CIHM 
 
 iCIVIH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Collection de 
 
 Series 
 
 microfiches 
 
 ({Monographs) 
 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical IMicroreproductiont / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique - 3t bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of 
 the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming are 
 checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers / 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 □ Covers damaged / 
 Couverture endommag^e 
 
 □ Covers restored and/or laminated / 
 Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e 
 
 I Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps / Cartes g6ographiques en couleur 
 
 □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blu3 or black) / 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre qi*? nieue ou noir 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations / 
 rTj Bound with other material / 
 
 qi*? nieue ou noire) 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material / 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 
 Only edition available / 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along 
 interior margin / La reliure serr6e peut causer de 
 I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge 
 int^rieure. 
 
 Blank leaves added during restorations may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have been 
 omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages 
 blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration 
 apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait 
 possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film^es. 
 
 Additional comments / 
 Commentaires suppl6mentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 
 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- 
 plaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibli- 
 ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, 
 ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^tho- 
 de normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. 
 
 [ I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur 
 
 I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es 
 
 n 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated / 
 Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / 
 Pages d^olor^es, tachet^es ou piqu^es 
 
 I I Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es 
 
 [y] Showthrough / Transparence 
 
 I I Quality of print varies / 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Quality in^gale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material / 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, 
 tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages totalement ou 
 partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une 
 pelure, etc., ont iJt6 film6es k nouveau de fafon k 
 obtenir la meilleure image possibie. 
 
 Opposing pages with varying colouration or 
 discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des 
 colorations variables ou des decolorations sont 
 film6es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image 
 possible. 
 
 This Item la filmed et the reduction ratio checked below / 
 
 Ce document eat filmi au Uux de reduction indiqui ci-detaou». 
 
 
 lOx 
 
 
 
 
 14x 
 
 
 
 
 18x 
 
 
 
 
 22x 
 
 
 
 
 26x 
 
 
 
 
 30x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12x 
 
 
 
 
 16x 
 
 
 
 
 20x 
 
 
 
 
 24x 
 
 
 
 
 28x 
 
 
 
 
 32x 
 
The copy filmed here hat been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Library 
 Agricultura Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -♦- (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exemplaire film« fut reproduit grAce h la 
 gtntros tA de: 
 
 Bibliothiqut 
 Agricultura Canada 
 
 Les images suivantes ont «t« reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettet« de l'exemplaire film*, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimAe sont filmis en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 derniire page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illjstration, soit par le second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont film«s en commen^ant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derniire page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la 
 derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole -*- signifie "A SUIVRE ", le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. pi uvent Atre 
 fllmte A des taux de rMuction diffirents. 
 Lorsque la document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* A partir 
 de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche i droite. 
 et dr haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'irr.ages nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mithode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
Miaiocorv reschution tbt chart 
 
 lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 ^ /APPLIED IN/MGE Inc 
 
 ^^ '653 East Mam Street 
 
 ^^S Rochestef, N^w Yorh 14609 uSA 
 
 '«a= (?'6) *82 - 0300 - Phone 
 
 ^S (?16) 288 - b9B9 - Tg, 
 
6^ Vf 
 
 DEPARTMrJNT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM 
 
 OTTAWA. CANAIJA 
 
 
 f 
 
 PLUM CULTURE 
 
 AND 
 
 DISTRICT LISTS OF PLUMS SUITABLE FOR ONTARIO AXD QUEBEC 
 
 WITH 
 
 DESCBIPTIOiq-S OF VARIETIES 
 
 BT 
 
 W. T. MACGJN 
 Scrticulturist, Central Experimental Fan, 
 
 ill 
 
 BULLETIN JSTo. 43. 
 
 JULY, 1903. 
 
 PUBLISUSD .T DII.WriOK OF TUE HoN. SVLKST A. flSIlER. Ml.Ms 
 
 IST«» or AOUICOLICEE 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Cl.i'sos nru! ffroups of plums 
 
 riuin culturo in tlie provinces of UuUrio and Quebec 
 
 Kxpcjrimcnts with plums at the Central Experimental Farm. 
 
 H?e<llinf» vaiiutios 
 
 Cross-hreoiling 
 
 Propagation by j,'r;iuiiig juhI budJinu 
 
 T!io nursery 
 
 The orcliai-d 
 
 Soil and cxjkiskii". . . . . 
 
 Preparation of the l.u.r. . 
 
 Jjaying ouk the orchard . 
 
 T.\r.r.. 
 7 
 11 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 1.1 
 
 T 'Is and apjilicanues used in pruning; and grafting IS 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 Windbreaks oQ 
 
 Kind of trees to plant 21 
 
 Planting oj 
 
 Varieties oo 
 
 A district list of varieties for the proviutos of Ontario and Quebec 23 
 
 Descriptions of varieties oa 
 
 American varieties , 
 
 23 
 
 European varieties go 
 
 Japanesb /aricties _ o- 
 
 List of varieties of plums being tested at the Centr. ipenmciital lurni 3S 
 
 Pollination of plums ^q 
 
 Pruning ^ j 
 
 Fertilizers for the plum orchard 41 
 
 Cultivatioa 
 Cover 
 
 ' crops . 
 
 43 
 43 
 
 Picking, packing, storing and marketing the fruit 44 
 
 Canning and preserving American plums 4 - 
 
 S] ■ 
 
 ?praymg 
 
 4(J 
 
 Diseases and other injuries to plums 4- 
 
 Plum insects r i 
 
 "''* oi 
 
 i!i 
 
 43— 1 J 
 


 To the ITonouraljlo 
 
 The Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 SiH, — I beg to submit for your approval Bulletin No. 4.1 of t\ui t.xporimortal Farm 
 sfrics which ha.s Ijeen proparcii under my direction by Mr. W. T. Mucoun, Horticultur- 
 ist of the Central £xi>erimental Farm. 
 
 T1h5 subject treated of is Plum Culture and the iiifoniirttion presented liiis been 
 largely derived from the experience gained in connt?ctii>n with pluni growing at the 
 Central Exjxrimenta! Farm during the past fifteen years. In tliis bulletin informa- 
 tion Ih given as to the best mctiio<ls of preparing the soil for a plum orcimid, with par- 
 tit'ulara also as to the planting and suUseipient care of the trees. Instructions are also 
 given as to metho<ls of pruning, grafting and on many oilier topics relating to tliis branch 
 of fruit industry. Lists of varieties of plums suitable for planting in different parts of 
 Ontario and Quebec are given with descriptions aa to the character, quality and time of 
 ripening of each sort. Some of the diseases to which the plum is subject are also 
 referred to and methods of treatment suggestc<l. 
 
 A brief acco-mt is given by Dr. James Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist to the 
 Expeiimcntal Farms, of some of the more important insects which are injurious to the plum. 
 A chapter has also been ju-epared by Mr. F. T Shutt, Chemist to the Farms, or, fertili- 
 sers for the plum orchard. 
 
 It is hoped thiit the information submitted will be useful to those intereste"! in the 
 cultivation of this fruit in Canada, that it will prove a stimulus to the further i lanfing 
 of plums and that it may aid in making the growing of this useful fruit more successful 
 and more profitable in this country. 
 
 I have the honour to be, 
 
 Your obedicn i crvant, 
 
 WM. SAUNDERS, 
 Director Ejperxmental Fai-m*. 
 Ottawa, July 24, 1903. 
 
 i 'I 
 
 f 
 
PLUM CULTimE; 
 
 W. T. MACOUN, 
 
 ITortieiiUurist, Central £jrperimental Fo 
 
 uiAI. 
 
 If evpry member of every family in C-xnada had a plentiful supply of plums of Iho 
 .' st quality for home use, and if enough of this fruit were exported profitjibly from 
 ' rttiftila to supply the demands of the people of other lands, there would he, less 
 iiLcessity for writing a bulletin on plum culture. But unfortunately this is fur from 
 Ixjing the reality. Comparatively fsw people get good plums to eat, especially in the 
 fresh condition, and the export trad^ in plums, wliatever it may be in the future, is still 
 in its infancy. The pnst experience has been that the consumption of fruit increases 
 alinoat or quite as rapidly as the supply, providing the latter is properly distnbutcd, 
 and it is not too much to expect that it will do so in the future, at least for some tima 
 The desire for fruit grows on the consumer, and the better the quality of the fruit 
 supplied the greater will be the desire for it. 
 
 In order to make this bulletin on plum culture as comf'lete as possible, it has been 
 nccf&iary, in addition to using V,\p information obtained from oxpcriiuental work here, to 
 correspond freely with fruit g. owers and to consult many publications and thus get the 
 benefit of the work of others. In thU connection, special mcn'^ion should bo made of ' " e 
 recent work "Plu, ind Plum Cul' •," V' Prof. F. A. Waugh, from which practical k1 
 useful book many suggestions have i obtained and screml descriptions copied. To 
 Canadian fruit growers I ara ospecio 'ndcbtcd for information regarding varieties and 
 for specimens, iw well as pss ^timo" in preparing the district lists. In this respect I wish 
 to refer particularly tv Mr Au^'uste Dupuis, Director of the Quebec Fr lit Experiment 
 Stations, Village des Aulun.cb, Que., who veiy kindly sent me a largo collection of 
 European pb .. qroun in i. ! strict, and who gave me veiy full information regarding 
 the culture o. i: ' fruit taeie md elsewhere in the province of Quebec. Horticultural 
 workers in t:.j united States have also been very courteous find h.ave given me much 
 information, aspecially in reference to the newer American plums. 
 
 I desire to gratefully aeknowlodgo the assistance of Di. James Fletcher, Entomolo- 
 gist and Botanist of the Dominion Experimental Farms, who prepare<l the article on 
 •'Plum Insects," and I am much indebted also to Mr. F. T. Shutt, Chemist, for the 
 chapter on "Fertilizers for the Plum Orchard." 
 
 Some of the matter relating to pi jjiagation and culture in this bulletin has IxMin 
 t il;en from bulletin No. 37 on apple culture by the writer, tut clianges have been made in 
 t'.iis where necessary. 
 
 Thi; plum has been cultivated for a very long time, and the origin of ikm older 
 varieties, like the apple, is unknown. 
 
 There are three great classes of plums from which are derived most of the titi- 
 vated varieties of to-day, namely, the European, derived from Prunua dor» 
 tlie Japanese, and the Air rican. 
 
 ica. 
 
 if 
 
EUBOPE.^N PLDM8. 
 
 on their .mprove.nent. It " J^"°''*,;J'j \^^^ originated from the Eur..^ an sloe, I'runn* 
 dcvelopc^lfromte >^^^^^^^^^ ,^ ^^, j^i, froui other European 
 
 tpwi^'i. The Uanisons, n"*e^ tr, arc ^ ^ -pj^^^ j, g^^h a wide 
 
 pluuis that some authorities make » ««1 '^^te g^^P °^/^ q t,,^t it 
 
 difference between the Da„.«on and f ° J«'"^. ^£^^^^ and indeed they 
 
 seeuis reasonable U> -ppose that Uie ongin ^J^^^^ -»« ^ j^j^ ' «,„. th'o 
 
 have been -«?-<{,;» ;^ ^fj^^^^T^^^^^^^^ In his book Sn " Plums and 
 
 ?.""•T^i -i^ P^rF A Waugh, wh^o has made a thorough study of the Eur,.poan 
 Plum Culture, t-rot. r. -^- ' " «> ' , . Damsons and a croup of the Heine Claude 
 
 ^^^d'^iradiSet T^varieties described in this bulletin being mostly given as 
 ''''''ri'!iXV^5r«^Tto includes the largest European plums and is represented 
 
 by Yellow Egg Golden Drop a^^dG^^^^^^ ^^^^^ Prune and llaynes. 
 
 ;.,„„,^._llc.pre.sented l^yjellenber 111^^ P '' .^ q^^^^.^ ^^^^ q,,,.,^.^, 
 
 ^- ^ f'^:JZTlZl'£:io I'd G^ntPrune. These varieties, however, have not a., 
 
 ^/^PB^^^^Z^ Voronesh .0 of B.ld. 
 
 I.ip£: 'i '^i-e^7w£and^l^^^^^^^^ The Early Red Russian and ^V hite 
 
 ^^^ir^Sr£^t^it^Sr^-^ -^^ are Shropshire, French, Fro, 
 
 """^y^t^S^ or Green Ga,e ^f ^^^^^^^JI'^l^^'^S ^^^ 
 ties in this group, ^l^^ P""?'?^^^'"" Ba^^>. Or^r^Oag^ .^ 
 
 on the great 7*^'^:^?^^ ^""^'^'grown very successfuly all through south-westein 
 
 '^iSLl ..,.., .n,l but .cr, f ;. -r.'^Sl'^f JSl'Ltu.,, in H.o *^...™ IV. ,,- 
 
 In the province of Quelle a'^w vaiL ^^^^^^^ Mor.tr.Nvl, j-ast 
 
 :^? \"'of t^T^o'LuSi:' Sjie'lth Ire of the St. Lawrence, below the 
 theLakeof the iNo-uounu n r. jj^.u^cha-^so, Montniagny, I. Islet, Boauce, 
 
 city of Quebec, in tho '^^^X.d aWthrnorth sh..ro in the counties of Portneuf, 
 Kan.ouraska ""'» ^f "''^^■"^^ ^. " " cinrlevoix, " st of the finest varieties of European 
 Siri^n t tS:::^Hr!::::^'!iii;r ' U W however, near the river, and where its 
 Uuence is felt, ^hat those plu.iis succeed be^t. ^^^^ ^^ .^ 
 
 The haidiness of the V'"^PT"kPJ the t^nSi.^^^^^ At Ottawi ve/y few varieties 
 ture of the atmosphere, a"d partly ^y,^J'^,^^"'f '.S^'erop once in three or four yeai-s. 
 ^i:^Sj^i:^t^^^^^^' :i.Clhw^tcr kimng of the tips does 
 
JAPAXESE PLUMS. 
 
 ose ,.lu„,s have been widely planted on thi« Continent. A^L'^h Tnt^oducedl^^t ; 
 An-eraa as recentlv as 1870, this class of plun. is now ahno.st aTwell k^Zil t| 1 
 IIIhTTp. ^''*'t7'"t"* t'-^J'^P""'^ plum i« unknown, but it is LuSIto be a 
 .>ut.^,. of China. The Ja,«nese were not verv systematic in their nomeS.^e and 
 when the phuus we,^. mtro<luctKl int<. America there was great eorfus'ono names 
 1 hey have, however been pretty well worked out, and the be"t known a, d most n "fi ' 
 able k.mls can now be obUined true to name. Many seedlings have Ix-^n ..rown rthe 
 
 Ihe fruit of mo.stot the varieties is only medium in quality; a few howeve. ar« 
 good, and a still sma ler number very go,Kl.' The productiVeness, fi"n I^s Zeau^o 
 and good keeping 4ualit.es are what make these plums valuable. Tl^m i.!,! tv f 1?. 
 Japanese plums are not quite as hanly in the flower bud as the hardiest of he K fr^ e^ 
 but a few seem to be quite as hardv. They bloom verv earlv and nn fl.w ,T ^'"'"J*''"' 
 more likely to be injured by spring frosts. ^ ^' *'"' '"''•■""'"' "'" 
 
 The Simon or apricot plum Prunu, Simonii, Carr., though not a Japanese plum Ins 
 some of Its chaiactenstKs ami may be classed with the Japanese plum here iC 1 m 
 is thought to be a native of China and was intro-luctnl inti America fro„, France at 
 twenty years ago. It has not b.H..i plante.l to any extent in Oinada, nor isTt wi lev 
 grown ,„ the United SUte.s. The t...>e is productive and the fruit is large and^ii 
 s,,me, though inferior in quality. The tree is quite pr-xluctive, and the fruit kZs d 
 ships well It does not appear to be any hardier than the Japinese plums. It K" 
 grown with success m south-western OnUrio, but is not a desirable plum to plant. 
 
 AMERICAN PLU.MS. 
 
 Thpso plums have a wide range on the American continent, IxMng found wild 
 
 mm Mexico nor h to the province of Manitoba, and from the Athmtie to the 
 
 lanhc oceans. Ihey are represent*^ over this great area by seven distiiiH s^.S 
 
 ud s,x recognized groups or types. Of these, the cultivated varieties originated fom 
 
 1 <• Ameru-an -i .1 plum l'r,nn,s nm^ricna, Mar.sli, and the Cana,la plum P. nl„-a^ 
 
 m- ude nea Iv al the American plums that are profit^ibly grown in the prov .^^ f 
 
 ntano and Que Wc. 'Ihe nu.i-e southern groups, of which a few varieties ire pa tkll v 
 
 succsstul arc: the Miner group, Irun,^ hortuUna mineri, Bailev. which is close "e- 
 
 atcd to /,«««. amr,^'un.,, but has some resemblan... to the Wildgoose group -'and 
 
 th,. W 1, goose group Innn.s h,.rt„lan.,, Bailey. It is, however, only in the mil It 
 
 parts ot the proynuv ot Ontario that they are even f.inlv s,tt isfactorv. ^ At O taw the 
 
 (lower buds are injure.! and the ,-rop light. The varieties of the Wavland an.l Chicas v 
 
 ,,nups of phnns-^ two other m.pnvt.nt group, .re too tcmler fJr .uo,L d.st ic il 
 
 east<'rn Canada. u..^iiiv,ui m 
 
 Amrri,;,,,,, Gronp.-m>, g,oup ha.s, up to the present timt^ furnished the 
 lK.st varieties of American plums. The n.nge of rrunm am.ricana is given bv Wau h 
 ^s being New Jersey and Ohio to Minnesota, Montana and Colorado. The tresis" a 
 
 \\ 
 
 ■ 1^: iJ 
 
10 
 
 1 • u„iM,t r.f -'0 feet On account of its spreading 
 sprea.1ins grower sometimes -«f 'l^jS ^ l^e^-^ f "0 ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^ .,^,^ ,„„ 
 
 Imbit the trunk ..n^l argo ^'•''"f'^? "^ „ winter, an,! tl.is is a serious draw- 
 ,,dcn with fruit or by »>-!? ,^"» VeTariet ." o "his sp^^cies bl..,m later than the 
 back to son.e vane .es ^'^F^'^lly- J^/ »™*;. .^^^ ^.^ich the nativ,- spcH^ies sv :rers 
 Cana.hv phun /'. "^''™• "^"'^ T ;X^fhl i9o'' The tre..s are very pri.luct.ve and 
 nn example of which .n^curred in ^«ta«a »" ';;^-- , , ^ ; varies givatlv in size and the 
 the fruit'is much improved m sue by Un ,n n« T'-^^-.;;[ 'J.^.,; „„,- „ften thick and 
 colour ranges from ye low to rr'«,,,V, .^Xate'v lirni, very juicy, sweet, and s.,.ne- 
 astrin^.M.t, but the tlesh .s "'j"^'' ^ ^" "'/^^it- .-l ,ws. I ut occasi.mally is almost or 
 time, ri.h ,.nd hi'^. iVwourcd /''^f "l"^"*^j ,„, I.^vinjl tn-st in rich and rather 
 ,it.. five. Wlun ;;.ow;n,^ w.Ul, this t^' » '" "" \,^\'.';, ,,,,;,,. t,,e soil is con.paratively 
 ;,..istsnil,butundcrcultivaUon.tsucc.edsve^^ ^^i Vince the An.ericana plums were 
 
 I"'"- -"' ■'"S-'>-.-?:.^- J\ 'VTt flu in th?, astfcw years the cultivated and nanusl 
 l,.,.„,ht worthy ot cult.va Uo ' ^ 'uu h. 1 ^^ ^^^^^^ .^^^^ _^^ ^,^_,^^^ ^,j, ^,^^^ . 
 
 varieties have inc.eased so fast tliat tlRr. ue i„„„„vement is remarkab' 
 
 a cc, and <,uality is also verv n.uch ";•{•"—>■ ^e ' ;„a we may hope for still ..neater 
 eonsLlering the short ti.nc in winch , ha ^^^^^);^^^ ^J^ ,^ ,,esired, and the 
 in,,,n.ven,ent yt. The appearance " ^h - pM^n s i ^, ^^ i,„provement ui the 
 
 iJt varieties are ahnost •'■•^'^'-•"'^^ ;''f^„'^''t,uhou'd. the latter is soo<l. Karlier 
 character of the skin and f -^ "' ^ ^/^Y;;; : '.e-ison of the Americana plun.s 
 varieties are also wanted ri>e P\^\ ^ ;'^;\ii;,,„,t the last of S.-pten,ber. Some 
 at Ottawa is fron. the ^''^-^X \voff mwk v Stoddard an.l De Soto. . 
 
 varieties of this ^roup are J;\''^> ' J; ""'^ms ,^- vhid, I'rnn,,. n-V/raisthe spec.es, wdl 
 A';vnt&^-'vv^-lromth.s^un,potpluns oi .^^ the northern 
 
 pn.bablv be originated the vancUes whuh » '^ ^.;'^ ' .^^^W. This is the wild 
 farts of Ontario, and the coldest P''"; ;'\ ' 'X, •„, , l.,,tward and northward 
 
 plum of Canada, havin.L; a ran-c from ♦''^^f :"'""'. "„ ,,,^,,.,,iv be .listinguishcd from 
 I Assiniboia. . Althougi. m^.n.e l;^';;- ,';^- ;P: ^ :{^-;^^, ; " the colder parts of t^e 
 J. nmrricnm, mto which it s cms to . ^^^^^, j^^ ^j,;^ reason we prefer 
 
 provinces of Ontario and Q"'-''*^^^ t ^.^^ , .^^..^V.V.dautho.ities make it merely a variety 
 consid.-ri;.;,' it a separate species althouf^h s o. a „,„,,;,,„,„ ^nd the wood is 
 
 of /'. .u.rn-hnna. It is a more uyriuht ^^iJ^^^ p a.n-ricuna, which is a great 
 darker and tougher. The tree seldom b cak s ^ ;; ^ ^n the Americana. The .lowers 
 advantage. It ^i.-ms earlier ami lu^a^^r;, ,„cl on tins 
 
 ,aso have a pink tinge, espec,j^^h,nn>V-__ ^^_^_^^_^^^, ^^.,^^,^ ^,,^.,.,. is httle coni- 
 aecount is sometimes more pro. abW, as 111 ,.,,Heties which are now upon the 
 
 petition with other plmns. ^ ';' ; , Ws 1 e Americana group, souu^ of the wdd 
 
 market aio not as Ingh .n .| uihtv t, _'",'., „„t as large. The skin of the Canada 
 spellings are fully as good in 'l"^''\*>\;i'"; V;' ^^^^ .ooked. The colour of 
 
 ,,:um is thinn..r than the other ^l"'';:';^/^^^ J ;,;, p.. often entirely red with litt e 
 he fruit varies almost as much as ' '^^^V ' ' ■,^' ^J;; :,„,,,,.lv oblong and oval than '. 
 or no bloom. The shape vanes but t ^f' " t - ";o,e ^^^ ,, ;„ j., ,;,,,, ,,,iy 
 
 An,.r!c.,na and is not llattened ''^^ ['':!';, ^^t,.,.", t„ Septeml«r. Very little has yet 
 i„ U... scond we.;k ot AjV^- ;;^,^ 1 : T'^a.h t^^ improv^ /'. .',r., but as go.l .vsulU 
 '"•"■uieiv't^t^b;. ';::,^:r wltS';^ :.«. --. ^ a plum can be ;;.-i.n,ated w.n.^._w.ll 
 
 ,ipenbv August l,thes,.asonof thc 
 Some of the varieties of tins group arc 
 
 nut, II 11 l-mii' - ■ " o , 
 
 l„u V American plums will cover tw,> months. 
 A. kin, tKlegard, Cheney. 
 
 livnuil> IM.IMS. 
 
 1 . >f livliriil nlums have In-en placetl upon 
 
 During the past ten years a ""•">;; ;;f ^'V!se wee originated ^>y Luther 
 
 the market. .M..st of the more F"" "'^"\.;;,, * ^^^ ,„ this Tvork, Vew of his 
 
 ]5url«ink, of Calif,u-nia, -^';'i;';:,,tenuuke"w 11 be likely to prove valuable in the 
 
 :i::-;inonS':if 
 
 r wS^t::;^;..::: -^ -Sa^ne^^ do well. 
 
11 
 
 There IS a wide held for work in plum hybridization. If bl,jod of the European 
 and Japanese vanet.es can be introduced in the Americana., and Ni«ra,s and tKn" 
 meH, of the latter mamtamed, plum culture in the north will receiv^ a great i m^^^^^^^^ 
 It IS not too much to hope that this will soon be accomplished. ' 
 
 PLUM CULTURE IN THE PEOVINCES OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. 
 
 Tlie plum has l«en most largely planted in the Niaj-ara peniusuLi, where it -'rows 
 to perfection, iron, Kami ton to Nin;-ara, orchard after orJhard of this fruit may bo 
 seen and m the spring when in full bloom ami in the autumn when laden wiU 
 
 Jsiagaia.listrict All throu.^rh S.-utli-wcstern Ontario and along J..k.- Huron and the 
 •corgian ay, plums succeed well and are grown in large .piantities. Indeed the 
 Georgian Hay district appears .,„ite .-.luul to the Xiagara peninsula for plum .-ro^i i" 
 Plums are also grown vi-ry sucessfuly from Hamilton eastward within hirty n.iles of 
 Lake Ontario and the ht Lawrence River, to about the -ity of Kingston. Some of the 
 best plums ,, so succeed m th,. mi.lland ..ounties of Ontario. Xoith and e.ast of .! 
 d.stri,.ts mentioned, plum growing is confined mainly to the Americana and Xi.r.a var- 
 icties, though a few of the h.irdiest Kuropean kinds will prove fairly satisfactoiy In some 
 of these niirt hern sections. .> "> .-loiiu. 
 
 In the province of t^uehec plums ,nr m.t grown to a verv large e.xt,.„t, althou.'h in 
 s..me parts the best Luropean phims -an bo grown >ery sue.l-ssfully. On the Islan.l of 
 -Montreal a t,-w of the best kinds are grown, but tlu-y are not thoroughlv satisfactorv 
 as the flower buds .are fre,,uen,Iy killed by winter. There are, however", s^ine K ro ^ „ 
 seedlings originated on the island which give goo<l satisfaction. The iK-st district for 
 growing the Kuropean pluins in Quebec is probably along the south shore of the St 
 hawreiiee, Ik'Iow the city of (Quebec in the counties already mentioned 
 
 Hero even the more tender European kinds appear to do well, and M,. Diniuis in- 
 forms t le writer that the s..,s<,n begins in the first half of August with Favorite and 
 .Mnabc^lo and that (,ra„d Duke an,l Coe's Golden Drop will keep in good condition 
 until December. In the Ivislvm Townships, a few of the hai-diest Kuropean kinds are 
 l.iirly satisfactory, but the ein.iate is too severe to grow them profitably on a lar-e 
 scale. In the province of (,)uei,ee, with the exc-ption of favoured districts aloie- the 
 Sf. Lawrence Liver, and ,.er!,:,ps al;,ng !!„,. liay of Ci.aleur, the Americana and Xi.-ra 
 plums wdl, as a rule, Ik- the most projii.j,!,,. kinds to plant, unless hardier Ihiropean'or 
 iiylnid kinds arc originated. ' 
 
 The profits fiou, plum growing have been good in the past, but such great mimU'is 
 or trees liavc l.eeii planted in recent years that unless a large part ..f this fruit can Ix, 
 safe y exported th.' iiwuket is lik.-ly lo b.> soon glutted. Very early, very late 'ind 
 good shinping vari.Mies will p,obal)ly b,- the most proiitable" kinds" to plant in 'the 
 future. W hen a market is glutted, fruit of the Ik-sI .jualitv will command the hi-diest 
 pri.es, provi.Ied it is m good condition an.l of fine appearance, and this fact should 
 also be taken into con^ideiation when jilanfiiig. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS WITH PLUMS AT THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM 
 
 OTTAWA. ' 
 
 Kxi)eriments with plums were begun at the fentral Kxperim 'iital Farm in 1 s,s8 
 and have lK>en continued ever sinee. The testing of varieties to determine their hardi- 
 ness, pro,lu.tiveness, and other qualities has been one of the most important ex|.,.ri- 
 ments and a large nuinl)er of varieties have !)een tested. Kxperiments liave also Lni 
 carne.! on with various st,xk,, to learn which was the iiio.i ..tl i.laeiorv for th'. various 
 classes ot plums, and diilerent methods of grafting have also been trie.]. The sDrayiiiif 
 ot the trees with various mixtures and .soluticms to control fungous dis.-ases and insect 
 pesUhas also Ixmmi an imiHirtnnt part of the work. Careful records have been kei.t of 
 the dates of blooming of the ditfeaMit varietie.s, and the information thus obtaineU ia 
 
 
 ii 
 11 
 
IS 
 
 fwenWarieties will be found in thw bullet.n. in e y.eW ^^^ .^ ^^^^.^„ j^^^^,, 
 
 rr^arekeptsepamte,andit.sth«sp^«iWeJ^ originating soiling ,.lums, 
 
 than another. Much work »»»^ ,^\'^J^,4Vv„y F°"-'"«°°^^^'''^^"^'" ^ 
 especially of the Amencan varieties, "^^^X^^ h^heen carried on. . , . 
 
 K ex^rimental work in ^^^^^^^^.l^'^JZX^ p'um growing as it nught^ x- 
 Thp soil in the plum orchard is not as suiw i originally JO l)> 
 
 nursery :— Nmnber of yar.etics. 
 
 G roup or Class. •* 
 
 Kiiroi>tan ' ' " jqq 
 
 Japanese. ... .. ' ^y 
 
 Americana ' ' ' '_ j.j 
 
 Nigra. 
 
 Miner 
 
 Wayland-likc... 
 
 WiWeooBe 
 
 Hybrid 
 
 Total varieties. 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 SI 
 
 147 
 
 Seedling Varieties. 
 
 While there are many fine named ^rietie^ <^J^-\^ X^s'^the ^^ff^ 
 favourable parts of the P^^-^^^^^ "*,?"ter mrts oT he p ovi.ces whore few of the better 
 of getting something better. In ^''^ «^ f^''^^^;^." „ n.Jlmrdier an.l better k.nds. O.ie 
 plums sucoe,Ml, there is a fi"«?5-Port unity .«:de',Uo^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^ ^ 
 
 li the easiest and best methods °« "J"^^" "f^.'^^J; ;\,,e .listri.t where new knuls are dc- 
 the stones of the best plums ^■'"^*'/ *'"'„" ,^"1 t,,e,.e .tones should be procured fmrn the 
 sired, and if no plums have y^l^^f^^'^CyZU- ?'"-"« l''*^'' ^^'l' -"'l'^"^^'i 
 nearest place where ^'i;^^^ I;;' ^^'Z^mc^ U. obtliin a seedling plum of this grm p 
 for so many eentur.es that it «d ' ^ J^^^^ ^„^ ;„ cultivation, but the prospects foi 
 whieh will lie Wtter in <iuahty than 1 e best „ i ,^^^^ ^^^^.^.^ ^_^j .A"';"^"''' 
 
 obtainin.' trees with hardier fru t *»".''^/'y "^ V ' ^ and there is a wide field for 
 ia^elK-en, relatively speaking, httle.n^u^^^^^^ j,,^^„^ t,„. „t 
 
 SSopment here. Stones should be - f J ^^ ^^^ Tlule .tones should, when 
 p,^luctive tree of the variety of «' "^'\^,^;f;„";^,^i^ n^e, an if the stones become dry t lu-y 
 possible, be I.»-te<l u„m.haU.K a ^^ ^ u t I ^ ,^ ^^ ^^ tj^y -"ir^:" !: ^ 
 
 possible, be plante<i ""■";';»'"'>";;,;; ilnot grow at all. 
 till not gorniinate as well, ami sun time Nil^^^ ^^__„^^^ ^^^^^ ^^_ 
 
 SttMlU^ iKv...!..-.- ■•-.■ - . 
 
 If thev are planted at 
 V ill not terminate as well, an.t sumn ,u.r, ..... "-^_ , , ^ the .,t*>nes cannot 
 
 e th e^the fruit is ripe it is not necessary t" r'~^' ,,y;' f, ^., ,,econK- dry. They 
 i^lTniently plante,\ at this t-- ^ '«>; J;"^jt ^li ^ulll l,e moist but :>ot wet. 
 ,„av lie kept over winter in boxes " >^V^ "^^^ 'V. ^Ue Inittom of th,- b-x and is merely 
 
 A iaver of sand about one inch m tutkness is put in ^^ .^^^ ^^^^^^, .^^^,, _^^_„j^^,, 
 
 t^^a with a layer of stones, t'-^^-^;;;^!^ :?^ ^'ffluLl. This is called stn ti.iea- 
 l.yor of stones spread on top, and ountU^ ^^^^^^^ _^„,j ^ 
 
 tion. The lx.x should 1* buried outMde ^^ ' '>"^ '^;,'; j^.^.,^ ,vhen tU'V are thus moist 
 
 „.„,<. ti,n«su ite -■"to i",»»;- r™''";. Hi... on. ind. top, ("fM" ""y «"> i;i"'"' 
 
IS 
 
 the wst of t,„.e^ ii;'\fre'ri7xr.fj:r„rr. ,1^^- A^r^'i-rS 
 
 l.ng plums .-specmlly ..f tho An..Mica„a a„,l native varie ieTare as l.kw „, ir • "^'"^ 
 the «roun.l on which the, a.v «.,wi„. i. „„, ,„.t a, thf f^:-^.:^ f^ti:! t'Tirnr.^' 
 
 CROSS-IIItKKniX<i. 
 
 New varieties (,f ,,lu,„s niav he 
 obtaine<l hy truss breedinj;, and hv 
 tl-.is metluKl one is even more hkei- 
 to obtain the kind of plum desire.l, 
 but tlie time for this work is so 
 hmit«I, Ix-ing only a few davs when 
 the flowers are opening, that onlv 
 specialists can very well un.ertake 
 It. The method of crossin.' is ex- 
 plained in Bulletin No 37 on Apple 
 Culture. 
 
 Propagation. 
 
 The plum is propagated princi- 
 pally by budding and graftinj,', 
 although a few varieties will sti ike 
 more or less readily from euttinus, 
 and some kinds when on their own 
 roots are increased from suckers. 
 
 STOCKS. 
 
 While it has not yet b(>en clearlv 
 proven that the s' ';k on wliicb a 
 scion is grafted v^l :iiateiial!v 
 change the flavour o season of the 
 fruit, it does afi'ect the vigour and 
 tVuittuIiii'ss of the tive in a greati'r 
 or less (Icgrif. If a scion is grafted 
 on a 'Kvarf stock ihe tree will l)e 
 dwarfed and will come into beaiin" 
 siK.ne- than if grafted on a thrifty 
 st.K'k as anything which checks the 
 growth of the tr(H> promotes earlv 
 fruit fiilne-^, ft is j)ossible, however, 
 es{.ociai: top giaftiiig, to have 
 
 suih a s rowing stock that the 
 
 graft oul„ .vs it tin) nn-ch and the 
 tree l)econies top heavy and if it 
 does not die owing to a poor circu- 
 lation of sap, the graft is liable to 
 be broken otr by wind. The tree in 
 the accompanying cut was killed 
 because there was not a iree circu- 
 lation of .sap. The st<Kk also, if it 
 is tender, may he wint<'r killed and 
 I. ti-ee whieli may be perfectly hardv 
 
 Euroiwan plimi toi. prafttii on Nigra pluni, 
 Uirw fiet fi-uui (ground. 
 
14 
 
 h 
 
 „ .„i,;'. „.iii« .iih ii» ^io.. »J >'■'••" ''■7,7.'':3a„„^„<.„ii,i. Ai-ri™, i»t 
 
 'l^zt":"^^^^:^^:^^^!^^ ..* ... ".-'« •■"' «-"• ' ■• 
 
 ,„i,,.,, parts of Ontario »M.,1 Quebec ^^^^^ ^^^.^^_ , ,^^^^^^ 
 
 :^^,::^JZjULaZl^. n ha.,'^^w.ver. the dis^vantago of not bc.ng 
 
 -^X:£rr^S^j"^"^tn,p^^^^^ .^r T.,e St. .uUen ,s. ...... 
 
 ti'saf.-st stock for Kuropean plums in the north. , ■ w, 1 t 
 
 . , v,,;,v Vmeri.ana and Native plu.n seedhngs furnish the W 
 
 Am^rvunia and -^""^;--^":!. ";,]"'' jhe voun-' t.U make strong growth and are 
 
 stmks for the colder parts of Canada V f>°""7,. ,. ;,„„,, usually satisf actory 
 
 crv suitable as stocks for grafting and buddin^^ ^'"theTop out^-rows the stock and 
 
 ,,„;.n the European V^-^f ■:^^- l"l ^^'^'f^^ZliZ kok of'nourishment. as the native 
 ,.itl...r breaks off from U-.n., top lea > ""-^i^^ 7™^,,^^ ,.„,,,er, have followed from 
 
 7:r:::^'Si'^^^^^^ ^'"^- ^^-'^' -"^^ ^^^ *'''^^ "'^^^ ""^" 
 
 ,.„.n obtained but the trees a.: stdl >-"=- ^^^_f^„^. ^,,„, 
 
 - "';"' ^;r7^i;^"Xr a ' .;::^,>^^^ f1.. and trees which have been 
 • M-attcd .m the Nand Ltiri) at ^" J with a iwrfect union amlwanng well. J he 
 :,..fte<l 10 yea.. ^^ ^^^^t^Z^'^^jt:^ C^^ry may prove very useful 
 Uves are -'-''''■'•'^ > .'^ j * ; , i,' ,, • ,„ore tires could be planted on an acre when 
 whei" dos.- planting s a. optul, «■■'■"> , . , however, for ten years are not as 
 
 riii: 
 
 in the .'nmnil as we snouiu hm , •'■'" -...■—,, - 
 ,, nay be a serious dis..dvantago when the tree gets older. 
 
 Illl>I>IMi- 
 
 The fav -ite method of propagating l^;;: ^Jy^' ^^li:;;^ ^ \::, 
 
 ,,,,.,„ for doing the «..rk ,s ,n Jf^— ^^e^ LoZ^n found in good eonditi-n 
 ,;„,, i„ Ontario and tiuelnH . ^^J^^^'^"^^^ ^^.^.k, „„, .,r two years old are the nu.st 
 durinu the ci-in!! \M'-K - .., 
 
 T"'"' i'^ 'the'":: :^:i;::Si:^:l-ii; t;::l;ud iruabie u. bo . drowned out; o.., 
 
 l^':;ti: 'wonK ^-"''-^ o:^ ^y re..j;n of too much sap and growth of the .took. 
 
15 
 
 inches t.. e2hkL[Zt'r J T"' T'*"? ■*"■" '""''''^'^ "'^ *" " '"•"■^''* "' "^e "' "'-^ 
 
 should .ovi;l,n;J,t,..f ;'m^ -myexU^nd through the Urk." Another cut 
 will appLtr thus if ' '''''■P*"''^''^"''"- ""«• '^''« t^v" '-•"t- wl.on „,nde 
 
 r.nve " I ml. L r - n ',""''''' ^" !"'W't<-. Before the bu.ls are reinovinj the 
 V whU Sltlf.:^^^^ the petiole or leaf stem is ief t, ho^-ve. 
 
 =■ t,r«ei;^^j%d^ ^F= --"^^ o^-- rss. Tt.:- :;:r 
 
 iiot dry out while the work of hullchnj,' 
 If !i<^mx on. Tiie hud is inserted 
 un.ler the hark hy raising tlie latter 
 with the Wade of the knife i>r the 
 I'lirt of tiio buddiim knife made for 
 that imrpose. The i)ud is then piislu'd 
 down and undt. tiie l)ark with the 
 tin<,'ers, and finally the i.ii'ee of leaf 
 stalk which was left wlien it was 
 removed from the twi- is presseil with 
 theblad" if the knife to l)rin;,' tli, Imd 
 into the |>roper posit ii;n. Thr uaik 
 on eaeli ,^ide of the hiid, wliiili Miould 
 now lx> umler the hark of the stock, 
 will hold it in position. In order to 
 hriiii; the Inid iind stock into eloso 
 contact and pre\ent the former from 
 dryiii,!; up before tlie union takes 
 Jilaee, they should Ik- tied lightlv 
 
 to-ether wit-i rallla or some soft str.ng, t.ikin- care not t ,vor tlie bud with it. The 
 
 bud shoul.l unite with the stock in two or three woeks, and after that time the string 
 shouM be cut, as otlierwise the bu.l may be injured. If the proper .sea.son has been 
 c i(H..n tor the work the bu.l shoul.l remain dormant until th,- sprin- If it starts in 
 tu- autjum.-. it may b,- kllle.i diwin;; the wint.T. In the tollowin-"s,u-in.' the st,K-k 
 shoul.l be .-ut oil just above the bu.l whi.h will ...use all th,- strenuli of Th,. st.K'k to 
 be .lurct.Ml into the b-.l and pr.«l«ee rapi.l growth, three feet n..^ ix-ing .-..n exceptional 
 gr.)wth for the hist season. ' 
 
 :aii.|ili- of .SliiuliMiiiiIdiriif. 
 
 m 
 
 f td 
 
 I u.l.hng IS n..w a very poj.ular moMm.I of propagating plums. The first soas.^n's 
 growth IS ..eater tlia-. from rcH,t-grafted trees and there's a larger proportion ",f 
 straight trunk.Ml trees ,,;• this nvtli.-.l. If it is ,Jesi.e,l also ... pi^nent trees from 
 growing on their own ro<,s, bu.l.ling is preferable, us trees i.ropagated in this way 
 
 may Ih. plante.1 so that the st.i<-; is just at the surf.a f th- soil an-l all ,00 s are 
 
 thrown from it. 
 
 l?uds may also be in.serte.1 in the branches of tnvs with "ood results 
 buds have uniteil aii.l grown the top may W shaped up as if top grafted. 
 
 AVhen the 
 
16 
 
 OBAFTIXO. 
 
 before tl.e \mU ».e«in U. swell. u '•;; W; J ^ ^ ^ •,^,,. ,,„ •„ ,„,,, ,,.atl,er, in 
 
 ^ they. nay tl";' b.. ke,,t .u the eon 1, on U>n,. ^ ^_^^ ^ .^. ^^^^^^^^ ^^___^,^,_.^ ,^,.., 
 
 winte.- t.e..s f.-o..- ^''\*-''\^'t^i ';',,,, .,"1 -there is less saj. also in tl>e srions at 
 removtHl f.on. the,n a. the ^'^ X^f^^tZ^if^S^^-y than if thev we..- ent in the 
 that ti.ne and thus tl-;' -"'--'^^.t *' V •V^/.l'i , ..^r vl ethe.- the yo„n, w.h-1 has Ix-en 
 autumn. One cannot tell ve.y >.el . *;''"'' , j j,,.^,. ti.c w.hhI of ol.l t.ee. 
 iniuml or ..ot. Seions f'- j' ^(jl^^^'Vr^'Siaius likely to ,.r.Kh,..e a .lisease.l 
 is liable to U> cl.si.as.Hl, a. .1 ' ' ^^T' .„. f,,.,„ tl„. ,.u.st p.cKluetive t.e.-s. Oc.as.o.mllv 
 tree when ,n.fted. f-'^^;!^^''"^ '^^^a hea^-r erops than the othe.-s^ If 
 
 '""' "'■ """■'■ T" ll the e Trees' he ,..ob.a.ilitv is that a la.p-r p.o,«„t..m of the 
 seions a.-e taken fro.n these tr'^',^:'' ^"\ j • ,,,,i^.,, ti„. seions were taken than 
 
 .rafUMl trees will Pf "^ ^^ns"^ 1, 'w* : , j;",;,,„. the w.kkI of the eun.nt seasons 
 th,.v otherw.s*' wouUl The "^ ".'";>' "' ,„ , ,^ ^,,o„i,, \^ well dcveloin-.l and the 
 ,,,.o\vth, as older WO.KI.S not sat..faetnj.ribm^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 woml thoroughly ripencl. . I^. .^XsT^ j.^^ f,., this purpose. They .nay not U- 
 
 which spring from the n.a..: .^''^'^'"^ ,"'^. *'^^'^, , ti.,- pioix^nsiti.^ 
 thor.,u,ddyritH,..ed,and.t.s.lsoi^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;:!:?'dir.:!;^::ft^^ti..i: wi::f it ..ould went .nt,. pieces U ...r to s.. 
 
 The hu.t named are fou.ul -rv sa .sj.. o > .U U^..^^^^^^ 
 
 t'l-i 5, a.^l sh.:^ld re.nain dorn.ant „n,.l -^^; ^ ;^ , ^ ,,..^^,„.^, .,„ ,„ 
 
 7^..,. an^in,. -Plu.ns are r-l"'^;; -' J " ;^; >, ''>si ^ :„, ye.u. old or two 
 bud<li..j,' is .no.-e ge..e.-al a..d «.yes, as a . «le, U tte. .exults. .. . 
 
 year ol.l stocks are heele<l in 
 durin- the autumn in a co<j1 cel- 
 lar in moist sand. Graft.n-may 
 Ik- .h.ne any tnne dunn- tl.e 
 winter, but it is uswM v not 
 sta.-tcduntilJa.iuaryorlobiuary. 
 AVhipor t.miiue -i-aftinf; is the 
 method usually eiiiploy.d. As 
 „rdv the .cot is i-e-iuired, the 
 trunk and blanches are cut oil 
 and throv.n away. As there is 
 but little advanta-e in usi.il; the 
 
 whole .-oot, it may be d.vuled 
 
 i„to>ev..ral pi.^ces, mu.'h depen.l- 
 
 iu.jr on its size. Each piece 
 
 shoul.l Ije at least lour inches 
 
 Ion". A Miiooth, sloping < ut up- 
 
 wai'ds, about two inches lon^, is 
 
 made aciuw the mmu part of t le 
 
 root mi'st suitable to receive the 
 
 M-ion. The sci.m is piepare.1 Dv 
 
 rutti.e,' oiV a piece of the w-.kkI 
 
 procured for this purp.se in the 
 
 ttutui.n. fi-om four to six inches 
 
 long and with about three well 
 
 Exmiple of Kuot-tirafting. 
 
1 
 
 l-N 
 
 « 31 
 f 
 
 .1 
 
17 
 
 devt' '>i3(l biulM on it ; a Hiiiootli, til'iiiin^; cut ilownwaitls and acruaw it in now miule of 
 abou. the Mime length «h that alrouly uodo un thcMt4H!k. CMta are now mmi. in the 
 ■loping Hurfttce of botli scion and stock, in the former, upwardii ; and in the latter 
 downward^. They are then joine<l together by forcing tlie tonguo of the scicn into the 
 cleft of the stock. Tiie inner bark, or cambium, of both scion and Htock, should " j in 
 contact with one another on at least one side of the graft, ua it is at this [Miint of con- 
 tact whert> the union begitiH to take plai-iv In ordi-r to eiisuni a sjxN-dy and succcsHful 
 union, wuxnd cotton thread is wound tightly around U> hold the parts together. 
 Amateurs are also advised to rub grafting wax all over where tlie two parts are joined, 
 as with this treatment, success is likely to bo more certain. 
 
 The operation having been conijileted, the grafts are llilekt^l awuy in nii.st ..r saw- 
 dust until spring. They are then planted out in nursery rows about "three feet apart 
 and one f(K)t apart in the rows, t'le [xtint of union Ix'ing nljout three inehea Ix^iow the 
 surface of tiie soil. Tiie grouim Jiould then Iw kept thoroughly cultivated thnjiighout 
 the sea'^ou. 
 
 Crown Gra/liiiff. — Crown grafting is usuallj' done on young stoeI;s in the nursery 
 row in the spring. The trees are cut at or just Ix-neath the surface of the soil at the 
 crown or collar. A sloping eleft is then made in the side of the crown and a scion, cut 
 wedge-slm]ie at the lower end, is inserted in the cleft. The suine precautions siiould l)e 
 observed us in nxit-gruftiiig, of having the inner Iwrk of l>oth stock and scion touching 
 on at k'iist one side. The grafted part should then be well covered with grafting wax, 
 in order to exehuic the air. The tre»'s usually make a strong growth when grafted in 
 this way, but as the work has to l)e done in April before growth begin.s it is (,ften in- 
 convenient to do it at that busy season of tiie year. 
 
 Top (Ira/ttng. — Plum trees are not top grafte<l as frequently as apple trees, but 
 they can he very successfully grafte<i in this way. When there are trees w liich prciluco 
 poor or unprofitable fruit they may be made to bear good fruit by top grafting other 
 varieties upon them. An unsymmetritBl top may also bo improve<i by top grafting. 
 European or Japanese varieties should uct be top grafted on Americana or Nigra stock. 
 In our experience at tlie Central Experimeptal Farm it has been found that although u 
 good union is made the Kuroponn will outgrow the Americana so much that the top will 
 die a few years after grafting, the trunk of the stock expanding too slowly. It niav 
 be mentioned hero that it is a good practice to slit the Kirk of the st(jek in "top-grafted 
 plum trees if there is an indication of its getting hidebound. Jn top grafting plums it 
 is l)cst to have both stock and scion as neaily related botanically as possible. Ton 
 grafting is done in the spring before growth begins, and earlj' grafting is more important 
 with the plum than with the apple. As the shock to a large tree would be very great 
 if all the branches, on which leaves develop, were cut off the first season, about three 
 years should be devoted to changing the top of the tree. Cleft grafting is the method 
 usually adopted in top working plum trees, it being simple and satisfactory. 
 
 The branches to be grafted should not exceed one inch and a half oi two inches in 
 diameter. If they are larger, it is so long before the stub heals over, that disease may 
 set in. It is possible, however, to graft larger branches by putting in more scions. The 
 top grafting of a large tree should be done with a view to having the new top as sym- 
 metrical as possible, and great cure should be taken in selecting the branches to Ijo 
 grafted upon. After the bninch is sawn off it is cleft by means of a mallet and strong 
 knife to the depth of an inch and a half U> two inches. It is held open to receive the 
 scion by driving a wedge in it. Scions for use in top grafting are cut from dormant 
 v(H)d \vliich h;is been kept in goofl condition in the manner already descrited. They 
 should have about thi-ee strong buds and bo cut wedge shape at the base, one side, how- 
 ever, being a little thicker than the other. Two scions are now inserted in the cleft of 
 til'- .stub, wit!', the wide side of the wedge on the outaide, and llirust down until the 
 Iriwest bud is almost on a line with the edge of the stub. The inner bark of Iwtli scion 
 and stub shoe.ld meet at some point, so that the union will take place readily, and this 
 is more easily effected if the scion is given a slightly outward Kloj>e when inserted. 
 When the wvdge lias been withdrawn from the cleft the advantage of having the wedge- 
 •hapcd end of th' "bicker on one side will be apparent, as it will be held much 
 
 43-3 
 
18 
 
 
 Iciist nartiiillv lieJilinl over. ,., 
 
 Tl.e .au,u branches ar.3 cut back to ^^.tl.m a sh.,.t_^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^^^.^^^ ,^.j,^ 
 
 Tl..- r llie Krafte.l part is to tho trunk, the K-ttiT, 
 as the tn'o will !« stron-or than if the union 
 g I i A .MTurriMl fuitlu-i- out on tho limb, sinro the growth 
 
 I I I I of "raft and sci..n may not U- ciual. It .^ possible 
 
 I III to cut off tho whole top of th.-tn-o and -raft Huci-CHS- 
 
 I III fully on tho main trunk, when tho tr.;o is young. 
 
 I I |l but unk'ssono is sure that tho union wdl Ik- iK-rfect 
 
 J ■ '•■'^ and tho top not outgrow tho st.K-k, it is lK;ttor not 
 
 jto run tho risk of losing tho tree. Hi.thormore, 
 f if the whole top is cut off th.ro will 1"> such a 
 growlh tho firit season that tho scions are liablo to 
 fret broken off In top -rafting a young tn-o that 
 has 1h rn planted from three to live years, it !■ 
 b tt'T to take <wo seasons lo do the work, as the 
 results will 1 -a rule, more satisfactory. 
 
 It is nc. sary to examine the g.afted trees 
 during tho sun.mer a.i.l r. . e any young sho<>te 
 from tho stoc'ks which are interfering with the 
 scions. It is not wise, however, esiH-cially when 
 tho tree has b'-en cut back severely for gratting, to 
 remove all tho sluKits until the grafts have grown 
 consid.rably and furnish a g.)0<l leaf surface. 
 
 While grafting implements and appliances are 
 
 numerous, the work can he done with 9. few, and 
 
 -,._ ^„^ a.s it is not often convenient f.>r tho farmer or fruit. 
 
 h'g'the .Sb7on trees to bo top-grafted where tho limbs are t.K> large to be cut with the 
 
 '""""T'st^'rong pruning knife for cutting th. smaller limbs ; for smoothing the wounds 
 nuidAjtKw or i^runing shears; for trimming off torn edges of branches, and for 
 
 ^•' ""i^iL?S^Shl^l;:n fiS. f... .vnioving b.ls. having an ivory handle 
 
 ^'^'V^^Z^ :;;:ir;s=uii intitS'^f ^'VLcmade grafting knives 
 
 i„. k i e Thev ar^ us^ for cuttin. „ff branches which are t-s. large for the latter and 
 
 ^ .small to nee-d the saw ; for rough ..run.ng an,l ^'V^^^^'Z.^ 
 
 A w..dge and mallet - '^^^ --^y ^ .!: ;,f ^^'^ ':^ ^ ^^ „nd very pliable 
 luilliii, which IS one ot the t>v, r\in, iii.i. 111.- , - 
 
 n..iteris for the purpose The .size known a.s No. 18 knitting cotton is the best. It is 
 Wd't inb^l w icrsl ould bo so.ake,l for a few minutes in melto.1 grafting wax Ijefore 
 S The yarn may also be drawn through melted wax, which ensures its aU l>eing 
 thorou.d.lv soaked, and is, perhaps, on this account preferanlo to soaking tl.e kdl. 
 
1 
 
 1» 
 
 onArrwo wax. 
 
 TlifW aw Ttiuiiy kituls iit ^niftinj} \»iix nTunmiriiilLil, hut it in unnrci-mirv to 
 enuiU'-niti' tliHin itll. One of tin- <,'lu'aii<'!Ht iiml ImjmI it tliiit rin'oiumemlefl in '/'/ui //ifti- 
 c'lflitrixl'a liitU Hook, uiulcr the luiiiii' ' lt>'lialil<' Wiix,' the rcn-ipt of wliich is mt 
 folliws: - 
 
 ' I'rli'ilili' Wiix.- Ill-ill, I I'urtt, liy wci^ilit ; Iiccnw.i.x, J fi.i:ti»; t;illnw, 1 |>iut. 
 ^(.■It to>;othi'i- aii'l piur iiilo ii \r\\\ of fold water. Thru ^naM' I'm- haniU and pull tlm 
 wax until it is nearly wliiti'. Oiu- of tlifs In-st vviixi's t'ur liilur • loor or outdoor i!si>.' 
 This slumld 1x3 livatfil lifl'oro usiii;; if t'Mi haiil. 
 
 Till! priiu^pal value nf ;;ra»'tiiij{ wax is to cxclu If air from tho wnund, and thus 
 |ip'veiit the wood from diyiiii; hif'nc a union taki-s ,ilari'. ,\ hh.mI ffrat'tin;; wax .should 
 ip>t iriuk wlien on thi' tii'', I'Uc tia" air will reach the wc.uud and thu wax provt'of little 
 v,ilu«>. Many niateiials may Ix" us<>d insteail of '^niftiiij; " t" for this purjMwe, oiKMif the 
 >iiii|'lest \)c'ii\)i a niixtuiv • : <lay and enw duni;, hut <;rattiii;i wax is much to Ix" pn-ferrtHj. 
 Strip-, of oottoii are nfti-n umhJ, t'sptri.illy in t'l)) xraftiii'^and crouii grafting;, for wrr.ppin;} 
 iiroi'ii 1 the wound after the wax has liei-ii applieil for the ]iuipi)se of helpin;; to i.-xcludo 
 the air, and also to assist in holdin.; the scion in po.sition until tho union takes place. 
 This cotton i.s unnecessary if iJ'hxI ;;raftiii^ wax is usitl ; hut if a very valuahle variety 
 is (.'raftetl it is .safer to use the cotton, as when the };i-owth of the scion is rapid there i.s 
 a elianee of its getting htoken nil" during the lirst season Ivfure it is tliopiuj;lily mited 
 with the .stock. Large wounds on tiees .•houM U? covered with some nialcri.il that will 
 protect the cut surface from the wi.ither, ]ircvent disease from si'Uing in, and which will 
 not peel off easilv. A ginul dressing nf lead paint is prohahly the l)est material to use 
 for this purpose. Uratting wax nmy In; used on smaller branches. 
 
 THK NinsKUV. 
 
 .Mthougli, as a 'ule, it will he the most ciinvcnieiit pl.in to htiy trees from the 
 professional nurseiyman, _ ,t he who pn^pagates plum trees hy n>'it uraftin:,', erowu 
 grafting, or budding, for his own use, sliould have a nursery in which to grow them 
 until they are readv for thi? orchard. A ginnl siuidy loam soil, v.liich diK's not liake and 
 i.s well drained, is l«'st siii'cd for this ]>ui|io,se, and will grow the strong, healthy trees 
 which are desired. The groum! slmuld he thoroughly prepared and the young trees 
 jiLiiitcd *l)Out lli inchts iipart, in iciv.s from '1\ to .'! feet .ipart. t'uitivatinn should Iw 
 thiirough up to about the middle " .July, when it should c( hm', as in colder rliniates, 
 e-pecially, it is \ery desirable that .oe woisl rii-en well, and late cultivation would en- 
 courage late growth. Tt wih he neees.saiy the tirst year the grafted or budded trees are 
 growing in the nursery to go over them c,ii< t'ully and cut out any -hoots « hii h may ho 
 coming from the stix'ks, and also to reduce tin- graft to one stem >liould more develop. 
 If anv side branches grow, however, they shoulil Ik; left intact. In small nurseries it is 
 sometimes advisable to tie the young trees to stakes the tirst season. This will mako 
 them stia' ' ter and wiil help to keep them from iH'inL: broken. These trees may Ixj 
 planted in the orchard the following spring if one year old trees are to be usikI. ]{y tiie 
 end of the second voir or the beginning of the third, after the branches have Ixvn 
 pruned to the proper height and the tops shaped, the trees will be in tho iK'.st condition 
 for jJaiiting in the orchaid. 
 
 TlIK OliCII Mil) 
 
 I 
 
 if -il 
 
 n 
 
 Stii/ <i)iil Erpi^-iiff. -Plums will siioeerd well on a great many kinds of soils, hut 
 Some groups a])pt'ai to succeed better on (-eiijiin soils tliaii on otiieis, the best soil depend- 
 ing soiiicwhat on the climate in which the jilums are grown. In those secliims of 
 Ontario where the Kuropean plums .succeed best, well draine<l clay hiaui has given the 
 most siitisfactorv results, Aloiii; the south shore of the St. I.awienre, Im'Iow thecity of 
 Quebec, where the European plums succeed well, these plums do bett<."r on staiidy loan. 
 
20 
 
 on clay loam. The Amencanas am ^^'r,r i .. , ; g^j or success need not »« 
 
 -" -TlL^u ...,=., .™ »p™«j.™<;; ES'rja' Sir?" =■ " '• 
 
 k„ likely W S.V. '»%";'••• n,i" ,;•,," e;™™„,I J.r.„esc |*.m. Huff.r k«ily 
 I'l"'";; ,. / ,;. i-.,„rf It vei-v often Imppens that the farmer or fiuitRiowor 
 
 th.y a,v planted ,f U,oy a,v to oU m a good -- ^-^,. ^ ,^ ';,,^.„ „ arc planted, 
 if the land is n..t ''"""■='''''-\l"^^^l'"" .,'*,. t- „„,. has no land in coikI condition, to 
 j;,.,wth is likely to 1.0 slow. It is much U^ttcr it ""^''^^ ''•'*" The time « ill not \m 
 delay plantin, a year, and ^ive the sod f '^ "^ r^.^ Inn-n weil inanure for root crops, 
 l„st,'as the trees will do much better 1'' "'^ ^tl ^ rir- a^d Vh^^^^^^^ Icvelle.l and 
 
 1,. taken i..t.. cm.uleral.on .li"" if ■■;«.'" , ' ,, "^ J^ ,„„i „,„|„. t,„it of g.«<l 
 
 „,,!„* .i.i.-i,-,„.j i« .aortoi;.. '•)•"■«, "f,, "»';»:: ■,, , ,, .a,, ., ,;„ u. i,,,.ins 
 
 them all as peiiuanent uc(s, iui\ » *i„. 1,,.. n,.V,in" and upri'dit ''rowmu varieties 
 
 ""^ ^" '''' rait^^'r m-cJia T ^^^^1 pl::!^ IS lA ^.arrwould he a very 
 were iiiixeil as nu^iit Dt- in ccno.n > ■ • b i 
 
 "'•ts,''';:-::r;,;;;a'i; .. p...... .1.0 — - -■-"■' <!'tr;;," '"ir.ir ,s ;,'" 
 
 '•'"'";--',r;:;:' t;rrxy"»; »—' p.*.*,, ,.,„ ..» w,™, ,,, ..e. „r 
 
n 
 
 ▼•ry favourable conditions for tlif si)rcii(l of l)(>th insect pests iinH [ilant discuses. On tlie 
 other liund, ii proper windbrcaic lessens the force of the wind and thus protects tlie tiees, 
 which will j,'row straightcr and sliiipolier ; it will also very materially Icsstm the amount 
 of windfalls, and it will permit of growinj^ varieties which will not succeed under ordinary 
 I'xposure. Wind is one of the most important factors in drying out the land and causing 
 (h-ou<;lit. If its force is checked by a windbreak the evaporation of moisture from the 
 soil will not be so great. 
 
 One of the best trees to plant fur a windbreak is the Norway spruce (I'ici-a e.rne/my 
 It is a rapid growing evergreen and is hardy almost everywhere wliere plums can be 
 gniwn successfully. A single row <if these trees planted from S to 10 feet apart is (juite 
 sullieient. They should grow, i* proi>erly eared for, at the rate of from 2 to 3 feet a 
 year until they reach a height of .')() to (iO feet. Iti very exposed places it may l)e 
 desirable to plant two rows of ^rees, the trees forming the secioid row being planted 
 between and .s or 10 feet behind the ti'ces in the first row. The first row may be composed 
 of arbivr-vitu', whicli are lather slow grow ing, and the row behind made of Norway 
 spruce, if desirable. White pine and Kuropean larch are rapid growing trees which 
 may l)e u.sed for this ))uri>os;-. .SiMileh pine is incliiu-d to be irregular in growth, and is, 
 on this account, sometimes not .satisfactory. If tlie trees already mentioned cannot 1)C 
 t>l)tained there are other native trec>s which w ill give good satisfaction. 
 
 Kiiif] of Tii'ir: lir I'liiid. — Plum trees one or two vears of age wiil give the best 
 satisfaction. If the planter dcM-s all the cultivation himself, small trees will be mor«^ 
 sjitisfaetory, as they start more readily than larger ones, but if hired help is employed 
 a good sized tree !« imi)ortai!t, as small size,l trees are liable to be tramped down or other 
 wise injured. The paragraph on stocks siiould be read carefully, as the stoc-k of the 
 (iliuu ]ilays an important part in the growth of the tree. 
 
 Plinitiii'j. -The sjiring v- the best tiini> to plant plum trees, and the earlier it is 
 (lone the better, providing the soil is dry enough to work without puddling. Plum trees 
 sutler more from late planting than apple trees. The trees may Ix; plantisi with success 
 in the autumn if the woik is done early, as tliey will throw out roots iK'fore winter, but 
 if lilanteil late they are very likely to be killed by drying out. As it is of the greatest 
 importance to get the trees planted early in the sjiring and as when ordered from 
 nurserymiMi in the spring, it is dillicult to get them as early as recpiired, a g(K«l plan is 
 to ortler them to lie delivered in autumn and when received heel them in well drained 
 ■soil until spring. After the trees arc taken out of the soil great care should \ni taken 
 to j)ievent the roots from becoming dry b«-fore planting, as if they do the 
 tree is almost sure to die. Dipping the roots in a thin mixture of clay loam 
 and water will protect them somewhat, but wet burlap, old bags, or wet straw- 
 should also Ix' used. Hefori' exposing the roots of the trees, however, the holes 
 should l)e made. Many planters seem to have the idea that if they dig a hole 
 barely large enough for the roots to l)e crowded into thev will have gtH)d results. Some- 
 times they do ; nmcb oftener tliey do not. If the whole field has been sub^oiled ami is 
 in a thorough state of tillage it wopld iiot matter so much, as the soil all over would be 
 in the same state of friability, but this is very rarely the case. S'j that, a^ a rule, it is 
 necessaiy to make the hole so!:i., v.hat larger than wiil aceonmiodate the roots, spread 
 out to their full extent. It shoeld be maile almut IS inches deep, after which the sul> 
 soil should be loosened a few incl'es more, but not removed. In digging the hole, the 
 surface soil should be kept •ep.tr.ite from the subsoil or that of poorer quality. Sufiitient 
 Kinl'ace soil should now be throv. II back in the hole to make the It e, when planted, 
 about an inch (leej)er in tiie groer.d tlian it was before. If a tree is not planted ileep 
 enough, the roots m.iy become exeoM'd I'nd the tl<e die. On the other hand, it siiould 
 not be planted too deep. liet'ore it is plaiiled permanently in the hole, the .soil which 
 has been thrown in should be rai' id and rounded ofl' in the centre. If this is done, the 
 riHits of the tree can be sju'ead out nmch more readily and placed more in their natural 
 jiosition. R lots of |ilum trees have not numy fibres and it is necessary to spread what 
 are left on the tree, carefully, in order to get the bi-st results. Broken or bruised rooti 
 ■huuld bo cut oti' before planting the tree. 
 
 
22 
 
 i„d„, wi.l, »-»7;;,J»; ™ '„ ;„ t:i".S .!« m- ..".1 « Ju,™, .1,;. ■■■ 
 
 c„„,,<,rt nm«. I> U.I.. '>!'"''\" ',,'„,,, .,v,m..™ii..n of ,i»,i=lure »nJ tl.o gnnvlh 
 
 1)1' guardeil ag.i-.nst. 
 
 Varieties. 
 MtlmuM. a In-.- nuii.lKT cf varieties of plums is now ollVre.! for sale l.v nuvs.My- 
 
 ...^ :i r i?i :xs,r="S;'i^^- ;srt^^ s':; c 
 
 parat.v..ly l.m.te.l '' '^, '^ "',;?; 'f „,?,, „a,„o,l varieties having come eith.-r from 
 
 !f 'T'"" ''er;. Hv^ W A t i" hie nun.her of hyhrid varieties have Veu 
 the Javnnise oi native I>'> '"^ ^^ , , ^ ^ been sulfieiently tested to 
 
 "V:''T: e;i";^rC:''"S:.a m;;::t,:'n;'h::heen ma-le^in the An.erica,^ and other 
 ^S ' w" Lr ;hn.,s,;nd . ■J..t n,any nan.ed varieties have l>een .ntr^lueel, no less 
 
 , , ? v;. tr.l^in^l n'li ^^Xr o'early in Xoven.ber, although along the River 
 
 ^'"■1;:,;:;"';^.'"^ ::^'Ap,Kulture, .nhlishod l.y the .riter, tlu- ,.r,,vinees of 
 <, . ,,.U.e\v. e diviu'd into thirteen d.lVercnt .list nets, repvesenting m a 
 
 !::':;;:,;" l!.s!^i:i;-^. din^.ent .mditions of son and clin.a.e. These san.e d.v.s.ons are 
 
 "'^'''ulh'uSrtl^' viu'lies reeonunended are likely to be the most suitable the intend- 
 
 Although tlK " varieties are proving the most prof.tahle in his vicinity. 
 
 i„g planter should lea. n ^'f . . " ;,•; ",^* ,,' , ,„, ,„n^,liii„„s will vary sonR-what from .me 
 
 This is important as the .. strict. . ' f;^ .\;* „ ^^^^ ,,i^^, .,^ ,,,, ■ ,,t ,,,i,iiraiy. It is 
 
 :::;;:;::„:;; t::,:;i':u::x;:u.^';:.i::;^ne:m.,,^ si.ie of which a var.ety ... a...n 
 
23 
 
 am] on tl.e other sido of whid, it will prove a failure. TI.e boundary linos are su'-estive 
 
 Ti' 1 "°^";".'^": ''■''": t'l^'t there will h, especially unfavourable locations for or.^l.ards 
 n a inikler dhstrKt m wh.oh it would 1m, safer to plant the varieties reeonui.en.led for a 
 
 colder one Ihe planter should use his jud^'n.ent in the matter. 
 
 I- . • . ."'t*^'" ^'?- ^'' "" '^Pl'le Culture, a map was pubiishtHl showing tli.' .litVereiit 
 iistnets m the provinces of Ontario and Ijueb-c. Unfortun itely this nv-p was ,l..strovH<l 
 
 by hre and could not U- reproduced here, but anyone havin- I'.ull'tin No. :',7 muv refrr to it 
 
 as the districts are practically the same. 
 
 The varieties reconmiended in the follnwin- list are arranscvj, as far as iKissible, in 
 
 Older of npen.n^', btwini.in^. with the earliest. It was onlv throu:;!, the kin.hiess of a 
 
 , '7'' "".'"!'''■ f ^.f «''V"' ^''"'' ^'■"''■•^■'■'^ ^'''•''^ '^ I'^'S '""■" P'««ihle to' prepare a list of the 
 best varieties for the different districts. These men have s?iven the .cults of their 
 exjK^nenct^ most willingly, and I take this opportunity of a^^in thai.kinj,' tliem pu!,licly for 
 tlieir assistance. n r .7 
 
 A DISTIIICT LLST FOR THK PUOV'INCK.S OF ONTAIUO AND (^lEIiKC. 
 
 DLSTIJICT.S I AM) •_>. 
 
 (Counties of Essex Kent, liothweil, E!;.nM,Xorfulk. Haldimand.Welland and Lincoln 
 and the southern part of the counties of Dunbton, Middlesex, Oxford and Wentworth). 
 
 VAlilKTIKS RKC0MMi;\l)KI) lOK MAUKKT. 
 
 r.«,./"T""T;.^?'^'Ar''' ^'T"''' ^'■*-''' r-'""'"'''. '^^'^^'y. Italian Prune, .Shropshii-e 
 JJanison, Grand Duke, Monarch. > t " 
 
 ./«/«uK^?.— KeflJune, Abundance, Ihulwiik, Chabut. 
 
 i^ 
 
 AOWTioxAr. VAi:nnii;s sii;i:kmi.d. 
 
 European.— Gueii, Otiuckeiilwss, Yellow i:-.;, Di.unond, Golden Drop CCk-'s). 
 
 VAiiii;rii;s hi;commi;xiji;i) kou homk. v.sk. 
 
 Emeral,!, Washington, F ::'.,nk, Hradshaw, Im,,,ial Cage. IJavav, Italian IVune, 
 Stiropshire J-'anison. ' * 
 
 DISTKR T ;?. 
 
 (Counties of Wellington, DuB'erin, Waterloo, Halton. P,-eI and Biv.nt and tli, 
 eastern part of Oxford, the northen. part of Wentworth, the western part of York and 
 the st)uthern part of .Sinuue). 
 
 VAIMiniKS liKi.'OMMK\r)KI> Foil MAIiKKT. 
 
 Einnpea,!.- I'.nid-haw, Gueii, Imperial Gage, (Jlass, Lombard, I'on.l. Y'ellow E '" 
 Bavay. "'" 
 
 Jcijiiinrsf.— iWil June, Abundance, Jiurbank. 
 
 ADDiTioNAi, vai!1i:tii:s si.«;i;i;sti;d. 
 Mount Royal, Raynes, .Stanton, Chabot. 
 
2i 
 
 VARIETIES RECOMMEXDEO FOB BOHE USC 
 
 ■NVushingtcn, Burbauk, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Lombard, Bavaj. 
 
 DISTRICT 4. 
 
 (The northern parts of I^inbton, Mi.ldlpsex and Oxford ; the counties of Perth, 
 Union, Bruce and Urey and the county of Simcoe with the exception of the extreme 
 
 Kuutliein portion). 
 
 VXniKTIES niX'OMMKXDKI) FOIt MA!:KET. 
 
 A'loo/x-a/i.— Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Glass, Lombard, Yellow Egg, Bavay, lUlian 
 
 I'rune, Monarch. 
 
 Japanese.— Had June, Abuudtince, Burbank, Clialx)t. 
 
 ADDITIONAL VARIETIES SUCiOESTEa 
 
 Grand Duke, Diamond. 
 
 VAlilETIES RECOMMENDED FOR UOME USB. 
 
 Washington, Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Bavay, Lc.<,.in Pruna 
 
 DISTRICT 5. 
 
 (The county of York with the exception of the extreme western portion and liio 
 counties of Ontario, Durham, Northumberland, Prince Edward, L.^nnox, Frontciiac^ to 
 Kin.'sUjn, and Hastings and Addington, within thirty miles of the bt. Lawrence 
 Kiver; also the southern portion of Victoria and Peterborough). 
 
 VAUIKTIKS UKCtHlMESDKD FOR MAItKKT. 
 
 /.'i/ro/^-YiH.— Bradshav, Gu.-ii, Iniperiul Gage, Glass, LomUrd, Ycllo Egg, 15a\ay 
 
 Italian Prune. 
 
 Japdiie^e.—lied Ju:ie, Abundance, Burlxink. 
 
 ADDIIiONAl. VAlilKTIES SLIJliESTED. 
 
 Grand Duke, Diamond, Monarch, Chabot. 
 
 VAUIKTIK.S RKCOMMKNDKl) FOR HOME USE. 
 
 Washington, Mcl^iughlin, Burbank, Bradshaw, Imperial Gage, Bavay, Italian 
 Prune, Shropshire Damson. 
 
 DISTRICT 6. 
 (County of I^eeds, Grenvillc, l)uiidu.s, SUiiuiont). 
 
 VARICTIES RECOMMKNDII) FOR MARKET. 
 
 Americana and A'iyra.-Aitkin. Bixby, Maukato, Cheney, Wolf, U.S., Hawkeye, 
 Stoddard. 
 
20 
 
 ADDITIOSAL VARIETIES SUaOKSTEO. 
 
 Americana. —Terry, Smith, Atkins, Bouncer. 
 IH%oo»e.— Whitakcr, Milton. 
 
 VAniETlES ntCOMMESDED FOB llOMt USB. 
 
 Ilawk.ye!'"'""'' ^^'''' "'"^ "'iWvo"*^'- Bixl.y, Maukuto, Cheney, WhiUker, Cottrell. 
 
 EUR'^PEAN SUOOKSTKD FOR TIlIAr,. 
 
 Lo-nSfwh^ni Yeii^E:^""^''"' ''^^"^^' ''''' "'' '''^"' «'-^' ^"=*''=- 
 
 lied June, Burbank. 
 
 JAPANESE SVCGESTEU FOU TlilAL. 
 
 DISTRICT 7. 
 
 (Ihe counties of \ ict<.na, Pet...lwrouj;h, Hastin;,'. and A,i,lin^M^,„, ,.^,.,pt tj,„ 
 .outhern portions ; Manitouhn and St. Joso,,h Islands, and the counties of ItAifrew 
 l^nark, Carleton, Russell, Prescott, Glengarry ; the counties of Poiitiac W'li"! * and 
 Ottawa south of latitude 46 ; also the counties of Argenteuil, Two Mountain," Terre 
 b.nne, L Assomption ; and Montcalm, Joliotte, Boithier. Maskinon-e, and St. Vfaurice 
 ■wifhin 25 miles of the St. Lawrence River.) 
 
 VAHIETIES REC0.MMEXDi:d FOn MAIiKKT. 
 
 ^ 'f "■<-■««•?,.""/ /)V''--Ea>liest and best na ive seedling-, Aitkin, Bi.xbv, Man- 
 kato, Cheney, >\ olt, U.S., Hawki ye, Stoddard. 
 
 ADDITIOX.VI, VAIilKTlES tlGi;i:sTKD. 
 
 ^m'r,-ea»(7.— Terry, Si Ji, Atkins, Bender, Queen, Ki.-tli, Etta, Bouiiwr. 'llieMj 
 are newer vari-'f s, hiybly reeonmiended l>y e.\{>( rimenters. 
 
 VAKIKTIKS I!I:CoMMKM>I;D Foli IIOMI: l.SE. 
 
 AincrU'o.ii.i i Aiym. — Be-t iialne M-edliii^--, Jiix'oy, Ma.vkato, U,-iicv, Cottiell 
 llawki've, BouiR' r. ' ' ' ' 
 
 I-Vr.OI":.\N hl-f.i KKTI.D Foil ■Ji'tlAL. 
 
 Early R(\l Ru--ian, liowlcy, Lunn, Mount Royal, Raynes, Richland, Gla-s. .Mont- 
 morency, White Nicholas, Penirijroii, L'ngaji-li. None of llie KurojK-an plum-; ai.- very 
 .sati>factory in this district, a'i the fiuit buds of nio^t vaiii-iics yi,.- usua!!v kii!i-d hv 
 winter. ' ' ' 
 
 ^APANE.SE SLUUtSTED foil. JI.IAL. 
 
 Red June, Burbank. 
 
26 
 
 DISTRICT 8. 
 
 iCounties of nuntinR(lon, Bt'aulmrnois, Chateaugnay, Jacques Carti"r, Tjival, 
 HochVla;;.!, ChamUly, I-apraiiie, NtpierviUe, St. Jolins, and the wwtorn part of Ibcr 
 ville aii'l ilissisquoi). 
 
 VAKIKTIKa IIKCOMMKNDKD FOB MAUKKT. 
 
 Ameriana'and X'i'jr''.—TMMcnt and tx-st native seedlings, Aitkin, Bixliy, Mankato, 
 Cheney, "NVolf, U.S., Hawkeye, Sto<l<lnrd. 
 
 European. — Mount Hoyal, liaynes, M^atuiorency. 
 
 ADDiriOXAI. VAI11KTIK.S .SfdflKSTKD. 
 
 .4»)TiVfT)!a.— Tcrrv, Stiiitli, Atkin.s, „ , „ 
 
 /;,uv.;<''.»».— Arctic, Ghvss, Yellow Egg, Richland, Early Re<l R-i.-sian, \\ lute 
 Nicholiis, Lombard, Damson. 
 
 VAUIKTIES KECOMMENDED FOB IICME V8E. 
 
 Amfrh-^na awl A'»;r<i.— Rixbv, Mankato, Cheney, Cottrell, Hawkeye. 
 A'uro;)ea».— Lunn,' Raynes, "Mount Royal, Brwlie, 5IcLaughliu, Montmorency, 
 Green Gage, Queen May, Pc'i Jrigon, Ungarish. 
 
 Red June, Rui uank. 
 
 JAPANESE SlHjrJESTED FOB TRIAL. 
 
 DISTRICT 9. 
 
 (Cou .ti.'s of Verclioies, Richelieu, Yamaska, St. Hyacinthe, Rouville, Bagot, 
 Drumnu.nd, Richmond, Shefford, Sherbrooke, Brome, Stenstcul, and the ea.stera part 
 of Iberville and Missisijuoi and the western part of Conipton). 
 
 VAUtETIE.S UKCOMMENDKD FOB MARKET. 
 
 Americana and Nigra.— "R^-^t early native .seedlings, Bixby, Mankato, Clieney, 
 Wolf, U.S., Hawkeye, Stoddard. 
 
 ADDITIONAL VARIETIES SIT,(;E.STED. 
 
 Am-rirana end Ni<jra.-'Yi>\-ry, Smith, Atkins, Bender, Quwn, Kieth, Etta, 
 
 Bouncer. , , ,„,,,,,, ,,-i ., 
 
 £'„,M;;.'r/,i. -Mount Royal, Raynes, Gla.s.s, Richland, Ivirly Red Russian, ^\ lute 
 
 Nicholas. 
 
 VARIF.TIKS RErOM.MKNDED FOR HOME V.SE. 
 
 Am-riran.i and .V/;/m.— Bixby, Mankato, Clieney, Cottrell, Hawkeya 
 
 EVROFEAN aUlitlESTEU. 
 
 Lunn, Mount Royal, Br.xlie, Montmorency, Glass, Richland, Eiirly Red Russian, 
 White Nicholas, Arctic, Damson, Ungarish. 
 
 
27 
 
 JAPAXEgE SUOOKSTBD FOB TBUb. 
 
 lied June, BurUnk. 
 
 DI.STI'ilCT 10. 
 
 varii:tii:s I!i:<;ommesi)kd. 
 
 ADDITIONAL VAI!IKTrK.S .sr.i;(;i:,-jii:r,. 
 
 Amei-icana.-Terry, Smith, Atkins, B.,„d,..r, Queen, Ki, th, Ktta, Bouacer. 
 
 VAniKTlKS nKCOMMKXDKD Fon IIOMK ISK. 
 
 Antericana and .V.-yra.— Bixby, Mankatc, Cli.ney, Cotlrdl, Hawk. ye. 
 Kri.oPE.w si,(;fii;.sri'.D roit tuial. 
 
 Red June, Bui bank. 
 
 JA1>AXMK SLf;<;KSTKD FOU TltlAL. 
 
 DISTIirCT 11. 
 
 (Counties of Montma^ny, L'Isiet, Kainourasku, n.o.t of T.-mis^'ouata B.,nav..,,tMrP 
 and Ga.siH.. un the Bay of Chaleur side to Ga.si„:- Basin). 'J<'"a^. nfire, 
 
 VAniETIES RKCOMMKNDKD Foil r.WAVlyr. SKXH T.IK ST. LAWKKV K KIVKR. 
 
 GranJ'Dle!""^'''"''"'''""' ''"'"' '"'''^' ''"^''^' M.,ntmon.,..y, ;..„l>a„i, Da,..„, 
 
 ADDITIONAL VAKIKIIK.S .SI '^'.);->TICD. 
 
 Mount Royal, Raynes. 
 
 VAHUniKS 1(1.I0MMKNDKIJ FOI! IIOMK ISE. 
 
 Washington, Ii,ip.Mi.xl Gage, Gn.n Gagi-, Aixti.-, Jy^i.Urd, DaM,s..n. 
 
 VAI!|KTIi;.S HK'OMMKVDKIJ FOU (.lIOWINc; IM.AM). 
 
 Anutriiau-i awl X''jra. li^--X (-arlv native ^^-i^U...,. .\:>!.:,, :-■: : ., , 
 
 Cheney, Wolf, U.S. ' - ' ^ -o . -^'— "■ ^-.^•v, .-lankaio, 
 
 I 
 fi 
 
 ADDITIO 
 
 Americana.— Terry, Smith, Bender, ttu. 
 
 VAL VAUIETIKM SLO'.K-STKD. 
 
TARIETIR8 BBCOMIiBKDBD rOB UOMB C81. 
 
 Bixby, MaiikaU), Cheney, Cottrell. 
 
 DISTRICT 12. 
 
 tin.i, east of tl.e St. Mau.ico Uiver and Houth-west of I^ke St. John uuU to tiic ftt. 
 Lawrence lliver.) 
 
 VAUIETIE8 KECOMMESDED. 
 
 Best eavly native Kcedlings, Aitkin, Cheney, Bixby, Wolf, Cottrell, U.S. 
 
 ADDITIONAL VARIETIES SLtiUESTED. 
 
 Terrv, Smith, Bonder, Etta. 
 
 Near the St. I^w.x-nce River, especially in the vicinity of QueU-c and ^f'^J^f 
 on the Island of Orleans, the following Europca.. vanet.es --^ S'^^^ ■""^ ";" '^^^^^ 
 faction :-Washington, Green Gage, Arctic, Montmorency, Mount Royal, Kavu.s, 
 Lombard, Dan»son. 
 
 DISTRICT 13. 
 
 (Vorth of latitude 46* in Ontario, and in Quebec north of districts 7 an<l 12 as 
 far asVlums will grow ; also the north-eastern part of Tennscouata, R.mou«k., and 
 Matane.) 
 
 VARIETIES SUGGESTED. 
 
 Best early native seedlings, Aitkin, Odegard, Bixby, Mankato, Cheney. 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. 
 
 The following descriptions were, most of them, made by the author fro.n si..-cin,en. 
 eitlK. "rown at the Central Experimental Farm or m other pais ot the provinces of 
 O ano and Quehee. In some eases, however, esp<x.ially among the Euro,. .an phnns 
 he de-i. lions were obtained fron. other sources which are considered rohal,!,.. \S here 
 OS ' de r ptions are used the author's nun,e is given. The var.etu.s winch are d.so, Ik. 
 a e divided into the various ijroups to which they b^-long. 'J hey are hmited to ihose 
 nn.n din the district lists with the exception of a fc-.v new k.u.ls --'--■;;■;!•-;; 
 .nlMngbut which have not been te.ted long enough to recommcn.i, andate« ot thcoldt. 
 varieties. 
 
 AMKIilCAXA VAHIKTUCS. 
 
 (Where not uthcrwii<c luiUd.) 
 
 Am-rl-on lu ■>,!>:—¥ nut above me.lium size, roundish: c,.\ity narrow, medi.M,. 
 
 dei.tlr ■ uture .. fairlv distinct line; apex rounded; colour deep purplish red; < ots numerous, 
 
 suLl, yellow; bloom moderate, pale blue; skin thick and tough tlesh .leep yellow, 
 
 ulcy stone ...edium size, oval, s!i,.htly tiattened, cling; sweet, nch lUvour ; ..uahly 
 
 good. Season mid-Sc^ptcmbir. \N'oukl be more promising if colour were brighter. 
 
 I 
 
H 
 
 I I'l Iff ij'il 
 .11 \j til •■ 
 
 'It !• .-i.i 
 
 .>! ll.'jti 
 ill '/bt 
 
 iliVArin.— Fruit lar)^, oviil ; mvity imrmw, iiutliuiii il<'|itli ; siiliiri! xliw iin- , u,\iKt 
 piiinti'41 ; Colour utiifonnly <!i>«-|< nil all owr , i|..l« imiif , lilooiii imin , nkin lliid , lllaili 
 dtf-p jn-llow, juicy, inixliml.lv k*..», iml ri. Ii ..i Ut^U lUt<.iii.ii , kIoix Iuij^. , llui, o^-l, 
 wmivlin^ no uxtriii;.'i'iii y , <|imlity iiiciliiiui I,, ttl,.,w. .Siusuii, lii^l vml ot A<i(/u<.l 
 Titf only fiiirly i.rcMJurtiK-, Niyrii ;<ioii|. 'Ih. luiliin > of Hum |,|iiii. ).i iIi 
 jHiint fi!f nTiiiiiiiif.-i<liitiori. 
 
 Itiiidir. -' Fruit ;.ir;;i-, oval, -li;,'litlv •oiii|ii. ^^.•.l i i,|..i,i ,|.,rk ii>( -loi , . 
 illlll yillow ; liliHMii lliK k, liliii- lavrlv -Ii;iIIt.s , >,Im)' .,1) .,|. !.■ tin li.i 
 tlcsh, yi'lliiw ; Htom- liir;;'\ omiI, Hal, •jiiit.- Ji.-. , ijiialit\, ■."»<'l -li.'/ii j.i'l.- i • 
 Very vi;;i)rou's with v.Ty lai-'-, lin.- Ii<aliliv l-.lia;.'!- \.iv |,i.»|.,. i , .. (V\...i..l. j 
 
 I'laiitt-il at tlif Ci'liti'Hl i;x|,<ririH iital laiiii iii lJ<><J. Ilii-i,.,i Ijuil.'i \'i l,i, 
 lii'.'lily iiiai«»it l>v wniif ;,'io»ir- 
 
 Jiij-lil). Fruit llUlM' llll-lllirM l<I l.ll -r, |i,ii;,.|iv|, ■Ji.;lv liiLtl'it-. IJi'lli.ai 
 
 ^uturi- riithfr iinliitinit, v||M||t|y ,|,.|„, ,s .i , n|«., i,,iii„l,„I _ i',,l.,iji s,l!.,w, n.,,i. 
 (ovi'iiil with l)ri;;lit n-fl : iloi, ihhi.i i.,u>, -loali, yiiow 1,1. ..,111 laiily !.■■«>) .-V 
 riuttly tliii.k, ratln-r t<ii'l<i , lli-li i|i<j/ y llijw, jui< v . .ilom ii,..i, jii, ..;« . .,..ii 
 liiif, coiiiiilcraljly llattvni'l. cliu;.' : hwct \,ui iii,t 1 ii m tl.ivv.ji, i.i*ai,t,i ii,-i !.■ ', 
 •.'i«k1 ; M'asiin lat«! .\u;'ii^t tj.cailv S'-iii.-ri.!*- 1 
 
 A very lianils<jiin-, early |)iiiiii. ( Imf fault j.- umw jjin s.- .;! 1 jjj4 1,,) y M,. 
 I'rfstTVt'S. 
 
 A'lxf/i.vr. - Fiiiit v.-ry laiv t'» lai;j>-. lo'ji.'Ji-h ^■iii,i*\,a.< i.<.iit .-Li.|,..'j <o,/y 
 iiu-<liuiii tti'llh, shall'iw , !-utui>' II iJi^tiii' I htii- : aj^-ji |«^i/i',.-<) <,.jioui uijiioriu.y <i«:»5j., 
 }iur[>lisli re<l all over ; dot!i iiuineioiih, yellow, (iJKtiiii.l . \i\>fjUi iK'/iei aV- ; bkm liiw:*!, 
 tough; tlesll dei'p yellow, juicy ; ht/^tie lai;;t-, flat, oval, eliii^< .-«t;«-i lii^i.. \<iy j!->XJ 
 flavour ; quality very -.'i^oii , >.<-«.v<u ini'i t/j lat^ S-|A<mij1/i 1. 
 
 A seeillin;: of Yovniiu- J'urjl' . 01 ;;.'iiiat<-<J at the '.en'iai K/ j/. iiii., 1.'... J u.i ;ij 
 
 A verj- proiiii^in;; varietv. 
 
 C{ini. — Fruit laig"-, loun'Jibh ; eaMty Jianow, i»n;xJ;uuj ■iejjih . h^tun f,iiri, <i..-- 1,. t 
 e'i'iur bri;.'ht ro<l, >lio»'<tiy; yellow in ).at"hi-s , 'iot.- Jiutiierouj-, ve'iow, 'JiM'.iiji.' Ij.'Aau 
 light ; ."kill tliiek, iijo<leiat' ly Uli'li-i , rie»h dii-yi virllow, juiev : hifjui »<i,i^< outl ij' MVai. 
 ci-iii^iuerably tlattene'J : sw.-.-t. rich, ;^<<'i'j tta\ our , <juaiitv •^■j'j'i . v a-vji. t.ai'l_> '.v iiu'J 
 Sj.teiulier. 
 
 A se.^'.iUii;; of Wolf, ori;.Miat>-<J at liie CvliWi.'. K.\l-/<--naieiiUil Faiii,. 
 
 A proaiiuiu;^ se'.-'Jliiii;. 31oie at tiael i i e tiiuu U'oif aii<J !>•"„<;/ Hi <ju^i .y 
 
 <.'i.irfl'-"ii. — Iruit lufjiuiji hi/A;. pjuii'iish, uouiewhat uiiew-n i^viiv Iui-mov* HjmJiUUi 
 •'►pth: suture obv.ure ; ajx-x iijun'i"-<j ; eoiour ve!iov>. ijeurJv i;>j\<i<^j wjU (i<;«-j iwl,, 
 d.'t^ o)js<.-ure ; 'lA'yjui ri'iiie : ^kitJ ihm, teiider ; tiehh yeiiow. juiey. .-»oel. ji-yxj fltt-.our; 
 't'jiie tiat, n>uiidi>h. seiui-cJin;; a!iiio->t frt* ; quaiitv g'jixj i»-a«oi t-ji,ii\- i<, inii. Auj;u»t. 
 J n'e viu'irous. p!'.>'Juvti>e, JheeHriieKt tmtnepluiu t/<-«t<.'<j. aiiO ><» uii^j.toi lio- w-'jouut. 
 A NiU'i'a se«."ilii!;;. ori^jincfJ bv Ji. F. CarK'ew-ti. iid\iii;i>- Hn'iji Oiii. in-ui '^'.Ui..c.). 
 
 VKirn'ii. — Fruit larire, round t/j vjiuewKat ovaK iuh-hl ij.ki'v wimo.. 11, ■.-<;, uiu 
 (j-jitij ; suture merely au iniistiuf.-t line : a;.—.': r'juii'ied ; viijuf uui!'j!iii.> i^e- j iv<j all 
 o\er. i-iiui^-t iiue,-. paler orj one .-iai dotj- iione \j'fj-ju. Ijoih »f.ii ii.>>ei<»'.<.-iy tjoeii. 
 t-'Uirii. !i'."t astriiig'Tit ; fiesi. 'ji«-j' yeliow. juiev . kiiiu'. in-.-diuiL h /;< tiaV o^a. elii.;.' ; 
 
 
 rjod'-i-ateh- ri'-b fl 
 
 I'Vr^i.vX; i^U ^vU 
 
 I-''--' 
 
 .<- i>ir, 
 
 ." •V.-py;UI«/i-) 
 
 atU'f rjpeiai.;^ 
 
 ■J.e 
 
 <i >V 
 
 ■ji.j j:to-.>e' 
 
 «\ oui ouaii' \ ).-ry: 
 t?ielj»'st. It s'>.ni ;.'et»- s^»t*. ic.'w fv t;i , 
 i-.i ■ ie!ut>-iy pi-ofiuvtiv t. Si-^\-» j:riuj,. 
 
 Ciiij. —Fruit alj«.»\»- iii»*Jiu:i. M^e. fiuiidisi;. &oiu»-**'lirt' iteaV. .■•ii-ij^.-' <^t>jl^ ijje-fj.-,,uj 
 » I ith. Ue<^j>ei tiiaii Uios' ~;:-u!' fa (lH'.iij''t hue. (-iijiiitiy coii,p'e^o^.-t t.jiou' y,:i;ovi. 
 Uiiuost coieltsd With df_-p I''.-'i ; OoU- Iiuiirtjruu.- »!jjal!, yehoW. Ui^Viiiei o.v>ji;. liiXieliiVi 
 hiut. thi'.L, iiioU'idteiv :»;!ide!. cajjiitiy astriii)!eiit : lie«h ae»fp yebuv. jUiey. »«**■. . swue 
 liie'"iiulii .->!£''. -'Wi . •.".•li'>Ju'-'^'a^' V iirtix-'itt^^. o^:iii;-,'liLi^' ijuaiiiy j;./,^r; "■-.*.-.','. ;»_,''; r> j,', .j, 
 i>-r. Aiuoii;; the ;;'joci kiiidt, Out quit'- a iiuuioer aie tc.'lViM 
 
 C".')«/!Tf.^Fruit Uiediuiij hi^e. rvuridish i.*ivi'.y uarrow, 8iutlJ<» : -ji .^> luejeiv t. 
 distmct line ; apex .'-ouuded ; cjiour uiuforiiiiy ae-^^j ivC al over 'j j\^ iwiiilnj':' ijJoou. 
 lU'idf-rat'- SKiii v'-'-> tliiei:. l<ju;;ii ; fieiih a«*!p yehow. jiuey ••■.■jij« mt^iiuu. sii-.a.. 
 eo;is;derat>Jv tiaitvu*!'!, cliiij; . sweet, ^'^jd fiavoui ; tjiittiiiy jjowa ."xawx. lui'i-V-pli-r.o-.', 
 
90 
 
 to OctiibiT. 
 than most. 
 
 A firm j>lum, but not Inrgp onouKli to Ix^ono of tin) \im*t. 
 
 K<>opM U'tter 
 distinct 
 
 / Form lar({P, roundinh ; luvilv mirrow, ni.^lium li-ptli ; Hutiin) a distinct 
 liic- aprx'ro.in.l.Ml; .olour (l.-*']. red; d..ts m.H|..rat.-ly nufn.'n)UH, y.-llow, dwtiiict ; 
 hUm liKht ; Hkin rath.-r tl.ick, tou«h ; tlesh dc-p y.-llow jui.-y, Hw.*t ; ntono rowlium 
 Hize oval, ,onsi.l.Tal)ly «att4-n.-.l. ahnost fn-e ; .|uality i?.k..I. S^nor. latfl Hopt<-m»«r to 
 onrl'y O.tolHT. A H.MKllin- of Wolf originatwl ut the CVntral hxix-runontal 1-ariii. W ill 
 probahlv inove a useful late plum. i- i i . i i 
 
 Co'll'rtl -Friiit alH.v.. n..-.liuui to InrKc, <.t.lon« and roun<]isli io heart Mmi-'I, 
 cavitv narrow, medium depth ; future a .li.tinet line ; apex rounded ; colour yellow al- 
 nioHt'oovered with brij-ht red ; dots rather nun.erous, snmll, yellow ; bl.K.in med.un. ; skin 
 m.Klerat<lv thick, tfiuder ; tlesli pale yellow, juicy ; stono medium si/.o, oval, much flattened, 
 clinR ; sweet, ko<x1 flavour : .puility so.m1. Siason early to mid Septoraljer. 1 nmusing, 
 niakcH a "ood preserving plum and is attractive lookin)?. , . , . i i 
 
 1)' Svtii - Fruit medium t^) aVx>ve medium in size, roundish, somewhat lieart-sliapeil, 
 slisfhtlv I'attpncd; cavitv narrow, mcdiumdepth; suture a distinct line ; colour depyel 
 low well washwl with dc.'p red or dark red ; dots olwcuro ; bloom shsht ; skin m.xlerat^' y 
 thit'k fairly tender; flesh deep yellow, juicy ; »U)no me-lium size, oval, consirlei ably 
 flatte'n.sl ciinu ; s*<-.t, -o<hI flavour ; quality gtv..!. Season mid to lat« Heptemlx-r. A 
 p.KKl plum on account of its -luality and great pro<luctivene.ss, but is not as large a.s .t 
 should 1m> to >M<ine of the lK>st. ,. , ,, ^ ,,■ * ,• 
 
 I)„n - Fruit lar.'o, roundish ; cavity narn.w, mcfbuni depth ; suture a distinct line ; 
 col.rtir unifoiMily deep, lively red all ov.-r ; dots num.-rous, small, distinct; blrwm, 
 mmleii-te; skin thick, toujjh; tlesh d..-p yellow, juicy, lirm ; st.mo medium size, oval, 
 somewhat flattencl, cling ; sweet, rich, go,.! flavour; .piality very g.KKl. Se«.son late 
 SepU-mU'r to OotoKr. A seedling of Wolf, originated at Uic Lxpenmental I'arm. A 
 very promisin- plum. One of the liest late plums fruited here. , «, .. j 
 
 hr yAHiiiV— Fruit above me.lium to large, somewhat heart-shaped, flattened ; 
 cavitv narrow, medium depth ; suture a distinct line ; apex rounded ; colour deep red ; 
 dots 'small, numerous, distin.-t ; bloom m<,derate ; skin thick, rather tough; flesh dcp 
 yellow, ii.i,-v; stone large. Hat, broad, cling; m.xlerately swwt, slightly .-.stringent; 
 fpiality ab.ie me<lium. Season mid to late September. A g.Khl variety but not a.s 
 promising us sim^^. ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ yellow, striped and splasned .ith pale red ; suture 
 
 market' ((JoH".) i- „ j ti 
 
 For>'ll Garden.— Fru\t nie<Hum size, roundish ; cavity narrow, medium dei)th ; 
 suture a distinct line ; apex rounded ; colour yellow, almost entirely covered with dark 
 pun-Hsh red • dots small, numerous, yellow ; bloom moderate ; skm thick, tough ; flesh 
 de«i) vellow juicy, sweet; sUmo medium size to small, oval, con.siderably flattened, 
 cling ;" (lUiUity g<M>d. Season early to mi.l Septeml)er. Plum not attractive enough to 
 
 ^'gV'/W --I'riiit alxi.e medium to large, roundish, somewhat he«rt-sliaped ; cavity 
 narrow shallow ; suture a distinct line, very sliglitly depre„ssed ; apex pointed ; colour 
 deep dull red on vellow ground ; dots obscure ; bloom moderate ; skin thick, rathe • 
 tou-'ii sli.'htlv astringent ; flesh deep yellow, juicy ; stone me<iium siz.-, oval, consi.lerably 
 flattened,"sera"i cling ; sweet, good flavour; quality g.xKl. Season mid Soptemb-r. ^\ould 
 !>. proini^^iie' if lol'.'ur weiv more attractive. 
 
 J/.immn- -Fruit large, nnindish to oval ; <Mvity narrow, medium <lepth ; suture a 
 line nither indistinct : colour uniformly deep red all over ; dots numerous, yellow, distinct 
 prominent • blo..m heavy ; skin thick ami tough ; ile.sli deep yellow, juicy, meaty, swe.n ; 
 st<mc Nlow medium size, oval, considerably flatUwed, cling; quality goixJ. Seawm late 
 Septeml>er A very handsome plum having more the flavour of Miner than Americana. 
 This variety cracks' badlv on the trees, otherwise it would be one of the most promising. 
 
 
•1 
 
 ft 
 
 k 
 
 tinct line; apex roundel; i;i.l..»r y<-lli.w, moii' <,r !• «« <»v<iii| will. ),uii,li.-li lul . il-tm, 
 ■mull, indistinct; bloom m<!»Jium ; nkin llu.li, iwxUiitUly i^.ii;ijli , ll' j I. .|"|. >>ll'/.», 
 juii-y ; Htono large, hroacl, mui:li llutUiii ■!, < lu,^ , h».<(, j/.^,.| l\a.,;ni i/intlily j^whI 
 .S<>a»on mid to late .S-jitenilxr. Om- of tin; In-.',!. 
 
 A'lVM.— 'Fruit lnjp; to viry lurv*-, loii;^ oval, •.,l.„ii, .,ini,'^- .,v.il„i.J »ii|, , ,ii,..„ji , 
 dots many, very niinuf«, wliili-; l,|.«.iii Miii-; lavily fhall.,* -l. m .-li.,ii i»i,.) .,I/„jI , 
 sntiirn a faint linu ; nkin llii'k; tl.'hl. y.ll.,*, fiiiii , ^l/.,ll. , l«.>r.., „,,i), w.iii. *).^t. 
 »littene<|, ilin« ; quality tf<-<*i to U-Nt. K.u.v,(i of iJ. «o!/. m.'l Wolf <>o. o» il,. U ..I 
 Amoricanas' (\Vau;rli./ I'lanlid al Oi.lial i;x|< iiii..i,i..l Km. ,,. )'.»';.; 
 
 .Vrt)i/.((A).- -Fruit a)j<JVi: iiii.tji'iiii ti, Iui^m-, |.(Iiii>(i).|i , lavilv imij<,A, (,,./liiiii, .|i jll, 
 
 suture a distinot liiii; ; ajM-x roumiiil, -lourdoi,, .Jull i(«l '»il.l, a ii..,l. lui.ly I w 
 
 UUHtm ; dota numi-Mus, Kruall, y"-l)<iw ; l,|.«,iii m>|..i li.«vy, In. l),..t, v,.i/l, «, ,4, 
 (loop yclli.w. juiiy, Bwwt, fr,<j.l 'tlavour, not a>tnii;^.-i,t , fciy^, Uiy, , «ai, wii., .).i:y, 
 Huality g(Kj.J. Sciuton lati; Aii;!tij,l u, .aily S.-|,i.. ii,U i Ji.ii.i n, .,u„l,iv t...iii 
 lti.\l)y, liut not at* lit. 'i'Jnoiih;. A ;,"»'»<] luiiy \,'.',ti,. I'loim-n,;' 
 
 J/i/^'Il.— Fruit nii«iiuiii to lar^'-, ov»i, \,n'/i,x Uj r,iU.ii .i.^j- n-l .l.,ij. in..... i.>'..-, 
 -mall, yellow, protuim-nt ; ^ulyn; ininly u <Ji.-ti(,.i In.,- ^ „;,i, il,,,, l^ul U,'./l, , «..•,!, 
 y ill.. w, juicy, sw<.-<'t ; stone mi^liuiii hiw, < liu;/ , .juulity ii..^iiuii, (>. ;;.,,! i-^^^^i,, U^t. 
 »fck of August. Trwj a Ktion;: toow.-i an.J v..,y j„.,j...' ,». ,.1.. ,. Iiu.i l,...i. a., not 
 injurf<l Ijy winter. WiliJ;.'...**^ group. 
 
 -»>(<• r/m.— Fruit larg.; /ouikJ..-!., jy.io'^.J oi v.,...-..'....! I.. ...>, .,i,i.j,..J ..i..ii.y 
 liarr^.w, shallow; sutun- lij<r.-ly a <iihtii.<;t in..- up.-/ ioui,'l.»l. aiii,.>,'. j^j.ou.fi , ..-.ioui 
 yolL.w. more or k-m covi-i«j »iti, l^ijgl.i purplj;-,li lo-J ^ .iot* i.ui...iou.-. »ii..i!: \,-l.-,*^ 
 bl.K.m ni.j(lerat<? ; bkin thit-k, lougli . )!i;bh dwp yellow, ju.<y. h4..;.rt „o,i.. i'i..^libiu' 
 .si«-. oval, tonsi'Jerably (latt.-i,.^j, .iii.g . -juulity g.^^J ,S-(w>'i. a^riy <^, i....i .> j/Viu 
 Wr. A finu plum uud sboulij inak'- a ;;'.'j<j slii]^j,<-r 'J',., '.l,.. , ,ti..j v,, ;»., ,.. t,.,, ,„..u 
 for hi.nje use. 
 
 Oc/.w'/a.~ Fruit oiciiurj. ♦oii'<^*v. iii.-.ji.jrii m/.. , ro'.i.-l.si. V. I.i;a.i-l ni.aj,./j .^inu (,.« 
 row. >.ha!!ow : •-ijtijii.- a 'Jistini-t Ijt..- ; up'-j: Blll.■.-^t yjtuWi , M.iooi , 'k.rj, i.,<j ai. ov.,i ' <i.,> 
 numcn.u», sn.all, yellow; blojm ratii.-i !..;avy skui t),...r mvi-^iuUiiy l<:(.'i.-/ »;.>4i 
 dee{i Vr-llow, jui'-y , htoinr ini-Jiuiu m*. , xoun'i.^l, .,oii.Ma.-(it>ji» llav^-ii.-ij. i-i.i./ .■«.,.••, 
 g'Ajd f.H^ol;^ equality J.".<Ki, S.-a-.oi. ..«r!y 'j. ini'J ,>-j,l.:i,".j.;f A t.iii. j,.u.i. ..i,(j 
 sIkiu]'J -Lip weii. 
 
 (^./<-o, ''G^'Id'-n QuWl/ Fruit M-iy i;if;^. I....(. ii.*i, ..o.ol.^- oi,;,'lil go.<i.;l \>:\,j0 
 
 anj of the iijo«t deiifious iiavour , ijuit^ u!i«-A'.i;l...-'J i.,. .;iii,i,,i,^. iii,<J ,.-n |,,,, f,^, '.aj-.jtjj^ 
 out of haii<i or f...r sli.-iug and wrv ',!.;.' VMti: m.;;... aoo ..-i.^ui .i.- l,i j>."i.':,.>- I<.;>;i4^ 
 iutter j«iT-: of Aii!."jst V^ iSep;.'-iiiij<;i 1" 'Ji.j. .- i.;ii.ar*s.ao.. loi iU- ui,uv..iii. !.i.. up 
 ndit growth. (^Jritpyiu'-erV .j.-v.-riptioi, ,. '».-,giiu,i.-(. »,..i, J! / •],-,., ',, .■"....■!.' lii 
 Ha> givet, ;.' lOiJ bati..ra'.-lioii el.-..-al..-ii- VLiiio-*; u' C. iitia K- j^-.iUi.;iiUi. J,»mi h. i'./i;i 
 
 .Si/ay. II </«'oi. i'ru!' larg. . louij'Ji^i ',<iw\ im»'iov» .•^im!. 
 out- ; itj^x roiiiiij'-'i ; eoioui v. •!.■.», juum oi 
 umaL. y.-Iiow. spars*- ; bi'joii; ii.'-'J;i.tj ^..i^ 
 def-p yellow, jui'-y : kI<jij» iiie'iiiiii i-. .»0)>t 
 K-.-mi-t-hnt' : i-wwt. riel. g(...>i tiinou- ■j'jd'it* 
 tier. Out- of lij<- i»-?st Aiijerj';iini. )iium 
 
 Siuiiji. irur. v.-r\ i«uyi- gioou**- ». 
 '■iilig : Mtt^inii\ r,i-u)..>i Tii:.- v.m..- \ o'l/iiidi 
 
 lati..- 
 
 I'.UIl' 
 
 oulutt at- lUitt-y'.iUKi 
 
 *ilt. p.jipii«i i.-i; U'jiir \Kiy 
 
 .•;ir nio^i.-iutcTV U-ij'k^i )W->i. 
 
 Of.i*'' «.oo ■.ii«-fa!>j V t»al;^'o.-' 
 
 ■■>;«.^'..l- ili.d VO iaL* .>-:.U-iJ. 
 
 l.<Jf 
 
 '4**rr 1.-*! 
 
 muii\ o!u. 
 
 ■•■-. 
 
 Ti.. 
 
 t;uaii!v. !• 
 
 
 i »•»•* 
 
 s;>ok»-ii o) 
 
 liV 
 
 ;:n»H 
 
 J---. (..Mil. 
 
 ir.ii- ii.-ar.i 
 Pjaiit' <i a' 
 
 1 1..11. X-.-1 I.; 
 
 '>fti'.f-a: K.>.petiii..?)iUi. I arii >ii iif't! 
 
 Oti.Oi.' 
 i' .- .'.•>• giS.-l '.• I'..' .> 11. J. -J n. 
 
 j_oi;.j( »■]. •>* u.i- vafj.'H i,i^ 
 VV Jler! Jy.-j,Wi: M«: JJ.-liiv 
 
 flisliuet iiti* ii;..','. loui.oet. 'o.-.u* u.-.rj« v 
 purphhi: ref.! aou- la.fiv iiuii.ri-i-j-.. -luai v 
 hllglllh iuif-ium-ii; fjiKi, o.jufp vel.o» j-j.' . 
 ■wwel. go'Xi ri':i. fiuvoij. .jualilv m-i \ f-jty.. 
 iui^jjtej: uii(i b"?!t fiaioun^ yVu.eri'.aiji j 'jci.c 
 
 ]., 
 
 « .«iii('..-i .-1 
 
 lO!i* i.i..-*}; (il 
 
 t>>x - vr .a .^ 
 
 •J-.iO 
 
 « 
 
33 
 
 ■^hv 
 
 Stt»ri-r -Kniit Uw, ov.l ; cavity mirrow, •h.llow ; «uture » dwtinct lino, m* 
 STSwXunctbl..„.n.«lium, .kin thick. m«len»t4;ly f-uRh ; fl.-«lMl«.p ytlU.w. 
 '^lL,rr ' A rilin^'of De ^U^ "riginuU..! at Centml Expe.i.nental bann. IT.mu-.- 
 "'";^::^,rl^";^W^'.''-i^itlar«e. regular, -.al; .urfu. .n.K.th but not s,,i,.y ; 
 »t.-m Moiincl.; sntmv in.listintt ; ain-x n.ui..l.-.l ; hW.u H«>n. t. u^ h, a i.l »l m I 
 
 W em of A.^u.t. l)n.. of tl,.- !ar,...t a,..i lmM.l.o,n.-st ..at.N. ,. urns yot pn- ...l. 
 A v^r V I ..rilin- l.Uu... (I'.uIk.) »'l.tnt.-.l at Ci.tral Kx,-Tinu.ntal harm ... lOO.- 
 
 ,' r litUcl HHi N.. 2.) '^'uite la.-:;,.,Hi.l,.Mi.al ; .la.k (...rplish .xhI ; c1.m« ; l...e 
 
 Tl,i.s I .-.-a.-.! as ..„.- of the v.ry lH.,t of all the A...e..ra..aH .n .ny .oU.rt.o... (J. W . 
 
 Ker.-, Denton, Mil.) ■ .nni 
 
 l'liiit«l at Central Exiwn.i.e.ital lain, in IJOl. i. i 
 
 Thispl"'" i-"--y '"«'•'>■ r--.n.n,en,le.l by neve.al ox,H.ri...e,.ters, au.l .s sa,.! to Ik, 
 till" lirirest Aiiieriea.ia l.lui.i on the l.iurket. 
 
 vf^Iil^^^m^vJt .m.liu,., to al..ve n.e.liu.n si.e, al...o.st roun. ; eav.ty nar.ow, 
 shall, wsutur o. Iv a fairly -listinct li..- ; al..^x rou,,a..l ; colour yellow ■...,...y.re^^^ 
 i iTl and washed with bri«ht red ; dots nu...erou. sn.all, >T'''- V '''"^ ' « .' 
 Skn thick tou.'h ; Hesh d.vp yellow, juiev, Hr.u ; stone above ...e.l.u... «"•.'•""•' j_'' 
 brL, mu'cl. fla"tt;.ed, clini^; sweet, «..«! flavour ; ,uality good. S..a.so„ n..d,S<,.t.....l.er 
 
 to Octolicr. . , 1 , , 
 
 A handsome plum. One of the latent and U>»t keepers. 
 
 l;.r"r -Fruit alK,ve ...edium .si/.e. roundish, «.,>..ewh.t heart sh-iiK-l ; eav.t y 
 narrow mcd'iua, depth ; .suture a distinct li..e ; colour yello^^^ nearly ent.n'ly over«p.ead 
 wUh bliS^; dot.s'uumerou., Mnall, purple ; bloo... light ; .sk.n l^l^.f >. '''J 
 touLhTflesb deep yellow, juicy, sweet ; -stone n.ediu.n s.ze, o>al, con.s.derably tlat,o..ed, 
 almost free ; quality good. Sea.son n. id September 
 
 An attractivo'plum, but .,ot la.ge cough to be promising. 
 
 Whitah^r -Fruit large, oval, ho., ^.i.. cart snap -i : col-.ur b nght nd , Ruturt 
 merely a dstWL; dots nu.„e.ou,, yellow promi..ent ; bl,K>m tl,.n blu.s!. ; sk.n 
 rMntou.d.flc^hve low, juicy, ...Kierately f.rn., sw.^t, good flavour; stc.e ...e.l.u,n 
 It £' oVal, clng; q.ility g.Hxl. Season fi.st and second weeks .u heptem U. 
 r>e: m!i%ipen'eve..ry: \ bu.uJsome plum. Tree vigorous, .sprea.h.ig a..,l p.■o.lu,■t.^e 
 
 where fiuit buds a.o ..ot inju.-e.l by wi..ter. ^^ ''^-"."'T. "7."I^;„„ro shallow fai.lv s- 
 IIV/-— Fiuit large, roundish ; cavity narrow, shallow ; suture shallow, ia..ij s 
 tinct .mt'.l.'l.es..i;aH>x r..u...ied ; colour deep red; d.,ts fairly nu.m-rous, s,, 1, 
 Sw s .• ; bWrnmodcate; skin thick, tough; A.^l. ^Ff ^f^ ^^^ '^:^'- 
 S.uo d fl our ; stone al..ve m.^dium size, outline 'val, co..s.<ler;il.ly ! attctsi, cl.ng 
 nit™. Seas,„ ea.lv to .iii.l SoptemlH-.-. One ot .•" best. 'Ihis d-x.s ..ot answer 
 flu ,1 :scrin ion . f^^^^ -iveu bv son.e authorities, lioth, however, a.e g-Kxl p.ums. 
 
 rw-l-til lar°e, ol.l,;ng. llattened ; cavity narrow, deep ; sutu.e a ,listin.-t 
 »,jant. Iiuii 11 e, „ ,i^.^p,.ca; .hits numerous, s.i.all, purple; bl.K)m 
 
 uinu... U'lso.. mi.l.S,.ptemlK..-. Quality not go .1 em.ugh Ih.s plum .s highly 
 mul.u.n. ' ' "" '^ W... >,.r^ «tat.- h.it has not i.n.ven as jo.kI as so.ne others he.-e. 
 """';-":;;:; ^, X Fm" la;.g;:™undish, so.-.iwlH.t t,att.ne.; ;cav.ty .lu-d.,.,., d.,,!.. 
 and wilt suture an indistinct line ; colo,. i-ep, -lull p..r,-hs i iv. ; . ots nuineros. 
 
 uL «tone me,liu.u size, oval, consiac.,.>..y llattenc^, ^^^'-''}^; ' ^^^^2^ 
 but somewhat astringent ; .paality above medium. Season m.d to late Septembc. 
 
 wmmm 
 
 wmm 
 
33 
 
 KUIioPEAir TAniKTIK*. 
 
 i-|)tu 
 •III- tV' c- 
 
 Anfiiyr/in (S.'^'lling of Mir.iU'llo). — Fniit iiUtvu ini'iliiim t.il.iiar, roiimli'li to li.urt- 
 
 HlmiM'il, c.ivity mcliiini (K'ptli mill width, iil)ni|.t ; mIimi •.limn t.. lon^, im,.!. ml.ly 
 
 fUml : Mitun- distiiu-t, slightly «|riiiv<s.-.| ; iipi-x roiiii.l.^d ; culour «,'r.'.iiisli yMt.w , d..l . 
 iiio.lerii' 'ly iiiiiii.rniix, iridi^itinct : >kiii ru.id.Tiitfly tliirk, iikmI.tuI.-Iv t^'mlir • H.-sli yilluw, 
 juicy ; sloin- tm-diiiiii size, oviil, din.' ; swi-ct, liili iliiv.Mir ; c;iiiiiitv vi ry ^'<hhI. (how ii fnuii 
 wfd of Miiiit>'ll.i in l!*<)i). l!.-.Mn t<i b.'.i. in Ir^'Ml ''r.-,t.d si'j.l.inl.. r M), l!(il2 
 l>ii){inat<'d \<\ Ati_'. I)iii>uis, Villa-.' d-i .Viiln»i(>i, IM^. 
 
 Airtir fMiHin''-! Artlii). -Fruit uic limn to Im-I.jw nicdimn in ^i/i-, iMiiiidi--li <,r 
 sonu'wjpit oval; rolonr diiik I'tirpli-, iilinott l)lii''k ; l»Io..ni tliin, liliji' ; Kiittin- iiidi liii.l ; 
 ll>',^li ;,'i-.'.iii^ti y.'llow, jiiiiy. iii.uli'iali'ly ^wr.'t ; i|ii,ilily m';dimii : season .-.iilv S. (puriilxr. 
 'i'liv X i^'iiiiiii- ami a ho'kI iio|i|M'i-. HaidiiT than sonif lluiojiian |>hiin-<, hi t not de- 
 sirahlc whrir tliL" Iwst \aii.-lii-. s k (-....d, as it i< t.». small and not. -^m^l . noiii;!, i,, 
 i|iialily. 
 
 /{,ii;i,f I U,.inf Clan If .1 ■ I'.ivayj. -I'Vilit lai;,'.-. lo-mdish, slijditlv lliltt. n.- 1 at i.lid* i 
 ciiloiii- jji-.f; Ish Vi-Ilow with i,'ii'.!i spliisli-s ; l)'.K„a thin, pal.-; miIhk! ni-diiini di- 
 Nti'in sho; 'aiit ; tlcsh yiMlo v, juicy, ni.'ltinjt, sWiN-t, rii h, very fi'Mcl (huour 
 • (iiality V. ,{.x(d ; season la;.- S [.n-nU-r t. early OtoljT. "Th.-o vi^oi-.,u 
 dm-tive. t.no of tlio bi-st b ith f'>r home use .ind for uiaiki't. 
 
 /; ■.>'/</(.("• (Nia;,'ara '.}. - -IVuit al> i\e lue.liuni to lai;,'.-, (jhoval.. ; .iaik |)t]r|.'i,l. 1. 1| 
 with u bluish bloom; dots few; lavity narrow, sliallow ; stem niediuin |ei,^.!|,, 
 nuMlerately stout; suture di^nnrt but shallow; ajx'x roiindi.<l ; skin r;.tl,ei tliltk. 
 tou;,'li ; llesh fjrcenish yellow, jiiiiy, ni.Mlerately lirni, sweet, with a rieh flavour, s'one 
 siTuicliuir: quality ^'ixxl. Se as )ti middle of Ati^'ust to lirsl weik of Si,I»mj),.i . Tree 
 a strun;.' upright ;;p wer and veiy [uoluctive. 
 
 Jli-'i'li'. -Vtuit Ix'l.pw m.dium si/e, almost round; e'll'inr dark jiuipN with a blue 
 bli'om ; dots obs-ure ; suture merely a distim-t line ; skin thin, t<'tider ; f!es|, ^xrieuj-h 
 yellow, juiey, moderately firm, sweet, rieh flavour ; stone small, roundi.li, sena^- if,;; ; 
 (juiility yoo.l to \ery j^ocxl ; s-ea-on .-eeond and third weeks of S-ptenrlxr. A iro'-l des- 
 eit plum, but ratlier small for maiket. S]ieeimens rcieived Injm H. JJK^he, M.,t,t- 
 r-al, yue. Tree has been on Mr. Hro-iie's jilaee since his ;.'ratiilf.':tlier's: time. 'J'!|.,!i;-|,t 
 to be !i secdliii;.'. 
 
 li'.iiiK ,'■/. - Ft 111! lii-dium t.> lar,-e, oval ; colour daik blue, « ith a heaw l.l>;e l^loom ; 
 dots obseure ; e.iviiy narrow, .abiu] t ; stem >liort to nn dium, latlier st..u* ; -liiure ne-ielv 
 a distinct line, not depressed; tlesh yellow, ino<lerately jui-v; oualitv m.-dinm, .~. i 
 .son medium. Tree a strong ;.'rower and verv proiluctive. 
 
 K'fihj R'"i ll'ifMHii. — Fruit me<lium sj/i., o\al ; cavitv nai r.iw, -|i;nlow, a'lMp; ; ^'eni 
 iii'dium length, slender; suture .-m inili^tinet line. noi!epre.si..ri : apex rounded : coI..iir 
 o'ull purplish red ; dot* m.xli-r.itely numTo'i". yell..'.v, distinct ; Ijlooni thin, olue ; >kin 
 fairly thick, moderately tender : liesli yell.v.iii green, juicv ; -totie milium size. Ion;;, 
 oval, din;; ; moderately sweet « itli an acid aftertaste ; qualitv inedium. .'^•ason late 
 Septeml/er. Of the 1-oMibird tvj..-. Imported fnun Jiu'-sia i)V I'rof. Hud'i from \)i-. 
 l!e-el. .<t. I'etersbiir:;, ilurin,' tiie v. i;,t.-r ■>f is^^l i.'. l'r.)f. IJudd wiitin- in l-'j'i said 
 f this plum, 'This was .sent out .piite ext«-nsi\e!y eigljt vear- a;;o learkni '.Mixi.-d Arab. 
 
 N\hite Nieholas and IJ'aek Arab. Most of the trees 
 
 '^ •. H. There is still ^ome d'iub' rc'.'ardirii: this j ium 
 
 .s I'n.f. i'.iidd as White. \ie!,ola,. Another \arietv, 
 
 iiis o:m-, wl.ieh niuy \,.- tlie tr' • Kariy ll.-d. ri;.er.v at 
 
 \:;.".-f. 
 
 iuM ^i/.e. ov.il : colour yellow : ^uture .!i-tinil 
 vcilow, juicv. s«eel, "zik^kI, rich flavour ; stone fn-<- : quulitv t'""' 'o \>r\ ;.'■<«] 
 mens received on Aui.'i;st 4tli., foni K. J>. Smi'h. Winoni. <>nt. ."^.ud t'.. i j- ■ 
 end of .luly. (Jri;.'iiiatcd by the lite Warren loihon, JIaniilton, Out. 
 IVomising on account of i ; rliue^s and quality. 
 
 The Sorts iuixe<l were ]j;-ly 1' 
 prove<l to Ix- Karlv lied I'u i -a 
 
 which may lie th» varietv ~. lit 
 cailisl I.,ate Ited, somewhiL iike 
 < ht:;v,a d:iri:i;r ihi" ;;;-: •.-..■ik -' 
 
 Eiiifnilii. V\\\\t alopve ni( 
 
 . f. -h 
 
 S.....i- 
 
 V liie 
 
31 
 
 Ge,-,w,„ rnn,r.-' Vvxu^ >M.i!l to mo.linin ; Ion- oval ; cavity very shallow ; stem 
 rathor sV.ulor. .UL-.lh..u long ; suture hardly nwre than a line ; apex sojnowhat pointed ; 
 CO our blue ; ,iots few. scatier..! ; bloom blue ; llosh gree.UHh or sh^htly yellow ; st^no 
 small, ovai;,.oint.-J,mo,leraU>ly flattened, very f r.H- ; ,,ual.ty hardlj^ T ^tJ,'.i 
 season niciiun. : tree stron;j, .all grower, pro<luctive,' (Waugh). lins has long been a 
 popular plum. , 
 
 67,M. (Glass S,.e.lling).-Fruit large, roundish, deep purple with a blue blot.m; 
 suture verv shallow, indisrinct ; stem medium length, slender; tlesh yellow with a slvade 
 of even uncv,n«,«l.rately sw^-t ; skin me<iium in thickness. U-nder ; stone med.um 
 S.f.i ' -ualitv .no.liu..,. Season second and third weeks of Septen.ber. Tree a 
 slmng gro'wc.' and pr.Kluctive where it succeeds well. Very shn.lar, .f not Klenfcai 
 with t.;iiaeke!iboss. 
 
 (;..l,l,;, />,•«» (Cm-'s Golden Drop).- 'Fruit large to very large ; oval with a short 
 neek, the two halvn^s uneMual ; cavity very shallow and abrupt ; stem med.um length, 
 stou uturedeep; apex somewhat depressed ; colour golden yellow ; dots very many 
 •e ow ■ 1, Jn V.-UOW llesh hrm. n.eaty ; stone medlun. large, long, punted son.ewha 
 tlatt"nJd, ribbed at tl.; edge, half free ; quality goml ; season n.ed.um late. lrecag.K.d 
 grower with large, coarse, rough foliage.' (W augh). 
 
 Gr,n.d /)»Av..-' Fruit large to very large obovate ; cavity narrow, sh.allow ; stem 
 
 .,n inch Ion.' ■ suture .ath-r de, p ; colour very dark blue ; bloom lieavy, blue ; flesh yellow, 
 
 rn tone .val,har,llvtlattenVd, cling; .pulity g«.d ; season late. Irec m.'-l.-n' <' 7 
 
 " r n,s with a ipreading op.n head. lleganl..d by n.any .s one o the v-yj'-t »' 
 
 shipping plums' (Waugh). This is a favourite plum ,n s,.,„e parts of the best plum 
 
 districts of Ontario. 
 
 G,,.:;. --' Fruit medium si»- ; oval, cordate ; cavity .l,al ow ; stem an inch long, pulM«- 
 cent utun- shallow; apc.v .somewhat pointed; colour blue; do s m.t visible; bloom 
 blue;' llelh greenish yellow; stone medium si.e, round oval, obl„,ue pomte.l, clmg ; 
 qualitv fair ; .season medium ' (Waugh). 
 
 i,n,>n-:.,l Gnr.-' Fruit medi.nn to above luedium in si/e, roun.lish ; colour yellowish 
 
 preen ; dots indislinct ; cavity nan •. medium depth ; f:"'-" •"';; " w'":^;;^ tm J^ 
 
 stout- sutuiv distinct but very slightly depressed ; skin fairly thick, rather tough 
 Hi ellowish green, tirm, juicv. sweet, rich flavour; stone medium si.e, oval, semi^.lng 
 ,o almost free^,uality very go.Kl. Season early September. Tree a strong grower 
 and veiv jiroductive. 
 
 Il,',li.,,> /',-,ni. (Fcllenbc-rg).-' Fruit medium to large, elliptical, straighter on ono 
 .id..audlon.-roiitiieotlu.r; cavitvvery shallow; stem nearly as h.iig as the fruit; 
 su tu si allmv ; colour dark blue ; dots not many, dull yellow ; bloom blue; skm thin; 
 flesh .'.eenish vellow ; stone medium si.e, oval, p..iiited, rough, ndged at edge, quite 
 fn-e ■ mialitv goo<l to extra ; season late ; tree rather spreading (NV augh). 
 
 This is .me of f.ie most satisfactory Kuropean plums both t.,r home use ami for 
 
 market. 
 
 .hllW.o,,.^' Fruit medium to large, naind or r.>undoval ; cavity very shallow ; stem 
 mediun short ; suture, hardly any ; ajK-x very slightly depresse<l ; col.mr greenish yellow ; 
 d t 1 nv ..reeni-h ; bloom white ; skin thin and tender ; tle.sh yellow ;st<me medium 
 sit ">> with a ,sh,at neck, slightly .lattened, rough, f|ee; flavour, rich and sugary ; 
 quality good t.. liest; scas.m mciium late; a g.-nl tree' (W augii). One of the hnest 
 varieties for li..me use. 
 
 /.,„»/<.-rrf.- Fruit medium size, oval, slightly llattene<l at ends ; colour purplish red 
 with a thin blue bloom ; dots fairly numerous, yellowish distinct ; .stem short slender 
 su ure liaUow, indistu^t; .skin rather thin, lea.ler ; tle.sh yellow, juicy a wee , but_ not 
 S" fini • st.me medium ii/.e, cling ; quality medium ; season second and third wec^ks of 
 Sopt'emi".;. Tree vig.-rous and a very heavy bearer. One of the hardiest of the Euro- 
 pean plums. 
 
3S 
 
 Lnnn (Montreal No. 60). — Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outrcmont, Que.: — 
 Fruit largo, oval, broad (round oval) ; cavity shallow, raodium width, sliglitly flar- 
 in;; ; sten. iiodium length, J inch, stout ; suture a distinct line, very little if any dopres- 
 sion ; apex rounded, very slightly flattened ; colour dark purple ; dots fiiirly numerou-s, 
 irregular, indistinct, brownish ; bloom moderate, blue ; skin moderately thick, tough ; 
 flesh yellowish green, very juicy, fairly firm ; stone largo, oval, cling ; swe<^t, rich ; 
 quality very gixxi. 8ea.son curly to middle of September. A lino dessert plum. 
 
 Monarch. — ' Fruit largo, n)undiKh oval ; cavity deep, broad, rounded ; stem short 
 o-:..'. ^tout; suture hardly visible; colour dark purplish; bhxim luiavy, bluish; flesh yel- 
 ii)w;.-.V ; i me free ; ((uality good ; sea-son lat«. An English variety lately introduced 
 ti) fliis (■'■ ,atry ami tliought to bo a valuable late shipping plum ' (Waugh). This plum 
 is wi ll V orthy of trial. 
 
 Ml ,Umoreuc;i (Heine Claude de Montmorency). — Fruit me<lium size, almost round > 
 cii>.;y narrow, abrupt, rather shallow ; stem short to medium, moderately stout ; suture 
 indistinct ; soiiietinie.s very slightly depressed ; apex rounded or slightly flattened ; colour 
 yellow and gi-eenish yellow Ix^foro quite ripe with a light orange blush or dots of orange 
 on sunny side ; dots obscure ; bloom thin, white ; skin moderately thick, tough ; flesh 
 yellow, very juicy, moderately tirm, sweet, ricli ; .stone small, oval, almost fi-ee; 
 (luulity very good. 
 
 Mountain.— Yrxxit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outremont, Que. : — • 
 Fruit medium to above n)etlium size, roundish, flattened slightly at ends ; cavity 
 medium de[)tli and width, slightly flaring ; stem metlium to long, moderately stout ; 
 suture distinrt, usually sliglitly depressed , apex slightly flattened ; colour, greenish yel- 
 low, more or less overs|iie,i(l with dull coppery re<l ; dots numerous, j'ellow, distinct; 
 liloom thin, bluish ; skin moderately thick, tough ; flesh yellowish gre<'n ; stone above 
 medium, bruad, roundish, cling; s«ei't, rich ; (juality verj- good. .Season early to middle 
 .SeptemlxT. An excellent dessert plum. Well worth propagating. 
 
 Mount Roi/iil (Duidop 54). — Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outremont, Que. 
 Fruit raeflium sizi\ roundish, llnttened at stem end ; cavity meilium to open, medium 
 depth, somewhat flaring ; stem short to medium, moderately stout; suture distinct, very 
 slightly depressed ; i\\n^K rounded, slightly llattened ; colour dark pur|ile ; dots numer- 
 ous, irn'guliir, distinct ; bloom blue, miMlerate ; skin moderately thick, fairly ten- 
 der ; flesh greenisli yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, moderately rich flavour; stonj below medium, 
 roundish, cling; ijuality good. .Season early to mid-September. Should !« a 
 goinl shipping plum. 
 
 McLiiUijhlin. -'Fruit medium size, round or even oblate; cavitv shallow, with a 
 ridge aromid the stem ; stem strong, rather long ; suture very shallow ; apex very slightly 
 depressetl ; colour greenish yellow with a pink bluih ; dots many, greenish ; bloom white ; 
 skin thin ; flo.sh yellow ; stone medium size, oblique oval, slightly ilattened, rough, cling ; 
 flavour rich, sugary ; quality extra. Season medium. Tree hardy and a fairly gfKxl 
 grower.' (Waugh). 
 
 One of the l)est varieties for home use, the quality being exceptionally good. It is 
 of the Green Gage tj-pe. 
 
 Petn-s (Peters' Yellow Gage). — ' Fruit medium to large ; round oval ; cavity medium, 
 shallow, abrupt ; stem long, pubescent ; suture shallow ; apex slightly depressed ; colour 
 greenisli yellow, sometimes with a slight blu.sh ; dots many, yellow ; bloom white ; skin 
 thin ; flesh greenish Vi-llow ; stone medium large, oval, pointed, hardly flattened, din;' ; 
 quality good to b/st. Season early. Tree m(xlerat("Iy vigorous and upright. A wiod 
 amateur variety of the Green Gage type.' (Waugh). 
 This has suceei'dcil well in District No. 3. 
 
 Poml (Fond's Seodling). -Fruit very largo ; nearly oval, but tapers slightlv tow.irds 
 cavity ; colour purplisli red ; bloom puri-lish ; di>ts numerous, dull yellow, di.stinet but 
 not jtroiwinent ; civity narrow, shallow ; stem medium length, fairly stout ; suture dis- 
 tinct and but sli,'htly depre.s.sed ; skin thick, rirther tough ; flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, 
 
M 
 
 goo<l flav.,„r ; stone Urge, rough, cling ; quality good. Sea-son early Sept«n.l)er. Tree • 
 Btrong glower ami quit*- productive. _ 
 
 0«aciv«/,<«...-' Fruit nuHlium size or larger ; round oval ; aivity shallow flaring ; 
 stem rather long ; suture a line ; colour blue ; dots blue ; bloom blue ; sk.n th.n ; Hesh 
 greenish j'stone m'al, ,.ointe.l, llattene.1, cling ; quality fair to go,xl. Season n.e<hum. A 
 .'.«)d rai.id growing tree ami fairly pnHluctive.' (Waugh). 
 " Ripens in Ontario in second and third weeks of SeptcnilK!r. 
 
 Oneeii JA.y.-Fruit lar-e, roundish, almost perfectly round : colour greenish yellow 
 splxslied with ,KUe grcn when not ripe; bl...ni tiiin. pale bluish dots small, pale, mdis- 
 t net ; cavitv narn.w, nuMJium depth ; stem medium length to rather .mg, tair y stout; 
 sutur; iu.listin.t ; apex roun.le,] ; skin nuKleiately tliiek, t.ni.d. ; tiesl. gr»-cnisl. ye low, 
 ve-v iuiev, moderatelv li.ni, sweet, lieh llavour ; stone n.edui.,. si/.>, almost oval, ein.g; 
 .Uia..v verv u.mhI ; season Septe.nWr. Tree a strnn-, m.«lerat.-ly spreading grower 
 fruiting' lu^aviiy when young, but d.n.s not live very long. A very pro.msn.g dessert 
 plum. Sneeiinens ree.iived from N. K. Jack, Chateauguay Basin, Que., who ,s growing 
 trees leeeiveil from Thos. Clark, Chateauguay. Thought to b.> a seedling. 
 
 R.niws (Dunlop 5.3). -Fruit received from W. W. Dunlop, Outremont, Que. : - 
 Fruit above mellium to large : oval, long, flattened .m side of suture ; cavity u.e.lnim 
 depth and width, abrupt ; stem nie.li.im length, moderately .stout ; suture distinct, slifji.tly 
 depressed; ape.^ rounded; colour dark rcl.lish purple; dot^s small, numerous, in.hs- 
 tinct ; bloom m.Klerate, blue ; skin thin, tender ; tlesh yellowish green firm la.rly juuy ; 
 stone above medium to large, long, oval, free ; moderately sweet ; quality above medium. 
 Season early to middle of S..ptcinl.er. A prolific bearer and should be a go^Kl shq^KT. 
 A prune plum. 
 
 Rhhlawl - Fruit nu-dium to alwve medium size, oval ; cavity narrow, medium 
 depth, abrupt; stem medium len.gth, J inch, .slender ; suture a distinct line, no (leprcs- 
 sion : apex roun.led ; colour deep p«rpli-,li red ; dots fairly numerous, yellow, indistinc ; 
 bloom modrrate, blue ; skin thick, fairly tender ; flesh greenish vellow, .luiev, moderately 
 firm; stone mediuM, size, oval, flat, cling ; sweet but nut rich , quality above medium. 
 Season niiddl.^ of September. Hardier than most European sorts. Originated on the 
 farm of Handall :idcn, Kichland, Pennsylvania. 
 
 nouhii -Fruit above medium size, round, dark purplish red with a bluish bloom ; 
 dots obscure; suture an indistinct line; npex roumled ; skin thin, m.Klerate y toiii^li ; 
 lle.h yellow, moderatelv juicv, linn, sweet, rich llavour ; stone me.l.um size, oval, slightly 
 flattened, cling ; qualitv go.Kl to very goo<l. Se.ason end of August and first week ui 
 September. A promising seedling originated by Jos. Rowley, Lummings Rridge, Oi,t. 
 (near Ottawa). Said to fruit well nearly every year. 
 
 .Shro/.^rure (Damson).— ' Fruit small, oval : cavity, hardly any ; stem alx.ut one-half 
 inch loi..'; suture none; colour dark blue ; dots none visible; bloom blue; skin firm ; 
 flesh greenish, sour; stone small, oval, turgid, cling; quality fan. Tret a gotnl grower 
 and enormously productive.' (Waugh). 
 This is a popular damson in Canada. 
 
 UuQfrnxh.-Vvuxt above me<lium to large; long oval; cavitv narrow, shallow, 
 abrupt ;■ suture distinct, very slightly if at all depressed; apex round ; colour dark pur- 
 ple • dots mo<l.Tatelv numerous, indistinct, brown; bloom nio<ierate, blue; skin fiiirly 
 thick, tender; flesh" greenish yellow, firm, fairly juicy ; Btono argo, long, oval, free ; 
 moderately sweet ; .piality above medium. Season middle ot September. Introducc<l 
 bv Prof, iiu.ld from C. H. Wagner, Riga, Russia. t, • • 
 
 This plum is somewhat like the Raynes (Dunlop 53) A prune plum. Promising 
 on account of I ardiness. 
 
 (IV/,i,'7'o«.-Fruit large, roumiish, slightly flattened at ends; colour greenish 
 vellow with a pink blush on sunnv side; dots obscure; cavity narrow, shallow; stem 
 short stout; suture distinct and slightly depressed; skin tough ; flesh greenish yellow, 
 firm juicv sweet, rich , st.me me.iium size, roundish, almost or quite free; quality very 
 good Season early to mid September. Tree a strong grower with a roundish top. 
 
37 
 
 dot. if.T ^^^—^''•".'t large to very large, oval; colour deep yellow ; bloom white; 
 «nh ..r. '• """Tr-, "''''^^'"•^t i '^^^ity ^''-^'lo^. ridged ; Hten. long, „>oder«.tely «t«ut 
 8ut«,od,stinct,8l.ghtly depressed; skin thick, rather tough ; fl,.sh yellow, jui,-yf.sw?"t 
 
 e krge, oval, clmg ; quality good. .Season end of Augu.t to early .S.-j/l.^b^ . Tree' 
 vigorous and productive. ■' ' "--i. ^irc 
 
 JAI'ANKSE VAKIKTIKS. 
 
 ^/,»„r/«»,v. Fruit largo, roundish ; bright to derp n-I with a plhnv ground • 
 
 ttt""".tu.T;ii^l n'T' I"""»'"^"\' r^\y -Y--. "'--I't ; «te.n n„.,liu,r. loMKtl!: rath.; 
 stout, suture distinct; apex pointed ; skm thin, niuderatcly tci-lcr ; tl,^sh y.-llow jui-v 
 
 irni, sw«.t, rich ; stone oval, cling. Quality g.KKj to very go.!. ,S,...on AugusUO ^: 
 -.). Tree a strong upright grown, uu early Imrer and pr-xJuctiv... 
 
 /,'»,-i<,„A-.-Fruit large to very large, roundish ; colour dee,, red with dark r..<l on 
 sunny side and about cavity, on a yellow groun.l ; dotsnun.erous.'smull, disti, ,• , y Iw 
 stem uiedmin length ; suture merely a .iistinct line ; apex so.neti nes j,, int..! ■ ' ' 
 
 (A,/«./.-Fru,tmedimntokrge, iMundi^h, heart shapcl ; colour d.-ep, rather dull 
 ml dots numerous, small, yellow; cavity narrow; stem short, stout ■ sutun- fairlv 
 distinct ; apex usually rouiulcd ; skin mrxlerately thick, toutrl. ; lie-,!, yellow, jui-v firm 
 sweet ; stone below medium size, oval, elinjr ; qualitv pwl. S.ason late Tree a stron-' 
 upright grower and U>ais well This variety is one of the l.i,r intr.Kju-ti.,n's and l.as 
 proven one of the best of the Japanese phiuis. 
 
 /!,JJune.--Yrmi medium to below in si/e, roundish, somewhat fl^.ttomd ■ .-olour 
 deej. todark red; d..ts small, yellow, numerous ; cavitv deep; st-m short, n,<yl.ratelv 
 stout; suture distinct but shallow ; skin thin, tender ; ll.;h i,ale vdlow, (hiii. juirv, briskly 
 sub-acid with little richness; stone small. r.,uri.iish, cling; ."lualitv me( " 
 
 last wc'k of July to first week of Augu-' Tive mixleratelv 
 bearer. This plum is valuable on account of its extreme 
 
 seiea' 
 
 ■ailwie-s. 
 
 Hum. Season 
 ;. A medium 
 
 , ,. ., ,, . , ,, . , , - ■ •■'is variety was 
 
 received at tlie Leiitml Lxperimental 1-arm under the name of IV.tJin and Slnro sn'iomo 
 Ihe mnver buds arc hardier than most Euioi.can varieties but altli.iu-h there is usually 
 
 -soms are -elf-,teiile. 
 
 much bloom comparatively little fruit sets, probably Ix'cause blovs 
 
33 
 
 Varieties of Plums which are beiuf tested at the Central Experimental Faun, 
 Ottawa. 
 
 List of Varieties. 
 
 Xanii'S of Varittii'S. 
 
 ECBdI'EAN rixMS. 
 
 Amaryllis 
 
 Antic (Moore'x Ari-lic). . 
 
 I!^\ki'r Prune 
 
 lii'vilyofyuf'if = Nujili- 
 
 r.»*ionnierea 
 
 J!<iViiiiiin 
 r.i,mio Ste 
 I'.m'lshaw .. 
 H.-iKlio .... 
 Cliataviquft. 
 Ciiluiiil>ia. . , 
 ( 'i)i:het litre 
 
 Aunt'. 
 
 (Vjr. 
 
 Dunnl^itun Superb 
 
 Diani'Hid 
 
 1) 111" (Dunne's Piir/^h) 
 
 ' .rly Rwl Kus.siiin 
 
 -niiTald 
 
 Kiulelwrt (Princ, hii'/hhrrt)- 
 fi'kiiUrij = ItaliaTl I'lUilP... 
 
 Fi.lcl 
 
 ftiuierid Hand = Hand 
 
 Uciman I'rune 
 
 .ilas.s (Glags Seedliiii?) 
 
 Uraiiil Duko 
 
 (!m'i 
 
 Hand ilJcneral Uand> 
 
 U:iii.-^/.\/etsche 
 
 Horri<>:an 
 
 Ickwdvth (IckKorth ln-ptnilncc) 
 
 liniKiial Gage 
 
 Italian I'runu (Fell' rMn) 
 
 John A 
 
 KinKHton 
 
 LacMino 
 
 Tj' ^iwic 
 
 T^inu-iln 
 
 Loin'oald 
 
 I.unn 
 
 McLautrhlin 
 
 Mallard 
 
 Moklavka ( Yclhxr M:!ih, rb< ) 
 
 Arunarch .... 
 
 Mduriw ■ ;•■■■■• 
 
 M>mtnioren('y (Heinf Cl.iwie dc Mont 
 
 iitomvtf) 
 
 Mmri'f Anik - Ari-tic 
 
 Mount Hoyal 1 
 
 Muuntam ; 
 
 Naples (Branltj •■/ Nur-I''*) 
 
 Niagara (Braihhxv !) 
 
 < )utri>inont . 
 
 Penlrisj.n 
 
 Y^mi.(P'md'sfiniiliwn j 
 
 Primt Kiiiilibtrt ~ V.iigMorl j 
 
 QuaekcnljtKi 
 
 (^leen May 
 
 t)uel><"C 
 
 Kaynes 
 
 lied Kkk 
 
 iktiie tVtn/rfc dr M.mli.-inrnirii Munt 
 
 niorencT 
 
 Richard Tn.t'.er 
 
 lUcbUud 
 
 Date of 
 
 Planting 
 
 Oldest 
 
 Trees, 
 
 1902 
 
 ismt 
 
 l.Sfl9 
 
 1901 
 l.S'.W 
 IS'.I.-. 
 189!) 
 190,'i 
 1S99 
 1S9S 
 1901 
 IIKX) 
 liM2 
 •)0 
 , •") 
 1S95 
 1903 
 1S9S 
 
 liWO 
 
 1K95 
 1S93 
 1«98 
 1898 
 1898 
 I'tOO 
 1903 
 1901 
 1900 
 1898 
 189.T 
 1900 
 1903 
 1893 
 1900 
 IIXX) 
 19<I3 
 1900 
 1903 
 1897 
 1900 
 1901 
 
 Names of Varieties— Coiitiiiiici/. 
 
 EUROPE.KN Pl.L'MS — Coil<inUf'i. 
 
 Rowley 
 
 Saratoga ■ 
 
 Sharp ( Vir.loriii) 
 
 Sliro|wliire (ShrupsUire l/ni/ifon}.., 
 
 Smith's Early 
 
 'IVtge 
 
 Smith's Octolx-r 
 
 l"n(;arii-h 
 
 Victoria = Sharp 
 
 Vomncsh Bhie 
 
 Voronesh YiUow 
 
 W:u»g'"nheim 
 
 \\'>iite Nicholas 
 
 Yclluw Mold'i I hi = .M.'Mavka.... 
 
 .r.U'ANK.sK PUM.S. 
 
 Abnndancf 
 
 Ik'rckman's 
 
 JSotiin = Kid Juno 
 
 Piirbank 
 
 ( ;habot 
 
 Kngre . . 
 
 Hale 
 
 Kerr 
 
 Octol«r (Octolrr Pur/tlf). 
 
 Red Junii 
 
 Satsuma 
 
 Shiro-Siiioiiio — K'd .I'llie. 
 Willar<l 
 
 1899 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 ItOO 
 
 1903 
 19<^l3 
 IBOO 
 
 1898 
 1903 
 I'.HK! 
 1903 
 
 1893 
 
 1895 
 1888 
 
 Amkkiiana PI.'JMS'. 
 
 Admiral Dt'W.y. 
 .\dmiral Schliy. 
 
 Advanc' 
 
 American Kag!o. 
 Bail.v 
 
 H.TO1.T 
 
 Hi.\ln 
 
 1 
 
 Black !i.(»k, .. 
 Bimili' r^'iT. ... 
 
 Bouncr 
 
 Brackett 
 
 Brittlcwn"! Nn 
 Jirilf'-roO'l No. -' = I'. 
 Bnttlrw-t-id No. 3. . 
 
 Brooklvn 
 
 Brvanrl>'. J-) 
 
 Build (Prof. J 
 
 C'..t>. 
 
 Champion 
 
 City 
 
 Coinage 
 
 Colondo {Colorado (jneen] 
 
 Collman .. 
 
 Comfort 
 
 Consul 
 
 Cottr.'ll 
 
 Crai<?(Pro/.) 
 
 Cyclmc 
 
 Ueeiicreck. . 
 
 Dennis (Wr.) 
 
 De Soto 
 
 Date of 
 
 I'lantini; 
 
 Oldest 
 
 Trees. 
 
 1903 
 H"d 
 1K95 
 1898 
 1897 
 1903 
 18'J7 
 1888 
 
 1903 
 1893 
 1901 
 ISit") 
 
 1900 
 19t« 
 
 1900 
 190:i 
 1903 
 190;< 
 1903 
 191? 
 1814 
 1903 
 
 I'.XIO 
 
 1901 
 lUOl 
 l!t03 
 1K95 
 1903 
 IIHX) 
 1893 
 1893 
 1901 
 189.5 
 1903 
 1901 
 
 1903 
 1!IU3 
 1903 
 1903 
 1896 
 1895 
 1895 
 1901 
 1895 
 1901 
 1893 
 1895 
 1895 
 1903 
 1901 
 1805 
 1895 
 1888 
 
 '< 
 
m 
 
 List of Varieties of Plums, 
 
 i 
 
 Names of VariHti"9— Con'mufJ. 
 
 Amkiiiiana Plims— Coiidniicii. 
 
 I->iana 
 
 l).m 
 
 Dunlap [OuiJ.ip't Vo. i). 
 
 Kldurado 
 
 Kwnia 
 
 Etta 
 
 Forest < i.itden , . . 
 
 Freestone 
 
 Free Sitirr = Terry 
 
 (iaiena 
 
 (Jiivl'jrd 
 
 Coldeii 
 
 Irolileit (Jiiriii — (>uciii . .. 
 
 Hammer 
 
 Hanson 
 
 HawIvHVe 
 
 Holt, .". 
 
 Hunt 
 
 Irene 
 
 Ironclatl 
 
 Jesdie 
 
 Julia.. 
 
 Kennedy Ked 
 
 Kieth. 
 
 Lalwrt (/,-i',frt'« B«i) 
 
 Lurije Rid fiwcct = Flunk. 
 
 Legal Tender 
 
 Leonard 
 
 Lillie 
 
 Lottie 
 
 Lfmisa 
 
 Miinkato 
 
 Miii-cellus 
 
 Mariorie 
 
 -Mary 
 
 Maude Lacey 
 
 MoUio 
 
 Moon 
 
 Nellie. 
 
 N.'llie Blanche. 
 
 Newton Kng . . . 
 
 New Ulni 
 
 Otheeda 
 
 OldUold 
 
 Omepra 
 
 I*earl 
 
 Feffer Premium 
 
 Plunk {Liirye Rrd Simlj 
 
 Purple Yosouiite (Yoaaailc Purple). 
 
 (Juaker 
 
 iluevn {doUIrn Queen) 
 
 Reel 
 
 Hockford 
 
 RoUingstone 
 
 Ruby 
 
 Sada 
 
 Silas Wilson 
 
 Smith ......,,,, 
 
 Speer 
 
 Stella 
 
 Stoddard 
 
 Sunrix- 
 
 Terry'.i Ue Soto 
 
 Trr y {Free Silrer) 
 
 U. S. (BrittUitood Ko. i) 
 
 Datfl of 
 Plan tins 
 Oldest' 
 Trees. 
 
 ItWl 
 l.S'.t.! 
 1895 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 1890 
 1901 
 
 1S9,> 
 IS'.I.J 
 
 i:'-:» 
 
 1S95 
 1901 
 1S98 
 1901 
 
 1R9;< 
 
 l«t5 
 W95 
 1894 
 1901 
 1897 
 1903 
 1897 
 
 1901 
 1897 
 1901 
 1901 
 1901 
 189.S 
 1901 
 1903 
 1901 
 1'.KI3 
 1901 
 18!W 
 1S9.5 
 1901 
 1897 
 1895 
 189.- 
 1897 
 1901 
 1901 
 1895 
 1897 
 
 1895 
 1901 
 I'.Wl 
 1892 
 1«88 
 1903 
 I'.Wl 
 1*95 
 1901 
 1888 
 1903 
 1891 
 1895 
 1903 
 1902 
 1901 
 
 Naniea of V'arietioa— OmdiiMrti. 
 
 AsiKiiicwSA Pi.i'M.i— Concluded. 
 
 Value 
 
 Van Biiren 
 
 Van Oenian. .. . 
 
 Warren 
 
 Weaver 
 
 Woli 
 
 Wyant 
 
 Y»llo\v Sweet. . . 
 Yds. mite Purple 
 
 Purple Yosiniito. . 
 NiciiA Plcm.s. 
 
 Aitkin . 
 
 August 
 
 Urandon Uuliy. 
 
 Cheney 
 
 Manitoba No. 4. 
 Manitoba No. 5. 
 Mills Seedling. . . 
 
 (Mejjrard 
 
 Snjith Ked 
 
 Snellincf 
 
 Whyte 
 
 MiNF.U-LIKK PU-.MS. 
 
 Car\er 
 
 Clinton 
 
 f.V. Wilder ^ Wilder.! '. '. 
 
 T:stlier 
 
 Fo.-est Rose 
 
 IdalKWoO 
 
 Iroiiuois 
 
 Miner 
 
 Nebr.a.ska 
 
 ( )ren 
 
 Prairie Flower .... 
 
 liachel 
 
 Surprise 
 
 Weir {H\ir» jMr^/c Bed). 
 
 WaVI.AMi I.IKE Pi.rji.s. 
 
 tiolden Beauty 
 
 Moreman 
 
 H ed 
 
 Wii.ik;oosk Pl.lMS. 
 
 Downin^j, {iltnrlet) 
 
 Dunlop, tyn. i) 
 
 .Tames \'ick 
 
 Milton . 
 
 Rt)ulette 
 
 Sophie 
 
 Van Houten 
 
 Whituker 
 
 Wilder (t'o/.) 
 
 Wildjfoose 
 
 IIvRKin Plums. 
 
 Anieriea (Botan X RubinKon) 
 
 Ames {P. Americana X P. tri/lora) . 
 Apple {PareiUai/t uttknoum). ., . . 
 
 Dnt«of 
 
 Planting 
 
 Oldest 
 
 Trt-t's. 
 
 1903 
 1890 
 1.895 
 I'.IOI 
 1895 
 1888 
 18!I0 
 1895 
 
 1897 
 1«99 
 1903 
 1890 
 1895 
 1895 
 1890 
 1901 
 1900 
 1894 
 1893 
 
 1895 
 1895 
 
 1895 
 1898 
 1895 
 1895 
 1895 
 1895 
 1!100 
 1895 
 1897 
 IflOO 
 18115 
 
 1895 
 1888 
 1895 
 
 1893 
 1895 
 1897 
 1893 
 18!)9 
 1896 
 1901 
 1895 
 1<»>1 
 1898 
 
 1901 
 1901 
 lUOl 
 
40 
 
 LJBt of Varieties— Conciuded. 
 
 Names ot Varieties— CotUinuni. 
 
 Htdrid Plums— C<«i<inu«J. 
 
 Bartlett(De/aim« X P. Simmi).. 
 Chalco, {P. Simoni X Burbank).. . 
 
 Climax, (Botan X P. Simoni) 
 
 Comlnnatioii 
 
 Comi«sa Clicrry {Prjnui pumila Beiseyi 
 
 X Mitur. 
 Dori 
 
 Date of 
 
 Flanting 
 
 Oldest 
 
 Trees. 
 
 Duke • • 
 
 Kxc<-l»ior(A'c7«fy X WiMiiooit).. 
 
 Colder) (CiuM) (Rol.inmn X Butan) 
 
 (lOosedye ,- 
 
 Uonzales (Parcnl<:'ie unknown) 
 
 Holland (Keliri/ X Lone HUiri) 
 
 Kelbnlan . . 
 
 Kelniyro ,• ■ ■ • ■ 
 
 Nona [P. trijiura X P. angvitifolMf). 
 
 1901 
 1!I03 
 li«l 
 
 liwa 
 
 1901 
 
 i»as 
 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 Names of Varieties- Coiwiudei 
 
 HvnKii) Pi.uiis— Ctme/urffrf. 
 
 Occident [ParcntMjc unknnmi) 
 
 Pendent {PottairatUtmie X Furett (Jar- 
 den) 
 
 Preterver {K'hcii X Eurhi Jlnl .') 
 
 Raplrtnd (/'arrit^(.'/t' Hukit'nrn) 
 
 Red May {Ahundai.ce X Wilflinxw). . . 
 
 Rupert (Prunii) pvmila X P. avieri 
 ctina} 
 
 Shiro (Rul/inson X Mi/nbuian X Wiek 
 ton). 
 
 Six Weeks 
 
 SuUun — Occident 
 
 Watson 
 
 Wau(?li 
 
 Wicksim [P. triiora X P. Siiiwni) 
 
 Yates. 
 
 Date of 
 
 Planting 
 
 Oldest 
 
 Treea. 
 
 1W13 
 
 1901 
 19<>3 
 1903 
 1903 
 
 liWl 
 
 1901 
 1903 
 1901 
 190:1 
 
 i9:a 
 
 19M 
 1903 
 
 POLLINATION OF PLUM8. 
 
 Until quite recent years the pollination of fiuits was given compaiativeiy littl.i 
 gtudv but durin" the past ten years a number of expcrimentei-s liavo been at work 
 inve^tiL'atin" tho'causes of failure in the setting of fruit and have shown the iiii[>ortanco 
 of havin" the blossoms fertilized by pollen which will ensure the sotting of the fruit. 
 T'lo plum has receive<l more careful study in regard to pollination than any other fruit. 
 For Hve years or more Prof. F. A. Waugh gave this question liis special attention, and 
 the results which he obtaine<l and the facts which he published have been of groat 
 assistance to fruit growers. , ., . c n *i • .• c i 
 
 \s a result of his exjieriinents he found that of all the varieties of plums ot 
 
 American origin which lie studied (and he studitsd most of those on the market), only 
 
 one variety, the Robinson was self-fertile. In other words, if a tree of any other variety 
 
 of American origin than the Kobinson were planted where its flowers could net bo 
 
 fertilized bv thc^poUen from a tree of another variety no fruit or practically no fruit 
 
 would set " The Japanese plums were almost as self-sterile as the American, but the 
 
 European plums were more or less self-fertile. It will be seen from the above that 
 
 many varieties of plums are not fertilized at all or only partly fertilized by their own 
 
 pollen It is necessary, therefore, that varieties be so mixed in the orchard that proper 
 
 i)oninati<5n and a gooS setting of the fruit will be ensured. Americana varieties of 
 
 plums should l)e planted to i>ollenize Americana varieties, Nigra to pollenize Nigra, 
 
 alMiou"h Amoricana will do, Japanese to pollenize Japanese and European to pollenize 
 
 European' Varieties shouVl l)e planted near each other which bloom at the same time. 
 
 This IS very important, as if the varieties do not bloom at the same time pollinati^.n 
 
 cannot take place. The nurserymen do not as a rule give in tlieir caUlogues the 
 
 r.-lative time of blooming of the different varieties bought from them, but it is necessary 
 
 for the fruit grower to know this k-fore ptanling if he is to ..btain the be-t lesuk-. 
 
 The value of bcv-s and other insects in the orchard for assisting in pollemzing the tlowers 
 
 cannot l)e over-estimate<l, anrl where possiblo, colonies should be kept for this purpose. 
 
 The dates of blooming of plums in difli'i-ent parte of Canada viere recorded by 
 
 fruit growers for the Horticultural division of the Central Exi)eriraental Farm for five 
 
 years These dates have been compiled and the average of each variety thus obtained. 
 
 I 
 
 
i 
 
Km rriNc liiiAMH hk Don Tums. 
 
 *.' 
 
 
 •' J 'It , S f ?■. 1.. • ■ • .. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 t'liKShn ru-M l.N Bl^)M-Ty|.ical Tree of Prunu, Niyra. [p. ;!2. 
 
41 
 
 Tl.e following i8 ft table of vurieti-s of Americana an.l \i;;ra plums mentioned in tl.ia 
 bulktin givrng th«r season o bl.K.n.ing. This will U- of assLstanco to fruit gn'wer, 
 when plant.n,'. A table of the European var.etles is not «iven. a« the infofmati." 
 oht.un<..l was not ull enou;;!, f, W- perfectly nliable, and furthermore the intermixing 
 ,u.„. n.?"';!." If"; r'r ""»,,'«• ""!•<'■■*''""''' «itl. American, us must ..f the varieties 
 a,.I e.u t. 1h. self fertile. Ihe Jai^n.-s^- varieties .|es<TiU.,I in this Ilulletin are all extra 
 caily and early liI.x.ni.Ts, and will thus polleiii/e on.' another 
 
 y 'cr- is ten days' dilli-reme Wween the time of bl,H,mi„« of the earliest and latent 
 ..,es in the following table, so that it would U- impossible for the earlv bhx,ming 
 
 1^ . H, ".' 1"' '"'"•" ,"r 'T :"""*; ''",* **"'*"'"•'>■ ""-''» I"'"'-'"^- ♦•"" "">'ii"ni, ihc medium 
 tiTe medium late, and the \.aU\r the late. 
 
 AMKIilCANA AM) NKIUA PLIMS— .SEA.SO\ OK liLOOMINO. 
 
 Extra Early. — Aitkin. 
 
 Early. — Cheney, Manlcato, Odegard. 
 
 ,.y''(r^"'"'— ^'^["y'^'""'''''"-^-'''^' <-'<'>»f<'rt, Oaylonl, Xew Ulm, Oclioeda, Queen. 
 L.K, Van Buren, \VeJVver. , -^uircii, 
 
 Medium Late.- Bender, Cottiell, 8mith, Wolf, Wyant. 
 
 M- > ^'"^--{^m^f'™" ^M^\ DeSoto, Forest Garden, Hammer, Hawkeye, Quaker. Silas 
 \\ ifMn, httxJdaixl. j ' -* > ~ 
 
 PRfNINO. 
 
 The pruning of the trees is m.t nearly as important in the culture of the 
 plum as of the apple, and there is m.>re danger of injury bv over-prunin- While an 
 apple tree will, as a rule, recover from severe pruning, plum'trees often never recover 
 from ,t.. In plum culture it is much bettor to err on the side of underprunin- than 
 over pruning. Ihe tree smul.l be pruncl when young to a symmetrical top with the 
 mam branches MO dis|H)sed that there will be no bad crotches', after which very little 
 pruiing IS necessary l)eyond cutting out dead ami broken branches and thiiinin- out 
 where the top IS very thick. Some varieties will re.,uire more pruning than others 
 .some of the Japanese k-ing esi«H.MalIy rampant growers. There is a .lirteiei„.e of opinion 
 and a ditlerenc.- of results m rc-anl to the heading b,ick of plum trees. As a rule very 
 g..od results will be obtained without heading b.ick. A few strong growin- variVties 
 such as I.urbank, however, have to Ik; kept cut back to keep them withi,rreasonable 
 limits. V\ hen tives are headcnl m, the work shouUl l)e done early in the sprin- at which 
 time the oi.hnary pruning can be done to best advantage. Wounds should £• coveii'fl 
 with lead paint or grafting wax. 
 
 . '{•';; f'jllowing no|e on useful f-'rlilizers for the plum ,„, hard has k'cn prepared for 
 this Bulletin by the Chemist of the Kxperimental Farms. ' 
 
 t 
 
 FEHTILIZERS FOR THE PLUM ORCHARD. 
 By Fra\k T. Sir r^, M.A., C%'mist, l>„m. Ej-jiI. Farms. 
 
 Tn common with other orchard crops, th(. re<iuircments of the plum tree, as i-e.-ai-ds 
 plant f<K>(l, .are chiefiy nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, and these es.se'i-fial 
 elements must lie present not on'y in fair (luantities but in more or less rt dily 
 available forms if vigorous growth and an abundance of fruit are to be expected ' In 
 addition, lime is fie<|uently of value, since all .stone fruits make a consideiuble demand 
 upon the ay.nlalile hn.e of the «oil. and this, owing t.. n.-vtural ciu.ses or cxliaustive crou- 
 ping, may re; rediice<l to mere traces. "^ 
 
 Further, all rational systems of fertilization must include the renewal, from time to 
 time, of the vegetable organic matter of the soil, and this may best be attained when the 
 supply of barnyard manure is insulKcient, by the giowth and turning under of ereen 
 crops. *" 
 
4t 
 
 yitrog^n m^ Organic ^falter-H\nce theM^, from an agricultural p..int of view, 
 are int n Jelv asH.K.iaU>d the one with th« otLer. the latter bo.n« tl>o natural conservaUM- 
 oH I "nner, an,l economy, aa a rule. .lictHtin« their use in orchard, m such an associ- 
 ated f.nw.- nmy conveniently cmsUler their application under the same heading. . 
 
 Bar Vard ninure undoubUnlly stands tirst on the majo.ity of fanns for enriching 
 ..es^Hn these constituents and imi,rovin« its physical eon.hfon. In c.:mi;-t';'"- 
 and hence in vul«< - it is ext.vmelv vuiable, but g<«.l average «i,nples of tres . nwinure 
 mav 1. considere.1 to contain : nitn^.e" Oo , ph-.p'--- -f ' -;' ..: V"-'' '''■'■ ^^'' 
 ori/anic uuitter in fresh manure is us .ally in the nei-hlmurhisHl ot -.>, . 
 
 *- "Vi 1 n anv orchanlists, howeve.-. the available supply of n.anure .s .nsuthc.en and 
 ina<le u tte f. • the a.-ea to be fcrt.!!/..-!, and it is for s.uh that the system of 
 — rntur ..' ..^bytlu,,Mowthandtu.nin« under of a cover crop ->s especmlly 
 v.ruabir m:in.,H..tant rMe of the cover ■ r.>p in the MK-lcrn systems ot orchard so. 
 nana '-mentis set' forth in un-thcr place in this bulletin am the whole subject o 
 hcmrsin' fertility by means of clover has W-n very fully expl...ned u. Julletn. No. 40 
 Jthe EM-e i. .ental Farms series. It will, therefore, o.dy Ik, nc-essary here t,: sta e one 
 ^rtwoof'tle princpal rea.sons why clover or some other of the lcguu.es should U, 
 emulovcd for this piiiposo of enrichin-,' and in.prov.nf; the soil. ■, r ,■ .,.,. 
 
 A vii;o.ous dp of clover will contain at a m-xlerate cstm.ate, .n .ts fol.age and 
 
 "^^ •"■ >;it.-,..'cn f'""' 100 to l.")0 lbs per acre. 
 
 Phos.^.oric aci.i 30 to 45 
 
 Potash " 8.-. to 11:. 
 
 It is exidc.t, tUcrfore. that by this use of clover we can with a single cro,. furnish 
 
 tha so 1 w tl » . „,ch nifo^cn as would U- suppli.sl by a .Iressin^ of 10 to..s ot .uanure 
 
 S ac I The '^.•at.,.r pa,-t of this nit.opM. is taken by the clover fmn. the at.nospher.>, 
 
 Cl h ■ .ie i a distinct luMition to the soil. The phosphm.c ac.d, JK) ash and Inne, it J.s 
 
 ' , , ; ,.v>. obtain.Ml f.on, the soil, but have largely l.een drawn ro.n a cor.s.de.-able 
 
 pth a. 1 hence inc.easc the stores of these elen.ents in the uptH-r layers of the so, 
 M^rcove.-' the decay of the clover .sets f.ec all these iu.port.nt clen,..,.ts of plant to^nl m 
 
 ''""or ol- t:?lS;t'£.Eso 1. added regarding the value of the o.-ganh: n.atter 
 n,.,Vlie,l This ev,.>.tuallv is converts! into hu.nus, the importance of which asas.ul 
 :;;, tt'u". it h m-ult to ove.-esti,nat... It not only lil«..atesslow y an.l continuously 
 i s ,1.," fon , but v.^lly in.p.-..vcs the soil text.i.-e, whether .t be a clay orasan. y h« ... 
 U im'eaJes the soils power t„r absorbing an.l retaining moisture and ,t lurnis lies the 
 Iir...aterial for the development of niiciobic life, which, as ..ow known, plays so 
 
 ^"'^'"£^1 ••:? :;;J::: rSsn -hS^ KlS-t an enrichmct with nitrogen I^ this 
 „,eans thi V. uM be ndicat.sl byUixurious and excessive growth, dark-green tol.ag., 
 am? p,;or fruiti,.g. Tn.lc.. such circumstances, the use of o..ganic and nitrogenous 
 *.>rtili/ci's should lie (lis'.diitinucd. . , r . e 
 
 To urnis 1 imnidiatclv available nit.-ogen to young trees showing a deficiency of 
 
 this L.nt (ind.cate.1 l.y a s,.j^d...^^^ 
 
 in. these Tementl o orchar.l soils than unleachcsl ha.dwo.Kla.shcs. 'Ihese should 
 
 "„ n fro,r5 to 6 m-r cent of potc.sh, in the neij^hlwurhoo-I of 2 U. .5 per cent of phos- 
 
 'Tlc .S and from :iOt,;J.^ per cent of lime N..t .mly arc these const.tuents .n 
 
 rv'r^Ue.'in coXion that icmlei. them .-eadily assimilable, but i.. n.any j^rts ot 
 
 C^d^vthev a.e cheaper than in any ..thcr form of commercial fe.Ml.zer. l-.ttj to 
 
 .■l.'htv bushels per acre is the usual application. , i.x ^ oj ^ f 
 
 "^Lne meal should conUin from 3 t,. 4 ,«r cent ot nitrogen, and 20 o 24 per ce .t o 
 
 isone ineai S.10U libcrate<I in the soil, it is cons.de.ed 
 
 !:'rSm" ^ili..M'ri n^ weuXt-1 ^ orchLl use. The api,licat ion is usually 
 Ibout 300 it per acr.-. Superpl.os,.!.ate w=ll contain from 15 to 20 per ceat of pho*- 
 
 i 
 
43 
 
 phorio acid the Rreater portion of which shoul.l 1» in « m\Me (.vaikblo) condition. 
 The npphcation m from :.'0<» to 4()0 lb«. per acre. v-^aiwojo; condition. 
 
 . . .f'.'Vlf*' '^'"» ^ «'»>tain«l in the form of murin.i. ;50 per cent actual t>ota«h^ or » 
 
 koimt 12 p<.r cent actual jK.ta.h) ; 100 to 150 lU. , t the tWrand 2W Tsw 1« " 
 
 tlip latter are the limits for ordinary application. • - ^ k> ow ii«. of 
 
 V.x.rhocs, in his work on fertilizors. suxKi-.ts the following mixtures for orrl,»r.U • 
 
 Soils «litKT «o ^.reatly as to their fertility that it i.s impas.sil,Ie to state definitely 
 tM amounts o thene tertilizer. that could in all case., Ik, us..I 'with profit. Fro ,;"o) to 
 .00 ll,s. of such mixtures p<.r m-rt> on f.airly good soiU would, no,|„ul,t 1h. amn ut.m 
 
 f:?;.i;:;;L:i:yiz:r'"'"-"^'""«" ^'"' -^^-- -^ n.a„y^irii:;;' '^S;^ 
 
 of ^/''""'■-^^■'"•"' '""« ""ly " rt'<l"in''i, »>y r<-as,m of natural d,.ficien,v in this clement 
 
 C( ' ATIOX. 
 
 fr.lt isTl-'rl'".''' '*"'n'' '-!;;'"■''* ".""''■'•» •''«'' «f»te of cultivation or otherwise the 
 
 ev IV h i?. :",'"'•, ^''" '""f'"'" ""' •^''"'''' •'^•■>'tirr«lal«uto,>ee a week o. after 
 
 v..i> hea^y rain unti July in order f. conserve moisture and to orH-n the soil so I U 
 
 he a.r can «et in tnvly and a.ssist in nitrification ami help promote i i ■ tv c lowth , f 
 
 he rees. Irees son, times pr.Kluce «oo,l crops of plums when they ar • "vim h, J; 
 
 hut his IS not the rule. It h,.s been found that there is more^^ln13 ;, „ue h 
 
 moisture when the ground is cultiu.t<Hl than where there is s..I. JWtheru ire the 
 
 cureulio Incomes verj- troublesome in .„xl oi-c-hanls, and for this rea.son, i f , 'h r 
 
 the orehaMi should 1h. kept cu tivate<l. (•ultivatlon shoul.l be .lisconti^ued tow rd he 
 
 may be established. A\ here trees are plantcl close and cultivation isdillu-ult it w i Il7« 
 
 COVER CIIOP.S. 
 
 A cover crop is a crop of some kind the seed for which is planted for the pu. >ose 
 of having a growing , Top in the or-hanl after ..ultivation has ceased, in order to j, In 
 use up p|,,nt f,K,d winch has been made available during (Ik- summer and w,^ 
 might le:i.h away if the soil were bare; and a more important l-uiix^se iH of i, c "d 
 esp«-,allvinsomeUK=..ht.e.sistohavea covering which will .roLct the Voot of tl^^ 
 rees and li.lp to ho d the .now in winter. A third im,)ort.int use of the co^r crop s 
 to have some v.-getable matter to plough under in the spring to improve theToiUly 
 a.hhng humus an.l by adding nitrogen where leguminous plants are used * 
 
 Kxpenm..nts with cover crops have k-en carried on rather evfc-nsivelv at the Cen- 
 t.all.x,x.rnnentall.arm for the pa.st eight yeai-s, ami it has been found t .at the most 
 .satistactory plant for this purpose is the common „.l clover, sown not later hintho 
 midd c of .(uly at the rate o 10 to 12 lbs. per acre, no nurse crop teing usc.1 .us a ru e 
 1 he hairy veUOi ( } .na r./A..«; has given goo,l s,itisfaction in iome jViaces, csp^iallv 
 in the .Niagara pemn.sula, and has the advantage of growing very late in the auTumn 
 J his m.;- H.M>wn a the n..,te of 40 or .50 11^. per a-re with god results. It is noi 
 necessary that fh.- p!,,,..t used as ;. cover c,-,.p should live uM-r winter 
 
 .Sometimes it is not ,K«.sible, owing to dry weather, to get a g,w.I cover crop by 
 sowing ab.n.t the middle or latte. half of July. Experiments are now in pro3 S 
 the C.-ntral hxperimental Farm to learn how .satisfactory plants in drills two feet or 
 more apart w,ll prove as cover crop.s. The object of planting this way is thao thrset^ 
 may be sown early enough to ensure a good crop and yet the soil niay be cuItivatS 
 
 i 
 
44 
 
 is 
 
 ?f the ...il Huffen, fn,... la.k ..f """^♦:;7: •"' 'l *"";,,, J. ,1. 1«V .loin,- this .n...l. of 
 „n.lor as early i.. tlu- Hpru.« hh ,.«s.hl.- "^ '"'''''',..':,, "j,,„ ,.,„.« T.f the K'r..*i<'« 
 tt." .noistun.whi.-h woul. "t ..■.-; - \r^!'' : ,t ::;!;.h.ie..t ...ois.ure i.. th. soil 
 
 K^:;::.r;:u-.h.!!:.:;::;: :::.!. «w ».. thin. ..-. orM..y...the..e 
 
 wuuM IM- ...O.V h«...us an.l ..itro,... oht.u....l l.y th.s ...eth.sl. 
 
 H.K.N.i, .'ArKlNr., sn.U.N.l AM. MV.KKT.N.i T..K FKVIT. 
 
 •11. 1. .1... .V,.it .Mow.i Ih.- prorH-r tii.ie to pick etii-h variety 
 ExiHTienee, o.ily. will teu.h the ti mt „ >«-> I 1 y ,.j . tl,u„ 
 
 of plu... fo. stori,.« or shipp.n.'. <- so.n,. ni: 1 U ,r.. ■ ^^^_^_ ^^^_ ^1^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 „„!,,.. .^s a rule, however. «'j^,';"(;; ; ^^ "^ V^J ! ' ,,, J p.i.-v that theyalso have 
 o,lou«Ml but st.ll .,"|te hr.... 1 1- A n a. a vanit. ,,; ,,„..^, , ,„.i.,ties may 
 
 t.. IK. picUc.1 U.fo.e fully n,ve . ;; y . • . ' '" . ur a,„l lias',,,,, n ill -levelop well 
 Ix- pieke.l earlier iha.i e.ther of he p, , < '-^ ^^^^'^ j., ^i,,,,.,,, ,,. „i,k,K| with 
 
 ..ven though harvest.l «''-';;;;\' •.;,,:::.;: V,.,,,, .houM they U- .hake,. f,o... 
 the st«...s o.. when , .^ I"-^ ''' ' " V".,, la Her to stau,! o,. an-l a sl,o,.« l«i..ket 
 tl,. xn-e whe.. ..,ten,U.l ♦•"•;^:;; .^"''■' ;;,,,;^, .' , , u' sol.l in.,..^i..n.. si/,e,l fruit iK.sketn, 
 toputthefru.t.na.vneees.s;i... IIuu.m a. , ,„„,..t|„,.., H-hisuhle wh.n the 
 
 the larger si.e-l «...,. haskets .-....' I' ;";'■,,, J; ,„';,, .'"; „ «till ...-.v att.aetive 
 fruit is especially li..e to taee the ha^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ;., ,he ki.ul of f.uit to Ik- found 
 
 Hppea.anee. In^.t th.s .s ^me h ;>;,-,. ^..^.,,,, ^...Us h.e.K.lor eolJ sUa.^Jo. 
 
 lower .l..wn ^;";- --; ^ '♦ ;;:;;: ■,,„..,lheit ha. Uen f,.u..,l the U-st for stor.ng 
 A te.iiperatu.-e of tioiii .i>> to i - o, „i' i 
 
 i.ite-rity. , ,. ., .•„,;, „„it,. reeei.t veais the thinning --f plums on the t.-ecs 
 
 77.;„»u<:, Ih,- tnnl. V nt 1 'l'."t' •^'"' > , ,,, ,„^,.e i,„-,-ea.«-<l so mueh, how- 
 ,„v.l ..ot hoen p...etiee,l v..-y ^^ ''"-^ ';■,,['' .^.^k^-e-.- n.l the priees lower, an.l 
 ever, in si..- a.ul »>""'-7'- ^ I) ^il" , ^ ^ 1 : "^ ^ thi..,u,„ their f,uit, a,..l ih,.l it 
 in ..,u.se.iu.-..e.- the n.o.t ■"'^•'"' ';'',„.,,,,„..,,•,,„„ ,,,„,o than .•,„„p,-T.Mate for 
 prolitnhle to d„ so. as th.- prurs "'''^""■''' '"...;,;' .„■ tl„. f,„it is ,,i.k.-.l wh.-n ijreen 
 Ihe la»K,ur re.,ui.-e.l in ''!>"-"^;,„^": I) •^"^ l.l .^ ' L , I'xtra hanJnin,. Son,.- vari- 
 it .1..-S not have t.. 1>- r>'k'-<J ^ 11 'a,',.! t is pa.ti. .:l.,lv true of the A.„eri.-ana 
 Hies of plu... tre.>slH.ar -rv l^^.u >^.u - ; \^ ,,,,,-,, ^„„„.,, „„„ jt ..,ul.l 
 
 varieties. In e.ms.-.iuenep, the f.u. «h. n ".ti.i ^_.^^^^ ^,^^ .,^,^^. 
 
 b.. if there we.-e l.-ss of .t. a,.,l the ;1'' " \l' "Z,*^' ^ ' f , , U,,. happens. es,K.c.ally i" 
 
 ti,.„ .,f s., n,u..h set. sh...^ .ts.. f '««;- > ' .^; ^ ^.^h ,. k uL" th.^.selvci to .l.mth. 
 
 p,K,.lv tille.l an.l p.K,rly fert.l,/.-! V"^' ' ''If ■.,''' ,,'lvl,..n it is fairlv ce,-tmn what the 
 
 (•r..i> .s tiow'A to Ix-. 11" fe .s ui«avs a .. 1 1 _ -^ /i,;,,,,;,,., hii.I i.iiurv from .■u.euli.., 
 ,ai..l prineipally '7, '"'I-;}-^^' j!;;' ^ j.^ ' . ' ' hlu-.l thin,.^n« sh.mUl iKxlone. 
 an.l as .s,H.n as possible att^r the.,e h.iv. tl .1.1. T • ,.„n.luet.-d at the Wis- 
 
 Th,- Americana plu.ns fruit so l""'^' > " j ' ^ „,'',. ft l.s of the crop should te 
 ,,„„in Ex,.e,i...enl Stat.on, .t was fou... •' '^^■'> Vl ,■" An.eriea..a plums were 
 
 T"'i ^ '"^iv r t^^ r y:..^'^":;;^..:::" two i;:;.ts apart, whie,. l. ^^. 
 ^li;':';n\;:e exp-nment, but a ^ate.- <;;--;;;, -r--::i,A;m;;;h 
 
 Lperhuent h. thinni..« plums was c.mduet. a th. C . "J^;;;. ,^__.l, ,^,.^^.^ ,,,^,^ ,„,, 
 native plums, when the th nne<l , "M,,. cte for th.- horticultural .lisi.ic. at St. 
 
 s" r«r;;™i,r:K:,:.;:in»4. .,.«. . ai.u.c. .av„u,. .. 
 
 obtain.-d by thinning. 
 
 H 
 
 ^la 
 
45 
 
 Some variitiM of Europe*n and J»ponene plunu are left u much nn six inrliM 
 •part by fruit jp-owort, and at thin dUtan.-e pn.fiUble crops are said to be (.htaiiiwj of 
 fruit of the Ixst nuality. The mo«t profitable distance apart to I.-avc the plums will be 
 largely Koverued by the variety. Woine varieties will not ne.-«l thinnin« at h11, iitul ev.'n 
 when- tree, are U'unug h.^vily the *arcity and c«t of labour may prevent the profit- 
 able thinning of the fruit. 
 
 CANNIN<! AND PHMRRVINd AMKIflfAN }'UMH. 
 
 All KtKHl housewives arc f.imiliar with the way to can and preserve E.ir<.i)ean 
 plums, hut th." Ameruan varieties n".,uire diff.-n'iit tn-.itment in onler to art the most 
 satist.i<t<,ry results. Some varieties are thick in th,. »kin, while others are more or less 
 
 , . ,, . , — e, -..- r^....jj .o rSiK.'cially 
 
 (lesirable in such cases. ' o i j 
 
 American plums arc not as good for canning as the EuroiK-an, and, if thev are 
 cunn<Ml, are best for making pies. 
 
 In the autumn of IWJ the following eight varieties of American plums were 
 pr.-servwl. in order U, learn what differences there were in these kinds for this purtH.st.— 
 Bixbv, Chenev, New Ulm, Mankato, Cottrell, Bouncer, American Eagle, Silas WiLson 
 Ihese were preserved with and without the skin. In nearly every case the i>eeli><l fruit 
 miuJe the best preserves. The Hixby, however, cooked with the skin on was th.- l«'st of 
 all tlio.se teste<I, having a lietter Havour than any ct the otheis b<jth peeled and 
 unpecl.'d. With some varieties 1 lb. of sugar to 1 lb. .,( iruit was found to make the 
 pn'scrves tw thick ; on the other hand, J lb. sugar to I lb. of fruit, in some cases did 
 not make them quite sweet enough. None of the varieties tested were found markedly 
 astringent, though most of those cooke<l with the skins had a flavour, not un|,leasant, 
 but ])eculiar to the American plums. The proiM-r projv)itions to l)e us(*d in preserving 
 each variety will have to be learned by experience. The following are some of the notes 
 made on the piisr'rve^. arrang(>il in descend-'ng ortlcr of merit : — 
 
 «u%. -1 lb. simar to Mb. fruit, unpeeled ; g.Hsl colour, gcxnl flavour, skin tender. 
 
 r/i/-/, i/.— l-lb. sugar to l-lb. fruit, peeled; attractive amlx-r colour, goisl flavour. 
 
 Cuttif//.—} 11). sugar to 1-lb. fruit, j)ecle<J ; amlier colour, swwt, rich, go»Kl. 
 
 ^rw Ufm.~~l\h. sugar to 1 lb. fruit, peelwl ; attractive, pale, go<Hl flavour. 
 
 M<ink,>lo. 1 ll>. sugar to Mb. fruit, peeled ; pale, clear amU-r, giKxl flavour, but 
 too sweet. 
 
 /;,.,„„•?)•. — Mb. .sugar to Mb. fruit, peeled ; attractive, but t<Kj thick. g(KKl flavour. 
 Jii.ihy.~\-\h. sugar to Mb. fruit, pcele<l ; too sweet, not as gcsKl as uniH'uled. 
 CVrre/Z.—J-Ib. sugar to Mb. unpeeled fruit; attractive colour, not as goisl as 
 [leeled. 
 
 .ViV-i.-) Il'iVxoii. — Mb. sugar to Mb. fruit, peeled; dull amber colour, good, but t(«> 
 rich. 
 
 Jlo)nir,,: J-lb. sugar to Mb. fruit, unjx-eled ; attractive colour, giwd flavour, but 
 .skin tough. 
 
 J/«y(Ay/^-. — Mb. sugar to Mb. fruit, unpeeled; fairly attractive colour, but t<X) 
 sweet. 
 
 Xmr rhu. ]-\h. sugar to Mb. fruit, unp-elcfl ; attractive colour, goiMl flavour, but 
 tough skin. 
 
 .••V'a.s- n'i/srm. Mb. .sug.ir t>. Mb. fiuil, unptcicd ; ginsj flavour, but skin tough. 
 
 Am<rii,i II Eiuj!i;.^l-\h. sii-ar to Mb. fruit, dwp red, rather tough skin, mwliuni 
 quality. 
 
 fhet,f)j.--\-\h. sugar to Mb. fruit, unpeeled ; unattractive colour, but skin break* 
 well. 
 
Tlie following rcccipes for canning and preserving American plums, published by 
 tl.0 late Prof Goff, of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, were consulted and m part 
 
 '^"^'^Tl^^^e'^T^^^iy^^--^^^^ firm pulp after Wng treated by any of 
 the meSsmentLe^lbeloV^ are well adapted to all purposes for wh.ch he foreign 
 plums are use<l. As a rule, more sugar is required for the native plums but the pre- 
 parations are rich in preportion. The harshness in the skin and stone of some n^at ve 
 ZmsTreldily removJby steaming them in an ord nary cooking steamer until the 
 E cracks or pour over them boiling water to which has been added common baking 
 tla in the proportion of half a teaspoonful to a quart. The thicker skinned varu^t.es 
 rayb^reLuyr«'l^'<»l^yP''«^i"Sthem in boiling wator two or three minutes. The 
 
 recipes follow :-^^^^ the fruit when well coloured but a little hanl, steam or cook in a 
 porcelain-lin^ kettle until tender, put in cans that have first been treated to boiling 
 ^n te. an c^er with Ix.ili.ig syrup made of e.,ual parts o granulated sugar and water, 
 fi in / tte can to the to,. ; tl^n run a silver knife around the can mside and let out the 
 a r an seal at once. Plums c,«ked in the syrup are hkely to bo tough Canned 
 plumrnlv be used for pies and for mixing with or flavouring other ruit. Plums are 
 o ten canned without sigar to be use<l in winter for making fr«sh plum butter. The 
 uKe of canned plums makes excellent jelly. One lady recommends splitting native 
 plums to the stone on one side before cooking, to avoid crumbling. 
 ^ iyruhu,.-T>e Soto, Wyant, and doubtless other yanet. s, may be pared, pitted and 
 spread on plates, lightly sprinkled with sugar and dried, first in the oven and later in 
 the sun. Cook like dried peaches. , , , , i • i *. i u 
 
 /•/„». W/./-The fruit should be gathered when only part ripe— about half 
 coloured. This point is very essential. Put plums in a large granit* or poi-celam 
 kettlo-lho latter is bost>~with barely enough water I . cover them. Cook until tender, 
 but not until thpy are in a pulpy mass. Having previously covered a large jar with a 
 cloth strain the f^uit in and let the juice drop through, but do not squeeze. W hen all ha8 
 Sed through, strain once or twice more through another cloth, unti the juice is per- 
 feTth clear T^ one measure of juice provide one measure of granulated sugar, but do 
 not put toi-other at once. A very important point in the making of all jelly is that 
 oK small quantity should be cooked at one time. Into a medium sized ket le put, say, 
 four tumble,^ of juice, let it boil briskly ffteen or twenty minutes, then add the four 
 tumblers of sugar, and in a very short time, .^ually from three to ten minutes, the jelly 
 l"n 1« finished, light, clear, and delicious. To test the jelly dip a spoon into the bo.l- 
 Tn. juice and s^ga" and hold it up ; when the jelly clings to the sp<x>n m thick drops 
 take it off quickU- and put into jelly glasses. The plum pulp which is left can be put 
 through a cullender and used for plum butter. ■ , . c c ,. a i 
 
 Another recipe— Plum preserves.— Take equal weights of fruit and sugar, place m 
 stone jar a laver of fruit, then a layer of sugar, alternating thus until quantity desired 
 is reached. Let sUnd over n^ght ; in the morning dr.-vin off the syrup that will have 
 forme.l, into a ix.rcelain kettle, place same over a fire and lot syrup come to a boil, then 
 p^uTit over fruit in jar again, repeat this everv day until the fourth heating, when fruit 
 Cl syrup are both put in kettle and boilo.l for a few m.nutos. Place same in glass 
 Ws while hot, seal and put away in some c.H,l and preferably dark place. 
 
 Still another recipe.-To each pound of plums add a jwuml of sugar, put the fruit 
 into Llin- water until the skins will slip, pwl and sprinkle sugar ujwn each layer of 
 fruit in a bowl, allowing them to stand over night, then pour off the juice, bring quickly 
 t^ a boil skim and add the plums, cwk very slowly till tender and cl«ir which will 
 toke about one-half hour, take them out cai-.-nilly and put into a pan, boil the syrup for 
 a few minutes longer until it thickens, pour it over the fruit, seal or tie them up. 
 
 SPHAYIXO. 
 
 It should not now lie necessary to point out the advantages of spraying to control 
 insoct enemies and fungous diseases, as so much has been said and written on this sub- 
 
4r 
 
 Ss h^Z &n f '^^}^\'^^'''^, "P^ynS ««« been thoroughly done and the oondi- 
 n^^ n^f ^ '"^•"""'blo havo al80 bet-n 8o marked that the advanUges of spraying 
 
 ^.^ti"? P -^ ''■'^^- V "' •'T""' ^■'""'' "'^'"""^'^ ^ continuall/ advocate ^th* 
 . .ictii c. t rmt Kniwers Wome discouraged after an unfavourable season for spraying' 
 
 " ; " ''r '^""•^'t'""^ are favourable for the development of fungi an.l rainy weather prt- 
 
 rl n ll„, "•'P'"'"*'"" °^ nuxture, altogether or which if appliwi are wa«he<l off by the 
 
 mm almost as „.,n as the work is done. With an exponent of this kind fruit grower 
 
 are often m.-hned f. stop spraying an.l let nature take her course. It somotinfes ha^ 
 
 IH>ns however that the mixtures and solutions have W-n impmperlv n.ade or the tSr 
 
 m.xture has boen use,, to .lestroy a certain insect or .H.^L^aml the fru t gZef 
 
 wonders why ho d.x-s not get g.KMj n-sults. It is n.ore frequentlv the case, holTer^ 
 
 he m^ .*'*'' "'" fV'lS'-^'de^ and in.secticides in or.ler that^he latter may destroy 
 
 n.ay be .hstnbutc,! evenly over the tree it should U- forced out of the pump in a «ne 
 m^t-i.ke sprjy^to accomplish which it is neces.,ary to have a go<Kl no^zle^ iFthe t»^ 
 are not covered w.th the mixtures and solutions at all times when the insecls^ 
 ':rZ\r- '; •■'"^^^■'«'' '^y «•'.«■"•. "«« trees a„,l fruit may be injurd just in p,^jSrtio„ 
 to the t^j.>roughness and c-ont.nuity with which the work is done. It is, therefore in 
 p,.rt,xnt that every fruit grower should know the life history of every in^t Td .Rsea e 
 
 .i; enZr" J" *"■" "' ^"'''/" r'^;"'*' ^' •"'^y ''■'>''^- '^' be"t time to spray ?or 
 • ach enemy A spraying calendar has been published at intervals at the Central Ex- 
 perimental I- arm by the Entomologist and the Horticulturist, in which are given fuU 
 du-ections for the preparation of the different formulae recommen.led and the time when 
 
 Ihlf?^'"^ i "u*^ ^ "r"^^- ^^""^ '=''^""'^" "'^ «^ ero^^ ^^•"^ t« fruit growers and 
 should be in the hands of everyone. Although a certain number of appfications are 
 recommended for the prevention and control of the different insects and disease* 
 retorred to, it may be necessary to make more. If, for instance, a heavy rain rune on, 
 
 Sel'l ff M°"" ""^r'.* "^t^l^, ^""^ ^° '"'^'^^' ""^^^^ ^^-^bed most of th^ 
 material off, another application should be made as this might he the very time when 
 the disease or msect which ,t is desirable to control is making the greatest headway. 
 Jt IS .,ften too late, also, when a spraying for a certain purpose is made, and labour and 
 material are thus practically lost Spraying is rather expensive when there is a lan^e 
 are .?!, .rr/i; '^' ^''^-^^^P' ^ery important that the right mixtures and solutions 
 IhtTiL 1h *7 are prepared properly and applied thoroughly, constantiy and at tho 
 right time, and that the trees be kept covered with the mixtures and solutions during 
 all the time when injury is hkely to occur. * 
 
 As the mixtures and solutions may have very injurious effects on the trees if im- 
 properly made, and as they may prove of little or no value if not applied at the right 
 time, tho formula; recommended in iliis Bulletin should be closely followed. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE PLUM. 
 
 Ripe Rot, Browx Rot (MonUia/nicliffenal-Tlie ripe rot causes serious injury to 
 the plum crop every year, especially in the province of Ontario. Its spread -s so rapid 
 tliat a fine crop of plums is soon rendered almost worthless. The disease is usually 
 first noticed on the ripening fruit by a discoloration of the skin, which becomes browi 
 or black and is soon covered by small pustules or clusters of spores, the fruit rotting 
 and falling to the ground. If the weather is damp and sultry the conditions are mast 
 favourable to the rotting of tho fruit, and a large proportion of the crop will be 
 destroyed m one flay. Sometimes the disease does not show when the fruit is picked 
 and infi-cted fruit is shippe,! and rots before reaching its .lestination, causing serious 
 os,s to shipper or buyer. Tins disease is often not recognized in the spring, at which 
 t^ime It attacks the twigs, fruit .spurs and blossoms, causing them to blacken and wither 
 At this time, also, there is often an exudation of gum from the twigs and spurs, brouo'ht 
 aljout by this disease. " 
 
 ^emerfiW.— The ripe rot fungus spreatls by means of spores which germinate early in 
 the spring and penetrate tho twigs from the leaf and flower buds on which they alight 
 
4» 
 
 '^^:^^'''^^ ^ ,iZT^^nMVsi>Lyed in time to destroy the spores before they 
 The trees should be J^^^^ehly spray^ n „,j be made with poisoned Bordeaux 
 germinate m the spring. Ihe nrsi sp™y'"K , , j^ r copper to 25 gallons of water, 
 Siixture, or » sulphate of COPF'^*"!"";"' ^ ^ ft *^,l;cTlWd..au^ mixtu.. just 
 shortly bef.H^ the l'"'!; "tart to ^e^^g' ^"^ ^^t^" 1. ^^..^ ,„d should never Ix, 
 
 ^ll'tS' 'Sr'LTrL havrblS".f.ey shoul7be tCroughly spray«l again with 
 neglected. Aiier uio i-n:^ .„;vf„r« and also ten days or two weeks before the fruit 
 ^inan. po soned ^-f-^ -^^ii^^i'^l^ sX^^wltl^ ammoniacal copper carbonate 
 begins to colour. Ihe trees siv.)uii ai.o f V , ^1,^ ^p^res whicli api)ear in great 
 when the fruit is beginning ^. q^-n J5™,^^f ^^f, Vruit'^ Plums which touch one 
 numbers on the mature pum^^^ ^^^ ^, ,,^ j.^^ , 
 
 another on the t.oe -'VJ. '7^, '^ ^Lther moisture is retained on the skin and the 
 one fruit to another Ik'mg close togeth^.moi^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 spores whch may '>^«" "" ,f "'^^f^'^^^SeSw much 
 
 thus the aisea.se spreads rapulx. ^f "^'"g *"f. ^11 disculou.v.1 or <lad wood 
 
 SJdTtf oS 1^ ttTrL°'Jt^r^ii ,„,,„, ...iv d... u.e 
 
 injury from this disease will be much lessened. 
 
 Black Knot (Plo^^ghtia mor6osa;.-Tlie bWk k.mt is .nor., feaivd l.y tl..- avenge 
 BLACK ivsoi \' <■' y ,i;„„„o.. Its (IcveloriMiPut ai)pc'iiis to him iiivst<'iious 
 
 fn.it grower tu..aWanv^othM^ ,eU--omple^e'ly ruined by the bla.k 
 
 and Its control impossible^ Manj ^-^^ ^ ^^^1^ /„ the orehard. Trees 
 
 thichtve Tn cai^'forfiiX tginning are. however, not so subject to this 
 I » „n^ ifTreatedproperlv from the outset it may be kept in check and even erad- 
 SXltttltiMnFS'does not take place from neighbouring orchards or from 
 
 ''^'^'. St'tt^rSguTXh spreads by means of spores. A spore is blown 
 
 1 ,e wacK Kuui, in p , jj, ytj,gr part of the 
 
 through the rir and alights^n the ax^^^^^^^ ^^ f,vourable\he spore 
 
 tree where it can get "^ J^^^^ Pf";,,^, ;„ n. In the spring yellowish swellings 
 germinates J^ne rates th^ ^'Le ind-ation of the disease, and during the months 
 
 appear on the branchts, t^'e "^^^ J 'f"" , j j, ^ ..^i.-gty surface which is caused by 
 
 of May and Ju .c become darker in ;"^'^^;*;^' *^f ^j,^ { „r knot. These .m-uix^s 
 innumerable s,>ores which co e the -F>.«^^paH ^^l* ^^^ ,J^_ -,,,^ g,,„,i„,tl an.l 
 
 are s<x.n blown awaj ""j^ .77;;' ,' ' j ^„^i „p,^ k„ots develop in time from them. A 
 penetrate ^h;; tree - a readj d^^cul^d -d ^ p^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ _^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 second crop of spore '« P'j'^^^^.^^t^ j,,^ ^.i„t,.r or e^rly in the spring when tlu-y are 
 L™r-K L ?nd al IfLsr on tirtrees germinate as the others. The mycelium is not 
 IfexS 1 t thfp Kioro/^^^^ knots in spring, but is capable of pr.Klucing n,.„e 
 all exIiausU a ".^ J-"*^ » ' .„„„„.:„„ „ear. The dii>?<i.se is also liable to be carried from one 
 from the same kno ^^^ "i'"^^^',^; / -"'jiffieult to control sometimes. To light a disease 
 ^r s'';^:^'^^;^ -^---- of re^oductlon and dissoinination requires 
 :Sf:.nL. tlu^ughness, ■;-; -'^JXlSS^T wi^^^^^ll^i.e best plan is to 
 /f...,/^.-Itt.x.p are aire '«f -^, »«^^^^^>ra ely affect«t, the knots should be 
 cut them <lown '^";» ^ '■";''; j.^.^^ th^^^roug^.lv eultivat^xl and sprayed. Vigorous 
 jr^I^'l ::™ia'l:';he";£:?=' thosf ndking Httje growU., and vigoreus trees 
 
 Jailing :li^ureCi;afJ^^ whS.'it should be covered with grafting wax or lead 
 
49 
 
 paintini with ^^eroseTBj^iti^ZL^JZZ'^ "^f '^T-^l' r^""'*^ ^' * ««^ 
 moro readily seo when a wound hal^hlTl ^^""""ng ."atenal in the kerosene, one can 
 The treatment alre^ydIcr"bed1sSw TfiT^. 'f " 1^» '"»«i« '^oM bo burned, 
 disease is known a Sft ^ower mTght LtiS'^^^^^^^^^^^ *'^ '^•' '''^*°7 °* "'- 
 
 appeared that it was all that ^ZnlcZr^ Th^L^u^l'"T.,^^^^^ 
 moved before the spores were formpTlTZ- /w .^t^ '^,*"' '^ *'»«' '">•'*« ««'-e re- 
 would be capable oFJ^Vuc n/mSdr^ f i"**" ^'',"* '^ T, ''""* ^'"^ "^^^^ "» 
 orchard. F ouucin^ m^iiada of spores which would soon re-infect the 
 
 publish«l in BuUetin No. 81 of oLt iiaUor Tt wn^ .' .'^.7^'*" "^ '''*''='» "^'^ 
 was reduced from 2,000 to 1G5 by sprayiS * ^''^ '"""'^' °' '^""^ 
 
 spri..g aSreSrr gfrirwrn'^d? ^" ^^^-^ ^ "'^^ ^^^^ - -'7 
 d.,str«yed by an appli^tfon of s^lZt!, ^r "' T f''^"'"*We, would probable b^ 
 
 phate of copper to 2naTlon°of iate^whnnTr'; '°'"'""" "t ^^° ™*« ''^ » '^- »««"»- 
 A second sprayin-of polsoS Bordpa^v I • . v"""*?/*;^ '"" ''"""*»* '° *'>« «Pring. 
 
 buds are bLIw, wS «^uS £ LT ? r"'''^^ ^ ""^^ J"-** "" °'- b«f°'^ the 
 plum and for insef^, and a thW sprayiS slSl C ^^fP^jy l""- "'her disea.es of the 
 
 In c^r --"' *^^ ^^-^ "^ t^i^diiz^^ch r d-tro?:^ -r ri^^^. 
 o%l,S:::'S^yTo^^e?i:rkr^^^^^^^^ 
 
 than half its sizei but colours prcmaturerv Wh™ Jffit-I. l T' .f"** '^^'^ """^ 
 and falls to the^round wXut^SnJ^' TfZf? ^^ ^^- *^^ 1''^^ '' "^^^'^ 
 
 Kiir^ariolr'^""^'^ '^'^'^^ -^^'^ ^''^^ di.ease,":tt'i: .^'.^X^^.^Z' Z 
 treatetSuTh™: !:r ^'V"'^?!^ t^s,^^^^^^ 
 
 -^y if fl ! •■ I • n . * '*. '^g""»ng to colour The native varieties ripen earh- 
 
 St" nl ItS"'"^ ^"^T' ""'^'""i ""'•*' "PP"«1 the last time, the f ruTt m7.^t reTaIn 
 
 varH.t,es may be top graftal on the\ative ones witrtrSt^atthe^ will TT"" 
 disease .as the latter are not as much affected as the nafive Mi ^n , I ^ '*'*''' 
 
 look.1 after or bearing poor fruit should fburedVar HI ^^^^^^J^. "°* 
 
 Shot-Hole or Leaf-Spot (Cylindro.porium padi).~'Y\^^ first indications of this 
 d^ease are small, yellowish spots with .eddish m.argins, which appear on thTyoun^lelwr 
 Ihese spots increase in s,.e and finally reach a diameter averaging about oS£ to 
 one-six h of an inch, ^yhen fully grown, the central part dries up and ,Ups out lea^ 
 ing a clean c« around the margin, very suggestive of rshot-hole, after wiTthedist^ 
 8 named. Uhen these sfK.ts c^cur in largo numbers, as thev frequently do so luuT^ 
 the leaf is destmyed that it drops prematurely. The early dropping cf^the l^ves pre! 
 
 
50 
 
 vc„t« the fruit. tw5g« and b„d. -<:'""« ^'^'11™?'"?^. S^h^VeSvrN.t 
 cau«e»8crio«» injury whexe the d.^«e..tmuble«.m^^^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 who conducted expenmente to control ^^is fliaease °° ^ » ^ ^ ^ ^i^„t ten days 
 dcaux mixture r»tisfactory and recommends ^^.^ »PP^'?*'^^thitS th^ or four week, 
 after the blo^Kun. fall 5 tje -ond ^^^-^^%'l^f 'j^^^^Z.^ Nigra plum, 
 after the second. At the Central *;»Pf "'""'°^' '"l".' _, ,x.^ ^ five times, without 
 Sa^" ;t-utf ^C^fa^Ssrr: ZS^:: ^i^^ than others. 
 
 pockeU; does not -«- w.d^pread^n ury b^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ j„ ,,,, 
 
 loss. The mycehum of the fungus w»»«n «*"^ !^ iTinfected bv the spores every year 
 same tree, and thus it is not necessary f?'* t>^,*? '^^^Slwn after the trees' have 
 in order to P^T'^tuate the d.sease. The fru.t ^ 
 
 blossomed and is indicated by *»>«"""**""' ^^fp^^ o X disoaseThich has been 
 fruit and by ite unusual yellow colour. When the SF^«»°' V^ appearanca 
 
 working inside the fruit appear on the ■'"■^^^f .^f We X^ tL Ica^'^^^^^^ twigs 
 Later ol,, the pockete turn almost ."^«J^ '^'^.Jf ,„*^.i7Ch " curle<l and unhoallliy 
 ar« also notic^bly affected w.th t''" di e^j the f onner beconu ^ ^^^ 
 
 iSfseat bu\v:i^;^sr/b:r^^^^^^^^ i-- -ith the pockou 
 
 are cut off and burned. 
 
 the ire. by -"re prun»!!, by »"■<"• '^y»l°7. " ,™ '™„to" . wh™ tni .r. 
 injury to the wood tissue. 
 
 the way of rubbish should, l^^^^v^r be removed ^J^" J^"^'" ' -^ ^P„„„ ^„d 
 mav be prevented either by wrapping the tr"?^' ^t'' ^"^^^^^^ encircling the 
 
 banking'up the earth about the W to the J-g,' "^^.'^J^^J^*;^^^^^ used to' pre- 
 S'sllir ^vE^e\rteran^°th^^e::;Sfshould be ba^nked up a little at the 
 
 ^^%1aTe:tSrd£'byrc!tLu'^^^^^^ 
 
 BmmmmmM 
 
 renewing the poison as often as is necessary. 
 
 ■ 
 
 . 
 
51 
 
 PLUM INSEOTS. 
 By jAMEa Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist. 
 
 pa.JThiL"oTtlI^f5S!?*f *°**'^^^°. '^r* "^""^'"^ ^ the nature of their moutl 
 or bitin/iaT^ L 1^ t larger d.y.s.on, BitiuR Insects, are furnished with mandibl«J 
 Pillai be^tU^ L ^l of which they consume the substance of their food, as cat^ 
 &V^£rbvL*^„f r^fi'^^ *°«t«»d "' maAdiblesT. 
 
 tl^surf<S^ U,r^?'K* '"f ^]'t? ""."'' "P *''«''■ '«^ '» » "<!"»" fo'-m fron, beneath 
 that it U n;^,^ to doT; f'''"^''"'' ^'Tu ^'' ^S*"!" the insets of the firs* class, all 
 
 tl^refore. some substance must be used which will kUl by mere contact with tS 
 
 INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 
 EatomlSS'CaSt ?- "''^ °* ^'^"'^''"^ '^"»-^- ^^^^ "« recommended by the 
 
 I. FADis Greeh. 
 
 /"or Biting Insects. 
 
 Paris green 
 
 Lime(fresh) f ?• 
 
 Water...... 1 "j- 
 
 200 gallons. 
 
 limefran^l^f^rtl^d^Vwdt^-^^" ^"' '' '^^ ^"-' '^^ P^^"' ^^^'^ 
 
 II. Kerosene Emulsion. 
 
 (niLET-HUBBARD FORMULA.) 
 
 For Scale insects and I'lai t-lice. 
 
 Kerosene (coal oil) „ 
 
 Rainwater. ? ga Ions. 
 
 Soap .".'.'. v.". v. '.v. I (|^"°"- 
 
 III. Whale-oil Soap. 
 
 For scale-insects (young) i ik :„ >; ^n 
 
 For aphis ^ ^' , r .'" ^ ^'""'* '^*'*'■• 
 
 I'or !>an Jose scale (in winter) 2i lbs. in 1 
 
 IV. Tobacco and Soap Wash. 
 For PL-nt-lic« or Aphis. 
 
 strain'^ff^ Z^tlTt^^ZlZZll "'stif u^^Tlltd^fT ''77^'' '^> ' 
 gallons. Apply early and two orthiT^mes at .S intrvl^'^'""' *°' ""'''' *« *« 
 
 . 
 
M 
 
 V. POUONED BOBDIACZ MiZTUBI. 
 
 For Fungi and InMcU on Fruit-trees. 
 
 Copper sulphate (bluestonc) 4 Iba. 
 
 Lime (fresh) 4 n 
 
 Paris green 4 ozs. 
 
 Water (1 barrel) 40 gallons. 
 
 Dissolve the copper sulphate (by suspending it inside a wooden or earthen vessel 
 containing 4 or S or more gallons of water). Slake the lime in another vessel If the 
 lime, when slaked, is lumpy or granular, it should be strained through coarse sacking 
 or a fine sieve. Pour the copper sulphate solution into a barrel, or it may be dissolved 
 in this in the first place ; half fill the barrel with water, add the slaked lime, fill the 
 barrel with water and stir thoroughly. It is then ready for use. 
 
 Stock solutions of dissolved copper sulphate and of lime moy be prepared and kept 
 in separate covered barrels throughout the spraying season. The quantities of blue- 
 stone, lime and water should be carefully noted. 
 
 VI. CoppEB Sulphate Solutiox. 
 
 For Fungi. 
 
 Copper sulphate (bluestonc) 1 lb. 
 
 Water 25 gallons. 
 
 As soon as dissolved it is ready for use. For use only be/ore the budt open. 
 
 VII. Ammosi.\cal Coppeb Cabbon'ate. 
 For Fungi. 
 
 Copper carbonate 6 oz. 
 
 Ammonia 2 quarts. 
 
 Water (1 ban-el) 40 gallons. 
 
 Dissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia. The ammonia and concentrated 
 solution should be kept in glass or stone jars, tightly corked. It is ready for use as 
 soon as diluted with the 40 gallons water. To be iised when Bordeaux cannot be applied 
 on account of staining the fruit. 
 
 THE WORST ENEMIES OF THE PLUM TREE. 
 
 ATTACK lyo TUB FOLIAGE. 
 
 1. 
 
 Tlip EvE-spoTTF.D Bud-moth (Ttnetocera oceUana). — Small, dark brown cater- 
 pillars, i of an inch in length, with black heads and collars, destroying the buds when 
 fust unfolding and later attacking the leaves, two or three of which they attach together, 
 fecdin" inside. They also sometimes bi^re down the centre of the twig. Remedi) • — 
 Sprav'early with a strong Paris gi-ecn wash (Paris green 1 pound, fresh lime 1 
 pound, water 100 gallons). 
 
 2 The CloAU Case-beauer (Coleophora Jtetcherella). — Small orange-coloured ciit- 
 erpillars with black heads, encased in brown leathery cigar-shaped cases, wl)ieli they 
 carry about with them. They pass the winter as caterpillars on the twigs, and cluster 
 ar..und the opening buds, injuring the foliage and flowers. Rcme-ly .—Spray early 
 with the wasli mentioned under No. 1 above, or with kerosene emulsion (Formula II). 
 
63 
 
 •' 
 
 « well « ^If^ fu *""" <^il'*^'"'^>-'r**» ^'''^' •*t«'k the foliage of the plum 
 
 on the 1^6 Si W 1 Caterplkr does not make a tent but .pin. a flat mat of rilk 
 
 on the 8uie of a branch or on the trunk ; to these resting place, the younir cateroilla™ 
 
 expanding about U mchw across the wings, which are crossed obliquely by two ^nds 
 These bands are pa e m the fi«t named, but dark in the moth of the FoLt Tent Cater- 
 pillar During July the females lay rings of about 200 crks on the twi^of th« t^ 
 m which state the insect passes the^inU-r. Jiemed^:-EZt and de^t^y thelS 
 clusters during the winter. Spray the trees with poison (Formula I or vTdLctly Ihf 
 
 an^ Ja&r s^^j: ^X^S ^^^r^^ l^;;;;^:'^^ 
 
 Ltled. '""'""" ^'^^'"""'* ">• ^«^" ^ "P^y -^«° t''« pianSei ari 
 
 6 The Pear-tree Sluo or Cderrt-tree Sluo {Erioeampa eera4i).-Jn June and 
 tTo^'ffi:V"'''')^'°T' "'"8"''? <=-terpillars J inch l^g, feed ng on the up,^r 
 surface of the lea^^es, often doing considewble damage to plum trees. Bemedier Snmv 
 withaweaksolutionof Paris green or dust with'freshly slaked limt or ParuS 
 diluted with 50 times its weight of sorn* dry powder. *• 
 
 6. Plum Leaf Caterpillars.— There are other kinds of leaf-eating caterDilkr. 
 which occasionally occur in sufficient numbers on the foliage of plumlSto dSrio^r 
 iXl "^^ =-SP~y-g regularly with Formula V. wlu pr^event inl^.^ f rom t" e" 
 
 ATTACK IXG TUE WOOD. 
 
 fl, v' r'° ^=?^»«'*'='' W«*<"^« rf»>par).-Small blackish beetles, which bore inta 
 the trunks and limbs causing serious damage in apple and plum orchards. ISj 
 Wa.h the trees liable to attack thr^ times, early and late in June and once T Jul7 
 with the following :_Soft soap, 1 gallon ; water, 3 gaUons ; carbolic acid, J pi^t ^' 
 
 OCCURRING ON TUE BARK. 
 
 8. The San JosiS Scale {Atpidiotu, pemtcio««)._Minute, almost cirx^ular scale- 
 insects, one-thirtieth of an inch wide, shaped like an inverted s;ucer, withTdepreSd 
 nng around a central point ; mside this ring, black or dark coloured. This very Cc^ 
 .picuous insect when in small numbers is easily overlooked, but when abundant gives to 
 the bark a dirty scurfy and grayish colour, as though dust;d wi-h ashes. /^"«iL 
 This IS by far he most difficult insect to eradicate^hich the fruit fe^werXvrev;; 
 had to c..3al with. The treatments which have so far given the best r^ults are HUhe 
 ordmary kerosene emulsion (Formula II.) two treatments during the summr(an ext™ 
 one may a.lvan agcously be applied in May, just before the foli^e is so thick that H ^ 
 difficult to reach all parts of the tree), the fir^t summer spraying in the middle of Jun^ 
 and the second one after the fruit is picked; this to be followed in winter orVprrng 
 with a thorough general spraying with lime and sulphur, 1 lb. lime and A lb. of sufphuf 
 to one gallon of water boiled together until dissolved. (2) Whale-oil soap 2 J lbs to^ thi 
 imperial gallon ot water, the best time to spray being just before the buds buTst in 
 if.nng. Ihe soap should be dissolved in hot water and applied as hot as is practS^ 
 
04 
 
 9. The ?f KW York Plum Scalk (Lfcanium cera»ij'ex) — Conspicuouii, d«iit brown, 
 licnuHplicrical scales, about J of an iiii-Ii long by J of an incK wide, occurring at all times 
 of tho year, clusteml alon;{ the small braaches, partkulai !/ along tlio lower tntl-*. Thrt 
 presence of this enemy «pon a plum tree may be detectit; i-spcciiilly in July an 1 August 
 nnd also in tli" spring, by the filthy black londition of the Iwrk du.- to t!ie growth of a. 
 fungus upon the copious deposit of honey-dow which is emitted by tli ' young swilo 
 insects during the tiin.- trf their growUi. /i'c»»»«/i<M ; —Spray tho trees during tho winter 
 with kerosene «nulsi"i I (Formula 11.) diluted with four parta of w*ter, or with the wlmle- 
 oil soap solution (F'>rmula III.) 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 10. The Plum Cvncvuo (Conotraclifhtt Mnupluir). — Small, rough, grayish beetles 
 about \ of an inch long. The females, in the opeiation of egg-laying, make upon the sides 
 of plums small crescent-shaped marks, with a singis hole in tho centre of each. An 
 egg is laid in the central siKit, from which hctches a white grub ; this soon destroys the 
 fruit. Iteinediea : — ( 1 ) The mature beetles feed in early spring upon the unopi'ne<l buds and 
 afterwards • pon the young leaves and may be reached by .spraying the trees before the 
 buds open with Paris green (Formula I), repeating this as so«)n as the fruit has formed 
 and spraying ten days later with the poisoned Boi-deaux mixture (Formula V). (2) The 
 beetles are sluggish in tho early morning and drop from the trees if a sudden jar be 
 given to the truuk. This jarring, if repeated every day or two over a sheet or other 
 receptacle, will be the means of greatly lessening the numbers of the mature insects. 
 The beetles drop readily and lie quietly 'or some time, when they can be easily collected 
 and destroyed. 
 
 Note. 
 
 The operation of 'spraying ' consisfji of applying liquids by means of a force pump 
 and spraying nozzle, with such force as fco break up the liquid .so thoroughly that it 
 falls upon the plants treated as an actual mist or spray. The word ' spraying,' how- 
 ever, to many who endeavour to practise this operation, has still little more meaning 
 than doing something in any sort ^av, to fruit trees with a spraying pump. Such 
 
 terms as ' sprinkling ' and ' showering are inaccurate for the operation hero intended. 
 Unfortunately, mucli of the so-called spraying as usually carrie<l out, could more ac- 
 curately be designated as sprinkling or showering, which descriljo a much less careful 
 and less even distribution of liquids. 
 
 The Entomologist and Botanist will be glad to give furthw iaformatioa coBceming 
 attacks upon crops by insects if inquiry be made by letter. 
 
 ■■'maessssmsafassaBamm^m'SSJiaMsm