CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microroproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the t}est original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. D D D D D D D D D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaur^ et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Reli6 avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serrte peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6X6 f ilm^s. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: This Hmk It flhned M tlw raduetion ratio dwdnd baiow / Ce doeummt Mt filing au taux da ridustion indiqua cj-daaaoua. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6\6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modifk»tion dans la mdtho- de nomnaie de filmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommagtes D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaur^s et/ou pellicul6es r~l/ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / ulI Pages d6color6es, tachettes ou piqu^es [7] Pages detached / Pages d^tach^s \y\ Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies / D D n Quality in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by en-ata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'en^ta, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmtes ^ nouveau de fa^on h obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmtes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. lOx 14x 1«x 22x 26x 30x n/ 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x Th« copy filmed h«r« Km b««n raproducad thanks to the ganarosity of: Library Agricultura Canada L'axamplalra film4 fut raproduit griea A la g*n4roaitA da: BibiiotMqiM Agricultura Canada Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality possibia eonsidaring tha condition and lagibiiity of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha fliming contract spacificationa. Original copiaa in printad papar eovars ara filmad baginning with tha f.'oiK eovar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion, or tha back eovar whan appropriata. Ail othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impraa* aion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustrstsd imprsssion. Tha last racordad frama on aach mieroflcha shall contain tha symbol ^^(maaning "CON- TtNUEO"). or tha symbol ▼ (maaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Laa imagaa suhiantaa ont 4ti raproduitaa svac la plua grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da I'axamplaira film*, at an conformitA avac laa eonditiona du contrat da filmaga. Laa axampiairaa originaux dont la couvartura 90 papiar aat imprimAa sont filmte sn commandant par la pramiar plat at f* tarminant soit par la damiAra paga qui eomporta una smprainta d'lmpraaaion ou d'llluatration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la eas. Toua laa autras sxamplairas originaux sont fllmte an commandant par la pramiAra paga qui eomporta una smprainta d'lmpraaaion ou dllluatration at sn tarminant par la damiiro paga qui eomporta una talla ampniima. Un daa symbolas suivants apparaitra sur la damiAra imaga da chaqua microfieha, salon la eaa: la symbola -» signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbola ▼ signifia "FIN". Mapa. plataa. charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thosa too larga to ba sntiraly ineludad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand comor, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama iliustrata tha mathod: Laa cartaa. planchaa. tablaaux. ate., pauvant Atra filmAa A daa taux da reduction diffArants. Loraquo la doeumant aat trap grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul cllchA, il aat filmA A partir da i'angia supAriaur gaucha. da gaueha A droita. at da haut an baa. an pranam la nombra d'Imagaa nAcaaaaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKWxrorr msowtion tbt chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 21 ^Si '653 Eost Mom SlrMl l^= (716) 482 - 0300 - Phoot :^^ (716) 2M-5989-ro. y^ -\- DSPAMUMIIIIT Of T«l,|f^Vtlii<|ft. C41fAt>A VOSiSTBY tBAirCH . .. ''M. "'- r- -rill rill ■jiiiwiiwi lilt. 4.' 3« IJ.-* TREE PXiANTING^ PRAIRIES OF MANITOM, SA^UTCaiW^ AND AIiBEKTA >'.* NOBXAV M. BOSS, &&«.. BV. OTITAWA 1907 " ■^ffC ilf?i DEPARTMKNT OF THK INTERIOR, t A X A P F O R E !i T R V BR A X ( H R H. rAMPBEI.I., SlPKKINTF.XDEXl <^ lur.r.F/riN N... 1 ri^ rREE PL^^TTI^TQ- PRAIRIES OF MANITOBA, SASKATCHKWAX AM) ALHKHTA NORMAN M. ROSS. BSA. BF A-iDivtant .^u/)i'rint>'iic/-7it eon wriffpn with the idea of affording praotical information to the settler on the wrsforn pruirien n* in fhf best ifthodg of propa«atin(r. planting uml managing hardy trees for shelter belts, windbreak and plantations. The Forestry 3raneh i« receiving constant inquiries for information of this kind. As there seemx ♦o be no literature dealing with this subject which is applicable to our westorn condi- tions, it is hoped that this bulletin may be of some help to any who mar ^ intending to go in for tree planting in Manitoba, Sn-kntchewnn and Alberta. The informa- tion given here is drawn from the results of planting and general nursery work which have been found suoeesoful, and only s>ich trees arc recommended for plantiniar as have been proved absolutely hardy under western conditions. There is an immense lield in the Northwest for exiieriraental Aork in forestry, .ind it may be found later that many other varieties of trees and other methods of planting and management will be eoually as succeMful as, or even more successful than, those at present recommendf d. ^T \L^- r-n te A CONTENTS PART I. Page. Chap. r. Natural conditions — Bonetits of planting — Diftiriiltiiw — Ei-oiioniic tree plflTitinjr — Important point.s 11 '• II. Propapation of the .soil 14 " III. Selection of varieties 16 '• IV. Obtaining plant material 19 V. Formation of the plantation 21 " VI. Planting- 2:i PART II. Broad leaved treea — The Manitoba Ma\^]o (Ari'r xi'iiiiiidii) 27 Green Ash (Fraxiniis viiidi.s) 2!) American Elm (Limits AmerinniaJ liO Cottonwood t Popuhis deltoide.s) 32 Russian Poplar.- :5-l Willow.s 3.5 White Binr-h ( Hf'iitfa inipiirifrin) 36 Sciuh Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) 37 Rasswooii iTiliu AmeiiciiiKi) 38 Conifer-* — General notes on nursery treatment of conifers 38 White Spruce (Picea aiha) 40 Jack Fine I Piiiiis divaricntii) 42 Scotch Pine ( Pinus ftylv.ftris) ' 4;? Larch (Larix American'^ i 43 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Photo taken 1901. (Near i' Plate I, An averace prairie homestead Juat Kfter aettlement. PenM, 8«ak.) Plata II. Same place aa I. Photo taken In 190J. The trees In foreground are maple, cotton- wood and some willows, planted spring IMl. Plate ni. Plantation of Manitoba mapl* about 13 years old, unpruned and planted close enough together to maintain a good soli cover, preventing growth of weeds and formation of sod. (Brandon, Manitoba, Experimental Farm.) Plata IV. Plantation of Manitoba maple, about 15 years old, pruned and thinned out to such an extent that a thick sod of grass has formed beneath trees-an unfavourable condition for healthy tree growth. (Near Brandon, Manitoba.) Plate V. Mixed plantation of Manitoba maple and Dakota cottonwood. on farm of Samuel Purse, Pante, Saak. Planted spring 1901. Photo taken fall IMS. Plate VI. CuUlvatlon of seedlings In nursery. (Indian Head, Sask.) Plate Vll. Cultivation of seedlings in nursery. (Indian Head, Sask.) Plate VIII. Plantation of Manitoba maple at Indian Head Experimental Farm, ahowlng branchy, shrubby character of growth when trees are planted too far apart. (Compare thla with Hate III.) Plate IX. Plantation of Manitoba maple, 10 years old, showing damage done by drifting anew breaklnf the tops ot the young trees. (Indian Head, Saak.) Plate X. Nursery rows of Manitoba maple, from seed sown In drllU, 30 Inches apart. Seedlings about 3i months old. (Indian Head.) Plate XI. Manitoba maple as an avenue tree. (Indian Head BxperlmenUI Farm.) Plate XII. Manitoba maple planted for shelter and wind-breaks. (Indian Head Experi- mental Farm.) Plate XIII. Green ash, growth attained In natural woods near Nelson, Man. Tree on left is green ash; that on right is ecrub oak. Plate XIV. Nurtery rows ot green ash seedling* 1 year old. (Indian Head.) Plate XV. American elm as an avenue tree— 12 jeara old. (Indian Head.) Plate XVI. American elm seedlings In nursery rows— 1 year old. (Indian Head.) Plate XVII. Elm planUtlon at Brandon Experimental Farm. Plate XVIII. Elm plantation at Indian Head Experimental Farm. Plate XIX. Wind-break of cottonwood (Popului deltoideij, 12 years old, from cuttings. (Indian Head Experimental Farm.) Plate XX. Cottonwood, 12 years old, from cuttings. (Indian Head ExperimenUl Farm.) Plate XXI. Cottonwood. 3| corda of wood out from trees planted at Indian Head, only 4 years planted. Plate XXII. RuastaB Poplar from cutting* ; about tow mooths after being act. Plate XXIII. Ruaslon Poplar. Showing result ot prunloc and subsequent injury from «nn- scaM (Indian Head, Sask.) Plate XXrV. Russian Poplar. Tree 10 yeara old, unpruned and In a healthy condition. (In- dian Head.) Plate XXV. Willow. A 2 year growth from cuttings. (Brandon.) Plate XXVI. Willow. Wind-break, 12 years old. (Indian Head.) Plate XXVII. Birch (Betula Papyrtltn) seedlings in second year, growing in transplant- ing bed. (Indian Head.) 10 ■ '"le XXX. White anruce v.. p.... xxx,v. ,„, „,„ ,„.„ «... XXXV, .„» „,„ ,„.,. .:;:xr;, •""■»' '«".. » w„,.„ „^„. ".l. XXXVl. s.o,.l „.. B.J«,rT """ "'"•■""■ mu ^.7 r '"'" ■"'" ■■»■■ """ "- -•"• """■"»■ ■-' CHAFTEB I. t N.tur4l conaitlon. on the prairie, affecting tree frowth-Beneflt, to be derived from tree Plantlnt-Dlfflcultle. In ral.lnf trees-Economic tre. planting oa the farm-Polnta to observe In order to insure suecsss. AToJuraZ €onditions.-The subject of tree planting on the western prairies is fast hwsommg one of general interest to the settler, in that countrv. AlthoTgr .^rtafa portions of Manitoba. Saskatchewan and Alberta a.* nautrollv titnbeS. the^a H th^ttl. t^i ' "Pf"*!"* ^»f oenturies, have produced this result: but it is generally thought, by those who have given some attention to the subject, that a a^o pMt of what now ,s praine was not originally so; in fact there is direct ^videu^ toThow th^ SkThe'chtftl""'' "K r^ T r l^' ""« •^"'^'"'"y -" ti-b^^d Undoubt- edly the chief agency which, httle by little, has caused the prairies to encroach on the Umbe,j«i area ,s the frequently recurring prairie fire. It is well known to tWfamilar bluff, of poplars spring up all around the sloughs and low places whioh if not dU turbed. gradually extend till eventually a formerly treeless district becomes weH tim- Sa7katcSl»n'r7 "'^^T''^^ "." *^ «"* """l «>uth sides of the Moose Mountain in n«tfitr ' "'^ "^iT" "i P^-^t ""y l»««"ty where fires have not run over the f^ll^tjZ r'.l"'-^ ^'"^ **■"/.* ^"^^^ ^"^ ♦•"'* •^"•^ fi'*^ °°t been so prevalent nre ent'^ Tl, f T^^ "'^ T"'*^ "*"' ^ """"^ "'"■•♦■ *'-''^'«'^« *ha„ they are at present. The fact still remains, however, that there are immense tracts of land ab- solutely treeless which can only be utilized to tl^eir fullest advantage after a certain measure of protection is afforded by the presence of belts or plantations of trees. Benefit, of Plantalions.-TheK are several ways in which plantations of tre« benetit the praine settler, the most important of which are the following:— 1. They afford shelter from the winds to crops, buildings and stock. In this connection, the following statement made by Dr. Saunders, at the fourth annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association, i* of some interest : ^^^'Jii'T?*^ *" '^r'"^^r'"T? ^'"^''"' "^"^ '•""•' ^^^^^ •"^'''•^ ^^^ '^ the spring after a very violent storm. Mr. McKay, the superintendent, and I went over the ground and we found the protective influence of the forest growth on the plains there wa« about iA I . 1°^^^^^ f°oV" ^«'«^* *''»* ^^^ shelter belt grew; that is to say. a shelter belt 10 feet high protected about 500 feet wide of field. We had a field of barley that was sown alongside of one of the belts and other fields of grain at other points. The pro- tective influence of the belt was very marked. The storm had been a very violent one and the trees were about 15 feet high and for 750 feet out the grain wa.s green and well protected and in good condition, while beyond that it began to get thinner and thinner. and for a few feet it was entirely obliterated. There the whole crop wa« wiped out by the force of the wind blowing the plants out of the ground. We measured this at several_ points and we found that for each foot of growth there was about 50 feet of protection. I referred to this in our next annual report, but this is a thing thjt I think should be widely known— the advantage that tree growth is on the northwest plains in affording protection to the ordinary field crop of the country.' 2. They collect and hold the snow durinu: the winter preventing it from bankinir up around buildings. 11 31 3. The; presprve and retain the moUture in the aoil by breaking the force of the hot winds in summer, thua retarding evaporation. The anow alao held by them in the winter, melting in the spring, furnishes a great deal of moisture to the land in the immediate vicinity which otherwise it would not obtain. 4. Plantations will supply fuel, fencing material and wood for repairs. This ia a very important point to many settlers who live so far away from any natural supply of timber that it often requires three or even four days to make a round trip for a load of poles. If settlers would only realize that they can grow their own fuel and fencing materiel, as they undoubtedly can, many more plantations would be set out, as thia would mean to them a great saving in time and labour. 5. They are ' testhetic value, beautifying the landscape and making life on the prairiea much more pleasant and leas monotonous. 6. They greatly add to the money value of the farm. There is not the slightest doubt that a farm which had on it a well managed and productive wood lot of a few acres would, other conditions being considered equal, sell for far more than one with- out trees. Di/^cuH'M.— Undoubtedly there are more difficulties met with in raising trees on the prairies than are to be found in the eastern provinces. In the first place the rain- fall is very limited. Second, the trees have to withstand a great deal of exposure to storms and extremes of temperature. Third, the prairie soil as we now find it, after years of exposure to the elements, is so compact and hard that it needs to be specially prepared before it is fit for tree growth. None of these conditions are, however, of such a nature as to make the raising of trtes an impossibility, but by following out certain methods, which are indicated by results already obtained, tree growth on the prairies can be made just as successful and perhaps even more certain than wheat raising. Economic Tree Planting.— V^iih the exception of setting out a few trees for shel- ter, practically nothing has been done in the way of tree planting on the prairies at Canada. The questio.. of economic tree culture has not yet received any attention, consequently we have no absolutely reliable data upon which to base any conclusions. There seems to be little doubt, however, that tree planting would pay in many cases. There are on almost any farm certain portions of land which are not utilized for grain- growing, and which if pastured, do not really give the return they should do. Low spots difficult to drain, rough stony places, steep banks of coulees and odd comers cut ofi from the large fields by water holes or creeks, are left idle, as they are too small to make it profitable to cultivate them. These are instances of conditions where tree planting might be the means of converting land, at present worthless and idle, into valuable and revenue-producing property. As farm lands in the west become more thickly settled, a farmer to be successful must make every acre of his property produce the greatest possible revenue without deterioraiinp the soil. In the case of spots vrH for grain cropping, there is no doubt that the only way to obtain a revenue from them is to plant them up with trees. There may be an odd case where, owing to the pre- sence of alkali in the soil or from some other cause, trees would not live, but such instances are very exceptional. It is true that for a few years after planting no revenue can be obtained from a plantation, but the initial expense is not so very great, and as an investment would pay good Interest in the future; the only other alterna- tive is to allow the ground to remain unproductive for all time. Important Points.— There are three main points which must be observed if success is to be hoped for. It is safe to say that at least 90 per cent of the failures in tre* planting are due to the fact that the importance of either one or all of these features has been overlooked. The three points are these :- • 1. The soil must be most thoroughly prepared bi»fore planting. 18 8. Only iuch varieties of tree* should be uwd as are known to be hardy in the district and suited to grow in the particular kind of soil and in the situation where it is wiahed to plant them. 8. A certain amount of cultivation of the soil after planting is absolutely neces- sary. This cultivation must be carried on until the trees are well established and able . to grow without further care. 14 CHAPTEH II. PREPARATION OF THE SOIL ■oil In the foreit— New i..^ . Soil in the forest If «.. ;hat of the fore.; wVfi J«\V;;"S;Lt ''Tl 1 '""^ ^'^ "" '•'^ ^P^" P-irie wi •y a tough compact .od. an,i the .c"l^Z„»u ,u*^^'°™!' '''"* ♦'"^ ground u cover "^ ^"//''^ "'°»» <-*■ plants. In he w\ " " '" '*"'' ""« »« almct imT^ 'nches of loo«e. decaying v..ret«bk .^!tt 'J"'"*^*'' "^^ ^•"J «" the .utf.^^^, and IK.rou«. owing to'^ihe actfo^ o^he tl' " ♦ " J-^'T" '""*'"«1 compTat'Tek Z need be no difficulty at all in pUnti^n^ IZ ' F"j'*'«"<^h conditionra. tW th^ where tree plantmK is resorted to as in L^r.- • u"''^ *" *'*"'' " *« »«t pla« and not suited to the growth oi'^l' Zl^ ^Z^^' '^ -'' '« -^^ or less co^^ n.e.hodsTc?o4^L"^tble" 1^4"^^:* J" "^'^"•^■^ "'J^'-"^ *<> ^-"ow nature" measure of success to attend our aboun. wl h« """' ""f ''*»*'y ««Pect a very fd a fairly loow^ porous soil, and it i! t^ * '^^ ***" *''"» »" nature tree, r^oulr, w.shed t. plant up in tre*; £ as'nearrl'Lir'""^.-^" '""^ '""^ l-nd^icK absolutely fooliah to plant trw. nn .K / l, . ' '"on^'t'on as possible. It wouIH h^ then, to live under on?inr;/c'^;um"stlte^"-^ '"'"'" ^ °^ «'"^ Prairie and ^^^ at Crvea7Tretrs7o"p'rand"„;' *^ Ja'T' "" 'T' ♦»"•» ^^ »*- -reoedin(r plantinK. to grew potHicKs or w.me other hoed crop rc<|iiiriiijr dwp and eonitant cultivation, and in ti* fall, afttr the crop it removed, ngain plough the land a» deeply aH poKHililc. Summtrf allow. — Deep Nuninierfallow lit an <-xi-ellent preparation. Stuhhle Lan— ^. th.t p.rticul« ,pot Tbe» aw .eveS ' S- "' f »^»'' "• l^t .uited to St but they .«, not .11 ^h^Jd " Hve .id "^T 1"*? ',"'"'•'« '«" P»iri« pS It u impoMible to iMj down .ny hSd^ LT ' J* ''0''«'»"«"y wet .nd .w.mp, •u.W to the different kind, of wll. « .o „.„" ♦k™'^ " .^ "•"*' '-"•tie. .wlS .uWect. For instance, the »l^uT^;ZT^^t\T''''''' ^f' ' •*"'•*»' ^^ north or wuth; the r«nf.ll. which varied i,^%!«.! ^ »""°'^ " '•'«J «>' "lope. t in r«,ge of temperature, -Ititude fc "Til of Sh '^Tlf^ '^ *"*' <»'« ^ff'^ne F«,m thi. it wiU be «en that the kind o .^ 1 ^ nT' ^ 'j^"" '»»« oonaideration tree, to be plants,. . that the folWi 2,1.^ ctT.",:: S/afa^neXir "' °^ ^^^_^ '""''' °' ™"^ «'''™ 'o« P''A«mo ON c«T*,N was. He.rr cur. Mol.t, ..ndy Io.«. Dry, ,.„d, ,„^. Sand or travel. Low, wet land. Man. Maple. *8o(t Maple. (Aoer daejrcarpum). ■Scrub Oak. ■Baiiwood. Oreen Aib. Elm. Cottonwood. Willow. Larch. Scotch Pine. Man. Maple. •Soft Mmpl«. (A. datjrcarpum) Green A»h. *Baa*wood. Elm. Cottonwood. Willow. Birch. Larch. Scotch Pine. Jack Pine. White Spruce. Man. Maple. Ruaalen Poplar. Some Wlllowa. Scotch Pine. Jack Pln«. White Spruce. Ru»»lBn Pcplar. White Spruce. Scotch Plae. Jack Pine. Alh. Elm. Cottonwood. Black Poplar. Larch. Black Spruce. Willow. Trees marked • .re .ultahle tor plantln. onl. In portion, ot .outhea.tern Manitoba. muat'al^r .deSd"*"*'"" *'^ "''*"™' '''"''»« "^ '^--^•' ot the varieties to be t>sed If a miaiuie ig made in selectinir tho - .= j • faon, .t will not be realized before at lealra Jr nf *" °"f "* '^^"^ '° ^^'^ Planta- 17 mtUribl it eiUwr of mc lary couidmtion or U not »iv«n • mommt'i thouiht Um T^'Ji*.^^:^ ^i'** *i Uta. tm. too Ion, to grow and th.tTu not mSh v^ tZiA^^^^** f T"*? "^K^ '•"^ ^^ -"•• <">• •>«• Thi.. however^ . mittake, u haa been ele.rly riwwn by totual planUtiona aet out at the experimental i^Jt ^""flf ««J Indi" He«d .nd by prirata indiridual. actteml throuXu, In tTu hKI Jk,V^ Mannonite aettlemnit in the aoutheaitem part of Manitoba. • V^i»!I! ™^ , "•• Numen)ua planUtiona. principally of cottonwood an.l c .re all the fuel they uae without goinff off their own farma. (In thia oonn«!tion Me alM the reaulta of elm plantaUona on page 30). v »» wniwcnon we tn, .«'Zl!' **l! '"!!!!"' M?'"** ^'" »>•"•«> «n the prairiea are yr^- rapid grower., for example, cottonwood. willow. Ruaaian poplar and Manitoba ma .. It i» jafe f.. yeara. After that time a plartaUon will increaie in value and product ireneai year bv year and will prore one of the beat inreatm.nU on the farm. In aetting out a shelter belt, varietiea which will produce the moat rapid growth are naturally the one, which will be choaen. There ia. however, a point which^T.t not be loat aight of in this connection, and that is that the moat rapid growers we have- namely, the cottonwood. Ruuian poplar and willow, are comparatively shortlive.1 «!!!!:i#V A "' ** •'"'^ "u* ' wind-break it would not be altogether wise to confine oneself to these vanetiea. but a fair proportion should consist of elm. aah or maolr which, though they do not grow quite so faat. have a much longer life and would eventually remam aa the wind-break after the faater growing kindHiad been cu* out In setting out a plantation to s.pply fuel and fence posts, what ia looked for ia an onrly return and a continual aupply. In order to obtain thia. rapid growing treea murt t' w"* .r ! P°"""5 '''"*'■• ^" "^"'y •" "^^ -^'^d plantations are pre- ferable to those containing only one speciea. With some varieties of trees it would bo very bad policy to set them out in a pure stand, as for Instance the green ash. birch or cottonwood These treea all have a comparatively thin crown, allowing a great de.l of light to penetrate to the ground beneath them which encourages the growth r*^ • *v "P^ P®""'*' °' » ^"* ''«»' »' evaporation of moisture from tho soil, allowing the surface to becoi.e hard and compact. Such are not the condition., under which treea thrive beat, as the ground should always be kept well shaded and poroua. Light-demanding nnd shade-hearing trees.— Trees are divided into two classee bv forestera according to the amount of light required by them in order to make health^ growth. Thew are known as light-demanders and ehade-bearers. In early youth ail trees are more or less shade enduring, that ia. they will grow under the shade of other trees, and in fact many varieties require a certain amount of shade when seedlings but cannot live under the same conditions after they are a few yeara older. Ther-' can be n hard and faat line drawn between these two classea. aa the one merges very gradu- ally into the other. In the group of trees generaUy classed aa shade-bearers, some aw more shade enduring than others, and the aame is the case with the light-demanders some requiring more light than othera. The white and black spruce are inatancee of very baavy ahade-bearing trees, that is, they will continue to grow under very dense shade. The birch and green aah are samplea of light-demanders. The ash- loaved maple and elm will bear a fair degree of ahade, but require plenty of light for their best development. Aa a rule, light-demanding treea ahould never be set out in pure plantation, for reaaona already given, unless It is intended that after a fpw yean the trees should be under-planted with aome other variety capable of maintaining a suitable soil cover. Shade enduring varietiea may be safely planted without mixture ao far aa keeping the soil in good condition ia concerned. There are other considerationa, however, which might make it adviaable always to aet treea in 7260—2 M i.t .I« not oar,. ,o «t.«..k o h^r ., 1 iTi ^'^ i""*^* •""""""•"">• '■o.uli.i.,, or H.h,..i.>,„„„Hi„, „„., r;:;: : ;-,i"'i;;;' i :'r;""i' -""' -"i •'"* "^ uout return p,.r uow ninl ,».r »„„„,„,»...„ »"o«t ,-iw«,, „„.,. „ lar^,.r .-c 1. What trr..i nn- hnr.lv in tlio .li^tnVt? 2. Of thf.„. whi..h nro ,„l„,,f„| ,.. ,fM. ,,arti.ul..r Irnnlitv' .u.«":":H;::;;;;M:":,r:;.:S.t;t'rK .'■•'"'"■'■ "- - ■■ 4. Will th..„ if planum „i„^.. j„,„, ^, ^„j,^,_,^. ^^_^__^^j ^^^^^^ It « lin» fMii, in. iiriw liiu n pr<>- colltliliiiii. px- d »low vrnwpri larjnr coiuin- varict.v. ,v tire (u be lin^ is to pro- il wood*, from CRAPTEB IV. OHTAFXINd pr.ANT MATKItlAI.. N«tur»Ily iroAD •c»dllnt«-gc«„„„« plnnN i„ thi. wa.v. In th.' .nnd hill. ivl...re opru.-oniid jack pinr Kr.,w. and in innmrn.-k r.n..,,.-. .on.parativflv larifp nuinh.-rH of even «.zed plant* can often Uo ol.tain.Hl. l,„f with such «r«.. as Manitoba maple. irn*n n*h and elm, the •..^dling are nsnall,- diffloult to find in largo nnnbers. and ar^. not as a rule of very .miform mzp nnd «hape. In takinff plant- from the woo-...rj/ Planti.—\Vhnn nursery stock can be secure.1 ut reasonable rates it may t* mr re economical to nuy seedlings than to spenrl much time hunting thorn up i. the wooris. Is. .ery raised plants will probably prove more satisfactory than those grown -...turally, as they ure raised under .onditions more similar to those thev will esperienee when planted out. they usually have a much lK>ttcr developed and compact root system and large numbers of a uniform size and shape can be secured. The Farm Aur*n/.-Wliere seeds of native trees can be obtained, the cheap*«t method of i^etting s^H-dlings is for the planter to grow them himself. Most of the hordy varieties are very eaaily raised from seed, the labour nnd expense in this connec- tion on a farm amounting to verj- littlo. Seed should always be procured, if possible, from old trees growing under climatic and other conditions similar to those the seedlings will 1« expected to cnduro. The box-elder tree or Manitoba maple has a very wide range, and seed might be procured almost anywhere in North America. It would b«, found, however, that that picked in tJie hoiithern States, or even in eastern Canada, would not produce seedlings hardy in the .Northwest. The growing season is much longer in the cast than in the west, and It has been tound that seedlings from t-aMtem seed do not ripen u; .r mature early enough to escape the fall frost on the prairies, and are consequently cut hnek. The greater the difference there is between conditions of growth affecting the parent trees and those experienced by the seedlings the .rreater the diificulties the latter have to con- tend with. Ihig shows that many characteristics are required bv the seed from the parent treca, so that it would always be wise to get seed from the best individuals and avoid, where possible, taking it from dwarf or stunted trees. Seed from young trees does not generally hare so goo«l a germinating percentage as that borne by older ones Ihe amount of land a farmer would require for his nursery is very small; in fact a quarter to one-half an acre would be more than sufficient in the ordinary case. An^ land that i- m a suitable condition for growing garden crops and is at the same time moderately protected from the hi^h winds, would do for this purpose. The beet soil ^"^ ^olf "^'•'' '" ''*'^' *"'"'^ ^''""- ^* ^'"'"'^ ^ '°^»*^ '^«' *•>« house so that the 80 irork could be done in odd moments. It is not neceasary here to go into the d« of uursery work, as in the second part of this bulletin the best method of raising i lings and cuttings is fully lescribed for each variety. The only time tc plant trees in the west is in the spring. In exceptionally falls trees have been planted and have come through the following winter wit dying, but fall planting cannot be generally relied upon. The seedlings for si planting can be dug either in the fall or the spring. If a large plantation is to b out, it is advisable to take the trees up in the fall, count them and then heel i in on some well drained piece of ground near the site of the proposed plantatio: that they will be ready for immediate planting in the spring. Heeling in foi winter merely means digging a shallow trench, throwing all the earth to one aid that there is a gradual slope from the bottom of the trench to the top of the « thrown up. The seedlings are then placed close together with their roots in the t» and the stems lying on the sloping earth. (See fig. 1.) After the trench is filled Heeling In seedlings for winter storage (seedlings tied in bundles of about 25) seedlings, soil is put on them, and is well worked in among the roots, the tops slii covered. After the first layer is covered it should leave a trench similar to the first made. This is filled with seedlings, which are in turn covered with earth, an< work continues in this manner till all the plants arc heeled in. (See fig. 2.) Heeling in seedlings tor winter storage. to the details ' raising seed- sptionally wet inter without igs for spring )n is to be set ten heel them plantation, so ig in for the one side, so > of the earth in the t'ench 1 is filled with aout 25) e tops slightly lar to the one earth, and the . 2.) M CHAFTEE V. FORMATION OF THE PLANTATION. Cloie planting— Estimating tbe number of trees for a plantation— Mixing the Tarietlei. Close planting.— For a wind-break or plantation the treea should always be planted doae together. There are several reasons for this. The most important, however, is I to get a good soil cover as soon as possible. In fact, the preservation of a complete I soil cover is the one point which miut never be lost sight of in the management of any wood lot or plantation. Unless the seedlings are planted close together, cultivation will have to be carried on for several years until the trees shade the soil themselves, which I is an expensive matter. For trees such as Ifanitoba maple, cottonwood, Russian poplar » and willow, four feet apart is about the best distance to plant. Elm, birch, spruce, I larch and pine will probably do best planted about three feet apart each way, because I they do not grow quite so rapidly as those mentioned before. The number of treea i required per acre at four feet apart each way is 2,720; at three feet, 4,840. I Estimating number of trees for a plantation.— To estimate the number of trees f which will be required to plant up any given area at any given distance apart : multi- I ply the distance in feet between the rows by the distance in feet the trees are apart 5 in the row, and divide the product into the total number of square feet in the plot. Example. — Supposing it is wished to plant up a piece of ground measuring three hundred yards by fifty yards, with trees placed in rows five feet apart and three feet apart in the row. The number of trees required would be derived as follows: — i 3 X S = 15 = number of sq. feet occupied by each tree. 1 300 X 50 x9 = 135,000 = number of sq. feet in the piece. I 135,000-1-15 = 9,000. I Nine thousand, then, would be the number of trees required in this case, setting the I trees three feet by five. f Mixing the varieties.— Tor an average plantation the largest proportion of trees i may be Manitoba maple. It is a good nurse, affords a good soil cover and is one of the i hardiest and most easily propagated of western varieties. With it can be planted ^ quicker growing trees as cottonwood or willow, and slower growing but more valuable ' kinds as elm and ash. One of the best arrangements would be to have every alternate row planted to maple, the remaining rows to be filled in with other varieties so that a row of cottonwood or willow would alternate with one of ash or elm. In a plantation on clay soil, say of maple, ash, elm and cottonwood, the arrangement then could be as follows:— Ist row, maple; 2nd, cottonwood; 3rd, maple; 4th, ash or elm; 5th, maple; 6th, cottonwood; 7th, maple; 8th, ash or elm, and so on. Between the rows of the elm and the ash there would then be sixteen feet. In this arrangement, after say five or six yean, many of the cottonwoods and perhaps also some of the maples would be large enough for fuel, and could then be cut out, care being taken not to cut so heavily as to , expose the soil too much. The elm and ash should be helped as much as possible, as s they are more valuable than the others, by cutting out the maple or cottonwood if these s varieties interfere with their growth by excluding too much light. The cottonwood j and maple, after being cut, would sprout again from the roots so that a g»od under- I I S8 ?hf ™? of niany varieties mixed in varying proportions a,.H i„ n.anv^.^i, "•..„; The rates of growth of the different trees should, howevor. I., taken int., .." T; their requirements as regards light, the mixtu,* to be arranged L'orl L^ Tl" r' .r. several native varieties of shrubs which will „„ doubt provoker;'; llfor ,S planting or mixing .n a plantation fo obtain a good soil cover. The nath- e I .X " as katoon, choke-cherry and dogwood are found to serve thk nnrTv.JV i. ntttS*^/";? "',1 ^'""'"^ •" e.uau/:s%rd' in "l^uS^ am' ti^s.^'-'S tC i.rjl?d!.«i' ^:rzv" "'■ ?'"'"'• '^ ^^ p^-*""' ^^^ i"*'- u.,d..rs" ,d. .'^^ I^ro^d^fo Sifth^ tr^r^'i^if '"^ -' '^^'^'^'^- '"^ •-* -*-'- - ^ - ss CHAFTES VI. PLANTING. Seedlings— Cuttings— Cultivation after planting— Planting most necesiarr on the north and v/est of building*— Necessity for a snow trap. Before, planting commences, if the seedlings have arrived from the nursery they should be lightly heeled in, that is, the roots should be covered with moist earth and if possible they should be shadM from the sun by covering the tops with bags or any- thing to check evaporation. Planting should be done as early in the spring as pos-sible in order to take advantage of the moisture left in the soil after the melting of the snow. Planting of Seedlings. — Thf ,uickest and best way to plant young seedlings in large numbers is to plough out u - jrrow as deeply as possible, hold the seedling by the top, with the end of the root resting on the bottom of the furrow, and then draw in the soil from each si vith the feet, tramping it solidly around the roots. If the furrc , not deep enough, carry a dibble or sharpened stick to make a hole in the bottom, in which the end of the root should be placed. Seedlings of cottonwood, ash, elm and maple are almost sure to die if not planted at least as deep as they originally stood in the nursery. It is best to set them about one inch deeper, as the soil will probably settle in the course of a few daj-s after plant- ing. The furrow should not be ploughed out far ahead of the planters, as the soil dries out very rapidly. After the trees are all set, the furrow should be filled in at once with the plough, or if the horses cannot be kept from tramping the young seedlings, a shovel or hoe should be used. The soil should not be hilled up around the stems of the trees. While planting, the s -dlings and cuttings should be carried in pails half filled with muddy water. Great care should be taken to prevent the roots from drying out. The seedlings should never be left exposed tfi the sun or wind. Seedlings with a single tap root may verj* easily be planted with a dibble. The best time to plant is on a dull, cloudj- day, or in the evening after the sun commences to get low. Points to he Carefully Observed: — 1. Never allow the roots to become dry. 2. Plant seed' jgB of broad-leafed trees one or two inches deeper than they origi- nally stood in the nursery. 3. Pack the soil firmly around the roots, difficult to pull it out with the hands. If a tree is properly planted it should be Planting Cuttings. — Cuttings are small twigs taken from the new growth of the previous season, made into lengths of about ten inches, the average diameter being about half an inch. The trees usually grown from cuttings are cottonwood, Russian poplar and the varioiis kinds of willows. 94 most farms !"«" first SaL to be%ituIt'Jd mor"" 7* '1?^ Practicable. Although positic I of the buildinJs it fs fo,.nH nl 1 • '^'' "''"f^ ^' '^""'^ ^he relative to which the same phn ;oild appK Th^"' exammat.on that there are ha-dly two buildings are pkced in relation^o tL rlT T '° '"'"'^' '''^''^°* ^'^"^ '" ^'^^'^^ ^he sloughsnluffs^c!'4Vh^:;iXt't'h1p:'oTr:i^ Slwrar^e^act S;;^ ^'^ ^--- ^-^'^ afotZ^rrtg^^t r^^s! prevaX';rXlfchrfl^C£!L:::i^^ the north a„d west, as the be on the^ exposal sides; fo'ur o" fvrr^tTTthe ILt TdTLr^if ';:!: ^'''"^^ quite suflScient. There seems to h<. n «»r«r,„ ♦ J east ana south will be found prairie farms to crowd them Too dose into hAniM'"'^ ^^V^-"^ P^""''"* *'^«« °° they will collect large banks of snow nth'wint' time whi^\-ir' "'^'^'^' "' nuisance, and perhaps ca„se extra labo.r in digging out 'DlthaaJl T'^ " ^u"" to-., plenty of room should be allowed for in caseTt^rL • 1 i "^"^^^a^s- Then, .^ ., « ,.,„ ..«. The. i. i,urriiz.Te:.".Tl'o°,t:LS ^S: 85 In making a shelter bolt, if it is to be more than a r.-d or a ro.l and a half wide, an extra row of willow, cottonwoml or maple should be planted outside this at a distance from the mam belt of three or four rods, the space letween to be left free from treefc This space .9 to act 88 a snow trap in whieh the snow, drifting through the single row. will be caught;. If the snow was not held in this way it would lodge in the centre ?v ^ Ti.-' "^ir^^^ ^« ''""« ♦« ^^^'^^ d<«^n the tops of the small trees. (See plate • 11 !f u"r» ^^ to occur year after year, practically destroying the trees which TK 1 ^j u . i^ """''^ ''^''" """"^ "°y *'*^' ^"* •'•^"y* 'en""" stunted and bushy The land kept for a snow trap need not be wasted, but would answer splendidly for a garden or root ground. j «"i a The Cost of Establishing a Plantatio,u-The following figures are taken from Mr. Mackays report for 1897. as to cost of setting out plantations at Indian Head I mus be remembered, however, that a fanner with his own labour, teams and imple- ISrlf *!^ Tt-Kl- V *° ""^^ -"y.o^t^l «««h outhy to carry on the work, and hence the cost of establishing a plantation depends practically upon the value he may set upon the time of his men and teams, plus the cost of seedlings if purchased from a nursery : — 1. Plantation of box-elder, trees set 3 feet apart each way— i acre: 1st year, 12 hours— cost of planting $1 80 1st year, 15 hours— cost of scutfling. &c .. ' . " 2 25 2ttdyear, 13 hours— cost of scuffling. &c 1 95 3rd vear, 5 hours— cost of scutfling, &c 75 45 hours. $6 75 Cost per acre=!|!13.50. 2. Plantation of box-elder, trees set 4 feet apart each way— i acre: Ist year, 9 hours— cost of planting •! 35 Ist year, 10 hours— cost of scuffling, &c . ... 1 50 2nd year, 14 hours— cost of scuffling, &c o 10 «rd year, 3 hours— cost of scuffling, &c 45 36 hours. «. -^ „ $0 40 Cost per acre=$10.80. ^UkT^/"]'"'"''"*' ^r""^' f ^ °^ ^"^"^'* «* comparing the cost of planting seedlings with that of sowing the seed ,„ sitv. One might naturally suppose that thelat^r 2 fjfi^ * P'?"V^V.°'' ''""'•^ ^ '^^ '^^'^'' "''' the fo'lowing tigures would rfther indicate the advisability of planting seedlings 4x4:— Cost of plantation, i acre, box-elder, seed sown in rows 2i feet apart: 1st year, 12 hours-cost of making drills, sowing and cover- ing seed $1 80 1st year, llj hours— cost of scuffling, &e ".' . " " j 72 2nd year, 10 hours-^cost of scuffling, &c 130 3rd year, 5 • hours- cost of scuffling, &c "5 38J hours. "$-"-7 Cost per acre=f 11.54. ^°**«o,*o*"^ °^ ^''^'^ ^^' ^°^'' '"1 '^""8 2 J feet apart=$6.59, or ifis.is per acre. onst «r? *^^ ^^°''t ^^^-^^ .*^*° *^^ " "- P"' ^'■'e ^ould be a fair a .imate of the cost of planting and cultivating for ' ars. after which time the trees may ^ lefl 2« to take .are of themselves. These figures are base,! o.i yer^■ sn.all planting, so that ^ere .s not the lea.t doubt that if planting was carried on on a laSge 2'th^ ^s per acre could be very materially reduced. How.-ver. there are some hen« whiS. hTve not b^n taken mto account which properly xn.ut be coniidere,!. more particSarly the co.t of prcparmg the so.l, the cost of serdlings or sw-d and the cost of fenc ng tTp to S^rZckT. Tllo"w^%'" "^^r"' "; '"■ ''''■ '"^"^ '"' '''-•"»• but i'acounC wiiere stock it allowed to run at large during certain seasons of the year it would of cour« be a wante o labour and expense to set out a plantation withouTdoingTo in. h„?" 7"" J''*''**^'*'"' f*** °"* "" ♦•'«■ n""*"^ «tati«n at Indian Head the plant- ing has co.t on the average about $6.60 per acre. The cost of scuffling and hoeing however, ,s much less than given in Mr. McKay's figures, not exceeding $1 per acreTc first year and Probably about 76 cents in second year; so that after the plantation his beoo-ne establ«hed .n say three years, the cost would be in the neighbourhood of $10 60 **' "i^^^P""**"""-^ *•"« "»"'« ^^ »« ""ved at by Mr. McKav The following will give some i.lea as to cost of and time taken in planting. Th«,e Foreman, 6 hours at 20 cents $1 20 Five men, 6 hours at 16 cents 4 so Man niid team, 6 hours at 20 cents . . . , ., 1 20 '^''"»' "$7lo J P A H T II. BROAD LEAVED TREES. ilAXITOBA MAPLE. (Acer HPfjundo.) (See Plate* III. to XII.) General Notea.-The Manitoba maple is a tr.v of very wido rnnRe. heiug found native from western Ontario, oxtending as far as Medicine Hat, in Eastern Alberta. It s^ms hardy througliout the ,,rairie districts of Saskatchewan and Alberta, although m the southwest por .on of Alberta it is clai„.,.l by .o„„. that it cannot bo n'tiod upon frobably the warm Chinook winds oeoirring in tho winter affect it adversely in eer- m!.M^*'<^;^ !^*"''T' ^""1 •'•'""''•y *P««"'«"^ showing at ral«ar>-. Lethbridge, Macleod Canfeton and elsewhere m this district would indicate that the tree is snffi- i^i that "?oV '' '" " '" '^^ "'* "* *^°'*" ^"'***'«^ «"'*«'''« fo«- planting *. ^'■°'" *® results of the plantations set out fr^m 1901 to 1906 it would seem that after all the maple, although successful in certain cas«, dr,es not on the whole seen, as suitable for general p anting west of Swift Current as other varieties, such aa the ash elm aud Russian poplar. Ii jto native state it is generally found growing in river or creek bottoms, or on nch moist soil. In Manitoba .t attains a height of from forty to fifty feet, and reaches a diameter of from sixteen to twenty inches. It is naturally of a very branchy, irre- gular habit of growth the main trunk dividing into two or more stems either at or a lew leet above ground. r«n,-i?*?7l^* ^T""^^ ?'"^, ^^'' *'^'' ^"^ '" '•"■ "'^^^ '^ *■"•• windbreaks, as it grows l?A IT }'Tf^,V''^''''^^- ^' •' exceptionally easy to propagate and transplant, ^^tl! ^^t^V^^ •"• " f ^"^ ^"''^'^'' °^ '•"nJ'"«>'-- It will stand considerable drought on the h.gh prairu« but on very wet or ver>- ,\ry soil growth is n>uch slower, and consequently this tree should never he plnnte.l in such places, except perhaps to nu up a plantation composed of more .suitable varieties. Owing to its extreme hardiness and wi.Ie range, th,. maple will prove one of the most valuable trees .n forest plantations iiiroughout the west in the capacity of a nurse to other more tender and desirable kinds. It is „ moderate shade bearer, and would help to form a good soil cover, planted in n.ixtu.^. with such trees as ash. cott.m- wood and other light demanding varieties. From the fact that it is ea.sv to propagate and obtain young seedlings of this mapl.- it has h<^.ii very widely use,! throughout the west for avenue and street planting. It is not. however. espeJiallv adapted for thi.s puriwse. as it requires a great amount of pruning and care to bring it into a proper torm and keep the top from becoming straggly and heavy. As an avenue tree it suffers considerably from heavy winds and early snowfalls, ar.d the trunk is frequently dam- aged by sun scald which causes the bark to crack on the south or southwest side^ making an unsightly scar and laying the inner wood oin-n to the attacks of fungi which sooner or later will cause the decay of the stem. It leafs out very early in the spring, which is .)ne point in iU favour, but with tne except.on of the ash, it id the first tree to l.)se its foliage in the fall. 87 n. (iren. Flowers appear about Ma.v 8 to 12. Seed ripens towards the end of September. Se^d should be sown al out May 15. Number of seeds per pound is about 13,000. Weight of ^eed when dry, with sten-.s nnd wing«, about 11 pounds per biwhel. Sowing seed in drilla 30 inches apart, olK)ut 80 pounds are required jier acre. Ave. age stand of seedlings jier acre sown in this way, obout 85.000. GREEN ASH. I (Fraxinus viridis.) l (See Plates XIII. and XIV.) The green ash is found in the west in the valleys of the Qu'Apiiellc. Assiniboine nnd Re'"- Tho ,oo,l .ho„M bo planted i" ..odlin^s 7,.^he r^nnin, f^L PnT " !'"''\^""'"'h '" -"«•''- « Mnnd of ,,bn„t ton •low. .m nverlTor the fir^ vo«?k ''""'J'' "l" ■'"^P'" '»«" ^^'"^'l' "^ the soedlinr i. two f..ot. and form verv S plantT TK / ' ';" ^^''^^ "'" ""''^ " ^*''<^''» "^ "'^"t ..Iv.jab,o .,. ieave ,ho,;, CrMr't tipttinT "' " "'""' "^'■"" '"''•'^* '* '"" Ona-yei.r-old seedlinRs average 4 in. to 6 in. hig|. Iwo-yoar-old seedlings nvornRo IS in. to .".0 in. hieh Flowers appear end of May. ' Seed ripens end of September. Seed should 1« sown end of October or verv cri,- ;. .k f n • We.>ht of ..d with stems and w.^^.^d^Ib: u\ ' K^^^'t^^er''"""- An.o,mt n.<,„.red for 1 «crc-,Irill. 2 f.^.f apart-about 6^ Avernp. <,,,nd of sr..,Ili„ps per «ore-„bo,«»''• " I '•• iil»»>> iin.I.,| .,M 111, furiu. TJw wmmI wliiii .Irixl iiipki'!< vj-ry |r<„„i|| >e,,|||,iK, «onM time* niff. r from UMnjr enten biiek by rabbit., in the winier. /--,,,„;,,., /,oH.— The elm for all imieticMil |.iir|»..e. i- prowii ,ilm< t entir.lv fr.-tn wr.l. LirBe ^efl years m.Mir in the we«t about every ieeon.l or ihini m imon. A .nnill nmonni ean. however, neiierully bo obtiiined every spring, t, | med. thouKh only in »nmll qiiantitie*. hn» beon eollepte.l from tree fifteen years old. The setd i^ hi ". •n.l n.it very oonipieiioii,. It ripi'n» from the end of May to about the •ccon.l week in June. It shouhl U. pick-d as soon as the kernel i« well tilled. Any delay in pieking ii, ri-ky. the -e. .1 bcint' »o lijthl that verj- liltl. wind in needed to blow it all of! the trek or go. when th«> wingw .■an be easily nibbed ofl. which frreatly facilitate. «o«in(r. ewfueially in windy weather. When cleaned the ffrain- very much rewmble flax see.l. beinjr about the sanie odour and -ize. lowing should be done shortly after pickinir. The i.e.d bed must be very finely pre- pared aiirl the seed sown in drill* one foot to is inches .ipart. ai.rl covered n» lightly a*. p.jasib!., never deeper than half an inch. If the wuii>. ., is dry it will be necessary to water the rows in order to get the seed t.) sprout. The yoling seedlings usually show above ground two or three weeks after sowing. After the seedlings appear. «ur- faif eultivation should be given, and if the stand i« too thiek the plants may be thinned out to alK>ut one inch apart. Cultivation should eease early in August. By October the Rollings should average from seven to ten inehe> in height. The nursery rows •hould not I* digturWd until the following fall, when the seedlings will !« of suitable •ize for transplanting into the plantation. At the end of the ^sond season the plants should average about twenty inches in hei^dit. The ehn thrives l«8t on rich, moist soils, and -hould never be planted on very dry land. As it is rather a light demamling variety, it shonlil be set out in mixture with maple, ehok'-cherry or other shade I carers in order to obtain n trood soil cover. If set out in a >iure plantation it n ay be necessary to ".i.it.rpliint after LI or J*' .\ears. with some shade enduring species in order to maintain t'oo.l growiiur eonilition-! P'lowers apiiear early in .May before the leaves. See,l rip-.-ns early in June. Shon!d lie picked at once. Should be sown at obee. Avcj-age stand per acre jrown in drill* IS inches apart, l'imi.(mi:e of the plantation until the Hnal cutting took place. Elm Plantation al Itrainlun Exinrinv nta' Farm. (See Plate XVII. ) Size of plantation, one-third n.-re. I'lantation set out in spring of isftl. Seedlir.gs were then two years old. Oririnal planting di«tan(«, 3 feet ' 3 fevt. Boil, Kood, rich clajr kwni. Number of tree* origrinalljr cei out, 1.A13. AverHg* beifHt now, 3S fwi. Number of treei now atandinf , 640. Of thii number 3S0 are too imall to make a pott each. Of thi« number 400 are Urge enough to make one poat each. Of thii number M are large enough to make two pott* each. Total number of poit*. 660. (Theat^ puata ara < onoidt-red na seven feet long, with a minimum diameter of tw ini'hea at the iniall rnd.) Number of poata per acre, ^,U^. Cedar poata are now reUiling for about 18 centa, ao that theae elm poata might I conaidered aa worth at lean 10 crnti. The value then, of thia plantation. 12 yeai old, ia 1198 per acre, (mt of plnntinK and i*«fabli«hing i)lantation would probabi •mount to about 06. Ntunber now atanding, S96. Of theae, 181 are loss thai. 2 inchea in diameter, at 4 feet 6 inchea from ground. Of these, 361 nre from 2 to 3 inchea in diameter, at 4 feet 6 inchea from ground. Of theae, 89 are from 3 to 4 inches in diameter, at 4 feet 6 inchea from grotmd. Of these, 6 are over 4 inches in dinmeter, nt 4 feet 6 inchea from ground. Four hundred and seventy-three posts, 6 to 7 fret lonjr, with n miuiuuini dinmete of 2 inches at small «nd, couM lie cut out of these. Number of poats per acre, 1,419. Valued nt 10 t-ents cnch. $141.90. It' we put the estimated cost per acre of plantntinn nt $16, this shows n profit o >i>125.90 in ten years, or an average annual profit of $12.59 per acre. These u e nurementa a e ?iven n erely to show the gro^rth and value such a plan tation haa. It would not be consider»i the best policy to cut these trees at once, a in a few years ibe value would be greiitly incrcnsfd. Jlany trees which are now jus too small for posts would then be large enough, and some which would now cut on post each would in v year or two make two posts. Outside of its value for iencini material, such a "imtation would supply considerable fuel as well as being a source o shelter and protection. COTTONWOOD. (Populus monilifera or delioides.) (See Plates XIX, XX, XXI.) General Notes. — The cottonwood is a native of the western prairies from the Rock; Mountains to 'Manitnha. It is found growing in the valleys of the Red, Pembina 38 i S'liitli SiiKkiilrlicwNii iiimI Miliir rivi'r'<; thi' writi'f liii> wtii it h<« ftir north mt SNxk*- { liNin uti till' South Hii>kiili'h>'WHri, iiixl it im iloiilil i'Xti'iii|<. wtill fiirthtT north ulonn thi* ' ri\iT. Il i- liiiril.v iinil ii vit.v riipiil (rnminn Int'. iin| firt, niid Mral f<<<^ In r. Pro- fiMfir Miiooiin in hit cHtaloguo of Ciinndiiin plantii *iiyii ihnt in 1HN0 * thrrn whn a (trore of ihetw trei'» of vory Urirn niw ' iit Hig Stick liikc, north of Miipli- rrrrk. ' TIm>»« hud enrapwl ihc onnuul prairip firt>>«, l«in(j surroiinHH nnH pnrtly ■•ovorrti np hy Mnta in the i>ii»t whiTr )w thorn Ih not rvpii n ii««h. Thp trrf>n were ovor fifty foot hiffh anil *im\<\ of tlii-ni at Ira^t two frwt in ilia- ' meter.' Thin (rrr ha* a very upright hnhit of jironth, krpping nni- wrll ilrfinni ^U-m thn>ughout. Thn learPK arr Inrgp, (Wp trroon iind frlowiy, *o that wlicn in full foliago thn tiM pfcaenta a very hnnd'ome appearanc<<. U$t». — Tho rotfonwood will no douM ht^ larjroly ii«<^l in prairio ptantinit as a pion«r>r tree, for wind-br«>aka nnd •'helt»>r-bcltx, or wliotwer it ia doHirrnl in ohtnin vory rapid tien gtowtli for tlir «nko of ornnmont. Owin^ to it« fast irrowlli it may l>o »rt out in plontnlion* with slowrr (rrnwitig kind* and iMit out aftor four or fivo yoar*, wlii'i, \vi"mI of lariii' riioiiirli xizi' for fuel will liiivi' Imiii |ir>Hlii)-iil. The fuel ix only of fair quality, rankinir Wlwoon that of Ralm of (Jilrad and tho nntivo whito poplar, Init owinjf to ita jrrpiit rapidity of crowth it will no doubt coino into favour whi-rt' ivthor wood fuel is not easily ol)tninalilc. In the Weatcrn Stato* tho woo: sidcring the cheapness with which the seedlings can be bought, but when only a few 5 specimens are required, or it is wish^il to propagate some siiecial variety, it is often -' done in this way. Cuttings are made from well-ripened wooil, generally of the pre- vious tititisun's growth. They can b« niailo almost any time wlieu tin: Iroi; is in a dor- mant condition, but preferably in the late fall or very early spring. If made in the fall they should at once be buried in moist soil and left until spring. The best cuttings are oiade about ten inches long and from a quarter to three-quarters of an inch in 72«0-3 34 f"i'"''H"'<-'^'^'^iX'lIVSh"'! ;i;i!u;: ;r''-;"; /"'""■'*• "■ ^•"•"'«- "■• wwi pr,.pHr, hoe, bu-J. ,.,i,„i,„, „„^.,,,,^ .. a ' : '*''''':'''^';''V:'= "'^' '•"••!"« is ,.laj|i,r, SO.I then bc.iu« Hr„.l.v ,ra,- „ . Ji tV, "^•"'^' '^'" '"^^ """.v.. ^o„„d: ""-■he« apart i,. row. ^- , „.,,_,. .,, ".' ^- .„ , V/'''""'f1 '"">■ U. span,! al,...„ ,hr. p-r cent of fho .-uttinj. ,,, ■, '. . "^ ••"'"vHtio,,. If ,i.^, ,„ \ •ng, the n.-w .shoo,. Ik '""•'. "• "'"•^i-'*'''-! vor.v >,u.-..,..f,.|.'^ a „ , -"ti. .ha.,.. ,h.: i;;..;;: c' ;:;,,'^'';;'::::;;^- --• "-i ---..".'Hr:.::'; ":s for „..l ,.|.„,. ,„ „.,. ,,„,„ ., .,,,.,,,,'•' ,,t^,[^;,:7-'.v "f- -;.H' .var... Wh,.„ ..,„ "" tJ'" " crop ,.,.t on,, .v.ar w II prohah v ! r .' *■"'" '"'-^'■"' '""' ««""l -l""-N ;;--'Y "f ..K«i.. planting, l! m\^T2:^ ,"' '' '"'^ ^■'-"'" -""-t 'i- Ou .Iry. gravelly or .san.ly .s„i,s i, u'eo t^aL Lh'' I"".' " '"'■■ """••'*• "'" ■"-«'"-. « few years. This r„.st i. „,o.., .U.trXo i^we;'i:n:. '""" '''"'' ''■''""'' '» ''^'" RUSSIAN POPLARS. (s.^ piak« xxir., xxiri., xxiv.) General Nolfx.~J\yj.^, viirl...;, t t> ■ >[orthwest n.d hav.. pn.v , Tt' L:;J ^'tr'; ""f'"'' ''""' ^"■" '"*"<'-'' i"- the d't.o,«. The „^„,« ,f „,,,, „,;;^, ;"* .; '7. ';;"--l.vn..l .|,.siral,le .uuler ....rtain ... ," «"d /-«,.«/„., „.„w,v,„„. N„rs..rv ».,.^. , ' i"":''r ';'■''■"'••'*■'' -''"""'"•^ '■'■'•/'-«,, IIow,,ver. as .heir hahit ..f kt.^U IZ^^Z^^^^^^ muy forall practieal pnr,H..s....^„.h?r,.o ,'•,:;■' 'T'T""''' "^" ^"'•V '^""i'ar. ey When young th. Jow.h ..f hi trr.tr'T ''"' ""r ''''''' "^ '^''-i-M-pl^^^ tZk "' 'T' "■■'■ «<^^'T'ti""..IIy har.lt I I ' rv '.' '" ^'■"'" "'»-''" '" *"" i^':r„5'r. i's-s- - ■-» -■■•' s .^■^"~;';.r;i:.!;:r ,^ ^i™.;:,i;;rr',; tjfrr ',:*;.,;:,>;;* ri ^ r- >•' -•«". tlw west, ami in no eas. woiil,! , I ', "'''^ '" "" '^""'-^ "f «,ils an.l in all i,;rl f po^^ibie to -c.«.f,^;r;::' ,ii"^;;^-^'',;;' •>'-^ /» at ai, ..xtensiv:;;':"r*;;';^ extreme hardiness this tr.v wa. wi.l. . ' ,*'"""-' '" "■^ ^"I'i-I Kr..w,h ..nri and other western .-.ate.s. I a n^. t"""';' '" ,""' '"•'"■•''■ '^'^^"l .,,' JH, .,' ^ of cc-rtain Uren, whieh serL^Lsyi, ! tV:;:'" '" '"i ^""••^ •^"'•^'■'" '"' »'- "'•« o" tree plantinB i.i th...s.. states ar,,. . •'"■'' T" '■^'*'"' *^'"t ""thoritios I-op ar. „ Manitoba an.l the ^^.rhweTeri ''"■"''■' "'." '"""■•^'^•" "- "^ •!' s poplar w,II thrive on all kin.Is of o,l h.U af ""'1 "."""''' ""'" """ "'^' «•'-!" c^ay land, the h..«rt of the tree .-.Mn^ Lt , "J .' "^""l '"■';• "■• '<•" ^'ars ..n h..avv mak.„g a very unsightly ap,K.aranr« d^^",M '2 .'"'iV'n''''''"-"* ^"■•"' "" ^''« "-""k' tree fn-fore n.any years. On san.lv graveHro "'"'" '''•^■"■V '■'•'"^' the ,l,.ath .,f ,he "rr- i Trnrw 35 to ^w. On moist ami hrnvior soils tho rottnnwoo«l is jiwt ii« rapid n frrowor and fiir- nishps a iK'tt^r w.m.l for fu..) nn.I othor |.nriM««w. Tho ns.x for tl.o Russian i^.plar Ml the west ar.. praHi.iill.v limil.MJ to tiic foniiMlioii of slw.lt.T Ults iind wiml-hroaic^ oil the .Iri.r and li^hLT soils, and for ornani.iit wlu-rc a ;ro\v oxooodinfrl.v rni'i \ ill the tirst .voar. Snokors havo lw.ii toiiiid jrr<>\vin>r r :• ciisi, a lon-.voar-old troo. In a pardon or on a dirt road th and liio more tia' Krouial js oultivatod and iho ofl<' nioro Diinioriuis Ihoy hooonio. After it is oiioo fairi iinpos.sihlo to (f<.t tiio roots all out of tho ^'rouiid. .shoi,, ... .-r.-,, ,o ^,; n.i oi mo tree, without an imnions.- am it of lahour. F,.r this r.asoii it wo,.l,l l,o well not to plant those trees near land used for a garden or fr.>,|nentl,v onltivatoil for or.Iinarv orops. /Vrt/f«(7<(/ /,)„.— Tho Russian ix.plar is vor.v oasil.v rais<.d from ouftinRs. as doj^orihcd under ootlonwood: also h.v ditrjriiiK np ami transplanting the small r.H.i .su.-k.'rs U-fore |nionli,,iiod. Tho oiittiiws ma.v .Mthor ho ■lihhlo.l in in their i^rinaiwiit i«>sition or I .Iso plante.1 in nnrsor.v rows, ami allowo.1 to remain for one season hoforo transplant- I 111).'. The outtiiifrs will make an avorajfo prowtli of from two to two and a half fo.t J in the tirst season. Tho i»roontap> of those that strike r.n.t is jromrally larger than I that of Cottonwood iiiidor similar ooiiditiuns. the pliuiuli or eultivator tho.v 'ften three or four fort v.i.- It r.'My .'Id f(^.t from .^iiekiriny is mm -< ohjoetionahlo, I r.e siiekers .1 e cut hack tho <■■ .ihli^iiod it .ould ho almost : 1 •• ,'e ■•red to trot rid of tho I WILLOWS. (Soo Plates XXV. and XXVL) There aro iiian.v varieties of willows liard.v in the Xorlhwost whioli ran Ix^ iis<-d to a.ivaiitajre in must plaoos whore rapid prowth is .losirod. The varieties of ni.vt importanoo are: The whit.' willow (S„llv „ll„t): S„li.r fni„ilis: S„/i.r n.nmrsli : the Russian humd loaf willow (Salix hi,i,if„li,i ).- the Russian iroldon willow (Sahr ^ iiiirrii); and a<-iito loaf willow (Snlljr iinilifolin). I Tho white willtiw is (MThaps the most iiii|K,rtant of ihes,.. and is most highly nvom- • luonded hy Sainnol R. (iroon. of the Miiii,o.-ota Slal<. AKri.-nltural CoIIoko. for prairio planliiiK. This vari.'ty attains a very larjro size, s.uiiotimes reaohiiifr a hoijrht of .5 or S(» foot, with a oorrosixnidintrly lar^f.^ trunk. It ynms well on fairly dry. li^ht -oil, hut thrives liost on Iwavy, moist land. Two or thuv rows <.f ontliiiKs |ilaiitod thre<> to four f.ft apart would form a -ploiidid sIh Iter or win.llnoak in a very few years. Prnjmnatwn.—T\u> method of doaliiijr with willow oiittinps is miioh the samo as in tho ease of Russian jioplar and eottoiiw 1. Ilowovor, it is not noopssary to W very particular ahout tho tiiiw of plaiitiiip. as oiittimrs mado any time froin early spriiiff to well on in June and sot immediately se«-in to strike root o.|ually well pro- vide.1 thoro is auffioiont moisture in the soil. It is hardly nocf-ssary to k.'op tho plants in mir.sfry rows .luring tho tirst .year. i;s tho pn m h.s ^"^f J°f • ^^'^'as five and a half cords of wood acre of white willow on good soil w 11 yield as much as n ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^. per year. Although thir is somewhat '« JJ^f '^^^^ lot capable of producing annually S! 'XZ'^T.L'^.'T;lt^^'!^'^«:>'!:^:^^ " -» - -' «'" last about six years. ^rpvlouslv mentioned nothing definite can be Of the other varieties of willow P'^^^'""*'^,'^ „,/^row rapidly at the Experi- hirdy than the others named. BIBCH. (Bettila papyrifera.) (See Plate XXVIT.) This tr«. known as ... -.oe or white b^rch^- :tte"i;rXi:I 3 mTiS'- em trc*. In western Canada it is found «««"tiduou, t^e Sowth. In habit it is an toba. extending as far north - »ff^^'^VrVo £ in St and a trunk diameter of upright growing tree, reaching often 7^^' '" ^j^^i i.^^*" ^-ood and coniferous trees. in large numbers. t...._Th3 white birch will probably prove of value '" '^-^.j^lf "p^^tr't- but if kft lying in the open very quickly decays. Prop«,arn Manitoba. Its nntnral rango extends west about na far as range 2, west of the 2nd principal meridian, and north to about township 21. On good soils and under favourable conditions this tree reaches a large size. (See P]at«^ XIII.) In southern Manitoba, in the Pembina and Turtle mi untains, tieee of two feet in diameter are not at all uncommon, and stumps left in the woods show that l)efore cutting commenced there were originally trees of a much larger size than this. The name scrub oak is somewhat misleading, as one would naturally infer that the growth was stunted and scrubby. It is true that dwarfed trees are very common in «ome parts, but these are found only on very poor soils and on the limits of the natural range of this tree. On heavy .soils and where plenty of moisture cm be obtained, as stated, it will attain large proportions. It is one of the long-lived trees. From rings counted on the stumps of trees grown in thick bush it would seem tiiat about two hundred years were required to produce an individual measuring two feet in diameter. Uses. — The wood of the scrub oak is hard n" ' ' ;'vy, and though coarser in the grain than white oak, affords valuable lumber ii sections. It makes excellent posts, as it does not rot readily in contact with ti \Vhcre it can be obtained in Manitoba the wood is used largely for fuel in pref .,,! to any other kind. For for- estry purposes this tree will prove valuable in soutliern Manitoba, although it cannot be recommended for general planting even within the limits of its natural range. It should be set out only on the Lest soils, preferably in mixture with other broad leaf trees. After the tree is cut close to the ground reproduction is very '■•goroua from the stump. In Manitoba the scrub oak seems to be a moderate shade-bearer. Propagation. — Seedlings are raised from the acorns which fall from the trees about the beginning of September. They should be collected as soon as tliey full and should be sown at once in drills, the acorns being dibbled •■ about two inches apart in the rows and about one and a half inches deep. The - .ngs will i)robably require to be kept in the n\ir.sery for two years before transplanting. The oaks develop a very strong, straight tap root when young. Consequently they should not be left in the nursery too long. Kb far as the writer knows, this oak has not been much used for planting in Manitoba, and the above directions are not based on actual experience. It may prove later on that it would be more advisable to plant the acorns immediately in the permanent plantation, as it is often stated that oaks are particularly hard to transplant. However, in the dry climate of the Northwest it will be best if trans- planting can be done successfully to ftive the .vonng plants n couple of seasons in the nursery. ^ 8. B. Creen, in ' Forestry for Minnesota,' states that scrub oak seedlings on good prairie soil attain a height of about four feet in five years. ss n RASSWOOn. (Til in Amrririiiiit.) .".iin;; il:o.:'::.:!:r ';r;:::r:,r,::'i:;' '■':'^ "• r'T ^''""'"'- '*^ ^-*-" >■•- in f-:i^;;;^''l;;.^;:;;i;:;;'tr;;;;:l;''^:;;'t^■■T,'^ -'-^- " ^^ '^ - pr„bal.l,v 1... nhout o.,„„l o ' ,:' 1 r\/ ' 'f'"' l"'n"^-. As ,, f,„.| i, „...„l,| :^..;z* j;:r:,,;;;., ;S£ v- v=." ;:%"-ir»:tl; r,;;? Pr«/)«.„„/,„„._-||„, i,„^,„.,^„| i^ so,.,..„,iH.r 1. Ti,...;:;i ~'i:':.i::;,;'th; ii't"' '■■•"■"."■•■'' «•'"'■'' ".-^ "bout the .oe.1 r..Mn.i„s'.,.,..,nn. ; " .t t ; •;:;':, 'I 'i'''* '""''"■^ •'""■": ^i""" ^-.--■.v so.H.n.1 s|,rin^^ (■„ns,.,ni..n(lv t, ' «lmle s<.ns..i,. K.'nMiniitii.^r „„!,. ;„ t|,p will ,.ro..Lb- n..p.;;e ;w,.tns il: t^;.:::;!:;!:'''''*^' '"■• """'•"" ^•-- ^he .Jnn,. ill CONIFERS AnuTioan h.roh an.l I),,,,,.].. R • I.i.^ I- -k spr,-.. .,„.k pin... sor,,., pi„o. A. the ,notho.is „f rH?^- -nring .-"si.l..ral,l/,n„„. tim ■ I 1 f, i;,:'?,', '"""'' ,'"•"• ♦«-'♦ '" raise nn,i r.-nni^ a... pnt ..nt in ,H. „.n.a„..t piani^ "i" .;:::::';r;:::r:^:;t ii^^s lie 1 better -IvisaM,. for hin! :*;;;1 i ^' i t :" "7^ ••- «-t --..n. it wonM not soil ':lniT,Z !r;.:';!n:i::ri::]:;t;.::,;^ - '^^^•' ^'■";'^ ■--• ^^ -^•^ 89 should be i-rotcoW by r..u»fl, Mu-h I in or. the i>ul8idc at siiitiibi, hifirher than th *' illstiiii|.(.s •«>i.r,Is s,.t ,.„ ,■,]^,r an.! hrl.l i„ p|,„.,. , If "iit«i,|,. III,. |„,j,r,|.s (whi Th. "il "II thr \h;\ ,,h..ul,l U >S ix-tfs driven ir two :.nl,.r that .lu:-;;.^^--:^':^ iDiiliiiV'Tlli •"":' "" ""•• ' ^"■■'- ""••-)• i" 'an witli this clu«s of .soi.,lli„^s. - '■■•'■ ""I-"-""" IH'int in deal- >h,.?r::;:;;!:::[£ :i::t;;;Vi;;:;:l.,i-^;' .-•;<;-.•..>. s. „ , ,., „... _, ■■' '-■"■■,. even st.m.l .n,| r, 1 I""" '^^ '"'"• ''''"' ''"••'• I"-"l"'l'lv res„I, i if..wnbroude.s .'; 'L;.,7r .luusurfacvonhclM \vM: ,.'V 'll ''rr' '":"">• \"^" "'" .'ro„„.l 1,, ,,'i,„;„ ! «n eighth of an ineh. of ^ e s , " ^^ : :r:i '7''- '} "'^MJ^'" '--"»'•'"'-• «.tt,n^' it. throufrh a tine wire -.-r'vn f f • " '"" '.'"■ "''« '" '•<-' <' '■'<• I'V ---'-!<■' '^•N,.onraintoH,!^het.l:, •,:';'■''/'■,"* I \ -^■'"•"'^^■<'^' " - ■"" Th,. ov«,,ora.ion of „,.,ist„re fro.n lie h„ ' i ' "^ ''";"''' ''" ^^"'••■•<"' «-''staMtl.v. si.lerablo exf.nt l.y „\,,-iun sen" , ,1 v, 1 ' T.'"' '""' '"""' ''" ^'""""<' '" " <-"- ones easily put topellu.r ar.. ,„ ,L 1 ' • • ""' "'"''♦ •-"ti.sfa..(ory senrns. and wide as the \>e^]s a.d M,o„t .m.x ,o ,.W,t ' ! ' f " "'■'■'"'"' '*'"'"'•' '"' •""''•■ "^ tl"...'. houvver. whi..h will ..xelu I., a r on fl., '•':"^"""""-' 'i" "'"""i"^'- Any- .««■, a« for insf.nee hr, shwoo.l I. d , ^ ," ,1 '"'" "■"'" T'"'"' ""^'"■' '='<' I""- Whatever is adopt,.!. how..v,.r. ,shou e 1^1, , '"" ''," '"" ""^ '"'"•*■ ^^'^'^ "<•'•!>'.'. Until the se.^-^'X.) side boards, or two --Mi.reel, ts ',C 1'' l,;''"'*"'; '.""r 'f """-■' '<" ""t o" the are well .,. t,.^ ^,„.,,, ,,., ,..,..;, •;;;'- ^J'^ -;;'.;;;■ ;;niu. lK.d. As s „... ,,ant. of ..onipi;:::^,-^^;;!^ -r;:^:-'^^ i--.;.. ^:;; ...^..ry „. ..,.., „.„ .„., coated. Traps set in the ...j will' :,::':;;/:;:;;,:;-';,:-;',;.; 'i^l^v.'^ -"■ '^ are often killed off i„ ,.,,, .li.ll^i,' v TZ^, 'Z' "'r"^ '"■" ""-^ *'^"''"^'- '""' ni.rscrynen as • damping off f „„„„, - jt . , "^ '""" *" f-'">-'lo>'<'r.s and weather, espec-ially if the air is Zu, >. ,:.h s ,' \y "-'"•"'^'.■•'•V '" -.,. ..1..,.,,,. the ground where th,.y ,p,i,.klv wilt if ..i ,1 1 ' "'.''-V"'" *""""' ^>'">'' «"» "" he seen that, just at the , oi.it w , re f ,. "77,'"" < .I'l""!.^ is <.xa>nin.,l it vill wither.! for ahont a„ ..i^hth of , 'i, .' ',",; ^"^ f'''' """• "'•■:'•"" '^ '— -J damping off eomn.,.„e,« i„,., ,.,|i.,t,. s^e,. nn I , .,1 , t' "•;'""■""">■ ''^'^''^V. Whe„ ■;l th,. funfrus. Otherwise. ih,. wh.de s am! , f .. l' T^'\ '^ P"^^"''"' ""■ «I"-"'"i i/ IK.sMl.1,. ,11 ,,„,, „,„, ,, i, . , ;;:l|'^„7;""^'r l-^- '-;■ -I-troy..d in a few days. thorou;,h]v stirrcl an,! li^d.tlv sea . d w Ir '.""l "*^- ."T ""'""' "^ '^^ »>-' procnn.d. The sereens shonl. 1... r,.„ o Id ft.^l,:; ' '"" T'. '''"' '^ "'"'•"• '•"" '- 'f minirsr ,hey should le sli,htlv tilt,.,, ,,'1 T •".""■ '"" ''^ "^""'"f-'- ">"1 order to ke,.p ,1... 1k..|s as .irx- a! •,..;:, . '",:'' T7'^ ",'*'' *"""'"'' "' ">'™'"-- i" surface oecasi nally eultivit,.! J. , m,. fJ 1 ■" '"■'■ ''''•'* '''■" ''■'aine,! am! tlie nary weather. Asl.„ ,1 t , e ,^ ,f Z' ! '""^ ""^ T^ '"" '"' ^"-' "' "■'di- a.u.ie,y „cv.l Ik. felt. l)„n U' t Z^i ^ :;.';:';:; if'''^ "•^•"""' '-•-"-I. "o n.ore watenng. and of eourse n.nst be k..pt f ^ froTn w rt'""^ ""'' "" -•-'"■'«> ^'ftcr t_he U-Kinning of An.M.st. 1 nst Mo " t h l^r ' f""'"^" ^l-"l'".e stop,x.,l .•overe,! with a Ight n,ul.h of .tra^or 1 aves „ ^;;:';''' 1""" n'-"^' '""'^ "'"-^ ^' winte-, though no proteti „ is given then, at he ,r" ! "'^""'^'* ''"""» 'he g.ven tiiem at .he nursery station other than that 40 j^ aff«ir«l<'d by tlw screens. During the piwt four years no dainago has been done in the 8ee srreena . >r a few weeks during the early part of the season, after which thiy uuiy be disiienatd with, at first removing them tor an hour or so each day, extending the time until the plants arc perfectly accustomed to the strong sun- light. Transplanling.—\\\\rn one or two years old the seedlings should be transplanted from tlw) cecd-bcd to olliors prepared in much the same way, except that side-boards aro not used. When the young plants are raised great care must be taken not to in- jure tlie roots nor to allow tlirm to dry out for a single instant. The seedlings should then be placed in rows running across the bed about six to seven inches apart and placen and shed their seed. In the autumn of 1901 a quantity of seed was collected by the Forestry Branch in the sand h lis "Ts" 1?XT- l^"" '^"'"'!- ''' '.""^ ^^""^ '^"* """-y °f the cones had a ready epened and a large proportion of the seed had fallen out. The seed inside the cones M, npe when the cones themselves are still quite green. When the cones are cut oZ ftwTstirthe' "'"""'^' T^ '^ '^^ ^"," '^ 'r"" '" "^ ""^"^ ^'"^ t'^^ kernel whiea'^d fairly St ff the cone., may be consider..! roa.ly to pi^k. The cones grow only m the tops of the trees, except ,n the case of isolated specimens ^hen a few are sometimes found on the lower branches. The best way to pick then, is to .-limb into the .T putting them into a bag carried slung over the shoulders. As the cones are covered with soft resin and the needles are very sharp, it is more pleasant to use gloves th^n to pick with bare hands. The resin can. however, be easily removcl from the hands by the apphcation of a Httle coal oil. After the cones are collected the^ IZuut spread out in the sun. If they can be dried under glass the scales will very quickW open and the seed can ten be readily shaken out by stirring the cones over a fairlv coarse wire sieve The seed may either be sowr in the fall or eke veVIarly in the n.nng If kept dry the seed can be stored for a long time, as the kernel iveii oily and retains its germinating power very well. ' Seed ripens in August or early in September. Cones should be ricked as soon as seed is ripe. Should be sown late in fall or early spring. 7260-4 . 4S ;,,| JACK PIXE. (Set, PlatM XXXIV., XXXV.) It « the pr.no„.al tree at Banff, on the mountain .Iope«. In regard ^The dUtrih.S of those two puKs. ProfesBor ilafd.ng is not necessary, although it would probablv 4 of t-fii in checking evaporation of soil moisture. prouaoiy oe oi beneht Cones ripen — end of August. Should be picked — any time. Seed sown— late fall or early spring. 43 8C0TC H PL\E. (Pinua syhetlrit.) (See plate. XXXVI., XXXVIL. XXXVIH.. XXXIX ) • timber and m the capacity of a wind-break, that it will undoubtedly comTve^ au^ckW m tne earlj stages. The seed generally used in th s country ia obtained frnm V,,^.^. co^eguently^ i, rather high pric^. Tho seed, however. Ismail and a lar^nuX UsTen^'J.f A^'T- ^Tr.""" """"'^' "'"*^»' '"•^•°'dinB to (J. B. Su.lworth (B 1 29 ?± ^ept. of Agr. Piv. of Forestry) contains 38.880 grains; according to Bulle in 7n Tree Planting (published in 1899 by the Foi^t Department of C^n^CnuL\ of cleaned seed contains 4,:U0 Kn.ins. or 6»,4*. ^X^r ,K,ld '^ ^"'""^^ ""''""'"^ this ^^^-^.^trs r ^^^L^orihti :^t;::rt' t,;: -.r ^f r forthetsir^*^ "'" ^"'- '■" '"^ '""""^'- '"^^•'^ ^" •- •- of \v'Lr;rbie"'t.t^ E.r^^;ZiT:X:t^^^ a-'^^ «-^-^^- <>' «i- P^-e. of northern THE LARCH. (Larix Americ'ina.) (See Plates XL., XLL, XLII.) ,« f»,I'rJr''^V"M"n"''r\ ''J°'!"'* '""«'"« ^'""^ ♦^^ ^Maritime Provinces as far west as the eastern foothills of the Rookies. It grows naturally in ,he low spots and "a7nT l^r J""^ "t^' '.f" •" ''"" ^'"'ditions. and strikes r,x,t readilv and Th ive-" well on ordinary clay soils. ' >""ve- TiuJit ''"■"^ ''*°"^ °^ *^'- ^'^ '■°'iif«f""8 trees which lose their leaves in the fall Like the spruce it grows a single, straight, gradually tapering stem. The foliage how- ever is not dense, the tree being one of the light-demanding varieties. From Ximels planted a Brandon and Indian Head it see..« to be a fairly rapid groweHiiTd^^^ pra.ne soi.s, but the trials have not been eirtended enough to furnish accurate infor mation as to its behaviour when set out in close plantations ti« .r-^i'^ " T- "* *^^ ^'^'*/f ^"^^ '"*^ " '"^"''y "^ f"' f''"cin? and railway ties, M It lasta well ,n contact with the soil Planted in mixture with «pruce or with Talue foro^i.„rJ'nL- 1/'"r '^ "'• '" ^''''''*'"^ "P '"'^' ^«"* "'"^^ 'I'i'-l' a'^ "f "" Taiue lor ordinary agricultural operations. ill 44 l'roi>agati.n.— \ht lurch U grown from see.1. The « than any other variety. The following tvergre«ns are n.ore or leaa hardy and worthy of trial.— Balsam &T—Ahi«* baUamea. Colorado spruce— Pt«o pungent. Norway gpruce — Pieea excelta. Bull pine— P»»MM ppnderosa, from seed grown in North Dakota or Northwestern Statea eaat of the Bookiee. Finua Montana, or mountain iiine, a low growing shrub, attaining a height of about 7 feex. ery hardy. Pinut eemhra, or Swiss stone pine, is very hardy, but extremely slow growing. The Eur. p.>an larch, which iias ken jfrown from seed for the past five years at the Indian Hoad i.ur-e;y st. tion, shows pood results, though seedlings auffer badly from rabbits. The Siberian larch should prove qu'-> hardy. 'I Luguit, n as it II or in hading m that be very om the lie i! AS I'LATK I, 7ai<).-,-, "^ " '" '•"'-• ^''^ "••■<•» "' f;'r.t.'r..ui,,| are i,m|,l... cuttunu.K.l ., I'lantMl .spiMijf iimi. ml >niiic «illoH^, 'I MK irr. KNnn.M T.H.CTHKH T„ MAI.VTlfN ,, ,,,«„'. S.,,, I'l.ANTATIDJI OK Mam I'MM'KH clioK ''"VKK. IMlKlKVriM; (JmiHTH UK WKKf.S AM FoiniAiKp.v OF Soil. iIIkiihIi.ii. MaiiitnUi, K\i.riii,.iital Kariii ) f7a»- 5.5 ^li MJl- I 1 t :i ! ', III I'LATK IV. (Aear Biandim, Manitolm.) IMT To Sl'f'H IN I'l.ATK V. HiintHl «j>riiig 1!K(1. Pliotc. taker, fall 19i«. I'l.ATK-vr. ClLTIVATION OF SEKIiLINciN IN NlB.SKKV (Indian Head, 8ank.) Plate VII. Clf.TIVATION OF Se|CIII.IN,;s IX NlHSKKr. (Indian Head, Sask.) I'l \iK virr. Pl-ATK l.\. (('uiii|)arf tlii« with I'latt- III.) \ ' .' < Y /■■'■ \ Jt ■■■■'■ { y- % \ Y\ ^'^^ mi Wv ) ;;;' - \ liBMhLv, i,it T.,1-. ur TIIK \(iim; Tiikkh. (I'liimn Head, Kxn-riiiicntiil Farm, Sa»k. ) M PI l^: f ■I'lli. m m iii Pl.\TK X. NlKSERV ROWH OK MAMT..BA MaHLI^ FROM SKKI. «„«N IN DbII.LH. 30 iNrMUS A.AHT StTtilingK alHjtit 3J nioiithH old. (Indian Head.) 1'I.ATK XI. Maxitdiia Mapi.k ah ax Avkm k Thkk. Indian Ht-.ui K.\|ierinifneal Farm. I: %% I'UfK XIJ. MaNI'^MBA MaPI.K PI.AXTKII niR SHEf. (Indian Hrad Kx|»Tin.ent.il ¥ TtK AXi. Wind Uhkaks. inn. ) h> W:':' • ■lAlK Xlll. / -A' Tre.. on Mt .,f picture i» Kr«-„ ..h, .,>,e on riKlit ^rnirilk. "^"- 1 !ii ' m I'iMf XIV. NnisKKV ll<-«> iiK (illKKN \»M Stun.lN. , i YtAll . (Incliitn III ml. I I'l \TK XV. rJ0O-4i AuKKirAN Elm a.-< ax Avknik Ticke — 12 Yk.*ks dlh. (Indian Head Exijerini-ntal Kami.) i'3 Platk XVI. AWKIUIAN Km Skiciii.in(;s in- Xihskii (Imliiui ll)'aeri»Mntnl Fiitiii.) ^ ■ i l'r..\TK XX. ."Tn.NHooiw, ]•> Ve.vh.i 111.1), KKiiM CirrisiiM. (Ineli.n H.-ael Ksiwriuientol Kami.) ! ( I'l vn Wi Fuel Cl(TT<)XW|i. w.»Kl from CottonwcxxJ T,e« 4 year, pU„,^ „„di.„ H«d). ri.\T« x.\ii. RtwIAN l'„P,aK. M.OM .iniN,.-. ,,„„.,. ^,,,,, ,„„,„ (l".iia,.H..'H;."'*""'"^ U1K„ HK.N,. sfT. I'HTK XXIII. '' " ''"" '*•""'• ■" raE:[;'F'"-"' '■'-- '^ c..i„. "JliO-- I'lAiK x\rv. ... ,„ Ri««iAX I'oi'I.ah. "■.■•• |..y,.a,., „|,|. ,„,,,,,„ I .„„, i„ ,, ^__^,j,^^ c..n.l,ti..„ K\|i.-iiiiifiital Kiinii I iriiiliari Iliad rj8o-rt I'lVIK XW W'ri.i.ow. A two year Rn.wth f„„„ c,„ti„g«. (Urun.lon.) I'lAiK x.wr. u II ^''T" '-KAVKii \Vtr.i.im. H iii.llir.Hk. 12 »„.-, ,.1,1. , |,„|i„„ H.-a,|.) r- ait-. .--,-, -' I'l.lTK XXVII. ^>-^*5:* i' T t'"^^ IWrih. •^'--dl.ngH ,„ »„,„„| y^«, ^^^^.,,^ ill tv,„„|,l„„ti„K 1^1. (liHlimi H.;ul.i i'l I'lATK XXVIII. Mluiwinir «i7.e attain«l on guni\ mijI. (liiiliaii lliail Nuixrv.) 'lATK XXX. iSiirticpw..).!, l',.iM,t Kf^«•rve.) MiaoCOPy RISOWTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) _j >IPPLIED ItVHGE 1653 E08t Main Street Rochester. Nn Yofk t4609 USA (716) »«2- 0300 -Phone "" (716) 2M-5989 - Fo« I'LATE XXXI. WhITK SpKI'CK SEEDI.lNliM. Showing coin|>arative sizf of I and 2 year oW plants. (Grown at Indian Head Nuraery. ) I'LMK xxxir. Wixri Bkkak "F Whitk Spruce at Uhaxdmx. Manitoba. V l'f..»iK XXXIII. im Plantation .,f White Sphi-.k ani. Si,0 IN N.\Trii.\i. Forest in Wkstkkn Aliiekta. 72<»-«il ^ , > y. \ 3 3 ^ I'i,\i» X.V.W I SinrClC I'INK. id uf »'(>lllill)r^