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Miaiocorv reschution tbt chart
lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
^ /APPLIED IN/MGE Inc
^^ '653 East Mam Street
^^S Rochestef, N^w Yorh 14609 uSA
'«a= (?'6) *82 - 0300 - Phone
^S (?16) 288 - b9B9 - Tg,
6^ Vf
DEPARTMrJNT OF AGRICULTURE
CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM
OTTAWA. CANAIJA
f
PLUM CULTURE
AND
DISTRICT LISTS OF PLUMS SUITABLE FOR ONTARIO AXD QUEBEC
WITH
DESCBIPTIOiq-S OF VARIETIES
BT
W. T. MACGJN
Scrticulturist, Central Experimental Fan,
ill
BULLETIN JSTo. 43.
JULY, 1903.
PUBLISUSD .T DII.WriOK OF TUE HoN. SVLKST A. flSIlER. Ml.Ms
IST«» or AOUICOLICEE
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Cl.i'sos nru! ffroups of plums
riuin culturo in tlie provinces of UuUrio and Quebec
Kxpcjrimcnts with plums at the Central Experimental Farm.
H?e<llinf» vaiiutios
Cross-hreoiling
Propagation by j,'r;iuiiig juhI budJinu
T!io nursery
The orcliai-d
Soil and cxjkiskii". . . . .
Preparation of the l.u.r. .
Jjaying ouk the orchard .
T.\r.r..
7
11
11
12
13
1.1
T 'Is and apjilicanues used in pruning; and grafting IS
19
19
19
20
20
Windbreaks oQ
Kind of trees to plant 21
Planting oj
Varieties oo
A district list of varieties for the proviutos of Ontario and Quebec 23
Descriptions of varieties oa
American varieties ,
23
European varieties go
Japanesb /aricties _ o-
List of varieties of plums being tested at the Centr. ipenmciital lurni 3S
Pollination of plums ^q
Pruning ^ j
Fertilizers for the plum orchard 41
Cultivatioa
Cover
' crops .
43
43
Picking, packing, storing and marketing the fruit 44
Canning and preserving American plums 4 -
S] ■
?praymg
4(J
Diseases and other injuries to plums 4-
Plum insects r i
"''* oi
i!i
43— 1 J
To the ITonouraljlo
The Minister of Agriculture.
SiH, — I beg to submit for your approval Bulletin No. 4.1 of t\ui t.xporimortal Farm
sfrics which ha.s Ijeen proparcii under my direction by Mr. W. T. Mucoun, Horticultur-
ist of the Central £xi>erimental Farm.
T1h5 subject treated of is Plum Culture and the iiifoniirttion presented liiis been
largely derived from the experience gained in connt?ctii>n with pluni growing at the
Central Exjxrimenta! Farm during the past fifteen years. In tliis bulletin informa-
tion Ih given as to the best mctiio<ls of preparing the soil for a plum orcimid, with par-
tit'ulara also as to the planting and suUseipient care of the trees. Instructions are also
given as to metho<ls of pruning, grafting and on many oilier topics relating to tliis branch
of fruit industry. Lists of varieties of plums suitable for planting in different parts of
Ontario and Quebec are given with descriptions aa to the character, quality and time of
ripening of each sort. Some of the diseases to which the plum is subject are also
referred to and methods of treatment suggestc<l.
A brief acco-mt is given by Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist to the
Expeiimcntal Farms, of some of the more important insects which are injurious to the plum.
A chapter has also been ju-epared by Mr. F. T Shutt, Chemist to the Farms, or, fertili-
sers for the plum orchard.
It is hoped thiit the information submitted will be useful to those intereste"! in the
cultivation of this fruit in Canada, that it will prove a stimulus to the further i lanfing
of plums and that it may aid in making the growing of this useful fruit more successful
and more profitable in this country.
I have the honour to be,
Your obedicn i crvant,
WM. SAUNDERS,
Director Ejperxmental Fai-m*.
Ottawa, July 24, 1903.
i 'I
f
PLUM CULTimE;
W. T. MACOUN,
ITortieiiUurist, Central £jrperimental Fo
uiAI.
If evpry member of every family in C-xnada had a plentiful supply of plums of Iho
.' st quality for home use, and if enough of this fruit were exported profitjibly from
' rttiftila to supply the demands of the people of other lands, there would he, less
iiLcessity for writing a bulletin on plum culture. But unfortunately this is fur from
Ixjing the reality. Comparatively fsw people get good plums to eat, especially in the
fresh condition, and the export trad^ in plums, wliatever it may be in the future, is still
in its infancy. The pnst experience has been that the consumption of fruit increases
alinoat or quite as rapidly as the supply, providing the latter is properly distnbutcd,
and it is not too much to expect that it will do so in the future, at least for some tima
The desire for fruit grows on the consumer, and the better the quality of the fruit
supplied the greater will be the desire for it.
In order to make this bulletin on plum culture as comf'lete as possible, it has been
nccf&iary, in addition to using V,\p information obtained from oxpcriiuental work here, to
correspond freely with fruit g. owers and to consult many publications and thus get the
benefit of the work of others. In thU connection, special mcn'^ion should bo made of ' " e
recent work "Plu, ind Plum Cul' •," V' Prof. F. A. Waugh, from which practical k1
useful book many suggestions have i obtained and screml descriptions copied. To
Canadian fruit growers I ara ospecio 'ndcbtcd for information regarding varieties and
for specimens, iw well as pss ^timo" in preparing the district lists. In this respect I wish
to refer particularly tv Mr Au^'uste Dupuis, Director of the Quebec Fr lit Experiment
Stations, Village des Aulun.cb, Que., who veiy kindly sent me a largo collection of
European pb .. qroun in i. ! strict, and who gave me veiy full information regarding
the culture o. i: ' fruit taeie md elsewhere in the province of Quebec. Horticultural
workers in t:.j united States have also been very courteous find h.ave given me much
information, aspecially in reference to the newer American plums.
I desire to gratefully aeknowlodgo the assistance of Di. James Fletcher, Entomolo-
gist and Botanist of the Dominion Experimental Farms, who prepare<l the article on
•'Plum Insects," and I am much indebted also to Mr. F. T. Shutt, Chemist, for the
chapter on "Fertilizers for the Plum Orchard."
Some of the matter relating to pi jjiagation and culture in this bulletin has IxMin
t il;en from bulletin No. 37 on apple culture by the writer, tut clianges have been made in
t'.iis where necessary.
Thi; plum has been cultivated for a very long time, and the origin of ikm older
varieties, like the apple, is unknown.
There are three great classes of plums from which are derived most of the titi-
vated varieties of to-day, namely, the European, derived from Prunua dor»
tlie Japanese, and the Air rican.
ica.
if
EUBOPE.^N PLDM8.
on their .mprove.nent. It " J^"°''*,;J'j \^^^ originated from the Eur..^ an sloe, I'runn*
dcvelopc^lfromte >^^^^^^^^^ ,^ ^^, j^i, froui other European
tpwi^'i. The Uanisons, n"*e^ tr, arc ^ ^ -pj^^^ j, g^^h a wide
pluuis that some authorities make » ««1 '^^te g^^P °^/^ q t,,^t it
difference between the Da„.«on and f ° J«'"^. ^£^^^^ and indeed they
seeuis reasonable U> -ppose that Uie ongin ^J^^^^ -»« ^ j^j^ ' «,„. th'o
have been -«?-<{,;» ;^ ^fj^^^^T^^^^^^^^ In his book Sn " Plums and
?.""•T^i -i^ P^rF A Waugh, wh^o has made a thorough study of the Eur,.poan
Plum Culture, t-rot. r. -^- ' " «> ' , . Damsons and a croup of the Heine Claude
^^^d'^iradiSet T^varieties described in this bulletin being mostly given as
''''''ri'!iXV^5r«^Tto includes the largest European plums and is represented
by Yellow Egg Golden Drop a^^dG^^^^^^ ^^^^^ Prune and llaynes.
;.,„„,^._llc.pre.sented l^yjellenber 111^^ P '' .^ q^^^^.^ ^^^^ q,,,.,^.^,
^- ^ f'^:JZTlZl'£:io I'd G^ntPrune. These varieties, however, have not a.,
^/^PB^^^^Z^ Voronesh .0 of B.ld.
I.ip£: 'i '^i-e^7w£and^l^^^^^^^^ The Early Red Russian and ^V hite
^^^ir^Sr£^t^it^Sr^-^ -^^ are Shropshire, French, Fro,
"""^y^t^S^ or Green Ga,e ^f ^^^^^^^JI'^l^^'^S ^^^
ties in this group, ^l^^ P""?'?^^^'"" Ba^^>. Or^r^Oag^ .^
on the great 7*^'^:^?^^ ^""^'^'grown very successfuly all through south-westein
'^iSLl ..,.., .n,l but .cr, f ;. -r.'^Sl'^f JSl'Ltu.,, in H.o *^...™ IV. ,,-
In the province of Quelle a'^w vaiL ^^^^^^^ Mor.tr.Nvl, j-ast
:^? \"'of t^T^o'LuSi:' Sjie'lth Ire of the St. Lawrence, below the
theLakeof the iNo-uounu n r. jj^.u^cha-^so, Montniagny, I. Islet, Boauce,
city of Quebec, in tho '^^^X.d aWthrnorth sh..ro in the counties of Portneuf,
Kan.ouraska ""'» ^f "''^^■"^^ ^. " " cinrlevoix, " st of the finest varieties of European
Siri^n t tS:::^Hr!::::^'!iii;r ' U W however, near the river, and where its
Uuence is felt, ^hat those plu.iis succeed be^t. ^^^^ ^^ .^
The haidiness of the V'"^PT"kPJ the t^nSi.^^^^^ At Ottawi ve/y few varieties
ture of the atmosphere, a"d partly ^y,^J'^,^^"'f '.S^'erop once in three or four yeai-s.
^i:^Sj^i:^t^^^^^^' :i.Clhw^tcr kimng of the tips does
JAPAXESE PLUMS.
ose ,.lu„,s have been widely planted on thi« Continent. A^L'^h Tnt^oducedl^^t ;
An-eraa as recentlv as 1870, this class of plun. is now ahno.st aTwell k^Zil t| 1
IIIhTTp. ^''*'t7'"t"* t'-^J'^P""'^ plum i« unknown, but it is LuSIto be a
.>ut.^,. of China. The Ja,«nese were not verv systematic in their nomeS.^e and
when the phuus we,^. mtro<luctKl int<. America there was great eorfus'ono names
1 hey have, however been pretty well worked out, and the be"t known a, d most n "fi '
able k.mls can now be obUined true to name. Many seedlings have Ix-^n ..rown rthe
Ihe fruit of mo.stot the varieties is only medium in quality; a few howeve. ar«
good, and a still sma ler number very go,Kl.' The productiVeness, fi"n I^s Zeau^o
and good keeping 4ualit.es are what make these plums valuable. Tl^m i.!,! tv f 1?.
Japanese plums are not quite as hanly in the flower bud as the hardiest of he K fr^ e^
but a few seem to be quite as hardv. They bloom verv earlv and nn fl.w ,T ^'"'"J*''"'
more likely to be injured by spring frosts. ^ ^' *'"' '"''•■""'"' "'"
The Simon or apricot plum Prunu, Simonii, Carr., though not a Japanese plum Ins
some of Its chaiactenstKs ami may be classed with the Japanese plum here iC 1 m
is thought to be a native of China and was intro-luctnl inti America fro„, France at
twenty years ago. It has not b.H..i plante.l to any extent in Oinada, nor isTt wi lev
grown ,„ the United SUte.s. The t...>e is productive and the fruit is large and^ii
s,,me, though inferior in quality. The tree is quite pr-xluctive, and the fruit kZs d
ships well It does not appear to be any hardier than the Japinese plums. It K"
grown with success m south-western OnUrio, but is not a desirable plum to plant.
AMERICAN PLU.MS.
Thpso plums have a wide range on the American continent, IxMng found wild
mm Mexico nor h to the province of Manitoba, and from the Athmtie to the
lanhc oceans. Ihey are represent*^ over this great area by seven distiiiH s^.S
ud s,x recognized groups or types. Of these, the cultivated varieties originated fom
1 <• Ameru-an -i .1 plum l'r,nn,s nm^ricna, Mar.sli, and the Cana,la plum P. nl„-a^
m- ude nea Iv al the American plums that are profit^ibly grown in the prov .^^ f
ntano and Que Wc. 'Ihe nu.i-e southern groups, of which a few varieties ire pa tkll v
succsstul arc: the Miner group, Irun,^ hortuUna mineri, Bailev. which is close "e-
atcd to /,«««. amr,^'un.,, but has some resemblan... to the Wildgoose group -'and
th,. W 1, goose group Innn.s h,.rt„lan.,, Bailey. It is, however, only in the mil It
parts ot the proynuv ot Ontario that they are even f.inlv s,tt isfactorv. ^ At O taw the
(lower buds are injure.! and the ,-rop light. The varieties of the Wavland an.l Chicas v
,,nups of phnns-^ two other m.pnvt.nt group, .re too tcmler fJr .uo,L d.st ic il
east<'rn Canada. u..^iiiv,ui m
Amrri,;,,,,, Gronp.-m>, g,oup ha.s, up to the present timt^ furnished the
lK.st varieties of American plums. The n.nge of rrunm am.ricana is given bv Wau h
^s being New Jersey and Ohio to Minnesota, Montana and Colorado. The tresis" a
\\
■ 1^: iJ
10
1 • u„iM,t r.f -'0 feet On account of its spreading
sprea.1ins grower sometimes -«f 'l^jS ^ l^e^-^ f "0 ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ .,^,^ ,„„
Imbit the trunk ..n^l argo ^'•''"f'^? "^ „ winter, an,! tl.is is a serious draw-
,,dcn with fruit or by »>-!? ,^"» VeTariet ." o "his sp^^cies bl..,m later than the
back to son.e vane .es ^'^F^'^lly- J^/ »™*;. .^^^ ^.^ich the nativ,- spcH^ies sv :rers
Cana.hv phun /'. "^''™• "^"'^ T ;X^fhl i9o'' The tre..s are very pri.luct.ve and
nn example of which .n^curred in ^«ta«a »" ';;^-- , , ^ ; varies givatlv in size and the
the fruit'is much improved m sue by Un ,n n« T'-^^-.;;[ 'J.^.,; „„,- „ften thick and
colour ranges from ye low to rr'«,,,V, .^Xate'v lirni, very juicy, sweet, and s.,.ne-
astrin^.M.t, but the tlesh .s "'j"^'' ^ ^" "'/^^it- .-l ,ws. I ut occasi.mally is almost or
time, ri.h ,.nd hi'^. iVwourcd /''^f "l"^"*^j ,„, I.^vinjl tn-st in rich and rather
,it.. five. Wlun ;;.ow;n,^ w.Ul, this t^' » '" "" \,^\'.';, ,,,,;,,. t,,e soil is con.paratively
;,..istsnil,butundcrcultivaUon.tsucc.edsve^^ ^^i Vince the An.ericana plums were
I"'"- -"' ■'"S-'>-.-?:.^- J\ 'VTt flu in th?, astfcw years the cultivated and nanusl
l,.,.„,ht worthy ot cult.va Uo ' ^ 'uu h. 1 ^^ ^^^^^^ .^^^^ _^^ ^,^_,^^^ ^,j, ^,^^^ .
varieties have inc.eased so fast tliat tlRr. ue i„„„„vement is remarkab'
a cc, and <,uality is also verv n.uch ";•{•"—>■ ^e ' ;„a we may hope for still ..neater
eonsLlering the short ti.nc in winch , ha ^^^^^);^^^ ^J^ ,^ ,,esired, and the
in,,,n.ven,ent yt. The appearance " ^h - pM^n s i ^, ^^ i,„provement ui the
iJt varieties are ahnost •'■•^'^'-•"'^^ ;''f^„'^''t,uhou'd. the latter is soo<l. Karlier
character of the skin and f -^ "' ^ ^/^Y;;; : '.e-ison of the Americana plun.s
varieties are also wanted ri>e P\^\ ^ ;'^;\ii;,,„,t the last of S.-pten,ber. Some
at Ottawa is fron. the ^''^-^X \voff mwk v Stoddard an.l De Soto. .
varieties of this ^roup are J;\''^> ' J; ""'^ms ,^- vhid, I'rnn,,. n-V/raisthe spec.es, wdl
A';vnt&^-'vv^-lromth.s^un,potpluns oi .^^ the northern
pn.bablv be originated the vancUes whuh » '^ ^.;'^ ' .^^^W. This is the wild
farts of Ontario, and the coldest P''"; ;'\ ' 'X, •„, , l.,,tward and northward
plum of Canada, havin.L; a ran-c from ♦''^^f :"'""'. "„ ,,,^,,.,,iv be .listinguishcd from
I Assiniboia. . Althougi. m^.n.e l;^';;- ,';^- ;P: ^ :{^-;^^, ; " the colder parts of t^e
J. nmrricnm, mto which it s cms to . ^^^^^, j^^ ^j,;^ reason we prefer
provinces of Ontario and Q"'-''*^^^ t ^.^^ , .^^..^V.V.dautho.ities make it merely a variety
consid.-ri;.;,' it a separate species althouf^h s o. a „,„,,;,,„,„ ^nd the wood is
of /'. .u.rn-hnna. It is a more uyriuht ^^iJ^^^ p a.n-ricuna, which is a great
darker and tougher. The tree seldom b cak s ^ ;; ^ ^n the Americana. The .lowers
advantage. It ^i.-ms earlier ami lu^a^^r;, ,„cl on tins
,aso have a pink tinge, espec,j^^h,nn>V-__ ^^_^_^^_^^^, ^^.,^^,^ ^,,^.,.,. is httle coni-
aecount is sometimes more pro. abW, as 111 ,.,,Heties which are now upon the
petition with other plmns. ^ ';' ; , Ws 1 e Americana group, souu^ of the wdd
market aio not as Ingh .n .| uihtv t, _'",'., „„t as large. The skin of the Canada
spellings are fully as good in 'l"^''\*>\;i'"; V;' ^^^^ .ooked. The colour of
,,:um is thinn..r than the other ^l"'';:';^/^^^ J ;,;, p.. often entirely red with litt e
he fruit varies almost as much as ' '^^^V ' ' ■,^' ^J;; :,„,,,,.lv oblong and oval than '.
or no bloom. The shape vanes but t ^f' " t - ";o,e ^^^ ,, ;„ j., ,;,,,, ,,,iy
An,.r!c.,na and is not llattened ''^^ ['':!';, ^^t,.,.", t„ Septeml«r. Very little has yet
i„ U... scond we.;k ot AjV^- ;;^,^ 1 : T'^a.h t^^ improv^ /'. .',r., but as go.l .vsulU
'"•"■uieiv't^t^b;. ';::,^:r wltS';^ :.«. --. ^ a plum can be ;;.-i.n,ated w.n.^._w.ll
,ipenbv August l,thes,.asonof thc
Some of the varieties of tins group arc
nut, II 11 l-mii' - ■ " o ,
l„u V American plums will cover tw,> months.
A. kin, tKlegard, Cheney.
livnuil> IM.IMS.
1 . >f livliriil nlums have In-en placetl upon
During the past ten years a ""•">;; ;;f ^'V!se wee originated ^>y Luther
the market. .M..st of the more F"" "'^"\.;;,, * ^^^ ,„ this Tvork, Vew of his
]5url«ink, of Calif,u-nia, -^';'i;';:,,tenuuke"w 11 be likely to prove valuable in the
:i::-;inonS':if
r wS^t::;^;..::: -^ -Sa^ne^^ do well.
11
There IS a wide held for work in plum hybridization. If bl,jod of the European
and Japanese vanet.es can be introduced in the Americana., and Ni«ra,s and tKn"
meH, of the latter mamtamed, plum culture in the north will receiv^ a great i m^^^^^^^^
It IS not too much to hope that this will soon be accomplished. '
PLUM CULTURE IN THE PEOVINCES OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.
Tlie plum has l«en most largely planted in the Niaj-ara peniusuLi, where it -'rows
to perfection, iron, Kami ton to Nin;-ara, orchard after orJhard of this fruit may bo
seen and m the spring when in full bloom ami in the autumn when laden wiU
Jsiagaia.listrict All throu.^rh S.-utli-wcstern Ontario and along J..k.- Huron and the
•corgian ay, plums succeed well and are grown in large .piantities. Indeed the
Georgian Hay district appears .,„ite .-.luul to the Xiagara peninsula for plum .-ro^i i"
Plums are also grown vi-ry sucessfuly from Hamilton eastward within hirty n.iles of
Lake Ontario and the ht Lawrence River, to about the -ity of Kingston. Some of the
best plums ,, so succeed m th,. mi.lland ..ounties of Ontario. Xoith and e.ast of .!
d.stri,.ts mentioned, plum growing is confined mainly to the Americana and Xi.r.a var-
icties, though a few of the h.irdiest Kuropean kinds will prove fairly satisfactoiy In some
of these niirt hern sections. .> "> .-loiiu.
In the province of t^uehec plums ,nr m.t grown to a verv large e.xt,.„t, althou.'h in
s..me parts the best Luropean phims -an bo grown >ery sue.l-ssfully. On the Islan.l of
-Montreal a t,-w of the best kinds are grown, but tlu-y are not thoroughlv satisfactorv
as the flower buds .are fre,,uen,Iy killed by winter. There are, however", s^ine K ro ^ „
seedlings originated on the island which give goo<l satisfaction. The iK-st district for
growing the Kuropean pluins in Quebec is probably along the south shore of the St
hawreiiee, Ik'Iow the city of (Quebec in the counties already mentioned
Hero even the more tender European kinds appear to do well, and M,. Diniuis in-
forms t le writer that the s..,s<,n begins in the first half of August with Favorite and
.Mnabc^lo and that (,ra„d Duke an,l Coe's Golden Drop will keep in good condition
until December. In the Ivislvm Townships, a few of the hai-diest Kuropean kinds are
l.iirly satisfactory, but the ein.iate is too severe to grow them profitably on a lar-e
scale. In the province of (,)uei,ee, with the exc-ption of favoured districts aloie- the
Sf. Lawrence Liver, and ,.er!,:,ps al;,ng !!„,. liay of Ci.aleur, the Americana and Xi.-ra
plums wdl, as a rule, Ik- the most projii.j,!,,. kinds to plant, unless hardier Ihiropean'or
iiylnid kinds arc originated. '
The profits fiou, plum growing have been good in the past, but such great mimU'is
or trees liavc l.eeii planted in recent years that unless a large part ..f this fruit can Ix,
safe y exported th.' iiwuket is lik.-ly lo b.> soon glutted. Very early, very late 'ind
good shinping vari.Mies will p,obal)ly b,- the most proiitable" kinds" to plant in 'the
future. W hen a market is glutted, fruit of the Ik-sI .jualitv will command the hi-diest
pri.es, provi.Ied it is m good condition an.l of fine appearance, and this fact should
also be taken into con^ideiation when jilanfiiig.
EXPERIMENTS WITH PLUMS AT THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM
OTTAWA. '
Kxi)eriments with plums were begun at the fentral Kxperim 'iital Farm in 1 s,s8
and have lK>en continued ever sinee. The testing of varieties to determine their hardi-
ness, pro,lu.tiveness, and other qualities has been one of the most important ex|.,.ri-
ments and a large nuinl)er of varieties have !)een tested. Kxperiments liave also Lni
carne.! on with various st,xk,, to learn which was the iiio.i ..tl i.laeiorv for th'. various
classes ot plums, and diilerent methods of grafting have also been trie.]. The sDrayiiiif
ot the trees with various mixtures and .soluticms to control fungous dis.-ases and insect
pesUhas also Ixmmi an imiHirtnnt part of the work. Careful records have been kei.t of
the dates of blooming of the ditfeaMit varietie.s, and the information thus obtaineU ia
ii
11
IS
fwenWarieties will be found in thw bullet.n. in e y.eW ^^^ .^ ^^^^.^„ j^^^^,,
rr^arekeptsepamte,andit.sth«sp^«iWeJ^ originating soiling ,.lums,
than another. Much work »»»^ ,^\'^J^,4Vv„y F°"-'"«°°^^^'''^^"^'" ^
especially of the Amencan varieties, "^^^X^^ h^heen carried on. . , .
K ex^rimental work in ^^^^^^^^.l^'^JZX^ p'um growing as it nught^ x-
Thp soil in the plum orchard is not as suiw i originally JO l)>
nursery :— Nmnber of yar.etics.
G roup or Class. •*
Kiiroi>tan ' ' " jqq
Japanese. ... .. ' ^y
Americana ' ' ' '_ j.j
Nigra.
Miner
Wayland-likc...
WiWeooBe
Hybrid
Total varieties.
3
10
SI
147
Seedling Varieties.
While there are many fine named ^rietie^ <^J^-\^ X^s'^the ^^ff^
favourable parts of the P^^-^^^^^ "*,?"ter mrts oT he p ovi.ces whore few of the better
of getting something better. In ^''^ «^ f^''^^^;^." „ n.Jlmrdier an.l better k.nds. O.ie
plums sucoe,Ml, there is a fi"«?5-Port unity .«:de',Uo^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^ ^
li the easiest and best methods °« "J"^^" "f^.'^^J; ;\,,e .listri.t where new knuls are dc-
the stones of the best plums ^■'"^*'/ *'"'„" ,^"1 t,,e,.e .tones should be procured fmrn the
sired, and if no plums have y^l^^f^^'^CyZU- ?'"-"« l''*^'' ^^'l' -"'l'^"^^'i
nearest place where ^'i;^^^ I;;' ^^'Z^mc^ U. obtliin a seedling plum of this grm p
for so many eentur.es that it «d ' ^ J^^^^ ^„^ ;„ cultivation, but the prospects foi
whieh will lie Wtter in <iuahty than 1 e best „ i ,^^^^ ^^^^.^.^ ^_^j .A"';"^"'''
obtainin.' trees with hardier fru t *»".''^/'y "^ V ' ^ and there is a wide field for
ia^elK-en, relatively speaking, httle.n^u^^^^^^ j,,^^„^ t,„. „t
SSopment here. Stones should be - f J ^^ ^^^ Tlule .tones should, when
p,^luctive tree of the variety of «' "^'\^,^;f;„";^,^i^ n^e, an if the stones become dry t lu-y
possible, be I.»-te<l u„m.haU.K a ^^ ^ u t I ^ ,^ ^^ ^^ tj^y -"ir^:" !: ^
possible, be plante<i ""■";';»'"'>";;,;; ilnot grow at all.
till not gorniinate as well, ami sun time Nil^^^ ^^__„^^^ ^^^^^ ^^_
SttMlU^ iKv...!..-.- ■•-.■ - .
If thev are planted at
V ill not terminate as well, an.t sumn ,u.r, ..... "-^_ , , ^ the .,t*>nes cannot
e th e^the fruit is ripe it is not necessary t" r'~^' ,,y;' f, ^., ,,econK- dry. They
i^lTniently plante,\ at this t-- ^ '«>; J;"^jt ^li ^ulll l,e moist but :>ot wet.
,„av lie kept over winter in boxes " >^V^ "^^^ 'V. ^Ue Inittom of th,- b-x and is merely
A iaver of sand about one inch m tutkness is put in ^^ .^^^ ^^^^^^, .^^^,, _^^_„j^^,,
t^^a with a layer of stones, t'-^^-^;;;^!^ :?^ ^'ffluLl. This is called stn ti.iea-
l.yor of stones spread on top, and ountU^ ^^^^^^^ _^„,j ^
tion. The lx.x should 1* buried outMde ^^ ' '>"^ '^;,'; j^.^.,^ ,vhen tU'V are thus moist
„.„,<. ti,n«su ite -■"to i",»»;- r™''";. Hi... on. ind. top, ("fM" ""y «"> i;i"'"'
IS
the wst of t,„.e^ ii;'\fre'ri7xr.fj:r„rr. ,1^^- A^r^'i-rS
l.ng plums .-specmlly ..f tho An..Mica„a a„,l native varie ieTare as l.kw „, ir • "^'"^
the «roun.l on which the, a.v «.,wi„. i. „„, ,„.t a, thf f^:-^.:^ f^ti:! t'Tirnr.^'
CROSS-IIItKKniX<i.
New varieties (,f ,,lu,„s niav he
obtaine<l hy truss breedinj;, and hv
tl-.is metluKl one is even more hkei-
to obtain the kind of plum desire.l,
but tlie time for this work is so
hmit«I, Ix-ing only a few davs when
the flowers are opening, that onlv
specialists can very well un.ertake
It. The method of crossin.' is ex-
plained in Bulletin No 37 on Apple
Culture.
Propagation.
The plum is propagated princi-
pally by budding and graftinj,',
although a few varieties will sti ike
more or less readily from euttinus,
and some kinds when on their own
roots are increased from suckers.
STOCKS.
While it has not yet b(>en clearlv
proven that the s' ';k on wliicb a
scion is grafted v^l :iiateiial!v
change the flavour o season of the
fruit, it does afi'ect the vigour and
tVuittuIiii'ss of the tive in a greati'r
or less (Icgrif. If a scion is grafted
on a 'Kvarf stock ihe tree will l)e
dwarfed and will come into beaiin"
siK.ne- than if grafted on a thrifty
st.K'k as anything which checks the
growth of the tr(H> promotes earlv
fruit fiilne-^, ft is j)ossible, however,
es{.ociai: top giaftiiig, to have
suih a s rowing stock that the
graft oul„ .vs it tin) nn-ch and the
tree l)econies top heavy and if it
does not die owing to a poor circu-
lation of sap, the graft is liable to
be broken otr by wind. The tree in
the accompanying cut was killed
because there was not a iree circu-
lation of .sap. The st<Kk also, if it
is tender, may he wint<'r killed and
I. ti-ee whieli may be perfectly hardv
Euroiwan plimi toi. prafttii on Nigra pluni,
Uirw fiet fi-uui (ground.
14
h
„ .„i,;'. „.iii« .iih ii» ^io.. »J >'■'••" ''■7,7.'':3a„„^„<.„ii,i. Ai-ri™, i»t
'l^zt":"^^^^:^^:^^^!^^ ..* ... ".-'« •■"' «-"• ' ■•
,„i,,.,, parts of Ontario »M.,1 Quebec ^^^^^ ^^^.^^_ , ,^^^^^^
:^^,::^JZjULaZl^. n ha.,'^^w.ver. the dis^vantago of not bc.ng
-^X:£rr^S^j"^"^tn,p^^^^^ .^r T.,e St. .uUen ,s. ......
ti'saf.-st stock for Kuropean plums in the north. , ■ w, 1 t
. , v,,;,v Vmeri.ana and Native plu.n seedhngs furnish the W
Am^rvunia and -^""^;--^":!. ";,]"'' jhe voun-' t.U make strong growth and are
stmks for the colder parts of Canada V f>°""7,. ,. ;,„„,, usually satisf actory
crv suitable as stocks for grafting and buddin^^ ^'"theTop out^-rows the stock and
,,„;.n the European V^-^f ■:^^- l"l ^^'^'f^^ZliZ kok of'nourishment. as the native
,.itl...r breaks off from U-.n., top lea > ""-^i^^ 7™^,,^^ ,.„,,,er, have followed from
7:r:::^'Si'^^^^^^ ^'"^- ^^-'^' -"^^ ^^^ *'''^^ "'^^^ ""^"
,.„.n obtained but the trees a.: stdl >-"=- ^^^_f^„^. ^,,„,
- "';"' ^;r7^i;^"Xr a ' .;::^,>^^^ f1.. and trees which have been
• M-attcd .m the Nand Ltiri) at ^" J with a iwrfect union amlwanng well. J he
:,..fte<l 10 yea.. ^^ ^^^^t^Z^'^^jt:^ C^^ry may prove very useful
Uves are -'-''''■'•'^ > .'^ j * ; , i,' ,, • ,„ore tires could be planted on an acre when
whei" dos.- planting s a. optul, «■■'■"> , . , however, for ten years are not as
riii:
in the .'nmnil as we snouiu hm , •'■'" -...■—,, -
,, nay be a serious dis..dvantago when the tree gets older.
Illl>I>IMi-
The fav -ite method of propagating l^;;: ^Jy^' ^^li:;;^ ^ \::,
,,,,.,„ for doing the «..rk ,s ,n Jf^— ^^e^ LoZ^n found in good eonditi-n
,;„,, i„ Ontario and tiuelnH . ^^J^^^'^"^^^ ^^.^.k, „„, .,r two years old are the nu.st
durinu the ci-in!! \M'-K - ..,
T"'"' i'^ 'the'":: :^:i;::Si:^:l-ii; t;::l;ud iruabie u. bo . drowned out; o..,
l^':;ti: 'wonK ^-"''-^ o:^ ^y re..j;n of too much sap and growth of the .took.
15
inches t.. e2hkL[Zt'r J T"' T'*"? ■*"■" '""''''^'^ "'^ *" " '"•"■^''* "' "^e "' "'-^
should .ovi;l,n;J,t,..f ;'m^ -myexU^nd through the Urk." Another cut
will appLtr thus if ' '''''■P*"''^''^"''"- ""«• '^''« t^v" '-•"t- wl.on „,nde
r.nve " I ml. L r - n ',""''''' ^" !"'W't<-. Before the bu.ls are reinovinj the
V whU Sltlf.:^^^^ the petiole or leaf stem is ief t, ho^-ve.
=■ t,r«ei;^^j%d^ ^F= --"^^ o^-- rss. Tt.:- :;:r
iiot dry out while the work of hullchnj,'
If !i<^mx on. Tiie hud is inserted
un.ler the hark hy raising tlie latter
with the Wade of the knife i>r the
I'lirt of tiio buddiim knife made for
that imrpose. The i)ud is then piislu'd
down and undt. tiie l)ark with the
tin<,'ers, and finally the i.ii'ee of leaf
stalk which was left wlien it was
removed from the twi- is presseil with
theblad" if the knife to l)rin;,' tli, Imd
into the |>roper posit ii;n. Thr uaik
on eaeli ,^ide of the hiid, wliiili Miould
now lx> umler the hark of the stock,
will hold it in position. In order to
hriiii; the Inid iind stock into eloso
contact and pre\ent the former from
dryiii,!; up before tlie union takes
Jilaee, they should Ik- tied lightlv
to-ether wit-i rallla or some soft str.ng, t.ikin- care not t ,vor tlie bud with it. The
bud shoul.l unite with the stock in two or three woeks, and after that time the string
shouM be cut, as otlierwise the bu.l may be injured. If the proper .sea.son has been
c i(H..n tor the work the bu.l shoul.l remain dormant until th,- sprin- If it starts in
tu- autjum.-. it may b,- kllle.i diwin;; the wint.T. In the tollowin-"s,u-in.' the st,K-k
shoul.l be .-ut oil just above the bu.l whi.h will ...use all th,- strenuli of Th,. st.K'k to
be .lurct.Ml into the b-.l and pr.«l«ee rapi.l growth, three feet n..^ ix-ing .-..n exceptional
gr.)wth for the hist season. '
:aii.|ili- of .SliiuliMiiiiIdiriif.
m
f td
I u.l.hng IS n..w a very poj.ular moMm.I of propagating plums. The first soas.^n's
growth IS ..eater tlia-. from rcH,t-grafted trees and there's a larger proportion ",f
straight trunk.Ml trees ,,;• this nvtli.-.l. If it is ,Jesi.e,l also ... pi^nent trees from
growing on their own ro<,s, bu.l.ling is preferable, us trees i.ropagated in this way
may Ih. plante.1 so that the st.i<-; is just at the surf.a f th- soil an-l all ,00 s are
thrown from it.
l?uds may also be in.serte.1 in the branches of tnvs with "ood results
buds have uniteil aii.l grown the top may W shaped up as if top grafted.
AVhen the
16
OBAFTIXO.
before tl.e \mU ».e«in U. swell. u '•;; W; J ^ ^ ^ •,^,,. ,,„ •„ ,„,,, ,,.atl,er, in
^ they. nay tl";' b.. ke,,t .u the eon 1, on U>n,. ^ ^_^^ ^ .^. ^^^^^^^^ ^^___^,^,_.^ ,^,..,
winte.- t.e..s f.-o..- ^''\*-''\^'t^i ';',,,, .,"1 -there is less saj. also in tl>e srions at
removtHl f.on. the,n a. the ^'^ X^f^^tZ^if^S^^-y than if thev we..- ent in the
that ti.ne and thus tl-;' -"'--'^^.t *' V •V^/.l'i , ..^r vl ethe.- the yo„n, w.h-1 has Ix-en
autumn. One cannot tell ve.y >.el . *;''"'' , j j,,.^,. ti.c w.hhI of ol.l t.ee.
iniuml or ..ot. Seions f'- j' ^(jl^^^'Vr^'Siaius likely to ,.r.Kh,..e a .lisease.l
is liable to U> cl.si.as.Hl, a. .1 ' ' ^^T' .„. f,,.,„ tl„. ,.u.st p.cKluetive t.e.-s. Oc.as.o.mllv
tree when ,n.fted. f-'^^;!^^''"^ '^^^a hea^-r erops than the othe.-s^ If
'""' "'■ """■'■ T" ll the e Trees' he ,..ob.a.ilitv is that a la.p-r p.o,«„t..m of the
seions a.-e taken fro.n these tr'^',^:'' ^"\ j • ,,,,i^.,, ti„. seions were taken than
.rafUMl trees will Pf "^ ^^ns"^ 1, 'w* : , j;",;,,„. the w.kkI of the eun.nt seasons
th,.v otherw.s*' wouUl The "^ ".'";>' "' ,„ , ,^ ^,,o„i,, \^ well dcveloin-.l and the
,,,.o\vth, as older WO.KI.S not sat..faetnj.ribm^ ^^^^^^ ^^^
woml thoroughly ripencl. . I^. .^XsT^ j.^^ f,., this purpose. They .nay not U-
which spring from the n.a..: .^''^'^'"^ ,"'^. *'^^'^, , ti.,- pioix^nsiti.^
thor.,u,ddyritH,..ed,and.t.s.lsoi^^^^^^^^^^
;:!:?'dir.:!;^::ft^^ti..i: wi::f it ..ould went .nt,. pieces U ...r to s..
The hu.t named are fou.ul -rv sa .sj.. o > .U U^..^^^^^^
t'l-i 5, a.^l sh.:^ld re.nain dorn.ant „n,.l -^^; ^ ;^ , ^ ,,..^^,„.^, .,„ ,„
7^..,. an^in,. -Plu.ns are r-l"'^;; -' J " ;^; >, ''>si ^ :„, ye.u. old or two
bud<li..j,' is .no.-e ge..e.-al a..d «.yes, as a . «le, U tte. .exults. .. .
year ol.l stocks are heele<l in
durin- the autumn in a co<j1 cel-
lar in moist sand. Graft.n-may
Ik- .h.ne any tnne dunn- tl.e
winter, but it is uswM v not
sta.-tcduntilJa.iuaryorlobiuary.
AVhipor t.miiue -i-aftinf; is the
method usually eiiiploy.d. As
„rdv the .cot is i-e-iuired, the
trunk and blanches are cut oil
and throv.n away. As there is
but little advanta-e in usi.il; the
whole .-oot, it may be d.vuled
i„to>ev..ral pi.^ces, mu.'h depen.l-
iu.jr on its size. Each piece
shoul.l Ije at least lour inches
Ion". A Miiooth, sloping < ut up-
wai'ds, about two inches lon^, is
made aciuw the mmu part of t le
root mi'st suitable to receive the
M-ion. The sci.m is piepare.1 Dv
rutti.e,' oiV a piece of the w-.kkI
procured for this purp.se in the
ttutui.n. fi-om four to six inches
long and with about three well
Exmiple of Kuot-tirafting.
1
l-N
« 31
f
.1
17
devt' '>i3(l biulM on it ; a Hiiiootli, til'iiiin^; cut ilownwaitls and acruaw it in now miule of
abou. the Mime length «h that alrouly uodo un thcMt4H!k. CMta are now mmi. in the
■loping Hurfttce of botli scion and stock, in the former, upwardii ; and in the latter
downward^. They are then joine<l together by forcing tlie tonguo of the scicn into the
cleft of the stock. Tiie inner bark, or cambium, of both scion and Htock, should " j in
contact with one another on at least one side of the graft, ua it is at this [Miint of con-
tact whert> the union begitiH to take plai-iv In ordi-r to eiisuni a sjxN-dy and succcsHful
union, wuxnd cotton thread is wound tightly around U> hold the parts together.
Amateurs are also advised to rub grafting wax all over where tlie two parts are joined,
as with this treatment, success is likely to bo more certain.
The operation having been conijileted, the grafts are llilekt^l awuy in nii.st ..r saw-
dust until spring. They are then planted out in nursery rows about "three feet apart
and one f(K)t apart in the rows, t'le [xtint of union Ix'ing nljout three inehea Ix^iow the
surface of tiie soil. Tiie grouim Jiould then Iw kept thoroughly cultivated thnjiighout
the sea'^ou.
Crown Gra/liiiff. — Crown grafting is usuallj' done on young stoeI;s in the nursery
row in the spring. The trees are cut at or just Ix-neath the surface of the soil at the
crown or collar. A sloping eleft is then made in the side of the crown and a scion, cut
wedge-slm]ie at the lower end, is inserted in the cleft. The suine precautions siiould l)e
observed us in nxit-gruftiiig, of having the inner Iwrk of l>oth stock and scion touching
on at k'iist one side. The grafted part should then be well covered with grafting wax,
in order to exehuic the air. The tre»'s usually make a strong growth when grafted in
this way, but as the work has to l)e done in April before growth begin.s it is (,ften in-
convenient to do it at that busy season of tiie year.
Top (Ira/ttng. — Plum trees are not top grafte<l as frequently as apple trees, but
they can he very successfully grafte<i in this way. When there are trees w liich prciluco
poor or unprofitable fruit they may be made to bear good fruit by top grafting other
varieties upon them. An unsymmetritBl top may also bo improve<i by top grafting.
European or Japanese varieties should uct be top grafted on Americana or Nigra stock.
In our experience at tlie Central Experimeptal Farm it has been found that although u
good union is made the Kuroponn will outgrow the Americana so much that the top will
die a few years after grafting, the trunk of the stock expanding too slowly. It niav
be mentioned hero that it is a good practice to slit the Kirk of the st(jek in "top-grafted
plum trees if there is an indication of its getting hidebound. Jn top grafting plums it
is l)cst to have both stock and scion as neaily related botanically as possible. Ton
grafting is done in the spring before growth begins, and earlj' grafting is more important
with the plum than with the apple. As the shock to a large tree would be very great
if all the branches, on which leaves develop, were cut off the first season, about three
years should be devoted to changing the top of the tree. Cleft grafting is the method
usually adopted in top working plum trees, it being simple and satisfactory.
The branches to be grafted should not exceed one inch and a half oi two inches in
diameter. If they are larger, it is so long before the stub heals over, that disease may
set in. It is possible, however, to graft larger branches by putting in more scions. The
top grafting of a large tree should be done with a view to having the new top as sym-
metrical as possible, and great cure should be taken in selecting the branches to Ijo
grafted upon. After the bninch is sawn off it is cleft by means of a mallet and strong
knife to the depth of an inch and a half U> two inches. It is held open to receive the
scion by driving a wedge in it. Scions for use in top grafting are cut from dormant
v(H)d \vliich h;is been kept in goofl condition in the manner already descrited. They
should have about thi-ee strong buds and bo cut wedge shape at the base, one side, how-
ever, being a little thicker than the other. Two scions are now inserted in the cleft of
til'- .stub, wit!', the wide side of the wedge on the outaide, and llirust down until the
Iriwest bud is almost on a line with the edge of the stub. The inner bark of Iwtli scion
and stub shoe.ld meet at some point, so that the union will take place readily, and this
is more easily effected if the scion is given a slightly outward Kloj>e when inserted.
When the wvdge lias been withdrawn from the cleft the advantage of having the wedge-
•hapcd end of th' "bicker on one side will be apparent, as it will be held much
43-3
18
Iciist nartiiillv lieJilinl over. ,.,
Tl.e .au,u branches ar.3 cut back to ^^.tl.m a sh.,.t_^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^^^.^^^ ,^.j,^
Tl..- r llie Krafte.l part is to tho trunk, the K-ttiT,
as the tn'o will !« stron-or than if the union
g I i A .MTurriMl fuitlu-i- out on tho limb, sinro the growth
I I I I of "raft and sci..n may not U- ciual. It .^ possible
I III to cut off tho whole top of th.-tn-o and -raft Huci-CHS-
I III fully on tho main trunk, when tho tr.;o is young.
I I |l but unk'ssono is sure that tho union wdl Ik- iK-rfect
J ■ '•■'^ and tho top not outgrow tho st.K-k, it is lK;ttor not
jto run tho risk of losing tho tree. Hi.thormore,
f if the whole top is cut off th.ro will 1"> such a
growlh tho firit season that tho scions are liablo to
fret broken off In top -rafting a young tn-o that
has 1h rn planted from three to live years, it !■
b tt'T to take <wo seasons lo do the work, as the
results will 1 -a rule, more satisfactory.
It is nc. sary to examine the g.afted trees
during tho sun.mer a.i.l r. . e any young sho<>te
from tho stoc'ks which are interfering with the
scions. It is not wise, however, esiH-cially when
tho tree has b'-en cut back severely for gratting, to
remove all tho sluKits until the grafts have grown
consid.rably and furnish a g.)0<l leaf surface.
While grafting implements and appliances are
numerous, the work can he done with 9. few, and
-,._ ^„^ a.s it is not often convenient f.>r tho farmer or fruit.
h'g'the .Sb7on trees to bo top-grafted where tho limbs are t.K> large to be cut with the
'""""T'st^'rong pruning knife for cutting th. smaller limbs ; for smoothing the wounds
nuidAjtKw or i^runing shears; for trimming off torn edges of branches, and for
^•' ""i^iL?S^Shl^l;:n fiS. f... .vnioving b.ls. having an ivory handle
^'^'V^^Z^ :;;:ir;s=uii intitS'^f ^'VLcmade grafting knives
i„. k i e Thev ar^ us^ for cuttin. „ff branches which are t-s. large for the latter and
^ .small to nee-d the saw ; for rough ..run.ng an,l ^'V^^^^'Z.^
A w..dge and mallet - '^^^ --^y ^ .!: ;,f ^^'^ ':^ ^ ^^ „nd very pliable
luilliii, which IS one ot the t>v, r\in, iii.i. 111.- , -
n..iteris for the purpose The .size known a.s No. 18 knitting cotton is the best. It is
Wd't inb^l w icrsl ould bo so.ake,l for a few minutes in melto.1 grafting wax Ijefore
S The yarn may also be drawn through melted wax, which ensures its aU l>eing
thorou.d.lv soaked, and is, perhaps, on this account preferanlo to soaking tl.e kdl.
1
1»
onArrwo wax.
TlifW aw Ttiuiiy kituls iit ^niftinj} \»iix nTunmiriiilLil, hut it in unnrci-mirv to
enuiU'-niti' tliHin itll. One of tin- <,'lu'aii<'!Ht iiml ImjmI it tliiit rin'oiumemlefl in '/'/ui //ifti-
c'lflitrixl'a liitU Hook, uiulcr the luiiiii' ' lt>'lialil<' Wiix,' the rcn-ipt of wliich is mt
folliws: -
' I'rli'ilili' Wiix.- Ill-ill, I I'urtt, liy wci^ilit ; Iiccnw.i.x, J fi.i:ti»; t;illnw, 1 |>iut.
^(.■It to>;othi'i- aii'l piur iiilo ii \r\\\ of fold water. Thru ^naM' I'm- haniU and pull tlm
wax until it is nearly wliiti'. Oiu- of tlifs In-st vviixi's t'ur liilur • loor or outdoor i!si>.'
This slumld 1x3 livatfil lifl'oro usiii;; if t'Mi haiil.
Till! priiu^pal value nf ;;ra»'tiiij{ wax is to cxclu If air from tho wnund, and thus
|ip'veiit the wood from diyiiii; hif'nc a union taki-s ,ilari'. ,\ hh.mI ffrat'tin;; wax .should
ip>t iriuk wlien on thi' tii'', I'Uc tia" air will reach the wc.uud and thu wax provt'of little
v,ilu«>. Many niateiials may Ix" us<>d insteail of '^niftiiij; " t" for this purjMwe, oiKMif the
>iiii|'lest \)c'ii\)i a niixtuiv • : <lay and enw duni;, hut <;rattiii;i wax is much to Ix" pn-ferrtHj.
Strip-, of oottoii are nfti-n umhJ, t'sptri.illy in t'l)) xraftiii'^and crouii grafting;, for wrr.ppin;}
iiroi'ii 1 the wound after the wax has liei-ii applieil for the ]iuipi)se of helpin;; to i.-xcludo
the air, and also to assist in holdin.; the scion in po.sition until tho union takes place.
This cotton i.s unnecessary if iJ'hxI ;;raftiii^ wax is usitl ; hut if a very valuahle variety
is (.'raftetl it is .safer to use the cotton, as when the };i-owth of the scion is rapid there i.s
a elianee of its getting htoken nil" during the lirst season Ivfure it is tliopiuj;lily mited
with the .stock. Large wounds on tiees .•houM U? covered with some nialcri.il that will
protect the cut surface from the wi.ither, ]ircvent disease from si'Uing in, and which will
not peel off easilv. A ginul dressing nf lead paint is prohahly the l)est material to use
for this purpose. Uratting wax nmy In; used on smaller branches.
THK NinsKUV.
.Mthougli, as a 'ule, it will he the most ciinvcnieiit pl.in to htiy trees from the
professional nurseiyman, _ ,t he who pn^pagates plum trees hy n>'it uraftin:,', erowu
grafting, or budding, for his own use, sliould have a nursery in which to grow them
until they are readv for thi? orchard. A ginnl siuidy loam soil, v.liich diK's not liake and
i.s well drained, is l«'st siii'cd for this ]>ui|io,se, and will grow the strong, healthy trees
which are desired. The groum! slmuld he thoroughly prepared and the young trees
jiLiiitcd *l)Out lli inchts iipart, in iciv.s from '1\ to .'! feet .ipart. t'uitivatinn should Iw
thiirough up to about the middle " .July, when it should c( hm', as in colder rliniates,
e-pecially, it is \ery desirable that .oe woisl rii-en well, and late cultivation would en-
courage late growth. Tt wih he neees.saiy the tirst year the grafted or budded trees are
growing in the nursery to go over them c,ii< t'ully and cut out any -hoots « hii h may ho
coming from the stix'ks, and also to reduce tin- graft to one stem >liould more develop.
If anv side branches grow, however, they shoulil Ik; left intact. In small nurseries it is
sometimes advisable to tie the young trees to stakes the tirst season. This will mako
them stia' ' ter and wiil help to keep them from iH'inL: broken. These trees may Ixj
planted in the orchard the following spring if one year old trees are to be usikI. ]{y tiie
end of the second voir or the beginning of the third, after the branches have Ixvn
pruned to the proper height and the tops shaped, the trees will be in tho iK'.st condition
for jJaiiting in the orchaid.
TlIK OliCII Mil)
I
if -il
n
Stii/ <i)iil Erpi^-iiff. -Plums will siioeerd well on a great many kinds of soils, hut
Some groups a])pt'ai to succeed better on (-eiijiin soils tliaii on otiieis, the best soil depend-
ing soiiicwhat on the climate in which the jilums are grown. In those secliims of
Ontario where the Kuropean plums .succeed best, well draine<l clay hiaui has given the
most siitisfactorv results, Aloiii; the south shore of the St. I.awienre, Im'Iow thecity of
Quebec, where the European plums succeed well, these plums do bett<."r on staiidy loan.
20
on clay loam. The Amencanas am ^^'r,r i .. , ; g^j or success need not »«
-" -TlL^u ...,=., .™ »p™«j.™<;; ES'rja' Sir?" =■ " '•
k„ likely W S.V. '»%";'••• n,i" ,;•,," e;™™„,I J.r.„esc |*.m. Huff.r k«ily
I'l"'";; ,. / ,;. i-.,„rf It vei-v often Imppens that the farmer or fiuitRiowor
th.y a,v planted ,f U,oy a,v to oU m a good -- ^-^,. ^ ,^ ';,,^.„ „ arc planted,
if the land is n..t ''"""■='''''-\l"^^^l'"" .,'*,. t- „„,. has no land in coikI condition, to
j;,.,wth is likely to 1.0 slow. It is much U^ttcr it ""^''^^ ''•'*" The time « ill not \m
delay plantin, a year, and ^ive the sod f '^ "^ r^.^ Inn-n weil inanure for root crops,
l„st,'as the trees will do much better 1'' "'^ ^tl ^ rir- a^d Vh^^^^^^^ Icvelle.l and
1,. taken i..t.. cm.uleral.on .li"" if ■■;«.'" , ' ,, "^ J^ ,„„i „,„|„. t,„it of g.«<l
„,,!„* .i.i.-i,-,„.j i« .aortoi;.. '•)•"■«, "f,, "»';»:: ■,, , ,, .a,, ., ,;„ u. i,,,.ins
them all as peiiuanent uc(s, iui\ » *i„. 1,,.. n,.V,in" and upri'dit ''rowmu varieties
""^ ^" '''' rait^^'r m-cJia T ^^^^1 pl::!^ IS lA ^.arrwould he a very
were iiiixeil as nu^iit Dt- in ccno.n > ■ • b i
"'•ts,''';:-::r;,;;;a'i; .. p...... .1.0 — - -■-"■' <!'tr;;," '"ir.ir ,s ;,'"
'•'"'";--',r;:;:' t;rrxy"»; »—' p.*.*,, ,.,„ ..» w,™, ,,, ..e. „r
n
▼•ry favourable conditions for tlif si)rcii(l of l)(>th insect pests iinH [ilant discuses. On tlie
other liund, ii proper windbrcaic lessens the force of the wind and thus protects tlie tiees,
which will j,'row straightcr and sliiipolier ; it will also very materially Icsstm the amount
of windfalls, and it will permit of growinj^ varieties which will not succeed under ordinary
I'xposure. Wind is one of the most important factors in drying out the land and causing
(h-ou<;lit. If its force is checked by a windbreak the evaporation of moisture from the
soil will not be so great.
One of the best trees to plant fur a windbreak is the Norway spruce (I'ici-a e.rne/my
It is a rapid growing evergreen and is hardy almost everywhere wliere plums can be
gniwn successfully. A single row <if these trees planted from S to 10 feet apart is (juite
sullieient. They should grow, i* proi>erly eared for, at the rate of from 2 to 3 feet a
year until they reach a height of .')() to (iO feet. Iti very exposed places it may l)e
desirable to plant two rows of ^rees, the trees forming the secioid row being planted
between and .s or 10 feet behind the ti'ces in the first row. The first row may be composed
of arbivr-vitu', whicli are lather slow grow ing, and the row behind made of Norway
spruce, if desirable. White pine and Kuropean larch are rapid growing trees which
may l)e u.sed for this ))uri>os;-. .SiMileh pine is incliiu-d to be irregular in growth, and is,
on this account, sometimes not .satisfactory. If tlie trees already mentioned cannot 1)C
t>l)tained there are other native trec>s which w ill give good satisfaction.
Kiiif] of Tii'ir: lir I'liiid. — Plum trees one or two vears of age wiil give the best
satisfaction. If the planter dcM-s all the cultivation himself, small trees will be mor«^
sjitisfaetory, as they start more readily than larger ones, but if hired help is employed
a good sized tree !« imi)ortai!t, as small size,l trees are liable to be tramped down or other
wise injured. The paragraph on stocks siiould be read carefully, as the stoc-k of the
(iliuu ]ilays an important part in the growth of the tree.
Plinitiii'j. -The sjiring v- the best tiini> to plant plum trees, and the earlier it is
(lone the better, providing the soil is dry enough to work without puddling. Plum trees
sutler more from late planting than apple trees. The trees may Ix; plantisi with success
in the autumn if the woik is done early, as tliey will throw out roots iK'fore winter, but
if lilanteil late they are very likely to be killed by drying out. As it is of the greatest
importance to get the trees planted early in the sjiring and as when ordered from
nurserymiMi in the spring, it is dillicult to get them as early as recpiired, a g(K«l plan is
to ortler them to lie delivered in autumn and when received heel them in well drained
■soil until spring. After the trees arc taken out of the soil great care should \ni taken
to j)ievent the roots from becoming dry b«-fore planting, as if they do the
tree is almost sure to die. Dipping the roots in a thin mixture of clay loam
and water will protect them somewhat, but wet burlap, old bags, or wet straw-
should also Ix' used. Hefori' exposing the roots of the trees, however, the holes
should l)e made. Many planters seem to have the idea that if they dig a hole
barely large enough for the roots to l)e crowded into thev will have gtH)d results. Some-
times they do ; nmcb oftener tliey do not. If the whole field has been sub^oiled ami is
in a thorough state of tillage it wopld iiot matter so much, as the soil all over would be
in the same state of friability, but this is very rarely the case. S'j that, a^ a rule, it is
necessaiy to make the hole so!:i., v.hat larger than wiil aceonmiodate the roots, spread
out to their full extent. It shoeld be maile almut IS inches deep, after which the sul>
soil should be loosened a few incl'es more, but not removed. In digging the hole, the
surface soil should be kept •ep.tr.ite from the subsoil or that of poorer quality. Sufiitient
Kinl'ace soil should now be throv. II back in the hole to make the It e, when planted,
about an inch (leej)er in tiie groer.d tlian it was before. If a tree is not planted ileep
enough, the roots m.iy become exeoM'd I'nd the tl<e die. On the other hand, it siiould
not be planted too deep. liet'ore it is plaiiled permanently in the hole, the .soil which
has been thrown in should be rai' id and rounded ofl' in the centre. If this is done, the
riHits of the tree can be sju'ead out nmch more readily and placed more in their natural
jiosition. R lots of |ilum trees have not numy fibres and it is necessary to spread what
are left on the tree, carefully, in order to get the bi-st results. Broken or bruised rooti
■huuld bo cut oti' before planting the tree.
22
i„d„, wi.l, »-»7;;,J»; ™ '„ ;„ t:i".S .!« m- ..".1 « Ju,™, .1,;. ■■■
c„„,,<,rt nm«. I> U.I.. '>!'"''\" ',,'„,,, .,v,m..™ii..n of ,i»,i=lure »nJ tl.o gnnvlh
1)1' guardeil ag.i-.nst.
Varieties.
MtlmuM. a In-.- nuii.lKT cf varieties of plums is now ollVre.! for sale l.v nuvs.My-
...^ :i r i?i :xs,r="S;'i^^- ;srt^^ s':; c
parat.v..ly l.m.te.l '' '^, '^ "',;?; 'f „,?,, „a,„o,l varieties having come eith.-r from
!f 'T'"" ''er;. Hv^ W A t i" hie nun.her of hyhrid varieties have Veu
the Javnnise oi native I>'> '"^ ^^ , , ^ ^ been sulfieiently tested to
"V:''T: e;i";^rC:''"S:.a m;;::t,:'n;'h::heen ma-le^in the An.erica,^ and other
^S ' w" Lr ;hn.,s,;nd . ■J..t n,any nan.ed varieties have l>een .ntr^lueel, no less
, , ? v;. tr.l^in^l n'li ^^Xr o'early in Xoven.ber, although along the River
^'"■1;:,;:;"';^.'"^ ::^'Ap,Kulture, .nhlishod l.y the .riter, tlu- ,.r,,vinees of
<, . ,,.U.e\v. e diviu'd into thirteen d.lVercnt .list nets, repvesenting m a
!::':;;:,;" l!.s!^i:i;-^. din^.ent .mditions of son and clin.a.e. These san.e d.v.s.ons are
"'^'''ulh'uSrtl^' viu'lies reeonunended are likely to be the most suitable the intend-
Although tlK " varieties are proving the most prof.tahle in his vicinity.
i„g planter should lea. n ^'f . . " ;,•; ",^* ,,' , ,„, ,„n^,liii„„s will vary sonR-what from .me
This is important as the .. strict. . ' f;^ .\;* „ ^^^^ ,,i^^, .,^ ,,,, ■ ,,t ,,,i,iiraiy. It is
:::;;:;::„:;; t::,:;i':u::x;:u.^';:.i::;^ne:m.,,^ si.ie of which a var.ety ... a...n
23
am] on tl.e other sido of whid, it will prove a failure. TI.e boundary linos are su'-estive
Ti' 1 "°^";".'^": ''■''": t'l^'t there will h, especially unfavourable locations for or.^l.ards
n a inikler dhstrKt m wh.oh it would 1m, safer to plant the varieties reeonui.en.led for a
colder one Ihe planter should use his jud^'n.ent in the matter.
I- . • . ."'t*^'" ^'?- ^'' "" '^Pl'le Culture, a map was pubiishtHl showing tli.' .litVereiit
iistnets m the provinces of Ontario and Ijueb-c. Unfortun itely this nv-p was ,l..strovH<l
by hre and could not U- reproduced here, but anyone havin- I'.ull'tin No. :',7 muv refrr to it
as the districts are practically the same.
The varieties reconmiended in the follnwin- list are arranscvj, as far as iKissible, in
Older of npen.n^', btwini.in^. with the earliest. It was onlv throu:;!, the kin.hiess of a
, '7'' "".'"!'''■ f ^.f «''V"' ^''"'' ^'■"''■•^■'■'^ ^'''•''^ '^ I'^'S '""■" P'««ihle to' prepare a list of the
best varieties for the different districts. These men have s?iven the .cults of their
exjK^nenct^ most willingly, and I take this opportunity of a^^in thai.kinj,' tliem pu!,licly for
tlieir assistance. n r .7
A DISTIIICT LLST FOR THK PUOV'INCK.S OF ONTAIUO AND (^lEIiKC.
DLSTIJICT.S I AM) •_>.
(Counties of Essex Kent, liothweil, E!;.nM,Xorfulk. Haldimand.Welland and Lincoln
and the southern part of the counties of Dunbton, Middlesex, Oxford and Wentworth).
VAlilKTIKS RKC0MMi;\l)KI) lOK MAUKKT.
r.«,./"T""T;.^?'^'Ar''' ^'T"''' ^'■*-''' r-'""'"'''. '^^'^^'y. Italian Prune, .Shropshii-e
JJanison, Grand Duke, Monarch. > t "
./«/«uK^?.— KeflJune, Abundance, Ihulwiik, Chabut.
i^
AOWTioxAr. VAi:nnii;s sii;i:kmi.d.
European.— Gueii, Otiuckeiilwss, Yellow i:-.;, Di.unond, Golden Drop CCk-'s).
VAiiii;rii;s hi;commi;xiji;i) kou homk. v.sk.
Emeral,!, Washington, F ::'.,nk, Hradshaw, Im,,,ial Cage. IJavav, Italian IVune,
Stiropshire J-'anison. ' *
DISTKR T ;?.
(Counties of Wellington, DuB'erin, Waterloo, Halton. P,-eI and Biv.nt and tli,
eastern part of Oxford, the northen. part of Wentworth, the western part of York and
the st)uthern part of .Sinuue).
VAIMiniKS liKi.'OMMK\r)KI> Foil MAIiKKT.
Einnpea,!.- I'.nid-haw, Gueii, Imperial Gage, (Jlass, Lombard, I'on.l. Y'ellow E '"
Bavay. "'"
Jcijiiinrsf.— iWil June, Abundance, Jiurbank.
ADDiTioNAi, vai!1i:tii:s si.«;i;i;sti;d.
Mount Royal, Raynes, .Stanton, Chabot.
2i
VARIETIES RECOMMEXDEO FOB BOHE USC
■NVushingtcn, Burbauk, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Bavaj.
DISTRICT 4.
(The northern parts of I^inbton, Mi.ldlpsex and Oxford ; the counties of Perth,
Union, Bruce and Urey and the county of Simcoe with the exception of the extreme
Kuutliein portion).
VXniKTIES niX'OMMKXDKI) FOIt MA!:KET.
A'loo/x-a/i.— Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Glass, Lombard, Yellow Egg, Bavay, lUlian
I'rune, Monarch.
Japanese.— Had June, Abuudtince, Burbank, Clialx)t.
ADDITIONAL VARIETIES SUCiOESTEa
Grand Duke, Diamond.
VAlilETIES RECOMMENDED FOR UOME USB.
Washington, Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Bavay, Lc.<,.in Pruna
DISTRICT 5.
(The county of York with the exception of the extreme western portion and liio
counties of Ontario, Durham, Northumberland, Prince Edward, L.^nnox, Frontciiac^ to
Kin.'sUjn, and Hastings and Addington, within thirty miles of the bt. Lawrence
Kiver; also the southern portion of Victoria and Peterborough).
VAUIKTIKS UKCtHlMESDKD FOR MAItKKT.
/.'i/ro/^-YiH.— Bradshav, Gu.-ii, Iniperiul Gage, Glass, LomUrd, Ycllo Egg, 15a\ay
Italian Prune.
Japdiie^e.—lied Ju:ie, Abundance, Burlxink.
ADDIIiONAl. VAlilKTIES SLIJliESTED.
Grand Duke, Diamond, Monarch, Chabot.
VAUIKTIK.S RKCOMMKNDKl) FOR HOME USE.
Washington, Mcl^iughlin, Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Bavay, Italian
Prune, Shropshire Damson.
DISTRICT 6.
(County of I^eeds, Grenvillc, l)uiidu.s, SUiiuiont).
VARICTIES RECOMMKNDII) FOR MARKET.
Americana and A'iyra.-Aitkin. Bixby, Maukato, Cheney, Wolf, U.S., Hawkeye,
Stoddard.
20
ADDITIOSAL VARIETIES SUaOKSTEO.
Americana. —Terry, Smith, Atkins, Bouncer.
IH%oo»e.— Whitakcr, Milton.
VAniETlES ntCOMMESDED FOB llOMt USB.
Ilawk.ye!'"'""'' ^^'''' "'"^ "'iWvo"*^'- Bixl.y, Maukuto, Cheney, WhiUker, Cottrell.
EUR'^PEAN SUOOKSTKD FOR TIlIAr,.
Lo-nSfwh^ni Yeii^E:^""^''"' ''^^"^^' ''''' "'' '''^"' «'-^' ^"=*''=-
lied June, Burbank.
JAPANESE SVCGESTEU FOU TlilAL.
DISTRICT 7.
(Ihe counties of \ ict<.na, Pet...lwrouj;h, Hastin;,'. and A,i,lin^M^,„, ,.^,.,pt tj,„
.outhern portions ; Manitouhn and St. Joso,,h Islands, and the counties of ItAifrew
l^nark, Carleton, Russell, Prescott, Glengarry ; the counties of Poiitiac W'li"! * and
Ottawa south of latitude 46 ; also the counties of Argenteuil, Two Mountain," Terre
b.nne, L Assomption ; and Montcalm, Joliotte, Boithier. Maskinon-e, and St. Vfaurice
■wifhin 25 miles of the St. Lawrence River.)
VAHIETIES REC0.MMEXDi:d FOn MAIiKKT.
^ 'f "■<-■««•?,.""/ /)V''--Ea>liest and best na ive seedling-, Aitkin, Bi.xbv, Man-
kato, Cheney, >\ olt, U.S., Hawki ye, Stoddard.
ADDITIOX.VI, VAIilKTlES tlGi;i:sTKD.
^m'r,-ea»(7.— Terry, Si Ji, Atkins, Bender, Queen, Ki.-tli, Etta, Bouiiwr. 'llieMj
are newer vari-'f s, hiybly reeonmiended l>y e.\{>( rimenters.
VAKIKTIKS I!I:CoMMKM>I;D Foli IIOMI: l.SE.
AincrU'o.ii.i i Aiym. — Be-t iialne M-edliii^--, Jiix'oy, Ma.vkato, U,-iicv, Cottiell
llawki've, BouiR' r. ' ' ' '
I-Vr.OI":.\N hl-f.i KKTI.D Foil ■Ji'tlAL.
Early R(\l Ru--ian, liowlcy, Lunn, Mount Royal, Raynes, Richland, Gla-s. .Mont-
morency, White Nicholas, Penirijroii, L'ngaji-li. None of llie KurojK-an plum-; ai.- very
.sati>factory in this district, a'i the fiuit buds of nio^t vaiii-iics yi,.- usua!!v kii!i-d hv
winter. ' ' '
^APANE.SE SLUUtSTED foil. JI.IAL.
Red June, Burbank.
26
DISTRICT 8.
iCounties of nuntinR(lon, Bt'aulmrnois, Chateaugnay, Jacques Carti"r, Tjival,
HochVla;;.!, ChamUly, I-apraiiie, NtpierviUe, St. Jolins, and the wwtorn part of Ibcr
ville aii'l ilissisquoi).
VAKIKTIKa IIKCOMMKNDKD FOB MAUKKT.
Ameriana'and X'i'jr''.—TMMcnt and tx-st native seedlings, Aitkin, Bixliy, Mankato,
Cheney, "NVolf, U.S., Hawkeye, Sto<l<lnrd.
European. — Mount Hoyal, liaynes, M^atuiorency.
ADDiriOXAI. VAI11KTIK.S .SfdflKSTKD.
.4»)TiVfT)!a.— Tcrrv, Stiiitli, Atkin.s, „ , „
/;,uv.;<''.»».— Arctic, Ghvss, Yellow Egg, Richland, Early Re<l R-i.-sian, \\ lute
Nicholiis, Lombard, Damson.
VAUIKTIES KECOMMENDED FOB IICME V8E.
Amfrh-^na awl A'»;r<i.— Rixbv, Mankato, Cheney, Cottrell, Hawkeye.
A'uro;)ea».— Lunn,' Raynes, "Mount Royal, Brwlie, 5IcLaughliu, Montmorency,
Green Gage, Queen May, Pc'i Jrigon, Ungarish.
Red June, Rui uank.
JAPANESE SlHjrJESTED FOB TRIAL.
DISTRICT 9.
(Cou .ti.'s of Verclioies, Richelieu, Yamaska, St. Hyacinthe, Rouville, Bagot,
Drumnu.nd, Richmond, Shefford, Sherbrooke, Brome, Stenstcul, and the ea.stera part
of Iberville and Missisijuoi and the western part of Conipton).
VAUtETIE.S UKCOMMENDKD FOB MARKET.
Americana and Nigra.— "R^-^t early native .seedlings, Bixby, Mankato, Clieney,
Wolf, U.S., Hawkeye, Stoddard.
ADDITIONAL VARIETIES SIT,(;E.STED.
Am-rirana end Ni<jra.-'Yi>\-ry, Smith, Atkins, Bender, Quwn, Kieth, Etta,
Bouncer. , , ,„,,,,,, ,,-i .,
£'„,M;;.'r/,i. -Mount Royal, Raynes, Gla.s.s, Richland, Ivirly Red Russian, ^\ lute
Nicholas.
VARIF.TIKS RErOM.MKNDED FOR HOME V.SE.
Am-riran.i and .V/;/m.— Bixby, Mankato, Clieney, Cottrell, Hawkeya
EVROFEAN aUlitlESTEU.
Lunn, Mount Royal, Br.xlie, Montmorency, Glass, Richland, Eiirly Red Russian,
White Nicholas, Arctic, Damson, Ungarish.
27
JAPAXEgE SUOOKSTBD FOB TBUb.
lied June, BurUnk.
DI.STI'ilCT 10.
varii:tii:s I!i:<;ommesi)kd.
ADDITIONAL VAI!IKTrK.S .sr.i;(;i:,-jii:r,.
Amei-icana.-Terry, Smith, Atkins, B.,„d,..r, Queen, Ki, th, Ktta, Bouacer.
VAniKTlKS nKCOMMKXDKD Fon IIOMK ISK.
Antericana and .V.-yra.— Bixby, Mankatc, Cli.ney, Cotlrdl, Hawk. ye.
Kri.oPE.w si,(;fii;.sri'.D roit tuial.
Red June, Bui bank.
JA1>AXMK SLf;<;KSTKD FOU TltlAL.
DISTIirCT 11.
(Counties of Montma^ny, L'Isiet, Kainourasku, n.o.t of T.-mis^'ouata B.,nav..,,tMrP
and Ga.siH.. un the Bay of Chaleur side to Ga.si„:- Basin). 'J<'"a^. nfire,
VAniETIES RKCOMMKNDKD Foil r.WAVlyr. SKXH T.IK ST. LAWKKV K KIVKR.
GranJ'Dle!""^'''"''"'''""' ''"'"' '"'''^' ''"^''^' M.,ntmon.,..y, ;..„l>a„i, Da,..„,
ADDITIONAL VAKIKIIK.S .SI '^'.);->TICD.
Mount Royal, Raynes.
VAHUniKS 1(1.I0MMKNDKIJ FOI! IIOMK ISE.
Washington, Ii,ip.Mi.xl Gage, Gn.n Gagi-, Aixti.-, Jy^i.Urd, DaM,s..n.
VAI!|KTIi;.S HK'OMMKVDKIJ FOU (.lIOWINc; IM.AM).
Anutriiau-i awl X''jra. li^--X (-arlv native ^^-i^U...,. .\:>!.:,, :-■: : ., ,
Cheney, Wolf, U.S. ' - ' ^ -o . -^'— "■ ^-.^•v, .-lankaio,
I
fi
ADDITIO
Americana.— Terry, Smith, Bender, ttu.
VAL VAUIETIKM SLO'.K-STKD.
TARIETIR8 BBCOMIiBKDBD rOB UOMB C81.
Bixby, MaiikaU), Cheney, Cottrell.
DISTRICT 12.
tin.i, east of tl.e St. Mau.ico Uiver and Houth-west of I^ke St. John uuU to tiic ftt.
Lawrence lliver.)
VAUIETIE8 KECOMMESDED.
Best eavly native Kcedlings, Aitkin, Cheney, Bixby, Wolf, Cottrell, U.S.
ADDITIONAL VARIETIES SLtiUESTED.
Terrv, Smith, Bonder, Etta.
Near the St. I^w.x-nce River, especially in the vicinity of QueU-c and ^f'^J^f
on the Island of Orleans, the following Europca.. vanet.es --^ S'^^^ ■""^ ";" '^^^^^
faction :-Washington, Green Gage, Arctic, Montmorency, Mount Royal, Kavu.s,
Lombard, Dan»son.
DISTRICT 13.
(Vorth of latitude 46* in Ontario, and in Quebec north of districts 7 an<l 12 as
far asVlums will grow ; also the north-eastern part of Tennscouata, R.mou«k., and
Matane.)
VARIETIES SUGGESTED.
Best early native seedlings, Aitkin, Odegard, Bixby, Mankato, Cheney.
DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES.
The following descriptions were, most of them, made by the author fro.n si..-cin,en.
eitlK. "rown at the Central Experimental Farm or m other pais ot the provinces of
O ano and Quehee. In some eases, however, esp<x.ially among the Euro,. .an phnns
he de-i. lions were obtained fron. other sources which are considered rohal,!,.. \S here
OS ' de r ptions are used the author's nun,e is given. The var.etu.s winch are d.so, Ik.
a e divided into the various ijroups to which they b^-long. 'J hey are hmited to ihose
nn.n din the district lists with the exception of a fc-.v new k.u.ls --'--■;;■;!•-;;
.nlMngbut which have not been te.ted long enough to recommcn.i, andate« ot thcoldt.
varieties.
AMKIilCAXA VAHIKTUCS.
(Where not uthcrwii<c luiUd.)
Am-rl-on lu ■>,!>:—¥ nut above me.lium size, roundish: c,.\ity narrow, medi.M,.
dei.tlr ■ uture .. fairlv distinct line; apex rounded; colour deep purplish red; < ots numerous,
suLl, yellow; bloom moderate, pale blue; skin thick and tough tlesh .leep yellow,
ulcy stone ...edium size, oval, s!i,.htly tiattened, cling; sweet, nch lUvour ; ..uahly
good. Season mid-Sc^ptcmbir. \N'oukl be more promising if colour were brighter.
I
H
I I'l Iff ij'il
.11 \j til •■
'It !• .-i.i
.>! ll.'jti
ill '/bt
iliVArin.— Fruit lar)^, oviil ; mvity imrmw, iiutliuiii il<'|itli ; siiliiri! xliw iin- , u,\iKt
piiinti'41 ; Colour utiifonnly <!i>«-|< nil all owr , i|..l« imiif , lilooiii imin , nkin lliid , lllaili
dtf-p jn-llow, juicy, inixliml.lv k*..», iml ri. Ii ..i Ut^U lUt<.iii.ii , kIoix Iuij^. , llui, o^-l,
wmivlin^ no uxtriii;.'i'iii y , <|imlity iiiciliiiui I,, ttl,.,w. .Siusuii, lii^l vml ot A<i(/u<.l
Titf only fiiirly i.rcMJurtiK-, Niyrii ;<ioii|. 'Ih. luiliin > of Hum |,|iiii. ).i iIi
jHiint fi!f nTiiiiiiiif.-i<liitiori.
Itiiidir. -' Fruit ;.ir;;i-, oval, -li;,'litlv •oiii|ii. ^^.•.l i i,|..i,i ,|.,rk ii>( -loi , .
illlll yillow ; liliHMii lliK k, liliii- lavrlv -Ii;iIIt.s , >,Im)' .,1) .,|. !.■ tin li.i
tlcsh, yi'lliiw ; Htom- liir;;'\ omiI, Hal, •jiiit.- Ji.-. , ijiialit\, ■."»<'l -li.'/ii j.i'l.- i •
Very vi;;i)rou's with v.Ty lai-'-, lin.- Ii<aliliv l-.lia;.'!- \.iv |,i.»|.,. i , .. (V\...i..l. j
I'laiitt-il at tlif Ci'liti'Hl i;x|,<ririH iital laiiii iii lJ<><J. Ilii-i,.,i Ijuil.'i \'i l,i,
lii'.'lily iiiai«»it l>v wniif ;,'io»ir-
Jiij-lil). Fruit llUlM' llll-lllirM l<I l.ll -r, |i,ii;,.|iv|, ■Ji.;lv liiLtl'it-. IJi'lli.ai
^uturi- riithfr iinliitinit, v||M||t|y ,|,.|„, ,s .i , n|«., i,,iii„l,„I _ i',,l.,iji s,l!.,w, n.,,i.
(ovi'iiil with l)ri;;lit n-fl : iloi, ihhi.i i.,u>, -loali, yiiow 1,1. ..,111 laiily !.■■«>) .-V
riuttly tliii.k, ratln-r t<ii'l<i , lli-li i|i<j/ y llijw, jui< v . .ilom ii,..i, jii, ..;« . .,..ii
liiif, coiiiiilcraljly llattvni'l. cliu;.' : hwct \,ui iii,t 1 ii m tl.ivv.ji, i.i*ai,t,i ii,-i !.■ ',
•.'i«k1 ; M'asiin lat«! .\u;'ii^t tj.cailv S'-iii.-ri.!*- 1
A very lianils<jiin-, early |)iiiiii. ( Imf fault j.- umw jjin s.- .;! 1 jjj4 1,,) y M,.
I'rfstTVt'S.
A'lxf/i.vr. - Fiiiit v.-ry laiv t'» lai;j>-. lo'ji.'Ji-h ^■iii,i*\,a.< i.<.iit .-Li.|,..'j <o,/y
iiu-<liuiii tti'llh, shall'iw , !-utui>' II iJi^tiii' I htii- : aj^-ji |«^i/i',.-<) <,.jioui uijiioriu.y <i«:»5j.,
}iur[>lisli re<l all over ; dot!i iiuineioiih, yellow, (iJKtiiii.l . \i\>fjUi iK'/iei aV- ; bkm liiw:*!,
tough; tlesll dei'p yellow, juicy ; ht/^tie lai;;t-, flat, oval, eliii^< .-«t;«-i lii^i.. \<iy j!->XJ
flavour ; quality very -.'i^oii , >.<-«.v<u ini'i t/j lat^ S-|A<mij1/i 1.
A seeillin;: of Yovniiu- J'urjl' . 01 ;;.'iiiat<-<J at the '.en'iai K/ j/. iiii., 1.'... J u.i ;ij
A verj- proiiii^in;; varietv.
C{ini. — Fruit laig"-, loun'Jibh ; eaMty Jianow, i»n;xJ;uuj ■iejjih . h^tun f,iiri, <i..-- 1,. t
e'i'iur bri;.'ht ro<l, >lio»'<tiy; yellow in ).at"hi-s , 'iot.- Jiutiierouj-, ve'iow, 'JiM'.iiji.' Ij.'Aau
light ; ."kill tliiek, iijo<leiat' ly Uli'li-i , rie»h dii-yi virllow, juiev : hifjui »<i,i^< outl ij' MVai.
ci-iii^iuerably tlattene'J : sw.-.-t. rich, ;^<<'i'j tta\ our , <juaiitv •^■j'j'i . v a-vji. t.ai'l_> '.v iiu'J
Sj.teiulier.
A se.^'.iUii;; of Wolf, ori;.Miat>-<J at liie CvliWi.'. K.\l-/<--naieiiUil Faiii,.
A proaiiuiu;^ se'.-'Jliiii;. 31oie at tiael i i e tiiuu U'oif aii<J !>•"„<;/ Hi <ju^i .y
<.'i.irfl'-"ii. — Iruit lufjiuiji hi/A;. pjuii'iish, uouiewhat uiiew-n i^viiv Iui-mov* HjmJiUUi
•'►pth: suture obv.ure ; ajx-x iijun'i"-<j ; eoiour ve!iov>. ijeurJv i;>j\<i<^j wjU (i<;«-j iwl,,
d.'t^ o)js<.-ure ; 'lA'yjui ri'iiie : ^kitJ ihm, teiider ; tiehh yeiiow. juiey. .-»oel. ji-yxj fltt-.our;
't'jiie tiat, n>uiidi>h. seiui-cJin;; a!iiio->t frt* ; quaiitv g'jixj i»-a«oi t-ji,ii\- i<, inii. Auj;u»t.
J n'e viu'irous. p!'.>'Juvti>e, JheeHriieKt tmtnepluiu t/<-«t<.'<j. aiiO ><» uii^j.toi lio- w-'jouut.
A NiU'i'a se«."ilii!;;. ori^jincfJ bv Ji. F. CarK'ew-ti. iid\iii;i>- Hn'iji Oiii. in-ui '^'.Ui..c.).
VKirn'ii. — Fruit larire, round t/j vjiuewKat ovaK iuh-hl ij.ki'v wimo.. 11, ■.-<;, uiu
(j-jitij ; suture merely au iniistiuf.-t line : a;.—.': r'juii'ied ; viijuf uui!'j!iii.> i^e- j iv<j all
o\er. i-iiui^-t iiue,-. paler orj one .-iai dotj- iione \j'fj-ju. Ijoih »f.ii ii.>>ei<»'.<.-iy tjoeii.
t-'Uirii. !i'."t astriiig'Tit ; fiesi. 'ji«-j' yeliow. juiev . kiiiu'. in-.-diuiL h /;< tiaV o^a. elii.;.' ;
rjod'-i-ateh- ri'-b fl
I'Vr^i.vX; i^U ^vU
I-''--'
.<- i>ir,
." •V.-py;UI«/i-)
atU'f rjpeiai.;^
■J.e
<i >V
■ji.j j:to-.>e'
«\ oui ouaii' \ ).-ry:
t?ielj»'st. It s'>.ni ;.'et»- s^»t*. ic.'w fv t;i ,
i-.i ■ ie!ut>-iy pi-ofiuvtiv t. Si-^\-» j:riuj,.
Ciiij. —Fruit alj«.»\»- iii»*Jiu:i. M^e. fiuiidisi;. &oiu»-**'lirt' iteaV. .■•ii-ij^.-' <^t>jl^ ijje-fj.-,,uj
» I ith. Ue<^j>ei tiiaii Uios' ~;:-u!' fa (lH'.iij''t hue. (-iijiiitiy coii,p'e^o^.-t t.jiou' y,:i;ovi.
Uiiuost coieltsd With df_-p I''.-'i ; OoU- Iiuiirtjruu.- »!jjal!, yehoW. Ui^Viiiei o.v>ji;. liiXieliiVi
hiut. thi'.L, iiioU'idteiv :»;!ide!. cajjiitiy astriii)!eiit : lie«h ae»fp yebuv. jUiey. »«**■. . swue
liie'"iiulii .->!£''. -'Wi . •.".•li'>Ju'-'^'a^' V iirtix-'itt^^. o^:iii;-,'liLi^' ijuaiiiy j;./,^r; "■-.*.-.','. ;»_,''; r> j,', .j,
i>-r. Aiuoii;; the ;;'joci kiiidt, Out quit'- a iiuuioer aie tc.'lViM
C".')«/!Tf.^Fruit Uiediuiij hi^e. rvuridish i.*ivi'.y uarrow, 8iutlJ<» : -ji .^> luejeiv t.
distmct line ; apex .'-ouuded ; cjiour uiuforiiiiy ae-^^j ivC al over 'j j\^ iwiiilnj':' ijJoou.
lU'idf-rat'- SKiii v'-'-> tliiei:. l<ju;;ii ; fieiih a«*!p yehow. jiuey ••■.■jij« mt^iiuu. sii-.a..
eo;is;derat>Jv tiaitvu*!'!, cliiij; . sweet, ^'^jd fiavoui ; tjiittiiiy jjowa ."xawx. lui'i-V-pli-r.o-.',
90
to OctiibiT.
than most.
A firm j>lum, but not Inrgp onouKli to Ix^ono of tin) \im*t.
K<>opM U'tter
distinct
/ Form lar({P, roundinh ; luvilv mirrow, ni.^lium li-ptli ; Hutiin) a distinct
liic- aprx'ro.in.l.Ml; .olour (l.-*']. red; d..ts m.H|..rat.-ly nufn.'n)UH, y.-llow, dwtiiict ;
hUm liKht ; Hkin rath.-r tl.ick, tou«h ; tlesh dc-p y.-llow jui.-y, Hw.*t ; ntono rowlium
Hize oval, ,onsi.l.Tal)ly «att4-n.-.l. ahnost fn-e ; .|uality i?.k..I. S^nor. latfl Hopt<-m»«r to
onrl'y O.tolHT. A H.MKllin- of Wolf originatwl ut the CVntral hxix-runontal 1-ariii. W ill
probahlv inove a useful late plum. i- i i . i i
Co'll'rtl -Friiit alH.v.. n..-.liuui to InrKc, <.t.lon« and roun<]isli io heart Mmi-'I,
cavitv narrow, medium depth ; future a .li.tinet line ; apex rounded ; colour yellow al-
nioHt'oovered with brij-ht red ; dots rather nun.erous, snmll, yellow ; bl.K.in med.un. ; skin
m.Klerat<lv thick, tfiuder ; tlesli pale yellow, juicy ; stono medium si/.o, oval, much flattened,
clinR ; sweet, ko<x1 flavour : .puility so.m1. Siason early to mid Septoraljer. 1 nmusing,
niakcH a "ood preserving plum and is attractive lookin)?. , . , . i i
1)' Svtii - Fruit medium t^) aVx>ve medium in size, roundish, somewhat lieart-sliapeil,
slisfhtlv I'attpncd; cavitv narrow, mcdiumdepth; suture a distinct line ; colour depyel
low well washwl with dc.'p red or dark red ; dots olwcuro ; bloom shsht ; skin m.xlerat^' y
thit'k fairly tender; flesh deep yellow, juicy ; »U)no me-lium size, oval, consirlei ably
flatte'n.sl ciinu ; s*<-.t, -o<hI flavour ; quality gtv..!. Season mid to lat« Heptemlx-r. A
p.KKl plum on account of its -luality and great pro<luctivene.ss, but is not as large a.s .t
should 1m> to >M<ine of the lK>st. ,. , ,, ^ ,,■ * ,•
I)„n - Fruit lar.'o, roundish ; cavity narn.w, mcfbuni depth ; suture a distinct line ;
col.rtir unifoiMily deep, lively red all ov.-r ; dots num.-rous, small, distinct; blrwm,
mmleii-te; skin thick, toujjh; tlesh d..-p yellow, juicy, lirm ; st.mo medium size, oval,
somewhat flattencl, cling ; sweet, rich, go,.! flavour; .piality very g.KKl. Se«.son late
SepU-mU'r to OotoKr. A seedling of Wolf, originated at Uic Lxpenmental I'arm. A
very promisin- plum. One of the liest late plums fruited here. , «, .. j
hr yAHiiiV— Fruit above me.lium to large, somewhat heart-shaped, flattened ;
cavitv narrow, medium depth ; suture a distinct line ; apex rounded ; colour deep red ;
dots 'small, numerous, distin.-t ; bloom m<,derate ; skin thick, rather tough; flesh dcp
yellow, ii.i,-v; stone large. Hat, broad, cling; m.xlerately swwt, slightly .-.stringent;
fpiality ab.ie me<lium. Season mid to late September. A g.Khl variety but not a.s
promising us sim^^. ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ yellow, striped and splasned .ith pale red ; suture
market' ((JoH".) i- „ j ti
For>'ll Garden.— Fru\t nie<Hum size, roundish ; cavity narrow, medium dei)th ;
suture a distinct line ; apex rounded ; colour yellow, almost entirely covered with dark
pun-Hsh red • dots small, numerous, yellow ; bloom moderate ; skm thick, tough ; flesh
de«i) vellow juicy, sweet; sUmo medium size to small, oval, con.siderably flattened,
cling ;" (lUiUity g<M>d. Season early to mi.l Septeml)er. Plum not attractive enough to
^'gV'/W --I'riiit alxi.e medium to large, roundish, somewhat he«rt-sliaped ; cavity
narrow shallow ; suture a distinct line, very sliglitly depre„ssed ; apex pointed ; colour
deep dull red on vellow ground ; dots obscure ; bloom moderate ; skin thick, rathe •
tou-'ii sli.'htlv astringent ; flesh deep yellow, juicy ; stone me<iium siz.-, oval, consi.lerably
flattened,"sera"i cling ; sweet, good flavour; quality g.xKl. Season mid Soptemb-r. ^\ould
!>. proini^^iie' if lol'.'ur weiv more attractive.
J/.immn- -Fruit large, nnindish to oval ; <Mvity narrow, medium <lepth ; suture a
line nither indistinct : colour uniformly deep red all over ; dots numerous, yellow, distinct
prominent • blo..m heavy ; skin thick ami tough ; ile.sli deep yellow, juicy, meaty, swe.n ;
st<mc Nlow medium size, oval, considerably flatUwed, cling; quality goixJ. Seawm late
Septeml>er A very handsome plum having more the flavour of Miner than Americana.
This variety cracks' badlv on the trees, otherwise it would be one of the most promising.
•1
ft
k
tinct line; apex roundel; i;i.l..»r y<-lli.w, moii' <,r !• «« <»v<iii| will. ),uii,li.-li lul . il-tm,
■mull, indistinct; bloom m<!»Jium ; nkin llu.li, iwxUiitUly i^.ii;ijli , ll' j I. .|"|. >>ll'/.»,
juii-y ; Htono large, hroacl, mui:li llutUiii ■!, < lu,^ , h».<(, j/.^,.| l\a.,;ni i/intlily j^whI
.S<>a»on mid to late .S-jitenilxr. Om- of tin; In-.',!.
A'lVM.— 'Fruit lnjp; to viry lurv*-, loii;^ oval, •.,l.„ii, .,ini,'^- .,v.il„i.J »ii|, , ,ii,..„ji ,
dots many, very niinuf«, wliili-; l,|.«.iii Miii-; lavily fhall.,* -l. m .-li.,ii i»i,.) .,I/„jI ,
sntiirn a faint linu ; nkin llii'k; tl.'hl. y.ll.,*, fiiiii , ^l/.,ll. , l«.>r.., „,,i), w.iii. *).^t.
»littene<|, ilin« ; quality tf<-<*i to U-Nt. K.u.v,(i of iJ. «o!/. m.'l Wolf <>o. o» il,. U ..I
Amoricanas' (\Vau;rli./ I'lanlid al Oi.lial i;x|< iiii..i,i..l Km. ,,. )'.»';.;
.Vrt)i/.((A).- -Fruit a)j<JVi: iiii.tji'iiii ti, Iui^m-, |.(Iiii>(i).|i , lavilv imij<,A, (,,./liiiii, .|i jll,
suture a distinot liiii; ; ajM-x roumiiil, -lourdoi,, .Jull i(«l '»il.l, a ii..,l. lui.ly I w
UUHtm ; dota numi-Mus, Kruall, y"-l)<iw ; l,|.«,iii m>|..i li.«vy, In. l),..t, v,.i/l, «, ,4,
(loop yclli.w. juiiy, Bwwt, fr,<j.l 'tlavour, not a>tnii;^.-i,t , fciy^, Uiy, , «ai, wii., .).i:y,
Huality g(Kj.J. Sciuton lati; Aii;!tij,l u, .aily S.-|,i.. ii,U i Ji.ii.i n, .,u„l,iv t...iii
lti.\l)y, liut not at* lit. 'i'Jnoiih;. A ;,"»'»<] luiiy \,'.',ti,. I'loim-n,;'
J/i/^'Il.— Fruit nii«iiuiii to lar^'-, ov»i, \,n'/i,x Uj r,iU.ii .i.^j- n-l .l.,ij. in..... i.>'..-,
-mall, yellow, protuim-nt ; ^ulyn; ininly u <Ji.-ti(,.i In.,- ^ „;,i, il,,,, l^ul U,'./l, , «..•,!,
y ill.. w, juicy, sw<.-<'t ; stone mi^liuiii hiw, < liu;/ , .juulity ii..^iiuii, (>. ;;.,,! i-^^^^i,, U^t.
»fck of August. Trwj a Ktion;: toow.-i an.J v..,y j„.,j...' ,». ,.1.. ,. Iiu.i l,...i. a., not
injurf<l Ijy winter. WiliJ;.'...**^ group.
-»>(<• r/m.— Fruit larg.; /ouikJ..-!., jy.io'^.J oi v.,...-..'....! I.. ...>, .,i,i.j,..J ..i..ii.y
liarr^.w, shallow; sutun- lij<r.-ly a <iihtii.<;t in..- up.-/ ioui,'l.»l. aiii,.>,'. j^j.ou.fi , ..-.ioui
yolL.w. more or k-m covi-i«j »iti, l^ijgl.i purplj;-,li lo-J ^ .iot* i.ui...iou.-. »ii..i!: \,-l.-,*^
bl.K.m ni.j(lerat<? ; bkin thit-k, lougli . )!i;bh dwp yellow, ju.<y. h4..;.rt „o,i.. i'i..^libiu'
.si«-. oval, tonsi'Jerably (latt.-i,.^j, .iii.g . -juulity g.^^J ,S-(w>'i. a^riy <^, i....i .> j/Viu
Wr. A finu plum uud sboulij inak'- a ;;'.'j<j slii]^j,<-r 'J',., '.l,.. , ,ti..j v,, ;»., ,.. t,.,, ,„..u
for hi.nje use.
Oc/.w'/a.~ Fruit oiciiurj. ♦oii'<^*v. iii.-.ji.jrii m/.. , ro'.i.-l.si. V. I.i;a.i-l ni.aj,./j .^inu (,.«
row. >.ha!!ow : •-ijtijii.- a 'Jistini-t Ijt..- ; up'-j: Blll.■.-^t yjtuWi , M.iooi , 'k.rj, i.,<j ai. ov.,i ' <i.,>
numcn.u», sn.all, yellow; blojm ratii.-i !..;avy skui t),...r mvi-^iuUiiy l<:(.'i.-/ »;.>4i
dee{i Vr-llow, jui'-y , htoinr ini-Jiuiu m*. , xoun'i.^l, .,oii.Ma.-(it>ji» llav^-ii.-ij. i-i.i./ .■«.,.••,
g'Ajd f.H^ol;^ equality J.".<Ki, S.-a-.oi. ..«r!y 'j. ini'J ,>-j,l.:i,".j.;f A t.iii. j,.u.i. ..i,(j
sIkiu]'J -Lip weii.
(^./<-o, ''G^'Id'-n QuWl/ Fruit M-iy i;if;^. I....(. ii.*i, ..o.ol.^- oi,;,'lil go.<i.;l \>:\,j0
anj of the iijo«t deiifious iiavour , ijuit^ u!i«-A'.i;l...-'J i.,. .;iii,i,,i,^. iii,<J ,.-n |,,,, f,^, '.aj-.jtjj^
out of haii<i or f...r sli.-iug and wrv ',!.;.' VMti: m.;;... aoo ..-i.^ui .i.- l,i j>."i.':,.>- I<.;>;i4^
iutter j«iT-: of Aii!."jst V^ iSep;.'-iiiij<;i 1" 'Ji.j. .- i.;ii.ar*s.ao.. loi iU- ui,uv..iii. !.i.. up
ndit growth. (^Jritpyiu'-erV .j.-v.-riptioi, ,. '».-,giiu,i.-(. »,..i, J! / •],-,., ',, .■"....■!.' lii
Ha> givet, ;.' lOiJ bati..ra'.-lioii el.-..-al..-ii- VLiiio-*; u' C. iitia K- j^-.iUi.;iiUi. J,»mi h. i'./i;i
.Si/ay. II </«'oi. i'ru!' larg. . louij'Ji^i ',<iw\ im»'iov» .•^im!.
out- ; itj^x roiiiiij'-'i ; eoioui v. •!.■.», juum oi
umaL. y.-Iiow. spars*- ; bi'joii; ii.'-'J;i.tj ^..i^
def-p yellow, jui'-y : kI<jij» iiie'iiiiii i-. .»0)>t
K-.-mi-t-hnt' : i-wwt. riel. g(...>i tiinou- ■j'jd'it*
tier. Out- of lij<- i»-?st Aiijerj';iini. )iium
Siuiiji. irur. v.-r\ i«uyi- gioou**- ».
'■iilig : Mtt^inii\ r,i-u)..>i Tii:.- v.m..- \ o'l/iiidi
lati..-
I'.UIl'
oulutt at- lUitt-y'.iUKi
*ilt. p.jipii«i i.-i; U'jiir \Kiy
.•;ir nio^i.-iutcTV U-ij'k^i )W->i.
Of.i*'' «.oo ■.ii«-fa!>j V t»al;^'o.-'
■■>;«.^'..l- ili.d VO iaL* .>-:.U-iJ.
l.<Jf
'4**rr 1.-*!
muii\ o!u.
■•■-.
Ti..
t;uaii!v. !•
i »•»•*
s;>ok»-ii o)
liV
;:n»H
J---. (..Mil.
ir.ii- ii.-ar.i
Pjaiit' <i a'
1 1..11. X-.-1 I.;
'>fti'.f-a: K.>.petiii..?)iUi. I arii >ii iif't!
Oti.Oi.'
i' .- .'.•>• giS.-l '.• I'..' .> 11. J. -J n.
j_oi;.j( »■]. •>* u.i- vafj.'H i,i^
VV Jler! Jy.-j,Wi: M«: JJ.-liiv
flisliuet iiti* ii;..','. loui.oet. 'o.-.u* u.-.rj« v
purphhi: ref.! aou- la.fiv iiuii.ri-i-j-.. -luai v
hllglllh iuif-ium-ii; fjiKi, o.jufp vel.o» j-j.' .
■wwel. go'Xi ri':i. fiuvoij. .jualilv m-i \ f-jty..
iui^jjtej: uii(i b"?!t fiaioun^ yVu.eri'.aiji j 'jci.c
].,
« .«iii('..-i .-1
lO!i* i.i..-*}; (il
t>>x - vr .a .^
•J-.iO
«
33
■^hv
Stt»ri-r -Kniit Uw, ov.l ; cavity mirrow, •h.llow ; «uture » dwtinct lino, m*
STSwXunctbl..„.n.«lium, .kin thick. m«len»t4;ly f-uRh ; fl.-«lMl«.p ytlU.w.
'^lL,rr ' A rilin^'of De ^U^ "riginuU..! at Centml Expe.i.nental bann. IT.mu-.-
"'";^::^,rl^";^W^'.''-i^itlar«e. regular, -.al; .urfu. .n.K.th but not s,,i,.y ;
»t.-m Moiincl.; sntmv in.listintt ; ain-x n.ui..l.-.l ; hW.u H«>n. t. u^ h, a i.l »l m I
W em of A.^u.t. l)n.. of tl,.- !ar,...t a,..i lmM.l.o,n.-st ..at.N. ,. urns yot pn- ...l.
A v^r V I ..rilin- l.Uu... (I'.uIk.) »'l.tnt.-.l at Ci.tral Kx,-Tinu.ntal harm ... lOO.-
,' r litUcl HHi N.. 2.) '^'uite la.-:;,.,Hi.l,.Mi.al ; .la.k (...rplish .xhI ; c1.m« ; l...e
Tl,i.s I .-.-a.-.! as ..„.- of the v.ry lH.,t of all the A...e..ra..aH .n .ny .oU.rt.o... (J. W .
Ker.-, Denton, Mil.) ■ .nni
l'liiit«l at Central Exiwn.i.e.ital lain, in IJOl. i. i
Thispl"'" i-"--y '"«'•'>■ r--.n.n,en,le.l by neve.al ox,H.ri...e,.ters, au.l .s sa,.! to Ik,
till" lirirest Aiiieriea.ia l.lui.i on the l.iurket.
vf^Iil^^^m^vJt .m.liu,., to al..ve n.e.liu.n si.e, al...o.st roun. ; eav.ty nar.ow,
shall, wsutur o. Iv a fairly -listinct li..- ; al..^x rou,,a..l ; colour yellow ■...,...y.re^^^
i iTl and washed with bri«ht red ; dots nu...erou. sn.all, >T'''- V '''"^ ' « .'
Skn thick tou.'h ; Hesh d.vp yellow, juiev, Hr.u ; stone above ...e.l.u... «"•.'•""•' j_''
brL, mu'cl. fla"tt;.ed, clini^; sweet, «..«! flavour ; ,uality good. S..a.so„ n..d,S<,.t.....l.er
to Octolicr. . , 1 , ,
A handsome plum. One of the latent and U>»t keepers.
l;.r"r -Fruit alK,ve ...edium .si/.e. roundish, «.,>..ewh.t heart sh-iiK-l ; eav.t y
narrow mcd'iua, depth ; .suture a distinct li..e ; colour yello^^^ nearly ent.n'ly over«p.ead
wUh bliS^; dot.s'uumerou., Mnall, purple ; bloo... light ; .sk.n l^l^.f >. '''J
touLhTflesb deep yellow, juicy, sweet ; -stone n.ediu.n s.ze, o>al, con.s.derably tlat,o..ed,
almost free ; quality good. Sea.son n. id September
An attractivo'plum, but .,ot la.ge cough to be promising.
Whitah^r -Fruit large, oval, ho., ^.i.. cart snap -i : col-.ur b nght nd , Ruturt
merely a dstWL; dots nu.„e.ou,, yellow promi..ent ; bl,K>m tl,.n blu.s!. ; sk.n
rMntou.d.flc^hve low, juicy, ...Kierately f.rn., sw.^t, good flavour; stc.e ...e.l.u,n
It £' oVal, clng; q.ility g.Hxl. Season fi.st and second weeks .u heptem U.
r>e: m!i%ipen'eve..ry: \ bu.uJsome plum. Tree vigorous, .sprea.h.ig a..,l p.■o.lu,■t.^e
where fiuit buds a.o ..ot inju.-e.l by wi..ter. ^^ ''^-"."'T. "7."I^;„„ro shallow fai.lv s-
IIV/-— Fiuit large, roundish ; cavity narrow, shallow ; suture shallow, ia..ij s
tinct .mt'.l.'l.es..i;aH>x r..u...ied ; colour deep red; d.,ts fairly nu.m-rous, s,, 1,
Sw s .• ; bWrnmodcate; skin thick, tough; A.^l. ^Ff ^f^ ^^^ '^:^'-
S.uo d fl our ; stone al..ve m.^dium size, outline 'val, co..s.<ler;il.ly ! attctsi, cl.ng
nit™. Seas,„ ea.lv to .iii.l SoptemlH-.-. One ot .•" best. 'Ihis d-x.s ..ot answer
flu ,1 :scrin ion . f^^^^ -iveu bv son.e authorities, lioth, however, a.e g-Kxl p.ums.
rw-l-til lar°e, ol.l,;ng. llattened ; cavity narrow, deep ; sutu.e a ,listin.-t
»,jant. Iiuii 11 e, „ ,i^.^p,.ca; .hits numerous, s.i.all, purple; bl.K)m
uinu... U'lso.. mi.l.S,.ptemlK..-. Quality not go .1 em.ugh Ih.s plum .s highly
mul.u.n. ' ' "" '^ W... >,.r^ «tat.- h.it has not i.n.ven as jo.kI as so.ne others he.-e.
"""';-":;;:; ^, X Fm" la;.g;:™undish, so.-.iwlH.t t,att.ne.; ;cav.ty .lu-d.,.,., d.,,!..
and wilt suture an indistinct line ; colo,. i-ep, -lull p..r,-hs i iv. ; . ots nuineros.
uL «tone me,liu.u size, oval, consiac.,.>..y llattenc^, ^^^'-''}^; ' ^^^^2^
but somewhat astringent ; .paality above medium. Season m.d to late Septembc.
wmmm
wmm
33
KUIioPEAir TAniKTIK*.
i-|)tu
•III- tV' c-
Anfiiyr/in (S.'^'lling of Mir.iU'llo). — Fniit iiUtvu ini'iliiim t.il.iiar, roiimli'li to li.urt-
HlmiM'il, c.ivity mcliiini (K'ptli mill width, iil)ni|.t ; mIimi •.limn t.. lon^, im,.!. ml.ly
fUml : Mitun- distiiu-t, slightly «|riiiv<s.-.| ; iipi-x roiiii.l.^d ; culour «,'r.'.iiisli yMt.w , d..l .
iiio.lerii' 'ly iiiiiii.rniix, iridi^itinct : >kiii ru.id.Tiitfly tliirk, iikmI.tuI.-Iv t^'mlir • H.-sli yilluw,
juicy ; sloin- tm-diiiiii size, oviil, din.' ; swi-ct, liili iliiv.Mir ; c;iiiiiitv vi ry ^'<hhI. (how ii fnuii
wfd of Miiiit>'ll.i in l!*<)i). l!.-.Mn t<i b.'.i. in Ir^'Ml ''r.-,t.d si'j.l.inl.. r M), l!(il2
l>ii){inat<'d \<\ Ati_'. I)iii>uis, Villa-.' d-i .Viiln»i(>i, IM^.
Airtir fMiHin''-! Artlii). -Fruit uic limn to Im-I.jw nicdimn in ^i/i-, iMiiiidi--li <,r
sonu'wjpit oval; rolonr diiik I'tirpli-, iilinott l)lii''k ; l»Io..ni tliin, liliji' ; Kiittin- iiidi liii.l ;
ll>',^li ;,'i-.'.iii^ti y.'llow, jiiiiy. iii.uli'iali'ly ^wr.'t ; i|ii,ilily m';dimii : season .-.iilv S. (puriilxr.
'i'liv X i^'iiiiiii- ami a ho'kI iio|i|M'i-. HaidiiT than sonif lluiojiian |>hiin-<, hi t not de-
sirahlc whrir tliL" Iwst \aii.-lii-. s k (-....d, as it i< t.». small and not. -^m^l . noiii;!, i,,
i|iialily.
/{,ii;i,f I U,.inf Clan If .1 ■ I'.ivayj. -I'Vilit lai;,'.-. lo-mdish, slijditlv lliltt. n.- 1 at i.lid* i
ciiloiii- jji-.f; Ish Vi-Ilow with i,'ii'.!i spliisli-s ; l)'.K„a thin, pal.-; miIhk! ni-diiini di-
Nti'in sho; 'aiit ; tlcsh yiMlo v, juicy, ni.'ltinjt, sWiN-t, rii h, very fi'Mcl (huour
• (iiality V. ,{.x(d ; season la;.- S [.n-nU-r t. early OtoljT. "Th.-o vi^oi-.,u
dm-tive. t.no of tlio bi-st b ith f'>r home use .ind for uiaiki't.
/; ■.>'/</(.("• (Nia;,'ara '.}. - -IVuit al> i\e lue.liuni to lai;,'.-, (jhoval.. ; .iaik |)t]r|.'i,l. 1. 1|
with u bluish bloom; dots few; lavity narrow, sliallow ; stem niediuin |ei,^.!|,,
nuMlerately stout; suture di^nnrt but shallow; ajx'x roiindi.<l ; skin r;.tl,ei tliltk.
tou;,'li ; llesh fjrcenish yellow, jiiiiy, ni.Mlerately lirni, sweet, with a rieh flavour, s'one
siTuicliuir: quality ^'ixxl. Se as )ti middle of Ati^'ust to lirsl weik of Si,I»mj),.i . Tree
a strun;.' upright ;;p wer and veiy [uoluctive.
Jli-'i'li'. -Vtuit Ix'l.pw m.dium si/e, almost round; e'll'inr dark jiuipN with a blue
bli'om ; dots obs-ure ; suture merely a distim-t line ; skin thin, t<'tider ; f!es|, ^xrieuj-h
yellow, juiey, moderately firm, sweet, rieh flavour ; stone small, roundi.li, sena^- if,;; ;
(juiility yoo.l to \ery j^ocxl ; s-ea-on .-eeond and third weeks of S-ptenrlxr. A iro'-l des-
eit plum, but ratlier small for maiket. S]ieeimens rcieived Injm H. JJK^he, M.,t,t-
r-al, yue. Tree has been on Mr. Hro-iie's jilaee since his ;.'ratiilf.':tlier's: time. 'J'!|.,!i;-|,t
to be !i secdliii;.'.
li'.iiiK ,'■/. - Ft 111! lii-dium t.> lar,-e, oval ; colour daik blue, « ith a heaw l.l>;e l^loom ;
dots obseure ; e.iviiy narrow, .abiu] t ; stem >liort to nn dium, latlier st..u* ; -liiure ne-ielv
a distinct line, not depressed; tlesh yellow, ino<lerately jui-v; oualitv m.-dinm, .~. i
.son medium. Tree a strong ;.'rower and verv proiluctive.
K'fihj R'"i ll'ifMHii. — Fruit me<lium sj/i., o\al ; cavitv nai r.iw, -|i;nlow, a'lMp; ; ^'eni
iii'dium length, slender; suture .-m inili^tinet line. noi!epre.si..ri : apex rounded : coI..iir
o'ull purplish red ; dot* m.xli-r.itely numTo'i". yell..'.v, distinct ; Ijlooni thin, olue ; >kin
fairly thick, moderately tender : liesli yell.v.iii green, juicv ; -totie milium size. Ion;;,
oval, din;; ; moderately sweet « itli an acid aftertaste ; qualitv inedium. .'^•ason late
Septeml/er. Of the 1-oMibird tvj..-. Imported fnun Jiu'-sia i)V I'rof. Hud'i from \)i-.
l!e-el. .<t. I'etersbiir:;, ilurin,' tiie v. i;,t.-r ■>f is^^l i.'. l'r.)f. IJudd wiitin- in l-'j'i said
f this plum, 'This was .sent out .piite ext«-nsi\e!y eigljt vear- a;;o learkni '.Mixi.-d Arab.
N\hite Nieholas and IJ'aek Arab. Most of the trees
'^ •. H. There is still ^ome d'iub' rc'.'ardirii: this j ium
.s I'n.f. i'.iidd as White. \ie!,ola,. Another \arietv,
iiis o:m-, wl.ieh niuy \,.- tlie tr' • Kariy ll.-d. ri;.er.v at
\:;.".-f.
iuM ^i/.e. ov.il : colour yellow : ^uture .!i-tinil
vcilow, juicv. s«eel, "zik^kI, rich flavour ; stone fn-<- : quulitv t'""' 'o \>r\ ;.'■<«]
mens received on Aui.'i;st 4tli., foni K. J>. Smi'h. Winoni. <>nt. ."^.ud t'.. i j- ■
end of .luly. (Jri;.'iiiatcd by the lite Warren loihon, JIaniilton, Out.
IVomising on account of i ; rliue^s and quality.
The Sorts iuixe<l were ]j;-ly 1'
prove<l to Ix- Karlv lied I'u i -a
which may lie th» varietv ~. lit
cailisl I.,ate Ited, somewhiL iike
< ht:;v,a d:iri:i;r ihi" ;;;-: •.-..■ik -'
Eiiifnilii. V\\\\t alopve ni(
. f. -h
S.....i-
V liie
31
Ge,-,w,„ rnn,r.-' Vvxu^ >M.i!l to mo.linin ; Ion- oval ; cavity very shallow ; stem
rathor sV.ulor. .UL-.lh..u long ; suture hardly nwre than a line ; apex sojnowhat pointed ;
CO our blue ; ,iots few. scatier..! ; bloom blue ; llosh gree.UHh or sh^htly yellow ; st^no
small, ovai;,.oint.-J,mo,leraU>ly flattened, very f r.H- ; ,,ual.ty hardlj^ T ^tJ,'.i
season niciiun. : tree stron;j, .all grower, pro<luctive,' (Waugh). lins has long been a
popular plum. ,
67,M. (Glass S,.e.lling).-Fruit large, roundish, deep purple with a blue blot.m;
suture verv shallow, indisrinct ; stem medium length, slender; tlesh yellow with a slvade
of even uncv,n«,«l.rately sw^-t ; skin me<iium in thickness. U-nder ; stone med.um
S.f.i ' -ualitv .no.liu..,. Season second and third weeks of Septen.ber. Tree a
slmng gro'wc.' and pr.Kluctive where it succeeds well. Very shn.lar, .f not Klenfcai
with t.;iiaeke!iboss.
(;..l,l,;, />,•«» (Cm-'s Golden Drop).- 'Fruit large to very large ; oval with a short
neek, the two halvn^s uneMual ; cavity very shallow and abrupt ; stem med.um length,
stou uturedeep; apex somewhat depressed ; colour golden yellow ; dots very many
•e ow ■ 1, Jn V.-UOW llesh hrm. n.eaty ; stone medlun. large, long, punted son.ewha
tlatt"nJd, ribbed at tl.; edge, half free ; quality goml ; season n.ed.um late. lrecag.K.d
grower with large, coarse, rough foliage.' (W augh).
Gr,n.d /)»Av..-' Fruit large to very large obovate ; cavity narrow, sh.allow ; stem
.,n inch Ion.' ■ suture .ath-r de, p ; colour very dark blue ; bloom lieavy, blue ; flesh yellow,
rn tone .val,har,llvtlattenVd, cling; .pulity g«.d ; season late. Irec m.'-l.-n' <' 7
" r n,s with a ipreading op.n head. lleganl..d by n.any .s one o the v-yj'-t »'
shipping plums' (Waugh). This is a favourite plum ,n s,.,„e parts of the best plum
districts of Ontario.
G,,.:;. --' Fruit medium si»- ; oval, cordate ; cavity .l,al ow ; stem an inch long, pulM«-
cent utun- shallow; apc.v .somewhat pointed; colour blue; do s m.t visible; bloom
blue;' llelh greenish yellow; stone medium si.e, round oval, obl„,ue pomte.l, clmg ;
qualitv fair ; .season medium ' (Waugh).
i,n,>n-:.,l Gnr.-' Fruit medi.nn to above luedium in si/e, roun.lish ; colour yellowish
preen ; dots indislinct ; cavity nan •. medium depth ; f:"'-" •"';; " w'":^;;^ tm J^
stout- sutuiv distinct but very slightly depressed ; skin fairly thick, rather tough
Hi ellowish green, tirm, juicv. sweet, rich flavour; stone medium si.e, oval, semi^.lng
,o almost free^,uality very go.Kl. Season early September. Tree a strong grower
and veiv jiroductive.
Il,',li.,,> /',-,ni. (Fcllenbc-rg).-' Fruit medium to large, elliptical, straighter on ono
.id..audlon.-roiitiieotlu.r; cavitvvery shallow; stem nearly as h.iig as the fruit;
su tu si allmv ; colour dark blue ; dots not many, dull yellow ; bloom blue; skm thin;
flesh .'.eenish vellow ; stone medium si.e, oval, p..iiited, rough, ndged at edge, quite
fn-e ■ mialitv goo<l to extra ; season late ; tree rather spreading (NV augh).
This is .me of f.ie most satisfactory Kuropean plums both t.,r home use ami for
market.
.hllW.o,,.^' Fruit medium to large, naind or r.>undoval ; cavity very shallow ; stem
mediun short ; suture, hardly any ; ajK-x very slightly depresse<l ; col.mr greenish yellow ;
d t 1 nv ..reeni-h ; bloom white ; skin thin and tender ; tle.sh yellow ;st<me medium
sit ">> with a ,sh,at neck, slightly .lattened, rough, f|ee; flavour, rich and sugary ;
quality good t.. liest; scas.m mciium late; a g.-nl tree' (W augii). One of the hnest
varieties for li..me use.
/.,„»/<.-rrf.- Fruit medium size, oval, slightly llattene<l at ends ; colour purplish red
with a thin blue bloom ; dots fairly numerous, yellowish distinct ; .stem short slender
su ure liaUow, indistu^t; .skin rather thin, lea.ler ; tle.sh yellow, juicy a wee , but_ not
S" fini • st.me medium ii/.e, cling ; quality medium ; season second and third wec^ks of
Sopt'emi".;. Tree vig.-rous and a very heavy bearer. One of the hardiest of the Euro-
pean plums.
3S
Lnnn (Montreal No. 60). — Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outrcmont, Que.: —
Fruit largo, oval, broad (round oval) ; cavity shallow, raodium width, sliglitly flar-
in;; ; sten. iiodium length, J inch, stout ; suture a distinct line, very little if any dopres-
sion ; apex rounded, very slightly flattened ; colour dark purple ; dots fiiirly numerou-s,
irregular, indistinct, brownish ; bloom moderate, blue ; skin moderately thick, tough ;
flesh yellowish green, very juicy, fairly firm ; stone largo, oval, cling ; swe<^t, rich ;
quality very gixxi. 8ea.son curly to middle of September. A lino dessert plum.
Monarch. — ' Fruit largo, n)undiKh oval ; cavity deep, broad, rounded ; stem short
o-:..'. ^tout; suture hardly visible; colour dark purplish; bhxim luiavy, bluish; flesh yel-
ii)w;.-.V ; i me free ; ((uality good ; sea-son lat«. An English variety lately introduced
ti) fliis (■'■ ,atry ami tliought to bo a valuable late shipping plum ' (Waugh). This plum
is wi ll V orthy of trial.
Ml ,Umoreuc;i (Heine Claude de Montmorency). — Fruit me<lium size, almost round >
cii>.;y narrow, abrupt, rather shallow ; stem short to medium, moderately stout ; suture
indistinct ; soiiietinie.s very slightly depressed ; apex rounded or slightly flattened ; colour
yellow and gi-eenish yellow Ix^foro quite ripe with a light orange blush or dots of orange
on sunny side ; dots obscure ; bloom thin, white ; skin moderately thick, tough ; flesh
yellow, very juicy, moderately tirm, sweet, ricli ; .stone small, oval, almost fi-ee;
(luulity very good.
Mountain.— Yrxxit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outremont, Que. : — •
Fruit medium to above n)etlium size, roundish, flattened slightly at ends ; cavity
medium de[)tli and width, slightly flaring ; stem metlium to long, moderately stout ;
suture distinrt, usually sliglitly depressed , apex slightly flattened ; colour, greenish yel-
low, more or less overs|iie,i(l with dull coppery re<l ; dots numerous, j'ellow, distinct;
liloom thin, bluish ; skin moderately thick, tough ; flesh yellowish gre<'n ; stone above
medium, bruad, roundish, cling; s«ei't, rich ; (juality verj- good. .Season early to middle
.SeptemlxT. An excellent dessert plum. Well worth propagating.
Mount Roi/iil (Duidop 54). — Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outremont, Que.
Fruit raeflium sizi\ roundish, llnttened at stem end ; cavity meilium to open, medium
depth, somewhat flaring ; stem short to medium, moderately stout; suture distinct, very
slightly depressed ; i\\n^K rounded, slightly llattened ; colour dark pur|ile ; dots numer-
ous, irn'guliir, distinct ; bloom blue, miMlerate ; skin moderately thick, fairly ten-
der ; flesh greenisli yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, moderately rich flavour; stonj below medium,
roundish, cling; ijuality good. .Season early to mid-September. Should !« a
goinl shipping plum.
McLiiUijhlin. -'Fruit medium size, round or even oblate; cavitv shallow, with a
ridge aromid the stem ; stem strong, rather long ; suture very shallow ; apex very slightly
depressetl ; colour greenish yellow with a pink bluih ; dots many, greenish ; bloom white ;
skin thin ; flo.sh yellow ; stone medium size, oblique oval, slightly ilattened, rough, cling ;
flavour rich, sugary ; quality extra. Season medium. Tree hardy and a fairly gfKxl
grower.' (Waugh).
One of the l)est varieties for home use, the quality being exceptionally good. It is
of the Green Gage tj-pe.
Petn-s (Peters' Yellow Gage). — ' Fruit medium to large ; round oval ; cavity medium,
shallow, abrupt ; stem long, pubescent ; suture shallow ; apex slightly depressed ; colour
greenisli yellow, sometimes with a slight blu.sh ; dots many, yellow ; bloom white ; skin
thin ; flesh greenish Vi-llow ; stone medium large, oval, pointed, hardly flattened, din;' ;
quality good to b/st. Season early. Tree m(xlerat("Iy vigorous and upright. A wiod
amateur variety of the Green Gage type.' (Waugh).
This has suceei'dcil well in District No. 3.
Poml (Fond's Seodling). -Fruit very largo ; nearly oval, but tapers slightlv tow.irds
cavity ; colour purplisli red ; bloom puri-lish ; di>ts numerous, dull yellow, di.stinet but
not jtroiwinent ; civity narrow, shallow ; stem medium length, fairly stout ; suture dis-
tinct and but sli,'htly depre.s.sed ; skin thick, rirther tough ; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet,
M
goo<l flav.,„r ; stone Urge, rough, cling ; quality good. Sea-son early Sept«n.l)er. Tree •
Btrong glower ami quit*- productive. _
0«aciv«/,<«...-' Fruit nuHlium size or larger ; round oval ; aivity shallow flaring ;
stem rather long ; suture a line ; colour blue ; dots blue ; bloom blue ; sk.n th.n ; Hesh
greenish j'stone m'al, ,.ointe.l, llattene.1, cling ; quality fair to go,xl. Season n.e<hum. A
.'.«)d rai.id growing tree ami fairly pnHluctive.' (Waugh).
" Ripens in Ontario in second and third weeks of SeptcnilK!r.
Oneeii JA.y.-Fruit lar-e, roundish, almost perfectly round : colour greenish yellow
splxslied with ,KUe grcn when not ripe; bl...ni tiiin. pale bluish dots small, pale, mdis-
t net ; cavitv narn.w, nuMJium depth ; stem medium length to rather .mg, tair y stout;
sutur; iu.listin.t ; apex roun.le,] ; skin nuKleiately tliiek, t.ni.d. ; tiesl. gr»-cnisl. ye low,
ve-v iuiev, moderatelv li.ni, sweet, lieh llavour ; stone n.edui.,. si/.>, almost oval, ein.g;
.Uia..v verv u.mhI ; season Septe.nWr. Tree a strnn-, m.«lerat.-ly spreading grower
fruiting' lu^aviiy when young, but d.n.s not live very long. A very pro.msn.g dessert
plum. Sneeiinens ree.iived from N. K. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que., who ,s growing
trees leeeiveil from Thos. Clark, Chateauguay. Thought to b.> a seedling.
R.niws (Dunlop 5.3). -Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outremont, Que. : -
Fruit above mellium to large : oval, long, flattened .m side of suture ; cavity u.e.lnim
depth and width, abrupt ; stem nie.li.im length, moderately .stout ; suture distinct, slifji.tly
depressed; ape.^ rounded; colour dark rcl.lish purple; dot^s small, numerous, in.hs-
tinct ; bloom m.Klerate, blue ; skin thin, tender ; tlesh yellowish green firm la.rly juuy ;
stone above medium to large, long, oval, free ; moderately sweet ; quality above medium.
Season early to middle of S..ptcinl.er. A prolific bearer and should be a go^Kl shq^KT.
A prune plum.
Rhhlawl - Fruit nu-dium to alwve medium size, oval ; cavity narrow, medium
depth, abrupt; stem medium len.gth, J inch, .slender ; suture a distinct line, no (leprcs-
sion : apex roun.led ; colour deep p«rpli-,li red ; dots fairly numerous, yellow, indistinc ;
bloom modrrate, blue ; skin thick, fairly tender ; flesh greenish vellow, .luiev, moderately
firm; stone mediuM, size, oval, flat, cling ; sweet but nut rich , quality above medium.
Season niiddl.^ of September. Hardier than most European sorts. Originated on the
farm of Handall :idcn, Kichland, Pennsylvania.
nouhii -Fruit above medium size, round, dark purplish red with a bluish bloom ;
dots obscure; suture an indistinct line; npex roumled ; skin thin, m.Klerate y toiii^li ;
lle.h yellow, moderatelv juicv, linn, sweet, rich llavour ; stone me.l.um size, oval, slightly
flattened, cling ; qualitv go.Kl to very goo<l. Se.ason end of August and first week ui
September. A promising seedling originated by Jos. Rowley, Lummings Rridge, Oi,t.
(near Ottawa). Said to fruit well nearly every year.
.Shro/.^rure (Damson).— ' Fruit small, oval : cavity, hardly any ; stem alx.ut one-half
inch loi..'; suture none; colour dark blue ; dots none visible; bloom blue; skin firm ;
flesh greenish, sour; stone small, oval, turgid, cling; quality fan. Tret a gotnl grower
and enormously productive.' (Waugh).
This is a popular damson in Canada.
UuQfrnxh.-Vvuxt above me<lium to large; long oval; cavitv narrow, shallow,
abrupt ;■ suture distinct, very slightly if at all depressed; apex round ; colour dark pur-
ple • dots mo<l.Tatelv numerous, indistinct, brown; bloom nio<ierate, blue; skin fiiirly
thick, tender; flesh" greenish yellow, firm, fairly juicy ; Btono argo, long, oval, free ;
moderately sweet ; .piality above medium. Season middle ot September. Introducc<l
bv Prof, iiu.ld from C. H. Wagner, Riga, Russia. t, • •
This plum is somewhat like the Raynes (Dunlop 53) A prune plum. Promising
on account of I ardiness.
(IV/,i,'7'o«.-Fruit large, roumiish, slightly flattened at ends; colour greenish
vellow with a pink blush on sunnv side; dots obscure; cavity narrow, shallow; stem
short stout; suture distinct and slightly depressed; skin tough ; flesh greenish yellow,
firm juicv sweet, rich , st.me me.iium size, roundish, almost or quite free; quality very
good Season early to mid September. Tree a strong grower with a roundish top.
37
dot. if.T ^^^—^''•".'t large to very large, oval; colour deep yellow ; bloom white;
«nh ..r. '• """Tr-, "''''^^'"•^t i '^^^ity ^''-^'lo^. ridged ; Hten. long, „>oder«.tely «t«ut
8ut«,od,stinct,8l.ghtly depressed; skin thick, rather tough ; fl,.sh yellow, jui,-yf.sw?"t
e krge, oval, clmg ; quality good. .Season end of Augu.t to early .S.-j/l.^b^ . Tree'
vigorous and productive. ■' ' "--i. ^irc
JAI'ANKSE VAKIKTIKS.
^/,»„r/«»,v. Fruit largo, roundish ; bright to derp n-I with a plhnv ground •
ttt""".tu.T;ii^l n'T' I"""»'"^"\' r^\y -Y--. "'--I't ; «te.n n„.,liu,r. loMKtl!: rath.;
stout, suture distinct; apex pointed ; skm thin, niuderatcly tci-lcr ; tl,^sh y.-llow jui-v
irni, sw«.t, rich ; stone oval, cling. Quality g.KKj to very go.!. ,S,...on AugusUO ^:
-.). Tree a strong upright grown, uu early Imrer and pr-xJuctiv...
/,'»,-i<,„A-.-Fruit large to very large, roundish ; colour dee,, red with dark r..<l on
sunny side and about cavity, on a yellow groun.l ; dotsnun.erous.'smull, disti, ,• , y Iw
stem uiedmin length ; suture merely a .iistinct line ; apex so.neti nes j,, int..! ■ ' '
(A,/«./.-Fru,tmedimntokrge, iMundi^h, heart shapcl ; colour d.-ep, rather dull
ml dots numerous, small, yellow; cavity narrow; stem short, stout ■ sutun- fairlv
distinct ; apex usually rouiulcd ; skin mrxlerately thick, toutrl. ; lie-,!, yellow, jui-v firm
sweet ; stone below medium size, oval, elinjr ; qualitv pwl. S.ason late Tree a stron-'
upright grower and U>ais well This variety is one of the l.i,r intr.Kju-ti.,n's and l.as
proven one of the best of the Japanese phiuis.
/!,JJune.--Yrmi medium to below in si/e, roundish, somewhat fl^.ttomd ■ .-olour
deej. todark red; d..ts small, yellow, numerous ; cavitv deep; st-m short, n,<yl.ratelv
stout; suture distinct but shallow ; skin thin, tender ; ll.;h i,ale vdlow, (hiii. juirv, briskly
sub-acid with little richness; stone small. r.,uri.iish, cling; ."lualitv me( "
last wc'k of July to first week of Augu-' Tive mixleratelv
bearer. This plum is valuable on account of its extreme
seiea'
■ailwie-s.
Hum. Season
;. A medium
, ,. ., ,, . , ,, . , , - ■ •■'is variety was
received at tlie Leiitml Lxperimental 1-arm under the name of IV.tJin and Slnro sn'iomo
Ihe mnver buds arc hardier than most Euioi.can varieties but altli.iu-h there is usually
-soms are -elf-,teiile.
much bloom comparatively little fruit sets, probably Ix'cause blovs
33
Varieties of Plums which are beiuf tested at the Central Experimental Faun,
Ottawa.
List of Varieties.
Xanii'S of Varittii'S.
ECBdI'EAN rixMS.
Amaryllis
Antic (Moore'x Ari-lic). .
I!^\ki'r Prune
lii'vilyofyuf'if = Nujili-
r.»*ionnierea
J!<iViiiiiin
r.i,mio Ste
I'.m'lshaw ..
H.-iKlio ....
Cliataviquft.
Ciiluiiil>ia. . ,
( 'i)i:het litre
Aunt'.
(Vjr.
Dunnl^itun Superb
Diani'Hid
1) 111" (Dunne's Piir/^h)
' .rly Rwl Kus.siiin
-niiTald
Kiulelwrt (Princ, hii'/hhrrt)-
fi'kiiUrij = ItaliaTl I'lUilP...
Fi.lcl
ftiuierid Hand = Hand
Uciman I'rune
.ilas.s (Glags Seedliiii?)
Uraiiil Duko
(!m'i
Hand ilJcneral Uand>
U:iii.-^/.\/etsche
Horri<>:an
Ickwdvth (IckKorth ln-ptnilncc)
liniKiial Gage
Italian I'runu (Fell' rMn)
John A
KinKHton
LacMino
Tj' ^iwic
T^inu-iln
Loin'oald
I.unn
McLautrhlin
Mallard
Moklavka ( Yclhxr M:!ih, rb< )
Arunarch ....
Mduriw ■ ;•■■■■•
M>mtnioren('y (Heinf Cl.iwie dc Mont
iitomvtf)
Mmri'f Anik - Ari-tic
Mount Hoyal 1
Muuntam ;
Naples (Branltj •■/ Nur-I''*)
Niagara (Braihhxv !)
< )utri>inont .
Penlrisj.n
Y^mi.(P'md'sfiniiliwn j
Primt Kiiiilibtrt ~ V.iigMorl j
QuaekcnljtKi
(^leen May
t)uel><"C
Kaynes
lied Kkk
iktiie tVtn/rfc dr M.mli.-inrnirii Munt
niorencT
Richard Tn.t'.er
lUcbUud
Date of
Planting
Oldest
Trees,
1902
ismt
l.Sfl9
1901
l.S'.W
IS'.I.-.
189!)
190,'i
1S99
1S9S
1901
IIKX)
liM2
•)0
, •")
1S95
1903
1S9S
liWO
1K95
1S93
1«98
1898
1898
I'tOO
1903
1901
1900
1898
189.T
1900
1903
1893
1900
IIXX)
19<I3
1900
1903
1897
1900
1901
Names of Varieties— Coiitiiiiici/.
EUROPE.KN Pl.L'MS — Coil<inUf'i.
Rowley
Saratoga ■
Sharp ( Vir.loriii)
Sliro|wliire (ShrupsUire l/ni/ifon}..,
Smith's Early
'IVtge
Smith's Octolx-r
l"n(;arii-h
Victoria = Sharp
Vomncsh Bhie
Voronesh YiUow
W:u»g'"nheim
\\'>iite Nicholas
Yclluw Mold'i I hi = .M.'Mavka....
.r.U'ANK.sK PUM.S.
Abnndancf
Ik'rckman's
JSotiin = Kid Juno
Piirbank
( ;habot
Kngre . .
Hale
Kerr
Octol«r (Octolrr Pur/tlf).
Red Junii
Satsuma
Shiro-Siiioiiio — K'd .I'llie.
Willar<l
1899
1903
1903
ItOO
1903
19<^l3
IBOO
1898
1903
I'.HK!
1903
1893
1895
1888
Amkkiiana PI.'JMS'.
Admiral Dt'W.y.
.\dmiral Schliy.
Advanc'
American Kag!o.
Bail.v
H.TO1.T
Hi.\ln
1
Black !i.(»k, ..
Bimili' r^'iT. ...
Bouncr
Brackett
Brittlcwn"! Nn
Jirilf'-roO'l No. -' = I'.
Bnttlrw-t-id No. 3. .
Brooklvn
Brvanrl>'. J-)
Build (Prof. J
C'..t>.
Champion
City
Coinage
Colondo {Colorado (jneen]
Collman ..
Comfort
Consul
Cottr.'ll
Crai<?(Pro/.)
Cyclmc
Ueeiicreck. .
Dennis (Wr.)
De Soto
Date of
I'lantini;
Oldest
Trees.
1903
H"d
1K95
1898
1897
1903
18'J7
1888
1903
1893
1901
ISit")
1900
19t«
1900
190:i
1903
190;<
1903
191?
1814
1903
I'.XIO
1901
lUOl
l!t03
1K95
1903
IIHX)
1893
1893
1901
189.5
1903
1901
1903
1!IU3
1903
1903
1896
1895
1895
1901
1895
1901
1893
1895
1895
1903
1901
1805
1895
1888
'<
m
List of Varieties of Plums,
i
Names of VariHti"9— Con'mufJ.
Amkiiiiana Plims— Coiidniicii.
I->iana
l).m
Dunlap [OuiJ.ip't Vo. i).
Kldurado
Kwnia
Etta
Forest < i.itden , . .
Freestone
Free Sitirr = Terry
(iaiena
(Jiivl'jrd
Coldeii
Irolileit (Jiiriii — (>uciii . ..
Hammer
Hanson
HawIvHVe
Holt, .".
Hunt
Irene
Ironclatl
Jesdie
Julia..
Kennedy Ked
Kieth.
Lalwrt (/,-i',frt'« B«i)
Lurije Rid fiwcct = Flunk.
Legal Tender
Leonard
Lillie
Lottie
Lfmisa
Miinkato
Miii-cellus
Mariorie
-Mary
Maude Lacey
MoUio
Moon
Nellie.
N.'llie Blanche.
Newton Kng . . .
New Ulni
Otheeda
OldUold
Omepra
I*earl
Feffer Premium
Plunk {Liirye Rrd Simlj
Purple Yosouiite (Yoaaailc Purple).
(Juaker
iluevn {doUIrn Queen)
Reel
Hockford
RoUingstone
Ruby
Sada
Silas Wilson
Smith ......,,,,
Speer
Stella
Stoddard
Sunrix-
Terry'.i Ue Soto
Trr y {Free Silrer)
U. S. (BrittUitood Ko. i)
Datfl of
Plan tins
Oldest'
Trees.
ItWl
l.S'.t.!
1895
1901
1901
1901
1890
1901
1S9,>
IS'.I.J
i:'-:»
1S95
1901
1S98
1901
1R9;<
l«t5
W95
1894
1901
1897
1903
1897
1901
1897
1901
1901
1901
189.S
1901
1903
1901
1'.KI3
1901
18!W
1S9.5
1901
1897
1895
189.-
1897
1901
1901
1895
1897
1895
1901
I'.Wl
1892
1«88
1903
I'.Wl
1*95
1901
1888
1903
1891
1895
1903
1902
1901
Naniea of V'arietioa— OmdiiMrti.
AsiKiiicwSA Pi.i'M.i— Concluded.
Value
Van Biiren
Van Oenian. .. .
Warren
Weaver
Woli
Wyant
Y»llo\v Sweet. . .
Yds. mite Purple
Purple Yosiniito. .
NiciiA Plcm.s.
Aitkin .
August
Urandon Uuliy.
Cheney
Manitoba No. 4.
Manitoba No. 5.
Mills Seedling. . .
(Mejjrard
Snjith Ked
Snellincf
Whyte
MiNF.U-LIKK PU-.MS.
Car\er
Clinton
f.V. Wilder ^ Wilder.! '. '.
T:stlier
Fo.-est Rose
IdalKWoO
Iroiiuois
Miner
Nebr.a.ska
( )ren
Prairie Flower ....
liachel
Surprise
Weir {H\ir» jMr^/c Bed).
WaVI.AMi I.IKE Pi.rji.s.
tiolden Beauty
Moreman
H ed
Wii.ik;oosk Pl.lMS.
Downin^j, {iltnrlet)
Dunlop, tyn. i)
.Tames \'ick
Milton .
Rt)ulette
Sophie
Van Houten
Whituker
Wilder (t'o/.)
Wildjfoose
IIvRKin Plums.
Anieriea (Botan X RubinKon)
Ames {P. Americana X P. tri/lora) .
Apple {PareiUai/t uttknoum). ., . .
Dnt«of
Planting
Oldest
Trt-t's.
1903
1890
1.895
I'.IOI
1895
1888
18!I0
1895
1897
1«99
1903
1890
1895
1895
1890
1901
1900
1894
1893
1895
1895
1895
1898
1895
1895
1895
1895
1!100
1895
1897
IflOO
18115
1895
1888
1895
1893
1895
1897
1893
18!)9
1896
1901
1895
1<»>1
1898
1901
1901
lUOl
40
LJBt of Varieties— Conciuded.
Names ot Varieties— CotUinuni.
Htdrid Plums— C<«i<inu«J.
Bartlett(De/aim« X P. Simmi)..
Chalco, {P. Simoni X Burbank).. .
Climax, (Botan X P. Simoni)
Comlnnatioii
Comi«sa Clicrry {Prjnui pumila Beiseyi
X Mitur.
Dori
Date of
Flanting
Oldest
Trees.
Duke • •
Kxc<-l»ior(A'c7«fy X WiMiiooit)..
Colder) (CiuM) (Rol.inmn X Butan)
(lOosedye ,-
Uonzales (Parcnl<:'ie unknown)
Holland (Keliri/ X Lone HUiri)
Kelbnlan . .
Kelniyro ,• ■ ■ • ■
Nona [P. trijiura X P. angvitifolMf).
1901
1!I03
li«l
liwa
1901
i»as
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
Names of Varieties- Coiwiudei
HvnKii) Pi.uiis— Ctme/urffrf.
Occident [ParcntMjc unknnmi)
Pendent {PottairatUtmie X Furett (Jar-
den)
Preterver {K'hcii X Eurhi Jlnl .')
Raplrtnd (/'arrit^(.'/t' Hukit'nrn)
Red May {Ahundai.ce X Wilflinxw). . .
Rupert (Prunii) pvmila X P. avieri
ctina}
Shiro (Rul/inson X Mi/nbuian X Wiek
ton).
Six Weeks
SuUun — Occident
Watson
Wau(?li
Wicksim [P. triiora X P. Siiiwni)
Yates.
Date of
Planting
Oldest
Treea.
1W13
1901
19<>3
1903
1903
liWl
1901
1903
1901
190:1
i9:a
19M
1903
POLLINATION OF PLUM8.
Until quite recent years the pollination of fiuits was given compaiativeiy littl.i
gtudv but durin" the past ten years a number of expcrimentei-s liavo been at work
inve^tiL'atin" tho'causes of failure in the setting of fruit and have shown the iiii[>ortanco
of havin" the blossoms fertilized by pollen which will ensure the sotting of the fruit.
T'lo plum has receive<l more careful study in regard to pollination than any other fruit.
For Hve years or more Prof. F. A. Waugh gave this question liis special attention, and
the results which he obtaine<l and the facts which he published have been of groat
assistance to fruit growers. , ., . c n *i • .• c i
\s a result of his exjieriinents he found that of all the varieties of plums ot
American origin which lie studied (and he studitsd most of those on the market), only
one variety, the Robinson was self-fertile. In other words, if a tree of any other variety
of American origin than the Kobinson were planted where its flowers could net bo
fertilized bv thc^poUen from a tree of another variety no fruit or practically no fruit
would set " The Japanese plums were almost as self-sterile as the American, but the
European plums were more or less self-fertile. It will be seen from the above that
many varieties of plums are not fertilized at all or only partly fertilized by their own
pollen It is necessary, therefore, that varieties be so mixed in the orchard that proper
i)oninati<5n and a gooS setting of the fruit will be ensured. Americana varieties of
plums should l)e planted to i>ollenize Americana varieties, Nigra to pollenize Nigra,
alMiou"h Amoricana will do, Japanese to pollenize Japanese and European to pollenize
European' Varieties shouVl l)e planted near each other which bloom at the same time.
This IS very important, as if the varieties do not bloom at the same time pollinati^.n
cannot take place. The nurserymen do not as a rule give in tlieir caUlogues the
r.-lative time of blooming of the different varieties bought from them, but it is necessary
for the fruit grower to know this k-fore ptanling if he is to ..btain the be-t lesuk-.
The value of bcv-s and other insects in the orchard for assisting in pollemzing the tlowers
cannot l)e over-estimate<l, anrl where possiblo, colonies should be kept for this purpose.
The dates of blooming of plums in difli'i-ent parte of Canada viere recorded by
fruit growers for the Horticultural division of the Central Exi)eriraental Farm for five
years These dates have been compiled and the average of each variety thus obtained.
I
i
Km rriNc liiiAMH hk Don Tums.
*.'
•' J 'It , S f ?■. 1.. • ■ • ..
1
1
^
t'liKShn ru-M l.N Bl^)M-Ty|.ical Tree of Prunu, Niyra. [p. ;!2.
41
Tl.e following i8 ft table of vurieti-s of Americana an.l \i;;ra plums mentioned in tl.ia
bulktin givrng th«r season o bl.K.n.ing. This will U- of assLstanco to fruit gn'wer,
when plant.n,'. A table of the European var.etles is not «iven. a« the infofmati."
oht.un<..l was not ull enou;;!, f, W- perfectly nliable, and furthermore the intermixing
,u.„. n.?"';!." If"; r'r ""»,,'«• ""!•<'■■*''""''' «itl. American, us must ..f the varieties
a,.I e.u t. 1h. self fertile. Ihe Jai^n.-s^- varieties .|es<TiU.,I in this Ilulletin are all extra
caily and early liI.x.ni.Ts, and will thus polleiii/e on.' another
y 'cr- is ten days' dilli-reme Wween the time of bl,H,mi„« of the earliest and latent
..,es in the following table, so that it would U- impossible for the earlv bhx,ming
1^ . H, ".' 1"' '"'"•" ,"r 'T :"""*; ''",* **"'*"'"•'>■ ""-''» I"'"'-'"^- ♦•"" "">'ii"ni, ihc medium
tiTe medium late, and the \.aU\r the late.
AMKIilCANA AM) NKIUA PLIMS— .SEA.SO\ OK liLOOMINO.
Extra Early. — Aitkin.
Early. — Cheney, Manlcato, Odegard.
,.y''(r^"'"'— ^'^["y'^'""'''''"-^-'''^' <-'<'>»f<'rt, Oaylonl, Xew Ulm, Oclioeda, Queen.
L.K, Van Buren, \VeJVver. , -^uircii,
Medium Late.- Bender, Cottiell, 8mith, Wolf, Wyant.
M- > ^'"^--{^m^f'™" ^M^\ DeSoto, Forest Garden, Hammer, Hawkeye, Quaker. Silas
\\ ifMn, httxJdaixl. j ' -* > ~
PRfNINO.
The pruning of the trees is m.t nearly as important in the culture of the
plum as of the apple, and there is m.>re danger of injury bv over-prunin- While an
apple tree will, as a rule, recover from severe pruning, plum'trees often never recover
from ,t.. In plum culture it is much bettor to err on the side of underprunin- than
over pruning. Ihe tree smul.l be pruncl when young to a symmetrical top with the
mam branches MO dis|H)sed that there will be no bad crotches', after which very little
pruiing IS necessary l)eyond cutting out dead ami broken branches and thiiinin- out
where the top IS very thick. Some varieties will re.,uire more pruning than others
.some of the Japanese k-ing esi«H.MalIy rampant growers. There is a .lirteiei„.e of opinion
and a ditlerenc.- of results m rc-anl to the heading b,ick of plum trees. As a rule very
g..od results will be obtained without heading b.ick. A few strong growin- variVties
such as I.urbank, however, have to Ik; kept cut back to keep them withi,rreasonable
limits. V\ hen tives are headcnl m, the work shouUl l)e done early in the sprin- at which
time the oi.hnary pruning can be done to best advantage. Wounds should £• coveii'fl
with lead paint or grafting wax.
. '{•';; f'jllowing no|e on useful f-'rlilizers for the plum ,„, hard has k'cn prepared for
this Bulletin by the Chemist of the Kxperimental Farms. '
t
FEHTILIZERS FOR THE PLUM ORCHARD.
By Fra\k T. Sir r^, M.A., C%'mist, l>„m. Ej-jiI. Farms.
Tn common with other orchard crops, th(. re<iuircments of the plum tree, as i-e.-ai-ds
plant f<K>(l, .are chiefiy nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, and these es.se'i-fial
elements must lie present not on'y in fair (luantities but in more or less rt dily
available forms if vigorous growth and an abundance of fruit are to be expected ' In
addition, lime is fie<|uently of value, since all .stone fruits make a consideiuble demand
upon the ay.nlalile hn.e of the «oil. and this, owing t.. n.-vtural ciu.ses or cxliaustive crou-
ping, may re; rediice<l to mere traces. "^
Further, all rational systems of fertilization must include the renewal, from time to
time, of the vegetable organic matter of the soil, and this may best be attained when the
supply of barnyard manure is insulKcient, by the giowth and turning under of ereen
crops. *"
4t
yitrog^n m^ Organic ^falter-H\nce theM^, from an agricultural p..int of view,
are int n Jelv asH.K.iaU>d the one with th« otLer. the latter bo.n« tl>o natural conservaUM-
oH I "nner, an,l economy, aa a rule. .lictHtin« their use in orchard, m such an associ-
ated f.nw.- nmy conveniently cmsUler their application under the same heading. .
Bar Vard ninure undoubUnlly stands tirst on the majo.ity of fanns for enriching
..es^Hn these constituents and imi,rovin« its physical eon.hfon. In c.:mi;-t';'"-
and hence in vul«< - it is ext.vmelv vuiable, but g<«.l average «i,nples of tres . nwinure
mav 1. considere.1 to contain : nitn^.e" Oo , ph-.p'--- -f ' -;' ..: V"-'' '''■'■ ^^''
ori/anic uuitter in fresh manure is us .ally in the nei-hlmurhisHl ot -.>, .
*- "Vi 1 n anv orchanlists, howeve.-. the available supply of n.anure .s .nsuthc.en and
ina<le u tte f. • the a.-ea to be fcrt.!!/..-!, and it is for s.uh that the system of
— rntur ..' ..^bytlu,,Mowthandtu.nin« under of a cover crop ->s especmlly
v.ruabir m:in.,H..tant rMe of the cover ■ r.>p in the MK-lcrn systems ot orchard so.
nana '-mentis set' forth in un-thcr place in this bulletin am the whole subject o
hcmrsin' fertility by means of clover has W-n very fully expl...ned u. Julletn. No. 40
Jthe EM-e i. .ental Farms series. It will, therefore, o.dy Ik, nc-essary here t,: sta e one
^rtwoof'tle princpal rea.sons why clover or some other of the lcguu.es should U,
emulovcd for this piiiposo of enrichin-,' and in.prov.nf; the soil. ■, r ,■ .,.,.
A vii;o.ous dp of clover will contain at a m-xlerate cstm.ate, .n .ts fol.age and
"^^ •"■ >;it.-,..'cn f'""' 100 to l.")0 lbs per acre.
Phos.^.oric aci.i 30 to 45
Potash " 8.-. to 11:.
It is exidc.t, tUcrfore. that by this use of clover we can with a single cro,. furnish
tha so 1 w tl » . „,ch nifo^cn as would U- suppli.sl by a .Iressin^ of 10 to..s ot .uanure
S ac I The '^.•at.,.r pa,-t of this nit.opM. is taken by the clover fmn. the at.nospher.>,
Cl h ■ .ie i a distinct luMition to the soil. The phosphm.c ac.d, JK) ash and Inne, it J.s
' , , ; ,.v>. obtain.Ml f.on, the soil, but have largely l.een drawn ro.n a cor.s.de.-able
pth a. 1 hence inc.easc the stores of these elen.ents in the uptH-r layers of the so,
M^rcove.-' the decay of the clover .sets f.ec all these iu.port.nt clen,..,.ts of plant to^nl m
''""or ol- t:?lS;t'£.Eso 1. added regarding the value of the o.-ganh: n.atter
n,.,Vlie,l This ev,.>.tuallv is converts! into hu.nus, the importance of which asas.ul
:;;, tt'u". it h m-ult to ove.-esti,nat... It not only lil«..atesslow y an.l continuously
i s ,1.," fon , but v.^lly in.p.-..vcs the soil text.i.-e, whether .t be a clay orasan. y h« ...
U im'eaJes the soils power t„r absorbing an.l retaining moisture and ,t lurnis lies the
Iir...aterial for the development of niiciobic life, which, as ..ow known, plays so
^"'^'"£^1 ••:? :;;J::: rSsn -hS^ KlS-t an enrichmct with nitrogen I^ this
„,eans thi V. uM be ndicat.sl byUixurious and excessive growth, dark-green tol.ag.,
am? p,;or fruiti,.g. Tn.lc.. such circumstances, the use of o..ganic and nitrogenous
*.>rtili/ci's should lie (lis'.diitinucd. . , r . e
To urnis 1 imnidiatclv available nit.-ogen to young trees showing a deficiency of
this L.nt (ind.cate.1 l.y a s,.j^d...^^^
in. these Tementl o orchar.l soils than unleachcsl ha.dwo.Kla.shcs. 'Ihese should
"„ n fro,r5 to 6 m-r cent of potc.sh, in the neij^hlwurhoo-I of 2 U. .5 per cent of phos-
'Tlc .S and from :iOt,;J.^ per cent of lime N..t .mly arc these const.tuents .n
rv'r^Ue.'in coXion that icmlei. them .-eadily assimilable, but i.. n.any j^rts ot
C^d^vthev a.e cheaper than in any ..thcr form of commercial fe.Ml.zer. l-.ttj to
.■l.'htv bushels per acre is the usual application. , i.x ^ oj ^ f
"^Lne meal should conUin from 3 t,. 4 ,«r cent ot nitrogen, and 20 o 24 per ce .t o
isone ineai S.10U libcrate<I in the soil, it is cons.de.ed
!:'rSm" ^ili..M'ri n^ weuXt-1 ^ orchLl use. The api,licat ion is usually
Ibout 300 it per acr.-. Superpl.os,.!.ate w=ll contain from 15 to 20 per ceat of pho*-
i
43
phorio acid the Rreater portion of which shoul.l 1» in « m\Me (.vaikblo) condition.
The npphcation m from :.'0<» to 4()0 lb«. per acre. v-^aiwojo; condition.
. . .f'.'Vlf*' '^'"» ^ «'»>tain«l in the form of murin.i. ;50 per cent actual t>ota«h^ or »
koimt 12 p<.r cent actual jK.ta.h) ; 100 to 150 lU. , t the tWrand 2W Tsw 1« "
tlip latter are the limits for ordinary application. • - ^ k> ow ii«. of
V.x.rhocs, in his work on fertilizors. suxKi-.ts the following mixtures for orrl,»r.U •
Soils «litKT «o ^.reatly as to their fertility that it i.s impas.sil,Ie to state definitely
tM amounts o thene tertilizer. that could in all case., Ik, us..I 'with profit. Fro ,;"o) to
.00 ll,s. of such mixtures p<.r m-rt> on f.airly good soiU would, no,|„ul,t 1h. amn ut.m
f:?;.i;:;;L:i:yiz:r'"'"-"^'""«" ^'"' -^^-- -^ n.a„y^irii:;;' '^S;^
of ^/''""'■-^^■'"•"' '""« ""ly " rt'<l"in''i, »>y r<-as,m of natural d,.ficien,v in this clement
C( ' ATIOX.
fr.lt isTl-'rl'".''' '*"'n'' '-!;;'"■''* ".""''■'•» •''«'' «f»te of cultivation or otherwise the
ev IV h i?. :",'"'•, ^''" '""f'"'" ""' •^''"'''' •'^•■>'tirr«lal«uto,>ee a week o. after
v..i> hea^y rain unti July in order f. conserve moisture and to orH-n the soil so I U
he a.r can «et in tnvly and a.ssist in nitrification ami help promote i i ■ tv c lowth , f
he rees. Irees son, times pr.Kluce «oo,l crops of plums when they ar • "vim h, J;
hut his IS not the rule. It h,.s been found that there is more^^ln13 ;, „ue h
moisture when the ground is cultiu.t<Hl than where there is s..I. JWtheru ire the
cureulio Incomes verj- troublesome in .„xl oi-c-hanls, and for this rea.son, i f , 'h r
the orehaMi should 1h. kept cu tivate<l. (•ultivatlon shoul.l be .lisconti^ued tow rd he
may be established. A\ here trees are plantcl close and cultivation isdillu-ult it w i Il7«
COVER CIIOP.S.
A cover crop is a crop of some kind the seed for which is planted for the pu. >ose
of having a growing , Top in the or-hanl after ..ultivation has ceased, in order to j, In
use up p|,,nt f,K,d winch has been made available during (Ik- summer and w,^
might le:i.h away if the soil were bare; and a more important l-uiix^se iH of i, c "d
esp«-,allvinsomeUK=..ht.e.sistohavea covering which will .roLct the Voot of tl^^
rees and li.lp to ho d the .now in winter. A third im,)ort.int use of the co^r crop s
to have some v.-getable matter to plough under in the spring to improve theToiUly
a.hhng humus an.l by adding nitrogen where leguminous plants are used *
Kxpenm..nts with cover crops have k-en carried on rather evfc-nsivelv at the Cen-
t.all.x,x.rnnentall.arm for the pa.st eight yeai-s, ami it has been found t .at the most
.satistactory plant for this purpose is the common „.l clover, sown not later hintho
midd c of .(uly at the rate o 10 to 12 lbs. per acre, no nurse crop teing usc.1 .us a ru e
1 he hairy veUOi ( } .na r./A..«; has given goo,l s,itisfaction in iome jViaces, csp^iallv
in the .Niagara pemn.sula, and has the advantage of growing very late in the auTumn
J his m.;- H.M>wn a the n..,te of 40 or .50 11^. per a-re with god results. It is noi
necessary that fh.- p!,,,..t used as ;. cover c,-,.p should live uM-r winter
.Sometimes it is not ,K«.sible, owing to dry weather, to get a g,w.I cover crop by
sowing ab.n.t the middle or latte. half of July. Experiments are now in pro3 S
the C.-ntral hxperimental Farm to learn how .satisfactory plants in drills two feet or
more apart w,ll prove as cover crop.s. The object of planting this way is thao thrset^
may be sown early enough to ensure a good crop and yet the soil niay be cuItivatS
i
44
is
?f the ...il Huffen, fn,... la.k ..f """^♦:;7: •"' 'l *"";,,, J. ,1. 1«V .loin,- this .n...l. of
„n.lor as early i.. tlu- Hpru.« hh ,.«s.hl.- "^ '"'''''',..':,, "j,,„ ,.,„.« T.f the K'r..*i<'«
tt." .noistun.whi.-h woul. "t ..■.-; - \r^!'' : ,t ::;!;.h.ie..t ...ois.ure i.. th. soil
K^:;::.r;:u-.h.!!:.:;::;: :::.!. «w ».. thin. ..-. orM..y...the..e
wuuM IM- ...O.V h«...us an.l ..itro,... oht.u....l l.y th.s ...eth.sl.
H.K.N.i, .'ArKlNr., sn.U.N.l AM. MV.KKT.N.i T..K FKVIT.
•11. 1. .1... .V,.it .Mow.i Ih.- prorH-r tii.ie to pick etii-h variety
ExiHTienee, o.ily. will teu.h the ti mt „ >«-> I 1 y ,.j . tl,u„
of plu... fo. stori,.« or shipp.n.'. <- so.n,. ni: 1 U ,r.. ■ ^^^_^_ ^^^_ ^1^^^^ ^^^^
„„!,,.. .^s a rule, however. «'j^,';"(;; ; ^^ "^ V^J ! ' ,,, J p.i.-v that theyalso have
o,lou«Ml but st.ll .,"|te hr.... 1 1- A n a. a vanit. ,,; ,,„..^, , ,„.i.,ties may
t.. IK. picUc.1 U.fo.e fully n,ve . ;; y . • . ' '" . ur a,„l lias',,,,, n ill -levelop well
Ix- pieke.l earlier iha.i e.ther of he p, , < '-^ ^^^^'^ j., ^i,,,,.,,, ,,. „i,k,K| with
..ven though harvest.l «''-';;;;\' •.;,,:::.;: V,.,,,, .houM they U- .hake,. f,o...
the st«...s o.. when , .^ I"-^ ''' ' " V".,, la Her to stau,! o,. an-l a sl,o,.« l«i..ket
tl,. xn-e whe.. ..,ten,U.l ♦•"•;^:;; .^"''■' ;;,,,;^, .' , , u' sol.l in.,..^i..n.. si/,e,l fruit iK.sketn,
toputthefru.t.na.vneees.s;i... IIuu.m a. , ,„„,..t|„,.., H-hisuhle wh.n the
the larger si.e-l «...,. haskets .-....' I' ;";'■,,, J; ,„';,, .'"; „ «till ...-.v att.aetive
fruit is especially li..e to taee the ha^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ;., ,he ki.ul of f.uit to Ik- found
Hppea.anee. In^.t th.s .s ^me h ;>;,-,. ^..^.,,,, ^...Us h.e.K.lor eolJ sUa.^Jo.
lower .l..wn ^;";- --; ^ '♦ ;;:;;: ■,,„..,lheit ha. Uen f,.u..,l the U-st for stor.ng
A te.iiperatu.-e of tioiii .i>> to i - o, „i' i
i.ite-rity. , ,. ., .•„,;, „„it,. reeei.t veais the thinning --f plums on the t.-ecs
77.;„»u<:, Ih,- tnnl. V nt 1 'l'."t' •^'"' > , ,,, ,„^,.e i,„-,-ea.«-<l so mueh, how-
,„v.l ..ot hoen p...etiee,l v..-y ^^ ''"-^ ';■,,['' .^.^k^-e-.- n.l the priees lower, an.l
ever, in si..- a.ul »>""'-7'- ^ I) ^il" , ^ ^ 1 : "^ ^ thi..,u,„ their f,uit, a,..l ih,.l it
in ..,u.se.iu.-..e.- the n.o.t ■"'^•'"' ';'',„.,,,,„..,,•,,„„ ,,,„,o than .•,„„p,-T.Mate for
prolitnhle to d„ so. as th.- prurs "'''^""■''' '"...;,;' .„■ tl„. f,„it is ,,i.k.-.l wh.-n ijreen
Ihe la»K,ur re.,ui.-e.l in ''!>"-"^;,„^": I) •^"^ l.l .^ ' L , I'xtra hanJnin,. Son,.- vari-
it .1..-S not have t.. 1>- r>'k'-<J ^ 11 'a,',.! t is pa.ti. .:l.,lv true of the A.„eri.-ana
Hies of plu... tre.>slH.ar -rv l^^.u >^.u - ; \^ ,,,,,-,, ^„„„.,, „„„ jt ..,ul.l
varieties. In e.ms.-.iuenep, the f.u. «h. n ".ti.i ^_.^^^^ ^,^^ .,^,^^.
b.. if there we.-e l.-ss of .t. a,.,l the ;1'' " \l' "Z,*^' ^ ' f , , U,,. happens. es,K.c.ally i"
ti,.„ .,f s., n,u..h set. sh...^ .ts.. f '««;- > ' .^; ^ ^.^h ,. k uL" th.^.selvci to .l.mth.
p,K,.lv tille.l an.l p.K,rly fert.l,/.-! V"^' ' ''If ■.,''' ,,'lvl,..n it is fairlv ce,-tmn what the
(•r..i> .s tiow'A to Ix-. 11" fe .s ui«avs a .. 1 1 _ -^ /i,;,,,,;,,., hii.I i.iiurv from .■u.euli..,
,ai..l prineipally '7, '"'I-;}-^^' j!;;' ^ j.^ ' . ' ' hlu-.l thin,.^n« sh.mUl iKxlone.
an.l as .s,H.n as possible att^r the.,e h.iv. tl .1.1. T • ,.„n.luet.-d at the Wis-
Th,- Americana plu.ns fruit so l""'^' > " j ' ^ „,'',. ft l.s of the crop should te
,,„„in Ex,.e,i...enl Stat.on, .t was fou... •' '^^■'> Vl ,■" An.eriea..a plums were
T"'i ^ '"^iv r t^^ r y:..^'^":;;^..:::" two i;:;.ts apart, whie,. l. ^^.
^li;':';n\;:e exp-nment, but a ^ate.- <;;--;;;, -r--::i,A;m;;;h
Lperhuent h. thinni..« plums was c.mduet. a th. C . "J^;;;. ,^__.l, ,^,.^^.^ ,,,^,^ ,„,,
native plums, when the th nne<l , "M,,. cte for th.- horticultural .lisi.ic. at St.
s" r«r;;™i,r:K:,:.;:in»4. .,.«. . ai.u.c. .av„u,. ..
obtain.-d by thinning.
H
^la
45
Some variitiM of Europe*n and J»ponene plunu are left u much nn six inrliM
•part by fruit jp-owort, and at thin dUtan.-e pn.fiUble crops are said to be (.htaiiiwj of
fruit of the Ixst nuality. The mo«t profitable distance apart to I.-avc the plums will be
largely Koverued by the variety. Woine varieties will not ne.-«l thinnin« at h11, iitul ev.'n
when- tree, are U'unug h.^vily the *arcity and c«t of labour may prevent the profit-
able thinning of the fruit.
CANNIN<! AND PHMRRVINd AMKIflfAN }'UMH.
All KtKHl housewives arc f.imiliar with the way to can and preserve E.ir<.i)ean
plums, hut th." Ameruan varieties n".,uire diff.-n'iit tn-.itment in onler to art the most
satist.i<t<,ry results. Some varieties are thick in th,. »kin, while others are more or less
, . ,, . , — e, -..- r^....jj .o rSiK.'cially
(lesirable in such cases. ' o i j
American plums arc not as good for canning as the EuroiK-an, and, if thev are
cunn<Ml, are best for making pies.
In the autumn of IWJ the following eight varieties of American plums were
pr.-servwl. in order U, learn what differences there were in these kinds for this purtH.st.—
Bixbv, Chenev, New Ulm, Mankato, Cottrell, Bouncer, American Eagle, Silas WiLson
Ihese were preserved with and without the skin. In nearly every case the i>eeli><l fruit
miuJe the best preserves. The Hixby, however, cooked with the skin on was th.- l«'st of
all tlio.se teste<I, having a lietter Havour than any ct the otheis b<jth peeled and
unpecl.'d. With some varieties 1 lb. of sugar to 1 lb. .,( iruit was found to make the
pn'scrves tw thick ; on the other hand, J lb. sugar to I lb. of fruit, in some cases did
not make them quite sweet enough. None of the varieties tested were found markedly
astringent, though most of those cooke<l with the skins had a flavour, not un|,leasant,
but ])eculiar to the American plums. The proiM-r projv)itions to l)e us(*d in preserving
each variety will have to be learned by experience. The following are some of the notes
made on the piisr'rve^. arrang(>il in descend-'ng ortlcr of merit : —
«u%. -1 lb. simar to Mb. fruit, unpeeled ; g.Hsl colour, gcxnl flavour, skin tender.
r/i/-/, i/.— l-lb. sugar to l-lb. fruit, peeled; attractive amlx-r colour, goisl flavour.
Cuttif//.—} 11). sugar to 1-lb. fruit, j)ecle<J ; amlier colour, swwt, rich, go»Kl.
^rw Ufm.~~l\h. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, peelwl ; attractive, pale, go<Hl flavour.
M<ink,>lo. 1 ll>. sugar to Mb. fruit, peeled ; pale, clear amU-r, giKxl flavour, but
too sweet.
/;,.,„„•?)•. — Mb. .sugar to Mb. fruit, peeled ; attractive, but t<Kj thick. g(KKl flavour.
Jii.ihy.~\-\h. sugar to Mb. fruit, pcele<l ; too sweet, not as gcsKl as uniH'uled.
CVrre/Z.—J-Ib. sugar to Mb. unpeeled fruit; attractive colour, not as goisl as
[leeled.
.ViV-i.-) Il'iVxoii. — Mb. sugar to Mb. fruit, peeled; dull amber colour, good, but t(«>
rich.
Jlo)nir,,: J-lb. sugar to Mb. fruit, unjx-eled ; attractive colour, giwd flavour, but
.skin tough.
J/«y(Ay/^-. — Mb. sugar to Mb. fruit, unpeeled; fairly attractive colour, but t<X)
sweet.
Xmr rhu. ]-\h. sugar to Mb. fruit, unp-elcfl ; attractive colour, goiMl flavour, but
tough skin.
.••V'a.s- n'i/srm. Mb. .sug.ir t>. Mb. fiuil, unptcicd ; ginsj flavour, but skin tough.
Am<rii,i II Eiuj!i;.^l-\h. sii-ar to Mb. fruit, dwp red, rather tough skin, mwliuni
quality.
fhet,f)j.--\-\h. sugar to Mb. fruit, unpeeled ; unattractive colour, but skin break*
well.
Tlie following rcccipes for canning and preserving American plums, published by
tl.0 late Prof Goff, of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, were consulted and m part
'^"^'^Tl^^^e'^T^^^iy^^--^^^^ firm pulp after Wng treated by any of
the meSsmentLe^lbeloV^ are well adapted to all purposes for wh.ch he foreign
plums are use<l. As a rule, more sugar is required for the native plums but the pre-
parations are rich in preportion. The harshness in the skin and stone of some n^at ve
ZmsTreldily removJby steaming them in an ord nary cooking steamer until the
E cracks or pour over them boiling water to which has been added common baking
tla in the proportion of half a teaspoonful to a quart. The thicker skinned varu^t.es
rayb^reLuyr«'l^'<»l^yP''«^i"Sthem in boiling wator two or three minutes. The
recipes follow :-^^^^ the fruit when well coloured but a little hanl, steam or cook in a
porcelain-lin^ kettle until tender, put in cans that have first been treated to boiling
^n te. an c^er with Ix.ili.ig syrup made of e.,ual parts o granulated sugar and water,
fi in / tte can to the to,. ; tl^n run a silver knife around the can mside and let out the
a r an seal at once. Plums c,«ked in the syrup are hkely to bo tough Canned
plumrnlv be used for pies and for mixing with or flavouring other ruit. Plums are
o ten canned without sigar to be use<l in winter for making fr«sh plum butter. The
uKe of canned plums makes excellent jelly. One lady recommends splitting native
plums to the stone on one side before cooking, to avoid crumbling.
^ iyruhu,.-T>e Soto, Wyant, and doubtless other yanet. s, may be pared, pitted and
spread on plates, lightly sprinkled with sugar and dried, first in the oven and later in
the sun. Cook like dried peaches. , , , , i • i *. i u
/•/„». W/./-The fruit should be gathered when only part ripe— about half
coloured. This point is very essential. Put plums in a large granit* or poi-celam
kettlo-lho latter is bost>~with barely enough water I . cover them. Cook until tender,
but not until thpy are in a pulpy mass. Having previously covered a large jar with a
cloth strain the f^uit in and let the juice drop through, but do not squeeze. W hen all ha8
Sed through, strain once or twice more through another cloth, unti the juice is per-
feTth clear T^ one measure of juice provide one measure of granulated sugar, but do
not put toi-other at once. A very important point in the making of all jelly is that
oK small quantity should be cooked at one time. Into a medium sized ket le put, say,
four tumble,^ of juice, let it boil briskly ffteen or twenty minutes, then add the four
tumblers of sugar, and in a very short time, .^ually from three to ten minutes, the jelly
l"n 1« finished, light, clear, and delicious. To test the jelly dip a spoon into the bo.l-
Tn. juice and s^ga" and hold it up ; when the jelly clings to the sp<x>n m thick drops
take it off quickU- and put into jelly glasses. The plum pulp which is left can be put
through a cullender and used for plum butter. ■ , . c c ,. a i
Another recipe— Plum preserves.— Take equal weights of fruit and sugar, place m
stone jar a laver of fruit, then a layer of sugar, alternating thus until quantity desired
is reached. Let sUnd over n^ght ; in the morning dr.-vin off the syrup that will have
forme.l, into a ix.rcelain kettle, place same over a fire and lot syrup come to a boil, then
p^uTit over fruit in jar again, repeat this everv day until the fourth heating, when fruit
Cl syrup are both put in kettle and boilo.l for a few m.nutos. Place same in glass
Ws while hot, seal and put away in some c.H,l and preferably dark place.
Still another recipe.-To each pound of plums add a jwuml of sugar, put the fruit
into Llin- water until the skins will slip, pwl and sprinkle sugar ujwn each layer of
fruit in a bowl, allowing them to stand over night, then pour off the juice, bring quickly
t^ a boil skim and add the plums, cwk very slowly till tender and cl«ir which will
toke about one-half hour, take them out cai-.-nilly and put into a pan, boil the syrup for
a few minutes longer until it thickens, pour it over the fruit, seal or tie them up.
SPHAYIXO.
It should not now lie necessary to point out the advantages of spraying to control
insoct enemies and fungous diseases, as so much has been said and written on this sub-
4r
Ss h^Z &n f '^^}^\'^^'''^, "P^ynS ««« been thoroughly done and the oondi-
n^^ n^f ^ '"^•"""'blo havo al80 bet-n 8o marked that the advanUges of spraying
^.^ti"? P -^ ''■'^^- V "' •'T""' ^■'""'' "'^'"""^'^ ^ continuall/ advocate ^th*
. .ictii c. t rmt Kniwers Wome discouraged after an unfavourable season for spraying'
" ; " ''r '^""•^'t'""^ are favourable for the development of fungi an.l rainy weather prt-
rl n ll„, "•'P'"'"*'"" °^ nuxture, altogether or which if appliwi are wa«he<l off by the
mm almost as „.,n as the work is done. With an exponent of this kind fruit grower
are often m.-hned f. stop spraying an.l let nature take her course. It somotinfes ha^
IH>ns however that the mixtures and solutions have W-n impmperlv n.ade or the tSr
m.xture has boen use,, to .lestroy a certain insect or .H.^L^aml the fru t gZef
wonders why ho d.x-s not get g.KMj n-sults. It is n.ore frequentlv the case, holTer^
he m^ .*'*'' "'" fV'lS'-^'de^ and in.secticides in or.ler that^he latter may destroy
n.ay be .hstnbutc,! evenly over the tree it should U- forced out of the pump in a «ne
m^t-i.ke sprjy^to accomplish which it is neces.,ary to have a go<Kl no^zle^ iFthe t»^
are not covered w.th the mixtures and solutions at all times when the insecls^
':rZ\r- '; •■'"^^^■'«'' '^y «•'.«■"•. "«« trees a„,l fruit may be injurd just in p,^jSrtio„
to the t^j.>roughness and c-ont.nuity with which the work is done. It is, therefore in
p,.rt,xnt that every fruit grower should know the life history of every in^t Td .Rsea e
.i; enZr" J" *"■" "' ^"'''/" r'^;"'*' ^' •"'^y ''■'>''^- '^' be"t time to spray ?or
• ach enemy A spraying calendar has been published at intervals at the Central Ex-
perimental I- arm by the Entomologist and the Horticulturist, in which are given fuU
du-ections for the preparation of the different formulae recommen.led and the time when
Ihlf?^'"^ i "u*^ ^ "r"^^- ^^""^ '=''^""'^" "'^ «^ ero^^ ^^•"^ t« fruit growers and
should be in the hands of everyone. Although a certain number of appfications are
recommended for the prevention and control of the different insects and disease*
retorred to, it may be necessary to make more. If, for instance, a heavy rain rune on,
Sel'l ff M°"" ""^r'.* "^t^l^, ^""^ ^° '"'^'^^' ""^^^^ ^^-^bed most of th^
material off, another application should be made as this might he the very time when
the disease or msect which ,t is desirable to control is making the greatest headway.
Jt IS .,ften too late, also, when a spraying for a certain purpose is made, and labour and
material are thus practically lost Spraying is rather expensive when there is a lan^e
are .?!, .rr/i; '^' ^''^-^^^P' ^ery important that the right mixtures and solutions
IhtTiL 1h *7 are prepared properly and applied thoroughly, constantiy and at tho
right time, and that the trees be kept covered with the mixtures and solutions during
all the time when injury is hkely to occur. *
As the mixtures and solutions may have very injurious effects on the trees if im-
properly made, and as they may prove of little or no value if not applied at the right
time, tho formula; recommended in iliis Bulletin should be closely followed.
DISEASES OP THE PLUM.
Ripe Rot, Browx Rot (MonUia/nicliffenal-Tlie ripe rot causes serious injury to
the plum crop every year, especially in the province of Ontario. Its spread -s so rapid
tliat a fine crop of plums is soon rendered almost worthless. The disease is usually
first noticed on the ripening fruit by a discoloration of the skin, which becomes browi
or black and is soon covered by small pustules or clusters of spores, the fruit rotting
and falling to the ground. If the weather is damp and sultry the conditions are mast
favourable to the rotting of tho fruit, and a large proportion of the crop will be
destroyed m one flay. Sometimes the disease does not show when the fruit is picked
and infi-cted fruit is shippe,! and rots before reaching its .lestination, causing serious
os,s to shipper or buyer. Tins disease is often not recognized in the spring, at which
t^ime It attacks the twigs, fruit .spurs and blossoms, causing them to blacken and wither
At this time, also, there is often an exudation of gum from the twigs and spurs, brouo'ht
aljout by this disease. "
^emerfiW.— The ripe rot fungus spreatls by means of spores which germinate early in
the spring and penetrate tho twigs from the leaf and flower buds on which they alight
4»
'^^:^^'''^^ ^ ,iZT^^nMVsi>Lyed in time to destroy the spores before they
The trees should be J^^^^ehly spray^ n „,j be made with poisoned Bordeaux
germinate m the spring. Ihe nrsi sp™y'"K , , j^ r copper to 25 gallons of water,
Siixture, or » sulphate of COPF'^*"!"";"' ^ ^ ft *^,l;cTlWd..au^ mixtu.. just
shortly bef.H^ the l'"'!; "tart to ^e^^g' ^"^ ^^t^" 1. ^^..^ ,„d should never Ix,
^ll'tS' 'Sr'LTrL havrblS".f.ey shoul7be tCroughly spray«l again with
neglected. Aiier uio i-n:^ .„;vf„r« and also ten days or two weeks before the fruit
^inan. po soned ^-f-^ -^^ii^^i'^l^ sX^^wltl^ ammoniacal copper carbonate
begins to colour. Ihe trees siv.)uii ai.o f V , ^1,^ ^p^res whicli api)ear in great
when the fruit is beginning ^. q^-n J5™,^^f ^^f, Vruit'^ Plums which touch one
numbers on the mature pum^^^ ^^^ ^, ,,^ j.^^ ,
another on the t.oe -'VJ. '7^, '^ ^Lther moisture is retained on the skin and the
one fruit to another Ik'mg close togeth^.moi^^^ ^^^^ ^^^
spores whch may '>^«" "" ,f "'^^f^'^^^SeSw much
thus the aisea.se spreads rapulx. ^f "^'"g *"f. ^11 disculou.v.1 or <lad wood
SJdTtf oS 1^ ttTrL°'Jt^r^ii ,„,,„, ...iv d... u.e
injury from this disease will be much lessened.
Black Knot (Plo^^ghtia mor6osa;.-Tlie bWk k.mt is .nor., feaivd l.y tl..- avenge
BLACK ivsoi \' <■' y ,i;„„„o.. Its (IcveloriMiPut ai)pc'iiis to him iiivst<'iious
fn.it grower tu..aWanv^othM^ ,eU--omple^e'ly ruined by the bla.k
and Its control impossible^ Manj ^-^^ ^ ^^^1^ /„ the orehard. Trees
thichtve Tn cai^'forfiiX tginning are. however, not so subject to this
I » „n^ ifTreatedproperlv from the outset it may be kept in check and even erad-
SXltttltiMnFS'does not take place from neighbouring orchards or from
''^'^'. St'tt^rSguTXh spreads by means of spores. A spore is blown
1 ,e wacK Kuui, in p , jj, ytj,gr part of the
through the rir and alights^n the ax^^^^^^^ ^^ f,vourable\he spore
tree where it can get "^ J^^^^ Pf";,,^, ;„ n. In the spring yellowish swellings
germinates J^ne rates th^ ^'Le ind-ation of the disease, and during the months
appear on the branchts, t^'e "^^^ J 'f"" , j j, ^ ..^i.-gty surface which is caused by
of May and Ju .c become darker in ;"^'^^;*;^' *^f ^j,^ { „r knot. These .m-uix^s
innumerable s,>ores which co e the -F>.«^^paH ^^l* ^^^ ,J^_ -,,,^ g,,„,i„,tl an.l
are s<x.n blown awaj ""j^ .77;;' ,' ' j ^„^i „p,^ k„ots develop in time from them. A
penetrate ^h;; tree - a readj d^^cul^d -d ^ p^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ _^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^^
second crop of spore '« P'j'^^^^.^^t^ j,,^ ^.i„t,.r or e^rly in the spring when tlu-y are
L™r-K L ?nd al IfLsr on tirtrees germinate as the others. The mycelium is not
IfexS 1 t thfp Kioro/^^^^ knots in spring, but is capable of pr.Klucing n,.„e
all exIiausU a ".^ J-"*^ » ' .„„„„.:„„ „ear. The dii>?<i.se is also liable to be carried from one
from the same kno ^^^ "i'"^^^',^; / -"'jiffieult to control sometimes. To light a disease
^r s'';^:^'^^;^ -^---- of re^oductlon and dissoinination requires
:Sf:.nL. tlu^ughness, ■;-; -'^JXlSS^T wi^^^^^ll^i.e best plan is to
/f...,/^.-Itt.x.p are aire '«f -^, »«^^^^^>ra ely affect«t, the knots should be
cut them <lown '^";» ^ '■";''; j.^.^^ th^^^roug^.lv eultivat^xl and sprayed. Vigorous
jr^I^'l ::™ia'l:';he";£:?=' thosf ndking Httje growU., and vigoreus trees
Jailing :li^ureCi;afJ^^ whS.'it should be covered with grafting wax or lead
49
paintini with ^^eroseTBj^iti^ZL^JZZ'^ "^f '^T-^l' r^""'*^ ^' * ««^
moro readily seo when a wound hal^hlTl ^^""""ng ."atenal in the kerosene, one can
The treatment alre^ydIcr"bed1sSw TfiT^. 'f " 1^» '"»«i« '^oM bo burned,
disease is known a Sft ^ower mTght LtiS'^^^^^^^^^^^ *'^ '^•' '''^*°7 °* "'-
appeared that it was all that ^ZnlcZr^ Th^L^u^l'"T.,^^^^^
moved before the spores were formpTlTZ- /w .^t^ '^,*"' '^ *'»«' '">•'*« ««'-e re-
would be capable oFJ^Vuc n/mSdr^ f i"**" ^'',"* '^ T, ''""* ^'"^ "^^^^ "»
orchard. F ouucin^ m^iiada of spores which would soon re-infect the
publish«l in BuUetin No. 81 of oLt iiaUor Tt wn^ .' .'^.7^'*" "^ '''*''='» "^'^
was reduced from 2,000 to 1G5 by sprayiS * ^''^ '"""'^' °' '^""^
spri..g aSreSrr gfrirwrn'^d? ^" ^^^-^ ^ "'^^ ^^^^ - -'7
d.,str«yed by an appli^tfon of s^lZt!, ^r "' T f''^"'"*We, would probable b^
phate of copper to 2naTlon°of iate^whnnTr'; '°'"'""" "t ^^° ™*« ''^ » '^- »««"»-
A second sprayin-of polsoS Bordpa^v I • . v"""*?/*;^ '"" ''"""*»* '° *'>« «Pring.
buds are bLIw, wS «^uS £ LT ? r"'''^^ ^ ""^^ J"-** "" °'- b«f°'^ the
plum and for insef^, and a thW sprayiS slSl C ^^fP^jy l""- "'her disea.es of the
In c^r --"' *^^ ^^-^ "^ t^i^diiz^^ch r d-tro?:^ -r ri^^^.
o%l,S:::'S^yTo^^e?i:rkr^^^^^^^^
than half its sizei but colours prcmaturerv Wh™ Jffit-I. l T' .f"** '^^'^ """^
and falls to the^round wXut^SnJ^' TfZf? ^^ ^^- *^^ 1''^^ '' "^^^'^
Kiir^ariolr'^""^'^ '^'^'^^ -^^'^ ^''^^ di.ease,":tt'i: .^'.^X^^.^Z' Z
treatetSuTh™: !:r ^'V"'^?!^ t^s,^^^^^^
-^y if fl ! •■ I • n . * '*. '^g""»ng to colour The native varieties ripen earh-
St" nl ItS"'"^ ^"^T' ""'^'""i ""'•*' "PP"«1 the last time, the f ruTt m7.^t reTaIn
varH.t,es may be top graftal on the\ative ones witrtrSt^atthe^ will TT""
disease .as the latter are not as much affected as the nafive Mi ^n , I ^ '*'*'''
look.1 after or bearing poor fruit should fburedVar HI ^^^^^^J^. "°*
Shot-Hole or Leaf-Spot (Cylindro.porium padi).~'Y\^^ first indications of this
d^ease are small, yellowish spots with .eddish m.argins, which appear on thTyoun^lelwr
Ihese spots increase in s,.e and finally reach a diameter averaging about oS£ to
one-six h of an inch, ^yhen fully grown, the central part dries up and ,Ups out lea^
ing a clean c« around the margin, very suggestive of rshot-hole, after wiTthedist^
8 named. Uhen these sfK.ts c^cur in largo numbers, as thev frequently do so luuT^
the leaf is destmyed that it drops prematurely. The early dropping cf^the l^ves pre!
50
vc„t« the fruit. tw5g« and b„d. -<:'""« ^'^'11™?'"?^. S^h^VeSvrN.t
cau«e»8crio«» injury whexe the d.^«e..tmuble«.m^^^ ^^ ^^
who conducted expenmente to control ^^is fliaease °° ^ » ^ ^ ^ ^i^„t ten days
dcaux mixture r»tisfactory and recommends ^^.^ »PP^'?*'^^thitS th^ or four week,
after the blo^Kun. fall 5 tje -ond ^^^-^^%'l^f 'j^^^^Z.^ Nigra plum,
after the second. At the Central *;»Pf "'""'°^' '"l".' _, ,x.^ ^ five times, without
Sa^" ;t-utf ^C^fa^Ssrr: ZS^:: ^i^^ than others.
pockeU; does not -«- w.d^pread^n ury b^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ j„ ,,,,
loss. The mycehum of the fungus w»»«n «*"^ !^ iTinfected bv the spores every year
same tree, and thus it is not necessary f?'* t>^,*? '^^^Slwn after the trees' have
in order to P^T'^tuate the d.sease. The fru.t ^
blossomed and is indicated by *»>«"""**""' ^^fp^^ o X disoaseThich has been
fruit and by ite unusual yellow colour. When the SF^«»°' V^ appearanca
working inside the fruit appear on the ■'"■^^^f .^f We X^ tL Ica^'^^^^^^ twigs
Later ol,, the pockete turn almost ."^«J^ '^'^.Jf ,„*^.i7Ch " curle<l and unhoallliy
ar« also notic^bly affected w.th t''" di e^j the f onner beconu ^ ^^^
iSfseat bu\v:i^;^sr/b:r^^^^^^^^ i-- -ith the pockou
are cut off and burned.
the ire. by -"re prun»!!, by »"■<"• '^y»l°7. " ,™ '™„to" . wh™ tni .r.
injury to the wood tissue.
the way of rubbish should, l^^^^v^r be removed ^J^" J^"^'" ' -^ ^P„„„ ^„d
mav be prevented either by wrapping the tr"?^' ^t'' ^"^^^^^^ encircling the
banking'up the earth about the W to the J-g,' "^^.'^J^^J^*;^^^^^ used to' pre-
S'sllir ^vE^e\rteran^°th^^e::;Sfshould be ba^nked up a little at the
^^%1aTe:tSrd£'byrc!tLu'^^^^^^
BmmmmmM
renewing the poison as often as is necessary.
■
.
51
PLUM INSEOTS.
By jAMEa Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist.
pa.JThiL"oTtlI^f5S!?*f *°**'^^^°. '^r* "^""^'"^ ^ the nature of their moutl
or bitin/iaT^ L 1^ t larger d.y.s.on, BitiuR Insects, are furnished with mandibl«J
Pillai be^tU^ L ^l of which they consume the substance of their food, as cat^
&V^£rbvL*^„f r^fi'^^ *°«t«»d "' maAdiblesT.
tl^surf<S^ U,r^?'K* '"f ^]'t? ""."'' "P *''«''■ '«^ '» » "<!"»" fo'-m fron, beneath
that it U n;^,^ to doT; f'''"^''"'' ^'Tu ^'' ^S*"!" the insets of the firs* class, all
tl^refore. some substance must be used which will kUl by mere contact with tS
INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES.
EatomlSS'CaSt ?- "''^ °* ^'^"'^''"^ '^"»-^- ^^^^ "« recommended by the
I. FADis Greeh.
/"or Biting Insects.
Paris green
Lime(fresh) f ?•
Water...... 1 "j-
200 gallons.
limefran^l^f^rtl^d^Vwdt^-^^" ^"' '' '^^ ^"-' '^^ P^^"' ^^^'^
II. Kerosene Emulsion.
(niLET-HUBBARD FORMULA.)
For Scale insects and I'lai t-lice.
Kerosene (coal oil) „
Rainwater. ? ga Ions.
Soap .".'.'. v.". v. '.v. I (|^"°"-
III. Whale-oil Soap.
For scale-insects (young) i ik :„ >; ^n
For aphis ^ ^' , r .'" ^ ^'""'* '^*'*'■•
I'or !>an Jose scale (in winter) 2i lbs. in 1
IV. Tobacco and Soap Wash.
For PL-nt-lic« or Aphis.
strain'^ff^ Z^tlTt^^ZlZZll "'stif u^^Tlltd^fT ''77^'' '^> '
gallons. Apply early and two orthiT^mes at .S intrvl^'^'""' *°' ""'''' *« *«
.
M
V. POUONED BOBDIACZ MiZTUBI.
For Fungi and InMcU on Fruit-trees.
Copper sulphate (bluestonc) 4 Iba.
Lime (fresh) 4 n
Paris green 4 ozs.
Water (1 barrel) 40 gallons.
Dissolve the copper sulphate (by suspending it inside a wooden or earthen vessel
containing 4 or S or more gallons of water). Slake the lime in another vessel If the
lime, when slaked, is lumpy or granular, it should be strained through coarse sacking
or a fine sieve. Pour the copper sulphate solution into a barrel, or it may be dissolved
in this in the first place ; half fill the barrel with water, add the slaked lime, fill the
barrel with water and stir thoroughly. It is then ready for use.
Stock solutions of dissolved copper sulphate and of lime moy be prepared and kept
in separate covered barrels throughout the spraying season. The quantities of blue-
stone, lime and water should be carefully noted.
VI. CoppEB Sulphate Solutiox.
For Fungi.
Copper sulphate (bluestonc) 1 lb.
Water 25 gallons.
As soon as dissolved it is ready for use. For use only be/ore the budt open.
VII. Ammosi.\cal Coppeb Cabbon'ate.
For Fungi.
Copper carbonate 6 oz.
Ammonia 2 quarts.
Water (1 ban-el) 40 gallons.
Dissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia. The ammonia and concentrated
solution should be kept in glass or stone jars, tightly corked. It is ready for use as
soon as diluted with the 40 gallons water. To be iised when Bordeaux cannot be applied
on account of staining the fruit.
THE WORST ENEMIES OF THE PLUM TREE.
ATTACK lyo TUB FOLIAGE.
1.
Tlip EvE-spoTTF.D Bud-moth (Ttnetocera oceUana). — Small, dark brown cater-
pillars, i of an inch in length, with black heads and collars, destroying the buds when
fust unfolding and later attacking the leaves, two or three of which they attach together,
fecdin" inside. They also sometimes bi^re down the centre of the twig. Remedi) • —
Sprav'early with a strong Paris gi-ecn wash (Paris green 1 pound, fresh lime 1
pound, water 100 gallons).
2 The CloAU Case-beauer (Coleophora Jtetcherella). — Small orange-coloured ciit-
erpillars with black heads, encased in brown leathery cigar-shaped cases, wl)ieli they
carry about with them. They pass the winter as caterpillars on the twigs, and cluster
ar..und the opening buds, injuring the foliage and flowers. Rcme-ly .—Spray early
with the wasli mentioned under No. 1 above, or with kerosene emulsion (Formula II).
63
•'
« well « ^If^ fu *""" <^il'*^'"'^>-'r**» ^'''^' •*t«'k the foliage of the plum
on the 1^6 Si W 1 Caterplkr does not make a tent but .pin. a flat mat of rilk
on the 8uie of a branch or on the trunk ; to these resting place, the younir cateroilla™
expanding about U mchw across the wings, which are crossed obliquely by two ^nds
These bands are pa e m the fi«t named, but dark in the moth of the FoLt Tent Cater-
pillar During July the females lay rings of about 200 crks on the twi^of th« t^
m which state the insect passes the^inU-r. Jiemed^:-EZt and de^t^y thelS
clusters during the winter. Spray the trees with poison (Formula I or vTdLctly Ihf
an^ Ja&r s^^j: ^X^S ^^^r^^ l^;;;;^:'^^
Ltled. '""'""" ^'^^'"""'* ">• ^«^" ^ "P^y -^«° t''« pianSei ari
6 The Pear-tree Sluo or Cderrt-tree Sluo {Erioeampa eera4i).-Jn June and
tTo^'ffi:V"'''')^'°T' "'"8"''? <=-terpillars J inch l^g, feed ng on the up,^r
surface of the lea^^es, often doing considewble damage to plum trees. Bemedier Snmv
withaweaksolutionof Paris green or dust with'freshly slaked limt or ParuS
diluted with 50 times its weight of sorn* dry powder. *•
6. Plum Leaf Caterpillars.— There are other kinds of leaf-eating caterDilkr.
which occasionally occur in sufficient numbers on the foliage of plumlSto dSrio^r
iXl "^^ =-SP~y-g regularly with Formula V. wlu pr^event inl^.^ f rom t" e"
ATTACK IXG TUE WOOD.
fl, v' r'° ^=?^»«'*'='' W«*<"^« rf»>par).-Small blackish beetles, which bore inta
the trunks and limbs causing serious damage in apple and plum orchards. ISj
Wa.h the trees liable to attack thr^ times, early and late in June and once T Jul7
with the following :_Soft soap, 1 gallon ; water, 3 gaUons ; carbolic acid, J pi^t ^'
OCCURRING ON TUE BARK.
8. The San JosiS Scale {Atpidiotu, pemtcio««)._Minute, almost cirx^ular scale-
insects, one-thirtieth of an inch wide, shaped like an inverted s;ucer, withTdepreSd
nng around a central point ; mside this ring, black or dark coloured. This very Cc^
.picuous insect when in small numbers is easily overlooked, but when abundant gives to
the bark a dirty scurfy and grayish colour, as though dust;d wi-h ashes. /^"«iL
This IS by far he most difficult insect to eradicate^hich the fruit fe^werXvrev;;
had to c..3al with. The treatments which have so far given the best r^ults are HUhe
ordmary kerosene emulsion (Formula II.) two treatments during the summr(an ext™
one may a.lvan agcously be applied in May, just before the foli^e is so thick that H ^
difficult to reach all parts of the tree), the fir^t summer spraying in the middle of Jun^
and the second one after the fruit is picked; this to be followed in winter orVprrng
with a thorough general spraying with lime and sulphur, 1 lb. lime and A lb. of sufphuf
to one gallon of water boiled together until dissolved. (2) Whale-oil soap 2 J lbs to^ thi
imperial gallon ot water, the best time to spray being just before the buds buTst in
if.nng. Ihe soap should be dissolved in hot water and applied as hot as is practS^
04
9. The ?f KW York Plum Scalk (Lfcanium cera»ij'ex) — Conspicuouii, d«iit brown,
licnuHplicrical scales, about J of an iiii-Ii long by J of an incK wide, occurring at all times
of tho year, clusteml alon;{ the small braaches, partkulai !/ along tlio lower tntl-*. Thrt
presence of this enemy «pon a plum tree may be detectit; i-spcciiilly in July an 1 August
nnd also in tli" spring, by the filthy black londition of the Iwrk du.- to t!ie growth of a.
fungus upon the copious deposit of honey-dow which is emitted by tli ' young swilo
insects during the tiin.- trf their growUi. /i'c»»»«/i<M ; —Spray tho trees during tho winter
with kerosene «nulsi"i I (Formula 11.) diluted with four parta of w*ter, or with the wlmle-
oil soap solution (F'>rmula III.)
ATTACKING THE FRUIT.
10. The Plum Cvncvuo (Conotraclifhtt Mnupluir). — Small, rough, grayish beetles
about \ of an inch long. The females, in the opeiation of egg-laying, make upon the sides
of plums small crescent-shaped marks, with a singis hole in tho centre of each. An
egg is laid in the central siKit, from which hctches a white grub ; this soon destroys the
fruit. Iteinediea : — ( 1 ) The mature beetles feed in early spring upon the unopi'ne<l buds and
afterwards • pon the young leaves and may be reached by .spraying the trees before the
buds open with Paris green (Formula I), repeating this as so«)n as the fruit has formed
and spraying ten days later with the poisoned Boi-deaux mixture (Formula V). (2) The
beetles are sluggish in tho early morning and drop from the trees if a sudden jar be
given to the truuk. This jarring, if repeated every day or two over a sheet or other
receptacle, will be the means of greatly lessening the numbers of the mature insects.
The beetles drop readily and lie quietly 'or some time, when they can be easily collected
and destroyed.
Note.
The operation of 'spraying ' consisfji of applying liquids by means of a force pump
and spraying nozzle, with such force as fco break up the liquid .so thoroughly that it
falls upon the plants treated as an actual mist or spray. The word ' spraying,' how-
ever, to many who endeavour to practise this operation, has still little more meaning
than doing something in any sort ^av, to fruit trees with a spraying pump. Such
terms as ' sprinkling ' and ' showering are inaccurate for the operation hero intended.
Unfortunately, mucli of the so-called spraying as usually carrie<l out, could more ac-
curately be designated as sprinkling or showering, which descriljo a much less careful
and less even distribution of liquids.
The Entomologist and Botanist will be glad to give furthw iaformatioa coBceming
attacks upon crops by insects if inquiry be made by letter.
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