IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 /> 
 
 w 
 
 
 /. 
 
 M/.A 
 
 i/. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 
 11:25 ill 1.4 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 ■O' 
 
 l\ 
 
 iV 
 
 "% 
 
 V 
 
 '% 
 
 ^ -^ 
 
 
 ^/-^^ 
 
 -^.t* 
 
 
 Sf 
 

 
 
 CIHM 
 Microfiche 
 Series 
 (l\1onographs) 
 
 ICIVIH 
 
 Collection de 
 microfiches 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 ©19 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Nctes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted tc obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any 
 of the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming, are 
 checked beio>;.. 
 
 I /| Coloured covers/ 
 
 ' Couverture de couleur 
 
 El Covers damaged/ 
 J Couverture endommagee 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cattes geographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relie avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cau^e shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 La .eliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la mirge interieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have 
 been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees 
 lors d une restauration ap.iaraissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas ete filmees. 
 
 L'Instilut a microfilm^ le meil'eur exemplaire qu'il 
 lui a 9ti possible de se procurer. Les details de cat 
 exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue 
 bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image 
 reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification 
 dans la methode normale de filmage sont indiques 
 ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagees 
 
 □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurees et/ou pellicul^s 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees 
 
 □ Pages detached/ 
 Pages detachees 
 
 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 ^1 Quality of print varies/ 
 
 Qualite inegale de I'impression 
 
 n 
 
 c. 
 
 Continuous pagination/ 
 Pagmation continue 
 
 eludes index(es)/ 
 Comprend un (des) index 
 
 Title on header taken from:/ 
 Le titre de I'en iett' provient; 
 
 □ Title page of issue/ 
 Page de titr? de la li 
 
 □ Caption of issue/ 
 Titre de depart de la 
 
 □ Masthead/ 
 Generique (periodiques) de 
 
 vraison 
 
 livraison 
 
 ques) de la livraison 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires supplementaires: 
 
 Part of cover title hidden by label. 
 
 This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filme au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 
 
 14X 
 
 18X 
 
 ry- 
 
 26 X 
 
 IT' 
 
 30X 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 ~T 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 22 1 
 
The copy fllmsd h«r« has been reproduced thanks 
 to the genaroiity of: 
 
 National Library of Canada 
 
 L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grSce d la 
 g6n6rosit6 de: 
 
 Bibliothdque nationale du Canada 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keepi.ig with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cow-er and ending on 
 the last peg* with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sior or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies aro filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated Impression. 
 
 The last recorded freme on each microfiche 
 shall contain tht symbol — »► (meaning "CON- 
 TIIMUEO"), or the cjymbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever appllai, 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely inciudad In one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6td reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tonu de la condition et 
 de la nettet^ de l'exemplaire film6. et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimde sont fllm6s en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une e Ttj^reirte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmds en commengant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre 
 filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un saul clich6, il est film6 A partir 
 de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mdthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
WW- Y^>yo ix XvT ' 
 
 r> 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
^ttthori^cb Itxt-f ook ^txks. 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME 
 
 FOR 
 
 JUNIOR CLASSES. 
 
 BY 
 
 LEONHARD SCHMITZ, LL.D, 
 
 CLASSICAL EXAMINER IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. 
 
 WITH A MAP OF ITALY AND AMPLE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Canaliiim Co^jyright Cgiition. 
 
 -^ 
 
 T O R X T (J : 
 COPP, CLARK & CO., 47 FRONT STREET EA8T. 
 
 1878. 
 

 Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada. In the year on. 
 thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight. by Copp, Clark 4 Co 
 Toronto, Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 e year on* 
 XK & Co., 
 
 This little History of Rome has been drawn up for the 
 purpose of giving the young student a brief but fair 
 picture of the origin, giowth, development, and decay of 
 the Roman state. The early or mythical period, which 
 has been paased over entirely by at least one modem 
 historian, could not be altogether omitted in a book of 
 this kind, partly because legendary tales -v, always 
 speoially aotractive to the imagination o. s young, 
 partly because they show in what light the RomaM 
 themselves viewed their own eariy history, and lastly 
 because, though the mythical or legendary character may 
 be fully admitted, they neveri;heless contain many traits 
 revealing to ua the social, religious, and political life of 
 the early Romans, not to mention the fact that a know- 
 ledge of those legends is absolutely necessary to under- 
 stand the numerous allusions to them which we meet 
 with in the poetical productions of modem nations. 
 
 The later centuries of the Roman Empire, subsequent 
 to the reign of Commodus, appeared unsuitable for very 
 young people, for with few exceptions it is only a 
 history of wi-etched and contemptible despots, contairiing 
 Uttle that can benefit or elevate young minds. Hence 
 
6 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 that part of the history has been briefly characterised 
 only in a f&w broad outlines, showing the rapid decline 
 and final dissolution of the once mighty fabric of the 
 Koman Empire. It is hoped that this little volume, 
 like its companion, the "History of Greece for Junior 
 Classes," may be found a suitable introduction to the 
 study of the larger Histories of Rome which have been 
 produced in thi" and other countries during the last fifty 
 or sixty years. 
 
 Li Si 
 
 j/aaxoK, August, 1876i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Intbodttctjci^ • I . , 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From the FoundaHon of tho City of P -) to tbe Establish- 
 ment of the Republic, B.C. 763 to. ,609, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 From the Establishment of the Republic to the Legislation 
 of the Decemvirs, B.C. 509 to B.C. 451, . ; 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 From the Dccemviral Legislation to the final Subiugation oi 
 Latium, B.C. 451 to D.c. 338, . . 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From the Subjugation of Latium to that of all Italy, b c 838 
 toB.a272, . . . . . ; 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 From the Conquest of all Italy down to the Outbreak of the 
 Second Punic War, b.c. 272 to b.c. 218, 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 From tbe Second Punic War down to the End of the War 
 against Antiochus, b.c. 218 to b.c. 188, . 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 From the Peace with Antiochus down to the Time of the 
 Gracchi, B.C. 188 to B.C. 133, . 
 
 VAoa 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 89 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 71 
 
 80 
 
 CHAPTER VI XL 
 
 From the Time of the Gracchi down to the First War ajrainst 
 
 Mithradates, B.C. 133 toB.G. 88, . . . 89 
 
8 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. no* 
 
 From the First War against Mithradates down to the Death 
 of Sulla, B.C. 88 to B.C. 78, .... 
 
 99 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 From the Death of Sulla to the Outbreak of the War between 
 
 Caesar and Pompey, B.C. 78 to B.C. 49, . . • lOo 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 From the Civil War between Pompey and Caesar down to 
 
 the Battle of Actiurn, B.C. 49 to B.C. 31, . . 117 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 The Reign of Augustus, B.C. 81 to a.d. 14, . • 
 
 CHAPTER XIII, 
 From the Beftth of Augustus to that of Nero, A.i^. 14 to 
 
 . 128 
 
 A.D. 68, . 
 
 . 184 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 From the Death of Nero to that of Domitian, A.D. 68 to 
 
 A.D. 96, 
 
 . 142 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 From the Death of Domitian to that of Marcus Aurelius, 
 A.D. 96 to A.D. 180, .... 
 
 . 148 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The Reign of Commodus, A.D. 180 to A.D. 192.— Conclusion, 154 
 
 Chronological Tablb, • • • • .168 
 
 Index, ,••••• 
 
 . 166 
 
FAOa 
 
 Death 
 
 . 99 
 
 106 
 
 lown to 
 
 . 117 
 
 128 
 
 A MitAN oonr, 
 
 HISTOBY OF EOME 
 
 /. U to 
 
 . 184 
 
 D. 68 to 
 
 . 142 
 
 . 148 
 
 aclusion, 154 
 
 . 168 
 
 . 166 
 
 IKTRODTJCTION. 
 
 more gigantic HVBttm. of Ll . <^he Empire ; and a 
 
 the wo?/d ha. neltZn ^^1"!?^ ?.' ""«"'^" ^^'^' 
 she at first also exZ. ,.l ll. ^''^.ff!^ her conquests, 
 modified form to t? constitution, though in a 
 
 mitted toherft-ancht .Tfln"^ T^P^^^ "^^ ^^'^^'^ -^■ 
 and the conqueieT ati/m t^^^^^^^ ''7 «^^'^" "P' 
 
 ultimately led Z St T T^ T''^ ^'^^S^''^' ^"^ 
 
 forced in^the en I J^otJd« ir ^T^"'.^ '^' '''^ ^^'^« 
 the who1.'> of Italy ^^^^ ^^^ "8^<« of citizenship to 
 
 iaS^Ja cSr!!^ T '' ' """^^^ ^f--" towns 
 ^iiimx, a dwtuot on the west coaat of Central Italy, 
 
fO 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 and its inhabitants of course were Latins. These Latins 
 a'rain were only one of the many tribes inhabiting the 
 vThole of Central Italy, all of them closely allied to the 
 inhabitants of Greece, as is still manifest from the great 
 resemblance subsisting between the language of the Greeks 
 and the dialects of the nations of Central Italy, especially 
 the Latin, which is the best known among them. This 
 resemblance is in fact so great that it is clear there must 
 have been a time when the Greeks and Italians were 
 united as one nation speaking the same language. The 
 Central Italians, therefore, as well as the Greeks, belong 
 to the great Aryan famUy of nations, who immigi-ated 
 into Europe from the East; and on their arrival one 
 branch occupied the peninsula of Greece, while the other 
 proceeded to Italy, which they appear to have entered 
 from tlu^ north. In their new country they again separ- 
 ated into several branches which became afterwards 
 known by the names of Umbrians, Sabellians, Latins, 
 Oscans, etc., and whose languages differed from one 
 a,nother only as dialects. 
 
 But besides these Central Italians, we meet m Italy 
 with other nations, such as the Etruscans or Tuscans, at 
 first occupying the plains of Lombardy, but afterwards 
 settled in Tuscany or Etruria, which derives its name 
 from them. They appear to have been pushed south - 
 v/ards and across the Apennines by swarms of Gauls de- 
 scending from the Alps and conquering the couivtry 
 between those mountains and the Apennines. The 
 south-east of I+aly, moreover, was inhabited by a race 
 called lapyges, probably the earliest immigrants into the 
 peninsula, who had been pushed to the southern extremity 
 by subsequent immigrants. The most recent inquiries 
 have shown that all these nations, including even the 
 Etruscans, about whom so many wUd conjectures have 
 been formed, belonged to the Aryan i-ace. 
 
 But in addition to these, the southern coasts of Italy 
 were cov^ered with Greek colonies, whence that part of 
 the peninsula is sometimes called Great Greece (Magna 
 Grcecia). Hence, in spite of aU appearances to the con 
 
hese Latins 
 labiting the 
 illied to the 
 m the great 
 ■ the Greeks 
 y, especially 
 ;hem. This 
 there must 
 alians were 
 ^lage. The 
 eeks, belong 
 immigi'ated 
 arrival one 
 lie the other 
 lave entered 
 again separ- 
 ) afterwards 
 lans, Latins, 
 d from one 
 
 lect in Italy 
 Tuscans, at 
 it afterwards 
 es its name 
 ushed south - 
 of Gauls de- 
 the country 
 nines. The 
 ed by a race 
 ants into the 
 jrn extremity 
 ent inquiries 
 ing even the 
 jectures have 
 
 tasts of Italy 
 that part of 
 -eoce (Magna 
 B to the con 
 
 HISTORY OF BOHE. 
 
 11 
 
 tally, the whole of Italy, including Etruria md Ciaalpino 
 Oraul, waa inhabited by mtions belonging to one and the 
 same great i-ace, whose original home appears to have 
 been m the north-west of India. Their arrival in Europe 
 which must have been very gradual, and have occupied 
 a long period of time, may be assigned in a geneml way 
 to the year 2000 before the Christian era. 
 
 PLAN or TBS OITY OF BOWE. 
 
TDK OAFIIOLmK SHB-WOU'. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 i 
 
 FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE CITY OF ROME TO THB 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBUC. 
 
 B.C. 753 TO B.C. 609. 
 
 In treating of the earliest history of Rome, we mxxst bear 
 in mind that we are dealing with mere legends, as is the 
 case with all other nations whose history pretends to go 
 much further back than their wi-itten literature. In the 
 case of Rome the legendary, or, as we may call it, the 
 artificial character of its early history may be inferred all 
 the more from the fact that in the year B.C. 390, when 
 Rome was taken and destroyed by the Gauls, most of the 
 ancient historical records perished, and had to be restored 
 as far as possible from oral traditions and legends. This 
 legendary part might therefore be passed over altogether, 
 were it not that the legends were believed by the Romans 
 themselves, and are so much interwoven with the subse- 
 quent literature not only of the Romans, but of nearly all 
 the nations of Europe, that it becomes a necessity to have 
 some general knowledge of them. Moreover, although 
 the events themselves recorded in the legends may have 
 no historical, foundation, they yet enable us every now 
 and then to catch a glimpse of the social, moral, and re- 
 ligious condition of the people, or at least of the light in 
 
inSTOKY OF ROME. 
 
 13 
 
 •which the Romans themselves viewed their early history, 
 which itself is a matter of no small interest. We shall 
 therefore give a brief outline of the earliest or legendary 
 history of Rome, adding, where necessary, a few remarks 
 pointing out what must bo regarded as fable, and what 
 may be sui)posed to convey some historical truth. 
 
 The story about the foundation of Rome runs as 
 follows : Jimas, one of the Trojan heroes, is said after 
 the destruction of his native city by the Greeks, to have 
 arrived in ItiUy with a number of followers, to have 
 founded the town of Lavinium in Latium, and to have 
 thus become the ancestor of a long line of kings. Ascan- 
 ki8, his son and successor, founded che city o£ Alba Loru^a, 
 which henceforth became the seat of government, and is 
 said to have been the head of a confederacy of thirty 
 Latin towns. Procua, one Ox its last kings, at his death 
 left two sons, JVumitor and AmuUus. The former, beinf' 
 the elder, succeeded his father, but Amulius rebelled 
 agamst his brother, drove him from the throne, and in 
 order tx) secure his unjust possession of it, ordered the 
 son of Numitor to be put to death, and then compelled 
 the daughter, Rhea Silvia, to become a vestal vii-gin, 
 whereby she was obliged to remain unmarried. But by 
 the god Mars she became the mother of twin sons, 
 Romulm and Rermis. Thereupon Amulius caused her to 
 be killed, and her infants to be thrown into the river 
 Tiber. The river at the ti^ie happened to have over- 
 flowed Its banks, so that after a short time, when the 
 watera subsided, the basket containing the babes re- 
 mamed standing on dry land. There they were suckled 
 by a she-wolf, and fed by a woodpecker, until they were 
 found by the shepherd, Faiistulus, who took them to his 
 wife, Acca Laurentia. When the boys had gi-own up to 
 manhood, they distinguished themselves by their bravery 
 and their noble bearing • by an accident they became 
 acquainted with their own history, and with the assist- 
 aiiee ot their eomiTides drove Amulius from his usurped 
 throne, which was now restored to their grandfather 
 Numitor. 
 
14 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 This being accomplished, they resolved to build a town 
 on the Palatine hill near the spot where they had been 
 saved. When the new town was finished, a dispute arose 
 as to which of the two brothers should give it its name ; 
 from words it came to blows, and Romulus slew his 
 brother. In order to increase the number of inhabitants, 
 Komulus opened an asylum, inviting all and sundry to 
 come and settle in the new place. Vagabonds of eveiy 
 description came, and all were welcome. But as there 
 were no women among them, the population would soon 
 have died out, and in order to prevent this, Romulus 
 applied to the neighbouring communities of Latins and 
 Sabines to obtain wives for his subjects. This request 
 was scornfully rejected, and Romulus then resolved to 
 obtain by a cunning device what had been refused to his 
 fair demand. He invited the neighbouring tribes to a 
 festival to be celebrated in honour of the god Neptune ; 
 and while the strangers were witnessing the games, the 
 Romans suddenly seized their daughters and carried them 
 by force to their homes. To avenge this outrage, the 
 Latins and Sabines took up arms against Rome. The 
 former were easily defeated, but during the heat of the 
 fight with the Sabines, the Sabine women threw them- 
 selves between the combatants, imploring them to desist 
 from destroying one another, and declared themselves 
 willing to remain with their new husbands. A peace 
 was then concluded, in which it was agreed that the 
 Romans and Sabines should thenceforth form only one 
 state, but that each nation should retain its own king. 
 The Sabines then under their king, Titits Tatius, built a 
 new town for themselves on the Capitoline and Quirinal 
 hills, near that of the Romans. The two nations for a 
 time lived in happy peace and concord; but not long 
 after, Titus Tatius was killed during a sacrifice at 
 Lanuvium, after which Romulus alone reigned over both 
 Romans and Sabines. 
 
 Soon after this Rnmulus became involved in wars 
 against Fidense and the Etruscan town of Veil, in both 
 of which he was successful, the Veientinea being even 
 
 I 
 
nisTonv OP uoMfi. 
 
 15 
 
 build a town 
 ihey had been 
 dispute arose 
 it its name; 
 ulus slew his 
 if inhabitants, 
 [jid sundry to 
 londs of evoiy 
 But as there 
 )n would soon 
 his, Romulus 
 of Latins and 
 This request 
 n resolved to 
 refused to his 
 ag tribes to a 
 god Neptune ; 
 3ie games, the 
 1 ctlrried them 
 J outrage, the 
 t Rome. The 
 he heat of the 
 ti threw them- 
 them to desist 
 ed themselves 
 ids. A peace 
 freed that the 
 form only one 
 its own king. 
 Tatius, built a 
 3 and Quirinal 
 o nations for a 
 ; but not long 
 a sacrifice at 
 gned over both 
 
 ?^olved in wars 
 if Veii, in both 
 uea being even 
 
 years, from B.C. 753 to r r- 7ir. , "^ ^^ tliirty-ei^'ht 
 +v,^ 4.1 • •^- '^">he was removed from 
 
 the earth in as niarvelloua a manner as that in wS 
 
 his tlr r"';/^ ^Z "" ^^>' ^^i^« ^^ was review 
 his tioops, his father Mars descended in a temnost Za 
 
 as a go<l under the name of Quirinus, and rec.ardc( vs 
 
 ouc 1 IS the legendary account of the life and iri-rn r.f 
 Eom^Uus; but the Romans at all times look -d „po f im 
 aiitho" Jfle'' ^""T^-,«^their city, but l^^^'Z 
 autJioi of the gi-oundwork of their political institution? 
 
 trib^r thel?""' *°^-^^^ '^^^^^^ ^- people nt'thTe 
 tribes the Hamnes, Titles, and LuceresUioh tribe into 
 
 cW " T? '^^ r^ ^^"" ^*° °"« i^^^'-ed g nte o*? 
 clans. The senate or council of elders, oridnallv s-iS Z 
 
 have consisted of one hundred member , was incTeHs^^d to 
 two hundi-ed, when the Sabines or Titles (from S^^^^^ 
 
 Besides the sovereign people thus organised into tribr^ 
 curi^, and gentes, there existed in the earlfest ti^e two 
 other c asses, the clients and the slaves. The formir 
 were retamei^ of certain families or clans, and the pXii 
 to whom a client was attached was ca led his ation 
 (patronus, from pater, a father), which shows tW.r 
 relation subsisting between a dielt and trpaton re' 
 sembled that between a father and his son The plebeians' 
 
 ^ZXsZtt^: '^ '''''''' - I'^«^--^ as L 
 After the death of Romulus, a whole year passed awav 
 without a successor being elp^t-fl and i- f h-T J^ 
 the government was condfctedbyCstatl'^I^^^^^^ 
 the Ramnes or Romans chose from among the Sabifes 
 
16 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 Nmna Pompilins of Cures, a man rcsnowned for his piety 
 and wisdom. The lef;end represents him as the founder 
 of all the great religious institutions, just as Romulus w 
 descriVMid as the author of the political organisation of the 
 sUite. Numa's reign was a period of uninterrupted peace, 
 during whicih the people were engaged in the peaceful 
 ixu-Huit of agricidture and in the worship of the gods. In 
 Mil ho dill tht! king was supported by the counsels of the 
 iiviiil)h Euorid, with whom he had interviews in a sjicred 
 gi-.)ve near Aricia. The tirst thing he did was to build a 
 TeniT)le of Janus, which remained closed throughout his 
 
 reign, a 
 
 sign 
 
 that Rome was at peace with all her 
 neighlioura He then instituted the several orders of 
 priests, as the Jlamines, priests devoted to the special 
 service of the gods Jupiter, Mars, ftnd Quirinus, the 
 vestal virgins, and the salii or dancuig priests of Mars. 
 He next appointed the college of augurs {augure^}, 
 consisting of four members, whose business it was to 
 ascertain" the will and pleasure of the gods by observing 
 the flight of birds in the air and their tnanner of feeding. 
 The college o( pontiffs (pontijices), lastly, consisting of four 
 members, headed by a fifth called the ponti/ex maxtmus, 
 possessed most extensive powers in all matters connected 
 with religion. After having thus regulated religion and 
 all its numerous rites and ceremonies, Numa Pompilius 
 di(;d after a reign of forty-three years, from B.C. 715 to 
 
 672. . .^. , XV ^ !• 
 
 The story of this king is quite as mythical as that ot 
 
 Romulus ; the religious institutions ascribed to him had 
 
 no doubt' existed among the Latins and Sabines from 
 
 time immemorial, as is clear even from the legends about 
 
 his predecessor. The religion of the Romans, like that of 
 
 the Greeka, was only an offshoot of the religion of the 
 
 great Aryan race, and consisted originally in the worship 
 
 of the various powers manifested in nature, such as the 
 
 Bun, the moon, the heavens, and the earth, with the various 
 
 forrea displayed in them. But in later times that simple 
 
 worship of nature was corrupted by foreign influences, 
 
 esi^ecially by the mythology of the Greeks, for the Romans 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 17 
 
 d for his piety 
 as the founder 
 aa Romulus is 
 uisatioa of the 
 ;rnii)ted peace, 
 n the peaceful 
 f the gods. In 
 counsels of the 
 :;w8 in a sacred 
 was to build a 
 throughout his 
 with all her 
 veral orders of 
 to the special 
 Quirinus, the 
 riests of Mars. 
 lurs (augurea), 
 ness it was to 
 is by observing 
 nner of feeding, 
 insisting of four 
 ttifex maximus, 
 itters connected 
 ted religion and 
 fuma Pompilius 
 from B.C. 715 to 
 
 thical as that of 
 ibed to him had 
 id Sabines from 
 ae legends about 
 lans, like that of 
 religion of the 
 y in the worship 
 bure, such as the 
 with the various 
 imes that simple 
 reign influences, 
 I, for the Romans 
 
 t^mselves had scarcely anything that can be called mytho- 
 
 Murjfn'rP'"^^ f ^",™^ Pompilius the Romans chose 
 kmg. His reign, extending from d.c. 672 to 640 is de- 
 scribed ,. the very opposite of that of Num. fS- he is 
 sa.d to have neg ected the worshii, of the g„ Is and to 
 
 Tr^sTof'tf '''"' " ^"^^^'"^' '''^^'''' Ins'-noigZnis 
 Ihc hi.st of these wars was waged against All.a Loi.ca in 
 
 consequence of certain acts of violenc'e for wlueh repan ion 
 
 was ,e ,„ed by that city. The contest between Ktvo 
 
 length the commanders arranged that the di.spute should 
 be detez-imned by a combat of three Roman brothers caHed 
 the I/oraHt, with three Alban brothers called the CuriatU 
 who happened to be serving in their respective aTmts- 
 and 1 was agreed that the conq.iering party should rule 
 ovei. the vanquished When the three champions of ^ 
 par^y met, wo of the Horatii were killed, while all Sio 
 tl ee Cunatu were mdeed wounded but still able to fight 
 The surviving Horatius then took to flight and the tWp 
 
 P rmitTThf '^" ^\T^„-*-als\l:TheirtotS 
 permitted. Ihis was what Horatius had foreseen and 
 turning round he slew them one after another It was 
 .hus decided that Rome should rule over Alba When 
 the Romans returned home in triumph, Horatius met hTs 
 sister, who burst into tears and lamentations, wh^n .- 
 saw among the spoils won by her brother a gai^Lent ah: 
 had woven with her own hands for one of the Cimatii to 
 whom she had been betrothed. Horatius, enia^d at iier 
 sTo'r ForT^ -occasion, i.n her through with M 
 Sh • hufh """^'''^Sehe was tried and sentenced to 
 death, but he availed himsalf of his right to appeal to 
 the people who, moved by the recollection of whatTe h^ 
 done for his country, and by the entreaties of his fatheV 
 who by h. death would have been left childless, acqi Ltd 
 him. This tra.gic story is unquep,tionably no more than 
 
 Alba having been overpowered by the Romans and 
 
18 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 become subject to them need not on that ax;count be 
 
 doubted, , . 1 • .• i.^ 
 
 The people of Alba, however, bore their subjection to 
 their neighbour with great rehictance, as was shown very 
 Boon afJr, during a ^var of Kome against the town o 
 Fi.leiiK, in which the Albans, who were bound to support 
 Rome, formed the treacherous design of joining tuleno;, 
 if the Romans shoidd be worsted. The treachery, how- 
 ever, was discovered by TuUus Hostihus, who, after 
 successfully terminating the war, ordered the commander 
 of the Albans to be put to death, and their city to be 
 razed to the ground. This order was immediately carried 
 into execution, and the Albans are said to have been 
 transferred to Rome, where they were ordeied to settle 
 on the Cailian Hill. Some of the most distinguished 
 Alban families obtained all the rights of Roman citizens, 
 while the great body of the conquered people entered 
 into a relation whkh was neither that of ful citizens nor 
 of slaves. They were called the plehs or pkhes, to distin- 
 jruish them from the old Roman citizens, who were called 
 patres, patricii, or populus Romanus. The po^er of 
 Rome was thus doubled by the fall of Alba, and the 
 Roman king now waged a fresh war against the Sabines 
 and Latins, over the latter of whom he claimed the same 
 authoritv as that previously exercised by Alba. But 
 the kin.r's victories were of little avail, for by his neglect 
 of the worship of the gods he had incurred their anger, 
 and he and his whole house were destroyed by Jupiter 
 with a flash of lightning. . 
 
 After his death, Aiwus Marcius, a babine fvom amon,j 
 the Tities, and a relation of Numa ^^o -.. ■ .. was raise ' 
 to the throne, which he is said to liuvc occupied from 
 B c G40 to 616. He at once set about to revive the reh- 
 gious institutions, which had been neglected by his pre- 
 decessor, but he was unable to devote his whole time to 
 them, for the Latins, who had concluded a peace with 
 r.^ lius Hostiliu" +hnu<?ht that they might assert their 
 independence under a p^eace-loving king like Ancus. He 
 was thn obliged to resox-t to war, in whach he displayed 
 
 
lat account be 
 
 : siibji'ction to 
 ^as bhowu very 
 it the town of 
 )UIkI to su[)i)ort 
 oiniiig Fult'ua), 
 treachery, how- 
 iis, who, after 
 the coumiaiKler 
 their city to be 
 ediately carried 
 X to have been 
 ■deied to settle 
 It distingviished 
 Roman citizens, 
 
 people entered 
 full citizens nor 
 pkbes, to distin- 
 who were called 
 The power of 
 ' Alba, and the 
 nst the Sabines 
 laimed the same 
 
 by Alba. But 
 or by his neglect 
 Ted their anger, 
 •oyed by Jupiter 
 
 )ine from amon,; 
 Xiiic was raisi ' 
 t, occupied from 
 ,0 revive the reli- 
 ected by his pre- 
 lis whole time to 
 led a peace with 
 ight assert their 
 like Ancus. He 
 lich he displayed 
 
 HISTORV OP ROME. 
 
 19 
 
 Hostdius. Many of tho J^.tiu towns wero taken ami 
 
 nTn;TV rrT/'.'^"^ ^^ '-' ti.o who/e for^r^v z 
 
 m!, v\ ^^''^^ ,"^ "" ^''^^^'^ »^'^"le near Medullil 
 
 ^} Z ^t T, ""^ '''"'" "^''' ^^'^''-^ transferred to 110^* 
 
 tion Tl '"' "^"'I' """'-"«'' ^^ t»^«n» a« their habit.a 
 
 ^sLt orih'^^^'^r""^'-"^ "^^« '^^ s^xmer^a on 
 as tnat of the conquered i)eoplo of Alba— tlmf Jc fi 
 
 Xr Ctf' Vt; -"'"'- "-^- S™ «:■• - 
 
 t!,J? j- l""'**''; that a great many of the conaiierrrt 
 
 Smwn Mount ?r •''?'''■ -f!"™ '= "'^ -'" '» »« 
 urawn Mount Janiculus within the citv ir, l,o,-^ « 
 
 the Roman donunion was extended to the sea' ^ 
 
 oS^L^ "^"""^ """' oppression of thlir patrician 
 and Tities— fhn+ i. ■--—«. n.,.^13, Delwnguig to the Ramnes 
 
 tt.«„'f"iit:Ls£:i;^t:'ti3^ ««"- w"^-- 
 
 ^1 
 
 af 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF UOME. 
 
 The remaining three kings are said to have been 
 
 Betciea in tlie town of Turquinii. in Etj-nrJa fv. • xi. 
 kmg Serviu, TuUiu,, i, in'son^^^'l^^ZTj^^T^ 
 «. ttnmcan, b„t com doring the JiLoral spirit in^Ue, 
 he tranied a new constitution for T?nm« ,•*■ wmcn 
 
 likely that he waa of Lathi oril^n.^""^'' '' ""i'^'''^^'' ^^^'^ 
 It IS further remarkable that the BnmnT, c+of„ i,- i. 
 under Ancus Marcius is said tot^7ZXd::^yl 
 small portion of Latium, suddenly appears under his 
 successor as a great monarchy, under wWch great arch 
 tectural works are constructed, some of which regain 
 down to the present day. remain 
 
 The fifth king, Tarqumms Friscns, who is reported to 
 have reigned from b.c. 616 to 578 is reprLented ^^ 
 already remarked, as a foreigner, who by his Sth and 
 wisdom gained the flavour of Ancus MarciuT«^?Ivr u 
 succeeded in raising himself to the thror^s hS^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 to the exclusion of the sons of Ancus. One of ITs firs^' 
 acts was to increase the number of senators by one huf 
 
 S "it dl'rr'^^'" ''-'' ^'^ ^^^-*«^ ofVo^mem-' 
 Ders. It does not seem improbable that the increase in 
 
 the n,j„,ber of senators was connected with therconTora^ 
 tion of the tribe of the Luceres with the state InZ lor 
 further to increase his power, he undertook a war ac^ain^J 
 the Latins, in which he was so successful aiTd brouX 
 home such splendid spoils, that out of them he was enaWed 
 ,td«^«^"XT" «P^^-^i^*^- those of a^^of Ms 
 
 mise their number to 1800 ^ ^K- ^' ? '^^ *° 
 
 wnvo'+C """•••"S^b tu uciciit; his enemies. Duriufr these 
 wais the Etruscans are said to have supported the kin^s 
 
 I* 
 m 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 21 
 
 to have been 
 as having come 
 lius Priscus, is 
 an, Demaratus, 
 th, and to have 
 'ia. The sixth 
 IS described as 
 spirit in which 
 ' ajipears more 
 
 ■n state, which 
 nprised only a 
 iars under his 
 h great archi- 
 which remain 
 
 is reported to 
 epresented, as 
 lis wealth and 
 s, and thereby 
 i his successor,, 
 le of his first 
 s by one hun- 
 
 of 300 mem- 
 le increase in 
 the incorpora- 
 te. In oi-der 
 a war against 
 
 and brought 
 e was enabled 
 
 of any of his 
 
 to have laid 
 lariots, called 
 ivolved in a 
 
 cavalry was 
 Iry, so as to 
 3ans he was 
 )uring these 
 id the king's 
 
 enemies, for which Tarquinius chastised them in two 
 successful battles ; after which the Etruscans are reportld 
 to have submitted to the Romans. But what mSs ht 
 
 I/l^Llf wbpirT*';' ''''^ ""^ ^^'' gr-e^t Hewer (Cloaca 
 Maxima), whereby the Forum and other low districts of 
 
 putect state of preservation. His foreign origin seems 
 further to be attested by the innovations he introduced 
 ZL^U .'t^'^""^ ^'^^"'« ^^ ^i« P««Pl-' for it was in ht 
 HeCanttrt "'"/"' reprLeilted in human form" 
 toline H^ll Af'""-^ 0/ a temple of Jupiter on the Capi- 
 
 The two sons of Ancus, who had always considered 
 
 earrd TatTf ^ iT'^'- '^ T^^^"™' ^^en t^y 
 Sei" i^ Tulbn t ^"^.^T^^^d to leave the throne to 
 
 Se9'mus Tullim who reigned from B.C. 578 to 534 is 
 described, like his father^n-law, as a foreigner H s 
 ongin however, is uncertain, and very wonderful" stories 
 
 SZst Veif '' '° ^^"^^ undertaken a successful war 
 tLXrJSY-^'' ^' '^^l^f «^^*«' ^g^i««t all Etruria. But 
 the glorj, of his reign did not consist in militarv undert.ik 
 mgs, but in the fact that he gave to the iSnln 1^ a 
 new constitution, which, with some changes, was Sued 
 afall " '■" ^'""^ ^' '^'y ^">^^d Iny constitution 
 
 neo^W^."" *!'" patricians alone had formed the sovereign 
 
 riff'h+ja r^f V •:;*•••• -^"^eua, witnour, enjoying the 
 
 whole bodv of r- , ^:^"\'^""i"« first organised%he 
 wuole body of the plebeians, by dividing them into thirty 
 
 3*1 
 
22 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 and discuss theb: own affa ■t'" TJ ''^'^ '^' ''^^^ *« ^^^^ 
 
 patricians, called co^S^Ztta 1 1"^ *'««^ ^^ *^« 
 reform was that he fram!;] 7 f./^r ^nore important 
 man's rights and duties wet ir'''*"S^""' ^^ ^^^'^ * 
 by birth alone, but bv Z "^^^""'T'l^^ ^^^* ^« ^i^^^erto, 
 sessed. For his nn.L i "'•"''* "^ P^^P^^tJ be pos- 
 . according t^it divided r^t^ ^ ^^^«"«' ^^d 
 
 and Plel^ians, int^Se toperttor'^^n.^'i^ P^*^«^^^ 
 possessed at east 100 000^ .^ ^'"f ' *^" ^""^^ °f ^^^i^b 
 12,500. Those who had less "A th ''' ^'*^ "* ""'^ 
 tuted the large class of VhTt were Xt^^TT -'"'''''''- 
 capite censi, who did r^ni^ h.T 1 ^ pi'oletarians or 
 
 bad assigned to it a numbeT!.f " T '^'''- ^^'^ <^J^«« 
 turioi). The first oln«« r 1 u^ ^""^^^ °^ centuries (cm- 
 fourtli twtX eacMh: m't^ '""irT'' *^^^^' ^^ 
 bad only one, makkg a^toltW^ 
 
 In addition to these the eStPPv. n V ^P"*™s or votes, 
 eighteen votes, anrcanSer^r ""' °^ *^^"^*^« ^^d 
 
 two, so that the wholeTmW n? ."""''"'^^^ ^^ ^^'^^ 
 The distribution of voteHbe J ''*'' ^"""^^^^ ^'^ ^93. 
 
 tbe fir^t class and the ethtlpn f ? ^-"^ T^' *^^* ^^^^ 
 among themselves a ifoZ'^^T^'^'T'^' '^''^ 
 was no need for the otW nllt ^^^"led, and there 
 
 power was thus vested i^i thp? u J"*"" "^^ P^^^*^^^! 
 for the moment tie khWs reform ^''fi '^T'''' '^ *^^* 
 any violent change,1x?ent tW K" ^H^ ^''^ "^* ''^"^^ 
 tbe right to take mk hi 1 „ }^ P ebeians obtained 
 
 tbe centuries (eor^i^ Zt^^t^^^^^T'-^ ^' 
 represented the whole Rnms^ll L T ^^'^ ^'''^^^^'^^ 
 much as the cla^s to which a nfa?l^,'' ^5 f "^^' ^^■ 
 tbe duties he had to pliform a.T '^f.^^^S^l determined 
 assembly were transfSni bp "'-■ ^"^ ^^''' ^«^ 
 
 wl^icb had previou:;; Snied :X^eT'^^^^^^^ 
 
 cian cotfiitia curiata. e^ciu^irei^ to the patri- 
 
ich belonged to 
 to the country 
 lagistrate, called 
 le right to meet 
 ings were called 
 m those of the 
 more important 
 '"> by which a 
 not as hitherto, 
 ^•operty he pos- 
 a census, and 
 Joth patricians 
 3 first of which 
 ■ fifth at levjii 
 iiimum consti- 
 )roletarians or 
 s. Each class 
 centuries (cen- 
 nd, third, and 
 ^e proletarians 
 iries or votes, 
 jf equites had 
 ans had each 
 unted to 193. 
 'h, that when 
 quites agreed 
 d, and there 
 AH political 
 isses, so that 
 id not cause 
 ms obtained 
 assembly of 
 le same time 
 army, inas- 
 determined 
 'o this new 
 i-tant rights 
 > the patri- 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 23 
 
 Instead of continuing tho war against the Latins, he 
 managed to induce thoiu to acknowledge the supremacy 
 of Rome by peaceful mmm, He induced them, and art 
 parently the Sabinea ,Un<., to fotmd a sanctuary to Diana 
 on the Aventnie. Lmlly, ho carried out the design of 
 his predecessor, to suiTound the city with a wall, in which 
 he included two more l,ill«, the Viminal and Esquiline. 
 By these things, and trnpnoially by his political reforms, 
 bervius Tulhus drew u|:.m himself the hatred of the 
 patricians, who, ]muh,l by Tarquinius, his own son-in- 
 law, created a revolution, in which the aged king was 
 miirdered, and TarquiniuH awcoiuled the throne. 
 
 Ihe account of tluH revolution runs as follows : In order 
 to propitiate the houh of l.iM predecessor, and to secure to 
 them the succession, HurviuH had given his two daughters 
 in marriage to the two ho»« of Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius 
 and Aruns. The fovum', though capable of criminal 
 actions was not naturally (liMposed to crime, but he was 
 married to a gentle and UJmmbitious woman : while the 
 wife of his gentle brothm- Aruns, called Tullia, was stiU 
 more passionate and ambltiotis than her brother-in-law 
 lullia, vexed at the long life of her father, and at the 
 indilierencr of her husbiKHl, who seemed willing to leave 
 the succession to Im uu>va ambitious brother, planned 
 the destruction of thoH,, who seemed to stand in her 
 husband s way to tho throne. A secret understanding 
 was easily come to betwoon her and Lucius, who wat 
 mduced to kill his wife, while she murdered her husband 
 This design being acco.npliHhed, she and Lucius became 
 umted m marriage. Imnm, goaded on by his unscrupu- 
 lous wife formed a counpiraoy with discontented patri- 
 cians, and It was resolved to destroy the aged king 
 Tarquinius then summoned a meeting of the senate, and! 
 adorned with the eusigiw uf royalty and accompanied b; 
 a band of armed followerw, ho entered the senate, delivered 
 a wild speech against S.n-vi„« Tullius, and tried to establish 
 ^4? +1, ,• •••"•;'"'>IHS liio king, when mtonued 
 
 ot these proceedings, hft«ti»ned to the senate, intending to 
 put a stop to such revolutionary proceedings. But Lucius 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 .'I., 
 
 
2i 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 tte street, covered wi IbJoS """"^r^"^* ^^^^ *^ corpse S 
 tad driven to the seiTate f^ ' • ^^^^^'^'^He TuJlia also 
 tusbaud's success mj V^ ""^^^'^^ ^^^ first news of h! 
 natural conduct w;3t^ ^, «>ngratu]ate him "tJs un 
 
 -J^ich stained the g^ent of tb"' '•^^^' *^- Wood "f 
 The street in whioh iu- i^ , *^^ unnatural danaJif^ 
 
 of the means b^S he'hT'^ ^" ^ ^^^er worthv 
 i«, te acted a^ a tTrant wh T"^'"^ *^« thronlS 
 
 totirh ^"i^-strr^fc? I'^jr^^'y or Z 
 
 to i)W,he neither consul? J xT ^^^*^<1 from Be 5Sd. 
 but followed his owr^ero^^^^^ ^^^ the people 
 
 Tte reforms of ServiuTSur '^^*'^"^ ^^ everythtg 
 labours of that king seemed to h """"l '-"^olkhed, and Z 
 The acts of cruelty and "It ^^^« ^""^ «P«nt in vail 
 almost incredible A^^J^^l^P^'^s^on ascribed to Mm «^ 
 
 be denied that ^r mu:t^t:re?it^ ''' '^^^^^ 
 abiiitj, for he extended his S f " ^^ ^^^<^ miHtarv 
 Ills predecessors, and adorned f ""^^ '"°^'« ^^^n any of 
 useful architectural worir h' '"'^ '""''^ ^^^^ ancf 
 towns to concluae a trelty wifl' 'impelled the Latin 
 ^a^ recognised as the head ^r n ^u"^' ^^ ^^^^eh Rom^ 
 ^ered Suessa Pom.tia, itealthv n' "^f f ' ^e ooT 
 and strengthened the nowlr X *''^'' ^'^ *^e ^olscians 
 went of the colonies of T • ""^ ^°^^ ^y the estabS' 
 conquered peoplewe/ke^ f ?^^ ^^'^ ^^'^^' ^bereby thJ 
 iril^^- .ilitl^'^^l--^^^^^^ ^"t~- 
 
 - --^^y UK-reasing, both with tt^^ Vi^^^ S 
 
 ■^-^3,-.-.^..-COj.;j 
 
'ess old man, and 
 e house. When 
 [rmed men were 
 Qim a corpse in 
 ^^hile TuJlia also 
 rst news of her 
 ii/m. This un- 
 cius Tarquinius, 
 way, the chariot 
 ;her's body was 
 eared, and the 
 > drive on, and 
 ', the blood of 
 "ral daughter, 
 ivas ever after 
 
 lanner worthy 
 e throne, that 
 tined the sur- 
 ughty or the 
 from B.C. 534 
 r the people, 
 n everything, 
 ihed, and the 
 )ent in vain. 
 f to -him are 
 'e, it cannot 
 reat military 
 than any of 
 ^ great and 
 I the Latin 
 i^hich Rome 
 '• He con- 
 3 Volscians, 
 e establish- 
 thereby the 
 lit notwith- 
 ipopularity 
 and with 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 25 
 
 the people ; many of the former were put to death or 
 sent into exile, while the people were groaning under 
 their heavy taxes and the task-work imposed upon them 
 in the construction of public buildings. The king, it is 
 said, was further harassed by dreams and awful prodigies. 
 Uneasy at all these symptoms of the discontent of his 
 subjects, and the anger of the gods, he sent two of his 
 sons, Titus and Aruns, to consult the oracle of Delphi 
 To amuse them on their journey, he sent with them a 
 cousin, Lucius Junius Brutus, who had assumed the 
 character of an idiot, in order to escape the danger of 
 being put to death. When the princes had executed 
 their father's orders at Delphi, they also consulted the 
 god about themselves ; and the answer was, that he should 
 be king of Rome who should be the first to kiss his 
 mother. The two brothers agi-eed to kiss their mother 
 at the same time, so that they might rule in common ; 
 but on their landing in Italy, Brutus, as if falling by 
 axjcident, without being observed, kissed the earth, the 
 mother of all. 
 
 During the latter part of his reign, Tarquinius was 
 involved in a war with Ardea, a fortified town of the 
 Eutulians, who had probably refused to acknowledge the 
 supremacy of Rome. The town accordingly was oesieged, 
 but with little success; and one day, while the king's 
 sons and their cousin, Tarquinius CoUatinus, were feast- 
 ing in their tents and discussing the virtues of their 
 ■wives, it was arranged that the three should go home 
 unexpectedly by night, to see how the princesses were 
 spending their time. The wives of the two brothers 
 were found at Rome, revelling at a luxurious banquet ; 
 but when they came to Collatia, they found Lucretia, 
 the wife of Tarquinius CoUatinus, engaged in domestic 
 occupations with her maid-servants. She accordingly 
 was acknowledged to be the best of the three ; but in 
 her humble occupation she appeared so lovely and beau- 
 tiful, that a few days laber Sextus Tarquinius, one of the 
 princes, retui-ned to Collatia, where, as a kinsman, he 
 was hospitably received. But in the dead of night he 
 
 I 
 
 
 ".4 
 
 If I 
 
26 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 't • I 
 
 By intimidation r^lifecl hi« .n f'"^ to gratify his lust. 
 
 ing mon^ing Lucretf^rnttX fa^th" /" d'l 'f T 
 who came accompanied bv PnM^fir , ^ ^^ husband, 
 Junius Brutus. To these wi 7^^'''"' ^"^ ^"«i»« 
 crime committed upon her and L^"'''l^/'^^^^^d the 
 to avenge the wronT n^lt^ i T^ '^"^^ "P^^ them 
 
 breast. Brutus^^wVrtfn'o Vth?" '^*%'^^ °^ 
 and drawing the da<r£rf>r AvT fu ^® ^^""^ ^^ Jdiotcy, 
 
 tion to the" ro;arSsf oT th.' 7"'^^ ™^^ ^^«*-- 
 others took the same oath «^ T^^qums. The three 
 
 having been inVred of ^hat £ T^'^ °/ ^°"^*^- 
 took up arms. The con^nirl ^ t^PP«»ed, at once 
 
 unanimously decreed to Zr^T ^^^r "^^^^^ ^t was 
 royal family. Kus If-" ^"^^^ ^^""''^ *^« ^^^ole 
 
 office of com'inant^SVwS? "" ^T ^^^^ *^« 
 set out for Ardea to gaS ov^th^ l^T %Tl)-' *'^" 
 soon as he heard the news Ut^ned fri P ^ ^'^^' ^ 
 hope of being able to nZu .^ • "^^ to Rome, in the 
 
 the gates closed aglinstlim M^'T-f^T' ^'^^ ^^""d 
 followed the summons of S^tuf^^^^^^^^ t^« ^-^7 also 
 queen and two of his s^^ I'T i^® ^'''^' "^^^ ^ 
 Etruria. His son Sext?,«T '. ^^ .""^/"^^ ^* ^J^^e in 
 he was slain r^ctcJ^rr/^n^L?^^^^^^ 
 preWously eommit^d agLttrhaUo^^ *""'^^^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 thei rbe'lo^XubtThft P'^y~^r^^Tlt 
 last king of Rome and th .T^"' ^"P^^^"« ^^« the 
 
 despotic,^hough"^duiX ,'^^^^^^^ '"^ ^^^ 
 his misdeeds. Whether hn7.. .^^^ exaggerated 
 
 accomplished in tlnuik^ndoS " ''^?"'^°" ^^ 
 «ae legend, is more tS doTbtfr * "^'""^^ "^"^'^^^^ ^ 
 
 thwLt!:' .'-'", '^"* ^'^^ ^«-- kings were Wd t^ 
 -^.-hSt-t-^-^^^^^-r^^ 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 27 
 
 J expose her name 
 gratify his lust, 
 ut on the follow- 
 her and husband, 
 erius and Lucius 
 retia revealed the 
 called upon them 
 3r into her own 
 mask of idiotcy, 
 ', vowed destruc- 
 ins. The three 
 ople of Collatia 
 ppened, at once 
 stened to Rome, 
 . where it was 
 nish the whole 
 have held the 
 « celerum), then 
 . The king, as 
 ) Rome, in the 
 ition, but found 
 ! the army also 
 3 king, with his 
 ge at Caere in 
 ^^here soon after 
 eachery he had 
 
 ition which for 
 t. How much 
 certained; but 
 )erbus was the 
 lad been very 
 ih exaggerated 
 evolution was 
 sr described in 
 
 vere raised to 
 ider the later 
 succeed their 
 
 fathers. The time dunng which the seven kings are said 
 to have reigned is unusually long; and the?e is good 
 reason for believing that the whole kingly period was 
 made up artificially, for every one of the k^^ s re^r^ 
 
 tutt'of r^^ 'T^'^ °"^ ""' '-'^'^ °^ *^«^^t insti- 
 tutions of the kingdom ; nay, it is even doubtful whether 
 Rome had only seven kmgs. But certain it is, that the 
 ak.ir;i elected from among the pa^icians at first 
 alternately from the Ramnes and the Sabines ; that he 
 
 17 J ^ .1 TT''^'' «f *^e ™ies, the supreme 
 judge, and the high priest of the nation. His power 
 howe^Jr was not absolute, for on all important matter^ 
 
 bLl +». T'^i* ^^' ''"^*^- ^^« ^"^ber of senators 
 bemg three hundred, seems to suggest that they were 
 chosen by the kmg to represent the three patrician tribes 
 
 iC^^-f-^^^'' ""^^ ^""^^^^ ^'"^^^^ by the assembly of 
 the old citizens or patncians (comitia curiata), untilf by 
 
 sembly (comitm centurmta) stepped into its place All 
 matters that were laid before the assembly, such as ques- 
 
 ^dUn" iP'T ^^^, '^""' *^" election of magistrates, 
 «iid proposals of new laws, were first considered by the 
 
 bSnr^r ^^^^^f^^°*^"f d by that body, were brought 
 thim ^''^"'^^y' ^^^•^^ ^gbt either adopt or refect 
 
 As to the civilisation of the Romans during the regal 
 
 foT '/' ' ''"'' *^.^* *^"y bad a regularly organised 
 form of government, that they dwelt in fortified towns, 
 
 ?h^ r^-" ""T"'' r^ "^"^ ^biefl^' by agriculture and 
 the breeding of cattle. Duiing (.o later period they 
 T?l7;*f T^t architectural works, such I the ^eat 
 bv T?.. • "P^*"' °u *^" ^^P^^^' ^bich was completed 
 wf.i 1 Tr"' ?^P^^bns; and the .great sewers, parts of 
 which still exist in a perfect state of preservation. The 
 religion of the Romans also seems to have under<.one 
 consjderabl changes during the reign of the TarqSLs! 
 font L. m the reign of the last of them that we hear of 
 the gods being represented in human forms. The legend- 
 aiy history further reveals to us the mode of life of those 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF ROMK. 
 
 appears to have been introduced in the time of the St 
 
 purposes. Money was first coLied by Servius Tn\\h^l 
 It consisted of brass marked with the fi^Z oY^le 
 domestic animal, whence the Latin name formonevi^ 
 pecunia (from pectis, cattle). ^ " 
 
 Twirs BBtmn 
 
ave been very far 
 our own ancestors. 
 
 Romans became 
 in southern Italy, 
 
 time of the first 
 loyed for literary 
 
 Servius Tulliuq; 
 le figiu-e of some 
 ime for money is 
 
 BATTER INO-BAIC 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 raOM THE ESTABLISHMENT OP THE REPUBLIC TO THE 
 U»ISLATION OP THE DECEMVIBa 
 
 B.C. 509 TO B.C. 451. 
 
 After the expiilsJon of Tarquinius, in b.c. 509, the people 
 assembled in the comitia centuriata formally abolished 
 the kin^y power for ever, restored the constitution of 
 Sei-vius Tulhus, and elected two magistrates from among 
 the patncmns, who, under the title <^i pr<Btora, afterward! 
 called cmisids, were to conduct the government for one 
 
 Bruttis and Tarqmmm Colhtinm, who had the same 
 power and the same oiitward distinctions as the kings 
 except that the priestly functions of the king were traS- 
 feri-ed to a digmtory styled rex sc^rcmim or rex sacn- 
 /iculus, and that the administration of the treasury vras 
 assi^aed to two officers called qucestores m-arii. The 
 senate and the comitia centuriata, of course, retained the 
 powers assi^ed to them by the Servian constitution. 
 Ihe power of the patricians, instead of being diminished 
 by the establishment of a republic, waa in reality some- 
 what increased, inasmuch as two of their body might 
 every year be raised to the highest magistiucy The 
 plebeians, on the other hand, were probably in a worse 
 8 
 
 ill 
 rf 
 
 m 
 
 \ ^9 
 
 'I* 
 
80 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 hav« in t),or« ^""^'v lavour the plebeians in order to 
 
 ™.tori„g the exiled Lnafe^th t iere f^r'l"''°K°' 
 the sons of Bmfna wru ^ -^ „ ^^® joined even by 
 
 were p„t t d^eTttand'SX' llt^L'^''^ *'^ ^"^^^' 
 
 ^lycharacteristicW a Roman 'ordered mJ'"''""" P""""* 
 be executed. But a m-pXr .! *^'^'*^'^^'' i"s oM^n sons to 
 
 where TarquiniC iL^rtL ''!;^'u '^"^^ ^^"^'^ ^^^^ria, 
 
 ■aid to have marched finSincf i , ^ Etruscans are 
 
 their camp on MountW f^"""' ''"^ **^ '^^^^ Pi^cl^ed 
 t^ieTibe^ZSuntloT.'^"""' ^^ ^"" ^^^^* ^"^ of 
 and daring of the RomaL^. 1^^" "'P"^"'^* *^« ^^^^ur 
 
 though a/we*lnTerhe"eatr"th ^f r*^^^?""' 
 much embellished and P^«3tr+ JV T^"^^ ^^ '^en 
 
 one occasion, it is said thfp^ ^ """^^ *"^^*^°"- ^^^ 
 with the inten toi^^of dri^' fC^''' 'T''^ *^« Tiber 
 
 ,^~ " "^"' "'°™«" '^■•"'g" "iA two commdes; ke"pt i' 
 
 4 
 
he kings, as the 
 Jians in order to 
 ogant and ambi- 
 d from all public 
 il marriages with 
 \red for the ruling 
 ly they appeared 
 
 patricians; but 
 I* of their votes, 
 
 that lie power 
 minal The ad- 
 
 still entirely in 
 1 circumstances, 
 er or later, was 
 
 '0 its existence, 
 foreign enemies, 
 flfect his restora- 
 icy was formed 
 the purjjose of 
 joined even by 
 out, the guilty 
 «rnne8S peculi- 
 is OM^n sons to 
 3 from Etruria, 
 I the assistance 
 J Etruscans are 
 > have pitched 
 right bank of 
 ent the valour 
 illiant colours, 
 lole has been 
 tradition. On 
 sed the Tiber 
 )m his strong- 
 city; and the 
 river, had not 
 nan, who whj? 
 -des, kept the 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 31 
 
 who e hostile army at bay, while his countrymen were 
 busily engaged m breaking down the bridge. He is even 
 said to have dismissed his two coniradtd and alone to 
 have resisted the whole army until the bridge was demol- 
 ished. He then threw himself into the river, and .safdv 
 swam across, amid showers of darts from the Ltnuscaus 
 He was afterwards rewarded by his countrymen with a 
 sttitue in the Comitium, the place of a .nnbly of the 
 patricians, and with as much land as he could plou-'h 
 round in a day. A similar story of daring is i dated 
 .bout one iMucius Sccevola. As during the protracted 
 Biege Rome was beginning to suffer from famine, younc 
 Soaevola, with the consent of the senate, undertook to 
 deliver his country from the enemy by murderin<T Por- 
 senna. He contrived to find his way to the tent of the 
 Etruscan chief, but by a mistake slew the king's scribe 
 instead of the king himself He was accordingly seized 
 at once, and as the king tried by threats to extort from 
 hini a iull confession of his object, Scsevola thrust his 
 right hand mto the fire which was burning upon an altar, 
 to show that he dreaded neither torture nor death The 
 king, full of admiration of the young man's daring, dis- 
 missed him, but was told that 300 other Roman youths 
 had sworn to take the king's life. The king, frightened 
 at this, negotiated a peace with the Romans, only demand- 
 ing that the territory taken from Veii should be restored, 
 whereupon he withdrew with his army. 
 
 However delightful such stories are which the vanity 
 of the Romans in after-times invented to embellish the 
 first struggles of their republic, we know upon good 
 authority that Porsenna for a time was master of Rome 
 and consented to depart only on receiving hostages and 
 one-thml of the Roman territory-that is, ten out of the 
 thirty local tribes. The unhistorical character of the 
 stories IS further evident from the foct that the exiled 
 larqiunius is never once mentioned during the war with 
 orsenna, v/ao himself likewise entirely disappears after 
 
 Sorae other tribes also, such as the Sabines and Auruu- 
 
 m 
 
 ■ H';[ 
 ■'i 
 
 if: L 
 
 ml 
 
 '■'Hi 
 
 w 
 
 'tit 
 
 m 
 
92 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 unsuccessfully. A mor«T Tm '^''^""^ ^"'"^' ^«* 
 
 hiH Latin kinsn>e,r ll thf/nH'".'^"'""' "^^ ''^""^^ «** 
 Pon.e, and the war watprotrni 7 *^^"" "^''^ '^^^^^^t 
 If fc. in n.c. 498, the Romln. H. t ''' "'^'"'^ ^'"^« ^* 
 tiie conduct of the war to "sn]"^ '' '''^'' *" «"*''"«* 
 the two consuls, apSedlTf^^r'""'^"'^^'' ^"«*«^ 
 f"ll power. ThisZaCfsS'L^'^'r 'I'^^'* ^^'^ 
 jn awe, but still the war wn, * ^ ^^ ^'^* *''^' *'"*'"'i«« 
 longer, until in ac 49l^t Z ,'""*^"f ^^ ^o»' two years 
 famous battle on the shor!7of T 'i?"??* *^ '^^ ^"^^ ^^v the 
 Ronmns were victorious and i^w' ^'^'^^'''- ^" ^^ ^^^^ 
 the gods Castor and Pollux hlT' """'^^tly said that 
 their side. The account of this LtL'" T'l "^'^'^"^ ^^^ 
 to form the close of th« l! f ^' ^^'"'^ ^"''^^ he said 
 history, is altogetLr uiworS^'"?7 Pfr^ "^ I^«"^-n 
 later, the Latins concl Xl ? 7 f ? ^''"' *^^"^ ^^^^ 
 sul 6^purius CW^Sth I*S^ "^^'^ */" Roman con- 
 ing of perfect equality with Ro7 "^'"'J^^'^ «" a foot- 
 -ar being mentlne7to al^J^^^rTh ?^^^^ ^"^ ^"rther 
 Tarquinius himself is s-ridTnT u ^'' ^''''''"'' King 
 battle, and to havevXllntH ^r.^""^^'*^^ ^" ^^f 
 of Cum.-e, where he d ed a^ the In ^ ^^'"^"^'' ^^'' *>'^^^t 
 
 A« long as Rome h«d 7 ^""T'^"^ J^ar, b.c. 495. 
 enemies, tie patricians manatdTot' T"^* ^^^^^ 
 
 ^ho formed the main sti^n"th of the 7 '^' P''^^^^^"^' 
 good humour; but no sooner Luh^ Roman armies, in 
 
 than they began to abrSi "ri.'^.tjr J^P^-'' 
 the plebeians, whom they treated 111 ^ u-'"'' ^^^^"'^* 
 have already seen +hn7+? ^ ^^""'^ subjects. We 
 
 though free,'^id;VXss{^^^^^^ Latins who! 
 
 to pay tribute to thrreZblio n^H "' ^"* ^""" °^"ge<i 
 -ithout pay. It ofteXlZ.rar T '^^ ''''''' 
 engaged against foreign eneE +1 «' J^.? ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 mostly small landed ^ropSoS "f w ^^' ^^'^:.*^^^ ^«^ 
 hy the enemy, w«J ^f^^'^'^'/^ "^t ravaged or taken 
 hai-vsst time ^there.Z.r JllZJ^^ neglected, sc 
 
 Ws^tttae there ™U£„™^X" 
 
 so that at 
 The result of 
 
HISTORY OF ROMK. 
 
 83 
 
 inst Romp, hut 
 r hroko out in 
 lius had stirred 
 'nee of some of 
 ns rose against 
 eral years. At 
 safer to entrust 
 Lnder instead of 
 1 dictator with 
 Bpt the enemies 
 
 for two years 
 
 fin end by the 
 ns. In it the 
 mtlysaid that 
 •n fighting on 
 !h may be said 
 xl of Roman 
 )r, three years 
 e Roman con- 
 ced on a foot- 
 t any further 
 ivour. King 
 unded in the 
 LIS, the tyrant 
 ir, B.C. 495. 
 linst foreign 
 le plebeians, 
 -n armies, in 
 disappeared, 
 ition against 
 bjects. We 
 Latins who, 
 <vere obliged 
 
 the armies 
 1 they were 
 )r they were 
 e(^ or taken 
 
 so that at 
 le result of 
 
 this was, tha"; in their distress they had often to borrow 
 money of their wealthy neighbours, generally patricians, 
 at the exorbitant rate of interest of from ten to twelve 
 per cent. ; and the severity of the Roman law entitled 
 the creditor, if the debtor did not repay the bon-owod 
 money at the stipulated time, to seize his person and treat 
 him as if ho were his slave. From such misery the patri- 
 cians were exempted, inasmuch as their estates were 
 cultivated by their clients, who did not serve in war. 
 Such a state of things naturally became morn and more 
 unbearable, and as the patricians had the law on their 
 side, the plebeians in B.C. 495, rose in open rebellion and 
 withdrew to a hill a few miles distant from Rome, resolved 
 not to return until their grievances should be redressed. 
 Several attempts were made to pacify them, but with no 
 result, until Menenius Agrippa, a messenger of the senate, 
 prevailed upon them, by the well-known fable of the belly 
 and the members, to abandon their design, and promised 
 that their grievances should be remedied. A compact was 
 then concluded between the patricians and plebeians, that 
 all who liad lost their freedom through debt should be 
 set free, and that five tribunes of the plebs should be 
 appointed, whose duty it was to be to i)rotect the plebeians 
 against any abuse of the authority of a patrician magis- 
 trate, and whose persons were to be sacred and inviolate. 
 At the same time two plebeian sedi'as were a[)pointed, 
 whose business it was to superintend the public buildings 
 and to exercise a sort of control over merchants and 
 usurers. When this solemn compact was concluded, the 
 plebeians quitted the hill, which was ever after called the 
 Sacred Mount, and returned to Rome. 
 
 Such was the beginning of the long protracted struggle 
 between the two orders, throughout which the patricians 
 acted more or less the part of an exclusive aristocracy, 
 while the plebeians represented what we may call the 
 great body of the people. The tenacity and selfishness 
 with which the fonner clung to theii" rights and privilegcii, 
 and the indomitable perseverance of the latter to obtain 
 the full civic franchise, constitute for some .centuries the 
 
 J.v 
 
 I, 
 
 
 ■f*| 
 
34 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 stte " HaTSfeC^" '" *'^ ^--lopment of the Roman 
 become ^Va oCSy\T'''n' ^^^^ ^ouMLaTe 
 -y in„o.ta,U part in thI\:o1;So?r"l^^ ^'^^^^ 
 
 laden with corn arrived from st; I ^^^ ^* ^""^^^ ^^ips 
 
 ^ven to the pJebeiLs^ uu ess tL^' "^ '' '^"''^^ ^e 
 advantages gained bv +L ^^ renounced all the 
 
 At this%He ^:be?/ns teT r °' *'^ "'^^^^^ ^--^ 
 tribunes brought an acf.V^n f f Perate . that their 
 
 outlawed. H-e acTor'dtg^ f^T/^i ^ ^^'^K''' -^ 
 
 an exile among the Yolsctans wJ,! ' i ' *?°^ ''^^"^^ as 
 
 war against R^ome, promS'' IhTr^' '"'Vf *^^ *« ^^ge 
 
 guide and leader. UndeThi, . "^^^^ ^^* "^^ *beir 
 
 and^^quians advanced tTthn a f^"""?^^ *^ ^«^««i^^« 
 nothing coiUd induce hTm io i n^'^l '^ ^""^^' '^^^ 
 undertaking, until he waT p^e^^S''' ^"l ""Patriotic 
 and entreaties of his wife and Tnf^ T""- ^^ *^« ^ears 
 to have died soon X ote^;tl I'^^'^t "»« i« said 
 shame; but the Yolsc ans T-pL i "^ ""''^^ S^ef and 
 
 j-n tne year b r 4./>ir +1, '»->^". 
 
 had concluded the allian ' '^""n ^r'*^'^* ^«^^^'^* -ho 
 
 about another on equa C's 11^ ,i\^'''^'' ^^-"^^t 
 
 i^ow the Romans, ll Ins a^5 R .^ *^" Hernicans, so that 
 
 confederacy against anv .^"'V^«' "i«a»« formed a strong. 
 
 same time theCt afcSnt J^^" 'T''^'' ^^out the 
 
 the public or domaifir' "^"ll*« %i«late abou? 
 
 haying been ^c^^ZZ^^^^^^^^ These lands 
 
 and belonged not to any\S' ' ) T! ''"P' -^tensive, 
 
 ^> to the populus or paSns "ho^ ^° *^' '*''^*"' *h«* 
 on condif.inn of +^.,•/ .^'^^' '^^0 took possession nf ,> 
 
 ' "*' *'"" *<i state might reclaim 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 30 
 
 nt of the Roman 
 ome would have 
 iver have played 
 • It was owing 
 Jians that Eome 
 ind in the end 
 
 riculture had of 
 md Rome was 
 at length ships 
 Solent patrician 
 of it should be 
 ounced all the 
 Sacred Mount. 
 tf i that their 
 I which he was 
 ;ook refuge as 
 tigated to wage 
 Id act as their 
 the Volscians 
 of Rome, and 
 is unjiatriotic 
 . by the tears 
 lolanus is said 
 ith grief and 
 ision of some 
 
 Cassius who 
 iins, brought 
 icans, so that 
 med a strong 
 
 About the 
 jislate about 
 
 These lands 
 y extensive, 
 e state, that 
 session of it 
 to the trea- 
 ight reclaim 
 
 such lands at any time, but they nevertheless gradaally 
 came to regard them as theirprivate property, and had them 
 cultivated by their clients and slaves. Spurius Cassiu^ 
 in his third consulship, B.C. 486, was the first Roman 
 who proposed and carried an agrarian law, enacting that 
 a certain portion of the public land should bo assigned to 
 those plebeians who did not possess any landed property. 
 His noble efforts to prevent the growth of pauperism, 
 and to transform a mimber of poor plebeians into indus^ 
 trious husbandmen, were ill requited, for when he laid 
 down his consulship he was accused by his fellow patricians 
 of high treason, condemned, and beheaded. The house in 
 which he had lived was razed to the gi'ound, and its site 
 declared accm-sed ground. The patricians scrupled at 
 nothing to prevent the law, though passed in due form, 
 being carried into efiect. Many years later, B.C. 473, the 
 tribune Genucius arraigned the consuls for not allowing 
 the law to be carried out ; but on the morning before the 
 day of the trial he was found murdered in his own house. 
 Such acts of violence for a time intimidated the plebeians 
 and their friends, but they still persevered, and, as we 
 shall see, in the end compelled the patricians to yield. 
 
 The internal feuds between the two orders had the effect 
 of weakening the power of Rome so much, that the Etrus- 
 cans and ^quians were enabled to make themselves 
 mastei-s of several of the towns subject to Rome. The 
 war against the Etruscans especially went on for a long 
 time without any advantage to the Romans. There was at 
 the time a Roman clan, called the Fibia gens, consisting of 
 306 men, who before this time had been proud and haughty 
 champions of their order against the plebeians, but after- 
 wards are said to have changed their minds and to have 
 sided with the plebeians, which brou^t upon them the 
 hatred of their fellow patricians. They now proposed to 
 the senate to carry on the long protracted war against the 
 Etruscan town of 'V eii at their own expense. The request 
 was granted, and the whole clan proeeeJiiig against the 
 enemy, ravaged the country, and were successful in many 
 un enterprise. But in the end they were drawn into an 
 
 *!>^ 
 \'i'^-< 
 
 
3« 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 Only one young ^I^er of thT^f '^ '^.' ^^^^ ^^^^«^«- 
 behind at Rome rrvivJ^I ! A ""^^^ ^!''' ^^^ remained 
 Fabii whomTe meet w? th in 'iT^'X'^' "^^^^*^^ ^^ ^i^^ 
 ^ome. This storTof th^ Fa^i *. ^"^n^"'''"* history of 
 legend, though it proLwvS^^ ^' T^^ ^ P^l^"^^ 
 
 for it must be reCnbe^i^^T^\'^°"*''^ ^^^^^^^ion, 
 
 Lake Begilhis may b^rpT^ ^*' ^^*^^"^^ *^« battle of 
 or legendar; pS':::f;^f - *^^ -^*^i-I 
 
 s"^fe:it;S---^=^^^ 
 
 the iquirCnryotLr;!^^^^ ^r^' *^^ ^*— «> 
 
 into the Bor^nte^^T tLT"^'"'^-'^'^ ^^^«^ds 
 concluded a peace with^P. *" ?T^f' ^* ^ ^^^^^ ^ad 
 Gracchus aXsnevetth?^^ ?"* *^'^^ commander. 
 Mount Algidus '^ It laS r T''^'"'^ ^'''^^^'^'^ ^^^m 
 after having been dtfeaSl' t ?^^^^ ^^^"^ MiBuciuB, 
 Five WeLr^ho had ;rJ^^^^^^^^^ -ti«owncamp: 
 surrounded, brouaht thT IT^ ^^^''''® *^« ^^mp was 
 
 senate at oAceapri^te^^^^^^ ?''''^*" ^"^^^ ^^ tt^ 
 B.C. 458. l^e neCof hi?!r r ^*^*'«««^*** dictator, 
 on his farm, wS^rhe cultW^^^ 
 
 He appointed Tar^titt htra^t Tthe^^ '"" ^j'^ 
 three days he succeeded in J^? ? *^^ ^°''^^' ^^^ in 
 
 Witt wU^h ie ma"r:So^oltfej™Tn '™^' 
 having received n «i'«.r,„i +i, " ^^ -ajgmus. ihe Roxnana 
 
 commenced, in which al %Z^' "• <"'="P'»-''te battle 
 
 -ape, implored CincintlufrX'rr Tk T^- "' 
 commander and the leading Iffi ^^® ^quiaa 
 
 whiletherest of the L^fwTi'"'? ^^^ ^ ^^^^ 
 and pass under the yo^I s^ of h'^ v"? *^^^^ ^^ 
 the Romana usually ^^bLted^ /, \«^^lf txon to which 
 of Corbio and th7caW^^t?.l '^'^^t ^^^ ^he town 
 of the Romans nSf-A^^^y/«» ^^^o the hands 
 
 t^-ph. and waa-.waS^rX! J^^^^ 
 
HIHTOHY OK HOME. 
 
 "ounded and cut 
 e river Cremera. 
 
 had remained 
 e ancestor of the 
 ^fuent history of 
 )e only a pojjular 
 :-ical foundation, 
 ;h the battle of 
 ng the mythical 
 -lent events are 
 
 >■ Romans them- 
 md embellished 
 tory. 
 
 the Etruscans, 
 
 1 their inroads 
 it is said, had 
 ir commander, 
 hostilities from 
 isu] Minucius, 
 his own camp. 
 the camp -was 
 3me; and the 
 ''Utus dictator, 
 nought to him 
 
 s own hands, 
 horse, and in 
 nerous army. 
 
 The Romans 
 rrived, broke 
 perate battle 
 no means of 
 
 The ^quian 
 it in chains, 
 1 their arms 
 ion to which 
 The town 
 o the hands 
 to Rome in 
 crown. H« 
 
 37 
 
 had held the dictatovHiiij) for no more than sixteen days, 
 and laying down Im i)\\\m\ ho roturnefLkihis farm. This 
 story also seems to bn only a popu^wHfcend embodying 
 the simple fact that Mimtcitis was sa^^% succour being 
 sent to him from Xionu*, The ^]quia.ns, however, con- 
 tinued the war with viu'ying success'iintii u.c, 446, when 
 the great battle of CuvU'ui weakened them so much (hut 
 f03.* a time they were obliged to remain quiet. 
 
 There existed as yet fit Roine no code of written lainj. 
 The making as well im i\m administration of the laws 
 based upon ancient uwiig(«, was altogether in the hands of 
 the patricians, who wt*fy o(U;n guilty of acts of flagrant 
 injustice. The ph^boiuiiH, beginning to feel their power 
 more and more, deuuiiidcd that a code of laws should be 
 drawn up, which njiglit give them a knowledge of the 
 laws and of the forms of procedure. The patricians, 
 unwilling to give up my of their privileges, violently 
 opposed the demand; but in b.o. 471, the tribune, Fub- 
 lilius Volero, in spite t»f the most determined opposition, 
 canied several laws ejwtetiltg that the plebeian magistrates 
 should be elected in tllfl eotnitia tributa, and that these 
 comitia should have i\m [wwer to pass resolutions upon 
 mattei-s affecting the mUmm^ of the whole state. These 
 measui-es created tlie geotttest excitement, and the exas- 
 peration between the patriciiinfl and plebeians produced 
 a complete division anittiig the Roman citizens. At the 
 same time, the city mm visited by an epidemic which 
 carried off large numliers of all ranks. By these cu'cum- 
 stanees Rome was so Oiuch weakened, tliat the ^uians 
 and Volscians carriiid iXwiv predatory inroads up to the 
 very gates of Rome, 
 
 The first formal demand for a written code of laws was 
 made in ».€. 402 by th(i tribune Terentillus Arsa. The 
 scheme was violently onposerl by the patricians, but to 
 no purpose, for similar (lemands continued to be repeated, 
 as the plebeians were dntcrnmiod to gain theii- i^oint. In 
 B.C. 457. a law «>aH yhj^-A increasing the number of 
 tribunes fiom five to tou, for it seems to have been found 
 diat five were not suDleJent to afford protection to the 
 
 if: 
 
 I 
 
 
88 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 plebeians in all casfis t« r. ^ ,- . 
 
 resolved that the lawXuM hf ' -^^^ '* ^^^ ^^ ^^«t 
 senators should be seTit to i fl T''^"^' ^^^ *^^<^ three 
 constitution of that ;nVotW(Slvf;^>^*he laws and 
 
 ^such laws and i^tituttot a^ ml^f^^^^ ""^*" ^«P«^ 
 twMae. "^ '^^ ^^o'ht seem applicable to 
 
 C0iU0L.»n,.H,8wi«^^„^«„^^ 
 
A BRONZE conr. 
 
 CHAPTER ni. 
 
 FROM THE DECEMVIRAL LEGISLATION TO THE FINAL 
 SUBJUGATION OF LATIUM. 
 
 B.C. 451 TO B.C. 338. 
 
 When the three ambassadors returned from Greece and 
 had made their report, it was resolved to appoint a com- 
 niission of ten patricians {decemviri) to draw up a code 
 of laws, that they should have full power to act in all 
 matters according to their own discretion, and that the 
 powers of all other magistrates should be suspended while 
 the decemvirs were engaged on their work. The decem- 
 virs entered upon their task in B.C. 451, and performed 
 their duties honestly and satisfactorily; but as at the 
 end of the first year their work was still incomplete they 
 were permitted to continue in office for another year 
 Ihe decemvirs now began to act in the most arbitrary and 
 cruel manner against every one who ventured to express 
 an opmion upon their doings; nay, an aged and brave 
 plebeian, whose opposition they feared, and who happened 
 to be serving in the army, was drawn into a snare and 
 murdered at the instigation of the decemvii-s. 
 
 At the end of the second year, the dfif^firnvii-« ai+hough 
 their task was completed, and the laws were' engraved 
 upon twelve tables, still persisted in retaining their office 
 
 m 
 
 •i&J 
 
40 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 ;i 
 
 and might perhaps have succeeded in establishinij a natri 
 cian ohgarchy, had not the haughty and inS aZI^s 
 Claudn^ the most influential among them, by a dW 
 act of injustice, called forth a generaf risin^ of t>?/ T 
 against them. Claudius had cCceived a desire to Tf^ 
 possession of the beautiful Virginirthe dauX o^Te 
 plebeian Virginms. In order to gain his object he ner 
 suaded one of his clients to declare the mSn to be a 
 runaway slave of his own, and to claim her as Ms pro 
 perty before Claudius himself. A large concour J of 
 people assemblecl, and Claudius did not scl^pfto Tee a- 
 that Virginia belonged to his client. But her father 
 having obtained permission to take her aside for ff 
 moments for the purpose of taking W, p ungeS a kn^fl 
 into her heart to save her from dishonour "^ 
 
 The infamous act of Claudius created the greatest 
 excitement m the city. The authority of the deSmwS 
 was at once set at defiance; and the army, whTchhT 
 pened to be engaged against the Sabines, on hel^S^^^hS 
 had happened, proceeded to Mount Aventine Xi-elhev 
 
 iTves'LTS^"''""' ''''' *^« Plebeian^^Th S 
 wives and children, emigrated to the Sacred Mon^f 
 
 vSs and H T ^ ^^^' ^ '^^ WelewW' 
 valenus and Horatius, the two mo-s. popular amonc. th^ 
 
 patricians, were despatched by the senate to t^ea Wth 
 
 the plebeians, and come to an understanding wkh them 
 
 on the best terms they could. The plebeians rma^ided 
 
 the deposition of the decemvirs, and for themsSves a 
 
 complete amnesty, and the right of appeal tSnstanv 
 
 patrician magistrate. These" demands beiir<. ^-Lted 
 
 and sanctioned by the senate, the plebeians rl'tuS eT o 
 
 the Cloy. Appius Claudius was tlirown into nrison 
 
 where be committed suicide ; one of his collea^^^^^^^^ 
 
 m _the same maimer, and the remaining eight ^ent ^to 
 
 But the new laws enacted by the decemvirs and 
 
 "tTS -S *"t^ *-Wes, remaLd in force Ind Trf 
 set up m public. They mostly referred to the civil and 
 cninmal law, and ever after fomed the basis ofthe whole 
 
 v( 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 41 
 
 of the Roman law. The only constitutional change which 
 they seem to have introduced was that henceforth the 
 patricians should become members of the local plebeian 
 tribes. But no great jjower could bo exercised by the 
 jmtrioians in the assembly of the tribes, as the tribes 
 could not yet influence the making of new laws. The 
 only gain for the plebeians was that the laws had become 
 fixed, so that the conmionalty was no longer exposed to 
 the arbitrary proceedings of the patricians. In all other 
 respects their condition remained the same as before, for 
 they were still excluded from the highest offices of the 
 state, as well as from participating in the public land, 
 nor could a plebeian contract a legal marriage with a 
 patrician. 
 
 Although the patricians, by recent experience, ought 
 to have learned that their selfishness and avarice could 
 lead only to most unfortunate results, they still continued 
 to annoy and oppress the plebeians in every way ; and 
 although the more daring among the latter sometimes 
 felt inclined to take vengeance into their own hands, the 
 great body of the plebeians were moderate but firm, and 
 showed a determination, in the course of time, to gain 
 for themselves perfect equality with the patricians. 
 
 In the yea" B.C. 445, the tribune Canuleius brought 
 forward a bill demanding for the plebeians the right of 
 contracting legal marriages (connuMum) with patricians ; 
 and the bill was passed in spite of the fiercest opposition. 
 In another bill he proposed that it should be left optional 
 to the people to elect one of the two consuls from among 
 the plebeians. The latter of these bills gave rise to many 
 long and violent discussions ; but in the end it was agreed 
 that instead of consuls, niUitary tribunes with consular 
 power should be elected and taken indiscriminately from 
 the plebeians as well as from the patricians. The senate, 
 however, reserved to itself the power of determining 
 whether in any given year the highest authority should 
 be entiiisted to consuls as before, or to military tribunes. 
 By this means the consulship was reserved for the patri- 
 cians, who in many cases also contrived to keep the mili- 
 
 *.».. 
 
 w 
 
 :\i'. 
 
 Si 
 
 I; 
 
 
 
 I' 
 
 '^\ 
 
 ■m 
 
42 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 
 tary tnbuneship within their own order. The patricians, 
 
 however, seem to have foreseen tliat sooner or later the 
 
 plebeians would gain their end ; and in order that they 
 
 might never enjoy the full powers of the consulship, two 
 
 censors were appointed, in B.C. 443, whose functions had 
 
 previously been connected with the consulship This 
 
 new office was to be open to patricians only, and wfia 
 
 failed up every five years (lustrum), though the censors 
 
 had to perform their duties within the space of eighteen 
 
 inonths. Their chief functions were to draw up lists of 
 
 all Roman citizens, in which they were classed according 
 
 to their rank and property. They had further to collect 
 
 the rent for the domain land, to give in contract the 
 
 biulding of temples and the making of roads and bridges- 
 
 they further exercised a severe control over the morals of 
 
 the citizens, and were empowered to punish offences 
 
 against morality by depriving the offenders of their 
 
 civil rights, or of their rank and station in society. The 
 
 verdict of a censor, however, was not permanent, but 
 
 might be reversed by his successor. 
 
 The advantages gained by the plebeians through recent 
 legislation somewhat softened the animosity between the 
 two orders of citizens; but still the patricians never 
 neglected an opportunity of annoying and humbling the 
 plebeians, 'ihus, when in B.C. 440 Rome was visited by 
 a famme, and when all endeavours to mitigate the evil 
 were of no avaU, a wealthy plebeian, Spurius Mcelkis, pur- 
 chased large quantities of gi-ain and sold it at a moderate 
 price to the famishing people, in consequence of which he 
 acquired gi-eat influence. His popularity alarmed the 
 patricians, and fearing treacherous plots and conspiracies, 
 they charged him with the crime of endeavouring to make 
 himself kmg of Rome. The aged Quinctius Cincin.iatus 
 bemg appomted dictator, in B.C. 439 summoned Melius 
 before his tribunal, and as Maslius refused to appear, he 
 was slain in broad daylight by Servilius Ahala, the die- 
 tator s master of the horse. 
 
 During these iuleruai agitations the Roman armies 
 fought many successful battles against theii- enemies; and 
 
 ft. 
 
HISrOKY OF ROME. 
 
 43 
 
 patricians, 
 r later the 
 r that they 
 ulship, two 
 ictions had 
 hip. This 
 J, and w}i3 
 ;he censors 
 jf eighteen 
 up lists of 
 according 
 r to collect 
 )ntract the 
 id bridges; 
 3 morals of 
 ih offences 
 3 of their 
 iety. The 
 anent, but 
 
 ugh recent 
 Jtween the 
 ans never 
 nbling the 
 visited by 
 e the evil 
 celius, pur- 
 < moderate 
 ' which he 
 irmed the 
 nspiracies, 
 g to make 
 inciniiatus 
 jd Mselius 
 ippear, he 
 a., the die- 
 in armies 
 uiesj and 
 
 Rome, strengthened by the alliance with the Latins and 
 Hern-cans, gained repeated victories over the Volscians and 
 ^quians. The town of Fidensie, an ancient Roman colony, 
 was destroyed in B.C. 426, because it had committed many 
 outrages against Rome. During its last struggle it had 
 been supj)ortod by the Etruscan city of Veii. In conse- 
 quence of this, Veii became involved in a long and 
 desperate war with Rome, which had to direct all its 
 forces against this enemy. The war is said to have lasted 
 ten years, and to have been ultimately, in B.C. 396, brought 
 to an end by Camillus. The story of the siege and capture 
 of Veil is indeed mixed up with many flibles, but it is 
 pretty certain that most of its inhabitants were destroyed 
 and the rest sold as slaves. During this protracted war 
 It became evident that it was most injurious and incon- 
 venient for the men to remain so long absent from home, 
 and the senate of its own aecord decreed that in future 
 the soldiers should receive pay from the public treasury, 
 for until then they had been obliged to equip and main- 
 tain themselves. Camillus, the conqueror of Veii, cele- 
 brated a magnificent triumph ; but as he was believed to 
 have appropriated to himself more than his legitimate 
 share m the booty, and refused to consent to the territory 
 of Veii being distributed among the plebeians, he became 
 extremely unpopular, and in B.C. 391 he was publicly 
 accused of having secreted a portion of the spoil taken at 
 Veii. In order to escape condemnation he went into 
 voluntary exile, declaring when he left Rome that the 
 time would soon come when his help would be needed. 
 And he was not wrong, for Rome was on the eve of 
 coming in conflict with an enemy more formidable than 
 any she had yet encountered. 
 
 Swarms of Gauls are said to have crossed the Alps as 
 early as the reign of Tarquinius Priscus, and to have driven 
 those Etruscans who until then had occupied the plains of 
 Lombardy, across the Apennines into the country which 
 ever after bore their name. For a time the .Anenrsincs 
 formed the barrier between them and the Eti-uscans; but 
 in B.C. 390 large bodies of Gauls crossed the mountains. 
 
 fm 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
44 
 
 HISTORY OK ROME. 
 
 ■?i I 
 
 la 
 
 and, under the command of a chief called Brenntw, laid 
 Biege to the Etruscan town of Chisium. Its inhabitants, 
 looking round for assistance, apj^lied to the Romans, who 
 at first only sent ambassadors to the Gauls to remonstrate 
 with them ; but as the barbarians paid no attention to 
 them, the ambassadors took part in a battle which ensued, 
 and slew one of the; Gallic chiefs. The Gauls complained 
 of this violation of tho law of nations, and demanded the 
 Burrender of tho offenders; and as this was haughtily 
 refused, they at once gave up the siege of Clusium, and 
 marched southwaixl towards Rome. They met a Roman 
 army on the banks of the little river A Ilia, about eleven 
 miles fi-om Ronu!, and so completely defeated it, that only 
 a few survived the day. They then advanced to Rome, 
 which was in a defenceless state, and easily fell into the 
 hands of the invaders. The '^ity was set on fire, and 
 eighty senators, resolved to devote theme -ives as a pro- 
 pitiatory sacrifice to the gods, sat down in their curule 
 chairs in the Forum, and were ruthlessly massacred. The 
 Capitol alone, to which many of the most valuable treasures 
 had been carried, was defended by a small garrison under 
 the command of Manlius Capitolinua. The Gauls, elated 
 with their recent victory, abandoned themselves to every 
 kind of excess, in consequence of which nuiny perished 
 d unng the protracted siege of the Capitol, which lasted 
 for seven months. Tradition says that Brennus, induced by 
 these calamities, entered into negotiation with the Romans, 
 and accepted a thousand pounds of gold on condition that 
 he should quit the territory of Rome, but that he insolently 
 increased the amount of gold by throwing his sword 
 into the scale containing the weights. At this moment 
 Camillus, who had been recalled from his exile, arrived 
 with a fresh army at the gates of Rome, where he utterly 
 annihilated the enemy, and recovered all the booty which 
 they had intended to carry off. This story of the sacking 
 and burning of Rome by the Gauls is indeed an historical 
 fact, but the account of the manner in which the Romans 
 got rid of the enemy is a mere fiction invented by Roman 
 vanity, for it is now a well-known fact that the Gauls 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 49 
 
 who 
 
 departed from Rome with their booty unmolested, because 
 their own country beyond the Apenilines had in tlio mean- 
 tune been invaded by other swanns of Gauls descendinij 
 from the Alps. 
 
 When the Gauls left Rome a heap of blackened ruins, 
 the people were not inclined to restore their habitations, 
 and proposed to emigrate and take possession of the 
 deserted city of Veii. The patricians, however, clinging 
 to their ancient homes, with great difficulty prevailed upon 
 the people to abandon their design, but allowed them to 
 demolish the houses still standing at Veii, and use the 
 materials in rebuilding their own homes at Rome. Rome 
 was thus hastily restored, and as little attention could be 
 paid to beauty and order, the streets ever after were 
 narrow, crooked, and irregular. The sufferings of the 
 people must have been very severe in consequence of 
 the ravages and devastations of the Gauls, and many 
 had flillen into great poverty ; but the pati-icians applied 
 tiie law of debt, which had not been alteretl in the 
 Twelve Tables, with the utmost rigour, and many poor 
 plebeians were pining away in the dungeons of the patri- 
 cians. Their condition at last excited the sympathy of 
 ihe brave Manlius Capitoliuus, who i)roposed a general 
 reduction of the debts and a distribution of the public 
 land among the impoverished people. This proposal 
 exasperated his brother patricians to such a degree that 
 they brought against him the futile charge of aiming at 
 kingly power, and procured his condemnation. The man 
 who had saved the Capitol was accordingly thrown down 
 the Tarpeian Rock, his house was razed to the ground, 
 and his name treated as that of an accursed pei-son. These 
 disgraceful proceedings took place in the year B.C. 384. 
 
 But these were not the only misfortunes resulting from 
 the Gallic invasion, for during the humiliation of Rome 
 the Hernicans and many Latin towns renounced their 
 alliance with her, and the Volscians, ^quians, and Etrus- 
 cans r-csumud their hostiiilies. The last three of these 
 nations were defeated one after another by Camillus, the 
 gi-eatest general of the period, and Sutrium and Nepete 
 
 i] 
 
 ' 
 
 t ''■ L 
 
 ' I 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 Ml 
 
 n 
 
 
46 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 ■'?■■ 
 
 i: 
 
 in Etruria were made Roman colonies to keep the country 
 in subjection. Some of the Latin towns also wore reduced 
 to submission, and Rome was rapidly recovering from the 
 evils of the late invasion. In order to pacify the more 
 clamorous among the poor, the senate in B.C. 383, had 
 assigned the Pomptine district to the poor plebeians. 
 But the murder of Manlius, their champion, roused the 
 plebeians to more vigorous resistance to their oppressors. 
 At last, in B.C. 376, Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextiu^, 
 two bold and energetic tribunes, undertook to introduce 
 such reforms as might still save Rome from falling into a 
 state of anarchy. They brought forward three bills : (1.) 
 that henceforth two consuls should be elected annually, 
 as of old, but that one of them should always be a 
 plebeian; (2.) that no one should be allowed to occupy 
 more than five hundred jugera (acres) of :he public land, 
 that the surplus should be taken from v.he former occu- 
 pants and given to the plebeians as their full property ; 
 and (3.) that the interest already paid upon debts should 
 be deducted from the principal, and that the remainder 
 should be paid off by three yearly instalments. For a 
 period of nearly ten years the patricians did everything 
 to prevent these bills from becoming law ; but all their 
 contrivances to thwart tlj«mi, and even the elevation of 
 Camillus to the dictatorship, were of no avail against the 
 firmness and perseverance of the tribunes ; for the tribunes, 
 who had by this time acquired much i^'reater power than 
 was entrusted to them at their firsf appointment, con- 
 tinued to prevent the election of magistrates and the levies 
 for the armies by their veto, whereby they could stop 
 any public act of a magistrate. At length, in B.C. 367, 
 after a long period of strife and anarchy, the patricians 
 felt themselves compelled to give way : the bills of the 
 tribunes became law, and the year after Lucius Sextius 
 was elected the first plebeian consul. But being obliged 
 to give up the consulship, the patricians again contrived 
 to Btrip it of one of its main functions, that is, the juiis- 
 diction in civil cases, which was now assigned to a special 
 oflker called Prxtor, who was to be chosen exclusively 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 47 
 
 from among the patricians. But such reservations and 
 precautions were of little use, for ten years later, b.c. 35(3, 
 a plebeian wa« ai)poiutod dictator; in B.C. 351 a plebeian 
 was made censor; in B.C. 337 a plebeian obtained the 
 praitorship ; and in b.o. 300 the priestly otfices of pontifex 
 and augur were thrown open to the plebeians. By theso 
 successive refomis the two orders were gradually placed 
 on a footing of equality ; and Rome, internally united 
 and strong, was enabled to enter upon the grand career 
 as.signed to it by Providence. 
 
 The reconciliation effected between the two orders had 
 many opportunities of showing its good results, for very 
 soon after, Rome had to contend not only against swarms 
 of Gauls who still overran and ravaged Italy, but against 
 the most powerful nation in Central Italy. It was in the 
 course of these Gallic wars that Caius Marcius was the 
 first plebeian dictator, B.C. 35 G, and that Manlius Toi-- 
 qmitus and Valerius Corvus are said to have distinguished 
 themselves by deeds of valour that have rendered their 
 names immortal. In B.C. 35,^^ it is said, the Gauls had 
 pitched their camp on thf ' mks of the AUia, and a Gaid 
 of gigantic sttiture, stepping on the bridge separating the 
 two armies, challengi d any Roman to tight him. Titus 
 Manlius, a young Roman, with the consul's permission, 
 accepted the chall.nge, and, lightly armed, he advanced 
 against the Gallic giant, and pressed on him so closely 
 that the barbarian was unable to use his arms against 
 him. Manlius pierced him with his swox-d through the 
 side and b<<Ily, and when the enemy lay prostrate on the 
 gi-ound, Manlius stripped him of his gold chain {torques) 
 and put it round his o^vn neck. From this circumstance 
 he received the surname of Torquatus. Eight years 
 later, when another swarm of Gauls appeared in the very 
 neighbourhood of Rome, a powerful barbarian, according 
 to the usual custom of his nation, challenged the bravest 
 of the Romans to a single combat. Marcus Valerius, a 
 young tribune of the soldiers, came forward, and when 
 the combat began, a raven (carvus) which had settled upon 
 the helmet of Valerius, at every onset flew into the face 
 
 •11 
 
48 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 '':ir: 
 
 [.II: 
 
 P 
 
 I 
 
 
 of the Gaul, who, being thus unable to see, was slain by 
 the young Eoman. The latter, from this wonderful ally, 
 received the surname of Corvus. 
 
 The success of the Romans in these Gallic wars, as 
 already observed, was owing to some extent to the 
 restoration of union and harmony among themselves; 
 much also appears to have been the result of various im- 
 provements in their armour and tactics which had been 
 introduced by Oamillus. They were further strength- 
 ened by a renewal of the alliance with Latium. 
 
 Rome was thus prepared for any emergency, and oppor- 
 tunities soon occurred in which it was decided whether 
 Rome should become the mistress of Italy or not. The 
 Samnites, the most powerful nation in Central Italy, 
 came into conflict with Rome in B.C. 343. They had then 
 been in alliance and on friendly terms with Rome for ten 
 years. They had previously spread their influence over 
 a great part of Southern Italy by colonising Capua, the 
 plains of Campania, and Lucania, though in the course of 
 time these colonies had become estranged from the mother 
 country. The manner in which they became involved in 
 war with Rome is related as follows. The Samnites 
 were engaged in hostilities against the Sidicines, who, 
 being too weak, applied to Capua for assistance. Capua 
 willingly gi-anted the request, but was defeated by the 
 Samnites in two battles. In its distress Capua applied 
 to Rome for help ; but as the Romans hesitated to support 
 strangers against the Samnites, their own allies, Capua 
 offered to recognise the supremacy of Rome, if she would 
 ^•ant the request. Rome at once accepted the offer, and 
 resolved to send succour to Capua. From this account 
 we might expect hereafter to find Capua in the condition 
 of a city subject to Rome ; but such is not the case, and 
 the truth is that the above story is a mere invention to 
 disguise the fact that Rome had violated her treaty with 
 Samnium. The war which thus broke out and lasted 
 from B.C. 343 to b.o. 341, is only the first in a series of 
 wars which were destined to decide which of the two 
 nations was to have the supremacy in Italy. In the 
 
s slain by 
 jrful ally, 
 
 wars, as 
 t to the 
 jmselves ; 
 ,1'ious im- 
 had been 
 strength- 
 id oppor- 
 
 whether 
 ot. The 
 •al Italy, 
 had then 
 e for ten 
 noe over 
 ipua, the 
 course of 
 e mother 
 '^olved in 
 ^amnites 
 les, who, 
 Capua 
 I by the 
 
 applied 
 • support 
 !, Capua 
 le would 
 fler, and 
 
 account 
 ondition 
 ase, and 
 ntion to 
 ity with 
 d lasted 
 
 the two 
 In the 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 49 
 
 first campaign the Romans, led on by Valerius Corvus 
 gamed an important victory on Mount Gaurus. A second 
 ai-my, destmed to invade Samnium, allowed itself to be 
 drawn into a position among the mountains, where it 
 would have been utterly destroyed, had it not been saved 
 by the bol Iness and skill of the plebeian militaiy tribune 
 Decius Mus, who contrived to gain possession of an emin- 
 ence overhanging the enemj ,nd thus enabled the Roman 
 army to pass safely throu£ ^he defile. In the second 
 year ot the war, nothing of any importance was achieved, 
 and as the Latins showed symptoms of dissatisfaction, and 
 disturbances broke out in Rome itself in consequence of 
 the severe law of debt, the Romans thought it prudent 
 to stop the war and renew the old alliance with the 
 oamnites. 
 
 The inhabitants i f Capua, thus finding themselves for- 
 saken by the Romans, now sought an alliance with the 
 Latins. In order to meet this fresh danger, the Romans 
 at once, in b.c. 340, commenced hostile operations against 
 «ie Latins The latter, unwilling to take up arms against 
 Rome, with which they had been allied so long, now de- 
 manded that Rome and Latium should be really united 
 into one state, for hitherto the Romans had always more 
 or less domineered over the Latins, though they were 
 allies on equal torms. The Latins further demanded 
 that one of the consuls and one-half of the senators should 
 always be taken from the Latins. These demands, though 
 they were not unreasonable, created such exasperation 
 at Kome that war was declared at on^e. The war was 
 carried on in Campania, and a great battle was fought at 
 the foot of Mount Vesuvius, in which Puhlius Decius 
 Mus one of the consuls, caused himself to be devoted to 
 death by a priest, and then furiously rushed among the 
 Latins untU he himself was slain. He thus sacrificed 
 Himself m the hope of thereby securing the victory to his 
 countrymen. During the same campaign Manlius Tor- 
 guutus exhibited an example of severity which was revolt- 
 ing even to the Romans themselves. Orders had been 
 given that no soldiei ''*>ould engage in fighting out of his 
 
 il 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 own line; but Manlius, a son of Torquatus, being taunted 
 and provoked by a haughty Latin, was unable to control 
 his anger and slew him. Rejoiced at his victory, he 
 carried the spoils of his enemy to his father, who, to 
 punish his disobedience, ordered him to be put to death. 
 The fnends of young Manlius procui-ed a splendid funeral 
 for him, and the unnatural father was ever after shunned 
 and detested for this excess of severity. 
 
 After the first defeat of the Latins, they were deserted 
 by Capua, which made its peace with Rome on favourable 
 terms. But the Latins continued the war with unabated 
 vigour, until after another defeat in the second campaign 
 the Latin confederacy broke up, in consequence of which 
 most of the towns surrendered one after the other. Their 
 example was followed by the Volscians, so that in b.c. 
 338 the subjugation of the Latins and Volscians waa 
 completed. Rome, however, treated the conquered people 
 with moderation, for some of the towns receivea the full 
 Roman franchise, while others obtained the franchise 
 without the suffrage, or became Roman municipia— that 
 is, towns whose internal administration was independent 
 of Rome. Some important towns, however, whose resist- 
 ance had been most formidable, were weakened by their 
 best families being sent into exile, and by being deprived 
 of a portion of their territory. Every Latin town, more- 
 over, was isolated as much as possible from the others by 
 a regulation that no person of one town was allowed to 
 marry into another, or possess property in another. 
 Rome thus secured for ever her power over the whole of 
 Latium, and further strengthened her rule by the estab- 
 lishment of colonies in the conquered countries, which 
 were in reality military garrisons, and generally received 
 one-third of the landed property of the original inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 We have already mentioned that during the fii-st 8am- 
 mte war the internal peace of Rome had been disturbed 
 by the severity of the law of debt. In the verv vear 
 before the termination of the Latin war, b.c. 339,%he 
 dictator, Puhliliua Phih, carried three important lawa^ 
 
ttMTORT OF EOME. gj 
 
 parsed by the «ottii'°''''T^ ^ \" ^^^^ enactments 
 to thedecrp«« n?^i^ centuiiata; the second law gave 
 
 that one nffhT "^ "*'*'''"' ^^^^ t^^e third enacted 
 
 after another ■ S Z Rni ^^"^"^ disappeared one 
 citizens all of wh L I ""^ ''^P"^^'^ ^°^ consisted of 
 
 they were subiect* Tfi """'^^^^^^^d' though in reality 
 parLf tWr£ f S?'' ^^^*« Provide the grea<^; 
 
 THII a*WfOU»E TKMPLK. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PROM THK SUBJUGATION OF LATIUM TO THAT OF ALL ITALY. 
 
 B.C. 338 to B.C. 272. 
 
 The great increase of power recently acquired by the 
 Romans appears to have excited the jealousy of the Sam- 
 nites ; and the Romans becoming aware of this, endea- 
 voured to strengthen themselves still more, partly by 
 alliances with other Italian nations, and partly by the 
 establishment of colonies on or near the frontiers of Sam- 
 mum. One of these colonies, sent out in b.c. 328, was 
 esiiablished on the site of Fregellse, a Volscian town 
 which had been taken and destroyed by the Samnites. 
 As the territory thus belonged to the Samnites, they 
 remonstrated with, and even threatened, Rome; and 
 when two years later, the Samnites supported Neapolis 
 (JNaples) in its war agaiaist Rome, the latter at once 
 declared war. Neapolis soon after concluded peace with 
 Rome, while Lucania, which had been allied with Rome, 
 now joined the Samnites, who further received the sup- 
 port of Tarentum. Hostilities were commenced in 
 Apulia, where the Romans conquered some towns which 
 were in alliance with Samnium, and afterwards gained 
 a decisive victoiy. The Samnites were thereby induced 
 to ask for a truce of one year, which was gi-anted ; but 
 
 » 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 i 
 ( 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 I^ 
 
 a;! 
 Il 
 
 BV 
 
 a 
 

 HISTORY OF ROMK. «* 
 
 ti^^'Lzif^^^y'^Z fir ^^ r^'f ^^*-- -^^^ 
 
 was in imminent danlrK f °^^'^ "" "^P^^^^ I^^e 
 remained faSt I thf 1^ ""^ """'J^ - *^" ^*^ *«^« 
 Apulia, too the RoLan T ^"^ ^"^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^d in 
 Simnites ofteiid to fc^«t f ™' "^""^ successful. The 
 
 unable to cl^p^ Zh^ie^ll}''^ *^^ ^^^^^ --e 
 effort to defend their Tri' - *^«^ ^o^ made eveiy 
 
 Romans, b/le ctl s traTmlt o? th" ''^' f 
 Veturius and Postliminy ?1. ^ , ,, *^®^^ consuls, 
 
 they had gainS rta'teX/o"^' *^^ "'""^^^^^ 
 ^rmy was surrounded on Ill^,?Z T'^^'S^' Their 
 of 6^a«<;t«m, and beWdpfL. f- "" f^^ "mountain pass 
 compelled to'surrend^^ Mltht"^ V''^^^^ ^^**H ^«^ 
 
 that day had to pas:\nd1 ^t'^ole^nT^fe s"*" •? 
 commander Pontius ^neit)uslv nSS ^^ S Samiute 
 of peace The condiHont , ^ ^^ *^^°^ f^"' terms 
 
 commanders Ind the amy Z' 1^'^?^ ^^ '^' ^'"^^ 
 But the Roman seltXT^'.f'n^ *^ ^^*""^ ^^^e. 
 peace, and sent h:^!^,^:^^^^^"^'^. ™*^^ *^« 
 It. Pontius declined to i^e ve them «'/?? '^^'^"'^^^ 
 continued by the Rom«ml ft I?^ ""^ *^® ^^ was 
 wipe off the di™ Tp a *^^ ^"^*^^^ ^go"r, to ' 
 
 Ho^anannL ar^l„tfttu":?s'^ 7^ ^^^'^^^ *»^« 
 over the Samnites • but one ST ^""'^^* ^«<^ri«« 
 
 J/«a:mt^., was deCtedTn « f ^ '°'""'^^^^^' ^«^*'"* 
 
 Lantul., in consequence J? wht'h%'""*?*'^ ^"^« ^* 
 ter allied towns. However thf ^''"?' ^"'^ ^^^^'^^ ^^ 
 nites were daily incfeSrand th' '^r^' °/ *^^ Nam- 
 ing. They were defeated in T ^^''^''^^ diminish- 
 Campani/and Antlh wL'^nbTTl '^^^^ ^^iJe 
 
 whici might noXSirhaveS X^T^' 
 
 not f.sh dangers arise^ in othTrt^artet '"^"^^' ^ 
 
 Ronie" %!lii^V^*^"«^^ ^i^o had long looked unn. 
 
 against he.:"a;3 ^^'o^d'^^^l «P -^ 
 
 InransMuence of this th. H,Z • "? ™'' *<"■«»■ 
 
 «.«bra<l a%«.t defeat ^/i^.'il?i?„""J™™i" tie »jutl. 
 
 4 -«^nu{e, and ui bamnium their 
 
54 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 legions found themselves in great distress. However, 
 Papipue Cursor, who was fti^iwintod dictator in B,c. 309, 
 so cpinpletely routed the Samnites, that they were com- 
 pelled, to take to flight, leaving their camp in the hands 
 of th^ enemy. Meanwhile a great coalition of th© Mar- 
 siaiw, Peli^nians, Umbrians, Hemicans, and ^quians, 
 wa? |r9nned against Rome. The IJmbrians were soon 
 red\»ced. to submission by Fabius Maximus, the war 
 aga^npt the Etruscans was near its end, and the Hemi- „ 
 cans we^ easily overpowered, sp that the Romans being 
 enawed, to direct all their forces against the Samnites, ; 
 put. th^m to flight in all directions, B.C. 306. The coaii- 
 tion 9:«| which the Sjamnites had relied being now broken 
 ^P»l^ap,4"*^^^ ^^- armies defeated, they concluded t* 
 truce, in Jihe.hope of. obtaining peace ©n toleraUe terms. 
 But %eir hppes were disappointed, for after the expira- 
 tion, of the truce, the Romans laid waste Samnium in all 
 directions;^ and when, in b.c. 305, they suffered a further 
 defeat, their power was completely crushed. Samnium 
 was noy obliged to accept the terms dictated by Rome : 
 it had to give up the supremacy over Lucania, to renounce 
 its alliance with other Italian nations, and, in fact, to 
 concede to the Romans to interfere in all their foreign 
 relations. This humiliating peace concluded the second 
 Samjt^ite .^ar, in b.c. 304, having lasted twenty-four years.. 
 
 The Hemicans, who had been easily reduced to sub- 
 missipn in b,c. 306, experienced on the whole the same 
 fate as the^ Latins. The ^quians rashly rose against 
 Rome at a time when she had already concluded peace 
 witii Samnium, and they had to pay the penalty of seeing 
 their towns conquered or destroyed one after another. 
 The Etruscans also Lad begun their war too late, and 
 after it had lasted for some years, their cities, in B.C. 308, 
 began to conclude peace with Rome each for itself for a 
 fixed number of years. During these wars Rome had 
 made a treaty with Tarentum, in which it was stipulated 
 that no Roman ships should sail beyond Cape Lacinium. 
 
 The short period folio wing the conclusion of the peace 
 with th^ ^^omites was employed by the Romans in coi»t = 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 Va 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 MlSTOftY OF ttoMB. gj 
 
 a favourable onnort,7„i,t, "''• ^""^ ""'^ ™t^g for 
 
 Sumnites, that war T^ fortLSTrf^^^ -^"^^^^ *^« 
 At the same time Z *°™*1» declared in b.c. 298. 
 
 alUed themselves Stf tie TlTr-''' ^^^^ ""^^ ^ ™«' 
 the aid of Game nTJ ^."^^^T* ^^ ^^^^ ^^^lled in 
 
 yea.,the1am:^^'swe T^^^^^ ^«* *-« 
 
 and their countrv I!? ?^i, "" ^^^^^^ g^-^at battles, 
 
 third all I^^'J^r^^y^i CT'4 ^^ - *H 
 a report that large bodies of P^i ^«^,ans, viz., 
 
 m Etrnria but Ve Lri^^^^^ tT^^^^' T^^^ — - 
 course of eVents. A^eat ba.L 'T'^l "^^'^'"^ *^^ 
 
 i>eciL» onP^f ?^ 1 '^°"^'^ ^^^^^ ^^^ lost, had not 
 
 -m^^^devot:dTtt^T''^^^^^^^^^ *^« ^-*"« 
 
 fice Lve fresh snMtfnJl ^'^''^ ^'^'' ^^^ «^if-«««ri- 
 gain^ brilliant vSto^ the^mans, and enabled them to 
 
 been sent to surport^the Etnf.^'""''''" army which had 
 and 25,000 Sritr^ T^'' "^^ ^"* ^ F^ces, 
 battle, whHe 8000 t ^^™*««. covered the field of 
 
 proceeded trnTSiroE^r^^^^^^^ ^t^"« *^^^ 
 another victory overtheFtn^J*''^''' where he gained 
 wu.-i- .1 •'^ :^^ '^^^ Jitruscans near Perusia. 
 
 ItairrSamStel"^^' >-ere going on in the north of 
 
 saM^io havrb^T^'^^'^i!"^ "^^«^g Campania, is 
 sam to iiave been defeated with great loss by the Romans 
 
56 
 
 HtSTORY OP ROME. 
 
 returning from Sentinum. In the year B.C. 294, the 
 Jl^trus^^n towns found it advisable to conclude peace 
 vath Kome. But the Samnites made most desperate 
 efforts, and having called out all their men capable of 
 bearing arms, invaded Campania. The Romrlns coip- 
 pelled them to return by attacking Samnium, from 
 which they carru.d off a vast amount of booty. Upon 
 this, the Samnites, under their brave and noble com- 
 mander, Pontius, again invaded Cam.vania. The Romans 
 were at first unsuccessful; but in B.C. 292, the aged 
 ^a6m Maximus fought a fierce battle, which at once 
 decided the contest between Rome and Samnium: 20,000 
 Samnites were killed, and 4000 made prisoners, one of 
 whom was the brave Pontius. He was taken to Rome 
 in triumph and beheaded— an act of base ingratitude 
 towards a man who had saved the Roman army at Cau- 
 l^' .1. ™*^^i<^ies, however, continued until B.C. 290. 
 when the Samnites sued for peace, which was granted t<; 
 them on condition of their acknowledging the supremacy 
 ^L . IT ^"^ afterwards, the Umbrians, Etruscans, 
 and two Keltic tribes, the Senones and Boians, had to 
 submit to the same terms. Rome had now acquired the 
 domimon of the whole of Central Italy, the submission 
 ot which was secured as usual by the establishment of 
 numerous colonies. 
 
 If we now turn our attention from these successful 
 wars to the internal affairs of Rome, we find that during 
 
 .1!7T. ^r'C^.f^^ ^""^""^ internally more and more 
 consolidated by the equalisation of the two orders, and 
 that many usefii works were executed in and about the 
 city tor the public convenience. In the year b.c 312 
 the censor Appius Claudius made the famous Appian 
 road, leading from Rome to Capua (it was afterwards 
 «n r'!fl Brundisium), and the first aqueduct which 
 supplied Rome with water. In the same year a kind of 
 calendar was set up in public, informing the people on 
 what days it waa lawful to administer justice and to hold 
 - i_ .1! e„in^.,. -^ gi-t-^ic conscitulionai change appeara 
 to have been made about the same time, by which the 
 
HrSTORY OF ROME. .- 
 
 separately as before. In b c 300 .T""!^ -l^ ^' '^^"^'^^"^d 
 P'-opcsed and carried a l.w V ' i. • \ *"^""^' %"^^'W 
 pontiffs and augu -s was I "^ T^''^ *^^ ""«^»^«- of 
 respectively, and'-J^Uid, Tt w^f ^ 1^ ^^ «-e 
 of. these priestly colleges hould^.'r?'^*^'^* ^"•^'^^^f 
 beians. Henceforth all the rmb ie tffi''^'" ^^"^ ^^^ Poe- 
 tical power were equally divWedh?'"' P««^essing pdi- 
 plebeians. The agrar L law J t'-'"" P''''^'^^^^ and 
 never repealed, but apnearrfn I ^'"'T' ^*«0« ^^^^ 
 violated with impunity and the ^T.^'^'^ repeatedly 
 land among the poorer .t? distribution of public 
 
 though manV -1^:4 tfiS "" atP" ^ '''''''' '^' 
 of the protracted wars at a df«f ^ ^^ '" consequence 
 notwithstanding thes drlwbackl T ^"'"^ ^"* 
 
 ^ng upon a period of he h7storv .' ?T' ""^^ ^^^^ ^^^^r- 
 -the beginning of her ^ofd'n Ze "^ ""^ ^« ^^--^ded 
 
 ofl^CiIe'^:tf-^2^^^^^^^^^ *^^ *--tion 
 
 of the Gauls and E ul;a„s ^Th?'^^ ^^ ^^"^"^^ -"^cka 
 
 beginning in bc o^TZT'i ^^'^'^''''' ^g^inst the former 
 
 by the to'tal su^]^,o;uou : "Zf '' ' '^'^^ '- ^.c.Tsi 
 
 Ktruscans contiiued in arms L ^T'' "^'^ ^""^ ^^^ 
 
 "Itmiately obtained a peace on ve-^^' Jears longer, but 
 
 consequence of which Vhey r^ade no f^'T'''^^' ^^rms, in 
 
 recover their indenenden J ^ i ^'"'*^^'' attempts to 
 
 considemble deS of ' '"^"^ *° ^^^^ enjoyed a 
 
 Home. '^'' °^ prospenty under the domiiion of 
 
 ^^^^^Z^^"^^^ ^f nianufacturing 
 
 easiness upon the growhigpov^^^^^ "^^^ "- 
 
 south. Like all comme.^.M cT 1 .*^'® Romans in the 
 
 mercenaries, and eZeTo::i:'ttltt'^^y ''''''' "^^^ 
 inducing other natmn« f,; li '^^l^ ^°"ie engaged bv 
 
 they a« said ;„Tr i^ WteTr%T"'""^°- ■11"^ 
 lastcm-if^ot TI-- "^stigated the Etruscans i,. +!,«,•- 
 
 a coalition again"s7th?'i '"''"'"^ *^^ Samnites'to joi in 
 
 Utility coiiS in the riV"'"^^^ ?^ «-* -* ^^ 
 m tne Lucamans attacking Thurii, a 
 
58 
 
 HISTORY op ROME. 
 
 Ml. 
 
 I 
 
 Gijt'k city allied with Rome; but tho town was relieved 
 hy Caius Fabricius, in B.C. 282, who also gained other 
 advantages over tlie southern confederates. As the 
 Romans were obliged to keep up communication with 
 Thurii by sea, they could not help violating the trtaty 
 with Tarentum, which forbinli them to sail beyond Cape 
 Lftcinium. When, therefore, ten Roman ships were seen 
 soiling towards the harbour of Tarentum, a Tarentine 
 fleet immediately sailed out to attack them, and captured 
 five of the Roman ships. The Tarentines even went so 
 far as to compel Thurii to open its gates to them. The 
 Roman senate, indignant at such proceedings, sent au 
 embassy to remonstrate and demand reparation ; but the 
 Tarentines treated the ambassadors with contempt and 
 insult, so that war became unavoidable. The Tarentines 
 had hoped to bring about a general coalition among the 
 southern Italians; but failing in this, they invited Pyn-hus, 
 king of Epirus, to come to their assistance. 
 
 Pyrrhm, whose mind was full of an adventurous and 
 chivalrous spirit, gladly accepted the invitation in the 
 hope of acquiring a great empire by adding Italy and 
 Sicily to his dominions. When, in B.C. 281, he arrived 
 with his forces at Tarentum, he at once set about drilling 
 its citizens, and compelling them to submit to severe 
 military discii)line. It was this new danger which 
 induced the Romans to conclude the final peace with the 
 Etruscans on favourable terms, and they now sent out 
 armies both against the Samnites and the Tai-entines. 
 The hostile forces met on the banks of the little river 
 Stria ; and PyiThtis, partly by means of his well-trained 
 Macedonian soldiers, and partly by the terror inspired 
 by his elephants, which the Romans had never seen em- 
 ployed in war, gained a decisive victory over his enemies. 
 This fii'st success induced many of the southern Italians 
 openly to join Pyn-hus. But as he himself 'ad sustained 
 very severe losses in the battle, he sent his friend Cineas 
 to Rome to offer peace. The Roman senate refused to 
 listen to any proposals so long as Pyn-hus and his army 
 remained in Italy. Upon this the king advanced north- 
 
HISTOnV OP ROME. 
 
 59 
 
 again met their enemv Lr / '/ ^''''^ ^^^'^^^^ 
 again won a gimt vTcSv Bnf *V T' ^^''^ ^^^^^"» 
 that he is 4oH^^Zle saTd '^oJT' "'". ^ ^' 
 and I shall L undone "W?.' ^"^3^'' ««ch victory, 
 
 the v,i,„r of th1X.an?\rr.r' 'iK^i"^^^^ f 
 eoldjers, the world would be minT"^ ^' had, such 
 
 The Romans after these two flpf«ofo p^u • i- , 
 oome to t<,rm3 with PyXs but Am.t ni "!f "^^^ ^ 
 strenuously opposed sucii^H^y t^^^^^^ °^°«^ 
 
 fused to quit Ital r The 1^ 7'i ^ i^^,"^ Pyn-hus re- 
 
 Greeks o? ^outii^ iTaly w gle The T^"^ 'f f '^' 
 him with admimtion j^'J^'"^^ }^^ Romans had filled 
 
 accepted an Ctlt^ of'tLrslcUrnT'^r ^ \^ ^^^^"^ 
 with his assistance ^ dive^lf ^^^S ot^'f^S^ 
 
 att ao^ 2Vne^p::o:r t^ticr P^ 
 
 aUies he foimd there he sc«n d,W ' ,^^fr^*»d«: and 
 trustworthy than those of tLwT^'''^'? ^ ^ «^^^ ^^ss 
 ^.^kings wef. thlrt^l;^fe^^^^^^^^^ all his under- 
 disposition, in consequeLe of S ^^^^^^^ 
 seveml acte of cruelty Findin«^Tt Iw 7h\ .,'^**' 
 great could be effected^n the 2^ 1 i thaf h /if ^^ 
 
 gained by them On hii axtiri" "^'""^ ^"^ ^^ 
 sevemi tiwn« which had b^n St and'tr'''^ "^^!^ 
 to^vards Beneventum, wherrtL 1^; ,T^r ^^ P^*''^^^ 
 was encamped; but his ILvhS^ ^^'rtus Bentatua 
 
 Lad ^r, u\i.:i - c:;^iS;i,[rat ^rB^'tr^* 
 SnuS:^5dt^s^^:^:!£-^^^^^ 
 
 ance, but "as his reauest wn7n^^ ^v'7'"^ ^"^'* "*«^*- 
 
 
60 
 
 BIStORT or ROME: 
 
 .' |! 
 
 w 
 
 t 
 
 vrit^h^ It ^'"P^^r^' *!>« Tarentines concluded peax^e 
 
 mnedthfr''\^^'\''''^''' *^« "^^^ few years, com- 
 pelled tho Sam. ites, Lucanians, an.l Bnittiana to Hn 
 
 homage to the republic of Eome, whirls now the 
 urtual niistress of all Italy froiu the northern frontier of 
 ^Z'l^T^i'''''V'-^'''''y- ^^« only^^L'oTthich 
 
 wars btit all had to recognise the supremacy ul" Rom- 
 which, as usual, secured its conquests l,y the estallSh- 
 ment of numerous colonies. As* many of the southera 
 
 lalTaT r' f ''"•^ ""* l--essed^fleete Rome no" 
 ^^a\ P°''*'°'' .*° "''"•y ^" ^^^' ^ ^ith .'.ny nation be- 
 yond the sea with which she might come in cTta^t 
 
 id ^ • lf.T ^'T'' ^'^"^ °^ *^^« ^^^* «t^^tes of th^ t me 
 «^ might have limited herself to the dominion of iSv 
 
 iwe institutions. Rut circumstances soon occun-ed which 
 
 A. YouNa aoMxi; is xas tosa. 
 
' 
 
 AUXS, )R E/ mtBIv ; MAM, 
 
 CHAP 'ET? /. 
 
 FBOM THE CONQUEST OF ALL ITALY DOWN TO THE OUT- 
 BREAK OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAfi. 
 
 B.C. 272 TO B.a 218. 
 
 Iw the very first year of the republic, b.o. 509, Rome 
 had concluded a commercial treaty with the Wealthy 
 
 ofVfH^r Tf' " ^^^"^""" ^"^^"^<^" *^« north coS 
 of Africa. The same treaty had been twice renewed 
 
 and the relation between the two republics had Xaya 
 been of an amicable kind, but during the conqu^teof 
 ^e Romans in Southern Italy the CarthaginS eem to 
 tave lx,a,me apprehensive of the growing ?ower of r1^ 
 When Pyrrhus wa. in Sicily with the'avowed object of 
 drmng the Carthaginians from the island, they concluded 
 a defensive alliance with Rome which was directed atS 
 theircommon enemy, although in the war against Sm 
 they ne^^r united their forces. When Pyrrhul withdrew 
 ^J.l /' V^r^"^^ ^^" ^^'^ ^ completelSte ofl^rchy 
 ^vald'ttl Campaniun mercenaries, called MamerZ, 
 ravaged the country and took forcible possession of Mes 
 eana, where they murdered or expelled the male popula- 
 
 ^'d'cSd '^"'"^"'^'^ 't''' propertVas well aTTheiJwTvt 
 ana cnilnrflii amnnr^ 4-1, i v^i ^ ■•*»«» 
 
 *!,„ ,'■■; V° --"^'"'civus. The Syracusans. under 
 
 the command of their Kin^ Hiero, attacked these\wl^ 
 
 \ 
 
62 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 1. 
 1, 
 
 .V: 
 
 ir. 
 
 i 
 
 marauders, and reduced them to such straits as to oblige 
 them to look about for foreign assistance. One party 
 thought of calling in the aid of the Carthaginians, who 
 Had already offered their assistance, and took possession 
 of the citadel of Messana; but the majority solicited the 
 assistance of Eome. Six years before this, the Romans 
 Had most severely punished a body of Campanian mer- 
 cenaries, who had acted at Rhegium in the same manner 
 as the Mamertines had done at Messana. The better 
 part of the Roman senate therefore seem to have felt that 
 It would be scarcely decent to support such a band of 
 robbers as the Mamertines. The matter was, however, re- 
 ferred to the popular assembly, with whom the love of 
 war and conquest stifled every other feeling. An alliance 
 was a<3W)rdingly concluded with the Mamertines; and 
 iliero, finding himself powerless against them, made hia 
 peax5e with them. Every pretext for Roman interference 
 was thus removed, but the opportunity of making war 
 against Carthage was too tempting, and a message was 
 sent to Messana to inform the Mamertines that Rome 
 was ready to deliver them from the Carthaginians. A 
 fleet furnished by the Greek maritime towns of Southern 
 Italy sailed across from Rhegium, ^d on its arrival the 
 Carthaginian commander of Messana treacherously snp- 
 rendered the citadel to the Romans. The Carthaginians, 
 however, demanded that the Romans should quit SicUy, 
 and as this was refused, they, supported by King Hiero, 
 laid siege to Messana. Meanwhile fresh legions arrived in 
 Sicily and defeated Hiero before he could obtain assist- 
 ance from his allies. Hereupon Hiero withdrew to 
 Syracuse, and in b.c. 263 concluded a peace with the 
 Itomans, to whom ever after he remained a most faithful 
 fnend. The Carthaginians being likewise beaten, dis- 
 persed among their subjec ' towns in the western parts of 
 the island. 
 
 ThQ Romans are bjt'l to have been enormouslv suo- 
 cessful in Sicily, and sixty-seven towns are reported to have 
 surrendered to them. As the Carthaginians did not 
 make any stand against the invadera, the conquest of the 
 
 ll 
 
HISTOUY OF ROJtE. 
 
 ^3 
 
 I 
 
 flf« nL^ . , . ^^^^age with its powerfii fleet was 
 
 tested, xn B.C. 260, to Cains Duilius, and in tlelmuW 
 sort of land fight by means of boarding brid-es thrown 
 
 Erto'harn?' ''^^'' ^*^^"«"^ tSe lllT^nf h S 
 mtnerto had no expenence in maritime warfare their 
 victory, part y owing to their extraordinary conSvanr 
 
 ZVi Tt'^i '^^' '^' Carthaginians we^re obli^^fd £ 
 take to flight, having lost about 10 000 men in t^]«l 
 and wounded. The Romans afterwardsTn^red Didiuf 
 by erecting o him a column adorned with the beaks of 
 captured ships, and with an inscription recording the 
 details of his victory. Elated by theii- first succfsstt 
 
 honoui of "thP V '''^'''^ ^'^^T ^«^«'^'""* restored the 
 nonoui ot the Roman arms; and the town of Mvttisfro 
 
 turn, which had been besieged by the Romanf ffr some 
 
 towns ' '^"'^ ^"^ *^" *^«« ^'^ several other 
 
 nr,S'^/^?2"?^ *^^ ^«"^^°« ^ere thus far successful 
 Tn B c1?r LT ^'"' °"T^'^ *^^ CaXSntn : 
 
 A^c!"'J'i^\!:t^;r^'--i^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^« -- -to 
 
 , ---, ...u. ,.„m^noc cAcxaoa> rhey prepared a fleet o.( 
 
 ^. 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 
 330 ships, which, under the command of 3fanlius and 
 Atilim Eegulus, were to steer towards the African coast. 
 Near Ecnomiis, the Romans were met by a still larger 
 fleet of the Carthaginians, and a fearful battle ensued, in 
 which the Carthaginians were so completely defeated, that 
 they felt induced to make offers of peace. These offers, 
 however, were rejected, and the Roman fleet, proceeding to 
 Africa, landed near- Clupea, Avhich, being deserted by its 
 mhabitants, was occupied by the Romans as their head- 
 quarters. The country was ravaged by the invaders in 
 all directions, and when at the close of the year Manlius 
 returned to Italy with a portion of the army, and a large 
 number of prisoners, Regulus with his diminished forces 
 began the campaign of B.C. 255, by besieging the town of 
 Adis, and it is said that both this and many other towns 
 submitted to hira. The Carthaginians were so much 
 reduced as to be obliged to retreat within the walls of 
 their OAvn city. In this distress, they sent to Regulus to 
 sue for peace, but, though he might now have concluded 
 the war m an honourable manner, he proposed such 
 humiliating terms, that the Carthaginians resolved to 
 die sword in hand rather than submit to the insolence of 
 their enemy. 
 
 In these circumstances, Carthage was fortunate in 
 securing the services of one of those Greek soldiers, who 
 at that time offered theii- services to any one who chose 
 to employ them. This was the Spartan Xanthippus, to 
 whom the> at once entrusted the command of their 
 forces. He set about increasing and reorganising the 
 army, and by improving their discipline, inspired the 
 men with fresh confidence. In his first encounter with 
 the Romans, he routed and dispersed the whole Roman 
 army, and Regulus himself with 500 men was taken 
 prisoner. About 2000 e^onped to Clupea, where they 
 defended th. selves bravely. The Roman fleet which 
 came to their rescue gained a brilliant victory over the 
 Carthaginians and rescued them. But the same fleet, on 
 Its return to Sicily, was overtaken by a storm in which 
 most of the ships were wrecked, and the south coast of 
 
 { 
 
« 
 
 MJ«T011Y OF ROME. Qg 
 
 but the Honuu/« 1^^^/t r'^r'^^^,.^7^^ *'^-^«h courage; 
 254, prepared a m wfltt of 22r!-^''^''^^"^ ^^ ^ ^• 
 sailed to Sicily ,uTfl f »\ f^'^'' "^''^^^ ^^^''^ ^i^^^J 
 
 Burrendered c j^i)S ,,w," „ ''T^^*"^^"^' ^^"« ^^hers 
 
 it8 coast distre '^ r ri^f ^^'t^"?:^'^^^^^^^^ 
 hadjustcome UN Jtofr p'r ^'^ ^^^^^^^ ^^en they 
 overtook tho, .T nd n?'] ^"^"r"^'•^ ^^^^l-^t storm 
 wrecked. ThiH Ll'n \^\^^^ ^^'^"^ ^^^ «hil'« >vere 
 Romans to hucI; ' L- T. ^f ''" f-scouraged the 
 to keep no inor« UZfh *^'^ '"'°^^'"^ lienceforth 
 
 Italy aLcouvT.:i,^^^^^^^^^^ — y to protect 
 
 greSdSrs;:,'ai:^rt"^'"^^f ^"^^ *« -^^^ P- 
 
 fining the Caithul I ? -ir'"'' ^""^ ^^-^ceeded in con- 
 In ic. 250 t7T,^' *^ '^^« r^tern corner of Sicily. 
 
 Carthaginialt ,"r;i\rtr' """f"^ '^^^^*^^ *^« 
 was the last gr J K, tt VT ^l!^°?-^^«' ^^ich 
 Having lost all fchrifl: that was fought in this war. 
 tion o/the two tZZTrTl ? ^'''^^ "^*^ '^' ^^^^^pl 
 Carthaginians v44 ^ W,' of ';.""'" *^"? ^^^P""^' *^^ 
 exchange of prison. 1 T ^'^^^ ^"^ *^ ""^^^^ an 
 
 who was stillVn c" tivifv^u'^ accordingly sent Regulus, 
 puxTose of propoSfk™ o7? *^""' '^^"^ ^^^ *^« 
 an exchange of W'tumT ix TT' T ^* ^"^^* *« ^^^^^ 
 filling the duties of 1 ''i ^* ^'^'"^"'' ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ f»l- 
 enter into no nil '" T w' ^"''""^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^e to 
 Romans, notwiiC fa ^'^^ ^^ '''"'"' *^'' ™- ^^^ 
 built a fleet of sK h Id Ip ^'T"' ^^>^olntion, again 
 which lasted for „ <? tt ^''^f *^^ ''^-^ ^^ Lilyh^um, 
 under their hang ;*^ * f" ^^^ ^-^'^ ^49, the Kcmans 
 Appius aiandluTJZ d fatJ^^^?*^?"^ oommande; 
 in the neighbourhood of if, ^"^ ^'"'^'^ ^.^^^^^ '-^^^1 by sea, 
 followed up their vFjl ^^ r^; T^'^' Carthaginians 
 same time a vaat miZZ /T^ '''^''"^- ^^o"* tbe 
 destroyed in a t,Tt7 ^'. ^T^' *^^"«P«rts were 
 
 the hands of the eimny lltrly^^T T^^''^ *^^" ^^ 
 '»"".y. After this disaster, the Romans 
 
 N 
 
u 
 
 1 * I 
 
 66 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 ■•'l! 
 • 1 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 
 again renounced the sea, of which tha Carthaginians were 
 now again the undisputed masters. Carthage, moreover, 
 had now the good fortune of having for its military chief 
 the great Haviikar, the father of Hannibal, who, in B.C. 
 247, undertook the command of the Carthaginian forces h\ 
 Sicily. After some ravaging descents on the coast of Italy, 
 -le took up a strong position on Mount Hercte, whence he 
 did incalculable damage to his enemies by frequent sallies. 
 Afterwarus he took up a similar position on Mount Eryx, 
 whence he continued to harass the Romans, although ne 
 himself was surrounded by all manner of diflBculties. 
 
 In this way the war was carried on without any decis- 
 ive advantage being gained by either party. The Komans, 
 having come to the conviction that the war could not be 
 brought to a close without some extraordinary exertion, 
 once more resolved, in b.c, 242, to build a new fleet. 
 But as the treasury lacked the funds necessary for such 
 an undertaking, the money was furnished by wealthy 
 and patriotic citizens. An armada of 200 ships, com- 
 manded by Lutatius Catulus, having first made an un- 
 sucoessful attack upon Drepana, resolved to offer battle 
 to the Carthaginian fleet. The latter, containing a large 
 number of transports, was unable to cope with that of 
 the Romans, and was easily and complete, defeated; 
 sixty-three of the enemy's ships were taken, . if hundred 
 and twenty were simk, and the number o^ killed and 
 prisoners was immense. This decisive victory was gained 
 in B.C. 241, off the ^gatian islands. The darthaginiana 
 were now compelled to sue for peace, which they obtained 
 on the following conditions : that they should evacuate 
 Sicily and the islands between it and Carthage, that they 
 should abstain from war against Hiero and his allies, that 
 they should restore all Roman prisoners without I'ansom, 
 and pay 2300 talents in ten yearly instalments. 
 
 Thus terminated the First Punic Wai-, which had been 
 carried on by both parties with incredible efforts and 
 losses, and Sicily was the first country out of Italy con- 
 quered by the Romans. The island was treated differ- 
 ently from the conquests hitherto made in IW'! -' be- 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 ans were 
 loreover, 
 ary chief 
 o, in B.C. 
 
 forces in 
 . of Italy, 
 hence he 
 lit sallies, 
 mt Eryx, 
 lough ne 
 ties. 
 
 .ny decis- 
 jtiomans, 
 Id not be 
 exertion, 
 lew fleet. 
 
 for such 
 
 wealthy 
 Ips, com- 
 e an un- 
 er battle 
 g a large 
 I that of 
 iefeated ; 
 
 hundi*ed 
 tiled and 
 as gained 
 aagriians 
 obtained 
 evacuate 
 ihat they 
 Hies, that 
 i I'ansom, 
 
 had been 
 brts and 
 taly con- 
 ad diflfer* 
 
 :• - be- 
 
 67 
 
 government officii" but^^rfiredT' "°Mt"^' ^^ 
 talkta (pnMicani) o'r companTes oT^them"^ "t* ^^ ^P^" 
 towns and cities were not all treated ^'fJ, J '"'^'^'^ 
 and a difference was made accoS. Z ^L T' '''^' 
 hostility they had shown Z ^f!.^'^'*'^" ^ ^^^ degree ot 
 quest. ThusixTsicilv^ "^.^^^ ^^^P^eceding the con- 
 otier towns remateLtllT^r"^ "^^^^^° ^"^ ««^«ral 
 is very remrS ttj • ^ ff^, ^^*^ independent It 
 
 no attem t r^^ir^.-^^^^^^ and 
 
 s^^e fwLh Ctod^l^rrd^Tree^^^^^ 
 
 Thr/reaTHlS:S aTl^^ ^^^^ rF^^Tei ^1^^^^ 
 rebel! Dufi^rtts confltt in defeating the 
 
 ably t«wai.s tLS va^n^tst^^^^^^^ 
 refused to countenance the rebels W rn J .^ fu^ 
 
 tx^nsports of provisions destLed for CaV. r X,.*^' 
 changed their noliVv wii^>. +1, ^®' ^^^ *bey 
 
 likewise r^^oltTd for^r 1 "^^i-cenaries in Sardinia 
 
 assistance tleyLerivI^^^^^ '^'^ "PP"^^ *^ ^«^« f«r 
 possession of^he'I^rt 23^^^^^ ^n' \^^^ 
 remonsti-ated with them fir this !r)L "" ?'*^^^'^ 
 
 Corsioa Tn? 2 V • *°°^ possession of the islands of 
 
 ^cSan I nf ?"''' ^'^^^^^.^ient time, and Hamil^r aj 
 ^nS'.. S - preparations to indemnify his country 
 6-a uiu meaiiB of avenging the wrong done to it 
 
 I 
 
1,1 
 m 
 
 11 
 
 I' 
 
 68 
 
 HISTORY OK ROME. 
 
 The Romans, after taking possession of Cox?iK-a and 
 Sardinia, found the natives less inclined to bear their 
 yoke, than they h;; 1 borne that of the Carthafji(ii{ as, and 
 accordingly became involved in long and tedious wars 
 with them. About the same time thei* had to contend 
 against the Liguriaus! and Boiarp, in the north of Italy; 
 and while they were si ill engtK' •'! in these troublesome 
 wars, another struggle was commenced, in d.c. 229, 
 against the pirates of Illyricum, wJjo wt-.re tlien 2;overned 
 by Queen Truta, and ^vere a scourge to thw maijiiirui 
 towns of Greece. The Romans had no di :!i mlty ?:t con- 
 <3u."rijig the semi-barbarous pirates, ano aovern] of the 
 Giv^.' li pla-^es, such as Corcyra, Epidamnus, and Apol- 
 lonia jtUcM^I themKvV|\es under the protection of Rome, 
 which t'jos, tor the first time, gained a footing on the 
 contin^i7i: jf Gr(,'ce. Even Athens and CV-rinth showed 
 tbeir gi-atitude to the Romans by conferring certain dis- 
 tinctiouri upon them. 
 
 But huch wars as these against the Ligurians and Boians 
 
 were trifling compared with that which burst upon the 
 
 Romans about the same time from the no: th. The 
 
 Boians, wincing under their subjection to Rome, and 
 
 vexed that a portion of theii- territory which had become 
 
 Roman domain land, had been given to Roman citizens 
 
 by an agrarian law, invited other Gauls to join them in 
 
 a fresh war against Rome. Even Gauls from beyond 
 
 the Alps were induced to assist the Boians. In B.C. 226, 
 
 formidable hosts of Gaids came across the Alps, and as 
 
 they moved southward, the Romans were panic-stricken, 
 
 for the barbarians devastated everything by fire and 
 
 sword ; but when they had advanced as far as Clusium 
 
 they met the Romans, whom they nearly surrounded and 
 
 annihilated. However, the Romans gained a decisive 
 
 victory over the invaders near Telamon on the coast of 
 
 Etruria, in which 40,000 Gauls are said to have been 
 
 killed and 10,000 taken prisonei-s. This was the most 
 
 memorable success the Romans had ever met with against 
 
 the Gauls, and in consequence of it the Be i. ". in th6 
 
 jrear after the battle, B.C. 224, were force« \uhmit, 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 /\ 
 
HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 '<n?iioa and 
 bear their 
 in if OS, and 
 iious wars 
 to contend 
 L of Italy; 
 I'oiiblesome 
 B.C. 229, 
 
 I governed 
 i njatiiiirio 
 Ity hi con- 
 Tid v{ the 
 and Apol- 
 
 of Rome, 
 ng on the 
 ith showed 
 ertain dis- 
 
 md Boiana 
 upon the 
 th. The 
 lome, and 
 ad become 
 m citizens 
 
 II them in 
 m beyond 
 n B.C. 226, 
 Ips, and as 
 c-stricken, 
 '■ fire and 
 3 Chisium 
 Linded and 
 a, decisive 
 e coast of 
 lave been 
 
 the most 
 
 th against 
 
 ' °-^ in the 
 
 submit, 
 
 69 
 
 and the Romans for the first time crossed over to the 
 northern banks of the Po, where, in the year B.C. 223 
 the consul Caius Flaminius fought a successful battle 
 against the Insubrians. This ^v;^r against the Gauls was 
 brought to a c ose in b.c. 222 by Clandms Marcdlus in 
 the battle of Clastidium, where he slew the Gallic chief 
 Viridomarus^ with his own hand. A peace was then con- 
 cluded, in which the Gauls had to recognise the supremacy 
 f i^ome and by which Rome acquired the extensive and 
 tertile plains of Lombardy, which they endeavoured to 
 secure by the establishment of the colonies of Placentia 
 and Lremona. 
 
 While the Roman arms were thus engaged in the north 
 ot Italy, the Illyrians, instigated by Demetrius of Pharos, 
 had renewed their piratical practices. But the consul 
 ^milius Pau us, in b.c. 219, finally stopped their pro- 
 ceedings by subduing the whole of Illyricum. Demetrius 
 however escaped to the court of Philii,, king of ^lacedonia! 
 
 "^J^u !? 'i'"''''^^ ^'''''' Je^^lo"«ly watching the influence 
 wnich the Romans had gained in the atfaii-s of Greece 
 
 After the loss of the islands in the Mediterranean, the 
 Larthaginians, guided by the wise counsels of their ^reat 
 general Hamilcar, endeavoured to indemnify themselves 
 by inakmg conquests and forming a new empire in Spain, 
 and by a wise moderation and kind treatment Hamilcar 
 succeeded in winning the affection of many of the natives 
 After some years of successful operations, he was killed 
 m a battle b.c. 229, leaving the command of his ai>my to 
 Hasdrubal, his son-in-law, who continued the oolicy of 
 his predecessor, and founded the town of New Cartha-e 
 The progress made by the Carthaginians in Spain some- 
 what alarmed the Romans, and in a treaty which they 
 concluded with Hasdrubal, but which was never sanc- 
 tioned by the government at Carthage, it was stipulated 
 tnat tlie Carthagniians should not carry their conquests 
 beyond the river Iberus. Hasdrubal was murdered in 
 B.c. 221, and was succeeded in the command of the arniv 
 by the gi-eat Ifannibal, the son of Hamilcar, who, when 
 only nine years old, had accompanied his father into 
 
 •ill 
 
 r 
 
 k\ 
 
70 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 
 I: 
 
 enmity to the RomanL ^ ^ ^^' '^^"^ '^'""^^ 
 
 Immediately after unHpr+^,lr,-,.„ 4.1, 
 armyhecontinued7hecona^«^hl*^t T^^*^"^ °^ *^« 
 and subdued sZinTsT^T.^^'^ ^^^'^ predecessors, 
 exception of thrrwTof^^^, ^ "T- ?^""« ^^^i^ *te 
 been allied wUlx d/ ^^|"^*^^'T^^«h i« said to have 
 
 town and its ne ghttr:' affoXS h,?'^' '^^^"^^^ ^^'^^^ 
 commencing hostiiitirLlin f ,> ? •^'^ opportunity of 
 ceeded to bf siege he^J^r"" ^L^ J "^ ^■^' 219 be Jrx. 
 caUed upon hiSi to ab«^^'n /^^«^^^«man ambassadors 
 town, he referred ^hem t .h^"" ^''*"^*^'^ ^^i^«* ^^^ 
 there the a^nblaTr? ^er^ LSv , '* "^"^^^^^ ^"* 
 though the aristocratic mrtvSj/r"''^^"^ ^°" ^ 
 with Rome under al p?r!.„ T *^ maintain peace 
 
 and the frienr'oT H^n^STet^id ' ^X^^ ^^^^ 
 general to account or to recall him ^K^ .?''"■ ^^^* 
 
 -He^'lt^^^' -» »£? '£-? "Ct^- 
 please. •• Wlen L (wT, ™ ' "' ^Wotever yotl 
 
 whichever you "pI^V-^'ifSeT-^l. "«r J" 
 you war." Thw settlpri finJ^ '.• ®"' *^^"' ^ offer . 
 clared at once In Set,w^ *1"\^*^«"' ^^^ war was de- 
 themselves most WelT^*^^^^ the Saguntines defended 
 eight months of a nio«fff" -^ besiegei-s, but after 
 talen and destroyed Sie^-^^^^^^^^ *^« <-^n was 
 
 under the ruins^of the^ own ^ ''""'^'^P^^^y ^""^ 
 themselves by leajSi^rinJ' yTi ^"T\^"^ partly killed 
 in the marked it^rrdtw^^^^ "^^^*^ they had tindled 
 All the surviL^wei-e ,ut^^^^^^^ 
 against Saguntum wTsonlll^ 1 *?^«^,«rd. This war 
 Wm-, which wSlrLd on i?:!"^' ^ J^« ^^^^^ ^"nic 
 ia Africa. J-Z ^ ^ ^"""'^ ^'"^"Sbt to a close 
 
 ]h ! 
 
 
*te guidance, 
 worn eternal 
 
 mand of the 
 predecessors, 
 'ujs with the 
 said to have 
 etween that 
 'portunity of 
 
 219 he pro- 
 ambassadors 
 
 against the 
 thage. But 
 ssful, for al- 
 ntain peace 
 pular pai-ty 
 
 their great 
 the spokes- 
 ' toga, said, 
 chever you 
 
 "Give us 
 len, I offer . 
 '■ar was de- 
 3S defended 
 3, but after 
 i town was 
 rtly buried 
 rtly killed 
 ad kindled 
 : projjerty. 
 
 This war 
 ond Punic 
 i to a close 
 
 1 
 
 HANMIBAL. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 FROM THE SECOND PUNIC WAR DOWN TO THE END OF THB 
 WAR AGAINST ANTIOCHUS. 
 
 B.C. 218 TO B.C. 188. 
 
 When the Romans declared war against Carthage, they 
 had only just brought to a close that against the Gauls, 
 and were still engaged in Illyricum, whence they were 
 unable to act with that decision and quickness which 
 they usually displayed. Hannibal assembled his troops 
 at New Carthage, and leaving the command in Spain to 
 his brother Hasdrubal, proceeded in the spring of B.C. 218 
 to the river Ibeiois, which he crossed with an army of 
 90,000 foot, 12,000 horse, and 37 elephants. When 
 he reached the Pyrenees, he gave leave to all those who 
 felt disinclined to accompany him on his great expedi- 
 tion to return home. Large numbera availed themselves 
 of this permission, and his forces were reduced to 60,000 
 foot and 9000 horse, but all were men determined to 
 follow their gi-eat chief On his march through Gaul he 
 met with little or no opposition until ho reached t>ic river 
 Rhone, the passage of which he had to force against hosts 
 of Grauls dra ' >; up on the opposite bank. Wlien this 
 
72 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 -aded on the soutKr^ftrtS- k^r '^ '" 
 rodncod to 20,000 foot and 6000 htse tI ''' ""^''l 
 
 desl^rto tu^t^,^^-' - ^---g of Hannibal's 
 
 Gaul, while his colleges '"'• '^T^' ""^' ^^^* ^"^0 
 
 with another army "^ SieHv"^' w/"' ^«""^^"'^' ^''^^^^^^^d 
 Gaul, Hannibal Ll .1 r ^^^^'^ ^^"'l"*^ arrived in 
 
 iiibal's cavalry he ^vfn iT t^/^'*"^^"^^'"* ^^ Ifan- 
 
 ou M.obank7oftiePo '? V"^^/ ^^'^^^^'^ ^« '-arrived 
 
 Bcondodfron? the Alps' 't" 1^'?^^^^^^ ^"^^ ''^^''^-'^^ ^- 
 the river Tirmu, ^lu' ^ ■ '? ^'""^^'^^ ''™^es fir.st iret on 
 
 afterwards onZ:^ter|":r"r;r'^;^^^^^ 
 
 the Honians were defeated u. i ^1 ^^' ^^ ^^^''« l'^^^^^ 
 
 who intended to d fend thp rn!J^ f t> '"'^ ^^'^^"""^^s, 
 
 battle was fonght thTi^ t if ^"^ ^^"^"- ^ ^^^'^ible 
 
 15,000 R.,^^nsper'shed b ^^^^ 1!^^"^^"^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 the slain, . ,| a iLltno./hrcrtl 7'^'"^^ 
 assistance was likewise oJV • ^^^^ ^^'^* *« ^^s 
 
 i-ped by treatin J^:ritatn rk!;X%. ^l^^ ^-' 
 to his side, out the It-di-i oil -^ - ^ ^^^"^ ^ver 
 
 Roman colonies, remained fithtS'/'^; ''l'''''^^y '^^ 
 after the battle ^f LaSas m ^ ,^^^^1 when x,. mediately 
 
 he met with a deCit ed , ^ ""^^^'^^^I^*'^''"'™' 
 
 that he had misllcu^ J, f^'T' '""^^ *h"« fi^^<ii«g 
 
 inarched alo^ he east eo nft"?^^ ^^'^ ^^^'^^^ ^"^ 
 
 in the hope nf .,^X~ ? °^ -^*^'^^ *^^^^' ^^^ Apulia 
 
 their Koman ruiera * '"' ^uliieru Italians against 
 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 73 
 
 up the AIpB, 
 •i iirnid iude 
 'Vhen he de- 
 s forces were 
 h(! i^assage of 
 id his arrival 
 hat he would 
 
 Hannibal's 
 t the consul 
 id fleet into 
 s, proceeded 
 » arrived in 
 ^hone, and, 
 nt of Han- 
 he arrived 
 already de- 
 3r,st iret on 
 Hinu.j.j, and 
 ■hese j)laces 
 'i of winter 
 lunibal re- 
 qwing B.C. 
 fs of T.ike 
 Flaminius, 
 A terrible 
 in which 
 i^as among 
 nit to his 
 nibal had 
 them over 
 3iallj the 
 iiiediafely 
 polytinm, 
 IS finding 
 ^hice and 
 Is Apulia 
 s against 
 
 
 ^ The disaster of Lake Trasiraenus had thrown Rome 
 into a state of the greatest consternation. Quinfus Fabiua 
 Mnor.lmus, surnamed Cunctator (the Slack), was at once 
 appointed dictator, it being feared that the enemy would 
 march straightway to Ronw. Fabius finding that Han- 
 nibal had taken a diflerent rund, followed him as closely 
 as he could with safety, and avoiding any decisive en- 
 gagement, contrived to gain several smaller advantages. 
 In the neighbourhood of Casilinum, Hannibal, through 
 some mistake of his guide, was placed in so dilficult a 
 position that he extricated himself -mly by a stratagem : 
 he ordered bundles of brushwood uj be fastened to the 
 ho^ns of 2000 oxen, which were then driven in the night 
 wita the faggots in a blaze towards the Romans, who, 
 terrified by the sight, abandoned their favourable position, 
 and thei-eby enabled the enemy to escape. Hannibal 
 spent the following winter in Apulia, greatly disap- 
 I'ointed that none of the subjects of Rome had yet joined 
 h-jn. The Romans, dissatisfied with what they believed 
 tc ^ cowardice or unnecessary caution of Fabius, gave 
 the consulship of the year B.C. 21G to Terentius Varro 
 and J'., ilius Faulus. The character of the former was 
 the ly opjwsite of that of Fabius, and the Romans 
 expected tha- he consuls would put au end to the war 
 at one blo\\ They proceeded to Apulia with a large 
 army of 80,0Ut f.ot, and 6000 hor.se, and pit<-hed their 
 cam]) near the little town of CanntB. The terrible defeat 
 they .sufiered there showed, though too late, how wisely 
 Fabius had acted, for no less than 47,000 Romans covered 
 the field of battle, and the consul ^milius Paulus and 
 eighty senators were among the slain. Varro escaped 
 with a few horsemen to Venusia. 
 
 Four battles liad now been lost, but Rome, though 
 humbled, did not respond, and proposals for peace or r^- 
 soming the prisoners were indignantly rejected. Hanni- 
 bal, proceeding to Capua, was now joined by a numb.-r of 
 italiaiiH, who d<:Spaiied uf the fate of Rome ; and t'apua, 
 one of the wealthiest cities of Italy, which had been 
 treated by the Romans with great favour, openly declared 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY or SOMR 
 
 l!) i 
 
 gained numerous S^^^^^^^ ^« I'nd „ow 
 
 TheRouaansmadT^vervSr ™^'« ^""-t victories 
 even enlisted a body of sfo^^!^ raise fresh troops, and 
 manded by Claudius mS T'" .^" «-^- 215. com- 
 
 Gracchus gained other «dv!^f' ^'^- Semproniua 
 
 Encouraged by these sucjr.f^'' '''^' B«nevent«in. 
 Capua, which HanShJZTu' ^^^^ "°^ ^^^^d siege to 
 he ?o„nd that ?he"c?ty It i^^^^^^^^^^ ^^-' ^«--ei^ 
 
 relief; but as the RoLnTdecltera blt^T^' ^^^ 
 towards Rome and pitched hiL. **^®' ^® marched 
 
 A portion of the amy wlTr^ """' ^^^ -ery g,t^s. 
 against him and offered batte^hn.wP"^^? *J««Patched 
 not mentioned, conS^td hW V^^^^^^^^ .' 
 
 country, and returned to the sS of TJI^ ^"^"^^ <*« 
 
 siege to Syracuse. S xtriald T ^'/'^^" ^* °"^« ^^^^ 
 end of which the city wrSl V ^ °'' ^'^^ y^^^'«' ^^ ^^e 
 by treachery. TheSWsan .?.^ *^^ ^°«^^^ 
 
 cal skill of thegrS^fc ilZl .' • l*^^ ^^ *^« mechani- 
 themselves mo^rXtrbrw "^^^^^^^ ^^^^^-^ 
 severely by their cofmS ^^L T'/"^^^^«^ «^o«* 
 was destroyed for ever and F^^^^'f^^'"'^ o£ Syracuse 
 
 while engaged in his scien^Jl^^'^"' ^^^ murdered 
 fell into fhf hands ofTtmanT^ t^" ^^^"^ ^«^ 
 vodred to indemnify himself b?f\' ^"""^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ea- 
 andsome other pli^esTl'^thtriX"* ^ 
 -^U, Capua was a so retaken hv /iT ^ ^" ^ *^® ^^ar 
 habitants were treated wtthtpt-^ *^' ^?°^^"«' ^^^ its in- 
 senators committed suidd. rn^^'l''"f ^^" *^«nty-seven 
 and children to^4 tTemVom tt«'" ^^"'^ their wives" 
 querors Two ye^JlZ^'Z^l^^^^'- °' *^^-- .' 
 a..ua Ma^U3. The tr^tment Iniii;^ ^S^^ 
 
 X'- 
 
 u.: 
 
HISTORY OF ROME, 
 
 75 
 
 nter quarter^ 
 he had now 
 ved reinforce* 
 eat victories. 
 1 tTOof)s, and 
 •c. 215, corn- 
 ed a severe 
 Semproniua 
 3eneventnm. 
 a.id siege to 
 3n, however, 
 meed to its 
 he marched 
 very gates, 
 despatched 
 for reasons ' 
 vaging the ' 
 
 of Rome, 
 liance with 
 ans, in B.a 
 it once laid 
 jai-s, at the 
 e Romans 
 9 mechani- 
 , defended 
 hed most 
 f Syracuse 
 murdered 
 cily again 
 ^>al endea- ' 
 rarentuni 
 
 the year 
 ■nd its in- 
 nty-seven 
 eir wives 
 ' the con- 
 s^ered hy 
 Syracuse 
 
 and Capua so much frightened the Italian Greeks that 
 they thought it prudent to abandon their connection with 
 Hannibal, whose only hope now rested on the succours 
 which he expected from his brother Hasdrubal. 
 
 At the very commencement of the war in B.C. 218, the 
 two brothers Cneiiis and Puhlins Corneliun Scipio had 
 proceeded to Sjjain to operate acjainst Hasdrubal, and for 
 several years they harassed and checked his progress. 
 At the same time they entered into negotiations with the 
 African chief ISyphax to attack Carthage itself Bnt in 
 B.C. 212 both brothers fell in battle within thii-ty days of 
 each other, and their armies were completely routed. Has- 
 drubal now formed the plan of joining his brother in Italy 
 with fresh forces. The disasters suffered in Spain were 
 80 discouraging to the Romans that no one was willing 
 to undertake the command of a new army there, until 
 young Puhlius Cornelius Scipio, the son of one of the 
 two Scipios who had faller in Spain, though only twenty- 
 four years old, offered to undertake the perilous tesk. On 
 his arrival in Spain, in b.c. 211, affairs at once took a dif- 
 ferent turn, and in his second campaign he took New Car- 
 thage, the most important town of the Carthaginians. By 
 his kindness and gentleness he attached the Spaniards to 
 himself, and his popularity soon eclipsed that of Hasdrubal, 
 who was defeated in B.C. 209 in a great battle near Bse- 
 cnla. But Hasdrubal, notwithstanding this discomfiture, 
 at length resolved to join his brother in Italy. In B.c! 
 207 he crossed the Alps and marched through the eastern 
 part of Italy to meet his brother in Apulia. But on 
 reaching the river Metaurus he met the consul Claudius 
 Nero, who attacked him by night, while attempting to 
 cross the river. Hasdrubal himself was killed, and his 
 army entirely cut to pieces. A Roman soldier cut off his 
 head, and when the army returned to Apulia, flung it 
 into the camp of Hannibal. This was the fii-st and only 
 intelligence that Hannibal received of his brother's arrival 
 and defeat. 
 
 After tliis, Kamxibal confii-ed iamself to a defensive 
 attitude in Bruttium, which still i-emained faithful to him. 
 
 "•I 
 
:0 
 
 ,i t 
 
 M, 
 
 m 
 
 
 \i\: 
 
 76 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 tad to pay dear rS^iriVr^^^r'^^'^ttacked him 
 from Spiin, the Gartha^'inifn^ Hasdrubal's departure 
 
 with sSpio; -re'';:;^:?;^^^^;^ o^^^^^^^ '^ -p^ 
 
 and the whole of the southern mrt of 1 ^ ''^,''''*'^' 
 conquered by the Roman. S.- •"' P^'^^nsula was 
 
 several years, and havr"'nn.tn "^f''"'"'^ ^^ ^P^^^ for 
 he returned to Rome w^ere' w -.^ '^''7 ^^*^ ^yP^^^^ 
 he wa. elected co:::S fir Ihe yearf/'sol'^V'^^ ''^'''' 
 proposed to attack Carthage in AfSea but tP '' .'"^' 
 senate, considering tr^somewLtr^^ . *^^ cautious 
 to him Sicily as hi prnv'^e t^^^f !!r-^*"°"'' ""'"'Sned 
 to Africa, if he thou^hiil ^7^ . Permission to proceed 
 The means placed at his ditf'"!*^^'""' *" ^^^ ^°"«t^- 
 but the enthusTasm a 1 ovef Civ """ '"'^ ^^^^^-ent, 
 w^ plentifully p.. JedTth,"?!^^^^^^^^^^^^ f^^ ^« 
 
 contributions needed by voluntary 
 
 croS^rSfS X^' f ^^^^ ^^ -• ^«^' 
 the Carthaginians bu tL S ^^^^^^^erously joined 
 
 sated by being loinef by th^X^^'r'^ '™P^^ A^^^' 
 WithhisassisfaLe£iniJburnfH"r ''' ^"^- Masinissa. 
 his allies, among whoT^e^t h^^^^^^ "^"^^ °5 ^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 hope of Carthai now^eS o^W "^f T"^""' ^he last 
 with summoned to Return h?m?'w'^"^' ^^°^««forth- 
 B.C. 202, and soon afte- had anf.. " ^'''"f '^''^ ^^ 
 which both were incHned to '^*""r^^ ^i*h Scipio, at 
 
 people of Carthage,"eSbrtr;estcr^^^^^^^^ ^"* *^« 
 general, resolved once more to t^-v ft ^ 5 *^^"' ^^^-'' 
 The battle of Z«^ in b r 9ol . , *" ?'"*^"^^ ^^ ^ar. 
 test between the T^ naij^^s'^^f >!, ^^"'?^^ *^^« «°^- 
 %hting most bravely S the d.v''^^'I"'''"'' *^""g^ 
 of their army was destroved W ^ ^' u"? f^^ ^''^^^^'^ Part 
 to Carthage with onlvTw .^f ^'"''^^ ^^"^^elf escaped 
 
 people to Ln.it\oti:IS;InaZ::i tt't ''^^"i '^« 
 
 by«cipio The advice .J fo]LZTl'fctH?-''^T^ 
 w Kuneuder all Roman Hoon,>^ ---,—• '^arttyge had 
 
HISTORY OP ROMB. 
 
 Y7 
 
 satest boldness 
 ' attacked him 
 >ars departure 
 
 able to cope 
 ' the country, 
 peninsula was 
 d in Spain for 
 
 with Syphax, 
 
 ^g bis youth, 
 
 He at once 
 
 the cautious 
 lous, assigned 
 on to proceed 
 
 bis country. 
 r insufficient, 
 ^•eat, that he 
 by voluntary 
 
 in B.C. 204, 
 ously joined 
 'ply compen- 
 r> Masinissa. 
 SjTihax and 
 e. The last 
 lo was forth- 
 ed there in 
 b Scipio, at 
 5- But the 
 their great 
 ne of war. 
 ed the con- 
 ms, though 
 greater jJart 
 elf escaped 
 dvised the 
 •nas offered 
 ■thaga bad 
 rs without 
 ception of 
 
 ten ships, to promi.^ to abstain from war with any foreign 
 fn^AA '*'''''"*' ^^'"^ sanction of Rome, to pay the sum of 
 10 000 talents by fifty yearly instalments, and to indem- 
 nify Masmissa for the losses be bad sustained, l^e peace 
 was ratified at Rome the year after, and Scipio, who 
 celebrated a splendid triumph, wag honoured with the 
 sui-name of Aft icanus. 
 
 After the conclusion of this peace, Hannibal remained 
 at Carthage domg all he could to repair the losses which 
 his country had sustained, by wise reforms. But the 
 Romans, ever afraid of his influence, contrived to under- 
 mine his authority, so that at last even his own country- 
 men began to lose confidence in him, and the greatest 
 general and statesman that Cartbage ever had, was Obliged, 
 m B c. 1 96, to quit his country as an exile. He proceeded 
 to the court of ^n^ioc/iM*, king of Syria, whom he endea- 
 voured to inspire with his unquenchable hatred of the 
 Romans. The g-ains which Rome bad made during the 
 Second Punic War were very great, notwithstanding the 
 bactles they had lost and the devastations to which Italy 
 had been exposed, for the southern part of Spain was 
 conquered, and Cai-tbage and Numidia were virtually in 
 a state of dependence on Rome. •. -. 
 
 We have seen that F/dlip, king of Macedonia, had be- 
 come uneasy at the influence which Rome after the Illyrian 
 wars had acquired in the afl^aii-s of Greece. Demei^rius of 
 1 hai-os did his best to increase this feeling ; and after the 
 battle of Cannse, when Rome seemed to be finally crushed, 
 Fhilip concluded a treaty with Hannibal, in which the 
 countries on the east of the Adriatic were promised to 
 i'hihp while Carthage was to rule over the countries 
 west of the Adnatic. But the document containing the 
 treaty fell into the hands of the Romans, who at once 
 adopted measures to prevent the Macedonian from sendin<» 
 assistance to Hannibal. A petty war was thus carried 
 on from B c. 215 to 205, during which neither the Romans 
 »ur tiic Macedoiuans gained any great advantages. A 
 peace was then concluded, though neither party intended 
 to keep it; and Rome esi^ecially, being imable to cany on 
 6 
 
 it 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME, 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 anotJ^r war so loBg as Hannibal was in Italy, only 
 wanted to gam time. "'' ' 
 
 A second war against Ma<;edonia broke out in B c 200 
 because Phxhp had ravaged the territoxy of At W wS 
 wa^anaUjau^withRome^ This war^a. at fixTcTS 
 L f\ ^"»^^» ^th Httle energy, and Philip 
 supported hy many .- the Greeks, S favoui^d by 
 fortune; but in b.c. 198, when ^ru^tius FlZSinZ 
 
 ^unt'S'ti.'^' '""""^^ ^^ ^'''^y ^^^^ the rrr;^ 
 
 country, things assumed a different aspect Philip was 
 
 obliged to sue for pea<:e, in which he had to r£ogniU the 
 mdependence of Greece, to give up a gi^t pSTS hS 
 
 *-J ^^^^^*y ^^^ ^^ future conduct. This neace war 
 rat^^ m B.C. 197 and in the year following, pCinrs, 
 to the intense delight of the Greeks assembleTaTSie 
 Isthm^ games, proclaimed the freedom and in^Lnd! 
 ence of their country. luuepena- 
 
 The enthusiasm of the Greeks for their liberators how 
 ever soon subsided, for they made the dSv^^ thli 
 what was called their freedom, was in rTlHvTnlv « 
 
 sfrsirr" The^toiWs,whow:i%:fth: 
 
 81^ of the Komans against Macedonia, not considering 
 ^i^Ives sufficiently rewarded for their servicL^nS 
 AnHoch^^ of Syria to wage war againr^riiran^ 
 m^irend^yotzrsweresecondedbyHfnnibal. aSL 
 
 ^^helll ^'T'^ ^r'^'^y ^^'-"^ by the de3 
 ste^s ofCV" ^«*«^!.,*« independence the Greek 
 
 in B*c. 192 crossed over with an army into Eurone But 
 Sf^ff P^r^^ f' "^™ *^^ Hannibal73y hTm' 
 
 Sill pf r ^'P T^ ^*^^^ *^« ««™««« ^ Ita[y he 
 offended P^ip and wasted his time in frivolous amu^ 
 
 ments in Eub<ea^ while the Romans rapidly ^ZS 
 m twT.^ ?«T*^^^ by Aoilius Glabrio, in b c 
 
 effort, and An-tio^h^n^fl h^s^rfl^rk i^^to^ S 
 
n Italy, only 
 
 ut in B.C. 200, 
 A-thens, which 
 it fii-st carried 
 and Philip, 
 favoured by 
 8 Flamimnvs 
 d the enemy's 
 Philip was 
 ^ephalcBy and 
 recognise the 
 t part oS his 
 give hostages 
 is peace was 
 , Flamininus, 
 nbled at the 
 od independ- 
 
 •erators, how- 
 scovery that 
 >ality only a 
 ought on the 
 ' considering 
 aces, invited 
 he Romans, 
 
 Antiochtis, 
 the demand 
 
 the Greek 
 roposal, and 
 urope. But 
 to ally him- 
 n Italy, he 
 Ions amuse- 
 y advanced 
 brio, in B.a 
 
 t any great 
 I into Asia^ 
 
 HlWOllY OP ROME. 
 
 ^\ 
 
 79 
 
 ^e .-^tolians ttNk..l and obtained peace, as the Romans 
 
 Zl."r"' ^ '""^^ '^^ ""^"^y ^^ *^«i^ rear, whUe con- 
 tmuing the war ammi Antiochus. 
 
 armv%r'2o';!on t' ^""''^ "^ Jhermopyl^, a Roman 
 army ot 20,000 won, under the command of Cains 
 I^hus and Mm Cornelius Scipio (who wa^ accom- 
 panied by hw brother Africanus); proceeded to Ask. 
 As Antiochus n^xmA to accept the terms offered by 
 
 ?n wtT^'Il*' \ ^^""^ ^***^« ^"« ^°"g^* ^ear Magnesia, 
 m which the hmi, of Asiatics were^asily overpowered 
 by the R<)man J.^kious. Antiochus then fled to Syria 
 
 tTon tW r "^'"^'^."^^r^ ^^ granted to him on condi- 
 tion that he should give up all his possessions in Asia 
 west of Mount Tttunw, and all his ships of war, and pay 
 a large sum of momy ^ ^ ^^r indemnity. He wi 
 further requestt^d to deliver up Hannibal. The peace 
 wa^ not ratihed at Ilome until b c. 188. The couSes 
 thus ceded by Antiochus were distributed among the 
 
 wlr.lf ^r?' -^'it^' ^'""^ ^^^ ««* y^^ ««°^e when it 
 was thought dewrable to constitute them as Roman pro- 
 vinces. HanmJiul, finding that his life was not safe in 
 Syria, sought the protection of Prusias, king of Bithynia- 
 but here too the liomans pursued hik.. and as PrS 
 
 ILd to'lit l-f K*''*^' ^'"^ ^""^ ^«^««r' Hanrabal put an 
 end to his life hy mmm, b.c. 183. His conqueror, Scipio 
 Africanus, die.! about the same time; he t^ had .pent 
 the last years of hiH life in a kind of exile, into which he 
 had been driven partly by the jealousy of his enemies 
 and partly by km owa insolent and overbeai-ing conduct. 
 
 fcl 
 
 rLAHlMINUS, 
 
BOIPIO AFKlCANUaL 
 
 |. 
 
 CHAPTER YII 
 
 FROM THE PEACE WITH ANTIOCHUS DOWN TO THE TIMB 
 OF THE GRACCHI. 
 
 B.C. 188 TO B.C. 133. 
 
 While these things were going on in the East, the vesee 
 
 o th^^'lct-^ ''•'":'.^' '^?^ in.sun-ectionofrome 
 W-il- i ^^' '^ *^^ "'''■*^' ^^i«h continued their 
 hostilities from b.c. 200 until b.c. 181 when the K^1f« 
 were finally compelled to submit to Rome"' D " 
 war the Boians seem to have been completely extirpated 
 In Spam, where the faithlessness of the Romans oftt^i 
 drove the people into rebellion, they had to mainS theii 
 power sword. n hand A great wL broke out the eln 
 B.C. 181 which continued to mge till b.c. 179 when 
 Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus concluded a peace oiTfa'r 
 and honourable tems, which was long and SuHv re 
 membered by the Spaniards. gratetuiiy re- 
 
 Philip of Macedonia had indeed assisted the T?nir,«nH 
 ^.TZ ^'"" gainst Antiochus, but his hatred "agabst 
 them was as strong as ever. Ho died in B.c. 1 79, af d his 
 
HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 ni 
 
 O THE TIMB 
 
 st, the peace 
 tion of some 
 itinued their 
 n the Kelts 
 During this 
 '■ extirpated. 
 5mans often 
 lintain their 
 )ut there in 
 179, when 
 leace on fair 
 ratefnlly re- 
 he Roman.", 
 red against 
 i79, andhis 
 
 successor, Perseus, at once began to make preparations for 
 a fresh conflict with Rome, for which his father had left 
 iiim ample means. When the last war against Rome broke 
 out, in B.C. 171, Perseus, in consequence of his unwillin<^- 
 ness to part with his treasures, lost some of his valuabfe 
 allies. Although, therefore, he had gained at first some 
 small advantages, he was totally defeated in b.c. 168 in 
 the great battle of Pijdim, by ^milius Paulus. The 
 king with his children, friends, and treasures, fell into the 
 hands of the Romans, and had to adorn the triumph of 
 h s conqueror. Macedonia was now made tributary to 
 x<ome and in order to break its strength, the country was 
 divided into four districts independent of one another 
 
 Shortly after the battle of Pydna, one thousand of the 
 most distinguished Achgeans, accused of havin<^ secretly 
 supported Perseus, were sent to Italy to be tried. But in- 
 stead of having an opportunity afforded them for clearing 
 themselves of the charge, they were kept as hostages and 
 prisoners in various towns of Italy. After spending 
 seventeen years in this manner, and when their numbe? 
 was reduced to three hundred, they were permitted 
 to return tc their country, without any trial having 
 taken place. The island of Rhodes, against which a 
 sum ar charge was brought, lost its Asiatic possessions, 
 and had to recognise the supremacy of Rome. In the year 
 B.C. 149 Andriscus, a runaway slave, pretending to be a 
 son ot the late king Perseus, came forward claiming the 
 throne of Macedonia. As just at that time a third war 
 against Carthage was breaking out, the Macedonians, 
 thinking It a favourable opportunity of recovering their 
 mdependence, flocked round the standard of the pretender 
 But CcecthusMetellus crushed him and his followers in a 
 battle near Pydna, b.c. 148, and a few years later Mace- 
 donia was constituted as a Roman province 
 
 While Metellus was still engaged in settling the affairs 
 of Macedonia, the Romans sent an embassy to Greece 
 «*v, "^ •1'-'''"^ ~"' 7^'."^"-^= t-" u-iiiusB ctparta and some 
 other cities from their league. When the ambassadors 
 communicated this order to the Ach^ans assembled at 
 
 C?J 
 
 l! 
 
 m 
 
9B 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 
 r 
 
 Kormtb they were treated with insult, and there remained 
 nothing bxit to compel the light-headed Greeks before? 
 In B.C. 147, Metellus, after having made the n^s^r^ 
 ai^augements in Macedonia, proceeded southwaT; tT 
 
 himself, havmg a great affection for the Greeks did all 
 
 Jtome. Jilt his term of office was coming to a close and 
 he was obliged to hand over the command of the army to 
 the rude soldier LvrAus Mummins. wl,<., after dStuS 
 the Greeks m a battle on the Isthmus, took and destTo^^^ 
 the wealthy and splendid city of Koi'inth, b.c. iIq^ 
 inhalaunts were either put to the sword o; sold ^slaves 
 and the numerous treasures of art were wantonly destrovS 
 
 anstociacy. But it was not only Kovinth that suffered 
 for Mummius and his soldiery traversed Peloponnesus 
 
 rule ot the Romans the prosperity of many once flourish- 
 ing cities died away, and with it patriotism and the love 
 of hber y gradually vanished. The Spartans continued 
 to mdulge their warlike propensities by selling their 
 ^rvices to any foreign state th^t needed them while tl^ 
 Athenians were valued by their conquerors chiefly as 
 scholars, artists, poets, actors, or dancers, though they 
 rarely gained their esteem and respect ^ 
 
 After the close of the Second Punic War, Carthage 
 during a penod of upwards of fifty years had in .nF 
 extent recovered its firmer prospei^t/ bTindxtt*: 7Z' 
 meix^e, and agriculture. But 'as this pmsneritv S 
 created, so also did the hatred and jealousy Kme ? aS' 
 
 ofThXm^ ""f '.T '' ^^^*^^^^«' aLhetSr^atlon 
 of the Romans, neglected no opportunity of harassinff and 
 annoying the i^viving state. ' One RoLn inTSutar 
 Cato under the influence of a blind and infatuated hatrS 
 In 1 ^^' ""'^'^^^ "^ ^^^'y «P«««^ he made in the senate 
 rA„ — "'^*^ -f, destroying Carthage. MasS!^ 
 tha'ffe in ITJ "^ ""^ u'' ""^'^ inipunity act towards Car- 
 thage in any manner he pleased, drove the unfortunate 
 
HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 B» 
 
 liere remained 
 seks by force, 
 the necessary 
 ithward with 
 battles. He 
 reeks, did all 
 contest with 
 ) a close, and 
 ' the army to 
 ter defeating 
 nd destroyed 
 c. 146. Its 
 )ld IS slaves, 
 dy destroyed 
 ilaces of the 
 lat suffered, 
 aloponnesus, 
 i oppressive 
 nee flourish- 
 md the love 
 s continued 
 elling their 
 ti, while the 
 chiefly as 
 tiough they 
 
 ^ Carthage 
 id to some 
 ustry, com- 
 sperity in- 
 line; and 
 instigation 
 •assing and 
 particular, 
 ited hatred 
 the senate 
 Masinissa, 
 vards Car- 
 ofortiinate 
 
 city into the necessity of defending its rights by force of 
 arms. Upon this the Romans accused Carthage of having 
 violated the peace. The Carthaginians, feeling the inJ 
 possibility of sttccessfully coping with Rome, assured the 
 ambassadors that they had no hostile intentions, and not 
 only sent three hundred of their noblest citizens as hostages 
 to Rome, but offered to deliver up all their ships and 
 arms. This happened in b.c. U9, and when all this was 
 doae, the Romans further demanded, that the Carthagin- 
 lans should i-aze theii- own city to the ground and build 
 a new one at a great distance from the sea. This inao- 
 lent demand drove the jjeople to madness and despair 
 and they resolved to j>erish amid the ruins of their own 
 hon^s rather than yield to such flagrant insolence. All 
 were seized with a bold patriotic spirit, and persons of all 
 ranks and ages, women as well as men, cheerftUiy sacri- 
 ficed all they possessed upon the altar of their country. 
 The whole city was at once changed into a military camp* 
 and nothing was spared that might serve to deliver the 
 country from its impending doom. Such a spirit was too 
 much even for the R<>man legions, whose attacks upon the 
 city were repeatedly repulsed. At last the Romans ap- 
 pointed Comeliug Sdpio jEmiliamis, a young man who 
 had al»eadj given evidence of great military talent, to 
 the eonsulflhip for the year b.c. 147. But even he waa 
 unable to overcome the desperate resistance of the Car- 
 thaginians, for although they suffered from the most 
 tentble fiunine, they defended every inch of ground, 
 even after the enemy had entered the citv. The battle 
 which raged in the streets lasted for six da^s, after which 
 the fury of the invaders and a fearful conflagration changed 
 ^e once proud mistress of the Mediterranean into a heap 
 of rums. Fifty thousand of its inhabitants who escaped 
 from the massacre were sold as slaves ; and Scipio, like 
 his great namesake, was honoured with the surname of 
 Africanus. The territory of Carthage was changed into 
 
 — r-- '• «i»ati -jiii; nami; ui ii^rrica, ana a curse 
 
 was pronounced upon the site of the ancient city, so tha* 
 » auould never be rebuilt^ 
 
 
 m 
 
«4 
 
 HISTORY or KOMB. 
 
 iJ 
 
 ■ '•,> 
 
 such as Num dh E^vr^ f'^"^"' ^""^ *^^^ ^^^ «t^t^». 
 nominaJ iXenJenff'rf ^'^T^^^^' ^nlj enjoyed a 
 prosperity cJtCreTblio^rt^'^^^ "' ^^^ '^' ^"*^^^rd 
 
 a lartre class nf P^^ "^ every icmd of foreign luxury, 
 
 Itad beei fimHy sl^TtWnn? ^ ''!i ^'^^titution of Rome 
 beians had b /Jfee 1- ^ *°^^ Patricians and ple- 
 eoualitv W i° ^'' P^'''*'^ "P°" ^ footing of perfect 
 
 based ite chL^nul '^1, ^"^?/^*r^«^««d l>y law, 
 
 those whac^llM C ftlToi'Sa'crr^^^ ^'^* ^^ 
 with the great offict^^ nf ^f^^^^^^ ^^a* had been nwestecl 
 
 selves aa Sed t^ thl t "T^^'""' ^^"^^ "^^^^ '^^^- 
 bad na such alel s to T' ^7^'' ^'^'^^ *^««« ^^« 
 
 lav between f h*. ^,\ T. ^i ^^' * hencef(>rtb the struggle 
 ^Lll7^dlu't ^""t^^^r^^r that is, between those 
 
 matters of autiQiii.-.-.^n ! '^ .• ""^^^^^ were becoming 
 
 the art. ui Sta^' :;? 0^^: tfaTr"'?""'' 
 of the Ga-eeks waa so „Lj^^^ ,>t ^'■■^": !»«'«■"« 
 "- a sort of cor™,,t Greek "atite.lXtlirSr: u^^^ 
 
Histoat OP ROM& 
 
 istress of all tbe 
 the few states, 
 only enjoyed a 
 IS the outward 
 were in a very 
 J had ac<}«ired 
 'oreign luxury, 
 more and more 
 ution of Rome 
 cians and ple- 
 )tmg of perfect 
 'es or pptimatea 
 gnised by law, 
 nours, that is, 
 been invested 
 ^ upon them- 
 lile those who 
 called obscnre 
 succeeded ia 
 I very rarely 
 {novus homo), 
 > the struggle 
 •etween those 
 powers, and 
 ggle hard to 
 
 d Oeeee, the 
 idy shown its 
 1 private life, 
 lis and Greek 
 ii' vay into 
 r been so far 
 re becoming 
 jarch. The 
 i© gvfQ their 
 ^ersant with 
 he influence 
 iit have be- 
 ?udeucv ucA 
 
 S6 
 
 been cliecked by a body of men who still clung tenaciously 
 to the ways and manners of their ancestors. This party 
 was headed by Forcius Cato, who in his censorship did 
 all he could to put down the prevailing fashion. In B.C. 
 155, he carried a decree by which three Greek philo- 
 sophers, who had been sent to Rome as ambassadors and 
 had attracted crowds of young men to their lectures, were 
 ordered to quit the city. Long before this time,' it had 
 been found uecessaiy to forbid the celebration of the 
 festivals of Bacchus {Bacchanalia), which had been intro- 
 duced into Rome from Southern Italy, and at which 
 every kind of vice and licentiousness was practised. Cato 
 counteracted the tendency of the age, not only by lecal 
 enactments but also by his writings on agriculture and 
 on the early history of the Italians. But even ho, unable 
 to swim against tlie cun-ent, commenced the study of 
 Greek in his old age. 
 
 The enormous wealth accumulated at Rome produced 
 vast changes among the citizens of the republic. Their 
 humble dwellings were exchanged for stately villas sur- 
 rounded by parks, and filled with costly furniture and 
 precious works of art, carried away from the conquered 
 countries and cities. The Roman ladies especially in- 
 dulged in extravagant luxury and dress, against which 
 legal enactments were powerless. The ancient and frugal - 
 mode of life, and the pursuit of agiiculture, wei-e more 
 and more abandoned, young men preferring military ser- 
 vice abroad to the peaceful employments at home. The 
 great mass of the soldiers liked best to serve under a 
 commander who connived at every kind of licence, for 
 which they rewarded him by tteir votes in the as- 
 sembly, when he offered himself as a candidate for any 
 of the high offices. The besetting sin of these times was 
 the hunting after popularity, which the wealthy nobles 
 endeavoured to gain by every means, however base, and 
 more especially by amusing the people with splendid 
 
 _ .,. ,.,..,,,-, ,.., rriir-^ii Liic xvuiiia.n:; ax an uraes 
 
 entertained a passionate fondness. Such games were 
 1104 as in Greece, a stiraulus io noble deeds, but consisted 
 
 m 
 
 
«6 
 
 HISTORY OF ROUE. 
 
 U 
 
 W. 
 
 frrS^ war^ ''' ?' ?^^'^"' ^"^^*^^ ^^^ «ver eager for 
 ^v«^o .otlevi^'i ^^^y^ ^''^ ^y ^^ provinces 
 
 U was ,mmed,ately overran by usurers and mom^Sra 
 W. ?na tW • f ', t™ "«"'"'' extortion in the pro 
 guilty of ^.alrrffen:^, o°^wt; Ss^w^^.t t" 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
HISTORY Ot ROME. 
 
 which fostered 
 
 mWmg that of 
 n poverty and 
 J by vices and 
 Romans looked 
 th, and treated 
 r had reducd 
 
 lucrative, and 
 'M-W8, readers, 
 >hfcd enormous 
 i^'es of Corsica 
 
 But although 
 it, its outwai'd 
 le great public 
 as high roads, 
 tly attest the 
 ns. 
 
 jver eager for 
 ira of foreign 
 ) amass enor- 
 the provinces 
 t were farmed 
 I to the state 
 ) right either 
 set the taxes, 
 rtion and op- 
 nan province, 
 loney-lenders, 
 tax-gatherei-s. 
 n in the pro 
 o the Koman 
 
 either been 
 iv^ard to them 
 led generally 
 
 nees and the 
 (vincials into 
 nia in Spain, 
 
 87 
 
 y^hereSn/juctus GaBn treachorously caused the peonlo to 
 a.sen.ble before him without their L„s, and t\LTt\t 
 soldiery loose upon them and had them all massHcred 
 WrJh ,' ^ bmve LuBitanian, who had escaped on that 
 terr ble day x-alhed roun<l him a^ many of his countrvmen 
 ^ he could, and waged a desperate war against' the 
 RomanB which last..! from B.C. 148 to B.C. HO, and n 
 which the Romans often suffered terrible ses In 
 
 B.C. 141. the Romans were even obliged jucludo a 
 
 peace with him in which they had to^ecognise* h m as 
 the r fnend and ally. This, however, was felt to b. su "h 
 a humilui ion that in the year following the war wjia 
 renewed ; but even then they got rid of their enemy only 
 b hiring assassins, who murdered him in his own tent 
 J.he Lusitanians indeed continued the war a few years 
 
 WrK'-,^"Ji' "^ "•^- l'*!^ ^^^y ^^^'■e comi,elled to submit 
 .. ^.l.st the war against the Lusitanians was still going 
 on, another broke out with the Celtiherimis, B.C. 143 
 . Their capital, i\«,n«;,<^ situated on a lofty eminence on 
 the river DunuH, was besieged for a period of five years 
 during which Its inhabitants displayed the utmost bravery 
 in B.c 137, the consul Hostilius Mancinus was reduced 
 to siich straits as to be obliged to conclude a peace with 
 the Numantines, by which he had to recognise their in- 
 dependence. But the Roman senate refu.sed to sanction 
 
 tt En W^^"' ""^^^""^ ^ '•^ '^""^^^^ "P ^ 
 The war wa^ thus renewed, and the Numantines, as 
 before, defended themselves most heroically. Scipio, the 
 destroyer of Carthage, then received the command of the 
 army and the unenviable task of torturing to death a 
 heroic people He continued the siege with increased 
 vigour, and tJie city suffered from such a terrible ?am?ne 
 that un- some time they fed upon the corpses of thei^ 
 
 kflJ'A '''•"^*^ ^^ ^^* ^ ^-^^ 133, after having 
 killed their wives and children, they threw open the 
 gates ot their citv anrl anwonH^,.^ nnu ,. , V ^ 
 
 vivors was very small, and the long sufieiings they had 
 undergone had m much changed their features, that they 
 
 1 
 
 I' 
 
 i-i 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 1^ 
 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 
 l.i 
 
 
 IL25 ill 1.4 
 
 u 
 
 1.6 
 
 k 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 /. 
 
 f/u 
 
 fA 
 
 V 
 
 v; 
 
 
 
 .-> 
 
 >/ 
 
 %' 
 
 PhotDgraphic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 Jv 
 
 '^ 
 
 « 
 
 <b 
 
 V 
 
 
 

 
88 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 scarcely resembled buman beings. Scipio then destroyed 
 the city, the rums of which still exist, a monument of 
 the brave struggle of the Numantines for freedom and 
 independence. Spam now became a Roman province 
 and being completely exhausted, remained quiet for many 
 
 In the year in which Numantia fell, Attains, king of 
 Pergamus died and bequeathed his treasures and his 
 kmgdom to he Roman people. Two years later, Aris 
 
 and claimed the kingdom as his lawful inheritance As 
 he was supported by many who hated the Roman do- 
 minion he was enabled to place himself at the head of a 
 general insurrection of the lonians and Lydians This 
 led to a war with Rome, which, with varying success 
 wa3 continued into the year B.c. 130, when it wa? brought 
 to a close by Perperna, who took Aristonicus prisoner 
 and carried him to Rome in triumph. In this war The 
 Romans had been assisted by Mithradates V., kin- of 
 rontus, who received as his reward the country called 
 Phrygia, but the kingdom of Pergamus was coStituted 
 m a itoman province under the name of Asia. 
 
 COIN OF ANTI0CHU8. 
 
OAIUS UARWB. 
 
 CHAtTER Vin. 
 
 ?K)M THE TIME OP THE ORACCHI DOWN TO THE FIRST 
 WAE AGAINST MITHRADATES. 
 
 B.C. 133 TO B.C. 88. 
 
 ^^S'r'' ^^"^f.^«3^' «r ^^-^ " optimates," as they called 
 themselves consisting of both patricians and plebeians 
 had gradually stepped into the place of the old pEians ' 
 
 :lf the"f nf 't:?'^ -t -cognise them as'fdS 
 order, they nevertheless endeavoured by all means to 
 secxire the exclusive possession of the grelt offices and of 
 but tTr 'T^' .?t ^r"^' "«^ coSparativeTylalf 
 t^nn nf ^r'*''\'r ^^ ¥^ ''' *^^^^ hands the administra! 
 ad *^%^'^P"^ t« '^^d «f tl^e provinces, and thus they 
 alone reaped wealth nud ; lory from foreign wars. In tli,^ 
 manner they amassed enormous riches, while multitudes 
 
 who hT^ ''" P°T'^- . ^^" «^^" l^^ded proprietor. 
 S .1 ''T "'^^^'^^^^"^^d the strength of the republic 
 
 arisen a class of men who spent their life in idleness and 
 were ready to sell their votes to the highest bdder 
 Theu- number had latterly been much increased bvfhe 
 
 iL\T/^ f^ proprietors of large estates had them cul- 
 tivated by free peasants or clients, things had gone ou 
 
 i 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
90 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 c»; ; : 
 
 k 
 
 f. 
 
 pret y fairly, but T/hen the noblea began to employ bo(li>« 
 of slaves m their cultivation instead of fre7 aLm-e^ 
 thousands of Eoman citizens were reduced o the coS 
 t^on of beggars or vagrants. Many a wise and nob «' 
 Roman seeing before him the abyss^intrwhich the ^^ 
 
 duced th? vote- b/Uot IT^S:^ o^S^ 
 and two years later the tribvr .,e Cassia ZongSf^^,^ 
 
 law^ ;^'Tu"t1her^ "^^ ^' ^^^^^ in' r^pullr 
 bribe:;:Joduc^eS\fe%p:reTect"^l^^^^^^^ ~ 
 
 by the distribution of the public land nf «,>.• i. ll . 
 me xjatins. Ihe latter, how- ver, was dista^^f^fni +« ^i 
 
 for upwards of two yea.^, and was ca4d on ^^^ ^f ^te 
 bitterness and ferocity of slaves bui-.^- +w i • ^ 
 
 brought to a close ^y Ru^mL " o^'"tW^ So 
 slaves are said to have been killed in i. ^^'^^^ 
 
 Occurrences like these showed what'tn,Vli+ i,„ 
 Italy, if the actual system was S^ev3*>P^^ '" 
 Romans saw the evil, but no one Ija^ f t? . ^**"^ 
 
 forwai-d as a reformed, i^.tUi^B c^33tT"-^" ^ '""^" 
 n^^«.(?W.^.,asonofCornel^aXd^^^^^ 
 
 earned a law re^nacting the Licinian law which flK»K 
 It had never been repealed, had ii thr'crurs« n^?"^^ 
 become a dead letter ThL inL ^^^ °^ *""« 
 
 Been .i,/«^f n ^ ^^^» ^ ^^ have already 
 
 S^ of S? ^u,"^ f^y person to hold more than^O 
 
 '^T.f.Z^'^^t""^'' *^^-^^^--- ^ be taken 
 ... sv„,^ in>HBi««iora ana distributed among poor 
 
m to employ bodies 
 
 of free labourers, 
 iuced to the condi- 
 
 a wise and noble 
 into which the re- 
 ledies for the ever- 
 me Gabiniiis intro- 
 on of magistrates, 
 9 Longinus carried 
 ting in the popular 
 tended to prevent 
 
 A better remedy 
 dent middle class 
 of which the state 
 he franchise upon 
 distasteful to the 
 aer to the avarice 
 fears entertained 
 
 greatly increased 
 ppening in Sicily, 
 1 B.C. 134, broke 
 5rs and the whole 
 mr, which lastttl 
 d on with all the 
 theii' chains, was 
 ore than 20,000 
 
 night happen in 
 ered in. Many 
 
 courage to come 
 Tiberius Sempro- 
 hter of the elder 
 me of the pleha, 
 ^ which, though 
 
 course of time 
 e have already 
 more than 600 
 as to be taken 
 ed among poor 
 
 HISTOny OK ROMR. 
 
 91 
 
 auzens m small lots as their full property. A commis- 
 Kion of three men was to be appointed to superintend the 
 ^rZ. .!r!J:*wu ^'«*"bution. At the same time it was 
 proposed that the property which had just then been 
 « bequeathed to the Koman people by King Attalus, shoulS 
 be divided among those who received land, in order to 
 enable them to purchase stock and agricultuml imple- 
 Sf K-n ^\VP*f^a,t«^ beaded by Scij>io Nasica, opposed 
 the bill with all their might, and induced the tribune 
 Octeyius to put his veto on the proposal of his colleague. 
 In this scheme they succeeded all the more easily, because 
 Octavius himseK possessed more of the public find than 
 the law aUowea. Gracchus left no means untried to 
 persuade his colleague to give up his opposition, but wi*. 
 out success. He waa therefore forced either to abandon 
 Mb patriotic scheme altogether, or to get rid of Octaviua 
 He adopted the latter course, which, tLough unconsti- 
 tutional, yet was justifiable on moral gromids. In a 
 
 anrr"-ijl*'^^'^ ?^""*'"« ^^ ^^ P««P^« ^« proposed 
 and (^led the deposition of Octavius. This procedure 
 
 Tl y.'''^^''^^^ ^^^fidle against him, and ^th some 
 
 ni^^tw f ^^ "'P"^^^"' *^^ ^^^"^ «P^d the malicious 
 E^ T? T^ ^''l^'^S ^* ""*^^^« ^i^self king of 
 
 Kome. The people in thc^ ignorance being easily misled, 
 began to suspect the motives of Gracchus, and when he 
 offered himself as a candidate for tiie tribuneship for tiie 
 foUowmg year, it was evident that his popularity had 
 been undermmed, and the optimates, with th'eir followers, 
 created a tumult, in which Gracchus with three hundred 
 of his fnend« was kUled. This scene of bloodshed w^ 
 followed by every kind of persecution of the friends of 
 the tribune, m wnich the nobles revenged themselves for 
 tibe fear they had suffered of being deprived of theii- illegal 
 possessions. "'cg«« 
 
 .«lf l*^"?V^^ optimates had gained a complete victory. 
 8tdl the tribunes had become aware of their nower «nd 
 i^uence, and by their perseverance succeeded in the 
 years which now followed to carry several popular eiCfc 
 
 % 
 
 "5 'I 
 
 
 m 
 
 ilk 
 
 m 
 
§■ 
 
 i\ 
 
 92 
 
 HISTORY OF HOME. 
 
 dreaded : but all ttlv T^ *. "W'osi'ion they most 
 
 agrarian law. '^''' ^^^ ^^'^^actment of his brother's 
 
 witwZrVpS^^^^ ^^ - popular, that 
 
 the followinc. yeaf Kri • , .^' re-elected tribune for 
 in the second T t hfd b it 'r f 7' '^ ^'' ^ ^^^ 
 law he carried ordained that 7hlf '* ^'^"' ^^^ fi^«* 
 hitherto been comZed nf ! ^^'"^ ^°"'^'' ^^^^h had 
 forth consist of eTS or welHf''' '"\^' ^^^'^^^ ^^^^e- 
 example, senators' act s:d oftxtorZ'' "'.'^ '' *^^*' ^- 
 were no longer tried by the^ peetw ^ '^^\P^'^^i^«^« 
 heli< vd to be honest and ,-,5',^^''^°'^^^^"ien 
 
 had reference to the dLribut n^ ^^.f '*• ^^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 henceforth was to take plt^lifl^^^^ ^^7^".^^^' "^^^^ 
 magistrates. Other meaJmS ^ ! *^- "^ ^^^'*^^^ "^ *lie 
 ployment to the p^r^a resTn^^r^"?^ ^ ^^^^ «™- 
 roads, constructing of pS b, ?]^ ""^^i^^ ^^ Public 
 
 undertakings. His U rirn- i^'-^''^' • °*^'' "'"^"^ 
 could be exnectS w Proceeded aa satisfact. -ily as 
 
 conferred upon the lS f jl ?^ ^'^^"^^'^ ^^^^^^ be 
 Livius Druius one of 7hl .' ^P^^^^tes prevailed upon 
 
 popular meZ'rerand t SoS'th '"*'^', ^"^^^"'^^ 
 greater advantag;8. By ?h7s ' 1 i'^'P^" ''^^'^ ^"^ 
 undermining the popularLnfpT ^^^^ succeeded in 
 his i-e-electfon tHhe iJ?hi T /' """^ ^ 
 When his second year of l^/h? ^^' *^^ *^^^ ^^^r^ 
 he was divested of the Lr^d ct T' ^ ^ ^'^^^ "^^^ 
 -mies gave the reinrtoTettr^^^^l^.^r^^^^^ ^'' 
 -braces whxch then ensued, the^c^nsul fes; ^per: 
 
B. 
 
 various contrivance^ 
 Pposition they most 
 ^s did not prevent 
 >^ounger and more 
 Bering himself as a 
 year b.c. 123. He 
 1 carried a number 
 'aken the power of 
 ons for the poorer 
 Qent of his brother's 
 
 dm so popular, that 
 sleeted tribune for 
 tivity was as great 
 •St year. The first 
 courts, which had 
 nly, should hence- 
 talists, so that, for 
 
 in the provinces 
 ' by a body of men 
 at. Another law 
 
 provinces, which 
 'e election of the 
 gned to give em- 
 naking of public 
 
 and other useful 
 
 satisfart, -ily as 
 on by hi. xriend 
 anchise should be 
 's prevailed upon 
 tbid Gracchus in 
 )eople other and 
 ley succeeded in 
 nd in preventing 
 the third year. 
 
 to a close and 
 of a tribune, his 
 
 during the dia- 
 Opimius, a per- 
 
 HISTORY or ROMH. 
 
 M 
 
 and feehng sure of impunity, if he could only lavTsh 
 
 into Africa soon discovered that they could bpn<^?7.T 
 selves more by accepting the bribes ^^^^1^^^^^^ 
 adopting vigorous measures against him WI en thl^hZ 
 came kno.n at Rome, MemnUus again iear^X e^VO^ed 
 the shameless conduct of those who h«.l heeui2^!!l^- 
 with the management of the war Tn^'^rlV *'"^^"=*'^ 
 summoned to bJ., and elt Zw iS^ve^lfpS 
 
 Mi 
 
 
94 
 
 HTSTORY OP IJOME. 
 
 Mil 
 
 ll 
 
 punfehnmnt, had h„ not had the audacity to nnmfer Tom>. 
 Masaiva, a grandson of Masini>«^ He waa^e^^ 
 
 a&ainnf Turr,?,.*!, x xi ' ^"''"isted the command 
 
 dZlLl H« T^^r^ ""^r" P«"«^«^ -manners he 
 fiSn^uch^l f •f^'t'^^u *l^*^g«i«ted himself aS 
 gamed much popularity by the vigorous maimer in which 
 he had opposed and attacked the ^-oceedings of th^noW^ 
 His personal valour and military talents ^o were ^en^ 
 ally known, and the people even then sel to havTlS 
 upon him aa Uie only man cajmble of brin^nathe w!^ 
 against Jugurtha to a close Thp vp«. Ift T ^*T 
 
 Rome to ofer himself as a candidate for the conB^fw^ 
 The xn«olent manner in which Metellus tre^tedTk^ on 
 ^t occasion only fired his ambition. On his arri^ at 
 Rome he wa« received with the gi^atest enSiu^m bv 
 
 oi bTi07 &^"' -^onlyjTtained thecoTiiJ 
 loi B.C 10/, but was commissioned to undertake the war 
 agamst Jugurtha as the successor of MetlkT £i74 
 m organismg his army, enlisted large numLrs^"^ 
 
 »o excellent a manner, that thev bpnnmA «,«^^ *u 
 
 106.'jog„«h^^2^^j^'2rt^.!Sf:^'t^- ^ 
 surowu mto a d»g,«^ wW he w« lii;^ tolitr' 
 
city to nrarder yormg 
 He waa ordered to 
 ed, but in so careless 
 id at the growth of 
 irusted the command 
 t bi-ave and honest 
 P two years manag- i 
 er, and restored the 
 
 5k with him Caitis 
 Marius was a man 
 imbition and full of 
 )li8hed manners he 
 lished himself and 
 is manner in which 
 edingsofthenoblea 
 its also were gener- 
 eem to have looked 
 ' bringing the war 
 ir after his arrival 
 ommander to go to 
 for the consulship, 
 as treated him on 
 
 On his arrival at 
 est enthusiasm by 
 ned the consulship 
 undertake the war 
 Hetellua Marius, 
 e numbers of the 
 i trained them in 
 ame more than a 
 as driven to such 
 i father-in-law, for 
 ^oung noble, who 
 
 quBBgtor, indu(»d 
 uUa brought him ^ 
 ited the war, B.a ^ 
 
 itmillYiw^V* Aro'l AT 
 
 tarved to dsfttb. 
 
 HISTORY OF BOMB. 
 
 m 
 
 Italy was at this time threatened by an invasion of 
 i r^ r^"'' '"^^^^^"^We dian any it had yet experienced, 
 I and It was most fortunate that the Roman armies were 
 ■ nl!rf/ "^^"^J^^ ^rica. The Gimbri, a Keltic host, 
 ^ a^ J'''''S'* .^^ «0"^^otions among eastern nations 
 i £P^^'f? "^ Noricum in B.c. 113, where they were joined 
 &r-r>'* °^™***^« ^^«'^* «r Germans.^ tS 
 I Umbn had no other object but to find new homes in 
 I ^^n Europe, and promised to commit no act of 
 hostility agamst the Romans or their allies. They kept 
 ^Z^.L^^'tl ^iS* ^^^ nevertheless treacherously 
 Sl^^!? i^ *^^ rS^""^^" ^«^^ ^''^^^' <*ey completely 
 defeated them. They then proceeded into Gaul, which 
 they ravaged m all directions ; and in the course of four 
 yeara seveml Roman armies were routed by the invaders 
 on the banks of the Rhone and on the lake of Genem 
 Kome was alarmed as in the days of Hannibal, and 
 Manus again was the man to whom all looked with con- 
 fidence. Although he had not yet returned from Africa, 
 he was elected m his absence to the consulship for B.a 
 1U4 and the same honour was conferred on him succes- 
 sively m the four following years. The Cimbri, after 
 their several victones over the Romans, instead of invad- 
 ing Italy, proceeded to Spain, which they ravaged in the 
 same manner as they had ravaged Gaul ; but & b.c. 102 
 they returned to Gaul, where in the meantime the Teu- 
 tones also had arrived. 
 
 Ever since his second consulship Marius had with 
 great care tramed and disciplined his army for the coming 
 atruggle and when the Cimbri returned from Spain! 
 Manus fought a great battle near Aquse Sexti» (!^ 
 agamst the Teutones, and their whole body was nearly 
 
 Z. .t^i ^"* "^^^r^ile the Cimbri were descending 
 from the Alps into Italy, and the army opposed to them 
 under Zutattv^ Catnlus, had to retreat before them to the 
 ^uthem bank of the Po. On hearing of this, Marius 
 witn his torces hasten^^d *<i ^ic »-^K^^ — 4 «+ - -i- - n • 
 Campi Raudu, near Vercellse, he defeated, in B.C. 101, the 
 Cmhn a« completely as he had the year before defeated 
 
 V 
 
 If -f 
 
 I 
 
 
 iii 
 
 
 
 
u« 
 
 If 
 
 ft 
 
 r'p 
 
 i 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 the Tcutones. Manus was now universally ^-eeted m 
 the deliverer of Italy, and the sixth consulshin^B c loS^ 
 was the reward of his glorious victories. ^' ' 
 
 Ihe popular or democratic party was now triumphant 
 and the nobles fearing to lose Vhat they cons 32 
 rights, united under the leadership of Sulla who w^ 
 peUTairthe""^ than Mai-ius, a'nd comli'ned'L h!^ 
 
 T!7i ^ ^^""^ *" ^P'^^^'^^J ^^atred of Mai-ius who 
 dated by his victories, acted in many wafs Ts' if he 
 
 Sd the'SS: °' 1'\''""T ^^P^^'i' anfe'n su; 
 ported the infamous tribune Appuleius Saturninus whn 
 tyrannised over the assembly of the peoT and bv 
 main force and violence carried a number 'of enac^ 
 
 rSarsfn"!;- ^^^^r/l *^^^ *^^ land-l^red 
 by Maims in Africa and Gaul should be distributed 
 among his veterans. O^cilius Metellus, X opS 
 
 exile. haturmnus succeeded in causing himself to be 
 elected twice to the tribuneship by munler Zhis com 
 petifcors m b.-oad daylight. In B.a 100 he went so fS." 
 
 monstei. Saturnmus, with Glaucia and his followp,^ 
 withdrew to the Capitol, where they were besieged bS 
 
 uraeieci neai ly all of them to be put to death AftPr 
 these scenes, Marius for a time withdrew from pubHc 
 Ixfe^and the party feuds seemed to be subsiding ^ ° 
 ^ But Sulla neglected no opportunity of wounding the 
 
 close beWpTf i"- "^^* *^^ ^^" ^'S^""«<^ Jngvxvtha to a 
 Close belonged to him, and not to Marius But far 
 
 weightier matters than these personal dHv,-"^ -p^ 
 
 as^ucting the public mind. Thi reform intlXed bj 
 
IE. 
 
 niversally greeted as 
 
 consulship, b.c. 100, 
 fies. 
 
 was now triumphant, 
 they considered their 
 
 of Sulla, who was 
 nd combined in his 
 )f the Roman aris- 
 d of Mai-ius, who, 
 lany ways as if he 
 iblic, and even sup- 
 ■iizs Saturninus, who 
 ;he people, and by 
 
 number of enact- 
 he lands conquered 
 ould be distributed 
 ell us, who opposed 
 bune, was sent into 
 sing himself to be 
 nurdering his com- 
 100 he went so far 
 ninded Caius Mem- 
 3 consulship for his 
 my other atrocities, 
 clare against Satur- 
 
 citizens to defend 
 ip arms against the 
 
 and his followera, 
 fvere besieged ; but 
 ■ender, and Marius 
 ' to death. After 
 idrew from public 
 subsiding. 
 ' of wounding the 
 ^ to show that the 
 inst Jugurtha to a 
 Marius. But far 
 lal disputes were 
 i*m introduced by 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 or 
 
 I 
 
 Ow^chus regardmg the courts of law had proved a com- 
 P^ete failure for the equites were found to be as accessible 
 to bribes a^ the senators had been before, and in fact the 
 one body helped and played into the hands of the other • 
 the number of poor was increasing year by year which 
 enabled the rich by their bribery to .^onopo^is^edi ^olS 
 cal power; and lastly, the Latins and Italian allies had 
 oh se""' F.7 '^^TT\ ^^ Je^^anding the Roman frau- 
 cnZi T T^ ^"^ ^^^ '''"^^^ ^ Sr^PP^e with these 
 questions, but in b c. 91, the eloquent tribune Livins 
 ^rusus undertook the task. His first attempt consisted 
 in a proposal to divide the judicial power equally between 
 the senators and the equites; he next aimed at checkin<. 
 themcrease of pauperism, by distributing the public land 
 among the poor and by the establishment of colonies; his 
 thud measure demanded the franchise for all the Italilms 
 The exaspemtion of the nobles against him was so greatj 
 that before he was able to bring forward his third bSl, he 
 
 ZnT^w /"" ^'' °T ^°"'^- T^« ^^^^^ allies, now 
 seeing that it was useless to try to obtain what they 
 wanted by constitutional means, resolved to conquer by 
 torce of arms what was so recklessly refused to their 
 ^Zf^t M ""^^ *'^"« l^^-^ke out in B.C. 90, commonly 
 called the Marsian or Social War, which blazed forth at 
 once in all parts of Italy. 
 
 fhJ?i!-^°«^.^f^ ''^?'' extended the franchise beyond 
 thp ^T^f^r *"^ V^^«^ ^^^^^ber was completed about 
 the end of the First Punic W The rights enjoyed by 
 the Latins and Latin coloniep aj>proached nearest to th^ 
 
 ST^ r'tf ^' "^'^ '^ ^""^ '-^''^^«'^* ^^^ ttey must be 
 the fai-st to obtain equal rights with the Romans. The 
 
 D™' a '^t *^!V' ^''* ^^°P" "P°^ *^e efforts of Livius 
 i)i usus, and when they were disappointed in this, all the 
 
 tW r/^^'°"''7'^^ *^" ^^^■«i^'^« ^^^^ Sam;iites at 
 decL.r?i; -''"'^f tJ^f »«elves into a confederacy and 
 to iri?r ^'' S^,^l^e^^^e^^«« of Rome. Their plan was 
 to establish a^_ Itelian republic governed by two consuls, 
 
 di^ "?f ' ^^.^1'^"'^^ ^^^^^ ^«« henceforth to be called 
 Itahca, Its capital. The annies of the confederates were 
 
 fi' 
 
 ',t'.' 
 
 ;^r 
 
 m 
 m 
 
98 
 
 m 
 
 HISTORY OP ROMB. 
 
 seemed to promise success; but fortunately for RouT 
 
 Umb^r SnS - '*f/ " ^;^i ^ *^« EtruscansTnd 
 prreSeir rlo^n •^°"' *^^ confederacy, and in o«ler to 
 prevenu their doing so, a law waa proposed and carried 
 
 v^ZTt '''^, ««»f«"*d «Pon all the Latins: and two 
 the no^^A/^-^*^^?^^^"« ^^^ XJmbrians were on 
 piLShem'^r^''? *^' confederates, Rome wisely pr<S 
 war h^ in S« r' ^'I.S^*^"^ t^"'^ the fmnchise/ The 
 war Had in the meantime been carried on in several Dart« 
 of Itely, and many a bloody battle had been fZht ^S 
 th^ concessions made by Rome to the LatinsritruscfiS 
 
 a^fes "irth'e'r^'^^^ 'T^'' ^^^ *^« hopTTthi 
 nl„!!' • T* , ^""^ *""®' ^™e was anxious to restow 
 SlZJj^^^' ^?r ** ^«* threatened by a wa^S 
 
 W1U8 aamitted to the franchise, were, however not nnf «« 
 
 !(' 
 
 COIN or suuA. 
 
►r conducting the trar 
 rtunately for Rome, 
 aa the Etruscans and 
 racy, and in order to 
 •roposed and carried 
 >.0. 90, whereby the 
 le Latins; and two 
 I Umbrians were on 
 !8, Rome wisely pro- 
 the franchise, llie 
 i on in several parts 
 I been fought. But 
 5 Latins, Etruscans, 
 d the hopes of the 
 anxiouB to restore 
 ened by a war with 
 I by this danger, the 
 ans who shcmld lay 
 This measure pro- 
 »d the Social War, 
 00,000 men. All 
 es, who afterwards 
 . The new citizens 
 owever, not put on 
 e old ones, and, as 
 t gave liae^toijresh 
 
 A aoMAir ALTAB, 
 
 OHArTER IX 
 
 FBOM THE FIRST WAR AGAINST MITHRADATES, DOWIT 
 TO THE DEATH OF SULLA. 
 
 B.O. 88 TO B.C. 78. 
 
 At the time when the Romans were at w- fth Arim 
 
 Wof P^^ V"^ T- ^T^ '"""' ^y Mithradates Y\ 
 W iddiSlJif' ^^?' which they afterwards rewanled him' 
 Mi,r A? ^^g^a to hia kingdom. But m soon aa 
 Mithradates was dead, they took it away, and hT su^ 
 
 ZTe^sfZ"t: ^^-'beiig still very yo^gand\L\Te 
 by evel^l^^r *.* *^\*^°^«» strengthened himself 
 MitwZfJT^ ^' especially by enlarging his kingdom. 
 addS telll +^ T'^!** ^ ^""'^ ^^^<^^on, and in 
 Soid L^ the advantages which Greek culture could 
 attord, he ^sessed great courage and enterprise When 
 he was sufficiently prepared tTmeet the Z^ he no 
 
 Sffw^h r1' *° ^A^^^« ,?..*^« affai^rTountri:: 
 jtxiita witn Kome ; and hm wpll^iic/.;T>i,v^j 4. 
 
 . mateh for the »„„«„, wCneTef w 'l^f TZ 
 •verp^hete welcomed by ike Greeks, who SeJ „^t 
 
 
 
100 
 
 U K 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 him as their dehverer from the Romans. In b.o 88 he 
 w said in one day to have ordered the massacre of 80 000 
 Komans residmg in the different towns of Asia. When 
 he had obtamed possession of all Asia Minor, he sent his 
 Greek genera , Archelaus, with a large army into Greece 
 where his arrival was hailed by the chief dties, such as 
 Athens and Thebes, as that of a deliverer 
 
 These proceedings of the Pontian king called for im- 
 mediate and energetic measures. The Roman senate 
 accordmgly, entrusted the supreme command against him 
 ^o^ulla who was elected consul for B.C. 88. Sulla, who 
 
 f^-l« ?!r"'?'^ ^''""'f ^^ *^" ^^''^^ War, was at the 
 
 Manus ^It greatly hurt at being thus passed over, as the 
 war against Mithradates was one in which glory and 
 wealth would be the sure reward of the conqueror. 
 Under the influence of this feeling, Marius allied himself 
 with the tribune Pi,bhus Sulpicius, who, partly bv 
 violence and partly by a cunning distribution of the new 
 citizens among the old thirty-five tribes, carried a proposal 
 depriving Sulla of the command against Mithradates and 
 confemng it upon Marius. When Sulla was informed 
 ol this, he straigl tway marched with his army to Rome 
 which bemg unprepared, was forced to admit him and 
 h,s soldiei-s. The_ popular party offered a most deter- 
 mmed resistance m the streets of the city, but Sulla 
 succeeded in putting his enemies to flight. He used th's 
 victory with gi-eat moderation, outlawing only Marius 
 . I-'S'' ?x *^^ "^""^^ conspicuous leaders. Marius with 
 great difficulty escaped to Minturn^, and thence crossed 
 over into Africa, where he is said to have sj^ent his time 
 among the rums of Carthage, carefully watching the 
 course of events in Italy. o "» 
 
 Sulla spent some time at Rome, making such arrange- 
 ments as might insure peace and tranquillity in the cfty 
 during his absence in the East. He went so far in his 
 moderation as to allow Lucius Cornelius Cimm a leader 
 oi the democrats, to be elected consul for b.c. 87, to<^ether 
 With his aristocratic friend, C^ievus Octavius. Leaving 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 101 
 
 B.O. 88, he 
 B of 80,000 
 ia. When 
 he sent his 
 ito Greece, 
 es, such as 
 
 ed for ira- 
 
 lan senate 
 
 gainst him 
 
 Sulla, who 
 
 was at the 
 
 Samnites. 
 
 ver, as the 
 
 glory and 
 
 conqueror. 
 
 ed himself 
 
 partly by 
 
 f the new 
 
 a proposal 
 
 dates, and 
 
 informed 
 
 to Jlome, 
 
 him and 
 
 ost detez'- 
 
 but Sulla 
 
 used this 
 
 y Marius 
 
 irius with 
 
 e ci'ossed 
 
 his time 
 
 hing the 
 
 an'ange- 
 L the city 
 ir in his 
 a leader 
 together 
 Leaving 
 
 «ie command against tlie Samriites to Pompeius Rufus 
 Sulla went with his array to Greece, where Thebes sub- 
 mitted to him without striking n blow. Archelaus, after 
 two blooay battks, was put to flight. Sulhi then maa-ched 
 against At/iem, which, after a long siege, diiring which 
 Its inhabit^nte suffered from the most t<:mble famine, 
 was token and plundered, b.c. 86. His ecnducfc toward. 
 Athens was marked by the greatest barlxuity : the forti- 
 tications and even ancient temples were destroyed w 
 pillaged, and a vast number of works of art waa carried 
 ^l ,y^^l«*l^se things were goiaig on in Greece, 
 Mithi-adates, being himself haii'4 pressed in Asia bv 
 another Roman army under Fimf^'^a, ordered Archelaus 
 to negoti^ for peace. The negc .ions were protracted 
 tor a long time until b.c. 84, when Sulla himself went to 
 Asia and bad a pei-sonal interview with the king. Peace 
 was then concluded on condition that Mithradates should 
 pay all the expenses of the war, surrender his whole fleet 
 and give up aJl his conquests, so that his empire waf' 
 limited to the original kingdom of Pont^is. Sulla theL' 
 proceetkd to chastise the provinces and towns of Asia 
 which had joined Mithrad^ite^, and exacted enormous 
 Unes trom them, so that those countries for a long time 
 alter were in a state of complete exhaustion. F&ibria- 
 though he had been very successful against the Pontian 
 king, wa^ treated by Sulla as an enemy, because ho 
 belonged to the party of Marius ; and as he was deserted 
 by his own soldiers, he put an end to his existence. 
 
 • ■^""''^, , i^'^.*^^''"^' ^^'^« ^a« again the scene of 
 c^yil bloodshed, for Cinna attempted to alwlish the regu- 
 .a^ions made by Sulla before his departure, and to recall 
 the outlaws. But the party of the nobility in a fierce 
 struggle droy« him out of the city, and deprived him of 
 the consulship. He then proceeded to the army engac^ed 
 agamst the Samnites in Campania, where he Assembled 
 around him the malcontents from all parts of Italy, and 
 in.,.^41 .,ianu= cu return from Alrica. Marius at once 
 accepted the invitation, and after landing in Etruria 
 collected an army; in conjunction witii Cinna. he 
 6 
 
 §': 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
'i 
 
 ;il 
 
 102 
 
 Ji 
 
 ••!'! 
 
 • 't 
 
 f 
 
 1 3 ■ 
 
 k 
 
 HISTORY QF ROMt 
 
 OQ<»viu^ the orator M^cm,^.?^^' ^^% ^^'^^ ^"«i«« 
 ▼e^^ ^tein, their Wn,t?T*' ^^ ^^^ ^^^n,, 
 «iew bodie; left U^Se/i thH? *f^ t**^^^ '^^ 
 and five nights Se stieTed ^.^^t ^^ ^^' ^^^ 
 if^m by the sword ^ *^^ ^°"'0« of a city 
 
 8^; bmi he did not wln^v tht ? "' ^.' ^^ ^^• 
 abomi the middle of Jmu^l^ ^^ ^**^°^/ f«^ ^»« died 
 niteg had in the meimtZT^L u "^^^ ^'*^ *te Sarn- 
 ie fta^chise hid beTn ^L-^;, brought to an end, and 
 -as .ow eon.pIete,rr :S^^^^^^^^^^ Ali It.,y 
 
 h^ded by Cinna anr] *i,^ uf *^® popular party 
 
 Sulla to^retu^rCe and"^v:\"'^"*^^ P^'^^^Po^ 
 thought i, right ^ZVtiriXlTL W"' 'F 
 *akettj]p4sia, and did not land in T^f ?n^ ""*^^'- 
 »»iag oi; B.C. 83. He prLS i ^^^ *'" *^ ^««i«- 
 «yd :?, anna had bSn Setd bv I^« n *° ^P^^«' 
 Marwj party was deprived of t).. 7 * ^ ^^^'^ *he 
 then*, f<,r those who^now c^2 f ^^ ?^^ °^^ ^"^^^g 
 BucM as Carbo, young Mariuf and T't ^ ^*^ ^^^^^^ 
 neithe. the teient nor the eneZ r^""'^"'.' ^^'^^^^^ 
 oumstances of the time SulS f l""^^ ^^ *^« ^i'" 
 »>at<^e^, and their solSe« ^m.^^^V^^ ^ ««^^ral 
 
 dos^ly besieged and driven Jn^'*^' ""^^^^ ^^^ -«« 
 tben entered^me At th^ «« T""* ^""^^^ Sulla 
 commanded by Pontius Tele^r *"^"' ^ ®^"^i*« *"^y 
 gates, hoping to take the ^tllT'' "?P^^ »>«^ore ite 
 t^^eeneipyattheCo^^eGl wh"'"P™'^ but Sulla met 
 fcattle wa« fought,Twhieh i^ « *, "^"'* «^«^^rou8 
 wmpJetelv, def^f.:i .w S-A ;^ PlP'^^r Party wa* so 
 oomini<,ted suicide""' ""'" ""'"^"^ ieteainus in despaii- 
 
ed bj famine 
 aow gave the 
 )oIitical oppo- 
 ^ tte 8tr»je6a 
 ipunity; and 
 consul Cneius 
 many others, 
 ^troyed, and 
 ^OT five days 
 ars of a city 
 
 used himself 
 tie year ac. 
 for he died 
 tt the Sam- 
 an end» and 
 AU Italy 
 pular party 
 r'^ssed upon 
 
 But Siilla 
 tad undev- 
 
 the begin- 
 Canipania ; 
 oldiers, the 
 nan among 
 ^ts leadeis, 
 > possessed 
 )y the cir- 
 in seveml 
 fn B.C. 82, 
 ce he was 
 fft Sulla 
 nite army 
 before its 
 Sulla met 
 lui-derous 
 y was so 
 1 despaii' 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 103 
 
 Ita?J ?iwt u* ^"' *^^ undisputed master of 
 
 ♦ fl^\. ^^'.^'^^^ ^^ ^ d^««d his vengeance took 
 to flight, and a few days after the battle 8000 prisoners 
 wei-e butchered xn the Circus, while the senate, aLmbled 
 in the adjoining temple of Bellona, heard the cries and 
 
 s^nS ""^J^^ "^""T: ^^^"^^^ by «"«^ ««eneB the 
 aenate readily complied with all the commands of the 
 conquei-or. Although more than 100,000 lives had 
 already been sacrificed during the civil war, Sulla, not 
 yet satisfied devised a new and unprecedented means for 
 punishmg those whom he suspected to have favoured his 
 
 lf^2^' u '1 ''''/°*'* ^ proscription, that is, a list of 
 all those whom he chose to regard as his enemie^ was set 
 
 fW^,r -'^i;. K^^nT J*''''* '^^^^ ^«« contained in 
 that list might be killed, his estates were confiscated, and 
 
 his descendants were for ever deprived of the franchise 
 Ihis measure though it was adopted under great provoca- 
 tion, IS one of the most fearful recorded in histoid, for it 
 tore asunder every tie of blood and friendship; sons be- 
 trayed their fathers, friends their friends, and slaves their 
 masters, for it was a part of the proscription that those 
 who protected or concealed a proscribed person, should 
 be punished in the sa^^e way as the proscribed themselves 
 No less than 1600 equites were thus murdered, and 
 among the monsters who distinguished themselves in 
 those terrible days we find Catiline, of whom we shall 
 hear more hereafter. 
 
 Having thus got rid of all his enemies, Sulla, in B c 82 
 caused himself to be appointed dictator for an indefinit^ 
 penod of time. And having by this means obtained 
 unlimited power, he fii-st of all rewarded those soldiers 
 thi-ough whom he had risen to his present position a 
 proceeding quite new in Roman bistoiy. Twenty-three 
 legions had colonies assigned to them, mainly in those 
 towns which had supported his enemies. In these 
 coxomes, caiiea mihiari/ coiouies, the soldiei-s constituted 
 fl^®5 fl^^' ^"** ^""S scattered all over Italy, they 
 aflorded the dictator a ready means of keeping the country 
 m subjection. Moreover, 10,000 slaves were emancipated 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 
101 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 I 
 
 i i 
 
 j:: 
 
 body^Lz^^^^a'TJt^^^ °' *^5 ^°-^^^i forced hi« 
 
 perso«Lead;tl"JbfddLr '" ' "'"'^^' ^' 
 
 constitution in a reZZysJS''"Hl% *°. "I"""^ *^« 
 powers of tlie tribunes ZJhTlt ?^ ^S^^ ""^^"^^^ ^^e 
 that is, the powerZZwnZ • /^ ^^ ^"^^^ originally, 
 trary proceeXgs of a XSte" V^^^' ''^^ ^^'- 
 comitiatributa4redeDrTvednf^ • i^,*^"' "'^^"^ *1^« 
 His second measure restored ^^^V^^^^^^'^^^ve functions. 
 
 power which (^^chrblV'^s^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Lastly, he increased +Ji« « assigned to the equites. 
 
 tta of the qr^sZ'to'temytdlhrr;?. *° ^«'"' 
 and augura to flftwr, Tl ■'^' »""*"'" of the pont ffs 
 
 latioM Lpecti„gTe''-adm?„^Uro„ Tt. "'"^^ "«"" 
 were his chief Mliti™lT>f , ."' ""^ provinces 
 
 imagined (he andentTnirif fTu ""'' "'^J' "''»^ "■«' ke 
 
 restored b^rCiroCflr'tn'r T'" "l 
 course could not lasf W^ ^"°" reforms of 
 
 he did for the crimtal fZ2T^ '"^'^^^^"^ ^ ^^^^ 
 
 place on a solid and pett^li^ "^^ ^^^ ^^^ *^ 
 
 the1u%^it7?v:;tn:^^^^^^^^^ «""a, to 
 
 ship and withdrew to PuCh whe J i« V^a ^'' ^^^^^«^- 
 person, and died the followtj vear '^^'"^1 -^^ ^ P^^^^^^ 
 had probably been hvn^.X7 \^T- ?.^ "" '^'''^^^ ^^^ich 
 
 life/Duni^brdictShin%Y^'' '"^'^''"^ ^^«^« of 
 the Hanan V4 S^^^^^^ TS Z^^ 1 
 
 in the Social^ Wkr was desStf^. distinguished hiu.self 
 
 where he annihilTJrhe :;'pte:ts ^o'f l^^^ T ^'"^^ 
 Carbo in Sicilv i^ h^ W'onents ot bulla by causing 
 
 Domitins ^:no'b^b„''s''irAT™"X'St "^1 "^-'""™« 
 Pompey on his ■■»*,.,.„ o^ut:!^' l """ ^hievement, 
 
 although he was^ then<^iX,;-foury:L:'„M ™'"'''''' 
 Dunng the san. period Eo^eUl^^^il?. second 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 103 
 
 i formed his 
 
 iber of seait- 
 
 mimber of 
 
 Jct of which 
 reform the 
 reduced the 
 
 originally, 
 t the arbi- 
 means the 
 3 functions, 
 he judicial 
 le equites. 
 
 to eight, 
 ^e pontiffs 
 ther regu- 
 
 provinces 
 w that he 
 
 could be 
 Peforms of 
 il in what 
 e first to 
 
 Sulla, to 
 3 dictator- 
 a private 
 ise which 
 
 mode of 
 anants of 
 ■rica, and 
 " malcon- 
 himself 
 i Africa, 
 ' causing 
 lefeating 
 Jvoment, 
 iriumph, 
 
 wur against Mithradates, which lasted from b.o. 83 to 
 B.C. 81. The cause of it was that the Pontian king, after 
 Sulla's departure, had repented of the peace, and as it 
 had never been sancf >ned by the Roman senate, he re- 
 fused to give up Cappadocia, which he had promised to 
 do. But he was betrayed by his general ArcheJaus, who 
 persuaded Murena, the commander of the Roman forces 
 in Asia, to attack the king at once, and not to wait until 
 the king should take the offensive. Murena, acting on 
 tms advice, proceeded to Cappadocia, where he plundered 
 the rich temple of Com ana ; but being attacked by 
 Mithradates in the neighbourhood of Sinope, he was 
 completely defeated. Peace, however, was then again 
 concluded, b.c. 81, which left Mithradates in possession 
 of at least a part of Cappadocia. 
 
 ■4. KtUAl. IHl'UMWJnNO MM HBXTINa OF BULLA AXn HITHRAWAtWk 
 
 l4/ 
 
 a second 
 
1 
 
 W'' 
 
 
 •4 
 
 i 
 
 BnhT 0» POUPET, 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 FROM THE DEATH OF SULLA TO Tr «» 
 
 WAR BKTWEEX c'^si: A^D rouZ^"" "' "^" 
 
 B.C. 78 TO B.C. 49. 
 
 who failed because thp r.nnf^ To „ ^ ^mi^i?^ Zepidus, 
 
 year, until, in B c 70 PoZr ' ^T- ""^^^ ^'^"^ ^^^r 
 
 the xriDunes were restored to wW H . *?® P^^^"* ^f 
 the rexorm of 8uJk ^S in . J * *^'^ ^^^ *^^^ ^^et^re 
 carried a bill by whirth.V. J^'T/'^^^^^^^^'^* ^'otta 
 restored to t.t ittoS,' :r Vel ^orTh'^^^ 
 senators, equites, and triUi ^raSr Pn^ '*'"'-P°''^ °^ 
 mg and supporting these meiiTi/;^ ^^^ "" *'^^^^- 
 vie«r but to gain^pop^aritv and fi? "*" ""A"' °^J""* ^ 
 most completely thou Jh ^?^' I *^'f ^""^ ^« attained 
 
 any extraLd]naVab^^Lr k\^^^^^^ '??""! *^- ^7 
 
 i ".'I 
 
HISTORY OF ROMa 
 
 107 
 
 wten Sulla entered Rome, S^rtorma, the best and ablest 
 of the democratic leaders, having become disgusted with 
 the reckloas proceedings of his own party, xv«ut with 
 a considerable force into Spain, in the hope of beimr 
 
 till f^.i?? "^r^^^ ^ VOV^^ cause. He was so^ 
 joined by the exiled and pei-secuted follower of Marius. 
 and by his prudence and aulitary skill, he not only suo^ 
 ceeded in Atta^ag the soldiere to his pereon, but by hia 
 kindness he won iJie confidence of the Spaniards Hia 
 plan was to found an independent republic in Spain, in 
 which Spaiuards and Romans were to have equalrighta. 
 Ihe new nepublu; was to be governed by two consuls and 
 a senate of three hundred memliers. A great publio 
 WJhool also was established at Oaca, in which the sons of 
 bpwuards were to receive a Roman education. The pka 
 at first succeeded admirably, and Sertorius enjoyed thB 
 «)nfidence aiid affection of the Spaniards as well as of the 
 KouMm War^ae commenoed against him as early as 
 B.C 79, biit neither Metelbis nor Pompey was able to 
 make any impresgtoa upon his excellently trained army, 
 in ac. i4., Sertorius entered into an alliance with Mithra- 
 date^ whereby he hoiked to place Rome between two fires. 
 IJut disunion among the Spaniai^ds saved Rome from this 
 double danger. Perj^errm, one of the officers in Serterius's 
 ai-my, whose ambiUon had been tixwarted, in b.c. 72 formed 
 a compi^y against him, and caused him to be murdered 
 at Osea diuring a banquet. Perperna then assumed thft 
 comn^nd of the a«ny, but in his very fiwt encounter 
 with Pompey his whole army was routed, and he himseie 
 hav,^ fiiUen into the hands of Pompey, was put todeatk 
 113« fel>anish republic thus came to an untimely end. aad 
 the Marian party was now utterly annihilated. 
 
 l^ver siDiae th^ Romans liad become mastere of the 
 countries round the basin of the Mediterranean, the 
 number of slaves both in Italy and in Sicily had beeh 
 enormously increased. In the island a second servile 
 
 war hnH Vtaan 
 
 ^A ^, 
 
 „, . . ^, , ,"^ »*^«i «-c. 102 to B.C. 99, in 
 
 which thousands were killed on both sides. A similat 
 Dttt more dangerous insuiTection broke out in b.c. 73 At 
 
 
 I 
 
 
'S I 
 
 I i ■ 
 
 i 
 
 108 
 
 HISTORY OF ROMB. 
 
 number sooi. increased Z teVw^d Jr^,^T ^^'^ 
 provided ^ith arms. The obiect Tfh' i '''" ""^"^ 
 
 have been only ta r^^ SS-v^ "^^ ''^^'^^^ "^^^^s to 
 their homes but iSrhi ^^^^^y and to return to 
 consular armies S^J^tl'^rff^"! '''"^^"^* «^-^» 
 and destroyi^ Bomf ^e^""'4i^7'^" ^ ^***^^^-^ 
 Southern iLyhadTeenv!.;^^..?^^ population of 
 Social War, .Ut. "SZlZZ^ theTol^^'^^^^^^ 
 mg and destroying everrthinJTw ^'^^"'^try mnrder- 
 
 kr. military organisation, and Tormed 7^^rt '''"^'^- 
 *n irrefedlar bodi^q T« ^/vT **^™^^ ^^^^ the country 
 
 tory over them ami !rq,?l ^«,?«™ng a complete vic- 
 
 the^siavestrairL"'rs::Lt:"T^^^^^^ 
 
 M-ere captured and slain ^1,^^- , ^^"^"^8 of them 
 
 along tL highrol^ t;:?4f ^r^tlXir^ 
 slaves; birt a bodv «f ahr.,.+ « '^^^^r into their fellow 
 
 this time Pomnpv «.+n^- ^ ™^ *?Jto Gaul. Jtrst at 
 them and co^^Sy^X^if llTie^r' '^" ^ ^^ 
 
 ^ rx^eT^ ^iS".i::i^"-'j" ^- ^^ 
 
 popularity assisted in aboSin7ft 5°/ *^" '*^^^ «^ 
 
 After the exniration -.f l ^ ^?"'^'*"*^^ »f S««a. 
 time in m/vate ret^empn^'' co"snlship, he lived for a 
 ^•raitin*. untn a fr^? !!!' ^njoj^ng his popularity and 
 The S-mr^uLs^hil^tdTf^ ^*«^' 
 
 number of s^kves had «l.r^n V- f ^^^^ ^i^creased the 
 of pu^tes, ini:^^f:^'l^^^^^ 
 
 that maritime com^nerci ^t txpoLf tl .T"^'"^: '^ 
 dangers, and had aJmost become ImCife '^l^^^^f ^ 
 even plundered several coast towns ltd J,f./T f 
 destroy or capture shins «*■ Oo.; "T"^' ^"^ ▼entMred to 
 
HISTORY OF ROMit 
 
 10« 
 
 e rniJer train- 
 r the Thracian 
 s in Sonthem 
 edom. Their 
 >f whom were 
 aves seems to 
 to return to 
 ain&t several 
 of attacking 
 opniatron of 
 \ during the 
 fitry nim-der- 
 i their way. 
 nt any i-egn- 
 the country 
 is, Lieimus 
 amplete vic- 
 n the battle, 
 ds of them 
 Jre impaled 
 heir fellow- 
 aped to the' 
 1- Jnst at 
 ill in. witb 
 
 in B.C. 70, 
 le sake of 
 >n of Sulla, 
 ived for a 
 rlarity and 
 >red itself, 
 "eased the 
 a number 
 "anean, sO' 
 > greatest 
 he pirates 
 itared to 
 of Home-, 
 shiefly ia 
 
 Cilicia, on the south coast of Asia Minor. War had been 
 waged against them ever since the year b.c 78 but with- 
 out any result, and Rome was in constant 'danger of 
 tamme. In these cuxjumstances, the tribune Aulus Ga- 
 bimiis m B.C. 67, proposed that Pompey should be 
 invested for three years with the command in the Medi- 
 terran^n and all it« coasts, to a considerable distance 
 from the sea; and that he should be amply provided with 
 the means n^eaeary to bring the war against the pirates 
 to a ctose. buch a proposal might turn out dangerous to 
 the very existence of the republic, and as such it waa 
 viewed by many; but the people did not hesitate to 
 confer upon their favourite all that was demanded for 
 him; and their conlidence was fully justified, for the war 
 which he now commenced and successfully terminated in 
 about three months, was the most brUliant feat he ever 
 accomplishijd. He completely swept with his fleet the 
 Meditermnean, proceeding from west to east, and drove 
 the pirates into the CiUcian Sea, where he routed them 
 in a great battle. The survivors wei-e taken prisoners or 
 surrendered; and Pompey, after destroying their strong- 
 tolds assigned to them settlements in which they might 
 be able to gaan their means of living without again resort- 
 ing to piracy ; for moat of them caa scarcely be called 
 crimmals ; they chiefly consisted of people who had been 
 impoverished and had become homeless by the Roman 
 conquests in the East. 
 
 After having terminated this war in so brief a period, 
 Pompey remained in Asia, probably in the hope of receiv- 
 ing tL« coinmand in the thiid war against Mithradates, 
 m which Rome had already been engf^jed for some years. 
 nxe king of Pontus, as wo have already noticed, had 
 been tempted in b.c. 74, by Sertorius to renew his hos- 
 tilities against Rome. It so happened that Nieomedes, 
 king of Bithyiua, had just died and bequeathed his king- 
 dom to the Romans. Mithradates at once refused to 
 recognise this bequest, and inva-ded Eithynia, while his 
 fleet, after a naval victory over the Romans, laid sieife i^ 
 fchfi Brealthy town of Cy?icu.s which was in alliance with 
 
 
 
 
 |: 
 
 
£ K 
 
 H K 
 
 . :■ 
 
 l^i 
 
 ii.i :!: 
 
 no 
 
 ttlSTORy OP ROMB. 
 
 wgulatinff the affaivf TIT ^"««i^»»s then aet about 
 
 mutmy i but Mithradates, avTilC h^^e^ Ttt^ ^^ 
 tHmty, retiu-ned to his Idnedom ..^^ t ii ^® ^^P""^ 
 aotinir with «!.«««, ^ngaom, and Lucullus, thoueh 
 
 irf^ ^7 3' j/^rr'i,''' *?" ™'^»™ »p^' 
 
 »r fi7 T.,:; - om gaining his end. Just at tJUs tim« 
 
 intmluoed into Italv thl '? . ^'^ ^^ *^ ^*^« 
 
 tiTfriends of Pnl. ?*" commander, afforded to 
 
 nl " J -Pompey a welcome opixM-timitv of ««*Hr.» 
 
 the command asminat Mifi»«^ot.„ V-... *? *^* getting 
 Accordingly, in^BC 66~'the fr,^r "^"7^««. "l^m him. 
 b.y, «i u,c. Ob, the tribune Maniliua bixmght 
 
HISTORY OP ROMIi. 
 
 in 
 
 some of the loadn.g mer.., conferred upon him all the 
 
 king to a close. Havu.g received largo reinforcements 
 Pon.pey attacked Mithradates on the banks or the 
 
 to !iiI^Tw"'''\'';;;^""^ utterly defeated and pu 
 to Hight. Tigranes at the same time received back the 
 sovereignty of Armenia at the hands of Fompey Mith 
 mdates who had rted into Colchis, was purs.Lfby Pom: 
 pey, who a^ conqueror traversed Albania and Iberia 
 countries about Mount Caucasus; but owing to the 
 diAculties he encountered in those remote regions ho 
 ^ve up the pursuit. While Mithmdates was^fonnin" 
 the bold plan of invading Italy from the north, in cmP- 
 junction with Scythian tribes, an insum-ction b-oke o^^ 
 among his own soldiers at Panticap«,um, in the CW 
 ^e insurrection wa« headed by the king's own son 
 Pltam^es; and Mithradates, finding that his life was 
 not safe, destroyed himself by poison, b.c. 63. When 
 the body was sent to Pompoy, he ordered it to be buried 
 with regal magnificence; but nevertheless rewarded the 
 
 r ?!irmSnXVotr '^^'"^^ ^^ ^^« --^^ ^^-^ 
 
 Pompey then proceeded to Syria, and began to dispose 
 of kingdoms as if he had been the sovereign of the worid 
 Thus Antiochus, king of Syi-ia, was deposed, and his 
 Wdom, together with Phoenicia, was changid into a 
 Roman province. Sevexul countries in Asia Minor were 
 ^ven to kings ready to recognise the supremacy of Rome 
 while Bithynia, with a portion of Pontus, was mad^ a 
 Roman province. In Jud«a, he displa;ed thrsame 
 arbxtmry proceedings, for having takeA tiie Temple of 
 Jerusalem, he appointed Hyrcanus tetrarch, whilV his 
 b-other Anstobulus, with his children, was' can-ie,l to 
 Kcme as a prisoner. 
 
 » A^r,,^]! T^ arrangements were made, Pompev, in 
 ^•^ t>.., xext A«ia, uMc did not arrive in Rome til/ the 
 
 ^TJ^T^ f *^' ^r ^f."^'^^'- H« <^^^^hv^iea a mos? 
 aagnilicent triumph, and imiiicuse sums of money ama^ssed 
 
 I' 
 
 i: 
 
 <y.\ 
 
112 
 
 HISTORY ot' ROMK. 
 
 I 
 
 If!: 
 
 u 
 
 If 
 
 '•f 
 
 m Asia wer^ handed <.ver to the treasury of the renublic 
 
 opfmates and j„i„„,l o,e ,,„p„|„. , " «"'"" "' *• 
 
 the Z.hir.-,''"''''" .^""'.'f^'" '■'"""'.' ««™ had saved 
 
 he » l'? ^rl '"r'"«t""' hi^Belff that all'gt 
 
 a statesman he was oftpn l^ri ,-,;+^ • "'""""> "^^n. as 
 contradictions, par«/X t ht SSn "^ h^^ih 
 STv^of'^T"^-, "^ ''- often brSXlXt 
 
 o hope of saving them..lves except by , r.^2nilZ 
 Catiline had attempted similar thii urc iL '-^^^Uuot^ 
 been defeated by ih! .e^ML:^fVi:£;^^, a\1 
 b^his own impatience. He now determined to murder 
 ?^^nln\%' -^^^ "y '' ^«"-' *« overthrow the 
 i.« rent, of government; but the vigUance of CicerS 
 
 W- 
 
IP republic, 
 liavo clone 
 t humility, 
 )e no more 
 8t anxious 
 ui'bitraiy 
 extremely 
 npect were 
 e was, in 
 ise of the 
 
 lad saved 
 id by the 
 m in B.C. 
 able con- 
 aLhough 
 iined the 
 on as he 
 ed to the 
 greatest 
 3dge, and 
 osophical 
 len. As 
 cies and 
 for both 
 I for his 
 , though 
 isulship, 
 ;ter, and 
 lich was 
 icos, like 
 iioy .^ vw 
 
 Mt Had 
 ties and 
 murder 
 'ow the 
 J usurp 
 Cicero 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 113 
 
 prevented the infamous scheme. Catiline's secret pro- 
 ceedmgs were brought to light by the consul, and he 
 himselt quitted the city and joined an urmy of conspint- 
 toi-H already assembled at Fa^sulte. The senate, on the 
 propoRiil of Cicero and Cato, condenmed him and some 
 of h.s issociates who had remained at Rome to death. 
 Ihe latter were strangled in prison, but Catiline himself 
 and the army of Ftesuhe were defeated in a furious battle 
 near Fistona, in the north of Etruria. Cicero was over- 
 joyed at havmg saved his country ; but his happiness did 
 not last long, for many of the friends and secret sup- 
 porters of Catilme still remained at Rome, eagei-ly watch- 
 "^«^o^ *"' oi)portunity of taking vengeance upon him. 
 
 We have already seen that, ever since the time of 
 
 Marius and Sulla, the leading olyect of the men in power 
 
 was to giiin popularity at any cost, and that not with a 
 
 view to benefit their country, but to gratify their own 
 
 ambition and avarice. Hence the history of this period, 
 
 down to the establishment of the monarchy, is little more 
 
 than the personal history of men who endeavoured to 
 
 outdo one another. By far the most eminent and most 
 
 talented among them was Cuius Julius Ccesar, bom in 
 
 B.C. 100, and belonging to one of the most ancient patri- 
 
 ' cian families. He was fast rising in popular favour at 
 
 the time when Pompey was quietly enjoying the fruits 
 
 of his victories. Caesar was a man of the highest culture, 
 
 and indefatigable in all he undertook, but unscrupulous 
 
 m regard to the means he employed to gain his end 
 
 He was equally great as an orator, an author, a general 
 
 and a statesman. An aunt of his had been married to 
 
 Marius, for whom he always entertained great affection • 
 
 and in b.c. 65 he openly came forward as the leader of 
 
 the popular party. His liberality was unbounded, whence 
 
 he became overAvhelmed with debts; but a campaign 
 
 against the revolted Lusitanians, b.c. 61, enabled him to 
 
 acquire sufHcient wealth to satisfy his creditors, as well 
 
 K^ uiH o,,.. ,.,.rar: -.ixt Willi t8. m B.C. o9 iie obtamed 
 
 the consulship ; he strengthened himself by a close alli- 
 
 iwce with Pompey, and by' effecting a reconciliation 
 
 

 r 
 
 i 
 
 
 114 
 
 HiSTORy OF ROMB. 
 
 between Pompey and Crass.io Ti, ., 
 an agz-eemenC that no ^ J ? '^"^ ""'^ «^« *<> 
 aJlowed to be passed, unless tW J"^"^''^ should be 
 three. They thus he d the fatt of T" "^T""^^' *« ^» 
 hands, and a number of poput^^ Ll "^^''^^'' '"^ *h«ir 
 *mong them an agrarian fawV^'^f^^^^^''^ adopted, 
 received a^signmente of ^ufelaL f ^^'^^^ citizens 
 prevai ed upon the senate to sanction 5"'"" ^f ^"«* ^^«« 
 jnents in Asia, and caused olZr ^T^'J'^^ « ^^^ge- 
 together with Iliyricmrtn T^ "^ ^^"^ Transalpine Gaul 
 provinces, which he Cs t^ IT"'^'"^ *" ^^"^^^^ «« h^ 
 tion of his consiUship *^ ^^'"""^ter after the expir^! 
 
 Cassar, however did + 
 vinces, but remained in th. r,* • IT^ ?''^^«^ ^ ^is pro- 
 the end of April bc 58 "^gtbourhood of Borne untU 
 iave been to s VrtUrf J who f'' ^ *'^^ «^-« to 
 Cicero, and by the aid of C^skr obt^^'L^f "^^'" ^^^i"^^* 
 for B c. 58. After having £^,t??f^ *^' tribuneship 
 popular measures, he caS a^t wh ^T'^^ ^^ ««^«^-^ i 
 declared an outlaw who had ir /'""^^ "r«"^ «"« ^as 
 citizen without a formai ^^T C ^"^^^ ^ ^«^an 
 who on the mere authoritTof t W T.^"'"^ ^* ^^^^^ <>. 
 of the associates of CatXe toM . ^^ ^'^^^ «o"^o 
 Cicero, knowing this went^nfn , ' '"'^^^^ed in prison 
 condemnation. He Wl the^ / "''' ""^"^ ^ ^««^P« 
 law, his house in the X ^^bSilJ'^^^/f ^^^^^ ^« «"t!' 
 wei^e dest^'oyed. But J ZZevh^' nf^-"^? ^^ ^« ^"^^ 
 expired, than a reaction roHii^ P*^'?,? tribuneship 
 consequence of which no!..^\^- "^ P"^^^^« feeling in 
 B.C. 57, retunied te Boraix;"^,^ '"^^^'^ ^^^"^ -^^ ^ 
 the people. ""^ ^""'^ *he greatest rejoicings S 
 
 in Rome did not go ?cry ™o„Sl ?™ ^'«''*' ""'ngs 
 ^o»Wand CVa,«S wer^cls^l^'r-, ^" "•"• «• when 
 
UISTOJIV OF ROME. 
 
 Be men came to 
 I'es should be 
 ari-eeaWe to all 
 >ublic in their 
 were adopted, 
 •0,000 citizens 
 tr at last also 
 pey's arrange- 
 nsalpine Gaul, 
 limself as his 
 r the ex])ii-a. 
 
 ^ to his pro- 
 'fKome until 
 iiis seems to 
 'idge against 
 
 tribuneship 
 If by several 
 v^ery one was 
 ^ a Roman 
 ed at Cicero, 
 oftused some 
 1 in prison, 
 r to escape, 
 'ed an out- 
 of hisvillaa 
 tribuneship 
 
 feeling, in 
 >m exUe in 
 doicings of 
 
 inistration 
 ii's, things 
 55, when 
 arried by 
 onged for 
 find Cras- 
 •icisiiig a 
 iving the 
 
 115 
 
 administration of Spain to his lieutenants ; but Cru^sus 
 tempted by the rich province of Syria, proceeded thither 
 with his army, robbing and plundering wherever ho 
 jppeared; and in b.c. 54 nndei-took an expedition against 
 iheFarthmm, who had formed a powerful empire yn the 
 east of the Euphrates ; but after having crossed the river 
 he was utterly defeated in a battle neai- Carrhaj, taken 
 piisoner, and kUled, together with his son. The Roman 
 army was neai'ly annihilated, and the camp and all the 
 standards fell into the hands of the conquerors 
 
 When Caesar arrived in Transalpine Gaul, only its 
 southern part, the country about the mouths of the Rhone 
 had been conquered and constituted as a proviiice : bi.t 
 CKsar was determined to conquer the whole country, for 
 which Its mvasion by the Germans and a migration of 
 tHe Helyetu afforded a welcome pretext. In this he 
 succeeded completely. He was even tempted to invade 
 Germany, though probably for no other object than to 
 strike terror into the natives. In the summer of b c 55 
 he undertook an expedition into Britain, because its 
 jnhabitants had supported the Gauls against him, and 
 because he was invited by a British prince who had been 
 (teprived of 1^8 throne by a usurper. The Britons offered 
 a vigorous resistance, and although he gained a victory 
 over them, he was compelled by the late season of the 
 year to retm-n to Gaul. In the following year he invaded 
 tne wland a second time, and advanced to the north of 
 tte Ihames, conquering the gi-enter part of Essex and 
 Middlesex. After having defeated the natives several 
 tunes he concluded peace with them, on condition tluit 
 they should pay an annual tribute and give hostages. C»sai« 
 then returned to Gaul; but as he was unable to leave 
 behind any troops to keep the oonquei-ed part in subjec- 
 tion, the promises of the Bntons were soon forgotten or 
 neglected. The war in Gaul was then continue<l with 
 great vigour, and not without great difficulties and losses. 
 -in B.C. 00 Ceesar returned to nicnli^Mo rto,.! ia.,,.,-„^ 
 the greater part of his ai-my in Tran.salpine Gaul. The 
 men who had served imder him for so many years were 
 
 :!V 
 
 
1 ■ 
 
 116 
 
 •U' 
 
 
 HiSTOKY OK HOME. 
 
 attached to hiiji ; 
 
 ordinary exD]o,>« K ^ K^^iest detrree anr^ I,- 
 
 Pompey XV "^^^ ^^'•<^»al]y governed h n''"'' *^« 
 
 tie principal noblpn ' ' ^^^^^ius Marcellv, % 
 
 recalled and 1 ' Proposed tlmt ol!! T """^ °f 
 
 time seemed at last f^ t^"^*^«g or insulting hxm T? ' 
 fesar to dkband his ami fc 'ITi'""'^ demandiig „? 
 
 Pretendinc. fS ! "!^<^s ^ but not bein<r j-'P j^ P*'^©'" 
 
 ,^-vr :?;:3S„S': r "°' «* '"^- «edt 
 
 VJEaiAj, VIHojj,^ 
 
and his extrd- 
 ed the greatest 
 
 Jted nothing to 
 of Crassus, the 
 
 oy Caesar and 
 G^aul, had kept 
 'nds at lioxne; 
 thevH, received 
 "igs had some- 
 ^t kind. The 
 sing influence 
 eyas the man 
 lations of the 
 •cellus, one of 
 tr should be 
 ^rtunitj was, 
 ? iiim. The 
 ie optimates 
 'asiires; and 
 Jmanding of 
 and declar- 
 e to do so. 
 ■ee, and de- 
 
 hi« power 
 led to, and 
 ^ey fled to 
 % a email 
 proceed to 
 I*ompey 
 ^. in their 
 ions wwe 
 
 BOBT OP JULIUS C^ESAB. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 FROM THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEX POMPEY AND C^SAR, DOTTW 
 TO THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM. 
 
 B.C. 49 TO B.C. 31. 
 
 The fugitive tribunes found Caesar at Eavenna. Havin^ 
 heard the report of what was going on at Rome, he 
 Jiesi^ied for a moment, as to whether he shouhi cross 
 t|ie Rubicon, a little stream which separated his province 
 from Italy. When he had made up his mind, he called 
 out, " The die is cast , " and having sent orders for the 
 legions in Gaul to follow him, he crossed the river 
 with his small foVce. Accompanied by his veterans, 
 who were devoted to him, he hastened southward, 
 hoping to surprise his enemies before they had com- 
 pleted their preparations; and all the towns on his 
 route readily opened their gates to him. Pompey, who 
 was roused too late from his feeling of security, had not 
 the courage to await the arriv.il of his opponent nt Rome- 
 but with only a few trustworthy soldiers, an army of 
 hastily-levied and untrained recruits, and accompanied 
 by a large number of the optimates. he fled to Brundi- 
 
 f 
 
 
118 
 
 »rSTOIiY OP ROME. 
 
 '^^tll^'ljllZ°-'^''S^^ "f C«sar crowd tte A,)ri.,- 
 
 publicans too mnp}, i, "^ ^"it the fee iu^g of ih^ 
 consul for the year 30%?"'^^ ^i'^^-lf ^ be ele^; 
 
 <^aii], and took some otC^ ^ihabitants of CisaJnini 
 
 Ccesar besieged Pom^^l^f bTT\^ ^^« -^v^a^ 
 
 ifcfcle success tliat he hS f ^3^^i»a«tium, but with ?^ 
 
 instead of deRn«,-;S 1 ^ ""^^^^ t^e sieffe uT ^^ 
 
 «n_-„.«^ u,^^ ,^,^ across the 
 
 /, ana i-ompey, imagining that ha 
 
>ssed the Adriatic 
 
 ' seen the foljy of 
 
 the ground with 
 
 ,^j^ Italy joined 
 ndness and affa- 
 
 the sovereign of 
 le trea,surjr, and 
 ceeded to Spain 
 ants of Pompej 
 y skill, he com- 
 iiirrender. The 
 i the army was 
 JW^assilia, which 
 
 though taken, 
 while, CjBsar's 
 r, took posses- 
 Qto Africa for 
 ompey, he was 
 
 a, Caesar was 
 e returned to 
 igs of the re- 
 o be elected 
 
 the dictator- 
 ' secure order 
 ^ies and the 
 y SulJa, con- 
 of Cisalpine 
 gent nature. 
 3 completed, 
 ompey, who 
 i-nd supplies 
 lat in point 
 
 adversary, 
 ut with so 
 
 However, 
 across the 
 ^g that he 
 
 HISTORY OP ROMB. 
 
 110 
 
 had ta^en to flight, followed him in all haste, in the hope 
 ot putting an end to the war by a single blow. Csesar 
 had pitched his camp near Fkarsalus, and Pompey 
 urged on by his inexperienced and presumptuous followera! 
 tought the famous battle in which his army was com- 
 pletely defeased. His camp, filled with every kind of 
 luxury fell into the hands of the conquerors. Pompev 
 himself, seized with despair, fled to Egypt, where he had 
 some reason to expect a kindly reception ; but the king 
 ot Ji-gypt, hoping to secure the favour of C«sar, ordered 
 him to be murdered, even before he reached the shore, 
 and his body was left unburied on the beach. 
 
 A few da)^ later, Caesar, with a small force, arrived in 
 -b-gypt, and the sad end of his rival is said to have broucrht 
 tears into his eyes. The Egyptian king, however, did 
 not receive the expected reward ; for Caesar, being called 
 upon to aa as mediator between him and his sister. 
 Cleopatra, decided in favour of the beautiful and fascinat- 
 ing Cleopatra. This decision involved him in a war with 
 the people of Alexandria, during which he, with his small 
 torce, was exposed to the greatest danger. But he de- 
 tended himself m the royal palace with wonderful skill 
 against the infuriated populace, and when the palace waa 
 set on fire, he only escaped by swimming to a ship 
 anchored near the coast. Reinforcements, however, 
 havmg arrived, Alexandria was compelled to surrender 
 and a^ the king had been drowned in the Nile during 
 the disturbances, Cleopatra was now the recognised queen 
 ot iiigypt, and Caesar remained at her court for nine months, 
 during which he appears to haveforgotten everything in the 
 luxunes of her court. But when at last he was informed 
 that Phamaxjes, the son of Mithradates, in his attempt to 
 extend his kingdom, had defeated a Roman legate, Caesar, 
 m the spring of b.c. 47, marched into Pontus, and de- 
 teated Phamaces in a decisive battle near Zela. This 
 victory IS famous for the laconic despatch which Csesar 
 sent TO Rome about it — " I came, saw, conquered." 
 
 In the autumn of B.C. 47, Caesar hastened back to 
 itome, where he was received with the greatest enthu- 
 
120 
 
 ''J- fit 
 
 1 t:. 
 
 'If !•■ 
 
 I' 
 
 1;: 
 
 'i ': 
 
 I f; 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 powers ier:ZZ:fZ"''l'-' ^"^ «« -^"7 hononrs and 
 ^'as made the soZ^n^T.^^"^ ^^^t in point of fl't ?f 
 feat measure the Z„lfnf .' '""P"^^^^' ^'^J^ict was in . 
 towards his forme: o.plnt'" ?l"'^"^- -^ ^Wncy' 
 Peys party had in the L'l'l- ^^^ ^'emnants of Pom 
 forces in Africa, whLrttr:^ t^^ their sl^^d 
 «^"ba. Caesar, anxious to hJ A ^"PPorted by Kin^ 
 M^ t^'^' -^^ -^-t' i^? t^^- ^«--t t'hem'f 
 
 ^-^^. "4t Po^iyrfatK^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;f^^-«m.,and6'a^,,^tf{/,^f.J^«r-in-law; King J^^ 
 because he could L+ ? , ^™self to death «t tt*- ' 
 which h.A il '.^ "°* bear the idea nf i^X"*^. ^* ^'ica. 
 
 which hnTl 7 """t bear the idea nfv-.''^ '^'ica, 
 
 sons of Pompey, escaped into S w '^"'' ^^^^«^', the two 
 they renewed the war. "^ ^1'^"^' ^^^«re afterward^ 
 
 Cf sar was now virtuallv ih , 
 empire, and nn u- ^^^^^^7 the soie ruJer nf +i,« r. 
 
 "uid by assiuin. his feZi *• "g^gweralamnestj 
 
omanj honours and 
 
 I in point of fact he 
 lie, which was in a 
 ness and cJemencv 
 i-emnants of Pom- 
 red their scattered 
 ported by King 
 ar against them to 
 >me, to reward his 
 praetors, qiu-estors, 
 
 priestly colleges 
 >^ measures were 
 the bloody battle 
 of the Pompeian 
 
 are said to have 
 tiie survivors put 
 nese latter were 
 ^; King Juba^ 
 .death at Utica, 
 '^^^"g in a state 
 
 *!>ea;^w*, the two 
 here afterwards 
 
 of the Roman 
 he silenced all 
 sneral amnesty, 
 his sole object 
 elebrated four 
 i citizens with 
 ig his stay at 
 ited reform of 
 ' or caprice of 
 )rder. Cjesar 
 le regulations 
 , as reformed 
 
 when Pope 
 ed calendar, 
 '■^ engaged in 
 s of Pompey 
 
 MISTOKY OF ROME. 
 
 121 
 
 had collected an army in Spain, and that the south of that 
 country was in a state of insurrection. Accordingly, 
 towards the end of B.C. 46, he set out for Spain, where 
 he had to contend with almost insurmountable difficulties; 
 but his undaunted courage and perseverance overcame 
 them all, and the terrible battle of Munda, early in B.C. 
 45, decided the fate of the Pompeian party for ever. 
 Cneiua Pompeius was killed, but Sextus escaped, and for 
 some years led the life of chief of robbers and pirates. 
 
 On his return to Rome, Caesar celebrated another 
 triumph, and was received by the senate with abject 
 flattery and servility. Honours of every kind were 
 showered^ upon him : he was called " the father of his 
 country ; " the month of Quintilis, in which he was born, * 
 was called after him Julius (July); the powers which 
 he had received in the course of time were now granted 
 to him for life ; he received the permanent title of im- 
 perator, the consulship for the next ten years, and the 
 dictatorship for life. These and other powers made him 
 in point of fact the sovereign of the Roman empire, and 
 nothing was wanting but the outward signs of sovereignty. 
 He did indeed observe the ancient republican forms, to 
 allay the fears of the republicans ; he allayed the fears of 
 the nobles by increasing the number of senators; he 
 satisfied the soldiers by the distribution of land; he 
 improved the laws and their administration ; raised com- 
 merce and agriculture ; embellished the city with temples 
 and theatres ; and benefited all Italy by making roads, 
 canals, and harbours. But with all this he could not 
 overcome the fears of the people, who perceived that he 
 was not satisfied with the sub; nee of sovereign power, 
 but was aiming also at the outward marks and distinc- 
 tions of a sovereign. The increasing pride of the dic- 
 tator, and his obvious desire to assume the title of king, 
 at length induced the republicans to make common 
 cause with his personal enemie.s. k conspiracy accord- 
 ingly was formed against his life, early in B.C. 44. It 
 was headed by Junius Brutus, a genuine republican, 
 and by Cassius, who bore a personal grudge against 
 
 111 
 -J 
 
 W: 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
I 
 
 i- i' 
 
 \Vi: i' 
 
 122 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 and been tll^t'rk X '^ 'J" *'' *^« P^-*or«hio 
 ttey had been partisans of pZ ^"^ ^^^"^^^^ItJ^on.T 
 
 secrecy. He had suiZlIJ ^^'^ ?^*^^*esfc caution and 
 the 1 5th of Maz.h B c T/ ,t rhi'b\ ^' *^^ «-^*«"' 
 the title of iCing out of Italy fo^ti ^' ^^ **^ ^^^^^^e 
 on a war against the PartWg ^^^ P"rpose of carrying 
 arrived in the senate +t? ^'. ^h«n on that dav ht 
 ^vith theii. dagl^' 't ^;";Pl^to.3 rushed upon him 
 himself, but peSlg bJ."* J^ n^^Pted to^defe S 
 "You too, Brutus ?'^;^^*"e^^^^^^ 
 . and sank at the base of^onW«^f ^ ^P ^^ ^« toga 
 only man that was then both {m'*^^''."- ^^"« ^^11 the 
 Rome from civil war and whose rl' ^"^"^ *° «^-« 
 
 t^^^-^ of a t^n^uiltrp-- -^^t^^^^^ 
 
 wiKttpora:^^^^^^^^^^ belief that their deed 
 whole population; buftC ht£ ^^l^PP^^^^ed by the 
 created waa soon fallowed Zw/'^^^^^^^ ^^ich it 
 CWs friend Antony tSdtW ^^*«?*«tion when 
 which he set forth in fflowW^I *^® {""^^ oration, in 
 the dictator, and tTel S^tf^'^A ^^** ^-^t S 
 had bestowed upon the p^^£ ^'rpT^^^^ ^ i>« will he 
 fore, to save thei- owTliv^t J^" .furdere^, there 
 and Cassius went to the ^t wh^ ^'"* ^^"^^- ^^utua 
 SLf ^ been assigned to tl^V^id 1?''"^^^,^^^ P^ 
 Cmlpme Gaul, where he took unT ^^."?"« Brutus to 
 Antony, who caused QsSinl^ ,Pr'*i°^ *t Mutina. 
 himself aa his provint-P «f ^ ^^"^ to be assigned in 
 ^ army to e.^^'^XlTrZTP "^ ^^^ -^th 
 time delivered sevei^l sneeoh^ • ^'''^''° ^^""^ng that 
 sequence of which the^etS irL^".^^^' ^^ con! 
 Octatnant^, the adopted son a^^ Jer^n *^^^^ ^^'^ 
 powers of pr^tor. OctaZi " ^ \f ^*^^' ^^th the 
 a.^V^l,-^' -twittrdljr^-;^^ -eteen 
 
 i^-h^nT^d^^. \nX\t5\V^^^-^- " 
 
 nj fiad m the meantime been 
 
' *o the pra&torahio 
 o;nfidence, altlionffh 
 -The plan for mur- 
 eatest caution and 
 ? of the senate for 
 he waa to receive 
 »urpose of carrying 
 'n on that day he 
 rushed upon him 
 3mpted to defend 
 lem, he exclaimed, 
 f up in his toffa, 
 f- Thus fell the 
 i willing to save 
 might have been 
 'US era in Roman 
 
 Bf that their deed 
 Pplauded by the 
 Jsiasm which it 
 detestation when 
 leral oration, in 
 great merits of 
 in his will he 
 urderers, there- 
 Rome. Brutua 
 winces had pre- 
 mus Brutus to 
 ;ion at Mutina. 
 be assigned to 
 <o Mutina with 
 'o during that 
 n*ony, in con- 
 ^ulncs CoRsa/r 
 esar, with the 
 only nineteen 
 ^ings of his 
 lia, where he 
 eantime been 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. jog 
 
 armies to Decimu« Rr,^ff,. ™. A *^® command of the 
 
 wards murdered at Aquileia • \Z tI • i , ." ^^*^ 
 
 arair^ of the state, and totribuSTw '^''"»g tt= 
 themselves. Antinv «™? o!h ■ ° P-^^oe' atoong 
 took to earn, on the wS^ » J?- ^T"? »"'"«»'«■■. "nder! 
 the East, me triumv^T -5™"? ^'"' ^»»^'" ^ 
 of Sulla, imiteteS^ Z e^mrie ^^°"' ■'"™S ""' ''^"■»« 
 tion list^ in which ionh™l^*'*r?,? "P " P"»"»P- 
 pe«„ns\hon. t ^Lt\T^T TZV' ^^^ 
 
 P«.seribed,S;Tr„\™ftht".",L™ ?S ^ 
 
 ments and thlr. i ?i P?P.^® *° sanction their arrange- 
 Ss ThtmostiS:^^^^^^^^^ soldie.. upon the unarmed 
 the strokefof Te vlnn^^°"' t?*^ P**^°*^^ ^«« fe» under 
 order of the day ^""T '^^^r^' ^^^ "^"^^^ ^^ ^^ 
 dred .n^tors :j^ere ii^^rnVCUl.^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 '^ tX™L:ilw " V .*^ '^^*"« Pom-pei"us: wf; 
 
 Cicero, who h^dmt^LT^; ^'"^'^^^ master of Sicily. 
 
 , wno Had praiBed Octavianus as the champion of 
 
 
 •t: 
 
124 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 i. 
 
 hi i : 
 J.'i i 
 
 n 
 
 
 '■; 
 
 
 n 
 
 '■': 
 
 ^^ 
 
 L 
 
 ■. - ' 
 
 ■ nfthi' ^ • '^ «"PPorted him on all occasions, was one 
 of the niany yictuns ; for in order to please Antony OcT 
 
 Tt on ^^ '"'"'^^ '^'' ""'"^ «^ ^^« fe-«-t orator' tote 
 put on the proscription list, and he wat murdered on the 
 7th of December b.c. 43. His head was taken to FiUvia 
 the wife of Antony, who feasted her eyes on the dlld 
 feattues of the man who had so unmercifully attacked 
 herhusband's reckless and lawless proceedinL^s 
 
 When the triumvirs had wreaked their veir.^eance UDon 
 unhappy Italy by murders and coniiscation^orviXs 
 
 S:'utt1:7catt^^ ''' ^-^ ^ -^^-^ ^^-^- ^^ 
 
 waTro^iSTs tTwIrgotfnrar^^^^^^^ t" 
 
 enemies. Caasius had been very active in Asia Minor 
 and Syria; and the two republican chiefs who wpv« 
 masters of nearly all the countries east of the idrilt" 
 met at Sardes, where they agreed upon theLXns of 
 operatiom But while they wez. making preparaTon/ 
 Octavianus and Antony had already subdued oLle and 
 taken up their quarters at Amphipolis. The remibH 
 
 a^iSthel *^"' '^"P ^" *^^ nei^hb'ourhood ofVS^t 
 and ui the first engagement Cassius was forced to retS 
 
 before Antony, while Brutus repelled the legions of 
 Octavianus, who himself took no nart in +>,« k f f i 
 the ground of ill health. Soon'a'ftrCa^si^^s S' bv 
 false information and despaii-ing of success thew himself 
 upon his own sword. Twenty days after the first bS 
 the triumvirs renewed the contest, in ^,mch Brutus beW 
 defeated likewise, put an end to his life. His examS? 
 was followed by many other republicans, and the reTt of 
 their soldiers paitly surrendered and par ly fled to Sextus 
 Pompeius m Sicily. The battles of Phil'ppi in th« 
 autiunn of b.c. 42, finally annihilated SiXSlict 
 
 pire, m ,.hicn Lci)iaus obtained Africa, and Antonv the 
 eastern provinces, while Octavianus received Cy'where 
 
 a 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 >ccasion8, was one 
 use Antony, Octa- 
 reat orator to be 
 murdered on the 
 8 taken to Fulvia, 
 3yes on the dead 
 jrcifully attacked 
 edings, 
 
 f vengeance upon 
 tions, Ootavianiis 
 t the vxr against 
 
 donia, where ho 
 and had amply 
 sary to meet his 
 in Asia Minor 
 hiefa, who were 
 of the Adriatic, 
 1 their plans of 
 tig prepai-ations, 
 lued Greece, and 
 The republi- 
 ood of Philippic 
 breed to retreat 
 the legions of 
 L the battle, on 
 isius, misled by 
 ?, threw himself 
 the first battle, 
 h Brutus, being 
 His example 
 md the rest of 
 ' fled to Sextus 
 iilippi, in the 
 the republican 
 
 on of the em- 
 id Antony the 
 d Italy, where 
 
 \n 
 
 he satisBeil his soldiers by the disiribution of land, and 
 the estabhshinent of military colonies on the model of 
 th^e founded by Sulla. Antony, intoxicated by the 
 flatteries of the Greeks and tii^ luxuries of Asia, entered 
 upon a voluptuous career, bordering upon insaiuty j and 
 thesums he extorted in Asia were laVished upon 'Clet^ 
 patiu, queen of Egypt His wife FuMa, who loved him 
 most passionately, did everything she could to iiiduoe him 
 to return to her. ITie establishment of Uie mUitarv 
 colonies had thix>wn thousands of Iteli s into pov^ 
 and this afforded to Fulvia and her brotLor-in-law i^aW 
 A'ni^mv^^ a fair pretext to come forward as the prolJtora 
 of die poor *nd distressed. Lucius Antonius waTcon- 
 sul in B.C. 41, and, together with Fulvia and others, took 
 
 himself the fnend and protector of the poor, and where 
 large numbers flocked to his standarda Towards the 
 end of the year, Octavianus, with three armies, com- 
 menced opera^jons against tJiem as rebels, and Ssieged 
 them at Perusia When th« plac« began to sufer from 
 tamme, Lucius Antonius capitulated, and Fulvia was set 
 tree on condition that she should quit Italy All the 
 eenatora of Perusia, however, were put to death : and 
 
 TTi^t Aff "^ ^""^ ""^ '^^ '^^^^^^ ^^^ sacrificed, 
 on the 15th of March B.C. 40, to Julius Gsesar. The 
 town of Perusia waa reduced to ashes, and Fulvia went 
 to Greece, where she died soon after. 
 
 During the war of Peinisia, hostilities were on the 
 pomt of breaking out between Antony and Octavianus, 
 aiid the former axitually sailed with his fleet to Brundi 
 Slum, and prevailed on Sextus Pompeius to join him • 
 but a reconciliation was brought about, and Sextus Pom- 
 ^lus was declared the common enemy of the triumvirs 
 Pompeiufl now returned to his piratical practices, and 
 prevented supplies from abroad being conveyed to Rome 
 m consequence of which the citizens began to suffer from' 
 
 i.in,.. ^^^ |,cupic wuuly complained, and demanded of 
 the tnumvii-s to come to some arrangement with him 
 A peace was therefore concluded with him in ac 39 iu 
 
ii' 
 
 120 
 
 I'! ■ 
 
 Ji' *■ 
 
 I- J 
 Ml I 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 AntonAowlST:^-^..*^^ «°^«''"«'- of Sicily. 
 
 he lived as a pS nen.^ %^''' ^^'^'^ ^°^ * ^imo 
 considered himselTtronS bv ^7^^"^' -^o justly 
 abstaining from pimcv «l!l 7 r^^""^"^' "«* altogether 
 for underiking a^^^St K^'^'lf "^ " fairpfetext 
 in B.C. 38, but wilh^^lrl'"^- ^* ^^ commenced 
 Octavianus entrusted th/?^ '"'T'' "'^*^^' ^^ B-^- 36, 
 friend Affrippa ^tt ^ ^'^'^"^^"d of the fleet to his 
 
 Antony an/£:pid"t° But ZT"^^ '^. *^° «-^ °f 
 »n*de on Pompe us until L ''^'^.^^ impression waa 
 battle of MvlffiW'f^i^^ "^^ "^^^^^^^^ in the great 
 querors, bThe him^If'Se/^^^^ *° *^«^"- 
 
 he ^^as murdered Lepidus. wh° ^''"' '^^'"^ «°°^ ^*«r 
 man of no great taS orM ^^^'""'^ ^ ^^^« ^^^ a 
 wh.e he^Hvfd as ^:iS^^ ^ -* /o Rome, 
 
 anrsctru^i-ryr^^ fo?-^<>^-^^ 
 
 lieutenants, but Tb c ^r'S^'r^^^V. ^^ ^^ W's 
 Syria to undertaS Sie comi^n^''^ '""''^^ hastened to 
 he had a large armv and w "" ^^"^^^ Although 
 
 Armenia, thf pSkn w pr^^."'^^ ^^ *^« ^"« «f 
 Media, nearly anSilted^lT .'^*^'' ^**^"^^S ^^^ i^ 
 
 Bionofallhis^aiWnrtfonand r""'-^^ ^^^"^ P°««««- 
 «elf escaped and r^turnS ^A ^''''T''': Antony him- 
 
 he forgo? himself ^nd'e^ez^thlinSf S SeV' "'^^^ 
 the court. He not only Sve to nJ I P^^^^es of 
 vinces of the emnire h^ff ^I . ^^^Patra seveiul pro- 
 teiumph at AleZdria and '^ H° ^'' f ^ ^^'^^^^ * 
 Octevianus felt wSf^L^J'"^""':.^^ ^'^' ^^^^i^' 
 •iBter, and the RomanrJn.riTi k^ *^^ P^^°^ ^^ his 
 of AnWs conducr KXrBc' 3^ ^^^^'"^^ 
 
 i^ippaf aU^^i^-4:^^^^^^^^^^^ by 
 
 wxuu ms army, landed in Epirus. " ' -^«»vianug, 
 
HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 127 
 
 5vernor of Sicily, 
 le-minded sister of 
 
 where for a timo 
 peius, who justly 
 ly, not altogether 
 anus a fair pretext 
 t was commenced 
 
 nntil, in b.c. 36, 
 f the fleet to his 
 by the fleets of 
 lo impression waa 
 ited in the greafc 
 lered to the con- 
 ivhere soon after 
 •s to have been a 
 i sent to Rome, 
 il B.C. 12. 
 ands of Antony 
 war had broken 
 led Syria. The 
 lily by Antony's 
 self hastened to 
 son. Although 
 by the king of 
 tacking him in 
 
 gained posses- 
 Antony him- 
 Q Egypt, where 
 he pleasures of 
 ra several pro- 
 to celebrate a 
 I wife Octavia. 
 person of his 
 
 feel ashamed 
 
 32, war was 
 1 early in the 
 ^mmanded by 
 5 ■wrCuivianus, 
 
 Antony, accompanied by Cleopatra, assembled his 
 forces at Corey ra; and on the 2d of September B.C. 31, 
 the memorable sea fight off the promontory of Actium, 
 m Acarnania, commenced. Its ifisue was at first doubt- 
 ful ; but Cleopatra, losing hope, took to flight; and 
 Antony, following hor, proceeded to Alexandria, leaving 
 his fleet and army to their fate. The fleet was soon 
 destroyed by Agrippa ; and the land army, finding itself 
 abandoned by its commander, surrendered to Octavianua, 
 The moderation displayed by Oetavianus towards his 
 vanquished enemies excited general admiration. Soon 
 after his victory, in commemoration of which the town 
 of Nicopolis was founded opposite Actium, he followed 
 the fugitives to Alexandria. Cleopatra, on his arrival, 
 tried to charm him as she had charmed Ciesar and 
 Antony. But she did not succeed; and Antony being 
 prematurely informed of her death, killed himself, B.a 
 30 ; and Cleopatra soon after put an end to her existence, 
 it is said, by putting a viper to her breast. By her death 
 the race of the Ptolemys became extinct, and Egypt was 
 made a Ex)man province. In the spring of b.c. 39, Oeta- 
 vianus returned to Rome, where the Temple of Janus 
 was closed, a sign that peace was restored throughout the 
 Roman empire, of which Oetavianus was now the undis- 
 puted master. 
 
 % 
 
 . » 
 
 VAilCUg BRUTUS. 
 
 J 
 
If 
 
 I'll 
 
 i4 ''■' 
 
 I :'. 
 
 
 J CHAPTER XIL 
 
 THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS. 
 B.C. 31 TO A,D. 14. 
 
 the time of the Gracchi, it w^ aVi^fH^*^ P^/^ «^^r since 
 now to be governed b^ a X ^H^T"?^ ^"^ *^« «"^Pi^^ 
 peace, oi-der, and prosperitTto h^ ^ T°"' *^ ^^^^^o"^ 
 jng part of the Roman nZ^^^ '°^*F- The tiink- 
 the conviction that a LSti ^ """'* ^^''^ ^^"^^d at 
 an impossibility. But ff v^ ^°''*'""'^^* ^^^ ^^^come 
 eax-eful to pres^erve t^e ^J;, E^ nevertheless very 
 meetings of the popidar IXm ^ ^^"5'' «"«^ «« the 
 also avoided givin. oflSLh! ^ ^"^^ °^ *^« senate; he 
 or dictator, s^o tltt^noZti^^V^' '^^' ^^ ^ing 
 Po^e«, he was appaVent ^0^1 v f "'^ ^v «^*^o»dinary 
 Tbe gi-e^t mass of untTinK iL''^^"^^^^^" magistrate 
 rejniblic nor monarchv «mi ^ ^^"^ '^^^'^^ neither for 
 with bread and am^X"^^'^ ^'^^^^ ^ -ell proviie'd 
 
 the i^:^r ^I^^^g^^-ed W the Eas, 
 sei-vilitv and ^A..uJ^^ J^^ ^^*h each other in their 
 
 title of Augu;;;^;^t:^ is'The-'T"' ^'*!^' ^^ ^-^^^-'^ «•« 
 
 was af^rw.^ ^_^ ^^> aS^thlrol^^e^p^/^^^^ 
 

 HISTORY OP ROMR 
 
 129 
 
 B. 
 
 J ; and after tlje 
 lassed ever since 
 ngfortheempii-e 
 lirous to restore 
 ly- The think- 
 have arrived at 
 enthad become 
 Jvertheless very 
 s, such as the 
 
 the senate; he 
 lie title of king 
 
 extraordinary 
 !an magistrate, 
 •ed neither for 
 f well provided 
 
 i'om the East, 
 other in their 
 le received the 
 a title which 
 Jniperoi-s. To 
 
 the title of Augustus was added that of Imperator (em- 
 peror) for ten years, which, however, was afterwards 
 renewed from time to time ; and by it he obtained ihe 
 supreme command of all the forces of the empire. In 
 B.C. 23 he received the powers of a tribune for life, 
 whereby his pereon beciune sacred and inviolate, and 
 obtamed the right to convene the senate whenever he 
 pleased, and to put his veto upon any of its decrees. In 
 this manner he acquired in a few years all the powers 
 which had hitherto belonged to the several republican 
 Boagistrates, though the consulship and the other hi^h 
 offices were as usual nominally conferred upon others 
 and continued to be looked upon as high distinctions 
 coveted by the first men of the state. In his capacity of 
 censor, Augustus directed his attention first to the clear^ 
 ing of the senate of imworthy members, and limited their 
 number to 600. In the course of time, however, the 
 senate became a sort of state council and supreme court 
 of justice, which had to try all offences against the 
 majesty of the emperor. He was supported in his ad- 
 ministration of the eminie by a number of able men 
 such as Agiippa, Majcenas, Valerius Messulla, and Asi- 
 mus PoUio. 
 
 Augustus bestowed especial care uiwn the better ad- 
 mimsti-ation of the city, where hitherto life and property 
 had been anything but safe. In order to have complete 
 control over the city as well as Italy, he distributed the 
 former into fourteen regions, and the latter into a number 
 of districts or provinces. For his own safety he estab- 
 lished a body-guard of ten cohoi-ts, three of which were 
 stationed in the city, and the i-enaining seven in different 
 parts of Italy ; but in the reign of his successor Tiberius, 
 they were all collected in a fortified camp close to the 
 city. In regard to the provinces, the adniinistmtion of 
 which he greatly improved, he made an arrangement, in 
 B.C. 27, by which some were assigned to the senate, and 
 some to himself, reservinee for bimo/jlf *hnaa wi.i/^K o+iii 
 required the presence of a military force. The governors 
 of the senatorial provinces were appointed by the senate 
 
 '!'; 
 
A 
 
 130 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 vinces went into ih..t f'^f"''^^ ^^ ^^^ senatorial pro- 
 imperial proWs belotlVr^^^^^^ ^"' *^°«« «f ^te 
 treasury. ^ ^"^'^''^"^ *° *^« emperor's separate 
 
 and^'LdllXr'l^^^^^^^ "P- the moral 
 
 by encouraginrmaSe wilVr?'',"'' ^"' ^''^"^P^^' 
 disuse; and noZZh^'Z^ ** f'"'^'* ^^"«" ^^^^ 
 
 i>«^^St'ZlSTZ:L''T' =="T"S 'he frontier of 
 « the war agaiSst them trCl y:^';;;;.!,?: ^'I 
 
 not fln„n/ntS tmTc-'irX:™!,'^''- """ "»™ 
 pletely defeated by Agnnpa^' tLa» '^^^ ™« com- 
 the f™«er of th^e el^^^iJtt ttt l^Z "^T 
 fi-ontici-s of Esmt were ««..,-!5 i, •'. " ^^"'^ the 
 
 Ethiopians anlTtte^wC^ Brro*°?h: v"J'' 
 kinff, fearino- a war wiih t? ^i , ^' *^® Parthian 
 
 -i'back theTndaXwtrA!^: ilt^'l'^ ^ 
 during the camnai<rn<, nf n , ^^*° ^'^ ^'^nds 
 
 existence of ^tZS^ ndlS:r^^^^^^^^ ^''T' ^^^ 
 parts of the Alps was tluZhlf? V '1' *^^ ^'"^^^^n 
 
 the empire. A^coTdinllv f l ''''^^"^"'" *^" ^^''^^ti^^'^ ^^ 
 them in bo tg wSF' ^ "^^'^ T^" commenced against 
 untn "n B c 1 's 7""' continued for many years 
 
 TheU\;ainJ?L T-b*l^..--^ --P^ely sL^IueJ 
 inhabitants of So^l..^-t——;-^^^ 
 
HISTORY OF aOMB, 
 
 of the provinces 
 he senatorial pro- 
 but those of the 
 mperor's separate 
 
 I upon the moral 
 as, for example, 
 Imost fallen into 
 3cted that might 
 ' subjects. Not- 
 ugustus exercised 
 s anxiety to con- 
 ite ruler of the 
 3re formed from 
 ts always on his 
 especially during 
 
 the frontiers of 
 
 them, he pro- 
 in, for the pur- 
 ri. He carried 
 until in the end 
 ' to submit, B.c 
 >Ited, and were 
 ;hey were com- 
 ic thus became 
 
 in Africa the 
 3ories over the 
 ', the Parthian 
 it advisable to 
 ^nto his hands 
 (Antony. The 
 n the eastern 
 'he frontiers of 
 lenced against 
 p many yeaiu, 
 tely subdut^d. 
 ^auls and the 
 
 bands of tho 
 
 131 
 
 latter nation invaded Gaul, the alarm created at Rome 
 was so great that, in B.C. 16, Augustus himself, at the 
 head of an army, entered Gaul ; but after an absence of 
 three years, he returned to Rome, leaving the command 
 of the army on the Rhine to his step-son Drusus, who, 
 until then, had been conducting the war against the 
 Alpine tribes, in conjunction with his brother Tiberius. 
 
 There now began a series of dangerous and disastroTis 
 wars with the Germans on the east of the Rhine. The 
 object wa« not so much to make -conquests in Germany 
 as to humble and weaken that nation, because it waa 
 regarded as a dangerous neighbour of GauL When 
 Drusus undertook the command, in B.a 12, he resolved 
 to conquer the part of Germany between the Rhine and 
 the Elba He made several expeditions against that part 
 of Gei-many, and endeavoured to secure his conquests by 
 building the fortress of Aliso near the sources of the 
 river Lippe. In b.c. 9 he advanced as fai- as the Elbe, 
 but want of provisions compelled him to return ; and on 
 his journey aouthward he fell from his horse, injuring 
 himself so seA'^erely, that a month later he died. 
 
 Drusus was succeeded by his brother Tiberius, who, 
 intending to complete what 'lis brother had commenced, 
 crossed the Rhine in B.C. 8 ; but he was unable to sub^ 
 due tlie west of Germany, although he displayed great 
 skill and bravery. After various undertakings by hia 
 successor, none of which secured any permanent results, 
 Tiberius, in a.d. 4, resumed the command of the legions 
 on the Rhine; and, partly by successful battles, and 
 pai-tly by prudent negotiations, subdued the country 
 l>etween the Rhine and the Weser, which was then con- 
 stituted as a Roman province. Peace being thus restored 
 in that part of Germany, Tiberius was called away by a 
 great insurrection of the tribes inhabiting the country 
 between the Danube and the Adriatic. The war against 
 them lasted for two years, until in a.d. 9, the fall of their 
 
 •sf.mnrr ■f'nr-'-nQaa AaniA^A -J-T,- i?«i.- _i» xV _ i 
 
 i.Q ..,?„!,.,-„ t.v'ou.itu fiiu xaipc ui wit; ixuiurgcni/S. 
 
 In the meantime the work of Romanising Western 
 Germany waa going on satisfactorily; but the avarice aad 
 
 i ' • 
 
/32 
 
 lb 
 
 ^.1 
 
 HISTORY OF ROMB. 
 
 -as foj^ed against hLt/'r^L™^ S' ' ^^"^^^^ 
 His tnbe was soon ioined hJ^T ' Chernscan chief, 
 warned of the dangi a^^J ^thers a^^ Yarns, thongh 
 to be drawi. into a^^^S ^f ^^ J^^ - ^^e force 
 ft>rest Of Tentobm^,^S f'r^".^^"^^"*'^^^*^^ 
 ended in so complet? a dtSt of V« .'^'^ ^^^«' ^^ 
 was covei^d witi the d^Td bo& J^S ^' *^^ ^^"^^^ 
 sumvors wre sold as sLes S.^!^^ ?f '^"'' ^he 
 aj-d Varus in despair thi^w SmSlf ^"^^/^^ -ere lost, 
 ^e Oennans locJked, W^^wf ^'^^^ ^'«,o^ sword, 
 the great deliverer of tS ^l^l' "P?? ^^^mins a« 
 Romans Ai^stas^T^^efv^^TT^ ^ ^"^^ *>^ *^« 
 disaster, is sSl to h^^^'^t .:i^^?T^ «^ *hi« 
 despair. The fortrorif A^ h"^ V^^ ^«^ ^^^ 
 dunng the war, the Somans ^tlT ^^« ^^^^^^ed 
 Jdves on the eastern baTof XiV'' T^*"*^'" *^^^»- 
 fined themselves to piX^if th^ i-^^T' Weforth con- 
 
 The most import^Tefe^whlJ^ ? ^*^* ^^^^• 
 Augustus, is the birth tf eu/^^ T^" ^^ ^«%» of 
 mgn of At^stus, or moreTri!?i i^"^ ^^«*- ^he 
 death of SuHa to thai S A„o^,T ^ *^^ P^"**^ fr««» *I^e 
 f f Roman literatu^ 4t StTt '*'"^* ^"'^^ ^«^*^^ ag^ 
 Its highest developmentXdIS t'^TT **^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 ^d historians belong to'tSt plSl^'^f P«^*«' o^ato^,, 
 Augustus was greatly disturL/^r"- ^ -^ P^*'=« ^^^^ of 
 domestic misfortTxne^ m^tt""''^ ^'' ^''''' ^^^s by 
 end Lucius C^sar, Sie sons^r^ '''5 grandsons, Cai»8 
 Agrippa,died in earij IS .i ^'.'J^'^Shter JuK^ w 
 tW had been poisS^K Vel T^'^'H '"^^^^^^ ^^at 
 war anxious to secure^^ L J! -^P"""*^^^' ^''K who 
 
 Jous woman, caus^ herfSr^ ' ^mghteT Julia, a licen- 
 Jon tiat he foundit n^s^ry ^ dT'"'' ^^^ ^«^a- 
 <lied on the l&th of ASrs7A^^r\^t^- ^"g^^stua 
 Paxiia, whither he had ^ont t^ ± "* ^?^' ^^*«»- 
 Jiealth; and immM;o;"iJ-T*. ** .'««^r» his enfeebled 
 *e iaat son of i^i^hyT^^^ ^^W*» Postnmus. 
 
 * oy Agnppa. was aaaaabinated ^ 
 
Qnfntflmj? Tama 
 and ft conspiracy 
 Chernscan chief, 
 id Yarns, thongh 
 t'lfch a lai^e force 
 tfcle ensued in the 
 three days, and 
 *hat the ground 
 * Komans. The 
 ianis were ]ost, 
 > tis own sword! 
 on Arminius aB 
 the yoke of the 
 Iligence of thia 
 "^th rag© and 
 been destroyed 
 maintain them- 
 henceforth eon- 
 t of the river. 
 ^8 the reign of 
 s Christ The 
 »eriod from the 
 the golden age 
 ^ then reached 
 poets, orators, 
 private life of 
 later years by 
 indsons, Caiua 
 bter Julia by 
 suspicion that 
 iTy livia, who 
 erius, her son 
 Julia, a licen- 
 fow and rexa- 
 f. Aiignstua 
 ^ola, in Cam- 
 lis enfeebled 
 "* Postumus^ 
 ^^'I'^iuated tQ 
 
 BISTORy OF BOMiB. 
 
 133 
 
 prevent his putting forth any claims against Tiberius. 
 The latter, therefoi-e, now succeeded his step-father with- 
 out any difficulty, and the imperial dignity remained in 
 the same family until Nero, who was the lust of the line, 
 for after his death the imperial throne was generally 
 filled by the choice of the soldiera. 
 
 oouM »» •Fux mnnrnM, m. unvvivt Avn urooB. 
 
 f- 
 
.' '' > ■ 
 
 /'' 
 
 \i 
 
 III 
 
 « «B>Al C<.,,,«„,„,„, ,„ CO»,„^ „,\„^' 
 
 CHAPTER XIIZ 
 
 r 
 FROM THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS TO THAf 
 
 •it' 
 A.D. U TO A.D. 68. 
 
 OPNERa 
 
 that period of his lirto st^l^^^f/"*^"^^^ ^""«S 
 cn.el ty,^t he turned out7£ Du^/thf fi'^ *'' 
 years of his reign, things we^' on pr^tVtll *t 111 
 events, he succeeded in conceali, . iL •• ' ** ^^^ 
 
 character. But aftex thr/ear a d 20 T^'T ^^ ^^"^ 
 under the influence of his fSd JnL.% ^^^"^ t^ *^^"^« 
 n^enced a series of tXTatf [LTs. T""' ^' 'T 
 advice of Seianus that, in aj> Tslhlr..!^ ^^^ ""l *^^^ 
 were diuwn together in/n « > ft'S^ pr»tonan cohorts 
 a step whfch af on.^ I^ ^^'^^'^^^^ "^^P «^^«^« *<> Rome, 
 
 miiit£/3:ttL Tort^;t^^^ ^?*« ^ 
 
 hadalargebodvoftroonVTii ^'^P®''^'' ^^^^y^ 
 
 his biddiatg. HittrtHL Lo lT;f f ^' ""^*^y *« ^'<^ 
 
 assexnWe iS their ^m 1 and to^lv ? ^ •" ^^^^^^ *« 
 form ; but Tiberiiis TboH«h^ *>, ^ ^^"^^ '" *^* ^n«^«»* 
 ring theXSnsfn f t ^those assemblies, tnvnsfeiv 
 
 mi^Ut picvse the despo. One ofi;' chJX^l^tl^^^^ 
 
^W»'' 
 
 if OP NERO, 
 
 V distingtiished 
 scorded during 
 would be the 
 ? the first six 
 7 well, at all 
 jusness of his 
 i^hen he came 
 %nu», he com- 
 t was on tho 
 jorian cohorts 
 lose to Rome, 
 iBient into a 
 peror always 
 , ready to ilo 
 n allowed to 
 a the ancient 
 lies, transfeiv 
 is servile sub- 
 iiythjiig tjiat 
 functions of 
 
 HISTOUV OK HOME. 
 
 135 
 
 the senate henceforth was to frv nil noc«o <• i.- i. x 
 against the person of tho .n ^ I ""^ ^'^^ *^^^^«^ 
 
 host of spies and inSera who ifl J^ 'T"^ " 
 
 ireedom, while they inoreased the tyrant's fearq nml 
 
 restraint, withdrew in a n 9fi T .^ • "" ^''°™ ^^^ 
 up his abode t'lL^rd'yS'ref if L^l,^^^^^ 
 Naples. The period of his absenceS So^e w^fthe 
 wSho,^'? P"'.* f H' ^^^S^' f^^- Seianus noHu ed 
 
 planned the exterminatfon of ^^e^L fl^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 son of Tiberius; and he now sent Agrippina and 1 er 
 three sons into exile, and afterwards got^riTof them bv 
 
 tahgula), the yo.mgest of the sons of Agrippina bv Gpt 
 manicns, was the only one that escaped.^^At lenth 
 when he thought that all obstacles were^-emovfd he sfed 
 for the hand of the widow of Drusus TT^ W f f- 
 this matte, with the greate:t caution anfsecrecy tft t 
 nevertheless reached the ears of Tiberius, who now wrote 
 a letter to the senate accusing Seianus of high treL™nd 
 
 TJ tX ^^' ' ^ V^^ ^^^* ^^^'S^^ <^f ti^e Roman people 
 and Tiberius wreaked his vengeance on all th7 friends 
 and relativ-es of Seianus. The experience which ?he 
 emperor hrd made wi^h Seianus filled his soulTSfmore 
 with suspicions, and he became still more cruel S 
 
 lif "and'llnlff ifb'^^^^^^^^^ ^^ his XwhS 
 c^ef^tcttled SL'ondulT^rtl^^t^^^ '^ 
 
 Macro, the successor of Seianus, in conjunction with 
 
 < 
 i 
 I 
 
 : 
 
136 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 lit'^ 
 
 i-: 
 
 I 
 i 
 
 ^^tZr^tl&T^^^ ^ ^^* -^ of the 
 num, Tiberius felint^a^deatM TJ ^"^^ ^^«^ 
 persons of his suite believfnc/h? . \^ '.^*^' ^"^ ^O"^^ 
 Caius emperor But S^ *^ ^^ ^'^' proclaiiued 
 Macro and Caius fea«d h^« '"' ""«°^«^d' ^^d as both 
 
 to be sufTo^jterbetre'n t:::rpxT7:Tf' '^ 
 
 As regards the affairs of the empire a .J °V-' 
 tion broke out, in the very year ^f t\ ^ . * ^nsurrec 
 among the legions on the RhCand ii p" "^^Tt"^ 
 soldiers on the Rhine den'-iXr th , n ^*^?^^«^ The 
 assume the imperial t^y^i^^la^'^^T''' ^'^ ' 
 Germanicus wa^ geaero^ enoil^W • T'\«""8; but 
 and decline the offi^^e 3?.;^'!^ *^" ?°^^^«" 
 nonia was quelled by urudpT. -^^ *"^P« ^ ^^'^- 
 
 now penetmtedlnS^trt part orr^"^- ^^^^^^^^^ 
 been lost through the t^scScf o?'CuY "?'' '"^ 
 again roused his countrymen t^ . ■ ' ^"^^^^ 
 against the common Zmy Lf n^' ^^T"l "^^^^^^^^ 
 tactics of the Romans Td"^ ke ludl^f ^, ^« -Perior 
 the Germans were defeated in f f u ?x? °^ Germanicus, 
 meanwhile become jSoi^ of fh? ^**^''- ^^^^^^"« ^^^^ 
 of Germanicus,Tho in AD Ifi «^«'««« and popularity 
 to the East, whli 'he dtJ' at \T? T""^^' ^"*^ ««^* 
 Germans on the right bank of fl^S?-^' ^■''- ^^- ^he 
 for a t.me witS fnrfW t ^^'^^ ^«^ ^^^ ^eft 
 
 memon^ble evenW^ii^^trreT^TS ' "^'^ ^^^ 
 crucifixion of Jesus Christ, Sil ^oZ' ^"" "^^ 
 chronoloffy. ad 3<t ^xr^ »^w™ing to the common 
 
 earthquake hy^Moh ZlnTl ^^.^^'^^^^ a fearfiS 
 at Fiden», where a Smrii ' ^^ *^*' ^®** catastrophe 
 
 jn during^ 'grdi:&sjr„^s'fr? '^" 
 
 together vast multihifi«o «f T' ^"^<'^ "ad dmwji 
 20!600ps«o„,w*S Ao"^?'"' '^^'' °° ^ «■»" 
 
 C.S;S:; rreS>T?£"'l/tr;„°<'"»o?l7 caned 
 resembled hi, nobWmVZ\"-. ?7. .'» "•.»■ <?• A. he 
 
^ get rid of the 
 near Cape Mise- 
 state, and somo 
 ' dead, proclaimed 
 red, and as both 
 theycau^d him 
 ra, A.D. 37. 
 a great insurrec- 
 •erius's accession, 
 Pannonia. The 
 armanicus should 
 >f Tiberius; but 
 uiet the soldiers 
 e troops in Pan- 
 M. Gennanicus 
 aany which had 
 irus. Arminiua 
 srous resistance 
 to the superior 
 of Germanicus, 
 I. Tiberius had 
 and popularity 
 called, and sent 
 . A.D. 19. The 
 e were now left 
 n. The most 
 berius was the 
 5 the common 
 ition a fearful 
 cities in Asia 
 eat catastrophe 
 phitheatre fell 
 ;h had drawn 
 no less than 
 
 amonly called 
 D. 41. As he 
 cus in appear- 
 • inherited his 
 
 HI8TOUV OF ROME. 
 
 137 
 
 fathers virtues ; and during the first eight months of his 
 rejga such hopes seemed to be j ustified. But he was then 
 seized by a sudden illness, from which ho indeed recovered 
 out his conduct was so much altered that henceforth he 
 cannot be regarded in any other light than that of a 
 madman We need not here enter into the disgusting 
 details of his reign ; sulUce it to say that he acted as a 
 bloodthirsty tyrant, who took a delight in signing death 
 warrants, and witne^ing the agonies of his victims • he 
 squandered the public treasures upon the ftTatification of 
 bis lusts and the erection of absurd buildings ; he cele- 
 bmted ridiculous triumphs over Germans and Britons, 
 whom he had never encountered in battle, and Ordered 
 himself to be worshipped as a god. By his excesses he 
 impoverished the provinces, as well as the state treasury 
 he was a low and vulgar sensualist, whose favourite com- 
 panions were actors, gladiatoi-s, and other i e isoiis of the 
 most despised classes. A conspii-acy was formed against 
 hini aa eariy as a.d. 39, but it Was discovered, and its 
 authoi-8 Were put to death. Another plot was concocted 
 by some officers of the prcetorian guards, and in a D 41 
 he was murdered in his own pakce, while attendin<r a 
 rehearsal of some actors. His wife and daughters were 
 likewise put to death, and during the tumult, the mur- 
 derers dragged forth Claudius, a son of Drusus and 
 Antonia, who from fear had concealed himself, but was 
 now proclaimed emperor. 
 
 The life of Claudius had been spared during the reigns 
 of Tiberius and Caligula, merely because he was despised 
 and looked ui)on as an idiot. The treatment which he 
 had received from his own family had intimidated him 
 and made him a coward. His favourite pm-suits were 
 the study of history and antiquities, and he himself 
 wrote several historical works; but while he occupied 
 himself with such things, his freedmen and favourites 
 governed the empire, exercising unlimited influence over 
 him, and his wife Messaluui scoi-ned every law of decency 
 and morality. It was at the instigation of such advisei-s, 
 that tlaudms ordei-ed tlie execution of some of the best 
 
 
 b« 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
i 
 
 138 
 
 ill 
 h I: 
 
 Fr II i 
 
 [| 
 
 ."•f" 
 § 
 
 HISTORY OF ROMK, 
 
 some young lS>ffia„ Bnf .T P"?^'"^^ *° "^^^^:^ ^ J'^"d- 
 
 -cely leHCnrur'S^^it^t^td^ h^^"^^^'^^ 
 great ambition wa^ to xret rid of n ^- ^ ^^''''- H®^* 
 
 MessaHna, and to secure the sle^sTofto\''"'"" '^ 
 Nero, by a former husb«n7] ^i^^'f ^^°^ ^ her own son 
 
 covered her scheme si e SiL. ? l ""r? ^^^"^^^^ ^i«- 
 be poisoned, a.d 5I. ' *' <^f ^erUfe, caused him to 
 
 foud of buildinr^m J^t^Cted n^ """^ ^'T'^""'' ^' ^^« 
 useful works ■ fl . IT ',*''''"**'^, o^ oompletod some verv 
 
 drained Lake Fu nus t^Z' ''' '"''"•^' ^^ ^«*-' - ^ 
 through which r^ers of Z';"f^^^i'^^«^«««e tunnel 
 
 river Liris. Notwitltten^l \\' ""^^ ^^ ^^^ ^"*° *^« 
 the age, the Romanljmr^idet' S^^ corruption of 
 
 - cessors gained many a victory aW^^^ ^^^ ^'' ^"«' 
 a successful war was l»«m,«^^ abroad Thus in a.d. 50, 
 had invaded ArmS In n ^^'^ '^" Parthians, who 
 bulo, oneof ClaSs's .e/eir """'^"^ ^^^'"^W Cor- 
 the Germans, and mil^C^r^ ^^ «"-«-ful against 
 province, had he not^een oXefu^^^^^^ 
 fine his operations to the ZTv 7 ^J^^mperor to con^ 
 reign of Saudius is further L^"'^ l^ '\' ^^^^«- The 
 then that the Romans mad«'^^^^'' ^^^^«« ^^ ^^ 
 Britain ; for in ad 43 .T^ P^?™anent conquests Si 
 
 Claudius, af^^^pa^int Csera^h"'^^'^.*^^ ^^^«^' ^^^ 
 command of hi/tJooJs LT the I ?"* ^'"/* *^ ^*' ^^^^ *he 
 who continued theTa^r ^'':>"^^^^^^^ ^^^"^"-H 
 this war that r..^a.m,. and h s son 1?^, bor'f'^T"^ 
 afterwards became emnernr« « 1 J-' °"*h of whom 
 
 "elves. The soXa^r^rt ff 't'^'^'''^'^ '^'^■ 
 conquered by the R<>.::j':l/.^^tr^ ^^-^lly 
 province m A. p. 44. : —^'^Uvuieu n riomaa 
 
'teiwUMii] 
 iteenjiea 
 
 HrjJTOHY OF ROMB. 
 
 139 
 
 Soon afteoi^pimurder of Claudi-..s, Nero, who was then 
 only seventeen^ars old, was proclaimed emperor. He Lad 
 been eductited by the philosopher Seneca, and Burrus, an 
 officer of the praetorian guards, and was a young man not 
 withotit talent ; but the corrupt and licentious court, the 
 adulation of the senate, and the servility of the people 
 exercised their baneful influence. During the first five 
 J^ears of his reign, probably owing to the controlling 
 influence of his teachers, things went on very fairly • but 
 when Nero began to quarrel with his ambitious mo'ther 
 who not only wanted to interfere in the government, but 
 jven threatened to i-aise Britannicus, a son of Claudius 
 to the throne, the vicious propensities of Nero burst forth 
 at once. He now first caused the murder of Britannicus 
 and attempted to diown his mother by means of a boat' 
 constructed in such a manner that it should go to pieces 
 when on tie water; but as she saved herself by swim- 
 ming, he ordered her to be assassinated, and this hoirid 
 deed was not censured by either Seneca or Burrus Under 
 the influence of contemptible women, Nero now hurried 
 from one crime to anotho-r; and after the removal of 
 Burrus from the court in a,d. 62, he threw off all restraint- 
 he banished his wife Octavia to a lonely island, where she 
 was murdered and then married Poppm Sahina, the 
 adulterous wife of Salvius Otho, who was afterguards 
 raised to the throne. A few years later, a fearful fire 
 broke out at Rome, which lasted for six days, and reduced 
 the greater part of the city to ashes. It was reporf^ed 
 that this conflagration was the work of Nero himself who 
 wished to see a vivid picture of the burning of Troy * But 
 he charged the Christians, who then formed only an 
 obscure sect, with having caused the conflagi-ation. and 
 cruelly persecuted them. It is commonly said that the 
 apostles Peter and Paul sufiered mai-tyrdom on that 
 occasion. Nero then ordered the city to be rebuUt with 
 greater magnificence than ever, and for himself he built 
 what was called the "golden house." nn th« Poia+Jn- 
 hiJI. Although these things could be done only bv'^ 
 whitrary and despotic nUer, yet the vast Roman populace 
 
 1 (■ 
 
 I I 
 
 f- 
 
 % 
 
140 
 
 HISTOttY OF nOME. 
 
 
 M ■ 
 
 m 
 
 f I: 
 
 M^ 
 
 m 
 
 attempt with their JivM S^n. ' u *" '"J' '<"• "» 
 being an aoooinnlL ,3 . f^ T^" "»» »nsp<«ted of 
 
 Pop,«a Sabina, whom ho wSTnaCtal ^t 7" "^''• 
 and Antonia, a daui.l,t,r „e ru j- , *' "f Paasion, 
 to be murdeSd S,» ,1, ?'*"<'"«. whom he ordered 
 honest a„dT;„„r,Si^ ',!^"'l^ "^"^ "■"• ^'^T 
 
 and hatred to^Z ^ZVL^'^L^l,'"'^^-"'"^ 
 Gi-eece, and there tock n«H^ o. f " ^ ■^*^^*' ^^nt to 
 
 great .^.tional 7Xa^^^:i.^'SZ^t:{^ ^^ *^^ 
 est follies and cruelties. Sw)n X? S ^ 1 ^ *^® ^'^ 
 rection broke out in O^ I i . '^^'''^ ^^ ^^^f- 
 
 tl^e go;em;r ^Xin'^^"Trrtll""^^ ,^?^ 
 emperor by the soldiere tL ZT . ■ ^"^ proclaimed 
 lowing thi exam;rriLw^^^ pCwd hl"^"^' '^^^ 
 Nero, now abandoned by all, took to S? ™, ^""P^*?^' 
 discovered, inflicted r Cm, i ^,^^Sbt; and on being 
 died, A.r68 He wiZ W^"" ^'™''^^' °^ ^^i^^^ t^ 
 
 ^^the province a.umed the W.^o^l^^tiil^i^^^^^^ 
 
 During the reign of Kero ih^ Po»^i,' 
 gaining l-^ion'^of Wnia bu^^^^ T"''^.? 
 genei-al. m a long protracted warrec^vei^d'tL"'".'S^^^'. 
 that country; under his anrrZU^ • "^^^^^ ^f 
 
 again. Ger^ny was tolem^ . ' • r'T' ^* ^«* Io«* 
 in Brit^ a g^tllr^^SVX^ oTt'l^; ?r«^ '^* 
 ^nsequence of «ie fearful mpaciry and oppr^s.ron nf Vf 
 Konian governor The Ti«;L •',"", "ppresKjon of the 
 
 BoadiceiCanStedrwh^li r"' '"T''^ ''y *<''■■ ?"««". 
 
 «ver.rLnrcol!;?ir ''t^ "" °^°"' 'ii'' ''^*'°y«' 
 
 '■^ «t,a.n f„m the i^wirroiT^h^^-'rv^ 
 
afad amused with 
 
 against Nero, in 
 and Piso himself, 
 I to |)ay for the 
 waa suspected of 
 xiatenco by open- 
 B his own wife, 
 tal fit of passion, 
 hom he ordered 
 try him. Every 
 an object of fear 
 
 Nero went to 
 1 the lyre in the 
 elf by the gross- 
 etum an insur- 
 
 been fearfully 
 aded by Julius 
 Servius Galba. 
 nee i)rocIaimed 
 3 at Rome, fol*- 
 ■ him emjxjror. 
 ; and on being 
 ^, of which h6 
 )f the family of 
 or the legion* 
 ecting the em- 
 
 3 Succeeded in 
 0, a most able 
 1 the whole of 
 2r, it was lost 
 ter Nero; but 
 
 in B.C. 61, in 
 ression of the 
 7 their queen, 
 and destroyed 
 
 I'auJinus, on 
 here he waa 
 
 HISTORY OF ROMlt 14| 
 
 tTfnS "* *^'*' beginning of the insurrection, defi^t^ 
 WM X„ *r^' "!'' """■ "■» """irnand against them 
 
 STiTCI OF C.<UaDU. 
 
 N 
 
 >; 
 
 ♦ 
 
 J 
 
w 
 
 If^ 
 
 M 
 
 U 
 
 COIN or OLAODIUS AND AQEIPpina, 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 A.D. 68 TO A,D, 96. 
 
 o^Z'::!^^!:^:^^^^ that .e had been p.. 
 
 the senate/ has4ted to ^oi^ '^ ""^^ sanctioned by 
 
 soldiers to whom he owed th« ll ^'^'""^ ^^^"^^- ^^^^ 
 richly rewarded by h^ bnf • ?,?' ^fP""*«^ *« be 
 appointed; and as LS'«1''* ? *?^ <^W ^'^re dis- 
 among thern, Saiwl;: ofho ^Zd^^^^^^^^^ 
 tim, and he was murdered wb^^!^ .conspiracy against 
 the beginning of A d 69 aft-^'^" crossmg the Forum, at 
 months; and\is son," who hS^ beenX^ V^'"^^^ ^^^^* 
 successor, was likewise kHled ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ 
 
 their VcJ'Xt'a.dr ^'^-^'^f ^^^™ ^^^o, and 
 began his rei^ bv^Zi«r*'°''''^ ^^ *^« '^^^- He 
 tad ma^e the'^efe Zt J '°^' °I *^^ P«^«n« ^^o 
 
 W But be trscre Vi'TutnT^^ ^^^^ °^ 
 when he was informed thaf fl!I i • ^"^ ^ functions, 
 
 Khine had confer^eTthf^'^^ f r/*'*^^"^'. '^ *^« 
 commander rM*W 4^?^ n ^ ^ "P^"" ^^^^'^ «^« ' 
 
HISTORY OP ROME. 
 
 143 
 
 NA. 
 
 5F DOMITIAW. 
 
 3 had been pro- 
 s sanctioned by 
 nied by Saldua 
 3a Sabina. The 
 expected to be 
 they were dis- 
 ?8tore discipline 
 ispiracy against 
 the Forum, at 
 f scarcely eight 
 3d upon aa hia 
 
 iu8 Otho, and 
 3 senate. He 
 e persons who 
 ig the reign of 
 his functions, 
 tioned on the 
 pon their own < 
 a army across 
 •iacum, gained 
 
 BO decisive a victory over Otho as to drive him to despair 
 and suicide, in April a.d. 69. Otho's arniv surrendered 
 to Vitelhus, who was now the undisputed master of the 
 empire. Vitellius was a man of low tastos, and given to 
 coarse sensual pleasures; he did not trouble himself much 
 about the duties of his office, but allowed the prjetorians 
 to act ao they pleased with impunity. Such conduct 
 excited general mdignatior against him ; and the legions 
 in several provinces renoi - -ed their allegiance. Vesjia- 
 ^nan, who was carrying on 3 war against the Jews with 
 gi-eat success, was proclaimed emperor by the legions that 
 were discontented with the reign of Vitellius. He there- 
 fore left the continuation of the siege of Jerusalem to his 
 son Ttt-us, and at once prepared for war against Vitellius. 
 Antonius Primus, a staunch suppoii^r of Vespasian' 
 advanced with his army across the Alps, and met that of 
 Vitelhus near Eodriacum, where the latter was com- 
 pletely defeated. The victorious army then proceeded to 
 Rome, where a frightful massacre took place in the 
 streets, for Vitellius was forsaken by all parties except 
 the prtetorians and the Roman populace, who murdered 
 Sabinus, a brother of Vespasian, in his flight to the 
 Capitol. The splendid Capitoline Temple was destroyed 
 on that occasion by fire. The praetorian camp, in which 
 Vitelhus had taken refuge, soon fell into the hands of 
 the partisans of Vespasian; and Vitellius was cruelly 
 murdered in December a.d. 69, after a reign of scarcely 
 eight months. "^ 
 
 While these things were going on in Italy, Vespasian 
 was still in the East, and the affairs at Rome were 
 managed by his son Domitian, who succeeded in taming 
 the praetorians. The new emperor, who did not arrive 
 at Rome until a.d. 70, was just the man whom Rome 
 required at the time. He immediately set about restor- 
 ing the discipline among the troops, excluded unworthy 
 men from the senate, watched over the administration of 
 justice, stopped the trials for high treason, and thereby 
 suppressed the detestable class of informers. He was 
 economical in the 'i^nagement of the finances, though he 
 
144 
 
 HISTORY op ROME. 
 
 i? k 
 
 pi 
 
 J^d"^f::treT.bXh^J^;nr^ ^- the public 
 n^ous sums were ^entn^Z^u ""^ f^ "?*^- Thus enor- 
 toline Temple and „n 2Tl ^J^^'^^''''' <>^ ^^e Capi- 
 
 theatre, kno'^t;Ve\fm?om ''^ ^'T ^^P^^" 
 
 m its present iniined stateTs yf%^^^'''^^> which, even 
 
 in Europe. His own etint r5*^^ ^?'''^^'^ structures 
 to the licentiousneslof thTfeh "^ T'^ ^ P"* ^^ end 
 senate what it ha?Lver been^fe "^^"'''' ^^^ "^^« *t« 
 the most illustrious men f « T "^^f «-»» assemblage of 
 
 from any of the proWnc^s h« '"^^^'°^ ^*"^^ »^^* 
 great culture and hlS' "^^ '^^^ * ™an of any 
 
 A.D. 74 he expelled In ^1^1 i^""""^' ^"^ ^^ *^^«- ^^ 
 the city. Kted L nl^^^^^^ ^^^ astrologers from 
 
 with the Jews and retaSS """"r ^' ^^^o^^ded 
 
 msolence of their Roman gov4mor ^rt t'"'^*/ "^^ 
 with the courage of desnair K.\ ?. 7^^ '^^^^ bought 
 losses, were confined toXdefen^el/T^""^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ 
 they were besieged by Vespt^^^^^ 1?^^^'?' ^ ^^^^^ 
 the imperial dignity thp«1! „^fter his elevation to 
 tinned ty his sof &« tK,:^ '^''"^^^^ was con- 
 famine and epidemic. di««o ^ '"^'^^^^ ^'^bly from 
 of the countrf beSg crowdS' ^"^ f ^^^fr°« -" ParS 
 It was in vain thS m?« nff A^f^^^ ""'^^ '^ walls. 
 
 they would % doV^^Lfi*^ jrn*'^ ^r^' ^ 
 the city was taken th^ t1 ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ at length 
 Temple, u^tif thai venfrl' '^'^'?^"^ thems^ves in S 
 became a prey t theTr^ »nd ma^ificent building 
 stroyed, an^pwar^^frmil Jn%"?^ "" ^«" ^- 
 have perished. The^urvivnr? T^i."^ "^-^V ^^ ^^^ *« 
 ever;^nd as thev w^rflTSi?? S«^ ^<??P««dence for 
 
 -y diapered over theVhoiriS- T^^^ "^^J^ 
 
d for the public 
 city. Thus enor- 
 tion of the Capi- 
 the great ainphi- 
 eum, which, even 
 andest structures 
 1 to put an end 
 s, and made the 
 n assemblage of 
 ' from Italy, but 
 t a man of any 
 slike to philoso- 
 ■ his time. In 
 astrologers from 
 1 he confounded 
 rs as audacious 
 luence of such 
 
 d noble-minded 
 eath. 
 
 in A.D. 67, waa 
 the Jews, who 
 le cruelty and 
 e Jews fought 
 ■ful defeats and 
 lalem, in which 
 lis elevation to 
 item was con- 
 terribly from 
 from all parts 
 hin its walls, 
 the people, ii 
 aen at length 
 'Selves in the 
 Jent building 
 vas then de- 
 3 are said to 
 >pendence for 
 d their oity, 
 ■e. The tri- 
 
 H18T0RY OF ROME. 
 
 145 
 
 tMttphal arch of Titus at Rome still bears witness to that 
 terrible catastrophe. 
 
 A great insurrection of the Batavi, headed by Civilis, 
 had broken out even before Vespasian's an-ival in Rome 
 Their example was followed by other neighbouring tribes, 
 but they were overj^wered one after another by the 
 vigour and energy of Cerealis ; and in a.d. 70 they had to 
 sue for peace. The year after this, Oerealis was appointed 
 governor of Britain, and was accompanied thither by 
 A^rtoola, the son-in-law of the great historian Taciius 
 Six years later, Agricola himself obtained the governor- 
 ship of Britain, a post which he filled, untU a.d. 85, with 
 great benefit to the natives and honour to himself Dur- 
 ing this period, all England and the south ©f Scotland 
 were cnnn^^e. d; and Agricola was the first who, by 
 circumi. .rvting Britain, established the fact that it wm 
 an islr < 
 
 Towards the end of Vespasian's life a conspiracy waa 
 formed against him, for, notwithstanding his general 
 good character, he was occasionally gi 'ty of acts of gi-eat 
 cruelty. But the conspiracy was discovered, and its 
 authors were put to death. Soon after this he was taken 
 ill, and died in June a.d. 79. 
 
 Vespasian was succeeded by his son, Tittis, who had 
 latterly governed the empire in conjunction with Ms 
 father. During his short reign, which lasted only till the 
 month of September a.d. 81, the people at first enter- 
 tamed considerable apprehensions, as he had been guilty 
 of several acts of cruelty ; but after his accession he dis- 
 played such an amount of kindness and benevolence that 
 he was called by the title of " the love and delight of man- 
 kind, and he had plenty of opportunities of showing his 
 benevolence in action. A few months after his accession 
 a feartul eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed and 
 buned under burning lava and ashes the towns of Heixsu- 
 laneum, Pompeii, and Stabise, and Titus is said to have 
 
 r™- _ J v"^^ TTXiuiu ui ilia propcrcy m relieving tiie 
 
 siifienngs of those who escaped from the catastropha 
 The year after, a fire broke out at Rome, which raged for 
 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 ik; 
 
 mi 
 
 ill 
 
 I'"' 
 h-f. 
 
 ^.' 
 
 146 
 
 HISTORY OP ROJIE, 
 
 three days, destroying the finest parts of the citv ' nnrf 
 
 ^Ty;:ff off'ih "^'"> ? fearful VstneVcebro^e outf 
 carrying ott thousands of Deonle in nil t.o,^c, * t^ i ' 
 
 ^ther and bv T"^ "i^^-^^ ^^ ^^«" oomnienced bfh^ 
 latner, and by the building of the Therm* or Tin+Ko 
 
 txon aad many a<5ts of cruelty/ At fo^Towevt^C" 
 conduct was better tiian his reputation, but aT^ sorn^ 
 t^e he sh(«.ed himself in his true light as one of the 
 mos detesteble tyrants that ever difgrac^d a throne 
 Hosts of informers again arose, as in the worst dn ^ 5- 
 his predecessor In order to iiigmtkte Wms^S ^ththf 
 
 tor tins and h^ other extravagances, he had recourse^ 
 
 v?cZ«^K \ ? *" ""^ gladiators and in torturing hi! 
 undertook an expedition into Gennmy, a^d built i« 
 
 ^t r fl S^^^^^ ^"^y' ^l^ereupon Domitian Wmself 
 
 Sd withl'^'f *^"^ '"* ^ *^« German tribes 
 allied with Home refused to support him, he was obli Jd 
 to purchase peace of the Dacian kin^.^.n. 90 S 
 Witflstanamg this, he did not sci-uple^'on his"rph,r^ +!^ 
 celebi^te a triumph over the Dacianran'J eveVlSTm^ 
 
of the city; and 
 lence broke out, 
 I parts of Italy, 
 by the inaugura- 
 )mmenced by his 
 ennsB, or Baths, 
 h, in September 
 ieath of a father, 
 mpire were not 
 8 Agricola was 
 ritain. 
 
 Domitian^ who 
 •annical disposi- 
 it, however, his 
 but after some 
 i as one of the 
 ■aced a throne. 
 e worst days of 
 imself with the 
 )tain the means 
 iad recourse to 
 ns were treated 
 ^ain possession 
 lire in anything 
 I torturing his 
 me talent, and 
 In A.D. 83 he 
 and built the 
 ind those who 
 » pursuing his 
 >by excited the 
 D. 85. In the 
 Danube, and 
 litian himself 
 jrerman tribes 
 le was obliged 
 
 his return to 
 Bven assumed 
 
 HISTORY OP ROME, 
 
 147 
 
 the surname of Dax^icus, The humiliation to which he was 
 tliiis obliged to submit rendered him still more ferocious, 
 and he went so far in his madness as to order himself to 
 be worahipped as "lord and god." The most illustrious 
 men were executed for expressing their honest opinions : 
 the philosophers, one of whoiu.ras the celebrated Emctetus, 
 were expelled; and the Christians, whose numbers were 
 steadily increasing, were persecuted and murdered with- 
 out mercy. He intended to put his own wife, Domitia, 
 to death ; but she, on being informed of it, headed a con- 
 spiracy agamst him, and he wtw stabbed in his own bed- 
 room by one of her freedmen, in September a.d. 96. 
 
 AKCH or TITU8, REHTOaBS 
 
 f \ 
 
\4 ^' 
 
 ■t| 
 
 
 i J \ 
 
 061N Of BADQiAir. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 FROM THE DEATH OF DOMITIAN TO THAT OF MABGUS 
 
 , AURELIU8. 
 
 A.D. 96 TO A,D. 180. 
 
 The five emperors who succeeded one another after 
 UomitiAn form such a strong contrast to some of the 
 ^tched tyrants who had preceded them, that the period 
 Of their reign is regarded as the happiest in the Mstoiy 
 c* the Koman empire. Immediately after the mui-der of 
 Domitian, both the people and the soldiers pi-oclaimed 
 iV;en;a a venerable senator. But aa he was not popular 
 with the prsetorians, he was obliged to be cautious in 
 punishmg offenders and in recalling the men who had 
 been banished by Domitian; and in order to strengthen 
 himself he adopted Trajan, a man of unblemished char- 
 wter, who was then commanding the legions in Gennanv 
 However he survived this step no more than three 
 months, for he died of a fever in ihe beginning of a.d. 
 98. 
 
 Trajan, having been adopted by Nerva, succeeded him 
 
 as a matter of course, and an-ived at Rome in a d 99 
 
 He was anative of Spain, and a man of great m-Htary 
 
 talent. His administration of the affaire of the empire 
 
 met with the approval of the best of his contempomriea 
 
HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 la 
 
 lt of mabcus 
 
 another after 
 bo some of the 
 that the period 
 ' in the histoiy 
 ' the muixier of 
 iers pi-oclaimed 
 as not popular 
 be cautious in 
 men who had 
 p to strengthen 
 >Iemished char- 
 as in Germany, 
 re than three 
 inning of a.d. 
 
 succeeded him 
 ne in a.d. 99. 
 great m-Utary 
 of the empire 
 jntemporaries. 
 
 He fii-st of all suppressed the class of informers, rfnd 
 purished tue most turbulent among the pr^toriana He 
 then gave back to the senate its ancient powers, promoted 
 commerce by making new roads, canals, and bridges, and 
 by enlarging the port of Centumcellse. He was the fii-st 
 emperor who promoted the education of children of both 
 sexes, and adorned not only Rome and Italy, but even 
 the provinces, with temples, triumphal arches, and other 
 ornamental buildings. 
 
 In Eome he instituted -x public library, and laid out a 
 new Forum, in the centre of which rose the famous 
 column which stiH exists, representing in its bas-relief 
 his own exploits against the Dacians. He was fond of 
 intellectual society, and honoured such men as TacitUs 
 the historian, and the younger Pliny. His excellent 
 wife Plotma, and his sister, Marciana, greatly contributed 
 by their example towards the improvement in the con- 
 duct of the higher classes. 
 
 Trajai»deeply felt the humiliation of being obliged to 
 pay to the Da^.-ians the tribute by which Domitian had 
 purchased their peace, and accordingly, in a.d. 100, he 
 proceeded with a large army to Dacia, defeated its kin<' 
 m several battles, took his capital, arid at last granted to 
 the king a peace, on condition that a portion of his terri- 
 toiy should be ceded to the empire, a.d. 103. But in 
 ^e year following, the Dacians again rose in arms, and 
 J>ajan, having caused a stone bridge to be built over the 
 Danube, marched into Dacia, and pressed the king so 
 hard that, m a.d. 106, he put an end to his own life. 
 Dacia now becajne a Roman province, and numerous 
 Roman colonies were established in the countiy, which 
 Boon spread Roman civilisation among the Dacians On 
 his return to Rome, Trajan erected the above-mentioned 
 column. 
 
 In A.D. 114, when the Parthians again threatened the 
 trontiers of the empire, Trajan immediately marched 
 against them. In Aimenia he was received by the 
 people with open aims, and their country was made a 
 Roman province. He then oonqueied MeBopotamia, 
 
 < ' ' 
 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
^ ' 
 
 1/50 
 
 HrSTORY OF ROME, 
 
 teien ill tl 1'f .'' i' ^T"'',^^^^^ ^"^ ^^-'^bia, but being 
 tokeu ilJ, he left his legate, Hatlriau, in the command of 
 
 woic mm in Cihcia, in August a.d. 117. His remai-na 
 
 .m^^'^'^'S^.^ ^ '■^P*''^ ^"^ «P^^^ »* Rome, through the 
 
 adopted Iladrian, who happened to be at Antioch where 
 accordingly, he waa proclaimed. He was a native JpS 
 mim, and connected by marriage with the family of Tra^ST 
 He was of a less warlike disposition thaii his predeceTor 
 and beheying that the conquests made in theS wS 
 mvolve the empire in troublesome and dangerousws 
 he gave up Mesopotamia and Assyria to the pZuZl' 
 and restored Armenia to tiie i-ank of an J^endTnt 
 kingdom. After settling those affairs in trS he 
 mIr b ^ ^°°!\.^'^- 118, and tiien marc£d\t 
 Mcesia, ^^^ J^otjn,hmg to make conquests, he concluded 
 peace with the barbarians who had invaded'that p^ W 
 While he was thus engaged abroad, a conspiLy^^ 
 formed agamst hmi by his personal 'enemies.^ But Z 
 plot wa.s discovered, and its authors severely punish^ 
 As his severity created an iU feeling, both i^ l^Tlvmy 
 ^d at Rome he returned to Italy, and did eveiySg 
 to conciliate the senate and the people «^jrMung 
 
 When the frontiers of the empire 'were thus secured 
 coj all sides, he undertook, in a.d. ^20, a joume^ tWh 
 all the provinces of the empire, during which he visS 
 Gaul, Germany, Britain (the lu (hern part of whTch he 
 ^ured agamst the Scots by a wall from the TyTe to i^e 
 Solway), Greece, Asia, and Eg^^pt, where his favomSe 
 Antinous wa^ accidentally drowned in the S 
 Durmg those journeys he left everywhere memorials of 
 his visits which were intended to defend and .trentthen 
 or embehsh cities and provinces; for hewasa man of 
 high intollec^.ua.1 ciilture and noble feelings, though va^ty 
 and conceit rendered him eaaily accessible to flattery 
 
HISTORY OP ROMIS. 
 
 m 
 
 Towards the end of his life, mistrust and a certain weari- 
 ness of life sometimes led him to acts of harshness and 
 cruelty. Athens, of which he was particularly fond, was 
 adorned by him with extraordinary splendour ; but no- 
 where did he display his taste for jhe arts more than in 
 his villa near Tibur, and in his magnificent mausoleum 
 at Rome. A certain kind of literature enjoyed his fos- 
 tering care, but it was a body without a soul, as it chiefly 
 consisted in grand but hollow phraseology. 
 
 In A.D. 133, shortly before Hadrian's return from his 
 travels, a terrible insurrection broke out amongst the 
 Jews, who were exasperated at the establishment of the 
 pagan woi-ship in their country. A desperate war was 
 earned on by them for several years, but in the end they 
 were crushed, and Jerusalem was made a Roman colony 
 under the name of ^lia Capitolinaj the Jews were for- 
 bidden to live in the city or its vicinity, and thousands 
 ot them were sold as slaves. During the latter year of 
 his reign, Hadrian lived in retirement; his health had 
 been impaii-ed, and he was so tired of life that he made 
 several attempts at suicide, but at last, in July ad 138 
 he died at Baiee. As Hadrian had no children he 
 adopted during his illness Arrius Antoninus, who in his 
 turn had to adopt Annius Verus. Durmg the last three 
 years of his life, Hadrian had committed many acts which 
 excited great discontent, and his adopted son did every- 
 thing he could to prevent a popular outbreak, whence he 
 obtained the surname of PtW— that is, the aflfectionate 
 or dutiful. 
 
 Antoninus Pirn, a native of Nemausus in Gaul, owed 
 his adoption by Hadrian solely to his virtues. His rei^n 
 from A.D. 138 to A.D. 161, forms the happiest period" of 
 the Roman empire. He scrupulously adhered to the 
 principles of his predecessor, and used to say that he 
 would i-ather save the life of a single citizen than slay a 
 thousand enemies; he was beloved throughout the eminro 
 more than any sovereign has evei- been beloved eitiiei- 
 betore or since. His whole care wiis bestowed upon the 
 promotion of the i^eace and happiness of his people, which 
 
 m 
 
 \i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I il 
 
 '' 
 
■f 
 
 fr 
 
 IH 
 
 S' 
 
 162 
 
 MISTOUV OF ROMK. 
 
 Justice, and by educational and charitable institutions 
 ^he peace winch remained undisturbed during hrXn 
 a 1 '.'^r '^'•^^^"iPi^ty, procured for him the namc^'of 
 a econd Numa The Christians, who were .hen aWly 
 very numerous, both at Rome and in the provii.ces we ^ 
 
 Mtrfn l6r';""'T."^ observance^. He 7^1 
 March A.D. 161, at one of Ms country villas. Through- 
 
 had ios^T -^^^ *'°T' ^""^"^ ^'-^ ^i*^l^«"t occupation, 
 had lost their martial spirit, hence when fresh dangers 
 
 tre n^tTn'r ''^v^"■^ ""^^^ ^^« «"— -, the aS 
 were not in a condition to meet them 
 
 Antoninus had had two sons, but as they had died 
 before their father, he was succeeded by his adopted son 
 Anmn. Verus, better known under the^ame o/l^,S 
 Aurehus, sur^amed the Philosopher, a native of Rome! 
 His education had been conducted with the greatest Zve 
 and from his earliest youth he had been distinguished S 
 his love of truth and thirst for knowledge. Iffwas more 
 especially devoted to the doctrines of the Stoic philosophy 
 which continued to be hi. favourite study even after he 
 had ascended the imperial throne, thoufd- he d^ not 
 neglect the duties of his high sl^tio'n. But as he was "f 
 a delicate constitution, he allowed his adopted brother 
 Zunns Verus, an active young man, te share the sove: 
 reign power with him. But Marci4 Aurelius did not 
 
 U^'V^^^'T'l ^"^^^^^«« *^^ ^i« brother, who when 
 abroad at the head of his armies, indulged ii ever'y S 
 of debauchery and voluptuousness. Ludus Verus set out, 
 in A.D 162, against the Parthians, who now again be-an 
 to make inroads inte the Roman provinces On hi^ 
 arrival in the East, he gave himself up te his viciou^ 
 propensities, leaving the management of the warTo Ms 
 
 o tST?' "^' '"^^T''^ ^™^^^^ ^^d Mesopoten^ 
 
 wh ?h tV '°"^1,v' concluded with the Parthians, ix^ 
 
 Romans ^ ^^'^ ^ ^^^'^ *° ''^^ Mesopotamia to the 
 
 The northern frontiers of the empire were likewise 
 
 threatened by a number of German and Sarmatiau tXs' 
 
mipiptration at 
 le inatitutioiiH. 
 ring his reign, 
 ni the name of 
 'e uhen already 
 irt'vinces, were 
 . He died, in 
 as. Through- 
 ut occupation, 
 fresh dangers 
 jrs, the armies 
 
 hey had died 
 i adopted son, 
 lie of Marcus 
 ive of Rome, 
 greatest care, 
 Anguished for 
 He was more 
 ic philosophy, 
 even after he 
 
 lie did not 
 as he was of 
 pted brother, 
 ire the sove- 
 lius did not 
 
 who, when 
 a every kind 
 "erus set out, 
 again began 
 5S. On his 
 I his vicious 
 3 war to his 
 [esopotamia, 
 *arthians, in 
 imia to the 
 
 5re likewise 
 atiau tribes, 
 
 lIISTOItV OK UOMK. 
 
 153 
 
 who intended to inva.le Italy itself, and Lad already 
 advanced as far as Aquileia. . S„on after Yerus's return 
 rom the Last, he and his brother took the field against 
 the barbarians with such overwhelming forces, ^is to 
 compel the enemies to retreat before them. Lucius 
 Verus died, a.d. 169, of a fit of apoi)lexy, and Marcus 
 Aurehus now continued the war with great ener-^ 
 Several great battles were fought, one on the frozen river 
 Danube; and m another, a.d. 174, the Roman army, 
 being surrounded by the barbarians, was saved only by 
 the burstang forth of a violent storm. This unexpected 
 escape of the Romans filled the enemies with such awe that 
 they sought for peac3, which they obtained on condition 
 that they should withdraw beyond tli^. Danube, A d 175 
 Soon after tliis, Marcus Aurelius had to quell an inl 
 surrection in the East, headed by Avidius Cassii.s, who 
 had been instigated by the emi,eror's own wife, Faustina. 
 a daughter of Antoninus Pius. The emperor succeeded 
 m subduing the insurrection, and treated the ringleaders 
 with unparalleled mercy. While he was engaged in this 
 manner m the East, the Germans and Sarmatkns renewed 
 their hostilities ; Marcus Aurelius marched against them, 
 and was successful in several battles, but before the war 
 could be brought to a close, he died at Sirmium, in March 
 A.D 180. His son Commodus, who had accompanied him 
 m the war, hastened to purchase peace of the barbarians. 
 Marcus Aurelius, notwithstanding the almost uninter- 
 rupted wars which disturbed his reign, foun.l leisure to 
 compose a work called " .Meditations," in whicli we still 
 see him with all his amiable, a^ectionate, and devout 
 
 COIN or AirTOMINUB PIUS. 
 
h 
 
 
 COIN OF JtAECUS AUIlEUUa. 
 
 CHAPTER XVL 
 
 THE UEIQN OF COMMODUS. CONCLUSION. 
 
 A,D. 180 TO A.D. 192. 
 
 After having purchased peace of the Germans, Com- 
 modus hastened to Rome to give himself up to the 
 pleasures and licentiousness of the capital. He was not 
 yet twenty years old, and had received a careful educa- 
 tion ; but this, as well as the noble example of his father 
 was lost apon him. During the first two years, his real 
 character did not appear, and it was hoped that after all 
 he inight be better than his reputation. But a conspiracy 
 which his own sister formed against him, in a.d. 183, 
 suddenly produced the most extraordinary change, for the 
 remaining period of his reign was an uninterrupted suc- 
 cession of sanguinary.and disgusting excesses. The best 
 fnonds and advisers of his fotlier were put to death, and 
 Commodus abandoned himself without the slightest sense 
 of shame to the coarsest vices and brutal debaucheries, 
 while the business of the state was left to the lowest and 
 most contemptible creatures. He was a young man of an 
 athletic stature , his great ambition was to distinguish 
 hi snself as a gladiator, and to be looked ui^on as a second 
 Hercules. In a.d. 185 he appointed Oleander, one of his 
 fdvourite freedmen, prefect of the prietorian guards, but 
 
IIISTOUY OK v.rtyrR. 
 
 1j.-| 
 
 :.usiON. 
 
 Jermans, Com- 
 elf up to the 
 . He was not 
 
 careful educa- 
 6 of his father, 
 
 years, his real 
 d that after all 
 ut a conspiracy 
 , in A.D. 183, 
 change, for the 
 iterrupted suc- 
 ises. The best 
 J to death, and 
 slightest sense 
 
 debaucheries, 
 the lowest and 
 ung man of an 
 to distinguish 
 on as a second 
 ier, one of his 
 n guards, but 
 
 this act was so diatnstefnl to the people, that the uuwortliv 
 tavourite was literally torn to pieces by the Roman 
 populace. At the time when Commodua was changinir 
 the city into a slaughter-house of the best men of the 
 time, l^ly was sutlering from plague and famine. In 
 A.D. ia2 he formed the design of entenng the senato 
 house with a band of gladiators, and murdering the con- 
 suls and many other person^ ... ]v^ nmk. The list he 
 haxl drawn up uf his inteu. ed vio.,; la fell into the haiul.s 
 ot Ins mistress Marcia, am us she ,. uud her own name 
 among them, she anticipu. ^ d <}ie pi, t, and, assisted hy 
 «eveml others, she caused th. vn-u-r to be strangled iii 
 his bed, on th« last day of tht , ear a.d. 192. Hib death 
 tilled llome with joy, and the senate cursed hU nunnory 
 the praetorians alone did not join in the general reioicinVr' 
 for uix)n them the treasui-es of the empire had been most 
 lavishly squandered by Gommodus. 
 
 Oommodns, throughout his reign, had never troubled 
 himself about the mterests of the empire, but its integrity 
 Iiad nevertheless been preserved by the valour and activitv 
 ot hia generals, who successfully warded off or repelled the 
 tuvaaions of the bai-bariuiia. 
 
 The reign of Commodus forms the real beginning of the 
 decline of the Roman empi.v, and from this time down to 
 Its final overthrow, in a.d. 47<J, we have, with only very 
 tew exceptions, a succession of rulers distinguished for 
 tyranny, baseness, and M-eakness. The praetorian guards 
 henceforth decided the fato of the empiz-e, and exercised a 
 perfect military despotism. As, however, the legions 
 stationed in the provinces did not always approve of or 
 •acquiesce m the sovereign chosen by the praetorians, it 
 rcpoateaiy iiappeiied that two or more emperors were 
 proclaimed at the same time in different parts of the 
 empu-e, which of course led to ware among the rival 
 

 156 
 
 HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 fCr^ ? S"" °"'' °''^'^*^"' "«* ^^"^ ^^^^ tie death of 
 Commoclus, the pnetoriuns went so far as to ofier the 
 imperial dignity to the higbcst bidder, a^he Christens 
 notmthstondiug the feadul r^rsecutions to which tiey 
 
 Ill-f P"""",^ ^"t'' T " ^ '^^« successors of Commodus, 
 steadily continued to become more numerous, until in the 
 mgn of Constantme (a.d. 306 to a.b. 337), their num- 
 o^u^A^lt ! "^fl"«^«« ^^re so great, that Christianity 
 could no longer be suppressed, and became the recognised 
 religion of the empire. *= 
 
 v.li ^!? ?ong been felt that it was diffici.lt to govern the 
 vast empire from Rome a^ its centr,^! point f at len^nb 
 ^tr?P- 1'^ Th««dosius, shortly before his delth in Z^ 
 if' ^7^^*^^ tie ^"^Pire into two paits, the western and 
 the eastern, the Adriatic forming the boundary between 
 them. Rome remained the capital of the West, while 
 Byzantium which had been much enlarged and embel- 
 lished by Constantme, became the capital of tlie East 
 under the name of Constantinople. In less th^ a 
 hundred years after this division, the Germans and o^iier 
 barbarians, mvadmg not only the provinces of the westei-n 
 
 iZr^l Ttl' ^''^f ' ^"''''''^' ^P^^^ ^^^ AfricTrat 
 Italy Itself, reduced the Roman sovereigns to such a state 
 
 of weakness, that at last, in a.d. ^Tef Odoacer, a chiS 
 of the German tribe of the HeruH, after making him- 
 self master of Rome, wrote to the emperor of the East, 
 that Rome no longer required an emperor, and demanded 
 ^l.^'T f' ^^-^-^ig^^ty of Italy! Romulus Au^s 
 «n!rf\^ ?n^Peroi^ readily resigned his dignity, ^d 
 
 spent the remainder of his life in private retirement in 
 Campania The Ea.stem or Greek empire continued its 
 existence for nearly a thousand years longer,, until, in A d. 
 ni' 1^^^ conqueretl and overthrown by the Turks 
 Ihe change which had come over the west of Europe 
 during the last century of the empire was immense. The 
 ancient civilistition and the ancient religion had died 
 away, paganism had given >;ay to Chri&tianitv. md i-h- 
 X? -man provinces and Italy had been overrun and co»^ 
 quered by Teutonic tribo^ which oatablLshed themselves 
 
ler the death of 
 as to ofler the 
 I'Le ChrLstiiins, 
 to which they 
 ! of Commodus, 
 )us, until in the 
 7), their num- 
 lat Christianity 
 the recognised 
 
 History of bomb. 
 
 157 
 
 in the conquered countries, formed independent kin^ 
 
 stT'oT v"' '"' ^^ foundations of aHSy ne?." 
 state of things out of which our modem states and 
 nxoc ern civilmtion have arisen. The conquerors settlh^ 
 
 the S the ^:z'"^'^r'T^ *^"^ ^''' «f *^« I^«^-ns, 
 
 ^1 
 
 making him- 
 
 ri 
 
 <i>»Tifjr or TUAiA,2. 
 
\> i: 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 B.C.753 
 753-716 
 715672 
 672-640 
 
 mi I, 
 
 pf 
 
 640-616 
 
 616-S78 
 078-534 
 
 634-610 
 509 
 
 505 
 601 
 498 
 496 
 495 
 494 
 493 
 
 491 
 486 
 
 485 
 477 
 473 
 471 
 
 462 
 458 
 457 
 454 
 461 
 460 
 449 
 
 FotiniTatioii of Rome 
 
 Romulus. Political institutions. 
 
 Kf. S?» ^'''•,,r^''^"«'°"'* institutions. 
 
 f ",^c?tTri^iuf r i^r ^ ^^"-^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 sSSS^Ti^uS" "o ''"'•'"?^'' ""'^°™«' ^"* i« thwarted. 
 
 Tarqulnius Superbus. 
 
 Establishment Of the republic. First consuls. Consuimc* 
 atllome. War with Porsenna. v.onsi«racy 
 
 War against the Sabines. 
 War with tho Latins. 
 T. Larcius, first diotator. 
 
 ApiKontnKnt of tho tribunes of the pTebs. The ^U/p. 
 League ot Sp. Cassius with the Latins ^*"''' 
 
 ^^^rfriaw"'*'""^^™'"^^ Flrrt attempt at 
 
 iSffi'^llit^lle^Srr^- ^^^ ^^'^-^^^ 
 
 JJe tribune Gennrins murdered. 
 
 The tn^une Publilius Volero curriee several laws to protect tT« 
 
 lie Sto'r? T?''"*i""';^'''^*.^^"^*"'^-^«'«^«io'>of thela^.-^ 
 
 Se &'derom^^e^"^ '^ ^* ^'''"°*'^ «--^ 
 
 I?« _"f °°°* decemvlrate. Laws of the Twelve Tabl«, 
 
 decemviri. Law. of Vulfrius aiul HorativL *^* 
 
uls. Conspiracy 
 
 WT3 to protect t?M 
 
 B.C. 445 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 159 
 
 443 
 
 440 
 
 439 
 
 438 
 
 426 
 
 396 
 
 3t)l 
 
 390 
 
 384 
 383 
 876 I 
 367 
 
 366 I 
 
 358 
 306 
 301 
 350 
 343-341 
 340-338 
 339 
 338 
 837 
 328 
 326-304 
 322 
 321 
 
 815 
 314 
 312 
 811 
 
 809 
 808 
 806 
 
 805 
 
 300 
 
 298-290 
 
 295 
 
 292 
 290 
 
 3d(-282i 
 
 FMen^l^y^ *^''^«» "^^^^ 0^ consuls. 
 
 Battle of the AIliL komn %^?"^' ^'"''^«'' Clusium. 
 
 Gauls. ^°'°® **^«° and destroyed by the 
 
 The*Pn"nlnr ^'^Ijit?^!""^ condemned to death 
 
 The Llcin"'r°oSns'^^rpaa'3^^^ 
 
 nearly ten ylars "'^ P*^^®^ after a struggle of 
 
 I ''' ^rpSoi' «^^* P^«^^ CO^^UL First appointment of 
 
 Foundation of the colony of Frecellffi. 
 Second war against the Sa^itel* 
 
 Sat^of Af«""i/* '^^"'l-'^redin.e Romans. 
 
 ^' ™,?iL^r5^« "* ^'^'^'"-'^ ^«™ds they gain 
 
 War declared against Rome by the Etruscans 
 
 War with the Etruscans breaks ouf. 
 
 ■supremacy nf Rome "^™* ^'^'^ Umbria, recoKniso tjio 
 War^agonst the Oaul^ Subjugation of the Senone. and 
 
 a^ 
 
160 
 
 chuonoloqical, table. 
 
 .'I 
 
 m '. 
 
 ^H r 
 
 ■ * 
 
 k 
 
 Wt^' i fl 
 
 B. 0.282 
 281 
 
 280 
 279 
 278 
 276 
 278 
 27?. 
 
 2;-2 
 
 271 
 268 
 
 264 
 
 264-241 
 
 202 
 260 
 258 
 256 
 
 255 
 
 254 
 252 
 250 
 
 249 
 247 
 242 
 241 
 
 238 
 229 
 
 228 
 226 
 225 
 224 
 223 
 222 
 
 221 
 
 219 
 
 218-202 
 218 
 
 217 
 216 
 
 216 
 
 The Romans relieve Thurii, which is besieged by the Lucanians. 
 
 Pyrrhus, king of Eiiirus, lands in Italy. 
 
 The Romans dufeated by Pyrrhus near Heracleia. 
 
 The Romans again defeated by Pvrrhus at Asculum. 
 
 Truce between the Romans and Pyrrhus, who goes to Sicily. 
 
 Pyrrhus returns to Italy. ' 
 
 PjTTlius, defeated at Beneventum, abandons Italy. 
 
 Embassy of Ptolemy Philadelphus to Rome. 
 
 All southern Italy submits to Rome. 
 
 Rhegium also is recovered by the Romans. 
 
 Fourth and last war against tbe Samnltes, lasts only one 
 
 year. "' 
 
 The Romans ally themselves with the Mamertines of Messana. 
 
 Peace with Hiero. 
 The first Punic war. 
 
 Agrigeutinn besieged and taken by the Romans. 
 C. Duihus defeats the Carthaginians off Mylae. 
 Atilius Calatinus carries on the war in Sicily. 
 The Carthaginians defeated off Ecnonms by M. Atilius Regulus 
 
 who sails with his fleet to Africa. 
 Success of Regulus in Africa, but he is afterwards defeated by 
 Xanthippus and taken prisoner. Wreck of the Roman 
 fleet on the coast of Sicily. 
 A new fleet is equij)ped, and Panormus taken. 
 The Roman fleet sails to Africa, but is wrecked on its return, 
 ihe Carthagmi-;ns defeated near Panormus. Regulus sent as 
 
 ambassador to Rome. Siege of Lilyba^um. 
 Defeat of Appius Claudius by land aud sea. 
 Hamilpar undertakes the command of th" Carthaginians 
 The Romans build a new fleet. 
 
 C. Lutatius Catulus defeats the Carthagin. 'is off the ^Jt^ates 
 insuliB. Peace with Cartilage. Sicll' t,he first Roman 
 proviuce. 
 Sardinia and Corsica are taken from Carthage, 
 War against the Illyrian pirates. Agrarian law of C. '^laminius. 
 Death of Hamilcar in Spain : he is succeeded by Hasdnibal. 
 Peace with the Illyrians. 
 The Gauls iu^•ade Etruria. 
 The Gauls defeated in the oattle of Telamon. 
 Reduction of the Boii. 
 0. Flaminius conquers the Insubrians. 
 M. Claudius Marcellus, in the battle of Clastidium, brings the 
 
 Gallic war to a close. Cremona and Placentia founded. 
 Assassination of Hasdnibal, who is succeeded by HannibaL 
 Second war against the Illyrians, who are conquered by L 
 
 ^i-milius Paulus. Capture of Saguiitum. 
 The second Punic or the Hannlbalian war. 
 The Romans defeated on the Tlclnus and the Trebla. Cn. 
 
 Cornelius Seipio goes to Spain. 
 Defeat of the Romans on Lake 'frasimenus. 
 The Romans defoated at Cannss. 
 
 Losses of Hannibal at Nolii and Beneventum. S- . vcm < revolts 
 fron» Rome. Treaty of Hannibal with Plr lip -j ,laujdouia. 
 
by the Lucanians. 
 
 . Atilius Regulus, 
 
 B.C. 
 215-206 ! 
 214-212 
 
 212 
 211 
 
 210 
 
 2C£' 
 
 207 
 
 205 
 204 
 203 
 202 
 201 
 200-197 
 200-181 
 198 
 197 
 
 196 
 192 
 191 
 190 
 
 188 
 
 183 
 
 181-179 
 
 171-168 
 
 168 
 
 155 
 
 151 
 
 149 
 
 149-146 
 
 148 
 
 148-140 
 
 147-146 
 
 146 
 
 143-133 
 
 141 
 140 
 139 
 137 
 
 134-132 
 133 
 
 131-130 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 161 
 
 Rrst war against Macedonia. 
 
 Th^u^i capture of Syracuse by M. Claudius Marcellus 
 The two Scipios slain in battle in Spain. ^larcenus. 
 
 ^^T' °°''*^'''' ^"P"^- ^- ^«^"^li"« Scipio goes to 
 Scipio takes Carthago Nova in Spain. 
 
 ''SSla?'"'''''^ ^^ *^' ^°"'"^«- Hasdrubal defeated at 
 
 °*'SauruT'' *' "''^' ^"* '' '^'^'^^''^ ^'^'^ '^^^^ °" the 
 P. Cornelius Scipio goes to Sicily, 
 bcipio crosses over into Africa, 
 oyphax taken prisoner. 
 
 Pe'ace'wfth r^S^ *° ^^^^ ''" ^^^'''^"■^ '" ^he battle Of Zama. 
 reace witu Carthage ratihed at Rome 
 
 Second war against Macedonia. 
 
 War against the Lignrians, Insubrians, and Boiana. 
 
 1. QuinctiusFlamininus undertakes the war against Macedonia 
 
 Flamininus proclaims the independence of Greece 
 
 in lod "s'a^Zt %''!' ^V'^".^' r^^'^ ---^"'^to Europe. 
 
 T rnrn'r,- u .^^ ^tolians deleated at '.rhurmopykc 
 
 L. Cornelius Scipio crosses over into Asia, and defeats Anti 
 
 ochiis m the battle of Magnesia. Peace concluded 
 Peace with Antiochus ratified at Ron^. *^^^'''' ^^^^'^^'^ded. 
 JJeath of Hannibal 
 
 Greek philosophers expelled from Ro,i 
 1 he surviving Achnsans return to Greec. 
 
 Wartljiin'^^tatS.'^"^'" '' ^- ^"'^^^"'^ ""^'^''^ 
 War against the Achicans. 
 
 SceTiih^VitilSuf """ ^" 'P^'^" ^'^'^ '' ^'""^^"^ 
 
 Viriathus niurdered by hired assassins. 
 
 Ihe Gabinian law, -daining vote by ballot at the elections 
 
 nn."5"P*^°^°"^i^'?«'*^"''^"'- C. Hostilius Mandnus 
 concludes peace with the Numantines. The Cassian aw 
 
 8erv5lt^Xtic'i&:^^"°* ^^ ^^^ ^^"^ °^ ^-- 
 Numantia taken and destroyed. Attains of Pergamu^ v.. s 
 bequeathing his kingdom to the Roman p^nnl^^ TriUu^l' 
 amp or TlD. Sempronius Graccbus : is murderTd" 
 gSs ^''*"^"^'="'' ^^^0 claimed the kingdom of Per 
 
 'I 
 

 :(*. ■', 
 
 162 
 
 ao.l26 
 123 
 
 122 
 121 
 113 
 
 iii-iae 
 
 109 
 
 CHBOK JLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 107 
 106 
 
 104 
 
 102 
 
 102-99 
 
 mi 
 
 100 
 
 11 
 
 90-88 
 
 90 
 88 
 
 88-S4 
 
 87 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 83 
 
 83-81 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 79-72 
 
 78 
 74-64 
 
 74 
 73-71 
 73 
 72 
 71 
 70 
 69 
 67 
 
 66 
 
 I P^st conquests of the Romans in Gaul. , 
 
 I Trlbmiv ship of C. Sempronius aracchu?, 
 
 I becond tiibuneship of C. Seraproaius Grac Mia. 
 Murder of C. Gracchus, aivd civil !,1.oodshc.' "., jtU^m^ 
 
 Rxst consul!^ nil of C. Mari-i: , who succeeds Met oHus in Africa. 
 Jugurtha taken pnsoue; hy L. Cornelius SuHi.. Bivth of 
 uici'ro. 
 
 ^^^"Teutonei"*^'^ *° conduce 'he war a-jaii^st the Cimbri and 
 
 TLu Cimbri return from Spain, and ar. joined in Gaul l>v the 
 
 iriSed "' ''''^^'" ^'^'^' ■'' ^^'^^ ' '- T«-a^ne8 
 Second servile war in Sicily. 
 Ti(o Cimlul defeated in the Campi RaudlL 
 ^:.■ Manu. consul for the sixth time. The seditious tribune, 
 
 o\ i?^ 1 Saturninus, and his party besieged in the 
 
 L;;jitol, and afterwards put to deatir 
 
 S on °tL*^TV ^'""^ .P'^^'f attempts t ., confer the franchise 
 
 iipon the Italian allies, but is murd^nod. 
 The Social or Marsic war. 
 I?® ^!^ '^"^''^ confers the franchise on the Latins. 
 
 thSodrfwS ^""^"^"^ °^**^^ *« i'-anchise. End of 
 
 ^"«^^„^*^.V^*^'***«»- Ci^" ^ai- between Marlua 
 and Sulla. Marius flees to Africa. ««»»»iub 
 
 Marius returns to Rome. Scenes of horror at Rome. 
 
 '"'L^enth'cashfp.^*'^"^ '^ '""" ""^'^^ <"- - "^^ 
 Peace concluded with Mithridates. 
 
 Se1!,Vd*C^iiS^'ffi'^S1^'^^ 
 
 Capture of Praeueste. Young Marius kills himself. Battle at 
 Ronfp Fff*"- Q;S?^toriusgoestoSpain. Sullaenters 
 S Reforms ^'°'-"^°''- S'^* <"ctator. Politicaland 
 
 wi'KBTse'i^Su8*"'^'^P' '""^ ""^'^'•^"^ *° ^t-«- 
 
 ?^l^d°w'ra|-aiS^rKS4°s"'^"^''^^'°^"^^P^^^^ 
 
 Lucullus defeats Mithridates. 
 
 Murder of Sertorius at Osca. 
 
 The slaves defeated by M. Licinius Crassus. 
 
 Cn. Pompey conauL The political reforms of Sulla abolished 
 
 orln^il^^**' ^^^T^' ^"'^ Mithridates at Tigranocerta * 
 On. Pompey undertakes the war agal ^st tha oiratea. 
 
 ijucuuua rccaliea. 
 
 On. Pompey obtains the command aga. athridatei. 
 
 
CHKOxXOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 163 
 
 IS. 
 
 c)ll38. 
 
 i.t ".fc jAorna, 
 
 ation westwaid. 
 
 d against Jugurtha, 
 
 Melollus in Africa. 
 8 SulUi. Bivth ;>f 
 
 ust the Cimbri and 
 
 ned io (iau! I>y the 
 irMchiJiuTeutonea 
 
 seditions tribune, 
 ;y besieged in the 
 
 onfer the franchise 
 
 L 
 
 jatint, 
 
 ■anchise. End of 
 
 r between Marlua 
 
 it Rome. 
 
 larius dies in his 
 
 isthisopponenls, 
 
 imself. Battle at 
 ain. Sulla enters 
 ior. Political and 
 
 aws to Puteoli. 
 
 jainst the pirates. 
 
 'ontua. 
 
 f Sulla abolished. 
 Tigranocerta. 
 St tli3 plrataH, 
 
 >s liiZltiuidatei. 
 
 B.C. W 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 61 
 69 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 49 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 46 
 
 Cn. 
 
 46 
 44 
 43 
 
 42 
 41 
 40 
 39 
 S8-36 
 36 
 
 84 
 32 
 31 
 30 
 29 
 27 
 
 25-13 
 24 
 23 
 20 
 19 
 
 16-13 
 
 ?°iffil?'"™^', ^i*"dates into Albania and Iberia. 
 
 fhe'^o^l^; TX "^^^«' '^'^^ P"*« ^™-^f ^^ the hea^f 
 Mithndates, being conspired against l>y his own son tal«.<. 
 
 poison. Consulship Of Cicero. CatUld^consplScy 
 Cn. Pompey returns to Italy. "*i«^xiui cgnapuucy. 
 
 Caesar as proprietor in Spain. P. Clodlus. 
 J. Csesar consul 
 
 ^' *^to gTui!"''""'- Cicero goes into exile. Casar proceeds 
 Cicero recalled. 
 
 Caesar receives the administration of Gaul for five years more 
 He crosses the Rhine, and invades Britain. 
 
 dVuSr! ^^"-^ ^ ''"°°^ *™"- ^'^*^ °f J'l"^, Cesar's 
 Caesar again crosses the Rhine. Crassus defeated In Svrla. 
 
 Caesar is called upon to disband his army 
 
 Tn^nT" *-^* Rubicon. Pompey' and his party flee 
 dictator! ^- C^^"- '° Spain. 0^ 4 return hrSnade 
 
 Caesar consui. Battle of Pharsalus. 
 
 £«« ni'^T,;' P''^™'^pe« °{ Fontus : crosses over into Africa 
 ^J^J^^'^n''^' '° ^^'^^ t^« Pompeians in Afric"?^ 
 defeated Cssar reforms the calendar, and goes to Snain 
 against the sons of Pompey. ' ^ ^^^ 
 
 Battle of Munda: the Pompeians defeated. 
 
 CsBsar murdered. 
 
 ^'"'a^L^''""''',- t ^i triumvirate between Octavianns. 
 
 BattfefofPhmppf'^"- ^--P«o"- Death of CW"* 
 
 War of Perusia. 
 
 Capture and destruction of Perusia. War with the Parthians. 
 
 Peace of Misenum with Sext. Pompeius ^axinians. 
 
 War against Sext. Pompeius. 
 
 Sext Pompeius defeated in the battle of Myl«. Lepidus de- 
 
 posed. Antony sustains great loss against the Parti fa 1 
 Antony conquers, Armenia, and gives it to Cleopator 
 War declared against the queen of Egypt. 
 Battle of Actium. ^ 
 
 Death of Antony and Cleopatra. 
 Octavianus returns to Rome 
 Octavianus receives the title of Augustus and Imperator 
 
 Division of the provinces. Augustus goes to S. 
 War against the Alpine tribes. "I'am. 
 
 Augustus returns from Spain. 
 Augiistus^ obtains the tribunician power for life. 
 1 ,ie 1 artiiiaus acnd back the Roman standards. 
 Ihe Cantabri finally subdued by Agrippa. 
 Augustus in Gaul, to protect its eastern frontier!. 
 
 
 ■i I 
 
164 
 
 CHKONOLOOICAL TABLfi. 
 
 
 1 
 
 /'•' 
 ' '['' 
 
 '"* 
 
 SI- 
 
 
 ; ' f ■ 
 
 ''''"*»; 
 
 H if 
 
 ' . ' '. ' 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I ff< ■■'■ 
 
 PI 
 
 ac. 12 
 
 12-9 
 
 8-6 
 
 6 
 
 6 or 4 
 
 A.D. 4 
 
 5 
 
 6-9 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 14-37 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 . 26 
 31 
 33 
 37 
 
 37-41 
 39 
 41 
 
 41-54 
 43 
 50 
 51 
 
 S4-68 
 54 
 61 
 62 
 €4 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 
 68-69 
 69 
 69 
 
 69-79 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 77-85 
 79-81 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 81-96 
 
 &ii 
 
 I Death of Lepidus and Apn^ippn. * 
 
 I Drusus has the conniiaiKl against the Germans, 
 
 liberius succeeds Drusus against the Germans. 
 
 Domitius AhenoLarbus takes thecomniaiid against the Germans. 
 
 anth of Jesus Christ;. 
 
 Tiberius resumes the war against the Germans. 
 
 Western Germany a Roman province. 
 
 War against the revolted Dalmatians and Pannonlang, 
 
 JX'leat of Varus. 
 
 Death of AugTistus. 
 
 Reign of Tiberius. 
 
 Revolt of the legions in Germany and Pannonia. 
 
 Germanicus recalled from Germany. 
 
 Germanicus dies in Syria. 
 
 .iElius Seianus guides the counsels of Tiberius. 
 
 The castra prcelorui established near Rome. ' Drusus. son of 
 
 Tiberius poisoned. 
 Tiberius withdraws to Capreaa. 
 Execution of ^Elius Seianus. 
 Crucifijxion of Jesus Christ. 
 Tiberius murdered by suffocation. 
 Reign of Caligula. 
 
 A conspiracy formed against Caligula. 
 Caligula murdered 
 Reign of Claudius. 
 
 Commencement of permanent conquests in BritaiB- 
 Successful war against the Parthians. 
 The south-eastern part of Britain a Roman Wovinca. 
 Reign of Nero. 
 
 Corbulo drives the Parthians from Armenia. 
 Insurrection in Britain under Boadicea. 
 Nero banishes Octavia. Burrus put to death. 
 Great fire at Rome. 
 
 Seneca the philosopher and L'lcan the poet put tr death, 
 liridates recognised as king of Armenia. 
 Nero goes to Greece. Insurrection of the Jews. Vespasian 
 
 conducts the war against them. 
 
 Servlus Galba, is murdered. 
 
 Salvlus Otho, defeated at Bedriacum, kills himself. 
 
 VitellluB, is murdered in the prajtorian camp 
 
 Vespasian. The siege of Jerusalem is left to Titus. 
 
 Vespasian arrives at Rome. Capture and destruction of Jeru- 
 
 T. ^-f'^^- Insurrection of Claudius Civilis and the Batavi. 
 
 PetiliusCerealis.governorofBritain.isaccompaniedbyAinicola. 
 Philosophers expelled from Rome, j^^iiwxa. 
 
 Agricola governor of Britain. 
 
 Reign of Titus. 
 
 First recorded eruption of Vesuvius, and destruction of 
 
 Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabije. 
 Great fire at Rome. Completion of the Colosseimi, 
 Kejgii of Domitian. 
 DojjiitJini undertakes an expedition against the Chatti. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 165 
 
 a. Drusus, son of 
 
 A.D. 84 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 96-98 
 
 98117 
 
 100 
 
 103 
 
 104-106 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 U7-138 
 
 118 
 
 120 
 131-136 
 138-161 
 161-180 
 
 162 
 166 
 167 
 169 
 176 
 
 178 
 180-192 
 
 180 
 183 
 184 
 185 
 806-337 
 476 
 
 AgTicoIa defeats the Caledonians under Galgacns. " 
 DomSfrr" T""" '"''• "'^"''''^ the Romans: 
 
 lieiga of Trajan. 
 
 Trajan sets out against the Dacians. 
 
 Peace with the Dacians 
 
 '"Tin^antr^oS.^* '''' '""^ °^ "^^'^'^ ^-- ^— . 
 War against the Parthians. 
 Armenia a Roman province 
 
 ^''^"he L?;^"'' ^'' '""'^'^ ^^' ^"P^™t^« th« ^onndary in 
 ^pr^I^ '1 J^iXS^^Itn ^,S^^ the 
 
 Siln" of'S^^^Sus"'^'^ ^^^^° ^^^'^^^-^ ^^-^ -P^ 
 L Verus goes totlic East against the Parthians. 
 Peace oonclnded with tlie Partliians 
 War against the Marcomanni and Quadi. 
 Death of L. Verus. 
 
 '''"caS lulhfE^r""^ '""''"'"*• ^^^°" '' ^^<««- 
 SSrol Co]^Zr^'' *^« Marcomanm. 
 Commodns purchases peace of the Marcomanni. 
 
 Deposiiion of the last Roman emperor. 
 
 jil 
 
 If 
 

 f ■ 
 
 ■ '.■' 
 
 ;?<' .; ■ 
 
 
 I 
 
•V' ' ' " 
 
 
 .*i::'t 
 
 'P 
 
 
 *'6'. 
 
 ..> 
 
 K, '-'•>. 
 
 ' V 
 
 ' ' A' « 
 
 ^J 
 
 !/•#• .S«, 
 
 /? 
 
 yi<u(B 
 
 _^' 
 
 -".„ 
 
 '•/• . "«<ir-< J~^''-L. 'v!?'*S"""i <*lC"^^ .. H:» 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 , o.--'""- ari,;,.„i..»' .ic:-w *«/ ? (; rjf ,v^ .^ yx 
 
 
 ;'x^> 
 
 V 
 
 J^ I ,a\ 
 
 "v, 
 
 y 
 
 /, 
 
 ,.r"^ 
 
 na<iii 
 
 /■A 
 
 *0l 
 
 
 
 "Iff 
 
 7 
 
 "C^ 
 
 •^"sihn 
 
 . .TAW 
 
 J* I A, 
 
 11 
 
 "1- 
 
 
 
 '"'/""'Y ^Ht^ ^■-./^'^^iz 
 
 V/V,. 
 
 '^: 
 
 
 
 
 3 k i^o >r Ej! 
 
 >/ /; 
 
 I'mMtti 
 
 I) 
 
 . . ^ JJp^ ,.v<P«' ^^ r^^^ t..f*,j 
 
 J^i 
 
 "V *•"« / 
 
 ,>" 
 
 
 /«•>« 
 
 
 
 
 '"'Irulu 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■■a"! 
 
 ^ 
 
 ROMA 
 
 M^f 
 
 T,^, I V*''^ -.^s. 
 
 Pi-«»iorii 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 < # 
 
 ■V''*. ir,-. 
 
 -4! 
 
 ■~^- 
 
 M 
 
 1 **' 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 I 
 
 .,^ 
 
 ^« ,-^' 
 
 .^'",. 
 
 V 
 
 Av, 
 
 
 ^rical 
 
 SAICA 
 
 -J 
 
 i b y ae J) e 
 
 10 
 
 Ion?<tu.U Fa^l 20 ,>.„„, Cr,«,H,,/, 
 
vj 
 
 >ll 
 
 ~ -^T 
 
 KOMAH -Emyjji:^ 
 
 
 ~^y 
 
 """ Vi«' 
 
 4(>ll 
 
 "'» Km 
 
 »'• 
 
 ' / \"'"" \'» 
 
 ,, r s *°* '■ .V / y ^ , '■\' -^'xSrs*r \, ^y^ ^ Vf 
 
 
 
 ■^^. 
 
 
 )) ,■ .■' ' 
 
 .. I't'l 
 
 si> 
 
 u 
 
 A 
 
 \> 
 
 Tiop 
 
 . ,„■ '■'■"'•"■ 
 
 V""''' ^o<" 20 (>-o,„ r,r,,„H,<:/, 
 
 :;.> 
 
 +o 
 
 4.'. 
 
 ?»I -il I.U.Ji.v. '■ 4,i 
 
11 tt> 
 
 m 
 
 11 1; 
 
 
 '*; 
 
 ■"**:, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Acta Laarentia, 13. 
 
 Achaeans, 81, 
 
 Actium, Battle of, 127. 
 
 Adis, 6i. 
 
 iBs;atiaii Isles, Battle of, 66. 
 
 .£iiiiliua Paulus, 69-73. 
 
 ,£milius Paulus (sou of last), 81. 
 
 .£iieas, 13. 
 
 ^^qiiiana, .'•4, 
 
 ,£toliaii8, 78. 
 
 AfiTnius, 118, 
 
 Africa, 63. 
 
 Agricula, 145. 
 
 Agrigentum, 63. 
 
 Agrippa, 126130. 
 
 Agrippa Postumus, 133. 
 
 Agrippina, 135. 
 
 Agrippiiia (Mother of Nero), 183. 
 
 Ahala Serviliua, 42. 
 
 Alba Loiiga, 13-17. 
 
 Algidus Mouut, 36. 
 
 Allia, Battle of the, 44. 
 
 Allifaa, 53. 
 
 AmuliuB, 13. 
 
 Ancus Marcius, 18. 
 
 Andrijcus, 81. 
 
 Antinous, 150. 
 
 Antinchus (King of Syria), 77, 78. 
 
 Antiochua, HI. 
 
 Antonia (daughter of Claudius), 140. 
 
 Antoninus Pins, 151. 
 
 Antonius Lucius, 125. 
 
 Antonius Marcus (Orator). 102. 
 
 Antony, 122, 125, 127. 
 
 Appian Road, the, 56. 
 
 Appius Claudius, 40. 
 
 Appius Claudius, 56, 59, 66. 
 
 Apulia, 52. 
 
 Aqute Sextise, Battle of, 95. 
 
 Archelaua, 100, 105. 
 
 Archimedes, 74. 
 
 Ardea, 25. 
 
 Aricia, 16 
 
 Aristobulus, 111. 
 
 Aristodemus, 32. 
 
 Aristonious, 88, 99. 
 
 ArininiuB, 132, 136. 
 
 Artaxatn, Battle of, 110. 
 
 AruuH, 23, 25. 
 
 Aryan Family, 10. 
 
 Ascanius, IS. 
 
 Asculum, Battle of, 69. 
 
 Athenians, 83. 
 
 ▲tbeas, 101. 
 
 Attains (King of Pergamus), 88. 
 
 Augurs, 16. 
 
 Augustulus Romulus, 156. 
 
 Aug-'stus (Octaviaiius), 128, 132. 
 
 Aurelius Marcus (Verus), 152. 
 
 Auiuncana, 31. 
 
 Aventiue Mount, 19. 
 
 Bacchus, 85. 
 
 Bfecula, Battle of, 75. 
 
 Batavi, Insurrection of the, 145. 
 
 Bedriacuni, Battle near, 142. 
 
 Beneventum, 74. 
 
 Boadicea, Queen of the Britons, 140L 
 
 Bocchus, 94. 
 
 Boiana, 56. 
 
 Brenuua, 44. 
 
 Britaunicua (Son of Claudius), 139. 
 
 Brutus Decimus, 122, 123. 
 
 Brntua Junius, 121, 124. 
 
 Brutua, Lucius Junius, 25, 29. 
 
 Burrus, 139. 
 
 CeciLius, 65. 
 
 Ciclian Hill, 18. 
 
 Caesar, C. Julius, 113-122. 
 
 Csesar Caius, 132. 
 
 Caeaar Lucius, 132. 
 
 Ciesar Lucius Julius, 93. 
 
 Caius (Caligula), 135, 
 
 Caius Duiliua, 63. 
 
 Calatinus Atilius, 63. 
 
 Caligula (Caiua), 136. 
 
 Camillua, 43, 44. 
 
 Campi Raudii, 95. 
 
 CaniiiB, Battle of, 73. 
 
 Cantabri (the), 130. 
 
 Canuleius, 41. 
 
 Capitolina M\i& (Jerusalem), 15L 
 
 Capitoliiie Hill, 14. 
 
 Capua, 49, 73. 
 
 Carbo, 102, 104. 
 
 Carilia, Battle of, 116. 
 
 Carthage, 61, 63, 76, 81, 82, 83, 
 
 Carthage, New, 69, 76. 
 
 Carthaginians, 61. 
 
 Casilinum, 73. 
 
 CassiuB, 121, 124. 
 
 Casaius Avidius, 153. 
 
 Cassius Longiuus, 90. 
 
 Cassius Spurius, 32, 34. 
 
 Castor, 32. 
 
 Catiline, lOf, 112. 
 
 Cato Poroiiu (Censor), 82, 85. 
 
168 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 (^.?^ 
 
 
 m 
 
 Cato Porclus, lieutenant of Pompey, 
 113. 
 
 Catnliis LutatiuB, 66. 
 
 Catulus Liitalius, 95, 102, 
 
 Caiiiliiitn, 53. 
 
 Celtiberiatis, 87. 
 
 Cere.ilis, 145. 
 
 Christ, Birth of Jesns, l.'?2. 
 
 Christ, Crudfixioii of Je^ns, 136. 
 
 Cicero (orator), 112, 114, 122, 123. 
 
 Cilician Pirates crushed by Pompey, 
 109. 
 
 Cincinwatus Quinctius, 36, 42. 
 
 Ciiieas, 68. 
 
 Ciiina h. Cornelius (Consul), 100, 102. 
 
 Circeii, 24. 
 
 Circus Maximus, 20. 
 
 Civil=3, 145. 
 
 Clastidium, Battle of, 69. 
 
 Claudius, 137. 
 
 Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 119, 125, 
 127. 
 
 Cloaca Maxima, 21. 
 
 Clodius Publius, 110. 
 
 Clupea, 64. 
 
 Clusium, 44. 
 
 Cueius, 75. 
 
 Collatia, 25. 
 
 Colliue Gate, Battle of, 102. 
 
 Colosseum (tlie), 144. 
 
 Conimodus, 153, 154. 
 
 Ci)ii.staiitine, 156. 
 
 Corbio, Battle of, 86. 
 
 Corbulo, 133, 140. 
 
 Corey ra, 68. 
 
 Coriolatius Maroius, 34. 
 
 Cornelia (Mother of the Gracchi), 90. 
 
 Cornelii, name given to slaves enfran- 
 chised by Sulla, 104. 
 
 Coreica, 63, 67. 
 
 Cotta Aurelius, 106. 
 
 Craasus Licinius, 108, 114. 
 
 Creniei-a (river), 86, 
 
 Cremona, 69. 
 
 Curiatii (the), 17, 
 
 Curio, 118. 
 
 Curius Dentatus, 59. 
 
 Cynoscephaloe, Battle of, 78, 
 
 Cyzicus, Siege of, 109. 
 
 Dacians, 146. 
 
 Danube, Battle of the, 153. 
 
 Decius, 55. 
 
 Deoius MuB, P., 49. 
 
 Decius Mus, P., 49. 
 
 Demetrius (of Pharos), 69, 77. 
 
 Domitia, 147. 
 
 Domitian (Son of Vospasi.tn), 143, 146. 
 
 Domitius AhenobarbuB, 104. 
 
 Drusus, 131. 
 
 Drnsus Livius, 92. 
 
 Drusua Livius (son of last), 07. 
 
 Dyrrhaohium, struggle between Csesar 
 and Pompey at, 118. 
 
 ECN'OMUS, Battle of, 64. 
 
 Eseria, 16. 
 
 Egypt, 84; made a Roman proviDce^ 
 
 127. 
 Epictetus, 147. 
 EpiilaiDiuis, 63. 
 Eryx Mount, 66. 
 E.squiline Hill, 23. 
 Etruscans, 10, 53. 
 Eunus, 90. 
 
 Fabii, 36. 
 Fabius, 70. 
 
 Fabius Maximus, 53, 56. 
 Fabius Maximus, Q., 73, 74. 
 Fabricius Caius, 68, 
 Fauistina, 153. 
 Fnustulus, 13. 
 Fidciire, 14, 18, 43, 
 Fimbria, 101. 
 Flamininus Quinctius, 78. 
 Flauiinius, Caiua, 69, 72. 
 Fregella;, 62, 
 Fulvia, 124. 
 
 Gabiniu.s, 90. 
 
 Gabinius Anlus, 109. 
 
 Galba Servnis, 140, 142. 
 
 Galba Sulpioius, 87. 
 
 Gauls, 43. 
 
 Gaurus Moitnt, 49. 
 
 Genuoius, 35. 
 
 Germauicus, 136. 
 
 Glabrio Acilius, 78, 110. 
 
 Glaucia Servilius, 96. 
 
 Gracchus Clcelius, 36. 
 
 Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, 74, 80. 
 
 Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius, 90, 91. 
 
 Gracchus, C. Semprooiaa, 92, 93. 
 
 Greece, 10. 
 
 Hadrian, 150. 
 
 Hamilcar (Father of Hannibal), 66, 67. 
 69. 
 
 Hannibal goes to Spain at the age of 
 years, 69; oath, 70; wins Battle of 
 Trebia, 72 ; wins Battle of Trasi- 
 menus, 72 ; cruelty, 74 ; meets 
 Scipio at Zama, 78; flight after 
 Battle of Magnesia, and death, 79. 
 
 Hasdrulml, 69, 7.5. 
 
 Herote Mount, 66. 
 
 Herculaneum, 145. 
 
 Hernioana, 34, 54. 
 
 Jlieio King, CI, 74, 
 
 Hirtius, 123. 
 
 Horatii (the), 17. 
 
 Horatius, 17. 
 
 Hoiatius, 40. 
 
[le between Ceesar 
 118. 
 
 64. 
 
 Roman province^ 
 
 56. 
 73,74. 
 
 8,78. 
 72. 
 
 43. 
 
 to. 
 
 ronius, 74, 80. 
 ronius, 90, 91. 
 aiiu, 92, 93. 
 
 Cannibal), 66, 67, 
 
 in at the age of & 
 '0; wins Battle of 
 
 Battle of Tiasi- 
 elty, 74 ; meets 
 
 76; flight after 
 ia, and death, 78. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 169 
 
 Horatius Codes, 801. 
 Hyicaims, 111. 
 
 Iapyoes, 10. 
 
 Iberus (river), 69. 
 
 lonians, 88. 
 
 Isthmus, Battle on the, 82, 
 
 Italica, 97. 
 
 Janiculus Mount, 19. 
 
 Janus, Temple of, 16. 
 
 Jerusalem, Siege of, 144. 
 
 Jews, Rebellion among the. 141. 
 
 Juba, 118, 120. 
 
 Julia (Daughter of Augustus), 132. 
 
 Jugurtha, 93, 94. 
 
 KORINTH, 62. 
 
 L.ELin8 Caius, 79. 
 
 Latins, 10. 
 
 Latium, 9. 
 
 LautulsB, Battle of, 63. 
 
 Lavjnium, 13. 
 
 Lepidus, 123. 
 
 Lepidus .Emilius (Consul), 106. 
 
 Licinian (Law), 90. 
 
 Licinius Stolo, 46, 67. 
 
 Livia, 132. 
 
 Lucan (Poet), 140. 
 
 tiucania, 52, 54. 
 
 Luceres, 15, 19. 
 
 Lucius, 23, 24. 
 
 Lucius Sextius, 46. 
 
 Lucretia, 25. 
 
 Lucullus, 110. 
 
 Lydians, 88. 
 
 Macro, 135. 
 Meeoenas, 129. 
 Maelius Spnrius, 42. 
 Magnesia, Battle of, 79. 
 Mamertines, 61. 
 Maiicinus Hostilius, 87. 
 Manilius (Tribune), 110. 
 Manilas, 64. 
 
 Maulius Capitoliuus, 44, 45. 
 Manlius Torquatus, 47, 49 
 Manlius (Son of Torqu.atus), 60t 
 Marcellus Claudius, 69, 74. 
 MarcelluB Claudius, 116. 
 Marcia, 155. 
 Marciana, 149. 
 Maroius Caius, 47. 
 Maroius Coriolanus, 34. 
 Marins Caius, 94, 96, 102. 
 Marius Caius (Son of last). 102. 
 
 Marsians, 54. 
 Masitiisaa, 76. 
 MeduUia, Battle of, 19. 
 Memuiius Caius (Tribune) 98, 
 
 Menenlua Agrippa, 8S. 
 
 Messalina, 137 
 
 Messalla, 129. 
 
 Messana, 62. 
 
 Metaurus, Battle of, 75. 
 
 Metellus Cecuilius, 81. 
 
 Metellus Cfecilius (Numidious), 94, 00. 
 
 Metellus Scipio, 120. 
 
 Minucius, 36. 
 
 Mithiadates V., 88, 98. 
 
 Mithradates VI., 99, 105, 109, IIL 
 
 Mona (Island), 140. 
 
 Mummius Lucius, 82. 
 
 Munda, Battle of, 121. 
 
 Murena, 105. 
 
 Mutina, War of, 123. 
 
 MylB8,Battleof,63;secondBattl9of,12«. 
 MytwstratuiB, 63. 
 
 Neapolis (Naples), 62. 
 
 Nero, 133, 139, 140. 
 
 Nero Claudius, 76. 
 
 Nerva, 148. 
 
 Nicomedes, 109. 
 
 Nola, 74. 
 
 Norbanus, 102. 
 
 Numa PompiliuB (of Cores). It 
 
 Numantia, 87. 
 
 Numidia, 77. 
 
 Numitor, 13. 
 
 OcTAViA (Sister of Ootaviamis), 125. 
 
 Octavia (Wife of Nero), 139. 
 
 Octavianus, Julius Caesar, 122. 
 
 Octavius, 91. 
 
 Octavius Cneius, 100, 102. 
 
 Odoacer, 156. 
 
 Ogulnius, 57. 
 
 Opimius (consul), 92, 
 
 Optimates, 89. 
 
 Ostia, 19. 
 
 Otho Salvius, 142. 
 
 Palatine Hill, 14. 
 
 Panormus, Battle of, 65. 
 
 Pansa, 123. 
 
 Papirius Cursor, 64. 
 
 Paul, Martyrdom of the Apostle. ISOi 
 
 Paulinus, 140. 
 
 Pelignians, £4, 
 
 Peloponnesus, 82. 
 
 Pergamus, 84. 
 
 Perperna, 88, 107. 
 
 Perseus, 81. 
 
 Perusia, 55; War of, 125. 
 
 Peter, Martyrdom of the Apoitle, 188. 
 
 Petreius, 118. 
 
 rhan.aooa, ill, 119. 
 
 Pharsalus, Battle of, 119. 
 
 Philip (King of MiioHdoniii), 69, 77, 80. 
 
 Philippi, Battle of, 1^4. 
 
 Phraates, 126. 
 
170 
 
 INDfiX, 
 
 Mi-. 
 
 If 'J 
 
 5 • 
 
 
 ■':| 
 
 Phrygia. 88, 
 
 PiBo, 140. 
 
 FiBtoria, Battle ot, 118» 
 
 Placentla, 69. 
 
 Pliny, 149. 
 
 Plotina, 149. 
 
 FoUio Aainiua, 129. 
 
 Pollux, 32. 
 
 Pompeii, 145. 
 
 Pompeius Cneliu (eldest Son of Fom- 
 
 psy), 121. 
 Pompeius Refus, 101. 
 Pompeius Sextua (younger Son of 
 
 Pompey), 121, 123. 
 Pompey, 104, 106, 108, 119. 
 Pontius, 53, 66. 
 Pontius Telesinns, 102. 
 Ponenna (King of Clusiam), SOL 
 Fostumius, 53. 
 Primus Antonias, 143. 
 Frocaa, 13. 
 Publilius Phllo, 60. 
 Publilius Volero, 87. 
 Fublitts Valerius, 26. 
 Fydna, Battle of, 81 ; second 6attleof,81. 
 Fyrrhus (King of Epirus), 68, 61. 
 
 QUIRINAL Hill, 14. 
 Quirinus, 15. 
 
 Bamkes, 15. 
 
 Begillus Lake, Battle of, 8X 
 
 Begulus Atilius, 64. 
 
 Remus, 13. 
 
 Rhea, Silvia, 13. 
 
 Borne, Foundation, 14; Power nnder 
 Tarquins, 27; rebuilt irregularly 
 after burning by Gauls, 45; Fire 
 at, 139. 
 
 Bomulus, 13. 
 
 Rupiliufl, 90. 
 
 Butulians, 25. 
 
 8ABEI.T.IAM8, 10. 
 
 Sabina Poppsea, 139, 140. 
 
 Sabines, 14. 
 
 Sabinus (Brother of Vespasian), 113. 
 
 Sacred Mount (the), 88. 
 
 Saguntines, 70. 
 
 Samnite War, end of Second, 64. 
 
 Samnitee, 48. 
 
 Samnium, 54. 
 
 Sardinia, 63, 67. 
 
 Saturninns Appuleius, 98, 
 
 SR»9vola Mucins, 31. 
 
 Soipio, Cn. Cornelius. 76. 
 
 Boipio, P. Cornelius, 72, 75. 
 
 Bcipic, F. Cornciiua (Airicanns), Bdn 
 
 of last, 75, 76, 79. 
 Bcipio, li. Cornelius (Asiatious), 79. 
 Soipio, P. Cornelius Africanus (iEraili- 
 
 ianus),Sonofi3;miliu«Faulu.B,S3,87. 
 
 Scipio Nasica (Serapio), 9L 
 
 Seianus .£lius, 184, 136. 
 
 Seneca, 139, 140. 
 
 Senones, 56. 
 
 S'tntinum, Battle of, 6&, 
 
 Sertorius, 107. 
 
 Servins Tullius, 20, 21. 
 
 Sidicines, 48. 
 
 Signia, 24. 
 
 Siris (river), 58. 
 
 Social War, 97, 98. 
 
 Spartacus, Insurrection of, 1081 
 
 Spartans, 82. 
 
 Siwletiura, 72. 
 
 Spnrius Cassius, 32, 8i> 
 
 SUbiae, 145. 
 
 Suessa Fometia, 24. 
 
 Sulla Cornelius, 94, 100, 104 
 
 Sulpicius, P. (Tribune), 100, 
 
 Syphai, 75, 76. 
 
 Syracuse, 62 ; Siege of, 74. 
 
 TAomrs (Historian), 145. 
 
 Tanaquil, 21. 
 
 Tarentuni, 57, 74. 
 
 Tarpeian Rock (the), 46. 
 
 Tarquinius, 23. 
 
 Tarquinius CoUatinns, 26, 89, 
 
 Tarquinius Friseus, 20. 
 
 Tarquinius Sextus, 26. 
 
 Tarquitius, 36. 
 
 Tatius, Titua, 14. 
 
 Telamon, Battle of, 68. 
 
 Terentillus Arsa, 37. 
 
 Teuta Queen, 68. 
 
 Teutones, 95. 
 
 Thapsus, Battle of, 120. 
 
 Thebes, 100. 
 
 Theodosins, 156. 
 
 Thermopyloe, Battle of, 78. 
 
 Theasaly, 78. 
 
 Thurii, 67. 
 
 Tiberius, 131, 134, 136. 
 
 Ticiniis, Battle of, 72. 
 
 Tigranes, 110. 
 
 Titles, 15. 
 
 Titus, 25. 
 
 Titus (Son of Vespasian) 138, 143, 140. 
 
 Titus Larcius, 33. 
 
 Titus, Tatius, 14. 
 
 Trajan, 148, 150. 
 
 TrasimonuB Lake, Battle of, 72. 
 
 Trebia, Battle there, 72. 
 
 Triumviri Rei Constituendsc, title of 
 
 Antony, Octavianns, aad Lepidos, 
 
 123. 
 Tnllia, 23. 
 
 TulluB UostUius, 17, 19, 
 Tuscans, 10. 
 
 UUBBIANS, 10, 64. 
 
 Vai 
 Val 
 Val 
 Vai 
 Vai 
 Vei 
 Vei 
 Ver 
 Ver 
 Ver 
 Ves 
 Ves 
 
 Vet 
 
no), 9L 
 136. 
 
 ',65. 
 21. 
 
 tion of, 108k 
 
 8i. 
 
 100, 104 
 ine), 100. 
 
 of, 74. 
 ). 1«. 
 
 iQB, 25, 2% 
 , 20. 
 26. 
 
 6S. 
 
 r. 
 
 120. 
 
 e of, 78. 
 
 136. 
 
 r2. 
 
 Ulan) 138, 143, 14d. 
 
 Battle of, 72. 
 e, 72. 
 
 stituondffi, title of 
 ianua, aad Lepidos, 
 
 r. 1«. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 171 
 
 Valebius, 40. 
 
 Valerias, 129. 
 
 Valerias Cor»u«, 47. 
 
 Varro Terentiiig, 73. 
 
 Varus Quintiliiu, 132. 
 
 Valentines, 14. 
 
 Veil, 14, 43. 
 
 Veniisia, 73. 
 
 Verus Annius, 151. 
 
 Varus Lucius, 152. 
 
 Vespasian, 138, 141, 143, 145. 
 
 Vesuvius, Battle of, 49; Eiuption of 
 
 Mount, 146. 
 Vaturiua, 63. 
 
 Vious Scelei-atns, 24. 
 Viminal Hill, 23. 
 Vindax Julius, 140. 
 Virginia, 40. 
 Virginins, 40. 
 Viriathus, 87. 
 Viridomarus, 6!>. 
 Vitellius, 142. 
 Vokcians, 34, 50. 
 
 Xanthippas, 64. 
 
 Zama, Battle of, 76. 
 Zela, Battle Mar, lift 
 
 COPP, CLARK * CO., PRINTEftS, COUBORKE BTHRBf.