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■ss 
 
'* 
 
 A GUIDE to the TREES 
 
 i 
 
UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME 
 
 A Guide to the Wild Flowers 
 
 By Alice Lounsberry and Mrs. Ellis Rmvan 
 
PLATE XXXV. RtD MAPLE. .I,rr rnhniiii. h'roiilispircr. 
 
 ropvniGHT, vjoo, nr fhederick a. stokes companv. 
 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
A GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 i'fS 
 
 TREES 
 
 BY 
 
 ALICE LOUNSBERRY 
 
 Author of "^ Guide to the WiU F/owers " 
 
 BY 
 
 MRS. ELLIS ROWAN 
 
 Illustrator of -A Guide to the Wild Floivers " 
 
 i* 
 
 N 
 
 ■^Clftb an tfntroDuctlon 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. N. L BRITTON 
 
 3b 
 
 TORONro 
 
 WILJJAM BRIGGS 
 PUBLISHER 
 
Copyright, 1900, 
 By Frederick A. Stokes Company 
 
 I, IS 
 
 Lis 
 
 t III 
 Tfii 
 Tke 
 
 Tre 
 
 Tre 
 
 Tre 
 Trei 
 
 Misc 
 Indi 
 Tnde 
 Tnde 
 
Contents. 
 
 Preface, 
 
 I 
 
 - List of Illustrations, . 
 
 ' • • • 
 
 List of Engravings of Entire Trees, . 
 Introduction dv Dr. Britton 
 
 > • • 
 
 Illustrated Terms. 
 
 ' • • • . 
 
 'I'fiE Growth of the Trees 
 
 » • • • 
 
 Trees Preferring to Grow Near Water : in Swamps 
 
 and by Running Streams 
 Trees Preferring to Grow in Moist Soil: Lowlands 
 
 AND Meadows, . 
 
 • • • 
 
 Trees Preferring to Grow in Rich Soil: Forests 
 AND Thickets. 
 
 ruEES Preferring to Grow in Sandy or Rocky 
 Soil: Hillsides and Barrens. 
 
 Trees Preferring to Grow in Light or Dry Soil: 
 
 Upland Places, Meadows and Roadsides, 
 
 Miscellaneous Index. . 
 
 Index to English Names, .... 
 
 Index to Latin Names, .... 
 
 Index to Technical Tkrms, 
 
 PAGK. 
 
 V 
 
 ix 
 
 XV 
 
 xix 
 I 
 
 '9 
 
 1 08 
 
 233 
 
 263 
 301 
 
 308 
 311 
 
Preface. 
 
 There is a solemnity, a repose about the great trees, and the 
 restless, ceaseless stirring of the small ones is full of mystery. 
 So self-evident are they, so close al hand that we almost find 
 ourselves in danger of becoming oblivious to their presence. 
 They never intrude "oon the attention ; they rather pursue 
 indomitably their own way. As landmarks of history many 
 trees have been revered ; traditions and superstitions have 
 clustered about them while in mute eloquence they have 
 answered the people's expectations. In P^ngland, to-day, there 
 are oaks standing that knew the ground before its conquest by 
 the Romans. Nothing is grander than are trees. Nothing 
 gives of its best more freely to man. And to each one 
 there is an individuality which having once been observed 
 may be traced into the folk-lore of nations. But before the 
 trees can truly impress us, before we can appreciate them in 
 their fullest expression, we should know something of them 
 scientifically, — their manner of growth, their sources of life and 
 the often subtle differences which separate them into families 
 and genera and species. Later we may forget these things, 
 and regard them simply from the standpoint of their appear- 
 ance. To combine, therefore, a necessary amount of scientific 
 knowledge while not to lose sight of the character and recog- 
 nised place each tree holds in its great world has been an aim 
 in the writing of "A Guide to the Trees." 
 
 Nearly two hundred trees and some shrubs have been herein 
 included. Among them are all those prominent in North- 
 eastern America and a few distinctive and rare species from 
 the south and west. Several also that are not indigenous but 
 which have become identified with the tree-life of this country 
 have been presented. That their positions may, after a simple 
 means, be located in the book, they have primarily been classi- 
 
on 
 
 VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 fied according to the soil in which they prefer to grow. This 
 is always a notable point, and it is mostly in cultivation that 
 we see them thriving under other conditions of soil than those 
 of their natural habitat. A river-loving tree is ever loath to 
 sacrifice its desire for moisture, and the ones from the dry hill- 
 tops are chary of venturing into tlie swamps. Trees that pre- 
 fer to grow ear water are placed in the first section, then 
 follow those o, moist soil, those of rich soil, those of sandy or 
 rocky soil and those of dry soil respectively. Within these five 
 sections the order in which they have been arranged has been 
 with a regard to the peculiarities of their leaves. The simplest 
 forms, those with entire edges, and which grow alternately on 
 the branches, are placed first, and through their variations such 
 leaves continue to follow until those with lobed edges are 
 reached. Simple, opposite leaves are next, and are arranged 
 in the same order, relating to the character of their margins. 
 Then following in the same way are compound, alternate leaves, 
 and finally compound, opposite leaves. Towards the end of 
 the sections will be found the coniferous trees. 
 
 The descriptions of the trees are headed by their common 
 name, or by several common names when they exist, and by 
 their scientific name. These latter are in accordance with 
 those sanctioned by Professor Sargent and Dr. Britton. So 
 that the eye can quickly find them are then set forth the 
 family, shape, height, range and time of bloom of the plants. 
 An analysis of their parts is given, in which the special features 
 of the bark, the leaves, the bloom and the fruit are mentioned. 
 Throughout the book no technical terms have been used that 
 are not explained in the chapter, " Illustrated Terms." 
 
 As the leading points of recognition in connection with the 
 trees have been thus concisely given, the privilege has been 
 taken of admitting into the text any impressions or notes of 
 interest that the trees have themselves suggested. 
 
 In the chapter, " The Growth of the Trees," the story is 
 simply told of their development from the seed into a full- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 grown tree. To know something of their ways and struggle 
 for life cannot but add deeply to the interest they inspire. 
 Stress also has been laid on the blooming of the trees, for 
 although the advantages of a trained observation are being 
 more keenly realised, there are still many that are quite un- 
 conscious of the beauty and fineness of many of their flowers. 
 To see the hanging crimson bloom of the red maple is as 
 beautiful — although in a different way — as the unfolding of the 
 magnolias. 
 
 An advanced and exquisite feature of the book is its sixty- 
 four illustrations in colour. The originals were painted by 
 Mrs, Rowan with great spirit and accuracy. One hundred 
 pen-and-ink sketches form excellent studies and the many 
 small representations of trees are very attractive. No labour 
 has, in fact, been spared that the book may satisfactorily fill 
 the gap there seems to be for such an one. 
 
 It is with the greatest pleasure that mention is here made of 
 the encouragement that has been given to the writing of " A 
 Guide to the Trees." All that have known of its progress have 
 shown in it a kind interest. Especially is it desired to express 
 appreciation of the impetus given to the work by Mr. George 
 Vanderbilt, who has done much to further the valuable study 
 of forestry. From his herbarium fresh specim.ens were con- 
 tinually supplied to Mrs. Rowan and which for illustrating she 
 found of inestimable value. To Mr. Beadle, the botanist of 
 Biltmore, the most grateful thanks are due, for through his 
 collaboration many difficult tangles were pleasantly unravelled. 
 To devote his time to. Mrs, Rowan and Miss Lounsberry, and 
 to give freely from his fund of accurate knowledge he was ever 
 ready during their stay at Biltmore. His assistants also were 
 most kind and helpful. Dr. Charles Mohr has contributed 
 information about the bald cypress, and in many ways Dr. 
 Britton's advice has been of importance 
 
 Away to the trees then 'et us go. 
 
 For it matters not whether there's rain or snow 
 
 Thev wait for us. 
 
List of Illustrations. 
 
 The mark *** which appears in the list designates the plates that are pro- 
 duced in colour. The number of the page given for each of these coloured 
 plates is that of the printed ^Agt faced hy the coloured plate in each case. 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 I SEEDS AND EMBRYOS. 
 
 II. MAPLE PLANTLET. 
 
 III. SECTION CF WOOD, 
 
 IV. PINE SEEDLING. 
 
 V. BUDS. • 
 
 VI. OAK SEEDLING. 
 
 VII. GREAT-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. Magnolia fattida, 
 VIII. SMALL MAGNOLIA. Magnolia Virginiana, 
 
 IX. SOUR GUM. Nyssa sylvatica, 
 
 X. WATER TUPELO. Nyssa biflora, . 
 
 XI. BLACK ALDER. Hex verticillata, . 
 
 XII. WILD YELLOW PLUM. Prunus Americana, 
 Xlllt BUTTON-WOOD. Platanus occidentalism 
 XIV- RIVER BIRCH. Betula nigra, 
 
 XV. SMOOTH ALDER. Alnusrugosa, . 
 
 XVI. AMERICAN HORNBEAM. Carfinus Caroliniana, 
 
 XVII. BLACK WILLOW, ^alix iif,^r,t, 
 
 XVIII. WESTERN BLACK WILLOW, ^'^'alix amygdaloides, 
 
 XIX. SHINING WILLOW. Salix lucida, . 
 
 XX. BEBB'S WILLOW. Salix Bebbiana, 
 
 XXI. SILKY WILLOW, -'talix sericea, 
 
 XXII. WEEPING WILLOW. Salix Babylonica, . 
 
 XXIII. YELLOW WILLOW. Salix alba vitellina, 
 
 XXIV. BRITTLE WILLOW. Salix fragilis. 
 
 • « « 
 tf * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 * • * 
 
 * • • 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 at 
 '3 
 »5 
 
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 60 
 6t 
 63 
 «7 
 69 
 
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XXV. DOWNY POPLAR. Populus heterophylla, . 
 
 XXVI. BALM OF GILEAD. Populus candicans, 
 
 XXVII. COTTONWOOD, Populus deltoides, 
 XXVIII. SWAMP WHITE OAK. Quercus platanoidet, 
 
 XXIX. WILLOW OAK. Quercus Phellos, . 
 
 XXX, LAUREL OAK. Q'lercus lauri/oUa, 
 
 XXXI. COMMON FRINGE TREE. Chionanthus Virginica, 
 
 XXXII. SWEET VIBURNUM, yiburnum Ltntago, 
 
 XXXIII. CRANBERRY TREE. Viburnum Opulus, 
 
 XXXIV. HOBBLE-BUSH, yhburnum alni/oliuni, 
 
 XXXV. RED MAPLE. Acer rubrum, . *•» 
 
 XXXVI. SILVER MAPLE. Acer saccharinum, 
 
 XXXVII. POISON SUMAC. ^■4«f vernix, 
 
 XXXVIII. SWAMP HICKORY. Hicoria minima, 
 
 XXXIX. WATER HICKORY. Hicoria aguatica, 
 
 XL. ASH-LEAVEi> MAPLE. Acer Negundo. 
 
 XLI. BLACK ASH. Fraximis nigra, 
 
 XLII. RED ASH. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, 
 
 XLIII. GREEN ASH. Fraxinus lanceolata, 
 
 XLIV. BALD CYPRUS. Taxodium distichum, . 
 
 XLV. SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. ChanngcyParis thyoidea 
 
 XLVI. ARBOR VITAE. Thuja occidentalism 
 
 XLVII. AMERICAN LARCH. larix laricina, 
 
 XLVIII. UMBRELLA-TREE. ^I'lgnolia tripeiala, . 
 
 XLIX. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. Asiiiiina triloba, . 
 
 L JAMAICA CAPER TREE. Capf>aris Jamaicensis, 
 
 LI. RED BUD, Ccrcis Cinadensis. 
 
 Lll. FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. Mohrodendron Carolinum 
 
 LIU. NARROW-LEAVED COTTONWOOD. Populus angustifolin, 
 
 LIV. AMERICAN HOLLY. Ilex opaca, .... 
 
 LV. THREE-FLOWERED THORN. Cratcegus triflora, 
 
 LVI. AMERICAN ELM, Ulmus Americana, 
 
 LVII CORKY WHITE ELM. Ulmus racemosa, . 
 
 LVIII. SLIPPERY ELM. i'l»ius/ulva 
 
 • 
 
 ri 
 
 • ♦• 
 
 7' 
 
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 79 
 
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 « « « 
 
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 Frontispiece. 
 
 - 
 
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 *** 
 
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 '25 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 X\ 
 
 LIX. HACKBERRY. '■'•■^''^ occidentalism . 
 
 LX. RED MULBERRY. Morus rubra, . 
 
 LXI. WHITE MULBERRY. Morus alba, . 
 
 LXII. PAPER MULBERRY. I^'oussonetia papyri/era, 
 
 LXIII. BURR OAK. Qncrcm iitacrocatpa, . 
 
 LXIV. PIN OAK. Qiif'cus palusttis, 
 
 LXV. SWEET GUM, Liquidatnbar styraciflua, 
 
 LXVI. CORAI. SUMAC. ^'''"•»" ^tetopium, . 
 
 LXVII LOCUST. ly"biiiia Xio-Mexicana, 
 
 LXVIII. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH. Sorbus Americana 
 
 LXIX. BILTMORE ASH. lynrtiiiis Riltworeana, 
 
 LXX. WESTERN BLADDER-NUT. y^tapliylea Bolanderi, 
 
 LXXI. ELDER. S.iiiihiicus Canadensis var. Mexicana 
 
 LXXII. SWEET BUCKEYE. -Esculiis octandra, . 
 
 LXXXIII. OHIO BUCKEYE. yEs'ulus glabra, 
 
 LXXIV. CUCUMBER TREE. Magnolia acuminata, 
 
 LXXV. SMOOTH AZALEA. Azalea arbor escens, . 
 
 LXXVI AMERICAN LINDEN. I ilia Americana, . 
 
 LXXVII. WHITE BASSWOOD. ^'V/Vi hcterophylla, 
 
 LXXVIII. WILD RED CHERRY Prtntiis Pennsylvanica, 
 
 LXXIX. AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE. '^'■^lus coronaria, 
 
 LXXX. NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE. Mains angusti/olia 
 
 LXXXI. CANADA PLUM. Primus nigra, . 
 
 LXXXII. WILD PLUM. Prunus subcordata, . 
 
 LXXXIII. HAWTHORN. Cratcrgus coccinea, . 
 
 LXXXIV. BLACK THORN. Cratagus tomentosa, 
 
 LXXXV. DOTTED-FRUITED THORN Cratcrgus punctata. 
 
 LXXXVI. COCKSPUR THORN. Cratcrgus Crus-Galli, 
 
 LXXXVII. SOUR-WOOD. Oxydendrum arhoreum, . 
 
 LXXXVIII. WITCH-HAZEL. ffaTnamelis yirginiana, 
 
 LXXXIX. AMERICAN CHESTNUT. Castanea dentata, 
 
 XC. CHINQUAPIN. Castanea pumila, . 
 
 XCI. AMERICAN BEECH. Fagus Avitricana, . 
 
 XCII, CANOE BIRCH. Sttula papyri/tra, 
 
 • 
 
 127 
 
 
 ia8 
 
 
 lag 
 
 
 131 
 
 
 <32 
 
 
 »J5 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 >37 
 
 
 «39 
 
 
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 '43 
 
 
 MS 
 
 
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 «S« 
 
 
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 >S4 
 
 
 »S5 
 
 
 .56 
 
 
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 . 
 
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 * * * 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 
 170 
 
 170 
 
 172 
 
 «74 
 
 • • * 176 
 
 • • • ,78 
 
■^'i LIST OK ILLUSl'RATIONS. 
 
 XCIII. SWEET BIRCH. Betula lenta, 
 XCIV. YELLOW BIRCH. Betula lutea, . 
 XCV. HAZEL-NUT. Corylui Americana, . 
 XCVI. HAZEL NUT. Corylus rostratn, 
 
 XCVII. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. Populus grandidentata, 
 XCVIII. TULIP TREE. Liriodendton Tiiiipi/era, . 
 XCIX. WHITE OAK. Querent alba, 
 C. RED OAK. Quercus rubra, . 
 CI. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Cornusjlorida, 
 Cll. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Cornus atterni/oli 
 cm. CATALPA. Caialpa Caialpa, 
 CIV. SUGAR MAPLE. Acer Saccharum, 
 CV. STRIPED MAPLE. ^'^'^ Pennsylvanicum, 
 CVI. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Acer s/>,catui;t, 
 CVII. FALSE SVCAMORE. Acer Pseudo-Platanui, 
 CVIII. LOCUST TREE. Robinia Pseudacacia, . 
 CIX. AMMY LOCUST. Robinia viscosa, 
 
 ex. ROSE ACACIA. Robinia hispida, . 
 CXI. HONEY LOCUST. Gleditsia triancanthos^ 
 CXII. AMERICAN YELLOW-WOOD. Cladrastis lutta, 
 CXIII. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE- Gymnocladus dioica, 
 CXIV. BLACK WALNUT. Juglans nigra, . 
 CXV. BUTTERNUT, /"glans cinerea, 
 CXVI. MOCKER-NUT. Hicoria alba, 
 CXVII. SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Hicoria ovata, . 
 CXVni. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. Hicoria microcarp. 
 CXIX. WHITE ASH. Fraxinus Americana^ 
 CXX. BLUE ASH. Fraxinus quadrangulata^ , 
 CXXI. WHITE PINE. P'nus Strobus, 
 CXXII. HEMLOCK- Tsuga Canadensis, . 
 CXXm. BLACK SPRUCE. P'cei Mariana, . 
 CXXIV. WHITE SPRUCE. P'cea Canadensis, 
 CXXV. BALSAM FIR Abies balsamea, 
 CXXVI. PERSIMMON. Diospyros Virginiana, 
 
 178 
 iSo 
 183 
 .84 
 185 
 
 * ♦ ♦ 186 
 
 • ♦ * 188 
 
 190 
 ♦♦♦ 192 
 
 «93 
 **♦ 194 
 
 198 
 
 aoo 
 
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 903 
 
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 ♦ ♦ ♦ fllO 
 ♦•* 313 
 
 ♦ * • 314 
 
 315 
 
 ♦ ♦ • ai6 
 
 31/ 
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 saa 
 
 •34 
 
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 iii i 
 
178 
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 aia 
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 316 
 
 917 
 
 319 
 
 933 
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 336 
 
 330 
 33a 
 
 334 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CXXVII. CALIFORNIA MAHOGANY. Rhus inteeri/olia, 
 
 CXXVIII. DWARF THORN. Cnitfrgus uniflora, 
 
 CXXIX. AMERIC . SPEN. Populus tremuloides, 
 
 CXXX. LIVE OAK Juercus Virginiana, . 
 
 CXXXI. SPANISH OAK. Quercus digitatix, 
 
 CXXXll. SCARLET OAK. Quercui coccinea, 
 
 CXXXIII. BLACK OAK. Quercus velutinn, . 
 
 CXXXIV. LABRADOR PINE. Pinus divaricatn, 
 
 CXXXV. CANADIAN PINE. Pinus resinosa, . 
 
 CXXXVI. JERSEY PINE. Pinus Virginiami, 
 
 CXXXVII. LONG-LEAVED PINE. Pinus palustris, . 
 
 CXXXVIII. SHORT-LEAVED PINE. Pinu^ echinnta, . 
 
 CXXXIX. PITCH PINE. /V««x rigida, . 
 
 CXL. RED SPRUCE. Pi'^(* rubens, 
 
 CXLI NORWAY SPRUCE. J^i<:^^ excetsa, . 
 
 CXLII. SNOWBERRY. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos 
 
 CXLIII. SASSAFRAS. Sassafras Sassafras^ 
 
 CXLIV. WILD BLACK CHERRY. Prunus serotina, 
 
 CXLV. APPLE. Mitliis Afaius, 
 
 CXLVI. JUNE-BERRY. A me/ancAier Canadensis, 
 CHOKE-CHERRY. Prunus Virginiana, . 
 
 CXLVII. PEACH. Ainygdalus Persica, 
 
 CXLVIII. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. Populus alba, 
 
 CXLIX. LOMBARDY POPLAR. Populus dilatnta, . 
 
 CL. AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. Betula poputifolia, 
 
 CLI. HOP-HORNBEAM. Ostrya Virginiana, . 
 
 CLII. POST OAK. Qiierciis minor, 
 
 CLIII. BLACK-JACK. Quercus Marylandica, . 
 
 CLIV. ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. Quercus Prinus, 
 
 CLV. CHESTNUT OAK. Quercus acuminata, . 
 
 CLVI. BLACK-HAW. yirburnum pruni/olium, . 
 
 CLVII. STAGHORN S'JMAC. Rhus hirta, . 
 
 CLVIII. SMOOTH UPLAND SUMAC. Rhus glabra, 
 
 CLIX. AILANTHUS. Ailantkus glandulosa. 
 
 XUl 
 
 935 
 337 
 239 
 340 
 ♦ ♦ * 343 
 
 944 
 '■'44 
 »47 
 330 
 353 
 
 41 • « 
 
 ♦ * ♦ -2. 
 
 * * * 
 
 * * * 
 
 35a 
 
 354 
 357 
 
 259 
 a6i 
 
 • ♦ • 363 
 
 264 
 a:6 
 
 • • ♦ 966 
 
 * • ♦ 368 
 
 4> * « 
 
 * * * 970 
 
 373 
 
 274 
 
 * * * 274 
 
 277 
 279 
 881 
 ••♦ 98a 
 984 
 386 
 388 
 
 • • ♦ 288 
 
 * « • 
 
 •90 
 
XIV 
 
 LIST OV ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CLX. "IQ-NUT. Hicoria glabra^ . . . . 
 
 CLXI. HORSE CHESTNUT, ^iculus Hippocastnnum, 
 
 CLXII. HICKORY PINE. Pinus pungens, . 
 
 CLXIII. COMMON JUNIPER. Juniperus communis, 
 
 CLXIV. RED CEDAR. Jnniperus Virginiana, 
 
 294 
 . 396 
 
 298 
 ♦ * * S98 
 
. 39' 
 
 294 
 
 . 296 
 
 298 
 
 ♦ ♦ * 298 
 
 I List of Engravings of Entire T 
 
 rees. 
 
 '-'it. 
 '3 
 
 GREAT-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. ■^I-igHoUa /(etida, 
 
 SMALL MAGNOLIA. -^lagnoUa rirgiiiuma, 
 
 WATER TUPELO, ■'^'yssa />,yio,„, . 
 i| WILD YELLOW PLUM. J'^n'ius A „n->u.uui, 
 
 BUTTON-WOOD, ''iatanus occidentalism 
 
 WEEPING WILLOW. Salix Babylonica, 
 ;■ DOWNY POPLAR. ro/,„lus hetcopliylla, 
 
 I COMMOM FRINGE TREE. Chionnnthus l-iygi„ica, 
 
 I RED MAPLE. Acer rtibruiu, 
 
 f SILVER MAPLE. Acer saccltarinun,, 
 
 POISON SUMAC. Khus l-erni.v, 
 
 ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Acer Xegumio, 
 
 SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. Chan,u'cy/,a,is thyoid.,, 
 
 AMERICAN LARCH. L.irix l,irici„,i, 
 
 FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. Mohyodcidron Curolin 
 
 RED BUD. Cercis Canadensis, 
 
 AMERICAN HOLLY, fie.v o/>aca, 
 
 AMERICAN ELM. U^>>'ns Americana, 
 
 ENGLISH ELM. Ulmus campestris, 
 RED MULBERRY, ^forus rubra, . 
 WHITE MULBERRY, -^hrus alba, 
 BURR OAK, Qucrcus macrocarJ>a, 
 PIN OAK. Quercus palustris, 
 BILTMOREASH. P>'axinus Biltmoreana, 
 SWEET BUCKEYE. ■'F.schIus octandra, . 
 CALIFORNIA BUCKEYE. .ISsculus Cali/ornica, 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 «4 
 86 
 88 
 92 
 
 103 
 
 105 
 
 114 
 
 "3 
 117 
 120 
 124 
 
 128 
 '30 
 "33 
 »34 
 '4* 
 
 My 
 
xvi LIST OF ENGRAVINGS OF KN TIKE 1 RKKS. 
 
 AMFRICAN LINDEN, Tilin Amerunna, . 
 
 DOTTED-FRUITED THORN. < mttrgus />uncfatti, 
 
 COCKSHUR THORN, (-rattegns Crus-yGai/i, 
 
 TULIP TREE. I.iriodendron Tuiipi/,r,i, 
 
 WHITE OAK. (Juercus alba, 
 
 RED OAK. Quercus rubra, 
 
 FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Corniis Jlorid,i, 
 
 CATALPA. Catalpa Catalpa, 
 
 SUGAR MAPLE, '^tv- Sacc/iarum, 
 
 STRIPED MAPLE, ^cer Pennsyhanicum, 
 
 MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Acer spkntum, 
 
 FALSE SYCAMORE. ^"''' Psendo-rtatanus, 
 
 LOCUST TREE. Robinia Pseudacacia, 
 
 HONEY LOCUST, Gleditsia triixncantlw!,, 
 
 AMERICAN YELLOW-WOOD. Cladrastis luteo, 
 
 KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. Gymnocladus dloica, 
 
 BLACK WALNUT. Jugtans nigrn,' 
 
 WHITE ASH. Fraxinus Ameriinn<ty 
 
 WHITE PINE. PinusSirobus, 
 
 BALSAM FIR. Abies balsamea, 
 
 PERSIMMON. Diospyros Virginiana, 
 
 LIVE OAK. Quercus Virginiattii, . 
 
 SPANISH OAK. Quercus digitata, 
 
 CANADIAN PINE. Pinus resinosa, 
 
 LONG-LEAVED PINE. Pinus palustris, . 
 
 PITCH PINE. Pinus rigida, 
 
 NORWAY SPRUCE. Picea excelsa, 
 
 WILD BLACK CHERRY. Prunus serotina, 
 
 JUNE-BERRY. Ainelanchier Ciiiutdeitsis, 
 
 PEACH. Amygdnlus Persicn, 
 
 LOMBARDY POPLAR. Populus dilatata, 
 
 AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. Bctn!a populifolia, 
 
 WEEPING BIRCH, netulapendula. 
 
 '34 
 
 167 
 1 61.1 
 
 187 
 iSS 
 'V 
 
 144 
 196 
 
 '^7 
 201 
 
 302 
 204 
 205 
 2<X) 
 
 2i;i 
 221 
 226 
 232 
 234 
 241 
 242 
 249 
 '•^54 
 256 
 260 
 267 
 269 
 270 
 273 
 273 
 276 
 
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS OF ENTIRE TREES. 
 
 XVII 
 
 P08T OAK. Quercus minor, 
 STAGHORN SUMAC. Rhus hirta, 
 AILANTHUS. -^ H^nthut glandulosa, , 
 HORSE CHESTNUT. Aiaculus Hippocastanum, 
 RED CEDAR. Juniperus I'ir^lniana . 
 
 378 
 287 
 39U 
 
 »V) 
 
 399 
 
Introduction. 
 
 Trees are among the most familiar objects in Nature, and 
 among the most easily observed and studied ; yet how few 
 people know one from another or have an intelligent under- 
 standing of their life history ! Again, they arc among the 
 most important, in their widely (lilfertiit fields of usefulness, 
 furnishing as they do. wood for building, tools, implements, 
 the manifold kinds of construction, and for fuel ; fruits, fibres, 
 resins, gums, drugs and a host of other useful products ; shade 
 and seclusion ; ornaments for our parks, lawns and highways, 
 while our forests, too long neglected, are coming to be recog- 
 nised, after years of education of the people, as having an all- 
 important relationship to the flow of streams by conserving the 
 rainfall and distributing it normally and gradually, thus natur- 
 ally regulating our water-supply. Anything that brings trees 
 more closely to our attention, and ihat makes us realise their 
 great importance is of distinct value as an educational agent. 
 
 The greater size of trees as compared with shrubs and herbs 
 tends to make them regarded by many as a group of objects 
 essentially different from other plants, so much so that we fre- 
 quently read statements concerning " Trees, shrubs and 
 plants." And yet a tree is not, except in size, so very different 
 in its essential structure from its humbler relatives of the 
 plant community ; it has roots, a stem, leaves, flowers, fruit 
 and seed, as they have ; the fact that all trees bear flowers of 
 one kind or another is perhaps not so generally appreciated as 
 its possession of the other parts mentioned, due, doubtless, to 
 th* flowers of many of them being insignificant in size, unim- 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 i 
 
 pressive in colour, and appearing so early in the season that 
 they are neither looked for nor noticed. 
 
 That trees have a very well-defined preference as to the 
 character of the soils in which they grow most readily and 
 healthily is a generalization that is unfamiliar to many, and 
 that their surroundings and kind of exposure affect their 
 growth to a large degree will also be a new idea to some. 
 
 'All these lessons, and a great many more, will be found in 
 detail in the pages of this beautiful book, and they are taught 
 in language which will be readily intelligible to all, while the 
 concise descriptions of the different trees, and of their parts, 
 taken in connection with the profuse and excellent illustrations, 
 will make easy and attractive the identification of all kinds or- 
 dinarily met with in Eastern North America. 
 
 N. L. Britton. 
 New York Botanical Garden, 
 March 5, 1900. 
 
that 
 
 Illustrated Terms.' 
 
 ■=*^ 
 
 In the minds of these that have stepped for awhile out of the 
 routine of life and are walking abroad with nature, there seems 
 to lurk a resentment of all restraint. The freedom of the 
 atmosphere stirs in their nostrils. To have much to do with 
 botany and technical terms on such an occasion has especially 
 been supposed to blunt the keenness of one's pleasure. Whether 
 this be true or not is a matter for the individual to decide. It 
 must be granted, however, that there are certain terms that 
 we should all know, and which can in no way come between us 
 and a close friendship with nature ; they rather help us to ex- 
 press our thoughts of the vegetable world more clearly and to 
 have a better understanding of, and intimacy with, all that 
 grows. 
 
 The technical terms that are used throughout "A Guide to 
 the Trees " are simply defined in the present chapter. By refer- 
 ence to it, it is thought that even those most unskilled in the 
 study of plant life will be able to comprehend the analyses that 
 have been given of the trees and to become conversant with 
 the principal points to be noticed when identifying species. 
 
 Trees are the grandest members of the vegetable world. 
 They are distinguished from shrubs by their greater size and be- 
 cause they spring from the ground with a single, erect and 
 usually branching trunk. 
 
 Their organs of vegetation are the root, the trunk and 
 branches and the leaves. 
 
 Their organs of reproduction are the products of the flower: 
 the fruit and its seeds. 
 
 ♦ When suitable for this cliapter, Uie terms and illustrations have been repeated from 
 "A Guide to the Wild Flowers." 
 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 The Root is the simplest organ of the tree. Its function is 
 to absorb nourishment and moisture from the soil, and in it to 
 firmly anchor the tree. 
 
 Simple Primary Roots are those which grow singly from 
 the base of the seedling and form a main or tap root. They 
 then are either lost in their branches or they remain distinct 
 and send off side branches. 
 
 Multiple Primary Roots are so called because several, or 
 a cluster of roots, grow simultaneously from the base of the 
 seedling. 
 
 The Stems of trees are Arboreous — that is they differ from 
 those of other plants in forming a proper tree trunk. 
 
 The Exogenous Stem (outside-growing) is the one that 
 belongs to all nortliern trees and shrubs. In it the pith, or 
 cellular tissue of the centre is, in large trunks, usually insignif- 
 icant in quantity, and is surrounded by a zone of wood which 
 in its turn is encased in an outer bark. That the wood occurs 
 in a larger proportion than do its other parts, is often the only 
 difference in arrangement between the stem of a young tree 
 and that of an herb. 
 
 The Bark of a tree is divided into the inner and outer barks. 
 
 The Inner Bark is called the Liber or Fibrous Bark. 
 
 The Outer or Cellular Bark is divided into two layers: the 
 Green or Inner Layer and the Corky or Outer Layer. 
 
 Sap-Wood or Alburnum is the outermost layers of wood 
 through which the sap most freely flows. 
 
 Heart-Wood is the name given to the inner layers of wood. 
 
 The Endogenous Stem (inside-growing) has no distinct 
 arrangement of pith, wood and bark. Throughout its whole 
 interior the threads of wood are irregularly scattered. 
 
 Leaf-Buds are branches or leafy shoots not yet developed. 
 They may be either terminal or axillary. 
 
 Terminal Buds grow at the summit of the stem or 
 branches. 
 
 Axillary Buds grow in the axils of the leaves: they are 
 
 ■'"I 
 
 1 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 also called Lateral Buds because they appear on the sides of 
 the stem or branches. 
 
 Naked Buds are those that are without coverings or scales. 
 
 Scaly Buds are protected by scales. 
 
 Latent Buds are those that commonly lie hidden and 
 dormant until some circumstance causes them to grow. 
 
 Adventitious Buds usually appear without any order and 
 in unexpected places. In their develoi)ment they often serve 
 to replace some part of the tree that has been injured. 
 
 Suckers are ascending branches which arise from subter- 
 raneous parts of the stem. Adventitious shoots are also some- 
 times called suckers. 
 
 Thorns are slender, sharp-pointed, modified branches which 
 are useful to protect a tree from the ravages of small animals. 
 
 Leaves are the digestive organs of a tree and assimilate the 
 sap that has been absorbed by the roots into material for sus- 
 taining and building up its tissues. They gro\v' from leaf-buds 
 and may be regarded as appendages of the stem. The differ- 
 ent ways in which they are arranged upon the branches are: — 
 
 Alternate when they are borne singly at the nodes. 
 (Fig. I.) 
 
 Opposite when two grow at each node of the stem and have 
 its semi-circle between them. (Fig. 2.) 
 
 Whorled when they grow in a circle about the stem. 
 (Fig. 3.) 
 
 The PARTS OF A LEAF are its Blade, the broad or expanded 
 portion which is a fibrous network of veins supporting the 
 green pulp or soft cellular tissue ; the individual stalk upon 
 which the blade is raised, called the Petiole ; and the Stip- 
 ules, or a pair of usually flat bodies, often blade-like, at the 
 base of the petiole. (Fig. 4.) These latter are often inconspic- 
 uous or absent. All parts of the leaf are covered by a thin 
 and transparent epidermis. 
 
 The main branches of the leaf's framework are called the 
 Ribs or Veins : and the midrib or midvein is the middle one 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 rw 
 
 i 
 
 ■I 
 
 i 
 
 when it is longer and more prominent than the others. (Fig. 4,) 
 The numerous sub-divisions of the framework, Veinlets, and 
 the finest of these Veinulets. 
 
 In regard to their venation, leaves are divided into (i) those 
 that are Netted-Veined and (2) those that are Parallel- 
 Veined. This feature is invariably in accord with the shape 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 FIG. S- 
 
 I 
 
 and character of the leaf and should therefore be most care- 
 fully observed. 
 
 I. Netted-Veined Leaves are those in which the veins 
 branch off from the midrib and again branch into veinlets that 
 run together and form a mcsli or network. (Fig. ii.) 
 
 Feather-Veined or Pinnately-Veined Leaves are 
 netted-veined leaves wherein the veins, from the base to the 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS, 
 
 is: 
 
 apex of the leaf, all branch from the sides of the midrib. 
 (Fig, 12,) 
 
 Palmately- Veined Leaves have several veins of almost 
 equal size which branch from the same point at the base of the 
 blade and spread out at different angles towards the margin. 
 (Fig. 26.) 
 
 2. Parallel-Veined Leaves are those in which the main 
 veins run side by side without branching or running together, 
 unless it is by a few almost imperceptible cross-veinlets. 
 (Fig. 10.) 
 
 It is according therefore to the structure of their framework 
 that leaves assume their great variety of forms. The two 
 classes into which they are divided are: Simple Leaves and 
 Compound Leaves. 
 
 FIG. 6, 
 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 FIG. 8. 
 
 ■e- 
 
 "e 
 e 
 
 Simple Leaves are those wherein the blade is unbroken. 
 
 Compound Leaves are those that have the blade split into 
 separate parts: each part then forms a leaflet which may be 
 without, or have a little stalklet of its own. 
 
 When the leaflets in a compound leaf are at the side of the 
 blade, and arranged as in feather-veined or pinnately-veined 
 leaves they are said to be Pinnate. In this form they occur 
 as Abruptly Pinnate, when the stalk is terminated by a pair 
 of leaflets. (Fig, 5.) Odd-Pinnate, when an odd leaflet ter- 
 minates the stalk (Fig. 6.); and again in another form when the 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 end leaflet is changed into a tendril, the purpose of which is 
 to help the plant in climbing, (Fig. 7.) as in many vines. 
 
 Palmately Compound Leaves have the leaflets arranged 
 as in a palmately-veined leaf. (Fig. 8.) 
 
 Leaves may be twice, thrice or more times compound. 
 (Fig. 9.) Their leaflets are subject to all the variations of 
 simple leaves. 
 
 The most common forms of leaves and leaflets are desig- 
 nated by the following terms: — 
 
 Linear: the narrowest form of a leaf, several times longer 
 than broad : grass-like. (F13. 10.) 
 
 FIG. 9. 
 
 FIO. 10. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 Lanceolate : long and narrow, slightly broader at or near 
 the base and tapering towards the apex. (Figs, i and 3.) 
 
 Oblanceolate : a reversed lanceolate. 
 
 Oblong : when two or three times longer than broad. 
 (Fig. 12.) 
 
 Elliptical : oblong and tapering at both ends. (Fig. 13.) 
 
 Oval : broadly-elliptical. (Fig. 14.) 
 
 Ovate : when the outline is similar to the long-section of 
 an egg; the broader end downward. (Fig. 15.) 
 
 Obovate : a reversed ovate. 
 
 1 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 7 
 
 Spatulate : like a spatula, rounded at the apex and taper- 
 ing towards the base. (Fig. i6.) 
 
 Orbicular, nearly circular in outline. 
 
 Peltate or Shield-Shaped : orbicular, with the petiole 
 attached at or near the middle. (Fig, 17.) 
 
 Cordate or Heart-Shaped : ovate in outline, and havinij 
 sides that form a notch at the base. (Fig. iS.) 
 
 Obcordate : a reversed cordate. 
 
 Fio. 13. 
 
 FIG. 14. 
 
 FIG. 15. 
 
 FIO. 16. 
 
 Reniform or Kidney-Shaped : when the indentation is 
 deeper and the leaf more rounded than heart-shaped. (Fig. 19.) 
 
 Auriculate : when the sides of the leaf are prolonged at the 
 base into two ears or lobes. (Fig. 20.) 
 
 Sagittate or Arrow-Shaped : when pointed at the apex 
 and having the lobes at the base acute and pointed backward. 
 (Fig. 21.) 
 
 To describe the peculiarities of the margins of leaves such 
 terms are employed as : — 
 
 Entire : those leaves in which the margins form an un- 
 broken line. (Fig. 13.) 
 
 Undulate : when the margins are wavy. (Fig. 22.) 
 
 Crenate : when the margins have rounded teeth or appear 
 to be scalloped. (Fig. 12.) 
 
■I 
 
 8 
 
 ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 Serrate : when the margins have short, sharp teeth which 
 point forward. (Fig, ii.) 
 
 Incised : when the teeth of the margin are coarse and jagged 
 and extend quite far into the leaf. (Fig. 23.) 
 
 Lobed : when the incisions of the margin extend about half 
 way to the midrib and in which case the leaf is spoken of as 
 being three-lobed, five-lobed, or according to the number of 
 lobes that are formed. (Fig. 24.) 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 FIG. 17. 
 
 FIG. 18. 
 
 FIG. 19. 
 
 FIG. 20. 
 
 Cleft : when the incisions of the margin reach more than 
 half way to the midrib. (Fig. 25.) 
 
 Divided : when the incisions extend to the midrib. 
 (Fig. 26.) 
 
 The Sinuses of a leaf are the hollows, or curves that are 
 formed between the projecting teeth, or lobes. 
 
 According to the roughness or smoothness of their surfaces, 
 leaves, and in fact, any of the parts of a tree are said to be : — 
 
 Glabrous : when the surface is not provided with down, or 
 hairs. 
 
 Pubescent : when provided with fine hairs, or downy. 
 
 Tomentose : when covered with hairs that are matted and 
 woolly. 
 
 Glaucous : when the surface is covered with a powdery sub- 
 stance, waxy in nature, called a bloom. 
 
 f 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 The Inflorescence is the manner in which the flowers are 
 arranged upon the stem. It may be either Determinate or 
 Indeterminate. When it is determinate the flowers have all 
 grown from terminal buds. An indeterminate inflorescence 
 expresses that they have grown from axillary or lateral buds. 
 
 A Pedicel is the individual stalk of a flower that is borne in 
 a cluster. 
 
 A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or the common 
 stalk that bears a cluster. 
 
 Sessile is the term used when the leaves or flowers grow 
 closely to the stem or branch, and aie without either pedicel 
 or peduncle. 
 
 FIG. 21. FIG. 22. 
 
 FIG. 23. 
 
 FIG. 24. 
 
 fn, or 
 
 and 
 Isub- 
 
 '3 
 
 When but one flower grows on the end of the stem or flower- 
 stalk, it is said to be Terminal, Solitary. (Fig. 43.) 
 
 It is Axillary when the flower, or flowers, grow from the 
 axils of the leaves ; that is in the angle formed by the leaf, or 
 leaf-stalk, and the stem. (Fig. 27.) 
 
 A Raceme is a flower-cluster in which the flowers grow on 
 pedicels that are about equally long, and are arranged along the 
 sides of a common stalk. (Fig. 28.) 
 
 A Panicle is a compound raceme. (Fig, 29.) 
 
 A Tiiysus is a panicle when very compact, and oblong, or 
 pyramidal in shape. (Fig. 30.) 
 
lO 
 
 ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 A Spike is like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile. 
 (Fig. 3 1.) 
 
 A Celtkin or Ament is a scaly sort of spike in which the 
 flowers are without petals. Staminale Catkin, (Fig. 32.) Pis- 
 tillate Catkin, (Fig. ;^;^.) 
 
 A Head or Capitulum is a short, dense spike that is glob- 
 ular in form. (Fig. 34.) 
 
 ^-T' 
 
 FIG. 25. 
 
 FIG. 26. 
 
 FIG. 27. 
 
 FIG. 28. 
 
 A Corymb is like a raceme, but the lower pedicels are 
 elongated so that the llowers all reach about the same height. 
 
 U'l^- 35-) 
 
 An Umbel is like a corymb, only the pedicels branch from 
 thesame central point, suggesting the ribs of an umbrella. It 
 may be simple or compoimd. (Fig. 36,) 
 
 A Cyme is a flat-topped flower-cluster, differing from an 
 umbel in that its innermost flowers are the first to open. 
 (Fig. 37.) 
 
 Bracts are the modified leaves of an inflorescence, or those 
 that are under a flower. Usually they are green and of differ- 
 ent size and shape than the rest of the foliage ; sometimes, 
 however, they are highly-coloured and petal-like. 
 
 Many trees bear both staminate and pistillate blossoms which 
 are often separate. 
 
ILLUSTRATKU TERMS. 
 
 1 1 
 
 A Staminate Flower is one that has stamens but no pistils. 
 
 A Pistillate Flower is one that has pistils but no stamens. 
 
 When both staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on the 
 
 same tree it is called Monoecious, in one household ; when 
 
 FIG. 29. FIG. 30. FIG. 31. FIG. 32. 
 
 they are borne on different trees they are spoken of as being 
 Dioecious, in two households. 
 
 Flowers that possess both of the essential organs of repro- 
 duction, the stamens and pistils, are Perfect Flowers. The 
 reverse are Imperfect Flowers. 
 
 FIG- 33- FIG. 34. FIG. 35. 
 
 Neutral Flowers have neither stamens nor pistils. 
 A Complete Flower is one that is provided with the essen- 
 tial organs of reproduction, the stamens and pistil ; and the 
 
la 
 
 ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 
 protection organs, the calyx and corolla. (Fig. 38.) Incom 
 plete Flowers lack one of the four organs or niore. 
 
 Regular Flowers are those that have the parts of each 
 set of organs alike in size and form. (Fig. 39.) Irregular 
 Flowers have the parts of one set of organs ov more unlike n 
 size or shape. (Fig. 40.) 
 
 FIG. 361. 
 
 FIG. 37. 
 
 FIG. 38. FIG. 39. 
 
 The parts then of a complete flower are the calyx and corolla ; 
 the stamens and pistil. 
 
 The Calyx (Fio. 38) is the outer set of leaves at the base of 
 the flower which rests upon the receptacle or end of the flower- 
 stalk. The Sepals are the leaves of the calyx when it is 
 divided to the base, and in which case it is said to be Poly- 
 sepalous. \Vhen, however, the sepals are wholly or partly 
 grown together the calyx is Gamosepalous. 
 
 The Corolla is the inner and upper set of leaves. It is the 
 alluring part of the flower, and is supposed to attract insects 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 U 
 
 )ase of 
 wer- 
 
 is the 
 nsects 
 
 to its whereabouts that its pollen may be carried through their 
 agency. The Petals are the leaves of the corolla when it is 
 divided to its base. It is then said to be Polypetalous. The 
 corolla is Gamopetalous when the petals are wholly or partly 
 grown together. 
 
 The Calyx and Corolla are spoken of as parted when they 
 are divided nearly to the base. When they are divided about 
 to their middle, they are said to be cleft, or lobed. They are 
 toothed when the lobes are very small. 
 
 
 FIG. 40. 
 
 FIG. 41. 
 
 FIG. 42. 
 
 FIG. 43. 
 
 When the parts of the Calyx and Corolla are united, some 
 of the terms used to express their different forms are : — 
 
 Salver-Shaped : when the border is flat and spreads out at 
 right angles from the top of the tube, (Fig. 41.) 
 
 Wheel-Shaped : when the border spreads out at once from 
 a very short tube and suggests the diverging spokes of a wheel. 
 (Fig. 42.) 
 
 Campanulate, or Bell-Shaped: when the tube expands 
 towards the summit and has no border, or only a very short 
 one. (Fig. 43,) 
 
 Funnel-Form : when the tube is narrow below and grad- 
 ually spreads to a wide border. (Fig. 44.) 
 
 Tubular: when the tube is prolonged and does not widen 
 much towards the summit, (Fig. 45.) 
 
 Labiate : when there is an apparently two-lipped division 
 of the parts. In this form of corolla usually two petals grow 
 
14 
 
 ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 together and make the upper lip ; the remaining three petals 
 join together and form the lower lip. These divisions appear 
 mostly as lobes, and it is not always noticed tliat the corolla 
 has five lobes instead of two. (Fig. 46.) 
 
 The preceding forms which have been cited are those that 
 belong to the gainopetalous division. The following terms are 
 peculiar to polypetalous corollas : — 
 
 UPPlRLif,... 
 
 Lom^ui>. 
 
 FIG. 44. 
 
 FIG. 45. 
 
 FIG. 46. 
 
 FIG. 47. 
 
 Rosaceous : when the petals are distinct and without claws, 
 as in the rose. 
 
 Papilionaceous, or Butterfly-Shaped, (Fig. 47.) Such 
 flowers are usually described in three parts: the Banner, or 
 Standard, which is the large upper petal ; the Wings, or the 
 two side petals, and the two anterior petals that, commonly 
 united in a shape something like the prow of a boat and en- 
 closing the reproducing organs, are called the Keel. (Fig. 48.) 
 
 The Stamens or Fertilizing Organs of a plant are com-^ 
 posed of two parts : the Filament, or stalk, which is useful to 
 uphold the Anther; and the Anther, a tiny two-celled box, 
 which contains the Pollen. The Pollen is the yellow fertil- 
 izing dust which is the essential product of the stamens. 
 (Fio. 49.) 
 
 Exserted Stamens are those that protrude from the 
 corolla. 
 
 Included Stamens are those that are within the corolla. 
 
 !l 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 15 
 
 Such 
 ;er, or 
 
 or the 
 
 imonly 
 
 bd en- 
 
 |g. 48.) 
 
 com- 
 
 |ful to 
 
 box, 
 
 rtil- 
 
 lens. 
 
 the 
 
 |la. 
 
 The Pistil or Seed-Bearing Organ is divided into three 
 parts : the Ovary, the Style and the Stigma. (Fig. 50.) 
 
 The Ovary is the lower, expanded part of the pistil which 
 contains the ovules, or undeveloped seeds. (Fic. 50.) 
 
 T'le Style is the slender stalk that usually surmounts the 
 ovary. (Fig. 50.) 
 
 The Stigma is the flat or variously formed body that termi- 
 nates the style. (Fig. 50.) Unlike the other organs of the 
 plant, it is not covered by a thin skin or epidermis. Its surface 
 is, therefore, moist and rough, so that it readily receives and 
 holds the pollen when it is deposited upon its surface. 
 
 — BAMnei^ 
 
 y/irttt 
 
 AAiTner 
 
 Mtu 
 
 FtG. 48. 
 
 FIG. 49. 
 
 3TiaMA 
 
 Srru 
 
 OvAKY 
 
 FIO. 50. 
 
 FIG. 51. FIG. 52. 
 
 Each tiny pollen grain that alights upon the stigma sends 
 out from its under surface a minute tube which pierces down 
 through the style until it reaches an ovule below, which it 
 quickens into life. This is known as the process of Fertiliza- 
 tion. The ovules then develope into Seeds, and the ovary 
 enlarges into the Fruit or Seed Vessel. 
 
 Cross-Fertilization takes place when the pollen of one 
 flower is carried to the stigma of another by some extraneous 
 agency, such as the wind or animal life. 
 
i6 
 
 ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 Self-Fertilization occurs when the stigma receives the 
 pollen from the stamens in the same flower-cup as itself. It is 
 not regarded as being as generally beneficial as when cross- 
 fertilization takes place ; and to prevent it, flowers are often 
 most ingeniously devised. 
 
 The nrrangement of the fruit on the stem is naturally the 
 same as that of the flower, and to describe it the same terms 
 are used. 
 
 The fruit is in reality the ripened ovary which contains the 
 seeds. 
 
 Fleshy Fruits are those in which, as they grow, the ovary 
 becomes fleshy or pulpy. Berries are fleshy fruits. 
 
 FIG. S3. FIG. 54. FIG. ^S- 
 
 A Pome is a fleshy fruit. In it the calyx-tube adheres to 
 the ovary and forms of the fruit the greater part. Both in 
 pears and apples, which serve for illustrations, the pods of the 
 core are the only parts of the original pistil. 
 
 Stone Fruits are those which are partly fleshy and partly 
 hard. 
 
ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 17 
 
 ives the 
 If. It is 
 n cross- 
 re often 
 
 rally the 
 le terms 
 
 :ains the 
 
 le ovary 
 
 n 
 
 eres to 
 
 Joth in 
 
 of the 
 
 partly 
 
 A Drupe is a stone fruit ; such as a peach or cherry. In 
 ripening the outer part of the ovary becomes soft like a berry, 
 and the inner part hardens. This formation is the outcome of 
 a special construction of the pistil. 
 
 In Dry Fruits the seed vessel hardens, remains herbaceous, 
 or it is membranous in texture. The following are those that 
 are commonly found on trees : — 
 
 A Nut is a dry, usually one-seeded fruit. It is held by an 
 involucre of various forms ; such as a cup at the base of the 
 acorn and a burr around the chestnut. 
 
 A Samara or Key Fruit is one-seeded, and is furnished 
 with a membranous wing. (Fuis. 51 and 52.) 
 
 A Capsule or Pod is a dry, many-seeded fruit, which bursts 
 open in one piece when ripe and scatters its seeds. (Fig. 53.) 
 
 A Legume is a simple pod which opens into two pieces. 
 The pea family bear legumes. (Fig. 54.) 
 
 A Strobile or Cone consists of a number of flat bracts, 
 which grow closely and overlap each other forming a head or 
 spike and subtend pistils. (Fig. 55.) 
 
 Seeds are the ripened ovules which contain within them the 
 new plant, or the embryo. 
 
 They are composed, although found in many different forms, 
 of an outer and inner seed coat and the kernel or nucleus. 
 
 The outer coat is frequently hard and shell-like : the inner 
 one is membranous and delicate. 
 
 The Kernel or Nucleus is the part within the coats : the 
 embryo alone, or the embryo and the nourishing matter by 
 which it is surrounded. This latter is called Endosperm. 
 
 The Embryo is the germ, or the rudimentary plantlet 
 within the seed. (Plate I.) 
 
 The Hypocotyl is the stemlet of the embryo, and from the 
 base of which springs the young root. (Plate I.) 
 
 The Cotyledons or Seed Leaves are the first two leaves 
 of a plant, and are usually completely formed in the embryo. 
 (Plate I.) In accordance with the number of leaves that first 
 
i8 
 
 ILLUSTRATED TERMS. 
 
 grow from the embryo plants are designated as being : Mono- 
 cotyledonous^ when there is but one seed-leaf ; Dicotyle- 
 donous when there are two ; and Polycotyledonous when 
 there are many seed-leaves, as in the pine family. (Plate IV.) 
 The Plumule is the first little bud that appears at the sum- 
 mit of the hypocotyl and foretells the second growth of leaves. 
 (Plate I.) 
 
The Growth of the Trees. 
 
 Si. 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 Between the little seed that drops into the ground and the 
 tall tree that springs from it, the difference is great ; and yet, 
 when we know well the seed and have examined its contents, 
 we find that the difference is more one of increased growth 
 than it is of any dissimilarity in character. Within the seed, 
 the tree, in miniature, already lives. As to all things, however, 
 we know there must be a beginning, and although, by simply 
 cutting open sideways the seed of a maple tree, we may with a 
 naked eye see the stem and first two leaves of the future tree 
 all snugly curled up in their seed coat ; with justice we ask 
 how they came to be there and after what manner do they pro- 
 ceed to grow. 
 
 It is then necessary for us to go still further back in the story 
 of the tree's growth and to turn our attention to the blossoms 
 of the preceding year. Here we shall find the organs of repro- 
 duction, the stamens and pistil ; and so small and hidden are 
 often these most essential parts that their doings can only be 
 successfully followed under a microscope. Carefully placed in 
 the ovary of the pistil is the ovule : the part that is eventually 
 to become the seed. Its nucleus appears to be a mass of pulpy, 
 tissue-like substance and it is enclosed in one or two coats. 
 It is here, within the nucleus that the embryo or seedling is 
 formed, while the coats develop into its seed coat. At the 
 apex of the ovule, it must be noticed, there is a little hole that 
 extends through the coats and which is called the orifice. 
 
 Shortly after the blossom has unfolded there appears in the 
 nucleus of the ovule, a small cavity. It is lined with a fine 
 membrane-like tissue, and soon forms a closed sac. At the 
 upper end of the sac and near the orifice is a tiny, round body. 
 
20 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 something like the smallest bladder imaginable. The sac is the 
 embryo-sac and the small body or cell is the embryo in its 
 primary state. 
 
 Now although nature has provided that this little cell should 
 be present its future growth is dependent on whether or no the 
 stigma has received from a stamen the golden dust, or pollen. 
 In fact, it can never become other than what it originally is un- 
 less the process of fertilization has taken place. When this is 
 so, however, the tiny grain of powder that alights on the moist 
 surface of the stigma, sends forth from its under side a minute 
 tube. It pierces down through the stigma and style until it 
 reaches the orifice of the ovule, then it enters the embryo-sac 
 and finally touches and quickens the little cell into life. Within 
 this vitalized germ there are usually some tiny grains, a muci- 
 laginous liquid and a pulpy mass, or its nucleus. As we have 
 already seen they are all enclosed in a fine, membranous coat. 
 We have here then a typical cell, as it is generally called, and 
 one that is the ancestor of all the countless millions of similar 
 ones that combine to form the structure of a small plant or the 
 greatest tree. It is simply by the expansion and multiplication 
 of such cells that growth takes place. 
 
 After this first cell has enlarged to its limit, it forms a cross 
 partition which divides i*- into two cohering cells. Soon 
 another one forms a partition and divides into two more cells ; 
 and so they continue to increase and to form the hypocotyl of 
 the embryo. It is thus that, encased in its brown seed coat, the 
 miniature tree or embryo is formed and begins to grow. As it 
 does so it draws freely on the nourishing matter that in various 
 forms it finds close at hand. 
 
 Dame Nature never forgets, and so well equipped is the em- 
 bryo that when it touches the soil and begins to germinate, it 
 has but to continue the multiplication of its cells, or as more 
 generally expressed, to increase in cellular tissue ; to assume 
 the upright position of a tree and to bear its two first leaves 
 upward to the light and air. At the same time from the bottom 
 
^ 
 
 EMBRYO IN SEED COAT "5^0" 
 
 COTYLtpONS 
 
 MYPOCOTVt 
 
 winoeosEEO 
 
 PLUMULE.COTYLEOONS 
 HYPOCOTYL AND ROOTS 
 
 VNTOioiNo PiANnrr c 
 
 MORSE CHESTNirr 
 
 CERMINATINO PLANTLCT 
 OFMAPLt 
 
 PLATE 
 (21) 
 
22 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TP 
 
 of its stem the root begins to grow and t a firm hold on 
 
 the nourishing soil. 
 
 This rudimentary plantlet, as has been already said, can be 
 readily seen by cutting open the seeds of a maple tree, it being 
 one accessible to many, and the horse-chestnut seeds also show 
 it in another of its numerous forms. To see something of cell 
 formation, it is only necessary to magnify the young stem or 
 leaves of a plant, or better still the young root ends which, 
 being more transparent, are, for the purpose, admirable. 
 
 The growth of the tree, therefore, is in two directions. The 
 stem, or trunk, grows uprightly, elongates and sends forth 
 branches to uphold as large a surface of foliage as possible which 
 drinks in abundantly desired gases from the air and assimilates 
 also the nourishment the roots have absorbed from the soil. 
 The roots in another way seek to lengthen themselves in the 
 pliable soil and assiduously to avoid the light of day. 
 
 When the hypocotyl, or little stem of the embryo, has suffi- 
 ciently grown to bear above the two seed leaves, we notice that 
 it continues to elongate, and that between the cotyledons two 
 tiny buds, or the plumule, appear on this newly formed stem. 
 They foretell the second pair of leaves and we may regard 
 them as having been raised on the stem's second joint. In 
 shape they resemble more closely that of the regular foliage of 
 the tree than do the cotyledons which in outline are always 
 very simple. In some plantlets, even before germination, we 
 find between the cotyledons these little buds or forerunners of 
 the second pair of leaves. {Plate /.) 
 
 To elongate the stem, therefore, joint by joint, and to unfold 
 the leaves that it bears at the summit is the manner of upward 
 growth ; and it is by this untiring and unchanging repetition 
 of itself that the little plantlet becomes a tree. 
 
 The growth of the root is in a different way. At the begin- 
 ning, as we have seen, the root was a new growth from the base 
 of the hypocotyl ; and so throughout its entire course of ex- 
 istence, it is new growth that proceeds from the extremities. 
 
PLATE II. GERMINATING MAPLE. 
 (23) 
 
f 
 
 84 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TREES, 
 
 This fresh, young growth pushes itself through the open soil 
 and freely imbibes nutrition until in its turn it becomes old 
 and stolid and only of use to produce new shoots. The old 
 roots remain firmly in the ground as they at first grew and do 
 not elongate themselves joint by joint as do the stems. This 
 arrangement is simply a very wise conformance to circum- 
 stances. With ease and freedom the branches and leaves can 
 move in the atmospheric air that enshrouds them ; but it 
 would sadly interfere with the tenacity of the roots* hold on 
 the soil to be continually changing their position. 
 
 As we shall, in this book, confine ourselves to the study of 
 trees and some shrubs, those that have exogenous stems, it 
 would perhaps be well for us to leave for awhile the little plant- 
 let in its upright position with its parts beginning to grow, 
 {Plate JI.) and to look further into the material of which it is 
 constructed. The soft tissue alone, while being sufficient for 
 mosses ar. 1 the lower forms of plant-life, would be too yielding 
 to uphold the weight of foliage that is borne by a tree. At a 
 very early stage, therefore, in large embryos, sometimes even 
 while they are in their seed coat, we find traces of wood-fibre. 
 It occurs also in herbs only in a much smaller proportion than 
 in trees or shrubs. These wood cells, or wood fibre, which we 
 find in the wood that surrounds the central pith are very sim- 
 ilar in construction to those that form the soft tissue ; only 
 they soon lengthen and harden and thicken their walls. Their 
 tapering ends also usually overlap each other in a way that 
 gives to them additional strength. Again in the wood there 
 are ducts : cells which have grown large and long and join to- 
 gether so as to form channels, or tubes that run lengthwise 
 through the wood. They do not thicken their walls. Instead, 
 the so-called dotted ducts are variously marked, sometimes 
 with thin places, like dots and which become Jioles as they 
 grow older, while spiral or annual ducts are bound with spirally- 
 coiled fibres, or bands. From the ends of young shoots it is 
 often quite possible to uncoil this filmy thread and in doing so 
 
tVood. 
 
 Inner hark. 
 
 Outer bark. 
 
 ta ti 
 
 la 
 
 PLATE 
 
 I. Central pith. 
 
 5. Cambium layer 
 
 2 • Medu lla ry sh e a th . 
 
 6. Sieve tubes. 
 
 3- Wood. 
 
 7. So/t bast cells. 
 
 4- Dotted ducts. 
 
 8. Hard bast cells. 
 
 (35) 
 
 9. Vessels, 
 
 10. Green inner layer. 
 
 11. Corky layer. 
 
 12. Epidermis. 
 
36 
 
 THE GROWTH OF IIIK TRKKS. 
 
 it will be noticed how much it has strengthened the wall of the 
 cell. (P/it/e ///.) 
 
 Running vertically throughout the wood there is also a set 
 of thin plates of cellular tissue. They arc the medullary rays ; 
 and it is to them that is owing the beautiful silver grain in 
 many varieties of wood. The feature is one that is easily 
 noticed. 
 
 In the liber, the inner bark which covers the wood, the wood 
 cells grow longer and fmer than they do in the wood proper. 
 They appear more like fibres and are extremely tough. Bast- 
 cells, or bast-fibres, are the names by which they are known. 
 (P/afe III) 
 
 The outer bark is made up of soft cellular tissue. In its 
 green or inner layer the cells are soft and delicate and have 
 within them grains of green colouring matter similar to those 
 contained in the leaves. Early in the tree's growth its trunk 
 becomes covered with the outer, or corky layer^ a substance 
 the same as our common cork. It is admirably adapted to pre- 
 vent the evaporation of the ascending fluids,and to it is due the 
 various colourings that we are familiar with in the twigs and 
 branches of different trees. This outer bark, it must be re- 
 membered, is finally covered with an epidermis which is also 
 a layer of cells. {Plate III.) 
 
 Such is the order in which we should find arranged the stem 
 of a young exogenous tree in the first or second season of its 
 growth ; and it should now be of interest to us to see how it 
 increases year after year in diameter. 
 
 The age of a tree is approx.imately known by counting its con- 
 centric rings of wood ; as every year it generally forms only 
 one new layer of wood outside of the old one. The liber also 
 makes an annual growth, but inside of that of the year before, 
 and next to the surface of the new forming wood. These ad- 
 joining, parts of the stem are the only two that are annually 
 renewed. The process is most interesting. Between the wood 
 and the inner side of the liber there is a layer called the cam- 
 
THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 »7 
 
 biiim layer which unites the two. (P/afe ///.) It is composed 
 of young and delicate cells. In the spring, a rich sap, somc- 
 tlung like mucilage in appearance, begins to flow freely and 
 to supply to them abundant nourishment. As they then begin 
 to increase in a manner that has been already mentioned, the 
 inner ones attach themselves to the wood, while the outer ones 
 are added to the liber ; and it is in this way that the two an- 
 nual layers which really renew the life of the trunk are formed. 
 
 With the bark it is different : the green layer seldom increases 
 much after the first year oi its growth ; and although the 
 corky layer often makes from year to year new growth inside 
 of the old, after a time it all dies. It has to contend with the 
 roughness of the elements, and it is especially hurt by being 
 stretched beyond its eui jrance by the growing wood and liber 
 within. Finally it cracks apart and the rift is patched by the 
 formation of new corky layers. As the outer bark vanishes, 
 the enlarged sheath of bark is thus torn and patched each suc- 
 ceeding year. The outer and older layers of the much mended 
 garment of the tree are constantly falling off and decaying. In 
 old trees the cambium Jayer and the cells recently formed from 
 it only are alive. Furthermore it is only in the younger wood 
 that sap ascends. As the wood in each annual ring grows 
 older the walls of its cells harden and thicken, and it is no 
 longer regarded as a living part of the tree. It is the heart- 
 wood and, owing to its dryness and hardness, is chosen in 
 preference to the living sap-wood for timber. In different 
 species of trees a colouring matter peculiar to each is deposited 
 in the cells of the heart-wood and it is therefore of various 
 shades. Black in ebony may be cited as an example. 
 
 As we have now thought somewhat about the growth of the 
 tree in heigh* and in diameter, we may begin to concern our- 
 selves abou' its branching ; for we shall have little to do with 
 simple-stemmed plants, or those which are known as monocoty- 
 ledonous, their embryos having but one seed leaf. Our path 
 leads us rather among dicotyledonous trees, which are so called 
 
aS 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 V i' 
 
 from the fact of their having two cotyledons in the embryo, 
 and among those that have more than two, which is a peculiar- 
 ity of the pine family. {Plate IV.) 
 
 We can hardly fail to notice when looking at a young plant- 
 let with what perfect symmetry its leaves are arranged on the 
 stem, and as it continues to grow much of this same ord ;r is 
 maintained even should it be become the largest tree. It is 
 not strange then that branches show much of this same sym- 
 metry of arrangement ; for they follow precisely in the wake of 
 the leaves. Early in the summer, in the axils of the leaves and 
 at their upper sides, we see that buds begin to appear. They 
 are axillary buds, and are the progenitors of branches. When 
 they begin to grow they pursue the same course of develop- 
 ment as did the first stem which sprang from the embryo with 
 the little buds between the cotyledons. In the same way they 
 grow, joint upon joint ; each one elongating and throwing out 
 leaves at its summit. Other buds are formed in the angles of 
 their leaves and they also become leaf-bearing branches ; and 
 so is this simple process repeated while the structure of the 
 tree is building. The only difference between the growth of a 
 branch and that of a germinating plantlet is that th'^. branch is 
 embedded in the larger stem and draws from it its sustenance, 
 while the young stem had to forage for itself and strike out 
 roots into the ground. It sometimes happens that buds begin 
 to grow shortly after they first appear, and again they lie dor- 
 mant and hidden until the spring of the next year. 
 
 Little in the life of the tree is more interesting than the ten- 
 der care Nature bestows on these young offsprings. Her wis- 
 dom is very great ; for should the delicate buds be ruthlessly 
 exposed to sudden changes of temperature, or to intense cold, 
 they would assuredly perish, and the next season no branches 
 would be forthcoming. The button-wood and locusts illustrate 
 to us one unique way of guarding leaf-buds from all harm. 
 Apparently the base of the leaf-stalk is swollen ; but when 
 it is detached from the stem and examined, it is found to be 
 
PLATE IV. GERMINATING PINE. 
 (2y) 
 
nm 
 
 THE GROWTH OF Till': TREKS. 
 
 
 
 hollow on the inside in the shape of a tiny candle ex- 
 tin<^uisher; and this is so, simply because it is planned to fit 
 snugly over the leaf-bud that within it lies concealed. {Plale 
 /'.) Other buds are large and scaly: they are the ones most 
 general in northern climates. Those of the horse-chestnut 
 tree are very handsome. {Plate F.) Their scales are large 
 and leaf-like, and so enwrapped about the tender parts within 
 as to effectually protect them from violent changes of temper- 
 ature. 'I'o further abc'. them in this object they are lined with 
 a soft wool, and on the outside are often covered with a sub- 
 stance similar to varnish. It is quite impregnable to damp- 
 ness. To open one of these strong buds seems almost like 
 prying into futurity; for there in miniature are to be found 
 several pairs of leaves, and even the buds of the blossoms. 
 
 Trees that are not subject to branching, or those of the 
 monocotyledonous division of endogens, rely for their growth 
 on terminal buds. Although branches are borne by the spruces, 
 still their terminal buds are also splendid examples of those 
 that, unless unfortunately destroyed, prolong the main stem 
 throughout the tree's whole course of existence. They ever 
 remain distinct from the branches that proceed from them, and 
 never lose their own identity. 
 
 There are trees, however, that bear both terminal and axil- 
 lary buds : the maples and horse-chestnuts are common exam- 
 ples. [Plate F.) In such cases the terminal buds perform the 
 same elongation of the branch as they do in single-stemmed 
 trees, and the axillary buds are also true to their purpose of 
 producing new branches. Usually the terminal buds of these 
 trees are the most vigourous, and next to them the upper axillary 
 buds have the greatest strength. Should, however, misfortune 
 overtake any of these stronger buds, the opportunity would be 
 (piickly seized by some weaker one to appropriate its nourish- 
 ment and to grow. In fact, latent buds lie dormant and some- 
 times concealed under the bark for years, and patiently await 
 just some such chance to begin their work. Their mission is 
 
Hidden buds 0/ 
 button-wood. 
 
 Terminal and axil- Scaly bud 0/ 
 lary buds 0/ maple. horsechestnut. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 (31) 
 
 rii: 
 
32 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 rather noble. It is to quietly see their stronger rivals flourish 
 until death overtakes them, and then to step calmly in and fill 
 for them their places. 
 
 The existence of a young bud, however, is a precarious one. 
 It has many difficulties with which to contend. Often the 
 want of nourishment or light stunts its development ; insects 
 devour it, or a belated frost nips it in its early youth. The race 
 is truly one of the survival of the fittest. And how great is the 
 wisdom of this plan is readily seen, for should every leaf-bud 
 be allowed to grow, there would be as many branches the next 
 year as there were leaves the one preceding ; and this would 
 of course overburden the tree. Much of the perfect symmetry 
 with which leaves are arranged is therefore lost in the branches. 
 Within the tree, c.lso, there is an instinct of self-preservation 
 which prompts it to produce buds on the wood wherever it has 
 been injured. They are the adventitious buds, and eventually 
 develop into the little lawless twigs which we so commonly 
 see on many trees ; the poplars and willows especially. 
 
 When a tree makes what is called a definite annual growth, 
 the young shoots of the season burst boldly forth from the 
 buds, in which, it must be remembered, their parts are already 
 formed, and within a few weeks, or perhaps days, attain their 
 whole growth for that year. They then bestir themselves to 
 form and ripen their buds for the next season's similar and 
 rapid growth. Other forms of trees make an indefinite annual 
 growth. Throughout the summer their stems grow without 
 ceasing, until touched perhaps by an early autumn frost. They 
 take no time to form and ripen a terminal bud, and their upper 
 axillary ones are produced so late in the season that they can-, 
 not properly mature. The growth of the next year, therefore, 
 is mostly dependent on lower axillary buds which are better 
 equipped. No main stem could possibly be continued in this way, 
 and soon the trunk is broken uj) into branches, which in the 
 same way divide and sub-divide into innumerable other branches 
 and branchlets. The trunk of the American elm serves as a 
 
THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 3i 
 
 good example of this system ; and, in fact, all the rounded and 
 spreading tops of trees are the outcome of this mode of growth. 
 
 Following these general principles and with many variations 
 in details, trees grow from their seeds and throw out from leaf- 
 buds their branches. It is only by a close observation of them 
 that we can begin to appreciate the fineness of their organism. 
 They leave nothing to chance. Even in the seed we have seen 
 something of their careful advance preparation, and also how 
 when overtaken by it they are equally able to meet misfortune. 
 It is to this wonderful readiness that we owe the sudden and 
 luxurious burst of foliage in the spring. The buds that have 
 been nurtured throughout the winter then await only the soft, 
 warm touch of spring to open and lengthen their joints, that the 
 unfolding leaves may be sufficiently separated from each other. 
 Very little, if any, of the earliest vegetation comes directly from 
 the seed. 
 
 Trees are so often regarded simply as masses of foliage that 
 much of the beauty and fragrance of their blossoms is lost by 
 the unobservlng. In the earlv spring many of them are laden 
 with exquisite flowers, and all of the trees bloom. Their flowers 
 grow from buds ; and buds that appear at the same places as do 
 leaf-buds. They are always either terminal or axillary, and 
 never occur where a branch might not have occurred. Scientists 
 tell us that the flower is nothing more than a suddenly arrested 
 branch which the plant, to fulfil certain purposes, has so 
 t''ansformed. 
 
 When the flower-bud unfolds, its axis does not lengthen as 
 does that of the branch ; but it remains almost as short as 
 when in the bud. The leaves then, transformed into sepals 
 and petals, remain closely together, and either are spirally ar- 
 ranged after the manner of leaves, or they alternate in whorls. 
 The stamens of a flower are generally regarded as modified 
 leaves ; and a simple pistil is plainly a leaf with its margins so 
 folded together as to form an enclosure, or the cavity of the 
 ovary. The apex is extended into the style, while the edges of 
 
34 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 the leaf that remain outward form the stigma. That the 
 flower is a charming device for the purpose of producing fruit 
 and seeds, we know well ; and even though it may not always 
 be beautiful there is usually attached to it some peculiar interest. 
 
 While the tree is making this visible growth above ground, 
 we must not forget that under the soil its roots are busy branch- 
 ing and extending themselves that they may hold firmly the 
 tree in its upright position, and drain from the soil more nour- 
 ishment to supply its increased growth. The simple root that 
 first grows downward from the end of the embryo remains, in 
 many instances, for a long time the main root, [Plate VI.) and 
 from it sends off side branches ; more often, however, it soon 
 divides up into branches that in their turn again branch. As 
 has been mentioned, it is the fresh young roots that absorb the 
 nourishment from the soil. To aid them in so doing their sur- 
 faces are sometimes closely covered with root hairs. These 
 are simply elongations of the surface, or cells that are pro- 
 jected, and their thin coverings allow them greedily to imbibe 
 moisture into their tube-like interiors. It is from these well- 
 supplied young roots that the sap is drawn up to feed the 
 leaves and growing parts of the tree. 
 
 This upward rise of the sap from the roots to the leaves is a 
 subject of much interest. It takes place principally through 
 the wood cells. And yet each one of these cells is a closed and 
 separate cavity ; they in no way open into each other as is gen- 
 erally supposed. By what means, then, we may ask, does the 
 sap pass through them. It is possible for it to do so because, 
 although there are no holes in the young cells, there are thin 
 places in their thick walls ; and the passage through is further 
 facilitated by the thin place in one cell connecting with the thin 
 place in the wall of the adjoining cell. That the leaves are 
 able to draw the contents of these cells up to them from the 
 roots, while seemingly most wonderful is by a natural law. 
 
 We find that, whenever two fluids of different degrees of dens- 
 ity are separated from each other by a membranous partition, 
 
2,^ 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE TREES. 
 
 the heavier fluid will attract to itself the lighter one until 
 they both become of the same degree of density. In the cells 
 of the young roots there is living organic matter, mucilage and 
 protoplasm, and the fluid is naturally denser than the liquid 
 they attract from the soil. The flow is, therefore, necessarily 
 into them. The leaves, however, throw off into the air as 
 vapours a vast amount of the water they contain ; especially is 
 this demand made in dry weather. In fact, they exhale more 
 freely than any other part of the tree. The organic matter 
 which then remains in them is, as will be readily seen, more 
 dense than that of the stalks which have not given out their 
 moisture so freely. The leaves, therefore, call on the stalks for 
 an upward flow of the contents of their cells. In the same way 
 the stalks call on the stems, and so on is the demand made 
 until the watery fluid of the root-ends is reached and drawn up- 
 ward to the leaves, or buds or any growing part of the tree. 
 
 After the sap has been assimilated by these parts growth 
 begins, and in their own mysterious way they shape themselves. 
 Later the sap flows downward through the cambium layer, and 
 is again sent to parts where the tree needs it most. 
 
 The assimilation of the crude sap is done in the green part 
 of the tree, and only is it accomplished when the brightest day- 
 light or the rays of the sun are shining upon them. New tissue 
 is then building, while useless matter is ejected. The tran- 
 spiratory organs of the leaves, innumerable minute openings 
 called stomata, are on their under surfaces. They open and 
 close. Then, too, the carbonic acid gas and water that the 
 tree has absorbed from the earth and air are digested and 
 given out abundantly as oxygen gas. This is finally the ^ 
 purpose of the vegetable world ; to convert inorganic matter 
 into that which is organic, or to produce the food that is nec- 
 essary for all animal life. 
 

 PLATE VII. GREAT- FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. Mao;,io/ia falida 
 
 COPyHlf.Hr, I'lOO, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHmTLO \H AMERICA. 
 
1 I 
 
 I I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
Trees Preferring to Grow Near Water: 
 in Swamps and by Running Streams. 
 
 Obscurity can never hang over the sioa nips nor can the trail of 
 a stream be Jiidicn ; for guarding their borders are the trees^ 
 heavily laden perhaps witli the moisture they have imbibed 
 from the near luater. They ceaselessly stir in the breezes and 
 throiv into the air their life-giving vapours and sweetness. 
 Under their shade the zvild, vagrant flowers live and die. 
 They gild the stream's borders with gold and line the swamps 
 xvith crimson. When dimness touches them, the trees bestir 
 themselves to carry the flower s seeds azcay, or they toss them 
 in the ivater ivhieh floats them to another shore. 
 
 Do the trees know the floivers luill come again ; and does 
 hope still zvhisper to them zvhen their own leaves have fallen 
 and the mirthful ivater is frozen to stillness ? 
 
 GREAT-FLOWERED riAQNOLIA. BULL BAY. (/'/«/<? F//.) 
 
 Magnolia fcetida. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 '\lagiiolia. 
 
 Rotind-topped. 
 
 (soZo/ect. 
 
 North Ciifoiiuii south- 
 ward and westward. 
 
 April, June. 
 A tigttst, northward. 
 
 Lower bark: brownish grey, with appressed scales about one inch in 
 length. Branches: lighter in colour, tiiin, smooth. Leaves: simple; alter- 
 nate; entire; with stout petioles; ovate, five to eight inches long and two to 
 three inches broad; evergreen ; thick ; bright green above and shiny. The winter 
 buds and petioles covered on the under side with a rusty looking tomentum. 
 Flowers : cream-white ; very fragrant ; seven, eight or twelve inches in di- 
 ameter; solitary and terminal at the ends of the branches. Se/>als: petal-like. 
 Petals : si.x, nine or twelve ; oval ; concave. Base of the receptacle and lower 
 parts of the filaments bright purple. Fruit: large; ovate; rusty brown; 
 pubescent; of many pods. 6V^^/j; flattened on one side; slightly triangular ; 
 when released from the pods they hang by threads. 
 
 When this tree, so severe and simple in the outline of its 
 
38 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 Magnblia /ietida . 
 
 shining foliage, throws out its blos- 
 soms, it appears ahiiost as though a 
 great flock of something white and 
 unearthly had alighted among its 
 branches. And as they lean upon 
 the warm, sunny air they exhale a per- 
 fume that is no less mystifying. At 
 least, some lasting impression must 
 cling to those that see it in bloom 
 for the first time. To others, how- 
 ever, that have from childhood walked 
 in the southern streets and gardens 
 shaded by these trees, it is simply said : 
 " the magnolias are in bloom." It quite 
 suffices. Undoubtedly the tree is the 
 most beautiful and ornamental one of America and it is to be 
 regretted that while evergreen in the south it is only precari- 
 ously hardy as far northward as Philadelphia. It then blooms 
 as late in the season as early August. As it leaves the coast 
 and travels inland, it seeks for its home the seclusion of the 
 forests instead of the banks of rivers and swamps. On the 
 bluffs of the Mississippi it is also found in a state of splendid 
 development. 
 
 Rose-beetles seek the flowers just as they are beginning to 
 open and are frequently held prisoners beneath the three inner 
 petals which vault over the stigmas. Here they find, in the 
 early days of spring, a warm and fragrant shelter, and the 
 honey that lies on the stigmas provides for them a continuous 
 feast. AVhen the sepals and petals fall they fly away, laden 
 with pollen in search of another abode ; and so they regularly 
 accomplish the fertilization of the tree. Self-fertilization is 
 prevented from the fact that the stigmas mature before the 
 anthers. 
 
 The wood of the great-flowered magnolia is more valuable 
 than that of any other one of the genus. It is of a strong and 
 

 PLATE VIII. SMALL MAGNOLIA. Mimiio/ni Inxi'iiaiia. 
 
 COPYHIGHT, 1900, BY FHEDERU K A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTED IN AMEHICA. 
 
1 
 
 IBi 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 39 
 
 
 fibrous nature. Although it is mostly used for fuel it is quite 
 worthy of a place in cabinet work. As is true of all the 
 magnolias, the juice of the tree is intensely bitter and aromatic. 
 It has been used as a tonic. 
 
 It is interesting to reflect that the beautiful Council-tree at 
 Charleston, South Carolina, was a magnolia. According U) 
 tradition it was under its shade that on the twenty-first of 
 April, 1780, General Lincoln held a council with his oflicers 
 and many citizens of Charleston as to the advisability of 
 retreatitig before the P)ritish. 'i"he decision was in the nega- 
 tive and three weeks later the city was surrendered. Until 
 1849 tlie magnolia was held in especi.d veneration by the 
 nihabitants of Charleston. At that time its branches f'^oread 
 themselves over a space of more than two hundred square 
 feet. It had then unfortunately passed into the possession of 
 (me who, being devoid of all sentiment, ruthlessly chopped it 
 down for fire-wood. 
 
 
 SMALL MAGNOLIA. SWEET BAY. LAUREL HAQ- 
 NOLIA. SWAriP SASSAFRAS. {Plate Vr/I.) 
 
 Magnolia Virginiana. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 Magnolia. Slender. zo--jq J~ect. Eastern Afass. southward to 
 
 Florida, westward to Texas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Afay-.l iiffiist. 
 
 Bark: light brown or greyish, covered with thin appressed scales. Branch- 
 lets: bright green the first year, becoming reddish brown with age. Leaves: 
 simple; alternate; entire; obovate ; pointed, with distinct midrib; thick; 
 (lark green above and shiny, downy and whitish underneath. Flowers : white; 
 fragrant ; two to tiiree inches in diameter; solitary and terminal at the ends of 
 the branches. Calyx: of three sepals on the receptacle. Corolla: broader 
 than high ; of six to nine rounded petals. Stamens : numerous. Pistils : 
 numerous; arranged in the shape of a cone. Fruit: cone-like; red, each pod 
 with one or two scarlet seeds. 
 
 It is only in the north that this exquisite tree is reduced to 
 the condition of a shrub of from about four to twenty feet 
 high. Its bloom, however, is quite as waxen and fragrant as 
 when borne on the more statelv tree of the south. Another 
 
I 
 
 40 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 Magndlia Virginiana. 
 
 difference which is owing to their lo- 
 cality is that in the north as soon 
 as the leaves are touched by the 
 early frost of November they fall to 
 the ground, while in the south they 
 remain on the tree to welcome the new 
 and unsophisticated ones of the next 
 year. Magnolia Virginiana is one of the 
 very lovely features of the deep New 
 Jersey swamps. Its wood is soft and of 
 no great value, although throughout the 
 southern states it is sometimes used for 
 the making of small wooden utensils 
 and broom handles. 
 
 50UR GUM. BLACK GUM. TUPELO. 
 
 {Plate IX.) 
 
 Nyssa sylvdtica. 
 
 PEPPERRIDGE. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Dogwood. Branches^ horizontal. y>^ofeet. 
 
 RANGE 
 Southern Maine to 
 Michigan and south- 
 ward to Flo)ida. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April-June. 
 
 Bark: grey; rough; much broken in small pieces. Leaves: simple; alter- 
 nate; entire; with siiort petioles which are downy when young; ellipti- 
 cal; dark green above, ligliter below; thick; the midrib slightly pubescent 
 when young. Floivers : greenish; clustered ai the end of an axillary pedun- 
 cle. ' StaDiinate Jlo7vers : small; numerous. Pistillate flowers : from three to 
 fourteen and larger. Fniit : dark blue or nearly black; about one half an 
 inch long and enclosing an ovoid and slightly ridged stone ; acrid to the taste 
 until touched by the frost. 
 
 Although the sour gum tree is of frequent occurrence in the 
 north, it seems to be much better known and loved throughout 
 the south. It is there incidental in many amusing stories and 
 anecdotes. In the north the tree is frequently mistaken 
 for a beech as their spray and foliage are somewhat similar. 
 Quite as early as August its leaves begin to turn a brilliant 
 crimson which almost rivals that of the scarlet maple. The 
 negroes of the south regard the tree with very tender affection 
 
St aminate /lower . Fruit, 
 
 PLATE IX. SOUR GUM. .\yssa sylvattca. 
 
 (40 
 
■ 
 
 ll^ 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 42 
 
 TREES GROWTNG NEAR WATER. 
 
 and that the opossums climb it in search of its fruit is not 
 unknown to them. 
 
 De possum thought he kno' de world 
 
 And he climb de old gum tree ; 
 lie neber saw what I can do 
 
 When my surest gun's with me. 
 
 In connection with the old plantation days of the south a 
 story is told of the gum tree. Its wood is very hard and does 
 not split readily, and it was therefore thought desirable on 
 Christmas day to use one of its largest trunks as the back log 
 of a great fire that was kindled on the hearth. As long as it 
 burned no work was required to be done on the plantation. 
 The negroes knew this custom and as soon as the sap had 
 ceased to flow downward in the autumn they would cut a tree 
 and sink it in the river bed. There it peacefully remained and 
 absorbed water ; and they forgot its existence until shortly 
 before Christmas. With much trepidation it was then taken 
 up and presented as the one chosen to be the back log. In its 
 saturated condition it naturally burned, when once ignited by 
 the immense heat of the fire, for a long time. It sometimes 
 smouldered for weeks ; and we may imagine with what innocent 
 wonder it was watched by those enjoyin-g the holiday. 
 
 In Virginia the light yellow wood of the gum tree is used in 
 
 ship building ; but as a rule it is 
 not adapted to purposes where long 
 lengths are needed. It is admirable 
 for the making of pulleys and the 
 hubs of wheels. 
 
 N'yssa bijibra, or water tupelo, 
 {Plate A'.) is a very similar tree to 
 the preceding species and was for- 
 merly regarded as a mere variety. 
 Its foliage and fruit are smaller and 
 the stone that the drupe encloses is 
 Nyssa bijibra. flattened and much more ridged than 
 
^ 
 
 Pistillate flower. Fruit. 
 
 PLATE X. WATER TUPELO, Nyssa bifiora. 
 (43) 
 
f > ! 
 
 
 SI ! 
 
 ' 
 
 44 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 that of Nyssa sylvatica. Both are picturesque trees, especially 
 in the autumn when their brilliant foliage blazes from the river's 
 bank and they are hung with their dark blue fruit. 
 
 BLACK ALDER. 
 
 VIRGINIA WINTERBERRY. {Plate XI.) 
 Ilex verticillata. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Holly. 
 
 Bushy y spreading. 
 
 b-'i^/eet. 
 
 Nova Scoi/a, westward, 
 and to Florida. 
 
 May, June. 
 Fruit: Se/t., Oct. 
 
 A tall shrub. Brauchlets: greyish, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves: about 
 two inches long ; simple ; alternate ; with short petioles ; obovate or broadly 
 lanceolate; usually pointed at both ends ; coarsely serrate; dark green above 
 and glabrous ; paler below and pubescent; thick, not very shiny. Flmvers : 
 white ; six to eight parted ; clustered thickly in the axils. Drupes : brilliant red 
 and appearing verticillate in manner of growth. 
 
 In what is called the dreary season of the year, long after 
 the time when its leaves have turned black and fallen, there is 
 something particularly enchanting about this coarse shrub. 
 Standing out amid the misty greyness that prevails and against 
 perhaps the rich brown glow of son.e distant wood its lively 
 coloured berries give a touch of hopefulness to the landscape. 
 In fact the brightness of the twigs of various shrubs adds gleams 
 of colour to a winter scene that are not dreamt of by the un- 
 observing. 
 
 In early summer its blossoms shine clear and bright, but they 
 are modest, retiring little things and do not claim the same 
 attention as do the berries. They unfold with those of the 
 common elder, its relative the withe-rod or viburum nudum and 
 the lovely small magnolia. By them the swamps and low 
 grounds are made gay. 
 
 WILD YELLOW PLUM. WILD RED PLUM. 
 
 CANADA PLUM. {Plate XII) 
 
 Primus Americhna. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Plum, Slender, spreading. 8-35 fett. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Canada southward to 
 
 Florida and westward 
 
 to Colorado. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 April, May, 
 Fruit: A ug. ,-Oct. 
 
 Bark : bronze-green ; smooth ; thick. Branches : thorny. Lea7>es : simple ; 
 alternate ; with smooth, reddish petioles ; oval or obovate, with pointed 
 
I un- 
 
 ley 
 tame 
 the 
 and 
 low 
 
 }OM 
 
 rOct. 
 
 iple; 
 nted 
 
 PLATE XI. BLACK ALDtR. //,x vrrtinliala. 
 
 COPYHir.MT, I'JOO, Br FREDERICK *. STOKES COMPAMir. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
Section of flower. Fruit, laid open. 
 
 PLATE XII. WILD YELLOW PLUM. Prunus Americana. 
 
 (45) 
 
r 
 
 46 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 •■ 0',' • 
 
 apex and pointed or rounded base ; thin ; netted-veined ; sharply and doubly or 
 singly serrate ; jjubcscent beneath in the angles of ribs and becoming smooth 
 at maturity. Florae is : white ; growing in umbel-like clusters from separate 
 lateral buds and usually preceding the leaves. Fruit : a dull orange or crim- 
 son drupe; round and containing a flattened stone with siiarply winged edges ; 
 glabrous ; edible with a pleasant flavour. The skin acrid and tough. 
 
 As the specific name of this tree im- 
 phes it is a native of America. In its 
 wild state it grows along the borders of 
 streams and sometimes seeks the shelter 
 of a light strip of woodland. Occasion- 
 ally it is planted ; but it is much better to 
 use it as a stock upon which to graft some 
 one of the domestic species of plums. For 
 this purpose its hardiness and other good 
 qualities make it suitable and many excellent 
 results have thus been obtained. The chief 
 charm of the tree is the colour of its ripe fruit. There is an 
 almost transparent brightness about it which in effect is most 
 artistic. At the season of its ripening housewives were for- 
 merly very much on the alert when they sought the fruit and 
 made it into preserves. 
 
 Pritnui A mericana. 
 
 I 
 
 CHOKE CHERRY. [Plate CXLVI) 
 PniJius VirginitDia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Plum, Bushy, spreading. ■i-is/i'ct. Nem England southward April, May. 
 
 to Georgia and iuesi7vard Fruit: July, Aug. 
 to Colorado. 
 
 Bark; dark grey. Leaves: simple; alternate; oval; pointed; finely and 
 sharply serrate ; thin. Flowers: white; growing compactly in a short, close 
 raceme. Calyx : tubular; bell-shaped ; five-lobed. Corolla : with five very small 
 petals. .S'A/WfV/j-.- numerous. Pistil : owt. Fruit: A bright red cherry which 
 turns later to dark crimson. The stone and kernel are flavoured with and 
 contain prussic acid. 
 
 By the side of the streams and rivers and often along road- 
 sides and thickets from April until late in August the attention 
 of the passer by is caught by either the bloom or the fruit of the 
 choke-cherry. It is always a shrub, and has a sprightly, re- 
 freshing aspect. Little birds are seen alighting, for a moment, 
 
! and 
 
 t, close 
 
 y small 
 
 which 
 
 1 and 
 
 road- 
 mtion 
 )f the 
 y, re- 
 ment, 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 PLATt XIII. BUTTUNWUUD I'ldlanit^ oc. hlnituli:^ 
 
 rOPYHIOMT, IMUO, Br FflEOEMHX A. STOKES COMPANr. 
 

TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 47 
 
 on its branches and then darting in and out as though en- 
 couraging it not to lose a gleam of sunshine or the softest mur- 
 mur from the stream. The long, cylindrical bunches of fleecy 
 blossoms are very pretty, but they quite pale before the exqui- 
 site fruit which shows many shades of colour before settling 
 down to the dark crimson or, rarely, yellow of ripeness. It pro- 
 vides, in fact, a much better feast for the eye than it does for 
 the palate, and although the experience of tasting is not harmful, 
 it is one that is not apt to be soon repeated. 
 
 BUTTON-WOOD. 
 
 PLANE-TREE. BUTTON-BALL TREE. 
 
 {Plate XI 11) 
 Platdnus occidentdlis. 
 
 FAWILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Plant-tree. 
 
 Wide sftreadings 
 
 to-iqo/eet. 
 
 So!ithe> n M nine south- 
 
 Moy. 
 
 
 broiiii. 
 
 or higlur. 
 
 ward and westivard. 
 
 
 Outer bar/: : dark brown; thin; peeling off freely and showing the silver white 
 and polished inner bark; often presenting a mottled aijpearance. Leaf-buds : 
 axillary and concealed throughout the summer and winter under the hollow 
 base of the leaf petioles and being thus protected until the next spring. Stipules: 
 like sheaths. Leaves : simple ; alternate; with downy petioles; orbicular, with 
 taper-pointed apex and squared or cordate base. The edge coarsely toothed or 
 often three to five-lobcd ; the sinuses between them rounded. The leaves and 
 petioles become smooth at maturity. Flo'uiers : small, in round heads; monoe- 
 cious. Fruit: growing closely in solitary round balls which liang from the ends 
 of lony wiry peduncles. They become dry and remain on the branches until 
 well on into the winter, or until their seeds are scattered by the wind. 
 
 About this striking tree there is an almost matchless dignity, 
 and its bearing, so different from that of any other, has caused 
 it to be very generally known. On all sides we hear it said, 
 "that is a sycamore." Unfortunately this name is, although in 
 error, most commonly used. We should, however, accustom 
 ourselves to calling it by another of its English names. The 
 tree at times grows to a height unrivalled by any of the 
 Northeastern American forests, and it lives to be very old. An 
 unusual feature about it is the way in which the outer bark 
 peels off as the season advances and displays the polished 
 inner bark. As it then raises these white alinost spotless 
 branches upward, it seems as though the tree in mute elo- 
 
48 
 
 TREES GROWING xMEAR WATER. 
 
 
 quence proclaims that it 
 has suffered all things. It 
 has braved the fierceness 
 of tempests and watched 
 the struggling of many 
 generations. But it is not 
 dismayed ; and when, espe- 
 cially in the moonlight, its 
 shimmering branches are 
 seen towering above other 
 things they testify that it 
 has triumphed. It is most 
 "f'T^^'^^f^^^hx P^ithetic to see the tree 
 •a^'s when It has at last suc- 
 ■3 cumbed and is about to die. 
 Stripped of its foliage and 
 its swinging balls of fruit, 
 it appears a gaunt figure 
 upon tht landscape. 
 The wood is reddish brown 
 and has a most beautiful grain. It is used for the interior 
 finish of houses although it is quite prone to crack. The 
 beautiful tree is also largely made into tobacco boxes. 
 
 FicusSycomonis, sycamore, the tree to which the name is prop- 
 erly applied, is a native of J^^gvpt and Syria. It is of medium 
 size, very bushy and is closely allied to the fig tree. Its fruit 
 is much eaten, and at one time its wood was used for the cofifins 
 of mummies. 
 
 Platdnus occidentalis. 
 
 RIVER BIRCH. RED BIRCH. {Plate XIV.) 
 
 Bt'inla nigra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Birch. Slender, drooping. yi-(x>feet. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Mass. soutliwiird and 
 
 westward to Minn. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Aprily May. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; dotted and peeling, i.nt as the white birches but 
 becoming loose ■\w(S hanging in thin light brown sheets, Lcai'es : simple; alter- 
 nate; often two together with short and piil)escent petioles; ovate, fre- 
 
Siaminafe 
 floivering branch. 
 
 ^;i '^\ i:' P^'t'tl'ig branch. 
 
 Scale of cone. 
 
 PLATE XIV. RIVER BIRCH. Betula 
 (49) 
 
 mgra. 
 
so 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 I 
 
 quently pointed at Ijoth ends ; unequally and rather doubly serrate with 
 entire base ; green above, whitish and i)ubescent underneath. Flowers: grow- 
 ing in long, downy catkins. Fruit: very small ; broadly-winged ; pubescent at 
 the base. 
 
 Not until it reaches the lower part of New York is this birch 
 very commonly seen, and from there it travels southward as 
 though in search of a still warmer climate. None other of the 
 birches is found in the south, and therefore it seems strange 
 that this one should reach its best development south of Balti- 
 more. The tree is very graceful, and when seen along the 
 banks of rivers anc' lakes its drooping branches appear as 
 though they were longing to stretch down and drink of the cool 
 water. They sometimes hang nearly to the ground. In the 
 autumn its foliage turns a bright yellow. This is the birch 
 from the twigs of which are made brooms. 
 
 SPECKLED ALDER. HOARY ALDER. 
 
 Alnus zncdna. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Birch. Bushy ^ spreading. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 ^•2o/eet. Pennsylvania northward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 April. 
 
 Bark : green ; shiny. Ttuigs : glabrous. Leaves : simple ; alternate ; with 
 short petioles ; broadly ovate, pointed at the apex and squared or rounded 
 at the base ; irregularly and finely serrate or sometimes coarsely toothed ; 
 the veins brownish and prominent on the under side ; pale dull green above, 
 whitish and very downy below ; with age becoming smoother. Floxvers : reddish 
 brown ; growing in calkins from naked buds and ai)pearing some time before 
 the leaves. Staminate catkins about three inches long ; pistillate ones thick 
 and shorter. Nut: orbicular. 
 
 How eager the alders are to greet the spring. It seems as 
 though they could hardly wait for the winter to be gone. 
 When there is not a flower astir and the air is still full of the 
 scent of dried leaves, they and the white maples begin to bloom. 
 A point of interest about their pretty catkins is that while they 
 are formed one summer they do not develop until the next 
 season. Throughout the winter they have remained naked on 
 the trees. In earliest spring therefore they are quite ready 
 with their seeds and toss them about in the spirit of unconcern 
 
Flower ins; branch. 
 
 PLATE XV. SMOOTH ALDER. Alnus ru^osa. 
 (50 
 
w 
 
 ! 
 
 52 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 and lavishness which it sometimes pleases Nature to display. 
 They are then picked up by the wind or carried along with the 
 stream until they find some fitting niche to rest in, and to grow. 
 The quaint little cones are often seen in the autumn hanging 
 on the branches together with the young catkins. Although 
 usually a shrub, the speckled alder sometimes becomes a small 
 tree. 
 
 A. rugbsa, smooth alder, [Plate XV.) is also a shrub or small 
 tree which ranges in height from five to twenty-five or forty feet 
 high. That its obovate leaves are green and rather smooth 
 on both sides will serve as a means to distinguish it from Alnus 
 incana. Its young twigs are also slightly pubescent. Its fa- 
 vorite home is along the borders of streams where it forms 
 close thickets. It is found also on moist hillsides. 
 
 AflERICAN HORNBEAH. WATER BEECH. BLUE 
 
 BEECH. I RON WOOD. {Plate XVI.) 
 
 Carptniis Caroliniana. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Birch. Head open; 10-40 yVv/, New Brunstvick to Aprii, May. 
 
 branches spreading, higher southward. Mhtnesota^ south- Fruit; Aug., Sept. 
 
 wa rd to Florida 
 and Texas. 
 
 Trunk T^nd branches : ridged. Bark: smooth; greyish black, and irregularly 
 and vertically lined with stripes of dull grey. Byancldcts : slender ; when 
 young, brownish purple, terminating in green-bronze ; those that are older, with 
 an ashy hue. Leaves: simple; alternate; with short, slender petioles; 
 ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, with pointed apex and rounded or slightly cordate 
 base; sharply and unevenly serrate ; ribs straight ; pubescent; especially so in 
 their angles; above smooth. Fruit : growing in a green, elongated, drooping 
 cluster. The small nuts growing singly at the base of two opposite, halberd- 
 shaped, three-lobed bracts. 
 
 This enchanting little tree or shrub is sometimes found grow- 
 ing in a one-sided fashion which allows its branches to droop 
 over a stream. As they do so the flower or fruit clusters hang 
 at right angles to the boughs ; so they are thrown into prom- 
 inence and give a light effect to the foliage. The bracts of the 
 clusters are much more strongly tinted with yellow than are the 
 dark green leaves. A young spray of the tree is very beauti- 
 
 I 
 
Nuts ai:d Itracts. 
 
 PLATE XVi, AMERICAN HORNBEAM. Carpinus Caroliniana, 
 
 (53) 
 
54 
 
 I'REES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 I 
 
 ful, and we may fancy it would make a bewitching decoration 
 for the white, fleecy gown of some woodland fairy. 
 
 The tree is slow of growth, and as the name ironwood implies, 
 its wood is very strong and compact. It is well adapted to the 
 making of farming implements, such as the teeth in rakes and 
 other similar articles where durability is required. 
 
 BLACK WILLOW. (P/ate XVII.) 
 Sdlix nigra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TfME OF BLOOM 
 
 Wilioiu. Head opeiiy irregular; is-.io/V'tV. Neiv Brunswick south- Aprils May. 
 
 branches^ stout, ward and 7uesi7uard to 
 
 upright. California. 
 
 Bark : Blackish or light brown ; rough ; flaky. Branches : yellowish brown ; 
 slender; brittle at the base. Stipules : inclined to vary. Leaves: simple; 
 alternate ; about two inches long, with short petioles ; narrowly lanceolate, 
 pointed at both ends or wedge-shaped at the base ; finely and sharply serrate 
 or entire; pubescent, and later becoming smooth excepting along the midrib ; 
 the under side paler than the light green upper surface. FUnuers : growing in 
 catkins and terminal at the end of the season's branches. Staniinate ones with 
 from three to five stamens. Pistillate ones scaly. 
 
 A particular charm and freshness seems to cluster around the 
 willows ; and although about one hundred and sixty species of 
 them are recognised by botanists, there runs so strong a 
 family resemblance through them all that it would be difficult 
 to confuse any one of them with another genus. By their gen- 
 eral aspect and leaves many of the species can be known. 
 The study of the differences in their flowers is one that requires 
 minute observation and carefulness. Although each one of the 
 willows has its own habitat, the greater number of them are 
 fond of water and seek the river's edge. Here they have their 
 own work to do in holding the soil together and often forming 
 strong breastworks against the wind. They abundantly scatter 
 their seeds, and detached twigs and branches strike root with 
 great facility. In low places and the adjoining meadows their 
 trail can often be followed by numerous ones that have sprung 
 up and whose ancestors live on the river's bank. Salix nigra, 
 however, is seldom found growing away from w:iter. Its wood 
 
\ 
 
 h 
 
 Ripe and unripe fiistillaie flowers. 
 
 Pistil. 
 
 PLATE XVII. BLACK WILLOW. Sali'x n!<rra. 
 
 ^55) 
 
 '—■ -fjf* , 
 
 il 
 
«■ 
 
 S6 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 
 li 
 
 is soft and weak and from the bark atonic is extracted that has 
 considerable efficacy in the curing of fevers. 
 
 The willows that are native to America are mostly small and 
 do not always become arborescent, many of them being shrubs. 
 Of them, Salix nigra is the most conspicuous. The introduced 
 ones are large and generally fine trees. 
 
 SCYTHE-LEAVED WILLOW. 
 
 Sdli'x nigra falcdta. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willow. 
 
 Irregular; hraiuhes 
 stout. 
 
 1 5-35 //v/. 
 
 Massachusetts to 
 Florida, 
 
 Aprils May. 
 
 Bark: dark grey; rough. Leaves: simple; alternate; with short petioles, 
 and two circular leaf-like and serrate stipules at their bases ; linear or scythe- 
 shaped; pointed at both ends or having the base slightly rounded ; finely 
 serrate; green on both sides ; glabrous above and with soft, silky hairs un- 
 derni.ath when young. 
 
 In its best state of development the scythe-leaved willow is a 
 small tree, and quite as often it occurs as a shrub. Its leaves 
 are characteristic. 
 
 WESTERN BLACK WILLOW. PEACH^LEAVED 
 
 WILLOW. ALMOND WILLOW. {Plate XVIII) 
 
 Scilix amygdaloides, 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willow. Trunk inclining-; i$-^o/eet. IVew \'orA- to Ohio, west- April, .U,ij'. 
 
 branches, curi'ing ward to Missouri and 
 
 upward. New Mexico. 
 
 Bark: brownish red; scaly. Stipules: reniform, encircling the stem; re- 
 motely serrate and falling early. Leaves : simple; alternate; with long slender 
 petioles; broadly lanceolate, with pointed apex and pointed or narrowed base; 
 sharply and evenly serrate ; dark green above and smooth at maturity, paler 
 ai,d slightly glaucous below. FhKvers : growing in long, cylindrical and 
 pubescent catkins and terminal at the end of leafy branches. Staminate ones 
 with from five to nine stamens and filaments that are hairy at the base. 
 Pistillate ones with yellow scales. 
 
 Most commonly this rather small tree is seen growing along 
 tiie banks of streams from Ohio to Missouri. It has also a 
 more northern range from Quebec to British Columbia and 
 thrives well about the Grt-at T.akcs, It is a native of America. 
 
 S : i i;. 
 
I 
 
 PLATE XVIII. WESTERN BLACK WILLOW. Sj/rv ,ni/v,i:ii\i/oj\/<:<. 
 
 (.OfVHlGHT. fiOO, DY FIIEDEHliK ». STOKES l,OMHAN» 
 PHINTEO IN AMEHICA. 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 57 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows the beauty of the pistillate 
 catkins at maturity. The stalks of their capsules have length- 
 ened, and they are bursting that the cotton-tufted seeds may 
 escape. 
 
 SHINING WILLOW. AMERICAN BAY WILLOW. 
 GLOSSY BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW. {Plate XJX.) 
 
 Sdh'x liicida. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 ii 'illow. 
 
 SHAPE 
 Ki'f^uiar, bushy: 
 brunches, erect. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 \2-io/iet, N<-iv Kugliiiul to N.J. and 
 Kentucky and westward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 April. May. 
 
 Bark: dark brown ; sitiootli, or ;;liglitly scaly. Branclilets : yellowish or 
 green; smootli ; polished. Leaf-buds', yellowish ; ovate ; smooth. Stipules; 
 mostly persistent; small; oblong or cordate; falling late in the season. 
 Leaves: simple; alternate; with short, stout petioles, at most, half an inch 
 long; elliptical or lanceolate, with sharp-iiointed apex and narrowed or slightly 
 rounded base; finely and shari)ly serrate; dark green above, lighter below; 
 smooth; shiny on both sides; the midrib whitish and distinct. Cutkiiis : 
 short, with leafy bracts and terminating a sparingly leafy branch. Stamiiiale 
 ones : fluffy, with live or more stamens in each flower. I^istillate ones : long ; 
 dense. 
 
 We have no more beautiful willow shrub than Salix lucida. 
 It is a native species. In the swamps or along the borders of 
 streams it appears to attract and hold the sunshine which makes 
 a gay shimmering upon its glossy leaves. 
 
 About the catkins of the willows, — ihey are borne on different 
 plants ; and in the springtime we see many sorts of insects 
 darting in and out among them. They are busy seeking honey 
 and also performing the service of cross-fertilization. That so 
 many flowers grow in one inflorescence is a fact which must 
 always appeal to the sagacious insect. From twenty-five to 
 one hundred pods have been counted in a willow catkin. He 
 can therefore suck the honey and carry off the pollen with 
 much greater rapidity than he can when flowers are borne 
 singly. To save time, it must be remembered, is a most impor- 
 tant matter, for the more flowers that can be fertilized the 
 better it is for the tree. When the pollen is ripe it should then 
 be carried to another flower, otherwise it is liable to be injured 
 
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 Pistil. Stamens. 
 
 PLATE XIX. SHIMNG WILLOW. Sa/ix iiuida. 
 
 (58) 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 59 
 
 by rains or in many other ways. The fertile catkins can be 
 easily distinguished. They are generally the short, green ones 
 that develop soon after the sterile ones have been stripped of 
 their golden pollen. 
 
 The seeds of the willowsare very small. Amid the tufts of 
 cotton-like hairs which surround them at the base it is almost 
 with difficulty that they are detected. When the pods open 
 their beaks to release them, the slightest breeze is able to carry 
 them aloft, and the air is often apparently filled with their lint. 
 Of the millions that are tossed about very few germinate and 
 become shrubs of trees. Nature is far seeing and, knowing the 
 many imminent perils of their existence, strews with a lavish 
 hand. 
 
 BEBB'S WILLOW. LONG-BEAKED WILLOW. OCHRE- 
 FLOWERED WILLOW. {Plate XX.) 
 Sdltx Bebbiana. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF 3L00M 
 
 Willow. Builiy; branches^ 4-18 or 2$/i'et. Hudson Bay to Xeiv Jerseyy April, May, 
 erect. uortli wa rd and west wa rd. 
 
 Bark: dark green or reddish. Branches: yellowish. T2vigs : reddish 
 brown ; pubescent when young. Stipules : semi-cordate. Leaves : simple : 
 alternate; elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a point or blunt at 
 the apex and rounded or wedge-shaped at the base. E((ife : variable ; remotely 
 toothed ; wavy ; serrate or entire. Dull olive-green and smooth above, pale 
 bluish green ?nd covered with silky hairs underneath, becoming glabrous ; thin. 
 Fiinvers : growing in sessile catkins and appearing with the leaves. Staminate 
 catkins : long ; obovate ; pale yellow at maturity. Pistillate catkins : rather 
 short and with flowers growing loosely in them. 
 
 In earliest spring, almost as soon as the sap has begun to 
 flow under the bark of this willow, its catkins hasten to 
 develop and glisten in contrast to the bareness of the earth. 
 The leaves do not fully unfold until some time later. Although 
 the flowers in these strange little catkins have no beautifully- 
 coloured envelopes, the rich yellow anthers of the staminate 
 blossoms can hardly fail to attract the attention. Thousands 
 of bees are seen buzzing about them. This species is one that 
 is a native of America, and it occurs either as a shrub or as a 
 
Staminate branch. 
 
 Stamens. Piitil, 
 
 PLATE XX. BEBB'S WILLOW. Salix Bcbbiana. 
 
 (60) 
 
PLATE XXI. SILKY WILLOW. Salix sericea. 
 (6 1) 
 
62 
 
 TREES GROWlxNG x\EAR WATER. 
 
 small tree. It establishes itself along the borders of woods and 
 often in dry soil as well as remains faithfully by the side of 
 streams. 
 
 SILKY WILLOW. {Piate XXI) 
 
 Saii'x sericea. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willow. 
 
 liushy, irregular. 
 
 5-12 yv«'/. 
 
 Maine southward to 
 / 'irgin ia . 
 
 May. 
 
 Twigs : reddisii purple ; slender. Stipules : narrow ; deciduous. Leaves : 
 simple ; alternate, with petioles three to four inches long ; lanceolate, with 
 taper-pointed apex and pointed or rounded base ; serrate ; extremely soft and 
 silky when young. As the leaves dry they turn dark brown or black. Flow- 
 ers : growing in long sessile catkins with leafy bracts at their bases. 
 
 Surely there is an inspiration to be found in the willow 
 shrubs as they unfold the earliest signs of spring. About them 
 there is a golden halo as soon as the sap begins to flow. The 
 little buds expand so radiantly, and the shy catkins peep out 
 and grow longer with every touch of warm, sunny air. There 
 is something so fresh and lively about them. They are eager 
 to cast off every sign of deadness. Along the streams and by 
 the borders of swamps the silky willow seems to cling with a 
 tender affection. The shrub is a native of America. 
 
 WEEPING WILLOW. RING WILLOW. {Plate XX TI.) 
 
 Sd/i'x Babyldnica. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 Willow. Branches., pendulous. ya-iio/eet. In cultivation. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April, May. 
 
 Bark : grey; rough. Twigs : greenish; long; drooping ; supple; bitter to the 
 taste. Leaves: simple; alternate; linear-lanceolate; pointed at both ends; 
 sharply serrate all around ; when young slightly pubescent on the under side. 
 Flowers : dioecious; growing in long, loose catkins with entire scales and ter- 
 minal at the end of short, leafy and lateral branches. 
 
 When the spring winds skimmer gaily 
 
 Along the mirthful stream, 
 Then the stately, reverend willow 
 
 Wears a gown of tender green. 
 
 i I 
 
64 TREKS GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 Aii'l throughout the happy summer 
 
 It breathes as oft before — 
 For its heart is grave and solemn — 
 
 The sweetest tales of yore. 
 
 'Till ill tune with winter's sorrow 
 
 It moans a plair.tive cry, 
 And its boughs are bent with weeping 
 
 That calms the passer-by. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no other tree about which more sentiment 
 
 clusters tlian the weeping willow. It 
 is not like a flower that remains on the 
 earth only long enough to accomplish its 
 purpose of reproduction ; it lives to cast 
 its shade upon many generations. When 
 it has attained a great age and grown to a 
 large size there is a gravity about it 
 which is most impressive. The idea of 
 its weejiing and its specific name have, 
 it is said, been suggested by the lainen- 
 tation of the Hebrews in Psalm cxxxvii, 
 although Populus Euphratica is also be- 
 lieved to be the Garab-tree of the Arabs, 
 and the weeping willow of the Psalmist. 
 
 " By thi; rivers of Baljylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remem- 
 bered Zion. 
 
 We hanged our hari)s upon the willows in the midst thereof." ' 
 
 Thoreau, however, who is always cheerful, says of the tree : 
 " It may droop — it is so lithe and supple — but it never weeps. 
 It droops not to represent David's tears, but rather to snatch 
 the crown from Alexander's head." 
 
 The story of its introduction into Europe and America from 
 the Orient is an interesting one. Shortly after Alexander Pope 
 had built his villa at Twickenham on the Thames, he received 
 from a friend in Smyrna a drum of figs. Within it there also 
 was a small twig which excited the poet's curiosity. He stuck 
 
 Setlix Babyldnica. 
 
TREKS GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 ^'5 
 
 it in the ground by the river's bank. It rooted, and soon grew 
 to be the delight of Pope and his friends. Were it still stand- 
 ing it would be regarded with peculiar interest ; for it was the 
 ancestor of all those that have since lived in Europe and Amer- 
 ica. In 1775 a young British officer who went to Boston took 
 with him, carefully wrapped in oiled silk, a twig from Pope's 
 willow. His expectations of settling peacefully in the new 
 world were not as speedily fulfilled as he had anticipated, and 
 so he presented the twig to Mr. Custis, the step-son of General 
 Washington, who planted it near his home at Abingdon, Y'w- 
 ginia. There it took kindly to the soil and grew vigourously. 
 It was a child of Pope's willow, and the first one to strike 
 root in America. Later, in 1790, General Gates took a twig 
 from the tree and planted it at the entrance to the farm he 
 had bought on Manhattan Island. It also grew to a consider- 
 able size, and for many years was familiarly known as Gates' 
 weeping willow. The entrance to the farm where it stood is 
 now Third avenue and Twenty-second street. 
 
 It is believed that the staminate trees have never been intro- 
 duced into this country, and the willow is, therefore, not able 
 to reproduce itself by seed. The twigs of vS. Babylonica have 
 been used as divining rods, and Herodotus mentions that the 
 Scythians found them excellent for this purpose. 
 
 S. Babylonica annularis, hoop willow, is known by the pecu- 
 liarity of its leaves. They curve and recurve into rings. 
 
 WHITE WILLOW. HUNTINGTON WILLOW. 
 
 Salix cilba. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 ^o-^ofeet. Introduced, .Wjy i'orJc 
 and Penn. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April, Miiy. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Willoxv, Thick set, branches, 
 ascending. 
 
 Bark: grey; rough. Twigs: olive-green, not yellowish; brittle. Stipules: 
 lanceolate; deciduous. Leaves: simple; altcrn.ite : with very short peti- 
 oles ; lanceolate to linear, tapering at both ends ; sharply serrate ; pubescent on 
 both surfaces, the lower one retaining its white, velvety hairs even when ma- 
 ture. Catkins : growing at the end of the season's short, leafy shoots. 
 
 Although generally familiar and common throughout a con- 
 

 66 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 siderablc part of the country, S. alba is one of the introduced 
 willows that have escaped from cultivation. Its growth is free 
 and rapid ; as though it were quite independent of all care 
 and attention. Of the species there are several varieties, and it 
 is not always a simple matter to tell them from each other. 
 The fact that its own twigs are not yellowish will serve in one 
 instance to distinguish it from .V. alba vitcltuia^ yellow willow, or 
 golden osier. 
 
 S. dlba civruh'a has olive coloured twigs, and its leaves are of 
 a bluish green hue. 
 
 S. Alba aiy^c'ntca^ as the name implies, has foliage that is very 
 silvery. This is a particularly beautiful feature of the tree, and 
 when a strong breeze is seen playing through it the under sur- 
 faces of the leaves appear like flashes of light through the 
 green. 
 
 YELLOW WILLOW. GOLDEN OSIER. {Plate XXIII.) 
 
 Sdlix dlba vitellhta. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Willow. Erect y thick; s/>readi»g yt-^o/eet. 
 broadly. 
 
 RANGE 
 Introdiicedy general 
 in U. S. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 May. 
 
 Twigs: yellowish green or reddish; smooth; brittle at the base. Leaves: 
 simple ; alternate ; lanceolate ; pointed at both ends ; when very young often 
 blunt or rounded at the apex; sharply serrate; pubescent, the silky white hairs 
 appearing on the upper surface of the leaf as well as underneath. This is es- 
 pecially so when young. Ciu'kins : \o\\^\ slender. 
 
 Early in the spring especially, a golden glow from this wil- 
 low appears to lighten the whole of its surrounding atmos- 
 phere. It is a tree very common in America, perhaps the most 
 so of any one of the family. Even about old houses it is found, 
 and it grows abundantly in low places. 
 
 For its commercial value the golden osier has been exten- 
 sively planted in France, where it principally supplies the mar- 
 ket with hoops, and it is also exported by the French to Great 
 Britain and other countries. 
 
PLATE XX 1 1 1 . YE L LOW W I L LOW. Sa/ix alba vitelUna. 
 
 (67) 
 
' 
 
 68 
 
 TRKKS (JROWING MiAR WATKR. 
 
 BRITTLE WILLOW. CRACK WILLOW. ^Plate XXIV.) 
 
 Siili'x frdi;; ill's. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 // illow. 
 
 hn-gii/iir. 
 
 (o-8oy.,/. 
 
 hitroduceti, Mass. to X.J. 
 iiiiii J'fiiii. 
 
 April. '^/(i\- 
 
 Bark: grey; sliglilly rougli. litatuhcs : gicciiisli, tinged with red; smooth; 
 very brittle at the base, tlic most so of any species with this characteristic. 
 Leaves: simple; alternate, with smooth jieiioles with two wart-like extiibcr- 
 ances near the base of the leaf; lanceolate; taper-i)ointed at both ends; 
 imevenly and sharply seriate, the teeth somewhat incurved ; smooth and darlt 
 green above, wliitish l)elow and only slightly downy, even when young. 
 /•'linvt-rs : growing in catkins at the ends of the season's leafy shoots. Stami- 
 tiiiti' catkins : shorter thai\ the long, loose ])islillate ones. 
 
 Among the willows, Salix fragilis has its distinct place, and 
 it is regarded as a valuable tree. From its withes much of 
 the basket work with which we are so familiar is made, and 
 the industry in luirope, where it is generally distributed, is a 
 large one. The timber that it yields is fine and of a rich 
 salmon colour. l'"rom the old plants its twigs break away and 
 grow into new ones with astonishing facility. It is probably in 
 this way that it has escaped so widely from cultivation. It 
 has also many varieties and hybridizes well with other species. 
 
 An amusing story is told of a country school mistress who 
 prided herself on her knowledge of the family of willows. One 
 day she told a young lad to fetch her a twig with which she 
 might flog him. He sought one of a near-by willow and, 
 beitig wise in his generation, made slight circular incisions all 
 along the twig with his ever-ieady pen-knife. When he 
 returned, he calmly held out his hand to the mistress. She 
 raised the twig ; but before the first blow was fairly adminis- 
 tered, it had flown in innumerable pieces all over the room. 
 ** It is the brittle willow," said she with an air of wisdom to 
 the rest of the pupils. 
 
Staminat* branch. 
 
 ristillate 
 bruHck. 
 
 Pistillate branch at 
 utaturity. 
 
 PLATE XXIV. BRITTLE WILLOW. Salix fragilis. 
 
 (69) 
 
I 
 
 ! 
 
 70 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 DOWNY POPLAR. RIVER COTTONWOOD. SWAMP 
 
 COTTONWOOD. (F/a/e XX V.) 
 
 Pdpulus lictcropliylla. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 in How. 
 
 Head narrow, round- 
 
 ^c-Zofeet. 
 
 Southern Conn. 
 
 
 topped; tranckes, ir- 
 
 
 sou til ~iva rd a nd 
 
 
 regular. 
 
 
 westward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April, May. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; rough; and broken into long, narrow plates. 
 Leaves: simple; alternate, with long, round petioles; rounded ovate, with 
 l)iunt apex and cordate base, the lobes of the base often overla|)ping the leaf- 
 siem ; serrate, with obtuse and incurved teeth. When young the leaves are 
 covered with a white wool which falls as the leaves mature ; the veins and 
 petioles, however, always retain traces of the down. Staminate catkins : very 
 i:nge; dense; drooping,' Pistillate ones : raceme-like; loose. 
 
 It almost seems as though a little innate stubbornness were 
 
 displayed by this tree in the persistent 
 bluntness of its leaf. It also clings 
 with much tenacity to the soft down 
 of its early youth. That it has these 
 decisive characteristics, however, af- 
 fords us a good means of its identi- 
 fication. When its tiny seed is caught 
 on its upward sail in the air, and exam- 
 ined, it is found to be snugly placed 
 within a mass of silvery, white hairs 
 which at their bases are tinged with 
 orange-yellow. This touch of colour 
 and the beauty of the design for its 
 purpose in a thing so small is only 
 another instance of the fineness of Nature's conceptions. 
 In the northern Atlantic states the tree is local and rare. Its 
 wood is closely-grained, but soft and not durable. 
 
 BALSAM POPLAR. TACAMAHAC. 
 
 Pdpiilus bahamifoux. 
 
 Pdpulus heterophylla. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willow. 
 
 Erect; narraiv, open 
 
 60-80- 100 _/>t'/. 
 
 Northward and 
 
 April. 
 
 
 head. 
 
 
 westward. 
 
 Fruit: .1/a> , June 
 
 Bark: grey, tinged with red ; ridged ; bitter. Branches : smooth, with wart- 
 like excrescences. Leaf-buds ; large ; covered with a yellow, resinous gum 
 
 i 
 
Staminate and 
 pistiilate catkin. 
 
 Bunting catkin. 
 
 PLATE XXV. DOWNY POPLAR. Popiilus hcterophylla, 
 
 (70 
 
72 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 which is scented like balsam. Leaves: simple; alternate; ovate-lanceolate; 
 pointed at the apex and rounded or sub-cordate at the base ; three-ribbed ; 
 finely serrate; bright green and shiny above, rather whitisii below; glabrous. 
 Flowers: dioecious; growing in drooping catkins, and appearing some time 
 before the leaves. Stamens : numerous. Scales of the pistillate flowers 
 recurved at the apex. 
 
 It must be a dull heart that is not stirred by the sight of this 
 noble tree. Against the intense blue of a summer's sky its 
 great size and stalely trunk make it indeed a noteworthy 
 object. It grows along the borders of streams and lakes and 
 inhabits bottom lands that have been inundated. Occasionally 
 it is found in dry soil. The fishermen of the Great Lakes know 
 the tree well. They seek the outer bark from the base of 
 old trees and use it as they would cork to float their nets. 
 The wood of the tree is brown and soft. It is made into pails, 
 tobacco boxes and also paper pulp. 
 
 BALH OF QILEAD. HEART-LEAVED BALSAM 
 
 POPLAR. {Plate XXVI) 
 
 Pdpiiltts cdndicatis. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME CF BLOOM 
 
 Wiliow. 
 
 Head, broad, open: 
 branches, s/>re<iiiins- 
 
 40-50 y"('tY. 
 
 In cultivation. 
 
 April. 
 
 Bark: greenish grey, the branches often darkly spotted. Leaf-buds: large; 
 fragrant. Leaves: simple ; alternate, with petioles that are almost round and 
 more or less hairy; broadly-ovate, or cordate, ])ointed at the apex and heart- 
 shaped at the base; coarsely serrate; netted-veined; the margins outlined by 
 fine white hairs. Bright green above; whitish below; pubescent along the 
 ribs and veins. Flcnvers : growing in catkins, similar to those of the preced- 
 ing species. 
 
 This beautiful tree with its gracefully-shaped and abundant 
 foliage is frequently planted about dwellings and along drives. 
 It has in fact quite abandoned the forests and no longer luxuri- 
 ates in a state of wildness. Professor L. H. Bailey, however, 
 tells us that it is indigenous in Michigan and that there, it is 
 said, groves of it existed when the country was first settled. 
 Afterwards they were cut down to supply lumber. It is dis- 
 tinguished from the balsam poplar, of which it has been re- 
 
re- 
 
 PLATE XXVI. BALM OF GILfcAD. /\^/^u/i/s raiiJiraii:i. 
 
 eOPYBIl.Mt, 1300, BV FlttOERlCK A. STOKES COMPANr. 
 PRINTED IN AUERICV. 
 
Pistillate branch. 
 
 PLATE XXVII. COTTONWOOD. Popuhts dcUoides. 
 
 in) 
 
74 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 garded as a variety, by the width of its leaves with their cor- 
 date bases and ciliate margins and by their pubescence. 
 
 The seeds have wonderfully "ne hairs which envelop the 
 fruit with thick masses of soft, snow-white cotton. The illus- 
 tration shows the pistillate calkins at maturity. Then the seeds 
 become detached from their capsules and are wafted by the 
 breezes to great distances from the trees. 
 
 COTTONWOOD. RIVER POPLAR. CAROLINA POPLAR. 
 NECKLACE POPLAR. {Plate XX VI J) 
 
 Pdpulus delioldes. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 H-'illow, Symmetrical, open 
 head. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 So-ijoyV^/. Quebec westward and 
 southward to N. _/., /'/«. 
 and Ne7v Mexico. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April. 
 Fruit: J- 
 
 Bark : granite-grey; smooth when young but becoming rough and furr>...^d 
 with age and breaking off in short, flaky pieces. Branchlets : greenish. Lgaf- 
 buds: glutinous, with a substance like balsam. Leaves: simple; alternate, 
 with stout petioles which are flattened sidewise ; broadly-ovate, with taper- 
 pointed apex and squared or slightly cordate base. Irregularly and coarsely 
 serrate, with incurved teeth; when young, sticky and fragrant like balsam; 
 occasionally coarsely pubescent underneath ; the margins fringed ; at maturity 
 bright green, smooth and glossy above, paler below; ribs whitish on both 
 sides; thick. Fhnvers i dioecious; growing in catkins, and appearing before 
 the leaves; the fertile ones sometimes a foot long; their scales cut-fringed. 
 Sterile catkins: growing on stout stems ; dense. Seeds : covered with a whit- 
 ish or rusty coloured substance. 
 
 There is to-day standing in Washington Hollow, Dutchess 
 county, New York, a cotton-wood tree the trunk of which 
 measures fifteen feet, two and a half inches in circumference. 
 The soft grey of its bark and its lustrous restless foliage form 
 an imposing spectacle against the sky. By those that live near 
 its shade its slightest movements are watched with interest. 
 Owing to the softness of its wood large branches are apt to 
 break away from the tree when there is a high wind. To look 
 out in the night when a storm is raging and see that all is 
 safe, — that no danger is impending from the cotton-wood, — has 
 become a custom. During the first part of June it is also a 
 care to those that live near it. It is then that its tiny seeds 
 which are not more than one twelfth of an inch long begin to 
 
IS 
 
 lS 
 
 a 
 s 
 
 PLATE XXVI 
 
 Flowering branch. Single flower. 
 
 SWAM P WH ITE OAK. Querciis platanoides. 
 (75) 
 
76 
 
 I'RKES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 fly. They are hidden within a mass of soft, delicate cotton 
 which is surrounded by tufts of long, white or rusty coloured 
 hairs. As if with fleecy, ctherial sails, they are then borne aloft 
 by the slightest breeze. So abundantly are they dispersed that 
 they have to be taken up in quantities from a near-by straw- 
 berry bed, and when the windows on the tree's side of the 
 house are left open the seeds can be gathered in basketi'uls 
 from under the furniture. This cotton-like fibre which sur- 
 rounds the seeds of the poplar has been experimented with 
 for the manufacturing of cloth ; but as yet the enterprise has 
 not proved itself financially successful. Its wood also is of 
 little value commercially and warps badly in drying. This 
 poplar is the most rapid-growing tree of eastern North Amer- 
 ica and under favourable circumstances reaches a height of 
 forty feet in five or six years. 
 
 East of the Rockies the tree has been much planted ; but it 
 is not regarded as being long lived or thriving well in other 
 than a moist soil, its natural habitat is along the banks of 
 rivers and streams and by lakes. Not one of the least remark- 
 able features of the large tree that has been mentioned is the 
 fact that it grows in dry soil. 
 
 SWAMP WHITE OAK. i^Plate XXVIII.) 
 
 Qudrcus pia/anoldes. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Beech. Head, narrow, round- ■^o-'jo/eet. Maine to Iowa, south- May, June. 
 
 topped; lower branches, ward to Delaware Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 
 somewhat declined. and Georgia. 
 
 Bark : light grey and divided into large, flat, flaky scales. Leaves : simple; 
 alternate; obovate, with wedge-shaped and entire base and pointed or rounded 
 at the apex ; sinuate-toothed, the waves far apart and so large as to resennble 
 small lobes ; sinuses rounded and those of the middle waves extending deeper 
 into the leaves than the others ; dull, dark green above and smooth; silvery 
 and downy underneath. The ribs appear rusty. Acorns : ovoid; growing usu- 
 ally in pairs on a puduncle sometimes three inches long. Cup: round ; covered 
 with pubescent scales, the upper row becoming bristle-like and forming a 
 fringe about the edge. JViii: chestnut-brown ; oval ; about one inch long ; 
 edible; sweet. 
 
 To see this tree in all the glory of its best development we 
 
Fruiting branch. Floxvering branch. 
 
 PLATE XXIX. WILLOW OAK. Qucrcus P/iel/os. 
 
 (77) 
 
1' 
 
 TREKS GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 should go to the region ox the Great Lakes. When its identity 
 is once known it is not easily forgotten, or confused with other 
 trees. The manner in which its lower bark separates into thin 
 scales and the little weird branches that are so often pendulous 
 from larger limbs — and sometimes from the trunk — make it a 
 marked figure on even a winter's landscape. From its leaves 
 it is known as belonging to the group of chestnut oaks, as in 
 outline they somewhat resemble those of the chestnut tree. 
 
 The wood of the swamp white oak is light brown, closely 
 grained and strong. Commercially it is not distinguished from 
 that of the white oak, Q. alba, and of the burr oak, Q. macrocarpa. 
 Pages i88 and 132 respectively. 
 
 WILLOW OAK. PEACH-LEAVED OAK. {Plate XXIX.) 
 
 Qiu'rcus Phellos. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Beech. Conical head : 
 
 branches, slender. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 ya-'io/eet. L. I. and N.J. southward 
 and westward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 .ipril. May. 
 Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 
 Bark : reddish brown; almost smooth, although having close scales. Leaves: 
 simple; alternate; with siiort grooved petioles; lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 
 with pointed and bristle-tipped apex and pointed base ; entire and slightly un- 
 dulate edge. When young, brilliant light green and soft above, dull and with a 
 whitish down underneath ; becoming thick and shiny above as they f.row 
 older. Flowers: moncEcious. Acorns: very small; almost sessile. Cup: 
 saucer-shaped; pubescent inside. Mut: brown; three-eighths to one-half inch 
 long; globular. Kernel: bright orange ; bitter. 
 
 There seems to be nothing about the foliage of this attractive 
 tree to suggest to us the family to which it belongs ; but along 
 with the autumn comes the little tell-tale, the acorn. No doubt 
 there is lurking within it a strong sense of grace and outline, 
 or perhaps a sort of hero-worship for the willows has led it to 
 imitate their leaf. But in any case we cannot believe that it 
 laments having stepped out of the beaten track of its relatives ; 
 as its aspect is most gay and happy. In the southern towns it 
 is much planted for ornament and has besides its beauty the 
 advantage of growing rapidly. Its leather-like leaves remain 
 fresh long after those of most other trees have fallen. They 
 
Fruiting hranch. 
 
 Flowering branch. 
 
 PLATE XXX. LAUREL OAK. Quercus laurifoUa, 
 
 (79) 
 
8o 
 
 TKLES GkOVVLNG NKAK WATER. 
 
 llien turn a pale yellow. In moist woods and on sandy uplands 
 the tree occurs as well as by the borders of swamps, 
 
 LAURELOAK. SHINGLE OAK. WATER OAK. {P/af,'XXX.) 
 
 (Jttcrcus hiurifhlia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 lu'ii/i. Head, dt'ttse, roil n(i-tof</>i:d; y>-8n/'i'r/, /'i-nii. to iowa and Mii'di, April, 
 
 branches, s/endet. or kif;lifr. southward to l''la. J-riiit: Oct. 
 
 i/fjr-i" ; nearly black, flatly and broadly ridged. Leiwei : simple; nllernate ; 
 witli grooved, yellow pctioie.s; Ion.t; oblong with pointed and bristle-lipjied 
 apex and pointed base. Edge entire, allliougli the leaves of young shoots are 
 sometimes undiilateiy-lobcd. IJright green, smooth, stiff and glossy above. 
 Flmvers : slightly downy below, i^^-^rwj." small; almost sessile. Ciif". saucer- 
 shaped, with closely compressed scales. Nut: globular or ovoid. Kernel: 
 bitter. 
 
 Two thinj^s are most noticeable about this tree : its tall 
 stately trunk and its dark, lustrous head of laurel-like foliage. 
 Within its centre it seems as though the breezes must be held 
 and not allowed to rush madly through as is their wont. The 
 tree is . .ither generally found east of the Alleghanies. Like that 
 of the willow oak its reddish-brown wood is poor and of little 
 value. One of its common names connects it with the making 
 of shingles, for which purpose it is largely used. 
 
 COnnON FRINGE TREE. OLD MAN'S BEARD. 
 
 {Plate XXX /.) 
 ChiondniJms Vtrginica. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Olive. 
 
 Oblong. Head, narrozv. 
 
 8-35/'''■^ 
 
 N.J. and southern 
 Pe nn. south wa rd. 
 
 June. 
 Fruit: Sept. 
 
 Bark: brown, or ashy grey and divided into thin scales. Leaves: large; 
 simple; opposite; petioled; ovate or obovate, with pointed or rarely rounded 
 ajjex and jiointed or narrowed at the base. Dark green and smoi,ch above; 
 pubescent underneath when young; thick, /'^ry^rj; snow-white; faw. ly fra- 
 grant; growing in loose, drooping panicles. Calyx: small; four-lobed; tubular. 
 Corolla: with four slender petals, three quarters of an incli long, barely united 
 at the base. Stamens: two, very short. Pistil: one. Fruit: bluish purple ; 
 oval; glaucous and containing one seed. 
 
 The blossoms of the fringe tree are among those things of 
 nature that are seen by all. They make no demand upon that 
 
Ig 
 
 >M 
 
 PLATE XXXI. COMMON FRINGE TREt. Chioiunillnts I'miini.u. 
 
 COHYHIUMr, llOiJ, DI FHEDEflllK A. STOKES COMPAIiY. 
 HRINTED IN AMEHICA 
 

Single flower. Flowering branch. Fruiting branch. 
 
 PLATE XXXII. SWEET VIBURNUM. Vibumuui Lcntago. 
 
 (8 1) 
 
82 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 r--2^^'^il^^^^^^^^'' (-lead and is cousci( 
 iPtl^^ii/^lPfe ^''^ golden dust in 
 
 ■ ■■■ >v 3l\ 
 
 more gifted and subtle observation 
 which watches tor the earliest signs 
 of spring in growth that is ap[)arently 
 dead and is conscious of the beauty of 
 
 the catkins of the 
 st themselves abun- 
 dantly upon the sight, and the wind 
 
 ■^^^^^^i^i^^^M'M:''^^ Stirs their long petals that the attention 
 
 ^i^^^-i^'^f^^'^C^ may not wander from them. And 
 
 •"**'*'-' '^ about them there is a grace and fleeci- 
 
 auo„u,u;u,sr/,rnncu. ,^^.^^ ^^.j^i^,^ is most enchanting. In 
 
 cultivation the tree is frecpiently seen, and it would be quite 
 without objectionable features for the ornamentation of parks 
 and grounds were it not that its leaves unfold so late in the 
 season. Before they do so the majority of other trees are al- 
 ready fully clothed with verdure. They remind us of the 
 leaves of the magnolias and in the autumn turn to a uniform 
 tint of bright yellow. 
 
 The wood of the fringe tree is closely grained and heavy. 
 From the bark tonic properties are extracted which have been 
 used in the treatment of fevers. 
 
 NANNY BERRY. 
 
 SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP BERRY. 
 
 (P/aU A' AW//.) 
 
 Vi /'lint It III Lcnlai^o. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 /fiVteysuckU, Ro:iiui-(i>/i/>ecf, ^yi'^J"'^- H iidson Hay soutliward May^Juiw. 
 bushy. to C(i. and u'cstwixrif. Fruit: Oct. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown and irregul.ulv broken into small, thin plates. 
 Branches: light green; verv pubescent. Wood: hard; unpleasantly scented. 
 Winter buds: glabrous. 1.,-arcs : simple; opposite; with slender marguied 
 petioles, the borders of which are wavy and upon which brownish glancis are 
 l)orne; ovate, with pointetl apex and rounded base. (|uite subject to variation ; 
 finely and sharply serrate ; bright green; glossy; glabrous. Flowers: small ; 
 white; perfect; growing in broad sessile cymes. Fruit: red, turning later to 
 blue-black; ovoid ; growing in clusters on red petioles ; glaucous ; edible; sweet. 
 
 The sweet viburnum is a small tree. Along the borders of 
 streams and by swamps it rears itself boldly or seeks seclusion 
 
:et. 
 
 of 
 on 
 
 
 L \XX1II. CKANBLiviM 
 
 I l\LL , 
 
 / iiiliilii,,, i '/'H/iK. 
 
 LOCYHICiMT, I'ciiJ, BY FMEDEF^IfK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTtU IN AMtHIC*. 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 8 
 
 in the deep woods. No matter, however, how lovely the tree, 
 there is always a slight disappointment in perceiving that it has 
 not the outer row of showy and neutral flowers that we associ- 
 ate with V. Opulus^ cranberry tree, and V, alnifolium^ hobble- 
 bush. 
 
 Both of these are fine shrubs. Of the former, V. Opulus 
 {Plate XXXIJI), the bark is smooth and grey, and its leaves 
 have from three'to five lobes. Its fruit is juicy and acrid and is 
 used as a substitute for the true cranberries. 
 
 /'. abiifoliiim {Plate XXXIV^ also bears bright scarlet and 
 beautiful fruit, but it is not edible. Its blossoms, however, are 
 very similar to those of the cranberry tree. The orbicular 
 leaves are pointed at the apex, cordate at the base and have 
 upon them a reddish scurf. 
 
 RED MAPLE. SWAMP MAPLE. SCARLET MAPLE. 
 SOFT MAPLE. {Plate XXXV, frontispiece.) 
 
 Acer riibriim. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Maple Round-topped: branches^ 30-50 or 100 Neiv Brunswick to March, April. 
 
 upright. feet, Fia., ivi'stward to Fruit; May, June. 
 
 Texas and Dakota. 
 
 ^f?;-/^' ; dark grey; rather smooth or flaky when yoim^, becoming rough as 
 it grows older. Branches Tiwd. twigs : reddisli, marked l)y longitudinal white 
 lenticels. Leaves: simple; opposite; with long, round, reddish jietioles ; 
 rounded, with from three to five lobes variously shaped and toothed, the lower 
 pair small when present and frequently absent. Apex of lobes, pointed and 
 irregularly serrate ; the base of the leaf rounded or wedge shaj^ed. Sinuses: 
 rounded and extending hardly more than a third way in to the midrib. Green 
 aljove, whitish underneath ; the veins pubescent on the under side. Flowers: 
 crimson; showy; growing on short pedicels in drooping, sessile, umbel-like 
 clusters which grow from lateral buds, and appear some time before the leaves. 
 The staminateand pistillate flowers grow in separate clusters and usually on 
 f'ifferent trees. Fniit: bright red ; growing on lengthened pedicels with wings 
 hardly an inch long and slightly incurved; glabrous. 
 
 Who is it that can tell when the spring awakes, — when the 
 first sign of life is disclosed by the earth ? And how has he 
 who perhaps tells us found it out ? Has he followed the honey 
 bee from his lurking place, as through a dreary landscape he 
 seeks the swelling blossoms ; or has he been led by the rabbit 
 
84 
 
 TREES GROWINCJ XllAK WATER. 
 
 Acer rubriitn. 
 
 with his eager desire to gnaw the red 
 maples' buds ? It is indeed the insects 
 and animals that know best; for their 
 search is not that of the dilettante. 
 Their desire for food impels them 
 to look about diligently, and when 
 found they wish to carry it to their 
 young also. Often before the snow 
 is off the ground the sap of the red 
 maple begins to ascend; and in earliest 
 March, while the odour of winter's 
 pageant is still in the air, the flower- 
 buds begin to expand. Then it is not 
 long before they unfold their exquisite 
 blossoms which hang in the bare trees 
 like a shower of crimson light. As 
 we wander by tlie side of a stream, straining our eyes per- 
 haps for the first sight of the white violet, they may be sway- 
 ing over our heads. Hardly a leaf is to be seen on the trees 
 thus early in the year; but the soil is soft and oozy, and we 
 scent that the winter has passed. 
 
 The red maple is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful trees 
 of the American forest. As in the spring, the tree is in ad- 
 vance of others in the autumn, when it changes its hue to 
 varied tints of scarlet and orange. In brilliancy there is none 
 other to compare with it. During the winter its twigs are of a 
 deeper shade of red than at other seasons of the year. 
 
 The wood of the red maple is reddish brown and hard. 
 Furniture is made from it, and it is especially desirable when 
 running through it is found a curly grain. From the bark a 
 dye has been extracted and used by the Indians. Ink also has 
 been made from it. 
 
PLATt X/.XIV. HOBBLt-BUSH. / iburmtiii ahufoli 
 
 mil. 
 
 i:OPYRIGMT, I'juo, BY FHEUEHKK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTEO IN AMEHICA. 
 
Enlarged flower. 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. SILVER MAPLE. Acer saccharinum. 
 
 (85) 
 
86 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 SILVER MAPLE. 
 
 WHITE MAPLE. 
 
 {Plate XXX VI.) 
 
 Acer sacchdrintim. 
 
 SOFT MAPLE. 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Brand t'i, fii'iiduloiis 
 
 Tp-\io Jeet, 
 
 Nvw lUunswick to 
 
 
 or wiiie-npreiiiiing. 
 
 
 I'la, and westxuard 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 March, April. 
 
 Fruit: May, June. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; flaky. Leaves : simple ; opposite ; with long petioles; 
 rounded in outline and liaving hve lobes; equally notched and toothed; the 
 lower two smaller than the other three. Base of leaf, square or heart-shaped ; 
 apex of lobes, pointed. Sinuses : narrow ; pointed. Brilliant pale green above, 
 Mlvery white beneath Tubescent when young, becoming glabrous; thin. 
 Flowers: small; yellowish green; without petals; growing on pedicels in 
 almost sessile corymbs from lateral buds and appearing before the leaves. Pis- 
 tillate and staminate bi(Jssouis growing in sejiarate clusters on the same or dif- 
 ferent trees. Fruit : yellowish green, samaras growing on long, drooping pedi- 
 cels ; glabrous at maturity. IViiigs : large ; one frequently undeveloped. 
 
 About the leaf of the white 
 maple there is something very 
 beautiful. Its lines are so sharply 
 cut, and it is so free from the least 
 approach to stiffness. It shows 
 rather the crispness of line that 
 artists are always endeavouring 
 to throw into their pictures. The 
 texture of the leaf is fine, too, 
 and pleasing. Through the silver 
 lining run the pale yellow veins, 
 and the colour effect is most 
 resthetic. It seems as though the 
 singing of the breezes through 
 these trees must be more classic 
 and captivating than when it rushes 
 through those that are more 
 coarsely formed. The flowers are exquisite, and in earliest 
 spring the trees, when seen from a distance, appear to be tipped 
 with scarlet. In cultivation the tree is very general, as its 
 beauty and rapid growth make it desirable for shade. Un- 
 fortunately, through the brittleness of its branches, it is often 
 
 Acer sacckiirtniim. 
 
En /urged 
 f'i'itillate flower. 
 
 Enla rged fru it . 
 
 PLATE XXXVII. POISON SUMAC, Rhus Verntx. 
 
 (87) 
 
g 
 
 w 
 m 
 sr 
 
TREKS GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 89 
 
 bad. Some of its properties are of considerable medicinal 
 value. The juice also can be used as a black, lustrous varnish 
 similar to that furnished by the related Japanese lacquer tree. 
 The poison sumac is almost exclusively found in swamps. 
 
 SWAHP HICKORY. BITTER-NUT. {Plate XXX V/J/.) 
 
 Hicbria minima. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Walnut. Htady broad: branches^ 50-75-100 
 upright. /**t. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Maine 7veit!varti and 
 
 southward to /•'/.!. 
 
 and Texas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May, June. 
 Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 
 Bark: bright reddish brown; broken into thin, close, flake-like scales. 
 Leaves I compound; alternate; odd-pinnate; v/ith slemler, sometimes flattened 
 stalks and having from five to nine sessile leaflets ; lanceolate ; pointed at the 
 apex and i)ointed or blunt at the base ; sharply and coarsely serrate ; glabrous 
 on both sides or very sparini^ly pubescent underneath. Dark yellow green 
 above, lighter below. Staniinate catkins : growing in threes on slender 
 peduncles and having lanceolate bracts ; pubescent. Pistillate flowers : cov- 
 eied with a yellow tomentum. Fruit: with a dark green, rounded luisk ; soft 
 and thin, with winged edges and splitting when ripe half way to the middle. 
 Nut: whitish; broader than long; thin-shelled; depressed at the top. Ker- 
 nel: very bitter. 
 
 By the swamp borders or in the low, wet woods of many lo- 
 calities this noble tree is plentiful. Its range extends farther 
 northward than that of any other one of the hickories, and it is 
 abundant in Canada. Its rapid growth and broad, shapely head 
 also make it a desirable feature in cultivation. But its fruit is 
 inuch better to look upon than it is to eat ; it is indeed a " bit- 
 ter-nut." From the accompanying illustration an idea of the 
 exquisite colouring of its foliage can be gained, and it is inter- 
 esting to know that it owes its sunny tint to many small, golden 
 glands that lie on the under surface of the leaflets. 
 
 Commercially Hicoria minima is less valuable than is general 
 with those of its genus. Ox-yokes and hoops are, however, 
 made from its pliable wood, and on the hearth it feeds a quick- 
 snapping, lively flame. 
 
90 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR VVA I'ER. 
 
 WATER HICKORY. SWAMP HICKORY. 
 PECAN. {Plate XXXIX) 
 
 Hicbria aqitdiica. 
 
 BITTER 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Walnut. 
 
 Head, /!it>>ow; />yauc/ies. 
 
 4o-ioo_/t't7. 
 
 I'a. to Flu. and March, April. 
 
 
 upright. 
 
 
 Texas. Fruit: Sept., Oct 
 
 Bark: light reddish brown; rough and having scales. Buds: reddish 
 brown; flattened, the terminal one very large. Leaves: conipound; alternate; 
 odd-pinnate, witli from seven to eleven ovate-lanceolate leaflets pointed at the 
 apex and rounded or wedge-shaped at the base ; serrate ; dark green above, 
 brown and lustrous below and pubescent. Staviinatc Jicnvers : growing in 
 long, slender catkins and produced from separate or leaf-bearing buds. Pisfil- 
 late Jlmvers : ojjlong and covered witli pubescence. Fruit : growing in clus- 
 ters of a few, with a greenish, thin husk which splits into four sections. Nut : 
 darkly-coloured ; four-angled; rough and flattened, and having a thin shell. 
 Kernel : bitter ; puckery to the taste. 
 
 Away from the swamps this tree is seldom seen growing in 
 the full prime of its beauty, but when there, even although it 
 is a small tree, it has about it the same picturesqueness and 
 freshness that is associated with the genus. Its fondness truly 
 is for low country. Often the river swan^ps in which it seeks 
 its home are inundated during part of the year, and for this 
 reason it is difficult of access when its timber is desired. It 
 would seem, however, as though the commercial instinct might 
 be sacrificed rather than take it away from places to which it 
 adds so sylvan a charm, especially as its dark brown wood 
 is of less value than that of any other one of the hickories. 
 Although closely grained and compact it is very brittle and is 
 used for little else than fuel and fences. Once having seen the 
 fruit of the tree it cannot readily be mistaken; for the dusky, 
 flattened and rough shell is ver" distinctive. 
 
 ASH-LEAVED flAPLE. BOX ELDER. 
 
 Acer Negiindo. 
 
 {Plate XL.) 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Maple. 
 
 IVide-sprea ding: 
 
 20-50 /ect. or 
 
 Vermont and Penn, 
 
 April. 
 
 
 
 higher. 
 
 southivard and 
 "tvcstmard. 
 
 Fruit: June. 
 
 Bark oi branchlets : greenish brown; ridged. T',oii:[s : pea-green. Leaves: 
 compound ; opposite, with long, slender stalks ; odd-pinnate, with three, five 
 
Pistillatt' flower, 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. WATER HICKORY, Hicoria aqiiatica. 
 
 (90 
 
93 
 
 TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 •x5,- 
 
 
 ■:4f^v 
 
 
 
 
 or rarely seven ovate leaflets ; taper-pointed at the apex and pointed, rounded 
 or wedged-shaped at the base ; coarsely and remotely toothed, often entire at 
 the base ; deep green above, pale underneath, /iibs : distinct ; slightly pubes- 
 cent. Flowers: yellowish green; dioecious; apetalous ; small; growing from 
 the sides of the branches in drooping clusters and appearing before the leaves. 
 The fertile ones in racemes of from six to eight inches long. Samaras : Large; 
 yellowish green ; the double wings, veiny. 
 
 The box elder is a rather mysterious 
 character and has much to answer for 
 in the way it has puzzled the minds of 
 botanists and earnest-thinking people. 
 In manner of growth its foliage has 
 suggested to some the elders, and 
 again it has been thought to be con- 
 nected with the ashes. Its fruit, how- 
 ever, shows conclusively that it belongs 
 to the maples. In spite of this ten- 
 dency to conciliate all, although we 
 should give it the benefit of the doubt 
 and think that it has been trying always to imitate the best, 
 it is a handsome tree of free and rapid growth. For the 
 ornamentation of parks or gardens it is well adapted, as its 
 foliage is a lively, brilliant green, and it is able to resist long 
 droughts. Unfortunately it is not regarded as being very long- 
 lived. 
 
 The wood of the ash-leaved maple is creamy white and not 
 strong. From it an inferior sort of furniture is made. In 
 small quantities the bark yields maple sugar. To the tree is 
 attached the distinction of having been one of the first of the 
 North American ones that were known in Europe. 
 
 Acer negtindo. 
 
 BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. WATER ASH. 
 
 Frdxiniis nigra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Olive, Head,, narrow,, slender; 
 branches^ upright. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 yi-Zo/eet, or New Foundland west- 
 higher, ward, southward to 
 Fla. and Ark, 
 
 {Plate XLl.) 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April, May. 
 Fruit: July, 
 
 Bark: dark, tinged with grey; rough and broken into irregular plates, be- 
 coming smooth in the branches which are marked with white, wart-like dots. 
 
PLATE XL, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. Acer 
 
 ''93) 
 
 nc^undo. 
 
 m 
 
PLATE XLI, BLACK ASH. Fmxinus u/trra. 
 
 <94) 
 
TREES GROWIxNG NEAR WATER. 
 
 95 
 
 Leaf-Buds : bluish black. Lca-'cs: twelve to sixteen inches long ; compound; 
 oppos,ite ; odcl-pinnate ; having grooved stalks witii from seven to eleven 
 broadly lanceolate, sessile leaflets, taper-pointed at the apex, and narrowed or 
 rounded at the base ; sharply and irregularly serrate ; deep gieen and glabrous 
 on the upper side; paler below and slightly pubescent along the whitish ribs. 
 Floivers : dioecious; growing in long panicles and appearing belore the leaves. 
 Samaras: oblong ; blunt at both ends; winged all around. 
 
 As early as March we may begin to look about for the blue- 
 black buds of the black ash. They seem not to mind about en- 
 countering the cold, and the tree is found farther northward 
 than any other one of the American ashes. In the swamps it 
 grows at times so prolifically as almost to fill in the wet ground. 
 When taken away and transplanted it is short-lived. As soon 
 as the first frost touches the leaves, or even earlier in the 
 autumn, they turn a rusty brown and begin to fall. When they 
 are crushed the odour they emit is similar to that of the elder. 
 
 The light brownish wood has a beautifid grain and is heavy 
 although not very strong. It is used in cabinet work and ex- 
 tensively for the making of barrel hoops. The Indians know 
 well the black ash and seek the pliable yoimg saplings to use 
 in constructing their baskets. 
 
 RED ASH. {Plate XLJL) 
 
 Frdxinns Pennsylvdnica. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Olive. 
 
 Heady irregulay; 
 branches^ upright. 
 
 30-80 /"t'f A 
 
 Atl'i iitic sfiitcs iDui 
 
 A'.Ti' Ihu iiswirk 
 
 to Minnesota. 
 
 Aprils May. 
 
 Bark: brownish grey ; slightly furrowed vertically and becoming smooth on 
 the branches. Young shoots and leaf-stalks conspicuous for their pubescent, 
 rusty down. Leaves: ten to twelve inches long; compound; opjiosite ; odd- 
 pinnate; with grooved, pubescent stalks and from five to nine long ovate or 
 lanceolate leaflets, which have downv petiolulcs hardly one quarter of an inch 
 long. Apex, taper-pointed ; base, pointed. EJi^e : entire or sparingly serrate 
 towards the apex. Light green above, paler on the under side and becoming 
 reddish. When unfolding, covered with a white tomentum. Flo-wers : dia-- 
 cious ; growing in compact panicles; without i)etals. S.iniaras : from one to 
 two and a half inches long ; broadly linear or oblanceolatc, the wing rounded 
 or bluntly tipped at the apex. They remain on the branches over the winter. 
 
 The red ash is so called because the inner surface of the 
 outer bark of the branches is a light red, and the down that 
 
 Jl 
 
Single samara. 
 
 PLATE XLII. RED ASH. Fraxinus Pennsylvant'ca. 
 
 (96) 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 97 
 
 appears on the branches is also a ruddy, rich shade. The 
 former one of tliese peculiarities is a feature shared by the 
 white asii which commercially is a more valuable tree. In the 
 autumn the leaves of the red ash turn yellow, or brown and 
 yellow, before falling. When the question of an ash's identity 
 is to be settled, it should be remembered that the trees are 
 both staminate and pistillate ; and it is only on the latter ones 
 that fruit will be found. The staminate trees also must be ac- 
 corded their true place and not condemned as useless ones 
 which no longer bear fruit. 
 
 GREEN ASH. (^Plate XLIII.) 
 Frdxinus lanceolata. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Oit7'e. Rouud-loppcd; branches^ 20-6^/ect. Xeiv Eiiglaiui, south- Apiii, May. 
 spread i Hi;, ward and wcsiiiHird. 
 
 Bark: greyish brown; furrowed. Brii/ic/i/c'/s : ash coloured and marked 
 with pale, cell-like places. I.eaz'cs : comp<nincl ; o])posite; odd-pinnate, with 
 from five to nine ovate or lanceolate, taper-jiointed leaflets which grow on 
 smooth petiolules hardly a (piarter of an inch long; sharply serrate and 
 becoming entire towards the base. IJright green on both sides and i;labrous, 
 although occasionally downy in the angles of the ribs. Flcnvcrs : dioecious. 
 Samaras : small; similar to those of the white ash ; the wings more spatulate 
 in outline. 
 
 Between the red ash and the green ash there is great similar- 
 ity. Their flowers are identical, and the variableness of the 
 greon ash is added to make it somewhat dihicult to tell them 
 apart, excepting in extreme forms. The green ash, however, is 
 very nearly glabrous throughout, and it is the smaller of the 
 two trees. Its leaves also are shorter, narrower and more 
 sharply serrate. But it is the intense, lustrous, bright green 
 of the foliage by which it is most commonly known. Whether 
 the rain falls or the sun shines upon the leaves they are ever 
 brilliantly, beautifully green. Of all the ashes it is the one 
 most planted for ornament, and it has a rare faculty for adapting 
 itself to new surroundings. It requires an abundance of sun- 
 light. 
 
I 
 
 PLATE XLIII. GREEN ASH. Fraxinus lanccolata. 
 
 (98) 
 
TREES GROWING NKAR WATER. 
 
 99 
 
 Its wood is brown and strong. It is, however, not regarded 
 as being of mucli value commercially, although necessity has 
 sometimes caused it to be used as a substitute for the wood of 
 the white ash. This tree and the red ash, while preferring 
 moist ground, often grow on drier soil. 
 
 " The mountain stiirVl its bushy crown 
 And, as tradition teaches, 
 Young ashes pirouetted down 
 
 Coquetting with young beeches ; 
 And briony-vine and ivy-wreath 
 Ran forward to his rhyming, 
 And from the valleys underneath 
 Came little copses climbing." 
 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 BALD CYPRESS. CYPRESS. {Plate XLIV.) 
 Taxbditun distich um . 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 rine. 
 
 Conical: hraitihcs^ 
 spreailing. 
 
 bo-\io feet. 
 
 Delaware to Texas., 
 A rkansas nortliward. 
 
 April. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown ; furrowed. Branchlcts: slender. Leaves: light green ; 
 simple; growing closely in two ranks along the branches ; half an inch long; 
 needle-shaped ; ])ointeci ; occurring awl-shaped and overlapping each other; 
 deciduous. Floivers: monoecious ; yellowish ; ajjpearing sonic time before the 
 leaves. Staminate flowers: growing compactly in terminal, drooping panicled 
 spikes. Pistillate ones: growing in rounded clusters. Cones : light brown; glob- 
 ular ; the several angular scales forming a closed ball until mature. 
 
 There is a strangeness in the ways and majestic aloofness 
 of the bald cypress. It is not as other trees. In the Atlantic 
 and Gulf states, where it sometimes forms extensive forests, 
 few can enter without feeling a desire to know its history. It 
 is ingenious too. That it may prevent the escape of moisture 
 and resist the violence of autumnal gales, is thought to be the 
 reason that its leaves, which may have been slender and spread 
 out from the branches, sometimes become close and scale-like. 
 At the time of pollenation, when it is shedding its golden 
 dust, and with its leaves in various positions, it is represented 
 by the illustration. 
 
100 
 
 TREES GROWING XEAR WATER. 
 
 Jkit more interesting than all else about the tree are the so- 
 called cypress knees, a feature that has baffled the theories 
 and explanations of many. Dr. Charles Mohr, who has studied 
 the subject most profoundly and is an authority on the form- 
 ation and usefulness of these knees, has been most kind in con- 
 tributing the following account of them to " A Guide to the 
 Trees." In his 'etter he says : " The following information has 
 been taken as concisely as possible from the statements made in 
 tiie manuscript of my monograph on Taxodium distichum 
 and transmitted to the Forestry division of the United States 
 department of Agriculture. 
 
 "The pyramidal or conical excrescences of the roots of the 
 cypress known as cypress knees and which form such a 
 striking peculiarity of the trees are always produced under 
 water, or in a constantly water-soaked soil. They are pro- 
 duced often in great number within a radius of from twenty- 
 five to forty feet or more from the trunk, varying from two to 
 six feet and more in height, and always rise above the water. 
 They are simple or with several tumid divisions and normally 
 bare of leaf-bearing sprouts. In the trees approaching their 
 fuller growth they are most frequently hollow, perfectly smooth 
 on the inside of the shell, with its wood compact and firm. 
 
 " The opinion about the uses these knees serve in the house- 
 hold of the tree is divided, and their import to its life is not 
 yet perfectly understood. On one side, it is contended that 
 their purpose is purely mechanical, to serve the tree as an 
 additional means tor the support of the enormous weight of 
 the tree in the loose ground, and to increase its resistance to 
 the strain to which it is subjected under the pressure of heavy 
 winds. On a close study of the root system below ordinary 
 water mark, accidentally laid bare, the conclusion can scarcely 
 be avoided that the function of the knees is chiefly mechanical. 
 As an acute observer states, 'to strengthen the roots that the 
 tree may anchor itself safely in a yielding soil, acting as 
 trusses to increase their capacity for holding the tree firmly to 
 
 
PLATl XLIV. BALD CYPHLSS. laxoilunii iiistuiiiDH. 
 
 COPYHIUHI t'lOO, Oy FREUERtCK A. ^TOkES COWPANT, 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
1 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 
 B> 
 ov 
 
 tOi 
 
 lea 
 wli 
 
TRKl'iS (IROWINC; NKAR \VA Tl'K. 
 
 KM 
 
 the soil.' This opinion fnids c-onfirniation in the fact that 
 scarcely any other tree of our forests offers a j;realer resistance 
 to the force of storms under the most unfav()ural)le soil con- 
 ditions. 
 
 *' On the other hand it is held that the function of the knees is 
 principally physiological by acting as organs of aerii^tion. The 
 exposed parts of the knees effect the absorption, and by their 
 chlorophyll-bearing tissue, the partial decomi)osilion of atmos- 
 pheric gases under the influence of light, and their trans- 
 mission to the sap of the roots, promote the process of 
 assimilation in parts of the tree debarred from a sufficient 
 supply of the same. 
 
 "With the decay of the tree, the knees rot and finally disap- 
 pear ; the same is said to take place after the drainage of the 
 swamp. Not being needed they are not present in the trees 
 grown on high land. 
 
 " From the fact that the knees serve the tree mechanically 
 by increasing the force of the tree to maintain its foothold in 
 a yielding ground and that further by their physiological 
 function the processes involved in its nutrition and growth 
 are promoted, it appears clearly that in the peculiar develop- 
 ment of the root system the cypress possesses the means of 
 adapting itself perfectly to the conditions of its immediate 
 surroundings." 
 
 SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. {Plate XLV.) 
 
 Chamcccyparis thyoldes. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Spire-like; brancheSy 30-90 yVi-^. Atlantic seaboard and April, May, 
 horizontal. Gulf states to Miss. 
 
 Bark : light reddish brown ; very fil)rous ; se])arating into loose scales. 
 BrancliUts: brown, their thin bark also separating. Leaves: tiny ; simple ; 
 ovate and awl-sliaped ; overlapping each other like scales and growing closely 
 together in rows of four, np and down the branchlets. Dull brownish or blue- 
 green ; glaucous. Cones : \\7s.\(S\'^ one-half an inch wide; globose; sessile on 
 leafy branches ; purplish at maturity ; glaucous, and ojiening towards the centre 
 when ripe, not towards the base. Scales : thick ; several-pointed and as though 
 
r» 
 
 
 Enlarged bud. 
 
 PLATE XLV. SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR. Chamcpcyparis thyoidc.. 
 
 (102) 
 
^^^- .. W-; 
 
 '^..i^-' , 
 
 PLATE XLVI. ARBOR-V!TAE. VV/u/.r >'<y/./>///,i//\- 
 
 rOPYMK.MT, I'lHii, UY FHEOEMICK A. STOKES (OMPANY 
 ChlNTf.P IN AMfHii A 
 
0\ 
 
 nc 
 
 b( 
 
'■^'^f^-y^ 
 
 
 
 TR : GROWING NEAR WATER. 103 
 
 fastened at i -i centres . r '■ ; one or two under each fertile scale; oval; 
 winged at th feidt.. 
 
 rhe fu. : ess of Nurure s heart she has provided this beau- 
 ti.^ui and fraf nt ♦re^ to flou'"^h abun- 
 \\. viy in places \w,ere other useiul timber 
 * ^ are very chaiy of establisl ;g them- 
 selves. It grows in deep, ccjld swamps 
 which are frequently immersed during 
 several months of Uie year. In New 
 England and the Middle Stales it is not 
 as well-known as it is throughout its 
 more southern range. The deeply tinted 
 little cones which it develops are a pretty 
 sight as they jauntily sit among the blue- 
 green foliage: and the symmetrical figure 
 of the tree makes a clearly cut and 
 distinctive feature on the landscape. 
 
 In the south the wood of the tree is 
 used in ship-building. It is slightly fra- 
 grant, light-coloured and most durable when in contact with 
 the soil. The fact that it is soft and easily worked makes 
 it desirable for many purposes. 
 
 «■■- 
 
 ■^j.. 
 
 
 CkaiiKccyparis thyo)des. 
 
 ARBOR VIT^. WHITE CEDAR. {Plate XLVI) 
 
 Thiija occidentdlis. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Fine, 
 
 Conical: branches, 
 pendttlous. 
 
 20-65 feet. 
 
 North Carolina north- 
 ward into Canada, and 
 westward. 
 
 April, May. 
 
 Bark : greyish brown ; tinged with orange or red, and separated into narrow, 
 deciduous strips. Leaves : simple ; opposite ; blunt ; scale-like and overlapping 
 each other as they'grow closely together on branchlets that are very flat. Bright 
 green; aromatic; especially so when bruised. Cones: tiny; yellowish brown; 
 ovate ; nodding and opening to the base when ripe. Scales : six to ten ; ob- 
 long ; without points ; smooth. Seeds : one or two, with thin broad wings 
 notched at the apex. 
 
 This very formal and prim appearing tree has for along time 
 been extensively planted. In fact it was probably the first 
 
134 
 
 TREES GROVVlNCi NEAR WATER. 
 
 North American tree to be known in Europe and has been cul- 
 tivated in Paris since before the middle of the XVIth century. 
 It forms an excellent hedge. When under the gardener's care 
 it is very prone to vary and produce new varieties, but it can 
 hardly be said to become more beautiful than when in its 
 wild state. The extremes of climate affect it very little. In 
 America it becomes smaller and grows less abundantly as it 
 reaches the limits of its southern range. Northward it covers 
 large areas of swamp land, and the forests that it forms are al- 
 most impenetrable. As of all coniferous trees, its fruit is inter- 
 esting. The tiny cones remain on the branches over the winter 
 to greet the new growth in the springtime. This is an act of 
 pure courtesy on their part, as during the preceding autumn 
 they have finished their own work and ripened and scattered 
 their seeds. 
 
 Speaking of this tree, Thoreau says : *' How little I know of 
 that arbor vitre when I have heard only what science can tell 
 me. It is but a word, it is not a tree of life. But there are 
 twenty words for the tree and its different parts which the In- 
 dian gave, which are not in our botanies, which imply a more 
 practical and vital science. He used it every day. He was 
 well acquainted with its wood, its bark and its leaves. No 
 science does more than arrange what knowledge we have of 
 any class of objects. But, generally speaking, how much more 
 conversant was the Indian with any wild animal or plant than 
 we, and in his language is implied all that intimacy, as much as 
 ours is expressed in our language." 
 
 It is true the Indians had many uses for the fragrant, yellowish 
 brown wood of the tree. They separated its thick layer of sap- 
 wood, as they could do with ease, and with it strengthened 
 their canoes. They also used parts of it in the making of their 
 baskets. Fluids of medicinal value are yielded by the tree, 
 and they have some local popularity for the curing of warts. 
 The fresh young branches are used to make brooms. 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WATER. 
 
 I OS 
 
 AHERICAN LARCH. TAHARACK. 
 
 {Plate XL VJI.) 
 Larix lari'cina. 
 
 HACKriATACK, 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME CF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. 
 
 Tall, straight; branches, 
 spreading. 
 
 $0-100 Jeet. 
 
 Northern III. to 
 N. E., northward 
 to Ne7u Foundland. 
 
 May, 
 
 Bark', close, becoming scaly. Leaves: less than three quarters of an inch 
 or two inches long ; sinijile ; thread-like ; growing in bunches of many on short 
 twigs along the branches and having no sheaths ; jjale green ; soft ; delicate ; 
 they wither and fail in the autumn. Cones: about half an inch long; 
 broadly ovate; growing on short i)eduncles at the ends of the branches; 
 greenish when young, and becoming purplish or brown at maturity. Seeds: 
 few ; rounded ; thin ; entire. 
 
 " Give me of your roots, O Tamarack ! 
 Of your fibrous roots, O Larch-Tree! 
 My canoe to bind together, 
 So to bind the ends together 
 That the water may not enter, 
 That the river may not wet me ! 
 And the Larch with all its fibres. 
 Shivered in the air of morning, 
 Touched his forehead with its tassels, 
 Said, with one long sigh of sorrow, 
 Take them all, O Hiawatha 1 " 
 
 How beautifully has Longfel- 
 low depicted the Indian as one 
 in sympathy with nature. When 
 Hiawatha began to build his 
 canoe, he went to all the trees 
 that he knew has such materials 
 as were necessary to him, and 
 said, " Give me — " ; and although 
 it should have caused their death, 
 they answered, " Take, O H 
 watha ! " Here was no ruthless 
 tearing away of life without per- 
 mission ; it was the tribute of a 
 man's understanding to these -""'''^^kj^j^'^-^^ 
 
 mute inhabitants of the forest. ' LUrix laridna. 
 
Staminate Scale of cone. 
 
 f.oiver 
 
 PLATE XLVII. AVIERICAN LARCH. Larix liricina. 
 
 (io6) 
 
TREES GROWING NEAR WA I'ER. 107 
 
 Although they have no souls, life must still be sweet to 
 them. 
 
 The American larch with its soft, fine foliage is one of our 
 most graceful trees. In the early spring its flowers peep out 
 much before the leaves; they grow from broad lateral buds' 
 and although the sterile ones are yellow the fertile ones are a 
 brilliant crimson. The light brown wood of the tree is resinous 
 and very durable. Its more practical uses than those already 
 referred to are in the making of railroad ties and various part's 
 of ships. 
 
 L. Europcca is a relative of the American tree which is fre- 
 quently seen in cultivation. It is of rapid and fine growth . ,d 
 very ornamental. Perhaps its colour is a deeper shade of crreen 
 than that of the native one, and its leaves are a trifle longer 
 Its branches appear to droop more, and its cones too are longer 
 and have many more scales. There is a weeping form of the 
 European larch which is also known in cultivation. 
 
Trees Prefemng to Grow in Moist Soil: 
 Lowlands and Meadows. 
 
 A II about the soil zvas moist and ti'aversing it %vas a road 
 that had become hard and dry. On either side of the road 
 greiv trees. Tlicy ivcre ivater trees that had strayed away 
 from home. In the distance trailed a sluggish stream. Did 
 the trees long for it ? The ones on the farther side of the 
 road inclined over it so that a squirrel could hardly sit upright 
 under thejn ; and those on the side nearest the water leaned 
 azvay from the road until they continually broke dozvn its hard 
 bank. It ivas a strange scene through luhich to travel. 
 
 hi the loivlands, azvay from the streams and swamps, there 
 are many trees ; but they are mostly contented with their lot, 
 and not so unhappy as those by the road. 
 
 UMBRELLA-TREE. ELK- WOOD. {Plate XL VIII.) 
 
 Magnblia tripitala. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Magnolia. 
 
 Bushy. 
 
 20-40 _/>«•/. 
 
 Southeastern Pemt. to 
 
 A la . ; ■H'estwn ni to 
 A rk. and Miss. 
 
 May, June. 
 
 Bark: light grey; smooth; marked with small dots similar to blisters. 
 Branches: green ; turning brown and grey as they grow older; brittle. Juice : 
 fragrant ; bitter. Leaves: simple; aiternate ; ovate-lanceolate; with short, 
 stout petioles and growing in clusters at the ends of the branches; pointed at 
 the apex and tapering to a point at the base ; entire ; bright green ; the lower 
 surface covered with a thick tomentum at maturity; glabrous. Flowers : seven 
 and eight inches in diameter ; cream-white ; growing at the ends of the branches. 
 Sepals: light green ; obovate ; reflexed ; thin. Petals : six to nine ; narrow 
 and concave. Filaments: bright purple. Cone of/;7<;/.' ovoid ; rose coloured 
 at maturity. 
 
 A glance at this tree either when it is in bloom or in fruit is 
 enough to assure us that it is a magnolia. Clustered about it 
 
 : 
 
PLATE XLVIII. umbrella-tree. Magnolia tripdala. 
 
 (109) 
 
PLATE XLIX. NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW. Asimina triloba. 
 
 (no) 
 
^ 
 
 PLATE L. JAMAICA CAPER TREE. (\(/>fKiris Jaiuaifrnsis. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, l<jOn, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 Ill 
 
 are many family traditions. Although it cannot vie in beauty 
 or outline with the great-flowered magnolia, it is far from being 
 without its own loveliness. Among the great, lustrous leaves, 
 which are often twenty inches long, the cylinder-shaped bunches 
 of ruddy fruit rest perhaps even more peacefully than do the 
 unfolding blossoms. The ribs of an umbrella are somewhat 
 suggested by the arrangement of the leaves at the ends of the 
 branches and it was this peculiarity which led the early settlers 
 in Virginia and North Carolina to call it umbrella or parasol tree. 
 Its specific name refers to its three petaloid sepals. The tree 
 is nowhere common. It grows in rather wet, deep soil, a little 
 inland from the great swamps, and by the borders of woods it is 
 found intermingled with masses of rhododendron. The tree is 
 more hardy than many others of the family, and for this reason 
 much attention has been paid to it by horticulturists. It is the spe- 
 cies most generally seen in the northern United States and in 
 Europe. 
 
 NORTH AHERICAN PAPAW. CUSTARD APPLE. 
 
 {Plate XLIX.) 
 
 Asiinina triloba, 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Custard apple. Branches, lo-^o/eet. Penn. and western N. J'., May, June. 
 
 spreading. southward to lo'.oa Fruit: Sept., Oct, 
 
 and westward. 
 
 Bark: dark brown; marked with silvery blotches ; smooth. Branchlets : 
 light brown, fringed with red and marked with narrow, parallel grooves. 
 Leaves: five to ten inches long; simple; alternate; with jnibescent petioles; 
 obovate-lanceolate, with pointed or slightly rounded apex ami taper-pointed or 
 rounded base ; entire ; light green above, paler beneath and covered on the 
 lower surface with a rusty down ; glabrous at maturity ; thin ; glossy. Flow- 
 ers : solitary ; axillary; pendulous ; growing on club-shaped, pubescent ped- 
 uncles and appearing with the leaves. Sepals : three ; pubescent. Petals : 
 greenish yellow, gradually turning to dull i)urple ; six, in two rows, the inner 
 ones small. Stamens: numerous; on the receptacle. Pistils: appearing as 
 though enclosed in a round head formed by the anthers. Fruit : three to five 
 inches long ; oblong ; yellow and glaucous when young, becoming dark brown 
 when fully ripe. Fragrant ; edible ; sweet. 
 
 From the true papaw of the West Indies, this one is very 
 different ; and the genus is the only one of its family which is 
 not tropical in its preference. It can hardly be said, however, 
 to attain its full state of development in the north. It is a 
 
I 12 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 small tree or shrub, often only a bush, and when in full foliage 
 appears as though it were weighted down with the abundance 
 of its large, shining leaves. In the valley of the Mississippi 
 the tree is very common, and about that district its fruit is sent 
 in large quantities to the markets. Before it is fully ripe it 
 emits, as do the other parts of the tree, a peculiar and disagree- 
 able odour. 
 
 The papaw is a cautious little character and mistrusts the 
 vagaries of the wind. To perform the office of cross-fertiliza- 
 tion it relies with greater faith on the insects, for they can 
 assuredly be attracted by their appetites. At the base of the 
 inner petals, therefore, the flowers secrete abundant nectar. 
 The stamens are raised in a hemispherical mass from the cen- 
 tre of the bell-shaped flowers, and from it the stigmas protrude. 
 As the insect squeezes his body through the small opening be- 
 tween the stamens and the inner petals in search of the feast, 
 he is, no doubt, quite unconscious that the stigmas are eagerly 
 taking from him the golden pollen which he has attracted at 
 his last stopping place. 
 
 JAMAICA CAPER TREE. {Plate L,) 
 
 Cdpparis J a maicthiszs, 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Caper, Trunk,, straigkiy slender. iZ-2o/eet. Southern Florida. April, May. 
 
 Bark: dark reddish brown; irregularly broken. BraticJdets : angular. 
 Leaves: simple; alternate; oblong-lanceolate or elliptical; growing on peti- 
 oles about a quarter of an inch long ; rounded and notched at the apex, 
 rounded at the base ; entire ; dark yellowish green and lustrous on the upper 
 side, jKder below and rough from the presence of tiny scales ; the midrib con- 
 spicuous. Flowers: white; fragrant; growing at the ends of the branches in a 
 terminal cluster. Sepals: recurved. Corolla: with four rounded petals which 
 become purple as they fade. Stamens: long; numerous; with purple filaments 
 and yellow anthers. Pods: two to several inches long; brownish red when 
 ripe and containing several kidney-shaped seeds. 
 
 There is an inspiration to be had from the pure, white flow- 
 ers of the Jamaica caper tree, with their long filaments as deli- 
 cate and misty in colouring as the threads of a spider's web. 
 Their fragrance also seems to be quite in harmony with the 
 warm, luxurious atmosphere upon which they lean. In the 
 
PLAIb LI. RtD BUD. ( \,ris < niiaJr/isis. 
 
 COPyHIGHT, \-jyM, BY FMEDtHK K A. STOKl.S COMHANV. 
 PRINTED IN AMEHICV. 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 113 
 
 West Indies the tree has many relatives, and there when the 
 pods of the species have turned to dark, reddish purple they are 
 called, with a strange attempt at hilarity, *' dead man's fingers." 
 After the seeds have fallen they twist many times in drying. 
 The specimen from which the coloured illustration was painted 
 was found at Jew-Fish Key, in southern Florida. 
 
 The yellow wood of the tree is tinted with red. It has a fine 
 grain and a surface not unlike that of satin. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Aprils May. 
 Fruit: Sf/t. 
 
 RED BUD. AMERICAN JUDAS-TREE. {P/a/e LI.) 
 
 Carets Canadensis. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 Senna. Btoad., flat head; io-y>/eet. Ontario to N.J. southward 
 branches^ and westivard. 
 
 spreading. 
 
 Bark: purplish grey, the young branches aimost smooth. Leaves: simple; 
 alternate; with petioles which are swollen at each end into a small, round ex- 
 tuberance. Rounded-cordate, the apex tapering into a blunt point and the 
 midrib sometimes projecting into a bristle. I'almately-veined ; entire ; glab- 
 rous or often slightly pubescent on the under side of the veins. Flmoers : 
 handsome ; several growing in sessile, umbel-like clusters on the old wood and 
 appearing before the leaves ; acrid to the taste. Calyx: red. Petals: rosy 
 pink; the wings overlapping or covering the small standard. Pods: small ; 
 shuttle-shaped ; winged along the seed-bearing margin and containing many 
 fiat, puckery-tasting seeds. 
 
 This little tree, for we are most accus- 
 tomed to seeing it small^ is handsome at 
 all seasons of the year ; but it is truly a 
 sight in the early days of spring when it 
 ii radiant with its exquisitely bright and 
 ciieery blossoms. So eager then is the 
 tree to cover itself with them that they 
 sometimes appear even upon its trunk. 
 From a distance many might be allured 
 to its presence and think they were 
 approaching a profusion of deeply-tinted 
 peach blossoms, especially when it grows 
 thorns and flowering dogwood. As soon as the leaves 
 unfold, however, their shape would forbid such an error 
 and the flowers have the papilionaceous corolla of the senna 
 
 carets Canadensis. 
 
 in among the haw- 
 
114 
 
 TREES GROWING liN iMOlST SOIL. 
 
 family. The legumes are a more yellow tone of green than 
 are the leaves and add in their turn touches of colour, like 
 high lights, throughout the tree. When given good soil and 
 sufficient room for development it grows rapidly in cultivation 
 and is a charming acquisition to parks and gardens. Its dark, 
 reddish-brown wood is not strong. 
 
 An ugly tradition that clusters about the old world relative 
 of this tree is that from its branches Judas hanged himself. 
 
 FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. 
 BELL TREE. {Plate LII.) 
 Mohrodendron Carolinnm. 
 
 SILVER 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 atorax. Heady narroiu; branches, 30-90 yi?^/. 
 stout. or a shrub. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 West Va. to Hit no is 
 
 southward to Fla. 
 
 and Texas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 March, April. 
 
 Branches : reddish brown ; ridged. Leaves : simple ; alternate ; slender- 
 
 Eetioled; ovate or oblong, with pointed apex and rounded or wedge-shaped 
 ase; slightly serrate; bright green and glabrous above, slightly pubescent 
 underneath; thin. Flowers: growing in loose, drooping clusters along the 
 branches and appearing with or before the leaves. Calyx: short; four- 
 toothed. Corolla: canipanulate ; four-parted. Stamens: eight to sixteen. 
 Pistil: one. Seed-vessels: long; oblong; four-winged and conspicuously 
 tipped with a remnant of the style. 
 
 
 }i 
 
 
 Mohrodindron Carollnum. 
 
 So few leaves and flowers are to 
 be seen when these fair snowdrops 
 cover the tree that one is almost 
 inclined to look upon them with 
 suspicion and to wonder whether in 
 spite of their unsullied freshness 
 they have been desirous of taking a 
 peep at the earth before it was fully 
 clothed. But whatever may have been 
 their motives, it is truly a joy to have 
 them come forth so early in the sea- 
 son and to feel that the back of father 
 Winter is broken. When hung with 
 them the tree is a most pleasing 
 
PLATE Lll. FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. 
 MoJuoitiHtli ,^i! Ca)oIi)i 11)11, 
 
 COPYHUtHT, 1400, BY FHEDEHICK A. STOKCS COMt'ANV. 
 PRINTED IM AMILHICA. 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 "S 
 
 sight. Often we then stop and wonder to find it among the 
 hickories and buckeyes : it would seem as though it should 
 find the company of the magnolias and cherry trees more 
 congenial. On moist, wooded slopes, in woods or nearing the 
 banks of streams it grows, and it is hardy as far northward as 
 eastern Massachusetts. It then however becomes a shrub. 
 
 NARROW-LEAVED COTTONWOOD. {Plate LTII) 
 Pdptdiis angiisiifblia, 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willow. Pyramidal, slender, yi-t^/eet. Da/cola westward and lo Aprils May, 
 
 A rizoiia and Ne%u Mexico. 
 
 Bark: yellowish green and broken on old trees into broad, flat ridges. 
 Branches; grey. Leaves; simple; alternate; with petioles that are not 
 flattened laterally; lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate; pointed or blunt at the 
 apex and narrowed or rounded at the base ; finely or coarsely serrate ; yellow- 
 green al)ove, lighter below; the mid-rib yellow; thin. Staminate catkins ; 
 cylindiical. Pistillate ones: from two to four inches long. Capsule; ovate 
 and surrounded by fine soft hairs. 
 
 When the flower-buds of the poplars begin to swell and their 
 colour changes to deeper tints every day, then we feel as 
 though the sleeping spring had indeed awaked. In fact many 
 mistake these early unfolding flowers for the first shimmer of 
 young foliage. But on both the staminate and pistillate trees 
 the catkins lengthen and have satisfactorily settled their little 
 domestic affairs some time before the leaves burst from their 
 silver buds. And in this hastening into bloom there is some- 
 thing of method to be detected. The poplars rely on the wind 
 to carry their pollen from one plant to another and to facilitate 
 its reaching them, the pistillate flowers hang mostly near the 
 tips of the branches. Were the trees fully clothed with foliage 
 it would greatly obstruct the flying pollen and direct it into 
 idle paths. 
 
 When the leaves of Populus angustifolia unfold their out- 
 line is rather a surprise and is seen to resemble that of one of 
 the broad-leaved willows. From their buds exudes abundant 
 balsam. In moist soil and along the banks of streams of the 
 
Capsule. Seed. 
 
 
 PLATE Llll. NARROW-LEAVED COTTONWOOD. Populus a,,gustifoIia. 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 117 
 
 
 far west, especially throughout the Rocky Mountains, this poplar 
 is the common species. Its wood is light, soft and very weak. 
 
 AMERICAN HOLLY. {Plate LIV.) 
 Ilex opaca. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Holly. Ifenii, compact; lo-^o/eet. 
 branches, spreading. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Southern Maine along the April-June, 
 
 coast to Fla. and westward. Fruit: Sept. 
 
 Bark: light grey; smooth. Branchlets : slightly pubescent. Lta^'es : sim- 
 ple; alternate; elliiHical or oval, with pointed apex and pointed base; the 
 teeth, sharp and spine-like; far apart. Siim.u-s: rounded. P'eather-veined, 
 the veins indistinct on the lower surface. I'lvcrgreen; dark green and glossy 
 above; lighter and tinged with yellow below ; thick; stiff ; glabrous. Flowers: 
 white; both staminate and pistillate; axillary, and having tJieir parts in fours. 
 Fruit : a bright red drujje which frequently remains on the tree well into the 
 winter. 
 
 The associations of the holly are all with the season of 
 merry-making and the blazing log of the yule-tide. When in a 
 wild state it needs, to bring out the beauty of its bright, red 
 berries and thick, shining leaves, the glistening white of a 
 snow-covered earth and the bare, gaunt 
 branches of other trees. By contrast then 
 its freshness is very attractive. During the 
 dusty, heated summer it might readily be 
 passed by unseen. The American holly is 
 not thought to be as beautiful as the English 
 one. There are fewer berries to be found, 
 on it ; and its leaves have not nearly so 
 high and clear a lustre. But it is still a 
 crisp and cheery appearing tree and worthy 
 of a more extended cultivation than it 
 receives. 
 
 The wood of the holly is almost white. It is hard and fine 
 of grain. When made into work tables, boxes and similar arti- 
 cles it is very pretty. 
 
 /. inonticola^ large-leaved holly, bears a leaf which is very 
 distinctive from that of I. opaca. It is ovate-lanceolate, with a 
 taper-pointed apex and a finely serrated edge. In texture it is 
 
 Ilex opaca. 
 
Single JImver. 
 
 PLATE LIV, AMERICAN HOLLY. Ilex opaca. 
 (iiS) 
 
PLATE LV. THREE FLOWERED THORN. l'rd/<,i^i,s Infloia. 
 
 fOPYRlGHT, I'lOO, OY KHEDERKK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTEO IN AMfcHlCA. 
 
TREES GRUWING IN MOIST SUIL. 
 
 119 
 
 thin and not evergreen. The tree is rather tall and slender 
 and occasionally reaches a height of forty feet. Again it 
 occurs as a shrub. In May we shall find it in bloom. By 
 many it is well known and sought for in the damp woods of 
 the Catskill Mountains. It extends southward along the 
 mountains to Pennsylvania and to Alabama. 
 
 THREE-FLOWERED THORN. {Plate L V.) 
 Crat^gus trifibni. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Apple, Spreading /rem base. \2-2o/ctt. 
 
 RANGE 
 Georgia a/iii Alabama, 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April. 
 
 Bark of branches : light greenish grey and close, becoming scaly. Spines: 
 dark rrd; branched; numerous on tlie main stem. LeiiTfs : simple; alternate; 
 growing at the ends of the twigs; ovale ; pointed at the apex and rounded at 
 the base or tapering into a maryin which extends along each side of the short 
 petiole ; irregularly or doubly serrate ; bright dark green above and pubescent 
 when young, hiter becoming rough; i)a!er IjcIow and jjubescent. Flmveis : 
 large ; growing in corymbs of mostly three flowers on pubescent petioles, the 
 lateral ones, tiie longest. Calyx: with five lanceolate fringed lobes. Corolla: 
 with five rosaceous white petals. Stamens: numerous. Fruit: globose; 
 brilliant orange or red. 
 
 Cratoegus triflora is a rare tree : one quite imbued with the 
 idea of seclusion. At the present time it is only known to 
 occur at two stations ; along the cliffs of the Coosa River in 
 Georgia and near Birminghain, Alabama. Mr. Beadle, of Bilt- 
 niore, who has made an exhaustive study of the genus, has seen 
 it in bloom at the former place where, he says, there are about 
 fifty of the trees ; and he describes the effect they en masse 
 produce, when they unfold amid the russet tints of early 
 spring, as very lovely. " Individually," he says, " the shrub is 
 rather poor." At the top its branches divide many times and 
 the leaves appear to be thrust at the ends of the twigs so as to 
 form a covering for their nakedness. The particular charm of 
 its flowers is that they are large, and the two side ones seem 
 to have been quaintly prolonged so as to give a sort of pro- 
 tection to the one. in the middle. From the coloured plate 
 this feature and the brilliancy of the fruit can be seen. 
 
 It was through the aid of a glance into the note book of Mr. 
 
I20 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 Beadle and a well dried specimen that the accompanying 
 description was written. 
 
 AMERICAN ELM. WHITE ELM. {Plate L VI.) 
 Ulmns Americana. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Elm. Ili'<xii^ roiiiui^hroad; ioo-i2oyiW. Neiv l-'oitiuiland south- March., April, 
 brunches, pendulous. ward to Flu. and west- P'ruit; May. 
 
 ward to Texas. 
 
 Bark : ashy grey ; flaky. Bra)tches : light green wlien young and without corky 
 ridges. Buds : flattened; smooth, or slightly pubescent. Stipules: linear to 
 lanceolate. Lcavfs : simple ; alternate ; with smooth petioles ; oval, orobovate, 
 with taper-pointed apex and rounded or slightly jjointed base; unequal sided; 
 coarsely or doubly serrate. Kibs : straight; conspicuous; veins and veinlets 
 numerous ; glabrous, or slightly rough above, i^ubescent underneath and be- 
 coming smooth at maturity. Flnvers : direcious ; minute ; growing in close, 
 drooping clusters on jointed stalks from lateral buds and appearing before the 
 leaves. Su/iiiOtis : oval or ovate; glabrous, with thickly fringed margins. 
 
 The American elm is very grace- 
 ful and stately. Its great arching 
 limbs uphold a spray of dark and 
 beautiful foliage which appears on 
 the landscape like a suddenly ar- 
 rested fountain. It is not strange 
 that so much sentiment clings about 
 lM^^%xi\i"h' tliese trees ; for at times they have 
 it'Kv'^Jw^"'-^- been associated with thrilling events 
 fmXw%^t, in their country's history. It was 
 ■ •S-i '< under the shade of a great elm at 
 Cambridge, Mass., that Washington 
 stepped forward, drew his sword, 
 and in a few words assumed com- 
 mand of the American army. The 
 tree, after that eventful morning, 
 was known as the "Washington 
 Elm " ; and longer than any other 
 being it remained to testify to the younger generations that 
 it had been a witness of the scene. Although not at all 
 a phenomenal tree in size, the estimate was at the tiine niado 
 
 Uhnus A vterichna. 
 
If 
 
 i 
 
 PLATE LVI. AMtRlCAN ELM. r/^^/ns ,h//rr/,,n/.i. 
 
 » OPrKKiHT, I'tili*. or tREOfRKK A STOKIS (OVI'ANt, 
 PHINTCD IH AME^RICA. 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 131 
 
 that it developed every year a crop of seven millions of leaves, 
 and that they exposed to the air a surface of foliage equal to 
 about five acres. 
 
 On the banks of the Delaware there stood also a famous elm 
 tree. Under its branches William Penn made his treaty with 
 the Indians. It was not for lands, but for peace and friend- 
 ship. On March 3d, 1810, "The Treaty Tree," as the elm was 
 called, was prostrated by a storm. Its consecutive rings proved 
 it to be over two hundred and eighty-three years old. On 
 its site a monument with a suitable inscription was erected by 
 the Penn society. 
 
 The elms are dioecious ; their staminate and pistillate blos- 
 soms grow on different trees, or, to use the popular but erro- 
 neous expression, they are male and female. From each other 
 the two can be readily distinguished. The bud-scales of the 
 elms with their fringed margins and tufts of soft, white hairs 
 are very pretty. Very early in the spring they blow about 
 and often tint the ground while the flowers that have sprung 
 from them are unfolding. 
 
 The wood of the American elm is rather coarsely grained, 
 hard and heavy. Its medullary rays and its large open ducts 
 are conspicuous. For the making of small articles, floors, and 
 in ship building, it is very useful. The Indians occasionally 
 substituted its bark for that of birch when building their canoes. 
 It is to be lamented that so much damage is inflicted upon 
 these trees by insects and that their beauty is thus often 
 marred. Throughout New England, where the elms have con- 
 tributed so much to the beauty of the towns, it is quite pathetic 
 to see so many in a dilapidated condition. When planted the 
 tree requires soil where it can imbibe abundant moisture, and 
 to be away from the shade of other trees. It is very rapid of 
 growth. 
 
122 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 CORKY WHITE ELfl. ROCK ELM. HICKORY ELH. 
 
 {Plate L VII.) 
 Ulmns racembsa. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Elm. Head, round-topped: io-ioo /cet. New Engtiiiid soitthward April. 
 
 branches, rigid, and 7.uestward. Fruit: June. 
 
 This species of elm might readily be mistaken for Ulmus 
 Americana as in general characteristics there is much that is 
 similar between the two. The marks of distinction, however, 
 are that the young branches of Ulmus racemosa are pubescent, 
 and as they grow older they develop large, corky wings. The 
 fringed bud-scales are more often than not covered with a soft 
 down, and the flowers grow in a raceme. The leaves, too, have 
 many fine hairs on the upper surface and are not so noticea- 
 bly serrate as those of Ulmus Americana. In the autumn its 
 foliage turns a bright yellow. The tree inhabits low grounds 
 where a heavy, wet clay soil prevails ; or it flourishes in gravelly 
 uplands and on the high bluffs of rivers. It grows slowly, and 
 its wood, although valuable, is threatened by extinction. While 
 it has been neglected by planters, the axe has sought it with dili- 
 gence. In the forests of Canada and North America most of 
 the large trees have already been felled, 
 
 U. alata, winged elm, Wahoo, is a comparatively small tree, 
 forty or fifty feet high, with an open, round-topped head and 
 slender branches, which are mostly covered with corky ridges. 
 The leaves are somewhat rough on the upper surface and 
 especially pubescent along the under veins. The samaras, also, 
 are pubescent and are densely fringed on their margins. In 
 wet, gravelly, or dry soil, the tree is known to grow. It in- 
 habits the country from Virginia to Illinois and southward. 
 
 SLIPPERY ELM. MOOSE ELM. RED ELM. {Plate LVIII.) 
 
 lyiviiis fiilva. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Elm. Head, broad, flat; f>o--iafeet. 
 branches, spreading. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Quebec and New England 
 southward and westward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 March, April. 
 
 Fruit: May, 
 
 Bark : reddish brown ; rough. Branches : bright preen when young, and 
 turning to light grey ; very rough, although not having corky wings. Inner 
 
Enla rged flower, 
 PLATE LVII. CORKY WHITE ELM. Ulnms racemosa. 
 
 (123) 
 
124 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 bark: wliite; slippery. Leaf-biids : large; round and covered with a reddish 
 scurf. Lea-'cs : simple; alternate; with rough petioles about an eighth of an 
 inch long; ovate or obovate, with taper-pointed apex and rounded or slightly 
 cordate base. Coarsely and doubly serrate ; rough and harsii on the upper sur- 
 face, soft and downy underneath in the angles of the straight ribs. Flowers: 
 growing on short pedicels in globular clusters ; fragrant when dried Samaras : 
 (lull yellow; semi-orbicular and containing a round, (lat seed. The margins of 
 the wings unfringed ; glabrous, excepting over tlie seed. 
 
 There is something intensely human in the desire to chew, — 
 to chew the cud of meditation ; and when in the open country 
 one meets a boy with a certain felicitous expression and wag- 
 ging jaws, it is good evidence that somewhere in his rambles 
 he has met with the slippery elm tree. Should his pockets be 
 turned inside out tliere would also be a chance of finding a 
 quantity of its fragrant, inner bark stored away for future dis- 
 posal. To chew this gummy, slippery substance is not, per- 
 haps, the smallest item in his enjoyment as he carelessly breathes 
 the summer air or gazes at a cloudless sky. Unfortunately 
 this innate desire of the boy is often gratified at the tree's ex- 
 pense. In fact, it is almost impossible to protect it from him, 
 when it is cultivated as an ornament in parks, and its identity 
 is known. In a more conventionalized form the inner bark is 
 sold by chemists, and its properties are medicinal and nutritious. 
 The tree has a fine, shapely outline, and grows rapidly. Its 
 
 dark reddish wood is strong and 
 durable and is largely used for the 
 making of posts. When green it 
 splits very readily. 
 
 U. campestris^ English elm, is in 
 this country very frequently seen in 
 cultivation and has distinctive char- 
 acteristics which prevent its being 
 confused with the native wild 
 species. Its branches are compar- 
 %i^t atively short and grow in a hori- 
 "''•'" zontal or ascending line. This gives 
 dhnus campMris, it a compact, robust look ; very dif- 
 
 ^S;^?£. 
 
 *- 
 
Enlarged flower. 
 
 PLATE LVIII. SLIPPERY ELM. Limits fidva. 
 (125) 
 
xa6 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 ferent from the graceful, languorous droop of the American elm. 
 The leaves are smaller and grow densely on the wingless 
 branches. Their upper surfaces, also, are less rough. Some- 
 times for weeks after those of the native tree have fallen they 
 remain fresh on the branches. The samaras of the English elm 
 are smooth and without fringed margins, and its bark is very 
 dark and much broken. It is not frequent that the tree es- 
 capes from cultivation. 
 
 U. suberbsa, is a variety of the preceding species and has an 
 immense amount of corky stuff on the branches. 
 
 HACKBERRY. SUGAR-BERRY. FALSE ELM. 
 
 NETTLE-TREE. {Plate LIX.) 
 
 C^ltis occidentalis. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Elm. Round-topped: ly^o-i^o/eet, 
 
 iraNc/u:i, spreading, 
 or penduious. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Quciec southward and Aprils May. 
 westward. Fruit: Sept. 
 
 Bark: silver-grey or brown ; crumpled; rough. Stipules: linear; whitishi 
 with a soft clown. Lcnvfs: simple; alternate; with slender, grooved petioles; 
 ovate, with taper-pointed apex and one-sided, pointed, rounded or cordate 
 base; serrate, becoming entire at the base. "Very variable. Bright green; 
 glabrous and lustrous above, paler underneath and sometimes pubescent along 
 the ribs. Flmvers: greenish; axillary; the staminate ones clustered; the 
 pistillate ones solitary and drooping on a peduncle. Calyx: five and six 
 parted. Stamens: long. Fruit: a small, globular drupe; purplish red, be- 
 coming nearly black when ripe, with a thin pulp; edible; sweet. 
 
 It is a very unusual sight to see this tree or, sometimes, shrub 
 growing over fifty feet high, although at times it stretches it- 
 self upward until it reaches one hundred and forty feet. Not 
 long ago one was reported to measure one hundred and twenty 
 feet high, and five feet in diameter at a distance of four feet 
 from the ground. Its appearance was strongly suggestive of a 
 very old elm. The tree is admirable for the purpose of trans- 
 planting and when well developed is very effective. It grows 
 rapidly and displays great endurance against dry weather or a 
 long drought. The leaves in the autumn turn a light yellow. 
 From its wood which is coarsely grained and rather soft a 
 
a 
 
 PLATE LIX. HACKBERRr. Celtls occide. 
 
 nialis. 
 
 
128 
 
 TRKKS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 ehi-'ap kind of fiiniiinrt' is made. C'cltis is the ancient name of 
 the (irecks f(jr the h)lus. 
 
 
 kS'^M 
 
 J- 
 
 RED nULBERRY. (^PlaU LX.) 
 Moms rubra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Miillurty. I/,ui(i, toil ii({, </i'iiSi\- \ybo/ii'l. U'l-i/i'H .\',:ii /\/ii;/ti>li/, Aprils M,iy. 
 
 /nanchcs, s/>ri\uii>if. iouthwaid aiui 
 
 iveitivarci. 
 
 Bark: urcyisli hrovvM ; rouj^li aiul separating into plates. Leaves: three to 
 seven inches long; sim|)le; alternate; ovate; approaching orbicular, with 
 pointi-'il apex and rather cordate base; or fretinenliy occurring wilii unequal 
 lobes at the sidis when tiie sinuses are rountled; coarsely serrate; tiiin ; yellow- 
 greun and rough on tiie upper surface when young, becoming ilark bluish green 
 and sniootii ; paler and downy or sniocjth below. Ribs: whitish and tlistinct. 
 Flo7ve)s: growiiiL; in axillary, catkin-like spikes; eitlier dioecious or nioncccious, 
 usually the latter. Fniil : similar in a])pL'arance to a long, wild blackberry; red, 
 turning when ripe to a rich, dark purple; edible; sweet. 
 
 A homely barnyard scene, 
 where chickens and pigs rove 
 ^ ... about at will and a lordly tur- 
 
 key gobbler exercises a sur- 
 veillance over all, is hardly 
 complete without the shade of 
 a red mulberry tree. No doubt 
 it has been planted there by the 
 farmer or his predecessor who 
 knew that its juicy fruit would 
 fatten his hogs and nourish 
 well his poultry. The flavour 
 is a trifle insipid, but these ani- 
 mals are not over discriminating and root and scratch under 
 the tree when the berries are falling until the ground is often 
 stained to the same deep, blood hue. The juice of the tree 
 itself is milky. Horticulturists have paid little attention to 
 Morus rubra as a fruit tree although it would seem as though 
 it had possibilities for a better development. The tree is very 
 ornamental. In early summer the green of its leaves is par- 
 ticularly enchanting and can hardly fail to attract the attention 
 
 
 Minis rubra. 
 
 
PLATE LX. RED MULBERRY. JA'/v/.v nihia. 
 
 rnpvrn'',HT, i .no, er FHEOERif^K a. stokes com^'Asv 
 
 PhlNTEO IN AMEHICA. 
 
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PLATE LXI. WHITE MULBERRY. JA^/v/t aN>a. 
 (129) 
 
I30 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 
 of those that have an eye for colour. In their composition 
 there is an abundance of yellow, and they give an effect as 
 though they were continually glowing with sunshine. 
 
 The Indians of the southern states have some way of obtain- 
 ing fibres from the tree's inner bark, and these they weave 
 into cloth. The wood is light yellow, soft and very durable 
 fr^-^, _ when in contact with the ground. It is 
 
 quite valuable. 
 
 M. alba, white mulberry, {Plate LXI.) 
 <^;'::'0^^^-'-utr^'J is a similar and very familiar tree which 
 -"«►- -^i-- - ,j^ ^]gQ ggg,-, about old farmhouses. It 
 has escaped from cultivation. The tree 
 is small and has leaves that differ from 
 those of the red mulberry in being 
 smooth and shiny on both sides. Its 
 short, compact, staminate spikes grow on 
 slender peduncles. The fruit is white 
 or slightly tinted with pink and has an 
 insipid, sweetish flavour. In about 1830 the tree was intro- 
 duced from China, and in the old world, as is well known, its 
 leaves have for a long time been fed to silkworms. 
 
 Mbrus alha. 
 
 H 
 
 PAPER MULBERRY. {Plate LXII) 
 
 Broiissonitia papyrifera. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 'u/berry. 
 
 Low branching;. 
 
 io-T,ofeet. 
 
 New York southward. May, June. 
 
 Fruit: Juncyjiil^ 
 
 Bark : liglit; filirous: rather smooth. Learu-.i : simple ; alternate; with long, 
 round petioles; broadly ovate, with pointed apex and slightly pointed or cor- 
 date base, or frequently occurring with from two to three unequal lobes when 
 the sinuses are rounded ; serrate ; thick ; the upper surface rough, like velvet, 
 the lower surface downy. Flcnoers : dioecious ; the sterile ones growing in 
 spike-like catkins, the fertile ones in rounded heads; scaly; bristly. Ftuit : 
 fleshy ; not edible. 
 
 Very frequently about old houses or in dilapidated grave- 
 yards we find this tree which has escaped from cultivation. 
 Its low-growing branches afford in such places a desirable 
 
 
1 
 
 Flowering bra nch . 
 
 PLATE LXII. PAPER MULBERRY, nroussonetia papyn/n-a. 
 
 ('30 
 
132 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 shade. In Japan, \vhei>ce it has been introduced into this 
 country, and also in China, the very fibrous bark is utilized 
 to make paper and this circumstance is responsible for its 
 English name. The leaves of the tree might readily be confused 
 with those of the red mulberry, but its club-shaped fruit is 
 quite different and is far from being edible. The tree spreads 
 itself by suckers. 
 
 BURR OAK. MOSSY-CUP OAK. OVER-CUP WHITE OAK. 
 
 {Plate LXIII.) 
 Qui^rcus macrocdrpa. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Betch. Round-topped^ broad; 60-80-160 
 branches y spreading. feet. 
 
 RANGC: TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Maine to f'enn. and May, June, 
 
 tvcstward to .Montana, 
 soutliward to Texas, 
 
 ^(?r/t .• brownish grey ; furrowed. Braiichlets : marked with corky-winged 
 ridges. Leaves: six to fifteen inches long; simple; alternate; with thick pet- 
 ioles, fl.ittened ami enlarged at their bases; oijovate; lyrately pinnatifid, with 
 wedge-shaped base and from five to seven long, irregular lobes; rounded or 
 hollowed at their ape.xes ; entire or wavy. The sinuse of the middle lobe 
 sometimes extending to within an eighth of an inch of the midrib. Dark green, 
 smooth and lustrous above; silvery wiiite and ilowny underneath. Staminate 
 flowers : growing in slender catkins with greenish-vellow stems. Pistillate eat- 
 /{'/«j; sessile. Aeorns : very large; handsome, C/t/>: cup-shaped; covered with 
 rough, pointed scales, tlie upper row of whicii terminate in long bristle points 
 and form a mossy soft fringe about the nut; jiuljesccnt on the inner surface. 
 A^ut : out to one and a half inches long; oval and almost covered by the cup. 
 
 About this noble tree there is the same semblance of strength 
 and durability as is so generally associated with the oaks. It is 
 one of the largest of the family of Eastern North America and 
 is more widely distributed than any other, although compara- 
 tively rare east of the Alleghanics. To various climatic condi- 
 tions it shows much adaptability. On the prairies the " Oak 
 Openings " are mostly composed of the burr oak ; and one that 
 has entered them has said, " he knew not whether he shuddered 
 from fear or delight." In the Mississippi basin it is commonly 
 seen in lowland forests. As it occurs northward it is interesting 
 to notice that the acorns become very much smaller, and as the 
 length of their fringe is proportionately reduced, they cease to 
 
PLATE LXill. BURR OAK. (Junnts iiuu>,h;Trf^a. 
 
 COPYIIIGHT, I'l.JM, BY FXEDEHICK *. STOKtS COWAKj. 
 
 PRINTED IN «MERICA. 
 
FREES (J ROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 ^33 
 
 
 i/^ 
 
 
 
 
 suggest the dainty 
 bird's nests that 
 they do in the 
 south. Hardly a 
 more beautiful tree 
 can be imagined in 
 cultivation when 
 enough room has JS-'f^\ 
 been given it U) "Wi^'l^^^ 
 toUow Its own bent 
 of development. 
 One then looks 
 upon its great head 
 and branches with 
 almost a feeling of 
 awe. 
 
 As a timber tree 
 it is excelled in 
 value by few trees 
 of North America. 
 Its dark brown 
 wood closely resembles and is sometimes confused with that of 
 the white oak, but it is superior to it in strength. 
 
 Qu^rcus macrockrpa. 
 
 PIN OAK. WATER OAK. SWAHP SPANISH OAK. 
 
 {Plate LXIV.) 
 Qu^rcus paliistris. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Beech. Tnpering toicanfs the 
 
 top.- lo~ver brancheSy 
 declined. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 ^0-60 feet., or Mass. southward May, June, 
 higher. and westxvard. Pruit: Sept. ^ Oct. 
 
 Bark: dark grey or greenish brown; rough, with furrows that are slight 
 and far apart ; the bark of the branches often cracking and showing the reddish 
 inner bark. Leaves: three to five inches long ; simple ; altcruaie; with yellow 
 petioles ; obovate ; broad ; tapering or squared at the l)ase, and having from 
 five to nine lobes wiiich are toothed and bristle-tipped at the ends. Sinuses: 
 broad ; rounded ; and extending fully three quarters of the way to the midrib; 
 bright green ; smooth and lustrous above, paler below and tufted in the 
 

 U4 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 angles of the ribs with reddish hairs. Flowers: monoecious; the staminate 
 ones growing in slender catkins; pistillate ones mostly solitary. Acorns: 
 small; growing on short stems or sessile. Cup: flat; saucer-shaped; finely 
 scaled. Nut: light brown; rounded; often striped ; very broad, with a thin 
 shell. 
 
 The leaves of the pin oak strongly suggest to us in general 
 outline those of the scarlet oak, page 244. When we come to 
 
 examine them closely, however, we 
 notice among other things that they 
 are smaller and that their sinuses 
 extend nearer to the midrib. These 
 very differences, although they may 
 seem slight, do in reality change 
 the whole aspect of the trees, and 
 give to the pin oak a lighter, more 
 delicate appearance which is very 
 pretty. When young it is tapering 
 and symmetrical in outline ; but 
 age seems to distort it, and it be- 
 comes irregular and straggling. 
 Its pendulous branches mark it distinctively. In early spring 
 when the tree is blooming, its delicate maize-coloured cat- 
 kins hang among the tender green leaves and sway and nod 
 with them most enchantingly. In lowlands and guarding the 
 borders of streams the tree is common, and it sometimes is found 
 extending its roots into the river bed. In all places the tree 
 has its own peculiar beauty, and it is an excellent one for plant- 
 ing. In the autumn its leaves turn a deep, rich red. Its wood 
 is coarse and not of any great value. It warps badly in drying. 
 Galls, or oak-apples as they are sometimes called, are the 
 round excrescences made on the branches of oak trees by gall- 
 flies and their larvae. In some parts of New Jersey it seems as 
 though they had an especial preference for this species. Often in 
 the spring before enough green has been put forth to cover the 
 bareness of winter it is quite pitiable to see so many galls cling- 
 ing to the branches and destroying the appearance of really fine 
 
 Qutrcus paltistris. 
 
PLATE LX"/. PINOAK, Quercus pat,..,rn. 
 
 (135) 
 
136 
 
 TRKES GRUWLNG IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 trees. " That is a typical degenerate," is a criticism called 
 forth by one poor tree that was almost covered with them. 
 And it was so. When broken open little green worms are found 
 to be inhabitants of the galls, and they seem to thrive amazingly 
 well in the porous substance. 
 
 SWEET GUM. BILSTED. ALLIGATOR TREE. STAR- 
 LEAVED GUM. {P/ateLXV.) 
 
 Liquiiidmbar Styracljlua. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Witch-haztl. KoundiU; /'ranches, 60-140 _/>«•/. Conn, and soitthfrn A/<ri/. May, 
 
 siender, N. i'. southward and 
 
 westward to 111. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown ; very rough. BranchUts : usually covered with corky 
 ridges. Sli/tt/es: lanceolate ; entire. Leaves: simple; alternate; with slen- 
 der petioles ; rounded in outline ; cordate at the base ; palniately-lobed, the lobes 
 froni five to seven, usually five ; finely serrate ; brilliant, smooth and lustrous 
 above; ribs tufted in their angles below. Odour: pleasant, when biuised. 
 Flowers', monoecious ; the staminate ones growing in a dense terminal raceme ; 
 the pistillate ones growing in an axillary, peduncled head. Fiuit : a hanging 
 globose ball of woody, jiointed pods which open and release the few good seeds 
 contained within each one. 
 
 This most beautiful tree has many distinctive features. In 
 fact it seems to have a horror of doing things after any conven- 
 tional pattern. Its ideas are most chaste and original. In the 
 symmetry of their form and texture the star-like leaves are per- 
 fect, and the quaint balls of fruit which hang on the trees over 
 the winter are most interesting. The tree is also the only species 
 of this country. In the south it grows to a greater height than it 
 does northward, and its spicy, fragrant gum exudes more abun- 
 dantly from its bark. Amber fluid is the translation of the tree's 
 generic name which was bestowed on it in reference to this 
 gum or copal. It is quite valuable and is much used as a sub- 
 stitute for storax. The leaves contain tannin. Every year we 
 notice that this tree is being more extensively planted, and in 
 beauty of outline and detail it inight almost be said to be unri- 
 valled. As soon as the summer has begun to wane the leaves 
 turn a brilliant, deep crimson. There is a shining bright- 
 
In 
 
 :h 
 
 e s 
 
 lis 
 
 b- 
 
 ■\ve 
 
 It 
 
 in 
 
 ri- 
 
 es 
 
 Jt- 
 
 PLATP. LXV. SWELT GUM, Liqitiihxiiibai Styianflua. 
 
 COPVBlCHT, 14.1.J, BV fHtUtBICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTf IN AMCIIICA. 
 
I! [ 
 
Sia minate floiver. 
 
 PLATE LXVl. CORAL SUMAC, R,na M,upiu,n. 
 
 "371 
 
138 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 ness about these leaves, and when a spray of them is gathered 
 they bear well a close inspection ; for they are not defaced or 
 worm-eaten as is so much of the autumn foliage. In fact insects 
 are very shy of the tree, and borers inflict no damage on the 
 wood. The brownish-red wood of the sweet gum is smooth and 
 has a fine finish. It is not very strong and in drying warps badly. 
 It has, however, been used as a substitute for black walnut. 
 
 CORAL SUriAC. P0I50N WOOD. HOQ GUM. 
 
 i^Plate LXVI.) 
 Rhtis Met opium. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Sumac. 
 
 Head, broad: branches^ 
 spreading or pendulous. 
 
 ao-^o/eet. 
 
 Florida and 
 Florida Keys. 
 
 April-June. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; separating into thin plate-like scales. Inner bark : 
 orange. Branchlets : with many deep, orange-coloured excresences. Leaves: 
 compound; alternate; growing near the end of the branches, with petioles that 
 are enlarged at their bases; odd-pinnate, witii usually five ovate leaflets rounded 
 at the apex, and rounded, squared or wedge-shaped at the base; entire; thick; 
 glabrous on both sides; olive-green above, paler below, the terminal leaflet 
 sometimes longer than the others. Flowers: dicEcious; growing in long 
 axillary, erect panicles. Fruit: many deep orange-coloured drupes about half 
 an inch long; obovate; glabrous; poisonous. 
 
 About the southern keys and along the shores of Bay Bis- 
 cayne in southern Florida the coral sumac is common. It is 
 one of the most beautiful of all the smaller trees. In colour 
 its young bark is exquisite and suggests the mellow tones of 
 deeply tinted copper. Even though it is so fair, however, 
 confidence in it is sadly misplaced. The breath exhaled by the 
 dainty flowers is very poisonous, and its juices produce the 
 same symptoms of illness as do those of Rhus toxicodendron, 
 poison ivy. From incisions made in its bark an emetic and 
 resinous gum is obtained which has some commercial value. 
 
 The wood of the tree is not much used for it is rather weak. 
 In colour it is dark brown and is very effectively lined with red. 
 
JlS- 
 
 : is 
 
 )ur 
 
 of 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 iron, 
 
 and 
 
 iak. 
 red. 
 
 Flower stripped of envelope. 
 
 PLATE LXVII. WESTERN LOCUST. Robinia Neo-Mexicana. 
 
 (139) 
 
140 
 
 TREKS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 WESTERN LOCUST. {FMc LXVII.) 
 
 Robinia At'o-Mexi'caita. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 \- -ijji.it. Cohn iiiio to ^i-iv MejciiO May. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Pea. Sp> cm/ii!,^'. 
 
 iiiui UHst'iVard. 
 
 Bark: light brown; rough and scaly. Stipules: developing later into spines. 
 Leave s : compound; alternate; with li)ng pubescent i)etioles and having from 
 til teen to twenty-one leallets; oblony-elliptical, rounded or pointed at the apex 
 and rounded at tiie base; entire; bluisli green and glabrous above, slightly 
 pubescent on the lower si ,es ol the veins antl midrib. Floivers : rose colour* 
 or nearly wiiite, growing in short, compact ractmies. Calyx: hairv. Corolla: 
 papilionaceous, the standard low and broad. Legiivies : linear; curving; 
 |)ointed at the lower end and covered with biistly hairs. Seeds : dark brown. 
 
 There is sDinething particukuiy distinct and beautiful about 
 all of the locusts ; and if we have followed only one of them in 
 its course of development from the early swelling of its buds to 
 the change an 1 oxidation of its leaves in the autumn, it is only 
 reasonable to feel ourselves somewhat in harmony with the 
 whole genus. It then becomes a matter of intense interest to 
 note the smallest variation in flower or foliage or fruit that 
 aids to distinguish one species from another. 
 
 In Colorado only, does Robinia Neo-Mexicana become a tree ; 
 in other places it occurs as a shrub. Through cultivation it is 
 becoming familiar, and it is quite hardy in New England. Time 
 however is required for it to regard the nearness of man with 
 fearlessness. Its instincts warn it, like those of the savage, to 
 be on the defensive. We notice therefore that it is most 
 abundantly supplied with sharp spines. Along the banks of 
 wild mountain streams in its natural habitat these were its 
 faithful weapons and protected its buds and bark from the 
 ravages of small animals. 
 
 AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH. ROWAN TREE. 
 AMERICAN SERVICE TREE. {Plate LXVIII.) 
 
 Sdrbus Aviericana. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Af'pU. Almost fyraiiiidal., \o-t,o /ect 
 slender. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 New Foundland -.vestivard May., June, 
 and south'.eard lUong the Fruit: Sept. 
 A Iti-ghanies. 
 
 ^(Z'/i' ; dull brown; almost smooth; odour, astringent. Leave.t : compound; 
 alternate; odd-jiinnate; with red, grooved stalks and from nine to seventeen 
 
 
.OOM 
 
 <■//. 
 
 PLATE LXVIII. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH. S.uhis . I /fn/n^nui. 
 
 COPYRIOMt, t .0.1, Br rKtDtHKK A. SrO»f> fu'.Ui-,, 
 PHINrC.1 IN *MERIC«. 
 
^ 
 
 L 
 
TREES GRCJWlNCi IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 141 
 
 almost sessile, long ovate or lanceohite Icaricts, tai)er-poiiitecl at the apex and 
 
 Eointed or rounded at the base. Finely st;irate; Ijriglit green above; i)aler 
 elow and glabrous on botli sides. Mcwc-rs : small; wliite; growing in large 
 flat cymes, as many as a hundred blossoms in some clusters. I'rttit : b'ight 
 red scarlet berries about the size of large peas with a black spot at the apex. 
 
 It is not only in the spriiij^ tliat there is so much of beauty 
 about the trees ; although they tl •■■ seem to be having their 
 revel of mirth and lavishncss. '1.,^, autumn, with its line of 
 purple in the sky, its many tinted mountains and hills, its 
 richly-coloured frnits that are busy scattering their seeds, 
 so beautifully fulfils the promises of early spring that there 
 seems to be about it an even greater charm. I'.ut there is a 
 note of sadness in the autumn, for it sings that the sumn-ier is 
 past. Grim Winter is on his way, and who woidd stay his 
 unerring step as he returns to reclaim his own ? At this season 
 of the year the berries of the mountain ash are cheerful things 
 to look upon. Their shower of scarlet is abundant, and they 
 remain on the trees for a long time. In cultivation the tree is 
 now so frequent and familiar that it is almost a surprise to 
 meet it in its natural habitat. It then grows in low or moist 
 ground ; sometimes even in swamps and cold mountain woods. 
 An identical form of the tree occurs in Japan. 
 
 S. sambucifolia^ Western mountain ash, or elder-leaved 
 mountain ash, has broader and shorter leaflets than those of 
 Sorbus Americana which are doubly toothed and have blunt 
 points. It also grows in moist soil. 
 
 S. aiicuparia, Rowan tree or European mountain ash, differs 
 again in having leaves that are pubescent on both sides, espe- 
 cially so when young. The calyx of its flowers and the pedicels 
 are woolly. 
 
 Rowan tree as it is generally called is reported to have 
 escaped from cultivation on Prince I'Alward Island. Just how 
 it did so is not related ; but it probably hoodwinked the 
 officials or tossed a sleeping draught to the gate keepers, for it 
 has a long established reputation for witchcraft and the power 
 to dispel evil spirits. 
 
142 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 BILTHORE A5H. {Plate LXTX.) 
 
 Fraxinus Biltmoreana . 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME Of Bi OOM 
 
 Olive. 
 
 Head. p/>fn; branches, 
 spreading. 
 
 y>\<Mffet. 
 
 (/'</. to I 'a.. Teiin. 
 and Ala, 
 
 April-June. 
 
 
 Bm;'^^^. 
 
 71/'^ 
 
 Upper hark: light bluish grty. Twigs: stout; velvety. Buds: dark 
 hrowii. Leaves: two to three inches long; conipnund; opposite; with dark, 
 1)1 ' .-scent petioles; with from seven to nine oval, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 
 le.iflcts pointed at the a])ex and pointed or rounded at the base; entire or 
 remotely dentate; soft light green and glabrous above, lighter and velvety 
 below. Samaras : large, growing three to five inches long in dense jjanicles; 
 the wing many nerved and slightly lobed at the apex. Seeds : elliptical. 
 
 Among the ashes there is hardly one more graceful or with 
 
 foliage of a more sunny, ex- 
 quisite green tlian that of the 
 Biltmore ash. It is light and 
 restless, and after it has faded 
 and fallen the tree looks as 
 though it missed it sadly ; but the 
 seed pods which have then turned 
 to a dull tan colour still cling to 
 the tree and for a long time 
 hang in great bunches upon its 
 boughs as though to cheer it for 
 its loss. 
 
 The tree received its name 
 from Mr. Beadle who so christ- 
 ened it because it is the common 
 species on the r>iltmore estate, 
 it there grows abundantly along the French-Broad and 
 Swanona Rivers. In general appearance the tree suggests the 
 white ash, Fraxinus Americana, more than any other, although 
 it may be distinguished from it i)y the pubescence of its twigs 
 and petioles. Occasionally it grows to tiie height of a hundred 
 feet, but when it occurs in drier soil and among the mountains 
 it is generally small. 
 
 
 
 
 7 ' 
 
 /■> a.rin us BiltiiiorciX na . 
 
lame 
 irist- 
 imon 
 ;tate. 
 and 
 s the 
 ough 
 wigs 
 dred 
 tains 
 
 PLk'E LXIX, BILTMORE ASH, /■i\i.\//ius A'//////, wj;/,?. 
 
 (QCYHKiMT, l'.0<>, BV FHEDERKK A. STOWES nOMPANt. 
 fMIN rtD IN AMtHlCA. 
 
PLATE LXX. WESTERN BLADDER-NUT. Siaphylea Bolande. 
 
 (U3) 
 
 rt. 
 
144 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 WESTERN BLADDER-NUT. i^IHate LXX ) 
 St I ip/t)'iii I BoUin deri. 
 
 FAMILY 
 Stiijftree. 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 Erect: bratulu's, 
 
 itout. 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 About ybj'fft. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 ^'J'iii. ijic Joifsti."' 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 A/>,U. 
 Fruit: July. 
 
 Branches: reddish brown, the new growth light yellow or green. Lfaves: 
 compound; oijpositc ; thrce-foliatc ; witii long pctiok-s ; the IcaHets broadly 
 oval ; abrujxly pointed at the ajjcx. and pointed or blunt at the base ; serrate; 
 };labrous. Fltnveis : greenish white ; perfect ; regular, and growing in drooping, 
 terminal panicles. Sr/'iils : five. /VA/Zj .• five. ^VAf/wtv/j- ; five ; exserted. J'is- 
 til : one, with three styles, l-'niit: laige ; bladdei-liUe, and containng from on. 
 to four flattened seed in each cell. 
 
 To follow the woods aiul streams with eyes alert to all that 
 is growing is to live upon the brink of discovery, and when a 
 rare or unknown plant is found there is a certain dread and ex- 
 citement lest one may have been deceived, and a fear tiiat the 
 illusion will be shattered by some one pointing out that it has 
 been known and written abotit in ages past. 
 
 The specific name of the western bladder-nut commemorates 
 the collector who first discovered it growing at McCloud's 
 Fork of the Sacramento River, It is one of the rarest shrubs of 
 the Pacific coast ; and it is not thought that it has been intro- 
 duced into cultivation. Even more interesting than the fine 
 delicate flowers are the curious bladder-like seed vessels. That 
 they have sprung from things so small seems indeed a mystery, 
 
 ELDER. {Plate LXXL) 
 Sambiicits Caniiiie/isis var. Mexicana. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Honeysuckle. 
 
 RouKil-to/>/>i'(i^ 
 compact. 
 
 \o-y-t feet. 
 
 U'lSfrrn Texas to 
 California. 
 
 Marc/i-July. 
 
 Biirk: brownish red ; broken in horizontal ridges. Lenses: compound; op- 
 l)osite ; odd-pinnate ; with pubescent stalks and five ovate-lanceolate leaflets, 
 pointed at the apex and wedge-shaped at the base ; sharply serrate, and be- 
 c lining entire at the base ; yellow-green ; thick ; pubescent along the veins. 
 Fhm'crs: white; minute; growing in large, flat cymes. Jrtiit: a blue-black 
 diupe ; juicy, and having no bloom. 
 
 There are, perhaps, few that are not familiar with the com- 
 mon elder, the shrub about which cluster so many old tradi- 
 tions. In western Texas, and extending to California, the vari- 
 
 I 
 
t 
 
 PLATE LXXI. ELDER. Sambucus Canadcnsn var. Mexi 
 
 (H5) 
 
 ana 
 
146 
 
 TREES GROWING IN MOIS r SOIL. 
 
 ety called Mexicana dilTcrs from it in becoming arborescent in 
 its habit. It is a very ornamental tree, free from objectional 
 features, and about houses it is much planted for shade. Its fine 
 light foliage makes it desirable for the purpose. 'Vhv Indians 
 and Mexicans assiduously gather its fruit every year and have 
 many ways of preparing it as food, which, it is said, they keenly 
 relish. 
 
 .V. Canadensis, sweet elder or elderberry, is a well known 
 woody shrub, which commonly grows from five to ten feet 
 high. Its flowers and cymes of deep purple fruit are possessed 
 of medicinal properties. The leaves when crushed emit a 
 heavv scent. 
 
 SWEET BUCKEYE. BIG BUCKEYE. YELLOW 
 
 BUCKEYE. {Plate LXXII.) 
 
 . Esc III us octdndra . 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Sodf'-itity. LiunpiiLt; />7iiHi/irs, jd-ijo/i','/. Alon^ i/w Aih\i;/iiinii's April-June, 
 
 ■siii^litly pendulous. to Cm. ivcstwayd to louux. 
 
 Bivk : (lark Iiidwm ; se])aratinj; irto iliin pieces. Braiuhlcts : oraiige-liiown 
 when VDimj;. /..v/rv.f ; D.ilmatt'lv-coinpduiul ; opposite, with usually five or some- 
 times seven long, oval, or elliptical leaflets, ta])er-pointe(l ai the apex and base; 
 sharply serrate; glabrous alxjve and pubescent along the ribs underneaih. 
 Flowers: pale yellow; growing on short jjcdicels in close jianicles. ddyx : 
 oblong; with five |)oinls. Corolla : with five petals, the lateral ones long, nar- 
 •ow at the ends and rounded. Shvuciis : shorter than the petals. F; itit : a 
 lound, green hu>k ; uneven on tlie surlace but without jjricklcs and enclosing 
 one or two large brown nuts. 
 
 In the onilincof the buckeyes the is something particularly 
 compact and well-regulated, and iheir symmetrical leaves 
 (ling together as though to shut out the intrusion of other ideas 
 than their o.vn. We can hardly fancy the boughs of these 
 trees waving poetically ; they are much too conventional. The 
 leaflets, as can be seen from a comparison of the illustrations, 
 are very dilTerently shaped from those of the horse-chestnut, 
 which is an introduced tree. The sweet buckeye is so named 
 because the odour of the meat of its nut is not peculiar like 
 that of others of the genus. It is a handsome and shapely tree, 
 
arly 
 lives 
 Lleae 
 lie St 
 jrhe 
 pns, 
 
 (Hit, 
 
 lied 
 likr 
 ■ec, 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 PLATE LXXIl. SWEET BUCKEYE. Arsnilst^ ,\ lan^/ra. 
 
 rOPVHU.MT, I'iu», uy fHtOEHUK *. STOKES COMPANY 
 PHINTEU IN AMEMIC*. 
 
L 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 ^47 
 
 and appears well in cultivation. 
 In the early spring when it is 
 covered with its yellow flowers 
 it seems to have suddenly be- 
 come quite frivolous. In the 
 southwest the tree is hardly more 
 than a shrub. Its wood is creamy 
 white, strong, and difficult to 
 split. 
 
 A. odd lid ra liybnda, p u r ji 1 e 
 sweet buckeye, is readily dis- 
 tinguished from the preceding 
 species in its season of bloom, 
 as its flowers are purple or dull 
 red. The leaves, also, are very 
 downy on their under surface, and the bark of the tree is lightt 
 in colour. 
 
 .itsiiilus octiiiuira. 
 
 OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. {Plate LX XIII.) 
 
 yEsciiliis gldb) ■( X . 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Soap-berry. Spreading: branches, 18-35 _/V<'/, c' Alons^ tie AUi'^hanirs May. 
 
 sleiuier, kicluy. to .lia . a lui ice:,tiva>d. Fruit: Oct. 
 
 Bark : grey; furrowed and se])aratiiig into thin scales; odour, disagreeable. 
 Leaves: palniateiy-conipound ; opposite; with slender petioles and live or seven 
 long oval leaflets, taper-pointed at the apex and base ; unecpiaily serrate; yel- 
 lowish green above, paler below ; almost glabrous at maturity. Flowers: not 
 showy; I^ale yellow giecii ; growing in a short |)anii le ; pubescent. Corolla: 
 with four erect and rather imifoiin petals having claws, /•'niit : two smooth 
 nuts, enclosed in a green round husk with prickles wlien young. 
 
 Although this is not a common tree it has grown so exten- 
 sively in Ohio that the name "the Buckeye State " has been 
 the outcome. It is also hardy in New England. In low, moist 
 ground and river bottom lands it finds its natural habitat. For 
 almost every contrivance of man it sccn.s as though there 
 

 Enlarged flotuer. 
 
 PLATE LXXIII. OHIO BUCKEYE, ^^sculiis glabra. 
 
 ('148) 
 
TREES GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. 
 
 [49 
 
 were a tree which bore the 
 necessary and best adapted 
 wood. Sucli is the provision 
 and forethought of nature. 
 The wood of the genus .-Kscu- 
 lus is better than any other for 
 the making of artificial limbs. 
 J. Calif oniica, the California 
 buckeye, is usually a small 
 tree. The accompanying dia- 
 gram was taken from a speci- 
 men that had attained a great size and rounded, compact pro- 
 portions. It bears five leafiets that are slender stalked. 
 
 /^sctilus Ca/i/oruica. 
 
' 
 
 Trees Preferring to Grow in Rich Soil: 
 Forests and Thickets. 
 
 // 7i.u7s tiviliglit in the denser woods, 
 
 A II the birds had eeased to sing. 
 And n ivondrous stillness filled the air 
 
 As eaeJi vine did closer climr. 
 
 Not a leaf was stirred on all the trees, 
 ' Twas as though their trunks icere stone. 
 
 On the sultry air all there seemed carved ; 
 Too heavy and sad to moan. 
 
 Had the earth Just rung for evening prayer, 
 The tiviliglit breeze lulled to sleep / 
 
 Or was it a painting, where all is dead, 
 And shadows are long and deep ? 
 
 No voice came the question to answer, 
 Nor sign from the cloudless sky ; 
 
 ' Till frightened perhaps by the calmness. 
 Sailed high a white butterfy. 
 
 CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. 
 
 {Plate LX XIV.) 
 Magnolia acuininata. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Miignoliii. Pyraiiihiiii, slvii(h'>\ Cv.>k)o/cft. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Son/lie) )i X. )'. so'.itli- A /^lii-J mtc. 
 -Autni It lul ■7i;\\t7('(ir,/. 
 
 B(7rk : dark; rough. Braiuhlcts : pubescent. Leaf-hiuts : silkv; pubescent. 
 Leaves: simple ; alternate; pctioled and scattered along the branches ; oblong, 
 pointed at the apex and rounded at the base. Dark green above, lighter below 
 
PLATE LXXIV. CUCUMBER TREE. M.^nolia acuminata. 
 
 (151) 
 
"X 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 and pulK'scent. Fhnvers ; three to six inches in diameter ; terminal ; solitary. 
 Calyx: rctlcxed. Corolla: pale greenish yellow; fragrant, with six large obo- 
 vate, narrow pointed ])etais. Fruit: large; ovate ; glabrous ; Ijccoming rose 
 coloured when ripe, i^eeds : orange-red and hanging when released from the 
 pods by fine white filaments. 
 
 When we wander ihiough a strip of woodland wliere the soil 
 is rich and the atmosphere feels as though it were a shroud of 
 humid vapour, we may look about among the white ash, the 
 white oak and the sugar maples for the fragrant bloom of Mag- 
 nolia acuminata. Ikit it is generally a rare find, and it is not 
 sufficiently common to be much associated with the forests. Its 
 growth is most luxurious in the valleys at the bases of the 
 mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. At all seasons 
 of the year it is a notable tree, although it can not be com- 
 pared to the great-flowered magnolia, which has, however, 
 attained so leading a place in beauty's ranks that it is per- 
 haps inijust to use it as a standard for others. The resemblance 
 of the tree's fruit when green to a small cucumber is responsi- 
 ble for its English name. Magnolia acuminata has been used 
 with much success as a stock on which to graft Magnolia Vir- 
 ginia and the magnolias of Eastern Asia. They then grow 
 more freely than when left entirely dependent upon themselves. 
 The wood of the tree has been used in cabinet work ; but gen- 
 erally speaking that of the whole genus, excepting Magnolia 
 fa'tida, is too soft and spongy to be of any great value, 
 
 M. cordata, yellow cucumber tree, is a variety of this species 
 which is widely cultivated. It is hardy as far northward as 
 Boston. A most beautiful effect is produced by it when its 
 lemon-coloured flowers are pushing out of the buds. 
 
 SMOOTH AZALEA. TREE AZALEA. {Plate LXXV.) 
 
 Azalea arboriscens. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Heath. 
 
 Rounded. 
 
 Z-io/eet. 
 
 Southern i't-im. to 
 North Caroliiut. 
 
 J line, July. 
 
 Bark: dark, tinged with red. Leaves: simple; alternate; petioled ; obo- 
 vate, acute at both ends, with entire margins which are delicately fringed. 
 Hright green and lustrous above, p.ilcr and glaucous underneath ; in drying 
 fragrant. Flowers; rose coloured or white; very fragrant; growing in terminal 
 
la 
 
 'S 
 IS 
 
 )M 
 
 al 
 
 PLAit LAAv. bM^'UiH AZALtA, ./ ait ii lU i'ci , 
 
 iul-»Kl(,Mr. 1 (.1.1. u, FHEDEIIKK A. STOKES roMl'A-,! 
 PHINTEU IN AMEHirV. 
 
'Fill 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 '53 
 
 clusters and appearing afler tlie leaves. Culyx : five-lubetl ; conspicuous. 
 Corolla: (iiiinel-iorin with live sonicwluit invguiar ioljes ; viscid. Slamfiis: 
 red; five; protruding. J'islil : one with a red style; protruding. Ca/'sules: 
 oblong. 
 
 Such a wealth of beauty and fragrance is shed about by tliis 
 lovely azalea in its season of bloom that its presence is hailed 
 by every breeze that blows. Often when a strip of woodland 
 is entered, and the dark trees cling together as though to shut 
 out the light of day, the perfume laden air bespeaks that by 
 following its gi;idance the azalea is to be found. Steps are 
 taken and the fragrance becomes stronger. Then as a burst of 
 rosy light the blossoms reveal themselves. Thousands of bees 
 hum about them and guard the tree from hands that would 
 carry its treasures away. Hetween this tree and tiie beautiful 
 'Awnh?, Aza!(\i I'lscosaixwiX Azah-a /in(/ijhra there is much that is 
 similar, altiiough they never become arborescent in their habit. 
 Our familiarity with them, however, will help us to appreciate 
 this most charming relative of the south. It has aj^pealed 
 strongly to horticulturists, and is much seen in greenhouses. 
 
 AHERICAN LINDEN. BASSWOOD. WHITEWOOD. 
 
 WHISTLE-WOOD. {Plale LXX VI) 
 
 Tili'a Americana. 
 
 FAMIIY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Linden. Rounded, ti^ficrhis; 60-801 20 _/<*■/. Kort!r.vit>d r.nd south- .\iii)\ J iiiie. 
 
 toxvard the summit. ivard to I'iri^inia and 
 
 '.Ofstwiltd, 
 
 Bark : dark brown deeply ridged vertically, and separatinc; into thin scales. 
 Branches: lii^ht grey or brown, terminating in green. /(V^rv.r .•foiif to five inclies 
 long; simple; alternate; slcnder-petiolcd ; ronndcd in outline with abruptly 
 and conspicuously ])ointed apex and cordate base ; one side of the leaf gener- 
 ally less developed than the other; sharply and irregularly toothed ; dark 
 green, smooth and glossy above; pubescent imderneath, and cspeciallv s<i in the 
 angles of the light colouretl aiul jironiinent ribs. Flo'U'rrs : cream colour; fr.w 
 grant ; growing under the leaves in a cvme on a loni;. sh.Mider peduiicle that 
 hangs from the centre of the nudrib of a leaf-like axillarv bract which is ap])le- 
 green, lanceolate and smooth. Sc'/'als : five ; jnibescent. Petals : five. Stanii'iis: 
 numerous, anil adhering in clusters of dya to a petal-like scale before each 
 petal. Fruit: greenish grev; round; downv. and resembling small peas when 
 young; the style and five-toothed sligma projecting from its top. SWds : ten. 
 
 A bright but unfortunately unknown poet has said that " the 
 loveliest rose in the world is opportunity." And it is opportu- 
 
154 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 nity which we must court when studyinjj the trees. Usually it is 
 
 a mistake to pass one by, 
 
 .>v 
 
 ''rShr, 
 
 
 •:^? 
 
 
 
 especially when it is in 
 bloom, with the thought 
 that we will study it when 
 later we return. Later our 
 path may lead us into unex. 
 pected places, where we 
 shall find ourselves en- 
 grossed by other things ; 
 and when, perchance, we 
 do return to the tree that 
 we have borne in mind, we 
 see that its blossoms have 
 perished and a new order of 
 things is in progress. 
 
 Either in bloom or in fruit 
 the American linden is an 
 interesting study. It aj)- 
 pears to be hung with two 
 distinct shades of green ; the dark green of its leaves and the 
 shimmering, light apple-green of its curious bracts. The 
 dainty, little blossoms fall early in the season, and their place 
 is taken by many precise, pert-looking balls of fruit. They 
 nod and sway with the breezes for a long time. T'lnally, the 
 bracts lose their colour, become scale-like and gradually fall. 
 The carpet they then spread under the trees and the out-flying 
 ones are all that remain in the autumn to testify that anything 
 unusual has occurred. 
 
 The wood of Tilia Americana is brownish red and soft. It 
 is free from blemishes and knots, and is, therefore, desirable 
 to use for the panelling of carriages. Much care is necessary 
 when manipulating it, as it has a tendency to crack badly. The 
 inner bark is extremely tough, from it coarse rope and 
 
 mats are made. 
 
 7Y//(» -i >iieric(ina. 
 
PLATE LXXVl. AMERICAN LINDEN. I'ltia A ni,, u ,iiui 
 
 COf'YHK'.Hr, 1 »...!, DT fHtLEHICK A. STOKES COMt'ANt 
 PKINTED IN AMLHICA. 
 
PLATE LXXVii, WHirt BASSWOOD. Tilia heteropitylla, 
 
 (155) 
 
is6 
 
 TRKES GROWING IN RICH SUIL. 
 
 T. hetcrophylla, {Plate LXXVII), white basswood, linden bee- 
 tree or Wahoo, differs from the foregoing species in having 
 larger leaves which are covered underneath with a silvery white 
 down and through which show purple ribs. This delicate fea- 
 ture adds much to the beauty of the leaf. The height of the tree 
 is from about fifty to sixty feet. It inhabits the mountains of 
 Pennsylvania and occurs soutlnvartl to Florida and westward to 
 Illinois. Recently it has been found in Central New York. On 
 the slopes of the mountains in Tennessee it is seen in a great 
 state of development. It is always a very beautiful tree. 
 Northward it is unfortunately rare even in cultivation. 
 
 T. piibesdns is again distinguished by its comparatively small 
 leaf and its thinness. Much of the pubescence which is con- 
 spicuous along the ribs and in their angles is lost at maturity. 
 The bracts, to which are attached the peduncles of the blos- 
 soms, are sessile, and they are most often rounded at the ex- 
 tremities. The tree is found growing in rich soil from Long 
 Island to Florida, and westward to Texas. 
 
 T. Eiiropcca^ European linden, is commonly seen planted about 
 dwellings, and grows to a height of about thirty-five or forty 
 feet. There are varieties of it which are similar to both the 
 native small-leaved and large-leaved species. Their stamens, 
 however, are free from scales and the trees have pyramid- 
 shaped heads. 
 
 WILD RED CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY. PIN CHERRY. 
 
 PIGEON CHERRY. {Plate LX XVII i:) 
 
 Pr units Pennsylvdnica. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 rium. Head, Uiiryo'tU or 2<j-4o_/Vv/. KorHiumrd to Ca. and .1 pri/. May. 
 
 roiindi-d ; hraitches, to Unva a/id wesiwat J, I'ruit : June,, July, 
 horizontal. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown and covered with enlarged orange-coloiircd dots, when 
 olil inclined to peel ahont the trunk into tliin, |)apery sheets. Stipules : early 
 falling. Lt'a-i'cs : simple ; alternate, or growing in clusters of five with slender, 
 grooved i)etioles ; oval, with pointed apex and pointed or rounded base; finely 
 serrate ; netted-veincd ; thin ; bright green; smooth and lustrous above; paler 
 
-ty 
 
 id- 
 
 ^M 
 
 |//j'. 
 
 lien 
 rly 
 -r, 
 
 -ly 
 
 Her 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 O' 
 
 below, with iniiuito white pubescence; aromatic. F/iruurs : wliite ; ahnost 
 scentless; growing in umbels of four or five from long, slender iKtliccls from 
 separate, lateral buds. Calyx : with five recurved sepals. Coiolla : of five 
 rosaceous petals. Stamens : numerous, of different lengths. Pistil : one. Frml: 
 a light red drupe; round, about the size of a full-grown pea, and tipped with 
 a remnant of the style ; sour. 
 
 In the early spring woods, when but feeble suggestions are 
 to be seen of tlie swelling foliage and a full-grown leaf is an 
 expectation, it is very pleasant to find the red cherry. At all 
 seasons of the year there is a sprightly, crisp charm about the 
 tree ; but it then claims our attention as being one of the first 
 that have ventured into bloom. The delicate, white blossoms 
 unfold with the leaves, or when they are partly grown, and 
 might almost be mistaken for belated snowtlakes that are 
 slowly dropping through the branches. As they fall away the 
 fresh, green leaves which have been folded together lengthwise 
 in the bud begin to spread themselves. They ever retain a 
 wavy, curving edge. In the autumn they turn a bright yellow. 
 The tree germinates readily, and its seeds are deposited by 
 birds that greedily eat its fruit. In many places the red cherry 
 is abundantly seen among the shrubbery of the waysides, al- 
 though it then seldom attains a full development. The tree is 
 short lived. In the fruit herbalists have found medicinal pro[)- 
 erties. 
 
 r. Ma/tah'b, perfumed cherry, or INIahale!), is a small tree, or 
 sometimes a shrub which is becoming frecpient in this country 
 along the waysides and in waste places. It comes from Europe 
 where its wood is largely used in cabinet work. The particu- 
 lar charm about it is the fragrance of its white blossoms. They 
 grow in corymbed clusters on the young, leafy branches of the 
 season, and unfold at the same time as the smooth, ovate 
 leaves. The drupe is almost black and tinged with red. 
 
I 
 
 PLATE LXXIX. AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE. 
 
 (15S) 
 
 Mains coronaria. 
 
PLATE LXXX. NARROW-LEAVED CRAB-APPLE. Mains aii,i:iistiJo/uu 
 
 COPVHiriHT, iqno, Br fredekkk », «,tokf_s comhany. 
 
 PHINTED IN AMEHIC.4 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 159 
 
 AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB 
 
 TREE. {Plate LXXIX.) 
 
 MiMus corondria. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Apple. Heady open: lo-i^/eet. 
 
 branches^ spreading. 
 
 RANGE 
 Ontario to Mic/t., south- 
 wiird to So. Caroiiiia. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Aprity May. 
 /•ruit: Sept. 
 
 Bark : reddish brown, the outer layers separating into thin plates. Sti/>ulfs : 
 early falling. Leaves : simple; alternate ; with slender, downy petioles; ovate, 
 with pointed apex and rounded or slightly cordate base. Eilgcd toothed when 
 mature, and frequently appearing as though having two side lobes. Jiright 
 green above; paler below; at maturity glabrous. FUmicrs : large; rose coloureil, 
 or white; fragrant; growing in loose, terminal umbels anil appearing after the 
 leaves. Calyx: pubjscent. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: numerous. 
 Pistil : one. Fruit : a yellowish-green poiue; very fragrant; and covered with 
 a waxy substance ; sour. 
 
 Who that is acquainted with the odours of nature does not 
 lift his head in the air to inhale more freely the delightful fra- 
 grance of this little tree and then look about to locate its 
 presence ? The deeply-hued, brilliant blossoms are particularly 
 lovely and enliven all the rusty and misty green tones which 
 hover over the earth so early in the season. About the fruit, 
 however, there is a sly deception ; it appears as though it might 
 be very good and thus many are led to taste of it, when the 
 disillusion is sad indeed. By a little judicious management 
 housewives make it into crab-apple jelly and preserves. Cider 
 also is made from the fruit. As a shrub the American crab- 
 apple is rather distorted and bushy in outline; but when seen 
 as a small tree in cultivation hardly one more beautiful can be 
 imagined. Its fruit then becomes tinged with red and yellow. 
 
 M. (7n:^/ts/i/b/ia, narrow-leaved crab-apple, {Plate LX XX. ^ 
 differs from the preceding species in that its leaves are narrowly- 
 oblong, or lanceolate. It mostly inhabits the south and west 
 and, what is rather unusual from its locality, bears smaller 
 flowers and fruit than the northern one. The coloured illustra- 
 tion shows clearly its lovely spray of pink blossoms and its 
 round, green fruit. Its wood is closely grained and heavy. It 
 is made into handles for tools and into manv small articles. 
 
Drupe, laid ('/<:•>!. Si'Ction o/jhnver. 
 
 PLATE LXXXI. CANADA PLUM. Pnmus nigra. 
 
 (1601 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. i6i 
 
 CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM. {Plate LXXXI.) 
 
 Pr it nits nigra. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Plum. 
 
 Head, narrow : branches. 
 
 to-yi/eet. 
 
 AVzc linglanii lo 
 
 Max. 
 
 
 upright. 
 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Fruit: August. 
 
 Bark: light brownish grey; thin and separating into sheets. Stipules : lanceo- 
 late, or lobed and early falling. Leaves: simple; alternate, with stout petioles 
 which have one or two red glands by the blade; oval; pointed at tiie apex and 
 obtuse or slightly cordate at the base; coarsely serrate; when young pubes- 
 cent and tinged with red; smooth at maturity ; not lustrous. Flcnvers : white; 
 turning as they fade to pink; growing on long, reddish j^edicels in lateral 
 umbels and opening before the leaves. Fruit : an orange-red drupe; oval; the 
 skin thick. Stone : clinging closely to the flesh. 
 
 When this tree of the plum family is in bloom or hung with 
 its translucent, radiant fruit it seems to elicit continual praise. 
 In its wild state it is a thorny tree and the long spikes add much 
 to its rugged, picturesque beauty. When it, however, resigns 
 its cares in life into the hands of the horticulturist these thorns 
 become eliminated. Their original purpose which was to pro- 
 tect the fruit from the ravages of small animals is superfluous 
 in the modern garden. In fact pomologists have done much in 
 the way of diminishing them by budding with other stock and 
 selecting buds from those branches that have the fewest thorns. 
 For in cultivation thorns are no doubt an objection to a tree. 
 Pickers are annoyed by them, and during wind storms they 
 often puncture the fruit so as to render it unfit for the market. 
 Throughout the northern New England states and in Canada 
 the tree is widely cultivated, and is used as a stock upon which 
 to graft the domestic plum. As is true of many of the family 
 its fruit is quite prone to vary. Much of it finds its way into the 
 markets. It is eaten raw by many and is excellent for stewing 
 and making into preserves. 
 
 The usual habitat of the Canada plum is in rich, alluvial soil. 
 It also grows with the hawthorns in thickets, or by the borders 
 of forests and occasionally in the neighbourhood of streams. 
 
PLATE LXXXII. WILD PLUM. Prunus sitbcordata. 
 
 (162) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 163 
 
 WILD PLUM. {Plati LXXXJI.) 
 Primus sitbcordaia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Plum. Hranchesy \'y2^/cei, Oregon and Cali/orniii. Marc/t, .l/ii il, 
 
 liorizontiil. Fruit; Au^.^ Stf>t, 
 
 B(irk : prcyish brown; rough. Ihanchhts : bright red ami marked witli 
 pale IcnticcLs. Lcii'vs : simple; alternate, pctiolcd; hroadly-uvate, i)luntly 
 pointed at the apex and slightly cordate or scjuarcd at the l)a.se ; sharply and 
 singly or doubly serrate ; dai k prcun and glabrous above only sligiuly pubes- 
 cent underneath at maturity. jf'7(>~c'rrs : growing in nearly sessile unii)cl.s and 
 appearing before the leaves. C<i/yx : canipamilate, with five pubesct nt lobes. 
 Corolla: with five white, rounded petals. Fruit: dark biaisli, red or yellow; 
 somewhat acrid but pleasantly flavoured. 
 
 About the autumn colours in Oregon, Mr. E. W. Ilaniniond 
 writes : " The wild plum sometimes becomes a small tree, but 
 is seen generally as a small shrub three, four or five feet in 
 height. It often sets the whole country-sitle ablaze in the 
 autumn with the abundance of its scarlet and crimson colours, 
 mingled, of course, with red and yellow, and garnished with a 
 sprinkling of green." 
 
 In bloom it is also a gay sight, as are an of its kindred when 
 their showers of dolicate, flake-like petals alight. In fading 
 those of the wild plum turn to pale pink, and almost before the 
 earth can have accustomed itself to their presence they steadily 
 fall. 
 
 The tree or shrub is full of vigour and yields in cultivation 
 an abundance of fruit. Upon it several European species of 
 plums have been grafted with excellent results. West of the 
 Sierra Nevada mountains in California and Oregon, where 
 Prunus subcordata is well known, its fruit is yearly sought and 
 made into delicious jellies and jams. 
 
 HAWTHORN. 
 
 SCARLET THORN. RED HAW. 
 
 {Plate LXXXJ/I^ 
 
 FAMILY 
 Apple. 
 
 Cratccgtis coccinca. 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 Spreading: branches, 10-30 yiv/. 
 crooked. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May. 
 
 Fruit: Sept, 
 
 RANGE 
 
 iVcw Foundland ivest- 
 
 'liuird, southward to 
 
 Florida. 
 
 Bark: brown or ask colour; b>- .cen in thin plates. Branchlets : silver, 
 green; glimmering. Thorns: one to two inches long; curved. Leaves: 
 
PLATE LXXXIII. HAWTHORN. Cratagus coccinea, 
 
 (164) 
 
TREKS GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 i6s 
 
 simple ; alternate ; slcnder-pctioled in alternate bunches ; rounded-ovate, with 
 pointed apex and pointed or slightly heart-shaped base ; sharply and unevenly 
 tuothed or forming small lobes; deep green tinged with red, shining and glab- 
 rous; membranous. FUnuers : huge; white, pink or reddish; clustered in a 
 corymb; odour, unpleasant. Calyx: urn-shaped; five-cleft. Corolla: of five 
 ros. "eous i)etals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: one with from three to five 
 styit:^^ Fniit : bright scarlet ; ovate ; not edible. 
 
 Among the hawthorns there are a number of beautiful trees 
 with close, fine foliage and dainty, cherry-like blossoms which 
 unfold an abundance of brightness in the springtime. ^Ve are 
 prone to lament that the odours of many of tiie species are dis- 
 agreeable; but this is not so without a purpose. Carrion-loving 
 flics which assist in accomj^lishing cross-fertilization are attracted 
 by this means, and the flapping of their wings makes a sonorous 
 hum through the treetops. Although this tree is common 
 throughout the north, it a[)pears not to be as much found in 
 gardens as formerly. Until late in tlie autumn the bright red 
 fruit hangs on the branches, 'i'he closely grained and hard 
 wood is brown with a reddish tint. 
 
 C. macracd/it/ia, long-spined thorn, is a similar tree to the pre- 
 ceding one and has longer and brighter brown thorns which grow 
 on its straggling branches. Its leaves are broadly obovate, and 
 its flowers and fruit are rather small. From May until June it 
 may be found in bloom. 
 
 BLACK THORN. PEAR THORN. 
 
 {Fhife LXXXIV.) 
 
 PEAR HAW. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Apple. lIead,Jlat^broa,i : 
 brunches, thick. 
 
 C rat erg US iometithsa. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Z-1-^Jeet, A tlixntic seaboard wcstivard May., June. 
 
 to M iasoiiri and Texas. 
 
 Fruit: October. 
 
 Bark: ashy grey, broken into thin scales. Young tivigs : bronze-green or 
 dull orange. Thorns: stout; one to two inches long. Stipules: linenr. 
 Leaves: simple; alternate; ovate and narrowing into a margined jietiole; the 
 apex pointed; sharply anl unevenly serrate, or cut to appear like small lobes ; 
 thick. Uiipcr surface greyish green, almost smooth and impressed above the 
 ribs ; jiubescent below when young and remaining so along the ribs. Flo^vers : 
 numerous; white; odour, disagreeable; about one inch across and growing 
 in loose corymbs at the end of the branches. Fruit : orange or dull red; oval 
 or pear shai)ed ; about half an inch in diameter ; edible. 
 
 Although the blackthorn has not the advantage of having its 
 
PLATE LXXXV. DOTTbD • FHUlTtD THORN, i tatu-us pun, fata. 
 
 COPYHI&MT, 1'I00, By FREDERICK ». STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTCO IN *MEHIC.\. 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 167 
 
 blossoms delicately tinted as those of the scarlet thorn, there are 
 several other little points of distinction between them which are 
 in its favour. Its flowers are larger, and its fruit is edible and 
 agreeable to the taste. Perhaps its chief charm, however, is that 
 the bright, cheery appearing fruit remains on the branches all 
 winter, or until the leaf-buds unfold in the spring. Such a feature 
 as this is much thought of when a tree is chosen to be cultivated 
 for ornament. The black thorn has, it must be confessed, a 
 rather changeable nature and varies greatly in the style of its 
 foliage and fruit. Not infrequently it descends to a shrub. 
 This may be nothing more than a clever adaptation to circum- 
 stances, as it is more widely distributed through different local- 
 ities than any other one of the American thorns. 
 
 DOTTED-FRUITED THORN. COMMON THORN. LARGE- 
 FRUITED THORN. {Plate LXXXV.) 
 CratcbgHS punctata. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Af>ple. Flat-tof>ped^ 12-30 yV^/. New England ivesiuiayd May. 
 
 compact. and southward to Ga. Fruit ; Sept. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; rough. Thorns: when present one to two inches 
 long; curved or branched. Stipnlfs : lanceolate. Leaves: simple; alternate ; 
 obovate; obtuse or slightly pointed at tlic apex, the base tapering and forming 
 on each side a margin to the petiole ; sharply and unevenly serrate, or even 
 deeply cut towards the apex, sometimes entire at the base ; thick ; liglit green 
 and downy when young, becoming grey-green and dull at maturity and fre- 
 quently remaining pubescent al)out tiie prominent ril)s. J'hnudrs : white; 
 usually from eight to fifteen growing in a leafy corymb. Fruit: one-half to 
 three-quarters of an inch in diameter; yellow and dull red with white dots 
 upon the surface; slightly edible. 
 
 A bit of personal history that is usu- 
 ally quoted in connection with this 
 charming little tree is that it was intro- 
 duced into English gardens by the 
 Duke of Argyll. And for ornamenta- 
 tion hardly one more appropriate could 
 have been chosen. It is of good habit in 
 cultivation, and, when attention is paid 
 to it, it grows very quaintly; its head 
 being broad and flat. As its orai^ige 
 
 Cratctgus punctiita. 
 
PLATE LXXXVI. COCKSPUR THORN. Crafccgus Crus-Gallt. 
 
 (1 68) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 169 
 
 and scarlet foliage falls away in the autumn its branches are 
 seen to be covered with showy fruit. That they are dotted 
 with white and the smaller foliage, are marks by which this one 
 of the hawthorns may be known from other members of its 
 family. 
 
 COCKSPUR THORN. NEWCASTLE THORN. 
 
 {Plate LX XX VI.) 
 Crata-iTus Crus-Gdlli, 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Apple. 
 
 Heaii^ fluty broad: 
 
 \o-io/eet. 
 
 Qticbfc, southward and 
 
 J ll>U\ 
 
 
 branches, rigiiL 
 
 
 westward. 
 
 I'ruit : October . 
 
 Bark: reddish brown or ash colour; scaly. Thorns: mimerous ; two or 
 four inches long; smooth; slender; straight. Leaves: sinii)le ; alternate; 
 obovate, or lanceolate; slightly i)()inted or rounded at the ai)ex and tai)ering 
 into a very short leaf-stalk at the base ; very variable in width; unevenly and 
 sharply serrate above the middle; entire below ; thick ; dark green; histrons 
 and glabrous above, dull underneath. Flowers: numerous; white; fragrant; 
 growing in corymbs from short, lateral branches and appearing after the leaves. 
 Fruit: red; dull; globular, or slightly pear-shaped. 
 
 Both in Europe and America this small 
 tree is very generally cultivated. It is 
 the favourite of the family for hedge 
 planting, when its compact, thick manner 
 of growth and comparatively low height 
 show to great advantage. An added 
 charm about it is that its bright, firm fruit 
 remains on the branches over the winter. 
 Birds do not devour it; nor do fungal 
 diseases trouble the foliage. The tree 
 has ever a fresh, invigourating aspect, 
 leaves turn to dull orange or scarlet. 
 
 CratiCi^'us Crus-Cii/ii 
 
 In the autumn 
 
 the 
 
^***^3 
 
 Enlarged flower. I'lo'.i<cr laid o/>en. 
 
 PLATE LXXXVII, SOUR-WOOD. Oxydmdrum arboreum. 
 
 (170) 
 
TIME OF BLOOM 
 JuHtyJuly. 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 171 
 
 SOUR-WOOD. SORREL-TREE. {Plate LXXXVII.) 
 
 O. vydcn dm in a rbbreum . 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 Heath. Ohloni; ; /•ramhes, lyUz /t'l'i. Piiin, to I''i(i. ami '.vestivard 
 s/ircaiting. to Louisiana. 
 
 Bark: c;rcy tiiitec] with red; deeply furrowed. Leaves: five to seven inches 
 long; siiuple ; alteriKite; slendcr-petioled ; ovate, with pointed apex and 
 pointed or rounded base; finely serrate ; lustrous ; becoming glabrous at matur- 
 ity ; sour to the t.iste. /•Yoicc'/s : wiiitc; scented liUe honey; grcjvving in long, 
 terminal, onj-sideil clusters at the end of leafy shoots. Cuiyx : five-toothed. 
 Corolla: urn-shaped; tivc-toothed ; pubescent. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one. 
 Capsules: growing in long, drooping clusters; pyramid-shaped; five-vaived. 
 
 In the same wav lliat Brovvninu: has said that all that books 
 can teach us is to do without them ; so it matters not so much 
 what we learn about the trees as it does what we see and find 
 out for ourselves. And there is always an individual impression 
 to be received from them by those that have any keenness of 
 sensibility. But unfortunately many take their enjoyment 
 very dolefully and would think it the height of levity to indulge 
 any fanciful ideas the trees might suggest. Again many are 
 not in the habit of watching the trees as they come into bloom, 
 and for them to fintl the sour-wood hung with its delicate 
 sprays of flowers so suggestive of the lily-of-the-valley must in- 
 deed be a revelation. To be able then to inhale to the fullest 
 its beauty and its honey-like scent is a good gift of Providence. 
 
 The wood of the tree is hard and closely grained and is of 
 service in many ways. One extensive use to which it is put is 
 the making of handles for tools. 
 
 WITCH-HAZEL. {Plate LXXX VIII) 
 Hamaiiiiiis I'/rgim'aiia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 ^i^itch-kazel, Hratf, o/>iit^ hroari; 8-3oy,('/. XiK-aScctia.t^oiit/ni-ind A !/(;.- l^,'c. 
 
 braiiclieSy sj>>taiiii!^. to J't'oriJa aiui /,:iiis. Fruit: spring. 
 
 Park: brown; smooth; falling in tiiin scales. Iniur bark: purplish red. 
 6. lanceolate. Leaves: simple; alternate; with short, stout petioles; 
 
 obcvaii. , linted or rounded at the ai)ex, unequal at the base ; coarsely nnd 
 irregularly serrate; frequently entire below the middle. Dull green above, 
 lighter coloured and pubescent underneath; slightly astringent. Flowers: 
 bright yellow ; growing in a.\illary clusters on short peduncles. Calyx : four- 
 
172 
 
 TREES GROWING L\ RICH SOIL. 
 
 
 pill ltd, wiili br.ictlLls uiiclcnicalli; inner surt'mc orange-brown; pubescent. 
 Ci'/oiiu: l;riglu yellow; of tinir almost linear petals, often twisted and falling 
 with the stamens. Fruit: a woody capsule, with oran^e-br(jwn, pubescent 
 seeds. 
 
 This dainty s1h-ii1) is one of ilic uiuonvcniioual spirits of tlio 
 woodlaiKls and pays tlic pv'iialiy for its vagaries by having at- 
 tached to ittlie reputation ol" witchcraft. It is very slow about 
 ripening its fruit. Throughout the autumn and winter the 
 calyx-lobes protect the ovary which does not begin to enlarge 
 
 un 
 
 til the following spring. The fruit of one year, therefore, 
 attains maturity at the same time that the llowers of the next 
 year are opening. When the pods burst open they cast forth 
 
 th 
 
 eir seeds with astonishino- force and to a ijreat distance fr 
 
 oni 
 
 the plant. To the North American Indian we undoid)tedly owe 
 the first knowledge of the efricacy of its bark for the ciuMng of 
 inflammations. It has for a long time been distilled in alcohol 
 to make Tond's extract A strange thing about it is, however, 
 that chemists have failed to discover in it any "active medicinal 
 properties." 
 
 Green hazel wands were for a long time used by the credu- 
 lous to locate, through their supposed jiower of witchcraft, the 
 presence underground of gold or of springs of water. A forked 
 branch was twisted between the fingers and thumbs of both 
 hands, and the direction in Avhich it pointetl was taken as 
 
 an mdicatmn c 
 
 )f where the desired metal or watei' should be 
 
 sought. The poi)ular name of the plant is an outcome of this 
 practice. Although we are accustomed to seeing Hamamelis 
 Virginiana as a shnd), it becomes arborescent on the iiigh 
 slopes of the Alleghany mountains in North and South Carolina 
 and in Tennessee. Its wood is reddish brown quite hard and 
 closely grained. 
 
PLATE LXXXIX, AMERICAN CHESTNUT, Castan.a ilntUita. 
 
 (OryHh.MT, I ..10. BY FHEDEKKK A. STOKES rOMf'ANi 
 PHINTEn IN AMf Hl( A 
 
TREEb GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 173 
 
 AMERICAN CHESTNUT, {r/aie LXXXJX.) 
 Cashiniui dentdta. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Beech, l\ouiiii-ti'/<peti; yt-^Qjct't or higher, Southtrn Maine to June.Juiy, 
 
 /'»ii//i//i'j-, ifirentiing. J'iu. itn<i ttmi. '*>«•//., Oct. 
 
 Bark; graiiite-gicy ; ridged, but smooth in young trees. Leaves: simple; 
 alternate; with short petioles; ohlong-laiiceolale; pointed at hoth ends or 
 rounded .it liic base ; feather-veined; coarsely serrate; the ribs terminating in 
 tlie sharp, bristle-pointed teeih ot the edge. Sntiists: rounded. Dark green 
 above, lighter coloured below; glabrous. Stcnlc Jiouurs : yellow; sweet- 
 scented; growing in slender, a.\illary calkins; fertile ones, about three or four 
 in each involucre. Fruit: growing in a green, prickly husk, which opens in 
 four sections and discloses tiircc or four ovoid nuts, flattenetl on one or both 
 sides; brown, and tipped with a white remnant of the style. Seldom more than 
 three fully developed; cdil)lc ; sweet. 
 
 "Under a spreading chestnut tree 
 
 The village smithy stands; 
 The smith, a mighty man is he, 
 
 With large and sinewy hands; 
 And the muscles of his brawny arms 
 
 Are strong as iron band.s." 
 
 Fortunate, indeed, was the good smith immortalized by 
 Longfellow to be able to cool himself from his laboiu-s at the 
 forge under the voluminous, kindly shade of the chestnut tree. 
 It has, perhaps, the heart of a humanitarian. Country urciiins 
 surely forget the need of money when they find, after a light 
 frost, the ground covered with its inviting nuts, and many a be- 
 grimmed Italian is consoled by them for the fortune he expected 
 to find in the new world. Early and late in the autumn we see 
 these men standing on the streets of the cities making with 
 their time-worn knives a cross upon the nuts, and then roasting 
 them in their little machines. Although they are smaller than 
 the nuts of the European varieties, their meat has a sweeter 
 flavour and a finer grain. Owing to their small size, however, 
 the labour of preparing these native chestnuts for cooking is 
 considerable, and this is perhaps the reason that chestnut 
 pur(?e and pudding are not so frequent in this country as they 
 are in Europe. 
 
 The tree at all times is an imposing and beautiful object. 
 
!• 1 
 
 ; 
 
 1^ 
 
 Ijii 
 
 !l 
 
 l\ 
 
 174 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 It seems as though every one shuukl know its tall, column-like 
 shaft, its dense, characteristic foliage, and its quaint fruit. It 
 grows very rapidly. Although durable when in contact with 
 the soil, its reddish-brown wood is not strong, and warps badly 
 when it is dried. 
 
 C. Fuinila, Chinquapin, {Plate XC.) is a shrub or small round- 
 topped tree which grows on rich hillsides, in swamj) borders or 
 even in dry soil, from New Jersey southward and westward. 
 Its leaves are oblong, feather-veinetl and conspicuously ser- 
 rate. On the under surface they have a dense, white fuzz. In 
 the burr there is but one ovoid nut, or, very rarely, two. The 
 meat is very sweet, and tliey are sold in large numbers in the 
 streets and markets of the southern and western cities. To 
 this fruit ancient writers have referred as being "a great 
 daintie." 
 
 AMERICAN BEECH. {Plate XCI.) 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Beech. Koiinii-i(.>/>/>r<i : yi-ju-i^o/ret 
 i>ui/ic /les, l\oyizo)ttal. 
 
 Fhgits Americana 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 .\'ii;-'(( Siotiii to J'7a. 
 and 'H'estward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 A foil. May, 
 Sept., Oct. 
 
 Bark: liglit bluisli gruy ; smooth. Leaves: simple; alternate; with very 
 short petioles; ov;Uc; oblong; with pointed ape.\ and rounded or narrowed 
 base. Ribs: straight, unbranched and terminating in the remote teeth. 
 Fringed on the margins with soft, white hairs which soon fall; glabrous. Stani- 
 iiiate Jlcioi-rs : clustered on drooping peduncles. Pislillate oiws: two only and 
 terminating a scaly bractcd ])cdunc!e. Fruit : a pair of three-sided nuts, with a 
 sweet and edilile kernel which grows within a four-celletl, prickly burr splittng 
 when ripe midway to the base. 
 
 It is fortunate that there is no one tyi)c of tree which may 
 alone be regarded as beautiful. Hcauty is truly, as has been so 
 justly and often said, in the eye of the beholder, Ily many the 
 American beech is thought to l)e the most lovely of all trees. 
 Its train of admirers are quite as ardent about it as those of the 
 American elm, the sugar maple, the gum tree, and many others. 
 Certainly in the spring when it is covered with its staminate 
 blossoms it is a splendid sight, and its perfect leaves are sel- 
 dom spotted or eaten by insects. In the winter, also, it is par- 
 
very 
 )\ved 
 
 teeth. 
 
 S til Ill- 
 s' and 
 
 \vit\i ;i 
 littng 
 
 may 
 en S(> 
 y the 
 irees. 
 )f the 
 thers. 
 linate 
 
 sel- 
 
 )ar- 
 
 PLATh XC. CHINQUAPIN. { iX^tiUira puiiiiUu 
 
 COPYRIi.HT, riOO, DY FHEDLHM K A. STOKtS (OMl'ANt. 
 HM1NTED IN AMEHIC*, 
 
 i i 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 "75 
 
 ticularly interesting. Its beautiful bark then appears very 
 bright, and after its fine leaves have fallen, although many of 
 them, pale and dried, cling to the branches throughout the 
 winter, the structure of its massive head is seen to advantage. 
 Of all the trees of America it is one of the most widely dis- 
 tributed. In the Canadian markets and those of many of the 
 middle and western states, its nuts are sold in considerable 
 quantities. Although le reddish and closely-grained wood 
 of the tree checks bau. / in drying and is difificult to season, 
 it is still a valuable article of commerce. Shoe lasts are made 
 from it, and pulleys and handles of tools; chairs and milking 
 stools also are often made of beech wood. 
 
 F. sylvatka, the European beech, is planted in this country, 
 and was for a long time confused by early travellers with the 
 American species. It may be known by its broader leaves with 
 their strongly crenate edge and with the abundance of fine 
 hairs on their under surface. Often not until November do 
 these leaves begin to show their golden colour and gradually 
 to turn to russet-brown. On the ground as they fall they make 
 a fresh, thick bed. The American beech is then completely 
 stripped of its foliage. 
 
 F. sylvatica foliis atrorubentibus^ the beautiful copper beech, 
 with its shimmering masses of richly hued foliage, is a variety 
 of the preceding species. Although the little chlorophyll grains 
 which contain the green colouring matter of the foliage are 
 present and no doubt working away quite busily in these leaves; 
 there is probably some strong pigment in the leaf-sap which 
 overpowers them and thus gives its own deep, rich colouring 
 to the foliage. 
 
 CANOE BIRCH. PAPER BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH. 
 
 {Plate XC/I.) 
 Bitida papyri/era. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Birch. Pyramidal : branches, \q--io feet or Northern Penn. April, May. 
 pendulous. higher. northward. 
 
 Bark of trunk : chalky white; smooth ami disap;reeable to the touch; tough; 
 durable, and readily peeling from the wood; in its turn it separates into many 
 
176 
 
 TREES GROWlNrx IN RICH SOIL 
 
 tliin papery sheets, which ate faint red in tolour and marked with kiiort, dark 
 lines. Leaves: simi)le; alternate; wilii d(j\vny jjelioles; ovale: witli pointed 
 apex and rounded, wedge-shaped, or sul)-cordate base; doidjly and unequally 
 serrate; dark green and snujolh above; dull below and pubescent in the angles 
 of the straight ril;s. /•/o-oen: monoecious; growing in sJendLr, cylindrical and 
 scaly catkins. Slrobiles : growing on slender stalks ; the wings of the minute 
 nuts broad and often fringed. 
 
 Happily the canoe bifch wears a uniform ihat we all know ; 
 and when many of the trees are seen from afar, amid the 
 tlark shades of the forest, they appear not unlike ihe advancing 
 guard of a regiment. There is about them the same air of 
 distinction from all that surrounds them. 'J'he tree seems 
 to belong especially to the primitive ik-ojiIc of the north, 
 who must surely regard it with affection. The Indian's birch- 
 bark canoe carries him swiftly and silently over the water as he 
 perchance guides it by a i)addle made from the wood of the 
 tree. When the streams are frozen and the covering of the 
 earth is as while as the birch's bark, he is drawn on sledges or 
 glides along on snow shoes that are alike constructed in part 
 from the tree. I'"rom rough weather his wigwam is also pro- 
 tected by its resinous bark, and when the sweet sap begins to 
 fl(jw in the springtime he knows how to boil it into a syrup or 
 make it into a cooling drink. Of his life the tree is a part, and 
 from the standpoint of sentiment it seems as though it should 
 be left to the Indian rather than given over to lumbermen who 
 sell it for the making of shoe lasts, i)egs and fuel. Tourists 
 intlict great damage to the ai)pearance of the tree by tearing 
 off its bark, as its peculiarity of peeling hori/.ontally is well 
 known. In the mountainous regions of the north it is frequent 
 on wooded slopes or often by the borders of streams. 
 
 That Hiawatha's recpiest comes so spontaneously to the mind 
 in connection with the tree seems t(^ accentuate the Indians' 
 vital love and knowletlge of it. 
 
 " Cii.e me of your bark, O Uirch-Tree ! 
 Of your yellow bark, O llirch-Tree, 
 'rowing by the rushing river, 
 Tall and stately in the valley 1 
 
PLATE XCl. AMERICAN BEECH, /uixus .h/'>r/,dihi. 
 
 roPYMK.HT. 1.1.1, BY FHtULhK K ». STOKE:> COMPANY. 
 HHINTED IN «Mf Elir.i. 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 I a light canoe will build nic, 
 KuiUl a swift Clieemaun for sailing, 
 That shall float ujion the river, 
 Lilce a yellow leaf in Autumn, 
 Like a yellow water-lily ! 
 
 " Lay aside your cloak, O 15irch-Trce ! 
 Lay aside your white skin wrapper, 
 For the sunmier-tiinc is coming. 
 And the sun is warm in heaven, 
 And you need no white-skin wrapper ! 
 
 And the tree with all its branches 
 Rustled in the breeze of morning, 
 Saying with a sigh of patience, 
 ■ " Take my cloak, O Hiawatha ! " 
 
 177 
 
 SWEET BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. CHERRY BIRCH. 
 
 {Plate xcin.) 
 
 Betiila Iciita. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 lUych. Ki'uiuft'd: /•i<iiichi\iy 30 8 )_/(•(■/. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 A'lTc l-'oH)iiiiand to Ontiiiio April^ May. 
 southward and ivcstuHiid. 
 
 Bark: dark; rich brown ; smooth but becoming rough as the tree grows 
 old; not subject to peeling. Branches: reddish; smooth; and covered with 
 white wart-like dots; sweet; aromatic. Leaves : simple; alternate ; with short, 
 downy petioles; ovate, with jiointed apex and rouiuled or cortl.ite base; finely 
 and doubly serrate; ribs, straight ; vivid, green and glossy above; dull and 
 pubescent b_'low but becoming smooth. FUnoers : growing in catkins and 
 appearing before the leaves. Stamiiiafc ones: g(jlden ; long. J'istillate ones : in 
 dense, shorter catkins. Sfrohiles: dark green; sessile; with rounded and 
 lobed scales. Nut: obovate. 
 
 When we go among the trees and perhaps rest for awhile under 
 the shade ot the sweet birch, we might, if our ears were sufficient- 
 ly (juickened, hear many tales of country-lore that are passing 
 through the swish of its leaves. Tales are astir about the evil 
 spirits that seek it and greedily devour its sweet bark. To their 
 hearts gratitude is unknown. The tree could tell also of many 
 that love the shimmer of its leaves ; that notice the golden pollen 
 in its beautiful spray of staminate blossoms and partake of its 
 shade as graciously as though they were accepting a gift from a 
 friend. The subtle instinct of tiie urchin, for surely he never 
 learned from botany how good to the taste were its twigs, leads 
 
i ! 
 
 I III 
 
 !'l 
 
 M 
 
 I'louieritij; branch . Fruiting branch. 
 
 Scale of fruit. Nutlet. 
 
 PLATE XCIIl. SWEET BIRCH. Bctula hnta. 
 
 (17S) 
 
PLATE XCII. CANOE BIRCH. I'uliila /uipyrif. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, Hi)0, BY fREDERUK A. STOKES COMPANY, 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
 i\i. 
 
 I 
 
 Mi 
 
TRKKS GROW I NO IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 179 
 
 him lo spend many an hour under ils shailc. He chats to his 
 companion about his strujrj,dcs with the trout or of tiie mischief 
 the squirrels have done to the leaf-buds, ami he jirides himself 
 upon locating a borer as surely as he can scent the advance of 
 sprinjj;. The sweet birch knows too the stride of the axe-man ; 
 for ils line, dark reddish wood is valuable. Jt receives a beau- 
 tiful polish and is strong and heavy. As a substitute for black 
 cherry it is made into furniture. In fact the appearance of 
 the tree is such that it might readily be mistaken for a cherry 
 tree. I5ircli oil which is an important article of connucrce is 
 (hstilled from the foliage and graceful branches o\ {\\v tree. It 
 is the same as the oil of wintergreen which is takeii from the 
 quaint little plant, GauUJieria procuinbeiis. 
 
 YELLOW BIRCH. GREY BIRCH. {Plate XC/F.) 
 
 Betula Ihtca. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 lUiili. I'} imnidal: hyaiuhcs^ ^-^ ^y Jci't. A'e't' Kiix'/iinif SiVit/i- 
 iciisr, slt'iiiiir. 7v,irii to I'enn, 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Bark: light yellowish prey; ni:uke(l horizontally ami scp.TratiiiL; and peel- 
 ing like siiavings. IWjth the hark and the gieyish-lirown twigs have a slightly 
 aromatic sweet taste. Leaves : simple; alternate; with slenc'ei downv, i)etioles, 
 often in pairs; ovate, with pointed ape.x and narrowed and rumuled or rarelv 
 sul)-cordate base, coarsely and nnecjually serrate; ribs, straight and conspiciioiKS. 
 Dnll green above, downv below and becoming smooth at matnrity. Stinninate 
 cd/kiiis: yellowish gr(?en ; three to fonr inches long. J'is/i//dtc Ciitkius : )i\\o\\.\ 
 sessile. A'/i/s: oval ; broad; wider than the wings. 
 
 It is frequently said by many that they never notice the 
 bark of a tree or its leaves ; that it appeals to them entirely 
 by its general outline and presence. Again others observe 
 these things almost to the exclusion of the individual character 
 of the tree. The bark of the yellow birch, however, is one 
 that should attract the attention of all ; for it is particularly 
 unique and beautiful. It is golden with a silver sheen and the 
 separating shreds curl about it like the ribbon decorations of 
 some fantastic lady. An air of delicacy also makes the tree 
 quite distinctive from those among which it grows. 
 
 In Canada and New England this birch is one of the largest 
 
if 
 
 Fruiting branch. Flowering brancli. 
 
 PLATE XCIV. YELLOW BIRCH. Betula hitea, 
 (1 80) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 i8i 
 
 trees that are not evergreen, and there, as in New York state, 
 it is valued for its excellent timber. The light reddish-biown 
 wood has a line, satin-like surface and is considerably made 
 into furniture, boxes and many small articles. It is also used 
 for fuel. As the tree occurs southward it is small, or it becomes 
 a shrub. A large amount of moisture is retiuired by it that it 
 may thrive well. 
 
 HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT. {Plate XCV.) 
 Cdryltis Americdna. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Broiiii, spreading. 
 
 4-8 /*•«•/. 
 
 Maine westward and to 
 P'la. and 'I'e.vas. 
 
 March, April. 
 
 J Illy, A ugiist. 
 
 Branches : greyish orpinkisli brown. Twites : piil)escent, witli pinkish hairs. 
 Leaves : simple ; alternate; with liairy petioles ; ovate or ahni),-,t rounded, with 
 pointed apex and slightly cortlate or blunt at the base; irregularly and doubly 
 serrate ; dark green and almost ijlabrous above, paler and pubescent beneath. 
 ^yAtw/'/w/t' <i;//J7//.t; long ; solitary. /)////.• growing in the base of an involucre 
 which is com|)osed of two broad, leaf-like bracts, extending far above the luit 
 and deeply cut at the top ; green ; pubescent. Nut : golden brown ; almost 
 round ; shell, hard. Kernel: edible ; sweet. 
 
 Nutting days are truly among the best of all the year, and 
 who that has been brought up in the country cannot recall 
 some dense thicket or low stone wall by which these bushes 
 grew. The filberts, as the nuts are often called, yield up 
 readily their treasures. One sharp blow on the smooth shell 
 will sever it in two, and the round, solid meat then rolls inno- 
 cently out. It has only to be picked up and eaten. 
 
 One of the first signs that the season is advancing is to find 
 the hazel catkins hanging loosely and with their stigmas well out. 
 They then soon shed abundantly their pollen. Even during 
 the winter the staminate flower-buds shine brightly on the 
 bushes; but the demure pistillate ones lie hidden under their 
 scaly buds. They cling mostly, however, to the summit of the 
 branches where the golden dust can find them and the long 
 rays of sunshine linger upon them lovingly. 
 
r 
 
 I 
 
 Buds, catkins Olid fruit. 
 
 PLATE "CV, HAZEL-NUT. Corylus Americana. 
 
 I 
 
 ./* * 
 
FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Erect, stijf. 
 
 4-8 Af/. 
 
 Nova Scotia soutktvard 
 and luestwarj. 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 183 
 
 BEAKED HAZEL-NUT. {Plate XC VI.) 
 
 C dry his rostrata. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 April, May. 
 Fruit: Aug., Sept. 
 
 Branches: light brown; glabrous or often pubescent; slender. Twigs: 
 nearly glabrous. Leaves: simple; alternate; with slender petioles; ovate, 
 or ovate-oblong; pointed at the apex and slightly cordate or blunt at the base; 
 doubly serrate; bright green above; glabrous; paler underneath and nearly 
 glabrous; thin. Staminate Jhnocrs : growing in catkins ; the single flowers un- 
 tler each bract with four stamens divided so as to produce eight anthers. Pis- 
 tillate Jlmvers : growing in dense spikes and having two flowers under each scale. 
 Fruit: growing in the base of an involucre which is jjrolonged into a curved 
 tube, cut at the summit and covered with bristly yellow hairs. /\ //■/'; brown; 
 ovoid or ovate. Kernel: edible; sweet. 
 
 Especially when in fruit is this species of hazel-nut readily 
 distinguished from the common one ; for although they both 
 have strangely fashioned involucres that of Corylus rostrata 
 extends into a long, curious beak, and is moreover covered with 
 reddish tipped bristles which, when the nuts are being gathered, 
 penetrate the skin as readily as spun glass. This involucre is 
 indeed a most interesting contrivance. Its future existence, 
 as can be seen under a microscope, is foretold by a tiny ring 
 about the young ovary. Small as it is, it has a strong deter- 
 mination to grow and develops to some extent even when one or 
 neither of the pistillate flowers has been fertilized and there- 
 fore does not proceed to grow. This seems to be mere presump- 
 tion on its part; as its field of usefulness does then not exist, 
 and it but raises false hopes in the hearts of those seeking the 
 nuts. How much more are those appreciated that practice no 
 deception, but at maturity split open as though proudly to 
 show the fruit they have guarded. 
 
 LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. POPLAR. {Plate XCV/I.) 
 
 Pdpuhts grandidoitata. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willow. Head, narrow; branches, 40-S' )/"(•<•/. Xora Scotia southward March, April, 
 crooked and spreading. to North Carolina 
 
 and Tenn. 
 
 Bark: dark, reddish brown; irregularly furrowed; when young, greenish 
 grey. Z^az'w; simple; alternate; broadly ovate; witii short-pointed apex and 
 
 ! :i 
 
 ! I 
 
 i 
 
~-7. 
 
 Iit-'oliicre o/nut, Pistiilate Jh^ver. 
 
 PLATE XCVI. BEAKED HAZEL-NUT. Corylus rostrata. 
 
 (184) 
 
i'l 
 
 l'.niargi\l J tiiit. 
 
 PLATE XCVII. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN. Populus gnxndidaitata. 
 
 (1S5) 
 

 1,. 
 
 i86 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 rounded or squared at the base; coarsely and irregularly dentate, the sinuses 
 rounded; ribs, distinct; dark green above; paler below and covered when young 
 svith a silky wool ; glabrous at maturity ; the petiole flattened. /'Voicers: d\(£- 
 cious; growing in long, often curving catkins ; the scales of the staininate ones 
 ironi five to six-cIcft, sparingly fringed. The stamiaate trees bloom earlier 
 than the pistillate ones. 
 
 As the specific name of this tree implies, its characteristic 
 feature is the large, coarse teeth of its leaf margins. And the 
 link of kinship between it and the delicate Populus trcmitloides 
 is discernible even through the ruggedness of its foliage. As 
 the young leaves of the poplars unfold they have all a silvery 
 sheen that in the case of the willows is golden. Their 
 innumerable seeds also, when they begin to unloosen them- 
 selves from their long clusters and fly about, tint the tree and fill 
 the air with a silvery whiteness. In the autumn the leaves of 
 this species turn to such a clear, bright yellow that a luminous 
 glow is radiated by the tree to a considerable distance. We may 
 seek to find it in the deep, rich soil of woods or approaching 
 the borders of swamps. 
 
 The wood of Populus grandidentata is soft and not generally 
 regarded as being of much value. It is made into wood-pulp 
 and later into paper. 
 
 TULIP TREE. WHITE-WOOD. {Plate XCV/II.) 
 
 Liriodendron TiiUpifera. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Magnolia. Tall, rounded; branches^ (y>\cpfeet. 
 spreading. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Vermont and Rhode May. 
 
 Island to Florida Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 and westward. 
 
 Bark : reddish Ijrown or grey ; furrowed. Braiic/ics : curved and marked 
 with narrow rings; aromatic. Leaves : simple ; alternate ; long petioled ; very 
 broadly ovate or nearly orbicular ; broadly notched at the apex, rounded or 
 cordate at the base and having four or more lobes, the sinuses between them 
 rounded. Dark green and shiny above, paler below. /-Vmcwrs : two inches 
 high ; cup-shaped ; erect and growing on stout peduncles. Pela/s : ohova.te ', 
 greenish yellow ; orange coloured within. Se/ia/s : reflexd. 6'A?w^//j-.' numer- 
 ous and growing in ranks upon the receptacle. Pistils : growing in a column- 
 like body \\\w\\ the receptacle. Fruit : about three inches long, a cone of dry, 
 oblong and acute carpels. 
 
 There is something to make one tremble in the gigantic 
 proportions, the tall, column-like trunk and the strangely cut 
 
 4 
 
iked 
 very 
 .■d or 
 
 dry, 
 
 ntic 
 cut 
 
 i!' 
 
 
 PLATE XCVIIL TULIP TREE. l.iriOiU'iulron 'fi//i/>if,-ra. 
 
 rOPYHK.MT, Into, tJY FHEDtHK K 4 STOkfS (OWI'ANt 
 PMINrEtl IS AMI HlCA, 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 187 
 
 leaves of this tree when it is approached for the first time, 
 and the fancy is bred that the world would be a very different 
 place if trees should ever lose 
 their meek defenselessness and 
 strut about arranging things 
 to suit themselves. Man 
 would appear very small then, 
 while tiie tulip tree might be 
 the king of the globe. It is a 
 tree that at all times is readily 
 recognised; but in the spring, 
 when it is covered with its 
 tulip-like flowers, it is truly a 
 surprising sigiit. As freely 
 and unconsciously the great 
 structure throws out its bloom 
 as though it were some lively, 
 wayside flower. From the col- 
 oured illustration the imagina- 
 tion can picture the effect so 
 great a number of the flowers 
 would produce. In cultiva- 
 tion tile tree is a great favour- 
 ite and has, especially when 
 young, a high-bred expression. 
 It is hardy, grows rapidly and becomes without doubt one of 
 the largest and most beautiful of tlic American forest. Often 
 when growing in the " open " it is clothed to the ground. As 
 a timber tree it is valuable, and is well adai)ted for making the 
 curved panels in carriages. l>y the aborigines it was used for 
 the frames of their canoes. In many parts of the South the 
 name yellow poplar clings to the tree. It originated because 
 the leaves have long petioles that aid them to tremble in the 
 wind. It is however not a desirable one and should be rejected. 
 At Craggy Mountain, twelve miles north-east of Asheville, 
 
 Lirioih'izdron Tk I i pi/era. 
 
^ 
 
 
 i88 
 
 TRKES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 North Carolina, there is standing a tulip tree that is thought 
 to be the largest one in America. In girth it is thirty-one feet 
 at a distance of ten feet from the ground, and it stands up- 
 wards of one hundred and fifty feet high. In that rugged 
 place, at an elevation of three thousand feet above the sea 
 level, it raises a clear and straight shaft which is also hollow. 
 What is the tree's history, no one knows. 
 
 WHITE OAK. (P/nfc XCIX.) 
 Qiiihrus alba. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 luech. Ilcitii^ hiOiid; to-io feet or Maine to Ontiir io and May. June. 
 
 /'>nnc/tes, sjireadin^. higher. southward and west'.vard. Fruit: Sept., iht. 
 
 Bark : liglit grey or nearly wliite ; less rough than that of most oaks ; often 
 scaly ill okl trees and breaking off in thin sheets. Leaves \%\\\\\^\q.\ alternate; 
 obovate ; pinnately-lobed, wedge-siiaped at the base and with from three to 
 nine lobes; broad and rounded, with coarsely notched or entire edges. Sinu- 
 ses: narrow ; rounded. Ihight green above, jjaler below; at maturity glabrous ; 
 variable. Acorns : a.Killary ; growing in pairs on short peduncles, or sessile. 
 O// ; saucer-shaped ; shallow; rough, with appressed scales. A'/^/." green, 
 turning to chestnut-brown ; lustrous ; oblong, from three-quarters to an inch 
 long ; edible ; sweet. 
 
 The ancients made oak trees 
 objects of love and reverence, and 
 they also attributed to them the 
 mystic power to foretell or advise 
 about coming events. The oldest 
 oracle of the Greeks was that of 
 Jupiter at Dodona in Epirus. It 
 was believed that two black doves 
 simultaneously flew from Thebes in 
 Egypt. One alighted in an oak 
 grove at Dodona and in a human 
 voice proclaimed that an oracle of 
 Jupiter should there be established 
 by the people. The other dove 
 carried a similar message to the temple of Jupiter Ammon in 
 the Lybian oasis. Accordingly, the oracles were set up, and 
 
 
 
 Qu^rcus dlba. 
 
rees 
 
 and 
 
 the 
 
 vise 
 est 
 
 t of 
 It 
 ves 
 s in 
 oak 
 
 man 
 
 e of 
 
 bed 
 
 ove 
 
 in in 
 
 and 
 
 I 
 
 PLATE. XCiX. WHITE OAK. < Uiri\!i< .t/ha. 
 
 COPYHIGHT. 1■>[K^. BY FREDEHt' k A. STOKEb COMHAN*. 
 
 PHINTEO IN AMCHIi;*. 
 
I 
 
 il 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 189 
 
 the priests in the temples interpreted the responses that were 
 conveyed to them by the motion of the trees in the wind. 
 The lover in Tennyson's English Idyll, " The Talking Oak," 
 exclaims in gratitude for the knowledge it has told him of 
 his sweetheart Olivia and in reference to the ancient oracle : — 
 
 *' And I will work in prose and rhyme, 
 
 And praise tliue more in both 
 Than hard lias liononr'tl hcech or lime, 
 
 Or that Thessalian growth, 
 In which the swarthy ring dove sat, 
 
 And mystic sentence spoke; 
 And more than luigland honours that, 
 
 Thy famous brother oak, 
 Wherein the yonnger Charles abode 
 
 Till all the paths were dim, 
 And far below the Roundhead rode. 
 
 And humm'd a surly hymn." 
 
 Hercules we must also remember carried an oaken club. 
 Of the gc'iuis, (^uerctis alba is one of the most stately. It 
 seems odd, in earliest spring to see the great, grey thing 
 putting forth leaves as tender tinted and i)ink as many a shy, 
 woodland flower. In their second childhood, — that is, in the 
 late autumn, — the leaves again become a ruddy hue, deep and 
 vinous ; and after withering, drop from the trees at the be- 
 ginning of winter. Throughout their course of existence they 
 are very variable on different trees, and often two or three 
 distinct forms are presented. 
 
 The white oak is one of the very valual)le timber trees of 
 North America and is imported as staves in large quantities 
 to Europe. In ship-building and in the manufacturing of car- 
 riages it has an important place. 
 
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PLATE C, RED OAK. Qucniis rubra. 
 (190) 
 
TREES GROWliNG IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 191 
 
 RED OAK. {Plate C.) 
 
 Qu^rcus r libra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Bttch. Round-topped: 
 branches, stout. 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 5o-8o-i5o/<rr/. 
 
 RANGE 
 New Brunswick south- 
 ward and westu'iird. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May, June. 
 Fruit: Oct., Nov. 
 
 Bark : reddish brown, smooth for an oak, but rough and broken into scale- 
 like plates. Leaves : simple ; alternate ; with smooth, yellowish-green petioles 
 from one to one and a half inches long and oblong or obovate, rather rounded 
 or wedge-shaped at the base and having from nine to thirteen lobes which are 
 irregularly toothed and bristle-tipped at the ends; the sinuses between them 
 narrowed, rounded and extending about half-way to the midrib. Dark green 
 and glabrous on the upper surface, pale ytllow-green below with rust-coloured 
 hairs in the angle of the ribs; thin. Staminate Jlowers: growing in long, pubes- 
 cent catkins. Pistillate ones : growing on glabrous peduncles. /I ftfrz/j ; grow- 
 ing on a short, thick neck or almost sessile. Cup : flat ; saucer-shaped ; finely 
 scaled. JVui : sometimes an inch long ; ovoid ; bitter. 
 
 When the red oak is seen growing in favourable circum- 
 stances the effect that it produces is admirable. Usually 
 its foliage is dense, but about 
 it there is no semblance of 
 heaviness. So small a thing 
 as that the lobes of the leaves 
 are unequal in size and have 
 bristle-pointed teeth is quite 
 sufficient to give to the great 
 tree a light, pleasing appear- 
 ance. But in outline the 
 leaves are very variable. They 
 turn in the autumn to a deep 
 red or orange and are quite 
 without the brilliancy that is 
 associated with the scarlet 
 oak, page 244. The acorns 
 are a good index to the spe- 
 cies; for the nut looks wonder- 
 fully large and out of propor- 
 tion to the shallow cup. They 
 are among those that recinirc 
 two years in which to nuiture. 
 
 Quircus ritira. 
 
 The reddish-brown wood of 
 
X9.2 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 the tree is coarsely grained and thought, in the east, to be of 
 comparatively little value on account of its porous texture. As 
 it occurs westward, however, it is often found to be of better 
 quality. In cooperage it is used and also to make clap-boards. 
 
 At Thornedale, at Millbrook, N. Y., there is to-day standing 
 a red oak, the girth of which is twenty-two feet and four 
 inches at a distance of about five feet from the ground. It is 
 a venerable tree and remains like a great, green, trembling cloud 
 upon the landscape. " It was here in father's time, and his 
 father knew it for many years," is said of it, and its age is 
 estimated to be somewhat over two hundred years. 
 
 For the reason that the red oak adapts itself readily to vari- 
 ous clim.atic conditions it has been much planted. In Europe 
 it has thrived better than any other one of the American 
 species, many being there on record that are over a century old. 
 
 *' Then here's to the oak, the brave old oak, 
 Who stands in his pride alone ; 
 And still flourished he, a hale green tree, 
 When a hundred years are gone ! " 
 
 — II. L. CnoRLEV. 
 
 FLOWERING DOGWOOD. CORNELIAN TREE. 
 
 {Plate CI.) 
 Corn us fldrida . 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Dogwood. Rounded; hranchts^ \i-i^o/eet. Keii< Engliind to ^I iune- A f<r il-J une 
 
 spreading. 
 
 sota and ivextwm iL 
 
 Fruit: Octo/>er. 
 
 ^(?/-/t; blackish or dark red-bnnvn ; roughly ridged. Z^v/rr.? ; simple ; oppo- 
 site; petioled and mostly clustered at the ends of tiic branches ; elliptical, with 
 )ointed or taper-pointed ai)cx and jiointed base, often une(|ual at the sides, 
 ivitire ; netted-veined ; with whitish and rlistinct ribs ; briglit green above, 
 ■'labrous or slightly pubescent ; jialer underneath and judjescent. J^hnvos: 
 green ; tiny; perfect ; growing in a rounded, central cluster and surnnindtd bv 
 a showy involucre ;>f four wliitc, obcnrdatc, petal-like bracts, notched it the 
 apex and tinted with pink. Fniif : an oval bunch c)f bright red, ovoid berries. 
 
 '• Where cornels arch their cool boughs 
 o'er beds of wintergreen." 
 
 — Hrvant. 
 
 There are a few among us that do not know and appreciate the 
 
th 
 
 lie 
 
 PLATE CI. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Conti/s /f,>r/u'a. 
 
 COPYKIOMI, 14U11, BY FHtUtKK K A. srOKtS L0MPA1J. 
 PfllNTf.D IN AMERICA. 
 
PLATE CI I. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. Corniis altcrnifolia. 
 
 (193) 
 
194 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 beauty of the dogwood when its bloom whitens the woods and 
 banks in early spring. The snowy involucre of the flowers un- 
 folds before the leaves are fully developed and can therefore 
 
 
 O^iS^t 
 
 be seen from a great distance waving 
 its cheery message. Spring has re- 
 turned, it proclaims, and this is a story 
 that never grows old. The foliage of 
 this tree also contributes much to the 
 brilliancy of the autumn colouring. 
 Then little birds are seen capering in 
 and out among its gay leaves and 
 alighting on twigs that bend low with 
 the weight of their round, plump bodies. 
 They greedily eat the fruit and are 
 good agents in distributing its seeds. 
 
 In the south, Cornus florida attains more ample dimensions 
 than it does northward, where it frequently occurs as a shrub. 
 Country people watch the tree with especial interest, for it is 
 credited with coming into leaf at just the right time for plant- 
 ing Indian corn. The bitter bark of its roots contains a powerful 
 substance similar to quinine, and it is used as a tonic. The 
 wood is closely grained and strong, with a beautiful surface 
 like satin. 
 
 Cdrnus Jlorida . 
 
 ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD. CORNEL. {Plate CI/.) 
 
 Cdrnus alternifblia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Dogwood. Flitt-tof>/ied^ \o-->,<-> feet. Neiu Brunswick westward and May, June, 
 husky. soutk^uard along tke Alleghanies. Fruit: Oct. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; smooth, or broken irregularly in narrow ridges. 
 Branches: yellowish green; smooth, and streaked with white or light brown. 
 Leaves : simple ; alternate ; slender petioled, and crowded near the ends of the 
 branches; elliptical; entire; yellowish green and glabrous above; paler and 
 slightly pubescent underneath between the curved ribs. Flowers: small; cream 
 coloured; growing in flat, open cymes, and having no involucre. Calyx: with 
 four, minutely-toothed sepals. Corolla : of four white, lanceolate petals. Sta- 
 mens : four. Pistil: one. Frtiit : many dark blue berries, growing on reddish 
 petioles. 
 
 There is a freshness and vigour about the leaves of this dog- 
 
PLATE cm. CATALPA. Ca!al/hi Calalpa. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1900, Br FREDERICK «. STOKES COMPANT. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
b 
 
 V 
 
 t 
 
 f( 
 d 
 
 a 
 I 
 
 si 
 a: 
 fl, 
 
 al 
 
 01 
 
 di 
 di 
 t\ 
 
 Tt 
 
 Sit 
 
 thi 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 m 
 
 wood which can hardly fail to impress us, and they have a 
 strange little way of puffing up in places as though the type of 
 conventional flatness had been routed from their household. 
 Popularly, it has been stated that a first glance at this tree is 
 prone to give rise to just a little uncertainty as to whether its 
 leaves are opposite in growth or alternate. The specimens, 
 however, that were examined to aid in writing this description, 
 had no such pernicious inclinations to lead one astray. The 
 growth of their leaves was all distinctively alternate. The 
 blossoms have no beautiful involucres as have the flowering dog- 
 woods, but a pretty showing is made by the many, tiny flowers 
 that are crowded together in the cymes. In the autumn the 
 foliage turns to yellow and scarlet, and the bright blue berries 
 dangle from coral-coloured stems. 
 
 C. circinata, round-leaved dogwood or cornel, does not attain 
 a dignity beyond that of a shrub of from three to ten feet high. 
 Its branches appear to be covered with warts, and they are 
 streaked with white or green. The leaves are oj^posite, oval 
 and pubescent underneath. The flowers grow in very dense, 
 flat cymes. In almost any kind of soil the shrub will grow, 
 although it clings with some persistence to the edges and paths 
 of woods. From its bark cornine is largely extracted. 
 
 C.sfolo/ii/era, red-osier dogwood and C. candidissima, panicled 
 dogwood, are both conspicuous shrubs along streams and in 
 damp thickets. The twigs of the former species are bright red ; 
 those of the latter are ashv in hue. 
 
 CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. CANDLE-TREE. 
 BEAN TREE. i^Platc CIIL) 
 Catdlpa Catdlpa. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Trumpet-creeper. Head ^ broads rounded : 20-30-40 I'-iilf states June. July 
 
 branches^ spreading. Jcet. nortlnvard. Fruii: Sept., Oct. 
 
 Bark: dark grey; broken into small, flaky i>ieces. Leaves: simple; oppo- 
 site ; with long, round petioles ; broadly ovate, pointed at the apex or rarely 
 three-lobed, and slightly cordate at the base; entire; light green above and 
 glabrous; pubescent underneath, especially so along the ribs; peculiarly 
 
196 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 Catdlpa Catdipa. 
 
 scented. Flowers: white, mottled with purple inside and spotted with yellow; 
 fragrant ; growing in an erect, terminal panicle. Calyx: irregular, or two- 
 lipped. Corolla : campanulate; two-lipped, with five spreading, crimped lobes. 
 Perfect stamens: two; rarely four in two pairs. Sterile stamens: three ; rarely one. 
 Pistil: one. Pods : .six to twelve inches long; linear; hanging, and containing 
 winged and fragrant seeds. 
 
 The catalpa, as the aborigines called it, is one of our most 
 attractive trees, and it is now much seen throughout the middle 
 
 states. Before being so widely natural- 
 ized it was confined to the south. Until 
 taken in the hand and Josely inspected 
 the beauty of its blossoms is hardly appre- 
 ciated. But many of our choicest exotics 
 are not more exquisite. The broad, 
 vivid green leaves form for them a plain 
 and artistic background. Within the pear- 
 shaped, glossy and reddish buds these 
 lovely blossoms are compressed into 
 round balls, in much the same way that 
 an accordion is folded together. It is quite interesting to 
 press a large bud between the thumb and fingers, when it 
 will divide into the two-lipped caly.x, and the petals can then 
 be stretched out to their fullest extent. When they are allowed 
 to unfold naturally the stamens and pistil are the first to push 
 themselves upward from their cramped position, and as they do 
 so they bear along with them the pliable corolla. Its lobes are 
 the last of all to open and admit the insects within its richly 
 coloured centre. The crinkling of the lobes is a feature that 
 the flower never loses, and which is owing to their former posi- 
 tion in the bud. The pods, especially those of young trees in 
 cultivation, grow very long. When they have become dried and 
 brown, little country boys are credited with finding them good 
 to smoke. Their flavour, however, is very strong, like that of 
 weeds, and they burn the throat most horribly. 
 
 C. speciosa, larger Indian bean, often reaches one hundred and 
 twenty feet high and has longer pods than the preceding one. 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 197 
 
 It is a more valuable species but is seldom found outside of 
 its natural range which is in the vicinity of southern Illinois 
 and the neighbouring states. Its bark and seeds are used 
 medicinally. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 MapU. 
 
 Dome-iike, 
 
 y>-\3o /cet. 
 
 Ne^u Foundiand southward 
 
 
 rounded. 
 
 
 and weitward. 
 
 SUQAR riAPLE. HARD HAPLE. ROCK HAPLE. 
 
 SUGAR-TREE. {Plate CI I/.) 
 
 Acer Sciccharum. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Aprils May. 
 Fruit; Sept. 
 
 Bark: light grey; rather smooth, becoming rough and scaly with age. 
 Leaves : simple ; opposite ; with long petioles ; rounded in outline, squared 
 or cordate at the base, with three, five or seven coarsely cut and sharply pointed 
 lobes, the lower pair smaller than the other three, and at times, entire; sinuses, 
 rounded. Rich green and glabrous above, lighter below and pubescent, espe- 
 cially so along the ribs. Flmvers : greenish yellow; growing on drooping 
 pedicels in sessile, abundant corymbs, and appearing with the leaves. Calyx : 
 bell-shaped; fringed. Petals: none. Samaras: greenish yellow; drooping 
 or. slender, hairy pedicels; the wings broad and. slightly spreading; about one 
 inch loog. 
 
 This is one of the very 
 good trees. It is so perfect 
 in outline, so beautiful and 
 useful. Perhaps it is most 
 widely known through its 
 sap, from which is made the 
 main quantity of maple 
 sugar. A square block of 
 this well-known article of 
 commerce, however, can 
 hardly disperse the same 
 love that is felt for the tree 
 by those living in its neigh- 
 bourhood, and who look 
 eagerly forward to the time 
 when sugar is made. Then 
 is the tree's yearly festival. . Acer s<uckarum. 
 
Enlarged flower. Samara. 
 
 PLATE CIV, SUGAR MAPLE. Acr Saccharum. 
 (198) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 199 
 
 In earliest spring, as soon as the sap begins to flow freely, the 
 trees are tapped, and a wooden quill or trough is inserted in 
 the opening. At its other end is placed a bucket. The sap 
 then is averted in its upward course and directed into the 
 trough from where it trickles slowly down into the bucket. 
 About seventy drops fall every minute, — that is, under favour- 
 able circumstances and when the tree is well warmed by the 
 sunshine. This flow of the sap continues about three weeks. 
 There is then a gathering of the country about to enjoy the 
 *' sugaring off." Great fires are built in the woods, and over 
 them kettles containing the sap are hung. This is the signal 
 for a general frolic among the girls and men of the village, al- 
 though stirring, tasting and sampling the syrup are not forgot- 
 ten. It must be taken from the fire at just the time that it has 
 turned to sugar. In certain parts of the country as in Ver- 
 mont, where the making of maple sugar is a large industry, it 
 commands great attention and is done after the most scientific 
 methods. In New York state there is a belt which includes 
 Schoharie, Otsego and Delaware counties and embraces Wayne 
 and Susquehanna counties in Pennsylvania that is yearly be- 
 coming more famous for its production of maple sugar. In 
 fact, the last census shows the yield to be a little below one hun- 
 dred thousand pounds. A tree of average size produces yearly, 
 it has been estimated, from four to eight pounds of sugar. 
 
 The wood of the sugar maple is more valuable than that of 
 any other of its genus. It is reddish brown, heavy and strong, 
 and capable of receiving a high jiolish. From it shoe lasts, 
 pegs and a large amount of furniture are made. When it is 
 burned for fuel its ashes even are valuable, for they contain a 
 considerable amount of potash. 
 
 Bird's-eye maple and curled maple are so called from differ- 
 ent conditions of the wood which arise from peculiar undula- 
 tions of its fibre. 
 
 A. nigrum^ black sugar maple, often grows along streams or 
 inhabits river bottom lands. It is known from the preceding 
 
^-''^^ 
 
 Enlarged flow(r. 
 
 PLATE CV. STRIPED MAPLE. Acer Pennsylvanuutn. 
 
 . ■ ■ ■ (200) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 aoi 
 
 species by its almost black bark and the formation of its leaves, 
 which is, however, very variable. Usually the lobes are severely 
 cut and have few or no teeth. The sinuses are long and nar- 
 row, and on both sides the leaf is of the same colour. Even 
 when old it retains a soft down underneath. When the base of 
 tile leaf is heart-shaped the lobes not infrequently overlap 
 each other. Of the samaras, the wings are rather wide, but 
 hardly more so at the bottom than at the top. From the sap 
 of this tree also sugar is made. 
 
 STRIPED MAPLE. GOOSEFOOT MAPLE. MOOSEWOOD. 
 
 {Plate CV.) 
 « 
 
 Acer Pennsylvdnicum. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Miiple. Slender: tnanchcSy 
 uprit;ht. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 io-35ye'c/. Nor'a Scotia ivest^vard, 
 soutlnvani to Ctorgin 
 itnd Tennessee. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 May, June. 
 
 Bii) k: reddish brown or greenish ; consjjicuoiisly strijied longitudinally with 
 lines Of ]>ale blue; smooth, and having upon it rough excrescences. Leaves: 
 large ; simple ; opjjosite ; with stout, grooved petioles ; rounded or cordate, with 
 three lobes above the middle ; sinuses pointed ; finely and doublv serrate. Glal> 
 rous above and below, slightly pubescent when young. FUnvers : yellowish 
 green ; growing in terminal, drooping racemes and ai)pearing after the leaves 
 have unfolded. The sterile and fertile flowers gr(nv in different clusters on the 
 same tree. Samni-as: jiale green, with widely diverging wings ; glabrous. 
 
 Dame Nature was surely in one of her jocund moods when 
 she gave so many fine little 'touches to the 
 striped maple. The bud-scales are very 
 attractive, and as the leaves unfold in the 
 springtime they cover the tree with a burst 
 of faint rose colour. Its racemes of delicate 
 llowers sway in the tree like tassels. The 
 brilliancy of its green gar!) and the gay 
 yellow tint to which it turns in the autumn, 
 make it one of the most beautiful trees in 
 cultivation. In outline its leaf has been 
 thought to suggest a goose's foot from the 
 way in which it v,icleiis towards the summit and divides into 
 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 
■i02 
 
 TREES GROWING liN RICH SOIL. 
 
 three well-cut lobes. The peculiar vertical marking of the 
 trunk is also a beautiful and characteristic feature and makes 
 it easy for us to retain our friendship with the tree during the 
 winter. The striped maple is a shrinking character and loves 
 to hide itself under the shade of larger trees. It frequently 
 occurs as a shrub. In fact in New England it forms an 
 immense amount of undergrowth. To it are sometimes 
 attached the names of false, or striped, dogwood. Its name of 
 moosewood was bestowed on it because in early spring deer 
 browse on the young shoots, that they may enjoy its sugar-like 
 sap. 
 
 nOUNTAIN MAPLE. {Plate CVJ.) 
 Acer spication. 
 
 FAMILY 
 MiXpU. 
 
 SHAPE 
 Sleniify, taper ng. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 \i-T,o/eet. Xt'iv Foundland ivestward May, June, 
 and so!it/i7ua>d to X. 
 Carolina and Jinn. 
 
 Bark : brown or greenish ; not striped. Leaves: three to five inches long; 
 simple; opposite; roinided in outline, with three or rarely five lobes, pointed 
 at the apex and coarsely serrate. Above glabrous ; pubescent underneath 
 when young; soft; flexible. Floxvers: greenish yellow; growing in erect, 
 dense clusters and unfolding after the leaves. P,ta/.i : linenr; spatulate. 
 Samaras ; growing in clusters from nine to ten inches long, the wings diverg- 
 ing at right angles. 
 
 It is always a source of wonc'erment why .\cer spicatum re- 
 mains so persistently under the shade of other trees. It could 
 ^ii., well defy the full light of day that might fall 
 
 u^^^.^' upon it in an open place, for it is very beauti- 
 
 ^i^f-VcW^ ful. At the north it rarely occurs as other 
 'v^^^.»1'i^^sr\ than a tall shrub and clings to the rich woods 
 or grows by well-shaded roadsides. In the 
 coloured illustration the delicate samaras of 
 the mountain maple are seen wearing their 
 fresh, green tint of youth. Later, in the 
 autumn, they turn to brown. The foiiage then 
 becomes a brilliant red or a clear, deep orange. 
 It is to the maples, we should remember, that we owe the 
 
 
 
 
 Acer s/icdtUM. 
 
:rg- 
 
 re- 
 
 )uld 
 
 fall 
 
 )ther 
 loods 
 the 
 IS of 
 Itheir 
 tlH- 
 I then 
 mge. 
 the 
 
 PLATE CVI. MOUNTAIN MAPLfc. Acer sfncatuiii. 
 
 COPVHIfiHT, llil.l. BT rHEDtRK K ». STOKf.S r.0Ml'«1T- 
 PHINTEO IN *Mi«IC.\. 
 

 J- J 
 
PLATE evil. FALSE SYCAMORE, ^hrr Fseiuio-PlataHUS. 
 
 ('203) 
 
204 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 greater part of the glorious colouring of the autumn. The 
 individual trees remain ever true to their colours and turn 
 every year to the particular ones that they have chosen. 
 A beautiful sight is to see two different maples standing closely 
 together when one has changed to scarlet and the other to 
 clear, bright yellow. 
 
 A, phx lit ixndi lies, Norway maple, is one of the introduced 
 maples with which we are becoming familiar along drives in 
 parks and in general cultivation. It is a handsome tree, 
 rounded in outline and with broad, thin and smooth leaves, 
 which must luxuriate in the wealth of light and sunshine they 
 are capable of absorbing. In shape they are similar to those 
 of the sugar maple ; the lobes however are short, five to seven 
 in number, and have from two to five sharply pointed teeth. 
 The corymb-like clusters of fruit are a distinctive feature, the 
 wings being frequently two inches long and diverging so as 
 to form almost a straight line. Another mark of the tree's 
 identity is that the leaf-stem contains a milky juice. 
 
 A. Pseudo-Platauiis [Plate Cr/J.)^ false sycamore, is another 
 
 European species that is extensively 
 planted for ornament in this country. 
 Its beautiful, firm leaves have very 
 long, red petioles and five short lobes 
 which are coarsely and irregularly 
 toothed. The sinuses are pointed. On 
 the upper surface the leaf is a rich 
 green, but underneath it is a much 
 lighter, softer colour. In its fruiting 
 season the tree is hung with a long 
 raceme of pubescent samaras with 
 wings that diverge widely. 
 
 A. JapSmciDn atropiirpu renin, blood-leaved Japanese maple, is 
 one of a number of dwarf maples which is mentioned here 
 because it is now becoming frequent in cultivation. It is 
 
 
 
 cer Pseiido-Platdnus, 
 
obes 
 
 larly 
 
 On 
 
 ch 
 
 n 
 
 ich 
 [iting 
 long 
 
 wi 
 
 th 
 
 |»le, is 
 here 
 
 [t is 
 
 PLATE CVIll. LOCUST TREE. Robinia I'siiiJaauia. 
 
 COPtHI&HI riOi). BY rHEOEHir.K ». STOKES COMPANY. 
 PHINTtl) IN «MtHlC*. 
 
ex 
 
 FA^ 
 
 p* 
 
 L 
 
 late 
 stal 
 cee( 
 at b 
 ted- 
 Fln 
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 Lep, 
 The 
 
 I 
 
 mid 
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 sum 
 loci 
 to it 
 fant 
 mo\ 
 to t 
 dim 
 free 
 assii 
 does 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 205 
 
 extremely beautiful with rich wine-coloured foliage and a 
 graceful manner of growth. 
 
 LOCUST TREE. 
 
 YELLOW LOCUST. 
 
 {Plate CVni.) 
 Robinia Pseudacacia. 
 
 FALSE ACACIA. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Pea. 
 
 Head, narraiv, oblong: 
 
 40-50 or 80 
 
 Penn. soutliwurd to 
 
 
 hranchesy erect. 
 
 /^et. 
 
 Gil. and westwixrd. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Miiy^J une. 
 Fruit; Hept. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; rough and broken in ridges. Stipules: linear and 
 later developing into spines. Leaves: compound; alternate; with leaf- 
 stalks that are hollowed at the base and which cover the buds of the suc- 
 ceeding year ; odd-pinnate, with from ek.en to twenty-five oval leaflets; rounded 
 at both ends and occasionally tii)ped with the end of the niidrib; entire ; net- 
 ted-veined ; glabrous; when unfolding covered with a silvery i)ubcscence. 
 Flowers: white ; fragrant ; growing in loose, axillary racemes. Calyx : five- 
 toothed. Corolla: showy ; papilionaceous; the stand rd yellow at the base. 
 Legumes: linear; glabrous and containing from four to six brown seeds. 
 They remain on the trees over the winter. 
 
 "The slender acacia would not shake 
 
 One long milk-bloom on the tree. 
 The white lake-blossom fell into the lake 
 
 As the pimperntl dozed on the lea ; 
 But the rose was awake all night for your sake, 
 
 Knowing your promise to me ; 
 The lilies and roses were all awake, 
 
 They sigh'd for the dawn and thee."— TEN NYSON. 
 
 It is not only when the bright sun of 
 mid-day is shining that trees are well 
 seen. On some tranquil night in early 
 summer, lit by a bright m.oon, the 
 locust tree is clearly defined as it rises 
 to its stately height and casts about its ]^r^ 
 fantastic shadows. Its clusters of '^^■ 
 moving, sensitive blossoms also appear 
 to be thrown into prominence by the 
 dimness of other things. It is then 
 free from the labour of digesting and 
 assimilating the sap, which work it 
 does in the.sunshine, and calmly leans Robinia Pseudachda. 
 
 
 
I.e'^unte, ristil. 
 
 laiii of<en. 
 
 PLATE CI X. CLAMMY LOCUST. Robinia viscosa. 
 
 (206) 
 
 
PLATE Ca. HOSh ACACIA. A\>oiJi/\i in^puta. 
 
 I'OPYRIGMr, IVOO, B» FREOEHICK A. STOKtS COMPAHr. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 

TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 207 
 
 upon the cool night breezes. The luscious honey scent the 
 flowers cast about is one of its most seductive charms. There 
 is in the southern part of New J'^rsey an avenue of these trees 
 which for many generations was the admiration of those that 
 passed beneath them. Then a certain borer, called painted cly- 
 tus, found them cut and set about the poor work of destruction. 
 Such ravages have thus been made among these trees that to-day 
 many of them are but dark, uncanny stumps with a mass of 
 sucKers growing from their tops. Now and then one is seen 
 that has for some reason been less molested than the others, 
 and it stands out as though to testify to the departed glory of 
 its comrades. In fact, away from its native forests it is almost 
 impossible to protect the tree from such damage. This is 
 unfortunate, as its beauty has caused it to be perhaps more 
 planted in Europe and in America than any other tree. 
 
 The wood of the locust tree is very valuable. It is c'osely 
 grained, heavy and especially strong when in contact with the 
 ground. Above all others it is preferred for the making of 
 treenails, and it is used for posts in vessels and for the masts 
 of ships. Long ago its excellence was known to the Indians 
 of Virginia, and from it their bows were constructed. 
 
 CLAMMY LOCUST. {Plate CIX) 
 
 Robinia viscbsa. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIWJ; OF BLOOM 
 
 rea. 
 
 Slender: branches, 
 spreading. 
 
 30-40 yi?f/. 
 
 Virginia to Georgia. 
 
 June. 
 
 One of the differences between this species of Robinia and 
 the preceding one is that its rough leaf-stems and branchlets 
 are clammy. Then it is a smaller tree and sometimes descends 
 to a shrub of from five to ten feet high. Its pink flowers grow 
 in erect or drooping, compact racemes. They are very showy, 
 but their colour hardly compensates for the sweet scent and 
 more graceful growth of the flowers of Robinia Pscudacacia. 
 Still it is one of our most rare and beautiful trees, and it is to 
 be lamented that it does not occur more generally in a wild 
 
2o8 
 
 TREES GROWliNG IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 state. It seems, however, to have a natural taste for luxury. 
 From the mountains of Carolina, where it is particularly charm- 
 ing, it has escaped, and it is seen in cultivation throughout the 
 Middle and Eastern States and in Canada. Its legumes are 
 linear-lanceolate, and they are slightly tipped with a vestige of 
 the style. 
 
 ROSE ACACIA. BRISTLY LOCUST. flOSS LOCUST. 
 
 (^Plate ex.) 
 
 Bark of braiichi-s: Vw\^Y\s\\. Z^^i'Z'^j' ; compound; alternate ; with leaf-stalks 
 that are hoUowc'd at the base and whicli cover the buds of the succeeding 
 year; odd-pinnaie, with broad leaflets, tipped witii long bristles. Flowers: 
 large; showy; dcop rose colour and growing in rather loose racemes. Corolla: 
 papilionaceous; tiie standard large. Legumes: linear, and covered with bristles. 
 
 A glance at this lovely plant is enough to cause it to be asso- 
 ciated with the family to which it belongs, although it is the 
 one that is shrubby in its habit of growth. When in bloom it 
 is a soft, brilliant sight, and the papilionaceous corolla 
 reminds us strongly of many of our wild flowers. 
 
 " Is it a tree," a little child asked with amazement, ** or is it 
 a big flower ? " 
 
 By plucking one of its leaves it is seen that it takes the same 
 precocious care of its offspring as is customary with other 
 members of the genus. The base of the long stalk is hollow, 
 and nestling cosily within its centre is the young bud of the 
 next season. Here it is as completely sheltered and hidden 
 away from harm as though a little house were built about it. 
 Throughout the northern states we are now accustomed to 
 seeing the shrub, as it is widely cultivated for ornament. 
 
 
 
 Robinta hispida. 
 
 I 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM K 
 
 I\a. 
 
 Slc)iiie>\ spreading. 
 
 yxo/eet. Vir^iiu'ii ioutlnvard. 
 
 J " "^- B 
 
I 
 I 
 
 J, 
 
 PLATt CaI. HONtY LOCUST. (,'/,, ///Wir /r/\r,,n////,>.<;. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, l'*00, BY FRfeDtRlfK A. !jTOKtS ItiMPANY. 
 PHINT£0 IN AMEHICA. 
 
H 
 
 FA^ 
 
 L 
 
 3'ou 
 Spi 
 bas 
 pou 
 pin I 
 tow 
 gret 
 grec 
 Cori 
 twei 
 l)etv 
 locu 
 
 I 
 
 wer 
 
 duh 
 
 thai 
 
 dam 
 
 the 
 
 aboi 
 
 verj 
 
 to a 
 
 its 1( 
 
 nate 
 
 plea: 
 
 term 
 
 let, c 
 
 leafle 
 
 itself 
 
 twice 
 
 it sa 
 
 mass 
 
 Grow 
 
 just i 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 209 
 
 HONEY LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. HONEY 
 
 SHUCKS. i^Plate CXI.) 
 Gleditsia triancdnthos. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 ^enna. 
 
 Irregular. 
 
 1i-HoJeei. 
 
 Western N, J', southward 
 and westward. 
 
 May, June. 
 
 Bark: grey and rough, with small scales at the base of the trunk. The 
 young bianclilets reddish brown and having upon them wart-liUe excrescences. 
 Spines : two to four inches long; twice or thrice branched and cur\cd at the 
 base. In very young and old trees they are sometimes absent. Leaves ; com- 
 pound; alternate; with long, downy petioles; abruptly pinnate, or twice 
 pinnate with from ten to twenty-six or more long, oblong leaflets tajjering 
 towards the apex and rounded at the base; entire or slightly toothed; dark 
 green and lustrous above, yellow green below; glabrous; thin. Fio'wers : 
 greenish white ; growing in narrow racemes. Calyx : three to five cleft. 
 Corolla : with from three to five narrow, spreading petals. Legimies: nine to 
 twenty inches long; reddish brown; flat; linear; curved and containing 
 l)etween the seeds a sweet substance which has suggested the name of honey 
 locust. 
 
 It seems as though there 
 were no motion quite as un- 
 dulating and graceful as 
 that of a tree with an abun- 
 dance of fine foliage. This 
 the honey locust has, and 
 about it there is something 
 very interesting. As though 
 to atone for the fact that 
 its leaves are abruptly pin- 
 nate, a growth never as 
 pleasing as when they are 
 terminated by an odd leaf- 
 let, or by a tendril, the end 
 leaflet often again divides 
 itself, and the leaf becomes 
 twice pinnate. In this way 
 it satisfies its desire for a 
 mass of fleecy, light foliage. 
 Growing on the branches 
 just above the axils of 
 
 GUditsia triancdnthos. 
 
 e leaves, or where the leaflets gro 
 
 vv 
 
2IO 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 in little clusters, the long, sharply-pointed and richly-coloured 
 thorns appear. But they are not more curious to look at than 
 are the great pods which hang on the tree late in the season. 
 One is really inclined to wonder where they came from. As they 
 twist themselves like corkscrews in drying they produce an 
 eccentric effect. This is not their object, however ; they have 
 simply devised this plan as a means of securing a wider dis- 
 tribution of their seeds. 
 
 The tree is now widely planted throughout the north, and it 
 is often chosen to form hedges. That it withstands the on- 
 slaught of insects and grows rapidly from the seed are strong 
 points in its favour. It comes into leaf, however, late in the 
 spring when nearly all the other trees are already clothed with 
 verdure. 
 
 AMERICAN YELLOW-WOOD. KENTUCKY YELLOW- 
 WOOD. {Plate CXII) 
 
 Cladrdstis lutea. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pta. Head, byoad; branches, 3050 /ff/. Eastern Ky. to Tenn. May, June, 
 
 spreading. 
 
 and North Carolina. 
 
 Bark: silvery grey; close, something like that of the beech. Branches: 
 ashy. Leaves: compouiul; alternate; with stalks that are hollowed at their 
 bases and enclose the buds of the succeeding year; odd-pinnate; with from 
 seven to eleven oval or ovate leaflets ; pointed at the apex and rather blunt at 
 the base; entire; light green above; lighter below; glabrous. Flowers: white; 
 fragrant; hanging in full, terminal i)anicles often a foot or more long. CorolL.: 
 white; papilionaceous; the standard large and turned backward. Fruit: 
 many linear flat pods which hang from short peduncles and contain from four 
 to six seeds. 
 
 There is something mystical about the great bunches of this 
 tree's flowers when they unfold, and a strangeness lurks in 
 seeing things so purely white hanging from its boughs. When 
 the sun shines upon them after a shower, they sparkle as with 
 innumerable drops of crystallized dew, and tiny, round specks 
 of reflected sunshine gleam over their white petals. It is inter- 
 esting to notice their colours. Sometimes they blend crimson, 
 
PLATE CXll. AMERICAN YELLOA' WOOD. C/.iJnis/is /k/.h 
 
 LOPVRICHT, r*00, BY FREDERICK A. STOkES COMPANY. 
 PhlMEU IN AMtRtCA. 
 
ye 
 th 
 E\ 
 
 se< 
 
 on 
 
 its 
 
 for 
 
 we 
 
 it : 
 
 be£ 
 
 yel 
 
 its 
 
 cha 
 
 1 
 
 faci 
 
 by, 
 
 KE 
 
 FAMII 
 Si-nn 
 
 Bo 
 scale 
 one I 
 with 
 taper 
 fiingi 
 lielov 
 prowi 
 loncf, 
 and g 
 
 It 
 
 from 
 pres( 
 the I 
 and 
 

 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 21 I 
 
 yellow and green. The crimson tint is bordered with grey, and 
 
 the green sinks away into a deeper bliic. J^^- 
 
 Every season there are flowers to be 
 
 seen on the tree, although it is only 
 
 on alternate years that it throws out 
 
 its full wealth of bloom. More than a 
 
 fortnight they seldom last, and In warm 
 
 weather hardly as long. In cultivation 
 
 it would be difficult to imagine a more 
 
 beautiful, low-growing tree than the 
 
 yellow-wood ; for besides its flowers, 
 
 its foliage is extremely graceful and 
 
 changes in the autumn to various tints of gold. 
 
 The wood of Cladrastis lutea is light yellow and brittle. In 
 fact its branches are very prone to break when they are struck 
 by a high gale of vind. 
 
 Cladrditis luten. 
 
 \ 
 
 KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. STUMP TREE. {Plate CXIII.) 
 
 Gymndcladus diolca. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Senna. Head, narrow: ^o-Zo-iio/eei. 
 branches, ascending. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 N . Y. and I'liiit. south- May-July, 
 
 ward and westward. Fruit: Se/t., Oct. 
 
 Bark: Rrey, tinged with red; coarse; rough and separating into persistent 
 scales. Branches: few and having no thorns. Stipules : lanceolate. Leaves : 
 one to three feet long; unequally twice-compound; alternate; odd-pinnate; 
 with from seven to thirteen leaflets on each division of the blade; ovate; 
 taper-pointed at the apex and rounded or cordate at the base; entire and 
 fringed about the margins. Dark green and glabrous above, pale yellow-green 
 below and slij^htlv pubescent along the ribs. Flmvcis: white; dioecious; 
 growing in racemes along the branches. Lei^imes: large; six to ten inches 
 long, and broad; reddish brown; flat; glaucous and containing several hard 
 and grey seeds. 
 
 It is a pleasure to feel that we know just what to expect 
 from trees— that they are not with every return of the season 
 presenting us with new fashions. We may have noticed that 
 the late, unfolding leaves of the Kentucky coffee-tree are pink, 
 and that as they become more accustomed to the world they 
 
212 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 ,-fC' 
 
 
 
 
 
 'O'u 
 
 Gymndcladus diolca. 
 
 turn to a bronze-green. In the au- 
 tumn they again change to bright, 
 clear yellow. Nor is it only in one 
 particular year that these colours 
 succeed each other. At whatever 
 time we return to the tree, no matter 
 how long afterwards, we shall find 
 it telling the same story. A spray of 
 its doubly-compound leaves readily 
 adapts itself to conventional design- 
 ing. The curved pods remain un- 
 opened on the boughs throughout 
 the winter, when the tree has a la- 
 mentably dead and stump-like look. 
 Their seeds were at one time used 
 to make a beverage which was 
 thought to be something like coffee. 
 
 BLACK WALNUT. {Plate CXIV) 
 Jiiglans nigra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Walnut. Rounded: bmncheSy 30-60-1 50 yVf/. 
 very thick. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Muss, southward 
 and ivestward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 April, May. 
 Fruit : October. 
 
 5<ir/& ; blackish; rough ; broadly ridged. Tivigs : pubescent. Leaves : com- 
 pound; alternate; with stalks from one to two feet long, which are slightly pubes- 
 cent ; odd-jnnnate, with from thirteen to twenty-three leaflets; ovate- 
 lanceolate; taper-pointed at the apex and rounded or slightly cordate at the 
 base; the sides often unequal, and the lower pair of leaflets smaller than the 
 others; sharply toothed; yellowish green above and glabrous, paler below and 
 pubescent. Fruit: large ; globose; solitary; the husk greenish yellow when 
 ripe and dotted with brownish red; spongv and decaying to release the nut. 
 Nut: black; deeply and sharply furrowed, and containing a rich, highly 
 flavoured kernel. 
 
 It has been estimated that fully one hundred years are re- 
 quired for this tree to attain the ample proportions necessary 
 for a valuable timber tree. Then the axeman who long has had 
 his eye on it, lays low the result of its patient, unerring growth. 
 How pathetic is this defenselessness of the tree against man ! 
 
PLATb CXIII. KENTUCKY COFFEE THEE. C'v/^/ihu /,r,/iis ilioita. 
 
 rOPVRI&HT, VjOO, PY FUEDERKK a. stokes COMPANr 
 PHINTED IN AWeHtCA. 
 
Lon 
 
 cart 
 
 but 
 
 will. 
 
 (Jem 
 
 brov 
 
 vvalri 
 
 be s 
 
 the 
 
 man; 
 
 proa 
 
 have 
 
 the 
 
 Thos 
 
 vast 
 
 the A 
 
 no m 
 
 ghan; 
 
 scare 
 
 gun s 
 
 and t; 
 
 As w( 
 
 but it 
 
 fasten 
 
 aspect 
 
 raven( 
 
 BUTT 
 
 FAMILY 
 U'ainut. 
 
 Bark, 
 
 sticky, 
 pubescei 
 oval, ses 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 213 
 
 Long before him it knew the 
 earth, and it has outgrown him; 
 but meekly it falls before his 
 will. So great has been the 
 demand for the beautiful, dark 
 brown heart-wood of the black 
 walnut that it may now almost 
 be said to no longer exist in 
 the American forests. And 
 many of the trees that are ap- 
 proaching a marketable size 
 have already been bought " on 
 the stump " by lumbermen. 
 Those trees that once covered 
 vast tracts of forest land in 
 the Mississippi basin are now 
 no more, and east of the Alle- 
 ghany mountains they are also 
 scarce. During the civil war 
 gun stocks were largely made of the wood of the black walnut, 
 and trees were not planted to replace those that were destroyed. 
 As we all know, the meat of the nuts has a fine, rich flavour ; 
 but it is somewhat difficult of access, as it is most skilfully 
 fastened within the shells. In cultivation the tree has a sombre 
 aspect, and it is unfortunate that the fall web-worms eat so 
 ravenously its foliage. 
 
 Juglans n)gra. 
 
 BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. OILNUT. {Plate CXI'.) 
 
 Juglans ct'nkrea. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 li'ahtut, Unsytnntetrical : branches, 30-50-100 New England south- May. 
 
 horizontal. feet. ward to Ga. and Fruit: Oct., Nov. 
 
 westward. 
 
 Bark : light brown ; deeply riclged. Bramhlets : light grey; rough. Twif^s : 
 sticky. Leaf-lmds; scaly; pubescent. Leaves: compound; alternate; with 
 puliescent and sticky stalks; odd-pinnate, with from eleven to seventeen long, 
 oval, sessile leaflets, tajicr-pointed at the apex and rounded at the base ; sharply 
 
214 
 
 TREES GROWlxNG LN RICH SOIL. 
 
 and unevenly serrate; yellowish green above, UMcIerneatli extremely pubescent. 
 Flowers: monoecious. Staminate catkins : growing troni axillary buds. Tlieir 
 flower bracts clothed during the winter witn lomentuni; pubescent. FistiUate 
 flmvers : six or eigiit, growing in terniinai spikes, and covered with sticky hairs. 
 Fruit', growing in a husk from two to three inches long ; oblong; pointed; green 
 or greenish brown when ripe; sticky, and decaying away from tl)e nut tnat it 
 encloses. Niit{ ovate; with a rough, furrowed shell, and sweet, highly flavoured 
 kernel. 
 
 As is often true of trees that come into leaf late in the season, 
 the butternut is one of the first to take offence at Jack Frost; 
 and that he may not further wound it by his familiarity, its 
 leaves drop silently to the ground very early in the autumn. 
 At all times the leaves of the tree are rather scarce, and its 
 exposed grey limbs present an unkempt appearance. So much 
 yellow is mixed with the colouring of the foliage that, while the 
 effect is peculiar, it robs it of all look of vigour. The trees 
 remind us of plants that have been too much in the shade. 
 
 But how insignificant are such points as tliese to the country 
 boys and squirrels that know the tree by its fruit. And how 
 sweet and tender is the young meat, only those know that have 
 braved the staining of fingers and have pounded the husks open 
 on some near-by rock. Perhaps the taste of the woodlands 
 still clings to them, for they are seemingly very different 
 when bought at the market. 
 
 The wood of the butternut is light brown and beautiful. 
 Among other things it is used for cabinet work. 
 
 nOCKER=NUT. WHITE-HEART HICKORY. 
 
 FRAGRANT HICKORY. {Pla^^CXV:.) 
 
 Hit or I a dlba. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Walnut, Head, ronndfd, narroui: 
 bra ncli es, sprea ding. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 ■jo-xoo /ect . Kc-K England scuth- 
 ^vard to J-'la. and 
 Tiwas and wfstward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May, June. 
 Fruit: Oct., Nov, 
 
 Bark: light grcv; rough, but close; not broken into scales. Lcaf-btids : 
 large; round, and covered with yellowish-brown scales. Len'^es : comiiound; 
 alternate; odd-jiinnate; with rough stalks and from seven to nine long, oval, al- 
 most sessile leaflets, taper-pointed at the a])ex, and wedge-shaped or blunt at 
 the base; the lower ])air of leaflets smaller and broader than the others. 
 Slightlv serrate with blunt teeth: above dee|) yellowish green, paler and pubes- 
 
Iloom 
 
 Nov. 
 
 btids : 
 )und; 
 al- 
 Int at 
 jiliers. 
 lubes- 
 
 PLATb CAIV. BLALK WALNUT J iii^/.ms 111^:/ ,i . 
 
 COPvmr.Mr. iir,,}, by rHEr-CHi- k a «.to«:ls fOWPANf. 
 
 fHlftTEU m AWEHIC*. 
 
t 
 
 s^ 
 
 •T'T, 
 
 ■. /■ 
 
 'A 
 
 ■ / 
 
 Pi.sti 
 
■S!' 
 
 enlarged. 
 
 PLATE CXV. BUHERNUT. Ju<;laiis cinerea. 
 (215) 
 
2l6 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 cent underneath; fragrant when dried. Nut : one and a half to two and a half 
 inches long; greyish white, and growing in a thick green husk, which splits 
 when ripe nearly to tiie base into tour sections; ovate; rounded; pointed at the 
 top; six-angled, with a hard and thick shell. Kernel i small; sweet, but not 
 highly flavoured. 
 
 It is true that the fruit of this tree is one that mocks. Its 
 large size and fresh, wholesome look lead many to seize it as 
 though with a promise of finding abundant meat. But a series 
 of disappointments is consequent. The husk of the nut is un- 
 usually thick, and the shell is thick; so when found the poor 
 little meat seems not to compensate for the trouble it has given, 
 especially as it ir. indifferently flavoured. To follow the 
 changes of colour of the tree's large leaf-buds is interesting. In 
 the winter their yellowish-brown scales forsake them, and they 
 become covered with those that are hard and greyish. It is not 
 well to be conspicuous late in the season when delicate, green 
 food is scarce; for there are hungry marauders about then as 
 well as in the summer time, although not perhaps of the same 
 class as the beautiful but terrible creature which is seen in the 
 coloured plate. 
 
 Of all the hickories this one is the most generally known 
 throughout the south. It grows also in the Atlantic states and 
 in Canada, but in these latter places it is rather rare. In the 
 rich soil of woods, or upon hillsides and ridges it is found. 
 The timber that the tree produces is very similar to that of the 
 shag-bark hickory. 
 
 N 
 
 SHAG-BARK HICKORY. SHELL-BACK HICKORY. 
 
 WHITE WALNUT. {Plate CXVIl.) 
 
 Hiccria ovata. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 tVa/nui. Conical; head, tinrrow; 
 trunky colu»in-like. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 50-9C- 1 20 _/<•?/. Southern Maine May. 
 
 ■n'esiwayJ and Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 southward to h'la, 
 and Texas. 
 
 Bark: grey; loosely attached, and breaking into long, loose strips, which 
 curve away from the tree at the bottom but remain attached at the middle. 
 Leaf-buds\ ovate; large; with leaf-like, brown and yellow-green scales. Leaves: 
 compound; alternate; odd-pinnate; with rough stalks and five or seven leaflets; 
 
'LAIh LAVl. MOCKER-NUT. 1 1 uorut .iHui. 
 
 rOI'YKIIcMT, ' .00, Br rKtOtHII'K A. SIOKtS lOVI'ANr. 
 PHINFEO IM AMEHICA. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 i t 
 
% 
 
 ^''-•'■'(i 
 
 \, 
 
 ^7, 
 
 \ 
 
Pistillate Stnminaie 
 Jloiver. flower. 
 
 PLATE CXVII. SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Hicoria ovata. 
 
 (217) 
 
aiS 
 
 TREES C 
 
 .WG IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 long ovate, or obovate; se^ with taper-pointed apex and wedge-shaped or 
 rounded base, the lower pair of leaflets varying greatly from the others in 
 shape; sharply serrate; thin; dark yellowish green, and glabrous above; paler 
 below. Flowers : appearing after the leaves are nearly fully grown. Stammate 
 catkins : light green; slender, and growing in threes on long peduncles, distillate 
 ones: in spikes of from two to five flowers. Fruit: growing in a thick, green 
 husk; smooth and lustrous on the outside, and opening to the base into four 
 sections. Nut: whitish; ovate; flattened at the sides; four-angled, and con- 
 taining a sweet, highly flavoured kernel. 
 
 After the beautiful buds have burst their bright, petal-like 
 scales, the shag-bark equips itself for the summer with a green 
 sunshade of fresh and fragrant leaves. And it is also a sun- 
 shade that is picturesque and exquisite in outline. There is 
 besides no need of putting on one's spectacles before bowing to 
 the tree. Its strange, shaggy bark at once proclaims its ident- 
 ity, and formality is forgotten. With tranquil steadiness it 
 produces every year its fruit — a dainty gift to mankind. Were 
 it only for its own purposes of reproduction there would be no 
 need of its having so fine and sweet a flavour. It is the 
 well-known hickory nut of the market. Those that wander 
 much in the woods know well that a bit of self-restraint is nec- 
 essary in the early autumn; for these nuts will not be hurried 
 in their ripening, and no more pleasure is to be had from gath- 
 ering them too soon than there is from trying to unfold for 
 oneself the petals of a rose. 
 
 The brownish-white wood of the shag-bark is tough, elastic 
 and very valuable. Its uses are many. 
 
 IT. lacinibsa, big shell-bark, or king nut, is a rare tree which 
 occasionally grows one hundred and twenty feet high, and is 
 found in rich soil from New York and Pennsylvania southward 
 and westward. It has a light grey bark which separates into 
 thin, narrow plates, and the young branchlets are orange colour. 
 The leaves are from ten to twenty inches long and have from 
 five to nine obovate leaflets. Either solitary, or in pairs, the 
 nuts grow, and they are much larger than those of the shag- 
 bark hickory. In fact, to one that sees them for the first time, 
 their size is astonishing. Their shell is also darker, with a yel- 
 
PLATE CXVIII. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. Hicoria microcarpa. 
 
 (219) 
 
220 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 low tint, and the kernel, although sweet, has a less agreeable 
 flavour, Hicoria laciniosa is slow of growth, and the wood that 
 it produces is comparatively dark in colour. Otherwise there 
 is much similarity between it and that of Hicoria ovata, 
 
 SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY. {Plate CXVIII.) 
 Hicbria viicrocdrpa, 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Walnut. Rounded^ conical. bo-^Jeet, Mass. to Delaware and May, June. 
 
 westward. Fruit: itepl.^Oct. 
 
 Bark: at first close, but separating into narrow strips. Leaves: compound 
 alternate; with smooth stallts and from five to seven sessile leaflets ; long ; 
 oval; pointed at the apex and at the base ; finely serrate ; glabrous above and 
 only slightly pubescent in the angles of the ribs underneath and dotted with 
 dark sjiots. Fruit; growing in a nearly globular, green, thin husk which 
 splits when ripe nearly to the base. Nut : small ; round; smooth ; not ridged ; 
 thin-shelled. Kernel: sweet. 
 
 It is not always a simple matter to tell at a glance the differ- 
 ent hickories apart, for in general habit and picturesqueness 
 of outline they closely resemble each other. The foliage of 
 Hicoria microcarpa suggests that of Hicoria glabra^ the pig- 
 nut, and the shell of its small fruit is also thin and free 
 from angles. In fact, Professor Sargent regards the tree as a 
 variety of Hicoria glabra. 
 
 About the leaf-buds of the hickories there is always a charm. 
 Many of them grow to the size of quite large leaves before fall- 
 ing and are full of colour. Usually the pistillate blossoms are 
 green, and so unobtrusive and modest are they that they might 
 readily be mistaken for the unfolding foliage. The wood of 
 the small-fruited hickory is light brown, tough and strong. 
 
 WHITE ASH. {Plate CXIX) 
 Frdxtnus Americclna. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Olive. Rounded: lower branches^ \a-\'iofeet. 
 slightly drooping. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Nova Scotia west- 
 ward and south' 
 wa rd to Florida 
 and Texas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 April-June. 
 
 Lmverbark: brownish grey, tinged with red ; furrowed, and becoming smoother 
 upward and on the branches. Young shoots glossy, and marked with light 
 coloured dots. Leaf-buds ; rust coloured ; glabrous and growing iu elongated 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 321 
 
 panicles. Leaves: compound; opposite; odd-pinnate; with from five to nine 
 ovate, or lance-oblong leaflets; ta|)er-pointed at the apex and pointed or inclined 
 to be rounded at the base and extending into smooth jjetiolules about one quar- 
 ter of an inch in length. Dark green and lustrous above, silvery underneath 
 and pubescent, beconnng ghibrouj at maturity excepting on the whitish under 
 ribs. Flffivers : dioecious; a|)pe;\ring before the leaves. Staminiite /lowers: 
 with three stamens which have short fila iients and conspicuous anthers. Pis' 
 tillate ones : with their ovarie3 extended into a slender style and having a pur- 
 ple, spreading, two-lobed sfigma. Samaras: hanging on slender pedicels in 
 loose clusters; the wings lanceolate and tapering to a point. 
 
 " Why lingereth she to clothe her heart with love, tit ■'.• 
 
 Delaying as the tender ash delays 
 To clothe herself, when all the woods are green } " 
 
 —Tennyson. 
 
 In the Eddas, the records of Scandinavian mythology, it is 
 told that a mighty ash tree, " Ygdrasil," sprang from the body 
 of the giant Ymir who under it 
 Ues prostrate. It is thought to 
 support the whole universe. One 
 of its great roots penetrates into 
 the dwelling of the gods, another 
 into the abode of the giants, an'l 
 the third extends into the realms 
 of darkness. Each root is wa- 
 tered by a spring. In the abode 
 of the gods it is tended by three "^'jlf^S 
 Norns ; they are goddesses who ^v^^';$ 
 dispense fate and represent the 
 past, the present and the future. 
 The spring in the giant's hall is 
 Ymir's well and holds in its depths 
 wit and wisdom. But the third 
 spring feeds the adder, Nidhogge, 
 darkness, which never ceases 
 from gnawing at the tree's roots, 
 erse the branches and bite off the buds. They are the four 
 winds. After their creation of the universe, these gods also 
 conceived the first man, Aske, to be made out of an ash tree. 
 
 l^fu< 
 
 Frdxinus A mtricina. 
 
 Four hart;> ceaselessly travi 
 
PLATE CXIX. WHITE ASH. Fnixinus Americana. 
 
 (222) 
 
IKEKS CiRUWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 aaj 
 
 and the first woman out of an alder. She was called 
 Embla. 
 
 The white ash is an especially handsome tree of rapid 
 growth and with clean foliage that is not ravaged by insects. 
 Us flexible, fine timber is of great value in cabinet work and is 
 well adapted for the making of oars, carriage poles, shafts and 
 agricultural implements. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 Olivt. 
 
 SHAPE 
 SUmier 
 
 BLUE ASH. {Plate CA'X) 
 
 Frdxinus qitadranguldta. 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Oiitiirio to Mininsotii <ind 
 
 soitthtvixrd to Altibatiia, 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Mar.h, A/>ril. 
 
 Bark: light grey; tinged with rod .ind divided irreguhirly into plate-like 
 s les. IhanchUts : squared; four-angled. Leaxcs', compound; opposite; 
 ocid-pinnate ; with from five to nine or more long ovate or lanceolate leaflets 
 with very short jietiolules, or nearly sessile. Apex and base taper- 
 pointed; sharply serrate ; yellowisii grctn ; duli and glal)rous ahove, pale and 
 glabrous below, but downy in the angles of the ribs when young. hlmvers i 
 dioecious; insignificant; growing on slender pedicels from separate buds in 
 the axils of the leaf-scars of the preceding year, and unfolding as die terminal 
 bud expands. Stinuvns : hanging in clusters ; narrowly oblong ; the wings ex- 
 tending all around and nearly the same width throughout ; notched at the apex. 
 
 In rich woods and on the fertile bottom lands of the west the 
 blue ash is mostly found. But even throughout its natural 
 range it is not a common tree. As is true of nearly all the 
 members of its family, it is beautiful and unusually free from 
 objectionable features. It grows rapidly to a tall and stately 
 height, and its foliage has happily no blandishments for the in- 
 sect world. In the autumn it turns to a pale yellow, and al- 
 though the leaves have unfolded late in the spring, just when 
 the samaras are forming, they are among the first to fall. The 
 mark by which the tree is most readily known is the quadran- 
 gular shape of its stems. It has, however, been i)opularly 
 stated that they lose this feature as they grow old. But Mr. 
 Beadle, of Biltmore, who has grown several hundred thousands 
 of blue ashes, finds that from the first to the tenth year of their 
 age there is a strong increase in this characteristic, and that 
 to some extent it is always retained. 
 
PLATE CXX. BLUE ASH, Fraxiniis quadyangxilata. 
 
 (2 2.;) 
 
PLATt CXXI. WHITE PINb. I'niuf St>-,^hi,^ 
 
 COPV'<l''MI. I xii, Ui ritft.thlt K *. •-TOff S (,(>Ml'*'n 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 22! 
 
 The dark, yellowish wood of the blue ash is valuable. It is 
 not very strong, but hard, and is adaptable for such purposes as 
 flooring and parts of carriages. Coniniercially, it is not distin- 
 guished from the other ashes of the northern and middle states. 
 From its inner bark a blue dye is extracted and to this cir- 
 cumstance is owing the tree's common name. 
 
 WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE. (^Plate CXXI.) 
 
 P\iius St r obits. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Conical: branches, 80-175 /"ct/. Xortliivard to Great June. 
 
 ivhorled horizontally. I.akes, southward to Fruit: Sf/>t. 
 
 Georgia and Iowa. 
 
 Bark : light greenish grey; smooth on young trunics and branches, and be- 
 coming rough and brownish with age. Leaves : three to five inches long; sim- 
 ple; arranged closely along the branches in clusters of five, antl having short 
 sheaths which fall early; needle-shaped; three-sided; light green; soft; deli- 
 cate; glaucous. C^//« ; reddish brown; four to si.K inches long; terminal ; soli- 
 tary; drooping; cylindrical; slightly curved; resinous. Scales: thin; blunt. 
 Seeds : winged, 
 
 The tragrance of balsam, the greenness of hope seem to 
 come to us with the very name of a pine; but there are few among 
 them that can claim as much admiration as the while pine. 
 Much of the peculiar charm which distinguishes our scenery 
 from that of other lands is owing to its great whorled branches 
 which regularly stand out against the sky. Throughout the 
 winter how magnificent is this living creature of the forest, 
 when it stretches out its arms to uphold the snow and ice that 
 bend them without mercy to the ground. And how must it be 
 thrilled with delight as it is touched with the soft air of spring 
 which lovingly dries its needles by fanning them in its breezes. 
 Then as the silver sheen of their undersides passes through the 
 hazy blue tone of its green, Thoreau describes the effect ii> 
 similar to that of cold flashes of electric light. 
 
 It is interesting to reflect that during the latter part of tie 
 XVIIth century all silver shillings and smaller coins that were 
 struck in the colony of Massachusetts bore the device of a 
 white pine. Also in 1772, a clause in extenuation to one in the 
 charter of Massachusetts Bay read : " That after September n, 
 
126 
 
 TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 
 
 .-HP), 
 
 P>nus Strbbus. 
 
 1772, in New England, New 
 York and New Jersey in 
 America no person shall 
 cut or destroy any white 
 pine trees, not grow'ing in 
 any township or its bounds, 
 without his Majesty's li- 
 cense," The name Wey- 
 mouth pine was given to 
 it in England, and was to 
 commemorate Lord Wey- 
 mouth. 
 
 To-day the tree is in 
 danger of extermination 
 from the axe, for it is the 
 most valuable timber tree 
 of Eastern America. Its 
 light, soft and straight- 
 grained wood is free from 
 knots and nearly so from 
 resin. It is easily worked 
 For carpentry and various 
 In low, fertile soil the tree 
 
 and receives a high polish. 
 
 constructions it is much used 
 
 grows, often forming large forests, and also in sandy places. It 
 
 appears most conspicuous in groves of deciduous-leaved trees, 
 
 and in parts of New England it now occupies extensive tracts 
 
 of abandoned farm land. 
 
 H EMLOCK. ( Plate CXXII.) 
 Tsito^a Canadensis. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Conical; branches^ 60-80- 100 /cr/. New Brunswick west- April, May. 
 horizontal, drocfiing. luard to the Gt. Lakes 
 
 and southward. 
 
 Bark: reddish or grey; scaly, and becoming more rough and furrowed 
 with age. Leaves : linear; half an inch long; simple; growing flatly on little 
 lietioles, singly, and opposite to each other up and down the branchlets; nar- 
 row; blunt at the apex and sometimes minutely toothed. When young light 
 
PLATE CXXII. HEMLOCK. 7'sitC'i ('"'hufnisis. 
 
 COPYHIGHT. I'»tlO, By FREOEHICK A. STOKES (OMfANy, 
 HHINTEU \fi AMEHICA. 
 
yel 
 Co. 
 dn 
 ing 
 
 its 
 
 dr 
 
 as 
 
 en 
 
 as 
 
 bo 
 
 al 
 
 of 
 
 est 
 
 sol 
 
 r 
 
 an( 
 the 
 Mc 
 bri 
 larj 
 als( 
 
 J 
 
 trei 
 
 all 
 
 its 
 
 slig 
 
 is t 
 
 blul 
 
 so I 
 
 FAM 
 
 youn 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 227 
 
 I 
 
 yellow-green above, becoming darker; lustrous; silvery white underneath. 
 Cones: very small; hardly over half an inch long; ovate-oblong; solitary and 
 drooping at the ends of the branchlets. Hcales : rounded; thin; and not open- 
 ing widely when the seeds are ripe. Seeds and wings nearly as long as the scales. 
 
 When on some open, rocky ridge this tree is seen growing by 
 itself, it is often clothed to the ground with its graceful and 
 drooping branches. Their spray is filmy and plume-like, and 
 as first the intense lustre of their dark-green needles is height- 
 ened and as then their silvery undersides dart upward, it appears 
 as though a light, fleecy cloud were gambolling through its 
 boughs. When the spring-time comes the tree is touched with 
 a lively yellow-green and is then, as also when it is young, one 
 of the most charming sights of nature. In October, in the for- 
 est's shade it becomes dark, almost black, and stretches itself 
 solemnly to its utmost height. 
 
 The hemlock has been much planted as an ornamental tree 
 and has in cultivation produced new varieties, but none of 
 them is so free and graceful in its growth as the wild tree. 
 More often than for its timber, which is coarsely grained and 
 brittle, it is felled for the sake of its bark. From this tannin is 
 largely taken to be used in the manufacture of leather, and it is 
 also known to possess medicinal properties. 
 
 T. Caroliniana^ Carolina hemlock, is also of all the evergreen 
 trees one of the most beautiful, and even in this point excels 
 a little the common hemlock which it so closely resembles. In 
 its habit of growth it is more dense, and the cones it bears are 
 slightly larger with scales that are prone to diverge. The tree 
 is not common and is generally found in groves along the high 
 bluffs of the Blue Ridge mountains — that part of the country 
 so rich in flora and forestry. 
 
 BLACK SPRUCE. {Plate CXXIII.) 
 
 Plcea Mariana, 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 March-June, 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Pint. Trunks straight: lower 30-90-100 y<r^^. 
 branches^ drooping. 
 
 Bark: greyish brown; slightly rough. Branchlets: brown; greenish when 
 young and pubescent. Leaves : seldom over two-thirds of an inch long; dark 
 
 RANGE 
 
 North Carolina 
 northward. 
 
Scale o/cone, showing 
 seeds. 
 
 PLATE CXXlll. BLACK SPRUCE. Ptcea Afariana. 
 
 (228) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 229 
 
 bhie-grecn; simple; growing thickly ail along and on every side of the tan col- 
 onrod twigs; needle-shaped; four-sided; curved or strai-ht; rigid. Cones: one- 
 half to one and a half inches long; rich purple, ami lurning later to reddish 
 brown or tan colour; ovate or ovoid; terminal; solitarv. and drooping at the 
 ends of the branches; often persistent for manv years. '^icaUst rounded- per- 
 sistent; thin, and becoming wavy toothed at the ape.x. ' 
 
 To speak definitely of the outlines of trees is often difficult, 
 for they adapt themselves with wonderful facility to the various 
 conditions under which they grow. The black spruce when it 
 inhabits dense thickets sends up a tall and slender shaft, quite 
 free from branches until near its top ; but when growing in an 
 open swamp with plenty of room for a free development it is 
 often clotheU to the ground with vigourous boughs. It then is 
 very beautiful. After its youth has passed, however, and espe- 
 cially in cultivation it becomes scraggly and rough looking. 
 Only when the tree is surrounded by abundant moisture does 
 it thrive well, and near the coasts of southern New England, 
 New York and New Jersey, it occupies many small swamps 
 and bogs. From those of the red spruce its leaves are readily 
 distinguished for they are shorter and of a bluer tint of green. 
 
 The timber produced by the black spruce is valuable and 
 used among other purposes for the masts and spars of sliips. 
 Il is pale red or white, straightly grained, and is marked with 
 rather ornamental small knots. From the northern Indians it 
 was that Europeans first learned to boil its young twigs with 
 honey, and to extract the essence of spruce which is employed 
 in making beer of that name. 
 
 WHITE SPRUCE. {Plate CXXIV.) 
 Plcea Canadhisis. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIMEOF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. ConeshapedySltndtr, 30-100-150 y«/. Maine and north Aprils May. 
 
 •west to Minnesota. 
 
 Bark: brown; scaly. Twigs: light buff; smooth. Leaves: light olive- 
 green; simple; growing closely and singly from all sides of the branches; 
 needle-shaped; four-sided; slender; slightly curved and sharply pointed on 
 the sterile branches ; more blunt on those that are fertile; glaucous. Staminate 
 flowers: pale red. Cones: one to two inches long; pale green and turning 
 later to light brown or tan colour; solitary; drooping; terminal at the ends o£ 
 

 Scale of cone. Staminate flower. 
 
 PLATE CXXIV. WHITE SPRUCE. Picca Canadensis. 
 
 (230) 
 
TREES GROWING IN RICH SOIL. 
 
 231 
 
 the branchlels. Oval, or cylindrical; very soft to the touch and falling at the 
 end of the year. Scales : broadly obovate; rounded or twolobed at the apex; 
 entire. 
 
 As the tall shaft of the white spruce raises itself above the 
 level of surrounding things and spreads its branches until 
 they form a cone-shaped outline, it stands distinct and clear 
 against the monotonous skyline. Nature shows us many little 
 differences : nothing to her is insignificant. We notice therefore 
 that the needles of the spruces have fine and sharp points and 
 that they are arran,:;cd all about and on every side of the little 
 i)ranchlets. The fir trees have blunt-pointed needles, and the 
 under sides of their twigs are not covered by them. That this 
 tree may not be confused with the black spruce, its bark and 
 foliage are both lighter in colouring ; and the scales of its 
 cones are thinner and more papery to the touch than either 
 those of the black or red spruce. (Pages 227 and 258). Of its 
 clear, exquisitely white or faint yellow wood the best specimens 
 have been compared to satin-wood. It is much used for fine 
 interior finish. 
 
 BALSAfl FIR. 
 
 BALn OF OILEAD FIR. 
 
 Abt'h balsdmea. 
 
 {Plate CXXF.) 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Pyramidctl; branches, ^o-to/eet. Northward to Minn. April, May. 
 
 horizontal. 
 
 southward to 11'. I 'a. 
 
 Bark: grey; smooth and horizontally marked as thongh with blisters. Little 
 branchlets growing at an angle of forty-five degrees to the larger ones. Leaves : 
 one-half or barely an inch long; simple; growing singly and flatly along the 
 branchlets; needle-shaped; notched or blunt at the apex; very flat; straight; 
 grooved above and having a raised ridge below; dark blue-green above; 
 silvery bluish white below ; evergreen. (9i/^«r." aromatic. Cones: small; from 
 two to hardly four inches long; violet colour when young, becoming light 
 iirown ; growing erectly on the upper sides of the branches. Scales : broadly 
 rounded; flat and thin; opening and falling when the seeds are ripe. The 
 inner bract of the scales tipped with a bristle. Sceih : resinous. 
 
 Here we have the Christmas tree, the one most often 
 chosen from the forest to be the central figure of gay and 
 human scenes. But who that has read Anderson's story, ** Der 
 Tannenbaum," can help sympathising with the little stranger 
 
232 
 
 'IkKKS GROWING IN RICH bU IL. 
 
 us it stands alone amid its new and untried surroundings? 
 
 Although il had ardently longed to grow 
 and to have the (juietude of the forest, 
 that it might see something of the world 
 without; it had been hurt by the axeman, 
 and il found almost stifling the air of the 
 brilliantly-liglited room. It bled at its 
 base and suffered. 
 
 Even in cultivation the tree is short- 
 lived. It is the one, it is well to remem- 
 ber, from which the needles should be 
 gathered to fill pillows. 
 
 From the blister-like portions of its 
 bark, balsam is abundantly procured, and 
 the air laden with its odours is known to have certain bene- 
 ficial qualities, especially when breathed by those that have 
 pulmonary diseases. 
 
 A. Fniseri^ Fraser's balsam fir, is a beautiful rare tree 
 which grows among the higher Alleghany mountains. It is very 
 like the preceding species. In general tone it is olive-green 
 although the under side of the needles is bluish white, and 
 running through their middle is a line of bright green. The 
 needles are very blunt-pointed and grow thickly on the upper 
 side of the little branchlets. The cones are small and oblong, 
 and the inner leaflet, or bract of the scales, projects a short and 
 reflexed point. 
 
 Abiis bahhmea. 
 
irni 
 
 PLATE CXXV. BALSAM FIR. Abirs Ini/saiiha. 
 
 rorvRir.HT, noo, Br fheoekii'k a, siukls comi-anit. 
 
 PHPNTEO IN AMEHIC*. 
 

Trees Preferring to Grow in Sandy or 
 Rocky Soil: Hillsides and Barrens. 
 
 " Father, thy hand 
 Hath reared these venerable columns, thou 
 Didst weave this verdant roof. Thou didst look down 
 Upon the naked earth, and, fortJnv'ith, rose 
 All tJiese fair ranks of trees. They, in t/iy sun. 
 Budded, and shook their green leaves in thy breeze^ 
 And shot tozuards heaven. The century-living crow 
 Whose birth zoas in their tops, grezo old and died 
 A niong their branches, till at last, they stood, 
 As 7101V they stand, massy, and tall, and dark. 
 Fit shrine for humble zvorshipper to hold 
 Communion luith his maker." 
 
 A Forest Hymn. — BRYANT. 
 
 PERSinnON. DATE-PLUM. {Plate CXXVI.) 
 
 Diosp)ros Virginia7ia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Ebony. Rciioid-tofipcd; branches, zo-bafeet or 
 spyeiiding or pendulous. h igher. 
 
 RANGE 
 Rhode Island south- 
 
 ivard to I'la. and 
 west-vard to Illinois. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May. June. 
 Fruit: Sept.-A'or. 
 
 Bark: almost black or tinp;ed with ret! ; rough and divided into plates ; as- 
 tringent. Lc'dZYs : three to fi\e inches lonu; ; simple ; alternate ; with short, 
 pubescent petioles; broadlv-lanceolate or (.'val, with pointed apex anrl pointed, 
 rounded or cordate bnse ; dark c;recn and lustrous above, pale and dull under- 
 neath ; thick ; the whole leaf bordered with a delicate fringe, and ]iubescent 
 when young. Ficnuers : small; greenish vcllow ; the staminate ones mostly 
 clustered, the pistillate ones, solitarv; axillary. Cn/yx : four-iiartcd. Corolla: 
 bell-shaped; four-cleft. Fruit: gl<)l)ose ; almost sessile; astringent when 
 green; when ri])e reddish orange or rusty brown ; edible; sweet; clinging to 
 the branches until the beginning of winter. 
 
 In the fresh, green days of its youth, the fruit of the persim- 
 
'11 1 
 
 234 
 
 I'REES GR(J\V1NG KN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diosp^ros Virginiiina. 
 
 mon has a very acrid lastc, as those fiiul thai have been unable 
 lo curb their impatience and have allowed its prettiness to 
 
 tempt them to " try and see.'' Bi as 
 it grows older, perhaps knows lifi et- 
 ter, and has been mellowed and turned 
 to a rich, reddish orange or brown by 
 the unrelenting touch of Jack Frost, it 
 becomes sweet and agreeable. It is 
 also not until after the tree is a hun- 
 dred years old that it develops its 
 heart-wood. Then it is nearly black, 
 very firm and hard. From it shuttles 
 and shoe lasts are made. In fact, al- 
 most all the parts of the tree are use- 
 ful, as was well known by the Indians. 
 They, in some way, dried its fruit and afterwards made it into 
 beer. Combined with hops it is still brewed into domestic beer, 
 and it is manufactured into brandy. Tannin is also found in 
 the fruit which is possessed of a colouring matter, service- 
 able in making indelible ink. The seeds have been roasted as 
 a substitute for coffee. From the bitter bark a strengthening 
 tonic is produced. 
 
 Throughout the southern part of the Atlantic and Gulf 
 states the tree is very common, and many of them are often 
 found growing thickly together in a shrubby form. The Duke 
 of Argyle presented a persimmon tree to George the Third, 
 and it is said to be still contentedly growing in the old abore- 
 tum at Kevv. 
 
 CALIFORNIA MAHOGANY. {Plate CXXVII) 
 Rhus integrifblia. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 ^ « ;// 
 
 Low, s/i>tutdi>i^. 
 
 10- v> f\'ct , or 
 
 Coast 0/ Ca lij'o r nia. 
 
 March, April. 
 
 Bark: reddish or grevisli brown; rouc;h riiul ridged. Leava : simple; al- 
 ternate ; witii siiort, piibescuMit petioles ; oval ; rounded or i)ointed at the apex 
 
PLATE CXXVl. PERSIMMON. /)/<'s/>yros rir.^iiiiaiia. 
 
 ri('*MK.Ml, 1'»0il, Hy JMtL'tHMK A. sTuKtb t.'jMtANi 
 PHINTEU IN AMtMl'.*. 
 
PL 
 
St a nt ina te /lower, 
 enlarged. 
 
 PLATE CXXVII. CALIFORNIA MAHOGANY. Rhus integri/oUa. 
 
 (235) 
 
 t 
 
 i; il 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
236 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANUY SOIL. 
 
 and rounded or tapering along the petiole at the base; entire or sometimes dis- 
 tantly toothed, wiien tlie sinuses are rounded, deep yellow, green above, 
 paler beneath and glabrous, excepting along llie veins and midrib; evergreen. 
 Floiuers : dioecious ; small ; growing in termnial, close racemes. Sepals : five; 
 rose colour; fringed at the margin. Petals: five; rose colour; rounded; re- 
 flexed. Stamens: five, their filaments slender, with light coloured anthers. 
 Berriet : ovate; deep red and covered with a dark, sticky pubescence ; their 
 juice viscid and resinous. 
 
 About the clusters of tiny flowers of this shrub there is a 
 flushed, rosy look as though they were blushing. Its fruit ap- 
 pears more assured and is of a deep, pure red which makes a 
 fine effect among its leaves. The sticky substance with which 
 the berries are covered renders them unpleasant to handle, and 
 seems to warn one from eating them, especially when the rather 
 unchristian-like characteristics of some of their relatives 
 are remembered. Many cooling drinks, however, which are 
 said to be excellent, are made from the oily substance that 
 abundantly exudes from them. 
 
 Growing inland in the sandy, sterile soil about California, 
 Rhus integrifolia is usually found as a small tree ; but when it 
 ventures to appear along the bluffs of the coast, it assumes a 
 low, prostrate position, that it may better resist the tempests 
 and high winds. For even greater protection, numbers of them 
 are often found growing closely together. Its wood is a clear 
 red and handsome. For fuel it is mostly, used. 
 
 DWARF THORN. HAW. {Plate CXXVIII.) 
 Cratcegus unijlbra. 
 
 FAMILY 
 Apple. 
 
 SHAPE 
 Bushy. 
 
 HEIGHT 
 3-8 or 12/eet. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Southern Xeiv York 
 
 soiithcvard. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 A fay. 
 
 Fruit: Oct. 
 
 Bark : ash colour ; 
 
 long ; slender; strain; 
 
 furrowed. Thorns: nnmcrnus; nearly one to two inches 
 ^ht. Leaves: simple; alternate; almost sessile; spatu- 
 late-obovate, with rounded teeth and entire at the base ; lustrous and glabrous 
 above at maturity, pubescent underneath; thick. FUnvers : white; usually 
 one only, growing on a short j^eduncle at the end of the branchlets amid a clus- 
 ter of leaves. Calyx: with five long points which equal the petals in length. 
 Ci3r^/A? .• of five, rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. Styles: five. Fruit: 
 yellowish ; globular or pear-shaped; covered with hairs when young and con- 
 taining five hard carpels. 
 
 Often in the sandy soil of abandoned fields and forest bor- 
 
Fruit, laid 
 open. 
 
 PLATE CXXVIII. 
 
 DWARF THORN, Cratcegus tmijlora. 
 (237) 
 
 ! 
 
238 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANUY SOIL. 
 
 tiers we find the dwarf thorn. Either in bloom or in fruit it is 
 a pleasing, cheery sight, and it makes no secret of its family 
 traits. The one delicate flower, — but rarely are two found, — 
 that snuggles among the bright green leaves, or the solitary 
 fruit, is an indication of its species, and it is also a shrub. 
 Only along the banks of the Appalachicola River in Florida 
 does it become arborescent. 
 
 It is always a gay time of the year when the hawthorns 
 blow. The pageant of colour is then wending its way to its 
 height of glory, and from the lowlands, the thickets and the 
 swamps are seen the flowering trees and shrubs. Mountain 
 sides are transformed into huge bouquets. The air is soft, and 
 summer has come again. 
 
 AMERICAN ASPEN. WHITE POPLAR. QUAKING ASP. 
 
 {Plate CXXIX.) 
 Pdpulus treinulo\des. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Willoxu. Round-topped, synnnetriciil. 2o-io-iooJ'eet. General. April. 
 
 Bark: nearly black at the base; rough and broken, and having brownish 
 blotches under the branches. Braiulilets : greenish white; smooth; bitter. 
 Leaves: simple; alternate; with yellow petioles which are flattened sideways; 
 broadly-ovate or semi-nrbicular ; rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex and 
 cordate at the base ; sharply and regularly serrate ; dark green and lustrous 
 above at maturity, yellowish green and glabrous underneath, but downy along 
 the edges ; when young covered with tomentum. Kibs ; whitish or pale yellow. 
 Flmvers : dioecious; growing in drooping catkins and appearing before the 
 leaves. The scales of the catkins silky, and having from three to five linear 
 lobes. 
 
 The mythological legend concerning the poplars comes up- 
 permost in the mind when watching the ceaselessly trembling 
 leaves of this species. 
 
 After Phaeton had been hurled into the river Eridanus by 
 the thunderbolts of Jupiter, for the peril he had caused by at- 
 tempting to drive his father's chariot, his three sisters, the 
 Heliades, greatly lamented. They ever sat by the river's edge 
 and wrung their hands while their tears ceaselessly flowed. At 
 last such sorrow touched the compassion of the gods, who 
 
~T ' 
 
 Stantinate 
 
 Jloiuer, 
 
 Ripe 
 capsule. 
 
 PLATE CXX IX. AMERICAN ASPEN. Populus trevudoides. 
 
 (239) 
 
 !* 
 
 I 
 
240 
 
 TRKKS (GROWING IN SANDV SOIL. 
 
 changed them into poplar trees and their tears into amber ; for 
 it was the belief of the ancients that amber flowed like tear- 
 drops from the poplars. 
 
 The trees hardly suggest to us to-day such poignant grief. 
 They are very gay and silvery when glistening and moving in 
 the sunshine, and in the autumn they are fairly suffused with 
 a golden glow. 
 
 The long hairs that surround the seeds of Populus tremu- 
 loides waft them to considerable distances from the plants by 
 w^hich they are borne. After they are deposited they germin- 
 ate c[uickly and are well adapted to grow in soil that has been 
 devoured by fire. On slopes of the Rocky mountains where 
 immense tracts of land hGive thus been swept over and the con- 
 iferous trees destroyed, this tree has sprung up and covered 
 the unsightly places with its stirring leaves. It also does good 
 work in holding the soil of steep mountain sides together. 
 
 " lUit here will sigh tliine aider tree, 
 And here thine aspen sliiver ; 
 And here by thee will hum the bee, 
 Forever and forever." 
 
 — Tknnyson. 
 
 In the east the soft, light wood of Populus tremuloides is mostly 
 converted into wood pulp with which to make paper or used as 
 a substitute for rags. It is not strong or durable, but it is tough 
 and when bruised rapidly closes its wounds. For this reason 
 the ancients greatly desired it for bucklers. In early spring 
 the northern Indians eat its sweet inner bark, and they use it 
 for fuel. Even while green it burns freely. 
 
 / 
 
 LIVE OAK. {Plate CXXX:) 
 Quhcus Virginidna. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Beech . 
 
 Head, spreading. 
 
 40-60 yVf/. 
 
 Virginia to Florida and 
 
 March, April. 
 
 
 broad. 
 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Fruit: Sept., 0,t 
 
 Bark: dark brown; deeply furrowed. Branches: grey. Leaves: simph'; 
 alternate; with petioles aliout a quarter of an incii long; ovate-lanceolate; 
 with rounded apex and rounded or pointed base; entire, the edges inclined to 
 
 ■^ 
 
Ig 
 
 to 
 
 PLATt CXXX. LIVt OAK. (>ii 
 
 (lilts I II '■ 1 1! lit lid. 
 
 COf'YKK.HT, not). BY FREDLHH.K A. STOKtS COMl'ANT 
 
 PHINTEO IN AUEHK A. 
 
TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 241 
 
 ciMve inward. Occurring also in a spatulate form with minute side teeth 
 towards the apex. Darit green and glossy above, lighter and pubescent uncler- 
 nealli; thick; firm; cvcigieen J-iozons : appearing with the young leaves; 
 the stammate ones growing in long axillary catknis. Aconts : growing on 
 long stems. Cn/>: grey, or light brown; deep; pointed at the base and 
 covered with closely compressed, tine and downy scales; slightly fringed about 
 the top. Aut ; dark brown; oval; lustrous, smooth. 
 
 When twilight is gathering its dininess these oaks cast broad 
 shadows upon the earth, and those that have never seen their 
 great forms in the south 
 hung with the swaying 
 Tillandsia can hardly 
 conceive of the mysti- 
 cal effect they then 
 produce. About their 
 small evergreen leaves 
 there seems to be a 
 firmnessof purpose, and -ti^^t 
 the whole appearance 
 of the trees is vigourous 
 and powerful. 
 
 Of the fifty species of oaks that are indigenous to America 
 none is more interesting than Quercus Virginiana. A small 
 spray of its foliage, such as is illustrated in the coloured plate, 
 bears hardly any resemblance to that of the red, the scarlet, 
 the white or many of the other oaks so familiar in the north- 
 eastern part of America. It rather suggests the willow oak, 
 with which the tree is often found growing. The acorns of the 
 live oak are small and among the quaintest of the family. 
 
 Quercus Virginiana produces timber which is rather difficult 
 to work, but it is strong and compact and receives readily a 
 high polish. It is much used in ship building. The bark of 
 the tree contains considerable tannin. 
 
 /•*.' 
 
 Quercus Virginitina 
 
 p^^^f^ 
 
 li 
 
24^ 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 SPANISH OAK. {Plate CXXXI.) 
 Quire us dig it at a. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Beech. Roiind-topfied: io-y>or%ofeet. N.J. southward and May^ June. 
 
 branches^ spreading. westward. Fruit: iitpi.y Oct. 
 
 Bark: brownish red or almost black; rough and broadly-winged. Leaves: 
 simple; alternate; obovate or oblong, widening towards the middle and 
 forming from three to seven long, slender lobes; the terminal one some- 
 what scythe-shaped; entire or sparingly toothed and bristle tipped; the base 
 wedge-shaped or rounded, frequently one-sided. Dark green and glabrous 
 above, rusty grey and pubescent underneath. Acorjis : small; almost sessile. 
 Citf^: shallow. Nut: rounded and slightly hollowed at the apex. Kernel: 
 bitter. 
 
 It is not difficult to recognise the Spanish oak although its 
 leaves are very variable and often occur on separate trees or 
 
 even on branches of the 
 same tree in two distinct 
 forms. They are always 
 downy underneath. Glanc- 
 ing upward through one 
 of these trees, when its foli- 
 age is beginning to dry and 
 fall in the autumn, it will be 
 noticed to have a more 
 
 sharply cut and angular look 
 than that of any other of 
 the oaks. The effect is 
 owing to its deeply incised 
 and slender lobes. Soil 
 and climatic conditions 
 greatly influence the tree's 
 growth. In the northern 
 
 Quircus digitkta. 
 
 Atl 
 
 antic states it is not com- 
 
 mon, and it clings to the 
 coast. In southern New Jersey, where it is mor frequent, 
 it chooses gravelly places and barrens for its habitat ; but it 
 iocs not then attain the stately and slender height that it does 
 southward. It there grows in swamps, often side by side with 
 
 ,. 
 
luent, 
 
 )ut it 
 
 does 
 
 with 
 
 PLATE CXXXI. SPANISH OAK (J:i, i , i,< .11 ^/,i;.i . 
 
 HHiNTi (S *^t^ nil * 
 
TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 243 
 
 the swamp white oak, and its bark is pale and scaly. Its 
 acorns are among those that require two years in which to 
 ripen. 
 
 The reddish brown wood of the Spanish oak, although strong, 
 IS not regarded as being of any especial value excepting for 
 fuel. Its bark contains tannin and properties wiiich are of 
 value medicinally. 
 
 SCARLET OAK. {Plate CXXXII.) 
 Quircus coccinea. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Beech. Head, narrow, ^o-()o feet or New England south- May, June. 
 
 open. higher. ward and westivard. Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 
 Bark: greyish brown; rougli. /iiiier l>ark : reddish. Leaves: large; sim- 
 ple; alternate; slender-petioled; hr^adly oval; often squared at the base and 
 having from five to nine lobes, which frequently extend to within half an inch 
 of the midrib; toothed and bristle-tip])ed at their ends; sinuses, broadly 
 rounded. Bright green and lustrous above, lighter beneath, with slender, 
 yellow midrib; glabrous. Hoivcrs : moncecious; yellowish green; the stam- 
 inate ones growing in slender catkins, the pistillate ones, bright red and 
 clustered on pubescent peduncles. Aconis: sessile or growing on peduncles' 
 quite large. Cii/' : scaly, with conical base. A'lit : one-Jialf to thiee-quarters 
 ot an inch long; rounded. Keruel : white; bitter. 
 
 -•Ml minor characteristics of the scarlet oak seem to be 
 immersed in the brilliant bright red of its autumn foliage, the 
 most exquisite tint displayed by any one of the family. But 
 those that have watched its unfolding leaves in the spring 
 know that they too were red when they first peeped shyly out 
 at the world, and it therefore does not seem strange that when 
 they are about to die they should return to their early convic- 
 tions. The tree at all limes is a charmingly gay feature 
 of the landscape and when seen must ever surpass the 
 accounts that have been written about it. In sandy or light, 
 dry soil it grows, often beside the black oak, and it is much 
 seen and desired in cultivation. 
 
 The custom of the oak family is lOr its pistillate flowers to 
 Trow in an involucre that appears like a bud, and it is this 
 •iivolucre which later becomes the cup, or cupule. When the 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
sterile Kitkins. 
 
 PLATE CXXXII. SCARLET OAK. Qucrcus coccinea. 
 
 (244) 
 
PLATE CXXXIII. BLACK OAK (Jiirniisvr/it/iihi. 
 
 rnpvRt&MT. 1'jou, By fhederick a. stokes comoany. 
 
 PRINTED IN ASIEHICA. 
 
n 
 
 Si 
 
 T 
 
 tl 
 oi 
 
 SI 
 
 al 
 th 
 in 
 he 
 
 dil 
 It 
 th( 
 ne 
 
 of 
 
 ac( 
 eai 
 ing 
 Th 
 isl 
 is 
 In 
 trei 
 in 
 col 
 1 
 sev 
 stal 
 
TREES GROWING LN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 245 
 
 nut drops into the ground and begins to germinate it does not 
 send up at once two cotyledons from the summit of its hypocotyl. 
 They, in the husk, have become so thickened as to have lost 
 their power of acting as leaves, and they occupy nearly the whole 
 of the seed. Instead, therefore, of growing themselves, they 
 supply to the plumule, or little bud which lies between them, an 
 abundance of nourishment. For this reason when it sends up 
 the first joint of its stem, the first leaves that appear on it are 
 imperfect, often little more than scales. The true cotyledons 
 have remained below. [Plate VJ.). 
 
 BLACK OAIC. QUERCITRON. YELLOW-BARK OAK. 
 
 {Plate CXXXIII.) 
 Quirciis veluthia. 
 
 Between the black oak and the scarlet oak there are certain 
 differences in colour which may aid many to distinguish them. 
 It is true thiit at times they are dissimilar in leafage, but again 
 the black oak <s so very variable that some of its forms are 
 nearly identical with those of Quenus coccinea. 
 
 The kernel of its nut is bright yellow and smaller than that 
 of the scarlet oak, which is white. But unfortunately the 
 acorns mature in September and October only, so during the 
 early part of the summer we must seek out some other unchang- 
 ing difference between them. Again we are aided by colour. 
 The bark of ihe black oak is a dark brown, or nearly black, and it 
 is broken into close scales. A still more poignant difference 
 is that its inner bark is deep orange, never reddish or grey. 
 In the spring its leaves are red, and they turn when the 
 tree blooms to a silvery green. They are rich red or russet 
 in hue in the autumn and quite without the vivid touch of 
 colour which is the chief charm of the scarlet oak. 
 
 The tree grows with a narrow, open head to a height of from 
 seventy to eighty or even a hundred feet. It is never as 
 stately as the red oak. In the coloured plate the leaves are 
 
24^ 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 represented in their broadest form. As they then appear and 
 after they have lost their bristles, which they often do at matur- 
 ity, they have a blunt, and pronounced expression quite at vari- 
 ance with that of their narrower forms. Although generally pu- 
 bescent underneath, the leaves become smoother as they grow 
 old. In gravelly uplands the tree is found, and from Maine 
 southward to Florida and westward. 
 
 Quercitron, a well-known dye, is extracted from the bark of 
 the black oak which is also valuable because of its abundant 
 yield of tannin. A substance is besides taken from it that has 
 considerable efficacy when used for external applications. 
 
 LABRADOR PINE. GREY PINE. NORTHERN SCRUB 
 
 PINE. BANK'S PINE. {Plate CXXXIV.) 
 
 Plnus divaricdta. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pin*. 
 
 Head^ open: branches, 
 long, straggly. 
 
 40-80-100 y«/. 
 
 Sout Invar d to Maine 
 and New York, west- 
 ward to Illinois. 
 
 May, June. 
 
 Bark : dark brown ; irregularly ridged and flaky when old. Twigs : red- 
 dish. Leaves: one inch long; greyish green ; simple ; growing closely crowded 
 along the branches in bunches of two with sheaths at their bases and diverging 
 widely ; needle-shaped ; pointed at the apex ; grooved above and curved ; 
 rigid ; evergreen. Cones i about two inches long ; numerous; oblong-conical; 
 growing usually in pairs and curving upward in the direction of the branches ; 
 thick. Scales : blunt ; thickened at the apex and tipped when young with a 
 spine ; glabrous. 
 
 About the great there is simplicity, and somehow we are 
 sensible of this when we stand before these grave inhabitants 
 of the forests, the pines. They have lived long on the globe. 
 In fact, the coniferous trees knew the world in one of its earli- 
 est geological ages, the Age of Reptiles. Flying things were 
 then not developed, but it mattered little to them. The wind 
 was already old and in spite of its extravagance served well 
 to distribute their pollen. From its aid they have never de- 
 parted in favour of the gay, gauzy and prudent insect messen- 
 gers of a later time. This is not true, however, of all trees. 
 
 It is interesting to notice the extreme simplicity of the or- 
 
Scale of cone. 
 
 PLATE CXXXIV. LABRADOR PINE. Pinus dhmricata. 
 
248 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 gans by which these great beings reproduce themselves. The 
 fertile flowers of the pines proper grow in scaly catkins which 
 later develop into cones. Their pistils are not, as ordinarily, 
 leaves rolled together so as to form closed pods. They are 
 always open, scale-like leaves which bear on their inner sur- 
 faces, near the base, two or more ovules. About the woody 
 axis of the cone they grow in a spiral fashion, subtended by 
 the woody cone-scales. When the pollen is falling from the 
 stamens these pistil leaves of the young cone are ready to re- 
 ceive it, that it may fall directly upon the exposed ovules. As 
 it slips in between the opening scales it is caught by a tiny 
 drop of fluid which exudes from the coat of the ovule. When 
 the fluid is then absorbed, the little grain comes closely in con- 
 tact with the ovule's surface. As soon as this is accomplished 
 the cone-scales close tightly over each other to protect the 
 forming seeds, and not until they are ripe do they again diverge 
 and assume a drooping position to allow of their escape. The 
 sterile flowers also are simple, almost primitive in construction. 
 They grow in long, close tufts at the ends of the branches, 
 for both sorts of flowers are produced on the same tree. We 
 may regard them as single stamens which have been reduced 
 to a two-celled anther with hardly any filament. From them 
 the pollen flies in golden clouds during the days of May. 
 Each little grain is floated about by two bladder-like wings. 
 They can be caught and examined under a microscope ; for it 
 only needs a quickened observation to see them abundantly 
 lying about. 
 
 Pinus di varicata occurs both as a shrub and as a tree. It is 
 not very beautiful, for its short needles give it a blunt, obtuse 
 look. But its wood is much used for the making of charcoal. 
 It is quite resinous. The Canadian Indians find it easy to 
 work and often construct from it the frames of their canoes. 
 
 About the tree still clings some fetish idea, and in parts of 
 the country, women, to whom it is especially supposed to work 
 inisch'cf, loudly declare that they would not pass within ten 
 
TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 »49 
 
 feet of it. The soil in which it grows is said to be poi- 
 soned by it, and thus it wreaics an indirect injury upon brows- 
 ing cattle. The only way to dispel its supposed evil influence 
 is to have it mysteriously burned down, as the superstitious 
 dread of it is strong enough to preserve it from the axe. 
 
 CANADIAN PINE. RED PINE. 
 
 Plnus resinbsa. 
 
 {Plate CXXXV) 
 
 FAMILY 
 I'ine. 
 
 SHAPE 
 Pyramidul^ irregular. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Max,Jun*, 
 
 Bark : reddish brown 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 ^Q-ijo-i^o/eet. Ne7v Foundland and 
 noriliivtxrd to 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 almost smooth ; beconiiiig scaly when old 
 Branches: red; smooth. Leaves : five to eight inches long; dark green 
 simple; growing along the branches in bunches of two and having at their 
 bases a long, persistent sheath ; needle-shaped ; rounded on the upper side, 
 the lower one hollowed; supple; glabrous. Cones: two to three inches long; 
 growing at the apex of the branches in crowded clusters ; ovate-conical ; glal> 
 rous. Scales ; rounded at their bases ; somewhat thickened and having no 
 prickly points. 
 
 It is to the clear, bright colour 
 of the bark of its trunk that this 
 species of pine owes its name of 
 red pine, but its specific name is 
 rather misleading. The tree is 
 not nearly so rich in resin as 
 many another. This resin which 
 we find in the wood of coniferous 
 trees plays an important part in 
 their construction. With the oil 
 of turpentine which is held in the 
 tree, it forms a sticky substance 
 well known as balsam. And bal- 
 sam is the balm for all the pine 
 tree's wounds. Wherever the 
 trunk, the branches, or even the 
 leaves have been bruised it ex- 
 udes and adheres closely to the 
 spot. By the action of the sun Pknut rtsinbsa. 
 
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 flowering branch. 
 
 PLATE CXXXV. CANADIAN PINE. Piniis rcsinosa. 
 
 (250) 
 
TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 251 
 
 and the air it is then hardened into a soothing plaster which 
 prevents the vital fluids from escaping. Through the aid of bal- 
 sam therefore the tree is often saved from dying and is kept 
 alive for a long time, even although it has been girdled. The 
 heart-wood of many pines also never seems to grow old. When 
 necessary it can resume the function of its youth and pilot the 
 sap up to the leaves for nourishment. 
 
 The wood of the Canadian, or red pine, is pale red, hard and 
 compact. Its grain is not nearly so beautiful as that of the 
 yellow pine. For many purposes it is used, such as the con- 
 struction of bridges, and it is largely exported from Canada to 
 Great Britain. The bark contains tannin. 
 
 Although always a picturesque tree, it is in its youth that 
 Pinus resinosa is most beautiful. Its long, supple needles then 
 grow in clusters along the branches as well as in thick, soft 
 tufts at their extremities. As the tree grows old the side 
 needles fall away, and were it not for the end clusters it would 
 look almost as though it were dead. 
 
 JERSEY PINE. SCRUB PINE. {Plate CXXXVI.) 
 
 Pinus Vtri^tnidna. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Pyramidaly irregular: 15-40 _/>?/, Eastern St.ites to South April, May. 
 
 branches, scraggly, or higher . Carolina and Indiana, 
 drooping. 
 
 Bark : greyish brown or black ; rough ; flaky. Branches : smooth ; the 
 twigs purplish; glaucous. Leaves: from nearly one to three inches long; 
 deep yellow-green ; sim|)le; growing closely along the branches in bunches of 
 two and sheathed at their bases ; when old spreading ; needle-shaped ; round 
 and glabrous on the upper side, flat and rough below ; slightly curved ; stiff. 
 Cones: from nearly two to three inches long; solitary; ovate-oblong and 
 growing on short stalks. Scales ; thin ; thickened at the apex and tipped with 
 a stiff, awl-shaped prickle ; often cracked horizontally. 
 
 From the subtle but recognised lines of beauty this pine has 
 indeed departed, and its reputation is that of not being hand- 
 some. But who shall say that its rugged, irregular growth does 
 not present beauty in another than the conventional form? 
 Surely in the regions where it grows no one stops to criticise it, 
 
Staminatt Jlowrr. Seal* o/cone. 
 
 PLATE CXXXV!. JERSEY PINE. Ptmis Virginiana. 
 
 (252) 
 
PLATE CXXXVII. LONG-LEAVED PINE. /'iiiii< /^.i/i/'^/ns. 
 
 COPrHI&Mf, V.cW, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
■■ 
 
TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 *53 
 
 or to think that it is other than attractive. Over fields where 
 the soil has been exhausted by succeeding crops it spreads 
 itself rapidly and lends a sturdy, wholesome look to the land- 
 scape. Sometimes it forms dark forests. One of its strong 
 points of individuality is that its branches are smooth ; those of 
 other pines are usually scaly. In the Atlantic states it rarely 
 grows to a great height. 
 
 The reddish-yellow wood of the Jersey pine is resinous and 
 not very strong. It is brittle and pithy in substance, and for 
 these reasons is of rather inferior value. 
 
 LONO-LEAVED PINE. SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE. 
 
 GEORGIA PINE. {Plate CXXXVJI.) 
 
 Ptniis paliistrts. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Fine. Head, round, open: -jo-io-iio feet. North Carol inn south- March, April. , 
 trunk, slender. ward to Texas. 
 
 Bark: orange-brown, sep.-xrating into thin scaly plates. Leaves : ten to fifteen 
 inches long; dark bluish green; simple; growing closely in bunches of three, 
 and forming thick tufts at the ends of the branches; sheaths from one to one 
 and a quarter inches long; slender; Hexible, Cones: six to ten inches long; 
 light brown; cylindrical; terminal; erect. Scales : thick, with small, blunt spines 
 at their ends. 
 
 To those that have walked through the great forests formed 
 by this tree and by, among others, the white cedars and live oaks, 
 there must always cling a memory of the impression made by 
 its masses of long, flexible needles and its beautiful cones. 
 About it there is ':he saine appearance of gravity and aloofness 
 which characterises so many of the pines. It seems as thougli 
 they were less playful, more reserved than the deciduous-leaved 
 trees ; as though even Nature did not venture to dress and 
 undress them just whenever she chose. 
 
 Of the pitch pines this great tree is the most valuable, and 
 so extensively has its wood been utilized that the very name 
 Georgia pine is suggestive of commerce. Viaducts, bridges, 
 trestle-work and great quantities of railroad ties are made 
 from it. Even its stumps are cut up and sold in bundles for 
 
254 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 kindling wood. The colour of the wood is a deep, rich orange, 
 yellow or ligiit red, and it is more ornamental than that fur- 
 nished by any other of the pines. 
 Its juices also are valuable, and 
 supply the greater part of our 
 turpentine, resin and tar. In the 
 *' turpentine country " of Georgia 
 it is truly a pathetic sight to see 
 these trees when girdled and 
 bruised from the process of box- 
 ing. Their juices have then been 
 drawn off and sent to be distilled. 
 Even before the Revolution this 
 making of turpentine was a large 
 industry in this country. For 
 many years the trees exist — it can 
 hardly be called living — and some- 
 times a small tuft of green at 
 their top is all that distinguishes 
 them from those that are dead. 
 Were it not for the long continued activity of their heart-wood 
 and the healing salve of their balsam they would have neces- 
 sarily succumbed. Through its extensive usefulness, however, 
 the tree seems to be doomed by the axe. Even the young 
 trees when they occur among objectionable undergrowth are 
 set on fire that they may clear it away, and their ashes improve 
 and fertilize the land. At Christmas time also in the south 
 many fall every year for the decoration of houses and churches. 
 
 Plnus piiiiistris. 
 
 SHORT-LEAVED PINE. YELLOW PINE. SPRUCE PINE. 
 
 BULL-PINE. {Flale CX XX VIII.) 
 
 Phius echindta. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Pine. Pyramiiial; brancheSy ^o-i2o/eet. 
 spieadingy regular. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 New York to Florida 
 ivestiiHird to Kansas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 .'\tay,June. 
 
 Bark : greyish brown; rough; much broken into plates. Brauchlets : green 
 or purplish; stout; ghucous wlien young. Leaves: three to five inches long ; 
 
E. 
 
 lOM 
 
 een 
 
 ng; 
 
 PLATt CXXXVIll. SHORT-LEAVbD PiNb, I'liiiis ,i i:uuU.f. 
 
 rOPYHICMT, l-n)iJ, DY FHEDERKK A. STOKtS (uVMAS». 
 HHINTEU IN AMEHlCA. 
 
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 FAMI 
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 grow 
 
TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 ^rs 
 
 dark bluish green; simple; growing closely along the branches in bunches of 
 two, or sometimes three on the young shoots, and having sheaths at their bases; 
 diverging widely at maturity; needle-shaped; slender; dark green, and rounded 
 on the outer sicle, hollowed on the inner one; soft; cvcigrcen. Coui-s : one and 
 a half to two inches long; ovate; solitary and latcial: rough and jagged as they 
 grow older. Scales : tliick at the apex, and tipped with a weak, projecting 
 prickle which falls early. 
 
 Dark, but clear against the autumn sky, this handsome tree 
 raises itself on the sandy hills, or in the flat meadows. It 
 breathes a sense of sturdiness. Often we see its leaves so 
 clothed with dust that the very life of their colouring appears 
 to be gone ; then they are washed by the rain, and their sombre 
 brightness is restored. By the coloured illustration, which is 
 very beautiful, the distinctive cones of the species are clearly 
 represented. When they are old and lying useless upon the 
 ground they are quite jagged and have a used-up ex- 
 pression. 
 
 The tree is rather generally distributed and seems to be get- 
 ting in readiness to supply a new crop of valuable timber when 
 that of Pinus palustris^ long- leaved pine, from which its com- 
 mon name of short-leaved pine is used as a designation, shall be 
 exhausted. In many ways the wood of the two trees is similar, 
 although that of Pinus echinata can hardly boast as rich a col- 
 our. It has, however, the same beautiful lines. It is closely or 
 coarsely grained and varies greatly in quality. It is only mod- 
 erately resinous. For all kinds of building and carpentry it is 
 of inestimable value. When used for fuel it emits a large 
 amount of heat and burns with a lively, brilliant flame. 
 
 PITCH PINE. TORCH PINE. CANDLEWOOD PINE. 
 
 {Plate C XXXIX,) 
 Plnus rigida. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIQHT RANQE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pint. H*ady open: branches, yy-Zo/eet. Eastern and Middle April, May. 
 
 irregular ; trunk, states; Ga. and Ky. 
 
 curving. 
 
 Bark: dark, tinged with purple or red; rough and deeply furrowed; separat- 
 ing into strips. Leaves: three to six inches long; dark yellow-green; simple; 
 growing closely along the branches in bunches of three and having short 
 
>56 
 
 TRKES CKOWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 sheaths ;it their Ij.iscs; at maturity spreading; iiccille-sliapcd ; flattened on 
 the outer side, the inner one slightly ridged and rough; curved; rigid; sharp; 
 evergreen. Under the niicruscDpc the surface can be seen to be marked with 
 tine white ilots. t'<'//r.. .• one and a h.ilf to three inches long; growing mostly 
 in clusters of two or four; ovoid-conic.il ; lateral. iV.//<j ; thickened at their 
 apex and tipped with a stiff and sometimes recurved prickle. 
 
 How luiicli the trees give to man; the life element of 
 the air he breathes is only the beginning of their generosity, 
 for they supply his wants as well. It seems as though they 
 
 had a grand, stupid fondness for the 
 whole animal world. 
 
 The pitch pine is rough and scraggly 
 in appearance, and its light, reddish-brown 
 timber is coarse and of slight value. But 
 its wood contains an immense quantity of 
 pitch, and so it is desirable for fuel and 
 for making charcoal. It is also rich in 
 
 
 
 
 ■^k-i 
 
 f'- 
 
 Finns rigida. 
 
 ^"'^.^''fe?^-— tar and turpentine. Through the pine 
 (i.^t2:a*v-n barrens of Long Island and especially of 
 
 New Jersey where it forms the bulk of 
 "the pines "it is well known. It grows 
 rapidly and can sustain itself in soil where 
 many others would die from a lack of 
 nourishment. Even when cut down numerous and vigourous 
 shoots often spring up from its stump. Occasionally the 
 tree inhabits cold, deep swamps. About Cape Cod and on Nan- 
 tucket a most interesting and successful experiment has been 
 made in sowing its seeds. 
 
 On February 27, 1855, Thoreau wrote in his journal: "A 
 week or two ago I brought home a handsome pitch pine cone, 
 which had freshly fallen and was closed perfectly tight. It 
 was put into a table-drawer. To-day I am agreeably surprised 
 that it has there dried and opened with perfect regularity, 
 filling the drawer, and from a solid, narrow and sharp cone has 
 become a broad, rounded, open one, has in fact expanded into 
 a conical flower with rigid scales, and has shed a remarkable 
 
StamiHatt branch. 
 
 Enlarged staminate flower. Cone, 
 
 PLATE CXXXIX. PITCH PINE. Pinus rigida, 
 (257) 
 
258 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 quantity of delicate winged seeds. Each scale, which is very 
 elaborately and perfectly constructed, is armed with a short 
 spine pointing downward, as if to protect its seeds from squir- 
 rels and birds. That hard, close cone, which defied all violent 
 attempts to open it, and could only be cut open, has thus 
 yielded to the gentle persuasion of warmth and dryness. 
 "The expanding of the pine cones, that, too, is a season." 
 
 
 RED SPRUCE. {Plate CXL.) 
 
 Plcca rkbens. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pint. Pyramidal: /'ranches, ^o^loo/eet. Maine to Ci. westward May, June, 
 
 spreading. to Minneiotii. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown; scaly, or nearly smooth, Twigs: light green when 
 young; slender; pubescent. Liur,>es : olive-green; simjjle; scattered closely 
 along the branches; needle-shai)cd; straigiit or incurved above the middle; 
 pointed or rounded at the apex; lustrous at maturity. Cones : from one to two 
 and a half inches long; green, turning later to purplish brown; oval or ovoid, 
 and falling at the end of the first season or during the winter. Scu/es : undu- 
 late; often two-lobed. 
 
 Although favouring gravelly slopes, the red spruce is also 
 found in the forests along with the white pine, the balsam fir, the 
 yellow birches and the sugar maples. It is most abundant in 
 northern New England and New York. In fact it is the prin- 
 cipal timber spruce of the n»rtheastern United States. The 
 dense groves often formed by it appear like waves of rich, dark 
 colouring, and cast about deep and melancholy shadows. From 
 the black spruce the tree is rather unsatisfactorily distinguished 
 by the size and shape of its staininate blossoms and its cones. 
 The latter are the larger of the two, and they mature and fall 
 during their first winter. Those of the black spruce are often 
 persistent for many years. Recent observations by Dr. Britton 
 and by Prof. Peck, State botanists of New York, seem, however, 
 to indicate that they are different forms of one species. The 
 timber of the tree is similar to that of the black spruce. It is 
 light and soft, closely grained, and has a beautiful surface like 
 satin, For the flooring of houses it is much used. Paper pulp 
 

 PLATE CXL. RED SPRUCE. Picea ritbens. 
 (259) 
 
 ini 
 
 HI 
 
26o 
 
 TREES GROWING IN SANDY SOIL. 
 
 is made from tlie wood, and much of the spruce beer that is 
 manufactured owes its existence to this tree. In many places 
 il springs up where once the white pine was known. 
 
 i ; 
 
 NORWAY SPRUCE. {Plate CXLI.) 
 Plcea excelsa. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Pyramidal : branches^ loiVy 50-120 /eel. H^idely cultivated. April., May. 
 inclined to droop. 
 
 Bark: greyish black; rough. Branchlets: brown; stout. Leaves; durk olive- 
 gieen; simple; scattered singly and closely about all sides of the branches; 
 iieedle-shaped; f(nir-sided; slightly curved; sharp. Cones : five to seven inches 
 long; reddish brown; almost cylindrical, and hanging from the ends of the 
 branches. Sca/es: large; pointed. 
 
 From the great forests of Norway this tree lias been taken^ 
 and it is now so widely planted in this country that many re- 
 gard it as a native. To all hardly any tree is more familiar, for 
 
 Its great size, its conspicuous cones and its 
 drooping branches, with which it is often 
 clothed to the ground, make it a marked 
 figure anywhere. There are many vari- 
 eties of it which are sold at the nurseries. 
 From cultivation it sometimes escapes 
 and apparently attempts to enjoy a state 
 of freedom and abandon similar to that 
 it has known in its native land. To 
 watch the new leaves come on the 
 si)ruces in the budding days of spring is a 
 great delight. The extremities of all 
 the branches are then tipped very deli- 
 p:^ cately with a soft yellow-green, quite dif- 
 ferent from the weather-beaten look of 
 the rest of the foliage which has upheld 
 masses of ice throughout the winter. 
 To the tree these young bits give a wonderful appearance of 
 freshness and newness of life. 
 
ScaU o/ cone. 
 
 PLATE CXLI. NORWAY SPRUCE. Puca exceba. 
 
 (261) 
 
Trees Preferring to Grow in Light or 
 Dry Soil: Upland Places, Meadows and 
 
 Roadsides. 
 
 IV/ien lo7V upon the meadows adjoining the roadsides hangs 
 a mist so white as to suggest a phantom lake, and the air is 
 chilled zvith a scent of moisture, then the time of the autumn 
 haze has come. Through it dimly can be seen the outlines of 
 trees. Trees at zvhose bases are soft beds of brown leaves. 
 They have finished their luork and their frolic zvith the high 
 ivinds which have coaxed them azvay from the boughs. 
 Grateful then must the trees feel to the mist that enshrouds 
 them while grief for their loss is fresh, and before they have 
 learned to silently appear naked before the winter. 
 
 SNOWBERRY. CORAL-BERRY. INDIAN CURRANT. 
 
 {Plate CXLII) 
 
 Symphoricdrpos Symphoricdrpos, 
 
 FAMILY 
 Honeysuckle. 
 
 SHAPE 
 Erect y ipreading. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 2-s/eet. Ga. and No. Carolina 
 northward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 Fruit.- Sept. 
 
 Branches : purplish brown ; puliescent. Leaves : simple ; alternate ; with 
 short petioles ; oval; blunt or rounded at both ends; entire; glabrous above 
 and pubescent underneath. Flowers : growing in small, dense, axillary clusters 
 not as long as the leaves. Ctrlvx : four to five-toothed. Corolla : white or 
 reddish; campanulate ; four to five-lnbed. Sfametts : included. Berries: 
 bluish red ; nearly globose and remaining on the branches after the leaves 
 have fallen. 
 
 After the glories of the summer and the early autumn have 
 departed, with the humility of natural beauty the warm, richly- 
 coloured berries of this shrub illumine the landscape. It 
 
PLATE CXLII. SNOWBERRY. Symphoruarpos Syiiiphorhiii fui 
 
 COPYRIGHT, vjuo, Br FHEOEHItK A. ftZOKES '^OMt'ANY, 
 PRINTED IN y^MtHlCA. 
 
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 It : 
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TRKES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 263 
 
 seems as though their wealth of h)veliness had been held in re- 
 serve for a time when other things should have faded, and as a 
 compensation for their rather insignificant showing of flowers 
 in the spring. They cling to the bushes throughout the winter, 
 and are truly snowberries, for of the earth's soft, white cloak 
 they have no dread. 
 
 In North Carolina the shrub is commonly seen, where it is 
 much planted about old farmhouses. Bordering many of the 
 drives of the Biltmore estate it is abundantly growing. The 
 creeping roots of the shrub have a curious way of entangling 
 themselves with other things, and not exactly respecting the 
 laws of independence. On this account it has in some places 
 been rather a nuisance on plantations, as is uniquely suggested 
 to the mind by its name of " Devil's shoe strings." Not infre- 
 quently the snowberry gleams from among rocks and by the 
 banks of streams. 
 
 SASSAFRAS. AGUE TREE. {Plate CXLIII.) 
 
 Sassafras Sdssafras. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Laurel. Heady narroiu^/lat. 1 5-50-90 yiv^. 
 
 RANGE 
 Eastern Mass. south- 
 ivarii and -lOesiward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Aprils May. 
 Fruit: A ug.-Oct. 
 
 Bark \ dark, reddish brown ; irregularly broken, and furrowed. Branchlets : 
 VL-llowish grey when young, peeling readily ; aromatic; mucilaginous. Leaves: 
 .-imple; alternate; peticjled ; entire or two to five-iobed ; ovate or obovate; 
 wlien two-iobed usually mitten-shaped; tiie apex of the leaves and lobes 
 bluntly pointed or slightly rounded ; taper-pointed at the base. Sinuses : when 
 the lobes are present, rounded. Dark gieen; shiny, becoming soon glabrous 
 ;ind often sprinkled with ])eliucid dots. Flowers : dioecious ; greenish yellow; 
 growing in umbel-like clusters and appearing with the leaves. Calyx: six- 
 lobed. Stamens: nine. Fruit: blue; growing on red pedicels; oval; one- 
 seeded ; pungent. 
 
 It is always pleasant to come upon the sassafras, either when 
 it grows in rich woods or in the dry, well-drained soil of the 
 roadsides. In the spring especially, its drooping clusters of 
 flowers attract us, as they shine pure and white among its 
 quaint and young, flushed leaves. The large buds and the bark 
 of the crisp, green shoots are also enticing ; for they are gifted 
 
PLATE CXLIII. SASSAFRAS. Sassafras sassafras. 
 
 (264) 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 265 
 
 with a pleasant fragrance and spicy taste. About the foliage 
 there is a wholesome, clean look, and in the autumn it turns to 
 a delicate yellow and reddish hue. The brilliant fruit also adds 
 greatly to its charm, but this is of short duration. The birds 
 greedily devour it, as soon as its colour flashes upon their 
 watchful eyes. 
 
 The wood of the sassafras is brittle, but it is also durable. 
 From the bark of its roots a powerful, aromatic oil is extracted 
 which is largely used as a stimulant. It has now, however, 
 lost the flavour it formerly had in the treatment of rheumatism. 
 Although the tree is reported to grow to the height of one 
 hundred and twenty-five feet, it is rather smal' at the north 
 and often becomes a shrub. Even in winter the bright, lus- 
 trous green is not driven from its twigs, and it is a cheery, en- 
 couraging sight. 
 
 WILD BLACK CHERRY. RUM CHERRY. CABINET 
 
 CHERRY. {Plate CXLIV.) 
 
 Print US serdtina. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Piuvi. Head, narrow: branches, 5090 yVf/. Southern Ontario to Mtiy^Junt. 
 
 horizontal. Fla. and westward. Fruit: ju/y-Se/>t. 
 
 Bark : reddish brown or blackish ; rough and broken into plates ; becoming 
 smoother towards the top of che tree. Bm/tc/i/efs : rich, rediWsh brown, and 
 marked with tiny orange-coloured dots; aromatic; bitter. Leaves: simple; 
 alternate ; oblong or oval-lanceolate ; taper-pointed at the apex and pointed or 
 rounded at the base; finely serrate, with small, incurved teeth ; at maturity 
 glabrous; firm; glossy; the light coloured midrib very distinct. Flaiuers': 
 white ; growing on pedicels in long, slender racemes which terminate leafy 
 shoots. Calyx : bell-sha|)ed ; five-lobcd. Corolla : of five small petals. 
 Stamens : numerous. Pistil : one. Prtiil : almost black ; a small, round 
 drupe ; vinous, although not disagreeable to the taste. 
 
 Su^.ll a pretty point is brought to mind by the illustration of 
 the black cherry. In early spring when the bloom unfolds, it 
 is so soft and light that its stem holds it uprightly in the sur- 
 rounding atmosphere ; but as it fades away and the rich, heavy 
 fruit matures, the slender stalk is not equal to its weight. So it 
 supplely bends and the clusters are seen drooping all through 
 
Enln rged flower. 
 
 PLATE CXLI7. WILD BLACK CHERRY. Pruniis serotina. 
 
 (.^66) 
 
PLATE CXLV. APPLE. Malus Mains. 
 
 COPyRI&HT, 1900, Br FREDERICK ». STOKES COMPANIT. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 m 
 
 the bright foliage of the tree. Unfortunately it is not very 
 discriminating about its soil, but along the roadsides and in the 
 woods and glades the tree is a familiar character. Especially 
 towards the northern limit of its 
 range it forms a quantity of shrubby 
 growth by fences. Little boys and 
 wayfarers enjoy eating the fruit, and 
 in many farmhouses there is re- 
 served for especial occasions, in the 
 corner of some old cupboard, a bot- 
 tle of cherry bounce. 
 
 As a timber tree it is one of the 
 most valuable of the American for- 
 est, but it is now becoming scarce. 
 It was at one time a most promi- 
 nent feature of the woodlands on 
 the slopes of the Alleghany moun- 
 tains. In texture its wood is firm 
 and durable with a safin-like sur- 
 face which receives a high polish. In cabinet work it is most 
 conspicuous. When first worked the wood is quite light, but 
 it becomes darker with time and exposure. There is none 
 that is better coloured. From the aromatic bark which cc i- 
 tains a bitter element a tonic is prepared, and it is reported to 
 possess considerable efficacy in the curing of pulmonary com- 
 plaints. From the vivid green inner layer the bark peels 
 readily. In the autumn the foliage turns to a bright, cheery 
 yellow. 
 
 PritHUi strdtina. 
 
 APPLE. {PiateCXLV) 
 
 Milus Malus. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 Apple. Round-toppedy compact. is-ssyif'^. Introduced. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 April, May. 
 
 Bark; greyish. Leaves; simple; alternate; with woolly petioles; oval or 
 ovate; bluntly pointed or rounded at the apex and rounded or cordate at the 
 base; serrate, occasionally almost entire; bright green and nearly glabrous 
 
268 
 
 TREES (GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 above, covered witli a woolly down iinderneatli. Floweis : white, tinted with 
 ])inlc and growing in an iiniiicl. Cnlyx : covered with tomentuni when young. 
 Fruit : large; globose; depressed at the apex and base. 
 
 " Come, lei ns plant the apple-tree 
 Cleave the tongh greensward with the spade; 
 Wide let its hollow bed be made; 
 There gently lay the roots, and there 
 Sift the dark monld with kindly care, 
 
 And press it o'er ihein tenderly, 
 As, round the sleeping infant's feet, 
 We softly fold the cradle-sheet; 
 
 So plant we the apple-tree." 
 
 — Bryant. 
 
 When scattered over the country and in among the other trees 
 there are those that appear like rosy-tinted snowballs, it is the 
 time of the apple trees' blooming. From the swelling of their 
 buds to the advent of the full-grown petals which quiver against 
 the intense blue of the sky and exhale their faint perfume, the 
 earth seems suddenly to have lost its wits in the excess of 
 extravagance. But such a holiday mood could hardly be of 
 long duration. There is work to be done, and fruit must grow 
 and ripen. So the blossom storm carries away the dainty flecks 
 of white, and sombreness comes back again. 
 
 It is then the turn of the foliage to expand, to become dense 
 and to provide shelter for the protection of the forming fruit. 
 
 Although a cultivated tree, and one that has been introduced 
 from Europe and western Asia, it lingers so often by the lanes 
 and waysides of this country and its boughs of fruit so tempt- 
 ingly appeal to the wayfarer that it has here been accorded a 
 place. To study the trees and forget the common apple would 
 be sad indeed. 
 
PLATE CXLVI, 
 
 \ JUNt-BEKf^Y. . l,i/>/aih/ii,r ( \t/ia,f,iis/s 
 \ CHOKE-CHERRY. Pnuiii^ I '//x'/zi/cn/,!. 
 
 COPYMIGHT, 1 .'IH, OY FREDERICK *. STOKfcS COMPAMY. 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 

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 pa 
 
 wi 
 
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 th 
 
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 km 
 
 gn 
 
 wa 
 
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 shr 
 
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TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 269 
 
 JUNE-BERRY. 
 
 SERVICE-BERRY. 
 
 {Plate CXL VI.) 
 Aviehinchier Canadensis. 
 
 MAY-CHERRY. 
 
 FAMILY 
 Apple. 
 
 SHAPE 
 Heady round-lopprii: 
 branches, spreading. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 xo-ya/eetyOr New Foundland west- March-May. 
 higher. ward, southward to Fruit: J une^ July. 
 
 Fla. and Louisiana. 
 
 Bark: purplish brown; ridged. Bud-scales and bracts: sticky. Leaves: 
 simple; alternate; slender petioled ; ovate, with at times, bristle-pointed apex 
 and rounded or slightly cordate base ; finely serrate ; chirk green and dull 
 above, paler below and becoming glabrous at maturity ; thick. Flowers : 
 white; large; growing in terminal, loose racemes and appearing before the 
 leaves. Calyx : five-cleft. Corolla : of five almost linear petals notched at the 
 apex. ^/(/;«^«j ; numerous. Pistils: numerous. Fruit: a small red or pur- 
 plish pome; sweet; edible. 
 
 Even ; diose, — and there are perhaps many, — that walk 
 through the woods and pastures without ever hearing the music 
 passing through the tree-tops and quivering in the insects' 
 wings, and whose eyes are never caught by the subtle unfold- 
 ings of spring, the white bloom of the shad-bush, gleaming 
 through the almost bare branches of other trees, must be an 
 event in the year. There is no passing it by ; it is one of the 
 spirits of nature that the dullest eye must see and admire. 
 Even the pink of its buds is an exquisite 
 tint. The fleecy white petals seem to wave 
 and beckon in the breezes as though to 
 attract the attention, and do so at a season 
 of the year when there is little foliage to 
 hide them from view. It is then that the 
 knowing ones sigh as with relief and feel 
 grateful that the spring is indeed on its 
 way. The winter has passed ; the shad 
 are running in the waters. All along the 
 shrub is a leader of the seasons. As 
 early as June its fruit becomes crimson, 
 and at the approach of autumn the leaves turn bright yellow. 
 
 The Indians and birds seem to vie with each other in their 
 appreciation of the berries. Earl> they seek them. The 
 birds to enjoy a feast and afterwards to scatter the seeds, and 
 
 A meldnchicr Ca,. 
 
270 
 
 TKEES GRUVVlxNG IxN DRY SOIL. 
 
 the Indians to manipulate them into a sort of caicc which they 
 greatly relish and find wholesome. After the berries are 
 crushed, they place them in the sunshine where they harden 
 into a paste. This they prudently put by for use during the 
 winter months. Along the Atlantic coast and through the 
 Gulf states Amc/anchier Botrgapium^ the shad-bush, a related 
 species, with broader, shorter petals, is only known as a shrub. 
 The wood of Amelanchier Canadensis is fine and capable of re- 
 ceiving a iiigh polish. 
 
 A. a/ni/dlia, northwestern June-berry, occurs throughout the 
 northwest as a shrub from three to eight feet high, or as a tree 
 as tall as forty feet. Formerly it was regarded as a variety of 
 the preceding species. Its shorter petals and more rounded 
 fruit are marks by which it may be known. There are, in fact, 
 several wild species of the genus whose differences are not 
 very great. As a genus they are readily known. 
 
 PEACH . {P/atf CXL VII.) 
 Anif'gdalus P^rsica. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 8HAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Plum. 
 
 Scraggly. 
 
 About 10 feet. 
 
 New 1 'ork to North 
 Carolina. 
 
 April, May. 
 
 Bark; purplish brown; smooth; bitter. Leaves; simple; alternate ; grow- 
 ing in clusters along the stem and terminating the branches ; lanceolate ; finely 
 serrate; bright green above and glabrous; tliick; bitter and containing 
 prussic acid. Flowers ; puri)iisli pink; growing singly from scaly buds along 
 the branches and appearing l)efore the leaves ; almost sessile. Calyx: tubu- 
 lar ; bell-shaped, with five spreading lobes. Corolla; of five j^etals. Staitiens : 
 numerous on the throat of the calyx. Pistil ; one. Fruit ; globular ; velvety 
 and containing a deeply-wrinkled stone ; t!ie kernel flavoured with prussic acid. 
 
 Although in a truly WMld state this lovely 
 flowering tree is unknown, it sometimes strays 
 from the gardens to the waysides. Here 
 amid the medley of tender greens that stand 
 out from a background of brown and purple 
 and are tipped with golden, the brilliant 
 masses of blossoms give a life and inspi- 
 ration to the landscape that is typical of the 
 
 
 A m^gdalus Pirsica. 
 
PLATE CXLVII. PEACH. .1 wv-<hili,s JVrsua. 
 
 COPYHICiHT, lyOO, BV rHEDERICK A. STOKES fOMPANY, 
 PRINTED IN AMERICA. 
 

 TREES GROWlxNG IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 27! 
 
 springtime. Spring is, in fact, as tiie poets never grow tired of 
 telling us, the time to enjoy the fullness of life in the country. 
 Bowers of colour are everywhere, and what has been grey and 
 apparently dead during the winter is budding. An old slanting 
 roof within a small enclosure is transformed by the peaches' 
 spray into a garden that rivals those of Japan. 
 
 SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. WHITE POPLAR. ABELE. 
 
 {PlateCXLVIII.) 
 Popiilus alba. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 llr^ii^ow. Tall, round-topped. 30100 yVf/. Introduced New Bruns- Marck-.Uuy. 
 
 •wick to Virginia. 
 
 Bark: light grey; furrowed at the base and becoming smootlur towards the 
 top. Ends: not glutinous. Leaves: simple; alternate; with rounded and 
 downy petioles ; rounded-ovate; cordate at the base, with from three to five 
 pointed lobes; finely serrate ; dark green and smooth above, white and cot- 
 tony underneath. The young leaves covered with down on both surfaces. 
 Slaminate floiuers : growing in long, drooping catkins. 
 
 The roadsides that have about them the greatest charm are 
 those that are shady, and in summer time, when the sun is 
 high, they are sought with gratitude by both man and beast. 
 Often along their borders an introduced tree will be mingled 
 with those that are natives ; sometimes this is so even in remote 
 places, and far away from any habitation. This has been noticed 
 about Populus alba. How has it come there is then wondered. 
 To follow, however, in imagination one of its fine, tufted seeds 
 as it is carried along by a playful breeze, is to find that al- 
 though it may rest awhile in some nook to-day, to-morrow it 
 will be taken up again, and perhaps again later, and may not 
 reach its final destination until a considerable distance lias 
 been travelled. Much of the growth of this poplar that we 
 ordinarily see, however, is from the innumerable suckers that 
 spring up from the bases of the old trees, and which also mar 
 the beauty of many that are younger. 
 
 East of the AUeghanies the tree is very common. It grows, 
 as well as in dry soil, by the side of streams and in moist 
 woods. 
 
Pistillate branck. 
 
 PLATE CXLVm. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR. Populus alba. 
 
 (272) 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 '7i 
 
 As early as March the shining brown scales which cover its 
 flower-buds begin to respond to the tempered atmosphere. 
 Then they split open and are among the first to send into the 
 world their grey and rosy-tinted offsprings. 
 
 LOMBARDY POPLAR, (r/a/e CXL/X.) 
 Popiilus dilatata. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 1/ liiOW. 
 
 lupering: brunches, 
 Ptrpe n die ular. 
 
 30-60 yVf'/. 
 
 Fiiintcd. 
 
 April, May. 
 
 Bark: roughish. Branches: growing closely together. Buds: possessing 
 a glutinous substance, like balsam. Leaves : simple; alternate; with petioles 
 which are flattened sidewise; very broadly oval ; pointed at the ape.\ and at 
 the base; finely serrate; smooth. Flmvers : dioecious ; growing in catkins. 
 
 As in the hmnan family, we find that every tree has its own 
 particular appearance, — one to which it remains true both 
 in sunshine and in shade. Even although it loses its leaves 
 in winter time, its outline is then quite as well 
 known to tree lovers as when it is fully clothed 
 with verdure. In its manner of growth there is 
 hardly any tree that is more distinct than the 
 Lombardy poplar, and it is perhaps for this reason 
 that it is so generally known. Constantly it is being 
 referred to as though it were the only species of 
 poplar in existence. About one hundred years ago 
 it was imported from Italy and soon began to be 
 much planted in this country. Through cultivation 
 it has spread widely and also by the means it em- 
 ploys of sending up shoots from its buried parts. pppt{iZs 
 At present it is not nearly so much seen as formerly ; dtintnta. 
 for insects have bored into its trunk and preyed greatly upon 
 its foliage. In parts of New Jersey, where it was once almost 
 as common as the indigenous trees, it is now rarely seen. 
 
 Not by all is the symmetrical, uncompromising aspect of the 
 tree admired, nor does its stiff outline blend with every variety 
 of landscape; but it is beloved by many that have v/iih it 
 
Pistillate branch. 
 
 PLATE CXLIX. LOMBARDY POPLAR. Popidiis dilatata. 
 
 (274) 
 
 ■/^l 
 
PLATE CL. WHITE BIRCH, liclitla populijolia. 
 
 < OPYRIGHT, 1'*0il, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMHANY. 
 PHINTEU IN AMERICA. 
 

 11 
 il 
 w 
 u 
 ir 
 o 
 
 is 
 
 th 
 it 
 
 tr 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 375 
 
 pleasant associations and again because it is a tree at once 
 recognised. To know a tree does much in fact towards awak- 
 ening the affections. 
 
 AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. 
 
 QREY BIRCH. {Plate CL.) 
 
 Bitula populifblia. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Birch, Pyramidal; branches^ \y^o/*tt, 
 often pendulous. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 New Brunswick to 
 
 Ontario, southward 
 
 to Delaware. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 May. 
 
 Bark of trunk : chalky white; smooth; not peeling readily. Young 
 branches: rich, reddish brown, and spotted with wart-liice dots. Buds: ses- 
 sile; scaly. Leaves : simple; alternate; with long, slender petioles ; some- 
 times in pairs ; almost triangular ; pointed at the apex, and scjuared, rounde 1 
 fir pointed at the base; unevenly serrate ; often becoming entire at the batse ; 
 liright green, lustrous and glabrous above, lighter underneath and almost 
 Riabrous at maturity. Flcnvers : yelhnvish green ; growing in scaly catkins. 
 .St.iminate ones : from two to four inches long, and having three tiny flowers 
 un^er each bract. Stamens : four ; short. Pistillate catkins : with two to 
 three blossoms under each bract. Ovaries: naked. Fruit: broadly winged. 
 
 The white birch is one of the restless, short-lived spirits of 
 the woodlands. It is delicate and beautiful with leaves almost 
 as tremulous as those of the aspen. Through 
 it, a stream of tenderness seems to flow, for 
 lis trunk too is flexible, and often during the 
 winter bends under the load of ice it has to 
 uphold. Its powers of endurance are greatly 
 in contrast to those of many of the trees, the 
 oaks especially. 
 
 Of the birches of Eastern North America it 
 is the smallest and least widely distributed. 
 On lands that have been devoured by fire or 
 those that have been abandoned by farmers, 
 it springs up quickly. In southern New England it is fre- 
 quently found growing on the margins of swamps. Hardly a 
 tree more* graceful or sylph-like is known in cultivation, when 
 
 B^tula populifblia. 
 
376 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 its white bark and exquisitely-shaped and fluttering leaves 
 
 show to great advantage. 
 
 Commercially it is not of any very great 
 value. Its soft, weak wood is too perishable. 
 Spools and barrel-hoops are made from it, 
 and upon the hearth it finds a welcome 
 place. 
 
 Betiila pendiila, weeping birch, is a Euro- 
 pean species, which is extensively planted in 
 this country. Its drooping branches and 
 delicate, soft leaves are extremely attrac- 
 tive. 
 
 Bitula pendtila. 
 
 HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD. 
 
 {Plate CLI.) 
 6s try a Virginidna. 
 
 LEVERWOOD. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Birch. Head, round; branches, 20-60 _/<•(•/. 
 drooping at the ends. 
 
 RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 From the north, sou'h- April, May. 
 ward and westward. Fruit: July, Sipt. 
 
 Bark: brownish; furrowed vertically, and scaly. Branchlels : ■^\\\\>\\->\i 
 brown, and dotted with grey; lustrous. Leaves; simple; alternate; with 
 short, rough petioles ; oblong-lanceolate ; taper-pointed at the apex and 
 rounded at the base ; often unequal ; doubly and sharply serrate; dark, yellow- 
 green above ; almost smooth ; lighter coloured below and tufted in the axils of 
 the straight veins. Flowers : growing in long catkins ; the staminate ones 
 about two inches long, with scales fringed on the margins. Pistillate catkins : 
 shorter, Fniit : green; growing in long, drooping, hop-like strobiles, with 
 entire, overlapping scales, or sacs which are bristly at their bases. Nuts ; 
 flattened. 
 
 Those that see this tree usually stop awhi.le and carefully 
 regard its birch-like leaves and its swinging clusters of yellow- 
 tinted fruit. Both are .cry beautifu^ but hardly more so 
 than are its flower clusters wh;:;n t'cj begin to lengthen in 
 early spring. It is said that the furrows on the bark of this 
 tree are finer than those of any other with a rough bark, and 
 that, as it grows older, this feature becomes more pronounced. 
 It contains considerable tannin. The tree is very shapely 
 and generally small. It is not common. For this reason its 
 wood which is hard and strong and receives a high polish has 
 
JBKSOi 
 
 I- io'^uering branch. Branch in fruit. 
 
 i 
 
 Pistillate flo-.ver. Nut and cnvolucre. 
 
 PLATE CLI. HOP-HORNBEAM. Ostrya Virginiamx. 
 
278 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 if it could be pro- 
 
 not the value to which it would be entitled 
 cured in larger quantities. 
 
 All living in and about New York have an opportunity to 
 study the tree as it has been most abundantly planted in 
 Central Park. 
 
 POST OAK. IRON OAK. BOX WHITE OAK. ROUND- 
 LEAVED WHITE OAK. {Plate CLII.) 
 
 Querctis minor. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Btech, Head^ round, dense; 
 branches, spreading. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 20iooJ'eet. Mass. southward and 
 luesttuard to Indian 
 Territory and Texas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May, June. 
 Fruit: Sept., Oct. 
 
 Bark: rather dark grey; rough but slightly so in cojnparison to other oaks, 
 excepting the white oak. Lea-jes : simple; alternate; long-obovate; with 
 rounded or wedge-sliaped base, and having from three to seven variously 
 shaped lobes, frequently s|)reading out at almost right angles from the midrib. 
 At the apex they are lobed, or hollowed and become narrow or remain square 
 at the base; dark green and shiny above with fine hairs, lighter coloured and 
 downy underneath; thick; coarse. F/oivers : appearing l^efore the leaves are 
 partly grown. Stiiminate catkins: three or four inches long. Pistillate ones : 
 sessile. Acorns : two or three growing on a short stem, or solitary, and 
 almost sessile. Cup: deeply saucer-shaped, with small, lanceolate scales often 
 fringed at the margin. Nut: small; dark brown, delicately striped and 
 lustrous; oval; very sweet. 
 
 What is the object, we sometimes 
 wonder, to which trees direct their 
 growth, and why are some of them 
 ii^J^rp- content to be low while others are lofty, 
 and why do many remain weak when 
 others grow strong ? It is not difficult 
 to trace the aspirations of the oaks ; 
 they are visibly for power and en- 
 durance. Quercus minor displays it, in 
 its compact, rough manner of growth, 
 which is so noticeable that the tree 
 could hardly be mistaken for a member 
 of any other genus. Its dark foliage 
 too is ruggedly and distinctively cut. 
 Quercus miMor. Throughout the south where the tree 
 
Staminate branch. 
 
 PLATE CLII. POST OAK. Quercus minor. 
 (V9) 
 
23o 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL, 
 
 is well known its wood is especially valued. For railroad ties, 
 staves, cooperage, ship-building and many purposes it is used. 
 In quality it is similar to that of the white oak, page i88, and in 
 fact the trees were for along time confused one with the other. 
 Towards the western limit of its range it grows abundantly 
 with Black-jack, Quercus Marylandica, and forms a belt which 
 was familiarly known to early settlers of tiiat part of the coun- 
 try as " Cross Timbers." In New England the post oak often 
 becomes a shrub, when its branches are low and contorted. 
 
 BLACK-JACK. BARREN OAK. {Plate CL///.) 
 QuircHS Maryldndica. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 I'Cix/i. ifead, irregular; branches, 8-35-50 yVt-/. Long Island south- May, June. 
 
 stout, contorted. 
 
 ivard and west- 
 ward. 
 
 Iriiit: Oct., AVr'. 
 
 ^(?r/(' ; blackish ; rough; ridged and separating into dose scales. Leases: 
 simple; alternate; broadly obovate; rounded or slightly cordale at the base, 
 widening above the middle of the leaf and forming three or five very short, 
 slight lobes; rounded at the apex or slightly pointed; bristle-tipped. Siiittsf.<: : 
 shallow; dark green and glossy above with fine star-like iiairs, covered with 
 a rusty pubescence underneath when young, at maturity glabrous, A'iAr : dis- 
 tinct and branching conspicuously above tlie middle. Stamiiuitt- ciitkiti.<! : two 
 to four inches long; i)ubescent. ristillate ones : growing on short peduncles 
 and covered with a white wool. Aeons: small; ovoid; sessile or nearly so. 
 Cii/>: deep; top-siia|)ed ; and covered with coarse, compressed scales; 
 pubescent. Nut : dark brown ; edible ; sweet. 
 
 There is something very interesting about Black-jack. Per- 
 haps it is its common name which fixes it so firmly in the 
 memory and makes the tree an old friend after it has once been 
 seen. Much character is displayed about its unusually shaped 
 leaves, and although they have somewhat departed from the 
 orthodo.x conception of beauty, they have a firm, broad out- 
 line of their own. When they unfold in the si)ring they are 
 bright pink on the upper side, a feature curious to recall when 
 they have attained their large size and dark, lustrous greenness 
 of maturity. Black-jack has a decided preference for dry, 
 sterile soil. The wood it bears is dark brown and strong, but 
 it checks badly in drying. It is therefore mostly used for fuel 
 and for making charcoal. 
 
Staminnte branch. 
 
 PLATE CLIll. BLACK-JACK. Qucrcus Marylandua. 
 
 (281) 
 
a82 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK. 
 CHESTNUT OAK. (JVa/e CLIV.) 
 
 Qu^rcus Prinits. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 lieecU. Heady broady irregular, ^o-'io-ioo feet. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Maine south :va > d 
 
 to Dei., Ky. 
 
 Tenn, and Ala. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 May., June. 
 Fruit; Oct., i\'ot. 
 
 Bark: blackish or reddish brown; ridged and separating into close scales. 
 Leaves : simple; alternate; broadly-obovate or oval, with bluntly pointed apex 
 antl ronnded or slightly pointed base; evenly and crenately toothed, the teeth 
 decreasing in size as they reach the apex; dark green and glabrous above, 
 l)aler and downy underneath. Acorns: growing in pairs or solitary on a slicjrt 
 peduncle. Cup: rounded; thick and covered with minute, thin scales. Nut: 
 brown at maturity; long-ovate or ovoid; edible; slightly sweet. 
 
 That the oaks are silent expressions of strength has been 
 told in the folk-lore and poetry of every nation whose soil they 
 inhabit ; but it was the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table who 
 explained that while " others shirk the work of resisting 
 gravity, the oak defies it. It chooses the horizontal direction 
 for its limbs so that their whole weight may tell, — and then 
 stretches them out fifty or sixty feet, so that the strain may be 
 mighty enough to be worth resisting. At 90° the oak stops 
 short ; to slant upward another degree would mark infirmity 
 of purpose ; to bend downward, weakness of organization." 
 
 Of the latter tendency one would never suspect the rock 
 chestnut oak, and few of its genus are constructed to display 
 more vigour. It also lives to a venerable age and seems like 
 the patriarch of the generation to the more perishable trees, 
 the llowers and grasses that grow under its shade. The tree is 
 known as an Appalachian one and makes, on the dry hillsides 
 of Carolina and Tennessee, its best growth. Although its 
 wood is not nearly so valuable as that of the white oaks, it 
 has still a field of usefulness in the making of railroad ties 
 and fences. From its bark an unusually large quantity of 
 tannin is extracted. The tree was one of the first of the 
 American oaks to be known in Europe. 
 
Ilike 
 fees, 
 le is 
 lides 
 its 
 it 
 ties 
 of 
 the 
 
 PLATE CLIV, ROCK CHESTNUT OAK. <J//r>r//^- /'r/jius. 
 
 I OI'KHK.Hr. 1 .'HP, bT FHEDEHITK A, tiTOKtS COMMANlT. 
 PHlNTfO IN AMEHM A 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 L 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 
 n 
 
 T 
 
 t( 
 
 tl 
 
 tl 
 
 SL 
 
 in 
 is 
 pi 
 
 all 
 an 
 Th 
 wh 
 bo 
 bn 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL 
 
 «83 
 
 CHESTNUT OAK. YELLOW OAK. 
 
 Qu^rcus acuminata. 
 
 {Plate CLV) 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 lieich. Tall, straight : head^ 40-80-160 />?/'. 
 narrow. 
 
 RANGE 
 Vermont to northern 
 Ala. and westward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 A[ay,June. 
 Fruit: Oct., Nov 
 
 Bark: light grey; broken into thin flakes. Branchlets : marked with pale 
 leniicels. Leaves: five to seven inches long ; simple; alternate; petiolcd; at 
 most an inch long; lanceolate, or obovate with taper-pointed apex and pointed, 
 wedged-shapcd or blunt base; sharply and evenly serrate. Sinuses : rounded. 
 The veins extending from the midrib to the summit of the tcetli. Yellow- 
 green and glabrous above, silvery and slightly downy underneath. St,tmi>tate 
 Jiowers : growing in catkins from three to tour inches long. Bistillate ones : in 
 short, sessile spdves, Atorns : ^mM\ sessile. Cm/ .' round; broad; thin; the 
 scales closely compressed. A'lit : light brown; ovate; about one-third covered 
 by the cup; edible; sweet. 
 
 Those that have paid little or no attention to the trees, ex- 
 cepting perhaps to regard them as affordint^ a gracious and 
 wholesome shade, are invariably surprised wlien their interest 
 in them is quickened to see how exquisite are many of the 
 blossoms with which they are hung in the spring. Then it is a 
 revelation that the long yellow clusters, looking like bits of 
 string, which dangle from this great oak are in reality its stami- 
 nate flowers. In this way many of them grow snugly together. 
 The pistillate blossoms are congregated in more compact clus- 
 ters, and, as in many monoecious trees, they are located near 
 the tips of the lower boughs. From the top-most branches 
 the staminate ones sway. That their respective positions are 
 such is another illustration of Nature's theory that nothing is 
 insignificant. When the breezes bend the tree-tops the pollen 
 is shaken out, and its natural fall is then downward upon the 
 pistillate ones which eagerly arrest its flight. 
 
 This chestnut oak is a beautiful and mightytree, with a pale, 
 almost white bark. Its long leaves hang closely to the branches 
 and resemble, in general outline, those of the true chestnut. 
 That is when it grows in the Atlantic states, where it is some- 
 what rare and local. West of the Alleghanies it inhabits rich 
 bottom lands. Its leaves then are very variable. In their 
 broadest forms, with their teeth considerably rounded, they 
 

 Stixininate branch. 
 
 PLATE CLV. CHESTNUT OAK. Quercus acuminata. 
 
 (284) 
 
 c 
 
 F 
 
 s 
 
 g 
 
 V 
 
 s 
 h 
 ii 
 o 
 tl 
 b 
 k 
 tl 
 01 
 i\ 
 W 
 
 St 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 dr 
 le 
 yc 
 sh 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 a8S 
 
 closely resemble those of Quercus Prinus. But the difference in 
 the quality and colouring of the bark of the two trees would 
 prevent their being mistaken for one another. 
 
 The wood of Quercus acuminata is used in cooperage. 
 
 BLACK-HAW. STAG-BUSH. {Plate CL VI.) 
 Vibiirmim prtinifblium. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Honeysuckle. Low, branching. 15-20 /if*/. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 Conn, ami A'. )'. to Fla. 
 
 and Texas. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 M.iy. 
 
 Fruit : .Sept. 
 
 IVooil: reddish brown; hard. Leaves : simple; opposite; with short, slightly 
 or rarely margined petioles witli straight edges; broadly oval, or obovate; 
 pointed or blunt at the apex and base; very variable; finely serrate; the teeth 
 sharp; glabrous; lustrous. Fl<r.iin-s : white; small; perfect; growing in com- 
 pound, sessile cymes at the ends of the branches. Fruit: dark blue; oval; 
 glaucous ; edible; sweet. 
 
 Just before the earth begins to grow green and tiny leaves 
 venture to show themselves and to shiver, there is about it 
 something very clean and russet looking. Everywhere small 
 harbingers of spring are peeping out, and they seem to enjoy hav- 
 ing things pretty much their own way. Later in the season we 
 owe an abundance of bloom to the Viburnums. Throughout 
 the north the black-haw is most frequently found as a low, 
 branching shrub of about six, eight or twelve feet high. Its 
 leaves are smaller than those of Viburnum ientago^ page 82, and 
 the differences in the margins of the petioles serve as a means 
 of their identification. Its cymes of flowers stand out well from 
 the leaves. Besides these particular features the shrub is one 
 that grows in dry soil. 
 
 V. acerifblium., maple-leaved arrow- wood, or dockmaxie, is a 
 shrub of about six feet high. Its bloom — broad cymes of small 
 white flowers — which grows on long peduncles, is very familiar 
 to us in the early days of spring; and later its bright crimson 
 drupes, turning eventually to black, are very noticeable. The 
 leaves might be mistaken, and frequently are, for those of a 
 young maple tree. In dry or rocky woods, or abundantly along 
 shady roadsides, the plant is found. 
 
Enla rged Jlowtr, 
 
 PLATE CLVI. BLACK.HAW. Viburtium prunifolium. 
 
 (286) 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 a87 
 
 STAQHORN SUHAC. VINEGAR TREE. {Plate CL VII :) 
 
 Rhus hirta. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Sumac. 
 
 UmbrtiUi-lik*. 
 
 10-40 />//. 
 
 Niw Brunswick westward, 
 sou t/t wa rd to A la l-a ma . 
 
 June. 
 Fruit: Aug.- Oct. 
 
 Bark: dark brown; smooth. Inner bark: yellow. Branchlets and leaf' 
 items: covered thickly with a velvety, crimson down. Juice : milky; viscid, and 
 turning black witli exposure to the atmospliere. Leaves : compound ; alternate; 
 with stout stalks, reddisli on their upper sides ; odd-jjinnaic with from eleven to 
 thirty-one, narrowly oval, sessile leaflets ; taper-pointed at the apex and cordate 
 or rounded at the base ; evenly and sharply serrate. When unfolding covered 
 underntath with reddish hairs aiul becoming nearly while and glabrous at 
 maturity. F/iKuers : yeWowi^h ^^vcqw \ growing in large, dense, terminal i)ani- 
 cles, t'.ie fertile ones forming those lli.it are the most compact. Berries: bright 
 crimson; rounded or flattened and covered with long, reddish hairs; acrid; not 
 poisonous. 
 
 Over the surrounding green of summer there is a warmth and 
 richness of colour cast by the splendid hue of this plant's fruit, 
 and the young growth of the tree is a vivid, bright red. This is, 
 in fact, one of the beautiful and very noticeable small trees of 
 the waysides and rocky thickets. Not 
 infrequently, however, it descends to a 
 shrub. The straggling and uneven 
 growth of the tree, as it thrusts the 
 ends of its branches outward, repre- 
 sent somewhat the horns of a stag, 
 and they are similarly covered with a 
 velvety coating. The name vinegar 
 tree is due to the acidity of its fruit 
 and twigs, which is the outcome 
 of the innumerable fine hairs which 
 cover them. From the young shoots the pith can readily be 
 removed, and quills are thus made with which to draw out the 
 sap of maple trees in the spring-time. Little country boys, 
 however, convert them into pin or putty blowers, and, at the 
 expense of the enemy, amuse themselves highly. Both the 
 bark and the leaves of the tree are rich in tannin. Through 
 the wood large ducts can be seen which designate clearly the 
 annual layers of its growth. 
 
 BAtis htrta. 
 
PLATE CLVII. STAGHORN SUMAC. Rhus hirta. 
 
 (288) 
 
PLATt CLVIII. SMOOTH UPLAND SUMAL. K liu^ 'Jaloa. 
 
 rMiYiiKiMr, 1 .1,1, nt riiEDeRi'n ». 'tikc; rowiAKr. 
 
 I'HINrtD IN AMfHir*. 
 

■ 
 
 ma 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 SMOOTH UPLAND SUMAC. SCARLET SUilAC. 
 
 (P/afg CL VIII.) 
 
 289 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE 
 
 Sumac. Spreading, bushy. 
 
 R/ttis glabra. 
 
 HEIGHT RANGE 
 
 2-20 J'eet. .'ifiiine sout/nvard to 
 
 Fill, and zvesiward. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 June- A ug. 
 
 Along the waysides and hugging the borders of fields this 
 sumac raises itself so lustily and so often that there are few 
 among us to whom it is not familiar. Too frequently, the ban 
 of being poisonous is placed upon it, and this, it must be re- 
 gretted, is the outcome of a melancholy lack of observation. 
 The sharply serrated leaves, the terminal growth and shape of 
 the closely packed bunches of beautiful, crimson fruit, are ever 
 ready to help us in distinguishing it from the deadly poisonous 
 sumac, Rhus veniix, which inhabits the swamps. It is interest- 
 ing to notice in this species, as also in the staghorn sumac, 
 that sometimes the whole or part of the flower-cluster has 
 not been transformed into flowers, but has remained as small 
 green leaves. 
 
 AILANTHU5. 
 
 CHINESE SUMAC. TREE-OF-HEAVEN. 
 
 {P/ate CLIX.) 
 
 Aildnthus glandulbsa. 
 
 FAMILY 
 Aiiantiius. 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 Round-toppedy 
 
 spreading. 
 
 HEIGHT RAf^GE 
 
 t,o-<)ofeet. Escaped from cultivation. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 June, July. 
 Fruit: Oct. 
 
 Bark: brown ; smooth. Branchlets: covered with whitish dots. Leaves • 
 very large; compound; alternate; odd-pinnate; with from seventeen to 
 forty-one leaflets, with short petioliiles ; the odd one often absent or 
 dwarfed and coarsely toothed. Leajft'ls : lanceolate or lon-r ovate ; taper- 
 pomted at the apex, and squared or slightlv cordate at the base ; entire, witli 
 one or two blunt teeth at each side near the base ; feather-veined- bright 
 green above, lighter below; thin and almost glabrous. Fio-uers : small; 
 greenish yellow ; growing in terminal, compound panicles. Ca/vx : oi five 
 mmute sepals. Corolla : of five petals. Slamens ; in sterile flowers, ten. 
 Fertile Jlcnoers : with from two to five ovaries. Samaras: flat; the seeds 
 growmg in the centre of the thin, membranous wing. 
 
 The generic and Asiatic name of this remarkable tree is 
 "ailanto," which means, Tree of Heaven, and by the 
 
 fro 
 
2yo 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL 
 
 Chinese in whose country it is a native, it is regarded with 
 much affection. A Jesuit missionary is credited with having, 
 in 1761, first sent its seeds to England, A little over thirty 
 years later it was brought to America and took root near 
 Philadelphia, Since then it has been considerably planted. 
 
 In parts of Long Island, New York 
 and New Jersey it is abundant. 
 The tree is of striking, majestic 
 presence, and its long, wand-like 
 stems of leaflets form a responsive 
 ^' playing-ground for the breezes. 
 When in full bloom the flowers have 
 a feathery, fine appearance, but 
 they are not handsome. Their 
 odour also, and it is that of the 
 staminate ones, is generally thought 
 to be very disagreeable. They ex- 
 hale one of the heavy, oppressive 
 scents which close upon the atmos- 
 phere and prevent many from 
 breathing it without feeling some physical distress. After the 
 bloom has passed, however, the tree is without objectionable 
 features. 
 
 When the great bunches of samaras begin to ripen, the pis- 
 tillate trees are most conspicuous. From a summer green they 
 vary in colour to red, and in drying they turn to a soft shade of 
 tan. Often trees hung with red samaras and others hung with 
 green ones stand side by side. The ailanthus seeds itself readily 
 and is also reproduced by abundant suckers which arise from 
 its base. In cultivation, where a fine, waving effect of shrub- 
 bery is desired, it can be gained by keeping the main stems of 
 the trees cut down and allowing these shoots to grow to their 
 utmost height. 
 
 A ildntliHS glandulhsa. 
 
BBBBinnHKIRnHRIin^^^i^BH 
 
 PLATE CLIX. AILANTH'JS .1 i/.iii//iiis _^nn!>i!n\K^,i. 
 
 (OPYHK.Mf, 1 , UY rHt::t.SICK a. STOkLt (.OVI'ANT. 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY S0:L. 
 
 •91 
 
 PIG-NUT. BROOM HICKORY. {PiuL- CLX.) 
 
 Hicbria i^labra. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT 
 
 Walnut. Hea<i, nutrow: iranc/tes, to-i^^-i^io/eet. 
 slightly pendulous. 
 
 RANGE 
 Mixine -.'JcstHHiid 
 and to Fill, and 
 '/'e.ias. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 /■ruit.- Oct., .Vor. 
 
 Bark: light groy; close, not shaggy. Leaves: coinpoiiiul ; alteniate ; odd- 
 pinnate ; growing on smooth stalks and having from five to nine sessile leaf- 
 lets, which are oblong, long-pointed at the apex and wedge-sha|)ed, pointed or 
 rounded at the base; the lowjr pair of leaflets much sniulU-r tiuin the others; 
 sharply serrate ; thick; dark yellowish green, and glabrous on the upper side 
 at maturity; slightly tufted in the angles of the ribs on th„ under sides, 
 /'"/{jo/t-rj; greenish yellow ; growing in catkins. The staminate ones, three to 
 seven inches long; the pistillate ones growing in s|)ikes with from two to five 
 flowers. Fruit: with a globose, or pear-slKH)e(.l husk wliicli is thin and splits 
 open only at the apex, or to about the middle. Nut : oblong, with a smooth, 
 unridged shell ; thin. fTernel : small; very bitter. 
 
 All undoubtedly know the pig-nut, for it is generally im- 
 pressed upon us by experience ; and to the mind clings the re- 
 membrance of early days when its nuts were eaten in error for 
 those of the good, old shagbark. Their bitter, disappointing 
 flavour vaguely touches the palate with the very name of pig- 
 nut. Throughout the northern states the tree is common and 
 well known. 
 
 Commercially its strong, tough and flexible wood is not dis- 
 tinguished from that of the shell-bark hickories. For the 
 handles of tools, agricultural implements and the making of 
 many similar articles, it is useful. 
 
 HORSE CHESTNUT. {Plate CLXl.) 
 j^sculus Hippocastanum. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 Soapberry, 
 
 SHAPE 
 Rounded, compact. 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 30-4 >/<•£•/. 
 
 RANGE 
 
 hitioilucrd. 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 May, /!,:!■• 
 
 Bark: brownish. Leaves: palmately-compound ; ojiposite ; and havino 
 five, or more often seven long, oval leaflets ; abruptly pointed at the apex iind 
 tapering at the base; ribs straight ; the edges scalloped and toothed. When 
 young pubescent with a brown wool. Flowers: large; cream-white. s|)otte(l 
 with yellow and purple, and growing in a terminal fhysu-!. Ci/yx ■ five-cleft. 
 Corolla: of five spreading petals raised on short claws. S/inneiis : seven: ex- 
 serted, with orange-coloured anthers. Pistil: one; included. Fruit: a 
 round, green, prickly husk which encloses within its valves one or two nuts. 
 Nut: mahogany colour; with a white scar on one side ; lustrous when young, 
 but becoming dull and wrinkled with age. Kcrttel : aromatic; poisonous and 
 having a strong odour. 
 
Pistillatt Sfa'iiinate 
 Jlotxier, Jlower. 
 
 PLATE CLX. PIG-NUr. Hicoria glabra, 
 (292) 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 393 
 
 Throughout its entire career there is something very charac- 
 teristic about the horse chestnut tree. The large, silky leaf- 
 buds remind us of those of the magnolia as they unfold in the 
 early spring, and as from them the beautifully formed leaflets 
 begin to grow, we continue to notice how individual is the 
 whole aspect of the tree. Everything that it does appears to 
 be well planned and regular. The exquisite bunches of flowers 
 have a unique way of pointing upward, and the fragrance that 
 emanates from them is as good a guide to the tree's locality, as 
 to see their shimmering light. Again 
 the mahogany-coloured nut with its white 
 scar is as unmistakable as the piebald 
 horse of one's neighbour. It is rather 
 disappointing to attempt to eat its abun- 
 dant meat; for it is intensely bitter, al- 
 though it is not, as has been thought by 
 many, poisonous. In fact, on the con. 
 tinent, cattle, sheep and pigs are fed upon 
 the nuts, and rooks devour them with 
 avidity. They are moreover not without 
 efficacy of another sort, for an ancient superstition assures us 
 that to carry one constantly in the pocket will prevent rheu- 
 matism from attacking the wearer. 
 
 The flowers of this tree appear to have been especially de- 
 signed to suit the convenience of the bumble-bee that visits 
 them so frequently. The protruding stamens and style do 
 not interfere with him as he alights on the petals; he only 
 brushes them a little with his under part and covers himself 
 with pollen. His legs fit well into the spaces between the 
 petals, and he is therefore able to settle himself quite comforta- 
 bly. He then thrusts his proboscis into the honey-holding sac 
 at the base of the flower, quickly draws it out and is away to 
 another one. The rapidity with which he accomplishes this 
 is truly astonishing. It is the work of only a very few seconds. 
 Although well known in this country the tree is not a native. 
 
 /Esculus Hippochstanum. 
 
PLATE CLXI. HORSE CHESTNUT. .Z'tcu/ifs Hippocastamim. 
 
 (294) 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRV SOIL. 
 
 295 
 
 By Professor Sargent it is said to be indigenoLis in the moun- 
 tains of northern Greece. As a timber tree it is practically 
 worthless. Buds, page 30. 
 
 Aisculus ncbicunda, red horse ciiestnut, is cultivated mostly 
 for ornament, and for the sake of the contrasting colours of their 
 flowers it is planted by the side of ^^^sculus Hippocastanum. 
 The deep pink of its blossoms mingling with the bright green 
 of its leaves, spotted here and there with red, is very lovely. 
 The tree is never tall, sometimes hardly more than a shrub. 
 Each flower has but four slightly spreading petals. Generally, 
 it is thought to be a hybrid between the horse chestnut and 
 /Esculus Pavia, red buckeye. This latter plant bears bright 
 red flowers, and usually occurs as a shrub. Its best growth is 
 in Virginia and southward. 
 
 HICKORY PINE. 
 
 TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE. 
 PINE. {Plate CLXJJ.) 
 Plntis pitngens. 
 
 PRICKLY 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OP BLOOM 
 
 Pine. Head, narrow ; branches, io-6o feet. N. J. ami Feiin. to May. 
 
 short, ascending. No. Carolina and 
 
 Tcnn. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown ; when old, rough and hroUen into plate-like scales. 
 Leaves: dark bluish green; seldom over two inches long; simple; growing 
 closely along the branches in bunches of two or somctitnes three, and having 
 sheaths at their bases; needlc-sh.ipcd, the outer side round and smooth, the 
 inner side grooved: stiff. Staminate floxoers: growing in long spikes. Pistillate 
 ones : clustered in the young cones. Cones : pale, reddish yellow ; three to four 
 inches long; oblong or ovate; sessile, and frequently growing in clusters of 
 four or more; heavy. Sc\tlc-s: woody, with a hooked spine nearly an inch long. 
 
 The great pines, so simple in construction, must always inter- 
 est us, and from the larches, the firs, the cedars and the spruces, 
 which also are members of the family coniferae, we readily dis- 
 tinguish them because their leaves, although varying greatly in 
 length, are needle-shaped and grow in cluster's of from two to 
 five. At their bases they are sheathed, or held together by a 
 thin, membranous scale. When pressed together they form a 
 cylinder. 
 
Envolucre of Winged 
 ttantinnte JloweVy seed, 
 enlarged. 
 
 PLATE CLXII. HICKORY PINE. Pznus pufigens. 
 
 (296) 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 «97 
 
 Pinus pungensluisa rather limited range. Its cones are very 
 abundant and beautiful. After fertilization has taken place, 
 and their scales have closed to protect the young and forming 
 seeds, it is astonishing how hard and heavy they are found to 
 be when taken in the hand. Almost they appear like bits of clay. 
 Light brown and coarsely grained wood is produced by the 
 tree, and it is soft and brittle. In Pennsylvania it is largely 
 made into charcoal. 
 
 COMMON JUNIPER. GROUND CEDAR. {Plate CLXIII.) 
 
 Juniper us communis. 
 
 FAMILY SHAPE HEIGHT RANGE TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 I'ine. Low, l>r:H\d, sprcixding. ai)-25_/(V/. .Vi'-''» Srotia southivard April, May. 
 
 and wtstward. 
 
 hruit: Ot./. 
 
 Bark: reddish brown and separating into thin, i)apery sheets. Leaves : sim- 
 ple; linear-lanceolate or awl-shaped; spreading and growing in whorles of 
 three up and down the slender branchlets ; rigid; sharply pointed; channelled; 
 dark yellow-green and glaucous on the upper sid« ; astringent. Berries : large ; 
 sessile; bluish grey; glaucous ; fragrant when dried; sweet. 
 
 By Professor Sargent it is said that Juniperus communis is 
 the most widely distributed tree of the northern hemisphere 
 It occurs in Europe and Asia also. In India its twigs are 
 burned as incense, and its berry-like cones are employed in the 
 practice of medicine. In this country the latter are considera- 
 bly used to flavour gin, and they take in New England fully 
 three years in which to mature. The tree is erect with an irregu- 
 larly shaped head, and it is not infrequently found growing 
 by the side q{ Juniperus Virginiana. Juniperus nana, the low 
 juniper, thrives in pastures and on dry hillsides as a shrub, 
 when its branches grow low, often closely to the ground. 
 
 "The birch-tree swung her fragrant hair, 
 
 The bramble cast her berry. 
 The gin within the juniper 
 
 Began to make him merry. 
 The poplars, in long order due, 
 
 With cypress promenaded, 
 The shock-head willows two and two 
 
 By rivers gallopaded "— Tennvsow. 
 
PLATE CLXIII. COMMON JUNIPER. Juniperus communis. 
 
 C298) 
 
.ATE CLXIV, RED CEDAR. Juni/hiiis \'i, -inia.'UK 
 
 yl',->li.,MT, I't.j.J. OV fHE:)fcHI( K A. STOKL'i *.OMpA', 
 "HISTEO IN AMGHIC* 
 
a 
 b 
 
 
 
 a 
 ri 
 n 
 rr 
 o 
 
 if 
 
 It 
 
 in 
 
 ol 
 
 w 
 
 ra 
 
 a 
 
 T 
 
 so 
 
 ai: 
 
 ar 
 a 1 
 
TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 299 
 
 RED CEDAR. SAVIN. {Plate CLXIV.) 
 Juniper us Virginia)ia. 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 SHAPE 
 
 HEIGHT 
 
 RANGE 
 
 TIME OF BLOOM 
 
 Pine. 
 
 Conic, irtegu/ar when 
 old. 
 
 \^-yyiixi/eet. 
 
 Cenerai. 
 
 April, May. 
 Fruit: Se/t., Oct. 
 
 ^.r-:^. 
 
 
 Bark: reddish brown, and separating into long shreds. Iniwr hark: smooth; 
 polished. Leaves ; minute; dull green ; simple ; opposite in pairs ; ovate; over- 
 lapping each other, and growing in four r(j«s on the ratlier square, fine branch- 
 lets; stiff ; sharp. Wlien yjung tiie leaves spread out somewhat from the 
 branches, whicli are then more rounded, and are needle-shaped. When pulled 
 away from the branch it can be seen tliat they grow in pairs, or sometimes three.s. 
 Berries: small; bluish grey ; growing erectly and closely along the branchleis. 
 
 From the coloured plate something of the beauty of the pistil- 
 late cedar tree may be gathered when its olive-green foliage is 
 alive with the brightness of its 
 berries. The staininate trees are 
 of a rather rusty brown tone, and 
 although they are not generally 
 regarded as attractive, there are 
 many that delight in their unsym- 
 metrical and rather weird style 
 of growth. The tree, as Juiii- 
 perus communis., is more widely 
 distributed than any other con- 
 iferous one of North America. 
 Its versatility and knack of adapt- 
 ing itself to various conditions 
 of climate and soil are truly 
 wonderful. From a low bush it 
 ranges in size to a great tree with 
 
 a fine, straight trunk, and it is either pyramidal or rounded. 
 Throughout New England and New Brunswick it favours dry 
 soil ; in the valleys of Pennsylvania it seeks that which is 
 alluvial. On the limestone hills of Kentucky and Tennessee 
 are the ** cedar brakes"; while in Florida the tree grows to 
 a great size in swamps and in bottom lands. Throughout the 
 
 Juniptrus Virginiiina. 
 
 iBBS 
 
300 
 
 TREES GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 
 
 Rocky mountains, in the extreme northwest and in southern 
 California it seeks such haunts as suit its fancy. 
 
 The formal outline of the tree is valuable in landscape gar- 
 dening when it is desired to produce rugged effects. Often we 
 then see it cut into fantastic shapes, a trick learned from the 
 Japanese by the Dutch, and it is sufficiently hardy to stand well 
 this suppression of its natural growth. 
 
 For a long time the Indians have delighted in its bright red, 
 fragrant and spicy wood which does not decay, and, as it is ob- 
 jectionable to moths, cedar chests and closets are appreciated 
 by thrifty housewives. Its principal use, however, is in the 
 making of lead pencils. Of the heterogeneous community that 
 daily wields thousands of them, it is a matter of interest to 
 wonder how many ever cast a glance of recognition, or expend 
 a thought upon the tree that has so abundantly yielded of its 
 best. 
 
Miscellaneous Index. 
 
 Acorn, Cup of, 243. 
 
 Ash, Mythological Legend concerning, 
 
 22 [ 
 Ashes, Staniinate and Pistillate, 97. 
 " Red and Green, Similarity 
 between, 97. 
 
 Buckeye State, The, 147. 
 
 Coniferous Trees, Early, 246. 
 Cotyledons, Thickening of Oak, 245. 
 Cross Timbers, 280. 
 
 Elms, Historical, i2o-!2i. 
 " being dioecious, 121. 
 
 Hawthorns, disagreeable odour of, 
 
 165. 
 Hickories, I-eaf-buds of, 220. 
 
 Galls, 134. 
 
 Locust Tree, ravaged by insects, 207. 
 
 Magnolia, Fertilization of, 38. 
 Useful wood of, 39. 
 Historical, 39. 
 Maple Sugar, the Making of, 197. 
 Maples, Autumn Colouring of, 204. 
 " Introduced, 204. 
 
 " Red, Earliest Signs of Spring, 
 
 83- 
 
 Needles, those of Spruces and Firs, 
 
 
 Oak- Apples, 134. 
 
 Oaks, differences between Black and 
 Scarlet, 245. 
 
 Oaks, Growth of Pistillate Flowers, 
 243- 
 
 Oak branches, angle of, 282. 
 
 Oak Grove at Dodcna, 188. 
 
 Oaks, Number indigenous to Amer- 
 ica, 241. 
 
 Oak, Notable Red, 192. 
 " Openings, 132. 
 
 Oaks, Location of Flowers, 283. 
 
 Opportunity, 154. 
 
 Outlines of Trees, 229. 
 
 Pines, Heart-Wood of, 251. 
 " Means of distinction, 295. 
 
 Pitch, 256. 
 " Resin found in, 249. 
 
 The, 256. 
 " Simplicity of Organs of, 246. 
 Pine, White, Historical incident, 225. 
 Poplars, Flower-buds of, 115. 
 
 " Mythological Legend con- 
 cerning, 238. 
 Poplar, Notable Tree, 74. 
 
 " Seeds, 74. 
 Poplars, Sheen of, 186. 
 
 Quills for Maple Sap, 287. 
 
 Silkworms, Leaves fed to, 130. 
 Sumac, Poisonous, 88. 
 
 iiSB 
 
302 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS LN'DEX. 
 
 Tulip Tree, Notable, 187. 
 Turpentine, The making of, 2y\. 
 
 Willows, Those Native and Intro 
 
 cluced, 56. 
 Willow Catkins, 57. 
 " Historical Weeping, 64. 
 
 Willows, Xninber of Species of, 54. 
 " Natural hal)ilat of, 54. 
 " Hasket work nuide from, 68. 
 
 " Hoops made from, 66. 
 " Seeds of, 74. 
 Sheen of, 186. 
 
Index to English Names. 
 
 Abele, 271. 
 Acacia, False, 205. 
 
 " Rose, 20S. 
 
 " Three-Thorned, 209. 
 Agire Tree, 263. 
 Ailanthus, 2S9. 
 Alder, Black, 44. 
 
 " Hoary, 50. 
 
 " Smootli, 52. 
 
 " Speckled, 50. 
 Alligator Tree, 136. 
 Apple, 267. 
 
 " Custard, iii. 
 Arbor-Vitas, 103. 
 
 Arrow-Wood, Maple-Leaved, 285. 
 Ash, Biitmore, 142. 
 
 " Black, 92. 
 
 " Blue, 223. 
 
 " Green, 97. 
 
 " Hoop, 92. 
 
 " Mountain, American, 140. 
 
 " " Elder-Leaved, 141. 
 
 " " European, 141. 
 
 •' " Western, 141. 
 
 " Poison, 88. 
 
 " Red, 95. 
 
 " Water, 92. 
 
 " White, 220. 
 Aspen, American, 238. 
 
 " Large-Toothed, 183. 
 Asp, Quaking, 238. 
 Azalea, Smooth, 152. 
 
 " Tree, 152. 
 
 Balm of Gilead, 72. 
 Basswood, 153. 
 
 White, 156. 
 Bay, Bull, 37. 
 
 " Sweet, 39. 
 Bean Tree, 195. 
 Bee-Tree, Linden, 156. 
 Beech, American, 174. 
 
 Blue, 52. 
 
 Copper, 175. 
 
 European, 175. 
 
 Water, 52. 
 Bilstcd, 136. 
 Birch, American White, 275. 
 
 Black, 177. 
 
 Canoe, 175. 
 
 Cherry, 177. 
 
 Grey, 179. 
 
 Grey, 275. 
 
 Old-Field, 275. 
 
 Paper, 175. 
 
 Red, 48. 
 
 River, 48. 
 
 Sweet, 177. 
 
 Weeping, 276. 
 
 White, 175. 
 
 Yellow, 179. 
 Bitter-nut, 89. 
 Black-IIaw, 2S5. 
 Black-jack, 2S0. 
 Bladder-nut. Western, 144. 
 Buckeye, Big. i 16. 
 
 " California, 149. 
 
 it 
 <( 
 
 K 
 
 <( 
 <( 
 
 << 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 (I 
 
 (( 
 
 (< 
 <( 
 
304 
 
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Buckeye, Fetid, 147. 
 Ohio, 147. 
 " Purple Sweet, 147. 
 
 Red, 295. 
 '' Sweet, 146. 
 " Vcllow, 146. 
 liutton-Ball Tree, 47. 
 Inittermit, 213. 
 liutton-Wood, 47. 
 
 Candlk-Tree, 195. 
 Caper Tree, Jamaica, 112. 
 Catalpa, 195. 
 Cedar, Ground, 297. 
 " Red, 299. 
 " Southern White, loi. 
 *' White, 103, 
 Cherry, Bird, 156. 
 
 Cabinet, 265. 
 Choke, 46. 
 Perfumed, 157. 
 Pigeon, 156. 
 Pin, 156. 
 Rum, 265. 
 Wild Black, 265. 
 WMld Red, 156. 
 Chestnut, American, 173. 
 " Horse, 291. 
 
 " Red Horse, 295. 
 
 Chinquapin, 174. 
 Coffee-Tree, Kentucky, 211. 
 Cornel, 194. 
 
 " 195. 
 Cornelian Tree, 192. 
 
 Coral-Berry, 262. 
 
 Cottonwood, 74. 
 
 Narrow-Leaved, 115. 
 
 River, 70. 
 
 Swamp, 70. 
 Cranberry Tree, 83. 
 Crab-apple, Ainerican, 159. 
 
 " Narrow-Leaved, 159. 
 
 Crab Tree, Sweet Scented, 159. 
 
 
 « 
 
 Cucumber Tree, 150. 
 
 " Yellow, 152. 
 Cypress, 99. 
 
 '* Bald, 99. 
 
 Date-Plum, 233. 
 
 Dockmaxie, 2S5. 
 
 Dogwood, Alternate-Leaved, 194. 
 
 " False, 202. 
 
 " Flowering, 192. 
 
 " Panicled, 195. 
 
 " Poison, 88. 
 
 " Red-Osier, 195. 
 
 " Round-Leaved, 195. 
 
 " Striped, 202. 
 
 Elder, 144. 
 Elderberry, 146. 
 Elder, Box, 90. 
 
 Poison, 88. 
 Sweet, 146. 
 Elk-Wood, 108. 
 Elm, American, 120. 
 
 Corky White, 122. 
 
 English, 124. 
 
 False, 126. 
 
 Hickory, 122, 
 
 Moose, 122. 
 
 Red, 122. 
 
 Rock, 122. 
 
 Slippery. 122. 
 
 Winged, 122. 
 " White, 120. 
 
 Filbert, 181. 
 
 Fir, Balm of Gilead, 231. 
 
 Balsam, 231. 
 
 Eraser's Balsam, 232. 
 Fringe Tree, Common, 80. 
 
 Gum, Black, 40. 
 " Hog. 38. 
 
 
 a 
 (< 
 
 (( 
 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 305 
 
 Gum, Sour, 40. 
 
 Star-Leaved, 136. 
 Sweet, 136. 
 
 
 Hackuerry, 126. 
 Hackmatack, 105. 
 Haw, 236. 
 " Pear, 165. 
 " Red, 163. 
 Hawthorn, 163. 
 Hazel-Nut, 181. 
 
 " Beaked, 183. 
 
 Hemlock, 226. 
 
 " Carolina, 227. 
 
 Hickory, I'room, 291. 
 *' Fragrant, 214. 
 Shag-Hark, 216. 
 Shell-Bark, 216. 
 *' Big Shell-Bark, 218. 
 " Small-Fruited, 220. 
 " Swamp, 89. 
 " " 90. 
 
 " Water, 90. 
 " White-Heart, 214. 
 Hobble-Bush, 83. 
 Holly, American, 117. 
 
 " Large-Leaved, 118. 
 Honey Shucks, 209. 
 Ho[)-Hornbeam, 276. 
 Hornbeam, American, 52. 
 
 Indian Bkan, i(j5. 
 
 " Larger, 196. 
 
 Indian Currant, 262. 
 Ironwood. 52. 
 276. 
 
 Judas-Tree, American, 113. 
 June-Berry, 269. 
 June-Berry, Northwestern, 270. 
 Juni])er, Common, 297. 
 " L'.vv. 297. 
 
 King Nut. 218. 
 
 Larch, American, 105. 
 Leverwood, 276. 
 Linden, American, 153. 
 
 " European, 156. 
 Locust, Bristly, 208. 
 
 " Clammy, 207. 
 
 " Honey, 209. 
 
 " Moss, 208. 
 
 " Tree, 205. 
 
 " Western, 140. 
 
 " Yellow, 205. 
 
 Magnolia, Great-Flowered, 37. 
 " Laurel, 39. 
 
 ** Mountain, 150. 
 
 Small, 39. 
 Mahaleb, 157. 
 Mahogany, California, 234. 
 Maple, Ash-Leaved, 90. 
 " Bird's-eye, 198. 
 " Black Sugar, 198. 
 " Blood-Leaved Japanese, 204. 
 " Curled, 198. 
 " Goosefoot, 201. 
 " Hard, 197. 
 ** Mountain, 202, 
 " Norway, 204. 
 " Red, 83. 
 " Rock, 197. 
 " Scarlet, 83. 
 " Silver, 86. 
 " Soft, 83. 
 " Soft, 86. 
 " Striped, 201. 
 Sugar, 197. 
 Swamp, 83. 
 " White, 86. 
 May-Cherry, 269. 
 Mocker-nut, 214. 
 Moose Wood, 201. 
 Mullif rry, Pa|njr, 130. 
 Red. 1 28. 
 White, 130. 
 
 11 
 
3o6 
 
 Nanny Uerry, 82. 
 Nettle-Tree, 126. 
 
 INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Oak, Barren, 280. 
 " Black, 245. 
 " iJox White, 278. 
 " Burr, 132, 
 " Cliestmit, 283. 
 " Iron, 278. 
 " Laurel, 80. 
 
 i-ive, 240. 
 
 Mossy-Cup, 132, 
 
 Over-cup White, 132. 
 
 Peach-leaved, 78. 
 
 " I'in, 133. 
 " Post, 278. 
 
 Keel, 191. 
 
 Rock Chestnut, 282. 
 " Round-Leaved White, 278. 
 " Scarlet, 243. 
 " Shingle, 80. 
 
 Spanish, 242. 
 
 Swamp Chestnut, 282. 
 
 Swamp Spanish, 133, 
 " Swamp White, 76. 
 " Water, 89. 
 " Water, 133. 
 " White, 1S8. 
 " Willow, 78. 
 '• Yellow, 283. 
 
 Yellow-IJark, 245. 
 Oilnut, 213. 
 
 Old Man's Beard, 80. 
 Osier, Golden, 66. 
 
 Papaw, North American, m. 
 Peach, 270. 
 Pecan, Bitter, 90. 
 Pepperridge, 40. 
 Persimmon, 233. 
 Pig-nut, 291. 
 Pine, Canadian, 249, 
 Candlewood, 255. 
 
 Pine, Bank's, 246. 
 " Bull, 254. 
 " Georgia, 253. 
 " Grey, 246. 
 * Hickory, 295. 
 " Jersey, 251. 
 " Labrador, 246. 
 
 Long-Leaved, 253. 
 " Northern Scrub, 246, 
 •' Pitch, 255. 
 " Prickly, 295. 
 •' Red, 249. 
 " Scrub, 251. 
 " Short-Leaved, 254. 
 
 Spruce, 254. 
 " Southern Yellow, 253. 
 " Table-Mountain, 295. 
 " Torch, 255. 
 *' Weymouth, 225. 
 " White, 225. 
 " Yellow, 254. 
 Plane-Tree, 47. 
 Plum, Canada, 44. 
 " 161. 
 " Date, 233. 
 " Horse, 161. 
 Wild, 163. 
 " Red, 44. 
 " Yellow, 44. 
 Poison Wood, 138. 
 Poplar, 83. 
 
 " Balsam, 70. 
 
 Carolina, 74. 
 " Downy, 70. 
 
 Heart-Leaved Balsam, 72. 
 
 Lombardy, 273. 
 " Necklace, 74. 
 " River, 74. 
 " Silver-Leaf,.27i. 
 " WMiite, 238. 
 
 
 <( 
 
 271. 
 
 QUCERITRON, 245. 
 
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 307 
 
 Red Bud, 113. 
 
 Thorn, Scarlet, 163. 
 
 Rowan Tree, 140. 
 
 <i 
 
 Three- Flowered, 119. 
 
 " " 141. 
 
 Tulip 
 
 free, 186. 
 
 Sassafras, 263. 
 
 Tupelo, 40. 
 
 
 <t 
 
 Water. 42. 
 
 '• Swamp, 39. 
 Savin, 299. 
 
 Tree-of-IIeaven, 289. 
 
 Service-Berry, 269. 
 
 Umbrella-Tree, 108. 
 
 ** Tree, American, 140. 
 
 
 
 Shad-Bush, 270. 
 
 ViHUKNUM, Sweet, 82. 
 
 Sheep Berry, 82. 
 
 Vinegar Tree, 287. 
 
 Silver Bell Tree, 114. 
 
 Wahoo, 122, 
 
 Snowberry, 262. 
 
 Wahoo, 156. 
 
 Snowdrop Tree, Four-Winged, 114. 
 
 Walnut, Black, 212. 
 
 Sorrel-Tree, 171. 
 
 i< 
 
 White, 213. 
 
 Sour-Wood, 171. 
 
 « 
 
 White, 216. 
 
 Spruce, Black, 227. 
 
 Whistle-wood, 153. 
 
 " Norway, 260. 
 
 Whitewood, 153. 
 
 " Red, 258. 
 
 White-wood, 186. 
 
 «« White, 229. 
 
 Willow, Almond, 56. 
 
 Stag-Bush, 285. 
 
 11 
 
 American Bay, 57. 
 
 Stump Tree, 211. 
 
 ii 
 
 Bebb's, 59. 
 
 Sugar-Berry, 126. 
 
 i< 
 
 Black, 54. 
 
 " Tree, 197. 
 
 « 
 
 Brittle, 68, 
 
 Sumac, Chinese, 289. 
 
 « 
 
 Crack, 68. 
 
 " Coral, 138. 
 
 M 
 
 Glossy Broad-Leaved, 57 
 
 •' Poison, 88. 
 
 <l 
 
 Hoop, 65. 
 
 " Scarlet, 289. 
 
 11 
 
 Huntington, 65. 
 
 ** Smooth Upland, 289. 
 
 II 
 
 Long-Beaked, 59. 
 
 " Staghorn, 287. 
 
 <« 
 
 Ochre-Flowered, 59. 
 
 Sycamore, 48. 
 
 II 
 
 Peach-Leaved, 56. 
 
 " False, 204. 
 
 <l 
 
 Ring, 62. 
 
 Tacamahac, 70. 
 
 II 
 
 Scythe-Leaved, 56. 
 
 Tamarack, 105. 
 
 II 
 
 Shining, 57. 
 
 Thorn, Black, 165. 
 
 II 
 
 Silky, 62. 
 
 " Cockspur, 169. 
 
 II 
 
 Western Black, 56. 
 
 " Common, 167. 
 
 l< 
 
 White, 65. 
 
 " Dwarf, 236. 
 
 II 
 
 Weeping, 62. 
 
 " Dotted-Fruited, 167. 
 
 11 
 
 Yellow, 66. 
 
 " Large-Fruited, 167. 
 
 Winterberry, Virginia, 44. 
 
 " Long-Spined, 165. 
 
 Witch-Hazel, 17L 
 
 " Newcastle, 169. 
 
 Yellow Wood, American, 210. 
 
 '• Pear, 165. 
 
 
 '* Kentucky, 210. 
 
 ^m^^H 
 
Index to Latin Names. 
 
 AHIES BALSAMEA, 23I. 
 Ahics Fraseri, 232. 
 
 Acer Japoiiicum atropurpureum, 204. 
 " Negundo, yo. 
 " iiiyrum, 19S. 
 " I'eiinsylvaiiiciini, 201. 
 " platanoides, 204. 
 " rsciido-riatamis, 204. 
 
 niliiuin, 1S3. 
 " saccliariiiimi, 86. 
 " Sacclianiiii, 197. 
 s|)icatiiin, 202. 
 .INculiis Californica, 149. 
 Klahia, 147. 
 IIip]K)ca.stamini, 291. 
 octaiulia, 146. 
 
 " var. hybrida, 147. 
 Pavia, 295. 
 riibicunda, 295. 
 Ailanthus glandiilosa, 289. 
 Almis iiicana, 50. 
 " nigosa, 52. 
 Amelanchier ainifolia, 270. 
 
 " ]^otrgai)iiiin, 270. 
 
 " Canadensis, 269. 
 
 Aniygdalus Persica, 270. 
 Asiniina tiilol)a, i li. 
 Azalea arborescens, 152. 
 " nudiflora, 153. 
 " viscosa, 153. 
 
 ]^KTULA LENTA, 1 77. 
 " Iiitea, 179. 
 
 a 
 n 
 a 
 (I 
 
 Betula nigra, 48. 
 
 " pai)yrilera, 175. 
 
 " IH'iuliila, 276. 
 
 " poimlifuiia, 275. 
 Uroussonetia papyrifcra, 130. 
 
 Capparis Ja.makknsis, 112. 
 Carpinus Caroliniana, 52. 
 Castanea dnitala. 173. 
 " puniiia, 174. 
 Catalpa Catalpa, 195. 
 ** speciosa, 196. 
 Celtis occidentalis, 126. 
 Cercis Canadensis, 113. 
 Chamxcyparis tiiyoides, 101. 
 Cliionaniiuis Virginica, 80. 
 Cladrastis lutea, 210. 
 Cornus alternifolia, 194. 
 " candidissima, 195. 
 " circiiiata, 195. 
 florida, 192. 
 stolonifera, 195, 
 Coiylus Americana, 18 r. 
 
 " rustrata, 1S3. 
 Cratasgus coccinea, 163. 
 ** Crns-Galli, 169. 
 niacracaiitiia, 163. 
 punctata, 167. 
 tonientosa, 165. 
 triflora, 119. 
 uniflnra, 236. 
 
 
 
 InoSI'VROS ViRGINIANA, 233. 
 
INDEX I O LATIN NAMES. 
 
 joy 
 
 
 Fac.us Americana, 174. 
 
 sylvatica, 175. 
 
 " foliis atrorubentibus, 
 
 '75- 
 Ficiis Sycomorus, 48. 
 
 Fraxiiius Americana, 220. 
 
 Biltmoreana, 142. 
 
 lanceolata, 97. 
 
 nigra, 92. 
 
 Pennsylvanica, 95. 
 
 quadraiigulata, 223. 
 
 <i 
 (< 
 <( 
 
 Gleditsia triancanthos, 209. 
 Gymnocladus dioica, 211. 
 
 IIamamelis Virginiana, 171. 
 Hicoria alba, 214. 
 
 aqiiatica, 90. 
 
 glabra, 291. 
 
 laciniosa, 218. 
 
 microcarpa, 220. 
 
 minima, 89. 
 
 ovata, 216. 
 
 (I 
 <( 
 II 
 
 K 
 
 Ilex monticola, 118. 
 " opaca, 117. 
 " verticillata, 44. 
 
 JUGLANS CINEREA, 213. 
 
 ** nigra, 212. 
 
 Juniperus communis, 297. 
 nana, 297. 
 Virginiana, 299. 
 
 i< 
 
 Larix Europ^a, 107. 
 
 " laricina, 105. 
 Liquidambar Styraciflua, 136. 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera, 186. 
 
 Magnolia acuminata, 150. 
 cordata, 152. 
 foetida, 37. 
 tripetala, loS. 
 Virginiana, 39. 
 
 11 
 <( 
 (( 
 «< 
 
 11 
 II 
 
 Malus angustifolia, 159. 
 coronaria, 159. 
 Mains, 267. 
 Mohrodcndron Caroiinum, 114. 
 Morus alba, 130. 
 " rubra, 128. 
 
 Nyssa niFLORA, 42. 
 " sylvatica, 40. 
 
 OsTRYA Virginiana, 276. 
 Oxydcndrum arboreum, 171, 
 
 PicEA Canadensis, 229. 
 " excelsa, 260. 
 " Mariana, 227. 
 " rubens, 258. 
 
 II 
 <( 
 <( 
 II 
 (« 
 It 
 
 Pinus divaricata, 246. 
 ecliinata, 254. 
 paiustris, 253. 
 pungens, 295. 
 resin osa, 249. 
 rigida, 255. 
 Strobus, 225. 
 Virginiana, 251. 
 Platanus occidentalis, 47. 
 Popuius all)a, 271. 
 
 " angustifolia, 115. 
 " baisaniifera, 70. 
 " candicans, 72. 
 " deltoides, 74. 
 " dilatata, 273. 
 " grandidentata, 183. 
 " heterophylla, 70. 
 " tremuloides, 238. 
 Prunus Americana, 44. 
 " Mahaliel, 157. 
 " nigra, t6i. 
 " Pennsylvanica, 156. 
 " serotima, 265. 
 subcordata, 163. 
 Virginiana, 46. 
 
 (I 
 
, I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 310 
 
 INDEX T 
 
 Quercus acuminata, 283. 
 
 t4 
 
 alba, 188. 
 
 l< 
 
 coccinea, 243. 
 
 t( 
 
 digitata, 242. 
 
 II 
 
 laurifolia, 80. 
 
 II 
 
 macrocarpa, 132. 
 
 ti 
 
 Marylaiidica, 280. 
 
 11 
 
 minor, 278. 
 
 11 
 
 paiiistris, 133. 
 
 t( 
 
 I'hellos, 78. 
 
 it 
 
 platanoides, 76. 
 
 II 
 
 I'rinus, 282. 
 
 II 
 
 rubra, 191. 
 
 tl 
 
 velutina, 245. 
 
 II 
 
 Virginiana, 240. 
 
 Rhus 
 
 GLABRA, 289. 
 
 11 
 
 hirta, 2S7. 
 
 i( 
 
 integrifolia, 234. 
 
 " 
 
 >!etopium, 138. 
 
 li 
 
 toxicodendron, 138. 
 
 tl 
 
 Vernix, 88, 
 
 ROBINIA HISPIDA, 2oS. 
 
 Robinia, Neo-Mexicana, 140. 
 
 II 
 
 Pseudacacia, 205. 
 
 1 II 
 
 viscosa, 207. 
 
 Salix alba, 65. 
 
 (( 
 
 " argentea, 66, 
 
 <( 
 
 " coerulea, 66. 
 
 l< 
 
 " vitellini, 66. 
 
 Salix 
 
 amygdaloides, 56. 
 
 II 
 
 Babylonica, 62. 
 
 11 
 
 ' annularis^ 65. 
 
 ti 
 
 Bebbiana, 59. 
 
 (I 
 II 
 
 Salix fragilis, 68. 
 " iucida, 57. 
 
 " "igra, 54- 
 
 " falcata, 56. 
 " sericea, 62. 
 Sambucus Canadensis, 146. 
 
 ♦• " var. Mexicana, 
 
 144. 
 Sassafras Sassafras, 263. 
 Sorbus Americana, 140. 
 ancuparia, 141. 
 sambucifolia, 141. 
 Staphylea Bolanderi, 144. 
 Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos, 262. 
 
 TAXODIUM DISTICHUM, 99. 
 Thuja occidentalis, 103. 
 Tilia Americana, 153. 
 " Europaea, 156. 
 heterophylla, 156. 
 pubescens, 156. 
 Tsuga Canadensis, 226. 
 " Caroliniana, 227. 
 
 Ulmus alata, 122. 
 " Americana, 120. 
 campestris, 124. 
 fulva, 122. 
 racemosa, 126. 
 suberosa, 126. 
 
 i< 
 11 
 
 <i 
 (i 
 <i 
 
 i< 
 
 Viburnum acerifolium, 285. 
 " alni folium, 83. 
 
 " Lentago, 82. 
 
 " Opulus, 83, 
 
 prunifolium, 285. 
 
 « 
 
Emii!mggm<Bmang!mBaisiS!ffl8»aima?!(8Biga^^ 
 
 Index to Technical Terms. 
 
 Abruptly Pinnate, 5. 
 
 Catkin, 10. 
 
 Alburnum, 2. 
 
 Cleft, 8. 
 
 Alternate LeaveSj 3. 
 
 Complete Flower, u. 
 
 Anient, 10. 
 
 Compound Leaves, 5. 
 
 Anther, 14. 
 
 Cone, 17. 
 
 Arboreous Stems, 2. 
 
 Cordate, 7. 
 
 Arrow-shaped, 7. 
 
 Corky Layer, 2. 
 
 Aiiiicnlite, 7. 
 
 Corolla, 12-13. 
 
 Axillary inflorescence, 9. 
 
 Corymb, ig. 
 
 
 Cotyledons, 17. 
 
 Hark, cel'ular, 2. 
 
 Crenate, 7. 
 
 fibrous, 2. 
 
 Cross-fertilization, 15 
 
 inner, 2. 
 
 Cyme, 10. 
 
 outer, 2. 
 
 
 Jianner, 14. 
 
 Determinaie. 9. 
 
 Bjll-shaped. 13. 
 
 Dioecious, 1 1. 
 
 Bl.ule, 3. 
 
 Dicotyleilonous, 18, 
 
 Buds, 2-3. 
 
 Divided, S. 
 
 " adventitious, 3. 
 
 Drupe, 17. 
 
 " axillary, 2. 
 
 Dry Fruits, 17. 
 
 " Latent, 3. 
 
 
 " Lateral, 3. 
 
 Elliptical, 6. 
 
 " Leaf, 2. 
 
 Embryo, 17. 
 
 " Naked, 3. 
 
 Endogenous -Stems, 2 
 
 " Scaly, 3. 
 
 Endosperm, 17. 
 
 " Terminal, 1-2. 
 
 Entire Leaves, 7. 
 
 Butterfly-shaped, 14. 
 
 Exogenous Stems, 2. 
 
 Bracts, 10. 
 
 E; ierted Stamens, 14 
 
 Campanulate, 13. 
 
 Feather-vlineu, 4. 
 
 Calyx, 12-13. 
 
 Fertilization, 15. 
 
 Cai)itulum, 10, 
 
 Fertilizing organs, 14. 
 
 Capsule, 17. 
 
 Filament, 14. 
 

 312 
 
 INDEX TO TECHNICAL TERMS. 
 
 Heshy P'ruits, l6. 
 Funnel-Form, 13. 
 
 Gamopetalous, 13. 
 Gamosepalous, 12. 
 Glabrous, 8. 
 Glaucous, 8. 
 Green Layer, 2. 
 
 Head, 10. 
 Heart-shaped, 7. 
 Heart-wood, 2. 
 Hypocoty], 17. 
 
 l.Mi'EKKECT Flowers, ii. 
 Incised, S. 
 
 Included Stamens, 14. 
 Incomplete Flowers, 12. 
 Indeterminate 9. 
 Inflorescence, 5. 
 Inner Layer, 2. 
 Irregular Flowers, 12. 
 
 Keel, 14. 
 Kernel, 17 
 Key Fruits, 17. 
 Kulncv-sliapcd, 7. 
 
 I.AlilATK, 13. 
 
 Lanceolate, 6. 
 l,eaf-l)uds, 2. 
 I eaves, 3-9. 
 Legume, 17, 
 Liber, 2. 
 Linear, 6. 
 Lobcd, 8. 
 
 Midrib, 3. 
 Midvein, 3. 
 
 Monocotyledonous, iS. 
 Monoecious, 1 1. 
 Multiple Primary Roots, 2. 
 
 NETfED-VEINED LEAVES, 4. 
 
 Neutral Flowers, 11. 
 Nucleus, 17. 
 Nut, 17. 
 
 Obcordate, 7. 
 
 Oblanceolate, 6. 
 
 Oblong, 6. 
 
 Obovate, 6. 
 
 Odd-pinnate, 5. 
 
 Opposite, 3. 
 
 Orbicular, 7. 
 
 Organs of Reproduction, i. 
 
 Organs of Vegetation, i. 
 
 Outer Layer, 2. 
 
 Oval, 6. 
 
 Ovary, 15. 
 
 Ovate, 6. 
 
 Ovules, 15. 
 
 Palmately compound, 6. 
 
 Palmately-veined, 5. 
 
 Panicle, 9. 
 
 Papilionaceous, 14. 
 
 Parallel-veined, 5. 
 
 Parted, 13. 
 
 Pedicel, 9. 
 
 Peduncle, 9. 
 
 Peltate, 7. 
 
 Perfect Flowers, 11. 
 
 Petals, 13. 
 
 Petiole, 3. 
 
 Pinnate, 5. 
 
 Pinnately-veined, 4. 
 
 Pistil, 15. 
 
 Pistillate Flowers, 11. 
 
 Plumule, 18. 
 
 Pod, 17. 
 
 Pollen, 14. 
 
 Polycotyledonous, 18. 
 
 Polypetalous, 13. 
 
 Polysepalous, 12, 
 
 'f-«i«>m»« 
 
INDEX TO TECHNICAL TERMS. 
 
 3^3 
 
 Pome, 1 6. 
 Pubescent, 8. 
 
 Raceme, g. 
 Regular Flowers, 12. 
 Reniform, 7. 
 Ribs, 3. 
 Root, 2. 
 Rosaceous, 14. 
 
 Sagittate, 7. 
 Salver-shaped, 13. 
 Samara, 17. 
 Sap-wood, 2. 
 Seed-bearing Organs, 15. 
 Seeds, 15, 17. 
 Seed Leaves, 17. 
 Seed Vessels, 15. 
 Self-fertilization, 16, 
 Sepals, 12. 
 Serrate, 8. 
 Sessile, 9. 
 Shield-shaped, 7, 
 Simple Leaves, 5. 
 Simple Primary Roots, 2. 
 Sinuses, 8. 
 Solitary, 9. 
 Spatulate, 7. 
 
 Spike, 10. 
 Stamens, 14. 
 Staminate Flowers, 11. 
 Standard, 14. 
 Stigma, 15. 
 Stipules, 3. 
 Stone Fruit, 16. 
 Strobile, 17. 
 Style, 15. 
 Suckers, 3. 
 
 Terminal, 9. 
 Thorns, 3. 
 Thysus, 9. 
 Tomentose, 8- 
 Tubular, 13. 
 
 Umbel, 10. 
 Undulate, 7. 
 
 Veins, 3. 
 Veinlets, 4. 
 Veinulets, 4. 
 
 Wheel-Shaped, 13. 
 Whorled, 3. 
 Wings, 14. 
 
 %«i«»;)8(i^ 
 
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