IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■^liii 125 mm jm u ■^ 1. lUtab RIK 2.0 0% X ^.^* ■^ Hiotographic .Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTeR,N.Y. 145M (716)872-4303 v iV ^\ :\ ^ Vv ^ '^^ ^ ;\ CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical l\iicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques Th to The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features o< this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exempiaire qu'il lui a M possible de s<) procurer. Les dttatlt de cet exempiaire qui sont peut4tre uniques du po'.it de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier «:ne image leproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger un« nrre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols --^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableau^t, etc., peuvent «tre filmis A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est filmi A partir dn I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illus'rent la mAthode. n 3:x 1 2 3 4 5 6 OEOMGIOAL AMD NATURAL fflSTORY SURVEY OF CANADA ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., Director. REPORT ON TUB a E o L o a Y OF NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. BV HUGH FLETCHER, B.A. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL : DAWSON BROTH.ERS. 1884. V Alfred R. C. Sel vtn, Esq., L.L. D., F.R.S., Director of Geological and Natural Hittonj Survey of Canada. Sib :— The report presented herewith desctibes the work of the nea- sons of 1880-81-82, and relates to that part of the island of Cape Bre- ton which lies north of Judique and River Denys Basin in "Victoria and Inverness counties and which has not been descj-ibed in previous reports. To obtain materials for the construction of a map of this region, detailed surveys were made as in former years, the couraes being taken by prismatic compass and the distance being measured on the roads by the odometer, and in the brooks by pacing. Some of these surveys were plotted on a scale of twenty chains, and the remainder on a scale of forty chains to an inch ; all were aftei-wards reduced by the eido- graph to a scale of one inch to a mile. Certain points were adopted from the Admiralty charts of the coast, and between these our surveys were laid down. The long rivers in the north are only approximately correct, as they were sui-veyed by pacing in a very rough country, by several different persons, and without a connecting base line, except on the shores. To expedite the sui-vey of these rivers, main camps or depots for provisions were established at the headwaters of the N.E. Margaree, the North Ri/er of St. Ann's and the West river of Bad- deck, thence traverses were made down the neighboring brooks to the settlements, and thence back again to the camps. In preparing the map I was aided in 1880 by L. R, Oi-d, D.L.S., and in 1882 by E. R. Faribault, C.E. My assistants in the field work were William Fletcher, B.A.,* D. M. Christie and Dr. McPhedran, John McMillan, Professor Fletcher, A. Ai-mstrong, BA., and E. W. Sawyer, B.A., E. R. Faribault, C.E., J. A. Robert, A. Hare and M. H. McLeod! To the gentlemen named below our thanks are due for many acta of kindness, hospitality and assistance :— Malcolm McLeod, Kenneth McKay and William R. McKenzie, Big Intervale; Joseph Ingraham, • Unfortunately drowned on Nov. 5lh, 1881, while fording the Northeaat Margaree River, at Big Intervale. 4 u NOVA SCOTIA. Northoa«t Margaree; John Y. Gunn, school inspector, Donald McKay, Isaac McLeod, George McLeod and Squire McLennan, Stiath- lorne; Roiy McLennan, Upper Middle I{iver; Philip McDonald, Indian Ilear, Whycocomagh ; Lieut.-Col. Bingham and Alex. M-Leod, English- town; Donald McLeod, North Kiver St. Ann's; Sheriff Dunlop, Alex- ander Cameron, Hon. C. J. Campbell, M.P., and Judge Tremaine, Bad- deck ; Angus McLean and M. Dohorty, Lake Ainslie ; Thomas E Era- ser and Dr. Cameron, M.P., Mabou; A. B. McDonald, M'lat Cove; Rupert G. Zwicker, Timothy Y. Nichols, Angus McDonald and Rev. J. McNeil, of Cape North; Angus Mcintosh, Pleasant Bay; Reuben Phillips, Walter Lawrence and Henry Ladd, Cheticamp; Fred. S. Bi-own, John Dauphinoy and Rev. Peter Forgeron, Ingonish ; Archibald McDonald, Mabou Coal Mines; Thomas Evans, Chimney Corne ; James McFarlane, S.W. Margaree; Joseph LeBlanc, East Margaree; Henry Taylor, Margaree Harbor; Rev. George McAulay, Poit Mul- grave ; Hon. John Bourinot, Hon. E. T. Moseley, S. E. Burchell and H. C. Burchell, Sydney; Marshall Bourinot, Hawkesbury; Alexan- der Wright, Moncton ; E. G. Millidge, C.E., and Shei-iff Hill, Anti- gonish, and James H. Austen, Halifax. ■¥r I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant. HUGH FLETCHER. Ottawa, Ist June, 1883. ^m REPORT ON TUB GBOLOGV OF NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. T(>P0(JRA1'HICAL FEATURES. The countiy presents a very varied surface. On the western coast us far north as Cheticamp, on the boi-ders of the Bras d'Or Lake, in *]{'»'*«'«'»' tho valleys of Lake Ainslie and of the Mabou, Broad Cove, Mar-' '"^"""'" garoe, Skye, Middle and Baddeck Rivers, it contains the best farming land in Cape Breton, productive, thickly-settled and seldom rising to a great height above the sea, whereas the northern, or Cape North dis- trict, is high, sterile and uninhabited, except at certain points on the <5oa&t and for some miles up the rivers flow ,., into Pleasant, St. Law- rence, Aspy, Ingonish and St. Ann's bays. Oi tside these settlements this northern region is but little known, being intersected by wild, rocky go-ges, through which streams with numerous falls flow from the barrens, marehes and small lakes in which they originate. They Rivers fit for present, however, the best means of exploring the countiy, and some northe™* "" of Ihem, like the North Aspy, Black, Ingonish, N.E. Margarce, St. '"''**""^ Ann's, Barasois, and Indian Rivers, are easily followed in the dry season, whilst the Cheticamp, for ten or twelve miles of its couree. And in several of its tributaries, flows in gloomy, dangerous and all but impassable defiles, shut in by high mm-al cliffs. The same difference exists, between the northern mountainous and Dependence of the southern cultivated districts, in the prevalence of certain rock for- thi S'ry^on mations, as elsewhere characterizes such differences in surface aspect, ''"°*^- the latter being underiaid by Carboniferous strata, with the exception of a few isolated Pre-Cambrian hills, also for the most part cultivated 6 n NOVA SCOTIA. because thoy are in the Carboniferous area ; and exco|»t in the valley* mentioned above, the whole northern peninsula in occupied by Pre-- Cambrian roclcH. A fringe of Carboniferous rocks occupies all the outer coast, except near Cape Mabou, between Cheticamp Rivei- and Ploiisant Bay, between Poulct and Lowland Coves, at Cape North, between White Point and Ingonish, at Smoky Cape and parts of St. Ann's Harbor and the Great Bras d'Or, where the ol ier rocks come blutfly to the ocean. Owing to the different distribution of the rocks the hills are not arranged with the same regularity and parallelism as in the eastern Campbell's "°^ southern portions of the island. The Capo North district has been cSiett."^ de8cribe II breeoiatwl, rod and groy (|UHr(z.vi-im'.l feUho, pearly, foUpatliir mlii^ts and fine, fnigmontary L..uislMirg shali-H, with gr-'at piocos of (•..n.pact flinty n-lsit,. ,„. p...pl.yiy. which wt-alhor whitv any banded, minu r r '^ ""'" *'"*'"^"' "^ ^'^'"-^ ""^ blotches, or form mnute crystals ui cavit.es of the compact rocks, and bluish-grey syen- ite in which hornblende is abundant. ^ In the little brooks of the Lake Law valley similar rocks are fre- quen ly seen underlying the Carboniferous strata, and also on the west, ern slope of this inlier. In descending Tompkins Brook from the barren out of which it rises, schistose rocks are succeeded by the syenite which forms the «teep reil face of the Bound Mountain. In Angus Brook and other neighboring streams, syenite, hornblende schist, laminated felsites and d.onto occur with other rocks, while in Pine Brook syenite pre- vails, as well as in the brook to the southward and Coady Brook, in both of which, however, it is succeeded in the lower part by horn- blende schist, laminated felsite, quartz felsite and epidotic, calcare- ous dionte, holding masses of flinty quartz. Mount Pleasant Brook, a succession of falls and cascades, cuts, another ravine through massive diorite, showing great variety of tex- ture; pyritous slates, like those of Middle Eiver; grey, flinty. Cox- heath felsites, syenites and chloritic rocks, enclosing masses of milky quartz several feet in diameter. Numerous outcrops of felsite, syenite and diorite underlie Carboniferous grit and conglomerate in the Matheson Glen and Cooper Brooks. Cobb's Brook displays, near the folk Clark, banded syenite and glittering, crystalline quartzite. In one branch, dark grey amygdaloiilal trap occurs in small knolls, and being coated with hematite, which gives a metallic lustre to its sui- face, attempts have been made to work it as an iron ore. Similar rocks are again seen in contact with Carboniferous strata further up Lake Amslie. The traps which seem to be confined to the neighbor- Lake Law. Toiniikinf' Brook. Mo'intPleiisciit Brook. Iron ore. i riETCHER.] NORTHERN CAPK BRETON. 11 H hood of this contact are, perhaps, all of Carboniferous age, but have not been separated fi-om the Pre-Cambrian. In the south branch of Glenraore Brook, immediately north of theuienmore Gillanders Mountain road is a small inlier of red, fine syenite, with "''°"''- quartz in small crystalline aggregations, in vugs, associated with dark- bluish-grey hornblendic felsite, staineil with hematite. At the bridge on the Gillanders Mountain road, banded felsite containing horn- blende, mica and quartz, dips S. (53°, W. < 45°, and higher up are felsite, quartzite, quartz-folsite and syenite. To the northward of this brook the felsite has not been tracetl, but it does not i-oach the road, and per- haps, as in other cases, is confined to the valley of the brook, which has thus been cut down through the covering of Carboniferous rocks. Higher up, the brook, which is a fine open one, cuts through red- dish-grey, coarse, Carboniferous grit. On the east / ' of Lake Ainslio, between the church and the end Ea.st side of of the Gillande.. jlountain road, the felsite in the hill is red and ^""^ '^'"'"'' compact, like that of Coxheath. On the Gairloch Mountain roiid, near the lake, it is bluish-grey. At the head of the north branch of Trout Brook, where it crosses „ the Gillanders Mountain road, calcareous amygdaloidal trap of various ™"' '°° ' colors is found; and near the lake, coarse, heavy-bedded, red, chloritic Byenite, weathering purple. The valley is here a quarter of a mile wide, wooded with beech, small spruce and black birch, and the bed is bouldery gravel. Mrthern Pre-Cambrian ^rea.— This ai-ea, the boundaries of which have already been described in a general way, extends from Hun- ter's Mountain, near the mouth of Baddeck Kivei- to Cape "^orth, and long spurs stretch from it into the Carbonifei-ous country of St. g^..^^^ ^^ ,^^^ Ann's and Baddeck. It is separated from the St. Ann's felsite a«-ea f ""£" ff' on the coast by a narrow, beautiful glen, and from that of Middle"" " " River by the Lake Law valley, where the closeness of the hills (not more than half a mile apart), their height and beauty, and the pres- ence of several deep lakes, give rise to weird and magnificent scenery. This northern area is everywhere high, rugged and uncultivated. Oold and cop- Within it are the gold mines of Middle River and the copper mines of"'""'"""- Cheticamp and St. Ann's. The rocks comprise every variety of fel- site, syenite, granite, schist, gneiss, etc., which may hereafter be shown to belong to more than one series; hence d somewhat minute description may not be out of place. Beginning at the south, these rocks are traversed by the Crowdis Mountain road, and by Rice, Har- Hocks of Hun- rj.8, Adelaide and other brooks, which expose greenish granular syen- diS' MounS: ite, diorite and felsite. Similar rocks occur in the lower part of McRae 12 H NOVA SCOTIA. BwJdeok Kiv.T New Glen. play. />,»„„,..,„„., i, ,h..„ b.,.„„,... ,,,pi,| „,.|'^'"^" '"'' P"""". "'"■ l.ea.l. W«.|„ ,„• mica .ch,.t „,.„ ,,,„„. l^ 1 hm ' ''?''"■ *' "" -»>. and g„„„i.,, „„„ „„,,.._ .,„.-■ :;,;,-- *; ««.np, fo,- brooks on the ,,pposite side TfM I uf"^ '"""''' '" '^' '^"le fa", With a «neio„t ;:> b I ;^ th X:,:^ P":^^ *r"*^^ ^«^'* Hiopinga,d..-n.a..shos fuui icvo.;.:;;g';;: ^ ::: ;;i^"Tn nvers are celebrated for trout and salmoHL! "*''*'*'' and a magnificent view cin b '^1. ; ^!'"' "'"" P'^t-^'-^^q-'e, (Spotted i,untain):;:n,:rL:: :;'SrG,'r ^'^ ^^^ -^ ^^^" «'•- «ye:i;^^^:!;rte^^^^^^^ - - — «^- tne .ake. Nor.he,.t B,...- the shore ofthe lakes whth ^^ g^-«^«' «« deck River ,11.(1 ^ , '^"''^<^^- ^^'I'^n are often visited bvfish..rmn„ r ^u ■ lakes. topher McLeod's RrnnL- M.,; k "■ "i" '>y nsnennen. In Chris- to the North River of «?t Ann- ". ? ^"^ ^^^^ *''''™ B^gGlen and diorite ar e lotl wUh n" ''^ ' •"': "'""'"^ ^*' «^-'^« The eastern bound UfUrsv^it f^l T"T' ""*""P "' ^"'^•-• Gut and ft„n«o P^ « '^y^n'te, felsite and quartz-felsite of North brian afea '""''°^ ^'*^''" ^"""^"^^ '"^o the Pre-Cam- of North Rvr the hth , ^^^^""«''»'« B'-««k. the first branch svenite T i ^ ™P'''' """'" *'»^ "^""^'l '^kes show coarse ascades. Among these also occur the rocks described in the Report Ben Breiic. Qunrti veins. .,- riETCHER.] NORTHERN TAPE BRETON. U ir miou vOS, ,. fijr 1876-7 p. 427. On flu- n^ht bank, u Hhort diHtan.. aLovo .I„ln, McJ)onttld s house, ih a liiifli, naked, rocky peak. Above the ean.p, in tl.o middle braneh of the North Kiver of St Anns, and in the adjoining branch of the Northeast Mar^raree Kiver" micaceonH and hornblendie ^rneiss an.i nmttled red and yellowish com' pact, obscurely banded feisite with scales ofn.ica accompany coarsj ..rev granite. In the small tributary half a mile above the camp occurs a bhush-^rrey hornblende ^.neiss meshed with felspar veins. Mica and hornolende schists, diorite and syenite, with veins of white (,uart. Hometimes seve.^l feet thick, for nearly four miles below the Cimr; occupy North J{iver to a large branch fr<.m the westward, whe e whi?» ; • T\ ?" ''''.' "^ '•" •>^»n-oun,lin« country, but below which It is turbulent- the gneisses giving place to ,ed and gr.^ coarse syenite, both in the river and its tributaries. But with the coarsest syenite are often intin.ately associated quartziferous 8chist gneiss an. quartzite. At the head of the branch above mentioned,' b oeks of blui8h-grey, very quartzose gneiss are found ; lower down ch (.ri tic Bchist and quartzite, with a northeasterly strike; while for a mile above the main river, syenite is in place In the eiist branch of North Eiver similar alternations occur, and one of the finest falls in the country, about three miles ab.,ve the fork Ib t.nue to the labyrinth of ,,onds, marsbes and creeks out of which thi. oranch issues. In the west branch , syenite, diorite and mica schist occur Here also, about one mile from the settlement, there are a magnificent fali exporull "' "" "'"' '''' "^^"' •"'"^' "'"«^''«'^' y-'^'« f-v Below the confluence of these three branches several bosses of Pre- conglomerate and sam.stone, which, ne.u. the church, are associated with grey flaggy sandstone holding carbonized plant* la the Timber Brook and adjoining streams there are interesting outcrops of gneiss, syenite, hornblende-schist, feisite and diorite, into which the brook has cut, through the Carb.miferous mantle the i-omains of which still lie on the slopes For more than two miles from its source, the Barasois Brook flows quait.ite, diorite and gneiss occur down to a large branch from the eastward, in which, above some large marshes, whitish and grev hne and coarse quartzite and granite strike, N. 75° E., the quartzite greatly predominating, while most of the brook below this branch is occupied by diorite and syenite, occasionally foliated, blotched with Sf. AiiD'Hcamp. Inliiimtc iiii.x- tiiro of the foli- Hteil and noii- liiliatcd rocks. North River Kiills. Irregiihirdis- tnlmtion of the Prc-Cambrian amlCarbouifer- oii.'' rookfl. Barasois Hi' 14 ir NOVA SCOTIA. Smith Brook •liver mine. Tarbef road. quartz and containing a large quantity of silvery mica C. ■ u granular felsite-Hlate occurs in u narrow h.u u^.T ^''^onish the settlement, and mica sch st t ZTinll -f ? ? ""''^^ '^'''' ward. In the brook al.ov. li t tributary from the west- whereasjn hattr L" south '" ^' r"""" «' «3--te alone is found, the lower bridt I^Ue m-^^^^ " f "' '" '''' ™"'° «*''-'°» "^"^'^ to of this district, m'uch on »^^1^"^' ^'^"^"°'"^' "^^^ «" the rocks with diorite. i^Snrh Ck" 7' """'"!?'' '" ^'^^ ^^^^"3^ branch the Tarbet road fel^te prcvl f T" " ''^ '^'"^*«' '^"^ »'^°-« syenite at the soir'r "^ '' '"" ""*-' '"*«'^^«' ---^<"1 «g-n by V^^ZS'::^l^^:^y;'-i;^^--^ -^ ^-^ite accom. felHite ibrn,s the hil On t ' ^^ ^"^'''^''.*"^" «""d bar, porphyi-itic M-- Po-Phyry -ntnins Itamferr ;J^^^^^^^^^^ " «i™ilar Engii,btow„. succeeded further south bv bri!ir , ''^ '"'^^P"'' «"^> 1""^^, but is and ,uar., which exti\o^S^ rthTf^t N^^^ '^^ ^^^"^^ Silver mine of ^hc Syenite of Elder Brook has an obscui e wel ^ • North River, with which the dykes coincide bnf Ki K . ^ ''''* "'' J'''"""^ porphyry, diorite aL "her Co.S"" "P,'^'^*'''"^^-- "^ ^Pi^otic mine.- Similar felsitesai: o^cu^^tthri^l r *'^ "^''^«'' oppositeslopeof themounfmn IT ? ^^ ^"'"°'? ^««-" tiie ite prevails. It is a nolw ly fl^tTt ZTT'Tl '''''''' «>'^" are in pairs, with sources onl l a W f f . T^" ""^ ^^'' "«»»*"'" ways tj^n. ; , or^I^X^l^iriC'- ««-'"- '^^^'^ bi^'w ra sit^Xuttr " ^"^^^" ^•-^'' '«"- ^^^ ^— . distance of five mi e th bTok is i •^^"'r"''''^ """' "'^'^'^"^'^ "'^' « About three miles f on ,L ^^^'"^' ^"'^ ''^"^^^ ^^^ exposures half a mile iZe 'mL ::;';■"' T'^' ^ ^'^^^^--tz occur.and felsite, syenite and gTnit extl to ^M"^ '^'^P "'Z^'' "^^^ ^l"""*- rocks is a light-^rev finlw T *^ -^^M^^an B''Ook. Among these containing ^^''r:^^ l^ ^d' Er^t^^^^^^^^^^ ~' r :stp.:!^X;:^:^ :r ^ f F " =- - sometimes of largo LTndLn ""t '"'"'■^"'^ ^'*''««"« ^"artz. The mica schist if some o wl "f • ' ''^ '^'^^^ «^ hornblende grains of quartz. n the MeSn C'h T'^' ^"^^' P''^---* quartz and mica occu both nil ."'^' ^"''^ ^^""^^'^ '"'^tures of and also among thrm^s r^s'ir Tlf ^'P^^" ^'"^^^ with syenite and granite as far .m „ 2 v. . , ''"""^^ "'"^ ^««nd • U . n ^ ■ ■ ^ Indian Brook. McMillan Brook. riETCMfR.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 15 II but IH itc, With u fow small HpoekH of bliu-k and silvery mica anrite, in wJiich the grains of fe!sj)ar and hornblende are distinct, and a quaternary granite with both hornblende and mica scarce. A short disUuiee above the fork are coarse, granular mixture's of felspar, hornblende, (|uartz and mica, with epidote and (juartz in i^otches. Large rocky pools abound along the rivei-. The syenite of the cliffs below the fork is cut by diorite dykes and blotches, and pre- vails also on the road from the upper settlement to the church Above the shore i-oad, syenite, gneiss and felsite form the wild cliffs deep pools and foaming rapids which guard the passage t.> the inaccessible gorge above, and occur also in Kel Brook, the steep, rocky tributary at the foot of this g<^rge. In the east branch, granite and gneiss fringe the shore of Gisborne Lake, and, above the confluence of the brook from the lake, coarse India? iCoV' syenite and quartziferous mica-schist, are associated with epidotic horn- blendic rock. Below the confluence the river becomes rapid the bank^ higher, and coarse, reddish granite or quartz-felsite is seen at intervals passing into syenite, diorite and epidotic felsite with quartz veins" About a mile and a half above the fork fine-grained gneiss is met with' The beautiful and precipitous little brooks which dash down the mountain between Indian Brook and Little River expose only syenite 'iZt'l^'^' . but i„ this river syenite is accompanied by coarse granite and banded' '^t- Ah^'^bV' granular felsite, vcinetl and blotched with calcspar and epidote At the first fork there is an outcrop of Carboniferous conglomerate, above ,. , -, which, in the wild branch from the west, syenite, containing mica and ■•"»'-""' cut by diorite dykes, is succeeded by felsite. French Eiver, and all the streams north and .south of it falls roughly over similar rock >n gorges and beautiful falls, at the foot of one of which is a cave ' The conglomerate of the shore is succeeded at McLeod Brook by grey diorite, bluish felsite and coarse, grey syenite. Unlike others of tnis region, this brook is an easy one to ascend, the banks being low and Its ya ley wide and timbered with hard-wood and a few pines to the small barrens at its source. Syenite and felsite with veins of pyritous quartz underlie the Carbon- iferous rocks in the stream between McLeod and Path-end brooks the former containing large crystals of felspar and a fissure three-quarters of an inch wide filled with hematite. In this brook is an immense landslide, which ha« filled the nan-ow gorge with trees and broken blocks of felsite. Path-end Brook shows soft and crumbly chloritic syenite with bands of granite and dykes of bluish diorite containing veins of calcspar with a minute quantity of iron pyrites and red hema Trace, of iron, tite. l. c„pe. The .nasHi ve elitls of Smoky Ca,,e are of syenite, which prevails also on the road aeross the mountain and in the neighboring brooks n.sh Rner as far as MeKinnon Brook, ami extend half a mile up the two brooks tlow.ng u.to the river fron. the south, beyond whieh they are replaee.1 by lelsite and gneiss. At the eonfluenee of MeKinnon Brook, .syenite .s associated with a thiek-bed.led grey, and grecni h a-oek eontaudng hornblende, serpentine, chlorite and 't'rings o whit ciuart.. Bhcks of crystalline limestone were also seen, hut not in place. In this brook, diorite with sn.all quartz veins, reddish coarse Lou.sburg breccia an.l red syenite with chloritic and .pidotic st^ak! m-e succeeded up stream by bluish-grey gneiss, granite and
  • « «y^"ite and overlying gypsu,u around the Car^^nifer.,.. ponds at the mouth of Ingonish Biver is shown on the map. The fir! mer is sometimes foliated, and as-sociated with friable granite and very massive, steel-grey, banded diorite. ^ , JnTr ^r^ '^'^"'' '^•^''''' '^'""" ""'• ^"^^^ ••^' garnetiferous granite. The syenite contains large veins of quartz and is a«sociatei'evnils uIko •ookw. i)e oecun-i^g L frystat some! r... „. ,„ nn.rf, . ^^' *"'■ '° ''*""** *^« "»' three inches wide The **'" ^°'"' ^'"• qua tz , ,n large, nearly colorless grains, tho mica in small black scattered crystals, and hombleude alst spar ngly p e!ent TheVoLna; bloT.(l<,Bchi,t.,n.l,lArwl.„ ki , , ^ '^^ S""""' en>«">i»li horn. """" »"»>■■ caiMM, Th. .1 , W-ckenal mtb graphite and spoiled „iih cIMl^tl1;rt'B*7r''°" L' ''° Ca,Werou. and P... °CB., Waiien Bixiok .howe red .yenite. g,.c«ni,h and grey »•"•»»«»• •Report for 1876-77, p. 408^ ' ■ — •Report for 1877-78, p. 9 F. 18 H NOVA SCOTIA. Rod Hcnd. Ingonisli t Aspyliay. Mica Mine, Black Urook- (lionfo ami ohscurcly foliiifiMl, ihloritic and homatilif. mixed i-ocks AI.OVO the fall is a holt al.out o.,ualiy wido of lbiiate.1 rocks sonu. of wind, are for the most part composed of mica and others of milky (luart/.. llighor still, red nyenite and ^r,.„nite form very rouirh cas- Oarnctiferoua: ^'a-los, hut on the dry, hroken. hummocky harrens east of the Lake of Islands, a gneissie mixture of quartz and miea is seen, while on the lake shore is u coarse, porj.hyritie ^'ranite. full of minute garnets South of the mouth of Warren B.-ook an inlier of syenite and lelsito forms the roeky i.romontory of Ked Head. A short distance north a rocky shore of granite ami syenite succeeds the Carl.onilerous strata on the heach and extends j.ast Green , Cove and Neils Harhor- and similar rocks occupy the road from Ingonisl, to Halfway House and thence to Aspy Bay. Many of these are essentially quartz-fo'lsite, some portions of which contain black mica, while others consist iirinei- pally of mica and flesh-red felspar. Red syenite predominates in Mary Ann's Brook ami in the branch of Warren Bi'ook .south of it occ-is- lonally displaying foliation. In Neil's and Halfway Brooks, re,l coarse syenite and granite with large blotches of mica apjiear, and on a bar- ren at the head of the latter is the " ndca mine." The more or less foliated syenite and granite of Black Brook between Sunday Lake ami Snipe Brook, are not well exi.osed the brook being sluggish, but similar rocks in Snipe Brook contain much silvery mica. Three-iuaiters of a mile lower, another feeder enters from the south. In the main brook, between the two, are cascades over legdes of fine ami c.arse granite and syenite, often contain- ing only a small percentage of hornblende ami mica, sometimes foli- ated and intersected by seams of white and flesh-rod quartz in all directions, but more especially in the planes of bedding, and contain- ing pockets of flesh-red felspar. Coarse, red, porphyritic syenite with flakes of silvery mica ap])ears in the feeder, below which and in the small brook from the north it is associated with chloritic, hornblendic ami hematitic rocks, and contorted dark, and light-grey mica schist cut by dykes of diorite ami syenite. Lower down belts of intervale hue the sides, and the brook is easily followed. In the branch called Doherty Brook, syenite in thick beds is variegated with large blotches of milky quartz and flesh-red felspar. At the falls, a dark, contorted gneiss contains silvery and golden mica, and quartz veins holding mica and black metallic specks. In the dark gorge between Doherty and Donovan brooks, and below the latter, coarse, quaternary granite 18 mixed with grey syenitic gneiss and mica schist, often contorted with bands, blotches and veins of quartz, some of the laminated rocks containing crystals of andalusite or hornblende in the form of a star. Still wilder gorges occur below Pine Brook, the perpendicular walls of FLETCHER,] lixcd i-ocks. ks, Honu^ of I'N of milky rou|fli c'a(<- lie Luko of hilo on the I gariictM. < and tulsito 1(0 north » •oils strata irhoi- ; and House, and artz-fclsitc, islst princi- os in Mary f it, oc'oas- rod foarso I on a bar- ik Brook, posod, the tain much dor enters e cascades I contain- tinios fbli- irtz in all d contain- enite with nd in the •riibiendic ica schist, intei'vale loh called blotches contorted s holding 1 Doherty y granite iontorted, itod rocks of a star. • walls of NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 19 II red syenite being out in places by dykes of dioritc and grey vesi- cular trachyte. "^ Porphyritic syenite and granite occupy the iron-l.f.nnd coast between r™.„ , , NcnI-s Harbor and White Point, and extend from South Harbor to^?W" the n„ul between Glasgow Brook and South Aspy River, but ,t "^"*"'~'- R-onch Cove, north of New Haven, and at a few other points, they are accompan.ed by tine gneiss. In Glasgow Brook and that south of it, and u. the South an.l Middle Aspy Kivers. light-grey, black and red- dish, hne and coarse gneiss prevails, containing a variable i.roportion of mica and hornblende. Succeeding the red and grey conglomerate, grit, sandstone and marU ,, , of the Little Southwest Brook are the banded rocks with blotohes of ui-' '''"' quartzose limestone already describc.1 in the neighboring brooks. The lull .>n the north side of the raagniHcent glen of the North Kiver consists, for the most part, of massive syenite, granite, diorite. folsite and quartz-felsito, often chloritie and heniatitic. like the rocks seen in Blair P.ver. (rray's Brook an,l the streams to the eastward. l-or a c.msidm-able distance above the top of the glen, the river bed .8 wide, sometimes rough, but never very steep, descen.ling over a «uccess,on of small rapids and exposing dark bluish-grey and mottled uxl and green hematitic, serpentinous. pyritous and calcareous, friable glistening, laminated, contorted felsites and quartz-felsites, whieh resemble some of the River Denys strata, like which they also include bands of limestone, one of them a foot and a half thick, dividing into^;^'!?'""' strings among the other rocks. In the Big Southwest branch, llimr "^• ted, chloritic felsite, quartz-felsite, mica-schist and syenitie gneiss form an exceedingly rough brook, rocky and full of g.u-.res from end to end, the water being also dark-brown, unlike thatof the main river 7^'ll"l"l'f7V"'" r'"^"- ^'"^" *'" ""'^ ««"^^'--^ '''"tin- ted contorted felsites and quartz-felsites are met with In VVilkie Brook above the road, is a grey, compact, splintery, mica- ceous felsite, passing into syenite. The Zwicker branch Hows m'er red VVilkie Brook, compact quartz-felsite containing veins of quartz, succeeded higher up by b uish and reddish-grey mica-schist and gneissic rocks with white quartz veins, one of which is five feet thick. Beautiful micac ' u! rocks follow with red and grey granite, including an outcrop of U-r i"! ous, crystalline limestone, which is, perhaps, a tein and is again fol- fowed by red granite and gneiss, the whole series resembling that of'"™"'""''- M ddle E,ver hereafter to be described. Above the Carboniferous oee^ . th "" '•? """^. "'"' '^' '^"'•^' S''^"'^^ ""•I hornblende-rock occui the granite containing quartz veins surrounded by chloritic and homblendic rock. The gi-eater part of the wide vaUey o th J^iook IS, however, occupied by grey, micaceous sandstone, like thatof 20 II NOVA SCOTIA. Trn«ca of iron and copiier oret. Onpo North Limestone and fei'pentine. Coast from the Lowlands to Flea«aot Bay. Limestone. Pleasant Bay. Limestone. Mackenzie River. Bay .St. Lawronoo. underlaid by Nyenite and diorito, the forn.or l.oinL'- cut l.y ,,„art. veins, the latter lull of streaks of red henuitite an.l tale- simr; and at the head of the brook, whieh rise, in a Hmaii, .crae.ry si.ruee l«.rre„, nnea-^.-hist and gneiss appear, although re.l syenitoand granite lorin the precipitous slopes „f the hill behin.l the ehureh In many of the rocks and veins of this neighbo.-hood traces of copper ore have been discovered. * ' The r.«id between Aspy Bay at Wilkie's and Bay St. Lawrence fol- lows a very pretty valley, traversing a i)ass from which the soa.the Humr Loaf and the mountains ofCa,,o Xorth are in sight. .Syenite purple fol Bite, micaceous and hornblendic felsite and contorted, friable alumin ouH slates, like those again seen in the brook at Bay St. Lawrence cross this road, red granite being on the backlands road halfway between the two shores. i"iiwuy North of Wilkie's, red syenite forms the steep and rocky eastern shore to Cape North. The track from Bay St. Lawrence to Money Point shows syenite, diorite, gneiss, quartz-felsite and felsite and these rocks ,n-e also seen in Salmon River, in the Black P„int, Wreck Cove, Meat Cove and Lowlands brooks. The f.'site is for the most part bluish-grey, but also purplish, sometimes granular, contains quartz and is associate! with crystalline limestone and serpentine in Meat Cove Brook and near Cape North. The coast from the Lowlands to Poulet Cove was not examined It 18 high precipitous, and probably all occupied by these rocks. In Otter Brook, bluish-grey felsite and syenite underlie Carboniferous sandshme and conglomerate. Among the gorges and cascades of the Ked River, obscurely bedded quartz-felsite and quaternary syenite contain a little hematite ami veins of quartz. At one point the rock IS distinctly laminated, has blotches of crystalline and soui-crystalline limestone, and is in part made up of limestone, quartz and ielspar, all white m color. ^ ' In the little brooks on the south side of the glen of Grand Anse Kiver, syenite predominates, but granite also occurs. At the head of the settlement it is foliated and associated with gneiss and banded felsite. On the steep ascent of the road and nearly all the way across the mountain, banded felsites are met with; at the foot of the moun tain, m the river above Norman Mcintosh's, these are associated with coarse quartz-felsite and syenite, blotched with white quartz and lime- Btone, and broken through by dark diorite. Similar rocks continue to the source, and are again seen in Mcintosh Brook, in which, also Bti-eaks, blotches and masses of crystalline limestone several feet in width occur among syenite and gneiss. At the head of Macker^ie River, grey granite, granular quartz-foU »IITCHIH.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 21 II forinor liciug- ititc! and c-alc- iiall, Ncraggy d syt'nitoand > chinch. In >f copper ore iiiwri'iico fol- HVi.the Sugar e, purple fcl- ible, alumin- t. Lawront'c, )ud huUway )cky eastern ;e to Money f'elsite, and oint, Wreck )r the most ir, contains 3ri)cntine in [itnined. It rocks. In rboniferous ades of the iiy syenite It the rock -cry.Htalline felspar, all rand Anse t the head ind banded way across the moun- jiated with z and lime- Jontinue to hich, also, fal feet in quartz-fck site, syt.nito and light and «""« 'ol"* imporfeet gneiss is veined with calcs])ar containing bri<,'ht green anrl purple paf< (lifflciilt to iitiiin of the Bom portHible Jjcnutifiil, for ■ Ciirbo/iifer tMcouiIiience myK- flETCHER.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 25 II diontean.l thick- bedded quart/.-felsite containing specks of hornblende and mica. In the small brook which comes to the road at the school- house near Widow Peter Ross' are grey and white granite, ,.ewo.t The bed of the Northeast Margaree River for some distance above &"" John Mui-ray's, and the bare red hills, on the top of one of which is Cape Clear barren, arc occupied by red, very coarse quartz-felsitc and syenite, some of the crystals of felspar being more than an inch n'li^'""' in length, the grains of quartz smaller, those of hornblende very small and s.arce, while some interesting varieties contain a large iiro- portion of quartz. Most of those rocks are devoid of lamination but some pai-ts plainly exhibit a banded, foliated or bedded struc'ture. From a wild detilo, overhung by red syenite the First Fork Brook flows {"Jru.lif"''' into the river, and for nearly four miles up no other rocks apiiear except an occasional outcrop of diorite or felsite. At the head of all the branches, however, schists and gneisses are met with. In the Second Fork Brook the coarse syenite also contains mica and tZk ^°'^ 18 sometimes furrowed by the disintegration of softer parts which run in thin bands, giving the perpendicular walls of the gorges the appear- ance of huge courses of masonry. Dykes of dark-green diorite and Jl^il^f ""-^ veins ot "§■ pools which have made th's boa Mf n T^" "'""" '^' ^^'^^^^ with and passing, into ana M^^^^^^^^^^ reso,nb.ing'theaunTorourr;:fl7Vd :^C/"Th:: ^"^l' T'' anobsfuro northerly si nk« bnf «„ "'"^'' ''o^'^'* ^a^e Rod syenite occurs for some distance im tho n^ i i> ■ P-u-plisb, reddish and dark, mottled tit and 11 r ^T' T^'' N. W W. < -^S" and lowoP «!K I 7,\""'* "'"p fu„ i i „ ,, , Br^Mhe eoar. syenite of Z 2t t^^li^Z^:^ ^'^^ branch by blu.sh-grey ti.ie gneiss and mica-schist traversed mnt veins ot red syenite and felsite and associated with hornblende Tchlst is wide ; long- iir the salmon Higher stilB before, mixed so into rocks le rocks have '■ narrow belt 5ok with red- ins of quartz. ) the rocks of nch the rocks 'ok, compact, es dip about )lors follows, "ook where a md. Above I wild gorge, hich it flows outcrops of felsites, con- ichists with ins some of contains a Coinneach of silvery I'itic felsite. le cascades les in con- tho syenite met felsite >d syenite, tvhich, five uartz vein lit become* 3ad of the ilumruadh the south )y minute de schist. ntTCHER.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 27 H compact reddish-grey and mottled felsite and quartz-felsite with an approach to granular structure. A very quartzo.se granite is found near the heiul of this branch antl in the barren to the nortliward together with finely foliated gneiss and mica-schist. In the north branch, red granular quartz-felsite, compact, mottled, epidotic felsite and hne chloritic, talcose and quartzose mica-schist are in some places n ■ so blotched with quartz as to constitute quartzites. Q""rtz>tc.. The high cliffs above the Three Brooks are composed of syenite and granite which often pass into nearly pure felsite. In the Marshpool Brook occur flesh-red felsite, dark, laminated, argillaceous rocks, and pearly shales or slates. Jim Campbell Brook exposes red and grey syenite, granite and gneiss, dionte and laminated pearly felsite, containing large blotches .Tin. c„,„„i.eii', or veins of greenish and whitish epidote. The syenite is seen to pass '"""" into hornblende-schist, felsite and granite. On the shore of the lake is a rod, flinty, compact felsite. At the mouth of the brook the foIlowiuL' rocks in descending sequence dip S. 70'' K. < 70°. 1 r> I . , , FBBT. INCHES. 1. Dark jrreonish-grey, laminated, fine syenite with tlie con- stituents well inixotl . 2. Glittorinp, quartzoso mica-schist q 2 3. Dark grey syenite and granite witii lilotclios of quartz and fiesli-red felspar - 4. A rock composed of quartz and felspari'n thin soams which run along tlie strike with hornblende and mica.. 3 5. Groenish-grey compact syenite, with largo irregular bands of coarse granite containing liornblende 12 q 6. Coarse granite; the constituents in irregular blocks* and blotches; hornblende present « 7. Similar to No. 6, but rougher i» Total thickness on <, Gneissic rocks in great variety and similar to the foregoing, includ- ing unstratified patches, occur in both the North and East branches &/ef ^• above the Two Brooks. In the East branch both coarse and fine •'""• syenites are frequently banded, and in a tributary from the north, three miles above the fork, hornblomle-schist and foliated syenite accompany felsite, syenite, granite and diorite Beturning to the settlement we find reddish syenite prevailing in Peter Ko.ss, Eanaldand other small brooks of the vicinity, although in some cases it is obscurely laminated and contains thin veins of quartz and calcspar; whereas banded felsite, mica-schist, diorite and other rocks accompany the syenite of Charlie's Brook. The first Pre-Cambrian rock seen in the Nile above the settlement is n. e. e^pu a 28 H NOVA SCOTIA. II i: Lnkc Imw. Middle River. First Gold Brook. Section in the Second (iold Brook. u Bycnito mixod witli daik-fijrcy ami rocldisli sj-enitic frnoiss and fol- lowed by gneiss and hornbiendo-sehiKt, dai-k-grey glistening mica- scliist and reddish gi-anular quartz-felsite with large blotches of quartz and films of red hematite. Schistose rocks are everywhere present in this brook. The very irregular boundary of the Pre-Cambrian rocks south of North Kast Egypt hits not been ti-accd in its great dottiil as could be desired. Coarse grey granite and niica-sohist were seen in Ryan -Brook iind the vicinity, smd granite, diorite, grey banded quartzite gneiss and niicii-schist, in the brook tit the foot of Lakes Law. Beliind Lake Law |)ost oflSce a brook show.s clilfs of greenish and bluish-grey contorted rock, chiefly laminated quartz-felsite and folsite holding ])lates and blotches of milky quartz in the bedding and suc- ceeded up stream by schistose rocks like those of the Gold lirooks. In Fortune Brook mica- and hornblende-schist, felsite, gneiss and coarse granite are abundant. Li Midille River, above Kenneth McLennan's, the tirst Pre-Cambrian rocks met with are fine blnish-grey and whitish mica-schist and gneiss with irregular lenticular veins of pyritoiis, white, vitreous quartz, ii foot thick and under, in the bedding. Above the bright red soil of the settlement, in the First Gold Brook— that from which proba- bly most gokl Avas obtained — come greenish, soft, pearly, micaceous shales tind slates, often chloritic and containing masses of quartz. They are essentitilly felspathic, but have a good deal of very fine mica in the bedding planes and do not cohere very strongly but sepa- rate easily, often along lines of oblique cleavage or jointing which break them into pieces of smooth irregular shajie. They are followed by ordinary Coxheath felsites. In a brook from the north, half-a-mile above the First Gold Brook, gneiss, micarSchiBt, granite, syenite and quartzite occur. Between the mouth of this brook and the Second Gold Brook the following rocks are met with : 1. Dark hornblende-rock associated with flinty, nearly compact gneiss. 2. Decomposed diorite or hornblende-rock in cliffs. 3. Bluish-grey pearly mica-scluBtB, blotched with quartz and dipping N. 35° W. <45. 4. Dark-green hornblende schist overlaid by light-grey pearly mica-schist and by obscurely granular, twisted gneiss, containing a quartz vein at least one foot thick. In the Second Gold Brook the following rocks are found, the dip being uniform, and the aggregate thickness about 5,500 feet : 1. Light-grey and bluish-grey, fine, pearly, micaceous, felsitic shales, some- times contorted, thickly covered with rusty spots. The mica is finely divided and sometimes predominates. riETCHER.] NOBTIIKRN CAPE BRETON. 29 II C.ilc-scliist. Qiiiii-tz, ciirlm- milii iil'iriiri and ciilcspiir. Actinolitc 2. Schistose diorito and grwnish or Mack hornblondo-scliist with porphyritic crystals of liornbltmdo. 3. Bluish-groy and ftroonish obscurely granular, (inartz-niica rock, with alight tinge of pink, passing into fine gneiss. A large quantity of calcito is pres3nt in thd joints, an' ''^'""*'*«- «» top of t:i.e m gold of Middle River eomes from these shales it may bo also expected to occur here. Micaceous, hornblendic and chloritic schists, felsite, quartz-felsite, diou e and syenite extend as far as the fork near the head of McLeod Brook In the eastern branch above this fork, diorite. felsite and 8>eni e are expose.1 at intervals. At the source, and likewise in the west branch, quartz is again abundant in the sand In McDonald Brook, south of McLeod Brook, laminated rocks are well exposed, consisting of purple, grey, greenish and other colored compact or granular, porphyritic or vesicular felsites and felspathic shales, spotted with epidote, calcspar and hematite, hematitic quartz- ites and syenite. On the Crowdis Mountain road, diorite, greenish syenite and felsite contain spots of hematite Great Bras d'Or Pre-Cambrian Mocks.-It only remains to notice the rocks which form the mountain lying between St. Ann's Harbor and Glen and the shore of the Great Bras d'Or, the northern part of which has already been described.* •Report for 1874-75, page 252, and for 1875-76, page 377. FLETCHER.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 33 H GneiHHic rockH occur near the ond of the road to Kelly Cove at the head of St. Ann'H Harbor. Kant of Big Harbor the brooks exhibit heina- titic d.orite, gneiss and mica-schist, among which veins holding copper Conner ore ore and supposed also to cany gold, have been worked in several places to a small extent. In the brook imme.I m Mi 38 H NOVA SCOTIA. r;. i'-' I .[til •IP i Broad Cove chapel. Lake Ainslie. Mt. Pleafant Brook. and greeninh flinty sandstone and reddish, slaty, friable, micaceous altered shale. Further east, near Strathlorne, is a long steep ridge of trap which has altci-ed the sun-ounding reddish-grey sand- stone, grit and conglomerate in a very marked manner, while at the bottom of the hill soft rocks occur and limestone is present in an adjoining brook. The roads in the vicinity of Mui-doch Campbell's are covered with blocks of compact or fine grained sandstone or quartzite. In the brook which crosses the road near Broad Cove chapel, grey and bluish-grey: fine, calcareous .shale or impure limestone is first seen with argillaceous shale and shaly micaceous sandstone, succeeded higher up by greenish and rusty-grey, fine and coarse coherent sand- stone. Above the grist mill is a hill of similar sandstone or quartzite, associated still higher with roughly bedded grit, forming rapids and falls. Some of the streams on the east side and at the head of Lake Ains- lie, including Trout and Glenmore brooks, are occupied in part by similar rocks, grits and silicious sandstones being very abundant. In Matheson Glen and near the tannery on the S. W. Egypt road thesfr are accompanied by blocks of vesiculai- amygdaloid. The soft marls and gypsum of the lower part of Mount Pleasant Brook are succeeded by reddish, flinty, compact, felspathic and quartzose sandstone, grit and conglomerate, resembling those of Hum& Eiver and underlaid up-stream by Pre-Cambrian felsites and quartz- felsites. The grits in the glen of the Big Brook are grey, fine and compact, flinty and quartzose. Similar metamorphic rocks lie in and nearGalant Eiver ; and the amygdaloids on the Marshbrook road in the small brook at John McLeod's are probably, in part at least. Carboniferous. On the road from Big Intervale to Grand Etang through Forest Glen the Carboniferous rocks of the narrow valley between the felsites com- prise chiefly reddish and bluish-grey sandstone and grit, associated with trap. In Pembroke Glen amygdaloidal trap and sandstone,, occur and on the roads back from Mederic Au Coin's at Cheticamp^ altered micaceous sandstone, grit and conglomerate are met with. In the Farm Brook, above the crossing of the road to Tom Pem- broke's, is a fine exposure o^ gi'ey, greenish and reddish argillaceous shale or marl with layers of calcareous, ripple-marked sandstone, beyond which a grit hai-dly distinguishable from syenite and granite is underlaid by softer, regularly bedded rocks with other bands of the altered grit and very micaceous quartzite. Higher still, after a long interval of Pre-Cambrian syenite and diorite, outliers of trap and sand- stone again appear. Orand Etsng. I^ the brook flowing into the east side of Grand Etang, light-grey. Martcaree Big Brook. Forest Olen. Farm Brook. Ml FLETCHER.] NOBTHERN CAPE BRETON. 39 H micaceous, fine, flinty quartzite, sandstone and grit, dipping at a high angle, overlie the Pre-Cambrian rocks and are associated with traps, while the brooks at the head of the pond show gi-ey, reddish and pui-p- lish, micaceous sandstone and sliale sometimes containing fossil plant remains. Similar traps and sandstones in the brook at the Cheticamp copper cheticamn "n mine, north of the Farm Brook are stained with copper. The lower "•'pp'"'""'*' part of Fisset Brook flows in meadows. It then cuts greatly altered ~ .„ ^ ,,„j „„ 1 1 . > ■ o ^ hisset Brook, leaand gi-een, nearly vertical sandstone and grit, and becomes very rocky and nan-ow. A short distance higher up stream there are two magnificent falls. With the altered rocks are associated traps and diorites, full of calcspar, and large outliers occur among the syenitic rocks in both branches. On the north side of the Cheticamp Eiver to the head of the settlement, grit, sandstone and conglomerate underlie the gypsum. Southwest Mabou Eiver, above and below the bridge at the Southwest McLeod Settlement, exhibits quartzite, sandstone and coarse, glist- ***''°" ^''*'' ening quartz, felspathic grit, light-grey and micaceous, seamed and spotted with quartz and much broken and jointed, dipping N. 31° E. <18°, but variable. Furtherdown, reddish grit is succeeded by alter- nations of red and green mottled, friable: argillaceous shale, dark-grey shale and concretionary sandstone. Hume Eiver displays an interesting series. Not far from the shore Hume River, reddish-grey, coarse, egg-conglomerate, without evident bedding or in massive beds, is associated with grit resembling that of Southwest Mabou, The large pebbles are generally of syenite, the grains of the grit consist of quartz, felsite and silvery mica. Crumb- ling, red and green, mottled, argillaceous rocks, with harder concretions, are mixed higher up with retldish-grey sandstone, grit and conglomer- ate intersected by minute veins of highly crystalline quartz, Eapids Quartz veins, and small falls abound in the lower part and the beds strewn with great blocks, while the upper part is creeky and yields a considerable quantity of marsh-hay. Between the river and the shore at Bucklaw school-house, hardwood grows on the slopes which ave covered with conglomerate, whereas the hill top is a barren, underlaid by Pre-Cam- brian felsite and quartzite, a great part of which does not support a single tree. In McNaughton Brook, bluish-grey, jointed, slaty, micaceous, argill- aceous shales, with small calcspar veins, are succeeded by green- b^S* ish shale, concretionary limestone and calcareous sandstone; and higher up, by red argillaceous shale, underlaid by fine, ripple-marked, flinty sandstone, with concretions of reddish limestone. The rocks resemble those of Upper Southwest Mabou, and flinty sandstones I McNaughton 40 II NOVA SCOTIA. I r •I ill Hal •i-l 1 li ilii! 'II ilii I i Broad Covo Chapol Brook Fossil planta. Southwest Margareo. Outlet, Lake Ainslie. Coady Settle- ment and Big Brook. extend uctohs to Lake Ainslio. In the eastern branch of this l)rookgrey conglomerate and coherent gi-it are underlaid by diorite and other Pre- Cambi-ian strata. On the neighboring hills are blocks of trap probably derived from the dykes to which these strata owe their alteration. In the Broad Cove Chapel brook, above the mill, low land and soft rocks give place to rough hills and the greenish, grey and white line sandstone or quartzite, associated with purplish, greenish and bluish-grey, flinty, micaceous shale or slate of the falls. In one of the brooks of this neighborhood an obscure stiijmaria was found, and many of the more friable shales contain minute fragments of carbonized plants. The sandstones are sometimes broken by joints into large rectangular blocks. A back lands road running down a very romantic valley to South- west Margaree, exposes compact, white-weathering, quartzose and felspathic sandstone. On the main road up Southwest Mai-gai-eo, from the junction of this road to the Outlet of Lake Ainslie, grey and rusty grit, shale .ind sandstone crop out, whereas on the opposite side of the river the strata are bright-red, the river being apparently the boundary between the two series.' In a brook not far below the outlet, rusty crumbling sandstone contains carbonized plants, but gives place higher up to reddish conglomerate and grit. The glen and pass through which the post road runs from Southwest Margaree to Broad Cove Marsh is perhaps a basin of soft rocks between the lower rocks of the hills. On this road in the brook near Eanald McLennan's, fine, reddish-grey flaggy, argillac^T'us sandstone is found. In Captain Allan's Brook the first rapids and cascades show grey, flinty jointed sandstone, associated with grey conglomerate and reddish micaceous sandstone. Higher up in the different branches and in other brooks towards Southwest Margaree similar rocks contain calc- spar veins in the joints. At the source of one branch is a small rocky dry lake or barren, precisely like those of Grand Eiver and Loch Lomond, the surface blocks being nearly as quartzose. These and similar strata about Lake Ainslie are typical of a great part of the Carboniferous highlands of this district. In a field north of Loch Ban is an outcrop of fine, grey, shaly sandstone; while in Dunbar and other neighboring brooks, grey conglomerate and associa- ted rocks are present. Fine, grey, sandstone and grit occui- in several branches of Big Brook and reddish sandstone in Angu's Brook. The road to Coady Settlement is comparatively level for about TOO yards from Southwest Margaree showing only a few blocks, beyond which point there is a steady ascent of a hill which becomes much steeper to the north-east in which direction the foot of it runs. Up this hill a short distance '•] NORTHERN CAPE HRETON. 41 H brook grey other Pre- p probably I'iition. 1(1 and soft iind white jenish and one of the rid many of zed plants, ectangiilar y to South- [•tzoso and a roe, from and rusty side of the ! boundary itlot, rusty ace higher Southwest soft rocks )rook near sandstone how grey, ad reddish }8 and in itain calc- lall rocky and Loch 5. These jreat part north of while in id associa- Bs of Big to Coady Southwest there is a north-east ; distance is flinty sandstone, associated further out with eongiomerate an ho ])ersist- les they are , while the bituminous, erlying the . It is tra- te, grit and h which lie 7ered with orth of the le and shale Qcretionary aerate, grit ilms of red of pebbles iward, and grit in its and Hume id stone and are bluish, greenish, grey and rod argillaceous, sandstone, .shale and congionioi-atc, jointed, broken, and often calcareous. Eeference has already boon made to the rocks of Southwest Margai-oi' River. In the brooks north of Mount Pleasant the rocks of which M.ir'',"of the dip is indicated on the map are reddish and greenish shale and '"*""" fine grey quartzoso sandstone. In the lower part of some of those brooks occurs an impure, grey <"ti<'rotionary limestone, with black graphitic surfaces, liclow the chuj,el, red and bluish-grey shales aiv succeeded in Cameron Brook by micaceous shaly sandstone, underlaid by sandstone, grit and conglomerate. In the vicinity of Collins' Brook sandstone and fine grit are seen. On the lett bank of the river, just above the fork, soft, rii)ple-marked sandstone, shale and marl occur. Below Margaree Forks good outcrops of mottled shales, grey and rusty fine sandstone and concretionary, calcareous rock are found in f'-X"'"' Hugh dillis' Brook, which probably belong to this series. In the brook directly opposite and in others on the east side of Margaree J{iver, bluish-grey felspathic sandstone and argillaceous shale, with minute " veins of calcspar accompany gi-it and conglomerate. In Galant liiver, below the Marshbrook road, limestone is found with greenish and reddish micaceous sandstone, and shale, grit .„„,"»'""' «'^«- conglomerate. In the tributary which enters just below this road, grey calcareous sandstone, grit and shale are associated with black calcareo-bituminous shale, covered with fish-remains, shells, etc., succeeded higher up by red marl. Above the Marshbrook i-oad,' grey' coarse, heavy-bedded sandstone, fine, micaceous, crumpled grit, indian- red conglomerate and bluish-grey argillite overlie the reddish syenite and felsite which occur higher up. Throughout nearly its entire length this river flows among these rocks, which also occupy the hills between it and the shore road. The patches at the mouth of Trout and Jumping Brooks are thus described by Professor Hind :-« Mottled sandstones and conglom- -^'"JrS'of erates rest unconformably on white and mottled sandstones and -eo^Toral bituminous shales, supposed to be of Lower Carboniferous age. These &u^ »nd latter rest unconformably, the first on red metamorphic rocks the ''""" ^"~'"- second are seen in close proximity to red, green and black corrugated schists, supposed to be of lower Silm-ian age."* The first group here seen represents the limestone series, the second the conglomerate while the schists have been described as Pre-Cambrian, although Pro- fessor Hind has not included them in his "gneissoid series." but con- cludes that they represent tae summit of the gold-bearing rocks of Nova Scotia. !t>l 'I Hi . M '■■ % * Sherbrooke Gold Diitriot, 1870, p. 71. ir m 46 II NOVA SCOTIA. Pleaiant Bay. i i r 11: i i' ■ I ; '■ 'psum. Mabou Harbor Plants. Mabou. ibou Itivor, thin-boddod, reddish-^rcy tino sandstone occui-s, heraiititic and occasionally false- boddod, full ol' .mall concretions like copi-olitos; succeeded lower down by ai'^illacouH shales spotted with calcspai-, and by a bed of inipuro bituminous, fnssiliferous limestone about one fiM)t thick. In tho clitfs u downthi'inv fault of twenty feet is exposed. Concretionary, hematitio limestone, seann.'d with day, occurs among the saiulstones, containing fossils, among the most abundant of which are tho polygonal plates of an cncrinite. Lower down, conglomerate, concretionary fandstone and marls of various bright colors, are associateil witli pink, orange, white, and grey gypsum, passing in places into limestone which in its tui'n encloses masses of gypsum and htis been quarried to some extent. At one i)oint an impure^ vesicular, nodular limestone is overlaid by eighteen feet of alternations of grey shale, mottled marl and sandstone, dipping IS". 23° W. < 3!)° in clitls. Near the miildle Itridge, blacki.sh shales contain a great number of curious bean-shaped concretions which \veather rusty-brown. The associated shales are beautifully rippled and some of the red varieties have the indentations of the ripples filled with green. Tho ; trata are much contorted, exhibiting small anticlines and synclines. At the heail of tidewater this river displays reddish and greenish shale and sandstone, often rippled, as well as dirty brownish-grey, oolitic, bituminous limestone, veined with calcspar. Haifa-mile south of Mabou Harbor, at the end of the sand beach, light sea-green and red, spotted and banded, soft marl and sandstone, with markings of plants, are followed by outcrops rt' bituminous lime- stone, vesicular and concretionary or argillaceous and carbonaceous, veined with white and rosy calcspar ; succeeded by banded, dark-grey, coaly limestone, by gypsum containing crystals of selenitj, and marls containing bands of fibrous gypsum sometimes six inches thick. In one of these bands is a compact lenticular mass three and a-half feet long by eight or ten inches wide, of rusty-brown, coarse, soft, arenaceous rock. Sandstone and conglomerate occur further along the shore, thin and thick-bedded, grey and rusty, with beds of underclay. In places these beds are thrown on end and strike about S. 24 ° W. : they are much contorted, as always happens when plaster is mixed, with softer rocks. Mottled marl, calcareous sandstone, limestone, rusty-grey sandstone, grit, and conglomeritic, argillaceous rock with bands of glistening, hard, coaly matter, and upright and prostrate trees then occupy the shore. But the succeeding rocks will be described in treating of the Port Hood coal measures of which they form a pax't. On the south side of Mabou Eiver, immediately above the bridge at Mabou village, light greenish-brown, vesicular, and nodular, conglom- FtlTCMER.] thin-boddod, )nally falHc- I lowor down I of impure n tho elitl's a r, humatitio , containing nil plates of y fi'ruistone ink, orarii^o, wliicli in its lomo extent, overlaid by d isandstono, go, blackish concretions beautifully ion8 of the 1, exhibiting r this river rippled, a» veined with Hand beach, sandstone, ainous lime- irbonaceous, , dark-gi-ey, , and marls i thick. In and a-half joarse, soft, 3V along the f underclay. 3. 24 ° W. : er is mixed , limestone, 1 rock with d prostrate be described form a pai-t. le bridge at ir, conglom- VORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 49 n eritic limestone, about fifteen f.oi thick is seamed with red calcito ^rialT To 7 t ".•''' '': ^'-omposition of sandy, oohl ,s ta tenal or to contraction of the substance of the rock and are 2 :?f3'\"^^^"'- ^""^•^^""«' ^'>'P«-' -> -d 'and green marl aio found at various points higher up. In the fiiv^t We brook about a mile above the bridge, limestone'and gj^ sum I L 11 ceeded by grey, bluish-grey, greenish and re'^: calcareous sandstone and grit are associated with '"'"^ *"'" blackish shales indistinctly seen. In the shingle-mill branch the fol lowing rocks occur above the Skye Glen road : 1. Reddish-grey fine sandstone with a variable dip 2. Purple and reddish sandstone and conglomerate 3. Grey bluish-grey and reddish argillaceous shale, sometimes flinty and cal- careous, covered with fiicoids. ^ 4. ^l»i«h^y. concretionary, oolitic limestone, barrel-shaped in the bedding and spotted with iron pyrites, rusty-weathering, the upper surfaces trsrrs'^ '-'"■""''■''»'"'•'■ ''»'"»s:'„rr 6. Conglomerate. ' ^'""'^'EgTST^t^o^' K ' i«'* ^-^^-^y, flinty sandstone, aipping N. 50 E. < 45° Here the valleys are cut very deep. On the east side of Indian Island, Whycocomagh, gypsum, concre. tionary limestone and conglomerate are exposed ^vtyoooomwh. Grey and red gypsum and marl crop out on the east side of Little Nan-owsand on the shore towards Portage. Prom Portage to the head but blocks of red, brown and grey fine sandstone are in the banks ; and luither back, gypsum and limestone abound as well as on all the roads m !' I ' I ; 1 , I 60 H NOVA HCOTIA. Salt aprings. Middle River. Ii>ike I«w. about Nineveh, Washabnck and McKinnon Inten-ale,* the gypsum being as usual accompanied by salt springs. Fi'om the bridge, near the mouth, to the upper settlement, Middle River displays frequent outcrops of shelly limestone, gj'pHum, sand- stone, grit, conglomerate, marl und argillaceous shale, ripple-marked and covered with fucoids, which on the east side extend, in plains broken by plaster pits, to the foot of the hills, where they are under- laid by Pre-Cambrian rocks, while on the west side conglomerate inter- venes. The Carboniferous rocks leave it at the First Gold Brook to occupy Lake Law, to Northeast Margaree. To a stranger coming from Middle River, Lake Law appears to be the continuation of that river, just as one would suppose Mclnnes Glon to indicate the couree of the Northeast Margaree above Big Intervale, from the greater size of the valley consequent on the presence of Carboniferous rocks- The difference of level between Lake Law and the bed of Middle River is only a few feet. The singular manner in which tlio Carboniferous limestone runs up the glens of the St. Ann's and Baddecii Rivers, proving the existence of the same valleys and hills in Carboniferous time, has been fre- quently pointed out. On Baddeck Bay there are largo quan-ies of gj^isum, and in Peter's and Buckwheat Brooks outcrops of both limestone and gypsum. Above Andrew Anderson's road, Peter's Brook cuts through reddish and grey marl, sandstone and conglomerate, with a westerly dip, associated in slightly contorted beds with calcareous shale and limestone, full of shells and stems of plants, veins of calcspar and films of hematite. Foyle's Brook exposes shelly limestone and, higher up, calcareous sandstone and conglomerate ; and similar rocks, veined with calcspar, are found iii Morgan Brook. The distribution of this formation about Lake Ainslie and Southwest LakeAinslie. Mabou will be readily imtlerstood from the map, upon which the more important outcrops have been marked. On the point east of Dunbar's mill brook is a grey and rusty surf-eaten limestone. At the head of Doherty Cove, mottled shale and sandstone are in the bank, accom- panied, on the next point west, by dark bluish-grey and black, papery, argillaceous shale, apparently without fossils ; underlaid by grey and whitish shaly and massive limestone, veined with calcspar. For some distance the shore follows nearly on the strike of these i-ocks which dip at a vaiiable angle inland. Mount Pleasant '^^^ ^^S^ clitfs immediately above the road in Mount Pleasant Brook display red marl with greenish, concretionary layers of fine mica- Baddeok and St. Ann's Rivers Baddeck ^p' sum quames. Fusaik. Black shales • Report for 1876-77, page 442. rUtTCMlR.] NORTHERN CAI'H BRETON. 51 H fpHum being lent, Middle 'pHum, Hand- pple-marked d, in plains y are under- nerate inter- lUl Brook to iger coming iition of that 3 tho couree greater size rocks- The die Eivor is tone runs up he existence as been fre- id in Peter's isum. Above reddish and p, associated 4tone, full of of hematite. ), calcareous ith calcspur, id Southwest ich the more of Dunbar's the head of lank, accom- lack, papery, ay grey and r. For some rocks which jasant Brook f fine micor ceous sandstone bands of dark calcareous shale and grey and bluish- grey streaks of impure limestone. The dip is somewhat change- able, perhaps indicating a fault. Witli these are associated impure gypsum and gypseous marl, while higher up in the Big Brook, and also in its branches, are the metamorphic, Carboniferours i-ocks else- where refen-ed to. In the small brooks north ol' Mount Pleasant, red, grey and greenish, micaceous, calcareous sandstone and argillaceous shale are four:d with limestone. Patrick Munro's Brook flows through a mound of gypsum seventy feet high into the Northeast Margaroe Eiver in which also&.!;^' many other outcrops occur. Associated with limestrme and g>7)sum to form the Hogsback is a bluish-grey shale, full of Stiymaria. The I'lanta. distribution of the Carboniferous rocks around the Sugar-loaf and in Forest Glen will be seen on the map. At the head of Mclnnes Glen gypsum and grey, impure, shelly limestone run in a narrow belt bounded on both sides by hills of Pre-cambrian rock ; and sand- stone, shale, marl, limestone, ami gypsum exposed in all the roaf Cheticamp ich they are nd Margaree aceoua sand- i, cuts large p and Cape the felsites. easant Bay, liver, indian- e found near jherent lime- ains of white iborhood the istance west md occupied ated, veined a moderate ; principally ', with occa- ed with calc- argillaceous !ar the beach le fields near r. everywhere ) no special appeal's in i" in the bays bluish shale, reccia which h Island also loky Cape to st described. 1, while red- )k8. On the ed and gi'ey "''"""•] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 53 3 grit, sandstone and marl, some of which contain carbonized plants and have been explored in search of coal. Red conglomerate i^ in place on Island Point near the mouth of the Barasois Eiver but the'^'""''*'°"^'"' shore in this vicinity is generally sandy and low. ' MILLSTONE GRIT. This formation may be represented in the great thickness of strata underlying the coal measures of the Port Hood district and other points on the western coast, but as no want of conformity is any- where exhibited till the top of the Carboniferous limestone is reached and as the whole area of the overlying measures is small, no attempt has been made to subdivide them and they will therefore be included in the sections which follow and which were measured along the coast. COAL MEASURES. The lowest beds of the most southerly outcrop of the Inverness coal field at Little Judique have already been described.* North of Judiqueln^on^e* eo«I. they appear at intervals as portions of the rim of a basin which has been nearly destroyed by the sea. Seams of coal of considerable thickness have been worked at Port Hood, Mabou, Broad Cove and Chimney Corner, concerning which details will be given hereafter In j the meantime the strata will be described as they are seen on the shore, beginning at Port Hood. The undulations of the lower Carbon- iferous and Pre-Cambrian rocks by which the troughs are separated will be readily understood from the following sections and the map. Section of Goal Mbasurbs feom Port Hood Lighthouse Southward in Descending Order. 1. Grey and greeniah argilUceous shale. At least T^ ' o™*" 2. Grey, brownish and rugty sandstone, often coarse, false- bedded, crumbly ; with small patches of concretionary limestone; full >f pot-holes formed by the waves. A prostrate tree, two feet in diameter, converted into crystalline and oolitic limestone and ironstone, with p ., traces of galena and blende. Hard, concretionary J^ossiitreea. mastes and many plants. The sandstone strikes along the shore, for nearly a mile. Thickness probably at Traoes of '®"**' 40 plana and 3. Greenish-grey, soft argillaceous shale 1 q **'■ 4. Ck)al, hard, with streaks of pyrites 2 5. Greenish and grey soft argillaceous shale and underclay. 3 6. Rusty, shaly sandstone j 1q lij ' Report for 1879-80, p. 110 F. ''r I' h )E: V. y.\- ;r Bituminoni ■hale. Main seam, Trees. 54 H NOVA 8C0TU. , FBEIT. INCHES. 7. Greenish and bluish argillaceous shale with coal streaks. 2 2 8. Rusty sandstone, full of planta and Stigmaria 5 4 9. Bluish argillacepus shale 1 3 10. Coal in two layers 2 11. Dark argillaceous shale with plants 2 8 12. Black carbonaceous shale, 0' 1"; Coal, 0' 2"; Qay, 0'7"; Coal,0'7" 1 5 13. Argillaceous fireclay 3 U.Coal 5 15. Black carbonaceous shale 1 16. Grey and greenish argillaceous shale 1 17. Measures concealed, probably argillaceous shale 10 18. Fine sandstone 5 19. Dark argillaceous shale with harder bands 2 20. Measures concealed 9 21. Alternations of dark argillaceous shale and fine sandstone, broken into small blocks by joints 4 3 22. Compact, rough sandstone with Stigmaria on Ihe upper surface 4 4 2o. Measures concealed, probably including a coal seam. ... 1 9 24. Arenaceous underclay 2 3 25. Black calcareo-argillaceous shjile, with Naiadites Cythere, 5ptVor&ta, plants and fish-remains 3 4 26. Coal; local, 0' V ; Black shale I' 0"; Coal 0' 1"; Black shale 1' 6" ; Coal 0' 4" ; Black shale 0' 10"; Coal 0' V ; Black shale 0" 3 ; Coal 0" 2 ; Black shale indefinite. . 4 4 27. Measures concealed. Perhaps includes the coal seam worked at Port Hood Mines 6 feet thick 35 28. Fine sandstone 1 6 29. Measures concealed 53 30. Light-grey flaggy sandstones 2 31. Measures concealed 50 32. Laminated fine sandstone 2 33. Measures concealed 2 6 34. Fine sandstone 1 35. Measures concealed, but probably greenish argillaceous shale, with streaks of coaly shale 6 36. Grey fine sandstone 9 37. Greenish argillaceous ahale 7 38. Greenish fine sandstone 1 3 39. Greenish and bluish argillaceous shale 8 40. Grey, greenish and rusty, fine and coarse, micaceous, crumbly sandstone; patches of coarse conglomerate ; contains coal-pipes and trees turned into pyrites, or into a mixture of ironstone and calcspar, or of coaly matter and prism-pyramids of quartz. Thickness some- what indefinite as it strikes along the shore for about halfamil6 115 41. Greenish and light-grey argillaceous shale; sometimes arenaceous and blackened with plants 10 6 r ' -t 5 4 1 3 2 2 8 1 5 3 5 1 1 10 5 2 a 9 4 4 1 9 2 3 35 a 1 6 63 2 50 2 a 2 6 1 6 9 7 1 3 8 FiETCHER.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 55 h 42. Black shale with masses of limestone, crowded with shells, some 01 che Naiadiks being an inch and a half in length 2 6 43. Greenish argillaceous shale 15 q . 44. Measures concealed \ 4 q 45. Lighirgrey and rusty crumbling sandstone 7 46. Gree»ish argillaceous shale., g 6 47. Grey, flaggy, crumbling sandstone 4 q 48. Greenish argillaceous shale, with thin bands of greenish fine, calcareous sandstone, containing plants 10 9 49. Grey and rusty flaggy sandstone 5 s 50. Dark-bluish argillaceous shale 7 3 51. Ironstone , ^^ o 52. Greenish argillaceous shale g q 53. Measures concealed g g 54. Fine, shaly, argillaceous sandstone, with harder bands, passing into thin bedded sandstone, crumbly and blackened with plants 70 55. Greenish and grey argillacec's shale, with ironstone bands ; dark carbonaceous It, yers at top 34 56. Light-grey, fine, micaceous, shaly sandstone 2 6 57. Greenish, argillaceous shale ; not well seen 7 6 58. Coal 0' 2" ; Black carbonaceous shale 0' 6" 8 59. Greenish argillai-eous shale ; not well seen 14 60. Brown, rusty and grey crumbling sandstone 9 61. Greenish and grey argillaceous shale g 62. Measures concealed 9 q 63. Light-grey and brown crumbling sandstone 70 Total thickness 710 2 Carboniferous Limestone. 1 •d..a 1-1 • ... feet inches. 1. Ked crumbling argillaceous shale, with greenish harder masses _ 25 2. Measures concealed ; probably red shale 5 3. Soft, shaly, crumbling, crystalline gypsum, whitish and reddish in irregular beds 5 4. Measures concealed ; probably gypseous marl. Mouth of asmallbrook 20 5. Marl of various colours, full of veins and streaks of gyp- sum, some of which are more than an inch thick 25 6. Gypsum, perhaps not continuous 3 7. Ivdddish and greenish marl, with occasional thin layers of gypsum and limestone, and veins running in all dir- ections JQQ Q 8. Impure, bituminous limestone, passing into calcareous sandstone. Included in 72 9. Measures concealed 22 Bituminong, shale, Ironstone. If Lower Carbon- iferous rooks brought in by a fault. i;t 1 P' Mil If :...i ;-psuin. i; itie Judique Harbor. Bituminous shale. ^ \ \ '}.■ y ^^ H NOVA SCOTIA. 10. Whitish, crystalline, crumbling gypsum in a broken bank; bedded like the accompanying strata; crystals of sele- nite in a base of white gypsum, but the crystals are seldom well-formed; sometimes they are so numer- ous as to obliterate the white gypsum 35 11. Reddish and greenish shale, gypseous toward the top, and containing several greenish gypseous streaks in the bedding j'^ q 12. Dark, impure, laminated gypsum, containing masses of red marl; veins of white fibrous gypsum throughout, and radiating, crystalline concretions of selenite; sandy spots in places 59 q 13. Reddish and greenish gypseoua marls, veined, and blotch- ed with gypsum, occur in continuous clifis, the dip of which is obscure ; and among them is a 5-feet band of dark, shining, crystalline gypsum and harder shale and sandstone bands. These marls, with rippled, greenish and reddish bands continue nearly to the beginning of Little Judique Harbor. (Susan Creek of the chart) Total thickness 364 Section op Coal Measures feom Port Hood Wharf southward. 1. Measures concealed by a bank of dark clay and a sand fbot inches. beach ^f. q 2. Reef of light-grey sandstone covered with ironstone balls 2 3. Dark shale, with traces of {coal and underclay 12 4. Light and rusty-grey, broken, fine sandstone, often nodu- lar and containing comminuted plants 5 5. Bluish-grey argillaceous shale 15 q 6. Light-grey shaly sandstone 4 q 7. Dark bhiish-grey argillaceous shale q q 8. Black shale with Cythere, Naiaditea, coprolites, fish remains and coaly matter q 3 9. Argillaceous underclay 12 10. Grey sandstone veined with pyrites and calcspar. 1 9 11. Argillaceous shale, full of coaly matter 6 12. Rusty sandy underclay, full of Stigmaria. Local, and passes into sandstone i 2 13. Sandstone q q 14. Alternations of sandstone and shale. 1 15. Measures concealed. Argillaceous shale sometimes ob- scurely seen 4g Q 16. Greenish-grey argillaceous sandstone and shale 40 17. Bluish;»nd greenish-grey shaly sandstone. Dip S. 63' W. ^<17° 10 18. Grey, and bluish-grey sandstone, false-bedded, shaly or in bands 4 feet thick, irregular layers of shale; coaly streaks made by carbonized plants 19 Total thickness 222 2 35 74 50 364 •AHD. FBBT INCHE3 46 2 12 5 15 4 6 3 12 1 9 6 1 2 6 1 46 40 10 19 ' '"•"=""•] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. ^>j g seamUTiBr!!;!!'^^ ''' f-t below the main Correction or seam and is repeated on the shore to the southward of the outcron of '''*H"'"'^^?''''^ this coal. The measures south of the whaxf may also be hetras^« ""^ those north of Isthmus Point, the difference in the two sectionTLt eating a fault. For a distance of about 600 feet north of Port Hood wharf a sand- beach occupies the shore. Then reefs of grey sandstone dip N. 79» ^- < fl. "^^""'f ' ^''' ^"^-^h^^- '^^rth an under-clay, with ma k- ings of Stigmana dips S. 23° W. < 20- but the reefsi feet to the westward turn sharply northward. At 1190 feet from the wharf the dip of a sandstone reef is S. 54° W. < 19°, and this seems to prevail as far as the fii-st rocks seen north of the little pond at Isthmus Point, although the land is low and sandy, rendering this doubtfully obscure Beginning he section from the highest rocks seen on this point, we have the following descending sequence :— Section op Measures north of IsTronrs Point. 1. Grey sandstone, often more or less argillaceous, full of ^^' ^^^^™^' Stigmaria ; streaks of coaly matter ; fueoids ; occasional P'""''- patches of grey and bluish-grey argillaceous shale .... 25 2. Grey sandstone and argillaceous shale, with streakH of coaly matter; trunks of trees 22 3. Alternations of red and green argillaceous shale, with bands of ;|rey sandstone qq q 4. Detritus of coal and coaly shale seen in the bank in" laiw quantity. Included in 7 6. Grey argillaceous shale or underclay ...., .. ' 6. Sandstone and argillaceous shale ."'' 7. Measures concealed 236 8. Grey sandstone forming cliffs and a high shore ..'."" 94 9. Measures concealed at the mouth of a brook and pond .'. W 10. Grey and rusty, fine, crumbling sandstone, in clife. Din S.10°W.<15° ^ 77 Q 11. Reddish and greenish argillaceous shale, with a black layer near the top and probably more coaly matter near the bottom „ 12. Rusty concretionary sandstone 3 q 13. Coal streak and rusty underclay * " . ' 3 q 14. Dark-bluish argillaceous shale 1 n 15. Red and green shale, not well seen ..'.*.'...... 20 16. Grey sandstone and argillaceous shale in layers, with thin seams of coal or black shale. The order of occurrence generally is : Coal, underlaid by argillaceous shale and overlaid by sandstone 45 q 17. Red and green rocks, with sandstone bands and, perhaps*. coaly matter; not well seen... 33 q Ironstone. I'll \i [I IH i i 1 i %'.[ Bituminous (hale. Cape Linzee. Bituminous shale. Bituminous shale. 58 H 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. NOVA SCOTIA. Grey sandstone and argillaceous shale ; much Ironstone . 17 Black shale and underclay. A streak q o Grey sandstone and argillaceous shale 34 o Black shale, passing in places into coal, with alternations of calcareo-bituminous shale and underclay 21 Greenish shaly underclay, passing downward into red and grey shale 33 q Greenish-grey shaly sandstone 30 Grey and greenish-grey shale and sandstone. The shale is more or less arenaceons, passes into sandstone, and forms high cliffs 120 Dark grey argillaceous shale, fiill of ironstone nodules. DipS.28°W. <17° 20 Grey rusty sandstone 20 Grey shale, with dark layers and sandstone bands 18 Grey and rusty arenaceous underclay, passing into sand- stone 4 (^ Dark-grey shale 35 q Gray and rusty massive sandstone, of the bold headland of Cape Linzee, worn by the waves, and a resort of birds 51 Greenish and dark-bluish shale, witu a coal streak 12 Mixed argillace as and calcareo-bituminous shaleh, with Cythere, Spirorbia and Naiadites 3 Underclay 3 q Alternations of grey and greenish argillaceous shale 55 Calcareo-bituminous shale, mixed with coaly shale, pass- ing upward into grey shale 4 Grey, fine, calcareous sandstone 19 Dark bluish and greenish shale, with black and coaly bauds 45 (^ Sandstone band, with underclay and dark argillaceous and arenaceous shale Alternations of sandstone and shale, which can be measured in detail, but present few points of interest. Dip S. 9° W. < 17° 124 Coal, with a band of bituminous shale 3 Alternations as in 39 28 Coal 10 Alternations as in 39 44 Coal 4 Calcareo-bituminous shale 10 Argillaceous shale and sandstone. 15 Calcareo-bituminous shale 3 Alternations as in 39 14 Red argillaceous shale, containing calcareous concretions. Dip S. 23° W. < 10° to 20° 45 Eed shale mixed with black, succeeded again by red argillaceous shale 45 Coal worked. Thickness undetermined » 3 10 4 a ""'""■] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 52. Reddish, greenish and grey shale, with coaly streaks. . . 18 53. Grey sandstone, forming a reef jq 54. Red rocks, with dark streaks as before ..,..'. 53 55. Reddish and grey fine sandstone, forming a point 20 56. Alternations of grey and rusty sandstone and reddish argillaceous shale gQ 57. Reddish-grey fine sandstone, with reddish darker mark- ings ; passes downward into gray fine sandstone, form- ing a rough point jQg 58. Bright-brown or indian-red shale, with harder bands and a green layer about the middle. Begins at a large brook in a bay g- 59. Scndstone marked with broken plants. Dip S 6° W < 10° .... ' ^" 48 60. Reddish shale and sandstone 51 61. Thick sandstone, forming a rocky point Din S. 5° W < 17° to 22° 5,,^ ■ _ 43 62. Black calcareo-bituminous shale 2 63. Underclay ' „ 64. Red argillaceous shale and sandstone, with several thin dark bands jqq 65. Rocks only obscurely ceen in the bank. Dip S. 13° W. < 12° f • ^ ^^ 29 66. Reddish sandstone and argiUaceous shale, with patches of conglomerate and grit 14 67. Measures concealed ..'..,. 86 68. Grey sandfltono, forming reefs 55 69. Measures concealed; apparently red, greenish and gi^y shales, with thin bands of sandstone. Dip S- 3° W. < 14 ° . . . . •'^ 20 70. Shaly sandstone 71. Measures concealed. Here occurs the beach of Little Mabou pond, past which the first rocks dip S. 60° W. < 21°, making it impossible accurately to estimate the thickness of the concealed interval, even if there is no break. Itisperhaps 25O 72. Sandstone, occasionally seen on the reefs 55 73. Reddish, waving, shaly sandstone, passing into greenish argillaceous shale 28 74. Grey, fine sandstone '.'', jy 75. Reddish shale and sandstone ,"' 57 76. Bluish-grey, grey and greenish fine sandstone, greatly jointed, spotted and streaked with red, marked with plants, thick-bedded, spots of calcspar. DipfS. 54° W. <16° 44 77. Measures concealed 33 78. Grey and rusty, fine, sandstone n 79. Greenish and reddish sandstone and argiUaceous shale seen occasionally on the reefs is 80. Red rocks I ' o 59 H BitumiDOtts shale. Little Mabou. ;••. I: . M I s \ ^^ H NOVA SCOTIA. ti Di . . , ., .. FEET, INCHES. bl. iiluish-grey bituminous limestone, containing -SpiVorfti'g ; traces of iron pyrites and hematite [ i g 82. Red argillaceous shale with a few sandstone bands of no Bituminous great thickness j3j q limestone. 83. Greenish, reddish and grey sandstone, forming a point ! ! 137 84. Indian-red shale 7q „ 85. Beautiful greenish-grey sandstone, streaked with hema- tite-red concretions, like agates ; sometimes reddish, with green spots ' g^ q 86. Red shale. Dip W. < 24" 60 87. Reddish and greenish sandstone, passing into conglome- ritic grit or underclay at bottom 25 88. Red and purple argillaceous shale, containing layers of greenish sanustone. Of doubtful thickness 20 89. Limestone, gypsum, shales, marl: and sandstones that skirt the shore, with very changeable dip, to the beach MabouRiver. at the mouth of Mabou River Total thickness ^^ ^ The structure of Smith Island is very simple. It displays a seg- Smith Island, ment of a basin of the coal measures, unconformably capping the Carbonifei-ous lime >one, the contact of the two formations being well seen m the cliffs on both sides of the island. The eastern shore for €oai mea.ure8« ^^"^ "f'l! ''''''^^ of Portsmouth Point, and the western as far as bSni&^" '^"^ ^°'°*' ^^^"^ Srey rusty sandstone, with plants and prostrate trees and a few bands of grey and bluish-grey ai-gillaceous shale; while for a great distance further, this sandstone overlies on top of the cliffs, the limestones at the sea level. The east shore from Ports- mouth Point is on the strike of the rocks which dip westwai-d ; but at Susannah Point the dip is southeasterly. This attitude would bring the rocks of Smith Island beneath those of Henry Island, provided no undulation exists between the islands, and consequently the latter ought to form a higher portion of the coal measures. Perhaps very httle higher, however, because the strike of the rocks at Susannah Point would carry them, if continued, to Henry Point. Relation to ^^® ^'^'^^'^ ^^ Henry Island strengthen this view, being similar to itt^ Henry the coal measures of the mainland opposite, although they contain no beds of coal. On the shore east of Justaucorps Point, ai-e cliffs of grey, nearly horizontal sandstone and red shale. These i-ocks extend northward from Fishery Point in alternating layera, forming a seg- ment of a basin similar to that of Smith Island, and of which the lowest rocks occur at Henry Point. The whole thickness seen on the thetwo&ds.!^^^°*^ '^ probably about 1,200 feet. The presence or absence of coal in the gap between the two islands could be tested by a boring at the north side on or near Henry Point ; and the question is one of some importance. 'EET. INCHES 1 6 31 37 70 54 60 25 20 FlITCHEK.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 61 H The extension Of the coal measures inland at Port Hood is very trZ f "• '"'''r'"^ "*'^*^^* '''^' ^^« «*™t- underlying hettpt-^^r were fol^ ' "f ^"^ ''" ''""' ""'^ ^^^^«"^^ — ' «--« ^60 felt I'o^r. ''^''" ""''"'"' *"^"*y ''^^^^^ i'^ tWeknesB. ness of which has not been correctly ascertained, as it is entirely underwater; but the a-op is occasionally seen when the tidet low and It IS supposed to be not less than six feet thick." One of t^e earns refen-ed to here, twenty inches thick, is said to have been found n the millbrook, eighteen chains above the shore road, and two smaller seams .bout twelve chains higher. The country east'and northeas of tail??„ k" : f ^^^''y "°^ ™-^*y «'^'^^«t«'^« ""d shale, con- taining carbonized plants. In the Hogsback Brook, flaggy, red fine- giamed sandstone, with plants, is underlaid by fom- feet of dark-Wey ^""'"°-- dirty, concretionary limestone, in part calcareous, vesicular conglom'. c^:: rLitrfr^r^^ 'V^^"^^^ ^"' ^^'^^*^- ^-^ -ndstonetalTo ZufZ.Ti^ '^.'^""' '"^ '"'' '''""^ '"^ ^^« neighbourhood of Southwest Mabou. But no coal has been found among them, and it sents the barren series of the base of section north of Isthmus Point. Mabou Coal Basin.-l^o difficulty is encountered in defining the limits of the coal-beanng strata at Mabou coal mines, the next in order to the northward the two limited patches at Coal Mines and Finlay Points being Sharply interrupted by the gypsum, at a distance in no case more than a quarter of .i-mile from the shore. The composition^"""^- and relations of the beds of this series will best be understood by the following sections. ''^ SamoN OF Coal Measures from Coal Mine Point southward, in n^KDmo ' ORDER. 1. Light-grey, rusty-weathering, crumbling sandstone, dip- ping N. 25° E. <46°for about two chains on the shore then becoming nearly horizontal. It contains coal streaks ; a few fine specks of silvery mica ; and large hard concretions, around which the sandstone is ar- ranged in concentric layers. In part blackened by comminuted, carbonized plants and trunks of trees, mches of greenish calcareous conglomerate and ar- gillaceous shale, extend, along the shore for about 28 FBBT. INCHES. Coal Mice Point. •Coalfields of NovaSootia, p. 27. ,i Bitnminoue ahalo- I ' 1/ ' 3 62 H J NOVA SCOTIA. . . mwt. INCHBS. Chains, forming Coal Mine Point. Dip greatly ob- scured by false-bedding, but changing to 8. 58' W. < 28°, and lower. Thickness conaeqnently hard to esti- mate, but probably 125 2. Rusty uiiilerclay of variable thickness 3. Bluish and greenish-Krey argillacwus shale 22 4. Ligbtrgrey rusty sandstone 14 6. Light-greenish argillaceous shale 10 6. Measures concealed at the mouth of a brook ; but appar- ently greenisii argillaceous shale and sandstone, prin- cipally the former 22 7. Light and dark bluish-grey argillaceous shale, with iron- stone jKxlules and bands. In places full of Cythere and coprolites. Dip N. 25° E. <56° 33 8. Layers of coal and coaly shale 7 9. Dark coaly fordaii' shale, full of shells 1 10. Greenish-groy argillaceous shale, with ironstone nodules. Passes at top into dark shale 2 11. Dark bluish-grey argillaceous shale, coaly at top ; full of shells and plants 4 12. Greenish argillaceous shale, full of nodules and bands of ironstone. Passes into dark shale at top 24 13. Coal and coaly shale. Dip N. 40° E. < 53° 2 14. Underclay , 2 15. Measures concealed 3 16. Clay 17. Coaly shale and coal 4 18. Coal of fair quality 2 19. Coaly shale, full of Cordaili and lenticular layers of ironstone. Passes in places into coal 10 20. Measures concealed, including a coal seam which has been worked 2I 21. Crumbling argillaceous shale, full of ironstone nodules . . 32 22. Calcareous sandstone 4 23. Greenish argillaceous shale 43 24. Grey, massive, crumbling, false-bedded, micaceous sand- stone, with harder concretionary masses. The thick- ness is indefinite, the dip changing from N. 8° W, to N. 40° K, < 49°-55° 325 25. Greenish-grey, crumbling, argillaceous shale, with iron- stjne nodules and layers 40 26. Coal and coaly shale 2 27. Measures concealed, including a coal seam that has been worked 7 28. Underclay 2 29. Coal and coaly shale 3 30. Light greenish-grey argillaceous shale, full of rootlets at top 24 31. Coal and coaly shale 1 32. Underclay 2 6 6 6 6 ^ITCMtR.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. «3 H 3 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 33. Dark bluish-grey bituminous, papery «hale, with Cor- '"^- """''• daitfs and shells ^ 34. Light^bluish shale, with nodules of ironstone! ... ' .*.".' " " 4 35. Coaly CordatVshale, with hard partinm ... ' 11 36. Underclay , '" " 37. Light-grey sandstone, finely marked with fucoids".' ' More shay above, and containing a band of argillaceous sliale full of ironstone nodules 97 38. Argillaceous shale and underclay, with ironstone ncidules 1 u 39. Black bitummous shale, with coaly bands n o 40. Underclay 41. Light-grey sandstone, with .tro.Hk8 of' ai^jllaiieoufl" shale ^ ^^ and ironstone nodules „ 42. Greenish-grey argillaceous shale, with several layere and ' many nodules of ironstone 3Q 43. Ironstone, argillaceous shale and underclay in bands ' l s 44. Light-grey, shaly, waved sandstone, with thin layers of argillaceous shale and bands of ironstona Crj'stals of gypsum occur in all the rocks of the vicinity ... 14 a 4>/. Ironstone * " 46. Dark, papery, argillaceous, bituminous shale, with A^atad^ ^ lies, Cythere, Spirorbis and CordaiUa o - 47. Ironstone ^ '' 48. Black shale, like 46 n I 49. Black, wrinkled, calcareo-bituminous *shale,"a' massof Aaradites, with a few other shells. Coherent and passed into coaly shale , ^ 50. Black, papery, bituminous shale, full of shells and Cordailea 5L Underclay .*.*.".*.*.'!.*.'.'*."..' q ® 62. Dark-grey arenaceous ihale ■..'........'.'.' 1 J 53. Underclay with ironstone nodules ....!....".!!!! l 1 54. Light bluish-grey argillaceous shale, with shells.'.' .'.* .".'.',' 2 4 65. Alternations of sandstone and nviriUaceous shale. The sandstone is very micaceous, covered on the surface with fucoids, and in places matted with CcUamites. ... n 4 86. Greenish-grey argillacooas shale, passing into arenaceous shaleattop 57. Light bluish-grey flaggy sandstone and arenaceous shale 1 4 58. Dark argillaceous shale, with streaks of ironstone 4 n 69. Light-grey argillaceous shale, with a few ironstone streaks and shells 60. Ironstone underlaid by and pa'ssing into"arena^us ^ underclay . . 61. Coal " 6 62. Black Cordaite-shale, passing in places into coal 3 o 63. Underclay - " 64. Dirtycoal •.•'...'............'." 6 Bituminoui shalo. Fucoids. Crystald of Kypsum. Bituminous «hale. BBoaH 1 1 . Ironstone Bituminous shale. ^ ^ NOVA SCOTIA. 66. Underclay with thin coaly streaks ; nodules of black and ^^^' '^^""' coaly ironstone ; clay in pocketa ^ 66. Ironstone in nodules _ q 67. Orey crumbling underclay, with a few ironstone nolules 11 68. Coal 69. Underclay 70. Light bluish-grey argillaceous shale .......' o 71. Ironstone ' 72. Black and bluish-grey papery ^hale, with shells'. ... . . . . i 73. ironstone in nodular layers q 74. Light-grey areno-argillaceous shale ....] o 75. Ironstone 76. Light-grey areno-argillaceou.s shale 2 77. Ironstone 78. Light bluish-grey arenaceous shales and flags. ......... 4 79. Light-grey, fine, areno-argillaceoti papery shales ....'.'. l 80. Ironstone, passing into arenaceou- sliale 81. Light bluish-grey argillaceous shale, with thre^ bands of ironstone i-l^-inch thick 4 82. Ironstone, 01. Bluish shale, 04. Ironstone, 01 .' '. .' ..'."" 83. Dark bluish-grey and black, papery, argillaceous shale, full of Namdiks and Cyth,re j 84. Light-grey argillaceous shale, with a few shells' ami "two streaks of clay .. 85. Ironstone 86. D -k shale, with layers of grey bituminous limestone '. '. 87. Gray ironstone ^ 88. Greenish-grey, finely laminated, argillaceous shale ' .' .' .' .' l 89. Dark, fine, bituminous shale, with shells q 90. Greenish argillaceous shale . i 91. Ironstone 92. Argillaceous shale, with ironstone nodules 5 93. Arenaceous shale and sandstone, with layers'of" argill*- aceous shale 94. Layers of dark and light argillaceous shale '. '. 2 95. Ironstone of variable thickness q 96. Greenish and bluish-grey argillaceous shale "and sand^ stone in alternate layers, with a few ironstone nodules 27 97. Coal and coaly shale 98. Finely laminated, coaly shale, with lenticular Mtches of the root-bed. No. 99 , 99. Light-grey coherent underclay, meshed with rootlets . * l 100. Bluish-grey argillaceous shale, with a dark streak at the bottom 101. Light-grey coherent underclay, with a "few ironstone nodules 102. Alternations of light-grey rusty-weathering sandstone and argillaceous shale, with ironstone nodules 35 103. Greenish argillaceous shale, with a coal streak 1 6 3 4 4 1 6 5 3 10 1 5 2 6 1 2 10 3 9 3 6 3 9 9 3 3 6 8 « 6 11 3 4 o it 4 1 1 e 5 2 3 2 10 1 4 1 5 2 4 6 1 4 1 1 2 10 3 1 9 1 3 1 5 4 6 2 3 9 9 3 3 6 8 9 FLETCHIII.J NORTHERN CAI'E BRETON. iSr!" J^2 "'""''"''' «ancl«tone, sometimes mixe siialo 114. Greenish and blui«h ar-illa., .i.is ".hale, '^ coaly layers and nodules of ironstone- ' with impure into-u„de.;;i;;:;r::r.::;:!"';?"!' '^'^''"* "''^^""' 115. Impure coal or black Conlaiie shale." 110. Dark bluish-jrrey coaly shale; Cbn/«,7,.v." '■■pass'es"in places into coal 117. Underclaj', very rusty, particularly on ' top.' .'.".'."." veS^' h'^ T'^ '""'^''""" ^"'^ arenaceous shal';, Lulls'.'. ''''""■ ^"'^ ^•°"''^»"">^' -^ fc«- ferruginous "^' ^^Jf coaf : '^"^ "^ '■'•"»«t«»^^'io^i"I^" anVl w^^ 120. Concealed. Grey clay-rock with streaks of coal * Below this is an irregular mixture of Lower Car^ 1 91 r boniferous and Coal Measures, as follows :- 121. Gypsum; irregular 122. Dark-grey clay .] "^ 123. C'oal^^^•eined with fibrou;,' "co-ytalline" '^^^^ ' '{^^^^^ the beddint; and cleavage planes 124. Gypsum . 125. Underclay with trunks of "trees mineVali^d'wiih coal and gypsum in concentric layers 126. Gypsnm, full of crystals of selenite and gypseous" marl" .".' Ji-xactly how the foregoing beds at this fault are related it is difficult to determine, owing to the steep and broken nature of the cliff in which they occur which is situated half a mile north of Beaton Point. U 1 3 Intrusive rock, generally compact and felspathic: green black and purplish; also finely brecciated. Breaks mto minute splinters or dice-shaped fragments... . 4 (! G s 1(1 gyp IXl'll- 7 9 18 Irregular mix- ture ()f r(ick.< iit Ihef.mlt. 3 1 1 3 3 C Dykes. % 66 H NOVA SCOTIA. Basal conglom- erate' Small fault - Plant; KEET. 128. Conglomerate, probably of great thickness, extends in cliffs to the mouth of Mabou Harbor, overlaid in places by patches of gypsum and marl. Sometimes it is cut by dykes of dark greenish, rusty-weathering, crumb- ling diorite, varying in thickness from ten feet to a few inches, and some of the pebbles are traversed by veins of calcite. The alteration of the conglomerate by these dykes seldom extends more than a few inches, or at most a couple of feet. Dip gener- ally eastward Total thickness 1173 Suction of the Mbasuebs from Coal Mine Point northward. 1. Light-grey sandstone. No. 1 of foregoing section 125 2. Underclay, with a thin layer of coal 2 3. Coaly shale 4. Underclay 5. Alternations of black shale and clay, with ironstone nodules 3 6. Light-grey sandstone, with plants 1 7. Greenish, argillaceous shale and clay, with black streaks and ironstone nodules ti 8. Coal and coaly shale l In the bank some of the foregoing beds are replaced by sandstone, and seem to run into the thick sandstone. Or, in other words, the sandstone (No. 1) appears to rest upon the upturned edges of the shales. 9. Argillaceous shale with black streaks 7 10. Dark coaly shale l 11. Underclay and argillaceous shale, with coaly bands and ironstone nodules. Becomes sandy at bottom 8 12. Measures concealed. Probably red and greenish gypse- ous marl. A throw of six feet seen high in the bank. 18 13. Sandstone 4 14. Measures concealed 16 15. ArgiLuceous rocks in thin and thick beds; ironstone nodules. Passes into fine arenaceous shale 18 16. < ■ ley fine sandstone in several layers 7 17. Argillaceous shale with bands and nodules of ironstone.. 8 18. Coal and coaly shale l 19. Underclay, with nodules and layers of ironstone 4 20. Light-grey rusty-weathering sandstone 3 21. Underclay and argillaceous shale, with ironstone nodules and coal streaks 8 22. Grey flaggy sandstone, with a thin bod of argillaceous shale, with ironstone nodules. Corduites and Cala- mites 5 INCHW. 5 6 8 4 6 6 6 riiTCHER.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 61 H 125 2 5 6 3 8 1 6 1 4 18 4 16 18 7 8 1 6 4 6 3 (J 23. Grey and blackish sl.ale; ironstone nodules ™^- 24. Coaly band . ° 25. Dark shale ■.............[ ^ 26. Flaggy rusty sandstone ^ 27. Measures concealed 28. Grey, rusty-weathering, fine" sandstone," full "of" Woken ^^ plants and concretions 29. Dark bluish-grey argillaceous ■;hal"e",'"wiVh" Ironstone n^^ules an,l variable bands of coair shale and under! 30. Whitish-grey, very fine, ai^illaceous sandstone7full' ;f ^ broken plants 31. Sandstone like the foregoing, with "a 'lenticular "band of ^ -> A ^ff "^^"''""^ «f'*J« containing ironstone nodules i 0-. Argillaceous shale with ironstone layers and nodules contorted ' 34. Greenish argillaceous shale, with ironstone'nodul^ ." ." '.'.'. ? A fault intervenes, running about S. 27" E Then o- ^ , o" top «f the bank, is a coal seam. oo. Coal and coalv si ale ""■ ^"i?Z',?' '"'^ "^^'"r «"« «l>«'« '; ironltonJnodui;^ "and "^ irregular mass.s of coaly shale ,,, rf7. Coaly shale, passing into coal 38. Underclay 4 39. Shaly sandstone ^ 41. Unde; clay ^ 42. Bluish-grey argillaceous shale," wi"th plants .""..".".'."." t 4d. Argillaceous shale, crumbling into clay . . , 44. Measures concealed 45. Light-grey, rusty-weathering, massive," "fine" sandstone ^ Dip apparently N. 48° \V. < 57" 46. Greenish argillaceous shale, with a e-in^h'band" of" c;ai; shale halfway. Perhaps a fault intervenes between the sandstone and shale, or between the shale or gy^ urn or oth. The dip is assumed to be the samf'S in 45, but IS very doubtful __ .» ^ ,. Carboniferous Limbstonb. 47. Gypsum, dipping about S. 42° W. at a low anele Of considerable but undetermined thickness mail with limestone bands, and conglomerate irregu- larly mixed with limestone and marl, occupy theshore from Coal Mine Point to Finlay Point, where the S gypsum is again overlaid by coal measures. .. ...!! Total thickness 460 ! INCHBe. 6 6 6 6 t'annel coal. Fault. Bituminous sniile. t I Fiiult* 68 H NOVA SCOTIA. The coal measures of the basin at Finlay Point (The Island) present no great thickness, being cut off on the west by the sea and on the east by the gypsum mentioned above. The following descending section will serve to show the character of the strata: — Section of Measures on the South Su>b of Finlav Point. CanncI coiil. Llmeetone. Piiult. FEET, INCHES. 1. Grey, rusty-weathering, massive sandstone, containing plants, films of coal and cannel. Tlie dip is variable, turning round about 90° in a distanceof five chains. On the soutli side of the head, liowever, it is less irregular, varying only from N. 4° to 22° W. < 45°-19°. Thickness probably 340 2. Cannel coal, 2. Light-grey sandstone, 3. Coal, 2 1. Carbonaceous shale, 2 2 8 3. Underclay 3 q 4. Light-grey sandstone, in thin and thick beils; rusty streaks and irregular masses of light bluish-grey argil- laceous shale, calcareous shale and patches of greenish- grey fine conglomerate. Dip N. 22° W. < 28°. Streaks of carbonaceous shale and coal 47 5. Measures in part concealed, but probably rusty sandstone 34 6. Dirty, shaly coal 2 7. Measures concealed 21 8. Rusty sandstone ; Calamika; five streaks of cannel (i 9. Coaly sliale and coal <» 10. Undorchiy 2 3 11. Liyht-grey tilialy sandstone 4 12. Light bluish-grey argillaceous shale, with ironstone notlules 3 13. Light greenish-grey shale and sandstone 3 3 14. Coal and carbonaceous shale 2 1 15. Yellowish uuderclay 2 3 16. Coherent, rusty sandstone 6 1 /. Nodular limestone, 6 to 1 6. Dip N. 25° W. , 40° 1 18. Argillaceous shale 3 19. Carbonaceous shale 2 20. Bluish-grey nodular limestone in thick and thin beds ... 6 21. Light bluish-grey argillaceous shale 1 3 22. Light-g'ey sandstone 1 2 23. Light bluish-grey argillaceous and arenaceous shales and flap 14 & 24. Dark-grey, friable, argillaceous shale, with ironstone nodules 7 25. Reddish and rusty concretionary shale, with irregular bands of nodular limestone 9 26. Light greenish-grey arenaceous and argillaceous shale. • 6 Here occurs a fault. :.'i: iland) present- !i and on the ' descendinic II ST. fBET, INCHES. 340 47 34 a 2 21 (i <» 2 3 4 3 3 3 i> 1 2 3 6 1 3 2 6 1 3 1 2 14 6 7 9 6 """'"•l NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. H9 II CARBONIFBROrs LiMBSTONE. 27. Measures concealed '"'^- ~- 28. Indian-red marl and greenish-grey fine conglomerate in alternate patches j^ 29. Similar to 28, but not all well seen .','.'..' gl 30. White and mottled, pink and green gypsum with orysVals of selenite. The thickness generally assumes that the dip remains the same jg^ „ 31 . Measures concealed at the mouth of the ir illbrook ..... Total thickness "IZT "' On the north side of Pinlay Point a similar section shows coal, n:ea«ures brought by a fault against gypsum and associated rocks """' whll. „n '" 'T' ""^'''"^'^ ^'^ '^' 1""'-*^'*« ^I'-^^y mentioned,' while at the extreme northeast end of the basin, they come agains Pre-Cambnan fel.,tcs. On the beach, none of the thick gypsum is Th 7e ?;/ r^' in McPhee's fields above, it is well developed The fe^„.te chfts are first capped with grey marl and conglomerate fJ^TZZ ''"^^f-r'^^'^^PP^"' -^-PP^"^' nearly^vertically Lit F«''ther south, calcareous, greenish shales and concretionary bme^stone come against the felsite, dipping S. 68° E. at a high anJle tf T ^ "^ ''r "'" "'^'^"*^^' ^« ' '^'-^^ ^---'^'y of heavy sptn Near this contact also is a limestone-breccia like that on the beaci ''^' lies ^Thfs •?; V Id'T' "' '' P"''^'^^ ^^^'-^^^^ '^^ '"^^ ^--^' Shales This is followed by an interval, obscurely seen, in which gi-ecnish-grey shale, dipping to the northeastward, appear to o^erHe a thick grey sandstone, which forms a long point. At the s^.theast I'lde of this point the sandstone dips N. 35° E. < 43°; but turns immediately to N. 3° "W a 51. Measures concealed .....'.",' og n 52. Indian-red conglomerate, darker than the last '. \ '. .* .' .* .' .' .' ." i'2 n o3. Quartzite forming a cliff 20 feet high (described p. 374) It must bo romemberoa that tho above section i. not .apposed to bo contmuous, but .8 intended merely to .-.present the beds as thev appeav on the sho.-e. From 1 to 11 the beds are probably Carbon ife - ' Wholtrtn"' ^ ?"" f '' *'"^ '•^""^««" ^PP'^^'-^' ^-hile tho Fossils conect- wholesootionmaybebonoath the coal measures. Tho black shales ''^ '^ '"•• *^'"'"' Mr Foon Th '"r"\ "•' '"l^'-^^^'^S collection of fossils was made by M Foora, .f the Geological Survey, in the summer of 1881. In thi. collection the following forms have been determined by Mr. Whiteavel : Naiaditi'^ (Anthracoptera) carhonaria, Dawson. (Anthracomya) elongata, Dawson. Rntomostraca. Rhisodus lancifer, Xewberry (scales). Coslacanthus (jugular plates). Scales of two genera of ganoid fishes. Also jaws and teeth of Hshes undetermined. Broad Cove Coal Measures.-A narrow fnngo of grey sa...: .-,ne Bku-ts he coast fron. Port Ban to Cheticamp, fSrming\ shallot sZ nZlw^TZTV'"^'"^''^'''^' i« only occasionally prasent. It i^ mderlaul by the limestone formation, and at several point, .ontains workable soan.s of coal. Considerable ambiguity cxi'ts concerning ii' > ■ T I ,."'•''■1 ••'J| m m m I*' ■ i!' I Port Ban. liroad t'ovf Kiver- '^ " NOVA SCOTIA. the limits of those rocks, so that the boundtuy lin.s ox, tho n,ap are only approximate. Xo section has yet l^^on male owin/,^ lo ( u imper- tect exposure of the mejwures; but the si.af:. will bo d«scribod :i. thov occur in different places. At Port Ban, grey line .andstoiio caps r-iiffs of banrkdPre < Mmbrian felsito and extends as far as tho road. From this point the shore for a great distance is approximately on tho strike and is occupied by coarse and fiiu-. grey sanl. .,ue, with bunds of argillaceous shale. The dip, which IS suiward, td-iom exceeds 10° and tho thickno^;s probably 18 not less than 450 feet. About half v. mile west „r Mclsaac Pond the sandstone is -veriaid b;\ :i coa seaiii or i-roup of Keam=;. The seam varits in thickness where scon in the clifi;^ (rou. ? feet to 2 feet « inches, but in the workings is said by Mr. K..?.}. to be 3 feet 2 inches of bright cubical coal, with a partiag G inches from tho top. Above ' H" coal coiue 10 feet of dark-greenish argillaceous shale, overlaid by M T . -^"'I' tone 12 feet, till the measures are concealed by the sandbeach at Mclsaac i-mu ^Vlclaaac Pond. In Broad Cove River, below the bridge at the sandstone quarry grey, nearly horizontal sandstone is f Mmd in thick bods, with argil- laceous shale and coal scams. One of fl.v-so seams occurs on the top of a chff on the left bank, about 100 fee: above the sea, where the tollowing descending section was measured in 1873 by Mr. Eobb : ,/„.,„ , • FEET. INCHES. 1. tjreenish line sandstone 3 n 2. Red and green marl j- ^ 3. Massive sandstone, reddish on the outside, but streaked- yellow and green within 20 4. Bluish-grey argillaceous shale "7 q 6. Coal, with a thin clay parting in the middle, said to be goodgascoal 3 q 6. Underclay,containing«%moria,silicified'vith black and grey rock, covered with minute crystals of quartz This coal has boon worked by pits near the water level, lower down on the right bank. Here tho section is said by Mr. Robb to be : l.Coal 'Z' T""' 2- Clay ::::::::::::' i " 3. Coal 3 g 4. Underclay , ^ 5. Greenish-grey fine sandstone, with hard close-grained whitish sandstone in cliflTs which • ind some dis- tance down the river Other details concerning the 'VM p given by Mr. Robb in the Eopoi-t^ for 1873-74, p. 182. Iio map ai'o • p. Above )verlaid by nd beach at 10 quarry ivith argil- the top of whore the Robb : IBT. INCHES. 3 17 20 7 3 )W01 • dowu bo: BT. INCHES. 11 1 3 9 bb in the ^"^''""•] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 73 „ A quarter of a mile north of tho mine, at a tunnel near the tramway IS a coal 8oam, of which 4^ or 5 feet ha. been worked, this beinff underlauby clay and more coal. It is supposed to be tho 14 feet seam In the brook north of Broad Cove River another opening has been made in a seam of coal, associated with argillaceous shale and sand- stone dipping steeply S. 10" W. down stream. In a drift on the seam the strike is N. 18° E. Tho section is : 1. Underclay ™^- •^'HEk- 2. Coal • ■• 3. Coalworkod •" .".'!".""..'."'.!!'..".'!'.'.". * 4 « ""fee' seam. 4. Coal and coaly shale o « 5. Clay .".'.".".'.".'.".' «. Coal and coaly shale "..'......... 1 !! But as this is known as tho 14-feet seam ; tho under-clay (1) is probably overlaid by more coal. Above tho bridge at which the seam is worked unother, said to be 5 feet thick, has been opened; above which the brook displays greenish-grey, coarse and fine sandstone. The pits arc too far apart for any satisfactory attempt to con-elate them a task which must be left till further development of tho area has taken p ace. To the north and east the coal measures are inter- rupted by the Carboniferous limestone, but in some places at least FhuIu. the overlap is complicated by fiiults, the exact position and amount ot which IS obscure. In Brou^i'H Coalfields of Cape Breton, p. 39, and in the report made by , Professor Hmd in 1873, the sequence of the seams is given as follows ~rV/c„ ° by Profewor LOWER GROUP, Brownf"** ^'^ Coal FEET. INCIIBS. • .'.., 9 ft i^trata underlying Coal— thickness unknown ••■......'........ ^ ITPPBai GROUP. Coal, the highest bed Strata ^ Coal ;.;;;; 340 strata '' ^ Coal, main seam ...* ^^ ^ Strata ^ ^ Coal 240 3 fl Total thickness of upper group ^ "^ About Strathlorno no rocks are seen, but the country is covered by .and similar to that derived from tho sandstone on the shore, so that it if m 74 H NOVA SCOTIA. Broad Cove Marsh. Rlnck bitumin' 0U3 shale. Coal wrought at McLcoil Bruok. Anticlinal fold Professor Hind's section is not impoHMible that a tongiio of the coal nieasure.s may o.Ktondin this direction. In confirmation of tiiis supposition Mr. Isaac McLeod states that in digging into the banlf at the post office, coal wash was found. Chimney Corner Coal Measures. —North of Mai-sh Point is a still more indefinite basin, containing Iho lowest beds of the coal measures and some seams of coal. The Marsh Brook, below the post road, passes over reddish fine sand- stone wliich has been (piarried. Lower down are reefs of grey, fine, riijple-marked sandstone and dark argillaceous shale, followed by bright-red marl; and at the mouth, grey and rusty sandstone contains plants. On the shore, between this brook and the next, and for a con- siderable distance north-eastward, black, argillaceous, shelly, calcareo- bituminous shale, occasionally passing into coal, is accompanied by bands of red and greenish shale, with ironstone nodules; and grey, fine, broken, micaceous, argillaceous sandstone, rusty on the surface, passing into fine grit and containing broken, carbonized plants ; but the absence of grey shale and forn be n 5. Grey sandstone .,//_ ' " 6. Coal, No. 3, said to be a good stei. m coal, worked by Wilson ;I (» 35 Sno^lTtl'L^'?'' '''7 f /'''' """^' ^"■^^' «anne foot of T '..«!!" ''• ^^"^ '*'■"** "•■« t'^^" concealed by Whale Cove for about 425 foet beyond which a great thicknessofgi^ sandstone wit" '''"''''- .Si f r^''''"i"^' ""'^ bluish-gi-ey shale occupies the coast to the Tcliftf„ r^T'.:""'"''"'"' ^" ^^''y ^«^"*' ^"^ "*^ '^' breakwater, h ! i! Tt 'f °^ ^™^' '"'*y ^"'^ ^'^^^ ^'-"^bly sandstone. In the brook east of the limekiln at Whale Cove, and in other brooks of the ■-m 76 H COTIA. Margarce Island' Rooks betweuii Mar^arce iind Cheticamip. iraroo Harbor, Cbetioumi) viciMM.v. tluH sun.JHtono occurH (o tho top of the hill, associated in both ^nmcho- ■ ho lurge mlllbrook, with thin beds of iirgiliaLOous slialo. The strata of Margaree or Sea Wolf Island consist of grey an-l rusty sandstone with a little shale dii>ping nortvvestward at a low angle. The soil is voiT sandy, and supports no vegetation for some distance from the clitfs. On tho shore opposite «'■ - school house, two miles north of Mar- irco Harbor, is . .uuistoiio, like that of Margaree Island, covered \vith broken, carbonized plants, and enclosing bands of argillaceous shale. Between the road and tho shore the land is wet and ban-on, lieing probably underlaid by this sandstone, which runs in reefs l)arallcl to the coast line, di])ping steeply seaward. Above the road is a belt of low land perhaps undorlaitl by Cai-boniferous limestone, beyond which are the waving outlines of the steep hills of con- glomerate. At the mouth of tho brook near Anthony D. White's, and immediately south of it, red argillaceous shale, probably belong' mg to the Carboniferous limestone, is in place, and at the head of the next cove, red shale and gypsum are present. About a mile north of the school ni-utionod above, at the mouth of a largo brook, red rocks dip ^ ,-awai-d at an angle of 65°, but - succeeded furth ■' north by the light-grey, coarse sandstone of Friai- Point, a88ociate prove that the island forms tho axis of a nar- rr;>v synclinal fold < these measures, which run nearly to Oaveau Point. SURFACE flEOLOGY. Snperiicial deijosits, properly so Ci-ded, are as scarce in tho region to which this report refer« as in that described in the repoit for 1879-80, being confined principallv !■) the seashore and to tho intervales of those large rivers which flow .urough Carboniferous districts, the soil and surface in most > ^s beii j; derived from the waste of the underlying rocks. Banks o nd id gravel do in .ed appear even in brooks flowing in Pre-( ibri areas, but their occurrence is unusual, the river beds being genoralU- too nan-ow to dmit of the lodgment of detritus. Dauphiney Brook, a branch of Ciybiirn Brook, is remark- able for the size of the valley cut by so small a stream and the large quantity of gravel. It probably empties the lake lying to the nortii- IW FIETCMER.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. ited in both 30U8 slialo. y ari'l rusty low angle. Tie distance •th of Mar- nd, covered irgillacoous md bail-on, iH in roeft tbe road is limestone, lis of con- ). White's, bly helong- ' tho head out a mile rgo brook, led furth H" associatai he lobster- its, is asso- iip S. 25° e shores of rposures as 8 of a nar- to Caveau 3 region to u- 1879-80, Bs of those 3 soil and nderlying in brooks usual, the gment of s remark- the large ;he norti i- 77 n in the landscape is tho hills, tho goaoml ''i-tniMUio,, ,,f 'f which have boon already sketched. '"'""'' Brook. Power Brook also exhibits tho phenomenon . , ... wide valley filled with dm,. The lower part of (%bur« Brook is .uolosen Cove is lart of tho •d although Myrica ceri- )f Baddeck ' tires. At Northeast Lake also arren clay- and South- id of Skye ey, similar ClITCHIR.] NORTHERN TAPE BRETON. 79 ir Tho number and diversity of the rivers and brooks * of tho region is r^ remarkable and some of the more important points coneerningT nf^'-J'i-^ -•. may be menfoned. In the southern and well settled portions o tho country they re.Muble those described in tho Report f/>r ISt'sO Hhorter ones being steep an.l rapid, the longer ,no e nlt-cMsh and of 1 formed by bands of g„t, tho latter being wooded with small spruce he former w„h Inrch and maple. The a.scent is remarkablv oven' and ,t_,s consequently a good timber brook. Xx i,s head ar.^ small stro ches ol n.arshy hay-land, but the country, although level isTo productive. ' ^ At the head of (ilondyer Brook, Mabou, a large, dry brook-bed occurs OK-,„,v„ in brok.m hmestone land. It is paved with limestone blocks coveL '^^""^ w, h a th.n white deposit of chalk, passes throt.gh a fine hanlwld valley and :s cvulently used whenever there is too much water toTats down the subterranean passage, the water continuing thus tor about a mile. It then emerges as a sti-ong brook. Interv-^ilos occur along the banks of the Black Brook north ..f In£ro ni l ,. . msh, and in some parts large pines and hardwood are met with Th^^ nvor throughout its entire length has an even course, with no fafl! worthy of the name ; and at the bri.lge there are no high hills irsigh the country having fallen gradually with tho river. The land Dl as soon on either side, with the exception of the small patches of Into ■ hu 'kloh" " " m" T ' ""■"■ "" '"''^"' ^-VV-r-r.n^ only i-aspborrio hucklobeiTies, blueberries and foxberrios. Tho i-iver can be tbllowed up to Its SOU.VC and affords an easy entrance into the heart of The country running back, as it does, for a distance of thirteen miles to he 7ZT ;;'""^ """'"■• ?'' ""'^' ''""^^^'^ '''^' ^-"^ tho fact of M<.... ,.,.,„e.. there being old camps on the hea.lwaters, to bo tolerably familiflv *"""^- with its upper stretches which are partieulartv easy to ti-avel AI tho water the river contains comes from marshes, ponds and barrens which well accounts for it^ dark appearance. The absence of k,w branohos in the lower reaches, and the rapidity of rise in a rainstorl are features in the river. ""isioim In tho North Aspy Hiver as far as the fork of the Bi^ SontI,x.n , .r , oven, the nse gndual and steady, walking over the lo^rptbb y stretehos easy the rocks interesting in the extreme, the scenery vert fin ^ith tho bluff walls heavily timbered with splendi d hardwo^^ • I-ocal usage has been followed in applying the terms "hrooW «n,i <« • ., . ■ streams ; this varies in different plaees. a, i h.^, thLr fo" as SL r^.H . T "!. "'° ""^ map, no definite relation to the comparatne Tj. ' '' "»"*«""'<"' f^o"" 'h" ii V 80 H NOVA SCOTIA. Trees. Mackenzie Kiver. Pine. Uorrios. birch, maple, ash and beech— and soft wood — small pine, large hemlock, white and black spruce. There is land enough on the right bank of the river as far as it flows among Carboniferous conglomerate, to make farms, and from the lai-ge timber, supported by the felsite, the same might be said of it, although the slopes are too steep for cultivation. 80 straight, course ^'eraai'kably straight is this river that one can obtain a lovely view of this river, down the valley to the sea from near its source, and a continuation of this straight line skirts the high hills of the promontory of Cape North. Above the Big Southwest Brook the bed is in places rough, but not steep. Near the source it rises in a succession of cascades, spruce and birch fringe the banks even where the small marshes occur. The water is from springs and very cold. The stones of some of the springs are covered with feathery moss, slimy weeds and delicate little trailing plants somewhat resembling chickweed (Stellaria), or Linruva borealis. The Mackenzie Eiver is a very hai-d one to follow, the narrow bed being rough and without intervale, and the walls precipitous. Lum- bering has been carried on for a short a distance up, a few pines, seldom exceeding two feet in the butt, growing at the foot of the hills, the tops of which are clothed with small spruce. On August 17th, 1881, the following berries were ripe in its bed :— Straw, rasp, buckle, blue' fox ( Vitis Idaea), pigeon, cran and serviceberries, red and black currants,' but this lateness is no doubt in consequence of the depth of the valley and absence of the sun, because strawberries were ripe in the settle- ment of Northeast Margaree the same year about the middle of July. The Indian Brook of St. Ann's is rocky and inaccessible below the upper settlement, but the upper part is comparatively level spruco- land and mossy fern-land with a few birches, and in the McMillan branch hay and alder-marshes occur. Above the outlet of Gisb-.rue Lake there is very little rise in the East Branch, which is bordered }./ hay-marshes; at its head alder-marshes, 150 yards wide, are succeeded by spruce-land. A wonderful profusion of Indian pears was found in Season of wiid*^^** '"'^"'^ <^» ^^V^- 23rd, 1881, in the western branch, and two days f'""8' later cherries were equally abundant, with high-bush cranberries, blueberries and pigeonberries, although on the ban-ens at the head of the river, these fruits were spoiled by frost on Sept. 16th, a week earlier. At the head of Choticamp River barrens and marshes follow for several miles, as on the Indian and Ingonish Rivers, before it cuts into, gorges. On all the gentle slopes tall spruce-poles occur. Whore the Northeast Mai-garee River comes near the Cheticamp, the former is only a few feet below the level of the surrounding country, whereas the latter is in one of its wildest ravines. A short distance further down, however, the Northeast Margaree also cuts deeply into the land, Indian Bruok of St. Ann's. rLETeHEN.] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. urge horn lock, right bank of }riite, to make tc, the same iltivation. So k)velj- view intinuation of rCapo Nortli. igh, Init not s, spruce and occur. The )f the springs little trailing %rui'a borealis. narrow hcd itous. Luni- jines, seldom ho hills, the t nth, 1881, huckle, blue, ick currants, )f the vallcy n the settle- lie of July, le below the Bvel sprucc- 10 McMillan of Gisb'irne bordered by •e succeeded as found in \ two days cranberries, tlie head of th, a week s follow for it cuts inta Whore the former is •y, wiiereas ICO further the land, 81 H but is nowhere so dangerous as the Cheticamp, although like all these of the Ph ! 7 " states* that the water rises in the lower par( ?,-,•?«' - '"e Brook at tim V ""'"""^ ''''''' ""^' ^"^^ "^ ^ *'- Indi-> Jiiook at times must bo quite as Eiver has a valley of singular beauty. The best known, however, is u.at of Lake Law, with its chain of deep, dark lakes, overshadowed by hills which are finely sculptured and, as it were, isolated by the brooks which form gulches between them. The black shadows thrown upon the surface of the lowest lake by these hills are particularly fine by moon- light, and many a study of lights and shadows is afforded in this vicinity, Another good view „f these lakes is obtained from the- upper end when first the traveller from Middle Eiver comes in si-ht of them. ■= From the top of the barren between McRae and Pine Brooks there IS a fine view of the valleys of Middle River and Maigaree, the Bras d Or Lake, Boisdale Hills and all the region towards the Gulf of St Lawrence, the hill descending most precipitously on the Mar-aree side. A good view of the settlement of Northeast Margaree and the bugarloaf can be obtained with much less fatigue from the road between .John Miller's and John Coady's on the opposite side of the Big Brook. And in every part of the Margaree Eiver the scenery is romantic, abounding in that variety of feature of mountains and glens and valleys in which the beauty of Cape Breton inland or river sceliery consists, aided greatly by the sculpture of the hills, the alternation of patches of spruce and hardwood, of frnns and woodland, gentle slopes ami rugged precipices, and by the silvery threads of the brooks wind- ing down from the hills in fine curves or falling over the clif!s after emerging, as it were, from the solid rocks on a steep face-an appear- ance due to a sharp turn in the brook which conceals the upper part from view. The haze which often hangs over these hills contributes greatly to their beauty by softening the outline, ane pretty glen of Coolavee a the narrow belt of marsh-land from which brooks flow northeast and southwest. The scenery of the Big IntSva le and the The shores display bold striki.ig views wherever the Pre-Cambrian ine adjoining h>lls by a pass and two glens, one running to the Farm beautTfulZl w'n '"'^ ^'•^'P^"'"- ^•^ ^^^ ^-"^ B'-««k is a very beautiful fall with a pool at the bottom and magnificent cliffs and there ai. others in various parts of the countl^^ The land along the ;i"tvom wu of7, d-^^^*^ ^"r V''' '"'^' ^"^ ^'•-^ diffic'uitiest n th" rdetLou^h r'-T •''f''"''*"^ ""'''■ ^'•'^'^ ^^-^'d P'-obably be Vhoffo ^ ^ ' ™'^' ^ ^'''i'' ^"^-th settlement, crossing the SarCi"'.;''''^,.^''""'" ^'■^«'^- ^ -gniti^ent view of Pleasant Bay is obtaine.l from the hills between that bay and Fi.shing About Cape North the scenery is very strikin.r Tl.« nUff. „ ^ive the glens pretty, and the sea sCtud. St'oirbror "^^^^ rt'Tttrr'; Tr''' ^"' ^^--^^^^ ^"^ --^'^ small sct^g; ban ens at the head; the longer ones, like the rivers elsewhere At Sn.L?"';'''"-'"^^'^'"^^'"^ '""'' ^^- erected buTld I. ft uuing salmon, at a cost of $400 or 8500, all of which were sweut away by the sea. Wilkie Brook runs for many mi 1713 wooded valley which the cattle tbllow ' rJii' ^i^ ^^^Z ""^ ^^'^'•"''^ '' ''""'y b«a»tiful, and in the tributary of the Nor heast Bn.nch, which crosses the road a quarter of a mile outh^'''""' ^""" of this branch the hill on the north is a huge dome beside whch^he brook runs in a beautiful hardwood valley. The water is bH^ht-nd cold, the stones covered with greenish-yelfow mo s, g^^I .t/'^t Jte floors the brook, which is overarched with maple bushes. bt Anns ,s also noted for its bold and imposing scenery whi-h has been comparcl* to that of Mount Desei/in M^e A'cuHo;.«'-*-•' leatv: o of .^, Hyenitic hills of the east side of St. Ann's Glen" Z ndj:ed and fu-rowed character of th. sui-face, the hill b. ng o nariw th ., ... .n hundreds of tiny brooklets. But grrnd as are the combir t^s^of sea.^and^^^,Ho liiglwnas/vo iiills. gullied ToZ • W».mer's. BaddecV and That Sort of Thin». ~ smamsM iBgonish. Farm proiluce Seasoos, 86 H NOVA SCOTIA. Stretches of sand, fields and wood, the ever moving sea and ,j uiet ponds- which enter into the magnificent scenery of St. Ann's and the North bhorMheyare well nigh forgotten within sight of the mountains of In- goniHh. Two deep bays, separated by a nan-ow, picturesnuo. rocky pro- montory, opening upon the sea and nestling, as it were, among the mountams; these mountains, the highest in A^va Scotia, an imposincj feature m the precipitous ri.se of their sculptured sides from the rivers whichflowinto the bays; outside the open sea, which gives evideneeof Its power by the huge boulders piled far above high tide upon the break- water; large brooks coming down, deep, gloomy and solita.-y valleys- the mysterious entrance into far valleys in the unseen "mountains behmd ; life m the foreground, the huts of the risherme.i on the shore, the vessels in the harbor, the white sails of the American fish- mg fleet here and there along the shore, gulls and ducks on the water and beyond a lighthouse on an islanil. Although the road over bmoky Cape is steep, it is good, and on approaching the South Bay Ave obtam from the hill top a view of the sea and the bay below which fi. s us with delight. The sea, over-shadowed by the hills, the waves .•oiling on the beach and booming along the clitts produce a pleanure not unmingled with terror. The crops raised in northern Cape Breton are the same as those of the south. Apples, plums, cherries and other fruits are largely grown at Mabou, Lake Ainslie, Margaree and elsewhere. Oats, wheat' l«rley buckwheat, hay and potatoes are the principal crops, an.l sel.lom ikii The season differs in the valleys and on the hills. Snrin-. is some- times very late owing to the quantity of drift ice on tlie shores. On June 7th, 1881, patches of snow were seen in some of the sheltered glens about Northeast Margaree, while at the same time there were banks of violets in the neighborhood. Two days later may- flowers (Epujcearepem) were found on the hill between ( ^ape Rouge and Fishing Cove. On the top of the hill between Pleasant Bay and (Jape North OP June 13th there were three feet of snow, and two' days later three feet and a-half on the road between Wilkie's Sugarloaf and Bay St. Lawrence. Bake-apples were in great abundance on Peter's barren on August 3rd. Wild cherries were ripe at Ingonish on Sep ember 11th, and blueberries and huckleberries about the same time In many parts of Cape Breton there are said to have bee« eight feet of snow on the level in the winter of 1881-2, and twenty to thirty feet in the gulches. On June 6th, 1882, there was ice in Sydney Harbor and the steamer could not go round from the Bras d'Or Lake to Sydney. On the mountains, in the woods bordering the barrens of Margaree, snow was seen on June 23. But both of these seasons were FLETCHER.J quiet pondn — nd the North >untains of In- [iic, rocky pro- ■e, amoiiff the . an imponin^' om the rivern es evidence of KJii the break- aiy valleys — m mountainn rnieii on the morican fiwh- on the water, u' i-oatl over le South Bay below which Is. the waves ce a pleasure e as those of "■^''-''.y grown heat, barley, I seldom fail •injn' is some- the shores. )me of the e time there latei'. may- e Ilouge and ly and (,'ape ) days later »af and Bay on Peter's ish on Sep- ♦ he same have been 1 twenty to e in Sydney d'Or Lake barrens of !a.sons were NOBTHBRN OAPK BRETON. 87 H Z"ot seL o h""'i ^"1' -^withstanding their lateness, harvest InTssa on t? ;? T '"*''■ *•'"" "«"«' "'• '«'^« abundant. in 1883. on the other hand, when the shores were free from drift ice a 1 spnng, root crops and a considerable quantity of ..rain ha^ blen put m the -round before April 20th.* ^ ECONOMIC MINER.\LS. develmlnt'ofr' 'f 7!'"'''' '"'''"" '"'^ '"^'--^^ -Warded the aevelojMnent of the valuable seams of coal found on the Gulf shoi-o at ^^ve -aU .^^^^^^^^ ^7' "'^^^ ""^ Chimney Corner ; .so that alt oug, none ot them have been successful, the cost and uncertainty of shin IZotZVZ''' '"rP- '"'" ^^'"'"^ ^^'-^ ^« load, then t and r n ^ ^^^ ""'^ ^''*°'* coalfields were so much more safe fshn" i^fn tl " ^'^ '"'" ^'' ^" ^'^^ ^^"'^'•'- - ^his slof th levels were turned on each side and working places won out The Coal with bands Slaty band Coal • 1 ; . ! .. 4 1 4 JVortli Level. Coal, coarse Coal, with partings Coal, good S 10 4 4J 5 lOj Xo pillars have been worked. A short distance south of the .ione 1866-68 was «36,08l. F»'np anU haul. Ihe expenditui-e for ■ ^'h"o^ote &'-''■ "^'^ »«!'■• " "n- from bottom, " 29th of April, 1879." shouW reail 88 H NOVA SCOTIA. Tremaine'd mine. Mr. Robb's deecriptioD. Noith of the Capo Breton Comnanv's slono o 99ft e^ , 600 tect north of tho \i.rhih , ^ "' " ^^"^> ''"'•^ "bout ,„• .1. , lighthouse, u slope was driven in is'ta: , wm tho coal on a 8oa area held bv ¥ H T , ^^ *" which reached the area at a dilnco t 4,H T" u"' '*'°™' the sea,., where it had a minimum cover 0/150' T '«' ^'''' •'*' feet there wan a Hufflciont cover of soMmeasu.! T ^^""' '"' tion of the coal to be removed ThV i "^^"^'"•^■■^ »» pcrmit a por- S. 850 ^y., i. 10 foe 9 inXrtide Ld gT: X t '" ""^"'^ ^' '^° ^'^' -turn Hlope. At a dep^h c^^ ^ Ttw! tel w i. TT"'^' '' " ^::r;=:a.tz;£r;£^ Of one Of the boiler, and ha. no;:Jrbr;X"fl" "" ''^^"^^'^" s.i;;:^Lir::^:rhar;:rrr r ™''^'"" -^^'> •-ok to tho opening of unrc U^Vat Zf Zf ' "." -''r'""" the ice waH very destructive to the wharf." * ^ ' *"'* toItT ?f ^'«««.-Owing to tho absence of a shipping place and to the limited extent and faulted condition of tho h . P'««'''. »»'" mated by Mr. B,w„ »t 27,000,000 ton, ' " "'"■ Between the level, heading, were put ,"n everv .'l! r;.»^'« engine of 10-ho,,oVweH. CedTt '„,'„"'",,/ ■"""'' ':^|:^^^;;«»»^wj^e«ti«^^ fj_;- • Mr.PooIe's Report for 1875. fbut, and about 'n in 1875 to ic and othor«, I tho pitch of Beyond 600 l>erniit a jioi-- igle of 23° 30' inpaniod by n ^cn to test tlio 'd stoum coal, .sintjlo 12.iucli Bter. to which feet long and al were taken an explosion ainland with a great draw- « the public the north, it comi)arative '81' might bo he light, but ig place, and . no coal for ■ea. although mile is esti- ■> somewhat me anothei-. very large. Robb in the i^estt'rly 100 e, « John id rises and on of which 1 wir course. A small tn 1879 an )al shipped nCTCHER,] NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 89 H vessels at aLhor in ^e :j::l:r"^;^'::^:^X - 'r' ^'""" oq.ml to that from most of tho Cane 7^,1 ■ ^"^ "^""^ '^ ^»">' <'f shipping facilities the ownCs " f '" •'"'""^ ' '"'^ '" ^''« ''^-"ce instruction of the railwa^ o he St ■ i^ oT^f "" '"'^' '"''^ ^"•' ^'- AfcLsaac Pond. " "^' "' "^ "" "i-titicial harboi- at Chimney Corner i»//rtei'.— Onemtior.s rm .. in ^" these mines between 18G H^^ htT V "^'^ ''"'' ^vere carried on were principally confine I to ho irif" " T"* "^ ^^^'^^^- These m in on one of the ^i . 't m Th "'^ '"• '" '''' " "'''' -- ^- workin, places tur.^1'^ 'T i f' ^r;^/-"- ^•-'^. «"^ a was driven fron. the surface on the main e ' ' '""" ' '''^' pumpmg and hauling and other n....„ ' '^^"^""^ '^'••^'^^^'^ *o»- in a condition for shfp, i ': ^ ' ™^""^«»^^ "-''^ ^^ Plaoe the mine pitH for a distance of 1 dt T^ l"-, , '""'" ^^''^ P''^^^'' 'y' « series of -nk at interval! f^r ^^^J;^'^ T' "'^ .f --- -urse pits were ^f e:-:;x:;; ;m::i::^t^-r - - - - roof ^elt. '• li; lunvever the main .L '"'"""'^"'«"«« ^as ^- the harbor, thJ uI^^W .^^ ™ t;:!!' ^'^^ ^^'^ ^^^'^ admit of two or three seams h.;n , t ''*'" *'"^'^ ^^"""^ would thickness of the roof Z,H^ '"'''^'"^ '"^"^^''^''' «"d ^he increased workings."* """'^ ^'""''^"t^^ th^ "^^U'-ity of submarine «lope had also been conne " ed vith th f ■ ' ""' '"™^'^ ^""^her tramway constructcid I^ 1 fLl f^i^ "S f" '^"*^'^"^"' ""^ ^ One of (^vmero„^s special Lmn,l.v' !"* *^ ** "^^W'^^' P'«««- water. The ship.n n of' ooa \vl '"■ f?' ' '"^' ''' '"^"^ ^''^^ ^^'^"^ the engine hous l and nl K ^ I ^■^.^" ""' ^'^ ^«^^'-"«««" «f brought fho n.ine to a md !f ,^ "'^ "^^ ^^^^^^ ^''^^ 1^73, Evans- retui.n in J„h- iS" Th ''"' ""' "''"P^"^ *''' ^• operation, and it is hoped thlt coal Jll't T "7- ^^^''' '" P^"'*'"^ 1883. Prior to the fire about JSoOrt '^'^"^ '" ^''^ •^"'""^«'- ^^ heen shipped to ^Wa 8 , 'a iwf^^^^^^^ "^'^ -^^^ to have in the United States and ( 'LJn ""'' ""^' ^"'''""^ P'«<^«« - * ■ oi a squai'c mile and the water area at^^"?' ostimate — ___^ ^^ "'' of the quantity ' Professor Hind. of coal. 90 H NOVA SCOTIA Coal of Buy St. Lawrpncp. Lake Ainslie. half a mile, assuming that the latter is thus limited by the nvncHne comb no 7 ''T""' "' ''" '"'"'• ^^'" 'i"""*'^^' ""-"• '" 'h-^' «-as rouT/±J' '?.""" "' "^""«b'^^ «o«'^ ""-' if the lowe/neams L^cllri ' ' ' ''' '"l'»'"''*^' tJ^'« o^ti'H'tte muHt be gi-eatly Salmln'r/' "''" ' *1\^"^' '**'• ^'^^^''■«"«^^' '•" the shore at Burton's, near an ™ lU and T "'t ""' "'""'""'^ ^''"'^' '"" "^ J-^*"-" «^ '""-tone wi h h ^'^"t">n'ng traces of bri^.ht coal in seamH. Associated w,th this are grey an.l bluish-grey shale and sandstone, whieh pro bably underhe the gypsum. The coal is of no economic ;alue ^ i-ea^6(,^5 of considerable extent, '•eapahlo of yielding an un- hm.ted supply of that description of fuel of the finest q^alitv * Z^'Vcl^T'^'f'''' '•^^'■'^^' but particularly. I pointed out b> Mr. Campbell, on those of the northern wilderness withtlti^it '^ •^"'"' °' ''"'"• "'"•'"■■ '^ " ^^-^'-^-^ ^-' ^'^ P-^ 'ki^thlT'"""^'''", '''''"■'"'"■'*'"'" ^'^'^^^'•"P^^fo'' ««-« from the Jaik shale and sandstone on the shores of Lake Ainslio and spread themselves over the surface of the water it has long been believTdl P Zsl ■^"•T"'''''''"' ""^ P«t'-oloum, like those of Ontario and h..,ng. Withm the last twenty years, consequently, several compa- ZeZ :rjrT' '"■*'" P""P"^^'^^"^'^^^''^g this ,uestion, but have met with bitter disappointment. , In 1874 two boreholes were put down, the first of which it is said fnJljf.'' 7' tf' ^""^ ^"^ '"'' "* ^ •^^P*'^ «^«50 feet by the break- ing of the rods The second hole was put down to a depth of over 900 teet. Altogether some ^20,000 were expended also It M S "] A^" •'^'' '" ' ^'P*^' '' '' ^^'^'' "^^ 11«0 f^'^t, and e toted f ?"' ' 1^^' ."'"'■ ^"^^^^'^- ^"Sines and derricks were Result or bor- r8ifw"^''T,; "'^fT'"""''"^'^' ^" '""^ *^^^ ^^^ ^^80 to of f i/ Tr V ..'' '■''*''* ^'^'^ *^ P'"''^^ "^« P'-^l^^^'^ groundles..ness whioh t ;"• .' ''^''''"'' ^'^ P"^^"^ 1"""*'*y «f t'^« petroleum, which IS contained apparently only, in small quantity, in the highlv^ b^ ummous rocks of the neighborhood, as at Gaspe anJ Memramcook"^ New Brunswick, where similar trials have been made. Iron Ore— Further explorations h ave been made in Cape Breton • Campbell's Ooldflelds of Nova Sootia; page 8. t Keportof Commissioner of Mines. riiTCHdi.] the Myiicline to lie half a n these ureaH ilf for pillars, lower seams Ht be pfi'eatly urton's, near of limestone Associated which pro- Ill ue. dim,' tin un- quality,'* as pointed bed of peat e from the and spread Sjeliered by >ntario and covered by ral compa- estion, but it is said the break- jf over 900 he eastern feet, and •icks were •s 1880 to ndlessness petroleum, he highly nramcook, je BretoQ NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 91 H S. f.r t^ he^ oTt^Tt"' '" ^f * '*'"' "^"•'- ^ «P«cimen of hema- 64 4^1 ^"^^ Lomond, analyzed by Mr. Adams* vieided , . , 04.494 per cent, of metallic iron n-tA «<• i u . y'*-'"e(i Lwi, io,no„a. On Phii;.. \r n , , , „ ' ■"'^^ °^ phosphorus and .078 sulphur ^e„madeinabedofredhemati^r:;^r:;'of;^^^^ Buy'an!fl!ll:;:';i ^T. :''^^"' "^« ''^^'^' ^'-- East u..,. ........ thick t '" '^' ''''^'''" *'P'^"'"S ''^ "°^^- 13 feet '" •'""*■'• y^^Z^:^^^^- T' ^^-* ^«>-. ^n Smith Brook, red s.... b^. dark felsite andbandt of cZv T " "' ""? '"'^ ^' P'^'P'^ ""'^ following the s r,i ifi7.r • " '' "PPa'-ently in lenticular veins orfburifc^t^Sr.:;SdT' T.^"^" ^^^'^^'''"^ t»^-&^'{;.i;: phosphoric acid and 'Z;^^^^^^^^^^ « la.je percentage ot Si:.^ "" Macbeth's there is a voin ! Between Smith Brook and foot downwa -d n a la. t TT^ """ "'"« "^''^''"^ '" ^'^ ^-™ " mountaiL ' '^ ''^' ^'^' '" ''»« ^'^'^^^^^ «" the side of the '' ' ^°""- •'""Pl' Mathcson, of L'Aitloiso, an.l • Report for 1880-81, page 7 h. " ~ t Roport for 1877-78, pa«o 28 p 5 SpoSr BtX^^'iS"'""" '^"'"^' ^- -^'^ Scotia, for 1881, ,.««« 15. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // <° 1.0 1.1 S lit ^" £ Iffi 12.0 u •UUu 1125 gifl 1.4 iy& 1.6 ^Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)S72-4S03 iV ^v a>^ <^ '\^iy:T^ <1^ ^ 92 If NOVA SCOTIA. Snimon River .Tolm Mr>ITis()n nfSt T>«* mi In.Imn Ucscrve. ^^" "•""". "I '^t. I'etors. The Oro lias hofln fivti...,nf„,l ^ ml iH.n.lml »bot apart near the .,.„„ ''^f,''^""'^*'^' ^'•«'"p.ts,8evt- ••""•ains calc-spar vein.' Sin m, i"' "* "'"* ^'''■'"•''^■' ^^■•''^■>» ^'^^ i^ perhaps, UUe that : ^Z fo ^^^^^^^^^^^ -' '^^ o—nce ••oclv-s nftl.o nei.rhl,oH,ood tn.^ ^' '•''l^^'"'^'"* "" the intrusive orthi. ore wil[ 1,0 fou d in Mr II„« ';. '""" "' ' ''''''"' — '-^tion '«i'•« •« associate.! with layers and also intimately mixod with L ' " u '" '^»*'«»'a'- Jheso mines were first worked in issn i loo, i "^ "'"' ^"« oie. in fl.n r II • wiiiKea in ISHO. Jn 1881 ahout tO tons and in tiio tollowinff year 59 t/>n« nf nvn,.ii„ 4. ^ B y«ai oti tons ot excellent ore wore shipped to the McCuisb mine. Yield } M iJfroinpits.sevt- nity, which also i. lint tho rola- il its occuiTonco II tho intrusive to tho Geolo|iri. if>I oxamination 17 M m). le beaclios. hut t. Ann's, and is ween Pleasant e a iari,'o block inco a bouldor, a pit near it McKenzio of cks of similar fy- ill the Middle promise to he dovolonod by near the head sociated with l>Iares about cse, in a brook I about ;{() feet red fine sand- quartz about jularlj mixed sh shale, con- in lenticular ing probably !^ iit times a iks in a i-ed of hands of od argillace- , calcareous, )olow and is )oint a lenti- iind the ore. 70 tons and pped to the ritTCHtR.] MORTiriKj, OAPE BRETON. 93 II PU'-poses. It is very free tn,m1ro„'''"'""^'-'"'^«'''«« other of manir„,K,,e dioxide, only !•> uo, ' "7 ..'"'' "'•^■*P«''-^'^'"> 'M,„„.i,i..n «^ont. of .nsoluhio residue. Otl.',' ' ,": "' '*''-'.'^ o'^i''^' an.l 2.!.1 pe:.""' Wit ..ut n.entio„i„. fVon. .1 i^ i^^ Z7 T" '''''■ ''^'"'"^' '"" of man,.,nose, ,. .e mines will: is I .,.?"' ^''"'' '''' '« t'-' I'-- :'«'-"t.ve; and it is not in.proba .1 tha 7 '"""T ^'^-^'^'^-'''''^''.v lonu.- - oti- place, deposits e.pn .. r.7;:''' •''' "'^'' ^""""'- ^^-^'' c-onducte.l by op.„ cpuirrvi... a„,l /. '•••'^c-ove.ed. Mining,, i. M. .losoioy to'....; ,., ^^c,; ;;;^^-:;' ;v^ ^'- -o-tio^ ., Samp/es of bo,. ma.iL'anesn r. ^' "^ ''"'' o'^^'i- purposes. h«^.i«.„ ,„„„,.:„ , .'"-Mr:,, ;:; « j-'- '^."'.-iHo ..,„„u.,„, „„ <>r Hme^t":::^:, tl;::!';;™;;;r', j;-^' :>;• ^»- 'o-r Carhoniterou> - '"•<''^' to •nont. On .,, ,,„ ,, ,,. Vo l^ ^y.'"- .■-"^^'•i only in disappoi. t- of these linu.stone strata is f« t m lut t •' L''""^ ^"'■^''''■-. '-- Riding minute traces of gale ' "^^.^ jj -'-'- -^ q-art. ^i;;-- MacKen..e IJiver, grey ,iua.,zose g. t^ w h 1 T "^r'"^ "^""^'-"' reddish tine san.lsto„e, is associated i ,^ ' " "^ ^'"^''^"'"^ «""' highly bituminous, limestone w^ J., '" ''"'■'"^'">- '""' Wnish. &"- «aIon«. whid. is also dissem i.iat I „ H^T-" """" '"" ^'^''"'^ ''«'•' ;-oeks do not extend far i„la j i.' t a ■ """i ""' ^"■'^- ^hes. y^ng gneiss. The ^alena oce ' ^.^ ^T'"'''' t *"^ ""^- tLick respectively, and a shaft 15 ooTl ,'* ''*""' ^^ ""^ '^ ibet The galena contains both sil e.-anjltl ..n7 '" '"'" ^"""^ ^« «-"■ Pyites. At the n.outh of the r v . ^' '' '^^"^^'"♦^l with copper ^Pooks with iron ,>yrites' ^^ ^'^ ^f ^ ^ ^^lena appe^i.; w uch penetrate the .syenite and g! ,. '"^^'r'^'" "^' ^^^ite .p.art. bitrmen also as found in the calcie of t .; i 'r '"" "'"^ '"entions minute quantity of galena is nfc ^ • """ ^'«"^«ining tossils. A •Report for 1881-82, paire 12 11. t Report for 1881-82, page 12 H 'M u NOVA SCOTIA. I'ort H.hhI. C'jcticiimii Rivir. St. Ann': Bnra«(ii.< Ri\ Whyc()eoma«li (ireat BrM,« d'Or. probably one of U.o ba«al LcIh of the millstone ^rit, containin.- lame ti-agmentH of compact folHitc, bound together by a rusty ealcaroous cement containing galena. Some of the layers for a thickness of four tcot have been mine.! an-l several tons of ore extracted. A snecimon .•...aly/,ed by Mr. A.lanis* yielded 2.879 ounces of silver to the ton tJ.o galena constituting but a small proportion of the whole. A small vein containing galena, of n.. commercial value, was also f..und m the sandstone of the coal measures at P, n Hood between two seams of coal, and iraces of galena also occur in the Pre-Cam iTian rocks as in (^heticamp River. Some further desultory work has been done at the North River of St. Ann s at the mine.f In the workings the vein now dips X 8-{° V < .^iO-, and carries calcspar, varying from 1 foot 7 inches donnwai-d but where thu-kest it is barren an.l split by bands of the country i-ock' In one place i. is .six inches thick and contains three quarte,; of an n.ch ot galena, but generally the galena is mixed with yellow and purple copj,er ore, or sometimi-s nearly i-eplaced by black blende .Further explorations in the veins in the syenite of the Banisois Kiver, havi. not led to an improvement in their prospects, the lari;ost l-eing less than si.x inches in thickness. In .some places, however the vcm consists almost entirely of pure galena, while in othei-s copper Jiyrites is present. •' Copper Ore.-'Vh. wide.li.ssemination of traces of copper ore among the Iro-Cambnan rocks in the Carboniferous conglomerate at it contact with limestone, and also in the associated igneous rocks i-nsd strong cnHrmation to the opinion that notwithstanding th av la.iures Inthert... to find a workable deposit, such will yet bo dis • -ed In a branch of P-igend Brook, near Whyeocomagh, Mr. Duncan McDonald found a vein of quart, containing, it is saipei^pyntes. galena, hematite, etc., and have been to • Report for 1881-2, piigc 12 II ' t Report for 1W(>-7,|). 4.'i2. Ulcport for lS7.!-"7, p. 452 'UTCHtR.] contaiiiin/^ lar^o rusty fiilcarootis hickno-js of four }tl. A Hj)ecimon sr to tJie ton, tiio !e. value, was also Hood, betwoon II Uu' Pj'o-Cara- Xoi'th River of ow (lips X. 83° dies do'viiwaiti, 10 country rock. e (juurters of an ith yellow and c'k blende, if fho Banisois ?cts, the largest S Iiowever, tlie othei'.s eopj)er per ore among Jincrute at its us rocks ''Misd ing th ay be dis^^.- ^!od. , Mr. Duncan i;opper pyrites lone in it. In , traceable for bund in some f Hig Hurbor quartz veins, On tbo shore jlishtown, the ain irregular three incho,i. have been to NORTHERN CAPE BRETON. 95 H «onio extent tested by Lieut -Col Hi u . A shaft wa« sunk t<. a dei.th of 10({ fZ< " ''''^''^ cmj.loyed. ^-t in length. An air ^f^ai o^^^;^^^^^^^ »" -"^^lO ft level to the surface of ht g^:^.:" '^S T" "" "'^ ''•''"' '^<^ the works were diseontinuod * T ' "'** P'"^''"^' P'-oductive ;Ho trap and sandstones oHhe ^\Z:vTT ''^ '''^'''y ^' How ...entions that green and blue carLnl of '"""" ^'"^^■^•'''"• J"^v coj.per ore in calcite ..n.l -i ''"''"""^"^ <'"PI'C'r, grey and yel- P-bablyat,hisn.in; ! ;; t 7Z; " T f'"" "^ ^'^^^^-I <-'yHtals eight inches ,„^, of , j ,,^7'"^ ^l^' "^ well an perfoj of the neighbourhood. '""• "^ "'^' ^''-'^-Cambrian syenite Further north on dw. ^unkin diorit^:.'jL:;;; r:.^:^^^^ othc-s it thins out entirely and ke "' " ''"^ '^^'^- ^^t in "- page 123 F., was driven about 35 c^ b^tl'.'V " ''^'"'"^ '"'' ''''■''' to cut the l>a„ds of rock carryin,/ 1 « u^ * '"'""^'' '' ''' "^-'-^^t wore then cut an.l a shaft sunk alou 50 l-^J "''''•"""■'^' ''•^•"'^^^ f'nnel, which pass.l through ,s,une "vcell^n ."''?''"'" ^'-""^ ^^e ore accon.panied by a conS.lera le lu .n h t" '^ ^'"^''^' "' I^"'-I'''> 1,000 feet alcove this shaft another v^s'nr,."'"" ^y''^''' '^^ou, !>6 11 NOVA .SCOTIA. '":"!^- --"i i.i.siM ,iK. .K.i.i.i.,"I.. r"'"?'';""""''"'""'^ '^''''Hs, 1,000 K., apa,.,, I " .^^: .Tf r r"" ^■'"•'•'^'' ""• ''-'^ "■"■'^"'- '" "'^' '"••"•" >'"•"■>. a, a .U ,1 . '"T 'T '"•^" '"^'" c.-oss,.„( was.lnvoM an,l ,.„, Um-,, i . f' ''"^"' "'^-"'i'^'o, a eonHnucI al.,„t SO ft.., i„ „ I " ''""'" ''"' ^'""'f- '-f was W0.0 ,us,.e,. east a..,; l^J^Z^X^:' ''7T ''"' '^'^^-' -^"^^ H'xik :^0 foot. In ,„|,, ,;„„ ' ; "- '''^■, '" f'H' oast drift a winze wa« -Ivor. Two assavs ,i' t'i :''7 ^'^ ;'-'-«' >o.lo also .arri!^ •^ ' 3 • i. liU', of samples of the oro jioMe.1 :_ Silver, .!.-, oz. ,wr ton : Valuo*..... ^'ol'l, { " " .. $ 38.50 ^""pi-^ 20! i— nt.p<,rto;;;Vaine::::;:: '1^ c.m.po..iti..n of Total valtu. " " "U'l^ Lca.l— , trap,, *"."■". $102. 88 i tho Nhaft. but was. paiallol Irido. The f.V ft'C't lower, drifts ii'cction. sliowiii^r. it <( blasts at both ureliell, {'. E., is lin^' engineer is ■fe'y and capital ' of the Great t'en made for it. •it was sunk 25 >n i)y rites in a MTCHeR.J NORtngRx CAPK BRETON. . , . . ^*'^« BRETON. bluish-groy ai-gillaceous shale AK . o« ^^ « « call the attention of the ?. "«'g''l>orhood, wal 'he « ^ ^ 't '"""ner, and obtained a. t 'hey washed during ihl the same wav nI^.1!''^""'' '^'^'^''^ *«sted by cradle, «i, • all fK. ^' "'^ ^'^^ '^'■ooks above Mct/ , . ' ®'"'*^®« and pans in an those on the left bank Tk . ^^-^onnan's bridire findin., .!' ^ith the view ofil k- ' ^''^^ "'«« sunk a shaft fn ' k ^ ^""^"^ "» ''•--'^^^r^S?^^^^^^:^^^ Bsddeek qiwrriei. Brioki. |i gg H MO^A SOOTIA. Isimntmt " found in abundmnoe in all tha Carbonifftroos areMj and is qoai-ried for local use. Ghfpwm.—-Th» only quarries from which gypsum is exported are those at the head of Baddeck Bay and Big Hai-bour (Port Bevis), already de8cribed.t This is owing to their great facilities for shipping and to the excellent quality of the gypsum. Clays fit for the manufacture of bricks occur in many places. White, I'ed and brown clays are found at the south bay of Ingonish, and a reddish variety in the Skye River, new the schoolhouse, at Indian Rear. Bricks are made at Southwe:»t Margaree and Lake Law. Fireclay occurs in connection with the coal seams at Chimney CJomar, Broad Cove and elsewhere. Building Stone- — Sandstones fit for building are confined chiefly to the coal measures and lower Carboniferous. They are quarried for local use at Southwest Margaree, Broad Cove, Chetioamp, Whycoco- magh, Southwest Mabou and Pleasant Bay. Jlfarfcte.— Limited patches of marble have been frequently stated, in the course of this report, to exist at Whycocomagh, Middle River, St, Ann's, Ingonish, and elsewhere. Between Cape North and Bay St. Lawrenceis a- white point said to consist of crystalline limestone. t R«»«it for U76-78, p. 417.