CIHM iCIMH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches (l\/lonographs) (monographles) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques OO/I c Th Ce [ Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best origina? copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculie □ Cover title mbsing/ Le n n titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents Q Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion al< D n along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I 'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutto lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 9ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-«tre uniques du point de vue bibliographk)ue, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont indiqu^ ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurees et/ou pellicultes Q Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages detachees 0Showthrough/ Transparence Q Quality of print varies/ Qualite inegale de I'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de l'en-t£te provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la I □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la D livraison livraison Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filme au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 10X ^^^^ 74 X ISX 22X 26 X 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24 X ^^•Bd ^~^ ?RX J 32 X Th« copy filmtd h«r« has bmn r«produc*d thanks to tha ganarosity of: Hamilton Public Library Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha ba»c qu«!!ty possibia considaring tha condition and irgibiiity of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacifications. Original copias in printad papar covars ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara fiimad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or iliuatratad imprassion. Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol — ^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"), whichavar appiias. Maps, platas. charts, ate, may ba fiimad at diffarant reduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly inciudad in ona axposura ara fiimad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: 1 2 3 1 2 4 5 i thanks L'axempiajre filmi fut reproduit grica i la g6niT09\t6 da: Hamilton Public Library j£l!ty libility fta Las imagas suivantas ont ixi raproduites avec la plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da I'axamplaira filmi. at an conformitA avac laa conditions du contrat da fllmaga. ifllmad I on Impraa- All on tho ras- trintad Los axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast imprimta sont filmAs an commandant par la pramlar plat at an tarmlnant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration. soit par la second plat, salon la cas. Toua las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmte an commanpant par la pramidra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darhiAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. ia :0N- ID"). Un das aymbolaa suivants apparaitra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbols «•«» signifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifia "FIN". at toba Id iftto ■s itha Laa cartaa. planchaa. tableaux, ate. pauvant dtra filmte A das taux da reduction diffdrants. Lorsqua la document ast trop grand pour dtre reproduit an un saul cliche, il ast film4 d partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droits, et de haut en bas. en prenant la nombre d'images nicessaire. Las diagrammes suivants iilustrant la mithode. 2 3 \ 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CH\RT (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.2 Its 3 12 ■ 3.6 1^ 2£ 1.8 A /APPLIED I M^GE Inc ^F 1653 Eost Main SIreel KS Rochester, New York 14609 USA .as (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S (716) 2e'i - 5989 - Fax '^ 6 (Prohibition Series.) Liquor and Labor. ^IIE EFFECTS OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC ON THE WORKING CLASSES. BY THOMAS C. WATKINS. In the term laborer, I include all [ho make a living either by manual or lental labor, or partly by^-'feach, and [hat then is the relation between the jquor-traffic and labor, taken in this f crime,, providing id all other places ^fortunate victims ; oard and clothing, ording to the state- most distinguished itain and Canada, ^ eighty to ninety ole, upon intoxica- k of it I ye manu 1 array of charges in solution, when ^ its victims are om eight to nine 2 amount, which $100,000,000, is the free use ot 3ngst us. Think ■^s; reason it out, hat Governments i can bring them- 3,000,000 to pro- n, trial, and pun- and then license lanufacture and ame the brains, ions of the peo- o be the direct the very least, indred of those 'ink, ye manu- reason why ye Canadian mills It is not over- emment would a luor-law, that " ould banish alcoholic liquors from ur Dominion, then our people would ive sober lives, their wants would be luadrupled, their purchases of the lecessaries and luxuries of Hie would le enormouHly increased, they would suffer half the sickness, or meet with half the accidents they do now ; Itheir producing power would be im- mensei. ncreased. One-half the doc- tors would be without patients, a large proportion of the jails, reformatories, penitentiaries, lunatic asylums, etc., would be empty, or nearly so. The tavern-keepers would be reduced to one-half, at the most, of the present number, which would be quite enough to provide for the wants of all travellers, the other halt of ihe tavern-kecpers.and all the saloon-keepers, would be forced to become producers of something useful, instead of being the destroyers of the wealth, of the prosperity, of the comfort and of the happiness of hun- dreds of thousands of Canada's once hopeful sons and daughters, who are falling victims daily to this foul de- stroyer, and are filling thousands of drunkard's graves annually, murdered by the grace of our Government; which grants licenses to some of our citizens, to impoverish and murder thousands of their fellow-citizens every year. Think of it ! reason it out carefully, ye manu- facturers—about $100,000,000 of capital invested in public institutions, taking care of and providing for our criminals, and protecting the sober part of the community from their depredations, and about $32,000,000 spent annually in drink— poisonous tlrink, more than three-fourths of which, at least, is consumed by the poor, and middle classes. Then think If this Ihree-fouilhs-this $24,000,000 were spent in providing for the daily wants of about 4,000,000 of our citi- zens, who compose these two classes, what an impetus it would give to trade generally? What an impetus to the manufacturing interests of Canada ? There would not be nearly enough of mills in Canada to supply the demand; manufacturers would have to double their capacity for production; peace and prosperity would rest upon our Dominion ; joy and gladness would fill the hearts of our sons and our daugh- ters ; the constant dread of any of them becoming drunkards would de- part from many an anxious patent's heart, and then Canada would become the first nation of the earth, in working out the greatest moral reform that any alcohol cursed nation can possibly accomplish ; she would manumit her hopeless, degiaded army of slaves to alcohol— she would be free indeed. According to the Government re- ports of the quantities of grain, etc., used in making alcoholic liquors Vrora' 1868 to 1885, inclusive, was 22,490,- 356 bushels of corn, rye, etc., at an average price of 60c.; 14,116,617 bushels of barley at an average of 70c. —making a total of 36,606,973 bushels of grain; 5,016,841 lbs. of sugar at 5c. and 74,965 gallons of molasses at 30c. —making a total value of $23,629,175'. The quantity of coal consumed the manufacture could sca'-cely be i rss then 50,000 tons per year, which at $5 per ton would be $250,000. The number of men engaged in the manu- facture would be at least -in the breweries, 1,411; in the distilleries, 285; in the malt houses, 500; in whole- saling the liquor, 2,000; in retailing it, 8,000 -making a total of 12,196 em- ployes, at an average of $370 per year, and the average cost of living at $318, as made out by Mr. Blue, of the 11 Ontario Bureau of Statistics, from Government reports, makes the cost of coal and labor worse than wasted, amount to $4,510,720 during the eighteen years, or with the cost of the grain, etc, an absolute loss to Canada of, say $28,139,895. This, with the cost of the li(iuor to the customers of $32,678,633, makes the enormous sum of $60,818,528 of absolute loss; yes, ten thousand times ten thousand mil- lions of dollars worse than absolute loss, for this grain might have been used for food for men and for cattle, which would have made a productive return upon the capital invested. The coal and the men might have been profitably employed in producing use- ful articles of large commercial value, and thus add materially to the volume of national and personal wealth, but instead of this, that vast sum of over sixty millions cf dollars has been em- ployed in producing alcoholic liquors, which, according to the reiterated statements of hundreds of the most learned, skilful and successful physi- cians, surgeons and chemists of Europe and the United States, is a deadly poison, much worse than useless as a medicine, which those learned physi- cians and surgeons who do not use it at all in their practice (and yet do not lose one-half as many patients as do those who use it)positively a.ssert, that, in fevers, and many other diseases, it kills from five to twenty-five per cent. of patients who, were it not for the alcohol administered to them, would have recovered. Then, if we take the great army of drunkards, which, according *o the best statistical reports, are about one m every hundred of the population, it makes 50,000 drunkards for our J, ^ neoe unfortunates are A4 mostly men and women who, were it not for the liquor, would be amongstl our most valuable producers ; but thcirl systems are weakened by this liquid poison, very many of them cease en- tirely to be producers of wealth, buti become producers of discord, misery, and woe unutterable-of crime in all Its horrid forms, from petty larceny to] foulest murder— of thriftless poverty] and destitution ; the curse of which! falls not only on themselves, but on] their wives, their husbands, the miser.| able children, the whole community. The wives have to suffer hunger, cold, abuse, sorrow, shame, and innumerablcj indignities— the husbands have toi bear with hunger, cold, neglect, and j all the attendant miseries flowing from I their wives' besotted habits— the chil- dren, half starved, perished with cold, neglected, beaten, and abused by their wretched parents, learn to associate with the vilest, the most degraded of humanity, and, alas! soon become thieves and vagabonds— the prostitutes! and murderers of our commonwealth., The charitable have to support these] wretched characters --the direct off- spring of our 7wV^ (?) legislators' most I cruel and unwise laws— the whole' people have to bear the enormous burden of this immense outlay of cash, loss of time, punishment of crime,! support of criminals, lunatics and in-'j valids. If we count up the loss of time ofj these 50,000 drunkards at one day in each week, which is a low average, as many lose their whole time, and others | half their time, it makes $2,600,000 , then the cost of maintaining them in our penitentiaries, according to ofTiciai reports for our Dominion, in 1884 was $271,309; the lowest estimates for the Provincial prisons being $83,708, after women who, were it . would be amongst producers; buttlic:r :ened by this liquid ' of them cease en- icers of wealth, but of discord, misery, •le — of crime in a om petty larceny to f thriftless poverty the curse of which themselves, but on usbands, the miser- whole community, suffer hunger, cold, e, and innumerable usbands have to cold, ncfjlect, and series flowing from 1 habits— the chil- )erished with cold, nd abused by their earn to associate most degraded of i ! soon become is— the prostitutes ir commonwealth, to support these -the direct off- I legislators' most laws—the whole ■ the enormous se outlay of cash, ment of crime, lunatics and in- ; loss of time of Is at one day in low average, as time, and others es $2,600,000 ; taining them in )rdmg to official on, in 1884 was estimates for the g $83,708, after ductinj? the value of the work they lerformed. The cost of the transfer if prisoners, including travelling ex- lenses and police constables to guard em, in Ontario was $4,258, or for le Dominion, $10,000, The cost of le county jails for Ontario is Htated the Government report for 18S5 at 193.09J, or at the same rate for the •ominion the total cost of all the •risons, after deducting the value of heir work, would be about $420,000. Then the police force in the Dominion about 2,300, the wages of whom at 600 per annum, is $1,380,000. The ost of the lunatic asylums of Ontario, IS reported by the Government, was In '885, $364,443. Estimating the hole of the rest of the Duniinion to xpend as much as Ontario for sup- lorting lunatic asylums, the cost is bout $730,000, This large expense epresents only about three-fourths of :he actual loss to our country, as the khole number of lunatics in Canada, ccording to statistical reports, were in 8S1 given at 9,889, when by the jame census, the total population of ;he Dominion was 4,324,810, or one unatic to every 437 of the population, 'ccording to accounts kept by the ifficials of the British lunatic asylums he proportion of lunatics made so by Icoholic liquors, is 13.1 per cent, 'his percentage on our 9,889 lunatics, ;izes us the alarming number of 1,295 natics deprived of their reasonir, powers by this accursed drink. Then if we had these 1,295 people 'f sound mind, engaged in making ealth for themselves, and for our :ommonwealth, at $1,00 per day, they 'ould make $388,500 each year, mak- ing the total cost of the lunatics to be j+1,118,500 per annum. Taking t_he total expenses of the AO criminal administration of justice, we find the actual burden on the indu.v trious people of Canada to be : Judicial proceedings, $6j7,252 ; Dominion Police, :? 1 8, 953; Mounted Police (N. W. T.), $564,294; Penitentiaries, $271,309; Provincial Prisons, $83,. 708; Transfer of Prisoners, $10,000 ; County Jails, $420,000; Police and Constables time and e-xpenses, $1,380,- 000. Then if the criminals who caused all this useless expense were sober people, they would be profitably employed, earning a living for them- selves and families, and purchasirig their - arious wants, thus giving an im- petus, to trade, by that means making money for themselves, their families, the manufacturers, and the public gener- ally. Then taking Toronto, as reported by the Government at 11,426 prisoners confined there in jail in 1885, of whom 3-315 represented themselves as tem- perate, and 8,111 as given to drink, and taking the other twelve principal cities of Canada, at the same rate per capita, u uuko.. about 86,000 ; then taking ill the smaller towns, villages and country places, the number of prisoners they would have incarcerated would surely be equal to one-half of those in the thirteen cities, or say 43,000, making a total of 129,000 prisoners in our Dominion. Then take an average of one week in jail for each prisoner, it would be 2S7 years and 2>^ months' confinement, which, if employed in productive labor at an average of $30 per month, would have amounted to $ i o ; , 4 1 o. The expenses attending the catching, confining, boarding and prosecuting these prison- ers, then was the enormous sum of $5-514.632. If we could ascertain the loss accruing from the loss of juror/ and witnesses' time, police clerks' and magistrates' salaries and fees, it would in all piobability be $6,000,000. Then it we take the lowest percentage at which our oldest polite otlicers and judges estimate the ratio of drunken criminals to the sober ones at 75 per cent., we find that there were 96,750 drunken prisoners arrested and impris- oned in this Dominion of ours in 1885, at a cost to the industrious classes of $4,500,000, or very nearly one dollar for every man, woman and child in Canada. This is not all, for alcoholic drinks made 1,295 of our people luna- tics, the loss and expense of whom to our Dominion in 1885, as stated above, was $1,118,500, which added to the above makes the astounding sum of $5,618,500 of absolute loss to our peo- ple. Yes, millions of billions of times worse than lost, for it has been the means of making at least about 6,000 of our young men and boys drunkards, who came up to join the great army of Bacchus, to replace about six thousand drunkards who die annually in Canada, and are replaced by more than an equal rumber of new recruits, most of whom, charmed by the excitement produced by alcohol, rush on their mad way down to drunkards' graves, into which they prematurely fall many years before their time, poisoned by alcohol, and suicides in the sight of God. Many people whc have not had an opportun- ity to study up this question, or who have not been active workers amongst poor drunkards, may think our indict- ment too strongly drawn against alco- hol, and against the time-serving, guilty government, which has thrown the mantle of its fostering maternal care over its poisonous slimy coils, to protect and shield its cruel, murderous, deadly, destructive march over our Mi country, in many cases seizing on th brightest, the most promising of oul sons and of our daughters, and diagj ging thom down to early death— tj eternal woe. Sir Matthew Hale, Chief Justice oM England, stated : "The places of judil cature, which I have long held in thil kingdom, have given me an opportunl ity to observe the original cause Ji most of the enormities which havtj been committed for the sp. .• of twentJ years ; and by due observations, I have found, that if the murders and man slaughters, the burglaries and robberJ ies, the tumults, the adulteries, fornical tions, rapes, and other enormities thai have happened in that time, wern divided mto five parts, four of then! have been issues and products of ex) ctssive drinking; of tavern and alJ house drinking." Judge Coleridge| states : " Liquor has either been the temptation beforehand to robbery, to get something to purchase it, or it iJ the provocation under the influence oi liquor ,hat causes them to quarrel, and perhaps to commit murder; or it is the liquor upon which the fruits that havl been obtained by robbery, is generalljl spent, and it seems to me that, but fori the cases where offences have been] brought on by the use of intoxicating} liquors, the courts of justice might bel shut up." Judge Wightman, in hisi address at Liverpool, said : '• Of cjI prisoners whose names were on tliel calendar, six were charged with wilfuj murder, twelve with manslaughter, ijl with malicious injury to the personj eighteen with burglary, and eight witlil highway robbery, accompanied witiil violence to the person. He found) from the perusal of the depositions! one unfailmg cause of four-fifths ntl these crimes was, as it was in ever)] ' St ^^ pi -j ap" !" - -■ :ases seizing on th promising of ou aughtt-rs, and diag early death— i ;, Chief Justice of rhe places of judi i long held in thi 1 me an opportun original cause o lilies which hav hesp. .' of twenty bscrvations, I bav lurders and man laries and robber idultenes, fornica er enormities thai that time, wer irts, four of then i products of ev tavern and ale Judge Coleridge] either been th d to robbery, t rchase it, or it isj r the influence o m tJ quarrel, an urder; or it is th i fruits that havi bery, is generally me that, but for] inces have been 2 of intoxicating] justice might be /ightman, in his , said : " Of 02 ies were on th Jrged with wilfu nanslaughter, rj to the person,! , and eight with ompanied with on. He found the depositions )f four-fifths ml it was in every ;her calendar, the besetting sm of unkenness. In almost all cases of rsonal violence and injury, the scone ,s a public ho .oC or beer shop." ron Alderson said at the York isizes : "A great proportion of the ime to be brought forward arose lorn the vice 01 drunkenness al6ne. they took away from the calendar all ose cases in which drunkenness had jome connection,either with the person |ccused, or the accusing parly, it would ■ave that large calendar a very small ne, Ifall the men could be persuaded cm the use of intoxicating licjuor, e office of judge would be a sinecure." ustice Hayes declared at the Man- hesler assi/;es : " When people come enquire into the causes of crime, iih a view to ascertain how crime ight be diminished, the fav* present- id itself at these assizes, as i.e had emarked at the last winter assizes, at .iverpool, when he had to dispose of ve murders and eight manslaughters, t would be proved, that they were :hiefly attributable to drinking, and to lOthing else. Crime was the imme- liate, and direct effect of that besetting vil and bad habit." Mr. Justice Tal- fourd, addressing the jurors at Stafford, xpired. His closing words were : The greatest English vice is drunk- nness. No doubt that this, in most f these cases, is the immediate cause, ind it is a cause in two ways of the rimes which will come before you, and especially of the crime of highway [robbery, for whereas, on the one hand |it stirs up evil, awakens malice, and kindles the slumbermg passions of the human heart, and puts the reason into a state of twilight, so, on the other hand, it points out the victim, who, by exposing his monev In nublic house after public house, is marked out by ' a7 some wicked associate, and rob" ed. One great evil is, I think you will fiml out on looking over the depositions, that each is a mere repetition of the same story over again, of some man who goes from public house to public house spending his money, and exhib- iting it, and is marked out as a fitting object for plunder, when his senses are obscured, and who is made the subject of an attack under those circumstances, which enables the parties to escape from the conse(|uences, because, al- though the story iiKiy be perfectly, true which the prosecutor in his case tells, — altnough it m,iy be vividly felt by liim— yet he is obliged to confess" The judge ceased to speak, and was no more. Mr. Justice Deasy, at the Armagh assizes asserted : " Drunkennt s is the parent of all cniiies committed in Ireland." Sir Wm. Bovil stated at the Denbigh assizes : " Drunkenness, ac- cording to my experience, is at the root of nine-tenths of the crime com- mitted in this country." Justice Han- non, in charging a Liverpool jury in 1869, said: "I should suppose the testimony of every judge upon the bench, would be the same, as to the fact that a very large proportion of the crimes of vioient.e brought before us, are traceable to intoxicating liquors." Mr. Justice Keating obser.ed at the Norwich assizes : " After long experi- ence, I can slate, that nineteen-lwenti- etlis of the acts of violence committed throughout England, originated in pub- lic houses." "Drunkenness again ! It's alniost the case with everyone that is brought before me." Chief Justice Davis of New York, sa^s : "Of all the causes of crime, intemperance stands nut the nn.appniarhnble chief." Dr. Elisha Harris says : "After two years .ill:; ^^; ofcareful enquiry into the history and condition of the criminal population of the State, I find that the conclusion is inevitable, that, in all its relations, al- coholic drink may be charged with far more than half the crimes that are brought to conviction in the State of New York, and that fully 85 per cent, of all convicts give evidence, of having in some large degree, been prepared, or enticed to the criminal acts, because of the physical and distracting effects produced upon the human organism by alcohol, and as they indulged in the use of alcoholic drinks." The Board of Police Justices of New York, state in their report for 1874: "We are fully satisfied that intoxication is the one great leading cause, which renders the existence of our police courts necessary." Governor Dix states : "Intemperance is undoubtedly the cau.se of four-fifths of all the crime, pauperism and domestic misery of the State of New York." Judge AUison remarked : "In our criminal courts we can trace four-fifths of the crimes that are committed to the influence of rum. There is not one case in twenty where- a man is tried for his life, in which rum is not the direct, or indirect cause of murder." Numbers of the judges of our own Dommion are equally distinct in their denunciation of this dread demon of destruction — this intolerable incubus, which is crush- ing out the life of our yr.ung nation — filling our jails, our h' s;)itals, our luna- tic asylums, and the gallows with its innumerable victims — spreading pov- erty, di.sease and death on our right hand and on our left in every direc- tion ; and which is licensed — positively licensed by our Government to sl;>y our people by the thousand - to offer up hecatombs of Canadians to the god of Bacchus ! To fill, according to the most accurate estimates, 6,000 graves with drunkards annually, to appear at the great Judgment Day as suicidj before the Judge of all mankind. Th/ will each member of our Dominid Government, who alone can raise tl| flood-gates of alcoholic liquors, an deluge our great country with th devil in solution — this sum of all in quities — or can close those gates byj prohibitory liquor law, and shut o\ this distilled damnation, this serpen whose fascinating eyes, have lurel millions upon millions of our raq down to drunkards' graves — down eternal woe, the cold, maddenin slimy coils of which have gathered and are daily still gathering arour many of the noblest, the best, the mol promising of our young men, an| young women, and crushing out the native nobility of their nature — al those noble, those grand, those herol plans which they had been forming f