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"Z ^^z — f WILLIAM I MAVOK, y ^^^ zX.j>. C^^ Etijited for Lon^maiv, Huril.Kees. Orme &: Jirown. / Jhct - (/"/ ifi Hcardj. ^i , ^ i ,, i T i ;i)jj>v.. t <■' > \ 1 1 .* ^ Ti^'V*/ fl I; #■ MANHOBA L'H.LKfiK l.BKARV ACCEt^SlON No. 5 ^ /-^^ \'i\ TO THB RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD VISCOUNT ERSKINE, LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF GREAT BRITAIN, 4 • I n 4c. Sf€. 4«. THIS NEfV SYSTEM OF SHORT HAND WRITING, IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY HIS MOST DUTIFUL AND MOST OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT, W. MAVOK. fVoodstoekt Jan. 1, 180;. i.' il I! w \m;, ADVERTISEMENT To the Tenth Edition. It' i More than thirty Years are now elapsed «ince this System was first presented to the Public; and during part of that Period the Author was in the constant Practice of writing it, and of corresponding in it with such Ladies and Gentlemen as did him the Honour to submit their Proficiency to his Inspection, and to authen- ticate the Facility and the Value of the Acquisition. Of Encomiums on his Work, he could produce a hand- some Display from some whose slightest Praise is Fame ; but the Public being now no Strangers to the Perform- ance, he thinks it more becoming to return Thanks for its Indulgence, than to boast of its Partiality. It is enough for him, that amid contending Rivals this Work has stood its Ground, and proved, in some Degree, its Right to the Title of Universal. To those Masters who have introduced it into their Schools, he considers himself under singular Obligations ; and he doubts not but a Science of such confessed . . A 2 .. iv ADVERTISEMENT. UtUity, and in thig System of such easy Acquirement, wUl in time become as general among aU who pretend to Erudition, or are engaged in Business, as common Writing. ,To assist and accelerate this, he has availed himself of every Hint for its Improvement, which he could derive from the Suggestions of Friends, or the Strictures of Critics. The present Edition has been revised with much Attention; and he now considers it as incapable of any material Alteration for the better. He therefore dismisses it with that Satisfaction a Man feels, who has endeavoured to deserve well; and with that Confidence which arises from a deep and cordial Sense of public Candour, Generosity, and Patronage ! I mi Rectory, Woodstock. Jan. 1. 1820. \ h. Univcrsa I St en ography. I ! ii INTRODUCTION. To ^numerate the Advantages of the Graphic Art in general, would be idly labouring to illustrate what is obvious to every Capacity, and disputed by none ; and to particularize the vicissitudes every Species of it has undergone, would lead to Disquisitions, equally tedious and unnecessary. Writing is universally allowed to be the lioblest and most useful Discovery that ever was made. So high indeed are the Ideas some form of it, that they suppose it to be of Divine Origin. It is, certainly, a capital Blessing, and eminently distinguishes its Possessors from the unpolished Part of the human Race. Some Nations, on whom Learning never shone, nor Science dis- played her Face, but whose Capacity of receiv- ing is much greater than their Opportunity of procuring Instruction, are said to express the ^ I ^1: I ■■ 6 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, highest Admiration when they hear that an Eu- ropean, by a seeming commixture of black and white Lines can converse with a Correspondent, at even an unlimited Distance. And with just Reason they may admire : 'Tis to Writing thousands are indebted for half the Pleasure of their Existence ; to it we owe that social Inter- course of Words, and sweet Communication of Sentiments with Friends and Relations, perhaps separated from us by Oceans and Continents ; by it \vp are enabled to participate their Joys, and condole their Misfortunes ; by it we can express the Language of the Heart, when the Eye that brightens with Joy, or swims in Tears, is invisible to them ; and the Voice that would sooth Affliction, or congratulate Success, is impossible to be heard. it But although the pleasant and ornamental Purposes to which Writing may be applied are innumerous and invaluable, they are all ex- ceeded by its Utility, when made subservient to the Ends of Trade and Commerce (that Bond and Cement of Society, that Union of distant Nations), which cannot be transacted without it; or when employed in Compositions pregnant with Instruction and Delight, and calculated for the noblest of Purposes — the Improvement of Posterity. Devoid of Writing, the Penetra- tion of superior Judgment, the Sallies of Imagi- nation and the salutary Advice of Wisdom and MM OR SHOUT HAND. jf Experience, would die with their Possessors, and be unavailing to after Ages. The Enterprizing would be undistinguished with the Inactive, and the Benefactor with the Incendiary. Ex- alted Abilities and illustrious Actions could lay no Claim to Immortality. Ambition, *tis true, would be deprived of its fatal Spring ; but con- scious Merit would likewise lose its Hope. Without Writing, the Occurrences of Antiquity, at best seen through a long and interruptedVista, would have been entirely unknown ; and even modern Accounts would have been so blended with Fiction, by frequent Retail, that they would have tended rather to bewilder than inform. But however vitiated the general Taste of Mankind may be, there is no Danger of their being negligent of the Graphic Art ; its Plea- sures and Profits are amply sufficient to recom- mend it, without the Pen of a Panegyrist. And I may add, that in the Hand commonly used in this Country, no real Improvement can be made, or a Plan adopted to render it more com- plete and expeditious : it seems to be arrived at the highest Degree of Perfection, and inca- pable of any Alteration for the better. One Species of Writing, however, the Utility and Convenience of which are incontestibly great, seems still to be under a Cloud ; neither brought to a wished for Degree of Perfection, i' I li< 8 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, '1 ' ;'# nor regarded as an Object of general Attention --I mean Short Writing;* a Hand which con- fers no mean Pleasure on the ready Practitioner, and highly Deserves universal Regard. By it, the unconnected and evanescent Ideas may be instantly caught, and arranged at Leisure ; and the Mind freed from the Burthen of Retention. Beautiful Conceptions, sublime Sentiments, and elegant Expressions, are apt to start in the Breastof everyone who has the least Pretensions to Erudition or Refinement; and often Men of the most profound Judgment, or lively Ima- gination, have the most unretentive Memories. Such frequently drop the new-formed Idea, before it can be expressed in the common Way, and often, with unavailing Reflection, strive to re-assemble their scattered Thoughts. * Besides the Encomiums which every Author of this Art pays it, whose Verdict may in some Measure be deemed partial, the Opinions of some of the wisest and most learned Men are sufficient to recommend it. Mr. Locke, in his ad- mirable Essay on Education, expressly mentions it, as a useful and convenient Accomplishment, although it was then in its rudest State, and Half its Advantages almost unknown. Mr. Molyneux, likewise, in a Letter to the aforesaid Gentle- man, speaks of it thus : " I will have my Son taught Short " Hand : I do not mean," says he, *' in that Perfection to " copy a Speech from the Mouth of a ready Speaker j but " to be able to write it readily for his own private Business. " Believe me. Sir, it is as useful a Knack as any Man of " Business or Scholar can be Master of. I have found the " Want of it myself, and seen the Advantage of it in others " frequently." iPM l\ ill ! OR SHORT HAND. g To such, therefore, Stenography ought to re- commend itself in the most powerful Manner ; to such its peculiar Advantages must be obvious; but not to those alone : Men of every Rank and Profession may be profited by the Study of it. Whether Critic or Philosopher, whetuer Poet or Historian, whether Mathematician or Mechanic, a Traveller or a Man of Contemplation ; each would find the Labour of its Attainment fully compensated by its Utility. By it we can make the copious Effusions of animated Oratory our own ; Catch the soothing, the persuasive, the beautiful, or sublime, fresh from the Lips of a Speaker we admire. If 'a Patriot pleads with all the Warmth of heart-felt Zeal for the Preservation of the Rights and Im- munities of his Country ; or a Counsellor, dis- daining the sordid Bribe, declaims against powerful Injustice, and espouses the Cause of honest Indigence ; what a pleasing Satisfaction will the ready Practice of this Art confer ! It the Quibbles of Law perplex ; or Sophistry at- tempt to pervert the Cause of Justice, and throw a Gloss of Innocence over Villainy and Oppression ; by what Means can we obtain so perfect an Elucidation of the Truth, or Deve- lopment of Falsehood, as by having it in our Power to review what was advanced, the Exte- nuation that was offered, and the Palliatives that were served up? Words, at the first P* I c?.1 -r -mmmmt ^immmmm f 10 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, i- m hearing, may have Plausibility enough to im- pose on the keenest Penetration ; but if by the Means of Stenography brought to the Test of Truth, the latent Sophism will be discovered, and Plausibility no longer deceive. But to enumerate all its Conveniencies and Advantages would be needless, as they are self-evident : and to deduce from its Origin the Source of its Neglect; to point out the Reasons that obstruct the Attainment of it ; or to criticise particularly the numerous Systems that from Time to Time have been exhibited to the Public, is neither my Intention nor my Wish ; farther than may tend to reform an Error and Omission in Education, and to remove the Objections which forbid its becoming universal, by the Execution of this Performance. The Art of Stenography, or Short Writing, was esteemed and used by some of the Ancients, of every civilized Nation. The Egyptians, those venerable Inventors of Letters and Literature, by a Delineation of Figures, called afterwards Hieroglyphics, at first expressed their Words.* A more concise Mode of Writing seems to have been afterwards introduced, in which only a * The Chinese written Language (if it may be so called) seems to resemble the ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics ; and the Mexicans, with some Interior Nations of America^ are said to have a symbolical Representation of their Ideas. L .! OR SHORT HAND. 11 Part of the Symbol or Picture was drawn. This in some Degree answered the Purpose of Short Hand. After them, the Hebrews, the Greeks, and the Romans,^ adopted different Methods of abbreviating their Words and sentences, suited to their respective Languages. The Initials, the Finals, or Radicals, often served for whole Words; and various Combinations of these formed a Sentence. Arbitraries and Marks were likewise employed to determine the Mean- ing and assist Legibility ; and it seems probable that every Writer, and every Author of Anti- quity, hjid some peculiar Method of Abbrevi- ation, calculated to facilitate the Expression of his own Sentiments, and perhaps intelligible only to himself. 'Tis also probable, that some might by these Means take down the Heads of a Discourse or Oration ; but few, very few, could, I presume, have followed a Speaker through all the Laby- rinths of Rhetoric ; and noted with Precision every minute Articulation as it dropped from his Mouth, in a Manner legible even to themselves. To arrive at such consummate Perfection in the Art was reserved for modern Times, and even now, it is not the Attainment of many. In every Language of Europe, till about tlie 'i^ I 'I n * Vide Buxtorfj Lacrtius, Plutarch, &c. V2 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, I ■I i iA Close of the Sixteenth Century, the Roman Plan of Abbreviation (viz. substituting the Initials or Radicals, with the Help of Arbitraries for Words) appears to have been employed. Till then, no regular Alphabet had been invented expressly for Stenography ; when an English Gentleman, of the Name of Willis, invented and published one.* His plan was soon altered and improved ; or at least pretended to be so. One alteration succeeded another ; and at In- tervals, for a Series of Years past, some Men of Ingenuity, of strong Memory, and intense Application, have composed and published Systems of Stenography, and unquestionably have themselves been able to reap all the Ad* vantages that attend it : but among the various Methods that have been proposed, and the different Plans that have been adopted by Individuals, not one has yet appeared fortunate enough to gain general Approbation ; or proved sufficiently simple, clear, and concise, to be universally studied and practised. Some Systems are indeed replete with un- meaning Symbols, perplexing Arbitraries, and * Mr. Locke says, a regular Method of Short Writing seems to be known and practised only in Britain. ' This how- ever is not now tiie Case ; and indeed I know no Reason why Characters may not be invented, to express the various Sounds, or Letters, employed in any Language., either ancient or modern. \.^i^ OR SHORT HAND. 13 iH-judged Contractions ; which render them so wholly unattainable by a common Capacity, or ordinary Application, that it is not to be won- dered at, if they have sunk into Contempt, and been covered by Oblivion.* Other Systems, by beings too prolix ; by containing a Multiplicity of Characters, and those Characters badly in- S"; t * A List of Writers od Stenography. Mr, Addy, Aldridge, Angell, Annet, Ashton, Barnaby, Blanchard, Blandemore, Blosset, Botky, Bridges, Byrom, Coles, Cross, Dix, Everard, Ewen, Facey, Farthing, Gibbs, Mr. Graham, Graves, Gurney, Harwin, Heath, Hodgson, Holdswortb, Hopkins, Jeake, Labourer, Laoe, Lyle, Macauley, Mason, Mavor, Metcalf, Mitchell, Nash, Nicholas, Mr. Rees, Rich, Richardson, Ridpath, Skelton, Soare, Steele, Tanner, Taplin, Taylor, Thicknesse, Tiffen, Webster, West, Weston, Williamson, Willis, B.D. and Willis, &c. Palmer, The Catalogue may be still farther increased, if it is made to inclade several recent, but trifling Publications on the Subject, which appear in endless Succession, and as speedily vanish from the Sight. The Writer of this has already col- lected between fifty and sixty different Systems, the greatest Number, perhaps, in the Possession of any Individual ; and yet the Series is still incomplete. ■w \4 I'NIVERSAL STEXOGRAPIIV, i t'\ vented and as badly applied ; become inelfectual to the Purpose of Expedition, and are only su- perior in Obscurity to a common Hand. Some again not only reject all Arbitrages and Con- tractions, but even Prepositions and Termina- tions ; which last, if not too lavishly employed and badly devised, highly contribute to pro- mote both Expedition and Legibility; and though they reduce their Characters to a smaller Number than can possibly express the various Modifications of Sound, yet they make nearly one Half of them complex. In the Dis- position of the Vowels, too, I have observed the greatest Perplexity in every System. A Dot is sometimes substituted for all the Vowels indis- criminately, and the Judgment is left to deter- mine which Letter out of the Six is for the pre- sent Purpose; or a minute Space is allotted them; which, unless the Writing be performed with mathematical exactitude, is almost undis- tinguishable, and impossible to be observed or practised with Certainty, when any Degree of Expedition is required. Both which Methods are in my Opinion equally censurable, because they expose to Uncertainty and Confusion. Nor is the ridiculous Plan of lifting the Pen, and putting the next Consonant in the Vowel's Place, in the Middle of Words, less liable to Objections ; or that of inserting all the Vowels, with distinct Characters to represent them, being obviously ill-calculated for the Ends of OH SHORT HAND. tft »' Expedition, and consequently inadmissible into any rational ISystem. It is to be confessed, that the first Person who projected the Omission of Vowels in the Middle of Words,* which, it is obvious, are not wanted^ and invented Letters, however rude, that would admit of Union, without lifting the Pen, to the End of the Word, made a real Improvement on the Works of his Predecessors. But, in fine, all the Systems I have had an Opportunity of ex- amining, either in their Plan or Execution, labour under some capital Defect, attended with Circumstances highly discouraging to the Learner, — in rendering him at a Loss without much Difficulty to decypher his own Hand ; or are still more censurable and inconvenient, by absolutely defeating the End of their Invention, — in being too tedious to be practised with the requisite Speed, too encumbering to the Me- mory, and too perplexing to the Judgment. To obviate these Defects, to provide against Prolixity, improper Conciseness, and every Possibility of Obscurity ; to exhibit a System • Dr. Byrom rejected Vowels entirely in the Middle o£ Words, as others before him had done only partially. With- out critically examining the executive Part of his Perform- ance, which is very defective, it must be owned, that It is above the Reach of human Ingenuity to exceed his general Plan ; which, for ever, must be the Basis of every future ratioDal System. ! m 16 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, founded on the simplest Principles, perfectly legible, and yet capable of the utmost Expe- dition, were the Motives that gave Rise to the present Treatise. My Method, will, I presume, be found dif- ferent from any yet published, and superior to all, in the Disposition of the Vowels, and the Facility of arranging them ; the Confusion of describing which seems highly to detract from the Merit of the best Performances on the Subject: and I hope I may affirm, without being deemed guilty of Ostentation, that Cha- racters simpler in their Form, and more perfect in their Union, have not been devised or ap- plied. Some of my Characters may probably interfere with other Systems; an Object of no Consequence to myself, or others. The Ground-work of all is the same — Lines and Curves, which are equally free to all, and have been employed by all ; but my Application of them, being settled after a minute and tedious Investigation of Sounds, and their various Modifications, according to the Frequency of their Occurrence in the Efjglish Language, is different from any particular System I have seen. i k As well as I could determine, I have appro- priated the simplest Characters for the Letters most usually employed : indeed, as far as possi- ble, I have rejected complex ; but as a due Dis- tinctness and Lineality were Objects proper to be OR SHORT HAND. 17 kept in View, I have admitted a few into the simple Alphabt', for those very necessary Purposes. The Characters for my double and triple Con- sonants are the easiest I could invent, consistent with Perspicuity;* fori have carefully provided against all Obscurity, which might arise from adopting Letters too analogous in their Forma- tion ; and with Respect to the Prepositions and Terminations, from selecting the most frequent of which, and adapting simple Characters for them, the greatest Utility results, they will I trust be found perfectly easy in their Application. The Arbitraries are few in Number,-)- and the arbitrary Abbreviations, as they are entirely from the Letters of the Alphabet, and chosen from some Thousands of Words in common Use, will well repay the Learner for an hour's Trouble in committing them to Memory. The last Chapter lays down a Scheme of Ab- breviation for the Use of Proficients in this Art, comprised in a few Rules, perfectly easy to un- derstand and practise, which I trust will answer every Purpose of their Destination, and be ac- * Those for th and ch may either be made upright, or slop- iog to the right. t These are not by any Means prescribed ; they may be employed or not, according to the Fancy of the Learner. B 1 i' •t M I' I m I ST •^■■■iri mm 18 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, i I knowledged by all to be free from the Perplexity complained of in the most celebrated Perform- ances, where Abbreviation is admitted. The principal Rules, which I conceive are new, are so easy, so extensive in their Use, and so con- sistent with Expedition and Legibility, if applied with Judgment, that they alone might suffice. The Learner is, however, advised by no Means to adopt any of them, till Experience convinces him that they may be used without Error, or Injury to Legibility. All abbreviating Rules are suited to those only who have made some Progress in the Stenographic Art ; for although they doubtless promote Expedition in a won- derful Degree, and afford the greatest Ease to a Proficient ; yet a Learner, as Expedition Is not his first, though his ultimate View, should admit of nothing that in the least renders the Reading difficult, or the Sense obscure. (1 k Such is the general Account of my Perform- ance. To be my own Panegyrist v( m\d be futile, and to detract from my Predecessors un- generous ; but if a System that admits of a su- perior Degree of Beauty and Simplicity in the Writing, with the utmost Expedition and easiest Legibility, can be allowed any Merit ; I hope the Public, before whose Tribunal this Work appears, will receive it with Candour and Indul- gence, and allow that I have *made some real Improvements in the Stenographic Art. mmm ?, :i I PLArKl. II i, « t ii. r>y/ AL P II All KT.uu: Consonants. c \ — 3 r \ / Let. Char. a h (' J f s:/ /: I ni n o /> / /* J* / V u w .X- y Arb. Ahbrt'v. D.C.to-(liar. Arb. Abbrev. If . un ,.//, VVY- /v' , f'f/ ./^vuio^^ \ ^',7M . .>m'/i ../> ^ ,i/nt// .-i/w //ft'/Wi'/f' .)•//• «N' ,A//-frc..t/r('ffy /f>^ fr/f/'^ /r/f/r/t Tvm'As' Pfft. N . V •0 ■). •A •\ /• .c, .X .a. \. C ■y ■ <^' y . );' ■:l{'^J<^l. ' f9h Practice, which familiarizes and facilitates every Thing, even the most difficult, joined with At- tention, will soon convince the Learner of this; and although I would not wish to recommend any Deviations from the established Principles of Orthography, when unnecessary ; yet I think even in Long Hand these Rules might, in many Cases, be adopted with singular Advantage. 1 1 .1 1 i m M ^«' 28 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, 1 1 THE STENOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. As the Whole of this Art depends upon a regu- lar Method and a simple Alphabet, I have not only endeavoured to establish the former on satisfactory Principles ; but have been careful to appropriate, according to the comparative Frequency of their Occurrence, such Characters for the Letters, as, after repeated Trials and Alterations, I conceived to be most proper, and ready to practise. The Stenographic Alphabet consists of Eigh- teen distinct Characters (viz. two for the Vowels, and the Rest for the Consonants) taken from Lines, and semi-circular Curves ; the Formation and Application of which I shall now explain, beginning with the Vowels. For the three first Vowels, a, e, and t, a Comma is appropriated in different Positions : and for the other three o, u, and y, a Point. The Comma and Point, when applied to a and o, are to be placed as in Plate L at the Top of the next Character ; when for e and m, opposite to the Middle ; and when for ; and i/, at the bottom. I ^ i 41 'K^ ( OR SHORT HANI). S9 This Arrangement of the Vowels is the most simple and distinct that can possibly be devised. Places at the Top, the Middle, and the Bottom of Characters, which make three different Posi- tions, must be readily allowed to be as easily marked from one another, as any three separate Characters could be. A Comma is made with the same Facility as a Point : and indeed it is Matter of Wonder to me, that no one has ever before adopted a Plan, which it is obvious would have prevented the Absurdity of allotting a Point or Dot for all the Vowels indiscriminately in the same Position; or of assigning them Places so very nice, as to render them impos- sible to be observed with Certainty, or prac- tised with Speed. ^1 f / OF LINES. fe 1 !1» Simple Lines may be drawn four different Ways ; Perpendicular, Horizontal, and with an Angle of about 45 Degrees to the right or left. An ascending oblique Line to the right, which will be perfectly distinct from the Rest, when joined to any other Character, must likewise be admitted. These Characters being the simplest in Nature, I have assigned them for five of the Consonants that most frequently occur, viz. /, r, /, c hard or Ar, and c soft or s. See Plate L h r W ^ 30 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, OF CIRCLES. 1 > Every Circle may be divided with a perpendi- cular and horizontal Line, so as to form likewise four distinct Characters. These being the next to Lines in the Simplicity of their Formation, I have appropriated them for b, d, n, and m. See Plate I. \\'i In r 1 •h? ' OF MIXED CURVES AND LINES. The foregoing Characters expressing nine of the Consonants, all perfectly distinct from one another, only eight more are needful, viz. f,g >r j, hf pf qj w, V, arid x. To find Characters for which we must have recourse to mixed Curves and Lines. The Characters I have adopted are the simplest in Nature after those already applied, admit of the easiest joining, and tepd to preserve Lineality and Beauty in the Writing. See Plate L It must be observed I have no distinct Cha- racter for c, which has always a hard Sound, as in Castle; or soft, as in Citi/ ; and therefore naturally takes the Sound of k, or s, which in all Cases will be sufficient to sunply its Place. I '1^ OR SHORT HAND. 31 Bf likewise, is represented by the same Cha- racter as /; only with this Difference, r is written with an ascending Stroke,*^ and / with a descending ; which is always to be known from the Manner of its Union with the following Cha- racter ; but in a few Monosyllables, where r is the only Consonant in the Word, and conse- quently stands alone, it is to be made as is shewn in the Alphabet, for Distinction's sake. Z, as it is a Letter seldom employed in the English Language, and only a coarser and harder Expression of s, must be supplied by f,whenever it occurs. As for Zedekiah, write Sedekiah, &c. Thus have I endeavoured to explain and apply Characters, the most simple, to represent all the necessary and original Sounds, for which see the Plate of the Alphabet. I have likewise employed each Character singly to express one or more Words ; such as are most frequent in their Occurrence, and dissimilar in their Signi- fication. These arbitrary Abbreviations (al- though I have not increased them to the third Part I might have done, and yet preserved the >i^ * The Character for h, when Lineality requires it, may likewise be made from the Bottom and inverted. See Plate IV. And often h may be omitted entirely, or a Vowel may be sub- stituted in its stead without any Injury to Legibility, it being rather a Breathing than a Letter. 33 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, y !i : i if ■Hj I- ,k/ Sense entire in every Case, by the Help of Con- nection) will be found highly serviceable and advantageous to the Writer. Had it not been for burthening the Memory, I would have made three distinct Positions for the Characters, and employed each character to represent some usual Word or Words ; which that the ready Practitioner may do, I have subjoined a List of Words fit for the Purpose. Before^ Between. Conversation, Consequence^ deliver^ Delight^ following f Father, General, Gratitude, Heaven, however. Kingdom, Kindness, Liberty, legitimate, Magistrate, Majesty, nevertheless, otherwise, other, public, principal, Quarter, Quality, re- member. Rectitude, several. Scripture, themselves. Trouble, P^oice, Vengeance, whosoever, fif^riting. Excess, exceedingly. V'l il ^^Wr- y-i ti 'n y^' m 1 1 ! ;! 11^ I .; Plate n. JPREPOSITiriMV Prepos. CharElx. Sigiiifi. a/x) tr/j c /. .r ) 7/ enter I /ireter | tratu y an/fmmir/e/hY a_ ^Q_ M'.^^u'^ '/te I ffart < edchrhcUe mi^t fty fOfi 'Utl t — C ^ /trh/i /trtifiorii) //f'l- i'tty\SiHt/K-^f<[fUf Anne. h -^'^'FlflriiiiiMii .1 . ^^ mmmmm OR SHORT HAN1>. 33 RULE I. The Preporsition is always to be written with- out joinings ; yet so near as plainly to shew to what Word it belongs, and the best Way is to observe the same Order, as if the Whole was to be connected. See Plate II. RULE II. A Preposition, though the same Letters that constitute it, may be met with in the Middle or End of a Word, is never to be used, because it would expose to Obscurity. c THE PREPOSITIONS AND TERMINATIONS. The Prepositions and Terminations in this Scheme are so simple, that the greatest Benefit may be reaped from them, and very little Trouble required to attain them; as theincipient Letter or the incipient Consonant of all the Pre- positions, and of several of the Terminations, is used to express the whole. But although in Plate II. sufficient Specimens are given of the Manner of their Application ; that the Learner of less Ingenuity, or more slow Perception, may have every Assistance, the following Directions are subjoined. / I mmm mm wm y,. m^i 34 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, tS I f 1! ,'j I RULE HI. Observe that the Preposition omni, is ex- pressed by the Vowel o in its proper Position ; and for anti, anta, ante, by the Vowel a, which the radical Part of the Word will easily distin- guish from being only simple Vowels. The first Rule for the Prepositions is (allow- ing such Exceptions as may be seen in the P^ te) to be observed for the Terminations ; and also the second, mutatis mutandis; except, that whenever sis, sus, sys, cious, tious, and ces occur, they are to be expressed as directed in the fourth Rule for the Consonants, whether in the Beginning, Middle or End of Words.* RULE IV. '. The terminative Character for tion, sion, cion, dan, tian, is to be expressed by a small Circle joined to the nearest Letter, and turned to the right ; and the Plurals tions, sions, dons, dans, tians, tience, by a Dot on the same Side. Vide Plate II. f * But in a few Words, where I have observed three hori- zontal Characters to meet, it will be better to express the Sis, ttc. by the Semi-elliptical Character in Plate II. opposite tious. il h ' •^ m 4 u ■jj i ■S- 1 Pj^teIIE. Oft efir .. rti/ /or / f t al am P /I'/wrfA'ff fprt % lYcnnn'. , _ I \ / O ^-' C J o mg<^^^yj6'y\/7. /r^^ .u ^ C?r ■ ■ irltctJu 3 ^^ cvt(/in^ na Jtemflty. Sntlp,;. FojterZ ant. \ I *[rtttiirii»Jij>t-«.j. „ (••"■■^ (■■■'■"rfw^" •i * "vnuBT «^; >i I If M ,il*^'fli I Pl^TE IV. h / /// n / /• J* ;' A a y. %. k. i. w, n. A. a. C ) r \ ay / of \ 6 \ fhr ^ A «?. C s &- /• c/ c_ 4/ S o 6 2 ^ o \ S o o ? «1 o \ Q- o o a^ C o^ (LP s c C o C A crtJ o No. o \ > V o V v. \ V o \ 6 <-v> /f 0" < ^ o i o y f^ n on o "^ P r 00 e-o- V o A .« if; K * b 0/ v5 Li. o e.£>/ o -7 -f / /- / O -Q_ QJ> >/m\l7tf. SctU^;./'^irr/,40u . o o i !> <^ \ K \> K V L I K { o o O «^ o o o o " r^t'.i ^'l/uvifid/ei .i/i^H\t met^t'c* ni> coi/i(tna/ir^?i {ymeZ/ti 19 ■Pi" PlJVTE IV. ft-o- /T .r, /fT >c »c .r^ rtA A V o A / V -f 1 -Q. cV / _X>^ ^ ^^ -A ^ ^ V ^ ^ -\ o o o >? — o fTty.SfiU f.;.M trltifU I \ y \ K / I \> K V L I I- K o o o 6-^ n «n o o o n of o c/ o :^ V o A > v M: ///. wh. thr Jif: tr V ^ V V ■^ h r , o o o ^ ^ /' \ \ ^ '^ . 'N / / / ^7 ^ '^ X ^ w r\ p> -^ Os^ n ^^ ( C -->^ Q, ^ i^* Z' f ( 5 '-r ^ o oyj ^ «» \ / ay < o o o 1. /' / < \ ^_/ ( 3 OS/ s — ( L — 9 w.. <»^ t 1 ( 5 ^ <= S '^ V r .»' c/ k '-0'' o (. W ^^ di ^ ^ r ^-\ ' ^ «>^ N W Jt 6 1 o o V o 4 a \ 1^ ' o o o> .1 wh - 1 o o X ■^ fJu^ Mi .,.< * «. B rt t rfg R^saia;-; iiS=tSit«iiiSBMSSii?*C il »>!■ 38 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, any Person by transposing may render unintel- ligible to any but himself, should this Art become universally known. i! if' I To decypher Stenography, a Task generally more difficult than writing it, I recommend to the Learner that he make himself first perfectly Master of the Alphabet, Prepositions and Ter- minations, &c. and then proceed immediately to decypher the Plates, Letter by Letter, into Long-hand ; which will at once habituate him to the proper Method of Spelling, Writing, and Joining. This may be repeated, until he can read all the Plates with the same Fluency and Facility as common Print. By beginning and proceeding thus, he will sooner acquire the Art, thsn by any other Method I can prescribe. I I I: ' ■;. •?■. .11 ■Tiiiriii rii '"""^um ' Vnirn Plate V. Mi I H OR SHORT HAND. H'- RULES FOR ABBREVIATIUN. Though a more concise Method of wriiiag^, or more numerous Abbreviations may not be indispensably necessary, if the foregoing Direc* tions be practised for a considerable Time; yet Contractions will be found extremely useful and convenient to those who have attained a proper Knowledge of the Subject, and lead to a greater Degree of Expedition, at the same Time that they ease the Swiftness of writing. I have observed in the Introduction, that Abbrevi- ations are only to be employed by Proficients in this Art ; because Expedition is not the first, though the ultimate Object in View, and that an easy } i gibility is of the utmost Consequence to the .earner ; which, however, cannot be preserved, if he adopts too soon those very Rules, which in Time will afford him the greatest Assistance, when applied with Judg- ment, i The following short and practical Rules will be found fully adequate to every Purpose for which they were intended, and are far superior III the Facility of their Application to any I have yet seen. See Plate IX. , I ' ''I mK&S l i ii M i m ilili msr%- lii w 40 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, RULE I. The usual Abbreviations in Long-hand are always to be followed: as, Mr. for Master; M.D. for Doctor of Medicine; and Abp. for Archbishop, &c. RULE II. Substantives, Adjectives, Verbs, and Parti- ciples, when the Sense will direct to the Mean- ing, are to be expressed by their initial Conso- nant with the distinguishing Marks exhibited in Plate III. viz. a Substantive must have the Comma exactly over its initial Consonant ; an Adjective must have a Comma under it ; a Verb is to be signified by a Dot over its initial Con- sonant, and a Participle by a Dot under.* These being the four principal Parts of Speech, will be sufficient ; and an Adept will never be at a Loss to know when he can with Safety apply this Rule to them. J' 1 / * The Dot or Comma being placed thus« unll never occa- sion them to be mistaken for Vc wels ; because they should always be on one Side or other, whereas the Mark for Parts of Speech must constantly be placed exactly over or under^i ■]. ,1 ' OR SHORT HAND. 41 RULE III. To lender the Writing more legible, the last Letter of the Word may be joined to the first, and the proper Mark applied. RULE IV. The constituent or radical Part of Words, especially if they are long, will often serve for the Whole, or sometimes the first Syllable ; as. We ought to moderate our Ex by our Circum, A Man's Man, commonly shape his For. A' RULE V. All long Words, without Exception, may have their Prepositions or Terminations ex- pressed by the incipient Consonant of such Pre- position or Termination. RULE VI. When there is a great Dependance between the Parts of a Sentence, the initial Letter will often suffice ; as L. is the Capital of Great B» If 11 I , I f'; I Mip ^1f 49 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, I'' ii ',■; '''1.1 ^ j \ The eldest «$*. of the King of Great B. is styled Prince of Tf^. Every one, it is presumed, will allow this to be perfectly legible in Long-hand : then why may it not in Stenography ? RULE VIL The Terminations ness and less may be omitted ; as faithfulness is only to be written faithful ; forwardness ^ forward ; heedless, heed; stubborncss, stubborn ; &c, RULE VIIL The second and third Persons of Verbs» ending in eth and est^ may be expressed by s ; as, he lovesy thou teaches ; instead of he loveth, thou teachest : or even without s ; as, he love, &c. RULE IX. Words may often be entirely omitted, and yet no Ambiguity ensue; as. In beginning God created Heaven and Earth, for, In the beginning God created the Heaven and the Earth. ^. -"" IMiJir""! Wi>iB«i OR SHORT HAND. 43 RULE X. When there is an immediate Repetition of a Sentence or Word, a Line is to be drawn under the Sentence or Word to be lepeated ; as. Amen, Amen, is to be written Amen ; but if any Words intervene, before a Word or Sentence is to be repeated, the Line must be drawn as before, and a A or Mark of Omission placed where the Re- petition should begin, as, Is it just the Innocent should be condemned a reviled ? r^r To conclude, I shall only observe, that no one should be discouraged from learning this System, or at least perusing it, by ill-grounded Prejudices against the Art in general, or by the absurd Insinuations of those who are ignorant of its Principles. Here, as far as possible, every Thing is made perfectly easy (in the most literal Sense of the Word) and nothing left unexplained which was conceived could raise a Doubt, or discourage the irresolute and less diligent. This Scheme neither requires the Memory to be bur- thened, nor the Judgment to be perplexed ; so that I can from Experience assert, that a Boy who writes a tolerably good Long-hand, may learn it with the utmost Facility. Youth, as it is the best Time for all Studies that neither re- qulie Strength of Judgment nor Keenness of ' 'r II m> 44 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, ' 111 1 V 1 ■■;:■ i| Penetration, is peculiarly so for Stenography ; which as it will not interrupt any other Branch of Education, or prevent the Acquirement of superior Accomplishments, may with the great- est Propriety constitute Part of a School-boy's Employment ; for what is early set about, will be better relished, and acquired in greater Per- fection, than if deferred to a more advanced Age. Irksomeness is generally the Attendant on Studies taken up late, though Reason may more forcibly point out the Advantage or Ne- cessity of them. Let it then be remembered by all, who wish to join Pleasure and Profit with Perfection, in th* or any other Art or Study, that nothing should be put off till the Years of Maturity, which may with Propriety be learned in early Youth. ■A I k;^:^ a I i'! v» l; }\ 4 4>"*«-r'iH up. f ll » ^f) PlatkVI CfC . Vry^ <^ r- W A u y ^' V' •/»10 va^ / '- I V\^ o^>^(^VS-ll^Vl'-> '^ UT-^/' ^. -L M ^ / -n ^ ^*^ ^■^2- v-* I -\^ I /^ P '^ OV ^•- ^O' •• 1^ r \ I 'v/. a .d-^ /"i^ r-' I »y\^_ -^ I -V -vr' f / ^>-<^ O (^ ^ ^. O Q_ . ff^ *-*. C , o . tf^ Letter &c. ^,*-^o ^ ^. ^ o — v-* "t E ^^ '^ " S ° "r <^o l^ ^ .» 'Vj f k^ I -^ ipi^ (T^- / "TTXr-O v-'CTV •• I °^ vy- ffftnj/r-v, Sti/ift ^' /'<•/! tr /,,f,.. OR SHORT HAND. 4ft CONTENTS OF THE PLATES. PLATE VI. » FABRICIUS* REPLY TO PYRRHUS. As to my Poverty, you have indeed, Sir, been rightly informed. My whole Estate consists of a House of but mean Appearance, and a little Spot of Ground, from which, by my own Labour, 1 draw my Support. But if by any Means you have been persuaded to think, that this Poverty makes me less considered in my Country, or in anyDegree unhappy, you are extremely deceived. I have no Reason to complain of Fortune ; she supplies me with all that Nature requires ; and if I am without Superfluities, I am also free from the t)esire of them. With these, 1 confess, 1 should be more able to succour the Necessi- tous, the only Advantage for which the Wealthy are to be envied : but as small as my Posses- sions are, I can still contribute something to the Support of the State, and the Assistance of my Friends. With regard to Honours, my Country places me, poor as I aui? on a Level with the Richest : for Rome knows no Qualifi- cation for Employments but Virtue and Ability. She appoints me to officiate in the most august / , > -^B- 1^^^ ''\l 46 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, 1 '■ ■■.. t^:) 1 I ' f ii IS'; If Ceremonies of Religion ; she entrusts me with the Command of her Armies ; she confides to my Care the most important Negociations. My Poverty does not lessen the Weight and Influ- ence of my Counsels in the Senate ; the Roman People honour me for that very Poverty which you consider as a Disgrace ; they know the many Opportunities I have had in War to enrich myself without incurring Censure ; they are con- vinced of my disinterested Zeal for their Pros- perity ; and if I have any Thing to complain of in the Return they make, it is only the Excess of their Applause. What Value then can I set upon your Gold and Silver ? What King can add any Thing to my Fortune ? Always atten- tive to discharge the Duties incumbent on me, I have a Mind free from Self-reproach, and I have an honest Fame. PRECEFrOR. I • AGAINST WASTE OF TIME. Converse often with yourself, and neither lavish your Time, nor suffer others to rob you of it. Many of our Hours are stolen from us, and others pass insensibly away ; but of both these Losses, the most shameful is that which happens through our own Neglect. If we take the Trouble to observe, we shall find that one considerable Part of our Life is spent in doing \i OR SHORT HAND. 47 Evil, and the other in doing nothing, or in doing what we should not do. We don't seem to know the Value of Time, nor how precious a Day is; nor do we consider that every Moment brings us nearer our End. Reflect upon this, I entreat you, and keep a strict Account of Time. Procrastination is the most dangerous Thing in Life. Nothing is properly ours but the instant we breathe in, and all the Rest is nothing ; it is the only good we possess ; but then it is fleeting, and the first Comer robs us of it. Men are so weak, that they think they oblige by giving of Trifles, and yet reckon that Time as nothing, for which the most grateful Person in the World can never make Amends. Let us therefore consider Time as the most valuable of all Things ; and every Moment spent without some Improvement in Virtue, or some Advance- ment in Goodness, as the greatest sublunary Loss. ^ < r;'i: ■ ', * < ! Hi w T^JP- 48 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, PLATE VII. ,1 BT. PAUL*S DECLAMATION BEFORE AGRIFPA. j I THINK myself happy, King Agrippa, that I shal'i answer for myself this Day before thee, touching all Things whereof I am accused of the Jews : especially, because I know thee to be expert in all Customs and Questions which are among the Jews ; wherefore I beseech thee to hear me patiently. My Manner ot Life from my Youth, which was at first among mine own Nation at Jerusalem, know all the Jews, which knew me from the Beginning, (if they would testify) that after the straitest Sect of our Re- ligion I have lived a Pharisee And now I stand and am judged for the Hope of the Promise made by God unto our Fathers : Unto which Promise our twelve Tribes, instantly serving God Day and Night, hope to come : For which • Hope's Sake, King Agrippa, I am accused of the Jews. Why should it be thought a Thing in- credible with you, that God should raise the Dead ? when God himself has given Assurance of it unto all Men, in that he hath raised Christ from the Dead. As for my own Part, rnos^. noble Festus, I own I once verily thought that even I myself ought to do many things contrary ^ to the Name of Jesus of Nazareth. Which* Thin^ I also did in Jerusalem. I punished |j.i ■•■■■■IKlllii PlateW. S*: Pauls Declamatiok. Q^ -N^^ ■U^0a^\/,^^ -•^^I^Q-f'^ Vr^|-t^->)0-/ f fS ••,^ O C /o v_. P^ V' v^ ^ I cr" e j S' /I o f^- '\_ o ^ !| I- •***••**•■ "" ' MihB Ww f ■• i. \< I I OR SHCHT HANH. 4g ^^MM-^ Nrtz«H;etli. Wbich Tht»g f-afeo Sid in Jerasftk^n. K^nnuslted the Saints oft in every Synagogue, and compelled them to blas- pheme ; and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange Cities. In Pursuit of which, as I went to Damascus, with Authority and Commission from the Chief Priests : At Mid-day, O King, I saw in the Way a Light from Heaven, above the Brightness of the Sun, shining about me, and them vvhich jouineyed with me. And when we were all fallen to the Earth, I heard a Voice speaking unto me, and saying in the Hebrew Tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me ? It is hard for thee to kick against the Pricks. And I said. Who art thou, Lord? And he said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest. But rise, and stand upon thy Feet: For I have appeared unto thee for this Purpose, to make thee a Minister and a Witness both of these Things which thou hast seen, and of those Things in which I will appear unto thee. Whereupon, O King Agrippa, I was not dis- obedient to the heavenly Vision : but shewed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and throughout all the Coasts of Judea, and then to the Gentiles, that they should repent, and turn to God. For these Cabses the Jews caught me in the Temple, and went about to kill me. Having therefore obtained Help of God^ I continue unto this Day, witnessing both , I -la «, M i >\ ) i': UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, to small and great, saying no other Things than those which the Prophets and Moses did say should come : That Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should rise from the Dead, and should shew Light unto the People, and to the Gentiles. This is the real Truth : Believe me, I am no pestilent Fellow, nor mover of Sedition ; but always endeavour all that lies in me to preserve a Conscience void of Offence towards God and towards Man : nor can the Jews prove the Things whereof they now accuse me. Neither am I, Festus, beeMes myself; but speak thus freely before the King, because he knows these Things to be Fact; yea, I am fully persuaded the King knows them all to be Fact; for they were not done in a Corner. King Agrippa, believest thou the Prophets ? I know thou believest. And would to God that not only thou, but also all that hear me this Day, were altogether such as I am, except these Bonds. -Holmes's Rhetoric. • PLATE Vin. pope to atterburv. (,• Once more I write to you, as I promised, and this once I fear will be the last : the Cur- tain will soon be drawn between my Friend and me, and nothing left but to wish you along . ' I ■ ^' Plate VUl . Pope /^.^ Attekbury. 0/ p^ /'/y .0-1 ^ ^P^ c^^v-B^'>^o'^^«^/^•c^ V^^^^/ 06.0 l_-^V^^,-,/.or-r^i. (, --,^/ H 1 ^ ^'— P-''^.^ Or -^a-\ &- 0: L ol I C i£_ I .3m / -a.^ / t. I Q 70/ ([ ^ / V-v, / / '-^ ' u- <^j^ i U . L ^ ^ ^<>^ "-'f ^ or ^^V. I |(^'oo^l,^-•llC \L^^\a-y<^ ^ ~t A~^ ' gJ^ / -7 I V ft rv/, -£, \_' _r; • |0 .. -^ A/77-j/^'^ '->/, <■ e ■ " '-^ -PM- 'TtnO 'i^/. 3^ ( (T-^ -vj-^. Kjp. a-/-!., '7,. ^^ J^ Ji I Jffmjtey.Scuip.'^'i'Jier Lttnt . •fr<*****"*P » 52 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, At this Time, when you are cut off from a little Society, and made a Citizen of the World at large, you should bend your Talents not to serve u Party, or a few, but all Mankind. Your Genius should mount above that Mist, in which its Participation and Neighbourhood with Earth hath long involved it: To shine abroad, and to Heaven, ought to be the Busi- ness and the Glory of your present Situation. Remember, it was at such a Tine that the greatest Lights of Antiquity dazzled and blazed the most ; in their Retreat, in their Exile, or in their Death. But why do I talk of dazzling or blazing ? It was thcL that they did good, that they gave Light, and that they became Guiders to Mankind. Those aims alone are worthy of Spirits truly great, and such I therefore hope will be yours. Resent- ment indeed may remain, perhaps cannot be quite extinguished, in the noblest Minds ; but Revenge will never harbour there: higher Principles than those of the first, and better Principles than those of the latter, will infal- libly influence Men whose Thoughts and whose Hearts are enlarged, and cause them to prefer the Whole to any Part of Mankind, especially to so small a Part as one's single self. Believe me, my Lord, I look upon you as a Spirit entered into another Life, as one just upon the £dge of Immortality, where the Passions and Affections must be much more exalted, and » ) ' I r/,.^ ;* wm '/**■■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I' 1.0 I.I 11.25 l£g|28 |25 US mm m ■ 4.0 lit IS UHI I 2.0 U 11.6 ^ '/ 7 % V (? / fliotographic Sciences Corporatioii ^ % ^ O 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIWTn,N.Y. 14510 (716) •72-4503 'V %' TliA^TK IX. OR SHORT HANP '♦ I M where you ojugbt to despise £^U little ViewB and all mean Aeti'ospects, Notbing: Ss worth* your lookii^g ba,ck ; and therefore, look forward, and make (as. you can) the World look af(er yon : but take Care It be not with Pity, but with Eatecm and Admiration. I AM, with the greatest Sincerity' and Passion for your Fame as well as Happiness, your, Ac. PLATE IX. READING. I OU seem fond of readii^, jny dear Children^ and I aip pleased to observe your Predilection for Books : Nothing can be more rational or more innocent ; or more entirely in your own Power, in all the Vicissitudes of Fortune and of Time. . Cut off < firom the Enjoyments of Society by ill Health 2 , separated from your Friends by Distance or Plaupe, or avoluntary Recluse from worldly Engagements^ you may still solace your Leisure with the Fruits of learned In^ dustry, and keep up an Acquaintance with the Wise in their Writings. Disgusted with the Folly or shocked with the Turpitude of Man- kind, you mf^y retire to your Study or your Fire-side, and associate with the illttstriouB Dead, or the enlightened Living ; afed arming yourselves with Maxims of Prudence and Re f If ^ ' \' im M UNIV&RSAL STENOGRAPHT, 'flection, return to the World with fresh Reso- lation to enable you to act or to suffer. Mere Reading, however, is only theSmploy^ ment of frivolous or weak Minds, in order to kill Time. I wish you to reap Profit as well as Pleasure from this delightful Exercise. How is this to be done ? Not by dipping into different Authors with a desultory and vacant Attention ; not by rapidly running through many Volumes, and as soon forgetting their Contents ; but by soliciting the best Writers alone^ in every Branch of Learning ; and by acqmring Habits of Ratiocination and Reflection, on what has passed under your Review. He wL(» retains no Relish in his Palate after he rises from the Feast, is a Voluptuary of a vitiated Taste, or obtnnded Feelings. Were you to pass through a Garden, where the most exquisite Odours recreated the Senses, would you feel happy in leaving it, to retain no Share of the Sweets, nor to carry with you some of the most flagrant Flowers, when freely per- mitted to pluck them ? The Reader who is satisfied with the temporary Charm of Novelty, or swallows Knowledge without taking Time to digest it, is exactly in the Situation of him who casually sees his Face ifl a Glass, and soon forgets his natural Appearance ; or who indulges his other Senses, while Reason, by whose Test they should be tried, is sufiered to Ue dormant. ' ■ • mm OR SHORT HAND. 55 Rbad, therefore, to reflect; and reflect, that you may be eager to read. Even the Journal of the Day may afford Improvement to a con- templative Mind. The quicquid qgunt honUnes, the avocations of ordinary Men, the Schemes of the PoUtician, the Edicts of Power,-every Incident, every Occurrence, to him who seeks Wisdom, will supply Opportunities of becommg ^se. The Bee from the humblest Plant can rifle Sweets ; even from the most poisonous, it can extract some Honey. , /^ «« Mavor's Father's Gift. nvis. LoNBOir: ft|iUrf|wA.&R.^ottkwoodi* New.Stnet.Square.