the Caspian present a long and gloomy chain of arid downs and rocks. Of the Kirguis, who now occupy Western Tur- kistan the original residence of the Turks^ there are three ASIA. 185 The in- What is livisions ? contain ? efly occu- lat is the ;stern por- ed ? How of Mand- lave these Describe RTARY Caspian >staii; E. 2. Klia- I. Khiva, k. ag Moun- ist one half ins. These ; Kharism •e deserts to •n shores of arid downs estern Tur- ire are three tribes, each governed by its own khan, or prince. The smallest of these tribes occupies the country between the river Yaik, the sea of Aral, and the environs of Orenburg. The middle horde wanders along the north side of the Aral as far as the river Saras on the south-east. The great horde extends to the south-east of the Aral lake, over the country watered by the Sarasos and the Syr. Almost the whole of this country is a dreary waste of sand, interspersed here and there with hills of clay soil. During winter the cold is ex- treme. Along the rivers, however, the valleys or low grounds afford rich pasture, which feed numbers of horses, camels, black cattle, sheep, and goats. Among these tribes, horse-flesh is esteemed a great delicacy ; and their favour- ite drink is koumiss^ or fermented mare's milk. Kharism is a more fertile country, and its climate is temperate. In the twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire ; but it is now reduced to a province, whose extent is vaguely es- timated, by saying that a man on horseback could ride over it in three days. The deserts which encompass it seem to be increasing. ( For an account of Great Bucharia.— See DsscaiFiivE Tablb.) EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Western Tartary ? What are its supposed length and breadth ? What are its divisions ? Name the principal towns of those divisions respectively. What mountains does Western Tartary contain ? Trace its rivers. By what is at least one-half of the country occupied ? By whom are the steppes chiefly inhabited P By what is Khar, ism surrounded ? On what sides of Great Bucharia do de- serts occur ? What appearance do the eastern shores of the Caspian present ? How many tribes are there of the Kir- guis ? How are they governed ? What countries are occu- pied by these hordes respectively ? What is the general as- pect 01 their country ? What is the nature of the climate ? Where do rich pastures appear? What animals do they maintain ? What is esteemed a great delicacy among these tribes ? What is their favourite drink ? In what does Khar- ism differ from this country ? At what time was it the seat of a powerful empire ? How is its extent now vaguely esti- mated ? What is remarkable about the encompassing de- serts ? From what circumstance do the limits of Great Bu- charia constantly vary ? What provinces does it contain ? 186 ASIA. What is the general quality of the soil ? Of what empire was Bucharia the chief seat ? By what people, and at what time was the last of the sultans expelled ? Where did he then found a new empire ? SIBERIA, OE ♦ RUSSIAN TARTARY, Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by Russia in Europe; S. by Eastern and Western Tartary ; E. by the Pacific Ocean. This vast re- gion extends from 38° to 78° N. Lat., and from 36° 30' E. to 190° E., or 170° W. Long., being, in length, from the Black Sea to the southern ex- tremity of Kamschatka, 4880 miles; and in breadth, from north to south, 1800 miles. Population com- puted at 8,500,000. Divisions or Governments. — 1. Caucasus; 2. Oufa, or Orenburg ; 3. Tobolsk ; 4. Kolivan ; 5. Irkutsk. Towns. — 1. Astracan, Asoph; 2. Oufa, Or- enburg ; 3. Tobolsk ; 4. Kolivan ; 5. Irkutsk. Islands. — Aleutian Islands ; Kurile Isles. Mountains. — Caucasus, Oural, Altaian Moun- tains. Rivers. — Volga, Ob or Obi, Yenisei, Lena, Oural, Irtish. Bemarks.— 'In a country of such immense extent as Sibe- ria, tliere is necessarily a considerable variety of aspect. The northern and eastern parts present marshy plains of vast extent, covered with almost perpetual snow, and inter- sected by large rivers, which pursue their dreary course un Wh its len ed ? are the its prii '-ern an( f what empire e, and at what lere did he then ASIA. 187 cean; W. by and Western This vast re- at., and from Long., being, southern cx- ind in breadth, )pulation com- -1 . Caucasus ; 4. Kolivan ; 2. Oufa, Or- 5. Irkutsk, rile Isles. Mtaian Moun- Venisei, Lena, jse extent as Sibe- variety of aspect. marshy plains of I snow, and inter- dreary course un dcr surfaces of ice towards the Arctic ocean. Even in the central parts vegetation is in a great measure checked by the severity of the cold ; while in the south there are vast forests and luxuriant crops. The rude sublimity of the shores of the Baikal contrasts finely with the cultivated fields and gardens around. A feature almost peculiar to the Asiatic landscape in this quarter are the steppes or vast plains without a tree or a shrub, but covered in many places with luxuriant herbage. The climate of Siberia, although necessarily varying with the latitude, is in general extremely severe. The greater part of it is totally incapable of agriculture ; but in the southern and western regions the soil is fertile, and the crops luxuriant. In the northern wastes the rein-deer sup- plies the part of the cow and the horse ; and wild horses and asses roam over the deserts in the south. Lasha stags, the musk animal, and the wild boar, haunt the environs of lake Baikal; the formidable urus, or bison, and the ibex, are seen among the mountains of Caucasus ; the beaver frequents the banks of the Yenisei ; the argali, or wild sheep, is still an object of chase ; and the sable, a species of weas- el, is much prized for its fur. The rivers of Siberia abound with fish from the neighbouring seas, especially salmon and sturgeon. In various parts of Siberia valuable minerals are found. This vast tract of country is inhabited by various distinct tribes. The south is occupied by tribes of Tartarian origin. Samoieds, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and Tchutski, are the uncouth names of the northern occupants. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Russian Tartary ? What are I its length and breadth ? Into what governments is it divid- ed? What are their principal towns respectively? What |are the principal chains of mountains in Sioeria ? M^hat are |it8 principal rivers ? What is the appearance of the north. Brn and eastern parts ? What is the state of vegetation in the central parts ? What is the aspect of the southern districts ? I What 18 the character of the scenery around lake Baikal ? * What feature is almost peculiar to the Asiatic landscape in Ithis Quarter ? What is the nature of the Siberian climate ? lln what parts is the soil fertile and the crops luxuriant ? iMention some of the animals of Siberia. With what kinds r 188 ASIA. of fish do the rivers abound ? Does Siberia possess much mineral wealth ? M'^hat people occupy the various districts of Siberia ? ASIATIC ISLANDS. Besides the islands already mentioned, the most remarkable are Sumatra, in which are the towns Acheen and Bencoolen. Banca. Java, containing the towns of Bantam, Batavia, and Sa- marang ; and having to the eastward the small islands Bally, Sumbawa, Floris, and Timor. Borneo. Celebes, of which the chief town is Macassar. Moluccas or Spice Islands, the principal of which are Gilolo, Bouro, and Ceram ; Ternate and Tidor ; Amboyna and the Banda Isles. Philippine Islands, the principal of which are Luzon and Mindanao. Japan Islands, of which the principal is Niphon. Jesso, Sagha- lien, and Loo Choo Isles. The islands in the Pacific Ocean have been classed by geographers under the two great divi- sions of Australasia and Polynesia. Austral- asia comprehends the immense island of New Holland; Van Dieman's Land; Papua or New Guinea ; Nrw Ireland ; New Britain ; Solomon's Islands ; Louisiade and Queen Charlotte's Islands ; New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island ; New Zealand. In Polynesia are included the Pelew Islands ; the Carolinas ; the Ladrones ; the Friendly Islands ; the Society Islands, Otaheite, the Marquesas, the Sandwich Islands. — See De- scriptive Table. ASIA. 189 DESCKIPTIVE TABLE. A'cre, an ancient city of Palestine, situate on a fine bay. Though now much reduced, it is popu- lous and well fortified . and is celebrated in history as a prin- cipal scene of the crusades ; and more recently for its memora- ble and successful resistance to the French army under Buona- parte, who, after besieging it for two months, was compelled to retreat from it with disgrace, May 20, 1799. A'den, a seaport town in the S. W. extremity of Arabia. Afghanis'tan, or Eastern Persia, a considerable kingdom between Hindostan and Persia, extending from the mountains of Tartary to the Arabian Sea, and frorn the Indus to Western Persia. It is sometimes called the kingdom of Cabul, from the name of its capital. A'gra, a province in Hindostan, S. of Delhi, about 250 miles in length and 180 in breadth ; wa- tered by the Ganges, the Jum- na, and the Chumbul. South of the Chumbul it belongs to the Mahrattas; the rest of it is sub- ject to the British or their allies. A'gra, its capital, called by the Mahometans Akbarahad, is si- tuate on the S. W. bank of the Jumna. Its mausoleum, per- haps the most superb in the world, is about three miles far- ther down the river. It is con- structed of white marble inlaid with precious stones. This city was, from 1566 to 1647, the ca- pital of the Great Mogul. Ajmere, a province in Hindostan, W. of Agra, and S. of Delhi, 350 miles long and 220 broad, wa- tered by the Chumbul and Ba- nass. Its principal town, situate at the foot of a range of hills, be- longs to the British government. Alep'po, the capital of Syria, in Turkey in Asia, supposed to contain 250,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded by a ditch, and by a strong wall having nine gates. Its castle is deemetl by the I'urks impregnable. It is a well- built town, the streets being paved, with a good footpath on each side. The inhabitants are considered the most polished in the Turkish dominions. Alexandretta, or Scanderoon, a small seaport of Syria, on the Levant. Allahabad', a province in Hindos. tan, S. of Uudc and Agra, wa- tered by the Ganges, Jumna, and some inferior streams. It now belongs entirely to the Bri- tish government. A'llahabad', the capital of the pro- vince, derives celebrity from its fortress, situate al about two miles distance, at the junction of the Ganges and Jumna. Crowds of pilgrims tVom all parts of India encamp, for about two months each summer, between the two rivers, for the purpose of performing their purifications and other religious ceremonies. Altaian Mountains, a vast chain, forming the southr n boundary of Siberia, and extending, under various names, about 5000 miles. Ama'«ia, a town in Anatolia, Asia- tic Turkey, situate on the Ki. sile-Irmak. Its population a- mounts to upwards of 60,000, chiefly Christians. This town is said to be the birth-place of Strabo, the ancient geographer. Ame'dabad, or Ahme'dabad, the Mahometan capital of Guzerat, situate on the river Sabermaty, which falls into the gulf of Cam- bay. Amur. (pr. Amoor'), a large river in Chinese Tartary, rising in 49® N. Lat.,and 109° £. Long., and falling into the sea of Ochotsk, about 53»>f. Lat. Anato'lia, or Natolia, .a province in Turkey, occupying the west- ern and chief i>ortion of Asia Minor. It is crossed in the south by a chain of mountains called the Taurus ;— is watered by some fine streams; and is a 190 ASIA. i 1 I rich in fhiit, corn, tobacco, cot- ton, and silk. Ango'ra, the ancient Anc^rra, a lar^e city in Anatolia, situate amidst very picturesque and striking scenery on the stream Tabana. Population 40,000. The shawls, fabricated firom the hair of the Angora goat, rival those of Cashmere. Antioch, (pr. An'tiok,) a city of S^- ria, on the Orontes, celebrated m antiquity as one of the principal cities in the East. It is likewise famous in the history of the Cru> sades. Population about 18,000. A'racan, a country in the Eastern Peninsula, formerly an inde. pendent kingdom, but reduced, in 1783, to be a province of the Birm^n empire. It is situate S. E. of Bengal : about 500 miles in length, ana varying much in breadth. It is a fertile country ; and its coast is studded by a num- ber of fruitful islands. Its capi- tal is situate on a fine river, and has a harbour capable of contain- ing a large fleet. AraF, a lake or inland sea in Western Tartary, about 150 . milesin length and 60 in breadth. Its water is salt, and it is sur- rounded by sandy deserts. A'rarat, a lofty mountain in Ar- menia, terminating in two peaks, one of which is covered with perx>etual snow. This moun- tain is held in great veneration, flrom a belief that Noah's ark rested on it. Height 9500 f^et. Aras, or Arax'es, a considerable river whiqh rises in Armenia, and, after a long course, joins the Kur in Persia. Ar'cot, the capital of the Camatic in I^indostan, situate on the souUi bank of the Palar. Arme'nia, a large province sub- ject to the Turks, Persians, and Kurds, S. of Georgia and Miii- grelia. It is in general moun- tainous, and is watered by the Hgris, Euphrates, aiidothisrim,. portant streams. Its expensive and numerous valleys are rich and beautiAil. Asia Minor, the most western por- tion of Asia, E. of the Mediter- ranean, and-S. of the Black Sea. It includes Anatolia, Caraman, and Roum; extending about 1000 miles in length, and ttom 400 to 500 in breadth. Its cli- mate is fine, and, in general, sa- lubrious; but it is occasionally visited by the plague. It is one of the most celebrated countries in ancient story, and contains many famous cities. As'oph, or Azof, the Palus Maeo- tis of the ancients, an inland sea in Asiatic Russia, communicat . ing with the Black Soj, by the Straits of YenicuL It is about 350 miles in its extreme length, and 180 miles at its greatest breadth. Asphalti'tes, or Dead Sea, a lake of Palestine, about 180 miles in circumference. On the east it is bounded by lofty hills, pre- senting rugged and frightful pre- cipices : on the north is the plain of Jericho, through which it receives the river Jordan. Its waters, heavier, Salter, and more bitter than any hitherto discovered, are fatal to animal life, and no vegetables grow on its shores. Great quantities of asphaltum, or mineral pitch, float upon its surface. As'sara, a country to the N. of the Eastern Peninsula, between Ben- gal and Tibet, 700 miles in length, and about 70 in breadth. It is watered by the Burhampoo- ter and several other rivers ; and is a very fertile country. Astracan', a province in the go- vernment or Caucasus in Asia- tic Russia. Except on the banks of the Volga, the Oural, and their tributaries, the soil is very barren. It contains a number of salt lakes. The capital is situate on an island in the Volga, abqut 52 miles from its mouth. Its po- pulation, estimated at 70,000, consists of Russians, Armenians, Greeks, Tartars, Persians, In- dians, Jews, English.and French. Its trade and manufactures are considerable. Aurungabad', a considerable pro- iiL ASIA. 191 of the Mediter- r the Black Sea. tolia, Caraman, ^tending about ngth, and ttom readth. Its cli. , in general, sa- ls occasionally igue. It is one >rated countries f, and contains ies. he Palus Mseo- ts, an inland sea la, communicat ack Sojl by the uL It is about extreme iength, at its greatest ead Sea, a lake )Ut 180 miles in On the east it lofty hills, pre- indfirightfUlpre. ! north is the , through which iver Jordan. Its r, Salter, and tn any hitherto fatal to animal etables grow on at quantities of mineral pitch, rface. to the N. of the , between Ben. 700 miles in 70 in breadth, he Burhampoo* her rivers ; and ountry. nee in the go- icasus in Asia- pt on the banks 18 Oural, and the soil is very, ins a number of apital is situate le Volga, about mouth. Itspo- ted at 70,000, ns, Armenians, Persians, In. sh, and French, nufactures are isiderablc pro- vince in the Deccan Proper, in Hindoatan, situate partly on the western coast. Most of It is in possession of the Mahrattas. Its capital was the favourite resi- dence of Aurungzebe,from whom it derived its name. A'va, an extensive' district, or kingdom, now forming part of the Birman empire. Azerbijan, a province of Persia, separated from Armenia by the Araxes. Babelman'del, Straits, a channel forming the entrance of the Red Sea iVom the Indian Ocean— up- wards of 20 miles in breadth. Bag'dad, a large city in Irak. Ara- bi, situate on the Tigris. It is a place of considerable trade, be- ing the emporium for the pro- ' ducts of Arabia, Persia, and In- dia. Population about 60,000. Bahar'^ an extensive and valuable provmce in Hindostan, S. of Ne- paul. It contains about 26,000 square miles, and is one of the richest and best cultivated pro- vinces in India. Bahrin, a cluster of islands on the south-west side of the Persian Gulf. The pearl-fishery among these islands is the most valuable in the world. Ba'ikal, a large lake or inland sea in the government of Irkutsk in Siberia, about 366 miles in length, and varying in breadth from 20 to 30 miles. The Rus- sians regard it with veneration, and call it the Holy Sea. Bain-Gonga, or Bhai-gonga, a tri- butary of the Goda very in Hin- dostan.— 'See GODAVERY. I Ba'ku, or Badlcu, a town in the province of Shirvan, in Persia, situate on a peninsula in the Caspian Sea. Its port is spa- cious and commodious; and it is a place of some trade. Since 1801 it has been in possession of the Russians. I Balbec', anciently Heliopolis, both of which words signify the " City of the Sun," a town of Syria, si- tuate in a fertile valley at the foot of Antilibanus. Here are the magnificent ruins of a " tem- ple of the Sun," supposed to have been built by the direction of the Emperor Antoninus Pius. Balk, or Balkh, a province in Great Bucharia, formerly be. longing to Persia, but now to the Afghans. It is supposed to stretch about 250 miles flrom W. to E., and upwards of 100 miles ftom N. to S. It is inhabited by Usbeck Tartars and Arabs, who dwell partly in towns and partly in tents. Its capital is situate on the river Dehasf, and is water, ed by eighteen canals, issuing from a large reservoir in the neighbouring mountains. This was the Bactria of the Greeks, supposed to have been the resi- dence of Cyrus, and is regarded by the Asiatics as the oldest city in the world. Balkash.— See Tenqis. Basso'ra, Bussora, or Basrah, a large city in Irak-Arabi, on the W. bank of the Shalut Arab. It is encompassed by a broad and deep ditcii, and by a wall seven miles in circuit, firom 20 to 25 feet thick, and mounted with a great number of cannon. It is a place of great trade. Peculation about 60,000. Bed'lis, or Betlis, an ancient city in Armenia, said to have been founded by Alexander the Great. Population 26,000. Behnng, Straits of, a narrow sea between the W. coast of N. A- merica and the E. coast of Asia, so named from their discoverer, Behriug, a Russian navigator. Where narrowest j they are 13 leagues, or 39 miles wide. Belur-tag, the ancient Imaus, a mountain in Western Tartary, which it separates from Little Bucharia. Bena'res, a valuable district of Hindostan on both sides of the Ganges, between the 23d and 27th degrees N. Lat. It con. tains 1200 square miles of fertile soi}. Its capital, called also Cashy, situate on the north bank of the Ganges, is the seat of the most celebrated university of I 192 ASIA. ' ' I ■ii \:> . Hindoo learning. It is four miles long and two broad, anil contains about 600,000 inhabi- tants. The Hindoos believe that a person dying at Benares is sure ot paradise. Bcncoo'len, a district and city in Sumatra, the only British settle- ment on the island. Pepper and spices are the staple articles of culture; but the expenses of tlie settlement outweigh the profit. The town is inconsiderable. Bengal', an extensive and valuable province of Hindostan, extend- ing 400 miles in length, and 300 in breadth j from 21" to 27° N. Lat., and from 86« to 92« E. Long. Its soil is peculiarly fer- '. tile, yielding great abundance of the necessaries and luxuries of life. This province has been called the most valuable jewel in the British crown. Be'rar, a province in central Hin- dostan, N. of Aurungabad, of a triangular shape. Though in many places naturally fertile, it is thinly peopled, and ill cultivated. Birman Empire, an extensive em- pire in the Eastern Peninsula, comprehending the kingdoms of Ava and Pegu, with some other territories. Its extent is about 1200 miles in length, and 200 in breadth. The Birmans are a fierce and warlike people ; and, having seldom come into con- tact with Europeans, accounted themselves invincible. Tlieir war with the British govern, ment, which broke out in 1824, gave them a humbling lesson to the contrary. After a contest «f two years, the Birman emperor was compelled to sue for peace.; which he obtained on the humi- liating conditions of ceding Ara- can, Cheduba, Tavoy, Mergui, with allthe sea-coast of his domi- iiions, except that which bounds the Delta of the Irrawady, and . paying a million sterling towards deflraying the expenses of the war. Bokha'ra, Bukha'ria, or Bogar, a city of Great Bucharia, situate on the Spgd, about 50 miles from its junction witli theOxus. It si mds on the side of a hill, in the form of an amphitheatre ; it contains numerous colleges, where the Mahometan youth studv law; its inh.abitants arc much engaged in manufactures ; its trade is considerable. Popu- lation 100,000. Bombay, an island on the W. coast of Hindostan and the seat of a British i^residcncy. It is about 64 miles long from N. to S., and about 1 mile broad. Along with the neighbouring islands of Co- labah, Salsette, Butcher's Island, Elophanta, and Cararjah»it forms a commodious and sheltered har- bour. It is separated from the mainland by a narrow strait, and connected with Salsette by a causeway. The city of Bo nnbay is about a mile in length, i,nd a ({uartcr of a mile in breadtli. It is surrounded by fortifications ; and presents a front of bold de. fiance towards the sea ; but is poorly defended towards the land. It commands an exten> sive commerce with the coun. tries on the Persian and Arabian Gulf, with the western and east- ern coasts of India, with China, and the islands in the eastern ocean. The territories belong- ing to the Presidency of Bombay are calculated to include 100,000 square miles, and its jurisdiction extends over 2,500,000 inhabit- ants. Boo'tan, an extensive province in Hindostan, between Bengal and Tibet, supiwsed to be 2()0 miles in length, and 90 in breadth. The rajali is tributary to the grand lama of Tibet. Bor'neo, next to New Holland, the largest islMid in the world, ex- tends from 4<> N. to?" 25' S. Lat., and from 109" to 1)9° E. Long., in length nearly 800 miles, and in breadth about 700. The coast, for 10 or 15 miles inland, is marshy and unhealthy. In the centre is a mountainous ridge called the Crystal Mountains, from the number of fine crystals found there. Diamonds, gold, ASIA. 193 n witli the Oxus. ; side of a hill, in imphithcatre ; it leroiis colleges, ahometan youth i inhabitants are in manufactures ; siderable. Popu- d on the W. coast md the seat of a incy. It is about rom N. to S., and road. Along with ng islands of Co- , Butcher's Island, iCararjah^t forms and sheltered har- parated from the narrow strait, and h Salsette by a le city of Bo anbay J in length, i.nd a ile in breadth. It by fortifications; front of bold de- s the sea; but is cled towards the nmands an exten- e with the coun- jrsian and Arabian ! western and east- ndia, with China, ds in the eastern territories belong- ■sidency of Bombay to include 100,000 and its jurisdiction ^i,300,000 inhabit- ensive province in 'tween Bengal and jd to be 200 milea id 90 in breadth. tributary to the Tibet. , New Holland, the in the world, ex- N. to?" 25' S. Lat., >to 119° E. Long., _rly 800 miles, and ibout TOO. The ir 15 miles inland, unhealthy. In the nountainous ridge rystal Mountains, ber of fine crystals Diamonds, gold, and other valuable minerals are found in various parts of the island. It is fk-uitful in spiceries, and its camphor is the best known in commerce. Its inha- bitants are a fierce and savage race, subject to various kings. Borneo, its principal town, is situ- ate on a river about ten miles distant from the N. W. coast. The houses arc built on posts, and the chief communication is by means of boats in froit of the houses. 'I'he market is kept sometimes on one part of the river, sometimes on another, and resembles a fleet of wherries laden with provisions, and float- ing, with the numerous purchas- ers. The chief trade of Borneo is with China. Bucha'ria, an extensive district of Western Tartary, whose limits, vaiying with the dominion of the Usbeck Tartars to whom it belongs, cannot be fixed with precision. It contains the pro- vinces of Sogd, Samarcand, and Balk, — great part of which is ex- ceedingly fertile. This n-as the Sogdiana of antiquity, and the Maweralnar of Arabian and Tar. tar history. It was the chief seat of the Mongols, till theclo^e of the fifteenth century, when the Sultan Bauber, expelled by the Usbeck Tartars, penetrated into Hindostan, where he found- ed the Mogul enH)ire. Bucharia, Little, an extensive dis- trict of Chinese Tartary, having Great Bucharia on the W. and Cashmere and Little Tibet on the 8. This country is but little known to Europeans. Its cli- mate is fine; its plains in gene- ral fertile; but a great part of it is occupied with chains of mountains. Burhampoo'ter, or Brahmapootra, the largest of the Indian rivers, rises in Tibet, near the sources of the Indus and Setledge. It flows eastward till it approaches within 220 miles of the Chinese province of Yunan, then turning suddenly to the S. it reaches As- sam; it then flows nearly due west till it enters Bengal, when It takes a southern direction, and falls into the Bay of Bengal after a course of 1S5U miles. Burhampore', the principal city of Candeish in Hindostan, situate on the Taptec. It is of great ex. tent, and carries on a consider- able trade. Bur'sa, a considerable city in the Turkish province of Anatolia, situate in a plain at the foot of Mount Olympus. It is noted for its mineral springs, both hot and cold, over which are built cle. gant and commodious baths. I'o. pulation 60,000. Bushire', (pr. Busheer'), a town situate on the Persian Gulf, in the province of Fars in Persia. Thet!:nplish East India Company have a factory here. Population 5000. Cabur, an extensive province of Afghanistan, which is some- times called, in general, the kingdom of Cabul. It is situate I to the W. of Cashmere and La- hore, in the N. W. of Hindos- tan. It is a mountainous coun- try ; and many of its mountains are covered with snow during the greater part of the year. Ca. bul, its capital, was long consi. dered as tne gate of Hindostan towards Tartary. It is a place of considerable traflic. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, and of British India, is situate on the east bank of the Hoogley, or western branch of the Gan- ges. 7t extends above six miles along the river ; and, on being approached from the sea, the spires of its churches, temples, and mosques, the strong and re- gular citadel of Fort William, its splendid edifices, and elegant villas and gardens, present an ap. pearance of magnificence which seems to warrant its proud ap- pellation of the " City of Pala- ces." Population upwards of 500,000. Ca'licut, a town on the Malabar coast, Hindostan, once a splcn. did city, from which the first q2 ^mtfmmmmmm 194 ASIA. "I I European Tense) wa« freighted with Indian commndities by Vaseo de Gama. This ancient city is now covered by the sea. The present town ia mean in ap- pearance, but populous ; and carries on considerable trade. Cam'bay. a seaport town in (ju- zerat, Hindostan, at the top of the gulf to which it gives name. Camtx/dia, Camboge, or Camboya, a country in the Eastern Penin- sula, occupying the eastern shore of the gulf of Siam, about 400 . miles long, and 150 broad. Its soil is remarkably fertile. A- mong its productions is the yel- low pigment called gamboge. Cambodia, the capital, consists of a single street. Candahar', an extensive province of Afghanistan, situate between SI* and 34" N. Lat., and between 64° and 68" E. Long. Its capi- tal is a large and flourishing city, on the great road between Persia and India. Candeish, a province of Hindostan, S. of the river Nerbuddah, about 200 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, — watered by the Tap- tee,— fertile, but ill cultivated. Candi, a kingdom in the island of Ceylon, occupying its central re- gions, and extending outward so as to leave a narrow ring around . the coast. This kingdom was in the possession of a native prince . till the year 1816, when it was annexed to the British domi- nions. The natives, called Cin- galese, are, like the Hindoos, di- . vided into castes ; and the high- er ranks have attained some degree of civilization. Candi, the capital, consists of one street two miles in length, from which a number of lanes branch otf on both sides at right angles. Canton', the capital of the province of Quang-ton^', in China, is situ- ate on the river Peking. This river is navigable three hundred miles farther up, and is crowded with vessels for four or five miles, containing whole families that have no other residence. This is the only city in China where £uro])eans are i)ermitt(>d to reside and to traltic ; and it is a place of very great trade. Caiama'nia, an extensive province of Asia Minor, E. of Anatolia. Carna'tic, a province extending along the eastern coast of Hin- dostan, about .500 miles in length, and from 50 to 100 in breadth, — comprehending what Litely form- ed the dominions of the Nabob of Arcot. Almost the whole of it now belonri^ to the Hritish. CasTjin, a citv of Persia, in the province W Irak. Population 90,000. Cash'gar, a province and town in Little Buchar:a, Chinese Tar- tary. The province is extensive and fertile, — and the town large and populous. Cashmere', a province of Hindos> tan, but now forming a part of the kingdom of Afghanistan. It is noted for its shawls, manu. factured of the inner hair or wool of goats. The chief city, called likewise Sirinagur, is si- tuate on the river Chelum, and extends three miles along each bank. Caspian Sea, a large inland sea or lake, bounded by the govern- ment of Astracan on the North, by Tartary on the East, by Per- sia on the South, by Caucasus, the principalities of Derbend, Baku, and Circassia, with part of the government of Astracan, on the West. It is the largest lake known, being 646 miles in lengtl), and '2(So miles in its greatest breadth, and covering an extent of lt.'0,000 square miles. Its water, besides being as salt as that of the ocean, has a peculiarly bitter taste. Catamandoo', the capital of Ne- paul in Hindostan, situate in a most romantic valley on the river Bhagmutty, about 40 miles S. of the Himmalch mountains. Population 50,000. Cattack, or Cuttack, a district in the province of Orissa, Hindos. tan, belonging, since 1803, to the British government. The prin- cipal town is situate on an isluiul ASIA. 195 k, a district in Urissa, Hindos- nce 1803, to the cut. The prin- lateonanisliuul formed by the Mahanuddy river, and 18 now the residence of the gentlemcii M' the civil establish- ment. Cau'casua^ an extensive chain of mountains commencing at the source of the river Cuban, and runiiinK first south, then cast- ward through Mingrclia towards the source of the Kuma ; then turning again to the south, it enters Georgia near the source of tlie Kur ; it next bends to the cast, and runs along the western shores of the Caspian Sea. Caucasus, a government of Russia, west of the Caspian Sea, compre- hending the provinces of Cauca- sus and Astracan. Cavery, (pr. Caiv'-ry), a river in Hindostan, which rises among the mountains of Coorg, and Hows through the Mysore and Carnatic to the Bay of Bengal. Celebes, (pr. Cel'-e-bes), a large island E. of Borneo in tne Indian Ocean. Its form is very irregu- lar, being formed by immense bays into three peninsulas. Its extreme length may be about 500 miles ; and its population is estimated at 3,000,000. Great quantities of pure gold are found in the beds of the mountain-tor. rents, and likewise dug from pits. The soil is fertile, yielding abundance of rice, sugar-cane, sago, and cotton : tlie coasts abound in turtle, and the island swarms with poultry. The na- tives are warlike and tierce. Ceylon, (pr. Sai-lon',) a large island in tlie Indian Ocean, separated from the Coromandcl coast by the Strait of Manaar. The na- tives call it Cingala. It is about 300 miles long, and 140 broad. It is traversed in all directions by ranges of mountains, and wa- tered by numerous rivers and lakes. The climate, particularly in the wooded regions, is ex- tremely pernicious to European constitutions. It abounds in va- luable minerals, particularly pre- cious stones in great variety ; and the most Qxtensive and va- luable pearUtishery in the world is carried on in the Strait of Ma- naar. The soil priMluccs vckc- tables and fine fruits in groat variety and profusion ; but the most valuable of its plants is the cinnamon-tree, of which the natives enumerate ten species, only five of whicli, however, arc- fit for use. 'Ihe sn.ike called the boa constrictor is fonril in ro of the enormous len;,'ih of 50 feet, — iind alligators IS Icvt lonfr- The elephants of Ceylon are ill great estimation for their strength and sagacity. Popula- tion 1,500,000. Charail, or Hamil, a town of Lit- tle Hucharia, in Chinese Tartary, east from Lok Nor. Chen'si, an extensive province of China, separated by the Ho- ang from Chansi on the west. Poi)ulation 30,000,000. Chen-yang', a district of Chinese Tartary, with a city of the same name, bounded on the south by the great wall of China. Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic Russia, occupying a great por- tion of the country between the Black and Caspian Seas. It is inhabited by a number of war- like tribes, who, although they acknowledge a kind of vassal- age to Russia, continue almost independent of it, neither payu^i; tribute nor performing military service. The governMent is a feudal aristocracy, each state having its own prince, whose nobles, though almost indepen- dent in peace, are bound to at- tend him on his warlike or pre- datory expeditions. The class next to the nobles are freed men, and the rest of the people arc bondmen or slaves. 'I'he Circas- sians are remarkable for their elegance of person, — the beauty of the females has long been ce- lebrated. Cochin, (pr. Coshe'en), a small pro- vince of Hindostan, between Ca- licut and Travancore. Its Ra- jah is in alliance with the British, of whom he may be considered 196 ASIA. % !ili!i u • vaiul. lU principal town, on the ihore, !■ a place of conii- deruble trade, Co'chin-China, a country in the Eastern Peninsula, the seat of a considerable empire, compre- hending the countries of Ton- quin, Cambodia, and Siampa, bc> sides Cochin-Ciiina Proper. The latter extends about 4()U miles along the shore of the Chinese Sea i and its soil is of the most exuberant fertility. Its trade is chiefly with China. ColomlM, the Uritish capital of Ceylon, is a regular, well-built, and (lopulous town, containing 50,000 inhabitants. Concan, an extensive district of Southern Hindostan, between the Western Gauts and the sea. Core'a, a country N, £. of China, consisting of a peninsula, form- ed by the Yellow Sea on the one side, and the sea of Japan on the other. Its length is computed at 400 miles, and its breadth at 150. Its king is tributary to the emperor of China. Cutch, an extensive district of Hindostan, to, the south of the province of AJmere, possessed by various independent chiefb. Cy'prus, a large islitnd of Asiatic 1 urkey, in the Levant, about 140 miles in length,and75 in breadth. It is nearly traversed flrom east to west by two lofty chains of mountains, which, during win. ter, are covered with snow. The shelter which they aflbrd renders the summer heat intense and op- pressive. This island was cele- brated, in ancient times for its fertility and beauty, for its dense population, and for the gaiety and licentiousness of its inhabi- tants. Its fruits, particularly grupes, still preserve their pre- eminence : its com is of a supe- rior quality ; but the oppressive dominion of the Turks represses industry, and has converted much of the island into a desert Two - thirds of the inhabitants are Christians. Their women arc as beautiful, and nearly as volup- tuous, as the votaries of Venus in this island of old. Dac'ca, the richest and largest dis. trict in UeiiKal, with an import, ant city of tlie same name, on the Boor Gunga. or old Ganges, lUO miles (Vom the sea. Da'ghistan, a country on the W. of the Caspian Sea, which has for many years been a debatcablo land between the Persians and Russians. Damas'cus, a very ancient and im- portant city, in a (Mchalic or go. vernment ot the same name, in Asiatic Turkey. It i» said to containfiOO houses, entitled, from their internal splendour, to the name of palaces. It is unrivalled in the number of its fountains and canals. Population 200,000. Damascus was long celebrated for the manufacture of sabres. Dec'can, or country of the South, a region of Hindostan, stretch, ing across the Peninsula, bound, ed by the Nerbuddah on the north, and the Krishna on the south. It constituted in former times the kingdom of the rajah of Telingaiia. — It is riow divided into the provinces of Candeish, Ahmednagur, Beeder, Golconda, Bejapore, and Berar. Del'hi, a province of Hindostan, extending Arom 28*' to 31° N. Lat., having the Ganges on the E.a range of mountains on theN., Moultan on the W.,and Ajmerc on the S. Want of water ren. ders a great portion of it sterile : the most fertile and best cuiti- vated part of it is on the bar.ks of the Caggar river. The territory around the capital, and to the eastward of the Jumna, belongs to the British;. the rest is pos- sessed by native chiefs, who are engaged in perpetual hostility with one another. The capital city, on the Jumna, was long the capital of Hindostan, and is said to have covered, in the time of its splendour, an extent of twen. t)r miles in length ; and its mag- nificence was equal to its extent. ill ASIA. 197 riea of Venus in Tho citadel it occupicil by the Mogul, who is entirely Hupport- ed by the BritiHh,— the town is occupie ty of the women, like that of the Circassian females, is proverbial over the east. Ghergong', Shce the capital of As. sam. Eastern Peninsula, and a city of great extent and import- ance ; now fallen into decay. Ghilan, (6e%n), a province of Persia, extending upwards of 200 miles along the S. W. shore of the Caspian. Gihon, Jihon, or Oxus, a large river issuing firom the high table- land that forms the boundarv be- tween Tibet and Great Bucha- ria. After a course of 1200 miles, chiefly through Bucharia, it falls into the sea of AraL Go^a, 8 district on the western coast of Hindostan, belonging to the Portuguese. Its capital, of the same name, is situate on an island, 34 miles in circumfer- ence, at the mouth of the river Mandova. Manv of its edifices, particularly its churches, are re- markable for their magnificence. Ooda'veiry, a large river of Hindos. tan, which rises on the eastern side of the Oauts mountains, and flows in a south-eastern direction through nearly thewhole breadth of the peninsula. After a course of 800 miles, it falls, through two channels, into the Bay of Bengal. Golcon'da, or Hyderabad, a pro- vince partly in Central and part, ly in Southern Hindostan, cele- brated for its diamond-mines. It forms piurt of the dominions of the Nizam. Golconda, formerly the capital, is now merely the ci- tadel of Hyderabad, and the re- pository of the Nizam's wealth. It is strongly fortified both by nature and art. Crombroon', a seaport of Laristan, in Persia, formerly a place of freat trade,- but now much re- uced. It stands on a bay of the GulfofOrmus. Guinea, New, or Papua.— See New Guinea. Gu'zerat, or Gu'jerat, a large pro- vince of Hindostan, to the south of Ajmere, computed to be 320 miles long, and 180 broad. It is intersected by the Paddar, the Mynie, the Nerbudda, the Tap- tee, and other rivers. Hadramaut', a province of Arabia, occupying the southern coast of the Ihdian Ocean flrom Yemen to Ommon. Hai'nan, an island belonging to the province of Quan-tung, in China, said to contain 14,000 square miles. Hamadan'. a city of Irak in Persia, supposed to be bUilt on the site of the ancient Ecbatana. Popu- lation 40,000. Hami.— See Chamil. Hed'jaz, a province of Arabia, ex- tending along the Red Sea ftom Mount Sinai to the frontier of Yemen. Hillah, a town of Irak Arabi, in Asiatic Turkey, on the western bank of the Euphrates. This town is I}uilt on part of the site of ancient Babylon, some ruins of which are still to be seen in the vicinity. Himmaleh, or Himmalaya, a stu- pendous range of mountains, which separate Hindostan ftrom Tibet and Tartary. They ex- ceed even the Andes in ele- vation ; the Dwawalagiri, or White Mountain, being estimat- ed at 26,862 feet above the level of the sea. m ASIA. 199 ralagirl, or Hindoo Koh, or Koosh, a lofty range of mountains, forming the N. W. boundary of the district of Cabul. Hoang.ho, or Yellow River, a very large river of China^ issuing from the mountains of Tiliet, and pur- suing a circuitous course of 1800 miles through some of the finest provinces of China, till it falls into the Chinese Sea. Holland, New. See New Holland. Ho'nan, a central province of China, S. of the Hoang.ho. It is so fertile as to be called the " Garden of China." Population 27,000,000. Hong-tse-hou', an extensive lake N. {torn Nanking, in China. Hoogley, a branch of the Ganges. See Ganges and Calcutta. Horeb, a mountain in Arabia, ce- lebrated in sacred history as con- taining the rock from which, when struck by Moses, wator is. sued to relieve the thirst of tlie Israelites. It is due west trom Mount Sinai. Hou-quhang', a very extensive pro- vince in the centre of China, wa- tered by theriver Yang-tse-kiang. It is considered the granary of the empire. Hue'fo, tne principal town of Co. chin China, said to contain a po. pulation of 30,000. Hyderabad, or Hy'drabad, the ca- pital of Golconda, in Hindostan, situate on the south bank of the river Musa. It is about 7 miles in circumference, surrounded by a stone.wall.— See Golconda. I'da, a mountain in Asia Minor, opposite to the Hellespont. Ill, a river of Chinese Tartary, which falls into lake Balkash, or Falcate. Imeritia, a country to the north of Persia, nominally subject to Russia.' Indus, called also Nilah and Sinde, a very large river in Hindostan, which seems to issue fVom the northern dechvity of a branch of the Himmalch mountains, in 31° 30' N. Lat., and 80*' 30' E. Long. Its stream is in many places r .pid and deep, through a country comparatively barren and uninterestmg. After a course estimated at 1350 miles, it dis- charges itself by a number of mouths into the Indian Ocean. For 760 geographical miles Srom the sea, it is navigable for ships of 200 tons burden. Irak- Ago'mi. or Irak, the most ex- tensive and imp cessiblc. Jid'da, or Judda, a seaport town in Arabia Felix, or Yemen, on the coast of the Red Sea. It is a place of some trade, and is consi- dered the port of Mecca, though 40 miles distant. Jor'dan, a celebrated river in Pa- lestine, or ancient Judea, issuing tYom Mount Hermon, forming, with some other streams, the small lake Merom, passing after- wards through the great lake called the Sea of Tiberias, and then flowing through an exten- sive plain to the Dead Sea. Juggernaut', or more properly Ja- gatna'tha,the Lord of the World, a celebrated temple on the coast of Orissa. The idol is a Aright- fUl figure of wood, representing one of the incarnations of Vish- nu. On particular occasions it is placed, superbly dressed, on an immense cnariot, or moving tower, before the wheels of which some of the devotees throw themsiplves, and are crushed to pieces. Jum'na, a river of Hindostan, which issues trova the Himma- leh mountains, flows through Delhi, and, after a course of 780 miles, fklls into the Ganges at Allahabad. Kamtschat'ka, a large peninsula in the N. E. of Asia, forming part of the government of Ir- kutsk. Though placed within the temperate lone, the «;old of R 202 ASIA. this country is as severe as in the arctic regions. This cold is occasioned by fogs IVom the neighbouring seas, by winds which blow uninterrupted from the Fvozen Ocean, and by the elevation of a range of moun> tains, extending the whole length of the peninsula. Ker'man, a province of Persia, north of the Persian Gulf. Its chief city, of the same name, was once a place of great importance ; but having beentakenby Aga Ma- homed Khan in 1794, it has never recovered its former splendour. Population 20,000. Kc'sho, ur Bac-kin, the capital of Tonquin, is situate oh the river Sang-koi. Population 40,000. Kha'rism, a province in Indepen- dent Tartary, to the south of the sea of Aral, traversed by the river Gihon or Amu. Khi'va, (pr. Keeva), the chief city of the above province, is situate on a canal of the Gihon. Popu> lation 10,000. Kianku', more generally called Yang-tse-kiang, or the Blue Riv- er, in China, the largest river in Asia, is supposed to nave its rise in the nortn of Tibet, near the des«>rt of Gobi. It flows at first along the boirders of China, and, on entering the empire, traverses the provinces of Setchuen, Hou- quang, and Kiang-nan, and falls into the Chinebe Sea about 120 miles E. of Nankin. Kiang-nan, one of the most fertile and commercial provinces of China, having withm its bounds the mouths of the two great rivers Hoang-ho and Yaug-tse- kiang. Kiang-sec', a fine province of China, between Kiang-nan and Quan-tong. Kisil-lrmak, the ancient Halys, a river of Asia-Minor, issues from Mount Taurus, and pursues a northern course to the Black Sea. Kistna, or Krishna, an important river of Hindostan, issues flrom the Western Gauts in the pro- vince of Bejapore, and receiving. on its way across the peninsula, several important tributaries, falls into the Bay of Bengal to the south-west of Masulipatam, after a winding course of 650 miles. Koci-tchoo, a rugged and moun- tainous province near the south- western extremity of China. Koko-nor, or Hohonor, the Blue lake, a large expanse of water in Chinese Tartary, on the bor- ders of China. Kolivan', a government of Siberia, with a town of the same name, situate in the upper part of the course of the Olji. It has exten- sive and valuable copper-mines. Kora'san, an extensive province in tlie north of Persia, on the bor- ders of Western 'J'artary. Kur'distan, or Koordistan, the country of the Koords, a district of Asiatic Turkey S. of Arme- nia, about 300 miles in Icngtli, and less than 150 in breadth. Kurile Isles, a long range of small islands in the eastern extremity of Asia, extending ftrom the southempointof Kamtschatkato the isle of JessO. They are 22 in number. Three in the south belong to Japan ; the rest to Russia. Kuttore*, a district of Sindetic Hindcstan, occupying a great part of the mountain range, call, ed Hindoo Koh. Its fortress, of the same name, situate on the summit of aperi)endicular moun. tain, is famous for the strength of its position. Laccadi'ves, a range of low isletg off the coast of Malabar. lahore', an extensive province in the north of Hindostan, 320 miles "in length, and 220 in breadth. It is divided into the mountainous tract in the north, and the flat country known by the name of Panjab. It is wa. tered by the Sutledge, the Be- yah, the Ravey, the Chunab,thc Behut, and the Indus; and, if properly cultivated, would be the garden of India. It Is governed y a number of petty Seik wid ASIA. 203 lie peninsula, tributaries, of Bengal to Vlasulipatam, ourse of 650 i and moun- (ar the south- of China, lor, the Blue se of water in on the bor- snt of Siberia, ; game name, ;r part of the It has exten- lopper-mines. ive province in la, on the bor- 'artary. ordistan, the ords, a district y S. of Arme- iles in length, in breadth, range of small tern extremity ing ftom the Kamtschatkato They are 22 ee in the south the rest to ct of Sindetic pying a great tain range, call- Its fortress, of situate on the ndicular moun- jr the strength ge of low islets lalabar. give province in Hindostan, 320 1, and 220 in iivided into the ct in the north, mtry known by injab. It is wa- itledge, the Be- the Chunab, the > Indus; and, if ted, would be the It is governed petty Seik and I I other chiefs. Lahore, its capital, is situate on the Ilavey, on the great road from Delhi to Cabul. The fortified palace of the Moguls in thi:j city was celebrated as the most magnificent in the world. Lah'sa, a district in Arabia, lying along the western shore of the Persian Gulf. Its chief city, of the same name, is situate on the river Astan. La'os, a kingdom in the Eastern Peninsula, W. of Tonquin and Cochin.China, poorly cultivated, and thinly peopled. The climate is very unhealthy. Laristan, a small province in the south of Persia, extending along the coast of the Persian Gulf. It is the poorest province in the empire. Lassa, the capital of Tibet, and the residence of the Dalai Lama, or great head of the Shaman re- ligion. Le'banon, or Libanus, a lofty mountain in Syria, celebrated in Scripture. It extends from the vi- cinity of Tripoli to the borders of Palestine. Near Damascus there are immense caverns. The lofty summit of Lebanon is covered with snow a great part of the year. A few specimens of its magnificent cedars yet remain. Le'na, a large river of Siberia, which rises in the mountains N. W. of Lake Baikal, and flows, in a course of 2000 miles, to the Frozen Ocean. Loo-Choo', or Leoo-Keoo, an in- teresting group of islands, be. tween 400 and 500 miles E. of China. Their number is 36 ; but only one is of considerable dimensions, being about 50 miles long, and from 12 to 15 broad. The soil is fertile— the general appearance beautiful— the cli- mate tempered by a constant sea-breeze. The inhabitants are civilized— and the accounts given of them by Captain Basil Hall, and Mr M'Leod, outvie the poe- tical descriptions of the golden age. Captani Beechey, who vi- sited them more recently, has reduced them, in his de«>cription, to the level of ordinary mor- tals. Luck'nowy 'he capital of the pro- vince ot Uude, in Hindostan, si- tuate on the Goomtv a tribu. tary of the Ganges. Population 300,000. Macao', an island, with a town of the same name, in the Bay of Canton in China, belonging to tlie Portuguese. Macas'sar, a kingdom in the S. W. of the island of Celebes, with a town of the same name, belong- ing to the Dutch. Madras', an extensive province be. longing to the British in the S. E., comprehending nearly the whole of the Carnatic— Madras', the capital of this province, and the seat of the second British Presidency, is very unfavourably situate on a flat shore, on which the surf runs with extreme vio- lence. It is very extensive; and, so far back as 1794, the po. pulation was 300,000. Madu'ra, an extensive district in the south of the Carnatic. Since 1801 it has been in the posses, sion of the Britislu Its capital bears the same name. Magni'sa, anciently Magnesia, a town in Anatolia (Turkey), once the capital of the Greek empire. It is still a large and populous town. Malabar', an extensive province in the S, £. of Hindostan, bound, ed by Canara on the north, and Cochin on the south, This was the first part of Hindostan visit, ed by European navigators. Malac'ca, a country in the S. W. of the Eastern Peninsula, cottsist. ing of a large peninsula connect- ed with Siam ny the isthmus of Kraw. It is about 775 miles long, and 125 in its medium breadth. The natives, Malays, are a ferocious and vindictive race ; yet their language is the smoothest and softest in the East. Maldives', a cluster of small coral islands in the Indian Ocean, S. from Cape Comorin. Cocoa- 204 ASIA. nuts, and cowrie-shells, used by the Hindoos as money, are their _l>rincipiil produce. Malwa, an extensive province of Hindostan, to the south of Aj- mereand Agra. Its soil is ex. tremely fertile, and produces two crops in th6 year. It is divided among a numlier of Mahratta chieft. Length 250 miles; breadth 150. Mandshu'ria, or the country of the Mandshurs, an extensive pro> vince in Esustem Tartary, diver- sified by all the grand features of nature. Mangalore', a considerable seaport town in the province of Canara, on the western coast of Hindos- tan. It has belonged to the Bri- tish since 1799. Marque'sas, a cluster of islands, five in number, in the South Pa- cific Ocean, extending trova 138o 4y to 140" 30» W. Long., and from 8" 10' to lO" 10' S. Lat Their general aspect is beautiful, and their soil fertile. The na- tives are a strong, tall, and well- fbrmed race,— resembling the Otaheitans in their religious ce- remonies, and some of their cus- toms. Mas'cat, a considerable and strong- ly-fortified seaport in the pro- vince of Oman, in Arabia. It is a place of great trade. Masu'lipatam', a considerable sea- port in the province of the Northern Circars in Hindostan. It is noted for the manufacture of fine chintz. It belongs to the British. Maykaung', or Maykong, a river in Cambodia and Laos, concern- ing the source of which, and the length of its course, geographers are not agreed. Ma'zendran, a province of Persia, stretching along th': southern shore of the Caspian. Mec'ca, a large city of Arabia, a*-d capital of the province of Hedjaz, celebrated as the birth-place of Mahomet, and therefore vene- rated by the Mussulmans as the Holy City. It has now lost much of its fottner prosperity. Population 18,000. Medrna, a city in the province of Hedjas, Arabia, sacred as con- taining the tomb of Mahomet. Over the tomb has been erected a stately mosque, supported bv 400 pillars, and fUmisned with 300 silver lamps, kept continu- ally burning. Meinam, a large river in the king- dom of Siam, which is supposed to have its source among the mountains of Tibet. It faUs in. to the Gulf of Siam. Mer'guen, a town of Mandshuria, in Chinese Tartary, on the great road from Pekin. Minder, the ancient Meander, a river of Asia Minor, which flows westward to the Archipelago. Mocha, a large city of Yemen, in Arabia, and the principal port on the Red Sea. It is noted for its coflfee, produced in the vicinity. Mohan-la'ung, the principal town of the kingdom of Laos, in the Eastern Peninsula. Mongolia, an extensive region in Chinese Tartary, the native country of the Mongols, or Mo. guls. Moorshedabad', a citv in Bengal, and long its capital. It is still the residence of the Nabob of Bengal, who is wholly dependent upon the British. Moultan, or Mooltan, an extensive province in Hindostan, S. of La- nore and CabuL Its northern and eastern districts are extreme, ly fertile, the remainder is more barren. Its capital, of the same name, is situate about 4 miles S. E. of the river Chenab,— sur- rounded bya wall forty feethigh, and about 4 miles in circumfer. ence. Mysore', an extensive province in the south of Hindostan, consist- ing of a high tableland, 3000 feet above the level of the sea, from which arise a number of lofty hills, containing the sources of many important rivers. In consequence of this elevated si. tuation, the climate of the My- prospertty. province of red as con- f Mahomet. «en erected upported by mshed wUn ept continu- In the Idng- i is supposed among the . It foil* Wi- Mandshuria, , on the great Meander, a •, which flows chipelago. , jf Yemen, m ncipal port on s noted for its I the Ticinity. principal town f Laos, in the 'give region in I the native DDgols, or Mo- in Bengal, _ It is still the Nabob of loUy dependent n, an extensive Mtan, S. of La- Its northern its are extreme- lainder is more al, of the same about 4 miles Chenab,— sur- forty feet high, in circumfer- ive province in iostan, consist- ablc-land, 3000 vei of the sea, e a number of ning the sources ant rivers, in his elevated Sl- ate of the My- a ASIA. 205 Kore is unusually temperate and healthy, considering its tropical latitude. This country is in pus- session of the liritish, except a portion of it around the capital, which, after the defeat of Tip- poo Sultan in 1799, they assign- ed to the son of the late rajah. Napwre*, a large city in the pro- vmce of Herar, Hindostan, and capital of the Mahratta territo- ries. Population 80,000. Nankin', (Nankeen'), a large city of China, on the Yang-tse-kiang, in the provuice of Kiang-nan, formerly the capital of the em- ■ pire, and still accounted the ca- pital of the South. The space enclosed within its walls is so ex. tensive, that the Chinese boast, that two horsemen, setting out ftom the same gate in the morn- ing, to ride round the walls in opposite directions, would not meet till the evening. A space of about six miles, however, within this wall, is occupied with gardens and bamboo-groves. Its principal ornaments are the lofty and splendid gateways,— and its porcelain tower, a temple or pagoda of nine stories, ascend- ed by 884 steps, and surmounted by r pine-apple of gold. The porcelain tiles are so well joined, that they appear to be of one piece. Ned'jed, an extensive province of Arabia, including nearly all its central parts. It is composed chiefly of vast mountains and de- serts. Nepaul', a long but narrow king, dom in the north of Hindostan, between the Himmaleh moun- tains and the provinces ol Bahar, Oude, and Delhi. It is under the despotic government of a rajah. Nerbud'da, a large river of Hin- dostan, which issues from the high table-land of Amerkoon- took, and, flowing westward through the provinces of Gund- waneh,Candei8h,Malwa,and Gu- zcrat, falls into the Gulf of Cam. bay, after a course of ,50 miles. New Guinea, or Papua, a large island in the Eastern Seas, ex- tending from the south of Gilolo, and the north of Coram, in a south-west direction, about 1200 miles. Of this island little is known beyond the coasts. It seems t" rise into hills of consi- derable height ; and the forests of palm and other lofty trees af- ford a proof of the fertility of the soil, 'i'lie natives, oriental ne- groes, are a very savage race. New Holland, the largest island in the world, and the principal of that important group which hus been called Australasia, or Southern Asia, stretches from E. to W. about 2600 miles, and from N. to 8. about 2000 miles. perah river. It was known to the Greeks by the name of Ozene. CKrenburg, the westernmost go- vernment of Silieria. Though mountainous, it is fruitful in grain, and maintains great flocks and herds. Its capital, of the same name,, is situate on the Oural river. It is regularly for. tilled, and its streets are straight and well built. Ori'ssa, an extensive province of Hindostan, having Bengal and the sea on the east, and Gund- waneh on the west The dis. trictswestof Bengal, are inha- bited by a savage race of Hin. doos called Oureas. O'rmus, an island in the Persian Gulf, on which stood a city, once the most splendid and celebrat- ed of all Asia, as the emporium of the trade between India and Persia,— but now so much decay- ed, as to contain not more than 500 inhabitants. Oro'ntes, a river of Syria, which issues from Mount Lebanon, N. of Damascus, and pursues a northern course, till, near An- tioch, it bends to the west and south, and falls into the Levant. Otahei'te', the principal of the So. ciety Islands, consists of two pe- ninsulas, connected by a marshy isthmus, about three miles a- cross. The jircumference of the whole ii'and is 108 miles. The soil on the low grounds is amazingly fertile ; and even the hills are covered to their sum. mits with magnificent forests, or with the deepest verdure. Of the valuable bread-fVuit tree, there are eight varieties, and fifteen of the banana. The heat, tempered by breezas from the surrounding ocean, is by no means insupportable. The Ota- heitans are idolaters, and hu. man victims are occasionally sa. crificed to their deities. Even their religious tenets, however, as the belief of a Trinity, and of a i\iture state of retribution, seemed to prepare them for the reception of Christianity,— and no where have the labours of Christian missionaries been at. tended with greater success. The royal family are among the converts; the missionaries are universally respected ; and there is the fairest prospect of the uni. verbal conversion of the nation. Population 16,000. Oude, (pr.Ood), a province of Hin. dostan, E. of Delhiand Agra; '250 milesin length, by 100 in breadth. It has the Ganges for its western boundary ; is watered by the Goompty and Gogra, biesides other streams and lakes ; and it£i surface is flat and fertile. It is governed bv a nabob, in strict alliance with the British govern, ment. Oufa, (Oo'fa,) capital of thegovem. ment of Orenburg, in Siberia, si- tuateon the banks of the Beiaia, near its junction with the river Oufa. Population 2500. Oural, (pr. Oo'ral), or Yaik, a large river of Siberia, which issues from the Oural mountains, and flows first in a western, and then in a southern direction, to the Caspian O'xus, a large river which issues ttom a high table.Iand N. of Hindooh Koh, and, flowing through Great Bucharia, falls in- to the sea of Aral) after a course of 1200 miles. Palestine, or the Holy Land,, the ancient country of the Israelites, and the scene of the great events of the Mosaic and Christian dis- pensations, is situate to the south of Syria. Around and to the east of Jerusalem, the moun. tainous districts are barren ; but the coimtry in general displays a luxuriant fertility correspond, ing to the descriptions of " the promised land." Judca, Sama- M ASIA. 207 rs, and hu- tasionaUy sa- Bities. Even ta, however, inity, and of retribution, them for the tianity, — and e labours of ries been at- iter success, re among the sionaries are ed; and there K:t of the uni. >f the nation. DvinceofHin. and Agra; 250 lOO in breadth, br its western tered by the ogra, besides lakes ; and ita fertile. It is ibob, in strict 3ritish govem- lofthegovem. , in Siberia, si- s of the Beiaia, with the river 1 2500. >r Yaik, a large which issues lountains, and 9tem, and then rection, to the r which issues tie-land N. of and, flowing charia, falls in> f after a course :olv Land,, the f the Israelites, he great events . Christian dis- ate to the south ind and to the n, the moun> ire barren; iHit ;cneral displays ity correspond- ,)tion8 of " the Judca, Sama- ria, and Galilee, were its three principal divisions under the Roman government. The first, including all the country be- tween the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean, was possessed by the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, and Simeon ; the second, comprehending the region to the north between Jordan and the sea, was occupied by the tribes of Ephraim, Issachar, and part of \Ianasseh ; Galilee, the fine inland territory on the sea of Tiberias, was mhabited by the tribes of Zabulun, Asser, and Naphtali ; the re^on to the east of Jordan was divided into six smaller districts. Palmv'ra, an ancient city in the middle of the desert of Syria, the splendour of which is still at- tested by its magnificent ruins. Palte', or Jamdro, a lake in Tibet, to the south of Lassa, presenting the extraordinary appearance of a canal, five miles broad, sur- rounding an island about 100 miles in diameter. Pat'na, a large and ancient city of Hindostan, in the province of Bahar, situate on the south bank of the Ganges. It has been under the sway of the British go- vernment since 1763. Pe'chelee, an important province of China, to the S. of the Tartar frontier. In this province is si. tuate the capital, Pekin, (pr. Pe'keen), whose princi- pal streets, crossing each other, are four miles long, and 120 feet wide. Malte-Brun estimates its p^ipulation at 700,000. Its walls are fifty cubits high ; and it con- sists of two towns, the Tartar and the Chinese, forming, together, an irregular circumference of 17 miles. The gardens around the imperial palaces are extremely magnificent. Pegu', or Begu', an ancient king- dom iu (.he Eastern Peninsula, now a province of the Birman empire. Ibt soil is very fertile, but great part of it uncultivated. It is watered by t)>e large rivers Irawaddy and Sitang. Pelew' Islands, a grouji of eighteen islands in the western Pacific Ocean, bewecn the Philippine and the Caroline islands, View- ed fVora the sea, they exhibit high rugged land covered with wood. The valleys are remark- ably fertile. The natives arc hospitable and humane. Philip'pine Islands, an important arcnipelago to the south-east of the continent of Asia, consisting of a number of islands, extend, ing fVom the 13th or 14th to the 19th or 20th degree of K. Lat. Of these islands the most im- portant are, Luzon, about 400 miles in length, and from 90 to VJO in jreadth ; Magindanao, or Mindanao, 300 miles lung, and 105 broad ; Mindoro, 110 miles long, and ^5 bro.:id; Panay, HO miles in length, by 38 in breadth; Negros, 145 miles long, by 25 broad ; Marendique, Masbate, Zebu, i?ohol, &c. These islands were taken possession uf bv the Spaniards in 1565, and still be- long to them, though many of the natives rennain independent of their authority. These im- portant islands are in general extremely fertile, and clothed in perpetual verdure ; but they are subject to most of the evils of tropical climates, storms, hurri- canes, and earthquakes. Manil. la, in Luzon, the capital of the Philippine Islands, contains a p<^ulation of 3S,000, and the to- tal population of the islands is vaguely estimated by La Perousc at 3,000,000. Gold is found here in considerable abundance. Lu- zon produces the finest cotton known ; and the true cinnamon- tree is a native of Mindanao. Pondicherry, (pr. Pondesher'ry), a city in the Carnatic, the capi- tal of the French settlements in Hindostan. Foo'nah, a city in the province of Beiapore, Hindostan, and capi- tal of a Mahratta chief) who is 20B ASIA. now under the control of the British. Poyang-hoo', a lake in the Chi- nese province of Kiang-seo, near- ly 100 miles in circumference. Prome, a city of Ava, in the Bir- man empire, situate on the Ira- waddy. Quan-tung, ('Whang-tong),alarge and populous province in the S. of China, washed on the east and south by the ocean. — See Canton. Quang-sec, (Whang-see), a pro- vince in the S. W. frontier of China, bordering on Tonquin. It has very productive gold-mines. Rangoon', a city of Pegu, and the prmcipal port of the Birman empire, is situate on the north bank of the eastern branch of Irawaddy, about 30 miles from the sea. Population 30.000. Red Sea, an extensive gulf of the Indian Ocean, between Africa and .\rabia. It extends in a N. N. W. direction from the Straits of Babelmandel to the isthmus of Suez, where it is only 60 miles from the Mediterranean. Its length is about HOO miles, and its breadth seldom more than 200. Reefs and rocks of coral obstruct its navigation, so as to render it ditiicult and danger- ous. Ros'tak, a cityofOmmon, in Ara- bia, the residence of the Iman^. Sacca'ria, Sakaria, or Sikaria, a river in Asiatic Turkey, which rises in thecentre of Caramania ; and, pursuing first a N. \V. and then a N. E. course, falls into the Gulf of Erekle, in the Black Sea. Saghalien, an extensive peninsula or island (for it is still uncertain which) at the north-eastern ex- tremity of Asia, directly north of the island of Jesso. Saghalien Oula Ilo'tun, the prin- cipal town of Mandshuria, in Eastern Tartary, situate on the river Amur or Saghalien. Samarcand',in Great Bucharia, tho capital of Independent Tartary, and formerly the favourite resi- dence of Timour, was a place of great importance, and is still a respectable town. It is finely situate in a fertile plain, and its climate is delightful. Sa'na, the principal city of Yemen, in Arabia. Sand'wich Islands, a group in the N. Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captains Cook and King, in 1778. They are eleven in number ; ex- tending from 18" .54', to 22" ly N. Lat., and from 199" 36' to 205" 6' E. Ix)ng. Although in the same latitude with the West Indies, their climate is more temperate ; and they are exempt from the dreadful hurricanes which occasionally desolate those islands. They are in general fertile, and abound with the trees and other productions of tropical climes. Owhyhee, the largest, is about 8.5 miles long, and 72 broad. On this island, through an unhappy misunder- standing with the natives. Cap. tain Cook was killed ; yet they are in general of a mild and friendly disposition. The whole population of these islands is es- timated by Captain King at 400,000. Sanpoo.— See Buhhampooteb. Sara'bat, a river of Asia Minor, which falls into the Gulf of Smyrna. Sata'lia, a city of Caramania, in Asiatic Turkey, beautifully si- tuate round a small harbour on the gulf to which it gives name. Population 8000. Scanderoon.— -See ALEXANnREXTA. Seer, a town in the province of Ommon, Arabia, on the coast of the Persian Gulf. Setchu'an, a mountainous but fcr. tile province on the western fron- tier of China. Shan'see, a small province in the N. VV. of China, separated from Mongolia by the great wall. Shen'see, the largest province of China, W. of Shansee. ASIA. 209 haria, the : Tartary, urite real- a place of 1 is still a ; is fliicly lin, and its of Yemen, ■oup in the covered by ig, in 1778. mber; ex- to 22" ly 99" 36' to although in h the West ;e is more are exempt hurricanes isolate those in general , with the ductions of ^hyhec, the miles long, this island, y misunder- itivcs. Cap. i ; yet they 1 mild and The whole stands is es- 1 King at POOTER. isia Minor, lie Gulf of ramania, in utifully 8i- liarbour on ives name. CANnRETTA. province of [the coast of 3us but fer- lestern flron- lince in the irated from it wall. Iprovince of Shangtung', a province of China, south of the Gulf of Pcchelee. She'kerden, or Eskcrden, a town in Little Tibet. Shi'raa, the capiul of Fan, in Per. sia, most beautifully situate a. mid magnificent gardens, and the birtn.place of Hafli. the Persian Anacreon. Population 40,000. Shir'van, a province in the north of Persia, now mostly subject to Russia. Siam', an extenrive kingdom in the centre of the Eastern Penin- aula. It consists chiefly of a fine and fertile plain, between two ranges of mountains, water, ed by the Meinam. The tnxiU of this country are peculiarly de. licious. Siampa, or Tsiompa, a kingdom of the Eastern Peninsula, " more the abode of tigers and elephants than of man." Si'don, or Seide, an ancient town celebrated in sacred and profane history, situate on the coast of Syria, is the principal port of Damascus. Population 8000. Si'nai, a mountain of Arabia, near the head of the Red Sea, the ce- lebrated spot where the Law was given to Moses. Sinde, an extensive province of Hindostan, situate on both sides of the river Indus, governed by Mahometan chiefs. Sin'gan, a large city of China, in the province of Shansee. Sir'cars, or Circars, an extensive province of Hindostan, to the north of the Carnatic, the super, ficial area of which is calculated at 17,000 square miles. Sirinagiur', a town in the province of Allahabad, Hindostan. Sirr, or Sihon, the ancient Jaxar. tes, a large river which issues from the mountains that sepa. rate Western trom Eastern Tar- tary, and, after a long course, chiefly N. W., falls into the sea of Aral. Smjrrna, a large and ancient city of Asia Minor, situate at the head of a long and winding gulf of tlie Grecian Archipelago. It is a place of great trade; and claims the honour of being the birth.place of Homer. Popula. tion 100,000. Soco'tra, or Socotora, an island in the Indian Ocean, fortv leagues east from Cape Guardami. It is governed by a king, who is tri. utary to Arabia. Suma'tra, a large island, separated flrom the Eastern Peninsula by the Straits of Malacca, and trom Java by the Straits of Sunda. It is divided obliquely by the equator into almost eoual parts, extending in a direction north- west and 8outh.east. Its length is estimated at 1050 miles, and its average breadth is 165 miles. In the interior are mountains, one of which. Mount Ophir, rises to the height of 13,842 above the level of the sea. Amidst these mountains are ex- tensivo, beautif\il, and fertile plains, pretty well cleared of wood, which overspreads other parts of the island. The heat is less intense in Sumatra than might be expected (Tom its lati. tude— the thermometer general, ly fluctuating between 62" and 85^ in the shade. On the west, ern coast the ground Is very swampy ; but fertility is the ge. neral quality of the soil. The usual products of a tropical cli. mate are here found indigenous, or are easily raised by culture. Pepper is the principal object of cultivation with the British set. tiers. Among its animals may be mentioned tigers of unusual size and ferocity: and the Su- matran or^rgus pheasant of un. rivalled beauty of plumage. This large island is politically divided into the empire of Menaneabow and the Malays ; the kingdom of Acheen : the Battas, the Re. jangsj tne people of Larapong. The British settlement is at Ben. coolen, a peculiarly unhealthy situation. Sunda, Straits of, an arm of the sea about 90 miles long, which separates Sumatra f^om Java. Sur, or Sour, the ancient Tyre, a 210 ASIA. seaport of Syria, and of old the moot celebrated commercial city in the world. Sacred and mo- fane writers give etjually splen- did descriptions of the magnifi- cence of this " Queen of the Sea." Now it is little more than a miserable village. Surat', a large and populous city of Hindostan, in the province of Guzerat, situate on the south bank of the Taptee, about "20 . miles flrom its mouth. Popula- tion 70,000. Su'sa, a town of Kor.isan, in Persia. Syria, a tine province of Asiatic Turkey, situate along the coast of the Levant, and particularly celebrated in ancient history. Ta, a river of China, which falls into the Eastern seas in lat. S6° Tabreez, or Tauris, supposed by some to be the ancient Ecbata- nOf a large city in the province of Azerbijan, in Persia. It is si- tuate in an immense plain, on the banks of a small river. Though still extensive, it has suffered so much by earthquakes, that its present population does not ex- ceed 30,000. Tadmor. — See Palmvba. Taihou', a town in the Chinese province of Kiangsee. Tanjo're, a city in the Camatic, capital of a district of the same name. Taptee', a lar^e river of Hindos. tan, which rises in the province of Candeish, and falls into the sea about VJ miles below Surat. TaralMlo, or Tripoli, a seaport in Syria, capital of a pachalik of the same name. Taras, or Turkistan, an extensive country in Western Tartary, the original seat of the great Tar. tar race called Turks. Tassaudon, or Tassisudon, capital of the province of Bootan, in Ti- bet, situate in a fine cultivated valley. It is of considerable ex- tent, and very populous. Taf ta, an ancient and celebrated city of Hindostan, in the pro- vince of Sinde* situate near the bank of the Indus, about 130 miles from the sea. Population 15,000. Taurus, a Infly chain of moun- tains in the eastern part of Asia Minor. Tche-kiang, a province on the eastern coast of China. Teflis, the capital of Georgia, ce- lebratcd for its baths. It Is situ- ate on the banks of the Kur. Population 1.5,()00, Teheraun', or Tehraun, the capi- tal of Irak-Ajemi, and the fa- vourite residence of the Perxian monarch. Population 60,000. Tellicher'ry, a seaport town in the province of Malabar, Hindostan. Tcngis, or Balkash, a large lake in Eastern Tartary. Teckiri, a lake in Tibet, 70 miles long and 25 broad. Thalwan', a river in the Eastern Peninsula, flowing through the great valley between the moun- tains of Aracan and Siam. Tigris, a lar^e and celebrated riv. er of Asiatic Turkey, issues from the mountains of Armenia, about 15 miles east of the source of the Euphrates, and, after flowing for a great length of course parallel to that river, joins it at Koma,when the united streams take the name of Shat-al-Arab, or the river of Arabia. The name Ti- gris is derived from the word Tigr, an arrow,— «xpres8ive of the rapidity of its course. Tobolsk, the western government of Siberia, separated by the Ou- ral mountains from European Russia. Tooohk, iU capital, is situate on the Irtish, near its junction with the Tobol. Popu- lation 16,269. Tocaf, a large commercial city in Asia Minor, on the banks of tha Jekil-Irmak, the ancient Iris. Population 60.000. Tonquin, (pr. Tonkeen'), a large kingdom of the Eastern Penin- sula, bordering on China. Tranquebar', a seaport town of Tanjore, in the Carnatic, situate at one of the mouths of the Ca- very. Population 20,000. Trebisondi the ancient I'rapezus, about 130 I'opulatlon of moun- art of Alia ice on the a. icorgia, ce- . It 18 bUu- )f the Kur. in, the capi- and the U- the Persian ion 60,000. town in the r, HindoBtan. large lake in bet, 70 miles ithe Eastern through the •n the moun- d Siam. elebrated riv- ey, issues flrom rmcnia, about e source of the tier flowing for (urse parallel to at Koma,when ms take the Arab, or the The nameli- roin the word -expressive ot course. rn government ited by the Ou- from European t, iis capital, is Irtish, near its jTobol. Popu- imercial city in he banks of tha e ancient Iris. )0. nkeen'), a large Eastern Penin- )n China, caport town of Carnatic, situate ouths of the Ca. m 20,000. icient rrapezus. ^^F'^t^f'llfk''* .•.;.!>!i^.-c*:V**r'.4^>' , fr. . l" ■,f'i. (ii "iii>, -^ \/ 4> '. I .1". ■■ I- ■i-'.ri r. ,^,*) ; I. .nil f , Jffl'Oj ■> . !"»>X , I t ; 1 'tj/Hiij iJ 'y.ii. \'.r.,b'-. ^U. v.: I ,,-T. r.iai J' ! ? ,Tj'/}'m. ,jii3i • (){■;'' J«(-/:'>n,. lift ,<^ J>mtny JkZriffraitdb ^ W.JEap^ SJait '■ X ji.X] c.Sf^ Wi^^la^ tf^r * a * "ihiifi •Si^ JbrnuK . ■*-*.-4P* ■• ■ itnthit '■ ,■■■■. .... ZVw.'t^.Tw) 'Wik CU aioAmX. JfJiCJlCO}^ WfoAx JFVik X \ M i\* V n f fuAmeh, JR ifrit«ptA^ J^Aiisheiol^'^ ofuvsB. ikiiani fA^iy COJVEB. fcBfiXD Utimbtayli' Is the) thel Wr ASIA. 211 L->*'.--?^ ^(^iW-T, ■i \ a city of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Black Sea. It is a - place of considerable trade. Po- pulation 15,000. Trichino^li, a city in the Car. natic, capital of a district of the same name. It stands on the south bank of the Cavery. Trin'comalee', a town and fortress, with an excellent harbour, on the north-east side of Ceylon. Trivandersn, or Trivandapatan, a city in Travancore, the residence of the rajah. Turfan, a district and town in Chinese T >rtary. Turon, a *ir in Cochin-Chi- na, on w^ ' inds a town of thesam < Tywanfu', t^^e principal town of the Chinese island of Formosa. Van, a lake in Armenia, on which stands a large fortitied city of the same name. Population 50,000. Van Diemen's Land, a large and fine island to the south of New Holland, from which it is sepa- rated by Bass's Straits. The soil is good ; the climate temperate, and congenial to European con- stitutions; and as the great tracts of land clear of forests af- ford great. encouragement to new settlers, it is a favourite place of emigration with persons of mo* derate capital. Visagapatan', a district and town of Hinnostan, in the province of the Northern Sircars. Ummerapoo'ra, the capital of the Birraan empire, situate on the margin of a beautiful lake, at a short distance from the river Irawaddy. Population 150,000. Urghenz, a town of Western Tar- tary, in the province of Khar. ism. Whang-hay, or Yellow Sea, an ex- tensive gulf between China and the peninsula of the Corea. Yang-tse-kiang. — See Kian-ku. Yarkand, a large commercial city of Little Ducharia, in Chinese Tartary, situate on a river of the same name. Yemen, the Arabia Felix of anti. quity, a province of Arabia, on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Yenisei, a large river in Siberia, formed by the junction of two streams that issue fTom the mountains to the south-west of lake Baikal, and flows north to the Arctic Ocean. Yunan, a province in the south, west frontier of China. Yunan, its capital, is situate at the ex. tremity of a large lake, and !• the residence of the governor. Zaizan, a large lake in Chinese Tartar y, near the frontiers of Si. beria. AFRICA Is bounded on the North by the Mediterranean ; oa the East by the Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean ; South, by the Southern Ocean ; West, by the Atlantic. It extends from 37° N. 212 AFRICA. I to 35° S. Lat., and from 17° SO' W. to dV SCV E. Long. Its length, from the Cape of Good Hope to the Mediterranean, in a line due north, is 4620 miles; and its greatest breadth, from Cape Roxo to Cape Guardafui, nearly the same. Its popula- tion is computed at 30,000,000. The countries which it contains are, Barbary, including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca ; Zaara, or the Great Desert ; Negroland, Upper Guinea, Lower Guinea, Caffraria, Zangue- b:ir, Ajan, Nubia, Abyssinia, Egypt. On sailing round the coasts of Africa from the Straits of Gib- raltar, we come to the following Capes : — Bon, Spartel, Geer, Bojador, Blanc, Verd, Roxo, Me- surada, Palmas, Three Points, Formosa, Negro, Las Voltas, and the Cape of Good Hope. After doubling this southernmost promontory, and pro- ceeding north wanl along the east coast, we come to Needle Cape, St Mary, Corientes, Delgado, Bax- as, and Guardafui. In the same circuit, we find these Gulfs and Bays, — The Gulf of Guinea; Saldanha, Table, False^ and Algoa Bays ; the Gulf of Sofala, the Channel of Mozambique, and the Red Sea. Along the coast of the Mediterranean occur the Gulfs of Sydra and Cabes. The only Straits are the Straits of Gibraltar and Babelmandel. The Islands in the surrounding ocean are. The Azores, Madeiras, Canaries, Cape Verd Islands, S^: Thomas, St Matthew, Ascension, St Helena, Aladagascar, Bourbon, Isle of France, or Mauritius. Of the extensile ranges of mountains which tra- verse this continent, the most remarkable are At- AFRICA. 213 30' "E- I Hope 18 4620 e Boxo popula- Jarbary, oli, and grolandj Zangue- 1 sailing i of Gib- : — Bon, xo, Me- , Negro, ;. After and pro- we come ido, Bax- las, Kong, Jebel Kumrah or Mountains of the Moon, Mountains of Lupata, the Crystal, and the Abyssinian Mountains. The principal rivers are the Nile, Niger, Sene- gal, Gambia, Zaire or Congo. ■ ^ *■. 'f llemarks.^ln size, Africa holds the third rank among the four greardivisions of the globe ; but is the lowest in political and moral importance. The knowledge of this continent possessed by the ancients was extremely limited, scarcely extending beyond the northern states ; and its in- terior remains still a great blank in the map of the world, which the curiosity and enterprise of modern times have not been able to till up. A burning climate,, extensive deserts, and a want of great rivers, are the unhappy pecu- liarities in the interior of this continent, which will ever remain almost insuperable barriers to its progress in civi. lization and in importance. Some countries on its margin, hownver, are more happily situate. Ethiopia, Egypt, and the northern states, attained in ancient times a considerable degree of civilization. The coasts are very favourably si- tuate for commerce ; and many of the kingdoms in thr line of the great rivers possess the elements of agricult- ;al and commercial greatness. Various distinct races of men pt^^.le this continent. The inhabitants of Egypt seem to be of Hindoo origin, and t'le Abyssinians to have passed over from Arabia ; thp Carthaginians migrated from Tyre to establish a colony of rival prosperity, and other regions of the north were peo- pled by Medes, Persians, and Armenians. The central and the western regions fVom Senegal to Cape Negro are occupied by the negroes, apparently a distinct and indigen- ous race. The cast coast, and part of the interior, are oc« cupied by the Caifres, whose features are in general less flat than those of the negroes, but who resemble them in their thick lips, their curled 'md v/oolly hair, and their . complexion, varying fvom a yellow brown to a shining black. The Berbers and the Shellus among the moun. tains of Barbary, and on the frontiers of Morocco, are of n fairer complexion, and a lighter frame, than the Moors of S 214 AFRICA. the plains ; and in their sentiments, morals, and manners are decidedly superior. The Hottentots in the south ap- pear to be a distinct race from both Negroes and CaiTres. Some of their external qualities, as well as their language, seem to indicate their affinity with the Mongolian and Kalmuck Tartars. • \'- - '■'■■' . • sf?!-^? ^i; -^ji EXERCISES. ., What rank does Africa hold among the great divisio J of the globe ? Plow far did the knowledge of this continent, possessed by the ancients, extend ? Is its interior now well known ? What are the unhappy peculiarities of the inte- rior of Africa ? What parts of it are more happily situate ? JFrom what origin do the Egyptians, Ethiopians, Carthagi- nians, and other inhabitants of the north appear to have sprung ? By what people are the central and western re- gions of Africa occupied ? What part of the continent is occupied hy the Caffres ? In what features do they resemble and differ from the negroes ? In what respects do the Ber- bers and the Shellu differ from the Moors ? With what peo- ple do the language and some external qualities of the Hot- tentots seem to indicate an affinity ? _. , , ..... THE STATES OF BARBARY Include, 1. Morocco and Fez, which contain the towns, Morocco, Mogadore, Fez, Mequinez, Tetuan, Ceuta, Tangier, Sallee; 2. Algiers, of. which the towns are Algiers, Oran, Bona, Con« £tantina or Cusantin ; 3. Tunis, 'of which the towns are Tunis, Susa, Cabes, Porto Farino; 4. Tripoli, having the towns Tripoli, Mesurata ; 5. Barca, containing Derna, Tabarca. South from Barbary are the states of Darah, Tatilet, Se- jelmissa, Biledulgerid, and Fezzan ; in which are the towns Tatta, Tafilct, Sejelmissa, Guerguela, Mourzouk, Tcmissa, Zuela. > » AFRICA. 215 lo Tunis is the river Megarda, and the lake, called by the ancients, Tritonia Palu». Remarks.-^In Barbary, or, as some geographers term it, the region of Mount Atlas, that extensive range of moun- tains is the most remarkable feature. The low land, be- tween this range and the see, varying fr<}m 50 to 200 miles in breadth, is watered by many streams from the moun> tains, and displays in general exuberant fertility. Its agri- cultural products are nearly the same as in Europe ; its fruits are superior. Of the domestic animals, *^ nule and the ass are chief- ly employed in labour. Thi. Aiarbary horse is famed for its lightness and speed. The fleeces of the sheep are in general coarse and hairy, except those of Moroc'*o, some breeds of which produce very fine wool : there is one spe. cies, whose large tail,- composed of solid fat, is esteemed a great delicacy. Among the wild animals are the lion, here remarkable for his strength and ferocity, the panther, the hyena, the jackall, the antelope or gazelle, in imitation of whose fine eyes, the ladies paint their eyes black,— thie jerboa and jird, about the size of a rat, are harmless animals which burf ow in the ground. Serpents, scorpions, and locusts, are scourges with which Barbary is peculiarly afflicted. The Atlas range yields silver, copper, lead, and anti- mony in considerable abundance. The plains are remark- able for the prevalence of saline substances. The lakes arc nearly as salt as Cie sea. Salt springs are more numerous than fresh ; and there are hills composed entirely of salt. Nitre is found in many places mixed with the soil. Hot, springs and streams occur in various places; and near Constantina, the heat of the water is so great as to calcine tiie rocks over which it passes. This part of Africa was distinguished in ancient history^ Carthage, the first commercial state of antiquity, long dis- puted with Rome the empire of the world. After its fall, the northern provinces of Africa became the granary of Rome. Under the Saracen princes who afterwards occu- pied it, Barbary, especially Fez, acquired unusual lustre. I '' ill I !l 216 AFBICA. Its different states have declined greatly in importance ; and their maritime strength has, for ages, been exerted only in piratical excursions. Mahometanism is the established religion of these states. EXERCISES. What is the most remarkable feature in Barbary ? What Ib the general extent of the low land between Moiint Atlas and the sea P What is the quality of the soil ? What are its products ? What domestic animals are chiefly employed in labour ? For what is the Barbary horse famed ? Is there any thing remarkable about the sheep of Barbary ? What are the principal wild animals in these states ? With what scourges is Barbary peculiarly afflicted ? What metals does the Atlas range of mountains yield ? For what mineral qua- lity are the plains remarkable ? What substance is some- times found mixed with the soil ? What remarkable efibct does the heat of the water near Constantina produce ? Was Barbary distinguished in ancient history ? What state dis- puted with Rome the empire of the world ? What advantage did Rome afterwards denve from these African provinces ? Under what princes did Barbary acauire unusu^ lustre ? In what has the maritime strength of the Barbary states been, for ages, exerted ? What is the established religion of Bar- bary ? WESTERN AFRICA CoHPBEHENDSj 1. Zaara or the Great Desert. 2. SenegambiEj containing the countries of the Man- dingoesj Foulahs^ and Yaloffs. S. Upper Guinea, containing Sierra Leone, the Grain Coast, the Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, Dahomey, and Be- nin. The Towns of Upper Guinea are Sierra Leone ; Sanquin ; Druin ; Cape Coast Castle ; Praya; Abomey, Whidah, Ardrah ; Benin, Cala- bar. 4. Lower Guinea, containing, 1. Loango; 2. Congo ; 3. Angola ; 4. Ben^ucla ; 5. Mata- nega do. the rinds of tin these temp famili Til abunc Tilt |utripe( lerou riie b nportancc ; xerted only established iry? Wh»» ioiint AtlM > What are fly employed ed? Is there «y ? What VV^ith what it metals does ; mineral qua- ^nce is v^^ larkable eflfect oduce ? w as hat state dis- rhat advantage ;an provmces? ual lustre? In ,ry states b^n, teliglonofBar- AFRICA. 217 hian. The towns are Loango ; St Salvador ; St Paul de Loando ; New Benguela, Old Benguela. It Desert. 2. of the Man- pper Guinea, |J Coast, the (ley, and Be- ea are Sierra :;oa8t Castle; Benin, Cala- 1. Loango; la ; 5. Mata- Jtemarks.^ZaaxtL, with its members,— the smaller de- serts of Bornou, Bilma, Barca, and some others,^may be considered as a vast ocean of sand, branching into gulfs and bays, and containing oases or islands, whose luxuriant soil and dense population afford an agreeable relief to the traveller from its general solitude and sterility. It stretches from the Atlantic to the confines of Egypt, about 2900 miles in length, and about 920 in breadth. In its western division, the oases are few and small ; in the eastern, they are more numerous and larger. Of these, the principal are, Fezzan, Agadez, Angela, Bordoo. This immense expanse of sand is traversed by caravans, which vary their direction according to the position of the different oases, where man and animals obtain rest and refreshment. And sometimes whole caravans, consisting of thousands of persons and ca- mels, are buried beneath waves of sand, or perish of thirst. Ostriches and gazelles roam over these desolate regions ; the horrors of which are aggravated by lions, panthers, and serpents. A plant, resembling thyme, acacias and other thorny shrubs, nettles and brambles, constitute the scanty vegetation of the desert. From the southern border of the desert, to the frontier of Guinea, the country is in general fertile, and watered by some important rivers. Of these the principal are, the Se- negal, the Gambia, the Rio Grande, and the Rio Mesura^. do. Along these rivers the vegetation is luxuriant ; and i the forests of cocoa-trees, mangos, palms, bananas, tama- I rinds, citrons, oranges, and pomegranates, afford evidence of the depth of the soil. But the most colossal tree of' i these regions is the baobab^ whose hollow trunk serves as a itemple to the natives, or a habitation for sevtial of their I families. I The alimentary plants of these countries are various and abundant ; and their flora is equally magnificent and rich. The elephant, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, lion, panther, !}triped hyena, jackall, giraffe, zebra, antelope, deer, and nu- lerous species of monkeys, are found in these regions. The boa constrictor, and various other species of serpents, s a 218 AFRICA. lurk amid the rank vegetation; venomous insects and clouds of locusts infest the air. Birds of the most splendid plumage, as the aigrette, and various species of paroquets, swarm in the woods. The diflerent tribes of inhabitants will be noticed in the descriptive table. V 'l EXERCISES. In what view may the Zaara, with its members, be consi- dered ? What is its extent in length and breadtn ? What are its principal oases ? How is this vast expanse of sand traversed ? What calamities sometimes befal the caravans ? What animals are found in these desolate regions ? What plants constitute the vegetation ? What is the nature of the country between the Desert and Guinea ? By what rivers is it watered ? What species of trees abound here ? Which is the most colossal tree of those regions ? Are the alimentary plants numerous ? Is the flora rich ? What wild animals are found in this country ? By what reptiles and insects is it infested ? What is remarkable about the birds ? v''i3 SOUTHERN AFRICA, OR CAFFRARIA, Includes Caffraria Proper, and the couDtry of the Hottentots. In the latter is Cape Town. The rivers are Orange and Elephant. > , ' \i' l{fmar(«.— The interior of Caffraria has been as little explored as any part of Africa. This extensive tract of country is peopled by the Cafires, and ,Vy various tribes of Hottentots. Indolence and disregard of cleanliness are the disgusting characteristics of the latter ; the Boshmans and the Jackall Hottentots are wild and ferocious in their disposition. The territory of the Cape of Good Hope is very productive. The corn and fruits are excellent ; the vineyards produce the famous Constantia wine ; and the flowers are unrivalled in brilliancy and fragrance. Among the wild animals of the country are the zebra, the elephant, 5. Sal \^gp Afr ^ ffert f pea moi '^ IVOI 1 Ilea AFRICA. 219 nsects and ost splendid ■ paroquets, )ticed in the rs dth! be consi- . ? What anse of sand he caravans ? ions? What nature of the what rivers is ,? Which is le alimentary wild animals and insects is rds? FFRARIA, e country of • Town. The 5 been as little tensive tract of various tribes of ' cleanliness are ■ the Boshmans irocious in their f Good Hope IS B excellent; the , wine; and the tgrance. Among [,ra, the elephant, •''6. ■luable medicinal shrub, called by the na> tives wooginooSt and by Bruce JBrucea antidysentenca. Of the cattle of Abyssinia there is one species with horns of enormous length. The ass and the mule are the beasts of labour, horses being used only for the purposes of war. The buffaloes are wild, and sometimes attack travellers. Among the other wild animals are the two-horned rhino, ceros, lions, panthers, leopards, the giraffe, the hyena, which is here particularly ferocious and bold, wild boars, gazelles, I f: ar an nt of bii nia ble the eve Iris* whc are A undi is a • pies A by! Galii AFRICA. 223 J fierce and r the acacia nsive, and, t stretches ts mediuiu nature ap- r ranges of ar in their wnids, obe- [ pyramids ; scarce firm e numerous le Bahar-el- Abay. The id thirty-five inced by the re temperate In the low d unhealthy. , one in au- arley, wheat, than mustard- ts of culture, n small quan- le flora of this ing with roses, rs, whose fra- }otany of this he trees witli imore fig, the ;ree called the f gum-bearing lUed by the na- sentericn. »cies with horns e are the beasts irposes of war. ;tack travellers. )-horned rhino- he hyena, which boars, gazelles, and monkeys. The lakes and rivers swarm with crocodiles and hippopotami. The birds of Abyssinia are extremely numerous and various. The most remarkable is a species of eagle, called the golden eagle, and some varieties of the bird of paradise. No country in the world is so much infested as Abyssi- nia with troublesome insects. Of these the most formida- ble is the tsaltsalya, a fly somewhat larger than a< bee, the puncture of whose proboscis is fatal, and penetrates even the tough skin of the camel. When this enemy makes his appearance, the cattle fly wildly over the plain, and whole tracts of country are deserted. The locusts, too, are particularly destructive. Abyssinia contains a number of provinces or kingdoms, under the sway of one monarch. 'I'hc established reb'gion is a corruption of Christianity. The manners of the peo- ple are barbarous in the extreme. The country south of Abyssinia is inhabited by a savage race of people called EXERCISES. r - What countries border on the Red Sea ? What towns do they contain ? In what country are the lakes Dembea and Zawaia? What is the general appearance of Egypt? What are its length and breadth ? By what appearances on the banks of the Nile are its different heights at different periods indicated ? What is the quality of the soil ? What are the chief articles of cultivation P What plants are indisenouai productions of Egypt ? What trees are frequently to be met with there ? What is remarkable about the climate of ^£ryP^ ^ What prevents the country from being a barren waste ? By what are the inundations occasioned ? When does the river begin to swell, attain its greatest height, and subside ? What animals, formerly common in Egypt, have now become rare ? What animals are still common ? For what is Egypt celebrated in sacred history ? How long have its pyramins stood ? What purpose did they serve ? Of what empire does Egypt now form a part P What is the es- tablished religion ? What is the population P Where is Nubia situate ? What is its general appearance ? In what respect do the kingdoms of Dongola ana Sennaar differ from tne rest of Nubia ? Of what species of tree are large forests found in Sennaar ? What is the character of the inhabitants ? 224 AFRICA. What is the extent of Abyssinia in length and bveadth ? What is the general aspect of the country ? What is the most important river of Abyssinia ? What is the extent of lake Tzana or Dembea ? What is the nature of the cli- mate ? How many harvests, and at what periods, has Abys- sinia ? '*iVhat are the principal objects of culture ? Is wine made here ? Does this country abound in flowers ? What are its most remarkable trees ? IBty what peculiarity is one species of the Abyssinian cattle distmguisheid ? What are the beasts of labour ? For what purposes are the horses employed ? What are the wild ani- mals of this country ? With what animals do ihe lakes and rivers swarm ? Are there many varieties of birds in Abys- sinia ? What are the most remarkable of them ? Is this country much infested with insects ? What is the most for- midable of these ? What other insect is particularly de- structive ? Does Abyssinia contain more kingdoms than one ? What is the established religion ? Of what description are the manners of the people ? By what people is the country south of Abyssinia occupied ? 1 J-.' ! ''i-« ' CENTRAL AFRICA Is chiefly occupied by Nigritia, Negroland or Soudan, Bornou, Kassina, Darfoor, and a number of unknown countries. — 1. Negroland is a very ex- tensive tract to the south of the Great Desert, containing many large and populous kingdoms, of | which the principal are Bondou, Bambook, Bam- ' barra, Ludamar, Agadez, Houssa, and Tombuctoo ; 2. Bornou, an extensive and powerful kingdom W. of Nubia, having several dependent states ; 3. Kas- sina, or Kashna, W. of Bornou; 4. Darfoor, W. of Abyssinia, t- j.j - . [ Remarks.— Oi Negroland many parts are sandy and barren, while others, especially on the banks of the Niger, 3 AFRICA. 225 hat to f^^ B extent ot of the di- «? What ssiman catdc ? For t»bat thev.ad»rf- 'Se most fot- «o? What ad is a ^^^y \ Great Desert, ambooU.Ba^V UTombuctoo, [tstates; 3- ^^ ' 4. Parfoor, >/> are fertile and extremely populous. The Niger, which flows from west to east tiirough this part of Africa, has long furnished one of the most perplexing problems in geo- graphy ; and to ascertain its course, and its place of emftou- chure, has been the object of several adventurous travellers, too many of whom have fallen victims to the suspicion of the natives, or the severity of the burning climate. The m jst probable opinion seems to be, that it joins the Congo, and discharges its volume of water through the estuary of that river into the Atlantic. Bomou is said to be the most powerful empire in the interior of Africa ; its capital, Biruie, which, according to Deoham and Clapperton, once contained 200,000 inhabi- tants, is now in ruins. The country is extremely fertile, except where it is occupied with deserts of sand. The people live in 'a state of the rudest simplicity. Houssa is an extensive empire W. of Bornou^ containing many towns and villages. The people are Mahometans,— .the government despotic. Darfoor is an extensive country, occupying a great part of the interval between Bomou and Abyssinia. During the dry season it is parched and sterile in appearance ; but during the rainy season, from June till September, the fields are covered with luxuriant verdure. The king takes the title of sultan. The natives are a kind of negroes ; dissolute, lying, and knavish. Population, according to Mr Browne's estimate, 200,000. EXERCISES. -u';'-«i. .«.»>. u>M What is the general aspeci of Negroland ? What river flows throu/a^ it from east to west ? What circumstances concerning this river have long been a problem to geogra- phers ? What is the most probable opinion respecting its course ? Is Bomou a powerml empire ? What is the nature of the country ? In what state do the natives live ? Where is Houssa situate? What is the religion and the form of government ?" Where is Darfoor situate ? What variety of appearance does it assume in the dry and wet seasons ? What title does the king assume ? What is the character of the peo- I pie ? What is the estimated amount of the population ? T irts are sandy »nd '.Vot *e «'«"' 226 AFRICA. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AsEX.—See ITidesh. Abo'mey, the capital of the king- dom of Dahomey, situate about 80 miles from tne Slave Coast. The roof of the king's palace, only a better sort of cottage, is said to be studded with human skulls. A'del.— See Remarks. Aga'dez, capital of an interior kingdom called Asben. A'jan.— See Remarks. Algiers, (pr. Alje'ers), one of the Barbary States, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranea'i, W. by Morocco, E. by Tunis, and S. by the Atlas range of mountains, separating it from Biledulgerid. It is about 500 miles in length from E. to W., and from 40 to 100 in breadth. The govern- ment is a despotic vice-royalty, holding of the Grand Seignior. The dey, or sovereign, is elected by the janissaries; and his divan, or council, is composed of the oldest warriors. Algiers, the ca- pital, rises beautifully from the shore in the form of an amphi- theatre; it is strongly fortined, and contains a population of 80,000. The piracies and inso- lence of the Algerines provoked the vengeance of the British go- vernment, by whose fleet, under Lord Exniouth, in 1816, their batteries were dismantled, their ships destroyed, and the Dey re- duced to the humiliating necessi- tv of submitting to the terms of tne conquerors. Algo'a, or Zwartkops Bay, a bay to the east of the Cape of Good Hope, the coasts ot which' ar*> one of the most fertile and beau, tiful districts in the Cape terri- tory. To this district a number of British emigrants repaired in IS'iO ; but drought and blight de- stroyed their crops for several successive seasons, and reduced them to such misery, that the colony was broken up. Ango'la, a country in Lower Gul- nea, extending firom Cape Lo- pez Gonsalvo to St Phelipe de Benguela, i. e. ^om l" to 12" S. Lat. The trat^.c in slaves is carried on in this country to a great extent. It is computed that about 40,000 are transport- ed from this country annually by the Portuguese and Spani- ards. Ar'drah, a fertile territory on the Slave Coast, dependent on Daho. mey. Its capital is situate about 40 miles inland. Ascen'sion, a small barren island, in the Atlantic, between Africa and Brazil, frequented by ships on account of the quantities of fish and turtle to be procured there. Ashantee, a country to the N. of the Gold Coast, possessed by a brave and active people, who"" king may now be considered att master of the w^ole Gold Coast. Atlas, an extensive and lofty chain of mountains, which stretches through the greater part of Bar- bary. Axum, the ancient capital of Abys- sinia, now almost \n ruin?. In the midst of the principal square stands an obelisk of granite, cu- riously carved, 80 feet high, and of one single block. Azo'res, ^. group of islands, nine in numbcfr, in the Atlantic Ocean, belongihg to Portugal They are exceedingly fertile, but sub. ject to dreadml earthquakes. Of , these islands St Michael is the largest ; but Tercera is the resi- dence of the governor. Popula- tion of the whole, nearly 300,000. Babelman'd^l, or Babelmandcb, Strait*- a channel about 7 leagues wide, ^.orming the entrance to the Persian Uulf f^om the In- dian Ocean. Bambouk, (pr. Bambo'ok), a king- dom in Central Africa, between the Senegal and Gambia, on the banks of the Faleme'. Thiscoun- AFRICA. 227 \ Cape Lo- phehpede l« to 12" S. n slaves is country to a is computed te transpoit- itry annual!) B and Spani- ritory on the lentonDano- Stuate about barren iBland, etween Aft^a lented by ships e Quantities of ■y to the N. of Vossessed by » l\ch stretches SrpartofBar- itcapitalofAbys- Krincipalsquare fkof granite, cu- |So feet high, and Juiands, nine jn Atlantic ocean, •ortugal. 1 "^ ,?5tite.but sub. earthquakes. Ot ■nr Babelmandeb, fed about 7 leagues ■? he entrance to }ulf fironi the m- Lmbo'ok),aW'J; El Aftica, between fcd Gambia, on tne Faleme'. This-coun- try abounds in gold, which is pro- cured by thesimple process ofagi> tating with water tne earth with which it is impregnated. The natives are Mandingoes, and the government is monarchical. Bambar'ra, a large and powerfbl kingdom in Central Africa, on the banks of the Niger. It is in general very fertile, and is wa. tered by canals through its whole extent. The inhabitants are Moors and Ncgrrses; and the country appears very populous. Barca, the ancient Cyrenaica, an extensive tract, mostly of sand, between Tripoli and Egypt. Baxas, Cape of, on the S. coast, 34» S. Lat., 23° E. Long. Bengue'la, an extensive territory S. of Congo and Angola, very little known. Benin', a considerable kingdom in Upper Guinea, watered by seve- ral rivers. It is a fertile, but unhealthy country, — the natives a mild and gentle race. Benin, the capital, stands on a river of the same name, and occupies a great extent of ground. Bojador', Cape, (pr. Bohador'), a promontory S. of the coast of Morocco, stretching far into the Atlantic. Bona, a seaport of Algiers, about a mile distant from the ruins of the ancient Hippo. Bondou, (pr. Uonaoo'), a kingdom of Central Africa, on the western bank of the Faleme'. The coun- try is fertile ; and the natives, a tribe of Foulahs, comparatively opulent. The king's residence is at Fatteconda. Bornou,(i{ornoo').— See Remarks. Bourbon, (pr. Boorbong'), an isl. and belonging to France, in tiie Indian Ocean, 48 miles long, and 36 broad. It is almost entirely composed of volcanic formation, and a mountain in the south still emits flame, smoke, and ashes. .Some parts of the island are extremely fertile, the climate delightful, and the sky aiways ticar. Population 80,330. Cabes, agulf of the Mediterranean, indenting the coast of Tunis. Calabar', a territory of Western AfVica, on a considerable river of the same name. Cana'ries, an important group of islands in the Atlantic, near the north-western coast of AfHca. Of these islands, 13 in number, the largest are Teneriffb, Grand Canary, and Fuerteventura, The group extends fVom 27** Sy to 29" 26' N. Lat, and firom 13° SOT to 18" 10' W. Long. They belong to the Spaniards, by whom, after long and sanguinary wars, the fine and brave race of natives, called Guanches, was completely exterminated. "These islands are in general fertile and beautiflil, and enjoy a delightflil climate. They are ele''ated and moun- tainous; and the celebrated PeakofTe .rif{&, 12,236 feet in height, is seen by mariners at the distance of fifty leagues. Their most valuable production is wine, of which Tenerifffe yields annually ttom 20,000 to k4.00U P'oes. Their whole superncial extt-^nt is about 700 square miles : their population in 1807 was 202,90v'). Cape-Coast-Castle, originally a Portuguese settlement, now the capital of the British settlements on the Gold Coast. Congo, an extensive country in Lower Guinea, separated trom Loango on the N. by the river Zaire ur Congo. The soil, on the banks of the river, is fertile ; but the climate intensely hot. The negro natives are represent- ed as lively, good-humoured, and hospitable. They are almost destitute of any religion, excq)t what consists in their faith in fetiches, a species of charm. Constanti'na, or Cusantin, the an- cient Cirta, a city in the cast of Algiers. It is the capital of a province of the same name, go- verned hy a powerful bey ; and is strongly fortified. Here are m;.ny line remains of Human ar- ■..-lamW^* MiiU 228 AFRICA. !| ! chitertture. PopuUikin viear 100;fMjO. Corrie;)tes, Captr, on the eastern coast; fvi lat. 23*' te' S. Daho'racy, a consid^ablekirjrdom* in Western Africa, E. 6i the Slave coast. Tha tountry, so far as known to Eiu-opeans, is re- markably foKtilc The gu,'eni. ment Jsamort oppressive s^.^spot ism ; and th>- people the nost ferocious in ti.>e wotld. Huinan skulls are the favourite oma. ments of the king' j palaces. Darfoor'.— See Remarks. Da'rah, a country S. of Mount At- las, which separates it from Mo- rocco, to which it is subject. Its chief product is dates. Delago'a Bay, or ihe Bay of Lo. renzo Marquez, is "Situate on the south-eastern coest of Africa, about midwav between Mozam. bique and the Cape of Good Hope. It is much frequented by the South Sea wiiaiers, who find there good stations, abound- ing in whales. The natives are Cafflres. The coasts are beauti- ful and fertile. Der'na, or Deme, a town in Bar- ca, surrounded with gardens, and watered by refreshing rivu- lets. It is the residence of the principal Bey. ,-. ,■„, Eye'os, a numerous, powerful, and ferocious people, occupying a fine country to the north-east of Dahomey. Fez', an extensive country, in the . north of Afirica, once a flourish- ing independent kingdom, now the most valuable portion of the empire of Morocco. Fez, its ca- pital, is a large and elegant city, most beautinilly situate in the bottom of a vallev, surrounded by hills, on the lower parts of which are fine gardens, while the higherparts are covered with orchards, orange groves, and fo- rests. Population 60,000. Fez'zan, a considerable country to the S. of Tripoli, forming an oasis, or island in the Great De- sert. U:, (>xtent is about 2&5 milet> in length, and 200 in breadth. The heat is intense, and when titc south wind blows, is scarcely tolerable even to the nativrs ; but the winter is so cold its I reac . r fire acceptable even to ,i>er8onb flrum a northern cli- trute. The soil is a light deep satid. Population about 70,000. i'iiinno'sa:. Rio, ariver which falls by a large estuary into the Gulf of Benin. At its mouth it is ahout four miles wide, but its origin and early course are un- known. Formosa, or Wareng, an island of Western Afirica, in the archipela- go of the Bissagos. It is about 30 miles lon^ and 18 broad,^ fertile, but without water. Foulahs, an amiable negro race, widely difibsed through Western AMca. Gam'bia, a large river of Western Aflrica which rises among the mountains on the eastern firon- tier of Footah Jallo, and fklls in- to the Atlantic Ocean in about 16" 30' N. Lat, and 13f> 2ff W. Long. Gold Coast, a country in Upper Guinea, extending ttata. Cape Apollonia to the Rio Volta, along the coast of which the British have several settlements. The country is in general very fertile, and has the advantage of two rainy seasons. Gold, f^om which the country derives its name, is brought down ttom the interior. The Fantees and the Ashantees are the chief native popula- tion. Gon'dar, the modem capital of | Abyssmia, containing about 10,000 families. Grain Coast, a country in Upper Guinea, so called from the Ma- laghetta, a kind of pepper with which it abounds. GuardaAii, (pr. Gar'dafwe), Cape, the easternmost point of Afirica. Guinea— See Remarks— (|)r. Gee'- ne-a). Ha'besh', a country occupying the AFRICA. 229 s about 255 uid 200 in t is intense, , wind blows, >even to tne inter l8«o cold «eptable even northern cliH about tOfioa. er which faU» into the Gujf smouth It J8 , wide, but Its course are un- nff, an island of Sthearchipcla- OS. It if about aid 18 broad,— out water. ihlfi negro race, [h?oihWe»tem tiverofWftetn jiaes among the advantage of two Gold, flrom which erives Its name," iftomtheintenon and the Ashantees If native pop«la- '^ niodem capitol^of containing anouv ^country in Uppet Liipd from the wa- ffof peppe' ^^*^ *"'GaT'dafwe),Cape. .oS'Joint of Africa. luntry occupying the coast of the Red Sea, from Egypt to the Straits of Babelmandel. Hele'na, St, an island in the At- l;;nt!c Ocean, 1(^ miles long, 6} broad, and about 28 miles in cir- cumference. It stands entirely by itself, and is about 1200 miles from the nearest land, on the coast of Southern Africa. From the sea its aspect is exceedingly bleak and dreary, presenting nothing but an immense wall of nerptindicular rock from 600 to l:i!00 feet high,— as if nature had designed it for the purpose from which it has recently derived so much notoriety, as a prison for the great disturl)er of the peace of the world. It contains, how- ever, some fertile and beautiful valleys ; and its climate is tem- perate and agreeable. Here homeward - bound East India ships refresh — the trade-wind prevents outward-bound ships from approaching it, without steering southward till they pass that wind's limit. Houssa, a large and populous king, dom in Central Africa, to the west of Bornou. Its capital, Kano, contains from 30,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. The natives of this country rank among the most civilized m the interior of Africa. ,. Ivory Coast, a country in Upper Guinea, so called fl-om the num- ber of elephants' teeth procured in the interior. Jebcl Kumrah, or Mountains of the Moon, an extensive chain which separate Migritia frc.n CafHraria. Kong, a country in Central Aflrica, traversed by a long and lofty chain of mountains, of which the Jebel Kumrah appear to be a continuation. Loango, a country in Lower Gui- nea, N. of Congo, flrom which it is separated by the river Zaire. It is remarkably fertile, and the climate is said to Lc fine. The government is despotic, and the natives are but little removed flrom a state of nature. Euro- peans icsort: thither chiefly for slaves. Loango, the capital, con- tains a population of 1 3,000. Ludamar', a country of Central AfVica, N. of Bambarra, and S. of the Great Desert. The natives are Moors, the most bigoted and intolerant Mahometans. To their cruel bigotry Major Houghton fell a victim ; and Mr Park, whom they detained long in captivity, would probably nave shared the same fate, had he not fortunately made his escape. Lupa'ta, or Spine of the world, a chain of mountains reaching from Cape Guardafui to the Cape of Good Hope. Madagas'car, a large, beautiAil, and fertile island, to the east of Aflri- ca, flrom which it is separated by the channel of Mozamoique. It extends from 12«' 2' to W 40' S. Lat.,— being about 840 miles in length and 220 in iU greatest breadth. Travellers vie with each other in their description of its scenery, and of its vegetable and mineral treasures. It is com. puted to contain about 4,000,000 of inhabitants, who are in gene- ral lively and good-humoured. Madeira, an important island off the wesvern coast, 34 miles in length by 21 in breadth, famous for its wine, of which flrom 15,000 to 17,000 i)i[>es are annually ex- ported. Population 90,000. Magado'xa, a country with a town of the same name on the eastern coai>t. The inhabitants are most inhospitable to Europeans, and their country, of course, is little known. Mandin'go, a country in the west of Nigritia, at the sources of the Nile and Senegal. Its natives, called Maiidingoes, are a mild and hospitable race ; and have spread tncmsclves over all the countries on the banks of the Niger, Senegal, and Gambiat T "4 230 AFRICA. Ma'tanuui, or Cimbibea, a country of Lower Guinea, so'ith from Benguela, almost unknown to Europeans. Matthew, St, an island in the At- Untic, said to lie in l^ 24' S. Lat tbougn some geographers ques. tion Its existence. Mauri'tius, or Isle of France, an important island in the Indian Ocean, about 600 miles east firom Madagascar. It is about 150 miles in circumference, and many of its productions are valu- able. Its ebony is the finest known ; its cotton is superior to that of India; «nd its coffee ranks next to that of Mocha. Till 1810 it was in the possession of the French, whose privateers annoyed our East India trade. It was captured that year by a Bri> tish fleet, and is now a British settlement. Population in 1806, 74,6ia Mejerda, or Megrada, the Bagrada of the ancients, a considerable river in Tunis. Melinda, a Mahometan state on the coast of Zanguebar', the capital of which, of the same name, is a large and handsome town, adorn- ed with numerous mosques. Me'quinez, a large city in jvrorocco, firequcntly the residence of the emperor. It is situate in a fine plain, watered by numerous ri- vulets. Mesura'da, a river in Western Af- rica, which falls into the Atlan. tic at the western extremity of the Grain Coast. On its banks is a fertile, populous, and culti- vated country of the same name. Mocaran'ga, called old Monomota- na, a very extensive country in Eastern Africa, watered and fer- tilized by several important riv. ers, the principal of which is the Zambeze. The natives are ne- groes : in several of their cus- toms they resemble the Abyssi- nians. Mo'gadore, or Mogador, a consider, able seaport of Morocco, on the Atlantic. It has a fine appear, ance flrom the sea; is strongly fortified; and is the emporium of the trade between Morocco and Europe; but is situate on a wasteof accumulating sand. Po- pulation 10,000. Momba'za, a country of Zangue- bar, south of Mehnda. Its na- tives, owing to their wan with the Portuguese, whom they suc- ceeded in exi>elUng, arc extreme, ly hostile to Europeans, to whom, of course, their country is little known. It is represent- ed as fertile, and the climate as temperate and healthy. The town, situate on an island, is large and well fortified, and car. ries on a considerable trade. Morocco, the ancient Mauritania, an empire in tlie south-western extremity of AMca, and the most important of the Barbary States. Mount Atlas, which traverses it in two directions from west to east, and trom north to south, leaves a plain towards the sea Arom 50 to ;00 miles in breadth, and flrom 400 to 500 miles in length This is the fertile and populous part of the empire. The territory beyond tlie Atlas, com- prehending Darah, Tafilet, and Segelmissa, is at first productive in dates and wool ; but loses it- self gradually in the sands of the Zaara. The government is the most rigid despotism,— the will of the em- peror being the only law, and the lives and properties of his subjects being at his uncontrol. led disposal. The population, consisting of Arabian Moors and Brebers, are supposed to amount to about 8,000,000 ; but Mr Jackson estimates them at about 15,000,000. The Jews are nu. merous, but are kept in the most humiliating state of oppression. The natives, influenced by a gloomy superstition, and oppress, ed by a severe tyranny, are de. ceitful and cruel. Mourzouk, (Moorzo'ok), the capi. tal of Fezzan, is the emporium ofthe trade between the north, em and eastern regions of Af. rica. Its ancient edifices of stone, now in ruins, contrast strongly AFRICA. 231 n Morocco ituate on a g sand, ro- of Zangue- ida. Itona- • wars with )m they sue- areextreme- ropeans, to heir country is represent- e climate as althy. The an island, i» fled, and car- )le trade. , t Mauritania, south-western I, and the most Jarbary States, ch traverses it from west to orth to south, wards the sea lies in breadtp, ) 500 miles in the fertile and he empire, ine i..e Atlas, com- h. Tafilet, and first productive h ■ but loses it- |t&e sands of the B the most rigid [will of the em- only law, «™d roperties of his his uncontrol- 'he population, bbian Moors and fposed to amount ,000; but Mr Bs them at about le Jews are nu- Ikeptinthemost |e of oppression. Influenced by a Vn, and oppress- 'tyranny, are de- lio'ok), the capi- |i8 the emporium Iween the north- H regions of Ai- i edifices of stone, Icontrast strongly with the mud cottages wliich form the dwellings of its present Inhabitants. Natal.— .Sre Eabtbrn Africa. Negroland, or Nigritia.— See Cen- tral Africa. Niger.^See Central Africa. Nile, the largest river of Egypt, and one of the most imimrtant in the Old World, concealing its myste- rious sources ttom the inquisitive eye of science, was an object of wonder and veneration to the an- cients, and of eager curiosity to the modems. Its true sources have never been viewed by any European, but are pretty weU ascertained as situate among the mountains of Donga, to the south of Darfoor. From these sources is formed the Bahr-eU Abiad, or White River, the largest of those streams, which, uniting in Senaar, form one large river, which flows through Nubia, Dongola, and Egypt to the Meliterrancan. In passing through Upper Egypt, it is con- fined between the mountain ranges, which leave only a nar- row strip on each side. Near Cairo, the valley widens, and the river spreads over the wide and level plain of the Delta. It then separates into branches, of which the most important are those of Rosetta and Damietta. Ancient geoitraphers inform us that it discharged its waters into the Mediterranean by seven mouths. The length of its course is sup- posed to be 2000 miles. For an account of its inundations, see Egypt. (Xran, a considerable town of Al- giers, about 170 miles S. W. flrom the capital. O'range, a river which rises near the north-eastern extremity of the Cape territory, and flows N. W. and W. to the Atlantic, through a course of about 6UU miles. Pal'mas, Cape, the western termi- nation of the Ivory Coast. Paul (St) de LoandOL the capital of Angola, founded by the Portu- guese in 1578. It has a good harbour defended by batteries. Porto Fari'ns, a seaport of Tunis at the mouthof the river Magerdah. Praya, a seaport on the Slave Coast. Quilo'a, a seaport in Zinguebar, capital of a country of the same name. Ro'xo, a cape on the western coast. Sa'bia, a country S. of Sofala, tra- versed by a river of the same name, which &lls into the Indian Ocean. It fliniishes slaves, ivo- rv, and gold-dust. Sallee', a large seaport town on the W. coast of Morocco, at the mouthof ariverofthesamename. It is protected by a battery which commands the road, and by a re- doubt, which defends the en- trance of the harbour. This town was formerly the great hold of the Moorish pirates. Salvadoi' (St), the capital of Congo, built on a steep and rocky hilL Segelmis'sa, a fertile country be- longing to Morocco, S. of Mount Atlas. Se'negal, a large river in Western Aflrica, which issues ttom a great range of mountains, traversing Manding and Jallonkadoo. The Black River, the Faleme, and the Kogoro, pouring into it their copious streams, render it a river of the flrst magnitude. Many other streams roll into it, in its early course, whose sands are impregnated with gold-dust. At first it flows through a rugged and hilly country; but, for 60 leagues f^om its mouth, the le- vel is so complete, that its decli- vity through the whole of that track is supposed not to exceed U feet. It falls into the Atlantic atler a course of 800 miles in Lat. 16" 5' N. Senegal, a government established by the French on the above riv- er. It yields gum Senegal, 232 AFAICA. the best known in commerce, ■laves, gold, ivory, anr< other articles. Sicr'ra Leone', a country in West- ern AArica, deriving its name from a mountain called by the original Portuguese settlers Si- erra Leona, or the Mountain of the Lioness. It is traversed by a considerable river of the same name. Here the British have established a settlement for the benevolent purpose of civilizing the nativencgroes, and checking the slave-trade. With the Afri- cans their success has been con- siderable: but the climate is so fatal to Europeans, ttiat, in all probability, the settlement must be abandoned. The total popu- lation, by the latest returns, was 17,000,— and, in 1S21, the num- ber of negro children and adults attending tiic schools was 1959. Slave Coast, a country of Guinea, extending from Rio Volta to the Bay of Laeos. It derives its name fVom the odious traific in human beings which was here carried on to a very great extent. The soil is amazingly fertile, and there is no part of Africa where the natives nave carried the art of cultivation so far. Sofa'la, a country on the south-east coast, situate at the mouth of a river of the same name. Soldan'ha, a bay on the south-west coast of the C4pe territory, north of Table Bay. Spar'tel, Cape, the promontory which divides the Straits of Gib- raltar flrom the Atlantic. Su'sa, or Suse, a province in the south-eastern extremity of Mo- rocco, blessed with a fertile soil, and one of the finest climates in the world. Its olive groves are particularly extensive. Sy'dra, or Si'dra, a large gulf in the east of Tripoli, having in its in- terior extensive quicksands, the Syrte.^ if antiquity. Tabarca, a small seaport of Tunis. Ta'filct, a large district, S. E. of Mount Atlas, tributary to Mo- rocco. It ii a vast level plain. Dates arc its chief produce. Tangier, (pr. Tangeor'), a seaport of Fez, on the Straits of Gibral- tar. Tut'ta, or Akka, a station on the southern frontier of Morocco, where thecaravnns assemble that are to proceed to Tombuctoo. Temissa, a town of Fezzan, the first reached by the caravans from Cairo, after crossing the Libyan deserts. Te^tuan, a seaport of Morocco, im- mediately within the Straits of (iibraltar. Thomas, St, a considerable island In the Gulf of Guinea. It is about 40 miles long, and 30 in breadth, and is remarkable for its fertility j but its climate is very pernicious to Europeans. It belongs to the Portuguese. Tfi'poli, the most easterly of the states of Barbary, consists chief- ly of a line of coast about 800 miles in length, extending from Cape Haiatin to Port Bomba. For a few miles inland it is ex- tremely fertile, but beyond that limit it is occupied with deserta of sand, or with the mountain- ous districts of Garian and Mc- sulata. In this country was the Greek colony of Cyrene; and the country in general abounds with Greek and Roman antiqui- ties.— See States of Barbary. Tripoli, the capital, stands on a neck of land projecting a short distance into the sea. It is of great extent ; but its population is not supposed to exceed 25,000. Tu'nis, one of the most consider- able of the Barbary States, stretching in the form of a large peninsula into the Mediterra- nean. Its most seaward point is within 100 miles of Sicily. To the commercial advantage of its situation is to be ascribed the greatness of ancient Carthage, once the rival of Rome for uni- versal empire. The cultivated part of this state, reaching irom 200 to 250 miles into the inte- rior, is remarkable for its beauty level plBin. oduce. , a Keaport 8 of Uibral- tion on the f Morocco, iseniblc that nibuctoo. Fezzan, the le carataiis Tossing the lorocco, im- le Straits of ;rable island inea. It is f, and 30 in narliable for ts climate is Europeans. )rtiiKue8e. steriy of the ionsists chief- ist about 800 tending from Port Bomba. and it is ex- r beyond that 1 with de&erts le mountain, rian and Me- antry was the Cyrene ; and leral abounds )raan antiqui- ■ Barbary. , stands on a cting a short sea. It is ot its population sxceed 25,000. [lost consider- rbary States, arm of a large le Mediterra- award point is of Sicily. To [vantage of its ascribed the ent Carthage, Rome for uni- 'he cultivated reaching firom into the inte- for its beauty i I 'i ■ I' If f 11' I I 9 I *.■ % if » ( : , ■ .'*/ I nU J • r ■:,■_■ Jit!',' '' ' k: • ■ ■ ;■'■ 4. ,;'i .' 'i*,.!'; rv- !■' ... . » „ (,1 U» :->>ii.M. fi J.' , *«...• . > ' '11' llHlJ lU 1' Tf;!!; ••'•I' >{% '..»! IfT-.'f.'.iTji* U H'IM' .1 I'V ■ I'. :-;i(;', I'l'^l. .'. 1.1, I K;n,'-ii''H'>n ■!•''*'•■■' ''■'' I ., •Ijl// -'iba't-'iVl.'- I ' ili»l n , Kf ■*■ tt i ■vriii: (1 (: < '' I II"- ?r i;i;.'ii( * -irt) Jiji' , /'iilil'- 'i<.((i' in j('i-il.tf>!4'}il> .yniidisOo. I ,.; . I ; I •• . ' '-' .Ifliir.apral.- 'i i -. , J ;l J- .1 I 'Nl' /d .il/.U '< ■ •• I _|-> I li, .(vt.s — (M;0.i ' .;, ,f w^i i •(! "O I 'I . • I -Jill'- .- J 17 f^n hiV)*' , ■ , . , iH;!.'!' I .. ;t -. ■ ) ( "'• 1 .. , I., ,. 1 . ' , ,:i :i(,. 'i %s\i'>.o^f.'i r,. ,. ,.^ 1_ ■,, /..' : > ■-,.,,,. . -'t ■;l.i-fl ,-,■ -■ I _ ■ ' . r ■ ; ^' ■■ ! 1 ci 1 ■ .. : ■ '. • / |T , ' ; ' I '■♦ ifn ivjJt ...I ■'<(.'. 'I'l i.iriG a* liiw -irt . U' , ■ . • ■ 1 '; ' ■■ : •■ >• 'J ■•!» «f • rif'J • . •• •.i.jii ■ ■)■•■ \ Myiii.i. -1 , , ■ '^ :, -iii;7i;iir) lo : -• -,),;.■• Tit • , 1 . t'-i u, ii< Ii.l • .'Itlfl JT/'-l • ■-• !■ . /i-'ir; ,,; .\ji,'.i 1 '.'> n!t li) !(>f.OJ 1 »l>.'- /|yM»-o/ /* F. Jifi'T/f^ L'.fmJm^M 'heii ^ OX.IVER. ib ItOTIl EduJHO^h r nr 3ntinent, which 3ebastian Ca- Henry VII. of itine navigator, a interesting ac- id to be the dis- ivn name, Ame- nent as America eryhigh degree, e now the grand entific research; deeply did it ex- cite the wonder and stimulate the enterprise of its new visitants. In magnitude it seemed far to exceed any of the great continents hitherto known ; while the unusual aspect which Nature here assumed, led the beholders to re- gard it as a New World, which had risen but recently un- der the Creator's hand. Forests of new species of trees, surpassing in extent and magnificence all that they had ever seen, vast mountain ranges, in comparison with whose elevation even the loftiest of the Alps dwindled into insig. nificance, and rivers which rolled to the ocean with the majesty of seas, indignantly repelling the tides with which they seemed to disdain for a time to mingle-~were the sublime features of this New World. Its animals difiered no less from those with which Europeans were familiar, and it appeared inhabited by a peculiar race of human be- ings. While these novelties excited the wonder of the ad- venturous strangers, its vegetable and mineral wealth in. flamed their cupidity. Its soil, of exhaustless fertility, abounded with the richest productions ; and mines of the precious metals, discovered in the mountainous regions, ofiered the tempting prospect of immediate and incalculabl.e wealth to the fortunate discoverers. j^z-rr The unhappy natives soon had reason to < up! ore the ar- rival of these strangers on their shores, xiu Spaniards and Portuguese, having obtained from the Popo a grant of those lands, as if they had been at his absolute disposal, fitted out large expeditions, and waged a relentless and al- most exterminating war with the natiw;:, and spread them- selves widely over both the Northern arid Sontherh Con- tinents. These natives, supposed to have originally mi- grated from Asia by Behiing's Straitei, were of a copper colour, tall, and well formed — in South America, but slen- der— -in North America, more vigorous and robust. When first visited by the Spaniards, Peru and Mexico were po- pulous and comparatively civilized kingdoms, and hordes of native tribes occupied, though partially, both continenfr, from the Northern to the Southern Oceans. According to recent estimates, the whole amount of the Indian popula- tion does riot reach six millions. 236 AMERICA. ! i EXERCISES. How long did America remain unknown to Europeans ? What islaiul of America was first discovered ? By whom, and in what attempt ? What islands did he discover in his second voyage ? In what year did he reacli the American continent ? By whom had it heen discovered the year pre- ccJing ? From whom did America receive its name ? What eftect did the discovery of this continent produce in Europe ? Was this effect increased the farther it was explored ? In what light were the new visitants of this continent led to re- card it? What were the sublime features of Uie New World ? Did its animals and natives differ from those of other continents ? By what circumstances was the cupidity of its adventurous discoverers inflamed ? Had the natives reason to rejoice in the arrival of these strangerc on their shores? What European nations fitted out expeditions for America? How did they treat the natives? From what continent a^e the natives of America supposed to have mi- grated ? What was their personal appearance ? In what state were Mexico and Peru when first visited by the Spani- ards and Portuguese.? Were there many native tribes scat- tered over the continent ? What is now tne estimated amount of the Indian population ? •>iTO'» H -.f'tla ,-j[tni(?"^ .,.i+ ,,..,- .M.i ,.-■.. ■ in 'ih.'i^f -"Aim >){' r' i •■■•■* I ■ .'■>! PSJii i. Upper and Lower Canada; 2. New Bruns- wick ; 3. Nova Scotia ; 4. Newfoundland ; 5. Cape Breton ^ 6. St John's or Prince Edward's Islana ; 7. Bermudas, Anticosti, Pictou, St Pierre, and Miquelon. Towns. — 1. Qujsbec, Montfeal, Trois -Rivi- eres, York, Kingston; 2. Frederick's Town; 3. Halifax, Annapolis; 4. St John's, Placentia; 6. Charlotte's Town ; 7. St George, capital of St George's Island, the chief of the Bermudas. Capes. — Sable, Ray, Race. Bays, &c.-.Baffin's Bay, Davis* Straits, Hiul- BRITISH POSSESSIONS. £r of: the fiUtt Th€ till berj vegj rm croi aiu :li ropeans ? y whom, rer in hia American year pre- e? What I Europe ? Died? In led to re- ' the New m those of le cupidity the natives iTc on their editions for From what to have mi- ? In what J the Spani- tribes scat- luted amount I I [S. cw Bruns- nd; S.Caye trd's Island; Pierre, and Trois-Rivi- '8 Town; 3. (, Placentia ; capital of St ludas. Straits, Hud- AMERICA. 237 son's Bay, James' Bay, Gulf of St Lavrence, Fun- dy Bay, Straits of Belleisle. Lakes. — Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Rivers. — St Lawrence, Ota was, St John, St Croix, Niagara. . . i u .■ ir-tir^ Rcmarits.— Canada extends from 61** to SI** of W. Long., and from 42** 30' to 52° of N. Lat., being about 1390 miles in length from E. to W., and about 240 miles in its medium breadth. The population may }^ estimated at 700,000. -v^f, Its lakes, unequalled by any in the world, and entitled, indeed, to the appellation of fresh-water seas, constitute the most striking feature in the aspect of Canada. Lake Superior is 381 miles long, and 161 miles broad; Huron, 218 miles long, and from 60 to 180 broad; Erie, 231 miles long, and about 70 in breadtli , Ontario is 171 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. These lakes are connected by the great river St Lawrence, which issues from Lake Su- perior, and, passing successively through lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, falls into the Atlantic, after a course of 2000 miles. This majestic river is 90 miles wide at its mouth, and is navigable for ships of the line for 400 miles from the ocean. Lake Michigan is 262 miles long, and 55 in breadth. These magnificent expanses are bordered with deep and lofty forests ; and even the moun. tain ranges, which are of great extent, are in general covered with wood. Cold and heat are here felt in their extremes, and the transition from winter to summer is very sudden. Al- though lying under the same parallel of latitude as France, the thennometer sometimes sinks 31* below 0; while in Nummer it occasionally rises as high as 90" or even i'.v*. The year is divided between these seasons— spring and an- tumn being almost unknown. The frost begins in Octo- ber ; and the snow disappears about the end of April, when vegetation proceeds with great activity. The soil of Lower Canada is fertile, and produces good crops of grain. Upper Canada has some beautiful plains and verdant meadows. Apples and pears arrive at great U 238 AMERICA. perfection in the neighbourhood of Montreal; fruits of various kinds, particularly the melon and musk, appear in- digenous to the country ; strawberries and rasps are abundant, and of exquisite flavour. Firs and evergreens, maple, birch, ielm, and limes, are the most common trees in the forests. The lakes and rivers abound with fish in great variety. The moose and the beaver may be men- tioned among the wild animals ; the Canadian humming bird is the smallest known ; the rattlesnake is the most dangerous of its reptiles. The exports are chiefly furs, potash, ginseng, fish, and corn. Canada was colonized by the French, in whose posses- sion it continued till the year 1 759, when it was conquer- ed by the British. The greater part of the population is sUU of French descent, and the French language and French manners are generally retained. A legislative council and an assembly are appointed for each of the pro- vinces, having power to make laws with the consent of the governor ; but tiie king may declare his dissent at any time within two years after receiving the bill. New Brunswick has been in the possession of the Eng- lish since the treaty of Utrecht, 171.3. Timber and fish are its chief products. Miramichi, and the surrounding settiements in this province, were destroyed by a dreadful fire in 1825, which raged for several weeks. Besides a destruction of property, which reduced many families to ruin, about 200 persons perished in the flames. The popu- lation of this province is estimated at 72,000. In Nova Scotia the soil is in general thin and poor ; but on the banks of the rivers it is more fertile. Around Fundy Bay, whic^ flows between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the scenery is remarkably sublime and pic- turesque. The country is overspread with forests; and timber and fish are the principal exports. Tjie chief fishery ( : is of cod, on the coast of Cape Sable. The population of this province is 104,000. NiwrouMDLAKD, an island about 300 miles long, and nearly as broad, was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497, and since 1713 has continued in the possession of the English. Dense fogs render the climate of this island particularly unpleasant. Newfoundland is chiefly valuable for the cod-fishery on its banks. This fishery commences AMERICA. 239 its of ar in- « are reens, 1 trees fish in i men- nming e most Y fursi posses- mquer- ition is ge and ^slative the pro- kt of the my time le £ng- and fish ouuding dreadful besides a milies to he popu- ttd poor; Around and New and pic- ests; and ief fishery ulation of long, imd Cabot, in ssession of this island y valuable rommences about the lOtb of May, and continues till the end of Sep- tember. Twenty thousand persons, and shipping: to the amount of fifty-six thousand tons, are annually engaged in this fishery. The whole population is estimated at 63,000. The island of Cafk Breton is separated from Nova Scotia by a strait one mile in breadth. It is 100 miles in length ; the soil is moss, unfit for agriculture ; the cUmate, like that of Newfoundland, is cold and foggy. The fishery is of great importance. In 1745, this island was taken from the French, and has since belonged to England. Population 16,000. St John's, or Prince Edward's island, in the Gulf of St Lawrence, is of considerable extent, fertile, and well wa- tered. It is divided into three counties, and contains a population of 2R,000. Charlotte's-town is the residence of the Lieutenant-governor. The Bermudas are a group of islands half-way between Nova Scotia and the Antilles. The whole group is about S5 miles in length, and 22 in breadth. The largest of these islands is about 12 miles, the smallest not more than 300 paces in length. St George's, the largest, has a town of the same name, containing about 3000 inhabitants; the population of the whole islands being about 10,000. The chief riches of the settlers in the Bermudas consist in their cedar trees, said to be worth about a guinea a foot EXERCISES. Between what de^ees of latitude and longitude is Canada situate ? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What is the computed amount of its population ? What is the most striking feature in the aspect ot Canada ? What is the ex- tent of Lakes Superior, Haron, Erie, and Ontario, respec- tively ? By what river are they connected ? What is the length of its course ? How wide is it at its mouth ? How far is it navigable for ships of the line P What is the extent of lake Michigan ? With what are these lakes bordered ? What is remarkable in the cUmate ? What are the states of the thermometer, occasionally, in winter and summer respec- tively 'f Into what seasons is the year divided ? At what periods does winter begin and disappear ? What is the quality of the soil r Name the principal fruits of Canada. What are the most common forest-trees ? With what do the lakes and rivers abound ? Mention some of the 240 AMERICA. animals particularly worthy of notice. What are the chief exports ? By what people was Canada colonized ? When was it conquered by the British ? Of what descent is the greater part of the population ? What language and manners are generally retained ? What is the form of government ? How long has New Brunswick been in the possession of the British ? What are its chief products ? What calamity befell Miramichi and the surrounding settlements in 1825 ? What is the population of New Brunswick ? Describe the soil of Nova Scotia. What is remarkable in the scenery around Fundy Bay ? With what is Nova Scotia overspread ? What are its principal exports ? Where is the chief fishery ? Wii>it is the amount of the population ? What is the extent oa Newfoundland? When and by whom was it discovered ? How long has it been possessed by the British ? What is the nature of the climate ? For wnat is Newfoundland chiefly valuable ? When does the fish- ery commence and cease? What number of persons and tonnage of shipping ai'e employed in it ? At what number is the population estimated ? How is Cape Breton separated from Nova Scotia ? De- scribe its length, soil, and climate ? Is the fishery import- ant ? When was this island taken from the French ? What is its population ? Descnbe St John's or Prince Edward's island. Into how many counties is it divided ? What is its population ? Where are the Bermudas situate ? What are the length and breadth of the whole group ? What are the respective sizes of the largest and smallest of these islands ? Wnich is the principal island ? What is the population of the capi- tflL? .What i|s the population of the whole islands ? In what 4oes the chief wealth of the settlers consist ? 'iiH*ifV-A- ■- ".- ■ ■•-;::'•" 'tI': ftl ■ ■ ■„ - r ■ -■ ■^ '■■• "IsrutK'*? ,.rsv mIthe toited states ■ly\ Are divided into the Northern States, or iVew J^figland; the Middle States; the Southern States ; and the Western States. The Northern States contain, 1. Neu Hampshire; 2. Vermont; $., Massachusetts ; 4. Maine ; 5. Connecticut ; 6. AMERICA. 241 Hhode Island. Of which the Towns are, 1. Ports- mouth, Cuncord; 2. Bennington, Windsor; 3. Bos- ton, Salem, Cambridg-e ; 4. Portland, Belfast ; 5. New London, Hartford, Newhaven ; 6. Newport, Providence. The Middle States, containing, 1. New York; 2. Pennsylvania; 3. New Jersey; 4. Delaware. Of which the Towns are, 1. New York, Albany ; 2. Philadelphia, Pittsburg ; 3. Trenton, Burling- ton, Amboy; 4. Dover, Newcastle. The Southern States, containing, 1. Maryland; 2. Virginia ; 3. North Carolina ; 4. South Caro- lina; 5. Georgia; 6. Alabama. Of which the Towns are, 1. Annapolis, Baltimore; 2. Wash- ington, Richmond, Williamsburg; 3. Ralsigh, New Bern, Edenton; 4. Charleston, Columbia, George Town ; 5. Louisville, Savannah, Augusta; 6. Cahawba, Mobile. The Western Slates, containing, 1. Ohio; 2. Indiana; 3. Illinois; 4. Kentucky; 5. Missouri; 6. Tennessee ; 7* Mississippi ; 8. Louisiana. Of which the Towns are, 1. Columbus, Cincinnati ; 2. Vincennes ; 3. Kaskaskia ; 4. Frankfort, Louis- ville, Lexington ; 5. St Louis ; 6. Knoxville, Nashville ; ?• Monticello ; 8. New Orleans, New Madrid. Territories not yet. erected into States — 1. Ar- kansas; 2. Michigan; 3. Florida. Of which the Towns are, 1. Arkopolis; 2. Detroit; 3. St Au- gustin, Pensacola. Islands. — Long Island, Staten, Nantucket. Bays. — Penobscot, Casco, Barnstaple, Delaware, Chesapeak, Long Island Sound. Capes. — Ann, Cod, May, Henry, Hatteras, Lookout, Fear. u2 aDH 242 AMERICA. iiii Mountains. — Apalacliian^ or Alleghany Moun- tains, Rocky Mountains, and Ozark Mountains. Rivers. — Mississippi with its tributaries, Mis- souri, Arkansas, Red River, Ohio ; St Croix, Con- necticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Poto- mack. Savannah. RemaH- 's.-^The territory at present possessed or claimed by the iJuited States, extends from 25*' to 49* N. Lat., and from 67** to 124** W. Long. Its extreme length, from the PaciBc Ocean to Passamaquoddy Bay, is 2780 miles ; and its greatest breadth, from the shore of Louisiana to the river La Pluie, is 1300 miles; its superficial area about 2,300,000 square miles. Population 10,000,000. This vast territory, surpassing in extent the Roman or Chinese empires, is traversed by two great chains of moun- tains, in a direction nearly N. and S., viz. the Alleghanies on the E., and the Rocky Mountains on the W. These mountains divide the country into the eastern, western, and middle regions ; the latter comprising the great basin or valley of the Mississippi. The Alleghanies run nearly parallel to the Atlantic, at a distance varying from 50 to ISO miles. East of the Hudson, they are distributed in irregular groups ; and in Vermont and New I ampshire, some of their peaks rise 5000 or 6000 feet above the level of the sea. In Pennsylvania and Virginia, they stretch in long parallel ridges, from 2500 to 4000 feet high, and oc- cupy a breadth of 100 miles. In Tennessee, where they terminate, they again break into groups, and attain an equal elevation to the highest of their northern peaks. The whole range is about 900 miles in length. The Rocky Mountains are upon a grander scale. Their base is 300 miles in breadth; their loftiest summits, 12,000 feet in height, are covered with perpetual snow. These mountains are from 500 to 600 miles from the Pacific Ocean ; but an- other chain of mountains, of which little is yet known, in- tervenes between them and the coasts. Nearly midway be- tween the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains, is a range called the Ozarks, from 600 to 700 miles in length, 100 in breadth, and varying in elevation from 1000 to 2000 feet above tlie level of the sea. anc Ri^ the^ thef the! Hi AMERICA. 243 Besides the great chain of lakes on their northern fron> tier (See Canada), the principal lake in the United States is Champlain, 128 miles in length, but only 12 miles broad. Of the magnificent river*: States, the most important a. souri. Although the latter V through the United ppi and the Mis- assed as a mere tributary of ttie former, it has .cen found to have by much the longer course betore their junction, and of course the better claim to the appellation of '* Father of Waters." From its source to its junction with the Mississippi, its course is somewhat longer than that of the Mississippi, from its source to the Gulf of Mexico. If we restore the Missouri to its proper honour, and merge the rival stream in its name after their union, the whole length of its course is 4490 miles, whereas that of the Mississippi is only 3000. From its junction with the latter to the falls, a distance of 2575 miles, the navigation of the Missouri is quite practic- able. These falls, which present a most magnificent spec- tacle, render portage necessary fur nearly 3 miles. The vast plain through which the Mississippi flows is so gra- dual in its descent, that by the course of that river, and its tributaries, the Ohio and the Alleghany vessels may ascend 2400 miles, without the aid of either canals or locks. Be- fore being joined by the Missouri, it receives the rivers St Peter's and Des Moines, on the west side, the Wisconsin, Rock River, and the Illinois on the east. About 1 60 miles below its junction with the Missouri, it receives the Ohio, swelled by the waters of the Wabash, Cumberland, and Tennessee, and lower down, the Arkansas and Red River. All these tributaries are themselves great rivers ; the Ohio having a course of 1350 miles, the Tennessee 1100, the Cumberland 750, and the Wabash 500 miles. Besides these, the Connecticut, flowing between Vermont and New Hampshire, through Massachusets and part of Connecti- cut, to the Atlantic Ocean, a course of 300 miles ; the Hudson, discharging its waters into the Atlantic, below New York, after a southward course of 324 miles; the Delaware, separating Pennsylvania from .New York and Jersey, and expanding into a large bay ; the Susquehannah, flowing through Pennsylvania into the Chesapeak ; the Po- tomac, forming the boundary between Virginia and Mary- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 lit liO Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMET WiBSTH.N.Y. 14SM (716) S72-4S03 4^ 5 ^ :\ 244 AMBHICA. I«ii4f aud n«vigd>le for ships of large burden for nearly 300 miles from its mouth ; &e Savannah, separating South Carolina frm I^ew Brunswick, and a numlMr of other streanis, afford the mqst important facilities for iotmial comimerce. The climate of the United States is remarkable for ito incpni^tancy ; passine suddenly from extreme cold to scorch- ing heat, and jTrom drenching rains to withering .droughts. To the west of the Alleghany mountains the climate is more equable and temperate. The generij aspect of Ihe country is that of a vast forest, bepoining deeper and ugbts. nattt it forest, d. On : great » is fev- of oak, ; Iplane, ne, fori stands { ;nificenii . ! "it spesiMf^ ed witb^ Cotu>D«d 1 8tate«.1; ihenmv at with •, from tbeelk, forests: hecata* er, and of the nabun- Fenn« le AUe- fijddsin It valley ilains of great extent/ wfi!ch are periodically cnisted^bfcr with salts. The gorenment of the United States is republican. The administration of public affairs is intrusted to two houses of legislature, vis. the senate and the house of re> presentativest and to a president or chief magistrate. £a«k state sends two members to the senate, who retaiA their places for six yeain ; the members of the house of represen- tatives are elected for only two years. The president, elected by delegates ftom each state, holds his olBce fout years. Each state has, besides, its own government, for the re* gttlation of its internal conbems. These local ^vem^ ments have the power of making or altering laws relistlve to property and private rights, police, the appointment of judges and civil officers, the levying of taxes, and all other rights and powers not vested in the federal go'vemment. No form of religion is oountenanced or supported by the State; but Christianity, in some form, is gencfrall^ professed.' The most numerous sects are Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, and Independents. The Americans are charac- terised by the good and bad qualities that naturally sming from the Areedom enjoyed under a pure democracy, xhey are active, enterprimng, acute, frank, hiffh.spirited, and brave ; but there is a coarse bluntness lind swa^g«riTig ii&i their manners, with a prying inaui&itiveness into the busi- ness of others, that are extremely offensive to strlmgcrs. Much attention is paid to education, particularly in the northern and middle states. They have mitny UteraTy ini stitutions ; and can boast of some v^ distinguished' names' in literature and science. ' ' -.'^ t^- x-^'-'^ "y ♦ We shall conclude these remarks ni^lth ii ihor^'^o^ce of each state.— I. New Hampshire, though a mountainous' country, clothed with wood, is very fertile. It is 160 miles in length, from 19 to 90 in breadth, and has an area of 9380 square miles. It is chiefly an agricultural state, with little commerce. It has only eighteen miles of seacoast ; but Portsmouth, its chief town, Itas an excellent harbour. Population of the state, in 1820, 244, lei. 9. Vermont is a very picturesque country, 157 miles long, and 70 broad. Its mountains, clothed with ever- greens, are called the Green Mountains ; its pastures are 246 AMBBIOA. rkki iti crops, in gtneral, abuncUuit j ito itretms nuindr* oui. It has two colleges, an academy in each countj, and cpnunon schools in all the townst Its most populous town is Beiuiington, at the foot of the Green Mountains. Po- pulation of the stat^ in 1830, 835,764. t.,9» MasiAcbusets is the richest, the most densely peopled, aaui perhaps th« most dnlued of the United States. It is 19$ miles long, 50 broad, and has an area of 7800 square miles. Its surface is unsTen and hilly ; near its western extremity monntninous. Its agriculture is well conducted ; its commerce is extenstTe ; and the advantages of education are diffused among all classes of the inhabitants. Boston, it9 chief town, is beautifully situate on Mansachuaet's Bay. Its harbour, capable of containing five hundred ships, is s^ura from hostile invasion, and from every wind. Its public buildings, wharfs, and bric^(es, indicate the taste and wealth of the inhabitants. Its populalioB, in 1820, 43,940. This city is celebrated as the birth-phwe of Franklin, and the cradle of American independence. Population of the state, in 1820^ 583.S87. l4»^ne, although its soil i» (kf from being fertile, pos.> sesses an exteofiive. nnd active «' erceb • |t is 1 70 miles in ^gth,,and 185 ii» medium - ^di, embracing an area of S2,o6p square miles. P<«rtU(0''i, iu chief town, has » fine, harbour., Pmulation of the state, in 1820, 298.335. j$. Connecticut n> I shipi, to wind. It* e teste end 20,43,940. lokUn, end Rtionoftbe fertile, poe- I 170 ffliVes ling en erea own, has • L 898:935- nd e fevtile ptrticttlerly ide. It» jo- in this sUte, ' the state, Jnion, is 68 [area of 4670 Icularly salu- Lfactures and kd Newport, ke population 1 populetion, lit state of the Iwith an area fil are equally various; but the numl>er of flourisliing viHasei and settlo- ments which evety where present uemsMves excite tiie astonishment of every traveller. New YoriE, the capitel, is the great emporium of the trade of North Ammea ; and is supposed to be second only to London in the extent of its trade. It is finely situate at the head of a beautiful bay, nine miles long, and has an excellent harbour, capiMi of .admitting the largest vessels close up to the quay. Its population, in 1880, was 183,706. The greatest attentioR is paid, in this state, to education. Within the hnit SO years the oopulation has been quadrupled. In 1790 it was 940^180; In 1880, it amounted to 1,378,818* ^/f 8. Pennsylvania is 888 mites long, 156 broad, and ha^ an area of 43,950 square miles. Though in genend mounu tainous, it is very fertile. Agriculture h am to be better understpod here than in any other of the Stctes; while itk manufactures and commerce are likewise very flourishing. Philadelphia, its capital, is situate between the Delaware and Schuylkill risers, five miles above the point of thei# junction, and about 100 miles Arom the ocean. It is the best built town in the United Statea ; and is peculiariy disi* tinguished by its literary and philanthropic iustftutions. Its harbour is excellent. Large vessels can ascend to it by the Schuylkill, and ships of the line by the Delaware. Its ' population, in 1880, was 114,410; the ^population of die whole state was 1,049,458. Thb state derives its name from William Penn, a Quaker, who received a grant of it from Charles II., in 1663, planted here a colony of Friends, . and founded the city of l^iladelphia. 9. New Jersey is about 160 miles in lengthy 58 in breadth, and has an area of 6900 miles. Great part of it is barren, but it has some good land. It has little commerce; but its manufactures are thriving. Population, in 1890, 877,575. 10. Delaware, the smallesv^ state c£ the Union, except' Rhode Island, is 98 miles lon^;, 84 broad, and has an area of 8060 square miles. Its soi' is not very fertile ; it hat' little shipping ; but its manufactures are considerable. P^ ^ pulation, in 1830, 72,749. - ' ^• 11. Maryland, a fertile and commercial state, is 134 miles tn length, 1 10 in its greatest breadth, and has an 248 AMERICA. area of 10,800 square miles. Baltimore, its principal commercial town, has one of the finest harbours in Ame- rica, and carries on a very, extensive trade. Washington, the intended capital of the United States, is situate in this state, on the Potomac. Anni^lis is the seat of the local government. Population, in 1820, 407,350. Here, as in the other southern states, slavery exists. ' 12. Virginia, the largest and most powerful of the southern states, is 446 mUes long, 284 broad, and contains Ml area of 64,000 square miles. The eastern coast is sandy and poor ; the valleys between the Alleghanies remarkably fertile. The heat in summer is excessive ; but the transi- tions from this degree of heat to intense cold are so sud- den as sometimes to take place within 24 hours. Ilich- mond, the chief town, is situate on the falls of the St James's river, and contains a population of 12,067. The whole of the population is l/)65,366* 13. North Carolina is 400 miles long, 160 broad, and has an area of 43,300 square miles. It resembles Virginia in soil and climate. Its manufactures are few, and its commerce limited. Pc^-ilation, in 1820, 638,829. 14. South Carolina is 200 miles in length, 125 in bi. In this state the number of slaves exceeds that of tiie free inhabi- tants. Of a population of 502,741, the large proportion of 258,475 are slaves. 15. Georgia, one of the largest states of the Union, is 500 miles long, 278 broad, and contains an area of 58,000 square miles. In aspect, soil, and climate, it re- sembles South Carolina. Its manufactures are few. Sa- vannah, its capital, is a well-built town, situate near the mouth of the river of the same name. Louisville, now the 6 sei Pi set Its ani( 1 in t the boat has brac( Cine state, 18. and c It has 1820, 19. ceding ^evel, , which J large b the At, taries. tion, in 20. j S9,000] proper thern and sevJ «e'. hoi of fortil >t has b^ , "uperioil /arts, jj I have beel J capital^ f J 60 miles PheresidJ P820,564 ^l' Ml AMERICA. 249 a Atne- lington, i va this he local Here, w 1 of the \ contuns t is sandy smarkably the traari- je so soa- rs. lii«^- of the St ,067. The broad, and les Virgins few, and its 829. ^ . gth, 125 m ^iles. For is low, ftat» foot of the I dale, fertile, occupied by e high coun- is. Charles- tuatebetn^n of cottrider- 5, In thi» free inhabi- proportion Itbe Union, is Is an area of Iclimate, it re- Urefew. Sa- lituate near the lsvme,nowthc seat of government, promises to become a flourishing place. Peculation, in 1890, 940^989. '''^' '^»" '»'^'*' -i^'f^'i'^^ctM^ 1«. Alabama, laiied to the rank of a tiftiM lit r81'9,-»»i.' sembles Ge(Mrgia and the Candinas in soH and cHihate/: Its area embraces 50,800 square miles, and it** population^ amounu.to 1S7,901. -s 17. Ohio, bounded by the great river of that nalbe^ Is, in beauty, fertility, and climate, one of the finest states of the Union. It is watered by many stireamsj Mvigable ibr boats; and offers so many advantages ito settlers, that it has advanced with reroatkable rapidttyt Its area em. braces 38,500 square miles. In ISSC^ the pepnlation of Cincinnati, its principd town, was-964S.'( ind'M tHe wln^ state, 581,434. '«'oats, 74 of which, in 1823, plied upon] the Mississippi. In* 1820, the population of New Orleans] was 27,176 ; and of the whole state, 153,407. Of the territories, not ranked as states, there are twol kinds :— 1. Those tracts of country over which, thougbi inhabited only by Indians, the United States claim a rightj of sovereignty. Of these there are three ; the North-wettt, the Missouri, and the Western Territories. 2. Those dis-l tricts in which settlements have been made ; but whicbl not containing 60,000 free inhabitants, are not entitled w AMBBICA. 251 i fertile wiU ijby 40 in iofthw«t»te in 1820, WW L, ferdle, and H,300 square Fennewee atio are numerous ns. AtKnox- 4 Blount eol- ation, in 1820. from which it lare miles. In . but the com- robably rwse it 48, exclusive ot ite. . iven to the vast dssippi,fr«:jJ*J is now restnctea le 33d parallel of f 48,000 square as it is on tt»e L and other noble Orleans, i««^P»-, ■^ssissippi, stoout e of great ttade; itoted by the »«" W 1829, pli«d upon! [n of New Orleans! Ites, there are two! [^vhich, thoughi Utes claim anghf ' . the North-veest^ i^ 2. Those di8-l m'ade-.butwWcbl arenot enUUed t tains, is said to be pleasant and healthml. Populadon, ih 1820, 14,273, of whom 1617 were slaves. 2. Michigan, a peninsula surrounded on three sides by lakes Erie, St Clair, Huron, and Michigan. In climate and soil it resembles Upper Canada. On an area of 38,750 square miles, it Ium a population of only 8896. 3. Florida, a low and sandy country, interspersed with swamps, yet posHessing some good soil. St Ausustine, on the east coast, has 3000 inhabitants; Pensacola, on the west, the best port in the Gulf of Mexico, 2000. The area of this territory embraces 57,750 square miles ; on which is a population of 10,000, exclusive of Indians. These vast and important countries belonged to Great Britun, till the year 1775, when the colonists were raised to rebellion by the arbitrary attempts of the British eovem- ment to tax them against their will, and they finauy sue ceeded in throwing off the yoke. Their independence was acknowledged by Great Britain in 1782. EXBBCI8E8. How are the United States divided ? What States ai« in. duded in the Northem States ? What States are contained in the Middle States ? Of \rhat do the Southern States con. sist ? What aie the Western States ? What towns do the Northem States contain, &c ? What are the territories not ▼et erected into States ? What towns do they contain ? Name the islands of the United States. Name the Bays,— the Gapes,, he Mountains,— the Rivers. Between what degrees m latitude and longitude does the teiritoiy of the United States extaid ? What are its len^, breadth, and superficial area ? By what chains of mountains, and in what directions is it traversed ? Into what regions do thoae mountains divide the country ? At what distance are the Allfghanies tmm the Atlantic ? What is their appear- ance ana height east of the Hudson ? What is their appear* ance, breadtn, and height in Pennsylvania and Vh^lnia ? What appearance do they assume in Tennessee ? Describe the Rocky Mountains. At what distance are they from the Pacific ? Describe the position, length, breadth, and eleva- 252 AMERICA. tion of the Ozark Mountains. What is the princliMli lake in the United States ? What are the most important rivers in these States,? Which is the laraer of these two rivers ? What is the length of its course ? What length of course has the Mississippi ? How far is the Missouri navigable from its junction with the Mississippi ? How far may vessels ascend up Uie Mississip- pi, and Its tributaries, the Ohio and Alleghany, without tne aid of canals or locks ? What rivers does the Mississippi re- ceive before beinff jbined by the Missouri ? What rivers does it receive betow the junction ? Mention the length of some of these rivers. Describe the other important rivers of the United States. For what is the climate of this country remarkable ? What is the general aspect of the country ? What is the general quality of the soil ? Mention some of the forest-trees. Which of these is the most remarkable ? What aice the chief agri- cultural products ? Mention some of the fruits or this coun- try. What wild animals are found in the ' United Su(es ? Does this country possess much mineral wealth t Whete is coal found ? What is remarkable about some of the plailis in the valley of the Mississippi ? What is the form of government in the United 6tatesP What areithe two houses of legislature ? How manv mem- bers does each state send to the senate ? Hewt long :ao those members retain their places ? For what time are the mem- bers of the House of Kepreseptatives elected ? How and for what period is the President elected ? How are the internal concerns of each state regulated ? What powto have dese local governments ? Is there any. established religian in the Unit^ States : What religion is generallv . professed >? W^bat are the most numerous sects? Describe the taah- ners of the Americans. Is mufch attention >paid to edci- cation and literature? Describe New Hunpshioe. D^- scribe T'^ennont. Where is Bennington utuate? Describe Massac iiusets. Where is Boston situate? What aidvao- tM;es does it possess? For what circumstances is it ce- lebrated ? What is its population, and diat of the State ? Describe Maine. Describe* Connecticut. What flourishing seminary does it contain ? Describe Rhode Island* What is the population of Providence ? : What is the population of the State ? Describe New York. For what is New York, the capital, remarkable ? Where is it situate ? What is its population ? In what proportion has the population of this state increased within tne last thirty years ? To what did it amount in 1820 ? Describe Pennsylvania. What is the si- tuation of Philadelphia ? By what is it particularly distin- AMBBICA. 253 apal lake in «e State*,? s the length iiaeiMippi? Ion with the eMissiwip- without the iuiwippi re- What livers he length of ant rivers or able? What » the Kcner^ trees. Whidi le chief agn- of this coun- lited Sutes ? iji Wheteis of the pUitts nited States? y many Bttem- ilong :ao. those Rre the mem- How and for e the internal te have awe eligianin the J .professed'? [be: the taait- ,paid to edd- ipAire. D^- ^ ? Describe Jhat aldvao- ices is it ce- i)f the State? [at flourishing 'land* What population of I New York, I What is its lation of this o what did it hat is the si- jularly distin- guished ? What an the commenial advantages of its situa- uon ? What is the amount of its population, and that of the whde State ? From whom did this State derive ita name ? Describe New Jersey. Describe Delaware. Describe Mary- land. What advantage does Baltimore, its chief town* pos- sess ? What town Li this State is intended to be Uie capital of the whole Union ' What town is the seat of die local go- vernment? What is the poDulation of this State? Whatm- human trade is encouraged here, and in most of the South- em States ? Describe Virginia. What is remarkable about ita .dimate ? What is the utuation and population of Rich- meind ? What is the population of the Stata ? Describe North Carolina ? Describe South Carolina. How Is Charles- ton situate ? What is ita population ? What is die number of slaves and of firee inhabitanta in this State respectively ? Docribe Cteorgia, with ita principal towns. What is the amount of ita population ? Describe Alabama. What ad- vantages does the Ohio State possess ? Describe Indiana. Describe Illinob. Describe Kentucky. What facilides for trade does it possess ? What remarkable ruins are found in this State ? Where is Frankfort situate ? In what town do the principal merchanta reside ? What is the population of the State ? Describe Missouri. Describe Tennessee. What remains of antiquity are found here ? M^at college is es- tablished at ELnoxville ? What is the population of the State ? Describe Mississippi. Describe Louisiana. What is ihe situation of ita capital ? How many steam-boata now ply on the Mississippi r What is die population of New Orloins. and of the whole State ? Descnbe die difibrent k^nds of Territories. Describe Ar- kansas. Desoribe Mic^iigon. Describe Florida. What are the situations of St Augustin and Pensacola ? Till what poriod did these important countries belong to Great Britain ? hj what were the colonisto then rousM to rebellion ? When was their independence acknowledged by Great Britain ? ,/ i. . ■ V I.. , NEW SPAIN, r..v;«^ INCLUDING MEXICO AND OUATIMALA, Abb bounded on the N. by the United States^ the Indian Countries, and the Gulf of Mexico ; £. by X 2 254 AMBRICA. the United States and the Oulf of Mexico ; S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean. They extend from 88<> N. to 10" 8. Lat., and from 83® to 122^ W. Lon^. Population of Mexico 8,5004000— of Ouatimala 1,500,000. The Political Divisions of Mexico are, in^ the North, 1. New Mexico; 2. New Biscay. Ih' the N. W., S. New California; 4. Old California;! 5. Sonora. In the N. £., towards the Oulf of Mexico, 6. San Louis Potosi. In the Middle Re- gion, 7> Zacatecas ; 8. Guadalaxara ; 9. Guanaxu-. ato; 10. Valladolid; 11. Mexico; 12. Puebia; 13. Vera Cruz In the South Eastern ext^eniity, 14. Oaxaca; 15. Merida or Yucat^n^ ."^le di^ visions of Ouatimala are, 1. Ouatimalai; i2. Chia-r Sa; 3. Vera Paz; 4. Honduras; 5.'Niearagua:' .Costa Rica. Mr^:^^ "'; .'.■■'!;';' Towns in Mexico^ — 1. Santa ]?l, Albuquerque^ Taos ; 3. San Carlos de Monterey, San Fi^andseo,; Santa Barbara; 4. Loretto; 5. Sonora, AriM)e,j Cinaloa, Culiacan, Durango; 6. Monc]o?a, NeW( St Andero; 7' Zacatec^; 8. Guadalaxara, Com^^ postella ; 9. Guftnaxuato, San Miguel-el-0rand6,;a 10. Valladolid ; 11. Mexico, . Queretadro, Aca-i {lulco ; 12. Puebia de los Angelos, Tiascala^ Cfio- ula; 13. Vera Cruz, Xalapa; 14. Gfuaxaica^ or. Antequera, Merida, Campoicny, Balize^ . , In the Republic of Guatimala, the Towns are, 1. Ouatimala; 3. Cohan; 4. Truxillo; 5. Leon, Nicaragua, Xeres ; 6. Carthago. Gulfs and Bavs.— Gulf of Mexico, California; Bays of Campeachy, Honduras. Mountains. — Popocatepetl, or the Smoking Mountain, Peak of Orizaba. f Rive Rs.»*Rio del Norte, Rio Colorado. AMBHICA. 255 vol4»ano. A nece^ ' effect nf^l- **"* Sp«m,rd» the ^l *be climate of thSm?n!!j Ik *''l'' ^f'^** elevation ig^Slt tuate within thetoSSS^.^^r,"*'^*'*-* P*^ of i ' isT ^^Perate. than ex«S.lveW ho Tlif"*""^ <^oW anj of all the ^r^zonT^Znid^^^^ *^* tempemture eipenenced ^^^g^^L^^^!^^ ««** ^«^^' " here traveller in passinir *!««-/ ^ ^••T'ng elevation • and #1,1 ascend. andTsicSdi"?fjr* **f *" r«»* »*id. „ ?! ««.«-». c<»»«»quence of thfti Wi*^. " '. . occ«rR»^„i Frtora thTnf*^ "* P"***"ct'on8 that Jw«0 to»«rt.ft,rtorMrfv»: r • ?'"* '■" »« found Ws. are the other'^Sles of f^^J? " T''* P^^atoe^^nd 5.xr,:^'"« --»r^.i. Ss^-aefiri 256 AMERICA. ! : » ' tables of different regions bordering and blending together, are the interesting features in its mversified landscape. One of the ffreatest inconveniences under which Mexico suffers, is its deficiency in navigable rivers. The Rio del Norte, which rises among the Rocky Mouriaitis, although it has a course of 2000 miles, is of little commercial im- portance, owing to the numerous bars which impede navigation, and the uncultivated tracts through which it flows. The Rio Colorado, though more navigable, flows through an equally unproductive country. Although Mexico abounds in lakes, none of them can vie in magni- tude or importance with those of Canada and the United States. The lake of Shapala, in New Gallicia, covers 160 Suare leagues of ground; one-fourth of the valley of 'exico is occup.ed by its lakes, five in number ; the lake of Fazcuaso, in Valladolid, is one of the most picturesque spots on the globe ; and the lake of Nicaragua is equally remarkable for its magnitude, its tides, and its position. It is 120 miles in length, by 41 in breadth, is navigable for the largest vessels, and communicates with the sea by the St Juan, a river about 64 miles long. Among the animals of Mexico are different species of dogs— Kine, a kind of wolf, without hair->a second, with- out voice^and a third, distinguished by its small head, short tail, and a bunch on its back. The coendou, a spe- cies of porcupine, the apaxa, or Mexican stag, the Mexican squirrel, the wild sheep, and berendos (a species of ante, lope) of California, are peculiar to Uiese regions. Of the other animals the most remarkable are the jaguar and cou- guar, 'resembling the tiger and lion, the miztli, resembling a lion without mane, but of superior size, and the tapir or danta, whose bite is said to cut through the hardest wood. No country in the world is richer in minerak than New Spain. Its mines pro4uce gold and silver to the amount of upwards of L. 4,500,000 annually. There are, besides, mines of copper, iron, lead, and tin. This fine country was wrested from the native Mexi- cans by the Spaniards under CorteZf in 1521. Since that time it continued in the possession of Spain, one of the richest jewels in the diadem of his most Catholic Majesty, till the oppressions of government roused the people to re- AMEftiCA. n. th the sea by ^7 bellion, and. in I flo I n/r . ^^ IjfnjflAnrof AS^J""? ^ "^ar'y three millions Jtin\t .^nH4 p^^*« ^"d orSLirtsTf :r"'' ^"^ ^^^^" "nd ife shops dazzle thrmr? '?C *^* Precious metals • ^7r, ap4 j^^els. This citv "S? * Profusion of goM* 6fJeaguesi.omeither<^ai^'i,^*«"«ha^ the distan?eof merce of the New WorW^tVEur^r^"']"? of theco«L tuation, in an oval vallev Znni *'"/ *>?« «nd Asia. Its sf ^^^^''^'^'^^'^^b^inel^T^' by mountains of porl Popuiatfon 140.000 9 rf ', " extremely beaut/p„i «jd to rival tJ^'S^'st eiti?s"of'p ^''^' '" ^''^ «»™e provSf^i' J^'-fices, and conSii'^'abo J"In^^" "'" beauty of S Guanaxuato, in a province of th?/"^ inhabitanfs. ' t ^fn 70,000 inhabitants. suD^rS^ k'"/» *^°"»*i°« mo?; 5^nes, the richest in the S'^ ^''\^y its sUvJ! 1804, was I960 feet in neraZui 1 ^"® °^ »»« n»«e8, in remarkable for the rich Xi? "'" ^^P*^' -». 2acaSa^ y.ns a population of sa.tSi "^r i? '*^ ^'"nir*:^ conT*''"« ^nanufactureT^- ,4 ^"f '*' * ^"^g^ 4 wiS, 7. Vera Cruz, tL m- ncln-f* ' ^ Population of 24?^ l?.e oJ/r ''"• »• Guatimalf'^'i J;,^^*P"J~. « P«>« i he old town was, in 1777 «!^oS ^ *7 ^'^ * new republic , earthquake; the nW onr^taTds T»^^ « 'J'^-dfui leagues from the site of the fnrn! ' ^^^ ^'"•nw of four wood and mahogany. * cuttmg down of log. ^8 A4I2 tilCA, I %' ^tji' ,, t H -, ' What is the most Temaikable feature in the aspect of New Spkin ? What is the height of the table-Umd ? To what heid^t i^ some of the mounUins rise from it ? MHiat is re- markable about some of those mountains ? What efiect has this elevation upon the climate? To what chances of tem- pentttie is dw tmydiler sometimes exposed? What other ixmsequenoe arises from this variety or dimate ? Mention the vaxious productions which occur in the different regions. / What' is the general quaUty of the soil ? What are the «^mmon avtides of evkivation ? What holds the first rank among^the alimentary plants ? What axe the other articles of food ? Does this country produce fine fruits ? What are 'the interesting feainres in the landscape of Mexico ? Under what inconvenience doe< this country labour ? What length of course have the principal rivers ? What renders them of little comihercial importance ? Does Mexico contain very inmortant hikes ? Describe the principal of them ? Enumente some of the animals of Mexico. What is the 4umual produce of its gold and silver mines ? What other .me^ds aoes it possess ? py whom and at what time was this country wrested from the native Mexicans ? When did it become an indroendait repubUe? On what model is its constitution formed ? What form of religion is established ? What is the number of the native Indians ? What is their relirion ? Describe the city of Mexico. Describe Queretadro. Wliat is the population of Ouanaxuato ? By what is it chiefly supportea ? What is the perpendicular depth of one of its mines? What population does Zacalecas contain ? What flourishing ma> nuwekures has Puebla ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? Describe the situation and population of Ouaxa- ca. What is the principal port on the Atlantic ? What is the amount of its population? Where is Acapulco situate? When and how was the old town of Ouatimala destroyed ? Where is the new one situate ? What settlement has been formed by the British ? _ . tu....b WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Of these islands there are six principal group8.<» ] . The Great Antilles, consisting of Ouba, AMERICA^ 259 Jamaica, St DomiDgo or Hispaniola, Porto Rico ; 2. Thb Little Antilles, Margarita, Bonaire, Cura9oa, Aruba; 3. The Leeward Islands^ ADffuilla, St Martin's, Saba, St Eustatia, St Bar- tholomew, St Christopher's or St Kitt's, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, Guadaloupe, Deseada, Marigalante, Dominica ; 4. TIhe Windward Islands, Martinico, St Lucia, St Vincent, Gra- nada, Barbadoes, Tobago, Trinidad ; 5. The Vir- gin Isles, of which the principal are St Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegaaa, St John's, Santa Cruz or St Croix ; 6. The Bahama or Lucaya Islands, of which the principal are Bahama, Lu- caya, Providence, Guanahani or St Salvador. The Leeward and Windward Islands are called like- wise the Caribbee Islands. '*** *' fci'mtrxm^ -^nium Towns. — In Cuba, Havannah ; in Jamaica, Kingston, Spanish Town, Port- Royal ; in St Do- mingo or Hispaniola, San Domingo, Port-au- Prince ; in Porto Rico, St Juan de Purto Rico^^ . ^•"'•1' jr^ij.'^' r IP V-. JR^marJErf.— These islands received the name of West Indies from their discoverer Columbus, who fancied them connected with India, to which he was then attempting to explore a western passage. To obviate this tnistake, and to do honour to the memory of their discoverer, they are sometimes called the Columbian Archipelago, or the isles of Colon. These islands extend in a curve from Florida to the Gulf of Venesuela. Here, as in .all tropical countries, the year is divided between the wet and the dry seasons. The first periodical rains set in about the middle of May, when spring may be said to commence. Rains, gentle compared with those of autumn, continue to fall every day at noon for about a fortni^t, creating a bright verdure and a rapid and luxu. riant vegetation. The weather then becomes dry, clear, and settled. The sun then blazes wi*Ji a heat that is al- > 2W AMERICA. ! 1 together insupportable, till the sea-breeze springs up, which it usually does about ten in the forenoon. Under the re- freshing influence of this breeze, all nature ^erives, and the temperature, in the shade, becomes pleasant At this time the nights are extremely beautiful ; the moon is so bri|^ht, t^at the smallest print may be read by her light ; a streim of soft light flows from the galaxy ; and the planet Venus, like a little moon, beams with such effulgence, that a shade is cast from trees, buildings, and other objects that inter, cept her rays. This state of the weather ceases about the middle of August, when the steady diurnal wind from the sea is succeeded by faint breezes and alternate calms, the preludes to the second or autumnal rainy season. In Oc- tober the rains become general, pouring down with the force of cataracts. Between the beginning of August and the end of October, these islands are visited by dreadful hurricanes, which spread ruin and devastation far and wide. In November or December, the temperature is changed. By the prevalence of the north wind the atmosphere is cleared ; the weather becomes serene and pleasant, and con- tinues cool and refreshing till the end of April. In general the low parts of the islands may be described as exposed to a hot and unhealthy temperature ; while the mountainous regions enjoy a moderate and salutary climate. These islands are rich in almost every tropical produc. tion. Fruits are delicious and abundant— as oranges, le. mons, limes, shaddocks, cocoa, citrons, pomegranates, pine^ apples, melons, &c. Great variety of valuable trees grow on the mountains, as cedars, lignumvitse, mahogany, and other trees, which take the finest polish, and are admir- ably adapted for cabinet-work. Sugar, coffee, and cotton, are the staple articles of culture; but ginger, indigo, pi- mento, tobacco, maize, Guinea corn, and various medi- cinal drugs, are likewise to be numbered among the pro- ductions of these islands. Of the wild animals indigenous in these islands, it has been observed that they are in general small. Those de- serving notice are the agouti, which appears an interme- diate species between the rabbit and rat; the peccary, or Mexican hog, distinguished by a musky discbarge from a Sland in its back, and by its ornamented bristles ; the arma- illo, opossum, racoon, musk rat, alco, apd smaller mon- AMERICA. 261 p, which the re- . and the this time > briijht, , B tftteixd (t Venus, ii a shade hat inter- about the 1 from the alms, the In Oc- with the .ugust and Y dreadful and wide. i changed, losphere is it, and con- In general as exposed lountainous ical produc. oranges, le- inates, pine- trees grow logany, and are admir- and cotton, indigo, pi- ffious roedi- ong the pio- lands, it has Those de- an interme- le peccary, or barge from a es ; the arma- smaller mon- keys ; one animal peculiar to these islands is the land.crab, which is esteemed excellent food. The feathered creation is here distinguished by brilliancy of plumage, and elegance of form. Among these are the parrot in all its varieties, the flamingo, and the humming bird. In the woods and marshes wild fowl abound in the greatest variety, and of ex-^ quisite flavour. Lizards and different kinds of serpents are not unfrequent ; but few of them are noxious. Of these islands, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Margarita, be- long to Spain ; the British possessions are Jamaica, Barba- does, St Christopher's, Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Do- minica, St Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, St Lucia, Trini- dad, Nevis, and Montserrat ; to the French belong Marti- nique, Guadaloupe, Deseada, and Marigalante; to the king of the Netherlands, St Eustatia, and Cura; oa ; to Sweden, Bartholomew ; and to Penmark, St Croix and St Thomas. St Domingo, of which the western part belonged to the French, and the eastern to the Spaniards, was seized by the rebellious negroes in 1793, and is now an independent negro empire, called the empire of Hayti. Cuba, the largest of the great Antilles, is upwards of 700 miles in length, and about 70 in its medium breadth. Its soil is very fertile, and its climate comparatively tem- perate. Its tobacco is esteemed the best m the world. Herds of wild cattle roam through the woods. Copper is its most valuable mineral production. Havannah, the ca- pital, contains a population of 50,000. Its harbour is capa- ble of containing the largest fleet, but the entrance to it is so narrow as to admit of only one ship at a timo. Its other towns are Puerto del Principe, containing about 20,000; and St Jago, containing about 15,000 inhabitants. The population of the whole island is estimated by Mr Bonnycastle at 550,000 ; but by other writers at 752,000. St Domingo is about 400 miles in length, and HO at its greatest breadth. Its soil is extremely rich ; its climate, except among the mountainsi, excessively hot. Before the revolution, the average value of its exports amounted to L. 4,765,000 annually. St Domingo, its capital, contains a population of 20,000. Jamaica is about 1 70 miles in length by 60 in breadth, and is the most flourishing of the West India settlements. It is divided into^S counties, Middlesex, Surry, and Corn- Y 262 AMBRICA. II wall. Kingston, its principal town, contains 30,000 inha- bitants. Port* Royal, its former capital, has been reduced to comparative insignificance by eairthquakes and other cala- mities. Spanish Town, still the seat of government and of the courts, contains a population of 6000. In 1815, the population of the whole island was estimated at 360,000. Porto Rico is about 120 miles in length, by 40 in breadth. It is a fertile, beautiful, and well-watered island. The Leeward and Windward Islands, comprehended under the general name of the Caribbee Islands, are of great fertility and commercial importance. Of these the most flourishing is Barbadoes, which, though only SO miles in length, and 13 in breadth, exports annuuly about 10,000 hogsheads of sugar, and 600 puncheons of rum, besides other articles to a considerable extent. Trinidad, situate near the continent of South America, is nearly 70 miles long, and 50 broad. Its clL.iate is excellent, its soil is in general good, and its productions valuable. Its population was found, by a late census, to be about 18,000. This island was ceded by Spain to Great Britain in 1801. Of the Bahama or Lucaya Islands, said to be about 500 in number, 12 only are large and fertile. San Salvador, one of these islands, was the first part of America discover- ed by Columbus, in 1492. They were not known to the English till 1667, when Captain Seyle, being driven among them on his passage to Carolina, gave one of them his own name ; and being driven to it a second time, called it Fro* fddence. The population amounts to about 1 3,000, of whom from 3000 to 4000 are English. ^ . J. .1. EXERCI8SS* '««^ V I jj'fcni- How many principal groups are there of the West Indfa islands ? Name the first group, and the islands of which it consists. Name the secoim group and its islands. Name the third group with its islands. Name the fourth group and its islands. Name the fifth group and its islands. Name the sixth group with it? principal islands. What are the principal towns in the Great Antilles ? From whom did these islands receive the name of West In- dies ? By what name are they now sometimes called ? In what direction do they extend ? How is the year divided in these islands ? When do the first periodical rains set in ? How long, and what time of the day, do they, continue to AMERICA. i 263 reduced ther cala- mi and of 1815. the 50,000. a breadth. prehended ids, are of these the [y 80 nilea out 10,000 >sides other ituate near miles long, i in general alatlon was This island e about 500 n Salvador, ica discover- nown to the riven among liem his own ailed it Pro- XX),of v»honi B West India ds of which it ands. Name fourth group dands. Name What are the neofWestln- ;s caUed? In year divided m rains set in? ey,continue to fall ? What kind of weather succeeds ? At what hour does the sea-breeie usually spring up ? What effect does it pro- duce ? Describe the appearance of the nights duringthis sea- son. When does this state of the weather cease ? By what is the steady sea-breeze then succeeded ? When do the rains become general ? At what season are tliese islands visited with hurricanes? When does the temperature change? What is now the state of the weather ? How long does it continue so ? In what respects does the climate in general differ in the low grounds and the mountains ? Enumerate some of the fine fruits of these islands. Men- tion some of their valuable trees. What are the staple arti. des of culture ? What other articles must be reckoned among their usual productions ? What observation has been mai& concerning the wild animals in the West Indies ? Mention those most worthy of notice. For what is the feathered crea- tion here remarkable ? Mention some of them. Which of these islands bdong to Spain ? Which of them to Great Britain ? Which of Uiem to France ? Which of them to the King of thfr Netherlands ? Which of them to Sweden ? Which of them to Denmark ? To whom did St Domingo formerly belong ? In whose possession is it now ? What is the extent of Cuba ? Of what description are its soil and dimate ? For what plant is It particularly noted ? Are its wild cattle numerous? What is its principal mi- neral production ? What is the population of Havannah ? What is remarkable about its harbour ? What are its o^er towns, and '^-eii respective population ? What are the dif- ferent estimates of the population of the island ? What is the extent of St Domingo ? What is the nature of its soil and climate ? What was the average value of its exports before the revolution? What population does its capital contain ? What is the extent of Jamaica ? Into how many counties is it divided ? Name its towns, with their peculiar circumstances. What was the population of the island in 1815 ? Describe the extent and appearance of Porto Rico. Under what general name are the Leeward and Windward Islands comprdiended ? Which of them is the most flourish- ing ? What is its extent ? What is the amount of its an- nual exDorts ? What are the situation and extent of Trini- dad ? What is observable concerning its climate, soil, and productions ? What is the amount of its population ? When was it ceded to Great Britain ? What is said to be the number of the Bahama islands ? How many of Uiem are large and fertile ? What is remark- 264 AMERICA. able about San Salvador ? From what circumstance did Providence receive its name ? What is the amount of the population, and the proportion of English ? i-;- s ^y* :.. INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES. Under this name is comprehended that immense tract of country which extends from the east coast of Greenland, along the northern limit of the Bri- tish possessions, all the way to Behring's Straits, aiid from the Northern Ocean to the north of Mexico, along the western boundary of the United States. Of these regions so little is known, that we shall scarcely attempt more than an enumeration of their names. \ 1. In the North-east are Greenland, Labrador, East Main, in which is East Main Factory, a Bri- tish settlement. 2. In the North, New South Wales, New North Wales, including the British settlements of Churchill Fort, York Fort, Severn House, Albany Fort, Moose Fort. In this region are the rivers Churchill, Port Nelson, and Severn, which enter Hudson's Bay ; the Albany and Moose which fall into James's Bay. 3. The central and north-west regions are occupied by various native tribes called the Copper, Dog-ribbed, Creek, Hare, Black-footed, Doeg, and Mountain Indians; the Chicasaws, Miamis, Cherokees, Nadowesses, Otta- gamis, and Chipaways. In these regions, the prin- cipal rivers are, the Copper-mine River, and Mac- kenzie's River, which fall into the Arctic Ocean ; the Slave River, composed of the united streams of AMERICA. 965 unce did ,nt of the ES. immense east coast F the BrU r's Straits, north of the United rn, that we numeration Labrador, tory, a Bri- jjew South the British ort, Severn 1 this region and Severn, y and Moose J central and irious native >eek. Hare, Indians; the messes, Otta- on8,thepnn- er, and Mac- rctic Ocean; led streams ot the Athapcscow and Unjiga, or Peace River, fiows into Slave Lake. 4. Oa the West Coast are New Ocorgia, New Hanover, New Cornwall, and New Norfolk. Through this region flows the river Columbia, which rises among the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of nearly 1000 miles, pours a great, body of water into the Pacific Ocean. The lakes of these regions are Red Lake, Lake of the Woods, Lake of the Hills, Winipeg Lake, and Slave Lake. Remarks.'^\, Grkbnland is described as "a mass of rocks, intermingled with immense blocks of ice." Yet there is some land that admits of cultivation; and in the south are good herbs, gooseberries, junipers, and other ber- ries in abundance, with a few willows, and stunted birch trees. During the short summer, the air is pure on the mainland ; but obscured in the islands by fogs. The long night of winter is relieyed by the shifting splendours of the aurora borealis. The animal productions of land and sea constitute the subsistence and the wealth of the Greenland- ers. Of the land-animals the principal are large hares, valuable for their flesh and fur, rein-deer, foxes, and large dogs employed in drawing sledges. These dogs are dis- tinguished by the peculiarity of howling instead of barWng* The seas swarm with turbot, herrings, and whales. But the marine animal most prised by the natives is the seal, or sea* dog. Its flesh is their principal food t its skin supplies them with dress, and with a covering for their canoes,— its tendons are made into thread,^ts fat is used both as but- ter and tallow,— its blood is a highly-valued ingredient in soup,— and so essential an article of subsistence does the Greenlander account the seal, that he cannot comprehend how man could live without it. Large flocks of aquatic birds frequent the seas, rivers, and lakes. Providence, which adapts the endless diversity of na- ture's productions to every variety of climate and soil, and supplies the deficiencies of one region by the abundance of y2 266 America. another, furnishes the sterile shores of Greenland and other arctic regions with timber, which is borne by the tides and currents of the ocean from the coasts and river-banks of America and Asia. In such quantities is this timber drift- ed upon these northern shores, that a year's fuel may some- times be collected during the short season of summer ; and in such preservation is it found, as to afford excellent ma- terials for building houses and canoes. The Greenlanders are a branch of the Esqi}imauz : they are of short stature, with long black hair, small eyes, and flat faces. Their number, much reduced by the ravages of small -pox, is supposed not to exceed 10,000. Vaccination has, however, been introduced ; and the increase of the po- pulation may accordingly be expected to be more regularly progressive. This country is subject to Denmark, whose 'laudable exertions for the conversion of the natives to Chris- tianity are at length beginning to be crowned with success. Labrador is a region nearly as dreary as Greenland, what is known of it to Europeans being a mass of moun- tains and rocks, intersected by lakes and rivers. These waters swarm with salmon, trout, and other fine fish. Rein, deer and beavers are very numerous— as are ferocious bears and wolves. The coasts and islands are frequented l>y great flocks of aquatic fowl, particularly the eider duck. The beautiful felspar of Labrador is its most noted mineral production. The interior of the country is said to exhibit some appearance of fertility. The valleys are covered with pines, and produce wild celery and antiscorbutic plants in great abundance and variety. The inhabitants of this dreary country are Esquimaux, and some native Indians. The countries around Hudson's Bay, comprehending East Main, New North aud South Wales, are, if possible, more dreary in their aspect than Labrador. Yet here the British have established some companies for the fur-trade. Three tribes are found in the gloomy regions in the North of America from Hudson's Bay to Behring's Straits, viz. the Esquimaux, the Chippiwaus, and the Knistenaux, or Cree Indians. The Esquimaux are low, squat, and feeble, and live in constant dread of the Chippiwaus, a more numerous tribe, and of a somewhat more robust frame. These, in their turn, are subject to the Knistenaux, who, though less numerous than the Chippiwaus, are of a still more active AMERICA. 267 ind other tides and r.banks of »ber drift- nay SOBOC- mer; and jllent ma- aux : they eyes, and ravages of Vaccination of the po- e regularly ark, whose es to Chris- ith success. Greenland, i of moun- irs. These fish. Rein- re ferocious > frequented eider duck, oted mineral id to exhibit are covered rbutic plants itants of this e Indians. | mprehending j| e, if possible, a Yet here the Ihe fur-trade. , the North of raits, viz. the laux, or Cree d feeble, and ore numerous These, in their , though less ill more active and vigorous form. They are the handsomest, indeed, of all the North American Indians; and their symmetry of figure and regularity of features would excite admiration even in Europe. The western coast, from Behring's Straits to the 51** of North Lat., is claimed by the Russians, and is distinguished by the name of Russian America — the tract from 5 1*' to 41** is claimed by the United States^from 41^ to Guatimala is included in the Mexican territory. EXERCISES. What tract of countr]^ is comprehended under the name of the Independent Countries ? What are the territories in the north-east ? What territories does the north contain ? What British settlements are included in these territories ? W^hat rivers does it contain ? By what native tribes are the cen- tral and north-west re^ons occupied ? What are the princi- pal rivers in these retfions ? What countries are contained in the west coast ? What river flows through this region ? What is the length of its course ? What are the lakes of those regions ? What description is ^ven of Greenland ? What vegetable productions are found m the south ? How does the weather of the short summer differ on the mainland and in the islands ? How is the long night of winter relieved ? In what does the wealth of the Greenlander consist ? What are the principal land-animals ? What kinds of fish abound in the seas ? What marine animal is most prized by the Green- lander ? To what useful purposes does ne convert it ? How are the shores of Greenland and other arctic regions sup- plied with timber ? In what quantities and what state of J>reservation does it arrive ? Of what people are the Green- anders a branch ? What is their personal appearance ? At what number is the population estimated ? From what circumstance may it be expected to be more regularly pro- gress! ve ? To what European power is Greenland subject ? What is the description of Labrador ? With what fish do the lakes and rivers of this country abound ? What are the principal land-animals ? What is its most noted mineral production ? By what people is this country inhabited ? What is the general description of the countries around Hudson's Bay ? For what trade have the British establish- ed factories here? What indigenous nations are found in these gloomy regions ? In what relative condition do they 268 AMBRIOA. i i ■land to each other ? By what people, and in what portions, ii the western coast respectively possessed ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AcapuVco, s seaport in Mexico.— See Remarki on Mexico. AlatM'ma.— See Unftrd States. AllMny, a city in New York.— €ee United States. Albuquerque, (pr. Albukerk')* a town in New Mexico, on the Rio del Norte. AUegha'ny, or Apala'chian Moun- tains.— See United States. Ainl)oy, a city of New Jersey.— See UNITED States. An'dero, (New St), a town in Mexico. Anega'da. Anna^lls, a town in Maryland, on Chesapeak l)ay.— See United States, Anseqne'.a, or Ouaxaca, a town in Nova Scotia, on the bay of Fuitdy. Antico'stiy an island almost unln> habited, in the St Lawrence. It is 125 miles long, and 90 broad. Anti'gua.— See West Indies. Antirles.— See West Indies. Arkan'sas, a large river in North America, which rises among the Rocky Mountains, and flows S.E. to the Mississippi, after a course of 2173 miles.— See Unit. ED States. Arko'polis, a town in the territory of Arkansas, United States. Aris'pe, a town of Sonora. 'n Merico. Aruta, a small island of the lM.tlc. ] Antiilc-i*.— See West Ind'..» Athape^scow. an extensiv j t.... shallow lake, contiguous to the Lake of the Hills, in ttie N.W. of America, Lat 59o N. Its banks are inhabited by a tribe of Indians of the same name. Augiista', a town of Georgia, on tne Savannah, about 236 miles ft-om the sea. Augus'tine, (St), the capital of Florida, situate on a peninsula on the Atlantic. Ba'ffln's Bay, a very lar^e ' > i < * Davis' Straits, ' /.''.v/een Capi Chidley in ..abrr ', ind Capo Farewell in Cfc 1 > I. Baha'mas.— See We- r Indies. Balise, (Buleei), a British iMlj. ment on the Bay of Honduras. — 8t»- Mexico. Bal'timore, the principal town in Maryland.— Sec United States. Barba'docs.— See Weut Indies. Barbu'da. — See Wrht Indies. Bam'staple, a bay and town in Massachusetts.- S ec United States. Bartho'lomew, St.— See West In. DIES. Be'hring's Straits.— See Asia. BelOst, a town in Maine, United States. BelleUle, Straits of, (BeUeel'). be. tween Newfoundland and New Britain. Ben'nington, the principal town of Vermont— See United States. Bermu'das.— See British Amb. RICA. Bo'ston, the principal town of Mas- sachusetts.— See United States. Bruns'wick, New. — See British America. Bur'lington, a town in New Jer. sey.— See United States. Cr. biwba.— See United Sw na. \. . .-'nia.— Si < \^xico. C '.\'bridge, a luwn in Massachu. setts.— See United States. Campe'achy.— See Mexico. Ca'nada.— See British America. Cape Breton'.— See British Ame- rica. Caroli'na.— See Unffeu States. Cartha'go, a town in the province of Costa Rica, Guatimala. Cas'co, a bay in the district of Maine, between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point. AMKHICA. 2m U portions, large ^tay "> rici , opening ,y BaflB"- *-"■' e^ween Can '^r, -Old Cai>o ■.r INDIBS. BrttiBh kctt -•. of Hontlurai. nclpaJtown in Jnitbd Status. ^EtlT INVIBS. ^^x Indies. and town In .See UWTED -^eeWssT IN- -See ASIA. Maine, United If, (BelleeV). toe- diand and New )rlndpal town of ' United States. British Ame- IpaltownofMas- • UNITED STATES. ;,._See BWTI8H wn in New Jer- BD States. Jnitbd Sta- J!8. . cXICO. ,wn in Ma«Bachu. iTBD States. « Mexico. MTI8H AMERICA. iee British Ame- [Jnitbd States. [n in the province Guatimala. in the district of en Cape Elisabeth »U Point. Cham'plaln, Lake.>-See United States. Charles, Ca|)e, on the east coast of Labrador. Charles'ton, the capital of South Carolina. — See Unitud STATsa Charlotte's town, the chief town of St John's Island.— Sec Bri- tish America. Che'sapeak, one of the largest and safest bays in the world, extend- ing about S70 miles trom N. to S., and dividing Virginia flrom Maryland. Chidley. Cape, on the north coast of Labraoor, at the entrance of Hudson's Straits. Cholu'la, a city of Puebla, in Mexi. CO.— .See Mexico. vCinaloa', a town in the province of Sono'ra, Mexico, containing ibout 9500 inhabitants. Cincniua'ti, a town in the Ohio state.— Soe United Statbs. Co^d, a town of Guatimala, in the province of Vera Paz. Cod, (Cape), on the north side of Boston bay. Colora'do, Rio, a river in Mexico. — See Mexico. Colum'bia, a large river in the West of America.— See Indb. pendent Countries. Columlius, the intended capital of Ohio.— See United States. Compostel'la, a town of Mexico, in the province of Guadalaxara. Con'cord, a town of New Hamp> shire, United States. Connec'ticut.— See United States. Copper-mine river, in North Ame- rica, flows into Lake Superior. — Another of the same name flows into the Northern Ocean. Cos'ta Ri'ca, a province of Guati- mala, — See Mexico. Culw.— See West Indies. Cu'liacan', a town in the province of Sonora, Mexico. ( uragoa', (Cooraso'), an island of the Little Antilles.— See West I. X DIES. Davis' Straits, a narrow sea, dis- covered by Captain Davis in 15K). It extends N.W. about twenty degrees from Cape Fare- well to Biiflin'8 bav. De'laware, state. — Jw^ Umitbo Statbb.— A river whuU tepn- rates Pennsylvania from New York and Jersey, and Delaware fVom Jt-rsey.- An arm of the una about 60 Biles lung, and 3i' miles wide, between Jersey an«i Dela- ware. Desea'da, one of the LMward Island!.— See West Iwiiks. Detroit. (Detroaw'), a town In Michigan, situate on a river of the same name.— £ee United Statbb. Domin'go, St.— S«e West Indieh. Dominica, (Domenee^<-«). — See West Indibs. Do'ver, the principal town of De- laware, situate on Johi Creek. Duran'go, a town in the t'fovince of Sonora, Mexico. Pc/nulat^on 12,000. Eden'ton, a town In NortI Caro. Una. United SUtes. E'rle, a lake in Canada.— Set Bri- tish Amrrica. Eusta'tia, St.— See Wbst Indies. Farewell, Cape, the most southern point of West Greenland. Fear, Cape, on the coast of North Carolina. Flo'rida.— See United States. Fox islands, a cluster of small islands on the south side of the gulf of St Lawrence. Francis'co, (San), a town in Nev' California, Mexiea Frank'fort, the chief town of Ken- tucky.— 'See United Ststks. Fre'derickstown, a town in Mary- land, United States. Fundy Bay, a bay about 200 miles long, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. George' Town, a town of South Carolina, United States. Geor'gia.— .See United States. Gor'da, Virgin, one of the Virgin isles. — See West Indies. Gre'nada, one of the Windward Islands.— See West Indies. Green'land. — See Independent CoVNTRlEa Gua'dalaxa'ra, a province and town in Mexico. 270 AMERICA. Guadaloupe. (Gadaloop'), one of the Windward Islands, West Indies. Ouanaha'ni, or St Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, the first land connected with America discovered by Columbus.— See West Indies. Gua'naxua'to, a province and town of Mexico^— See Mexico. Ouatima'la, a state and capital in New Spain.-iiSee Mexico. Gusxa'ea, a town in the province of San Louis Potosi.— a, West lnSee Inde- pendent Countries. New Orleans', the chief city of Louisiana.>^ee United States. New^ Port, a seaport in Rhode Island, having a large and very safe harbour.— See United States. New North Wales.— See Indbpen. dent Countries. New South Wales.— See Indepbn. DENT Countries. New York.— See Unitbd States. Nia'^ara, river, issues from Lake Erie, and flows into Lake Onta- rio. Its course is only 36 miles, but it varies from half a mile to a league in breadth. Its falls are peculiarly stupendous. At the greatest, called the Horse- shoe, on the Canadian side, the breadth of the stream is 600 yards, and it is precipitated over a height of ISO feet. The second, on the American side, is 350 yards wide, and 164 feet in jperpendicular height. Nicara'gua, Lake.— See Mexico. Nootka Sound, a considerable bay of the Pacific Ocean, on the western coast of North America, in Lat. 40^ ZV N. Here Cap. tain Cook found the climate much milder than under the same latitude on the eastern coast. Nova Scotia.— See British Pos- sessions. .'•• ' ■ Vi'U'. r 1 ,>' It ■-.: Oa'xaca, a province of Mexico.— See New Spain. Ohi'o. — See Unitbd States. Onta'rio, Lake.— See British Pos. sessions. Oonalash'ka, the largest of the Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. OrisatMi, a town in Vera Crut, Mexico, near which is a volcanic mountain, called the Starry Mountain, or P mination of a beautiful plain, on , ,, |i broad point of land, wnere the ' Alleghany and Monongahela streams unite to form the Ohio. Population, in 1816, 12,000. Placen'tia, a town and bay in New- foundland. The bay is remark- ably safe, and capable of contain- ing 150 ships. Fopo'cat^pe'tl, or Smoking Moun- tain, a volcano in Mexico, 17,968 feet high. Port-au-Prince, (Port-o-Prengs), a seaport on the west coast of Hispaniola.— See West Indies. Port'land, a town in Maine, situate on a peninsula in Casco bay.— See United States. Port Nelson, a river wjiich enters Hudson's bay. Port Royal, a seaport on the south Bide of Jamaica, with a very large, commodious, and safe har- bour. Porto Rico, (Ree'co), one of the Great Antilles.— See West In- dies. Potosl',(see'|,' (San Louis), one of the Mexican New Spain. provinces.— See 6 Poto'mack, a river which flows into Chesapeak bay.— See Unit- ed States. Pro'vidence, a flourishing town in Rhode Island, situate on both sides of the river of the same name. Population 10,071. — One of the Bahama Islands. Puel/la, a large and flourishing city of Sonora, in Mexico.— See New Spain. Quebec', the capital of Canada, si- tuate on the N.W. side of the St Lawrence, on a promontory formed by that river and the St Charles. Population 18,0(X). Quereta'dro, a large and beautiful town in Mexico. — See New Spain. Queen Charlotte's Islands, on the coast of the Pacific, are separated from New Hanover by a broad channel, or arm of the sea. Race, a cape on the south-east coast of Newfoundland. Raleigh, (Ra'le), the government town of North Carolina, United States. Ray, Cape, the south-west point of Newfoundland. Red River, a large tributary of the Mississippi, which it Joins about 240 miles above New Or- leans, after a winding course of nearly 2000 miles. Rhode Island. "S ec United States. Rich'mond, a town in Virginia, situate on the James' river, about 150 miles from its mouth. It is a very flourishing and opu- lent town, and its situation is highly picturesque. Population, in 1817, 14,333. Rio Colora'do. — See Colorado. Rio del Norte', a river in Mexico. —See New Spain. Saliii, one of tlie Leeward Islands. —See West Indies. Sa'ble, Cape, the south-western extremity of Nova Scotia. St Au'gustine, a town on the east coast of Florida. Population 3000. St Christopher's, or St Kitt's, one AMBRICA. 273 which flow* y.— See Unit- shing town In uate on both of the same n 10,071.— One lan48. nd flourishing I Mexico.— See il of Canada, si- W. side of the I a promontory •iver and the St ition IS.OtW. ,^ , xe and beautiful co.-See NEW Islands, on the flc, are separated jver by a broad L of the sea. 1 the south-east indland. the government Carolina, United south-west point nd. . irge tributary of i, which it joins es above New Or- winding course ot ILjSee United town In Virginia, he James* river, es from Its mouth. 1 jurishing and opu- ind its situation is esque. Population, _Sce CoLonADO. , a river in Mexico. iPAIN. lie Leeward Islands. Indies. the south-western r Nova Scotia. , a town on the east Horlda. population x's, or St Kltt's, one of the Leeward l8lands.--See West Indies. St Croix, (CroawO, a river which separates New Brunswick from the United States. St John's, the chief town of New- foundland, situate on the S.E. Being built of wood, the houses were destroyed, with prodigious loss of property, by three suc- cessive conflagrations, in 1816, I8I7, and 1818, but they have been since rebuilt. St Lawrence, one of the largest rivers of America.— See British Possessions. San Carlos de Monte'rejr, the chief town of New California, and the seat of the governor. Here the climate Is peculiarly delightful. San Francisco, a town or military station In New California, situate upon an extensive bay of the same name. San Louis de Potosi', a government of Mexico.— See N ew Spain. St Mar'tln's, one of the Leeward Islands.— Sec West Indies. St Salvado'r.— See Ouanahavi. St Thomas, one of the Virgin Isles, belonging to the Danes and Bran- derburghers.— See West Indies. Sa'lem, a flourishing seaport In Massachusetts, population 12,613. San'ta Bar'bara, a town In New California, on a canal of the same name. Santa Cruz, (Crooz), or St Croix, one of the Virgin Isles, West Indies. San'ta Fe', (Fai), a town of New Mexico, containing 4000 inhabi- tants. Savan'nah, a large river, forming the boundary between Georgia and Carolina, fi c e United States. Slave Lake, a very large lake in the north of America. I^ve River, composed of the unit- ed streams of the Unjigan, and the Athapescow, flows into Slave Lake. Se'vern, a river in Maryland, flows into the Chesapeak, a little be- low Annapolis. SonoTa, a province of Mexico.— See New Spain. Sta'ten, an island belonging to New York, 18 miles in lensth* and 8 in breadth. Superior, Lake.— See Bbitisb Pes- sessions. Susauehan'nah, a river In Penn- sylvania.— See United States. Taos, a town in New Mexico, New Spain. Ten'nessee.— See United States. Tlascala, a town in the.provihce of Puebla, in Mexico, said to have contained 300,000 inhabi- tants, when discovered by the Spaniards ; but now so much re- duced as scarcely to contain 3400. Toba'go, one of the Windward Islands, about 25 miles in length, and 12 In breadth.— Sec West Indies. Torto'la, one of the Virgin Isles.- See West Indies. Tren'ton, the chief town of New Jersey, situate on the east bank of the Delaware. Trinidad', the largest and most fertile of the Leeward Islands, separated firom South America by the gulf of Paria.— See West Indies. Trois Rivieres (Troa'uRe'vyer),or Three Rivers, a town of Lower Canada, situate at the confluence of the river St Maurice with the St Lawrence. Two Islands at the mouth of the former river divide it Into three channels at its en- trance : and hence the town re- ceived Its name. Population 2500. Truxil'lo, a town in the province of Honduras, Guatimiua.- See New Spain. Valladolid', a province and town of Mexico.— See New Spain. Vera Cruz, a province and seaport of Mexico. — See New Spain. Vera Paz, a province of Guatimala. —See New Spain. Ver'mont.— See United States. Vlnce'nnes, the chief town of In- diana, situate on the east bank of the Wabash.-See UnitedStates. Virgl'nia.— See United States. Virgin Gorda. — See Gorda. Virgin Isles.— See West Indies. 274 AMD RICA. UnJigAn, or Peace River, in North America, receives the waters of the Athapescow, and flows into : the Slave Lake. Wabash, river, a tributary of the Mi8si88ippi.-See United States. Washington, a city in Virginia.— See United States. Williamsburg, a town of Virginia, situate between two rivulets. — See United States. Wi'ndsor, a town in Vermont, United States. Wi'nipeg, a large lake, north-west > of Lake Superior, in Upper Ca- nada. It is 217 miles long, and 100 miles broad. Xalapa, a considerable town in the frovince of Verabruz, Mexico, 'opulation 13,009. Xe'res, a town in the province of Nicaragua, in Guatimala. York, the chief town of Upper Cuiada, situate on an excellent harbour on the north-west coast of Lake Ontario. Yu'catan, a province in the south, eastern extremity of New Spain. Zacatecas, a province of Mexico, with a celebrated mining town of the same name.— See New Spain. \j "■t:lj.-fi\-'s SOUTH AMERICA >... ■' Is bounded on the N. by the isthmus of Darien, and the Caribbean sea ; E. by the Atlantic ; S. by the Southern Ocean ; and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from 12° N. to 56" S. Lat., and from 35° to 81° W. Long., being upwards of 4>660 miles in length from north to south, and 3l60 miles in breadth from east to west. Its population is esti- mated at 11,000,000. Divisions. — 1. Colombia, (formerly Terra Firma) ; 2. Peru; 3. Chili; 4. Patagonia; 5. La Plata, or Buenos Ayres ; 6. Brazil and Amazonia ; 7. Guiana ; 8. Paraguay. Capes. — Horn, St Roque, Mary, Antonio. Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. — Gulf of Darien, Bay of Panama, Bay of All Saints, Straits of Ma- gellan, Straits of La Maire. Mountains — Andes, or Cordilleras. Rivers.— Amazons, La Plata, Orinoco. » in the Idexico. rtnce of f Upper jxceilent est coast he Bouth- ew Spain. f Mexico, ning town See NEW f Darien, Ac;S.by fie Ocean, and from .660 mWes ) miles in ,n is csti- rly Terra na; 5. La L mazonia ; \ t ■^1 « .. itonio. [of Darien, lits of Ma- 'w loco. M .. r i -i iiii^i ■J t. J>„u^ I.SV'mmi ^ rJfi.J*' -f^ jr # » »*n(r: ^f^ ufe! ^^ \^Kd. thn-:mUM iW*" .J!" ViK|lA. .TV .ixazT^jTM^: mKsheA 3^ auvza AiBOiri) ZVi Z>h«^ ,.Svm^ ^ rjfi.^ JTAiUr^l 'A jr t • tX'*** pf^ S,AMI2£m2(DA w^ »« A fW *; r^^ «^MiA-r iffF*- '^ (. J|^M| jqL 1 SfjSjBir'^ IJS" ^S3S3& ^. ^ fc '^^ ^: '-; ^iiA n m ^ ^^^ s^^tt"^^^ U^A if Pi F^. *— U i? ^i p'.XorZ d^ asjyxB. M JtmcD Etlmiftayh' r~~t* ,-,.,,, •'■^A«"-.-- -V''*"'-- *** ■M V' i AMERICA. 275 Islands. — Oallipago Islands, Juan Fernandez, Chiloe, Terra del Fuego, Falkland Isles. Towns. — 1. Bogota, or Santa Fe de Bogota, Popayan, Quito, Guayaquil, Panama, Porto Bello, Carthagena, Maracaibo, Leon de Caraccas ; 2. Lima, Callao, Guamanga, Tuancavelua, Cusco, Potosi, Arequipa; 3. St Jago, Valparaiso; 4. Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, Mendoza; 5. Rio Janeiro, St Salvador, or Bahea, Rio Grande, Olinda, Maranham, Paran ; 6. Paramaribo, Esse- quibo, Demerara, Cayenne ; 7* Assumption, Villa Kua. Hemarks.— In no part of the world are the features of nature so bold and marked as in South America. Its mountains, rivers, and elevated plains, or table-land, are on a scale of unusual magnificence. The gigantic An- des, rising in chains or insulated mountains, far beyond the region of perpetual snow, form a table-land whose gene- ral elevation is 1 2,000 feet above the level of the ocean, ex- tend almost from the Straits of Magellan through the whole length of South America, then traverse the isthmus of Da- rien and New Spain, till they are lost in the unexplored regions of the north. Between these mountains and the Pacific Ocean, a space varying from 100 to 200 miles, the country next the shore is occupied, for the most part, with flat low land, of a sandy soil. Proceeding towardi the Andes, the traveller comes to land varied and mountainous, but still habitable ; beyond which are the inaccessible sum- mits called the Cordilleras. To the east of this mountain tract there is an expanse of country, of much greater breadth than that on the west, through which roll three immense rivers, with many smaller streams ; and, still far- ther to the east, rises another high land, inferior in elevation and extent to the western table-land. The loftiest of the* Andes is Chimborazo, whose summit is 21,440 feet above the level of the sea. ' The plateaus and mountains of Tibet may vie ir< eleva- tion with those of South America ; but in the magnitude of 276 AMBBICA. iU riven the latter is altogether unrivalled. Among these the Amazon, called likewise the Maranon> or Orellana, holds the first rank. Ii is composed of the united streams of the Ucayal and Tunguragua, which rise among the An- des ; and is swelled in its course by many streams, which are in themselves majestic rivers. It rolls through a space of more than 4000 miles, expandins, before it reaches the ocean, into an estuary 180 miles wide. So greet is the force of its current that it repels the waters of the ocean, and forces itself, pure and unmixed, upwards of SCO miles into the sea. The influence of the tide, on the oihar hfmd, is distinctly felt at Obidos, 400 miles from the mouth of the river. Next in magnitude is the La Plata, foimed by tlie unison of several great streams, of which the most import, ant are the Parana and Paraguay. It falls into the Atlan- tic near the southern boundary of Brazil. In the breadth of Its stream it nearly equals the Amazon, being SO miles wide at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles frcTU the ocean, and \B0 miles wide at its mouth. Next, though much inferior to these, is the Oronoko. It issues from a small lake in latitude 5** 6' N. and, entering the lake of Parima, bursts forth from . it again in two streams, when, taking a circular sweep, it pursues a northern direction. It is now swelled by many important tributaries, and rolls along with great Torce and rapidity. In this part of its course it is connected with the Amazons by means of the Rio Negro and the Cassiquiari. It afterwards turns eastward, and after a course of 1380 miles, including its windings, pours its immense volume of waters into the ocean. In South America the climate varies with the elevation no less than with the latitude. Under the equator the infe- rior limit of perpetual snow is at the height of 14,760 feet, —and this boundary is invariable and strongly defined. The climate and vegetable productions of different regions of the globe are found in regular succession, as the traveller as- cends from the level of the ocean to the height of the Andes. Between the tropics, cassava, cocoa, maize, plantains, indi- go, sugar, cotton, and coffee, are cultivated from the level of the sea to the height of from 3000 to 5000 feet. There, tooj oranges, pine-apples, and the most deliciousfruits, grow luxu- riantly. Between the altitudes of 6000 and 9000 feet is the climate best adapted to the culture of wheat and other Euro- g these irellans, streams the An- I, which I a space ches the the force !an, and liles into h{ind, is Uiofthe d by tlie import. le Atlan> ireadth of liles wide 150 miles to these, ititude 50 orth from . sweep, it by many force and 1 with the issiquiari. i of 1380 volume of elevation r the infe- 1,760 feet, ined. The ions of the aveller as- he Andes, ains, indi' he level of There, toO) jrow luxu- feet is the ther Euro- AMERICA. 277 pean grains, and to the growth of the oak and other lofty fo- rest-trees. Beyond the elevation of 9000 feet the large species of trees disappear, but dwartibh pines are found at an elevation of 13,000 feet. Extreme fertility is the general character of the soil in South America,— 'and its magnificent rivers and internal re- sources seem to mark it out, as destined to become the most Important part of the globe. Under the thraldom of tt\e old governments of Spain and Portgual, the colonists, in- dolent and dispirited, seemed scarcely aware of the ad* vantages of their situation ; but now that they have suc- ceeded in throwing off the yoke, the consciousness of inde- pendence, and the security of a free government, may be expected to call forth their energies, and to prompt them to avail themselves of their exhaustless resources. Gf this vast continent, Spain, before the late revolu- tions, possessed Terra Firma, Peru, Chili, and Paraguay ; Brazil belonged to the Portuguese, Guiana belongs to the English, Dutch, and French ; most of Amazonia and Patagonia are occupied by native tribes. Of her former extensive possessions in South America, Spain retains not a single spot. Her oppression, long en- dured with servile patience, at last provoked the American subjects to rebellion, and several important republics have been founded on the ruins of the old government. 1. THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA, established in 1 820, after a struggle of ten years duration, comprehends the provinces of Venezuela, Caraccas, and the rest of the ter- ritory formerly known by the name of Terra Firma. Its population amounts to 2,600,000. It has valuable mines of silver, copper, and iron; those of gold are nearly exhausted. 2. PERU, whose independence was not finally establish- ed till 1825, is divided into the two republics of Upper and Lower Peru. Their population is estimated at 1,400,000. Lima, its capital, founded by the infamous Pizarro, in 1535, is beautifully situate on a river in the wide and fer- tile plain of Rimac. It contains 355 streets ; and is the seat of a fine university. Its population was formerly es- timated at 54,000. Cuzco, formerly the Peruvian capital, is nearly equal to Lima in extent, and retains traces of its ancient splendour. Its population is now about 32,000. It is about 550 miles S.E. of Lima. Guamanga, occupy- z2 278 AMERICA. ing a central iltuation between Lima and Cuico, contains about 86,000 inhabitants. Arequipa is a large and well- built city watered by the Chile, and contains a population of 24,000. Not fai' from this city is the Lake Titlcaca, 240 miles in circumference, and in many places 480 feet deep. Its only outlet is the Desaguaraido, by which it communicates with Lake Paria. Potosi, (now included in the province of St Luis, in La Plata.) whose silver-mines are the richest in the world, is said to have once contained 160,000 inhabitants; but at present it does not contain more than 30,000. La Paz, delightfully situate amid fertile valleys, enclosed by snowy mountains, has a population of 80,000. Its trade consists chiefly in Paraguay toa. 3. CHILI established its independence in 11)18. Its climate is peculiarly delightful^.equally removed from the extremes of heat and cold, although bordering on the torrid tone. This happy temperature it owes to its situa- tion, being screened by the Andes on the east, and re- freshed by cooling breezes from the Pacific. Its popula- tion is estimated at l,IOO,000i It contains valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. St Jago, the capital, is a well-built town, containing 50,000 inhabitants. Valparaiso is a flourishing city, and enjoys a considerable commerce. 4. LA PLATA, including the provinces of Buenos Ayres, Mendoza, St Luis, Cordova, Tucuman, and Salta, proclaimed its independence in 1816. This country en. joys a salubrious climate and a fine soil. Its vast plains, called P&mpas, are covered with luxuriant herbage, almost entirely destitute of wood. Its population, of which more than the half are native Indians, amounts to 1,200,000. Buenos Ayres, the capital, so called from its fine climate, b situate on the south bank of the Plata, about 200 miles from its mouth. Although the river is here SO miles broad, rocks, shallows, and tempestuous winds, render the navigation extremely difficult- and dangerous. The city is spacious and well-built, containing a population of 60,000. Monte Video, situate on the north bank of the Plata, is now claimed by Brazil. It derives its name from a neighbouring mountain, on which is a lighthouse that commands an extensive view. Its harbour is the best on the river. When occupied by the British in 1806, its population was nearly 20,000. Mendoza, situate on a brei the calH I well, ulation iticaca, 80 feet hich it tided in r-mines ntained contain d fertile ation of 18. Its >d from ; on the ts situa- and re- popula- le mines ipitaly is cdparaiso nmerce. Buenos nd Salta, intry en- it plains, e, almost ich more ,200,000. e climate, 200 miles SO miles ■ender the The city ilation of nk of the its name lighthouse is the best 1 1806, its uate on a AMERICA. 879 plain at the foot of the Andes, owes its importance to a silver.mine in its vicinity. Its population, rapidly in- creasing, amounted by a Ute estimate to 6000. Cordova, situate on the small river Primcro, contains about 1500 l^anish inhabitants, with 4000 negroes. Tucuman is si- tuate in a pleasant plain, rich in fruits and grain. It con- tains a cathedral, two convents, and a college. 5. PARAGUAY is an extensive and fertile province, watered by numerous rivers, which inundate the country, in the rainy season, to a wide extent, and occasion swamps and marshes, which occupy a great portion of the country. There is no part of Spanish America in which the native Indians are more numerous and powerful. Of a population of 102,354, not more than a twentieth part are Spaniards. The most noted of the Indian tribes are the Abipones, who excelled in subduing the wild horse, and in the use td the bow. For some time their warlike spirit proved formidable to the Spaniards : since they have been reduced to the neces- sity of having recourse to their protection, they are em- ployed in catching, breaking, and training for cavalry, the wild horses which ramble in vast herds over the plains. Assumption, the capital, stands on the eastern bank of the Paraguay, and is inhabited 1^ about 700 families of Spaniards, and several thousands of Indians. 6. BRAZIL has, since its discovery by A Wares Cabral, a Portuguese, in ! 500, belonged to PortugaL Roused by the example of the Spi^nish colonies, and availing themselves of the ru. latiun 10,000. Para'guay.— See Remarks. ' - Paramaribo, capital of the province of Surinam, in Guiana, sitviate on the riter Sunnan, about 18 miles from its mouth. Patago'nia.^-See Remarks. Peru.— See Remarks. Popayan, capital of a province of ttie same name, in Colombia. It contains about 25,000 inhabi- tants. Porto-Bello, a seaport on the fine harbour from which it derives its name, on the coast of the isthmus of Darien, in Colombia. Potosi', (see').—See Remarks. Quito, a town of Colombia, in an extensive province of the same name, stretching eastward from the Pacific Ocean, The town. AMERICA. 285 which U larget is built on the sMq of a volcanic mountain, and contains 70,000 inhabitants. Rio Grande, capital of a consU derable province in BraiiL Rio Janei'ro, or St Sebastian, the present coital of BraziL-— See Rbharks. St Jago, the capital of ChUL«-See RBMARK8. St Ro'que, (Rcik), a very promi- nent cape on the coast of Bra- aiL St Salvador', a city of BraziL^See Rbmabks. Terra del Flie'gp. a lane island sq>arated ttom tne southern ex- tremity of South America by the Straits of Magellan. The aspect of the country is peculiarly dreary, consisting of a chain of stupendous rooka, covered with perpetiulsnow. /• '.K ■■:<^,( .. .•vrMAyj;:i TO BE SOLVED BY THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. '•■3 5 IIS .'1i W^'. Problbm 1,^—To^nd the latitude of a place. Rule. — Bring the place to the graduated edge of the brazen meridian : the degree of the meri- dian, north or south from the equator, shows the northern or southern latitude of the place. Exercises. — What is the latitude of London, Paris, Madrid, Rome. Lisbon, Edinhurgh, Dublin, Vienna, Con- stantinople? " ' -?^.-. V. AJ^ktMi. %V A..:-.., j^t.v if. ^i -J r Pros. II.-— Toj^nd the longitude of a place. Rule.— Bring the place to the edge of the me- ridian ; the degree of the equator cut by the meri- dian shows the longitude of the place, east or west from the meridian of Greenwich, i, e. the first me- ridian. Ex.— What is th^ longitude of Petersburgh, ('alcutta, Naples, Pekin? ^ 2a 286 PROBLEMS SOLVED BY THE Prob. III. — The longitude and latitude of a place being given, tojind that place. lluLE. — Bring the given longitude to the meri- dian ; under the given degree of latitude on the meridian is the place required. ^ Ex.i-What places are situate in 30*^ E. Long, and 31** N. Lat. ? in 18*» 30' E. Long, and 34" 30' S. Lat. ? in nearly Sg** W. Long, and 13" N. Lat. ? Prob. IV. — Tojind the distance between any two places on the globe. Rule. — Lay the quadrant of altitude over the two places^ and mark the number of degrees be- tween them. Ex — What is the distance between Quebec and Rio Ja- neiro ? Rome and London ? Calcutta and the Cape of Good Hope ? The Cape of Good Hope and London ? Prob. V. — The hour at any place being given, to Jind what hour it is at any other place. "Rule. — Bring the place at which the hour is given to the meridian, set the index to that hour, then turn the globe until the other place comes to the meridian, and the index will show the hour at that place. . Ex. — When it is noon at Edinburgh, what is the time at Lima, Mecca, and Canton? When it is 6 o'clock, a.m. at London, what o'clock is it at Sydney, Cape Comorin, and Cape Horn ? • Prob. VI.— To rectify the globe for any place. RuLE.^ — E'cvate the north or south pole above ■^the horizon, accordinfr to the northern or southern latitude of the place. Ex.^Rectify the globe for Edinburgh, London, Paris, Lisbon, Buenos Ayres, Madras, Pekin. Pro an • Thi he sets a w have su % equally t ' day inert day is 24 the pole! the polee each con ryf a place the meri- ide on the and3l*'N. ? in nearly n any two 5 over the legrees be- and Rio Ja- the Cape of mdon ? V given, to 'ilace. he hour is that hour, e comes to he hour at s the time at ock, A.M. at omorin, and TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. " . 287 Pros. VII. — Tojind the sun's place in the ecliptic for any given time. Rule. — Find the day of the month on the wooden horizon, and opposite to it, in the adjoin- ing cirde, are the sign and degree in which the sun is for that day : find the same sign and degree on the ecliptic, and that is the sun's place. . £x. — What is the sun's place on the 1st January, the 20th March, the 24th December, the 21st June, and the 23d Sep- tember? ^ ,^ , _,_, ,,. ,,_^..,^ ,,„-. „ ^ ^,., .^^_ ., Prob. VIII. — Tojind at what hour the sun rises and sets {and, of course, the length of the day and night) at any place, on a given day. Rule.-— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; find the sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day, and bring it to the meridian ; set the index to xii., and turn the sun's place to the eastern edge of the horizon — the index will show the hour of rising ; then bring it to the western edge of the horizon, and the index will show the time of setting. The hour of sunrising, doubled, gives the length of night ; and the hour of sun- setting, doubled, gives the length of day.* £x. — At what time does the sun rise and set at Dublin, Archangel, Gibraltar, and the Cape of Good Hope, on the 15th June ; and what is the length of the day and night at those places ? my place, pole above n southern ndon, Paris, « Thus, if the sun rises at n, the length of the night is 12 hours ; if he sets at i), the length of the day is 18 hours. Places on the equator have sunrise at 6, and sunset at 6; and, of course, day and night equally divided through the whole year. The length of the longest day increases with the latitude ; and at the polar circles the longest day is 24 hours, and the longest night the same. From these circles to the {xAea, the days continue to lengthen into weeks and months : .it the poles, the year is equally divided between sunshine and darkness, each continuing for six n onths. 288 PROBLEMS 80LVBD BY THE Frob. lX,--To^nd on what paint of the compass the sun rises and sets, on a given day, at any •particular place, RuiiB.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; find the sun's place for the particular day ; obeerve what place on the circle oi rhombs is cut by the sun's place in the ecliptic when brought to the eastern edge of the horizon^ and also when brought to the western. Ex. — On what points of the compass does the sun rise and set at Gibraltar on the 17th July, at Petersburgh on the 10th October, and at Edinburgh on the 9th June? Prob. X.— TAe day of the month being given, to Jind the surCs declination,* and to what place the sun will be vertical on that day, RuLE.-~The sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day being brougnt to the meridian^ the de- gree marked over it is the declination : turn the globe, and all the places which pass under that de^ gree will have the sun vertical on that day* Ex. — ^What is the sun's declination, and to what places will he be vertical on the 7th of May, the 10th of February, the 4th June, and the 14th December ? Prob. XI.— To^wrf whe^re the sun is vertical at a given place and hour. Rule. — Find the sun's declination; bring the place given to the meridian, and set the index to th( given hour; turn the globe till the index points to 12 noon: all the places then under the: meridian have noon at the given hour; and thej * The declinatlMi of the sun is its distance ttom the equator, north i or south. ihe composs iay, at any titudeoftbe ticular day ; lombs is cut I brought to d also wben the sun rise and arghonthelOth ? eing given, to to what place cliptic for tbe idiau, the de- tion: turn the under that dc- at day. ad to what places 10th of February, n t* vertical at r. gion ; bring the jet the index to till the index then under the bour; and the TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 2(19 om the equator, notth s place whose latitude corresponds M'ith the sun's de- clination has the sun vertical at the given hours. Ex. — Where is the sun vertical on the 0th of April, when it is 6 in the morning at Dublin ? Where is the sun vertical on the 19th September, when it is 4 o'clock in the morning at Amsterdam ? Pros. XII. — The day, hour, and place, being given, to Jind where the sun is then rising and setting, where it is noon or midnight. Rule- — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring to the meridian the place where the sun is vertical at the given hour. In this position of the globe^ the sun is rising to all the places un- der the western edge of the horizon^ and setting to those under the eastern : to those under the up- per half of the meridian it is noon ; to those under the lower half, midnight. Ex To what places is the sun rising, and to what places is he setting, ^hen at Edinburgh it is 7 in the mornins, on the 14th of March ? Where is it noo:i on the 30th June, when at London it is 9 in the evening ? Where :is it mid- night, on the 6th February, when it is noon at Petersburgh ? I Prob. XIII. — A place in the torrid zone being given to Jind on what two days of the year the sun will be vertical there. :^. . . -> Rule. — Find the latitude of the place, turn the jflobe, and observe the two points of the ecliptic [that pass under the degree of latitude : opposite to these points, on the wooden horizon, will be found the days required. Ex — On what da}'3 is the sun veriical at Madras, jHelena, Cape Comorin, Lima, Cape Vcrd ? 290 PROBLEMS 80LVBD BY THE pROB. XIV. — Tojind the sun's meridian altitude at any given place, on a given day. Rule.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place for the given day to the meridian ; the number of degrees between that place and the meridian shows the altitude re- quirra. M-' it, Hi ,mtsvi Hi -itn: Hay, I yttl *Si-^ Ex.— What is the meridian altitude of the sun at London on the 11th January, at Constantinople on the 8th Novem- ber, of Pckin on the 4th July ? Prob. XV.^^ToJind the altitude of the sun at any rt- ,i given place and hour. HuLB.-^Rectify the globe for the latitude; bring the sun's place to the meridian^ and set the index to xii. noon ; turn the globe till the index points to the given hour, and lay the quadrant of altitude over the place ; the number of degrees on the quadrant, counted between the place and the horizon, will show the altitude required. Ex. — What is the altitude of the sun at Berlin on the 12th August, at noon ? at Cadiz on the 3d October, at one o'clock, afternoon ? at Hamburgh on the 17th March, at 10 oVlock, forenoon ? Prob. XVI.-— 7*o ^nd all the places to which a lunar eclips*->' i ^ ^Tf^ 'Jf^f CELESTIAL GLOBE. The CeleLtial Globe is a representation of the heavens, with the stars laid down in their natural situations. The diurnal motion of this globe is from E. to W., and represents the apparent diur- nal motion of the sun> moon, and stars. In using this globe, the student is supposed to be placed * The periopci live under the same degree of latitude, but diflbr ISO** in longitude ; consecjiuently they have their summer and winter at the same time, but their day and night at opposite times. f Antipodes have the same latitude on opposite sides of the equator, and differ 180 degrees in longitude ; consequently they have their day and night, their summer and winter, at opposite tiihes. CBLB8TIAL OLOBK. 203 within it at the centre, and to view the stars in the concave surface. A Constellation U an assemblage of stars, dis- tinguished by the nuf e of some animal or object to which the outline of the whole is supposed to bear a resemblance-^as the Bear, the Dragon, Orion, Bootes, the Crown, &c. The Zodiac is an imaginary belt around the heavens, about 76 degrees broad, in which the planets move. Through the middle of this belt runs the ecliptic, or the apparent nath of t(ie sun. The latitude of the heavenly bodies is measured from the ecliptic, north and south : their longitude is reckoned from the first point of Aries, eastward round the globe. Their declination is their dis- tance N. or S. from the eauinoctial. Their right ascension is their distance irom the first meridian (t. e. the first point of Aries) counted on the equinoctial. PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE CELESTIAL GLOBE. Pbob. I.— -7\) Jind the latitude and longitude of any star. Rule.—- Bring the pole of the ecliptic to the zenith, and place the quadrant over the given star ; the number of degrees between the ecliptic and the given star is the latitude ; the number of degrees between the edge of the quadrant and the first point of Aries indicates the longitude. £x. — What are the latitude and longitude of Procyon in Canis Minor, of Sinus in Canis Major, and of Arcturus in Bootes ? ... 294 FBOBIiEMS SOLVED BY THE Prob. II. — Tojind a star's place in the heavens, its latitude and longitude being given. ^ ■ Ex — What star is that whose longitude is 85", and whose latitude is 16** S. ? What star is that whose longitude is 297", and whose latitude is 30" N. ? Prob. III. — To find the declination of the sun or stars. Rule. — Bring the star to the meridian, and observe its distance N. or S. from the equinoctial. What is the declination of the sun on the 11th What is the declination of Castor in Gemini, and of Ex.- April ? Regulus in Leo P Prob. IV.— To find the right ascension of the sun, or any star. KuLE. — Bring the sun's place, or the star, to the meridian : the degree of the equinoctial, cut by the meridian, shows the right ascension. Ex. — What is the sun^s right ascension on the 5th July, and the 13th October ? What is the right ascension of Lyra in the Harp, of Aldebaranin Taurus, and of Rigelin Orion's foot? - .J • : Prob. V. — The latitude of a place^ the day and hour being given, to represent the face of the heavens, so as to point out all the constellations and stars there and then visible. Rule. — ^Rectify .the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place for the given day to the meridian ; set the index to xii., then turn the globe till the index points to the given hour. In this position the globe will represent the face of the lieavens. Ex. — Represent the face of the heavens for 2 and 3 in the morning on the 18th January; for 8 and 11 evening on the 12th March. CELESTIAL GLOBE. 295 Prob. VI. — To Jind the time when any of the heavenly bodies rises, sets, or comes to the meri- dian, on a particular day, at a given place* Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place ; bring the sun's place to the meridian, and set the index to xii. ; then turn the globe' till the given star comes to the eastern edge of the horizon, the index will show the time of rising ; carry it to the western edge, the index will show the time of setting : then bring it to the meridian, and the in- dex shows the time of its culmination or southing. Ex. — At what time does Regulus, in Leo, rise, set, and culminate, on the 4th of February ? At what time does Al- ?hecca, in Corona Borealis, rise, set, and culminate, on the thofMay? j,.,,,? -f.--y^-; ^ :Vi ■- ;- ■.- • Prob. VII. — To^nd on what day of the year any given star comes to the meridian at a given hour. Rule.— Bring the given star to the meridian, and set the index to the given hour; turn the globe till the index points to xii. noon, and the day of the month whici^ corresponds to the degree of the ecliptic cut by the meridian is the day required. Ex. — On what day does Rigel, in Orion, come to the me- ridian, at 8 o'clock in the evening ? On what day does Si- rius come to the meridian, at 10 o'clock, evening ? Prob. VIII. — The latitude of a place, the altitude of a star, and the day of the month being given, to find the hour of the night. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude;' bring the sun's place to the meridian, and set the index at xii. ; nx the quadrant in the zenith, then move the globe and quadrant till the star comes ^ PROBLEMS SOLVED, &C. under tM quadrant at the given altitude, and the index will show the hour required. Ex-^t Edinburgh, on the 13th December, when the altitude of Aldebarsn i8 46*^. what is the hour of the night ? When, at the same place, tine altitude of Capella, in Auri- ga, is 70*^ on the 90tn of January, what is we hour of the night? Proe* IX.-— TAe ifear and day being given, to find the place of a planet » Rule.— Find the sun's place for the given di!\, and bring it to the meridian ; set the index to xii. ; then find in the nautical almanack the time when the planet passes the meridian on the given day, and turn the globe till the index points to the hour thus found ; find in the almanack the declination of the planet for the same day, and under it on the globe is the place of the planet. Ex.— What will be the ^lace of Venus on the 14th De< cember, 1829 ? What will be the place of Mars on the 20th March, 18S0? \ . jfc.; \i\ ■ -K'P^ THE END. , ■.^'^\ \:- K ■■ :/^ ,'i i *.. I.uil Oliver & Boyd, Printer*. — '■ -^ -* — " 1^ Uf and the ber, when the of the night? pella, in Auti- le liouT of the \g given, to 6 given da\ , ndex to xii. : i time when 5 given day, s to the hour i declination der it on the m the 14th De- r Man on the Jf\. 4* F * ' ■ i