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Intiodiictiiin "'^ I'ort t'liimi) mill tlio surroiiiuliiiK ntjiioii lt>7 ( 'liiiml.' jp Auroiils !'•' Vt'Kftiitioii I7;i Aiiinml lilV^ 171 M;llnmlll^ 171 l!ir.ls 175 Tilt' iiiilivt' inlialiitiiiits of tlio toimtry — fteiicnil skctcli 175 The. Kskimo 175 Thr In.liiiiis 1«1 !S]ii(iiil iici'imiit cif till' iiiMi)ili' MToniid Fint Chiiini 1X4 Tilt! KokHoiiKMi.viit 1*^1 rii\ sical chiiraiti'i NtiiH 1X1 Disciisi's 1X7 MiiiriiiK.! IHX ( liil.lr.Mi 1!H) Huriiil cMsiKiiis 191 Hili;;i.)ii !!•« OiililDorlilo -'0'.' Tiittoiiin); -'07 Cliitliiiin 208 Dwriiiiiifs 2:j:{ lloiisrliold cuticles 2L'K FoimI mid its pi(>|iiiriitii)ii 231.' Toiiiirto mill siiiill' 2;il MciiiiH (if liaiiN|Hirt:iticiii 2;ir>_ Hy wiiti'i' 2:<5 ( )ii land 210 Wfapoiis and iitlicr liiiiitiiifj iiiiplcnicnts 2 Hi Hiiiiiiuf; 2I!I Mixct'lliiiH'iiiis iiiipli'iMi 'nt-< 25'J AiiiMsi'iiiriils 251 Art 259 Stiny-tcllinK and lidkldif 2(>l) <>ti){iii ol' the I linn it 2()l I'lii) riiiiiint; (if lUt( wliitr pccijilf 2()1 Oriijiii of li\ inj; tliin^is nn tln' rartli anil in tin' watrr 2(il ( >rii;in ot' lilt' KU'll"'!""'^ 2(il' driiiiii of till' iMviui 203 Oiijiin 111' till' i|nadiiin;;iilar spots on tin' Ioo.i'm liack 202 (•riniii ot' the ;;nlls 263 ( tiisin of till) hawks 203 Origin of the '-wallow 203 11 KTIl 11 1«1 fe-i .S» i<;2 CONTIONTs. ( i:ll :i.(iiMMl 111' llir |ir(i|i|i> MKimul I'ull t llitilc - ( imtiiuii'il. riir KiiKsciimiiiyut—t Hill 111 mil. .siiii,\-lflliiiH mill I'olKlim — Coliluiiii'il. Thr liiiii rii( i.ir. l.i.v I iri;;iii cil' iiiiisc|iiil(ii'N Slury 111' till' iiiiiii mill lii^ i»\ wil'r Till' liv;lls . PhCi-. L'liU jiia L'tiH L'lll •JM •JM 2(U L'(i,-> riir JraliiU!! 111:111 SliHv 111' tlir iir|ili,iii tiii> Tlir iiriyiii 111' (111' Mini, iiiimii, iinil xtinx litKJ .\iiiiiriis 2(iB I'llr >kv 11 t iiiiU riir N'ciii'iinl iir '■ Nii»kii)iif •jii? I'liT l'ilin'ili:il rliiu'.irtrrislii'.s 2li7 (liilliiiii; SWl l'iiii;ii:iliiiii 111 t lie nU ills I'lir rlntllillK 1.'!I2 llwcIliiiyN SWIMI hllllSI'S lloii'i'llnlil iitrllsiU, rtr Tiiliai'i'ii :iiiil )il|irH Mfaii-i 111' li'mis)iiii'tiitiiiii Hv «;ilrr Kv imiil Wi'ii 2il8 •.mo 3(M) ;t(Vi •Ml •.m .S()8 8 Hi II Mill 111 K Mi>(ill;iin'ciiis iiii)ili'iiii'iitN. tiiiils, I'tr HIT Aiim^iiiuiils l" wolvi'iiiii' mill llir lirmil Stnlv 111' till' Wiihi'lllir Till' ili'iT mill llii' siiiiinrl Til. 1;; liiiili whii Willi til livr with tliti dt'iT 3L'2 :<27 •A-J-! 3L'8 :tnO rill- Willi ">. ilaiiyliti'i' (.'iiiny til NiM'k liiT Invrv Till- ilrvil |iiiiilsliiiiy; II li.ir 3IW A wiilvi riiir ilrsiriiv s his >i,sii'r Till' nililiil mill ihr I'rnu Tlir wiilvftiiii' mill thrriirk .. ("riatliHl 111' lii'Dplr hy lllr \Mil\ I'iiir mill thr iiiiiskriil 3:«t 3:»« I irijiiii 111' thr whili^li «|iiil 1111 Ihr Ihrnat iil' the iiiartcii 338 'I'lii' liiillaii anil lii> liravi r wilV ■|h( riitilirHiillii" liaii 33it 3U) Thr ^liirit jiniiliiif; a rhihl h It li\ it;< iiairiit.- 3I!J Fall' 111' t\\ II Inilian iiirii Till' staivliii; wnlvi'viiif r If -larviiiu liiilians 3i:t :U!t lUSTRATlONS. I'ana Pi, All, X.\X\'I. \'if\v im KdUsiiiik l.'ivcr 170 XX.WII. Kskiiiici tint '-'I'll XXX\'III. Sfoiip tiihiMcii iiiju's HOJ XXXIX, Uirihtmik cuiior, Nciu-iiot, Kok.soiiK river iiiittcrii Hiil XI.. .N'rnciiiil siiowslioi — " swiillowtiiil" H(I8 XI.I. NcMi'Miit sikiwbIhic — '■ lii:ivi'r-tiiil" HIO XI. II. Ni'iiiiiDl sMDWsliiic -■• riiiind-ciiil" . . Ulli XI. III. Dull, IiKli.iii Wdiiiiiii, lull ilri'-<. Nfii. nut MZO I'lii. i;i. i;sUiim. Kiavc 192 li:>. Mii-ir .l„ll I!t7 T.i. Hilt III' iiiauic' iIdII 1!W L'l. Talisiiiiiii iittiicliid to iiiayir (lull 1!H> ■JX I'lilisiiiiiii IW Ji;. TaliMiian 1!K> 'J-. Talisiiiaii 200 liX. I'.skiiiio woiiian'.s ainiili'l 201 •J'.>. I'.skiino liiril.skiii cap..* 2I» HO. KsUiirio iiiMii's (Icorskin coiil if'rniit ) 210 HI. I'.,skiiiici man's ilrrrsUiii ruat I hack) Ull :iL'. i:sUiiMi) man's sralsUin mat ( front \ 212 ;{:t. l'.>Uinio man's si'alsUin ciiat (siilf 2II{ HI. INkinio woni.in's ilccrskin iciat 21 1 II."). I^Kkimo woman's clccrskiii mat 21i) llli. INkimo woman's deerskin coat 2I."> H7. I'.skimo woman's iloerskin mat 21(> I'lM. Kskimo woman's sealskin coat 21H Hit. Kskinio woman's ileerskin "oat 217 1(1. Maek view of same 217 II. Kskimo lioots 2IK IJ. Kskimo shoes 2l!t t:i. lee sIhm'n, Hndsoii strait Kskimo 2111 I I. I.oiiy wateriiroof si^alskin mitten 220 !.->. Waterproof ),'nl I'riiek . 221 III. Snow )io;;){leN — tront '-'22 17. .'^iiow j{o}{j{leH — rear 2'J.'i ■18. Uesi'i'tt'd K.sVinio snow houses near Fort (Jliimo 221 lit. SoapstoiKi lamp, Koksoaf;in,\ lit 22!> .")0, Soapstone lamp. Koksoasm.x nt 2;.".l 'il. Soa|istinie lamp. Koksoafiinyut 2l'1I ."^i:;. Frame for diving mittens 21)1) .'jH. Soapstone kettle 2,'iO 51, SSoapstom- kettle 231 y :, 164 ILLUSTUATiUNS. Fi. :>,-.. w. (li'li ."i(!. SimInKIii liiicUi't r>7. Sialskiii run • •• Tc.lii Vnga. mi 'M'J 23» ."i!i. Kskiiiiii I'liii (10. liii>;\vliip 211 til. How, r.iist .M;iiii I'.Miiiiiiii (tiiicKi aid »U. How, Kiifit M:iin KNkiino (siiltM 2111 ti;i. Arripw. Kiisl Miiiii l'',Kkiiui> 217 \v. Kant .Miiiii K.'^kiiiiii 247 Ji'i. .\iiii\v, i;nNt .Mil ill i;»Kiiii(i 217 titl. How ciisc, K.ist Miiiii l'.,Hkiiiiii 218 •IT. 1 1. 1 Ml I sprar liir killing m.'iI.h, Iroiii kiiiak, KokHoak 249 •>.">. Tiiynlr licail for liaiitl Hprar 250 till. Sr.ilskin lloat 2.'i(> 70. Ivor.v Hiiiiw kiiilr, KokNiiaKiii.viit 25il 71. Itark-Miatilirr, KiiksoaKiiiyiit 253 Ivors iii't'illr casr, Koksiianiii.viii 254 73. 71. 7">. 7ti. 77. 'x. 7!". Mil. SI. s'2. Kf. 81. X."i, XI 1. XT. MS. Ml. !•(!. m. !l'J. !i;{. IM. ll.'l. ill I. !I7. '.IX. 1 Ill' pane, KoksoaKm.Vnl 254 ilskiii iii'i'illo nisliioii. with tliliiililr. KokNiiaKiii.viit . KiikNoaniiiyiit "('ii|i anil lia Kootliall anil ilrivrr, Kok.-toaninvnt jloiiiinors, llnilMiiii .sliait i'.Nklino. l!»kinio ilnll, man l'..skinio iloll. woman I'.skinio ilojl, w iinian Kskiiuo (loll, » om.iii ICskiiiio \ iolin I tints rar\ 111 in i\ o|\ 4 . 1 1 II man liKiiir 1 :ii\ nl In i\ nrv Iniliaii mrilii'ini' loil<;i' Inilian imiili't of lirarskin Inilian ImikHkin coat. nian'H 1 front 1 Inilian liink.skin coal, man's 1 li.n k 1 Iii'tail of iiattcni paiiitcil mi linlian ^'armeiit. Ilct.'iil (if pattern paiiitcil on ilciiskin nil"'.. . Inilian Imikskin lr;;;;in);s Inilian tiioccasins 1 ml Ian mi t tens Itc.'uU'il licailiiaml, Ncmiiot Man's « inter coat ( front i .Man's winter coat i liack 1 I Ida 1 1 of ornament, It ion .Man's w inter coal, with liooil M.in's winter coat, with hood Nemnot woman in fnll winter ilreNs Sealskin heaiHianil, Nemnot .^kin scraper ( front >, Nemiiot 254 25« 258 257 258 258 2.MI 25H 25!t 200 2li0 274 275 281 282 282 28a 281 285 2HII 287 288 288 28(t 2!lfl 2111 2!t2 2!t2 liiii. 101. lOL', lii;i. skin Hera per (siil«), Ncnonol 2!I2 nil. Skin-cli ni.iiii; tool, Nemnot I'lta IO."i. Skin-eleaniny tool ( iroii-lilatleil ), Neneiiot 21t| 1 1 Hi. I 'aim sticlv. Nemnot -JtH; loT 2iM> lll^. I'aint stick, Nenem.t 2!HJ lim. I'.iint stick, Nenenol 297 ILLU8TKAT10N8. 165 Fut.Ud. 111. IIL'. u:i. 111. ii,-i. iit>. 117. IIH. II!". lliO. 12 1. VSJ. IL'3. 11' I. IL',-.. vy>. Il.'7. ijN. llMt. I3(». i:»i. i;tL'. i;t;t. i;ti. i;r). i:ui. i;i7. i:w. i;t!t. 140. 141. 141' I4;i. 144. 145. 14fi. 147. 14H. 14!t 15(1. 151. 151'. 153. 154. 155. I'niiit milk, Nononnt raliit riip, .Nt'liriiiit raiiil rii|>, Nciii'lliit I'liiiit ril|i. Nfiu'liiit NclHlKit Iliiliiiii tent Wiiiiilcii liiiclirt. Ni'iicnot . I'ilUf. m 207 2»>7 aiw 2118 301 lliri'hlinrk lniHUrt, .Vriiciint HOI Itirrlit.iirU liaski't. Nnicuot TOl XinHr |itsllr. Nfllfliot 30!l WiHidiii s|ii(iiii nr liiilln. Nciicmit Ht'Si Wiioilrii H|ii 1(111 iir lacllr, Ni'iii'iiot H02 W'iMiili'ii N|ioiiii oi' laillc, Ni'iii'iKit dOii Wciiiilt'ii N|iii(in iir liiillt', Nciifiuit H03 Siimc lolianu ]ii|iii 314 ri|ir clfaii'T. NcliiMicit 3(>.l S|iiiiiii I'lir a|i|il,\ iim urcaHc to ciiiini' 30tt rolii'KKaii, Nriii'iiot. ni(lt' viiMV 307 TiilMiKjjaii, Nriicmit. rnim aliiivt' 307 NiiK'iicit siiinvsliof, wiiiHlt' liar 30S NtMicnnt »1iow«Imh', siiinlr luir 3((!t .SihiwmIicm' nrt'illc, Nclicliot 310 Wiiixlt'ii Himushoc, l.ittli' Wliali- river .... 311 ll.iw. Ncncn.it 312 Aniiw. Ni'iicnot 313 .\rio\v, Noni'iiot 313 Arriiw, Ni'iiriiol 313 Arrow, Ni'iirimt 311! DftT laiiir, NciM'iuil 311 Whitt' whale Npear. I.Wtle Whale river 314 I'oiiit of white whale spear eiilarffeil 314 Heindeer Hiiare, Neiieiuit 31."i CriKiketl knife, NotiPiiot 317 \wl, Neiienot 31S Siiiiw HJKivel, Neiieliol 31M leo Heoiip, N'enelKtt 31S 31!> Ciiiiili, w ith hirihhark eaHe ami eli'aiier 3i;o hiiarilN for w oniaii's hair 320 Swiiiimiiij; Imanl 321 FiHiihoiik ami line 321 Cup anil hall, N<'nenot 324 Oriiiii, Nenenot •121 nriini, Little Whale river 325 Kattlo, Nenenot 32ii Target, reindeer, hnek 32(i Target, reindeer, due 32t> % I) I il 'I a l( r;niN()LO(;Y oftiir rNcjAVA district, Hud- son HAY TKKKITOKY. \i\ 1,1 iir.N M. 'rt'KNKU. (KlHTI'.n IIV JllllN MiKIMM'll.) INTRODUCTION. riiKiivii bay is nil tlio iinrtlitMii const of old Labrador— tho last trroat bi^lit of tlu^ strait between the oeeim and tlie inoiitli of Hudson bay. Its (iliief alllueiil is Koksoiiii or Soutii river, wiiieli is several liiindred miles lonnand taUes its rise in a |iietiiresi|ne ft^looucry of lakes looped tliiouKli the liifihlands half way down to (^iiel)ec. I'Olfr CIIIMO AM) Tin; SUltlSoINDINd IfKliloN. Fort <'hiinn is in lon;,'itude »).s ' 1(»' west of (ireenwich and latitude r»S S' n(Ulh. Tlie post is on the ri^Jit bank of the Koksoak river, about '-'7 miles from its iriouth. The elevation of the level traet on which the houses are situated is but a few feet above hlp;h-water mark. The location was selectt'd (Ui acctuint of its comparative drym^ss, and also because tlu' river atVords a safer aiicliora;,'e in that vicinity than lower ilowii. The early Moravian missionaries, Ion;; before established on the At- lantic coast, desired to extend their lal>ors for the conversion of the Eskimo to their teachings. .Vbout tln^ year 1S'J."< a vessel aseeiuh'd the Koksiiak river for the purpose of selecting; a new missionary station. N'j'arly opposite l''(Ut Chimo is a beacon, yet stantliuK- erected by the people of that vessel. Theii' reception amoufi the natixt-s was sucli that they ;;ave a ;;lowin;; account of it on their return. The Hudson Itay Company immediately took stei)s to en-ct a tradin^j i)ost upon the river, and a small party was sent in the year 1H31 from Moose Factory toestablisha tradin;;' post where Ihc trade wiuild appear to promise future developnuMit. The men remained there, obtainini;- a precarious subsisteiu'.e, as the vessel deliveriii}; them supplies visited that place oidy once in two years. Tlu'ir houses were simple, coiisistiiiK' of a sinjile structure for the ollicial in charue, another for the servants, and two more for the storage oi' ;;-oods. A [talisade was erected around the 11)7 168 THE HLDSUN liAY ESKIMO. liMUsos to prevent the iutrnsion of the natives, Indians and Eskimo, pr who were so lately at war witii eaeli other that the rancorons feeling had not siilisided and nii<;'ht break out afresh at any moment withont wiirnini Till' remnants of the palisade were yet visible in ISSli. The establishment of this trading;' post had a paeifyin}; iutliieuce npon the natives, who soon foniid they eonld do better by proenrinj,' the many valuable fur bearinj;' animals than by enfiagin^' in !•. bloody strife, which the traders always deprecate and endeavor to prevent or suppress. After many trials to establish an overland communication with the stations on llamilttui iidct, it wasfound to l)eimpnw;tieable, aiuliu 1843 f! t^ station was aliandoncd. John M'Jican. in a woik entitled ''Twentytive Years in the llndsou's IJay Territory."' gives an account of that jvution of the country that came under his knowledge from tin' year IS.JS to l.S4;». In the year bStitl the steamer iMbrailor was l)uilt and sent with a party to reestablish the post at b'oit Chiino. Since l.StJti the i)osl has been a pa\ ing station, and in later yeais a good piotit has been made. Fort Clilmo is the chief trailing station of the Ungava district. The I'ngava district proper is the aiea iMubraced by the watershed whose outtlow drains into I'ngava bay. The eastern boundary is tiormed by the foothills on the west side of the coast range, which is the western liiuit of l^abrador. This lange has a trend northwest and southeast to latitude ti(>o, where it makes a somewliuf abrupt angle and pursues a nearly north course, terminating with Cape Chidley and the Hnttons, the latter a low groiii» of islets some 7 miles north of the cape. The southern boundary is the '•Height of Ijand," near latitude 5."P. This region is estimated to be from I,(HM» to .'i,0(H» feet above sea level. The greater portion of it is comparatively level. at area abounding in abrupt hills and itrecipitons mountains of various heights. These heights, estimated to range no higher than U.titMt feet, ti'rminate al)rui)tly on the western end of the strait, and the nii.:>erons islands in that portion of the water arc, doubtless, peaks of tliis saiiM' range continuing to the northwest. It will bft thus seen that the district of I'ngava is a huge amphi- theater opening to the north. The interior of the district is exee.ss ively varied by ridges and spurs of greatci' or less elevation. The ' Two vuU. ill one. I.iiikIuII. 1H4'.I. TlllSKK.] Till': lIKKiUT OK LANU. ir,9 fartli.T south one triivels. tlif liiji'lior aiul nune incpil.irly disitoscd ai«) tilt' liills iiiiil inouutaiiis. Tlu^■th and deep for nearly 40 miles and thence to the source is a series of lapids and falls, rendering portages frequent, and making it utterly impractieahlc forevcii a heavy skilf to ascend beyond 70 miles from the mouth. Indians assert that high falls occur about l.">0 miles f-oin the mouth of the (Jeorge's river. The water is said to fall from a territic height, almost iierpcudicularly. and it causes the ground to tremble so that the thundering noise may be heard for more than a day's journey from it. The tide at the month of (ienrge's river rises r,:\ feet, and at the 'm ■» » this stream it suddenly eontraets and btMonies a more creek, Ibrnnu};' the outlet of a lar,i;(> lake. whost> position is not satisfactorily determiiu'd. It is to the banks of this lake that certain families of the liulians re- l)air fo!' sumnuM- tishinj;'. I'he. lu'xt larjiC river is the Koksoak. This stream is tiu' larjicst in the district, it takes its rise from lakes situated on the plateau — the ' Heif^rht of iiand," — and pursm-s a course haviu};- a {jeiu'ral diieeiion norlhnortlieast. On cmerj^in^' fnuu the lake it is rather small. Itut forks and unites an'ain about 10 miles below. The current is is sluii'^i; li at the ui)per einl, ami the eastern branch is so nariow that the 'ndians have to part the overhanjiiiif;' alders and willows to atl'ord their canoes a j)assaije. This bra'ich is said to be the sluuter way to the lake ami is not so ditlitult to ascend, the eastern branch beinjf shallow and containin<; a number of ra|)ids. Itelow^ the Junction of tins branches the river rapidly becomes larj-cr and contains several very hi-ih falls, below which the river tlows m)rtli- west foi' a couple of hundred yards and then curves to the nortlinoith- east for a distanec (d"."» miles. This portion is only about 7< 10 feel wide. It then turns .ibruptly westward and lushes swiftly throufjh a narrow ^'or.n'e only 2()(> feet wide tiu' a distain-e of about 7 miles. 'I'his course is noted for se\era; rapids. tliroiij;h whidi a boat can not make its way without jjreat ditliiulty. At the end of this 7-nnlc run the rivi'r ajjain IxMids abruptly to the east, and continues that course with little north in;; until the last bend, some <».") miles below, is reached. At the lower end of the 7 mile run the ledges ami reefs are too numerous to count. I'rom this place to the mouth of the liarch river tin- Koksoak is ob. structed l>y islainls. bars, and shoals. ISclow these, liow«'ver. it becouu's ijuite broad, until nearl.v opposite the hiu'h point or promont(U'y liclow the mouth of the l.arch { I'l. xxxvi). l''rom this Iceality it is mo- hotoMous fill the last bend is rea<'hed. some I miles above h'ort ('himo, V here it suddeidy turns to tlie north .ind pursues thai d.cction to tiie sea with littli' vaiiatioii. At the last bend, however, a lary'c island. ^icalh Ivnowii I'.i- i slaiid. not onl\- obstiucts bn' '-i id> na\'i;iation foi' boats draw iiiyiivcr •• feet. Small boats, siu'h as skill's and naii\e boats, ascend to the lower end of 7 mile run. The tioii to t''avel in anv kind of vessel ncipal obstruc- the Koksoak from liiy island to the nnintii oi' thi' barch rixcr is (he presence ot' two tails or rapids aliout 10 miles tVoin l''ort Chimo. Thcexiremt rise and fall of the tide at the mouth of the rive is <>2 -w. AROUND FORT CIIIMO. 171 ieet .'( iiiclu's. The iisiiiil rise ami fall is fi'diii S to V2 (eet less, (lepeiul- iiig on the stage of the river. At Fort Cliiiiio the title rises as much as ni feet. The haekwater is held in cheek as far as the upper rapids in a common stage of water, ami during a high rise in the month of June the water is "backed" some .'i miles beyond the ui>i»er rapids.^ The branches of the Koksoak river are few and unimportant. The larger tributary is the Lareli river. It is a rapid and almost unnavi- gable stream of variabh- depth, mostly shallow, and 100 to nearly 400 yards wnle. At aluait Mt miles from its inoutli tlie Larch fcnks, the h)wer or sou thwes^t fork draining the eastern sides of the same mountains whose western slopes are drained by the Little Whale river. This southwest fork of the Larch river is ipiite small and .searely capable of being ascended, although it nuiy, with great caution, be di-scended. This is the cour.se Ibllowed by the Little Whale river Indians when they traverse the country to join the Naskopies of the Koksoak valley. The northwe.st branch of the Larch is still smaller and is rejiorted to issue from the swampy tract of land in about latitude ."is-^ .'{0'. The next large river is the Leaf. Its mouth is about M miles n(uth west of Fort Chimo, ami it Hows into a peculiarly shaped bay named Tass'iyak, or -like a lake."' The length of the river proi.er is estimated to be but 10 miles, llowiug from a very long ami narrow lake, having its longer axis extending southwe.stward and draining the greater part of the swampy tract lying in latitude .".So :w. The southwestern i)ortioii of this tract is merely an area coven-d with innunu'iable small lakt.'S so intimately connected by short water courses that it is dillicnlt to determini- whether water or land constitutes the greater i>art of tin- area. The rivers to the west are ot less importance and drain the rugged area tbrming the northwestern portion of the district, or that l»art lying under the western third of Hudson strait. The prin«ipai portion of Hudson strait that came under my observa tion is I'ngava bay. This bay is a jiocketshaped body of water lying south of the strait and toward its eastern end. Soundings in various portions of this bay indicate a depth of L'S to 7(t fathoms tor the central area. The bottom appears to be nniforndy the washings from the fresh water streams. The extreme tides of Hudson strait tend to produce the most violent currents in this bay. Opposite the entrance of Leaf liver iiay is a wliirli»ooi of «'onsiderable si/e. which causes nnu'h trouble to navigation. It is safe enough at high water l>nt very dangerous at half- tide. The large island known as Akpatok lies in such a position as to break nuich of the current along the south side of the middle of the strait, but to give additional force to the currents at either end. This island is about 100 miles long ami has an average width of is miles. It is the largest islaml in the strait proper. The coast line«if the northwest poition of the mainland is imperfectly >t'l4^ 172 THE HUDSON BAY KSKl.MO. known, as is the western coast forniinn- the eastern aliore of Hudaou hay. Navigation in any portion of Hudson strait is iitteiuled with much danger, not alone from tlie tremendous energy of the tides but also from the quantity of ieo to be found at all times. Durin;;- the months of August and Sepl uiber the strait is etmiparatively free from large llelds of ice, Init after that date the harbors, coves, and other aiu-horag«'s are apt to be frozen up in a single night. (LniATE. The temperature is controlled l>y the direction of t!ie wind. The warnu'st wiiuls are southeast, south, and southwest during the sum uu'r. The northeast wiiuls bring (if backing) fog, rain, or snow; the north wind is usually cold ami disiiosed t(» disjM'rse the clouds. The northwest wind is always very cold in winter and chilly in summer. Westerly wiiuls are uuidcrate in winter and summer. The southerly winds are warm at all seasons if blowing hard, but very cold if Idowing lightly in winter. I thin.v the co'dest light winds of t!ie winter are from a point little west of south. Tlu'V are doubtless ibie t»» the cold from the elevated region — the lleig::t uf Land. The greatest amount of cloudiness occurs in the spring ami fall; rather less in ,Iuly and August, and least during December, .lanuary, and I'ebinary. The average doudiiu'ss for the entire year is not less than eighty-two hundredths of the vi.sible sky. .Sleet falls mostly from the midille of September to the beginning of December. Snow then succeeds it ami continues to be the oidy form of ]U'ecipitation until the middle of April, when sleet and snow fall until the first rain sets in. The season of rain is very erratic. It may rain by the first of May, but rarely does. Snow falls every month in the year: the I'd of .luly and the fith of -Vugu.st were the dates farthest apart tor tiiis forinof i»ieci]»itatiiin. Thecharacler of the rain is usually moderate to hard for the summer sh(>wers; although .several notable exceptions of abundant ilashes occur during late June and all of .luly. The August and Se])tember rains are usually light to moderate, but often persistent for several ilays. The snowfalls are light to heavy ill character, rarely, howevci', lasting more than twenty-four hours. The sleet is usually precipitated in severe siiualls. The lower grounds are permanently covered with sim)W by the 1st of December, this covering lemaining uiiti*! the I(»th of June. At the latter date only the heavier drifts and the snow of the ravines remain, it entirely disappears by the last of .luly at all elevations no higher than that of I'^ort Cliimo. The higlier hills retain snow until the last of August, but none is lo be seen in the vicinity of l-'ort <"himo after that date. I'y th<' middle of .Se])feinber snow again covers the tops of the disJant high hills. I'ogs rarely oct;ur so far inland as Fort ("himo. Those (teciirring are in July and .Vugiist. At times they are very dense; and, as they form during the earliest hours of the day, they are usually dis-sijiated by 4 CLIMATE AND VEOETATION. 173 ti» 7 ii. III. While tlie ice is setting in tbu I'iver, iiiid diiveu bacii uiid lortli l»,v the tides, huj^e voliiiiies of steam arists from tiie iiiiiy water and are sjiread over the hind by tlie lif'lit winds luevai'iinfj at that sea- son. Tiiis moisture deposited on tiie hushes and trees forms a most beautiful sight. AtTUOUAS. Auroras may be seen on most of tiie, elear nights of the year. The month of .lime is, on aeioiinr of its light nights, the only uunith in whieh an aurora is not observable. / VKGK'I'ATlflN. The northern limit of trees on the Labrador coast is in latitude .'57'-'. Here the conifers are stiinteil and straggling. Beyond the coast range they attain a sliglitly higher altitude and thence continue to a jwint about thirty miles north of the mouth of (leorge's river. On the west- <'rn side of the mouth of this river the trees are pushed back 15 to -M> miles from tlie sea. At the mouth of Whale river, the trees attain a iieight of 3(( to ."i(> feet on the eastern (right) bank and within '2 miles of the shore. On tlie left bank tiu' trees do not approach to within Kt to 1.") miles of the coast. .\t tin- month of l-'alse river they form a triangular extension and attain considerabie size, due in great measure to the peculiar formation of a huge ampliitheater whose north wall serves aa an adniiiable proteetiim against the cold winds from the bay. On the western side feet. The trees growing within 4(1 miles of Fort Chimosehhrni exceed 10 inches in diameter, and of the larger re* 1 .1 1 'ft 174 Tin: iiii>so\ iiAV i>KiM(). ti'iinks till' Utjix iwv si'lt'i'ti'il III I'nriii tlir iiiiilcriiil t'nuii wliidi llir wiilU ufnil tin- Itiiildiiifis ,it iliiit phirc iiri' wMistnutnl. 'I'lir illilcis. \\ illows. jiimI a lew otlirr Itlislics ;itl;lill il jjri'iltfl' or less si/0. (l)'iiciHliii;;' iipoM (lie sitnalinii anti aiiKiniil nl' |ir\viii';' \\ itliiii a mile nf Full ("iiiiiKi as I have scni at cillin' l»a\is inlet or l{i;;iilt't. Tlu" llowei'iiifi' plants are spai'sely sealtereil over the nnrtiierii aieas, ami tlieii mily in most suitable soils. The jjioiind remains t'ro/en Irnni the la>t of Octiilier— earlier some seasons — to the last ol' May. oi e\eii into the miihlle ot .lime. The appearance ol' the annuals is smiilen, ami the\ rapiill.N attain theii' full si/e and i|niekly fall before the ehill- in^ winds ot' autumn. AMMAI. Ill K. The marine mammals alone appe.ir to be well known, but the number of eetaceans eaii reitaiiil.\ be inereamed above t he iiumiier usually re- potted iuhabitiii;; the waters iminediateiv borderiii<: upon tliere;;iou. The phoeids are best known for the leasoii that oil the .shores of soutlu'ast Labrador the iiursiiit of spei'ies of this t'amily is carried oii eaeli spriiiji to an extent probalil.N' snriiassin;; that anywhere else on the face of the ylnbe. W the month of Little Whale river, the wiiite whale is ta!:en to the number of .'lOd each year. allliou;;h the ca|itnri' is steadily docreasin;;'. The Indians here ilo the greater part of the labor of driviii},% killiii};, tlasiiij;', and preserving' them. At Fort ("liiino another station for the pursuit of white whales is carried on. Mere the Fskimo do f hedriviii^f and killiniL;. while the Indians perform the labor ol removiii}^: the blub- ber and reiiderinj:' it lit for the oil tanks into which it is placed tsiti^. The aetual rosidonts were arcertain.'d to he less than twenty speeh-s for the iiortliern iiorlion of the fiitiuva district. Of the a.Mual residents tin- two spe.'ies of the -e„ns hmiopus are the most abundant ..fall birds in the region, ami f..rn, an important art.elo „nood for all '•■asses of ,.eo,.le inhabiting the district. The w.nter ex- ,,.ts an i.nportant iutbience on the smaller resident species Durinji' the winter of ISSii-'SH tin- nnmber of the lour species <.btained ol the «enus \r,n,tl,is was almost in.M'cdiblc. Their ..otes mi-ht be luMrd at any time durin-- that season, which was cohl, thou-h rc-ularly so. and not spe- Hallv storinv. In the winter of 1SS;!--SJ not a single imlividual wasob- sJrved fro,,; the middle of Novcnber to the last of March. I he sa.ue n.„,arUsmav well apply to the white-win-ed cossbill ( hun, ImmpUra), which was verv abnmlant the lirst wintc. but .lurin;;' the last w„,ter a yrvy small tlock onlv wasohs.Tved an.l these we,v appa,ently va>in,nts. \„„.„}.- the water bir.ls. certain species whi.'h we,e expected to occur xvereconspicu.nslv absent. The ,.l,a,acter of the country forlnds them ,,,,rinu- their von',,;;, as there is little to fce.l ui-on: and (n,ly a lew Inecd in the imn.ediate vicinity of K.nt Chinio. A,i,o„- the -nils, l,n>is onirnhilns smithsonhnnis is cctainly the only one broedii,;;- m ^;,„„„,^„„:,. „.i,„in r„,ava bay. Of the terns, the A.ctic tern (N^nm .nnnlisar, was- the only one ascertained to b.ee.l ,n Hudson stra.t. I ;„„ „„f eertain that they .h. b,eed then- eve,y yea.'. -MthoUKl, 1 saw then, in eaily .Inly, ISS:;, under conditions that led n,e to believe that they were on their way to their nests, yet it was not until 18.St that a iiun,ber (,f e-K^ «eie secu,ed near that locality. Of the s.m.ller wad.'rs. but two specic-s we,e act,ially ascertained to hn-ed in the vicinity of Fort Chimo. yet twoor thr.l- other species were ..l.served umn-r such circiimstauces us t,. leave no doubt that they als.» breed there. •HE NATIVE INHABITANTS OK THE COUNTRY- GENERAL SKETCH. riir. i.sKiMc). The northern portions of the coast of the region nude.- consideration ,,,,. i„habite,l bv the Hskimo. who designate themselves, as usual, by the tern, -Innnit," peoph- iphiral of innuls. -a person"). Ihat they liave been much n,..dilied by contact with the whites is not tobc .h.ubted. h. 176 THE UIU80N HAV ESKIMO. aiKl itis(M|nally trrtiiiii that their laiiKUiiKc i^* foiiMtantly iindorijoint; iiioilillcatioiiH to suit tlic |iiii'|iiis*>s of tlif missionary and fratlci, wlio. not iM'iiij; a))l<> to pronounce tin' ilinicult ;;iittnral .H|if«>ili of tli*>s(> ])l'o|iI(>, r(>(|uiri> tlit-ni t nlorni to tlioir own pronnniiatioii. Tlit- n>f;ion inliab itt'd liy llic Innnit is strictly littoral. Tlu'ir distribution tails properly into tliifc subdivisions, due to the three Hul>triiial distinetions whieli they maintain amonjj themselves. The lirst sr' ."vision endirares all the liinuit dwellin;; on tin- Labrador eoast pp and alon^^ the .south Hide of Hudson strait to the mouth of Lt. er, \vhic!< flows into rnjjava bay. These people apply tiie term Su hi' iil myul to themselves and are thus known by the otiiei' subdivisions. This term is derived from Sn hi' iiuk, tlie .sun. and the latter |iart of the word, meanin;.^ peoph> (literally "those that (hvell at ttv in'"): hence, people of the sun. sunny side, be- <'ause the sun sjiines on them tirsl. At tin- pn'sent time these peoph^ ar« nlined to the seashore and the adjacent islands, to which tiiey rcpair for seals and other lbo;e'H river, only aljoul ei^iht families live. These with the (ieoij;e's river Innuit comi»rise less than ."»(> individuals. There is a stretch of coa>l borderiii}; I'lijjava bay, fi(un (Icoiyc's liver to the Koksoak river, which is uninhabiteii. 'i'hc Koksoak riser peojile include only four oi live families and n um liei less than .'iO souls. The next people arc those dwellin;; at tli»» muiitli of Leaf river, itut they are more properly to be i;onsi(iei;'d under the next sulidivision. Till- exact launber of the Sfdilnlmvut couhl not be detinitelv deter mined. Thcv su l)di\ idcd into a iinmber of small 4'onininniti( each bearing a intnic compouiidetl of tlie name of their home and niyut, "the people of," The inhabitants of Cape Chidley are known as Ki lln'l;r myut. from the word ki lln'lk, witunded. cut, incised, lacerated: hence, serrated, on account of the chaiactcr of the rou;;h Kicks and nH)nntains, The natives of (Jeorye's liver aie known as Kan'm'ikflua'luksoafT- niyut; those of the Kok.soak river are known as Koksoafjiiiyut. The second subdivision includes tlie Innnit dwelling on the aica lyiiifi between the mouth of Leaf river, thence northward, and almi^ the south side of Hudson stiait. Tlieir western and .southern limit extends to about latitude 00^. TTINI*.] THE PKOPLE, 177 TIm'si* Inniiit un^ known by tluM>tlH'i' siilMliviHiuns us Ta li.tj; iiiyut, Tlicy iipi'ly tlic siiiiH' t(Min to thcmsolveM. The wonl is «>n|ili! of Miu Hliadf or sIiikIow uh (tJHtiii- ({iiisliiMl tVoiii tlio Hfi hi' III iiiyiit, or ptMtpIo of tlii' li^lit or sllnsllirll^ TIm'sc |ii'o|)Ic art' but litH«' inHiU'iH'»'«l by roiitac-t witli tlu' wliiti" trad ers, wlio apply to tlu^iii tlic tfriii '' Nortlionit>rs." Their liabits and (iih- toiiiH arc priinitivt', and many appear to be cntirt'ly diHtinct from thu ciistonis of their iieifrlibors soiitii and east. The eharaeter of the region in whieli they dwell is very ru^'^'ed. Hiik*) nionntain spurs and short ran^rcs ramify in every direetion, forming tieep valleys and ravines, alon^' wliit'li tliese people iiiiiHt trav«>l to reaeh the trading station of h'ort Chiino of the Unnava ilistriet.or elHc to Kort (ieor^eof tlu' Moose distriet. The distance to the furiner is so frreat that only thr«>e, four, or tivu sled;;es are aniuially sent to the Iradinjipost for ' • purpose ufeonvey- in^ the furs and other more valiialtle eommodities to be bartered for ammunition, );nns. knives, llles and other kinds of hardwsire, and to- bacco. Certain persons are selected fr«»m the vaiious camps who have personally made the trip and know the trail. These are commissioned to barter the furs of each individual for special articles, which are men- tioned and impressed upon tint mind of the man who is to ciVect the trade. The principal furs are those of the various foxes. Amoii}; them are to be found the l»est cla.ss of silver foxes, and wolverenes and wolves. Those to be sent are procured the previous winter, and when the snow falls ill November or early Mecember the line of sleds starts out for the tradinjr post. The sled which represents the wants of the imue west- ern of these Inniiit speeils to where the second may be, am! they repair to the place of mcetiii;; with the thiril, and thus by traversinriip' wliit«« iiiiiti, wliilr the wdiikmi i;oiii|>iiro fiivorahly in ■tatiirt' witli til*' woiiicii Dt'iiii'tliiiiii lioi^'lif in otiior conntrifs. Tlioy liiiv«> <|uitt> ilitl«-rfnt cuHtiMnH IVoin tliom^ ot'tluMr |ir«N«-iit hvigii- t)()rs. Tlit'ii' liin^iiap' is iliiilfctinilly ilistiiict; iiluint its niiii-li sii iih the Miiliuiyut ilitlcr Ironi flit- KiiviiiKniyiit of Niirton Sniind, Alasliji. Till- Talni^'niyiit liavc a ratiifr iiaisli tone; tlifir ((utttiriils urtMlcrpiT any arc much Kivfh to aniiist'ini-nt anil still retain nniny of tin- old pinit's, which the Hfthl'iil- niynt have for^xotten or no lonp'i enpi^e in. Their ileail are treated with no rereniony. They simply lasli the limbs of the deceased to the body and expose the corpse to the elements, removing it, however, from innnediate si^'ht of tiie camp. Old and inlirm |)e«iple are treated with 8e\erit.N, and when dependent n|ion otlitMS for their food they are sum- marily dis]io8ed ol by strantjulation or left to perisli when the camp is moved. WomtMi are held in little respect, although the men are very jealims of the favors of their wiv«>s, and incontinence on the part of the lattci' is certain to be more or l«'ss sevc^rely punished, '''he male ollV'nder, if notoriously ptMsisteiit in his etforts to obtain forbidden favors, it) usually killed by the injured lover or husband. (laniblini; is carried on to such a defrree annmt; both .sexes tinit even tlu'ir own lives are staked upon the issue of a ganu'. Tlie winner often obtains the wife of his o])i)onent, and holds her until .sonut tempting otVer is nnide for her return. The only artich* theypos,s«'.ssisfie(|uently wafrered.and when they lose they are greeted with derision. The women, especially, stake their oidy pirnient rather than be without opportunity to , ay. The usual name is played witii a number of tiattened pieecH of walrus ivory. On one side are a ninnber of dots foriiung various crude designs, which have receiv«'d mimes from their fancied resem- blance to other objects. These iiuist be matched. The game some- what resembles dominoes, and whether it is original with these Innuit I wuH unable to c(mclude. They stoutly nniintain that it originated with themselves. I suspect, however, it hal<>, inaMiiiiKli iisiIh^ MoloM »n> ol'tt'ii iiiiiilr with Hti'iitH of Nt'iilskiii tliiui^'H sowed on ii I'iiIho Hol«', wliicli is attiulii'd to tin- iiikIit Kiiifacc ol' tlu' soli- iiiopcr. Tin' Htri|iH of llioii^ ai'o tai'kt'd on by a Ntoiit stitch, tli«'ii a sliort loop is takt'h up, and anotlo'i' stitch mws a portion of tin- rfniaindiTot tlie strip. This IS I'oiitinnt'd until thiu'iitin^ uudt-r siirfait' consists of a scries o*' Hhort loops, which, when in contact with the smooth ice, prevents the foot from slipping. TiiiH sort of footgear is not nnidc in any other por- tion of the district. 'i'he third subdivision com|iris<'s the Innnit dwcMin^ on the eastern Hhore of Hudson iiay, between latitudes .'iK and M '. The nundter of these Iniuiit could not be detlniteiy ascertained, as they trade, for the most part, at Fort (ieor^e, beloii^'in^ to the Moose district. I'lach year, howt^vor, a party of less than a do/.en indiviuals . journey to l''ort Chimo for the purpose of bartiMiti^ furs ami other val ualdes. Those who come to I'oit riiimo are usually the same lacii year. In lanpia^'e they ditVer t;reatly from the Koksoak Iniuiit, inasmuch as their speech is veiy rapiil and niucli haisher. .Many of the vvords aru rn Itivimyut arc probably the most super«titious of all the Innnit dwelling; in the re};ioii un«ler (;onsideiatioii. Althoujfh the missi«)nari»'s have devoted considerable energy to the work of coiivortiiig these ]>eople, and though many of them inofe.ss Christianity, these professions prove on examination to be merely noiiunal. As soon as the converts arc beyoiul the t«'acher's intlueiice, they return to the shaman for guidance. In the spring of l.SH,'{ a i)arty of these people visited Fort Chimo. A great number of the Koksoak p«'ople were ill, some IJO miU-s above the station. The visitors had among them a shanuin renowned through- out the land, lie, with the connivaiu-e of two or three of the people with whom he stop])ed, began soiiu' of the most a.stonishing intrigues to ilispel the evil sj)irit atHieting the people. Several men werejtarted from their wives, and these were «'ompelled to dwell with other men i:\ 180 THE HUDSON BAY ESKIMO. who wore at the bottom of the consjiirawy. Other coiiplea had to flee from that place to prevent beiiip .livorced, at least temporarily. After a time the visitors descended to Fort Chimo, and while the bartering was going on the shaman announced his conversion to Christianity, and vowed never again to return to pra<'ticing shamanism. On the return of the harried fugitives they jiassed the cam]) of the Koksoak river people, where they had a few days before been tlie guests, and stole their supplies of reindeer nn'at and other valuable jtroperty, oven attempting to purloin a kaiak; and they had proceeded many miles thciue before they were overtaken and con»i)e]led to relin-inish the stolen jiroperty. They were se«'n some nu)nths after by some Tahag- mynt, to whom they stated their fear of returning among the Koksoak people. A inori^ plausible scamjt does not dwell in those regions than this sha. nan, whose nanu' is 8apa. Ilis ])ower over the sjdrit control- ling the reindeer is widely believed in and invoked by the other sha- mans, who feel incapable of turning the heads of the deer and thus compelling them to wander in the desired direction. Amtiug these people only have 1 heard of a son who took his mother as a wif»', and when the sentinu'nt of the comnuuiity compelled him to discard her he took two other women, who were so jter-secuted by the motlu'r that they believed themselves to be wholly nn«ler her influence. HIm' even caused theui to believe they were ill, and when tlu'y actually did beconu^ so tlu'y both died. In fovmer years the liinuit extended entirely around the shore of Hudson bay. Now there is a very wide gap, extending from the vicinity of Kort George, on the eastern coast, to the vicinity of Fort Chnrchill, on the western coast. At the |)resent time the Innuit occnpy tiie areas designated in these renuirks. That they fcuinerly extended along the Atlantic coast far to the s(mth of their ])reHent limit is attested by an abundance of facts. The Innuit of the eastern shore of Hudson bay, the Itivimyut, informed m(> that the Innuit dwelling on the islanils of Hudson bay, nu)re or less remote from the mainland to the east, are teiined Ki'glk- tag'myut, or islaiul jM'ojile. They relate that those islanders have (piite different customs from the mainland peoiile, inasmuch as their clothing consists of the skins of seals and dogs, rarely of reindeer skins, as the latter are procurable only when one of their number comes to the sliore to trade for such arti<'h's as can not be obtained on his locality. The spear, kaiak, bow and arrow are used, and they have but little knowledge of firearms. These ])e(»ple are representeu as often being driven to greatest extremity for food. It is said that their language differs considerably from that or less frequently for over a humlr..d and fifty years. I was u.utble to ..btain the term by which they distinguish themselves from their nei.-hbors. That they are later comers in the region than the Innuit is attested by the bloody -arfiire formerly .-arrie.l on between them, of which many pro..fs yet exist. The Mountaineers applied to t he uiore northern Indians the term of reproach, "Naskoiue. Ih.s word denotes the contempt the M..untai:.eers felt for the Naskopies when the latter failed to fulfill their promise to assist in driving the Innuit from the country. _, , , ,. It was impossible to obtain a satisfactory estimate ..f the numbers of the Mountaineers. My stay in their vicinity was too short to learn as nmch about them as was desired. "-. I 182 THE nrnsoN bay Eskimo. (2) The Iiidiiiiis (Iwelliiij!: to tlie aontliw«'8t of the Hiifjava district ditl'er rather more tlian the Mouiitainocrs, in their speet'li, from tlie In- dians (if tiie I'njjava district. Tiiey average, for both .■(exes, slij;htly taUer tlian the Naskopies. TI.e men are s|)are, and have small limbs and extremities. The eheek bones are also more prominent, althou{>-h this !s ])artl.v dne to the thin visajfc. The women are disno.sed t4) be stont, and in the older women there is a decided tendency to corpnlence. The coniidexion, too, is considerably darker. The meii vear hmg hair, nsnally cut .so as to fall Jnst upon the shouhlers. The hai; ot the women is (piite heavy, and is worn either in braids or done u]) in folds upon the side of the head. In their per.sonal habits they a:'o much more ti at each end. jjroducing a cralt well adapted to -the swift currents of the rivers. The occupants are skillful boatmen, and will fcarl<'.ssly face wind and wave that would appall the heart of the Naskopie. Sails are soiiu'times erected in a single canoe. At times two canoes are lashed together and a sail spreail from a single mast. This double boat is very convenient for the traveler. These people are strongl> addicted to the jtractice of polygamy: and while they are Christians externally, they are so only as long as they are within the reach of tin' missioiniry. Anutng those who had come to dwell in the I'ngava district w«'re several who had. because of the opportunity, taken two wives. The missionary. F. pear to be well treated, and occasional laxity of morals is not noticed au'ong them so long as it is not notorious. Theii' beliefs and traditions were not learned by me, (Ui account of the presence of these people at Fort Ohimo when <»ther labors occupied my entire time. Their jmrchases are made with furs of the same kinds as those pro- cured in the I'nfiaya district. Tiie black bear is procured in f^reat numbers by these Indians. They preserve the under lip, dressed and ornamented with beads and strips of cloth, as a trojjhy of their pi owoss. The hari)oon used in strikin^j tiie whit*' whale of their rivers is an imi>Iemeiit doubtless peculiar to those people, and much resembles that of the Innuit. (|{) Tiie third division of Indians includes those dwelling for the most part in the Ungava distiict. The total number of these Indians is about .'{50. They apply the term Ne ne not — true, ideal men — to themselves, althou^Mi known by tlie citithet Naskopie, which was applied to them by the Mountaineers of the .southeastern portion of the region. They differ slightly in «iistoms from their neiglibors, but their speech is somewhat dilfeient, being very rajtidly uttered and with most sin- gular iullections of the voice. A conversaticm may be begun in the usual tone, and in a moiiieiit i-hangcil to tliat of a whining or petulant child. It is impossible for the white man to imitate this abrupt intlec- tion, which appears to be more common among the males than tlu> lemales. During ordinary conversation one would errontuiusly siij. pose, from the vehemence of gesture, that the speaker was angry. They are much more «leinonstrative than their neighbors, often siiout- ing at the full strength of their voices when an ordinary tone woidd apparently sutlice. That theii' voice is i>eiietrating may be inferred from the fact that during quiet days it is not unusual for jiarties to con- verse from opposite sides of the Koksoak river, at Fort t'himo, where the river is nearly a mile iind a half wide. As certain words are spoken in a voice sciarcely louder than a whis- per, i did not believe it possible that tlieyctmid understand each other at so great a distaiu-e, until I .saw the people on the oi)posite shore doing what they were bidden by tho.se with me. When the wonu'u get together it is anuising to observe the eagerness 184 THE iriTDSON BAY ESKIMO. of tlie old ( ronos oiulfavorinfj to luakc tlioir voices Iieard above tlio rest. Tlio clerk, while tiadiiif: with tliein, often teases them until the entire nuniher turn their voices on hin>. and the only relief ho has is to exi)el them all from the st4)re and admit oiuM)r two at a time, while the remainder throng the windows and shout at the ti)}) of their voice's. During the spring, when Hocks of Canada geese are winging their way northward, the Indians will imitate their notes so «-losely that the birds do not discover tiie source until loo late. Home of the i)arty nnike one lutte, while the others imitate tlu>otlier mitc. It seldom fails t<» beguile the geese to the spot. Owing to tiie inipossil)ility of getting a reliable jterson to tea(di me the language of these jieople I was able to procnie but few words. The number ol)tained, however, is sullicient to prove that the i»eoi)le of this region, e\<'luding the Innuit and whites, belong to the Cree brunch. The Mountaineers and Little VVhah' river Indians belong to the sanu> stock, and the ditVereme in their language is due wholly to eiivircuinient. The liulians ami Innuit of this region are more or less directly in ccntact. .\t Kort (Miimo it is especially so. Here, as elsewhere, they (h) not iniermix, an Indian lu'ver taking an Innuit wife or the Innuit taking a s(pniw Ibr a wite. 1 kiu'w of one instance where a Naskopie went to dwell with some Innuit cam|)ed near the mouth of the Kok- soak, but after remaining away for a few days he returned to his own peoi>Ie. SPECIAL ACCOUNT OK THE PEOPLE AROUND FORT CHIMO. TIIK K(>KS(iA(iMVt' 1. The Hskimo with wlio'v. 1 was brought in contact at Fort Chimo were thos(! behmging to ihat imnu'diate vicinity. They term themselves Koksoagmyiit, or peojile of the Koksoak or IJig river. The jtcoplc who apply this name to themselves do not number more than a score an*l a half. There are but four families, and among these are some who belong to other localities, but now dwell with he Kok soagmyiit. They cimsider themselves a part ' ! the i)eoplc dwelling as far to the north as the western end of Aki»at4>k island, and to the east as far as (leorge's river. The llskimo dwelling between tho>e jxiints have similar hitl)its, and range indiscriminately over the hunting grounds of that locality, sehlom going farther southward than the con- .iiience of the Larch ri\er (U' f he North rivei' with the Koksoak. Among these few natives now inhabiting the Koksoak valley we tind the men to be above the stature usually ascrilted to the Kskimo. .Ml but one of the aduh males are above .") feel S inches. The smallest man is little more than 'if, feet tall. .Miare well proportioi ed and pre- sent an exceptioinilly good i)hysi(pie. The feina.les are also well ;iro IK)rtioned, and, in fact, appear to compare well with females of civili/ed 11 KNERI AKOimO FORT CHIMO. 185 coiiiitiies as far as tlieir stature is coiicprned. The lower extremities of both sexes really are shorter than the genera,; ai)|)earaiu!e would indi- cate, and thus the body is somewhat lonfjfer. The great individual variation in the i)roi)ortional leugtii of the legs is doubtless the result of the way infants are carried in the hood on the backs of the mothers. In this eonstraiiii'd position the limbs were obliged to eonform tortionally smaller feet than hands. The head may seem larger than it really is, on account of the tiattened featur«'s of the fatre. The average nose is lar;;eand Hat, and the jirominenceof this organ is often diminished by the wide chetiks and overhanging forehead. In most cases the chin projects less than the nose. The average face is round and Hat, but there arc exceptions, as I have s-en one or two persons whose faces were a regular oval, and with the ex;;eptioii of the Hat front, seen from a side view, were as well fornu'd as one will meet among other people. Tiie skin has the sa'ne diHcrences of color as among white peo]>Ie. The greater number of i»eoi»le aie moderately dark, but this depends very gieatly on tlu' season of the year. I have iu)t seen any white people so much ehanged as these are by *lu^ exiM)siire to the sununer sunshine. In the winter they i re conHned to their huts and bleach to a lighter color. A couple of Wt'cks' exjutsure renders them scarcely re- ••ognizable as the same itcrson--. TJu' young mi)any, who havt- in two instances taken full blooded Kskimo wc.nen for wives and who were married by the agent of llu' company. These children arc quite pretty, the male fa- voring the mother and the girl reseniltling the father. With these, as with the children of natives, nnnii dei)ends on tiu*. cieaniiiu'ss of the person. The soot and other tilth accumulating on their faces and hands, seldom washed, of eouise modifies the api)earance of the ex- posed portions of the body. Home of the giils would be attiactive enough if a copious amount of water was used to renu)ve tlie ridges of dirt which are too jdainly visible. The liaiuls n\v often much disHg- ured from numerous iits and bruises, which, when healed over, leave a heightened scar of a whitish color ((uite ditferent in color from the snrroumling tis.sue and often presenting an unsightly appearance. By the tinu' puberty is attained the girls tpiickly change, ami in a few 18fi THE HUDSON HAY ESKIMO. years hcffiii to sliow tlic rosult of tlu'ir arduous lilc by the apjieanun'e of wrinkles, liafjfjanlness, and pMUMul l>rt'akiu}j down, wliicli, alt)iou(;h it may pro^jtrcss slowly, is sohUuu recovered from. Like the rest of the hiiiuit. the Koksoafiiuyut are usually i)eaeelul and mild tempered. Amouf; themselves afl'iays are of rare oeeurreiice. Jealousy arouses the worst passions, and the murder of the otl'eiuler is generally the result. When a person becomes so bad in character that the community will no lonjicr tolerate his presence he is forbidden to enter the huts, partake of food, or hold any intercouise with tiu' rest. Nevertheh'ss, as lonjj' as he threatens no one's life, but little attention is paid t" him. Should he be {guilty of a murder, several men watch their o|ipi)rt unity to surprise him and put him to death, usually bystou- iufj. The executioners make no concealnu'nt of their acticui. ami are supported by puldic o|)inion in the eomnmnity. Ill the case of a premeditated murder, it is the duty of the next of kin to avcn;;!' the deed, though years may pass, while the nuirdcrer pursues liis usual occupations undisturbed, before an opportunity occurs to the rclati\e for taking him by surprise. Sometimes tlui victim is not overcome and turns upcm the as.sailant and kills him. The man, now guilty of two munlers. is sutfen'd to Iiv»' oidy at the jdeasure of the ])eoj)le, who soon decree his death. That mnrdei' is not api)roved, cither by the individual or the community, is well attested by the fact that the island of .Vkpatok is now tabooed siiu-e the murder of jtart of tlu' crew of a wiecked vessel, who eami)cd on that island. Such a ter- rible serene was too rn;.. ii, even for them; and now not a soul visits that locality, lest the ghosts of the victims should appear and 8tipi>li cate relief from the natives, who iiave not the jtroper oflerings to uuike to appease them. Aged jH'ople who liav*^ no relatives on whom they may depend for subsistence are often quietly i»ut to death. When an old woman, for in.staiu-e, becomes a burden to the conunuuity it is usual for her to be neglected until so weak (rom want ol' foixl that she will be umible to keep lip with the people, who siuldenly are seized with a desire to remove to a distant locality. If she regains their camp, well for her; otherwise, she struggles along until exliauste or a fcugotteii ammunitiiui bag. They rarely go fartlu'r than where they lind the helpless jiersoii, and if their track be followed it will be found that the <'oi|)se has stones piled around it and is bound with thongs. An old woman at Fort Cliimo had but one eye, and this was con- tinually sore and very annoying to the jieople with whom she lived. They proposed to strangle her to relieve her from her misery. The next morning the eye was much better and the ])roposed cure was postponed. Cases of suicide are not rare, considering the few people of that TURNRR.] DISEASES. 187 .>.ciility. Pitcliinp: tln'inselvcs from a clilV or ])nMluciiig strangiiliitioii ar»^ t.;o usual iiiotlio«l.s. Soinetiiiu'.s a gun is usi"'. Iteiuorsi' ami (lis- appoiiitctl lov*> are tli** only clauses ot'siiiuidi'. A man discovered, during a period of great Hearcity or fcKul, that while he went in (|uest 4»f food his wife had seeretly stored away a <|nantity of fish and ate of them during his absence oidy. Coming houu! unexpectedly, he caught her eating and she endeavored to secrete the renuiinder. He ipiietly went out of the snow hut and Itlocked up the entrance. She inquired why \u: did so. His rep)" was for her to come d as ipiickly as possible in order to economize the heat within, I'oi- when once chilled it isditlicult to I'estore the house to the projier degree of warmth. An Mskinio would always lu'cfer to erect a new hut of snow rather than jiass the night in one which has been deserted foi' only a single night it' the doorway has not been tightly closed with a block of sn(tw. Within the walls, reeking w ith the exhalations of various ]>utrid mat- ters, the people breathe and rebreathe the air tilled with poisonous gases; so fnll.N one hall Of the Ivskinio dieof pulmonary troubles. The other prevailing diseases are tlios" causing devitali/ation of the blood, such as scurvy. Sores break out on the shoulders, elbows, knees, and ankles. The ravages of tln'se diseases jirocced at an astonishing late, soon carrying off the atllicted person. The nu'ans of relief usually i'lnployed are those which the shaman ;iir conjurei', as he is locally known) is able to etfect by woiking mi tlu im- agination of the si(;k, v\|i(i is in this contlition easily intlueiu'cd. The will powt-rof both the patient and shaiuiin is stretched to its utmost tensi(Mi, and as faith with them, as with nniny others of fairer skins, often produces moi»'. of the relief than !lie ministrations of drugs or drafts, tlui cure is etfected, oi' <'lse the shaman, like the ithysiciiin, has not the devil on his side. '•'he nmgnitude of the disease is generally measured by the amount of the patient's worhlly wealth. •as, 'ir 188 TlIK m'USON »AV ESKIMO. MAKKUOK. A woiniin is iiiarritMl as scon after puberty as a iiiaU* eoiiips alonjj who has tin' r<'(|iiisit«' pliysical st'fii;;;tli to Ibrt'i' her to beeoine his wife. Maii.vof tlie I'eniah's are taken before that perioti, and tlie result iHtlnit f(>w ehihh'en are born to sneli unions anirl is sonu'tinu's asked for her eonsent, and, if unwilling;, often enlists the sympathy of the mother, and thealfair iH])ustponed to ii more favorable oppiutnnity. or till the suitor be«u)mes disjjiisted with her and lakes somebody else. If the parents are not livinj,'. the brothers or sisters must be favora- bli> to the union. There is often so mneh intri;,niin(; in these matters that tlie e\aet truth can neldoiu be as«-ertained. Where all obstaeles -ire removed and only the girl refuse.s, it is not Ion;; before she disappears uiysteriously to remain out for two or thre*' niyhts with her best fennile friend, who thoroughly sympathizes with her. They return, and b»'foie long she is abdneted by her lover, and they remain away until she ])roves to be (horou^hly subjeeted to his will. 1 kn<'w of an instaiu'e wlu'ie a yirl was tied in a snow house for a period of two weeks, ami not allowed to ^'o out. She tinally sub- mitted, and they returiu'd with the other couple, who were lessobstit'))- erous, and f tl»< partios iiKually l«.'av«' with little cerenamy. Ill rare iiiHtaiu'CH, wiicre there is a ((Uiipatibility of tenijier and a (lis- |M)sitinii to (roiitiiieiice, tiie pair reiiiaiii to;;ether tor lite. Many of the fjirls bear children before they are taken for wiven, but as such iiii;idents do not destroy the respet^tability of the mother the girl iloeH not ex]icrieiiee any difficulty in ]iroeuriii^' a liiisbaiid. Ille- );itiinate chihlreii ar«- usually taktMi care of by some a^^ed woman, who devotes to it all her eiierf^ies and atl'ections. The number of chihlreii born varies jjrnatly. for, altliouy;li these Kski- inos are not a ])rolitie race, a eouiile may occasionally claim parentage of as many as ten children. Two or three is the usual number, and many die in early childhood. When the family is prosperous the hnsbaiid often takes a second wife, eitiier with or without the approval of the first, who knows that her household duties will be lessened, but knows also tiiat the favors of her husband will have to be divided with the second wift. The sctond wife is often the cause of the tirst wife's leaving, tlnuigh sometimes slio is sent away herself. Three or four wives are sometimes iittained by a prosperoiiH man, and one instance was known where tiic head of the family had no less than live wives. The occupation of ii single snow hoiis«> by two or three wives brings them into close intiinacy and often ])roiluces <|iiarri>ling. The man hears but little of it, as he is strong enough to settle their dilliciilties without ceremony, and in a manner better adapt4'd to create res|M'ct for brute strength than alVectioii for him. The femalcH outnumber the males, but the relationship among the Koksoagmyiit is now so t-lost^ that many of the males seek their wives from other localities. This, of course, connects distant people and in- terchange of the natives of both sexes is <;oinmon. Separation of couples is etVe<-ted in a simple maiiner. The one who so desires leaves with little ceremony, but is soinetimes sought for and compelled to return. Wives are often taken for a jieriod. and an ex change of wives is fre(iuent, either party being often hai>py to here h'ased for a time, ami returning without concern. There is so much intriguing and scandal inongering among these ]ieoplc that a woman is often compelled by the sentiment of the comiminity to rclimiaish her choice and join another who has bribed a conjurer to «lccidc tliat until she comes to live with him a certain person will not be relieved from the evil spirit now tormenting him with disease. The only way for the couple against whom such a j»h»t has been laiil to escn]ie separation is for them to tlee to another locality and remain tlien^ until the i)crson gets well or dies, wliereui»on the conjurer declares it was their cohabitation as man and wife which alllicted the invalid. A designing woman will often cause a man to cast ott' the h'gal wife to whom he is much attached and come and live with her. In such iu- li--,- -.-si ll ll ■ffioaowMa^r^ 100 TlIK HITU80N BAY KSKIMO. Mtaiicfs til*' t'orint'i- \vit<> sehloiii reHuiits tlit' iiitniHioii upon li«>r atl't'ctioiiH anil ri>;lits hut occaNionally );iv«'H tin* ntht-r a m>v«rt« tliraMhiu); and an injunrtioii to look to liersi^lf It-st mIh' lie tlisranltMl also. Tlit> rliildrtMi oC the (list otl' woman art' IrcqiuMitl.v taken l)y Iht and they p) to livr with liiT icIativcM iis nuuiiiils on whom dfvolvc Ihi' labor of scwcrost kinds, slu> l)fin}; ^lad to obtain tli«« i-«'l'uMt< of tht'hovt'l to support lu>r litV in oriltT tlnit lii>r childnMi may lii* well takfii cart' of. Honu' wives arc considcrcti as very "unlucky"' and a -tr trial ar« cast off toshilY foi' tiiemselves. A woman who has obtained the rc|)uta tion of Itcinj; unlucky for her husband is eschewed by all the men lest she work some ciiarm on them. In social relations the head of the family comes first, and the oldcHt son second, tiie other sons followin-; according; to respective ayes. The .sons of the tirst wife, if there l>e more than one wife, take pre- cedence over those of the second or third wife. It may be that a man has lost liis tirst wife and takes another. The sons of these two are considered iis those of one wife so far as their relation to each othei" is concerned. When the father becomes superanimt<'d ttr his sons ai'c old enough to e. ible him to live withr)ut exertion, the nnin a^emeiit of atfairs iU'volv«s <.n the eldest son, and to the second is dele;riited the sc" uid place. Kach may be occni»ied in dilVerent alVairs, but the elder alone chooses what he himself shall do. If the father live to a ^reat ap', and some of the uhmi certainly at- tain the a;ic of more than 80 years, he may have >xreat grandchildren about him, and these never tail to show resjiect foi' their ancestor. All this family may dwell in a sinjjle tent, or in two or more tents. Wher«' the leadei' directs, there they all repair, althonnh each one who is at the head of a family n help itself to it. The child nniy be named while yet in utero. There bein;; no dis- tinctions for sex in names the apjiellatiou can scan-ely be amiss. Sev eral names may be a(;tjuircd from the iuo.st trivial circiuustances. Old Trm»«R.) CHU.DRKN. 191 iiaiiios insi.v bodiHciirded and ntnv tiiuiicH HiihHtitiitcd or rvrtiiin iiaiiii's iV|>|)li«-d by c-oi'tiiiii pt'oplc uiid not nst>(l Ity otiicrs, liovu tor otrsprin^' is of tlii^ dft^post iind ptiri'Ht <-liiira«-ti>r. I Inivti nnvoi'Mocn adiHi'espt'ctliil l'i.skinio('liild. MoMifis niid tuthviH n«>v*T in Hict corporal piinishmviit on their rhiidn-n, lor tlu-Mi' ar«> early taiiKiit lo olioy, oi' latlHT tii(\v an^ ipiici{ to pfrcfivo that tlicir parents arc their protectors and to them they must ;;o tor assistance. ()r|)han ^irls aru taken as niirses lor snnill ciiildren, and the nnrse so enipioycd has seUhnn any tronlth^ in controlling the <'hild. Anion); yonn^ children at play the ;rr«'atest harmony prevails. An accident losnltinf; in suttluient harm to cause tears olttains the sympa thy of all, who strive toappeaw^ tiie injured child by olVers of the ;;reat- «st share of tlio pinie, tlie little fellow often smiling with the prospec- tive pleasure while the tears yet course down hisbej,'rimed cheeks. In a moment all is forgotten and Joyous shouts soutles them to provide some coxelcd luxury for their parent.s, who, of couise, aid ami encourage tliem to beconu> suc- cessful hunters. Within the huts the girls display their skill liy sew ing fragments of cloth into garments for dolls or striving to ]>atch their tattered clot lies. The older boys look with contempt upon these childish occupations and, to show their su|)eriority. often torment the younger ones until the father or niotlu'r compels them to desist. Pranks of various kinils are played upon each other and they often exhibit great cunning in their devices to annoy. These boys are aide to accompany their elders on hunting trips and run ahead of the team of dogs attached to the sled lllltlAl. 1 rsKiMS. When a |>erson dies the body is prejiared l»y binding it with cords, the knees being drawn up and the heels placi'd against the Itody. The arms are tied down, and a covering of deerskin or sealskin is wrapped around the body and fastened. The lu-arcst relativ«'s on approach of ath remove the invalid to the outside of the house, f(u-ifhe shoidddie within he must not be carried out of the door but through a liole cut in the side wall, and it nuist thenbt^ carefully closed to prevent the spirit ofthei)ers(m from returning. The body is exposed in the oi)eii air along the side of a large rock, or taken to the shore m liilltop, where 1| ^-4 ■t %^ 192 THK IirnSON BAY ESKIMO. Htoiit'H ordittt'i'i'iit si/,('K III'*' |)iU>(l iiruiiiiil it to ]>r(>vi>iittlit«bii'(lHmMl iini iiiiiIh IVom trt'ttiiiK at it, (Svo Fij?. -I.) It is <(iii(«i(l«M('il a K''''"^ <»rt<'iim* it aili)^' lie sfi'ii oatiii^' tli«> ticsh t'roin a Ixxly. In cast- of a holnvoil rliild i\y\i\n it is soiiictiincH takt'ii witli tli*> ii(>()|)li> to whom it liclon^'fil if tlicy Mtnrt for aiiotlicr locality iM'l'on' tlccoinitoHitioii Iiiin pronri'ssi-d too tar. • * y ^ f%He,^~f\ '^ ■' Flu, lit. EHkiiuu gruvd. Tilt' living' iM'isoii rosif,'iis liiniselt'lo t'lit*- witli meat <•allnIl«>s^<. Diir h\<^ illness, «'V«>ii tii<>U};li it ImmiI' iiinst |>ainl'ul ilhinirtfr, cniiiiilaiiit i.s seltldiii licanh ami so irn-at is I'ortitudt^ tliat tlic scvt'icst paroxysms of pain niicly product- even a movement of the muscles of the conn teiiaiice. The frienils often exhihit aM excessive amount of Miict; Imt only in exceptional instances is much weeping indul;;cd in. The loss of a hushand often ei-tails ^reat liai ..ips on the wife and small children, who eke out a scanty living by the aid of others who are scarcely ahle to maintain themselves. These jvcopje have an idea of a future state and believe that death is merely the separation of the soul and the material iiody. The spir- its of the soul pt either up to the sky, "keluk," when they aie called Keluymyut, or down into the earth, " Nuna." and arc called "Nana myut.'' These Iwoclasseaof sjiirits can hold communication with each other. The pla<'c to which the .soul {;oes
  • liixiirioH fiijiiyoil hy \\ui Niinaiiiyiit. All (li'Hii'i' to p» to tli<> lowor n^^ioii ainl al'tttiwanlH (^rijoy th« iiiisisiiit' III' ((jtiiiniiiiiratiiiK with tli<^ liviiiKi which iirivile^'O in ili-iiiratii ntsiiit t'roiii natural caimoH tiii> spirit is HuppoMtMl to dwell on th*> «>ai'th aftor haviiiK un the t;rav«>nniy Im> visiti-d ami t'oixl otVcnul atitl Moii^M siin^', and the otlerin^, roUHiNtint; of oil and tifsh, with to han-o for HmokiiiKimd rliewin^, iHt-onHunifd l>y tin- living' at the {{rave. Articles of elothiii^; nniy also be depositeil near thejjrave fortlie spirit toelothe itself after the {{arnsents liav<^ disappeared in the ])ro(;esH ol decay. It is <-iistonniry to place such articles aH may be deemed of immediate uhc for the departed soul in the {;rave at the time the body is interred, .\mmunition, (;un, kaiak and its appurtenances, with a shirt, {{hives, knife, and a «Mip from which to drink are usually so de- posited. The spirit of the dead man ap|iropriates the spirits of these artich'H as soon as thuy decay. It is often said when an article be comes lost that so and so (mentioning' his name), has taken it. Home of tlu« p«Miple |irefer tii expose their dead itiation (»nly. The ])erson strives to keep the jjood will of the evil spirit by oll'erinjjs of food, water, and clothin};. Till' spirit is often in a material form in the shajte of a doll, carried somewhere abont the i)erson. If it is wanted to insure success in tlie chase, it is carried in tin; bag containing the amnuinition. When an individual fails to overcome the obstacles in his path the misfortune is attributed to the evil wrought by his attending spirit, whose good will must be invoked. If the spirit i)rove stubborn and re- luctant to grant the needed assistaiu-e the person sometinu's beeonms angry with it and iuHicts a serious chastisement ujm»u it, deprives it of food, or strijis it of its garments, until after a time it proves less refrac- tory and yields obedience to its master. It <»ften happens that the person is unable to control the intlueuce of the evil disi>osed spirit and the only way is t« give it to some person without his knowledge. The latter becomes immediately under the control of the sjiirit, ami the former, released from its bah'fnl effects, is able siu'cessfully to proscv cute the affairs of life. In the eimrso of time the person generally re- lents and takes back the spirit he gave to another. The ]»erson on whom the spirit has been imi»oscd should know notliing of it lest he should refuse to a<'(H>pt it. It is often given in the form of a bundle of clothing. It is su|»i)ose(l that if in hunting somebody merely takes the bag to hang it up the iuHuencc will pass to him. Tiu' spirit is sup- posed to be able to exert its intluence only when carried by sonu> ob- ject having life. Hence the person may cast it away for a time, and during that period it remains iiuTf. Besides this class of spirits, there are the spirits of the sea, the land, the sky (for be it understood that the Kskirno know nothing of the air), the winds, the ch)uds, ami everything in nature. Kvery cove of the seashore, every ])oinl, island, and prominent rock has its guard iaii spirit. All are of the malignant type and to be ])ropitiated oidy by acceptable^ offerings from persons who dcsirc! to visit the locality when' it is supposed to reside. Of c is supposed to be able to deal with the Tung ak. While the shaman does not profess to be sujierior to the Tung ak, he is able to enlist his assistance and thus be able to control all the undertakings his profes- sion may call lor. This Tung ak is nothing more or less than death, which ever seeks to torment and harass the lives of people that their spirits may go to dwell with him. TriiNKii.) UELKlION. 196 A Icgeinl related of tlie oriRin of the Tung ak is as follows: A father had a sou and daughter whom he, h»ved very mm;*. Tiie, children fell ilt and at last died, although the father did all in his power to alleviate their mifferings, sliowing his kindness and attentions to the last mo- ment. At their death the fatlu-r beeame changed to a vicious spirit, roaming the world to destroy any person whom he nught meet, deti^r- ndned that, as his dear children died, none others slumld live, Tung ak visits i)eople of all ages, constantly placing obstacles in their pathway to prevent the accomplishment of their desires, and provoking them beyond etiduraiice so as to «-anse them to become ill and die and go to live with him. Tung ak uo hmger knows his own self imposed task to become an "Angekok" or great (Uie. he is much frightene.l and beseeches the terrible visitor to spare his life and give him the power to relieve his peojile from mis- fintune. Tung ak then takes pity on him, and imparts to him the secret of preserving life, <»r driving out the evil which causes death. This is still the jirocess by which the would-be shannin tits himself for his supernatural duties. The newly Hedged angekok returns to his people and relates what he has s«'en and what he has deing seen during the incan tation. The patient lies on the ground before him and when the shaman is worked up to thepro|)er8tateoffren/,yheprostrateshimselfuponthe alllictcd person and begins to ci.asethe evil from its seat. The patient ofti'ii receives blows and Jerks sutliciently hard to dislocate the Joints. As the spell itrogresses the shaman utters the most hideous muses, =*«wi m 196 THK HIDSON HAY KSKIMO. slioutiii}.' lii'iT iinil tliorciis tlu'cvil Hcos to iUioMuM- itortioii of tliobody, seeking' ii rcticiit tVoiii wliicli tlif sliiuiiau shall ho tinabli^ to dislodge it. After a liiiic victory is diM'liii'wl; the operutor di'iins to liave tho (lis(>ase iiikIci' liis (•oiitrol, and aitliougli it should cscnpo and inaku itself apiiii felt in the patient, the shanum eontiuues until the person cither jjets well or dies. If the fornu'r, the n^putation of the shaman is increased itroportionally to tiic payment bestowed by the ertlicted one. If he dies, however, the conjurer simply refers his failure to the in- t<'rference of soniethi.it' which was beyoinl hist'ontrol. This may havo been the intlnence of anything the shaman may at thi> monuMit think of, sucli as a sudden appearance in the changing auroras, a fall of snow, or a dog knocking down something outside of tlu^ house. If the peojile deny tliat the dog did the act, the siiannin replies that the (U>g was the instrunuMit in the hands of a spirit which escaped him. Any little incident is sutlicient to thwart the success of his manipulations. If any i)erson be the subject of tlu' shaman's dis|)leasure he or she must undergo some sort of jmnishment or do an act of peinmce lor the interference. It is not unusual to see a person with the harness of a dog on his back. This is worn to relieve him or sonuibody else of a spell of the evil spirit. The tail of a living dog is often cut from its body in order that the fresh blood may be cast upon the grouml to be seen by the spirit who has caused the harm, and thus he may bo ap- I)eased. Numerous nnitilations are inllicled upon animals at the coiu- mand of theconjurei', who must be consulted on nearly all the important undertakings of life in order that he may manage the spirits which will insure sju'cess. The imi>licil belief in these i)ersonages is wondertul. Almost every peison who can do anything not fully understood by otliers has more or less reputation as a shanum. Some men. by observation, beconu' skilled in weather lore, and get a great reimtation for supernatural knowledge of the f-iture weather. Others again are fannnis for suggesting charms to insure succ«'ss in hunting, and, in fact, the occasions tor consulting the«'onJuier areprac- ti<-ally innumerable. One special cpialiticatiiUi of a good shaman is the ability to attract large numbers of deer or other game into the region where he and his friends are hunting. Some of these shamans are superitir hunters and, as their experience teaches them the habits of the deer, they km)W at any season exactly where the animals are ami can anticipate their future nntvements, in- llueneed greatly by the weather. Thus the projihet is able to estimate the jtroximity ov renu)tcnessof the various herds of stragglers from the main body of deer which were in the locality during the i>receding fall months. Thesis hunters have not only a local reputation btit are kmiwn as far as the people have any nutans of comnnuiicatioi'. In order to cause the deer to iimve toward the locality where they limy be desired the shaman will erect, ou a pcde placed iu a favorable THR TALISMANS. 197 TrBNKB.l of the animals. ,f ^-ut riiinio iV\ii.-2±) It is (luite Maili.MlnU. ,,,^,1 pm'.MkMl l.i.n. His nan..' is Sa'pa. _ ^^„ "'"•IT' -■* ,li Ik lOS THK HUDSON HAY ESKIMO. tlio bolt of poliir-bt'iir skin (kiik-cniifr'-uiit) (Fif?. -3) are limig strings of t'olorcd beads and varions aniulcts. TIh'so arc, (irst, a woodon d
    ll^ S^ ^.^ ,....tho., with the assiduity unt.l he ronvahM.ed -^ ^' ^„.,.„ th. sohMaus. of ,avi,." ..f son.e oUl ha^s. d.-'n-^^ ''''/,.. 'lev things wo.v ,,it.h.a ,.r hushand's iUn.ss -;;^;;;: ^ ^ l,;!;;.. n:iativ.s. out and she was couipellod to.iounuj i Another ilh.stratio.. ean>e under ^^^^^'^^ ,„ ^,s soon A widow w=.s taken to w.t.;^>y ^ ^ - " ,^ ^,^„„„. .,, ,,,„, ,h. takeu violently ill and she was a. "^^ ' > ^^.^,^ ,,„,,,.„„. rnless ,ause of it, as the spirit other '^^-'^^^'^iTZ:^^ L>L. U was then Hla. were east olV the K..ksoaU n>an wonU n.Nc. fl ^M i 200 TMK HUnSON HAY ESKIMO. iilso I'oiiiid tliat unless tho vile <*t' uiiotlitM- iiiiin aliotihl «i('s«M't liiin and iM'i'oini- tlic wile ol'ii Tiiuii wlio already liad t\vi» of this woman's sisters as wives tiie sick man would di(\ Tiie wonniu iind her husband escaju'd divorce by tleein^ from tho, camp. The shaman may d<» about as h«^ jdeases with the niairiatre ties, whieli ol'tener eonsist of sealskin thongs than respect and love. Many old hays have ac(|uired ?;. eat repu- tations for l)«'in};' able to interjjret dreams. An instance of dream in- terpretation, which also illustrates how a |>erson may acquire a lu'w nanu', caMiennlacc and si( his spirit coulil not be siM-kinji' admittaiu'c. She went to an old \\oman and related tiie affair, and was informed that it was the rajipiii^ of her brother, who had died suddenly some two years iieloii'. She must go lioiiie and prepare a cup of tea, with a slice of itrcad, and fiivc it to tlie nurse, as her iuother, Nakvak (the one who died) wa.s hnnjiiy and wanted food. She esjtccially enJoin»'d upon the woman tliat tlie f^irl must now be known as Nakvak (nieortaiit kinds. I unfortunately had no o()portunity of witnessing many of these ceremonies. As a natural conseciucnce of tiu' superstitious i)eliefs that T have de- scribed, tlie use of amulets is universal. Some diarnis arc worn to wardofVthe atta<'ksof evildisposcd spirits. Other charms are worn as rcmendirances of deceased relatives. These have the form of a heail- less doll depending from sonu- portion of the garment wtirii on the up- per part of tiic body. As many of tluMr personal names are derived from natural objects, it is usual for the pers(tn to wear a little image of tiic objiH-t foi' which he is named or a portion of it; for example, a wing of the biid, or a bit of the auinial's skin. This is 8\ipposed to gratify the spirit of tiie obje(^t. Strang*' or curious objects ne\ er before seen are soiiu'times considen-d to bring suc- cess to the finder Two articles select^'d from my colh'ction will illus- trate different forms of amulets. The first. No. ;{(I1S, is a little wooden model of a kaiak. The other (.'((M.IU, l-'ig. 2S) was worn on the back (»f a woman's coat. It is a small block of wood carved into four human hi Is. These heads represent four famous conjurcis noted for their skill in driving away diseases. Tiie woman, who came from the eastern shore of Hudson's bay, was trtuibled with rheumatism and wore this charm frtun time to time as she felt the twinges of pain. She assured me that the pain Flo. 'JH. Kskiino wo mail's aliiiilcl. \ %. 202 ■rilK HUDSON HAY KSKIMO. always tlisa))|uMirtMl in a t'«'W hours when slie woic it. It was witli tlw^ jiroatt'st (lillltiiity thai I porsiiadcd hor t<» i)art with it. She was, how- ever, about to loturn honu', and couhl jjot anittlicr thero. lH'TOnoK I.IKI 'rh»> Kskiini) a«'<|uire an cxtondiMl knowh'djje of tiu* country i)y early a«'<-oni|)anyin^ tlu>ir parents on hunting trips, and as they have to rely upon memory alone, they must he observant and carefully nnuk the snrrouudinfis from all tlu' views atl'orded. The faculty of memoiy is thus cultivated to an astonishing degree, and seldom fails, even in the mi ist severe weather, to insure safety for the individual. 1 knew iti ^tiek h >d in the d ijattertHJ stalks of imong which attaiiu'd the height of the rod, yet after several hours he found the spot again without the least hesitation. Kvery rise of land, every curve of a stream, every eoxf in the seashore, has a name descriptive of something connected with it, and these names are known to all who havei occasion to visit tli*^ place. Though the aspect of the land is entirely ehangi'd l»y the mantle of snow which covers all the snniller objects, a huntei' will go straight to the place where the carcass of :\ single deer was cached many months before on the open beach. The Kskimo are faithful guides, and when contidenee is shown to be reposed in them they take a i»ride in leading the party by the best route. In traveling by night they use the north star for the guide. Kxiicriem-e tea«'hes Ihcm to Ibrctcll the weather, and sonut reliance may be i)lae«'d on their ])redictiims. Their knowledge of the seasons is also wonderful. The year begins when the sun has reaclu-d its lowest jmint, that is, at the winter s ripening of salnumberries and other species of edibles; the time of reindeer (irossing the river; the trapping of fur-bearing animals ami hunting on land and water for food. lOaeli of tlu'se perioils has a s]»ee,ial nameapjtlied to it, although se\ t-ral may overlap eiu;h other. The ai)pearame of mosquitoes, sand- Tl'RNRR.l Ol'TDOOK LIKE. 203 HicH, and liorst'tlics an' iiiarktHl by diitt's anticipattMl witli <■<. .ucrabUt a])[)rdieiisioii of iiniioyaiu-c. Ill order to Hkctcli tlic^ annual routin«> of life, 1 will buuin with tho br«'aki!i(; iiji of the ire in Hiding. Tlic KokHoak river breaks its iee about tlie last of May. This period, however, may vary as uiiieli as ten days earlier and twenty days later than the date siieeilied. T\w icv ill rn{,'ava bay, into which that river Hows, must be '''ee from the Kreat»'r portion of the shore i<'e before the river ice can push its way out to sea. The winds alone intiuence the bay iee, and the <'liaraeter of the weather toward tho head waters of the river determines i;.i tiiu«^ of breaking. The Kski'.io has naturally a keen perception of the signs in the sky and is often able to predict with certainty the ert'ects of the preceding weather. When the season lias sufliciently advanced all tlie behuig- ings of each faiiiily are put together and transported down the river on sleds to where tli«i ice has not y«>t gone from tin' mouth of the river. It is very seldom that the river ice extends down so far. To the edge of the ice the tent and dogs, with the umiak, kaiak, and other p<;rsonal liropcrty, are taken and then stored on shore until the out ide ice is free. The men wander along the beach or inland hunting fc reindeer, ptarmigan, hares, and other land game. The edge of tie water is searched for waterfowl of various kinds which appear earliest. Some ventuiesome seals appear. In the cour.se of a lew days the u-e in the river breaks up and the shore ice of the buy is free; and ii there is a favorable wind it sotm |)ermits th; niiiiak to be put into the water, where, by easy stages, deiiendiiif; on the weather, the quantity of tloat- ing ice, and the food siipplv, t!se linnters creep alongshore to the object- ive point, be it either east or we.'! of the Koksoak. Sometimes the jiarty divide, some going in one direction and others in another. The men seek lor seals, hunting in the kaiak, the women and chil- ilren .s»'aiching the islets and coves for anything edibh'. As .soon as the sea.son arrives for the various gulls, eiders, and other sea birds to nest the women and children are in high glee. Kvciy spot is carefully e.\ai.;ined, and cv'ty accessible nest of a bird is robbed of its contents, by the L'.">tli of . I line the people hav«' exhausted the supjdyof eggs from the last situations visited and now think of returiii;ig, as the birds have again deposited eggs and the seals are be«'oining scarcer. The Eskimo arrange to assist the company to drive white whales when the. season arrives. This is as .soon as they apjiear in the river at a siitlicient distance up to warrant that tlu^ nu'asures pursued will not drive them out of the fresh water, for if they left they wcmld not soon return. The date usually 11 xed ujion is about the 12tli of 'iily. The natives are suminoned, and a large sailboat or the small steam launch is .sent along the coast to the jilace where the people were expected to arrive the .'ith of the month. The natives are brought to the ^l|' 204 TIIK HUDSON HAY ESKIMO. wliiiliiitf Mtiitioii, wluMi' tlii'.v (Mininip, to await t]K> setttng (»f the in't« toriiiint; the sides of tlic incldsuro into wiiirli tliv whales are to be driven. The natives spoar tin' wliales in tho ]>(mnd, drajf tlieni ashore, skin tlieni, and help take the oil and skins to tho post, some ei^ht ndlus t'artlier np tho river. The same natives whoenp;aK*'d in tho whaling are emph)yod to attend tiie nets for ."..ilnion, wliicii arrive at variable dates from tho -'5th of .Inly to the \M of Heptendter. Two or more adidt nude Kskimo, with tiieir relatives, oeeiipy aeertain loeality, Kenorally kiuiwn by tho naino of the person in eharge of that season's work. The place is oeeuiaed antil the rnns of tiie lish are over, when it is time for tho natives to be up the river to spear n-indeer wliieh cross tho river. This hunt ing lasts until the deer have begun to rnt and the males havo lost the fat fromthesmallof the back. Thoseason is now so far advanced that tho ice isalri>ady forming along tho shore, and unless tho hunter intends to remain in that h)cality ho would better begin to descend the river to a place lu'arer the sea. The river may IVeoze in a single night and the umiak be unabh* to withstand the constant strain of the sliarp- edged cakes of tloating ice. The head of tho family decides where tho winter is to be passo«l and moves thither with his party at once. Hero he has a few weeks of rest from the season's labors, or spends the time eonstructing a sled for the winter Journeys he may havein view. The snow has now fallen so that a snow house may In- constructed and winter (piartors taken up. A num- ber of steel traps are procuretl to be set for foxes and other fur-bearing animals. The ptarmigans arrive in largo flocks ami are eagerly hunted {\>v their flesh and feathers. The birds are either consumed for food or sold t(» tho company, which pays t>\ cents for four, and pun'hases the body feathers of tho birds at the rate of i pounds of the feathers tor 25 cents. The Kskimo soon ciuisume tlieamonntof deer meat they brought with them on their return and subsist on tho th'sh of tho ptarmigan until the ice is firm enough to allow the sleds to bo used to transport to the pres«'nt camp meat of animals slain in the fall. The traps are visited and tho furs are sold to tho eomi)any in ex- change for flour, tea, sugar, nu)lasses, biscuit, clothing, uiid amnuini- tion. Hunting excursions are mside to various localities for stray bauds of deer that have become sepaiat<'d from the larger herds. The white men empIoy(''s of tho con.pany have been engaged in cut ting wood for the next year's fuel, and the Kskiuio with their dog teams an; hired to haul it to tho bank, where it may be floaied down in rafts when the river opens. Thus passes the year in the life of tho Kskimo of tho inunodiate vicinity of Koi't Chinio. Some of the Koksoagmynt d(t not «'ugage in these occupations. Some go to another locality to live by themselves; others do not work or iiunt, because it is not their nature to do so. TniNHH.I OlTTDnoK MFK. 205 III all iiml«rfakiiiKs for thiMiiHi^lves tli«y (lolibornto long, with iiiik-Ii licsitiition and apparnit ruliictaiii't>, lit>tori> tlii>y (Ici'hln upon tint liio'iit' action. Tlicy t'onsult t'acli other an,'«'sot' tliis over that locality for Ramc, and Hpccnlatit on wlu'thcr tlicy will lie alllirtj'd witii illness of tlit'insclvrs or family. Wiioii the resolution is tlnally Hiado tojoiirney to a irortaiu place, ouly the most serious ohstai-les ean thwart tlicir imrposc. At all seasonsof the year the women have their allotted duties, which they perform without hesitation. They hriun the wood and th(* water, and the food from the Held, if it is not too distant, in which case tlii^ men pt after it with the tlo;; teams. The women also fashion the skins into clothing and other arti.-les, and do tiie cookinfir. After a hunt of several days' duration the husband's a|ipearaiiee is anxumsly awaited, as is indicated by the family s<>aiiniiiK the direction whence lii^ is ex pected. The load is taken from the sled or boat and the incidents of the chase recited to the ever ready listeners. In the early spring the women are busily enfriip<'d in making boots for summer wear. The skins of the seals have been prepared the fall before and stored away until wanted. The inethod of tannin^r the skins is the same for each species, dilVerinn only in its si/e and weifjlit. ('ertain large ve.saels made of wood or metal, eliielly the latter, as they are easily procured fnnii tiie traders, are used to hold a liquid, which is from time to time added to. When a siinicieiit ainoiint is collected it is allowed to ferment. During the interval the skin of the seal is cleansed from fat and llesh. The hair has been removed by shaving it olV or by pulling it out. The skin is then dressed with an instrument designed for that purpose, made of ivory, deerhoni, stone or even a jiieci' of tin Set in the end of a stout stick several iiiciies long. The skin is held in the hand and the chiselslniped im|)lenieiit is repeatedly pushed from the person and against a portion of the skin until that jiart becomes jtliable and soft enough to work. It is further softened by rubbing between the hands with a motion similar to that of the washerwoman rubbing clothing of the wash. Any por tion of the skin which will not readily yield to this mani|>ulatioii is chewed with the front teeth until it is reduced to tiie required plia bility. -Mter this operatum has been comiileted the skin is soaked in the lii|uid, whi<'li has now ripened to a sutlicieiit degree to be elVective. In this it is laid for a period lasting from several luairs to two or tiiree ii;:tli is thus miiiktil iind the skin IiiIiI«mI ovt>r so iis to liavt> it (I. Tii*< kiiil'o iisimI ill iiittiiiK is siiapt'd likv tlut roiiiiil kiiit't- us<>«l liy tlu> liiiriii'ss-iiiakrr or sliocinakci'. TIh'I'c is ill our colUrtion ti wimmIimi niodol of this tbriii of knife (No. .'<()22), wliii'li nowadiiys always lias a blade of metal. Forniurly slato, Hint, or i\oi'y wiis iiH<>d for tli<>s«> bladtm. Tilt' instiuiiu'iit is always |nisli«'d by tlio porHoii tiaing it. Tlio «\v« aionoKiiidi's tli*' kiiif*>,«'\ccpt on work for a wliit*> man, and tluMi gifator cart' is rvnciscd and inaikH employed indicating tlut roquirud si/.c. Tills round knifo is callrd nlo. Aiiotlier iiii|iortant duty of tlio wonu'ii is taking caro of tlio family boots. Wlicii a piiir of boots lias been worn for some time, during a few hours in warm weather they absorb moisture and iteeoine nearly half an inch thiek on the Holes. When taken otV they must be turned iiisid«> out and dried, then eheweil and scraped by some old woman, who is only too glail to have the work for the two or thr«'e biseuit she may reeeive as pay. Any leak or hole is stitehed, and when the sole hiis holes worn through it, it is patcheil by sewing a piece on the under side. The tn read used in sewing the boots is selected from the best strijts of sinew from the reindeer or seal. Some woineii excel in boot-making, and at some seasons do nothing but make boots, wiiiie the others in return prepai' Mie other garmeiits. When the time comes in spring for making sealskin clothes, the women must not st'w on any piece of deerskin which has not yet been sewed, lest t he seals take otfeiise and desert the locality which has been selected for the spring seal hunt, to which all the people look forward with long- ing, that tlicy may obtain a supply of food ditVereiit from that which they have had during tin- long winter months. As there v.iu be no harm in killing a (b-er at this season, the Uesli may be used, but tho skin must be cast away. As before stated, the entire family accompany the expeditions; and as the females are often tlie more niimenMis portion of the population, tiiey row the umiak at iheir leisure, now and then stopping to have a few hours' run on shore and again embarking. While tiiiis journey- ing they are at times ii sleepy crowd, until something ahead attracts attention; then all become animated, pni suing the object, if it be a half Hedged bird, until it is ('aptured. Great amusement is thus aflbrded for the time, after which they relapse until some excitement again arouses them from their a]>parent lethargy. At the cam]i the men go in ufrefy on tin' rocks. The women do the skinning of the seals and birds obtained on riHNi'.ii I TATTUOINCJ. 207 MiIh I rip. Till' skins of hinln iiic rcinovrd in ii itcciiliar iiiiiiincr. Tlio wiiiKN iiKi cut oil' at tlit' liixly, and IIiioiikIi tlir inrisiiin all tii«- licsli uimI hoiiUH iir«^ takt'U out. The skin is tlicn IiiiikmI inside out. Tlit> (grease is removed by scnii»iiit,' and clu'wiiiK. Tlie skin is dried and preserved till' w«'iir on the leet or fttv tlie purpose of eleansin;; the hands, wliieli luivelieeonie soiled with hlooti or otiier olVal in skinning lar^e );aino. Wiieii the season arrives for hunting the reindeer for their skins, with whieh to make elothiiiK' for winter, the women iielp to prepare the tiesli and hriii^' the wood ami wat«>r for the camp, whiU' the men are ever (»ii the alert for the herds of deer on the land or erossin); the water. The wonn-n lian^j the skins over poles until the ;.'reater portion of the animal matter is dry. when they roll them up and ston> tlum away until the party is ready to retuin to the peirnanent eamp lor the wintei'. Here the nkins eolleeted are carefully examined and Huilahle ones selected for winter pirinents. The skins are moistened with water and the adherent lleshy parti eles are removed with a knife. They are then roujihly scraped anil again wetted, this time with urine, which is suppimed to render iheni more |)lialde. The opeiation is practically the same i>s that of tanning sealskins. The hair is, of course, left on the skin. When the skins are tinally dry anil worked to the reipiired |)liat)ility, they are cut into shape for the various articles of appaiel. The thread used in sewiufi 18 si'.iply a strip of sinew of the pinper size. The libers are separated b;, s|)littin^' olV a siillicient amount, am! with thelin^M-r nail tl!estri|>is freed fi all knots oi' smaller strands which would prevent drawing; throutrli the needle holes. The thread for this purpose is never twisted oi' plaited. The needle is one procured from the trader. .Snnil! bone needles. iitTitations of these, are sometimes used. In fminer years the bone needle was the only means of carrying the thread, but this has now, except in the rarest instances, been entirely superseded by one of metal. 'i'he thimble is simjily a piece of stitV sealskin sewed into a rinj; half an im'li wide to slip on the lirst lin^'cr, and has the sanu' nanu' as that member. In sewin^^of all kinds the iieedU' is pointed toward the operator. The knife used in I'littin;; skins is the same as that pre viously di'scribcd, Scis.sors are not adapted to cutting; a skin which retains the fur. iio far as my observations pies, scissors are used only for ciittin;; textile fabrics procured fiom the store. in the use of a knife woim'ii aciiuire a wondcrous dexterity, j^uidint; it to the desired curve with much skill, or usinj^ the heel of the blade to remove strips which may need trimmiii},' olV. ■ I In former years the women were fancifully tattooed with I'urved lines and rows of dots on the face, neck, and arms, ami on the le;;s \\\\ to mid-thij,'h. This custom, however, fell into disuse because some 2(i« THE IiriiSON ItAY KSKIMO. sliiiiiiaii lUrliiicd that a iiruvailiii^ inist'ortuiie wnn the reaiilt nt'thc tat- tooiiif,'. At present tl>o tattooing,' is vonliiit'il to a few siiiffh- dots on tlie body ami fare. VVlicii a jjirl arriv«'s at puberty she is taken to a seehided h>eali(.v by sonic ohl woman versed in the art and stripped otlier clothing;. A small qnantity of halt'(;harred lamp wick of moss is mixed with oil from the lamp. A nee«lle is nsed to prick tht^ akin, ami the i»asty substance is smeared ov«'r the wound. The bh)od mixes with it, and in a day or two a dark bluish s]tot alone is left. Tlu! operation ^intliuies four days. When the girl returns to the tent it is known that she has lie^^uu to menstiiiate. A menstruating woman nuist not wear the lower narmonts she docs at other times. The hiiul lliip of her coat must be turned up and stitched to the back of the garment. Her right hand must be hall-gloved, or, in other words, the tirst two Joints of each linger of tiiat hand must be uncovered. The left hand also re- mains uncovered. She nnist not touch certain Hkins and fotid which at that itarticular season are in use. Like most Eskinui, the lioksoagmyut are clotlie«i ahnost entirely in the skins ot animals, tliough the men now wear breeches of nude- skin, duck. Jeans, or denim procured from the tradings) e. Heindeer- skin is the favtuite material for clothing, thimgh skins of the dif- ferent seals are also used. The usual garments are a IxMuled fiock, of dilfercnt shapes fin- tlu' sexes, with bretn-hes ami boots. The latter aieof variiuis shapes lor ditfercnt weather, aiul there are many pat- terns of mittens. Hain frotks of .seal entrail are also worn «)ver the furs in stormy weatlu-r. Sonu' of the people are very tidy ami ke«'p their clothing in a respectable «'ondition. Others arc careless and often present a most filthy sight. The aged and orphans, unless the latter be adopted by some well to do person, nuist often be content with the cast ol)'a])|iarel of thcii' more fortunate- tellow-beingH. The hair of the skins wears ott" in those places most liable to be in contact with other objects. The elbows, wrists, and knees often are without a vestige of hair on the clothing. The skin wears through ami then is )>atched with any kind of a piece, which often presents a ludicrous appearance. The young boys and girls are dressepear as thick as they arc tall. They exhibit about the sanu> amount of pride of their lu'w suits as the «Mvili/.eil boy does. They are n(»w able to go out into the severest weather, and seem to delight in rolling armind in the snow. Ini'ants at the breast, so small as to be carried in the nudher's hood, are otten dressed in skins of the reindeer fawns. The garment TVBXKll. CLOTHINO. 209 for these is a kind of "coinbinatioii," tlu- trousers mu\ body sewed tofjotlier and cut down the back to enabh'. the infant to p't them on. A cap of cahco or other ch)th and a pair of skin st4ickinfxs completes the suit. Hoth men and women wear, as an additional protet-tion for their feet in cold weather, a pair or two of short stockinj^s, locally known as "dutlles," frctm the nann^ of tlie material of which they are made. These "dntliles" are cut into the form of a slipper and incase the stockiiifis of the feet. ()v«'r tlu'se are worn the mocirasins, nnule of tanned and smoked deerskin. The Kskimo women are not adei»ts in nnikintj moccasins; a few only can form a wclltittinj,' pair. Tii(>y often employ the Indian women to make them, and. in return, j;ive a pair of sealskin boots, which the Indian is unable to nuike, but hifihly prizi's for siunmer wear in the swamps. Th»> Koksoagmyut do not wearcaps, the hood of the frocks l»ein^' the only In-ad covering. There is, however, in my collection a caj* obtained from one of the so called " Northerners," who came to Fort Ciiimo to trade. This cajt (No. ■Wt'-'. Fig. '-".») was evidently coi>ied from some white man's cap. The front and crown of the cap are nmde of (j;tiillemot and scapififon skins, and tin- sealskin neckpiece also is lined with these skins, so tliat when it is turned ui» the whole eai> seems to be nnide of l)ird skins. Wo may now proceed to the descrip tion of tlic ditVerent garments in de- tail. The coat worn.by the nuMi and boys, and by tlic girls until they arrive at wonninhood, lias the form of a loose sliirl, seldom rewhing more than •_' or ;5 iiu'hes hclow the hips, ami olU'U barely covering the hips. The neck hoh- is large enougli to admit tlie head into the hood, which may be thrown bac'k or worn over the head in i)lace of a cap. The Inmiit of the southern shore of the western end of Hudson Strait often cut the coat open in front as far up as the breast (Figs. .'«► and ;U, No. ;t-"-'t). The favorite material for these coats is Ihc skin of the reindeer, tliree good sized skins being required to make a full sized coat for a man. <"oats nnidc of liglit snnuner skins ar»> used as under ch)tliing in winter and for tin' only body chtthing in sunnncr. The skin of tiie harp seal (/'/i()C((f/»(i7iM«(/(V(() is also used for coats, but only when the supitly of reindccrskin runs shiut, or when a nnin can atlbrd t«) have an «'xtra coat to wear in wi't weather. It is not a very good II Kill M Km. '.'II. K-tViino liinNkiii i ap. 210 THE UIDSON HAY KSKIMO. iiiatoiial for clotliiiiK', as tliu skin is roii^lily taiiiifil, ami no anioiiiit of working' will rondt-r it nioro tiian niodt'iati'ly pliable. Fi;;s. '.V2 ann'si'nt a sealskin coat. These eoats are often triinnuxl ronnd tlie e(l},'»'s with fringes of deerskin '2 or ;? inches wide, m little poudiints of ivory. The eolleetion ennlains eleven of these eoats, Nos. .{2lil, ;(l!t,S-,r((Mt, and .{iVhS of deerskin, ami Nos. .'fl.'i.'.s. .'UCJ-.i.ViT ol sealskin. The peenliar shape of tlu' woniati"> coat is West nmlerstood Ity refer once to (he aeeoinpanyiiiK lignres (Kigs. ;U. .Tt, .t(i, .'{7 ami .W). The enormous hood is used loi earryint; the infant. When sittiiit;, the female nsimlly disposes the front liap ,so that it will lie spreatl npon the thifihs. or else pushes it lietween her le^s, while the hind tlap is I'itlier thrown aside (»r sat ni>oii. It is not nnnsnal for the women to display ronsideraltle last« in ornamenting,' their frarineiits, yisiua the steel ^^i ay pelt of the harp .seal to eontrust with the iiiai k of the hariior seal, and so on. The ed;jes of the hood and sleeves are frequently trimmed with skin tVoin a dark CLOTH I NO. 211 i'olort'd younndoy, or a strip of poliirlM'iir skin, wlios*- loiifj white liairs sIilmI tilt! rain iM-ttcr tlian tliosc of any otlicr inaninial. It is not raru to lind ioojis of sint'w or of soal8i\in attaclicd to tin* breast or liack of a woman's tianncnts. Tliest; arc fortyin;;; small arti cU's, sncli as a nocdh" case or a snulfbag, to tlicclotliinjf for cunveniencf and to itrt'voiit loss. A iiociiliar style of ornamentation is sliown in Fi;;. .SO and 40, No. 3005, a woman's coat Irom Fort (Jhiuio. Tlu; front of the skirt is friugtul Kill. :(!- l-'.Hkitiiit iiiiin''. ili'iTsklii I it.il (iMtk.i with little lead drops, liei:nslia|ird in the ii|)iier row ami pear-shaped in the htwer, and pierecd so that they «'an he .sewed on. Tlie.se lead drops are furnished liy the trader at the piiee of about a cent and a half each, in trade. The trimming of this froek eosi, therefore, about I?!. The four objei ts danf,diiij; Irom tiie front of the froek are pewter s]Mion biiwls. Across the breast is a friiinf of short strinjjs ofditVerent eidored b«'ads, red, black, yellow, white, and blue. .)iu;;linK ornaments are much pri/.e«l. ««?••"-' i: .1 ,JI 212 TilK III'DSON HAY ESKIMO. The till tiifis from i»liig tacco arc oap'i'ly Mtnglit for, p«'rforat('(l iiiid attiiclieil ill pendant strands ',i or 1 ini^lics loii^ to s«>alskiii strips and tliiis serve tlie place of beads. I saw one woman wh(» eertainly liad not less than a tlioiisand of these tafjs jiiifjliiifj as she walked. I liave also seen coins of various countries attached f( I'le arms antl dress. One coin was Brazilian, auothcr Spauish, a' several v. ere Fill. ;i; iii.di :i Hfiil<>kiii > iiiii (tnint). Kii;:lisli. Coins of ilu- |>rovinces were i|nile tinnierous. These were all doubtless olitaiiied Iroiii the sailors who aiinuall.v visit the place, in i'xcliaii;;c for little tiiiikels prepared l).v the men anil women. The eollectioii contains live of these coats. Nos. .{(H).'!, .■{:."jr»-.JL*L'7 ot deerskin, ami .'{.")(lt of sealskin. The last is a ver.v elaborate ^Miiiieiit, made, of hands ely contrasted [lieces of the skin of two kinds of seals, the harbor seal and the harp seal, arranji*'*' '" -i "<'iit pattern. It is not common to (Miine across a yjarmeiit of this kind, as the skins of the propel or desired kinds arc .-onietiincs hard to obtain. Wf.AlKNS (iAlOIKNTS. <> 13 Tho woman may bo Hoveral yoars in {jt'ttiii}? flic rifflit kind and may hav«' eUtiffod many exdian^cs l)eloi«>! \tv\u|»arel for the lower portion of the body is l'"' 13 Kskiniomnn'flflral8)(ino«at(«Is of skin from the alidoinen and sides of the rcindcci'. When new and not .soiled they are ipiite attractive and often contrast well with the tastefully (nuainent<-d coat. The Utuii boots or lej;j:in;;s are I'eniovcd when dirty wot k is to be done. Thus, skins to be scraju'd ami dressed arc held a',Miiist the bare h'j^. The lefitiiiifTs also serve as j^ockets to iiold \iirioiis kinds of lilth^ things, like knives, tobacco, ami so on. A per.sou rarely owns more than a single pair of breeches; con setpieiitly I was unable to obtain any for the collection. The hoots and shoes are of dilferent materials anil somewhat ditl'cr eid patterns for ditl'erent .scastms of the year. All have moccasin 211 Tin: iirnsoN hay kskimo. solos (tC stout iniitcrial fmiicil up mi iiicli or two al toiij;iit' coveiiiiji' llm fo|> of (he foot, joint'd to a In'o; passes roiiiid bcliiiid tlio ankle. Then tlie lr;:s ar eiioiiyli to leaeli to tlie knee or elso almost to tim ; i I'oni Hi a< e lie. eitl '1 er ai kle. the Coot, a hand wliich ' liiach' loiij; rii halt- hoots are worn o\ei' the t'lir stoekiiiys iu waim weatlier. or outside the Ki'i :n i:«kirM. "IffrnVm rnnl. ]i>u<^ boots in very severe weathei'. Indian nioeeasiiis are also \V(mi, sometimes over a pail' <»l' inside shoes and sumetiines as inside shoes. I'or fhiek wa!,'ipr< ol' soles the skin of the heaver or the liiu",) seal is used. The former wears the better. White « liale skiiiisalso nsed TrilS'Kll 1 women's (;aumknts. 215 for iiitlixtr alioos, or for sliot-.s to be worn in cold dry wciitlior; tlic skins liahle to slip or eht;; with , i ' •J I (I Trii; IU'DSON HAY KSKIMO. snow lis ihcy would ho irtlic rotttiiiK were of soalskiii. Tliis lutter lias jilso aiiotlu'i' smons disadvimtaKo. II' it, is v«'ry rold it ilo<>s not pt'iiiiit tlif iiioistmv rr<»in tli*> («•<>( to pass out us it fm-zes, rriKioiiiifr tlic Itoot sfilVaiid slippiTvoii riir snowslioc, wliij,. tlic Imclvsliin is porous and I'fadily allows tlio moist nii' ro *>scapt>. Fin. :.T. Il.k.nu. «„„„.„•« .lm„k In , „„l „ t, I.",.,. :iH..-K.kl„,n w,„„an - .l.-.Tski,, r„„. MM. T.li.. t..n-iu' and lurl Land an- H.'iuMally niadi- of tanned sealskin, eontrastin- ..olors l.ein- often nse.l. The ie«s are o| sealskin, with the hair on, or of reindeer skin. The li^inres represent a pair of sealskin hoofs with Imckskin feet {I'isi. Ill and a pair of half hoots with white sealskin soh-s, hiaek seal TIMINKII,] womkn'« oarmknts. 217 Hkiii voiiKUc iiiiil lii'clstnip, iiiid biirkHkin lo|m (Fifj. J'J). Tlic tiiiiiicd and Hinokfd rcindiMT skin for t)i«>sc tojts was piirrliastMl rntni thn Nas- co|>i«« Indians. A ]M><-nlii>r Ntyle of nliot^ ('''if,'. J-'*), of wliicli I <'oll»M't('.d fom i>airs, in nscd by tli(^ so cidlcd " XortJH'iiuTM," wlio dtMivc most <»f fiicir snltsist- ciM'c from tlic sea in winter, iiiid who constantly Imve to travel «in the i«'e, which is tiften very slip))ery. To jnevent slipping, narrow strips of Kiu. :{lt. — KHkiiuo wt>iiinii'rt tlfrr-skin mat. Flu. 4<>. Iiiii-krtiilr ot* smtiu*. sealskin are sewed npon a piece of leatiier, which makes an untlersolu for the shoe, in tlit^ manner shown in tiie fi^nre. One endof thestri|» is first sewed to the snbsole and tlie strip pushed up into a loop and stit<-hed a^ain, and so on till a piece is made bi^ enoufjli to cover the solt) of the shoe, to widcli it is sewed. These ice shoes are worn over the ordinary waterproof boots. As I have ainuidy said, these boots ait', all made by the women. The ole is cnt out by eye and is broadly elliptical in sli.ipe, soim'what {• »inted at the toe and heel. The h-y is formed of a single piece, so that "«!.' x.'.i' iv 218 TIIK HrnsoN HAY ESKIMO. TrHNiin tlHTc Im hilt niu' scam; tlic tonj^iio or i»ic«!o to (•(►ver tlio iiistpp mny or limy not b<> a separate pi('c*>. Il'it is, the It'); seam etwiius in front; it' it t'onns one piccowitli the ie^ iiiecte, th«t seiun is heliiiiil. When tlie h'ii is sew.'d lip iiiid the toii};iie pi'(»|H'rl,v iiisertiMl tlie solo is sewed on. It is ta<'l\eil at th)^ heel, toe, ami oik'O on opposite sides of the f iiiimeniiisly around the toes, take up the shi<;k of the Hole aiitl are carefully worked in. The making of this part of the shoe is most dithiult, lor unless it is well sewed it is liable to admit water. The ereases (u* "^fathers" are stiteliud tlicuugh «umI fhrouKh with a stout thread, which holds them in place while the o|H>ration proceeds, and which besides has a tendency to pn-vcnt the f^at hern from breaking,' down. The heel, which comes well up the back of the boot, is stitlened by means of several threads sewed ]M>rpendicularly, and as they are drawn shorter than th«> skin, they prevent the heel fruin falling' and tiiiis jjcllin;; " run down." Tliei scams of tlie boots, which arc turned inside otittliiring the opera- tion, are so arran};ed on the ed<;cs that one will overlap and be tacked with close slitchcs over the rest of the seam. This is done not <.nly for comfort wiicii the boot becomes dry and hard while beiii;; worn, but also to take the strain from the stitches which hold theedf^es tofjt'tlu^r. The value of a pair of boots depends much on the care bestowed in tanning and in sew ing. The hands are protected by mit tens of ditVeronl materials. I'ur or hair mittens are wtuii only in dry weather, as the hair would retain t(Mi much moisture. Among the Inniiit the mammals are divided int^t two classes: the noble and the inferior bea.sts. The skinsof the former arc used, though not exclusively, by the men, while the latter may be worn only by the women. No man would debase him self by wearing a particle of ihe fur of the hare or of the white fox; the skins of these timid creatures are reserved for the women alone. Kither sex may wear the skins of all other mammals, except at certain times, under restrictions imposed by superstition. The women wear mittens of hare or fox skin, with palms of sealskin or Indian-tanVicd bird's skin. Reindeer skin with the hair on is also used for mittc]!-*. The heavy skin from tin' body is selected for the sake of warmth. Wi;en these mittens are to be used when driving dogs the palm is made of sealskin, to enable the wearer Ut get a tlrm grasp on I'm. 41. Kikimii luioti*. the dilVei Hpcci| tens bear I W(1MKnV flAHMKNTS. 2t9 TriiNRnl the, wl.ij. Iniiull.'. TlM^ Kkin ..f tli.- .I.'.t's loirL-KS. wl.i.-h lias l.uir oC. ,lilV.T.'nt.lmni.U'r from that cii tlir lH.d,v,als.. inak.-s.xcollcnt mitt.-ns, Hponally Huit.-.l Cor liaiMllinn snow in hniminy tl.o snow lint.. Mit- toiiH arc Hi.n.otinios tVin>r.'.l n.un.l tin- wiist will, a strip «•• wl.ito Itfarskiii to keep out the wind. Km 4'.' I'.nU;. '\»«* All n.ittrns l.av.. such short thun.l.s that thry an- v.-ry in.-..nv..nirnt for a whilt' nnin, who hahiln ally hohls his thunih sprrail away from tin' palm, wlimsis the Inniiit usually k»'»'p th»' thunilt api>osfil to tlu' palm. Thf wrists of the mit It'll also art' so short that ronsidt'raliUi of the wrist is oftt'ii exposed. The sh'»«vt'8 of tin' jat-kt't ar«^ ficiu'rally frinjrcd with wolf or dot,' skin to itrolcft this »'X- lM>s('d portion of tin' wrist. Similar inittt'ns of Idack Hoalskin aro iilso worn l>y the nuMi during; damp woathcr, ov wluMi haudlinn- ohjcrts whif.h would easily soil a pair of furrtMl mittens. 1 have ni'Vt'r si't'U a w.mmu wear this kind of roverinn- for th.' hand. It appears to he.'x.-lusncly worn hy the men. The nn'u who enjiatre in the late fall seal huutiut: proteet theuhau.ls with waterproof ^Muntlets, whirl, .eaeh well .ip over the lorearn.. These keep the hands from beint,' wet Wythe spi.iy and by the .Ir.p Km. 4:1 In-xlmi'H, llml«"ii xiniil KHkiimi. 220 Till", mn»HoN HAY kskimo. fnim tlif pud'Hc. h'itf. 1 1, No. IMNITI, n'|>i'(tH«>iit,s oiio of tlins«> loii); iiiififiiH, imimIc III' lilaik t:knii*>(l Mt'iilHkiii, iiimI ftltii'i\ with a Htrip of Iniiry Hi>alHkiii ov«4' an inrli wiilf. Tilt' liiu'k oi' ii|i|M-i' |Hir- tioii (if till' iiiittvii JH iiiad<> of a sin^fli' piece of hiark Hkiii, the vi\)H' of wliieli is eriiiipeil ami tiiriieii iinilei' to protect the tin ;.'crs. Tlie palm is a se])arate piei-e, joiiieiltothe liiii-k piece, ami on it is II projecting' part to form thciiiiiei'lialfof thetiiiiml). The oilier iialf of the fhiimh anil the miller side of the foieariii are maile of a sjii;;le |iiece, stitched to the pal III port ion and that which covers the hack of the hand and arm, so that, including tlieeil)riii;; of hair.N' skin, there arc only lour piec4>s of skin entiM'iii;; iiit^i the make of a pair of these niitlens. They are worn only liy the men, anil only when they are eii>;ajieil in wcirk where the liands would lie immcvseil in wat«'r iliiriiiK cold .vcathei. As the skin from wliicii they are made is the same as that used for water-tii.dit lioots. it is olivioiis tlhit no iiioistiire can touch the skin of the hand. I'or protection from rain and wet they wear over llicir other clothes a waterproof hooded frock ( h'iy:. 4."i) made of seal entrails, prcferalily the intestines of the hearded sea! (Hriiinathiin Inn-hut iix). The lutes- tines of animals killed in Octolier ,'ire eonsidcicd liie liest for this pur- pose. They then are not so fat and rcipiire less tlicssint,' to clean them. The contents are removed and they are llllcd with water and tlior oujihly washed out. The fat and other tleshy matter adiierintj are re- moved liy iiicaiis of a knife used as a scra|ici. This liein^ done, the in- testine is inllated with air and strung' ahm;,' the tops of the rocks to dry. Wli iry it is caret'ully tiattened and roiled into ti;,'lit hiindles, like a s|iool iif ribbon, and laid away until wanted. WIhmi re luH.d, the wrists, ami the bottom of th.' t,'amu-nt are ■'■5)^-# K^.--^i 222 Tin; IILDSON BAY ESKIXIO. strcn^tlitMiutl by iiioaus of tliiii .strips of sciilskiii ^4e^vu; wet weather or while in the kaiak travelinfjcni a ronjili sea. The bottom of the (garment is tied around the hoop of the kaiak in v.hieh the wearer sits anl the I'aee, and keeps it from enterinj,' the kaiak. Sometinu's a drawstring eloses tlie lioo«l tightly around the faee and jirevents the spray from entering. The string is usually tied at the top of the liooil, in which ease it is rather ditlicult to untie. When not in use the niatt'rial must be well oih-d and rolled up or it will become so stitVtIiat it can not be worn until it has been relaxed by dip|)ing in water. The sinew with which it is sewetl swells when wet and tighteub the seams. There is great dilU'rence in the length of the garments worn by the '.'astern and the western Kskinu) as well as in the inaiiiier of arranging the strips of which they an- made. Tiie one worn by the people of Hudson stiait scarcely reaches to the hips of the wearer and is long t'lioiigii only to tie around the hoop of the kaiak. The ones worn by the ICskimo of Northern sound, Alaska, falls to the knees, and those, made by the .Meats are so loiiu that they interfere with the feet in walk- ing. Tii(^ inati'iial prepared by the eastern natives is not so good, as it is coarser antl stitfer than that of the sea lion ( Hionatojiiaii xtcllvri), used by the natives of .Vlaska. The weight of one of these garments when dry scarcely exceeds or 7 ounces. To protect the eyes from the glare of the snow, which is especially trying when the sun is still low in early spring, snow goggles are worn iinule to admit the light only through a narrow slit. (Figs. 40, Km. W. Smiw (judi-'liH - fniul. and 47.) Nos. .{ISti, ;{1H7, .tlSH, ,tlS<», ;{|(l witli suot or (;uii|M)wder mixed witli oil and ap- plied to daiki'ii tliu Iron! siirtiutc to absoib thu li^lit of tliu sun's rays. Above this is u l«'dg« of half au inch projcetinf,' over the narrow loiigt tudinal .slit through which tlio wearer may lo«ik. Tiiis projoetiou is sometimes not blaekeuudou the underside, and wliere wood is searee it is left off altogether. Withiu, on the side next t<» the eyes, it is usually w ^oi^^Ii'ii - rear. gouged out U> allow tin- eyolasiies free muvenient. A pieee of sealskin is alHxed at each end and either tied in a knot over the head to hold the wood ih position, or else a wider strip of skin is slit and one portion Worn on the top of the. head wliile the other tits ihe baek of tlie head to jtrevent the goggles from tailing otf when the wearer stooiis down. l>WKI.I.IN. The winter dwellings of the Kskimo of Hudson strait consist of the usual form of snow house. In this eonneetion I may as well state that the popular impression that the snow house described by Arctic travel ers is the only thing to be called an igln is (luite «Mroiieous. The word " iglu"is as fully generic in the KskiUui language as the word'-liouse" is in the Knglish language. The correct term, as applied by the lOskimo, to the snow house used as a dwelling is •« ig In ge ak " (l''ig. IS.) The lirst rcipiisite for a snow house is snow. It must bo of sutlleient depth and possess certain well defined (inalities. The snow may fall, but until it has a<'i|iiiie(l suflicient depth for the si/of iiloeks re<|uired and firmm-sseiu>ugli for strength to withstand the superposed weight of the structure it is usel(>ss. .\n instrumtMit termed smtwknife (prinfik), shaped likeashort sword, is used for the purpose of cutting the blocks. The ICskimo seeks a place where the insertion of the knife into the Iwd (d'snow will prove that tiu^ snow is in the proper eoiidition. lie unist ,lM 224 THE HUDSON BAY KSKIMO. tluMi cut out a liloik of ii sizf fi>iivi>niciit to lu' lif'tt'tl. This is usually rcjiM'tcd ii8 it iiiiiy be ii rt'^iilar or broki'ii. Atlditioiiiil blocks, in size from H to 10 iiu'lics tliicK, 2 tVct wide, and slifrlitly iiio'o in l«>n^th arj>, nit by a motion iiuicli rosomblinfj tlui act ofsawin;.', fuinnfj the dcptli of th«* blado. The knife thou cuts the bottom olV squarely and the block is lifted out. the builder standiii}? where tlu f'-rst bhtckswere cut from. The blocks are arranged on the bank of snow around th«! pit in which the man stands. The lirst blo<'k usually is somewhat triaufjular rtu. 46. IK'SiTtfil EBkmiu uuow liuuHt'H. iii-.it- I'url Clituio. in shape tor a purpose hereafter mentioned. Tlie second block is cut out and placed in-ar the lirst, the end cli]ipcd with the knife to aUow tile lirst joint to be close toncther. .\ tiiird bhnrk is cut and jtiaced by the end of the second. It will now be seen that the line of idocks is not straifjlit. but curved concavely within, .\dditional blocks are cut and placed end to end with each Oilier nnlil the lirst one laid is reached. Here a lon}:cr block is cut to lay upon the incline*! side of the triaiiKU hir shaped block lirst used and so placed as to "break "the joints, and thus reiidei' the structure more stable. .Vdtlitional blocks ai'e jtlaeed on tlu> lirst row, and as tin- operation ])roceeerson. All the joints are carefully stojtped up with sp.iwls of snow in- with snow crushed between the hands and forced within the crevices. The Hoop of the .-mow house is the bed of snow from which the build- DWELLINGS. 225 iiifj iiijitciial was taken. Tin' door is cut by taking bloiskw of snow Iroin iiikIi'I' tlit' Itottoin I'ow of tliu foundation blocks. A trench is made, iiiul along the. side of it the blocks arc ])lac(>d. Am arclied cov- ering of the material forms a sheltered passafjeway to the door. When the snow house is to be ocMiipicd for a considerable time the doorway may liave walls of snow blocks ])iled as hi};h as the shoulders, with the top Ictt open. This shields the entrance from wind and drift- iuff snow. Various forms of entrance are constructed, often very tor- tuous; and when nnide a refnj^e by the numerous doj^s they arc not pleasant paths ahiiig which to (;ree]) on hands and knees, for a panic may seize sonu- cowardly <'anine and all tin doys stru^ififle to net sud- denly out into tlie open air. Vicious animals oft«'n wait until a white man fjets about half way throujih tiie entry and then unike a sudden assault on him. The interior of the house is arranj^ed uccordiufj to the number of persons inhabitin;^ it. A raised bed, on which to sit during,' t\w day and sUvj) during the night, is formed either by leaving a part of the siu)w bank or else by bringing in blocks and arranging them as a solid mass. On this are spread bows of spruce, or dry grass, if obtainable, otherwise line twigs of wilhtw or alder, and over these heavy n-indeer or bear skins are thrown. On these bed skins are laid other softer skins of reindeer, with which to cover the jtcrson on retiring to sleep. A windov. is sometimes set in the sitU; of the structure toward the sun. This is simply a i)iece (tf thick, clear ice, from a lake, set in the wall of the dome. It admits light, although it is generally light enough during the day witliin the snow-house unless the walls be built parti»'ularly thick, but great thickness in certain situations becomes 'lecessary lest the winds and drifting snow wear away tlie sides of tlie stiucture, causing it to admit the cold or tumbledown. Around the outside of the hut is sometimes built a protecting wall of snow blocks, two or three feet liigli, to i>revent tlie drifting snow from wearing away the side of the dwelling. A storm of a single night's duration is often sulhcient to destroy a house. The interior walls, in severe weather, beconu' coated with frost films fiom the breath, et(\, comh'nsing and crystallizing (Ui the inside of the dome and often prt>senting by the lamplight a brilliant sliow of myriads of rellecting siufaees scintillating with greater luster than skillfully set gems. If the roof is not carefully shaped it is liable to cave in from tln^ heal within softening the snow, especially in moderate weathei', and (hen the entire structure falls. Wiu're the owner of the iiouse iias considerable jtossessions which must be protected from the dogs and the weather, a similar structure is prepared alongside of the dwelling and often connected with it by 11 ETil lo I 226 Tin; iiinsoN HAV kskimo. means of i ('omiiimiicatiiifj; piissa;;!' way. An exterior opcninK may b« i:i»le ami closed willi a block ol' snow. Tlit^ lai';;»'r artitiles, sueli as l)a;;s of oil and bundles of skins, are put inside before the walls are up, if inleiided to be stored for some time. As I bavc slept in these snow bouses 1 can as.sert tbat, wlule very uncond'ortable, tlu'y alVord a protection wliieli can not be dispen.sed witli. When file doorway is open tliey soon become very cold, and when closed upon several persons the heat becomes intolerabh'. Odors from the food remain lon^ aftei' the remnants are disposed of. ami where one has been occupied for a lon^; period the accunndation of lefuse becomes so yreat tliat a new structure is indisi)ensable in order to jfct rid ol it. All the work of the dillerent members of the family is performed within the walls. The skins of animals are tlrcssed and tanned there. The oll'al of ^^anie and the hair from dressed skins min};l(> in one mass, which soon putr«'lies and creates such a stench that only an I'iskimo \. itii most obtuse sei.se of snu;li could inhabit the place. When sprinj; conies the huts ''ej;in to melt and in the course of a few warm days fall d'wn. if the weather is too inclement to permit a skin tent to lie occupied, the lirst hole in the wall may be patched with a deerskin but this will all'ord very limited protection from the cold of riiylits, , ir. however warm tlied.ays, the iiifihts will, until late in May, be so ciild that only the older individuals withstand the cohl. When the structure falls, melted by sun or rain, the miserable occupants must erect lemiiorary shelter of deerskin or cloth on the bare rocky rid;ies. Tliosc too |ioor to own a skin tent have ofti'ii but a blanket of deerskin, si i etched over three or four poles, set to shelter them from the chilly northerly wi:ids usually prevailing; at that season. lien' tlu'y must sojourn until the ice breaks from the shores of the coves ami bays, enabliiifj the hunters to procure seals from the sea. Alonjf the shores one may often liiid canipin;i: sites of these poor wan derers searcliin;j tliro'i.th the day for food and at nij^lit campirif; under the lee of a wall of rock with litth other coverin^r than that worn diir- iiiji theday and this often soaked with spiay or rain. Improsidence and indolence result in the most cruel privations toward the end of winter. Many who are too weak and emaciated from lack of (bod to piirsnetlieclia.se to (jjain a liviii;; starve before reaching; the sea and are left to perish. When the season is more advanced, and the weather warm epou;;!!, those who are iiidnstrioiis and provident eiiouj;li to be the possessors of .sealskin tents, move into them for the season. The skin t<'!,i (I'l. xxxvji) is usually made of tiie skins of the huffcst .sijiiare Hipper seals, those too heavy lor any other purpo.se or not nec- essary for other uses. TIIK '1'I;N1'. 227 Tho iniiiilMT of skins iit'«rssaiy to Inrin ii ti'iit viirifs witli tlic size n«|iiiiv(l. Hfiu-iiillyiismiiiiyiis ten to liltwii air usc.l, iiinl siicli a t«'iit will arcoiiimodate a j^ood sizt'd I'amily. Til.' hair is seldom icinovf.l fnmi tlif skin, wliirli is simply stictclicd as it coinrs iVom tli." animal and freed iVom fat and tlcsliy partich'S. Tin- cdfirs are tiimmcd and a siitViritnt mimlu'r of skins arc st-wcd to- .Tthcr to ionn a icnuth for one side of tlic lent. The lcn>;tli of the in- dividual skins makes the lieiKld of the tent. A similar width i„ ,,;e- pared for the opposite si.le. The tw(. pieees meet at the rear of the strnetnie and are there tied to the poles. A se|)arate pieee forms the door and may be tlirown one side when a i>erson enters or jroes out. The poh's of the tent are arraiified as follows: Two pairs of poh-s are joined near the ends with stoni tlion-s and ereeted with the lower ends spread to the proper width, lorinin^itlie ends of the tent, on which the rid-epole is laid. A siii-le i.oh- is now plararil,v iil)i plat'c lately oecnpieil by liiinself. The central poition is reserved lor a llicplace lorcookin;; and heatiny ]iin'|ioses. In this strnetur«' iscairicd on all manner of work ineideiilal t<) the season. The tent is taken tVoiii plaee to plaee liy means of the umiak when the tood supply of a locality is exiiausted or another ru fjion i)romiscs firealei' abundance. All these summer occupations rciiuirc a nund)ei'of persons to success- fully prosecute them, hence the numltcr dwdlin;; in tent is not of> u ditrimental, as the adults walk alon;; the shore to dra^' the boat is iclievc it fiiun their wcifjlit. Tlio owner of a tent is considered an important individual, and his t, is retained by every uumus. A peiiod of illness max cause him ■n> loM' i.M Ills behuifiin^is and then on lecovcry he has to start lift) anew. eral seasons may elapse belnre a sullicienl number of skins will be procured for him to make a tent, and this i> immovable without a boat to traiis]>(U't it, for when a sled mi;;'ht be used ibr that purpose Ihei' • is always enough snow from which to erect a shelter. 'Miriiifi'thc winter f'c skins are stored away on posts erected fortius jiirposc, . 1J\ the s])rin;j' the owiu'r may be miles away from the scene ol the prcN'io'is autumnal hunt and l>e unalile to an aft*'r the tent, which, with t'>" :.umnier lain and decay, bcccunes useless, inijiosin^r the severe task ' f collcctiufi skins tbr a secfunl tent. In former tinu's these people inhabited pern\anent winter himscs like those used by the Ivskimo elsew lieic, as is shown l>y the ininsof sod and stone houses to lie seen in various parts of the country. These appear to have had walls of stone built up to support the roof timbi'rs, with the intcrsiici's tilled up with turf or earth. I'rom the de- pression remainiii}; in the inside of these ruins, the llocu- seems to huM' been excavated to a ;;reater or less depth. The present inhabitants relate that their ancestors dwelt in these huts, but can not explain why they were deserted, oi- why such struct iii'cs are not erected at tlu' present day. nnoiaiiii.n akthi.ks. There is very little in tln-se dwelling's that can be called fnrnituro, besides the bed jilaces already it'ferred to. The other articles !ei|uisitc for housekeej.infi consist ol a lamp of soajistonc, kettles to hany o\or it, a frame suspended above the lamp tbr drying; various artit'les, and sundry wooden bowls, buckets, and caips, besides similar ves.sels nnide of sealskin. ITOrSKHOLlt ARTICKKS. 229 Tlu' Iiiiiip (poiiilii), wliicli is tlic only houitp dI' bent iiiul liplit in tli« 8Uo\v lumse, is, lonelily siicaiiinfr, a laif,'t' sliailow bowl of soupsfone I'm III. Siiii|iHti)iioliimi), K(ikM(iii(!iii.viit. flil«'»l with oil, whicli is hnnuMl by mh'imis of ii wick of moss, iirranRPd roniid one ci^jX*' of the howl. Tlu' material IVoni wlii«li tiiiwc liinips art- niadi' oct-nrs in isolated Khi.TiO. SonpHti rv i-Ciiksoairmyiit. bowlders on tbe snrliice oltlie jirouiid at various plai-es in tlu' region. Tlu'se bowlders are olt<'n of ureal sj/e. Tlie f^eiieral form of these lamps, wliiih will be best nmlerstood from the' fijjiires (Fitjs. I!), ."iO. 51), is nearly always the same, the variations beiiif.' apiiarenlly dne to the lack of mate; ial. The <'avity tor holdinp; the oil varies in ( aiiacity, accordinj: to the size of the lamp, from half a pint to nearly three (pmrts. It is, however, never tilled to the brim, Fki. 51. Sciaiistum; lamp. Kok8iia!;m.viit. for fear it shonld run over. Tlie eonsumpticm of oil dejiends npon the number of wieks li<>hted at onee, and also on the character of the wick. The wi(;k in general use is prepared from a kind of mosa, which grows in large i>atches close to the ground, the stalks rising perpen- 2.'{() Tin; iiinsoN iiav kskimo. iliciiliirlv. iiiiil tlit'wliol t' so iiiMtti'd ((i;;«>|li('r tliiit it iiiav lie cut hit • li'sircd till III. Kniiii ihcsc p;itclu's pieces are cut an iiieli or t a tliinl <>r an iiieli tliiik ami I o any wo wide wo or three iiielies in leiiKtli, anil laid away to dry. Wjieii one of these is to he used tlie woman sipiee/os the libers louetiier with her teeth, trims it, and sets it in the ,,i|, .,,,,1 lights it. Tile li^jit from one ol these wicks i an iiicii wick led with a ;;ood (jualify of kerosene. The heat i caily e»|iiaIto that of sveryj;r«'at. Km lapsliUM ki'ltiK For cookiii;;. .1 larger wick isiiscd, or two of th le smaller ones set side liy de. Over thelani|> is placed a frame ti.r dryin- wet hoots, mit and such tiiiii'^s. !•" • •-' represents one of these (No. .{(HS) a semicircle or liow of wood with the ends fastened ti whi tens, cli is of wood, .\cross these strands of si • a strai},'ht piece iieworsealskin forms a .sort otiiet II IINKII I ilni si:iM»i,l» AIM i;n tiii^ liiiv in;; litVfio )iit'slii-s, >ii this ii'Hts llic jii'tiilc to Ix* <|i ii'il. I'n- ilcr mis is it .sii|i|Miil t'oniK'il nt' two sliai |) |iHv is t'iisti'nt-il, III' hiiil aii'ii>- tlii-iii, a |iir i- nt' wmitl. 'I'lir slnipi' of tli^ Niipliorl isthiit iil'ii Inn;;' stiiplc with si|Miiir riii'iirrs. Ill stinu- instiiiirrs till' |i«-;;s t'oriii only a wiiic V shape, anil tht' Iraiin- Inr siippiirlin;; llio iirtirlos laiil ilii'f.'tly on this. .\ Itloi'k of w I hollowi'tl out to icri'ivit till' foiivi'V hottoiii of till' lamp .s sonirliinrs nsnl to support IhriattiT. In foi'iniT tiini'si'oi Itiii^ovcr tht'sr ianips was itniMTsaliy prrfiiniii'il in ki'ttli's of siiiipstonc. in wliirli cnoiiiii;; was also iloiii' by pnltiii;; V\u M. SiMpstulii Ki till'. Iicatt'ii stnin's into tiir watir. 'riii'sc soapsloiic kitllrs an', Iiowi'Vit, qiiitr siipiisoiliii l>y iitnisijs of iivili/»'(l niainiliU'tiiii'. I, howcvi r, sur- ci'idi'd in roilcriiiiy: two full sized >tonr kctth's, ami oiu'liltlcoin', inailc for a chilli's toy. 'i'hc li;;uics ^ l'i;;s. 't.i, 'i\) show the shape of these vi'S Till. r.:.. W(kh1, II .li-s«>. II\iikt'ls iiiitl I'lipH III' viirtiiiiH h'v/.vh tor liohliiiK wiitn- iiiwl otluT lliiiils nil' iiiihIc III iiinntMl mimiI Mkiii sowcil witli siiu'w. 'I'lif siil«>s ol' tlir hiirki't iirt' II strip ut'stal Hkiii liciit into a liii^, witli ii roiiMil jiiiTf lit' st'iil Hkiii st-wt'il mi I'nr a liiiltoiii. Sniiu-liiniM a siMJ skill hail is aililnl, or a wiiodt'ii liaiiill«> srwril to tlic lips of tlir nip. iiiakiii^' it iiitn a ilipjirr (h'ius. r»(l, "»7.) W'ihmUmi Itaskt'ts airiiiatir in a siniiilar I'asluoii si rip of spriicc wiHiil is lit'iit iirar ly liiriiliir. Tilt' niils of tli<> Nti'ip aic fasti'iii'il with tint' iron wire. Tlii' lioltiiiii is a si'pa rati* pirt-t' anil lias a riiii or tt\ti*' fur till- iippi'i- part to I'l'i. .')r,ll-.kllt Inn kft. ViK. .'.7. SrllNkin I'llp, ■ ri" ■ I " set oil, anil is liclil in place lis means of small wooileii pe^'s iliiveii tliniii;;li anil into tlie holtoni. 'I'iie lapaiily of these vt'sseis is selihiin more than a eoiiple of i|iiarts, anil ;:eiierali> less. They are iirineipally iiseil to laille water into ilie roiiUin;; Kellles. All these vessels of native inaiiiifaetiire are heiiifj rapiilly tlisplaied liy tin eiips ami small kettles. I iMili AM) IIS I'UI.I'AIIAI I'liiler eertain eoiiilitions a ;;ieat poriioii of their fooil is eaten raw, iiiit it is in\ariabl.\ niokeil \^llell it conveniently can lie. I'^m/eii fnoil is consiinieil in ^'leat i|iiantitie.s. I liave scon thetii stri|i anil ilevoiir tiie hack, fat, anil llesh froin llie body of a ileer wliiletlie tiliers were yet iiniveiiii;;. 'I'lie entrails of many species of liirds are taken from the 111 Illy anil. whiU'yet warm, swailoweil iiiurli after the manner of swallow iiiK an oyster. 'I'lie ey:;;s which have lieeii iiieiihateil lo an aihaiieetl decree ale as ea;ceily devoured as those quite fresli. The deer meat, killed the previous fall and fro/en for three or four nioiilhs. is ciil into liii;;e chunks and ;;iiawed with as iiiiich satisfae tion as tiinii;ili li was the tiiiest pastry. On siudi occii.sions I have seen the person appointt'd to clio|i up the fto/.eii meat scatter the pieces amoii^' tlieexpectani crowd w illi as little ceveinony as that of throw in;; cais of corn to Ihe ho^j^s in a jieii. For a change the fro/en pici-es of meat are someliiiies warmed or thawed befoitf the lire. 'I'lie liloiid of (he deer is often mixed with the halfili;;ested mass of food in the stoinach of the animal, and the stoinach, with its conleiils, with the ailililioii of the blood, eaten raw or boiled. Soinetimes it is laid aside to I'uniieiit and then frozen und oat^'ii in tliis condition. II II Mill. I I'OMU AM) ITS rUI-.l-AUATIUN. 23.*{ Sfrips of t'iif from a simI and flii> Itlooil of tlit> aniiiiiil ar<> put into a kfltic anil lit'att'il. 'I'lii' oily liijniil in fati^ii with tlic ;;i'i'ali'»i relish- Seal oil is nMcil for food in iilmnt tin* same manner as we use synips, Y«ius of almost dail.\ internmrse witli these people have failed to sliow the ability nf an> person to diink seal ui whale oil willioiit illness lesiiltinK'- The,\ never drink pure oil nnder any eirenmstaneoH, ex- eept as a laxative. The stateno'nf often made that tiiese people drink oil as loud is simply preposterous, Sinli statements donlttless arose from seein;; other preparations nf foo'' havin;; an almndaiM'e of oihipon them. Lean llesh is often dipped iiitn oil and then eaten. If partaken of wilhont oil in as ;;ieat ipiantities as these people reqnii'*>, a torpid condition of the fixer and aiimentaiy eunal results, and they thus employ the pure oil to relieve themselves. Vey:etal»le food is Utile used except in the vicinity of the tradin^j sta tions. 'I'liose aecustoiiH-d to the use ol' lloiir, liread, peas, lieans, and rice are very fond of then', and often express re;^ret that they will ho deprived ol' them when on their hunting expeilitions. Native plants alford little lie! p as food. Miiriii;; tin' season when the various lieriies aie ripe ail the people u'ori^e themselves. They have a special foiidiu'ss foi' tlie akpik ( li'iihiis ilin momnriis). Th«' sun scarcely red«lens the side of ihese lierries. locally known as "bake a; pie,'' be- foi'e thechildren scour the tracts wherethey (;row, and eat oi' tiie half- ripened fruit with as miieli relish astln* eivili/.ed boy doesthe i'ruil pur loiiied from a nei;^hbor's orchard. Other berries contribute their share as food. When on trips the women often feather a few jjreeii herbs ami put t i-m in a kettle of water and make an infusion in lieu of tea. They are fond of te.i. cutlee. and sn;^ar Molasses is eaten alone oi with something: dipped in it. The l')skimo drink often and asiimishin;; ijiiantities of water at ii time. If the wcatlicr lie very cold they often driidi the water which has been healed on a lire, assertiii;; that the hot water does not weaken them as nnich as cold water would do. When a seal has been killed and is beiii;;' broii^fht to camp, the hunter si;;nities his success iruiu a distance, ami tli >se III cam|) raise a joyous shout. The animal is drawn ashore and skinned. The llesh is de\onrc( I raw IS the pn iocs on, or may be divided, certain jmr tJons beintj ;ji veil the dilb'reiil persons, 'i'lie blood is collected, and when the meat is boiled it is mixed with the hot liijuid and forms a nutritious dish, ea^icrly devoured b; both adults ami youiif,'. The ehildren revel in tliis dish to acrilice of cleanliness. Tlie feast is continued until the llesh has been devoured and the poo pie jjortjed to their utmost capacity. Sioriis are toltl and ;;eneial }{ood humor prevails. The dilVeieiit species of tlsh which frequent the sUalhiw waters of the bays are useil as Ibod. ^ 234 rilK IlinsoX ItAY KSKIMO. I'OIIACIO AN1> SNIKI'. \.. All the udults luv iniilicted to tlie use of tobacco, both for amokiiip and clU'WIII an I in tlit^ form of sniitV, altlioiigli it is not (nciyonc! tliat uses tobacco in all llircc ways. The ]*\ii}i tobacco, used for smokin,i and chcwinp, is carried in a sniail ponch of seal skin attached to thcbclt, which kcc|)s it from bcin^ damiM'Hcd b.\ iK'rs)>iration or laiii. Watches are also carried in tiie same receptacle. Fi^'. .">S (No. 711S,5) is such a bajj, made of hairy sealskin. The edf^es alone are trimmed with li<;hter c>sin{j a i|nantit> in a f tid ol seal skin and pounding it with a ston*^ or stick. Snulf is kept in a i)urse-sliaped l-aj;', closed at the mouth with a thonti. To it IS attached a little sjioon made of ivory. N'arious Ibrnis (if this im piemen I are made. The general appearance is that of a c Eskimo of lliulsoii stiiiit, is the iiiiiiiil\, rd'cricd ti> l».v most wiitcrs as flic woman's boat. Tiii.s u]))icllatioii is not more applicable than wonld bo the term family boat. The women nse the boat alone only tni rare occasions, and tluMi in qniet water and for sliort distances. Men are nearly always in it, and under the ynidaiice of one of these, tln^ boat is used for long journeys. Tlit^ form of the nmiak, in the rofjion under (MUisideration, ditlers inreatly from tliat of the I'skinio of Itering sea. (See Fij;. .')!», from a nntdel.) The si-ce of tlu' l)oat is variable accordinj;- to the means of the builder anil the siz<' of the family to be conveyed in it. 'i'lu^ length of the keel is from 10 to '2't feet. Over all tlie lenjuth is 1 or L* feet greater than on the ke<'l. It will be tlHh= seen that the ends are nearly perpendicidar. It is dillicult to determine ; I the lirst jilance whi<'h is the bow ami which the stern, so neaily alike are they. They only dilfer in the former be- iu'fi somewhat wider at the upper edjic or rail. Klo. r)U. I'*sktnin tiiiiiiik. The keel is a straijjht piece of wood hewed IVom a siufjle stick, nearly 4 inches stpian'. The stem and stern posts are nearly alike, the latter basin;; but little slojic, i.inl are »'Ut from curved or crooked stems of trees. .\ tree may be fo ind. whicli, when hewed, will form the stern- post and lieel in one length. Otherwise the fore and aft jxtsts have places cut out for the insertion of the respective ends of tlu^ keel, and are fastened lirmly by stout thon.us of sealskin thrust through holes bored in the wooil and ingeniously lasiu-d. As the bottom of the umiak is tlat the sides of the ixittiuu are formed ot'sipiare rails of sulli- cieut length and ,i;i\en the desii'cd spread. They are held at the ends by being joined to the keel. Crosspieces notched at the ends se|)arate the bottom rails and aie steadied in jiosition by beiu^ notched so as to sit on the sipiare kvv\. On the I'inis of the crosspieccs is laid a sec- ond rail which jtreveuts them from rising and ,ser\es to strengthen the eiuls of the ribs, which are set alternately with the cro.sspieces of the k 23fi THE HUDSON BAY ESKIMO. »: kt'oi. Tlic libs arc iittadu'd to tlic lowor or bottom mil by moan?, of sealskin lasiiiiifj. Aloiij; tlu- upitcr «mu1s of the ribs is jdaced a loiif,'*'!- rail of sniallcr tliaiiu'tt'r and usually shaved round, 'f his rail is usually set half its dianu'ter into rounded notches of the upju'r ends of the ribs and fastened by thonj^s. Within and below the top rail is a shorter rail, {generally smaller than the njiper, tied by tiionjjs to the ribs and posts fore and aft. A wide board projoctii;jj; several inches on «'aeh side of the stern serves as a seat for the steersman. The einls of tlu' top rails are laid over this board and attached to it. A similar board is placed at the forward end or bow, but is, of course, lonc ma])er shape and sewed tofjethor. The edye ol'one skin overlaps that of tlie other and the lap is tiieii tackt'd over the shorter ed;je and attacheil to the other .skin so as to form two seams at each junction. Those pint ions whicii are to cover the bottom are sewed with special can-, as the seams arc liable to Itti strained in shoviuj; the boat over the oais wiicn it is taken from tlie water iit each camp. \\'licn skins aie acwed side to side in sulUcieuL number to lit the leiiyth of the frame MEANS OF T..ANSPOKTATION. 237 they :\rv liftwl iiioiind it iiiul temporiidly placed in position. Tlie super Huoiis portions are eut out or additional pieees put in un til it fits properly on the frame. Iloles, .? or 1 inelies apart, are cut in the edges of the skin and stout tlionj;s are passed throunh tiiese antl over the top rail to the inner rail. All the strength of the individual is now ilie'l to draw the skiu over the top rail. Being wet it readily stretches, tliciently tight the lashing api ami when the entire covering is drawn su around the rail is i)ernianently fastened. The boat is then turned keel up to dry. [f the skin has been jjroperly cut and slreti hed it sounds like a drum when struck. When in use the greatest cave must be exercised to prevent contact with rocks, but in shallow water it fre(|uently happens that a hole is cut in tiie skiuof tlui boat, when the rent must be patched with a piece of skin. Durvig tlie winter moiu!>s the umiak is placed on sti-.ging of fmice and other aninnils. its to protect it fnnn tlie ravages Journevs of considerable length are nni lertakcn in these boats. A large family, or two or nH)re families, may remove to a distance to try their fortunes. Tliey always stop at nigiit antl during bad weather, ai. .he Journey is accomplished by easy stages. Al' (he portable possessions of the family are taken in these boats, which are often loaded to such a degree that tin* older ])eoplc have to walk along the shores and only go into the umiak to relieve souu' (tne who desires to walk. Where the l)caeh is good a tracUng line is attached to the bow and those on shore dra^ .he boat along, 'flic dogs which accompany (he party ar»t sometimes harnessed and made to i»ull. The tracking line is called into rei|uisition whenever a trip is nnide up a river to the hunting grounds for reindeer. The kaiak or skin canoe used by the Ivskimo of Hudson strait be- longs to the (iiecsiland type. It is quite diii'erent from that used by the natives of .Maska. These boats vary from IS to :.'(» feet in length; (he greatest v.iuiii, one third of the distance alt the hole where the rower sits, being one .seventh to (Uie ninth of the entire length of the kaiak. Tlie ends aic sliai)). the prow much more acute than the stern. The bottom is (|nite tlat ami the frame for the keel and sides at the bottoiu is arranged similarly to that of the umiak. The prow is simply an extension of the keel and slo])es above the water to a height nearly double that of the stern. The slope of the stern is gradual and short. The side (iiiilu'rsat tic bottom have the upper surface gouged so as to allow the lower ends of tlie nearly |terpendicu lar ribs to rest in the groove. The riiis extend across the bottom, rest- ing on the side timber and keel. Their iiiiper ends are iiisertei|iiilil*riiiiii will be lies! niaiiitaiiit'tl. Tiit' iioop of wood which outlines the hoh^ is vai'iiihlf ill shape, Imt n'sonibles half of a short fllipsc. tlic jjostcrior of ihicli is sli;rlill\ <'iirv<'(l to tit tlif hade of tl owcr. .lust foiwiird of the, soat tlii' upjxT sui'farc of the canoe is sonu'whal elevateil by the curvature of the crossbars, and it thus en ililes the rower to have •reater freedom for his limbs than he olheiwise would, 'i'h is part leu- iai' part, the elevation just forward of him. aloiu^ resenildes any i)ortioM of the kaiaks used by the .Maskan Ivskimo. and of tliese, only the sub- it Harrow. — .1. trill ;in tiie \icinilv of Iteriiifr strait land thence to 1* >I.) lia\(' llial part of the kaiak so fashioned. NN'ith that exception the top of tiie Hudson strait kaiak is Hat on the top. Just forward of the hatch, two or three stout lliciiij;s are sewed to the outer cdp- ot' each side of the Imat and e\leiid across the top. A si mi la i' tlioiin' is placed behind. Under tiiesc ihoni. re placed the paddl'', also the spear- ind other hniitii and otner 1111111111,1;' f;ear. Small i:ame is sonictinn s 1 ied to these. The f these implements, there are dinerent kinds, dciieiidin^i' on tiie jiaiiie and the season oi" the \e;ir. \s the kaiak is used only durin;,' the seasons of open water it is laid aside during;' the winter. I reiiieiiilicr an instance oeciiirinu opposite I'oi* Chiiiio. A kaiak had bi'cn left iinlil liie ice in the ii\er was tirm eihinuli to enable the vessel to be iii(iii;;lil o\ er on it to ilie ^tjtioii. ()'i<^ day a woman d<'- clarci. It was met and .vln. wed some disposition to attack, bill was sliot. I walilied to sec where the men wi'iit to look at the kaiak, ami when they icailied tiie plai-e 1 «,is astounded that tlu; woman could discern e\en the kaiak at siicii a ili-tiUice. The spear used lor while whales and larf,'e scats consists of a wooden shaft of ti iT S fet'l ' , Icii^itii, lia\ in,!,' a proiectinn on the side, made of ivory and sine ■' i^U' the lin of a lisli. i'liis (in ^iiaped piece rests ayaJ-st the fo: hiirii. while the remainder of tiie liaiid ;:ias]»s the shaft. 'I'lie lowv 1- end of the sliafi terminates in a piece of bone or i\ory of I to l.\ imdies iiMliameter. ( l''i,u. (i7.) .\ soci^et is made in liic end of the bone ]iortioii, and tlie wdodeii shaft is nicely titled into it and fas- tened either by thonffs or 1 ixcts. At tiic f;ii tlier iMid of the bone head is a Ihiiubh^shaped hole '^) and is not TUIINBB.] TilK KAIAK. 239 inucli viiriod in pMieial shape. Tliero are twojoiiits between the Hi)eIenient would be rendered useless until re]>aired. Thongs eonnecl the various paifs toj;ether, alsoconnectiuf;' tlieni with the main shaft of the s])ear. A lonj,' line, usually left lyinji in a eni\ just in front of the hunter, {.iives ample seope for play until the animal is exhausted. If the sea is rou^'h or the hunter unable to coite with the (juariy, the tloat, to be described bdow, is thrown over and the seal or whah^ allowed to take its course, the hunter followin.ur and en- deavoriufi to harass the animal as much as jxtssible, fiiving it a stab with the hand spear whenever occasion niVeis. In addition to the whale or sc.il i«'i*ai', the hand .<^pear, tloat, and paddle, the kaiakcr ma.\' hrtvc a \v<»»xicn shaft, on the end of which are three prongs of barbed iron •• »'-h j»ri>ng .S to lo indies long, and set in the Ibrni of a divergent trid. , f. With rhi> imi|4ugli tlie board, of the slup*- in :<<«mii(ic ol' tlielM>,ii4 *••> ♦^'latt'"' ' positii"* togi\e a liiiii grasp on ibf .t-swl oi , i of 1 1 le iwiard The tliiunb turns over so tm to lie diiwTli' ►> < .♦>->*fliwvf. to s-tie;wly it, wlule the ot Iter linucr^- j;i she speat tili» r siira;,''!! motioii lien the ariM is iliawn ba.k and raised •■ .ei jt»»ndi"nlariv Wmj-i it reaches that position rht- uuMtioii waB-»*«ffi«d aiiW'rtte lingers i.ttfiMtf USae implement he'' iig the groove. T >• ,i n| «mi°«l t-H' ttll1'o^^ ^Ht'''.jtm>~i\ and tlu' speai h . .vered if the nhj. ■• ...i- i»mi Im^u sfi'''^". i|P t%ir aim was good the ^pear remains aJni«f-h.»»# tn xiw utruggling mmiiil, and the liaiui lard is (iiiiciil> plaicd under oise.)!' rli»'lli>. up-. .iMiSii#>H across the topof the kaiak. The padi«l iui Blie left i«a»»»^* »ml ready lor instant use. The paddle is (|uite hearr and of v :.ibl.''S«-5tii^!, ka0itKttl-hmt, nar- row blailes. which are alteri-uiiely dipped lllti' •.iii«- I I'WJUt. •fcp •»»' of the paddle leiiuii'essonie pra»'«Mt»' beU»re one hHcranw^. MvwmmwdUtit. V\ hen in use the paddle rest:« on the edge of Ci»» i>«»«»f;, jwwmg the rim of the hatch, and moves alor 't in ilie motion -•t ^m^^rffu*-,-**. As the paddle dips into the ii*'r the driiipiiiur o<*»«! <»i«Mn»!» the clothing to become wet. TiMjbsiate this, these people n*^ i. .«-»-» of M ' 240 THE iriTDSON HAY KSKIMO. plaited rope or skin to slip nciirly to the befjiiiiiiiiK of tlic. blade. This cau.'t's tlu' dripi>iii.n' to Tail outside of tlie kuiak; and in eold weatlier is very iitci'ssary, iiiilrss heavy mittens of tanned sealskin he .orii. An iuiplenicnt nsed for hooking' into the body of a midien sea of whale is made in the following' manner: A pieeeof \voo(J. is ))repared about .S feet lonj^ and three fnui'ths of an inch thiek. having' a width of an inch and a half. The lower end of this has a sti'oii.<;' hook iiiad(M>i' 8toiit iron set into it. Ahtiij,' the inner edy;c of the wooden shaft two or three notches are cut. The end near the jterson has a V-shajx'd notch cut into it. This is used for ail the pnrposes of a boat hook, and also to retrieve a sunken animal. A wcijiht is attached to m-ar Iho liook end to keep tiie shaft |»erpen»licnlar in the water. .\ line of sntli- I'icntlcn^th is attached to it. The hunter has marked the locality. and with the hook "feels" tin- bottom lor the name. When found the hook is Jerked into the skin and the ol)ie mammals whose skins will atlbrd a c<)veriii<^ tbi' an umiak and in the course of tiiiu' ad cscn oar- in,i:' a season of abundance. The collection contains (Uic fall si /.ed kaiak. with ail its littinus. mid their models, inclndinu' a toy kaiak cut tVoiii a walnis tiisii. Tlie ni'iilel is just '.* inches lon;^ and ipiitc pcrf>'cl in Ibiin. Tiie doiiiile liladcd ])addle accompanying;' is made from the same material, and is six inches km-. Tlie (ini\ersal means ot' transpiutation im land is the sled, draw n by I'l'lINi:!!.! TIJAVKIJNU (IN LAM). >41 «li Til (■ iiiiiiilin' ( I'll to (Iriiw a sled varies ar(;iir(liii>j' to till* distaiici' In III- travclcil. Ili< i iiaiarlcr nl' llii' niiiiitry. tlic cniKlilidii (if tlitt aiijinals, and the \viM<;'lil (il'llic load t(i lie drawn. P'roni one. t(i twenty ddus may lie nsed. Tlie e(iniMi(in team IWi' i;eiuTal pniiHises is seven III' nine animals. The metlidd (if const met in;;- sleds dilVeis sliylitly in ditVerent iiartsiil" the region, and then only where the material may lie dilVieiill to nlitain or a hea\v sled mav not lie needed. A tree of a snitalile si/e is selected, generally larch. Iiecanse of it .somewhat heavier than the s|irnce. ireate ■ Tl le riiiiners are enables the sled to creep easily oxer any (ibstriiction now jikKied parallel, separated by ii distance of It to Iti inches, and oil these all! fastened crussbars ."> inches wide, of sullicieiit leiiirth to allow abiiiit an inch \ii proiect ii\er the outer ed-.;*' of each runner. Near till' cuds of these slats is cut a notch on each eilu'e, Sometinu's a hole is also bored thiMiiuh the slat between the notches. T'liese are for the purpose of fasteiiiiiL;' ilie slats to the runners. A siilUcieiit number having; been prepanil. and placed I or •_' niches apart, they are now laid on the Hat top of the runner. Holes are Imred tlirouiih the, lop of the runner to correspond wilh the holes and notches of the slats. 'i'liroii^h these and (i\er the slats ,i stout piece ol' luav.\ sealskin line is threaded, and so on thrnUL^h and over the slats and runner iiMlil it is tirml.v fastened. The line iiiii--l be well soaked in water to render it llexible and allow it to stretch, olln rwisc the joints where it was tied would soon work loose. The line shrinks while drxiii;;', and draws as ti^lit as though made of the best iron. No metal is nsed, tor the reason t.iat it would snap as easily as chalk during' cold weather. The use III the thongs in biiiiliii;; the slats to the runners allows free dom to the motion ol' the sled when passing over ineipiaiities of stir- tace. where a rigidity of the sled Would soon cause it to break. The bottom ol'lhe riiiiiier is shod with iron broii;;lit liy the traders lor that 11 i;iii 1(» .,,,^,, _■• •_'I-J I'lli; III lissi>. It IS .sllii|il,v <'\l l';i w lilr Imm)|> 111)11 :iimI ol' :i wlillli lulil. It is l':|s|('li('il nil w it li screw s. the Iic^hIs nt' w lilcli iirr roiiiilt'lNillik. AiHitliii' Kiiiii (if sImm' is |iiiI (III win 11 tiii\('liii,u' ill \fvy »i>lii ut;iilicr. A s\Mllli|i,\ IIMik IS si'Mlfllcil I'df snij uT li:ilt'-ili'i'ii|ii|>i)snl \ ('^('1:11 mil :Miil imic liiiiiiii-«. ;i-. iHMily IVrc iVoiii siiiiil :iihI urin"'! ;!■< |">ssili|r. || miisl iiussi'ssci'i'tMiii i|iiiiliius(ir it limy iKit li;i\r tlif rciiiiisitc stifiijjtii— llilli'li. I |i|'(>>illlif, ;is iniU'tui' iit'trii l'<'i|iiir<'s |s liMc or siiiiil wIk'ii il IS Ion mil nr tun |Mii>r. 'I'Ik' IvsUnnn irin [ii'i's Ills iLortiir Willi III)- ;iliMUNt iiii|i;il|i;ilili> ■■nil i'miiimI iiiiiIci' tlic laiv'iM s|HiMili(i.i;' tires of I lie tiiirst. It 1^ t lie slowly ilfcolll|ios('il V(';;<'tiltioii I'lillrii tV Mil lii'iiiirlii's :inil li'iiiiKs. 'I'lii' iiiiiiMM'i' of |iri'|iiiriii:;' il is iis liillows: A liiiui' ki'lllr is |i;il'ti!lll,\ lillcil \Ml II t III' lii;iti>iril llliil liiMti'il to thr oolilliu |Hi||il, Im'Iii;^' colistiilil ly stirrcil, ;iiiil wliili' vi'l cool ciioiiyli all I'oarsc stii'ks, urass hlailcs. iicliidcs. cic. an- cart'l'iilly ic iiiovril as till' liiiL:i'rs discuvcr Iliriii In woikiiii;' tJic mortar. The sicil IS turned iverwilli the liottom ot the riiimer ii|). 'I'iie iiiiiil is now a)i])|ieil ly the haiiils. a toiiple of pdiinils lieiii.!^' taken and pressod on the niniier, which has |iie\ loiisly I n wilted. This |iiocess of adding; to the iiiniier IS eoiitiiined until it attains an additional de|itli of.'! or I iiiehcs and a width ot' :'• to ."> inclie>. it now lesenddes the rail of a staiiwa.x. Wlnai it lias jiccii thoionuldv none u\erto till iiji an> in e(|iialilies tlie sled Is s(i ,i-ide in order that the imid iiia,\ freeze solid. Tlie sled liuist he II. I ml led w it h care, a-- 1 he leiol jai or joil will liii'aU the "se' I inu " nnnl. Afti'i' ii is fro/en the owner takes a |i!aiieaiid jilani's :i dow n to the iiro|)ir sli,i]ie and sniooi hues-. It is somewhat dilliellll to desclllie tile >iia|ie in Words, unless it lie eom|iai'<'d to the ii()|H'i' pill I of tlie T 1,1 1 1 cif a I aihoad in ,ei ted — iieilhcr i on nil id nor llal, liiil .so fashioned as to ;^i\e the I isi liearinj; siirl'ace with the least friction. When i'h' plane has imislirij its work the coloi' of IIh nnnl is a rii'li chestimt lirown. The Iniildei now takes water in his month and spirts il in a spray alon;; the nnnl. .\s soon as liie water toinlies the I nniier it iniist he spread e\ mly w il ii a hand ini ascd in a in it ten of reindeer skin, riilihin,^ liael; and t'ortli until the riinnii looks lilvc a har of hiaek yhlss. The sled is t hen iead.\' for use. ( ! leal care is neressji y to a\old locks or stones. ■!., tliesr cut llic |ii)lis|ird llllld and ldil;',hen il. If a snddeii lindi causes a portion of ihe nnnl to drop out tlie piece is fro/en on auaiii h\ iiieans ot' water, or if ernnihled a piece ot' ice is cut to liic shape anil caused to adhere oy water fi'ee/.inu' il to (he runner. It ;s not olieii that one nia\ I'm! a sh-d shod uith lione. as is i |,c ciisiom Willi the llsjvinio farlliii iiorlli, aiul cspccmlly farther west. The (Mll.\ instance where I lia\e seen liolie Used was hy some of the lieople from the western e\tieinit\ of Hudson strait. These had onl\ a portion *if Ihe 'iirve and a part of the runner shod with hone and pieces ot reindeer lioril. seemed to the Illniicr li> ine.ins of pej;s. The uie.itcst olijcctioii to the use ot' iniid i- lliat a few hours of wariiilli may cause it to loosen and render it worthless. Ihe polish TlIK UUii .s|,i:i>. 243 siill'crs when triivrliii;;' oscr r(iii;;li ire, luiil «'S|i«('i;ill,v wlicn^ siiimI has ilril'tcd iVoiii some f\|)(is(>il Itiirik to tlitt .sinracr ol' the sniiw. 'I'liis I'iiiisi's \('i'.\ hai'il piilliii;;', and snoii i'niii;'hi>iis ||ii> niiiriiii;^ siirtaccor the sh'il. '!"(» repair siu-h daiiiauc the iiativr sldps, at a ciaivriiiciit iilacc, to ohiaiii water, whieh is sjiirled mi tlie riiiiiiei' ami iiiblied eveidy iiiilil it aeijiiires a thickness (if one ei^hlli 1)1' an ineli. 'I'his eoatiii};' of ice may last forllie entire ilay ot travel where the •' roads" are yiiod. 'riie harness for tliedii;;s consists of two lai';;t' nooses, placed one alio\e the other. 'I'liese are joined liy two per|)endiciilai' straps of I or o inches in len;;'lli at a snilicient distaiwe IVoin flic end to allow tin- head of the do;; to pass liiron}{'li so that one noose will lie alon<;' the hack and the oiher lielwcen the forclcLt's. At the real' ends of the nooses i-, a loiij; llioiij; of the heaviest sealskin of varialile len;;tli depemlin;;' on liie position or place the do^' is to have in Ihi'team, The body harness is made of sealskin, with or without the liair on, stout canvas, or other material which may he convenient. 'I'liin mi- •Iressed sealskin makes the best liariiess, and is not so liable to ide of the runner. Any load lo lie carried on the sled is usually placed so as not to pro- Jci't much over the side, foi' in deep snow . with a crust too weak to sup- port the wcifjht. it would simply act as a draii' and seriously impede liint'l if not entirely stop it. The load must also be distributed to tim liesl advantage alon^ the sled so as not lo have too jjreat a weij;lit at either the tVoiil or rear, althoiiii'li ueni'rall.v a heavier portion is placed behimi to allow llie sled lo steer or follow. 'I'he runners are so low '■M' • I lU 'IIIK HUDSON IIAY ESKIMO. Miai tlu'Mlcil st'Idoiii ti|is('ts unless the ice is very loiijili. in vliicli t'lisc it itl'tni i'«-<|uirt's Iwo ini ii liialtrnd to il, another to tree the iiares tVoin (ilMtrnetions, and a t'onitli to lead or drive tlie dof(s. A smaller niiin- her reiidi'r traveiin^i nndi r siieli eonditions very tedious. Tluj driver is always armed with a whi|i ( I'i;;. tltl). There appear to lie as many kinds of whips as there are individuals iisin;; them. ICach whip eharacteri/.es, in a inaiiiier, the person who makes it. A 41 jiTcat amount of in;;eriiiity is expended in ineparinj.;- tiie lash, wliieli is simply iiideserilialile. The handle ot the wliip is from !t to 1 1 inehes in leiiffth and siiaped somewhat like the handle of a sword wilhoiit the j,'nai(l. A stont loop of thoiiy is atlixed to the stoc^k aliove where the hand j-rasps it. This loop is thrown over the wrist to prevent the weight of the whip drawiiit,^ the stock from the hand and also to ri-tain tbo w hip when it is allowed to trail hehind. At the farther cud of the stocli a puitiun uf the wooil is cut out to MANAliKMKNT <»l" 1»0(} TKAM. 245 allow tlic insertion ol' llie end of tlu' Insli wliicli is tiistcncil by iiiciuiH of IhuMllioii^rs. Tlii^ InilttMiil of the lush is live si\t<'i>nllis of an inch thick iiiitl lU'uil.v li indies wide. It is composed of ei;;ht heavy thonjjs plaited in a pi'cidiar manner, depending on the numltcr of tiion;;'s used and t!i« fancy of the maker. The thongs are plaited by insertint,' tin) end of each thon^ tlii'(Mi;:h a succession of slits cut at the proper dis- tance and so matted to;4etlier that it is dillic.ull totleteiinine the 'Mun" ofthethony. The si/e decreases 'rom the handle l)y dropping out ii strand until at IS inches tVoni tht« stock only foui' thongs are left, and thesi> form a Hipiare plait for a foot in length. This stpnire form is sue- ceoded by only two thongs which make a tiat jtlait of 2 feet in length. At the end of this a simple piecu of heavy thong completes t\w. lash. The length of a whip amy bo as nuicli as .3.') feet, weighing .'$ or i pounds, Sona^ of the natives acipiire a surprising dexterity with this fornddabh^ weapon, often being aide to snip the earof a particular dog at a distance of the length of the whip. I have know u them to snap tlu^ head from a ptarmigan sitting along the path of the team. Children practice with the whip as soon as they can manage it. The lOskimodog fears nothing but the whiplash. They attack each other with savage ferocity, and several dogs may be eugaged in ter- rillc battles, yet the swish of a whip or even a stick tlnown hurtling through the air is sutlicient to cause them to slink oil' in abject terror, whining juteonsly in fear of the expected lash. The weight or load put u|)oti a sled nniy be as much as 1,L'(M) pounds. The character of the road alom- deterndiu's the weight, nund)er of dogs, and rate of travel. The latter may average over a smooth sur- face ."> miles hiMiily tin- i welvc hours continuously, excluding tlm few min- utes given the dogs to "blow" (rest), etc. I knew an instance where flii'ce men with empty sh-d and seven dogs tiavelcd iH miles in eighteen houis. I have gone I'.t miles in three hours: and again I have known only .1 or I nnles to be nnule in ten hours, through rough ice or diieji, newly fallen snow. The disposition v.ml condition of the dogs chiefly determiiK's the num- ber attached to the sled. With these animals there is tlu^ same ditfcr- I'Uce as is to be found in horses or other beasts of draft. Siuue are eiM'rgctic and well l>chaved; others as stubborn or la/y as is possiltlc. Strange dogs in the team arc liable to be pitched upon by all the others and with the long traces ensues such an entanglement of lines, dogs, and flying simw as is dillicnll to conceixe. The good (pialities of the dviver an' manifested by his ability in keeping the dogs in order and showing promptness in separating them when i|narreling. Fighting among the dogs can always be pievcnted bv the «lriver keeping the dogs in proper position. i'9» .. •-:-/' #. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT~3) 7- ^ /. 1.0 ^« M 12 5 I.I 1.25 us U£ |2.2 ? Hi '" Hf 1^0 112.0 1.8 u ini 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation # ^v^^ <*-^ N> ^ .^ &• » fe 6^ 24(j THE HUDSON BAY K.SKIMO. WKAl'O.NS AM) OTIIKU III NTINti IMI'I.KMKNTS. 'Ill Tlieso iH'oplt' aro now i)i(»vi(i('tl with lircaiiiis. wliicli lia\r cntiicly sii|it>rsc(l<'(l I lie liow iiinl aridw. The l)(t\v roiiiici'ly iisctl in this n'fj;i()ii apiicars ti» liavf ln'cii similar to tlic (iiuMibtaiiifd Iroiii a party of Ivist .Main Inniiit, wlio iiiadf tlicir way to I'ort ('hiino. Tliis liow has acconl- iiifily lit'cn tifjiii'cd and described ( l''ij;s. (»1 and (H'— i)01.l7). It is made of hireh wood and has a i>aelv \\]^ ofei{jlit7) of sncli a lio\\ case. The bow case is made of itiicUskiii and is ofsiillicient leiijith to con TI'HNKU.) lUNTINO IMPI-KMKNTS. 247 tain ihi' l)i)\v, cxcpiitiiiii- tlic ftxtrt'iiu' t'lid, wliieh is left projecting coiivciiii'iice ill liandliiiji. Tlic casi' is tied aioliud the bow at piojeetiiif;' end. Tlie quiver is attaelied to tlie bow ease and contains two models ofar- rows for sliootiii.n' lar^e ;;aiiie. Tlie arrows are tipped with leat'sliaped jHeces of tin. Tliry are featliered witii portions of feathers ai»pareiilly taken from the tail of a raven. Tiie iiioiith of the ijuiver is also drawn np with a strinjj" to prevent the loss of ariows. I lia\t; not seen the l^skiiiio of llndsoii strait use such a eover for their bows and arrows, but the oiiportniiities to observe them aie ver,v limited, as few are used. 1 am led to eonelnde that only tin' poorer individuals of either locality iiavc the bow and arrow at {he. present day. I have already deserilted the lar.ye harpoon used for St rikiii,!; white, whales and laiji'e seals from the kaiak. A short iiead spear ( Kij;' <»7, >;o. DOKiliis used for dispatchinji' wounded seals or while whales, or jbr killiii,i;- white whales when they have lieeii driven into a shallow arm of the sea when the tide ebbs and lea\cs lliciii partl\- niieovered. It has a short wnudcii siiaft with a ferrule of ivory. holdiii<;a short ivory loose shaft, kept in place by tlioiifis. on which is mounted a to,uj;le head like that iiM'd on the biji' harpoon. The line is either attached to the kaiak or to a small lloat made uf the inllaled intestine or sUiii of a seal. The l mouth])iece. Thispiecehas a hole about one-third of an inch in diameter bored through it. The hind flippers ami tail have a stick of li or .'5 inches in length jdaccd within the skin and are then lirndy bound around the stick, which servestostop upanyhole and also to fuinish a handle by which to drag or hold the tioat. The hole in the mouth piece is iihiggcd with a stopitcr of wood. When the tloat is wanted for use th(> skin is intlated. When inllated the float has a diameter abdut two thirds the length. If it is to be attached to a tracking line tlie float is fastened i>y the stick, wliich is secured within the skin of the himl tlippers ami dragged backwards. The function of the lioat in this instance is to prevent the tracking line from becoming ''fouled" among flie rocks and stones of the beach along which the line runs in tow- ing a boat (or umiak). In a similar manner it is allixcd to tlie harpoon line used Ibr large marine nninnnals, such as the white whale and tin' larger species of seals. This float not only retards the llight of the speared animal, lint it serves to mark the spot where it sinks, foi- at ccitain seasons tin' seals sink as soon as they die. A speared animal always sinks morecpiickly than one shot d* ad with a ball, probably because its struggles are more prolongeil in the liist instance and eshaustion of breath is more complete. The h.iir of the animal whose skin is intended rbra float is sometimes scraped off before the skin is re mo\e(l from the body, otherwise it may be left until the skin is partly dry and then be slia\ed off. The nninner of loosening the hair is similar to that used by butchers of hogs, only that the boiling water is |)ourert on and a small paieh of hair pulled off al a time, instead ofsniimerging the entire animal. Tlu^ hair from liie green skin must be caiefnlly palled tint or else the black scuii" adhering will 4ie (Irtached and tlins render tlie skin less nearly watei'prool'. 'J'iie skins reguated with the oil makes the iu'st for \v«Mir, often resisting moistnie for three or four days of continuous wet. Itefore leaving the subject of weap- ons and llieir accessories, I may men- tion No. ."itM)'.). a small pou is reached. Mere, if undisturbed., they will stand to allow the water to driji from their bodies, and then will walk slowly along to a eonveiiienl pla.cc to climb tiie bank aud "ft-!,.-. i-,i^i.. 1 •250 I'lir. IHDSON HAY KSKIMO. IM'iiftiiite 1 lit' strip of woods or hiisluis and <'m»'r}j;t' into tlic open coiiii- try bi'.voiid. As soon us tin- iiativt' scrs tlif dci-r evciyMiin;; is ]iiii' in readiness on tiie kiiiak, and with (|ui( k stiiikcs ol'tlit'donblc bladi'd paddle lie is behind and lielow tlie now territied aninnds. Tliey rear and phm^e in tVantie eont'usioii. endeavorinj;' to escape tlieii' most dreaded toe. Tbe linnter eabnly drives tbelierd tiiron^ili the water as the siu'pherd does his lloek on land. Those disposed to break away are rounded up and driven bark. The j;reatest eare must be. exercised not to let the animals •;ct below the kaiak, or they will swim faster with the stream than the linnter can paddle. As lliei(^ are generally. I wo or morekaiaks, it ii an easy matter Cor the men to driv«' the aiiiinals wherever they desire. When llic camp is abo\e. the deer are driven diaji- oiially across so as to inak«' llicn; come out near the camp, it' 'le site is below, tlu^ animals i.re allowed to (iio]> down to a con vciiient place. These nuincuvers deiieiid on the wind, as (lie sense of smell of the deer is very acute at tills MMson. and the scent of the camp, if detcctei;ed on land and skinned. The pelt is taken oti'as that of a beef is when skinned l>y a butcher. The ears and the skin of the head are left on. The bod\ is opened and the viscera are renu)ved. The intestines are freele. Other portions ot' the lii'sh are also consumed. The sinew , w iiicli lies alon;;' the lumbar re;;ion just lielow the superlicial nuiscles, is exposed by a cut. and with the point of a knife or tip of the ling'cr loosened from its adherent llesh. i )neend, usuall\ the forward eiul. is detached ami a stout thonjj tied to il. and it is jerUed from its iittaclnncnt by a vi.yorous pull. It rt'ipiires a strong piTson to remove this tendon from the body of a lean animal. .\ stroke of the knife fiees the wide layer ot' sinew liom blood and particles ot'tlesh. This is now laid aside for awhile, then washed to I'k'c it from the blood, which would stain il dark in color and also tend lodiminish thcstrenutli ot the libers iiy rotting them. It is now spread out and allowcil to dry. 'i'he body is cut across tin' small of the back anil laid aside. The hi'ad is severed from the neck and discarded if there be no portion of the Ikumis which is needed to ser\cso?ne purpose, such as a hainlle for a luiil'eor other tool. If the head be that of a ,\(iung deer it is otten taken to the camp and put into a pot ami boiled in the conditiim in w liich il comes from the held. When cooli<'d for a long time il becomes M'vy soft; the nniseles of the jaw being reduced to a semigelalinous condilinn. which makes an excellent ai'licle of food. Tin' lougne is in\ariaiil.\ taken out eniire, and is considi'rcd the •■^-s '!^l - ^W?J-,v rilK IIL'DSON HAV ESKIMO. fir }in'iitt'st (IclitMcy, t'itlicr IVo/cii, niw or cuDkcd, or dried iind smoked. Ill liii't II toii^iir tVorii tlie n-indn'r is ^ood iit any tiint> or t'oiiditioii. Tiic liiiid(|iiartt'rs are .seldom separated, hut aie placed witliiii tlie tlioiacii- cavil \'. and cither cached near the scene of slan;;hter or phieed on tjie Ivaiak and taiieii to a spot wiiere otiiers are deposited from which siijiplies may tie taivcn \\ lien the food for the winter is reipiired. Here and there aloii;- the hank will be placeil the body of a sin;;le deer, sometimes two or three, which ha\c been killed too far from thu pit'sent camp for the liiiiiter to brinj;' them home. These spots are marked or remembei-ed by some visible siirroundiii;;, lest the (U'ej* snows of winter olisciiie the locality, and olteii the place »'aii not be found when wanted. The cache in which the llesli is (lc|iositcd is sini)il.\' a I'ew stones or bowlders laid on the ;>'roiiiid and the meat put n|iontliem. A rude sort of wall is made by piliii;;' stones iip(Mi the meat until it is hidden from the rava;:es of raseiis. ;;ulls. Ibxes. woUes and the detested woherine. As soon as the hunter considers that the deer of that jiarlicular locality lia\e ceased to cross, he will repair to another station and }jo throiiyli the same process. The deer which are first slain, when the hiiiitinu' season arrives, and the weather is still so warm that the llies and ih'C(iiii|io>itioii iniii the meat, are reserved for sujiplies of do;;' food. MIX I.I.I. ANI 111- I M I'M ; Mi: Ms. I have already, in the earlier panes of this paper, referred to various tools and implements. In addition to llicse, the l\oks()a;;niyut have comparatively tew tools. Ill luriner a;;es stone and i\nr> were t'ashioned into crude iiii piemen ts for the purposes wiiicli arc now better and more ipiiekl.\ seived by in- striiiiiciits ot' iron or steel. These pi' iple have iiow iieeii so lonij in more or less direct contact with traders who iiine supplied them with these necessaries that it is rare to tiiid oi f t he kiii\es used in ti inner times. ( 'eitain operations, however, are e\'eii to t liis da.v better |iertbrnied with a knife madt; of ivor>'. The ice troiii tliekaiak liottom or the sides of the boat may liest be removed by means of an ivory knife, lesembliiifr a snow knife but shorter. The steel knife is always kejit sharp ami if so used would, on the nnyieldiiii:', frozen >kiii cnveriii;:' of those vessels. now emiiloyed. If the person has not a knife an unused spear- head, liaviiij; an iron point, is often employed instead for skiniiiiij;- aiii nials and ilres>inu the skins. JSluiie heads lor weapons of all kinds have been discarded. Ivory I IIIM.Il .mis(i;ij,am;()i s imi'i.kmdnis. 258 ;: Hpt'iiisiiif lit times used liiil these only wlieii the liiiiiler is ehtse l<. Ilie prey. Solium of the men hiive iiei|iiii'e(l ennsiih-i'iihle skill in liisliinniiij-' iron into (he lecinireil slniiie. They eajieily stiiml iir(Minil ;inyone who miiy be at work, and evince the Mn-atest eniiosity in iinytliint; \H'\\ . The eDJleetioii contains two of the snow knives rel'eneU to above. No. 30(17 is a larjje, snow knife, made from the lower poll ion of (lie main s(emof the ]M)rn of (he male rein- deer. I( is simply half of the split horn with the miiidle, scooped out. The !eii;ith is IJ implies. This form of jnstrn- ment is used more especially to smooth down the ine(|iiiili- ties of the blocks of snow after beinj;- placed in position. Xo. .-Jl 10 {Via. 70) is a larfje snow knife mad(^ of walrus ivory. It is i;i iiches Ion;; and nearly L' inches wide (or (he j;r«'ater par( of (he blade, which (erminates in a ronnded jMiint. The ins(rnmen( has (wo edjics, and in general apjiea ranees resembles a Iaees where the hand could not reach on account of thick deerskin elothin^'. The Kskiino name of the in striimeiit is ku-mo-ii-tik, or that which removes lice. The steel needles obtained from the traders are kept in a little ivory receptacle of vari. This is hollow and lllled with any siiliaK'nuin moss. One end is per- niaiiently closed by a wooden or ivory plu^, held in by IKtlc peus. The plug in the other end is easily taken out. The needle ease is usually '#/■ ■351 -I < V,l. 2r. t riiK HI DstiN r.AV i;sKi\ii>. f. 8 picn'rU iMirffixr ii loop U\ u lii*-li it iiiay lie liim;; lolhr lirll hi llir Ncrdlrs ;ir»'also kept in a Uiml «>»* sniiMI (usliioii (Ki^. 71) niiMlc ol' i: Iviirv iiiTillf raac. Ki>ksHiii:liii;;iinm moss. The cusliion ispeiloiatftliintuinl tlic iduc id ificivt- the ncciMrs, whicliwiiiilti 111)1 easily pi tliriill;;h tlir ttill^li skill. i\i'('iiiii)iaii\iii<; iiii*> III' tht>s<> iic-tllf nisliiiHis ill thf ciilh-i-tiiiii is out- of llie 1)1(1 fasliioiit'il thiiii (!.V, lili's such asjirc st ill nsnl, allliDiiuh iiK'tal thiiiilili's an' pn'tcntMl, It is siiii ply a strip *>i sralskiii sewed into a iiii^i laijic T-T •? — ^«. •■ .^» eiioiiuli to lit the iDretin j;er, ami is usually at- I'l(i.74.-S "I f;,,.l|,.,| t,, t||,. neeille eushinii by a tliniij; with mi ivory t<);;-;:le mii the riid, ti* prcNciit the thiiiihle I'roiii slippiiij; otV. Small articles ii>ed in sewing, smh as serajis of si. iii, needle eases, sinew threail, tliimliles, etc.. are cairied in siiia'l l)aj:- ordeerskin. which are often elaborately oinameiited with beads of various colors, like the specimen in the collecitioii, No. .'i(»l7. AMI ^IvMKN I-. Notwithstanding- the fact that these people have had their lot cast u|)on the frozen shoie^ of the sea. tlie.v appear liai)i)y and contented iiud loath to leave the land of their birlh. .Vllhoiigli it is a eoustiiiit AMI'HKMKNTS. stniKKh' iiinitlsl llir tcriiMr storms ol' a rc^'inii wlit'ic I'lir fi;^lii niuiitlis ill lilt' yi'iir lilt' soil is I'ni/cii iiiiil flu* few wuriii iliivs ol' siii cr In iiij.' lorlli ti sciiiity vc;;»'lati(iii, yet sii stiidif;' is tlicir lnvr liii' llicsc iiijins pitalilf sliiiri's thai llii' alisctil piiii' I'nr a ii'tiiin anil snoii liisr liicir hojil (III life il'Mit'y an- nut aliir to ilo so. iMiriii;; IJiiMiili-i'vals lirlwfi'ii liii- hiMilsinil wIu'h romj is still |i|<-ii (iliil, till' I'lskiino (li\cit llicnisclvcs willi ;;aiiirs of various kinds .if i Jicii own. 'I'lii'y iiii' alsoiiiiick to ailopl oMut panics which rf(|iiiic onliloor I'M'icisc. h'ool hail rails out i-vcryiioily, iVom Ihc a;;»'il anil lit-nt iiioihci ol' a niiiiii-i'oiis liiiiiily to I hi' loililliiit;yoiiii;isli'i'srai<'i'ly alilc lo i|o iMorr than waililli' miiliT Ihi^ liiiidi'ii of his ht'a\y (li'ciskin cloilu's. Wrestling aiming Mir turn is iiiiliil;;ril in for hours al a liiiii'. Tin' ii|>|ioni'nls ri'inovi^ all tlii'ir siipiMlliions ;;ariiii'iils, sci/.ti cacli otln-r aniMiiil the waist ami lock hands lichiiid each other's hacks. The fcfl arc spread widely ai)art and each endeavors to draw, hy the stnn-th of I he aiins alone, the hack of his opponent into a ciiive and ilins hrinu him ulf hi - feel. Then with a lift he is ipiickiy thrown llal on his hack. The fall m list he such that the head touches the yroiind. Where the conl est ants are nearly mati'hcil the strnnnle "'ay continue so lony- that oneid'them y;i\es up from exhaustion. The feet are m'ver used foi' trippiiij;. Sncii a procedure witnld soon cause the witnesses to slop the slnniulc. The IvskimoamI Indians often eiijia^^i^ in comiiarativc tests of liicir streii;;tli ill wiestliu;,'. The Kskiino prove the hctter men in these en;;a;;ements. Throwing' stones at a mark is a sjiort for the yoniifi'er men, some of w hom acquire siirjirisin;;' dcNterity. If a pai'k of playiiiji-cards can he ohtained Ihey ciifj^aue in yames which they have learned from the white people and teach cacli other. Small stakes are laid on tin' result of the ;iaiiie. Tlic uomcii appear to evhihit a ;;reater passion for ;;amhliiij; than the incn do. They will wa;;er liie last article of cloihin^- (Mi their persons till llic loser appears in a iinde condition hefore spectators. Then the winner will usually relnrii at least a part of the clotliin;;', with an in.juiiclion to jilay more and lose less. The yoiiiiK' K"l"* often play the ^aine of takiiiji an ohjcct and secret- iiiy if within the closed hand. Another is called upon to nuess ihecon- lonts. She makes impiiries as to the size. cohu'. etc. of the ohject. From till! answers she uradiially Knesses wiiat the thino is. A favorite ^anie. somethiiiji like cup ami hall, is played with the follow inji' iniiilemeiits: .\ piece of ivory is shaped into the form of an eloiifjate cone and has two deep notches ov steps cut from one side ( I'iii. To). Ill tl ne next the hase are hored a nninher of small Iiolcs and one or two holes in the upper step. The apt\ has a single lude. On the opposite side of thehase twoholes are made ohliquely. that they will meet, and throiijih them is threaded a slnnt piece of Ihoiiu. To the other end of the thong is attached a peg of ivory, ahout 4 inches *}t "f-"'' - 1 .A;.- •'A« lit nil; 111 looN iiw liSKiMo. TI'MN»B I (lAMI'.H, 257 to IIIKt* tllt« HI Ilk tr. Tlicy Iiiim" imt \ff itnivcd at |it>rti'rliiiii ill inaUiii;; a s|ili«>iiral I'nriii lor tin- luill, l>nt it isol'ti'ii an a|i|ili> sliapt'. It is niailo Ity takiii;; a jtini' nl' liiK'kskiii, or st'iilskiii, ai.tl I'littiii;; it into a cirnilar tiain, tlirii patlicriii}; tin* nl;;i'saini ctiiniii>j tlic favity witli dry moss or t'catlirrs. A lirciilar pitM-t- ol'skin is tlicn inst'itcii to III! tlir spai't' wliirii is Irt't by tlir iiicoin pli-tc Katiii>riii){s. Tliis hall is very li;;lit ainl is by a wliip of |i(>(iiliar coiistriU'lion. Tliis \vlii|» fonsists ot a liandlt' of wood S to lli intln's in li>ii;;t li. To pr<>v*>iit it fi'oiii slipiiin;; oat of tlio liiiiid wImmi the lilow is stnick. a stout tlioii); of H<>alskin is niadc into tlii> I'orin of a ion;; loop wliicli is |iasst'd ovor tlii> liand anil ti^liti'iiM around tli<> wrist. To tlio lUrtluT uiul of tliu wliipliandlrai't-at- tallied a iiiiinhci' of stout thongs of \: lira\'y sfalskiii. Tlu'Ht' tlioiifis liavc tlicir ends t ird around tlir handle Ll and tliiis t'oiin a nuinher of loops of \'2 to I'D inehes in lenn'tli. These are then tied together at tlie liottoni in order to uive tlieiii >{r eater wei;; ht Ih.. lliMuill lliiil>n the temperatiirv is .'l(P tu' 10 itelow zero. It is exeitiiiK and vijjoroiis play whore ii larye crowd Joins in the >:aiiie. Sometimes the ball is in the form of two irre;;iilar hemispheres Joined (o^t'ther, makiii;; a sphere wliith can be rolled only in a eertain di reetion. It is very awkward and prodnees miieh eonfusion by its erratiecoiir.se. Nos. .'UlM, ;VJ,S7, and .'Utld are footballs of the pattern tirst lUvseribed. The Iniiiiit wlioeome tVoin the western end of Hudson strait, the so- ealled ''Xortherners," have a ;;ame whieli they pla.v with sets of pieces of ivory cut into irie;iiilar shapes, and marked on one face with spota arranged in dilVercnt patterns (Ki;;. 77|. The immberof pieces in a .set varies from (Ml to IIS. The nam" of the sft is \ ma /u' a hit, and somewhat le.sembles our uaine of dominoes. The puue is played in lh«' IbllowiuK iiianuer: Two ov imu'c pcrson.s, -m- •■Vi . 11 KTU- -11 Ha- 2.'»o Till', iiri>soN r.Av kskimo. itfcdi'din;;' to tlir iiiitiilxT (if pieces in the set, sit tlowii iiiiy any of the players the iirst has to match it and the juiunc continncsnntil ont> of the persons has exhansted all of the pieces taken hy him. The pieces are desi;;ne(l in pails, haviiii; nanu'.s siich as K.i mm tik (sled), Kaiak^ca HOC), Kale s;'k (navel), A ma /at (many), a tan s'k (I), Mil kok ('_'). I'lii;;- a sni ('■>), Si la nnit (I), and Ta li mat (.~>). I'.ach of liie iiamo.s ai)o\(' innsi he matched with a pic'.'c of similar kiml. althonj^ii the other end of the niece mav lie of a dif y—^.^k jnmt. (■rent desi^in. .\ Kaiii utik may he matciied uitii an .\nia/nl if the lattci- has not a p, line or bar cut across ./ i it: if it has the bar itVJKj mnsi be luatclied with i" an Ama/.nt. riii-^ f:ame is known to the people of the I iij;ava district, but those only who lia\c learned it frnm the Noi tiu'iiicrs are able to play il. 'i'iie northern I'.skimo staiu' the last article they p.issess on the isMie of the K'anu'. Their wi\es arc tlisposcd of temporarily, and otten are totally rcliminished to the victor. I have heard that tiie wises so disposed of often sit down and win themselves back totheir former owners. Km. 78.— i:sKi l,.ll 111. to the people of the I onlv w ■ I'NUiniit ilnll. wiininii. and lar<;e qnantities of lit wliicli 1 observed anion;;' tm-se people TlllNV.Ul ART. •25!) was ii viuliii (if tlu'ir nwii iiiiimiracliirc, iiiailc, nl' ediirst', i III' tliiisc tlify liad srcii used iiy the wliiti's. Its turm is wt'll sliMwii hy till' li;;iirc ( l''ifi. SL'),aii(lis inadt' of hircli of spruce, and tin- two sti iii;;s a If of coarse, loosely 1 wisted sinew. 'I'lie how lias a sliip of w lialelione in place of horsehair, ami is resined with spiiice uiiMi. This liddle is held across the Pip when played. The old woman ot whom I procured the instiinncnl was al>le to ])lay se\cral airs — smdi as they sinii' ainonu themsch es. I was snr l»ri>cd at the facility with w iiich she made the varion^ notes on such a elude imitation of a \ iolin. II unit: sntlicit itioii Idly I'Mii iiti'ii e\liiliited in the trimmiiii; of their ^;arments. and also by tliedolKs, ivli'ch I have alu-adv leferred to and tl;;nred. >0() IIIK III 1)S»»N IIAV KSKI.MO. J J. I l-il«' all ollifr KskiiiHi, fii,- Kok- suiiKiii.Viit iiic cxtu'cdiiiniy |,,;i(l i.f story tclliiif,'. .Sitliii^^ in tli." Imt, en- HHiii'il in liicii rvciiin;-' work, tlu- old lien tell what fliny Invc seen a-d lirai'l. Tlic (lid wdincn relate the his- tory of tin- iMM.pl.- of (nini.T days. .l,.|H.ndiii- <.ntln'ly on nu'inory, often intoisi.eised\Mlh ivcitations apparently n.n'JKn to tia- thrrtul of the Flli. h|. Illllll;lll (i;.'liri' hesied that peojtle having light hair ami white skins would (-onu' in an innnense umiak. He placed a young puppy on a chip and another on an old sealskin boot, and set them adrift on the water. The puppies drifted in ditlereut diiections, an retiu'iu'd and bronght with it the Indians. A long time after that, when the ]»coi»le had nearly tbrgotten the other puppy, a strange white object like an iceberg canu' directly toward the slnne. In a few moments the puppy, now a man, announced that the people had vwww .', ith many curious things in tlieir vessel. The. man imnu'diiitt-ly beeaimi a dog. ih-ij/iii of liritnj thiiois on the earth mul in the iroter. — A long time ago a man who was cutting down a tree obser\'ed that tiie chips continued in motion as they fell from the blows. Those that fell into the water becanu' the inhabitants of the water. Those that fell on the land be- came the various animals and in time were nnidc the food of mankind. (This was the version given me by a person living at Fort Chimo.) Another person from farther west gave the following account of the ori- gin of the living things of the earth; I'reviinis to a time when water covered the earth the people lived on such food as they could always find preparc'er a seal, and the middle lin^^cr a white hear. W'iieii the former two animals se<' a man they ti',\ toes eajte lest they he served as the woman was. The white hear lives hoth mi the land and in the s<'a, hiit when he ju'rceives a man reveiiiit'l'iil I'eeliii^is till Itim, and he determines to de stroy the person who he thinks inntilated the woman from whose linjier he spraii;;. (h-ir/iii ()/ tlir (iidllimots. — While some children were ]>layin;^ on the level top of a hij;h clilVoverliaiijiiii};' the sea. the older children watched the yiiiinyer ones lest they should fall down the hliill". Ilelow them the sea was covered with ice, and the strip alonjr tho slun'e had not yet loosened to permit the seals to approach. Soon afterward a wide eiiM'K opened and the water \\as tilled with seals, hut the childi'eii did not observe them. 'Piie wiml was «;old. and the children romped in lii;;h j;lee, enconrauini;' each other to ;ii'eater exertion in their sports and shouted at the top of their voices. The men saw the seals and liastenod to the shore to put their kaiaks into the water to pnrsne them. At this the children increased their shouts, which frightened the seals till they dived out of siyht. One of the iiieii was aiit;ry. and e.xclaimed to the others. •' 1 wish the clitf would topple o\*'rand hnry those noisy children for scaiinu the seals." In a moment the clilf tipped iils oil llir loim'x hiirk. — .\ man had tw't children that he wished miyht leseiiihle each other. He painted the one (loon) with a white hreast and square spots on the hack. 1'he other (raven) saw how comical the loon ap|ieared, and lan^hed sonin<-h that the loon hecaiiie ashamed and eseapid to the water, where it Jilwa.vs pi'csents its white hreast in order to hide the spots of the hack FOKK LOliK. 2(;3 wliicli caused so iini<'li ridicuh'. The riivcii clinlcd tlif iitlcinpl lu be liiiiutcd ill like iiiiiniifv, mid sitintly rcl'iiscd to conic iic;ir. Or/.(//*M;/'///c i/ff/Zx.— Sdiiic juMtpIc in ii Ixml desired tn .ui> anmiul a point of land wiiicii proiccted far into tiie wntcr. As (lie water tiiere was always in a violent conimotion under liie end of tlie iioiiit wliieli teniiinaled in a lii;iii clilVsonie of tlie women were requested to wall; over tlie neck of land. One of tlieiii ,i;ot out witli lier cliildien in order to li^-liteii llie lioat. Slic was directed to j;() over llie place, and tliey l»roiiiised to wait for lier on the otiier side. Tlie |>eople in tlie boat !iad ;;one .so far that tiicir voices, i^iviiit;' the dire. 'lion, hecanie iiidis tinet. Tlie poor woman liecanie cniifnsed and sn-pcetcd they waiitiMl to desert her. She remained about the clilV. constantly cryin.u- the last words she lieaitl. She ultimately chan.ucd into a .uull. and now shouts only the sound like "//(> i>nr. ijoonr. on r, nrr," rli: (h-i(ii)i of the li know all the jiast and tntnre While these cliildren wert' thus amusiii.u themselves they were chanjifd into small birds, which did not tbr-ct iheir last oeciipatioii, and even to this day tliey < e to the clitl's. near the camps of the people, and build houses of mud. which t In-y alli\ to the side of t lie roek. Kveii the raven does not nioh'st lliem, and the I'.skimo eliildrcn love to wal<'li the swallow build ids ijilu^iak of mud. 77„. /,„,-,-._Tlie hare was a child who was so ill treated and abused by the other people, beeause it lia.l Ioiiil;- ears, that it went to dwell by itself. When it sees anyone the ears are laid down on the back, tbi', if it hears the shout of a iierson.it thinks they are talking; of its loii^;- ears. It has no tail, iiecause it did not tormcrly have one. Thr irolf was a poor wouiaii, who had so many children that she could not liiid enoiij;li Ibr them to eat. They became so .i;auiit and hnnjiry that they were chanutMl Into wolves, eonstautly roamiiif;- over the land scekiu.u Ibod. The cry of the molher may be heard as she strives to console her hiin-ry cliildien, saying that Ibod in plenty will soon be fiuind. I.icr are siipiiosed to drop from the body of a liuuc spirit, dwelliu/ ill the rej;ioiis above, who was punished by liaviiiu- these pesis (on Htantly torment him. In his raiic to free liiniself the lire dropped down upon the peojile who conilcmned him to this punishment. 1 i •i ! ' t iCA TlIK HUDSON IJAY ESKIMO. II i„ Or'Kjin of montiiiitoi'n. — A iiiiiii had a wife wlio was iiofjlifjeiit and failed ti» scrape liis sUiii (^lotliinn' inoperly wlu'ii lie returned tVoni liis expeditions, lie endeavored to itersiiade her to nu-iid her ways and do as a wife slionld d(». Slie was a} liii directed to remove the aeeii- niulated laytM' ol' dirt from the man's eoat. She petulantly took the fiarment and eleiined it in sueh a sloveidy way that when the husband discovered tiui condition of the eoat he took sonu' of (he dirt from it and tlunji' it after her. The particles chanj^od into mosquitoes, and now (ill spriiifi), when the warm dayscoiiu' and the women iiave the hihorof eleaniii;;- clothes to perform, the insects ccfed that the fox was aftei- food, lie (piietly slipped up to the house and on enteriii};' saw a most beautiful W(mian diessed in skin clothing' of wondrous make. Within the house, on a line, huiiu the skin of a fox. Tlie man ini|nired if it was she who had done these thinj^s. She replied that she was his wife ami it was her duty to do tlu>m, hopin;; that she had |ierforiiied her labor in a manner satisfactory to liim. -Vfter they had lived tofictliei- a short tinu'tlie linsband detected a musky odor abnnt the house :ind inipiired of her what it was. She ri'plied that she emitied the oilor and if lie was uoin^- to timl fault witli hei' lor It she would leave. Sin' dashed otf her clot iiiuii and, resnniin^T the skill of the fciN. slipped (piietly iwa.s and has never been disposed to visit a man siiu'c that time. The followinji' is a story obtaine(l from l.abrailor: Tlir rirttls. — lletweeii two nnMi there existed keen iivalr>'. Isacli asserted himself to lie the strnn;.;cr and ciideaNored to proxe himself supei lor to the other. One them declared his aliilit\ to I orm an island where noin' had hitherto existed. lle])icUed up an imnu'use rock and iinrleil it into the sea where it iiecann- an r^laml r it her. with his foot, pushed it so hard that it landed on the t up of anol Ikt ishinil lyin;:' far beyond. The mark of ijie tixitinint is \isible to tlli^ day, and that iilace is now known as Tn kiii tol<. Till I- ji II Ions mil II — .\ man li II ii I liiVf Wit li two wonn'li :i ml w; Jealous of them timl lie wcnild not permit tln'mto look npon others, much less speak to tiM-m. Tiie women tiiially wearied of the restric- tions placed upon them and resohed to desert the man. 'i'hey lied along the coast until they wcic faint finm iinn^ ,er. At len-^th Ihev FOLK L(»I{|;. 2b'5 <;aine upon tlic body of a whale cast on tli»'. slioro. \h'w tlicy doter- iiiiiuMl to dwell for a time. The man sonj^lit for tlie women in every possible plaee with no siieeess. A eonjiuer was ectnsulted, and after miM'h deliberation, he told the deserted man to journey to a place wlu're he would tiiid the carcass of a whale and to secrete himself in the vicinity and watch lor the women. He started out accordingly and before lonj; hay. He seized one of them, however, and IxMind her with tlion;'s. The other was less disposed to sidnnit, and the man j)Ut out her eyes to deprive her of the privile;;e of looking; at any man. They remained about that locality for some time, and various animals of the land c.ime to the carcass to feast u|)ou the re- mains. Tilt* man caught a great number of foxes and other valuable furs and after a time returned to the camp whence he canu". SlDfji «/ the iiri>h(in luiji. — A snmll boy, who liad neither father, mother, nor any living relatives, was dwelling with some people who maltreated him in every way their fancy <-oul(l suggest. He was kept in the entry way to the hut, like a ilog, and was permitted to eat only of the skin of walrus when they had it to giv** him. At othei' tinu's they wouhl throw to him what they themsehes would not eat. They I'or- bade him to have a knife with which to cut iiis food, and he was com- lielled to gnaw tlie bones like a 'log. A little girl, the daughter of the head of the family with wiiom In* lived, would secretly take to him a kniie w itli whicii todivilethe to;igli skin of the walrus. .She also car- ried food of beltei' (piality to lili i when she could ilo so clandestinely. Tlu'si- kind attentifuis pleased 'lim \i'ry much, and made him long for an op|i >!? 'lily to escape. Itut how was he to better his condition when tin- hand ot' everybody was raised ai.iiiist him on account of his tieatment at home .' The littl" girl who had so «ilteii bel'riended him could not assist him to escape from siu'li a life. He endeavored to lay a plan, but it eaiiie to naugiit. There seemed no help for him. One night lie abandonecl all lin]ie and tlii'cw liimselC on the gnaind in des- pair. NNliile tiieic he ga/.ed al tiie iiri^ht moon, and the moie intently his ga/«'\\as li\e(l upon il tiie more he tiiougli! he discerned the face of a man in it, and al last he eiied to the man to come and hcl|i him escape from his iiiiseraliie life. The man came down i'umi the moon and ga\(' the jtour buy a liiglittnl beating, but the more he was iieaten the larg<'r he seemed In gmw. Alter awhile lie became so stiung that he could handle a large rock as easily as he had hitherlo handled a litlle sloiie, A large, round bowhlei' fruiu the beach was m) iiuu'e to him than a imllel held in the hand of a strong man. The moon man llieii told the lioy that he was large enough to take care of himself ami lo as he pleased with the peopir who had ti'catcd him so badly. With lliis liie l wo pailed. and the moon man went to his hole ill tiie sky, while the boy walked along the lieach picking iii) Vh 2(1(5 Tin; IlfliSoN HAY KSKIMO. rorks iiimI tiissin;; tliciii aloii;^ tlic sIk ic until the cliiiriirtcior tlif watfi'^s cdjic was ciilii'i'lv tlianjucd. WIhmi tlit> hoy JiiriNcd at llic liiit it was liati tairii'd so Ioii},miii tlic ImmiiIi ti'stin^ his strtMi^tli that the iiiuht iiail slipiicd away. The p('(i|ilc \M'H' Iciiillfd wiit'ii tiicy saw to what i-iioi'iuoiis propor- tions the ahnsrd l)oy had ;;rown. lie hrrann' IVrn/icd tin- instant lit> saw his lininci' iii'isctMitors, and sci/in;; liist oim> and tiit'ii th<> otlicr in his hands dished them a;;ainst tiii> ro<-ks. Tin' lilood ami hraiiis rail in streams. One of tin' men, .scoin;;' his doom, lic^'^cd lor liiN lite and promised \\\> kaiak, >pears. sjeil, and wile if he should he spared. The euia^ed hoy coutinm'd tin- slau;;iitei' until eonrse of a few hours the man, whose mnne was Kou je ynk, lieeami* of a natural si/e a;;'ain and passed his life in <'oud'ort. This story was olitained from a man tVom (.aluiuhu'. The h'skiino assert that this oeeurred near Ohak (often pronouneed Okak), miw a ndssionary station. Tliey show the roek, wiiieli a little ima;;inatioii ;;ives the appearanee of liaviu;; dried liiood and liraiiis still upon it. '/'/((■ iirijiin of' llic sini. iiiiinii, <(n upliraidcil him and h(> denied it. 'i'he father and niotiier were very an;;rv and scolded the pair .so severely tliat the son tied from tiu'ir |ireseuce. The dan^hier seized a brand fi'om the tire and pursued him. lie ran to thosky to avoid her but she tiew alter him. 'I'he man chanp'd into the moon and tlie i^irl wholioro the torch iiccanu' the sun. The sparks that Itew t'roin the brand became the stars. The sun is constantly pursuiii;;' the i n. which keeps in the darkness to avoid bein;;' discovered. Whi'ii an eclipse ocenis they are su]»posed to meet. Aiiiiirds. — .\uroras are believ<'d to be the torches held in the hands of spirits scekinjj t lie souls of those who have just died, to lead them iii;; to tlic region hcyoml. Tlicie is tlic .sut'.nu' (illiiulil iiiul liciil. Tlir (loiiif of I lie sky is vciy ((liii, and at times nivi'ivd witii ciystals ((tTrost wiiiili rail in llif I'niin (»!' snow or IVost liliiis to tlic cartli. anil llicii Ilii- siy the iiioiintainccrs(tlie Monta^nais of the early desiiif missionaries) dnriiiy the earlier days when the former acted falsely in ime of their concerted strn^iLdcs with the Kskimo of the eastci'ii coast. The iianic ;:i\en to IhcmseUcs is Nenenot, a word meaning;' tine, or ideal red men. To the west of tlie.se people dwell a Itraiich of the tribe aloii^ the e.ist shore of iiiidsini bay. To tli«' southeast dwell the moiiii- taiiiecrs. The western people ditVci' ;;icatly i:i cnsjonis and man> words of their lan;;na;;c from the Nenciiots. The iniMintaineers dilVer but little in their cnstoins, and only in speech as niiicli as would be expected from theditVerenl locality in wliii'h they dwell. These three tribes have distinct boiindaries. beyond which tiiey seldom wander. Of late years, however, a ^jradnal inlinx of tln^ western people has poured into the I'liiiiava district, due to tiic decrease of the food sni>ply alon;;' that portion of the eastern coast of Hudson l)ay. Tiie Nencnots appear, fnnn the best information I could obtain on the subject, to have I n driven to their present location during- the wars waf,'ed a.uaiiist them by the Iroipiois in times lon^- lione by a. id reiiiem- bered only in tradition. They assert that their orijjinal home was in a country to the west, north of an immense river, and toward the east lay an enormous body of salt water. The toriner was supposed to be the St. liawreiice river and the latter to be Hudson bay. When they came to tli(>ir iiresent place they say that they Ibiind I'lskimo alone, and these only aloiij;- the coast. They are a branch of the (■ree stock, as their lansuan'c clearly indicates. ■ f 208 TIIK IllIiHON HAY KSKIMO. i ^m Many years a;;o war was wap'il upon Minii b\ tlio pnoplc wliose naiiH' is rt'iii('iiiln'i«'(l willi tnror t-vt'ii to this day. Most cruel atro<>itii>H were itcipt'tiatetl. aiitl in despair they lied tVoni I lie lainl of tlieir tatheiH, wliere tiiey haiitly u]>on the land whieh the h!skiino had always held, ('on tention and stru$;;,r|es arom-, enlininatini^: in a disposition to ti;;ht, and ill the eoiirsif of time tlesnltory warfare, carried on by single eoinbiit or oryani/ed raids. This lasted for many yeais, e\t'ii after the advent of the white men as traders aloiifj the eoa.st. So>ne of the battles wj^rw attended with ;>reat slaughter on both sides. The Hskimo Heldoiu vtMi- tilled far from the roast on their raids, but foii;rlit bravely wlieii at- tacked on their own j,'rouiid. In most instances they outwitted tliu Iinlians by dt>coyin;; them into ambush, and killiii;; ^'leat numbers of tln'in. Within the present century tiiey ha\i' bet'ii more peaceably disposed toward each other. Sincu the arrival of the white men at various points alon;; the coast these troubles have coased, and tlu' Indians and Ivskimo are now on intimate terms; not that either |>ai'ty have any special rej;ard for the new t-oiners, but they lia\e a mutual fear of each other, and the white man now eiifja^es their entire atten- tion. In the early stru;,'};les the Imlian tbiind the Kskinio to lie a sturdy opponent, possessed of fjreater endurance and perseverance than liiiii self. After the conclusion of the troubles they withdrew to their pres eiit haunts, and now wander indiscriminately over the land, althon^di the Ivskimo seldom ventures far into the interior unless it be alon^ thu valley of some laifje stream. They even cam|i aloiif^side of each otiu'r, and a^icd Indian men and women, who have been left behind the parties of yoiiii}; people who are in (piest of fur bearin;^ animals duiiii}^ the wint«'r months, are only too j^lad to have a camp of jolly ICskimo near at hand. With theiii they can live as parasites until their hosts are e\haust"d of supplies, or until they move to another locality to i'elie\e themselves of the importunities of their unbidden tcuests. The Indian is not the physical superior of the Kskimo. It is true, they arc* more cxjiert on snowshocs. because the Hiiowslioes beloiifj: to their mode of life. They are used by the Eskimo only when they can be purchased liy barter from the Imlian. The l'jskiniosnowsh ivskimo in the kaiak. which braves the severest weather and the rouy;liest water, on which the In diaii would only j^a/e in dread and never venture. .\bility to endure fati};nc is less in the Indian than the I'jskimo, wlio accomplishes by i»atieiil persistence what the Indian desires to do in a I'lIK NKNION'OT. 26!> liiiny. I liiivo imt ohHcrvcil IniliiiiiM cany smli lu-avy IoikIh as llms** Im)|'Iii> on till* slioiililt'i'H of Ivskiino, wlio, witli i>ast>, iiscriitlfd a liill of siiili iilinipt stt'i'piit'HH tliiit an iiiiiMiniinlxTiMl iicisoii rliiiilii'd it with dillinilty. Stnoriil Ksliinio iiu-n astcndt'd this liill, tacli uitii a liaircl of thiiii'on his siioiihli'i's. The Indian is altlt^ to witlisland llio «>ll'«-i-t of cohl as wi^ll as thtf Kskinio. Thf <-iothint; of the hittci' is ct-rtainly Ix'tttT adapted to pro liM-t af^ainst coltl. hi tiinrs of st-aicity of food tln^ liSkinio is abl*^ to pt witliont food for anninlxM' of days and ytM porfoiin a <-unsidi>ial)h« amount of |)iiysical hiitor, wiiilc tin- Indian wonid r(>i|nii't« food on tin- sciotnl or tliird day, ami rt-fnst* to move until it innl itron fnrnisln'd. In foniparison witha ^vhit«^ nnm nndtM- tin' same eoiiditions the na tives of t'itin'r elass wouitl soon show siyns of inferiorit and under inolon^ed exertion hnt few, even of tin' l''skinio, wm. Disrespect to parents is unknown, and in their inteniinrs«> witii each other there are no elasliin;:s dnrin;,^ youtli. Not until the jeal onsies awakened under the stinuilns of their sexual instiints arouse their |>assi(His do" they t»e;;in to show enmity and Initrcd toward eaeli other. The males evidently exiiihit, jealousy to a less decree than tiu> o])|io- site sex. The men, after a protracted absence from each other, often emhraetuiinl shed tears ot' joy at meetinj,'. The women are less denn.n strative. The uumlier of children born exceeds the ininiber of deaths. Mor- tality appeared to be low for the two years I was near these people. The prt^vailinn diseases are of the lun^^s and bowels. The lun;f dis eases are iinluced by <-onstant exposure to exti'enu's of wet and cold and the iidndation of foul air laden with terebinthine odors, arising from the resincnis woods used for fuel. Changes of the wiinl blowiuf; in at the door cause the interior to l)econH' tilled with snn)ke, which is endured rather than admit tln^ cold air from without. Abslineme fiom fresh food for a lon^ tinn>, with dry nu-at only to subsist upon, is often broki'ii by the sudden capturt^ o\' deer. This affords an opportunity for ^'orjiin^' until tiMMlifjestiveorfians are weak ened ami seri(ms complications arise. It is i|uit«> jn'oltable that ;;luttony directly produces half of the ilhu'sses that occur amctn;; these people. The insntliciency of clothiufj; does not apparently intiuence health, as they seem utterly regardless of exposure, and loiiy' continued dwellinj;- in the tents probably imlnees nearly, if not <|uite. all the other illsalllict- iujj them. Indolent ulcers and scrofulous complications are frequent, but only in few instauees ai'e of such <'haractei' as to prevent their fol lowinj; their usual oecupatH)ns. Durinj; illness they are stolid, and appear to sutler intense pain without the twitching of a musile. When 'J7KIM(). ja« ilcath :i|i|ii'i)ii('lii'i liiis liiit Unit' trinii, iiiitl is iiwailcil uilli imlillfi »'IH'»', Till' iriiicilii's fin|)lliii;;s III till' sliaiiiiiii, wlm rliiiiiis In liavr run I ml of till' siiiiii wliii'li raiisrs all ilisi'ani' ami ili-atli. Tlii-y air. ii-iwi'vi-r, lirill lu'lii'MM's ill till' I'llirary nl' |iiiliiill> riilil|iiillliilril li,\ llic uilill* liailiT, vUin is I'lilly as iiK*'i<<>i' olln'i jMiii ^I'lil siilislanrr is ^iv )>n, witli ;i niiilli|ilirily < rninriisin^ ilin'rtiuns, hi'- wilili'iinn till' nn'ssi'iijji'i ilis|ialrlnil fm ii'liri, \\\u>. in ii'|it'aliii;; tlii'iii, ol>i>ii iiiaki's iiiistitki-saiiil ailvlM's thai tin- wliiili>i|iiaiitity lii'swallnwi'il. Till' I'lVi'il is siiiiii'liiiii's iiiaHiial. anil llii- palirnt ii'ihmts. I'dwiIits all' iiiMii'il UN IT till' si-at i>r pain ami liniini'iils sw allnui'il vt illi a\ iility. Stniii^i' as it iiia\ si'i'in. lliry nltni irimit j^iMiil I'tl'i'i-ts, anil ian>l> tail til ask lin iiiinr (if tlir saiiir kinil. Itnlli si-si's attain a "irat a«:i'— in siinii' instanrrs ri'iiaiiilv i\ 111; i\rr si'M'iits \('ar.> Skmii' assi'i t that tlii'N xM'ii' wi'll ailvaiirril in \rars lii'l'iar tlir wliitr nirii rainr in \>^'2 11 ir niaiTiaui' ri'ii'ininiv ■iiinply a ronsi'iil tn li\i> lii;;i'tlii'r. nlitainril li.\ n'i|iu'>l it' piissililc, anil l>y loirr, il' nrrrssais. Tlir man laki-s a will' as siiiiii as III' ciiiisiili'is hiinsi'lt' alih' In siip|iiirt mir. W'hrn tlii' rri'i'iiiiiiiy is In lir niiilrrtaki'ii llir nnisi'iit of llir ;;iiTs pairiits ur iirar rst nlativi's is si>ii;:lit. anil li,\ Imlili xiit Irmplin;: iinliirrmi'iits in thr fiinii of pi'i'si'iils. tlir siiilur wins tliiiii In his tinnr. Tl onsiiit of thr yii'l. if shi' has nut \it liifii mariiiil is. of nnirsi', ;;iaiilril. if slin ilrsill's to rill (Iv \»'i|i till' wishi's iif lii'i' ri'lalivi'! If It. th P pi'itivi' liiislianil IS II ifiii null that tlii'\ ran iln nnthiii;; in turn Iiit lii-art. Till' niatliT is iiinli'istonil, ami in a shnit tiinr slir is taki'ii fnnililv to his nr his falhri's tiMit, i'lii'lii' liiiuliii;;' tin' rniiph- is vny anil on till' h'ast proMiratioii may In- ilissnlvnl liy Vithi'i pai't,\. ('nntinrmi' nil till* |iart nl' I'ithi'i' wifo nr hiisliiiinl is niiiisiial, ami nnl,\ iiotnriniis iiirniitinriiri' is snlVnii'iit tn raiisf tlii> nlfrmlrr In In- jinl away. 'I'hi'ir soxiial ri'laliniis an- vi'i.x Innsr ammi^ thi'msi-lM's, lint thi'ir iniiiiorality is I'ontillril tn tliril'OWIl pi'nph'. Tn takr a si'iniiil, a thil'll, nl't'Vrll a fniirth will', is lint iiiirnmiiiiiii, lint thr aililitioiial wivivs air takrii ptiii I'ipally for tlu^ pnrpnsi' of pi'ilnrniinji; lalmr impnsi'il l»y the I'lii'ifiyof a siirrrssfiil limitiM'. 1 1 is only hi- wraltliy im-.i wlmraii atl'onl a plurality of wivrs. Till' srvrral wi\rs nl'ti'M ilwi'li ill thr sami' triit. lint .kal- imsii'S Iri'qiii'iitly aiisi- thry ri'snrt to ti^ihtiiiK amoiifj tluMnsi'l\i's to spltli' their ilitfrii'ii Thr hiisliaml Innks on ralhih' until inaltiT: jfo ton far. W'hi'ii III' inti'i'fi'ri's tlii' vvnini'ii air suri' of liriiij.; sonmlly thmslii'ii. A woman, howcvri', ofti'ii assails hi-r hiisliami, and in .somu iiistaiiii's givi's him an nninrnifiil pniimliii;;, iniirh tn tin- ainnsi'mi'iit of till' liyslanilrrs, who iMirniiia^^r lirr to iln Iiit lii-st. Thi' man is a siiliji'it fnr riiliriilr fnr wei-ksaftiTwanis. I'iithiT si-x ran I'inliiri' ln'iiit; lii'ati'ii. lint lint lii'iii<; laii^hi'il at. Tliry lari'ly fni'^ivi' a wliiti' man who laughs at their ilisrnmlituri'. .\ii amuslnj; iniiili'iit ni-riirri'il within ti TrHNKMl •nil", NI'.NI'.No'l'. 871 Htiiiif's ilii'ow of I'NirM'liiiiiii. All lii(li:iii liiitl lii^ clotliinu "^triitpid IVoiii liiiii liy Ills I'lirii^cil wile, Slii> tlii-ii loir llic It'iil IViMii tin- |m*Ii-s, loaviiiu liiiii iiiikftl. Slii> tonk llit'ir |ii'i)|M>rl,v In IIm' iiiiidc, wliirii hIii^ piMltllrtl Mt'vn'iil iiiili-s lip till- sti'i'itiii. Ill- lollowt'il aliiii;; I Me liiuik until slic ri'lciitnl, wlicitMipoii tlirii titriiicr rclalitiiis wcif rfsiiiiinl, us tliiiii),'li iiiitliiii;; liiiil tlisliii'iM'il tilt' liiiriiioiiy nl' llnir lil'o. Tli<* iiiiiii wiis so scvi'it'ly planiUMJ by his tMainailrs tliat lor many days in- scaitcly sliownl Ins lii'utl out of tin- triil. Itivalry l'*>i' llic favor of a woman or man is onasionally tlif soiiicc of s(«rioiis alVrays. An instaiu'c was r«'- latcil to mt> wId'ic two mrii soiikIiI Hh' lianil of a woman, and to scl-tU^ wliii'li should liavf licr, thi\v di'lormiiii'il to ;^o in tlirir caiiofs to tlir lakoiirar hy and ll;>lit with tlii'ir di>«>r spiMis. (>ni> of thr mm was kill«>d and tlii> otlirr llinciipoii olitaint>d tli<- woman, who is now liviii<;. Tlif SCSI'S liavc tlii'ii' sptH'ial laltors. W'omi'ii pi'iform Iht' driid^fiy and Iniii;' lioiiii* llii' I'ooil slain liy tlii'ii' liiisliands. ft'trhiii^' wood and watrr, tannin;: till' skins, and making; tliriii into ilothin;;. Tin- lalMir of I'l'i'i'tiiiK llictt'iils and hauling tlii' sleds when on llicii Joiinicy dur- ing: till' wiiitrr falls upon thfin, and, in fad, tiny prrfoi in tin' Kii'ati'r part of I III- man II. il lal>or. 'I'ln-y ari'mnsidi'icd inferior to tlii'mcn. and in thi'ir social lift' they soon show the ciVects of llic hanlship> lliey iin deiK". T\n\ fciiiaies arrive at piiltcily al llii^ a;:t' of I t m- \'>, .ind art^ taken as wives at even an earlier ajif. So early iire tliey taken in maniayi' tliat liefore they are M years of ajie they often appear as thiMi^ih they were ."•<•. Some of llieiii are iiidetaisly iifjI.Vi smd are so lie^iiimed witii smoke from the resintms wooti iiseil lor fuel ami with llltli that it is purely ^jiu'sswork tti even approximate their ant'. The women appear tt> lie exempled from I lie eiiise of Kve, ami tit liver tlieir eliildreii witli us litth> (Mtiiei'rn as is exliiliited anion;; tiie Itrnles. 'I'lie child is not uMowed to receive nourishment until the tliinl day. and no water must ttnicli its Itotiy. The infant is swaddleil in wrai)pin;;s of skins and cloths. Spha;;iiuiii moss is iiscii ncM the litiily and clian;;ed evi'iy other day. Tliey lit';;iii to walk at an early a^'t'. ami this is, doubtless, the principal cause tif the bow in;; of the le;;s so iiflcii observed. Tiie;;irls arc iiejjiected and the boys ;;ivt'n every atlvanta;;i'. The latter soon diseovtM- their im|>ortanct' ami rarely fail to show their thimiuceriii;; ways to the other sex. It is quite rare that twins are born. It is not usual for a mother to have more than four eliihlren, although as many as six orei;;lit may be born. As tlie paternal tuiKin is oft.'ii obscure, the person liaviii;;- that woman as wife at the time of the child's birth is supposed to be its tiither. The mortuary euatoms of the Naskopie were but imiierfectly learned, for when a death occiirretl at the trading; statitm the liody was buried like u white inan's. .\ shallow ;irave was liiji' in a sandy soil, as this olVeretl less trouble in tlifJKiiijy, and the body placed in a rudely con- .^' t3' 27: TllK. IllDSON HAY KSKIMO. if structcd ciitHii ;iiir the j;ra\r, luif willi what sifjiiilicalion I rould iioti-.tiislactorily d«'teriiiiiu'. I rcccivi-d tin- reply tliat tlic wliito inoii {lut s(>inetliii>}':at tlu^ head of tlicir graves, and so do Ihe Indians. Away troni the post th«^ Indians snspiMid their dead tVoiii tlie bianehes of trees, if the •iioiiiid l»e tVo/en too liard to exeavate, aiul endeavor to retnrn in th<- l'olIo\vin<: suninier and inter tiie ]io meaning of the other's dn-a m. Superstition holds these people in its ter;ible sway an*! ev»'rything not understood is attributed to the working of tine of the numerous spirits. ICvery object, however simple, ajipt-ars to lia\e its ]»atron spirit, which, in order that it may pertbrm its services for the weltare of the people, nnist be propitiated w ith otferings most pleasingand acceptable. to it. The rule seems to be that all spirits arc by nature bad. and nuist bt! proj)itiatcd to secuic their favor. Ilach person has a patron spirit, and these must always be placated lest misfortune come. These spirits assume an intinite variety of forms, and to know just what tbrm it assumed when it inllieted its baneful effects, theshanums or medicine RKLIUrON'. 273 inoii must !)(' <'(nisiiltt'd. Tlicsr :nc supposed to bo iu diri'ct coutiict witli sui'li spiiits. Tlu«, spirit will iipjK'iir only iu thu dnrkui'ss of the c'oujuliu;;' liousc, iiud then juMiuit itself to be iipi)eiised by .some atone- ment made by the iillliicted. wliicli can be made known only thion-ih tlie slianniu. lie alone indicates tlie course to be ])ui'sued, and liis direc tions. to be explii'itly followed, are often so coufusiufi and impossilde lliattlie person fails to perform tlieni. All these minor spirits are under the control of a siuj;le jjreat spirit having' its dweilinf;- in the sky, a term as illimitable with those ])eople as with ourselves. I'lach animal has its piotectivc spirit, which is inferior to those of man. The soul, if such e\|n'ession may be used, of all animals is inde- structible, and is cai)able of reappearing; aj;ain and ayain as often as the material form is destioyed. There are spirits of beasts, birds, lishes, insects, and i)lauts. Each of these has a liouu' to which it returns after death, which is simply-i cessation t)f that period of its material form, and each may be recalled at the will of the shanniu. If an animal be killed it does not decrease liie nund»er of that species, for it still exists, altliou;:h iu a ditVcrent form. Tne Canaila jay is sujiposcd to inform the vaiious animals of the ap- proach of Indians, and these rarely fail to kill the Jay wherever lound. .\ species of mouse is supposed to ha\(> such dread of man that it dies the instant it wanders near the track of a person. They otten tlud these tiny creatures near the path, and believe them to be unable to cro>s it. As the dusl< o;'eve draws near, the silent tiittiiijiof the common short - eared owl {.[sio iircii>iti inns), and the hawk owl (Siiniia fitncriii), attracted by the sounds of the camp, creates direst confusion. The announcenu'ut of its presence causes the entire assend>Ia,i;t' <'l' lu'ople to be alert and hastily sus))cnd some unworn j;;'.rment, that the i)ird may perceive it ami thus know that tlic people are not so )>oor in their worldly possessions as the spirit Wi(|' ti (pi may think; as it only anno.vs ]»eople who are too pour to have extra };arments. .\s this slioit eared owl tVcipU'iits only the lower lands, the Indians assert that they i»re compelled to select the hii;her points of laml as their campinn' sites in order to escape t'rom him. The shaman, as I have already saiil. is believed to be able to control all these dilVerent sjjirits by his niajiic art, auu t(> tbretell the future, but he nnist be conc»'ale ■■■■■ ». VUi. H.'.— Illilian llU'ilirinr ]uil;;i'. an offender. If the ic(|nest be nut granted within tiic >lipiil;iled lime as aniuuinccd by liie siniinaii at tiic end of the ceremony, some one is certain to iiave been tlie cause itf displeasing thesi»iiil, wiio now with- holds tlu^ favor until reparation for the olfeiise is made. Tht! conjurer is not slow to make some one do |ieiiance w idle lie himself is gaining time, as he takes good car*^ not to attempt anything out of season. When an Indian kills one of tlie larger and liercer wild beasts it is (customary to reserve a portion of the skin or other part of the body as a memc'ito of the deed. These mementos are sacredly kept to .''how the jirowess of the hunter and at the sume time they scrsc as a token of the weiiltli pro- cured by bartering the pelt of the animal to thetiinlcr. The wolf, bear, and wcdvenue are considered worthy of reiiieiiibiance, and of the "'"^'^"' OCCUPATIONS. 27;') first imd hist iiientioiicd animals a daw or a tii» of an car may serve as a souvenir. The under lip of the l.ear(Ki;;. SO) is tiie jxntion jireseived. The .Nlvin is eut ott" and spread thit to dry. The flesh side of tlie skin is l»ainted M'ith powdered hematite mixed with water or oil. The outer edye^ or lips arc orna- mented with a sin^jlc row of many colored beads. At (lu' ai)c.\ or mid die of the lip is attached a pendant in tln^ form of a (isii. The lisli is ;> or 4 inches Ion;;-, made of clolli and has a row^f heads extending around the entire circumference of the N'lifitii of tiie body. These mementos arc procured with jircat difticulty from the iiuiitcr who has risked Ids life in tlic strn;:«Ies atteiKling tlu' capture of thi' beasts, for the barren yround bear of tliat rc>,non is not a timid crealiirc like tiie l)lack bear; and iiidcss t|ic hunter is well prepared for llie aiii nial he would do well to let it alone. The occupations of the sexes are so numerous that a detailed account alone would sullice. as the various seasons have their icyular rontine la- bors besides those unexpectedly apjjearin;;. In the -prinj-- the Indian.-, of both sexes couM' In tlic]iostof Kort Chino to trade their wintci's hunt of fiirbearinH: animals. About the ndddlc of March wmd is brouj;lit that the camp of old men and women with a lunnbcr of children, left from the parties si-alteied in all directions dnriii;; the previous fall, are slowly approachinn' tlio jtosl. They come by easy stages, campinj;- here and there for a day oi- two. but stri\ inj; to be near about the tinu' that the earlier jiarlies come in to trade, 'i'licsc latter stra,t;,ule alon'; '■'■ tlu" middle of April to the last of May, those who had ascended the streams to the headwatersoften not ariivini;- until after the breakinj;' of the ice in the river, which may be as late as the I. '(th of June. When they collect at the post tlieyhavean o|ipurtnnit,\ to meet after a sepa- ration of months and enjoy a period of rest, 'i'hetradinji' of their furs and other articles continues slowly until the parties have imidetheir selections of j^iins, ammunition, tobacco, and (dot lis, a quantity of Hour, biscuit, peas, beans, rice, and sii;^ar. Molasses is purchased in enor- nmus .pmntities. a hoj-shead of !l() ;>alloiis snniciiiin' for only three or four days' trade, (itiicr articles of varied character, fnmi needles and lu'ads to calico and cloth, are bought liy the women. The parties receive tiie allowance {;iveii in advance for the prosecu- l''i(i Xi.— liidiiin uiimli't of l>i';irtarties ;;ray the appearanc(> of any <;'ame, and as the tides in that river do not wait even for an Indian, serious losses resulted from cai'elessuess. Hence their places in later years are tilled by Ivskimo. who are better adajded to the work. The various parties disperse in ditVcrenl directions in ord<'i' that the «>utire district may afford its |)roducts for their benclit. The Indians know the lurbits ot' the animals in those rej;ions so well that they are sun', if they jio to a particular locality, to tind the uame lliey are in (|uest of. The reindeci' provides them with the j;realer pari ol tlieir food and the skins ot' these aninmis atford them clothing. Althouuh their tiiod iMUisists ot' reindeer. ]itarmi^an, tish. and other jiiniM', the deer is their main rcliaiu'.e. and when without it, however jiicat Mie aliundancc of other lood. they «'onsider themselves stars in;;. 'I"he deer are procured in scvcial ways the |)rincipal of which is by the use of the lance oi' spear. In the months of .Scptcndicr and Octo- tober they 4'ollcct from variciis directions. Uuiin^j the spring; the females had repaired to the tree less hills and mountains of the Cape < 'hid ley re;: ion !o brin;;- forth their yoinii; on those elc\ ations in early .luiU' {>v late May. .After the youn;,' have become of uc'od si/.e the mothers lead them to ceitain localities whither the males. Iiavin;; ^ouc in an opposite direction, also rctnin. Tliey meet s.:mewliere aloii;:- the baid*, nlwiiys mi tlic iilcrt for tlic ln'ids of deer wliicli arc, hiistcniiifj to Ww usscMublin;;- |il;ic('. lollow them ii|), and in tlit* course of time C(»nJ«!ctur(^ at wlnit point tiny will (•onf;i('jiatc. Here tlicy cstiiblisli eanii»s andiiilcrccpt tliedecr wlien crossinji' thv. streams. The canoes are held in readiness, wliih' the Imnters scan tlu^ opiidslte liillsides Cor deer (ilinf-' aloiij;' the, mirrow paMis tliron;;li tiie forests and Inislies towards the river t»anl<. Arriveil there, tin' deer, alter a ino- nu'iit's pause, eagerly taivc to tiie water, hohily swimininj;' as tliey (piarterdown stream with tlie cuirent. The animals swim liif;h in the water, scarce1.\ more than a third of tiu' body immersed. They move eompai'tly, in a crowd, tin-ir antlers appearing' at a distance lik(^ the branches of a tree tloatinji' with the current. The Indian crouches low and speeds for the canoe. Silently it is pushed into the water, and two or thice rowers take their places within. Itapid i)nt noise- less strokes j;i\('n by slurd.N arms soon brin;n the boat below and to the rear of the body oi'decr. who are now thrown into the ;;rcatest conster- natiim as they perceive their most dieaded foe suddenly by their sile. The deer endeavor to rctreal, but the nu'n are between them and the sluu'e. The occupants of the can "c now drive the deer (|uarterinj;' up sti'eam and toward the shore wiicrc the camp is situated. Should they, by siune mistake on the pari of the hunters, start downstream, they are ci-itain to be separated, and swim so rajiidly that unless there be two canoes they will, for the most part, escaiie. If the herd is well kept lop'thcr the\ ina.\ be driven at the will of the pur- Slid-, lie strives to diiect theiii to such spot that when the llirust with the spear is jiiveu only sullicieiit vitality will Ik^ lett to enable the stricken animal to re^iain the shore. When the spear ti mcIics the vital iiart. the animal plnnucs Ibiward and the inslniment is witlnlrawn, A hurried thrust pierces ain-lher -.ictini, until all the herd, if small, may be slain. The wounded animal now feels the internal ca\ it\ tilliii<>' with blood, and seeks the nearest land wlieieoii its ebbiui;' strength scarcely allows it to stand. .\ few wistful turns of the head to the rijjlit or left, a sudden spreading of its limbs to support the swayiiifi body, a pluiiLTc tbrward — the coinnlsive sti iiuules that maik the end. If the band is laryc. some ucncrally escape. Siiine may be so wounded that they i>luiiye into the bushes perhaps but a few yards and there lie and die, furnisliiiij;' food for the beasts and birds of prey. The carcasesof tlic deer are strijiiicd of skins and fat and the viscera, are removed. The fat is laid one side, that from the intestines Ik inji also resci-ved lor future remleriiii;'. The skinsarc taken to the cami.- and piled up. Those which are not to be tanned immedialely are hunt;; over poles to dry, the llesh side turned upwards. The meat is stripped from the bones and taken to the tents, whtM'e it is exposed to the sniolvc and hot air over the lire and ipiickly dried. Some of the Indians are so expert in stiippiiie' the llesh from the skcle- 278 IIK lll'KSON HAY KSKIMO. i -4^ m »'^ ton tli:it till' «-\iU't litnii ni' outlines iirilic tiiiiiniil an> pri'sci'votl in s|ie('ially those from the Hanks and abdominal walls, ai'«^ ijiiile jialaiablc; they are ('risp, and have a rich iintty llavor. The intercostal miiseles are also choice jiort ions, while someof the tlesli from the. haunches is drv and nearlv tasteles The back fat is often d 'ied and smoked, but aci|nires a disa;;reealile rancid taste. The Ion;; bones arc cracked and th« marrow o\tra»^ted. This sub- stance is the most highly prized (lortioii of Mic animal, and in seasons of jilenty the deer are often slaiijihtered I'oi' the marrow alone. The fat is |ilaced in pots or kettles and reiideretl over a tire. It is then poured into another vessel to cool, and foi'ms a valuable article of trad(> and a necessity tor food, and is also reipiired in the process of tannin;:' the skins, Th(^ lioiies contaiiiin;: the marrow are cracked and placed in a ketth>, liiin;; over a slow lire, and the substance, melted. The marrow brings a hi;;lier price than the tallow, and is esteemed a choice article of food. The heads are thrown to one side until the decom|iosin;; brain is wanted to be mixed with tiic semi put rid liver for the puiposeoflannin^^'thcskins. When the llcsh lias dried sutlicicntly it is taken down and ]inl into jiiicka^ics of about thirty |iounds" wei;>lit each. These bundles are enveloped in the pai(-liiiient like sulii ..tancous tiusne, and stored away until they are needed for food. A species of mold attacks the tlesli if it i^i not friMiucntly inspected and dried, lint as it is harmless, it does not injure the meat. Indians for w(>eks at a time subsist entirely on this dried meat. They also have a season of plenty when the female deer and the bucks of less than two years are on tlicir way to the Cape Chidlcy rcuioii. Mere the lemales brin;; forth their Ndiin;; unmolested by tlu> old bucks and also less annoyed by the myriads of mos(|uitoes which throii;,' the lower parts of the country. 'I'he crossing,' place of the females and youn;i bucks is at or near Fort Cliimo at least each alternate year. About the ."ith to the lOth of May the assembled Indians anxiously await the coming; of the ;ranie. In the course of a few days the welcome cry of ''Deerl" is heard, and the camp immediately be(^»f llinlit. Tilt* liiiliiiiis liiinicilly close upon tlieiii, and in a lew minutes the entire lienl is destroyed or disi)ersed in all direetlons. The {iiins used on this occasion are the cheapest kiiul of niu/zle-load- '\t\ii sin;;le-l)arreled sliotfjuns. The balls used are of such siz«^ that they will drop to (he liottoin of the chandier. No patching' is us^d, and a Jar on the ;ironnd is deemed sulVicient to settle the ball upcui the pow- der. The employment of a lanirod woidd reipiire too nuich time, aa (he Indian is actnated l>y the «:esire to kill as many as possible in the. shorlesi time. They c tlie motions of rapid loadinj; and lirin;;-. They are remarkaltly expcil, snrpassnifi- the (•'.skiinoin this, thoM^^h the l''.skimo is far the better marksman. ,\ third method pursiH'd is that of snariii};- the deer. A |)lan adopted to capture deer in the winter is as follows: A herd (if deer is discovered, and um'u and women put on their snowshoes. The deer are surrounded and driven into a snowbank many feet deep, in which the a(Vri^;lited animals plunjie until they nearly bury them- selves. The hunters, arnu'd with the lauce. pursiu' them and kill tlieni. Tliis mi'ans of procuring: deei' is ouly adark and terminal portions of the branches tor f(Ktd. The porcupine unist be carefully cleaned lest the tlesh be untlt for food. The hair and spim-s are remove(ii'tiiiit |iiirtiiiii III' tlic liitliairs dirt. Wuh'ci'int'H. wnlvrs, iiiiil tuxi'S iU'i' lu'vcr fiitcii, I'Msli 1)1' viirioiis kiiiils aic pltMitil'iil. The lakes anil streams aboiiiid witli saliiioii ill siiiiiiiM r, and Iniitt, \vliitt> llsli, suckers, and a lew less edniiiKiii speries are eajicily soiifjlit I'or I'ltod. I''isli are eaUKhl wi!li the lioiiK or net. I'isliiii^ tliroii^'li holes in Ihe ire aD'oids an ample supply of line trout, and the net set aloii^' Hie shore upon Ihe disa)>peai'anee of the lee is sure to reap a rieh haul of white lish, siiekeis, and trout. In the preparation ol' the food little care is exercised >o prevent its coiiiiii}: ill contact with ohjcctionaiile snlistances. Tlic deer meat is laid upon the stones of the lieach and ])arlicles of ^rit imbed tliem- sehesin \Uv substance. The llesh for cook in;;' is often drop])ed into tlie vessels in which the fallow or marrow is beiii;,' r<-iidcrcd. Xeitlier children nor adults have any re;;nlar jieriods of eatin;;. but apjiear to be always hiiii;;ry. It is thus not iiiinsnal to see a liltliy child thrust its hand into the coolin;;' fat to <.i)taiii a <-hoice portion of meat as it settles to the bott(Un. The d ,>' meat is often poiimlcd into a coarse powder by means of stone (H' metal pestles. The meat is placed upon a smooth, hard stone for this |iiii|)ose. The li^iaiiieiits are |)ieked out, and when a siitlieieiit ipiantity has been prepared it is put into baskets or ba;;s and stored away for future use. 'IMie cracked bones from which the marrow was e\tra<-ted are calcined and reduced to powder and used as an ibsorbeiit of the fat from the skins in the process of tannin ;;:'. The unborn yoiiiip; of the reindeer, taken from the mother in the spring!', are considered a prime delicacy by Indians, as well as Kskimo. The t'H'^s, ol'\'arious species of birds are ea;;'erly soiiffht for. and it mat ters little whether tliev are fresh or far advanced in incubation Th eiubrvo bird, with the attached yolk ot' the e;;-} swallowed with intliiite ^jiisto The Indian seldom eats raw lle.sh unless dried meat b excepted. I'lnoii^ih has been written concernin;;' tin' reindeer U< show that with out it the very existence of the Indian would be imperiled. I'xitli food and elotliiii;:. the prime necessities of life, arc oiitained from the animal, and its numbers do not seem to decrciuse with the u.^rciless or thoughtless slaii;iliter. Ilniidreds of carcases are never utilized. I counted IT.'J carcases on one side of the livi'r in ;ioiii;i a distance of about .St) miles, and when I came to their eam])s 1 saw inerediide piles of meat and skins ^-'oiii^f to waste. The winter months are occupied by men in liuntiii^ the various fui-bearin;; animals, the principal of which are white, red, cross, and black or silver foxes, maitcns, minks, wolverines, wolves, muskrats, and beavers: tlie.se are almndant. I'ew lynxes and bear are obtained. A cfinsiderable number ol' others are found in this re;;'ioii and att'ord tine skins. Steel trajis are {jfenerally set, various sizes of traps beiii;;u,sed for the ditt'erent animals. A u:reat number of otter and beaver are shot in the ci.ol'HINd. 281 \viit<'r. DciMU'iillH cfuisisliii};' <>•' n !<»>,' mI' wdoil set upon limine I tri}i{J*'r>* nircly liiil to kill mink iiixi inartoii. Tlic lynx is iisuiill.v tiiki-ii by nu'iins of a Hinir»> witii tlie looj) n\vv a circle of low ]M'jjf* siiiroim»linn' the ton;;ne of tlic 11 Jill re 4 set of tiij^^fcrs. Tlic spring', nsinilly ii litlie snpliii},', is stronfj onoii};li to lift I lie l'orele;;sof tlicaninnil from the fin in ml when the noose enclrclcH ItH nei-k. The Indian <-oiiceives the wolverine to lie an aninnil emltodyinn all the cniinin;;' ami mischief that can lie contained in the skin of a licast. To its cnnidnn- is added yrcal bodily slicn;;th. cnahlinj;' this mcdinui- sized animal to accomidisli dcstrnction ajiparently mndi beyond its strenjitli. I'" very other animal in the foiests where it dwells |)i".'fcrs to fi'ivc it the |iath rathei' than enfiaji'c in strnjiKle with it. When sci/ed in a trap a wol- verine olfcrs a sturdy resist- ance. Mvcn a famished wolf, to my personal knuwlcdut', will stami and look at it, bnt not attempt to cope with it. In this |iarticnlar instance, how- ever, Hie woll' may have con- sidered the i»redieament of the wolverine another means of stralc^ry employed by that ani- niiil to entrap the wolf, and so deemed it w ise to I'cmaiii at a respectful distaiiie. Kvery form of torture which the Indian mind is capable of conceiviiifi: is iiillictcd upon this animal when it i> cap lured. .Ml manner of vile nanu's and reproaciics are ap plied to it. The Indian enjoys rclatin;; how he sinjicd its fiir oil', bioke its bones, and tor- mented it in many wa,\s. as it slowly exjiircd under his hand. < J 1■'|||.^7.— IiKliiUiliiickskin TOat,niim'« (fnuit), The apparel worn by the rii;;a\a Indians is (piite distinct for the ditlereiit sexes. The method of prejiarinfi the skins for !!ie inaiiiifac- tiiie of };arments is the same, but the forms of the ^arnients for the sexes are so dilVerent as to rcqnire special c(Hisideration. '>8'» TIIK Ill'DSOX HAY KSKIMO. .HtMiiii iit tlit> skill, till* iimilioli', sl*M'\r. iiiiil I'dllai iiic Ihc slioitn' oni s. I'lic lont is alwiiyH iiioi'f or less oniaiiit'iitt'il witli cxtravapiiit paiiitt-ii ilcsi^rns. Tlif <'o1(ii's ami oIIk'I' iiiatcrials iisnl tin' paiiitin;; llicsc ilfsi<;'iis will Im* tioscrilM'il ill aiMitlicr i-oiiiuMtioii, as wt^ll as tlic iiiaiiin-i' ol' ai)|>l,viii); tlifiii. 'i'lic patlfriis of Ilii'Sf i1<*- Hi;j;iis will he licst iiiiili'istooil l»\ n-fcroiuc to the li).Mir«'S, wliicli show soiiif of tiii'iii ill (Iclail (Fi^s. s'l. !io,. Tilt loi's iisi'il oft«>ii |ir<>- sfiit slai'lliii}; coiiiliinalioiis of ml, hint', yrllow, anil brown. Tlit- portions of tlic Kiiinii'iits upon wliii'li tlirsr «'olors art' pliicfil arc tlio front cdycs of llic opi'iiiii;,' of till' coal, tlic wiisis, and riii};;s aroniiil the amis or sh'ovi's, the skirt anil p.vra FM.wi-n-iuii.iiiwii.T,, ,,„int..i n,Mi..Tsi,inr..iif. mill shaped designs over the hips. The piece Intended to widen the skirt liehiiid is always ('iiliicly covered with a dcsif;n of some kind. Over the oiilside of the seams a line of paint is always applied, iiL'arly always of a red oilnown color. I'"rtM|iieiitly a series of quadrat c lilotclies or Kipiiires i>roduced by \'arioiisly colored lines runs from the a])e\ of the piece inserted in tliu skirt to tiie colli Theleiifithof is such as to real iniddhMd'thetli eoveriiiKS for tl limbs and for tl are ipiitu distiiic the hips the ;;a a sort of brei which the le>;s short as oiih the ujijier port it thigh. Thebreec 2s| Tin: iiiuhun iiav kskimd. l4t) <«!■ A piiir Mt'llicsc hiccrlics is iu'Vt'r oiiiiiiiit'iiti'il with imiiit, iis tlioy iir« iisiiiill> iiitt r\[>i)Sfil to \ it'w. A Miiir ol'lt'^rfriii^s t-Ntriiils tVoin the u|>i)«>i' portiun ot'tlio tliiKit to Dm* iiiiklt's. 'I'lu' Ii'y«:i'>>i'* (I'lK. '••! ' i>ii' oiH'li iiiihIc ot' a siiifjlc pit'rc soiiu'- \\ hut ill tiic lonii i«'('cli»'s. Tiic scam is on tlic lailcf sIiIp of tlic If^iyin^s aiitl aloii^' il is st'W'd a st rip of ilrciskin lia\ iiiy; tin- film's cnl into trill;:!'. 'I'lic l<';i;;in;;s art' paiiitcil in niiii'li tli«> saint' fasliioii as tlic foat. Till' iiioffasins (I'i^. D-) art' lart'ly oiiiaiiit'iitt'il.t'xt'ipt witli lit'atlsoii tilt' toiiK:iiu or fist' witli a striji of rctl, blue, or lilai k tiotli. Ill till' I'onstriii'titHi of a nioitasin tlif nifasiiri* of tin- foot is taken if il is iiitmili'il lor a pt'ison of iiiipoi taiiii' or if tlif niakrr atti'inpis to ilo skillliil work. 'I'lii' solt' is tiit out llisl in tlif sliapt'of a parali<'lo;;i'ani. 'i'lif i'tl;;rs art' tiirnt'il up anil irt'isi's niailf ai'Ttiiiiil tlial portion of tlif tlffi'.skin wliii'li siiiroiiiiils tlif tof.s anil a |iai'l of tlif siilf of tin* fool. Fici. {I'.'. Illiliiili in The frt'asfs art' inadf pfipfiiilifiilar in tntlfi to take up a pint ion tif tJM' slai'k of tlif skill. Tlicy art' lifld i i position by a stoiil siiifw tliit-atl run lliroii;;li fat'li (iiif antl around to oilier sitlf to prt'Vfnt tlifiii from sfparatiii;: and llnis •' I >a ;,';,'! 1 1 ;i " over tlif tofs. This is the most pai'tii'ulai pai I of thf wtu'k ami on tlifsf stitilifs tlt'|ii'nd tlif skill of llif makfr. 'I'lif sides of the foot and heel are not eieasetl as the lieel- sfain takes up thf slack for the posterior (lortion of tho inofeasiii. Tilt' tony:iu' of llie iiioccasin is a piece cut into a shape rfseiiiblin;j that luemlier w itii the tip of it over the toes, 'i'his is seweil to the etly;es of the creases, ami between it and the creases is often sewetl a nariow well of skin , or poitioii to cover the ankle, is scweil on. This portion is a lony; narrow strij) of inferior skin of suHicieiit size to overlap in front and to coint^ well abtwo the ankles. It is left o|ieii like the tops of laceil shoes, -lust below, or at the edp- of the tops, a Ion;; tliouK of tleerskiu is insertetl tlinai;;h sev- I'lal holes, which allows it to jiass around the heel and below the 11 llNKII I ( l.oTIIINd 2Hr 28fi TltK mitSON ItAY KSKIMO. tlie tlminb jtortioii has boon rociit uiul sowed. Tlio wrists of tlio mit- tens iuo ol'ton {jaiidily tirnanioritod with strips of rod or black olotli. Dosi^ns (if siiiiplo oharaotor, such as linos and croiss linos prodnoin^ lattice woik li^nros. aro Iroqiu'iitly i»ainfod on tin- back (d' tlio niitton. lioads in rows and zi^/.a^ linos ornanwut Hio wrist, and strainls of boads arc p(>ndant I'roin tlu^ ontsido soanis. Tiio strands aro oi'lou tii)i)od with tassolsof vario;j;alod wooion tliroads. Tho niittons intended for severe weatiier aro ofton lined with the tiiin skin ot a f'ililliallVlU'!tt ilii'li<>< ti itin- 'IMli> itliil V !lf'it hkll . .\ cap ot' deerskin is ot'ten vvoiii. but it always seems to bo in the way, and is used mostly in wot woallu'r. .\ pioi f stitl' doorskiii is some- times made into the shape of a visor of a cap and worn over tiie eyes dniinf; the sprinjj when the ^jlai'o of the snn on the snow jirodin'os such , i)(i) worn by flic mules is of ditrcvent piitforii from that worn in summer, and is made of skins witii the hair inside. Two skins, one of whicli forms tlu^ i)ack of (he eoat tlie other tlie front, are sewed by side seams runninj;- from I he armpit (o tiie bottom of the skirt. On the slionlder a seam runs to the neck on each side, the l»ack skin exlendinj;- hij;li enou-h to form tiie neck wliile the otiier skin readies to tiu^ i k in front. Mere it is sli^litlv a distance of se\eral ine the neck liole. Somet i mes a V- siia|ied piece is in- serted into liie slit at tiie front of tlie neck. To widen tiie skiits a similar sliaped piece is lei into the middle of the back skin ; or it may be |iiit between the side seams tor the same purpose eu! out or slit for les to allow the insertion of the head throuL'h Tin bottom of the skirt i> decorated. (I (IM. !t7 At the ba<'k of the neck a piece aitout s inelies sipiare is at- tached to the^armeiit, 'This soinelimes serves as a collar, and some limes it yives ddi- tiotial ]H'otectioii by a tloulile thiekiKVss to tlio shoulders, \ciy often the tirst part to feel the elVect of the. pierciiiff winds. .\ lew otthe coats for winter iiave a hood attached to them ( l"i.ii. OS, !t!t) sewed on the back of the neck, which when drawn ovei' the head serves at once as cap and jirotectioii. The collar and hood are invi ibly made from the skins on the sides of the head of tlu^ deer. If two or more head skins are re(|uired they are sewed into the form of the deer's head. The collar is ornamented with fVin-^escut from the edf;es of the skin. Sometimes the interscap- ular itrote<'tion is cut into three or four points, each (um of which is the elieek skin of a deer, and mainder beini; left free and terminal sewed only a portion of the lcn;;tli. tlie re- illy' with a series of lon.ystraiidsor fringes. The sleeves of these ■;arincnts have nothing peculiar about tli em. 288 Till' HUDSON r.AV r.SKIMO. ■m. '■». 1 As tlK' Iiiiliiiii IS always in I lie vicinity of tlio lit-nls nl' dcor it is iiu easy matter li>r liim to obtain tin' sivins when in licst ronditior., and I'roni tin' liner sl;ins sii- IM'iioi' f^anncnts aro made. Tin' sliain- ot tlie Indian's coat is not so wi'l! adapted to atVonl protection as tinit of tin' l^skiino; in'nce. tin'wliite XrRNER.l CLOTIIINC;. (Il( 289 M.f wiiifciMvlHi, tlM.tlMTnK.nu.Uu- lia.l n„t ivgistnvd hi;:!,,,. ,i,a,i -'(.o I..' ow /,.,■„ thr weeks, with „„ protection tor their h.«s ...x.-epl a pair of 01(1 l,uek,slidated n.oeeasins. The feet w,>re, so far as could iK, aseertained, ehielly prote.-te.l by a wrapping, of old Imlin- eh.th covered uith a pair of moeeasinswhieh no white man w,m,M have been seen ^vea^in^^ I observed also that ..o ad.liti 1 el.,thini;' was purchased for the return trip. Tlie j,'arrnents worn by the women in the warmer season consists 'Mk- 290 TIIK Hl'DSON MAY KSKIMO. ■l: ( petxiiiiicf as. loaded with clothinp of most inisci'llaiicoiis character, tliey \vaddlc over the snow. The winter cap is .siinihir to that worn ly tlie men, but is not so peaked. It is an object (»n wliich th«'y expend a iiw'iit anionnt of hibor. Tlie material is nsnally a kind of cloth hu-ally known as Hudson bay cloth, either red, dark blue, li^ht bhic. or black. The cai>s of the nuMi and women are nsnally made from the better grades of this cloth, while the dresses of the womei- and the leyjiings of the men are of llie inferior grades. If the cap is to be all one color, iii which case it is always red, the cloth is cut in two jtieces only, and put together so as to i»roduce acup- shajM'. iSonietimes five or six pieces are cut tVoni t wo orthree dillcrent c(dors of cloth and the strips sewed together. Over the seams white tape is stwed to set olV the colors. In the center of tln^ striji is a rosette, cross, or other de sign worked with beads, and around the rim rows of beads variously ar- ranged. The body is cov- ered witii a iieavy robe nunle of two deerskins sewed to- g« tlier. Tiiis robe is otU'ii plain, and when ornamented designs are painted only on tlie bottom of the skirt. Thest^ robes are always of skins with the iiair on. The tiesli side is often nibbed with red ocher while the extreme edge may be i)ainled ^ith a narrow stripe of the same mixed with the viscid matter (»b tained from the roe of a 8|tecies of lish. The edge stripe of paint is always of a darker brown tlian the other colors from tin- admixture of that substance with the earth. This garment is put upon the body in a manner impossible to describe TCHNEK-l CLOTIIINO. 201 iiiuldilliciill to uiMliTstainl «'V«'ii wiu'ii \vitiicss»Ml. It is lu'ld .(iK<'tlior by siiiiill loops of sinew or deerskin. A Kelt around tiie wiiisi keeps it up. The women also wear in winter a sleevt^less f;o\vii macliinf;' little below tlie knees and as liiyli as the eliin. 'I'ln- sleeves are imt on separately, like lej;fjin);s, Tliey are usually made of red or blaek tlotli. The gown is often oxtravajjrantly deeorated with paint. Tin- Hash side of the skin is rubbed with red o(dier. on whieh aie painted in ilo- scribable d«signs. .V strip of deerskin dotted with lieads Imrders tlm {jown, and from the edn« "f th«^ strip hany; strin>is of these ornaments, terminating in variously eolored tassels of tlwead. The lejigiufjs t' the women ditler from those of the iuen. They extend lii}lher aiul the bottoms cover the lops >f the inoeeasin Thev are made (d" a flapping; ornament. The "wii skin or elotli. the lattei' blaek or red. To cut out a pair of Ic;i;;in};s re(|uiios skill. The cloth is doubled and then cut nearly in a circular Ibrni. A si/e .suflicicnt to lit the limit is sewed up leaviu}^ the lete the decoration. The two crescents are lett free, and as the wiial st'parates them they tlap most fantastically. They are always worn so as to be on the outer side of the lej^s. The bottoms of the le;;^in;;s are hea\ ily loaded with numerous rows of faiwy beads. Moccasins are alike for both sexes. As additional protection from cold the shoulders are covered with a man tie of soft skins from yoiin;; (h'cr. Blankets purchased fiom the traders are also sometimes thrown over the shoulders or around tlie waist. ('hildreii are (dad lik<' adults, except inji' that their apparel is less earefully made iind they often present a dis^jiislin;; ajipearanee, with their clothin;;' gla/.ed with tilth .ind f;listeiiin;j with Ncrmin. Infants usually have their ^arnuuits made in tiu' ■■cumhiMation" form. The (rap forms a .separate piece and is tilted so closely that it is not removed until the ;;rowth of the head bursts the material of which the eap is made. When traveling men and women smoke or snnlV a "ikmI deal. To- 292 THE Hl'DSON HAlT ESKIMO. ■'*h € biicco iiiid II few otlier iietessary art iclcs arts faniwl in a l)aj,' known as "lire liaj;." Tlicsc are made of clotli and tiinuncd with beads, and ai« ol'tcn (juite lasti'lully ornanienlcd. Till' detailed lijiiires wiiich 1 have i>resent«d siiow ninrii belter than any dcsiription tlie desifjns n ed in ornanu'ntinjj tln-ir eh)thinK. Some (»f tlie i»atterns aie rnde eojties of (lie de.sitrns I'oiintl npon elieap hand kerehiefs, scarfs, and oliu'r ]»rinted faliries. I inive abeady s|iol;en of tlie lieadl)ands worked !or the na-ii by their \ ives and sweethearts. Sneii a headl)an(l, ni;Mh>of seiilskiu pro eiired from tin- Ivskiino. is shown in i'iii-. 101 .Uliti Th «SN^ Km. Kil. headband is nsed to snp|iort the \vei;ilit of a load <'arried on the baek. relievinj; the strain on the shoulders and nnikin;; it easier |f^ to breathe. The band passes over the I'oicliead to the baek, where it is attaihed to liu' load. Vaiions forms of these head- bands or |)ortajie straps art- made. HoMu^tinies a piece of birch baik is placed under the strap where it touches (he fore- head. It is said that the bark does not beconn' wet IVoni the moisture induced by the se- vere exertion and thusbuin the heati. I'llKI'AltATIllN i>V TMK. M\I.\S l(ii: visi>ui|ios«i (Fiy. 104). Tin' jx'- tnliar sliapt' of the ])ont> n>ndi'i's if partiiularly \\*'\\ adapted to form a foiiiliination of saw. fliisfl, and ffowaa at Mu^ sanii> tinu'. Tint lower poitioii of tilt' l>ont' is (lit siiuait'Iy oil'. .V ]tart of one .sidf of tlit' i'»'inaind«'r is cut so as to li-avc one side (tiiti iniu't- side of the Iton*') in the .shape of a chisel, haviny: either a stiai>:ht etlfie or el.se sli^litly rounded. On this ed;,'e are eut a mini lier of line notehes. which . over a stake 2 or .'{ feet hi;;h driven liriidy into the ;:-roniul. The person kneels down before the stake, and when the skin is placed so as to atlord a <-onveniunt portion to be},nn u|M)n, an cdj^e is taken between the linp'is of the left hand and lifted slij;htly from the ;;rounil, A Idow is y:iven with the tool which .sejiarates the .sub- cutaneous tissue, and by ri^rhtly directed bhiws this may be separated from the skin entire. skill is then laid aside for further woikiiifj. Tlie siibcntaiieous iiir The tissue is washed and dried, after which it is used tor a, variety of | poses, such s coverin^is for bundles ot dried meat and other articles. Till' skin is worked over with this instriimeiit to free it from a portion of its moisture and is now ready to receive the tannin;;' material which consists of a mixture of putrefying' brain, liver, and fat. They .some- times soak the skill in wine, which is reputed to add ^neatly to the last- ing qualities of tiie leather, but the odor of that liipiid la.sts as long as the skin. The t niiiii^ material is laid on the tlesh side of the skin in a thin lavei .Hid by iiibbiii;; with the hands it is well worked in. Several I'KKI'ARATION OF SKINS. 295 lionrs or (lays eliii)s»' siihI the suijcillnoiis riiattt'i' is scrapcMl ofV. Tim skin is then scraped and riibhcd iM-twcni the liands, liit- liardcr jioitions with a sciapiT ifscinblin};' a small scoop, nntil all tiu^ skin is worked into a pliablo condition. It' Mic skin is yet too oily a ipiantity ol' p<>\v- »lcrcd chalk, clay, calcined hont', or even tlour, is tiiormif'hly rubbed over it to absorb any tatty matter yet remainiii^j;. The skins having the hair on, tor clothiii};-, or those intended for buckskin, are treated in this manner. Those intended tor jtarchment are simply rubbed with a <|uantity of fat, and tiien allowed to dry in that condition, beln^^of a yellowish or italej^liu; color. Where a gn-at innnber of skins haveto be prepared, and some of the nuueenergeti* men haveas manyastwoor three huinlred Imckskins and parchment skins for tl." sprintj trade, a constant a])plication to this labor is necessary in iit Id tliiif of liriii^iii^ tlif skins into tli*> ))lial)l iiili- liiiii. riic pi'iM't'ss ii(lii|)t<>(l l)y tlifso liiiliiiiis ill sinokiii;*' tlic tU't'iskins is iis follows; Tin- woods mo scarflicd for lottcii wood of a s|M'(i;d cliiiriii'fi'r. it must l)«> sitVtM-ti'd with a kind of dry rot wliitdi icndt'is tlic tllxTs of a spoiiyy iiatniT. Tliis is prot nitMl and tlioroiigidy diifd. Tlic skins to l)t^ smoked arc «»'lt'('ti'd and two of nearly tlie same si/eaiid condition ire clioscii, a lid sewci 1 inti the foi'iii of a lia^' with the hairy side vitliiii. 'I'lie alter portions of the skin arc siis)icndcd from a ;'on\eniciit pole and the head and neck portions left free or open. 'I'o the cdjfcs of these is sewed a cloth, usually a )iierc of haliii;'; doth, and this is also left open. The rotten wood is placed in a pan or vessel and as it siiiol dels, never iairiiin^ into a lila/e. the pale, blue, pnn;>'eiit smoke is -allowed to ascend within the cavilv of the deerskin )ia< The cloth is mcrch to form a condnit for llic smoke as the skin should not lie ton near the lire .\s the pidce (iiliniies the skins arc inspected he Iwccii Ihc stitches of the sew in;; ;|||() w lieu the opera- lion has processed siillicicntly they are taken down. It will now he loiiiid that the surface has assumed a pah', clear 1m<»\\ n color, the shade of which depends on the l(Mi;;'th of the (>\|misiii'c to the smoke. 'I'lie cloth is rcniovcd and the skins are immediately folded, with the smoked side within, and laid away for several da\s to sc; I son. If. however, the skin he left ti the inlliience of the air the colorin;; matter iminediatcly disajipears Icaviii;; it ol a color oiil.v slightly dilVerent from what it wa.s before it was smoked. 'I'lic scars, made by the larva- of the insects, do not "take" the smoke as well as the healthy iiortioiis and so preseuf a pitt«'d or scaly appearance, i'lum the skiii.s having an aliiindance of the scar.s are made the tents and inferior ;;rades of mocciisins and tli(> tops of the bctterclass of foot wear. The paints used forib'coratiny the buckskin ^'arincnts are ap plied by jiieans of bits of bone or horn of a peculiar shape best undeistood from the liy:ures (Fijjs. liMl-IKM. 'I'hosc with two, three or four tines are used for niakintj the comuli cated patterns ol' parallel lines, and arc always made of antler, while the simple form is sometimes of wood. DKCOUAIION. 207 A liloiik ofwtidtl with one or imii)' liiiwl sliiiptMl ciivitics cut in it (Ki),'. Ill) sers'i's to iiohl I lie inixi'ii paints, t'siicciaily win-n Hi-vt'iiil t'oloi's mv to lit* iist'ii in HUt'Cfssion. Sniiill wooilon liowls iirt- iilso t'niplovril. {FiK«. n-'-ii;<.) The piKHu-nls nscil iirc ])i'ocnrt'il I'loni ilil' i'li'Ut .soiiitcs. From the tnuk'rs arc obtained imiiyo in the ciiidtM-on- (litioii or in the t'oirn of wasliin;; Itlin-, vern.ilion in small liuckskin 1)aij;s, An almmlance of rctl earth occurs in se I'lO. 11111.— I'^illl •*liili. NiIM'Ilnl. I : 1 guide •'!tM rili; IIlJDSON HAV ESKIMO. iildiii- miiiU's till- draw iiijj. however iiitrinitc it may !»«'. Tin- artist frc- <|iit>iill,v iittciiipts to iiiiitatc Honiu of tlio d«>liiatai. The Nt'iHMiof livf, both in snmiiu'r ani,. ■»" Km 114— N'i'iii'iiiit Inilimi li'iit. eiont number of snnll poh-s cut from the woods are deprived of their branches and broiijiht totlie camp site. A location is ,select<'d and tho l>oIes are erected in a circle, with t\VKI,I,IN(m. 290 fu)Ui in tt» IH fcrt. Tilt' skins t'orinin^' tin- rovor iirc tlioso of tlit> rein- «lt'<'i', aixl tliii.si> 8t>U>rt*'i| fur tliis |iiii'|)om> arc usually of aii inferior ^mimIo. a HiitllritMit iiiiiiil»-r aic s*>\vcil lo;;ftlii'i to fonn a strip loii); ciioukIi to I'tvM'li aroiinil tlu> poli-'t wiicii set up. As tho tents ditVcr in si/,1* arrorilinK to tli)> iinnilivr of piMipl*> who oinipy tli<'ni, tin* skinH scwt'd tojft'tlnT nniy Im' from t'ijfiit to tvvflvi-. Tin' (list strip is niado fia' tln« lowfi- part of tln« polos and is attarluMi to tlicni liy nn-an.s (»f sti'iii|;s liistt>nt>d witliin. A scfoinl strip is nnidc to pi antnnd the iip- \H'i |>arl of tln> polos, and is, of ronrso, »'(>ri('sp(Hidin;;Iy shoitiT. It is plai'od last so as to ovorlap tho lowoi- Inoatltli and thus provcnt lain ami snow from Mo\n in^' in. 'I'ln- door is usually mado of oni' lar^^o skin or two sinallor oiifs. It is tiod to tlu> poles at the upper eoriiers and at the lower has a small lo^ of woo notiovere«l andthroii^ili them tlm smoke from the lire built in the eenter witliin asionds and linds exit. The interior of the tent is arriiii}r tlirir skill in ilis|Hisin;^ the lirainhes. The eeiitur of tin* tent is I'csei'v ' I for ihe lire wliieh is hiiilt there aiuon^ a tevr stones. The oeeupants urran^e t liemselves iteeordiiit; to the imiMirtiMiee of the plaee tliey oeiiipy in tin* family. The owner cu' head man is always t^i Im' found on the sidt* opposite the lire. This is cousidored a plaee of honor, to whieh all uiiests wlio are to lie eomplinu'iiteil are invitt-d to a seat. The other ineinbers of the <:roiip arrange tlii*ms('lvfs alon^ the sides ol the tent, and those who have lieen adopted iiitu the family oeeiipy positions next the doorway. Over the tire may lie poles reaehiny aeross tin* tc'iit, and on tliu.sc will be .snsponded kettles and pots obtained from the traders. The eooking utensils are few in number, one vessel .servin;; various imrposes. The hunting' \n\\v and the skins of animals, to^'t her with the artieles belon;;in}; to the fennih's may lie seen suspended from various |)ortions of the interior. Around the ed^jes are the blankets o»" deerskin, and tlio.se bou(;ht from the trailers, lyiiiy in disorder. The outer ed^e of the interior is slightly raised abovefhe eenter, and atlbids a eonvenient slope for those who desire to sleep. The oeeupants always sleep with their feet toward the tlreplaee, around wliieli there is no brush, lest it be .set on tin* during; sleep and destroy the tent. They have repilar hours tor sleeping, ''iit as tlie.se are (Uily for ii period of short «lui..,'on, it is not unusual to tiiid half the inmatos asleep at any time a tei t. is visited. The preparation of the food appears to }>o on at all times, and there .'500 THE IIIDSON HAY KSKIMO. i *»l iiiv no lejiiilii!' lioiiis lor iiiirtakiii}; of Jlu'ir iiu-als, as cacli prrsoii i^ats wlit'ii coiivniiciil. The food is taken tlirci'tly from i\w pot or kettle, and eaeli one helps liiinself. Forks are not used, and the food is divided with a knife or torn with the linfjers. SWKAT llorsKS. The Xeiienol are in the habit of takinjr steam baths, for whieh j)nr pose they use a suda'ory or sweat house, const rnet«'d as follows: A uuiid>er of flexible poles of small si/e, usually willow or alder, whieh ffiow (o sullieient si/.(^ alon;; the banks of the streams, are bent to form a hemisplierieal or dome shaped stineture, whieh is covi'red with tent skins. A sandy locality is selected or one free from snow in winter, and a tien-e tire is built. When it is well underway a nundier of stones aie thrown into the tir«' to heat. When the heat is snlVicient the lire is I'emoNcdant! Mie strut tuie is (piickly erected over the hot st one screamed to the occujiants to look out for tlii> deer. The man and wife made their exit Just as a score oi' mor«' of the animals reached the spot. The man t^tre up the teiitin;; of the bath house and whirled it in the air, while tlie old woman cut the nntst astonisiiin^' antics. The vvlioh^ |)opulation witnessed the oeeurr(>nee and did not fail to help increase the tniiiult. Sijjnsof former sudatories are <|uit4- comimui alon;; the paths where the Indians have traveled fo|- many years. noCMCIIlll.l) I'TI'.NMll.S, Ki'C. I'^ach houselndd is supplied with sundry wooden vessels of various sizes (l''i((. 1 1.')) which serve for bucket>- tor hohliii^r water and for drink- HOI SI •.HOLD 1:TKN8I1.S. IW\ ,.}, 302 THE HUDSON BAY K8KIMO. M**t quir«Ml si/«', Tliis bit;; is ust'tl to hold the rluthing, fins, aiidotlicr valii- nl)l»'s. Wlicii on a trijt th«'y art^ invariably earn)')!. If tho jonrney be perfornu'd on foot tlio two ends are tied witli a thonf? and the bag tlirown over the shouhler. In preparinji food stone pesth's of various sizes were formerly used of tiie shape shown in Kig. 118. Tliese pestles are now mostly out of date and superseded by cast iron ones x.itii steel faces, pnx^ured from the traders. The metal pounders, however, are so heavy that they are objectionable to i)eo|»le who have to make their bnnlens on the ]>ortages as licht as ])(>s sible. Sp(Mtns to lift pieees of floating meat from the hot li(|nor in which it is eiHiked, are made of reiinleer antler and of wood. The pattern of theso spoons is shown in the lignres (Fig. lilt). One shape (No.S'Wl, Figs. IL'O, llil, lliL'), was ]ierhaps (■o])ied from a eivil i/.ed ladle. Pots are sns|>ended over the tire with pot- hiHiks of reindeer anth>r iiung n)» by a 1(H)]) of thong. Those ])otliooks are also made of wood. HlHAl ti> AM> ril'Ks Fill. 118. Stone pf»tl( Nt'ueniit. Like all Other Indians, these p«>ople are inordi nately fond of tol)a«'eo for smoking, chewing, an«l snntt': the latter, however, is used only by aged individuals, espe- cially the females, whose countenances show the etVet-t in a manner (juite disgusting. bocco of as much importance as the iff — WiMHieu ^iMMin nr lailli', Nt'iii'iml. ehiy pipe and a plug of tobaeeo. three or four hanl biscuit (which 'Canadian i)adloek." doubtless bee are of secondary consideration. VV liu — WiMNlcn H|)ii i>r ladl*', Neiionot. The men consider a supply of to- supply of amnninition for the pros- ecution of the chase. The tirst reipiest u|M)n meeting an Indian is that you furnish him with a chew or a pii)e full. Little satis factory intercourse can bi- had with him until he is mollitied by a gift of tobiu-co. The tirst thing that an Indian receives when ar- riving at the trading ])ost is a The pint of molasses and the have received the local name of luse they are so dinieult to open), hen the spring arrivals are camped S i Tlir.NBH.) HOU8KHOLD UTENSILS. 303 at thu station it is not uiiiiMual tor sovural to contrllmto a niiin\)or of pluK-s of tobactco and a ;j;allon of inolasstis. Tiicsc ari! boiled to};ctiici' and then water is added to tlio mixture. Tliis villainous compound is drunk until a statu of stupelm^tion ensues. Tlie muddletl cneaturo under the intiuenee uf that li<|uor seems like an idiot. The etfcet is terrible and does not wear away for several days. The pipes used for Hinoking are made of stone, obtained from river jtebbU's, usnully a fliu^ grained eompaet sainlstone. The color of this stone varies frun a dark reddish brown nesirly the color of clotted blood to a lighter shade of thiit ccdor. The red stones often have spots of eveiy size ami shape of a yeUowish drab whieii form a strange »'on- trast with tlie darkt'r colors. The diirkt'r the stom^ the less spotting it will have. The best ''■"'• '-''-'^■' " ^i'""'" "'' '"'""■ ^""' '• of all the pipes and those most valued are of greenish sainlstone having strata (tf darker colors whi(!h ap])car as beautiful graining when the ])i))e is cut into form and polished. Other i»ipes are of hard slate and very dark witliout nuu'kings. All the material is hiird ami the etVect of the lire within renders them liar der ami liable Ut crack if used in very cold weather. Thesti ])ipes vary but litth' in shape (1 have tigured three— IM. xxxviii and Kig. l-'.'5— to show the pattern), but ther«^ is ccuisiderable dill'erence in size. The largest ones ae made of the green stone, while the smaller ones are nnnle of other stones. The stem is of spruce wood and is prepared by boring a small (^ hole through the stick length- wise and whittling it down t«) the retpiired size. It is from t to H inches long and is often (Miiamenteil with a band of many colored beads. The rough stom^ for a pipe '''" '"-^^■""'-'' " "i-"-' "■• '-"" ^■'"■"">"••■ is selected and chipped into crude foiin. The successive operations of wearing it down to the desired size are accomj)lished by meansof a coarse tile or a harder stone. Thi' amount of labor bestowed ui)on a pipt^ consuuies several r very inferior iiimlity, soaked witii iiioliisses .mil licorice. This moist tobucco is cut into pieces and a coal of (ire placed upon it. Thuy prefer this .piality, and purchase the li>,diter ami «-- of strai^ht-fjrained Hiats tree trom knots. Tlutse slats are shaved to the required thiek- nesH and laid .iside to s«>ason. They are >'t or 4 inches wide and less than one thini of an inch in thickness. The exterior or longitudinal strips are placed so that their cd;:es will touch each other. The inside. Htri|)s or rilis are ]ihiced about their own width apart, and ot'coiirsit aie phuM'd at ri^^lit an;;les to the lon^ritudinal slats. They are thinner than the side strips and become almost like shavin;;s at the bow and stern. The two layer.i of slats t'oiin a kind of sh«-ll upon which the skin of bark (its tijjhtly. The first process with the i)ark is to fre»^ it from the outside scalin;; layers; the next is to .soak it for several days in fresh water to .soften it; otherwise, when dry it would crack like an eH:j;shell. When it has macerated a snilicient time it is taken out and laid over a form of clay or other earth, which has previously been rou;;hly molded to the shape of the interior of the canoe. The bark is now sewed aloiif; theedjjcsof the strips with roots of the spnut- tree. These are lon^f and tou^jh, and resemble splits of rattan when juoiierly juepaied for the i>uritose by splittinj,' and shavin;,' with a knife. Various sizes ot these roots are used for the ditVerent portions. The threads are also soaked in water until they become so tiexible that they may be tied into a knot without breaking. When the bark skin rudely conforms to the shape of the mold of earth, the rails or rouml strips of wood aloii^ tlie inner edp' of the canoe are placed in position and the ends of the bark strips lai ,satista«'torv tlm HraiiiN ai)' HiiM'arcd with a iiii\tiir<>ol'H|irun' ;:iitii (or ifsin bought Iroiii tlu' tradiTN"), iiii\<'])airs arc iinint'dialrly attrndt'd to. and it is at Ifn^^tli rt'ady t'oi' wkv. Many persons havr not I hi' skill nti'ded to const rnct a tanoc, and they employ those who have liad csperiiMiet^ and are known to Imild an cM'cilent lioat. 'riiere are two kinds of eatiocs in use anion^r those In- dians. ditVerin^' only in the sha))e of the stern ami prow, 'I'lie ori;iinal form was nearly Hat alon;: the rails ami had the liow and steiii hut little turned n|). Of later .\eais intercourse with some of tiicir nei;:iiliors has induced them to modity the nearly strai^'ht cd^e canoe int(» an inli-rmcdiate shape iietween their own and tiiat of tint {'last .Main Indians, whose canoes are very min-h tnrm'd up. and are ai'knowiedncd to he far superior vessels to tliose of the rn};a\a Indians. .\s the forests in the vicinits of I'ort (!hirno do not contain hirch trees, and none aie found until the head- waters of the Koksoak arc reached, where they are too small to atVord hark of sunicicnt si/.e and thickness, tli» Indians are compelled to procuie the liark from thu liaders, who imjiort it (rum the .St I.awrem-c lixer ami ^ulf stations to I''ort <'himo. It comes in hundles lar^u enon;;li to cover a smjile carioe of UKxIerate si/.e. If a canoe is to he very larjic two bundles are rcipiired. The value of a bla«'k fox skin purdia.ses a liundlc of l)ark. Durin;;' the sp.rinji nionlhs, while tiie weather is some- what warm, the men are cnjia^'cd in preparing; the strips and i)ark for the cam>e whicii is to convey them up tlu* river when the ice breaks ami the rixer is open for navi- fjaticui. iddle has a single blade with a handle s<-an'eiy in half the len}j;th of the jiaddle. It is used with mils, the strokes bcinn ^'Im'u imi alternate sides as liirou;rli the water. y that a poi tane be made the voyajjer takes the Iders by letting; one of the center thwarts rest on The hands ate thrown backward to hold up tin; the ;,nound. .\ headband, such as I have already irk or idoth, often fancifully onuiinented with described TURNKH.] TUANSPOUTATION HY WATKR. 307 bciulM, (Its over tlir loivlif,,,! ami is aftarlu.,1 to tli.- sid.-s of il,,. ..ui.... by ninins „f (1„mius, wlu.l, iMrv.il tl„. rari.... IVnin slippi,,., „(r the slioiildcrs us the p(.rtciqiii(kl,v tniv- cisos tlif iijirrow pathway tlirmiyli tlio tr<'»'s and 'mslics. Tlio (jroiiiid isol'tcu so iii.ivt'ri and ioukIi tliat InnKdctonrsliavt'toht' inadt^ l»y tlui portor, while tin' lest «if the party nniy nou Mhortn' path to tiM> |ilaci> whoif the ra will a;;ain he plarcd in the water. A p:.M of the ni-i-fs saiyt'(piipMi('iits(or a trip in a cai arc picn-s of hark, mot threads, and ^nin to repair any damage resullin^r Iron- an areidental eonlael with a stono or sna;i. Without llu'l»ir(h i)ark laiioethe Indian would have dillirnlty in oli- taininjj his living, as il is even nioit! nee essary than the sled, ami nearly as useful as the snowshoe. The paddles used with these ca- noes are ahout."i feet lonj;, havin;,' a blade about .10 inches lon^r „,|,| ^ wide. The hamlle terminates in a sort of km)l». The padtlle referred to, forapplyiu}- the «um ami f;rease to till) seams of the eaiioe, has the shai>e of a llaltened spoon with rminded howl (Ki{r. Il'5). The {.'uin is heated, and while hot is poured iiUmii the seams ami pressed into the interstiees of the stitches with the paddle. When a patch is to be applied over a fracture or broken pliM'C in the bark, it may be made to adhere by the sticky proiterties of the j;um alone, if the distance to be traveled is not ^reat. then nmde ami the wax hei piece of bark is«'df,'ed with and pressed lirmly over A second coat is applied edfjos of the bark, after tin be eonie cold. A fc w mimitt to repair an apparently 3U8 Tin; iiinsuN iiAV i;.siviM(). !.•'* • ll\ I \N|i. Fur I'iiirviii^' IdiiiIh oMT lli*> snow itll llic Imlinns of tliJH i't>f;iiin uho Imp- .sIi'dH (I'iys. Ilii!, IL'7) ciillrd In liiis kim, wliicli is ii wonl «'«|iiiv!i- lent to fill' wfll kiKiwii iiaintt '•toho^ffiiii." 'I'Ih'si' slcils, us usi-il uiiioiiff till- Iiiiliiiiis iiikIit ('oMsiilmitioii, •lilVor M-iy ^rnitly in si/i> jicturiliii^ to tin- use lor wiiiili ilicy iirc »lrsi;;iic(l. The nii'tlioil iircoiifltnit'tiiin is ns liillowH: A lirt* is sclfi'tt'il iis IVoo IVoiii Uiints as |iiissiiili> iihil tvM) lioai'ds of less tiiiiii iiii inrli in tliicltiii'ss an' lu'wnl or split rioin it. 'riicsi- iinanis an' I'lirlin'r dit'ssi'il to tin' rt>i|iiirt>tl tliit'ivnt'ss ami wiillli. 'I'ln' liiial o|M'ralioii consists in sliavin;; tlirtii ilow n willi a " rrookcil kiiil'i'" to litlii' inori' than lialf an iiirli ill tliii'knrss. Oiitt I'll;:)' of rarll lioai'il is tlu'll slrai;;litrni'il ahil tlir two r(l;irs plartil to);i'tlli T. 'I'lKt li'ii;;tli is rari'lv nioii' lliaii l.t t'icl. Till' I'i'onI ciiil is straiiit'il or licatnl in a kt'ltlr of hot w ati'i' until tin' lioanis lu'rolllf tlt'xililr. 'I'lic I'llils art' tiirnril ii|) t.> tin- iloiit'ii cni'M' anil t lii'n lu'iit over at tin' I'liil. \N lii'iT till y aif lirM III |iositiiiii h,\ a tiaii^M'i'su bar of woiiil. 'i'liis liar is sli;;litl.\ lOliraM' on tlir siijc iii'xt llic sli'il ami ;;i\<'s tli«; iiosr a riirvi'il >lia[ir. Tlio ciii'M'il jiortion ot I III' trout may rise as inm-li as IS inilir.s aliovi' tin' siiii'art' o\rr wliii'ii tlK^ slrd triivils. At tins plan' whfie tin' riirvr lM';iJns a scroml traiis\ rrsi' liar is pland. and at a distain-i' lirliiml it a tliiid. t'onrtli. and lillli liars arc fastened. Konietiini's an additional liar is to lie Ion ml on tlic upper side of the liot- toni. These bars are all fastened to the two bottom boards by means of thon}{s of parchment (b'crskin, and run lliron;,di holes on the bottom boards. ( >n the underside the thoii;;s are let into places cut out between tilt' two hides, so that the thoiitjs will not be woin when jiassinj,' over the snow. They are iiKually fastened in four places, one at each end of the bar and one on each side of the crevice between the edp's of the tw(» boards. !''roin the nose of the llrsi bar run a jtair of very stout thony:s or else twisted sinew, which are drawn ti;;ht eiion;jh to prevent the nose and curve from strai;;hteniii;r out. From the end of the lirst Flu I'JH. — Ni'iH-iml rtiitiwhiiuc. '^iiifc:!)' Itar. DUNItU 01 IIHNULUUI lllveNTM »N>iu«lHri'OHt Pl.«l NENCNOT ^NOWSMur " SWALLOW-TAIL % i1* TtnimtB.) TRANSPORTATION l!Y I.ANI). 300 bar to tin- last one <»ii tlio lu'd of tlio sled is run ii stout twisted thoiipf under tlu' cikI oI'imcIi liar, wiiicii tlu'io ii:is ',i iiotdi cut on t)i(>, undtT side lor tlm line to puss tlirou>;ii. Tliis line serves to stien^^tlien the. md«>s and prevent the two boai'ds IVoni slippi i forests of that ic-jiim. Ucsidcs. a single board would certainly split, whihi two obviate this dandier anil render the sled less stilV. In passinji' ovei' lonyh places the sled nuist bend to coiitbrm to incijualities or else it would break. !n the con struction of this vchicli the In- dian displays nuu'h skill and a perfect knowlcd;;e of the re- i|uirements of tli«' case. The loatl is ])laced so as to dispose the wei;:ht on that portion which will bear chietly on the j;ronnd. The {jreat lenylh of the sled en- ables the person to ^luide it moie readily. Wheuouajourney theyoiinncr women and the nu>n dra;; it alonj;. When liic men return to the station to trade they alone dra;i it. A small do^ is scnuetimes hitched toil lu a tlioui;. but as the animal is so small ami li;;ht, it alVonls but little assistance. The animal, however, wnnld cer- tainly wander olf in search of yame alon^' the track, and by beinf;- hitcheil to the sh-d is kept within boumls. All the honsehohl etVects. cousistin>: of tent, cookinj; utensils, cloth- ings and otlier articles are (ilaced on the sled when the peiiple are ehan;;in^ camp. The Nenenot are skiUed in the manufacture and use of simwshoes, of which four styles are used, vi/: The "swallowtail," "beaver tail," "idund emi," antl -sin-ilc bar" ( I'iKs. IL'S, I •_",»). .The franu- is of wood. nearly aii inch wiile and half an inch thick, usually in two pieces, Joine W: 310 TIIF, lirnSON 1!\Y ESKIMO. r< "m < r. l).v loiij; lap s|»litri's wriipiK'd witli th'ciskiii tlioiifis, citlier at tin- sitU'S (»r ciuls ol' the shot'. In th«< .siiifih-liar slioc tlic t'laiiu' is on oiio slip, si»li('('»l at th«' t(H'. Hircii is the favorite iiuitiMial for siiowslioes, 'nt is rarely to lie had except by those Iiitliaiis who ast-eml the Koksoak So its headwaters, so that spiiiee and lai»'h are neiieially used. The arrai:;i<'iiient of the toe and heel bars of the snow- shoes will be iiest understood from the lifjnies. They are nsually jdaeed within the frame, and set in moitises in the inner side of the frame, before the wrappinjj of tlu^ ends of the frames has been drawn to^iether; otherwise the bars eo!''(l not be plaeeil in the holes to receive them. ('he nettinfi' is made of ileerskin, with the hair removed, and allowed to dry into a condition usually known as parch ment. This is cut into stri|>s of variaiile width, depending; on the ]>articiilar use for which it is wanted. A needle of bone, horn, or iron (I'My;. l.'Ut) is used for net- tiu^thesnowshoes. The shapeof tiu> im]>leuu-nt is Hat and rounded at eiu h p(»int, to enable the needle to be used either backward oi' forward. The eye which carries the line is in the middle. Various sizes of needles are used toi' the dif- erent kinds of lu^ttint,', of which the nu'shes dilfer fj't'ntly in size. The liiu-, IS K*"ierally lOto !,'<> feet in Icnjjiii.aud when the lu'ttint;: is completed it somewhat resendiles the st-atin^r of a caiu' bottomed chair. Emh iiidiviilual varies his work accordiufj U> tancy, but as the netting between the bars is made of coarser line, more compactly woven, there is less dilVerenire tiiere than at the toe or heel. The netting of the toe is of liner line and mesh*>s than the middh- or between the bars; while that between the heel bar and heel of the suowshoe is linest of all. The netting between tin- bars holds the Joints of the franu's where they laj* over each other. The toe and heel spates of netting are held in place by the line passing uinler the threads which are wrapjied e bars from the netting between them, ami again led or slipped through lou])s of thread or line let through the frame of the snowshoe. le center of the toebai' is a space left in the netting he bars to admit tht; toes of the wearer and allow ' walking. This space is semicircular ami is in- nds of line passing over the toe bar and forming > diagoind lines of the netting passed around them Id to the foot by a wide buckskin thong attached I'c back of the toe bai'. The entls must be far uifurAn or I iMNu-tViV ElEvCMH AN.-.UAL HtPOUT Pi. XlI NfNCNOT SNoWSHi'E: REAVf H-TAIl . TURNKH.] SNOW SIIOKS. 311 enough apart toiidmit tliu witltli of tlic. toot as tar as tlu' toos, and must bo tlifu (haw n down to jm'Vi'nt tin' loot iVoni pusliing too far forward and striUiiiK' a;iaiii.st tluf toe Itar. Tlie loop passinfj ovor tho toi's nnist b(^ slark cnou^'li to allow fret^ niovciin'iit of the foot. When the Htrai) suits I hi' foot it is passed around tin' lu'd of the wears-r and tied snllifiently tij>ht to jjive ease ami coinfoit. If too tipht, the weijjht soon presses the tendon of the heel. If too loose, it d"ops down and the toe slijys from under the to(^ hand. The siufile bar sin)wshoes are not nun-h used, boeanse they are some- what dlllieult to nnike. They are of two styi.'.s. One, has the bar dii.'etly under the eenter of the foot. It is wide, and should be stron}; enoufih to sustain the weight of any wearer. Thi other style is where the siufiie bar is at the tVo< t of the toes, which pattern ditlers from FUI. l:tl Wimil. n slinWHlim'. l.illli' Wllillr linT. the -'beaver tail'' style on'y in the absence of the heel bar. This pattern is eonsideretl the easiest of all to wear ami walk in when cmee h'arned. The foot straps are exactly like those of the eomnnin kinds. The sinnle liar in the middle of the snowshoe renders it a matter of great discomlort until one is accustomed to it, as the straps are simply loops for tin- toe and heel. This pattern has been already ll^jured. The larjjest snowsh )es measure as nnu'h as liS inclus across ami 3 feet in lenjith. Some of the Indians acquire tjreatexi)ertness in the use of these snow- shoes, ami are able to run (|Uite rapidly with them. The width of the shoes causes one to stratldle widely to allow one siu)wshoe to pass above and over the other, ('are must be exercised that while brin^iiiiff tlu^ rear foot forward tlu^ frame does not strike the ankle and produce a serious bruise. In ascending; a iiill the toe nuist elevate the snow- IW. TIiE HIDSOX It AY r.SKINfO. I ;itl :i >tiimhl«'. !ii dt'sri-mliiif^ llif lioil' must l)«' (liniwii \v»^ll hack or ii ])it<'li IutIs «»v('r 1iim<1 i'iisucs, iiiiil soiiit'iinics tliu f'riuiics striko the back of the liciul. To |iiit fluMii (111 tlio t'cct till' loot must filter tlir looptVoin I'orwiiKl toward llic i«'ar. ami wlicn the loop is on tlic loot til- latter iiiiiNt bv tiiiiM'il wjlliiii tlic loop and tlicii jiasscd iiiidiT III*- too band. Kvciybody wears snow shoes — men, women, and ehildieii. Without them travel in winter would he an impossibility, and as the ea|ttiire ot'liirs ;- m.ule in winter and the ■;roiind to be hunted o\rr imis* of neeessjly lie ol' j;real area, the snow'shoe lu'eomes a nect-sslty as much as the canoe in siiiii- mer. I eollectetl t wo ]ieculiai' pairs ol' siiowslioes, made of Ih.t spruce boards (l-'iy:. l.'U). Tlieyareshapedexaclly like netted snowshoes of the "beaver tail" pattern. and the ai ran;j!emi'nl ot" the foot strap is tiie same as usual. Tlu'y came from the I.ittle \\ hah ii\er Indians, who in formed me that they wert- worn oii .voft snow. In the sjiriiiH of theyear, when the snow is rapidly melted by sun, the netted snowshoes become '■lo^;;ed with slush, renderiiijr the \vei to itiiotk over a |)tat'iiiigaii or (uoiu-hiii); lian< ttvrry tini»< at 25 yards. The force with wiiich tho arrow is pro- jt't'tcd is astonishing. I iiavttsecna ptaiinijjan roll*>d for many yards amid a perftTt rloiid of feathers wlicn sfriiek by t lie arrow. It often U'iiTH tho entire sid«i out of the bird. In former years the airow did {^reat exeention amon^ tiie. deer in the wat«>r or dee|> snow banks amon^; wiiieli they tlonndered whon driven into them l>y the Indian who, on snowshoes, was able to travel where tiie d<'er saiik nearly out of slyfht. t II I Kiu. i:t:i. -Arrow, NflH-nnt. Ki". I:i4. AiTiiw, Nt-iit'Uiit. Km. la.").— Arrow, Nt'iioiiot, Km. i:iO.— Arrow, Nt'iiriiiit. Amonfi the Indian boys it is y»'t a favorite amusement to shoot Hinail bir feet loiifj, aiul the steel point, which is made of a tiat tile beat(>n down to a (piarter of an inch square, is 11 inches lonj;. It is set into the end of the shatt and fastended by a whip|)infj of sinew. The weapon is held by the hand in a manner jteculiar as well as un- c'.ufortabIe. The closed hand over the butt end of the weapon is so 314 THK HIDSON HAY KSKIMO. pliu'ed as to Iijiv«> tlic lingers iipwanl iukI tlii^ mitsiilo of tint liaiid towiml tliu point, this rather awkwani ^rasp oiialtlfs tiio ptTson to h>t p> of tii« weapon in case of throatcncd (lisastcr losultinjj fionianiisdin'ctcd tlirnst. ThiM-ollt-ction also contains thittu models of (Umt spears, Nos, .'{-•O.T-.'JL'OT. These are (»ften also used as arrows to siitMtt at lar^rer piine when the In- dian is ont hunting' ptarini^'an, hares, and rabbits. A hun- jjry wolverene or a fainiHlied wolf would prove troidde- some to kill with the blunt arrows. These models ditl'er fiom the lary:er spear ord.v ill si/.e. The Little Whale river Indians use a peenliar spear for kill in;; white whales. (KiKs. I.W, l.W). It is modeled after the Ks kiinoharpoon.biit has no "loose sliatt," or i; !:■" I Kki. lain' Fio. i:W.-WliiIi' whale npiar, I.lltll- WllHllMi\tT. Km. 1:19, -I'niiit 111' wliito wliair H|irat rlilarKtil. rather, the fore shal't and loose shaft are in one piece, and lias a eireu- lar wooden disk fitted to the butt of the shaft, wliit'h takes the i)laeeof the bladder float, and servos to impede the motions of the animal wheu TI'RNKM.) WKAI'ONS. 3 IT) Htrmk. Kciiidorr luith'i' is .^.MlistitiittMl lor tli(^ ivory of tliti Kskiiiio weapon, 'riic idinh's ni»' of ropiMT or iron and ri't^tcd in. 'I'lii'si- s|)«>ai's arc S or 10 IrrI lonj;. 'Ilu' snaru (l''i^'. 14(1) lorins one nC tlic less important metliiMlH of prornriii;; these animals. It is of parelnnent m nle from the skin of the leintleer ent into thin nariow tlion;,'s. Se\ era! of these strands, nsually three, a le plaited to;it'tlier to forin si layer; and of these layers tiiroe are plaited together to form the sna.e line. It often is nnide, however, of thiee single strands eat smm'W hat widei and ereased so that they will lie well when thu tiirui; are plaitud. 'the nmre strands the <;reater the I'l'. I4i'. Ki'inili'irHiiiiri'. Ni'iii'imt, llexihility of the line, but as there mast be a eertain anu)unt ofstitl' ness to hold it in position the many strands nnist be woven more ti;;litly toj;ether. Tiie lenKtli varies from l(» to L'O feet, and at tlu- enil is a loop formed liy tnrniii;:' tile strands back and splicing tiicm. 'rhroiitih the loop the other end is passed, and the noose is made. When a herd of deer is discovered in a fasdiable locality the pe(»ple of the vicinity are informed and hasty piepa rations are made. The ert'ort is to eanse the deer to pass thron^ili a narrow defile eon tainiiifjr bushes. The snares are tlicii placed in iiosition by tyinji the free end of the line to a suitable tree and snsjiendin;;' the noose where the heads or antlers will become entani;led. Some are ]ilaced so that when the foot is lifted the noose is cariied aloiij.;- and tightens ou it. 1 .1. 1 -p. »*; 310 TIIK liri)St>N HAY KKKIMO. il K 'I'lic |ii .siinniiiiil tilt' iiiiiiiiiilM, anil at u kIvimi Hi^'iial slioiit anil ri'cati' llir K><''it*'^^' *li<>i to roiil'iiHt^ tlii' rittatiit'i'M, wliicli pliiiiKi' touanl till- |ilari> wht'ii' till' siiai'i-s aii' H4>t. Oni* or two liiintriM lonriMlril in that liirality appear snilili-nly anil I'liitliiM' riint'nsi' tlio now panii-- stiirkrii aninials, wliiili rnnli ini-vi'iy dircrtion ln-t'ori' tlii-ir titr.s. Tlii-y liiTiiMii' inuni'slii'il ill llir nnoNi-s ami iti- lit'lil until their tliroatn iinu'iit III' tlii'y air I'Jiokril liy tlir rnril. It li'i>i|iiriitly liapjii'iis that two ili'i'i will he ran^'lit in asinKi*' Miiait'. i'lio Inilians assnt tliat il is a niiiMt liKlirioiis si;r|it to witii«>s.s two .stnnly Imrksrauy^lil liy tlio aiilliTs in a sin>;li' Hiiair. Tlii'y uppoar to ai riisi- i-arli ollii'r of IJii- iiiist'ortiino, anil Ntru};^'*' ti-rrilily to tVi'i> tiirin Ni*lvi's. Ill tlio animals wliiili an* stian;;lril liy tin* iioosi' tin* ront;i-st«>il lilooil ilisti'iiils till' M'liis ai il ii'IiiUms tin- tii-sli vi'iy dark. I'ri'vioiis to tlir (;i>niTal iisrot');iiiis tin- siiaiin;; nii-tliod waNot'};ri>at«>r inipoi'tani'o tlian at tli«' prrsi'iit day. i'.vt'ii now tin- Indian i|oi>s not los(^ any ii|iportiiiiity ol°i'in)iloyin); tlii' snaii'. SoiiH' ot tlir snairs ail' iiiadr of tanni'd skin, wliirli is sotttT and is oftrii oi'iiaiiii'nti'd with strands uf lii-ads attarlnd to t lie i' ml of tin' liiii'. Sonii' of tlii'iii ari'iolornl ri'd, with a inixtiiii' ofvrrinilion and hi-inatito lartlis, thiniird with water. I have alri'iuly descrilied the methoilH of hunting the reindeer and of laptnrin;: small ;;aiiie. The lieaver is not plentiful in the I'npiva distriel, and not until the headwaters of the Koksoak and the lakes near the soini'" ::'.' (Min^'es river are reat-lied are they to lie found at all, e\('i'|itiii}; oeeasional stia;;}ilers. The Indians have few ol the skins of this animal to sell at the trailing; post of l''ort i'hiiiio. The met hods of eaptiire ilitVei' in some respeets I'roin tliosi- i-lsewhere emiiloyed. The haliits of tin- beaver are so well known that a statement of their manner of lift- is imiieiessary. The food supply north of latitude .m is so limited in quality and ipiantity that the seareity of the animals is due entirely to the iibseiiee of the food neiessary for their existenie. When the dams and strnetnres made by the beaver are tlisroveied the people devise nieuns to eaptnre it. If it is eonveiiieiit to j;et at the holes leading; to the stnietiue, wliieh are always underwater so ileep that it will not freeze to tlie bottom, they areclosi'd with a stick of wood and an opeiii!i)r made in the to]) of the hut. The animal is then eaiiffht by the hind h'jis or tail and lilted out. It seldom attempts to defend itself at (irst. As soon as the hunter ean do so he jerks the animal out, and with a Idow on its head kills it. li'liu shouhl pause for an instant from the time the hand is put on the TI'MNINt III'NTINO. \m iiiiiiiiiil until tlio ili'iith blow is Kivt'ii, tliiit vt'iy iiistunt lir ici'tiiiiily willlMi Ititlon Willi tt-rtli itit shiii'|) iiiiil |hi\v<-i'I'iiI tlnit tii*> ihi'.^iT.s iiiiiy Im> Hiii|i|H-il iViiiii till' liiiiiil IIS tlioii^'li Willi a pair wniiiiil tliiiM iiitlirli'il is ii|>«>ii vi'iy si'M'it' anil iliOlnilt to lifal, as llii* liittt is not only nittiii^ Imt rnisliiii);. \Vlii>n> tlit> wiitn- run Ih> ilniiiuil iVom ilic |iunil or laki* in wliirli tlir iH-aviM's' lint is Imilt. tin* linlians ol'tm li-avit it Iiiiil 110*1 iliy liy iliiinniinu olVtlii* sii|i|ily anil allowing tlin wati'i' toiliain away. As soon as tin' lioiisi> is out ol' water tli<> orriipaiit i>iiii>r(;i wati-r iliirin;: moon- li^lit ni^'lits. Sonii' ot' tli(> iiniinals ari< <-a|itiirril liy niraiis of a iii't of |irniliar I'onstriirtioii. This ni't isol'lln, ili'i'iskin tlion^s iii'tt«<«l into It riri-h> nearly 'J IVi't in ilianicti'i-. witli mi'sluts iilMiiit an inrli si|iiaii-. The meshes in the outer row are threaileil upon a stout tlioii;; ot'erskln, in Im^lli alioiit foiirtimes tlieiliameterol' the net. Tliis thou;; is now tied at the omis, ami over one enil thus lied is slipped a liii;: iHiide ol'sprnee root and wound witii >inew to stren;;llieii it. This riiiK is alioiit an ineh in iliaineter.oiily sultirient to allow t'reedom ot tlieemlrtol' the line. It is fastened to one of the meshes of the net in order to keep its plaeu. Wliel*^ the water is too deep and only a single heaver is in the lodye the el is earefiilly spread over the mouth of the e\il so plated as to t'orm a purse into wliieh H head and iieek of the animal will he thrust as it have ilie hut. The mouth of the pnrsr now ti;;htens from the lin;; slip- pin;; alon;; the striii;;, and thus slian;;les the animal or else eaiises it to drown as it strll^;;^les to escape from tlie ti;jliteniny; eord. The net is said to lie a very elteetive means ot' eaplurin;; the heiiver and will sueeeed when it has Iteiometoo wary to li«« sliot on the surfaee of the water. The llesh of the heaver is eonsidered valuable food by these people. They pri/e it hifjhly and prefer the llesli of the leiuiile to that of the male. ') t -*e ooked" knit\< (Vi'^. 1 11). Those instriiinents are made from steel tiles or knife bladeH. They are of various sizes depeiidin;; on the amount of material at liiuid. Th*> Indian takes a pieee of metal and ;;rinds one side of it ti.tt and smiMith; the other is ed^ed like a drawing; knife. The blade is now heate«l niul bent to the ilesiied euive. Some a:e more hint teaii other.s and some have only the point bent to one side. The few left- ■!,; 318 THE HUDSON MAY ESKIMO. liandcti i)crs()ii8 have tlio bliule tbnnotl to suit tlieinsolvcs. It is sot in a handle t'.iirved fvom the user und bent upward like the bhuU\ At the end of the handh> is <>enerally ti» be found a thoiif? on whieli a wctoch-n button is phiced lor attaiihnieut to the belt, as no man ever {jfoes off on a Journey without this Ivuite, however short may be the distance. The handle is lu'hl in the liaiul at right angh's or across tiio body and invariable drawn toward tlu^ user. It is employed for all ]mrposes of whittling orsliaving w(M)d and one would be surprised to observe what large strips will separate when started with tiiis apparently frail blado. ?l Klli. U'J Aw 1 N'i'IM'llllt. Kill. ICI, -tiiiiiw kIhivi'I, Nrlli'llitt Vui. 141. In- Mniop, NiMII'Illlt. The strips and slats of canoes, jiaddles, snowshocs, and in fact i-very- thing that can be cut from wood, ar ade with this knife. It requires nuich skill to guide the blade so as to cut the wood evenly; and to this end the thuiab, which is placed ui>on tiu! outerextremity of the handle, nnist steady the blade. The strain of the blade upon the handle is very great, and it must be sei-urely held by mens of stout thougs wra])ped around it. The crooked knife is a form ()f instruuuMil in use among the Indians and Kskimo alike, and one of the lew implements which those widely differing peoj)le have in common. Tl'HNER.) TOOLS. 319 Awls (Pig. 142) are ma(l« of st.'o.l ov iron. Tii.^ hiick or spiiiij,' of a pockotkiiifo or a portion of a small tile appears to bo. the favorite mate- rial for formiii},' tliem. Tliey are usually eliisel-shape.l and liave reetan- Rular corners. Tiie handle into whieh the metal is fastened is gen- erally of deer horn. The shape of tiie handle varies from a Y shape to that of a crescent. These tools arc constantly required for piercing lioles in the various woods used in manufacture, .\iliclcs of simide con- strm-tion the Indian prefers to make for himself, rather than i»ay an extortionate price to the trader. He is aide to accomplish re- markable results with riule tools of his own make. Snow shovels are made of wood and are much used, for dur ingthe winter, when the snows are »-oiistantly accunniiating around the camps, the occupants necessarily remove some to form a pathway from the door of their tent, and as snow forms an admirable protection, it is thrown <;il)ank(Ml up around their tents to prevent the wind from b!(»wing under. In the spring nearly all the aged people carry one of (he wooden shovels to clear away a patli or as a hel|t to walk whih' the slushy snow is 80 treacherous. Fig. 143 represents a common form of wooden snow .sliovel. These are oft^'ii painted with Vermillion ur indigo. Fig. 144 show.s a siiecial form of snow shovel designed for cleaning the ice from the holes througli which the people tish. It usually has a blade made fiom the brow antler or one of the broad palms from the horns of the reindeer. The horn portion is attached to the wooden shaft «»• handle by moans of thongs running through holes bored for that j»urpose. The ice picks (Fig. 14.'>) used in times gone by were pieces of reindeer luun or bone, shaped like a narrow mortising chisel and ati'ached to statls of wood. The chisel or pick was fastened to the staff by means of stout thongs to i»revciit ii side movement from the groove into which it was set. The iiiiper end of the staff was at times shod with bone lu- liDrii so as to be available for i walking staff. The ice pick of the present day has a i)iece of iron or .steel ,substitut«'d for the horn (tr bone; but, being heavy, it is not so otten cairied fr(un place to iilnce. An Intlian will in an incredi bly short time i>iercti a hole through ;$ feet thickness of ice with « it. -V white man can not e(|iial them in this work. Ki.i.iis. (!onibs for the hair are purchased I'loin the traders. They are highly prized and are kept in little birehbark bags. For cleaning out the dirt which collects on the comb the tail of a porcii|)ine is used. The needles or spines are picked out of the tail, leaving the stitV, coarse hairs, which scrvt^ the purpose of cleaning the condi tpiite well. This tail is usually append«'d to the comb-case. ,^ 320 TUK HIDSON HAY KSKIMO. in* C if i K The iiativt's soiiu'tiiiies iiiukc woodt'ii rcmib.s like tlH>, ill imitation of those ])iii'('liiisf(l. After a woman's liair has been combed half of it is eoUeetetl on eaeh si(b' of tlie head and rolled or wound up on .small jiieces of board {Vin. 147) similar in shape to the "winders" on which darn \uii or knitting cord is \viapi>ed. Strands of Ix'ads are now placed upon these to hold the hair in place. A remarkable object is shown ill Kifi. M.S. It is one of a pair of boards procured from one of the Little Whale river liidi aii.s, by whom they are used to assist in swim- min>;. One board is held in each hand and used as a paddle to push the swimmer aloii<;. Indians able to swim arc scarce. I have not seen these boards in use, and am not able personally to speak cniicerninn' their alle;;('d function. The lish hook shown in Kij;. M1> has a barb of steel or iron. It is on the smaller hooks made of om- of the ribs of th)> larp'r trout. Km. Uti.— Comb, witli birckburk ciiHt' uihI i-b-iim-r. The bo\s have m AMIMMIM^.. » consideration for the females of their own aye, but treat them as inferiors and lit for nothiiif; but to be subjects «)f almost (runstant annoyance and persecution. When a number of boys c<»llect they are .sure to maltreat the. wo- men, even those advanced in years, and appear to delifjjht in any opi»orfunity to sub- ject them to the ludest mis ventures to peep from the tent in summer a shower TrHNBIl ] AMUSEMENTS. 321 of Wiit«'r is atiro to be Hiiiifj on licr by sonu' boy. In winter snow- balling is ('(|ually annoying;, and wlion ]mrti»'s of women p) to the woods to get fuel tiie i)ack of lioys is sure to waylay tliein as tlu^y return. If the boys ean sejjarate tlie women their fun is complete; their dresses are torn and tlieir bundles of fuel scattered. Tliey often retaliate, liowever. a?id strip tiie clotliing from some unfortunate boy who is comi)elled to return to <'amp in a mule condition, much to the Flo. HH Swiminiiii; Imard. amusement of the peojile. This form of (lis;;rare appeals to be (he most s«'vere which can be intlnted upon a male; and the Jokes to which he is afterward subjected keep him the object of ridicule for many days. Besides practical jokes ui>on women, iiinnin};, Jumpin};, wrestling:, an air ami strive !o ket'p at least *"■■.< of them lip at once. The I'iskimo often practice this also. and. as it ai)pcais to be a p'lieral source of amusement anion;;; the Inniiit. I siispot that tlie Indian borrowed it from thciii. VVrcs tliiig appears to be the principal test for physical sticnylli ami .-c\ ere con tests often eiiga;iethe stronger individ iials. They wrestle in the I'.skimo fashion, and fre<|iii'ntl\ indulge in trials of strength with these people. As would be expected, the stidny,cr Kskiino are always the \ictors. All tliese contests, whether among themselves (H' witli the Mskinni. are earned on vitli the best of good humor. II r.TH -'1 l''i.sl)))(>i>k :iii() liiu> 322 THE HUDSON BAY ESKIMO. KKHTIVAt S. I'Vasts are jfiveii now ami then to tu'lchratc siiceen in l»ro{;- rcss for some time, .\ioiiinl the interior of the structure fjioiipsof men were idly disposed, some re('liiiiii<:' and others standinj;'. Not a word was spoken for .some time, and this fja\«' iiK'opportunily to loo ; ;n(iund. The tloor was covered with bouf^hs from the neif^hboriiifj spriic*' tri'c.s, arran;;ed with unusual care, forminj; a sot't carpt tiny' tor tliost s»'i»t«'d within. 1 saw a number ot' piles of deerskins and several small heaps covered with cloth. To break the silence 1 iminired it' tiie drum was tircil. A smile f^ieeted the iii<|nir\. Immediately an old man came forward, ti};hteiie,'ers into a vessel of water ami • luiMl^ied ,i leu (}ro|)s on the membrane of the drum head to prev<'iit it from breakinj.^ iiiider the blows to be delivered. The performer then seized the «lrumstiek wifli the riy;ht hand and t^ave the nembranea few taps; the transverse cord of twisted sinew, liohli' all evlindeis of wood attached to it, repeated the v iratiou with 'ncic.sed emphasis. .\ .souff wasbef,'uii and the drum beaten in rythm to the monotonous chant ot' o ho, o ho, et<-. Three souths with tympanic aecompaiiiment followed. The soiijis ajipeared alike and were easily learned. In the meanwhile the Kiiest.s were treated to a straii(;c hHikin;; coin|iound which had lain hidden b*>- neatli one of the cloths and is known as ''pemmican." I was solicited to accejit a piece. The juevioiisly assembled fjiiests had eitlu-r bronyhf their own bowls and saucers to eat from or else appiopr ated those available. Not to be at a loss. ;ue,sts constantly arrived and some departed, made ha))|)y by their share, of this eompound of raneid tallow and nnirrow with a due admixture of pounded dry uieat of the reimleer. I soon departed, and attempted to take the remnant of the pemmii^an with me. This was instantly forbidden, and infornni ti(»n fjiven me that by so doiiij,' I siionld <',ausea!l the deer to desert the vieinity, and thus nnike tlie peojtle starve. I explained that such was not my desire, and aftei' wisliiajj continued prosi)erity and enjoyment, I made my way out. I was then inl'oiined that the feast would con- tinue tor a tinu', and wind up with an invitation to the womumi. who had hitherto been excluded, to come and eat the i- lunaiits left l)y tiic nu'n. At the end of two days thereafter rl»e ii^.tnx concluded and a dan«'e took i)lace. In this performance tlM-t*- wa* notiiinj: remarkable. The men saufj s(mi«:s and kiekeil \i]> tl»»<< hcc|-«. wlijt^- riw udinen shrufified their shoulders as they swayed thei bodie?* tumi n-jJit to left, and assunu'd varioiis other posture>, tlthm _ ' th»-tr limb* were ai)parently kept in a ri^iid position, occasion. «llyurt-«Tin;; tn'-w plitnidits as the nuMi nnide humorous <'omplimcnts to "krar ^jwitMrons iHist. This feast was }i;iven !>> one wtio hud been ^iiwiwudlx sncccssfnil jn the t-apturc of fur bearing; animals, and. to pr«»v— -iik 'v...Mltli. (Iis|*la.uc(l it before the assemblage and ^ave a feast incouinM**rai'itMn<'>f lii,~ al>>fliii'v . Other feasts of a sjjMdar character occur. :n»W! lilVi— liot- rln- in ti*> s|>eeial feature. The i)iincipal source of amuscuient witli tktf ••*n i*' t^o- ^mmh*- i'>I \Nhilelhe men are in the iv^wror'trt'lir -■'llsMies awailiiifj: tin tpproacii of band- of deer their idl*' lUMtw^it m..' nioyeti over this {rami-. Neither hni'.^wt . r the si^jitMra^T iVM*^^ '*«t)ic>''iit i<: distract tiiein. so intently ur they disorbed. o as ill ci\ iliz;u(r>n. \MtlM«iilJt>«#is8Kit d4iV«i.— nc'N. ; 1 Uc ^ame I- piayeo as ii< am not aware that wa;ics ai upon II > I'^sile, i*»'Th<- it*eii are ii as skillliil player-- m Mny piirt«.l' lie so ex]H'rt that they woulii world. Small boards that may be iiried in the ImiitiH}; i«s»yjnf \tM^i .iieB»j|»s to while away the tedium ol i lie Ion;;- winter c\eiiiintts <> 'lltuMliN "W lijdtt of the lliekeiiii;;- lire of the dry limbs of spniie. K;i lo th^- uj^sliitf Hl» players eiifiafie, and are only distiiiiied ^vi(ell om thr-ti r^m*^ ■'^Mm panions starts from his sleeji to relate a vw>m[rou> d^eatn anirtll hMt/fjit expounded b> the listeners, who sit :»>;lia>t ,iK rhc iiM-latiiMis. They also have a piiee coi re.spomlinj; to enp ami i«||." bwr nK *► played with ditfeieiil implements from what lie 'vUinu: iisc. as way lir^ seen by iet'crriii;j to l''in', l.M'. The luillow ci » are made frowi I In- t«*rminal ]>lialan>;i's of the reindeer's foot. The tjil tied to the end of the thoii}; is that of a marten oi a mink. I'lie player liolil> tlie jte^ in one hand, and tossing up the boiu's tries to catch the nearest none on the 'i 3J4 IMF, HfOSON HAY KHKIMO. C point of the ]u>ir. TIm' oltjt'ct of llif ;;;)ino is to catrli tliv bono tlio fjn'iitt'st |..issil»l(' iimiibi'i' of (iincs. It is in no sense a {linnhlinj; fjanu*. Tlio only nnisicul inslrunicnt iist'd l>y tlit>se iieoplt' is tin- «lruni or tiunbonrine, wliieli isof tliO form sliown in Fi}j. l."»l. Tlu'sedrunis vary Kid, IWI. Cup ,.;iil ball Niiiiii.il H(l, KHI. Cup ,.;iil liall .Niliill.il in (liaiiu'tcr from '_"_' to L'(! inclirs, and are constriicfrd as I'oHmws: The barrel is mad'' of a tiiin slat of sprme, bent into a lioop, willi the ends *^ joined in a lap. s|die4'd nearly a foot Ion;;, which leii^tli is sewed i)y four iieipcndicnJar seams. Tlie stiteJM's are made with deerskin thread put k\ throiifil* |terforatioiis, near to^etlier, made \\ ith an awl. The next operation is to pre- pare for a In-ad a thin rein deer skin, wiiich lias been tanneii. The skin is moist ened and sewed so that all holes in it ait- riosed. A nar- row hoopof a si/e to lit ti^jlitly •■"■ '■•'-!>■ .Niii.ni.i. ,.,,^^ hoopof a si/e to lit tightly over the baircl of tiie 'iiiim is made and the moist skin stretched ovei' it. The ed};cs >if tlic skill are turned inward, and within this hoop iu plaeeil the barrel of the drum. musk; and (iAMKS. 325 A second hoop, two or tlirt'c times as v m e ii« tlic first, is prepari'd iiiul littt'd over the. liiUTcl and licad. It is puslu'd down as tar as the elasticity of tli<' iiKMnlManc will allow, or al)ont liall'tlic width oftlio t4tp hoop, Thronyh the, oat-.;- lioop have Ikhmi made a number of holes and eorrespondiiij,' but alternate lioles nnide in the farther edge of tlie barrel of the drum. Throu}j;h these holes a stout thonfj is threaded and pasaing from the edfjeof the barrel to the outer hoop is drawn so ti^^htly as to i»usli the inner hoop alonjjtlie outer <'irrumferenee of the i)arrel and thus ti^'hten the mendtrane to the ie(|uiied de^^ree. The outer Iioojmiow i)ro.j«'('ts an ineh or more beyond the membrane and thus |»roteets it from injury by eareless hantllin^'. Across the membrane is stretc-hed a sinow cord on which are strun;j, at riH;ht an}j;les to tiie cord, a number of barrels made from the (pulls of the win;;' feathers of the willow ptarmigan. Across the uudorside of the meiidu'ane is streti'hed a similar <'ord with (pulls. These serve the purjiose of a snaif on the drum. The stick used lor iieatiii;> the drum (•(Uisists of a jiiece of rciiuleer horn 'lit so as to have a thin and narrow haiuMe a foot in length and terminating in a iviMil) more than an inch lon^ ainl as tlii( k as tiu- porlioM of horn permits. The drum is suspended (inm the poles of the tent by iiiei'iis of tlioii^'s. The i)crforiiicr tightens the snares, and sprinkles a few drops of water on the drumhead lest the blows, cause it to split under tiie strain. Nothing is (hmc, nothing c(mteini)latcd witliniit soundin;;' the drum. It is siU-nt only when the people are asleep or on a tramp from one locality to another. If a person is ill tiic drum is l)eatcn. If a pci'son is well the (Irumis beaten. If pro»pcrous in the cliase tlie drum is beaten; and ifdcath has snat(;lie(l a member from the coinmunity the drum is beat(Mi to pre- vent his sjiirit IVom letiirnin^' to torment tlie li\'iii^'. The drumlieat is often accompanied with sin^in^- which is the most disc(U'dant of all sounds siippose(l to be hannonious. The drums used by the Little Wiiale river Indians ( l"i^. liiJ, No. • ">L'i!.'{) dilVers ^'icatly in construction from those made by the I'n^ava Indians. The size is rarely so ;;reat, seldom exceediiij;' '2- iin-hes. Tliese drums have two heads or mendu'anes titled on the barrel ;ind secured by means of a sinjije hoop lor carli head. The two hoops are then connected by tlie lijihteiiin;;' strings. I.ilili' Wliiili- liviT. .'{•if) TIIK Hl'DSON HAY KSKIMO. Tlio inoiiibi'iiiu's are invariably iiiatli' of parc.liiiKMit ('(iiidi.'ioii iiikI not nl' tanned skins. The stnires or thoni^s across the lieatis are tiuer and have pieees of wood instead ot'tiuills as "rattlers." The drnnistiek is a piece of reindeer horn cut as hot'ore described; or else, as if to add to the din, a ^nn-eap box is piereei. \r>',U ;iii' made of a liooj* of wood bent to a circular form and covcrc he made wings for himself and said: "Now, brotlier.s, let us fly.'' The brant told the wolverene, "You niiisl not Itsik below while we are flying over the point of land wiien you hear a noise below. Take a tiiiJi when we take a turn." The first turn they to«ik the wolverene did not look below. l>ut at the second turn tiiey took, when they came over the point of land, the animal looked iiclow when he iieard the noise of the shouting Indians and down he <;aine like i buiidl«> of rags.' All the Indians ran up to him and exclaimed "There is a braiit fallen down." One of the old Indian women got hold of him and began to pluck his feathers otV. then to disembowel him. She of course smelled tin- horrible stench and exclaimed, "This goose is not fit to eat as it is already rotten I " She gave the carcass to one of tiie childieii to throw- away. Another old woman came up and impiired, "Where did you throw the brant goose t<»? llow could it be rotten? It is not long since it was killed." The former oUl woman replied to her, " IiHliiiiiK iH-rccivi' a llot-k lit' tht'Hr liniiil tliry iiiiiki- a hiuit (-latiinr. whirli trl;:lit(>iii4 the bird.-, MO iiiiirh lliat thi'y liisr tlii'ii' i(iiig (ifV tlic lu'iuls ot'tlu> birds) tliiit t\\o loon opciitMl one eye au*l saw tlio lu'iullcss duck!', kicking. The loon ran to tlie water and exclainu'd, "Onr brotlior has kilh'd us! " The wolvercno ran alter thehion but the loon dived undiT tin- water and eanu' uj) a distance ofl' aiul cried out, "A ho ho ho ho ho ho!" The wolvereiu' screiinie*!, "Hold your tongue, you H'd e\eudence." Thf (Urr iinil tUi' nquirfil. — A reiiMieer calle«l ail the manunals and birds together aiul announced that he would give names to all of them. When he came to name the squirrel he inquired of the little creature what name it would i)refer. The squirrel replied that it would like to ha\e the same name as the black bear. The reindeer smiled and in formed the s(iuirrel that it was too small to have the name of the bear. The squirrel began to cry and wepi so long that his lower eyelids became white. The youHfi mini who went to lirr with the devr. — A young man one morning told his old father that he had dreamed the night Itefore that a deer liad asked him to come and live with them. The old father re- plied, "That is a good sign; you will kill many deer after that dream." Tiie yimiig man went away to hunt, and while out he saw a large herd of (h'cr. A young doe from the bantl ran up toward him, and he was about to tire at her when she said to him, " Do not lire, for my father has .sent me to you. I'h-ase put up your arrows." She came nearer and informed him that her father had sent her t«) ask him to ciune and live with the deer forever. iTIit'juy IH wrti known In )ii- |iiiitii'iilurly I'niul dI' fat iil uiiy kind, hent-ti tliu tuiiiptiug nmrrti-l with- held wan u Duiirc'u t'ur future redvcilun. FOI,KI-ORK. 329 Tht^ young iiiiiu inquired, " How could T live with you when it is upon deer that I live ? I live in a tent and can not live outside. I ean not live witlumt fire. I can not live without water." The doe replied, "We have jtlenty of fire, water, and meat; you will never want; you will live forever. Your father will never want, as there will be enough deer given to him." The man consented to go with them. The doe jtointed to a large hill and said, "That is go and get the tish wliieh he had left in the hole iu the ice. iUllHER.] FOLK U) UK. 331 Tlie wolf went iind liiiiiK'd up the line, which was full of tish, und befjan to devour so many that soon she could scarcely move. She hauled the lemaindoi' of the tish home to the tent. The otter was sleei)in}f when siie returned. She proceeded to clean th«' tish and put on a. lar>;e Utfttle full of the tish to l»oil for supper. Slie then crept into bed with her hu.sbaud, and the next morning she was delivered of a youn;; otter and a young wolf. After the father and motlu-r hail taken their brealvfast the latter sat with her head hanging down and seemed to be in a miserable mood. The otter impiired of the wife wolf, "VVHiat is the matter with you that you sit so (piietly ?" The wolf answered: ''I wish I liad some deerskins with wliich to make (•lt)thing for the diildren. How nicely 1 should dre.ss them!'' Tlie ot- ter replied: "Open the door and 1 will sliow yon where I get the deer." It was yet early, and the otter went away to seek the deer. The otter saw a Itiind of thirty deer, but had no gun with which to kill them, so he frightened them, aud as they were running away he sprang at them each, aiul .jumi»ed through them from end to end. He killed all of tliem in this manner and then rolletl in the snow to cleanse him- self. After that was done he weiuled his way home, ami on arriving informed his wife (lor it was then a little after sunset) that on the mor- row she sliouhl go to bring home the deer he had killed, adding that she »(»uUl follow his track, and thus tlnd them. The wife had a big pot of tish cooked for him when he returned, and when he had tinished his supper he went to bed. As soon as the wife suspected her husband to l)e asleep she went after the deer, and by hauling four at a time she soon had them all l)rought, a ;d laid tiiem before the tent. When that was tinished she went to bed. In the morning the otter told her to get ap and nuike a tire, as she would have to go for the carcasses of the deer which he had kille in tlie dark .'" The wife answered: " Look out through the door if you do not believe me." The otter looked and saw the thirty deer all piled up before the door. He turned and looked at his wife, but made no remaik. The wolf asked him : " Why do you look at me, so hard?" The otter said: ''I was woinlcring how you could get them home in such a short time." Tlie wiit a mark on the middio of tli«> lakt> so tlioy wonldkiiow wlu'ie I am." Tlu' otter wont to the middlt> of thelaku and fii'i'ti'd a pile a.s a mark by which the wolfa relations should know it. The brothers ol tli ^'ter's wife were on the hill looking for the mark set up by their sister's husband, and when they saw it they ex- claimed: "Our sister has saved us! our sister has saved us!" and ran back to their old father's home to <;ive him the joyful in- telli^enc*' that they liatl seen the maik put up by the husband of theii' sister. The ohl wolf then tohl his family that they wctiild ^o and seek their sister and daughter to live with hei' and her husband. They ;•" went to the hill by the lake, and from the toji of it they saw the mark, and from it they tbllowed the track of the otter until they saw the tent in the edf^e of the ws they see my father, mother, and brothers roiniii;;." The otter told his wile to <,'oont and see. She complied, and when she opened the do(U' they saw a row of •jaunt wolves ; nothing;- but skin and btnies. The newcomers immedi ately fell to. and bejjan to devour the nu-at which was on the stajje. The otter's wife remonstrat«'d, and said : •• l>o m)t be so ;'re«'dy ; my husband is not a stin^ry man. i take my meals when he is sleeping, anil pretend not to eat piinh duriiiy; the day." They all went into the tent and tlie otter soon went to bed. Wlu'ii they thought he was asleep, they be;;an to eat all the raw meat and lisli, ami .soon tinished it. In the nn>rniiiu; when the otter had awakened, he remarked to his wife ■I think vonr brothers will make a fool of me, The wife asked: "What makes you think so ?" Tl tter replied: "They look at me so hard, that I do not know where to turn my eyes." After bieakfast the otter and his wolf brotlieis went away to look for deer. They .soon came upon a band of them, and tin; otter t(dd the wt out and foiiml the weather so line and the suridun;ly surprised, and exclaimed: *• .My sons, the suinmei' has come; the Slimmer has come." The cubs hid when they heard their mother's voice. .S)ie called to them until nifihtfall. The older erries while the other prepared the house during her ab.seme. The wolvereiu' selected a stone having a sliarj) edge, which she concealed under the moss in the sweat house, while .she juocured a larger stone for the pillow. After the sweat house was comideted the wolverene ci led out : •'Sister, the sweat house is llnishedl" The bear niturned. biinging a quantity of berries. Tlu'y both w«'nt into the sudatory, whercupctn the wolverene instructed the bear to lie with her head upon the stone pillow, while he pre|iared the crushed berries to jiut in her eyes, lie then .-aid to her: •• Now, sister, do not move; you may lind the berries will hurt the eyes and make them very .sore, but they will be better soon." The wolverene tilled the bear's eyes full of the sour berries, which made her exclaim: •• IJi-other. they aic making my eyes ver.\ sore."' The wolverene answered : •• Yon will lind hem the belter for that. .Vfter I get yoni eyes full of ih»' berries I will blow my breath on them."' After the eyes of the bear were full of licrries the wolvcr enesaid: •• Vou are too good to be a sister." so he struck her on the head with the shari»-edged stone and cleft her skull betwet n the eyes and killed her. Tlir rolthit mid tin f vug. — One day a rabbit was waiulering among the hillsides, and at a short distance from him he observed a tent belonging to sonu' Indians, lieing tindd he crept up to the side of the teiit and ])eeped through a snndl hole, and .saw inside of it a frog sitting near the lire. The rabbit seeing no danger accosted the frog thus: "Brother, what arc you doingf The frog replied: I am play ing with the ashes. My brothers have gone of!' hunting and I am here as I have a very sore leg and can not go far." The labbit rejoined, ••come with me and I will keep yon?" The frog answered. " I can <• <""•■ ^Vliilr seckiny food the labliit suddenly spied a smoke euilinjj from amonj,' tlie willows wliieli yrew idon;,' tlie hraneh of the creek, lie became frightened and started to run homeward exclaim- ing. " I have for>,'otten my crooked knife and I must no quickly to ;,'et it." (This i)art, or what the ral>l»it says to himself, is siinKiisa song; with an attempt at imitation of the rabbit's voice.) The rabbit ran hurriedly home and spraufj into the tent, wliereui)on the fro;; ob- serving the fright of the other inquired, '• Hrother, what is tlie matter that you are so excited ?" The rabbit answered, *• I saw a lar^e smoke." "Wliere is it?" inquired the frog. The rabbit reidied, •' It is fioni among the willows along the creek that runs near by." The frog began to laugh at the foolish fear of the rabbit and answered him that the smoke proceeded from the lodge of a family of beavers, and taunted the rabbit for being afraid of such a timid creatuic as a bciver when they are good to eat, addingthat his own (frogs) brothers often carried him to the beavers' iiouses to kill them wlien tliey were out of food; although his brothers could never kill any of them. The rabbit was ph'ased to hear the hog was such a great hunter, and gladly offered to carry the frog to the lodge of the beavers that some food could be jirocured. The Irog aecepted tlic otfer and was carried to the creek bank. The rabbit then built a dam of stakes across the stream and below the lodges in order that the beavers should not esca|ie. The frog then direct^-d the rabbit to break into the top of the lodge so rhat the frog might get at the beavcis to kill them. While the rabbit was breaking into the lodge of (he beavers, the frog jiur- posely loosened some of the stakes of the weir below in order to allow the beavers to escape, hoping that the rabbit would become angry at him for .so doing. When the rabbit saw what mischief the frog had (hine, he took the frog and roughly shoved him under the ice into the water. This did not harm the frog as it could live under water as well as on lanil, but the ralibit did not know that, so he believed he had drowned his brother the frog. The rabbit then returned to his home, regretting he had acted so harshly and began to cry for his brother. The frog in the nieanwhih'. killed all of the beavers and tied them together on a string, then slowly crawled to the rabbit's home with his burden on his liack. The frog (uejit up to the tent but was afraid to enter so he began to play with the door tlap of the tent to make a noise to attract the attention of the rabliit within. Finally he cried out to the rabbit, ••Brother, give me a piec«' of lire (or I am very cohl." The rabbit did not reci' so iinich that tlio rabltit iiM|nir«Ml wliat was tlio iiiatt4'r antl askod it' tli«> bcavors liatl liittt'ii liiiii. Tliu frog said, "No, it was yon who pive iiu' sui-li a hard piisli tliat you have hurt me in the side.'" Tlio rabbit a«sun>d tliefroj: that tho injury w.is uidnfontiDiially raust-d. The fmn then dirotited tlu' rabbit to prtv par*' and t'ook tlu> bfaviMs. Tli*> rabbit w<>nt out to t'ctrli tlioni but hn bof^an to«>at and didnot stop until they wure all dt'voun-d. After hav- ing tInishiMl eating them the rabbit went for a walk. Krt> long he notieed a huge smoke curling from the farther end of a valley and be- coming greatly fiighteiu'd lieex('lainie«l, "I ha\e forgotten my erooketl knife and I nuist go (piiekly to get it." lie daslied into his door in a KMTible state of mind. The frog eoolly inquired. •' What is the matter that you are so seared?" The ranbit said, " i have seen a great smoke at the farther end of tluM alley through whieli the ereek runs.'' The frog laughed hnidly at his fear and said. "They are deer; my brotliers often had iiie to kill tiiem, as they eimld not kill any, when we had no meat." The rabbit was delighted at that so he oftered to carry the frog toward the place. The frog din-cted the rabbit to make a snow- shoe for the one foot of the frog. The rabbit soon had it made and gave it to hisbrother. The frog then said, "('any me up towards the smoke.'' The rabbit slung the frog on his back and away they went in the direction of the deer. The frog then told the rabbit to stand in one place and not to move while he (the fiog) would work at the deer, and when he had tinishcd he would call him u)) to the place. The frog killed all the deer in a \eiy short time, skinned them, and stuck the head and lu-ck of one of the deer into the snow so that it would be looking toward the place whence the rabbit would come. The frog then took tlii> lungs ot one of the deer and put it out to free/.e. The coM turned the lungs white as tallow. The frog shouted for liiH brother rabi)it to come quickly. When the rabbit came boniiding near he saw the eyes of the deer's head staring at him in a queer manner; he was somuch alarmed that lieexclaimed tothefrog, "ISrothei, lies . s me.'' The frog smiled and said, "I have killed him; he is dead; «-ome on; 1 have a nice piece of fat saved for you.'' (It was the frozen lungs of the deer.) So he gave the rabbit a large piece and told him to eat it all and cpiickly, as it was better when frozen and fresh from the deer's back. The rabbit greedily swallowed large portioim and did not obseive the deception. AtYer a time they built a lodge or tent for the, night. Some few hours after the tent was made the frozen 'leer lungs which the rabbit had eaten began to thaw and it made tho rabbit so violently ill that he vomited continually the entire night. The frog had hcrved him this trick as a punishment for having eaten all of the beaver nu'at two days before. Tlir irolririHr iniii the rock. — A wolverene was out walking on the hillside and came upon a large rtxk. The animal inquired of the rock, " Was that you who was walking just now?" The rock renlied, n'nKEii.l FOI-KI.OKK. 337 "No, I can not tnovr; Ihmhc I cannot walk." The wolverene iciuitcd that lie Iniil seen it WKlkiii);. The rock i|niekly int'onned the wolverene that he uttered a I'al.Hehood. The wolverene remarked, "Von need not si)eak in that nianiier for I liavti seen yon walkiii);." The wolverene ran otV a little distance and taunted the rock, challen;;in;.^ it to catch him. The wolverene then apinoached th*^ rock ami having struck it with his paw, said, "See it' you can catch nu'." The rock answered, "I can not run but I can mW." Th»> wolverene l)e;;an to laii},'h and .said, "That is what I want." The wolvereim ran away and the rock ndled utter him, keepin;; Just at his heels. The animal hnally Iteyaii to tire and commemed to juni]» over sticks and stones until at last the rock was touching' liin heels, .\tlast the wolverene tripped over a sti«'k and tell. The rock rolled over on him and ceased to move when it came U])()n the hind parts of the wolverene. The animal screamed, -(let otV, ;;<) away, you are hiirtin^r me; you are lireakiiiK niy liom-s." The rock remaineil motionless and replied, "You tcninented me and had me run after you, ,so now I shall not stir until some one takes me olV.'' The wolverene rei)lied, "I have nniiiy i>roihers and I shall tail them." Ilecalled to the wolv»^s and the foxes to come and remove the rock. These animals soon caiiu^ up to where the rock was lyiiiu' oil the wolverene and they asked him, "Mow came voii to nt't under the rock ?" The wolverene replied. "I challenyeil tli« rock to catch me and it rolled on inc." The wolves and foxes then told him that it servetl him ri;ilil to be under the rock. They endeavored, after a time, to ; to take olV the coal of the wolveiene but not to harm his flesh. They then ran away. The li^ihtiiinj; darted back to gather force and struck the rock, knockiii},' it into small pieces and also comidetely stripped the skin from the back of the wolvenuie, tearing the skin into small jticces. The wolverene stood naked, but soon bej;an to pick up the pi«'ccs of his coat and told the liy;litiiiiijj;, " Vou need not have torn my coat when you had only the rock to strike." The wolverene ^iathered up his pieces of coat and said he would jio to his sister, tlu^ fro};-, to have her sew them to-nether. Me repaired to the swamp where his sister dwelt and ask<'d her to sew them. She did so. The wolverene took it up and tohl her .she had not put it to<;etlier properly and struck her on the head and knocked her tlyiiiK into the water. IIo took up the coat and went to his younger sister, the mouse, lie directed her to sew his coat as it should be done. The mouse beuan to .sew the i»ieces top'ther and when it was done the wolverene carefully examiued every seam and said, "Vou have .sewed 11 KTII 22 'MiH TIIK HUDWN HAY ESKIMO. it vi'i \ well; \tiii will live ill till' tall iiivvu t;i'aMH in tlu> huiiiiimm' iiimI in Hias> lmii,st'> ill the winter.'' Tlir wohcit'iif put iiii liis cdat anil went 11 way, Crxiliiiii (n>itli hi) llii wi'li'n'nir iiiiil tin' nninknit. — Am ii \viilv«'i'»'lif was waiiili'i'iii;; aioii;: llif liaiik of a rixiT lii> saw a niuskiat swiiiiiiiiiiK ill t lit- *'(!;:<' Ill till' wati'i'. lii- accostcil the latttT animal with tlit^ in i|iiii'\, '■ \\ lio air yiMi .' Alt' yon a man <»' a woman*'' Tin- niiiskrat aiiswt'ii'd. "I am a woman." Tlic wolvcri'in' inloiim'tl licr that lu^ •vniilil takr liri' t'lir a wil'i'. 'I'lic miiskrat it'plii'il, "I li\«' in tlii^ watci'; how can I \>v your wife.'" Tin- v.ohcn'm' told lu»r that HluM'oniil livi- on tilt' lanil as wtll as in tlu- watt r. Tli«> mnskrat went np on tlir hank to wlu'ic tlu' wtiKiTcnc was stallliill;,^ 'I'liry solci'tcd a plat'c iinil 8lit« hf^'an to pit'pair a liomi' tor tliriii. 'I'lu'y ate tln>ii Hiippci'M and I tiri'd. Soon alter a child was liorn. Tht' wohcrcnc Int'ormt'd his wife that it would lie a white man and father of all the white people. When this child was liorii it made a natnrai exit. In due time a seeond child was lioi ii w hicli the wolverene decreed should lie an Indian and the tatliei of their kind. This child was liorii from its mother's month. After a time a third child was liorn.and the wolverene anmninced it to be an Kskimo and father of its kind. This child was born tih iinn. In the natural coniseot events a fourth child was horn, and the wolverene decided it to he an lioipiois and futlitu' of its kind. This child was horn from its iiiother's nose, .\fter a time a tiftii <'lii1d was liorn and the wo!\erene decreed it should he a Ne;;roand fatliei of its kind. This child was horn from its mother's ears. Tlies«M-hildieii remained with their parents until they f,'row up. Their mother then called them to uethei and aiinoiinced to them that they must separate. She sent them to dilVererit places of the latid, iind, in part inj;, directed them to ^o to tlic w hlte men whi'iiever they were in need of anythiiifi, as the whites would have eveiythiiifi ready for them. Orlijin III' thr irliitisli ,v/ kt'ltir III liol watt'! iiiwl iliiHlit'd it mi ilii' lui'tist of tilt' aiiiiiiiil. Till' iiiarti'ii lii';;aii to sriatih ills Inirniii;: luisiiin anil laii iMit intu tliiMviitnls; ami litM'aiiHi' iii> was ho scvi'it'ly liiiit lie now k('i'|iH ill tilt' ilttiist'Ht t'oifrttH, away IVoiii tlic si^lit of man.' till' liiiliiiii mill his hiiii'ir iril'v. — Out' day an Imlian \\a> liiiiitiiiy aloii;; the Itiinix Ilia strfaiii ami in tlu' tlistaiiii' saw a liiavi'i's Ihmim'. Ilia iiioiiifiit lit' |it'ii-t'iv«' ami was lai tlit- point of sliootiii;^ it wlii'ii tiif aiiiiiial i'\< lainu'tl, "Do not slioot, I lia\t* soini'tliiti^ to say to you," 'l'lii> Indian iiiiiniicd, "Wliat is if you liavf to say t" Tlio lit'iivor aski'il him, ••Would yon havi' me for a wifi'f" Tlif Imlian i'i'|ilit'il. "I liin not livt< intlii' uatcr with yon." 'riir Itcavt'r answiTi'd, "Von will not know yon ait'livinu in till' watt'i. if ytiii will follow iiit;." Tlic Imlian fnitlit'i rt'tnaiki'd that In' could not livt'on willows ami other woods likf a lifavi-r. Tin' licavi'i assnrt'd him that wlii'ii i>atiii<,r tlit'in In* would not think tht'iii to lie willows. Shf atldt'tl, " I have a iiitf liou«t' to livt? in," The man ic plii'il, "M.\ Itrothcr will ln' lot)kin;: lot' mr if I romc in and In* will not know wlii'ii' I am. Thf bfavfr dirtM'ti'tl thf man to takf off his clotli in^' ami loavc tln'in on the hank and to follow hi-r. Thf Imlian did as III' was instrni'ti'd. .\s ht'was wadiii;;' thronuh tin' watt'i' hi' did not fi't'l till' watt'i lonchiii;: him: so tlit'y |irt's(>nll.\ lit><:an toswim and soon ri'ai'hfd thf lioiiii' of till' lifavtT. The Wcavt'i told him as shf |iointt'd ahead. ''Tht'ii' i> my lioint', and you will lind it as ;;iiiid and nmifori aldt' as yoiir own tfiil. " Tht'y holh t'liti'it'il ami sin- soon set iicforc him som»> t'ooti whirli hf tlid not ii't'o;;iii/t! as willow Mark. .Vfli'i' tlic\ liati sit'pt two niy;hts his hiothfr licrami' alaiini'd and wt'iit to scart'h fill him, ami soon found his tiai'k. In followiu;: it up his lirothcr came to wht'i't' he had left his clothin^t on thf hank of the slieain. The lii'other was tlistii'ssfd ,it tindiii;; such thinj:s. so went sorrow fully hack to the tent thinkin;; that his Inother had lioeii ilrowiicd, and so toltl the iitlier Imliatis when he aiiist'd, Willi a heavs lieait he went to lied ami in the morning he awakeneil ami told his w lie that he hail tireamed his Inother was living; with a lieaver. lie told his •,vife to iiiakf some new elothinK tor the lost ludthi'r as lif would -x:! and seek the haunts of the lieavei's to tliseover his ttroihi'r. The man ocen pied himself in inakiii;; a pair of siiowshoes, while the wife pre|iareil the ehithiiifj. The next tlay she had the clothinji done and he directed her to make them iiito^i small Imnille as he woiilil start on the search early the iie.xt morning'. Other youn;^ iiien desiretl to accompany him on the search, hut were ad vi.sed to remain at home as their pre.sence wtiiilil prevent him from reacliiii;; the beaver's retreat. I'larly in the iiioriiin;i he started oil. lakiiin' tlieclotliis ami snowshoes w itli him. After stdiie time he found the i»lace where the heaver l;ad her house anil in which he siispectctl his Itrother to lie livin;:. lie went to work to make a ilani across the stream so as to decrease the deptli of water aroumi the heaver's bouse. The wife had lioriie two children to the 340 THE HUDSON HAY E^i';:e kettle full of llesli was boiled for food. The )>eoitle pressed the runaway brother to eat of the llesli of the b4'av«'rs. lb- informed them that if it was the llesh of a female beaver he would not eat it. Theyt
    lied long ago. They forced him to eat a large piece of meat, and when he had swallowed it 'hey gave him more of it. The second piec(> was no sooner down ids throat than a large I'iver gushed from his side. 'I'he Indian juni)ied into ihe river, while the rest ran away in tenor and, as these latter looked down the river, they saw the man swimming by the side id" his wife who had been a beaver. Thr cinlKfimHHv hurv. — .V hare, which had lost his iMireiils, lived iriiNEril FOl.KLOKE. 841 witli bis {viaiMlinotlu'r. One day, t'ecliug very Imiifjry, ior they were extri'iiu'ly jkioi', lie a.sked his niaiulmotlu'r if lie ('(Hihl set a net to catch lish. The tihl woman hui^hec! at the idea of a liare catcliinff lish, but to humor liini, she const-nted, for slie was iudnlncnt to him because he was her only charge and h)oked forward to the time wIumi lie shouhl be able to sujtport her by his own exertions, and not to rely on the scanty sujudies which slu' was able to obtain. These were' very meager, as she was inlirni, and dreaded exposure. She then told him to go and set the net, but added that she li;'d no lire to cook them with, even if he shouhl catch any. The hare promised to i)rocure lire if he caught the lish. He went to set the net in a lake where he knew lish to be ]>lentiful. The next morning lie went to tlie net and found it to be so full of lish that he was unable to take it np. lie lifted one end and sav there was a lish in every mesli of the net. lleshnok (Hit some of the tisli and then drew out the net. I'art of the lish were buried, and a large load taken home. He put the tish down outside of the tent, and went in. He told the old woman to <"lean the lish and that he would go across the river to the Indians' tent and get the lire with which !o cook them. The old woman was speechless at such proposed rasliness, but as he had been able to catch so many lish she refrained remarking on his contemplated itrojeet of obtaining lire in the lace of sncli danger. Wliilc the old woman was cleaning tlielish he went back after the lu't which he had put out to dry on the shore of the lake. He foldeil it up, jdaced if under his arm. and ran to the edge of the river wliich was far too wide to Jump over, He used hi.-' cunning and assemliled a nund)er of whales. These animals came pulling up llio stream in obedience to his command, lie ordered them to arrange themselves side by side across the stream so that he could walk across on their backs. He most dreaded the Indians, but Jumped into the watei' to wet his fur. This being done he sprang from one whale to another until he was safe on the opposite shore. He then laid down in the sand ami bade the whales to disperse. Some Indian children soon playii long the sandy bank and saw the hare lying tliere. One of the children ]>icked up the hare and started liume with it. W'lii'U the boy arrived and told how he had obtained the hare he was directed to put it in the iron tent (kettle) where there was a inight lire crackling. The child put down the hare, njton which an old man told the boy to kill the hiMc. The hare was terril>ly friglitened, but opened a part of one eye to ascertain whether there was any jdace of exit beside the door. In tlie top of the tent he observed a larg*' round hoh'. He then said to himself: "I wish a spark of tire would fall on my net." instantly the brands rolled and a great spark fell on the net and began to Inirn it. The hare was afraid of the lire, so he sprang out of the hole in the apex of the tent. The Indians saw thi-y had been outwitted by a hare, 342 THE HUnSdN BAY ESKIMO. iiiid lu'fian to shout and itiiisue the iiiiinial, whidi attained such speed that when ho came to the baidcof the river he had not time to recall the whales. lie jiave an extraordinary leajt and deai'ed the entiie ex|i;iiise 1)1' the water, lie examined tiie net and found the lire smonlderin}?. On arrival at his own home he said to ';is grandmother: "Did I not tell you I would fjet the tire?" The ohl woman ventured to inouire iiow he had crossed the river, lie coolly informed her that he had inm)»cd across. Tlir sjnrit (iiii(lin(/ it cliihl Irft hij its porcnt.s. — An Indian and his wife had itut onechild, which was so infested with vermin that when tile i)arents contemplateiLy.oln;;- to the tents of sonn' distant friends the father advised tlx- mother to leave the child behind. The next morning after the mother had taken down the tent the little Itoy asked her "Motiier, aroyi'U not {joing to jtut on my miu'casins?" the mother replied. "1 shall put them on after I have put mi my snow shoes." The httle lioy said. "Surely y(;u are not going to leave me I" She said. "Net;" lint took '.old ol' her sh>d and started oil". The little lioy cried out, "Mother, you ai'elei' ing me," and einh-avored to oveitake her in his liare feet; Imt the mother soon was out of sight. The little hi>y hegan tci cry and retraced his steps to the ten' place. There he cried until the spirit of a dead man came to him and asked. "Where is ycair iiiiillier .' " Tiie liiiy replied, "She has gone away ami let'l nie." "Why i!id sini lea\c yuii.'" asked the old man. "Heciiisel was so cuvcred witli lice." replied tlie lioy. The sjiirit siiid it wuiild remove all of the lice, hut three. So it Itegau to pick them otf. .\fter this was done tlie sjiiiit; aslvccf. "Where di cooked the !ioy asked the old man what parts of the animal he piefi'ired. The old man said "(live, me the fangs and kidneys." The hoy gave h, in those parts and consumed the remainder himself. They laid down to sleep Mini in the morning they again started :>\\ the slci ther?" The father asked, '• Where is ho now?" The boy replied, "lie is sittiu}-- outside." The father asked his wife to looiv outside and see if any one was there. The wonuin did so and intbruied hiiu that "1 see someone sittiii}: there, but I do not know who it is." The .spirit re- plied, "Youshouhl call wr somebody when you are ho ohc to leav(! your ehild to perish " The husband directed his wife to invite the old man into the tent. The spirit declined to enter. The father then asked the son to tell him to ctuuein. The boy went «mt and conducted tlu^ old man within the tent. Tiu' latter seated himself across rlie the (this is intended to iiu'an ojipositf the do(U- but on the other side of tl^' lire). They slept in the tent that niKlit, and when the little boy awakened he found all the people preparinj;- to .snare deer. The people asked the little boy to ac- company them, lie did so, ami when he was ready to start he asked the (dd man what part r)f the deer he sluudd brinn' luune for him. The old man replied that he wouhl enjoy the luu-s better than any other part. The boy i)romiscd to briny,' a quantity for him on his return in the. evening. Towisnl «'veniu- the boy returiu'd loaded with choice bits for tlnMihl man who had comlncted him to his father and mother. While outsi.le of the tent he calhd to the ohl man, saying that he had brou-xht home some food for him. Hearing no reply he entered the tent, and not .seein^r the man he inquired of his mother where the i)erson wa •. The mother aummnced that he had d'>parteserved tlie spirit crossint-' a larj^c lake whii'h was frozen over. The boy cried out to the old man to wait for him. The spirit awaited his approach. The b..y said to him. "^yi'y did you p» away wlicn I hale, as it was only a spirit and tiiat it was returnin-- to its abode. The ohl man ad vised tiu'boy to retu.n to his people. Tin- boy did so, but the lU'Xt morning the desire to see the jfood ohl man sci/ed the boy, and auaiu he started to lind him. The other people then tied the boy to a tree and he soon for^;()t his benetaclor. r„l, of tin, liiilidii mni.—'Vwo Indian men who imd {loneolV forthe fall and wint.M's iiunt wer.> livin-;' by themselves. Tliey were very un- successful in procuriiif,' furs and food, s.. that when tlu" dej.ths of win- ter had appn.ached and the cold was intense they resolve » !./ •• If? tlic.v had no t'odd. Tliey liiially prepiued to sloop, wlu'ii one of them rtniiiikcd to tlic titlior, '*To-nif,'ht I shall droaiii of porcupinj's." They sh'pt, and in tho niorninfj tiic one related that he had soen a lot of ponnpines around the tent while he was drcaniinjjr. They determined to jdoceed. bnt the one finally tliou{,'ht if they would stfip there for the day anil sueeeediny: nij,'ht they would inive all the por»!ni)iiie meat they v.onld want. They remained there that day, ami in themid went out barefooted and killed two or three, and dashed back into tho tent with his feet nearly Irozen. He stuck his feet into the htit ashes anlicil. " What can it be. when it is sticking only in the snow?'' Tlu' other said he would try ami tind out what it was. lie cautiously examined, and found when lie began to dig it out that the arrow hauch nice tlesh so far behind them. They resolved to return for it. So they retiirm-d for the careassot'the bear, which wa-i far bchinil lln-iii, and as it had tasted so good they ()il. One of the old voIv«'s said, "Our brother wonders where yon will };et sonu' meat to cook for supper.'' One of tlu' yonnjj wolves went out and brought in a brisket of deer's meat. As soon as the wolverene saw the meat he asserted that he did not wonder about the source of the sup])ly <»f meat, but that heonly wished there was some meat rea the nii'at would cliangc into bark, lie then laid it down on a piece of clean biiishwood and when he suspected the eyes of the wolves weie in>t turned toward him lie stealthily inserted the portion of meat be twccii tiie tenting ami the poh'. Tlie wolves saw his ac't ion and in a few minutes the wolveiene became very sleepy ami soon retired. One ol the wolves can-fully dis|daced the meat from the pole, where the wolverene lia of Itaik. The wolves were on the ah-rt and one of them said. "Did I not tell you it would change into bark if you put the meat in tiiat plaie?" The wolverene iiung his head and answered, "Yes," and again laid down to sleep. I5y tiie time he awakened I lie wolves had a second kettle of meat cooked. They desired the wolverene to arise and eat his ineakliist. The leader told him to hasten with his meal, as he iiad discosered some t'resli deer tra^'ks. The wolverene thought he Would watch iiow tiiey broke c;inip and .see wln-re they put the tent- ings. lie went oil' a few stejis and whih^ his back was turiu'd the tent disappeared and he failed to discover where it was secreted. The ;ini- nials then started otV, the young ones taking the lead wliile the four old ones and the wolverene followed leisurely behind. .Vt'ter they had crossed the river the wolverene Itegan to wonder « here tiiey woiihl halt for the night. One of the old wolv«'s told him they must follow the track of the leader and they would come to the sign made for the sit«! ot the eam|). Tiiey continued for the entiie day, but Just la^fore sundown they came aiMoss the bones of a freshly killed deer from which every vestige of meat had been removed, apparently eaten by wolves; so the wolverene thought he would stand a ]ioor clianc<' of getting a supper if that was tiie wiiy they were going to act. The party t^oii tinned on the track and .soon came upon the mark for the tent site. KOI.KI.OUK. 347 Tlic wolvort'im was };liwl to mat, but sat down and lM';;aii t<> look iilifud in the distance tor tlic it'tiiniinK liunters. After a lew minutes lie looked around and saw tlic tent standing? there. The wolves tlien sent tlie wolverene lor dry brush, while they {gathered preeii branches for the tent tloor. lie brought so small a (|uantity that it would not sulhce. The younff wolves returned at the same time and they direct«'d hiiri to ayain luocuro some brush. When he returned he found they had stripped all the fat otf of the deer meat, al- though, he had not seen Iheiu liriuff any when they returned, and placeil it around the inside edKcs of the tent. The brush was jtut down and a^ain the leader Jumpeil over it and a bright, crackling tire started up. The wolves then said to themselves in a low toiuMif voi<'e: "liCt us t-o outside and see wiiat our brother will do when he is lelt aloiu- with the fat." They went outside and immediately the wolverene selected the incest and largest piece of fat and began to swallow it- The wolves at the same moment inquired of him: '•Hrother, aie there any holes in the tent <'over?" His nuiuth was so lull, in his haste to swallow the fat. that it m-arly choked iiim. They repeated their in- quiry ami the wolverene gasped out the answer, "yes." The wolves then said: -Let us go inside." The wolverene sjirang away from the fat and sat down by the lire. Tliey put on a large kettle of meat and soon had their suiiiiei' ready. They gave the wolverene all the fattest |>ortii.ns they could tlnd. Having eaten so much of the tVo/cn fat he became so violently ill, when the hot food melted the cold fat in his stomach, that he vomited a long time, ami was so weak that he became chilly iind shivered so mm-li that he could not sleep, lie asked for a blanket, l>ut one of the wolv - placed his own bushy tail on the Itody of tin- wolverene to keeji him warm. The wolverene shook it otV and exclaimed: "1 do not want your fou'-smelling tail for a blaidvct." So the wolf ga\i I, -i a nice ami soft skin blanket to sleep under. When he awakened iic annonnced his intent ion to ret u. >i to his faiuily, as they would soon be dead from hunger. One of the old wolves directed the younger ones to make up a sledload of meat for the wolverene to take home with him. The wolf did so. but made tlie load so large ami long that the widverene could not seethe rear end of the sled. When it was ready they told him of it. and. as he was about to start, he reiiuested they wouhl give him some lire, as he could not make any without. The leatlcr asked how many nights he would 1 n the journey Inane- ward, lie answered, three nights. T'uc wolf told him to lie down in the snow, lie did so and the wolf Jumped over his body three times. but strictly eu.joineMarraii};(^ it. lie tlitii sprang over it and a \mjio lliuv niivi' cvidt'iiro of tlie |io\v«'r w Itiiiii iiim. Il<> was so astoiiisiii-d that lu^ icsoIvcmI to camp tJM'i'*'. II«^ iiifltt'd solium snow and drank tim water and rctiit'd to rest, without Inivin^r lookctl at tlioslt>d. Thu Mt-xt iiiornin;;' iit> stiirtotl early and niadi' Ills ramp Ix'forr snnscl. as he was very tired, lie leathered some hinsii and ina*(e tlie tire liy janipin;; over tlie pile ot fuel. His supper was only some nndted snow whieli he drank ami retired. In the nKirninu he started to eonfinue his journey homi'ward and still had not seen the sled wliicii he was dra;;;iin;;. As he was ready to start he was so eontident of his ability to create tire that lie threw away his Hint and steel. lie tiaveled all day until toward sunset he was so fati^iu-d that he concluded to make his camp for the ni;;ht. lie was so elateil with his newly aci|uireil faculty of makin^jf tire that he eajrerly gathered a ;;reat (piantitv of dried twij^s and hranchcs, until a lary:e heap \Nas hel'ore liiia. lie jumped over it. and tinned round to see the tiames creep up ami watch the sparks lly. There was not a sif;n ot' a bla/.e or a spark to meet his ^a/.e. lie a;:ain Jumpeil over it. ami a^^aiii. until lie was so exhausted that he could not clear the to|i of the pile, and at last he knocked the top of it over, as his failin;; strcn;;'th did not eiialile him to avoid it. The only tiling left for him to do was to return for his tlint and sled, which he had so c\nltiii;.dy thrown aside. The animal berated himself soundly for liavin;: done such a silly trick. Not liavinj^seen the sled he was surprised to tind how tpiickly he rc;;ained the site of the camp ot' the previous iiiirlit. Having recovered his tlint and steel he ictiirncd, and soon had a tire started; but it was now iiciir daylifjlit. lie resolved to start on his Journey as soon as he had some v\atcr melted liu' a diink. lie be;;an to think how quicklv he had made the trip for his tlint and steel, and concluded that the ;;reat len;:'th of the sled had lu-en pur|)osely made to cause him unnecessary t'ati^'iie, as it could not be so very heavy, or else that he must be extraordinarily strouf^. lie determined to examine it. and did so. He could not see the farther end of the load, lie llattered himself that he was so very stroiij;, and concluded to continue his journey, lie attem])ti(l to start the sled, and found he could not move it in the least, lie upbraiiled himself for permitting his curiosity to };et tli(i better of his sense, lie removed a poition of dry meat and a bundle of fat. and made them into 11 load to carry on his back. He jdaced the remainder on a stap'. and was about ready to >tart homeward to his v\ ife and children, whom liv believed must be by this time nearly dead from starvation. He put the |»ack of meat on his baik and set out. That eveninj,' he arrived at his home, and as soon as his wit'e heaid him her heart was iih\t\. He entered and informed the family that he had brou;{lit home a i|iiantity of meat and fat, and had procured so much as to be unable to carry it all at once. His wife beg{;ed him to fetch her a pieet; of FOLKI-OUK. 349 incut, as s'lci wiis nearly .starved. lie wont out ami l»r(Hi>jlit in a laiKt- l)i»'('e (if lilt. Til*', wile devonred sncli a qnantity <>•' it Mint she lieeanui very ill, and siilVeifd all liuonKli (lie ni^lil. In the morning the wol- verene stated he wonld retnrn lor the meat wldeli lie had stQred away the previous day. lie started in the early niorniiiK. so as to return by daylight. As soon as the wolverene looked upon the slerothcrs have mined niel" lie knew it had lieen done because ho had looked back at the sled, although strictly enjoined ujion not to do s(» under any eircnnistaiice. lie with- ered uji the frajinu'nts which the wolves had left and returned home. When he airived there he informed hi.'', wife that his brothers had ;uined him, because they had i-ateu all the meat whicii he imd stored av.ny while ont liunlinji'. Thf Htan'tmj Iiiiliiiiin.—X band of Indians, who had ne;:lected to store away a supply of food for a time of .scarcity, were upon the point of starvatiitn. .\n old nmn who lived at a little distance from tiic camp- ing: place of tiie tiand. had wi.sdom to lay by a jfood store of dry meat and a number of cakes of fat, so that he had an abundance while the other imiirovident peoitie were lu'arly famished. They ajiplicd to him, be;;;iin;; for food, but they were refused the lea.st morsel. One day. however, an old man came to him askin^' for food foi' his children. Tiie man Ki»ve him a small piece of mcii( When the man's eiiildren ate this fodd they be^m to cry for more. The mother told iu-r little l)oy to slop cryinjr. He peisjsh'd in his clamiu' until his mother asked him: "Why do you not ^i'o to the old I'' sets kwa nc po?" (tlie name means One whose neck wrinkles into folds when he sits down). Tiiis old man hearti the mother tell her child to j,'o to iiiin, and muttered to him- s«'lf, '-That is just what 1 want." The little boy went to the ohl man's tent door, and littinj,' aside the llaissaid: "I want loconu'in." lie went in and the old man addressed the boy by hisown name.sayinj;-: " What doyon want I' setskwaneiio .'" in such a kindly voice tiuit the boy felt assured. Tlie Itoy said: "I am very hungry and want some food." The old man in(iuired in an astonished xoicc llnu'nv' aiul your meat failinf; down from tiie stajii' Tlie old man bade the buy sit down, while he went out to the staux' and selected some choice portions and brou;;lit them into the tent 1 trave them to the boy. The old man then asked the iioy if he had ami a a sister. The boy said that he hail a father, mother, and one sister. ;?:)() rm; iudsox may kskimo. fit M In* Iff Attn' till- Im),v liiiil lliiislu>«i catinp;, tlu' olil iiiiiii ilinTtnl thi' hoy to roiiuMvitli liiiii iiiul H«><- the nit'jit stipes. Tlicy went out iiinl tlic olil iiiaii said: "Now, pt lioiiif and tell your I'atlu'i' tliat all of this I'ootl will belong' to you it' lie will jjivc iiic liis ilaiiKlitiT." Tin' littU' Itoy wont aiMl i'<>|)(>att>ss to f,'iv«- his dau;:lit<'r in niai'i'ia;ic to tlii> old man. Th*> boy I'lMuriit'd to th«> old man and stated that his t'atlicr was willing; to {jive away his dau^fhter. The old man immediately went ont, took son<<' meat and tat from the sta^e, and then cooked three lar^^e kettles of fooi When this was done he seh><-ted a suit of elotluiiK' foi' a man and two suits for women. llt> |)hu'od the nicer one of the latter near his own seat, and the other two suits directly on the opposite side of the lire |dae«> (the place of honor in the tent), lie then told the little boy to call all the Indians, addiiij;: ••Tiu're is your father's coat, your mother's ilress, ami your sister's dress. Tell your parents to sit where they see the clothing," pointiii;; to the clothes intended tor them, ami tin- sister to sit near tin- old man, pointing; to his own place. 'I'lie lioy ran ont and apprised the peo])le, to(;ether with his own relatnins. The iioy returned to the (dd nnin's t«-nt before the fjnests arrived. The boy's father came tirst. and tlie boy said: " I'athei', there is your c