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A grade flock demands attention to utility fuetora in preference to nitr. fancy features, as, ftr exiiuiple, extniordin:iry woolinjr on the head and face, luck • ix-rfection of which, with some bree''tolx>r. The tiiiif of liimliiiiK for h')thouie Innilm i« tlfiM-ndi-nt u|x>ii the (IpiniiiiilH of n fuiiry market. Only thos.- in rliim- proximity to n larire cify niiil the p(i«i>(wor» of gonu buililiii({i« piiii pntc r to thin trade. The liothoiiH<> lamli mny Ik- iit the middlp of Dccrinhpr and tlic advent of uprinu Innilw ti'rniiriiitrg it. SU.M.MKH CAKK. Itiini:. are usually bouniit in the fall ju>tt prior to the l>reediii« ^waston. .V rain, iiftti.v purehased. should he kept apart from other sheep and dipiH'd hefore .,>■ iaimedintely after arrival uinm the farm. Tlr i-« easily iH'rf-.rnitHl by nii.xinjr a few (.'iillons of dip and thoroughly soakinK the nniinal to the skin whilst standinir. This method is inexjiensive and etfeetivc. Overgrown toes are frel..:iiiiifr. and eiittinjr the hooves with a sharp jack-knife, so that they i level iiijd til.- toes are short. If this is nefrleeted. lameness often results. Three i.iinutes oiK-c I,: six weeks is sntfieient to keep the feet in proper condition. Care should als.. '•p tiikcii to prevent the cakinjf of manure around the vent. Sufficient pasture, salt, water and eare '.f feet is all the attention re.piired diirinK the siiinnier. The breeding season is a prreat strain on a ram, and. imless he is viS'TniH and in good phy.sieal condition, the results will not he grntifyinp. .\ little fxtra f;rain in this connection, where necessary, is a pood investment. A small mn padduck ur orchard may be rcMrved fur the rum, wherein he may take aullii icni exerciie without any trouble t^u the owner*! part It it advisable not to permit liin to run with the ewea and lamba. Ho may be placed with barren ewe* ur wtihirt which are beinir prepared for the block, or confined with other rami when Mnn than one ii kept. TURNING THE RAM WITH THE EWES. A common practice ii to turn the ram witl the "vtt to remain with them until brought into winter i|'»>rter«. Huwovcr. where a valuable ram ii used or wliir* i ram h»s a very large ewe flock, a better method ii to confine the rum with tin van in the eiirly morning when it is cool, allowing them to run together for a pericHJ of Correct P'juition for Trimming Fwit. nbout two hours. The practice of "salting" the ewes in the enclosure whi're the ram is kept will act as an incentive for the ewes to wish to go there of thcii' nwc volition and, consequently, will lessen the trouble of driving them. The ram then remains quiet for the remainder of the twenty-four hours. Thus recuperation is made possible and extra feeding can be practised, which, during the breeding si'iison, sho\ild comprise a daily allowance of or and bran to supplement pasture. The success of this method lies in the fact that the ram does not waste energy in iisel«i! service. lie is thus able to attend to a larger num' r of ewes and is kept in n more vigorous and active condition throughout the entire season, which means a hnUn lamb crop. The strength of a very valuable ram can be saved by the use of a "teaser." A "teaser" may be a wether improperly castrated or a. ram with the end of the sheath enclosed by a bag, which will not permit him to effect mating. The iJfiililjr of the ew«i in " hp«t " or oeatriim it diici>vere«l by tho " tc«»cr," to that the I'lii'ivjr of thu «ire in prMened aolrly fur the act of H>rvipc. II}' imcuriiiK tho briiket of the ram with a colouring ■ub»tun<'(>, cuch ewe will be markwl upon the rump after ierviM). Homo ihophcrd* chnnit)' the coldur from week til week; othcra, at the end of three weekn. If tho «'wi« iin- innnlH>riHl, the tii'l date "f Inmbinff con be ft>ret()ld and the "return" of u ewo ih imnifdiately notiml. C'a. c« of repeated " return* " will jfcnerally indicate cnmpli-ti> bnrrc-nncoa. Til' iilputity of the barren ewR i« thuii eittabliihed, and «he niny b© di»p..s<(! of iniiiiiiliately. thereby lavinir the wintt-r'tt kei-p. The markinK preparntion conaintit of oehre or umber mixed with raw linnet'd oil into the oon«tituency of n paste. One uuiD alune can vc ly euily criui .. Nino wwk^^ should the length of the bri't'ding r.wi, M.wt of tho owos will ooiuoivo in the lirst si"; weeks, but a few miiv not do so. fowever, since it is better to lui.i- lambs, though a little late, than none at all, it if vaya advisable to leave the riini with the ewes the full nine weeks. Two lams w, 'I not be permitted to fuii t .pother in one flock. The ewes should be divided ii.to ; ^ectiots* so thii* the runs will not worry each other. At the end of six weeks it .• ^ >* polit;, t.i eYmage th" rams. By doing so, there may be an assurance of more o .- ' gi.tfen with lum!.. Dooking should be perforned and the wool in the regi 'iiii HouM i-. -*1 he triiiiiiiMi. A hiug tail or thf mlkN-tion of nunure iirouml the vulva may ai linm n mpli-U'ly |tn>vi«ri««>fi« of " Icttinir down" niiuimi tim.> and rinilioii. (irudiiiil ri'diintion of tho Krain nition and infn>aM> of pxi-n-inv and wicru- li'nt (nnl aro iiiMiitiHl, hut mimt In- piimuiMl carpftdly to avoid diiri<«tiv<> tniiblt-!!. T!n- tm-thiKl i>( holdihir rwna by hand iliirinfr aervirn « known a* hand foiiplinf. Thia if ii-tt priiPticiil rxr.pt in the i'a»«' of an pxcef-dinirly valiiablo rom. .mZK OF THE EWE FLOCK. Aire of till" rom iukI mrth.d of mulinir influrnpe the number of eww ..h cm h<" •uifcaafully br*-*!. A ram lanil> tannot no well do the work of a mature indiviilual. 1 )iiily ixf strontf. active lambs. A ram may l)e used for service whilst e n iiains vigorous ami shows no signs of debility. Far too many proven sires are di-poseil of before their jHriod of usefulness is ended ow'iig t>j the prevailing idea tliat « ulimrliiiw ram ul>>ii«> •'iiti itivf tilwuluti' i>iiti>fHi-li<>ii. '{)'>• iiiimiul i-huiiKinK "' titvt jni'rr;iM>« ibe itriililcni <>f Kxiiiiiiit Hxity of Ivih*. WIXTKK t'AHE. I'mtfinemeiit <>f the rum in the . ••iclii* -e wit i the preffiiiint erne* i» not II riiiiiiiu*ndnblt' pructiif. A ram in (*ontiniiull> ', "rlii'iT tht* cwc« when thpy ilioiiUl hare iiiiietn)***, Mort-orcr, ho nii.;, hiitt the owtit, -.Lifli i* apt to cmute Mrioiit injury And is a ptoliflc diuM) of alK>rtion. It i* b<r to pl»co the ram in a •mall IM-n with wethork or rum lunihu. The grrat (innK«>r which IxiH'ti a ram in winter i|iuirlfrii in itimitiloicnt cxi-rcint'. Kxi'rciMt ig of vunt iniportuncc in the wintering ■if all »\uv\i. but many furmcru ur(> (<*|i(i'iall,v prone to ncglti't thu ram in thi« re«|M«t. Wkn n rum it pt" ulone or in th.' coniiuiny of t»r> or thn-c others, he in nil loo fmiiii'iitly forgo' i. . ept no fur hn the cuptory supplying of fei-d to hitn twice iliil}'. Duily cx> m vital iiihI <'un lie urrnngt-d by allowing thu rum to tun in a larxe yard for u Htmrt time each day, if a tx-n of ample iiize in not available for him ulone. riilln, '!'*••■ *ueMeiicf^ f a fliK'k. 'llu- feet grow t*) even n greater degree in the ..'inter than in the summer, ^iiiee ihi' licddiiig tends to preserve tlicni and saves them from being worn down 'o such nil e.tcMt. riierefore, fect-trimmiiig ciinnoi, be neglected. WINTER FKKUS FOK THE RAM. / FAI.FA. No roughage can excel well-cure alfalfa hay. In those districts where alfalfa can lie ^Town favourably, it should be made to comprise the major part of the sheep rati"ii. Thc:o is no danger of over-feeding. Alfalfa, which is not cut early enough. becomes woody in the stems and the leaves fall off very readily. This detracts not only from the palatability, but impairs the digestibility. CLOVEB. Red clover has a feeding value for sheep next in importance to alfalfa. The high lime content of all leguminous fodders make them particularly valuable a> bone builders. Red clover does not generally produce such heavy crops as alfalfa. but is very much relished by all kinds of sheep. Second crop clover is a delicacy and is useful in helping to restore a sick animal to appetite. PEA STRAW. Unfortunately, the growing of peas has, during the last fifteen years, rnpidly declined. Pen straw, where available, is an excellent rouphnge. It is very palatable Very Oesirable Breeding Stock. Note the uniformity in tyi)c. and, at the same time, nutritious. Dusty pea straw is not relished so greatly a.- that which has been harvested sliphtly on the green side. TIMOTIIV. Timothy hay is not a suitable sheep feed for the following reasons: (1) Sheep cannot readily digest it, nor is it very much relished. (2) It is constipating in elTect. (3) The heads break off becoming incorporated into the wool which is very obip.t ion- able. EXSILAOE. Succulent food must be provided at all times, in order to make the winter ration resemble that of summer as much as possible. Ensliage is distinctly a succu- lent feed, but must be given in small quantities. Only the best quality shouhl be fed. Moldy ensilage will cause disarrangement of the digestive organs whicli may result sometimes in serious illness. SWEDE TURNIPS OR RUTABAGAS. Nothing can equal turnips as a succulent food. The only dnnpcr in feeding turnips is when they are frozen or commencinK to decay. In this condition they cause scouring. Good, sound turnips can be fed in large quantities to rams. MANGELS. ' Mangels should be fed in very limited quantities to rams, since they are prone to produce calculi or stones in the kidneys or bladder. These may become large enough to close completely the urethral opening, which, unless relief can be quickly FluHhinK Kwi'H on Rapt-. provi.led, will result in the death of the ram. The ewes, having a larger urinal canal, are not so subject to this danger. Mangels have the highest water content of all roots except fall turnips. In keepins qualities they excel turnips and may be held in a good state of preservation in storage until late spring. SUGAR-BEETS. ilangels and sugar-beets are very similar. What was said concerning mangels applies equally to sugar-beets. The use of sugar-beets is not very widespread; in fact, very few are grown for stock feed. They are not satisfactory as a feed for rams. w i r-s- 10 Oati. No better grain is obtainable for the winter feeding of rams. Bad results will not be the harvest of feeding oats. They form muscle and possess little tendency to create undue fattening. Light oats, however, should be avoided since they con- tain too large a percentage of hull to give good results. Benvtita of docking and trimming vividly illustratwl. f Barley. Thi.s i3 a useful grain as n winter fi-ed for rams. It is best fed in smk^II ,iuan- tities, because it is mclined to be a "heating" food. Whole barley is more palatable than ground barley. This is true of all -.Mins. Sheep prefer to do their own grinding and are well equipped to do so. Then fore, it is usually a waste of time Pud labour to grind r, ■ liest f the ,„or^- light i,iilli. itillllO !i>ver !(1 \k 13 performed generally about twice the first -veek and free times during tl . foUow- iug two weeks. Of course, in some cases it is not needed at all, but many may require even more attention. Udder trouble may be prevalent at this time, if the ewes are neglected. The heaviest milkers arc the best mothers and those most prone to this evil. • CULLING. At -..caning time the ewes which no longer serve a useful purpose in the flock should be discarded. The culls should be separated from the others, fattened and disposed of to the shambles. Old broken-mouthed ewes are not profitable, except in very rare cases. They are unable to cat well and, therefore, cannot provide ample nourishment to raise profitable lambs. Ewes having lost one teat or those whic'h are unable to raise lambs successfully owing to udder troubles, should be prepared for the butcher. Any female which is not up to the standard of the entire flock in conformation and general type should not be retained. BREEDING CONDITIONS. .Uter raising a crop of lambs, the ewes are frequently left in a thin condition. Ihe best time fcr mating is when the ewes are gaining in flesh, thrifty, but not too fat. Fatness may cause failure to come in "Leaf and, when ewes are overburdened «ith flesh, conception is more difticult. On the other hand, howcN ,r. excessive thin- ness causes weak lambs. A happy medium should be maintained. Exceeding fat ncss must be guarded against, but thinness and weakness are equally dan-crous FLUSH I XG. As soon as the ewts are completely " dryed off" they should be placed ui-on Koud pasture. This is known as flushing and causes the ewes to commence making -aiud gams. This practice is advantageous, since it allows the ewe to recuper-^e alter the drain of nursing a lamb, and may help in c.eating more and stronger l^imte next year. It also induces oestrum more readily, which shortens the lambing ^«.».m. Pnsture IS msuflicient in itself for flushing and should be supplemented by ^ome extra feed. The cheapest, and at the same time the most satisfactory supple- niert, is rajK;. Rape grows ojickly, and it may be sown at almost any time to su-> the rc.„„irnmonts of l.e shepherd, floating is one danger whicn must be guarded «mnA „■ feeoing However, bloating may be prevented '>y allowing the ewes to become gradually astomed to it. and by not permitting them upon it when the ) Don't overfeed or underfeed at any time. In order to gain the highest profits, thrift must be maintained in the flock. (6) Don't feed, except very sparingly, munge]=t or sugar-beets to rams. CbI-uII or stones may he formed in (he urinary organs whi.^l, may become, at times, large enough to block completely the urcthnil cnnal and cause the bladder to burst with consoiiuont death. (7) Don't forget lo cull the ewe fl(,ck before each mating season. A few good ewes well-mMte,rturUk«. •Fun. K.I.. Miir. A|iril Muy ■ liily » M»y .10. •Iillir I'l. 16 \X •il 20. au 27. ft , ,. . July 4. 21 11. Ill i ■• IM. a. 1 .. 2.-I. ,% Aliv. 1. 12 H- V> l."l. 211 22. 2 211, H .s.|.t. :.. 12. Hi 23 I'X 30 2li , Oct. 3. : 1 IM. •.'1 " 17. •js 21. 4 :u. 11 X . ,, M 17 .... .. l.\ 24 22. 2». 31 . . . . ., ! ! ii