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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rrata to pelure, 1 A □ 32X I 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 t.: ■IS I II 11 X i ',.. I N 1 ^\ 4 1 ' ' • L [ f J. i k 300 TIllO AMERICAN ANTHIiOl'Ol.OOIST. [Vol. VII. TH£ CHINOOK JARGON. BV MYUO.X KKIXS. No one person is competent to write ii dictionary of tlie Chi nook jargon, beciuise it is so constantly changing and is used very dif- ferently at the same time in ditierent localities. Words that are very common at one ])lace are sometimes obsolete a hundred and fifty miles from that place, and words that have been adopted into the language from the English in one place are unknown to neighboring Indians. In order to write a complete dictionary of the jargon, one should learn to speak it thorouithly in one place, then go to all the other places where it is spoken differently, and spend enough time at each [)lace to note the difTcrences. This would necessitate a residence in northern California, southern Oregon, the Willamette valley, eastern Oregon, northern Idaho, north- eastern and middle Washington, Puget sound, several localities in British Coluniliia both east and west of the Cascade moun- tJiins, and several places in Alaska. Origin and Hidory. The following account, taken from Hale's " Oregon Trade Lan- guage," is probal)ly as good a hi.stt)ry of the jargon as there is, to witliin a few years: Tlie Britisli nnd American tradingsliips fnni ai>i)ean'(l on the norlh-wct^t coiiHt diu'lii}; the rlo.'^inj; ycar.s of tlu' last ccntary. The tiroat nunilicr of lanjinaj^e.s spoken by tlie native tribes pi'ovcd to lie ii sorions hin(h'ancc to their business. Had it chanced tliat any one of these lanj.(Uii|!;('s was f)f easy ac(niisition and very jrenerally (bffuscd, like the ('liijipcway among the eastern tiilx's, the ^hday in the Indian Ai-cliiiH'higu, and the Italian in the Meditcrranfan, it would, no doubt, have been ado|)tcd as the medium of comnmnicatinn Ix'twcen the whites and the natives. Unfortu- nately, all these languages — the Nootka, Nis((ually, (!hinook, Chihailisli, and others — were alike harsh in i)ronuncialion, complex in structure, and each spoken over a very limitetl space. The f(jreigners, therefore, took July I.S!)4.] TIIK CIIINUOK .lAliClON. 301 no piiins to hecoiiu'iU'(|naiiitv.l witli any of tlu'in. Uiit, as tlu'liarlMHir nf Nodtka was at tliat tiiiii' tlic lii'ail(|iiailcrs orcliicf ciiiiKiriiiiii < if tin' trade, it was lU'tTssarily tlio casi' that sdiue words of tlic dialect tlierc siHikcii became known to the traders, and that the Indians, on the other hand, were niadi' faniiliar with a few Kii;i:lisii words. These, with the assistance of si;,'ns, weri' sntlicient for the sliurh' intercourse that was then nuiintained. Afterwards the traders hetran to lre(jueut the Colnnihia River, and nat- urally attempted to connnunicute with the natives thereby means of the words which they had found intelligible at Xootka. The t^hinooks, who are (|uick in catching soinids, soon ac(|uired these words, both Xootka and Knglish, and we find that they were in use among them as early as the visit of Lewis and Clark, in l,S()4. But when, at u later period, the white traders of Ast(jr's exjieditions, and from other quarters, made jjermanent establishments in Oregon, it was soon fomid that the scanty list of nouns, verbs, and adjectives then in use was not sulhcient forthemore coustantand general intercourse which began to take place. A real language, complete in all its jiarts, however limited in extent, was re(iuired; and it was formed by drawing ujioii the Chinu(jk forsuch words as were requisites, in order to add to the skeleton of which they already possessed the sinews and temlons, the conut'cting liga- ments, as it were, of a s[)eecli. These consisted of tlu' numerids (tht' ten digits anil the word for hundred*, twelve pronouns {[, IIkih, hr, ur, i/r, they, llii!<, iitliff, (til, IidIIi, irlm, irlinl), and aixmt twc:ity adverbs and prepo- sitions (such as— (""(', IIk'ii, fiifiiiirlij, smui, itcroiis, (ifiliorc, (ijl'-slinrf, iidiiiiil, (iljoir, lii'litir, to, iritli, ikv.). Having ai)propi'iated. these and a few othei' words of the same tongue, tlio Trade Language— or, as it now began to be styled, " the jargon" — assumed a regular sluqie, and became of great service as a means of general intercourse. But the new idicjni received additions from other sources. The Can- adian roiitKjriirs, as they are called, -ho enlisted in the service of the American and Ib-itish fur conq)anie>, mlmv brought more closely in con- tact with the hidians than any others of the foreigners. They did not merely trade, they travelled, hunted, ate, and, in slxu't, lived with them on terms of faunliarity. The conseciuence was th..t several words of the I'l'encli language were added to the slender stock of the jargon. These were only terms such as did not previously belong to it, including the names of various arti<'les of food and clothing in use among the Cana- dians (bread, flour, overcoat, hat), some iuqilements and articles of fur- niture (axe, ])ipe, null, table, box), st'Veral of llie parts of the body (head, mouth, tongue, teeth, neck, hand, foot), and, characterit-tically enough, tiie verbs to run, sing, and dance. A single conjnnction or connective l)article, ^'cX coi'riq)ted to /k and used with the various meauinus n( Ihai, besides, aiir ten terms were made by what grannnarians term ononiatopieia,— that is, were formed by a rude attemi)t to imitate sound, and are therefore 802 TlIK AMKIUCAN ANTIIUOPOIXKHST. [Vol. va. tlio solo iind oriufiiial property of tho j;irfj;on ('oiiHidrrliiji it« iiioilo of formation, oiui is rather Hurprisod that the iimiihia- of these Words is not frreater. yw'yj//y> is intended to express the sound (jf boiling watt), ami means to boil. 7V/(f//(/(;/, or, more commonly, /('*//(/( (for the nasal Nound is dillieidt to these Indians! is the rin';in,ir< I a hell, and thence any instni- nu'nt of nmsic. I'o or iion is the report of a f^tin ; llklik is for a watch ; Illinium is the word for heart, and is intended to represt-nt its heatinij. The word liim, pronounced with <,'reat force, dwellinjr on the concludin}; in, is the nearest approach which the natives can make to the noise of a cataract; hut they usually j(jin with it the English word (/vf/rr, makiu"; liim-v'dtd, the name which they j^ive to the falls of a river. Muxh repre- sents the ."onnd (jf anythinj; falliny; or thrown down (like the Enf^lish nuixh and xnuiuli) ; klid- is the sound of a rope suddeidy loosed from its fast- ening, or "let go." All the words thus combined in this siiif^ularly constructed laufjuage, at that sta<;e of its existence, wi're found to nmnber, accordiujj; to my com- putation, about two hundred ami lifty. Of tiiese, eighteen were of Nootka origin, forty-one were English, thirty-four French, one hundred and eleven Chinook, ten formeil by onomatop(eia, and some thirty-eight were of doubtful derivation, though probably for the most part either Chinook or Nootka. But, as might be expected, the language continued to develo]). lis grammar, such as it was, remained the same, but its lexicon drew contributions from all the various sources whicii have been named, and from some others. In 1863, seventeen years after my list was pnl)lished, the Smithsonian Institution put forth a " Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon," prepared by the late tieorge Cibbs, a thoroughly competent investigator. His collection comprised nearly five hundred words. Tho.se of Chinook origin had almost doubled, being computed at two hundred and twenty-one. The French had more than doubled, and comprised now ninety-four words. The English wonls were sixty-.seven. The great Salish or " Flathead" stock, with whose tribes, next to the (!)hinook, the Oregon traders had the largest relations, furnished thirty nine words. The Nootka in its various dialects, now yielded twenty- four. The others, about forty, were due to the imitation of natural sounds, or were of casual or undeternuned derivation. Since the i)nb!ication of the vocabulary of (iibbs, no material change seems t(j have been made in the language. Two later dictionaries of the jargon have come into my hands— small i>ainphlets, both printed in Victoria, British Cohunbia, the one in 1S7H and the other as late as 1887. The former is announced as the "sixth edition," the latter is described as a "new edition" — facta which sulliciently prove the continued and extensive use of this international speech. r't V i Mr. Hale say.s that since the publication of the (li('tionary of Gihbs no material change seems to have been made in the jar- July 1894.] THE CIIIXOOK .TAKGOK. 803 r' ' V gon because two late dictionaries wliicli he has ol)taine(l show no great change. Tliis is a mistake, I)ut a very natural one fer him to make, for I have examined seven dietion.iricswliicli \\\\\(^ been published since that of fiil)l>s, and only one of tlieni, that of J. B. (iood, shows much cliange ; and Mr. Hale while in Cr.n- ada could not see the changes whicli are going on, but which ire not shown in the dictionaries. The reason tliey do not show these changes, undoubtedly, is that the great change is in the adoption into the jargon of words from the iMiglish, and it is not necessary to put such words into a dictionary in order tliat English-speaking ])eople may learn their meaning. Changes have been going on in the jargon just as steadilv since the pub- lication of (iil)bs' dictionarv as Ijcfore that time. The great tendency has been to drop words of French and Indian origin and to introduce others from the English. This is easily ac- counted for from the fact that during the hist thirty or forty years the French Canadians of the Hudson Bay Company have mainly been crowded out of the United States and a large part of British Columl)ia to the very frontiers, while English-speaking ])eople have taken their i)laces, iriingling and working with Ir.dians. ^ I A Usefulness and Future of the Jargon. The usefulness of the jargon is jiroved ])y the fact that it Inis lived and worked its way from its lurthplace, at tlie mouth of the Columbia river, south to California, east to the Rocky mountains, and north far into Alaska, and this has been done notwithstanding the paucity of its vocal)ulary, its lack of grain- mar, the fact ihat nici; shades of meaning cannot be easily ex- pressed in it, and that it has numerous Indian languages and the English with which to contend, which the i)eople have used from infancy and which th(\v jirefer to use whenever tlicy can. In the region bounded by the above limits are scores of Indian languages which would be very difHcult for the whites to accpiire. The Chinook jargon ol)viates the necessity of learning them, as a person who has acquired it can easily converse with Indians who s])ealv different languages. It was this which led me to acquire it. When I came to the Skokonush reservation, in 1S74, tlircc entirely diilerent Indian m i I. J. ^41 304 TIIK AMKUICAN ANTIIKOPOI-OGIhT. [Vol. VII. huififua.iioH l)(>.si(U!H the Chinook jaixoii won; snokcn here l)y In- dians hcloufjcini!; to as many trilx's. My intention was to learn the one native to the place, l)ut I soon found that if 1 were to do so I would not he ahlo to converse with the Indians helonjfinjj; to the other two trihos ; so 1 learned the Chinot)k jiir}j;on, and found it very useful. Horatio lEalesaidin 1841 that the tid(! of white poi)ulation which was settini^ in this direction would S(jon overwhelm it, " leaving no trace, l)Ut such as may e.\ist on tlie written page." In 1S!)() he said that the i)rediction has l)een only [)artially ful- filled, adding, " the language, in fact, seems destined to a long life and wide usefulness, though in a region somewhat remote from its original seat. On the site of Fort Vancouver it is now only heard from stray Indians, who have wandered thither from their reservations. Hut on the reservations and in the interior it is still in frequent use. ... In British (.'oUnnhia and parts of Alaska it is the prevailing medium of intercourse hetwoen the whites and the natives. There, too, the Indian trihes are not likely to die out." He also adds that these natives are likely to keep ui) a friendly commercic with their civilized neighhors for centuries, and that this will be done l)y njcans of this jargon; so that there is reason to l)elieve that it will have its office of an international speech to fullill among th(^ many-languaged tribes of northwestern America for hundreds and perhai)S thou- sands of years to come. This spread, this life of the jargon, 80 contrary to his ideas fifty 3'ears ago, is due solely to its usefulness. Its future will depend on this same usefulness. As the Indians die or learn to speak Engli'.h, as they are now doing on Pugct sound, it will soon be of no use. I have i)een surprised to see how little Chinook the S(!hool children know who are even six- teen years of age. Yet the reason is i)hiin ; it is for intercourse between whites and Indians. But they have learned the English from an early age, and so have hivd no use for the Chinook. As nearly all the Indian children on I'uget sound of school age are now in school, there will Ix; no use for it when their parents are dead.-i^ Ihii so long as tliero will be Indians from California to *()r<.'j!:oii Trade Liuigua!,'o, pi). 21, '22. July 18(14.] TffK CHINOOK JARGON. 305 AliLska wlio cannot ea.sily Hpoak Kni^lisli, so lonfj; will it bo UHcful anl»s, 792 ; (lood, 825, and Gill, 1,;}78, while Duricn and St. ()nj.'o have no such part. T havo found 4,001. St. Onj^o jiivcs 1)7 phrases which begin with the word )iuimo(>Iy ; I have found 20!). Words — Chancjea. Transition is and always has been a more niarivod feature of this jarj^on than of ahuost any language. Many words used years ago are not used now; othtu's have taken their places, while many new ones have also been introduced. Of the 1,402 words I liave found, only 740 are now used in this region, and of ttiese I have recorded .'i74 wiiicli 1 have found in no other dictionary, nearly all of which are of P]nglish origin. In 1803 Gibbs gave more of French origin than of English — 04 of the former and ()7 of the latter. When, however, the Hudson Bay ('ompany re- moved from this region, and Avith it tiie French Canadians, these words of French derivation began to be dropi)ed. Thus out (^f 111 .such words which began with the letter /, only oo are now used in this region. Many words of Indian origin have likewise been dropped, English words having taken their places. The words which are used here now are, however, not all used in other i)laces, and undoubtedly there are many employed in other localities which are in none of the dictionaries and which are not used here. It has even sometimes been said that it is ([uite difficult for a person who can speak the jargon on Puget .sound to understand it as spoken in Oregon or British Columbia, and while I have not found this to be exactly true, yet I have found considerable dillerence in its use. A year ago I asked Dr. W. C. McKay, of Pendleton, Oregon, to mark those words in Gill'.s dictionary which were in use in ncjrtheastern Oregon. He did so, and I found lol word.s which had not been used on Puget sound. On reservations where Catholic missionaries labor among the Indians many words are used which are different from those em])loyed where Protestant missionaries work, although they may not be very far apart. Among the former not so many of July IHOI.J TlIK CHINOOK .lAlKiON. :!07 tho words of Frciu'li dcriviitioii have hui'ii (!r(i|i|i('il ;i> aiiioii^f tilt) latter. Obsolete Words. it is very dillieiilt to learn liow many words havcbecunic coni- plotoly ol)HoU;te, altlioujih many are undouUti'dly so, liecaus(! those whieh arc ol)solete in one region are not in anotlier. As just mentioned, of the 1,402 words 1 have found, (')()2 are ol)soU;te here, and of tho 1,028 I have found m tiie various dictionaries, only 288 are used here. A noted instance of how a word may Ix-comc ol)solete is found in the word vuvtiooh. On l'uin with it, wliicii answer to a sin,i;]e Knjilish word, two and a iialf times as many as any other word l)euins. i)r. F. l>oas says, however, tiuit it "has ac([uired an oljscc .-.' meaninji, and is no longer in use on the Colum])ia river."* New Words. It is a singular fact that while new words are heing constantly introduced into the jargon, that new dictionaries have l)een made and new etlitions of old ones published, yet very few of these words have been inserted, tiood has done more of this than any other writer, i)rol)al)ly because he was a missionary among the Indians, used these words in his intercourse with them, and so found that they had become a part of the lan- guage. I have often noticed these new words as they were being in- troduced. Twenty years ago we used the wor ' Sunday both for week and the Sal)bath, l)Ut now week is used for week, and San- d(iy for tho .Sa1)bath. It may be objected that these are l<]nglish words and do not properly belong to the Chinook jargon, Init tluiy are used both by whites and Indians when they employ the jargon, and so have become a part of it, as it now is, as certainly as home, stone, or shi(f/a were in 1803. Ill "'■-w *Scioncc, Marcli 4, ISIH', p. 129. nos Till'; AMIOIIICAN ANTMKOI'OMMilST. [V..I. VII. m Oi'lil'ni i{( Witnh. Tlic 7 ("hiiiook li»H •_'(»() rivii.li 147 WO Ciiclmlis (14 :t2 N(M.tka Z\ 24 NiHiiually VA 7 Oiioiiiii 12 Clatsop 10 Twaiia (J Canadian French (i 4 AVasco 5 4 Nittinat o Clallam 4 Yakima 4 1 Kalai)iiya '-I 4 Ni'/. IVnv 2 Klikitut 2 1 Clyo(iui)l 2 SiKjliumisli 2 RellalM'lla 1 Afakah 1 Tillamook I Chippeway 1 1,0H2 This leaves the ori^dii of .'ViO unaccounted for, or nitlier soiui;- thing over that nuinh(!r, as occasionally a single wonl in Chinooli jargon is referred to two or nioredilVerent languages for its origin. Spelling. The spelling of the words is a curiosity. The earliest writer who published a dictionary for po[)ular use (Lionnct, in IcSo;!), instead of following the jdionetic method, the only one suitaltlo for Indian languages, tried to follow the English method ; in other words, no method at all. Gibbs, Gill, and IIibl)en have July mu.] Tino CIlINOdK ,IAI!(iON, .",()!) followfd hiiii. 'I'll.' Inltcr two wcrr almost [\\v uu\\ (li.liniiarirs uvjiilaldi! to Hk; \>n\}\'u: lor many years in Orcfron, Wasliin^'ton, tiiid British Colunihia. and ik.w it seems (o he almosl as useless to atteiii|tt to relorm tlie spelliiij:', wliicli is very miseralilu, as it is to relorm tin; spelling' of the 10n^,disli lan^Mia<,'t'. While, us a >,'en(;ral thin^r, Oihhs, inhheii, ll;dt!, Tate, dill, Lowman and llanl'ord, and (iood spell tliev,.)i s nearly alike, yet they do not always do so, and the diilerent \\ .lys in wliieh HOino words are spoiled by these tmd other writ Tf, is a enriosity. It shows what even edueated men will do i i 'Jiis lino when they liave no standard authority. Very seldom is any n'ord, .jven the ' 'i '-iost one. spelled in the sanuMvay hy all tli" writers, and some of thcni are spelled in nuuiy dillerent w.iys. l-'or instantte the word kionas is spelled in eij,dit difVerent ways, (ihnktillic and kcchnilce in nine, Uodlf/niian and Uliiiindirhlt eaeh in ten, khi.i/ic in eleven, hldUiicn, mtlidd, and iiiinwIiiHc each in twelve, Uilithun in thirteen, bdalaUi and ///u;*/ each in fourteen, and koujih in sixteen ways. The following four examples are ()(> phrases. I'ronouns claim only ten words and seven phrases ; adverbs, fifty words and lifty-six phrases ; prepositions, niiUMVords and three 2)h rases ; conjunction,- seven words and two phrases, and interjections, sixteen words and two phrases. Expressive Words. A few words are very expressive, meaning so much an;]isl\ word. Thus hiyn (many) begins 30 such phrases and is found in 1() others, 4() in all; ivake begins 53; bihkwi l)egins 54 and is in 14 otliers, OS in all ; 7niiwa begins 31 and is in 40 others, 77 in all ; clidko l)cgins 03 and is in 18 others, 81 in all ; halo l)egins 85 and is in !) others, 94 in all; . The following arc the dictionaries and vocalniiaries wliich I have used : Parkkk, lier. H.: In liis " Exploring: Tdiir iH-yoml the Rocky Monu- taiiis," i>u))lisluMl in lS;iS, uri' 10."> words uiul plinisos. St. Onmk, liir. L. N.: CliinooU Dictioniiry, cniiipose«l in 1838 and 1839, conipli'ted in 18(17, pnbli,«liod in 1871. bnic and Fkost: In tiiclr "Ten Yours in Oregon," 1.S44, are ubimt 50 words, ("liitsop and Chinook jar}j;on. DiNN, .loux: In iiis " History of tiu' Orciron Territory," iS4(>, ari' .'>:'. words. 312 THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST. [Vol. VII. Ross, Ai.EXAxnER: In his "Adventures of the Fir.st Settlers on the Columbia River," 184!), are l!0 words and expressionn. Swan, ,J. G.: In his " Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory,'' 1857, are IJ27 words. Giiins, Gkouge: Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, 180:?. WiTfiiuop, T.: In his "Canoe and Saddle," 1876, are 2CA words. IIiiiiiKN', T. \., & Co.: Dictionary of the Chinook .largon, 188,'5. Good, Eer. J. B.: Dictionary of the Chinook and Thompson River Tongue, 1880. DuuiEr, BUhoj) Paul : Practical Chinook Vocabulary, 1886. Tate, Eev. C. U.: Chinook Dictionary, 1889. IlAt.E, H.: Oregon Trade Language or Chinook .largon, 1800. GiLi/s Dictionary of the Chinook Jargi^n, 1891. LowMAN and Hanford: Chinook Dictionary, 1891. Boas, F.: In Journal of American Folk-Lore, pp. 22.^, 22(), vol. i, 1888, are 7o words, and in Science, 1892, p. 129, are 24 words. For more extended notice of these works and all literature referring to the language and jargon, see Chinookan Bibliography by J. C Pilling. ',.: . •. !';l:'" ■s i Union City, Washington. n