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" Nothing can be bought cheap from foreign countries which must be bought at the expense of leaving our own raw material unused and our own labor unemployed." OTTAWA : PRINTED BY THOBURN A. CO, PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS. X TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOB What the Country Wanta I Whv We Have Free Trade Among Our- selves 1 Self-Preservation tfce First Law 1 The Story of Life Insurance Premiums. . 2 The Bushel of Wheat 2 Mr. Lauriers Various Policies 3 " Incidentals " in Free Trade England ... 3 The Only Solution of the Problem 4 Rebuked by a Woman 4 Importation of Free Goods 4 Who Pays the Duty ? 5 Bismarck's Views 5 A One-Sided Arrangement 5 The Free List and the Reason for It 6 What Tearing Down Tariff "Fences" Means 7 The Tariff and Wages 7 Protection vs. Free Trade in the United States 7 The Factory Benefits the Farmer 8 Protection Lowers Prices. . . . 8 The Difference Explained. . . 8 Labor not " on the Free List " 9 The Two Systems 9 Diversified Home Production 9 The Nation a Family 10 Tho- Tariff and Steel Rails in the U. S. . . . II Free Trade Combines 11 What are the Advantages of Home Pro- duction 12 Sir Richard^s Billion Dollar Calculation. . 12 The ' ' Force" of Home Competition 13 Liberal Corruption at Elections 13 "Timber Policies of Local -and Dominion Governments 15 Customs Taxation 16 Protect Cfiuadianp, not Foreigners 17 How the Tariff is Levied to Promote Agriculture 17 England's Indirect Protective Policy 18 Cobden a False Prophet 18 The Financial Barometer 19 The Effects of Free Trade on th«" Woollen Industries of U. S 19 Agricultural Imports into Great Britain. 19 What Have the Opposition Done ? 19 Provincial Acts Disallowed by Mackenzie Government 20 The Price of Binders in Australia 20 H. H. Cook's Timber Limit 20 Five Years of Grit Rule 21 Samples of Grit Expenditure ?1 PAOE How Mr. Laurier's Friends 'Spend Money in Quebec 28 Members of Grit Cabinet Appointed to Office 28 Members of Parliament Appointed to Office by Grits 24 Members Appointed by Grit Government of Ontario 24 Members Appointed the Day Before Gen- eral Election 25 Grit Members who Resigned to Accept Office 25 Grits Defeated at the Polls and Appointed to Office 25 Contracts Let Without Tender by Grii, Government .. 26 Contracts Let to other than Lowest Ten- derer by Grit Government 27 The Corkscrew Brigade 28 The Liberal Party and Superannuation. . 29 Contrast between Grits of Twenty Years Ago and Those of To-day 32 Self-Confessed Corruptionists 32 Grit Members Who Got Contracts and were "Whitewashed" by Act of Par- liament S3 Mr. J. D. Edgar 33 Mr. Charlton's Opinion of His Political Leaders 34 Disloyal Utterances 34 Evidences of Canada's Prosperity Under the National Policy 35 Tlie Government and the Farmer 87 Reduction of Taxation 42 Immigration 42 The Value of Colonial '.Trade to Great Britain 42 Average Prices of Wheat, Oats, Pork and Bacon from April 1st to May 12th, 1806 42 Pork Packing in Canada '42 The Canadian Iron Industry and its Ad- vantages 48 The N. P. has Benefitted the Working- man 44 Results of Free Trade in Great Britain . . 44 A " Tariff for Revenue only," and Wages 45 A Point Worth Noting 46 Taxes in Great Britain 46 Encourage Home Industries 46 Lord Masham on Protection for Great Britain 46 Average Tax (Customs and Excise) per Capita for 10 Years— 1882 to 1893 47 The Grangers Petition of 1876 4" Mr. Mackenzie's Estimate of the Grit Character 47 Self-Evident Truths 48 77ie foreiiiner trho aliarca our proaperity should help to ptni our Th.vpk. POLITICAL "POTnT E R S. CAMPAIGN OF 1896. What ilio Country M'tiiitH. A duty f)nly upon those articles which we could dispense with, known as luxuries, and upon those which we use more than we produce. All duty removed from tea, coffee, and other articles of universal use, not produced by ourselves. Encouragement to home products, em ployment to labor at living wages, and development of home resources. Why We Have Free Trnde AinonK Our^elveH. It is often asked "If Free Trade among our own provinces is good, why would Free Trade with foreign countries not be to our advantage also ?" We have, it is true, Free Trade among ourselves throughout all our provinces and territories. That is because we are one family, one country. We are one Dominion and have one standard of citizenship, one constitution, one destiny ; that is why we have Free Trade among our- selves. Our relations with foreign countries are necessarily different from our relations with one another. They are our commer- cial rivals, and we deny to those foreign countries trade with us upon the same terms as we enjoy ourselves. The foreign producer is not entitled to equality with us in our own markets. He pays us no taxes; he is not amendable to our laws ; he per- forms no civil or military duties ; he is exempt from county and township taxes ; he contributes nothing primarily to the support of the Canadian Government or its progress and prosperity. Upon what prin- ciples, then, should he enjoy equal privi- leges and profits in our markets with our producers, our laborers, our taxpayers ? We have no way of reaching him except through the custom house. He is unknown to our tax collectors. They visit us annually, but they never visit him. The arm of out Local Government is too short and the jurisdic- tion of the Dominion Government too limited to touch anything he has or may possess. And so we say to him, " When you want to bring your compete with ours, this our natural m.irket, your ducts must have attached tion, and that condition is duties, which must ff.) int treasury, to reliovi; in part Canada Ironi the burdens them." product here to )eing our home, competing pro- to them a condi- the [)ayment of o the Dominion the taxpayers of which rest upon Nclf-Preservatlon tbe First I^aw. When nations of the earth ave exactly equal in armaments and in their ambitions, and agreed in their general policy, we may look for the cessation of war and the com- ing of the millennium. So when the na- tions are equal in point of natural resources, of industrial ability, of the power of produc- tion and the power of consumption, we may expect the laying aside of hostile tariffs and the establishment of a universal Free Trade /ollverein. But so long as one nation is weaker than another, so long will hostile armaments and tariffs exist ; for self-preservation is a fundamental law of human nature. Fifty years ago, England, having by three centuries of the most care- ful Protection developed her resources until she feared no competitor, put aside her tariffs and blandly asked the other na- tions, weaker than herself in all that makes nations great, to follow her example. But what has been their answer ? It is incon- ceivable to suppose that Cobden and Peel surpassed all the other statesmen in the world in wisdom, or that the latter should have failed with one accord to believe in Free Trade had it been in the interest of their respective countries to adopt it. Their unanimous refusal, then, to follow Eng- land's example must be based on their con- viction that what was good for her was not good for them. France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and even little Belgium, ad- mire England's doctrine m the abstract, but reply to the cajolingsof the Manchester school that they cannot become Free Traders because they cannot afford it, T/iey do not control the world's wealth, the world's marine, and the vast capital which // manufacturing is so profitable, why do not free traders undertake it t The introduction of manufactures diver»\fie» Agriculture. her three hundred years of high tarifls, coupled with her own natural wealth, centred in England ; and their circum- stances being different, as they are yet weaker than she, they cannot afTord as yet to compete with her on equal terms. They must keep up a tariff armament because, unprotected, their markets would fall an easy prey to her superior wealth and strength. Even the United States, three thousand miles away, feeling her home markets insecure against England, main- tains a high tariff. Now, all the reasons advanced by the nations named for protect- ing themselves commercially against the stronger power are particularly true when applied to Canada. She is a country of five millions. Our only neighbor is an enterprising and aggressive nation of si.xty- five millions of people. Can it be expected that our people can hold their own against such a powerful rival without Protection ? If so, then in protecting themselves against England's superior power, France, Ger- many, the United States, and all the rest have gone mad, their statesmen are blind, their experience a chimera, and the arma- ment of the weaker against the stronger a monstrous doctrine ! But what was our own experience of Free Trade ? We should never forget that, for, after all, experience is the test. The history of our industries from 1873 to 1878 tells the tale. Many were utterly wiped out of existence by American competition. Our foundries and rolling mills were closed. All our manu- facturers suffered, and through them the mechanic whom they employed, and through him the farmer and storekeeper who clothed and fed him. The volume of our trade fell from $218,000,000 to $152,000,000. The bankruptcies in 1876 alone numbered 1.588, with liabilities amounting to $31,346,154. Though the Government raised the customs taxes from 15 to 17^ per cent, deficits were an annual occurrence. Meanwhile, from the United States, the surplus products of the loom, mine, workshop and farm came pouring into the country to the despair of the Canadian manufacturer, mechanic, and farmer, while our products were debarred from the .American market by a high tariff. Surely such an experience should prevent all thoughtful Canadians from desiring a return of Free Trade, which would certainly bring about a similar condition of affairs. The Htory of 1^1 fe lusuranoe Premluma. Grit organs are forever declaring that the National Policy has been grinding down and impoverishing the people of this country, and yet, strange to say, that with all their alleged impoverishment they voluntarily contribute annually about four times as much for life insurance as they did during the time of Grit rule. The follow- ing are the premiums paid for the five years of the "Reform'' Administration : 1874 $2,844,410 1875 2,882,387 1876 2,803,310 1877 2,647,407 1878 2,610,677 It will be noticed that these voluntary payments went down, down, down like everything else during that historical period. Now, behold the contrast ! The following are the premiums paid for life insurance during the last five years under the National Policy : 1850 $8,004,151 1891 8,447,702 1892 9.070.354 1893 9.632,709 1894 9.909.275 Payments made voluntarily tour times as large and going up, up, up at the rate of nearly half a million dollars a year ! And all this while the people are being " blighted, blasted, ground down and im- poverished by Tory misrule !" Can any- one, in his senses, imagine such a thing ? The Bnishel of Wheat. Cheap as the bushel of wheat is, it will do more for the farmer to-day than it did in 1878. It will go further towards paying for his reaping machine to-day than it would in '78 ; it will pay a larger proportion of the price of his mowing machine now than it would then ; it will pay as great a part of the price of his wagon now as it would then ; the same with the price of his buggy ; it will buy far more sugar today than it would in '78, and far more cotton ; it will go further in paying for a suit of clothes True Canadians say we must strive to equal other nations in all good ivorks. Protection Itenejita the ntate by giving employment to the people. f now than it would then ; it will buy a better spade, a better scythe, a better pitchfork to-day than it would in '78 ; it will go as far in paying for his horse-rake and will buy twice as many hand-rakes now as it would then ; it will buy more nails and go further towards paying for his cross cut saw ; it will go further towards paying his shoemaker's bill, and will buy a betltr undershirt to-day than it would then ; it will do more toward.-, paying for his wheelbarrow, and it will buy a i)etter washtub in 1896 than it would in 1S78 ; it will go a great deal further towards paying for his sett of harness and will buy more wooden [laiis to-day than it would then ; it will to-day buy more coffee and twice as much tea as it would then ; it will buy a better axe, a belter pair of cvtralls, more fruit jars and more starch than it would in '7S. In a word, although the open- ing up of the fertile fields of India, South America, the Western States and our own Northwest has brought down the price of the farmer's bushel of wheat, the prices of almost everything he has to buy have been reduced in a still greater ratio by the keen conipetition ir* the manufacture of the same, in our own country, under the benign in- fluence of the National Policy. Mr. l.aiirii>r*H YarlousPollclCB. A Protkctionist. Mr. Laurier was a Protectionist in 1876. See Hansard of that year. The following are his own woMs : "What my hon. friend has said as to my Protection proclivities is perfectly true, and I means a hajijiy one, yet clung to the theory with a tanatnism worthy of certain Canatlian statesmen, 'i'he following are his reasons for so doing, in his own words : "I have given I'ree Trade a fair trial, and it does not seem to have benefitted the country commercially, industrially, 01 finan- cially, and I am overwhelmed with lamen- tations respecting the decline of trade and decay of maniitaciuring enteriirisc, and with assurances -from people fijr whose judg- ment in such matters I entertain the highest respect — that j)artial and moderate Protec- tion will remedy these evils. Therefore, I propose to give Protection a chance of ameliorating the condition of the manufac- turing and operative cla.sses and of lighten- ing the load which the budget untjuestion- ably lays upon the shoulders of the nation. As certain of the ministers with whom I have hitherto worked on my former plat- form will not range themselves by my side on my new platfi)rm, I must rid myself of them, and get others in their place, who will carry out my resolves." Prince Bismarck carried out his views. In October of the same year, the Imperial Speech from the Throne referred to the general depression of trade and industry throughout the world, and stated that the object of the Government's commercial policy would be the Protection of German industry from the prejudicial effects of one- sided customs regulations in other coun- tries. The German Parliament adopted a Pro- tective policy and still retains it with the most beneficial results imaginable. Under Free Trade, Germany was one of England's best customers while her own industries languished. Under Protection she rapidly made herself one of the foremost commer- cial nations of the world, becoming Eng- land's keen competitor in all foreign mar- kets. In 1892 she actually sold to the people of Great Britain over $127,000,000 worth of hei products. A One-sided Arrungemeiit. With Free Trade " as it is in England " the tariff relations between the United States and Canada would, so far as the All wise governments have introduced and sustained industry. The nalioi. that beninB vj-porliny Uh raw muteriul, enda by cwpurtiny it» men. ordinary agricultural productions are con- cerned, be as follows : Till' ('iiii;iilliiii Hilly w.Mii.i \,v: Till' i;. S. Diilv (WilHiiii MIIDIh: , 30 per cent. Wheat i-'rcc Barley I'ree 30 " Rye Free ao " Oats Free 20 " Corn Free 20 " Flour Free 20 " Potatoes .... Free • S<^ I»^r bush. Horses I'ree 20 jicr cent. Cattle I'ree 20 " Heef F'ree 20 " Pork Free 20 " Cheese I'ree 4c per 11). Butter Free 4 " Hay I'ree $2.00 per ton, Apples Tree 20 per cent. Eggs Free 3c per doz. Poultry Free ;ic ])ct lb. How would our farmers like such an arrangen^ent as this ? An arr.angciiient by which the Yankee farmer could place any of his products on the Canadian market free, while the Canadian farmer, to get his products to the American market, would have to pay a duty of from twenty to thirty per cent. Monstrous as this a|)pcars, it is just what the Liberal party are at present advocalmg for this country ! Previous to the introduction of the National Policy, the Tariff relations between the two countries were somewhat similar to what is shown on the table above, though not exactly so one-sided, for on a few of the things mentioned, Canada, at that time, had a small duty. Many of our farmers will still remember how disastrou.sly it operated against Canada. Over 100,000 000 of them petitioned Parliament to be relieved from the terrible elTocts of the jug- handled policy. In their petition they said, among other things ; " As pr.ictical farmers, we cannot but view with regret our markets filled with American produce free of duty, while Canadian produce is heavily taxed when sent to the United States markets ;" and they respectfully prayed for "such protection as will secure the home market for the home producer, or, that the same rate of duty be levied on all agricultural products coming into the Dominion from foreign countries that is imposed by said foreign countries upon our produce," But, bad as the one-sided arrangement was (or our farniers, |)revious to 1878, it would be still worse now. The Western States have been producing more and more from year to year, as they have been filling up, so that their competition would l)e much keener now than then, and the Armours and the Swifts of Chicago, had not the facilities then that they have now for "flooding" the Canadian market with (.heap Texas beef and Missouri " rattlesnake " pork. The Canadian farmer who remembers his sufilerings from '75 to '78 is not likely to vote for a return of the conditions, n\ an aggravated form, which brought them about. The Free lilNt mid flic KciiMon for It. The i^rcsent Canadian Tariff Act puts upon the free list very nearly one half of all the articles imported (last year $46,694,856 worth out of the total im|iortation for home consumi)li')ii ol $105,252,511 were free), while during the " Reform " regime only thirty four per cent, of the total importation was free, and this included over $14,000,000 of agricultural jjroducts which at that lime were admitted free to the great detriment of our farmers. If we deduct this $14,000,000 of free agri- cultural products from the total importation of free goods in 1878, we have only about $16,000,000 left, against $46,694,856 of free goods imported last year under the N.P. The principle of Protection is this : Any articles (except luxuries which are used only by the rich) which we do not ard can- not raise, or produce with profit in this country, but which are necessary in the common household economy of the masses of the people, such as lea, coffee, etc., cover- ing as we have said above, very nearly one ^half of all the arliclus we import, we let in free of duly; but u|)on all articles we do not raise and produce here, and in the pro- duction of which our workingmen are obliged to compete with cheap foreign labor, we place a duty, large enough to cover the difference between the low wages of foreign laborers and the higher wages of Canadian laborers, in order that the wages of our own workmen may not be reduced. We also lay heavy duties on luxuries (near- jy twice as heavy as the Grits did) such as Where manufactures flourish land and its products are viost valuable. Tlu foreign nuirktt buyt by the bu»hel, the home market by the tun. costly furs, cloths, etc., which only tne wealthy can aflord ; for the reason thai if they indulge in such expensive foreign productions, they should contribute largely towards paying the expenses o( the (lovern- ment that grants them such exclusive privileges. Wta»l TearliiK Down Tariff •'Fenoen** 91 eaus. A drit friend said to us the other day that the object of the party to which he be- longed, when they got in power, was to break down our tariff walls or fences. Now, fences are for two purposes. They are to keep things out or to keej) them in, one or the other. The fence around the wheat field is to keep stock out, the fence around the pasture field is to keep stock in. What does tearing ihem down imply? That all the rant^c stock outside will get into our pasture ami th.it our c.ittle will share the range with them. Now, it would be (imle right to suppose th.it there is not enough grass on the range for the cattle that .ire out there alre.idy, and we are justified in assum- ing that the grass inside .nir fences is better and the cattle sleeker and richer in condi- tion than those out on the range. If we equalize these things and let the^e hungry cattle from the range into our enclosed fields, we wouldn't have as much grass for our own stock as we had before. Can our Grit friends see the point ? The Tarifl* and Waffeis. Protectionists are sometimes charged with claiming that the tariff alone can raise wages and tliey are pointed to the fact that wages in I'sance and (Germany are lower than in Kree Trade England. No such claim is ever made, however, l'"rce 'I'raders have simply set it up in order to triumph- antly knock it down. What Protectionists do claim is that where two nations have equal skill and equal appliances and a -nar- ket of nearly equal size, and one of then can hire labor at less cost, then nothing b Jt a tariff can maintain the higher wages in the other. To say that wages in France or Germdny are lower than in England on ac- count of the tariff is not to read history aright. England had centuries of peace or distant war, while both France and Ger- many were the battle fields of Europe, why, within twenty-five years a victorious army entered Paris, and France was compelled to pay four billions indemnity, yet today, under a Protective tariff, she is more pros- perous than ever she was. Until Bismarck made Germany a nation she was not even big enough to enter succ-ssfully into modern iudustrial warfare. Today under a Protective tariff she is ime of the first na- tions of FCurope. To compare either of those countries in machinery or wealth to England, a hundred years in advance of them both, is absurd. I-et France and Germany get thoroughly established within themselves as good machinery as England now has, together with her factory system, and nothing but higher wages in those countries or iirolection in her own will ever save the English i)eople from ruin. Nf), a tariff will not make the blind see, the lame walk, nor will it raise the dead to life, but it is a good, sound, sensible policy for the growth in wealth and general i)ros- |)eriiy of Canada, and if it should ever be stricken* down, the people who in their secret hearts will think us the most short- sighted will be the foreigners who will pro- fit by our folly. Proteolloii vt4. Free Trade In the v. M. Protection, 1789 to 1816— Results: The nation founded ; work took the place o( idleness ; pros[)erity of po\4erty ; commerce and business flourished; people prosperous ; monev plenty. Free Trade, 18 16 to 1824— Results: Susi)ension of business ; destruction of manufactures ; workinginen idle and suffer- ing ;^reat distress ; deficit in the National treasury ; bankruptcy nf the people, states and nation. Protection, 1824 to 1833— Results : Industries established ; employment plenty ; trade and commerce prosperous ; good jrices lor .American goods ; reduction in the price of foreign goods, Free Trade, 1833 to 1842— Resu'ts Workshops closed ; soup houses opened ; work and wattes suspended ; corn burned for fuel, the sheriff the only salesman ; trea- sury deficit ; the people, states and nation practically bankrupt. Protection, 1842 to 1846— Results : If all tilled the soil, where would be the inventive brain and skilful hand. !i . 8 Tlte freedom of free trade is liberty to become enslaved. Work and wages increased ; soup houses closed ; factories opened ; good prices for farm prouucts ; happy Saturday nights ; revenue receipts and treasury surplus : the people, states and nation prosperous. Free Trade, 1846 to 1861— Results : Factories closed soup houses opened wages greatly reduced ; " wild cat " cur- rency ; revenue fell off one half ; prices of farm goods low ; the people, states and nation \vithout credit. rrotectlon, 1861 to 1892— Results : Nation's wealth quadrupled ; Industries increased immensely ; greatest prosperity ever enjoyed by any people ; homes and farms purchased ; the people, states and nation enjoying the greatest credit ; smiling Sunday morning. Free Trade, 1892 to 1894 — Results : Panic, idleness, poverty ; soup houses opened ; factories closed ; riots, bankruptcy ; Coxey's Army ; over seven hundred banks suspended ; revenues short ; loss of money equal to the expenses of the Great Civil war. It A-ill thus be seen that four times during the present century has Frcje Trade been given a trial in the United States, and four times has it thrown the people into financial distress and dragged the nation to the verge of ruin ; and four times has PrNjtection came to the rescue and led the country into an era of unparalleled pros- perity- The Factory Bencflte the * Farmer. The price of land is greatly increased by proximity to and diminished by remoteness from the manufacturing centres. Vou may find land selling at $So an acre within a few miles of a manufacturing town, and you may buy the same quality of land at $5 an acre 50 or 100 miles from manufacturing centres. And why so ? Because not only the housewife has a market for her butter and chickens and eggs and cheese, and everything of that character that is produced upon the farm, but the farmer himself li:is a market for every bushel of wheat, oats, hay, etc., and for every apple, peach, pear, cab- bage, and everything of that character that he grows upon the farm when located near a manufacturing centre ; and he gets the best price for his grain, flour, meat and other necessary articles produced upon the farm. So, in every view of it, no class ot people in this country are more benefitted by the increase of manufactures and the diversity of labor, thus putting down the price of manufactured articles and putting up the price of labor and the price of farm p.oducts, than the farmers themselves. Protection Lowers Prices. There is not a thing produced in this country fr...m a penknife to a railway car that has not been cheapened since the adojjtion of the National Policy. A revenue tarilT is always paid by the consumer. If you buy goods not produced in Canada you pay the price of such goods in the country where they were made, with the freight and duty added. The consumer pays that duty. Who paid the duty on tea and coffee when the Grits were in power ? Why the Can- adian consumer paid it. We do not pro- duce those articles and we paid their Lon- don price with the duty added — that is a revenue tariff. A revenue tariff is a con- sumer's tax, a protective tariff is a foreign producer's tax. The DifrereiiceFxpla;o!lar Sir Hiclmrd'H "Billion" Calculation. The proposition of the Free Trader is that when a duty is imposed upon an article we cannot or do not produce, its efTects ends with its payment and the duty goes into the public treasury, but should it be our misfortune to be producing the article in this couiitry, then the cost of the domes- tic product is enhanced to the full amount of the duty, and the poor consumers pay this [.'■■: into the pockets of the bloated manufiK luring monopolists. For instance, Sir Richard Cartwright said in the House of Commons in 1895 that "so far as a tariff is protective, the measure of taxation is the total consumption of imported goods plus the goods manufactured under that tariff in the country. Where those goods are double the amount miported, the tax will take $2 out of the pockets of the people for every $1 it puts into the treasury ; where the goods produced in the country under the tarift are four, or five, times the amount of goods imported, then you may fairly conclude that it will take four or five times more out of the pockets of the people than it puts into the treasury." Sir Richard then illustrates with the case of cotton, stating in effect that we import cottons to the value of $4,000,000 and manufac- ture to the value of $10,000,000. This makes a total consumption of $14,000,000, on the whole of which, according to Sir Richard, we pay a duty of $5,600,000, of which the revenue receives only $1,140,000. The gallant knight then concludes his argu- ment by saying, "As with cottons, so with all manner of articles," Summing all up, he makes it appear, apparently to his own satisfaction, that the National Policy, in sixteen years, has cost the people of Can- Canada one billion of dollars ! Now, let us test the correctness of his reasoning. He says : "As with cottons so with all manner of articles ;" and, of course, if his argument is true in one instance it must be true in all ; but if we prove it false in one, then it is false in all. We manu- facture and consume in Canada, says Sir Richard, two and a half times as much cot- ton as we import ; therefore, the cotton pro- ducers get $2.50 for every $1.00 that goes into the treasury. Of woollen goods, we manufactui ■ and consume forty times as much as we l.nport ; therefore, according to Sir Richard, the woollen producers get $40 for every $1 that goes into the treasury. Take the case of wheat and apply Sir Richard's logic. During the last fiscal year Protection tends to elevate all labor to equality with tne highest in the ivor/d. 13 Under efficient protection the foreigner pays the duty. ch col- on pro- t goes ds, we nes as ording ;rs get easury. ly Sir ;al year /d. > ■ * A « we imported 60,000 bushels, for which a duty of $9,000 went into the treasury ; but we produced and consumed in this country last year six hundred and seventy times as much wheat as we imported ; therefore, ac- cording to the gallant knight, the producers of wheat in Canada pocketed 670 times $9,000, on account of the National Policy, or a sum of over $6,000,000. Just think of it, the farming monopolists of the I )oniin- ion steahng, 10 one year, on their product of wheat alone, over six million dollars from the poor consumers of this country ! It we lake the other imjiortations of farm products and apply Sir Richard's method of calculation, we could show that the farmers pocketed, last year, the enormous sum of eighteen or twenty millions of dollars, on account of the N. P. Of course. Sir Richard's theory is false, as the farmers of the country, whom it is intended to de- ceive, will readily see when it is apiJlied to their own business. Sir Richard's billion dollar calculation logically proves nothing more than that he sometime or other commitied to memory the multiplication table. The "Force" of Home Competi- tion. The Free Trader and Protectionist both recognize a force in a customs tariff operat- ing to raise prices. The Free Trader holds that this force operates in absolutely all cases. The- Protectionist, on the other hand, maintains that the force or tendency of the tariff to raise prices may be largely, and in most cases wholly, overcome by the force of home competition, which always tends to lower prices. At the same time, he claims that the proper selection of articles to be placed on the dutiable list sets m operation certain industrial forces in this country which are advantageous to the wage-earner and the farmer — to the former in furnishing an increased demand for his labor, and to the latter in enlarging his home market. Seventeen years' experience of protection in Canada proves the utter falsity of the Free Trader's theory, and demonstrates the cor- rectness of the Protectionist's contention. At no time since the inauguration of the National Policy has the price of any article produced in Canada been greater than it was during Free Trade rule ; in fact, in almost every instance it has been a great deal cheaper. Just as Protectionists con- tended the force of home competition almost invariably effectually overcame what- ever tendency there was in the tariff to increase the price. The Free Trader does not recognize this force in his theory, hence its falsity. That there exists such a force, however, our experience during the p,ist seventeen years l:learly proves.It is this force that the Protectionist aims to api)ly to the widest possible range of the articles con- sumed in Canada. It is this force by which the protective tariff achieves its chief bene- fits, and which every thoughtful Grit should seek to measure and understand. lilberal Corruption at £leotiong. After the general election for the House of Commons in 1891, there were 25 sup- porters of Mr. Laurier unseated, more than a quarter of the Liberal representation. Their names and seats were as follows : — Mr. Trow, South Perth. Mr. Gibson, Lincoln. Mr. Tarte, Monlmerency. Mr. Borden, Kings, N.S. Dr. Spohn, East Simcoe. Mr. Truax, East Bruce. Mr. Forbes, Queens, N.S. Mr. Barron, North Victoria. Mr. Hargraft, VVest Northumberland. Mr. German, Welland. Mr. M. C. Cameron, West Huron, Mr. Proulx, Prescott. Mr. Davidson, South Ontario. Mr. Hyman, London. Mr. Murray, Pontiac. Mr. Gauthier, L'Assomption. Mr. Colter, Carlton, N.B. Mr. Grieve, North Perth. Mr. Harwood, Vaudreuil. Mr. Mousseau, Soulanges. Mr. Allison, Lennox. Mr. Featherstone, Peel. Mr. Brown, Monck. Mr. Bowers, Digby. Mr. Savard, Chicoutimiand Saguenay. It was proved that a large portion of the Liberals', corruption fund was contributed by Mr. Mercier, the Liberal Premier of Quebec, and his allies, from the money they boodled from the people of Quebec. A tariff for revenue and not for protection taxes the food of the workinqman. 14 It is easy to ruin in a year industries built up in a generation. This wholesale corruption of the constit- uencies by the Liberals was nothing new, as is shown in the records of the courts. In 1874, Mr. Mackenzie and his col- leagues disolved Parliament to have one elected more purely. The result was that the following supporters of the Liberal Administration lost their seats for bribery and corruption at the general election and subsequent bye- elections, twenty-nine in all : Major John Walker, London. Mr. M. C. Cameron, Huron. H. H. Cook, N. Simcoe. Mr. Norris, l.incoln. Mr. Shibley, Addington. Mr. Jodoin, Chambly. Mr. McGregor, N. F^sse.v. Mr. Irving, Hamilton. Mr. Wood, Hamilton. Mr. Devlin C. Montreal. Mr. Biggar, E. Northumberland. Mr. Aylmer, Richmond & Wolfe. Mr. Wilkes, C. Toronto. Mr. Prevost, Two Eountains. Mr. Higginbotham, N. Wellington. Mr. Gushing, Argenteuil. Mr. Tremblay, Charlevoix. Mr. Macdonald, Cornwall. Mr. McNab, Glengarry. Mr. Mackenzie, W. Montreal. Mr. Stuart, S. Norfolk. Mr. Kerr, W. Northumberland. Mr. J. Lome McDougall, S. Renfrew. Mr. O'Dpnoghue, E. Tconto. Mr. Dymond, N. York. Mr. Murray, N. Renfrew. Mr. McKay, Colchester. Mr. Chisholm, Halton. Mr. Coupal, Napierville. Majo Walker, one of those unseated, spent over $10,000. ■ Thirteen of his sup- porters were reported by the court (or disqualification. It was one of them, Madiver, who wrote to a friend : " Come along John, come and help us put down bri- bery and corruption. Vote for Walker," adding, " Tear this up and burn it. Come along John, we have lots of monty." The Judge declared the corruption was unprecedented in his experience. Another agent, Dr. Haggarty, con- fessed, "I have spent between $500 and $600. About $300 I spent in treating and influencing." He was rewarded by the Mackenzie Administration with a position in the Northwest. Col. Walker's reward came from the Mowat Administration, a registrarship. Mr. H. H. Cook, who was unseated for bribery, confessed to spending $28,000 in two elections : "In 187 1, I spent $13,000 ; in 1872, $15,000; in 1874 my expenditure was much smaller." The Reform Govern- ment gave him (after theii defeat of 1878) an enormous timber limit in tha Northwest. Mr. Ma/co/m C. Cameron, unseated for bribery, confessed in court, to spending from $10,000 to $14,000. The Superior court to which the case was carried, said : "There an3 strong grounds for thinking that the respondent, Malcolm Colin Caniei-on, was guilty of personal hribtry. Had the Judge wiio tried the case found the respon- dent guilty of personal bribery, we would have mstained the judgment, as it is we will sustain his ruling. In the same election of 1874, the Man- ager of the Ontario Bank, by instructions from the Hon. John Simpson, President, wrote to customers of the bank, a letter in which it was said : "We are largely in- terested in the success of the present Gov- ernment, and its continuance in power will add largely to the success and prosperity of the bank." The writer then urged the person to whotn the letter was addressed, to vote and w.ork for the Liberal candidate. Sir Richard Cartwright did not fail to hand over the anticipated reward, for he greatly increased the Government deposits in the bank, not bearing interest. Mr. Simpson's own description in court, of his proceed- ings was : "I mesmerised them in batches of fifteen or sixteen, and turned one hun- dred that night at (}lens." It was the same Hon. John Simpson, to whom the Hon. George Brown, the great chief of the party wrote, in reference to one of the elections : " We must make a big push on polling day, will you come down handsomely ?" Mr. Justice Wilson declared of Mr. George Brown's letter : " It is a letter written for corrupt purposes to inter- fere with freedom of election. It is an invitation to the recepient, as one with some others and the writer, to concur in committing bribery ;ind corruption ;\t the polls." In 1878, they were eilhtr more moderate Where there are no manufactories the fanner's children nncst emigrate. Man- oderate 15 Whatever tends to diminish the number of artificers discourages agriculture. or covered their tracks better, having only seven unseated for corrupt practices : — Mr. Hughes, Niagara. Mr. Aylesworih, Fast Hastings. Mr. Christie, Argenteuil. Mr. Wheeler, North Ontario. Mr. T^a Rue, Bellechase. Mr. Smith, Selkirk. Mr. Perrault, Charlevoix. In 1882, the Liberals were still more careful, having only three of their candidates unseated for corrupt practices at the general election and subsequent bye-elections : — Mr. D. W. Allison, Lennox. Mr. (;. W. Ross, West Middlesex. Mr. Thos Keefe', Lunenburg. In 1887, they returned to their old prac- tices, having the following candidates un- seated for corrupt practices at the general election and subsequent bye-election,s : — Mr. Waldie, Halton. Mr. Campbell, Kent, Ont. Mr. Gauthier, L'Assomption. Mr. Mallory, East Northumberland. Mr. Piatt, Prince Edward. Mr. Edwards, Russell. Mr. Robertson, Shelburne. Mr. Lovitt, Yarmouth. Mr. Colter, Haldimand. Thus, since the trials of election cases were entrusted to the Judges in 1873, no less th^n seventy-three cases have occurred of Liberals being unseated for corrupt practices, while on the Conservative side there were only forty-eight cases among a far larger number of elections, they having been in a considerable majority most of the time. With reference to disqualification for personal bribery, the record of the courts show up Grit hypocricy in an even more marked manner. Here it is : — Grit members disqualified 8 Conservative members disqualified . . . . i Electors draw your own inferences and especially watch the Grits when they howl " purity " loudest. Timber Policies of liocal and Dominion GoTerumviils. When the Dominion Lands Act was first enacted in 1872 by Sir John Macdonald's Government, it was provided that leases to cut timber on Dominion lands should be put to competition, either by tender or at public auction,, and f'ranted to the highest bidder. The Act further provided that the leases should be for a period o{ 2/ years ; that the annual ground rent should be $2 per square mile, which was the ground rent charged in Ontario then ; and that in lieu of stampage there should be a royalty of 5 per cent, charged upon all sales of the product of the limber cut upon the berth. Every effort was made to induce lumber- men to go into the country west of Lake Superior for the purpose of manufacturing lumber for the use of settlers upon the terms and conditions thus provided for, but without avail ; and in 1874 the Reform Government changed the law so that 2 t -year leases to cut timber could be obtained in unsurveyed territory without public compe- tition, Under this law the Keewatin Lum- bering Company, McCaulay, and thi Rainy Lake Lumbering Company obtained from the Mackenzie Government 21 year leases of the most valuable timber tracts in the Lake of the Woods country, subject to a ground rent of only $2 per square mile per annum and 5 per cent, royalty on the pro- ceeds of the sales of the timber, as already stated. When the Conservative Government came into power in 1878, they found the law in this condition, and they also found it desirable to continue for a time the policy of disposing of timbei berths with- out competition, but they raised the ground rent to $5 per square mile per annum, and passed regulations requiring that the holder of a timber berth should make a survey at his own expense within one year from the date of the Order-in Council authorizing the grant and within the second year have in operation a mill capable ot cutting daily not less than 10,000 feet board measure for every fifty square miles under license. Under this policy a con- siderable revenue was derived from the timber, but what was of far more con- sequence, mills were established in various localities in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories where settlers had taken up lanti, but where there were no means of obtainmg a supply of lumber from outside. Compeliiion was in this way encouraged to so great an extent that the price of lumber, which at first ranged from $30 to $40 per The pretended science of fne trade denies the principle of nationality 16 Durinij free trwlc tinirs the hidliff tiniJ the. Kliniff wore piospe'rons. thousarif], acrordin^ to qiinlity, was reduced in 1885 to about $11 to $i,^»iier tliousand. To-day, therefore, it can he iruthhilly said that as a result of the policy of the Con- servative (lovernnunt, a fair revenue has lieen derived, and what is of vastly greater imi)ortance, lumber has been made almost as cheap to the settlers as it is in the east- ern provinces. Findini; such to be the case, the (lovernment in iS8e changed the regu- lations so that all tiie timber ])roperty of the Dominion should be disposed of by public competition, and that policy applies to every inch i,f the public domain controlled by the Dominion (lovernment, from Lake Superior to 'le Pacific Ocean. As to the merits of the respective policies of the Government of Ontario and the Government of the Dominion of Canada in regard to timber limits, it may be pointed out that the Government of Ontario charge a ground rent of only $3 per square mile per annum, and indeed, for many years . they only charged $2 per mile, and that once having paid the bonus which is offered for a limit, the purchaser may hold it for an indefinite period without working it, and may sell at an immense profit without having done anything in the meantime to develop its resourses, or in any way add to the wealth and prosperity of the country? The Dominion Government, on the other hand, charge a ground rent of $5 per square mile per annum and require the purchaser to survey the birth at his own expense within a year, and within the second year to put up a mill capable of cutting 1,000 feet board measure in 24 hours for every 2j4 square miles covered by his license. In other words, the principle on which the Ontario Government disposes of the timber is to obtain out of it the largest possible revenue without reference to the advancement of the country, while the principleof the Dc^minion Government is alfo to obtain the largest possible revenue, but at the same time to insist that these limits shall not be held for merely speculative purposes, but shall be immediately improved so that settlers within reach of them shall be supplied with lum- ber. The Ontario Government charges stampage upon logs when cut. This stamp- age is not, it is understood, equal to the 5 per cent, royalty upon the sales which the Government of the Don^inion impose ; but the royally of 5 ])erceni. is considered by l^ractical limibeiinenlo hi' the fairer charge, forthe reason that until he makes a sale him- self the hmihernmn is not cmnpelled to ])ay the Government's share; and the conse- quence is that men of average means can go into the lumber business under the Dominion Government system, whereas under that of Ontario only rich men can conduct a business in timber accjuired from the Government, with any hope of ultimate success. These being the chief grounds of com- parison as between the tsvo systems it would appear that they are altogether in favor of the Dominion Government. CuHtoiiis Taxation. The customs taxation upon the people of Canada, measured by the ainount of duties collected, was less in 1895 than any year since 1880. In respect of the )>er capita incidence, the taxation of last year has been exceeded eighteen times in the last twenty-three years. Tne largest sum ever collected from customs imposts was in 1890, $29,014,908 was turned into the treasury, or about six and a quarter m'""T dollars more than was obtained last year. A part of the decrease in revenue is due to a lessened value of goods im- ported, but not all of the decline, by any means, is thus accounted for, as the rate of taxation has been lowered nearly 5 per cent, since 1889. The following table will be found interesting, as showing the move- ment of customs revenue, the average per ''ent. of duty levied on goods entered tor consumption, and the aixiount of duties paid per head of population : Per Duly Revenue cent, of per duty head. 1880. . ..$14,138,849 $19 70 $3-3.S 1883.. .. 23,172,308 18.82 5'23 1885.. ■• '9.133.558 18.61 5.22 1890. . . 24,014,908 21.21 5.01 1893.. .. 21,161,810 17-38 4.26 1895.. . 17,880,622 16.94 3-5 1 Last year the customs taxation bore compar atively lightly on the people. The • To btcy cheap and sell dear we must buy crude and sell finished commodities. 17 No nation Itus ever built up yreat iudustriei Hlioul niitnral barriers or legal protection percentage of duty on goods entered was diction? It seems preposterous to legislate lower than in any other year since the es- against the industrial interests of our own tablishment of the National Policy, and the peoi)le; yet this is exactly what the I'rce per capita taxation was less than in 1872 'I'raders demand; and they are never so ($3.61), 1873 ($3-55), 1874 ($3-77), or well satisfied as when benefits and privileges 1875 ($3.95). The duties, moreover, are are taken away by unprutective tariff legis- so adjusted a: to fall most heavily upon lalion from our own citizens to confer them luxuries. Mol.sses bears a rate of only 9 upon foreigners. For as much as somebody per rent., while silks are taxed 30 per cent., must be i)rotected — either the citizen or the and spirits are levied upon for revenue foreigner — common prudence no less than purposes to the extent of 220 per cent wise statesmanship suggests that |)rotection should be accorded to the man at home, not to the stranger abroad. Protect €aiinrs. undressed 20 p. c. ation ? Why should it b-little or retard the ^'^'' '"'^' ''"f " ^' *^'^''^^- ,, , • r ■. ■. , 1 1 BiiltiT per II) 4 cents. well-being of u.s ciiizen to enlarge or ad- ciiees.- per II) Scents. vance the well-being of the alieMi ? Why CDndensod milk Jlt i)). .'! . ! i^cents! should it not provide and enforce such a Apples jkt harivl 4(icents. tariff of protective duties as will secure our }'''"'/'' ',"''" ''"'''";' • ; ' ; '"' "'"'^''• ■ , . • . .1 1 . liiicU wheat per husliel lOoeiits. home markets against the desperate p,,,„. ,,,,, i.iUel lOcents. and Oisastrous floodinf;s of tori i;j;n compel- potaloi-s pi r liuslie! l.T cents. ition ? Can anybndv give a rejsoiia' le Rye iht busln'l lOcents. defence of discrimin.il'iiii in favor of Hyo Hour per banvl .^Ocents. strangers and aliens, v.'lio hpve no personal ,."'-^ pi ion ^^ , ^. , '. ^ ' , \ I'LTi'iabl's -J.) I), c. stake in the ])rosperity of our coimtiy, wiio iJaili-y pm- ini^licl ;iO p. c. pay no taxes for the support of its govern- Indian cnrii ]n'i- l>inli(-l 7?jUints. ment, who are not ainenable to iis enact- Buekwb. at 111 -al p- r Id J cert. ments. nor to the process of its courts, J.'"'" m,« .l i.er barrel 4()e>.nts. , ; k I < 1 • • . • ■ fats per bushel 10 cents. , who do not defend it ai,'ainst inv.ision OMtmeal |.er ll> 20 j). c. and who are in every way beyond its juris- Wheat per busiu-l l.'i cents- The difference of wages here and abroad is the meanure of protection needed. 18 Taxes on tea and coffef protect no Canadian industry, Wlieat flour per barrel 7B cents, fered an open market for bread, English- TomatwH, fresh, im-t l)U8hel 20cpnts. ^^^^ hoped thereby to make it so advan- TomatooH, corn a'»'l l>«an« *" "".".". P'|*ii eente. tageous to other nations to follow agricul- Picklefi! . . . . ., . '. . . '. . . . . . . . . . . '. '. '. . . . 85 j). c. ture, that England's control of manufac- Malt per bushel M ccnta. tures would be left undisturbed. HopHperlb flci-nts. y^j ^ few years the new policy sue- prcheHTrT 5'ce"nr ^^^^^ed ; no longer obliged to pay high Fruit in ns per lb i.'* cents, duties to sell bread m England other coun- Fruit pi .-served in spirits per gal ..$8,00 tries found agriculture more profitable, but Jellies, jams, etc.. per lb Siconts. after a time the world's agricultural supply Honey per lb ni!''*"*^^' so increased as to narrow the profits, and Maple sugar 20 p. c. ^, ^ . .. • ^. .• • . .u Cider. reHnod, per gal lOcents. thus turned their attention agam to the These items show how the produce of '"anufacturmg industries which gave Great the farm is protected but the agriculturist B''"^'" ^"^^ ^^^'l''- Kach decade witnesses may bring in free of duty a great many i^ more earnest determination of all civilized articles he requires for his own use. Here "^"°"^ '° 'J" ^^^" »*" manufacturing, and are some of the articles admitted free: more vigorous measures .- employed to Animals for improving stock. ^^''' ,^"^^,1 ''" "°^ ^"^'^."'^ « ' ^nculture is ggpg practically ruined, and, in mary lines, her Bones, crude. manufactures .ire being under iold in her Blast furnace slag. own markets by those of foreig.i countries. Domestic fowls to improve stock. Had Cobden's prophecy, iha'. all nations Guano, bone dust and other animal and u j .. v t j -lu- vegetable manures. would adopt tree Irade within ten years Vidian corn for ensilage. of England's doing so, been fulfilled, all Oil cake and similar feeds. would have been well to-day with the manu- Rennet, raw or prepared. facturers and agriculturists of England ; but, Jawn lumber, not dressed, or on one side ^^^ f^^^ „,.^^ -^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^f^^^J ^^^^^ ^^ Laths, palings, fence posts &c. them all the difference in the world. Seedling stock for grafting. •* Seeds, beet, carrot, flax, turnip, miingolds &c Locust beans and meal for feed. Cobden a False Prophet. Tea, coflee are free, and sugar up to No. 16 An English agriculturist, writing recently Sn^per'b o^Ut. °"^ " ^ ^ "^ i" the .J/a;vt /««. £x/>ress, concludes his " communication with the following significant parallel ; — EnKland*B Indirect Protective '^ l>nli<>v Some of Cobden'a asser- Proofs of false prophecy : M-wii^j'. tions that converted Peel England has practically never abandoned and Gladstone : , ° ,. c ,. ,.• ^ I. r "Land would not be Nearly 2,5no,ow acres the policy of protection to her manufac- driven out of cultivation have been driven out. turers. The plan was changed, when it £^4^*m'"*'P«»' °^ "'« ^'°'"" appeared that other nations were learning "Liind owners have Rents and agricultural «.i: i..„ „f „,„„., <»„»,.-^ „„j ii,„. tu^V, nothinsr to fear from Free land have fallen from SO to the value of manufacture and that they Trade in Corn." to .5ii per cent. would become manufacturers in spite of the , " ^n » country growing if all land in cultivation . ,. ' in population and ad vane- 20 years ago was worth direct protective policy. ingin prosperity, land al- t.'iOan acre, and has fallen l^nnlick c^'lfAcr>lon ivoro nfirciiorloH thnt wavB increases in value 40 per cent, that is a loss iinglish Statesmen were persuaaea that and without any help from of £20 an acre. their manufacturing supremacy .tlready *'\^S,T"T'l ^ r. , ^ » ,„„» J ijuuiju I- a: ■ \. 'The land of England In 1862 we grew 17,000,- gained could be held by making a sutncient world produce 25,000,1 00 000 qrs., in 1892 only about hifl for the mnrkets iif other rntmtrips which qrs. of wheat per annum." T.o-XJ.oooqrs. DiQ lor tne marKeis 01 ouner countries, wnicn - ,. ^e would always have Freights for wheat are they foresaw would surely be lost to Eng- a natural protection of lOg, now considerably below 2s. i«„i n, r«„t «c ne Ka/>oma wo.^., 6d. pBT qr. ou Wheat in the per qr , and it has actually land as fast as other nations became manu- ghape of carriage from been carried free, PJ bal- facturers for themselves. Hitherto, in ■*'.r°^" , ^^ „ 'a?'-^ . , J , „ , J • -r- 1 J » -J We might as well Not a single nation on order to sell bread in England, outside na- doubt that the sun would earth has followed our tinna huA hi«fn rnmnpllpH to nav TTnalnnrl'i! ""''^ "n the morrow, as example, and all are heav- tions naa been compeiiea to pay lingianas ^ou,,t j^at in ten years iiy taxing our goods in re- duties on 'bread. If, now, these duties every civilized nation on turn for a free market ' J J .1 .• /• earth would have followed here, were removed and other nations were of- our Free Trade example." Men are driven from a country which denies them diversified industries. 19 A home market enrichca the land; a foreign market impoveriuhet it. Tbe Flnanolal Rarometer. The following fi^jures, compiled from official returns, prov«> n* a glance, the superiority of a protection 'arifT, as com- pared with Free Trade, for tre people of this country : UNDKR FREE THADE. Dcpoflita in Post 1874 1878 Office and (Jovt. Savings Banlcn. . Deposits in char- tered banks Banic notes in cir- culation Dominion notes in circult^tion «14,021,270 $14,188,185 77,113,7r)4 00,013,756 27,904,003 18,175,570 UNDER PROTECTON. Dpposits in Post Otllco and (Jovt. Havings Hanks. . Deposits in char- tered banks Bank notes in cir- cnlation Dominion notes in circulation 1878 80,476,850 10,528,666 1805 «14,128,185 $57,578,081 60,013,750 180,004,130 20,476,580 30,807,041 10,528,000 81,307,750 An analysis of the above figures show that: UNDER I'REE TRADE. Deposits in Tost Office ami (.lovt. Savings Banks Increase per year Deposits in c ha r t e r e (I banks Decrease per year Bank note.H in circulation. Decrease per year Dominion notes in cir- culation Deciease per year UNDER PROTECTION. Deposits in Post Office and Govt. Savings Banks Increase per year $2,565,758 Deposits in chartered Banks Increase per year 6,744,189 Bank notes in circulation .Increase per year 607,732 Dominion notes in cir- culation Increase per year 039,357 $ 21.000 2,219,099 1,485,000 531,000 The Effects of Free Trade on the Woollen Indngtry of the United States. By special arrangement the operation of the Wilson Tarifi Bill for revenue only as far as woollen goods are concerned, did not take effect till December 31st, 189.;. The following table shows the disastrous results of its first year's operation upon the woollen mills of the New Kngland States alone : Total mills atTectod 82 Mills shut down 14 Mills on (|uarter time 10 Mills on eighth time 5 Mills on lialf time 1 Mills practically closed 2 Operatives practically idle . . 7,600 Estimated annual wages of these operatives one year ago $3,000,000 EistmiattHl annual wages of these. . operatives to day 87.'),000 Iif>srt to country in wages 3,625,000 Loss to country in raw material. . . 0,000,000 Airrioultural ImportM Into Oreat Britain. The imports of the leading agricultural products into Great Britain have risen, per capita, as follows : 1871 1881 Wheat and flour 154 lbs 219 lbs Other grains and meal 84 " 97 " Dead meat 7 " 22 " Dairy Goods « " 12.}" Eggs, in number 13 22 This is what Free Trade has done for the British farmer. 1891 246 lbs 123 " 29 " 10 " 34 What Hare the Opposition Done X What have the Opposition to the Do- minion Government done that they should secure public approval ? 1. They opposed the purchase of the Northwest Territories for $1,5000,000. 2. Tjiey opposed the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 3. They opposed the construction ot the Grand Trunk Railway, by opposing the public aid given to that enterprise. 4. They left our market open, while in power, to the American farmers, while their markets were closed to us. 5. They advocated in opposition a Commercial Union with the United States. 6. They were ready and anx'ous to dis- criminate against Great Britain. 7. They increased our taxes while in power three millions a year. 8. They taxed tea and cofJee that every man uses. 9. They increased our debt $40,000,000 Workingmen should beware of voting themselves into free trade idleness. 20 iVo itHtwlij iiyrionllnrnl I'ouittry hnn ever Itefti or ever will lut wi'uUhu, and left noihiriK to show fur it l)Ut a history o( (lefuMts. io. They incrcasc'l tho siipcranniialion expenditure four limes us fast as have the Conservatives. II. Whilo i)r(.'aiisive indeed, and, liesidcs. the heavy expense of deiiverin;^' the machines to them altiT they forive in MeilKnirnp. We minlit siiy, in con- iKetion with this, that theraii'viiy 'ini-jiimies do not lake' niaeliines knocked down in l)iec(H, as they do here, hui e.i"y m:ichino hus to !)(> .set n\> in Melhourne ;in,| lo.iil.don a Il;tt.(.'ariih'eadv sc't ii]!, iiiid y(Jii are snlli.ji'nl ly ae'jUiiinnd with frei;;hi mailers to kiiovV tliat ih" e.spcn.se o!' deliveiinj^ inii hines to r.ir hdaii'l |)ohils, set up in Ihi.s "aN , is also \cry ;;veiit. If ilie person woulil only take jiains to n'o into the niatlei- liioioiijilily, ho nii^ht siifiik more tnitld'idly. loul \v(;idd j;ain cri-ater favor anion,i.;>i the Patrons of lliis Pnomee than iie ran On by iniikinj^ siieh f.-.l.^e statement, ::» il. will, sooner 'or later, r'lleet hack <:n ldin.-"lf. Yonis II Illy, MASSKV, HARRIS CO.. Ltd. The wealthy claasea in England desire free trade in order to keep down lenycs Pur- 21 lloiiif iiioiliiiiinii ri III mill (he UiriJJ into a tax vn our Jurcign rivula. H. H. rook*M Timber l.liiilt At the i;ciit'r.il elections held on llic lytli •Sf|)lcinl)er, 1878, the (Irii (ii)vcrninent was ovcrwhehninnly defeutecl. I'hey, however, held on to oltic Ministfr of tins In- terior rcprcsiMilin^; timl Im'Iii^; of ()|iinioii tliiit it wouiil eiicouiii^t' unit fai'ilitute Mettlt'inent in the V'lilU'v of the :'.iiMl(iile,liewiiii, if faeili- ties were allonled for obtainin;; lumber at u reasonable price, which he learns cannot bo done at the present time, I.e leeommendH that a Timber Jeiidltiire. In 1870 the Grit (iovornmont paid ?!3!.>,()70,0-l fof expenses of the Canadian Commi.'^sion at the Centennial Exhibition ]• (Milladelphia, Everybody knows that the Contonnial was but u " side show " compared with tbo VVorld's Fair at Chicago three years ago. The following What free trade does for agriculture j* to convert consumers into competitors. 22 Free traders say wc muat not attempt labors in whi h other nations excel are some of the items taken from an official return, \''hich go to make up the Bum named : H. R. Lewis, 8 green lounges $ J. P. Hand, 1 pocket screw Herbert M. Morse, 1 lb. candy E. Helmbold, oysters John Gilmore, 1 case champagne " 1 case Chateau claret John Oilmore.I gallon pale sherry " i dozen Port wine (superior) : . John Oilmore, i dozen Blancho Sauteme John Gilmore, 1 do?., pale sherry " 2 bottles Hennesey's brandy , John Gilmore, 1 gal. pale sherry " 1 case Plea-^ant Valley wine John Gilmore, 2 doz. Bass' ale " 1 gal. pale sherry '« 4 doz. Bass' ale '• 2 bottles Hennesey's brandv John Gilmore, 2 jjal. pale sherry. . . . J, Perrault, Annie " rent of room (special) Wm. Akers, use of chamber sett J. Perrault, paidM. A. Raseh for break- ing plates, goblets, wine glasses. . . . James Walker, i doz. towols W.B.Weir.l month's rent ol house James P. Femiell. 1 wine basket. . . . John Gilmore & Co., 3 doz. Bass' ale. John Gilmore & Co., i doz. Urbanna champagne John Gilmore & Co., 1 bottle Hen- nessey brandy John Gilmore & Co. , 1 still catawba . . Lafayette restaurant, 32 dinners Lafayette restaurant, 5 champagne (extra) Lafayette restaurant, 50 cigars Lafayette restaurant, 1 box cigarettes. Lafayette restaurant, flowers John Gilmore & Co., i doz. Clavelle claret John Gilmore & Co., 1 case Urbanna wine f . .' John Gilmore & Co. , 2 doz Bass' ale. John Gilmore & Co., 1 bottle sherry. . John Gilmore & Co., 1 gal. d & g. sherry John Gilmore & Co., 1 doz. Clavelle claret John Gilmore <& Co. , 1 doz. Bass' ale. . Washerwoman, washing J. Perrault " J. Perrault, washing . jifton& Ward do Cooper, Faimian & Co O'Brien, Sullivan & Co L. Beaucage M. O'Leary M. J. Hogan F. X. Leniieux .1. Mannion W. Kennedy Halifax Coal Co Sprinhill Coal Co Kingston Loco. Works Lowest Tender. (2) 1100,000 283,935 67,880 313,160 312,265 12,194 12,300 21,882 22,010 15,243 89,000 117,745 42,lli0 1,722 19,271 2(i0 1,300 182,(130 74,820 9,(KX) 5,177 8,(149 1,090 4,039 Cl,50i> 320 384 ()03 84 1,0S0 40 35,(i04. 3,011 190,909 38,750 13,000 133,2s,; 543,085 531, (>07 4,700 173,000 5,8.57 4,101! 3,109 1,000 17,800 13,140 5,1135 5,411 55,(KK) 14,000 1,780 45,000 22,000 1,085,871 189,12(1 363,420 377,250 30,000 310,405 450 470 17,824 10,528 11,353 170,820 40,600 40,500 25,360 Excess over lowest tender at which work was let. 814,205 43,645 410 12,830 39,735 511 2,617 28,240 10,544 11,351 27,440 32,255 97,145 807 1,708 390 •200 29,910 12,466 10,339 1,478 1,087 975 571 18,033 32 90 201 11 250 10 13,542 207 9,091 09,100 'i.S9,"o'25(3) 10,578 27,635 0,343 5,9-14 2,019 3,000 495 3,900 3,180 1,072 590 12,000 18,700 220 35,800 15,000 15,489 54,030 42,774 25,700 1,000 5,915 25 05 2,980 751 .3,148 3,599 4,050 10,800 150 Work. Breakwater Chantry Island Welland Canal do do do Flour shed and wharf, St, Gabriel Basin Toronto do Ottawa do do do do do Stoncy Mount'n I'enitcnt'y ■ ■ Exam. Warehouse, Toronto.. U. C. Penitentiary Roof East Block Firewood R(!niovo snow Olllces West Block Goderich Harbour Coboiirg Harbour Itichilmcto Harbour Pelewawa River Dam St. Maurice River Trestle work, Sussex, N. B.. (Jus War'lise, St. JohnStn.. Intercolonial Fence Intercolonial do do Supply poles do ilo Intercohmial .Stition Stellarton. I*etnl)ina Braneh Tel. line to Fort Pelly (See foot note (2) (See foot note (3) Steel rails ;La(dilne Canal Iron gates, Ottawa [Masonry West Block Coal, Ottawa Sheds, &c., Ottawa Marino Hospital, Sniiris i do Que j.Iordon Bay, N.S jOak Point Harbour Port Stanley Harbour lOross Isle (Jolville Bay, Breakwater ■Shippegan Gully, X. B., Breakwater. . . Stitious, N. B Halifax Station Steamer Steel rails Tel. line L. Sup. to Ft. Garry Grading, &e.. Fort Wm. to Shobandowan Do. Red Riv. to Cross Lake.. Transport steel rails Lachine Canal Removal snow do Intercolonial do do Terminus, St. John, N. B, Supply Coal do Locomotives Reason. None. None. Conditions not ful- filled. Have other con- tracts. None A. P. Mc- Donald. No reason. Withdrawn, No reason, do do do Withdrawn. No reason. Withdrawn. No reason. do Withdrawn. No reason, do do Decli.:ed. To satisfy Hamel, Declined. No reason, do do do do Declined. do No reason, do Declined, Security wanting. No reason. No reason. Swaj>. No reason. do Withdrawn. Declined. No reason. Declined. No reason, do do do do do do Reclined. No reason. do Swap. No security. No reason. do do ilo Withdrawn, do No reason— swap, do do No security. No reason. do do If Canada were to adopt free trade, the United States and all foreign countries icould rejoice. 28 The system of protection fosters a spirit of national self-independence. Contracts Let to other than THE Lowest Tenderer— Continued. Date. Ciintract. Lowest Ten.lir. Excess over lowest teniUir at wliidi work was let. Work. Reason. 8 Jan. '77 Htrcl Co. of Can ii,4IO 10:i,0INI 51,500 1,443,175 A I' Mel) iiialil 200 2,,si)0 1,5(H) 150,1)50 4,047 7,2'25 11,777 0,725 1.0 100 402 10c |)er ton 1}1,H19 04 75 02 8,:i21 700 450 1,115 Car wheels. Ja.s. Crosscn Out. Car Cci Cars lK'll do 29 Sei.t. "77 Hnucy, Hancy Si I'airy. ., Pet*rson & Ivhw Uo do Iron stuireaso, Ottawa HeatiUK a|i|iaratiis Ware- house, Montreal 4 Sept. '77 K. Mitchell & Ca J. Harvey 25 July '78 Ottjiwa River (U> 10 Aug. '78 L. Fant«ux Coal . . Withclrnwn. 6 Auy. '78 L. 0. Malcttc Kent & !St. Louis gates, Que . . I't. DuChene Hreakwatt^r.. . . St. Joiin Havings Bank lloclu 1- liay Breakwater liavlielil Breakwater P. O. Windsor 22 July '78 11. lieauinont & Co Uoeunrnd Kiigincor N'o rea.soii. 2« Auk. '78 5 Oct. '7S Geo. J. Grant S. Martin 10 Auk. '78 15 Oct. '78 Jas. W. McKeuzic Will. Toms ilo do (I.) Tliey refused several other contracts to this man claiming he was an insolvent. (2.) SIH.iHOaiul prollts yearly for maintenance. (8.) §4,000 yearly and all prolits for maintenance of Tel. line Fort Pelly to Edmonton. (4.) Iji;ili,025 and S2iJ,iK)0 and iirollts yearly for inaiutcnauce Tel. line Edmonton to Cache Creek. The Corkscreiv Brigade. In 1878, the Grit Government of Ontario sent a jaunting party of eight or ten persons up the Lakes, at a cost to the province of nearly $7,000. The following are a few of the items taken from official returns, which go to make up the account : Paid for (i corkscrews $ 1 ."iO " 4 doz. Beaum claret 48 00 " I case extra old rye 6 00 " 2 bottles cognac 2 40 " J do/., sherry 7 00 2 flasks Hollands 1 ,50 " 3 doz. ai)ollinari3 (5 75 " 100 H. Clay cigars 10 00 " 1 tin cut tobacco 1 50 " fi ladies ties 9 00 " 4 hair cushions ] 1 00 " 6 fishing rods 1 oO " 50 pipes 12 50 " 50 pipes 7 " 1 doz. scissors 1 '■ 1 doz. purses. !! " 2 cases champagne 50 50 80 60 00 00 00 Paid for 2 bo.\es H. Cllavs $15 00 " 1 doz. bath towels 5 00 bottles port (i 00 " 6 bottles brandy 8 50 " 4^ doz. tins ox tails 3 50 " i sardine opener 50 " 1 box H. Clay cigars 4 50 " 8 boxes solace tobacco ("4 16 hotel bill 57 00 147 50 " 54 75 137 70 " " 33 50 " Livery 25 50 Pullman car 39 00 " 20 00 " 9 00 " AVagner car 7 70 " cigars 4 50 wiue 6 00 vk-ash 3 70 b.ar 90 wash 1 10 board, Jliases Wood 39 10 ale 1 case sparkling saumer V< 1 case Beaum ]'• 1 gross toy books 00 1 doz. mirrors ... 2 40 3 doz. tobacco boxes 10 80 8 dozen match boxes 4 80 7 silver plated mugs 17 50 1 case champagne (pints). . . 29 00 « doz. Bass' ale 16 .50 3 bottles angostora 2 70 2 doz. seltzer 2 50 2 doz. apollonaris 2 00 4 boxes herrings 1 60 4 boxes cigars 36 00 2 80 wine 21 70 hack 7 00 brandy 4 00 theatre tickets 7 50 bar 80 dinner for party 25 00 wine and ale 13 70 hacks 16 00 washing 10 00 cabman 8 50 team to station 5 00 team to penitentiary 8 00 sundries of party 27 50 1 box cigars '/ 50 1 bottle wine after 4 00 Free trade for Canada would inure only to the benefit of foreign nations. would be their gain. Our loss ■ * • ■ • 00 00 50 50 50 50 3 70 90 1 10 39 10 2 80 21 70 7 00 4 00 7 50 80 25 00 29 EiKjland built vp her indii.itiica uiule)' the most liyid s//s/r»t of protectiou the ivorld has ever seen. Paid for 20 yds. ribbon II 00 •' pliotogrtiphs for lockets 12 00 ■' 1 bar Hiiiip 75 " KilbH, HUKiir 3 00 " i doz, butler knives 1 38 " 30 pairs overalls 30 00 " 30 llannel sliirts 57 00 " 1 do/,, troll hooks 5 50 ' • 1 doz. troll lines 5 00 " 2 doz. troll books 5 50 " i doz, sinkers 75 " ii doz. socks 3 00 •' 40 lbs. suf-ar 4 00 " 1 doz. mos\\ 17S .Oil ;t,8,W !t2 Cucik, LVIiii riiniils... .04 00 S4 I,2>7 4() K ij,'.T, J. H I".-,! ( Ifcc 4'i 4'.i!l .'iii 0,110 W KiMliiiiil, S .\-riiMilt . :iO '.'li-.' 118 4,'.i:)'.P 18 Kiviiili, 1, It I'ulili.' W OH 017 10 11,00,') 45 (luilin, 1, CiiiiiilH . , . ii'_' 217 lis 4,04:i 84 Hull, J (.'u.l'iMn. OK 4:i4 62 7,7.S,') IB lliiwr, John I'st orce 02 l,;)',ili 02 2(i,,'>!i8 42 Iliiiit-r, Jii3 Canals.,. 05 07 OS 1,!I!I0 14 Kiiiiliir, K Piu'l'inciit ,'i0 l,ii4S 80 21,1:10 08 KiiiK, .1. W JiintUv^ . , 40 OOS 04 12,008 09 1,11 Croix, U.. Customs .'>0 07.') 10 12,II0,) 00 I.e Hiii'iir, P I'st orue 0;l 1,024:12 IS,!.^ 25 T.imlsny, A T. 11. Qui'. 42 7,s:l :iO 15,275 52 I.nwcliiii, H.J Marine,. ,57 285 00 ,',,474 00 Mcr.'ilitli, K. A IntiTior . 02 2,520 UU 42,000 00 McMillan, Uuv. H..SI itistic'l (Jlliui'.Hrx 41 4S8 88 8,030 88 N'utting, CM " — 145 ,50 2,007 9,5 lVrkins,T Custoina.. 00 :100 00 0,070 70 I'niccll, Jaa " 60 ;tOO 43 0,470 54 gninii, K Iiil. Iti'i'.. 4j 347 70 7,245 00 Ityan, W. A . Statistic'l oill.'c,Hf)£ — 75 72 l,:i50 05 St. Amour, Is l"st Of'.'O 37 150 72 ;),014 35 Tuck, Geo Cust:)nis.. 02 114 01) 2,280 00 WoocJgate.A r'st<)reo02 1,552 45 31,170 60 DIED IN lS!)4-95. Ahern.Wm Canals... 51) lOSi 53 7,022 07 liurlaul.IJ Customs.. 72 210 (K) 14,140 00 Hill, Tims Marine... 02 21ii 8; 3,440 00 Klioiles, J State,,,. 49 115 20 2,092 35 Total 910,109 37 *:iir,751 84 Some of the civil servants superannuated bj' the Liberals have drawn the following amounts to J une 30th, 1895 : Jolm liington, Amlitor Goncnil $42,558 K, A. Meri'clitli, Deiuity .Miuistir Iiit.-rior 42,000 (ii'o. Futvoyc, " .Militia :;o,i:!9 H. Iti-rnaril " Justice :-8,071 A. Woo,l|,'ale, Insiiector of Post OIHcs, N. .S 31,170 This shows how enormously the super- annuation fund was burdened by the ad- ministration of Mr. Mackenzie and Sir R. Cartwright. To ascertain how and why the burden was incurred one or two salii-nt ex- amples ni:iy be taken. Mr. Langion, who stands at the top of tlie list, having drawn the largest- amount of sunerannuaiion in the history of Canada, was superannnatt'd a few nionihs bef(jre the Liberals lesigned. He lived for sixteen years longer, an'l ' ii.ilf of that tiii:e re- ct ived a good salary as one of tlie financial officers of a prominent joint slock company, strong evidence of his reccignized capacity lor liiithcr work of lh:it nature. liut though he conld ivive continued to fiil i', his post as Auditor-Cjeneial w:is wantLd lor a zeal- jT/te value of every farm is increased bjj its neurucss to a vtunufuctuving centre. 30 There is no nuck thing as free trade, except between England and Ireland. unfortunate friend Administration, so was unnecessarily ous if somewhat of the Liberal Mr. Langton shelved at a cost to the country of $42,550. Ten years were added to his term of service to complete his annuity, a practice against which the Liberals now inveigh. Mr. E. A. Meredith, the next on the list, was superannuated on the eve ot the de- parture of the Liberals from ofifice. He, too, has since served and is still serving at a liberal salary one of the great financial institutions of the country, so he also is plainly valued as being still fitted for work, seventeen years later, but his office was also wanted for a friend of the administration, In his case an addition of three years was made to his term of service to complete his allowance. Further investigation would show similar practices in other cases of superannuation by the Liberals. Loud complaints have been made by the Liberals that the Conservatives have added years to the term of service to add to the pension or to mal;e up the minimum qual- ifying term of service. Mr. McMuilen, M. P., gave in the House a table, published in Hansard, 1S95, of certain superannuated civil servants with their length of service and years added, prefacing the list by the ob- servation, " I will give a few more names to show how this Act has been abused." Yet in this list of fourteen asserted Conser- vative abuses,_;?r'^ only were superannuations by the Conservatives and no less than nine by the Liberals. In a subsequent table professing to give amounts paid in and received, Mr. Mc- Muilen includes a number of superannua- tions by the Liberals, though expressly stating that all were superannuated by the Conservatives. But this is not all. In the five years of Liberal administration they added years to the time of actual service in 34 cases of superannuation ; the years thus added totalled 269 ; the average time added was eight years ; the percentage of years added to actual service was 42 ; the number of cases under the ten year limit was 9, the time served in two cases being only three year, and in two others only five years. As a means of comparison it may be stated that in the five years under Con- servative administration, from 1891 to 1895, (the latest given in detail) there were 15 cases of added y^^ars ;igainst the Liberals' 34 ; the years amounted to 88J against the Liberals' 266 ; the average time added was less than six years against the Liberals' eight ; the percentage of years added to actual service was 30 against the Liberals' 42 ; the number of cases under the ten years' limit was two against the Liberals' nine ; and in no case were the years of actual service les.s than five. Nor was the former Conservative admin- istration of superannuation a precedent for the reckless management of the Liberals. In three years and a half from the adoption of the system to the assumption of office by the Hon. A. Mackenzie, there were 14 cases of added time as against the Liberals' 34 in five years ; the years added amounted to 96 against the Liberals' 269 ; the average time added was seven years against the Iviberals' 8 ; the percentage of years added to actual service was 37 against the Liberals' 42 ; the number of cases under the ten years' limit was only one against the Liberals' 9, and in that case only one year was wantmg, whereas two of the Libi^ral cases were of three years' service and two others five years. In another manner the Liberal Adminis- tration over-loaded the .Superannuation Fund. Their superannuations, where the ages are given, averaged an age of 59 years, less than the minimum — Co years — prescrib- ed for superannuation without exceptional circumstances. liesides this, in six per cent of the cases, the age is not given, thus prob- ably concealing some of the worst cases. Altogether, as far as confessed, 28 per cent of their superannuations were under 60 years, of which 12 per cent were under 50 years, 5 per cent, being even under forty. Comparing as before, the Conservative Administration, for the last five-year period, their superannuations averaged nearly 64 years — well over thj minimum age instead of being below it — and only in a single case is the age not given. In the Liberal campaign pamphlet "Facts for the People," No. i, is published a list of civil servants with the sums paid by them into the Superannuation P^und and received from it. Nearly half of these gentlemen were And Ireland illustrates hotv tliat system affects her. SI is ii a 81 •■» Is it right for a Oovernment to maintain a school and wrong for it to maintain a factory f superannuated, not by the Conservatives, as is insinuated, but by the Mackenzie Admin- istration. They are as follows, with the amounts received, brought down to the end of the last fiscal year ; — Q > u M Q o Bi »ooo vo d" «-- O O vO lO 1/-) O t~- lO «- O I- rToo" n" i-T O o ON 4/^ e M O N m 00 Q 1--. o t M o ro Q Z M r^ t^ o "t ON s N r>. -too .■o N 00 •< b 1- N 00 to fo a\ Oh ffl- fa o u o m 5 IS . o '. ^ »-c I— ' C K5 I- w. 1) «5 iJ . c 13 c . ?- >. (U P (U >> XJ o ^P4 < 6X3 3 (l the (■(msticueiiey for u .simi- l:ir lengtli ot time. Spe;iking from memory, the expcn.-ier. ''tl. and m.'ildiiir a i-ough esf,iniate I place them at silJi.OOO to !f l."),OUO • they certainly did nor excfc.l tlu' lalter sum, Tiiat amount I paid mysi'lf ; f do not; know auytldiig about sniu'^ jiaid by my friends. In \h1\ liie ex- penditures were nuieh smaller, ijeeause I tluiiit;!it I would liHVe the sympathy of the pi'oj)!.' ill con.sef(Ui'iiee of my exiHJiulitiires in 18T-' The following cullings from Jtllection TI7i// nend Cauailiaa ijold to biii/ ol' fiirir!(jiirr:t any product oar own farmers can mffleieidlij nupply / • // ire rentnct Chinese labor, why not rentrict the product oj ChintH labor t Court records may be read in this connec- larf^ely interested, also received printing tion : contracts from the dovernment. Their "I entered my election outlayM as mi«8ion- bills were as follows : ary expenseB'-J. MorriH. M P. Halifax Citizen Co.— 1875. "Wo muHt makea biKpuMh onpollini^day ; „.,,.,. Z will you come down liandHomely V" (Jeorge rrinting for V. O. Department. . $8,t40.99 Brown. Printing Monty Order Offices . t,oiyj$ "Comi! alonfc, John ; come and help put Advertising 2? 00 down bribery and corruption ; we've lots of ' ^' mon''y. So coniealong- — J. Madiver. "When I go into an election, I go in to win, $10,199.74 and don't care a d — what it costH."— H. 1876. Brown, Chairman (Jrit Converition. PrintinR for P. O. Department . $n,2s8.n "I mesmerized them m batclien of fifteen Printin., \i,^nox, r^rA^r nffi^u,, " „ ■« .,- and sixteen, and turned a hundred that night Pr "''"K Money Order Offices . . 940.25 at (Hen'B."-II<.n. John Simi.son. Advertising 79.60 "I spent 86,000 in conteHting Russell, which contest I claim to have had a good effect in $14,277.96 subseciujntly securing that constituency for Tnfnl d. ,ttt^ the Kei-orni party."-Hon. Malcolm Cam- ^"' :».24.477-70 eron. A contract for carrying steel rails was Many more extracts of this kind might given to Mr. Norris, the member for Lin- be given, but suffice to say : During the coin. Supplies for railway purposes to the last twenty-two years no less than 73 purity- amount of nearly ten thousand dollars were loving Grits have been unseated by the purchased by the Government from Mr. Courts for bribery and corruption at their McLeod. the member for Kent, N. B. elections. Nearly forty thousand dollars were paid in 1875 6, 7 to Mr. Uannatyne, the member Orlt 9femberf« Who Got Contractu '°'" Provencher. Here are some of that and were '< Wliitewaslied" by gentleman s items in the Public Accounts Act of Parliament. \?^ ^°1T- ., „ ,. TO /- »« A r o I I .u Provisions, M. Police $28i;9.i;i In 1875-76, Mr. Anglin, bpe.iker of the q^j^ ^j^, '^ p^jj^.^ * ^^ ^ House of Commons, received from Mr. v„,';^u;' \a d„i:„*J T,. , • , r> , • . ^ . rurnisnings, M. Police 100.00 Mackenzie s Government printing contracts handles, M. Police 27.50 which, having no Job printing office o gpirits, M. Police 74 50 his own, he fanned out to Chubb & Co., of Miijtia Transnort 6 St. John, N. B , pocketing a comfortable o,^i,„ ,„„„^ „,„ \/i ' oJ:.. '^'^^ ■'■ .. ', , „° jj ,, saclcs, ropes, etc., M. Police 7S.0o margin as "middleman." Here are Mr. r»„rr,;,,;«„ i ,„^e o.,.,„i:„„ 1 Sneiker-rhilU • Dommion Lands, supplies 12.62 speaker s bilib . p^^-f^^ Survey, supplies 8944.36 c T u I? ' ^^'- » d- /- Fort Francis I, ock, supplies 2006.84 St. John Freeman, priming, etc. .$7,196 31 public Buildings, N.VV.T.,supplies 133.94 „ „ „ '■ 47100 M. P. Buildings, provisions, etc. . 8454.17 „ „ ' „ ■■ 1400 indianE — grain, sacks 8.00 „ „ „ ■■ 300.00 Indians— flour, etc 692.56 $8,126.31 $23,690.34 jg-g ' Thousands were also paid to Mr. Cun- St. John Freeman, printing, etc . . $8,984 70 "'"gham, the member for New VVestmins- •> ti u ciSoo ter, and to Mr. Workman, the member for « , ti cc [ ' ^gQ 2 . West Montreal. The following letter of It 1: II ,.., instructions was sent by Mr. Braun, the * " Secretary of the Public Works Department^ $10 263 94 '° °"^ °^ ^^^ Government engineers em- Total $i8i39o"25 P'°y^^ °" '^^ Lachine canal : in which Mr. Jones, member for Halifax, John G. Sippell, C.E., Montreal. and Mr. Vail, member for Digby, were Sir,— I am directed to authorize you to The more a nation can produce the leas it needs iopurchate and the more it is able to purchase. I \ 34 Free Trwie ttlli a piece of inm or<- for a cent ami Ihiija it back an watch »prini/iiJor |500. purohnHo. until further onlort<, from Mrwrti. iron IIS iiiiiv Im' i'i'c|iiii'i'il in t'oiiiit'Ctioii with th(- t'linulH iiiicicr ><>iir clmrxi'. (Sk'I) " K. MltAlJS. St'c. Now, who "directed " Mr. Uraun to write this ii.'lk-r ? 'i'hc result of this wlioltsale violation otthe Indepciuicnce of Parliament priiin|)le was that the I'ri'niier was com- pelled, in order to save Mr. Speaker and some of his best sui)porttrs fron\ the jiains of the law, to hrinj; in a hill relievini^ them of the penalty. The stern upholder of the purity and integrity of the Commons had to whitewash the i'ir^t Commoner and a dozen followers ! Mr. J. IK K'iKiir. In January, 1874 , Mr. lulj^ar was defeated in Mf)nrk. lie showed the fresh, ^ajjing woimd to his leaders at Ottawa, and was at once des|Kitched on (iovenimenl service at the country's exjienso to the Pacific slope. His ijill will be found in the ruiiiic Ac- counts for 1874, part 2, pa^e 155, and Public .'\ccounts, part .', p;if^e 178; 1871 .1. I). IsiIkju. account of ex pi'iiMOH loHrilirth ( 'olinnhiii | 6,000 ]87.')~J. U. KH OH ileK>t;iitn to Uritisli (Joluiiil)iii 1 ,000 Total #0,000 Odier than that he gorged his poetic soul on the grandeur of the Yosemite and then let it loose in a series of letters to the GM>e, there is no record of what he did for the country. Mr. riiarlton'ei 4>|>l»l»n <*f HIh folltical liCiulcriii. The conditions have not in any way changed since Mr. Charlton wrote the fol- lowing letter to one of his friends in Eastern Ontario : "With a French Catholic leader, and imder the manipulation of such unscrupulous macliine politicians as ,T. D. Edgar ct al, I have not the utmost confidence in the im- mediate future oi the Reform party. Excuse my delay in writing you. I have been away from home and very busy most of the time. Very truly yours, JOUX ClIAUI.TON. " l>islo}-nl Utterances. Mr. Laurier attended the famous meet- ing on the Champ de Mars at Montreal on the a and November, 1885, to protest against the Cxeciiticm of Louis Kiel. If anything were wanting to prove the serli- tious character of this assemblage, it is to be found in the fact that amid the cheers of the crowd was read the following telegram irom the open, undisguised foes nf Britain in New York city. 7ii tlic C/iiiiimiin of t/ie Kul /ndi,ii>ialion /nrctiiii; : "We tender you our warinext HyinpiUhieB anil we aNsiire you of our earnenl support agiiinKt OniiiKe brutality anil MugliHli tyranny." (Sigiiiil) J. I». MiitPiiv. Paihick Foui). It was at this same meet in;;, after the cheers which followed the reading of the above message h:nl died away, that Mr. l,aiiri( r said : "l( [ liiul liren living on 111 '-'nlv^ of (ho SaNkatiliiWiUi when the re\oi. molie out, I hIkiiiIiI niysi'ir liavo taken qi iirins against the (iovernniiMit," A year afierwards, while addressing the peasants at Chambly, Mr. laurier used the same words with this addition : "\Vi' ;ire now on tlie clasyvlh875 767,536 Number of ai)ptications to the Minister of Agriculture for patents 1,428 3.387 Number of copyrights and trade marks registered 466 1,047 Number of settlers IS.323 23.363 Value of money and efTects brought into Canada by settlers 803,506 2,540,681 Number of public schools 12,869 17,06^ Number of children attending public schools 882,060 1,041,859 I'here is not a single manufactured article in Canada that is not cheaper lo-day than it was in 1878; 37 During the Orit rule, thejarmer's wife had to give ten dozen eggs Jor Jive yards of cotton. MANUFACTURING. 1881. Capital invested $164,957,/^ '!3 Value of raw material worked up into finished products. 179,929,193 Value of finished products 309,731,867 Wages paid lor working up the raw material 59,401,702 Number of employes 254,994 Number of persons employed in mining . 6,541 Number of persons employed in fisheries 22,905 Number of persons employed in making textile fabrics, _ cottons, woollens, etc ' 44-337 Number of persons employed in stone, clay and glass industries 7,726 Number of persons employed in furniture-making and house-building 12,809 Number of persons employed in making machines, tools, implements, etc 37)274 Value of machinery and tools 36,000,000 Working capital invested 75,000,000 Average wage paid for man, woman and child 233 Population 4,324,810 1891. $354,620,750 256,119,042 476,258,886 100,663,650 370.256 13.417 27,079 71.847 12,608 19.183 49,422 80,803,265 181,450,137 272 4,833.239 Tbe GoTernment and the Far- mers, Since they came into power in 1878, the Liberal-Conservative Administrations have devoted special attention to the interests of the great agricultural community of Canada. DEPARTMENT OE .AGRICULTURE. Nearly all the Departments have had a share in this work, but naturally the interests of the farmer are the more especial concern of the Department of Agriculture. Experimental Farms. — The Central Experimental FarVn was established near Ottawa in 1886, and branch farms soon after in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, the North West Territories and British Columbia. Excellent and most useful work has been done by them ever since, especially in regard to experimenting with different kinds of grain and other crops, with fertilizers, feeding of live stock, identi- fying and giving remedies for noxious in- sects and plants, testing seeds and fer- tilizers for individual farmers, distributing in enormous quantities new grains and other seed, and fruit trees for trial in different localities, and a multiplicity of other matters, useful and instructive to the farmer, the dairyman and the stock-raiser. The information thus obtained has been widely circulated in the yearly blue book of the experimental farms, embodying re- ports and special papers by Prof. Saunders and the able chiefs of the different depart- ments, besides a number of bulletins issued fron: time to time on various sub- jects. The value of the information thus given, and the appreciation of it is shown by the fact that more than 50,000 farmers and others have had their names placed on the list tc receive these publications, which are sent to them free. An immense num- ber of farmers visit the experimental farms, and addresses are often given to these visitors by the staff, who also address many meetings of farmers throughout the country. Dairyng. — Prof Robertson, the Dairy Commissioner, and a staff of competent assistants, have visited cheese factories and creameries throughout the Dominion, have addressed meetings of dairymen and farmers, and have given practical instruc- tion in dairying. At the Central Farm the best methods of making cheese and but- ter have been tested : experimental dairy stations, dairy schools and travelling dairies have been established and worked, with the result of the in nrovement of dairying throughout Canadii, and its advance in provinces where it had previously been comparatively neglected. The Dairy Com- missioner has made annual reports full of valuable information, published in a separate blue book, and distributed in great num- bers, besides bulletins giving instruction in cheese-making for all the mont! ;, from Uuder the N. P. the farmer's wife gets ten yards of co' ton for five dozen of eggs. 38 A protective tariff keeps out goods made hy cheap labor, fjivei our own workinrpnen employment and keeps our own money at home. May to October, and on other subjects of importance to dairymen. Since the estab- lishment of the experimental farms, and with the encouragement thus given, the export of cheese 1 as increased from 78,112,927 pounds, valued at $6,754,636 in 1886 to 146,004,650 pounds, valued at $14,253,002 in 1895, the excellence of the Canadian cheese being proved by the ready market found at a .satisfactory price for this large quantity. Its quality was also shown to the world by its extraor- dinary success at the great Chicago Exhi- bition, where it almost monopolized the prize list, the expense and trouble of collect- ing and caring for the exhibit being borne by the Department- A similar success in butter-making has recently been aimed at by special instruc;tion and encouragement. To further this object in January, February and March, advances at the rate of 20 cen^s a pound were made by the Depart- ment for winter-made butter, which was sent to Great Britain with favourable results. This action was followed by the inauguration of the cold storage service, with refrigerator cars on the railways, cold storage at Montreal and refrigerator cham- bers on stermships, a system so successful that it is be.ng extended. Mr. Derbishire. President of the Pvastern Dairyman's Asso- ciatioti, and of I'le Ontario Creameries Association, a pron inent Liberal and party candidate, gave ev. dence before the com- mittee of agriculture, of the great benefits resulting to_ the dairy interest from the government's action. Dressed Meat Trade. — Prof. Robert- son had been preparing tiie details of a similar plan for aiding; the establishment of a dressed meit trade with Great Britain. The Ministei ». f Agriculture had $60,000 placed in the Supplementary Estimates for this purpose, but the Opposition prevented this attempt to enlarge and improve the market of the Canadian stock-raiser, obstructing this vote with others by the threat to talk out the supply bill, and thus refuse all supplies if the vote were j^resscd. Quarantine ov Live Stock. — In 1879 "The Animal Contagious Diseases Act" was passed, and under it and subsequent amendments and regulations an excellent system of cattle quarantine has been esta- blished and maintained. Ey the efficiency of this service, the live stock of Canada have been kept entirely free from con- tageous diseases, none existing in the Dominion. Contagious iilearo-pncumonia, though prevailing in the United States has been altogel'ier excluded, and in the only case when it was imported in 1886 from the United Kingdom, where it hai been wide spread, it got no further than the quarantine station where ii was extirpated at the co3t of the slaughter of all the aninials exposed to the contagion. Since then for ten years not a single case of con- tagious jjleuro pneumonia, imported or local, has existed in Canada. Similarly the "foot and mouth desease" which has afflicted 1/oth the United Kingdom and the United States has never been allowed access to Canada, where the " rinder|iest '' is also unknown. Other live stock have also been protected, though at the present time hogs are being slaughtered by hundreds on account of contagious disease in many counties of the United Kingdom, where pleuro pneumonia is also appearing in various localities. The enormous loss ir the herds of the United Kingdom, Aus- tralia and many foreign countries tlirough these conta;;ious diseases and the cost of the efTorts to extirpate them, have been spared to Canada and our farmers by wise precautions and energetic action. For some ysars this immunity from contagious diseases obtained for Canadian cattle the privileged of being conveyed inland in the United Kingdom, instec^d of being slaugh- tered at the ports like those from other countries. This jirivilege has been with- drawn in spite of the protests of our Ministers of Agriculture and of Sir Charier, Tupjier as High Commissioner, not on account of any defect in our quaran- tine system or its enforcement, which the Im])erial authorities have recently declared to be perfectly satisfactory to them, fcut from a mistake of their veterinary officers in confounding a few cases of noncontagious transit pneumonia with contagious pleuro- pneumonia, a view held to be errr"^ous by the highest independant veterinary .lUthori- rities of the United Kingdom, France, the United States and Canada. The exclusion is now openly declared, against only a faint defence, to be designed for the protection of British cattle breeders, net against disease, but against outside competition. The false and unpatriotic charge made by Our Oodernment should be as exacting from foreigners as from Canadians Make them pay duty, tvhile we pay taxes. I -V 39 Duriiuj the eujht i/earn prcrions to 1894, Ihc proilicl of the /'arms in England declined 42 per cent. f some opposition members that it is due to neglect by our quarantine authorities is flatly contradicted by the Imperial Agricul- tural Departmert. ExHiiUTiONs. — The department has con- tributed largely by grants of money and other aid to the success of exhibitions of the produce of the farm, the stock yard, the dairy and the orchard, both in Canada and foreisjn countries. Our appearance at the Jamaica Exhibition has stimulated our trade in flour and other agricultural pro- duce with the Wesf Indies. Through its aid and encouragement, Canada made a most successful showing at the great Chi- cago Exhibition, obtaining i,oi6 awards in agriculture, 1,175 '" ''^'^ stock and 65 in horticulture. In cheese Canada secured 736 awards out of 849 entries and the mammoth cheese made under the supervi- sion of the Dairy Commissioner attracted much attention and admiration. It gave liberal aid to the North-West Territorial Exhibition in 1895 at Regina, where the entries of live stock in particular were ex- ceptionally good and unex|)ectcdly nu- merous. Yearly grants are made to the Agrici'ltural Societies of the NorthWest Terr'.tories. The Statisticai- Branch. — Tiie Sta- tistical Year Book gives considerable F|)acc to the chapter on agriculture and dairying ing — 78 pages in 189O, be-ides further in- formation useful to the farmer in other chapters. Tiie fourth volume of the cen- sus of 1 89 1 contains statistics concerning farm produce, live stock, (!tc, Various pamphlets have been published, ainont; others one on the market in the West Indies for farm produce, another giving similar inforiiijttion in regard to South and Central America, and monographs on " Che,:i:in ri.s, 1(1.^1 (i7ii,U& I,li51.|i72 l,(10;;,7'.i.-. 2,ii.Vi SlU to U.S. iMl,.V..3 n:i(1,8:;-' 777,411(1 SSO,008 l,l.i5,i!.W l,:l():'.,37'.> 894,749 !i84,117 Imiini-ti"! from all Cdiiiiti'it's. I,:i.-.S,'.i'.'ii iii'ii.i.L':! 8si),S(i4 8o:i,000 2,0:4,ili8 •J,l!2:l,2r,9 :i',8-JJ,499 2,.04(l,081 Expiirti-il t(i M Cimiitrii'S. N'l) ri'turiH. Xo 'i-tiirns. Xo ri'tiirii.'i. Xo rctuni.s. 1,227,70 l,04ii,288 From the above it will be seen that the settlers' effects exported to the United States last year amounted to but very little more The Value »1' Colonial Trade to Ciireat llrtlain. Mr. W. H. Mitchell, of Burley in-Wharf- dale, near Bradford, a good exponent of fiscal federation, says, in a pamphlet on that subject ; "If we take tho statistics of tratlt; between Cireat Britain on the one siile, and the three countries from wliicii wo ih'aw our chief foreign .sui>plie.s of loud and raw materials — tho United States, France and liussia — on the otlier. w than ten. and one Australian mt)re than fifteen citizens of the United States, France and Germany. ATeragc Price.s of Wheat, Oat!«, Pork antl Itacon from April \st to May ISth, 1800. To- Mont- Chi- ronto. Buf- real. cago. falo. c. c. c. 28it lOj- !i4i 7 4i 4| 5} 4 A 4f They were no sales or quotations of wheat at Montreal for the six weeks men- tioned. c. Wheat per bushel. . . 78 Oats 27J Pork (mess) per lb. . (W Bacon 5| Pork Pjicking in Canada. The following stati-uics of pork packing in Canada are ])ublished in the annual report of the Cincimuiti Price Current, the chief authority on this subject on the continent : — Year. No. of Hogs Year. No. of Hogs. 1875-6... .144,989 18H6-7 2.56,485 1876-7.... 244,742 1887-8 216,214 In 1878, it took three-quarters of a ton of the farmer's beef to pay for his bugyy. To-day half a ton loill do it nicely. • I 43 Lord HrniKj/uiiii once iiai(.l " Kitgland should destroy foreign manufaclureH in their cradle." i- Buf- ;o. falo. c. i- 73i i 4f i 4f ions of cs men- Year. No. of Hogs. 1877-8 104,7:18 1878-9 rJ4,8.")4 1870-80. . . 195,870 1880-1 1»4,0-,>0 1881-2. .. 186,087 1883-;< l(lS),r)39 1883-4 i;57,(i38 1884-5. ...210,148 1883-6. ...101.870 Year. 1888-9. 1889-00. 1890- 1.. 1891-2.. 1892-!}.. 1893-4.. 1804-5.. No. of Iloga. , ..178.4S() , ..2;!H,:u9 , ..32(i,SHO , ..3r)0,,-),'-)4 . . 3.'50.02O . . .422,470 1805-6 600,000 The effects of the tariff on this industry are plainly manifested. Tiil the National Policy was established in 1879, pork packing was diminishing in Canada, thence forward there was a considerable increase, but it was the raising of duties in 1890 ex- pressly to preserve the Canadian market to Canadian packers and farmers, that brought the enormous and satisfactory growth of pork packing in the past six years. Taking the average number of hogs of the three periods the results are as follows : — Averaioar period, with a bonus of $1 a ton, the production not only decreased but also fell off relatively to the consumption, the proportion of Canadian pig used falling from a third to a quarter of the whole. In the fourth three-year period, with a bonus of $2 a ton, the checked gr,.wth was not only renewed but accelera- ted, the production nearly doubling, and the percentage more than doubling, till Canada now produces half of the pig iron it consumes. It may be remarked that the showing for the last three year period would have been still better but for the average being reduced by a falling off in the last fiscal year. One of the first results of a time of commercial depression is a reduced production of iron, and Canada felt this effect though in a very far less degree than the United States. The returns for the current year, though incom- plete, show that this temporary check is at an end, and the growth of the industry has been resumed. It must not be supposed that if the pro- A very small dose of Free Trade iti 1892, proved too much Jor the shrewd people of the United States. 44 Free Trade has been abundoned with disgust by evei-y couHnental nation that ever t 'd it. , I duction of pig iron is doubled in Canada the market will be filled. Much iron is now imported in a slightly more advanced rif.ge than pig, such as puddled iron, bar iron, &c., that might well be produced here if a plentiful supply of pig iron were at hand. Already there have been of late many and important additions to the works for puddling, conversion into to steel, rolling, &c. There is room for a very great increase of r^r smelting fur- naces to supply this growing demand. Such facilities would also augment the con- sumption of iron by its being substituted for wood, stone, and other materials for bridges, buildings, and other purposes. The production of steel in Canada, made from Canadian pig iron, which was in its turn smelted from Canadian ore with Canadian fuel, was in 1893, 14,700 tons ; in 1894 it was 15,700 tons ; and in 1895 it was 16,200 tons. For 1896 there will be a still greater increase of production, ad- ditional capital, plant, etc., having been provided to extend the industry. Here, again, a large amount of laboiir is employed, mostly skilled, and the majority family men, a great number of ad- ditional consumers, thus increasing the home market to be supplied by the farmers of Canada. In the rolling mills, a careful estimate gives 2,557 men as employed, earning nearly a million dollars yearly, viz , $997)31°' the capital invested being $3,416,000, and the raw material aggregat- ing 36,096 tons. The census of 1891 showed employees, 2,106, wages, $843,500, and capital, $2,307,540, so that the growth of the industry in the five years has been very great, and the increase is now being accelerated by new works and increased facilities in old establishments. In 1881 there were only 700 employees, $19,020 wages, and $697,500 capital. If it is assumed that two-thirds of these 2,557 employees are married men with the average family, there would be more than 9,000 persons depending directly upon this industry, and requiring to be supplied by the farmers of Canada, among others, as in the case of makers of p'g iron and of those converting it into steel. But this is not all, for the home sup- ply of pig iron and steel, and the out- put of the rolling mills, as they increase, give a further stimulus to other industries using iron, at.d rapidly augmen* the num- bers drawing tieir living from all these in- dustries, a.id saving to be supplied vith clothing, sheltf.r and food. The ]V. P Ha«i Keneiltted the Itv'trkiiiKuian. The following .'igures, taken from '.he census returns for ti e Province of Ontario, show at a glance how ibe National Policy has benefitted the workingmau ; In Industrial Establishments having a yearly output of $50,000 and over ; — 1871. 1881. 1891. Employes. 20,725 34,107 63,774 Wages .. .$6,077,562 $10,652,157 |23,047,181 Average.. 29324 312-81 361-38 In Industrial Establishments having an output of $25,000 to $5o,oco a year : — 1871. 188J. 1891. Employes. 7.614 10,182 12,764 Wages ...$2,202,766 $2,991,659 $5,545,192 Average.. 289-30 293-81 338-60 In Industrial establishments having an output of $12,000 to .^2 5,000 a year : — 1871. 1881. 1891. Employes.. 10,200 13,998 17,301 Wages.... $3,681,721 $3,877,109 $5,545,192 Average.. $ 262-91 $ 277-00 $ 320-61 In the largest group the wages increased in 20 years 23.2 per cent. Of that in- crease 6.5 per cent was ^,:ght into cultivation If the present sys'em of unrestricted competition is en- couraged, industries will disapperi', more land will go out of cultivation, vages will fall, and the only escape from a loi'er scale of life will be eiTiigration . " — Sir Edward Sullivan in the Manchester Courrier, only a trifle, tinued in this the basis of world. The have to face A. '* Tariff forRevenue only " and Wagea. A tariff for revenue only removes all protection. The removal of protection leaves no barrier between labor in Canada and labor in the old world except that of ocean freights, now, practically, Production, then, if con- country, must proceed on production in the old manufacturer would then the alternative of closing up his business, or cheapening the product to the old world level in one or all of three ways : ei'her, first, by reducing wages ; or secondly by making his machinery produce more at the same cost ; or thirdly by cut- ting down his profits. Whatever might be the final outcome of this jjressure on the manufacturer, wages would suffer duction first. There stimulus to improve machinery, and profits shed as a last resort, sent the mo3t ready means of the cost of production in order re- would be little the capacity of are only relingui- Wages, then, pre- reducing to bring Would the adoption of Free Trade start a single f actor] in any part of Canada. where f If so, 49 \yi)uld (he adoplioii o/' Free Trade increase the wwjm uj u single workhiymati in Canada. If iin, howl our industries to the level of the old world, and would therefore suffer first and most seriously. Again, l;ef;ause each country has natural conditions differing from other countries, it has, therefore, a standard of livint,' differing from that of other countries. These stan- dards of living:, for the great bulk or masses of the people, range from the practical serfdom of Russia, with its hovels and wretchedness, to the highest standard in the world as found in Canada. There is also a natural wage for each country. Such a wage is the amount a laborer can earn in Iree, unrestricted com- petition in his own labor market, a cr)mpeti- tion among nuai accustomed to the same Siandaid of living, and subj-.ct to the de- mands of that standard An industrial policy v h - li compels laborer-;, sulijoct t" iho needs di the C!ana- dian standard of living, to compete wilh the foreign wageeanu r, living under the low- est civilization, u manifer-tiy unjust, yet this is the policy that t'le (Jcits would adopt for Can ad. i I A Point Worth Noting. Under the Grit Rule. 1878— Cost to country of managing 714 miles of Intercol'inial Railway, $448,120 Under Conservative Rule. 1895— Profit to country of managing 1,154 miles of Intercolonial Railway, $28,253. Tnxei!* iu direat JlSritatii. Temple Bar, an English magazine, speak- ing of the taxes paid in Free Trade England, says ; "Birth is taxed, mnrriaRe is taxed, death is tf.xed, tlie carriage we keep is taxed, the rail- T/ay train we travel by is taxed, the liouse dog is taxed, everything we drink, wine, tea, coffee, is taxed, light is taxed, the linen we sleep on is taxed, the tobacco we smoke is taxed, the Christmas plum pu JdinR is taxed, ourantibilious pills are taxed ; we have local rates, poor rales, county eoi'.ncil rates, water rates, vestry rates ; liouseholders. lodijors, married and single men. women and cliildren, are all taxed in some foiin or otiier. '')ne ninth of what everyliody earns in this coun- try,' Lord Sherbrot'ke said, 'goes in taxes;' biit the pro ortion is more now and is grow- ing all the time.'" £iicourage Ilouiu Iniliistricg. If a Canadian farmer buys a plow in the United States for $15, Canada gets the plow and the United States gets the money. In a few years the 1 '.)W is worn out and thrown in the fence corner, but the $15 continue to circulate among the arlizans, grocers, butchers and farmers of a foreign country. If, on the other hand, tlie Canadian farmer buys a plow from a Can- adian manufacturer, Canada has the plow and the money tcK). As in the other case, the plow wears out, but the money goes on circulating, not among foreigners, but among the artizans, grocers, butchers and farmers of our own country. liOi'tl ItlaMliaiii on I'rotcvtioii for Uroat llrilaiii. It appears to me that the time has come for us to reconsider our fiscal policy in the interest'* of lalior, and more especially in the interest of wluit I consider one of our greatest difficulties — hnw to find work and honest and well earned wages tor the great army of the unemployed, lint it may be well here to note that Free Traders, in order to prejudice Protection, have been constantly in the liabit of saying that it was simply a means of filling the pockets of the capi- talist employer at the expense of the general comm',iiiity,and then, with a strange want of consistency, to urge that no capita- list employer or workman could earn more by a protected article than one that was not. It is (juite clear tiiat both these statements cannot be correct. lA't me now, in a very brief and simple manner, illustrate the true position. Take an iron girder, or steel rail, the present price being,' say, ^{,'4 or 80 shillings per ton. If the ironmaster buys his ore (Spanish ore is now generally used for steel ra.ls) and his coal or coke, he will probably turn his capital over four times a year, in that case he would be well satisfied with two shillings per ton profit, or two and a-half per cent., leaving the remaining seventy eight shillings to go into the pockets of the great body of producers, and in that way enriching the country. However protected he might 'be, he could not look for more, as local competition would prevent it. l'"!otn this you will see the fallacy of su})- posing that all the iMniiey goes inu) one pocket. 'ihe cai)italist may hope to get his fair profit but nothing more. So far as manulacturers are concerned, I believe that the country is ripe for a change, I Would the adoption of Free Trade raise the price of the farmers' wheat, oats, beef, pork, butter, or cheese. If so, how t 47 Will the adoption of Frje Traile in Canwlii enlnn/e mn^til /acton/, or i/iri' Hi i^iiiplni/ien iiwrf mirk. If so, how f and that protection would be carried by ac- clamation by the worltinn classes, were it not for the " 1)1^ and Utile loaf" — tiic agri- cultural diffi'ulty. As things now stand, it may be said with pirfect truth that land and labor arc alike both beinj^ ruined by free imports ; but how to arrange a com- promise that shall satisfy both is not so easy to see. As a large hnuh.iwner, and also one of the lart;est employers of labor in manu- factures, minerals ar.d agriculture, I know well, and feel daily, the disastrous effects of free imports, but how to find a remedy that shall satisfy (he various and often coiilhcting interests, is no easy prob- lem. It is llu' "cheap loaf" — so-called — that tempts the working man to his ruin, whereas it is really to him the very dearest loaf in Kurope, as he loses more m wages by the free importation of foreign manu- factures than would pay iwice over for all the corn that he consumes. Rut want of work, destitution and hunger must eventually compel a change. Av<'r>lK<^ Tax (f/'iiNtniiimiiiid lOxcime) l»er €'ni,:i', for 1<» jcsifh— Great ]}ritain.$ 9 70 rorlugal $ 7 16 Franco t,^ -o Holland .... 9 08 flermany.. . . 6 69 Australia.... 15 00 Italy 8 96 Argentine. .. 13 50 Spam 8 85 United States 5 65 Canada $ 6 00 would be contrary and ilisloyal to the glori- ous and sacied doctrine of free trade to levy any tluty on anybody for the sake of what we can get i)y it. It may be noble, but it is not business." Lord Salisbury, Premier of Oreat Britain. An Iniportiiut Opinion. " Every nation is trying how it can get the greatest possible ])rotection for its own industries, and, at the same time, the great- est possible access to the markets of its neighbors. I observe that while A is very anxious to get a favor of U, B is anxious to get a favor of C, nobody cares two straws about getting the commercial favor of Great Britain. Wtiat is the reason of that ? It is that in this great battle Great Britain has stripped herself of the weapons by which the battle has to be fought. The weapon with which they all fight is admission to their own markets— that is to say, A says to B. " if you will make your duties such that I can sell in your market, I will make my duties such that you can sell In my market." But we begin by saying, " We will levy no duties on anybody," and we declare that it Tlio (JranKorM* Pvllllon ol' 1H7 pronixrity of all elasMCH (U'pcnlN lai^jcly iiiioii llic .swciu'hh of Iho tainicr, it. i^t di'Hirahlt' to i>iiact bucli laws UH Nliall instil (' that hii m;ii countries upon our |inidiice.' Althiiugh this pelitiim was signed hy over 100,000 Kill. seiHalive fanners of(';uiada, nothing was done with it. The "Reform" Governir ;nt jiractically threw it into the waste b:;sket, acknowledging at the same time that they were but "Hies on the wheel' and could do nothing. Mr. Naclionxic'N KHfiniato of tlie Ciril Ciiaracter. The following letter iiuMished in the Globe, of April 18th, 1892, gives Hon. Alex. Mackenzie's o[)inion ot the Grit politician's character, during the palmy days of " Liberalism " in Canada : — Ottawa, Ai'rif. 27, 1875. " My dear H , I liave >our note reKurd- inK C . I will endeavor to employ him within a few days at Thunder Bay, on the commissariat staff, thou}>;h I fear he ia rather old, especially as his chief, B's father is older. "I would like nmeli to be relieved of the public works dejiartinent, hut I cannot see uiy way to that at present. It in t.lie f^reat spending department, the pcsaihle great jobbing department, the department that can make or rnin a government at such ii time a? this when *U'.5,0()0.(iO() are in the power of its heail to sjiend on public works. Friends (?) expect to be benefitted by otlices they are unfit for, hy contracts they are not entitled to, by advances not earned. Enemies An outofwork man is a poor customer for the store-keeper. The merchant is as much interested in keeping the factories jusy as the munufaciuier himnelf. 48 Adopting Free Tntde in Canada would not reduce the tartfl' that other eounlrlen maintain ugaintl Canadian grnuh for the protection of their own people. Ill ally thttmHnlvflH with fritsnds, ivtui [himIi the friendfi to tho front. Hoinn attempt to ittortn the office. Home dig trenohes at a diHtance and approach in IreKol'^i' Hi)*KH form. I feel like the l)eflleKey inv defence of the citadel. A weak minJHter here woiihl ruin tho party in a month, and the country very 80on. Ho I muHt driidKu on iih I hoHt mar. anut of one pocket and putting it into another, and to accom- plish this result we have reduced our work- ingmen to starvation wages, greatly dam- aged our home market by reducing the purchasing power of our people, and thus strike a fatal blow at the hitherto wonderful prosperity of this country. Conclusion. — If we are legislating for the benefit of the people of other countries, Free Trade is the proper thing for that par- pose. But if we are legislating for Canada and hfr jjeople then Protection is what is required. ' I Canadian Free Trade would benefit foreign nations whose Governments will make no return to Canadian producers. f