IMAGE EVALUATION TEii TARGET (MT-3) /> // 1.0 I.I 1.25 1.4 1.6 Phologmphic Sciences CorfMDraflon ^ 4 ^ V f. \ ^ k \\ ^9> :.w V ^ b.^ 'i?,^ 23 WEST MAIN STMEET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) S72-4S03 y. .6> CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Tachnical and Bibiiogrjphic Not««/Not«« tachniquas at bibliographiquaa TY.jt Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha bant original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may significantly chan^a tha uaua' mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. n D n n Colourad covars/ Couvartura da couiaur r~n Covari damagad/ Couvartura andommagi* Covart raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raatauria at/ou palllculAa r~n Covar titia mianing/ titra da couvartura manqua " ! 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Un daa symbolse scivants apparaltra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, s&Con le caa: la symbols — *> signifie "A SUIVRE ", ie symboie V signifie "FIN". Maps, plataa, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to be entirely Included in one expoaura are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The foilov ing diagrama illuatrata tha method: Lea cartea. planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmto i dee taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsqua le document eet trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir da Tangle sup4rieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en baa. en prenant le nombre d'imeges niceasaira. Laa diagrammee suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 From Thk Canadian Enuiniskr, Novtinbtr, IH07 THE NAVIGATION OF THE AIR. > I. Kirn • \. Ldilor Canadian Enoinibr : BahoKiis tu date have always been »yniinetrical in cross MCtiuii, or around on cither vertical or horizontal axis of rota- tion. They have been splierei or tphcroids, and when the latter, iometinicfi oblate, sometime* prolate, that ii, elongated a» the Irnion, stiuat or flattened at the poles, as with the oratiae or the apple. Tlicy have also l)ccn niailc ovoid, as the egg, and even spindh ikc. as t'.ie weaver's shuttle; but always syn,- metrical i:i any and every section. ,ierpendicular to the axial line. Thus there lias never been an attempt, as with flying machines, to imitate in a balloon the shape o( a bird on the wing; and yet there should be, there must be, to be siiecessful in dircctinR them, as man has become in propelling vessels thront{h the water by building them in imitatioti of the fish, Nor will llyiiiK maehi.ics ever prove a success until some close' imitation has .)cen arrived at than heretofore, of the wiuK 'fl (leiii/i-ns of the air. These have been supplied with machines which h.ive to lierform the double .uty, not r.nly of propulsion ihroMgh" tl.e air. but of ministering the white to their buoyancy. This necessity "nst be eliminated, and can be, in living machines by having a sp.ice inclosing structure, approadiing in point of weight to th.tt of a more or less perfect vacuum, by inflation, as is usual, by a lighter gas than air, as hyd'Jgeiv- some fourteen times lighter, bulk for bulk, than air— and this re((uiring less place or bulk to do the needful, or with the heavier co.il gas, by increasing size of air buoy. Thus, as it is the balloon is buoyant, but without the proper shape to render it possible to d,ircct its motion, while the sky-flyer is deficient in the opposite sense of having the power of direction without the buoyancy. Now then, let us try to concili.itc or combine the two re'inircments or desiderata; for as there is so to say but one kind or shape of fish or vessel to navigate tiie sea, there can also be but one kind of vessel to navigate the air; and the balloon and Hying machine as now distinct from one another, must be blended (e.xcept for mere ascensional, observational, or meteorological purposes, where the balloon as now m.ade may suit the purpose) into one and the same structure, and as closely as possible approximating to the figure of a bird on the This may be done by building the balloon or sky-flyer more or less crescent-like, or in the shape of a crescent in jts cross section or that perpendicular to its axis of direction. The bird gains buoyancy by plying its wings, spreading them con- cavely to the air, as a swimmer does with the hollow of his feet and hands against the water which he leaves behind him, and prepaiatory to another stroke, lengthens out his feet and hands to their minimum cross section to draw (the feet) or thrust (the hands) forward for a renewal of the action; the same again as to propel the boat, the blade of the oar is held flat against the water, and then turned edgeways, pending the interval required for another stroke; or again, the same as with the paddles of a steamer, as soon as they have done their duty in and through the water, they are made to turn edgeways before leaving it, to preve.it back-water. This must be done, or no success will be forthcoming. The bird iTii"=t be imitated, both in its shape and in its motion. Watch it then carefully, look at ;t irom beneath when you get a chance o( doing so. We have already seen how it ascends by the ply of its wings. Now it has attained its height, and soars aloft, no more by -he motion of its wings or by moving them, but by spreading tliem, and it spreads the leathers oi its tail, till they reach dad anderlap them, and then you have the surest paracliute. The bird, though, must move or soar as it is called, but it docs so bodily, or as a whole, now acting as the kite or as the aeroplane, winch the slightest motion keeps atloat, either by its own advance in perfectly still air, or by the motion oi the air in the contrary direction, when the kite, or bird, or aeroplane, moves against tht wind or breeze; and similarly does and must the cyclist move when soaring, so to say, on his wheel, or at a stand- still or slow niutio'i, )y curving slightly to one side, then the other, to retain his vertical position in space. i3ut there is another cause which helps the bird to soar on air, and which 1 do not remember as yet to have seen noticed, any more than does the centrifugal action of floating ice or other objects, such as the remains of the " Jeannette " or other wreckage, appear to have ever been taken into the calculation, or in any way considered as a factor in the computation as well as circum-polar currents, etc., in .Vrctic navigation. This is the very heat generated b y the bir d's body , and we all know how iiiTme'nsely hot a bird' feels when you hold him from beneath. This heat then imparts itself by radiation and conduction both, to the air contained in the concavity between its wings, it heats this air and thus rarefies it and makes it lighter, with the tendency, if not to further lift the bird in space, at any rate, to keep it there or on the wing, and prevent its tendency to fall, wliich it would do, or at any rate, descend, as with an ordinary non heat-generating parachute. And this soaring oi the bird, tlie bird of prey cspeciall>. is due to its meat or flesh-devouring p opensities, and of fatty and oily substances creative in the blood of vast amounts of carbon, which, when brought into contact with the oxygen of the air in the bird's act of active respiration, sets fire, so to say, to the interior, with the effect alluded to of thus niaintain- inii its not otherwi»e-to-be-exnl»ined faculty of keeping iilmoii l\\ indefinitely on the soar. , , , , Again as in the v)-called ball cock mystery, of which I was the first to explain the apparent paradox; buovancy. or addi- tional or increased buoyancy might be obtained under a para- chute or flying machine of the kind, by Cuusing a jet of steam from a boiler of the propeller, if such were used to givu motion to the flyer, or a jet of gas of any kind, or o( atmoipherlc air, to issue frotn a reservoir of compressed k'as or air, or Irom an air or gas compressor worked by the ■.tnginc, and cither by electricity or any other motive power, to issue from a conical iKMzle with a ball near its apex, or from the conic space between two concentric cones, and at such an angle as required to cause the funnel-like jet to pass out in contact with the circular periphery or outer and lower edge of a lonical or con- cave roof or ceiling to the flyer, which ;the jet) as in the case of the similarly shaped water nozzle, would, by the mere effect of its friction on the air contained beneath the parachute-like covering, roof or awning, suck the ait from the space enclosed between the awning and the funnelled jet of gas or air in a vay to form a vacuiiin or partial vacuum within; and again, in this way be productive of the buoyancy required to float the flyer, and allow of applying the power of its motor or the bilance ol such power, as the case might be, to tlie propulsion of the bird-like structure through or into space. Hut better 'still, let the buoyancy be |)rovided for in a(lv.ince of starting, by making tne structure a balloon or space-enclos- ing one, and let the car and motor be iield beneath the balloon in the concavity between its horns, already spoken of, by building it as said, of crescent-shape in its cross section. Its weight might be borne by rods or ties from horn to horn, or it might be suspended to the under or concave sine of the acro>tat or to suit its height to all requirements, its head might rise air-fight, of course, into the very balloon itself, and be there maintained in shape by suitable light sttel ribbing. Now on either side the ear and perpendicular thereto, nr symmctricallv and at whatever angle, there might go forth axles of motion, and these ixics might either pass beneath or through the pendant horns of the crescent, coupled thereto if passing be ncith them, or if pas.sing through them, would do so through fixed tubes concentric in, direction with that of the axles, and with joints at either end made impermeable to the space-filling medium of the air-ship. Then to the ends of these axles, pro- jecting as required beyond the tubes, would be attached such paddle-wheels or motor-blades ' quired U) propel the ship through space; and by making .at axles separate or capable of separate action, the one from the other, both would be made to revolve or work at the same velocity ior straight motion or motion ahead in a vertical plane, or one of tliem to work slower than the other when starting on a tack, or the one backward and the other forward for speedy rotation of the vessel or a change in d ection, end to end. And if the tail-end of the aerostat were pro.ided with a rudder, this could be easily worked irom the platform of the car by an endless chain or rope passing through slieaves and pulleys attached to the bottom or concave side of the uiiitative bird, or again a screw or helix, or a pair ol them (.twin screws; could be as easily handled Irom tlie car. 1 Have as yet said notumg of the balloon in longitudinal section, nor oi its plan or siiape as viewed from above or below; but from what 1 have said about a bird-like structure, It will have been interred that the rear end of the airship should be like a lobsters tail, and the whole bag of gas lan- like in plan, while its liead or nucleus should, except ior its concavity beneath, be like that of Newton's great comet of lOiio, irlalley s coi.iet of 1«J5, the six-tailed (.feather-like) comet of 1/44, that OI i8ii, and even those of by-gone ages, as oi .\,U. looo (supposed to be llalley's, of iSja), are described m tlie annals oi tne time as exiiibiting a tail in the form of a scytlie, as if their mighty llight through space (at a million miles or more an hour wlun under perihelion iiilhience) as li concavity of the tail while traversing ethereal space, were akin to that formed by birds faversmg atmospheric space, or th;-t tlieir heating ot the ether in their concave surface had someining to do with an ethereal vacuum supporting tliem in space. But i had better keep out of ether and get back into air, with the concluding remark tmt such a sliape of balloon cross-section would, in case of collapse or of a rapid coming down, in case of a burst or rent in its enclosing skin, cause it to fall on its horns, which, being made of certain amplitude or thickness and lower rounded edges, as 1 should have said before, would act as buffers on land and water to deaden the fall or force of impact. The balloon, it is likely, should be ribbed, and all its ribbing and impelling machinery be made again in imitation of the bird, of light steel tubing (birds' bones being hollow), thus affording increased strength with less material, and as such ribbing would, even in case of a burst and escape of gas, maintain the shape and keep the enclosing material in position, this would be highly conducive t" the prevention of accidents, since even without the gas within it, the outspread cotton, cloth, or silk, or of whatever material tlie coverings were made up. woiilil lie sure to stay the velocity of descent and eflectively prevent casualties, and here igain we take our cue from the bird; for though when, after soaring it perceives its prey, it swoops or shoots down like .TIT arrow, ch-isinsi its wings and t)>e feathers of its tail the while, but when near the earth it spreads them again to break its own fall, which otherwise would prove as fatal to it as that of a man not armed with a parachute for the purpose of retardation, Quebec. October 25th. C. BAILLAIRGE, C.E.