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G4nirique (piriodiques)^ la livraison .SX= r^^k. ^m^ ■ - -J , » \ «x 16X 20X 24X A m -" 28X 32X ;1 .>.;,•:.. .,:- \|._ ..'f^^ijlfc^i.^.''-.^. qu'il IMt tdevue «• / ration lufe ^i >■»' f Th» copy film«d h«r« has b««n raproduccd thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library of thp National ~^ Archival of Canada ' \ Tha imagas a^paaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia conaidaring tha conditiort and lagibllity of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha, filming contrdet apaclficationa. ' Original coplas In printad papar eovars ara fllmad baginning with thf front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or liluatratad impraa- sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata, All pthaf original copiaa ara fllmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or Uluatratad Impraa- sidn. ami anding on tha laat paga with a printad or liluatratad impraaaton. Tha laat racordad frama on.aach microflcha shall contain tha aymbol ^^^ (moaning "CON- TINUED"!, or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"). «vhiehovar applias. Maps, plataa. charts, ate., may ba fllmad at diffarant raductlon ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antlraly included in ona axpoaura ara fllmad . baginning in tha uppar laft hand comar, laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: 1 2 .. 4 \ 3 L'axamplaira film* fut'raproduit grica i la g4n*rosit* da: La bibliothkiua dai Archival nationslai du Canada Las imagas sulvantas ont 4ti raproduitas avac la plus grand soin. coniptf tanu da la condition at da la nattati^a I'aMamplaira film«, at an conformity avac lot eendltlens du eontrat da filmaga. *■■;"; Laa axampiairas eriginaux dont la obuvartura an papiar ast ImprimAa sent fllmis an comman9ant par la pramiar plat at an tarmirtant soit par la darnlAra paga qui eemporta tina amprainta d'impraaalon eu d'lllustratlon. aoit par la sacond' plat, aalon It eat. Tout laa autraa aiiampiairas origlnauii aont ftlmAa an oomman^iht par la prami*^ paga qui oomporta una cmprainta dimpraasion ou d'lllustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui oomporta una talia amprainta. Un das symbolaa suh^ants apparattra sur la dirni*ra imaga da ehaqua mieroftcha, salon la cas: la symbols -^ signifia "A 8UIVRE". la aymbola ▼ signifia "FIN". . Las cartaa. planehas. tabiaauK. ate. pauvant itra flimAs A das tauii da r4duetion dIffArants. Lorsqua la doeumant ast trop grand pour ttra raprodult an un aaul cliehA. ii ast filmi A pjsrtir da I'angia sup4riaur gaueha. da ^aucl^a * droits, at da tiaut an bas. an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 6 32 X t.tfeS*-, 4 -fl ■■«■ ' ■ '. " " t I ■ 1 ■^ ■ •■'■■■!' •''■'■■■ ♦ fJtr^'"^ ■ V ■ .' ■ ■ m *^ V ■ ■■' - r*-. V • ^ i .■ t t ■V - ,— .. ' BI * / ':;.. "^ ' * ( ' ■ ■ /■ -vWi ;■',•' t'. * / • 7* 'J ■ : / - ■' . ' -^ / - > , .,'pH« • l\ ''•*•"■ <• t 1 ;■.. '■"- K'- ■ / 'n - 7 ^- p'- ■ . ^ V - V fl .*:*,.■ •< ^ " i •^ r ' ' "^ ->'^i * It • ' -^ /"' - . f^ ; . . ' , . . ' /' ' "^^ • > - »» / '■ ■ - w • . ■. • ■ • 1^ ' r^vk^ -y-y-V** ■'%• \ GANADA IN 1848. BBIMO AM EXAMINATION OP TBB EXISTING RESOURCES or BfilTISH NORTH AMERICA. WITH CONSIDERATIONS FOR THEIR FURTHER AND MORE PERFECT DEVEI^PMBNT, AS A PRACTICAL RBMBDT, ^ BY MEANS OP .1 f.k COLONIgATION, '.«- ,.^. ;fKinrAiLiNG distress ik/phb united evhre,: ' I L ft- , c u B3bm:^ce of TfiE colony: ^2l'fi:>-. if MILLINGTON HENRY ^YNGi^, i'fi , * * '''f-' K-^fl 1* ? LONDON: ^JI PBLISHliD »Y BPFiygHA^M WlL 8ei« I >' BOTAi; aXOBAKOX. ' "V ■_s,^'ff:fei^r£ 1 1 •. ^ hi h > ♦ " In iii« AvteMth year or Oeotge in. th« boimdAriei of the proviiioe of Qoabeo,** It iMB tlita oaUed, were defined bj an act of tbe Imperial Qoronnient.' By that act It iadnled a great extent of what la now New EngUnd, and the whole of the coanti7 between the state or Pennsylvania, the river Ohio, and the Hlaalailppl north to the Hodaon's Bay territory." — -Hoehelaga." Wktdh waathnsrevlewed In "Blaekwood'i Magazine":— " If England la, as ihe la said to Jm, generally tenacioos, she has strangely relaxed in North America. Oovemments have patdied up dispntds, and made concessions throogh fear of oompUeating their dlfllcalties, and of Incorrlng tdame ttit plnnging the< country Into wax, and tha critleal moment passad,'sha has twme no malice, and let bgngOMftbe hy- gonea. ,. . Meanwhile, and in case of accidents, it is proper aqdpmdeaf to keep oor bay- onets brlaht, and to put bolts and ban upon the gatea of Canada." V*. '^V i CANADA IN 1849, In the beginning of the year 1846 the attention of England was roused to so great a degree by the tone of President Polk's message to the United States' Congress, as to lead to a display of determination, on the part of the Premier of the then existing administration, which was warmly and gladly received by our very pacific country. It is not our object to enter into a recapitulation of the circumstances of die treaty that surrendered our claims, and so restored the peaceful understanding between this country and the United States; nor of those of the equally to-be-regretted Ashburton treaty ; although regrets, unavailing enough, will arise in whom- soever studies the fantastic outline of our North American frontier, and reflects on its injurious consequences. But one thing connected with both these treaties in- duces us to call earnest attention tothis subject ; namely, that in both cases the country at large was too ignorant of the^ merits of the questions to be deeply interested ; and— if this ignorance was not shared by the Government and its accredited etnployis — the subjects of intense and general interest immediately wound us were so numerous and great, as to eclipse the vital importance of questions at issue in a remoter scene. In Sir F. B. Head's, book, " The Emigrant," is a record of the conduct of the Government, on the occasion of the state of Canada coming before the Imperial Parliament, at the time of the Earl of Durham's report. Whatever opinion may be entertained of the subject then under discussion, the most superficial Tieader canTcafcely tail (^ remark that the interest of questions nearer home ex-' eluded, or, at least, greatly overshaddwed that felt for ■'■'A I •A^4^^i -.i^'Ai , ,ife*i!i m-^-' ' lit • ■>? 's ' f'\ pthers more remote and l^ss known. Nor can it ever be ^otherwiiie. Xo- prevent, therefore, a repetition of similar occur-^ rences,a general interest in the immense empire inhabited by our countrymen is^ essential ; which interest is only to be awakened by an intimate acquaintance with its charac- teristics. ' ' The opinion, some years aso growing more and more popular, that colonies are rather hindrances to the pros- Eerity qf Great Britain than glorious helpers thereunto, as in it, like most opinions commonly entertained, a mixture of truth and of error. So long as we continue to pour from our shores swarms of helpless paifpers, whom we ship merely to be rid of, so long will slack colonists remain an inelastic burden /on the mother country. So long as we allowed the education, moral and physical, ofttU our population, to be neglected, so long could w^not expect material prosperity or genuine ajSectioii from that portion, driven i^orant and helpless to '^ght their Undifected way into comparative ease, or to perish uncared for in the attempt. Such, however, have been the substitutes for the yeomen and"" labourers of England whom we have sent to our colonies. ' In educating our home population we have made a great stride, which, supplied as .iSixr colonies are from home, will shortly tell, if well continued, throughout the world ; and the monstrous evils of " spontaneous e^ni- gration" b&ve risen to such a pitch as to have attracted universal attention. Let us hope, then, fc^ a wisei^int^- ligence on colonisation in sequence to our educational prospects. ° h The general principle of our remarks will be fdund to apply to most of -our large colonial possessions ; but our^ present object is especiaUv the fuller development of the resources of British North America.* It is an idea very commonly entertained, that the British provinces will, as soon as they ceasfe to find it contrary to their advantage, follow the example of those revolted colonies, idow the United States ^ and that it it * If on MpeeiaUjr the reiy gnat opportanitiM afllmled hj ^e ^tmtiati Of gwyirt-te boar til -w Au«faM «0"«ao^ b« owrioo k t d. n» — :H .grMit present preMare in theee colonies, in conteqnenoe of the want of rach fabour, dioold be npi«vod in oonnaction with the nlief andprofltable empl^- ment of portiou of (wr inrpl^ home population. m ^jr ^^■'iS't. f * If' \--j-- mezpedient to retain a country so long as it continues a wrain on the fatherland, to not only lose it, but to have nurture^ it into a rivals when it shaU have attained maturity. , | Let us bid those who may think that in Canada ^he state of feeling is already rootedly alienated from Great Britain remember that from thence its inhabitahtsi or their fathers, from whosie loins they are sprung, mo|stly took their departure in early life; and that thousand^ of men, ^6 more than a single one, voluntarily abandon [the love or the land of their early hcmie, of their ancestry, . and the resting-places of their friends. Let it also be , remembered by those who would argue the defection! ^^ Canada, or other British provinces, irom the history of the oast, what were the circumstances attending the last revolt (and only one) of British Colonies. Let them call to mind the injustice and the ignorance against which those colonies revolted, and the unyielding obstinacy of that spirit of unteachableness, which is answerable for the past, and against which, they, who desire imperial unity, have still to struggle in all quarters ^of the'globe. Let the regret witli which those colonies revolted be also borne in mind ! Generations have succeeded, yet in the hearts of many of the best and noblest, that lingering . regret remains ; not that the revolt took place, not that it was suecessful, but that it was rendered necessary. And yet the wondrous progress of tfag||repttblic is owing to the continuous influx of human oEBm^ from that land, from whose ancestry and traditions, from whose fame and glory, it has foroibfy severed itself! That sinew continues to {ibur ini: famine and ^pestilence have stricken it, and it must iolow recruit it«elf in British Amefrica; it must moreover, there learn to adapt itself to4he new field of labour to which it is icalled; it must come healthy, clad, and helpful: and still that sinew eomes pouring in. ^ :{ And so British America is one vast laz^r-house-— one jchool of labdur to its contiguous rivd. ' A,n4 whvisthis? Spontaneous emigration" casts upon (which surely has the first claim on the British JMtrjtJsuttiaL- )1 m£(ii of is on ~bur8elve8)-^-HQa^^ stn^ken leiMe and famine; Heart-rending sufiering with all that generosity can besjtow : but by pesti- 18 relieved bo scheme of ''. ~3£^l ["■ikii- 'V^* i^iiiit t t 6 labour is formed for the recotered, or the hehlthyvno •ur6 hope bums a beacon, giving courage in adversity; no immediate means of honourablip employment are at hand to enable the emigrant to look about him ; no means of earning subsistence are pointed out to silence indolent beggarv,'and to prevent the Idss of shame in those, whose first asking had been with an aching heart. Some Employment, some half measures, some uncon- nected, desiUtory doings are certainly going on j these cease and wy, and the recruited sinew, and the saved capital, crosses the frontier. A necessary evil consequence of this uncertain demand for laibour, is the iiigh jj^rioe it can at times command, especially in such kinds of em- ployment as cannot be prosecuted during the si^elre winter of the country. This high, but variable, price thus cripples deirelopment, and re-acts against itself. Can this cafl on .British America to give shelter to the indigent and to the «ick, and lose the fair return of seeing, through our care, a contented and flourishing pomilation grow therefrom upon its soil, be expected to make the country partial to the Connection to which it is indebted for this evil ? Is the alms grudgingly bestowed and re- ceived with pain, or the necest^ary machinery of State relief likely to nurse a thankful i^eople? But these things can and must be changed : and it dm be proved to these provinces ihfit England, and Engluid only, can fully develope their Iresources^-that, i^ (kitj they coexist onty i*ith the unio^ trith^England. " ■ *»•'< Be it our task, and pleasunb, to Ktd in sho'iiftig hoir 'these things.cwibe^v^^ '•'"'■ ,- '' ^■■'- /.-;■■'■ ' '<,' Ottr sclu^e fbr the development of tKe resources m British Ak^ericil, whllift relitftfeg the jpresenjt ^3^ta\ dis- tress, is t|^ formatidb of sdcnrfe, rApid, and fto^plMe — tbat i^,^indep^ndetit, ctiniifiunicatio|i thionghoiit the country; becatisett-''"'" ■'"f-"-^' ■^■'■'' ' ■"■'"--'^ ■'■■ It prdtides at once fbi* tM |]lfodubtiV Wt colonies Oiroughout the wprld. .fbr.wWchr the super^uws pqpu- btion of Gwat BHfaio> ^e uwa^ablei mpt^#,BI^- iet, result^uin Uttie more than the ,poJte?UQ^ <>f Pftch valuable ilMBatipn ai»d Ae partial pyop^^ppn, of) the <»piiioiw ol^periepqed and^entedm^j^ r£e) from reading tfee Report of tj^? P^fit CQimf^^M %he Hpttsa of, %i;ds pR.,«;;^pnuM»tiW «rg« AfeW*'^^^ the l^inutes of Evidence, or from the ^Vep^t ptJ^P^o MoqteagleV SeJe(i«^ iCpnjinttttie^ t>n^,^plpiiiwfj|i^^ vineed of Jthe Jc»pportiviiUe« pmvaK in ^y^is^, ||V>W f ■• i un«« «,. .«^«.,„.w. ^.^j^.., — _ iden^e^^fe ■alV ma ■'tiftiilil aitif : wMhtt it Is SO hHrmOP*Op8 a' Jie proof presumptive for any other district as it pbaU become developed. .8a f c. Jbf l^fri'"^'®^"'!^ '**-\"^' 'n^eed. all evidence that or UW^'* " "fi*'^^! open to an almost illimUablecapUaf That the systematic emploxjnent of labour wUI not onlv onen new landi^ but by many fold multiply the vidue of «Jk •^"f '®"f® of communication is th^ medium bv which the development of the resources VlUbilos^ quwkly and e%ttaally furthered. T "*"■' That the^ labouring body employed in Dpeninff and ^ perfecting such communidaHon will chanire^S ..w assuming the communications completed nfreStiont^B follow, as the labour will be contsSusI^ibsorb^^^^^^^^ :^^:^r^ ' ^^^^'^ ^'^^^m state IfT^^. l?''^ tt^"^ ^^^^' '^ *»'ought about and continue^d t::^^^^^^''"'''''''''^ '' «'-' Britain/s^^d'o n ?rt' VT^® jsystematic development of the resources of iri^^^R^r-^ ^*"?> ^'"' »« *■" fro» beLiTdr^ on Great Britain, be of immediate advantage toier^ flncl«ilf!?f ?e^e'opn>ent entails the natural enduring re?e^^;S?inTo"rth7rHc?^^^ '"^ *^-^ p-*"^ publthed t°?^'*'^ interestuig « Letters from America,"* L an IrlfL ,il^* * petitioner for systematic colonisaticii M an Irish relief measure, Remarks with justice, in com^ K^of tb?A*''^.P'^°«^"Jif •^«"«^* «"d theVoung"; fro« Ao American republic, the advantages iccruW iSv i^gf?K""'*^l^^^ *»^^" states, aSd puts hf qrieiy as to the probable condition 'tof Canada did it adjoin our western shores. ^«naaa, am it «ulJtT^^*?"*"" °? commuhication, mcluding fkcUity, rt^ fS; ^^\ "^^'^^y' " ^^^^^ *»»e t'»e secret 5 th^ rapidity and completeness of the development of a count try. Surely England itself ought to £ to us a famS n3 with ir ""/ >" ?8»'d fo its canals and ?6al W nected with its roads before the«ra of railroads m. itZ now wonderfully int^ected by the latter? ' *rom thfe sources already referred to. it apnears th»t the rate of progress of Canada ia^^S to t£? i^^ thirtem^fder staFe. of the IJnited sSe^! Unio^nttM ^M;v the eause of the superiority x)f development in the new. or western states, w owing to the absorption of the emil y«n* i5»>0";; ^y the pubfic works^of tLse new^tates/ America." "'^''P'*'?" ''^ P'°P°'e creating for British , '.^I^TS^jr'"'"^ Canada, be it observed, has been acl«eved under circumstances of great disadvantage as to means of communication i whilst, we believe, no tiiveller. however unobservant, can fail to remark how, tbroGirliout ^oft, are atlei^d^ to. A great advantage derived from ' IkT'* public works in J^ neV, .woodfd country, and which appWs with peculiar force to that kind we Jre now ^1?-^/" ^''T"l^"\'?^' "' "^ presume, by Jhis iime fi - lar to- most EnglisTimen. ft ia that .the emigran thereby accustomed to his new sphere. Those arriVB^ without capital must go^through several stages befo^ InZT ^'T**" " P'T of uncleared land without misery! jndeed, under scarcely any circumstances, daft *th^ ufw comer do so profitably. He should begin ontherordr or about other p,H>lic iorks, if without^^p^uV ^ bt' come farnwervant in all cases of limited meSns. But It us pursue our comparison. *"«; ub. bui lec The remarkable aboMance of United States' produce and manufacture in these colonies has been 'miZh and frequently dwelt ont To^hat is it owing? To Whatls blr^r";;^^* r''^^ ^^ ^"»»«^ S^tes* intercoiw aVa £ft' *^T«r"? ?^«^*"^ «»d the interprovincialbeiuL Wd, slow, difficult (of course we do nol afiude to the pS sage across the Atlantic, which is common to both ciSnl But the interests of British America and of the United EJn -nr^ ?r^r?'^ antagonistic as those oCGreat Br? tain and British America are identical. EvSry increase li^s« If •P?*"*.^^^®"'^"** ^"'«"«» inereas/s dib a^' tagonism of interests. • • «.« ou Surely, had ir been designed to cuUivate t^e filter course between the province! of Canadi and Ae UnSd States, to the^ exclusion or injury of that withJEnffW 4^;^3m J^m heenlou^^^ ^^.compefc them to loot, tbSe iSsS^w^ ^ntelhgence from England ; heglecting to transid^r to ■y \.~--.~j,^ -^i@;M^»*i 10 enoonnge the transmissioa of the English news as ra- pidly as possible through a country whose conmetoial imd agrfcoltural prosperity so greatly depends on suoh . intelhgence; this, too, when sueh tieglect entails the adyanta|[e of th6 start on the rivaU Is it not wonderful that no independent mail route exists to give the British projeinces the benefit of the geogvaphical position of Halitax? Is it not wond«rfttt that there should 'be no mterproyincial means of ra|Md conuBunieation^ These thoughts ha4 been thrown together before the rupture of the postaljirrangements with the United States. We are thankful to that Go^rnmenifi>r assisting ui in sbowmg ^e necessity of an independent commumcation with our North American empire, and for , o^ter reasons. 1 he taking offence at having to comply wUh regulations apphcable to all letters not sent by. the contract line, ^hows the claims they will advancer, and tbeir mode of advocating themi and the efieet of cottpromisinff ques- tions from apparent expediencyw Fity 'tfc that Endahd has had lokarnthMe truths iolatejit nmatbe ownedit has not been for lack of lessons* - ,,,), „- .n We have iAI o^r title introduced the defence «f th« country, and we examine our pvojee^ in connection with Its retention ^thm the empire, beciiuse it is necessary to consider whether we are furthering to perpetuity, so far as our Mwere can, the unity M p»^*mindnce in excel- lence of Britain, in whatever quarter of the globe her children^ma^ be establishinip or oaruyingr^w hef' groat- nets, before executing a plan Ibr availii^odneWe* of thfc finest opportunity for fdevelophw magnificeats resourcca ^at any age has oflfered.r The £ios4<, because labour is «ci be the means; and the reilacdm^ of attfibrins, wwit 8ickneis» and idleness^ bjrieidtivatiea and^i ilisedoin^^e' 1 That the^devdopment of ithe Msounieaiof jthA'^tr«L effiwtual defence agabst fordgn aggression/ and that the mibtary arrangements for the country «hould be Inade in intimate connection with iti general progress, we tmat eainlv to, .prove. ; ,-'.,,; , -,'i'w'T' i^LT°^J!^i?^°^ » y>untry» in an bran<&ea^f Ui^a^b- the attac^ to which it is liable. Bearing this ui n^nd, the next important consideration is to cause these pro- . f;f.'lAi^if.feHJ * -A.ia'' i J- "Sb. "' 1 *i*-i. ..''_i^V ii'-ij"'^ ' ti 'wSspii J.-' ^^> iMbfo or poBfllblfe-atiacks to misearry by Che most efiect- tuai iMfif>loynient of tb« refources of the country. We Jpwfc in tery giaieral terms, for, however intricate and WigeiiioUtf the details of policy, strategy, or engineering, J* rettted to each other, may' be, that successire natioM *«▼« emjioyed and handed down to us, these principles *em*ih-ftilidatoental, and applicable alike to the first *^ g^nwal conception and the most finished dttails of at- ranffement. But these truisms, however phun and self- «fid«nt, are too ofken forgotten when tihe timearriyes for ^ttttmg them in pnu^ice. _The attacks to wfaie'h a bouijdary of 65 degrees of loii- «ttOde, in the 49th parallel oftatitude, and accessible aloni; tte greaterpart of its ighf bited and civilised portion by in- tend wasfc dxposed,alV8 varied in their nature, and of as ftrmidablea character as the resources of the hostile coun- tory«an command* With the future pregnant with gran- IIS.'fT** *"** •trengtb^but^'alaa I also wHh hosdfity— »niiwilated% the mUsion for ierritorial aggrandisement. J fwsiion (iiat growt j>y what h feeda en^ ever nourished by encouragement, ailtd cherished by die United States. i«>itfiiM0iMry to consider not only how British America ^ttK'be held at the present moment, but how its means o£ defence can be best developed ftimultaneoUsly witb ha re- Itis^uethe boundary queitiona are deeidedc but the Sff !1 ®i"?5^,."** J^*'y of eur neighboiiMi, that dio- Mted die claims they then advaneed, not only remaiil, but hteve baeii whetted^ by otber acquisitions whieb w« sfaaU 2?i2!l^'^ ^ obaracterise f and the same general want JfiWbrtnation aaaoiigst uai iwhiih ia not overlooked by STMIS*^ ''""'"^i. Tfi ^* ignorance our bonn^ at3r,'ft«i»the ahgres «f the Atkntic to those ^ the Feoifie UL?^!!f* ^" ** *■ ®''*°« *^e necessity of statins reaSoiM i^-fcrtiSr*™?^ *" ^* ^^ itnpoFtimcA of 5iS2 /bj«i.*nd bare wpon the* glitet " of British r!KS J ii!r* *? *** *'*^ *• •mmltaneoua oonsideratiMi Zir "*****• ^ • country, and of the development of its ?^?'[f«*'««« !» ««»» iBdiipensaUy neeessury than in British North Amenca, belonging to England, and coo. tt gttooi to t hi L Un i tedJBtates^ ao ia nfr coun tr y «an t her-- vrtoffresa better or h* Mwiva ■> «« i.^». «^ ir : j ..' K 2 J?"*' ^ "• ■"'®' " ^ ^oP« to nwke evident. rfr.lr! ^ «o extensive a frontier as we have spoken or>^ii«re an abaurd method, and thia eonaideration Aik'V ili't t. W^ *' ^-.^mA' 'W' <■*- ^ ,.,-•»> ,-"3*i> M ^^ y (J. .^ - ,T i*l-.~rjr*-l' u read us to a means that will be^ppt absurd. A known and acknowledged rule of the most successful stratesy IS to concentrate on any desired point an overwhelm- ing force. Hence, a rule and a consequence are at once denved— via., that it is essentially necessary to be aSb to bring to bear on the military and naval depdis, on the capital, and on the fighting grounds, with certainty and with nmidity, the armies required for their defence, or tor the Md; and that, with reference to the defenee^f the whole country, the value of an army wiU be proper* tioned to the cert«^inty and the degree of speed ;wUb which Its movement can be effected, h i, ^.^ i' It follows, also, though nofimmediately Connected with our present subject, that the dep6tf and the Capital, re- quire to be so fortified, as to be effectitaUy tenable aglunst au surprises by such troops as may be spared to guard Thus the advantages, even the necessity, of excellence ot communication in British America, as a military mies. tion, IS easily established^ and we trust and believe that ita general beneficial resulto ajre as clearly proved. We proved to examine the merits of different lines, or rather different parte of one grand line, or trunk communication, which appears the most proper for an y imperial undertaking; remarking, as the opportunUy occurs, on the various advantages offering,. without Air- »*»' regard to the divisions of «ur subject. . Firstly, to establish rapidity of communication with l&Bcland; making the line a highway for commerce, and juch agriculture as it may be capable of, we mention the Halifax and Quebec railroad, into which various other imes will flow, through the enterprise of the provinces, or the fostering care of their govemmenta and legis- laturer. The colonising results of sueh measures have been generaUy stated; we here particularly point out that It M asserted in «he . evidence alrtaady raferred to, as coUected for the House of Oiiords, that the opening of • few o^nary colonial i^pads, during the year 1846, in New Brunswick, led td the formation of new settle- ments, vastly enhanced the value of the Und, petina- nentl^jr groyided for the influx of labourers, and opened ^==JJ««^w"ravTW©fitabte^ra^^Swit^riBe^^B'^^^ Ihe system nroposed in the able prospectus of the com- . pany, that advocated this railway in the beginning of the 1* year 1846, of granting farms along the line under a species of military tenure to such as had by their labour formed it, provides a population loyal, honest, inid in- dustrious, accustomed to labour, possessmg some capital firom their earnings on the work, and having an imme- diate mterest in the soil; and tKus most valuable: exactly as the opposite system of " Spontaneous Emigra- tion has as natural a tendency to misery and to turbulent worthlessness; offering to the last comers, who find it most diflScult to obtain the means of subsistence in a strange country, the only resources of fraud, violence, or beggary; so that it has covered with obloquy the very name of "„ Emigrant." ' From Quebec to Montreal a steam-boat communication 18 established on the broad waters of the St. Lawrence. _^For the continuation of the trunk, or grand line, the Ottawa IS far preferable to the front route. For the reasons that led to the construction of the Ottawa aqd Rideau canals-— viz., the danger, and even certainty, ^a front hne of communication being interrupted in tune of war; and it is, besides, the shorter route to the head of the ^eat lakes; whilst the moral, political,) and com- mercial effects of a central trunk comraunicatidn removed from the frontier cannot easily be overrated/ Besicles which, the frontier advance is such as to/comm'and, where it may be found desirableUhe most advantageous juiMjtures witti a trunk line, and the impeiiaf object is to select the best line for the whole country i «keeping in view the .^atest development of the resdurces of the^ entire Bntisb portion of the continent, and. the demand that will be created a few years hence. * ' f ^ ■ ^^ To Bytown there is an uninterrupted oimmunieatil«n, which was made in conneotion with the Rideau Canal j It IS true that a strange anomaly— vizi, three Broall locks OR the Orenville Ganal—greatty int/rfei«» with the hne at present^ but their enlargement win not be put off* much longer J it has been already diwmjsed, and whett reqinnng^repair,if not sooner, these can easily be assimi- uted to the rest. . ■ l :. ^A source^ of regret more serious, and not ao likely W be remedied, ^aa fir greater dwnotttiott and much mowi ^Tteii^fPw^Fl^irBil^ii^^i^SWel^Crn fwt," to renderan alteration now moat unadvisable— is, that the Kideau Canal ia net large enough to enable aU vesselt "^ ■ v;- •'M , I li 14 that are iised in the inland traffic to oroceed tbronrffh it from tibe chain of lakes to Montreal, and viee fwr«d. The proposal might hare seemed too grand; it is j' alas! a subject o£ too grand regret : for let it be borne in ifAnd how infinitely more serviceable this would have b^n than the St; Lawrence canals, which, in that-case, would never have been constructed } useless, even if not destrpyisd, a» they^/Will'be in time of warr What a rich return the remainiiRgcapiUil^^vis., the difference between dMexpianse of the increaaed sise of die Ottawatand RideiEiu«ainis, and the total of bolii the present lines-^wonliftwe tielded^'tf evfi^c^ed in cHiiettii^wd bringing under ^w>^Q^^ tiiltf ibitile lands'bf the West. Hie curcumatAAcethja inanv-line»«f canal constructed in Canada, bd tiro inde^ p«MMfnt ones are of tlie same dimendomr) t although' foy conveying the western produce, nothing could have been moM- desirable for the producer than Hm avoiding of transhipment^, and> notwithstanding th^ military t^' ads: vantages it would have conferred in <> Iwving,^for the reasons staled, ' selected «4ibe Ottawa routOj it is necessary tb examine attentively tlw' Varioiii methods by which an inland advance from tlMtTiver to Lake Huron may^ be made. This will ooeupyi aome Hmet and require th| inve8ll|ati0|l ci some delaili; but is not, we trust, at varianee witli-' ^at oare we< thate , httberto taken to cstablidi the aecuraey'of ouT' assertsMis, >«iid t^ proceed step by step iU'CUP course, ^p^iducii^ fthe evidorwe which has taught ua the reeouraei< aocesslbte to a judicious employment of labour. r > ^, ;<. • The advance nufy |re made by canal^ by neOroad, or '1^ a mixed route..'- n' ■ ..>|tia«#.i/i> m t« ef ji 'mMn d.ui^if- The mtural iudHdei 16- paiwig f a communication to the west, the same arguments apply that we brought forward in favour of the Ottawa over the St» Lawrence ropte; and, again, tbere^is a savbg of distance on the route to the west. , ' Up to this point, MaganetaWang, therefore, the choice ties between a canal throughout, and a mixed route ; the eemfMHratateidainisof jnhiolifwe shaU presently examine f>r£lo fiurrbadkiai' in fbe year' 18S9. commissioners w^re $ippttatii4 by Shi Cr. /Arthur,^ Lieuftcnatat^Gofvemor, and tibe i^^igiitlatMfeef of Upper GaAada, to survey tli»,«MfisM 'bdt#een^^(Ui9 Ottttwavand JQidce Huleon, todettom^ tihil pfHotioabili^ ,of effdctiii|f «; navigaUercomaaunicalMin Mtwiifin ihb two » and it! w«a asoevtilined< thati«he) fatwest tiD»^(Kf AOUritiy ]betii!een, diei Otfawa and ILake ' Hanon ift i^fllwir neafetest ][toint of afiproxamationit the coantfy about Lake N^pistm^ being boundedjby much' higher land* |To render la i^wagr superior toi » eanal, the Mae . should cbi» theibofttetpoeaiblej^) bdt the high, uid n^Mui» tainons' lAture of thd ocmBtry confines. ife to ^hata^y be termed the comparative valley of Lake^N^Mng,^ where the ladvanta^ea ^derivable firom that, and several minor lakes^ beside^ those of IPttmoh Rivei:^ seem on Ihis part of the route al^o to poont olut.the superior advantages of a^watercoma^unication. r . <> Thus !#e himeonly a oandl roote^and aimn^ route to compart, Uieiline of country beuif niMrked.' ont. and in so fiiriat>a g^ral scheme is eonoemed, the samet inboth caaes^ >itTI|» question xoKjhe reduced to thir: Whether 4faf adv4«|a^ of nniim,iinbroken» and direct comam^' cation from Quebec to the head of Lake Superior tike s6 , 4giea^0Mi^6at |t desirable* in the oirounstances under widch alone it is to be obtained. On no>smallee^acnle Jp them^awmiiidjple to contend for: if my necessary intefemptiDn M. dlowed to remain, the niii^ route aeons al once to claim; the preferende lJirouffhout«i{ ~,i-'^^lffi^,i rv.On.tilw other hand the question )a» whether t^e ad*- irtintages of the conmiunieation may not be as efibctaaUjr . ^vscnriA by amixed rootiv properly arranged, ind tlvmigb- emt. undegf one snperintendeqea ; audj^ut the exfeess of :/• wxnendttnre required for « uffiUbmr tmUiwiiMitia^ rr ' Ih order to decide this question, it will be best to aa^ I I 16 t certain at once what those advantages of communication are that are likely to be effected. They are the whole carrying trade of the west. A glance at the map will show the rapidity and complete- ness with which the western' produce can reach the Atlantic by this means ; whilst, with the avoidance of transhipment from the head of Lake Superior, or any nearer mart, to Quebec, 6t even to Europe, we have no hesitation in saying that this liiie woidd cbmmand all the freight, not only of the British, but of the United States' western lands, jmd prove highly reproductive. The^ present state of tbin^ps naturally inclines the Canadians to desire the suspension or repeal of the Navigation-laws, and Especially the free navigation of the: St. Lawrence ; but with this scheme we suggest whether; itW6uld.iiot be far better to become themselves oirnCni of vessels suited to this service, and to retain for tiiiem- Selves the carryiiig trade. This is the greatest advantage derivable fi>om this pofr tion of the lihe, and that which is most hkely to belei- sened by a mixed route. The naval i>rotection of thi@ uppeir lakes, in itself 'lOi important consideration, is alsb effected. "- -As we have stated, for a mixed route, only the nega- tive consideration offers, whether the advantages of a ship canal caunot be secured at a less cost. Doubtl««s the difference of expenditure wotild be great,^ a^^d the inconve|aienc. l& ? utT**'" **". «>'»nt'y'» greatness, to relieve fiet afflicM children, and to aid in restoring her to sound- SflfcJ^ therefore we earnestly contend for due attention «.!S?T pnnciple of systematic colonisation, and the nwwuficent onportunities that we beUeve apparent Either mode aflforda military support to the upper kkes. and to the West, and flanks t£^ Canadian Sdfcut. By either, ari army can take in reverse an attacking fpi'ce wT !t M^"^' the probable fightipg ground of aluture war, should one unhappily occur, against which surely such preparatidfis as these are the v^ best human pre- cautions. By means of either, an army, at the h«ad of -Sfi, S;^*?? "/S**' ^?l *^ in constant communication with the Capital Either opens the Ottawa country for hundreds of miles, now scarcely known except by the lum- ir'';.";;l*'?l*"'7 '**"• "P®^*" Of in that most valuable work. The Overland Journey round the Worid " by Sir , George Simpson, Governor-in-Cbief of the Hudson's Bav -Compan3 f > t e r ritori es i~ ^ ^^,^-.^-^,-,,,^^^,^^,^'^^1^ ^vTheso lumberers may be considered as the pioiiacrs of that commerce whieh oannot fiul ere long to find its way up thi. > li. 3 •r! % hoblQ river, abounding aa it does in every conceivable requisite, for ttade and agricultnre ; such as water power, abundanee of timber, good climate, and a variety of 8oU— sandy, stony, and rich. The scenery is generally picturesque, here rising in lofty rocks, and there clothed with forests to the water's edge; and the whole, being now deserted by its ancient lords,-is left free tp the civiUsing influences of the axe and the plough.'' We have pointed out lines taking the utmost advantage of the iipper lake* as these have hot the objections of a frontier communication to anything like the destructive extent of Lakes Erie and Ontario; and the greater the advance towards the west, the greater the advantage from the whole schetoe. Nature has made one great un- equalled highway into her beauteous riches in this mag- nificent country, and *a8 called on man for the .rest. Yet even her broad tract of inland sea has here and there a barrier interposed, that the progress of civilisa- tion may be preceded by reflection, and accompanied by laboar ; even aa she herself haai piloted out, and more than half completed, thengreat inland water route that we have been considering. The Sault St. Marie may be so easily overcome by a canal of two miles' length that w^ shall.only thus allude to it. -We have now arrived at the resources of Lake Su* perior ; and again we quote firom Sir G. Simpson, i^rho nimishes the most authentic afid interesting account:— -^ " Bofore bidding good-bye to Lake Superior, let me add that, mnce the date^M my visit, the barren rooks which we passed have bteome an object of intense interest, promising to rival, in pdnt of mineral wealth, the Altai Chain and the UraHan monntains. iron tad long been known to abound on the northern uiore, two mines having been at one time worked^ and abandoned chiefly on account of tempcnrary obstacles, which the grad^ advance of agriculture and civilisalion was sore to removd^uid mofe r^oently the southern shore, though of a much less fitvourable cluuracter»in this ren>ect, was found to' posdcon ridi vdnt of copper and silver, tfnder these drcum- stances, vaoons enterprimng mhabitwits of Cana^ have:pro6e. cttted inTestigatioai, which appear to^hav^ satisfiMstorily proved thtit, in addition to theur iron, the forbidden wastes of the a ortiwm ■ bBEa^^ecmtain JBfflthaartada tw *^' predons and (tf the useful metals, of gold and silver, of copper and till ; andalrrady have assodations been fjipned to reap the teeming hAvest." ' .^ - ^ ^ k - iga;- yj^'S , ?f . g -'! \ 21 " ^ ■..'..■ " > Which MsooiationB for working thet^ mines have been organised, and are working in a qui^t, but most judicious and induitrious manner,; and all acquainted with the subject Irt^^n bearing testimony to the ability and zeal *>» the directors, and the professional emptoyh. These mineral rerources probably mater^lly raise the , comparativie advantages of the ship Canal. A^ain, the lands watered by the Kaministoquob, which falls into the Lake Superior, near its western extremity, are thus described : — ^^ ^ ** Early hi the forenoon we reached the mountain pcrtaee, fdrmed by the Kakabekka ^aUs, out of sight of the main track, the scene bemg accessible only by a tangled path ; the Ka- ministoquoia, here taking a sudden turn, kaps into a deep and dark rayme, itself a succession ^ leaps/while the spectator standsjTjAt in front, near enough to be covered with th^ spray. Infert^ul volume alone to Nmgara, the Kakabekka ,has the • advantage of its fiur-famed ri^al in height of fall and wUdness of scenery. About the middle of the descent, a beautiful rain- bow, at the tame of our visit, spanned the chummg water, con- trasting sweedy at once with the white foam, the green woods, and the sombre rocks. „ . •• The river, during the day's marohypaesiBd through forests of elm, oak, pme, birch, &c., bemg studded with isles" not less fetme and lovely than its banks ; and many a spot reminded us .of the not and quiet sceneiy of Englaijd. The paths of the numerous portages were spangled with violets, roee^^ and many other wild flowers ; While the cuirant, the goosberry, the rasp, ben-y, tiie cherry and even the vme were abundant. M tms boun^ of nature was imbued, as Jt^were^ with life, by Uie !?1f ^ll°*" ^ !^*y **^ bitdJ^ and by the restless flutter of butterflies of tBe,bri|htest hfjes. Coauared with the ada- manfane deserts of Laks Superior, the Kiministoquoia presented a perfect Paradise. One cannot pass through this Mr vallev withqut feeUng thaflt is destined, sooner or hiter, to become tlw happy home of civilised ^en, with their bleatmg floob and their lowmg herds, with theur schools and their Srches. widi their foil garners and dieir social hearths. At the tune of our ^t the great obstacle m the way of sucha consummation was the hopeless wildness to the eastward ; which seemed to bar for evw the march of settlement and cultivation, ^nt that verv ST^,"?"! !*^*^*" ^ ^«^<* "P it" long J^dden stores, bi4 xair to nnnovs^the very unpedunsttts ^x^ndt it Intiierto has it^itt'" y presented. The i^m of take Superior, beride^'e'steblishhyr a contmmty of route between the east an^ w«st, wiUfindAeir ,<*5 •^ v\ -V -: W'Tf^-^'^f-? n«are8t and chiipait supply of agriw^^ prodn?! in the vdlej bfthi Kaministoqnoia. ' % '•' ^^, We now ■^nd at the heafl of Lake Superior, and, ^ reckd»»ing th» distance by tbe tortuous nature of our path, have arrWed, perhaps, halfway across the North "" American Continent. , r * Before proceeding, let va review the results of oi scheme. . . . v A rapid aQd independent qommunication with accompanied by the results stated. J\ , . ' | The samlB, interpr«Nnciiilly. m "^ ^ . The development of the resources of ^^ The carrying trade of the West. / The most materifil assistance to the defence ctt the whole country. > \ ^ A ready transport to ai>y market of the resources ot Lake Superior.* , , * , w • s . The colonisktion of the lands of the Kammistoquouu The natural though indirect result is also most im- portant and valuable; the development' of the many pro--: mismg ramiBcations from the trunk line. ,^ , , ^ Qfi^nuing our journey to the west from the be^d *f LaSFsuperior, the objections to a frontier coromunicar tioh retuni upon us ; while yet the natural facUuies for a water communication render it very tempting«>efofe we have gone any great distance ; and, in smte of our jud^. ment, we should have decided most unwill^gly against it, did not, fortunately, the imrivalled richness of the land come to our aid ; rendering it certain that, besides the active occupation of unobstructed waters, it can abund- antly coiimand\a railway fifota the mouth of the Kami nistoquoiaio th^ Lake of tbeAVoods j the hne touching „ '' atRaingLake. \, lA 'j^i • %4n the above »» V^SH^El "^^ no^|^|^t«r ^otmt of the rewuxce. of the l^'^^>MmSml^''^ *? .""^STl! J^.^°1.« the ore from the Immenie jnflWlpnPSikt e»i«t on thi» take .too hM giTMi the following pemil^:— \ / Niokel ...\.... *« W percent. '- -, CJobdt ...\. 10-48 i, V Cktpper . . . .X. : . . . 8"14- , » , Inii ....... \....i »-4T „ ; ■ - -^-. ■• — — Ar m nifr-andSAtohmt^.^.^ -W'M a,:.^,^ : — '. ^ f SiUce, &c.....\. ' »*82 „ ^ The fortuity of the Uadt ebore Mke Huron ia, we preeume^ uniT«««Uy ^^..,*noirti, , „ \ » - ." ■ •f^ ium«» unirtnaUy We have fajl^erto found the canoe route #om iime immemorial the most a^Tantageniis, and it irill probabfy continue our best guide to the general line of the future communication, exceptir^ where, to aeek water, it dcTiatea fVom d djrect course in a country of nearly the same levels. Then a railway would aelect the faon direct course. The objection to a line of canal, any considerwble part of which runs near the frontier, is insurmountable, for the destruction of any part thereof renders it useless. This objection applies to the improvement of the navigation to Rainy Lake, in connection with the river of that name, to the Lake (^ the Woods. That we have not exaggerated the beauty and fefVlity of this scene, the following description, firom Sir G. Simpson's journey will show : — '^ « The river which emotiea Lao la |1me into the Lake of the Woods tSMeddedlj the fiuest on die. whole rpute, in more thau one respect From Fort Frances downwards, i^ stretch of nearly a hundred miles, it is not interrapted by a singly impedi. ment; while yet the current is not strong enough malerially to retard an ascending traveller. Nor are the banks less Ikvonrahle to agricaltnre than the waters themselves to navigation, resem- bhng in some measure those qf the Thames near Riohmond. From the very brink of the river there rises a gentle dope of green sward, crowned in many places with a plentiful growth of birch,' poplar, beech, elm, and oak. Is it too much, for the eye (rf nhilanthropy to discern, through the vista of fi^niity, this noble stream, connecting as it doe^ the fertile shores of two ispadons lakes, with crowded steam-boats on its boaom. and pd^ulons towns on its borders ?" Surely the time is come for the opening ^ gtii^'scitaes aa these to relieve the crowds perishing around us) The immediate object beinc to extend our chain of labour as far as possible into the west, and to develop as much as possible.^ its resources; the railroad might, &r. the present, temuQate at Rainy Lake; and > be agaiB resumed at the head of the first rapid of the River WInnepeg, proceeding from thence to Fort Garry, in the Red River settlement. It will be retnembered that it waa considered advisable to garrison this .settlement dnrinff -the tinccrtainty of the issued the Oregon questionrtte- troops proceeding from England to Fort York, Hudson's Bay, and thence to Fort Garry. ; 'J'^i'' Ckrf:«MS! ?„«■(. !■* '^"i . -s ^ ^ts: ^ %. 5-- . ■ ■ ■ ' ( . Some offices from Canada havina been ordered Uiere after the regular departure of the Hudson's Bay Compaq ny's canoes were actually compelled to proceed tbrouah the United States' territory! ^ .We have! now attained Lake Winnepeg, and gained most important advantages for our western progress, haying provided the country thus far with an easy and ^ick communication ; the advantages thereof accrue to the entire shores of this vast Jake and to those of its tri- butaries ; whilst the soil is so fertile as to have attracted an important and flourishing settlement, when access to*it ' could only be gained by the most laborious and tedious process; a circumstance precluding the possibility of full agricultural development, or any commercial activity. The Saskatchewan flows Into Lake Winnepeg with a rapid of three miles, which b^ats, however, desc^; after this it is navigable for many hundreds of miles, and boats can ascend it for fourteen hundred miles. The southern brarich of the same river, though less is known * of its banks, is also unobstructed* We would also remark, that when thus connected with the chain of North American civilisation, the route from the northof Lake Winnepeg to Fort York, which is marked out by the River ^elson and a series of lakes, may become a luie for settlements. A ship annually arrives at Fort York for the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. Who can tell how many may eventually do so? Thus -far^that is, to works at the rapids of the Sas- katchewan—our presdnt proposals extend, on account of the amaiing extent of country opened by this one only set- tlement, which can be easily protected, and will at once become an important pbst. As to the means of communication themselves, by which these countries are opened, besides the traflSc and freight resulting firom the cultivation of the West, that of the , Hudson s Bay Company may prove not ineonsiderable ; though, probably, however advantageous in all respecta to themselves, the Company may be somewhat unwilling to see the mystery and romance of their territory invaded. The necessity of protecting works further in the inte- ![!^I:!?ffy!- ^?**'^^ ^^* ?{ Ind ians is a formidable im- ~ |Maimenv to tn^r sttecemilitl prosecution at "presentx anBf^ the scheme marked out is as vast as we can hope or desire to see forthwith undertaken; whilst, with the pro- ^t^'imXiMi^^'iii-'Cj i85 present J rail gress of its execution, the obstacles dfiering in the Hud- son's Bay Company's territories will Jbe proporilonably diminished. So long, however,, as the empire's heart is overburdened by a surplus multitudel it would be re- membered that most fertile and lovely tracts of country, many times larger than England, exifltt in the body of that empire, which never yet within the knowledge of man'have yielded their fruits to his serviipe. A manifold- multiplied value also is given to every bart of the con- nected communication between it and the Atlantic, and thereby also to eveiy part of British America, when once ' the goal of the Pacific is attained. \ From the extreme ^int rendered accessible by the waters of the Sasketchewan, where, probably, the con- tinuation would at first begin, the distant^ is not com- ^paratively great ; the hostility of the Indians overcome (or what, for the present, would more efiectually restrain England's advance, the possibility of th^ sufierings being increased by the progress of civilisatibn), the pas- sage of the Rocky Mountains may rather prove a stimulant, as it will be the last remaining obstacle, f^d attention being called to the subject, may urge to exertion the talents of such men as have elsewhere conq^red every natural difu^lty, however formidable. \ The time bf its being accomplished will, I we think, depend chiefly on the progress of oivilisatioii from the east; it misht have been greatly hastened bjra sfanul- taneous settlement from the western coast, but'^i^land's ministers have there surrendered aU territory of agricul- tural value, and, in effect, cut off her interior from the seaboard: nor let the crantry now reproach them whose apathy and incredulity neglected the ability an4 labour that laid before it the proofs of our rights. It was occu- pied bestowing complnnents in return for f^ocioua threats. While the minister was censuring the (plenipo- tentiary for maintaining our claims, the country was aban* doning her distant pioneels. T But durinff the execution of that part of the schemoi which will pUoe four-fifths of the degrees of longit^e of our North American empire in instant and unbioken communication with England, in formation can M^i}6^ lected; surveys taken, and the best means devised, and who can say that great resources may not yet be found Id that unpromising part of Oregon remaining to usf The day has been, when, aks ! the riches of all North t„ ft '■t i ^ ■.<"'! f-ft m AuMiHea were as lightW esteemed, and the disappoint* mentof those who saw Oregon's fairer part lost may have led them to undervalue the part saved. Its geograirfiical importance, at least, it camiot lose. Such an opening of the sources of industry and wealth as will systematically relieve the well-ni^h desponding multitudes of the land, should be the primary object during the execution of the works we have been contemplating, as it is their highest and noblest aim. ' i . > ? mi r ! ,, To derive from these measurejs the ^ielSnt, benefits they may confer, the work' must be executed undeisthe superintendence of the Imperial Government. In a young country, where there is yet little general capital and much speculation, the systein of contracts is,. at all times, bad for extraordinary works. TheJ^ure df the parties, from whatever cause occurrii^ wHTonly ruins themselves, and is of great injury to tbei findertaking, but the opportunity the system furnifinnlkro dt^onesty is repndiensible beyond expression. Very commonly the lal^^r, who has worked unremittinely, i is defrauded of his eahungs, and left starving and nelpless, a prey to discontent and. indignatipn, whilst to him it seems but a mockerv that he has no protection to look to. And, in spite of the legal impediments interposed by a contract, who can gainsay the equity of the man's persuasion, that "It was a Government work, an^ they should ; have pro< tected the poor man's toil." Thus are the spirits of men embittered and exposed to the heartless soj^istries of demagogues) very far towards blighting the happy moral effects of the stimulus afforded to labour would such a system tend ; and, even if the whole scheme were so com- pleted with a\\ the precision of the most perfect sood faith, how very far short would the beneficial results fidl of those which might be attained ; for the experienced craftsman and the regular excavator would then share the benefit, and, probably, the transient stranger, also, if not foe, at- tracted by the harvest to be reaped. On the other hand, if entirely conducted by Government, and with the above object kept constantlv in view, one result of this pro- poi^, the jgreatest and the happiest, the most triumnhant anoTendunng — on e tha t may st amp the era, ana the cpiihCry, as presenting the noblest monumdtat of humaii wisdom and benevolence that the world has known — remains yet untold. The principle of our proposition may be thus briefly / <^^3*^w_ . ^Sj Jl.ji«L«j'^.i6««iiii ''■ i!'jit/!iiiJ!U-MS«.i^'\ ^kli^^ ("'"fS^Vf""^!..'' " •'■ "^' «7 be thus briefly embodied: That the removal of a surplus population into unocoujpied -and fertile lands will benefit both the population from which the pressure of redundance is remoyed, and the population so removed : both the scene quitted, and those new sought. Now, the direction of the labour by which these new lands are to be reached9 and'their resources developed, afibrds singular opportunities vor the moulding of that nucleus, from which these .tuture countries will be formed, and which will also greatly influence the existing ones. We will ^ace such superintendence from the be- ginning, assuming the worst case, the recurrence of a sickness and affliction similar to last year's fearful visitation.^ ' , t . . ^ The system of superintendence must begin in Great Britain, to abolish at once the cruel crowding* of starving emiffrants. Should the sickness unfortunately recur, as we nave assumed, can we express how greatly even thus its most fearfol features would be mitigated ? The emigrant arrived in the new sphere of his labour — say sick (again to choose the worse case for example)— is removed to the hospital, which should be in connection with the works ;^hi8 frame has not been wasted by starvf ation and neglecti^^wa» and he has no fear for the future, harassing his dtbspcmding spirits. When recoverinff, he can, during' a gradual convalescence, (for strensdi returns but ^slowlv after these typhcnd fevers), regain his strength upon m9«orka;Jtul receiving according to * See eeMoialljr the letter wldreaeed by the Hon. Adam Ferrie, H. L. C, Canada, and Chainnan of the Eai%ration Committee, to Lord Grey, reprinted in the Appendix heretd. this letter not only showe the fearful erib that hare rMulted from the want of euperiotendence to prerent the crowding of emigrant veatels, but presents a true, and even softened picture of the agonis- ing horrors that have acccnnpanied "Spontaneous Emigration," whilst in the midst of the crime and misenr, of which it is its chief object to prevent a repetition, it finds a pbtce to point out the reciprocal beneflu to be derived from a properhr-conducted system of colonisation. This letter cannot be too gener^ circmated amongst legislators and landlords to acquaint them with - the sumring — for wtdeh they are, in truth, responsible — amongst the tower class of tenants and labourars, to point out to them the real prospects of an emigration to British America under existing circumstances. Having betn publish ed in the papers, it is appended, but we in no way what S8 ha need from the hospital, HwntinyaUy encouraged bt the increased quantity t>f work he cin perfom, and never reduced to begftary or to receiving almr: for the arrangement of the labour may easilj be made t^ embrace the ahght services of,the weS, and tholHttfe more valuable, of the ignorant, by apportioning pa^menl I^inff "^**'*' "' ^l task-worlcr Intell^f and pamstaking overseers and master-mechanics should be appointed to instruct iri the various trades, as weU as to «Tri." Kl"** '\^ """h A«y. themselves being, whe^ver practicable, selected from the body. The whole of the men employed should be only those from Great Britain wTLI^^k' "^'^ ^f'-^ «b«»»t to adopt British America for their home, and unprovided settlers in the country. *or the refractory or troublesome there should be nothing but immediate and quiet dismissal; there need be no hurrying m the work; no opportunity whatever afforded to a combination; no admission whatever of foreign re^urces. Much mi^rht be thus learnt, whUst none need leave the works without an aptitude for that general rourih work required in a new country. This r^ar «nd steady mode of conduotifl^4e work would, mdependently of the arriving numliersJ^Smand labour at the lowest wages; by theur maintaining them, the price of labour would be nowhere raised, nowtificial stimulus given to speculation, no momentary and hollow prospenty produced, but the rapidity of the progress of the work be regulated by the demand ezistun for employment, and more country, in other wordsTmore room be obtained. Private enterprise would derive all the advantage of the new sources opening, without any of the injury of a rival contention for jaboimii ^ And yet we hesitate not to say that the worits may thus be executed, includiM aU expenses, more cheaply, much better, and as quickfy. as by any other mode, whilst the Iwpulation formed will be invaluable. The attention of the world is arrested, watching the W ?Lif '/T^h ""^ **P*™**"" *?^«»' »»» especially from the United States, a cry goes forth that England is JJ™**ffl'":r**"T?*y *" abominatioi?— Europe expended. ^'S^T.mtHJ'^IT.^ ^^.fi-^l »y%^he^ the r^ol n * • ■fe'*"' **' *5? i^J' ■* *^« tribulation atf Great Britain. We are still first of nations; we still revere the nameft of our fathers; oh! be we animated .•wjilii**^' Ji.'»,^s-»«ljA4'w4.a^, '>4ji)«»Vi-i.iBj.i *i?-;J'-i*)(i»^ '■p''~-'K'fSi-:. -^Bfjfil^^pW ■'f»f^f#' rv^ ^1 -■?'■".'•» Ti.-^««J..^ " 4., .-r^. , - 'f j^ . a "" "V" r '"' Uy encouraged by can perform, and iring almg; for the isily be made to k, and tbole, little lortioning payment Intelligent and :hanic8 shoald be ides, as well as to B beinft, wherever The whole of the om Great Britain, t British America rs in the country, there should be lissal; there need ortunity whatever «ion whatever of lus learnt, whilst aptitude for that iountry.^ iductin4.1^ work imbers/command maintaining them, lised, no artificial Qtary and hollow »f the proigress of and existmg for ber words, more would derive all ling, without any >our, ^ ' e works may thus re cheaply, much mode, whilst the $d, watching the fst us, especially that England is nrope estpended. rfotw, but therg le tribuTatKJn »f lations; we still be we animated 29 by their spirit to ^how that the great and the lowly, the strong and the weak, the learned and simple, will unite to maintain England's integrity, which is her greatness ; and to make a continued and vigorous effort to render her, not on her own soil only, but wherever her children have gone forth to dwell, there also, merry,, hapov. good, old England. . ' . And we dare add, that we believe, that such a mode t)f carrying out the scheme as we have endeavoured to de- scribe, IS, in fact, a centralisation of the funds and objects of charity, enterprise, and state necessity, for the diF 4)f a healthy educated industry — for « i&oran^catibn of the noblest kind. If much of oui' people/has not yet been taught to read and write, here is an opportunity of uistilhng lessons productive of much greajr blessings, whUst every man can now be.taught them, while, as it were, passing through the portals into the scene of his new hfe. On the very shore of America, where all we still most dearly reverence is now most vilified, we shall hold up the standard highest, and show that our monarchy and our faith still lead us foremost in all good actions knd . evei^j,good desire. Then shall the execution of these communications and all their results be greatest as the beans of an education of affection for our country, devotion to our Sovereiihi. and reverence for the institutions of our fathers— which will find many to continue them— and hand them doww ia the lands their kbour wiU have opened, perhaps, until time shall be no longer. We cannot forbear a short allusion to the extraordi- nary facilities in the country for ship-building, iron, tim- ber, the material for charcoal, all in abundance, and surely enough bufldmg space; what could she then sain by a repeal of the Navigation-laws ?• She would only fa*7^HS'&r'.""H?,.**v ]^* NtTigation Ltwt, which hm tppMrea' ShW^r^ „"**;!• P^"*fd«.t Toronto. C. W., bear eminenUy oVthfl subject M it now etanai, whilst it wiU resdilr be perceired how neaUr SSS^n 2" ^P"*"*^'/' <»>»>y consideriS this^uestion Z^^t V^^ A.^ T^\^^ 51"?**^ ^P*"*** *° shipping is incressed. With re^d to the West Ind» timde. independent of tWhome •ngarcwrrfa. tr.de, a most profitable interH»lonial ti^ may b« ertaWishedTSSTSf Sh^^w "^' "•* ?'«^*'»™.t»d« of oranges, lemoi!^ u,d trop™ ft^S vesgls to these ooontries. , The (tenner an, at present, impwted mosaTS^n inferior qodit, fbm the United States^ M^STKSVtLTelllent " •N te*itt-^ I ,''4^1 J'iifUia .«. ^L^y^^A^rt 'if. •"^'jf -^■*''yw*i'¥3^^ 30 lose, perhaps, the time necessary to develope resources so long and unaccountably neglected. Why lose a sinffle ^^ day in supplying ih^ West Iiflian"^market ? . ^« J>»'egoing pages will have explained our views as totheibundant 8ufficienc;r of the means at hand in our Worth American Possessions of greatfy alleviating the distress occasioned by the overcrowding of our home population. But we do not wish entirely to leave un- noticed the fact that these possessions fom* only a portion of thfe resources at our command, and which, with a judicious regulation of the impulse to emigi^tion already in existence--not less consistent with sound „po"C7 than with humanity— wouW be effectually brought It has not formed part of pur present plan to offer any suggestions for the arrangements connected with the superintendence of the emigrant on his voyage, but rather with givbg him the means of gaining his sub- sistence o* Ins arrival in his new home; ind I am convmced Ihat if, m addition to the capabiliries of Brifish America, the resources of IndU, »ibout tobe so m^ch more fully developed by the Great Iftdian RaUway and the steam communication with Australia, and the fields tor indiM^ and enterprise in the immense contments and islands we i^ssess in Australia, Van Dieman's Land, JNew Zealand, &c., be systematically attended to, the surplus population of aU ranks which is now festering in ^tf™?" ^^' '•'^ *^*'' "** **" '''*°'°' ^^fo^ the priM may be l^IlTJ^ Brii«A C»foH«» ;-« The NavigiUioi Uw^-Any change of the«e laws fthottld be made with a view to benefit Canada. It U ' ernem^rWW- howew. th^t thoee who have been foremoet SliWurbg ?^SS2j' haw aadgned no dther motive for doing w than t^tJapSraS SnveS of procnnng foreign diip. to do our carrying trade ata.\Ser«to No doubt the new free-trade eyetem^ the im^iTl GoyemnSoLhKMitiiST iTi^' colonial reUtionehip. releaseeZfrom the obliS^ioi^mffln a monopo y for Great Britain, but we must take care and £it abuM a newhr acquired liberty. We have the means of 8hip.buildiJg^wiS.rn 01^1*^ wd H!mJ^^r °~*"""^,^?' >»''^8 fo"J«««" to do forw what wrhar;very facility for accompbehing in a most efficient and profitable way . Wh2 would profit aiiada meet considerably i. a naVigation law to farow S ^r^^H '^r^'- ./'«'7 «>'>«>»'7 in the world ^tect, ftTown ^.^ng teade, ud why should not Canada ? It is not necessary to resort to union ^^"f^ P^te°tiv. law| , |,at t h e preference to our bwJ7c^T^,SS^ M-te adtblt foreign competition whenever our own sWpping interests rtSd prove ^competent, either fhJmawantof enterprise o?^indu,t«r to S be cutM not to throw away a aouree of employment to ou artisan and »- ijt-fiii^iA' 'Ss4i«B'iuri*^i<> 'ii^it4„ '•j^&JS'ifi !g#^.0 '■^Z*'* f efore, tbe prize may be Glreat Britain, will be rendered.an invaluable treaaure» of which each of the countriea alluded to may only claim a fair proportion. The mtians of restoring all classes of the Country to a healthy activity and to happinesi^, so far from exceeding labouring population, a profitable internal trade, and tbe tneana of substantial and permanent wealth to the whole province. The cry for foieigq ships ia qnpatriotic and mercenary. No one, who looks forward to the position which Canada is destined to occupy at no distant day, will hesitate to concede the importMice and inestimable advantage of a judicious navigation law, koving for its object the increase and prosperity of our shipping trade." From the same, to the Editor of The BritUh Colonist : — Are we to avail our- selves o| ocean trade or not from tbe port of Toronto 7 The propeller lately launched does infinite credit to the builders as a river or lake craft. . . . Now the same builders might easily finish a vessel better adapted for crossing the ocean, and if the opportunity is lost here, John Bull ceiliinly will himself seize it ; or he will have lost much of his commercial enterprii^^Se satis- fifed with an indirect communication when he can have it direct. Has he not endeavouftd to force cargoes to the Indies, to the Wawaddy,, to Timbuctoo, and every pUce where there was a chance of an outlet for his manu&otured goods? MA is it likely, in a voyageof weeks instead of months, he will neglect the St. Lawrence t The great fact is now knovra on 'change in Lon- don and Liverpool, that a ste^er of above 600 tons has gone safe to Montreal ; ... and I predict a season will not pass before notices are stuck up of » vessel clearing direct for Toronto from Liverpool Ships ar« tugged up now fMm Quebec to Montreal— why should they not be to Kingston '" I i From the same, to the same :r-" If the merchants here do not build, another season will not pass over before vessels will clear out direct for Lake Ontario from the Old Country. . . With the increased ^Btcility of export, a num- ber of articles now neglected, that wonld pay a reasonable freight and give a flur' return, would be sent. I am not advocating any wild nieculation, but what in the common course of things must take place, aud to be prepared for the change. Now it is evident that thousands of acres of fine titaber, which have taken ages to grow, are every season consumed in a day, leaving only the ashes to tell the tale ; and they never can be replaced, even if required. All th$8 may be otherwise with the means of direct shipment in the harbdnr. The great bulk of general cargo will consist of the great sUple, brj»d siuA. . . But let me enumerate a few of the articles that are now burnt on the ground, and that might be sent in their rough state to a ready market- staves, oars, gun-stocks, handspikes, jspokes for wheels, hobs, handles for axes, and other carpenters' tools, &o., ito. . . The blocks used for the wood pavement of London came mostly fron^ the Baltic ; why not from Canada, if such are again required t When it isj known that particular wants can be supplied cheaper here than elsewhere, i contracts will soon flow in. And if half the time is only occupied in devcjloping the resources of the province, instead of gry political dissensions destroying the good feeling between man and man, Canada will become a great country." Existing circumstances naturally explain the somewhat contracted mode of advocacy adopted in the extracts we haVe made, but they sufficiently exhibit the &cilities for, and inducements to, ship-building in the country. And all may be thrown, by an ig j n dininns »nd sudden abrogation of all nav" Taws, into the hands of a rival and hostili country ! The true point for commercial freedom at present seems certainly to be the most intimate union with the Colonies ; not with strange nations that afibrd no reciprocity. ./-, "''I ■**!5SiV'iL'»sti.JW #^-*Bak-^ i^i,W.l»^^f^^l5*iJ%^#«^i^^l^ >± /' ^ a ' the powers and capabilities of the empire, lie within a comparatively limited portion of the dominions given into our hands when the ftindamental principles of our laws were yet esteemed the empire's most valuable and «acred trust. The co-operative employment of exclusively British re- sources may athieve a restoration of England's integrity, and an extension of her supremacy surpassing any records of past power, wealth, or virtue. This endeavour to poii ^ point out the resources that l^ave impressed my mind with the iiiUest strength of convictftfil, as available for the r* of suffering and cfovastt^on. In tiid sad realisation of thesi adpie- hensions, Canada, my lord, has fiitmisM a '*bill of nutftaUty" which, in her future history, will constitute an unwelcome and nidancholy record of her wrongs ^d furnish just cause of re- moaoh to the names and mem(nry of those at whose instance m inhnmanjacrifioe waa aocomplisbed. Fully sansibld of the ^^f^u^ ompuu and devious that some suitable expressicm embodying the gMa;. r^ views of tbe people cf this province should be Oiadb known ia( tile imperial Government Ihad the honour, in my seat in ./ y^r ?** ^, 'aH^r" It. the liegislative Council, ou two oooasions, tapaove an ad4re«8 tpher moat graoiooa Majesty, which, haviag> been voted, waa forthwith addressed and forwarded. . , I do not ^Mire to offer jour lordship, in the present ocunmu- nioation, anj views or (pinions which I may have formed as to the policy of those measures which have been adopted by her Majesty's Qovemment in relation to those emigrants who have been sent to Canada ; nor is il; my intention to impugti t^e^mo- tivea of those landed proprietors of the (uothep-conutry who have ■ought, thirougli the gre&t/itream of emigration, to li^ them- lelves of the burden of a worn-out and^iu^ro^table population, wholly destitute of that mental and^hysical exertioft. mdispen-. stable to useful labour and the Buccewof honest industry, : | ^ . I am, my lord, wholly averse to t6^ Vain and nseleps «kbibtn tion before the public eye wtkiplL i^|^t bring m^ forward as (k prominent; aotor in those scenes^ pf human wretchedness -wii d^sgradalion which* in the performfiiicQ.of; my o^v^ ^x^ja^^ )Mf been my nMifprtune to witneu). "Nothing fi^rt'i;^ i^ Imperious > senpe of duty, which all, fidthiul and iqya) fpl^eoj^ . owe to.the honpiir and interests of their ^over^g^aipf^ weightier nsppnaibiUties of an e]^hten«^ l^iips^a^t^^ow^ have Maoi^ the pxe^taj^peal to the j^ce apcL ^^lufopy <^ your lordship. SL/f , The public JpontionM^.wluch, by tl)^le^70 s^nt off by Qie extensive limded piTopn^etora pf h^^4 and iiad wiiit the emi- 'V ^eir t^pents. I W ieayv the ilprdship, that in the frequent int ig?rw||^ili^to^ ooc^«j<^ SLWrtion, V , * *i~tk ^ .^A^j^ 4«i i^Li K,\jt'' -^i^ fMtttfim^ J w-*- • •• UK fN ptatHtliaaAf M keacls of fiimllies, as to ttie inctt^^AttlA imd«t' irhoae anraoritiy and direction they had beep permitted to em- bark in Buoh a defeDceless and uifprotemed conditiotii' The answer invariablj was, thsrt it had beeti done by one or other ' of the parties above mentioned. When blamed for going on board t those vesseb, in which they sailed in sAch a state of debility and want,' they gave for answer that they were starving at home, and were induced to that step by bemg promised many ad-^ > mjxtagtm, which they had ndVfer realised. For instance, there have been this year about one thonsaad persons shipped off by the agents of Lord Palmerston, who not only promised them clothes, bat they were assared that his lordship had agents at Qaebeo, tb whom instmctions had been sent to pay tiiem all ^ frdini £3 to £5 each &mily, according to thisir nambera* On their aitival, however, no agents of his lordship were to be fbiihd yvai they were then thrpwn upon the bounty of the Clovfiitifment h^re, itnd the charitable donationi of' private indi*. vidoals. If his lordship was aware of this mo^t horrible and > r* hj^drtlete co the part of his Irish agents, and /hip ono'Df im Mldi^tert of the Crown, I dare not say what he would dl>- ierve. ^fitit ttokt charity, my lord, which ^thixyteth no ^vil," WoiiKl f^iiUih ihd td hope that a nobleman of Engboid, high in the confidenoei^ of her most gracions Majesty, and sluoing in &^ 'libtibtirttble administrations (rf^ier Go i6far^r«st that duty which he owed t6 God, htl Sovereign, and his edtttitry ; but that it was the wanton and unauthorised act of i^OktUMs aikd unprincipled hirelings, in \whoBe bosoma ' «V«ir¥ pfriftbijite of huinanity and every germ of mercy had be- ^me'fciMlfBxttobt.^ '■'• ■■■■-.'.; ■-'■.- :-.v.-- ^^^■-■ - ' Ma!n)rth(m^hds 6f these ttidkappy beitigii'MTe'Mteli tt^timil tb that orttel^ytem of marine impriioUm«)it whicl^ in crowded ' veteete; ind the impure atmosphere of twixt declM, ibdaoesc! •,?' b(MbfQO««nd w«t«r »w«i mndi too ■mplljfiv Uiq itHDltitiidetioa b^. |» mMy iiwtMic«» from MX t«) «g}i^ kiMidred, w«re liMdl«dlqgetkerm o«« io^isoriiiaiMkte inna^ lieipgdpDl^ tl^ mMilber.w))ioh,the vewela were oi^pable, of Mcmnodatiuf .vittT •ar^esi^of «oaifdrtorMkfi)t7. Imosthei^m^lG^ei^wi * fny deep reg^ tbat men pretondiag to be ChriatUagya^fe* ^'poeiiillj^tlmt Britone ooqld be gmltjr of eaeh be^bwitj.evi^^ntU; ' ?ior the paltrj pnipoee of firming Ihemselvee fjoin thf n#tfirai »d jwt bnrden of'-aenirting to eapporl «ad proyide for tbeir own'pdor. Suob an outrage on the cUia» ve bera oommitted in tbe vUe f^d'heartlmi traffic of the Alav»>trade, on wbieh Kn gJM id has set the seal t^f ^ her joet rep:[obation, and againat whose inhuipa^ war^e f^e ha« pointed the eranon of her gallant navy; bat- tluit fufh horrible and disgasting sceoes ae joit deeoribid eM^ |uv6 , bein olactod under the very flag which ■honidlHs J¥ vr^^^WO^ to -her nilibrtanate and defenodeee pal^ta^ ia| nu|i|f p^hy <^ Gagland, ami tlwowii a dark ehf^ti over th^ |i^t psc^teheop fA her wdU*ea«ned finae and glory. 1% wo^ld, |n my Qpi^qi^ have ben more humane to have nt.oaee dejpri,v^ |tj^ of: Ufs^, thantOdhaire. thn» Btt^ected them tp^ th<»i^ exttWjin^rittflleriiiga KBd*prlvatJM»whi«h^«enredo)ily to inoreaae tW£mi,fm4, wmg,, idfylhefwroiisqf afimfiildiseolntion, ,. / >(j, , , .j , " ^ emjgranta Ait»,itb^.»j»u«w i»eetog.^f *e ^»#iep oCJP^TJS^J^ Arantwitk^ ^ hem lecewfty feeW,.** iRh«*f ^alW nmAveH ''tg ship back to Ireland the decrepit, aged, and naked chUdreii an4 mmmjmof^ to that iKurt," Th««ft pifgrtunate beingfa pcp- stitorte «|wt<»f ^* iW» ,^Mi»«n^.N»»<^i*r*,1^0ptQi»:p, eslatetatShgo. i«;;.lw -;«-,t '•i-t^.^m • ^,;,,.-n. c "o,.^/-, ./ . . A iKipy;;of this resolntiRa ^ be^m trf^h«mitted to, Bis EflKeUaneyatbe .^awBHwriS Qffieiji^ 1<» be, %^yr4yd to'jtty swjr juMd isBgwig^ woidd be- vh(% i|u4M|,af|te tp ej^npij^ fakakted^'toint^e.,...^ i^^^,,^^ ,% ^ity ,^i,^, .^^^Zj, '' " 'ma h ▼. . mi* {mimrpy (of^hnmaii beliig* whieh hm rtodivdl ftnm Uvd PiliiMinlon'B estate wm b^ the ** Loid Aaliburtoiiy" tha oaptUkfai of wbioh bot a few days gmce died of (ha prevailiiig fever, and eonsistad in alj of ona hundred and sajenty>foor man, wonteB, and youths; of whieh eigbty-saven wen aUnoat in a state of nndity. Np time wat lost in oOjilacting from the mili- tary, iriio have on tihJa^oceasicn iuid throi^if^KNit thaaeaN your lordship 4hat tha ped^e df tibie jMrovinoe generally are disposed to weloome to tha coiintiy all who may f^l inclined to emigrate. T!3)»y are wil« ling to lend a helping hand to those incipient afforta df amigra's , ,»hd^of those who landed on bn^^rWSfltf ..S Sifr**?^^^.^* «»"^<>'*W» visitation; wmainedTO tl^'^L'^SSS^^*!?^^^**?^ ^^ ♦^^ indigent bhildS ddvm n^ffdfDl ftM> v^U yjLed in the hta««S S ^ST agent8.at the emigrant ports ; and now, Whett «tt%ratidS^hii« oeM^ to h# of a healthy .«hiwrt«,i and iw»^a\igiiaZ S5i°^ ^''* «WWW.wi j>9OTir«l«)oth^on the part of her Majejrtgr 8 Government and the^hovlnaal Piriiamwt of the Provmoe, no sach OMiartitldni^'aA deemed expedient? The nece«ai7i5»B«^ ,W^ reciS^g the e^! giwilii^lio^ qf Alhoee ships which are offered as a convey- ance u now left, it wonld seem, entirely tp the ouplditi jiid despotic crueltj of the caotains in cb&mknd,^ WrE^ agents temporarilv appointed. * _It is a fact which cannot be questioned, mv lord, that the Government agents were, in various instances, sadlv deceived V ^^l "?Po*^ o« V Ae mercenary views and artful policy of the ship-agents, and those immediately coiicenied in tiWs inhuman tia&c of flesh and blood. For iys before the emigranto were admitted on bearf, the vessels destined to receive them were anchored in the stream, having been pre- viously furnished with a Urge quantity of materiataand wik. "i u i.*°*^ ri '^ em ployed for the exp r«» pnrpnye of tumtJBa^ Tramtroiar^s. In some vessels. Into eitr^ tiers'from dwf were indisonmmately forced. The pleadings of humanity werS o'd'k' -It -f VII. M Itifled by t^^OTimi^ cravingf of that rapwa^ which,nyoiced u^t^e ai^tiqipatxQii that it was abqat to receiv^ t#o potih^ i>» head for eyerj additional victam. ^ ; *~^^*^ , KroittJ**^ over-crowding of the ships, apd t^e absence (^ yrpjier acwipmodation, it is easj to perqeive (hat not only great ^^^vemence, but much severe siAering must hive ensued to togee^ho wet^ oompeUed by poverty and destitution to place (^maeives uj the hands of rapacious and tinprinoipled sharper?. v^ !ffo whatever causes the present defects in the plan of en^- ffm^i may be | attributed, it is to be hoped, my lord, that he^ m9^^y a Oovenunent will wisely profit by the sad conw- ftWWoes^Wch have reenlted from the |^judioiou¥ and arbitraiy inewnxes polled both, by ^e Umded proprietois and thrfr mfl^mmi^^ tiM tfeey^wiU av»& &mselvew»rthQii M»m iwch .may be^offewjd 1>X JJw peoale^ Xanada. and ,, , Wf au« ^u^ niey.wm i^va^ ttemselvewjf thoM W'WfW ^W,i?»»7 1>^, offered !> v the peorie of l^lnada. aad >>'>iuhu!^ <-^*Jwwethe,.hommrlo^n:w:'.,i : {,> oj ... ],.,,..„, ^''* Jo !:;';■ '"'! ;7^■theWgh«Br>k)ns^det«ti^fl^^^^'---H f.j,; :cf'-i(,'q '/liiiiijrfj ;>f^r If- ■.ii)v.v;^j ■inr ,w]t .,.,;/,, -r^ ^o-MfliliObedi«nli.iumjbleaer»i»Vi>.-..'.T-->i .■ih'.n Kiui'- '•1 'a. 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