■a ■I? ii^ '^ : » 4 .■ V \ i ^ • 1 fr • \ • •* -^-' ' _ ■ • ' - : ■ ' liW i » 1 n - !• •■ , , • - ■ f ■ •■ /. ( IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) {./ 4i/ ' %'"i j^ 'E**^ v> X-' r/. to Ui ■" lU 12.2, ■t LS 12.0 1.25 1 1.4 iA %X%L 6" -«> FhotogFaphic .Sdmces QarporaUon as WKT MAM STRUT WnSTM,N.Y. I4SM (7I*)I73-4S03 • ( ■ / *"■■■• X"' ■ • ' ' ■ '■ ■ ■■ ' ■ ^ ,.''■■■. ' ' ^ ■ . ■■:■ ,.■. ~ -X •■ / » • • » . -■ ■ r ' ' . ' ]■ ^ . CIHIVI / Microficiie Series ICMH Collection de itiicrofiches i ■ (IMonographs) (monographies) , ■ . T '■■' ■ •. , ■ • / -■ ■ ■■ ■>. .■■■■■..■ . - / r 7 ,.„■ , 1 ' V,.. ■•■ ■ . ■ • ■/ - /..■.■: • # ; , , •- ^ ._,,.!_ '_'._ .-■._; :_.. . " -^ ' ' ■ ■ ■ - .■»■ * . ■ Canadian Inatituta for Historical IMicroraproductions / Imtitut Canadian d* microraproductibns liittoriquaa ^ V. 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Les details da cat exemplaire qui sont peut-4tra uniques du point de vue bibliographiqua, qui peu'vent modifier unc imi reproduite, ou qui peuvent sxiger unainodification dans Ja mittiode normale de lilmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endomitiagtes H' □ Pages restored and/or jaminated/ Pages rastauries at/ou pellicul4es , Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/- Pages dteolortos. tachetto ou piquto □ Pages detached/ Pages d*tach*es D Showthrliugh/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Qualiti in^la de I'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue D n Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tAte provient: Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison I I Caption of issue/ n Titre da depart da la livraison Masthead/ GAniriqua (piriodiqiies) de la livraison J23L ^2ix lit* topy filmed h«r« hat bMi^aproduMtf thinki • to th« o«n«rotity of: Library of the N4 ArchivMofCi Tho imogos oppoMl^g horo oro tho boot quollty pootlblo eonaidoKntf tho condition ond logibillty of tho origino^Oopy ond in kooping with tho filming oonMot tpoelfleotiono. Origlnil eopioo in prfntod popor eovora oro fNmod iniiig with tho front covor ond onding on r loot pogo Mlth o printod or INuotratod Improo- ^ >n. or tho bock eovor whon opproprloto. All othor orlginol copioo oro fNnMd beginning on tho firct pogo with o printod or4Huotrotcid improo- •ion. ond ending on tho loot pogo wMi o printod or HhMtrotod improooion. ThoVla^ r^^od fromo on ooeh microfieho tholf eontoin thf symbol -^ (mooning "CON- TINUifO"). or tho symbol ▼ (mooning "END"), whieh^vor opplios. Mopo. plotoii. chorttk etc.. moy bo fNmod at difforom foduetion rotloo. Thooo too lorgo to bo ontlroly iniBludod in ono oxpoouro oro filmed beginning in the upper loft bond comer, left to right end top to bottom, oe mony fromee ot required. Tho following diogrome illuotrote the nfbthod: •Hw L'eiiempioiro filmi f ut reproduit gr A J lo gAnArmit* do: • ^ , UMMiotMqiMdfesArehivM # nationiilM du Canad* Loclmagoa tulventes ont At A ropreduitet avec le plua grond toin. eompte tenu do lo condition et do le nottot* do roKomploire filmi. ot en conformitA evoc lee conditione du feomrat do ' fHmago* , Loaeiiempioiree originouf dent lo eouverture en popler eet ImprimAo sont fiimAs en commencant porle premier plot et en terminont soit perle domlAre pogo qvl comporte une emprelnte d improeslon ou dlNttatratiOn. aoit per le second plot, colon le coe. Toua lee evtroa a«empleires origihoux sont fUmAe en common^ont per la pramMro pogo qui comporte une empreinte dtmpreeaion ou dlNuatratlon et en terminont poV lo demiAre pogo qui comporte unci telki » . ;.^fct*iil» ;i.. .i*^/ ¥^•^1 ■,H/^«S'5J<*» ; •f*.«i *jt/«s-««».^-*l.:*,M«#t,.Mfc«**^ f .-vv ■•*--• *'1^.< <<^;i Ci^r ..-•'■'•v^W,'* t5S .|„V *■•*#; tWl^ i ii ^ llpl| J!^l|i p^mil -■MB-.' 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'V ■ ...j-vt— >^-. — .. — f anT^ ^iiii fciiiiiiM II III ■! ^^V ■■•^*»^- ^"fa^"; ^m --" ' '■]■ Hut'. ^ ^ *••'!< '' V »»«iiWf ■■ '«> '1 lw-*i»«.,. *1plf ;«M.piK' H#v^« \ .'."V V r * • MiRe 'X /^ • •' V KelaHen fee J|\edeFi2 Osefi. *% •/ \ '■ \ 'IRE, in its various man n fact urqd forms and composition, has during the present generation become so important a factor in some of the great in- ventions and engineeHng achievements, \ that a few facts as to i^s uses and manu- factiife may be interesting,^ to many of our customers. ■ - \ ^ " It is but within the present century . that the Electric Telegrapl^, the Ocean Cabfes, the great Suspension Bridges, the ^ useful and irajportant Telephone, ' the Electric Railroj^ds, the drilling for natural gas, the makind; of wire fencing, jnails. etc., etc., has creJated such an immense deniaihd for this article, arid stimulated an\industry M ' ■'m- that now takes such high rank amongst, manufactures. ^ The art of making wire has been traced / bacl^tp the year 170b B. C Gold wire disrated the sacerdotal robe of Aaron^ A specimen of wire, made by the Nin evites 800 years B. C, is exhibited at the ' Kensington Museum, London/ England.* Hom^ and Pliny referred to Similar pro- ductions in their early writings. Metal heads, with imitation hair of wire, recovered from the ruins of l^erculaneum. are in the Portici Museum, Naples. From such rer mote eras up to the fourteenth century, wire- in its general acceptance was produced by^ hamitiering out strips of metal, and not by the process of "drawing,'Vasnowpr^^^ In the middle ages this mSustry was extensively pursued, and the artificers thus engaged were termed Wire Smiths, hut in the earliest days of the manufacture, gold, silver and bronze appear only to have been used. ^ It is substantiated by technical records that the present methcd of drawing wire was pntc^eed in the Lcnne district of Germany »-:.^i.-..„ % ^Oy :m^. tnongsto traced * d wire , Aaron.< 5 Nin- at the igland. - r pro- Metal >vered ill the :h re- ^ wiref ed bjr^ lot by ticed. Y was sthus Wt in . gold, :been cords ewas ^ maiiy ■j«k." V y j^ ^unngjtHelburteenth c^ptury,^Hidafebut4h€^ year 1 350 a wire drawing mill was erected at Nuremburg by a man nanlied Rudolph. The first needle manufactory in France .was started by an Englishman, named Ghristo^her Greening, at Saii^ Omer, and the town is this year celebrating the four ^hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the industry. About 1600 A.D., it is recorded that at Tintern Abbey ori the Wye, pins and nee- dles were manufactured by a Mr. Greening. In the year 1630, a proclamation was issued by Charles I. to the effect that the home industry had made such advancement that further imports of wire were prohibited. ; About the year 1799, Nathanael Green- ing, who came from Tintern Abbey, com- menced the mannfacture of wire at Warring- ton. A feW years later the firm of Greening & Rylands was established, and carried on business until the year 1840, when the* partnership was dissolved, Mr. Greening: taking his sons into business, and estab- lishing the firm of N. Greening - & ^Sons ; Mr. Rylands* sons continuing un-* ^- ■.. ■ \ ••\ *->> der the firm namkl of Rylands Bros. It was with the ftrln of Greening & Ry- lands that the late Hfehjamin Greening, sec- ond son of N. GreeriiJig of the firm in ques- tion, served a se veil years' iipprenticeship as a wire drawer ; thetn, commencing busi * ness for himself, coritiiiued uiitil 1858, when he removed to Canida, tuid became one of. the pioneers of the ivjre industry here. Under the firm jham6 of 13. Greening & Go. he commenced the drawing of wire, wire weaving and rope making, and for- many years carridd on a successful and steadily increasing business until his death; m 1877, when he Wks succeeded by his son, S. O. Greening, whoi built new works and added many new linjes to their already ex- tensive business. • la 1889, The B. Greening Wire Co. was incorporated ds ja joint stock company, with Samuel Owen JGreening as president, 'since which time iifbortant additions have been made to iheir buildings and machinery. To produce wire, several processes are necessary, which ve will briefly explain, ' that those of* our fiifends who have not had Bros. & Ry. g, sec- I ques- . cjeship busi- when )ne of ing & wire, id for^ I and leath, s son, s and y ex- i Co. pany, dent, have ' nery. s are >lain, : had y the opportunity of seeing them may be able to do so at least in imagination. The iron ore, after being taken from the mine, is converted into cast iron by means of a Wast furnace, which, by intense heat, separates the iron from the bulk of impurities with vvhich it is conjbined, the purified metal being run into rough bars, technically called " pigs." and the impurities drawn off in the form of slag. These pigs are afterwards treate^ ac- cording to the nature of the metal required. For what is known as |)uddled iroh, a quantity of pig and scrap iiori is placed in a reverbatory furnace, arid a^^ subjected to intense heat, to further ri«|pve carbona- ceous and other impurities.j The man in charge of| this furnace is called a puddler, and by mfeans of a long iron rod, with a rakfe or rabble at the end, he works the metal ^bout, which has become half molten or in a j>asty condition, until he has gathered a good sized lump, which is called a ball or bloom, weighing about 60 lbs. In its half molten state it is subject- ed to the crushing bMs of a steam \ «*■ f hammer, which further beats, out any re- tained slag, The next process is the heating of these blooms and passing them between a pair of powerful grooved rolls, which forms the welded iron into a bar. This bar is cut into short lengths. A number of them are placed togetlier afid are knownyas a^ "faggot."^ After being brought toa welding heat in the furnace, they are subjected to the heavy blows of a steam haknmer^ which drives out any furthei^slag or fmpurity remaining, and forming the welded mass into a billet In this form they are taken to the Rod Mill to be again heated, and passing through a train of rolls, are reduced in diameter to about 3/16 of drt iiich. oir 6 wire gauge, which, is the size of rod mostly, used. This rod, now ready for the cold draw- injg process, is first thoroughly cleansed from scale or rust, by soaking in a vat containing sulphuric acid^ and water. After being immersed long enough to remove the scale, it is. thoroughly washed to cleanse it from the acid and lobse scale, and plunged into N. any re- )f these I a pair •ms the *. hs. A er and being :e, they L steam ef*slag ig the 5 form : again >f rolls, 5/16 of he size draw- id from :aining being : scale, t from d into A ■ \. a vat of lime water to prevent it rusting, until the wire drawer is ready to take it in hand. Before going to the drawing blbck the) end of the wire is put into a pointing machine, which produces a\tapered end, in orcibr to pass far enough through the wire" dra\*-^rs plate or die to enable him to seize with his tongs. By two or three pulls with his tongs he draws enough wire through to fasten the end in a pair of vice jaWs attached to the revolving block, and which form a part of the mechanism. He then starts it revglying, each coil of the wire forcing the last fur^er up the block until the coil is finished. ' After being drawn or gradually reduced in size a few gauges, the wire becomes so hard that an annealing process is necessary. \^ The coils of hard wire are therefore placed in a large iron cylinder, which is hermetic- ally s^led and the whole mass subjected to fire until it becomes a bright red. After^ being kept a^ this heat a suitable length of time, to insure thorough softening, it is al- * -_ lowed to cool slowly, when it again receives ntinuous k may be uired is air. we have ving soft ake 140 me inch, las been special we are rvision, g pur- 1 spring hat can i, made Tinned .1 ■ / 1/ J> - ■■ *^ ■ V. t; ft ' mattress wire, for thenpanufacturepf spring I beds: Pin wire for making toilet piiis^ j made expressly for the enterpris ing firm of McGregor, Gourlay & Co., Gait, the pioneers here in th^s line of business, and many other lines for geheVal an(^ special purposes. ■ ! . ^-laving given a brief descfiptioii of the process of manufacture, we will now pro- ceed to enumerate some of the uses to which it is put, none possibly being of greater importance than wire ropes. Th nature of the work to which these are su|)- jected calls for the greatest care in the selection and manipulation of the wire of which they are made. There are various "grades used, viz. : crucible cast steel, Siemens Martin, (or mild steel), charcoal, and Swedish iron, each suitable to the pur- pose for which it is intended. 1 For suspension bridges, mining, quarry- ing, deep well drilling for gas, and all pur- poses that require great strength combined with toughness, ropes made, from crucible cast steel, treated by a special patented ?f..» ,.7 properly tested, firs^ as to its tensile strength which should be/ about iSo.ooo lbs. per square inch, (whi^ch means that a bar of tfie material from which the wire is made, one mch square should lift ninety tons) ; then as to Its .toughness, by grasping it in the jaws of a vice and bending it backward and for- ward at rigljt angles ; and lastly, as to its toughness to resist torsion. This test is made by holding one end firmly in a chuck and giving a number of twists to the inch. It It fail^ in any of these tests, it is con- dem^ned as unsuitable for ropes, and has to be /laid aside and put to uses where • strength is not of such vital importance. • ^fter having passed *the necessary in- spection it is wound on reels and placed on arbtary fimme, where it is twisted into rppe. /Ropes requiring great flexibiiity are ^ade up of ^ great number of fine wires, to /enable them to bend around small sheaves or drums, such as ships blocks, derrick sheaves, etc. _^ _„^ The life of a rooe is proportional to the diameter of the- piijley aroui ent ; I the irect Tt ng wi ^ven biffere I roup( ope \ with J (Irawp ire al Durpo juch »izes I /too St tensiv devel durini ened other reliah J T vicea Sl^1 theg 2 strength, ► lbs, per bar of tfie nade, one ) ; then as the jaws and for-' as to its is test is I a chuck the inch, is con- and has 2s where ance. ssary in- laced on ted into ity are wires, to sheaves derrick 1 to the II ent ; the /greater the circle the less bend I the wife, and as a consequence, a more irect longitudinal and even strain. ' The greatest care is required in draw- ng wire for rope purposes, tokeep it exactly kven in gauge from end to end, a^ any lifference in size, where §o many wires are grouped together, would make the finished ope vary in diameter, so that in dealing kvith such a hard material, only the best rawplates and the most skillful \ f %, 4 12 PPIJ thi IT caused by the rocky sides of \he hole. , _ Those of our customers who have had t the opportunity of seeing % ^legant an.ir " stupendous bridges spaLin^v^e N"La aST River and the rivpr K»f * O '^^^"Ueafcii ^and Brookly.^ ^re famfliW with f v Tu^"''"'''"''^' purposes. \ \ , The spW the latter is ,600 Veet at anelevatbnoKrc fpp. ^K„ ,. ^ ' mark, *"^^«« .^'^ove h.gh \water These huge suspeiiSi<>n cables are Li- posed of 6400 separate wirfeL / \ The railway over this stricture is L other dlusttatioa^of this class oSlIal' uses to which wife rope may be appliS" ' ableTE -^ P'-opelled by a contin^^ cable m constant motion, the conductor hav- ing perfectcontrol of the cars by an ingenious «np action which grasps the rapidfy un nmg rope gently, at first, then graduaMv Our firm has, dnrf p r e s ent year. I an .VJ3 ibined gfea ist abrasioji e hole. P have had 13 V. with ofth^iises 00 feet; at high\water c; s are cpni- is an- pplied a cable to the Hamilton Incline ailway Go., which is another instances, this case the incline is from Che city to , v„e mountain top, and a > large quantity of. h^^x"^ ^"*^heavy traffic, heretofore carried up by pe^iNiagarajJjgj^j^g may now be taken by the Incline Wew YnrL'L M . ^ 1 1 1 j I ictf ^"'^ Capable of taking the heaviest freight as ^ell as passengers, and it gives promise of eing a very successful undertaking. The cars are arranged on two parallel trades, a car being attached to each end of the cables, foi; there are two, laid side by side; /oneix of which is of ample strength for the heaviest service expected of it, the other acting as^ safety cajile in view of any possible accident that may happen tc^^ the working cable or machinery. The en- ^^e and driving drums are placed on the' topndt" the mountain, and while one car di^scends^^e other ascends, carrying its traffic an^^icling as a counterpoise. ^ ^he elev^ioir^i|^ abdut 200 feet ; the angle of incline 17^ degrees. The length of the cable is Spo^fe^t, and 4he diameter many ppHed. continous Jctor hav- ingenious idly run gradually ravelling \^ '»"■ ■%<- Ks \ Those who / have -occasior to vis Hamilton should not fail to avail the selves of this means of readiing th mountain top, as one of the most charmin views may be obtained fr(*i it Immediately below tiie visitor sees th. handsome residences ;/an evidence of th. energy and guccss of i;famiItons merchant. and manufacturers. / j , Towards the cenire of the iity are the stately buildings, wl^ich are the he'd-quar- Canada ' ^°'"'"«'-<=''«' Institutions of / Further north can be seen'tTie tall chimneys of the various stove foundries rolling mills, forging mills, wire works niachme works, furniture, tobacco anrf other ketones, that entitle Hamilton to be justly called tb^ Birmingham of Canada. I ' ^ ^_ Beyond the dty is the beautiful bay with Its fleet o> vessels for traffic and pleasure while beyond, stretching out until lost in the distance is seen Lake'' Ontario. Ropes made from Siemens-Martin mild I ^teej are used principally for the transmis" -!-■-/- <. V ^n to visi avail thei ?adiing thi ►St charmini itor sets the lence of the s merchants (thy are the head-quar- Insurance, titutions of ^ tlie tall foundries, re works, ) and" other ) be justly utiful bay faffic and r out until Ontario, •1 transmis* . ■ . ■ ( ■ sion of power (through the agency m grooved Von pulleys) when the sourcfe of power is\ some distance from the place it is required^ or where a large concern may have a surplus and desire to let off a portion to adjacent rtianufacturers in separate mills. Many valuable water privileges that would otherwke be inaccessable are thus * utilized, as long\distanccs may be connected at comparatively slight cost. ' A typical illustration of this may be seen in the neighborhood of Baden, Ont., where a rope of our manufacture four thousand feet long is driving the flour mills of Messrs. Shirk and Snider. ^ Stationary cables for quarrying pur- poses and similar requirements are now much used in rough and ipcky districts, where the nature of the ground isrunfavor-* able for the laying of tramways. TThe cable is anchored between any two pc/ints, and a trolley is Pranged to run along it. carrying its load and depositing it wb^e required. ^ In excavations for large sewers in cities^ \' i % / ^stem^^^ n the cable Ts stretched over the line.of ex- X v '• i6 ^ ■ -^ trench as ,t proceeds is deposited wuh^ R-ip'dy^ running streams have bedn jccessfu,^ ferried by the use of X .?' to cXr '^ ^^ "^ " ^S'^'"^ 'he stream ;:;;^ a„d by ,.,.i„g the of galvaS ':P'"'"^^y ^''"e by means riJ^of V'r^ ™P^- The standing nggmgofourVps is better when fitted wuh t, It supp^ts the wire by which our electric cars are driVen • it bracesTkl T that retain th^ - • ""^aces the poles ;" ^ the .wire m proper position ■ on ■ IT ""'f '"^ daughters^bang o t thei clothes to dry. and in a hundred ways ^L ropes are brought into daily use In t' form or Other. ^ "^^ m i^ne acroII'S p' rT *'^^^" '^'^'^ -=^^ '^'y means standing ^en fitted vhich our the poles tion ; on >ut their ays Wire ' in (line vas l^id fie yeWr I under- he ever century entertained tfie idea that it was possible* to lay one across the AtlanHc, which, by the aid of that mighty production of Brunei's, (the Great Eastern steamship), was finally successfully accomplished. To-day the world is girded rbund by its ocean cables, and distant cotttinents by their aid brought into instant epmmunica- tion. / . •'■'••■■ ;-■ ".■ . ,/ ... This country has, wiihin the past few years, successfully completed its railway through to the Pacific, and along its foute runs the telegraph wire, bringing the far west into immediate contact with our trade centres in the east. * Wire for fencing purposes is rapidly taking the foreqjost place, its enduring qualities, the ease with which it can be erected, itsj great strength and tidy appear- ance commend it to our progressive farmers. Many thottsjiaads of tons are now made annually and used on this continent, inli it has been found the most effecti^ag^nt in f- 'Wf. )bit checking the rava^^s of the rabbit in Aus tralia, andmany hundred m tl '«> been erected for that purpose there. Many /- ■'; ! \. i, 'iwn a^^^s^WF ured ha\^e igon fenc- fient as the nother'im- t few years wire nail's, ually, and o the cut reduced :e. Steel ingenious from the hain at a lining the b welded from th^ elds, the le bends /eld, and V \ a large fronj the £&ter of ^ g[e wire ^ K" «9 through which milk is straine^ ancj flour sifted. Woven jvire fabrics, embracjng as they do such a large proportion of the wire in- dustry, are entitled to more than a mere passing notice/; but our space will not per- mit of more than a brief glance \at their merits. It is not mlany years ago, when all wire weaving was dpnt with the hand : that is to say, the weft\ was all shot through by hand. This was a very slow prociess as compared with tlie present method! apd re- "quired unrernittingr attention on the part of the operator. Alltoough the cotton loom had been constructed on the automatic principle, and worked so successfully, it was thought to be impossible to apply the s^i^ie principle to the wire loom. The marked difference between the pli- able cotton and the stiff, unyielding^ wire presented what seemed to be an insuperal difficulty; but the genius of the inventor hi; triumphed, and now there are looms thi are automatic and which work, perfectly^ There is considerable difference in thi M / w ■• i -^■■> ,■0 ,' '20 1 ' ■ «" automatic action necessary to the weaving «f tiie various grades of wire. The fine w^e doth being of a ,nore pliable material han that pf a coarser grade, is woven upon looms having a very ingenious copp shuttle which throws the weft to and' fro with the same certainty as does (he cotton loom. hat tried (m the most M?nounced sense) j series. strei which (by the of a one is n in the ease with Qwerfi J cams)- ^rdirusts the wire into prQi,;r phM:e, uhde ''M 'V. ' ,.^* ^ >- % weaving The fine i itiaterial ven upon p shuttle, with the loonl. teel wire d sense) ven this :ation of iving of re is too a SI It;*. len buFthe vith the tried fate ch the one is se with i m '*-! '■a -^ 1R- 31 t- undei jfroni 9 to i(X) tons (according jach thread in the web. 'many uses to which woven wire is >J»edjis a pronounced commentary upon that practical >^isdom cf the age, which seeks to expand every known thing to a ^greater sphere of usefulness. Wire is rapidly supplantmg wood for lathing purposes. In bur largest and best buildings wire cloth for lathing is used, I as the grip of the plaster upon it is more thorough and permanent than upon wood. It is also fireproof. ^ \ novel use of wire cloth may be found in its association with glass. The subject ^I^JrOtilcting large sky lights is now one of considerable importance. In such structures as large railroad depots, where the entire arched roof being made of glass is (parti- cularly in winter when the snow falls heav- ily) a constant menace to hfe and property. . The glass used in their construction is necessarily of considerable thickness, which would, were it^ to break and fall, with its heatj s haryt^f^dges, h e c apable of infli ct i ng fatal injuries. To remedy this danger, a :^- -t^ t ..-i'lArt.*. ■n;<'t'W yi.f "■> "^if^ ""V 22 'i?' firm in Tacona, Pennsylvania, is manufac- turing glass combined with wire cloth. The molten glass is poured upon a table and the sheet of wire cloth is laid upon it ; A roller . IS then brought to bear, whichjjfesses and imbeds the- wire fabric into tihe body of the glass, which when cool is s^t to the anneal- ing oven. ' Again we I have wire cloth associated with papier-nlache, the Vire being imbed- ed in the puljj and rolled under hydraulic pres^re untpt is as hard as the hardest wopd. Thjs is an excellent material for roofingor fibrous ware. • Anothernovel use is its association with oil and varnish, the mesh of the cloth being absolutely filled and coated. It resembles stained glass, and is used for exhibition buildings, sky-lights, windows and veran- / dahs. , ,. :^'y'-i: : ,."■ i ' ' . I . The many uses of wire are apparent uJ tlie most casual observer, and if we exam^ me the subject critically we will see that our civilization could; not have been what It IS without its powerful aid. /■ « ■ . and blind force, little dreamed that at a distant day their deity wouid be put into< harness and led to distribute his power through a thousand and one channels, for the benefit and satisfaction of rrian, through the medium of wire. Without it the elec trie motors, telegraphs and telephones could have no place. And now we will take leave of^ subject which commends itself to tp^ consideration of all who are interested in the progress of our age, and if we have succeeded in awakening an interest in it, we shall deem ourselves more than compensated. ;' . ^ : p:- Note.— We are indebted to the interesting treatise *" nn wire hy J. E. Bucknel Smith, C. E ., k tel > issued ^ for some of our facts and dates. — B. G. W. Co'v. »» . ■' "lis,; m • »r ::'' ■:^Ai(i C{»