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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont film^es d partir de Tangle sup^rieure gauche, de gauche ^ droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m^thode : 'S, 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ft Vl "I I Wbkck' - Cliff an'd C'A.-CADi: - Fictarel Recks. 'h,.'2 T /J^aT rijs;^ii ".S AN'> . t:- villages am> t hu K( "j> of in vEJ^csr. tOitv*\^T; -K C'i nL\T",' iTv:. ••»•■♦ I*' »► .—--.- 1 ^ 7 4. .«**> # .#-■ .f'y : ."■ i.i i0-. . . «.; »5- #» Is!^ Sailing on the GmatLakes r /J^aT AND RIVEES OF AMERICA; EMBRxVClNG A DESCRIPTION OF LAKES ERIE, HURON, MICHIGAN & SUPERIOR, AND RIVERS ST. MARY, ST. CLAIR, DETROIT, NIAGARA & ST. LAWRENCE; ALSO, THE COMMERCE OF THE LAKES, &c. TOGETHER AVITH NOTICES OF THE RIVERS MISSISSIPPI, MISSOURI AND RED RIVER OF THE NORTH; CITIES, VILLAGES AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST. FORMING ALTOGETHER A COMPLETE GULDE (To the ^mt l^JtUc.^, nt\mx piiSiStetirpi, "^tirircv Piosiauvi, $ic, ALSO, RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES. WITH MAP AND EMBELLISHMENTS. COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY J. DISTURNELL, AuTiiOK OF THE " Influksce OF Climatp:," etc. PHILADELPHIA: 1874. y v^ rh Ifvittlidli^Iimtnt s, 1. Frontispiece —Cascade Fall and Wreck-Cliff— Pictured Kocks, 2. Vignette. — The Castle Miner's River, rictured Rocks 3. Cedar Rapids. — St. Lawrence River . 4. Brock's Monument. — Qneenston Ileiglits . 5. Niagara Falls and Rapids .... 6. Fort Niagara. — Mouth of Niagara River . 7. Perry's Monument. — Cleveland, Ohio. 8. Arched Rock. — Mackinac .... 9. Indian Wigwam, Canoes, etc. — Saut Ste. Marie 10. Great Falls. — Pigeon River 11. Rapids op Saut Ste. Marie. — From American 12. Speckled Trout. — From Nepigon River . 13. Grand PoRTAiL. — Pictured Rocks 14. Monument Rock. — Lake Superior 15. Maiden's Rock. — Lake Pepin 16. Scenery above Winona. — Mississipjji Rivtr 17. Falls of St. Anthony .... 18. Falls of Min-ne-iia-iia .... 19. Pulling a Canoe up the Rapids. — Rainy Lake River 20. Township Map of the Lake Superior Region. Side, PAGF. 1 13 73 83 87 93 106 140 153 178 180 191 197 203 . 232 . 233 . 250 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by JOHN DISTURNELL, in tlu OfDce of tlie Librarian of Congress, at Washington. TO MY PATRONS, During the Summer of 1843, I visited the Lower St. Lawrence, proceeding to Tadousac, and ascended the far-famed Sagucnay River to Chicoutimi, — tlie'i tliis wild and interesting region of country was almost unknown to the American trav- elling public, although since it has become a most fashionable Summer Resort. In 1844 the "Picturesque Tourist" appeared, being a Guide Ihrouijh tlic Slate (if Xfu- York and Canada. This work was favorably received, and two or three editiou.s were issued. In 1846 the Rainway and Steamship Guide was issued, as a ([uartcrly jjublica- tion, being tlu' (iist work of its kind in the United States, and kept up until 1858, when it WHS discontinued owing to being superseded by monthly publications, wliicli proved a great success, — filling a want re(iuired by the Travelling I'nbiic. In the month of September, 1854, I visited Mackinac and the Saut Ste. Marie, and remained until the first of October. Then a horse-railway conveyed passen- gers and freight from tiie Lower to the Upper Landing, a distance of one mile: the travel and trade being comparatively small, althougli the construction of the Ship Canal was in progress, being finished in 185."). Tn 1856 I again visited Lake Superior and proceeded to Bayfield, stopping al the intermediate ports, for the purpose of obtaining information for a new work which a|)peared iu 1857, entitled "Trip through the Lakes and River St. Law- rence." This work was also favorably received, having since passed througii four editions. In 1807 the " Influksce of Climate in North and South America" was issued, containing 336 pages, octavo size. A nciv Edition is noiv being prepared for publi- calion, to contain Health Statistics relating to the several States, Territories and principal Cities of the Union, Agricultural Statistics, cj'f. The present Work, entitled, " Sailing on the Great Lakes and Rivers ok America," with Map and Embellishments, is compiled with much care, hoping it may meet with a hearty approval. The aim ef tlie Compiler lias been to faith- fully describe the objects of interest and wonders on the Inland Seas and tin- Great Rivers flowing into the Ocean by widely different cliannels. T. DISTURNELL. Philadelphia, June, 1874. J TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC. The Great, or ''NEW NORTH-WEST," embracing the Region of the Great Lakes of America, the Upi)er Mimissippi Valley, the Valley of the lied River of the North, and the Upper Missouri Valley — including in part the Northern portion of the United IStates and a part of the Dominion of Canada, are included in the above designated territory, lying, for the most part, in the middle of the Continent, between the A'yth and iJOth degrees of North latitude. Within this vast region are the sources of foUT of the greatest Rivers of America, — the Missouri River rising in the Rocky Mountains, the Mississippi River rising in Northern Minnesota, both flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, — the Red River of the North rising in Dakota and Minnesota, together with the iSaskatch Clean, flowing into Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay, and the viain sources of the Great Lakes and the iSt. Lawrence River, Jlowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, — forming altogether about eighteen thousand miles of Inland Navigation. Tliis hitherto neglected portion of the Continent is now attracting the attention of the naturalist and the geographer, owing, in the main part, to its agricultural and mineral products. Already railroad routes have been surveyed and explora- tions made in various directions, while the Northern Pacific Railroad, destined soon to form another Trans -Coiitinental line of travel, has been com' pleted for a distance of four hundred and ffty miles, west of Lake Superior, connecting the heads of all the above mighty bodies of xvater,floiving South, North and East into the Ocean, at ividely different points of the compass. By the above railroad route, following up the Missouri River, the Gold Fields of Montana can be reached, as well as the famous National Park situated on the head- waters of the Yellov'doyie River. Lewis and Clark, two eminent explorers, early in the beginning of the present century, passed over a portion of this wilderness, inhabited only by roving tribes of wild Indians, and faithfully described its wonderful scenery and adapta- tion for the residence of civilized man. Employees of the American Fur Company, 111 I ly TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC. and others, followed in after years ; but the far-seeing and energetic AsA WniT- NEY, some thirty years since, was the first to project a line of railroad to extend from the shores of Lake Michigan to the shores of Vuget iSound, on the J'acifio coait. Aft cr fruitless efforts, running through several years, his plans were abandoned, although the importance of the subject was brought to the attention of the United States Oovernment and State Legislatures ; also, advocated before the American Geographical Society as early as the year 1851. After a lapse of tioenty years this great Nationahvork tvas commnuced and soon completed across Minnesota and Dakota Territory to the Missouri River. It is this extended field, made easy of access by means of the Ship Canal at the Saut Stc. Marie, and liallroads finished to the southern borders of Lake Superior, and westward to the Upper Missouri River, that is described in the j^resent work, entitled "SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES." While thousands of American tourists are annually fiocking to Europe and the far ends of the earth, our own country from Maine to Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, including California and Oregon, has been strangely neglected. In all the above Regions alluded to, in the Korth-ivest, health prevails, — the climate possessing pro])erties that invigorate the whole human J'ramc — giving vitality and strength to MAN that enables him to endure fatigue and labor to a wofiderful extent. Thousands are noiv living in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota that ivould have long since been in their graves were it not for t/ie recuperative climatic influence that reigns in the region bordering on the Great Lakes and Rivers of North America, lying for the most part in a high latitude, being free from malaria and favored with jmre air and water. The Cities, Villages and Objects of Interest on the Shores of Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan and Superior are, also, faithfully described — including the far-famed Copper, Iro7i and Silver Region. J, D. ^i Philadelphia, May, 1874. CONTENTS. Island Skas — Extf.nt axd Commkrck of I'Koi'osKu Canal and Kivicr iMrunvKMKNTS TaIJLE, SUOWINO COJU'ABATIVK ELEVATIONS— AUEA, DeI'TII, ETC., OF THE GllEAT LaKICS . I 'ART I. TAOK U-IO 11 12 PAGE NATrnAL HF,Ai-ni:s and Oii.tkcts of In- TEiUcsT — Iiiliiiiil Sens — Falls of Niiij^- ura and Rapids of tho St. Lawrence — Valley of tilt" Mississippi — ]>o Soto — Father Marcnu'ttu — Natural Tor races— ricasuro Travel — A Word to the Wiso — Sia.EC'TED PoETUY — Iiivcr St. Law- rence — Sail Uock— Lake Superior — Mississippi River 13-24 PART II. Eaiily French Di.scovekies ~ Take Pos- session of the Country — French Ac- count of the Ancient Mines — Father Marquette, hii. Discoveries and Death — Jolliet — Discovery and Settlement of Mackinac — English Account of Lake Superior — Niat;ara Frontier — La Salic — Ancient Relics — Historical Events... 25-39 PART III. Early Navkjation, etc. — Steamboat Travelling — Navigation of Lake Supe- rior — Names of Steumer.s — Coal ai. i Iron Wealth — Commerce of the Lakes — Flow of Water in the Rivers — List of Steamers Sailing on Lake Sui)erior — Sailing on the Lakes — Duluth, Temper- ature of. 40-50 PART IV. MiNF.RAL Region of Lake Superior — Iron, Copper and Silver— First Dis- covery of Iron — .Taokson Mountain- Classitication of Iron Ores — Michigam- nie Iron District— Penoka Iron Range — Extent of the Iron Mines — Future of the Iron Centre — Iron Mining Com- panies — Iron Product — Furnaces — Value of Iron Produced — Shipmcut of 51-0(5 Iron Ore- Copper Product and Names of Cop])er Mines — Silver Mining Com- panies — Silver Mining on Lak(! Su- perior—North Shore — (ieological For- mation—Thunder Ray -Silver Islet — Silver Mining Companies on the North Shore PART V. Railroad and Stkamroat Route from New York to the Kcul of Lake SiijieriDi 07 Grand K.vcursioii — HuH'alo to Duluth, etc. 08 St. Lawren(te River and Lake Naviga- tion G'J Rufl'alo and Niagara Falls to Montreal and (iuehec, passing through Lake Ontario and down the St. Lawrence River 70-72 MA(iNITUDE OFTIIE LaKES OK "INLAND Seas " — Lake Superior 73 Lake Michigan — Ureen Ray — Lake Huron — Georgian Ray — Lake St. Clair — Lake Erie 74 Lake Ontario — Trihutaries of Lakes "i'} Lake and River Navigation 7ii Altitudes— Toj)ography, etc 77 Upper Lakes — The White Fish 7S Fish of the Upper Lakes 7!) International Bridge — (Jrain Trade of Rutfalo 80 Railroad and Steamhoat Routes — Rutfalo to Niagara Falls — Waterloo — Navy Island 81 Chippewa —Niagara I'alls — Drummonds- ville — Rattle of Lundy's Lane 82 Clifton— (Jueenston — Brock's Monument — Village of Niagara 83 Niagara River— Its Rapids, Islands, etc. 84 Grand Island — Tonawanda — Schlosser's Landing — The Rajiids — Goat Island... 85 Goat Island Bridge — Bath Island, etc 85 V yi CONTENTS. '!• rxuK NiAOAKA — Ilorsc-Shoc or Canadian Fall — American Fall 87 Catauact of Niaoara — f'liinate, etc 88 Suspension IJridgo — 'Whirlpool — Vil- lage of Niagara Fulls, etc X9-91 Great Western Ilaihvay of Canada 112 To Invalids and Seekers of Pleasure? 91! Jfcdical Influence of Climate 91 Advice to Pleasure Travellers 95-9(> Approaches to Lake Superior 97 Hints to Pleasure Travellers 9S Table of Distances from Buffalo to Dululh 99 Grand Pleasure Excursion — FroniBufl'alo and Detroit to Duluth, St. Paul, etc 100 PART VI. TripThrougiitiikLakks — City of Buf- falo ini-10'2 Steamhoat Iloute from Bullalo, Detroit, etc. — Dunkirk, etc lOo City of Eric 101 Ashtabula — Paiuesvillo— Cleveland 105-lOC Sandusky — Huron, cte 107 Kelley's Island and Bass Islands 107-108 Naval Battle on Lake Erie 109 Put-in-Bay— Toledo 110 Co'.iparativc (irowth of Lake Cities Ill Climat(jloKy of Ohio — City of Monroe — Fort Wayne 112 Detroit Kivor — Amherstburgh — Browns- town] — Windsor, Can il3 City of Detroit 114-115 He la Pechc — Table of Distances lUi Canal through St. Clair Flats — Detroit to jSlackinac and Saut Ste. Marie — Lake St. Clair 117 Ashley— Algonac— Newport— St. Clair, etc 118 Southerland — Port Huron — Fort G ratiot — Sarnia, etc 119 EouTK rRf)M Sarnia to Gouerich, etc. — Kincardine — Saugeen 120 EouTE FROM Port Huron to Saginaw City — East Sagiuaw, etc 121 Lakk Huron — Saginaw Bay, Tawas, Thunder Bay Islands 122 Lower Peninsula of Michigan — Al- pena, Duncan, Cheyboygan, etc 123 Old Mackinac — Grand Traverse City — Manistee— Grand Haven 124 PAGE Steamboat Route from Detroit to Mackinac, Green Bay, etc 125 Now Bulfalo — St. Joseph — Amsterdam — Holland — Steamers on Lake Michigan 126 PART VII. City op Chicago, Description of. 127-128 Bailroads Diverging from Chicago 129 ^lonthly Temperatures — Distances from Chicago to Mackinac and Duluth, Minn. 130 Steamers Running on Lake Michigan 131 Route from Chicago to JIackinac and Saut Ste. Marie 131 Waukecgan — Kenosha — Racine — Milwau- kee 132 tiranaries of liiwa, Minnesota, and AVis- consin — Railroads, etc 133 Sheboygan — Manifouwoc — Kewaunee — Ahneepee, etc 134 Manitou, Fox, and Beaver Islands — Straits of Mackinac, etc 135 Mackinac — Town and Fortress 1.3G Fort Mackinac — Cheyboygan 137-138 Lover's Leap — Altitudes of Various Points 139 Arched Rock — Sugar Loaf, etc 140 Island of Mackinac 141 Round Island — St. Martin's Bay — Point de Tour— St. Joseph's Island, etc 142 Nebish and Sugar Islands — Lake George — Church's Landing, etc 113 St. Mary's River, Description of 144 A New Route through St. Mary's River — Opening of the Straits of Mackinac.. 145 Business on the St. Mary's Ship Canal — Principal Hotels 14G Table of Distances — Toronto to Colling- wood — Saut Ste. 'Marie, etc 147 CoLLiNGWOOD Route — Toronto — Barrio — Collingwood — Owen Sound 148 Gi;oRGiAN Bay — Collingwood to Saut Ste. Marie 149 Owen's Sound — Lonely Island — She-ba- wa-nah-ning. North Channel, etc 150 Man-i-tou-wah-ning — LittP Current — St. Joseph's Island — Bruce Mine 151 Wellington Mine — The Narrows — Sugar Island 152 CONTENTS vn PART VIII. PAOK Lakk SiTERioR ( 'lUiDE — Saut Sto. Mario 153 Trout Fishing Itoorts 1M Fort Braily — St. Mary's i^liii) Canal 153 Opening and Closing of the Ship Canal — Statement of Receipts 156 Trincipal Places of Resort — Islands in Lake Superior 157 Stkamhoat Excursion, South Shore — White Fish Point, etc '. 158 Pictured Rocks — Grand Marais Har- bor 139 Jiunising — Onota — Grand Island, etc 100 MAR(iUETTE--Negauneo — Iron Mines... 101 Ishpeniing — Michigamiuo 102 Marquette to L'Ausc — Mar-juette, Hough- ton and Ontonagon Railroad — Escar nal>a 103 Pleasure Excursion — Stan nard's Roek— Marquette to Portage Entry and Hough- ton 164 Huron Bay — L' Anso — Portage River and Lake — Houghton — Copper Mines 105 Hancock — Portage River Improvement... 106 Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canul — Calumet 107 Keweenaw Point— Copper Harbor— Eagle Harbor— Eagle River 108 Ontonagon — Rockland — Silver Mines- Porcupine Mountain — La Pointe 169 iJay field —Ashland — Houghton Point 170 Penokee Iron Range — Odauah — jVpostlo Islands 171 City of Superior 172 DuLUTH — Minnesota Point 173 Harbor Improvements — Railroads — Steamboat Lines 174 Mariner's Guide to the Upper Lakes — Light-Houses 175-170 Table of Distances— Duluth to Isle Royale aul Pigeon River 177 Good Harbor Bay — Marais Harbor — Grand Portage Bay— Pigeon Bay — Isle Royale 178 Trip along the South 'shore of Lake Su- perior 179 Rapida, Saut Ste. Marie 130 FAGB Lake Superior, North Shore— Point aux I'ins — Gros Cap — ( loulais Bay — Bat- eheewanaung Bay — Mamainse Point... 181 Montreal Island — Cape Gargantua — Coasting along the North Shore 182 Michipicoten Ilarl)or and Island— Caribou Island - Otter Head — Pie River 183 St. Ignace Island — Nepigon Bay — Red Rock 184 Nepigon River, its Rapids and Lakes — Waters of the Nepigon 185 Nepigon River — Nepigon Lake explored 186 Black Bay— Trip from Marquette to Silver Islet 187 Silver Islet and Settlement 188 Thunder Bay and Cape — Pie Island- Prince Arthur's Landing 189 Silver Mining Companies — Fort Willian* -McKay's Mt. — Kaniinistiiiuia River 190 Report of the Geology of the Lake, Supe- rior Country — I'rince's Bay, etc 191 Isle Royale— Copper and Silver Mines 192 Latitude, Elevation, and Temperature of Signal Stations on the Upper Lakes 193 Lake Superior — Objects of Interest— Bays, Harbors, Islands, etc 194-195 PART IX. Railroad Route from Chicago to Green Bay and Marquette 196 Pictured Rocks — The Chapel — Grand Portail, Sail Rock, etc 197-201 Lake Superior Region- Grand Island — JIunising, etc 202 Remarkable Phenomena — Monumen- tal Rock 203-205 Lake Superior Region— Phenomena of the Sea.sons 206 Letter from Lake Superior- North Shore.207-208 Meteorological Table, Temperature, etc... 209 Geography of Consumption — Deaths in the United States 210 Railroad Route from Duluth to St. Paul — Fond du Lac 211 Dalles of St. Louis 212-213 Thomson — Northern Pacific Railroad — JuQctiou — Uiackley 214 1 VIU CONTENTS. PAGE Chengwatana — Wyoming — White Bear Lake 215 Lake Plialen — Railroad and Steamboat Connections 216 PART X. TiiK T^PPKR Mississippi — Its Waters, etc. — Populiit ion — Table of Distances 217-218 Mississippi Uiver — Principal Tvilmtaries 219 Stpauiboat Route from St. Louis to Du- bucpie and St. Paul 220 St. Paul to l>ubu(iue and St. Louis 221 Distances from St. Louis to New Orleans — St. Paul to Mankato 222 City of St. Paul, Description of 223 Progress of Minnesota in I'opulation, etc.. 224 Early History of St. Paul 225 First Land Si)eculator in St. Paul— Jona- than Carver 226 Drive from St. Paul to the Falls of St. Anthony— Fort Snelling 227 Places and ()l)jects of Interest around St. Paul — Distances 228 Lake iMinnetonka — Minnc-lia-ha River and Falls 229 Minnesota River — Railroads 2.30 Rridging the Mi.ssissi])pi River 231 View of the l^'alls of St. Anthoiw- 232 View of Minne-ha-ha — City of St. An- thony — Minneapolis 233 Minne-ha-lia — Anoka — St. Cloud 234 Sauk Rapids — Walnb — Crow Wing — Nortliern Minnesota — Otter Tail Lake. 235 Interesting to Consumptives— Wlio should go to Minnesota, and wlio not 236-237 Railroads of Minnesota 238 Lake Superior and Jlississippi Railroad — St. Paul to Fort Garry 239 PAGE Climate of the Upper Mississippi Valley — Lakes, Rivers, etc 240 Headwaters of the Mississippi 241 Trip to Pokegoma Falls 242-243 Rivers and I.,akes of Central N. America 244-246 Rainfall in the Upper Lake Region 246 Lake and River Fishing— Trout Fishing — Mackinac Trout — Tlie Muskellunge... 247-248 PoHTA(ii'. RiBUKGii, PeMii.'^ylvania 700 St. Louis, Missouri 33-") Alton, Illinois 345 Near mouth Missouri River. Burlington, Iowa 500 EocK Island, Illinois 628 Di'BUQUK, Iowa 570 Pkairik i)U Chien, Wisconsin.... 002 La Crosse, Wisconsin G30 Prescott, Wisconsin 670 St. Paul, Minnesota fiSo St. Anthony, Minnesota 700 Feet. Crow Wing, Minnesota 1,100 Braineri), Minnesota 1,140 Itasca Lake, Minnesota 1,550 Lake Superior GOO Rapids at Saul Stc. Marie, IHfcet. Lake Michigan 578 Green Bay 578 Lake Winnebago, Wiscon.sin 748 liAKE Huron 576 (iEORGiAN Bay, Canada 576 La ke St. Clair, Michigan 570 Lake Erie 565 Falls of Niagara, l()0/ce<. Lake Ontario..... 232 TABLE— SHOWING THE AREA, DEPTH AND ELEVATION OF THE GREAT LAKES OF AMERICA. I! ' '\ Great Lakes. Superior Michigan Huron Erie Ontario Total Area Greatest Lengtli. Miles. 450 320 250 250 180 Greatest Breadtli. Miles. 170 85 120 65 85 Greatest Depth. Feet. 900 700 800 250 700 Height above iSea, Feet. 600 578 576 5()5 232 Area. Sfjiiaro Miles. 32,000 22,000 20,500 9,700 6,300 90,500 ' t . xu ■ i «» .. Sailing on the Great Lakes. PART I. S■'.M^MS STRNU NATURAL BEAUTIES AND OBJECTS OF INTEREST. IN modern times the voyager, in sail- ing from tiie Amer- ican shore to Europe or Asia, or in nia]<- ing the circuit of the globe, pursues a trackless path across the broad ocean without being in sight of land for most of the distance. Not so in sailing on the Great Lakes of America — forming altogether by far the greatest expanse of fresh water on tiie face of the earth. Here, however, we have no "sea-gods" to appease, or leviathans of the deep about which to fabricate marvellous tales, such as the salt water sailors love to narrate. To faithfully de- scribe, however, the magnificent scenery of Lake Sui)erior, — the "Gitclwe Gitmmec," or Big Sea water of the Chippewa dialect, — in connection witli Indian traditions, would reveal untold wonders. Our task consists of a plain, unvarnished narration of the interesting objects that surround the Inland Seas — made famous l)y their extent, pure air and waters, picturesque islands, cultivated banks, and rich deposits of various kinds of mineral — that too in such abinidance as to vie with other parts of the world, both as to richness of the ore and the extent and variety of the deposits. Here iron, copper, and silver are being annually produced in marvellous quantities — also other precious minerals — giving proiitable employment to many thousand laborers. 13 i 14 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. The field is almost illimitable, covering portions of the Upper Peninsula of Micliigan, Northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, wliile the Province of Ontario, forming part of the Dominion of Canada, comes in for her share, as yet but partially developed. Add to the above the value of the fisheries and the lumber trade, and you have wealth enough to enrlcli a nation. Then, again, the healtii- invlgoratlng climate of the Upper Lake region being added to all the previous advantages in the shape of wealth, and you have a vast virgin country which the ancients would, no doubt, have deified as the abode of gods of a superior order. According to Indian traditions, some of the islands and mountain tops have already been made the supposed abode of their great spirits — partaking, in their version, the character of a Divine lieing. When we consider that the far-famed Niagara cataract has no equal in the world, and that the smallest of the Ui)per Lakes exceeds in extent that of any other fresh body of water on the globe, (excej)! Lake Baikal, in Kussia,) with the imperial Lake Superior covering an area of upwards of thirty thousand scpiare miles, having a depth of about one thousand feet near its centre, and standing six hundred feet above the ocean, into which it flows through the Illver St. Lawrence into the Gulf — its outlet bearing several different names before it enters the main stream among the "Thousand Islands," — then being bajitlzed by difierent appella- tions, when applied to its plunging rapids and gently flowing expansions, which often occur in its long course to the ocean — forming the boundary line between two rival n*^ ions — these grand features altogether excite our admiration. The principal rapids on the St. Lawrence, after j)asslng Lake Ontario, are known as the Long Sault, Coteau, Cedar, Cascade, and La Chine, while the expansions are called Lake St. Francis, Lake St. Louis, and Lake St. Peter. It also receives the Ottawa River, the Saguenay River, and several other considerable streams, all of which accumulated waters flow onward in majestic grandeur to the briny ocean — its tide-waters extending above the city of Quebec. The above rapid sketch of lake and river combined, shows \]\e magnitude and grandeur of the whole system of internal communication which drains an area of about four hundred thousand square miles of territory, affording a most desirable outlet for the products of the North-western States of the Union, as well as for the Douilnlon of Canada — sea-going vessels being enabled, by means of ship canals, to ascend for fifteen hundred miles above tide-water to the head of Lake Michigan on the south, or Lake Superior on the west, where stand two rival cities of modern date. The many cities and villages which have sprung into existence, as if by the magician's wand, and adorn the shores of the Great Lakes and river, as well as on the banks of tributary streams, are equally marvellous as the mighty waters which drain several hundred thousand square miles of territory, most of which extent is CLIMATIC INFLUENCE. 15 susceptible of settlement and cultivation, and principally lying within the temperate zone, being favored with four seasons — Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Wiiiter. Tiicre are few countries that have so varied and healthy a climate as the one in which we rejoice; for the United States comprise within their limits, at oie aiid the same time, almost every degree of temperature from zero to summer heat. If one would escape the cold, driving snow-storms of the North, and the gales that pile the ice into the harbors of the Great Lakes, he can, if he will, sit under the blooming orange groves in the South ; if he would escape the torrid heats of the summer Atlantic, he can find unvarying comfort on the Upper Lakes or the Pacific sliores ; and while thus a wayfarer among all tlio zones and all the climates, he is always at home in his own country, whore health, happiness, and freedom prevail. While Asia boasts of her Himalaya Mountains, and Europe of lur glaciers and mountain peaks, America can justly boast of her lakes and rivers, which are of far greater value to the human race. In addition to the Valley of the St. Lawrence, in an extended view, consider the extent of the rich Valley of the Mississippi, — irrigated by the " Father of Waters," wiih its many navigable tributaries, forming some fifteen thousand miles of navigable water altogether, flowing gently into the Gulf of ^lexico, giving life and vitality to a nation of freemen. This view, when rightly considered, ought to make the American people bless their Creator. The hand of God is apparent on the bodies of the Great Lakes and the tapper Mississippi Valley, where air, water, and sunshine are blended, so as to invigorate the human frame and make life a pleasure. The very animals are here so formed as to meet the changing seasons with comfort, being warmly clad in winter with their fur-bearing robes, which they shed as the heat increases. Passing from Summer to Winter, the region of the Great Lakes undergoes a cli- matic change which it is hard to conceive, and still more difiicult to describe. The East is still the land of the "Arabian Nights" with its deserts and heated plains, while in the Western world the scene is changed. We here have to grapple with the secrets of nature, and by observation develop more astonishing truths than the ancients ever conceived of in their flights of fancy and fiction. If Summer here brings its reward in the shape of renewed vegetation and health, Winter does the duty designed by Nature in keeping ever pure and cold the waters which refresh us during warm weather, making the Lakes the great refrigerator for the benefit of the human race. Here the fimiy tribe love to gambol in the cold waters of these Inland Seas, yielding their share in supplying man with healthy and invigorating food, which goes to sustain the body while improving the intellect. De Soto, while seeking for gold and fountains whose waters wore to prolong human life and make man immortal, reached the banks of the turbid Mississippi, I' IG SAILINO ON THE GKEAT LAKES. near the moutli of the Aikannivs River, there to die and he hiiried in the hot sandH that lined its banks, wliile hin fuHowers proceeded southward in hopes of ])rerterviiig their lives. Fatuku MATKitJKTTK, at a Liter period, with the spirit of true diseovery, Imving ut lieart the good of tiie al)origines, by whom he was adored, wandered along tht shores of the Inland Seas; liere hearing of the "(ireat Mississippi," he extended liis travels, reaching Do Soto's ujjper stream, which he descended several hundred miles; but, being informed by the natives that the country was inhabited by hostile Si)aniar(ls, returned to die on the shore of Lake Michigan, one of the pure fountains which truly invigorates and gives life.* Marquc((c was the lirst real explorer of the Mississippi, and, after De Soto, the first European who beheld it. It is now proposed to erect a suitable momnnent to his memory. "The end men propose to tliemselves is seldom the end they reach. God works through them and plans over them, Manjuette meant the Christiani- zation of a handful of savages and tlie aggrandizement of his king. He opened to tlie world the gigantic conmierce of half a continent. They jtreparcd tiie soil for the growth of an independent peoj)le, greater than any of the ])ast. But though tiiat is our destiny, let us not be deceived. It is not greatness of numbers, but of (pialily, which alone should occupy this splendid New World. It is not advancement only, but advancement in the spirit of nobleness, which is real pro- gress. We must go, as Maniuette went, eager for knowledge, for discovery, even for new and material gain, on the one hand, but, on the other, not less eager for trutii, for freedom, for justice, for the helping of every man we meet. And if the proposed monument to this simple priest, who never dreamed of worldly lionors, shall keep this thought in the mind of a nation not too prone to translate the doctrine of manifest destiny into spiritual conquest, that monument may well be builded." Many of the people of Eastern nations, from necessity, utilize the water as well as the land for their places of abode — erecting cabins or Hoats on their gnat rivers as their dwellings. Here, in i)rocess of time, the same mode may be adopted by striving millions that are sure to congregate on our inland waters, now teeming with life and commerce. * Fathers Manpiette and Joliot, "n the 17th of May, 1G73, started from the mission of St. Ignatius, at Michiliniackinac, for the exploration of the Mississij)j)i. On the 10th day of March, 1()75, after his return, Father Marquette, the zealous missionaiy, whose life was devoted to the cause of religion and the welfare of the Indians, died on the east shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the present Marquette lliver. NATUllAL TEttUACES. 17 Vv'hcn wo view llu' lovely Hhori's luul lioadlaiuls, with the numerous wooded ialauds, which adorn the Lakes, now mostly UMiMiial)ite(l, we cannot believe the fitillncrfrt of dcatli will always exist, hut that man, from ciioice or necessity, nuist ultimately occuj)y these lovely retreats. The Rhine, with its teeming villages and castellated editices, will, to a certain extent, he reproduced in this portion of our favored country. Natural Terraces. Natural Terraces abound on the borders of the Great Lakes as well as on the banks of the St. Lawrence River, aflbnling delightful sites for cities and villages as well as country residences. I'rof, AoAssiz noticed several in succession on the shores of Lake Superior, while the same feature is to be seen on the beautiful wooded islands of Miehiincoten and Grand Island — the latter the "CJitcheo Mimising" of the Chippewa — one on the Canadian and the other on the American side of Superior. Roth of these islands will, no doubt, soon become fashionable resorts, the latter being in the vicinity of the far-famed " I'ictured Rocks." The Island of Mackinac, the most lovely isle on the Upper Lakes, is already tlie favorite resort of seekers of health and pleasure — rising terrace on terrace. It is elevated from one to three hundred feet above the ]>ure waters of the Straits of Mackinac, and will always attract the attention of the relined and wealthy. Jjntutk and Superior City, standing at the head of Lake Superior, are both finely situated, the one on a rising ascent and the other on a slightly elevated l)lateau or terrace. Jhntfiilil, lying on a large and secure hay, jirotected by the Apostle Isles, rises by two or three terraces to an elevation overlooking one of the most extensive and grandest scenes on Lake Superior, extending northward through a labyrinth of islands, and southward across Chatpiamegon Ray, where the entire fieet of the Lakes might lie in security. Ashland, at the head of the above bay, lies on an elevated terrace for the most part, while the water-front is improved by steamboat landings and railroad depots. Keweenaw Point, from Eagle River to Portage Lake, presents numerous ter- races, many of which are already occiipied by thriving villages, being occupied by sturdy miners engaged in mining pure copper, for which this section of country is justly famous. Marquette, the "Iron City" of Superior, is another beautifully situated town, situated on three distinct terraces, rising some two hundred feet above the waters of the Lake, here enlivened with vessels of commerce and the sail-boat of pleasure, while the fisherman's craft may be seen gliding in the far distance, being i)ropelled by sails. At night the scene is enlivened by the ever-watchful mariner's light- 18 SATLINQ ON THE GREAT LAKES. lionao nnd tlie fiery blazo of furnaces sending up their lurid flaracs fur above the Hurrounding country. Miinising, lying on Grand Island Bay, is situated on a low terrace, while inuncdiutely behind rises an abrupt liiL, forming an elevated plateau, from which descends a silver stream of great beauty. This whole lake front, on the mainland, extending east to Miner's Castle and Kiver, rises by terraces of steep ascent until the Pictured Rocks arc reached; then an abrupt precipice, with beetling crags and caves, is to be seen, whieh is safe to approach in calm weather, but dreaded by the mariner during severe storms. The Kiver 8t. Mary, or Strait, connecting Lakes Su[)erior and Huron, with its numerous islands, is terraced near the Rapids, where stands the ancient and romantic settlement of the Saut Ste. Marie. St. Joseph Island, attached to Canada, is an elevated piece of land of great extent, rising gradually above the water's edge. The terraces formed by the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers are most beauti fid,. when compared with the low banks of St. Clair Lake, where extensive marshes abound. For the most l)art, the heavy growth of forest trees arc cut down along the banks of the above broad streams, forming the outlet to Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, while in the back-ground rises the majestic oak and other trees of the forest. Detroit occupies a fine terrace, rising gradually from the shores of Detroit River. Here steamers and sail-vessels are seen contiiuially passing. Lake Erie, on its south-eastern shore, presents many fine elevations, where flourishes the grape and other kinds of fruit, as well as on the lovely islands which adorn its western terminus. The terrace on which Cleveland stands, elevated about one hundred feet above the waters of the Lake, is one of tlie most beautiful sites for a city on all the waters of the Upper Lakes, while other localities are nearly equally favored. The city oi Buffalo stands on a gently rising terrace, un- rivalled for healthy situation, convenience and beauty. From the head of Lake Superior to the city of Quebec, the Great Lakes and River St. Lawrence present the most luiiform, clean, and lovely banks imaginable, being continually laved with pure, clear waters. Pleasures of Travel. There are thousands of people in the Eastern, Northern, and Southern States that desire, during warm weatlier, to flee from a hot to a cool climate to enjoy health and pleasure, but unfortunately do not know whither to direct their steps. Some visit the sea-shore, others the fashionable watering-places and the more mountainous portions of the countrj', in hopes of obtaining a desirable location to enjoy themselves — often without any satisfaction other than a relaxation from business pursuits. A WORD TO TilE WISE. 19 The .lim of all tourists hIiouM be to ohtain enjoyment, lioaltli, and knowledge. Tliirt can be best ol)talno(l by si'Ioctiiig a cool retreat, such as mountains allbnl, or the islands or tiliorca of tlio (./reat Lakes of Amer.ica — more ^tarticularly Lake Superior. Comparing all sections of Europe or America, Nature has done more to render the Great Lake region cool and iieaithy than any other portion of the globe, in- cluding the shores of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. All that is at presf nt wanted is good Hotel accon editions. Knowing where to go, however, is but half the knowledge wanted. Vou next want to know how to travel and how to !'vc. The best mode is to prepare to go direct to some given point, by the most comfort- able conveyance, not forgetting to observe all the objects of interest on the intended route. If bound for Lake Superior, proceed to some of the ports on Lake Erie, or start from Detroit, and embark on a favorite steamer for Mackinac or Saut Ste. Marie. The latter interesting jdacc — the gateway to the Lake Superior region — can also be reached from Chicago, passing Mackinac, or from CoUingwood, Canada, the latter route passing lovely lake and river scenery, where may be jjccu numerous islands and islets. States enjoy steps, more ion to from A Word to the Wise, etc. We quote from a late letter-writer: — "This is the season (during the warm summer months) for universal recreation for men of sedentary occujtations, such as ministers, merchants, lawyers, teachers, students, etc., but very poor taste and decrepit judgment are often displayed in making choice of a location for this popular object. The purpose is frequently completely frustrated through this defect, and the weary pilgrim in search of necessary recuperation, physical and mental, returns to his place of business, after weeks of unprofitable sojourn at some crowded resort, disgiisted, cross, and Inore debilitated than if he had remained at his desk in a musty, sultry office, or behind the counter in the stifling atmosphere of his counting-room. Why do they not betake themselves to some retired retreat, like the Island of Mackinac, or Bayfield, or its vicinity, on the shores of Lake Superior, where Nature presents her grandest beauties ; bury themselves in the sombre depths of the primeval forest, or hasten to some picturesque lake-side hamlet, where they can efTeetually dismiss the shadows of care, bid adieu to the harassing turmoils of the commercial world, and throw the whole spirit of their being into the most delicious yet harmless abandon. Boating, trout-fishing, and other sports can here be enjoyed without the corrupting influences that usually pervade the sea-bathing resorts." 20 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. SFIECTED POETRY. THE RIVER ST. LAWRENCE. A ride down the St. Lawrence during the summer .'reason is regarded as a nine qua noil by all pleasure-seekers in this region. The noljle river abounds in varie- gated and fascinating scenery, not the least of whicli are the islands and tlie rapids. "The Thousand Islands" are entered upon soon after leaving Kingston, and con- tinue for a number of miles down the river. They are interesting only as sugges- ti'^t' of those convulsions of nature that must have produced them. The other islands of the river, of whicli there are many, are more attractive in their quiet beauty. Of the rapids, the most noted arc those of the " Long Sault " and the " Lachine." The pas.sage of these rapids forms the most exciting part of the trip. Most of these rapids are circumnavigated by canals, as, owing to the shoalness of the water, laden vessels cannot pass them, and they are oidy ]):issed downward by light draught steamers, all upward bound vessels passing through the canals. Be- sides the "Welland Canal, there are eight of these canals on the St. Lawrence. A writer, catching the inspiration of the above scene, improvised the following lines referring to the leading features of the trip from Kingston to Montreal : Down the St. Lawrence Eiver We took our morning ride — Sweet fragrance from the summer flowers Exhale on every side ; And Nature wore her fairest dress, As we went out the bay. And in the wildest grandeur The " Tliousand Islands " lay. The din of dusty cities now, Witii all their toil and strife, Was all forgoUen for a while — We knew a higher lif . We drank the inspiration From rocks, and sky, and sea, And felt an exultation Like prisoners set free. We leaped amid the cascades, All thrilled with wildest glee, And rocked among the rapids As in a stormy sea. I I SELECTED POETRY. Fair maidens clung to lover's arms, Anil brave men held their breath ~ It seemed like rashing recklessly Into the arms of death. An(,n the " Kingston " dropped her prow, Then plowed her even way, Just as the stormy petrel Sits down amid the spray. We scream with perfect ecstasy — We cannot tell it now — The lustre flashed from every eye Shone on eacii manly brow. Life gives few hours so brimful], 'Twill dwell in memory long — Green spots in retrospection. The richest theme for song. Oh! ye who feel the load of life, Crazed by its blight and wiles', Go, gather health and bloom agaia Among the Thousand Isles; You 'II feel your heart grow young again, And flow forth full and free, As you see these blending rivers lioll onward to the sea. 21 f.';t f..i. SAIL EOCK (PICTURED EOCKS), LAKE SUPEEIOE. From the-flvr Saut of Sainte Marie he wanders. On, ever on, the white foam in his track, . By night, by day, sails fleet before the wind, Until he sees the head of Fond du Lac; Yet finds not there the rest he seeks witii 'yearning • Frown all the cliftls - an.l he must wander forth ' Over the waves again, by south winds driven, Past the dark Palisades into the north. There stands the haunted arch of Spirit River; There, in the storm, is seen the misty shape ' Of Manitoii, wim guards the great Superior, Rising above the heights of Thunder Cape; And seeing him, the guilty one, approaching,' The voices of tiie surf rise in a roar Below the porpiiyry cliffls, sounding a summons, To call the spirits to the lonely shore. 22 SAILIXG ON THE GREAT LAKES. Down, down, they troop through the ravines of iron, Over tlie rocks where virgin silver sliines ; Up, up, they roll the surf, a seething barrier. And marshal on the beaeli their siiadow-lines, lie cries, he weeps, he prays with arms extended : "Have mercy uiwn me, a soul unblest — I come not for your stores of shining treasure, I only beg — I only pray for rest. "Aged am I, and worn Avith countless journeys, Over tlie lake forever nmst I stray ; In the whole south I cannot find a landing, Keweenaw's copper arm thrusts me away; I sail, and sail, yet never find a harbor, — Stern is the east, and sterner is the west, — Oh, grant me but one footliold on the north shore, So can I uie at last, and be at rest ! " But no ! They drive him off with jeers and shouting. Before their ghostly glee the cursed one quails; Forth from the silver rocks of haunted northlaud, Not daring to look back, away he sails ; And sails, and sails, yet never finds a landing. Though fairest coasts and isles he passes by ; And hopes, and hopes, yet never finds a foothold On any shore where he can kneel and die. Weary and worn, through many a red man's lifetime, Over the lake he wanders on and on, Till up through Huron, with red banners flying. Come white men from the rising of the sun ; The Saut they name from Sainte Jlarie with blessing, The lake lies hushed before their lioly bell, As, laiiding on the shore of Ilocky Pictures, They raise the white cross in Ic grand Chapdle. As the first white man's hymn on great Superior Sounds from the roeky church not made with hands, A phantom-boat sails in from the still olUng, And at its bow an aged iigure stands ; The worn cords strain so full the sails arc swellin;^:. The old mast bends and quivers like a bow, Yet calm the windless sky shines blue above them, And calm the windless waves shine blue belov/. ■ ■ fl i SELECTED POETRY. The boat glides in, still faster, faster sailing, Like lightning darting o'er the shrinking milei., And, as he hears the chanting in the chapel, For the first time in years.the lone one sni'iles; At last, at last, his feet are ou the dear shore, Tiie curse is gone, his eyes to Heaven rise ;' At last, at last, his mother earth receives hira,— At last, at last, with thankful heart he dies. The poor worn body, old with many lifetimes, They find there lying on the golden sands, ' But lifting it vith wonder and with reverence, It crumbles into dust beneath their hands; ' The i)oor worn boat, grown old with endless'voyages, Floats up the coast, unguided and alone. And, stranding 'neath the clitfs, its mission over, By the Great Spirit's hand is turned to stone. You see it there among the Rocky Pictures, The mainsail and the jib just as they v/ere; We never i)assed it with a song or laughter In the gay days when we were voyagers; The best among us dofied our cajjs in silence, The gayest of us never dared to mock At the strange tale that came down fro'>i our fathers. The pictured legend of the old Sail-Rock. Constance Fenimore Woohon. 23 TO THE MISSISSIPPI. Tell me whither, in such haste, thou goest, Ever whirling, boiling, turbid river! Art thou destined as thou jiroudly ttowest Always tiius to freely fiow forever ? ' Strange Mississippi ! thou art at thv source Clear and pure, controllable in niotion ; \\ hat kindred streams Imve urged tliee on thy course 1 lose thyself so angrily in ocean ? Ere man in his primeval habit stood And marked the boundaries where thou hast strayed rrr'''^ ,*'i".-'^"l forests, cane and cottonwood ; Ihrough prairie, mountain pass aud everglade; 24 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. l;i ■11! ii' In undetermined pathways of thy own Tliy course has ever been, as it sliali he, For iv^cH j)ast, for years to come unknown, As wihl, as irresistible, as free. Instructive m'^'nories of other date Aloiii,' tiiv hanks, a tliousand miles, are cast, 'W'hieii to the curious travi'Ucr relate Historic records of tlie hidden iJa.-t; Which tell of changes tliat were slowly wrought ]Jv thy destructive, devastating,' tide; AVhich mark the cliaraeter of human thought, A nation's i)rogress and a nation's i)ride. Where now the opulence of man is spread. And art and industry tiieir gifls bestow, The painted savage, numbered with thy dead. Was the sole monareii a few years ago. Wliere, undisturbed, the sea-fowl llai)ped its wings, The mariner iiis ca vas has unfnrled. And commerce to a thrifty ])eople brings Th' accumulated riches of a world. From the rough hills of the inclement North, As undeterred by distance as by time. Thy swelling mass of waters issue forth To bear earth's bounty to this sunny clime. How often on tliy willing bosom borne, Full-freighted vessels have 1 loved to scan. Each on its ])eaeefnl mission, steering on, To cheer the intercourse of man with man I As now along thy southern l)anks I range. And note the changes that L tind in thee, I am reminded of the greatest change. That surely hast and nuist come over me. Perhai)s, for ages, thou wilt onward move. In all thy strength, magnitieenee and pride, When, sej)arated from tlic friends I love, I shall be sleeping coldly at thy side. Thy edd'ing stream that whirls in ceaseless strife ; The wrecks that on thy shifting sands are seen, Are but a history of human life; Of what my joys, my hopes, my fears have been. But, unlike thee.'oh, may my cares subside Kre the dull grave invites me as its guest! And may my soul in peaceful humor glide, Into a haveu of eternal rest. Maud. PART II. EARLT FRENCH DISCOVERIES IN THE REGION OF THE GREAT LAKES. rPHE discovery of tlie * Great West,' or the Valleys of tlie Mississippi and the -L Lakes," says a late writer, " is a portion of our history hitherto very obscure. Those magnificent regions were revealed to the world through a series of daring enterprises, of which the motives, and even the incidents, have been but partially and sui)erficially known. "In 1()41, Isaac Jogues and Charles Raymbault, Jesuit missionaries, preached the Faith to a concourse of Indians at the outlet of Lake Superior. Then came the havoc and desolation of the Iroquois War, and, for years, further exploration was arrested. At length, in lG-38, two daring traders penetrated to Lake Superior, wintered there, and brought back the tales they had heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great western river on which they dwelt. Two years later, the aged Jesuit Menard attempted to plant a mission on the southern shore of the Lake ; but perished in the forest, by famine or the tomahawk. Allouez succeeded him, explored a i)art of Lake Superior, and heard, in his turn, of tlie Sioux and their great river, the 'Mcssipi.' More and more the thougiits of the Jesuits, and not of the Jesuits alone, dwelt on this mysterious stream. Through what regions did it flow ; and whither would it lead them; to the South Sea, or the 'Sea of Vir- ginia ; ' to Mexico, Japan or China? The problem was soon to be solved, and the mystery revealed." Father James Marquette, in the spring of 1GG8, arrived at the Saut Ste. Marie; Father Dablon in 1609, when the first permanent settlement was made on the soil of Michigan. During the same year Father Manjuette visited La Pointe, where he found several Indian villages composed of tlie Huron tribe.* To Fathers Marquette,Dablon, Jolliet, ^ul L a Sallg^esiut missionane^arc due the credit of the full discovery of the Great* Lakes and the Upper Mississippi Kiver, between the years 1GG8 and 1G78. Marquette visited Michilimackinac in 1G70, and spent a winter there before the establisliment of his mission. Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the Straits, * The Jesuits and fur-traders, on their way to the Upper Lakes, had followed the route of the Ottawa, tlirough Canada, or, more recently, that of the Goori,'ian Bay. Iroquois hostility had long closed the Niagara portage and Lake Erie against them. 25 till- 26 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. was selected as the most suitable spot for the proposed mission, and there, in 1671, a rude and unshapely cliapel was raised, as " the tirst Sylvan Shrine of Catholicity" at Mackinac. This primitive temple was as simple as the faith taugiit by the devoted Missionary, and had nothing to impress the senses, nothing to win by a dazzling exterior the wayward children of the forest. The new mission was called St. Ignatius, in honor of the founder of the Jesuit order, and to this day the name is perpetuated in the point up>on which the mission stood. The French take Possession of the Country. " During the year of 1671 an event occurred of no common interest and impor- tance in the annals of French history in America, but which, after all, was not destined to exert any lasting influence. Nicholas Perrot had been commissioned as the agent of the French (xovernment to call a general Congress of the Lake tribes at the Falls of St. Mary. The invitations of this enthusiastic agent of the Bourbon dynasty reached the tribes of Lake Superior, and were carried even to the wandering hordes of the remote North and West. Nor were the nations of the South neglected. Obtaining an escort of Pottawatomies at (Ireen Bay, Perrot, the first of lOuropcans to visit that place, repaired to the Miamis at Chicago on the same mission of friendship and diplomacy. "In May, the day appointed for the unwonted spectacle of the Congress of Nations arrived. St. Lusson was the French oflicial, and Allouez his interpreter. From the head-waters of the St. Lawrence, from the Cireat Lakes, from the Mis- sissippi, and even from the Red lliver of the North, envoys of the wild republi- cans of the wilderness were present; and brilliantly clad officers from the veteran armies of France, with here and there a Jesuit missionary, completed the vast assembly. A cross was set up, a cedar post marked with the French lilies, and the representatives of the wilderness tribes were informed that they were under the protection of the French king. Thus, in the presence of the ancient races of America, were the authority and the faith of France uplifted in the very heart of our (Continent. But the Congress proved only an echo, soon to die away, and left no abiding monument to mark its glory." The aborigines inhabiting the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of ^lichigan, in early times, of which we have any knowledge, were the Chippewa or Ojibway tribe of Indians, a branch of the numerous Algonquin family. In the more southern part of the territory, however, were found scattered tribes of Hurons or AVyandots, Miamis, Ottawas, Winnebagoes, Pottawatomies, and other tribes, living in jieaceful contiguity. The Chippewas still retain and occupy their former hunting-ground.s, extending from Georgian Bay or Lake Huron, both shores of Lake Superior, and ■westward to the head-waters of the Mississippi. f EARLY FRENCH DISCOVERIES. 27 k French Account of the Ancient Mines and Miners of Lake Superior. In the Relation for 16(]G-'67, Chap, ii., page 32 ct scq., entitled " Bdufton (Te la Misnion da Si. Ksprlt, aux Oalaovecs dans Ic Lac Trdcij dile uupravant le Lac Su- periear. Journal du voyage du Pere Claude AUouez dans le Pais de Outaouacs," we find these passages : "The savages respect this lake as a divinity, and make sacrifices to it, on aoconnt perhaps of its magnitude, for it is two hundred leagues long and eiglity wiilc ; on account of its goodness in furnishing tlieni witli fishes, whicii nourish all lliose people where there is hut little game. There are often found beneath the water pieces of copper all formed, and of the weiglit of ten and twenty pounds. 1 liave seen thena many times in the hands of the savages ; and as they are suj)crstitious, they keep them as so many divinities, or as presents from the gods heneath the water, wlio have given them as pledges of good fortune. On tliat account they keep tiie pieces of copper enveloped among their most precious furniture. There are some who have preserved them for more than fifty years, and others who have had tliem in their families from time immemorial, and cherish them as household Some time since a large mass of copper, like a rock, was seen with the point projecting out of the water. This aO!)rdcd i)assers-by an op})ortunity of cutting otl" pieces. Nevertheless, when I went there it was not to be seen. I believe the storms, which are here very violent, and like tiiose on the' sea, liad covered tiie copper rock witii sand. Our savages wished to persuade us that it was a divinity, and liad disappeared, for some reason winch they did not mention. " De la MUiion du Sainte Esprit a la Poiule de CliagaoimmUjonrj dans le Lac Tracy ou Siiperirur — chap, xi., des proi)rietez et Raritez." From tiie above work I have transl.ited the following interesting description of the form of Lake Superior, and of the copper found tiu.'re : " Tiie Lake has nearly tlie form of a bended bow, of more than eighty leagues in length. The southern side represents the string; and a long tongue of land which springs from the centre of the southern shore, and i)rojects upwards of twenty-live leagues into tiie lake near to its middle, is the arrow. [Keweenaw Point.] "Tiie northern coast is lionlered witli friglitful crags, wliich are the termination of the I'rodigious chain of mountains wliich take tlicir rise at Cape Toiirment, above Quebec, ami extend to tliis place, traversing more than six hundred leagues in extent, and losing themselves in tlie fartlier extremity of the Lake. Tliere are very few islands in tlie Lake, and they occur mostly on the northern shore. This great expanse of the waters gives room for the winds, which agitate tlie lake with as much violence as they do the ocean." On page 26 is a cliapter headed " Mines of Copper which are found on Lake Superior." I'l) to the present time it w.as believed that these mines were found on only one or two of the islands ; Imt since we liave made a more careful inquiry, we have learned from the savages some secrets which they were unwilling to reveal. It was necessary to use much address in order to draw out of them tlii* knowledge, and to discriminate between truth and falsehood. We will not warrant, however, all we learned from their simple statement, since we shall be able to speak with more certainty when we have visited the places themselves, which we comit oa Jti 28 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. .1 V doing tliia summer, when we shall go to find the " wandering sheep " in all quarters of tiiis great Lake. Tiio first place where copper occurs in abundance alter going above the 8a\it is on an island about forty or fifty leagues therefrom, near the north shore, opposite a place called " Missipiconatong," The savages say it is a fioating island, which is sometimes far off and sometimes near, according as the wintls move it, driving it sometimes one way and sometimes another. They add that, a long time ago, four Indians accidentally went there, being lost in a fog, with which tliis island is almost always surrounded. It was long before they had any trade with the French, and they had no kettles or hatchets. Wishing to cook some food, they made use of their tisual method, taking stones which they ])icked up on the shore, heating them in a fire, and throwing tlicni into a bark trough full of water, in order to make it boil, and by this operation cook their meat. As tbey took uj) tlie stones, they found they were nearly all of them pure copper. AlUr having partaken of their meal, they thought of end)arking, fearing to remain lest the lynxes (loups cerviers) and the rabbits (lievres), which are in the place as large as dogs, (!) would come and eat up their provisions, and even their canoe. Before leaving they collected a (punitity of these stones, both large and small ones, and even some sheets of copper; but they had not gone far from the shore before a loud voice was heard, saying in anger, " AVho are these robbers who have stolen the cradles and playthings of my children?" The sheets of copper were the cradles, for the Indians make them of one or two pieces of wood (a fiat i)iece of bark with a hoop over one end), the child being swathed and bound ni)on the fiat piece. The little jiieccs of co]>])er which they took were the playthings, such i)ebbles being used by Indian children for a like purpose. This voice greatly alarmed them, not knowing what it could be. One said to the others, it is thunder, because there are fretpient storms there; others said it is a certain genii whom tbey call "Missibizi," who is reputed among these peojde to be the god of the waters, as Nej)tune was among the Pagans; others said that it came from Memogovissiousis — that is to say, seamen, similar to the fabulous Tritons, or to the Sirens, which live always in the water, with their long hair reaching to their waists. One of our sav.iges said he haanied them l)ack in their canoes to Mackinac, and there rehuilt the old cluirch that had heen for a f ue miles to its source, in a level prairie flat, hut a little distance from the springs of the Wiseonsin, which flowed into the Great "Waters they were in search of. Having carried tlieir canoes over the narrow portage, they continued their voyage down the shallow river, often (piite hid from sight hy the growth of wild oats, through which they had to open a way for their canoe, as one would through the thicket. As they descended it grow broader, and dashed about among reeds and sandy shoals. About IK) leagues below its source they found what they took to be an iron mine; and somewhat farther on, about 120 miles below the portage, on the 17th of June, "with," says Manpiette, "a joy that I cannot express," they entered the Mississippi River. Down its gentle current they glided, by the uniipie t'lough varied scenes, with countless herds of bulliilo and deer cmi its shores, and innumer- able fish in itvS waters, until, in some ten days, for the first time since they left the Lakes, they perceived some indications of humanity. From the river-side a wind- ing footpath led ofi" through the prairie; following this, Jolliet and Marquette soon came to an Indian village, in which they were cordially received, and which proved to be of the Illinois, the very peojde among Avhom Father Marquette had so long desired to plant a mission. They strongly urged our adventurers not to proceed farther, for danger would encompass them on every side; but, nothing daunted, again they embarked, and after a journey southward of some GO miles, 32 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. they came to the river OniihonbiKini, or Oliio, ;i little after which they discovered what they HUjipowed to be u very rich iron mine. Oil tliev Htiil went, thri)iigh several nations of liostile IixliaiiH, encountering dangers of every kind, until they eaine among the Akanisea or Arkansas Indians, nearly where De Soto had breathed his last, l.'JO years before. From this tribe they learned they were only ten days' journey from the sea, where were stationed traders who appeared nmeli like themselves, and came and went in great ships, .Judging these correctly to be Spaniards, our travellers were in doubt whether it would bt best for them to push on to the mouth of the river or not. They had already ascertained for a certainty tiuit the Mississippi emptied, not, as was sup- posed, on the eastern t< ist of Virginia, or through California into the Western Ocean, but into the Gulf of Mexico, from which they certainly could not be far; that mouth they knew to be held by the Spaniards, witii whom they were on no friendly terms. Should they hapjien to fall into the hands of these Sjtaniards, they could anticipate nothing less than to be held as i)risoners, since not only were their respective countries at war, but that the results of their explorations might not be carried back to tiie French, and thus induce encroachments on the territory lield in the name of Spain. Thinking it then more prudent to return, that the fruits they had already gathered might not be at once lost by an eflbrt to grasp too much, on the 17th of July they left the village Akamsea, and commenced pulling back tiieir canoes up the Mississippi current. They took, on returning, however, a diU'erent course. Having ascended the Illinois Kiver, they crossed over the poi'- tage to the Chicago River, and thence down to what was then called Lake Illinois, but which lias since changed its name to Lake Michigan, Coasting along the shore, they returned to Green Bay, and there, at the Mission of St. Franeis Xavier, Father Marquette, on account of the enfeebled and shattered state of his health, spent the ensuing winter and summer of 1074. This was in reality the first exploration of the Mississippi Kiver. Ferdinand De Soto, it is true, generally has the credit of having first discovered it as early as 1541 ; but, in the first place, whatever expeditions he made were for the jnirpose of gain and plunder, and so a great deal that would have demanded the notice of one with more liberal and unselfish aims, was quite passed over by him ; and then the accoimts and reports of his travels that still remain are of such an unreliable character, that but little dependence can be placed in them. In accordance with his promise to the nations on the Mississippi Eiver, Father Marquette embarked, in the month of November, 1674, to take among them another journey, more exclusively than the first, of a religious character. Though detained on the way by illness, lie reached the Illinois nation, on the Mississippi, and commenced a mission in their midst, as he had long desired ; but he was DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF MACKINAC. 88 o])lij;o(l, tlio following spring, on account of his declining health, to commence his rotiirn, that lie niigiit, if porfriible, die where some Christian hrotlicr could give him an appropriate burial; I)ut in tluH he was <'.isappointed. Jlis health and Btrcngth continued failing rapidly, until, on the loth of May, 1075, on the nhore of Lake Michigan, just within the mouth of a little river that hears his name, he was lifted out of his can )e and j)laceo under a shod of hark and twigs, but to be home thence to his grave on an eminence overlooking both lake and river. Subsepewa and Ottawa tribes of Indians, the country being claimed by the French, who traded with the Indians, it being the principal rendezvous of all the tribes in this part of the country. The Indians remained on friendly terms with the French until 1700, when the English took possession of the country after the capture of Quebec and capitula- tion of the French forces in Canada. In 1701, the English built a palisade fort at Old Michilimackinac, and traded with the Indians, many of whom were very hostile. In May, 1703, the garrison was surprised, and most of them massacred by the Indians. Out of twelve Eng- lish posts above Montreal, nine were similarly surprised and captured by the 84 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. combined Indian forces under the celebrated Indian chief Pontiac. Niagara, Detroit, and Du QucKne, or Pittsburgli, alone narrowly escaped a similar fate. After the above massacft:, Old Michiliraackinac was abandoned by the English, and the Island of Mackinac selected as a permanent settlement in 17G4. English Accounts of Lake Superior. The earliest Englisli traveller who visited the shores of Lake Superior, of whom we have any account, is Alexander Henry. His work is entitled "Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, between the years 1760 and 1776, in two parts, by Alexander Henry, Esq." New York, 1809. 8vo. Henry was a trader, who, soon after the con([uest of Canada by the English, set out on a trading voyage to Fort Mackinac. He arrived there while the fort was in possession of the English trooi)s, and was present when the dreadful massacre of the wliole garrison v/as ejected by the Indians, who took the Ibrt l)y a most in- genious stratagem. Henry was saved by being suddenly, and most unexpectedly, adop'cd as a brother by one of iUe conquering Indians, and who most carefully guarded him from harm during tiie subsequent carousals of the Indians, conceal- ing iiim in a cave on the opposite island — Miehilinuickinac — the place now called Mackinaw. Referring to his most interesting and evidently 'ruthful narrative for an account of his voyages and ])erils, and for his general description of the country, I shall limit myself in tliis review to a few extracts showing the amount of knowl- edge he possessed of the existence of copper, and other metals or ores, on the shores of Lake Superior. Jle says: " On the 19tli of August, 17C5, we reached the mouth of the Ontonagon River, one of the largest on tiie south side of the Lake, At the mouth was an Indian vil- lage, and three leagues above, a fall, at the foot of which, sturgeon, at this season, were obtained so abundant that a month's subsistence for a regiment could be taken in a few ho'.u"s. But I found tliis river chiefly ren)arkable for the abundance of virgin copper which is on its banks and in its neighborhood, and of which the reputation is at present more generally spread than it was at the time of my first visit. " The attempts which were shortly after made to work the mines of Lake Superior to advantage will very soon claim a place among the facts which I am about to describe. " The copper presented itself to the eye in masses of various weight. The Indians showed me one of twenty pounds. They were used to manufacture this metal into spoons and bracelets for themselves. In the perfect state in which they found it, it required nothing but to beat it into shape. Tlie ' Piwatie,' or Iron River, enters the Lake to the westward of the Ontonagon, and hence, as is pretended, silver was founr()bal)le that this diversity might be ac- counted for and explained hy tracing the appellation through the dialects of the several tribes of aborigines who formerly inhabited the neighboring country. Niagara River. " Majestic stream I what river rivals thee, Thou chUd of many lakes, ami sire of one — Lakes tiiat <'laim kinove Ilonj^liton, Itiin^ taken from an Indian jrrave. The first Ih a copper axe, with an eye for a handle, which was (hcaycd; it is iiif^enionsly pre- pared, with a eiirvalnre to admit tlie wood so as to he linn and necnre. The- second and most int<'restinf^ is a hirj^e copper spear, two feet in ienj^th and wei;,diin^ live pounds, witii an oyo for llic purpose of afTixinj,' a liandle. It shows Ronio slif^lit ineipialities from corrosion and wear. The third is :i copper knife, liftet-n and a half inches lon^', having an elongation for a liandle of wood, weighing one pound. The ahove interesting relics are in the possession of Isaac Otis, JOscj., Supt. of the construction of the Portage Lake Ship Canal. Ancient relics and jiit-holes have also heen discovered in other parts of Keweenaw Point, showing that the Indians, or native in- hahitanls, were early ac(piainted with the value of copper, hcing used for tools and warlike purposes. They, in fact, became early ac(piainted with tin; existence of silver, all of which discoveries they kept secret from the white man — fearing they would he sacri- fici'd hy Kvil Spirits, if the place of deposit was divulged. Many strange tales or legends are in existence in regard to these Cojiper and Silver Mines. These facts, in connection with the early discoveries made hy the French Jesuits and Traders, go to show that for several hundred years the (Joj)per Region of Lake Superior him bccu known to both natives and explorers. 'feKll 38 BAILING OX THE GREAT LAKES. I Historical Events in Chronological Order. 1641. Fathers Ttaymbault and Jogues visit Saut Ste. Marie, and establisli a mission among tlie C'liiitpowas. 1044. Iroquois War coninienccd against the Ilurons who were in alliance with the French. lOoS. Luke Superior visited by two French fur-traders, 1000, Father Menard visited Lalce Superior and attempted to plant a mission on the Houthern slioro. 1000-G7. Pere Cloude Alloucz visits Lake Superior and explores its shores, discover- ing large dej)()sits of copper, 1GG8. Father Jauics Marquette visits Saut Ste, Marie, where a mission was estab- lished. 1009. Father Jkiblon, superior of the mission, erects a church at the Saut, This was the lirst permanent settlement made on the soil of Michigan. During the same year Father Marquette repaired to La I'ointe, situaterush\vake Superior previous to the war. Tliis craft was also hroiiglit l the fur business revived, and orders were issued by the American Fur Company for the conunission of ji large vessel for Lake Superior. To Messrs. Ramsay Oooks ami (). Newl)erry, of Detroit, were given the management of the matter, and the connnand, when ready f"or service, entrusted to ('apt. Cbaries C. Stanard. The Ador was the lirst Aniericun vessel that was launched upon Lake Sii|terior. " The .'\stor was a schooner of 112 tons, and was hnilt by the American Fur Com- pany, in the stunmer of 18.'}"). Her builder's name was fr. W. .louts. Her frame timliers and planks were got out at Charleston, Ohio, in the fall of 1S.'54, and were Hhipi)ed on board the schooner Bridgd from that jilace, in April, 18.'{"), and arrived at Saut Ste. Marie on the 1st of May. The timbers were then carried to \\n\ head of the rapids, where the Astor was built. Her keel was laid on the 17th of May, and the vessel was ready to launch about the 1st of August, and she sailed on her first voyage on the loth (tf August, on her upward bound trip to La I'ointe. On the 2(5th of August, Caj>t. Stananl discovered the celebrated rock, which hiis since e.Ktuted so much curiosity, and has been so great a source of annoyance to the navigators of Lake Superior. ( 'ajit. Stanard did not go to it at that time, as it was near night, and the weather thick and the Lake rough. But in the fall of that season he went on it. When lirst discovered, it appeared to be a bateau eajjsizcd, and the sea breaking over it, with a rough Lake, and the weather ho thick that he was unable to make out what it was until within half a mile. NAVIGATION OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 43 "Capt. C'liark'H C. Stanard saLlcd the Astor until tlie cIohc of tlie aeason of I,Sl2; nftiT wliicli time liis hrotlicr, Capt. Pxiijaiiilii A. StaiianI, sailed lur until slit; wi'iit asiioiT and was wrctked, at Cojiinr ilarhor, on tin; 21st of SijiUinbir, IS 11. >»o lives were lost; c;art,'o mostly s;ived. At the time of the K'^'^S t'"-' Astor lay at unclior in (Jopper Harbor. When it came to blow very hard, her cable broke, ard she went ashore. Her hull is still to be seen on a low conglomerate clill' iu Co|»per Harbor, iiiunediately south of the entrance. "The American Fur Comiiany had two small vessels built, of about 20 tons each, in the year 18137, one of which was ho poorly constructed that it was never laiuiched. The other, named the Ma/lnlinr, was sailed by ('aj>t. Angus, and was employed principally in the lishing trade — built by a Frenchman. In IS.'W, the same Company l)uill the schooner \VUIiaiii liirwHlcr, of 73 tons. She was launched Home time in August, and sailed in Septt inber, ('apt. John Wood, master. In September, 1812, the American I'^n- ('om])Mny, supjtosing that sIii' would rot before Hhecoubl pay for herself on Luke Superior, the iJiewster was run down the rajiids, and subseiiueiitly put in service on Lake lOrie. The timbei-s of the Jhewster were got out at Kuclid, Ohio, and carried up above the Saut, where the vessel was built. The lleet on Lake Superior, jirevious to 'he opi'iung of the ship canal, was com- ])osed of the following: — Steamboat .Jidia I'almer, 2S() tons; I'ropeller Indepiii- dence, 280 tons; Schooner Napoleon, 1 80 tons; .VIgon(|uiti, Swallow, aiul Mi rchant, about 70 tons each; Uncle Tom, Chipjiewa, Fur Trader, Siskowit, 10 tons; and Wliite Fish, oO tons." The favorite steamers that followed on the opeinng of the Ship Canal, and now withdrawn from the trade, or lost by shipwreck, etc., were the .\rctic No. 1, Lady FIgin, Illinois, North Star, Iron City, Planet, Lac la IJelle, Pewabic, North-west, Northern Light, Cohurn, and Meteor. The popidar steamers and i)ropeller3 at present running (187.'}) from Lake Erie to Lake Superior, are Keweenaw,* St. Paul, Arctic No. 2, Atlantic, I'acilic and Winslow. The i'eerles.s, and two other steamers running from Chicago to Diduth, arc also favorite vessels. The Canadian steamers rimning from Collingwood, through Georgian Ray and North Channel, to Lake Superior, an; theChicora, Cumberland, ,\lgoma and Fnuik Snuth. The Acadia, Manitoba, and City of Montreal run from Sarnia, Can., to Fort William, and other ports on the Lake. Most of the above vessels arc proj)eIlers, built in a sid)stantial manner, and finished off for the accommodation of travellers seeking health and pleasure. * The Steamer Kewkknaw alone bears the name of a i)roiuinent object on Lake Superior, while many other pronunent ))oiuts might be selected, instead of giving the names of empires, cities, or individuals. Ill I ♦ i 44 SAILIX(i OX THE GREAT LAKES. Tlio increase of fitcamboat tonnape on Lake Superior was at first rather slovr, but soon after the opening of tiiu Lake Superior and MinsisKippi Railroad, August, 1S70, tlic tonnage rapidly increased ; and now, 18715, there are running ten Kteanurs from IJuHido, lOrie, Clevehand, and Detroit; five from Chicago and Milwaukee; four from Collingwood, Can., and three from Sarnia, Can. The American steamers (after ))a.ssing through the Ship Canal) run along the South shore of Lake Superior to Duluth; while the Canadian steamers usually run along the Nortli shore to Silver Islet and Fort William, or Prince Arthur's Landing, — hero connecting with a line of travel to Fort Garry, Manitoba. The American steamers connect with the Peninsula Kailroad of Michigan, and tlic Manpiette, Iloiighton and Ontonagon Railroad at ^Marquette; with the Wis- consin Central at Ashland ; and with the Lake Superior and Mississijipi Kailroad, and Northern Pacific Kailroad at Duluth, Minnesota. With an increase of the production, and the utilization of coal and iron, the civilized world will command a power tiiat Jlcreules never conceived of in ancient times. It is in fact to be the lever that will give an ascendancy to national Avealth and power. Already is commerce enriched by the shi[>ment of stores of these valuable minerals — one flowing westward and the other eastward, to meet the demands of trade in the dilierent sections of our extended country. A late writer says, when speaking of "Our Coal and Iron Wealth." "Mineral ores aboinid in almost every section of our extended country. Every State seems to have its representative of either coal or iron. The most important and generally distributed, however, is iron, and to estimate the amount of business involved in its utilization for manufactures, as well as its production and manip- ulation, is impossible. The amount of capital to-day employed in the iron inter- est cannot be computed, and after the lalior of forty years has been devoted to its development in tiiis coinitry, it still appears in its infancy, and vast areas of that immense field of iron ore extending from New York to Alabama are coni|)aratively undisturbed. Countless millions of dollars will have yet to l)e invested to bring from the bowels of the c^arth its hidden treasures, and generations to come will be the investors. The close proximity of our coal fields to our ore deposits, each facilitating and increasing the development of the other, promises the richest re- turns to those investing in either. " As week after week we chronicle the continued development of our Western coal and iron fields, we become more and more deeply impressed with the reality of these truths. Every day brings forth some new enterprise calling in the aid of cai)ital and mechanical skill to keep us a busy, striving and wealthy nation. It does not appear as though there ever could be a scarcity of iron in this country, or oven in the world, as is threatened. For though our coal and iron belts are so lightly developed, and increased facilities for mining appear from day to day, a contemporary calculates that the 'number of persons employed in the primary production of iron in the United States is 140,000 — 58,000 of whom work in rolling- COMMEUCE OF THE LAKES. 45 mills ; 42,000 in preparing ore and fuel ; 25,000 in preparing fuel for rollitiR-inills ; 12,oOU ill blast-fiiniiux'S, and 2,"i()() at i'oviivx. and l)l()omerit's. Add tin." HOO,U(JO enj^afri'd i;i inannfactiirin;^ artiidrs of iron, and we have a total of *J-1(J,U()U. " 'Tlio apjiroxiniate value of the pif^iron manufactured last year was $75,000,000. Addin;,' to this (he product of the roUiii^'-inills and forj^'cs, the amount in S!l;)S,()(JO,()()0. Adding a^ain tiie value of articles manufactured of iron, and the value of the iron manufacture of the country for the year is S000,000,000, Of rails we produced in I80o Init 87,000 tons, and in 1SG9 the amount hacl risen to 6,S0,()()0 tons. Of steel rails we laid in the latter year TjO.OOO tons, lo,000 tons of which were of domestic manufacture, and it is further estimated that the quantity of steel rails laid this year will reach 150,000 tons.' "The increase in consumption of iron in this country alone, durinp the past few years, has been immense. As wood I)ecomes scarce, iron is employed in the manu- facture of everything, from the insi^'iuficant iron lifter for stove covers to the beautiful iron front for building's. The increase in production has not kept pace with this increased consumi)tion, because the necessity for iron was not felt until the surplus stock of this and other markets had been exhausted." — Coal and Iron litcord. The Lake Superior Iron region is now producinfjj above 1,000,000 tons of this useful metal, which nuist rapidly increase as railroad and slii[)i)ing facilities are aflbrded. The product of Iron alone will vastly benefit the commerce of the Great Lakes, and add wealth and strength to the nation. Commerce of the Lakes. Keport of Vessels of all classes passing Port Huron, Michigan, and through St. Clair and Detroit liivers, during the season of navigation for 1873. RECAPITULATIOX. Date April May .June July August September .... October November.... December.... Total IJart-'os. 22 760 944 1,090 1,028 891 806 243 5,787 Harks. HriKH. 322 371 351 373 358 274 93 2,142 331 48 57 53 57 52 48 16 Selioon's. 1,409 1,526 1,737 1,908 1,907 1,643 760 3 10,960 Scows. 2 276 521 486 313 488 432 136 4 2,858 Steamew. Total. 78 1,959 2,170 2,402 2,454 2,377 2 322 ]|311 37 15,110 109 4,774 5,589 6,119 6,393 6,073 5,225 2,559 47 37,188 46 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. REMARKS. 184 days, average one vessel every ten minutes; and during the most busy part of tlie season, one in every live minutes. Note. — The above Lalte Vessels, it is estimated, rarriod during tlie season 10,000,000 tons of freight, and many thousand passengers to and from the porta on tiie Great Lakes. Flow of Water in the Rivers forming the Outlet to the Great Lakes. During tlie past few years observations have been made, under the direction of the Suporintendetit of the Lake Survey, upon the flow of water in the several rivers which connect the Great Lakes of America. The following are the results : .1! \ i ' ;!il BIVERS. St. Mary St. Clair Detroit Niagara St. Lawrence lliver navigation Kiver and Lake navigation Lcnijth, 05 40 27 35 7G0 927 2,800 I)ci)th, Fuct. 10 to 100 20 to ()0 12 to GO !Msix!iiiiiin velocity, inik's pur hour. 1..S0 3.09 2.71 2.32 1.00 Pischar^'o, fiibii; I'wl, per second. 100,783 233,72(5 236,000 242,494 319,943 REMARKS. The Eidargement of the St. Mary's Ship Canal and the improvements of the St. Clair Flats, affording, as proposed, 16 feet of water, should prevent all projects of ever bridging the above great outlet to tl "'"'^n, from Lake Huron to Lake Erie, through which now flows the unite'' rce of the United States and Canada. (I! iii iiiij LIST OF 8TRAMKR8. 47 List of Steamers in the Lake Befohe and hincf, tiik Opening of the St. American Steamers. Bfll.T. IS.'U) 1843 1847 Nami;. Julia I'iilniLT. 1845 1847 1848 1851 1852 1852 1852 1853 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1862 1863 Tons. 280 I iuUjH'ii(ltiur 280 Haul Ward 450 Manhattan Montifc'llo Napok'on 180 Albany IVninsula Superior 507 Baltimore 5(»0 Qui'cn Citv 1,000 Arctic No'. 1 867 Lady El^in 1,037 Northerner 800 Clcvchind 574 Traveller 603 Michifjan. Gen. Tavloi- E. K. Collins 950 Garden Citv North Star." 1,100 Illinois 926 Concord Iron Citv 700 Planet..'. 1,154 Dubuque Comet City of Toledo Favorite Gazelle Queen of the Lake 'Sunbeam City of Cleveland 800 Northern Light 800 Meteor 957 Pewabic 960 Hfll.T. 1863 1864 1866 isno 186!) 1870 1871 1871 1871 1872 1S5G 1860 1862 1864 18G9 1871 1872 1873 Superior Trade, Mary'h Ship Canal American Steamers, Namk. Arctic No, 2* Atlantic* Pacilic* Iron Sides Lac la Helle North-west Sea Bird City of Madison t Cuyah()f,'at Ontona^'on f Norman t Miiieral Rock f Keweenaw * St. Paul* K. G. Coburn China India Ja])an St. Louis Winslow * Peerless t Gunadian Steaviers. IN 1855. Tons. Gore Plough Boy Kescue Collingwood ■ Algoma t W'aubuno J Manitoba j Acadia J Chicoral Cumberland J Fraidv Smith J City of Montreal J. 1,200 600 487 727 682 545 719 800 1,000 900 1,240 1,240 1,240 1,137 1,275 400 416 200 450 550 418 460 300 * Sailing from Bulialo, Cleveland and Detroit to Lake Superior. t Sailing from Chicago and Milwaukee to Lake Superior. 4 Sailing from Canadian ports to Lake Su])erior. ^The Chieora was built in Liverpool, England, in 1864, for a blockade-runner, sail- ing to Charleston, S. C. ; jnirchased in 1807 by Milloy & Co. of Toronto, Can. ; taken to Quebec and cut in two pieces and passed through the St. Lawrence Canals to Buffalo, N. Y, Here she was rebuilt and jmt on the Collingwood Line, in 1869. Her engines ara marine, oscillating, of suj .rior workmanship, alibrding great speed. ' u : ' frssy ) 48 SAILING ON THE GIIEAT LAKES. Sailing on the Lakes — Summe-' Weather, Diiriiij; tliemontliriof Jinu', July aiul Auf^iist tlie wciitlu r usually is calm and de- li^'litAd on tliu Cireat Lakes, afiordiiig i)lc;asiiral)le sensalioiis wliilo sailiiij^ on tlie upward trip luwurd Laiie SupL-rior, the " uUiriM Ikula" of the seelveni oi" healtii and pleasure. Start iuf^ from liuiralo, or Cleveland, the tourist passes over the waters of Lake Erie, entcriuf^ the Detroit liiver at Andiersihurfj^, Can where is a flourishing^ town. iL;r'; the Chicago and Canailn Southern llaxlroad crosses the river to the Miehigan shore by means of a steam ferry. Asecnding this beautiful stream several islands are paksed, most! ■ lying on the West or American shore, where stands Wyandotte, a flourishing manufacturiiig village. Here are located the most extensive Iron Works in Miehigan ; also, Copper and Silver Smelling Works, Before arriving at Detroit by steamer. Sandwich and Windsor are i)assed, the latter place being connected with Detroit by a steara ferry. Here terminates the Great Wentirn Railway of Canada, connecting witli the Michigan Ventral Jiailroud, and other railroads running through Miehigan, Tucvla;/, July 1st, 1(S73, — After suillring from the heat for two weeks in Chicago and Detroit, the thermometer ranging from SU° to '.)0° Fahr,, we left Detroit on board a steamer for Saut Ste, Marie, 3G5 miles distaiit, passing through St. Clair River, Lake Huron, and St. Mary's River. TluTmoincter standing at 75'' Fahr, July 'Id was a cloudy roved to he a delightful th. — AV'arm morning, with wind iVom the South, and a hazy atmospliere, with sunsliine and cloud ; thermonu'ter 80° J''ahr. At 4 V. M., a severe rain-storm, with tlumder and lightning, visited Mar(p;ette, the thermometer falling to VO" Fahr. .//(/(/ Wlh. — Sunshine, cloud and rain at Manmette; the weather assuming the coquettish character connnon to l^ake Superior (uiring the sunnner months, when flyiu;^' clouds usually scud low, giving out a chilling inlluence. Then (!0° to (i")° F. ./)(/// ir)')° ; Juh/ i^th, 02° Fahr. The above is a correct statenu'ut of the weather usually experienced on Lake Superior during the months of July and August. li ! ■■ i \- .1; l! 50 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. Duluth — Lake Superior. Tablk showing Dally and Monthly Mean of Barometer and Tliermometcr, and amount of Kainfall, with the prevailing direction of wind, for the month of Julv, .1873, at Dvhvm, Minn., N. lat. 40° 48^ ; W. Ion. 92° 00^ Date. Mean Daily JJaronictcr. Wind. Mean Daily TlicriMoiuetcr Rainfall, Inches. •29 •30 '"•29 '"•2{ *i-22 •81 •06 1-57 •92 •08 •21 * "•n "•80 '"•53 MO Remarks. July 1 29-722 29-832 29-057 29-737 30-115 30-032 29-990 30-020 29-907 30-OG2 29-957 29-720 29-717 29-957 29-!)72 29-602 29-595 29-975 30-017 30-010 29-847 29-808 30-010 29-770 29-815 29-952 29-960 29.790 29-885 29.920 29-880 N.W. NE. S. \' S.Vv.' N.N.E. N.N.E. N.E. N.E. N.W. N.E. N.E. S. N. W. n.p:. N.E. w. N. N.W. N.E. S.W. S.W. N. N.E. N.W. N.E. N.E. N.E. N.W. N.E. N.E. 04-5 55-7 71-5 70-2 59*5 55 7 58-7 C3-0 03^7 60-5 57-5 04-2 69-7 69-7 60-5 61-0 64-7 62-2 63-2 66-5 73-5 76-2 76-7 63-5 71-2 66-5 63-0 63-0 68-5 60-0 57-0 Clear. Cle.nr. Cloudy. Clear. Clear. Ci-ar. Cloudy. Cloudy. Cloudy. Clear. Clear. Cloudy. Cloudy. Fair. Fair. Cloudy. Cloudy. Cloudy. Cloudy. Clear. Fair. Cloudy. Clear. Cloudy. Clear. Clear. Fair. Cloudy. Clear.' Cloudy. Cloudy. K () " 3 « 4 -: '< 5' " 6 " 7 « 8 " 9 « 10 " 11 « i'> '< 13 " 14 " 15 « IG (( IT " 18 «' 19. " 20 " 01 « 22 " '23 " 24 " 25 « 20 « 27 " 28 « 29 «' 30 " 31 Monthly mean for July . Total Kainfall 64.5Fr. 8-50 Summer Months, Mean Temperature. "njtal Rnin. June, 1872, July, " August, " 59.6 Fahrenheit. G6.8 68.1 " 4.46 inches. 5.83 " 2.84 « Hean Temperature G4.8 13.13 r, dy. PART IV. MINERAL REGION OF LAKE SUPERIOR* THE extent ami value of the Mineral Region lying on the South and Xorth shores of thiH Inland Sea are truly astonishing, when we take into virw tlie different rich deposits of iron ore, copper, and silver, as found to exist in diderent localities. The Iroii Ber/ion is the most extensive, commencing at the Iron Mountain, 12 miles west of Marquette; and extending soutii to the Menominee River and north to near Keweenaw Bay, while in a western direction it stretches past Michiganime Lake to the I'enoka iron range in Wisconsin, lying south of the new town of Ashland — a total distance of about 150 miles. Other iron deposits exist in Korthern Minnesota and in the Province of Ontario, Canada. As you mount u\> from Escanaba or Marquette, the principal outports for iron ore, to the table lands surrounding the Iron Mountain, SOO feet above the level of the Lake, you are surrounded by the richest deposit of iron ore in the world. The Silver licjion, as yet known, is more limited. Virgin silver iis well as mass copper abounds on the South Sliore in the Northern Peninsula of Michigan, also in Minnesota bordering on Lake Superior; but by far the richest mines have recently been discovered and worketl on the North Siiore, or Canada side. Silver hid is said to be one of the most productive mines in the world, yielding annually about one million dollars of the precious metal. The ore is obtained by blasting and being raised 100 or 200 feet from the mine, extending under the bed of the Lake. Other mines around Thunder Bay, and in the vicinity of Pigeon River, are attracting mu.a attention. Xm', a distance of .'300 or 400 miles. First Discovery of Iron Ore in Marquette County. Tlio United States (ieologist, Professor Charles T. Jackson, in his report to tlie Secretary of the Interior made in 1.SI9, says tiiat during his first visit to Lake Superior, in tlie sunnner of iSll, he obtained from a trader at Saut Ste. Marie a line sj)eeimen of specular iron ore, which he had received from an Indian cluef. He also learned, at the same time, tbat this chief knew of a mountain mass of ore, Romewhere between the head of Keweenaw Bay and tlie head-waters of tlie Menom- inee River. It is not more than twenty-eight years since the first iron ore was taken from what is now known as the Jackson Mountain, and less tlian half a ton of it i)acked ii]»on the backs of half breeds, and carried to tlie mouth of the Carp River, and from thence transported in canoes to the St. Mary's River. Yet in that short in- terval tiie development of the iron mines in lliis locality has been so rapid, that tiiey now contribute tlie ores from which is made about one-fourth of all the iron manufactured in the IJniied States. About a (piarter of a century ago, the district which now supplies the ore for ujiwardsof one hiuidred and fifty furnaces, and which boasts of a jxipulation of not less than sixteen thousand ])eople, was an iinexjilored wilderness, never penetrated save by the wild Indian and devoted missionary. Over a million tons of this ore liave been shiitped annually for the past few years, and ea(;li succeeding year is destined to increase the amount in a rapid ratio; and yet the Lake Superior Iron District is but in its infancy, and only needs to be fully developed to become the great iron centre; of the North-west, and of the Union. The Jackson (/'omjiany was organi'/x-d in June, 184/), with a view to ojierations in the Copjier District, and P. M. Kverett, Esq., one of the original incorporators, dime to Lake Sujierior (he same sunnner, .-ukI located what is now the .Jackson iron Mine, under a permit from tin; Secretary of War, To Mr. Kverett is due the credit of being the pioneer in the discovery and development of the Lake Superior Iron MincH. Others may have visited th^ Jackson Mountain about the Paine time hut there in no evidence that any of them discovered the existence of its hidden treasures. ■ a IRON DISTRICT. 58 ; and fully Kin. ationrt ■atcjrH, ckHon lue tlie po nor liriio, IlK Idea The first npenlnf^ in tlio Iron District was made hy tlic .Taftkson Company in the fall of 18l(>, in the Kummer of whidi year they eomineneed tl»e ereelion of a forfje on (Jarp itiver, ahout tliree miles east of Xef,'aiinee. The for^'e was put in ojHra- ti( tlie J^ake .Superior iron JJistrict." Classification of the Iron Ores. The most valuable, so far as developed, is the upmdnr hnnntilr, which is a very jMire anhydrous sesrpiioxide, giving,' a red j)owd(;r, ;uid yieldinj^' in tlie blast-fur- nace from GO to 70 per cent, of metallic iron. The ore occurw both slaty and granular, or massive. The next in order of im])ortance is tlie Kuft or hrown hrrn'Me, which mucli re- Beml)lc8 the hematite of Pennsylvania and Conneoti' iit. Th" ore is generally found associated with the harder ores, from which r.any hi • -pose it is formed by p.'irtial decomposition or disintegration. The marjndic ore of the; district has thus far only beer found to the west of the other ores — at the WM.diingt(ju, JOdwards and (,'lianipi(in Mines — at which none of tlio other varieties have been found, except the spticular, into which the mag- netic sometimes passes, the powder being from black to purple, then reil. 'V\n', Jldfj ore is a slaty or schistose silicious hematite, containing rather less metallic iron, and of more diflicult reduction than either of the varieties above named. Michigammo Iron Distiict. Work has already actively eomineneed at the Michigammc mine, and consider- able ore shipp('(! from it atie specular ores of Marquette. " I am very anxious to have tiiese ores brought to market, as I can use with ad- vantage several thousand tons annually. " I liope you may induce capitalists to take hold of this most valuable deposit and develop it for the good of this country. The Eange is not less than twelve miles long, and will yield ore enough to span tiic world witli railroads. 1 have had analysis made of a fine specimen of Swedish ore, and the ore of your Range is richer than the Swedish by about 10 per cent. There is no doubt but your ore will make as good cutting steel as any made in the world. "Kespectfully yours, E. B. W." Extent of the Lake Superior Iron Mines. Since the opening of the Jackson Mine in 184G, developments have gradually extended westward toward Lake Michigamme, about 20 miles west of Negaunee. On all sides of Lake Michigamme — north, south and west — and on the Menom- inee Rivei", southward, immense deposits have been discovered, compared to which the famous " Iron Mountain " of Missouri sinks into insignificance. The Future Iron Centre. " The manufiicture of iron, or the proper place for its manufacture, in order to enable this country to hold its place among nations, in view of the threatened re- duction of the tariif, leads tlie Minimj Journal to consider wiiat most vitally concerns our own home interests. Our main interests are in iron, — in the hills, in the mined ores, and in the products of iron. Without it, we are of small account; with it, and witii the care taken of it that the situation demands and makes impera- tive, we are peer of all. Weof the Lake Superior Iron District have the iron ore, and the fuel in juxtaposition to convert it into merchantable forms, and the manu- facturing as well as the mining nuist hereafter be done in this 2)art of the country. In the matter of the fuel we have only to say that our forests of hard wood have hardly been touched, and peat beds, in embryo, promise everything asked of them for the future ; and when it becomes necessary, in tlie course of the next decade, to make the balance of lake freights lieavier from the East than to the West, we can load the lake crafts with coal to smelt our ores at home. "At present, by far the greater portion of our iron ore is shipped to the furnaces of Ohio and Pennsylvania. This ore is loaded witii a percentage of from 3o to 40 i)er cent, of waste material, on wiiicli tlie same freight must be paid as on the metallic iron. From tliese furnaces and rolling-mills the manufactured iron is shipped to its various markets, some of it being returned to tlie j»lace from which it started in the raw state, and the only reason given for not manufacturing our own iron, is the want of fuel and our inability to procure it. We will reverse the proposition. Suppose that Ohio and Pennsylvania furnaces were obliged to depend upon their own home supplies for ore? That they have enougli of it is true; that the quality is not good enough to make merchantable iron is ecpially true. Dei)ending upon the Lake Superior district for their supply of ores to mix with their own in order to l)ring their iron to a grade which would command a sale in an open market, tlit^ are obliged to pay double freight on the raw material. It would not matter i If I I ' 66 SAILING ON THE GUEAT LAKES. so much witli the furnaces in Oliio and Ponnsylvimia at the present time, if they weri' only slmlting clown temporarily. The oullook for them is nut a good one, i. e. for the future exclu!*ive control of the iron trade of the country. Our rail- road communications now openinsjc will give uh, when completed, an e(pial chance for the great Western markets. We can ship to the sealtuard during the season of navigation at nearly as low rates as the Pittsljurgh nianul'acturers — anil that Manpiette cotmty wil! ultimately become the grand iron mamifacturing centre of the United iStates, is u question tliat admits of scarcely a doubt." Iron Mining Companies, Situated in the Counties of Marquette, Houghton and Menominee. Name. Kind of Ore. T. N. R.W Ada Albion* Allen t American J Bagaley t Barnum t BereaJ Breitung lireen and Ingalls f Buckeye Burt .". Calhoun and Si)urr Canon Carrt Cascade I Champion * Chippewa Cleveland *t Edwards* Imuuui J I']mi)ire Everett* Excelsior t FallRiver+ Fosterf Franklin* Goodrich! Grand Central | ... Green Bayf Gribbenf Harlow * Harney | HeuuUite . Hematite Hard Hematite j Hematite. Hematite ■ (rranularand Hematite Magnetic and Specular Magnetic and .Si)ecular Bed Specular and Graiudar Magnetic and Specular Hard Hematite 47 47 47 47 47 48 47 47 47 47 47 47 i47 47 47 48 Hematite. ! Hard and Soft Hematite Hematite Bed Specular 47 47 47 47 2G 27 2G 26 29 28 30 2G 30 2G 30 29 30 27 28 2G 30 Location. 2G 2(5 26 Negaunee. Stoneville. Negaunee. Micbigamnie. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Michigamme. Menominee co. Cliampion. Negaiuiee. Champion. Humboldt. Ishpeming. Humboldt, Negaunee. nuniI)oldt. Ishpeming, L'Ansc. Negaunee. Stoneville. Negaunee. (( Marqnette. Michigamme. * Shipped from Marquette. f Shipped from Escanaba, Delta co. X Shipped from L'Anse, Houghton co. IRON MINING COMPANIES. 57 Iron Mining Companies. — {Continued.) Name. Hirarod* Home Howell Iloppock f Ilungeiford Ilussey Iron Clittsf Iron Kinfif J Iron Mountain Jackt^on f Jcfturson Keystone* Kloman* Lake Anfreline *f.. Lake Superior* ... MeComber*! Mai^netio Manjuette* Matlier Mieiiigannne J Miehigan Negaunee New iMigland New York f Parsons Pendill Pioneer Pittsburgh and L. Superior! Quartz Quinesaik Ked Chalk t Republic* Riverside Rolling Mill t Rowland! Saginaw f Sheiuon Shenango* Smitht Spurr Mountain J .. Stewart J Tavlort Teal Lake Washington* Winthrop*f Kind of Oke. T.N. R.W Hematite Hard Hematite Hematite 47 47 47 47 26 26 27 20 47 27 (iranular and Hematite ! 47 27 Hematite and Specular Soft Hematite and Specular Soft Hematite I'lack Magnetic Red Specular Magnetic . Hard Hematite Hematite and S[)ecular. Hard Specular Magnetic and Specidar. Hematite Red Specular Specular and Hematite. Magnetic Magnetic and Specular. Hard Ore 47 I 29 46:29 47 26 47 47 47 47 48 47 47 47 47 47 47 27 26 80 27 30 28 26 27 26 40130 46 47 47 47 47 48 47 45 48 48 48 47 47 29 30 26 26 27 31 27 25 31 31 26 29 27 Location. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Negaunee. Micliigamme. Ishi)eining. Negaunee. « Champion. IIum])oldt. Ishpeming. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Negaunee. ^lichigannne. Clarksburgh. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Negaunee. Menominee co. Negaunee. Humboldt. Negaunee. Stoneville. T.'^Iipeming. Forsyth. Micliigamme. L'Anse, Houghton co. Humboldt, Ishpeming. il I 58 BAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. Iron Product for the Year 1873. Mines. Gross Tons. Value. MINUS. Gross Tor.s. Value. .T!W'*K'*4nil ... .... 113,892 132,082 170,988 70,882 105,453 72,783 38,015 21,005 20,507 48,077 27,372 43,934 21,498 31,730 31,934 28,906 10,426 38,970 33,547 37,139 11,319 3,212 $797,210 924,570 ! 1.190,91i)er Falls 834 Phoenix 3-50 Cliir.. 320 Delaware 209 St. Clair 55 Americau 24 1,983 927 1.37 500 742 380 Amygdaloid. Petherick .... Tons. 19 10 Lbs. 303 34 Total 2,8(i0 ],006 ONTONAGON DISTRICT. Ridge 1.50 National 131 Minnesota 103 IJohemian 50 Flint Steel 45 Knowlton 39 Rockland 16 Mass 6 Adventure 3 Fremont Total 547 RECAPITULATION, 1873. Portage Lake District 15,229 Keweenaw Point " 2,800 Ontonagon District... 547 113 318 1,700 500 1,3.56 1,804 400 8(58 1,238 700 1,117 1,951 1,006 1,117 Grand Total 18,036 4,074 M' SILVFR MINING ON LAKK 8UPEUI0U. 61 Silvez Mining Companies, Ik Ontonaoojs County, Michigan. Arpontino, Township, .'31 N., 41 W. Jlaiicoi'k. Iron Kiver. MiiiMinotli. OiitonuKon, Township, 51 N., 41 W. Ontonagon and Lake Superior. i'orciipine. Scranton. Soiitli Siioro, Superior, Township, 51 N., 42 W., Sec. 24. Tiie al)ove new Silver Mines are located near Iron River, whieli enii)ties into Luke Sujjerior east of the Porcupine jNIountain. They are supitost.-d to he rich in silver aiul very extensive. Some of the ore assayed has yieldeil over $1,500 coin value per ton of 2,000 pounds. Silver Mining on Lake Superior — North Shore. BY PETKR m'KELLAR. " The Thunder Bay District occupies the portion of Canada bordering? on Lake Superior, nortli of the United States boundary. It is mountainous in character, with hold dills rising from iWO to 1,400 feet above the lake and valleys. Tlii' valleys are numerous and generally fertile, some being of consideral)lc extent, such as that of the l\aministi(piia River, so that it is cai>al)le of supporting a much larger agri- cultural population than the people in general have any idea of. The many low and lofty islands, strewn along the coast and in the bays, render the scenery pic- tures(iue and beautiful. "Tlie geological formations of tiiis section are: — The Laurentian, Iluronian, and the Upi)er Copper Rocks, named and described by Sir VVm. Logan (see his (.rcology of Canada), afterwards described by others, and especially by Professors K. Bell and E. J. Chapman. The Laurentian and Iluronian are the crystalline or azoic rocks, and the Upper Copper Rocks are supposed to be the equivalent of a part of the lower Silurian, and are divided into two divisiotis — the Upper and the Lower beds. The Laurentian occupy the Height of Land principally, touching the lake shore in but few places within this ilistrict. It consists of granite, gneiss, syenite, and micaceous schists, almost entirely. Its veins of quartz and sjKir carry copper and iron |)yrites, also galena and zinc blende occasionally, but from my ex- perience 1 am not favorably impressed in reganl to its metalliferous (lualilications. "The Iluronian series lay generally between the Siliuian and Laurentian, striking occasionally in a iiorth-easterly direction, in a broad belt or trough, back toward the Height of Land into the Laurentian. The ])rincii)al area occupied by these belts stretches westward from Thunder Bay through Shebandowan Lake, thence on to the American boundary. It consists of greenish and greenish-gray strata, with a dip nearly vertical. The principal portions have a slaty structure, consisting of chloritic, argillaceous, talcose, silicious, dioritic, and fine grain mica- ceous slates, with interstratified beds of massive diorite. It is from tliese slates we are expecting great results in mining. It is only three years since the first silver mine (3 A), or any other mine (except the little Pic Iron), was discovered in the !• lii iiltii ■'i'i "^•"•W G2 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. Iluronian, in this section. The following snmracr, the Jackfish Lake Gold and Silver Mine was discovered ia the same series, Iving nearly 100 miles to the west of 3 A. '" Next in ascending order is the lower beds of tlie Upper Copper Rocks. They occupy the coast and islands, with the exception of a little piece in Thunder Bay, whore the older rocks come in from the east side of this bay westwxrd beyond the .Imerican boundary, showing also at a few points farther east, underlying the Upper Beds. They consist of layers of chert, dolomite, and iron ore, the latter being near the base, with thick beds of clay, slate, and gray argillaceous sandstone shales, interstratified with beds of columnar trap. The intersecting veins carry silver, galena, zinc blende, and copper and iron pyrites, and other metals in small quantities. Until the discovery of the silver and gold lodes above referred to iu tl'.e Iluronian series, these slates were considered tlie silver bearing formation of tlie country. The Silver Islet, Thunder Bay, Shuniah (now the Duncan), Silver Harbor, Prince's Bay, Spar Island, Jarvis Island, MoKellar's Island, Lambert's Island, Thompson Island, Mclvenzie, Trowbridge, 3 B, and McKellar's Point veins are all silver bearing, and intersect tliese slates, most of them being vmdeveloped. "The upper beds of the copper rocks occupy the principal part of the coast, and almost all the islands from Thunder Bay to the east end of Nepigon Bay. They consist of sandstones, conglomerates, indurated marls, and some interstratitied soapstone, crowned by an immens'^ thickness of trappean beds, most of which are amygdaloidal in character. The quartz and spar veins which traverse the sedi- mentary or lower portion, hold galena, copper ores, and zinc blende in very con- siderablft (quantities, also gold and silver, as shown by Professor Chai)man in his Report of the Black Bay Lode, now the North Shore Mine. The Silver Lake, Cariboo, and the above, are the principal lodes known in these strata. The above trappean beds are the famous native copper-bearing rocks of the South Shore and Isle Royale. At the former place the workable lodes which conform with the strata dip at a high angle, and are wonderfully rich. On our side these rocks dip at low angles, and, as far as I can understand, all the explorations and work for native coi)per were made on the intersecting veins instead of the bedded or conformable ones. It may be that the difference of dip may have something to do with their richness, it being generally considered that strata witli a high dip are more favor- able for mineral veins than those with a low dip. However, since the discovery of silver in Thunder Bay, little or no attention has been paid to these copper rocks by the explorer, so that there is no knowing what they may turn out yet. "Native copper with associated nuggets of silver is the principal metal found in these rocks, but occasionally the sidphurets and other ores are met with in small quantities. The veins, in passing through them into the sandstone, seem to drop tlie native copper, it being replaced by the sulphurets. Many years ago the Mon- treal Company and others spent a considerable sum of money mining in these rocks without success ; but that is of little importance, as there was ten times more spent in the South Shore before tlie mines proved productive. " In the winter of 1867 and 1868, the Government placed an annual tax of two cents per acre on all the patented land on Lake Superior, which worked much good, as parties holding much land, and having to pay such heavy tax, set to work to explore and find out its value. The result was the discovery of silver in the Jarvis Island and in the far-famed Silver Islet, which in all probability would still be unknown, and for years to come in the hands of the Montreal SILVER MINING ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 68 Mining Company, as it had been for many years previous. In the spring of 1868, this Corajjany secured the valuable services of the well known Mr. Thoinaa ^lacfarlane, with a party of men, to examine and report on their lands on Lake Superior. His first exi)lorations were made on the Jarvis location, situated about 22 miles to the south of Fort William, on which he discovered silver in a large lode of heavy and calcareous spars and quartz, on the Island of the same name, which lies one and a half miles off the shore. The Island is about twenty chains wide where the vein crosses, a considerable portion being deeply covered with earth. The vein is well defined, eight to ten feet wide, with a dij) of about fifty degrees to the east-north-east. The silver shows in leaves generally, but also in strings and small nuggets, through the spar, and the black carbonaceous zinc- blende matter. Mr. Macfarlane sunk a shaft about twelve feet deep in the sum- mer of 1809, taking out some line silver ore. Again in 1870 he followed it down Bome twenty feet more, taking out a considerable (juantity of ore. " This location passed into the hands of the Ontario Mineral Land Company about the 1st of September, 1870, along with the Silver Islet and all the other lands owned by the Montreal Mining Company on Lake Superior. This Company, in June and July of 1871, employed a small party mining on this lode for a month or two, when they sold it for $150,000 to Messrs. R. F. McFwen of London, and Simon Mandlebaum of Detroit. Since then the mine has been worked with con- siderable energy. The first shaft has been sunk about 100 feet, and two others about 70 feet each, the first 30 to 40 feet being an alluvial deposit. The ten fathom level was being driven to connect Nos. 1 and 2 shafts when I was there hist winter, and I i)resume it is through before this. They drove a winze down below this level 35 to 40 feet, in which they found a rib of ore resting against the hanging wall. It increased from an inch or so to over a foot in thickness in the 35 feet. The ore consists of spar charged with argentiferous zinc blende. I heard it assayed from $100 to over $200 per ton. I have no doubt, when followed, it will be found very rich in silver in places. The vein is tbund to be very large, well defined, and regular. Very little silver was found in drivin, turned out but little silver for the work done. It seems to belong to the same class of veins as that of the Silver Islet, which has been proven to a depth of 300 feet already, and shown to carry the precious metal in such large cpiantities. They bear in the same direction, carry the same minerals and metals, and intersect the same forma- tion, with the comparison of size being in favor of the former. p]ven at Silver Islet a good deal of work has been done where it showr y little silver. " A month or so after the discovery of the Jarvis, JSir. Macfarlane turned his attention to the Wood's Location, which lies a few miles to the east of Thunder i ^^K^^ M '?»■•' 64 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. Cape. During his examination, he discovered tlie Silver Islet Lode, tlie silver being first noticed by one ot" the party naniud Morgan. The Islet was about 75 feet long, rising G to 8 foet above the Lake, and lying about hall" a mile from the main shore. The vein crosses the Islet in twt) branches, about 20 feet apart, each 4 to 6 feet wide, bearing about N.N.W. and S.8.E., with a dip nearly vertical. The veinstone consists of calcareous or bitter spar, of a reddish-white color, with some quartz, etc. The rich streak of ore consists of spar, fine-grain galena, and occasionally zinc blende. Through the whole, especially the galena, the native silver is more or less thickly disseminated in fine strings, etc., the sulphuret of silver being occasionally present, also small quantities of nickel and col)alt. This streak is 2 or li inches wide generally, but in places it spreads out to a foot or more. It becomes poor and disappears in places, and again comes in ; and in sinking, in some of the layers between two floors it is found to be rich, and in others poor. These floors, if I remember rightly, dip at a low angle to the north, and are generally 2 or 3 feet apart. The west branch, or vein that showed the most silver at surface, is the one upon which the work is being carried on. It crossed at the west end of the island, being almost entirely covered by water, though shallow, for 50 feet or more along the lode, so that the men had to work in the water in taking out the ore. The Islet lies on the abnve-mentioned dyke of diorite (Macfarlane's band), which is rather coaise in texture away from the walls. A portion running along the middle shows a reddish or brown apiK-arance, owing to the color of the feldspar, the rest being greenish-gray in color, with white or greenish-white feldspar, and dark-green hornblende, etc. It ditiers in ap})ear- ance from any of the num(?rous trap dykes I have seen in the country, and is very wiiie. Here it intersects the slightly inclined bluish or greenish-gray shales, which seem to occupy a position near the summit of the loAver beds of the Upper Copper Rocks. "They succeeded in taking out several hundred weights of the ore, which Mr. Macfarlane brought with him to Montreal in tlie fall, and had it tiioroughly tested, various grades yielding from $1,000 to over .$3,000 per ton. They built a house or two on the main land, and one on the Islet, and left a party of seven or eight men to mhie and take out timber for cril) work, during tlie winter. They com- menced to sink a shaft on the dry part of the Islet, in the country rock, with the intention of intersecting the lode at the di'pth of 30 feet, where the water would not trouble them. By the time they had got down about 18 feet, a heavy storm came and lilled it up, piling the iee higii above it, knocking the floor of tiie boarding-house through, and nearly carrying the whole thing away, leaving the men in great danger. That put a stop to that work ; but some time in February or March the shallow water had frozen solid lo the rock, and the miners cut through it, and succeeded in taking out, according to their own estimates, about 825,000 worth of ore in about a week, when a storm broke it up again. Mr. Macfarlane Avas in Montreal during the winter, and made an estimate of the amount necessary to place the mine on a safe footing for carrying on the works, and, as I understood, asked the Company for §50,000 to do it; but they refused, although the evidences of its richness were so strong. No doubt they had the opinion of some pretended mining men who had been in the country, Avhieh was to the eflect that all these veins would ' play out' in sinking 30 feet. People will not be deceived any more by such a theory, as time luis shown its simplicity. The men continued doing what little they could on the Islet on calm days, and taking out timber, etc., until the mine was sold in September following. SILVER MINING ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 65 n le Ic " In the winter and spring of 1870, Mr. Macfarlane entered into negotiations with American caj)itali.st.s for the sale of Silver Islet, with tlie consent of tlie Company ; and Cajjtain Wni. B. Frue, of Portage Lake, south shore of Lake Sujierior, a person of long experience in mining, went with Mr. Macfarlane, on the opening of navi- fation, to see it. lie was so favorahly impressed with its appearance that he and Ir, A, II. Sihley, the ahove-mentioned capitalists, became very sanguine, but were in danger, for some time, of being thrown to one side altogether, as the Montreal Company had entered into an agreement with an English Company for all their lands on Lakes Huron and Superior, including Silver Islet. However, the Eng- lish and American Companies came to an understanding of being equally interested in carrying out the agreement ; but when the first day of payment arrived, the English Company backed out, and the Americans stepped in and took the whole, paying $50,000 in gold on the 1st of September, 1870, the rest in three instalments, making in all $125,000, the amount of the purchase." Included in said contract is an oblong tract, about five miles in length coast- wise, and two miles in width, with the adjacent islands (including Silver Islet), containing sixty-four hundred acres, designated and known as the " Wood's Lo- cation." It is situated five miles easterly from Thunder Cape, and twenty miles northerly from the eastern end of Isle Royale, in the Province of Ontario, Can. A corporation was formed, styled the "Silver Islet Mining Company of Lake Supe- rior," with a capital stock of $2,000,000, divided into 20,000 shares, of $100 eadi. " Immediately on closing the bargain, Mr. Sibley telegraphed from Montreal to Captain Frue, at Houghton, Michigan, who chartered a steamer to transport some thirty men, with the necessary supplies, and heavy timber, for a breakwater, to Silver Islet. Arriving safely, he immediately commenced building the coller-dam, etc., and by the beginning of October they were enabled to commence mining. Again the works were interrupted for a week or so, in the first part of November, by a storm, which carried away part of the colTer-dam. After all the difficulties the^ had to contend with, they iiad shipped over $90,000 by the close of navi- gation. They continued mining, with few interruptions, until a severe storm in the first part of March had carried away nearly half the crib-work, filling the mine ,7ith water and ice. The works were again restored, and mining re-com- menced some time in May (1871) following. "The mine had to be worked entirely from one surface opening or shaft, which was a great disadvantage, as but few miners could be employed for a long time. The shaft was built of timber, and made water-light from the solid rock to the height of 15 to 20 feet above tlie water, so that the water could not get into the mine, even if it should get over the crib-work. From this opening the mine was continually enlarging by sinking and by driving along each way on the lode, taking care to leave a strong backing to prevent the Lake from breaking in. By the time they had got down some 80 or 100 feet, they had gained distance enough on each side to sink winzes, which would be connected at certain distances, or at each level, by galleries to the main shaft, which was then closed in all the way up. This would i)urify the air by causing a circulation, and allow them to employ more miners to advantage than they could do when it was all one open cut. On tliis principle the works have been expanding lengthways on the lode and in depth, and now tliey are down over 300 feet below the surface of Lake Superior. When I passed there last fall thev had cut a strong vein of water, which at first threatened to fill up the mine ; but wlicu they got the new engine to work, aa I was told, it was ' J-i' ■(; 1 ■- i Itii I 1 66 SAILING ON THE GREAT LAKES. able to keep flio water down ; hut a larger pump is reiitiired, which they sent for, but it was fro7A'n in on the south shore, and they will have to wait until navigation opens. However, they are able to earry on the mining in the other parts of the mine, and 1 see l)V the last letters from tiiere that it is looking as well as ever. In the winter of 1871 tliey drove a eross-cut 8on)e 3(J feet to eut the east vein, whieh they said was large, and looked very well, but it made too much water, so they had to close it up. At surfaee, improvements have been continually going on. They have enlarged the area of the Islet from less than a sixth of an acre to more than two acres, and built 10 or 12 good buildings on it. On the main shore they have built extensive docks, a large store, ehureli, school-house, and about 40 dwell- ing-houses. I suppose the whole population is over 300, there being on an aver- age about 130 laborers employetl on the location. " I have no doubt the value of the product of this mine is greater, for the amount of ground opened, than that of any other mine, although the annual product of some mines is much greater, owing to its peculiar situation. In 1870 the product was 172,8'2o pounds — value of same, $105,828, which gave an average of about 61 cents per pound, or $1,218 per ton of 2,000 pounds. In 1871 the product was l)()i),454 i)ounils — value of same, $645,397, at a rate of (JOA events per pound, or $1,330 per ton ; showing an average yield of a ton and a half per day. " I5y excluding all expenditure not properly belonging to the Silver Islet Lo- cation, such as the price paid for the seventeen locations, the taxes, and the expenses of the explorations on the other location, and the law fees relating to the title, etc., we have a total expenditure of about $430,000 for 1870, 1871, and 1872, while the product of the mine equals $707,448 for 1870 and 1871. Why the product for 1872, wliich we know was very large, is excluded from the report, is more than I can tell, unless it was for the purpose of keeping down the rei)utation of the mine, so that those i)arties who were trying to break their title would not be so sanguine. Since the date of the above report we know that the mine has been continually turning out rich ore, and j)aying dividends to the shareholders, besides expending large sums in pernuinent improvements. " Had this mine been on tlie main land, and worked under favorable or ordinary circumstances, what a ri'-h mine it would be. Even where it is, with all its dis- advantages, it is producing largely, and has been a very profitable mine to the stockholders, and no doubt further developments will show many such mines in this extensive metalliferous section." The product from Silver Islet Mine for 1870-71-72 and 73, no doubt exceeds $2,000,000, although the exact amount is unknown to the public. Silver Mining Companies, North Shore, Lake Superior. Located on Thunder Island Bay and its Vicinity. Name. Algonia, Cornish, Howland, Interiuitional, Jarvis Island, Name. Spar Island, Silver Harbor, or Beek, Silver Islet, Thompson's Island, McKellar's Island, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Trowbridge, Prince's Bay, 3 A Mine, Shuniah, 3 B Mine. The extent and richness of the Thun- der Bay Silver District is as yet but partially known, although several sil- ver mines are being worked. It is supposed that the Mineral Region ex- tends westward to Lake Shebandow- en, a distance of about one hundred miles. T- "Hi I GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSION FROM NEW YORK TO LAKE SUPERIOR & ST. PAUL, via NIAGARA FALLS, "^ STOPPINC} PLACES. MILES. [EW YORK to AI.BA\Y, {liaihoad or Steamer,) 145 Albany to Roci'ssteu, [Railroad,) 220— 374 Rochester to Buffalo G9 — 4435 Buffalo to Cleveland, viaLake Shore Route 183 — 620 ; Rochester TO XiAGARA Falls, (i^u^p'raZJnrfjfe,) 75 — 44S : Suspension Bridge to IIaiiilton, Canada 4.3 — 491 . Eamilton to Detroit, Mich 187 — 07S TAULE nocK. Detroit to Cuicago, via Mich. Central E. R.2Si — 962 Detroit to Port Huron, (Steamboat Route,) 73— 751 Pout Huron to De Tour, (Lako Ilurou,) 225 — 976 De Tour, (Mouth St. Mary's River,) to Saut Ste. Marie 00—1,026 Saut Ste. Marie to Marq;ette, (Lako Superior,) 170 — 1,196 Marquette to Portage Entry 75 — l,2?'l Portage Entry to Copper Harbor G3 — 1 .334 Copper Harbor to O.vtonagon 92 — 1,426 Ontonagon to Bayfield, Wis 88 — 1,514 Bayhkld to Di'HTU 88— 1,602 1>UL.IJTU TO ST. PAUIi, Minn., (Z>. S. ^ Miss. R. 7e.)...154— 1,756 St. Paul to CntCAOO, {Direct Railroad Route,) — 410 Chicago to New York, lia Detroit 962 — 1,404 l^ This Railroad and Steamboat Route from the City of ]Vcw York to St. Paul, Minn., via Niagara Falls, Lakes Huron and Superior, — passing the Island of Mackinac, the Saut Sto. Mario, and the Pictured Rocks, — a total Distance of 1.756 Miles, affords the invalid, and seeker of pleasure, during the Summer months, one of most healthy, interesting, and Oruild Excursions on the Continent of America. 51 67 i !■ ^-yw* STOPPING PLACES and OBJECTS OF INTEREST IN THE ROUND TRIP FROM BUFFALO TO DULUTH, ST. PAUL, &c. DISTANCES I'OKTS, ETC. MILKS. jnil'ALOfN. T. DlNKIKlv 42 JJIi'ir, I'ii 48 »() Asm lAiU'i.A. Ohio 41 L'U < Li:i IILAND, Uhlo ry\ lK.-> Mai.dion, ("fin \m 2.S.) IHCTIKUT, Mu-h 20 lilt.') l,ak.' St. ("lair 7 ;il2 J'ort Huron (iS 3.S0 I'oiiit ail Manjuo and Lifj;lit 70 4.")0 Tliiiiiilcr 15ay aiul Liglit ~'> .5ij J*r Tour, Mii'li S.) 010 t'm'KCIl H liANDINU 41 ti.')l Suut St<: Murif 14 Wk) Wliiti- Fisli I'oiutand Light 40 "0.5 IMcliirod Rocks so 7K.J MAlHHrKTTE .^0 KVy Portage Entry SO 91o ( PloiJGUTON, 14 Miles.) Kowcoiiaw I'olnt .W flfti L'ori'KK Hakhok 1.5 !»so V;a(;i,k Hakhok 10 iiiMi EA(il-K KlVKK 10 l,(l(«) PORTS, ETC. MILE.?. Outonuffon flO l,mi I>A I'olNTK, Wi.S M» 1,140 liuiijiihl A 1,1 lit SlCKItlOK ( ITV .SO 1,22)> X»9 June. Northfrn PaclHc K. 11 1 1,2;{ l,:sia While Hear I/ike (i.5 1,:{7H ST. I'AVL 12 l,.i'JO I.akel'epin 00 1,4.}0 Lakk ( ity 2.} 1,4S1 U'hiotiu 7.") l/M Lu CrosHv, Wis 40 l,o!M} I'roirif ilu Chirn S4 1,070 lHlH:Ol'i:i>\>\). Jiuulrith 70 1,740 rr<ort, 111 OS 1,W)8 CIIK AtiO 121 1,929 MiciiKJAN fiTY, Ind ■")•") 1,!W4 JH:Tlt(HT 22!) 2,213 SIEAMBOAI Alio BAILHOAD ROOI[S mmm IHE UPPER LAKES WilH IHE MISSISSIPPI RlfER. This Grand Excuk-sion embraces l,.5.s") illle.s ol Lake and River Navigation and 628 JNliks Hailroad Travel. J^ETURNING VIA THE yVllSSISSIPPI J^IVER TO pUBUqUE. RAILROAD CONNECTIONS, &c. From Marqfettr the J'rninsn/d Divi.^ion of the ^liienffo A- Northivestcrn linil- road convey Passengers, via (ireeu 15ay, to t'uuAiJO, St. Louis, &.c. From Dl7 L^TII the Northern Pacific Hailroad oonvej's Passengers to the Missis- sippi and >i.ssourl Klvers, 4.50 mlh^s, there connecting with Steamers on the Upi>er Missouri,— making anoth(>r (trand Kxci'ksion ot great inteii'sl,— ascending the Missouri to Fort Uvnton, Mont., by .Stt-anieis. This road also forms a Line of Travel to Fort Garry, Manitoba. DISTANCES FROM EASTERN CITIES TO PORTS ON LAKE ERIE. ClTir.S, KTC. MILES. Jialfhuoroto Clevrland, Ohio, via Ualtimore & Ohio R. R 478 P/iilaih-lphia to Chifi-land, OhUi, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad ....505 I'liilaih-lplda to Frit; Pa., via I'hiladelphia & Erie Railroad .' 4;5l JV'ic York to /, Pa., via Catawlssa Route ..4K6 N<-u< York to Buffalo, via Erie Railway 42;J JV'cje York to i»«//V;''>. via New York Central R R 443 lioalon to Buffalo, via llosioir&^VJbainy R. R. and New York Central R. R 498 08 — -— -, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER AND LAKE NAVIGATION The St. Lawrence navigation ex- tends from the Straits of Hclle Isle, near the coast of Labrador (N. Lat. 61° 30^ W. Lonij. 5J° 30^, to Duluth, Minn., at the head of Lake Superior, n distance of about 2,500 statute miles, by direct course. The Canadian Canals on this route are the Lachine Canal, 8J miles ; Beauharnois, ll^r miles; Cornwall, 11.} miles; Farran's Point, 1 mile; Rapid Plat, 4 miles ; Galops, 7.V miles, (on the St. Lawrence River), and the AVelland Canal, (between Lakes Ontario and Eric), 27 miles. Their united length is 71 miles, and total lockage is 537 feet, passing through 54 locks. The St. Mary's Ship Canal 1 mile in length and 18 feet lockage (two locks), avoiding the Rapids and unit- ing the waters of Lake Huron and Superior, was constructed by a com- pany with the aid of the United States Government. Lake Ontario is elevated 234 feet above the highest tidal flow of the St. Lawrence, at Three Rivers: Lake Erie, 504 feet; Lake Huron, 574 feet; Lake Michigan, 57(3 feet, and Lake Superior, GOO feet above the ocean. TABLE OF DISTANCES. MILES. PORTS, Ac. MILES. 2,540 Straits of Bf.llk Im,e, no 1,870 Mouth Saguemvy llivor, C70 1,7:10 QuKnEC, 140 felO l.tii.") Thrort Hivcrg, 85 8'Jj \JM) Montreal, 85 980 1,5jI Lachine, 989 1,.")UG lloauharnois Canal, 15 1,004 1,402 Cornwall, 44 1,(H8 1,440 OaDKS-suuufi, N. Y., 52 1,100 1,402 KiNOBTO.v, Can., 38 1,133 Lake O.vtario. 1,242 Toronto, 160 1,208 1,202 Mi.uth Wolland Canal, 40 1,338 1,175 Wclland Canal, 27 1,305 Lake Erie. 805 Maiden, Can., 280 1,G45 875 Detroit, Mich., 20 l,(il>5 > W I'ort Huron, Mich., 75 1,740 Lake IIuron. 570 PoiHt do Tour, 230 1,970 520 Saut Ste. Marie, 50 2,020 4S0 Whito i'ish I'oiut, 40 2,OCo Lake Superior. 3.J0 Marquette, Midi., 1.30 2,190 270 Kmvucnaw I'oiut, 80 2,270 170 Ontoinuau, 100 1,370 80 Haylk-Kl, 84 i,4:a 00 Duluth, Minn., 80 2,640 Note. — This distance could bo sliortennd 4")0 niile.s by tlio coniiilotiou of tho proposed Huron and Ontario Skip Canal. Diatanco from Ciiicaoo to tho Straits ot Uello Isle, 2,4(10; from Toledo, Ohio, 1,700 miloa, from Buffalo, 1,365 nilcs. Ifi'i Lower St. Lawrence and Saguehay Rivers. The Trip down the noble St. Law- rence River, passing through the Rapids to the City of Montreal, IGO miles, is one of the most exciting character. The excursion from Mon- treal to Quebec, 170 miles, is also deeply interesting, passing through Lake St. Peter. The river thus far being from a half to one mile in width. The Trip from Quebec to the far- famed Saguenay River, 140 miles, is another deeply interesting excursion, pas.sing Murray Hay, 80 miles , Ka- mouraska, 100 mi'es; Riviere du Loup, 120 miles, arriving at Tadousac, 140 miles, where the river is 30 miles wide. At the Watering Places on the Lower St. Lawrence, are several well kept Hotels, being much frequented during the Summer Months. I 70 BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC, Passinu through Lake Oxtauio, tho Thousand Islands, and dowu thu Kai'Ids ol" tho St. Lawkence Kivkk. American Side. lHJl<'l<'Alit) Miles. Ai'w i'oric Central R.R.. Ulaok Uuck :! Jiujfalo (^* i\iagara FuIIh R. R. TONAWANDA 8-11 iSchlosser'M Laiuling 10-21 K iat^iiraFallsVlllase 1-22 NiAuAKA City 2-'M Alio York Central R. R. liewi»toii 4-28 Young.itown 7-U.> Fort isiagura 1-jG Oak Orchard Creek — CUAKLOTXE, Outport fot Rochester 80-110 rultuevvillo '20-l;iti Sodus bay OSWEGO 40-170 Mouth ol Oswego River. Stoiioy Point & islaud..34-'J10 Sacket'sj Hakbok 12-22'2 Cape Vincent 20-242 JVatertown 4* Rome R. R, Clayton 13-233 Alexandria 16-2411 Morristowu 20-2Gt> OGDEXSIIURGH 11-280 Objects of Interest, etc. i<'oot ot° Lalic Erie. Kkik Canal. Mlagara Uiver. Grand Ishmd, A. Navy Ishiud, C. Gout Island, A. Falls ol Niagara.* Suspension Uridine. Itapids and Whirlpool. Head of Navigation, Lake Ontario, 180 uiilos long AMEUiCAN and Canadian Stkameus leave Luwiston daily, during the season ol navigation, for Tor(jnto, Charlotte, Oswego, Kings- ton, and other Forts on Lake Ontario, passing dowu the St. Lawrence Kiver to Ogdeusburgh and I'rescott, Irom thence to Mtjutreal. passing through all the Itapids, having a total de- scent of over 200 fei-t, af- fording the most interesting e.xcursiou on the Continent. TUOUSA.ND LSLAJJDS. Wolf, or tJraud Island, Can. Howe Island, (lore Isl'd. '* Well's Island, New York. Admiralty Islands. Navy Islands. Canada Side. Nurthern Railroad, 118 miles Old Friends Group, and other to Uoiise's I'oint. ' groups.f Fort Erie Miles. Buffalo 4- Luke Huron R. R. Watekloo 3 Steam Ferry Chii'I'ewa 17-20 Table Uock 2-22 Cl.IFTON 'i-2i Ureal IVentern Railway. Brock's Monument Ql'KENSTO.N 4-28 Niagara «_3(i Fort Massasauga I'ort Dalhousie 12-48 llauiilton 32-80 Tt)Ui)NT() (direct).. 142-78 (Jrand Truuk Railivuy. Itownianville 43-121 I'our Hoi'E lU-140 CoBOUUO 8-148 Long Point 52-200 Amherst Island 30-230 KINGSTON 12-242 Fort Henry Gananoque 18-238 .Mallorytown 18-256 Itrorkville 12-208 liruckcille .and Ottawa K. R. Frescott 12-2SO Ottawa and Prescutl R. if., 53 miles to Ottawa City. * Situate in North latitude -13° C, and West longitude 2° 6' from Washington, being 5i)4 miles al)ove liiiebec. t There are two channels through these numerous and roijiantic Islands, known as the American, and Canadian Clunmeln. The formt-r passes near Cape Vincent, Clayton, Alex- uuilvia, etc., being for the mojtpart iu American waters, attached to the State of N. York. TRAVELER S GUIDE. nil American s»ide. Chimney Inland 6-285 Tibbet's Island Isle aux Galops 2-287 Lisbon 7-294 Ogden'a Island 4 -2'J8 WADDiNaroK 2-300 Goose Neck Island Chrysler's Island Louisville Landino. .12-312 Loui^ Sault Island 4-316 Barnhart's Island SouTri Side 4')th (ioi^reo North lat. . St. llKiiis 12-328 Squaw Island 18-33G Beauharnois Canal, 11 miles 24-300 Maclntyrc Inland Maplu Island Objects of Interest, etc. Galops Rapids, 14| feet de- scent. Uafid Flat, 11^ feet descent. Rapid Deplau. Thorn Island. . .. Pig Island Broad Island. . . . La Pierre Island. Isle I'Ail St. Timothy... . Isle aux Nois.. . . .5-3G5 Bcaulianiois 8-373 LoNi Saitlt Rapids, 48 feet descent. Boundary Line between the United States and Canada. L.vKE St. Fkancis, 25 miles in length. Cote AN Rapids. Cbdar Rapids Split Rock Rapids. Cascade Rapid.s.* Mouth of the Ottawa River. Lakk St. Locis. Canada )!>id«* Windmill Point..... Isle aux Moutons. . . Drummond's Island. Duck Island .2-282 Canal, 1 mile. Point Cardinal 6-288 Matilda 6-294 Point Iriquois 5-299 Canal, 2 miles. Willi AMSBUKU 2-;!0l Canal, 4 miles, ( 'hl•y.■^ler's l-'arm. . ., 4-305 Cat Island Karen's Point 6-311 (Janal, 3 miles. Dickinson's Landing . .6-310 (Janal, 11. V miles. Sheek's Island . . Noin'H Su)E L'uriiwall .10-326 St. Regis Island Lancasteu 14-340 Cotcau du Lac 17-357 Giroux Island French Island Fi^h Island Isle aux Vaches. Cedar Village. io-3ev Isle aux Quacks Isle de la (irand Chute. . Point aux Moulin Isle aux Cascade 5-372 Isle Perrot Mouth Ottawa River The North, or Canadian Channel, extends from Kingston, passing near Ganan oque. Si'veral light-houses, or beacons, have been erected by the Canadian authorities to mark this intricate channel, which is stn(Mo(l with beautiful groups of islands — the Fiddler^a Elhuw. the Sisters, and the Scotcli Bonnet, being passes, or groups of islands, ot the most romantic character. * The above four rapids arc ascended by means of the Beauhar-nois Canal, l.\J miles ia length, with locks, overcoming a descent of 84 feet. \4 i u 72 TRAVELERS GLIDE. AiiH-ricaii i^idc. Objects of liitcrest, etc. t'aiiudian sSide. CAt°aiI.NAWA(iA 17-31H» Laciiing Uai'Ids, 44j feet dc- bCt'Ut. Victokia Diudor. Head of Navii;ation. St Hok'irrt l;.lilll(l. St. Theresa island. (■roup of Islands. Lakk St. rETEK, 23 niilea in Ifiigth. Head of Tide IVater, 90 miles above (Quebec. Richelieu Rapids, 45 liiles above Quebec. Island of Okleans. Lachiiic 18-390 Montreal ^ Plattaburgh Ji.H. /slo mix DiitLle Canal, hA miles. Isle aux lU'iou. . . Nun's Isiaiitl G-39G L\ I'kaiuik 8-30S Clutmpldin^Sl. LamenceR. li. LoNliLKfl M-4l»() Viirriiiii'S KJ-417 Grand 'J'lunk Railway. MONTHlOAIi 8-40i North latitude 4J° 30'. L'Assuuiption Verc'ljure St. Suipice I,a Vitro Sorcl 20-447 River St. Francis Dul'CKTTKS 40-1 8'.» Uektuieb Fond du Lac ... 43-447 Branch Grand Trunk li. R. Becaticour Three Hi vers.. Magdalen Batiscan 42-489 Gi'iitiily St. i'ifre . . . . 15-504 Dechellons St. Marie St. Anne Point aux Trembl St. Auirustino. . . . . . '. io-5U Lothiniur es. . . . Bt, (y'roix yt. Aiitiiine Cape Sante 30-544 t'haiuiltMe Hiver Grand Trunk Railway. Point litvi 574 Cape Rouge Wolfe's Covo .... auEiicc North latitude 4G° 20-514 8-i^72 2-574 Steam Feri-y. 49'. Trip to the Lower St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers. The noble St. Lawkence Rivek, which is about one mile wide opposite Quebec, ex- tends a distance of about 4U0 miks when it empties into the Gulf, widening to 100 miles and upwards before reaching the Island of Auticosta. The far-famed Saouenay River, its largest tributary, enters from the We.**" about 140 miles below Quebec, the P^. Lawrence here being about 30 niDco wide. At il/K/T(/i/ Hay. 80 miles; Kamouraska, lOU miles; Riviere Du Loup, 120 miles: Ca- couna, 12G miles; and the Tadouaac, 140 miles; and at other resorts, or Watering Places, along the Ixiwer St. Lawrence, are well kept Hotels, where soa-bathing ai'd fish- ing can be enjoyed by visitors seeking health and pleasure during the summer months. During warm weather. Steamers run every few days from Montreal and Quebec for the Lower St. Lawrence and Sagucuay Alivers, affording one of the most romantic and healthy cxcursioua oa the Cuutiuuut of America. il I'll Ti^^ •:i MA':. iri>' OK Till' l,.\Ki;\ 'ifKU.\i« SF.'V •1 tU.' t.i.,i( I , »' ill* ti I. (If R •• I. •. '! I.c r('nij',n' > It:' .f o , ....iy ."j< «V"' ii'! •■•", ' .:;• t, m' . ,,fi'>iii., I!!'* M i _| II -.trtV •* v if T I'-'tl- ',' '?'• 'I f '« 'irt' ■ . U". < I ' 'i crilil I'.t.- . :■ ; Nl \ ill St .,•*.'.■ i . t,. •■(!'vtidl\ ■ . > .iv t'ltR 'i:^''- I li' '" n<. ' ■ li'lff ft ; 1 i > ■. ■'• I ■■UVI" I I '!•■ I '■< ill" <'.x' ni .1 ' ' < ".>"' • ■ iVcKi ' - • I ii( 'i* ■.. • • .. k'"' •' '^ >•' tl» ■^^ '.T th'- «■:■', " • • <.if' '. '< ^ ... <■ ' -Pi I't' A 'ii'Ti'-a. '...Ill •. » 11' w'.lj. ti,.) "ri ilh, »Ti!'.. lit', /''iMi -. .■ •■■ ■. • u-' ■! ■ .'.• '• "■ ;• I •• li.liii' ' !• I< .lit'. ■•' O'C i I' .-I-.,- IIH iwlaiii-.. 'it I 7 ..I ' ,» -H'mI I.; |.' . -I., t" I' li"i .Ml ill'/i'.'V 'In' .1 vUri;'.!' r-:'' •■ , ■.' ..( .; T" i;''ii/ .n, ' ' • •• I '.f I '.K ' lui artu -t •■ ii It ;^»i'., 'Vifi. .. <(••■•»,;» ■ '1 '",'i'K' !<(H; v i«iiKs, or Hi), lit tv.i()t» lii«' s'l . ''. . ^ il ,•. .•. , <-i.i '.a..' «. . i« . ' f..-i!t 1 -.hf) .st'JU' r.f N .'-.v Vojl- — I'T- i |,'2'' I lies t « ".• ' •< r. -•..-■t ■ .I'.tii.,' "Ji'iiivli O'ghf »l(>;:Of* i/nntilu'' ». I o •• v, > xt<' j i !-' i">f(' inu vv ti • l< ol I -.•■t-». :\ "' ai'i i, M r»nO g.ij .'inLllV. i0>, tllfc fuMre lld.ll; half «■'' ;r.r- miDrf I'; 1.* ti " I r^.'l \y.>- 'i : .\f^}t^' ; .'^)n ', v.'iu':<' tho jHirily . f i »<• \ d .--li a .tui > ii li>'' liti' 'l t' ■>!. ,•'), o'l 'j re viP8 ^^jlll tlu-< j.u'-ity mV ^^l^.-iv- — , ' \-r-x i aiili'-T'i it I'p'iKu:,.- ' ".•«. '.'.vt< . «ivi' «M'-crf IT " Inl'tt!'! S 'aa, ' ■'iiri!' • ninuT.i' K>-.otit i'\. ui) ' 'n.il!!.v i.' • n. Hiunfccteol by i'uvig.»)ile riv< !> cr ' ^ ■ '^s. : ■ ■ '" " Sttite«, waah'.d t\v • . ■' ; « . .■>al F^V i * i. w iit Mii'likf, tJi.- i:;ii')iti.'-t (t;'i: •< .n.r « S' w V(»iK', rpco-yl/a.n, 'liiv), Mi.ji- .fiin'. >tr»'.*"i.i^ h>iI ' m i w uh- gji !• x- ,' • . irnliiiUH, !U.'ni>i.-.. \^".-» i,.-:!! ^^^^:.'■;- " •• ,it : T 0- n"'»H. ov • (uf '•■ i.riiii' • fi'.i- •t jujiI Uorx^r ('miHjla -tht ) ouit'lafy ; ui. i .p. In •'( '(Mtii. ",.i - l(> .s;i;' ■ ' "..i- litwei'T' ^^o Tni'-oii otat-j? nii. th.' wah' C- \)i" -'mil ' ri' ; •^■' '>/i'.f, .u •• »i !i ! >i(iHe3pi..>Ub iiuiiiirn): tliroug'; H' .'juli-v I iri(^ infv l«il.f ffi.roti vltul. lie-. . '. r .)" LaicM Su|H,';i'iv. liur<»t», 8t •■• < • ■ ' ■Ikt- Ik i'j,' .I'l.-ri •_'" t'.'H I .T*. and OntAri ), tor:i.th"r v,\ui >a'i. ".i M..r-. rvhi«''i .« ';h c ■•.!»»- ling river.!^ or sTait-". niin dfiw n , ■ wv -.."i ' .• ii f !iiii< i'. t ,\ ■ i' •.' iSt ■vr<-«c":.- 'liver t iliii 4f tide. JbVoQi iiurno tJ»» Si »?id lunnt • •■''•oauj. Pn. 'iij;i:tPif - i'Ua.- i'i: v- I ,-J' ^ > 1^^ r -1* 78 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES, OR " INLAND SEAS."' NOTHING but a voyage over all of [the great bodies of ' water forming the " Inland Seas," loan furnisli the tourist, or scienti lie explorer, a just idea of the extent, depth, and dear- ness of the waters of the (ireat Lakes of Aniorica, together with tlio Jiealthy influence, fertility, and romantic beauty of the numerous islands, and surrounding shores, forming a circuit of about 4,009 miles, witli an area of 90,000 square miles, or about twice the extent of the State of New York — ex- tending through eight degrees of ktitude, and sixteen degrees of longitude — this region embracing the entire nortli half of the temperate zone, where the purity of tlie atmosphere vies with tiio purity of tliese extensive waters, or " Inland Seas," being connected by navigable rivers or straits. Tlie States, washed by the Great Lakes, are New York, Pennsylvania, Oh' Mich- igan, Indiana, Illinois. "Wisconsin, Alinne- Rota, and Upper (\'inada — the boundary line between the United States and the "British Possessions running through the centre of Lakes Superior. Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario, together with the connecting rivers or straits, and down the St. Lawrence River co tlie 45th paral- lel of latitude. From thence tlio St. Lawrence tiows in a northeast direction through Canada into the Uulf of St. Law- rence. The romantic beauty of the rapids of this noble stream, and its majestic tlow through a healthy and rich section of country, is unsurpassed for grand lake and river scener}'. Luke ^iiiperior, the largest of tho Inland Seas, lying between 4C '60' and 4!)-' north latitude, and between 84" 30' and 92"^ 30' west longitude from Oreen- wich, is situated at a height of GOO feet above tlio (iulf of St. Lawrence, from which it is distant about l,hOO miles by tlie course of its outlet and the St. Law- rence river. It is 460 miles long from east to west, and 170 miles broad in its widest part, with an average breadth of 85 miles; the entire circuit being about 1,200 miles. It is 000 feet in greatest depth, extending 300 feet below the level of the ocean. Estimated area, 31,500 square miles, being by far the largest body of fresli water on the face of tho globe — celebrated alike for its sparkling purity, romantic scenery, and healthy iu- lluence of its surrounding climate. About one hundred rivers and cr^'oks are said to lk)W into the lake, the greatest part being small streams, and but few navigable ex- cept for canoes, owing to numerous falls and ."apids. It discharges its waters east- ward, by the strait, or river St. Mmij. GO miles long, into Lake Huron, which lies 2G feet below, there being about 2(i feet descent at tho Saut Ste Marii', which is overcmne by means of two locks and a ship canal. Its outlet, is a most lovely and romantic stream, embosoming a num- ber of large and fertile islard.i, covered witi' a rich foliage. I II I n !.T- 74 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. Lake IflScillffail, lying 576 fl. above tho soa. is 320 niilos long, 85 niil(>H broad, ami 700 feet deep; area, 22.000 square nules. This lake lies wholly within tlie ooniines of the United States. It pre- sents a large expanse of water, with but i'ew islands, exeept near its entrance into the Straits of Maekinac, tlirough whieli it discharges its surplus waters. The strait is 30 or 40 miles in length, and diseiiarges its accumulated waters into Lake Huron, on nearly a level with Lake Micliigan. At the north end of the lake, and in the Straits, are several large and romantic islands, affording delightful resort.s. Cirecil Hay, a mo.^t beautiful ex- panse of water, containing sevend small islands, lies at about tlie same elevation as Lake Michigan; it is 100 miles long, 20 miles Inroad, and 60 feet deep ; area, 2,000 square miles. This is a remarkably pure body of water, presenting lovely shores, surrounded by a fruitful and healthy section of country. I^ake llliroBl, lying at i height of 574 feet above the sea, i^* 250 miles long, 100 miles broad, and 750 feet greatest depth; area, 21,000 square miles. This lake is almost entirely free of i.slands, presenting a large expanse of jKire water. Its most remarkable feature is Saginaw liay, lying on its western border. The waters of this lake are now whitened by tho sails of commerce, it being tlie great thorouglifare to and from Lakes Michigan and Superior. ^ Hu- ron, Michigan, and Superior, including Green Ha\', lying within the conline.-^ of the United Stales, and Georgian IJay, I whii'h lies entirely in Canada. J These bodies of water embrace an area of about 7.'), 000 square miles, and, as a j whole, are deserving of the name of the ! 'IXLAND Ska,' being closely connected by Blrails or water-coiu-ses, uavi^ible for the largest class of steamers or sail vessels. Tho shores, although not elevated, are bold, and free from marsh or swampy lands, presenting one clean range of coast for aliout 3.000 miles. By a late decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States, tho Upper Lakes including Lake Erie, with their connect ing waters, were declared to be seas, com- mercially and legally. Congress, under this decision, is empowered to improve the harbors of the lakes and tho connect- ing straits, precisely as it has power to do tho same on the seaboard. This will probably lead to a vigorous policy in the raaintcnanoo of Federal authority, both in improving the harbors, and making pro- vision for tho safety of commerce, and protection of life, as Avell as guarding against foreign invasion. The only forti- fication of importance that is garrisoned is Fort Maclcinac, guarding tho passage through the Straits of Macif » fl^■ll ; So liiu" in !i |il:itti-r, so tniiiitinir a try. So rich nil a irridiioii. so sweet in a pic; Th.'it even hirorc it tlie salmon iiiiistrnll, Ao'l that ini).'lity bonnt-lmuche^ of tho land beaver's tail. • « 4> * 'Tis a morsel nlike for the C(inrinan<1 or faster, While, whitens a ta'.'let of jmre aiatmsterl Its luaiity or flavor no person ran doni't, When Seen in the watiT or tasted w ilhout; And all tliedis|nite tliat opinion ere innkes Of this kiii)^ of bkc flslies, this 'deer of th» lak-iK.'* RcL'aril not its clioieenes?. to poiuler or sup. Hut tho best nioile of dressing' and serving' it up * « « 4> Here too. 1)1 iirhf n fancy to deseant inclined. Coiiteiiiplale the love ihat pertains to the kind, Anil Iwinc up the red man, in laiieifiil strains, To pr(>vSl. ilary are of tlie beat (luality, owing to the cooler temperature of the water. Tlieir quantities are Burpri.sing. and apparently Bo inexhaustible, as to warrant tlie i)elicf tliat were a population of millions to in- lial)it the lake shore, they would furnisli an ample supply of thia article of food •witiiout any sensible diminution. There oi'e Several kinds found in Lake Superior, and some of the most delicious quality, that are not found in tlie lakes below, as the siskowit and muckwaw, whicli grow to the weight of eight or ten pounds. The salmon and some others are found in Ontario, but not above the Falls of Niag- ara. " The following is a very partial list of a few of tiio prominent varieties: the while liah, Mackinac and salmon-trout, sturgeon, niuscalunje, siskowit, pickerel, pike, perch, herring, white, black, and rock bass, cat, pout, eel-pout, buU-licad, roach, sun-lish, dace, suckcT, car}), mullet, bill-lish.sword-tish, bull-lish. stone-carrier, Bheeps-head. gar, Ac. "The lamprey-eel is found in all, but t]ie common eel is found in neither of the lakes, nor in any of their tributaries, except one. The weight to which some of these attain is not exceeded by tiie lish of any other inland fresh waters, except the Mia- Bissippi. * * * * "The fish seem to bo more numerous some years than others, and likewise of better quaUty. The kinds best for pick- ling and export are the white lish, Mack- inac and salmon trout, sturgeon, and pickerel. The fisheries at which these are oaught are at Mackinac, at several points in each of tlio four str.iits, tho southeast part of Ijake Superior. Thunder Hay, Saginaw Hay, and Fort (Iratiot near foot of Lake Huron. The s])ort of taking the lu-ook trout, which are found in great aiiiuidance in the rapids at tlie Saut Ste Marie, and most all of the streams falling into the Upper Lake.s, allbriis healthful amusement to hundreds of amateur tisli- ermen (hiring the sutiim(>r and fall months. The modes of taking the ditlerent kinds of lish are in si'ines, dip-nets, and gill-nets, and the trout w ith hooks. " T'hose engaged in catching fish in tho Straits of Mackinac, are composed of Americans, Irish, French, half breeds, and Indians. Some are employed by cap- italists, others have their own boats and nets. Each one is furnished with a boat, and from lifty to one hundred nets, re- quiring constantly two or three men for each boat, to run the ditt'erent gangs of nets. Tho ti.sh caught are jirincipally white fish, with some trout. Tlie demand for ex|)ortation increases every year, and although immense (piantitiea are caught every season, still no diminution in their number is jierccived. " A fleet of two hundred fish-boats are engaged in and about the Straits, em- bracing, however, all tho Beaver group. Each lioat will average one barrel of lish per day during the fishing season. * « * « « " Ye, who are fond of sport and fun, who wish for wealth and strength; ye, who love angling; ye, wlio believe that God haa given us u time to pray, a time to dance, &c., &c., go to these fishing- grounds, gain health and strength, and pull out Mackinac trout from 20 to 40 lbs. in weight. One hook and lino has, in three to four hours, pulled out enough to fill three to four barrels of fish, without taking the sport into consideration. "Yours, W. M. J.' I; 80 THE INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE. Tnis important work wjus com- meiu't'd in May, 1870, iuiil completed in tlie latter part of lS7;i, being now open for trafHc. It is an iron snper- Htrnu»h. 1841 1,S.'>2,3'25 r,,r,<\'2.r<2r, 1H42 'i.dlA.O'iS 6,(W7,4r.H lK4:i 2,urc,,o->r) 6,f42,(iio iH+i '2,:av>4<) r,,rm,TM) 184(5 6,4!»V-J2 i:«.;wr,,if,7 1H47 9,H(!S,IS7 1!»,I:.:?,1K7 1848 7,;i'.)(i,(il2 14,041,012 1849 8,ri2S,oi3 i4,nr.r.,iK8 IHSO fi,tilS.f)(t4 12,(i;.(t,">.V,» 1851 11,44!M!<>1 17,74(1.781 18,">2 i;j,:v.i2.;t:i7 2(t.:i'.K>.ri(4 18,-.:j 11,(178,741 i.-i.or.r,,r.2t5 18.'>4 i8,r>.'-i;u-'r> 22.2r.2,2:J.5 \Hr,r> l!»,78s,47;i 24,472.278 18r)(j 2(i,l2;5,(!n7 2.'>,7r.:t,!i()7 1857 16,348,930 19,578,095 Brain, 0rain, incl'ij hunh. fliiur, hush. IRIft 20,202,244 20,812.080 1859 14,42'.),(M!9 2I,5:((i,722 18(U) 31.441,440 37,o.'">:i.ll5 18()1 ,5(),(U!2,»>40 f)l,4(Ui,r.()l 1802 .'^8,042,344 72,872,4.'i4 18()3 4it,H+r),(ir)5 04,73 ■i.rilO 1804 41.(44,(190 51,177.140 1805 42,473,223 51,415,188 1800 51,82(1,342 58,38S,(IS7 1807 43,()7!t,(i79 50,108.074 1808 42.573,125 6(»,l!t7,2t5 1809 37,450,131 45,4.S9..'70 1870 38,208,039 45,477,(;(4 1871 01,319,313 07,529,158 1872 58.703,000 62,.5.5(),.-)96 1873 0,5,498,955 70,902,520 1874 81 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES, From ISulTalo to Niagura FallN» Toronto, Etc. — - =- Niagara River. On the Can- ada side, the first ol)ji'i'tH of interest are the ruins of old FouT Ekik, captund \>y tiie Americans, July .'id, 181-1. It is situated at the foot of the lake, opposite the site of a stroiij? fortress which the United States (jiovernii.ent lias recently erected for the protection of tlie river and city of liwftivlo. Waterloo, Can., tliree miles below Buflalo and opposite IMack Kock (now part of Uufl'alo), with wliich it is con- nected by the new International Bridge, ia situated on the west side of iS'iagara River, which is here about half a mile wide. A Branch of the Grand Trunk Jxdilway runs to (ioderich, Canada, on Lake Huron; a Branch of the Ureat Western lidiluay of Canada, and the Canada Southern Railroad ahso commen- ces at the railroad bridge crossing the Niagara River to Buffalo; all connect- ing with Eastern Railroads. Grand Island, belonging to the United States, ia passed on the right in descending the river. Navy Island, belonging to the Brit- iah, ia next passed, lying within gun- ahot of the mainland. This island ob- tained great notoriety in the fall and winter of 1837-38, when it was occu- pied by the "Patriots," as they were styled, during the troubles in Canada. The Steamer Caroline was deatroyed De- cember 29th, 1837, while lying atSchlos- ser'a Landing, on the American shore. CnrppEWA,20milesbelowBufralo,and two miles above the Falls, is on the west side of Niagara River, at the mouth of a TiiK most usual mode of conveyance from Bufiiilo to the Falls of Niagara, and thence to Lake Ontario, or into Canada, is by tlie J^Jrie Railway, or the Buffalo, Niatjara FalU and Lewixton Rail- road, 28 miles in length. The latter runs through Tonawanda, 11 miles; Niagara Falls, 22 miles; Suspension liridge, 24 - miles, connecting witli the Great West- ern Railway of Canada, and terminates at Lewiston, the head of navigation on Niagara River, 28 miles. American and Canadian at tamers of a large class leave Lewiston several times daily, for different port', on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. There is also another very desirable mode of conveyance, by Steamboat, de- scending the Niagara River, from Buf- falo to Chippewa, Can., thence l)y the Jirie and Ontario Railroad, 17 mfes in length; pa.ssingin full view of the Falls, to the Clifton House, three miles below Chippewa; Suspension Bridge, five miles; Qneenaton, eleven miles, terminating at Niagara, Can., thirty-five miles from BufHilo. As the steamboat leaves Buffalo, on the latter ro\ite, a fine view may be ob- tained of Lake Erie and both shores of 1 ^* PM ' ! f!T^ 82 TRIP THROUOH TIIK LAKES. liiHS I creek of tho same naroo, which is navi(?a- 1 bin ti) Port Koiusson, somo eifjht or ten inik'rt wt'.Ht; tliu latter place being on tlie line of tho Welland (."anal. Tho villaj,'u of Cliipptwn contains a population of about l,UUO souls. Steaiubouts and lake craft of a larg^! kIzc are built at this place for tlio trade of Lake Erie and tlie Upper Lake.s. It has obtained a j)laco in history on aeoount of tho bloody battle which was fought near it in tho war of 1«12, between tiio United St;ites and Great Britain. Tho battle was fought on the nth of July, 1814, on tho i)laina, a short distaniio south of the steaiuljoat landing. Tho American force.s were commanded by Major-General Jacob Brown, and tiie British, by Major-General Riall, who, af- ter an obstinate and sanf,'uiiuiry light, was defeated, with considerable loss. At Chippewa corarat'ncos the railroad extendinjif to Niagara, at the mouth of the river, a distance of 17 miles. Steamboats continue tlie line of travel from both ends of this road, thus furni-shing an interesting and speedy conveyance between Lakes Krio and Ontario. On ariving in tho vicinity of tho Falls OK Ni.\(iAUA, tho ears stop near tiio Clifton Home, situated near the ferry leading; to the Amerifjan side. The site of this house was chosen as giving the best view of both the .\moriean and Canadian or llorse-Shoo Falls, which are seen from tho piazziLsand front windows. Tlii.s is tho most interest- ing approach to tiio Falls. In addition to tlie Falls, there are other points of attraction on tho Canada side of the river. The collection of curiosities at tho Museum, and the Camera Obscura, wliich gives an exact and beautiful, though miniature image of the Falls, are well wor- thy of a visit. Tlie Burning Spring, two miles above the Falls, is also much fre- quented; and the rides to tho battle- grounds in this vicinity makes an exliila- rating and very pleasant excursion. Dki'mmondsville, one mile west of the Falls, and situated on Lundys lAine, is celebrated as the scene of anotlier san- guinary engagement between the Ameri- can and Britisli forces, July LT), ISM. Tho foUowinj^ is a brief, though correct account of the engagement : "On tho after- noon of tho above day, wiiile the Ameri- can army was on their march from Fort Gtorge toward Fort Erie, ascending tho west bank of the river, their rear-guard, under tho immodiato command of Gen. 8cott, was attacked by tlie advanced guard of tho British army, under (Jen. Riall, the British having been reinforced after their defeat at Chippewa, on tho 6lli of tho same month. This brought on a general conflict of the most obstinate and deadly character. As soon as attacked. Gen. Scott advanced with his division, amounting to about !i,()00 men, to the open ground facing tho heights occupied by tho main British army, where, wore planted Boveral heavy pieces of can- non. Between eight and nino o'clock in the evening, on the arrival of reinforcements to both armios, tlio battle beeamo general and raged for several hours, with ultermito success on both sides; each army evin- cing tho most detorminod bravery and ro- sistance. Tho command of the respective forces was now assumed by Major Gon. Brown and Liout.-Gen. Drummond, each having under his command a well-disci- plined army. Tho brave (American) Col. Miller was ordered to advance and seize tho artillery of tho British, which he ofl'octed at the point of the bayonet in the most gallant manner. Gen. Riall, of the English army, was captured, and the pos- session of the battle-ground contested un- til near midnight, when 1,700 men being dither killed or wounded, tho conflicting armies, amounting altogether to about G,000 strong, ceased tho deadly conflict, and for a time the bloody field was left im- occnpied, except Ijy the dead and wounded. When the British discovered that tho Americana had encamped one or two miles I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ffl ~ .-^if-: ^ 1.0 IS I.I 1.25 IIM ,40 ■" ■lis IIM M 1.8 U 111 1.6 pm y M TO NlA.JAK.V FVif.S. KTC. v^q 'l-itint. "•.••;.■ tvn!!;-.-'! aw] cx-uiicii llu'-.r i -1 !■ , Mi.-;;ii:!! 'l'..',aS 0".,ili:d nP'.' I'f ti.i. ! iU'v '•■;/"' iv ''O'lUn ;h th:>' i'(Ot;i , ,.(i ihii',(.^',' fh<. . t, -.-rir; .m.'' .I'MU- 'j.i;M"i >■;).•■( v '••nj.usl. '.1 rnitii.i v'. ■ ■: 'l-ui-v'i In U'licv. ■';• ••(li- tiit;!. ■■ ' '■ ■ •if, ij '.i :j.i\V ,uiil ■ .I'll l-,hv:i(^ ■. iJiafJ':. j r.iiTi^'tijii iu riii- .'•• .-^r rn i>MiiiiiaLi'.'U (,■(' ftioi * w>'.>t V> I's!.; :i liitilwtiy, wli'Te ii, coun(.-ct3 | Wl. i W;0 .^ /.<■/•■';'*"'■"'* f^' <'■'[,'"■ I t;:'- h.'l.'lj. jiiiii. :il."'|ii l.ho k illic i!i.-(:iU>':'' ' :ihi •(-(•• j,uk- iii-iati... li.'S iliro'Hiv u}»]'u»it'- 111' viil:ig.- 1.' i,CV'"''t"ll, %Vlti) \r:;'cii ii i-^ ,..ti- ; Bi.'. -u !•; •! ,Su9jX'ii."!'>u L'li'l^fO .'■fj;: i'l'^f in i I' ■.-'.'•itjkins fibon'. .'1)11 mmibil.'irn-'. I ••, •..&■•». This pl;i«i» iji n'iiii'i u^v .I'jiufi '■'»'-; econc 'a a df'U'Jlv ^ ' -xTi tliO Ainorif-au .'wui Bniiwn, ■. i.l'.!r ^:;, .IS12. The ."'.Tden 'iQ ; •:. ■ otiy <":uy:i^''''l ia tii-.' li^riil \vcrt' i:i.'>is-i by ^jtMj. L-^uloaioii Viiu Keu-^- i t-^.V ■ . -• ■: xiulli *hw Iroups :ui'! tin.'!' c-oin-i 'I' ■ ■;.•!• ir^'-Mlt} d'sUiifiiiHh'd iho'D'^oivt'- ' ioi 1 i.: t; ■• avurj, althouirii ultiiiijili.lvoMT- i ^,;>:V"v -t ;-,v' I'uiviiur mnuht'iN. lu atiyiiii''.- 1 ■•'?.' f-e-gjiu l.li'ir o*vu sido o!" thfi rivi'r^ iiu'i.y • '■''■' 'vtneiiouijs ptn-isho Kiit-jd, womnirrt, nud prL-. ;•- vr^ i..: '.iiitii»g lo at luiiai 1,000 in< :i. \ St (, J -Goawal 'Jitocic, ilio Bniish «x)r!i i niiir.:lor, waa ki'l-d in tlip iniddlo of r.ii<<'i tt;^T*:t:, wliilb k-'yil-ijr o-i hi.s men. A now uiDUuji'.at st:u>d«t oil lilt; iieights, uoar iv-h'T,! !i • fnll. frf:i, Hiid imidhod iu ISjG; Ion ;:r: CO t. b<.. 111.-; ,., . ir.. •• till- ..-.■ (u; ; .i- hi ■■ ' f -r »^ 1 t;. '•• {.-. : »» •* boi'ii/ IvH.'. ft.H't !,igh, .-iscciidcil -'n t'lO i;.- oidi.: iy II. .s^iifi'l ii.airf.-i^»» of- 2^i.''> rt- i:o ^loji.i. Til" f..',:" is 40 f,-. t :-qii;iri' a.;'! .;" IVjec in, }>--!.-,:'i'. .-•fM..imto.l bv u -ailiUiL tVet blv'-j, '.vv'*! Li-l'-'ru-al .i-. vico:.i <)i il.j f->\ir -ldt^ n.o mjt'ti sh-ii'i, iib.jiir iut> It? I;, • . iiu!'':l ikU'i Hl.riOOIUUi' . bv :i ('•»!;!, tlii.'in c -f !;*i. «io!---.'d ti/urp i-i" Miyor-UeacTiU i-rui;!., J.-( tV-ot ••; bcii/^hl. Tliis b'-uutiful .slnii-uirc uist £l(J,ii''." H'.rtrhtig. bt;i'-..^ 'ii'irch (•• a- »tr'i'.'ted f :" u ■rM.-jiiii-i-Dlurod st'iii" '. ui""- rio.i in Mte vi'.-:i.iiy. A ru'a>':-'ivo a'.otui wall, <*<■' ll'i. ; Hquarf. ad'Tuod u'iMi imli- • j'-y :'igu OS iivi'l '.r-'j-hios a tiif corners, J7 t'lt .1 ii d^'ii. si'r.-oiiuu.', I ho Mionii- ui'.'nt, b.,ivi!:fj ^piK" twi .It cri"(.=>s-i>l''ii, autl \\ali. -ih thii ius.a' ■('the t"tii'Ju-*iiio. 'he foiJuft-jn^ i« UiC .ucf^nption : M ',, -I i.i|-)ii Sir U \.X' !.,.-i" .-.. K. 1». '•ri), ...i •ii.i! !.,i<;iiU O'tvein"! un*! < .ili^u. .^jf i.r ilnH K -rceniu liiin !*n!'-.i'v.r Vvb.'«-! n-!" jiiis afu iiiii'.ii'. -I in till- \ mU (...r.riiU: '^'f (.itHiiW,; til. iii.r.'ii ttiii' iiiruoMt.hl iiy lu.'. ].','0!>i>s w-hvii! Ii'«(l b^ til'.' S. VlTi i 'II U> wh'iS.' -IVKO Hi'» ll.c lud Uen di'VMtOil. Tl •> bisi vforda of Maj'.»r-riouer.'U T!rov?IC) ■svbeu iifc* IV'll aujrtj.lly wou.Ml'-'.i b.' a ni'ie.- kr! ,<;ioi through i!ie If ft brca-'-t, wtrt», "' Ni'iv^cr nuiid, mv boys, the ii^» it<'.a jial ; {••». Ki)ini»pal, ono rrosbyttriuii, O'.'^ M^-'?m.>. •Ui • i 1 -:il: Itl p= 'j'i m ■\ i' i.la.-is •i* . 'M. m BOUTK FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS. ETC. 83 distant, thoy returned and occupied tlieir former position. Thus ended one of tlie most bloud}' conflicts tliat occurred during the last war; and while each piuty boasted a victory, altogerhor too dearly bought, neither was disposed to renew the con- tlict." Clifton is a new and flourishing village, eituated at the western termination of the Great Western Railway, where it connects with the Susjyansion Bridge. QuEEXSTOX, situated seven miles below the Falls, and about the same distance above the entrance of Niagara River into Lake Ontario, lies directly opposite the village of Lowiston, with which it is con- nected by a Suspension Bridge 850 leet in lougtli. it contains about 5()iJ inhabitants, 60 dwelling-houses, one Episcopal, one Scotch Presbyterian, and one Baptist church, four taverns, four stores, and three warehouses. This place is also celeljrated as being tlie scene of a deadly strife between the American and British forces, October 13, 1812. The American troops actually engaged in tiio tight were commanded by Gen. Solomon Van Rens- selaer, and both the troops and their com- mander greatly distinguished themselves for tiieir bravery, although ultimately ovor- powercd by superior numbers. In attempt- ing to regain their own side oftiio river many of the Americans perished ; the whole loss in killed, wounded, and prison- ers amounting to at least 1,000 men. Major-Goneral linocic, the Britisli com- mander, was killed in the middle of the fight, while leading on his men. A new monument stands on the heights, near where he fell, erected to his memory. The first monument was nearly destroyed by gunpowder, April 17, 1810; an infamous act, said to have been perpetrated by a person concerned in the insurrection of is;n-'a8. Bkock's new MoNi-MENT was com- menced in 1853, and finished in 1856; being 185 feet high, ascended on the in- side by a spiral staircase of 235 stono steps. The base is 40 feet square and 35 feet in hciglit, surmounted by a tablet 35 feet high, with historical devices on the four sides; The main shaft, about 100 feet, is Muted and surmouiU;ed by a Corin- thian capital, on which is placed a colossal figure of Major-General Brock, 18 feet in height. This beautiful structure cost £10,000 sterling, being entirely con- structed of a cream-colored stone quar- ried in the vicinity. A massive stono wall, 80 feet square, adorned with mdi- tary figures and trophies at the corners, 27 feet in height, surrounds the monu- ment, leaving space for a grass-plot and walk on the inside of the enclosure. The following is the inscription : Upper (yunada IlrtS laln Has oi)ened at thy bidding, and the steep J5ars not thy passage, for the ledge in vain SUeielies a(tross the channel — thou dost leap SuMiiuely down the height, and urge again Thy ro('k-embattlod course on to the distant main." T;ns most remarkable and romantic stream, tlie outlet of Lake Erie, through which flows all the accumulated waters of tho Upper Lakes of North America, very appropriately forms the botmdary between two great countries, the British province of Upper Canada on tho one side, anu tho State of New York, the " Empire iBtato" of tho Union, on the opposite side. In its whole course, its peculiar character is quite in keeping with the stupendous Cataract from which its principal interest is derived. The amount of water passing through this cliannel is immense ; from a compu- tation which has been made at the out- let of Lake Erie, the quantity thus dis- charged is about twenty millions of cubic feet, or upwards of GOO, 000 tons per minute, al' of which great volume of water, 20 miles below, plunges over tho Falls of Niagara. The Niagara River commences at Bird Island, nearly opposite the mouth of Buf- falo harbor, and passes by the site of old Fort Erie and Waterloo on the Canada ! side. At the later place a steam ferry- boat plies across tlie river to Black Rock, now forming a part of the city of Buffalo. It is here proposed to construct a railroad bridge across the stream, about 1,800 feet in width. Squaw Island and Strawberry Island are both small islands lying on the Amer- ican side of the stream, near the head of Grand Island. The river is here used in part for tiie Erie Canal, a pier extending from S'lUiUv Island to Bird Island, forming a large basin called Black Rock Harbor. Grand Island, attached to Erie Co., ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, EI C. yo N. T., ia a largo and important body of land, about ten miles long from nortli to soutli, and seven miles wide. This island is partly cleared and cultivated, while the larger portion is covered with a large growtli of oaks and other forest trees. The ship or steamboat channel runs along the bank of Grand Islaud to nearly opposite Chippewa, wliere tiio whole stream unites before plunging over tiie Falls of Niagara, being again separated at tiio head of Goat Island. From this point the awe-struck traveller can scan tiie quiet waters above, and tlie raging rapids below, preparing to plunge over the Cataract. Cayug.v Island and Bdckiiorn' Island are small bodies of land belonging to the United States, situated immediately be- low Grand Island. Navy Island, lying opposite the vil- lage of Cluppevva, 18 miles below the head of the river, is a celebrated island belonging to tlie Canadians, having been taken possession of by the sympathizing patriots in 1837, when a partial rebellion occurred in Ui)per and Lower Canada. To.VA WANDA, 11 miles below Buffalo, is situated at the moutii of Touawanda Creek, opposite Grand Island. The Erie Canal here enters the creek, which it fol- lows for several miles on its course to- ward Lockport. A railroad also runs to Lockport. connoctmg with the Xtio York C'iiitral Railroad, extending to Albany. A ship canal is proposed to bo construct- ed from Tonawanda to some eligible point on Lake Ontario, thus forming a rival to the Welland Canal o? C;tfiaiia. SciiLossEu's Landing, two miles above Niagara Falls village, is a noted steam- boat landing, opposite Chippewa, from whence the steamer CaroUan was cut adrift by the British and destroyed, by being precipitated over the Falls during the Canadian rebellion, December 29th, 1837. The Rapids. — Below Navy Island, be- tween Chip])ewa and Schlossor, the river is nearly tliree miles in width, but soon narrows to one mile, when tlio Rapids commence, and continue for about one mile before reaching tlie edge of the preci- pice at the Ilorse-Shoo Fall. At the comnieneemont of tlie Rapids, "the bed of the river decUnes, the clian- nel C(mtracts, numerous large rocks heavo up the rolling surges, and dispute tho passage of tho now raging and fnaniing Hoods. The mighty torrent leaping down successive ledges, dashing over opposing elevations, liurled back by ridges, and repelled from shores and islands — plung- ing, boiling, roaring — seems a mad wil- derness of waters striving against its better fate, and hurried on to destruction by its own bhnd and reckless impetuosi- ty. Were tiiere no cataract, these Rapids would yet make Niagara tiie wonder of the world." Iris, or Goat Island, commences near the head of the Rapids, and extends to the precipice, of wiiieh it forms a part, separating the American Fall from tiie Canadian or llorse-iShoe Fall. It is aliout half a mile in length, eiglity rods wide, and contains over sixty acres of arable land, being for tho most part covered witli a heavy growth of forest trees of a variety of species, and native plants and flowers. A portion of the island, however, has been cleared otf, and a garden enclosed, in which are some excellent fruit-trees, and a variety of native and foreign [)lant8 and flowers, and a fish-pond. The island is remarkably cool, shady, and pleasant, and is an object of unceasing admiration from year to year. Comfortable seats and arbors are placed at tlie most interesting points, where the visitor can sit at ease and enjoy the Vjeautiful and subhmeview* l)reseuted to his siglit — often entranced by a deafening roar of mighty waters in their descent, accompanied by diang- ing rainbows of the mo;t gorgeous de- scription. :!li :i^ 'III •|^' m inr n 86 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. ■Bl ! 1 IViugara. WTllTTEN BY LYDIA II. SIOOURNEY. Flow on forever, in thy glorious robo Of terror iiml of lieaiity ;'(}o(l liath set His niiiibow on tliy forohciul, iinii tlu) cloud M:intk'S around thy fift, and Ho doth give Thy voico of thunih'r power to si)i'ak of Him Etornaily ; bidditi;; the lip of man Keep silence, and upon thy rocky altar Pour incense oi' awe-struck praise. Goat Island Bridge. — The Niagara Falls GazcUe gives tlie following descrip- tion of tliis new structure : "This bridge across tlie east branch of the Niagara River is situated in the Rap- ids, about sixty rods above the Cataract, on the site of the old wooden bridge. It is 3U0 feet long, and consists of four arches of ninety feet span each, supported be- tween the abutments of three piers. The piers above water are built of heavy cut stone, and are twenty-two feet long and six feet wide, tui)ering one foot in the height. The foundations are formed of foot-square oak timber, strongly framed and bolted together in cribs, iilled with stone, and covered witli timber at tlio sur- face of the water. These timber-founda- tions are protected against wear and injury from ice by heavy plates of iron, and be- ing always covered with water, will be as durable as the stone. '' The superstructure is of iron, on the plan of Whipple's iron-arched bridge. The whole width is twenty-seven feet, affording a double carriage-way of sixteen and a lialf feet, and two foot- ways of live and a fourth feet each, with iron railings. Tlie arches are of cast iron, and the chords, suspenders, and braces of wrought iron. All the materials used in the con- struction are of tiie best quality, and the size and strength of all the parts far beyond what are doomed necessary in bridges exposed to the severest tests. "This substantial and beautif'u. struc- ture, spanning a branch of tliis majes- tic river in the midst of the rapids, and overlooking the cataract, is worthy of the site it occupies, and atlbrds another in- stance of the triumpli of luiman ingenuity over the obstacles of nature. "The islands connected by this bridge with the American shore are tlie property of Messrs. Porter, and constitute the most interesting features in tlio scenery sur- rounding the cataract. This bridge has been erected by them to facilitate com- munication witli tiiese interesting locali- ties not otherwise accessible." This is a toll-bridge, every foot passen- ger being chargr^d 25 cents for the season, or single crossing. Tliere are upward of thirty islands and islets m the Niagara River or Strait, above tlio cataract. Most of those not described are small, and scarcely worthy of enumer- ation, altliough those immediately contigu- ous to Goat Island form beautiful objects in connection with the rushing and mighty waters by whieii they are surrounded. Bath Mcmd, Bri. '-3/1 Tl \ia'U'6 thrown oa the Canadian side, down what is called the Horse-Shoe Fall, which name has become in- appropriate, as the edges of the precipice liave ceased to bo a curve, and form a moderately acute an- gle. Near the mid- dle of tiie falL, Goat Island, containing 75 acres, extends to the brow of the precipice, dividing tho river into two parts; and a small projecting mass of rock at a little distance from it, toward the American shore, again divides the cataract on that side, tioat Island, at the lower cud, presents a perpendicu- lar mass of rocks, extending from tlie b(jt- torn to the top of the precipice. A bridge has been constructed from the American shore to Bath Island, atid anotlier connects the latter with (Joat Island, and a tower is erected on tlie brow of the Ilor.se-Shoo Fall, approached from Goat Island by a short bridge, on which the spectator seems to stand over the edge of the mighty cat- aract, and which atlbrds a fine view of this part of it. The distance at the fall from the American shore to Goat Island is 05 rods ; across the front of Goat Island is 78 rods; around the Horse-Shoe Fall, on the Canadian side, 144 rods; directly across the Ilorse-Shoe, 74 rods. The height of the fall near tlie American shore is 103 feet; near Goat Island, on the same side. 158 feet; near Goat Island, on tho Canad." side, 154 feet. Table Rock, a shelving projection on the Canadian side, at the edge of the precipice, is l.'iO feet high. This place is generally thought to present tlie finest view of the Falls; though, if the spectator will visit the tow- er on tho opposite side on Goat Island, at sunrise, when the whole cavity is enlight- ened by the sun, and the gorgeous bow trembles in the rising spray, he cannot elsewhere, the world ovei, enjoy such an H 11^ H:i! \ 88 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKE8. incomparable scene. A covered stairway on the American side descends from the top to the bottom of the precipice. " It hu.s been computed that 100 million tons of water are discharged over tiie precipice every hour. The Kapids com- mence about a mile above tlio Falls, and the water descends 57 feet before it ar- rives at the cataract. Tlie view from the brid},'0 to Uoat Island, of the troubled water dashing tuundtuously over th* rocks of the American fall, is terrilic. While curiosity constitutes an attribute of tlie liuman character, liicse falls will be fre(iuented by admiring and delii,dited visitors as one of the grandest exhibitions in nature. "This stupendous Cataract, situated in north latitude 43" G', and west longitude 2" ()' from Washington, is 22 miles nortli from tlie clllux of the river at Lake Erie, and 14 miles south of its outlet into Lake Ontario. The whole length of the river is therefore 30 miles, its general course is a few points to the west of north. Though commonly called a river, this portion of tlie St. Lawrence is, more properly speaking, a atrait, connecting, as above mentioned, the Lakes Erie and Ontario, and conduct- ing the supertluous waters of the great seas and streams above, through a broad and divided, and afterward compressed, devious, and irregular channel to the lat- ter lake, into which it empties — the point of union being about 40 miles from the western extremity of Lake Ontario. "The climate of the Niagara is in the highest degree healthful and invigorating. The atmosphere, constantly acted upon by the rushing water, the uoiae, and tl:e spray, is kept pure, refreshing, and salu- tary. There are no stagnant pools or marshes near to send abroad their fetid exhalations and noxious miagmas, poison- ing the air and producing disease. " Sweet-breathing herbs and beautiful wild Howcrs spring up spontaneously even on the sides, and in the crevices of the giant rocks ; and luxuriant clusters of fira and other stately forest trees cover the islands, crown the clilfs, and overhang the banks of Niagara. Here are no mos- quitoes to annoy, no reptiles to alarm, and no wild animals to intimidate, yet there is life and vivacity. The many-hued but- terfly sips ambrosia from the fresh opened honey-cup ; birds carol their lays of love among the spray-starred branches; and the lively squirrel skips chattering from tree to tree. Varieties of water-fowl, at certain seasons of the year, sport among the rapids, the sea-gull plays around the ])rccipice, and the eagle — the banner bird of freedom — hovers above the cataract, plumes his gray pinions in its curUng mists, and makes his home among the giant firs of its inaccessible islands. "Noplace on the civilized earth offers such attractions and inducements to visi- tors as Niagara, and tliey can never be fully known except to those who see and study tliem, from the utter impossibility of describing such a scene as this wonder- ful cataract presents. When motion can be expressed by color, there will be some hope of imparting a faint idea of it; but until that can be done, Niagara must re- main undoscribed." Cataract of Niagrara. "Shrine of Omnipotence 1 how vast, how grand, How awful, yet now beautiful thou artl I'llliirVl around tliy everhisting liills, Kobed in tlie drapery of descendii.f: floods, (browned by the rainbow, canopied by clouds That roll iii incen.-e up from tliy dread base, Hid by th< ir mantling o'er the vast abyss Upon vhoso verge thou stan nioh are the Cataract House and the International Hotel ; the Monteagle Hotel, situated two miles be- low the Falls, near the Suspension Bridge, and the Clifton House, on the Canada side, are all alike popular and well-kept hotels ; there are five churches of different denominations; 15 stores, in many of which are kept for sale Indian curiosities and fancy work of different kinds. The water-power here afforded by tlie de- scending stream, east of Goat Island, is illimitable. A paper-mill, a flouring-mill, two saw-mills, a woollen factory, a fur- nace and machine shop, together with other manufacturing establishments, hero use the water-power so bountifully sup- plied. The population is about 3,500. The railroads centring at the Falls are the Buffalo, Xiaga7-a Falls and Lewiston Railroad, and the New York Central Rail- road; also, the New York ami Erie Rail- way, forming with other roads a tiirect route to New York, Philadelphia, Bal- timore, and Washington. An Oinnihxis Line and hacks run from the village of Niagara Fulls to Niagara City, or Suspension Bridge, during ihe summer months, and thence to the (.'lifton House and Table Rock on Canada side. Niagara C'iTY,situated two miles be- low the P^alis, at the Suspension liridr/e, is a new and flourishing place contain- ing about 1,500 inhabitants. Here are situated two or three public houses. .It ii i -..til 90 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. I III! m SUSPENSION BRIDGE AND THE Cataract mid Rapids of Niagara. To give the reader some idea of the grandeur of this triumph of eiigiu'^eriug skill— Tllli: SUSPENSION BRIDGE— wo copy the following article from a late ButValo paper: AN ENGINEER'S MONUMENT. Spanning the chasm of the Niagara River, uniting tlie territories of two diller- ent Governments, and sustaining tlie unin- terrupted railroad traffic of tiie Provinces of Canada with the United States, 250 feet above a flood of water which man has never been able to ferry, stands the monu- ment of John A. RoKKLixa. The Xicujara Jiailwcii/ Siw^peyision Brid'je, is the grandest and the most distinguishing achievement of Art in this world. It is the proudest, it is the most beautiful, and will prove to be the most enduring monument anywhere set up on tliLg continent. Regard this wonderful product if engi- neering sliill. Its span is 822 feet. Yet an engine, tender and pass'-nger car, load- ed witli men, and weighing altogether 47 tons, depress the long floor in tlie centre but 5i inclics. Tlie Bridge, loaded with a loaded freiglit train, covering its whole length, and weighing 32(i tons, is deflected in the middle only 10 inclies. Tiiis ex- treme depression is perceptible only to practised eyes. The slighter changes of level require to bo ascertained with in- struments. Delicate as lace work, and eecmingly light and airy, it lumgs there high between heaven and the boiling flood below, more solid than tlie earthbeds of the adjacent railways. The concussions of fast moving trains are sensibly felt miles off through solid rocky soil. In cities lo- comotives shake entire blocks of stone dwellings. The waters of the Cayuga Lake tremble under the wheels of the express trains, a mile away from the bridge. But a freight train traversing John A. Roehlino's Monument, at the speed of Ave miles an hour, comnumicates no jar to passengers walking upon the carriage way lielow. The land cables of the bridge do not tremble under it — the slight concussions of the superstructure do not go over the summits of the towers, Tiiis last fact in the stiflhess of tlie great work is of mucli importance. It furnishes a guarantee of the durability of the ma- sonry. Fast anchored with stone and grouted in solid rock cut down to tlie depth of twenty-five feet, the great cables are immovable by any mechanical '^ree incidental to the use of tlie bridge, o. the natural influences it will be subject to. The ultimate strength of these cables is 12,100 tons. The total weight of the ma- terial of the bridge, and of the traflic to wliicli it will ordinarily be subjected is 2,2G2 tons, to sustain which tlie Kngineer has provided in his beautiful and scientific structure, a strength of 1 2, 100 tons. He demonstrates, too, that while the strength of the cables is nearly six times as great ar their ordinary tension, that strength WILL NEVER HE IMPAIRED BY VII5RATI0N. This was tiie question raised by The De- mocracy, a year ago, which excited such general, and in instances such angry dis- cussion. RoEiiMNG treated our doubts with a cool reason and the stores of an cKtensive engineering experience, which gave us to believe tiiat Art had at last attained to a method of suspending lion. Bridges for Railroad use, that should en i'^M !"'''! ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 91 tirely obviate the objections to them felt by most of tiie Irou-Mastors of the United States. He ha.s since that demoustrated it in a most wumierfiil structure. There are iu the bridge 624 "suspend- ers," oacli capable of sustaining .TO tuns — and all of sustaining 18,720 ton.s. The weight they liavo ordinarily to support is only 1,000 tons. But the lingiueer has skilfully distributed the weight of the burdens, by the means of "girders" and " trusses." These spread the 34 tons heft of a locomotive and lender over a length of 200 feet. How ample is this provision made for defective iron or sudden strains ! The .\nchor Chains are composed of 9 linlcs, each 7 feet long, save the last, which is 10 feet. The lowest link is made of 7 bars of iron, 7 inch by IJ. It is se- cured to a cast iron anchor plate 3J- Indies thick, and 6 feet tJ inches square. The other links are equally strong. The iron used was all made from Pennsylvania char- coal, Ulster county, N Y., and Salisbury Pig, .and can be depended upon for a strengtli of 64,000 pounds to tho square Inch. The central portions of the anchor plates, through which the links pass is 12 inches thick. The excavations in the sohd rock were not vertical. They inclined from tho ri'.-er. The rock upon which the work may rely on tiie New York side of the chasm is 100 feet long, 70 feet wide, and 20 feet deep. It weighs 160 pounds to the cubic foot, and presents a resistance of 14,000 tons, e.xclusive of the weight of the Buperincumbent masonry and embankment. The 'i'o""EP.s aro each 1.') feet square at t'lo base, 00 feet high above tho arch, 2 ad 8 feet square at tlie top. Tho limestone c f which tliey are built will support a pres- sure of 500 tons on each square foot with- out crushing. While the greatest weight that can fall upon .the towcr will rarely exceed GOO tons, a pressure of 32,000 tons will bo required to crush tho top course. There are 4,000 tons' weight in each of tlie towers on the New York sido. The cables are 4 in number, 10 inches in diameter, and composed each of .■i,640 small No. 9 wires. Sixty wires form ouo square inch of solid section, making the solid section of the entire cabio 60.40 square inches, wrapping not inchidcd. These immense masses of wire are put together so that each individual wiie per- forms its duty, and in a strain all woik together. On this, Mr. Roeblino, whu is a moderate as well as a modest man, feels justilied in speaking with the word peuff:ct. Each of the large cables is composed of four smaller ones, called "strands." Each .strand has 520 wires. One is placed in the centre. The rest aro placed arounan from centre to centre of Towers 822 feel Ileifrlit <)t Tower nbovo rock on Ameri- can side 88 feet IIfi;;ht of Tower above rofk, Canada side 78 foet Height of Tower above floor of Kailway. 60 feet NuinbiT of Wire Cables '4 Diameter of cacli Cable 10 inches Number of No. 9 wiri'3 in each Cal)le.. 8,5()t> Ultimate .ifcpregate wtrentrth of Cables, 12,400 tons Wei^fht of Suiierstnicture T50ton8 Wetjrht of Superstructure and maxi- m urn loads 1,2.50 tons Ultimate supportinj; strength WO tons Ileifrht of Track above water 250 feet Base of To WITS 16 feet square Top of Towers 8 " Length of each Upper Cable l,25f>J feet " Lower Cable 1,190 feet Depth of Anchor Pits below surface of Koclc 30 feet Number of Suspenders 624 Ultimate strength of Suspenders 18,720 tons Numkier of Overfloor Stays 64 Aggregate strength of Stays 1,920 tons Nuinber of Uiver Stays . ..'. .^ Aggregate strength of Stays 1,680 tons Elevation of Kailway Track above mid- dle stage of Jtiver 245 feet Total length of Wires 4,000 miles The weiglits of the materials in the bridge are as follows: T.t ■ Timber 91 . . 130 Wri)ught Iron and Suspenders 113,120 (;astiiigs 44,332 Kails 66,740 Cables (between towers) 5!36.400 Total 1,678,722 The Great Westerx Railway of Canada, which unites with the New York Central liailroad, terminating on the Ameri- can side of the rivor, liere commences and extends westward through Hamilton, London, and Chatliam to Windsor, oppo- site Detroit, Mich., formmg one of the great through lines of travel from Boston and New York to Detroit, Chicago, and the Far West. This road also fui ashes a speedy route of travel to Toronto, Montreal, etc. eili'^ i i m'la ■i U m 1 1 ^ i'fl ' 93 TO INVALIDS AND SEEKEIi^ OK PLEASURE. ^fi)untainB, Lahr'.a and Rirera art thu 1 lemetns in the plw^kul world, that go to pmif" tilt! atniosjiliert', loiulize tlie «oil, :in(l iMiautify tli« landr^npe fur . Ihe .ibiidti of mail. Ho iiuiiualcly are liioy eoiiDcoted in the economy ui' iN'atnre that ihey are iiidi.^porisDhh' one to ih(\ other. Fio'ii ilii.' laki;-;, rivtff> uny that portitvn of the earth's Miirface on which ihey descend, lienee, (ho Trnjiu'i^, whieh liave the greate-st degree of heat and iuoi;-ture — and where tlu;ro are hat iwo Hea-ioiH, ih*.! wd and the dry — produce rank veju'etation, reptiles, and animal.^ of u ferocious eiiarat-ter, while man, for the must part, is indo- h:nf anil uniihed to l;d)or, — an abun- dant nature supplyinj» most all hh wants for (^lotirnif? and subsistence. Tn the Teiiipiri-atedimale, wheie th<;re Af'.^ louf seasons, al>out e(|\ially divided, there falls a less amount of rain, owing, no ikaibt, to the siui's rays not alisorl)- ina: so mueh mulsture as near the etiuntor. " Tliis is tJie region for pure lakes, lovely streanis, and rich valley-'. ; where win loves to con^ rebate, and '.vhcre the hiu;liest state of civilized society is found to exist. This I'avored region, however, i.s greatly modiiieti by soil and lUittide, as M-ell a.'^ by isothein::il lines, moderately increasinx in ttn.pcralnre on the sonlhein limit: vef?etalioii often ;u-suu\es ,i sidi-tropicul !i])pearanee, and the htinuin race are to \ ciTtain extent unfitted for lab<.ir duriiij^ tJie warm .«eason. Iti iho mif tli«» teniperato zone num atiaitiH his >:rtat<'t«t perfection, — here the cereals, tiie «n»ss<^^, and the ; it, yield an abiindiui!. supply for the anui*»d kingdoiv. „nil -i surplus to tpare Jor !<•(>.•« favoied pi.Mi-.r.s <■•" iho earth. On the northfiu Iin»i' -f ilie temperate zone, wiiilc she o.iA iii- creases aj-d v»}:;etuiion beciiues moni stifised, the w;/ varinu*! kind*! Here !i harxiy race of tiu^n ntKujiid, and healtii f^ent^rally previi!.-. To (he juii lb-west, aion^rthc chain of theCrreat Tyokcs of Ainciica, reaching to tho ba.se of tlie Kocky Moimtains, is tlie jt^reat iie-iith-restortng region of Xorth America. Dunny the Summer and early Fall month:^ i.h« tom{)erature usually ratines from tio lo 80 de^Tess Falircnheit, givinji 'tringt)) uud vitality to the huniar: frame, — mo.st penvptibiy fell. by those visiting this region froi.i a more !<'>uhern Jatituparent — not merely confined to those organs, but, by the improved condition of the blood, resulting from such a change, reciprocating the benefit acquired on the brain, by the quicker and lively state of the imagination — on the nutri- tive system, by a fuller condition of the body from a perfect digestion ; and on the nervous temperament, by the more regular and natural performance of all the functions of the body — the best indication at all times of sound physical health." — Zell's Encyclopedia. "Seek Natures perfect cure:" " Throw physic to the dogs," 95 ADVICE TO PLEASURE TRAVELLERS. Toi'KlsTS, in Rcnrch of licalth or pleasure, who intend to vinit ti.e region of the Great LulveH of America, if starting from New York or any of tiie cities of tiie eastern or middle States, are advised to take the most direct route for Niagaua Fali*^, wliere may be seen the magnitude of the accumu- lated waters of the " Inland Seas," as exhil)ited by viewing the American and Canadian, or Horse-Shoe Fall of this mighty Cataract. The Suspension IJridges, Kapids, and Islands, with other objects combined, form attrac- tions that will profitably employ sev- eral days sojourn at thia fashionable resort. Here are several well-kept Hotels, both on the American and Canadian sides of the river, from whence de- lightful drives are aflbrded in almost every direction, while bringing into view new objects of interest, either on ascending on descending the banks of this majestic stream — tliis whole sec- tion of country, al)ove and below the Falls, being historic ground. The bat- tle-fields of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, Queenstown, and old Fort George, op- posite Fort Niagara, on the American side, all deserve a visit. (For further description, see page 21.) On leaving Niagara Falls the tourist can proceed westward, via the Great Western Railway of Canada, to Detroit, 230 miles, passing through an interest- ing section of Canada ; or, proceed to Buffalo, by rail, 22 miles. Grand Pleasure Excursion, tiikouuu lakes iil'uon andsupkuior. T I Steamers of a large class leave Buf- falo, during the season of navigation, every alternate day for Erie, CUvelund and Detroit, proceeding on their way to the Setroit, Mich 1 305 Lai St. Clair 7 312 Algonac, Mich 33 345 Newport, " 6 351 St. Clair, " 10 361 Port Huron, \ ,7 q-q Sarnia, Can. / ^' *^'^ P'oRT Gratiot 2 380 {Lake Huron.) Lakeport, Mich 11 391 Lexington, " 11 402 Port Sanilac" 12 414 Forre.'^tville " 14 428 Port Hope, Mich 16 444 Point an Barque — \ ^ .-^ oft' Saginaw Bay, ( -• ^ ^^^ Thunder Bay Island 75 525 Point de Tour—) q^ />ia St. Mary's River, /-^^ ^^^ * A distance of S5 miles is saved MILES. 14 PORTS, to. MILES. Church's Landing... .36 646 Saut Ste. Marie. 14 660 (Ship Canal and Ilapids.) 570 564 555 530 470 452 446 436 400 350 320 Hani Ste. Marie. Point aux Pin.s, Cati. 6 Pt. Iroquois & Light ) „ — Gros Cap, Can. j White Fish Point 25 {Lake Superior.) Grand Sauble 60 Cascade Falls 18 Pictured R'ks— Cha- \ g pel. Arch. Rock, Ac / Grand Is. and Harbor.lO Marquette, Mich..36 Huron la. and Light. ..50 Portage Entry 30 (Houghton & Hancock, 14 M 270 Keweenaw Point 50 255 Copper Harbor 15 239 Eagle Harbor 16 229 Eagle River 19 209 Entrance Ship Canal*.20 169 Ontonagon, Mich 40 89 LAPoiNTE,Wis 80 86 Bayfield " 3 {Txcelve Apostle Islands.) 6 Superior City, Wis.. 80 Dulnlh, Minn 6 by passing through the Ship Canal. 660 666 675 700 760 778 784 794 8.30 880 910 iles.) 960 975 991 1,001 1,021 1,061 1,141 1,144 1,224 1,230 11 •■■■'•. -If ,;■: IVA n.ih li:i ;r S hi 'l m EHHBHHH^BSSi -II TO S££KERS OF HEALTH AND PLEASURE. |r5iift f liaittn ^tmtm kt tli |ei|5i el 1874 -FROM — BUFFALO, ERIE, CLEVELAND AND DETROIT, TO GULUTH AHG ST. PAUL, PASSING THROUGH To pONTINUE DURING THE SuMMER MoNTHS. A Daily Line of Stkamers will run from Buffalo, Brie, &c., to Saut Ste. Marie, Marquette and Duluth, — Connecting with Curs on the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, running to St. Paul, Minn. From St. Paul Steamers run Daily on the Mississippi River, during the season of Navigation, to La Oross'e, Prairie du Chien, Dubuque an■■. : v.' f m Hi r^ 102 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. facturinj.' cstablitihrnentfl, including sev- eral exteasive ship-yards for the build- ing and ri^pairing of lake craft, are also lunnerous and conducted on a large flcale, producing n»anufactured arti- cles for the Americvn and Canadian markets. The principal public buildings are an United States Custom-House and Post-Office, State Insane Asylum, City Hall, Court House, and Jail ; two Theatres, and sixty Chu-chesof dift'er- ent denominations. Here are also (light Banking Houses, six Savings Banks, several Fire and Marine Insurance Companies, and thirty lar^e Iillevators, with a capacity of storing upwards of 8,000,000 busiiels of grain. The Buf- falo Park is known a-s one cf the most famous parks in the country, The Lines of Steamers und Rail- roads diverging from Buffalo tend to make it one oi" the greatest thorough- fares in the Union. Steamers and Pro- pellers run to Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, Detroit, Mackinac, Gn^en Bay, Milwaukee, and Chicago ; also, to Sault Ste, Marie and ports on Lake Superior. During the Season of 1874 two Lines of Steamers, of a large class, >\ill run from Buffalo, stopping at Erie, Cleve- land and Detroit, to Duluth. KAILRUADa BUNNINO PttOM BUFFALO. 1. New York Central, to Albary and Troy, 2(18 miles. 2. Buffalo, Niagara Fails and Lewis- ton, 28 miles. ;}. Erie Railway, running to the City of New York, 44.S miles. 4. Lake Shore Ra llroad, to CI ev si and, Ohio, 183 miles, and thence to Chicago. 5. Buffalo, Corry and Pift8burg,i, run- ning to Corry, Penn., 92 miles. 6. Buffalo and Jamestown Railroad. 7. Buffalo, New York and Pkiladd- pJda, running to Emporium, Penn., 121 miles. 8. Great Western (Canada) Raihvay (Suspension Bridge to Detroit, Mich.) 230 miles; also, from International Bridge. 9. Grand Trunk Railway, running from International Bridge to Goderich, Can., lUO miles. 10. Caiuida Southern Railway, run- ning from Butiiilo, via international Bridge, to Amherstburg, Can., Detroit, Toledo, &c. There are also four Lines of City Railroads running to diflerent points within the limits of Buliiilo. The principal Hotels are the Tifft House, and Mansion House, on Main Street. A new Public House with all the modern improvements is much needed in Buffalo. The Erie Canal terminating at Buf- falo, and the numerous Lines of Pro- pellers running on Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes, in connection with the Lines of Railroad, transport an im- mense amount of agricultural products and merchandise to and from the East- ern markets. The completion of the International Bridge at Black Rock affords great facilities for travel, passing through Buffalo and Canada to the Far West. "The climate of Bufl^alo is, without doubt, of a more even temperature than any other city in the same parallel of latitude from the Mississippi to the Atlantic Coast. Observations have shown that the thermometer never ranges as low in winter, nor as high in summer, as at points in ^lassachusetts, the eastern and central portions of this State, the northern and southern shores of Lake Erie in Michigan, northern Illinois, and Wisconsin. STEAMBOAT ROUTE TO CTjEVELAND, TOLEDO, DETROIT, ETC. 103 " Ruffalo, with its broad, well-paved streets and sliade-tree-f ; its compara- tively mild winters; its cool summers; its pleasant drives and picturesque suburbs, and its proximity to the ^Fdlln,' combine to render it one of the most desirable residences on the continent." STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, DETROIT, &c. Stfoamers and Propellers of a large class leave Butlalo daily, during the season of navigation, for the diflerent ports on the American or south shore of Lake Erie, connecting with Rail- road cars at P>ie, Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, and Detroit, for tlie East, South and West. On leaving Buflalo harbor, which ia formed by the mouth of Buffalo Creek — where is erected a breakwater by the United States government — a fine view is afibrded of the City of Buffalo, the Canada shore, and Lake Erie stretch- ing off in the distance, with here and there a steamer or sail vessel in sight. As the steamer proceeds westward, through the middle of the lake, the landscape fades in the distance, until nothing is visible but a broad expanse of green waters. 8TUuof:oN Point, 20 miles from Bufialo, is passed on the south shore, when the lake immediately widens, by the land receding on both shores. During the prevalence of storms, when the full blast of the wind sweeps through this lake, its force is now felt in its full power, driving the angry waves forward with the velocity of the race-horse, often causing the waters to rise at the lower end of the lake to a great height, so as to overflow its banks and forcing its surplus waters into the Niagara river, which causes the only perceptible rise and increase of the rush of waters at the Falls. Dunkirk, N. Y., 40 miles from Buflalo, is advantageously situated on the shore of Lake Erie, where termi- nates the New York and Erie llailwny, 460 miles in length. Here is a gocxj and secure harbor, aflbrding about twelve feet of water over the bar. A light-house, a beacon-light, and break- water, the latter in a dilapidated state, have here been erected by the I'nited States government. As an anchorage and port of refuge this harbor is ex- tremely valuable, and is much resorted to for that purpose by steamers and sail vessels during the prevalence of storms. The village was incorporated in 1837, and now contains about i^even thousand inhabitants, eight hundred dwelling- houses, five churches, a bank, three hotels, and thirty stores of (lifl'erent kinds, besides several extensive store- houses and manufacturing establish- ments. FuEPONiA, three miles from Dim- kirk, with which it is connected by a plank-road, is handsomely situated, being elevated about 100 feet above Lake Erie. It contains about twenty- five hinidred inhabitants, three hun- dred dwelling-houses, five churches, one bank, an incorporated academy, four taverns, twenty stores, besides some mills and maiujfacturing estab- lishments situated on Canadoway Creek, which here affords good water- power. In the village, near the bed 11 U. !■ ;!'■ 104 TRIP THROtTGH THE LAKE8. Nil V- f ■ of the Treek, is an inflammable spring, from which escapes a sufficient quan- tity of gas to light the village. Wkstfield, N. Y., 17 miles from Dnnkir'c, is a handsome village on till' line of the Railroatl. Ripley, 65 miles, and State Line, 68 miles, are small settlements that are passed before entering the State of Pennsylvania. NoKTii East, Erie Co., Pa., is a small village, 73 miles from Buffalo and 15 miles from the City of Erie. Hakhor Creek, 7 miles further, is another small village situated near Lake ICrie. IDrie, "The Lake City OF Penn- sylvania," distant 451 miles from Philadelphia by railroad, 90 miles from Bufialo, and 95 miles from Cleveland, is beautifully situated on a bluff) affording a prospect of Pre.sque Isle Bay and the Lake beyond. It has one of the largest and best harbors on Lake Erie, from whence sailed Commodore Perry's fleet during the war of 1812. The most of the ves.sel3 were here built, being finished in sev- enty days from the time the trees were felled ; and here the gallant victor re- turned with his prizes after the naval battle of Lake Erie, which took place off Put-in-Bay, September 10, 1813. The remains of his flag-ship, the Law- rence, lie in the harbor, from which visitors are allowed to cut pieces as relics. On the high bank, a little dis- tance from the town, are the ruins of the old French fort, Presque Isle. The City contains many fine public buildings and private residences; a court house and city hall, 20 churches, 4 banks, 3 savings banks, 2 large hotels, the Reed Houxe and Elhworth House, besides several other public houses ; a ship yard, 3 grain elevators Erie car works, a blast furnace, 5 iron works, gas works and water works, besides several extensive manufactur- ing establishments, and about 28,000 inhabitants. It is the greatest market for bitiuninous coal on the Lakes, the coal being supplied from the rich She- nango Valley, the receipts exceeding half a million tons annually. Lake Superior iron ore is also shipped in large (juantities, via Erie, to the nu- merous furnaces in the Shenango Val- ley, and east of the Alleghany Moun- tains; anthracite coal, and the lumber trade, via the Pennsylvania and Erie Railroad, are fast increasing in im- portance. In addition to the Lake Shore Railroad, the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad, and the Eric and Pitta- buryh Railroad terminates at this place, affording a direct communication with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other Eastern citie.s. One of the natural advantages which Erie pos- sesses are the veins of inflammable (/as, which are struck at the depth of from one to five hundred feet from the sur- face; 30 or 40 gas wells are now em- ployed for propelling machinery, as well as affording heat and light for private residences. *' The City of Erie is not surpa-ssed in healthiness by any of the Lake towns, and, except in winter, very few pleasanter places for a residence can be found. The purity of the atmos- phere, kept in constant motion by the invigorating Lake breezes, is such that malaria, with its attendant evils, is unknown. The commercial interests of Erie are varied, and in the aggre- gate of considerable extent ; but are in small proportion to what the advan- tages of geographical position as a railroad centre and a good lake-port would justify. There is no place ou if ' ifM EKIE — ASHTABULA — CLEVELAND. 105 tlie Great Lakes better designed by na- ture for a commercial mart; and, in spite of opposition or letharjjy, it mruit eventually become one of the largest manufacturing cities in the Union." Erie is the key or outlet to the large iron and coal district of Western Pennsylvania, through which is distri- buted the Lake Superior iron ore, sup- plying numerous blast furnaces in Western Pennsylvania, as well as the anthracite furnaces of the Susquehanna region, and the Lake market for the coal of that valley, which is the best iron making bituminous coal, as well as gas coal, in the United States. It is here the rich ores of the Lake Superior and St. Lawrence region meet the best iron smelting anthracite and bitumi- nous coals known to exist in America. Presque Isle Bay is a lovely sheet of water, protected by an island pro- jecting into Lake Erie. There is a light-house on the west side of the en- trance to the Bay, in lat., 42° 8' N ; it shows a fixed light, elevated 128 feet above the surface of the Lake, and visi- ble for a distance of 19 miles. The beacon sho>vs a fixed light, elevated 38 feet, and is visible for 13 miles. CoNNEAUT, Ohio, 117 miles from Buffalo and 68 from Cleveland, situ- ated in the northeast corner of the State, stands on a creek of the same name, near its entrance into Lake Erie. It exports large quantities of lumber, grain, pork, beef, butter, cheeese, etc., being surrounded by a rich agricultural section of country. The village con- tains about 1,500 inhabitants. The harbor of Conneaut lies 2 miles from the village, where is a light-house, a pier, and several warehouses. Ashtabula, Ohio, 14 miles farther west, stands on a stream of the same name, netir its entrance into the Lake. This is a thriving place, inhabited by an intelligent pojnilation estimated at 3,000. The harbor of Ashtabula is 2\ miles from the village, at the mouth of the river, where is a light-house. FAiuroHT stands on the cast side of Grand river, 15') miles from PJuf- falo. It has a good harbor for lake vessels, and is a port of considerable trade. Tfiis harbor is so well defended from winds, and easy of access, that vessels run in when they cannot easily make other ports. Here is a light- house and a beacon to guide the mariner. Painesville, Ohio, 3 miles from Fairport and 30 miles from Cleveland, is a beautiful and flourishing town, being surrounded by a fine section of country. It is the county-seat for Lake County, and contains a court- house, 5 churches, a bank, 20 stores, a number of beautiful residences, and about 3,700 inhabitants. Cleveland, "The Forest City," Cuyahoga County, Ohio, is situated on a plain, elevated 80 fee* above the waters of Lake P]rie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, which forms a secure harbor for vessels of a large class; being in N. lat. 41° 30', W. long. 8r 42^ The bluff on which it is built rises abruptly from the Lake level, where stands a light-house, near the entrance into the harbor, from which an extensive and magnificent view is obtained, overlooking the City, the meandering of the ('uyahoga, the line of railroads, the shipping in the harbor, and the vessels passing on the Lake. The City is regularly and beautifully laid out, ornamented with numerous shade trees, from which it takes the name of " Forest City." Near its centre is a large public square, in 'lil I { \ I In 106 XniP THROUGH THE LAKES. Perry Monument, Erected Sept. lo, i860. which stands a beautiful marble statue of Commodore OLivfiR II. Perry, which was inaugurated September 10, 1860, in the presence of more than 100,000 people. It commemorates the glorious achievement of the capture of the British fleet on Lake Erie, Sep- tember 10, 1813. Cleveland is the mart of one of the greatest grain-grow- ing States in the Union, and has a ready communication by railroad with New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia on the east, while continuous lines of railroads run south and west ; Propel- lers run to Ogdensburg and the Upper Lakes. It is distant 185 inik-s from Bulliilo, 135 miles from Columbus, 107 miles from Toledo, and 150 miles from Pittsburgh, by railroad route; 120 miles from Detroit, by steamboat route. It contains a comity court-house and jail ; city hall, U. S. custom-house and Eost ofHce building; 1 theatre; a li- rary association with a public read- ing room ; 2 medical colleges, '2 orphan asylums, OU churches of diflerent de- nominations ; 7 banks, 2 savings banks, and () insurance companies ; also, nu- merous large manufacturing compa- nies, embracing iron and copper works, ship-building, &c. ; gas works, water works, and six city railroad compa- nies. The stores and warehouses are numerous, and many of them well built. It now boasts of 100,000 inhabi- tants, and is rapidly increasing iu numbers aud wealth. The Lake Su- perior trade is a source of great advan- tage and profit, while the other Lake traflic together with the facilities af- forded by railroads and canals, makes Cleveland one of the most favored cities on the Inland Seas of America. The principal hotels are the Kcn- nard House, Weddell House and Forest City Home. Railroads Divergino from Cleveland. 1. Lake Shore, to Buffalo, 183 miles. Toledo Division, 113 miles. 2. Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis, to Cincinnati, 258 SANDUSKY — KELLEY'S ISLAND AND BASS ISLANDS. 107 miles. In. 'ana Division, to Indian- ' apolii), 282 miles. 3. Cleveland and Pittsburgh, connect- ing with Wheeling, \V. Vii., 150 miles. 4. CUveluud, Mount Vernou and Co- lumbus, running to Columbus, via llud- Bon, llo miles. y. Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad. 6. Atlantic and Great Wtatern, con- necting with Erie Kailway. Steamers and Propellers of a largo class leave Cleveland daily, during the season of navigation, for Builiilo, Toledo, Detroit, Mackinac, CJrcen Bay, Milwaukee, Chicago, the 8aut Ste. Marie, Manjuette and Du- lutli, stopping at ports on the Upper Lakes; altogether, transporting an im- mense amount of merchandise, grain, lunil)er, coal, iron and copper ore. 1>:,A(.'K Kiveu, 28 miles from Cleve- land, is a small village with a good harbor, where is a ship-yard and other manufacturing establishments. Vkhmilion, 10 miles farther, on the line of the Cleveland and Toledo Rail- road, is a place of considerable trade, situated at the mouth of the river of the same name. Huron, Ohio, 50 miles from Cleve- land and 10 miles from Sandusky, is situated at the mouth of Huron river, which affords a good harbor. It con- tains several churches, 15 or 20 stores, several warehouses, and about 1,500 inhabitants. ftiaiidiiHky, "The Bay City," capital of l'>ie Co., Ohio, is a port of entry and a place of considerable trade. It is advantageously situated on San- duskv Bav, three miles from Lake Erie,' in N. hit. 41° 27^ \V. long. 82° 45''. The Bay is about twenty miles long, and five or six miles in width, forming a capacious and excellent har- bor, into which steamers and vessels of all sizes can enter with safety. The average depth of water is from ten to twelve feet. The City is built on a bod of limestone, pro85 Chicago, IU 109,M0 29H.977 189.71T Clkvkland, Ohio 43,417 92,Hi!9 49,412 Detroit, Mich 45,619 79,577 33,958 DuLUTH. Mlun 3,131 Erik, I'eiin 9.419 19,«46 10,?.27 Grken Hav, Wis 2.27.'> 4.t)fi6 V.;m Marqukttk, Mioh 1,(U7 4,000 2,853 Milwaukee, Wis 45,246 71,440 26,194 Michigan City, iDd 3,320 3,9h5 66A Monroe, Micli 3,892 5,om 1,194 Oswego, N. Y 16,816 20.910 4,094 Port Huron, Micti 4,371 5.973 1,«20 Kacine, Wig 7,822 9,khO i.OM Kanduskt, Oillo 8,408 13,000 4,.592 Toledo, Ohio 13,768 31,584 17,816 II m "^ 112 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. *l nil ! u'^^Hb I 'f Climatology of Ohio— By LouiN limiKiKT. "The climate of Ohio is, on the whole, remarkably favorable both in a sanitary point of view, and in its capacity for the most abundant agri- cultural production. It has less inju- rious extremes of heat or cold than any other State in or near the same latitiide, and it sutlers less from ex- tremes of excessive rains, or want of rain. The northern border of the State is greatly favored by the presence of the waters of Lake Erie, which modify the heat oi summer, and the cold of winter, very sensibly. No finer climate can be found in the United States for delicate vegetable growths than that of the portions of Ohio bordering on the west end of Lake Erie; and this is abundantly attested by the recent extensive de- velopment there of the grape culture. The finest fruit, and the best wines, are now obtained there in great abun- dance; and this partially is due to the softening intiuence of the Lake on both the winter and summer climate. The average for the central part of the State is 7*2° Fahr. for the summer. The range of the mean annual tempera- ture of Ohio extends from 50° to 54° Fahr. from north to south ; while the fall of moisture or rain averages from 32 inches on the north, in the vicinity of Lake Erie, to 48 inches on the south, on the borders of the Ohio lliver, the fall of rain in the centre of the State being 42 inches. These results give a re iiarkable favorable cli- matic inlluencfc *o this portion of the United States." The City of Monroe, capital of Monroe Co., Mich., is situated on both Bides of the River Raisin, three miles above its entrance into Lake Erie, 25 miles from Toledo, and 40 miles from Detroit. It is connected with the Lake by a ship canal, and is a terminus of the Michigan Southern Railroad, which extends west, in connection with the Northern Indiana Railroad, to Chi- cago, III. The town contains about 5,000 inhabitants, a court house and jail, a United States land office, 8 churches, several public houses, and a number of large stores of difler- ent kinds. Here are two extensive piers, forming an outport at the mouth of the river; the railroad track run- ning to the lauding. A plank-road also runs from the outport to the City, which is an old and interesting locality, being formerly called Frenchtown, which was known as the scene of the battle and massacre of River Raisin in the war of 1812. The Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Railroad passes through this city. Steamers run from Detroit to Toledo, stopping at Monroe. Trenton, situated on the west bank of Detroit river, is a steamlioat land- ing and a place of considerable trade. Popnlation, 1,000. SVyandotte, ten miles below De- troit, is a new and flourishing manu- facturing village, where are located the most extensive iron works in Michi- gan. The iron used at this establish- ment comes mostly from Lake Sui)e- rior, and is considered ecpial in quan- tity to any in the world. The village contains about 2,000 inhabitants. Fort Wayne.— The United States (ioveniment has recently made extensive im])rovement8at Fort Wayne, below Detroit, which will render it one of the strongest fortifications in the country, and almost impregnable against a land assault. The situ of the fort, as is well known, is in Spring- DETROIT RIVER — AMHERSTBURGH — WINDSOR. 113 U- ocl it in Ible Ithe l"g- yrella, about three miles below the city of Detroit. Its location is admirable, being on a slight eminence, com- pletely commanding the river, which at that point is narrower than in any other place of its entire length. Guns proi)erly placed there could eflectually blockade the river against ordinary vessels, and, with the aid of a few gun- boats, could repulse any hostile tieet which might present itself. The Steamers from Cleveland bound for Detroit river, usually pass to the north side of Point Pelee Island, and run across Pic/eon Bay towards Bar Point, situated at the mouth of Detroit river. Several small islands are passed on the south, called East Sister, Middle Sistei; and West Sister; also, in the distance, may be seen the Bass Islands, known as the " North Bass," " Middle Bass," and " South Bass." Point Pelke Island, belonging to Canada, is about seven miles long, and two or three miles in width. It is in- habited by a few settlers. The island is said to abound with red cedar, and possesses a fine limestone quarry. A lighthouse is situated on the east side. Detroit River, forming one of the links between the Upper and Lower Lakes, is next approached, near the jnouth of which may be seen a light on the Michigan shore called Gibraltar Light, and another light on an island attached to Canada, the steamers usu- ally entering the river, through the east or British Channel of the river, altliough vessels often pass through the west or American Channel. Amiiehstburoh, Can., eighteen miles below Detroit, is an old and im- portant town. The situation is good : the banks of the river, both above ana 8 below the village, — but particularly the latter, where the river emerges into Lake Erie, — are very beautiftil. The Chicago and Canada Southern Railroad Sass through this place, running from luflalo to Chicago. Fort Malden, capable of accom- modating a regiment of troops, i'- situated about half a mile above Am- herstburgh, on the east bank of the river, the channel of which it here commands. At Bkoavnstown, situated on the opposite side of the river, in Michigan, is the battle ground where the Ameri- cans, under disadvantageous circum- stances, and with a slight loss, routed the British forces, which lay in am- bush, as the former were on their way to relieve the fort at F.renchtown ; which event occurred,. August 5, 1812. Sandwich, Can., is beautifully situated on the river, two miles below Detroit, and nine miles below Lake St. Clair. It stands on a gently sloping bank a short distance from the river, which is here about a mile wide. This is one of the oldest settlements in Canada West. The town contains 3,133 inhabitants. Here is a Sulphur Spring of great celebrity, the water rising 16 feet above the surface, pre- senting a fine appearance. Here is erected an hotel and bathing-houses. Windsor, Can., situated in the township of Sandwich, is a village directly opposite Detroit, witli which it is connected by three steam ferries. It was laid out in 1834, and is now a place of considerable business, having a population of about 4,000 inhabi- tants. Here terminates the Great Western Railway of Canada, which ex- tends from Niagara Falls or Suspen- sion Bridge, via Hanulton and London, to opposite Detroit. y 'A 1311 m 114 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Detroit, "The City of the Stkaits," a port of entry, and the great commercial mart of the State, is favorably situated in N. hit. 42° 20^ W. long. 82° 5S% on a river or strait of the same name, elevated some 30 or 40 feet above its surface, being seven miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair and twenty above the mouth of the river, where it enters into Lake Erie. It extends for the distance of upward of a mile upon the southwest bank of the river, where the stream is three- fourths of a mile in width. The prin- cipal public and private offices and wholesale stores are located on Jefier- son and Woodward avenues, which cross each other at right angles, the latter running to the water's edge. There may usually be seen a great number of steamboats, propellers, and sail vessels of a large class, loading or imloading their rich cargoes, destined for Eastern markets or for the Oreat West, giving an animated appearance to this place, which is aptly called the City of the Straits. It was incorporated in 1815, being now divided into ten wards, and governed by a mayor, recorder, and board of aldermen. The new City Hall, on Campus Martius, is a magnificent edifice, from the dome of wbich a fine view is obtained of the City and vicinity. The other pub- lic buildings are a United States cus- tom-house and post office, and United States lake survey office ; an opera house and theatre, masonic hall, fire- men's hall, mechanic's hall, odd-fellows' hall, the young men's society building, 2 market buil- dings, 52 churches of different denominations, 6 hotels, besides a num- ber of taverns ; 6 banks, 4 savings banks, 2 orphan asylums, gas works, water works, 5 grain eleva- tors, iron foundries, copper smelting works, 5 steam grist-mills, and several saw-mills, besides a great number of other manufacturing establishments. There are also several extensive ship- yards and machine-shops, where are built and repaired vessels of almost every description. The population in 1860 was 45,619. In 1870, 79 530. In 1874, estimated 100,000. The principal hotels are the Biddle House, and Michigan Exchange, on .Jef- ferson avenue, and the Rmsell House, on Woodward avenue, facing Campus Martius, an open square near the centre of the City. Detroit may be regarded as one of the most favored of all the W'estern cities of the Union. It was first set- tled by the French explorers as early as 1701, as a military and fur trading post. It changed its garrison and military government in 1760 for a Brit- ish military commander and troops; enduring, under the latter regime, a series of Indian sieges, assaults, and petty but vigilant and harassing war- fare, conducted against the English garrison by the celebrated Indian war- rior Pontiac. Detroit subsequently passed into possession of the American revolutionists ; but on the 16th of Au- gust, 1812, it was surrendered by Gen. Hull, of the United Slates army, to Gen. Brock, commander of the British forces. In 1813 it was again sur- 119 >: i'l'll in lu- to DETROIT. 115 rendered to ihe Americans, under Gen. Harrison. The following Railroad lines diverge from Detroit : — 1. The Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad, 65 miles in length, connec- ting with the Michigan Southern Kail- road at Monroe, and with other roads at Toledo. 2. The Michigan Central Railroad, 284 miles in length, extends to Chi- cago, 111. This important road, run- ning across the State from east to west, connects at Michigan City, Ind., with the New Albany and Salem Railroad 3. The Detroit and Bay City R. R., 110 miles in length. 4. The Detroit, Eel River and Illinois Railroad. 5. The Detroit, Lansing and Michi- gan Railroad. 6. The Detroit and Milwaukee Rail- road runs to Grand Haven, on Lake Michigan, opposite Milwaukee, Wis., connecting with a Line of Steamers. 7. The Grand Ti-nnk Railway runs from Detroit to Port Huron, Mich., 62 miles, extending from Sarnia, Canada, to Montreal, Quebec, and Portland,jMe. 8. The Great Western Railway of Canada, 230 miles in length, has its terminus at Windsor, opposite Detroit, the two places being connected by three steam ferries — thus affording a speedy line of travel through Canada, and thence to Eastern cities of the U. States. There are also three City Railroads. Steamers of a large clas.s run from Detroit to Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo, and other ports on Lake Erie ; others run to Port Huron, Saginaw, Goderich, Ont., and other ports on Lake Huron. The Lake Superior Line of Steamers running from Buffalo, Cleveland and Detroit direct for the Sault Ste. Marie, and all the principal ports on Lake Superior, are of a large class, carrying passengers and freight. This has be- come one of the most fashionable and healthy excursions on the continent. The Detroit River, or Strait, is a noble stream, through which flows the surplus waters of the Upper Lakes into Lake Erie. It is twenty-seven miles in length, and from half a mile to two miles in width, forming the boundary between the United States and Canada, commencing at the foot of Lake St. Clair and emptying into Lake Erie. It has a perceptible current, and is navigable for vessels of the largest class. Large quantities of fish are annually taken in the river, and the sportsman usually finds an abundance of wild ducks, which breed in great numbers in the marshes bordering some of the islands and harbors of the coast. There are altogether 17 islands in the river. The names of these are : — Cloy, Celeron, Hickory, Sugar, Bois Blanc, Ella, Fox, Rock, Grosse Me, Stoney, Fighting, Turkey, Mammy, Judy, Grassy, Mud, Belle or Hog, and lie la Peche. The two latter are situated a few miles above Detroit, near the entrance to Lake St. Clair, where large (juantities of white fish are annually taken. Ile la PfecHE, attached to Canada, was the home of the celebrated Indian chief Pontiac. Parkman, in his " His- tory of the Conspiracy of Pontiac," says : — " Pontiac, the Satan of this forest-paradise, was accustomed to spend the early part of the summer upon a small island at the opening of Lake St. Clair." Another author says : — " The king and lord of all this coun- try lived in no royal state. His cabin ■ h m r\„ -^ 116 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. ■Ml •11 I i> ,j:,, was a small, oven-shaped structure of bark and rushes. Here he dwelt with his squaws and children; and here, doubtless, he might often have been seen carelessly reclining liis naked form on a rush-mat or a bear-skin, like an ordinary Indian warrior." Tlie other fifteen islands, most of them small, are situated below Detroit, within the first twelve miles of the river after entering it from Lake Erie, the largest of which is Grosse Isle, attached to Michigan, on which are a number of extensive and well-culti- vated farms. This island has become a very popular retreat for citizens of Detroit during the heat of summer, there being here located good public houses for the accommodation of visi- tors. Father Hennepin, who was a pas- senger on the "Griffin," the first vessel that crossed Lake Erie, in 1679, in his description of the scenery along the route says : "The islands are the finest in the world ; tlie strait is finer than Niagara ; the banks are vast meadows, and the prospect is terminated with some hills covered with vineyards, trees bearing good fruit, groves and forests so well disposed that one would think that nature alone could not have made, without the help of art, so charming a prospect." ■^1 TABLE OF DISTANCES FROM DETROIT TO THE SAULT STE. 5IARIE AND LAKE SUPERIOR, PASSING THROUGH LAKE HURON. MILES. 370 363 345 335 327 317 301 300 289 278 266 256 251 238 232 225 PORTS, »C. MILES. Detroit, Mich Lake St. Clair 7 St. Clair Flats and Canal 18 Algonac 10 Marine City 8 St. Clair 10 Port Huron H ,^ Sarnia, Can J Fort Gratiot \ , Point Edward, Can.... J {La/ce Huron, 235 miles.) Lakeport 11 Lexington 11 Port Sanilac 12 Richmondville 10 Forestville 5 Sand Beach 13 Port Hope 6 Point aux Barque and Light 7 ( Off Saginaw Bay.) 145 MILES. 150 25 120 35 65 43 63 69 57 49 70 45 38 35 81 29 92 26 104 15 114 119 14 132 8 138 PORTS, &0. MILES. Thunder Bay and Light 75 (Alpena, Mich.) Presque Isle Light 30 Point de Tour 55 Entrance to St. Mary's Riv. (Is. OF Mackin.\c, 35 inileB West.) St. Joseph's Island, Can. 8 Mud Lake 8 Sailor's Encampment Is. 4 Nebish Rapids 7 Lake George 3 Church's Landing 6 Garden River Set., Can.. 5 Sault iStc. Marie... 11 (Usual time, 36 hours.) Ship Canal 1 Point au-Pins, Can 6 Pt. Iroquois & Gros Cap 8 (Head of St. Mary's Riv.) White Fish Point 25 Entrance to Lake Superio" 220 250 305 313 321 325 332 335 341 344 355 356 362 370 395 TEIP FEOM DETEOIT TO MACKINAO, GKEEN BAY, ETC. ir €anal through The length of the Canal is 8,200 feet; width between dykes, 800 feet; depth of water, 13 feet below lowest stage known Ht, Clair Flats. during navigation. This work is con- structed by the U. S. Government , and will be completed during the season of 1871. St. Mary's Since the completion of this Canal in 185.5, the commerce of Lake Superior has augmented so very much as now to re- quire the capacity of the Canal to be in- creased. The following are the proposed enlargements : — 1. Deepen the existing locks to a depth of K) feet on the miter sill. There is now, in the low stage of navigation, only 10| ft. the Ship Canal. 2. Deepen the canal to 17 feet. 3. Construct a prolongation of upper end of the North Canal bank. 4. Construct another lock, overcoming the fall, (20 feet) with one lift, alongside the present two locks. Estimated cost, $1,000,000. The work to be completed by the United States Government, and tin- ished in 1874. TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, SAUT STE. MARIE. During the season of navigation propel- lora of a largo class, with goo•. ike irt- fotn Iver f^tcaniboat Route from Port Huron to Suj^iiiuw City* etc. On leaving tlie wharf at Port Huron, the steamers pass Fort Gratiot and enter the broad waters of Lake Huron, one of the Great Upper Lakes, all alike celebrated for the sparkling purity of their waters. The shores are for the most part low, being covered by a heavy growth of forest trees. Lakbpobt, 10 miles from Port Hu- ron, is a small village lying on tlie lake shore. Lexington, 12 miles further, is the capital of Sanilac County, Michigan, where is a good steamboat landing and a flourishing village of 1,000. Port Sanilac, 34 miles above Port Huron, is another small village. FoKiiBSTViLLE, Mich., 47 miles from Port Huron, and 120 miles north of De- troit, situated on the west side of Lake Huron, is a new settlement, where is erected an extensive steam saw-mill. It has some five or six hundred inhabi- tants, mostly engaged in the lumber trade. Several other small settlements are situ- ated on the west shore of Lake Huron, which can be seen from the ascending Bteamer, before reaching Point aux Bar- ques, about seventy-tive miles above Port Huron. Saginaw Bay is next entered, present- ing a wide expanse of waters; Lake Hu- ron here attaining its greatest width, where the mariner often encounters lierce Btorras, wliich are prevalent on all of the Upper Lakes. To the eastward lies the Georgian Bay of Canada, with its innu- merable islands. Bay City, favorably situated near the mouth of Saginaw River, is a flouri.shing town witli a population of about 9,000. Here is a good harbor, from whence a large amount of lumber is aumially exported. It has fifteen saw-mills, and other manufacturing establishments. Steamers run daily to Detroit and other ports. East Saginaw, situated on the right bank of the river, about one mile below Saginaw City, is a new and llourisiiing place, and bids fair to be one of the most important cities of the state. It is largely engaged in the lumber trade, and in tlie manufacture of salt of a superior quality. There are several large steam saw-mills, many with gangs of saws, and capable of sawing from four to five million feet of lumber annually ; grist and llouriiig-mills, with four run of stones, planing-mills, foundries, machine shops, breweries, a ship-yard, and other manufacturing es- tablishments, giving employment to a great number of workmen. Here is a well-kept hotel, and several churches ; a banking ollice and a number of large stores and warehouses. Coal of a good quaUty is abundant, being fotmd near the river, and the recent discovery of sdlt springs in the neighl)orhood is of incal- culable value, the manufacture of salt being carried on very extensivelv. Popu- lation in 1870, 11,360, now 14,000. Several hnes of steamers, and one of propellers, sail from this port regularly for Detroit and otlier lake ports. It is near the head of navigation for lake craft, where five rivers unite witli the .Siiginaw, giving several hundred miles of water communication for river rafting and tlie floating of saw-logs. The surrounding country is ricli in pine, oak, clierry, black- walnut, and other valuable timber. A railroad is finished from this place to Holly, connecting with the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. Saginaw Gity, Saginaw County, Mich., is handsomely situated on the left bank of the river, 23 miles above its mo\itli. it contains a cor.rt-house and jail, several churches, two hotels, fifteen stores, two warehouses, and six steam saw-mills. Population about 10,000. There is a line section of country in the rear of Saginaw iSil = '\^|i:i^ :■' :.!| 1 1 . i ! if ^..••^ 122 Tnip Tmioi'firi the lakks. much of wliicli ia heavily tiinhoicHl ; the soil produces prain iu abiiiHlamv, wliilo the Htreauis allorcl incanH of easy trans- portation to markot. iSteumers run daily foai Sii^Huaw City and /Oast Saginaw to Detroit, (.'liicajro, Ac, and other porta on tlio lal^ea, during the season of naviga- tion. LAKE HURON. The waters of Lake ITuron, lying be- tween 43" and 40" nortli latitude, are Btirroundcd by low shores on every side. The most pron)inent features are Saginaw Bay on tiie southwest, and the Georgian Bay on the nortiieast; the latter large Dody of water being entirely in tlio limits of Canada. Tiie lake proper, may bo said to be 100 miles in width, from east to west, and 250 miles in length, from south to north, terminating at the Straits of Mackinac. It is nearly destitute of is- lands, presenting one broad expanse of waters. It possesses several good har- bors on its western shores, although as yet but little frequented. Point aux Barques, Thunder Bay, and Tlmnder Bay Islands, are prominent points to the mariner. Ta WAS, or Ottawa Bay, lying on the northwest side of Saginaw Bay, atfords a good harbor and refuge during storms, as well as Thunder Bay, lying farther to the north. Olf Saginaw Bay, the widest part of the lake, rough weather is often experienced, rendering it necessary for steamers and sail vessels to run for a har- bor or place of safety. In addition to the surplus waters whicl: Lake Huron receives throufrh the Straits of Mackinac and the St. Mary's Iliver from the north, it receives the waters of Saginaw River, and sevor.'d other small streams from the west. Tl is lake drains but a very small section of country com- pared to its magnitude, while its depth is a matter of astonishment, being from 1 Go to 7 50 feet, according to recent surveys; altitude above the ocean, r)74 feet, being 2() feet below the surface of Lake Supe- rior. Its outlet, the St. Clair River, does not seem to be much larger than the St. Mary's River, its principal inlet, thus leav- ing nearly all its other waters falling in the basin, to pass olf by evaporation. On entering the *SY. Clair River, at I-'ort Gra- tiot, after passing over the Upper Lakes, the beholder is s\irprised to find all these accumulated waters compressed down to a width of about 1,000 feet, the depth varying from 20 to GO feet, with a strong downward current. The Straits of Mackinac, connecting Lakes Huron and Miciugan, is a liighly interesting body of water, embosoming several pic'tures(iue islands, with beautiful headlands along its shores. It varies in width from T) to ;{0 miles, from mainland to mainland, and may be said to be from 30 to 40 miles in length. Hero are good fishing grounds, as well as at several other p 'nts on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. T' ,e of Lake ITuron and its perceptibly warmer than Lake yi during the spring, summer, and .mn months, while the winter season !S usually rendered extremely cold from the prevalence of northerly winds passing over its exposed surface. On the 30th of July, 18()0, at 8 A. M., the temperature of the air near the middle of Lake Huron, was G4" Fahr., the water on tlie surface, 52'', and at the bottom, 50 fathoms (300 feet) 42" Fahr. \ ; 128 THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN. Thr Lower Peninsula of Mirhigan is nearly Hurrounded by the waters of the Groat Lukes, and, in this respect, its situ- atiou is naturally more favorabli; fur all the purposes of trade and coinmerco than any other of tho Western States. The numerous streams which penetrate every portion of the Peninsula, some of wliich are navigable for steamboats a con- siderable distance from tho lake, being natural outlets for the ])roducls of tho interior, render this whole region desira- ble for purposes of settlement and cultiva- tion. Kven as far north as tlie 8lriiit of Mackinac, tiie soil and climate, to;;(,'ther with the valuable timber, oiler great in- ducements to settlors; and if the proposed railroads, under the recent grant of larj,'e portions of tliese lands by Congress, are constructed from and to t!io dillerent points indicated, this e.xttnsivoand heavi- ly timbered region will speedily be re- claimed, and become one of the most substantial an ■ I '^H^^ 180 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. MONTHLY TEMPERATURES. The following Table is of interest, as showing the relative Temperatures of the air and of the water at the crib, at its entrance into the Tunnel. MONTHS. niOIIEBT. AIR.— Fah MEAN. r. LOWEST. WATER.— 1 HIQUEST. UEAN. -ahr, LOWEST. April, 1869. 61° 44° 31° 44° 38° 33° May, " 69° 61° 41° 51° 46° 43° June, " 74° 63° 53° 60° 53° 60° July, " 80° 71° 62° 67° 63° 60° August, " 88° 75° 66° 72° 67° 64° September, " October, " 76° 59° 65° 45° 53° 28° 72° 57° 63° 47° 57° 40° November, " December, ** 50° 38° 35° 30° 28° 18° 40° 33° 36° 32° 33° 32° January, 1870 40° 28° 10° 32° 32° 32° February, " March, 39° 41° 30° 33° 9° 12° 33° 33° 32° 32° 32° 32° Mean Ann. Temp. 47r Fahr. 45° Fahr. STEAMBOAT ROUTE, From Chicago and Milwaukee to Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marib and Duluth. MILES. PORTS, liO. MILES. MILES. PORTS, &0. MILES. (Lake Michigan.) 715 Beaver Island, Mich. . 70 345 1,060 Chicago, 111 684 Point Waugoshance.. . 31 376 1,025 Waukegiin, Dl 35 {Straits of 3Ia/ikinac,) 1,009 Kenosha, Wis 16 31 998 Racine, Wis ,.11 62 668 Old Mackinac 16 392 975 Milwaukee, Wis. 23 85 660 Mackinac . 8 400 950 Port Washington, Wis. 25 110 624 De Tour 36 436 925 Sheboygan, Wis 25 135 (St. Mary's River .) 895 Manitowoc, Wis 30 165 888 Two Rivers, Wis 7 ^7?, 584 Church's Landing.... . 40 476 866 Kewaunee, Wis 22 194 570 ISaut Ste. Marie . 14 490 855 Annapee, Wis 11 205 (Ship Cand.) 820 Bayley's Harbor, Wi8..35 240 530 White Fish Point . 40 530 800 Death's Door, Wis 20 260 (Lake Stiperior.) (To (Ireen Bay, 80 Miles.) 400 Marquette .130 660 785 Washington Harbor... 15 275 Kewci'ruiw Point 130 790 (To EscANABA, 30 Miles.) Duluth 270 1,060 Note. — Thia distanco is sbortenod about 90 Miles, by passing tlirougb Portage Lako and tbo Ship Canal. 181 LAKE miCniGAN. 376 400 660 790 11,060 GOODRICH'S STEAMERS LeaTe Ciiicaoo for Racinp, Milwaukee, etc., daily (Sundays excepted,) 5) A. M. Grand Haven, Mu^egon, etc., daily (Sundays ex- cepted,) 7 P. M. St. Joseph, Tuesday, Thura. and Saturday, 11 P. M. Manistee and Ludingtun, Tues. and Thurs. 9 A. M. Green Bay and intermediate ports, Tuesday and Friday, 7 P. M. Kewaunee and Ahnapoo, Friday, 9 'A. M., and Tuesday and Friday, 7 P. M. Office and Docks, foot Michigan Av., Chicago, 111. ENOELMANTSr TRANSPORTATION COMPANY. BTEAllEiW LEAVE 68 West Water Street, Milwaukee, DAILY, > For Od. Haven. Whitehall, Muskegon, 9 P. M. j Ludingtgn, Manistee, Pentwattr, etc. DAILY, ) For Grand Haven, Saginaw, Detroit, 9 P. M. I AND ALL POINTS KA8T. Tickets to Manistee, etc., good via Gnind Haven. ENQEI MANN TRANSPORTATION CO. ROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SATIT STE. MARIE. very great ; the carrying trade being destined to increase in proportionate ratio with the population and wealth piniring into this favored section of the Union. On reaching the green waters of Lake Michigan, the city of Chicago is seen stretching along the shore for four or five miles, presenting a fine appearance from the deck of the steamer. The entrance to the harbor at the bar is about 200 feet wide. The bar has from ten to twelve feet water, the lake beiug subject to about two feet rise and fall. The steamers bound for Mil- waukee and the northern ports usually rup along the west shore of the lake with- in sight of land, the banks rising from thirty to fifty feet above the water. Lake Michigan is about seventy miles average width, and 340 miles iu extent from Michigan City, Ind., on the south, to the Strait of Mackinac on the north; it presents a great expanse of water, now traversed by steamers and other vessels of a large class, running to the Saiit Ste. Marie and Lake Superior ; to Collingwood and Godericli, Can. ; to Detroit, Midi. ; to Cleveland, Oliio, and to Bufl'alo, N. Y. From Chicago to Buftalo the distance is about 1,000 miles by water; while froni On starting from the steamboat wharf Bear the mouth of the Chicago River, the Marine Hospital and depot of the Illinois Central Railroad are passed on the rigiit, while the Lake House and lumber-yards are seen on the left or north side of the stream. The government piers, long wooden structures, afford a good entrance to the harbor; a light-house has been constructed on the outer end of the north pier, to guide vessels to the port. Tlie basin completed by the Illinois Central Railroad to facilitate commerce is a substantial work, extending southward for nearly half a mile. It affords ample accommodation for loading and unloading ▼es.sels, and transferring the freight to and from the railroad cars. The number of steamers, propellers, and sailing vessels annually arriving and departing from the harbor of Chicago is m It '1 ii ■ 1' ( 1 ; 1 i <■ i J 1 i^ 132 ROUTE FROM CfllCAQO TO MACKII.'AC AND 8AUT 8TE. MARIB. Chicago to Superior City, at tlio head of Lake Superior, or Fond du Lac, the dis- tance is about the same, thus affording two excursions of 1,000 miles each, over three of the great lakes or inland seas of America, in steamers of from l,000to 2,000 tons burden. During the summer and early autumn months the waters of this lake are comparatively calm, attbrd- ing safe navigation. But late in the year, and during the \vintor and early spring months, the navigation of this and the other great lakes is very dangerous. Waukegax, Lake Co., 111., 3<; miles north of Chicago, is handsomely situated on elevated ground, gradually rising to 50 or GO feet above the water. Here are two piers, a light-house, several large storehouses, and a neat and thriving town containing about 5,000 inhabitants, six churches, a bank, several well-kept hotels, thirty stores, and two steam-flouring mills. Kenosha, Wis., 52 miles from Chicago, is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the lake. Here are a small harbor, a liglit-house, storeliouses, mills, etc. Tlie town has a population of about 4,310 inhabitants, surrounded by a tine back country. Here is a good hotel, a bank, several churclies, and a number of stores and manufactur- ing establishments doing a large anioimt of business. The Kenosha and llockford Railroad, 7:5 miles, connects at the latter place with a railroad running to Madison, tlie capital of the iState, and also to the Mississippi River. The City of Racine, Wis., 02 miles from Chicago and 23 miles south of Milwaukee, is built on an elevation some forty or Qfty feet above tlie surface of the lake. It is a beautiful and flourishing place. Here are a ligl)t-house, piers, storeliouses, etc., situated near the water, while the city contains some fine public buildings tmd private residences. The population is about 9,880, and is rapidly increasing. Uaciue is the second city in the State in commerce and population, and possossoa a fine harbor. Here are located the county buildings, fourteen churclies, seve- ral hotels, Comji-ess Hall being tlie largest: elevators, warehouses, and numerous stores of different kinds. The hariue and Mississippi Railroad ex- tends from tliis place to the Mississippi River at Savanna, 112 miles. The Chica- go and Milwaukee Railroad also runs through the town, near the Lake Shore. MILWAL'KEB HARBOR. IVIilwaiikec, "The Cream City," 85 miles from Chicago, by railroad and steamboat route, is handsomely situated on rising ground on both .sides of tlie Mil- waukee River, at its entrance into Lake Michigan. In front of the city is a bay or indentation of the lake, affording a good harbor, except in strong easterly galea. The harbor is now being improved, and will doubtless be rendered secure at all times of the season. The river affords an ex- tensive water-power, capable of giving motion to machinery of almost any re- quired amount. The city is built upon V. i ' TRIP THROUGH THE LAKKS. 188 13 X- pi !a- na beautiful slopes, descending toward the river and lake. It lias a United States Custom House and Post-Ollico building; a court house, city hall, a United States land-oflico, the University Institute, a college for females, three academies, three orphan asylums, forty-live churches, sev- end well-kept Iiotels, the Newhnll Jhnise and the Wallcer House being tlio most frequented; seven banks, six insurance companies, a Chamber of Commerce, ele- vators, extensive ranges of stores, and several large manufacturing establish- ments. The city is lighted with gas, and well supplied with good water. Its ex- ports of lumber, agricultural produce, etc. are immense, giving profitable employment to a largo number of steamers and other lake craft, running to difl'erent ports on the Upper Lakes, Detroit, Uuft'alo, etc. The growth of tliis city has been aston- isliiug ; twenty years since its site was a wilderness; now it contains 1870, 71,464 inhabitants, and of a class inferior to no section of the Union for intelligence, so- briety, and industry. The future of Milwaukee it is hard to predict; here are centring numerous rail- roads finished and in course of construc- tion, extending south to Cliicago, west to tlie Mississippi River, and north to Lake Superior, which, in connection with tlie Detroit and ililwaukee Railroad, termin- ating at Grand Haven, 85 miles distant by water, and the lines of steamers running to this port, will altogether give an im- petus to this favored city, blessed with a good climate and soil, which the future alone can reveal. During the past few years an unusual numb .r of fine builduigs have been erected, and the commerce of the port has amount- ed to $60,000,000. The bay of Milwaukee oflers the best advantages for the con- struction of a harbor of refuge of any point on Lake Michigan. The city has ex- pended over $100,000 in the construction t'f a harbor; this needs extension and completion, which will no doubt bo effected. The approacli to Milwaukee harbor V)y water is very imposing, lying between two Iioadlands covered witii ricli foliiige, and dotted with residences indicating comfort and refinement not to be exceed- ed on the banks of the Hudson or any otiier body of water in the land. This city, no doubt, is destined to become tiio favored residence of opulent families, who are fond of congregating in favored localities. The Granaries of Minnesota anb Wisconsin. — The La Crosse Democrat speaks as follows of the great strides of agriculture in a region which ten years ago was a wilderness. It says: " Wo begin to think that the granarica of Minnesota and Northwestern Wiscon- sin will never give out; there is no end to the amount, judging from the heavy loads the steamers continually land at tlie depot of the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad. Where does it all come from? is the frequent inquiry of people. We can hardly tell. It seems impossible that there can bo much more left, yet steam- boat men tell us tliat the grain is not near all hauled to the shipping points on the river. * What will tliis country be ten years hence, at this rate? Imagine the amount of transportation that will be- come necessary to carry the produce of the upper country to market. It is hard to state what will be the amount of ship- ments of grain tiiis season (1863), but it will be well into the millions." ;■ Railroads running from Milwaukee. Detroit and Mihuaukee (Grand Haven to Detroit, 189 miles), connecting with steamers on Lake Michigan. La Crosse and Milwaukee, 200 miles, connecting with steamers on the Upper Mississippi. ^ ' PT! .r^^tt-rr^ mm 1^ t^^f 134 PnOM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND 8AUT STB. MABII!. Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien, 192 miles, connecting with steamers on the Mississippi and railroad to St. Paul. Milwaukee and Iloricon, 93 miles. Milwaukee and Western, 71 miles. Milwaukee and Chicago, 85 miles; also, thu River and Lake Shore City Railway, running from tlie entrance of the harbor to ditlerent parts of the city. Port Washington', Ozaukee Co., Wis., 25 miles north of Milwaukee, is a nour- ishing place, and capital of tiio county. Tlio villago contains, besides tiio public buildings, several cliurches and hotels, twelve .stores, tlireo mills, an iron found- ry, two breweries, and other manufac- tories. The population is about 2,500. Here is a good steamboat laniling, from which large quantities of produce are an- nually shipped to Chicago and other lake p^rts. Sheboygan, Wis., 50 miles north of Milwaukee and IIJO miles from Chicago, is a thriving place, containing 1870, 5,310 inhabitants. Here are seven churciies, several public-liouses and stores, together with a light-iiouse and piers ; tiie harbor being improved by government works. Large quantities of lumber and agricul- tural products are shipped from tliis port. The country in tlie inleriot is fast set- tling with agriculturists, the soil and cli- mate being good. A railroad nearly com- pleted Tuns from this place to FoND DU Lao, 42 miles west, lying at the head of Lake Winnebago. Manitouwoc, Wis., 70 miles north of Milwaukee and 33 miles east from Green Bay, is an important shipping i)ort. It contains 1870, 5,1G8 inhabitants; five churches, several public-houses, twelve stores, besides several storehouses ; three steam saw-mills, two ship-yards, light- house, and pier. Large ([uantities of lum- ber are annually shipi)ed from this port. The harbor is being improved so as to af- ford a refuge for vessels during stormy weather. " Manitouwoc is the most northern of the harbors of Lake Michigan improved by the United States Government. It de- rives additional importance from the fact that, when completed, it will afford the lirst point of refuge from storms for ship- ping bound from any of the other great lakes to this, or to the most southern porta of Lake Miciiigan." Two Rivers, Wis., seven miles north from Manitouwoc, is a new and thriving place at the entrance of the conjoined streams (fiom which the place takes its name) into Lake Michigan. Two piers are here erected, one on each side of the river; also a ship-yard, an extensive leather manufacturing company, chair and pail factory, and three steam saw-mills. The village contains about 2,000 inhabi- tants. Kewauvee, Wis., 25 miles north of Two Rivers and 102 miles from Milwaukee, ia a small shipping town, where are situated several saw-mills and lumber estabUsh- ments. Green Bay is situated about 25 miles due west from this place. AiiNEEi'EE, 12 miles north of Kewaunee, is a lumbering village, situated at the mouth of Ahneepeo, containing about 1,000 inhabitants. The back country here assumes a wild appearance, the forest trees being mostly pine and hemlock, Gibkaltar, or Bailey's Harbor, is a good natural port of refuge for sailing craft when overtaken by storms. Here is a settlement of some 400 or 600 inhabi- tants, mostly being engaged in lishiug and lumbering. Port des Morts or Death's Door, the entrance to Green Bay, is passed 20 miles north of Bailey's Harbor, Detroit Island lying to tlie northward. POTTOWATOMEE, or WASHINGTON ISL- AND, is a fine body of land attached to the State of Michigan ; also. Rock Island, situated a short distance to the north. {Sec route to Green Bay, die). 1 ISL- ed to sland, lorth. FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC. 136 On leaving Two Rivera, the steamers !)a8sing through the Straits usually run or the Munitou Islands, Mich., a dis- tance of about 100 miles. Soon after the last vestige of land sinks below the hori- zon on the west shore, the vision catches the dim outline of coast on the east or Michigan shore at Point aux Bee Scies, which is about 30 miles south of the liig Manitou Island. From this point, pass- ing northward by Sleeping Bear Point, a singular shaped headland looms up to the view. Little, or South Manitou Island, 260 miles from Chicago, and 110 miles from Mackinac, lies on the Michigan side of the lake, and is the first island encountered on proceeding northward from Chicago. It rises abruptly on the west shore 2 or 300 feet from the water's edge, sloping toward the east shore, on which is a light-house and a fine harbor. Here steamers stop for wood. Bio or North Manitou is nearly twice as large as the former island, and contains about 14,000 acres of land. Both islands are settled by a few families, whose prin- cipal occupation is fishing and cutting wood for steamers and sailing vessels. Fox Islands, 60 miles north from South Manitou, consist of three small islands lying near the middle of Lake Michigan, which is here about 60 miles wide. On the west is the entrance to Green Bay, on the east is the entrance to Grand Traverse Bay, and immediately to the north is the entrance to little Traverse Bay. Great and Little Beaver Islands, lying about midway between the Mani- tou Islands and Mackinac, are large and fertile bodies of land, formerly occupied by Mormons, who had here their most eastern settlement. Garden and Hog Islands are next passed before reaching the Strait of Mackinac, which, opposite old Fort Mackinac, is al)out six miles in width. Straits op Mackinac. — The Straits of Mackinac, where stands Mackinac City on the site of Old Fort Mackinac, have been the theatre of interesting and exciting events from the earliest times down to the present. While the whole southern portion of Michigan was yet a wilderness which no white man had ever penetrated, Mackinac was the home of the missionary, the trader and the war- rior, and the centre of a valuable and important traffic with the Indians of the Northwest. These are significant facts. The early French Jesuits and traders fixed upon Mackinac as a basis of their missionary and commercial operations, not by mere chance, but because of its natural advan« tages. Nature alone has given it its ad- vantages and made it what it has been in history. For a series of years, how- ever, its natural seemed to be overlooked, and the surging wave of population rolled across southern Michigan and so on to the westward. Yet it has never been quite forgotten, and at the present time we believe it to be rapidly rising into favor, owing to the fact that it is apprecia- ted as a railroad terminus, or connection with lines of travel across the continent. Grosse Isle St. Martin and Isle St. Martin lie within the waters of the Strait, eight or ten miles north of the island of Mackinac. In the neighborhood of these diflTerent islands are tlie favorite fishing- grounds both of the Indian and the "pale face." Mackinac City, lying on the Straits of Mackinac, opposite point St. Ignace, on the north main shore, is an embryo settlement at the most northern point of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and where formerly stood old Fort Mackinac of Indian fame. ,:t iff 18G FROM CHICAGO TO MAOKINAO AMD SAUT STE. MARIS. l*f SK'klnac— Thi« important town andlbrtreaHi88ituatedinN.lat.45°54',W. ion. 81'^ 30' from Greenwich, being .seven dogroua thirty minutes west from Waah- iuf^ton. It is 350 miles north from Chica- jro, 100 milt38 south of Saut Sto. Miixie by the Htoamboat route, and about 300 miles northwest from Detroit. fhrt Mackinac, garrisoned by U. States troops, stands on elevated ground, about 200 foot above the water, overlooking tho pioturcs'iuo town and harbor below. In tho roar, about half a mile distimt stand the r uins of old Fort irolrnes, situated on tho hif^hest point of land, at an elevation of 320 feet above the water, affording an extensive view. Tho town contains two churches, live hotels, ten or twelve stores, iOO dwoUing- hcuse.s, and about 700 inhabitants. Tho climate is remarkably healthy and deligiit- ful during tho summer months, wlien tJiis favored retreat is usually thronged with visitors from different parts of tlio Union, while tho Indian warriors, their squaws and their children, are seen lingering around this their favorite island and lisiiing-ground. Tho Island of Ma.ckin.vc, lying in tho Strait of Mackinac, is about three miles long and two miles wide. It contains many deeply interesting points of attrac- tion in addition to the village and fortress ; the prmcipal natural curiosities aro known as tho Arched Rock, Sugar Loaf, Lover's Leap, Devil's Kitchen, Robinson's Folly, and other objects of interest well worthy the attention of the tourist. Tho .1/t.Mton JIoiMe and Inlatid Iloiise aro tho principal hotels, while there are several otht.T good public-houses for tho accommodation of visitors. IsiiAS'D OP Mackinac. — Tho view given reprosonts tho Island, approaching from the eastward. " A cliff of limestone, white and woathor-beaton, with a narrow allu- vial plain skirting its base, is tho lirst thing which commands attention;" but, on nearing tho harbor, tho village (2), with its many picturesque dwellings, and the fortress (3), perched near tiie summit of tho Island, are gazed at with wonder and deliglit. Tho promontory on tho left is called the "Lover's Leap" (1), skirted by a pebbly beach, extending to tho village. On tho riglit is seen a bold rocky precipice, called " liobinsorCs Fulli/^ (5), while in tho same direction is a singular peak of nature called tho " Swjar Loaf.''' Still farther onward, tho " Arched liock,'* and other interesting siglits, meet tho eye of tlie explorer, affording pleasure and do- light, particularly to the scientific traveller and lover of nature. On tho highest ground, elevated 320 feet above the waters of tho Strait, is tho signal station (4), situ- ated near the ruins of olii Fort Holmes. The settlement of this Island was com- menced in 1764. In 1793 it was surren- dered to the American government ; taken by the British in 1812; but restored by the treaty of Ghent, signed in Nov., 1814 n': »]i FORT MAOBIINAC, Mackinao County, Mloh. Afl thia important Military Post is attracting tlie attention of the Govern- ment, as well as pleaHiire-seekerH, where is to he reaerveu a National Park, we inKert a late report of the AHsistant Sur- geon of the United States Army. FouT Mackinac Ih aitiiated on a bluH' on the Bouth-eastern portion of the island of Mackinac, near the Straits of the same name, which connect Lakes Huron and Michigan, latitude 45° 51' north, longitude 84° iV west; height above the the lake, 155 feet; above the sea, 728 feet. The nearest post is Fort Brady, GO miles to the nortiieaat. The island was first occupied by the p]nglish as a military j)ost, soon after the des- truction of old Fort Mackinac, (8 miles southwest,) and its garrison on the mainland by the French in 176.'}, on account of its security from attacks from Indians. About 1795, it was turned over to the United States Government by treaty, as a part of the results of the revolutionary war, but in 1812, (after war was declared) it was again occupied by the English. The island is about nine miles in circumference, and rises on its eastern and southern shore in abrupt rocky clitls, the highest point being 250 feet above the water. Fort Mackinac being situated on the south- side, near the lake, situated on the highest point of the is: and, and about half a mile to the rear of the fortress is " Fort Holmes," which was built by the English during the occupancy of the island in 1812-'13-'I4, and called by them " Fort George." It was upon this point that the United States forces were making an attack when Major Holmes, of the United States army, was killed, which circumstance subse- quently gave the present name to the work. Geologically tlie island is made up of the Onondaga salt group of the upper Silurian system, and the upper Heuler- berg limestone group of the Devonian System. The former is 25 feet in thick- ness, forming the base, and the latter is about 275 feet in depth, forming the body and cap. The face of the south end of the island is most plainly ter- raced. Beginning with the top of Fort Holmes, more than 200 feet above the present level of the lake, there are four distinctly marked tables or terraces before we come to the water, each bearing the undulating line of a(pieous formation. Another proof of the ex- istence of wave action, which must have been in process for a long period of time, is the fact tliat from the base of Fort Holmes to the present beach, worn, rounded pebbles, similar to those on the beach, are found upon digging two or three feet into the earth at any point on the line indicated ; all arranged and sorted according to size, just as they , are on the beach at the present time. j The existence of the island is therefore 1 evidently due to no sudden uplift, but to the gradual subsidence of the waters i of the lakes, consuming thousands of years of time. I The timber on the island is mostly I small, probably owing to its having been : cut down at not a very remote period. ! It is composed of beach, maple, oak, j and poplar, principally, with a liberal i supply of the coniferAe, viz. : — pine, spruce, hemlock, cedar, tamarack, &c. The reservation contains a little over 137 ':iijn : ii f m I , -• m 138 A TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. two square miles. The surface is regu- lar, but there is very little soil cov- ering the underlying rock. The climaf.e is agreeable, the presf^nce of a large body of water preventing extreraes of temperature. The extremes are 9° Fahr., and 83° Fahr., the average about 40° Fahr. The water supply for the fort is from the lake, by water caits, and from cisterns. The natural drainage is good, and is the only form in use. The gen- eral sanitary condition of the post is good and there are no prevaling diseases. Cheboygan, lying 18 miles south- east of the Island of Mackinac, on the lower Peninsula of Michigan, is a flourishing commercial town, situated on Duncan Bay at the mouth of the Cheboygan River. It is attracting the attention of business men and plea.sure- Beekers. Six miles in the interior is Mullet's Lake, some 12 miles in length by (5 in breadth. Still further back is Burt Lake, nearly as large, also Che- boygan Lake and other lakes of smaller dimensions, abounding in fish and wild game of different kinds, affording sports- men the largest scope for enjoyment. The lakes and several of the streams are navigable for a small class of steamers. Cheboygan has a popnlatinn of about two thousand, 2 churches, several good hotels, 12 or 15 stores, grist mill, and several large saw mills. No more de- sirable or satisfactory plea.sure-trip could be made than to this place and up the beautiful chain of lakes and rivers here entering into Lake Huron. The time is not distant when the lovely Island of Mackinac with its National Park, will be the centre for the congregation of fashion and refine- ment, from whence pleasure boats and steamers will run to all the lovely and charming resorts in and about the Straits of Mackinac; also to the Saut Ste. Marie, passing through the lovely St. Mary's River, with its lakes and rapids, where trouta and white fish abound. " Beauteous Isle / I sing of thee, Mackinac, my Mackinac. Thy lake-bound shores I love to see, Mackinac, my Mackinac. From Arch Rock's bright and shelving steep To western cliffs and Lover's Leap, Where memories of the lost one sleep, Mackinac, my Mackinac. "Thy Northern shore-trod British foe, Mackinac, my Mackinac. That day saw gallant Holmes laid low, Mackinac, my Mackinac. Now freedom's flag above thee waves. And guards the rest of fallen braves, Their requiem sung by Huron's waves, Mackinac, my Mackinac." ^nir ( 4 : * TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. 139 The Ijover's Li«ap. — Mackivac Island. — Tiio huge rock called the " Lov- er's Leap," is situated about one mile west of the village of Mackinac. It !•; a high perjK'ndicuIar bluff, 150 to 200 ffct in lieight, rising boldly from the slioro uf the Lake. A solitary pine-tree formerly stood upon its brow, which some Vandal has cut down. Long before the pale faces profaned this island liomeof the Genii, Me-che-ne-niork- e-uung-o-qua, a 3'oung Ojibway girl just maturing into womanhood, often wander- ed there, and gazed from its dizzy heiglits and witnessed tiie receding canoes of the largo war parties of the combined bauds of the Ojibways and Ottawas, speeding South, seeking for fame and scalps. It was there she often sat, mused, and hummed tlie songs Ge-niw-e-gwon loved; this spot was endeared to her. for it was there that she and Ge-niw-e-gwon liist met and exchanged words of love, and found an atlinity of souls or spirits exist- ing between tliem. It was there she often sat and sang the Ojibway love song — " Mons-c-do-ffwain, in-de-nnin-duin, Mi)ii:r-c-il()-j.'w;iiii, in-(lu-ii!ii!i-irit.s realizing tiie glories and bliss of a future, eternal existence. Years, .tc, Wm. M. J ***** ♦ ALTITUDE OF VARIOUS POINTS ON OF MACKINAC. LocalitU,. L,kf/;Z.„. Ijiko Huron (HK) fe« t. Fort Miukiiiae IN) " Old Fort HoI'MOS «1.5 " Kol>inson's Folly UH " Clilmiiev Uoek lai " Top of .\ relied Uoek 140 " Lovers Leaj 14S ^ Summit of Siitrar Loaf. . . . 2s4 " I'rineiiial IMateaiiof .Miiek- I ..^ „ Inae Island ( U|)luT I'lateiiu 800 » LiiC'loelie Moiiiitc' >rth ) . .j.^^ u Bide Lake Uurou, „. W. f ^''"" ISLAND Above the Sea. .')74 leut 7J4 b« 8M» kk -02 ii -o.^ 44 714 i« ■19 4t 858 ti 784 ti 874 Ik 1,774 II iU i 140 FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SALT 8TE. MARIE. I * The whole Island of Mackinac is deeply ink'restiug to ti)o scientific explorer, as well as to the seeker of health and pleas- ure. The following extract, illustrated by an engraving, is copied from "Foster and Whitney's Geological ReporV of that region : "As particular examples of denuding action on the island, we would mention the 'Arched Rock' and the 'Sugar Loaf Tbo former, situated on the eastern shore, is a feature of great interest. Tlie cliff's hero attain a height of nearly one hundred feet, while at the base are strewn numerous fragments which have fallen from above. The ArclLfd Ruck has been excavated in a projecting angle of the limestone cliff, and the top of the span is about ninety fi^et above the lake-level, surmounted by about ten feet of rock. At the base of a projecting angle, which rises up like a buttress, there Is a small opening, through whieli an explorer may pass to the main arch, where, after clambering over the steep slope of debris and the projecting edges of the strata, ho reaches the brow of the cliff. " The beds forming the summit of the arch arc cut off from direct connection with the main rock by a narrow gorge of no great depth. The portion supporting the arch on the north side, and tlie curve of the arch itself, are comparatively fra- gile, and cannot, for a long [Mjriod, resist the action of rains and frosts, which, in this latitude, and on a rock thus consti- tuted, produce great ravages every season. The arch, which on one side now con- nects this abutment with the main cliff, will soon be destroyed, as well as the abutment itself, and tho whole be precipi- tated into the lake. " It is evident that the denuding action reducing such an opening, with other attendant phenomena, could only have operated while near tho levMJ of a large body of water like the great lake itself; and we tind a striking similarity between the denuding action of the water here in time past, and the same action as new manifested in the range of the Pirtiired Rocks on tho shores of Lake Superior. As an interesting point in the scenery of this island, tho Arched Rock attracts much attention, and in every respect is worthy of examination." (See Engraring.) Other picturea(iu'' objects of great in- terest, besides those enumerated above, occur at every turn on roving about this enchanting island, where the pure, bra- cing air and' clear waters afford a plea- surable sensation, difficult to bo described unless visited and enjoyed. The bathing in the pure waters of tho Strait at this place is truly delightful, affbrdiiig health and vigor to the human franco. The I»ilnn S"^' |)S1'UEKB itC. niiii", u' norm, uu'u; ut illlU." has at Flow- nom and various (S, and V walks, world wherein imer sea- uum con uco than rt of this of li''Sort Ttain op- adea the ■.•■*. '■^ Asoaitr utn'R. — Mn''»inM'- I I : ;il f m . ' « V I '>5 1 ii;«".' '.it ( ■ .1 i» * I ft - -I'V^ lU 111 • S'>" •■ (,.. ■■.•••••i *••.•;' '> ill rh". «"' k' , ■•;■ ^1. •:•.,• H,. I , ■ 'Iti i;i.i:-uc>Uar •■« in>,'. - •.. . ■. » . Ji M !lii. -:iTII . Lot. »ll !W m • . •*>"v, ... tUraU'^i- "f li'i" /Vt 4 . l .-('..ir'.^ of l-.iki' Siip'Ti .r ;ai< f"'. ■?.„ I><.;iil iu '111 pi'. L.-ry r^' ti.d in ''V. rv ri «^.'. ,1 \i) 1 . 'i ■.irr>"' JO'.i ' {■'"''•■ /""/ 'J '■",' ) ■ .'. ",■' • » rii;.)i''>ra,t .J .K- •■. >2 .<11*» . i^ ... , ...,- „ l'--' .<'•••■(•■ t- ■■ •' .' I. .1 'ui. rt..i.- •• 1? *;. >^t. !•■..■ ■•X'. !. ::!.(;(! •> !•■• .;. r.V ,1 t ' i,' 1 • ••. .. '■ ! ,1 ' — •■ ■ ii /jh iv- > ii^'t*" v.-i;--i ' !iii'!i .- • : •.•j..,it>.;l In Tii.- h.itl....^, . . »! • J , - ■• J- . , . V' . '-T •...re ■■.';•■' 1.1- !. •' ' '! ni ;y .(iti.'f'iintf Is ' ' ii,.i \ :■■■ ." i.. 'in ' iii.u'i • t. ■'"'.';• 'i». (•■•'' • I •• ■ ' '■'< III- lr;in»i' '■(«.)' \<'n '' -! . r r(. I. W il,'- !• iri Ml .. ;.MV''.-i.:ng; ■• nj.;!' , v;. r'l :i.i- u. nif s ■ ' " It !rr ^*.s, till r, ;, -I, .,,. ,i; ;;,. i .i^, ;1itt.:i^;( .*iM . !in i'\|'loiiT T'li'- ;"■ .-i t'l 'I«< u\i. n ••T' 'i, wluT'-, ..'>' r i.'i .inij iin:r 'V' ' >.' >'■"■ [. >.'.! '•< 0' ; '•i'"jri V ''!'• iy>\. '. .,.11 .■.' *' ••!•>.;.•. I*. .1' tri.. i '■ '.•»«.«' ' 1 '. ir ^ tR'Ii . i.STI . 'i>\' V- ■ .» .• M1...1 HiilMr.'it t.K' t': ■■ •■ ..(I . !!■ •■■ . ;t. .v.. . •'•. :lil"«i . I ■ ,"••1.. -I, i( U ,l;•.|I. Nv . • , iiirorij .'. I'l' V. '■T -.re -a, j "..I.- !« tn,i_v il li/l i'l-t, 't l»4- l>k$uit:i ^. r..t. .• .,..».. (•...■i.v i')ir«i ;»'•;)(' : .t :nc!i, . , . ..). .it ■ :i all .'"li ♦ f'" " !; ;•'..■,.• .-ikii: hi;. I ''t> iiiii.ii, .n- •. !'. . .... ' , .. ihi' ■^►'li'Ml, ' ! 1' i'i« . Iljj .■ I',...' 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' ( luftt'- 'tjdtf n< I'l.u .• • ix t.-i, •.i ■! .!■ •it the ^iin'i'ii'i- .- ji- f.ho (jI^iph**^, t: ill tlw 'lenii'ltng .ai^tioii '«iOi» sooms t'» > M' uiug, With Dtlier i ^ttfuUon a mi-. . ***), .i.mhI 'i:'m, (h,.- '(..u • m tQ" ,iij 'J.; *• < of u mr^' .vi.i>,rvaK i :%•■ |lieiil.v.'"M"r U' '■•■>{ l._.:..tM| fi •..•!. ..1. \u\X u 'I o. p.' wMivtinrs! iij * i'. \lUiK^ pervivloij t!'« ■1 i I t -I ' ;. K ■ at lJV.H . Il-.il .^' ill- • J^ ,1 rl> '.■, -."i 4 t!-« AbchkD Uot.k. — Maeklnaa TRIP TIIUOUOII THE LAKES. 141 air, that a person even with tho best health in the world, feels a lassitude creep- ing through his frame. Here, wo seldom, if ever, experience such a feeling from this cause. For the western breeze oven in tho hottest days passing over this island, keeps tlieair cool, and, especially if proper e.verciso bo taie liapuh, or Ship Canal, ex- tei»d foraboutoiie niile,overconiingafall of 20 feet, when a beautiful stretch of the river is next passed and Wai»ka Bay entered, (iiuiU'sahovetlie rapids; maiving the St. Mary's Kiver(i2 miles in length. The chamiel foruung the boundary line between (Canada and the United States is followed by the ascending steamer from the lower end of St. Joseph's Island to Lake Superior, while a more direct jias- sageisafibrded for vessels of light draught through Ilay Luke, lying west of Sugar Island and entering Mu/ C'unaild lUade Coi- lingwood the nearest route to (ireen Bay, Milwaukee and C'iiicago, as well as to Lake Superior. Steamers and Bail vessels now run to all the above ports. A Line of Steamers of a large class now run from ("ollingwood to the Saut Ste. Marie and the ports on the North Shore of the ai)ove Inland Sea, connecting with a line of travel to Fort Gauiiy, Manitoba. OwKN SorND, capital of the county of (irey, is the name of a large and KOUTE FROM COLLING WOOD, C.W., TO TlIF SAULTSTF. MAKIE. TTtROt'OIT OEOUOIAN HAY AND NORTH CHANNEL. This is a new and higldy interesting steamboat excursion, brought into no- tice by the comjdetion of the Nnriheni flourishing town bituatod on the south side of Georgian Bay, 40 miles south- west of ('ollingwood. Population aliout 3,oOO. Steaniers run to and from C'ol- lingwood and other places. The To- rotitii, Grcij and Bruce Riiilniad is con- structed, running to Toronto, distant 12'2 miles. (Jeokoian Kay, lying east of Lake Huron, is one of the' purest and most interesting bodies of water of the Fp- iter Lake System. Its headlands, har- bors, and innumerable islands, forming f roups, known as Limestone Islands, ndian Islands, and I'arry's Island and Sound, altogether form labyrinths which it is impossible to describe. The islands on the northwest are called Lonely Island, Bustard Islands, Fox Islands, Squaw and I'apoose Islands. The North Channel, extending for upwards of 100 miles westward is another lovely sheet of water, em- lK)soming a large nundier of virgin ishmds, covered with a thick foliage. ff! I Jidihraii of Canada, 94 miles in length, extending from Toronto (o Colling- wood, at the southern extremity of Georgian Bay. Nottawassaoa Bay, the son. .^m termination of ficorgian Ray, is a large expanse of water bounded by ( 'ape Rich (m the west, and (Christian Islami on the east, each bci»ig distant about SO nules from Collingwood. At the south end of the bay lies a small group of islands called the IIcii and (^hirkcns. Christian Island, lying about 25 niilea from- Penetangjishene, and 25 miles north-east of Cape Rich, is a large and fertile islaml, which was early set- tled by the .Jesuits. There are several others passed north of Christian Island, of great beauty, whllcstill farther north- west arc encountered imunneral)le islands and islets, forming labyrinths, and secluded passages anil coves as yet aluK . unknown to the white man, vx- tcnding westward for upward of one hundred miles. Pf:NETAN(;riSHENE, Can., /iO miles north of Collingwood by steamboat route, situated on a lovely and secure bay, is an old and important settlen»ent, coniprising an Episcopal and Roman Catholi'* church, two hotels, several ill ripnfr 150 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Stores and stosrfhonsea, and has about ROO inhabitants. In tho immodiate vicinity are a naval and military depot and barracks, established by the British government. The natural beauties of tho bay and har- bor, combined with the pietures([ue scenery of the shores, make up a picture of rare beauty. Hero may bo seen tlie native Indian, tho half-breed, and the Canadian Voyageur, with the full-lilooded Euglishinan or Scotchman, forming one community. This place, being near the mouth of the River Severn, and contiguous to tho numberless islands of Georgian Bay, is no doubt destined to become a favorite resort for the angler and sports- man, as well as for the invalid and seeker of pleasure. Ou leaving Oollingwood for Bruce Mines and the Saut Ste. Marie, tha steamer usually runs direct across tjeorgian Bay to Lonely Island, passing Cabot's Head to the right, and the passage leading into tho broad waters of Lake Huron, which is the route pursued by the steamers in the voyage to Mackinac, Green Bay, and Chicago. D\iring tho summer »nonths tho trip from CoUingwood to Mackinac and Chicago affords a doliglitful excursion. Owen's Sound, or Sydkniiam, 50 miles west of CoUingwood, although off tlio direct route to the Sant Ste. Mario, is well worthy of a passing notice. Hero is a thriving settlement, surrounded by a fertile section of country, and containing about 2,500 inhal)itaut3. A steamer runs daily from CoUingwood to this place, whici) will, no doubt, soon be readied by ailroad. LoNKLY Island, situated about lOO miles west of CoUingwood and 20 miles east of tho Groat Manitoulin Ishmds, is a huge body of land mostly covered with a dense forest, and uninhabited, except by a few fisliormen, wlio resort here i>,t certain seasons of the year for tho purpo,so of taking lish of diflereut kinds. The steam- er usually passes tliis island on its north side, steering for Cape Sfmyth, a bold promontory jutting out from the Oreat Manitoulin, and distant from Lonely Island about 25 miles. Sqi-aw Island and Papoose Island are seen on tlie northeast, wiiile farther inland are the Fox IsUinds, being the com- mencement on the west of tho itmumera- ble islands whicli al)oimd along tho north sliore of Georgian Bay. La Cloche Mountains, rising about 2,000 feet above tliO sea, are next seen in tlie distance, toward the nortli ; tiiese, com- bined with the wild scenery of the islands and heaiUands, form a grand panoramic view, enjoyed from tho deck of the passing steamer. Smyti'.'s Bay is passed on the west, some eight or ten miles distant. At the .'vead of this bay, on the great Manitoulin Island, are situated a village of Indians, and a Jesuit's mission, called We-qua-mo- koiig. These aborigines are noted for their industry, raising wlieat, corn, oats, and potatoes in large (luantities. This part of the island is very fertile, and tho climate is liealthy. Siie-ba-wa-nah-KING, signifying, in the Indian dialect, '• litre is a Llmnvel,'''' is a most charming spot, 40 niiles distant from Lonely Island, hemmed in by mountains on the north and a high locky island on the south. It is situated ou tho north side of a narrow diannel, about half a mile in length, wliieli has a great depth of water. Here are a convenient steamboat lauding, a church, a store, and some ten or twelve dwellings, inhabited by Cana- dians and half-breeds. Indians assemble liere often in considerable numbers, to sell their lish and furs, presenting with their canoes and dogs a very grotesque appear- ance. One resident at this landing usual- ly attracts much attention — a noble dog, of the color of cream. No sooner does the steamer's bell ring, than this animal rushes to tho wharf, sometimes assisting to secure the rope that is thrown ashore ; ROUTE FROM COLLINOWOOD TO SAUT fiXE. MARIE. 151 tho next move ho mnkea is to board the vessel, as though ho were a custom-house oflicer ; but on one occasion, in liis eager- ness to got into tho kitchen, he fell over- board; nothing daunted, he swam to the shore, and tlien again boarding the vessel, Bucceeded in liis desire to till his stomach, showing the instinct which prompts nianj' a biped office-seeker. On leaving Hhe^ba-wa-nah-ning and pro- ceeding westward, a most beautiful bay is passed, studded with islands ; and moun- tains upwards of 1,000 feet in height, pre- senting a rocky and sterile appearance, form an appropriate background to the view ; thence are passed IJadgley and Heywood Islands, the latter lying ofl" Hey- wood Sound, situated on the north side of the Great Manitoulin. Man-i-tou-wah-ning, 25 miles north- west of She-ba-wa-nah-ning, is handsome- ly situated at the head of Heywood Sound. It is an Indian settlement, and also a government agency, being the place annually selected to distribute the Indian annuities. Little Current, 25 miles west of She- ba-wa-nah-ning, is antrther interesting landing on the north shore of the Great Manitoulin, opposite La Cloche Island. Here the main channel is narrow, with a current usually running at the rate of five or six knots an hour, being much aflected by the winds. Tlio steamer stops at tiiis landing for an hour or upward, receiving a supply of wood, it being furnished by an intelligent Indian or half-l)recd, who resides at this jdace with his family. In- dians are often seen here in considerable nvnnbers. They are reported to be indo- lent and harmless, too often neglecting the cultivation of tlie soil for the more uncertain pursuits of lishing and hunting, although a considerably large clearing is to be seen indiflerently cultivated. Clappehton Island and other islands of less magnitude are passed in the Xorlh Channel, which is a largo body of water about 120 miles long and 25 miles wide- On the north shore is situated a post of the Hudson Bay Company, which may be seen from the deck of the passing steamer. CocKHURN Island, 85 miles west of Little C\irrent lies directly west of the (ireat Manitoidin, from which it is sepa- rated by a narrow channel. It is a large island, somewhat elevated, but uninhabit- ed, except by Indians. Drummoni) Island, 15 miles fartlier westward, belongs to the United States, being attached to the State of Michigan. This is another large body of land, being low, and as yet mostly uninhabited. Tho next Island approached before landing at Bruce Mines is St. Josei-ii Is- land, being a large and fertile body of land, with some few settlers. Bruce Mines Village Can., is situ- ated on the north shore of Lake Huron, or the "North Channel," as it is here called, distant 21*0 miles from ( 'ollingwf)od, and 50 from the Saut Ste. Marie. Here are a Methodist chapel, a pubUc-house, and a store and siorehouse belonging to the Montreal Copper Mining Company, besides extensive buildings used for crush- ing ore and preparing it for the market ; about 75 dwelhngs and GOO inJiabitants. The copper ore, after being crushed l)y powerful machinery propelled by steam, is put into puddling troughs and washed by water, so as to obtain about 20 per cent, pure copper. In this state it ia shipped to the United iStates and England, bringing about $K0 per ton. It then has to go through an extensive smelting pro- cess, in order to obtain the pure metal. The mines are situated in the immediate vicinity of the village, there being ten openings or shafts from which the ore is obtained in its '•-ude state. Horse-power is mostly used to elevate the ore; the whims are above ground, attached to which are ropes and buckets. This mine gives employment to about 300 workmen. mr 1 n 152 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. The capital stock of the company amounts to $60it,00(). Tho WcUinijton Mine, about one mile dis- tant, is also owned by tho Montreal Miti- iiif^ C()iu[)aiiy, but is leased and worked by an JMiglish company. Tlii.s mine, at tho present time, is more productive than tho Bruce Mines. Tiio Lake Superior Journal gives tho followiiiif description of the Bruce Mine, from wiiich is produced a copper ore dif- feriuf,' from that which is yielded by otlier mines of that peninsula. "Ten yeans ago this mine was opened, and large sums expended for raacliinory, wliicii proved useless, but it is now un- der new management, and promises to yield profitably. Twelve shafts have been opened, one of which has been carried down some :i30 feet. Borne 200 or 300 men are employed, all from tlie ?]uropean mines. Some of the ores are very beauti- ful to the eye, resembling line gold. After being taken out of the sluil't, they are taken upon a rail-track to the crusiiing- huuse, whero they are passed between largo iron rollers, and sifted till oidy a fine powder remains ; from thence to "the 'jigger-works,' where they are simken in water till much of the earthy matter is washed away, after which it is piled in the yard ready for shipment, having more the appearance of mud than of copper. It is now mostly shipped to Swansea, in Walea, for smelting. Two years since, 1,500 tons were shipped to Baltimore and Buffalo to be smelted." On resuming tho voyage after leaving Bruce Mines, the steamer runs along St. Joseph Island th'-ough a beautiful sheet of water, in which are embosomed some few islands near the main shore. CAMrEME.ST D'OuKs is an island passed on the left, lying contiguous to St. Joseph Island. Hero are encountered several small rocky island.s, forming an intricate channel called the " Narrows.'''' On somo of thu islands in this group are found cop- per oro, and beautiful specimens of moss. The forest-trees, howevx-r, are of a dwarf- ish growth, owing, no doubt, to tiio scant- iness of soil on these rocky islands. About 10 miles west of the " Narrows," the main channel of the St. Mary's Kiv- or i-s reached, forming tho i)oundary be- tween the United States and Canada. A rocky island lies on tho Canadian side, which is reserved for government pur- poses, as ht commands the main or ship channel. Sugar I.slaxd is now reached, which belongs to the United States, and the steamers run a furtlier distance of 25 miles, when the landing at tho Saut Sto. Ma- rie is reached, there being settlements on both sides of tho river. The British boats us>ially land on the north side, while the American boats make a landing on the south side of the river, near tho moutU of tho ship cauaL Jt^ I and •ving iloiiK itifiil >tuod ». sscd seph ?eral icato 3omo cop- nos.s. varf- 3aut- ws," Riv- y bo- . A sido, pur- ship liich tlie f 25 .Ma- s oa >oats ) the the -hof &: « IJ AKE Superior Guide. 1 ■: \ J ■ t Saut f't.o. Marie, the vaitUd of CJiij>[M'Wu {'oiiiiiy, Michigiiu, niul u XK>rt .!•' fiUrv, IK t'K'iirliigi'uiiHly Hiuuii»u on f^l. M;iry'« J{i*>i, nr Hlniit, .'.!•">"» nu'.v* N.N \V uf [Vtroii, lifing oO mil*'*' .t,L»<»»' Lak': iliiron, au'i 15 mil*so troin ttu> (uol o!' L;ik(' Snp.,riur, in N. lat. lb'' 'M<' • ^* tonj: S!" *[\'. Til.- llapid'^ ut thi- p> ■ ;ri-uiK I'-i' 'liuiio »o the Ht'tilenurdw h'.tlk i»idi.w i;f" the river, )rjv<' a ik-»' «•" l."0 iW't within the diat:u;ct' of a uii' fnrni the n.i.:aml limit of n.. T!u; X/w';> (i'"«'i/, however, 1 IH-j'), on th<- American si«K', uhv irtUi* um tlithi "il'y. Stcamtirs oiid nail vf^j^ek or a 'arg( t^liww Dow ui'.ss throu^rh tiu" loclo* mto lA)«k*' .Superior, greatly J'ftcilif.alui|»; truh' anil o.'iiiuicrce. The villitg"; on the American «ido i»» })! '.•HantJv Kimatcd at th« foot of the i! iji'l,-', ami cm;in (.'.aholie chunh, 2 holds, •< ':r lU Mori'-' uiid stoftl.oUMiti, and alKnil l'J(M) i'.diiiMlanls, having incroa«e' •)4'rup;Ui(»'-., hero Dciii^' t.iken Iarj»e < nJat>ouf«, The iJ.i'iii', an witnoiflcd from the deck of the 4tuuji«[ oil pdfesiii^ tiiioiiuh the lo<'kj*, irf 1)'^ lilt' ni'«t»l interest in,,; 'ud , jt- •"iting chiiiact«'r. Thv Shi[< ^'anal — the Ihver — ih** rilan(i'< - the two villapfft in Right «>« niihor side of tlic Htreani, and ^" ' ■ in 'tieir f'iri h '.•an»i • M .i^'niiKviit jjanoriMun. iiict'.'d in IHiJil Is .1 'lid 1<. ' ilOJlll point Ait lilttrly '• kTIM I'".. ih" .ife«i*»ni t:«.'niiirv tb«> Am- r- a*\ ;i ui'iiiuj^ n.ept i;p until pufl At I. thi: vi-ar i^•lJ^, TiiK uv.-an annnal f,eniperr\rt)'-e of Sant St*>. Mnrie iti 0)^° l-ahr. ; Horin.a:. :i7i"; Siuni I. r, 6*2'^', Aiituinn, 4Z\" , Wiiiier, :^'U" ; it Ixiinjr sitiua.d iioa»- liie iioMii* rn limit uf (he t«Biperate tone. InifrK'fti- aioly tc> inv north, in thin latiiiide, the if'Untry li liable to killing fnwtx dui'nj' the siKinuer numthi;, owing to the tuhi intlueiiee »w«t|«ni^ down trorn Hud^'P Bay, nomc 30<) .>r 4ij/r i!,.j«f m-'lii Mackinae and JSIar<|UetK;, il- fnnlin^ v'i . (iimrtnnity to Ir.'iveJlor** to rt'tfh ihiii p» intat all aeasooo it ide -enr. A railPfi-'.d it al«o charleivU hv tii« Cauadian tiitvcmnieitt l«> e.im»liU-t A r«id oartwaxd to ToK>r>l >, M<^n»re«I. rtc ir,4 § If %* Lake Superior Guide. Saut Ste. Marie, the capital of Chip[>ewa county, Michigan, and a port of entry, is advantageously situated on St. Mary's Kiver, or Strait, .'Jo-') miles N.N.W. of Detroit, being oO niik^s al)()ve Lake JIuron, and 15 miles from tiie foot of Lake Superior, in N. lat. 40° 30' ; W. long. 84° 43^ The Kapids at this place, giving the name to the settlements on both sides of the river, have a descent of 20 feet within the distance of a mile, and form the natural limit of navigation. The Ship (Jamil, however, linished in iHfjo, on the American side, obviates this dilHculty. Steamers and sail vessels of a large class now pass through the locks into Lake Sujierior, greatly facilitating trade and commerce. The village on the American side is pleasantly situated at the foot of .he Kapids, and contains a Presbyterian ,ind a Roman Catholic church, 2 hotels, 8 or 10 stfjres and storehouses, and about 1200 inhabitants, having increased but slowly since its first settlement by the French in 1()G8. Many of the iidiabitants, Indians and half-breeds in the vicinity, are engaged in the fur trade and fisheries ; the latter being an important and profit- able occupation, here being taken large quantities of white fish. Summer visitors annually flock to this place and the L:ikc Superior country for health and pleasure. The CItrppcvKi Ifow,sc, a well-kept hotel, on the American side, situated near the Steamboat Landing, aixl one on the Canadian side of the river, both aflbrd good accommodations. The scene, as witnesacd from the deck of the steamer on j)assing through tho locks, is of the most interesting and ex- citing character. The Ship Canal — the Kiver — the Islands — the two villages in sight on either side of the stream, and the Indians in their birch canoes, engaged in taking wliite fish below the Kapids, are all in view at the same time, presenting altogether a magnificent panorama. Fort Brady, erected in 1823, is an old and important United States military i»ost, contiguous to this frontier village. t comniands the St. Mary's River at tliis point and ai)pr()ach to the Ship Canal. Early in the present century the Amer- ican Fur Company established a trading post at the Saut, which was kept up until the vear 1848. The mean annual temperature of Saut Ste. Marie is 40^° Fahr. ; Spring, 37^°; Summer, (52° ; Autumn, 43i° ; Winter, 20° ; it being situated near the northern limit of the temperate zone. Immedi- ately to the north, in this latitude, the country is liable to killing frosts during the summer months, owing to the cold influence sweeping down from Hudson Bay, some 300 or 400 miles distant. Tlie Marquette, Saul Ste. Marie, and Mackinac Railroad, now being surveyed and constructed, will connect the Saut with both Mackinac and Manjuette, af- fording an opportunity to travellers to reach this point at all seasons of the year. A railroad is also chartered by the Canadian Government to construct a road eastward to Toronto, Montreal, etc 153 i s « »; Ul t, 1 fl ■ 1 ! 1-, ' 1 1 i; 1 1 k i 1 •■r 1 1 f '■ I 104 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. Saut Ste. Marie, Algoma District, Canada, Hitiiated on tho opportitu nidc of the rivor, is a scattered Htttlement, where ifl located an old post of the Hudson IJay Conipaiiy. Here is a Hteainhoat landing, a public house and 3 or 4 Htoren, a stone court-house and jail, 3 churches, and (500 or 700 inli:il)itants. Indians of the Chip- pewa tril)e reside in the vicinity in con- siderable numbers, they having the right to take fish in the waters contiguous to the KapiX)RT8. — In the vi- cinity of tile Saut Ste. Marie are several streams when' sportsmen resort for the purpose of taking speckled trout. The nearest pointsiirethe/?Oj>j(/«<)n both sides of St. Marv's Kiver, and thesmall streams between the islands on the Canada side; on the AniericMU side, Cryxhil lidpidn, two miles below the Saut. On St. Mary's River are several projecting points, from one to five nules below the Saut, where anglers resort. Garden and Hoot Iiira'8, on the Canada side of the river, below the falls, are fine trout streams. On the North Shore, Canada side, are several fine trout fishing resorts, from fifteen to sixty miles from the Saut, where Indians or half-breeds with their canoes have to be employed, often camp- ing out for several days. Gonkas liuy and liatcheeu'amiunfj Bay, from twenty to forty miles, are the nearest points. On the latter bay enters Batcheewanaimg River and llarmony River, both fine trout streams. Then farther northward, some thirty or foity miles, are the Mon- treal River and the Aguawa River, both celebrated trout streams, where are good boat harbors. FORT BRADY— ST. MARY'S SHIP CANAL. 155 Fort Brady, Miclii^'in, ia Hituatcd on the poutlirrii bank of tl»c SnutSte. Marie, ill 40° .W nortli latitude; altitude, (JOO fft't above tlie ocean. Mean annual temperature, 40° Falirenheit. *' riie military hinlory of this post cxtendn back to 1750, at which time the French chiimed jurisdiction ov« r all the territory nortii of the Ohio, and Bought to erttablirth poHta at tiie more important Idacefl, for the purpose of controlling the akeH, and excluding tiie Knglirth an far as poHsible from obtaining a mothold on Lake Superior, as well as to establish a depot of supplies and ullbrd protection to the traders. "In 1820 the late Gen. Lewis Cass, then Indian agent for the North-west In- dians, made a trip around the lakes, visit- ing tlie shores of Lake Superior, and afterwards of Lake Michigan, going as far as Chicago | and when he landed at this place, on hiH voyage up, the British Hag was flying at the liead of the rapi> 7 <^^^ '%' r-i? t<'. I I; 156 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. of the largest size navigating the Upper Lakes. Improvements will have to be made in deepening St. Clair Flats and the St. Mary's Kiver in order to accommodate vessels of a large tonnage. American and Canadian steamers and sail-vessels are almost constantly passing up and down through the locks of the canal during the season of navigation. Location and General Description of the New Lock. — The axis of the Lock will be parallel to the axis of the present Locks, at a distance of 175 feet ; the upper lock gates to be opposite the upper lock gates of the present Locks. The chamber of the Lock will be 80 feet wide at the coping, and 450 feet in length from quoin to quoin. A set of guard gates will be placed Gl J^ feet above the upper lock gates, and the walls con- tinued 70 feet above the hollow quoins of the guard gates, including wing but- tresses of 2 feet. At a distance of 01 J feet below the lower lock gates, a set of guard gates will be placed, to open down stream ; the wall on each side to extend 70 feet below tlie hollow quoin, for the guard gate, including a wing buttress of 2 feet. The Lock will haye a lift of 18 feet, and a depth of 16 feet of water on the mitre sills at the stage which has been assumed as that of ordinary low water. Extremes of the water-level on Lake Su- perior, from June 30, 1872, to June 30, 1873, ax measured above the liocks at the St. Mary's Ship Canal. — Highest water, Noveml)er 27, 1872, 2J feet above ordi- nary liigh water ; lowest water, April 10, 1873, 2 feet below ordinary high water. Extreme variation 4J feet, this being the most remarkable variation on record. The above phenomena wsis caused by a north-west wind blowing over Lake Sujje- rior, and the reverse by a south-east wind. Opening and Closing of the Ship Canal. The business of the canal began on the eleventh day of May (1872), and continued, without interruption, until the twenty-sixth day of November of the same vear, — six and a lialf months. In 1873, the first steamer passing through locks, upward bound, was the Keweenaw, May 11th, followed by other steamers and propellers, while the ice remained in the harbors of Marquette and Duluth for about one month later. STATEMENT Of Receipts for each year from the opening of the Canal, June 18, 1855, to the close of the season, November, 1873. Receipts for 1855, 6 cts, per ton on steamers, etc $4,374 66 Receipts for l?oG 7,575 78 " " 1857 9,406 74 " " 1858 10,848 80 " " 1859 16,941 84 " « I860 24,777 82 " " 1861 16,672 16 " « 1862 21,607 17 " « 1863 30,574 44 " " 1864 34,287 31 Receipts for 1865, 4 J cts. per ton on sail vessel 22,339 64 Receipts for 1866 23,069 54 " " 1867 33,515 54 " « 1868 25,977 14 " « 1869 31,579 96 " " 1870 41,896 43 Receipts for 1871, 4 J cts. per ton on steamers, etc. 33,865 45 Receipts for 1872 41,232 44 Receipts for 1873, 3J cts. per ton on steamers, etc. 44,943 18 Total $475,486 04 . ■^'■f'"**^*n-i-^.ifr " ,943 18 1.486 04 PRINCIPAL PLACES OF BESORT. 167 Principal Places of Resort on 1. Sdut Sle. Marie, with its Eapida, Ship Canal, and trout ti.shing resorts. 2. Ooidais Bay, on the Canada side. 3. BcUcheewaruiung Bay and River. 4. White Fish Point and Fishing Grounds. o. Pictured Bocks — Chapel, Cascade, Wreck Cliff) Grand Portail or Arched Kock, Zebra Cliff, Spirit Cave, Sail Rock, Miners' Castle, etc. 6. Grand Island Harbor, and Munising, with its romantic falls, etc. 7. Marqiieite, with its surroundings, the most fashionable resort on the Lake. 8. Negaunee and Ishpeming, together with Iron Mines — reached by railroad. 9. Eseanaba, an iron port, favorably- situated on Green Bay — reached by railroad. 10. L'Ans6, a new and flourishing town on Keweenaw Bay — fine sailing and fishing. 11. Houghton and Hancock — copper mines and smelting works. 12. Oalumel and HecUx Copper Mine, where is a large settlement. 13. Copper Harbor and Lake Fanny Hoe, near the end of Keweenaw Point. 14. Eagle Harbor and Eagle River, where are copper mines. Lake Superior and ita Vicinity. 15. Ontonagon — copper and silver mines. 16. Bayfield and Ashland, fashionable resorts, where boating and fishing can be enjoyed. 17. La Pointe and the Apostle Islands. 18. Duluth and Superior City, together with the Dalles of the St. Louis River. NORTH SHORE. 19. Isle Boyale, with its copper mines and precious minerals. 20. Pigeon River, and romantic falls, situated on the bomulary line. 21. Fort William and Prince Arthur's Landing, Canada — silver mines and ame- thysts. 22. Silver Islet, and Thunder Cape — silver region. 23. Nepigon Bay and River, with ro- mantic scenery and famous trout fishing. 24. Island of Michipicoten, with its rich foliage, fishing, etc. 25. Michipicoten Bay and River, with grand scenery and good fishing. All the above places of the South and North Shore are well worthy of a visit. They can be reached by the American or Canadian steamers. Other points of inter- est can be reached by canoes or sail-boats. Islands in Lake Superior. AMERICAN SIDE. Grrnd Island and Light. Wood Island. Train Island. Middle Island. Granite Island and Light. Huron Islands and Light. Traverse Island. Parisien Island. Maple Island. Sandy Islands. Montreal Island. Lizard Islands. Leach Island. Caribou Island. Manitou Island and Light. Isle Royale and Light. Apostle Islands. Michigan Island & Light. Outer Island and Light. Madeline Island. Basswood Island. CANADIAN SIDE. Michipicoten Island. vSlate Islands. Pic Island. Simpson's Island. Ste. Ignace Island. Silver Islet. Porphyry Islands. Hermit Island. Stockton Island. Oak Island. Manitou Island. Ironwood Island. Raspberry Island & Light, and twelve others. Welcome Islands. Islands in Thunder Bay. Pie Island. Thompson's Island. Spar Island. Jarvis' Island. Victoria Island. Itt ,^«rTfr"T*" STEAMBOAT EXCURSION — South Shore, Lake Superior. Satjt Ste. Marie, situated on St. Mary's River, or Strait, 55 miles above Point de Tour, on Lake Huron, and 15 miles below Tonquamenon, or White Fish Bay, is a place of great interest to travellers, and the place of embarkation for fishing and pleasure parties, during the Summer months. From this point is afforded a grand view of the Rapids and Islands lying in the river, while the scene is usually en- livened by seeing Indians taking white fish by means of scoop-nets. On leaving the Ship Canal, on the up- ward trip, a beautiful stretch of tlie river is passed before arriving at Point aux Pins, 7 miles, situated on the Canada side. Here is a good steamboat landing and a desirable place for fitting out fish- ing parties. Waiska Bay is next entered, being an expansion of the river of about 6 miles in length — Round Island Light is seen on the south. Iroquois Point and Light, on the Amer- ican side, and Groa Cap, on the Canada side, are next passed, 15 miles from the Saut. The latter is a bold promontory, rising 500 or 600 feet above the water. Tonquamenon, or White Fish Bay, is now entered, presenting a wide expanse of water, being about 25 miles long and as many broad, with a depth of 300 or 400 feet. Here a scene of wonder is pre- sented to the view from the deck of the steamer — Parisien Island, attached to Canada, is passed on the right, while the highlands toward the north rise to the he^ht of 800 or 1,000 feet. Qoulais Bay and BatcheewanaungBay, being famous resorts for trout fishing, are seen toward the north-east, and in the far distance can be discerned Mamaime Point, where are found copper ore and other metals, being the commencement of the mineral region. White Fish Point and Light, 40 miles from the Saut, is another object of great interest to the mariner. — Lake Superior, stretching about 460 miles in a north-west direction, with an average width of about 100 miles, here presents a grand apj)earance from the deck of the passing steamer. It lies 600 feet above the sea, its greatest depth being 900 feet, extending 300 feet below the level of the ocean; estimated area, 32,000 square miles. Nearly two hundred creeks and rivers are said to flow into the lake, a few of which are navigable for steamers from 2 to 20 miles. Its principal affluents are the St. Louis River, Pigeon River, Kaministiquia River and Nepigon River. " Father of Lakes I thy waters bend Beyond the eagle's utmost view, When, throned in heaven, he sees thee send BacK to the sky its world of blue. " Boundless and deep, the forests weave Their twilight shade thy borders o'er, And threatening cliffs, like giants, heave Their rugged forms along thy snore." On passing White Fish Point the American steamers usually run near the South Shore of the Lake, having the land continually in sight along tne Upper Peninsula of Michigan, extending west- ward to near the Apostle Islands, a dis- tance of about 400 miles, passing in their course around Keweenaw Point. Running along the coast from White Fish Point, westward, for about 50 miles, the shore presents high sandy bluffs, with no harbor or place of remge for the mariner, although the mouths of Two Hearted and Sucker Rivers are passed. Grand Marais Harbor, 45 milea west of White Fish Point, with 9 fathoms within the bar, would be rendered a se- cure and commodious harbor by the construction of a canal, or dredging for a short distance inland. "The harbor 158 PICTUBED BOCKS. 159 is about 2 miles long, and is from 500 to 1,000 yards in width. . The western or largest portion is a mile and one-half in length, and lies parallel with the shore of the Lake, with only a narrow strip of sand beach between. In many cases this is but a few rods wide, and at no point is it more than ten feet higher than the water. The eastern or further end curves inland, and is a full half mile in width. The entrance to the harbor is about five- eighths of a mile in width, and is over a bar where there is from four to eight feet of water at all times. This bar is very narrow, ia coaiposed of about 6 feet of sand resting on a clay and gravel bottom, and, to all appearance, never changes in shape under any circum- stances. From the formation of the coast but very little change is likely to be made by the action of the waters of the lake, even were cribs built out, and we should not anticipate any trouble from the filling in of the channel. This will not certainly occar from any sedi- mentary deposit, by reason of a current out of the harbor, there being no percep- tible one, only two or three small streams emptying into the harbor, and the whole of them put together not carrying water enough to drive a single saw. The har- bor, which might perhaps more appro- priately be called a small lake, will safely hold our entire lake marine. The water inside deepens very rapidly, and once over the bar, vessels will lie in ten fath- oms at one-half their length from the shore. So bold, indeed, are thv? shores, that a steamer could lie close enough for her gang-planks to reach from her decks to the land." In all the navigation on Lake Supe- rior, there is none more dyeaded by the mariner than that from White Fish toint to Grand Island, and this is especially the case late in the season, when the fall Btorms make navigation the most haz^ir- dous, and the heaviest and most val''abl« freights are on transit. Thia coast is ex- posed to every wind that blows from the Lake, the sweep being of its full width and length, and there is not at present a single place where a landing can be made, or a lake steamer or vessel run for safety, in the whole distance of 80 odd miles. The entire coast Ls made up either of tlie towering cliffs at the western end, the bleak hills of sand at the Sauble Banks, coming down to the waters edge and offering no landing, except for a small boat in pleasant weather, or the dull low beach beyond — stretching away for nearly 50 miles farther, with one single insignificant creek — the Two Heart River — that a Mackinac boat can possi- bly enter if in smooth water, excepting always the harbor of Grand Marais — to which there is no entrance for large vessels. This beach is strewed with wrecks from the Pictured Eocks to White Fish Point. Point Sable, 10 miles farther, is ele- vated 300 feet above the Lake, but affords no harbor in its vicinity, although two small streams enter from the south. Off thie poiut soundings have been made, showing a depth of 120 fathoms, or 720 feet. The PicTTTBED Eocks, 18 miles west of Point Sable, constitute one of the greatest wonders of Lake Superior, ex- tending along the coast from the Chapel some 8 or 10 miles to Miner's Castle. The principal objects of attraction are the Arched Bock, or Grand Portail, and Sail Bock, which can be seen distinctly from the passing steamer. The former is a bold promontory where is an exca- vation, worked by the waves, extending about 200 feet under a bluff, which juts out into the waters of the Lake. The Pic- tured Eocks can be seen to the best ad- vantage, from a distance, when there is a favorable sunlight effect, or by a close view, which is obtained by coasting along the precipitous rocks in a small boat, during calm weather. For upwards of 100 miles the coast on the South Shore I 160 LAKK SUPERIOR GUIDE. IP presents an almost unbroken ■wilderness. The soil on the summit of the cliffs is tolerably good, as indicated by maple trees. ^liner's River, at the mouth of which stands a bold promontory called Miner's Castle, is a beautiful clear trout stream, falling into the lake over rapids. Sand Point, 10 miles east of the Pic- tured Rocks, is at the eastern side of Grand Island Harbor, one of the most secure bodies of water to be found on the South Shore. Here Lake Superior has its greatest width, it being about 150 miles to Nepigon Bay. MuNisiNG, 2 miles farther, being 90 miles west of White Fish Point, is the first landing or settlement lying on the South Shore. For the whole of this dis- tance the mariner is threatened with ship- wreck in stormy weather, which unually occurs during the spring and autumn months. At Muniaing is a small iettle- ment, and a good hotel for the accommo- dation of visitors desirous of fishing and visiting the Pictured Rocks. The Schoolcraft Furnace is located a short distance west of MunisiT^^j, where is a small stream entering the bay, on which is a fine fall of water, Onota, 6 miles farther, is a new set- tlement, where is located Bay Furnace. This is the county-seat of Schoolcraft county. Grand Island, 8 miles long and 4 miles wide, surrounded by bold shores, being elevated 300 or 400 feet, is a fine piece of land, being for the most part heavily wooded with hard and soft wof d timber. Its shores are famous for its fisheries and romantic scenery. Here is a small settlement on the south end of the island ; on the north end stands a light- he use, erected on a high point of land, being distant 38 miles east of the Mar- quette Light. " The cliffs on the north bank are broken by the waves into pic- turesque caverns, pillars, and arches of immense dimensions." — Bayfield, Wood Island is a small body of land lying a short distance west of Grand Island. Train Point, 6 miles west of Grand Island, is a most romantic headland. Train Island, 4 miles farther, is another picturesque body of land. Laughing Fish Point, 16 milee west of Grand Island, is a rocky projection, where may be witnessed fine scenery. Sable River, Fish River, Chocolate River, and Carp River are all small streams flowing into the Lake between Laughing Fish Point and Marquette. Harvky, situated at the mouth of the Chocolay> is a small village, 3 miles east of Marquette, where is located a blast furnace. On the completion of the Marquette, Saut Ste. Marie and Mackinac Railroad, now being constructed, this whole section of country along the South Shore will be accessible to tourists. Numerous small streams will be crossed, abounding in brook trout. Steamboat Excursion from Mar- quette to Qrand Island, A steamer runs from Marquette to Grand Island, Munising, etc., passing through Grand Island Harbor, aflfording a delightful steamboat excursion. Sev- eral islands are passed, and the steamer runs to within a few miles of the far- famed Pictured Rocks. A good hotel is located at Munising, on the main land, opposite Grand Island, where is con- venient steamboat landing. MARQUETTE — NEGAUXEE. 161 Marquette, the chief city of the Up- per Poniiisula, the county-Heat of Mar- quette Co., and a port of entry, is advan- tageously situated on the south shore of Lake Superior, in N. latitude 40° 32'', W. longitude 87° 33^, having a mean annual temperature of 40° Fahr. The harbor, formed by the Bay of Marquette, ia safe and commodious, being protected from all but north-east winds: when blowing in that direction, vessels are obliged to anchor off the shore for safety. The United States Government have erected substantial piers, or breakwaters, for the further protection of the numerous steamers and sailing vessels which fre- quent the harbor, taking, annually, an im- mense amount of iron ore and pig metal to the eastern ports on Lake Erie. A Light- house stands on a point of land imme- diately north of the anchorage, as a guide for mariners. The settlement of Marquette was com- menced in July, 1849; in 1855, on the completion of tlie Ship Canal at tlie Saut Ste. Marie, commenced the shipment of iron ore to the Eastern markets. In 1859 it was incorporated as a village, and as a city February, 1871, being now governed by a Mayor, Recorder, and Common Coimcil. It contains a court-house and jail; a public hall; 1 Episcopal, 1 Pres- byterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catliolic cliurch; a union high school and 3 ward schools ; several hotels and taverns — the North-western Hotel, the Coles House and Tremont House — the for- mer favorably situated, overlooking the lake. There are also several well-kept private boarding-houses, 3 banks, 30 or 40 stores and storehouses, 1 printing-office, besides a large foundry, a rolling-mill and blast furnace, and machine shops and fac- tories of different kinds. Population in 1800,1665 ; in 1870,4000 ; now, 6000. Ga.s- works and water-works are in operation — the latter affording an abundant sup- ply of pure water taken from Lake Superior. 11 There are four extensive piers, ar- ranged for the transshipment of iron ore and pig metal, on which the railroad trains deliver and receive a great amount of freight. Here is the termimis of the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonatjon Rail- road, passing along the south shore of Lake Michigamme, to be extended west- ward to L'Anse and Ontonagon, and connect with the other railroads running south and west. The Peninsula Railroad of Michirjan also unites with the above road, extending to Escanaba, on Green Bay, 05 miles. This flourishing Lake City is closely identified with the extensive Iron Mines in the vicinity, being from 12 to 30 miles distant, situated on an elevated ridge, some 700 or 800 feet above the waters of Lake Superior, being known as the Iron Mountain. There are now about fifty mines extensively and profitably worked, being owned by separate companies — the Jackson Iron Company, the Cleveland Iron Company, and the Lake Superior Company having separate docks for the shipment of iron ore. The drives from Marquette to Harvey, 4 miles, running along the beach ; to Mt. Menard, 2 J miles, and to Colliusville and Forrestville, are all worthy of attention. The boating and sailing in the Bay of Marquette, and to the islands and mouths of several creeks or rivers, where good trout fishing is to be found, is a favorite source of amusement. Negaunee, Marquette County, Michi- gan, 12 miles west of Marquette and 62 miles north of P^scanaba, is situated on the line of the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad, at its junction with the Peninsula Division of the Chicago and North-western Railroad. It is in the immediate vicinity of the Iron Mountain, and is a flourishing village of about 3500 inhabitants. Here are situated the Jackson Mine, the McComber Mine, the Grand Central, and die Negaunee Mine; li' ■fTP^n^ 1 ! 1 ^ ! in 1; 1 \r \\\; : i'l 1; i , 't i 1 h jlj ■li ij li; ;■■;, i'i' ■ ! 1 .if i 1 If ■ ■■'! ■ ■ -I'l ,:' ■1; ■I i 162 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. also the Pioneer Furnaces, worked hy tlie Iron Cliflrt Company, altogetlier giving Srofitable employment to several liun- red workiiien. The viUage contains a town hall, 2 railroad dei)ots, 3 churches, 2 hotels — the Ogden House and Jackson House, — 4 banks, 30 or 40 stores, and 1 steam saw- mill. Thousands of strangers annually •visit these celebrated mines within a xange of 25 miles, now producing alto- gether upwards of 1,000,000 tons of ore yearly, most of which is shipped from Marquette, Escanaba, and L'Anse to Eastern markets. There are several Iron Furnace Com- panies in the vicinity of the Mines, which produce annually a large amount of pig metal of a sui)erior quality. The amount produced in 1873 was 71,507 tons. This mdustry must rapidly increase with the product of the mines. Ishpeming, situated on the line of the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon Kailroad. Three miles west of Negaunee is another flourishing mining town, where is located the Cleveland Mine, the Lake Superior Mine, Barnum Mine, New York Mine, New England Mine, Wil- liams ;Mine, Winthrop Mine, and the Pittsburg and Lake Angeline Mine. The village contains a town hall, 3 churches, 2 banks, a hotel, and 20 or 30 stores, besides a foundrj^ and machine eliop and several fine residences. Popu- lation about 5000, most of whom are em- ployed in the different Iron Ore Mines. Beyond Ishpeming, on the line of the railroad, are situated Winthrop, 3 miles. Greenwood, 3 miles, Clarksburg, 4 miles, Humboldt, 1 mile, and Champion, 4 miles, before arriving at Lake Michigamme, sit- uated 34 miles west of Marquette. Champion Furnace and Mine, 32 miles from Marquette. Here is a mining settle- ment containing about 2000 inhabitants. The mine is Touited about one mile south-west of the furnace, where is a large deposit of red and black oxides of iron ore; a part of the ore is taken to the furnace and made into pig iron, the bal- ance being sent to Eastern markers via Marquette. Michigamme, Marquette County, Mich- igan, is a new mining town handsomely situated at the west end of Lake Michi- gamme, 38 miles from Marquette and 25 miles from L'Anse, both shipping ports, and in the immediate vicinity of the Micliigamme iron range, where several mines are already opened. In June, 1873, this town was destroyed by fire, the inhabitants having to flee for their lives, the surrounding woods being also on fire. The new town was immediately rebuilt, and upwards of one hundred stores and dwellings erected within a few months, now presenting a lively ap- pearance. Here is a large steam saw- mill and an iron furnace being erected, contiguous to the Michigamme iron mine. Lake Michigamme * is a most beautiful sheet of •yvater, studded with several wooded islands, while the shore is very irregular, presenting many points and indentations of lively appearance. It abounds in fish of various kinds, afford- ing fine sport for the angler. It is fed by Michigamme River, the outlet flowing into the Menominee, which enters Green Bay. In this vicinity deer and other game abounds. West of the lake is an unexplored wilderness, heavily timbered, and where iron is supposed to abound. * Lake Michigamme, called by the Indians " Morsfw-ga'me " (largo lake). The Ojibwas clas- sify lakes into three kinds: Sn-ga-e'ga, small lake ; Mnshc.-ga'me, large lake ; and Git-r.he-ga'- me. great lake. This last is applied to the " Great Lakes " IndiBCximinatcly, and to the ocean. ESCANABA. 103 Marquette to L'Anse, Via Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon Railroad. Miles. Stations. Miles. 63 makqup:tte 60 Bancroft 3 57 Bnice 3 6 56 Morgan 1 7 55 Eagle Mills 1 8 52 Carp 3 11 51 Negaunke 1 12 48 isiipeminq 3 15 44 Saginaw 4 19 42 Greenwood 2 21 38 Clarksburgh 4 25 37 Humboldt 1 26 32 Cliampion 5 31 26 MiciiioAMME 6 37 24 SpurrMine 2 39 16 Sturgeon 8 47 10 Summit 6 53 7 Palmer 3 56 L'ANSE 7 63 The Marquette, Houghton and Ontona- gon Railroad, completed 63 miles, com- mences at Marquette and runs westward by an ascending grade to Negaunee, 12 miles, where it connects with the Penin- sula Divison of the Chicago and North- western Railroad ; both roads here first strike the iron range of Lake Superior. Ishpemiiig, 3 miles farther^ is the centre, at present, of the iron mining interest, from whence immense quantities of iron are sent to Eastern markets. At Hum- boldt, 26 miles from Marquette, runs a branch railroad, 9 miles in length, to the Republican and Kloman iron mines. Champion, 31 miles, and Michigamme, 37 miles from Marquette, are important stations ; the latter situated on the shore of Lake Michigamme. The road continues onward by an ascending grade to the Sum- mit, 1167 feet above Lake Superior, then descends more than one hundred feet to the mile to L'Anse, situated at the head of Keweenaw Bay. Escanaba, the countjr-seat of Delta County, Michigan, is an important lake port, favorably situated for the sliipment of iron ore, on Little Bay de Noc, the north-western arm of Green Bay, in lat. 15° 36^ N., long. «7° 06' W., having a mean annual tumperatureof 41° Falir. It is the terminus of the Peninnula Divi- sion of the Chicago and North-western Railroad, being niiiS miles north of Ciii- cago, and 74 mil«s south of Manpiette, by railroad. It was first settled as a village in 1863, and now numbers about 2000 inhabitants, arid is fast increasing in wealth and population. Here are a bank, 3 churches, 15 stores, 4 hotels, and a number of line residences. It is des- tined to become a favorite resort during warm weather. The Tilden House is handsomely situated, facing the bay, with pleasure-grounds attached. Escanaba is favorably situated for manufacturing j)urposes, here being already in oi)eration an extensive furnace, erected in 1872 at a cost of $225,000, machine sliops, etc. Tiia Ore Dock at this place is very large and commodious, from whence is annu- ally Khipi)ed several hundred thousand tons of iron ore to Eastern and Southern markets. Steamers and sail-vessels run between this port and Chicago ; also, to ports on the Lower Lakes during the season of navigation. At the entrance to Little Bay de Noc stands a liglit-house, where is a large and well-protected harbor. Here usually may be seen a large number of vessels taking in loads of iron ore and pig metal. At Daxfs River Station, 13 miles north of Escanaba, the railroad track crosses a line trout stream. Here farming is suc- cessfully prosecuted, the soil producing fine crops of hay, oats, rye, wheat, pota- toes, and other garden vegetables, the first frost here being in the latter part of September, and the last in the early part of May. Strawberries, raspberries, whor- tleberries, and cranberi ' ■ here grow to perfection. ( 1 i!i m i ■ •■; ' 1 1 : li' i J dLl'"'-'; 164 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. Pleasure Excursion — Marquette to Houghton. There are but few if any more pleasant or interesting trijxs than from Maniuette to Houghton and return by way of lake and rail, A steamer of a small chiss leaves Manjuette every evening at G.HO, and afl'ordrt passengers a delightful night voyage to Houghton. Her aceommoda- tions are ample for comfort, and her officers very efficient in the discharge of tlieir duties. The line steamers of a larger class also run to and from Hough- ton and Marquette. A day at Houghton and Hancock, with quarters at the Doug- lass House, can be spent in pleasure or business, jus circumstances may require. The copper mines in the vicinity of the towns are well worthy of a visit. On the return, the steamer Ivanhoe can be taken at 8 o'clock in the morning from Houghton, making the trip — a most delightful one in all respects in favorable weather — to the bright and jiromising town of L'Anse, which has fair prospects of becoming an iron me- tropolis of considerable importance. Here we are transferred to the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad, and whirled across the greatest in)n region in the world, passing Lake Michigamme and numerous iron mines. Resident citizens should not neglect to make this trip as often as they need recreation, and the tourist will miss the most interesting portion of the Lake Superior journey if he does not include this in his programme. Hotel Accommodation. By an increase of hotel accommodation, affording good fare at reasonable rates, this whole section of country would be made a great summer resort. Here pure air and water, with an invigorating cli- mate, can be enjoyed by the invalid and eeeker of pleasure. Stannard's Rock. This dangerous rock, or reef, lies east of the track between Manjuette and Ke- weenaw Point, distant 'M miles east- south-east, and in a calm time was in- visible. Recently the United States Government have located thereon a beacon 3.'i feet above water. It has a base of cut stone 9 feet in diameter and 8 feet high, surmounted by a wrought- iron shaft, with a ball and cage on the top painted red. To the northward and westward of the beacon a rocky reef ex- tends 30 by 320 yards — least water, 2 feet. One thousand and four hundred feet west of the beacon are two detached rocks with 8 feet of water. The sound- ings in proximity to the beacon and reef are from 3i to 10 fatiioms. Bottom, rock and gravel. Vessels should not approach the beacon to the northward nearer than three-fourths of a mile. Marquette to Portage Entry. On leaving Marquette for Portage Entry or Keweenaw Point, both distant 70 miles; the steamer runs north to Granite Island, 12 miles; from thence N. by W. 58 miles to Keweenaw Point. If steering for Portage Entry, N.W. by W., 13 miles from Granite Island to Big Bay Point. Big Bay, Salmon Trout River, and the Huron Mountains lie to the west ; the headlands and the moun- tain scenery here present a line appear- ance. Huron Islands and Light are 22 miles farther, running N.W. by W. This is a rocky group of islands and dan- gerous to navigation. Huron Bay and Point Abbaye are passed on the south- west ; the steamer running 23 miles west to Portage Entry ; to Houghton, 14 miles farther. On the south lies Keweenaw Bay, a fine expanse of water, extending 20 m'les to its head, where is a new and thriving settlement. Here is also a Methodist an. I Roman Catholic Mission on the opposite sides of the bay. bBjasaffis™*?-?!*^; HURON BAY — HOUGHTON. 1G5 Huron Bay, lying east of Keweenaw Bay, and Koutli-west of Huron Islands, is land-locked, affording a most secure har- bor, being 14 miles long and a good depth of water. In this bay is situated the new town of Fairhaven, being the outport for the Huron Bay Slate Quarries, located 4^ miles from the bay, in Township 51, Range 31. A tram railway is being con- structed to extend from the mines to the steamboat landing. Tlie soil on the shore of Huron Bay is a sandy loam, very deep, warm, and rich, producing good crops. Arvon, Hougliton County, Miciiigan, is a new location, wliere is found slate of a good quality, and iron ore. It is situated on Dashing River, which empties into Huron Bay, Lake Superior. In this vicinity is a slate belt hundreds of feet in width, and is considered inexhaustible. This slate and iron will be shipped from Huron Bay, the present season, to East- ern and Southern markets. L'Anse, Houghton County, Mich., la a new town favorably situated at the head of Keweenaw Bay, where is a long pier and steamboat landing, also a com- modious ore dock for the shipment of iron ore. It is surrounded by picturesque scenery, overlooking tlie Bay of L'Anse and adjoining shores. The iiarbor is one of the finest on the whole chain of lakes, being perfectly protected and secure in all weather. The water power of Fall River, here emptying into the bay, is ample to drive a large amount of ma- chinery, being suitable for blast furnaces and mills of every kind. Large deposits of iron ore are found within eight or ten miles, while a few miles southward is located the Spurr Mountain and Michi- gamme Iron Mine, producing magnetic ore of a high standard. A L'Anse are two churches, a public school-house, a bank, two hotels, and one of a large class in the course of construction, a blast fur- nace, a public warehouse, fifteen stores, a brewery, a saw-mill, and machine-shops. The Marquette, Iloucfhion and Ontona- gon Railroad, G3 miles in length, termi- nates at L'Anse, forming, in i>art, a through line of travel to Green B;iy and Chiciigcj. Steamers of a large class run to this place from ports below; antl a steamer runs daily to and from Hough- ton, 30 miles, forming, witli the railroad, a tiirough line of travel to Marquette. A Methodist and Roman Catholic Mis- sion House ixTf both situated about four miles north of L'Anse, on opposite sides of the bay, where are Indian settlements numbering several hundred souls. On Fall River, and at the head of L'Anse Bav, ia good trout fishing; the latter can be approached by row-boats, starting from the landing at L'Anse. Portage River and Lake are navigable for steamers of a large class, by means of an artificial channel running through to the lake for about 7 miles. Tlie lake is next entered, and soon Houghton and Hancock come into view, being distant 14 miles from Lake Superior, by the cir- cuitous channel. Here are extensive copper mines, which are profitably work- ed by a number of mining companies. Houghton, Michigan, the county-seat of Houghton County, and a port of entry, is situated on the south side of Portage Lake, 14 miles above Portage Entry, and 10 miles from Lake Superior, l^ing on the north-west. By means of a river im- provement and ship canal, steamers can run tiirough Portage Lake into Lake Sujierior on both sides of Keweenaw Point — thus forming one of the most capacious r.nd secure harbors of the Up- per Lakes, it being land-locked and protected by high hills on both sides. The settlement of Houghton was com- menced in 1854, and incorporated a-s a village in 1861. It now contains a court- house and jail ; 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic church; 1 bank; Iff ill 166 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. 51f • , J I 4 iniblic houses, the Douglas Home and the Butlerficld House being tlie most IVl'- queiited by viwitors; 12 or 15 storen aiul se veral extensive warehouyes ; J loiigiiton Ccjiper Works or lioiling Mill, capital $200,000; 2 large Btamp-niills, using steam power; 2 steaui savv-niills; 2 breweries, and several other manufac- turing establishments. The population of the town is estimated at 2000. This flourishing mining town, lying on aside- hill rising 300 or 400 feet, is identified with the copper mines in its inunediate vicinity. There are several mines worked to u large extent, besides others of less note, which will, no doubt, soon be ren- dered productive. Tlie mineral range of Keweenaw Point, some 4 to 6 miles hi width, extends through all this section of country, being as yet only partially explored. The Isle Koyal, lluron, Por- tage, Atlantic, Sheldon, and Columbian are the principal mines worked on the south side of the lake. PoUTAOE Lakk is an irregular body of water, about twenty miles in length, extending nearly across Keweenaw Point to within two miles of Lake Superior. Steamers and sail-vessels drawing 12 feet can pass through Portage Entry, and navigate the lake with safety. This body of water was an old and favorite thoroughfare for the Indians, and the Jesuit Fathers who first discovered and explored this section of the country. A ranal of two miles in length would render this portage route navigable for steamers and sail-vessels navigating Lake Supe- rior, thereby reducing the distance over 100 miles. During the winter months the atmosphere is very clear and trans- parent in the vicinity of Houghton, and all through Keweenaw Point; objects can be seen at a great distance on a clear day, while sounds are conveyed distinctly through the atmosphere, presenting a f)henoraenon peculiar to all northern atitudes. This is the season of health . *id pleasure to the permanent residents. Hancock, Houghton County, Michigan, is situated on the north side of Portage Lake, opposite to the vill.ige of Hough- ton, with which it is connected by a steam ferry. The town was first laid out in 18o8, and now contains about 2000 in- liabitants, including the mining popula- tion on the north side of the lake, its sudden rise and prosperity being identi- fied with the rich deposit of native copper, in which this section of country abounds. The site of the village is on a side-hill rising from the hike level to a height of about 500 feet, where the opening to the mines is situated. Here is 1 Congrega- tional, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Cath- olic church; 2 banks; 2 public houses; the Sumnei- Mine and stamping-mill ; a number of stores and wareliouses; 1 steam saw-mill, 1 barrel factory, 1 foun- dry and machine-shop, and other manu- facturing establishments. In the vicinity are 4 extensive steam stan'ping-mills, worked by the difierent mining compa- nies — theC^uincy.Pewabic and Franklin. The Portage Lake Smelling Works is an incorporated company, turning out amiually a large amount of pure mer- chantable copper. The business of the company consists of fusing and convert- ing the mineral into refined metal or ingots, for manufacturing purposes. Mineral Range Railroad, 11 miles in length, is finished to Calumet. The Portage Lake and River Improve' ment Company was chartered in 1861, for the improvement of Portage River, en- tering Keweenaw Bay, 14 miles below Houghton. An entrance was cut from the bay into the river, 14,000 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 12 feet deep, and a pier built out into the bay on the east side of the channel entrance. The chan- nel of the river was also dredged so as to give a depth of 11 feet into Portage Lake, thus enabling the largest class of lake steamers to land at the wharves in Houghton and Hancock. STEAMBOAT EXCURSIONS. 167 Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canal. — TluH im|)()rtant work was commenced in 18G8 and linishod in 187K, at a cost of about $'J,r)00,000. Its length is 21 miles, with piers (JOO feet in length, ex- tending out into Lake Superior on the nortii, aflording a safe entrance for down- ward liounf»««ing Agate Harbor, Eagle Harbor, Eagle River, and the north entrance to Portage Lake, where a Ship Canal is constructed. This part of the trip around the South Shore is uninteresting, so far a? scenery is con- cerned. The ground rises to a moderate height, presenting no object of interest for a number of miles. Eagle Harbor, 16 miles west of Copper Harbor, is a secure steamboat landing, with a light-house at its entrance. In the village are 2 churches, a hotel, several stores and store-houses, and about 500 inhabitants. The town was first settled in 1845. This is the shipping-port for several copper mines in the immediate vicinity ; the Amygdaloid, Central, Cop- per Falls, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Petheric mines. Eagle Hiver, 10 miles farther west, is the county town for Keweenaw county, situated at the mouth of a stream of the same name, where is a small harbor. Here is a court-house and jail, a church, a hotel, 4 stores, and several store-houses. It is the outlet for several rich copper mines, producing mass and stamped cop- per. The celebrated Cliff mine, the Phoenix, the North American, the St. Clair, and the Eagle River mine, are the principal mines in operation. Tlie Mineral, Mange Railroad, rimning from Hancock, when completed, will extend to this place. The mouth of tlie Luke Superior Ship Oanal is passed about 20 miles south-west of Eagle River, where is a small settlement. On the north sid? of Keweenuw Point, in the distance, are seen the high lands which form the rich copper range of this region, extending S. W. for about 80 miles. ONTONAGON — LA POINTE. 1G9 Ontonagon, Ontonagon CO., Mich., 336 miles from the Saut Ste. Marie, is situated at the mouth of the river of tlie same name. The river is about 200 feet wide at its raoutli, with a sulficient depth of water over the bar for steamers. The village contains 3 churches, a good hotel, smelting works, 2 steam tanneries, 1 grist-mill, 2 steam saw-mills, and 10 or 12 stores and store-houses, and 800 in- habitants. In this vicinity are located the Minne- sota, the National, the Kockland, and several other productive copper mines. The ore is found from 12 to 15 miles from the landing, being imbedded in a range of high Jiills traversing Keweenaw Point from N.E. to S.W. for about 100 miles. Silver is here found in small quantities, intermixed with the copper ore, which abounds in great masses. The Silver Mines, situated on Iron Kiver, 12 or 15 miles west of Ontonagon, are attracting great attention. A good plank road runs from Ontona- gon to near the Adventure Mine, and other mines, some 12 or 14 miles distant, where commences the copper range of hills. The Marquette, Houghton and Onton- agon Railroad, and the Oshkosh and Onton- agon Railroad, are both in progress of construction, and when completed will aftbrd great facilities to this section of country. The distance from Ontonagon to Isle Royale, attached to Michigan, is 60 miles, and to the mouth of Pigeon Eiver, Minn., is about 70 miles. Bockland, Ontonagon county, situated 13 miles south-east of Ontonagon, is a flourishing mining village. In the vicinity are located the Minnesota, National, Rockland, and Superior Cop- per Mines. The Minnesota Mine was formerly the most productive mine on Lake Superior, producing large quanti- ties of mass copper, but is now eclipsed by the Calumet and Hecla. The Porcupine Mountain, lying 20 miles west of Ontonagon, is a bold head- land that can distinctly be seen at a great distance, rising some 1,300 feet above the lake surface. Michigan Island and Light, lying 60 miles west of Ontonagon, is the next ob- ject of interest. This is the easternmost of the group of islands known as the Apostle Islands ; they consist of some 20 islands of different sizes, most of which are uninhabited, being for the most part clothed with forest trees of a small growth. Madeline Island, the largest of the group, is in part cidtivated. These islands are all attached to Ashland county, Wisconsin. The names of the Islands, as desig- nated on the Government chart, are as follows: Michigan (Light), Madeline, Ikisswood, Hermit, Stockton, Oak, Man- itou, Outer (Light), Cat, Iron wood, South Twin, North Twin, Otter, Kockv, Bear, Devil, Raspberry (Light), York, Sand, Eagle, and Steamboat. Good an- chorage and protection from all winds can be found anywhere within the Apos- tle Islands, with a depth of water from six to twenty fathoms. Chaquamegon Bay and Point, situated south of Madeline Island, form a capa- cious harbor, at the head of Avhich is sit- uated the town of Ashland. La Pointe, 78 miles west of Ontonagon, situated on the south end of Madeline Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands, is one of the oldest settlements on Lake Sujjcrior ; it was first peopled by the French .lesuits and traders in 16S0, being 420 miles west of the Saut Ste. Marie, which was settled about the same time. The mainland and islands in this vicinity have been tor many ages the favorite abode of the American Indian, now lingering and fading away as the country is being opened and settled by the white race. i> ' |[ li ilH In ' i m 1 T "1 . liiiil n 1' si £; p . « 1 ■' ' ii /,.T J. 170 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. The village now contains 200 inhab- itants, most of whom are half-breeds and French. Here is an old Roman Catholic church, and a Methodist church ; 2 hotels, 2 stores, and several coopering establish- ments for the making of fish barrels. The harbor and steamboat landing are on the south end of the island, where may usually be seen fishing-boats and other craft navigating this part of Lake Superior. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, pota- toes, and other vegetables are raised on the island. Apples, cherries, gooseber- ries and currants are raised in the gar- dens at La Pointe. The wild fruits are plums, cranberries, strawberries, red raspberries, and whortleberries. The principal forest-trees on the island are maple, pine, hemlock, birch, poplar and cedar. Bayfield, capital of Bayfield Co., "Wis., is favorably situated on the south- ern shore of Lake Superior, 80 miles east of its western terminus, and 3 miles west of La Pointe, being 80 miles west of On- tonagon. The harbor is secure and ca- pacious, being protected by the Apostle Islands, lying to the north-east. The town plot rises from 60 to 80 feet above the waters of the lake, afTording a splendid view of the bay, the adjacent islands and headlands. Its commercial advantages are surpassed by no otiier point on Lake, Superior, being on the direct route to St. Paul, Minn., and the Upper Mississippi. Here are situated a Presbyterian, a Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church, 2 hotels, 4 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 steam fiaw^mill, and several mechanics' shops. Population in 1870, 400. La Pointe Bay, on the west side of which is situated the port of Bayfield, is a large and safe body of water, being protected from winds blowing from every point of the compass. The shores of the islands and mainland are bold, while the harbor affords good anchorage for the whole fleet of the lakes. Tlie Indian Agency for the Chippewa tribe of Indians residing on the borders of Lake Superior, have their headquar- ters at Bayfield. Ashland, Ashland Co., Wisconsin, is most favorably situated at the head of Cha-qua-me-gor Bay, 18 miles south of Bayfield and 70 miles east of Superior City, by proposed railroad route. The town is locatf d ou a level table-land, elevated about thirty feet above the waters of the bay, having a depth of 12 or lo feet. It is regularly laid out on streets running parallel to the water's edge for a distance of two miles, and presents a fine appearance. Here are erected three docks or steamboat land- ings and a long railroad dock, 4 ware- houses, 16 stores, 2 churches, 6 hotels or taverns, 2 steam saw-mills, 1 sash, door and blind factory, and 1 printing-office and weekly paper, the Ashland Press. The village contains about 1,000 inhabitants. A small steamer runs daily between Ashland, La Pointe and Bayfield, while larger steamers stop on their upward and downward ])assage from Dnluth, Miiui. The harbor is one of the largest and safest on Lake Superior. The Wisconsin Central Railroad termi- nates at Ashland, extending southward to Menasha, Wis., 240 miles, there con- necting with railroads running north, south and east, forming in part a through line of travel to Milwaukee, Chicago, etc. Here are the headquarters of the !rT3rthern Division of the above railroad, where will be erected machine-shops, etc. Houghton Point, 9 miles south of Bay- field, and the same distance north of Ashland, is a delightful location, where is being formed a settlement for perma- nent residence. Here it is intended by the proprietor, F. Prentice, Esq., to erect a Summer Hotel for the accommodation m THE APOSTLE ISLANDS. 171 of visitors resorting to Lake Superior for health and pleasure. A steamer stops daily at the landing on the route between Bayfield and Ashland. The Penoka Iron Range, lying 25 miles south of Ashland, is an immense deposit of magnetic ore of a rich (pudity, ex- tending 30 or 35 miles east and west, ele- vated from 800 to 1,200 feet above Lake Superior. The line of the railroad runs through this range, and the iron ore will be shipped from Ashland. The Iron Mining Companies already formed are the Ashland Iron Company, Magnetic Iron Company, La Pointe Iron Com- pany, and the Wisconsin Iron Mining and Smelting Company.; The three northern counties of Wis- consin bordering on Lake Superior are Ashland, including the Apostle Islands, Bayjidd and Douglas. These counties are but sparsely populated, but will, no doubt, rapidly increase when the rail- roads now in jjrogress of construction shall be completed from Duluth and Su- I)erior City to Montreal River, and thence to Marquette, Mich., also, the pro- posed railroads running south to diifereut points from Ashland. Numerous small streams flow into Lake Superior, rising in the northern portion of the above counties, while the southern portion is drained by the St. Croix River and Chippewa River, flow- ing south into the Mississippi River. On the borders of the latter streams there is an immense amount of pine tim- ber and much good farming land, pro- ducing wheat, oats, potatoes and other vegetables. The lumbering business and fishing are at the present time the main support of the inhabitants. The principal streams flowing into Lake Superior fropi Wisconsin are Mon- treal River, Bad River, White River, Fish River. Pike's River, Sand River, Sipkowit River, Brule or Burnt Wood River, and Nemadji River. Odanah, Ashland Co., is an Indian village situated on Bad River, 4 miles from the lake. At this place is estab- lished the Odanah Mission, where are two churches, a Presbyterian and Roman Catholic, a school-house and a nuint)er of dwellings. Here are good farming lands, being cultivated by the Indians under the direction of the government farmer. Maskeg or Bad River rises in the southern part of Ashland County, and flows northerly through the Penoka Iron Range into Lake Superior, allbrding good water contiguous to the mines. The valley contains much good farming land, and abounds in timber of diflerent kinds. Montreal River, forming in part the boundary between the States of Wiscon- sin and Michigan, enters Lake Superior some 10 or 12 miles east of Bad River. The Apostle Islands. — The follow- ing description of these romantic islands is copied from Owen's Geological Survey of Wisconsin, etc. " When the waters of Lake Superior assumed their present level, tliese islands were doubtless a part of the promontory, which I have described as occui)ving the space between Chaquamegon Bay and Brule River. They are composed of drift-hills and red clay, resting on sand- stone which is occasionally visible. In the lapse of ages, the winds, waves, and currents of the lakes cut away channels in these soft materials, and finally sepa- rated the lowest parts of the promon- tory into islands, and island-rocks, now twenty-three in number, which are true outliers of the drift and sandstone, " At a distance they appear like main- land, with deep bays and points, gradu- ally becoming more elevated to the west- ward. ' lie au Chene,' or Oak Island, which is next the Detour (or mainland), is a pile of detached drift, 250 or 300 feet high, and is the highest of the group. m^ i ittii'i 172 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. "W" Madeline, * Wan-ga-ba-me ' Tslaml, is the largest (on which lies La Pointe), being 13 miien long, from north-east to south- west, and has an average of 3 miles in breadth. " Muiv-quaw " or Bear Island, and "Eshquagenfleg" or Outer Island, are about equal in size, being six miles long and two and a half wide. " They embrat^e in all an area of about 400 square miles, of whicli one-half is water. The soil in some places is good, but the major part would be difficult to clear and cultivate. The causes to which I have referred, as giving vise to thickets of evergreens along the coast of tlie lake, operate here on ail sides, and have cov- ered almost the whole surface with cedar, birch, aspen, hemlock, aiul pine. There are, however, patches of sugar-tree land, and natural meadows. " The waters around the islands afford excellent white fish, trout, and siskowit, which do not appear to diminish, after many years of extensive fishing for the lower lake markets. For trout and sis- kowit, which are caught with a line in deep water, the best ground of the neigh- borhood is off Bark Point or ' Point Ecorce' of the French. Speckled or brook trout are also taken in all the small streams. " That portion of the soil of the islands fit for cultivation, produces pcHaioes and all manner of garden vegetables and roots in great luxuriance. In the flat, wet parts, both the soil and climate are favorable to grass, and the crop is cer- tain and stout. Wheat, oats, and barley do well on good soil when well cultivated. "In regard to health, no portion of the continent surpasses the Apostle Islands. In the summer months they present to the residents of the South the most cool and delightful resort that can be imagined, and for invalids, especially snch as are afiected in the lungs or liver, the uniform bracing atmosphere of Lake Superior produces surprising and bene- ficial effects." On leaving Bayfield for Duluth, the steamer runs northward to Oak and Raspberr^y Islands, then westward, pass- ing withm sight of both shores of the lake, which here contract to 20 or 30 miles in width, narrowing as you ap- proach the mouth of St. Louis River, where stands a light-house and Superior City — Duluth being situated at the head of Minnesota Point, some six miles farther. Here a grand view is pre- sented, taking in both the Wisconsin and Minnesota shores — the former is low and wooded, while the latter rises by a steep ascent some 300 or 400 feet above the water's edge for a considerable dis- tance. The North Shore of Lake Superior, attached to the State of Minnesota, ex- tends N.E. by E. about 150 nulcs, from Duluth to Pigeon River and Isle Royale. This coast is liighly interesting, witli oc- casional good harbors, — Agate Ray, Bur- lington Bay, Encampment Island, Tk\aver Bay, and Good Harbor Bay allbrding the best landings. The land in many places is elevated and clothed for the most j)art with evergreens, sucl as pine, spruce, hemlock, etc. The City of Superior, the county- seat of Douglas County. It is in N. lat. 46° 38^ ; W. long. 91° 03' ; niean annual temperature 40° Fahr. It is advanta- geously situated on the south side of the Bay of Superior, formed by the Minne- sota and Wisconsin Points; between these points is the entry to the harbor through which is discharged the waters of the St. Louis and the Nemadji Rivers; the former being one of the largest tributa- ries of Lake Superior. The United States Government recently made an appropriation of $189,000, which, in the opinion of competent engineers, is suf- ficient to make the harbor of Superior what it was by nature designed to be, — one of the finest harbors on the conti- nent; it is Beven miles in length and ^■^ CITY OP DULUTH. 173 three-fourths of a mile in width, afTord- in 76 feet. Iron pile structure. A guide to and from White Fish Bay, at the S.E. extreme of Lake Superior. The south- west point of the shoal off Caribou Island, Canada, bears N.W. i W., 55 miles ; Man- itou Island, W.N.W i W., 131 miles; Montreal Island, Can., N. bv E., 37 miles. 4. Big Sable, at Big Sable Point, on the south shore of Lake Superior, be- tween White Fish Point and Grand Island, distant 19 miles from Grand Por- tal (Pictured Rocks), 27 miles to Grand Island light, and 60 miles from Mar- quette. 6. Grand Island, on north point of ii f :. 176 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. E., o Grand, on a higli blnfT; elevated 205 feet. Stannard Kock IJeacon, N.W. Iw N. J N., 60 miles. Manitou Island light, N.W. I N., 78 miles. Marquette light, W. J S., 38 miles. 6. Qrand hlari Ilarhor, — a guide through the eastern psissage to the an- chorage at Grand Island Haibor and ihe wharf at Munising ; elevated 84 feet. 7. Grand Island Harbor, (front light,) on the mainland at west entrance to Grand Island Harbor; elevated 28 feet. Front light in wooden tower. Rear liglit on keeper's frame dwelling. These lights are a guide for entering the west channel. With the north point of Wood Island, bearing W. i of a mile, and the lights in range, steer S. by E. ^ miles, toward the range lights. 8. Marqmite, 46° 82' N. lat., situated on the north point of Marquette liarlwr; elevated 77 feet, ytannard'a Kock Bea- con, N. I E., 43i miles ; Grand Island Light, E. \ N., 84 miles. 9. Granite Island, on Granite Island, 12 miles N.W. of Marquette ; elevated 98 fe „. Keweenaw Point, N. by W. J W., 48 miles ; Stannard's Rock,' N. by E. ^ E., 82 miles. 10. Huron Island, on tlie West Huron Island, off Huron Bay ; elevated 197 feet. Manitou Ishuu' light, N. by N.E. i E., 37 miles ; Traverse Island, N.W. bv W., 14i miles. Portage Entry light, "VV. 20 miles. 11. Portage River, near mouth of Port- age Entry, western shore of Keweenaw Bav ; elevated 68 feet. Manitou Island light, N.E \ E., 50 miles. To Hough- ton and Hancock, via Portage Lake, 14 miles ; to head of Ship Canal, Lake Su- perior, 23 miles. 12. Portage Range, (front light,) on prolongation of cut from Keweenaw Bay; elevated 21 feet. Guide into Portage River. Front light on wooden tower. Rear light on keeper's dwelling. 13. Manitou,o\\ the east point of Mani- tou I.sluud. Iron pile etructure, con- nected with keeper's house; elevated 81 feet. Sfaimanrs Rock, t^.E. 28^ miles ; the east poi't of Isle Rojale, N.W.| N., iiiS i.iiles. 14. Gu.ll Rock, on a rocky islet beiween Manitou Ishuul and Keweenaw Point; elevated 50 feet. Towlt and keeper's dwelling comiected, buiit of Milwaukee brick. A guide througii the passage be- tween (Jull Rock and Keweenaw Point. 15. Copper Harbor, 47° 28' N. lat., sit- uated on the eastern point to the en- trance to Copi)er Harbor; elevated 65 feet. Tower and keeper's dwelling con- nected. S.W. point of Isle Rovale, W\N.W., 68 miles; Passage Island, (route to Silver Islet,) N.N.W. \ W., 58 miles ; Saut Ste. Marie, E.S.E., 200 miles. 16. Coppei- Harbor Range, (front light,) on Fort Wilkins reserve; elevate(l 22 feet. To guide vessels into Copper Har- bor. 17. Eagle Harbor, on the west point of the entrance to Eagle Harbor. Light on keeper's dwelling ; elevated 47 feet. The north point of tlie outer or easternmost of the Apostle Group, W. by S. J S., 105 miles. 18. Eagle River, near the entrance to Eagle River, soutli shore of Lake Supe- rior. Ligbt on keepei-'s dwelling; ele- vated 61 feet. Micliigan Island light, W.S.W. I W., 100 miles. 19. A Light-house is to be erected at the entrance to the Portage Ship Canal, on the south shore of Lake Superior. 20. Ontonagon, 46° 52' N. lat., at mouth of Ontonagon River ; elevated 47 feet. House and tower of Milwaukee brick. The S.W. point of Isle Royale. N. J E., 67 miles. 21. Michigan Island, on the southern point of Michigan Island, the most east- ern of the Apostle Group, W^isconsin ; elevated 129 feet. A guide through the passage between Madeline r.nd Michi- gan Islands, to Bayfield and La Pointe. Ontonagon, E., 56 miles. 22. A Light-house ia erected on tho DULUTH TO ISLE ROYALE AND PIGEON lUVER. 177 Outer Island of the Apostle Group of Islands, to guide mariners to the head of Lake Superior, distant 80 miles S.W. of Isle Royale, and about 90 miles E. of Duluth. 23. La Pointe, on Chaquamegon Point, the south-eastern entrance to La Pointe Harbor, and to the northward of Ash- land and southward of Bayfield ; ele- vated 42 feet. Light on keeper's dwell- ing, painted white. 24. Raspberry Island, on the south- west point of th^ island, one of the Apos- tle Group; elevaCed 77 feet. A guide between tlie Main and Raspberry Island, and to Bayfield. ^ 25. Minnesota Point, 46° 46^ N. lat., situated at the head of Lake Superior, mouth of St. Louis River ; elevated 50 feet. A guide into Superior Bay and Duluth. The S.W. point of Isle Roy- ale, N.E. by E. I E., 150 miles; Silver Islet, Canada, N.E. t} E., 180 miles. 26. Duluth, on the end of the south pier of Duluth, Minn. ; a guide into the canal or inner Bay. Table of Distauces, A.T WUICH OBJECTS CAN BE SEEN ON TT£E LAKES AT DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS. Height in feet. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Distances Id milea. 4-184 6-916 7-245 8-366 9354 10-246 11-067 11-832 12-549 Height in leet. 100 150 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 Distani^es iu lulled. 13-221 16-208 18-702 22-917 26-450 29-583 32-406 37-418 41-883 Statute miles. Example. — Detour Light, 75 feet high, visible 11-456 Add for height of observer's eye, on deck 10 feet 4-184 Distance of Light 15-406 Duluth to Isle Royale and Pigeon River. The trip along the North Shore of Minnesota to the mouth of Pigeon River and Isle Royale, which lies opposite, is one of great interest. The harbors, head- lands, islands, and objects of interest are numerous. Then the inside passage along the Canada shore, passing several islands, is still more interesting, until you enter Thunder Bay, when the scene is b^ far more grand and imposing — having in full view Pie Island, M'Kay's Mountain, and Thunder Cape, the latter rising 1350 feet in height, with almost perpendicular walls. Granite Point and Knife River are passed 18 miles N.E. of Duluth, near where is the settlement of Buchanan and Isle aux Roches. Agate Bay, 25 miles, and Burlington Bay, 2 miles farther, are much frequented 12 by tourists. Starting from Duluth or Superior City, a small steamer runs fre- quently to these h.irbora during the sum- mer months, carrying parties of pleas- ure. Encampment Island and River, 35 miles from Duluth, is another interesting locality. Here the shores are remarkably bold and precipitous, rising from 800 to 1000 feet above the water. Beaver Bay and Settlement, 18 miles farther, is a small village inhabited mostly by Germans. Here the shore presents a rugged appearance, with high lands rising in the background. The Palisades, 6 miles farther, presents a grand appearance from the water's edge. The rock rises to the height of over 300 feet, presenting perpendicular columns. Baptism River, 2 miles, is a ; : !>: Ill; f^Jl ll;. ':• 178 LAKE SUPERIOll GUIDE. mountain stream, rifling in an eminence called Saw-Teeth Mountains. The innnurous rivers and creeks falling into Lake Superior along the Nortli Shore, from Duluth to Fort William, Canada, for a distance of about 180 miles, are generally rapid streams of moderate length. They are mostly pure water, abounding in speckled trout and other kinds of fish. In the rear it is almost an unbroken wilderness, although sup- posed to be rich in minerals of difFerent kinds, — copper, iron, silver, and gold, — the latter being found in the vicinity of Vermillion Lake, lying in a north-east- erly direction some fifty or sixty miles. Pedt Marais and the mouth of Manitou River are next passed. Two Islands River is named from two beautiful islands ■which lie off its mouth. Temperance River, another romantic stream, rising in Carlton's Peak, is thus named owing to its having no bar at its mouth. This locality should become a favorite resort for invalids and others seeking health and pleasure. Here are a succession of waterfalls of great beauty, some only 200 or 300 feet from the Lake shore. Good Harbor Bay, 100 miles N.E. of Duluth, is a safe harbor, as its name implies. Terrace Point, Ruck Island, and Grand Marais are all in sight, while small streams flow into the lake, alive with speckled trout. Grand Marais Harbor, Minn. — This harbor is located on the north shore of Lake Superior, about 115 miles east of Duluth. It is the only large and secure harbor between Duluth and Grand Port- age, a distance of about 150 miles. The harbor is of elliptical shape, and is 2500 feet long by 1400 feet wide. The mouth of the harbor is 1000 feet wide ; the depth, at the entrance, 24 feet, with a rock bot- tom. After entering the harbor the depth increases, and the bottom is composed of gi-avel and boulders. Gbam) Pobtaoe Bay and Island, 40 miles farther, is a place of considerable resort. Here is an Indian village and Keservation, where is a Koman Catholic Mission, a block-house, and some 12 or 15 dwellings. From this point com- mences a portage route to Pigeon River, Rainy Lake, and Lake of the Woods. Waiis-waa-Ooning Bay is a beautiful expanse of water, encircled in part by highlands, rising to the height of 1000 feet, and several beautiful wooded islands. From this bay to the south end of Isle Royale, the distance is 20 miles. PiOEON Bay and River, forming the north-west boundary between the United States and Canada, is well worthy of a visit. The bay contains several beautiful islands and islets, where is excellent fishing. Pigeon River Falls, situated about half a mile above the landing, are exceedingly grand and imposing. Here the water falls about 90 feet, almost per- pendicular, into a chasm, then rushes through a gorge into the bay. Pabkersville is a small settlement situated at the mouth of the river, where also is to be seen Indian huts and wig- wams constructed of birch bark. This place, no doubt, is soon destined to be- come a place of resort during the summer months; it is situated about 150 miles N.E, of Duluth. Isle Koyale, Houghton Co,, Mich,, being about 45 miles in length from N,E, to S.W., and from 6 to 12 miles in width, is a rich and important island, abounding in copper ore and other min- erals, and also precious stones. The principal harbor and only settlement is on Siskowit Ray, being on the east shore of the island, 50 miles distant from Eagle Harbor, on the main shore of Michigan. The other harbors are Washington Harbor on the south-west, Todd's Harbor on the west, and Rock Harbor and Chip- pewa Harbor on the north-east part of the island. In some places on the west 1 CH in land, min- The lent is shore from )re of I .v':. VX c ■M '<>*>4. ^ -'■:•• •-aEAT FAi...j-. j-' -fean H.is^'i . I'M 11113 I;^ 17.^ I.AkL NtT.UiC'fl oriDK in<>niil,'i'n Btreara, riMj'ii? Hi ;.i i •;.?•»/.•;<.• t';tll''.l Snw-T-i '!i Moiitili"'!*. iniii Lnko iSip- rlor alunvt iU<- Sh I!-, iroiii i 'liluth to 1 or; ^'• (.';u)auiiii'li'i;,. ii jAtT^k'l \r'>;J kirv! ; of hnl.. In ll .-'.hi- au iiMt.»r"k< .. /:il!• tit sniti:, r-'i' , Kjlliir'.,— i.oi r- •, iri.ii, •ii*»r, tllO .JdCf I. '; :• f' •'■■' 1!<» ll.v \ ciioilli."' 1 • •' It, ii»>n '•<.4-»' J'-.. I .^/"ir^'/. .iiiit I'".'- iK' 'ith of Manitrrii. '> . ••III.-.' i'""r two It.uUUtHl Uil.iO'Ia M''iii'i iit« i;il U-' Tixtal'i. 7 l;,<( •'.»*■'' JiiiJir, ■■■.]Tiiiin-x r'.mmlir ■■'trt'tiia, :i-in^ in (Jarltuii .^ iV'iik. i.-* ih.. i!:iiii.:.i o\Vi 1.^ It' iU hiiv'iic Tie f'lir ft itH m'>ufli. 'll'.ifi locality sho;;! ' bc'.i.mf. ? t'»,n.>riff! r'-M}i-i for inv.'i.l"- ami (I'.'ior.- St:. !•. iiii;; healiiv ant' yj:'\>\i.-\ litij aro iit-.at- '- it.tii (/f writer:.!!:-. 1)1' L'Vta: lifnuiy, .-io'.'.tj i.'u!;,- ''.'O <.r livw f'-t't fi.n'i th(.- Luko i...'>n ['•'.(■.*» Ha'-' lOti rnil-,)8 N.K. i.f l!-,!!..;-! 'c I iiJt I. rl'or, )!* its nriiiio iii'J li -• ?>■ ■^^• /"'>;.e' J{"-f: ht'^fui, an<) ff'Vi.'i Af't:\-' (ir.; itit 1. 1 -l^'JU, wliilo «in;.;i iJi.^ li'W i'.''' 'Jif lak", alive wiU> ■■;; ■ -iJ^K'i' ' I'lt. ~ llAKt-ou, Minn.— 1 . /t-.l'jai. north nhore oi !. -Ki .S- ; ' ri.-'il'::li. it 1' ih <»tiH '..rgeuiKl t'ecure hflrfor ♦'cr.Wi.or. D'lit.-'^. .•ad Grand Port ago, H ,11"' mw 'jf nb' ui t-lO laile.s. The hiu'Wcr IM 'if oUipticaf chrtpi, and is 2600 ft'-: J-'M« '>\ MiH» fcvl witic. The moiUli of tfi! '..i-r! or i:^ l<"H>Ofpt't wiile: ihedepth, at iiie evitfftnrt-', 2'1 fctri, "ff'ili h nn^k l)ut.- Uiiu. A*^«rt' «. nU'riiJg tlu- Ittirl'Ojr the depth iiiCT' AW\ iii.rt thi3 bottora i» C'(>iuposfc(r of gravel ;iii !:'( 'KTAtja Lay mmI iiuand, 10 ' milf-i fiirtlfT, ]., !\ I'.iac*-. of c'on.iI(l»:fnl.'l<' ">t.:rt. Jl.-rc . u/: lb. linn villju<«» ani! '- wrration, w^- •- i. i Jvoman (. aiiit.lu' ?>»i. n hUi\ '1..1./4", and Borne li! ur 'iiii,')* F. 'ro diirf iiuini iv,ni t H>rtH««j I'. I, a to ri);«'Oii Fuv..r, ' rl:«>, fiml L:.<.«i of ll»« \\'(/Mm-l itt'V- ral hfaiititui wotxkil isi indj. j'f'>:i» t!ii» bar to th^» aomh end of IrIc U.»> *it*, the di;»T.uii^ i« '20 inilv.'«. f'MaKt'N- B » V -, ,H (.'t\ v,«^ foirni'i;' iti> - i.oj 'Ji- ?( ii't l.»/» i«» ' 'II- ,veon I 'to I'l'itcd .' : ..N !init ''wi^'?' -Aiil (vorth/ jf R ' '»i<. Tilt! bay fN ; . • -Xt* *.i venil bcaiitifa) »• nd* and i«i"t». •rKvirw is exrciifiit I' ' '-..? i:*i!jfon 'kc' i''aZ/«, sidriJcJ '>;h *;j tuif • ntilo MS'^vt? •hi; Inmliti^, are • .; ■«•(: Jirc.ijr ;^ramil and jr'ij],.i.-*ng. IJi^re *tn, e-st'.r mlln .i!.«-';t •!»< frflt, alm.Of't j or- .H,", into u r'i!!5i,i, thi'Ti ruald'S ; .UK i.-. .1 f.) jll e!;-ttlo;i.«;at ■•j'; ID mkIi oi I. 0. rivor, v,-!:.-ro . •ixii Indiur. huts und wi ■- I"* • '»'r;ictt'd of bu'i'h harl--. i'hii ' ci.".iiit, i!* soon dc^liiicd l«:» be- it U t.JiuieJ about lAO luiks f*;!© KoyR^ , !( ^^hLon Ct>., Mi( h., nv."-i:,i,_ M^wi'ii -I'- ;..:■« ju U-ijglh froiu ! j».L. u> ;--."\> , wv.'. r'-'Tir; '' to 12 miloH in ! wj'i'^. t* ft Hfih ,::.'i 'nsporiaiit i.^land, [ 3''N t-f'''..';^ Iii ropj-ij -ire ;ind other .jin- < ■• .'s. mj'J ,..js<) j»»w!'4»'iu.H '.itoii-a. The ; {■••ii:'''t|i»i hiubor and only settlomtit i.'i i (^n V/.v .ittTJt iirii, Xui'w <^n the east pIk .-o : of tj*.« j-tlcRd, 5 "1? iibor, uii the main shor.' of 'x'\,<- OvUiir harh/ir*; aro "SVaaJungtrni TLr-K-r 06 the HKiiiU.-^t^s;!;, Totld'.-, Hiu bor i on thi- vsK^t. a:id F-Lrn^k Hnrbor vxni Chijv ; pevia Harf-ior on tho north-east part of ■ Lbe inland. Iii some jhices on the weut l.>0- iie .a ia |phoi-e ironi of X'Xl jor Grkat Falls — Pigeon River. ! ! 1 1 1 ! : 1 '; '! c 1 1 \'rW. west I i t- •l«*.^ TRIP ALONG THE BOUTH SHORE. 179 are perpendicular clifTni of green stone, very bold, rising from the water's edge, while on the eastern shore conglomerate rock or coarse sandstone abounds, with occasional stony beach. On this coast are many islets and rocks of sandstone, rendering navigation somewhat danger- ous. Good fishing-grounds abound all around this island, which will, no doubt, before many years, become a favorite fluiumer resort for the invalid and the sportsman, as well as for the scientific tourist. SiSKOWiT Lake is a considerable body of water lying near the centre of the island, which ai)parentlv luis no outlet. Other small lakes and pictures(|ue inlets and bays abound in all parts of the island. Hills, rising from 300 to 400 feet above the waters of the lake, exist in many localities throughout the island, which is indented by bays and inlets. Trip along the South Shore of Lake Superior. On leaving DuLxrrn by the American steamers bound for Marquette and the Saut Ste. Man-, the boat pursues an easterly course until the Apostle Islands are readied, about 00 miles distant — the Minnesota and Wisconsin shores being l)oth in sight. The first island passed, on the right, is called Steamboat Island ; then comes in succession Sandy Island, York Island, and Raspberry Island; on the latter there is a light- house. Oak Island is passed on the left, it being a large, elevated, and wooded body of land ; tlien comes Hermit's Island and Bass Island; on the latter there is a valuable stone quarry of red sand- stone. Here tlu' view is most beautiful in fine weather, there being in full view a number of islands, altogether number- ing twenty, of different sizes, of which Madeline Island is the largest, where is located, on its south end, La Pointe, an old settlement. Bayfield, Wis., 80 miles east of Du- luth, by water, is the first regular landing. The hotel accommodations are good, and no place on the shores of Lake Superior aflTords greater inducements for the seeker of health and pleasure. Boating, sail- ing, and fishing can be enjoyed during the summer months. Ashland, situated 18 miles south of Bayfield, with which it is connected by a steam-ferry, as well as La Pointe, and i a new landing at Houghton Point, all add to the attractions which Cha-quam,' e-gon Bay and its vicinity atlbrds to tourists. For a healthy climate, pure water, good fishing, and an agreeable class of inhabitants, no part of the lake< exceeds the above favored localities. From Ashland, the Wisconsin Central Railroad runs south through Northern Wisconsin to Menasha, Milwaukee, etc. On leaving Bayfield, proceeding east- ward, the steamer usually runs between Bass Island and Madeline Island, passing Presque Island, toward Michigan Island, where there is a light-house. There are also several other islands in sight, which usually present a most lovely appearance from the deck of the passing steamer. After leaving the Apostle Islands, the steamer runs direct for Ontonagon, GO miles, passing the Porcupine Mountains, and the Silver Region near the month of Iron River, a beautiful stream enter- ing the lake about 15 miles west of On- tonagon. Proceeding eastward, the steam- er either passes through Portage Ship Canal or sails around Keweenaw Point to Houghton, Marquette, etc. On leaving Marquette the steamer usually runs direct for White Fish Point, 130 miles, passing Grand Island and the Pictured Rocks, all being in sight from the deck of the steamer. Dis- tance from Duluth to Saut Ste. Marie, passing around Keweenaw Point, 560 miles. I^^^WMll I tw^ ill I 1 180 I LAKE SUPERIOR — NORTH SHORE. Trip around the North Shore of Lake Superior, Made on Board the Canadian Steamer Chicora, July, 1873. On leaving the mouth ohhe Ship Canal, above the Kapids of St. Mary's River, a beautiful view is presented from the deck of the steamer. The Rapids and the set- tlements on both sides of the river appear to advantage, while a lovely stretch of the stream above is passed over before arriving at Point aux Pins, Ont., 6 miles above the Rapids. Here is a convenient steam- boat landing, a store and a few dwellings, being handsomely situated among a grove of small pine trees. Fishing parties can here be fitted out with guides and canoes for fishing and exploring the North Shore. ''^'aiska Bay, an expanse of the river, is next entered, extending westward to Point Iroquois. Here may be seen an Indian settlement on the South shore. Gros Cap, 15 miles from the Saut, lies on the Canada side directly opposite Point Iroquois, forming prominent land- marks to the entrance of Lake Superior. This bold headland consists of hills of porphyry rising from 600 to 700 feet above the waters of the lake. "Gros Cap is a name given by the voi/ngeurs to almost innumerable projecting head- lands ; but in this case appropriate, since it is the conspicuous feature at the en- trance of the Great Lake." Immediately north of Gros Cap lies GouLAis Bay and GorLAis Point, another bold highland which is seen in the distance. Goulais River enters the 'oay, affording, in connection with the ad- jacent waters, good fishing-grounds — the brook or speckled trout being mostly taken in the river. Here is an Indian settlement of the Chippewa tribe. Taquamenon Bay, lying to the west- ward, is a large expanse of water, being about 25 miles long and as many broad, terminating at White Fish Point, 40 miles above Saut Ste. Marie. Parisien Island is passed 30 miles from the Saut, lying near the middle of the above bay, being attached to Canada. Maple Island, 20 miles above Gros Cap, h a small wooded island lying near the shore. Sandy Islands, 5 miles far- ther, are a low group of islands lying off Batciieewanaung Bay, a large and beautiful sheet of water which receives a stream of the same name, being famed for trout fishing. Here is an Indian settlement, and a village where is a large steam saw-mill. On Corbay Point, at tlie entrance to the above bay, stands a light- house. Mamainse Point^ {lAltle Sturgeon,) lying opposite White Fish Point, is another bold headland, where is a fish- ing station and a few dwellings. It is about 55 miles from the Saut, and was formerly a copjier mining location, but has been abandoned. Here is a good harbor and .steamboat landing. Some 12 or 15 miles north of Ma- mainse Point are located, on MiCA Bay, the old Quebec Copper Mining Company's Works, at present abandoned, owing to their being found unproductive. Still 181 r -■•-^■:'?^ 182 LAKE SUPERIOR GUIDE. farther north, skirting Lake Superior, is to 1)6 found a vast Mineral liegion, as yet only partially explored, Montreal Island and River, 25 miles north of Mamainse, alibrd good fishing-grounds. Here is a harbor ex- f)osed to the v/est winds fron; off the ake, which can safely be approached when the winds are not boisterous. Aguawa River, 30 miles from Ma- mainse Point, affords a good harbor, where is a trading post and good fishing. Lizard Island and Leech Island, some 10 miles farther northward, are next passed, lying contiguous to the mainland. Cape Garoantua, 45 miles north of Mamainse, is a bold headland. On the Bouth side is a harbor protected by a small island. From this cape to the island of Michipicoten the distance is about 30 miles. The steamers bound for Prince .vr>- thur's Landing usually run direct for Michipicoten Island, lying 70 miles north- west of Mamainse Point; but when bound for Michipicoten Harbor they sail along the eastern end of the lake, pass- ing several small islands and head- lands. This portion of Canada is as yet an almost unbroken wilderness for several hundred miles around Lake Superior. With the exception of a few scattered Hudson Bay (Jo's. Posts, there are no settlements until you reach the vicinity of Silver Islet or Thunder Bay, two or tliree hundred miles distant. Coasting along the North Shore of Lake Superior. There are two modes of reaching St. Ignace Island and the mouth of Nepi- gon River, if bound on a pleasure ex- cursion to the far-famed fishing-grounds on the North Shore of Lake Superior, where speckled trout, varying from one to eight pounds, can be taken in large quantities. The first plan and mode of conveyance is that of hiring a bireh canoe of from 18 to 20 feet in length, with two Indians, or half-breeds, as voyageurs, for which service there is usually a charge of five dollars a day. Then lay in tents and a Bupply of provisions for two or more weeks, according to the length of the in- tended trip. After this is accomplished, embark on one of the Canadian steamers running direct for the mouth of the Nep- igon River; then land and commence your canoe sailing or paddling until you reach the desired fishing-grounds. Hero land and spread your tents for a time, alternately fishing, cooking, eating and Bleeping, as you may desire. This is a truly independent style of travelling and living, combining health, pleasure and economy. The party may consist of two, four, or more persons be- sides the two guides. You have nothing to annoy you except the rainy weather or mosquitoes, which are at times very nu- merous and hungry, often attacking the sportsman in a fierce manner. The best mode of avoiding these pests, is to camp on a point of land and clear away all the underbrush ; then build a smudge-fire and take your comfort, regardless of the buzzing outside world. The second mode is to hire a Mack- inac sailing-boat with oars, and lay in your provisions; hire your crew of two Indians, and set sail from the mouth of the Ship Canal above the Saut Ste. Marie, or any other point from which you may choose to depart, if bound for the North Shore or mouth of the Nepi- gon. The supplies for this excursion are usually obtained on the Canadian side, either at the Saut or at Point aux Pins, 7 miles above, where is a good landing and camping-ground. Starting from above the Rapids with a fair wind, Oros Cap, 15 miles, is soon ^mm COASTING ALONG THE NORTH SHORE. 183 reached ; opposite lies Point Iroquois, the " Pillars of lierculea " of Lake Superior, being the true entrance to the lake. You next pass Ooulais Bay, Maple Island, Sandy Island, and enter Batclieetmnaung Bay, where is found good fishing-grounds and abundance of brook trout in the streams which enter here. Proceeding nortliward, Mamalnse Point, 50 miles distant from the Saut, is passed. From thence the voyager coasts along the North Shore toward Michipicoteu Har- bor, proceeding westward toward Nep- igon Bay and River. Miohipicoten Harbor and River, 120 miles north of the Saut Ste. Marie, situated in N. lat. 47° 56^, W. long. 85° 6'', affords a safe anchorage, being sur- rounded by high hills. Here is estab- lished a Roman Catholic mission, and an old Hudson Bay Company's post, from whence diverges the river and port- age route to James's Bay, some 350 miles distant. The shore of the lake here tends westward toward Otter Head, about 50 miles distant, presenting a bold and rugged appearance. MiciiiPicoTEN Island (the Island of Knobs or Hills), 65 miles from Mamainse Point in a direct course, running in a north-west direction, lies about 40 miles west of Michipicoten Harbor. This island, 15 miles in length and 6 miles wide, may be called the gem of Lake Su- perior, prasenting a most beautiful ap- pearance as approached from the south- ward, where a few picturesque islands may be seen near the entrance to a safe and commodious harbor, which can be entered during all winds. Nature seems to have adapted this island as a place of resort forthe seekers of health and.pleas- ure. Within the bay or harbor a beau- tiful cluster of islands adorns its entrance, where may be found abates and other precious stones ; while inland is a most charming body of water, surrounded by wooded hills rising from 800 to 500 feet I above the waters of Lake Superior. The shores of the island abound with I greenstone and amygdaloid, while cop- I per and silver mines are said to exist in the interior of great value. The fisheries here are also valuable, affording profit- able employment to the hardy tisherman of this region. As yet, but few houses are erected on the shores of this romantic islantl, where, sooner or later, will Hock the wealthy and beautiful in search of health and recreation, such as arc af- forded by pure air, boating, and lishing and hunting. The fish taken in this part of the lake are mostly white fish, siskowit, Macki- nac trout, and sspt ckled trout, the former being taken by gill-nets. On the mainland are found the cara- bou, a large species of deer, bears, foxes, otters, beavers, martins, rabbits, par- tridges, pigeons, and other wild game. The barberry, red rasi)berry, and whortle- berry are also found in difli?rent localities. Caribou Island, lying about 25 miles south of Michipicoten, near the middle of the lake, is a small body of land at- tached to Canada. It is usually passed in sight when the steamers are on their route to Fort William. Otter Head, 60 miles north-west of Cape Gargantua, is one of the best natu- ral harbors on Lake Superior, where is to be seen grand and romantic scenery. Otter Island, I ing to the north of the harbor, is a bold piece of land. In this vicinity are supposed to be rich deposits of iron, tin, and other minerals. Pic River, 40 miles farther, is a fine stream, entering the lake from the north. Here is an old Hudson Bay Company's Post and a settlement of Indians. Pie Island, lying 20 miles to the westward, is next passed, also the mouths of several small rivers. iSlate Island, 25 miles farther west, lies out in the lake, about 12 miles from shore. Here is the widest part of Lake Superior, being about 160 miles from > f|H| y ' T ' • 184 LAKE 8UPEKI0R GUIDE. Wll m\ shore to shore, being nearly due north of Marquette. Wilson's Island, 20 miles west, lies within a few miles of the mainland, which is bold and rugged. Salter Island, a few miles farther west, is a small island, aftbrding fine scenery. Simpson's Island, 40 miles west of Slate Island, is an important body of land, which, no doubt, contains valuable min- erals. St. Ignace Island, the largest and most important of the Canadian Islands, has long been famed for its supposed mineral wealth. Copper, silver, and lead are said to be found on this island. Here the land rises to a great height in some places, while the shores are bold and rugged. On the west end there is a convenient steamboat landing, being distant 30 miles from the mouth of Nepigon River. On approaching Nepigon Bay the steamer runs between Simpson's and Salter Island, the former being a large and rugged body of land, while the high- lands on the main coast are of an equally high and rugged character, presenting a mountainous appearance. Nepigon Bay is about 30 miles long and 20 miles wide, containing several beautiful wooded islands, the largest being Verte Island, lying near the middle of the bay, with lesser islands as the mouth of the river is approached. Nepigon River, the " Ultima Thule " of the angler, is a bold and dashing stream, falling 300 or 400 feet within the dis- tance of 22 miles. There are alternate rapids and expansions, with high, rug- ged hills for most of the distance to the foot of Lake Nepigon. Those who are in the habit of visiting this stream from year to year represent it as one of the most wild and charming retreats on the Continent, where health and sport can be obtained during the summer months, affording almost endless enjoyment to the angler and sportsman. Hed Sock is the name of the settle- ment at the mouth of the river, where is a convenient steamboat landing, a store and storehouse, a few dwellings and Indian wigwams, surrounded by cleared lands. This is an Hudson Bay Company's Post, where goods and In- dian curiosities are sold. Here parties intending to fish for trout in the river disembark, and by means of birch ca- noes, paddled by Indian guides, they .ascend the stream, often proceeding to Lake Nepigon, passing over several port- ages on their route. No words can faithfully describe the wild beauties of this region of country, surrounded by nigged hills, dashing streams, placid lakes, water-falls, and rapids. Here brook trout of a large size are taken in fabulous numbers, and of a delicious flavor. No place on the Continent of America exceeds this ro- mantic spot, which will ever afford sport to the angler and seekers of pleasure. Nepigon River — Its Rapids and Lakes. Copied from Report of Robert Bell, C. E. The Nepigon River empties into the head of Nepigon Bay, which is the most northern point of Lake Superior, (48° 45' N. lat.) The water is remarkable for its coldness and purity, and is the largest stream flowing into the lake. The general upward course of the Nepi- gon is due north, the length of the river being 31 miles. Four lakes occur in its course, between which are rapids and falls. The lowest. Lake Helen, is only one mile from Bed Bock, a Hudson Bay Company's post, at the head of Nepigon Harbor. At the outlet of this lake the river is very narrow, apparently about 100 jrards wide, with a very swift current, flowing between banks from thirty to fifty n m NEPiaON RIVER AND RAPIDS. 185 feet high. Lake Helen, which runs due north, is about eight miles long and one mile wide. For six miles above the lake the river has a width of about five chains, with deep water, and a moder- ately strong current. Here the river makes a sharp bend to the right, and is broken by a slight chute at Camp Alex- ander. At a quarter of a mile above this point the Long Rapids begin, and continue for two miles. Here is a port- age that leads to the foot of Lake Jessie. This lake, which is three miles long, and studded with islands, is separated from Lake Maria, immediately above it, and two and a half miles in length, by " The Narrows," six or eight chains wide, in which there is a strong current. A very high west-facing clifT of col- umnar trap approaches the river from the south-westward, at the head of Lake Maria, and runs from this point, in a tolerably straight course, all along the east side of the river to Lake Nepigon. Cedar Portage, two miles above the lake, is 250 yards long. A mile and a quarter above it there is another portage of fifty yards over an island in the middle of the river. Three-quarters of a mile above Island Portage the One-Mile Port- age begins. At rather more than one mile from the head of this portage the river breaks in a white, foaming chute, which separates Lake Emma from the lower level. This lake is nearly four miles long. Between it and the point at which the river leaves Lake Nepigon, a distance of six miles, four principal rapids occur, the lowest of which is seen where the river enters the northern ex- tremity of Lake Emma. Four miles more, in a north-westerly course, brings us to the head of Lake Hannah, from which Flat Rock Portage, one mile in length, carries us to the shore of Lake Nepigon. The following list shows the levels in ascending the river, and the height of Lake Nepigon above Lake Superior : Rapids, Fobtagks, Era Feet. Current between Red Rock and Lake Helen 2 Current in river from Lake Helen to Camp Alexander 6 Chute at Camp Alexander 4 From the last to Long Portage 8 Rapids at Long Portage 137 Current in the Narrows, between Lakes Jessie and Maria 1 Current from last lake to Cedar Port- age 1 Cedar Chute 10 Current from Cedar Chute to Island Chute 1 Island Chute 7 Current from the Island to the One- Mile Portage 2 Rapids of One-Mile Portage 45 Current from One-Mile Portage to White Chute 1 White Chute 6 Current between Lakes Emma and Hannah 1 Rise from last lake to Lake Nepigon (Flat Rock Portage) 81 Lake Nepigon* aboveLake Superior 313 Waters of the Nepiqon. "Good water is a luxury that cannot be over-estimated. In this respect, the sportsman angling for trout on the Nepi- gon is favored above all others. He has always before him a never-failing supply, so remarkable for its coldness and its purity that even those who have drunk of it habitually for years cannot but speak of it whenever they taste its re- freshing waters. Its temperature is too cold for bathing, and a morning ablution brings a rosy glow to the cheeks that the fairest belle might envy." * Nepiqon, the name by which the lake is known, in a contraction of an Indian word sig- nifying " Deep Clear-water Lake." It is about 70 miles long and 50 miles wide, being deeply indenttni bv large bays, having a coast-line of upwards of 5j;eon Kiver and Fort William (situated at the mouth of Ka- ministi([nia Kiver), is made up of these lihites and the overlaving trap. Some of the low islands exhibit only the gray grits and slates. Welcome Jdand)*, in Thunder Bay, display no traps, although in the distance thev resemble igneous products, the joints oeing more obvious than the planes of stratification, thus giving a rude semi-columnar aspect to the cliffs. "At Princ(^s Bay, and also along the chnin of Islands which line the coast, including Spar, Victoria, Jarvis, and Pie Islands, the slates with the crowning traps are admirably displayed. At the British and North American ('ompany'a works the slates are traversed by a heavy vein of cale-sparand ainethystiiio (piartz, yielding gray sulphuret and |)yritous copper and galena. From the vein where it cuts the overlaving trap on the ' "erable extracted. main shore, considi silver has been " At 'Thunder Cape, the slates form one of the most picturescjue headlands on the whole coast of Lake Superior. They are made up of variously-colored beds, such as compose the upper group of Sm Wm. Logan, and re|)ose in a nearly hor- izontal position. These detrital rocks attain a thickness of nearlv a thousand feet, and are crowned with a sheet of trappean rock three hundred feet in thickness." Specklkd Troi-t fromNbpigon River— Weighing 5J^ lbs. each. 1 ■^' Ill i ^f (f ISLE R07ALE — LAKE SUPERIOR. As this large and important Island, attached to Michigan, is attracting much attention, owing to its mineral deposits, we copy the following account from a late number of the Ontonagon Miner, May, 1874. " The Island is situated near the North Shore, but at the time the treaty was made with Great Britain, Eenjamin Franklin secured it for the United States. Its general course is north-east and south-west; its length about 40 miles. The western end is about 10 miles wide, narrowing toward the east ; distant 60 miles nortli from Ontonagon. " The surface of the island is lOiigh and uninviting, although healthy and cool during the summer months. It is almost entirely destitute of a large growth of timber, its chief supply being cedar, spruce and tamarack. Its shores are indented with numerous bays and harbors, many of them bei:"g large enough for the entrance of steamers and sailing craft. In the early days of min- ing on Lake Superior, Isle Royale at- tracted much attention, — say from 1850 to 1860. It was then abandoned, and the few dwellings erected allowed to go to decay. " During the summer of 1872 an ex- tensive system of exploration was com- menced in different parts of the Island. Numerous pits and Indian diggings were found and opened, and the veins proved to be of so much promise that work was continued throughout the season of 1873, and belts of rich copper-bearing con- glomerates were found and opened, being mostly situated in Sections 29 and 30, Town 64 North of Range 37 West. A company was formed, called the Island Minincj Company, and a large force of miners set to work last fall. " A vein of silver, apparently of great promise, has also been discovered on the western end of the Island. This will, no doubt, be followed by other important discoveries, as it lies on the same range witli Silver Islet, some 20 or 30 miles north, situated on the Canada shore." Lake Desor and Siskowit Lake are considerable bodies of water, lying near the middle of the Island. There are also a number of islands along the coast, where are several good fishing stations. Blake's Point lies on the extreme north end of t)ie Island. .To the N.E., dis- tant 3 miles, lies Passage Island, and 5 miles farther north are the Gull Islands, all being attached to the United States ; the boundary line of Canada running immediately north, in latitude 48° 15', being the most northern bounds of the United States east of the Lake of the Woods. Steamers now run from ports on the South Shore and from Duluth to Sis- kowit Bay, Washington Harbor, and Rock Island Harbor, Isle Royale ; also, to Pigeon River, Thunder Bay, and Sil- ver Islet, forming a deeply interesting excursion during the summer months. in ' ; : r ! I fii: LATITUDE, ELEVATION ABOVE SEA • LEVEL AND MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE OF SIGNAL STATIONS ON THE UPPER LAKES. Ion the Ito Sis- \r, and also, ind Sil- breBting ntlia. 2 Alpena, (Lake Huron,) Mich. Latitude, 45° 05^ Longitude, 83° 30'. Elevation of Barometer, 608 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 43° Fahr. Buffalo, (Lake Erie,) N. Y. Latitude, 42° 53^ Longitude, 78° 55^ Elevation of Barometer, 660 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 46i° Fahr. Chicago, (L. Michigan,) 111. Latitude, 41° 52^ Longitude, 87° 38'. Elevation of Barometer, 650 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 47° Fahr. Copper Harbor,* (L. S.,) Mich. Latitude, 47° 30'. Longitude, 88° 00'. Elevation of Barometer, 620 feet. M«an Annual Temp., 40° Fahr. Cleveland, (Lake Erie,) Ohio. Latitude, 41° 30'. Longitude, 81° 74'. ElevJ'tion of Barometer, 682 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 49° Fahr. Detroit, (Detroit River,) Mich. Latitude, 42° 21'. Longitude, 83° 07'. Elevation of Barometer, 656 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 47° Fahr. DuLUTH. (L. S.,) Minn. Latitude. 46° 48'. Longitude, 92° 06'. Elevation of Barometer, 642 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 40° Fahr. Erie, (Lake Erie,) Penna. Latitude, 42° 07'. Longitude, 80° 03'. Elevation of Barometer, 671 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 48° Fahr. EscANABA, (Green Bay,) Wis. Latitude, 46° 44'. Longitude, 87° 16' Elevation of Barometer, 600 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 41° Falir. Grand Haven, (L. M.,) Mich. Latitude, 43° 05'. Longitude, 86° 15'. Elevation of Barometer, 616 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 47° Fahr. Mackinac,* (Lake Huron,) Mich. Latitude, 45° 51'. Longitude, 84° 33'. Elevation of Barometer, 700jfeet. Mean Annual Temp., 41° Falir. Marquette, (L. S.,) Mich. Latitude, 46° 33'. Longitude, 87° 36'. Elevation of Barometer, 666 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 40° Fahr. Milwaukee, (L. M.,) Wis. Latitude, 43° 03'. Longitude, 87° 54'. Elevation of Barometer, 661 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 46J° Fahr. Toledo, (Lake Erie,) Ohio. Latitude, 41° 40'. Longitude, 83° 32'. Elevation of Barometer, 649 feet. Mean Annual Temp., 50° Fahr. iPI^ NOTB.— Variatiou of Mean .Annual Temperature, from 40° to 60° Fahr. • Not Signal Statiouu. 13 193 II Am ii If LAJftE SUPERIOR, Its Bays, Harbors, Islands, Tributaries, &c. Objects of Interest on the Soitth Shore. Saut Stc. marlc, Mich. N. lat. 46^30', W. long. 84°43'. Head of Ship Canal andRapida, Round Island and Light, Waiska Bay, Iroquois Point and Light, Toquamenon Bay and River, .... White Fish Point and Light, Carp River Two-Heart River, Sucker River, Grand Marais River, Grand Soublo, 300 feet high,. . . . Cascade Falls, 100 feet, The Chapel, " Arched Rock, or Grand Portail, I Pictured Sail Rock, [ Rocks. The Ainpliitheatre, ... Miner's Castlo, & River, ^ Grand Island and Harlaor, Munising, and Iron Works Onota, Schoolcraft Co Au Train Island, and River .... Au Sauble River, Harvey, Mouth Chocolat River, . . Marquette ♦ and Light, N. lat. 4G°32', W. long. 87°41' Dead River, Presque Isle, Middle Island, Granite Point and Island, Garlic River, Little Iron River, and Lake Inde- pendence Salmon Trout River, Pine River and Lake Huron Islands and Light, Huron Bay, Point Abbaye, Keweenaw Bay (13 miles wide) VAncc, and Settlement (South), . Miles. 6- 2- •7—10 9—25 15—40 20—60 6—66 12—78 12—90 10-100 18-118 2-120 4-124 2-126 2-128 3-131 3-134 2-136 4-140 9-149 6-155 12-167 3-170 2-172 1-173 2-175 5-180 8-188 10-198 8-206 6-212 10-222 6-228 4-232 13-245 Miles. Portage Entry and Light (West), . 245 Portage Lake, 6-251 Houghton, f N. lat. 46°40', W. long, 88°30' 8-259 Hancock,\ 1-260 Head of Portage Lake (8 miles), 268 Traverse Island from Portage Entry, 10-355 Tobacco River, 12-267 Lac La Belle, f and Bete GriseBay 14-281 Mount Houghton (900 feet high), Montreal River (Fishing Station), 6-281 Keweenaw Point, 8-295 Manitou Island and Light 3-298 CofPEH HARBOR.t N, lat. 47°30', W. long, "ir, 10-308 Agate Harbor, 10-318 Eagle llarhor f and Light, 6-324 Eagle River, f N. lat. 47°25', W. long, 88°20', 9-333 Entrance to Ship Canal & Portage Lake Route, 20-355 Salmon Trout River, 8-366 Graveraet River, 5-366 Elm River, 8-374 Misery River 5-379 Sleeping River, 6-385 Flint Steel River, 6-391 Ontonagon,! N. lat, 46°52', W. long. S9°30' 9-400 Iron River, 1 1-41 1 Porcupine Mount'ns, 1,300 ft, high, 8-419 Carp River, 10-429 Presque Isle River, 6-435 Black River, 6-441 Montreal Jiiver boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, 20-461 Maskeg, or Bad River 10-471 Chaquamegon Point, Bay,&Light, 11-482 Athland, Wisconsin, head Chaqua- megon Bay. 194 LAKE SUPERIOR — OBJECTS OF INTEREST. 195 19-400 .1^11 8-419 10-429 [6-435 16-441 20-461 10-411 Ll-482 Miles. La Pointe, Madeline Island, 3-485 (The Twelve Apostle Islands). Bayfield, Wisconsin, N. lat. 46°45', W. long. 'JV3', 3-488 Basswood Island, 7-495 Raspberry Island, and Light, G-501 York Island, 4-505 Fishing Island, 4-509 Bark Bay and Point, 10-519 Apnkwa, or Cranberry River, . . . 6-525 Iron River, 10-535 * Shipping Port for Iron. Burnt Wood River, Poplar River, Cotton Wood River, Amican River Mouth Nemadje, or Left Hand River, (Alloues Bay). Wisconsin Point, Minnesota Point and Light, .... St. Louis Bay and River. Superior C'Ify, Wisconsin, I>uluth, Minnesota f Shipping Ports for Copper. Objects of Interest on the North Shore. Superior City, Wisconsin, K lat. 46° 40', W. long. 92°, (Superior Bay. J I>ll1uth, Minn Ler-ter River, Kassabika River, French River (Copper Mines), . . . Bttchanon, Knife River (Copper Mines), . . . Burlington, Stewart's River, Encnnipnient River and Island . . Split Rock River, Beaver Bay, N. lat. 47°12', W. long. 9r Palisades, Baptism River, Little Marais, Manitou River, Two- island River, Temperance River, Poplar River, Grand Portage, Indian trading post, N. lat. 47' 50', W. long. 90° , Isle Royal, attached to Micliigan, Pigeon River, boundary between the United States and Canada, Pie Island, 700 feet high, Welcome Island, Mouth KaminiBtiquia River, Miles. 7 5—12 7—19 3—22 4—26 1—27 10—37 3—40 3—43 7—50 10—60 5—65 1— 06 6—72 3—75 8—83 6—88 6—94 16-110 10-120 20-140 7-147 lat. Fort William, Canada, N, 48°23', W. long. 89"^ 27', Prince Arthur's Landing, 3§ miles Thunder Cape, 1,350 feet high,. . Silver Islet, Canada, Black Bay, Point Porphyry, Entrance to Neepigon Bay & River Ste. Ignace Island, Slate Islands, Pic Island, Peninsula Harbor, Pic River and Harbor, Otter Island, Head and Cove, . . . Michipicoten Island, 800 ft. high, Michipicoten, Harbor and River, N. lat. 47 "56', W. long. SS'Oe'. Cape Gargautua, Leach Island, Lizard Islands, Montreal Island and River, !N[ica Bay (Copper Mine), Mamainse Point, Batchevvanaung Bay (Fishing St'n) Sandy Islands, Maple Island, Goulois Bay and Poiut, Pansion Island, Gros Cap, 700 feet high, Point Au.x Pins, Saut Ste. marie, Canada, . . MilM. 10-545 9-554 4-558 2-560 1-568 1-569 7-576 Miles. 3-150 15-1G5 6-170 5-175 5-180 80-210 10-220 30-250 15-265 8-273 10-28,3 30-313 25-338 45-383 25-103 12-420 6-42G 14-440 20-400 6-466 10-476 4-480 7-^184 8-195 5-500 10-510 7-517 8-625 196 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE, FROM CHICAGO TO GREEN BAY AND MARQUETTE, LAKE SUPERIOR. J.. ik-'X jt^-ar'X"!!!' irir Chicago and North- Western Mailroad. MILES. STATIONS, MILES. 242 CHICAGO 230 Canlield 12 225 DesPlaines 5 17 220 Dunton 5 22 216 Palatine 4 26 210 Barrington 6 32 199 Crystal Lake 11 43 196 Ridgefield 3 46 191 Woodstock 5 51 179 Harvard Junction 12 63 177 Lawrence 2 65 164 Clinton Junction 13 78 160 .Shopiere 4 82 151 Jaiiesville 9 91 143 Milton Junction 8 99 131 Fort Atkinson 12 111 125 Jefferson 6 117 120 Johnson's Creek 5 122 112 Watertown 8 130 97 Juneau 15 145 94 Minn. Junction* 3 148 90 Burnett 4 152 MILES. STATIONS. MILES. 82 Chester 8 160 74 Oakfield 8 168 65 Fonfl dii liac 9 177 49 OsHKOsii 6 193 35 Neenah 14 207 29 Appleton 6 213 24 Little Chute 5 218 21 Kaukauna 3 221 16 Wrightstown 5 226 6 DePere 10 236 Fort Howard 6 242 Green Bay 189 GREEN BAY, 242 161 Oconto 28 270 140 Marinette 21 291 138 Menomonee 2 293 74 £scanaba 64 357 Peninsula Division. 61 Day's River 13 370 54 Centerville 17 387 12 Neoaunee 32 419 Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon B. B. MAUiiUETTE 12 431 Steamers run daily from Marquette to the Saut Ste. Marie on the East, 170 miles; and to Houghton, Ontonagon, Bayfield, and Duluth on the West; a total distance of 400 miles, — passing around Keweenaw Point. This distance can be shortened about 100 miles by passing the Portage and Lake Superior Ship Canal. Tinr LE8. 160 168 L77 193 207 213 218 221 226 236 242 242 270 291 293 357 J70 i87 119 B. 131 ast, est; nee •ior I ^ijiM mil » ilii^y iliiiliiilllii m m 197 ThoI*lCTTrKt'l.>K<'K-KS,ofwhio}t,'»{iju.wt' fabulous acoovints are given hv t ra^'vUcrs, ureoi)eofthe'.voiKl.:r»Gftl)if"inUtuif5ea." Hero aro to bo seea tiio CiLsoule Faiu ujhI other objects of groat iutereat. The Am- 1 phirliOtirTft, Mimtrs' ("laatlo, Clidi,el, Oraud Porta], and B,iU Rock, ary poiaca ofKron: j pioturcsij'ia btduty, whii"-!! require to ha i «©yn to bo justly appreciaioii. KdraH from FoSTEB and WniTXRT'-^ \ Bt'por; of thy (hx>iogy of the Lakv SajKi- ' rior I.an'i Di-ilnc! : I*i«'tJjromtt of tho I'ictti; ed li/ioks has been giveu, may be rerrHrd- ed as ttiii' 'ut tho rad'it Btrikiu^ and bea>.i tifui iV.'itari^s ot" Un* ac.-uei y of (be Nonh- we^', aud aro ■well v.'orthv th:- aif .ntio.^' of tiio arli.t, tko lover of ti*^ grand and beinitifuL aud the ob8er\«r >,( g».-olofpoai i phonomorva. ' -Utiioii^h ov'caaifiiially visitod hy (ra* cIUts, a full am? >A^iu3t6 de^^vn{J|^?:■:.•••.. ill gp'ipful terms, as a serie*? of SiUnlsUJiii . oiuffa oitiMuliug alonqr tlu; Hhoro yf La-ko j-jjperior lor ubout live miloss, und risiajf, til most piHcea, vertically from the water, without any beach at tho baso, to .nlioigbt varyitiij from lifiy to netirly two hundred • Schoolcraft haa undiTfHkeri u> (losoritMS t'sl* «inj?f of c!iil"», ami iUnslrat'i th" h-.^uriy. The nfeetchcs tif not appear tti fmvc Xm-i-n made ori tlifl sjnit, >r fii)!.''hu(t by one wln» was ucouaiiitcMl wtlh tho :".-.acry, as they bear no.ri.'wmliUiiioo, »o fir A( we oliftcrvert, to iiny of. tho proiiiiiieut foatur*» of t'l'j Pitiurfd Bwka, " It Is H (iiatt«r «>f surprise that, io fir a^ we kn"w, niiii''* t»four arli.0'3ll : v»nil If Ihii tide of pli'rti«ur«-travcl sh'mlil <; ••irnoil in tlii» dirwrtloii; it B«ems not nnr««Moii- ibie to !ii][>(i<>»« tluu A &shi(>iinblu h<>tv] mny yut Ik; built umler tht» shade <\( tlio pino gr<)Vv« n: V'JittiH't, ■Mid a 'rip t.iiltlKr Deconic «s cu'ninim <*4 one lo Xiagora iiovv js."' feot. Wero they simply ft lino of difTk, tU:y mitjht not, ho fur ti.^ r*» rank ■Ha.-Ty.; i^retts natural curioaitie* with nig:!: i«'»- :; ikn »iHi«embla^e of rocky ,stratH, wafibf] >:« tJiT* waves of the preat latkt-, v.Oi.id <.•%■ utidtr any ciruimi.sUmces, la; u<»(«ii,utp> of graii'J-tir. i'o tiiO voyager oomul/ •^'■f-nf llieir '.•wo in liig frail wiiuhj they would, at al* iiHwa, be an object of dn-ad; Ij.t? r . , I. ..-'.j'p'Mk' t-<» the Btx^ncrv a w-i)- oi-r. -u *;*«)! .•■!'.?■••.: -iiu^uw chwruUi'v Tlies« V< :if*t, th*» iHinou;* tMutiMir iii which t!;»» ■" ' ».vo b«.trta excravatod ruui worn av\ ly • iiclwn of the- laky, which f^r oca- IMis d;tsht'd an ootjanlikt.-- siirf ••.iifr f-a#f!; and, noLond, liiu^.jital- '-«»tjsi«fr m whi«"-H*!!i ot4'.Hf«d * v baodi? x-ft d'octmatan-'e tl^it I :.. . . . . thi'Be cliffj. arc kt)"\va toUi* A 'i»v^''a!> travelk^r is derived; while »t.»n- ft{u:h«*> hit * prt'.'il lentrth of time, b;jf. wlien It ^is'as •fi'-st rtppliod we liuvo been auablf) to 'itst^.'VHr. "Til."- I?fdijaa rsamoapphed totheHecliiVa, ac^ordi^j.* io our iwii'-yctt/.*, is ii'-i.k-ne.e- arr/.M knof. or 'The end of the rcH.'ks,' •<:» i'-fta!! in a Krt-nch torni, si^ilyiii!^ tho ' (■ iirnfice of a chiircb or a ymrtM, and i' ;i:t pIVKii to the IMcturt^d IJ.Kskn by thv ■^■ archea •»tjl«Ai.c«'!' wlitP.h roDRticuto th" rtix*' tli'i'TW'tfi*- t!<; /.-(.tiU'i , I/' Uriiid l\iit;iil »» tlio gr^-ai VH", •tniy nr (^i',e aide to appreciate and iin"i K \f>\ W '^ ' i ' '■;; 1 11' i w ■ Hi 1 i 1 ■' I 202 TRtP THROUGH THE LAKES. Lake ^iuperior Rc;^ioii. The following verses were written by J. G. WiiiTTiER, ou recLJving au cayle's quiU, when on a visit to Lake Superior in 1846. THE SEER. I hear tho fui'-otr voja^'i-r's horn, I see tlu YiinktH-'s tniil — His foot oil every iiioiintaiii pass, On evc'i-y stream his sail. lie's wlil.^tlinp rounil 8t. Mary's Falls, Uiion hts loaded train ; lli'"8 leaving; on tlio IMetured Eocks His fresh tobacco stain. I see tho intittock in tho mine, The axe-stroku in the dell, The clamor from the Indian lodge, The Jesuit's chapel belli 1 see the swarthy trappers come Froir. Mi.^sissjpid's Sprinjrs; And war-chiefs w'ith their iwiuted brows. And crests of eaj^le wings. Behind the scared squaw's birch canoe, The steamer smokes and raves; And city lots are !»taked for sale Above old Indian graves. By forest, lake and water-fall, I see tlie peddler's show; Tho mighty minurlin:; with the mean, The lofty with the low. 1 hear tho tread of pioneers Of iiations yet to be ; The first low wash of waves where soon Shall roU'a hm lan sea. The riKlimenta of empire here Are plastic yet and warm; The cliiios of a mighty world Is roumling into form 1 Each rude and jostling frairment soon Its fitting pliiee shall flnil— The raw materials of a state, Its muscle and its mind I And, westering still, the star which leads The new world in its train, Has tipped with ftre the icy spears Of many a mountain chain. Grand Island, 125 miles distant from the Saut, is about 10 miles long and 5 wide, lying close in to tho south shore. This is a wild and romantic island ; the cliffs of sandstone, irregular and broken into by the waves, form picturesque eav- erns, pilliirs, and arches of immense di- mensions. There are several romaniic bays and inlets protected from storms, which are frequent on this great b!:e, where the brook trout of a large size can be caught in qunntities. The tbrests also afford a do' rhtful retreat, while all nature geemM h .led — save by tho moaning winds' and billowy surges of the surround- in? waters. A few families reside on the south shore, fiieing the mainland, where is a clearing of considerable extent. Tho main-shore in full sight, and the Pictured Rocks, visible from its eastern shoio, alto- gether add a charm to this truly Grand Island, unsurpassed by no other spot in this interesting region. MuNisiNO, formerly called Grand Island City, lies on tho south side of Grand Island Bay, here aliout 3 miles in width. Here is a steamboat wharf and hotel, together with a few dwellings, being, no doubt, destined to become a favorite place of resort, as from this place the Pictured Rocks can be easily reached by canoes or small boats during cahn weather. Trout iishing is also good in Ann's River, which enters Grand Is'and Raj', and in Miner's River, near tlie I'icturod Rocks. The bay or harbor is capacious, deep, and ejvsy of access from the east or west, being (J miles in length by from 2 to 4 in width, with a depth of water of 100 feet and upwards. It is perfectly lasid* locked by hills rising from 100 to 300 feet high, and capacious enough to contain the entire fleet of the lakes. The Schoolcraft Iron Works, near Mu- iiisiug, have recently been erected close to tlie water's edge, for tho manufacture of pig iron, where is a landing tor toanvrs. Miner's Point, a most remarkable head- land, lies G miles east of Munising, at tho mouth of a small stream of tlie same name. REMARKABLE PHENOMENA ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 203 The action of tlie waters has here dis- Intot^rated portions of the sand-ste"^ formation, formi'ng romantic caverns and grotjoes where the waters of the latce penetrate, mailing strange music in the oubterranean passages. Monument Rock, about one milo west of Miner's Por> . '*, another strunge freait of nature, bemg ao upright cohimn stand- ing iu full view, near the water's edge, elevated some 80 or 100 feet above the lake. {.See Ewjrariu'j.) All tlioso poLuta can easily bo reached from Munisiiig, or Grand Island, by a sail or row boat. .11 KONUMBNT ROCK. Remarkable Plioiioiii(;iia on Lake ^iiipei'ior. The sudden and singular changes of the weatiier on Lake Superior, in connection with its healthy intluence, during the .sum- mer and fall months, present one of the phenomena ( aature which seems almost unaccountable. The sun frequently rises clear and cl()udle.s.s, giving indications of continued sunshine, when suddenly the .sky becomes overcast witii wiiite, lleecy clouds, scudding low and giving out a chilly atmosphere, not unlrequently ac- companied witli rain, — the clouds as sud- denly disiipjiear, and a pleasant afternoon usually follow.s, with ligiit winds. This intluence, causing a tluctuation of several degrees of the thermometer, seems to have an injurious ell'ect on mo8t kinds of fruit and vegetables requiring a warm sun throughout tiie day in order to arrive at maturity; the country a few miles in- land, however, being less sulject to those frequent changes. On tho 0th of August, 18G0, there oc- curred a remarkable phenomenon, as wit- nessed on (irand Island Bay, near the Pictured Hocks -Lake Superior being her© about 170 miles wide. During the fore- noon of a pleasant summer's day, the wa- ter was observed suddenly to fall some three or four feet perpendicularly on the south shore, then rise in about half an hour, as suddenly again to recede and rise several times; exposing tho bod of the lake for a considerable distance where -\-w 204 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Ml i * the water was shallow, aflfording a fine op- portunity to collect pebf'lea of diflferent hues, and precious stoniK. At noon the wind blew moderately from the southward, while the thermometer ranged at about 74° Fahr. This uppa- rently calm and pleasant weather was ta- ken advantage of by a party of pleasure to cross the bay in a sail-boat from Munising to Grand Island, 3 miles distant, aflfording a delightful excursion. On looking eastwa- at about 4 o'clock, p. m., a dense fog Oi low cloud was seen rapidly to enter the east channel of the bay, from tlie north- ward, rolling on in majestic grandeur, and presenting apparently the smoko caused by the discharge of a park of artillery, ob- scuring every object in the far distance, while the headlands withir one or two miles were distinctly visible. As it ap- proached, the thermometer fell several degrees, and rain followed, attended with lightning and thimder. Soon, however, the wind lulled, or entirely ceased, while the rain poured down in torrents. The mist or fog seemed mostly to ascend as it passed over the high lands on the main land, and assumed the appearance of clouds, while portions remained, in low and wet locahties, above the forest-trees, — presenting altogether a most magnifi- cent appearance. The rain-storm and cloud oliect, after continuing some two hours, as suddenly ceased, followed by a splendid rainbow, — being the harbinger of a pleasant evening and calm weather for a time. Mackenzie, who wrote in 1789, relates a very similar phenomenon, which oc- curred at Grand Portage, on Lake Supe- rior, and for which no obvious cause could be assigned. Ho says: "The water with- dj»w, leaving the ground dry which had never before been visible, the fall being equal to four perpendicular feet, and rush- ing back with great velocity above the common mark. It continued thus rising and falling for several hours, gradually decreasing until it stopped at its usual height." '2o the mariner these sudden storms and fluctuations, accompanied by fog, are attended with much danger, more partic- ularly if near the land, when the sun and all objects in sight suddenly disappear as if in darkest night, tho terrific noise of the waves and wind alone being heard. When followed by snow tiie danger is still more increased, frequently causing tho most disastrous shipwrecks. In this high latitude a perfect calm seldom contin- ues but for a short time ; the wind will oc- casionally lull, wlien fitful gusts disturb the waters, to be followed by a breeze or storm from some quarter of the compasfl. On examining the meteorological record kept at Fort Mackinac, about 100 miles distant in a southeast direction from Grand Island, it was found that the thermome- ter ranged at 78" Fahrenheit at 2 p. M. on the abovo day ; the wind being from the south. A. 7 p. M. a heavy rain and thunder storm commenced, which lasted two hours, the same as on lake Superior, terminating with a gorgeous sunset view, exceeded only by the magnificent aurora, whicli frequently illuminates the northern heavens in thia^liigh latitude, or the beau- tiful mirage of mid-day, whicli reflects with remarkable distinctness the invisible landscape, and vessels floating on the bo- som of this vast inland sea. How far the receding of the waters had to do with the above coming storm, must be left to conjecture or further in- vestigation — no doubt, however, it caused a displacement of water at sonit remote parts of the lake, which was almost im- mediately felt at other and far distant points. So with the vapory clouds which suddenly rise over I-aiie Superior; they, no doubt, being caused by cold currents of air from the higher regions or north- west, passing over warmer portions along the south sliore, when immediately a mist or fog is created, which ascends in the REMARKABLE PHENOMENA ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 205 ?au- bo- fonn of clouds into the upper regions; not, however, at first very far above the lake level — thus giving out the cold in- fluence above referred to as peculiar to the soutli sliore of the lake when the northwest winds prevail: this cold in- fluence being most probably wafted far to tlie east and southward, producing, no doubt, an eflect on the weather along the Atlantic coast several hundred miles to the southeast. The northwest winds ■which mostly prevail in the States of New York aud Pennsylvania have a modified cliaracter, similar to the winds from the same quarter passing over the upper lakes of North America — affording a cool and bracing influence on the human system. Another remarkable feature in the cli- mate of Lake Superior, is its healthy and invigorating influence on residents and invalids sutTering from incipient pulmo- nary aud throat complaints — the sudden changes of hot and cold, or wet weather, seem to brace the constitution, without producing any otlier injurious effects than rheumatism, when too much exposure is endured. While the balmy southern clime too often disappoints the invalid, this north- ern climate, its influence extending west- ward toward the Rocky Mountains, seems to give strength to tlie respiratory and digestive organs — thereby often efiFecting most miraculoua and permanent cures. without the aid of medicine, other than that afforded by nature — pure air and water. The intense colds of winter are here represented as being far more endu- rable than in more southern latitudes, along the Atlantic coast, where damp northeast storms prevail. In Foster and Whitney'' s Report on the Geolog of Lake Superior, the phenome na of these fluctuations are elabo-ately discussed; and, for tlio most part, they are found to bo the premonition of an ap- proaching gale. They remark, that the earth may be regarded as surrounded by two oceans — one aerial, the other liquid. By tho laws which regulate two fluids thus relatively situated, a local distur- bance In the one would produce a corre- sponding disturbance in the other. Every rise or fall of one-twentieth of an inch in the mercurial column, would be attended with an elevation or depression in the surface of the water equal to one incli. A sudden change of the atmos- pheric pressure over a large body of wa- ter would cause a porpendlculor rise or fall, in the manner of waves, greater than the mere weight itself, which would prop- agate themselves in a series of undula- tions from the centre of disturbance. Those undulations result from an unusual disturbance of the atmosphere occurring around the margin of the storm, and its effects are perceived before the storm ao tuallv breaks. 1 -\- 1 ; ■t - ) ■ ; i ! in- lote im- staut l-hich l-hey, Vents lorth- long [mist the r. :-i; ml 206 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. liake Superior Region.— Phenomena of the Seasons, By J. W. FosTEK, LL.D. " Tliat portion of the lake region occupied by tlie great coniferous forest, has but two seasons — Suniiuer and Winter. About the mid- dle of September, heavy gales sweep over the lake, and lioar-frosta fall, nip- I)ing the leaves of the deciduous trees, of which the maple is conspicuous, and dyeinj.; them with many colored tints. This equinoctial term is fol- lowed by a delightful Indian Summer of several day's duration. By the middle of October, the snow begins to fall, and to this succeeds an interval of calm, lasting tAvo or three weeks, when winter sets in in earnest. The interior lakes are closed with a cover- ing of ice, and the land and water are wrapped in a mantle of sncw, so that the ground becomes frozen (o no great depth. The dense forests prevents the drifting of the snows, and the warmth of the soil is retained until the open- ing of Spring. The thermometer ac- casionally drops to 30°, followed by a dry, cold, and elastic north-west wind, which seems to rob the temperature of its intensity, so far as relates to its effects upon the human system. The trapper, amid these intense colds, and shod with snow shoes, pursues his ac- customed round; camping at night with his feet towards the log-built lire, with no covering than a Mackinac blanket. " During the long winter nights the northern sky is frequently illumined with brilliant streaks of variously- colored light, which reach to the zenith, and then dissolve in luminous waves. So intense are they, at times, as to com- municate a crimson tint to the snow, and clothe every object with an un- natural hue. The Northern Lights in- crease in number and intensity in Sep- tember and March, as though there was an intimate connection between these phenomena and the changes of the ecjuinoxes. "Towards the end of April the streams become released from their icy fetters. When the weather liaa become so far nioUilied, as it ordinarily does by the middle of March, to thaw s>l mid-day and freeze at night, the sap of the maple begins to How, and then commences tlie sugar harvest. This tree, as far north as the shores of Lake Superior, clothes most of the ridgea and high grounds, and the bird's-eye and curled varieties are the most abun- dant. By the beginning of May, when the sun's rays have acquired sufficient power to dissolve the snows, the trees start from their winter's sleep, and commence the process of foliation, with an activity unknown in lower lati- tudes ; the air becomes vocal with the hum of insects ; the birds resiuue their accustomed haunts; and all nature seems roused from a lethargic sleep. "In June, the thermometer often rises to 90° in the shade, and the sun's rays have a scalding efl'ect, but the pressure of so large a body of water as is contained in the Great Lakes, modifies the range of the temperature, lessening the Winter's cold and the Summer's heat.* In freezing, the water evolves a large amount of heat, and during the Summer the winds are tempered in passing over its surface, often giving out a chilling influence. When the unclouded sun sinks behind the western horizon, leaving a long twilight, a cool breeze commences blowing toward the heated surface of the land ; so that, however hot it may have been, the night is rarely sultry." ♦ A singular phononieiia occurs at Copper Unrbor, on Keweenaw Point; here, the mean annual temperature uf 4(P FuUr. and Summer tempe><».uru of 60° come together. NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 207 ;of nual Worth Sborc of L.ake Sii- ?ierior. — Extract from the Chiaujo Vibune of Atigust, 1870. "If you ever go to Lake Superior, and have tlie opiiortunity, don't fail to visit the North Shore and Inle Royale. On Monday, the 2oth, we left Duluth, and at iive o'clock the next morning we were in sight of Bayfidd, quietly sleeping on its hill-side, its neat, trim houses and old churches snugly nestled among the pines, cow-hells tinkling among the trees, crows lazily sailing through the air, over the woods full of birds, whose songs come floating over the water like a morning henison. It is a lovely place, and as quiet as a dream, and soon thereafter we were steaming among the Apostle Islands, which, for an hour, appeared and dis- appeared, each more beautiful than the other, sometimes but one in sight, and, as we round it, a whole cluster coming into view, each overlapping the other with its curving outlines, the sun gilding the tree tops, a little boat here and there dancing on the waves, beauty everywhere. By seven o'clock the outermost Apostle had disappeared, and at half-past one we were passing Isle lioyale, sleeping in the blue dis- tance. We are out of the world, be- J^ond the pickets of civilization, and leading for the great wilderness, which stretches towards the pole, without a single habitation. The North Shore is in view, an unending range of hills and mountains, indented here and there with beetling crags and frowning precipices on their summits, with solid walls of porphyry and red granite at their bases, worn by the water into caves and all manner of fanciful shapes, and the whole bathed in that deep, dreamy glamor of purple which artists love so much, giving you no detail, but the most suggested outlines. Here aro caverns which might shelter the Titans, gorges which seem fathomlces. Sometimes a bold headlan'.rt against solid granite walls. "Aljout nightfall, we had reached Pigeon river, the boundary line be- tween the United States and Canada, and came to anchor in its still waters, shut in l)y frowning mountains of rock towering above us on either hand. There was time for us to land in small boats before dark, and walk up to the Pigeon liiver Falls, a sight which amply rej)aid us for our scramble up hill and down dale. Minnehaha nuist yield the palm of beauty — or, at least, of grandeur — to these. They make a descent of about one hundred and iifty feet, in two distinct streams, over a table of trap, with projecting S])ur8, which break up and divide the fall in the wildest manner. Standing upon the rocks which overhang the fall, you look down through a rocky gorge, its crevices bursting into beauty with vines and flowers, glistening in the spray, to a bend in the river, which is spanned from side to side with a clear, wcU-detined rainbow. The river b not very wide at Uiis point, scarcely 208 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. ill h wider than the brook which feeds Mitinehaha: but its sudden and head- long phinge, the immensity of its rocky surroundings, and their fantastic shapes and forms, especially of one huge, towering rock, which stands upon the very edge of the fall and divides the water before it goes over, the beauty of the mosses, and ferns, and vines, and the utter solitude of nature around it, give to it not only beauty but an element of solemnity and sublimity Minnehaha does not possess. " The next morning at daybreak we were ofl" for Thunder Bay, rightly enough named withal, skirting among towering islands of rock rising hun- dreds of feet out of the Lake. It was fair when we started, but we had hardly been under way half an hour when, as if by magic, the heavens clouded over. We were near the en- trance to the bay which runs between two headlands of solid rock, Pie Island, rising 850 feet, and Thunder Cape, 1,300 feet, massive, threatening walls of granite, standing there in an awful silence, with nothing around them but smaller islands of naked rock, except in one instance, where a perfect little gem of an island, hardly fifty feet sc^uare, rose from the water, covered with grass and shrubs, with a solitary pine in the centre, which, like Heine's, seemed to be dreaming of the palm, which ' lonelv and silent sorrows 'mid burning rocics and sands.' In the midst of this sublime scene, these ter- rible rock-shapes aroimd us — which looked like rocky monsters just risen from the submarine caverns — this terri- ble solitude and silence, which seemed like the solitude of another world, the clouds closed blackly around the steamer as if they would crush it. It seemed as if you could raise your hand and touch their dark, fleecy whirls. The storm burst forth in awful fury. For a half hour the air was apparently all ablaze, not with flashes, but absolute sheets of light- ning, which lit up the rocks and clifla with a supurb rose color, while the thunder crashed from crag to crag like the roar of a thousand batteries. Nearer and nearer we came to the frowning monsters guarding the en- trance to the bay, showing their lofty walls in the glare of the lightning. The Captain stood, anxiously, on the forward deck, with a silent group around him, peering ahead through the darkness. The sea was now run- ning heavily, and the brave steamer plunged wildly about. As we came abreast of the entrance, a sheet of lightning, more vivid than the rest, lit up the bay, and showed a dense bank of fog inside. To enter would be folly ; the Captain gave the signal to the pilot to about ship, and in a few minutes the steamer was heading for the South Shore, pelted with rain, girt about with lightning, and running at full speed to outstrip the fog, which was chasing us at headlong force across the mad waves of Superior. It over- took us, however, like magic, and shut us in ; we flanked it, in turn, by run- ning into a harbor in Isle Royale, being the first Steamer which ever entered those waters; and, before night, we were in sight of the South Shore again, and dancing over waves which were ruddy with sunlight. The In- dians have a legend, that, the thunder was a huge bird, which laid its eggs and hatched the ligiitnings about Thunder Bay, having their nests on the high hills or surrounding moun- tains." 209 run- Bver lore lich In- ider eggs wut on )un- Meteorologlcal Table, Showing the Latitude, Longitude, Altitude, Temperature, etc., or thb Principal Cities and Ports on the American Side of tub GREAT LAKES. Cities, etc. Lake Ontario. Sacket's Harbor, N. T Oswego, " .... Charlotte, ♦« Fort Niagara, " .... Lake Erie. Buflfalo, N. Y Clevelaud, Ohio Toledo, " Monroe City, Mich Detroit (Detroit R.), Mich. . Lake Huron. Port Huron (St.Clair R),Mich Tawas City, Mich Fort Mackinac, " Green Bay (Green B.), Wis Lake Michigan. Grand Haven, Mich Milwaukee, Wis Chicago, 111 Michigan City, Ind Lake Superior. Saut Ste. Marie, Mich.... Marquette, " .... Copper Harbor, *' .... Ontonagon, " .... Bayfield, Wis Superior City, Wia «s a Four SoftBODii •a s ►3 en 1 g a en 3 < c a Ft •FaJir. •Fahr. •Fahr. "Fahr. »F»hr. 43° 55' 43° 20' 43° 12' 43° 15' 76° 00' 76° 40' 77° 51' 79° 00' 250 260 250 250 46.40 46.44 47.88 46.60 42.49 43.70 43.72 41.38 67.82 67.00 68.4G 67.20 60.58 50.40 50.77 50.00 24.80 24.72 28.56 27.86 42° 53' 41° 30' 41° 45' 41° 43' 42° 20' 78° 50' 81° 47' 83° 36' 83° 24' 83° 00' 600 600 565 565 680 47.26 49.70 50.00 49.23 48.00 43.60 46.84 47.00 46.22 45.04 67.50 69.86 71.00 71.00 69.20 50.14 51.97 52.00 51.33 49.81 27.80 30.00 29.00 28.62 28.17 42° 53' 44° 15' 45° 51' 44° 30' 82° 24' 84° 33' 88° 05' 590 590 700 600 47.00 44.33 41.00 44.50 43.68 37.22 38.70 43.52 67.00 65.15 62.00 68.50 49.00 47.06 43.54 46.00 25.60 24.61 18.30 20.00 43° 06' 43° 03' 41° 52' 41° 40' 86° 10' 87° 55' 87° 35' 86° 53' 580 600 590 590 47.36 46.00 47.00 49.00 44.59 42.89 45.00 46.00 68.62 67.08 08.50 70.00 49.56 48..34 49.00 60.00 26.63 25.00 26.00 28.00 46° 30' 46° 32' 47° 30' 46° 62' 46° 45' 46° 40' 84' 43' 87° 41' 88° 00' 89° 30' 91° 00' 92° 03' 600 630 620 600 620 600 40.50 41.50 41.00 40.00 40.00 41.00 37.60 38.30 38.47 37.00 38.00 3f)00 62.00 63.10 60.80 62.60 62.00 63.00 43.54 43.84 42.96 42.86 43.00 43.60 20.00 20.00 21.78 17.85 16.60 14.60 I 14 !i II 210 THE GEOGRAPHY OF CONSUMPTION. "Consumption originates in all lati- tudes, from the Equator, where the mean temperature is 80° Fahrenheit, with slight variations, to the higher position of the Temperate Zone, where the mean temperature is 40°, with sud- den and violent changes. The opinion, long entertained, that Consumption is peculiar to cold and humid climates, is founded in error. Far from this being the case, the tables of mortality warrant the conclusion, that Consumption is sometimes more prevalent in tropical than in temperate countrieo. Con- sumption is rare in the Arctic Regions, in Siberia, Iceland, the Orkneys, and Hebrides, also in the north-western portions of the United States, and wes- tern portions of Canada. "In North America, 'the disease of the respiratory organs, of which Con- Bumption is the chief, have their maxi- mum in New England, in latitude about 42° where north-east winds pre- vail, and diminish in all directions from this point inland. The diminu- tion is quite as rapid westward as south- ward, and a large district near the for- tieth parallel is quite uniform at twelve to fifteen per cent, of deaths from Con- sumption, while Mas,sachusetts varies from twenty to twenty-live.* At the border of the dry climate of the plains, in Minnesota, a mininmm is obtained as low an that occurring in Florida, and not exceeding live per cent, of the en- tire mortality. It is still lower in Texas, and the absolute minimum for the continent in temperate latitudes is Southern California.' " The Upper Peninsula of Michigan, embracing the whole of the Lake Superior region, Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, and Washington Territory, are all alike exempt, in a remarkable degree, from the above fatal disease. Invalids, suffering from pulmonary complaints and throat diseases, are al- most uniformly benefitted by the cli- mate of the above northern region ; having a mean annual temperature of from 40° to 50° Fahrenheit, with mod- erately cold winters and a dry atmos* phere. DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1860. STATES. Eastern States... Middle States.... Southern States. Western States.. Pacific States.... Total,. CONSUMP- TION. RATIO. FETKRS. RATIO. 10,792 16,213 11,201 10,308 614 25.0 18.4 7.4 13.0 10.2 2,596 4,439 19,431 7,882 550 6.2 5.0 15.4 10.6 8.8 49,118 14.8 35,898 9.1 TOTAL DEATHS. 45,361 94,612 165,800 82,643 5,734 394,150 Making 23.9 per cent, of deaths caused by the two above prevalent diseases. «The mortality is even greater in New Hampshire and Maine. 211 DULUTH TO ST. PAUL, Via Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad. MILES. STATIONS. MlLCS. 155 Diiliith 154 Kice's Point 1 151 Oneota 3 4 141 Foiidduliac 10 14 {Dalles of the St. Louis.) 133 Thouisoii 8 22 132 IS'orthern Pacific R. R. J. 1 23 110 Moose Lake 22 45 95 Kettle River 15 60 77 Hinckley, (Din.Sta.).18 78 65 Pine City 12 90 Stages run from Pine City to Chengwatana, 4 miles Branch to Sunrise, 8 miles. MILES. STATIONS. MILES. 54 Ru.'^hCity 11 101 42 North Branch.... 12 113 30 Wyoming 12 125 25 Forre-st Lake 5 130 17 Centreville 8 138 12 White Bear Lake 5 143 Stillwater Branch.. ..12 155 Minneapolis Branch...13 156 St. Paul 12 155 Stages run from North .t ■■ RAILROAD ROUTE PROM DULUTH TO ST. PAUL, Via Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad. On leaving Dulutii, the line of the Railroad passes Rice's Point, which eeporates the Bay of Superior from St. Louis Bay ; the former is a beauti- ftil sheet of water, about one mile wide and seven in length, being an expanse of St. Ix)nlar resorts during the warm weather, for boating, fishing and hunting. From this sta- tion a Branch Railroad, 12 miles in length, extends to iStillwater on the St. Croix river, and another branch road to Minneapolis, 13 miles. A late writer in speaking of White Bear Lake, remarks: — "This Lake is certainly a most beautiful one; it is surrounded by splendid forests, and its waters are as limpid and transjiarent as the clearest of crystal. Its circumference exceeds twenty miles, and there is a lovely island in its midst, covering an area of over eighty-five acres. Having en- joyed a delightful sail of about an hour, followed by a ramble among the trees on the margin of the Lake, we resumed our carriages and drove back to the City, delighted beyond measure with the excursion, and glad at having had an opportunity of seeing what is confessedly one of the most interesting spots in the vicinity of St. Paul. The climate at White Bear Lake has quite a reputation as a sanatorium for inva- lids, and persons sufiering from dis- eases of the chest and lungs; conse- quently, many people have taken up tneir residence in the neighborhood, t 216 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKE8. one and all of whom concur as to the health- restoring intiuenceof its bracing atmosphere; which physicians believe possesses an excess of oxygen, together with a peculiar dryness and lightness which admirably adapti) it to the pnr poses of free respiration. The lowness of the temi)erature during the Sum- mer months, (ranging from 40° to 70° Fahrejiheit,) too far from tending to produce colds or coughs, is found to attbrd direct relief to those affected with asthma, bronchitis, and other pul- monary complaints. Although the Winters are long, they are considered the most healthy period of the year; the extreme cold not being greater than is sometimes felt in the Northern or Eastern States, near the sea-board." On approaching St. Paul from White Bear Lake, or Stillwater, the railroad runs near Lake Phalen, which sup- plies the City with pure and wholesome water, being three miles distant. Seve- ral other small Lakes are passed lying to the west, their waters all flowing into Lake Phalen, being tributary to St. Paul ; the following are their area in acres: — Lake Phalen 237 Acres. Lake Gervais 210 " Lake Pleasant 730 " Vadnais Lake 500 " Lambert's Lake 750 " Three lesser Lakes 560 " In addition to these Lakes a number of others are readily available, which will swell the aggregate water surface from which St. Paul is to be supplied, to several thousand acres. The quality of the water is superior in all respects to any in the West, and is probably, in regard to purity, unsurpassed in the country. BAHiROAD AND STEAMBOAT CONNECTIONS. The Lake Superior and Mi'ssuisippi Railroad connects at St. Paul with Steamers running on the Mississippi river, and with t!ie St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, the Si. Paul and Sioux City Railroad, the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, and with the West Wisconsin Railroad. Steamers also run from St. Paul up the Min- nesota river as far as navigable, and up the St. Croix river to Taylor's Falls — the latter trip affording a most delightful excursion. For a description o/ St. Paid, see page 202. 217 THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. t . i . I Tins vast ranpo of country drained by tho Mississippi rivor proper, independent of its great tributary, the Missouri river, em- braces most of the State of Illinois, and a great portion of the States of Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; asin.all part of tlie waters of Illinois, on its north- east border, flows into Lake Micliigan, while nearly one half of the waters of Wisconsin flow in the same direction, finding their outlet through the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence river into the Atlantic Ocean. All the waters of Missouri and Iowa find tlieir way into the Missouri or Mississippi river, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. The waters of Minnesota in part flow north- ward, through the Red river of the North, into Lake Winnipeg, and thence into Hudson's Bay. A portion flows eastward into Lake Superior, whilst its nost im- portant streams are the Upper Mississip- pi, fed by numerous lakes, and the St. Peter's or Minnesota river, falling into the Mississippi a few miles beiow the Falls of St. Anthony. The Mississippi river is navigable for steamers of a large class, during a good stage of water from St. Paul to St. Louis, a distance of about 800 miles, and from St. Louis to New Orleans at all seasons of tho year, except when interrupted by ice, a further distance of about 1,200 miles; making an uninterrupted navigation, du- ring most of the year, of upward of 2,000 miles, from the Falls of St. Anthony, to the Gulf of Mexico. It is also navigable for steamers of a small class for about 150 miles above the Falls of St. Anthony. Tho entire navigation of this great river and its numerous tributaries being esti* mated at 16,000 miles. Tho Area and Population of the five States mostly drained by the Mississippi, are as follows : Illinois 55,400 Missouri 65,000 Iowa 65,000 Wisconsin 53,924 Minnesota 83,500 alAtlon. 18(S0. 1,711.951 1,182,012 674,913 775,881 172,023 Population, 1870 2.5.39,638 1,714,102 1,182,933 1,032,880 460,037 Total 312,824 4,616,780 6,948,590 This rich and fertile portion of the Union, when as densely populated as tho State of New York, will contain about 25,000,000 inhabitants, and be capable of raising annually an immense amount of broad stufls, meats, and other agricultural products for homo consumption and for- eign markets. THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. i";i ■ The Nortli-Western States, proper, including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Min- nesota, contains an area of 378,920 square miles; and, in 1860, contain»id a population of 7,775,678 souls, which increased in 1870, hy the new Census, to 10,757,944 inhahitants — being about one-fourth the entire population of the United States. The agricultural pro- ducts and wealth having increased in about the same rapid ratio. The principal cities and centres of trade for the above States, lying on navigable waters, and from wliich Kailroads diverge to different sections of the country, are St. Louis, Burling- ton, Davenport, Chicago, Milwaukee, Dubuque, and St. Paul. Between these different cities a healthy rivalry exists for the trade of this great North- West- ern region, which is annually in- creasing in population and wealth. A large number of Steamers run between St. Louis, Dubuque, and St. Paul, stopping at intermediate land- ings, affording daily opportunities for travellers visiting the Upper Missis- sippi, now annually thronged with pleasure-seekers and invalids in search of health. Steamers, propellers, and sailing ves- sels run from Chicago, Milwaukee, and other lake ports on Lake Michigan, to Green Bay, Mackinac, Lake Superior; also, to Detroit, Buffalo, and Lake Ontario, via the Welland Canal. These steamers and propellers are usually thronged with passengers during the Summer months. Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, Marquette, and the different ports on Lake Superior being delight- ful and healthy places of resort. A Railroad and Steamboat Route is now in operation, running from Chi- cago to Green Bay, and thence to Marquette, on Lake Superior, afford- ing a speedy conveyance to this health- restoring region. The L<ubu